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 ^'^^-m'
 
 BARCLAY'S 
 
 UNIVERSAL DICTIONARY 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 AN EXPLANATION OF DIFFICULT WORDS AND TECHNICAL TERMS, 
 
 ALGEBRA, 
 
 ANATOMY, 
 
 ARCHITECTUEE, 
 
 AUITHMETIC, 
 
 ASTRONOMY, 
 
 ROTA NY, 
 
 CHEMISTRY, 
 
 DIALLING, 
 
 DIVINITY, 
 
 GARDENING, 
 
 GEOGRAPHY, 
 
 GEOMETRY, 
 
 GRAMMAR, 
 
 GUNNERY, 
 
 HERALDRY, 
 
 HIEROGLYPHICS, 
 
 WHETHER IN 
 
 HISTORY, 
 
 HUSBANDRY, 
 
 HYDRAULICS, 
 
 HYDROSTATICS, 
 
 LAW, 
 
 LOGIC, 
 
 MATHEMATICS, 
 
 MECHANICS, 
 
 MILITARY ART, 
 
 MUSIC, 
 
 NATUHAI. HISTORY, 
 
 NAVIGAIION, 
 
 OPTICS, 
 
 PAINTING, 
 
 PERSPECTIVE, 
 
 PHIOLSOPHY, 
 
 PNEDMATICS, 
 
 POETRY, 
 
 PRINTING, 
 
 RllETOItTC, 
 
 SCULPTURE, 
 
 SURGERY, 
 
 SURVEYING, 
 
 TRIGONOMETI! 
 
 A PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY, 
 
 IN WHICH THE PROPER SOUNDS OF ENGLISH WORDS ARE SO GIVEN, THAT BOTH NATIVES AND 
 
 FOREIGNERS MAY ACQUIRE A JUST PRONUNCIATION: 
 
 LIKEWISE 
 
 The Originofeach fVord; withits different Memings omisionally iUustraled ly Authoi ities, properly accented, and follnwcd by initial Letters drnoliii^ 
 the Part of Speech to midch it is appropriuled ; the Differences pointed out between Words esteemed Symnymom ; 
 
 AN EPITOME OF THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND, 
 
 ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY UNDER EVERY SOVEREIGNS NAME; 
 
 A DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 THE VARIOUS STATES, PROVINCES, AND CHIEF TOWNS OF THE KNOWN WORLD; 
 
 A STATEMENT OF THE 
 
 ^ttt^ antj ©iDisionij of tije (2ribni»t(an dtWvti) ; 
 
 Together with a brief History of the Propliets and Apostles; an Account of the Comities, Cities, and Marltet Towns in Great Britai;i, 
 with their Distances from London ; and a Collection of our most Common Proverbs. 
 
 TO WHICH ARE ADDED, 
 
 A CHRONOLOGICAL SERIES OF REMARKABLE EVENTS, 
 
 FROM THE CIIEATION OF THE WORLD TO THE PRESEKT PERIOi) ; 
 
 A SKETCH OF THE CONSTITUTION, GOVERNMENT, AND TRADE OF GREAT BRITAIN 
 
 WITH A 
 
 BRIEF LIST OF SOME OF THE MOST EMINENT MEN OF LEARNING AND GENIUS; 
 
 TO WHICH AEE PREFIXED, 
 
 a dl?r« ^Jnquirg into tfie ^ntiqufta of betters y 
 
 A SHORT ESSAY ON IKE OBIGIN AND ANTIQUITY OF THE ENGLISH TONGUF, ; AND AN KASIf INTRODIJCTION TO 
 
 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 BY THE REV. JAMES BARCLAY. 
 
 A NEir JND IMPROVED EDITION. 
 
 Hon&on : 
 
 PUBLISHED BY J m'gOWAN, GREAT WINDMILL STREET, 
 
 HAYMARKET
 
 s 
 
 I 
 
 2)5.3 u. 
 
 BARCLAY 8 DICTIONARY, 
 
 ENLARGED AND IMPROVED.
 
 N. B. In this edition, *. stands for substan- 
 tive, a. for adjective, ad. for adverb, v. for 
 verb, V. a. for verb active, v. n. for verb 
 neuter, part, for participle, prep, for prepo. 
 sition, ^c.
 
 FREE INQUIRY 
 
 INTO THk 
 
 ORIGIN AND ANTIQUITY OF LETTERS. 
 
 BTTHB 
 
 •^^ 
 
 ABBOT ANSELM, 
 
 Member of the Royal Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres at Paris. * 
 
 ■y^.«v#s#-.#>«-^»-.^s<v^^.»s»s«>^^^>#v»^^«v»-^^sr.*>#'^-<v^ 
 
 NOTWITHSTANDING it would be a concern of no 
 small importance, to be capable of riglitly informing 
 you, at what particular time the art of writing, or use of let- 
 ters, was first found out ; \et I must ingenuously acknow- 
 ledge ray insufficiency to resolve so abstruse, so mysterious 
 a secret. ■ All that I shall pretend to is, to collect, out of 
 various conjectures, those opinions on so critical a topic, to 
 which some of the most learned and judicious antiquarians 
 have paid a more than ordinary deference and.regard. 
 
 Nothing doubtless could be ot greater service ; nothing 
 could possibly be more entertaining to human life, than an 
 ability of recollecting what was past, and of giving an esta- 
 blished being, as it were, to the sentiments of the soul, by 
 virtue whereof, we might transmit theii down to the latest 
 posterity, without«the least variation. 
 
 This, one would imagine, indeed, nature might have 
 prompted mankind to have accomplished ; and yet, it must 
 be allowed, it was ao arduous task, a discovery of the last 
 importance. 
 
 We are sensiUe, however, as profound as the secret was, 
 it has been found out ; and it is self-evident, that custom, 
 from its being first brought to light, not only received, but 
 established and confirmed it. 
 
 Such authors as give the least antiquity at all to the in- 
 vention of letters, ascribe the honour of it to Moses. Others, 
 however, will not admit that it could ever possibly be disco- 
 vered by any human penetration, by any dint of lliought, 
 how profound, how deep soever; and for that reason give 
 God alone the glory of it ; and peren)ptcrily insist, that the 
 knowledge of letters had never been found out to the final 
 dissolution of all things, had not the Alaiighty condescended 
 to have written the decalogue, or ten commandments, on 
 two tables of stone, with his own right hand, in which was 
 interspersed (as they very shrewdly observe) all the letters in 
 general of the Hebrew alphabet, »he teth only excepted. 
 
 And on what reasons that conjecture is grounded, we shall 
 remark by the bye ; though we cannot allow them to be 
 conclusive 
 
 Thus far we will admit, indeed, that the art of letters 
 was known only by a tew,an(l but very little practised before 
 the law was delivered to Moses upon Mount Sinai ; and we 
 will farther admit, that divers nations have bi en, time imme- 
 morial, without it ; and this has been the main, if not the sole 
 occasion of those confused and absurd accounts that we find 
 not only in the antient stories of those nations, but in the 
 religion and genealogies of their gods. 
 
 These concessions, however, are no convnicing evidence, 
 that the art of letters was altogether unknown, that Moses 
 had no manuscripts, no historical memoirs in his custody, 
 which had been preserved, as an invaluable treasure, with 
 the utmost care and circumspection, in the families of his 
 predecessors. 
 
 Now those who peremptorily assert, that the art of letters 
 was a human, and not a divine invention, and that we are 
 indebted to the superior knowledge and profound penetra- 
 tion of Moses for that inestimable blessing, produce the fol- 
 lowing arguments to strengthen their con.iecture. 
 
 Moses, 'say they, never quotes any book prior to his law; 
 that not the least hint is given either of letters, or the art 
 of writing in such places, where, had it been discovered at 
 all, due notice had doubtless been taken of it ; and again, 
 that ifthe commemoration offormergreatand heroic actions 
 had been preserved, such memoirs, or historical account'* 
 could liave been transmitted to their descendants no other 
 wise than by word of moulh ; or, in other terms, by orai 
 tradition. 
 
 How plausible, or how convincing soever, this argument 
 
 may possibly be to the abettors of that opinion, 1 shall not 
 
 take upon me lo determine ; yet there are some very eminent 
 
 and learned antiquarians, who strenuously oppose it; and •»• 
 
 a 
 
 iv
 
 ON THE ANTIQUITY OF LETTERS. 
 
 list that Moses himself lias qiiolcil a hook anterior to his own 
 Fentateiicli ; for in the xxi. cli;iiiterof liis hook of Numbers, 
 (after having eivcn a snccinct iRcoiiiit of the several places 
 where the children of Israel had pitched their tents in the 
 wilderness, which was before Moab,) he proceeds thus : 
 " Wherefore, it is siid in the Rook of the Wars of the Lord, 
 what he did in the Red Sea, and in the brooks of Arnon and 
 at the stream of the brooks ihat <;oeth down to the dwelling 
 of Ar, an<l lietli tipoii ilie border of Moab." 
 
 Now, though it must be grantcil, that many of the most 
 judicious literati are much divided in their opinions concer- 
 ning that treatise, as beins a work, of which but very few have 
 the least transient idea ; vet St. Austin ima^'iiie--, in his com- 
 mentaries on llie book of Numbers, that it was not theconipo- 
 sition eilherof any patriarch or prophet, but written by those 
 very nations llieni5elvcs that had been conquered by their 
 enemies, and looked upon that war so fatal to them, as to 
 deserve the title that it bore. And then ihatgreat author goes 
 on, and tells us, that when Moses makes mention of that l)r>ok 
 he bestows no greater authority upon it, than St. I'aiil has 
 given to a Grecian poet, when he had quoted a short passage 
 from his W(nks ; this however, notwilhslanding the gloss that 
 is put upon it, is in our humble opinion, n self evident proof, 
 tJiat treatise was written long before the birth of .Moses. 
 Furthermore, those who insist, that we are indebted to 
 Moses for the invention of letter*, pretend, that not the least 
 notice is taken of this art, in divers circilinstanCes of such 
 moment and importance, as that, had there bteii any prior 
 knowledge of it, it is higlilv prol)able they would have been 
 committed to writing. When .•Muahaui, say they, sent Eli- 
 ezer into ^lesopnlamia.to settle and adjust the marriage arti- 
 cles Ijetween Isaac and Ilebekah, not one line was written ; 
 no eredenlials had that failhful servant to show from his mas- 
 ter, even on so solemn an occasion. Again, say these ad- 
 vocates for Moses, when Isaac had those wells dug up, 
 which the Philistines had filled with earth and stones ; we 
 have no other account of that remarkable occurrence than 
 this, that after they were opened bv his orders, he gave them 
 the same names that his fallier had done before hinj. Again, 
 say they, when the patriarch Jacob had erected, at Belh-el, 
 the stone which he had made use of as a pillow, in comme- 
 moration iif his vision in that place, there is not llie least 
 iccouiit <if any inscription having been made upon il. 
 
 Once more, when Joseph's Firelhren, say they, went down 
 into l'.gvpt,as we hnd it recorded in the xlii. chapter of Ge- 
 nesis ; and when Joseph sent (or his dearly beloved brother 
 Benjamin, as we (iud that affectionate circumstance told in 
 tile xliii. chapter of the same book, not a word was wrilten 
 pither from the son to the father, jr rice vi-rxa, on so momen- 
 tous an occasion. And. from this presumption, the admirers 
 of Moses infer, that letters, or the use of writing, was not 
 known in those days ; but, with submission, (hose plausible 
 arguiiienis seem to me lobe no wavs conclusive. 
 
 Job lived, il is iiuiversallv allowed, long before iVfoses had 
 any existence ; and his hislory must, in all probability, have 
 been written long before Moses composeil his Pentateuch. 
 Some, h.>w<!ver, il -iiv that the last conjecture is just; for 
 ifthat had bi-en matter of fact, say ihey, jNIoses would never 
 l«ve omilli'd such an illustrious exam pie of patience to thein- 
 cessa'it murmurs and coinplaiiitsofhis discontented Israelites; 
 nay, farther, it is imagined, that Job laboured under his se- 
 vere alHielioMS, even at ihal very time, when the Israelites 
 were nn'h'r F.gvptiau liondagi' ; fiu- there is not so much as 
 <me word mentioned eilherof the law or of the prophets, in 
 the long dialogues which passed helweeii Job and his most 
 miserable comforters, styled his friends; neither is there, 
 indeed, Ih ■ li'a->t hint conc'Mning the one or the other, 
 throughout til.' longcmfcrenci- which (iod Almighty voiich- 
 y.)fed lohiild wi htlial iiio,t itpriglil.lhonglulislressed prince. 
 To ill" abovr alh'gation our ri'plv is this ; It would he very 
 presumptiMus to fix the lime when (hat hislory was wrilten, 
 or by wliofii ; tliough it be received as canonical, and coiisc- 
 qiieiilly as composed by divine iHspiriition. For it is mere 
 ,:>Nijec{ur«,aiid iiothiii{; more, tliutiiouie aitcribe it to Mo6rs i 
 
 some again to the prophet Isaian ; and others with more pro- 
 babilil) of king Solomon, who, it is well known, was thorough- 
 ly versed in dialogical discoveries and prudential maxims. 
 
 It is universally allowed, likewise, that he was master of 
 the most sublime poetry, and no stranger to the style of the 
 Arabians, as may rationally be presumed from his conversa- 
 tion with the queen of Sheba. 
 
 It cannot, 1 ihink, be fairly denied, however, but that Job 
 was acquainted with the art of writing, or the use of let- 
 ters and the various nielhods, that in histime were made use 
 of ill engraving on both lead and stone: — for in the xix. 
 chapter of that hook is the following very remarkable expos- 
 tulation ; " Oh that my words were now wrilten ! Oh that 
 " they were printed in a book! That they were graven with 
 " an iron pen and lead in the rock forever!" 
 
 Now he could not, doubtless, have talked in this style, or 
 expressed himself in such direct terms, had the use of letters, 
 or the art of ivriting, been absolutely unknown in his days. 
 
 But to proceed : — The knowledge of this art must needs 
 be very aiilient; since the apostle St. Jude takes particular 
 notice oflhc book of Knocli, «ho was the seventh patriarch 
 alter Adam, and prophesied of these, says the inspired pen- 
 man, that is to say, of those false teachers, againstwhom he 
 had before pronounced his anathema, in the Illhverse; 
 " Woe ! uiilo them, says he ; for they have gone in the way of 
 " Cain, and ran greedily after the errorof Balaam for reward, 
 " and perished in ihegain-saying of Core." And after this, 
 he quotes the full&wiiig very remarkable passage from the 
 Book of Kiioch, in the Mth, 15th, and 16th verses; " And 
 " I'lnoch also, the seventh from Adam, prophesied of these ; 
 " saying, Bihold ! the Lord cometli wiih ten thousand of his 
 " saints, to execute judgment upon all, and to convince all 
 " that are ungodly among them, of all their ungodly deeds, 
 " « liicli they have ungodly committed, and of all their hard 
 " speeches, which ungodly sinners have spoken against him. 
 " These are murmurers, complainers, walking after their 
 " own lusts; and their month speaking great swelling words, 
 " having men's persons in admiration, because of advantage. ' 
 And Tertullian is of opinion that the book of Enoch was ei- 
 ther preserved in the ark, or restored by Noah, who was 
 perfectly well acquaiii(e;l with the contents of it. 
 
 Now "though we are ready to acknowledge that the book 
 of Enoch, thus quoted by St. Jude, is not canonical ; yet we 
 humbly conceive, it is a proof sufficient for our present pur- 
 pose ; "since it is agreed, that not only that book, but divers 
 others, cited in the Book of Kings, were not received either 
 by the Jews or Christians [as St. Austin assures us] as cano- 
 nical, for no other reason, but because they were so very an- 
 tieiit; because many faults might probably have crept into 
 them tliroii!;h ihe succession of ages. And lastly, because we 
 cannot be satisfactorily assured, that they were the authentic 
 works of those holy men whose names they bear. 
 
 As thisbook in particular,lio\vever, as wellasdivers others, 
 are quoted by the inspir-il penmen of the sacred scripture*, 
 it cannot fairly be denie<l, but that they nre very old ; ai .. 
 from thence we conceive, il may justly be conciuifed, that 
 the use ot letters, or the art of writing was well known 
 before the publication of I he Pentateuch by Moses. 
 
 J osephus assures us, that we are beholden to the children of 
 Selli for the science of astrology ; and because Adam had 
 given them previous notice, that the world wnnlil in time he 
 dissolved by water ami fire, they were so solicitous lest their 
 favourile science should he lost, before men might havesiitfi- 
 cieiit lime to become maslersof it, thai they were determined 
 to erect two columns or pillars, one of brick, and the other 
 of stone, on each of which the learning they lia(lac(|iiire(l was 
 accurately engraven ; that in case the deluge should destroy 
 the former,tlie latter, however,miglii possibly stand itsground, 
 and transmit to posterity those useful and imporlaiit articles, 
 which they ha<l inscribed upon it with such unwearied dili- 
 gence and ap|ilicatioii. And to this aLCount Joxephiis adds, 
 that ill his time one of those pillars was actually to be seen 
 in Syria. 
 Tiiuu;;h there are some learned men, who deny this to be
 
 ON THE ANTIliUITY OF LETTERS. 
 
 VII 
 
 matter of fact because if is vor>' uncertain vvliellier tlieclnl- 
 liren of Sclli were ever iiiliiihitanls of I'lilcsliiic.or not ; >ct it 
 proves tliiis far, lliat, even from that lime llic ail of ciii^iav- 
 ing, or iiiseriplioii, was in some measure luiouii ; iIiouhIi 
 not carried lo tliat pitcli of fierfcction, it cillrrv\arJs was, 
 ill the land of F.fjypt. 
 
 Vo»sius proposes tile following slirewd question : It llie 
 use of fellers, <ir llie art of Nvriliii^', savs lie, iiad not l)een 
 known belbrc tlie dcealnj^'ue was delivered to Moses, ^liieli 
 way coul<l the Israelites have read the law, as they were 
 obfil^fd lodo liy divine command. 
 
 Tli'ise «lio insist lliat iloses was the first inventor of let- 
 ters, ar;,'uefioin wlial St. Austin asserts, that iMoses appointed 
 masters lo loath Ihein. 
 
 But we freely appeal hereto (he impartial and unprejudiced 
 reader, whether such a weak answer as that, is sutlicienlly 
 convineins against Vossiiis' inquiry ? and whether those 
 masters, wiioin St. Austin supposes only to be appointed by 
 Moses, i)e any proof at all, lluit there were no suth ihinjis as 
 characters, nor any such art as that of w riling', l>no',\ n before 
 tlie two tables of sto'ie were eii^r;;ved by the linger of God ; 
 or indeed, befviic Moses himself was born ? 
 
 And foiasnuicli as all the people were obliged, not only to 
 read the l.nv, but lo transcribe it likewise, a great many 
 masters must inevitably be wanted for the instruct ion of every 
 man, as ihi-y are, evi'ii at this day, absolutely necessary to 
 qualify nuiukind fi(r ihe most easy sciences, and for suth 
 ntlairo as are of the least moment and importauce. 
 
 All that can be said in short, amounts to no more tlian 
 ibis : namely, Tliat the use of letters was but very little 
 known amongst a nation, whose principal employment was 
 Lusbandry, and who were unacquainted with any other pro- 
 fession than that of a shepherd. 
 
 It is an established Motion amongst the Greeks, that they 
 are indebted lothe Phceniciansfor their know ledge of letters. 
 Heredotus assures ns, that the lonians gave the title of 
 Diphtheria to all their books, because they were written 
 upon goat-skius; and that they called all letters Phtenician, 
 because it was a received opinion amongst lliem, that one 
 Cadmus had brousht thein out of the country of PhcBnicia. 
 And here we cannot forbear introducing the subsequent beau- 
 tiful passage, extracted from Lucaiis' Pharsaiia : 
 
 " Phoenices, pn'mi, /(im(P *i cieilitur, aiisi 
 " Mansitriim nidi Ims vocem sigHarf fy'iris ; 
 " lioniiiinvjiumini'n.i Memphis roiitrrprc hihins 
 ** Nnvfrat ; et saxis ttntinm vohwresqite fvvaijue 
 " Sculptaqiie scrvuhant magicas ammalia linguas." 
 
 Thus accurately paraphrased by the late iiigrniou} 
 Mr. P.owe: 
 
 1' Plu^iiciarts first, if antient fame be true, 
 " The sacred mystery of 'etters knew ; 
 '* They first, by sound, by various lines design'd, 
 " Express'd the meaning of tlie thinking mind ; 
 " The pow'r of words by figures rude convey 'd, 
 " And useful science everlasting made." 
 
 From this passage it is evident, that the Egyptians, long 
 before the common way of writing was found out, were ac- 
 rustomed to inscribe upon rocks the figures of a great variety 
 of brutes, a dumb sort of language, to which arbitrary meau. 
 ings were ascribed. 
 
 Moreover, Quintus Curlius, having occasion to expatiate 
 on the celebrated city of Tyre, assures us that the Pheenici- 
 «ns were the first inventors of Letters, and the first 'hat ever 
 eominunicated the knowledge of them to others. 
 
 However, whether thai be absolutely tiict or not, it must 
 
 bo allowc<l, that letters wore very aniioiit among them, for 
 Tully peremptorily insists, that (Jreece bad I'oets before Ho- 
 lder ; and Eusebius gives us a long catalogue or list of hii- 
 tieiit aulhois, whuse works were never Iraiisiiiiltrd down to 
 lis i such, ('It iijstiiiice, as Linus, I'bilaiiioii, 'i hauiirus, Am- 
 pliion, Oi plans, M usa,'us, Epimenides, ami divers others too 
 tedious lii'ic to enumerate. 
 
 Those letters, which Cadmus had taught the Greeks, were 
 carried, as is supposed, into Italy by one Evauder, an Arca- 
 dian. And thereniHin I'etrus (Jrluiius, who Hdinisiicd in the 
 year l.^tM, and was impil to one I'oliliaiiiis, in his poems on 
 education; and l.ibhis Giialdus, who lived in the. I.'itli 
 century, and Vossius likowise, quote the following verses 
 which were found in i-.n old manuscript ; namely, 
 
 " Prinvis Hebraas Moies exaravit Literal ; 
 " Mciilc P'itriiiies sagiici contMeriinl Allicas ; 
 " Quas Latiiti sci iiititumus cdidit JSiaiclratu." 
 
 That is lo say, Moses was the inventor of the Hebrew 
 cliaraclers ; 
 
 'J'I'.e !'li(cnicians taught the Greeks their letters ; 
 
 And Nicoslrala (who was tlie mother of Evauder) was the 
 first that introfliiced them amongst the Italians. 
 
 We are a.'sured likewise, by Pliny, that Cadmus bestowcrl 
 sixleen letters, or characters, upon the Greeks; ihat the 
 antient Ionic letters, bore a near resemblance to those made 
 use of by the riirenicians, and that those Ionic characters 
 were nearly the same willi those made use oi bv the Lalins. 
 
 .And.Scahger.in iiis Critical Heuiarkson Eusebius, pereuip. 
 torily asserts, that the Assyrian and I'lifenician letters bear 
 a very near affinity lo the Samaritan tliaracleis, which were 
 made use of by the Jews in general, before the Babylonish 
 captivity. 
 
 P.ut be that as it may, we may boldly assert, that the 
 knowledge of letters was very aniieiil in Egypt. If we may 
 credit Diodorns Siculus, he iells us, that the Egyptians laid 
 claim to that grand, that important invention, which some 
 insist was beyond the power of man to contrive (as we have 
 hinted before ;) but then they themselves ackiiow ledge, that 
 it was long after they had made use of living animals lo ex- 
 press their thoughts. 
 
 That the art of writing was very antient amongst them, is 
 very evident ; for Tacitus informs us, that one Germanicus 
 paid a visit lo antient Thebes, where inconteslible marks of 
 Its former grandeur and opulency were even then to be read 
 in Egyptian characters.engraved on obelisks for that purpose. 
 On them were inscribed the several important articles here 
 iinder-nieiitioned : namely, first, the tribute which was an- 
 nually paid by the inhabitants; secondly, the weight of 
 their gold and silver; thirdly, the number of their horses 
 and their arms; fourthly, the ivory and perfumes that were 
 pecuHarly devoted to the ser-'iceof their temples; a4»d last- 
 ly, the taxes or imposts that were laid on all kinds of grain 
 in particular, and on every commodity in general, either 
 imported or exported. 
 
 It must be confessed, that he could not read them himself, 
 but they were explained to him by an antient priest ; for, 
 according to Diodorus Sicnius, none but the Egyptian priests 
 could interpret such inscriptions. 
 
 Now all this is, in our humble op.nio.n, a proof, beyoml all 
 contradiction, of the great antiquity of the use of letteis 
 and_ the art ofinscriptions. 
 
 To conclude : We are assured by Valerius Maximus, that 
 Pythagoras, when he visited Egypt, made himself master of 
 their cbaracters, by the instruction of more Egyptian priests 
 than one; and that having consulted several books, which 
 were intrusted to their care, he found the history of a great 
 number of aj;es comprehended in thetn.
 
 A SHORT E8SAY 
 
 ON THE 
 
 OrJ"-iii and Antiquity of the English Tongue ; 
 
 ANJJ 
 
 Its Superior Excellence to any other Modern Language. 
 
 As all languages in general have their infancy, their 
 nonage, and their state of perfection, like the polite 
 arts and sciences, to the knowledge whereof we attain in 
 process of time, and by slow degrees ; so by the same 
 slow and almost imperceptible gradations, they lose their 
 pristine beauties ; they fade, they droop, they decay, till at 
 len^tli they sink into perpetual oblivion. 
 
 Ihis is a truth too self evident to be denied; for the Go- 
 thic language, to whicii the English tongue owes its exis- 
 tence, is now no more, and altogether unknowns and the 
 Saxon, which succeeded it, is grown so obsolete, so darkly 
 expressed and hard to be understood ! that only a few of 
 our British Virtuosi, whose taste or genius naturally leads 
 them to make their researciies into the Arcana of antiquity, 
 can form the least adequate idea of its beauties. 
 
 However, notwitiistanding we natives of England owe our 
 mothcr-toiifriie to the Goths ; yet the antient Britons, our 
 truly heroic ancestors, wiio were first possessed of these 
 happj Inlands, spoke a language widely different from ours, 
 before thev were conquered by Juliits Cwsar, being a people 
 we now call the Wuhh, and may with propriety enough, be 
 looked upon by us as the Aborii^ino of Britain; since C.TIS AR 
 himself acknowledges in the hflh hook of his universally ad- 
 mired commoUaries, " that they were the inhabitants of its 
 interior parts:" and the languajje, which was first spokct 
 there, had a quite difTereiit origin from ours; though from 
 whence it had its source we confess ourselves at a loss tc 
 determine. 
 
 •No sooner, however, had Casar and the liomans in general 
 abandoned the British islanils, but our ancestors, in their 
 distress, gave an invitation to the <Va^o)i< to aid and assist 
 them, against the .S^cefs and J'uls, who had not only greatly 
 Imrassed and pecplejted them, but had actually in7aded 
 their country. 
 
 By tlie assistance of the Saxmu, it is true, those enemies, 
 whose too frequent incursions they so much dreaded, were 
 totally defeated i but then, soon af'ter that glorious conquest 
 was gained, those false friends, whom they so highlv respert- 
 cd and caressed, played the ungratefnl parti and not only 
 
 turned their arms upon their benefactors, but were so suc- 
 cessful intheirtreacherousproceedings.thattheunconquered 
 part of those Britons was reduced to the necessity of flying; 
 to the mountains of Wales for shelter and protection, inso- 
 much that the Welsh language was no longer understood in 
 these our British islands; and the Saxon oiily universally 
 prevailed. 
 
 It is.morally impossible to trace out the form of that lan- 
 guage, when it was first introduced into England, that is to 
 say, so far back as the year 450 ; for at that time, the Saxons 
 were a people so barbarous, so illiterate, and artless, that 
 some of our antiquarians have much doubted whether they 
 ever had any established alphabet for the instruction of 
 their youth. Neither have we any just grounds to imagine, 
 that they ever made any considerable proficiency in the 
 study of the arts and sciences, till an hundred and thirty 
 years afterwards; at which time St. y!i«/in came amongst 
 them with the praise-worthy view of prevailing on them, if 
 possible, to embrace the Christian faith ; and met with suc- 
 cess beyond his warmest expectations. 
 
 After this their happy conversion, indeed, they began to 
 apply their minds to study, and by slow degrees improved 
 themselves in polite literature; insomuch, that about one 
 hundred and thirty years afterwards, one bishop Eadfrule. 
 wlio .vas at that time universally admired for liisunaHecled 
 piety ana sanctity of manners, wrote a well received corti- 
 
 eut n the inspired writings of the four most holy eimt. 
 Xelists. 
 
 In the year 871, Alfred the Grfi/t came to the crown of 
 England, when the Danes were in the very heart of his 
 doniinidiis, and all the sea ports were filled with their fleets. 
 After ilivers battles with various success, finding himself at 
 last overpowered by nund)ers, he was reiUued to the ne- 
 cessity of dismissing his very attendants; and having com- 
 niitted his wife and children to the care of some of his 
 most loving and loyal subjects, he went in disguise to the 
 little i47«;i(/ of Athelnei/, in the county of Somerstt, and tilers 
 lived concealed for »om« vears.
 
 A SHORT ESSAY ON THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 
 
 Durinj;; that long interregnum, as he wag not only one of 
 the greatest and most pious princes upon earth, but the best 
 gcholar of the age in wliith he lived ; it is a received oni- 
 niou and in all probability it was fact, that he translated llie 
 ilaxun llomiliea in that rural recess, arid composed divers 
 Other books of devotion for the religious imnrovcment of 
 ii'.s subjects, which were soon published after his happy re- 
 storation, though not with his majesty's name prefixed, 
 
 III the year UOO we are informed, that a translation of 
 the Gospels made its first appearance ; but by whom the 
 elaborate and praise-worthy undertaking was accomplished 
 the learned and judicious antiquarian, to whom we are in- 
 debted for our most essential remarks, has not informed 
 us. 
 
 In the year lOfiC, the Saxnn government ended by a very 
 rcmarkal)le battle between Harold the second, and William 
 the Bastard, then duke of Norma iidi/, in which no less than 
 sixty tltousaiid of the British were slain. Upon this total 
 defeat, the antient inhabitants of the island withdrew into 
 Wales, w here they preferred barren mountains with the pos- 
 session of liberty, to the most fertile plains of England. 
 
 Soon after this revolution, the Saxon language began to 
 lose its antient form, and grow out of repute ; and, by slow 
 degrees, to exhibit some traces of the English language, as 
 It now stands ; notwithstanding, but a very icw Norman 
 words were adopted for near an hundred years after the 
 
 COIIGUOSt. 
 
 About the year 11.30, several compositions both in prose 
 and verse made their appearance in public ; upon the pe- 
 rusal whereof, notwithstanding the language was greatly 
 altered, both in its construction and terminations, y«t it 
 still; with propriety enough, might be termed the Saxon 
 tongne. 
 
 In the 13th century, however, a sort of language, partly 
 Saxon, and partly English, was introduced ; at which time 
 the Miscellaneous NVriiings of one Robert of Gloucester were 
 held in high esteem. 
 
 Among many other fugitive pieces, he inserted a poetical 
 encomium on king Alfred, which at that tim* was received 
 with universal applause. 
 
 In the 14lh century, one Sir John Mandeville, who was a 
 very learned gentleman, and an able and experienced his- 
 torian, obliged the public with an accurate and elaborate 
 account of his own travels. 
 
 Hitherto our language was widely difTerent from that now 
 spoken at present ; two great poets, however, flourished in 
 this century, namely Sir John Gowe-r and Jcoffiy Chancer, 
 Though the former published some few poetical pieces first ; 
 vet the latter is for the most part styled t!ie/rt</if)' of all the 
 English Bards that succeeded him. If the account given of 
 him by Leland may be relied on. " He was not only a very 
 facetious poet, but an acute logician, a preat philosopher, a 
 profound mathematician, and a pious divine ;" but how that 
 last part of his character may be fully vindicated, I shall 
 not presume to determine; since there are too many of his 
 tales, which though facetious and entertaining, are not, in 
 my humble opinion, over instructive; since some of them 
 can scarcely be read without a blush. And the late lord 
 Roscommon has made the following very just observation, 
 namely, 
 
 ' Lnmodest words admit of no defence ; 
 " For want of decency is want of sense." 
 
 In 1468, one Caxton brought the art of pnntmg into 
 England, and (amongst other books) published one, intitled 
 Recuyel (^ the Historijcs of Troy. 
 
 About two and twenty years afterwards ho published a 
 translation of the Bohc of Entndns, composed by Vi/rgle. — 
 The preface or introduction to which plainly shews, that the 
 readers in those days were highly disgusted with the inno. 
 vations which were then made in the English hmgnage. 
 
 About the yci-.r 1.500, the celel>r;ited Sir Thomas Moore 
 made a ilourisliiiig .figure in the Ev^lish court ; and bv many 
 
 authors has l>een highly applauded, as the politest and mo%t 
 accurate writer of the age in which he lived. 
 
 In the year 1&68, Thomas SackviUe, then earl of Dorset, 
 publishecf several fugitive pieces, and was universally ad- 
 mired, not only for the elegance of his style but the beauty 
 of his compositions. 
 
 In 1573, one Ralph Lever, published a treatise mtitled, 
 the .Art of Reason ; and not long after him the celebrated Sir 
 Philip Sidney wrote his Arcadia which is universally allowed 
 to be the most entertaining and instructive novel that ever 
 appeared in public at that time. He likewise published 
 an accurate Translation of Philip lorfl Jflornat/ du PUe- 
 lis Mo»7;/V unanswerable defence of the Truth of the Christian 
 Religion; which, in his time, met with the universal appro- 
 bation of the public, which it justly deserved. 
 
 About the jear 1.509, that is to say, in the beginning tif 
 king Henry tlie Vll's reign, one William Tindnl published 
 a translation of the New Testament ; but soon alter one Cuth- 
 bert Tonstul, then bishop of London, sent a very severe pro- 
 hibition of it to the archdeacons of his diocese, with his 
 reasons annexed. 
 
 In the 17th century, however. Sir Francis Bacon was tlie 
 first author, whose style was capable of entertaining and 
 instructing I he readers of I he present age. To him succeeded 
 Milton, Waller, Algernon Sydney, lord Clarendon Ax. Sec. 
 who made great improrements upon his style. We are 
 indebted, however, to .Mr. Dryden, Addnon, Biidgell, Steele, 
 Swift, and Pope, for the inimitable beauties with which our 
 language shines at present; and by whom 1 humbly con- 
 ceive. It was carried to its acme, or utmost pitch of per 
 fection. 
 
 To conclude: as the present undertaking is immediately 
 calculated for the service of such English riiulers as arc 
 supposed to be unlettered, and not so happy as to have had 
 the oenefits and advantages of a very liberal education; it 
 would be foreign to our purpose to embellish this short 
 tsiay with any antient quotations, to shew the gradual im 
 provements of English unthors in their style, according to 
 the state of our language at their respective periods. 
 
 Having thus said all we think absolutely iiecessary, and 
 consistent with our intended brevity, we shall proceed to 
 the last topic proposed 5 namely the excellency of the 
 English language. 
 
 Now its beauties are most conspicious in the four particular 
 articles here undermentioned ; that is to say, it is free and 
 easy ; and, in short, more sweet and harmonious, and by 
 consequence preferable to any living language whatsoever. 
 
 Its freedom and facility, in the first place is demonstra- 
 ble, sinee it is in a great measure exempt from that multi- 
 plicity of cases and flexions, which clog or encumber almost 
 all others, and render them for that reason extremely intri- 
 cate, dillicult and abstruse. Our adjectives being all invari- 
 able, make the concordance with their subsianiiies remark- 
 ably plain and easy : the English pronouns, likewise are 
 not' half so confused and perplexed as either those of the 
 Latin or the French. And scarce any thing can more easily 
 be conquered than the conjugation of English verbs: Be- 
 sides, our language is hiirdened with no such thing as i'er4j 
 reciprocal, which render the French tongue in particular very 
 dark and obscure i and very often discourage foreigners 
 from the study of it. 
 
 To illustrate its copiousness, very little need to be .said. 
 Since it is too manifest and self evident to be denied ; for be- 
 sides the antient />«<fA, which Ute English retain in \he Saxon 
 monosyllables ; the literati, of England, like so many indus- 
 trious bees, havecollecteil the quiulcssence of divers foreign 
 languages, and rejected their refuse or dross ! by which artful 
 management, and their assiduity, they have improved their 
 mother-tongue to that prodigious degree, that all such 
 foreigners as have an adequate idea of the genius of it, arc 
 perfectly charmed to observe, fhat neither their own, nor 
 any other language whatsoever, can stand in competitioii 
 with it ; and at the same time, to find a great variety of then 
 own terms so happily transplanted and blended \\<\h it thai
 
 A SHORT ESSAY ON THE ENGLISH TONGUl 
 
 (hey seem to thrive better in Enghnd than in their own na- 
 tive soil. 
 
 And whereasthe Prexf/i is to muihliniited and constrained, 
 nod tiiroiigli its over-niceness is }jro«n in some measure 
 harren, spiritless, and insipid; the £'ng-/(*A, on the other hand, 
 is become prodigiously copious inid luxuriant through its 
 innate power of making such cmnpounds and derivative! as 
 are ver>- comprehensive, emphalical, and proper to eon- 
 tract any expression into a narrow compass; it must be 
 allowed, that neither the Greek itself, nor the Latin, can 
 compound or join many words together in a more agreeable 
 manner, which is one uf the most shiuiug beauties that any 
 language can possibly boast of. In a word, there is no 
 sentiment or thought that can be expressed in a greater flow 
 o<vvords, or with more propriety and a better grace, than in 
 file Euglith tongue. 
 
 As to its energy or significance, there is scarce any 
 variety that any other nation can boast of, but what the 
 Enghih has almost with equal happiness made its own. With 
 what propriety has the celebrated lord Bacon taught us to 
 speak all the terms of art in our mother-tongue, which was 
 looked upon ae impracticable, till we saw it actually carried 
 into execution ] What inimitable pieces of oratory or 
 clocutien of our own growth, have we seen published within. 
 these few years! and what collection of poems bears a- 
 more sublime sense, is more manly and majestic, more strong 
 and nervous, than w hat has been exhibited to the public by 
 those universally admired poets, Mr. Milton, Mr. Addison, 
 and Mr. Popet 
 
 As to its harmony and sweetness, il must be confessed 
 that the Italian abounds with vowels, as the Dutch does with 
 consonants, which renders the first too etieminate, and the 
 last too rugged and uncouth ; whereas the English has, 
 through a happy intermixture, the advantage of them both. 
 We cannot but allow that the Italian language is peculiarly 
 delicate, soft,and pleasing to the ear; but then it glides along 
 like a purling stream. The French, doubtless, is very nice 
 and courtly, but then it has too much in it that savours of 
 effeminacy and aftectation. The Spanish, it is true, is very 
 solemn and majestic; but it is too apt to be stormy and 
 tempestuous, and carries a kind of terror along with it. 
 The German is very manly indeed, but it is harsh and 
 unpollte ; whereas the English, by judiciously borrowing a 
 little here and a little there, from each of tliem,glvesstrength 
 of consonants to the Italian, the full and perfect sound of 
 »yllables to the /■VrucA, the variety of terminations with much 
 gentleraccents to the S/ianish, and dissolves the Dutch conso- 
 ,iants with greater facility and ease. 
 
 Now what can possibly be wanting to the perfection of 
 tKat language, where substance and solidity combine with 
 pleasure ; where copiousness unites with ilelicacy, beauty, 
 with majesty, and expeditlor. with gravity and sedateness ! 
 Ajid 5UCH doubtlrsi js the. exposition of the En^is^^ 
 
 That all these advantages are inherent in our mother- 
 tongue, all foreigners in general are become at length highly 
 convinced ; and notwithstanding indeed, in former days, 
 they spoke of it with an airof indifterenceat least, and look- 
 ed upon it with an eye of contempt ; yet as those groundless 
 prejudices are now removed, they stand in admiration at 
 the sound of it. 
 
 The principal objections that some hyper-critics haveurged 
 against it, are these two : namely, its being a language com- 
 pounded of divers others; and its being subject and liable to 
 frequent variations. The former however, is so very natu- 
 ral to alt languages in general, that we have never heard 
 hitherto of any one entirely free from It, the Hebrew only ex- 
 cepted, as some say ; but whether that be real fact or not, wa 
 ingenuously acknowledge out Inabllily to determine. — ^I'hc 
 Latin language has a great mixture of ihat which was spo- 
 ken by the Greeksand Goths ; the French Is a composition of 
 Latin, Dutch, and the antient Ga/Zir ; the S/innish of Latin 
 principally, with some spice or smattering of the Gothic and 
 Morisco ; and the fre)-m«H itself, though by some perempto- 
 rily Insisted upon to be an original, has some savour of the 
 Roman empire, and its neighbouring nations. 
 
 As to its being subject to various changes and mutations, 
 the object is allogclher as groundless as ihe former; for 
 t is universally allowed, that all languages, as well as 
 kingdoms, have their infancy and age, their perfection and 
 decay. 
 
 I shall now conclude this succinct account, this transient 
 view only of the excellency of our mother.longue, with the 
 observationsof two very judicious critics, who, though mas- 
 ters of divers languages, hold our English tongue in tlie high- 
 est veneration. 
 
 *' As the English language (says Ihe first) is at this pre- 
 " sent juncture arrived at so great a pitch of perfection, is so 
 " very copious and expressive, by the accession of the life 
 " and spirit of divers other tongues w ith which it is blended, 
 " it were greatly to be wished, that a stop might be put 
 " to that boundless practice of naturalizing foreign words, 
 "of which the JIS«g7i«/i seem too extravagantly fond; and 
 " that for the future all neological and factitious terms 
 " should be laid aside, except some few that might possibly 
 " be introduced wIMi judgment and precaution." 
 
 " Was the English nation, (says the last) but contented 
 " with making Improvements on iliat grain which they liiive 
 " already, without over-stocking themselves by Importation 
 " from foreign ports, and putting their language in a per- 
 '■ petual ferment, it would contribute greatly to its future 
 " credlfand reputation." 
 
 And to confess Ingenuously, it isotir humble opinion, that 
 there is already as much in it, as is any ways useful or neces- 
 sary ; and as much, in a word, as the Englithsoil is capable 
 of beariog.
 
 THE 
 
 COMPENDIOUS BRITISH GRAMMARIAN, 
 
 OR 
 
 AN EASY INTRODUCTION 
 
 TO THE 
 
 STUDY OF THE ENGLISH TONGUE. 
 
 GRAMMAR is the art of expressing our thoughts justly, 
 with a due accent in the pronunciation, and with all 
 the true and proper letters of each word in writing, ac- 
 cordinj,' to the practice of those who are universally allowed 
 to be tlie best judges in that language which we propose to 
 study, be it what it will. 
 
 To speak English therefore, is to explain our sentiments 
 reciprocally to eacli other, in the Em^lish Ungua^e, by those 
 signs which the learned have invented for that great and 
 important purpose ; and we tind by experience, thatsounds 
 and the voice are the fittest and most convenient of any ; 
 but because such sounds are too transient, and pass away 
 too soon ; other signs have been found out, and so contrived 
 as to render them, not only more permanent and lasting, but 
 more capable of striking the eye ; and these are the marks, 
 or characters in writing, called by the Greeks grammata, a 
 terra to which that of grammar owes it derivation. 
 
 There are two things principally to be considered in these 
 signs; namely, what they are, in the first place, in their 
 nature as charactprs ; and in the next, their true meaning or 
 signification ; that is, the manner in which they are made 
 use of by mankind, in order to convey their ideas with as 
 much ease and freedom as possible, one to another. 
 
 Some divide grammar into four parts only ; namely, 
 letters, syllables, words, and sentences ; and this division, 
 in my humble opinion, is not only the shortest, but the most 
 easy and natural ; and comprehends, in reality, every thing 
 tliat can possibly be produced on the subject. 
 
 In the first place, then, we shall treat as briefly as possible 
 of letters* 
 
 Of Letters 
 
 A LETTER IS a mark, or character, which denotes a 
 simple and uncompounded, though an articulate sound; 
 for such as are inarticulate, for instance, the roaring of a 
 8ion, the beat of a drum, the purling of a stream, or the 
 melodious notes of the nightingale, are altogether impossi- 
 ble to be expressed by the characters, or marks whatsoever. 
 Notwithstanding the English alphabet is, for the most 
 part, said to consist of twenty-four letters only 5 and for this 
 reason, because i and j and also « and v, were some centu- 
 ries ago, expressed by the self-same characters ; yet'as the 
 fa and <ie«,for.the generality termed i and u consonant, are 
 
 b 
 
 now quite different in regard to theirsound, as well as form, 
 they may, with great propriety, be termed two distinct 
 letters; and for that reason, there are six-aud-tweiity letters 
 niade use of in the English tongue. These, however, diffei 
 in their form, according to the various types in which they 
 are printed, as will manifestly appear by the following 
 
 ALPHABET. 
 
 No. 
 
 Roman. 
 
 Old Engl. 
 
 Italic. 
 
 Their 
 
 Powers or 
 
 Sounds. 
 
 I. 
 
 A a 
 
 9 a 
 
 A a 
 
 a 
 
 IL 
 
 B b 
 
 2B b 
 
 B b 
 
 bee 
 
 II L 
 
 C c 
 
 CE c 
 
 C c 
 
 see 
 
 IV. 
 V. 
 
 D d 
 E e 
 
 D D 
 
 D d 
 
 E e 
 
 dee 
 ee 
 
 VL 
 
 F f 
 
 (S e 
 
 F f 
 
 ef 
 
 VII. 
 
 G g 
 
 H n 
 
 JF f 
 
 G »■ 
 
 ghPc 
 
 VIIL 
 
 <S 
 
 H h 
 
 altch 
 
 IX. 
 
 I i 
 
 ^\> 
 
 J I 
 
 i 
 
 X. 
 
 XL 
 
 J J 
 K 'k 
 
 31 • 
 31 j 
 in 6 
 
 D. I 
 
 J J 
 K k 
 
 t 
 
 XIL 
 
 L 1 
 
 L I 
 
 el 
 
 XIII. 
 
 M in 
 
 M m 
 
 em 
 
 XIV 
 
 N n 
 
 N Ji 
 
 ^n 
 
 XV. 
 
 
 
 SQ m 
 
 
 
 
 
 xyi. 
 
 P P 
 
 ra n 
 
 P p 
 
 pee 
 
 XVIL 
 
 Q q 
 
 £D 
 
 Q q 
 
 ku 
 
 XVIiL 
 
 R r 
 
 19 p 
 
 a q 
 
 d 
 
 R r 
 
 ar 
 
 XIX. 
 
 S s 
 
 S s 
 
 6=s 
 
 XX. 
 
 T t 
 
 T t 
 
 tee 
 
 XXI. 
 
 U u 
 
 U u 
 
 yu 
 
 XX.*.. 
 
 V V 
 
 V V 
 
 vee 
 
 XXllL 
 
 W w 
 
 ■^ t 
 
 W w 
 
 double yu 
 
 XXiV.' 
 
 X X 
 
 C3 u 
 
 X X 
 
 gx 
 
 XXV. 
 
 Y y 
 
 aj t) 
 
 y y 
 
 wy 
 
 XXVL 
 
 Z z 
 
 catD 
 
 Z z 
 
 zed 
 
 St
 
 AN EASY INTKODUCTION' TO THE STUD\ OF THE ENGLISH TONGlTE. 
 
 The preceding letters, marks, or characters, in regard 
 fo tlieir respective powers or sounds, are divided into vowels 
 and consonants. 
 
 A rowel is a letter, tliat denotes a full and perfect somd 
 o^' itself, without the least aid, or assistance of any other 
 letter whatsoever. 
 
 As to the number of them, they are, in the opinion of the 
 most accurate grainiiiarians, only five ; namely, a, e, i, o, 
 and II. 
 
 The vowels i and w, indeed, sometimes are made use of as 
 consonants, but then tliey change their form ; as for 
 instance, the i is convei ted into jod or >j ; as in tlie words 
 ■\usl, jelly, juice : i/out/i, years, yestcidity, &c. and the B into i£e ; 
 as in virtue, lice, vaniti/, <!fcc. 
 
 r, however, when' it has the same sound or powei asi ; 
 and it, when it is substituted in the room or stead of u; 
 i. e. when any of Iheni follow a vowel in any syllable or 
 word, they may, with propriety enough, be termed assistant, 
 or casual vowels ; but, on the other hand, when they precede 
 a vowel, though thev i.ever change their form, are actually 
 consonants, and used as such. 
 
 As 10 the Kseof l!ie prececdin^ vowels, they are intended 
 to make either syllables or words ; for neither the one nor 
 the otiier can !)e formed xvithout ihem. 
 
 Each distinct vov.el frequently constitutes a syllable ; as 
 in the following words ; a-mmcinent, c-veiU, i-itwge, i-live, and 
 Uni-fi', &c. 
 
 Moreover, the article A, the proftoun /, and the interjec- 
 tion O, are perfect words, as well as vowels ; and the two 
 last are always printed in capitals. , 
 
 Before we "proceed any farther, however, it will be highly 
 requisite to take the various powers or sounds of each vowel 
 into i)arlicular consideration. 
 
 It is to be observed, that all the vowels, in steneral, have 
 not only two dislui'-t sounds, namely, a long and short one, 
 but sonic of them more; that sometimes they absolutely 
 lose their sound : and their powers, at other times, are very 
 inipertect and obs-eurt; and sometimes again they borrow 
 Kouuds of one another. 
 
 Of the powers or sounds of the voivel A. 
 
 To begin then regularly with the vowel a, which has four 
 distinct sounds. 
 
 In all monosyllables, or wor'lsof one syllable, where a is 
 the first and e"tlie last vowel, the former is always long ; as 
 in liale, fate, mate, dec. 
 
 B-ut when the syllable ends with a single consonant, the 
 vowel a is always short ; as inirttt, md'l, fi^luil, &c. 
 . It is observable that the vowel a is the easiest to be pro. 
 nounced ; ajid is the tirst and the last sound that is uttered ; 
 the former is a Ion;;, and the latter o open ; as in 'he interjec- 
 tion nh I which we sliall take the liberty to illustrate by the 
 following distich : 
 
 A, A, the infant in the cradle cries; 
 
 But when grown'old, he sighs out ah ! and dies. 
 
 A retains this open sound, when it precedes the conso- 
 nants ft. If, or Im ; as in aft, liAft, shaft; cilf, half ; psalm, 
 
 balm, dec. The sound of n is open likewise in words ending 
 in atu-e ,- as dunce, prr'nici; advance ; which are sounded dahnce, 
 prahnce, adrnhiice, cVc. as also in the two following words, 
 fii-iher, Ihi^hier, which are sounded or pronounced, y'rjAf/irr, 
 Uflir, &c. 
 
 And lastly, a is broad, ami sounds like the diphthong a'l 
 111 monosyllables ending in It ; a^ in uall, tall, &x. or in Id or 
 It ; as in scald, linld^ mall, sail, tVc. 
 
 A retains this broail sound when it casually occurs be- 
 tw»eii the consonants v and i- ; or between iv and t, as in the 
 riotds icar, water, which are pronounced uaui, waiter. 
 
 Ii^ tlie proniiiicialion or divers wurds, the sound of a ia 
 eilliiT Idl.illy lust, or jil least very oliscurc ; us in diamatid, 
 piirliamcnl _ captain, cluiplain, &c. wLicli arc prououuvcd 
 
 di-memd, parh-ment, cap-tin, ehdp-lin ; and in measure, treasttrt, 
 pleasare, which are sounded mezhur, trezhur, plezhur ; and 
 marriage, carriage, <XC. which are souuded marridge, cm-- 
 ridge. 
 
 In the improper diphthong aa, which freqiiently occurs 
 in proper names, the sound of one of tbem is lost ; as in 
 Isaac, Balaam, Canaan, &c. which are pronounced Isac, 
 lidlam, Canan. 
 
 There are but very few words iu the English language, 
 that end in a, except the following monosyllables, flea, pea, 
 sea, tea, &c. and then the sound of it is entirely lost ; as it is 
 likewise in all words where the vowels e or o precede it ; as 
 in heat, meat, which ai>e sounded heet, meet ; and throat, coat, 
 boat, pronounced as 6 long, viz. throte, cote, bote. 
 
 Iu most words, however, where the sound of a is final, 
 the vowel i/ is added to it to make it a diphthong ; as in the 
 words day,'play, uuy, &c. and then the a is always long. 
 
 In the proper names, however, where « is final, no y i« 
 added, and the a retains its sound ; as in Phrygit, Pamphylia, 
 Cappadocia, &c. 
 
 In the words wan, want, wanton, wallow, watch, swan, &c. it 
 assumes the sound of v, and is pronounced as such ; namely, 
 wim. Hunt, &c. 
 
 There are divers other cursory remarks on the letter «, 
 that might properly be here introduced ; but for brevity's 
 sake, I shall refer the reader to the Dictionary annexed. 
 
 Of the potvers or sounds of the vowel ^. 
 
 E, for the most part, has a short sound, when one or moi* 
 consonants follow it in the same syllable ; as in the words 
 following, viz. hem, gem, hen, wJiiii, fli sh,frisli, &c. If, how- 
 ever, e be final, or joined with either of 1 he vowels, a, i, or o, 
 it is then long; as for instance in the following monosylla- 
 bles, he, she, vje, me, mire, here, beast, least, feast ; shield, yield, 
 field ; deceit, etc. 
 
 -E", when final, loses its sound in the following: words, eiike, 
 lake, awake, fursdhe. Sec. and only serves to lengthen the 
 sound of the preceding vowel. £ final, however, in the 
 following monosyllables, is short, and an exception to the 
 general ride, viz. ciime, siime, iine, diiae, Tmce, dunce, Ac. 
 
 £" loses its sound in many words, where the vowel a imme- 
 diately foUows it ; as in the monosyllables liearth, heart. Sec, 
 which are pronounced hHrth, 'tiirt. 
 
 And lastly, the vowel e assumes the sound of u long, in the 
 word swear, which is pronounced iwire. 
 
 Of the powers or sounds of the vowel I. 
 
 Tlie vowel i is always short, when !, m, n, orp, imuindiiite- 
 ly follow it ; as for instance ; htll, will, gill ; imp, pimp, hi/t, 
 U'tiih, lip, hip, &c. 
 
 } I, however, has a long sound before such words as end in 
 gh, ght, gii. Id, nd , as in sigh, nigh, sight, r.ight, sign, resigv, 
 child, mild, mind, find, hind, &c. 
 
 I is altogether lost, when the vowel e immediately foUoV? 
 it ; as in field, shieldy isc. which are sounded /ct/d, shccld, &-c. 
 and if not perfectly lost, its sound is very obscure in th« 
 words evil, devil, civil. 
 
 In the words borrowed from the French, the vowel i as- 
 sumes the sound of c, as in machine, magazine, which are 
 sounded mashfen, miignzein. It assumes likewise the sound of 
 II, in fir, stir, <S.c. 
 
 In the words i'c»i!inn, business. Arc. the vowel «, if not alto- 
 gether lost, is very obscure, and is souiiilcd nnzim, hizrttss. 
 
 M. Ji. As there sue no words in the r.iigliali laiiguag« 
 that end iiii, the assistant vowel »/ is always made use of to 
 supply its place, be the number of syllables more or less; ns 
 for instance, in monosyllables, as tni/,ihy, flii, &c. in dissjila- 
 hies, as in city, mercy, pity, iSrc. in trisyllables, ns in ghrify, 
 justify, digiiifi/, <Vc. and polysyllables, as in oOstniat^ti/, ftna- 
 bly, 7Mathcmalically,^c. 
 
 y is likewise made use of in the room » r si«i»d cr >. biith 
 in the first syllable and tlie last of such words a« arc dcrivuJ
 
 AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE ENGLISH TONGUE. 
 
 Xlll 
 
 from the Greek ; as in the words hypocrisy, tympalhy, sym- 
 phony^ &.C, 
 
 As also in the first, second, or last syllable of propel 
 names ; as in Phrygia, Pamphylia, Esijpt, <S:c. , 
 
 Vis once more made iiseof insteaifot i in sucli iPai^tiJcs, 
 whose verbs end my ; as injiyins:, from tlie verb fi v, o-yi.t^, 
 from tlie verb cry ; and sanctifying, from the vcrC sane- 
 afy, A-c. 
 
 This y, however, when it begins a syllable, or word, an: 
 precedes a vowel, is always accounted a consonant. 
 
 Of the powert or sounds of the 
 
 The vowel o sounds long before U, Id, It, st, ana rJ; as in 
 the l'ollo«iin; words, poll, tvU, cold, bold, bolt, cbh, ghost, host, 
 ford, sicerd, dtc. but short in all such monosyllables as end 
 in a single consonant, as hit, lot, n'6t, pot, Xf, on, rod, Jvc. 
 
 The sound of o, thou3;h not absolutely lost, indeed, is very 
 obscure, in, the following words ; hacan, capon, mutton, ghi- 
 tnn, button, &'C, 
 
 In several words it loses its own sound, and assumes that 
 of the vowel « ; as in once, which is pronounced wunce ; son, 
 done, sounded s'lin, diai ; come and comfort, pronounced dim, 
 and cumfort, conduit, sounded ctindit, &c. 
 
 Note. The vowel o has seld am the privilege of concluding 
 words ; but the assistant vowel wis made use of to conver' 
 it intoa diplithong; as in the monosyllables, blow, crow, flow, 
 grow know, &<;. 
 
 Of the powers or sound) of the vowel U. 
 
 The vowel u has always a Ion? sound, before a single 
 consonant, in words of more syllables than one ; as in u-ttit, 
 u-nity,u-7iion, Ac. but if the word be a monosyllable, and a 
 single consonant iramediatply follows it ; as in giin, si^cn, niin, 
 jUit dUsl, crust, &c. then tlie power or sound ot it is sliort. 
 
 When the vowel « iramedinfoly follows the consonant g, 
 rt not only loses its own sound, but contributes towards the 
 hardening of the preceding ktter ; as for instance, in the 
 words guilt, guest, guard, guardian, &c. which are pronounced 
 gilt, gest, gard, gdrdian. 
 
 In some words, particularly Ihe verb bnry, with all itsdc- 
 rivatives, the vov.el u assumes the sound of the vowel c, and 
 is pronounced berry. 
 
 Asnoneof the "preceding vowels, (the e only excepted) 
 have the free liberty of concluding words ; so very few words 
 end with the vowel «. Thou and you are the only two 
 English words; and the French terms beati, lieu, and adieu, 
 which we have, as it were, adopted, are the only instances 
 of this kind that can be produced ; except, indeed, the 
 word jet d' eau, a water spout, may be added to the num- 
 ber. 
 
 For the generality, therefore, in such words, where the 
 sound of" is final, the vowel ^ is either added to it, as in the 
 words blue, true, rue, &c. or-else the improper dipthong ew 
 is substituted in its room or stead ; as! in the words :'oiIowing 
 *i2. crew, blew, drew, &c. whicii are pronounced, cm, blu, 
 dru. ■ 
 
 Mote. The assistant vowel w, is frequently made use of 
 instead of the v, at the end of a syllable or word ; as in 
 pow-er,flow-cr, tow-er, dower, &c. or in the words, ^au',^e«;, 
 fiow, &c. in which case, the w is then an assistant vowel, and 
 forms a dipthhong ; and when added to the improper diph- 
 thong; i>, it forms a triphthong, as in the word view. 
 
 Nate likewise. That the letter w, when it precedes a yoweJ, 
 or the letter h, is always accounted a consonant, asv.in the 
 words U-6U, well, will. 
 
 Of the diphthongs, or double vowels. 
 
 A diphtliong, or double vowel, is the union, meeting, or 
 coalition of two vowels into one and the same syllable. 
 And these, for the generality, are divided into proper aiid 
 improper. 
 
 The 
 
 As may be illustrated by the following words ; 
 Ai, in frail, pair, fair ; which are sounded only as a long, 
 WX.frale, pare,Jare. 
 
 Ay, in day, play, way, pronounced likewise only asi long, 
 
 viz. da, pla, ua. 
 
 Note. At is written in the beginning and middle oFwords i 
 but «w always at the end ; excejit in the' Hord oye, w!ien 
 used "by way of answer, instead of i/fs. 
 
 An, as in author, autumn, avgurt, A c. 
 
 Aw, as in oit7, lawful, lawyer, dec. 
 
 Note. Au may begin a word, but never ends one ; and 
 for that reason niv is substituted in ils stead, when linal. 
 
 Ee, as in u-?id, sled, indeed, &c. like e lung. 
 
 Oi, as ill oil, voice, rejoice, &c. 
 
 Ou, as in hoy, joy, cloy, <S.'C. 
 
 Note. Oiisfor the most part used at the beginning of 
 words, but oy at the end. 
 
 Oo, as in good, wood, stood, &c. 
 
 Sometimes, however, it changes its sound to o long, as in 
 door, floor, sounded dbre,flore ; and sometimes to u short, us 
 in blood,jiood, pronounced bliid Jiiid. 
 
 On, as in cloud, shroud, aioJd, Ac. 
 
 But sometimes it is sounded as o long, as in soul, co)t. 
 troul, A'c. 
 
 Ow, as in blow, flow, crow, &-C 
 
 Note. The above are called proper diphthongs s because 
 both the vowel* are sounded in them ; but when a propci 
 diphthong loses its natural swuid, and changes to any othet 
 simple sound of some one single vowel, it becomes an im 
 proper diphthong. 
 
 The improper diphthongs arc these that follow, viz- ae, sa 
 eo,eu,ew, ei,ie, oa,ui, and if ; "hich are so calleit, because 
 the sound of one of the two only is distinclly heard ; and lor 
 the most part, it is the last tliat is lost ; and these may be 
 illustrated by the words following, viz. 
 
 Ae, as in Mneas, JEgypt, JEtna, ^Etkcr, Ciesar, &c. but as ae 
 is no English diphthong, the words abLi\e a rewritten for the 
 most part with single e ; as Eneas, Egypt, Bum, Etl.cr, and 
 Cesar, and are always long. 
 
 Ea, as in peace, cease, incriase, &c. where^ the ca is sounded 
 like i long, or the diphthong it. 
 
 Eo, as in lcupard,jeopardyi people, &c. proiiOUncec! lepard, 
 jepardy, pceple, 
 
 Eu, as in eunuch, rheum, rheubarh, &c. sounded cuntich, rum, 
 rubarh, 
 
 Eu; as in dew, crew, hncw, &c. pronounced du, cru,hni. 
 
 Ei, as in receive, &c. sounded as ce. viz. receeve Ac. 
 
 Jc, as injield, shield, 6cc. sounded feeld, sheeld, Ac. 
 
 Oa, as in coat, boat, throat, &c. which are pronounced as 
 long, viz. cut, hot, throt. 
 
 Vi, as in guilt, built, quilt, &c. sounded as J short, viz. gilt, 
 bilt. quilt ; and as a long, in;Hice,/)'iiiV, &c. 
 
 Oe, as in Oedipus, sounded Edipus, and Oetione and acononyj, 
 pronounced as e long, viz. Enone, economy. But in English 
 words, as o long, as in toe, doe, foe, Ac. pronounced, to, 
 do^o. 
 
 To these may be added ew, and ue ; as in threv, drew, 
 knew, pronounced as w long, viz. thru, dru, Aim ; and due, 
 sue, spue, Sec. sounded in the same manner, du, su, j/iu. 
 
 Of THRIPTHONGS. 
 
 When three vowels meet together in one and. the same, it 
 is called a thripthrong. Of these there are very few occur in 
 the Enijlish tongue; however, we have the following, viz. 
 queen, quaint, quail, eyes, and news ; as for the words l.teem, 
 sounded ho, as o long, as beaux, pronounced boze (from whence 
 our wordienu/^ is derived;) je( rf' eau, sounded ;c< do; tica, 
 and adieu, sounded as u long, lu and arfu ; are properlv 
 French terms, and only adopted.
 
 x\y. 
 
 AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO TllE STUDY OF THE ENGLISH TONOuB. 
 
 Of CONSONANTS. 
 
 A consonant is a letter that can never bo pronounced 
 without the addition of a vowel f)el'ore or after it; as i is 
 sounded lee ; c, see ; f, </, and m, emm, <S.-c. 
 
 The consonants, as they stand in order, are these that 
 follow, in number twentv-one, namely, 
 
 b, c, d, f, g, ii.j, ^, i, 111, n, p, 1, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z. 
 
 In liie pronunciation of these consonants, tliere is no 
 Sreat difficulty ; because other nations agree with Us, and 
 sound them the same way. 
 
 There are several ot the above consonants, however, 
 «>l;ich, though very differentia their forms, i)ear a near atH- 
 nity to each otiier, in regard to their respective powers or 
 sounds. These, for instance, are as follow : 
 
 b J b t c, U, ) f, v, ^ K ^ h, I. f z 
 
 and ' and i q, and > and j and > m, n, i and 
 
 p. > t. ' X. 5 ph. ' J. Jandr. < s 
 
 And this method of teacliiugtiiem to children, I conceive, 
 to be the easiest and tiie best. 
 
 Printers have of late years made use of divers coinl)incd 
 letters ; as for instance," fc for ae, and a; force; fl, tf, ti, lb, 
 and ffi ; as also of tiie following abbreviations, namely, i" for 
 and, and ^ c. for and so forth, or for the rest. 
 
 Note. The above consonants are divided into mutes, and 
 semi or half-vowels ; the former are b, c. d, g, ,l. \), q, t, v, 
 and are thus named, because they cannot be pronounccii 
 without the addition of a vowel, as bee, see, dee, cVc. The 
 semivowels are f, 1, m, n, r, s, x, z, which arc so tailed, be- 
 cause they vield an imperfect sound of themselves, ys some 
 ii.^ist ; to" rue liowever, this seems to be a mistake ; since 
 they cannot be pronounced at all, unless some vowel be pre- 
 fixed ; as for instance, ef, el, em, Ac. 
 
 Four of these semivowels, riz, 1, m, n, r, are for the sene- 
 rality termed liquids; because they flow very smoothly in 
 a syllable after a ratite ; as in class, smeJl, niiat, brass ; but 
 they cannot be sounded before a mute if a vowel foUaws, 
 
 These consonants once more are distinifuished into single 
 and double. The former, as b, c, d, &c. have but one siiu- 
 pje sound ; w, x, and z, however, are complex consonants, 
 and have manifestly the sound of two or more single ones in 
 one ; thus w is a compound of w, x is compounded of eet, 
 and 2 is sounded as ds. 
 
 The following letters, though apparently two, are allowed 
 to be but one single mark or character, vi:. ch, gb, ph, sh, 
 th. and wh. 
 
 We shall now proceed methodically to their respective 
 powers or sounds. 
 
 Of the power m- sound of the consmuint B. 
 
 This consonant has one invariable sound i though in some 
 few words, indeed, its sound is absolutely lost ; as in the 
 word bdellimn, whicli is pronounced del/ium. It is mtite in 
 words where t inimediatdy follows; as in debts and debtors, 
 which are sounded '/(fj, fAf/wcj ; it is silent likewise when 
 it follows the letter m ; as in climb, sounded edtm ; lamb, 
 fcrnMrn, pronounced bim, bimkiii. \ni\ thumb, plumb, dumb, 
 sounded as u short, viz. th'um, pliim, rltim ; and as long, in 
 tiie word cumb, which is sounded earn. 
 
 The consonant b likewise is frequently made use of before 
 the liquids I and r, as in llw word.s black, blood, bloom, ike. and 
 in bread, breast, bride, broad, brute, ScC. 
 
 Of the powert or sovtult of the consonant C awl Cll. 
 
 The genuine and natural sound of this consonant is hard, 
 like that of A; and is always pronounced as such, when it 
 precedes the vowels a, o, andu ; as in cnre, calf, carl ; comb, 
 cold, each ; ciiril, curl, curie, &C. 
 
 It is hard likewise when it precedes the liquids / or r, as 
 in cloeh, cloud, class, \c. or oach, crew, crust, A'C. 
 ' Wh"!! this letter «, bowcver, precedes the vowels, e, i, or y ; 
 
 or IS made use of before an apostrophe (') j that is to say, 
 where that mark is substituted in l!ic room or stead of the 
 vowel e, it is always sounded soft : as for instance, in tli« 
 words eerem(rny, ciiron, cyder; and in plae'd, frrac'd, rte- 
 favd, iVc. 
 
 In the words Acehamn, and Cis, or Kish, though the one 
 precedes the vowel e, anil the other an i, they are exceptions 
 tu the general rule ; and are sounded hard like k. 
 
 When the letter] c is written immediately after the letter s, 
 it is, for the most part, entirely mute or lost ; as in the words 
 scene, scion, science, sceptre, &c. Sonictinies, however, it is 
 pronounced hard, like k, as in scarce, seeptic, sculd, 'scurri- 
 lous, &c. 
 
 C loses its sound, whenever it- precedes /:, as in back, ci-ach, 
 pack, fjuack, tVc. 
 
 This letter c might very well be omitted, could theetymo* 
 logy of words be equally well preserved without it. 
 
 Cll boini; (as we have hinted before) only one letter, though 
 two marks or chi'racters, is sounded like /;, in most foreign 
 worils, as in chymist, chyle, chuler, Ac. as also in such proper 
 names as occur in the sacred scriptures, us in Baruch, Ma. 
 laehi, Archesilavs, &c. When the syllable arch conies before 
 a vowel, it is sounded hard, like ark ; as in architeet and arch. 
 angel; but if a consonant immediately follows it, then it 
 retains its original soft sound, or thatof a»<cA ; as for instance, 
 archdeacon, arcklishop, dec, 
 
 Ch retains likewise its original soft sound in the words 
 church, chill, child, charm, chair, iltc. and in some proper 
 names, as in cherubim, Rachael, Charles, &c. 
 
 In divers words immediately derived from the French, ch 
 is sounded soft, like sh ; as for instance, in chaise, champaign, 
 chevalier, chafrrin, chapuehin, machine, Ac, 
 
 Ch is sometimes, though corruptly, sounded like qu ; as io 
 choir and chorister, w hich are vulgarly called quire and jwm- 
 ter ; though tiie proper sound of them is that of k, and they 
 ought to be pronounced ^orVand korister, as the word chonii, 
 from whence they are derived, is sounded horus. 
 
 Of the power or sowul of the consonant D. 
 
 D, like J, has but one invariab|e sound ; as in the word* 
 diamond, dye, did, Arc. and is frequently used before the 
 liquid r ; as in drnto, dress, drink, drove, drub, Ac. as also be- 
 fore the double consonant n<, as in dwarf, dwell, dwindle, Ac 
 
 When the termination ed is abbreviated, and an apostro. 
 phe O substituted in the room or stead of the c, it is convert- 
 ed into the letter t, to which, as we have before hinted, it 
 bears a near alRnity i as will appear in the follow ing instance, 
 thougli this mode of spelling is not now much in use ; 
 
 Burned, burnt; blessed, blest ; Jossed, tost ; crossed, crost. 
 
 Of the paicers or sounds of the consonant F. 
 
 The letter F, as we have before observed, bears a near allU 
 nity to the letters ph and v ; as evidently appears from the 
 word;(^io/, which is sounded rial ; as also in the particle of, 
 as, " Ocorgeih^ third, king c/(that is en) Great Dritain ; and 
 phlegm is pronounced^i7». 
 
 Of the powers or sounds of the Utters G and Gh, 
 
 The consonant g', is always sounded hard before the vow- 
 els a, o, and « ; as in the words game, gale, f^arter; goote,gos. 
 lin, gospel ; gut, gun, guzzle ; but when it precedes the vowels 
 e, i, or V, it has, for the most part, a soft sound, like the con- 
 sonant j'; as in the words geiuler, genitive, geiule; gin, ginger, 
 giant ; and in the word gipsy. 
 
 There are some exceptions, however, to this general rule, 
 for it is pronounced hard in tlie wnuh geese, get, gelding gild, 
 gimp, gitnbt, Ac. It is hard likewise in such proper nani«s 
 as arc derived from the Hebrew language; zs Cletk$tmat,t, 
 (ieba, Sec. and in soraeEnglisb proper names ; as in (filmmi, 
 Gibson, Gilbert, &c.
 
 AN EASY INTaODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THR ENGLISH TONGUE. 
 
 XV 
 
 in 
 
 glast, 
 
 It h always liiin!, likewise, wlien it precedes tne letter // ; 
 Ui in tilt word ^ '/«!', <Vc. 
 
 G losi.'s its sound when it precedes eillier tlie letters m or n, 
 in tile same syllable ; as in phlts;m, '-.i^ni, &c. It loses its 
 round wlicn it precedes «, at llio bcsinniiig of a word ; as in 
 rnttt, f^iw, !;nash,\\\\\c\\nv<) soiunied mil, ninr, nfis/i. ilhh 
 Tost in the middle and at the end of divers words : as in 
 might, sight, nis;ht, flis;ht, which are sounded m'ltc, site, nite, 
 ftiie ; as also in though, through, (Iniigh, which are pronounced 
 lliO, thru, tlo ; and sigh, nigh, high, are sounded si, tn, hi. 
 
 (ihwX the end of some words is pronounced m (f ; as i 
 rough, tough, enough, whicli are sonndcil ruff', tuff, eniiff. 
 
 (t is often used before the liquids/ and r ; as in 
 filaim, gloom, &c. Grass, grave, green, grind, Ac. 
 
 Of the power or sound of tfie consoiiant II. 
 
 The letter /i is a note of aspiration, which intimates that 
 the vowel immediately following is to be pronounced with a 
 peculiar strength ; as in the words hat, help, hill, house, 
 hunt, &:c. 
 
 AVe. It seldom begins any syllable, except the first; and 
 for the most part is uttered with a full emission of the 
 breath. 
 
 However, it loses its sound when the letters r immediate- 
 ly precedes it ; as in rheuhnrb, rheum, rhine, rhenish, rhetorician, 
 &c. As also its sound is lost at the end of '.vords t as in Jeho- 
 vah, Messiah, Guliah, Ac. 
 
 Of the powers or sounds of the consonant J. 
 
 This consonant has always an uniform sound, like the soft 
 g, and is put before vowels only ; as in Jach, jest, jilt. Mm, 
 Jimc,&c, This letter, like the preceding one of c, might 
 very well be omitted, could the etymology of words be duly 
 preserved without it ; as in the words jocund, jovial, joy, eja- 
 evktion, &c. 
 
 Of the powers or sounds of the consonant K. 
 
 This letter h, when it precedes either the vowel c on, hds 
 tlie sound of hard c, where, according to the analogy of the 
 English, the e would be soft ; as in the words cellar, cistern^ 
 &c. The h, however, has always a hard sound w hen it be- 
 gins a word, and precedes a vowel ; as in the words keys, 
 keep, kept ; hill, kind, kite, &:c. but when /; precedes the letter 
 n, its sound is either lost, or at least very obiicure ; as in the 
 words knot, knob, knowledge, &c, and totally lost when it fol- 
 lows e ; as in the words back, crack lack, &c. 
 
 Note. The letter k is never used double in any word what- 
 ever ; but in the middle of words c always precedes it ; as in 
 tickle, Jichle, pickle, &c. in order to shorten the vowel be- 
 fore it. 
 
 Of the powers or sounds of the consonant L.. 
 
 The letter /, lias the sarae sound in English, as it has iu 
 other languages. 
 
 In monosyllables ending in /. anotiier is for the most part 
 added to it ; as in all, full, call, &:c. in order to give a kind 
 of force to the preceduig vowel ; but in words of more syh 
 iablcs than one ending in /, such / is always single ; as in 
 cniil, civil, evil, &c. Critical, whimsical, political. See. 
 
 Sometimes the sound of this letter / is almost lost ; as in 
 the words calf, halft and their plurals, calves, hahes ; as also 
 in eouhd, would, should ; talk, walk, chalk ; psalm, calm, quaint, 
 &c. 
 
 This / being a liquid, will follow almost any of the conso- 
 nants ; but will stand before none of them ; as for instance 
 blood, tlowj,jioad, gloom, plumb, slay, slevi, sly, slow, slut, &c. 
 
 The sound of / is always'dlstnictly heard where the I is 
 final ; as in excel, cancel, counsel, (Src. but in words ending 
 
 with le ; as table, fable, cable, sable, &c, the sound of it is 00- 
 
 Kure or weak, and the final e almost mute. 
 
 Of the powers or sounds of the consonant M. 
 
 This let tor m has an unvaried sound* asiii man,men,mine, 
 moan, moon, tVc. 
 
 It suffers no olliercnnsonant but the nfo follow if, in the 
 brginning of a word or syllalile ; as for instance, amnesty, 
 solvmnity ; and in tlie name of the ^VecA muse, called 3Ine- 
 molyne. 
 
 If cither the letter b or n, follows it at the end of a word ■• 
 the sound of that b or n is always lost; as in thumb, plumb, 
 aiUumn, solemn, &c. 
 
 Of the powers or sounds of the consonant N. 
 
 This n, like m, has always an uniform sound ; as in name, 
 neat, night, note, nitt, t^'C. 
 
 In the l>eginning of words or syllables, it admits of the 
 letters §■, A, and i, sometimes before its but no consonant 
 whatever after it ; as for instanc?, gnat, gnaw, gnomon ; 
 knave, knife, knot, humiedge, SiC. and snuke, snail, snow, snuff, 
 &c. 
 
 When n follows m, and closes a word, it is always either 
 inute, or very obscure ; as in atUnmn, solemn, condemn, 
 hymn, &c. 
 
 Of the powers and sounds of the consonant P and Ph. 
 
 The letter p (as we liave hinted before) bears a near affi- 
 nity with b, and has a uniform sound ; as for example, pai?(, 
 peal, pile, pool, pond, purse, Ac. and the letters ph bear a near 
 afhuity to the letters f and v ; as in Philip, sounded filip ; 
 Phi/iii-iipher, pronounced filusifer ; ami phial, sounded vial. 
 
 When p precedes anoilier consonant in the beginnmg 6t 
 words, its sound is always either lost or very obscure ; as in 
 the words psnbn, ps/ihnisi, psalter, Ptolomy, psuedoprophet, 
 phthisic, ptisun, psi/chulog/i, \c. 
 
 Vi'henp immediately follows m in the middle of words, it 
 is then perfectly quiescent ; as in the v/ords empty, eontrnpt, 
 attempt, exempt, &c.. 
 
 Of the powers enr sounds of the cmuonant Q or Cu. 
 
 Q is always followed by the vowel n, iu all other languages 
 as well as the English. By some it is accounted a super- 
 fluous letter, as being nothing more than cu. 
 
 Ill words of ii«»-/iVi extraction its sound is generally soft : 
 as in ipoihc, t/nell, quill, quote, &c. but in sucli words as are 
 derived from the French, it bears the sound of A, or hard c ; 
 as in liquor, liquorish, conqueror, masquerade, &c. 
 
 Note. The letter 7 never ends a woril, but the diphthong 
 ue is added to it ; as in the words antique, olliqite, &c. whioh 
 are sounded antike or anteek, obllke or obleeki and risipie, 
 which is pronounced risk. 
 
 Of the pawers or sounds of the conscmant R and Rh. 
 
 This letter has the same harsh sound in English, as in 
 other languages. The Saxons, at the beginning of words, 
 used to put I lie letter h before it. In words derived from 
 the Greek, the letter h immediately follows it both at the be- 
 ginning and end of words ; as for instance, rhetoric, rhinoce- 
 ros, rhyme, rheum, rhapsody ; and the word myrrh. 
 
 When words end in re, as in /ire,[v)ire, hire, desire ; they are 
 all sounded as ur short ; iiSjiur,wiur, hiur^ desiur. 
 
 Of the powers or soundsjfthe consmwni S anj Sh. 
 
 The letter « has a variable sound. Sometimes it has a 
 hissing or soft sound ; an(l at others a hard sound, like that 
 ofz.. As for instance, it has the former at the beginning of 
 words, as in steal, stale, stole, stool, A'c. shame, shell, shine, ilume, 
 thm, &c. And the latter, in substantives of the plural num- 
 ber ending with s, as in trees, sees, beet, eyjt, fiier, pies, <iv
 
 *n. 
 
 AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO THE STLDY OF THE ENGLISH TONGUE. 
 
 And in the third person singular of verbs ; as, he oTshe reads, 
 bleedi, mcceeds, &c. It has likewise a strong sound in the 
 nionosyllables this, yes, thus, us ; his, ours, pours, &c. When 
 words end in sion, and a \'owel precedes the j, it is sounded 
 bard like s, as in confusion, delusion, occasion, invasion, division, 
 &c. Butif a consonant precedes Jj'on, it sounds like jA ; as 
 in diversion, immersion, conversion, Arc. This distinction is 
 regularly marked throughout the Dictionary. 
 
 It sounds' like s likewise, where e (inal follows*; as in 
 tvise, rise, advise, &c. rose, prose, pause, applause. Sec. and this 
 variation is distinguished throughout the Dictionarj-. But 
 its usual ending is in ss, as in grass, mass, chss, pass, Sic. 
 
 Once more, it has the sound of = when s occurs in the 
 mid Jle of words ; ViS in desert, present, prison, wisdom, advcr- 
 tisement ; another variation which is carefully marked. But 
 ifthe* be doubled, it assumes the hissing souud; asiji assume, 
 as'rrt, assign, &:c. 
 
 In some words, however, where the singles occurs in the 
 middle of them, the s is quiescent ; as in viscount, island, isle, 
 JUile, Carlisle, and in demesne, &ci all which variations are 
 legularly marked. 
 
 0/ the powers or sounds of the consonant T and Th. 
 
 T has its proper sound in most words where it either be- 
 gins or ends them ; as iu tame, ten, time, tone, tunc ; mat, met, 
 tat, set, sit, sot ; glut. 
 
 When the letter f, however, precedes the vowel i, and an- 
 other immediately follows it, ttie syllable ti is always sound- 
 ed like sh ; as in vexation, inclination, contemplation,' meditation, 
 &c. and this variation is carefully distinguished through- 
 out the Dictionary. 
 
 But when a consonant precedes the t, it retains its own 
 natural sound ; as in fast, feast, Jht, frost, first, &c. 
 
 Th has nearly the hard sound of d in the words following, 
 viz. then, thence, there, thus, thy, thine, Ihee, them, fhote, it. 
 As also, iii all words' jvhere the th occurs between two 
 vowels; as in whether, v hither, weather, spther, rather, &c. 
 
 It has a hard sound likewise when it either begins or ends 
 a word ; as in thought, thirst, third, thunder ; death, breath, 
 width, worth, &c. but when e final follows th, it softens the 
 sound of it ; as from the substantive breath, the verb to breathe, 
 from cloth, to clothe ; from wreath, io wreathe, &c. 
 
 Of the powers or sounds of the consonant V. • 
 
 This consonant (as we have observed before) bears a vei-y 
 near atfinity to the letters /"and ph. 
 
 I'his consonant v is placed before no other consonant, but 
 before all the Towels in general ; as in the words vale, rest, 
 ricf, voice, volume, vulture, <Scc. 
 
 Note. Both its shape and sound are as distant from the 
 vowel », as any two o»Jier letters in the alphal;et.| 
 
 Ofthi povtrfi or sounds of the consonants W, 9nd Wh. 
 
 Though the letter w, or double o, where it is used instead 
 
 of the vowel «, is undoubtedly a vowel itself; yet it is at 
 limes indisputably a consonant ; and for this reason, be- 
 cause it will precede any of the vowels without the le<ist 
 hesitation or difficulty in the utterance or expression of in 
 as in war, wind, world, wor^t, &c. 
 
 When the vowel o immediately follows the letters wh, the 
 sound of the w is altogeth'er mute or quiescent ; as in the 
 following words, whore, whorish, whoredom, whose, and whole- 
 some. 
 
 7. It is lost likewise when the liquid r immediately follows 
 it ; as in wrath, ivretch, wrist, wrong, &c. 
 
 In most English words, however, wh has a peculiar sound, 
 as if the h was placed before it ; as in the words where, wheji. 
 wheyice, whale, white, whist, whilst, &:c. 
 
 Of the powers or sounds (f the consonant X. 
 
 This letter a- begins no word in the English tongue, and 
 but very few in any other language. 
 
 It begins, however, some proper names ; as Xenophon, 
 Xanthns, Xmitippe, &c. 
 
 In English words, some one of the vowels always precedes 
 it ; as in ax or axe, axle, excellent, example, ox oxen, d-c. 
 
 As^also in several English proper names, as in Axbridge, in 
 Somersetshire ; Axminstcr, in Devonshire, and £ieter its ca- 
 pital ; Oxford, in the county so called, Ac. 
 
 Tfote, This letter i is a double consonant, and contains in 
 it the sound of cj, or l<s. 
 
 Of the powers or sounds of the conscmant Y. 
 
 Though this letter, when it follows a consonant, is doubt- 
 less a vowel; as in the Words twenty, thirty, forty, &c. yet, 
 when it precedes a vowel or diphthong, it is converted into 
 a consonant, notwithstanding it never changes it form. 
 
 It may be observed of this consonant y, as it was above of 
 the consonant w, that it precedes most of the vowels without 
 the least hesitation or difficulty in the utterance or expression 
 of it ; as in the following words, yard, yarn, year, yeoman, 
 you, youth, youthful, <Src. 
 
 Of tfie powers or sounds of the consonani Z. 
 
 This a is a double consonant (as we have hinted before) 
 and contains in it the sound oi' ds, or rather * hard. 
 
 It begins very few words, except what are derived from 
 foreign languiges ; as Zany, zest, zeal, zcalmts, zone, zodiac, 
 and zenith. 
 
 The sound of it, in short, is expressed in its name, izzard t 
 or t hard ; aud this letter is never placed before a conso. 
 nant. 
 
 is'ote. The preceding cursory remarks on the EtjjjJJsh Al- 
 phabet are peculiarly calculated for th^ aid and assistance 
 of young, unlettered students ; but Such ?s aie rpgre ad- 
 vatu;ed in years, may be fartlier instructed and improved by 
 a diligent inspection of the succeeding Dictionahy.
 
 PART II. 
 
 OF SPELLING, 
 
 OR THE DIVISION OF SYLLABLES. 
 
 THE art of spelling consists in writing correctly, or 
 naming the several letters whereof any syllable or 
 word is, according to the established custom, properly com- 
 posed. 
 
 A syllable is an articulate sound, wliicli is formed of any 
 one vowel, or more letters included intlic English alphabet. 
 As for instance ; 
 
 n-nii tij, eve.-ry, ivory, o-live, u-nit. 
 
 Sometimes a syllable is composed of two vowels united, 
 or a diphthong : as in Mnchs, a- canom;/, Oedipus, A-c. It 
 must be remembered, however, that liit'se are Latin and 
 Greek syllables or diphthongs, and are expressed in Eng- 
 lish (as we have before hinted) by the vowel (e) only; as 
 Jiiteas, economy, ICpidus, 
 
 Sometimes, a^^ain, it consists of one vowel," or double 
 vowel, and one consonant ; is in am, or an ; aid or paid ; 
 sometimes of a dipiilhong atone, as uu-tlwr, aii^tumn, &c. Or 
 sometimes of one vowel, and two or more consonants ; as in 
 nit, egg, ink, old, acts, eggs, &C. 
 
 Note. No number of consonants can be pronounced arti- 
 culately, without the aid or assistance of one or more of the 
 vowels. 
 
 A word, for the generality, is composed of as many syl- 
 lables as tiiere are either vowels, or double vowels found 
 in it. 
 
 No syllable can consist of more letters than eight ; and 
 there are very few that will admit of that number. 
 
 Note. All tfnrds, which express the name, action, quality, 
 or mode of any thing, are nothing more than an assemblage 
 of letters snd syllables. 
 
 Some words, therefore, if they consist of one syllable 
 only, arc termed monosyllabU ; as in just, good, ^reat, &c. If 
 of two syllables, as in justice, /goodness, greatness, Ax. they are 
 cMcd dissyllables ; it'of three, as in a-mi-ty, enmi-ty, en-vi- 
 ous, iSrc. they are termed trisyllables ; and all such words as 
 consist of four or more lyllnblei, are distinguished by the name 
 
 of polysyllables. 
 
 Note. Moreover, as no monosyllable will admit of more 
 letters than eight; so no English words will admit of more 
 tyllables than eight. 
 
 Once more observe, that all words are either simple or 
 compound ; as, pious, impious ; holy, wt-hoty ; active, in-active. 
 Sec, All the rules for the division of each, must be such 
 as are derived either from the analogy of all languages in 
 general, or from the established custom of pronouncing any 
 one language in particular. 
 
 The general rules, therefore, for spelling English words 
 correctly, are these that follow ; and as there is no general 
 rule without some exceptions, more or less ; such exceptions 
 arc best attained by an habitual use or practice. 
 
 The first then that occurs is this : namely, when a con- 
 Mnant comes between two vowels, it must be joined, for 
 the most part, with the last ; as for instance, iu a-lmn-dance, 
 *-ipiity, i-m't-gine, o-pit-leM, tt-ni-ty, &c. 
 
 If, however, the letter r happens to fall between two 
 vowels, it is then an exception, and must be joined to the 
 first; as in the words ex-ampk; ex-amine, ex-eeute, cx-istenct 
 ox en, vix en, bo.r rs, Ax. 
 
 Such consonants as precede either the liquids /or r, when 
 the vowel r imriiodiutely follows, ciin never be divided ; as 
 in n ble, ta-ble, fa-hle, tri-flle, mi-tre, ni tre, A'c. 
 
 This rule, howevi-r, seems to be iiichided in that of initial 
 consonants, bccau>e bl, Jl, and ir, can begin words i but if 
 two consonants come to^jetlier which cainiot be^in words, 
 then they must be divided ; and one must be joined to (he 
 first vowel, and the other to the latter; as for instance, in 
 injustice, impiety, infi-vity, tern pie, trn-der, Ac. 
 
 All double consonants must be divided t as in platter, 
 mat-ier, letter, fitter, glil ter, bit-ter, cot ton, rot ten, fiut-ter, 
 mnt-ter, &c. 
 
 Nor must two consonants be parted, as can begin word* 
 in spelling t and of these there iire no less than tliirty-four 
 in number; as will more plainly appear by the catalo^'ue, or 
 table of them, as is particularly specified in the following, 
 namely, 
 
 Bl. 
 
 Br. 
 
 Ch. 
 
 CI. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 Dr. 
 
 Dw. 
 
 Fl. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Gh. 
 
 Gl. 
 
 Gn. 
 
 Gr. 
 
 Kn. 
 
 Ph. 
 
 PI. 
 
 Pr. 
 
 Ps. 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Rh. 
 
 Sc. 
 
 Sh. 
 
 Sk. 
 
 SI. 
 
 Sm. 
 
 Sn. 
 
 Sp. 
 
 Sq. 
 
 St. 
 
 Sw. 
 
 Th. 
 
 Tr. 
 
 Tw. 
 
 Wh. 
 
 yz< 
 
 f Black, bleed, blind, blot, blue, i-e. 
 
 Bread, breast, brick, brook, brush, ^r. 
 
 Chance, check, child, choice, church, Ac, 
 
 Claw, clerk, clift", clock, club, ^c 
 
 Crape, cream, crime, crow, crust, Si-e. 
 
 Dralte, dread, drink, drop, drunk, Sfc. 
 
 Dwarf, dwelling, dwindle, tfc. 
 
 Flame, flea, flight, floor, flute, ^r. 
 
 Frail, fresh, friend, frost, fruit, 4'', 
 
 Gho^t, Ghittern, .^r. 
 
 Glass, glebs, glimpse, gloss, glue, ir. 
 
 Gnat, gnaw, gnomon, ^c 
 
 Grass, green, grist, (jross, grudge, ^c. 
 
 Knake, knee, knife, knob, knurl, ic. 
 
 Phases, pheasant, phial, phrcnix, Ac. 
 
 Place, pleasure, plight, plot, plumb, A-c, 
 
 Praise, press, priest, proof, prude, f,e. 
 
 Psalm, psalter, pseudo, psora, ^-c. 
 
 Ptarmics, ptoron, ptisan, Ptolemaic, SiC, 
 
 Rhapsody, rheum, rhime, rhinoceras, rhumb, {e. 
 
 Scar, scene, sceptre, science, scolf, scorn, scum, ie. 
 
 Shaft, sheaf, shirt, share, shutter, shy, ^c. 
 
 Skate, sketch, skiff, skue, sky, i-c. 
 
 Slave, sleep, sling, sloe, slut, ^c. 
 
 Smack, smelt, smile, smoke, smut, ij-c. 
 
 Snake, sneer, snipe, snow, snutF. .5'c. 
 
 Spade, spear, spire, spoon, spunge, (ic.. 
 
 Squall, squeak, squib, squint, squire, ^c. 
 
 Staff, star, steed, stick, stork, stump, style, ^ 
 
 Swan, sweat, swine, sword, A-c. 
 
 Thank, theft, thief, thought, thus, «-r. 
 
 Trance, trench, tripe, trope, troop. Ire 
 
 Twang, tweag, twig, twist, two, Src 
 .What, where, when, whist, whose, i«.
 
 xvfii, AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE ENGLISH TONGUE. 
 
 ADDITIONAL RULES 
 
 To <bcM add the fi)Uowing words, \raich begin with tlir*e 
 consonants s as tor instance. 
 
 Cbr. I 
 
 rhr. 
 
 Sch. 
 Scr. 
 Sht. 
 Skr. 
 SplA 
 Spl. 
 Sft. 
 Str. 
 Tfir. 
 Thw. 
 and 
 Phth. 
 
 Chrism, chrisoms, Clirtst, Christian, Christmas. 
 
 clvroiuatic, chronic, chrisaUs, chryst*!. ffc. 
 Phrase, phrensy, pbrenitic> Phocion, and Phry- 
 
 gia, ^c. 
 Schedule, scheme, schism, school, scholar, Ar. 
 Scrag, scraps, screen, scribe, scroll, scrab, J"*- 
 Shrew, shrewe, shrine, shroud, shrub, Sre, 
 Skream, skrew, ffc. 
 
 Sphere, spherics, sphincter, sphinx, S^c. 
 Splay, spleen, splice, split, splinter, St. 
 Sprain, sprat, spread, spring, sprout, spruce, ^c 
 Straw, stream, strike, stroke, struggle, ^c. 
 Thrall,thread,thrice, through, throne, thsush, 5c, 
 Thwack, thwart, <Sc. — And the two following 
 
 KO)-iU, beginning with four consonants) viz. 
 Phthisic, mid Phthisical. 
 
 Note, Any single consonant in the alphabet may end a 
 xnrd (the (/ and v only excepted) the former of which as- 
 sumes to it the diphlliong wc silent to close it ; as in aiUuine, 
 oblique, ^-c. and the latter assumes e silent, as iu glove, love, 
 dove, ffc. 
 
 Note. Some words end with two consonants, others with 
 three, and some with four. As for instance. 
 
 Words ending with two consonants ; as in 
 Plmnh, dumb, thumb, hluck, fiocit, loci;, tee. 
 
 Words ending with three consonants ; as in 
 Wench, tench, wrench, wrinht, night, Jight, ^-f. 
 
 And words ending with four consonants ; as 'n 
 Eighth, weights, stieights, length, strength, ^c. 
 
 Noti. As the monosyllables, which are numerous, are the 
 springs (if 1 maybe allowed the expression) or roots of the 
 English languages the art of spelling correctly principally 
 consists in the knowledge of their several powers or 
 sounds. 
 
 To be observed in the DjviSION (/S'itLABI.F.S. 
 
 L All grammatical endings, commonly called !t»'rinina 
 tions, must be separated in spcUinj ; as for instance> in tlve 
 following verbs. 
 
 To eharm — charm^h, cdst, ctl, tng ; and in the substantiv* 
 —charm-er ; and in the adverb — charm-ingly. 
 
 To abound — abound-eth, est, ed, ing ; and in the adjective — 
 ahund-aiit- ; in the substantive — abujul-anee ; and the adverb 
 —abundantly, ffC, 
 
 n. When two vowels come together, and both of them 
 are distinctly sounded ; that is, wlven they are not diph- 
 thongs, they must be separated in the spelling of them ; as 
 for instance, in the words co-ejaa/, co-eternal, co-essential, crea- 
 tor, usual, mutual, ^c, . . . 
 
 As also in proper names, namely, f\o-ah, Si-na-i, Si-la^e, irt. 
 
 And lastly, all compound words must, in spellini;, be 
 resolved into their simple, or component words ; as in uit- 
 to, up-OH, not-with-stand-ing, never-the-less, fic. 
 
 Note. In some polysyllables or words of several syllables 
 the sound ot shial, is expressed sometimes by (iial) as in 
 the words es-sen-tial, nvp-tial, par-tial, mar-tial, t^c. and it 
 others by (cial) as in com^mer-cial, pre-jttrdi-cial, ar-ti-fi-cial, 
 4c. 
 
 Such polysyllables likewise as end in (tian) or {cian) have 
 the sound of (shian) as in Egyp-tian, Gre-cian, ^c. . 
 
 Some polysyllables, agaiV?, ending in (tiatc) or (date) 
 have the sound of (shiute) as in-gra-tiate, de-pre-ciate, Si-c, 
 
 Some polysyllables, moreover, ending in (scieiu) (cient) or 
 (tient) assume the sound of (shient) as in om-ni-scient, pro- 
 fi-cient, pa-tient, 5 c. 
 
 And to conclude, many words, ending in (tion) (sion) 
 are sounded as (shun) as in vex-a-tion, con-ver-sion, con-fu-sion, 
 4c. All these distinctions, however, are marked as thty 
 occur in the DiCTioN/»RY. 
 
 PART III. 
 
 OF WORDS. 
 
 JT'ROIM mere articulate sounds, that is, from the various 
 manner of writing or pronouncing Ictteis and syllables, 
 which were the subject niatti-r ot the two preceding parts; 
 we 'IihII now, accoiding to our plan at IVrst laid down, pro- 
 ceed to an account nftiords. 
 
 And in order to denote the diversity of our sentiments; 
 oT.in ither terms, to convey our ideas to one another either 
 in vWttng or speaking, divers kinds of v. ords must nnavoid- 
 ahly he used to answer that important end • and these, by 
 moiX grnmmajians, arc called the eight parts of speech as 
 foUows, naniefy. 
 
 Noun, • Adverb, 
 
 Pronoun, Conjunction, 
 
 Verb, Preposition, 
 
 Participle, Interjection. 
 
 These eight parts however, for brevity's s.ike, may with 
 propriety enough be reduced, as they are distinguished 
 throughout the Dictionary hereto adjoined to these four only ; 
 namely, nouns suhslantiic, nouns ailjccitvc, wrbs, and partictet; 
 for all pronouns, or, as they are termed by some, adnouns, are 
 nothing more than certain commodious names, or «(»■<{», 
 7t Licit arc substituted in the room either of substantii-es or
 
 AN LAS\ INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE ENGLISH TONGUE. 
 
 XIK 
 
 tidjectivet, in order to prevent a <lisa;rccablo reprtitioii of 
 tlie forejcoins jtamcs or nouns ; and all jmrtici/ihs are no 
 more tlian Aliat may, with proprioly, l>e trrnied verbid ail- 
 jectiDes; and forasmuch as the four last mentioned pnrla are 
 too inconsiderable, in my humble opinion, to deserve such 
 a distinct separation or division, they n)ay all very naturally 
 and properly be included under the genera! term of parti- 
 cUt. 
 
 Before we enter, however, upon this our new division, 
 thus purposely abbreviated ; it will, we ima^'ine, be hi^ihly 
 necessary to make some few previous remarks on those 
 little Words, which we chuse to call articles, rather than par- 
 ticles, (thou;;!) both may be proper) which, in our mother 
 tongve, are certain kinds of limitations prefixed to our nouns 
 or names ; and these are no more than two in number ; 
 namely, a, or an, and the. 
 
 ^«, "indeed, is the original Snxnn article, has an indefinite, 
 or unlimited sense, and is in reality, as ninch an adjeicice as 
 the pronoun one, with reijard to more ; and so indeed is & ; 
 as for instance, a scholar, an artist ; that is to say, some one 
 scholar, some one artist in general. 
 
 Note. A or an is only used in the singular number, but 
 the in both. 
 
 Note. The article a is always used, when a consonant, or 
 an aspirate h, immediately follows; as, a king, a queen ; a 
 hound, a horse, a hare, &c. But an is always substituted in 
 the room or stead of a, when a vowel follows it, or an h 
 that is not aspirated ; as in the words an emmet, an elephant, 
 en ox, an ass ; an hirh, an hour, an heir, Ac. 
 
 Note likewise, where « and an are used in (he singular 
 nxmfter, there is no article at all made use of in ihe plural ; 
 as " These are well-built houses; Those are sweet-scented 
 herbs," &c. 
 
 The article (the) however, is frequently made use of both 
 in the singular and plural; as, the hour, the hours, tlieday,the 
 dngs, the month, the months, &c. 
 
 Sometimes, indeed, it is not used. And first, it is never 
 prefixed to proper riames ; as John, William, Thomas, &c; 
 nor, in the second place, to virtues, or vices ; as love, honour, 
 honesty, injustice, anger, hatred, &c. nor, in the third, to me- 
 tals or minerals ; as tin, copper, brass, silver, gold, &c. nor is 
 it, in the last place, used before such words wherein the 
 mere existence of any thing is only implied ; as for instanr:e, 
 " This is not water, but wine ; That is not ale, but small 
 beer," &c. 
 
 After these cursory hints, it will be incumbent on us to 
 distinguish words into their respective kinds, or classes ; and 
 afterwards take the accidents of each into our consider- 
 ation, which in every language is the essential part of 
 grammar. 
 
 Words, then, are properly referred to faux kinds, or classes, 
 namely. I, Noun suhstantires. 2. Noun adjectives. 3. Verbs, 
 or affirmations, and lastly, particles. 
 
 Of these we shall treat in their proper order. And 
 fint. 
 
 Of nouns sulstantivg and adjective, 
 
 A substantive is the name of the thing itself; ns, aking, a 
 queen, a horse, a dog ; a chair, a table, a looking glass, &c. 
 
 An adjective is a ivord which expresses the particular qua- 
 lities, or properties, of the thing first mentioned ; as 
 great, smalt, black, white, fair, brown, fat, lean, wise, Jnolish. 
 
 &c. 
 
 In order, therefore, to discover which are substantives and 
 which ^re mljcctives ; I must consider whether the thing 
 mentioned be plain and intelligible of itself; or whether it 
 wants some additional word to make it so i Thus if I say, 
 " 1 saw yesterday the king, the queen, the lord-mayor; an 
 ox, a stai;, a horse," A'c. the sense is complete, and 1 am 
 clearly understood ; but if I say, " 1 visited an amiable, a 
 prudent, a beautiful, a deformed," &c. ray meaning is dark 
 and iinintelligiblr ; 'so that some substantive must be put to 
 
 if. such as man, unman, hoy, girl, Arc. without which it will 
 never be sense, or rightly understood. 
 
 Subitantives are di^tinijnished into proper and common. 
 The former belongs to some individual, or particular per- 
 son, or thing; as Thomas, William, Mary, Susan, &c. the 
 Thames, the Ilumber, the Severn, &c. IjnMon, Oxford, Cam- 
 bridge, &c. The latter belongs to all of (he particular, spe- 
 cies ; as man, woman, horse, hound, river, city, mountain, pro- 
 vince, kingdom, Ike. 
 
 As proper names of men, women, or children, denote 
 persons ; so those which we make use of to denote the three- 
 fold distinctions of persons are in a peculiar manner ex- 
 pressed, and called (as we have before hinted) either pro- 
 iwuns or adneuns ; and those are difterent, according as the 
 persons of whom we speak are one only, or more than one ; 
 or in other terms, of the singular or plural manber. 
 
 If I speak of mi/icZ/'oiily, then the pronoun is /,- if I «peak 
 of others as well as niysdf, the pronoun is wc. 
 
 In case 1 speak directly to any one person, that is called 
 the second person ; and the pronoun in that case, is thou; but 
 if I speak mimediatcly to more persons than one, l\ie pro- 
 noun h ye; if however, I speak of apfriojt or Mz'no-, that i? 
 termed the third person, and the prniwun, if it be of one 
 male, it is he; if ol one female, it is she; if the thing spoken 
 of be neither male nor female, but a thing inanimate, t. e. 
 of the neuter gender, then We use the word iV. In the 
 plural number, indeed, if wc speak of pcrsoyis or tilings, we 
 use the word tkey, be \hegender what it will. 
 
 Of the tnanner of making singulars plurals. 
 
 For the generality, singulars are made plurals by addini; 
 only an s, as hand, hands; cock, cocks; bird, birds; noun, 
 7iou>is ; verb, ve7-bs, Ac. 
 
 When the singular, however, ends in ce, se, zt, x, ss, ch, sh, 
 or ec, when sounded soft like je, we must add either s or <», 
 and make an additional syllable; :'.s in place, or placet ; 
 horse, horses ; maie, mazes ; box, boxes ; fox, foxes ; lass, 
 lasses; glass, glasses; church, churches; watch, watches; 
 wish, wishes ; bush, bushes; page, pages; age, aget, &c. 
 
 And nouns, ending in y make (ies) in the plural, as in body, 
 iodies ; glory, glories ; ruby, rubies, f^c. 
 
 Frequently the plural is formed by the termination (ett,) 
 as in man, men ; womtn, womai ; chick, chicken ; brother, bri- 
 thren, &c. 
 
 Those names, again, which end their singulars in cither/, 
 or/«, form their plural by (ves,) as half, halves ; thief, thieves ; 
 ca^'j'calves ; loaf, loaves ; wife, wives ; knife, knives, dec. 
 
 In the English tongue, however, the manner of forming 
 the plural is very irregular ; for there are many words which 
 can be reducedto no rule at all ; as will manifestly appear 
 from the following catalogue or table, 
 
 Sing, 
 
 Die 
 
 Child 
 
 Ox 
 
 Mouse 
 
 ' In many words there is no difference in regard to number; 
 
 as in sheep, deer, fern, hose, s:rin£, A'C. 
 
 Some words again admit of no singidar number i as for in- 
 stance. 
 
 riur. 
 
 iS'm^. 
 
 Plnr. 
 
 Dice 
 
 Brother 
 
 Brethren 
 
 Children 
 
 Louse 
 
 Lice 
 
 Oxen 
 
 Goose 
 
 Geese 
 
 Mice 
 
 Penny 
 
 Pence, &c. 
 
 Snuffers 
 Sf issars 
 Breeches 
 Wages 
 
 Tongs 
 Lungs 
 Bellows 
 .Ashes, Sec. 
 
 Others, on the other hand, admit of no plural manitri ai 
 for instance, the names of 
 
 Virtues, asjustuu omdenee, goodntis, &C.
 
 AN EAS'X INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE ENGLISH TONGUS. 
 
 Vicos, as envy, nmlicr, revenge, &c. 
 Corn, as tihent, outs, biir/i'ji, Ac. 
 Herbs, as t/ii/me, ?w, roSfinnri/, S:c. 
 Countries, as Eiig;lanil, Scollund, France, &c. 
 Cities, as Londun Yorli, £1 iatol, c*tc. 
 Towns, as Leues, I'itiymns;, Arundel, &C. 
 Rivers, as 'J'/iai;ies, Trent, Ilnmber, \c. 
 In the English Tuiis:iie, moreover, the disliiiclion offrenrters 
 is shewn lij diftercul uuuU : as in 
 
 M-rsciil. 
 
 Fein. 
 
 Boy 
 
 Girl 
 
 Man 
 
 Woman 
 
 Buar 
 
 Son- 
 
 Stas 
 
 Hind 
 
 Nepliew 
 
 Niece 
 
 J^orii 
 
 Ladv 
 
 AVizarrl 
 
 Witdi 
 
 Master 
 
 Mistress 
 
 Ram 
 
 Ewe 
 
 Jllascit!. 
 
 King 
 
 Brother 
 
 Lafl 
 
 Buck 
 
 Bull 
 
 Cock 
 
 Uncle 
 
 Father 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Queen 
 
 Sister 
 
 Lass 
 
 Doe 
 
 Cow 
 
 Hen 
 
 Aunt 
 
 Mother 
 
 Some mascitJiiienoiius, however, make the faninine by the 
 addition of (ess) as in the words hereaud«' mentioned, 
 
 Mascul. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Mascul. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Actor 
 
 Actress 
 
 Poet 
 
 Poetess 
 
 Doctor 
 
 Doctress 
 
 Heir 
 
 Heiress 
 
 Governor 
 
 Governess 
 
 Duke 
 
 Duchess, &c 
 
 And some in (ix) as executor, executrix, administrator, nd- 
 ininistriitrix, &c. 
 
 Most nottus have six cases, viz. 
 The Nominative I Accusative 
 
 fienitive I Vocative 
 
 Dative i Ablative. 
 
 Tlie nominative case is that in which we barely mention 
 the thintf, whether animate or inanimate ; aiu! is l<nown by 
 tlie particle, or article, tlie, or a ; as, the king, or a king ; ilie 
 queen, or a queen ; a, or the horse ; nn ox, or the ox ; the house, 
 the stable, the yard, &c. 
 
 The genitive case denotes possession or properly, and is 
 «listingiiisiied by the particle of, or by an apostrophe, (') as 
 for instance, " The integrity of Job, or Jfob's intei;rity. 
 The proclamation of the king, or, the king's proclama- 
 tion." 
 
 The dative case denotes the gift of somelliing, or some- 
 thing dune toa person or thing; and isknown by the p.irlicle 
 (to), as for instance; " To pay the tribute of adoration to 
 Uie Almighty. To pay taxes to the public collectors. To 
 turn rebels to the government, <ic." 
 
 The accusative case immediately follows the vcrh, and is the 
 subject of its affirmation; as, "I worship no God, but 
 one ; I read no book, but the Bible ; Yesterday, I wrote a 
 letter to my father. This day, tire king made a most gra- 
 cious speech to both houses of parliament," &c. 
 
 The vocative ease is that which calls upon a person or 
 thi'jig, and is known by the exclamatory particle (O), As, 
 " 1 appeal to you, O citizens, whether w hat I have said, be 
 tcuf or false! times! O maimers ! O Lord God! O 
 most merciful Father !" &c. 
 
 The aldative case is known by the {i>\\omn^prej>ositions, viz. 
 ill, uith, through, for, from, by, or than, etc. 
 
 All which cases are hereunder expressed in both num- 
 bers 
 
 The prnnonns or mlnouns, assume a different form in all the 
 cases after the nominative, both singular and plural; as IS 
 evident, and clearly demonstrated by the scheme be- 
 low, vt^. 
 
 Nom. I 
 
 Sin£ 
 
 Singular. 
 
 A or the King, 
 
 ol the King, 
 
 to the King, 
 
 the King, 
 
 O King, 
 
 From, by, or , 
 
 wita tbe 
 
 King 
 
 Plural. 
 
 The Kings, 
 
 of the Kings, 
 
 to the Kings, 
 
 the Kings, 
 
 O Kings, 
 
 I'rom, by, or > i^- ,„ 
 
 with the >^'"S^' 
 
 fien. 
 Dat. 
 . Ace. 
 Voc. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 of ms 
 to me 
 me 
 O me 
 from or 
 by me 
 
 Noin. We 
 
 Gen. 
 Dat. 
 Plur. Ace. 
 Voc. 
 Abl. 
 
 of us 
 to us 
 us 
 
 from or 
 by us 
 
 Thou 
 of thee 
 to thee 
 thee 
 thou 
 from or 
 by thee 
 
 Ye 
 
 of you 
 to you 
 you 
 Oye 
 from or 
 by you 
 
 He 
 
 of him 
 to him 
 him 
 
 from or 
 by him 
 
 They 
 if them 
 to them 
 them 
 
 from or 
 by them. 
 
 She 
 of her 
 to hct 
 her 
 
 from or 
 by her 
 
 V" 
 
 The pronoun adjective, wliich denotes our property of 
 posses5ion, are in each person in tlie nominative case before 
 the noun, my, thy, his, in \\\e singular vumher, ■anA in the 
 plural, our, your, their; as fOr instance, " oiy horse, thy 
 horse," Ac. But »«;/ and thy are changed into tnine and thine, 
 when they come after the noun; and add s to tiie plurals, 
 above mentioned; as, " That liorse of mine, that mare of 
 thine," &c. "These tenements of ours; those farms of 
 yours," Ac. 
 
 The ivterrogatives who, for a person, and what, for a thing, 
 make whom, after the verb; and in every case but the nomi- 
 native and the genitive plural, whose. 
 
 The indicative pratwuni, this and that, in the lingular, make 
 tfiese and those in the plural ; the first whereof has reference 
 to sometliing near, or present ; and the other, to such things 
 as are eitlier at some considerable distance, though in sight, 
 or actually absent. 
 
 In nouns adjective, or names of quality, there are three de- 
 grees of comparison, namely, the simple, or pnsiVw degrees s as, 
 sweet, sharp; swift, slant ; iof}, hard; blacli, white, ix. In tliii 
 degree the quality is mentioned, but nothing more. The 
 comparative dtgree is formed by adding the termination (er) 
 to the positive; as, sweeter, sharper; swifter, slower, softer, 
 Itarder ; blacker, whiter, Vr. the third, or last degree o{ compa- 
 1-ison, is termed the superlative ; where we express the highest 
 degree imaginable ; and this is done by the termination (est) 
 as sweetest, sharpest ; swiftest, slowest ; sojlest, hardest ; blackest, 
 whitest, A;c. ■ 
 
 In the comparison of adjectives, however, there is great ir- 
 regularity ; and the different degrees are so-metimes ex- 
 pressed by so many different words, a$, bad, icoyse, worst} 
 good, better, best ; little, less, least. 
 
 We frequently, again, make comparisonshy using the terms 
 wore, and most ; as more glorious, most glorious ; more inngni- 
 Jiceut, most magnificent, Ac. 
 
 Note. These words more and most are generally used 
 where the adjecttveh a polysyllable, or a word of three or 
 more syllables ; but in monosyllables, or dissyllables,' the teiini- 
 nations er and est, as above specified, arc principally used. 
 
 There is one thing more to be observed in regard to 
 n'ljectivcs, and that is, that many of them are converted 
 into substantives ; as for instance, we say a general, for a 
 general commander; a particular, for a particufar article. 
 
 Sometimes, again, adjectives are used adverbially ; at €»■ 
 ceeding great, mighty strong, prodigious high, 5 e. 
 
 Of verbs, or words ; otherwise termed affirmationi, 
 
 A verb or word, whicli (if we may be indulged the expres- 
 sion) is the soul, or most essential part of a sentence, is a 
 Eart of speech that is conjugated with nwod and teme, and 
 etokeiis citll$r doing, tuff'ering, O' tting.
 
 AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE ENGLISH TONGUE. 
 
 XKl 
 
 Of these rrrbs or affinnations liicro are eight different sorts, 
 which are distiiiKuislied as lien'uiider written, viz. 
 
 Active 
 Passive 
 Neuter 
 Substantive 
 
 Auxiliary 
 lle^iilar 
 Irregular, and 
 Impersonal. 
 
 1. Aa active verb is that whieh expresses an action that 
 passes on another subject or object ; as tor instance, " I 
 adore the Alnii{;hty ; I honour tiie kin^ ; I abhor a hvpo- 
 crite." &c. 
 
 2. A passive verb is that which expressclh hearing, or 
 suffering ; as, " 1 am honoured, beloved, feared, hated," 
 &c. 
 
 3. A nevter verb is such a word as expresses an action 
 which has no particular object whereon to fall ; as, " I 
 sleep, I dream, I stanil still, 1 run, Ac. 
 
 4. A substantive vtrh, is such a word as expresses the leins; 
 or snbstance which the mind forms to itself, or supposes to 
 be in the object, wliether it actually be or not i as / am, 
 thoxtart, he is, &c. 
 
 5. An auxilmry verb is such a one that serves in the conju- 
 gation of both active and passive verbs, as am, was, liave, had, 
 &c. 
 
 6. A regular verb is such a one as is conjugated after some 
 one particular manner or rule. 
 
 7. An irregular verb is such a one as has something singu- 
 lar in its termination, or the formation of its lenses. And, 
 
 8. An impersonal verb is such a one as has only the third 
 person ; as, it rains, it snows, it freezes, it thaws, it thunders, 
 it Hirhtens, &c. 
 
 Note. Were all verbs regular, and formed their positive 
 jiarticiple by (ed) there would be very little trouble or ditfi- 
 cidty to the learners, in acquiring a tolerable idea soon of 
 the English grammar ; but there is scarce any language 
 that is more irregular than ours, in forming the passive parti- 
 ciples ; and this renders the acquisition of them very trou- 
 blesome to foreigners. 
 
 Asverif are thus distinguished, \\k accidents to them are 
 the four following, namely ; person, number, mood, and 
 tense. 
 
 By the_/f)-s(, we mean only thosp particular terminations, 
 whereby the person, either acting or suffering, in each number 
 is denoted ; as, I sing, thou singcst, he or she singelh, &c. 
 
 As to the second, (namely number,) that, in all verbs, follows 
 in course ; for the agent <n patient nnist be one or more: the 
 plural, however, in the English language, is expressed 
 entirely by Ihose personal adnouns, we, ye, and they. 
 
 As to the third, that is to say, the moods ; or in other 
 terms, the modes, or manner of speaking, are four only i 
 namely, the indicative, the imperative, the subjunctive, and the 
 in/initive. 
 
 The /irst indicates the action only, and nothing more, 
 without any regard to the modes, or manner in which it is 
 done ; as, " I pipe, you dance, or thou dancest ; he or she 
 ings, they talk, langh, or sing," &c. 
 
 The second, or the imperative, intreats, exhorts, or com- 
 mands. As "Fear God ; honour the king; love your 
 Neighbours as yourselves," &c. 
 
 The std>junctive mood is that, wherein the verb either de- 
 pends on, or is subjoined to, some ether verb in \he sentence. 
 As, " You will meet with applause, if you follow a virtuous 
 course of life ; If you will be intemperate, and indulge your 
 appetites without control, you will severely repent the 
 consequences, sooner or later." 
 
 Tihe infinitive mood in that in which the action of the verb is 
 expressed in an indetinite or unlimited manner; as to pipe, 
 to dance, to play, &c. 
 
 Some, indeed, add to these the optative and potential 
 moodt. The latter is known by the particles mat/, might, 
 tan, could, would, should, ^c. As, " I may write, if I will ; 
 you might improve, if you would ; he can sing, if he 
 pleases." &c. 
 
 As to the optative mood', it is the same as the subjunctive, or 
 potential, with the addition only of the exclamatory particle 
 
 O .' whereby we testify our inclination, wish, or desire to 
 do any thing. As," O! lliat I may, mi^lil, or could, be 
 master of Ibe I'^ii^jlish, Latin, or rroiich laruiiiatT'^s.' Ac. 
 
 If is iiiani('L>t, li'^wevcr, that all the ]\iigb^h words are 
 expressed by little auxiliary or siibscrvi.iil /mrticlcs, and 
 not by an> different <c;w(».'(/()H.t of the principal iw4 itself 
 as is usually (biue in iiio^l ollur languages. 
 
 As to the tenxes of verbs, we mj'an by that grammatical 
 term, the several times wherein tli'^ir respective actions are 
 pel formed ; and of these there are, properly ^l>ealling, three 
 only ; that is to say, the ^«f«'>i', the P'ist, and the future, or 
 time to come. As, for instance, " I love, ! bate ;" or, " I 
 do love, I do hate ; I loved, or hated ; or, did love or hate ;" 
 and, "I shall or will love, or hate." 
 
 The preter tense, however, or the time past, is, for the 
 generality, subdivided in three; luinicly, Xha prefer imperfect, 
 which denotes the liiue past, but not actually finished ; as 
 " 1 was writing a letter to my f'allier, but was hindered in 
 completing it; the prcter-jurfcct, which denotes the time 
 absolutely past ; " I sent a messenger to my sister three 
 hours ago;" and the prttcr-plupcrfcct, which denotes the 
 time past, before the time of some other past action; as, " 1 
 had heard that tin- king of Prussia had gained an entire 
 conepiest over the Austrians, some time before the publica- 
 tion of it in the gazelle." 
 
 From whence it is manifest, as we hinted before, that the 
 ie:isps, or times, are not formed in the English language by 
 different tcrmiiiations of the verb itself, as it is in most others, 
 but by the aid and assistance of the auxiliary verbs do, did ; 
 have had ; shall and will. 
 
 Of the method made use of to know whether a word be a verb oi' not. 
 
 Suppose the words to be sit, siatul, walk, Sec. place some 
 personal pronoun before them, and lliey will be goo.il sense, 
 if they are in reality verbs ; as, •' I sit, you stand, or thou 
 standest ; they walk ;" but otherwise nonsense. 
 
 To distinguish a verb active from another verb, place the 
 particles do, or did, before it ; and if it be sense, it will be 
 an actix<e verb ; as, " I do walk, 1 did work, I do make," A:c. • 
 
 To distinguish a verb passive from another vprb, place tke 
 particles am, art, or are, before the participle ending in (cd,) 
 and in case it be good sense, it will be a passive verb ; as, 
 loved, hated, hurried, iiinl ; " I am loved ; thou art hated ; 
 he is hurried i we, \e, or tiiey, are tired." 
 
 When it is in the siibjunctiic mood, ihe auxiliary word, lie, 
 must be used ; as, " If I be weary, I cannot sleep ; if 1 fio 
 hurried, I cannot w rite," &c. 
 
 Of PARTICIPLES. 
 
 A participle is aii adjective formed of a verb ; and has that 
 denomination, I'lom its taking part of a iioim, .is gender, cast, 
 and decknsion ; anil part ol a verb, as tense, or time, and 
 Tignijicatwn ; and part of botli, as number audjigure. 
 
 Of PARTICLES. I 
 
 These afe generally distinguished by the four- fast parts 
 of speech, called adverb, conjunction, preposition, and inter- 
 jection. 
 
 As these, however, are foo incojisiderable, in my opinion, 
 to be made distinct /)«)<* of speech, I shall include them all 
 nnder the general t>cnoniination of particles ; and shall dis- 
 miss this head with the few following cursory remarks on 
 each. 
 
 As to adverbs, they are a kind of words which are joined in 
 a sentence to the noun, or verb, in order to shew the particu- 
 (;ir circumstance of their respective siguiGeations. 
 Of those there are four kinds. And 
 
 i. All such as express the manner or quality. And these 
 are formed of adjectives, by the addition only of the particle 
 (lit,) as for instance, from prudent comes prudenth/ ; from 
 ^loic com«s slowly ; aud troiji qnich tomes quitlUy, And
 
 X\1I. 
 
 AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE ENG''SH TONGUE. 
 
 that these are nothm? more than a species ofnoims adjective, 
 is plainly manifest, not only from their sense or si:;iiiHca- 
 tion, but from their admission likewise of des-rees <f com/ia- 
 risoii ; as, prudently, more prudentltj, most pnideritli/ ; sluu/i/, 
 more slowly, or slowlier, most slowly or slnwliest ; and qiikhly, 
 fltdcklier. Or tnore qttick, quichliest, or most quick. 
 
 9. The second sort are those of time ; as for example, 
 
 now 
 
 presently 
 yesterday 
 lately 
 
 seldom 
 daily 
 never 
 always, &c. 
 
 3. The next sort uretlwse of place ; as for instance, 
 
 here 
 
 there 
 
 within 
 
 without 
 
 upwards 
 
 downwards 
 
 hither 
 
 thither 
 
 hence 
 
 thence 
 
 above 
 
 below, &c. 
 
 The fourth and last sort are tJwse of number or order ; as 
 
 once, 
 twice, 
 thrice, 
 finally, 
 
 and 
 
 tirst, 
 
 second I J', 
 thirdly, 
 lastly, &c. 
 
 Of those particles which grammarians, for the generality, 
 term conjuncttous. 
 
 Of these there are various sorts. As for instance. 
 
 1. Copulatives, 
 
 2. Disjunctives, 
 
 3. Conccssives, 
 
 Of the first sort, 
 or the second, 
 Of the third, 
 Ofthe fourth, 
 Of the fifth, 
 Ofthe sixth. 
 
 4. Illatives, 
 
 5. Conditionals, 
 
 6. Expletives, &c. 
 
 and, with, for, by, &c. 
 or, either, nor, neither, &c. 
 yet, tho', allho', albeit, &c. 
 seeing, since, therefore, wherefore, 
 if, provided, always, nevertheless, 
 yes, indeed, forsooth, &c. 
 
 Of those pmticles which grammarians, for the most part, 
 term prepositions ; or, in other words, such particles as aro 
 prefixed to nouns in order to point oat the case, slate, or 
 jrtoion, wherein they are respectively used. 
 
 Of these likewise there are various sorts ; asfor example ; 
 the two articles <i or an, and the. To these add 
 
 of 
 
 by 
 
 about 
 
 at 
 
 till or 
 
 to 
 
 from 
 
 after 
 
 between 
 
 until 
 
 ill 
 
 than 
 
 a{;aiiist 
 
 beyond 
 
 toward n 
 
 villi 
 
 above 
 
 amonfj or 
 amongst 
 
 on or 
 upon 
 
 toward 
 
 >r wittiin > A'C 
 •s witiiouf) 
 
 eC' 
 
 Of I hose particles which g-)V(m;M(r)v.a)ij usually term interii 
 lions, which are but few in number, and make the sinall< 
 liart of the JEllgli^h language, or indeed, of aiiy othei 
 language whatsoever. 
 
 Of these last there are two sorls, v>i. 
 
 Swlitary and 
 Passive 
 
 Social ami 
 Active. 
 
 The former are so distinguished from their being used 
 when we are alone, and the result of pain, sorrow, or any 
 other token of surprise or admiration; and sometimes are 
 marks of our displeasure and resentment : and these are, 
 Heigh! hem! ah! alas! oh! pish! fie! pho!&c. 
 
 The latter are these, 
 
 Ho! Iiolo! hush! hist! hark! and ha, ha, he! to express 
 
 laughter, or a superior degree of pleasure. 
 
 To conclude. Notwithstanding these particles are calle^t 
 little words, and used for the several purposes above parti- 
 cularly expressed, and notwithstanding we have mentioned 
 them as too inconsiderable to be termed distinct parts of 
 speech, yet it must be acknowledged, at the same time, that 
 they are vords ofthe last importance, and that the beauty 
 and elegance of a discourse, in a great measure, depend 
 upon a judicious use of them ; for notwithstanding it is no 
 difficult task merely to point out a thing or action, yet to 
 give a particular description of it, and to set it in the 
 fairest and most advantageous point of light, requires mor» 
 qrt and judgment in the use of the above particles, than most 
 people would, without mature reflection, ever imagine. 
 
 PART IV. 
 
 OF SENTENCES. 
 
 A SENTENCE is either limpli or compound. 
 1'hc former (according to the grammatical idea ofthe 
 term) is a period, or set of words, in which some perfect sense, 
 or sentiment of the mind is fully comprehended ; as " Jesus 
 wept — Christ died — Vice is odious — Virtue is a beauty." &c. 
 
 Tlie examples above produced are called simple sentences, 
 ts being nothing more than noun substantives or names in the 
 ■io»iimi(it>; case, and proper verbs or affirmations joined to 
 them ; without which they could never be understood. ' 
 
 A tompoxtnd ttntmce is, were two or more simple sententei 
 
 are joined together by proper particles ; as, "There is a 
 time to pipe, and a time to dance ; a time to work, and a 
 time to play." 
 
 Of the concord between the substantive «n</ the verb. 
 
 The noun suhsta7itive, or 7iame, is the thing or person, that 
 either is, does, or suffers . and this, for the most pait is set 
 before the verb ; as for instance, "William is fast asleep: 
 Thomas is awake ; 1 am at work ; you are at play ; lie or
 
 AN EASV INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF TIJE ENGLUH TON'GirE. 
 
 X\lll. 
 
 ihe IS gone to market ; we, ve, or they are jjoing n fishing," 
 &c. 
 
 This nile. Iiowover, is inverted in the four spvorjl raspS 
 hereunder particiiliirly niciitiDiicd i viz. Who h ijiiesiion is 
 asked; When any wurd of coiiiniand is given; When a 
 sentence is condilii)n;d ; and when the particle (there) 
 er (its) precedes Uic nj/irmation. 
 
 In tiie first place, wc say, '' ConUI ever William be so 
 careless ? Could anv servants be more insolent 1 Docs 
 tlie tea-kettle boil? Is supper ready, &c. 
 
 In llie second case, that is to say, in point of any positive 
 command: as, "Mind your business; Read your book; 
 Hold your tongue, " cVc. 
 
 Where the sentence is conditional, tve express ourselves 
 thus; " Had 1 bee.) appiciienslve <»/ the man's insincerity, 
 I would never have trusted him with a sniliinii- Were I a 
 man of fortune, I would advance all my poor rcid ions," 
 A:c. 
 
 In the last place, we say, "There was a committee of the 
 bank of England sat yesterday. There was a great debate in 
 the house of pa.'ll.nient this morning. It was the husband, 
 not the wife, that was found guilty. It was a mare, not a 
 liorse, that won the race." 
 
 Though a noun or narr.e is, for Ihe most part, tlie«o?ni7i«/!V'e 
 rase to the verb ; yet this rule is not always observed ; for, 
 in the first place, a verb or affirmation, put into ihe infinitive 
 nuod, is sonictinies siibstilnted instead of a »ioii» or «a?ne ,• 
 as for instance, " To laugh at church is very indecent. 
 To speak disrespectlully of a benefactor, is most shamefully 
 ungrateful. To die forthe good of one's country, is a truly 
 heroic action," <S.'c. 
 
 Sometimes, again, a whole sentence is made use of as the 
 noimnative case to the jerb ; as for instance, " A hearty zeal, 
 and an ardent inclinalio i, to serve our great Creator, is our 
 best fence against all mistakes of impoitance in points of 
 religion," &c. 
 
 Now the general rule for finding out the nominative case 
 to the verb, is, to ask the question, who, or uhat? And the 
 word that answers to who or ichal is, does, or svffers, is the 
 nominative case. As in the preceeding questions. What is 
 very indecent? To whistle at cliuich. What is most 
 shaaiefullv ungrateful? To speak disrespectfully of a bene- 
 factor. VVhat is our best fence ? A hearty zeal, &c. 
 
 Again, / */«"-. You dance. He plui/s. We, ye, or they 
 work. Here ask the question, " Who sings, dances, plays, vr 
 works?" " I, ynu," (!i:c. 
 
 Here it is to be observed, that the verb n.iist always agree 
 with the substantive noun or name, in number aiul person ; 
 as / love, thuH hmsst, he loveth, or loves ; we, ye, or they love. 
 Here, we must not say, / loves, or we loves, &c. 
 
 When two substantives of the singular number precede the 
 rerb, then the verb must be in the plural; as for instance, 
 " My brother John and my sister Mary were at Ihe play 
 last night," (not tra.«.) "My father and I were at dinner 
 together at Guild-liall last lord mayor's day," (not was.) 
 " The lord mayor and his lady were to be at St. Paul's 
 this morning," (not is)&c. 
 
 Note. If a collective nouti, that is to say, a tinme, which 
 expresses a great number of persons, though itself be 
 singular, precedes the verb, the verb must be in the plural 
 number ; as, "The mob were very outrageous in the streets 
 last niglit, (not uas.) Never mind what the vulgar say or 
 do," (not says or docs.) " The English army arc now in 
 Germany, (liot is)&c. 
 
 Of the concord between tfte substantive and the adjective. 
 
 In the English tongue, when we apply an adjective to a 
 nd)stantive, we make no distinction (as grammarians do in 
 Latin) of case, gmder, or number ; for we say, a modest man ; 
 an insolent woman; an aff'pcled fop ; or, in X\\e plural ; modest 
 tntn ; insolent women ; aff'ectedfops, &c. 
 
 Note. The pronoun this, in the singular number, makes these 
 in tUe plural ; as, "Tliis hat is mine; but these two are 
 
 yours. This chair is broken, but these are whole and 
 sound." 
 
 Again, the pronoun that, in the singtdar number, makes 
 those in the plural ; as, " "filial pair of gloves in the windniv 
 are yours, but those on the table are mine. 'I'lr.U blKer 
 tankard is my landlord's, but those silver candlesticks were 
 borrowed," <Vc. 
 
 JVote, once more, that the English ndjectit'e, for the most 
 part, indeed, precedes the «K^j/rt/i/irc; as, a delightful pros- 
 pect ; a new built house ; a pacing horse, diC. but there arc 
 some exceptions to this ;;eiieral ru.'o. 
 
 And, in the first |)lace, the adjective is frequently parted 
 from the snbstnnlire, when a verb intervenes; as, "Truly 
 brave and heroic is the man who dies in tlie defence of his 
 country. Very richly and gaily drest are the ladies when 
 they go to court. Infallibly true are all the doctrines of the 
 sacred scriptures," &c. 
 
 Sometimes, a..;ain, the flfZ/cf^i'ic follows t}ic substantive, when 
 the a.tiele (the) comes between ; as, " Ocorye the third, 
 king of O.iat Britain, &c. Lewis the tiftecnth, king of 
 France, &c. 
 
 The (K//eo<i»c follows the substantive in the following gram- 
 matical expression ; as, a verb active; a vei b passive ; a verb 
 neuter, &c. 
 
 T'o conclnde ; adjectives, as we hare hinted before, are 
 often made use of as substantives ; as, the general, for the 
 general commander ; the subalterns, for the inferior offices. All, 
 for nil men ; some, for sotne men ; and others, for other men. 
 As for instance, "All were found guilty of hi.jh treason; 
 some were beheaded, and others hun;,' up at Tyburn." 
 
 Of the concord between the relative and tlie antecedent. 
 
 A relative sentence h njie that has in it the relative adjective 
 who or which ; as, "This is the lady who shone at Bath. 
 That is the happy man who is the lady's bridegroom. This 
 is the unlucky horse which threw me into the river. Tiiat 
 is the ship which brought me home safe fVoni Holland," &c. 
 
 The relative must always be of the same uurnlicr and 
 person, as the antecedent; as, "Thrice happy is he who is 
 beloved by his Maker. Unspeakably uuhajjpy are they 
 whe die in their sins." 
 
 Sometimes, indeed, the rc/er/iwe is suppressed ; as, " This 
 islheman I am intiiiilelv obliged to; for, toMlinni/am 
 obliged. That is the lady I love beyond my life ; for, whom 
 / lire," &C. 
 
 There are divers /fg-io'e* made use of in some sentences ; 
 but, as they rather belong to the art o( rhetoric, than that of 
 grammar, we shall purposely decline saving any thing about 
 ihein ; as being, in some measure, foreign to our presefit 
 purpose. 
 
 Of PUNCTUATION. 
 
 Of sentences, both single and compound are formed periods, 
 which as they cannot consist of less than two members, so 
 they should not have more than four; for dissertations 
 where the;>e;)Wi are long, are attended not only «ith great 
 difficulty to the person «ho delivers them, Inif with confu- 
 sion and reluctance to those who hear them. And for that 
 reason, they seldom meet « ith favour and applanse. 
 
 As the members, therefore, of a complete period are four; 
 so they are distinguished by four several marhs, which are 
 commonly called points or stoj.s; that is to say, the comma, 
 marked thus (,) the semicolou, thus (;) the eolim, thus (=) and 
 the period, full point, or slop, marked thus (.) And the 
 reason that those distinctions are thus made, is this s be- 
 cause no jWio/e penW is to be pronounced in one breath, but 
 requires more or less pauses, -di the iwture of the subject 
 requires. 
 
 The first marA, or comma, is used when we make so small 
 a pause, as whilst only we can tell one ; 'and is made use of, 
 for the most part, in order to distinguish particular names 
 and things ; as the names of the four most holy evangelists.
 
 XXIV. 
 
 AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE ENGLISH TONGUE. 
 
 Matthew, Mnrh, Luke, and John. The four seasons of the 
 year, viz. Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter; the twelve 
 months, as, Jami'iry, February, March, &c. and the three 
 divisions of virtue ; namelv, the. human, social, and divine," 
 &c. 
 
 The second 7narh, or semicolon, is made use of lo denote a 
 pause whilst we can tell two, and is most frequent, next to 
 the comma : this is affixed to such parts of a iteriod, as have 
 o'-ieoruiore commas in them, and contain only a part ot (he 
 declaration of the subject ; as in the following period ; " If 
 they be tempted, they resist; if molested, tliey sutler it. 
 
 gatiently; if praised, they humble themselves ; and attri- 
 ute it to the Almighty." 
 
 The third 7iuirh, or colon, makes three times the pavse of a 
 comma ; and is made use of to such parts of a sentence or 
 period only, vberp.in the sense or assertion, is perfectly 
 linished, as for example, " In the beginning, God created 
 the heavens and the earth: and the earth was without form, 
 and void : and darkness was upon the face of the deep." 
 
 And here, the reader may observe, that the subject of the 
 period chft'ers, where the two colons are regularly placed. 
 
 A full-point ov stop, is placed no where but at the end of a 
 period; that is to say, when the whole declaration upon 
 any particular topic, "whether lon^' or short, is perfectly 
 finished. 
 
 Besides these, however, there are divers other notes, cha- 
 racters, or marks, made use of in the orthography of most 
 hmgmqes, as well as the English ; and which frequently 
 occur. And these are, 
 
 First, A note of interrogation, marked thus (?) 
 
 Secondly, A note of admiration, marked thus (!) 
 
 Tile former is always made use of wiicn any question is 
 asked. As, " Who is there'? Where are you going? 
 Wlien will you return .' W hat o'clock is it T &c. 
 
 The latter is made use of indeed, not only in cases of 
 admiration, but exclamation likewise, as, " for shame ! 
 Was the like overseen ! Wasever age so corrupt! O times ! 
 O maimers ! O heaven !" &c. 
 
 An accent, marked thus (') denotes \\a\. syllahle in a word, 
 whereon the stress of the voice is to be laid ; as, to torment 
 (fke Kerb) to distinguish it from the substantive, which is 
 accented on the first syllable, thus, tbrmerit. 
 
 An apostrophe, marked thus (') denotes that there are two 
 words contracted into one ; as, /'//, for / will; you mayn't, 
 {or you may not ; hesha'nt, {or he shall not, &c. 
 
 It is used likewise in the genitive case of nouns, by way of 
 contraction J as, God's glory, {or the glory of dod ; Job's inte- 
 grity, for the integrity of Job, &c. 
 
 An asterism or asterisk, marked thus (*) aud an obelisk, 
 marked thus (t) are used for references to some note, either 
 in the margin or the_/bo< of the page. 
 
 A paragraph marked thus (IT) and a section marked thus (5) 
 are frequently used, but more particularly in the sacreil 
 scriptures, when a new subject or section is bejjuii. 
 
 A quotation, which is generally marked thus (") that is, 
 two commas inverted ; is used, lo denote some passage 
 extracted from some author, worthy of the leader's particu- 
 lar notice. 
 
 A hyphen, marked thus (-) is used for the separation of 
 compound words ; as, Christmas-day^ Lady-day, mal-coutents, 
 water-mill, &C. 
 
 A parenthesis, marked thus () or a crotchet, marked tlnis [] 
 is made use of to include an expression in the midst of a 
 sentence, of a different import; as in the following text ; 
 " For to theirpouerd bear record) they were nilling ;" where 
 the sense of the sentence is complete witliout the words so 
 included. 
 
 A dialysis, marked thus (..) when placed over two vowels, 
 denotes" that they are not a diphthong, but two distinct 
 syllables. 
 
 An Index, marked thus {(^) points to some particular 
 passage, that is of more importance, and more remarkable 
 than ordinary. 
 
 Besides these, there are divers other characters or marks, 
 made use of by way of abbreviation, by tradesmen, mathemati- 
 cians, astronomers, physicians, &c. which are needless here, 
 we humbly conceive, to be particularly specified. 
 
 Having said thus much concerning points or stops, we 
 come now to the use of capital letters, which are to be used 
 only, first, in the beginning ofuoirf*, and never in the middle. 
 Secondly, after a period or ful.-stop, either inprose or verse. 
 Thirdly, at the beginning of all proper names ; as of men, 
 women, countries, cities, rivers, &c. Fourthly, at the beginniDg 
 of every word relating to the dt^ity ; such as Ootf, Jestis Christ, 
 &c. And lastly, the pronoun /, and the exclamatory O, 
 must always be capital letters. 
 
 Note. All books are printed either in Roman eliaractert or 
 types, the black letter or the Italic ; but the two last are now 
 very sparingly used. 
 
 THE CONCLUSION. 
 
 0/ Prott and Verse, an also of the variety of Styles peculiar tj 
 tome Authors. 
 
 WHATEVER we speak or write, is either naturally in 
 pm>se, (.1 artificially in vei-sc. 
 
 The .rti'mer, being the common and general way, is a 
 Haturatand proper connection of words thrown into perfect 
 sentences, without being confined by any poetical measures, 
 ill ooppsilion to verse. 
 
 Tht" latter consists in a number of words which have a 
 certain cadence, and determined measure ; the like b'-ing 
 also reiterated in the course of a pnnn, in opposition lo prose. 
 Or in other terms, verses are a particular method of deliver- 
 
 ing our thoughts, either without or with an harmonious 
 rhyme; which rAi/me consists in a certain proportion of/ert 
 or syllables, in each verse or line, and a conformity of soud ' 
 at tiie close of several verses. 
 
 O/ STYLES. 
 
 A iltfle Cin any language) is nothing more, than a particular 
 mannJ rol (It liveringa man's thoughts in writitig, agreeable 
 to the rules o( syntax. 
 
 Now sti/les arc as various as men's faces, or voices.; n»>d 
 every one has a styie that is proper and peculiar to hioiMlf.
 
 AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE ENGLISH TONGUE. 
 
 H»)\vevor, the style oiiijlil always to l)e adiiptcd to llic sub- 
 ject : and bt'i>illici/j/«in, vwdcrutc, or siihhin^. 
 
 Till- t'nst is tluit wliicll is iit'ltii (-.illid llio luv or n'lnple ; 
 or, in other leirns, the ordinnri/ x\w\ fmniliar style; which 
 reijuires litlle or no ornament, hill lh.it of a natural or 
 connnon expression; and this is proper for anv epistolary 
 corresixtiidencc, dialo^'iies, and sucii hooks as arc calcu- 
 lated for the insfruclioii of youth in any of the arts and 
 tcicncta. 
 
 By a moderate style, or in other terms, an erjunhlc or in'er- 
 tnediate sli/le, I mean (hat which keeps a niedimu hctwixt 
 the plain mnl siihii7nc ; is that which goes sonpetliiiif> beyond 
 the o«f, but aims not at the loftiness of the vt.'irr. y\iid this 
 is properly used for narratives, chronicles, histories, and 
 annals. 
 
 The sniilime style is that which consists in pompons words 
 and sentences ; which, by its noble boldness, attracts, er 
 rather commands the attention of the hearer, and extorts 
 cdmiration and applause, even from such as are unwilling; 
 to give it. It is adorned with abundance of rheturicul 
 figures, artfully introduced to move the passions. In a word, 
 hthmiders, as it wpre, and lightens. For winch reason this is 
 peculiarly used in tragedies, orations, and other persuasory 
 discourses on subjects of the highest importance. 
 '( There are two other styles, which, without any impro- 
 priety, may be termed the two extremes ; namely the 
 Lnconie and Asiatic styles 
 
 The former ( so called from Lacmiia, a city of the Lacede- 
 monians, where it was used to an afi'octation or excess) is a 
 concise style that comprehends a great deal T)f matter in a 
 narrow compass. 
 
 The latter (so called from the people of Asia, who 
 afiected to icrite and speah in the florid n-rvf) is a style I lint is 
 redundant and prolix ; or where abundance of words are 
 made use of to express but a little matter. 
 
 There is another style, indeed, called ilie dry or jejune 
 fti/le, which is destitute of all ornament and spirit ; and this 
 I niiafjine,biit few afiect, and no one would reronimeud. 
 
 Havinfr thus given my young readers a trapsicnt idea of 
 the various styles which ihcy will probably iiiret with in the 
 prosecution of their studies; I might here not only naturally, 
 but pertinently enough, lay dow.n some select rules for their 
 observance, in their future practice of the ait if cnmpusition, 
 but as remff>-Ai of that kind are of no immediate concern j 
 and as brevity, consistent with perspicuity, is professedly 
 aimed at throughout the vhole of this present midertnliiu^, 
 I shall close this Compendious English Grammar, with a few 
 f;enerat instructions {or reading 7\n(:\ speaking our mother-tongue 
 justly; or in other terms, with elegance, propriety, and 
 a jjood grace ; as being an accomplishment more immedi- 
 ately requisite, and aconcern ofthe lastiniportance. 
 
 In order, therefore, that the young reader may attain so 
 laudable a qualification, he must havean adecjuate idea of, 
 and perfectly understand, the several articles hereunder 
 particularly mentioned. 
 
 And, in the first place, he must have a competent notion 
 of the nature and groundwork of arcmting his icords. As 
 this, however, is a concern of no small importance, so it is 
 uot to be attained any otherwise than by an assiduous care, 
 and daily practice. And for that reason, the judicious 
 compiler of the Dictionary annexed has been peculiarly 
 careful in this respect, in order to prevent a vicious pronun- 
 ciation. And it is further evident, that the \ cry same word 
 is frequently a noun and a verb likewise ; and that the sense 
 of it is to be determined only by the diOc-rent accent or sti-est 
 of the voice that is put upon it; for if it be a noun or name 
 only, the accent must be laid on \bc_first syllable ; but when 
 it is an affirmation or verb, and signifies action, the stress of 
 the voice raust be placed on the last ; as will more fully 
 appear by the short table hereafter written. 
 
 ThcTABLi:. 
 
 Nouns. 
 A'b-sent 
 Cement 
 Fer-ment 
 Object 
 Kecord 
 
 Verbs. 
 To ab-sent 
 To ce-ment 
 To fer ment 
 'J"o ob ject 
 To re cord 
 
 Nouns 
 Ac-cent 
 Con-vert 
 In cense 
 Pre sent 
 Subject 
 
 Verbs. 
 Toac-ci'Mt 
 To convert 
 To in-censc 
 To pre-sent 
 To sub-ject 
 
 Here we must observe, that aa the above dissijll'ihlcs have 
 sometimes an «<•«■«( on the /;>*<, a7id sometimes on the last ; 
 so in trissyllables, or w<)r<l' consisting ni three syllabUs, the 
 accent or stress of the voice lies sometimes on the fimt, some- 
 times on the second, -And often on the last ; as will appear by 
 the follo" iiig tal>les. '1 hough, in this case, it is true, the 
 accent makes noaltcralion in the sense, as it does above. 
 
 TABLE I. 
 
 Accent on the first. 
 A'-va-rice 
 Boun-li-fui 
 Ch;i;ri-Iy 
 Di-li-gence 
 E'-ne-niy 
 Fa-mi-ly 
 Gra-li-tude 
 Har-mo-ny 
 I'-mi-tate 
 Kna-ve-ry 
 Li-ber-ty 
 
 
 Accent on the firsf 
 M6-des-ty 
 IV;ir-ra-tive 
 (>'-mi-iious 
 l'a-ra-dis€ 
 Qua-li-ly 
 Kj-vu-le"t 
 Se-cre-sy 
 Tem-pe-ratice 
 Va-ni-ty 
 Wil-der-tiess 
 Yes-ter-day. 
 
 TABLE n. 
 
 Accent on the second. 
 A bijn dance 
 Bra va do 
 Ca the dral 
 De ni6 lish 
 Em ploy ment 
 Fa na tic 
 Gi gsin tic 
 Im perfect 
 
 Accent on the second. 
 La CO nic 
 Ma jes tic 
 No veui ber . 
 Og to ber 
 Pre cep lor 
 Re mem ber 
 Sep tern ber 
 To bac CO 
 
 TABLE in. 
 
 Accent on the third. 
 Appre bend 
 Briga dier 
 Ca va lier 
 Disap pear 
 E ver more 
 Cira na dier 
 Here to fore 
 In cor rect 
 
 Accent on the third. 
 Mis ap ply' 
 O ver come 
 Perse v6re 
 Re coin m^iid 
 Sii per fi'ne 
 Un be lit f 
 V'o lun leer 
 Yes ter night. 
 
 Note, most polysyllables, or words of four or more syllables, 
 have sometimes tuo and sometimes three accents; iis fur 
 instance, in a'r-bitra-tor, be-ne-fac-tor, com'-nien-ti-tor, 
 miilti-pli-ca-tor, traii-sub-staii-ti-!i-tion. 
 
 Note likewise, ihc doidde accent, marked thus (") is used to 
 denote, that a certain letter, in many syllables, though 
 wrote but once is sounded as if it were double, or wrote 
 twice ; as in the words ii'-ni-mal, e'-le-ment, 6' ra-.cle, &c. 
 And unless a feadcr or speaker be very careful in this 
 particular, his expression ordelivery will prove not only 
 vicious, but harsh and disagreeable to those who listen ty 
 his discourse. 
 
 And as the business of accenting aright is thus requisite in 
 prost f it is much utore so in poeir-j.
 
 AN EASV iNTRODUCTION TO THE VTVDY OF THE EN'GLISH TON'GUE. 
 
 Tt is in this, iiuteed, tliat their specific difference princi- 
 pally coi:«isls in lilc English tongue; i'or m\ English trrse, 
 for tl\e mos; part, is nolliing more than h line of ten feet, 
 each consisting of a short ami a long syllable, alternately 
 tlirongliout, asin Ihc following '/ii«icA ; 
 
 Immodest u'ords admit of no defence; 
 For want nfdicenri/ is u lint of sinse. 
 
 This distinction, indeed, of short and long sijllahles in 
 Latin poetiy, is called qnnntily ; but m Evglisli poiiry, it is 
 nothing more than what we call accent in ]nose. 
 
 Here, however, it is to be observed, that there is a kind 
 of /lannonii of nntes and sormds in prose as well as verse, which 
 depends on the quantity of expression, as to long and short, 
 lund and Ion', grave and aetUe ; in much the same manner as 
 there isinmiuic itself, which is nothing but 2l just modulation 
 of sounds, abstracted from verbal. And it must be allowed, 
 that a notion of the ground of haiinony, and a musical ear, 
 are, in a great measure, necessary to enable him that cither 
 reads or speaks, to deliver himself with propriety and a 
 good grace. 
 
 In the art of rending and speaking justly, there is another 
 article of great importanee to be well observed ; namely, 
 'hat v;hic!i "raminariims usually call emphasis ; that is to say, 
 
 the pronunciation of some particuhr words with a peculiar 
 energy and strength of expression; for according as thi« 
 emphasis is placed on the several words which compose il, 
 the sense may be capable of quite different significaiions. 
 
 And from what we have here advanced, we may observe, 
 l-.ow highly requisite it is to avoid, with the utmost precau- 
 tion, that vicious manner of delivery or utterance, common< 
 ly called a monotony; that is to say, such an even and 
 invariable <ujie of the voice, which neither rises nor falls ; 
 and consequently wherein no such thing as accent, quantity, 
 or emphasis, can possibly be ; by which disagreeable manner 
 of pronunciation, scarce any sense can be made of what 
 such a miserable orator either reads or speaks. In a word, 
 without a proper accent or emphasis the diction is lifeless, 
 unaffecting and insipid ; and nothing can possibly be more 
 irksome to a judicious ear. 
 
 To conclude : there is no possibiiiiy of any person's read- 
 ing justly, or speaking with propriety, unless he be a perfect 
 master of the subjett on which he presumes to harangue ; 
 for if the full force and true sense of each v^ord and sen- 
 tence be not thoroughly understood ; it cannot, of course, 
 be expressed with a proper emphasis and accent. And, in a 
 word, to descant upon any topic without having a compe- 
 tent knowledge of it, is presumption to tlte last degree, if 
 not f >l!y in tiie abstract.
 
 OF THE 
 
 CONSTITUTION, 
 
 Oovemment^ and Trade^ 
 
 OF 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 ONE of the most useful branches of knowledge/and of 
 which no Briton should be ignorant, is that of the 
 eonstitution of his native country. This is absolutely 
 necessary in a nation where all are politicians, and where 
 all are governed only by those laws which they, or their 
 fathers, either personally, or by their representatives, were 
 instrumental in forming. 
 
 The government of England was founded on principles 
 of liberty ; its constitution is the work of a brave and wise 
 people, who, considering that all power was derived from 
 them, and was to be subservient to their happiness, com- 
 mitted it into the hands of the three states, who were to be 
 a mutual support, and a mutual check to each other, and 
 et so ordered, that the interest of each is best promoted, 
 ly each confi-ning itself within its proper bounds. 
 The king, who is here invested with the highest preroga- 
 tive, has all the honours, and all the splendor of majesty, 
 and is only limitted where power might become tyranny, 
 and where he might be capable of injuriug either himself or 
 his pe.ople; By this means, we reap all the advantages, 
 without any of the evils of a monarchial government. " A 
 king (says a noble author) has a divine right to govern well. 
 A divine right to govern ill, is an absuraity ; and to assert 
 it is blasphemy." The king of England has the power of 
 doing good in its fullest extent. This is the only power 
 that can give him true dignity and distinguished honour ; 
 (?»rit is not the least diminution to his glory, that he is con- 
 fined from doing what would tarnish his reputation, and 
 
 d 
 
 I 
 
 render him infamous to posterity ; on the contrary, this ia 
 a circumstance that renders him truly great, and raises him 
 above all the tyrants of the earth ; " Our king (say» a 
 modern patriot) in the trust and dignity of his office, tran- 
 scends all other kings and emperors on the globe, as far as 
 we excel all other subjects in liberty, so that he may not 
 unjustly be called a King of kings, whilst most of the 
 mighty monarchs of other nations are no more than the 
 masters of some herds of slaves." The king of England 
 receives all his honour, power, and authority from the laws , 
 and therefore, at his mounting the throne, lie binds hiaiself 
 by a solemn oath to make them the rule of his conduct, and 
 before he receives one oath of allegiance, is obliged \» 
 swear to observe the great charter of the English liberties, 
 and thus, at his coronation, renews the original compact 
 between the king and his subjects. He then becomes the 
 head of the state, the supreme earthly governor, and is 
 himself subject to none but God and the laws, to which 
 he is as much bound to pay obedience as the meanest 
 subject. Though he has not the power of making laws, 
 yet no law can be enacted without his consent ; and though 
 the execution of them is always entrusted to his care, .•ie 
 cannot seize the property of the most inconsiderable man 
 in his dominions, except it be forfeited by law. On (lie 
 contrary, the subject may, without the least danger, sue ha 
 sovereign, or those who act in his name, and under lirs 
 authority ; hs may do this in open court, where the king 
 may be cast, and be obliged to pay damages to hi« subject.
 
 KXVlIi. 
 
 OF THE CONSTITUTION, GOVERNMENT, AND TRADE, OF ENGLAND. 
 
 He cannot take away the liberty of tlie least individual, 
 unless he has by some illegal act forfeiled his right to 
 Tiberly ; or except when the state is in danger,- and the 
 representatives of the people think the public safety makes 
 it necessary that he should have the power of confining 
 
 Eersons, aud seizing their papers on a suspicion of guilt ; 
 ut this power is always given him only for a limited 
 time. The king has a right to pardon, but neither he nor 
 the judges, to whom he delegates his authority, can con- 
 <!enin a man as criminal, except he be tirst found guilty by 
 twelve men wlio must be his peers or his equals. Tliat the 
 judges may not be intluenced by the king, or his raiiiislrrs, 
 to misrepresent the case to the jury, they have their 
 salaries for life, and not during the pleasure of the sove- 
 reign. Neither can the king take away, or endanger the 
 life of any subject without trial, and the persons being first 
 chargeable with a capital crime, as treason, murder, felony, 
 or some other act injurious to society ; nor can any subject 
 be deprived of his liberty for the highest crime, till some 
 propjof his guilt be given, upon oath, before a magistrate; 
 all he has then a right to insist upon being brought, the 
 first opportimity, to a fair trial, or to be restored to liberty 
 on giving^tifVicient bail for liis appearance. If a man is 
 charged vviili a capital offence, he niust not undergo the 
 ignominy of being tried for his life, till the evidences of his 
 guilt are laid before the grand jury of the town or county in 
 which the fiict is alleged to be committed, and not with- 
 out twelve of them agreeing to tind the bill of indictment 
 against him. If they do this, he is to stand his trial before 
 twelveotlier men, whose opinion is difinitive. In some cases, 
 the man (who is always supposed innocent till there is 
 sufhcient proof of his guilt) is allowed a copy of his indict- 
 ment, in order to help him to make his defence. He is 
 also furnished with the pannel, or list of the jury, who are 
 liis true and proper judges, that ho may learn their charac- 
 ters, and discover whether tliey want abilities, or whether 
 they are prejudiced against him. He may, in open court, 
 peremptorily object to twenty of the number,* and to as 
 many more as he can give any reason for their not being 
 admitted his judges, till at last twelve unexceptionable 
 men, the neighbours of the party accused, or living near 
 the place where the supposed fact was committed, are 
 sworn, to give a true verdict according to the evidence 
 produced in court. By clfallenginf; the jury, the prisoner 
 prevents all possibility of bribery, or the influence of any 
 superior power ; by their living near the place where the fact 
 was committed, thev are supposed to be men who know the 
 prisonerscourseof life.and the credit of the evidence. These 
 only are the judges, from whose sentence the prisoner is to 
 expect life or death ; and upon their integrity and under- 
 standing, the lives of all that are brought in danger ultimately 
 depend, and from their judgment there lies no appeal; they 
 are therefore to be all of one mind, and after lliey have 
 fully heard the evidence, are to be confined without meat,t 
 drink, or candle, till they are unanimous in acquitting or 
 condemning the prisoner. Every juryman is, therefore. 
 
 * The party may challenge thirty-five in case of treason, 
 and twenty in case of felony, without shewing any cause 
 •nd as many more as he can assign cause against. 
 
 + Some have hef'n tiued for having fruit in their pockets 
 when they were withdrawn to consider of their verdict, 
 though Ihf^' did not eat it. I Leon. Di/cr. 137. 
 
 I " Some jurymen (says Mr. Clare, in his En^^lish liberties) 
 nay be apt to say, that if we do not find as the judge directs, 
 we may come into trouble, the judge may fine us, Arc. I 
 •nswer, no judge dares offer any such thing ; you are tl>e 
 proper judges of the matters before you, and your souls 
 are at stake ; you ouglit to act freely, and are not boiuid, 
 though the court demand it, to give the reason why you 
 brnig it in thus or thus ; for you of the grand jurv are 
 swArn Ic the contrary, viz, t« keep secret your fellow*' 
 
 invested with a solemn and awful trust. If he, without 
 evidence, submits his opinion to that of any of the other 
 .jury, or yields in complaisance to the opinion of the judge ; 
 ifhe neglect to examine with the utmost case; if he ques- 
 tion the veracity of the witnesses, who may be of an 
 infamous character ! or, after the most impartial hearing, 
 lias the least doubt upon his mind, and yet joins in con- 
 demning the person accused, he will wound his own con- 
 science, and bring upon himself the complicated guilt of 
 perjury and murder. The freedom of Englishmen consists 
 in its being out of the power of thejudgej on the bench to 
 injure them, for declaring a man innocent nhora he wislies 
 to be brought in guilty'. Was not this tiie case, juries 
 would be useless ; so far from being judges themselves, 
 they would only be the tools of another, whose province it 
 is not to guide, but to give a sanction to tlieir determination. 
 Tyranny might triumph over the liberties and lives of the 
 subject, and the judge on the bench be the minister of the 
 prince's vengeance. 
 
 These are the glorious privileges we enjoy above any 
 other nation upon earth. Juries have always b$en consi- 
 dereil as giving the most effectual check to tyranny; for in 
 a nation like this, where a king can do nothing aoa^nst law, 
 they are a security that he shall never make the laws, by a 
 bad administration, the mstrument of cruelty and oppres- 
 sion; was it not for thejuries, the advice given by Father 
 Paul in his Maxims of the Republic of Venice niijilit take 
 effect in its fullest latitude. "When the offence is com- 
 mitted by a nobleman against a subject, (says he) l«t all 
 ways be tried to justify him ; and if that is not possible to 
 be done, let him be chastised with greater noise than 
 damage. If it be a subject that has aft'ronted a nobleman, 
 let him be punished with the utmost severity, that the 
 subjects may not get too great a custom of laying their 
 hands on the IHitrician Orders." In short, where it not for 
 juries, a corrupt nobleman might, whenever he pleased, 
 act the tyrant, while tlie judge would have that power 
 which is now denied to our kings. But b\ our happy con- 
 stitution, which breathes nothing but liberty and equity, all 
 imaginary indulgence is allowed to the meanest as well as 
 the greatest. When a prisoner is brought to take his trial, 
 lie is freed from all bonds ; and though the judges arc 
 supposed to be counsel for the prisoner, yet, as lie may be 
 inczpable of vindicating his own cause, other counsel^ are 
 allowed him ; he may try the validity and legality of the 
 indictment, and may set it aside, if it be contrary to law. 
 Nothing is wanting to clear up the cause of innocence, and 
 to prevent the sufferer from sinking under the power of 
 corrupt judges, and the oppression of the great. The 
 racks and tortures that are cruelly made use of in other 
 parts of Europe, to make a man accuse himself, are here 
 unknown, and none punished without conviction, but he 
 who refuses to plead in his own defence. 
 
 But, after all this, does the king lose any part of his real 
 dignity, by not having the power to interfere, to rob and 
 murder at pleasure 1 No; his honour results from the safety 
 
 council and your o.wn ; and you of the petty jury are no 
 way obliged to declare your motives, for it may not be con- 
 venient. In queen Elizabeth's days a man was arraj^ed 
 for murder before justice Anderson i the evidence was' so 
 strong, that eleven of the twelve were presently for lindiiv? 
 him guilty t the twelfth man refused, and kept tliein soirio^j 
 that they were ready to starve, and at last made tlicnitom- 
 ply with him, and bring in the prisoner not guilty. The 
 judge, who had several times admonished him to join with 
 nis fellows, being surprized, sent for liim, and discoursed 
 with him privately, to whom, upon a promise of indemnity, 
 heat last owned, ihnf he himself was the man that did tfie 
 murder, and the ])risoner was innocciU, and that he vns 
 resolved itot to add perjury and a second murder to tha 
 firit.'
 
 OF THE CONSTllXmON, GOVEIIKMENT, AND TRADK, OF r:NGLAND. 
 
 XX IB. 
 
 of liit subject*, and (lie god like p(tvver of dilTusing only 
 happiness, by a strict oljsoiv;iiice oCllie laws, iinil iii some- 
 times softeninij the riynur of tlieni with mercy. The royal 
 prerogative coiisisis in the rij,'ht of declaring war and 
 makitis peace I in ;^ivi!i.i; his assent to such new laws as he 
 apurefiends will he for the good of his suhjecls, and witli- 
 hoidin;; it, when he believes that they will be hnrlful ; he 
 i» invested with the power of assemblinjj, adjourning, pro- 
 roguing, and dissolving the houses ot parlianieni, and 
 consequently of putting a stop to the consultations of both, 
 when lie believes they are actinfr consistent with the ri^dits 
 of each other, and the good ol the commniiily. He has 
 the liberty of coinitig money. He is the fountain of honour ; 
 but though he gives nobility, their independence is secured 
 by his not having it in his power to take it away. He has 
 the right of commanding the army, and the militia is under 
 iiis cojitroul. His person is sacred; and a subject, for a 
 single act of treason, not only loses his life, but his heir* are 
 deprived of his estate. He is allowed a privy conneil to 
 assist him with their advice, and the persons of those 
 lOenibers of which this council is composed, are also sacred. 
 He has the supreme power in all causes, ecclesiastical as 
 well as civil, by which the clergy arc divested of all domi- 
 nion over the conscience, which is wisely left to him to 
 whom it properly belongs— to that God, who alone can 
 search the heart ; and by this means persecution is pre- 
 vented, and religious liberty secured. 
 
 In every kingdom, and in every stale, there are always 
 Versons distinguished by birth, riches, and honours; 
 ndvantages which give them such a considerable weight in. 
 
 tlie government, that were they to be confounded with (he 
 multitude, they would have no interest in supporting liber- 
 ty ; for as most of the popular resolutions would be made 
 to their prejudice, the public liberty would be llieir slavery. 
 The share ihey are therefore allowed in the legislature, 
 is in proportion to the interest they have in the state; or 
 from hence it is they form a body of iiobles, that has aright 
 to put a stop to the enterprises of tiie people, to counter- 
 balance the right which the people enjoy, of putting a stop 
 to their cner&arhmenls. 
 
 Tlie legislative power is coinniitted to these two bodies, 
 to that of the nobles, and that of the representatives of the 
 
 Seople, each of which have separate views and interests, 
 •ut here there is this essential ditrerence ; for while indi- 
 viduals who compose the house of commons enjoy tlieir 
 power but for a limited time, and can only be restored by 
 new powen given them by their constituents, the privileges 
 enjoyed by the members of the house of lords are in their 
 own nature hereditary. And this is the more necessary, 
 as their high prerogatives render them subject to popular 
 envy, and consequently their privileges must, in a free state, 
 be always in danger. The only disadvantage that can 
 possibly arise from this is, that as their power is hereditary, 
 they might be tempted to pursue their own interest to the 
 prejudice of the public; and therefore to prevent this, 
 where they might receive the greatest pecuniary advantages 
 from being corrupt, as in the case of granting supplies, they 
 have only the power of refusing, while the commons alone 
 have that enacting. 
 
 The great, we have already said, are always exposed to 
 popular envy ; and therefore, were tliey to be judged by 
 tlie people, ihey might be in the greatest danger from theii 
 iudges; they would then want the privilege of being tried 
 Dv their peers, a privilege enjoyed by the meanest subject. 
 They are therefore not to be tried by the ordinary courts 
 of judicature, but by that part of the legislature of which 
 each is a member. As all human compositions must be 
 ficfectivc, and the best laws in some instances too severe ; 
 and as the national judges are mere passive beings, incapa- 
 ble of niodciating either the force or rigour of the laws, 
 this part of the legislature is here, as well as in the former 
 rase, a necessary tribunal, to whom it belongs to moderate 
 the law. In iheir decisions, they give not their opinions 
 upon oath ; but each laying his nght hand upon his heart, 
 
 {fives his verdict upon llie single testimony of hit hontmr. 
 Thus are the lords invested with every outward mark of 
 dignity, and witii all the privileges necessary to maintain 
 their rank iu all its splcnilor ; aiul yet are so liwi'ted, iha* 
 they have not the power to encroach upon the rights and 
 liberties of the inferior subjects. 
 
 But while the privileges of the lords are preserved, and 
 other wise purposes answered by their bavin:,- a share of the 
 legislative power, the privileges of all inferior persons arc 
 secured by every man's having, either in person or by his 
 representative, a share in the legislature, by which means 
 no laws can be enacted or repealed, without the consent of 
 the representatives of 'Jic majority of the nation. Thus 
 the liberties of the commons are as strongly secured a» the 
 royal prerogatives, or as the privileges of the lords. 'I'lie 
 commons are the guardians of the public liberty ; they are 
 the deputies sent up from all quarters to make such laws as 
 shall best promote the hiterest of the whole collective body. 
 And though ihey have not the power of examining the 
 meanest subject upon oa(h, yet they can search into th« 
 conduct of the highest peer in the realm, and, in the name 
 of the people, impeach the favourite orminister of the king. 
 They can call thcjiidges to an account for the mabadminis- 
 tration of their office, and bring all those to justice who 
 make an ill use of their power. Thus the commons are the 
 grand jury of the nation ; but as it would be improper thitf 
 those who are impeached in so high a court sliould be tried 
 by a.lower, which might be intimidated and over-awed by 
 the power of the commons, therefore to preserve the 
 dignity of the peers, and the security of the subject, those 
 whom they impeach are tried by the lords, whose superior 
 dignity sets them above all infbience, and who have neither 
 the same interests nor the same passions. 
 
 Thus our happy constitution consists of three states, eacli 
 of which has separate privileges, each is a check upon ibd 
 other, and yet each is c(iually dependent. The first, which 
 is the executive power, has the privilege of assembling, 
 
 Rdjourntng, proroguing, and dissolving the two legislative 
 bodies : because these ;irc supposed to have no will, except 
 when they are assembled ; and when they were assembled, if 
 they had the right to prorogue themselves, they might never 
 be prorogued ; they might encroach on the executive 
 power ; they might become despotic, and even one of these 
 might destroy the liberties of the other. But as the 
 executive power might make an ill use of this privilege, 
 by never assembling the legislative, it is rendered dependent 
 on these bodies, by their holding the sinews of government 
 in their hands, and the granting the necessary supplies only 
 from year to year. The king, indeed, has a power to raise 
 what forces he pleases ; but the representatives of the 
 people, who grant the supplies, can only determine what 
 number he shall be enabled to pay. 
 
 But while the representatives of the people liavc thus the 
 important charge of watching over the preservation of our 
 liberties, our trade, and our property, what care ought every 
 county, city, and borough to take, to chuse such only as 
 are qualified for performing this important task; forchusuig 
 such whose inte;jrity will render them superior to the 
 temptation of a bribe, whose wisdom is capable of managing 
 our interests, and whose greatness of sohI will make them 
 think that ihey can never do too much for their country, 
 and for their consliluents. He who parts with his vote, 
 and for a lucrative or selfish consideration, is instrumeatal 
 in chusiug one whom his conscience disapproves, and 
 w'ho is unqualified or corrupt, is a fool and a matlmnH ; 
 is unworthy the name of a freeman, since he, as much 
 as is in his power, sells himself and his country, ami 
 can never have tlie least reason to complain, if he 
 should live to see this liappv constitution overturned, 
 and our liberty and all our privileges destroyed. 
 
 Having thus ffivcn a view of the Briiisit cnntiitiition, in 
 general, we shall now present the reader Cby way of supple- 
 ment to it) with a geiieial sketch of the governmcnl and 
 trade of England. The n-adcr will find tome few parlic»v>
 
 «tx. 
 
 OP THE CONSTirUTTOX, GOVERNMENT. AND TRADE, OF ENGLAND. 
 
 lars respecting our courts of justice, and ecclesiastical 
 - overninnit, intersiiersed under ditterent heads in different 
 parts of ilie Dictionary. It was tlioujjlit, liowever, that 
 the very few repetitions it may occasion, will be amply 
 eompeiisaled by the comprehensive but complete view this 
 sketch will afford the young reader of the internal govern- 
 ment of these kingdoms. 
 
 Of the Ecdciiastical Government andCourt) 
 
 The convocation formerly, at feast, had the principal 
 part of the ecclesiastical government; fortius is a national 
 synod of the clergy assembled together, to consider of the 
 state of the church, and to call those to an account who 
 have broached new opinions, inconsistent with the doc- 
 trines of the church of England. But in a late reign, they 
 having been tliought to proceed with too great severity 
 against the delinquents of this kind, they have not been 
 permitted to sit any long time since. However they are 
 calleil together at the same time as the parliament, by the 
 authority of the king, who directs his writs to the arch- 
 bishop of each province to summon all bishops, deans, 
 archdeacons, tVc. to meet at a certain time and place. 
 The convocation consists of one proctor sent from each 
 cathedral and collegiate churth, and two from the body of 
 the inferior clergy of each diocese. The upper house in 
 the province of Canterbury consist of the archbishop, who 
 is president, and twenty-two bishops; and the lower house 
 is.composed of all the deans, archdeacons, and proctors, 
 as above; in all, one hundred and sixty-six. The arch- 
 bishop of York may likewise hold a convocation at the 
 same time. 
 
 King Henry the Vllth's chapel at Westminster is gene- 
 rally the place of meeting for the province of Canterbury ; 
 and York for the province of Y'ork. The first business of 
 the lower house is to chuse a prolocutor, who is presented 
 to the upper house by two of the members; one of tliem 
 making a speech in J-atin, and the prolocutor another ; to 
 Avhich the archbishop returns an answer in the same 
 language. 
 
 Under these two archbishops there are twenty-fonr 
 bishops ; that is, twenty-one in the province of Canterbury, 
 and three in the province of York. These have all the title 
 of lords, on nccount of the baronies annexed to the 
 bishoprics and they take place of all oilier barons, as well 
 in parliament as ill oilier assemblies. The first of these is 
 the bishop of London, who is dean of ihe episcopal church 
 uflhat provincei the next is Durham, and then AVinchestcr; 
 but all the rest take place according to the seniority of 
 their consecrations. 
 
 The business of a bisho]), according to his episcopal order, 
 is to ordain priests and deacons, to consecrate churches 
 and burying places, and to administer the rites and ceremo- 
 nies of conhiination. 
 
 I'he jurisdiclion of a bishop relates to the probation of 
 wills ; to granl admiuistralion of goods to such as die intes- 
 tate, to lake caie of perishable goods wlun no one will 
 adminslcr; to collate lieHclices ; to grant inslilutions to 
 livings; to deAnd the libirlies of the church ; ami to visit 
 I'.is own diocese once in three ycais. Besides llicsc, there 
 arc many other particulars which our room will not permit 
 us to mention. 
 
 Tlie court of arches is the most antieut consistory of the 
 province of Canterbury, and all appeals in church matters 
 are directed to tliiscourt. The processes run in the name 
 of the judgi', wlio is called dean of the arches; and flic 
 advocates who plead in this court must be doctors of the 
 ci»il jaw. The court of audience has the same aulhoritv 
 as this, and the archbishop's chancery was formerly ioineil 
 U> this. The prerogative court is that wherein wills are 
 proved, ant! adininistrulion taken out. 
 
 The court of peculiars, relating tu certain parishcSt haVc 
 n jurisdiction among themselves for the prouatc of wills; 
 And Itierefere are e;ieiupt froiu the bishop's courts. The 
 
 see of Canterbury has no less than fifty-seven of theM 
 
 peculiars. 
 
 The court of delegates is so called, because it consists of 
 commoners delegated or appointed by the royal commis- 
 sion ; but it is no standing court. 
 
 Besides these, every bishop has a court of his own, which 
 is held in the cathedral of his diocese, and is called the 
 consistory court. Likewise, every archdeacon has his court, 
 as well as the dean and chapter of every cathedral. 
 
 Of the Parliament of Great Britain, 
 
 This atigust body consist of two houses, one of which is 
 called the house of lords, and the other the house of com- 
 mons. Before the union, the house of lords consisted of the 
 spiritual and temporal peers of England ; and the house of 
 commons of St.? knights, burgesses, and citizens. But 
 since the union, there are sixteen peers of Scotland added 
 to Ihe house of lords, ami 46 commoners of the house of 
 commons. The first of these are chosen before the sitting 
 of every new parliament, by the peers of Scotland, out of 
 their own body. 
 
 The design of parliaments is to maintain the constitution, 
 to support the dignity of the crown, and to keep inviolable 
 the privileges of the people. They are also to raise subsi- 
 dies, to make laws, and to redress all public grievances. 
 The power of calling a parliament, and of adjourning and 
 prorognins; the same, is entirely lodged in the sovereign. 
 
 The sitting of the parliament is appointed by the king's 
 proclamation, with the advice of the privy council ; and 
 in cliusinga new one, writs are issued out by the lord chan- 
 cellor to the lords to appear at the time and place appointed. 
 Writs are also sent to the sherifi''s of every county, com- 
 manding them to summon the electors, to chuse as many 
 knights, citizens, and burgesses, in their respective counties, 
 as are to sit in the house of commons. The writs for 
 Scotland are directed to the privy council, for summoning 
 the 16 peers, and for electing 46 members. 
 
 No judge, sheriff, or clergyman, can be elected ; and 
 no gentleman can be elected for a county unless he has 
 600A"'. a year ; nor for a city or borough, unless he has 
 300£. a year. FornlCllv parliaments met.at different places 
 in the kingdom ; but oflule they assemble at Westminster, 
 at w hat was formerly called St. Slcplirn's chapel. 
 
 When the king comes to parliament, file nsher of the 
 lilack rod is ordered to call the commons up to the flOMKo 
 of lords, where they stand without the bar, and the king 
 ccmmands them, by the lord chancellor, to chuse one of 
 the members for their speaker, and to present him such a 
 day. The choice being made by a majority of votes, at 
 the day appointed he is presented to the king in the house 
 of lords, between two members, for his approbation. The 
 lord chancellor, or keeper for the time being, is always 
 speaker for the house of peers. Since the reformatitm, no 
 Roman Catholic can sit in either house, till he lias first 
 taken the oaths. 
 
 Though the number of the house of commons is so great, 
 yet .100 are commonly reckoned a full house ; and there 
 can be no business done if there are less than forty. At 
 the first meeting of the iiarliamenf, they always appoint 
 standing grand committees, for privileges, elections, griev- 
 ances, trade, and religion. 
 
 The chief business of the parliament is to revive and 
 ahrogatc old laws, and to make new ones ; but whenever a 
 new law is proposed, it must be first put in w riling, and then 
 it is called a lii^l ; but the commons have only the power 
 of introducing moneybills. Before any bill can pass into a 
 law, it must be read three several times in each house, 
 except a bill of indemnity, which requires only once reading. 
 The leave of the house must be olitained to bring in any 
 private bill, and the house must be acipiaintcd with the 
 substance of it, cither by motion, or petition. After it has 
 been read the first time, the speaker recites an abstract of 
 the bill, and puts the question, w hcthcr it shall be read a
 
 OF THE CONSTITUTION. COVIA NMENT. AND lUADK OF EKOLAN.>. xxxi 
 
 jfcond time or not. But if a bill corncs from the house of 
 lords, so imicli favour and respect is sliewn, that if it be 
 spoken against in the tirst reiidins, liie speaker puts the 
 •jueslioii for the second reading' before it is rejected, ifthal 
 slioiild be tlie case. Bills are seldom rend twice the firs' 
 day, iMiless upon very extraordinary occasions, and rcf)iiir 
 the utmost expedition. Upon the second reading, if none 
 speak a^fainst the bill, and several for it, the speaker may 
 I»ut tlie ([nestion for engrossing it. 
 
 When debates arise upon the second rcadiii"?, and they 
 are over, the house conniionly calls for committing the bill 
 lo the committee of the whole house, or to a select commit- 
 tee. Sometimes it may happen, the bill may be recommitted 
 before the speaker puts the question for engrossing. After 
 a bill lias been engrossed, it is to be read a third lime, in 
 order to hare it passed. But when any debate happens, 
 after it is over, the speaker holds the bill in his hand and 
 says, " As many as are of opinion that this billjahould 
 pass4 say i/es, and as many as are of the contrary opinion, 
 say »i»." Upon whicn ne informs the house, whether the 
 tfen's or no's have it. But wlien the thing is doubtful, two 
 tellers are appointed for each side, one to number ihe ijoa's, 
 and the other the no's ; however, the question is first put, 
 which of these shall go out of the house, and this is called 
 dividing the house. After the inindicriug them is over, the 
 tclJ-Ts declare to the speaker the luiniber of 7/e«'jand no's ; 
 upon which all leturn to their places. If the no's have it, 
 the bill is said to pass in the negative. I5ut if it passes in 
 Ihe aftirmative, they order it to be sent lo the house of lords 
 for their concuirence. 
 
 When a bill is sent by Ihe lords to the commons, they 
 send none of (heir meiuhers, but only masters in chancery, 
 who deliver the bill to the speaker. When there is a dis- 
 agreement in Ihe houses about a bill, a conference is de- 
 ti'anded, which is held in the painted chamber. In votinir 
 in Ihe house of lords, they begin with the lowest baron, and 
 so proceed to the highest peer ; who each for himself says 
 content, or not cuuteiit ; and if the voices are equal, tlie 
 negative carries it. After an adjournment of either house, 
 they may resume the business they were upon, but after a 
 prorogation they cannot, ft^r then the session is ended. 
 Every one knows, that afler a di_ssolution of the old parlia 
 Blent, a new one must be elected, in the manner mentioned 
 above. 
 
 Of the Courts of Jm-tive. 
 
 The courts of justice, sitting at Westminster, are open 
 four times a year ; that is, at Easter, Trinity, Michaelmas, 
 and Hilary terms. There are four courts, namely the 
 court of chancery, king's bench, couiniou pleas, and the 
 court of exchequer; not to mention that of the duchy of 
 Lancaster, because that only lake cognizance of alflhe 
 causes relating to the revenue of this fluchv, which has 
 been long annexed to ihe crown ; the chief judge of this 
 court is called the chancellor of this duchy. 
 
 The court ofciiancery is a court ol equi'tv, and designed 
 to relieve Ihe subject against cheats, breaches of trust, and 
 other oppressions, to temper the rigour of the law. How- 
 ever, the remedy has often proved worse than the disease, 
 on account ot the lenijlh of time before the cause has been 
 delBrmincd. The chief judge is the lord chancellor, or 
 lord keeper; and the form of proceeding is by bills, 
 answers, and decrees ; and the witnesses are examined in 
 private ; however, it must be observed, that ihe decrees of 
 this Court are only binding to the persons of those con- 
 cerned in tliem ; for they do not aflect their lands and 
 goods s and consequeillly, if a man refuse to comply with 
 the terms, they can do nothing more to him than seiid him 
 to prison. This court is not like olliers, which have no 
 power except in term-time ; for this is always open • and 
 If a man be sent to prison, the lord chancellor, in any vaca- 
 tion, can grant a habeas corpus, if he sees there isreason 
 «o to do. He may also at the^e times grant prohibitions. 
 
 The liu'd chancellor has twelve assistants, called masters 
 in chatieery, whose business it is lo take alHdavits, or 
 depositions upon oath, coiiceniing any matter for which an 
 oath is required by the rules of the c^>Mrt; and they have 
 no oHice in chancery lane. They alao examine accompls 
 depending on Ibis court, of wliicli they make their report 
 in writing. Besides these, there are several masters extra- 
 ordinary, lo take alHdavits in the country. 
 
 The master of Ihe rolls is Ihe principal of the twelve, and 
 he has the custody of all charters, customs, commissions, 
 deeds, and recognizances; which being made on rolls of 
 parclinieiit gave occasion lo his name, and the repository 
 of theiu is c;dled the rollss here all the rolls are kept since 
 the begiup.iug of liie reign of Kichard 111. This is a great 
 olhcer, and usually hears causes in chancery, when the 
 chancellor himself is absent. He keeps a court'at the rolls, 
 where he hears and determines causes Ihat come there 
 before him; he has the gift of liie bix clerks' oliiccs, and 
 those possessed of them are next in degree to the masters 
 in chancery. Their business is to enroll patents, commis- 
 sions, licences, pardons, and other inslruuunts that pass 
 liie great seal. When Ihe master of Ihe rolls sits in the 
 house of lords, his place is next the lord chief justice o» 
 Eu;^lituil, upon the second wool sack. Besi^Ics what is said 
 above, the court ofciiancery has the power of sending out 
 coniuiibsioiis for charitable uses, and enquiring inlo al? the 
 frauds and abuses vvhich have been commited in Ilie 
 disposal of all charities ihroughout the kiiidom, and cau 
 oblige the trustees to perform their trust, according to the 
 intent oftlie respective donors. Under ihe six clerks there 
 were formerly sixty, but now there are. ninety ; and th<'se, 
 uitli their under-clerks, perform the business of their othce! 
 'I'lie court of hing's bench is Ihe highest tHJurt in En»- 
 lanil, in common law, except Ihe house of lords in parlia- 
 nient. All pleas are brought into this court between tlie 
 king and the subject, sucli as treasons, felonies, breach of 
 |>eace, and any kind of oppression, 'fhis court has also the 
 power lo examine and correct Ihe errors of the judges and 
 justices of England, in their judgments and proceedings; 
 this not only in pleas of the crown, but in those that are 
 really personal and mixed, except only in the exchefjuer. 
 There are four judges belonging to this court, the chief 
 whereof is styled Ihe lord chief justice of the king's bench ; 
 and according to an act of parliament lately passed, all 
 judges are to hold their places, notHithstandii'ig the demise 
 of the crown, but with the same restriction as foimerly ; 
 that is, while they do nothing lo occasion the forfeiture "of 
 their places. None can be a judge in this court except a 
 Serjeant at law. All matters of fact, relating either to civil 
 or criminal causes, are determined in the court of king's 
 bench by a jury. 
 
 The court of comiaon pleas is so called, because the 
 pleas usually here debuted are between subject and subject. 
 None but serjeanls at law may plead in this court; and 
 here al'l civil causes real and personal are Ubiially tried, and 
 real actions are pleadable in no other court. Likewise, no 
 fines can he levied, or recoveries sutVered, except in this 
 court at Westminster, at a judge's chamber, at the assizes, 
 or by a special commission out of chancery. Tliere ore 
 four judges also belonging to this court, the 'first of wliom 
 is called lord chief justice of the common pleas. 
 
 The court of exchequer consists of two courts, one of 
 which tries causes according lo law, and the other accord- 
 ing'lo equity. The court ot equity is held in the excjienner 
 chamber, before the lord treasurer, Ihe chancellor of the 
 exchequer, Ihe lord chief bar<ui, and the three barons of 
 the exchequer; besides a cursitor baron. But Ihe Iwo 
 first sit very seldom, and the Hve last almost always. Jiere 
 are tried all causes relating lo the king's revenue^ namely 
 such as relate to accompls, disbursements, customs, aiiri 
 hnes imposed. All judicial proceedings according to law 
 are only before the harons ; but the court of equiety is held 
 as above. 
 There areassiacj aud sessions held hi the difl'ercnt couii-
 
 01 THE CONSTITUTION, GOVERNMENT, AND TRADE, OF ENGL.\.^D. 
 
 ties of England, for the more easy distribution of justice. , 
 and the assizes are courts kept twice a year. The twelve, 
 judges are commissioned by the kins for this purpose, and 
 Iliis they call going the circuit. At tiiese assizes all t;ivil 
 ;ind criminal causes may be determined; tlie first i» called 
 Lent assizes, soon after Hilary term > and llie other called 
 ilip.summer assizes, after Trinity term. There are six of 
 these circuits, besides those in Wales, in which principality 
 two distinct judges are appointed ; anil Uitli in England 
 and Wales all causes arc determined by a jury. The jury 
 is chosen by the sherirt"of the counly, and they are only 
 di.'ected in points of law by the judges. 
 
 The commitment ol nialefactors is generally made by a 
 justice of the peace, who examines wilnesses to the fact 
 upon oath. If the evidence is plain, he makes a mittimus, 
 and sends the malefactor to the county goal wliere he con- 
 tinues till the next assizes or sessions. 
 
 There are justices of the peace in every county, designed 
 to keep the peace thereof ; and such of them that the king 
 is supposed to have greater confidence in, are called justices 
 of the quorum ; because in their dedinius there are these 
 word--, quorum A. H. untim esse rolumus ; the meaning o *' 
 wiiicli is, that no business of conseqncnce must be transact- 
 ed, unless with the concurrence of one of these. Their 
 office is to call hetore them, examine, and commit to prison, 
 all thieves, murderers, vagabonds, and all disturbers of the 
 peace, of what kind soever. 
 
 The quarter sessions are so called from the meeting of 
 t!ie justices every quarter of a year, at the shire or chi ?f 
 town in their respective counties, where tliey iiave the 
 pov. er of trying all criminal causes in the same manner as 
 at the assizes, though they commonly confine themselves 
 to facts of a lesser degree of guilt. 
 
 There is a sheriff appointed for the execution of tlie law 
 in every county, except Westmoreland and Durham who 
 is nominated by the king every Michaelmas term. Ili. 
 office is to execute the king's mandates, and all writs 
 directed to him out of the king's courls. He also impanels 
 juries to bring causes and criminals to trial, and is to take 
 rare that the sentences both in civil and criminal affairs 
 be duly executed. He appoints an under-sheriff, stewards 
 of courts, bailiffs of hundreds, constables, and jailors, and 
 has many men in rich liveries, to attend upon him on horse- 
 back at the reception of the judges, and during the assizes. 
 
 The office of high-constable, petty-constable, lieadbo- 
 rough, or tliird-borough, is to execute the warrants and 
 orders of the justice of the peace ; but the high-constable 
 oiJy disperses them upon some occasions to the petty-con- 
 stables. 
 
 Every city and corporation in England may chuse their 
 own magistrates, which may be either a mayor, or a bailiff, 
 v«ith aliicrmen, comnion-counciimen, or capital burgesses; 
 and these regulate all affairs wiiich immediately belong to 
 their respective corporations. Likewise, some cities have 
 counties, and a power of trying all malefactors taking in their 
 counties; but this is seldom inidcrtaken without the assist- 
 ance of one or more of the twelve judges. Some of these 
 office during their magistracy arc justices of the peace; 
 these are commonly (he mayor and an alderman, or two ; 
 but they cannot exercise their power out of their own 
 liberties. 
 
 The lord-lieutenants and deptify-lieulonanfs had former- 
 y a more considerable power and influence than they have 
 at present, and they are chosen by the king himself out of 
 the principal peers of this kingdom. Their business was to 
 arm, array, and form companies, troops, and regiments ; 
 and the rncn so raised were called the militia. Rut tliis 
 having been seldom done of late, on account of the stand- 
 ing forces kept continuallv in pay, these forces became in 
 a great meaturo useless. However, it having been foinid 
 n«ccssury, luring our last war with France, to have a militia 
 properly re(;ulatc<l and disripllned, for the defence of the 
 ountry against all foreign invasions, an act of parliament 
 
 vas made, by which they are put under new regulation*, 
 and in consequence whereof a new malilia has been actually 
 raised iu most parts of the kingdom. The officers are to 
 be men of fortune, and the private men to be raised by 
 ballotting; but these last are to be changed cver.\ three 
 years. This has put the kingdom into such a state of 
 defence, that we can now venture to send our regular forccu 
 abroati upon any emer_i:e;if occasion ; and it is not impro- 
 bable but these last, in times of peace, will become entire- 
 ly useless. 
 
 Besides the courts already mentioned, there are court- 
 leets, and court-barons, which properly belong to liie lords 
 of the manors, who appoint stewards to hold them in their 
 name. The first is a court of record, it being reputed the 
 king's court, because its authority is derived from the 
 crown. It is kept twice a year, and in it enquiry may be 
 made of riots, and other criminal matters; but all gi-cat 
 offences must he certified to the justices of assize. 
 
 A court baron is incident to every manor, though the 
 other is not so, and is so called from "the lord of the nianor, 
 who was antiently styled baron ; all tenants belonging to 
 , the manor are suninioned to this court ; here pari of them 
 are sworn for a jury, and here the steward sits as judge. 
 The jury is directed to enquire after the disease of copy- 
 holders and free holders, and to bring in their next heir, 
 and also of the encroachments of any tenant. Likewise 
 here they make orders and laws among themselves, with a 
 penalty for transgressors, payable to the lord of the manor. 
 There are also sheriffs, courts, and hundred courts, held 
 every month in all parts of England, where small causes aie 
 determined. A court of conscieirce has been long hehl in 
 London, for recovery of small debts under forty shillings; 
 there has been some erected in Westminster, and other out 
 parts about London ; as also in several towns in the coun- 
 try, and it is thought, from time to time they will be erected 
 eVsewhere. 'I'he officers called bailiffs of the hundred, and 
 o'llier bailiffs and serjeanfs, are appointed by the sheriff to 
 execute writs, to restrain goods, and to summon to tlie 
 county sessions and assizes. 
 
 Of Trade and Nuvigalien. 
 
 Navigation in this kingdom wa* fcrmerly greatly neglected 
 to w hat it is at present, notwithstanding its vast advantage ; 
 fur it enables the inhabitants of the couiifry where it fiou- 
 rislies to export what they Jjave, and to import what they 
 iiave not. While we were' strangers to navigatiim, our 
 country was thin of people, because we lived as it were 
 upon the main stock. VVe had, indeed, a few sfnple com- 
 modities, and a very few manufactures, which w-re sold to 
 foreigners at their own rate; but when navigation began to 
 flourish, and we had vessels of our own, the face of affairs 
 soon began to change; and we brought home the product 
 of their countriesat a small expence, in comparison to what 
 lliey cost us formerly ; we likewise disposed of our own 
 couiiiiodities at much higher rates. 
 
 At present a trade is carried on to the Turkish dominions 
 • and the Levant, by the Turkey Company, and the commo- 
 dities we semi to those parts are lead, iron, broad cloth, and 
 long ells ; not to mention French and Lisbon sugars, as well 
 as bullion. We take in return great aiianlities of law silk, 
 which serves for making stockings, galloons, gold and silver 
 lace ; and it is also proper for the warp of any kind of silk, 
 SVe import also grogram,yarn, dying stuff's of various kinds, 
 drugs, soap, leather, cotton, friiils, and oil. 
 
 To Italy, we carry tin, lead, pilchards, herrings, salmon, 
 cod, and various kinds of East-India goods ; besides some 
 of our own manufactures, such as broadcloth, long ells, 
 bays, druggets, camblets, leather, and other things. W> 
 import from thence wine, oil, soa|-., olives, dying-slnffs, at 
 well as silk, raw, thrown, and wrought. 
 
 We send to Spain nuich the same kind of commoditi 
 to Italy, nianv of which are exported from thcnct? to
 
 OF THE CONSTITUTION, GOVERNMENT. AND TRADE, OP ENGLAND. 
 
 xzxiii. 
 
 colonies in America. In return we have oil, fruits, wool, 
 rochineal, and other drugs i and in times of peace, gold 
 and silver, in specie or bullion. 
 
 The king;dom of Portugal takes from us almost all kinds of 
 our commodities; we take from thence wine, oil, salt, and 
 fruits. 
 
 In times of peace we export to France tin, lead, corn, 
 and almost every other article of commerce, agreeable to a 
 late commercial treaty between Great Britain and that 
 country. 
 
 We send to Flanders tin, lead, iron wares, sugar, tobacco, 
 serges, tiannel, and a few stufts, for which we receive tine 
 laces, linen, tapes, inkles, and othergoodsof that kind. 
 
 We send to Germany tin, lead, tobacco, su^'ar, ginger, 
 woollen manufactures of every kind, as well as all sorts of 
 East-India goods. In return, we have from thence tin 
 plates, linen, and several other things. 
 
 With Denmaik and Norway we have very little trade, 
 except for a few coarse woollen goods ; for which reason 
 we are forced to pay for most things we have of them. We 
 have also a decaying trade with Sweden, for they buy little 
 of us, and we purchase of them copper, iron, and naval 
 stores. 
 
 We send to Russia, tin, lead, coarse cloths, long ells, 
 worsted stuffs, and a great quantity of tobacco ' and <"» 
 
 import from thence tallow, furs, iron, pot-ashes, hemp, fla«, 
 linen, coarse Russia cloth, and leather ; this trade is carried 
 on by a particular company, in a manner very beneticial to 
 this kitigdora. 
 
 To Holland we send almost all sortsof commodities, a«d 
 manufactured goods, whether of our own, or imported from 
 abroad; aud from thence we receive vast quantities of 
 linen, tapes, inkles, whale-fins, all sorts of spices, and vari- 
 ous kinds of dying-stuffs. 
 
 The African trade is of great advantage, for we not only 
 send many of our own and the East-India manufactures, for 
 tl>e purchase of slaves, but we supply our several plantations 
 with the last; aud we also have from thence gold-dust, red 
 wood, ivory, palm-oil, malagueto, gum-seneca, and many 
 other valuable commodities. 
 
 The East- India trade is of very great consequence to thj« 
 nation, and there have been several hot disputes about it, 
 relating to its advantage or disadvantage ; however, it is 
 certain they purchase their goods at a very low rate, which 
 are sold extremely high. 
 
 Our trade to America, notwithstanding they have gained 
 their independence, is still very considerable ; and it is 
 probable, that the Americans will continue to trade with us, 
 as there is no market in Europe to which they can carry 
 th«'r conimod'ties with such a ccrtaintv of sale.
 
 BARCLAYS 
 
 ENGLISH DICTIONARY, 
 
 ENLARGED AND IMPROVED. 
 
 ABA 
 
 A IS Ihc first letter of the alphabet in aU known lan- 
 guages, except the Ethiopic, in which it is the ihii . 
 tecnth. In our language it is one of the five vowels, and 
 lias three different sounas ; the broad sound: as, o//, wall; 
 the open, as /a(/ier, rather ; the slender a is peculiar to the 
 English, and is to be found in place, face, waste. When 
 placed before nouns of the singular number, it denotes one, 
 as, a man, i.e. one man; or signifies something indefinite, 
 as, a man may pass this way, that is, «"// man. Before a 
 word beginnnig with a vowel, we write an, as an ox, and 
 likewise nefore an h silent, as an herb ; but when the h is 
 sounded, we then write a, as a horse. Before a participle 
 it denotes some action not yet finished ; as, I am n walking. 
 Formerly it was a contraction of «<. Sometimes it signifies 
 to. It has likewise a peculiar sigiiificatiou, implying cacli ; 
 at, he gains a hundred pounds a year. In abbreviations, 
 with a stroke over it thut a it stands for 5000 among the 
 Romans. With logicians, it denotes an universal atitirma- 
 livc proposition. Among merchants, if set alone after a 
 bill of exchange, it signifies accepted, and is used by Ihcni 
 to distinguish their sets of acconipts instead of a figure ; 
 thus. A, B, C, are instead of 1, 2, 3. a, or au, is used by 
 physicians instead of ona, and signifies that the proportions 
 of the ingredients to which it refers are to be equal. In 
 abbreviatioiw it stands likewise for ^Irt/nm, or Arts, as A. B. 
 artiuni baccalaureus, or bachelor of arls ; when applied to 
 tniie, for ««no ; A. C. ante Christum, before Christ; A.M. 
 anno mundi, the year of the world ; A. D. Anno Domini, 
 the year of our Lord. A, in music, is that note which lies 
 between the 2d and .^d line in the treble ; or upon the top, 
 or 5th line, in the bass. ABP. is an abbreviation of ^4)t/i- 
 bishop. 
 
 AH, in the scripture chronology, is the fifth niontli of 'he 
 Jewish ecclesiastical year, and answers to tlie moon of 
 July. Ab, prefixed to tiie names of places in Engi;ind ge- 
 nerally denotes that they belonged to some Abbey as 
 Abingdon. 
 
 ABA'CK, o(/. a sea te;ni, signifying the situalion of the 
 sails wlien the surfaces are tiatled against the liJiisis by the 
 force of tiie wind. 
 
 A'BACUS, s. [Lat.] a counlinglable, anciently used in 
 calculations. In Architecture, the uppei'niost member of a 
 column, which serves as a sort of Clowning both to the ca- 
 pital and cohunn. 
 
 ABA'FT, /)/!. \ulmflan, Sax.] townrd the stern. 
 
 ASALIENA'TION, s. {aUlienatio, Lat.] an alienation, or 
 estrangement from. 
 
 To AHXISDON, !•. a. \ab<rnda)t\>er, Fr.] to forsake utte'Iv ; 
 to cast off; to give up oih?'s self wholly to any jjrevaiiiiig 
 
 ABB 
 
 passion or vice. To alandnn, is more applicable to things; 
 leaie, to person. He was under a necessity of uhandnmtig 
 his possessions, and compelled to have his IViends. To for- 
 sake, implies in resentment or dislike ; to r.etinqnish, (juitting 
 any claim ; to desert, leaving me.iiily or treacherously. To 
 quit, implies the breaking off' from, and may be either volun- 
 tarv or involinitary. 
 
 AOAIiTiCULA'TION, *-. [from ah and nrticalus, Lat.] 
 a good construction of the bones, whereby they are apt to 
 nrove easily and strongly ; such as in the arms, hands, thighs, 
 feet, &c. 
 
 To ABA'SE, v.a. [ahaisser, Fr.] to lower, bring down, or 
 Iiumble. 
 
 ABASED, a. humbled ; brought down. In heraldry, it 
 means, when the tip of the vol or » iiiM of an eagle are turn- 
 ed downwards towards the point of the shield. 
 
 ABASEMENT, s. the state of being brought low ; the 
 act of bringing low ; depression. 
 
 To ABASH, v.a. [perhaps from ahaisser, Fr.] to affect 
 with sudden shame, or confusion ; to dash. The passive 's 
 followed by the particles at ox of. 
 
 To ABATE, 1'. a. [ahatire, Fr.] to make or grow less ; to 
 diminish or decrease. These words are nearly synouymoiis. 
 To abate, implies a decrease in action ; dimimsh, a wasle in 
 substance; rffcrfnif, a decay in moral virtue; lessen, a con- 
 traction of parts. 
 
 ABATE'LEMENT, j. in commerce, a term used for a 
 proliibilion of trade to all French merchants in the potts 
 of llie Levant, wiio will not sland to their bargains, or who 
 refuse fo pay their debts. 
 
 ABA'lT,i\lENT, s. [almtement, Fr.] in general, signifies 
 the lessening or (liuiiiiisliing something. In lieialdiy, it is 
 somelhiug added to a coat of arms, in order to lessen its true 
 (ligiiily, and point out some defect or stain in the ciuiracler 
 of the person who bears it. In law, it is the reiecling a 
 suit, for some fault disc.ivercd, either in llie malkr or pro- 
 cess, upon wliicli a plea in abatement is grounded ; and if 
 ihe eNception to llie writ or declaralion is proved, llie plaint 
 aliates or ceases, and the process must begin anew. Among 
 Iraiiers, it is llie same as rebate or discount. 
 
 ABATIS, s. in Fortification, a range of large trees laid 
 side by side, with their liouglis outivards, to hinder the ap,- 
 pidaclirs of an enemy. 
 
 .\'BBA, s. a .Syriac word, signifying ^nf/if)-. It is still 
 given by Eastern christians as a title \'i their bishops. 
 
 A'BEiACY, s.[ahiatia, Lat.] the rights and privileges of an 
 abbot. 
 
 A'B RE, (ffMi).c. formerly the same with .M)bot, bvt io a 
 modern sense, the name of a description of persons ii*
 
 abE, 
 
 uctors, companions, &c. and 
 le iliiirtli, and sometiiues in 
 
 rnmr, vl.o act as. tutors 'j^.j, 
 are bome'.imes provided fo>^ 
 
 llie state. ^ >ssofnuns. 
 
 A'l'Bl-^^-^. «• a S"^ Lat.] a nionastciy, or convent ; a 
 
 A'BBl'A, «• .L''Jj''persons. ^'o tiriii;>- an ahliei) to a grange, 
 liousi' ot .'■'■''SJSse, to bring a noUle to nine-pence. VVe 
 ;i proverbial^ndtliiift. At the dissohition of the abbeys 
 ;ipply it tender king Henry VIll. no less than 190 were 
 in fciiKlir of between 2(K)I. and :jj,OiH)l. yearly revenue, 
 it a medium, amounted to •2,8o;3,00nl. per annum ; 
 ^liiense sum in those davs ! 
 /BBEY-HOLM, {dh>>i/-/inme) in Cnnil)erland. The mar- 
 (Ket on Saturdav. Distance from London 29.') miles. 
 
 A'BBEY-MI'LTON, Dorsetslure ; 11 > miles from Lon- 
 don. 
 
 ABBOT, s. [ahbnd. Sax.] the chief ruler of a monastery, 
 or abbey, of the male kind. At tost tliey were laymen, and 
 sabject to the bisliop" and ordinary pasiors, their monaste- 
 ries being built in remote and solitary I'laces. They were 
 by degree." allowed to have a priest of their oau body, who 
 was the nhhut. 
 
 ABBOTS BROMLEY, a town in Staffordshire, six miles 
 E. of Stafford, and 129 N.W. of London. It has a market 
 on Tuesdav. 
 
 A'BBOTSBUBY, a town in Dorsetshire, 10 miles from 
 Dorchester, and 12S miles from London. It is noted for a 
 large swannerv. Thursday is ils market day. 
 
 To ABBRE'VLVTE, v. a. to abstract from,' shorten, or re- 
 duce to a less compass. 
 
 ABBREMATION, s. a contraction or abridgment of a 
 word or passage, bv leaving out part of the letters, or sub- 
 stituting other marks or characteis in the room of v.orus. 
 A BBREVLATURE, .t. the same with «W)ra'iffttVm. 
 ABBUTTALS, s. [ahb,iin, cor. Lat.] ni Law, the huttings 
 •rboundings of lands, shewing on what other lands they 
 are bounded. 
 
 To ABDICATE, v. a. [abdico Lat.] to give up a right ; 
 to resign ; to lay dow n an otlice. 
 ABDIC \ TION, .'. the act of abdicating ; resignation. 
 .\'BDOMEN, .t. [Lat.] a cavity commonly called the 
 lower venter, or belly : it contains the stomach, guts, liver, 
 spleen, bladder, and is w ithin lined with a membrane called 
 the peritonieum. The lower part is called the hypogas- 
 trium ; the foremost part is divided into the epigastrium, 
 the right and k'ft hypochondria, and the navel ; it is bound- 
 ed above by the cartilago ensiformis and the diaphrajjm, 
 sideways by the short or lower ribs, and behind by the ver- 
 tebra' of the loins, the bones of the coxendix, that of the 
 pubes, and OS sacrum. It is covered with several nuiscles, 
 from whose alternate relaxations and contractions, in respi- 
 ration, digestion is forwarded, and the due motion of all the 
 parts therein contained promoted, both for secretion and 
 oxpulsion. 
 
 To ABDU'CE, t'. a. [„b<!,u-o, Lat.] to draw to a different 
 part ; to withdraw one part fromanothi'r. 
 .\BE'D,«rf. rfrom a foriit, and bed] in bed. 
 .A'REL-TREE, a species of poplar, \viiich thrives rapidly 
 in boggy soils, and is usel'ul for wainscoting rooms, and for 
 turnery ware.. 
 
 .A'BER, an old British word, signifying the fall <>f a lesser 
 water into a greater, as of a brook into a ri\er, and a river 
 into the sea; alsoihe moulli of a river, from whejice several 
 rivers, and towns buill at or near llieir mouth, derive their 
 names, as Abri-rnnway, Aberdeen, Abirs;avfii)r,i,\i:. . 
 
 ABERA'VON, a town of (.laniorgansliire, in Wales, that 
 liad a market, which is now disused, ll is seated at the 
 mouth of tlie river Avon, I'J miles S. W. of Cowbridge, and 
 Ift.^W. of London. 
 
 ABI'.RHtUyTHIC, or AnF.KBROTiior, a town of Scot- 
 laiiil, ii. tiie shire of .\ngus, seated on the river Tay. It 
 fiad a ru-.iiasli-ry, which was denu>lished at the time of the 
 Kcforn~.;iric.n ; but there are yet magnifi<i'nl rnins to be seen. 
 There arc two churches, ouc of which is kdf ruined. It 
 
 has a pretty good harbour, advantageous for trade, and 
 stands on a fertile plain. It is 1.5 miles N. E. of St. An- 
 drew s, and 40 N. N. E. of Edinbingh. 
 
 ABEKCO'NWAY, a town of Carnarvonshire, pleasantly 
 situated on the declivity of a hill, w itli a fine prospect over 
 the river Conway. It has a good harbour, and fornierlT 
 carried on a considerable trade. Here is a magnificent 
 castle, one of the most beautiful striictnres of the kind iii 
 Wales; it was built originally by the earl of Chester in the 
 reign of William the Conqueror, was destroyed in the 
 reign of king Stephen, and after^vards rebuilt by order of 
 Edward 1. Aberconway is 18 miles W. N. W. of Denbigh, 
 l_2 from Bangor, and 2-36 W. N. W. of London. Market on 
 Friday. 
 
 ABERDEETSI, the capita! of Aberdeenshire, is the third 
 city in Scotland for trade, extent, and beaub,-. It i.s formed 
 of the old and new towns ; the former, wliicii is about a mile 
 N. of the new, is situated on the Don, over which there is 
 a lofty Gothic bridge of one arch, resting at each extremity 
 on two rocks; the latter is on the Dee, over which there is 
 a bridge of seven arches. Its university, consisting of 
 King's College in the Old Town, and Marischal College in 
 the New, has produced many learned men. The manufac- 
 tures are stock nigs, cottons, thread, ..Vc. which they export; 
 together with excellent salmon, oatmeal, pickled pork, Ac. 
 The inhabitants, including the Old Tow n, are estimated at 
 36,000. .\ strong pier, foiiiiing an excellent harbour for 
 vessels of moderate size, was erected here some years aw, 
 on the N. side of the harbour of New Aberdeen. This 
 pier is 1200 feet in length, and gradually increases in thick- 
 ness and height as it approaches to the sea, where the head, 
 or rounding, is 60 feet in diameter at the base, and the 
 perpendicular elevation is 38 feet. To the S. of the bar, 
 they iiave now a depth of 17 fathom at low water ; and at 
 the harbour mouth from 8 to 9 fathom, where they had for- 
 meriv but a few feet. Aberdeen is 84 miles N. E. of Edin- 
 biiigli. Lat. 57. 6. N. Ion. 1. 40. W. 
 
 A'BERFORD, a small town in the west ridiu" of York- 
 shire, noted for piii-niaking. It stands on tne Roman 
 causeway ; 16 miles from York, and 184 from London. 
 Market on Wednesday. 
 
 A'BERFRAW, a village in Angelsev, where the princes 
 of North Wales formerly resided. It is 263 miles from 
 London. 
 
 ABERG.WE'NNY, a large populous town in Monmouth- 
 shire, noted for flannels ; it has u market on Tuesday, and 
 is 143 miles distant from London. 
 
 ABERI'STWYTH, a town in Cardiganshire, 30 miles 
 from Cardigan, and 303 from Loudon ; has a great market 
 on Monday. 
 
 ABE'RRANCE, s. [from alerro, Lat.] a deviation from 
 the right way ; an error. 
 
 ABE'RRANT, ;)«)<■ [nimaHj, Lat.] wandering frcvn Uie 
 right or known wav. 
 
 ABERRATION, a. [abcrvatio, Lat.] the act of ileviating 
 from the common track. In Astronomy, an npparent change 
 of place in the fixed star.s, which arises from the motion of 
 the earth, combined with the motion of light. 
 
 ToABERUNCATE, r. a. [iirc,u,u», Lat.] to pull up by 
 the roots. 
 
 To ABET, V. a. [hftati. Sax.] to push forwar<i another; 
 to support him in his designs by connivance, eiKouragc- 
 ment.orhelp 
 
 ABE'1\MENT, s. the act of abetting. 
 
 ABETTER, or ABEITOR, s. he that abcis ; the sup- 
 porter or encouiager of another. 
 
 To ABHOR, 1!. (I. [ah/wrxv, Lat.] to hate with acri- 
 monv ; to loathe ; to abominate. 
 
 ABHORRENCE, or ABIlORirENCY,.^. the act ofab- 
 horring ; detestation; the disposition to abhor ; hatred. 
 
 .M5HORRENT, n, struck with abhorrence. Contraiif 
 to, foreign, inconsistent with ; used with /rom or <o. 
 
 ARHO'RRER,*. abater, detester. 
 
 A'BIB, s. [Hcb. an ear of corn] the Jawish name of Iho
 
 ABO 
 
 ABO 
 
 fir<rt month of tlieir erclcsiiistrcal voar, 'afterwards railed 
 Nisaii. It answerfd to tlio latter [lart of March and the he- 
 girii)iiii; of April. 
 
 'I o ABl'DK, f. n. [oltiilian. Sax. J to dwell in a place ; not 
 to teinove ; to dwell; to hear or support the consequences 
 ofa thiu^'; to Ix'ar without aversion. 
 
 .'VBI'Dr.K.s. the person that abidis or dwells in a place. 
 
 .AHJECT, ". [from 'iIiJixIks, Lat.J low, mean, beggarly, 
 'i'liese words are suiony iiKius. 
 
 To AI?.ll'7C'i\ I'. ". [(il'Jicid, Lat.] to throw away. 
 
 AB.IF.'CTION, .«. nieaonesi of luiud ; servility ; baseness. 
 
 A'l'JECri^V, "</. meanly; basely; coiiteniptibly. 
 
 AIU'LITY, 6'. [idm/. Sax.] eapaeity or power to do any 
 thing. Capacitii lias more relation to the knowledge u{ 
 things ; nOility to tlieir aiiplieatioii. The one is aecpiired by 
 study ; the other by practice. A\ hen it has the plural nuin- 
 her, ttljililif.i, it signities the faculties or powers of the mind, 
 and then it is sjnouyuious with iiiifniidti/, </i'iv>)iiss, parts. 
 Jii^eniiihj relates more to the invention ol things; clei-micss 
 to the manner of executing them ; aIntUi/ to the actiud cxe. 
 cution of them ; and jxirts to the disccriunent. 
 
 A'J5IN(il)0N, a to\ni in Berkshire, sends one Burgess to 
 parliament; is 7 miles from Oxford, and 3ti from London. 
 Markets on MtMidav and Tridav. 
 
 ABINTESTATE, a. [ah. and mte.'ilatiis, Lat.] in the Civil 
 Law, applied to one who dii's without making his will. 
 
 ABJUKA'TION, .?. the oath taken for renouncing, dis 
 claiming, and dein ing the Pretender to have any manner of 
 right to the throne of these kingdoms. In our old custODts, 
 it implied a voluntary banishment of a man's self from the 
 kingdom for ever, which in some cases was admitted for 
 criminals, instead of putting them to death, provided they 
 could shelter themselves in a church. Also the solemn re- 
 cantation of some doctiine, as wicked and heretical. 
 
 ToAB.IU'KE, 1'. (I. [attjiini, Lat.] to swear not to do 
 something ; to recant, or abnegate, a position upon oath. 
 
 .MiLACTA'TION, *■. [from ahUwto, Lat.] the weanin;; a 
 child from the breast; also what gardners call n<f/ii"g- Ay 
 approach. 
 
 ABLAQUEATION, s. [ahhqiwutio, Lat.] is opening tiie 
 ground about the roots of the trees ; an operation which 
 the gardeners vaW hnrinn- nf trrcs. 
 
 ABLATION. .V. [Matin, Lat.] the act of taking awav. 
 
 A'BLATIVE, ,r. [ahlatirax, I^it.] ill Latin (j.auiiuar," is the 
 sixth case, and is o|)posed to the (iati\e ; the latter express- 
 ing the act of giving; and the former, Iliat of taking awav. 
 
 A'BLE, a. [ahal. Sax.] endued with, or having power suf- 
 ficient. Metaphorically, great po\\ers arising from know- 
 ledge or wealth. 
 
 .•\15LEG.\T10N, s. [ahh-gatio, Lat.] the act of sending 
 abroad. 
 
 A'BLEl'SY, ,«. [ahhpsia, Gr.] want of sight. 
 
 To A'BLOCATE, e. a. [ahhica, Lai.] to let out to hire. 
 
 A'BLUtNTS, s. [from abhw, Lat.] w:lli physicians, urc 
 diluting medicines. 
 
 ABLIJTION, s. [nhlatio, Lat.] signifies tlio washing or 
 purifv ing something with water. A ceremony in use among 
 the jiuients, and consis'ed in washing the body before k.a- 
 criticing, or even euteraig their temples; and still pr.idixd 
 by the Mahometans. In the church of Rome, a >iiuill quan- 
 tity of wini' and water, which the commuiiieants formerly 
 took to wash down and promote the digestion of the host. 
 Among Chemists and Apothecaries, it is used for v\asliiiig 
 away the sapeiabupflant salts of any bodv : an operation 
 fjiey call edulcoralion. See the uord. Physicians use it 
 for washi-ng the external parts of the body bv baths ; or by 
 cleansinij the bowels with thin diluting li(piids. 
 
 .\BNLOATION, s. [ahncgutio, Lat.] denial, renuncia- 
 lioii. 
 
 A RNOD VTION, s. [almofhtin, Lat.] ni gardening, the 
 Iiruiiing, paring, or cutting away knobs, knots, or any other 
 exeresci iices, fioin tix-es. 
 
 \'BO, the capital of Swedish Einlind ; built chiefly of 
 wood, lAiinttd red ; is a university, bishops ste, and good 
 
 port; 140 miles N. E. of Stockholm. Lat.CO. 27. N. Lon. 
 2-J. 1 H. E. 
 
 ABOARD, arl. [a Lord, Fr.] in a ship. 
 
 ABO'DE, a. place of residence ; coiiliiniance in a place. 
 
 ABO'DEMENT, *■. a secret antieii)ation of somethinj: 
 futme. 
 
 To AI>0'LISH, t'. n. [abo!en, Lat.] to repeal, destroy, and 
 utterlv erase anv thing, so that no part of it remains. 
 
 ABOLISHMENT, s. the act of abolishing. 
 
 ABOLl'TION, i. [alinlitw, Lat.] in Law, denotes ihe re- 
 ])ealiiig any law or statute; also the inohibiting some cus- 
 tom. Usage, or ceremonv, that had been long established. 
 
 ABO.MINAP.LE, «. [almmiaaliilis, Lat.] that e.xcites Iior- 
 ror, joined with aversion and detestatimi. In conversation, 
 this word is used to convey an idea of something supei. 
 lative. 
 
 ABO'MINABLENE.SS, f.the quality which renders any 
 thing odious. 
 
 ABOMINABLY, «i!. extremely, superlatively, in an ill 
 sense, and a word of low language. 
 
 To ABOMINATE, )>. n. [abominw, Lat.] to abhor, de- 
 test, or have an extreme aversion to. 
 
 ABOMINATION, s. an object causing extreme aver- 
 sion. When used with the auxiliary verb to have, followed 
 by the particiiile ;«, to reckon, or look upon as an object of 
 detestation. 
 
 ABOKI GINES, f. [Lat.] the primitive inhabitants of a 
 country. 
 
 ABORTION, s. [abortin, Lat.] a miscarriage, or the ex 
 elusion of a child from the womb before the due time of 
 delivery ; in irrational animals, it is termed slinking or cast- 
 ing tlirir young. In gardening, the word signifies sucli 
 iruit.i as are produced too early. 
 
 ABO UTIVE, «. [aborliims, Lat.] that is brought forth be 
 fore its ti'ue. Figuratively, any thing or design which mis- 
 carries, is frustrated, or comes io nothing. 
 
 ABORTIVELY, ud, hern before due time ; immaturely, 
 unliuiely. 
 
 ABO VE, ;»L'n. [hufan, Sax.] higher in place or position ; 
 before nouns ot time, it denotes more, or longer than. Fi- 
 guratively, it signifies superiority, or higher in rank, power, 
 or excellence ; likewise beyond or move than. 
 
 ABOVE, «'/. [this is distinguished from the prep, by 
 the mai.iier in which it is used, because that is followed by 
 nouns, but tins is not; and has a relaticni not to the words 
 whuh picd-de, but those which follow it] a high place; 
 and, liiMualivelv, the heavens. In allusion to the method of 
 writing .meieiillv on scrolls, it denotes bifure. 
 
 A lU >l. M IK, otherwise called BiKKK, orRiKE, and in 
 Ficiuh Bkoi 1 F.KK.S, a small town of Egypt, King in the 
 <leseil belwi (11 .Mexamli ia and Rfisetta. It is ihe ancient 
 Canopus, and was lormerly an island, according to Pliny, 
 Stralio, A c. wliK h its present lo<ai appearance, from the 
 low grounds around it, renders very credible. The nek, 
 on hIiu lithe town is built, aHoids a convenient road for 
 siitl>ping. It is situated near one of the mouths o.' the Nile, 
 15 miles E. of Alexandria. See N i L i:. 
 
 'Fo ABOUND, e. II. [abaailii, Lat.] when used with the 
 partiiles ta or tnth, to nave an excessive great number, or 
 (juantily of any thing ; when used withoul the iiarticles, to 
 increase prodigiously, to be great in number, plenty, or 
 excess. 
 
 ABOUT, pre/), when applied to time or place, it denotes 
 near, or within coni|)ass of; and when used before words 
 implving measure. Its most simple acceptation is that of 
 round, surrounding, or cncircliii'', according to the Saxon, 
 whence it ij derived. Figuratively, annexed, or appendant 
 to a person, as clothes, I've, concerning of, relating to. 
 
 .ABOL'"!", ail. Ill eiicnmference, or compass. " Two yards 
 about." Merrii W. Wnirh. Figurativclv, .he longest way, in 
 opposition to the shortest, alluding to ttiediiTerenre between 
 the eiicinnference and diameter of a circle. When j"ined 
 with g", it signifies from place to place, or eveiy wiiere. 
 ^" lie went about doinj good." Ads. When ; it lived trt
 
 ABS 
 
 ABS 
 
 other verbs, it implies t'lat the action or flung affirmed will 
 soon happen ; as, " uhont to iiglit." Wiien I'ollouing tiie 
 verb to he, it denotes being enjjaged, or employed in : 
 " Wliaf are you ahciitl" 
 
 ABOUT" ad. [about, to an eml, Fr.] a certain point, pe- 
 riod, or state : "Ke lias biuuglu almnt liis purposes ;" i. e. 
 he has accomplished them. When joined with come, it im- 
 plies the thing arrived at a certain state or point. '■ Wlien 
 the time was co/ne aioi/t." 1 ^«ni. i. 20. VViien joined with 
 e", it implies preparation, or design. " \\ liy go ye about to 
 kill me 7" Juhn vii. 19. In familiar discourse we say, to 
 *' come about A man;" i. e. tocircum\tnt h:m. 
 
 ABRACAU.\'BR.4, a magical word, whicli has bern 
 used bv crediitous persons as a charm tor the ague. To 
 have this effect the word mnst be written on paper, and 
 repeated, omitting each time the last letter in the former, 
 so that the Vv hole may make a' sort of inverted cone,' in 
 whicli there is this property, that, whichever way the letters 
 are taken they make the same word as is found in the first 
 line. 
 
 To ABRA'DE, v, a. [abiado, Lat.] to rub off, or waste by 
 degrees. 
 
 ABRA'UM, s. a species of red clav, used in England by 
 tlhe cabinet makers, to give a red cofonr to new mahogany 
 wood. It is found in the Isle ©f Wight, also in Germany 
 and Italv. 
 
 ABREAST, flf/. [breast. Sax.] side by side ; in such a po- 
 sition tliat the breasts may bear against tiie same line. 
 
 To ABRIDGE, v. a. [abreger, Fr.] to sliort<'n in words, so 
 as to retain tiie substance ; to express a tiling in fewer 
 words. Figuratively, to diminish, lessen, or cut short. 
 Followed by the particles/;o)n or c/', to deprive. 
 
 -•VBRI'DGM.ENT, s. [abrigemait, Vr.] the contraction of 
 a larger work into fewer words, and less compass; a lessen- 
 ing or diminution, in a secondary sense. 
 
 ABR-0'ACH, ad. running out, in allusion to liquor, which 
 is broached ox tapped ; to be in such a position that the li- 
 quor may easily run out. Figuratively, to undertake with 
 a sure prospect of success. 
 
 ABlip'AD, ad. [a and hud. Sax.] without confinement, 
 at large, out of the house, in a foreign couiitiT ; in all di- 
 rections : fioin without, in opposition to within. 
 
 To A'l>ROG.\TE, v. a. [abrogo, Lat.] to take away from 
 a law its force ; to repeal ; to annul ; to abolish ; to revoke. 
 Abrogate and repea/nre terms rather to be used with respect 
 tol;:ws; abolish, with regard to customs ; annul and revoke, 
 to jirivate contracts. 
 
 ABROGATION, s. [abrogatio, Lat.] the act of repeal- 
 ing, or the repeal of a law, used in opposition to rogation ; 
 distinguished frem derogation, which implies the annulling 
 only prt'^ of a law ; suhi-ogKtion, which denotes the adding 
 «t clause; fVom obrogntinn, which implies the limiting or 
 restraining it ; from dispensutiov, which sets it aside only 
 in a particular instance ; and Uom anliquation, which is the 
 refusing to puss a law. 
 
 ABRUPT, part, or a. [ahruptus, Lat.] craggy, broken; 
 sudden, unexpected, without the customary preparations; 
 unconnected, when applied to compositions. 
 
 ABRU'FFION, s. [abrnjjtio,L;i\.\ breaking off, separa- 
 tion. 
 
 ABRUPTLY, ad. in a hasty, unexpected, rude manner. 
 
 ABRU PTNESS, .?. a hasty, tuiexpected, unceremonious 
 manner; 'suddenness, the state of unconnectedncss, rugged- 
 jress, cragtjiness. 
 
 ABSCESS, I. [ahscessus, Lat.] a cavity .containing pus or 
 matter, so called, because the parts which were joined are 
 now separated ; one part recedes from another, to make way 
 for the collected matter. 
 
 'J'o .^BSCl'ND, f. n. [abscindo, Lat.] to cut off. Not often 
 ased. 
 
 ABSCI'S.SA, s. fF^t.] part of the diameter of a conic sec- 
 tion, intercepted between the vertex and a semiordinate. 
 
 ABSCISSION, .f. [ahscissio, Lat.] the act of cutting off, 
 the state of being cut off. 
 
 To ABSCOTS'D, «. n. [absnondo, Lat.] to keep one's self'* 
 from tiie view or know ledge of the public ; to hide ; applied 
 to those who fly from tlie commerce of mankind, to escape 
 the law, whether on account of debt or criminal actions. 
 
 A'BSENCE, s. [ubsenfia, Lat.] distance, which renders 
 a person incapable of seeing and conversing witli another; 
 used in opposition to presence : figuratively, inattention to 
 the present object ; because a person in t^at state resem- 
 bles mie who is distant. It is used with tlie particle /com, 
 which limits its signification. 
 
 ABSENT, a. [absens, Lat.] at a distance from, out of tlie 
 sight and hearing of a person. Figuiatively, iliattentive to, 
 or regardless of something preseirt. 
 
 To ABSENT, ti. a. to withdraw, or decline tlie presence 
 of a person or thing. 
 
 ABSENTEE', s. in Law, he that is absent from his sta- 
 tion, or country ; most generally applied to the Irish refu- 
 gees. 
 
 " ABSI'NTHimi, s. [Lat.] wormwood. A plant whose 
 leaves and flowers have a very bitter taste, and a very strong 
 smell. It is not used by |>liysicians. 
 
 To ABSOLVE, v. a. [ahsoU-o, Lat.] to acquit of a crime, 
 to free from an engagement or promise ; to pardon, ui al- 
 lusion to the absoliitinn of a priest ; to perfect, accomplish, 
 or complete, applied to time. 
 
 A'BSOLUTE, a. [absotatus, Lat.] perfect, comolcte, with- 
 out conditions ; independent, without restraint or limita- 
 tion. 
 
 A'BSOLUTELY, ad. completely ; without relation ; 
 without limits or dependence. 
 
 ABSOLUTENESS, *. completeness ; freedom from (de- 
 pendence or limits ; despoticism. 
 
 ABSOLUTION, s. [absolntio, Lat.] in common law, a full 
 acquittal of a person, by some final sentence ; a temporal 
 discharge lor some farther attendance upon a mesne pro- 
 cess : in ecclesiastical law, a juridical act, whereby a priest 
 pronounces a pardon for sins to such as repent. 
 
 ABSONANT, 7)ai<. [absonans, Lat.] sounding harshly. 
 
 To ABSORB, ti. a. [prefer, absorbed, part, prefer, absorbed 
 or ahsorpt, from ahsorbeo, Lat.] to suck up. 
 
 ABSO'RBENT, s. [absorbens, Lat.] in physic, medicines 
 which dry up redundant humours, whether applied inter- 
 nally or externally ; likewise the lacteals, vhich absorb the 
 chyie ; the cutaneous vessels which admit the water in 
 baths or fomentations ; or those vessels which open into 
 the cavities of the body, and imbibing the extravasated 
 juices, convey them to the circulating blood. 
 
 To ABSTAIN, V. a. [abstuieo, Lat.J to forbear, to refrain 
 from, or decline any gratification. 
 
 ABSTE'MIOUS, a. [uhstemius, Lat.] temperate in the 
 enjoyment of sensual giatihcations. Figuratively, the cause 
 of temperance. Sometimes used substantivelj;, for those 
 wlio practise the virtue of temperance. 
 
 ABSTE'iM10l!SLY, ad. temperately ; soberly. 
 
 ABSTEMIOUSNESS, i. the quality of being temperate, 
 or declininsr tiie gratifying of our sensual appetites. 
 
 To ABSTE'RGE, v. a. [abstergo, Lat.] to wipe clean, to 
 cleanse : used mostly by medical writers. 
 
 AB.STE'RGENT, a. [abstergens, Lat.] oiidued with a 
 cleansing quality. In Medicine, it signifies medicines which 
 resolve concretions, as soap, iVc. 
 
 AT.STINENCE, or A'BSTINENCY, i. [abstine^itia, Lat.] 
 in a general sense, the refraining from any thing to which 
 we have a propensity ; used with the particle from. In a 
 more limited sense, fasting, or the forbearance of necessary 
 food : distinguished from temperance, as that implies a 
 moderate use of food, but this a total avoiding of it for a 
 time. 
 
 To ABSTRA'CT, v. a. [abstraho, Lat.] to take one tiling 
 from anoOier. Figuratively, to seiiarate, followed by the 
 particle /rom : used absolutely, the exercise of the faculty 
 offlie mind, named abstraction; or separating ideas from 
 one another. When applied to writings, to reduce theif 
 substance lo less compass.
 
 ABU 
 
 AC A 
 
 A'RSTRACT, a. [ithstructii.t, L;\\.] srparatci! Cunn 
 ?nmt"tliin,-; else ; jff.iierally iivpliod to llie openitioiis of the 
 iiiitiij. Abstract Icniis, ;'io those which si^iiity llie iiiocle 
 oiiiu.ility of a l>eilis. without Hiiy rc^nTd to tlic subject in 
 Aviiich it inhoies ; it i.< usod witii llie (laiticle /)(;/«. ^46- 
 ftnut tiiit/ieiMtics, those brunches wliich consider tlie quan- 
 tity, without restriction to any particuiiir .species of it. Ab- 
 stract nitmiem, are assemblajjes of units, considered in 
 tiieinselves, wltliont being applied to any subject. 
 
 A'BSTllACT, s. a compendious view of a treatise, more 
 superficial tlian an al)ricl;;n\ei\t. Fi^'urativcly, applied to 
 
 Cersons, those wlio compreiiend all the qualities, good or 
 ud, to be found in the species. 
 
 AP,STR.\'C'VPA), jxirt. separated, refined, or abstruse ; 
 a disposition of mind wherel)y a person is inattentive to ex- 
 ternal objects, tliouj;li present. 
 
 .A4J.STH.VCTEDLY, «'i(. wilhiibstraction; simply ; sepa- 
 rately from all oonlnigentcircninstances. 
 
 AB.STilA'CriON, s. [abstractin, Lat.] all Operation or 
 faculty of the mind, whereby we .separate things that are in 
 themselves inseparable, in order to consider them apart, iii- 
 depciidant of one another ; whereas precision separates 
 thiugs distinct in themselves, in order to prevent the con- 
 fusion which arises from a jumble of ideas. Sometimes it 
 is used for the exercise of this faculty. The state of being 
 inattentive to external objects, or absence of mind. In 
 pliarniacy, the drawing olf or exhaling a menstruum from 
 tlie subject it was intended to resolve. 
 
 ABSTRA'CTLY, «</. simply, separately. 
 
 ABSTRU'Sf', a. [abstrusiis, Lat.] obscure, dark, not easy 
 to be understood ; deep, hidden, or far removed from the 
 common apprehensions or ways of conceiving. 
 
 AR,STHU'SELY, ad. obscurely, not plainly. 
 
 AB.STRU;SENESS, or ABSTRU'.SITY, s. ditTiculty, dark- 
 ness, obscurity, hard to be understood or comprehended. 
 
 ABSURD, a. [nbsurdiis, Lat.] not agreeable to reason, 
 or common sense, or that thwarts, or goes contrary to, the 
 common notions and apprehensions of men ; inconsistent, 
 contrary to reason. 
 
 ABSU'RDITY, or ABSU'RDNESS, s. [ahsm-ditas, Lat.] 
 a contradiction to common sense ; an inconsistence with 
 reason. 
 
 ABSURDLY, nd. improperly, unreasonably. 
 
 ABUNDANCE, s. [abondunce, Fr.] great plenty; a great 
 many ; vast numbers, as abimdame of people ; a great 
 quantity ; more than sutiicieiit. 
 
 ABU'NDANT, ff. [n6K)ir/ff«s, Lat.] plentil'ul ; exuberant; 
 numerous; well stored with ; replete, or abounding. Abnn- 
 dnnt number, is a number the sum of whose aliquot parts is 
 greater than the number itself. Tlius the alicpiot i)arts of 
 12, being 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 ; they make, wken added toge- 
 ther, 16. 
 
 ABUNDANTLY', «r/. ampiv, liberally. 
 
 A'BURY, or A'VEBURY, in Wiltshire near Marlboroiigli 
 Downs ; noted for the stupendous remains of a Druidical 
 temple, like Stonehenge. 
 
 To ABU'SE, (abciize) v. a. {nbutnr, Lat.] to make a bad 
 use of; to impose iipon, or deceive ; to treat rudely. 
 
 ABU'SE, s. the ill or improper use of a thing ; a vicious 
 practice or bad custom ; unjust censure ; carnal knowledge, 
 either with or without violence. 
 
 ABU'SFR, {abi'fizer) s. the person who makes an ill use 
 of any thhig. An impostor, seducer, ravisher; one who 
 makes use oif reproachful language, or is guilty of rudeness 
 towards another. 
 
 ABUSIVE, a. [abusivus, Lat. J insolent; ofiensive ; inju- 
 rious. 
 
 ABU'.SIVELY, ad. reproachfully. 
 
 ABU'SIVENESS, *. the use of reproachful language; or 
 the exercise of rude and unmerited incivility. 
 
 To ABUT, or ABUTT, v. n. [<dumiir, Fr.] to terminate, 
 iiound. or border upon another place f^"- -'!ii/ig. 
 
 .•\I5UTMENT, s. that which ab' .- < ^ borders upon ano- 
 ilier. 
 
 ABY'.'-'^, .5. I'if'ifssiis, lat.] a l)0llondi;.ss pit orRnK, or 
 any prodigious deep wliere no bottom can be foiiiwt, or is 
 supposed to have no bottom ; a vast untalJioiuable dei'lh d; 
 waters; the vast collectiim of waters bup;sosed to be inclos- 
 ed in the bowels of tlie earth. Among divines, it is often 
 used to signify hell. In a figurative sense, that in whicli 
 anv thing is lost. 
 
 ABY.v;i NIA, called also HiGHr.R ExitiopiA, and !.y 
 the .Arabians, Al.HAi5A.sii, a very ancient kingdom or em- 
 pire in .Africa. It is bounded on the N. by Nubia, on the F.. 
 by the Red Sea and Adel, on the S. and \V. by Ajan, Alab i, 
 (iiijgiro, and (joraiii ; lies between G and 20 degrees N. lai. 
 ami between 20 and 44 E. Ion. It is about 000 indes Ion j 
 and 80O broad, and contains 378,000 .square miles. The 
 mountains are very high here, and scattered all over the 
 country : in some parts they are so steep, that the inhabitant.^ 
 ascend them by ladder?;, and draw up the cattle with ropes ; 
 among these theNile and the Niger have their source ; and 
 here, as in Egypt, they have their periodical iniindation.s, 
 wliich greatly fertilize llii' plains. The thunder and light- 
 ning here are sometimes tr( mendous, and the winds no les.< 
 dreadful, overturning the houses, and tearing up trees by 
 tiie roots ; and the rain comes down like torrents. Their 
 rainy season holds for near six months, during our summer 
 months, and is succeeded by an equal period of cloudle.ss 
 sky. Gold, silver, and copper mines, are found here; tbe 
 vegetables are various ; tlie animals are, the lion, leopard, 
 elephant, rhinoceros, dromedary, camel, stag, horse, cow, 
 goat, sheep, monkeys, &c. with a great variety of birds, as 
 the ostrich, eagles, vultures, storks, &c. and in the rivers 
 are found the crocodile and the hippopotamus. The com- 
 plexions of the inhabitants are copper-coloured, olive, 
 and black ; their religion seems to be a mixture of Judaism 
 and the profession of the Greek cluircb ; their language is 
 the Ethiopic, which bears a great aliinity to the Arabic. 
 The emperor or king is called Negus ; and he has com- 
 monly been taken for Prestor John. Ilis authorit-y is al)- 
 solute. The habit of persons of quality is a silken ve.it, 
 with a sort of scarf; but the common people wear nothing 
 but a pair of drawers. 
 
 AC, AK, or AKE, at the beginning or ending of a name 
 of a town or place, is the Saxon word ac, which signifies an 
 oak; a'i Avion is as much as to say Oak-town, and Atistiu's 
 ac, Austin's oak; and as for the names ot persons of the 
 same liivm, they are for the most part derived from the 
 places of their birth, or some achievements there. 
 
 ACAC!IA,.«. [Lat.] in Botany, Egyptian thorn, or binding 
 bean-tree. The Acacia, styled Vera, i. e. true, is the tree 
 from whose branches exudes the Gum Arabic, and from 
 whence the Succus Acacise, or Juice of Acacia, is drawn. 
 
 AC.\DE'iMIC, or ACADF/MICK, .?. in a large sense, 
 signifies a member of an university or school, w here lan- 
 guages and other branches of polite education are taught ; 
 ill a stricter sense, a philosopher who follow ed the doctrine 
 of Socrates and Plato as to the uncertainty of knowledge, 
 and the incompreheusibilitv of triiib. 
 
 ACADE'MIC, or ACADE'JMICK, a. [academicus, Lat.] 
 belonging to the aeademv. 
 
 ACADEMI'OIAN, or' ACADE'MIAN, s. a name used 
 for m,-iiibers of modern Academies, or instituted societies 
 of learned men. 
 
 AC,\'DEMY, s. [acadcmia, Lat.] It was originally a pub- 
 lic place planted w ith trees at Athens, so called from one 
 Academics, who presented it. A place where learned men 
 met to confer upon discoveries already made in the sci- 
 ences, or to tiy experiments for their fuither improvcnienr. 
 It is sometimes used for a college, or university ; a place 
 viliere persons are taught the liberal arts and sciences, Ac. 
 It is also used for a particular society of ingenious persons, 
 established for the improvement of learning, cVc. and for a 
 sort of collegiate school or seminan, where young person* 
 are instructed in a private way, in the liberal arts and 
 sciences. 
 
 AC.\'DIA, or Nova Scotia, or New Scotland, one of l!ie
 
 ACC 
 
 ACC 
 
 Britis!i Colonies in Noitli America, sitiiateii betwfcii 41 aim 
 51 (Jeijrefsof N. lut. and Ijttwecn 63 "and 7U (l(!<i(e> tit' \V. 
 lull, it is boiiiulfcil by tlie river St. Laureiiee and tin- At- 
 lantic Ocean oil the east, and by the bay ot rniidy and tbe 
 seas of .Xcacba on tliebOiilii, and by Canada and llie I nited 
 f'roviiR-cs on the west. The Fiencii ee<le<l it to tlie laii;lisli 
 l)y the peace of rtie< lit, who have planted a colony there. 
 It is a ven,' fruitful country, and art'or<ls plenty of i^anie. lu 
 17S4 it was divided into two governments, one of which is 
 called New Brunswick. 
 
 ACAPU'LCO, in Mexico, an inconsiderable town, con- 
 sisting of only 2 or 300 thatched cottajjes ; unless at the an- 
 nual fair, which lasts about 30 days, when it snddejily be- 
 comes a popidoiis city, crowdeil with the richest commodi- 
 ties of India, biDii-iit by t!ie .Manilla j^'alleon ; the treasures 
 ofl'eru, broujjht liy the annual ship fr<pni Lima; and all 
 sorts of European ^'oods, broujjht over land from Vera Cruz. 
 Acapulco is seated on a commodious and excellent bay, in 
 the South Sea, and has a harbour free and open for ships of 
 any burden ; the bot, indeed, on all the western coast of 
 Spanish America. Lat. 17. 2-2. N. Ion. 102. 20. W. 
 
 -ACA'RA, a fresh water fiah ; a native of Brazil, which 
 resembles the perch, but is much smaller and very delicate 
 food. 
 
 AC.-\R.\'AY.A, a Brazilian sea fish, which is three feet 
 lon!^, resembles a carp, and is eaten bolh fresh and salted. 
 
 ,ACAR.-\MU'CU, a very remarkable tish which inhabits 
 file western ocean, and some other seas. It is about eiL;ht 
 inches Ion;, and ihne broad. In the fore part of its mouth, 
 which is very small, there are sharp Iriani^ular teeth bolh 
 above and below. On each side, just below the eyes there 
 are two squarish lissiires, which serve instead of jjills ; 
 and on the lid^jeof the back just behind the eyes, there is 
 placed a line slender pointed horn, about three inches 
 lony. 
 
 ACARAPITA'MBA, a Brazilian sea fish resembling the 
 mullet. 
 
 ACARAPII'CU, a Brazilian fresh water fish about eish- 
 treii inches loiig.which has lips wliich it can hide or disjjlay 
 at pleasure. 
 
 ACARACKA, the name of two species o American 
 fislies, one of which is called the old-wife, and is fie(|uently 
 preserved in the cabinets of I In- curious. The upper jaw 
 liaso;i 1 ach side four sharii thorns i;iowin;i from it, and the 
 lower two very lari;e and sharp ones bending; downwards, 
 and in shape and struetiue re'^emblin;; a cock's spur, and 
 from liiese runs up a row of small thorns to the eye. 
 
 .\C.A'IUJS, a kind of vernuii which lod^'cs iu the skin and 
 excites itchin}». 
 
 To.\CCK.I)F>, r. 71. [ucceria, \.-it.] to come to, to draw 
 near to, to enter into, or to add one's self to something al- 
 ready supposed to lake place. 
 
 'I'o ACCE'LliR,.'\Ti:. I'. «. [areehrn, Lat.] to hasten, to 
 (■]uic|tcn, (o spur on with superadded motion and e.spedi- 
 tiun. 
 
 ACCLLF.RATIOX, s. the act of fpiickenins motion, &c. 
 With philosophers, a continual increase of \elocity in any 
 licavy bodies, teiuiin^' towards the centre of llie earth by 
 the force of i;ravity. With the ancient astronomers, a leini 
 used in respect to the fi\ed stars, which si^niliedjhe diller- 
 ciiee between the revolution of the pilmniii mobile aiul Ihe 
 unlar revolution : it was computed at 3 nniiules and 6(i se- 
 conds. 
 
 To ACCE'ND, I', n. [accendo, Lat.] to set on fiic. 
 
 /ACCK'NSION, s. [(irceiisii), Lat.] in philosopiiy, the kin- 
 dlin:;or<;eltin;,'aiiy natural body on lire. 
 
 A'CCENT, s. [ueceiiiiis, Lat.] the rising' or falliie; of the 
 voice; a tone and iivjinu r of proniincialion contracted 
 from the country in which a in rson was bred, or residtd a 
 considerable time. With rhetoricians, a tone or inodula- 
 lion of the voice, used sometimes toclcnole the intention of 
 Ihe speak<'r, with re^'aid to energy or force, :ind expressive 
 nf the senliiiiPiiIs and passiorns. Graic Accent, is this mark 
 (') ovw a vowel, to ii»ew that the voice is Vo be depresicd. 
 4i 
 
 Acute Accent, is this mark (') over a vowel, to shew that tli<» 
 voice is to be raised. Circumjii:t Acnnt, is this mark ( * ) 
 over a vowel in (Vreek, and points out a kind of undulatioji 
 in the voice. The Long Accent, shews that the voice is t<» 
 dwell upon the vowel, and is expiess(<i thus f - j. The S/imt 
 Accent (in Grammar) shews that tlie time of pronouncing 
 oiiijhl to be short, and is marked lhus("). The two last, 
 however, come properly under the head Quatititi/, and not 
 Accent. In Music, it is a certain undulation or warbliii;; of 
 the voice, to express the passions either naturally or artifi- 
 cially. 
 
 To ACCR'NT, V. a. [from acccntns, Lat.] to mark with an 
 accent ; to pronounce v\ itll regard to the accents. 
 
 To ACCENTUATE, v. a. [„cccntne,; Er.] to place the 
 proper accents in reading, speaking, or writing', ou the 
 vowels or syllables of any word. 
 
 ACCENTUATION, s. a pronouncing or marking a word, 
 so as to lay a stress of the voice on the right word or sylla- 
 ble. 
 
 To ACCEPT, V. n. [accipio, Lat.] to receive favourably or 
 kiiully ; to take with particular approbation : used either 
 with or without the (larticle nf. 
 
 ACCE'PT.MU.E, ff. [acef/)(fli/f, Fr.] that may be fevoura- 
 bly or kindlv received ; agreeable. 
 
 ACCEPTABLY, art. in an acceptable manner. 
 
 ACCE'PTANCE, s. [acceptance, Fr.] an acceiiting or re- 
 ceiving favourably or kindly ; sometimes the meaning or 
 manner of taking a word with the accent promiscuously on 
 the first or second syllable. In law, it is the tacit agree- 
 ment to some act done by another before, which might 
 have been avoided, if such agreenieiit or acceptance had 
 not been made. In commerce, it is the subscribing or 
 signing an inland bill of exchange, which makes the person 
 debtor i'or the sum of its contents, ami obliges him to dis- 
 charge it at the time which it nieiitioiis. 
 
 ACCEP'l'A'FlON, «. [acccptiiiion, Fr.J the received mean- 
 ing of a word, or the sense iu which it IS usually taken; re- 
 ception of any person or thing, either agreeably or not; 
 particular regard as to acccptablenessand manner ofrecep. 
 lion. 
 
 .ACCEPTER, i. in commerce, the person who accepts 
 a bill by signing it, and therefore obliges himself to pay tlie 
 contents when due. 
 
 .ACCESS, s. [accessits, Lat.] admittance, approach, or 
 passage to a place or jierson ; licence or means to appioacli 
 any thing; accession to any thing; the return or fit of an 
 ague or other distemper. 
 
 ACCESSIBLE, a. [accessihilis, Lat.] that may be ap- 
 proached, reached, or come to. It is used with the particie 
 to before the object. Accexsihlc heip'it, is either that wliicli 
 may be measured mechanically, b> appKiiig a moasnie to 
 it ; or else it is a height whose base can lie approached to, 
 and from thence a length measured on the giouwd. 
 
 ACCESSION, i. [iiccesxii}, Lat.] addition or increa.se ,• 
 tlle act whereby a thing is superadditl to anothiM' ; ji>iiiiii^ 
 one's self to any thing else, coming to, as the coming of a 
 king to the crown. In physic, the beginning of a paiox- 
 vsm. 
 
 .VCCESSORY, or A'CCE.SSARY, .«. in < ivil law, anv~ 
 thing that of right belongs tiv dcpeiids on another, allhoiigh 
 it be separated i'rom it ; as if tiles be taken iVoiii an bouse 1<> 
 be laid on again, they are an accessan/, if the house be to be 
 sold. By slatute, a person who commands, advises, or 
 conceals an otli-iider, j^uilly of felony by statute. In coiii- 
 111(111 law, a person guilty of fclmy, though not ])riiicipally, 
 as by advice, coniinand, concealment; and this may be i I- 
 ther before or after the fact. 
 
 A'CCID1''N(.'I', i. [iiaiileniiii, Lat. J a lilllc book, coiitain- 
 ingllieliist priiicijdes of the I-alin tongue. 
 
 .■\ (^('ini'.N'F, s. [fioi'ii accidins, Lat.]a casualty orclrjiuv; 
 a colli ingeiit efl'ect, or sonu thing produced casualK, or 
 without any foreknowledge or destination of it in the agent 
 that ]iroducid it, <u' to whom it happens. A thing is also 
 Ifcquciitly btilcd an accident in itferciitc to its caui/c, oj m
 
 ACC 
 
 ACC 
 
 l«Hst to our l<now!tiifft of it; ami by lliis an en'ect either 
 casually iiroiluccd', or wliicli appears to have hreu so to us is 
 foiiiiminlv understood. Ill ^raiiiiiiar, the iinipcrly of 
 Wolds, iiicli a:, their ttivisioii into siib.-taujivcs, and adjec- 
 tives, tiieir declensions, eases, iMinii)ersand •,'enders of nouns; 
 the eonjii^atiuns, mood's, tenses, numbers, persons, Ac. of 
 verbs. In plivsie it is analoi;()us tollie word symptom. In 
 heraldic, accidents are additions, notes, or m:iiit^j in a coat 
 of arinoiir which are not necessary to it, sueii as :dialemenls 
 and ditlerence.s ; and in astroloijY, tlie most exlraoriiinary 
 occurrences in the course of a man's life. 
 
 ACCIl)E'N']'AI,, a. [iiccidcnudix, Li\t.] pertaining to 'uvi- 
 dcnts, happeiiin;^ l)v chance. 
 
 ACCIDK'N'I'ALLY, a<l. casually ; forluilously. 
 
 ACCl'DKMIS, a.[uecidiitx, Lat.] slothful. 
 
 ACCI'DITY, s. [ncciilita.':, Lat.l slothfiiliiess. 
 
 ACCl'NCT, "• [accinctiis, Lat.J ijirded, prepared, ready. 
 
 ACCrPIENT, part. [«ce;));ms, Lat.J receiving. Substan- 
 tively, u receiver. 
 
 ACCLAMA'l'lO;^, s. [acrhmnlin, Lat.] a shouting for 
 jov ; expressing applause, esteem, or approbation. 
 
 ACCLl'VITY, s. [acelivitas, Lat.] the ascent of a hill ; 
 and among geometers, the slope of a line or plane inclining 
 to the horizon upwards. 
 
 ACCLl'VOU.S, a. [acclivns, Lat.] rising upwards with a 
 sloiie. 
 
 To ACCLO'Y, V. a. to crowd, to overfil ; to surfeit or 
 satiate. 
 
 ACCLOTD, part, with farriers, denotes a horse being 
 pricked in shoeing. 
 
 To ACCOI'L, V. n. to bustle, crowd, or be in a huny. 
 See Coil. 
 
 A'CCOLENT, s. [aetolem, Lat.] he who inhabits near, or 
 a borderer on any place. 
 
 ACCO'MODABLE, a. [accommodabiUs, Lat.] that may be 
 fitted to another thing, in its primary signification ; in its 
 secondary, that may be reconciled to, is consistent with, or 
 may be applied to. 
 
 To ACCOiMMODATE, f. a. [accommodo, Lat.] to pro- 
 vide orfurnish with conveniences ; to agree, compose, make 
 up, or adjust a matter in dispute ; to adapt, fit, or apply 
 one matter or thing to another. 
 
 ACCO'MMODATE, «. [accommodatus, Lat.] when used 
 with the particle/or, it denotes convenient or proper ; with 
 the particle to, it implies suitable. 
 
 ACCO iMMODATELY, ad. suitably : fitly. 
 
 ACCOMMODATION,*. [<7Cfommorf(»<io. Lat.] an adapt- 
 ing, fitting, adjusting. Arc. the composing or putting an end 
 to a dirt'erence, quarrel, <!tc. Convenience. 
 
 ACCO'MPANIM.ENT, s.the adding of one thing to ano- 
 ther by way of ornament. In herald n, the mantlings, .sup- 
 porters, <S.'c. In music, the instrumental part playing or 
 moving while the voice is singiiig. 
 
 To ACCO'MPANY, v. a. [accompairner, Fr.] to go or 
 come with, to wait on, to keep company with ; to join or 
 unite with. To accompany a voice, i. e. to play to it with pro- 
 per instruments. 
 
 ACCO'MPLICE, J. [complice, Fr.] one who has a hand 
 ia a matter, or who is privy to the same crime or design with 
 ari'-'ther. 
 
 To ACCO'MPLISH, «. a. [accompli,; Fr.] to complete; 
 to fulfil ; to execute or bring a matter or thing to perfec- 
 tion ; to complete a period of time ; to obtain or acquire. 
 A person well accomplished, one who has extraordinaiy parts, 
 and has acquired great accomplishments in learning. 
 
 ACCOMPLISHMENT, s. the perfecting, ending, fulfil- 
 ling, or achieving of any matter or thing entirely or com- 
 pletely. Also an acquirement in learning, arts, sciences, or 
 good behaviour. 
 
 ACCO MPT, (acount) s. [cnmpte, Fr.] all computations 
 made arithmetically. In Comiuerce, all those books in 
 whie'h morcliants and otiier traders register their transac- 
 tions. Merchants' Accompts, are those which are kept by 
 double entry. Accompt in Compaui/, is between two mer 
 
 chants or traders, wherein the transactions rektive to thetr 
 paiiiiership are registered. Accompi in Jinnh; \s a fund 
 depobilcd eillicr at somi' banker's, or the IJank, by traders, 
 as running cash, to be employed in the payment of bills. 
 Accdinpt «/' Sales, is an infornration given hy one mcrcluint 
 to •diiolhcr, or by a factor to liis principal, of the disposal, 
 net proceeds, Ac. of goods sent for the proper account of 
 the sender or senders who consigned the .same. 
 
 ACCO'MP'J'ANT, (ahliiinlaiil ) s. [accomplant, Fr.] one wh(> 
 is not only well skilled in casting upacconii>ls, but ia book- 
 kee|>ing. 
 
 ACCO'MPTANTSHIP, {ahutmtantship') s. the qualifica- 
 tions necessary for an accomptarit. 
 
 Al-CO'KO, s. [ncrord, Fr.] agreemetit orcompact; agree- 
 nwnt of mind ; mutual harmony or symmetry. Sclf-raotioti ; 
 as, "It opened of its own accord." In common law, agree- 
 nu'ut belu<'eii several persons or parties to make satisfaction 
 for an ati'ront or trespass conniiilted «>ne agaiii-it another. 
 In nuisic, it is the production, mixture, and relations, of 
 two sounds, of v-hicii the one is grave, the other acute. 
 
 To ACCORD, '•. 71. [lucorder, Fr.] to agree; to hang 
 together. Actively, to tune two or more instruments, so as. 
 they shall sound tiie same note wiien touched by the hand 
 or bow ; to iiarinonize. 
 
 ACCORDANCE, s. friendship, conformity, consistence, 
 or agreement with. 
 
 ACCO'RDING, ;)?•(•/). agreeable to ; in proportion; witb 
 regard to. 
 
 ACCORDINGLY, ad. conformably; consistently. lu 
 the beginning of a sentence it refers to what went Deforc, 
 and implies a deduction from it. 
 
 ACCO'RPORATED, part, [accorporaius, Lat.] joined or 
 put to; embodied. 
 
 To ACCOST, V. a. [accoster, Fr.] to make or come up to 
 a person, and .speak to liim. 
 
 ACCO'UNT, s. a computation of the number of certanj 
 things ; a reckoning. The total or result of computation ; 
 Mtimation of value; rank, dignify, or distinction ; regard, 
 consideration, for the .sake of: as, " Semprouius gives no 
 thanks on this account." Reason or cause ; narrative or re- 
 lation ; opinion or belief ; review or examination ; expla- 
 nation, or assignment of causes; the reasons of any thing 
 collected ; profit, gain, or advantage. In a law sense, a 
 particular detail or enumeration delivered to a court or 
 judge, cVe. of what a man has received or expended for ano- 
 tiler, in the management of his afl'airs. Also, in common 
 law, a writ or action tlial lies against a man, who bv his 
 office is obliged to give an account to another (as a bailiff to 
 his master) and refuses to do it. Lpou iw account, or by no 
 means. Vpoit all accounts. By all means. In every res- 
 pect. 
 
 To ACCOU'NT, !i. a. to compile ; in the passive voice, 
 <o be reckoned or esteemed. With the particle /nr, it de- 
 notes to explain by assigning the cause and reasons. \Vith 
 the particle to, it implies to be charged, ai^plied, appropri- 
 ated, or assigned to. With the particle of, to estimate, or 
 to be valued. Lastly, to be imputed. 
 
 ACCOU'NTABLE, n. liable to give an account, answer- 
 able. 
 
 ACCOU'NTANT, s. an officer appointed to keep >r make 
 up the accounts of a company, office, or court. lheAc-_ 
 countant general is an officer belonging to the court of 
 chanceiT, appointed by parliament \o rec<'ivc all money 
 lodged in court, and to convey it to the bank of En- 
 gland. 
 
 To ACCOUPLE, V. a. [accovplcr, Fr.] to link or join to- 
 gether. 
 
 To ACCOUTRE, v. a. [accoutrer, Fr.] to dress, attire, 
 trim, espcciallv with warlike accoutrements. 
 
 ACCOUTREMENT, s. dress; equipage, furniture, or 
 habiliments of war ; ornaments. 
 
 ACCRETION,*, [accrctio. Lat.] the act of growing to 
 another, so as io augment it. With naturalists, au addition 
 uf matter to any bodv externally ; but it is frequently ap. 
 
 7
 
 ACE 
 
 ACI 
 
 plied fo tlie increase of such bodies as are v> itliaul life ; and 
 Jt is nlso called apposition. 
 
 ACCRETIVE, c. [from accretio, Lat.] that liy ^^iiich 
 grwviii is iiicrtased ; tliat by which vc^elatioir is aug- 
 iiierilr-d. 
 
 A'CCRINGTON, a populous viliasie r.oar Blackbuvn, 
 l,aiicashire. Messr>. Pcr-!s and Co. cany on a very exten- 
 sive cotton maiuitactory here, in spinuinuf, ucavint;,' bleach- 
 ing and printing ; supposed to be the most extensive of 
 the kind in tiie kingdom. 
 
 To ACCRO'ACH, !•. a. [accrochcr, Yr.1 a law term, to 
 encroach, to draw awav another's property. 
 
 ACCROACHMENT, s. the act of encroaching the pro- 
 perly of another. 
 
 To ACCRUE, ?'. 7!. \accroitre, Fr.] to be increased, or 
 added to. In a Commercial sense, to arise or proceed 
 from. 
 
 ACCUSATION, i. [from ffco?i4o, Lat.'l a posture of the 
 body between sitting and lying. It was tiie table-posture of 
 (he Greeks and Romans. 
 
 ACCU'MBENT, a. \accumhet>.'!, Lat.] leaning. 
 
 To ACCUMULATE, v. a. [accmmdo, Lat.] to heap on or 
 pile one thing upon another ; to gather or amass together 
 m great quantities. 
 
 ACCUMULATION, s. [accnmvlatio, Lat.] repeated ac- 
 quisitions and additions ; an amassing ; the state of a thing 
 amassed. 
 
 ACCU']VIULATI\'E, a. that which increases, or that 
 which is added to; additional. 
 
 ACCU'MULATOR, s. he that accumulates; a gatherer 
 or heaper together. 
 
 A'CCUR.'VCY, or A'CCLTIATENESS, s. [acciiraiio, Lat.] 
 exactness, justness, or nicety. 
 
 A'CCURATE, II. \accm-atus, Lat.] done with care ; exact 
 cither as to persons or things. 
 
 ACCURATELY, ad. exactly ; nicely. 
 
 To ACCUTtSE, V. a. to blast or load with a curse ; to 
 doom to destruction ; to imprecate curses upon. 
 
 ACCU'RSED, /)«)■?. lying under a curse, or excommuni- 
 rated ; execrable; that which deserves execration. 
 
 ACCU'SABLE, ;)«»■<. [accnsaUlis, Lat.] that which is liable 
 lo be found fault with, censured, or blamed. 
 
 ACCUS.\TION, «. the charging with some defect or 
 crime. In law, the preferring a criminal action against any 
 one before a judge. 
 
 ACCU'SATIVE, a. [acciistttiviis, Lat.] a case in grammar 
 •which denotes the relation of the noun or pronoun, on 
 which the action of the verb terminates. In English gram- 
 mar it is called the objective case, and is easily distinguished 
 ' in the pronouiii- ; but in the substantives there is no diflVr- 
 <»nce but that the nominative precedes and the accusal ive 
 follows the verb. In L^inand Greek it is the fourth case. 
 
 ACCU'SAT0R,Y, a. [acaisatoriiis, Lat.] of or belonging lo 
 accusation. 
 
 To ACCU'SE, {akiuze) v. a. [aeniso, Lat.] to charge with 
 a crime; to inform against, indict, or impeach; to censure. 
 If has Ihe particle «/', and sometimes /er, before the matter 
 of censure or aceu>sation. 
 
 ACCU'SER, (nkenzcr) t. the pcrson who accuses. 
 
 To ACCUSTOM, v. a. [accoutumer, Fr.] to inure or. use 
 one's self to any thing. It has the particle to before tlie 
 thing accnstomed to. 
 
 ACCU'STOMABLE, part, that which a person has prac- 
 tised or been used to for a continuance. 
 
 ACCU'STOMABLY, ACCU'STOftlARILY, ad. accord- 
 ing to use or custom. 
 
 -ACCU'.STO'MARY, a. commonly practised, customarj', 
 usually done • 
 
 ACCU'STOMED, a. according to custom; frequent; 
 usual. 
 
 ACE, X. a single point or speck on cards or dice. Figu- 
 i-itively, the least qu;uitity, or the smallest distance, i. e. 
 within Aniree of it. 
 
 ACK'1*HALI. rfrom a ami icphak, Gr.] certain ecclesins- 
 H 
 
 tics so called, who. making profession 'of extreme poverty 
 would not acknowledge any chief, whether layman or ec- 
 clesiastic ; also certain sects which refused to admit the ati- 
 thorilv of the councils of Ephcsus and Chalcedoii. 
 
 ACETIIALOUS, u.iakephatus, Gr.) without a head'; figu- 
 rativelv. without chief or leader. 
 
 ACERB, a. \acorbiis, Lat.] that has a compound taste, con- 
 sisting of sour and astringent, such as most unripe fruits 
 
 'aCERBI-TUDE, or ACERBITY, s. the rough sour taste 
 of uhripe fruit ; severity of temper, roughness of manners. 
 
 .'VCLRO'SE, o. [acei-osas, \ja\.\ chaliy ; luU of, or mixed 
 wiShclmtt". 
 
 To ACE'RVATE, i-. a. [acervo, Lat.] to raise up in heaps. 
 
 ACE'SCENT, (I. [acoscnis, Lat.] tending to sourness. 
 
 ACE TATES, in clicinistry, salts formed by the combina- 
 tion of any base with the acetic acid. 
 
 ACETIC, «. in cheuiisti-j-, derived from an acetate as^the 
 acelic acid. 
 
 ACETOUS, a. [from ffceiMjn, Lat.] having the nature of 
 vinegar. The acetous acid is principally obtained from 
 saccharine liquors which have undergone the vinous fermen- 
 tation. 
 
 ACETUiSI, i. [Lat.] vinegar in general ; any sharp li- 
 quor, as spirit of salt, nitre, vitriol, Arc. 
 
 ACHA'I.A, (akrda) now Li\'adia, a province of Turkey ia 
 Europe, V. hich formerly contained t!ie celebrated cities of 
 Athens and Thebes, the oracle of Dclphos, and several 
 other remarkable places. Also a district in Rcioponnrsus. 
 
 ACHE, («/<£') s. \ace. Sax.] a continual pain or smart ii:- any 
 part of the body. With farriers, a disease in horses, caus- 
 ing^a nimibness in the joints. 
 
 To .ACHE, (ake) r. n. to be aftected with pain. 
 
 ACHERON, (akeroii) a river of Epirus, over yvhich the 
 poets feigned departed souls were ferried. Alsii a stinking 
 fen or lake in the Terra di Lavora of Naples, between Cunia 
 and Miseno, named Tenebroso Palus by Virgil, on account 
 of the blackness of the waters. Figuratively, it is used for 
 the state of departed souls, or the grave. 
 
 To ACHIEVE, r. a. [achever, Fr.] to finish; to accom- 
 plish; to perform some notable exploit with success; lo 
 gain or procure. 
 
 ACHI'EVEiMENT, .5. the finishing of a notable action ; 
 the ensigns armorial of a farjiily. 
 
 ACHIEVER, s. he who acquires, or obtains, or performs 
 some great exploit. 
 
 A'CHING, *. pain ; uneasiness. 
 
 ACHROMATIC, a. [from n privative and chroma colour, 
 Gr.] want of colour. Achromatic telescopes are contrived 
 to remedv ihe aberrations in cnloms. 
 
 ACHliO'NICAL, a. [from aknox highest, and kh.t night, 
 Gr.] a term used in astronomy, signifying the rising of a 
 star when the sunsets, oi'the setting of a star when the sun 
 rises; in which cases the star is said lo rise or set achroni- 
 cally. 
 
 ACID, a. [acidiis, Lat.] sour, sharp. 
 
 ACIDITY, or A'Cl'DXESS, .5. [aeiditas, Lat.] keenness, 
 sharpness ; that taste which acid or sharp bodies leave in 
 the mouth. With chemists, the acidili/ or keenness of any 
 liquor ihat consists in sharp particles of sails dissolved, and 
 put info a violent motion by means of fire. 
 
 ACIDS, .«. all things that affect the organs of taste with a 
 pungent sourness. 'I'he chemists, however, call all substan- 
 ces acids that change'jhe blue, green,and purple juices of 
 vegetables to red, and combine with alkalies, earths, or me- 
 tallic oxides, so as to form those compounds called salts. 
 Thcv are distinguished into two classes : the first compre- 
 hending those which .'are formed of not more Uiaii two 
 priiicii)los, and the second composed of a greater numjier. 
 They me compounds of oxygen v.ith' certain .substances, 
 and their names terminate with »> or mts according to the" 
 <|iiantifies of oxygen with which tiicy are <i)nibined. Tlnia 
 sulphuric acid contains more .oxygen, and of touise le>s 
 cuphur ihun sulphuious acid.
 
 ACQ 
 
 ACrnULATFT), a. applied to mcaiclnes that have been 
 mixed or tiiicli.ir»<i witli -so""' :itid. 
 
 ACl'DDI.r-^, s. ii term applied bv the modeni chemists to 
 the uatural eoinbiiiatioii of some acids v/ith a quantity of 
 pol.ish. _ , 
 
 To ACKNOWLEDGE, v. ir. to confess or own; to be 
 gratefiil or thnnkf-il for any benefit ; to own or profess a 
 former acqiiainlance with a person; to approve. 
 
 ACKNO'WLEDGMENT, ,v. concession of any tiling; 
 tliaiikfidiiess, gratitude; confession of a fault; belief, at- 
 teiiiied with open profession. It supposes a question asked, 
 wlieieas confession savours a little of self-accusation. We 
 acknotvledgi: vihai we had un incliiialion to conceal : we con. 
 /c,«.5tlial wliicii we were blameable in doing. 
 
 A'CME,*. [Gr.] witli physicians, is used to denote the 
 third degree or lieiglit of ilisteinpers, of which many have 
 Jour periods. 1. Thearche, or be-^nnnin,!,'. 2. Anabasis, or 
 growth. 3. The acme, when the distemper is at the height. 
 4. The paracme, or declension of the disease. 
 
 A CO'EOTHIST, s. [from nliolom/ws, a companion Gr.] 
 cerlain young persons among the ancient Christians who at- 
 tached tliemselves to tlie company of tiic bishops. In the 
 Roman church, one of the lowest order, whose business it is 
 to prepare the elements, light tiie church, &c. The same 
 term differently derived was applied to stoics, and other 
 persons who were immoveable in their resolutions. 
 
 A'COLYTE, s. the same with acoiotiiist. 
 
 A'CONITE, s. [aco)iitiim, Lat.] properly the herb wolfs- 
 bane ; but commonly used in poetical language for poison 
 in general. 
 
 A'CGRN, s. [acorn, Sax.] the fruit or seed of the oak. 
 
 ACOU'CHY, an animal of the cavy kind, much resem- 
 bling the agoviti. It is a native of South America. 
 
 ACOUSTIC, «. [from altouo to hear, Gr.] that belongs to 
 the organ of hearing. Acoustic nerve in anatomy, the same 
 as auditory nerve. 
 
 ACOU'S'TICS, s. the doctrine of sounds. Either histru- 
 meiits or medicines that help the sense of liearing. 
 
 To ACQUAI'NT, v. n. [accomter, Fr.] to inform ; to be 
 accustomed, or be habituated to ; to know perfectly ; to make 
 one's self agreeable to, to insinuate one's self into tiie fa- 
 vour of; to acquire a perfect and intimate knowledge of. 
 
 ACQUAl'NTANCE, s. [aceointance, Fr.] applied both 
 to persons and things, and followed by the particle with. 
 Application productive of knowledge ; personal knowledge 
 arising from familiarity ; an intimate friendship and al- 
 liance ; a familiar and constant companion. W'thout the 
 preposition, something to wliicli one lias been accustomed, 
 when applied to tilings; ap[ilied to persons, a slight or su- 
 perficial knowledge. 
 
 ACQUAINTED, part, informed ; accustomed or habi- 
 tuated ; familiar, or having perfect know ledge of; when 
 followed by the particle with, it signifies perfect knowledge 
 by application. 
 
 'I'o ACQUIE'SCE, 1). 11. [acqniexco, Lat.] to yield to, to 
 comply with, to rest satisfied with, used with tiie particle 
 in. 
 
 _ ACQUIB'SCENCE, s. a tacit consent, submission, or 
 yieldiiig to ; approbation, exchidingall ie|)iniiig. 
 
 ACQUI'RABLE, a. tliat may be acquired or obtained ; 
 attainable. 
 
 To ACQUmE, V. a. [acqiiiro, Lat.] to attain, to purchase 
 by one's labour. 
 
 ACQUIRER, .1. a gainer. 
 
 ACQUl'I'.EMENT, s. gain ; attainment. 
 
 ACQUISITION, s. [acquisitio, lat.] an obtahiing, the 
 thing obtained. 
 
 ACQUI'SITIVE, tt. [acqiiisitiviis, Lat.] that is acquired, 
 or gained. 
 
 A'CQUIST, s. [from acquivir, Fr.] additional increase, 
 
 something acqiiired or gained ; acquisition. In law, goods 
 
 not held by descent or inheritance, but obtained by pur- 
 
 thase. In politics, something gained by conquest. 
 
 . .To ACQUIT, V. a. \acqxdna; Fr.] to discharge or free 
 
 ACT 
 
 from ; to clear from guilt, not to condemn, with nf or Jrom, 
 before the crime ; to discharge from any obligation. 
 
 ACQUITMENT,or ACCiUrrrAL",*. in law, a setting 
 free from the suspicion of guilt, or an ofience ; also a te- 
 nant's discharge from or by a mesne landlord, from doing 
 service to, or being disturbed in, his possession by any su- 
 perior lord, or paramount. 
 
 ACQUITTANCE, s. a discharge or release given m 
 writing for a sum of money, or other duty paid op done ; 
 the writing itself.' 
 
 .■V'CRA, Acre, orS-r.-lFAK d' Acre, a sea-port of Pa- 
 lestine, called ill scripture Acclio, and by the Greeks Plo 
 lemais; it undevweiit, in the time of the crusades, many 
 sieges, as well by the Christians as Saracens ; and lately, 
 it has successfully sustained a memor.ilile siege against Bo- 
 naparte. The bay, or harbour, which extends in a semi- 
 circle of 3 leagues as far as Mount Carmel, is open Ui the 
 N. W. winds ; yet the norl is reckoned one of the best, and 
 the town is one of tne principal ones upon this dreai-y 
 coast. It was here that our king Edward I. when prince, 
 receiving a wound from a poisoned arrow, was cured" by his 
 wife Eleanor, who sucked out the poison. The Armenians 
 and European merchants have their respective places of 
 worship here, and carry on a pretty profitable trade with 
 the Arabs. It is 28 miles S. of Tyre. Lat. 32. 30. N. Ion. 
 35. 24. E. 
 
 A'CRE, s. [trcre. Sax.] a measure of land containing forty 
 perches in length, and four in breadth ; or four tfaousanii 
 eight hundred and forty square yards. Such is, in general, 
 the English acre. The French acre, or «^^Jc;t^ is one-fourth 
 more ; the Welch acre, commonly two English ones; the 
 Irish, one acre, two roods, and 19 perches Endisli. The 
 number of acres in England, has been computed at 46 mil- 
 lions and 80,000. The territory of the United States of 
 America, according to calculations made by order of Con- 
 gress, contains .5i;!) millions of acres, exclusive of water, 
 which is computed at .01 millions more. 
 
 A'CHID, a. [ncridax, Lat.] lasting hot and sour. 
 
 ACIIIMO'NIOUS, «. abounding with sharp or corrosive 
 particles, when applied to things. Figuratively, sharp and 
 austere, applied to behaviour. 
 
 A'CRIMONY, s. [acrinionia, Lat.] sharpness, tartness, 
 corrosive quality ; severity of disposition ; sharpness of 
 temper. 
 
 A'CRITUDE, s. [acritudo, Lat.] a quality in a body, 
 which aflfects the taste with a sensation of rough, pungent, 
 and hottish sour. 
 
 ACROAMATICAL, a. [from ah-oanmai, to hear, Gr.] 
 profound, abstruse, belonging to some secret doctrine. Se- 
 veral of the ancient philosophers had certain doctrines 
 which they taught publicly, and otiiers which they commu- 
 nicated 1o theif most intimate disciples only. 
 
 A'CRO.SPIRE, s. [from ahms highest, and speiro to sow, 
 Gr.] a shoot or sprout from the end of seeds before they are 
 sown. 
 
 A'CROSPIRED, part, and «. having sprouts. 
 
 ACROSS, ad. [Ske Cross] crosswis-, thwartivise. 
 
 ACROSTIC, s. [from nh-os higliest, and stichos a verse, 
 Gr.] a poftical composition, the iiiilial letters of which 
 when added together, form a particular name. 
 
 ACROTERIA, s. [from ahro!:, (ir.j in architecture: 1. 
 little pedestals, commonly without bases, placed at the mid- 
 dle and both extremes of frontispieces or pediments, which 
 serve to support statutes. 2. Those sharp pinnacles, or 
 spiry battlements, standing in ranks about flat buildings, 
 with rails and balusters. 3. The figures, whether of stone 
 or metals, which are placed as ornaments, or crownings, on 
 the tops of temples and other edifices. 
 
 To ACT, i.| <(. ingo, Lat.] to be active, to exert one's 
 active powers ; to exercise its active powers; to perform 
 its proper functions; to perform the functions of life ; to 
 be excited to action ; to perforin, in allusion to the thea 
 tre ; to counterfeit, in allusion to the office of a player ; to 
 be impelled, forced, or incited to or by action; to exeit 
 
 3
 
 ACT 
 
 ACU 
 
 action, or pi oduce efFects u pon a subject ; to actuate, or be 
 ilicitrd to actiou ; to perform a character in a play. 
 
 ACT, s. [ictiim, Lat.J a deed, a performance; a part in 
 a play ; the power of producing an etfect; a de-ed, or de- 
 cree of parliament, or other court of judicature. In P)iy- 
 wics, an elTective applicatiou of some power or faculty. 
 ^yith metapliysicians, that by which a beiug is in real ac- 
 tion. In law, au instrument or otlier matter in writing, to 
 declare or justify the truth of a thing : in which seuie re- 
 cords, decrees, sentences, reports, certificates, &c. are call- 
 ed acts. Matters of fact, transmitted to posterity in certain 
 authentic books and memoirs. At the universitj' of Ox- 
 ford, the time when degrees are taken. The woril act sig- 
 nifies something done which is remarkable. The word ec- 
 tinn is applicable indiflerently to every thing we do, whe- 
 ther common or extranrdinaiy. An elegant speaker will 
 net say a i^irluous act, but an act of virtue ; whereas to say 
 17 tirtno^is action, is proper and elegant. Act of failli, in the 
 "uquisition, is a solemn day held by the inquisitors, for the 
 
 fmnishmentof such as they declare heretics, and the abso- 
 ution of the innocent accused, called by them auto da fc. 
 
 A'CTIAN, a. belonging to Aetium. Action games, games 
 instituted according to some by Augustus, in memory of 
 the victory obtained over Anthony, near the promontory 
 and city of Aetium ; tliough others say, that Augustus only 
 restored them. Action years, or Actiac xn\, in chronology, 
 a series of years beginning from the conquest of Egypt, oy 
 Octevius, called also the a^ra of Augustus. 
 
 ACTI'NI A, a genus of sea animals of a cylindrical shape, 
 and variable figure. Their mouth is placed at one of the 
 extremities of the body, and furnished with many tentacu- 
 la like those of insects, which are constantly in motion, and 
 with which they catch their food. They lodge in the ca- 
 vities of rocks on the coasts of the American islands. 
 
 A'CTION, I. [actio, Lat.] the exerting or employing any 
 active powers in opposition to rest ; something done or per- 
 formed, a deed; power, influence, agency, or operation. 
 In metaphysics, the exercise of an abili^, which a being has 
 to begin or determine a particular train of thought or mo- 
 tion. In ethics, the voluntary motion of a reasonable crea- 
 ture. In painting, or sculpture, the posture or attitude ex- 
 pressive of the passion tlie painter or carver would convey 
 to the mind of a spectator. In horsemanship, the action of 
 the mouth, the motion of the tongue and champing on tlie 
 bit, which is discovered by an abundance of white foam, 
 and is a token of mettle. With orators, actors, Ac. it is 
 the acconiDiodating the person, voices, and gesture, to the 
 subject. In poety, an event or scries of occurrences, mutu- 
 ally connected and depending on each other, either real or 
 maginarv, which makes llie subject of a dramatic or epic 
 poem. In law, a legal demand of, or the form of, a suit 
 given by law, for the recovery of a person's right. Actions 
 are either criminal or civil. Criminal are such as liave 
 judgment of death. Under this head arc included, 1st, 
 Actions penal, which lie for some penalty, corporal or pe- 
 cuniary. 2. Actions upon the statute, brought on breach 
 of any statute, and which did not lie before as au occa- 
 sion of perjury. 3. Actions popular, given on breach of 
 .^ome penal statute, for which any person has a right to sue. 
 Ill the plural number, actions, in commerce, imply the move- 
 able effects; thus, a merchant's creditors have seized upon 
 all his actions, i. e. theyhave seized upon all the debts ow- 
 ing to him. Action upon the case, in law, a general nction 
 given for redress of wir . g^> done without violence, and not 
 provided against by a kiw. Action on the case of words, is 
 where a perswn is injured in his rcjjutation by words raa- 
 licioujlv spoken. Action of a writ, ill law, is when it is 
 pleadei) tliat the plaintiff has no caiisi- to have it brought, 
 thout-h he may have an.aherfor the same. 
 
 A'CTIONABLE, a. [action and nhl. Sax.] in a law sense, 
 that admits an action to be brought against it; punishable, 
 blainrable, or culpable. 
 
 ACTIVE, «. [«ofiiiu^ Lat. I that has the powei of acting, 
 35 opposed to passive ; busy in acting, as oj'poscd to idle; 
 10 
 
 practical, not merely speculative, or in theory; nifiibJ-% 
 quick, apt, or forward to act. Active principles, in chemis- 
 try, are spirit, oil, and salt ; so named, because when their 
 p.frts are brisljly in motion, they cause action in other bo- 
 dies. Active verbs, are such as not oidy signify doing, 
 or acting, but have also nouns following them, to be the 
 subject of the action. Thus, to love, to teach, are verbs 
 active ; because we can say, to Ime a thing, to teach a man. 
 Verbs neuter also denote an action, but cannot have a noun 
 following them. Such are, to steep, to go, &c. In medicine, 
 it implies such a dose as operates quick and with some 
 force, as emetics, cathartics, and cordiaU. 
 
 A'CTIVELY, ad. busily ; nimbly, lu an active signifi- 
 cation, as, " The word is used actircly." 
 
 ACTIVITY, *. propensity, readiness, nimbleness to da 
 a thing. Applied both to persons and things, a power of 
 acting, oj>eration, influence, continual exertion of tlie ac- 
 tive powers, in opposition to indolence. 
 
 A'CTON BURNEL, Shropshire, 8 miles from Shrews- 
 bury ; so named from the Burnels, who fomjerly had a cas- 
 tle in it. A parliament was held here in Liie reign of king 
 Edward I. wherein a statute, called the Statute ftlerchant, 
 was made for the assurance of debts. Tlie lords sat in the 
 castle, and the commons in a barn, which is yet standing. 
 A grcftt part also of the castle, a very magnificent structure, 
 still remains, its walls being cKfeedingly strong, and adorned 
 with tine battlements, and rows of windows curiously 
 carved. 
 
 A'CTOR, s. [actor, Lat.] he that does any thing; he that 
 practises, in opposition to theory. A player. 
 
 A'CTRESS, J. iactrice, Tr.] a woman who personates a 
 character on the stage. A female who performs any 
 thing. 
 
 ACTS, /. in dramatic poetry, the divi»ions or principal 
 parts of a play. 
 
 A'CTU.^L, a. [actnel, Fr.] that includes or implies action; 
 really in act, not merely in speculation. 
 
 ACTUA'LITY, s. the power of exerting action, or ope- 
 rating; activitv; reality, or certainty. 
 
 ACTUALLY, ad. in effect ; really. ' 
 
 A'CTUALNESS, s. a quality which denotes the reality 
 of the operation, existence, or truth of a thing. 
 
 A'CTIIARY, s. [actuarius, Lat.} in law, tlie register or 
 clerk who compiles tlie minutes of the proceedings of a 
 court, particularly the clerk that registers the acts and pro- 
 ceedings of the convocation. 
 
 To A'CTUATE, v. «. [from ago, Lat.] to excite to ac- 
 tion, to move, to quicken. 
 
 To A'CUATE, V. a. [acno, Lat.] to sharpen. ' 
 
 ACULEATE, a. laculcatta, Lat.] prickly; that termi- 
 nates in a sharp point. 
 
 ACU'MEN, i. [Lat.] sharpness; applied either to ma- 
 terial objects, or til* faculties of the miud. 
 
 ACU'.M1N,\TED, pari, [acnminatus, Lat.] sharp-pointed. 
 
 ACUPU'NCTURE, a method of curing many diseases bv 
 pricking several j>arts of the bodv with a needle ; much 
 practised by the inhabitants of Cbina and Japan, and not 
 unknown to the ancients. 
 
 .\CL*TE, a. [acutiis, Lat." sharp-pointed, sharp-witted, 
 subtle, ingenious, vigorous in operation or efliect. Ante, 
 in geometry, that which termiuates in a sharp poinJ. Acute 
 anjrlc, that which is less than ninety degrees. Acvtc-anglcd 
 trianff/c, that whose three angles are acute. Acutc-nnguta%- 
 suctions of a cone, the same as an ellipsis. Acute, in music, 
 shrill, sharp, or high in respect of some other note, opposed 
 to grave. Acute, in grammar, an accent which teaches to 
 raise or sharpen the voice, and is written thus ('). In 
 physic, applied to diseases, are those that arc very violent, 
 and terminate in a few davs. 
 
 ACU'I'ELY, ad. sharply. 
 
 _ ACUTENESS, s. sharpness, applied to malte r. .Saga- 
 rity, or quickness ol discernment. Capacity of distinguish- 
 ing, or reeeiving impressions. Vehement, productive of * 
 speedy crisis iu a disease. Shrillness, applied to sound.
 
 AOD 
 
 AD, at tlic brftiniiiiii; of English proper names, sifjnifio* 
 the same whh nd or a juiU kiUMii^st tlic Latins. Si> A<l.<toii 
 signifits at or near some stinie ; AJhill, at or near some fiill. 
 
 A'DA(-iE, s. [aiOininw, Luti] a maxim or principle re- 
 ceived as .selt'-eviileiil. A proverbial savins'. 
 
 AOA'fJlO, s. [Iliii.] slow, grave, solemn. In music, a 
 slow luovement or tiinf ; when it is repeated twite, as lula- 
 giu), inlii^iiy it iinplieii a very slow motion or niovemer\J. 
 
 A'DAMANT, s. [adamns; Lat.] a stone imatrined of im- 
 peiietrablf liardnes.s. The cliamond, the loadstone.- Figu- 
 ratively, somcthiDf; that has any strong attraction. 
 
 ADAMA'NTlNRi a. [adamantinns, Lat.] made of aila- 
 Diant ; endued with the properties of adamant, not to be 
 broken. 
 
 A'l)\5llTF-S, a sect of heretics, who imitated the nak<'d- 
 ness of Adam duiinjc his residence in Paradise, and con- 
 temned marriaKc, because lie is not said to have known 
 Eve before the fall. 
 
 AftAM'S-Al'PLE, s. in anatomy, a prominent part of 
 the throat. 
 
 To .\DATT, e. n. [adapto, Lat.] to fit one thing to ano- 
 ther, to proportion ; to make one thing correspond with 
 another, to suit. 
 
 ADAPTATION, *. the art of fittinp; one thing to ano- 
 ther; or the fitness, suitableness, or correspondence of one 
 tiling with another. 
 
 AD.\'FriON, s. the aet of fitting, or suitableness. 
 
 A'DAR, in scripture chronology the twelfth month ol 
 the Jewish ecclesiastical year. It contains only twenty-nine 
 days, and answers to the moon of February ; so that itBOUie- 
 times extends to March. 
 
 To .4DD, V. a. [rtddo, Lat.] to increase bv joining some- 
 thing uew ; to enlarge, to aggrandize. To perform the 
 operation of joining one number toamther. 
 
 A'DDABLE, or ADDIBLE, part, [from addo, Lat.] that 
 may be added. 
 
 A'DRER, s. [(tetter, Sax.] the kind of serpent commonly 
 called the viper. 
 
 A'DDER'S-GRASS, or A pDER\S-TONGUE, s. a plant 
 without any flower ; its fruit isoblong, and of an oval shape. 
 It is esteemed a vulnerary, and applied internally or exter- 
 nally ; the juice of it is given for internal wounds, and the 
 ointment that is made of it is applied to those that are ex- 
 ternal. 
 
 A DDER'S-WORT, «. an herb, so named on account of 
 its virtue, real or supposed, of curing the bite of serpents. 
 
 .\'DDICIi, or ADZE, *. [I'roiu. adese. Sax.] a cooper's 
 instrument to chop or cut with. 
 
 To ADDICT, V. «. [addicn, Lat.] to give up one's self 
 wholly to a thing ; to apply one's mind wholly to it. It is 
 mostly used in a bad sense. 
 
 ADDI'T.VMENT, s. [ndditamentam, Lat.] a thing added, 
 or addition. 
 
 ADDITION, s. [additio, Lat.] the act of adding or 
 yjiiiLugone thing to another, in order to increase its quan- 
 tity or dimensions; the thing which is added ; increase; 
 interpolation, or the corrupting of writings, or tenets, by 
 inserting something' new or spurious. In arithmetic, one 
 ot the tive prijjcipai rules. In law, a title given to a man. 
 besides his christian, or surname, implying his estate, de- 
 gree, occupation, age, or place of residence. 
 
 ADDITIONAL, «. that is added ; that increases. With 
 respect to arguments, a greater number, or more forcible 
 ones. 
 
 A'DDLE, a. [from nrlel, Sax.] empty, rotten ; commonly 
 said of ej^gs that produce no cnicks, though laid under the 
 liMi ; and hence it is applied to a brain that produces no- 
 thing. 
 
 To .ADDRESS, i'. n. [addresser, Fr.] to prepare for use; 
 >o make ready, to prepare one's self for any action ; 
 to present a petition to; to make application to a person ; 
 to direct one's speech to a person, or body of men. 
 
 ADDRE'SS, s. [addresse, Fr.] an application in order 
 to persuade; the suit or application of alover; beliavicur, 
 
 ADJ 
 
 or genteel carriaw ; quickness of undcrstandinjf, prescnct 
 ot iiiind ; an apiJjcation from an inferior to a superior: the 
 direction of a Iclle., or the metho.l in which a person is 
 direct(-d to. 
 
 ADDRESSER, s. the pjerson wlio carries the petition 
 and delivers the address. 
 
 ADDD'CENT, pari-, [nddua-us, Lnt.] that which draws 
 to, or closes, rii anat-on.y, appliiil to muscles that bring 
 forward, close, or draw together, the parts of the body to 
 which they are fixed". 
 
 A'DEL, a fruitful province in Africa, called also Zeilali, 
 from a rich trailing town of that name, seated near the Re.d 
 .Sea. In the centre of the country is .Adela, where the king 
 resides ; and there is another place of note, called liarbora, 
 near the sea-coast, an ancient town, of s.inie trade. This 
 country stretches along the S. coast of the .'strait of Babel- 
 maiidel, near to the Red Sea. It wasfornrerly a part of 
 Abvssinia. 
 
 AOE'MPTION, s. among civilians, is the privation or 
 evocation of some donation or favour. 
 
 ADE'PT, s. [from adrfitus, Lat.] one that understands all 
 the secrets of his art, originally appropriated to chemists, 
 b'-it now applied to persons of any protrssion. 
 
 ADE'P'r, a. thoroughly skilled in any thing ; well versed 
 inanv matter. 
 
 A'DEt^U-'VTE, a. [adeqiuitns, Lat.] equal or proportion- 
 ate to ; full, perfect, proper, sole, and entire. 
 
 A'DEQU.\TENESS, s. equality, perfect resemblance ; 
 justness of correspondence, exactness of proportion. 
 
 ADE'SSENARII, s. those wh9 hold the corporeal pie- 
 sence of Christ at the sacrament, but in a manner diftrrcnl 
 from the papists. 
 
 To ADHE'RE, v. a. [adharee, Lat.l t(> stick to, like any 
 glutinous matter. Figuratively, to Hold together, .join, or 
 unite with. To persist in, or remain firm to a part<y, per- 
 son, or opinion. 
 
 ADHERENCE, or ADHERENCY, ;r. the qua.ity f.f 
 stickinjj to, strong'attachinent, steady perseverance. 
 
 ADHE'RENT, part, or a. cliii>[ing or sticking to. In 
 logic, something added, or not essential to a thing. 
 
 ADHE'RENT, s. one who is firmly attached to any per- 
 son, party, or opinion. 
 
 ADHI^'RER, s. one who is tenacious of any tenet, or 
 firmly attached to any person, party, or profession. 
 
 ADHESION, s. [adiiasio, Lat.] the act of cleaving or 
 sticking to. Adhesion, to a natural body is ifsed, and ndkc- 
 rencc to a party ; but sometimes promiscuously. 
 
 ADHE'SIVFv, ri. remaining closely attached ; sticking, 
 or keepin"! to withoutanv deviation. 
 
 ADJ.VCENCY; s. [from adjaceo, Lat.] stat< of lying 
 near to; the thing itself so lying. 
 
 AD.IA'CENT, part, or a. [adjneens, Lat.] lying near or 
 bordering upon ; contii^uou-^, or touching each f.lher. 
 
 ADI.VPHORIS'FS,5. [adinph.'roi indittereiit. Or.] the fol- 
 lowers of Milacthon, who in tiie fiftieiilh ct'iilury wasi dis- 
 posed to give up several points to the catholics for the sake 
 of peace. 
 
 A DJECTIVE, *. [adjectirum, Lat.] a word which de- 
 notes tl>e qualities of a subject, as a s'reat minister; the 
 wortl gT«aJ is an adjective, as denoting only the qualities 
 of the minister. It derives its name from its being joined 
 or added to another word, either expressed or understood, 
 in order to limit the sense. 
 
 A DJECTIVELY, ml. af^er the manner of an adjective^ 
 
 ADIEU' lid. [Fr.] farewel. (iod be with yon. 
 
 To ADJOIN, V. a. [adJHiigo, Lit.] to join, to unite to, 
 to add to ; also, to be contiguous to, to lie so near a? l« 
 touch or join to. 
 
 To .-XDJOU RN, »■. a. [luljoumer, Fr.] to appoint a day 
 to put oft" to another time ; used chietiy of juridical pra- 
 ceedin"s, and the meeting of parliament. 
 
 ADJOyRNMENT,*. the putting oH a court or mekimg, 
 and appointing it to be kept at another time or place. 
 
 A'DIPOUS, a. [adipofitt, Lat.] fat, greasy.
 
 ADM 
 
 A D SI 
 
 A'DIT, i. [fiditM, Lat.] a passage, or entry ; the shaft or 
 ciiliaiUf iiiti) a mine. 
 
 ADI'TION, *. [iiditio, Lat.] a going or coining nigh 
 to. 
 
 To ADJU'DGE, «'. n. [adjudien, Lat.l to give judgment or 
 <en!«'iici' in a court of justice, with to b.-lbre the person; to 
 BWcird, to sentence ; simply, to determine or judge. 
 
 To AD.M"DICATE, v. a. \ncljudico, Lat.] to determine any 
 claim at law ; to give or assign tlie right of something con- 
 tnneriod tixme jf theclaimanti. 
 
 ADJUUICA'TION, ».[«</;»f;(faao, Lat.] tlie act of judg- 
 ing, or giving to a person hy a judicial sentence. 
 
 .A DJONCT, n. VlwA s.[adjvnctiLnt, Lat.] something united, 
 but not essential ; one joined to another, as a companion, 
 or assistant. In philosopliy, something added to a thing 
 not essentially belonging to it : a mode that may be separat- 
 ed from its subject. Adjuncts, in grammar and rhetoric, are 
 adjectives or epithets added io enlarge or augment the 
 ener^- of a discourse. 
 
 ADJUNCTION, s. [ndj'inrtio, Lat.] the act of joining 
 tliin'.{s together ; or stale of a tiling joined. 
 
 .ADJUNCTIVE, s. [fiom adjunctivus, Lat.] he that joins; 
 that which is joined. 
 
 ADJURA'TION, *. [flrf;Wff«io, Lat.] the form of an oath 
 taken by any person ; or an oath administered to any per- 
 son, whereby he is under a necessity of speaking the truth 
 without disguise. 
 
 To ADJU'HE, V. a. [nrljiiro, Lat.] to bind a person to do 
 or not do any thin;T^ under the penalty f.f a dreadful curie. 
 To entreat earnestly by the most pathetic topic. To swear 
 by. To oblige a person to declare the truth upon oath. 
 
 ToADJU'.ST, »•. a.[adjiisii-r, Ft.] to make consistent, to 
 regulate. To settle, to reduce to a standard, or criterion. 
 To reconcile. 
 
 ADJD'STMEST, s.[adjiistement, Fr.] a just description, 
 an explication and obviation of difficulties in a subject. 
 A just disposition of i)arts, wherein they conspire to pro- 
 mote and assist each others motion. 
 
 A'DJUT.\NT, s. [from adjutans, Lat.] in the military 
 art, an helper, or assistant. INIore particularly an officer 
 in tlie army who assists a superior, particularly the major, 
 in distributing the pay, and overseeing the pimishment of 
 the inferior men. Adjutant General, is one who attends the 
 General, assists in council, and carries the orders from one 
 part of the army to the other. 
 
 A'DJUTOR, s. [Lat.] a helper; one who gives assis- 
 tance. 
 
 ADJUTRIX, s. [Lat.[ a female helper, or a woman who 
 assists. 
 
 ADLEGATION, s.-a right claimed by the States of 
 the German Empire of adjoining plenipotentiaries, in pub- 
 lic treaties and negociations, to those of the emperor. 
 
 .AD>IEA'SUREiMENT, .«. the measining or finding the 
 dimensions and quantity of a thing by the application of a 
 standard or rule. Inlaw, a writ brought against such as 
 usurp more than their due. 
 
 ADMENSUR.VTION, .v. [from ad and mensura, Lat.] 
 the act of tietcrmining or fincling out the length and other 
 iiimensions, by a standard, rule, or measure. 
 
 To ADMl NISTER, v. a. [mlministro, Lat.] to aflord, in- 
 cluding the idea of help or service : to give. In politics, 
 to manage, or conduct the affairs of government, iiicludiui; 
 tlie idea of subordination. In judicial courts, to tender or 
 api)ly to a person to take his oath. " To ndminister an 
 oath." In church government, to perform the office of a 
 minister, or priest, in giving the elements of bread and wine, 
 Ac. in the sacrament. "To administer the sacrament." 
 In physic, to dispense medicines, prescribe and apply re- 
 medies. "Administering physic." To be sub.servient to ; 
 to contribute to ; with ihc particle to. In law, to take pos- 
 session of the goods and chattels of a person dying with- 
 viA will, to give in an inventorv thereof on r)ath at the com- 
 mons, aijd oblige one's self to be accoiuitable for them. 
 
 To ADMI NISTRATE, v. a. [adminiitro, Lat.] to apply 
 
 or make use of. " Inwardly administrated." A term pecu- 
 liar to phvsic. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION, s. [administratio, Lat.] the act of 
 enforcing, or applying, or giving sentence according to 
 the sense of a law. The discharge of one of the chief 
 offices of state, which respects the direction of public af- 
 fairs. The active or executive part of government. Those 
 V ho are entrusted with the care of public afi'airs. The due 
 discharge of an office. The performance of the necessary 
 rites, the act of distributing bread and w ine, Ac. in the eu- 
 charist. In law, the act or state of a person, who takes 
 charge of the effects of one dying intestate, and is account- 
 able for them, when thereto required. The bishop of the 
 diocese, where the party dies, is to grant administration ; 
 but if the deceased has goods in several dioceses, termed in 
 law boimiwuMlia, it must then be granted by the archbi- 
 shop in the prerogative court. The persons to whom admi- 
 nistration may be granted, are, 1st, to the husband, of his 
 wife's goods and chattels ; 2d, to the w ife, of the husband's ; 
 but in default of either of these, 3dlv, to the children of 
 either sex ; in case there be none, 4thlv, to the father and 
 mother ; after them, othly, to a brother or sister of the 
 whole or half blood ; in default of these, Gthly, to the next 
 of kin, as imcle, aunt, or cousin ; and for want of all these, 
 7thly, to any other person at the discretion of the ordinary, 
 ike. Administration cum testamento timiexo, (vt ith a testament 
 or will annexed) in law, is where an executor refuses to 
 prove a will, and on that account, administration with the 
 will annexed to it, is granted to the next of kin. 
 
 ADMLNLSTRATIVE, a. that aids, supports, or assists. 
 
 ADMINISTRA TOR, s. [Lat.l the person who officiates as 
 a minister or priest in a cnurcn. He that lias tlie chief 
 management of national affairs. In law, he who has the 
 goods of a man dying w itliout will committed to his charge 
 and is accountable for them, when reauired by the ordi- 
 nary. The office of administrator is the same as that of 
 executor, with regard to the burial, discharging funeral ex- 
 penses, and payment of the debts, Ac. of the deceased ; 
 but as this power is communicated by administration, he 
 can do nothing before that is grantefl. 
 
 ADMINI.STRATORSHIP, s. the office of administrator. 
 
 ADMINISTRATRIX, s. [Lat.] a female who has the 
 
 foods and chattels of a person dying intestate committed to 
 er charge. 
 
 A'DMIRABLE, a. [admirabilis, Lat.] worthy of admira- 
 tion. 
 
 A'DMIR.\BLY, ad. so as to raise wonder ; in an admira- 
 ble manner. 
 
 A'DMIRAL, s. [amiral, Fr.] an officer wl::i has the chief 
 command of a fleet. According to Du Cange, the Silicians 
 were the first, and the Genoese the next, who gave this 
 name to the commander of their naval forces. The fust 
 mention of this name among iis was in the reign of Edward 
 I. Lord high-admiral, one invested with power to deter- 
 mine by himself or deputies, all crimes committed on the 
 sea and its coasts. James, duke of York, and afterwards 
 king, bore this office ; but at present it is divided among 
 several persons who are styled lord's commissioners ©f the 
 admiralty. Under the admiral is a rear-admiral, who com- 
 mands a third squa<lron of men of war, and carries his flag, 
 with the arms of his countn , in the mizzeii-topof his ship; 
 and a vice-admiral, who commands the second squadron, 
 and caiTies his flag on the sliii)s fore-top. Vice-admiral, 
 also deiiutes one who is invested with the jurisdicfion of 
 an admirarwithin a certain county or district upon the sea- 
 coast ; who is to aid and assist persons thaJ are shipwrecked 
 within his jurisdiction, and to save and secure their goods. 
 They are authwrized to hear and determine disputes relat- 
 ing to maritime affairs arising within their limits; but an 
 appeal lies from their jentence to the admiralty-court in 
 London. There are upwardsof twenty such vice-admiralu 
 in Cireat Britain. 
 
 A'DMIRALSHIP, s. the office of an admiral. 
 
 A'UJMIR.\LTV, s. [amirauUi, Fr.J the office or power of
 
 ADM 
 
 ADR 
 
 the lord liigb admiral, or lords commissioners. It usually 
 consists of a first comoiissioncr, who presides at the hoard, 
 ami six otirers, wriicii tate placf in tlip ordt;i: their names 
 are set down in flie commission. They have the chief di- 
 rection' t'f the afuiirs of tiie navy : their jurisdiction is over 
 (frcat Britain, Irelaild, Wales, and the dominions and isles 
 thereto Ifelon^in^'. All warrants tor hnildin;; and providing' 
 shii.>s with warlike stores, are sii,'ned hy tiicni. Coirrt^ vf 
 Adntirnlti/, i« a sovereign court held hy Ihe lord lii<;h 
 s)d'mir;d, or commissioners of the admiralty ; and has cog- 
 nizance in aH maritime affairs, civil as well as criminal. All 
 crimes couunited on tlie hish seas, or in Kreat rivers, he- 
 low the bridt,'e next the sea, are cosnizaole in tiiis court 
 oul\, which, by statute, is obli;;ed to try the same hy ,iud{,'e 
 and jury. Civil actions are dclermined aecordiii,:^ to civil 
 law, because the sea is without the jurisdiction of llie com- 
 mou law. Under this court is also a court of e(|uit>', for 
 determining dill'ercnccs among merchants. The Coiat of 
 Ailmini!ti/\\Ai first erected by king Edward III. 
 
 A'DMiRALTY ISLANDS, a cluster of islands to the N. 
 of New Britain, ajid nearly in jxirellel W. from New Ireland, 
 They are between '20 and 30 ui number, and were first dis- 
 covei'ed by captain Cartaret. He describes them as clothed 
 with a beautiful venture of lofty luxuriant woods, inter- 
 spersed with spoVs that have been cleared for plantations 
 with groves of cocoa-nut trees and houses of tlie natives, 
 wifo appeared to be vei-y numerous. The largest of the 
 islands is about 18 leagues long, in the direction of E. and W. 
 The ijihabitants are a fierce intractable people, going quite 
 naked, exc-ept that they have shells on their legs and arms, 
 by way of ornament. They are of a dark copper-colour, 
 nearly black, with woolly heads, which they profusely pow- 
 der ; ti;ey also paint tiieir cheeks with white streaks. Lat. 
 abot:t 2. S. and Ion. fion\ 140. to 152. E. 
 
 .\DM1JIAT10N, s. [admirnt'ht, Lat.] a passion excited, 
 when we discover a great excellence in an object. In such 
 a manner as to excite wonder. Surprise, including the se- 
 condary idea of something culpable. In grammar, a point 
 «r stop, which denotes that the sentence before it implies 
 wonder or astonishment ; marked thus ( ! ) 
 
 To ADMrRE, V. a. [admirur, Lat.] to look upon with 
 some wonder, including esteem ; and arising from the dis- 
 covery of unexpected and inexhausted excellence. 
 
 AD^II'RED, part, that occasions great surprise and as- 
 tonishment. 
 
 » ADMITvER, s. the person who feels the passion of ad- 
 miration arising at the sight, or contemplation of anv thing 
 surprisingly excellent. He who wonders, or regards witli 
 admiration. 
 
 ADMIRINGLY, ad. with admiration. 
 
 ADMISSIBLE, a. [from udmitto, Lat.] that may be 
 granted or admitted. 
 
 ADMI'SSION, i. [from admi.ssio, Lat.] liberty or per- 
 mission of entering. Access or liberty of approaching. A 
 power of entering. The granting a proposition not fully 
 proved. In law, is when the bishop, after examination, 
 allows a priest to enter into a benefice to which he is pre- 
 sented, saying, Admitto te habikm : "I admit you ns a per- 
 son properly qualified." 
 
 To ADMIT, V. a. [admilto, Lat.] to grant access to. To 
 permit or suffer a person to enter upon an otiice. To grant, 
 in a general sense ; to allow. 
 
 ADMI'ITABLE, a. that may be admitted, applied both 
 to persons and things. 
 
 ADMI'TIWNCE, s. a permission of a person to take 
 and exercise the functions of any office. Access, passage, 
 or power of entering. A prerogative, or right of finding a 
 ready access to the great. The acceding to, granting, or 
 concession of, any position. 
 
 To ADMI'X, V. a. [admisceo, Lat.] to join to, or mingle 
 with sometliing else. 
 
 ADjMI'XTION, *. the joining, blending, or incorpo- 
 tatuig oHe body or fluid with anoUier by mixing. 
 
 ADMIOvTURE, s. the blending or mmglin* one body 
 with another. 
 
 To ADMCNISII, V. a. [tidmoiieo, Lat.] to exhort, to give 
 advice, with the preposition againsf. To reprove ; to give 
 a person a hint ; to warn ; to put in mind of a hull. 
 
 ADMONISH ER, s. the person who reminds another of 
 his duty, and reproves him for his faults. 
 
 ADMONISHMENT, s. admonition ; notice of faults or 
 duties. 
 
 ADMONITION, n. [admnintio, Lat.] a hint- of duW. A 
 reminding a person of his duly, or reproof for the neglect 
 of it. In the ancient church, this w.is a part of discipline 
 which preceded, and often prevented cxcommuHication. 
 
 ADMONi'TlONEK, s. a general adviser. A ludicrou* 
 term. 
 
 ADMOTS'ITOR Y,n. [mlmonitnriut, Lat.] that exhorts and 
 excites us to theperforinance of a duty. 
 
 To AD.MO'V'E, v.a. [adnwjco, Lat.] to move towards, tft 
 approach, or bring nearer to. Not in use. 
 
 ADO', s. difficulty, when folknving mwc/i. With the pre- 
 position nhont, bustle, noise, or tumult. With the worli 
 arent or niore, it signifies a great appearance or show of 
 business than what is real, and is taken in a ludicrous sense. 
 
 ADOLESCENCE, or ADOLE'SCENCY, s. [adolesce,,- 
 tia, Lat.] the state of a growiii'' youth, commencing from 
 his infancy, and ending at its full growth: and lasting a» 
 long as the fibres continue to increase in dimensions or 
 firmness: commonly coninuted to be between 15 ana 2^, 
 if not 30 years of age. Tlie Romans computed it from jt 
 to 25 in males, and to 21 in females. 
 
 ADONAI, one of the names of the Supreme Being ni 
 the scriiitures. The Jews read Adouai in place of Jehu- 
 vah, wherever thev meet with it. 
 
 ADONIS FLOWER, s. a plant, the same with the red 
 morocco, or red maithes. 
 
 To ADOPT, V. a. [adopts, Lat.] to suhstitirte anoflier 
 person's son instead of^ one's own, am-! make him capabLc 
 of inheriting, as if so by nature. To acquire, in oppositioj* 
 to what is inherent by nature. To rely or confide in, aud 
 make use of as if our own. 
 
 ADO'PTER, s. he who gives some one by choice the riglil 
 of a son. 
 
 ADOTTION, s. [adoptio, Lat.] the act by which a person 
 takes the child of another for his own son. In theology, 
 an act of God's grace, whereby those who are regenerated 
 ate admitted into his kingdom and family. 
 
 ADO'PTIVE, (I. [adiiptivKS, Lat.] that is adopted, lu 
 opposition to a .son bv procreation. 
 
 ADO'llABLE, a. [adorable, Fr.] that ought to be adored ; 
 worthy of divine honours. 
 
 .ADO'RAIiLENESS, s. the qualify which renders a being 
 worthy of divine honours. 
 
 ADO'R.\BLY, nd. in a manner worthv of divine worship. 
 
 ADOR.VTION, s. [nf/orn((o, Lat.] the" act of\vorsJiippin!j. 
 including in it reverence, esteem, and love. The external 
 act of homage paid to God, distinguished from mental wor; 
 ship. The act of prostration in honour of eastern m.warchs. 
 
 To ADORE, V. a. [adoro, Lat.] to reverence, to honour 
 with divine worship. To pay a nigh degree of regard, re- 
 Terence, esteem, and homage. 
 
 ADO'RER, s. one who pays divine honours to tlie Deity, 
 One who has a great and reverential regard. In common 
 conversation, a lover, who almost idolizes tlie object of his 
 aftections. 
 
 To ADOHN, V. a. [adoriio, Lat.] to :et off' with dress, 
 to deck with ornaments. To convey splendour, or pomp. 
 To be embellished or graced witli orator^' and elegance of 
 language. 
 
 ADO'RNMENT, s. the advantage of ornament, applied 
 both to dress and the faculti'is of the mind. 
 
 ADO'WN, rreji. towards the ground, downwards, pr down. 
 
 A'DRAGANTH, s. in medicine, gum dragon. It dij- 
 tils by incision from the trunk or great roots of a plant, 
 
 13
 
 ADV 
 
 ADV 
 
 ^thtch is small and tbornVi with thifl slender leaves, ami 
 rrows in several parts of the Levant. The gum is of dif- 
 icrent colours, as white, red, and brack. It must he ihosen 
 ckar, traootb, and twisting; It is of great use in intditiue. 
 Skinners and carriers use great quantities of it in preparrn^ 
 their leattier, and prefer the red and black, though all utliers 
 use the white or srey. 
 
 ADRE'AD, ad. in'a state of fenr. 
 
 ADRI.ANOPLE, a considerable city of Romania, and 
 the see of an archbishop, under the patriarch nf Constanti- 
 nople. It is about 7 or 8 uiiUs in circumference, iiicluding 
 the old city and nome L'ardens. The houses are low, 
 mostly built of mud and clay, and some of brick ; and the 
 streets are t-xceedingly dirty. The pnblic buildings arc 
 the mosques, and a beautiful bazar, or excliaii;;!', called 
 Ali Bassa, which is a vast arched buildin^^, witli 6 gates, 
 and SGo rich well furnished .shops, e.\teiuiins half a mile 
 in length, and kept by Turks, Greeks, .\rnienians, and 
 Jews. The inhabitants are estimated at about li.«l,000. 
 AJrianople is pleasantly situated on a beautiful plain, and 
 is watered with three rivers, the larfjeit of which, called the 
 ftlarii:a, is navigable. It is I l.j miles N. W. of Constanti- 
 nople. Lat. 41. 46. N. Ion. 20. 27. E. 
 
 ADKI'FT, (irl. [ailrifnn. .Sax.] driven at the pleasure of 
 a torrent. In a rii;iirative sense, at random, without re- 
 straint, or following the tiist impulse. 
 
 ADRO'IT, a. [Fr.] dexterous ; active; skilful. 
 
 ADR01TNES.S, s. dexterity ;, readiness, activity; assi- 
 duitv. Johnson obserrcs, that neither this nor the preced- 
 ing word seem to be perfectly naturalized. 
 
 A DRY', ad. in want of driiilt ; thirsty. 
 
 ADSCITITIOUS, or. [adscititius. Lit.] fallen in to snp- 
 rly or complete ; added iinnecesiarily. .Spuriou-, ; interpo- 
 laleil, ind not genuine ; borrowed or counterfeit. 
 
 ADSTltl'CTION, 4-. Kv/nW(V>, Lat.] tlie act <if binding 
 together; contracting into a lesser compass; apjilied toine- 
 tlieines which have the power of contracting the partt. 
 
 To ADVA'NCE, v. a. [arnucrr, Fr.] to bring forward, 
 with rolafion to place. To raiue to a higher post ; to pre- 
 fer. To exalt, by improvement. To adorn, heiglitc>n, to 
 communicate honour. To hasten the growth, applied to 
 vegetibli'.'. To propose : to oflt r to the pnblic ; to pro- 
 duce. In a mercantile srnse to pay the charges of an 
 imdertaking before the time of reimbursemrnt arrives. To 
 ijiviMirlend a person money or commodities, before he be- 
 gins the business which is to reimburse it. 
 
 ADV.\'NCF,, f. the act of coming forwards; to approacli. 
 Oradafiop, or gradual incrr;i>o. liaising to a higher de- 
 {Cr«-e of dignity or perfection. Advnuct: i^uaid, is the lirst 
 bneofanarmv in battle arrav nextto the enemy. 
 
 ADV.ANCEMl'.NT, i. iIk'- act of gaining gnmnd, pro- 
 gress. Promotion to a higher >tation ; prri'ermeiit. Ilais- 
 ijig to a greater pitch of perlci'tion ; improvemeut, 
 
 ADVA'NCER, «. he that ))n>mole> or forwards. .Among 
 Sportsmen, one of llie itarts or branches of a buck's attire, 
 between the luck antler and the jr.dm. 
 
 ADVA'NTAtJE, .'. [arat.tnin, !>.] used with of or oier 
 i'^tore the person, the betti r of a perxm, or superiority. 
 K'srd \v\lh T>ui).i;takc,tir ^ct, it iniplies superiority acquired 
 \<y stratairi-m or cunning. A favimrabie opportunity. In 
 mercantile allairs, a premium, or profit, greater than what 
 oan be obtaitrerj by law. 
 
 To ADy.\'NT.\GF., 1-. a. to benefit. To improve, pro- 
 »nle, or torxvard. To acqiiirt- profit ; to profit. 
 
 ADVANTAGED, a. possessed of advantages ; conimo- 
 (iiiiuslv sifiiatp or disposed. 
 
 AnVANTAXiEOUS, o. that conduces to profit. Use- 
 ful, or serviceable. 
 
 ADVANT.V'(JI.OUSLY, ad. In a maiinrr conducing to 
 o«iiiv< riietiee or proht. 
 
 ADV ANT AC iEOUSNI'-SS, s. service or convenience. 
 
 To ADVK'N'F-, f. a. [a./u/uu, Lat. J to become a part of 
 nfliing. inciiidiDg the idea of somelhmg ."upciaUded, and 
 
 ItH/lMSfRlial. 
 
 ADVE'NIENT, part, [adrement, Lat.] advening; 'com- 
 ing from outward causta; su|)eradded. 
 
 A'DVENT, s. [adventnj, Lat.] signifies citmitm, particu- 
 larly the coming ot Christ, and in the calendar denotes the 
 time immediately preceding Chri:5tnias, or the nativity of 
 our -Saviour. It includes four Sundays or weeks, which be- 
 gin eitlier on St. Andrew's day, if it he Sunday, or on the 
 nearest one before or after it. During advent, and to the 
 end of the octaves of epiphany, the solemnizing of marriage 
 is forbid w ithoiil a special licence. 
 
 ADVE'NTIVE, a. ifrom aUiemo, Lat.] that is acquned, 
 in opjmsition to natural. 
 
 ADVENTITIOL.S, a. [adrmtitiutt, Lat.] that is super- 
 added or acquired, in opposition to natural. Tliat is not 
 of the same nature. Additional, or increased. 
 
 ADVE'NTl'AL, a. relating to the season of advent. 
 
 ADVE'NTURE, s. [meiiture, Fr.] an incident •Ahich ig 
 not under our direction ; a hazard. Hazarding all dangers. 
 An incident or occurrence. In commerce, a parcel of goods, 
 sent by sea, at a persons o« u risque, to foreign parts. Bill 
 (■/ iidcetitnrc, in the mercantile way, is a bill or writing sign- 
 ed by a merchant, testifying that the goods mentioned in it 
 to be shipped on board sncii a vessel, belong to another per- 
 son who is to run the hazard ; the merchant being oniV to 
 account for the produce of iheni, be it more or less. 
 
 To ADVENTURE, v. n. to stand the chance; to rua 
 the risque. In an active sense, to endanger. 
 
 ADVE'NTL'RER, .?. [avcniiD-ier, Fr.J one who seens oc- 
 casions of hazard ; one who exposes himself to danger ; a 
 kii'ght errant. 
 
 AD\'E'NTUROUS, a, that is ready to expose himself to 
 the greatest dangers. 
 
 ADVENTUROUSLY, ad. in a Aazardous, d*rinj, and 
 bold manner. 
 
 ADVERB, s. [adverbinm, Lat.] is a word .joined to verbs, 
 to express the manner, time, &'c. of an action; as, hv fought 
 hrnvclii ; here bravelu is an adverb. Adyerbs| are likewise 
 added fo nouns, ann even to other adverbs, in order to mo- 
 dify or ascertain their meaning. 1 bus, /in did ilie ImtiiKtt 
 (xtrevirlfiuill : the word uelt qualities the action of doiHg, 
 and the w did cxtrcnieh/ does the same in regard to iirll. 
 
 ADVIVRRIAL, a. '[(idverbinlis, Lat.] that is used in the 
 sense of an adverb. 
 
 ADVE'BIALLY, nd. [adi'crbialiur, Lat.] like, or in the 
 manner of, an adverb. 
 
 AD\'ERS.\'R1A, i. [Lat.] a sort of common place book, 
 used by students, to enter any remarkable observation or 
 occurrence they meet w ith in reading or couversittion. 
 
 A'DVERS.\RY, s. [ndreisariiis, Lat.] one who sets him- 
 self in ojjposiiion to another. An enemy, or one who seeks 
 to do another an injurv. 
 
 AOVE'RSATIVE, "«. [ndirrsnlim.':, Lat.] a >vord which 
 makes some opposition or variety. In graninmr, it ex- 
 presses some ditl'erence between what goes before and «liat 
 follows ; as in the phrase, lie loves inoneij, but talics nu jmiiu 
 to get it, the word brit is all adversative conjunction. 
 
 A'DVEIISE, a. [adiersiis, Lat.l contrary. Acting in op- 
 posite directions. Figuratively, contrary lo the wish or 
 desire. Applied to condition, unsuccessful ; calamitous, ip 
 opposition to prosperous. 
 
 A'DVEliSELV, or A'D^■ERSLY, ad. iu an adverse oi 
 unha|)pv manner ; disagreeably. 
 
 ADVERSITY, f. \_ndvci:iiias, Lat.] a slate which is op 
 posite to 4>nr wishes, and the lause of .sorrow. 
 
 To AD\ ERT, V. n. [iididto, Lat.] to t.ike notice of ■ 
 to regard, observe, to attend to; with the participle to bcfor* 
 
 AD'i'E'RTF.NCE, or ADVERTENCY, s. attention to t 
 regard to ; consideration of ; hcedfulness. 
 
 To ADVER'ITSE, {udeirtize) V. n. [nderrtir, Fr. now 
 accented on the last, but by Shakespeare on the secoudsy. 
 luhle] to determine a thiug in suspense. To glv<> a persot 
 notice or inlormation. lo publish a thiqg lost, t'ouiid, oi 
 wanted, in the ^newspapers, or by handbills, with a
 
 ADU 
 
 JETOl 
 
 description of its peculiarities ; now prattiscd instead of 
 crxiiiif it. 
 
 ADVRRTrSEMFAT, (adieythemcnt, accentpd some- 
 times on the second svliablp) *. [adri'rlisscmi'nt, Vr.] admoni- 
 tion ; instriutioB ; advice, ruhlication, a notice of a tiling 
 ilia newspaper; or au article, containing the description of 
 a tliiutf lost. 
 
 ADVEKTrSER, (adpcyiher) s. he that brings or gives 
 intclli;jenccor information. Tlie paper wliich contains ad- 
 vertisenielits. 
 
 ADVERTISING, or ADVERTISING, (advertUmg) part. 
 active in s'^'ng intelligence, advice, or admonition. 
 
 ADVI'CE, i. [«!/>, Fr.] opinion ur counsel ; in^lnietion ; 
 the result of judicious rcllection ; prudence, or ilis<'retion. 
 Followed by the participle toith, consultation, di liberation. 
 Used with the word receive or have, information, news, or 
 intelligence. 
 
 ADVl'SABLE, CorfiimW^) a. that may, or is fit to be 
 advised ; prudent. 
 
 ADVI SABLENE.SS, {adrizaHenesn) s. the quality which 
 renders a thing proper to be advised ; tilncss ; propriety. 
 
 To) ADVrSE, {adfizr) v. a. [miser, Fr.] to recommend 
 a thing as usclul. To give a person an idea or hint of; 
 to remind. To inform, or give intelligenco of an action 
 transacted at a distance. 
 
 To ADVISE, (adiire) v. n. [adviser, Fr.] used with the 
 particle vit/t before the person, to consult. To consider ; 
 to examine ; to give one's opinion. 
 
 ADVrSED, {advized) j>art. deliberate ; guided by pru- 
 dence after a due examination of tlie nature and conse- 
 quences. Done on purpose. 
 
 ADVT'SEDLY, (advlzedfi/) ad. in a deliberate manner ; 
 with due consideration; prudently. With any peculiar de- 
 sign ; on purpose. 
 
 ADVI'SEDNES.S, (adehedness) s. a state wherein a per- 
 son has taken the advice and counsel of others ; deliberation, 
 (vaution. 
 
 ADVI'SEMENT, (advUement) s. [avizcmmf, Fr.] advice, 
 or counsel. Prudence and circumspection. 
 
 ADVrSER, {advizej) s. he that gives advice* or counsel ; 
 an adviser, or counsellor. 
 
 ADULATION, s. [adulation, Lat.| the act of bestowing 
 more praise upon a person than is due ; including in it too 
 high a commendation of his virtues and excellences, and 
 an entire neglect of his defects. 
 
 ADULATOR, *. [adulator, Lat.] a flatterer ; one who 
 pavs a higher compliment to another than he deserves. 
 
 ADULATORY, a. [adulatonus, Lai.] in a flattering or 
 complimental manner. 
 
 ADULT, a. [adultus, Lat.] grown up; arrived to the 
 age of discretion. 
 
 ADULT, s. one who is arrived at the years of manhood : 
 in civil law, a youth between fourteen and twenty-five years 
 of age. 
 
 ADULTERANT, s. [adulterdns, Lat.] the person who 
 is giiilty of adultery; or thing which debases by admixture. 
 
 To ADU'LERATE, r. «. [adultero, Lat.] to violate the 
 bed of a married person by unlawful knowledge. To cor- 
 rupt or debase tty some foreign mixture. 
 
 ADU LTIiR.ATE, a. flowing from, or owing to the crime 
 of adultery. Counterfeit ; though resembling in appearance, 
 vet inferior in value. Debaseil by mixture. 
 ■ ADULTERATENESS s. tlie quality or state of being 
 adulterate ; counterfeit 
 
 ADULTER.VTlON.i. [adnheratin, Lat.] the act of cor- 
 rupting by a foreign mixture ; or endeavouring to make 
 things to pass for more than their intrinsic value, by their 
 resemblance to something better. 
 
 ADULTERER, s. [adulter, Lat.] the person guilty of 
 lying with his neighbour's w ife. 
 
 ADU'LTEl'.ESS, s. a woman guilty of the crime of vio- 
 lating her husband'sbed, by lying with another man. 
 
 ADU'LlTiRINE. t. [adulteiiue, Fr.] iu canou law, a child 
 born of an adulteres*. 
 
 ADU'LTEROUS, a. [adulter, Lat.] guilty of adiilterj. 
 Base and corriipled ; idolaiions. 
 
 ADU'LTEIIV, s. [iidiihirtuw, Lat] in it« primary signi- 
 fication, the crime of being false to the marriage bed. Fi- 
 guratively, idoldtiy. 
 
 To ADUMBl'-ATF^ r. a. [aduvJim, Lat.] to shadow ; 
 to give a slight resemblance or faint likeness, alluding to 
 that of shadows, with respect to the bodies by which they 
 are formed. 
 
 ADUMKl'.ATION, s. the act of giving a .slight repre- 
 sentation, or illustration. An imperfect resemblance, like 
 that of a shadow. A faint glimmering, a distant and con- 
 fused likeness. In heraldry, when any ti"ure in a coal is mi 
 obscured, tliat nothing but the bare profile, or outline, i.i 
 visible. 
 
 ADUNATION, J. [from nrf and vmit, Lat.] union; the 
 junction of two or more bodies. 
 
 ADU'NCITV, s. [aduncitas, Lat.] creohcdncss ; flexure 
 inward ; hooke<liiess. 
 
 ADUNQUE, o. [uduncus, Lat.] crookerf: 
 
 A'DVOCATE, s. [advvcatiis, Lat.] among the Roman?, « 
 person skilled hi their law, and vho undertook the defence 
 of causes at the bar. /tdtoraie is still used in counlries and 
 courts where the civil law obtains for those who plead and 
 defend the causes of their clients. In common use it mean* 
 one who manages the cause of another, or answers vbiec- 
 tions brought against it. In these senses the term is applied 
 in scripture to Christ. In .Scotland there is a lord Advoeatt, 
 who is one of the ofhcers of state, and gives his advice in 
 all cases alwut making, or executing laws ; dj»fonds the 
 king's right in all public meetings ; prosecutes all capital 
 crimes before the justiciany ; concurs lual! puriuitswlierciu 
 the king has interest ; and" is at liberty to plead all Cduses, 
 unless when acting as an ordinary lord of sessions ; in which 
 case he plead only tlie kind's : as also a college or focully of 
 advocates, 180 in number, who are appointed to plead in aU 
 actions before the lords of session. 
 
 ADVOCATION, s. the oHiceof an advocate. 
 
 ADVOWE', t. [advoyi, Fr.] he that has the right of ad- 
 vow son. 
 
 ADVO'WSON, or ADVCWZEN, s. a ri^fht to rresent 
 to a benefice, in the canon law, because those who had 
 obtained the right of presenting to a living were generally 
 great benefactors to it. 
 
 To ADU'RE, V. n. [adiiro, Lat.l to consume by fire. 
 
 ADUST, a. [aduitu4, Lat.l burnt up, »c«rclied, ant! 
 thereby rendered brittle. Able to bum, scorching hot. In 
 medicine and philosophy, those humours and tliat habit of 
 body which arises from a fermentation of chaler and liile, 
 and betokens warmth of temper ; choleric. 
 
 ADU'STED, part, [tidustus, Lat.] burnt or »«t on fire. 
 Warm, with respect to the humours of the body or temper. 
 
 ADU'.STIBLh, a. that may be burnt or scorched up. 
 
 ADU'SnON, t. the act of burning up, or drj ing. Anp}ie(J 
 to the blood, is the evaporating its most subtile particles by 
 heat, and leaving the grosser as half parched. In physie, 
 an inflammation about the brain and its membranes, attend- 
 dcd with a hollowness in the eyes, a pale colour, and a dry- 
 ness of the body. 
 A'DY, s. thej»alm-tree of the island r>f St. Thomaj. 
 A DZE, or A'DDICE,/. a cutting tool of the axe kind, bar- 
 ing its blade made thin and arching, and its edge at right an- 
 gles to the handle, used by carpenters, but moro by cooper*, 
 as being convenient for cutting the hollow sides of boards, Arc, 
 JE, a diphthong, wherein tlie .sound of the /4 is very oh- 
 scure, used by the Romans and Saxons, but seems rfow 
 quite out of use among modem writers, being changed fur 
 the simple e, as in equatnr, eipiiiwctial, and even in Enev. 
 
 ifl'DILE, s. [adilis. Lat.] a Roman magistrate, deriving 
 his name tVom being surveyor «f tJie buildings, both public 
 and private ; such as baths, aqueducts, bridges, ar>d roads; 
 he inspected the weights and measures, took cognisance 
 of disorderly houses; revised all plays befiore their licinj 
 e^hibitcd ; had the caie of 1»ie acU of the Mo.itr, jw'« 
 
 15
 
 AER 
 
 AFF 
 
 the examination of all b'ooks -which were intended for 
 publication. 
 
 /E'GILOPS, s.[Gt. goat-eyed,]that animal being subject 
 to this ailment a tumor or swelling in the corner of the 
 eve next theno'se, either witli or without an nitlammation : 
 als^i a plant, so called for its supposed virtues against such 
 a distemper. 
 
 iE'GlS', s. mytholo^', the name given to the shield or 
 bucki'er of Jupiter or Pallas. It derives its name from Ju- 
 piter covering his shield with the skin of the goat Amaltliea, 
 ■«hich he is reported to have sucked. This buckler he 
 atrevwards gave to Minerva, whose shield is called by this 
 naiiic. 
 
 jEGITTIA'CUM, s. a corrosive ointment, of which there 
 are several kinds. 
 
 -ENEIO, i. the name of Virgil's celebrated epic poem, 
 from .-F.iu'as the hero. 
 
 ^ENIGMA,.?. [Gr.] a proposition put in obscure, and 
 often contradictory terms, in order to exercise the sagacity 
 of a person ; or an obscure description of a thing, delivered 
 in such terms as render the explication difficult, and the 
 meaning not intelligible at first sight. 
 
 jEO'OC, or-^OLIAN, a. in grammar, one of the five 
 dialects of the Greek tongue. It was first used in Bceotia, 
 V hence it passed into ^Eolis, and was that which Sappho 
 and Alca.'us wrote in. JEolian harp, is a musical instrument 
 plaved by the wind. 
 
 jtOLlPILE, s. in hydranlics, an instrument used to de- 
 monstrate the possibility of converting water into an elastic 
 irapour by heat. It consists of a hollow metalline ball, with 
 a slender neck, which being filled with water and exposed 
 to the fire, produces a vehement blast of wind. It is so 
 called from a;olus, and pila a ball. 
 
 .^O'LUS, in heathen niythnligy godof the winds. 
 
 jERA,s. [Lat.] in chn]nolo-;v, a series o'" years, com- 
 Dcnciug from a certain fixed point of time, called an Epo- 
 fha. Thus the Christian ."/Era, is the number of years 
 ccmputcc! to have elapsed since the birth of Christ. It is 
 however generally admitted by chronologors that Christ 
 was born four years before ils commencement. 
 
 AE'RI AL, a.[(i,:rius, Lat.] consisting of air. Produced by 
 the air. Inhabiting the air. Placed in the air ; lofty, 
 high. 
 
 .'F.'RF.VNS, s. a branch of the sect called Arians, who 
 added some peculiar doctrines of lluir own, as that there is 
 no difterence between bishops and priests: from iErius, an 
 Armenian priest, in the fourtii contun,-. 
 
 .4E'RIE, s. \niic, Fr.]a nest appropriated to hawks, and 
 (ither birds of prey. 
 
 . /I'VH I FORM, ff. found in the state of the air. 
 ..£R(. GRAPH Y, .». [ntr air, and grnp/m to describe, Gr.J 
 a description of the air, its limits, dimensions, i)ioperties, 
 
 jf.RO'LOGY, s. [uer air, and logos wisdom or discourse, 
 Cir.] the science which teaches the nature and properties of 
 the air. 
 
 /ERO'MANCY, s. [from air air, and matUeia divination, 
 Gr.] the art of divining by the air. 
 
 /KRO'M.\TPY, .«. [from ntr air, and metren to measure, 
 Gr.] the art of nit-asuring the air, coniprehendiiig the laws 
 of luolion, gravitation, pressure, elasticity, rmcliiclion, 
 condensation, tVc. .See Pneum.'Vtics. 
 
 yE'ilONAUT, f. [from acr air, and «««?« a sailor, Gr.] a 
 person who ascends in and guides an air balloon. 
 
 illKO-SCOPY, s. j^fioni otrair, and sIui/ko to observe, Gr.] 
 •lie ohservatioQ of the air. 
 
 A KUO.STATION, «.[«(■'/• and statw, Lat.] a new science, 
 >>i;;iiifying a\;rial navigation. The maciiines eniployid are 
 c.M\ff\ atrostats, or neroslatic machines, and from iheir glo- 
 bular shape air-balluiMis. Some hints respecling such ma- 
 chines occur in ancient authors ; but <ho science was an- 
 iiiiunced in France, in 17M-.J, by two brothers, John and Slc- 
 jihcn Montgol/icr, who were successfn'i 'in sending nii silk 
 •lUgs, filled witU rarefied air.p.nd aftcnvards larwr balloons 
 
 wore constructed, by which sundry persons, hith in France, 
 England, and other countries, nave twai}^ aerial excursions. 
 These last-mentioned ballooMs were filled with inflammable 
 air, as being considerably lighter than iieated atmospheric 
 air. During the wars in Germany, tlie Fieneh generals sent 
 up balloons of observation ; but in any other respt ct this 
 invention has hitherto contributed oiiiy to the amuoenicnt 
 of the spectators, and the profit of the -.idventuiprs. 
 
 yERU'GINOUS, re. [from amgo, Lat.] resembling or be- 
 longin"; to the rust of copper. Applied to cf.iour, it is by 
 some described as a green, and by others «s a brown. 
 
 jERU'GO, j. [Lat.] rust, particularly that of copper ; 
 verdigrease. 
 
 /E'STUARY, i. [restuarhim, Lat.] in pharmacy, a vapour 
 bath. In geography, an arm of the sea, which runs a good 
 way within land ; as the Bristol Channel. 
 
 jt'THER,*. [Gr.] in physics, a thin subtile matter, finer 
 and rare- than air, commencing from the limits of our at- 
 mosphere, and expanded through all the regions of space. 
 In cheinisti>, the lightest, most volatile, and most inflam- 
 matory of all liquids ; producea by the distillation ofscida 
 with rectified spirit of wine. 
 
 JETHYIKlXh, a.\atherius, Lat.] formed of aether ; celes- 
 tial, heavenly. AStherial space, or rrgiiiri, is that space in the 
 heavens where the pure unmixed ather is supposed to be 
 found ; and figuratively is used for heavenli/. jEthetiial oil, 
 in chemistry, named likewise essential, is a fine, subtile, es- 
 sential oil, approaching nearly to the nature of a spirit. 
 The pure liquor, which rises next after the spirit, in distil- 
 ling turpentine, is termed the atherial oW of turpentine. 
 
 iETHlOPS-MNERAL, *. [a compound word, deriving 
 its name from its cfllour, which is black, and supposed to 
 resemble the complexion of the Ethiopians] in pharmacy, a- 
 preparation of equal quantitie.s of quicksilver and flour of 
 brimstone, ground in a stone or iron mortar, till they be- 
 come black, and no particles of quicksiher remain visi- 
 ble. 
 
 i?5'TITES, or eagle-stons, a flinty or crustated stone, holr, 
 low within, and containing a substance which shakes whea 
 it is rattled. It was formerly used for magical purposes, 
 and was believed to be found in an eagle's nest. 
 
 jETNA, now Monte (iiBELLo ; a volcano or burning 
 mountain of Sicily, situated in Ion. 15.0. E. Lat. 38. 0. N. 
 This mountain, renowned from the earliest ages for its mag- 
 nitude and terrible eruptions, is on the eastern coast, near 
 Catania, in an extensive plain, called Val Demoni, ficni its 
 being the supposed habitation of devils, who, in this moiirt- 
 taiii, torment the spirits of the daiuiied. According to 
 Mr. Brydone its height is 12,000 feet. Faujas de St. Fond 
 slates it at 10,0.36, and its circumference at the base is 180 
 miles. Over itssidesaie 77 cities, towns, and villages, the 
 number of the inhabitants of which is about 115,0<]l). The 
 distance froui Catania to its summit is about .30 miles. At 
 the veiT top it is perpetually covered with snow ; which is 
 an article so necessaiy in this hot climate, that the bishop's 
 revenues arise from the sale of Mount .'I'.tiia's snow ; and he 
 is said to draw lOOOl. a year from one small portion lying on 
 the north side of the mountain. In the dreadful eruption 
 of .FJuiyn IWiil, the lava, or fiery stream, was not less than 
 It miles long, and in many places six in breadth ; and in its 
 course dest toyed ^tlic habitations of .30,000 persons. The 
 two last f)r;'al eruptions happened in July and October, 
 17S7 ; in the latUr the lava issued to the distance of three 
 miles, in a stream a quarter of a mile broad, and from five 
 to eighteen feet deep. 
 
 AFA'R, u(l. at a distance. Figuratively, foreign or 
 strange. Distant, in onposition to intimate friendship. 
 
 AFFABILITY, s. [«//nAi?((n.«, Lat.J a quality which ren- 
 ders a person easy to be spoken to ; iiK'lu<liiijt mode.sly, 
 good-nature, and condescension ; generally apiuied to su- 
 periors. 
 
 .A'FFABLE, a. [nffabilit, Lat.] easy to be spoken to, on 
 accouBt of complaisance, good-nature and condesceu- 
 siuu.
 
 AFF 
 
 AFF 
 
 AFFABI.ENESS, s. courteoiisness ; civil and complai- 
 taiit behav.\)iir. See Afi-arility. 
 
 A'FFABLY, «</. in h" affable maniuT; courtcouily ; 
 civillv. 
 
 AITAIR, s. [<T^(ri;T, Fr.] sotntiliing (lone, or to be (lone. 
 Fniploynieiit. The coiicerns and transactions of a nation. 
 Cin nni'iitances, or liie ctnK-litiori of a iv.i son. Rnsiness. 
 
 To AFFK'C'T, V. a.[ii(fici(i, Lat.] to prodnce an elliet ; to 
 canse, useJ with tlie part-icle wil/i. To act npon. To cx- 
 cite? stir up, or work upon the passions. To aim at, to en- 
 deavour after, appli'od to persons. To have a tendency ; 
 to assinno ; to tend to. To be fond of, or long for. To 
 iissinne a character not real, or natural, and to support it 
 iu an aukward manner. 
 
 AFFECTATION, s.Uiff-.etaiio, Lat.] an artful or hypo- 
 critical assuming of a cliaiacter, or appearance, wliicli is 
 not our own, and to which we have no claim. 
 
 AFFECTED, ;miY. having the affections e.xciled. To be 
 peculiarly fond of. Disposed, with the word ill. Person- 
 lited, or appearing unnatural. 
 
 AFFE'CTEDLY, <td. in a maimer which lias more of 
 appearance than reality. 
 
 AFFE'CTEDNESS, s. the quality of assuming an unna 
 tural or false appearance. Distinguished from hypocrisy 
 by its object ; that being religion, and this politeness, 
 grandeur, learning, &-c. 
 
 AFFE'CTION, s. {affhtio, Lat.l state of being affected, 
 or wrought upon by any cause. Passions in general. Love, 
 fondness, regard, or good-will. Zeal ; a desire of obtaining. 
 In logic, an attribute peculiar to some subject, and arising 
 from the very idea or essence of it; styled by the school- 
 men, pauprimn (jiiarto motlo. Affections of the hotly, in phy- 
 sics, are certain modifications occasioned by motion. In 
 medicine, it implies a morbid or preternatural state of the 
 Lodv, or some of its parts. 
 
 ATFFE'CTIONATE, a. [affectionni, Fr.] zealous, or a 
 strong and longinnf desire ; warm. Strongly inclined, or 
 disposed to. Fond, tender, with all the glowiiigs of pater- 
 nal love. 
 
 AFFECTIONATELY, ad. in an affectionate, fond, cn- 
 deariiiz, and benevolent manner. 
 
 AFFE'CTIONATENESS, s. the quality or state of exer- 
 cising the social, benevolent, kind, and endearing passions. 
 
 AFFE'CTION ED, a. full of affectation, cmiceited, af- 
 fected ; mentally disposed. 
 
 AFFECTIVE, n.tliat acts upon, or excites a disagreea- 
 ble or painful sensation. 
 
 AFFEIIORS, or AFFEE'RORS, s. in law, persons ap- 
 pointed to tax, assess, and confirm such fines as are set in 
 inferior courts; in courts leot, to settle the fines of those 
 that are guilty of faults, which have no express penally as- 
 signed by the statute ; in courts baron, to moderate amer- 
 ciaments. 
 
 AFFI'ANCE, s. [affiance, Fr.] confirming one's own by 
 plighting of faith ; betrothing. Figuratively, trust or con- 
 fidence, tile effect of the mutual vows persons make to each 
 oilier; a. firm trust, an unshaken reliance. 
 
 To AFFIANCE, v. a. [affianccr, Fr.] to bind one's sel'" to 
 inarr\'.. Figuratively, to give confidence. 
 
 AFFIDA'\'[T, s. [Lat.] an oath in writing, sworn before 
 an authoriseil person; which contains the time, residence, 
 and addition of the person who makes it. 
 
 AFFr.ED, ;w)/. a. joined by contract ; affianced. 
 
 AFFILIATION, s. [from ad and filius, Lat.] adoption, or 
 the making a r.on. 
 
 AFFI'NED, part, [from affinis, Lat.] joined by affinity or 
 marriage to another; related to. 
 
 AFFI'NITY, s. [affinitas, Lat.l relation by 'marriage, in 
 opposition to that which is by blood. Connection ; resem- 
 blance to, applied to things. In chemistry, is that peculiar 
 BTOpeHsitv which different species of matter have to unite 
 and combine with certain other bodies exclusively, or in 
 preference to any otlier connection : calltd also elictive at- 
 iraclion, 
 
 D 
 
 To .\FFrRM, 0. a. and t>. n. \efflrmo, Lat.] to confirm a 
 thing as trulli ; to i!eciare ; to assert ; to tell confidently. 
 It is syiionjiMous with the following words: To declare 
 signifies to tell any tiling simply, but seriously; U> pi-jltst 
 impUes a suleniii afhrniation ; to aver si^^uitics a pos live 
 declaration; to assert, that declaration delended ; to maiit- 
 tiiin, implies a support of such assertion; to twear, is to 
 ratify it by an oath. 
 
 AFFI'RMAIjLE, a. that may be affirmed or asserted. 
 
 AFlTllMANCE,s.inlaw,confirmalion; opposed to repeal. 
 
 AFFIRMANT, s. [from affirmans, Lat.] tlie person wlio 
 affirms, or makes a positive declaration. 
 
 AFFIRMA'TION, «. [n/^VwffdV;, Lat.] the act of strength- 
 ening or supporting any opinion ; confirmation. Assertion; 
 or tenaciousiiess of any thing or position a^serted. Con- 
 firmation, in opposition to repeal. In grannnar, what is 
 otherwise called a verb, because it expresses what we affirm 
 or assert of any subject. In a legal sense, the iiiethod al- 
 lowed by law to the quakers as a pled;fc of their truth in 
 judicial courts, instead of an oatli. If they make a false 
 affirmation, they are subject to the penallies of the law ; 
 but this is only with regard to oaths of allegiance, and on 
 public occasions ; for in criminal cases their afhrniation is 
 not t.keii in evidonce. 
 
 AFFIRMATIVE, a. that positively affirms or asserts a 
 thing. Applied to persons, positive ; obstiiialc inopinion; 
 dogmatical; or one that would affirm anything. Affirmn- 
 tive, in Algebra, applied to quantities, are those which ex- 
 press a real magnitude, in opposition to those which are 
 negative, or less than nothing. Affinnatice sign, in Alge- 
 bra, is that which shews that the q,uantity it is prefixed to 
 is affirmative, and is marked thus + 
 
 AFFI'RMATIVELY, ad. ill an affirmative or positive 
 manner, in opposition to negative. 
 
 AFFIRMER, s. that person who asserts a thing to be 
 true ; he that affirms ; lie who takes the affirmative side of 
 a question in dispute. 
 
 Fo AFFI'X, V. a. [affigo, Lat.] to be fixed or united to. 
 To connect with, to subjoin, to establish. 
 
 AFI'TX,i. [affixmn, Lat.] in grammar, some letter or sen- 
 tence joined to a word. 
 
 AFFI'XION, s. the r.rt of affixing, or state of a noun 
 lh;it has an afTix. 
 
 AFFLATION, s. [from afflatum, Lat.] the act of breath- 
 ing upon any thing. 
 
 AFFLA'TUS, s. [Lat.] divine inspiration. In physic, a 
 vapour or blast, which is prejudicial to the health. 
 
 To AFFLl'CT, v. a. [affiigo, Lat.] to use with such barba- 
 rity as may occasion a deep sorrow ; to niortif>', or prac- 
 tise all the duties of sincere repentance; to punish; to 
 be in adversitv, or involved in temporal luihappiness. 
 
 AFFLrCTION, s. [nffiiciio, Lat.] that which causes a 
 sensation of pain ; a very disagreeable circumstance ; ca- 
 lamity. 
 
 AFFLICTIVE, n. that occasions torment, misery, or a 
 sensation of pain on account of its disagreeableness; that 
 wijieh co'icerns ; sorrow. 
 
 AFFLUENCE, or ATFLUENCY, ^. [affiuentia, Lat.] 
 in Its primaiy sense, tlie flowing to any plac." ; resort, or 
 concourse. It is almost aluays used figuratively. Abun- 
 dance of wealth ; plenty. 
 
 A'FFLUENT, a. [affinens, Lat.] in its priinaiT scnst, 
 fiowiiio; to any part. In its secondaiy, abundant in wealth ; 
 plentiful; exuberant; wealthv. 
 
 ATFLUENTNF^S, s. the quality of being wealthy, or 
 abotindinir with all the conveniences of life. 
 A'FP'LUXj. [affiiixus, Lat.] the act of flowing, or thing 
 which flows. 
 
 AFFLU'XION, s. [nffiu.rin, Lat.] the act of flowing to a 
 particular place ; that which flows f;om one place to 
 another. 
 
 To AFFORD, v. a. [nffourrcr. Fr.] to yield or p'odiice. 
 Tcv supply, cause, or grant. To be able to seil without 
 losing. 
 
 17 .
 
 A F R 
 
 AOA 
 
 To AFFOTIEST, r. n. to turn ground into a forest. 
 AKFRAI'D, pnrf. [tVorii oWV-ui/rr, Tr.] to be timorous; 
 to be affected with fear, eiincr bv a present ol)jet't which 
 tnay endanger our safety, or by the prospeet of a distant 
 or future evil. If it generally spilt with a single/; but 
 this is more consistent with analo^'V. 
 To AFFilANOHISE, r. n. [aifranchW, Fr.] to make free. 
 To AFFRA'Y, r. a. [ajfrayer, Fr.] to strike with terror or 
 fear ; to fright. 
 
 AFFRA'Y, or AFFRA'VMENT. ... inlaw, formerly an 
 affright caused to one or more, by persons appearing in 
 unusual armour. At present, a skirmish or fighting, wherein 
 some blow is given, or some weapon drawn. It differs from 
 an assault, as this is a public, but that a personal wrong. 
 AFFRI'CTION, J. See Friction. 
 To AFFRIGHT, .>.«.[froni <i -awI fi-ihian. Sax.] to affect 
 Tv'ith fear, including in it the idea of sometliin» dangerous 
 and mischievous, something that can deprive us of pleasure, 
 or affect us with pain; and that the impression of this pas- 
 sion is sudden. To intimidate and dishearten. 
 
 AFFRIGHT, *. terror ; fear, denoting a sudden impres- 
 sion, in opposition to fear, which implies a long continuance. 
 AFFRl'GHTFUL, a. abounding in such qualities as may 
 cause fear. 
 
 To AFFRO'NT, v. a. [afrmter, Fr.] in its primary sig- 
 nification, to meet face to face, to confront. Figuratively, 
 ■to injure a person before his face, including in it the seconda- 
 ry ideas of contempt, disdain, and entire neglect of decorum. 
 " AFFRO'NT, s. an iiunlt or injury offered to tlie face ; 
 including the ideas of contempt and rudeness. Indecent 
 behaviour ; outrage. 
 
 AFFRONTEE', s. in heraldry, an appellation given to 
 animals facing one anrrther on an escutcheon. 
 
 AFFRONTER, s. the person who offers the affront. 
 AFFRONTING, or AFFROTSTIVE, part. «. tbnt oc- 
 casions or causes an affront. 
 
 AFFUSION, s. [nffiisin, Lat.J the act of pouring one 
 thing iipon another. 
 
 AFIELD, «(/. to the field. 
 
 AFLOAT, ad. [from //o««-, Fr.] borne up by the water; 
 floating. Figuratively, nuctuating. 
 
 AFO'OT, ad. walking, in opposition to riding. Figura- 
 tivelv, in agitation ; couimenced. 
 AFO'RE,p)V7». Skf. BEroKE. 
 
 AFORE, aJ. applied to lime, that wliieh is past ; ante- 
 cedent to a thing nieiilioned. 
 
 AFORETIME, ad. in times past, or those which have 
 •preceded that in which they are referred to. 
 AFRESH, «</. anew; again; a second time. 
 ATRICA, one of the four principal parts of the world; 
 Iwunded on llie N. by the Mediterranean sea; on the W. 
 and S. by the Ocean ;" on the E. by the Red Sea and the 
 Isthmus of Suez. It is in llie form of a pyranii<l, whose 
 base, from Tangier to (he Isthmus of Suez, is about 2<tOO 
 miles. From the top of the pyramid, that is to say, from 
 tlic Cape of fiood Hope tolhe most northern part, is 4e00 
 miles; and in the broadest pait, tiiatis, from CapeVerdto 
 Cape fJuard-a-fui, it is :v*wi. 'I'lie greatest part of it is 
 within the torrid zone, which renders the heat almost insup- 
 portable in many places. However, the coasts in general are 
 very fruitful, the fruits excellent, and the plants extraordi- 
 nary. The tlesli of flieanim;iU is in ;:,eneral very good ; and 
 tliere are more wild beasts than in any other part of the 
 world ; such as lions, tigers, leopards, panthers, rhinoce- 
 roses, and elephants. There are also some animals peculiar 
 to this country ; such as the hippopotamus, or river-hor.se, 
 •whose teeth •are so large that Ihey serve instead of ivor\-, 
 and are much belter ; the rhinoceros with two horns on its 
 nose ; an<l the most beautifid striped zebra, which is es- 
 teemed a fine present to the greatest princes. As for the 
 crocoiiilej, winch were thoui;lit formerly to be peculiar to 
 Africa, tliey are now found in other t-laces, or at least 
 creatures so much like them, that it is hard to know tlie dif- 
 lerciice. Besides these they have ostriches, camels, various 
 Vi 
 
 sorts of monkeys, and maily other animals not (o be met with* 
 in Europe. There are several deserts, parlicularW one of .t 
 large extent, which is almo.st without water; and whose sands 
 arc so loose, that by means of a strong wind, tiicy will some- 
 times bury whole caravans at a time. However, this is not 
 quite without inhabitants, for there are wild Arabs, and 
 other people, who rove from place to place, partly in searcti 
 of pasture, and partly to lie in wait for the rich caravans tirdt 
 travel fr<mi Barbary and Egypt to Negrolaiul anid Abvssinia. 
 There are many lar.'je rivers; but the principal are tlie Nile 
 and the Niger. There are very high mountains in divers 
 parts, particularly ii.A1ivssinia and Barbary ; in whicli last 
 country is mount .\tlas, that separates Bar1)ary from Bile- 
 dulgerid, and runs from E. to W. Their religion is Maho- 
 metanism an<l Paganism, though there are Christians in some 
 parts, as in Abyssinia, and among the Euroi)raii siettlements. 
 Africa is variously divided, according to different geogra- 
 phers ; however, the best distinguish them by the names of 
 Egypt, Barbary, Guinea, Congo, CatTraria, Abvssinia, Nu-^ 
 bia, and Nigritia, with the island that surround it. Africa^ 
 in painting, is represented by a black woman, almost na- 
 ked, with frizzled hair, and an clej)hanfs trunk for a crest, 
 a fierce lion on one side, and a viper and serpent on the 
 other; with other emiilemsof the produce of the country. 
 
 A'l'T^ER, vrep. [tr/ter. Sax.] is applied both to time and 
 place. Applied to time, it denotes that something had 
 been done JM'fore. Joined with verbs it has a referrence to 
 time, with succeeding or following. Applied to place, be- 
 hind, or folhiwhig. Concerning. According to ; agreeable 
 to, in imitation of. 
 
 .VFTF.R, ad. [it is distinguished from the preposition, 
 because it has a relation to that which goes before it ; but 
 not to the sentence which follows it] succeeding or follow- 
 ing in time. Second or following in place, in opposition to 
 before. 
 
 A'rTER-AGES, s. ages which are to come, or future. 
 Ai^ER-CLAP, s. some unexpected incident after aa 
 affair is supposed to be ended. 
 
 A'FTER-CO.ST, *. expenses which are incurred after 
 the original bargain or plan isfinished. 
 
 A FTER-CROP, s. the second crop or produce of a 
 ground in one year. 
 
 ATTE.RGAME, s. an expedient after the original plan 
 
 or first attempt has miscarried. 
 
 A FTER-iNlATH, s. second crop of grass mown in autumn. 
 
 A'PFERNOON, .». that space, or interval, which is from 
 
 twelve at noon till the evening. Figuratively, the decline. 
 
 " The aflerncion of life." 
 
 AFTER-PAINS, .v. pains after birth. 
 AFTER-PROOF, .t. evidence posterior to the thing in 
 question: cpialities known bv subsequent experien<'e. 
 
 A FTER-1 ASTE, ,«. a taste remaining uimui the tongue 
 after the draught, which was not perceived in the act of 
 drinking. 
 
 A'FTEn-THOU(iHT, i. v,;i expedient formed too late ; 
 reflection, or tiiouglit arising after the finishing of a thing ; 
 repentance. 
 
 A FTF-R TIMES, s. [seldom used in the singular] future 
 ages ; in lime toeonie. 
 
 AF'FERWARD, or AIHTERWARDS, ad. in succeeding 
 or future time, referring to something which preceded, ana 
 >\hi<-li it is s\ipposed to follow. 
 
 .\ F'FI'.R-NMT, s. an unseasonable exjx'dient, or a eoa- 
 trivanee which is too late. 
 
 .A'(;A, .'. tlie title of a 'Furkish military officer. 
 .A(iA'IN, ad. [nfi-eti. Sax.] a second time, implying the 
 repetition of the same action. On the other hand, denoting 
 a correspondence or reciprocation of action. After ash, » 
 return of a thing given. Return by way of recompence ; 
 or reimbursement. After nii«-A, or vvords implying dimen- 
 sion, arenetitionof the same quantity which preceded. 
 
 ACiA'IN'ST, ;)i«7>. [rt>ng-eo«. Sax.] used to persons, in op- 
 position, alluding to the position of two armies ready t« 
 attack each other. After sjtcak, to be represented in a bwd
 
 AGE 
 
 A G ti 
 
 light. Applied to motion, contrary diroction ; or tliat in 
 which OIK- body uiects witli aiiotlifr. 
 
 A'(iAPR, («^«-/»«'/) .V. K<*r.] love-feast?, exurcist'd l)y the 
 priiiiilivp Christiaus, ami revived by the Methodists. 
 
 ACiA'PE, ml. a stupid kind of admiration ; woiideiing, as 
 expressed hy the iffiionint-, with open mouths. 
 
 A'OARICK, *. ['/gaririim. Lilt.] in Bolany, an excrescence 
 gro\\ius in the shape of a mushroom iipmi the trunk and 
 j;reat branches of Ine oak and other trees, Ijuf tlie larcii tree 
 especially. Mineral a^xricli, is a kind of stone found in tlie 
 clefts of rocks in Germany. 
 
 A'(iATI'', s. [nffaie, Fr.] a precious stone of liie Hint 
 kind, much harder than jasper, and receives a better polish. 
 Its ccdours are various, and in some of them ri'presents such 
 figures as are very siirprisinj;. Fit 17f!o, the emperor of 
 riern.any, being desirous to know the leii?;lli of lime neces- 
 sary' to complete a petrifaction, obtained leave of llieSiiltaii 
 to take up one of tlie timliers Ihaf sui>port Trajan's bridjje 
 over the Danube, some miles below lielgrave. The onler 
 part of this limber to the depth of half an inch, was found 
 to be converted to an afrnte ; the inner pails were slightly 
 petrified, and llie central were still wood. 
 
 A'GAVR, *. the common American aloe. 
 
 AGA'ZED, p:iit. struck with a sudden terror ; terrified 
 to stupidity. 
 
 AGE, s. [«^e, Fr.] the time of a man's life ; a succession 
 of generations of men ; a ceiitiiiT, or the space of an liiiii- 
 dred vears. 
 
 .A'ORS.of the world,* The time preceding the birlh 
 of Christ has generally been divided into six ages ; the first 
 compndiends the time from the Iteginning ofHie world to 
 the deluge, and consists of Ifiofi yeais : the seeoiul, from 
 the deluge to the time of Abraham's coming into the 1 iiid of 
 promise in 'ifWi, comprehends 42fi years: the third age of 
 the world, fioiii Abraham's entrance into the proiiiisi-d land 
 to the deliverance of llie Hebrew's out of Egvpt, in the vear 
 of the world '2C)\.i, includes 4.'!() years: the foiirlh age from 
 their going out of Egypt to the laving the foundalion of the 
 temple, in the year of the world 2!)y3, cumjMelieiids 470 
 years : the tiflli age of the world, from laying the foundation 
 of Solomon's temple to the Rahvloniih captivity, in the year 
 of the world .'UWi, contains 4-24 years • the sixth age of the 
 world comprises the time from the Babvlonish captivity to 
 the birth of Jesiis Christ, which happened in the year of the 
 world 4000, and four years before the vulgar a^ra, including 
 684 years. Another <livision of the ages of the world, is, 
 the age of (he law of nature, which compn lic'iik the w hole 
 time betwein Adam and Moses; the age of the Jewish law, 
 >vhi<li takes in all the time from Moses to Christ ; and lastly, 
 the age of grace, or the number of year* elapsed since the 
 birth of Christ. Aiicieiil hiblorians have likewise divided 
 the duration of the world into certain periods, called As:es ; 
 the IJrsI reiu hing (rniii the <'ialioii to the deluge, which hap- 
 pened ill tireece, ''.eriiig the reign of ()\-ges, is called the 
 obscure or uncertain /tgc; the lilslorv of mankind, during 
 that period, being very iiucertain : the second, called the 
 fahiilniis or lier(>i<> Ag-e, terminates at the first olympiad; 
 where the third, or historical Ai^e, conimeiices. The poels 
 kavp likewise made fiur divisions of the ages of the world, 
 namely, the goWtn /Igr, the silver, llie brnzen, and the irmi. 
 Age. There are also four degrees or periods in human life, 
 namely, infaucy, youth, rcinliodd, and old I'se: the first 
 extends to the 14lli year, the ,ecoiid to the a.^tli year, the 
 third to the 40lli, and the tiarlli lotheTolh year; or, rather, 
 as long as a man lives. In law, a man at twelve years 
 of age ought to take the oath of allegiance to the king in a 
 leet ; at fourteen, which is the age of discretion, he may 
 marry, choose his giiardiaH, and claim his lands held in 
 soccagp. His full age is twenty-one, in niirn orwoman. A 
 woman is dowable at nine years of a};e, niav marry at 
 twelve, and at fourteen choose her guardian. At fourteen, 
 a mail may dispose of his personal estiile by will, but not ol 
 hutdii ; and at tliis aj;e a mgn or woman is capalde of beii)g 
 
 a witness.— .4e-f of the Mimn, the s|)nce of time, or nxT'-^. 
 val, since her last coiiiiiiictioii w .tl the sui.. 
 
 A(<ED, (f. that has lived a long (oiu.-p or srriesof \ '-ars, 
 generally ai>plied to animals. ri;,uialively., l!i;;t whict. has 
 stood for ma j: years; decayed by len^'lli .f tiiiic, applied 
 to inanimate things. 
 
 A'(iEl>LV, nd. after the manner ofa person adxaiurd in 
 years, or in the decline of l.fe. 
 
 A'CiEN, ad: SrF. AoAIN. 
 
 A'GETs'CY, i. the (piality of acting ; action; the state of 
 being in, or exerting action. 
 
 AGENT, n. {usem, Lat.] that which acts, or is active, 
 in opposition to patieiil or passive. 
 
 A'GI^NT, s. a being endued witfi the power of action. 
 Ill physics, that which is endued with power to a<f on aiicw- 
 tlier, and to prodiuc a change or alteration by such action. 
 The sclio(ds divide agents into //rr^ien/ or /'(vr. A"//i)«/, are 
 those « liich arc det<'i mined by I he great Aiilhor of naluro to 
 one sort of effect, with an in. i;pacily to peifi-irm any other, 
 as fire lo heat only, not to i ool. A /''•'(■ ogrii/ i., tlj-.ii which 
 may do or not ilo any action, and ha-, the c<;iiscioi)s precep- 
 tioii that his actions are caused by his own will, without anv 
 external necessity or determinalion whutexer. In com- 
 merce, an rtgcHi is a person entrusted with transacting bu- 
 siness for another at a distance, or the negotiation of the 
 atiairs of a state or corporation. /lgv«« and t'a/'nit, in 
 law, is a person who does 'ir gives something to Jim. self, 
 being both the doer of a thing, ami the parly ti whom it is 
 done. Thus a creditor beuig left executor, lie may retain 
 so iiuicli of the estate of the deceased as will pay his debt, 
 and by that means becomes bolh enoi/ and ii'itirnt, i. e. the 
 partv lo whom the debt is due, anfl ilie person wliji pays it. 
 
 A'GtiEUHlJY.S, a very moniita'noiis province of Norway, 
 in the south of that kingdoni, w ith a ciipihil of llie same name. 
 
 To AGGLO'IMEUATE, v. n. [ng^/./nou, Lat.] to gather 
 up ill a ball ; to gather together. 
 
 AtUiLL'TINANTS, *. ffrom a!ii:^/,^ti,m, Lai.] in its pri- 
 mary signification, those substances which have a quality of 
 glev. iiig, or sticking any bodies together. in plivsic,. 
 strengthening medicines, v^iiich, adheiing lo the solids in 
 the human body, recruit and supply what is wasted in the 
 animal action. 
 
 To ACiGLlJ'TIN.ATE, i', a. to unite one part to another, 
 as it were with glue ; to make one part slick to another. 
 Used with the participle <o. 
 
 AGCjLUTINA'TION, 4-. m its primary signification, to 
 join two bodies fast together. 
 
 A(iGLUTIN.\TI\'E, fl. ill medicine, that which has the 
 power of thickening the animal juices, so as lo render them 
 tit for nourisliing. 
 
 AGfiRANDISEMENT, *. the act of promoting to a. 
 Iii;,h place in a state; or the act of coiiterrinj power, ho- 
 nour, and wealth on a person. 
 
 To ACiGltANDI'ZE, v. n. ^n!>s:riin!li.irr, I"r.] to exalt, 
 prefer, or to make considerable by the a Id it inn of posts and 
 pensions. To enlarg;;, exalt, or ennoble, applierf to the fa- 
 culties and senlimeiitsof llie mind. It is applied to persons 
 gciieralb , sometime:, to things. 
 
 .AfiGI! .^NDIZER, s. the pcison wl;o confers honour and - 
 riches ou another. 
 
 To .\'CiGli AV.\TE, V. n. r.''ng);(jD(),'Lat,.] to increa.se the 
 wc'glit of a thing, iu its p'rimary sense. In its secondaiy 
 or figurative sense, to add to the enormity, applied tb 
 criu'cs. 
 
 AfiGRAV,\TION, .?. the act of making wwse, applied 
 to llie demerit cfactio.ns. .Some circumstance which heigh- 
 tens the unilt of any crime, &e 
 
 .A'GGl'Efi ATE, (7. \ngnritgntvs, Lat.] an assemblage or • 
 coUeelion oflhe parli(lcs Mitoone nn'iss. 
 
 AfiCUJEGATE, s. [from B^s:riv:'>, Lal.j an asscmbmgi, 
 formed of seveial parhculars. 'I ht sum total or result cf; 
 several lliinss added together. 
 
 To .A f iGREG.'VTE, v. a. {"gsr^go, Lat.] to collect tcge*:. 
 
 W..
 
 AOI 
 
 AGR 
 
 tlier several piiticulars into one sum, or several parcels or 
 particles into one niiiss. 
 
 AGGRF.GATION, s. a wliole made up of several parts 
 added to^ellier. In aritliinetic, the sum total, formed by 
 the addition of several units together. In physics, an as- 
 semblage of several things wtiich have no natural connection 
 with each other. 
 
 To AGGRE'SS, v.n. [agp-eilior, Lat.] to commit the first 
 act of hostility ; to make llie first attack ; to occasion or 
 be^'in a quarrel..' 
 
 AGGRESSION, s. [ns:!rrcssw,Lat.] the act of beginning 
 a quarrel, or being guilty of the first attack. 
 
 AGGRESSOR, s. the person who commits the first act 
 of hostility or injury-. 
 
 AGGRlEA'.VNCE, s. an action which causes pain ornn- 
 «asiness in the person to whom it was done, and includes in 
 it the secondary idea of injurj, or something undeserved. 
 
 To AGGRIE'VE, v. a. [from giai-is, L;it.] to do or say 
 soiuetliing which shall make a person uneasy. To offer an 
 injury, which shall occasion vexation. 
 
 To AGGROU'P, !'. o. UggTo/M7e, Ital.] to bring together 
 Into one figure ; to crowd together; a term of painting. 
 
 AGHA'ST, n.Jfrom a nn^shnst, Sax.] having ail the signs 
 of a person terrified by an apparition; like one who had seen 
 a gill St. 
 
 AGILE, a. la^i/is, Lat.] active; acting with great speed 
 and^readiness ; nimble, .i^pplied to the mind, alert, vigor- 
 ous, in opposition to slow and stupid. 
 
 A'GILENESS, *. the quality of performing without pain 
 or anv other impediment. 
 
 A'GlLITY, s. [a^ilitax, Lat.] a capacitj- of moving with- 
 out pain, or anv other impediment. 
 
 AGI'LLOCflUM, s. aloes-wood. A tree m the East In- 
 dies, brought to us in small bits, of a vei-y fragrant scent. 
 It is hot, drying, and accounted a strengtlienerof the neryes 
 in general. "The best is of a blackish purple colour, and so 
 light as to swim upon water. * 
 
 A'GINCOURT, a village in the county of St. Pol. in 
 the department of the straits of Calais, rendered famous to 
 all posterity by a battle fought near it, Oct. 2.^, 1416, where- 
 in Henry V. of England, with an army variously stated at 
 froTi 22 to 10,000 men, obtained a complete victory over an 
 army of French, consisting of Co,000 men, by the lowest 
 accounts ; but according to some contemporai-y writers, of 
 100, or even 140,000 men. The French left dead 92 barons, 
 1 ,500 knights, and 8,000 gentlemen of family, and several 
 thousand private men, without including 14,000 prisoners, 
 among whom were the duke or Orleans, and many others 
 of great distinction: while the loss of the English, including 
 the duke of York and the earl of Suffolk, who were killed 
 did not exceed one hundred men. Lat..')0.3i.N. Ion. 2. 10. E. 
 
 A'GIO, s. [Vend, aid or assistance] in commerse, the 
 exchange or difference between bank and current money, 
 or cash. Thus, if a bargain be made to pay either 1(K) livres 
 bank or 105 cash, the agio is said to be 5 per cent. The 
 »^tt varies almost every where ; at Amsterdam it is usually 
 from 3 to 5 per cent, at Rome near 2.'> per 1500 ; at Venice 
 10 per cent, fixed ; and at Genoa from 15 to 16. It like- 
 wise signifies the profit which arises from money advanced, 
 and is the same as premium. 
 
 AGI'.STMENT, s. in common law, the feed of other peo- 
 ple's catth-, taken into any ground, at a eerljiii rate per 
 week. In a large sense it extends to all manner of common 
 or herbage, or llie profit arising from thence. 
 
 A'GITABF^E, a. {agitabilis, Lat.] that may be put in 
 luotion. 
 
 To A'(iITATE, V. a. [agilo, Lat.] to move by repeated 
 actions. To 6<:tuafe, act ujioii, or give motion to. To ilis 
 turh, or disorder by the distractions of different motives. 
 To toss from one to another, to dit>cu»s or controvert with 
 great warmth. 
 
 AGITATION, *. la^taiio, Lat,] the act of shaking or 
 putting the pailicles of a body into motion. Disorder of tiie 
 
 mind arising from the violence of differ nl passions, f Dn- 
 sideration, or deliberation of several pe .'■ons. 
 
 AGITATOR, s. the i)ersou who prij ctsany scheme, oc- 
 casions any disturbance, or causes any motion. He \<ho ma- 
 nages anfl conducts the affairs ofanotlicr. 
 
 A'GLET, s. a tag of a point carved into ".oime represen- 
 tation of an animal. The penciants at the ends of the chivei 
 of (ii)weis, as in tulips. 
 
 A'CiNAIL, s. f'^a^-l a whitlow. 
 
 AGNATI, s. [Lat.] in the Roman law, tlie male descen- 
 dants from tlu' same father, distinguished from cognati, 
 which includes the female descendants. 
 
 AGNATION, *. [from agiiatus, Lat.] in the civil law, 
 the relation between the descendants from the same father, 
 nicluding only males. 
 
 .AGNITION, s. [airmtio, Lat.] an acknowledging. 
 
 To AGNIZE, V. a. [fnim agnosco, Lat.] to own ; to avow; 
 to acknowledge. 
 
 ACiNOETi-E, s. [from n priv. and giixislio, to know, Gr.J 
 in church histoi'y, a sect of heretics, who l:eld that Christ, 
 with respect to his huiiiau nature, was ignorant of seii'te 
 tiling, and especially the day of judgment. 
 
 AtiNO'MEN, s. [Lat.] an addition of name added txi ths 
 surname of a person on account of some peculiar action or 
 circumstance ; as the addition of Afncamis to the name of 
 Scipio, on account of his exploits in Africa; and of Cicero 
 to that of Tully, on acount of a protuberance on his nose, 
 like a vetch, which Cicero signifies. 
 
 .4GNOMINA"I"ION, s. [agnomixiatio, Lat.] the 'resem- 
 blance or allusion of one word to another both in sound and 
 sense. 
 
 A'(JNUS CASTUS, s. [Lat.] tlie name of the tree coni- 
 moidy called the chaste tree, from an imaginary virtue of 
 preserving chastity. 
 
 A'GNUS DEI, s. [Lat. the Lamb of God] in the Roman 
 church, a flat piece of white wax of an oval form, stampt 
 with the figure of a lamb, and consecrated by the pope. 
 
 AGO', ml. [from ngan. Sax. past; whence some cfiimtics 
 still pronounce it agnne^ past. When we reckon past tiiie, 
 towards, or ending with the present, we use since ; as, " It 
 is a year since it happened." But when we reckon fnm 
 the present, and end with the past, we useng"; as, " It 
 happened tliree nights ago." This is a nicety which fo- 
 reigners ought particularly to attend to. 
 
 A(iO'G, ad. [a gogo, Fr.] eager for the possession of 
 something ; longing. To set one's fancy or affections on. 
 
 AGO'NE, ad. [agan. Sax.] past, with respect to time ; 
 formerly. 
 
 AGONI'STE-S, i. [Gr.] one who used to exhibit at the 
 public games of Greece and Rome, being a candidate for 
 the prizes awarded for superioritj' of strength, Ac. 
 
 AGONIZE, V. n. [agcmizomai, to strive, Gr.] to be affected 
 with acute and excessive pain. It is also sometimes used in 
 the sense of the Greek word. 
 
 A'GONY, s. [agon, Gr.] excessive pain, wherein all the 
 powers of nature are convulsed, and she struggles as it w ere 
 with death for the mastery'. 
 
 AGORITY, s. an American animal, which bears some 
 resemblance to a rabbit, but is more fierce. and voracious. 
 For a curious accoimt of its manners, see Natural History of 
 Quatlrupeds, vol. ii. p. 16. 
 
 A'GR.A, .5. the capital of a province of the same name in 
 Hindoostan,wa5, ill the last century, a most extensive and 
 opulent citj, where the great iMogul sometimes residecL 
 His paUice was prodigiously large, and the seraglio con- 
 tained above 1000 women : the places ol the Omr.dis and 
 others were numerous. Here were above 60 spacious eara- 
 vansaries, SOO 'atlis, 700 mosrjues, and 2 iHagiiificent mau- 
 soleums. The Persians, Chinese, and Euj,dish resorted 
 here, and the Dult h had a factory : the inhabitants dealt in 
 scarlet, looking-glasses, silver, gold lace, Kard«ares, clclh 
 of Jelapour, and spices. It wasforlifidi in the huliaiiman- 
 ner, and had a wall and fine citadei, built of red frecstouc
 
 AIIE 
 
 AIR 
 
 Agra lia"! since rapidiv (lecliiiotl. It is seated on the river 
 JcmiiM, 1(10 miles' S. "by E. of Dellii. Lat. 27. 12. N. Ion. 
 78. 12. R. 
 
 ACiHA'RIAN, n. [n'yi-iniii.'!, I,;it.] in tlie R()n)an law, a 
 tcrii! applied to such lawi as relate to llie division and dis- 
 Jriliutioii of lands. 
 
 To AGIIER', r. «. [ag-jrer, Fr.] to be friends, or in con- 
 cold,!, e. a state wherein the sentiments of one jjerson are 
 similar to, or the same as those of another. To consent to 
 do a ihinj; upon certain conditions : to bargain. To reseni- 
 lile ; to he like. To nialeli, applied to colour. To tally 
 villi ; to he consistent '.villi. 
 
 .^GREl•yABLE, a. [fis:rcable, Fr.] snitahic ; couformahle 
 fo or consistent with. Pleasing; grateful; as suitable to 
 our inclinations or faculties. 
 
 AfJUEE ABLENESS, f. the qiialityAvhich renders a thin; 
 prateful to the taste. The quality which renders a thing 
 pleasing, below rapture, and less than admiralioJi. l.iku- 
 iiess ; ailinity ; reseniblaiice. 
 
 AGllEl'VAIJEY, ad. in a manner consistent with, or con- 
 forniable to. In a nianiier which aflbrds a pleasing satis- 
 faction. 
 
 AGREE'D, par*, settled by mutual consent. 
 
 AGREEMENT, .«. [in law Latin, n^reeamenUmi] friend- 
 ship ; alliance ; concord. A contract, bargain, or com- 
 pact. Resemblance. 
 
 AGRICULTURE, s. \<i'i-icultnra, Lat.J the art of tilling 
 and iiianuriiig the ground, so as to make it fruitful and bear 
 jilants ; consisting in manuring, fallowing, sowing, harrow- 
 ing, reaping, mowing, &c. The management of the pro- 
 ductions ofcliHc'rent soils, and planting; together with the 
 culture of forests, timber, Ac. The highest encomium that 
 could be given to a man in Rome, was, that he cultivated 
 Ills own spot of ground well ; the most illustrious senators 
 applied themselves to it, and their dictators were taken 
 fVoiu the plough. Agriculture, or husbandry, is the origi- 
 nal source of most of our treasures, and the great fountain 
 of all materials for commerce. 
 
 A'GRIMONY, s. {agiimonia, Lat.] a sweet scented En- 
 glish plant. 
 
 AGROUND, ad. a marine term, stranded; stuck fast 
 upon shore, so as not to lj€ got off,-and pursue a voyage: 
 liindereu by the ground from passing furtlier. Figuratively, 
 meeting with some impediment or obstacle, which renders 
 it impossible to advance in, or go on with an afl'air. 
 
 A'GUE, s. [nii^u, Fr.] a periodical species of fever, be- 
 ginning with a cold shivertii<r, which is succeeded by heat, 
 and terminates in a sweat. When the cold fit is scarcely 
 perceptible, and there is a return of the hot one only, it is 
 called an intermitting fever. According to the returns of 
 the tit, it is differently denominated. If it returns evei'y 
 day, it is then called a quotidian ; if every third day, a ter- 
 tian ; and if every fourth day, a quartan. 
 
 A'GUED, part, struck or affected with an ague. Figu- 
 ratively, cold, shivering, trembling, in allusion to the effects 
 of this disorder. 
 
 A'GUE-FIT, s. the cold, shivering, trembling fit which 
 aflects people in the ague. 
 
 A'GUE-TREE, s. a name given sometimes to sassafras. 
 
 AGUISH, {agii-isli)a. like or having the properties of an 
 ague. 
 
 A'GUISriNESS, {agii^islmess) s. the quality which resem- 
 bles an ague. 
 
 AH! iH («•>■;. a word made use of to denote some sudden 
 dislike, and occasioried by the apprehension of evil conse- 
 quences. 
 
 AI1,\', an interjection denoting the triumph of contempt ; 
 intended to express joy at the calamities of olliers, and to 
 increase the uneasiness which they themselves experience. 
 
 AHE'AD, nd. a sea term ; beyond ; implying a greater 
 degree of swiftness. Applied to persons, to contract an 
 inveterate habit, which is not to be c;'.6ily surmounted by 
 advice or instruction. 
 
 AHErGHT, ad. on high ; a great distance above ns. 
 
 AiIOUA'T, s. a poisonous plant. 
 
 A-HU'LL, ad. ;i sea term, the situation of the ship when 
 all her sails are furled on account <rf the violence of liie 
 slorm, and when, having lashed lieilielnion the lec-sidc, slie 
 lies nearly vvilli her side to the wind and sea. 
 
 AIA'IA, a Brazilian bird which resembles the spoonbill. 
 
 A'.IAN, or AjF.N, a cou;itry on the east coast of Africa, 
 south of Abyssinia and llie straits of I-'abelmaiidel ; it cx- 
 tinds about 1.J00 league s in length, from Magadoxa to Cape 
 t/uardafui. The eastern coast is sandv and barren, but. to 
 the N. the country is more fertile, producing, more particu- 
 larly, an excellent breed of horses, which the Arabian mer- 
 chants, who <<)me to traile in their ports, tal.e, together 
 with ivory, gold, Abyssinian slaves captured in «ar, &c. in 
 exchange for silks, cottons, and olher.clotlis. The inhabi- 
 tants arc not so dark coiiiplexioned as those on the west 
 coast, and their hair is ralher long. They are accounted 
 goodiMusselmen. Farther from the sea, there are negroes, 
 who, marrying with the Bedouins, a kind of Arabs, have 
 children that are mulailoes. 
 
 A'lCHSTADT, or F.ic ilstapt, capital of an extensive 
 bishopric of the same Uiuiie in I'raiiconia. Mere are .several 
 hospitals, an alms house, a seminary for sUideiits, a cathe- 
 dral, and other chip ches, one of which t^ biiiJt after the 
 modelof that calJed the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem ; here 
 is also a curious piece of workmanship, called the Sun of 
 the Holy Sacrament ; it is of massy gold, of great weight, 
 and is enriched with 3.50 diamonds, HOO pearls, 260 rubies, 
 and other precious stones. Aichstadt is sealed in a vadey, 
 on the river Altmul, 30 miles S. of Nuremberg. 
 
 To AID, I', a. [aider, Fr.] to give assistance or succour to ; 
 to deliver a person in danger, or distress, out of it, by giving 
 him all the assistance, help, or succour in one's \)ovver. To 
 support, w hen applied to the means used to free a person 
 from want. 
 
 AID, s. [aide, Fr.] that which contributes to render a 
 thing more easy. Assistance. Support given to a person. 
 In politics, a subsidy, or money given to support the neces- 
 sities of the state. 
 
 AID-DE-CAMP, s. in the army, an officer who receives 
 and carries the orders of a general officer to the rest of the 
 army. 
 
 AI'DER, s. <me who assists or helps; one who takes 
 part with a person, and endeavours to promote his under- 
 taking. 
 
 AIDLESS, ad. deprived, or in want of help or assistance 
 to render an undertaking successful, or a misfortune sup- 
 portable. Without aid, or assistance from another. 
 
 AI'GULET, .s. fFr.]a point with tags ; points of gold at 
 the end of fringes. 
 
 To AIL, »'. a. [ffi/an, Sax.] to disturb; to affect vvith a 
 disagreeable sensation. 
 
 AIL, s. a distemper. 
 
 Al'LEROUS, >9. [Fr.] two snudl shelly 'substances resem- 
 bling small wings found at the root of the wings of two-winged 
 tlies. 
 
 ArLING,p«)-(. one of a weak constitutioji, subject to 
 disorders ; valetudinary. * 
 
 AILMENT, s. indisposition; disorder: diHiinution of 
 healt/i. 
 
 To .\IM, II. a. to put a weapoii in such a direction or po- 
 sition as to hit ally object; to tbrow a thing at an objeet, 
 in such a manner, as to render the striking of it possible. 
 Figuratively, to direct the edge of satire against a particular 
 person. 
 
 AIM, s. the positioner direction of a weapoti, in order 
 to strike an object. The point which is intended to be hit; 
 or the object designed to be struck. Figuratively, an en- 
 deavour to obtain any thing ; intention ; purpose.; or design, 
 
 AIR, .T. [ah; Lat.] in philosophy, a thin elastic fluid, sur- 
 rounding the globe of tlie earth ; imperceptible to all our 
 senses, except feeling. Mr. Bovle supposes it to be made 
 up of three dlflerent kinds of corpuscles, namely, 1. Of 
 tiiosc numberless and miiiute particles which, in tlie for.a 
 
 31
 
 AIX 
 
 AL& 
 
 of vapours, or dr>' exhalations, ascend from the earth, wa- 
 tfr, hiinerals, vegetables, animals, Ac. in short, of w liatever 
 siitistances are elevated by the celestial or subterraneous 
 l;eat, and thence dift'ubP'l into the atmosphere. 2. Ofastill 
 more subtile matter, consisting of those exceedingly niimile 
 sToms, the majinntical ettii'via of the earth, \vith other innu- 
 merable partitiessenf froin the bodies of tiie celestial liinii- 
 rsries, and citusins;, by their impulse, the idea of ligiit in us. 
 3. Of an elastic sub'itance, whii h is the basis of al! the otiier 
 parts, a^id constituting the true essence of air, conccniiu^' 
 the structur? of which various hypothesis have been frame<l. 
 Some have ies"mbled thrse elastic p.«rticles to the spiinjjs 
 of wutches coi!e<l up, and ende.'vri'irinij to restore tliem- 
 selves; others to tiocks of wool, v;hi(h being conipjesscd, 
 have an elastic force ; and others to slender wires, of diflc- 
 r^nt subrtances, Ac. yet all springy, expansible, and com- 
 pressible. Ill music, it is the melody of the tu'.ic, li^dit or 
 ^rave. In p''"try, a song, rati h, Ac. In paintinj;, if de- 
 not*"? the maimer and very life of action, and expresses the 
 disposition of the anient. Also the niein or manner of a per- 
 son ; a clownish or genteel air. In a figurative sense, a <lis- 
 rovery made of a tliinij not known before. Posture, alti- 
 tude, mein, manner of behaviour. " He gave hinisejf (Tiis." 
 Anatlected, or laboured and awkward manner of address, 
 or behaviour. 
 
 To A IK, I', a. to expose to the air. To enjoy the benefit 
 from the air. To expose to the tire, in order to free from 
 the inconveniences of<lamp and stagnating air. 
 
 Al'RBLADDKR, s. a bladder found among the entrails 
 offish, which serves, by its contraction or dilatation, to 
 enable them to rise or dsve in the water. 
 
 AIHBALLO'ON, *. a bag of any light substance filled 
 Willi inflammable air. See. Aerostation. 
 
 AI'1!DI5.\WN, a. chimerical; imaginary. 
 
 Al'l'GUN, J. an instrument invented to shoot with, pure- 
 ly by means of compressed air. 
 
 AI'RINESS, ,s. applied to sitiiEtion, exposed to a free 
 current of air, in opposition to cmfined ; openness. Figu- 
 ratively, ajiplied to a person's manner, or behaviour ; levi- 
 ty, gaiety. 
 
 AI ring, s. a sho't walk or ride abroad ; so railed, be- 
 causp we then enjoy the fresh and open air. 
 
 AI nLIN(j, «. a youthful; light, gay, and ihougJitless per- 
 son. 
 
 ArnPI'MP, J. in philosophy, an instrunipnl or htk i;iiie 
 iis»d for CNlidcting air, consistma;of Iwo'lirass cyhnlers or 
 pistons to extract th'' air with ; a gage to determine the 
 rarefacliou of the air during any expc! imciil ; a tube c;;ll<d 
 the swans n"ck, communicating with the recei\er and the 
 jiis'ons ; and a winch that gives motion to the whole. 
 
 .•\1 HSHAFT, i. in mining, a passage made for the air by 
 digging. 
 
 AIRY, fl. [utreus, Lat.] the subtile parts of bodies. On 
 liigb, or in that space of the system above the earth assign- 
 ed to the air. Figuratively, chimerical, wanting solidity or 
 foundation. Applied to dress, that which exposes to the 
 weather, in opposition to warm, close, or confined. Applied 
 to temper or behaviour, gay, sprightly, filM of vivacit> . 
 
 Al.SLE, s. dV") the side-walks or paths of a chuich, iiiii- 
 tiing parallel to the greater in the centre, called vrf ; reprc- 
 sentiii.;, in that respect, the wing of a building erected on 
 each side the centre. 
 
 AIT, o: nVtiElT, s. a small islantj in the river. 
 
 AIX, a city in the department (li'lhr mouths of the Rlicuie 
 ill the south of Fiance. It diTives its name fiom its li't 
 biidis which were known (o the Koiiians, is pnpuloiis and 
 ailo'. ned with >;n ral beautiful snuaris and fmiilaiiis. Us 
 principal tri'de is in oil. It is 17 miles F. ol Monlpelliei'. 
 
 AlX-LA-CilAPlVL,LE, lately a free iinperi il city of Ju- 
 liers, Westphalia. There are hot baths in it, and some 
 ininrsnear it. The castle stands upon a bill, fuun which it 
 is s«id that W cities or towns, the sea, and even Fnglaiid, 
 r«'i be S'-en on a dear day. This city, which has .10 paro- 
 •h»:il rl.:irrl!es. and a very .pacious market-place, was known 
 21 
 
 to tile Romans l>y the nanie<t .U/iu.-e Cmtiaii. It was des- 
 troyed by the Huns in 4ol, bu; repaired, beaulified, and en- 
 larged by the emperor Charlcniagiic, u !io ii.ade it the capi- 
 tal of his empire. He lies interred in the cliurch of Notre 
 Dame, where his sword and belt are kept to this day. Tv.o 
 celebrated treaties of peace were coiithifk! here, in tWiH 
 and 1748. It was twice taken by the French in the late 
 wars, viz. in 1792 and in 1794;' and it is now iiicliultfj in 
 tiie French empire. It is 17 miles N. of Limbiir", 22 N.' K. 
 of l-iege, and 40 W. of Cologne. Lat. 50. 48. N. Ton. G. 3. F. 
 
 'I'o AKE, t'. H. to feel a dull and continual pa'ii, in oppo- 
 s lion to smart, which is an acute one, and of a short conti- 
 nuance. 
 
 AKI'N, a. related by blood or descent. Figuratively, 
 resembling; ha ing the same properties; having a near re- 
 lation to. 
 
 A'LA RASTER, .y. [ahhasfron, Gr.] a kind of soft marble 
 which cuts \er\ easily, and is much used for little statues, 
 vases, and columns. It is sometimes calcined and used as 
 plaster. The most common sort is white and shining; but 
 there are other sorts which are reddish or tawny. 
 
 A'LA RASTER, a. made of alabaster. 
 
 ALACK, iterj. an expression of sorrow, or something 
 which causes it. 
 
 ALA'CK- A-D.\Y, intcri. a sudden cry on feeling present, 
 or seeing apriroachiiig calamity ; and s^ignifies that the pet- 
 son labouii under the burden of misery. 
 
 ALACItlOUSLY, ad. [from aluur, Lat.] with great 
 cheerfulness. 
 
 .'M.A'CRITY, i. [nhcritas, Lat] cheerful, activeness. 
 
 .\-LA-MODE, ad. according to the fashion ; a French 
 phrase, used to imply that a thing is the reigning taste or 
 fashion. 
 
 A L-A-MODE, s. [Fr.] a thin, light, glossy, black silk. 
 
 ALA'RM, s. [from u / arme, Fr.] a military signal, either 
 by beat of drum or sound of trumpet, by which men are 
 now called to arms ; but before the in\ eiition of those in- 
 struments it was done by a loud cry or shout. It generally 
 iiichidesin it an idea of approaching or sudden danger. Fi- 
 guratively, the notice signifying the approach of any sud- 
 den danger. Tuiiuilt, or disturbanec, causing fear, or ap- 
 prehension of danger. 
 
 'Fo ALA'RM, V. a. to give an army the signal of arming, 
 or preparing tlicinselves to encounter any sudden danger. 
 In a secondary sense, to cause fear or apprehension of some 
 approac hill" r.iischief. 
 
 .•\LA'R?.llN(;, ;)«|•^ that which occasions terror, fear, or 
 apprehension, from the idea of approaching danger. 
 
 AL.^'I!^lPOST, i. the place appointed for the several 
 companies (if an army to repair to, in case (>f any sudden 
 ami iiidWri been danger, which occasions an alarm to b>i beat 
 IT somuK d. 
 
 AI.A'RUM, s. a clock, calculated to give notice to a per- 
 son ol'aiiv particular time it is set to, by the runiiing dov.u 
 of its weight, whicli is attended in its "descent by a coiili- 
 n',i;i! slril.iiig of its hammer on the bell. 
 
 ALV.>! li-tj. when used of ou'selves, it implies lamen- 
 tation, oc ...(Mied by the i<lea <:f some calamity. When 
 applied to others, it implies pity, caused fioni an idra of 
 tlu•irdi.^lress. 
 
 ALA V, .V. in hunting, the adding fresh dogs into theory. 
 
 ALU, i. [ii.'/.vm, Lat.] a ve^t or garment of wlvJle linen, 
 reaching down to the feet, worn b\ priests ; a Miiidice. 
 
 ALIjA'NLV, a piovinc*; of European 'Fiakey, lompre- 
 heudiiig the ancient Epiri'.s and a small part of lIKriiuRi. 
 Its ini:abilanls have a considerable trade in laiU'slvy, flax, 
 cotton, wax, liunev, wiiif^, and rock sill. It was (ormerry 
 an iii(|epeiid«iit kingdom, and long resisted the Turks. 
 
 .ST. A LRANS ■,: town in Hrrlfoidshiie, with the title of 
 a duchy, and two markets, on the Wednesday and Satiir- 
 dav. It IS scatrd on tiie river Coin, arose f'loiu the ruins of 
 the ancient city of Venilaiii, and lecives its iiaiue from a 
 monastery dcdicattd to St. .Mban, a Roman iiianyr. The 
 niouaslerj is now ascd as a parish church, ai;d iii il vici«
 
 A LC 
 
 A I.E 
 
 W.iried seveial persons of roval l>li)or|, |iarti<iil;irl.v llif fiirnous 
 duke Huiiinlirfy, whose body w;is tli-AV)v»-rfil not iii;iiiy yt-ais 
 sinrc. It IS 12 miles S. V.. of DiinslaMc, and 21 ani tliici? 
 quarters N. W. of London. It sends l.vo uicnilieis to pai- 
 Ir.iment. 
 
 \kB ATRC^SF,, a laiRC sea bird, comiiioii about the 
 Cape of (Jo'id Hope, Cape Horn, and several oilier plat<*. 
 It principally feeds on the prey wliiili another sea bird, 
 called the bi>t)by, i>rovi(les lor itself. 
 
 AI.BE'IT, ail. althon;ili ; notwithslandin;,' ; ^'rantins'. 
 
 AI.BKihVNSKS, ;in early sett of pro\e>laiils, «lio were 
 much persecuted in tlic south of France, in the Ihirteenlli 
 centurv. 
 
 ALBION, ». the ancient nattieof Ev.sland. 
 
 Ar.BlKM'NKOUS, n. [from <j//m;;», Lat.) 5oni<>lhm<r be- 
 limgin;,' to lliat part ot an e;;;; wliicli is called its white ; or 
 •oiucthin;; uhicli reseiiibli's it. 
 
 Arj5ir(iO,». [Lat. I a discasr in the eye. 
 
 A'LBU>L s. anciently, a kind of while table, or register, 
 ill which the names of certain niayist rales, (-.iibiic transac- 
 tions, Ac. were entered ; now, a Kind of coiiinnin-piace 
 book, placed in some pait of a hoii-ie lor strangers and visi- 
 tors to write their names, with a iiiolto accompanying tlicni. 
 
 .\L'BUMEN, .t. coagiilidile lymph. That peciiliaraninial 
 substance which forms tlie scrum of blood, and the wliite 
 of eggs. 
 
 A'LCAHEST,.«. Skf. Alkahest. 
 
 ALCA'ID, s. [from n/.\rab. and Imdhnd, Heb.] the gover- 
 nor ofa castle. !i) Spain, the judgeof a citv. 
 
 A'CALLorA'LCALY, *. Sep, Ai.kai.y. 
 
 ALCALIZATION, .s. See At.K alization. 
 
 ALCANNA, s. [Arab.] a drug used in dying, which 
 comes from the Levant. In powder it is green, but the 
 tincture it makes diiVers accor<liiig to the diHercnce of the 
 liquor in which it is steeped ; when soaked in water, it is 
 yellow ; but when in vinegar, citron juice, or alinu water, 
 It is red. 
 
 A'LC.\RB.\ZA, /. a vessel, employed in Spain in cooling 
 wine by evaporation. 
 
 ALCHY'MIC.AL, a. according to the process or method 
 made use of bv alchymists. 
 
 A'LCHYMfST, *. one who professes or pursues the sci- 
 tnce of alchymy. 
 
 AXCHYMY, *. [from al, Arab, and ihhni. Or.] the more 
 sublime chemistry, which proposes the traiismiitalion of me- 
 tals. The principal objects of alc/wmi/ are these: 1. The 
 making of gold. 2. An universal dissolvent, or alkahest. 
 3. An universal medicine, or panacea. As to the making 
 of gold, it has been attempted three several ways ; by sepa- 
 ration, maturation, and transmutation ; which last they pre- 
 tend to effect by the philosopher's stone. A/c/n/mij is like- 
 wise a mixed metal, used in making some sort of spoons. 
 
 A'LCOHOL, s. [Arab.] in chemistry, the purest spirit of 
 wine, rectified by fretpient distillations to its utmost siib- 
 tiltv. Likewise, a very fine impalpable powder. 
 
 ALCOHOLIZATION, .5. the act of rectifying spirits; or 
 of reducing bodies to an impalpable powder. 
 
 To .ALCOHOLI'ZK, v. a. to make an alcohol; or to rec- 
 tify spirits by frequent clistillation ; so that, w lirn set on fire, 
 they shall consume away, without leaving any moisture or 
 dregs behind them. 
 
 A'LCOR.'\N, s. ffrom al and knran, Arab.] tlie book of 
 the Mehommedan law, composed by Mahomet, with the as- 
 sistance of Batiras a Jacobin, Sergius a Nestorian monk, and 
 »ome Jews : it is divided into four parts, called by the name 
 of some animal, as the cow, the emmet, the spider, and the 
 flv. Though written bv a perswii of no learning, it is by the 
 Meho'mniedans extolled for the elegance of its style, and, on 
 that account, ur^ed to have been a divine composition. It 
 abounds not only in absurdities but contradictions, which 
 last they vindicate by saying, that it was three and twenty 
 years in composing, and that the circumstances of things 
 alterin" in that interval, the Deity himself repealed and 
 aJtereu wvpral lvrc^l^u, to suit tliem with the nature of 
 
 things. It was ongmally in loose sheets, which Mahom»»t 
 reported he received singly from (lod". This book is held 
 in snih veneration by its professors, that it is death for a 
 ('hrisliaii or a Jew to toiicli it ; and eipially fatal to a Mu»- 
 sniinaii himself, if he handles it with iinwaslien hands. 
 
 ALCOV'K, «. [a/euba, .S))an.] among biiildi rs, a rece.ss, 
 or part ofa chamber, separated by ai, estrade, <ir partition* 
 o! eoliinins and other ornaments, in which is placed a bed 
 of state, or seats' for the repose of company. Also, small 
 open summer houses or seats in gardens, with a circular 
 dome or (overiii;;. 
 
 ALUBOKOlKiH. MWAoto) a seaport town in Suffolk, 
 with a market on Saliirday. It is pleasantly seated in a 
 dale, between a high hill to the westward and the sea to 
 the east ; a river runs lo the .S. W. an(f ihe old cbiirch stands 
 on a hill. It is !>:) miles and a half from London. It sends 
 two members lo parliameni, and is governed b\ a bailif}", 12 
 aldermen, and 24 common council. TIk' liarl»;iir is tolera- 
 bly good, but small. The town was formerly much longer; 
 but the lea has taken awav whole streets. 
 
 A'LDBOKOL'uIl, or O'LDBOKOlHiH, a town m the 
 W. riding of Yorkshire, on the Ouse, was tlie Isiiriam Bri- 
 gantium of the Romans, though not so much as the ruins arc 
 now to be seen, except some remains of the wall, pavements, 
 an<l baths. It is 8 mile-, from Hippon, 15 miles N. \V. of 
 York, and 206 N. by VY. of London. 
 
 ALDK'BAKAN, *. a star of the first magnitude, in the 
 constellation of Taurus, vulgarly called the Bull's Eye, whose 
 longitude in the beginning of isOG, was in 7" 4' 25" of Ge- 
 mini, and latitude 6'' 28' A'J',r> S. The annual increase of 
 its longitude is 60", 204, and annual decrease of lat. 0", 317. 
 
 .A'LDER,*. a genus of English trees. The wood is much 
 used for making household furniliiic, Ac. 
 
 A'LDERMAN, s. \eldermnn, Sa\.] ill its original signifi- 
 cation it implied a person, who, on account of liis years and 
 experience, was proper to preside over the allairs of a na- 
 tion, and to assist a prince with his counsel ; in this respect 
 it signified the same as privy-counsellor, or parliament-man. 
 But this will appear more plain, if we recollect, that tl e 
 three states of the kingdom were divided into At/teli?ig, 
 which included the noliilily ; Aldermun, the second rank; 
 an<l Thaw, the last : till Alhelstaii's time, the term was used 
 for ail earl or count, which after his reign were substituted 
 instead of it. In the time of Edgar it implied « judge or 
 justice. But the term is now appropriated to the twenty- 
 six persons who preside over the twenty-six wards into 
 which the city of London is divided : out of which the lord- 
 mayor is generally chosen by rotation. They are all qua- 
 lified to act as iiistiees of the peace at present ; though for- 
 merly only such aldermen as liad been lord-mayors, and the 
 three eldest, or next to the chair, were invested with that 
 honour. But they have not only the management of the 
 civil, but likewise the military government of the city, are 
 officers in its militia, and members of the artillery company. 
 Aldermen preside in other cities besides London. 
 
 .A'LDERNEY, a pleasant and healthy island, on the coast 
 <if Normandy, fruitful in corn and pasture, and remarkable 
 for a fine breed of cows. It is about 8 miles in compass, 2 
 leagues from Cape la Hogue, and about •3J1 from the nearest 
 part of England, which holds possession of it. On the S. 
 llirie is a harbour, called Ci-abbs, which only admits small 
 vessels, »nd in the centre stands the town of Alderney, 
 "liich consists of at least 200 houses, and 1000 inhabitants. 
 This island is separated from France by a strait, called the 
 Race of Alderney, which is a dangerous passage in stormy 
 weather, when the two currents meet ; otherwise it is safe, 
 and hath depth of water suftioient for the largest ships. To 
 the W. lie the range of rocks, called the Caskets, where the 
 son of Henry I. was shipwrecbed in his passage to France; 
 and here, October 5, 1744, the Victory, a first-rate man of 
 war, the finest in tlie world, Sir John Balchen commaiKJer 
 was lost. 
 
 ALE,/. [ea/<'. Sax.] a liquor, the common dnnk ol ' • 
 English ; made of au iafusien of malt anri hops in boiling 
 
 2»
 
 ALE 
 
 ALF 
 
 water ; afterwards fermented with veast or barm. It is dis- 
 tin^iisbable from beer in respect of its strength and age J 
 owinL' to its having a greater quantity of hops and malt than 
 beerTias, in proportion to tliesame quantity of water. 
 
 ALE, (GILL) s. a liquor made of ground-ivy leaves, 
 iteeped in ale. 
 
 ALE-CONNER, s. [from ale and con, of convan, Sax.] 
 an officer of the city ot London, whose business it is to iu- 
 ipect the measures of the public-houses. 
 
 ALEGAR, s. sour ale. 
 
 A'LEHOOF, i. [froni ale and hof. Sax.] in botany, the 
 ground-ivy : so called by the Saxons, because a chief ingre- 
 dient in their malt liquors, instead of liops. 
 
 A'LEHOUSE, s, [ealhuse, Sax.] a house where ale is 
 sold. Distinguished from a tavern, because that is appro- 
 priated to wine. 
 
 ALE'MBIC, s. a ciieniical vessel, usually made of glass 
 or copper, formerly used for distillation. Retorts, and the 
 common worm-still, are now more generally employed. ' 
 
 ALE'NGTH, ad. at full length, along ; stretciied upon 
 the ground. 
 
 ALE'NTEJO, a fruitful province in the S. of Portugal. 
 
 ALE'PPO, or Haleb, the principal town of Syria, in 
 Asia. It was taken by the Arabs in 1C37, and is inhabited 
 by Turks, and four sorts of Christians, who have each a bi- 
 shop, a church, and the free exercise of their religion. There 
 are 16,0011 Greeks, 12,000 .Armenians, and 10,000 Jacobites, 
 besides Maronites, or Roman catholics. The city and 
 suburbs may contain 200,000 jiersons in all. Next to Con- 
 stantinople and Cairo, it is the most considerable town in 
 the Turkish empire. It stands on four hills, in tiie middle 
 of a pleasant fruitful plain, being of an oval figure, and about 
 three miles in circumference. The castle stands on the 
 highest liill, in the middle of the city : and the houses are 
 better than in other places in Turkey. They have a great 
 many stately mosques and caravansaries, witli fountains and 
 reservoirs of water, and vinevards and gardens well planted 
 with most kinds of fruits. The Christians have their houses 
 and churches in the suburbs, and carrv oii a veiT considerable 
 trade in silks, camblets, and Turkey leather. Several Euro- 
 pean nations have factors here, and the English live in a 
 <|uadrangle resembling a college, having their chaplain and 
 chapel ; and at leisure hours divert themselves with hunting 
 and fcjwling. The beglerbeg of AlepiK) commands all the 
 country between the Levant sea and the river Euphrates; 
 but the governor of the caslleis independant of hiin. 
 
 ALE'KT, a. \aUrte, Er.] watchful, active, diligent ; ready 
 onanv emergence ; brisk, pert, sharp. 
 
 ALE'RTNESS, s. the quality of being alert, sprightly, 
 pert, active, or vigilant. 
 
 ALESBURV, AvLE.si<riKY, or AiLsnuRY, the largest 
 and best borough town in Buckinghamshire, as iuiciont as 
 lljf times of the Saxons, who took il by force in 571. In the 
 time of William the Conqueror it wis a royal manor : and he 
 gave several yard lands, oncondilion that the owner should 
 nnd litter or sirun} for his l>iil, whenever he came that wav. 
 William of Aylesbiny held it by (his charter, with Ibis addi- 
 tion, that he shoulil likewisr straw the king's chandler, and 
 pro\ide him three eels if he came in the winter ; but if in 
 summer, besides straw for the bed, he was to pro\idc two 
 green geese. 'I'his he was to repeat three times a year, if' 
 tlie king came thither so often. It has given the title of 
 earl to the noble family of the Rruces, Charles II. ha\ ing 
 €:oriferrei| that title In IfiO Ion Robert Bruce, earl of Elgin in 
 Scotland, descended from the kings of that country; to which 
 their molto, yidm:/*, "we have been," seems strongly to al- 
 lude. It was made a town incorporate by Qiu'cn Mary, in 
 I.VjS ; eoiisibting of a bailiff, ten aldermen, and twelve ca- 
 pital burgesses : at present, its chief othcer is termed 
 a constable. It has a market on Satnnlay, sends two 
 Niembcrs to parliament, and is 40 measured miles N. W. of 
 L'lndon. 
 
 A'LESHAM, or AYI^HAM, a town in Norfolk, much in- 
 habit«d by kuittcrs. It is a clean well paved town, about 
 34 
 
 12 miles from Norwich, and 121 from Loudon. Market 
 on Tuesday. 
 
 A'LEVAT, s. the tub in which ale is fermented. 
 
 A'LEW, a. clamour ; outcry. Not in use. 
 
 ALEX.4'NDERS, s. in botany, the siuvrniuin. It is an 
 umbelliferous plant found upon rocks on tlie sea-coast, and 
 about Nottingham, and flowering in May and June. It was 
 formerly cultivated in our gardens ; but its place is now bet- 
 ter supplied by celery. 
 
 ALEXATvIDRIA, or Scanberia, once a magnificent, 
 rich, and celebrated city of Egypt, built by Alexander the 
 Great, near the most westerly branch of the Nile, soon after 
 the overthrow of Tyre, about 333years before the Christian 
 jcra. It was long esteemed the finest city in the world after 
 Rome ; we may form some idea of its inhabitants from the 
 account of Diodorus Siculus, mIio relates tlrat it had on its 
 rolls in his lime (44 years before the Christian asra) 300,000 
 f; ee-nien. The celebrated library which was founded here 
 by Ptolemy Soter, and placed in the temple of Serapis, con- 
 taining, in his time, 400,000 volumes, and by addition of hi» 
 successors 700,000, was, it is said, in 642, destroyed by order 
 of the Saracen klialiff, who became master of the city. The 
 Saracen Mneralv. ho took it, said, in his letter to tlie khaliff, 
 that he found in it 4000 palaces, 4000 baths, 40,<MX) Jews 
 wiio paid tribute, 400 roval circi, and 12,000 gardeners, who 
 supplied the city with all kinds of iierbs in great plenty. At 
 present it does not contain above 12,000 or 14,000 inhabi- 
 tants; a mixture from different nations, as well as from va- 
 rious parts of the Turkish empire. The Christian Coi-.ti, 
 Greeks, and Armenians, are very numerous here'; the Eino- 
 peansall pass under the name of Fianks. Although Alex- 
 andria is now so much de( aycd, that the rubbish in some 
 ,jlaces overtops the houses, yet there arc still some renrains 
 of its ancient sjjleudor, particularly Pompev's pillar, and two 
 obelisks of hieroglyphics. The ancient Vharos, a watch- 
 tower, so famous in anti(iuity th.at it was numbered among 
 the seven wouners of the v.orld, is ncjw turned into a castle, 
 called PhariUon, and is still used to direct vessels into the 
 harbour. This city was a place of great trade, before the 
 Portuguese ciiscovereil the passage to India by the Cape of 
 Good Hope, the commodiles of the East Indies being depo- 
 sited here on their way to Europe by the Red Sea. Lat. 31. 
 11. N. Ion. 30. .5. E. 
 
 ALEXA'NDRINE, s. ffrom Alexander Paris, the in- 
 ventor of this met)e] a kind of verse borrowed from the 
 French, cc.nsisting among ihem of twelve or thirteen sylla- 
 bles hi alternate couplets, and among us of twelve. They 
 were formerly very much used by ourv)oets to clinch their 
 verses, and generally were the last of three ending in the 
 same rhvme; but are now discarded on account of their 
 want of harmony, and their suspending the mind too much 
 by their extraordinary len"th. 
 
 ALEXIIMIA'RMIC, a. [from alexo, I expel, and pliarmacnn, 
 poison, Gr.] in its primitive sense, something which has the 
 virtue of expelling poisons taken internally ; and is the same 
 as ail antidote. Used substantively, by modern practitioners, 
 it nivalis remedies adapted, or proper to expel that malig- 
 nancy with which the animal spirits are aft'ected in acute 
 distempers, through the pores of the skin by s\'eatiiig. 
 
 ALEXITE'RIAL, or ALEXITE'RICAL, «. [from nfcro, 
 to expel, Gr.] that expels poison, or the malignant liumours 
 of fevers'. 
 
 ALFOlTD, a town in Lincolnshire, 20 miles N. of BostoH, 
 133 N. of Lundnn. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 A'LFRED the (jreat, son of ILthelwnlf, succeeded his 
 brother Ethcldred, though that prince left several chilclien. 
 His virtues and distinguished bravery had been shewn in 
 his brother's life-time, and now endeared him to his si>i..iects. 
 Ill' was crowned in 871, when the Danes were in llie very 
 heart of his doniiiiioiis, and all ihesea-iiorts were filled with 
 their fleets. After several bailies, with various succesj, 
 Alfred was obliged to dismiss his very attendants ; and hav- 
 ing committed liis wife and children to the care uf some 
 trusty subjects, dis^'uised himself, and lived c(!iicca!i d in tUe
 
 ALG 
 
 ALK 
 
 Bttlc islam! of Atlicliicy, in Somrrselsliiic ; af length the 
 I).<iit !> liiidiiijj; that tlitv lia>l no cnnnios to oppose Ihoni, 
 grew np)^'li;,'pnt. '1 liis uiiilcd Alfnils friends to lepiiir to 
 ttioir prince, wlio resoi\ in^ to he satisfied, I)oldly entered 
 the Diinish ciwnp in ihi- disgnise of ;i mnsiciaii, and even 
 staid tliete several (hiys ; then returning' 1(( iiis fri<'nds, liis 
 troops «ere secretly asseinhled, and he came up willi, at- 
 tacked, and routed the I)an<'s with incrediiiie Niaii','ht<r. 
 TluiM- who escaped lied to a castle, lint were M.on compelled 
 »i' snhniit. Alfred agreed to let tlieni depart, on condilioM 
 that their hailer, (iulhrun, shoidd endirace Christianity. 
 Tills they readily ccHnplied with, and Alfred i;ave (iuthniii 
 the '.,'ovennneiit of I'ast An^dia, in Kssex. Allred nov, in- 
 t iea-,cd his navy, ^jrew foriin<ial)le at sea, and heat many of 
 the Danish tleets. He foitilicd hii kin:;(l<>ia with walled 
 towns and castles, pri>pa;,'ated the civil arts, encoiirgediio- 
 )ite leariiinij, niaile nian\ excellent laws, instil iiled juries, 
 and est;diliblied the plan of a ci.il constitution in England, 
 iiiid in his reign justice was so strictly ohs<'r\ed, that we are 
 told hracelels ol gold heirig hung in the highways overnight 
 would he found safe in the morning, lie was an excellent 
 scholar; he wrote hooks for the instruction of his people ; 
 and was one of the greatest, wisest, and most pious princes, 
 upon earth. After a glorious reign of 28 vears, he died on 
 the28th Oct. A. D. <»ii!>. 
 
 .•\LFRE'TON, a town ni Derhyshire, 13 miles from Derby, 
 and 141 from London. Market on Friday. 
 
 .ALCiA'KOTH, s. [Arab.] an emetic powder, the while 
 oxyde of antimony. 
 
 ALf SA'UVA, the most southern province of Portugal. 
 It is ninuufainous but fertile, and produces excellent wines. 
 
 ALGA'ZEL, s. a species of antelope. 
 
 A'LdrEBUA, s. [from n/and scicr, Arab.] the reduction of 
 broken numbers to whole ; a liraneh of arilhinctic, which 
 takes the cpiantity sought, as if granted ; and by means of 
 «ine or more quantities given, proceeds by consequences till 
 the quantity at first only supposed to be known, or some 
 {unver of it^ is found to be equal to some quantity or quan- 
 tities known, and consequentiv, itself known likewise. 
 
 ALCiEBRA'IC, or ALfiEBIlA'ICAL. a. something re- 
 lative or belonging to Algebra. 
 
 A_LGEB1LVIST, s. a perscJi convtTsaut m the opetalious 
 of algebra. 
 
 A'LGENIB, s. a star of the second magnitude, in the con- 
 stellation of Perseus. 
 
 A'L<iID,rr. cold; chill. 
 
 ALGI'ERS, a coinitry of Africa, extending about .''jOO 
 miles in length from E. to W. and from 4<t to 10(1 in bread-th, 
 along the Bnibai-y coast ; h;is mount Atlas on the S. Tunis 
 on the E. and Morocco on the W. The Turks, who are not 
 above 7,000 in niunber, have the government in their hands, 
 and the Moors, or natives, have no share in it. It is a kind 
 of republic, under the protection of the Grand Seigtiior, and 
 is governed by a sovereign, or dey, who seldom undertakes 
 any thuig of importance without the counsel of the Janiza- 
 ries. The .Arabs, viho live in tents, are a distinct people, 
 governed by their own laws, though the Turks interfere 
 when they think fit. The dev isabiohitc in some respects, 
 although he is elected by the Turkish soldiers, and frequent- 
 ly deposed and put to death bv them. The revenues of the 
 government arise from the tribute paid by the Moors and 
 Arabs ; and the prices they take, or tiie piracies thev com- 
 tiiit at sea, sometimes equal the taxes they lay npon ihe na- 
 tives. The stems of the vines here are so large, that a man 
 can hardly grasp them with his arms, and the bunches of 
 grapes are a foot and half long. The natives are strong, 
 and of a tawny complexion; then- religion is P.Iuhomelanism, 
 and fhti;- lartguage a dialect of the Arabic ; thev also use 
 that jargon, composed of the French, Italian, and Spanish, 
 languigrs, culleH LlMgua-Franca, whicJi prevails along the 
 shores of the Mediterranean. .-l/giVct, the capital of this 
 Kingdom, is so very populous, that the foreign merchants 
 amount to at least to .3()0T) fiimilies, and the jews to no less 
 lioafiOOO; almoit the wuole" trade passes tl-roiigh their 
 
 hands. It stands on the sea-side over against Minorca, .300 
 miles W. of Tunis, Ion. 2.7. E. hit. :iH. 4!>. N. 
 
 ALIAS, Hft. [Lat.] olherwise ; used in law to specify tlift 
 different names of a man, as J-'iilh alias IVurileu, alias Smith ; 
 that is, Frith otherwise Wm-tlrii, otherwise' Smith. 
 
 A'LIBLE, a. [ahkilis, Lat.] that nourishes ; or tliat may 
 be nourished. 
 
 A'LICANT, a small rich city of Valencia, in Spain, well 
 known for its tine wines (particularly that called 'lent o 
 Alicant) ixcellent fruits, Ac. It has a good harbour, and 
 anextensive trade. The English, Dutch, Italian.'-, A.c. liaM- 
 consuls here. It is seated on the .Mediterranean, on a bav 
 oltJie same name, 7b miles S. of Vali?ncia. Lat..'{t>. 24. N'. 
 Ion. 0. (). 
 
 ALIEN, n. [alinmx, Lat.] n(t of the same kind. Incon- 
 sistent with ; estranged lt\,rii ; at eniiiitv with. 
 
 A'LIF.N, 4-. [from nlimiis, Lat.] somelliing adverse to, or 
 at enmity with. A h)ieigner, or one (,f another comitry. Not 
 of the same profession. |;arly, or sect. 
 
 To ALIEN, V. a. luticiii), Lat.] to transfer our own pro- 
 perty to another. To grow averse to, t(> dislike. 
 
 .'\ L1ENA15LE, «. [from alien and «i«/, Sax.J that may 
 be transferred to, and become the property of another. 
 
 To .'X'LIEWTE, c. II. \(i/ii'no, Lat.] to transfer property 
 io another. To grow a\erse to, by transferring our affec- 
 tions to some other per-on or lhir:g. 
 
 A'LIEN/\TPj, a. [alieiiritiis, Lat. J averse, or inimical to. 
 
 ALIENATION, s. In/imaii,,, Lat.l in law, the act of 
 transferring property to another. Change of affection from 
 approbation to dislike. 
 
 To ALIGHT, f. cf. [alii^litiiii, Sax.] to descend from •■ 
 higher situation to a lower. 1 o descend from, or get off 
 an horse. 
 
 .ALIKE, (If/, eijually, or in the same manner. Both; 
 with )ut ditl'erence ordistinctioii. I'esembling. 
 
 .A'LIMENT, s. [alitiientiwi, Lat.] liiod, or that which 
 nourishes, or satisfies the calls of hunger. 
 
 ALIMF..'NTAL, a. that can incnase the dimensions of 
 plants or animals by benig taken in food. 
 
 ALIMiyNTALLS', (tri. so as to serve for nourishmeu!. 
 
 ALLMF/NTARINESS, .<:. the (inaiity which renders a 
 filing capatile of atfording nourishment. 
 
 ALIMENTARY, a. tiiat has relation, or belongs to ali- 
 ment ; that nourishes, or is eaten for diet. Alinicniiinj 
 Ducts, the intestines, so caile<l on account of the food 
 ,.as ing through them. It is sometimes used for the llioraciu 
 duct. 
 
 ALIMENT.VTION, s. the quality, action, or power of 
 aftording nourishment; or the increasing of the dimensions- 
 of a body, by converting food into its own bubst:.iice. 
 
 A'Ll^iONY, s. [iduiiotiia, Lat.] in its iirimary sense, 
 nourisbnient ; but now appropiaterl to the law, wiierein it 
 implies that allowance which a married woman sues for, 
 and is entitled to, upon any octasional separation, provided 
 it be not for elopement or adultery. 
 
 A'LIQUANT, a. [iiliiiiiaiilus, Lat.] in luillimitic, is that 
 part of a number, which, however repeated, \, ill not make 
 up the e\act number, but will leave aremaintler; as .3 is an 
 iiiirpiniit pari of 10, 3 times;) is 9, and 1 remaining. 
 
 ALIQUOT, a. [Lai.] in aritlniielic, such part of any 
 number or quantity as will exactly measure it without any 
 remainder; as, ,3 is an aliquot of 12, and G of lb. 
 
 A'LITURE, e. [alitma, Lat.] nourishment. 
 
 ALfVE, a. [from a and liban, Sax.] in animals, dpiiofes 
 sense iuid feehng; in vegetables, when the sap circulates ; 
 in liquors, when they taste brisk on the palate. Figurative- 
 ly, cheerful, sprightly, gay, and full of spirits; without di- 
 niiinition or lessening. 
 
 A'LKAHEST, jr. [Arab.] a pretended universal mensfrinini, 
 as.s?rted by the ancient chemists to be capable of resolving 
 ah bodies into iheix first matter, and which should yet retain 
 its seminal power, and natural form entire. 
 
 ALKALE'SCENT, a. that which resembles the fjua* 
 litics uf ao alkali. 
 
 30
 
 ALL 
 
 ALL 
 
 A'LKALL *. [from htili, Arab.] in ciiemistn,', a name crj- 
 gituilly jjgft'''i by the Arabians to a salt extracted IVom the 
 ashes oi a plant called by them huii, and by us r/(fss-vn)-t, 
 bet-ause used in the making of i,'la.^s. lu it3 modern exten- 
 sive sHiisc it denotes a class of sub-itances, of which various 
 dotinifious have been given. Some have detini'd an alkali 
 to I>e any sul>stauce, which, when mixed nitli an acid, ooca- 
 iions a« pbuJition and eff'^ne'icence. Others have des- 
 cribed them as havin; an acrid ami urinous taste, clianfjinff 
 the blue juii-es of vejjetables to a green, aiid a yellow to a 
 bro\in, anil have the i)rop<Tty of rcudering oiLs niixible with 
 water. Tli<> alkalis are reckoned three, potaih, soda, aud 
 
 ALKALINl^, (I. tliat ha? the qualities of alkali. 
 
 To A(,K. A'L1Z\TR, v. .t. to make bodies alkaline by 
 c'nenjicat process; or to draw out the latent alkaline vir- 
 tues of a body, by reducing it to a ditfereut form. 
 
 A[,KAL)ZATK, <i. that h;is the powers and qualil.es of 
 a bodvwlii(h is termed an alkali by medical writers. 
 
 ALKALIZA T'ON, t. ill chemistry, the act of impreg- 
 nating ot 'uiiu^ding a fluid witi* an alkaline salt, either to 
 make it abctl<'r (!:ss(jhcnt, or to load the phlegm so that it 
 tnay not ri>e in distillation. 
 
 A l.K ANF.T, ,t. [ancUvja. Lat.] a plant used in medicine. 
 
 ALKE'R.MES, .«. [Arab.] in medicine, a terra borrowed 
 from the Arabs, denoting a rich cardiac electuary, consist- 
 ing of several warm ami aromatic ingredients, of which ker- 
 Ciesis the basis. 
 
 ALL, ad. entirely, completely; exclusive of any other. 
 
 ALL, a. '\jrU, .Sax. nlh, Teut.] applied to a lunuber, it 
 sometimes is used collectively for the whole or every one of 
 tiie parts [without exception. Apiilied to nuantity, every 
 parcel, or every particle. Applied to time, tlie «hole space 
 or interval. Applied to place, its whole extent. 
 
 ALL, s. the whole, opposed to a part, or nothing. 
 
 A'LL.A, s. the name by which mahometans call God. In 
 Arabic, it is derived from the verb alah, to adore ; aud is 
 the same with the Hebrew e/uaA, which signifies the adora- 
 ble Being. 
 
 ALLANTC'IS, or ALLANTmDES, ... [from vllas and 
 ei(/M,Gr.] the urinary tunic placed between t!ie anniion and 
 chorion, which, by the navel and urachus, or passage by 
 'rhich the urine is conveyed from the infant in the womb, 
 receives the urine that comes out of the bladder. 
 
 To ALL.V'Y, V. a. [atloi/er, Fr.] to mix one metal with 
 another, to render it tit or proper tor coinage. In this sense 
 some spell it n/,Vi/, in order to keep it more closely to the 
 French, from whence it is borrowed. To abate, or lessen 
 any (|uality. To ipiict, pacify, or reduce a boisterous tem- 
 per info a calm. 
 
 .yLIvAY, or ALLO'Y, s. ^aUoi/, Fr.] in its t>rimarj sense, 
 a mixture of divers metals, orof'divcrs particles ot flie same 
 mclal of different fineness. Winters ne^er strike arjv gold 
 or silver withiuit allay ; brass coin is made of an allay of 
 co'iper. Jewellers, wire drawers, and gold-beaters, are 
 obliged to use an allay in the gold tlu'v work; Ihe brass- 
 founders have their allay of copper. AUnijU used, in a se- 
 eondan sense, for souictliing which lessens or diminishes 
 the properties of the tiling with which it is mixed. That 
 which depreciates, or renders base, by diminution or les- 
 sening. 
 
 ALLA'YF-Pi, .t. the person or thing which is endued with 
 the power of allaying, lessening, debasing, corrupting, or 
 diminishing. 
 
 ALLA'YMENT, «. a diminishing, or lessening, applied 
 to the passions. 
 
 ALLE'(iANY, or APALACHIAN MOUNTAINS, a 
 chain or range of mountains in North America, which ex- 
 tend north-easterly and soulh-west^-rly, nearly paralli.l wilh 
 the coast of the southern states, thriuigh which they run. 
 They occupy a space of about yoo miles in length, and from 
 fiO to 2f)0 in l)readth,(>aslward (f the Mississippi and the 
 five lakes; that is, from Hudson's Hi ver to Georgia. They 
 arc not confusedly scattered and bro cu rising here anil 
 20 
 
 there iut;j high peaks, over-topping eacn ot}ier ; but stretch 
 along; fri uniform ridges, scarcely half a mile high, spread- 
 ing tiA^ards the south. Some of tliem terminate in high 
 peipendicular blutis ; others gradually subside into a level 
 country, giviijg rise to the rivers which run southeiiy into 
 the (jul|)h of Alexico. In the back parts of Pennsylvania, 
 scarce one acre in ten of this range is capable of culture ; 
 in other parlb, extensive tracts of tine arable and iiastnie 
 land intervene between the ridges, havinj; generaliv a rich, 
 black soil, and some of the mountains will admit of cultira- 
 lion almost to their tops. 
 
 ALLE(j.\TION, ». afhrmalion, declaration, excuse, plej. 
 In law, the producing iiLstruraenls, deeds, or vouchers, (o 
 authorize or justify proceedings. 
 
 To ALLEGE, v. a. [allego, Lat.j to declare, or affirm ; to 
 plead in excuse ; to produce in defence. 
 
 ALLE'GEABLE, a. that may be charged ; that may be 
 pleaded in excuse. 
 
 .AlLLE'GER, s. he that asserts or declares anv thing. 
 
 A LLEGIANCE, i. [n//c,»-enHcc, Fr.] in law, that nalural, 
 sworn, or legal obedience every subject owes to his prince, 
 and is an incident inseparable, or that which follows a per- 
 son wheresoever he goes. Oath nf allegiance, a tiiaf which 
 is taken t<>|the king in quality of a temporal prince, and is 
 distinguished from that of supremacy, which i»takeii tohiin 
 in quality of supreme head of the church. 
 
 \LLEGO'RIC, a. something which must be understood 
 tiguratively, in opposition to literal. 
 
 ALLEGO'RICAL, «. that consists of expressions purely 
 figuialive, where something else is meant than what is ex- 
 pressed. 
 
 ALLEGORIC-\LLY, ad. figuratively, in opposition t« 
 literally. 
 
 ALLEGORIC ALNESS, s. the quality of being tigura- 
 tive. 
 
 To ALLEGORl'ZE r. a. to turn into allegory ; to talk in 
 a sense not literal. 
 
 A LLEfiOllY, .t. [allrgoria, Gr.] a figurative speech, in 
 which something else is coiita^iiud than what the literal 
 meaning conveys. Thus the Roman commonweallh is ad- 
 dressed by Horace under the tigur<- of a ship. The Fables, 
 oftsop, the Iliad and Odyssey of Homer, and the .F.iieid of 
 Virgil, may be included under this species of writing. 
 
 ALLEGRO, t. [Ital.] in music, one ot the six distincti(ms 
 of time, expressing the quickest motion, excepting /»i'.('o. 
 If if be preceded hs pven, it must be played in a slower or 
 graver manner than when alUgro stands alone; if by /;?«, it 
 must then be fastest of all. It will not be iiiiprojier to add, 
 that the six divisions of time are as follow: gcaie, ndu^w, 
 laff^-o, vivace, allegro, prcstu. 
 
 ALLELL'JAH, s.[;\ corrupt spelling, instead o{ Iml/clii- 
 ja/i] a Hebrew word signifying praise the Lord, to be nut 
 witii at the beginning or end of some psalms. So much 
 energy has been observed in this term, thai the ancient 
 church thought proper to preserve it, without traiislaliiij; it 
 either into tireek or Latin, for fear of impairing the genius 
 or softness of it. 
 
 ALLEM.VNDA, or ALLEMATsD,*. [Hal.] in mnsic, a 
 grave air, composed in common time, cousisiing of two 
 jiartsor strains. 
 
 To ALLiyVlATE, p. a. [al/n-o, Lat.] figuratively, to 
 lighten, to make lighter orlos, in allusi(Ui to the duiiinish- 
 irig the pressure ot a luavv load. To lessen, mitigate, or 
 diniiuish the enormity of a fault. 
 
 ALLEVIATION,'.*, the act of making a thing lighter; 
 ease from pain; extenuation of a fault. 
 
 A'LLE^■, s. [iil/ec, Fr.] in gardening, a strait walk bounded 
 on each side with trees or shrubs. .Alleys arc distiivjuished 
 from jiaths, as being broad enough for two people to walk 
 abreasl. 'F'he word is in towns applied to narrow passages, 
 todi>lijiguisli them from streits, which arewider. Alleif, in 
 perspeclive, is that which is larger at the entrance than at 
 the opposite extremity, in order to make i) seem long, 
 
 ALI^FOU'KS, s. iu gaming, a particular play, wherein
 
 ALL 
 
 ALL 
 
 llif whole sum n pprson sai"s fiicli dfnl is liiiiitpfl tn four, 
 whicli arc llir liii^lnbt, li)U(st, tlu- knave oi liiimps, and IIk' 
 Kunic, or ttio ;{rfiilrsl ummiIxt to be made from lens and 
 court rards ; (lie lallrr ot wliicli arc rcclUniid timr for an 
 acr, (hrte for a kin^, two tor a (|n<'cii, and one for tlic knavp , 
 and lit wlio lias all these particiiliirs, is said to Inivt; all 
 fyiirs. 
 
 ALHIAIL, ititirj.a sahifatioii or invocation made use of 
 ill a(■klll>^^ jpdgniciil of lieiietits, or in testiiiioiiy of jfiatitnde 
 and sood-uill. 
 
 ALI^IIALLOW-TIOE, s. [coinpound.-d of «//, lml/,„r, 
 and liile, from tut. Sax. a ".vcf k : Ikikc Whilsnu-lidp, or Wliit- 
 snn «t'»'kj thai spaie of linic uiiicii is near All-Saints-day, or 
 till' Isl of Novrmlifr. 
 
 ALLI'ANCE, .'. [al/iitiicr, Vi\] liic iiiiioii or connection of 
 two persons or t«o families '■" i!iarria_!;e. In a iiolilical 
 sense, the leat;nis or treaties between iliHereiit stales for 
 llieir mutual defence. 
 
 ALl.rciK.N'CV, {nlllihininj) s. [from uUicio, Lat.] llie 
 qiuilitv o( allraeliiivf, or drawiiij; lo ; altraclioii. 
 
 A[.i.l(i\ri()N, .V. the act of niiltin-, or the state of 
 things uiiiled, linked, or Joined tof;etlier. In arithmetic, 
 the rule wherein ((ueslioiis are resolved relatinyto tiie iiii\- 
 turos of <li(ferenl coiiniiodities, with their value, cflccts, Ac. 
 vlieii so eoiU|i(Miiided. 
 
 A'l,I,l(;A'iX)H, s. an American animal resembling the 
 crocodile. 
 
 ALLI'O ATI'IIE, s. the link, or ligature, by which two 
 thinjjsare joinrd t<i;,'etli<-r. 
 
 A i.LINCiTON CASTLE, a town of Kent, near the 
 ^ledway. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 ALLJUn(iIN(;, jmrt. exercising judgment without 
 control or partiality. 
 
 ALLISION, (nllizijnii) s. [rtUisio, Lat. J the act of striking 
 one tliiiigagaiiist another. 
 
 ALUTEKA'I'ION, i. [fromoi? and lita-a, Lat.] an orna- 
 ment in poetical language, [consisting in the repetilioii of 
 the same letter at certain intervals, as, " ?teave the «arp, 
 and feeave the itoof" It is apt however to run into the 
 absurd, and critics in general disrcgar<l it. 
 
 ALL-KNO'VVING, jwrt. intimately acquainted witli 
 every lliing that is the oliject of knowledge ; that iselidned 
 with absolute, perfect, or iiitinite knowledge. 
 
 ALLOCATION, i'. [from alloio, Lat.] the act of putting 
 one thing to another. In commerce, the admission or 
 allowance of an aiticle to an account, and the passing it as 
 fueh. In the exchequer, it is an allowance made upon an 
 iiceoiint. 
 
 ALLO'D! AL, a. [from olloihum. Tent.] in law, that of 
 which a person has an absolute property, without paying 
 any acknowledgment or service, and is opposed to feudal. 
 
 .M.I.O'DIl'.M, ^.[Tcut.]a possession wiiich a man holds 
 ill liisuwn riyht, without any dependence, charge, service, 
 or homage to be paid to a superior lord. 
 
 To ALLOO, or HALLOO', v. a. [pron. halloo, or Imlhr, 
 Fr. to make a noise] to set a dog on ; or excite his courage 
 so as td^ei/e one of his own, or any other species. 
 _ To ALLOT, I', a. \iilvt, Sax.] to distribute by lot; to as- 
 s.'!gii a share ; lo grant. 
 
 .ALLOi'.MENT, s. the parcel, share, lot, otRce, or con- 
 dition, as^iglled lo any one. 
 
 .^LLO'ITING, ^. in commerce, is when a ship's 'goods 
 are di\ide(l into dirt'ervnt parcels, to be purchased by per- 
 sons whose names are written on pieces of paper, whicli are 
 iiiditfrreutly atiixed to each of such lots, and tlie goods 
 thus divid.'-il wilhout any partialitv. 
 
 To ALLOW, 1'. «. [ff//o»fc, Er.] to confess, to yield, ad- 
 mit, grant, acknowledge, or nsseiit to a principle, in opposi- 
 tion to coiiliadietiou ; to yield, or permit; to confer an 
 honour on a person.; to approve as just, or consistent with 
 onesdutj ; to give, lo bestow, to pay as a debt. 
 
 ALLOAV.XRLF^ «. that im^v be granted, or permitted ; 
 thit may be adinined without couliadictiuii ; that may ba 
 
 suffered, as repugnant or inconsistent wiih no laws ; Jaw 
 ful ; not forbidden. 
 
 ALLOAVABLENES.S, s. the quality of a thing, which 
 denotes it to be lawful, proper lo be granted or permitted, 
 and noways inconsistent with liie rules of reason, or the 
 customs of a place. 
 
 ALLOWANCIo, .«. the granting, concession, or yi^in;^ 
 assent to any doctrine, opinion, or principle. Vernii^sioii, 
 licence, or consent, applied lo superiors. Liberty, freerlonr 
 from restiaiiil, usi-d with llie wurdgoe. Concession. 
 
 ALLO'WI'^I), part, [from ii/lmr] universally acknowledg- 
 ed ; estalilisjied with respect to character. In cfiinincrce, 
 it is wrillen in I he margin of an account of expenses, op- 
 [Misite to siieh arlicles as are graiiled. 
 
 ALLOY,*. See Ai.lay. 
 
 ALL-I'OW EltEl'L, (7. ca|)able of operating without de- 
 fect or control, and of pvodueiiig evirj thing ihat is consis- 
 tent Willi infinite w isduiii. 
 
 ALL-SAINTS-DAY, s. the l^t day of November, set 
 apiiil iiy the cliuich lo coiiuiieiiiriiale llie ex<'iiiplary live» 
 and noble fortiliiile of all the saints and marly is: added as 
 a suppleiiieiilai'y day to the rest of llie festivals, that those 
 who were worthy of re mcnibrance might not be passed over 
 wilhout notice, and that the human miiiil might be niori' 
 stroiii,dy excited to exemplary piety, or pious niarl\ rdoiii, 
 by considering the number of those who have preceded i:i 
 those shining paths. 
 
 A LINSEED, s. a plant, called also least rupture wort, and 
 little tiax. 
 
 ALL-SEE'ING, o. endued with the power of seeing every- 
 thing. 
 
 ALL.SOU'LS-DAY, «.a festival observed by the fhurrlr 
 of Rome, on the 2d of November, with a particular service 
 relating to iIk' souls supposed lo be in purgatorv. 
 
 ALi;.-SLEEIClEN'!;, (nlU„fi;.s/,ie»t) a. capable of pr.-v 
 ciiriug even thing which is the object of poweror wisdom ; 
 absolulely perfect in liinisclt. 
 
 ToALLlI'DE, v.n.[nllii(lo, Lat.] to haxe a distant h- 
 speet to a thing, without mentioning if e^press!y ; to hint al. 
 
 To ALLLMINATE, '•. u. to beautify, decorate, adorn. 
 Before the iiivt nlion of printing, certain persons called 
 Alhmiifuiis, made it a trade to paint thejiinlial letters op 
 manuscripts in all sorts of colours, and to gild them with 
 silver and gold. 
 
 To .4LLU'IIE, I', a. [teiirfi; Fr.] to entice, or attract, ei- 
 ther in a good or bad vense : to persuade or draw, by the 
 additionof something besides the intrinsic value and advan- 
 tages of llie object. 
 
 ALLl'IIE, .t. originally some artificial bird, made nse of 
 by bird-calchi IS, to entice birds info their traps. Figura- 
 tiveiv, any Ibing ihal entices, or draws a person into the 
 power of anotlii-r. 
 
 ALLL liEMENT, s. that which has the power of enficinj 
 by its charms ; teuiplalion ; enlicenient. 
 
 ALLU J'EIt, s. the person w ho tempts, or seduces by fair 
 speeches, < iilieemenis, or iiueii^lements. 
 
 .'\LLL KINGLY, ufl. in a manner proper to enliee, 
 tempt, inveigle, or seduce. 
 
 ALLL'IUNGNESS, s. ihe ([iiality whose charms have 
 siieh effect upon ihc niinil, us lo pie\ail upon it to engage in 
 any action either good or bad. 
 
 ALLL'SION, ((illii:i/oii) s. [mIIiisw, Lai.] something spo- 
 ken with reference to a thing already know ii, and on that 
 account not expres-ed. A reference ; hint, or implica- 
 tion. 
 
 .■\ ELUSIVE, n. that does not mention a thing expressly, 
 but eonipreheiids it by implication; that hints at some- 
 thing not fnllv expressed. 
 
 ALLL'SIN EIA', ad. in a manner wherein a reference i* 
 made lo somelhiiiu' not expressed, but imiiliod. 
 
 ALLL'SINENT.SS, s. the quality of ^'ipn-s.trog a thir.'j 
 by riference, opposeol to exjiresslv, or directly. 
 
 AL-Ll' \ L\L, ci. bvloiigiiig !u alluvlcn. I'v alluvi;il dep(>>- 
 
 27
 
 ALM 
 
 AI-O 
 
 sitioiii, is mpant, the soil which has b<'cn fouiu! by the 
 distriictioii of the mountain, niid the Wiishiiig dov.u of their 
 p-.irticlpsliv torrents ot water. 
 
 ALI.U'VION, .8. [al!;uto, Lat.] the c;irr\ing of :my tliin;,' 
 to something else hv tiie luotiou oi water ; the ihiii^' t;i ried 
 by w •iter to soiiiething »!?e. In law, a i;radu.il incrcaii' of 
 ilaij:! .il.ini; liie sea-ahore, or t!ic hanks of l;irge rivers." The 
 civil iau i>i-.(ie-, alluviosi amonj; tlie lawfuJ means of acqui- 
 silion ; and delincs it be to a latent iinjienrptilde aecrc- 
 lion.— !iut where a-iy eonsiderabie portion of ground is 
 torn away at once, by an innn:lation, and joined to smjie 
 nei^hbi)urinf; I'slafe, this is not acqnired by r;g:ht of allu- 
 vion, l>ul niav be thiinied a<;ain by tlie former on.ner. 
 
 ALLUA'IOIJS, (T. [from uui.rio, Lat.] that is wasiied 
 away from one plate and carried to another. 
 
 ALL-W TSE, (T. tliat is endued with absolute, perfect, or 
 infinite wisdom. 
 
 To .ALLY', V. n. [tillier, Fr.] to join tO!;p(J)rr, or nnile by 
 tindred, friendshi|i, or intere.st. To resendile, or be like 
 in the passive. 
 
 ALLY, s. in thp pUind allies; \allic, Fr.] one who is 
 joined to or has conneet'ons with another, owin;; to sonn; 
 contract, whether that of marriage or treaty ; andisapplicd 
 both to persons and kinj^dorns. ' 
 
 ALMACANTER, s. [.Arab.] in astronomy, a circle 
 <Irawn parallel to the horizon. It is generally used in the 
 jihiral, and signifies a seriis of parallel circles drawn through 
 the several degrees of Ihe meridian. Almmnnters steff", 
 a mathematical nistrnment made of pear tree or boxwood, 
 with an arch containing 15 degrees, formerly use<l to find 
 the altitude of the sun at its rising, in order to discover its 
 J amplitude, and the variation of the comixtss. 
 
 A'LAI.AGE.ST, s. [.Arab.] the name of a celebrated work 
 of Ptolomy, containing a colleclion of geometrical problems 
 and astronomical observations made bv the ancients. 
 
 A'LMANACor A'LMANACK, s. a table, or calend-ir, 
 ■wlicrein the days of the week, fasts, festivals, changes of th.e 
 moon, variation of tinn- between clocks and the sun, Ac. 
 eclipses, time of high water, beginnings iind endings of terms, 
 are noted for the year. 
 
 ALiNIANDI'NE. s. [Fr. iilmiiiidhia, Itai.l a ruby, coarser 
 and lighter than the oriental, and nearer the colour of the 
 granite. 
 
 ALMA'NZA.a town of Mnrcia, in Spain, famons for a 
 defeat sustained here by the English and I'ortnguese, .April 
 2.5th, 1707, ill which they lost OU'dO prisoners, beside a great 
 nund)er of killed and wounded. 
 
 AL.MITiHTIN F.S.S, ,. that attribute of the Deify, wherein 
 lie is considered as able to perform every thing that is the 
 object of absolute, perfect, nncontrolable, and infinite power. 
 
 .ALMl'CiliTY, a. [tbrmerly spell nllims;litii ', itcliHi<j[hti^, 
 Pax.] that is possessed of perfect, absolute, unconirolal)le, 
 or nulimitted power; that can do every thing that infinite 
 visdoui can ihctale, or infinite power can execute. 
 
 ALMOND, s. [nmttiidi:t(i, Ilah] a fruit contained in a 
 stone full of little cells, which is inclosed in a lough skin. 
 They are divided into sweet and bitter, on account of their 
 difterent tastes. Tiie Fi'Mich lapidaries give the name Al- 
 monds, or .Amandes, lo those pieces of rock crystal whicli 
 nre cut with a wheel into forms reseinbling this fi uit, and 
 are ii-ed lo adorn chandeliers of glass, and other pieces of 
 furniture made of ylass or crvstal. 
 
 ALMOND FURNACE, oi; A'LMAN FURNACE, called 
 also //if i^itJfc/i, is a pe<nliar kinil of furnace used in refining, 
 to separate metals from cinders and other foreign substances. 
 
 A'L^I(^NI)S oi Til kTuko AT, or TONSILS, improperly 
 Sliled Almonds of lire ears. See ToNsi L.s. 
 
 A'LMONEK, .5. an officer api>oin1ed to distribute alms to 
 the poor. The lord Almmin- or lord high Almonn- of 
 EnglaiKl, is usually a bishop, who has the fi)ifeilnre of all 
 <tcodanfis, and Ihe goods of I'rlos tk tr, which he is to dis- 
 iribute aniopi!; llie poor. 
 
 A'LMONKV, *. till' place wherein the alinoner KCCPS Ills 
 oflice, or dislribules the alms to the poor. 
 
 ALMOST, Of?, jilmeett, Belg.] apijlied U. action, near 
 perforiuiug if. " Tliey be almu»t ready to stone me." £>*</. 
 xvii. 3. Applied to number or nniltitudc, a considerabic 
 majority, little less than the whole. " Came almost the wlicle 
 city together." Acu xin. 44. Applied to time, very- near 
 the iicriod mentioned. " When seven days were almuit 
 ended." Acti x\i. 27. Ap[ilied lo the effect of an argn- 
 menl, not far from persuading or ctmyiction. " Aluivst 
 thou peisuadest me to be a Christian." AlIs xxvi.28. 
 
 .ALlMS, *. [never used but in the plural, ulms ; elmeasc. 
 Sax'.] money, or other necessaries, given to relieve the ne- 
 cessities of the poor ai;d distressed, including in it a len- 
 der sympathy in their afHictious, and a pious readiness to 
 relieve them. 
 
 A'L.M.SDLED, s. an act of charity ; something done out 
 of compassion, to relieve the distresses and wants of others. 
 
 .A'L.MS (ilVF,!i. s. (me who is charitable, or fond of re- 
 lieving the necessities of llie poor. 
 
 .A'LM.SHOUSE, s. a house endowed by legacies, or olher 
 doiiatiuns, for the lodging and support of the poor. 
 
 ALMSMAN, s. a man who is supported by charity or 
 alms ; one who beljiigs to un ahns-lunisc. 
 
 .V'LML'(r-TREE, s. a tree mentioned in scripture, sup- 
 posed to be the same with the shittini-wood spoken of by 
 Moses. It is probablythe same as the Indian pine tree. 
 
 A'LNAGE, s. the measuring of woollen manufaetuies by 
 the ell. .Alnage wns first intended as a proof of the good- 
 ness of Ihe commodity, and a seal was invented, the affix- 
 ing of which to a commodity was a sign that such commo- 
 dity was made according to law. liut now the,se seals may 
 be1>ought, and affixed to any goods, at the buyer's pleasure, 
 to the great prejudice of our trade with foreigners. 
 
 A'L ANGER, s. a public officer, wliiise business is to ex- 
 amine into the assize of all woollen cloths made throngliout 
 the kingdom, and fix seals upon them ; likewise to collect 
 an alnage duty to the king. There are now three (rihcers 
 relating to the alnage, namely, a searcher, measurer, and 
 uhtas;if, all which were fi>rnierly comprised in the last, till, 
 by his own neglect, it was thought proper to separ«le them 
 into three olfiees. 
 
 A'LNEWICK, or .Alnwick, the county town of North- 
 umberland, 300 miles from London, on the road to Berwick, 
 from which it is distant 26 miles, and from Newrcastle 30; is 
 sealetl on the little river AIne.and is po|)idousaiid well bnilt- 
 II has handsome shambles, surrounded with piazzas, has like- 
 wise .I gates, aiifl it was formerly surrounded with a wall. 
 Here is an old stately (iothic castle, the seat of the duke of 
 Northumberland, which has continueil in the possession of 
 the Percy family ever since the year 1.30t) : it has lately been 
 repaired and beautified. It has a market on Saturday. 
 
 A'LNEY', a little island near the city of Ciloncester, fa- 
 mous for the single combat fought on it between Edmuiid 
 Ironside and Canute ihe Dane, for the whole kingdom, in 
 sight of liolh their armies; in which the laHerbein» wound- 
 ed, he proposed an agieemenf : accordingly the kingdom 
 was divideil between them ; the S. part falling to Edmund, 
 the N. to Canute. 
 
 ALOES, .«. [ahns, Lat.] This word is applied to a tree, 
 a plant, and a medicinakjuice exf laeted from the plant. TIfe 
 wood grows in China, in the kingdom of Lao, and in Cochiu 
 China. It is a large tree, or at least al«)Ut the size of the 
 olive, resembles it likewise in its leaves, and its fruit is red, 
 like a cherry. The \vood of Ihe trunk is of three colours : 
 under the bark il is black and heavy ; the next wood is of a 
 tanned colour, light, and resembles lotleii wood ; but the 
 heart is the tambac, or calembac, w!ii<li is dearer in the In- 
 dies tiian gold itself, and was reckoned by the Sianie.se the 
 most valuable jiresent they could make to Louis XIV. 
 
 ALOE'TIC, a. that consists of aloes. 
 
 \l.O'VT,ad. [from loffter, Dan.] in the air, in opposition 
 to the groimd ; on high ; above. 
 
 A'L(5GY, *. [aloeot, Cir.] unreasonableness : absurdity. 
 
 ALO'NE, td. \adem, Belg.] without a companion. Witi»- 
 oul any assistance. Exclusively of all others ; solely.
 
 ALR 
 
 A I.T 
 
 AI.CNG, nrl fjK fjnigtic, Fl. or n.' hiii^/', It.il] ;it full 
 leni;tli; pKiilr.Ue on tlie tirouml. Miitioii, nipKifiressioii, 
 ni ':i3Ure<l Icnutlnviso. Vseil with ntl, iur ;i coiiliiiuiiiKe, or 
 (liiriiij; n wliole space of time. Tlnoii^^liout, or fnim one 
 < nd to ili« other, ajjplicd to vvrltii)^;.s. After come, it implios 
 ultMiihdici' and »'niouiaj;enient to proceed. 
 
 ALO(VF, «rf. [froiii a! and off', SaJi.J used with the par- 
 ticijiley'TOHj, at a distance whicli is within si;;ht. When ap- 
 plied to persons, it intpiies a distance occasioned hy caution 
 Olid circunispccliou. At a diilance, so as not to a|ipear as 
 a principal, or party iu any dcsif,'n. Not connected with, 
 liavins no reiaticii to. 
 
 AI.Ol*i'!'CIA, i. |from a/f^jw, Gr.] a distemper wherein 
 liW, or a sreut part of the hair falls off. 
 
 ALOU'D, ad. loudly ; with a strong voice, with a great 
 iiiise. 
 
 ALO'W, ad. in a low place; near the ground, in opposi- 
 tion to aloft, or ahove. 
 
 A'LPliA, s. the iirst Idler in the Greek al;ihahet, an- 
 s-.rnrin'^ to our A; t-iiercfore used to siu'nily the tirst, as 
 cmcz-a \Up last ; hotli to-jether denote llw ilernifT of fiod. 
 
 A'LTIIABF;!", s. [from «//>/fa ■,ue,U'<?(f/, t!ie two ilrst letlers 
 of the Greek alpliahet.] the sev( ral lettcis of a language 
 arranged in tlic'r accustomed onier. The I'nglish alpliahet 
 has 26 letters, the French 23, the Hebrew, Chalriee, Syriac, 
 and Samaritan, i'' each; the Arabic 28, Persian ;il, Turkish 
 .3:?, (ieorgian "6, Coplitic32, Muscovite 43, CireekSJ, Latin 
 22, Sclavonic 27, Dutch 20, Spanish 27, Italian 2(t, and the 
 P.engalese 21. The Ethiopic lias no less than 2(i2 letters, 
 there being 7 vowels whicli Ihcy combine with each of their 
 20 consonants, to which they add 20 other aspirated svlla- 
 bles. 'I'he Chinese have no alphabet, but have characters 
 which are the signs, not of words, hut ideas, and are in num- 
 ber about 80,000. 
 
 ALPIIABE'TIC, or ALPHABETICAL, a. placed in the 
 order of ihe alphabet. 
 
 ALPHABETICALLY, ad. in the same order as in the 
 alphabet. 
 
 ALPH/E'NIX, *. white barley-sugar, which is made of 
 eommoi: sugar, boiled to a proper consistence, and poured 
 upon a marble slab greased with salad oil ; after which it is 
 moulded into various figures with a bn;ss crotchil. 
 
 A'LPINE, a.[A!pi7ius, Lat.J that may be met with on the 
 Alps. 
 
 Ai^PS, a range of mountains, the liiLjlicst in Europe, 
 which divide Italy from France, Swilzerland, and Geiiri;;;iy. 
 Some of these mountains are two miles in periicndieiilar 
 height. They have but few passes, and those ditiicult of 
 access, as was experienced by Hannibal when he invaded 
 Italy. The prospect from many jiarts of this et:ormous 
 range of mountains i> extremely romanlic. Tlie Glaciers 
 of the Alps are immense masses of ice lodged upon the 
 gentler declivities of the niouiitains, and exhibiting the most 
 grotesque and fantastic representations. From the valley 
 ■of Chamoiuii, there is a view of a vast chain of mountains, 
 inaccessible, and covered with ice ; and of Mont Blanc, 
 above the rest, whose top seems to pierce the highest region 
 of the clouds. The chain upon which this mountain seems 
 to look down like a giant, is composed of masses of rocks, 
 which terminate in pikes or spires, called the Needles, and 
 which seem ranged like tents in a camp. Their sides are 
 covered with fretted streaks of ice and snow. 
 
 A'LQUIFOU, or A'RQUIFOU, a sort of mineral lead, 
 very heavy, easily reduced into powder, and hard to melt. 
 In F'ngland, it is commonly called potter's ore ; because 
 the potters use it in varnishing or glazing their wares. 
 
 ALRE'.ADV, (pronounced as if tiic a was dropped) ad. 
 [from oil and readi/. Sax.] at the time present even no>v. 
 
 A'LRI>;SFORD, a town in Hampsliire, with a market on 
 Thursday, 18 miles K. N. K. of Southampton, and 57 W. 
 S. W. of London. It is govcrtird hy a bailJtt', has one 
 «hurcli, about 200 houses, two principal streets, which are 
 large and broad, and a small manufacture of iinsi'vs. 
 
 AL!lUCCAr;AH, s.iIk- ijovlh-pole star. 
 
 AI.SATF,, Upper and Lower, late provinces of Fran e, 
 having the P.hine and .'■wit/erlann on the K. and S. K. ami 
 Strasbiirg being the capital of the whole : they are now 
 included in the departments of the Upper and Lower 
 Rhine. 
 
 .A'LSINE, s. the same with chickweed. 
 
 A'LSO, conjunct, [alsna, Sax.] Used lo shew that what 
 had been aflirmed of one sentence or person holds good of 
 the succeeding part of the period, and of another person. 
 In the same manner; likewise. 
 
 ALSTON-MOOR, a town in Cumberland, with a market 
 on Saturday. It is seated on a hill, at the bottom of which 
 runs the river Tyne, with a sione bridge over it, and near 
 it is plcntv of lead ore. It is 20 miles E. by S. of Carlisb, 
 and :!03 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 ALT, rt. in music, a term applied to the highest notes in 
 the scale. 
 
 A'LTAISCH, au immeuae range of mountains riiniiiiig 
 CI OSS Siberia. 
 
 ALTAR, s.\altare, Lat.J a kind of table or raised place, 
 whereon the aniient sacrifices were oflered. Siucc the ex- 
 tiiblishment of Christianity that place in the ( hurcli where 
 the communion is received, or the table on which the vases 
 and the elements of bread and wine are placed. Figurative- 
 ly, Christ himself, to ^^ho^l we bring all our offerings and 
 services. Amoni; Ihe anfient Romans ihe altar was a kind 
 of a pedestal, cither square, round, or Iriangiilar, adorned 
 with sculptures anil inscriptions. In astronomy, a constel- 
 Lilion of the southern hemisphere, consisting of seven stars. 
 
 A'LTARAGI''/, s. ^aharagiwn, Lat.J denotes the prutits 
 arising to the priest from the oblations on the altar. 
 
 A'LTAK-THANE, or A'LTARIST, iu old law-books, 
 the priest or parson of a parisli. 
 
 A'LTA VILLA, a fish found in the Mediterranean sea, 
 whose flat sides bear some resemblance to wings. It is sold 
 in the markets at Rome. 
 
 To A'LTT.R, V. a. \aliirer, Fr.] to chanM ; to make a 
 thing ditl'erent from what it is; used both of a part and the 
 whole of a thing, and applied both to a good and bad sense. 
 Used neulerly,to change ; to become diB'ereiit from what 
 it has been. 
 
 A'LTERABLE, a. [from alirr, and aid. Sax.] that nn-.y 
 be chan^jed or be made to appear difl'crcnt from what it is. 
 
 ALTER A BEEN ESS, *. the quality of b< ki- diau^.d, 
 or liable to have its present properties and appeaiunce 
 cliaii;;pd by external or internal causes. 
 
 A'lT'V'R ABLY, nd. in a maiiu<r that may be altered. 
 
 A'LTILRAGE, .i. ffiom ah, Eat.] the breeding, nourishing, 
 or fostering of a child. 
 
 A'LTERAN'IS, or ALTERATIVES, s. such medicine* 
 as correct the bad qualities of the blood, and otLer animal 
 fluids, wilhoul occasioning; any sensible evacuation. 
 
 ALTERATION, s. [allaation, Fr.J the act of chang- 
 ing the form or purport of a writing; the shape and other 
 (pialities of a b^idy ; the properties aud faculties of the 
 mind, and mak'ug them diti'erent from what iliey were. 
 
 To A'LTI'JRCA'l'E, v. n. [from ahercor, Lat.J lo wrangle^ 
 or eontend with another ; to dispute. 
 
 ALTERCATION, s. \uUereatio, Lat.J a debate or dis- 
 pute on any subject between friends, including a warm 
 espousal or defence of the contrary side of a question, but 
 not so ^reat as what is involved in the idea of a quarrel. 
 
 ALTEilN, n. \altevnns, Lat.J that succeeds another hf 
 turns; successive, or alternate; that follows by succession.. 
 
 ALTEllNACY, *. the succession or following of oi;c 
 action after anotJier in its turn. 
 
 ALTE'RNATE, a. [ultei-nM, Eat.] that succeeds or fol- 
 lows one another hy turns. In botany, applied to the po- 
 sition ofthe leaves of a plant, it implies that the leaves om 
 each side of the stalk, orbrandi, do not stand directly op- 
 posite, but between, or a little. higher, than each other. \n 
 geometry, applied to angles, it signifies the internal one, 
 and is made by a line cutting two parallels, a:;d lying oo op- 
 posite sides of it. Alif-nmt:, in lieraldrv, is tpplie.J to \\\< 
 
 TJ
 
 ALU 
 
 AMA 
 
 gittiation of tlie ciuarters of a coat ; thui in quarterly, ecnrteli, 
 thf lirst and tourtli are alternate, and of the same nature. 
 
 ALTERNATELY, ad. in such a manner that the thing 
 ^^•bicl^ precedes shall follow that winch conies after it. 
 
 ALTE'RNATENESS, .'. the (iiiality of being alternate; 
 tl» reciprocal succession of things. 
 
 ALTERNA'TION, s. in arithmetic, tl:e difterent changes, 
 alterations of place, or combinations, that any proposed 
 numbers are capable of; which is found by a continual mul- 
 tiplication of all the numbers, bcgiiniing at unit), and end- 
 ing with the last number of the thing* to be varied. 
 
 ALTERNATIVE, s. [aher-iatif, Fr.] a choice of U\o 
 things, whereby if one be rejected, the other must be ac- 
 cepted. 
 
 ALTERNATIVELY, «,?. by turn;; ; reciprocally. 
 
 ALTETINITY, s. a state wherein there is a continual 
 succession, chan;;e, or vieisitude. 
 
 ALTHOLHtH, conjnne. [prou. as if written nhho ; from 
 a-ll ami ti'ica/i, Sax.l u-fd to iiiipiv that a tiling' or conclu- 
 sion may be allowed or maintained, notwithstanding some- 
 thing seemingly iucouiisljut had been allowed, admitted, 
 or granted notwithstaudiug. 
 
 ALTI'METHV, s. [altimetrUt, Luf.] the art of taking or 
 measuring heights, whclher accessible, or inaccessible. 
 
 A'LTITUDE. s. [ahiiudn, Liit.] in geometry, one of the 
 three dimensions of boiK, namely, heinlit. In optics, it is 
 the height of an object above a luie, dr.iwn p;ir;dlel to tip' 
 horizon from the eye of the observer. In astronomy, it is 
 the arch ofa vehicle circle, intercepled lietuceu a star and 
 the horizon. Also, the elevation of auv cf the beaveidy 
 bodies above the hori/iiu. This Allilu'le is ritlier true or 
 apparent, accoiding as it is reekiin''<l from tin- rational or 
 »ensi!de horizon, and the diiiereii(<' between tliese is called 
 by astronomers tlie pninl/nr of nhilmlf. Near the horizon 
 X\wahitiiHr is always increased bv means of refraction. 
 
 A'LTORELIEVO, «. S<-,- 1!'ki.ii:v(). 
 
 .'ALTOGETHER, »,l. [rt//aud u.'-it'lcre, .Sax.] completely ; 
 without restriction; without exception, a[iplied to number 
 and quality. In all respects ; perfectly. 
 
 A'LTON, a town in Hampshire, consisting chiefly of one 
 pretty broad street. It has manufactures of baragons, 
 rorded druggets, and serines ; and a large market on .Satur- 
 days for cattle and provisions. In the neighbourhood are 
 extensive plantations of hops. It is on the road from .South- 
 umptou to Loudon, 'in miles from the former, and 50 from 
 the latter. 
 
 \ LTRINCilIAM, a town in Cheshire, 7 miles from Maii- 
 rlx'ster. and ISO from London ; market on Tuesday. 
 
 A'LtDEL, J. in <liemistr\, a range of earthen pots 
 « itiiout bottoms, fitted into each other u ithout luting. 
 
 \ LL'.M, s. [nlnmtn, Lat.] a kind of mineral salt of an 
 acid taste, leaving in the month a sense of ,s«eetnes.s, ac- 
 companied with a eonsideralile degree of astringeiicy. 'I'he 
 principal species are : —_\,iiiri- alum, or /w.w/ ahini, that 
 fornifd by nature, without the assistance of art. P/u- 
 jniitf alum, or plmiif alum, a kind of natural alum, eom- 
 p<isfd of a sort of threads, or fibres, rtM-mbhiig fiatiiers ; 
 whence it has its name. I'lepanU or piirijicil :ilum, that 
 which is dissolved in hot rain «ater, and afterwards made to 
 crystallize by evaporating the watiT. [tcclif nhuii, or livih 
 alum, named from Roca, now I'dcss;!, ni .''>\ ria, where it 
 abounds, is' such as is found native in large cryslallizt d 
 masses, but not very pure; in tiiis country alum was first 
 discovered and manufactured, according to the best ae- 
 couuts. llmnii alum, a sort (,f rock alum, ofa reddish 
 coWur, niadf in the country near Rome. Sua/uirinc alum 
 is a composition of common alkuu with ifise-water and tlie 
 whites of eggs, which being boiled to the consistewe ot a 
 paste, is formed in the shape of a sugar-loaf; hence it ou- 
 fainrd its naim-; it ;.• used a.s a cosnutic. 
 
 iM.U'MINE, s. in cheniistrj, pure cLiy, whicii is aJ.so the 
 l>asi«i (if ahnii. 
 
 ALlI'iMINOUS, « that has the properties of alum, oris 
 , mixed wttb alum. Wati rs of thi» kiml are jireparvd !>y 
 .0 
 
 dyers, fo make (heir stuffs take their coJours the hettcr . 
 ami those which are to be crimspn, iHust be stecpejl i» 
 water uvmIv very strong with this ingredient. In moderit 
 cheniistiv it means, belonging t(-) ela\, thus the aiumiiKiu* 
 fossiles are Corundum, l!orni)lende, Basaltes, Slate, lie. 
 
 A'LUM-STONE, .«. a stone of calx of a corrosive nature, 
 used to con.sume the proud flesU of wnmiils. 
 
 .•\'LVV.\VS, till, [fut/finnra, Sa,\.] applied to action, with- 
 out ceasing or intermission. 
 
 .'\.M, r. .«. [rum, Sax.] when used singly, if implies tx- 
 istiuce ; following H'/«7/, it implirs nature ; " Knowing j/^Ant 
 / i^m." J'liur. Applied to place, it si-iiiifies [ resencc ; 
 " Where I ,itm, there shall mv servants be." Jo/ni xii. 2S. 
 .Applied ti) truths, it implies affirmation : "Jesus said, 7am 
 ihr bread of life." .!okn \ i. 3.>. Wlieii repeated, it inip.lies 
 self ;iiid indeiieudent existence, or a IVing which is the un- 
 created S'lurce of the fxisliiieeof Till f>ther beings. 
 
 A.MAI)Ar)\T, a large and pojiulous trading city, the 
 capital i>f (iuzerat, in the East Indies. Ft is subject to a 
 r.ijali, or n;iti\e prince. It is frequented by Armenians, 
 Ab,\ssiiu;ms, Jeus, and Europeans, and has an extcniive 
 tra(l<- in fine chiii'z, calicoes, and other Indian merchandize, 
 it lies 120 miles N. of Surat, and 40 N. E. of Cambaya. 
 Lat. -J.l. 10. N. fon. 7'3. -i*. E. 
 
 .AMADE'nX), 1. a sort of pear; so called, according 
 to Skinner, frniii the name of him who euhrv<ated it. 
 
 .AMAIN, «(/. [ff and ma-s;^>i, .Sax.| with all one's force, 
 or streiigtli, applied to action. .Applied l<y the voice, ex- 
 tremely loud, or as loud as possible. .Also a sea-term, ini- 
 p<u ting to lower or let fall the top-sails ; to let down any 
 tiling into the hold, as a word of comniaml to do it g<iitly 
 and bv degrees. 
 
 AMALGAM, or AMA'LGAMA, s. [from <tmit, witii, 
 and ganiei), to many, Cir.] a substance profluced by incor- 
 porating (piicksilver with another metal ; whicli is expressed 
 b\ the chemists thus, .A. A. A. 
 
 "To ,\M.\'LGAMATE, t:n. to incorporate metals wifli 
 quicksilver. 
 
 AMALGAMATION, s. [from imn, with, zn(\ ^amrn, to 
 niarrv, (ir.l the incorporating quicksilver with other metals. 
 
 .AINI AN! E'NSIS, s. [Lat.] a person who writes down 
 what is dictated by another ; likewise a person who copies 
 w ritiugs, or w rites extracts from books. 
 
 A.\IARANTM,.5. 
 
 iuki:s, Lat. from a no.t, and ma- 
 
 ririiuimai, I wither, Gr.] among the ancients a flower, whicK 
 was iuiHgined never to fide; among the moderns, prince's 
 feather, a beautiful (lower. 
 
 AMARATS'THINE, n. [amnranthinus, Lat.] relatinjj to 
 amaranths ; consisting of amaranths. 
 
 To A.MA'SS, V. a.\ainasscr, Er.] to gather together, so 
 as to foini a mass or heap. 
 
 AALASSMl'.NT, '. a collection of things heaped together. 
 
 .A'!\LATO;lV, •«. [amauinus, Lat.] relating to love; caus- 
 ing love. 
 
 .AMAU'ROSiS, s. [from amaumo, to obscure, Gr.] in rae- 
 ditiiie, a dimness of sight, wherein the eye to externa aj)- 
 peaiance seems to be unatfcctcd. 
 
 To .AMA'ZE, I'. «. [from imsr, Sax.] to strike with asto- 
 nishment. To be confused, or thrown into perplexity, by 
 some sudden change or address. 
 
 AM A /I", .V. astonishment, or perplexity, caused by an 
 uni xpectcd object, whetlur good or bad; in the former 
 casj' it is mixed with admiratiiui, in the latter with fear. 
 
 .AM A /I•',1)L^', ml. in a irrjnniT expressive of surprise or 
 astonishment on the a[>pearance of something unexpected. 
 
 AMAZr.nNESS, .«. the state of a person's mind when 
 afleeled with surprise, asloui&luuent, confusion, or per- 
 plexity. 
 
 AlSfAZElMENT, *. confusion; perplexity ; admit ation; 
 surprise. 
 
 .AMA'/ING. pari, that causes surprise, astonisliinent, or 
 adiniiation. 
 
 AMA ZINCLV, ml. in a manner capable of exciting asto- 
 nishment, wiuderdradiniration; prodigiously ; surprisingly
 
 AMR 
 
 AMR 
 
 ■ A'MAZON, or Orei.lan A, a river of Sonlli Amfricji, 
 •wliicli Ik!.s its source ;ifiioii|^ the Aiiflcs, in Pcm, not tiir from 
 llip S. Sea, from wlieiicc ruiiiiing easlward, il pours into tlio 
 ort>;iM, ((ireitly iinilcr the ('iiuiiiocti.il linr. T liis larf;('bt of 
 ;i!l rivers is, at its moiitli, l.'>l) miles liroad ; and I.JUO niili's 
 fi'.iii; il's month, 30 or 40 fathoms (kip. Il runs at least 
 300U miles, forms dnrinfj its course manv islands in ilself, 
 receives near 200 other rivers many of wliic li have a course 
 of 500 or CiOO leagues, some of them not inferior to tlip 
 Dannhe or the Nile ; and, in pourinj; itself into tiie, ocran, 
 repels the waters of the sea to the distance of many leagues 
 from the land. 
 
 A'MAZt)NS, [from a -ami mnzos, Gr.l a su])pose(l race iif 
 warrins women, in antit|iiity, livin;;in Amasia, on the hanks 
 of the Euxine, -and maintaining tiiemselves as a nation of 
 women, on their own separate territory, distinctly from the 
 men. Perhaps, in the ruder a^es of anlicinity, companies of 
 \vo<iien following their husbands to haltle, and sometimes 
 iiglitin;;^ their enemies, may have given rise to the romantic 
 descriptions of the Amazons hy the ancients; as in later 
 times, the Amazons of S. America se«in to have had a siijii- 
 lar origin, with the Honder-strickeu Spaniards. It is cer- 
 tain, however, that the spirit of these heroines is sometimes 
 seen in a solitary individual : in the late Irish rebellion, 
 Peggy iMunro (ought along with her brother, who com- 
 niaiided the rebel army at Ballinahineh. 
 
 AMAZONIA, a coimtrv in .S. America, l>ound«d on 
 the N. by Terra Firma and Guiana; on the !•". by the At- 
 lantic and Brazil ; on the S. by Paraguay ami Pei u ; »ii<| on 
 the \V. by Pern. It was first traversed in 15;?9, by Fran- 
 ci:5co Orellana, who, comiii"; from Peru, sailed down the 
 great river to the Atlantic Ocean. OI)servLng companies 
 of women (or perhaps of men, for the Imiians have a cns- 
 tom of plucking out the beard by the roots) in arms, on its 
 banks, he called the country Amazonia, or the land of the 
 Amazous, and gave the name of Amazon to the river, which 
 iiad J'ormerly been called Maragnon. Condamine, who af- 
 terwards went into those parts, to measure a degree on the 
 meridian, could perceive no such appearance of hostile wo- 
 men. The soil is very rich and fertile; the tre^s, fields, 
 and plants, are verdant all the year round. The rivers and 
 lakes are infested with crocodiles, alligators, and serpents. 
 Their banks are inhabited by difierent tribes of Indians, go- 
 verned by petty sovereigns, distingnis!ic<l from their sul>- 
 jects by coronets of beautiful feathers. The Spaniards liave 
 made many attempts to settle in this conntrv ; but ditficnl- 
 ti^s and disasters have hitherto rendered their designs abor- 
 tive. On a part of the coast, lietween Cape North and the 
 mouth of the Amazon, the Portuguese indeed, have made 
 some settlements. 
 
 AMBA'GES, s. [Lat.] a round-about way of expression. 
 Circumlocution. 
 
 AMBA'SSADE, s. [Fr.] the office of a person who is 
 commissioned to negociate the atfairs ©f a state in foreign 
 parts. 
 
 AiMBA'SSADOR, *. [amhnssadeHr, Fr.] a person sent in 
 a public manner from one sovereign power to another, and 
 supposed to represent the power from which he is tent. 
 The person of an ambassador is inviolable. Anibassa<Iors 
 are either ordinary or extraordinary. Ambassador ordinru 
 rij, is he who constantly resides in the court of ajiothcr 
 prince, to maintain a good understanding, and look to the 
 interest of his master. Till within these 200 years, ambas- 
 sadors in ordinary were not heard of. All, till llun, w'<?rc 
 ambassadors ^j-trfforrffjiffr)/ ,• that is, such as are sent on some 
 particular occasion, and who retire as sewn as the affair is 
 dispatched. By the law of nations, none under the quality 
 of a sovereign prince can send or receive an ambassador. 
 
 AMBA'SSADRESS, s. [ninbussadiicr, Fr.] in its primitive 
 sense, the wife or lady ot an ambassador; in a secondary 
 one, a wom;ui sent on a message. 
 
 A'MBASSAGE, s. [amlinssas^e, Fr.] tlie employ or office 
 of a perwmnctingasan ambassador. 
 
 AMBER, *. [ambar, Arab.] a kind of gnin, or resui, 
 
 found most ph>ntifully in thr Baltic, on the c'/nt of Prii«si!i. 
 The physical qualities of t'^is suhstant? have recommended 
 il iiifuiiiigalioH to rrtjiove diflmions, an<l in powder as an 
 alliMative, absorbent, sweetener, astringent, lilhontriptic, 
 diuretic, <\r. Beiiig susceptible of a fine p'.li-li, it is cut 
 inio ne( klaees, biacjflets, snulV-lxi\08, A'C. and also consti- 
 tutes the basis of several kinds of varuisli. It is highlv en- 
 dowed with the propel tv of electricifv. 
 
 A'.MBElt(iUIS. v. a li:i;;iant HruiJ, that melts almost like 
 wax, commonly of a gravish or asll colour, med both as ^ 
 perfume and a cordial. Ambrr^rit is found on the sea 
 coasts, partienlarlv those of Africa, from the Cape of Good 
 I lope to the Bed Sea, sonietiir.es in very large lumps, in the 
 middle of which we fre,(iu(iitly meet with stones, shells, and 
 bones. 
 
 A'MBERSBl'RV, a town in Wiltshire, which has a mar 
 ket on Friday. Distance from London 78 miles. 
 
 AMBEII-'IREE, s. a shrub, whose beauly is in its small 
 evergreen leaves, w hich grow as close as heath, and, being 
 bruised b< tween the fin.'jers, emit a very fragrant odour. 
 
 AMBIDE'XTER. t. |I.at.| one who has equally the use 
 of both hands, or who <aii use l:olh hands witli the same fa- 
 cility, and for the ^anie i)iirpose ; also, one who is ready to 
 engaye on either side m [lartv ilispute.s. 
 
 .XMBIDEXTEHIFY, t. the power of being able to use 
 both hands equally. Double-dealing. 
 
 .\MBIDE'\TKOUS, «. applied to one who can make 
 use of either hand inditferentK. 
 
 AMBIDE'XTKOUSNESS.*. the quality of being able 
 to use either hand with equal ease, or the engaging with 
 different parties without scruple; double-dealing. 
 
 A'MBIENT, a. [ambtens, Lat.] that covers every part ; 
 that encompasses or surrounds. 
 
 A'MBIGIJ, s. [Fr.] an entertainment, wherein the dishei 
 are set on the table in a promiscuous manner, w ithout any 
 regard to order, so as to perplex the guests. 
 
 AMBUJlJ'ITY, s. [ambi:r,/i/as, Lat.] the quality of a word 
 or expression, received m difterent senses ; \v ords whose sig- 
 hificatioiis are doubtful or uncertain. W'c make use of an 
 rijiiivocntiiin to deceive, of an ambiguiti/ to keep m the dark 
 from all, and of a dotihin entendre to conceal from some. 
 
 AMBICiUOUS, ff. [nmdigniis, Lat.] applied to expres- 
 sions having more senses than one, which are not easily de- 
 termined. 
 
 AMBlCiUOUSLV, nd. uttered in equivocal tenus, or 
 words ha\ iiij; two senses. 
 
 AMBIGUOllSNESS, s. the quality which renders the 
 signification of a word uncertain. 
 
 AMBILOGY, s. [from nmho, Lat. and lo^us Gr.] discourse 
 of an ambiguous significatii>n. 
 
 AMBI'LOQlJOrS, a. [from ambo and loaiior, Lat.] usiiij 
 ambiguous expressions. 
 
 AMBIT, s. [umb'tiis. Lat.] a term in geometry, signify- 
 ing the boundai"y, oulliue, or circuHiferrnce of any hgure, 
 regular or irre;;iihir; the compass or circuit of any thing. 
 
 AMBITION, s. \niuliitio, Lat.] is generally used in a bad 
 sense, for an imiuoderute and illc gal ptirsuit of jxiwer, a v«- 
 henient desire of greatness oi fame ; a restlessness that can- 
 not bear any eonipelitoreilher in go\ eminent or honour. 
 
 AMBFTiOUS, a. ['ijnb;i!iis:is, IaxU] desirous, longing 
 after, and industrious to obtain a greater denjrec of power, 
 an advancement in honour, or a mi>re extensive dominion. 
 Proud, lofty, aspiring ; elegantly applied lo inanimate things 
 and impKiiig tli-'ir being not contented with their preseut 
 dinieiisions, nr siluat on. 
 
 AMBITIOUSLY, rt'/. in a mamier which shewsadesiic 
 or thirst after greater dignity, power, riches, dominion, or 
 prefeniii III. 
 
 AMBlT10USNES.S,f. the quality of belag desirous of a 
 greater degree of honoi>r, riches, or power. 
 
 To A'MBLE, f. II. [amhuto, Lat.] to move upon ar arable 
 to move with a gentle motion ; to move with an alfcctcd 
 motion. 
 
 .\'MBLE, .r. HI horsemaiuliip, a paoe wherein the tuu 
 
 31
 
 AME 
 
 AME 
 
 feet of a horse on the same side move at tHe same time, or 
 together. 
 
 AMBLER, *. a horse that has been taught to amble, 
 scniotiniescallecl a pacer. 
 
 AMBLESIDE, a pretty little town in Westmoreland, sit- 
 uated among luf'iy nio\intain» at tlie upper end of Winiin- 
 deruiire, aad near a remarkable watt rfall. It is 13 miles 
 from Kendal, and 271 from London. Market on Wednes- 
 day. 
 
 A'iMBLINGLY, ad. in such a manner as to perform that 
 pace by jockies called the amble. 
 
 AMBO'YNA, the chief of the Mohicea Islands, n-niarka- 
 h\<- for the quantity of cloves and imtmegs ir produces. 
 The rratives wear large whiskers, and their dress is onlv a 
 piece of sjight stuft' wrapped round tlicir midt'li-. The 
 Dutch liaving established factories on this isl.uid in l!ie be- 
 ginning of tlie seventeenth century, pertidiously luassaoreil 
 the English settlers, and seized the whole island for them- 
 selves. It was taken by the British in the course of the 
 present war. 
 
 A'MBRESBURY, or A'MESBURY, an ancient town in 
 "Wiltshire, 1 mile from Stouehenge, and 80 from London. 
 Market on Friday. 
 
 AMBRO'SIA, {amhrnzia) s. [Gr.] the imaginary food of 
 the heathen deities, which preserved them inmiortal. Fi- 
 
 furatively, applied to any delicious fruit, by way of hvper- 
 ole, and signifying, that it was fit for the "gods, or that it 
 ■would communicate immortality. 
 
 AMBROSIAL, {ambrozial) a. ^nmhrntinlis, Lnt.] heavenly, 
 ileiicious, or beyond the possession of mortals. 
 
 .\'MBS-ACE, s. in gaming, when two aces are thrown at 
 one time. 
 
 AMBULATION, s. [amlmhtio, Lat.] the act of walking. 
 
 A'MBULATORY, a. [from ambuh, Lat] having the 
 ■power of walking ; moveable; atermapplied to courts that 
 were not fixed, but held sometimes at one place, and some- 
 times at another. 
 
 A'MBURY, or A'NBURY, a 'name given by our farriers 
 to a kind of soft and spungy swelling, grow ing i.n the bodies 
 «f horses, somewhat sore to the touch, and full of blood. 
 
 AMBUSCADE, s. [emlniscade, Fr.] a place whenin 
 men are hid in order to surprise an enemy. Applied wil.'i 
 great elegance to luxurious food, which teem with latent 
 diseases. 
 
 .A.MBUSCA'DO, 's. [embotcada. Span.] a privale place 
 wherein men are hid to surprise an eiiemv. 
 
 .A'MBUSM, s. [fmhmche, Fr.] a place wherein soldiers are 
 Jiid, iu order to surprise an enemy. A snare laid by a pri- 
 vate pers'.>n to assassinate. 
 
 ,\ -VIRUSHED, n. lying in wait, hid in order to surprise. 
 
 AMIU^SMMENT, .«.a concealnient in orderlfi surprise. 
 
 AMBI'.STION, ("pron. as spelt) .v. [tttnlinstic, l^it.j in me- 
 dicine, theefiect which fire, or bodies heated 1)% it, nave on 
 the tiesh : when caused by fire immediately, termed a 
 burn : w hen by boiling liquws, a scn/d. 
 
 A'.M.EL, .«. [rnwtl, Fr.]See Enamki.. 
 
 AME'S, lid. ill Hebrew signifies true, faithful, certain. It 
 is also understood as expressing a wi^h, as .(4w(?n,/oie i/ ; or 
 an aftirmation. Amen, yes, I hz-lieve tt. 
 
 A>IE'NABLE, «. [nmenahle, Fr.] in law, responsible, or 
 subject to iufpiiry ajul examination. Likew isc tractable or 
 •■asily governed. 
 
 To AME'ND, V. a. [amciidrr, Fr.] to alter something 
 fciulty fur the better. Api)lied to writings, to correct. To 
 reform, applied to manners or behaviour. To grow from a 
 more infiriu state to a better ; to recover 
 
 AiMK'NDAULF., a. capable of amendment, or possible lo 
 be -.iniendi-tl. 
 
 .AMENDE, *. [Fr.] a fine by which a compensation is 
 made for a fiult committed. 
 
 A.MENDllK, «. ilic person who makes the changes or 
 ■Iterations in a llnng for the better. 
 
 A.ME'NDMEN'I", s. \rimmdcinetit, Fr.] an alteration 
 wliich makes il better; -a torrtclion. A thange troiu vice 
 32 
 
 to virtue. It signifies a change from sickness towards 
 health ; a recovery. 
 
 AMENDS, i. [amende, Fr.J something pa,id to make gr)od 
 a damvge done. Atonement, or satisfaetioa. 
 
 .AME'NITY, s. [ams-)iita.K, I^at.] a situation or prospect 
 which aft'ects the mind with pleasure or delight. 
 
 To .\ME'RCE. i:a. [aniprcier. Norm.] in law, to iiiHut a 
 pecuniaiy punishment, or line a person a sum of money Hir 
 auolfence. 
 
 AME'RCIER,'s. the person who sets the fine upon an 
 offender ; or settles the value of the satisfaction or hue 
 which is to be paid. 
 
 A.MET.CEMENT, or AMERCIAMENT, f. inlaw, the 
 fine imposed on an offender against the king, or other l«rd, 
 who is convicted, and therefore stands at the mercy of 
 either. 
 
 AME'RICA, the largest of (he four grand divisions of the 
 globe, is bounded on all sides by the ocean, and stretefies, 
 in its extensive range, through every inhabited latitude or 
 climate in the world ; and the waters on its norliiern extie- 
 ir.ily seem to be l-iound up in everlasling frost. The parfs 
 that have a vertical sun are so near the sea, or the loftv 
 Andes, constantly covcre<l with snow, that they experience 
 not the excessive heats of Africa ; and the complexion of the 
 nati\ es, or aborigines, is by no means very dark ; it is gene- 
 rally of a reddish or copper colour, from the straits of M - 
 gellan to the borders of Hudson's Bay. This immense co:i- 
 liiient is divided into N. and S. .America, which are joined 
 by the Isthmus of Darien. Its mountains, rivers, and lakes, 
 are the largest in the world. .America took its name froM 
 Americus Vespucius, a Florentine, who having accoiii[)aiiied 
 OJeda, a S[>anish adventurer, thither, and drawing up an 
 amusing history of his voyage, insinuated therein that he 
 had first discovered that continent. The discovery of Ame- 
 rica was made so lately as 1481, by Christopher Columbus, 
 a Genoese, a bold ad\enturcr, a patriot, and a man of hu- 
 manity. At that time, the aiitliorily of the pope, over tiic 
 whole world, was generally ackmavledged throughout Eii- 
 I'lpe. He h;!d granted lo the i'ortuguese all the lands, 
 islands, A'C. they had discovered, or might discover, tolhc 
 t astward of tise .Azores; hence the other Europeans were 
 deprived of iiieadvanta:;es of the tjafle to the East Indies, 
 by the Gipe of Good H'lpe, which the I'oi'iigiiese had bit 
 lately discovered. The costly articles of the East, which 
 had heretofore come through the Red Sea and Mediterra-, 
 nenn, and afibrdetl to the Genoese a hicralive trade, were 
 now brought by tliC Cape of Good Hope. Cohimbus saw, 
 with concern, the loss his cour.ti-y had sustained, and cen- 
 cliiduig the earth to l:e round, proposcfl to evade the force 
 (iflhc pope's bull, by sjiiling to India by a wesleni ccuisf. 
 His countrym.-n were not better geographers than the bisliop 
 of Rome. They treated his schemes as the reveries of a 
 mad man; he tried other courts of Europe with similar 
 success, till at Icngtli lsaliella,<pie»n of Spain, sold even her 
 Jewels lo fit Iiim out for the r.vpedilion. .Ameiica furnislies 
 most of tii«' vegetable and mineral proihictions to be found 
 ip the other oarls of the world, togetbfr vvlh a varielv of 
 valuable drugs and other commodities wIik li were unkii<i\iii 
 here before its discovery . The animals on the mrth are 
 much the same all round the i«)le, but in the southern parts 
 of America they aregeneially more diniiiiulive and feeble; 
 and some tribes there are, which, if ever they existed in the 
 old world fas Europe, .Asia, and Africa are called; have 
 there becc.me extinct, while the most strop-; and -iivage 
 (piadrnpeds seem not to have ever arrived here. Nearly 
 the same varietv of birds is found in the new worhl as in 
 other parts, and some there are that are peculiar to the cli- 
 mate. America may be divided into Indian Nations, United 
 .•states, and F.iiroj)ean Colonies. The counliies posicsscd 
 by Great Brilaiii are, Labrador, or New Britain, Upper and 
 Lower Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Bruii'^wick. The 
 thirteen United States comprehend New Hampshire, hichi- 
 diiig the province of Main, Massachiisetls, Rhode Island, 
 and Connecticut in New England, New York, Ntw Jersey
 
 AMI 
 
 Pounsylvaiiia, Delrvarc, Marylaiul, V'iruiiiia, Nortli and 
 South "C-.iialiiui, and (iv-orgia. Vfrmont in New K.i^'laud, 
 Krntiicky, uiiii l.oiiisi;iiia, have liceii I'lfcly added ; and ail 
 till.' r-oiintry to the N.or(.)liio, cxtcndiiis from IVunsVlvajiia 
 to tli« 1>. tljc lakes on tlicN. and Mississippi on ll'ie W. is 
 ill li lilted by Coiiifiess to be divided into ten new states, to 
 he callVd \Va'.liington,Mctropotaniia, Pesilippi, Mieliijjaiiia, 
 lllioin'a, Ciicrsonesus, Sarato^^a, Sylvania, Assenipi, and 
 Polo lotamia-. In Noilii America tin' Simniards possess Kasf 
 and West Florida, New Mexito, California, and Old Mex- 
 ico, or New -Spain. In SoiUli Anieriea, thrv hold Terra 
 rinua, or Caitile del Oro, Pern, (Jliili, and Paiagnay, or 
 La Plata. The rrciitb have Cayenne, and the Dutch Suri- 
 nam; and the Portu;!iuese have Brasil. America extends a 
 distance of nearly 10,000 miles, from lat. 6r,. o. S. to the 
 i'iijpenetralde depths of the northern fr'i^Ljid zone, wliere it 
 nearly extend* through every deforce o^'uestcrn longitude 
 fiom London ; and varies in itsl>readlh from its narrowest 
 part, Ca miles al the Isthmus of'Darion, to riijyo, its greatest 
 breadth across llie northern part of North America. 
 
 AME'RIC[MA,'a small Brazilian lizard, reckoned poi- 
 sonous bv the inhabitants. 
 
 A'MEftSHAM, au ancient town in BncKlnKliamsliire, 
 consisting of a long street, intersected in the middle by a 
 short one. It stands in a pleasant situation, V2 miles from 
 Aylesbury, 26 from Buckiiiiiliam, and "29 from London. It 
 sends two m«id)ei-s to parliament, and has a market on 
 Tuesdays. 
 
 A'METHYST, s. [from amethistii.i, Gr.] a g:emot a purple 
 colour, which seems composed of a strong blue and deep 
 red ; and, according as either of these colours prevail, af- 
 fording ditierent tinges of purple, sometimes ai)proacliiug to 
 violet, and sometimes even fading to a i)ale rose-colour. In 
 lieraldry, it is a term for a purple colour in the coat of a no- 
 lilemanj in use with those who blazon by precious stones 
 instead of metals and colours. This in a gentleman's es- 
 cutcheon is called ;)i07)nn', and in those of sovereign princes 
 Tilernnti. 
 
 AMLTHY'STINE, n. of a fine violet purple colour, re- 
 sembling that of an amethyst. 
 
 AMl'A, a large sea-fisliin the Mediterranean. It resem- 
 bles tlio salmon, but will grow to five fitt in length. 
 
 .\'I\1IABLE, «. [nimahle, Fr.} that is an object of love. 
 Tliat is a!)!e to attract the affection of-lovo or delight. 
 
 A'MIABLENESS, s. the quality which renders a person 
 or thing an obj<!ct of delit^ht, pleasure, or love. 
 
 A'Ml.VBLY, ad. in such a manner as to gain love 
 
 AMI.\'NTIIUS, s. a sort of stone like alum, by some 
 called earth tiax, and l)y others salamander's liair ; a librons, 
 flexile, and elastic mineral substance, composed of short and 
 abrupt filaments. It lias these surprising properties, that it 
 will neither give fire with sl<'el, nor ferment with aqua 
 fortis ; if thrown into the fire, it will endure the most ex- 
 treme heat without the least iniui-y to its texture. It is found 
 in Egypt, Tartary, Siberia, .Vnglcsey in Wales, Scotland, 
 and oilier parts. 
 
 A'MICABLE, a. {aniicahilis, Lat.] endowed with all the 
 qualities, Kindness, and social benevolence which can knit 
 the tie of friendship. 
 
 A'MICABLENESS, s. tlutt quality wliich is exerted in 
 performing acts of kindness, and in exercising the otfices of 
 Irii^ndship. 
 
 AMICABLY, ail. in such a manner as is consistent with 
 the warmest affection. 
 
 A'MICE, s. [from ctmictvs, Lat.] the first or undermost of 
 the six garments worn bv priests, and next to the alb. 
 
 /liVIlD, or AiNUDST, prep, [a and mid, Sax.] in the 
 mifhlle, with respect to situation ; applied to things, placed 
 in a straight line, !)et'.vecn or in the centre. 
 
 -AMI'DA, a god, worshipped by the .lapanese with so 
 great reverence, that tliey hope to obtain eternal felicity by 
 the frequent invocation of his name. 
 
 .AMIENS, a handsome, large, and ancient city, in the 
 ^ppartment of Soramc, It has three bridges over as many 
 
 AMO 
 
 branches of the Sorrmic, five gales, and contains .%,000 in- 
 Rakitaiits. It has large manufactures of linen and woolleti 
 cloth, and is famous for the peace signed here bwtween 
 England and France in 1801. It is in the road from (Calais 
 to Paris, 14 miles from the latter. Lat. V). .54. N. Ion. 2. 2-2. E. 
 
 AMl'SS, ad. [from n and viiss. Sax. J \\ rung, or contrary te 
 any law, divine or moral. Inqtropcrly, or luconsistent with 
 the dictates of reason. 
 
 A'lMlTY, s. a stale wliercin there is the greatest concoi:d, 
 harmony, or mutual intercourse, l>ctween t«o or more per- 
 sons. Applied to nations, peace, wherein states arc em- 
 ployed in ))ronu)ting the good of each other. 
 
 A'JSIMON, in anticiuity, a name given to Jupiter, in 
 Lvbia, where was acelebrated temple to that deity. 
 'AMMCXNIA, in chemistry, the volatile alkali. 
 
 AMMONIAC, (GUM) s. with jdiysicians, a gum, or 
 more properly a gum-resin, extracted froim a ferulaceous 
 plant growing in some parts of Asia and Africa. 
 
 AMlVKmiACCSAL) s. a volatile salt<d'tuo kinds. Tlie 
 ancient was a native salt, generated in inns, where pilgrims 
 travelling from the temple of J uiiitrr Amnion used tolod^e ; 
 wliose camels, urining in the stables, a salt arose out of it, 
 denominated Ammoniac. The modem Sal Ammnniac is 
 entirely factitious, and made in Egy pt v, illi soot, a little sea 
 salt, aiid the urine of tattle. This (Uir chemists imitate, bv 
 adding one part of common salt to five of urine ; with 
 which some mix that (piantily (d soot. 
 
 AMMO'NIACAL, n. that' has the properties of ammo- 
 niac, as above described. 
 
 AMMONIUM, in chemistry, a new metal discovered I)y 
 sir Humphrey Davy, in an experiment performed on Am- 
 monia. 
 
 AMMUNITION, .v. [probably from mvnitio, Lat.] such 
 arms, instruments, and stores, as are necessary ta carry on 
 a war ; military stores. 
 
 AMMUNITION-BllEAD, .?. brevid provided for an array 
 or garrison. 
 
 A'MNESTY, s. [amiicsiia, C,r.] an act wherein a prince 
 promises pardon to criminals for oilences past ; an act of 
 oblivion. 
 
 A'MNION, or A'MNIOS, s. [probably fion) nmnos, a lamb, 
 Gr.] the innermost rncmbiane with which the foetus iii the 
 womb is most immediately covered, and with the rest of the 
 secundines, the chorion, and alantois, are ejected after birtfi. 
 
 AMNIOTIC, a. belonging to the amnios. The amuiuttc 
 acid is found in the amnios of a cow. 
 
 AMONG, or AMONGST, ;)jep. {amang, Sax.] present, 
 or residing with. 
 
 A'MOKTST, s. [from amor, Lat.] one who is captivated 
 with the charms of U female : one wiio is in love ; a lover. 
 
 A'MOROUS, s.[nmi>ioenx; Fr.j fond ; smitt'n with love 
 at the sight of an amiable oiiject ; natiually inclined to love. 
 
 AMOROUSLY, ad. with great ar^pearancc of afi'eclion or 
 love ; in a fond or loving m;uiner. 
 
 A AlORT, a. [a la mart, Fr.] spiritless. 
 
 AMORTIZATION, AMORTIZEMENT, s. [amortJsf 
 ment, Fr.] in law, a transferring of lands to a corporation, 
 &c. to remain in their posse?si;)n forever; called au aliena- 
 tion or tenements in mortmain. 
 
 To AMO'H-TIZE, v. a. [aynnrti>;Yr.] to alien or trans- 
 fer lauds to any corporation, fjuild, or fraternit:,, forever. 
 
 A'MOS. or the prophecy ot Amos, a canonical book of 
 the Old Testament. This prophet boldly remonstrates 
 against the cryinj; sins which prevailed among the Israelites, 
 and reproves' the people of Jadali for their sensuality and 
 injustice. He terrifies them hot .i with frcqucut ihreatenings 
 and pronounces that their sins will at last end in iheir ruin. 
 He begins with denuncii.tions of destruction agaittst the 
 enemies of the Jews, and concludes with pronuses ot ereti- 
 ing the kingdom of Christ. 
 
 'Fo .VMO'VE, r. a. [nmoveo, Lat.] ia kw, to move a per- 
 son from his post or station. . 
 
 To AMOUNT, V. )i. [menter, Fr.j applied to an thine 
 tical process, to make up, to tome to, v,he:i ;;H the s«i- 
 
 3?
 
 AMP 
 
 AT^ 
 
 ■pavatp parts 'or figures are added together; to compose 
 when united. 
 
 AMOCNT, i. in arithmetic, the sum produced by the 
 addition of several numbers or quantities ; the product of 
 Several quantities, added together ; tiie consequence, result, 
 or value. 
 
 A i>IOU'R, (amoor) J. [amour, Yr.] a love intrigue; inclu- 
 ding the secondary idea of something vicious. 
 
 AMPEU'TES.j. See»CANNEL Coal. 
 
 AMPHI'BIA, in natural historj-, the third class of ani- 
 inalf comprehending reptiles and serpents.' 
 
 AMPniBIOIiS, a. [from ampin in both places.'and lios 
 life, Gr.J that can live both upon laud and in water, as the 
 Leaver, otter, frog, &c. 
 
 AMPIlIBO'LOGY,^.[oOTp;aJff7ofi-m,;Gr..]an abuse of lan- 
 giiase wherein words are so placed in a sentence as to admit 
 of a difterent sense, according to the diiierent manner of 
 comliitiin^ them. 
 
 AMPHl CTVONS, J. in Grecian antiquity, an assembly 
 composed of deputies from the difterent states of Greece; 
 and resembling in some measure the diet of the German 
 empire. 
 
 AMPHISe.E'NA, s. [Lat.] a kind of serpenis which 
 can move with eqii.il easeliackward or forward. 
 
 AMPHl sen, s. [from umplii in both parts, and slda s!m- 
 dow, Gr.] tliose people who live between the tropics, so 
 called, because according to the suns coming up to the two 
 solstices the shadow changes and falls sonie times on the 
 right and sometimes on the left hand. 
 
 AMPJHTHPVATPiE, .«. [from ampM around, and theaomai 
 to see, Gr.] in antiquity, a large edifice either roimd or 
 oval, with seats rising one above another, upon which the 
 
 Eeople sat to behold the combats of gladiators, of wild 
 easts and other sjiorts ; they were at iirst only built of 
 vood, but in the reign of Augustus there was one erected 
 of stone. 
 
 ATNIPHITRITE, s. in heathen mythology, the wife of 
 Neptune, and goddess of the sea. 
 
 A'MPLE, a. \amp!iii; Lat.] applied to extent, wide or [spa- 
 cious. Applied to bidk.dargi', great, or big. Applied to 
 permission, or liberties granted, full ; without restraint. 
 Applied to gifts, large, liberal. Applied to writings, full, 
 minute, containing all the circumstances. 
 
 A'MPLENFJ>.S,i. largeness, splendor. 
 
 To A'MPLI.\TE, I', a. [amplio, Lat.] to enlarge, extend, 
 to make additions to. 
 
 AMPLIATION, .'. [umphatio, Lat.| applied to rumours, 
 increasing their sense by additional cncumstauces ; an ex- 
 aggeration or enlargement. Enlargement, or dwelling long 
 upon a sui)je(t. 
 
 To AMPLI riCATE, .•. a. [awplifao, Lat.] to enlarge, to 
 dwell long upon a subjccl. 
 
 AlMPLlFIC.A'I'ION, s. [amptifiratin, Lat.] enlargement, 
 OT increase of diuicnsions, applied to a body ; but, generally 
 speaking, it is used for whatever consists in a heightening 
 of a desnirilioT>, commendation, definition, or the blame of 
 a thing, by such an ciKiiJieration of part iculars as most forci- 
 ble aH'ect> the passions, li'ypcrbolical expression. 
 
 A'PilPLiril'lR, s. one who enlarges. 
 
 To A'lMPLiry, i. a. [amphis anrl /.v>, Lat.] to increase the 
 dimensions, or number of parts applied to niji.tter or body. 
 To increase or heiirhten, applied to quii^ity. To extend, 
 or enlarge, appliecl to power or dominion. To render 
 complete, or increase by additions, apiilied to writings. To 
 vxpatiate, to treat fully, or enlarge upon. To represent in 
 a pompous, heightened, and hyperbolical manner. 
 
 .^'MPLITl'DE, 3. [amplitudo, Lat.] compass, or extent. 
 Greatness or largeness. Capacity, endued with powers suf- 
 ficient. Amnliiude, in astronomy, is an arch of the horizon, 
 intercepti'd between the east or west part thereof, and the 
 centre of the sun, star, or planet, at its rising or setting ; at 
 ibe risin" it is called ortive, at the setting occasive. 
 A'MPl.Y, ml. Iar;;ely, hberally ; at large ; copiously. 
 
 lA'MPTIilLL, a market town in Bedfordshire, where 
 Hi 
 
 Catharine of Arragon, wife of Henry VIII. at one time reoi" 
 ded. It is 44 miles from London ; and has a market on 
 Thursday. 
 
 To A'AIPUTATE, r. a. [amputo, Lat.] in surgery, to cut 
 oft a limb. 
 
 AMPUTATION, j. \amp,Uatio, Lat.] in surgerj-, the 
 cutting otl"a limb of the body. 
 
 AfiLSDOKFIANS, a sect of protestants in the sixteenth 
 centun', who took their name from Am&dorf their leader. 
 Tiiey were charged, Ixit probably without suthcient evi- 
 dence, with maintaining that good works were not only un- 
 profitable, but hurtful to salvation. 
 
 A'MSTERD.\M, a large, rich, populous, trading, and 
 handsome city of Holland, and the capital of the whole 
 kingdom. It was foimerly a lordship belonging to the 
 lords of .\mstel : was ruined in 1300, but afterwards rebuilt. 
 The walls are high, and well fortified ; and the bridge 
 which joins the rampart, is built over the river Anislcl, one 
 of the finest pieces of architecture in those parts. Few 
 cities have their public buildings so fine, numerous, and well 
 kept. Here are many handsome churches and hospitals for 
 persons of all ages, sexes, religions, and countries. The Ex- 
 change is one of the principal ornaments of the cit^', and 
 the harbour is one of the largest and finest in Europe, 
 w here-a vast number of merchant ships may always be seen ; 
 though there is a bar at its entrance, which is, however, a 
 vep,' great security against foreign enemies. The founda- 
 tion of this tow n is laid upon piles, driven into a morass, and 
 under the stadthouse alone are 13,000. The houses are brick 
 and stone, the streets spacious and well-paved, and most of 
 them have canals, w ilh rows offices on each side. With re- 
 gard to its magnitude, it is computed to be about half as 
 big as London, and none of the inhabitants are idle. Be- 
 fore the revolution, (See Holland) it was governed by a 
 college of 30 senators, who held their places for life, and 12 
 burgomasters, four of whom were always silting. It is seat- 
 ed at the conrtuence of the rivers Anistel and \Vjc, C5 luili s 
 N. of Antwerp, 175 E. by N. of Loudon, 240 N. by E. of 
 Paris, 330 W. of Copenhagen, .'i60, N. W. of Vienna, and 870 
 N. W. of Rome. Lat. 52'^. 21'. 60". N. Ion. 4" 46. E. 
 
 A'MULET, s. [amiilittf, Fr.] something worn rounil the 
 neck as a defence against mischief, or as a cure from some 
 disease. Some of these were expected to operate as charms, 
 but others probably produced some effect through the pores 
 of the skin. 
 
 To AMU'SE, {amiize) v. a. [amiiser, Fr.] to employ a per- 
 son's thoughts on some object that may engage them from 
 wandering to any other, including the idea of something 
 trifling. To entertain with something agreeable, which has 
 not force enough to divert, and wants importance to please. 
 
 AMUSEMENT, {amuzemitnt) s. an employment, in order 
 to avoid the tediousness of inaction. Any thing which en- 
 gages the mind, or is the subject of the senses; an enter- 
 tainment. Synon. The general idea of diversion and 
 amusement is innocent recreation; but that of owvsenioU im- 
 plies tranquil entertainment; that of rfuoi^'on, tumultuous 
 merriment : card-playing, concerts, plays, &c. are amusc- 
 meals ; cricket, cudgel-playing, horse-races, Arc. are diver- 
 iinns. 
 
 AMU'SER, ((twi'i^or) s. one who deludes; or engages tlie 
 attention of another, by speciousor false'promises. 
 
 AMU'SIVE, o. that engages the attention to something 
 trifling, specious, and delusive. 
 
 AMY'GD.'XLINE, a. [from ami/gdala, Lat.] resembling; 
 almonds. 
 
 AMYRA'LDISM, s. a name given by some writers to 
 the doctrine of univensal grace, v< 'xplained an<l asserted 
 by Amyraldus and his followers, about .the middle of the 
 17th century. 
 
 A'MZELL, or Ouzel, a name given to cerfaiB birds of 
 the blackbird kind. 
 
 At^, article, [rtwc. Sax.] an indefinite article 'pnt before 
 nouns of the singular number, which begin with a vowel, or 
 A, when not joundcd or aspirated, as an eye, an hour
 
 AJiA 
 
 ANA 
 
 h\:\ ;f p^pirated, tlie h then is looked on as having the power 
 C-f fttiother consonant, and n is used, as a hand, « hare. 
 Applied to uui' ber, it sijjiiities one, in a loose and undeter- 
 mined sense. 
 
 ANA, ». [fii'l a term used by physicians to denote an 
 rqual quantity of ingredients to be used in compounding; a 
 lUf:^icine; and in tiieir recipes is thus abbreviated, li or ua. 
 
 A'NA, ,Anas, .or books in Ana, are collections of the 
 memorable sayings of persons of learning and wit, such as 
 Ca,isiliaiiiana, or tile sayings of Causaubon, tVc. 
 
 ANAHA'l'TlS'CS, s. |froni antr, again, and bnptizo, Gr.] 
 « religious sect, whose distinguishing tenet is that persons 
 are not to be baptized before tiu-y coiue to years of dis- 
 cretion, and are ul>le to deliver a profession of their faith. 
 Ill Holland they arc called JNleniionitcs, and in England 
 Baptists. 
 
 ANACA MPTIC, a. [from amihampto, to turn back, Gr.] 
 reflected or beat bad-: again. Anwiutiptics is a term sy- 
 nonymous with Culoplrics, and means tliat part of optics 
 wliich treats of reileetion. 
 
 ANACATIl A KTIC, a. [anacathartihos, Gr.] in medicine, 
 that operates as an emetic. 
 
 ANA'CHOrvF.T, J. See Anchorite. 
 
 AN.\'C1H\0N!SM, *. {ami, again, and chrmns, time.Gr.] 
 in chnjiioiogy, the mispl.icing an action with respect to the 
 time in which it was perl'oniied ; a mistake in computing 
 the time when an event happened. 
 
 ANAC'LA'STIC glasses, a kind of phials, chiefly made 
 in Germany, which have the property of being flexible, 
 and emittinga vehement noise bv the human bieath. 
 
 ANACLA'I'ICS, J. [from amthhn. to refract, Gr.] the 
 doctrine of refracted light ; dioi)tricj, 
 
 AN.\CREO'NTIC, *. ver»es in imilation of Anacreon, a 
 famous poet, who tiouri>liod in the (>Oth Olympiad, ab'j'it 
 400 years before Christ, wrote in the jovial or b^icchanalisji 
 si rain. In English, they consist of seven syllables ; and m 
 Latin, of throe feet and a half. 
 
 .ANAUIPLO'SIS, .f. [Gr.] reduplication; in rhetoric, a 
 figure in which the last word of a foregoing member of a 
 period becomes the first nf the following : as, " H." retained 
 liis virtues amid all bis misfortunes, misfortunes which only 
 l)is virtues brough.t upon him." In medicine, the return of 
 a proxy sm of a fever, chiefly of a semi-terlian. 
 
 AN"A'GN1, a city in the neighbourhood of Rome. 
 
 ■AN.\GO'GIC'\L, ft. [from oHcrs-HgT, Gr.] mysterious, 
 transporting. The term is principally ii^ed in si>eaking of 
 tlie different senses of scripture. Thus the rest of the sab- 
 bath m'i\\c anagogical sense, signilies the repose of everlast- 
 ing happiness. 
 
 A N.ACili AM, s. [ana, backward, and s;rnmmn, a letlcr, Gr.j 
 the transposition of the leltera of some name, by which a 
 new word or motto is formed, eitl;er to tiie advantage uv 
 tlisadvant-age of the person or thing to which the name 
 
 ANAi.ECTA, or A'NALECT, s. the remains or frag- 
 ments taken oft" the table. In liter;iture, it is used to de- 
 note a collection of small pieces, as Essays, Remains, &c. 
 A miscellany. 
 
 ANAIE'MM.\, .'. [Gr.] in geometrv', a projection of 
 the sphere on the plane of the meridian, ortliogiaphically 
 made by straight lines and ellipses, the eye being supposed 
 at an infinite distance, and in the east or west points of the 
 horizon ; likewise an instrument of brass or wood, upon 
 which this kind of projection is drawn. 
 
 .\N.ALE FTICS, s. [from analepuhos, Gr.] in physic, me- 
 riioines proper to restore the body when emaciated either 
 by the long continuance of a disorder, orwant of food. 
 
 ANAL(.VG1CAL, «. [amh^ikos, Gr.] applied to words, a 
 term which signifies any particular idea as attributed to se- 
 veral others, not by way of resemblance, but on account of 
 some evident reference to the original idea. 
 
 ANALO'GICALLY, ad. in a manner wherein there is 
 some resemblance to the thing compared, though it way 
 »(>» hold good with respect to all its properties. 
 
 ANA'LOGISM, i. [aitalus^ismos, Gr.] reason. In logic, 
 an argument drawn from the cause to the efl'ecf, auibiai- 
 porling an unanswerable necessity. 
 
 '^J'o ANA'LOGIZE, 1'. a. lo turr. into analogy ; to form 
 a resemblance or run a parallel between things which difter ; 
 to interpret a thing as if it had a reference or resemblance to 
 something else. 
 
 ANA'LOGOU.'^, «. [iinahfria, comparison, Gr.] that bean 
 a resemblance lo a thing in some particulars, but not all. 
 
 ANALOGY, s. \nimlt)<j;ia, (jr.] a resemblance which one 
 thing bears to another in some of its properties or qualities, 
 though not in all. When we speak of the Divine Being, we 
 are obliged to have recourse to I his method of expressing 
 ourselves, because divine matters are noi the object of our 
 senses, and cannot be conceived any olherways thanby their 
 similitude, proportion, or connection with sensible things : 
 so that analogy means a resemblance in kind or sort, but v 
 dilierence with res\)eet to manner. Among geometricians, 
 it (Icnoles a similitude (jf ratios. In medicine, it is the si- 
 militude observable among several diseases, which, accord- 
 (liiigly, are treated in nearly the same I'lanncr. By gram- 
 marians, it is used to signify the agreement of several words 
 in one common mode ; as Ivve, Inrrd ; /late, hated. In rhe- 
 toric, it is a figure of speech, otherwise called comparison. 
 
 ANA'LYSIS, s. [Gr.] a separation of a compound body 
 into several (larts. Among logicians, it is a method of 
 tracing things backward to their source, and resolving know- 
 leilge into its original principles. With mathematician-, 
 it is the art of discovering the truth or falsehood of a pro- 
 position; or ils possibility or impossibility: by supposing 
 the proposition, as it stands, to be true ; and examining 
 what follows from thence, until we arrive at some evident 
 truth, or some impossibility, of which the first proposition 
 is a necessan' consequence ; and from thence establish tho 
 truth or imposibility of that proposition. In chemistry, it i.< 
 ivi-2 reduction ofa mixed body into its principles ; which is 
 done principally by fire. The ancient chemists admitted 
 only three principles or elements, salt," sulphur, and mer- 
 cury ; to which the moderns have added water and eartli ; 
 into these all bodies are resolvable by a chemical analysis, 
 though no operation, no human art, can exhibit them pure 
 and elementary. In analomy, it is the dissection of an ani- 
 mal. In grammar, it is tho explaining the etyniologv, con- 
 struction, and other properties of words. In rhetoric, it is 
 the stripping an oration of all its flowery dressof tropes and 
 figures, w, shewing what use tli.o orator has made of iheui, 
 to embellish and set oft' every tliinjtothe best advantage. 
 
 .'\N.'\LYTiC, y. [niiali/tilMs, Gr.] the manner of re.solvius 
 a Ihing into its primary, elcmeiit-al, or constituent parls ; the 
 reducing a book into the several topics which it treats of. 
 
 ANALYTICAL, a. that preleads to resolve things into 
 their first principles. 
 
 ANALYTICALLY, ad. in such a manner as (o separate 
 a thing into the parts of which it is composed ; to resoUe 
 asubject into its first principles. 
 
 To A'N ALIZE, v. «. [auali/o, Gt.] in chemistry, to re- 
 solve a conipouncl into its first principles. To investigate or 
 trace a thing to it» first ]>riiicipics or motives. 
 
 ANALY'ZER, that which can reduce a tiling into its first 
 priiiciolcs. 
 
 AN.VMORPHO'SIS, s. [Gr.] in perspective, the describ- 
 ing a figure, which in one point of view sh.al! appear to he 
 deformed, and monstrously misliapen, but in another regu- 
 lar, and in due proportion; or a delineation of an object 
 whicli shall appeiir monstrous to the naked eye, Itut when 
 viewed in a cvlindricid mirror, shall appear regular and ha.f- 
 inonious. There are several pieces of this kind iu the 
 Ashmolean museum at Oxfiad. 
 
 ANA'N.\, y. in botany, the pine-apple, so called from its 
 resemblance to the cones of pines. 
 
 A'NAP.^ST, s. in ancient poetiy, a foot, cousistinj of 
 two sliort syllables and one long; just the reverse of the 
 dactvl. 
 
 ANA PHORA, s. [Gr.] a figure when severiil clauses of 
 
 36
 
 ANC 
 
 AND 
 
 a s^'titence are b^gun witli llio same word or sound; as, 
 " W/iere is tbe wise 1 where is tlje scribe; ? u/iei-c is the dis- 
 jjiiter ot' tliis world ?" 
 
 ANAPLERO'SIS, [Gr.] repletion; that part of surjjery 
 wiiiclj supplies deficienccs. 
 
 ANAPLEROTIC, «. [frem aHn/-/noo to fill up, Gr.] tluit 
 fills up a wound with flesh. 
 
 A'NARCH, (a'Hffj/;) s. [a not, and nre/i<is a prince, Gr.] 
 one who is the author or promoter of contusiou or sedition, 
 a rebel. 
 
 ANA'RCHICAL, {anarhikat) a. that is not subject to rule, 
 law, or government ; rebellious, or seditious. 
 
 A'NARCH Y, {anarheij) s. [nn.acliin, Gr.] a state' wherein 
 there is not, or no one will acknowledge .a supreme magis- 
 trate ; a state wherein people are without the enforcement 
 of laws, or will not submit to them ; swlition ; confusion. 
 
 ANARSA'RCA, s. [from tnia upon, and fnrx flesh, Gr] a 
 Hud of universal dropsy, wherein the skin appears bloated, 
 and yields to the impression like dough. 
 
 ANASTOMOSIS, s. [Gr.] in anatomy, the inosculation, 
 or opening of two vessels into each other. 
 
 ANATHEMA, s. [Gr.] auiong the .Tews signified. First, 
 something dedicated to the service of the Deity ; Secondly, 
 something devoted to destruction ; Tliirdly, a person who 
 was the object of luiiversal aversion ; and Fourthly, one 
 who, on account of some otience, was denied the privileges 
 ef society, and banished from tlie synagogue. 
 
 ANATHEMA'TICAELY, nrf.inthe manner of an ana- 
 thema, or sentence of excommunication. 
 
 To ANATHEMATIZE, v. «. to pronounce the sentence 
 of excommunication against any person. 
 
 ANATOCISM, s. [ana again, and tohos usury, Cir.] the 
 accumulation of interest upon interest; a species of usury 
 generally forbidden. 
 
 AN.4T0'M1CAL, n. that is used in anatomy to separate 
 the parti of an animal or substance to be dissected ; tiiat 
 is discovered by anatomy, or in the dissection of a body; 
 that is separated, applied to tiie small and constitueiU par- 
 ticles of a body. 
 
 ANATOMIST, s. [nnatnmiste, Fr.] one who dissects the 
 body of human creatures, brutes, or plants ; dividing every 
 ©neof the parts from eacii oilier; inquiring into their seve- 
 ral uses and properties ; their various affections; the won- 
 der of their structure, &c. 
 
 To ANATOMIZE, f. a. [anatenmo to cut up, Gr.] to dis- 
 sect or separate by means of instruments every part of the 
 body, to discover all the properties of a truth or tiling ; to 
 lay open the secret motives, atl'ectioiis, or dispositions of a 
 persons mind. 
 
 ANATOMY, i. [aimiome, Gr.] the dissecting or separat- 
 ing the parts of an auiur.d or vegetable body in order to 
 discover its structure, and the ditierent uses of its several 
 parts. 
 
 A'NCESTOR, s. [aiirrsire, Vr.] the person from whom 
 one is descended by birlh. .Synon. It is distinguished 
 froui jiredecrssn); because that is used te signify those «houi 
 we succeed in dignity ami ofhce ; but ancestors, those whom 
 we follow by natural descent, and as men, whether by father 
 or mother's side. 
 
 A'NCESTR.\L, a. in law, that may be claimed ii> right of 
 our ancestors, or tluit which has been done by them. 
 
 A'NCESTRY, s. such persons of a family from whom a 
 person is descended; family, lineage, progenitors; pcdi- 
 {{ree, descent, or birlh. 
 
 .A'NCHOR, (an)ior)s. [aitcftorn, Lat.] ail kistrument form- 
 ed of a strong i>iece of iron, with a doulth- hook or two barbs 
 at one end, and a ring to hold a cable with in the olher, used 
 to keep ships or other vessels from driving with the wind, 
 tide, or currents. It is used with the following verbs, to 
 «/(■«;>, or oo.«<, which imply the letting down; and \o weigh 
 which signifies tin- pulling up of the anchor. There are se- 
 veral kinds of iincliors, I. The sheet anchor, which is the 
 largest, and nevei used but in violent storms. 2. The two 
 bowers, used in u Iiarbour. 3. The stream anchor. 4. The 
 
 grapnel. In heraldrj', it is the emblem of ho^p, and faken 
 fdi- suuli in a spiritual as well as in a temporal sense. 
 
 To A'NCROR, {anhor) v. n. to be secured from danger ; 
 to be kept from driving, by means of an anchor. Figura- 
 tively, to fasten, to stop. 
 
 A'NCHORAGE, (arthoragc) t. the effect which an anchor 
 lir.'s, SO as to hold or keep a ship from driving ; the anchors 
 themselves, the duty paid for anchorage in a port; ground 
 tit to hold a ship's anchor so thaJshe mav ride safely. 
 
 A'NCHOKET, or A']sCllQRlTE,.(ankorct er ankorite) s. 
 [from cimchorco to retire, Gr.] one who goes into deserts and 
 unfrequented places in order to practise the greatest auste- 
 rities, and put himself out of the reach of temptation. 
 
 ANCHOVY, s. [anchora. Span.] a small fish, much used 
 for sauce, fished for on the coast of Provi'nce, generally in 
 the night time, with a light at the stern of the vessel. 
 
 A'NCIENT, or A'NTIENT, s. the flag or streamer of a 
 ship, or the bearer of a flag. Also, old men «ho have 
 served the several ofbces of their parish, and are usually 
 called upon to ^ive their opinions fon public occasions^ 
 AIm), those that lived in old times. Among the lawyers ii> 
 the temple, such as are passed their reading arc called An 
 cie7Us ; and in Gray's Inn, it is one of the four classes that 
 compose the society, which consists of ancients, barristers,, 
 benchers, and students. 
 
 A'NCIENT, a. [ancien, Fr.] that has endured for some 
 time ; tJiat has been formerly, or some time ago; opposed 
 tn mvrlmi, but not to new. Applied to life, or the duratioi» 
 of things. 
 
 A'NCIENTLY, ad. in former times, in times long past, oi 
 before the present instant. 
 
 A'NCIENTRY, s. a pedigree which can be traced a great 
 many years backwards ; or a family which has been noted 
 for a long course of years. 
 
 ANCO'NA, a considerable sea-port in that part of Italy 
 which was formerlv under the dominion of the pope. It is 
 situated 116 miles from Rome. Lat. 43. 38. N. km. 13. 35. E. 
 
 AND, conjunct, [and, Sax.] a particle, by which sentences 
 are joined together, signifying that what was afhnued or 
 denied of the sentence before it, holds good, or may be 
 athrmed, likewise of that which comes after it. 
 
 ANDALU'SIA, the most rich and fertile province of 
 Spain. It abounds in fruits, corn, wine, oil, liouey, sugar, 
 cattle, and very beautiful horses. The capital is Seville. 
 
 AND.VNTE, *. a musical term, signifying that every note 
 must be played very distinctly, especially in thorougli 
 basses. 
 
 A'NDES, otherwise called Cordili.if.ra, a great chain 
 of mountains, which run.aluiost the v. IioIp length ofSoulh 
 America, parallel to the sea-shore, and terminatiug at the 
 Straitsof Magellan. They are the highest and njost remark- 
 able mountains in the world ; for those within the lorrij 
 zone are always covered with snow ; and in passing over 
 the lowest part of them, you are in danger of being starved 
 with cold. There are agreat many volcanoes, wliich break 
 out sometimes in one place and sometimes in another; and 
 by melting the snow, occasion such a torrenl of water, that 
 numbers of men and cattle have perished. 
 
 ANm'RONS, s. irons placed at each end of a grate on 
 which a spit turns ; or irons on which wood is laid to burn 
 instead of a grate. 
 
 A'NDO\T.R, a large well built populous town in Hamp- 
 shire, on the great western road, 10 miles from Winchester, 
 and fi'.') from London. It sends two members to parliament, 
 and has a market on Saturdav. 
 
 .\'NDRp;WS, St. a royal borough in the county of Fife, 
 formerly the capital of the kingdom of the Picls. I( i.s 
 seated by the side of a bay on the level lop of a siiiall hill, 
 coniuuindin"f a view of the (ierman ocean. It is a decay- 
 ing town, chiefly celebratfd for its university. Here is a 
 niauufact.ny of golf-balls. It is 30 miles N. E. of Edinburgh. 
 
 ANDliO'GYNOUS, n. [fioma/jfi- a man, and ^imc a \\o- 
 mon, Gr.l an epithet given to those aninuils or persons which 
 have the distinction vf both sexes in the sauic individual.
 
 ANG 
 
 ANO 
 
 ANDROI'DlilS, an aiilomat on, in the (i|;iii(> of a man, 
 which by virtue of certain springs, performs the actions of 
 a man. Tlie word is compounded of aiicr, a man, and eidos 
 form K}t.1 
 
 AXDRO'MEDA, a eonstellatioii in Ihc northern hemis- 
 phere, representing the figure of a woman chained to 
 u rock. 
 
 ANDU'J.AR, an ancient, large, and populous city of 
 Andehisia. It lias several fin<' huildings, a stroii-; castle, 
 and a stately bridge, and vends great quantities of silk. It 
 is 25 miles from Cordova. 
 
 A'NECDOTE, s. [anekdoton, Gr.] an article of secret 
 history ; a relation oi detached and niteresting particulars. 
 
 ANEMO'GRAPHY, j. [from ancmns, the wind, and gra- 
 ph), to describe, (ir.] a description of the wiiidj. 
 
 ANEMO'METER, s. [from auemos, the wind, and melreo, 
 to measure, Gr.] an instrument to measure the force of 
 the wind. 
 
 ANE'MONE, s. [Gr.l wind-flower, a genus of plants of 
 which there are many species, some of which are accounted 
 beautiful. Sea ancmonies are a kind of zoophytes, which 
 are found in oyster-beds. Some of them are of an uniform 
 colour, and others striped or spotted. They are capable of 
 reproduction when cut in pieces, like plants, while they re- 
 semble animals in moving in the pursuit of their prey, which 
 are principally muscles. 
 
 ANEMCSCOPE, s. [from auemos, the wind, and sknpr.t, 
 tosee, Gr.] an instrument for determining the course and 
 velocity of the wind. 
 
 ANE'NT, piep. a Scoteii word signifying ab'out, con- 
 cerning ; over against, oi)posite to. 
 
 ANES, or AWNS, «. the beards or spires of corn. 
 
 ANEURISM, s. [from atieureiio, to dilate, Gr.] a soft red 
 tumour, occasionc(f by the weakness of an arteiy, or by 
 blood spread under the flesh, in consequence of a wound, or 
 rupture of an artery. 
 
 ANE'W, ml. [vcowe. Sax.] again ; over again ; once more. 
 
 ANGEL, s. [nngcliis, Lat.] a name given to those spi- 
 ritual beings who are employed by God in the government 
 of the world. Tiie word sign fles a messenger. We read 
 of evil ORqe/s, the ministers of God's wrath ; as the destroy- 
 ing angel, the n7(gel of death, the angel of Satan, the angel 
 of* the bottomless pit. Angel is likewise the name of an an- 
 cient gold coin in England, having the figure of an angel en- 
 graved on it, of the value of 10s. Figuratively, a person of 
 exquisite beauty, and superior to the common run of mortals. 
 
 ANGE'LIC, a. resembling, belonging to, or partaking of, 
 the nature of angels 
 
 ANGE'LICA, s. [Lat.l a plant of great esteem among 
 physicians, being reputed stomachic, cordial, alexipharmic, 
 and of great use in pestilential fevers, and contagious dis- 
 tempers ; but now chiefly regarded as a carminative. 
 
 ANGE'LICAL, a. [tmgclicus, Lat.] that resembles an- 
 
 Lat.] tl 
 of the I 
 
 gels; that belongs to, or partakes of the property or nature 
 uf angels. 
 
 ANGE'LOS, the second city of Mexico. It has a fine 
 cathedral, and some other beautiful buildings; a mint glass- 
 house, and otiier iiianuf.ietuvus ; and the country round it 
 is very fertile, but the inhabitants, both priests and people, 
 are extremelv profligate in their manners. Angelas is 62 
 miles S. E. of Mexico. Lat. 19. 30. N. Ion. 99. 22. W. 
 
 A'NGEIl, .?. [auger, Sax.J a desire of thwarting the hap- 
 piness of another, on account of an injury received. Synon. 
 The word anger implies a passion more internal and lasting ; 
 Mht'reas the exprejsion of in a passion, carries in its idea a 
 sudden external gust of anger, short but violent. 
 
 To A'NGEIl, V. a. to injure or offend a person, so as to 
 provoke him to resentment, or to desire to thwart bae's 
 liappiness. 
 
 ATVCERLY, ail. in the manner ef, or like a person who 
 resents an injury. 
 
 ANGTOA, s. [I^t.] a disease or swelling of the throat, 
 called the quinsev. 
 
 ANGIO'GRAPHY, s. [from angeion, a vessel, ^ndgrapho, 
 
 to describe, Gr.] a description of the vc&sols or tubes of the 
 human body. 
 
 ANGIO'LOGV, s. [from anmimi, a vessel, and logos, a 
 description, Gr.] a treatise or discourse ot the vesseliof the 
 human body. 
 
 A'NGLE, s. [angnhis, Lat.] in geometry, the meeting of 
 two lines whicji incline to each other, and meet in a point. 
 
 A'NGLE, s. [angel, Sax.] an instrument to catch lisli 
 with, consistinj; of a line, hook, and rod. 
 
 To A'NGLE, V. a. to fish with a hook, line, and rod. 
 Figuratively, to entice by some allurements or artifiee. 
 
 A'NGLE-RUD, s. the rod to which the line and hook 
 are fastened in angling. 
 
 A'NGLER, s. he that fishes with a rod, hook, and line. 
 
 A'NGLES, an ancient (iermari nation, originally a branch 
 of the Suevi ; who, after various migrations, settled in that 
 part of Denmark, and duchy of Sleswick, which to thi» 
 day is called Angel, and of which thecity of i'lensbourg is the? 
 capital. Here tliey were known, even in the time of Taci- 
 tus, by the name of Angli. To this nation the Britons ap^ 
 plied for succours against the .Scots and Picts. The .\ng!es 
 therefore came over in great numbers, and had the honour 
 of giving the ndmc of Anglia to England. 
 
 A'NGLESEA, or Anglesey, Isle of, the most western 
 county of N. Wales, throu"h which the packets regularly 
 pass between London and Dublin. It is railed by the 
 ancients Mona, and was the seat of the Druids, of whom 
 there seems to be some monumental remains, in the erections 
 of huge stones, as at Slonehenge. Anglesea is separated 
 from Carnarvonshire by a long and narrow strait, called Me- 
 nai, or iMciiu, wliich, in some places, however, is fordal-jle 
 at low water. It is about 24 miles long, and 18 broad ; 
 cx)ntains 7-1 parishes, and about 11,000 inhabitants. It is 
 a fertile spot, has some valuable quarries, and a Mery rich 
 copper mine on Pary's mount. The chief tow-n isBeaii- 
 maris, whirl) is about 2.50 miles distant from Ix)nden. 
 
 A'KGLICLSH, s. [from an^lus, Lat.] a method of e«- 
 pression peculiar to liie English language. 
 
 A'NGLING, verbal 7wun. the diversion of fishing by a 
 rod, line, and hook, armed with a bait. 
 
 ANGO'LA, a kingdom on tlie westoni coast of Africa, 
 bounded on the N. by the river Danda, which sep^irates it 
 from Congo ; and on the S. by the Coanza. The soil pro- 
 duces Indian com, beans, oranges, lemons, grain of various 
 kinds, and great variety of fruits. Although the Portuguese 
 preserve their superiority in Angola, yet the English, liutcli, 
 and other European nations, carry on trade witli the natives 
 for various commodities. 
 
 ANGORA, a [town of Natolia, in Asiatic Turkfy, re- 
 markable for its antiquities, and for a breed of goats, whose 
 hair, which is almost as soft as silk, is exported to Holland, 
 France, and ILngland, and manufactcred into camblets, and 
 other fine stufl's. 
 
 A'NGRILY, arl. in a manner which bespeaks resentment 
 on account of some injury. 
 
 A'NGRY', a. desirous of revenge, on account of some 
 affront; highly displeased. 
 
 ANGUILLA, or Snake Island, the 'most northern of the 
 English Carribee Islands. It is a v.oody, fertile, level tract, 
 about 30 miles long, and 10 broad, with good anchorage wi 
 the south side. 
 
 A'NGUISH, f. [angoissc, Fr.] excessive pain, applied to 
 the body. Immoderate, or the highest degree of sorrow, 
 anxiety, and torture, applied to the mind. 
 
 A'NGUISHILD, a. affected with the profo.undest anxiety, 
 torture, and sorrow, on account of .some calamity. 
 
 A'NGULAR, a. [from angulus, Lat-J tliat; has coiT.ers or 
 angles. 
 
 ANGULA'RITY,.^. the quality of havingaugles or ciimers, 
 
 A'NGULAR LY,«o'. with angles and corners ; like an angle- 
 
 A'NGULATED, a. [from angjdus, Lat.] that has angles 
 or corners. 
 
 A'NGULOl'S, a. [from anguhu, Lat.] that has caJTCts or 
 angles. 
 
 37
 
 AMI 
 
 ANN 
 
 A'NGUS, a shire on the east of Scoth^.tKl, north of the 
 Fritli of Tay, v.hich has many lakes and hi!!s. Its liiUi have 
 quarries of slate and free-stone, am! minesof lead and iron; 
 the lower j^roundsare fertile in lorn and pasture, and along 
 the coast the salmon fishery is very extensively carried on. 
 
 A'NHALT, a principality of Upper Saxony, « iiich abounds 
 in corn and hops, anil has some rich mines. 
 
 ANHELA'TION, s. [from auheh, Lat.J a shortness ol 
 breath, or qiiiikness oi breathing, occasioned by running, 
 or go\n<x up any high and steCp place. 
 
 ANIil'MA, a Brasiiiaa bird, which bears some rescni- 
 biance to the crane. It is distinguished by a lon^; single 
 liorn on its head, which is inserted a little above the origin 
 of the beak, is of a bony substance imd about two inches long. 
 The ylK^ima is a longer bird than the swan, frequents the 
 vater, and makes a very loud noise often repeating the 
 notes. v\=hn, vylui. 
 
 ANHI'NG.A, a very elegant Brasilian water-fowl, about 
 the size of our common duck. The bill is furnished with 
 hooked prickles, its head and neck are yellowish, covered 
 V ith extremely soft feathers ; its breast, belly, and thighs 
 are of a silver,- white ; the upper parts of its back is brown, 
 spotted with yellow ; and the rest of the bird is black. It 
 feeds upon fish. 
 
 A'NI.a noisy Brasilian bird, which has some resemblance 
 1o the jay. 
 
 ANIXitlTS, «f/. in tiieniglit-tnTie, oreveiy night. 
 
 ANILITY, .1. [aniiittrs J.at.] old age, considered as it 
 respects a wonvin. 
 
 ANIiMADVE'HSlON, t. [ammarhcrfio, Lat.] a taking 
 notice of a fault with some degree of anger, sev-erity, oi 
 dispatch. 
 
 ANIM ADVERSIVE, ». [from nmnuidversio, Lat.] fliat has 
 ^ower to make the mind attend to, <>i' consider, any parti- 
 Ti\h\T object; that has the power of judging. 
 
 'I'o ANIMADVET.T, v. n. [nnimmherto, Lat.] to censure, 
 to blame, InclnTJing the secondary idea of detect in a per- 
 son animadverted on, together with authority, displeasure, 
 and severity in the animadverter. 
 
 ANIMADVE'RTER, .s. he who inflicts punishincnt oi 
 passes censure on crimes. 
 
 A'NIMAL, s. [«m>Hn/,Lat.] a beinfr, consisting of a body 
 and a soul ; distinguished from pure spirit, with respect to 
 its corporeal part, and from mere matter by its spiritual. 
 jltiimiil srcrctioii, is the act whereby the juices of the body 
 are separated and secreted from the common mass of the 
 blood by means of the glands. Aminal spirits, are a fine 
 .subtile juice, supposed to be the great instrument of nnis- 
 cular motion and sen.sation. Ammal system, denotes and 
 includes the whole class of iK'ings endowed with animal 
 Jite ; or, in general, the aninr.d kingdom. 
 
 ANiMA'LClJLE, f. {animutridiiiu, Lat.] an animal so small 
 as to be invisible to llu' naked eye. ^Inimn/iHto are seen 
 only by the assistance of the microscope, and are vastly 
 more nimieroirs tiiaii any other part of the creation ; but the 
 species, on examination, are found to be extremely lew. 
 The most obvious distinction among them is, that some have, 
 and some have not tails ; that some have, and others have 
 not any visible bndis. Animitlcules are discovered by mi- 
 croscopes in most li(iuors, as water, wine, vinegar, Ac. in 
 several clialvbeate waters, in ()als, barley, Ac. 
 
 AMMATITY, *. [from ammul, Lat.j the state of exist 
 ence. 
 
 To A'NIMATE, v. a.'[miimo, Lat.] to give life to; to 
 qmcken ; to join, or unite a soul to a Ijody. Figuiatively, 
 applied to iiiMNU al iiislrunnnts, to enliven, to make vocal, 
 to inspire with the power of harnumy ; to comunniicale 
 boldness to ; to encourage to excite. 
 
 A'MiVIATEl, rt. [aniinritii', U\t.] that is endued with a 
 »i>ii\ ; that Ir.is life, or the properties of an animal ; possess- 
 ing animal life. 
 
 A'.MM.-\TED. J)"'!- that has a great deal of life ; vigo- 
 Mm- , spirited. 
 
 ANLS1ATI(.)N. 3.\ammalin, Lat] the act of bringing iiUo 
 
 existence, or enduing vvith life both vegetable and animaL 
 The state wherein the soul and body are united. 
 
 A'NIMATIV'E, II. that has the i)ow'cr ot comniuuicating 
 a soul, or principal of life ; that has the power of enlivening," 
 encouraging, or making vigorous. 
 
 ANIMA'TOK, s. that which enlivens or confers the {iriiij 
 ciple of life. 
 
 ANIMO'SE, «. [ammnsus, Lat.] full of spirit ; violent; 
 courageous ; vehement. 
 
 AmMO'SITV, s. [animositas, Lat.] a disposition ot mind 
 wheieina person is inclined to hinder the success, thwart 
 the happiness, or disturb the trancjuillity of another ; it in- 
 cludes in it a degree of enmity, and is opposite to friendsliii» 
 or benevolence. 
 
 A N TNG A, a root grow ing in the West Indies, used in the 
 retinemeiit of sugar. 
 
 A'NISE, s. is a small seed of a hot nature, good to ex- 
 pel wind out of the bowels and stomach, and is used by con- 
 fectioners in sugar-plums, tVc. By distillation there is ex- 
 tracted from it an oil^ which, as well as that expressed from 
 it when bruised, answers all ilie purposes of the seed itself: 
 and during the distillation there comes otfa water called 
 aniseed water, a weli known cordial and carminative. 
 
 A'NKLE, s. [nnch-ou\ .Sax.] the joint which unites the leg 
 to the foot, rl H/;/e-boiie, the protoberaut bone at the ankle. 
 
 ANNALIST, s. one who writes or composes annals. 
 
 ANNALS, i. it has no singular, [anmilfs, Lat.] a narra- 
 tive wherein the transactions are digested into periods, con- 
 sisting each of one year ; or relations which contain the 
 public occurrences of a single year. 
 
 A'NNANDALE, a fertile district of Dumfries-shire, in 
 Scotland. 
 
 ANNA'POLIS, the capital of Maryland, in North Ame- 
 rica, seated at the mouth of the Severn river. The houses 
 are generally large and elegant. The jilan of the city is a 
 circle, with the stadtliouse, a very elegant buildirg, in the 
 centre, and the streets like rays diverging thence in diftercnt 
 directions. It is 30 miles S. of Baltimore, lat. 39. 0. N. Ion. 77. 
 20. W. Also a town in Nova Scotia, with a very tine harbour. 
 
 A'NNATl'lS, ,?. [Lat.] it has no singular : first-fruits; or a 
 year's income of a spiritual living. In ancient times they 
 were given to the pope throughout all Christendom, o-i the 
 decease of a bishop, abbot, or parish clerk, and paid by his 
 successor. In England the pope claimed them first of such 
 foreigners as he conferred benefices upon, by way of pro- 
 vision ; but afterwards they were demamled of all other 
 clerks, on their adr.iission to benefices. Al the reformation 
 they were taken from the pope, and vested in the kin*; ; 
 and lastly, queen Anne restored them to the church, for 
 the augmentation of poor livings. 
 
 .ANNE, queen of (Jreat Britain. This amiable and ilhis- 
 tvious princess was descended from a race of kings, the most 
 ancient of any in Eurojie. She was second daughter of 
 James duke of York, afterwards king James II. by iNIrs. 
 .'\iine Hyde, eldest daughter of Edward earl of Clarendon. 
 '1 lie duke was privately married to this lady during his first 
 exile, in Iti.O'J. In lfi(;o, she was, by an order of couiicjl, 
 declared duchess of York, and to have the precedency of 
 the princess of Orange and the queen of Bohemia. The 
 duchess died at the palace of St. James's, March 1.5, Ui/l : 
 she bad issue by the duke four .sons and four daughters > 
 Charles, born Oct. 22, KiOO; Mary, born .April 30, l(;(;2; 
 James, born July 12, l(i(i;j; Aiiiie, biun IVb. (i, Ififit ; 
 Charles, born July 4, Ui(i.>; Edgar, born Sept. It, 1007; 
 Henrietta, bom Jan. 30, Kit;;) ; and Kalherine, born Feb. t), 
 Ifj/U; of xvljiiiii Charles, James, Charles, and Henrietta, 
 died ill her life-liiiie ; and Edgar and Katharine did not sur- 
 vive her a year ; but Maiy and Anne lived to be queens of 
 I'lngland. I'riix'css Mary was about nine years ohi, and 
 princess .\i»iie about seven, at the death ol' their iiiolher. 
 Ou the death of K.William 111. who died on Sunday, Marcli, 
 8, ir02, about 8 in the morning, princess Anne was, about 
 3 the same afte;noon, jiroelnimcd (pieeii of (iieat Britain, 
 Eraucc, aud IrelunJ, in the cities ol Lomlon and Weet-
 
 ANN 
 
 ANO 
 
 minster, and was crowned April 23, following. The most 
 nMir.irkiihle events in her reif,'u were, War declared against 
 France and Spain, May 1, l7iYi. Prince Oeori^e made lord 
 hisli admiral. Tlie Earl, afterwards duke of Mariborou^li, 
 {ji'iirralissinio. An unsiiei'essful attempt on C'adiz. Vifjo 
 taken by the English and D\iteli, Oct. 1-2, 1702. Admiral 
 Bembow betrayed. The };reat storm, Nov. 170.3. Order 
 of the thistle revived. Victory of Shellcnbuvuh. The 
 sreat buttle at llochstet or Blenheim, wherein the French 
 lust .30,000 men, had 1(1,000 men taken prisoners, and mar- 
 shal Tallard their general, August 1704. The si-a fi^'ht off 
 Walaga, in the same year, Aiii^iist 1.*?. The battle of Kami- 
 lies, May 12; the union belweeii Knjiand and -Scotland, 
 signed July 22; and the buttle of Turin, all in 170C. 'I'he 
 Dattle of Almanza, April 14, 1707. Sir Cloiwlesly Shovel 
 wrecked on the rocks of Seilly. The battle of Oudeiiard, 
 June 30; Minorca taken by fjeneral Stanh(>i)e, Sept. 18; 
 theactionof Wynnendale, Sept. 28; the city of Lisle taken, 
 Oct. 12, 1708. The battle of Malplaque^i Sei>t. 14, 1709. 
 Dr. Sacheverel sentenced, March 2 ; queen Anne changes 
 lier ministry, Awg. 3 ; the battle of Saragossa, Aug. a ; gc- 
 ■neral Stanhope taken prisoner at Briuliega, Nov. 2fi; and 
 the battle of Villa Viciosa, Nov. 2y, 1710. The duke of 
 Ormond separates the British forces from the allies, July 5 ; 
 and the action of Uenain, July 13, 1712. The peace of 
 Utreoht signed March 30, 1713. Sunday, a little after 
 7 o'clock ill the morning, Aug. 1, 1714, the queen dietl, 
 having lived 49 years, 5 months, and six (Liys, and reigned 
 12 years and .'i months, wanting 7 days. There had been a 
 new vault made on the S. side, and towards the E. end of 
 Henry Vllth's chapel, to deposit the body of K. Charles II. 
 in w hich the prince, queen Mary, K. William III. and prince 
 George of Denmark, were laid. Here the remains of t^. 
 Anne were likewise deposited ; and there being no more 
 room left, the vault is closed with brick-work. She had 
 been married to his royal highness prince George, brother 
 to thethenK. of Denmark, July 28, 1683, by whom she had 
 a daughter still born. May 12, 1684 ; lady Slaiy, born June 
 2, 1685, died Feb. 1690 ;"lady Anile Sophia, born May 12, 
 1686, died Feb. following ; William duke of Gloucester, 
 born July 24, 1689, and lived till eleven years of age; Mary, 
 born Oct. 1690, and lived Ion"; enough to be baptized ; and 
 George, who died soon after lie was born. Prince George, 
 her husband, died Oct. 28, 1710. This princess was the 
 gloi-y and happiness of her people, and famous for her 
 piety and unlimited charity. 
 
 To ANNE'AL, (anncd) v. a. [from a-lan. Sax.] to render 
 substances tougii,thut are naturally hard and brittle. Glass 
 and iron are annealed by gradual cooling, brass and copper 
 by heating and then suddenly plunging them in cold water. 
 Glass is annealed to make it retain the colours laid on it. 
 
 To ANNE'X, V. a. [aimecto, Lat.] to .join or subjoin as a 
 supplement ; to connect ; to unite w itii. 'I'o belong to ; 
 to join as a property. 
 
 ANNEXATION, s. a law term used to imply the uniting 
 of lands or rents to the crow n. 
 
 ANNE'XION, s. the adding 'of something as an enforce- 
 ment, supplement, or aid. 
 
 ANNE'XMENT, s. something that is joined to another. 
 
 To ANNI'HILATE, v. n. [dnmhilo, Lat.] to reduce tnl 
 nothing ; to deprive of existence. To put an end to ; to 
 extinguish ; to destroy utterly. 
 
 annihilation;; s. theact by which the vei-y exist- 
 ence of a thing is entirely destroyed. 
 
 ANNIVE'RSARY, s. [from anniversarivs, Lat.] the return 
 of any remarkable day in the calendar. Some public re- 
 joicing performed in honour of the anniversary day. 
 
 ANNIVE'RSARY, a. [amiiversarius, Lat.] that fails but 
 once in the regular course of evei'y vear ; annual or yearly. 
 
 A'NNO DO'MINI, [Lat.] expressed by abbreviature, 
 A.D.— thus, A.D. 1812, 7. e. in the year ot' our Lord ene 
 thousand eight hundred and twelve. " 
 
 ANNOTATION, s. {aunotatio, Lat. I explanation of the 
 dillicult passajjcs of an author, written "by way ofiiotes. 
 
 ' ANNOTATOR, s. [Lat.j a person who explains the dif- 
 ficult passages of an author; a commentator. 
 
 ANNOTTO, a kind of red ave brought from the West 
 Indies. It is used in tinging double (iloucestcr cheese. 
 
 To ANNOU'NCE, v. a. [n«»«/«er, Fr.] to proclaim ; to 
 reveal publicly ; to prof miice ; to sentence. 
 
 To ANNOY, f. «. [tt.awycr, Fr.] to. disturb; to vex; to 
 make a person uneasy. 
 
 ANNO' Y, s. aji attack. Trouble, misfortune, or any state 
 which is productive of anxietv. 
 
 ANNO'YANCE, t. that which occasions any trouble, in- 
 convenience, dislike, injury, or hurt; the state wherein a 
 person is affected with the sight, hearing, seeing, &c. of a 
 disagreeable object. 
 
 ANNO'YER, *. the person who causes any annoyance, 
 dislike, trouble, or loathing. 
 
 ANNUAL, a. [ammel, I'r.] occuring every year, or yearly. 
 Coptinuing the year ; that endures only one year. 
 
 A'NNUALLY, ad. every year, yearly. 
 
 ANNUITANT, s. [from annus, Lat.] he that pos.'sesses or 
 receives an annuity. 
 
 ANNU'ITY, s. [iinnuiti, Fr.] a yearly revenue, paid eveiy 
 year during a person's life, or certain term of years ; a 
 yearly allowance. 
 
 To ANNUL, V. a. [from nulhis, Lat.] applied to laws, to de- 
 prive them of their force ; to abrogate; to abolish. Made 
 imperceptible, or as if deprived of their existence, and anni- 
 hilated. 
 
 ANNULAR, a. [annuhis, Lat.] round, circular, having the 
 form of a ring; also an appellation in anatomy, given to se- 
 veral parts of the body ; thus the annular is the second carti- 
 lage of the laiynx or tliroat ; the amiutar ligament, tliat 
 which encompasses the wrist, and binds the bones of the 
 arm together; annular process, or protuberance, a part of 
 the medulla ablongata. The fourth or viv.g finger is likewise 
 called annular. 
 
 A'NNULARY, a. [from ammlus.h^t.] being in the form of 
 rings. 
 
 A'NNULET, s. [flrem annnlus, Lat.] a small ring. In he- 
 raldry, used for a mark that the peiison is the fifth brother. 
 Sometimes indeed a part of the coat of several families, re- 
 puted a mark of digfuity. In architecture, the small square 
 member in the Done capital, under the quarter round, like- 
 wise a flat moulding common to the other parts of' the co- 
 lumn, which derives its name from its surrounding the co- 
 lumn. 
 
 ANNL^'LLING, ;'a»'f. noun, the revoking, abolishing,, or 
 repealing of an act, cVc. 
 
 To ANNU'MEllATE, v. a. \annuwero, Lat.] to reckon or 
 count a person or tiling into a list, a part of a number. 
 
 ANNU'MERATION, s. [annumeratio, Lat.] something 
 added to a number. 
 
 To ANNUNCIATE, v. a. [anmmcio, Lat.] to bnii^ 
 tidings ; to declare something unUnow n before. 
 
 ANNUNCIATION, s. the tidings brought by the angel 
 Gabriel to the Virgin Maiy of the incarnation of ^cs.us 
 Christ, in mcmoiT of which, a festival has been instituted 
 by the church, and solemnized the 25th of March, then 
 called Lady day. 
 
 .\'N0DYNE, «. [from a not, and od;/ne pain, Gr.] a re- 
 medy which abates the force cf pain, and renders it more 
 tolerable. 
 
 To ANOI'NT, r. d.Jflii^re, Fr.] to rub with some fat or 
 greasy preparation. To consecrate by unction. 
 
 ANOI'NTER, s. the person who anoints. 
 
 ANOM.\Lr.STICAL, a. irregular-. AiwnuiHstUalyear, in 
 astronomy, the space of time wherein the earth iMSses 
 through her orbit, and differing from th.c common year, on 
 account of the precision af the equinoxes. 
 
 ANO'MALOUS,a. {from a not.and <r:naUjs,\\h<t Gr.]in gram- 
 mar, applied to such words as are not consistent with the 
 rules cf declining, Ac. In astronomy, applied to time 
 which seemingly deviates from its regular motion. 
 
 ANOMALOUSLY, ad. in a iiiaaner not consistent with 
 
 W
 
 ANT 
 
 ANT 
 
 *ftablishecl laws or rules ; in an irregular, uncommon, or 
 extraordinary manner. 
 
 AN'O'WALY, s. [ar.nniali'e, Fr.] a deviation from tlie es- 
 tablished rules and laws, whether those of nature, societies, 
 or particular branches of science. In astiimomy, that por- 
 tion of tlie ecliptic moved through by the moon or any pla- 
 net; since it was hi'sl in its apogee or aphelion. 
 
 .4\OMOE'ANS, in church liistory, ancient heretics, vvlio 
 held that the Son was of a different nature from, and iii no 
 sort tike that of, the Father. This was the nauie bv ulnch 
 tile Pure Arraus were distinguished, in contradistinction to 
 the Semi-Arians, who acknowledged a likeness of nature in 
 the Son, at the same time that they denied, with the Pure 
 Ariims, the consubstantirjiity of the Word. 
 
 ANON, xd. soon after any tii:.e expressed ; quickly. 
 Vhen applied to vicissitude, revoluliou, or change of 
 action, it siijnihes then, afterwards, or sometimes. 
 
 ANO NYMOUS, It. [from a not, and onoma a name, Gr.] 
 that has not yei received a name. Applied to books or 
 publications, it means that hm not tlie name of the au- 
 thor. 
 
 ANO'NYMOUSLY, ad. in such a manner as to be with- 
 out a name. , 
 
 .•\NOKE'XY, s. [anorexia, (ir.] among physicians, a loath- 
 ing of food, or want ot appetite, proceeding from indiges- 
 tion. 
 
 ANOTHER, ;«oH. ajiplied to things, something not like 
 that which is mentioned ; difl'erent. Applied to number or 
 succession, one more ; an addition ; besides. Applied to 
 identitv, not the same. Joined with o/ic, it sig^iifies a thing 
 niutnallv [lerfurnied ; sonu'lhing reciprocal. 
 
 ANOTTA,or ARNOTPA, s. in dying, an elegant red 
 *!oh)ur, formed from the pellicles or pulp of the seeds of 
 the Bi\a, a tree common in .South America. 
 
 A'?'. SATED, a. [ayisaitis, Lat.] haniig handles; resem- 
 Llijitj handles. 
 
 A'NSP.VCH, a principality of Franconia, which is beauti- 
 fully interspersed with woods; produces corn and tobacco, 
 and has several iron niiius, and mediciind springs. 
 
 'I'o A'NSW'ER, (in pron. the iv is dropped^ v. n. Umihu-a- 
 rian, Sax.] to speak in return to a queslion. To repiy to an 
 objection ; to obviate, or ^ive a solulion ; to assign reaso.is; 
 to be accoiHilahle for, or satisfy any claim or debt ; to pay ; 
 to bear a proportion ; lo be proportionate to. To vindi- 
 cate ; or be received as a witness, or voucher in a person's 
 behalf. , , 
 
 A'NSWER, s. [nirsuwe. Sax.] ai) information, or reply 
 to a question ; a solution of anv diffirultv, or objection. 
 
 A'NSWERARI.E, a. that will admit of a reply. 
 
 A'NSWER ABLY, ad. in proportion; in a manner which 
 corresponds with, or is suitable to. 
 
 A NSWERER, s. one who •jives such informatioi' as a 
 cjuestion requires ; he that solves, obviates, or clears ip The 
 iih.jectionsofan adversary. He who writes against another 
 in any controversy. 
 
 ANT, s. [a-mctt. Sax.] a small insect, remarkable for ils 
 jiidiistry. tenderness, and economy. 
 
 ANTACID, s. medicines to correct aciditj- iln the sto- 
 niarh. 
 
 A NTA'GONIST, s. [from anti against.and as:oni:o I strive, 
 f!r.] applied to a person who contends vvith another. .Ap- 
 plied to writers, it meaiis, one who opposes the opinions or 
 sentiments of another. 
 
 To ANTA'GONiy.E, r. a. [from nnti against, and agmiizo 
 111 stnvc firj to stive or contend a]L;ainst another. 
 
 ANTA'LuIC, a. [from anti a»ainst, and atgos pain, Gr.] 
 in medioine. that softens or mitigates pains. 
 
 ANTA'RCnC, «. [from mui against, and arhos n bear, 
 iir.] that is oiiposite to the arctic, applied in aslrouoniy to 
 the southern pole and circle. The antarctic pole in a'slro- 
 Bomy is the south pole, or that part of the heavens to which 
 the south erid ofllie earth's axis point.s. 'l"he antarctic cir- 
 cle is one of the hsser circles of thesi>hcre, f>arallel to (he 
 Wftialor, and 33 deg. 28 min, Uistant fr«M ttu- south pole. 
 40 
 
 Tlie antarctic pole in geography, isJJie southern extremity 
 of the earth's axis. 
 
 A'STE, [Lat.] a particle signifying before, an 1 frequently, 
 tised in composition ; as, anii^dihaiaii, that w.iicli existed 
 before the tlood. 
 
 A'NTEATER, s. a quadruped that feeds upon ants. 
 The aiiteaters are a genus, of which there arc seven differ- , 
 eiit species. They have no teeth', but have long tubular 
 mouths, and their tongues, which are long, wormlike, and 
 covered with a kind of glutinous nmibture, are the only in- 
 sti nmeiits by w hirh they s.eize their fond, 'i he great aiiVca- 
 ter is more than five feet long, and when closely pursued 
 by an adversary will make a desperate resistance with its 
 claws. 
 
 "1 o ANTFCE'DE, v. n. [antcmJo, Lat.] to have a prior 
 existence; to precede, or go h'fore. 
 
 ANTECE'DENCE, 4-. priority of existence ; existence 
 before some period or beiiig. 
 
 ANTECE'DENT, a. [aiitcccdens, Lat.] prior ; before ; or 
 existing before. Used substantively, it implies the ihhv; 
 which is prior in time, or which must have gone before. 
 " It is indeed the necessaiy antecedent." Ji'oui/i. In gram- 
 mar the noun which, in the order of construction, goes be- 
 fore a relative ; us, " Christ w ho redeemed us." The word 
 Christ is tlie antecedent which goes before the relali'Ve tcho. 
 In logic, the first part, or proposition, of an enthynieme, or 
 syllogism, consisting of two propositions only ; as, " Christ 
 is risen from the dead ; therefore ,we are redeemed ;" the 
 words in italic are the antecedent. 
 
 ANTECEDENTLY, orf.in the state of antecedence ; 
 or going before; previously. 
 : ANTECE'SSOR, s. [Lat.] one who precedes, or is before 
 another in the order of time. 
 
 A'NTECHAMBER, s. [often falsely written anli<hambei-\ 
 aciianiber which leads to a state-room, or chief apartment. 
 
 To ATs'TEDATE, »■. a. [ante and do, datum, Lat.] to place 
 too early, or before its real period. To enjoy a thing in 
 imagination before it exists. 
 
 ANTEDILUVIAN, a. [from ante and diluvium, Lat.] tliat 
 existed, or had a being before the Hood. Used substantively 
 for the persons who lived bef(->re the Hood. 
 
 A'NTELOPE, s. a beautiful tribe of animals, which 
 bears some resemblance to the goat from which, and from 
 the deer they differ, in having their horns annulatcd or 
 ringed round at the sain£ time that there are lopgitudinated 
 depressions running from the bottom to the point Tlie an- 
 telope has the finest eye of any anima.l in tlie world. They 
 li\ e in large flocks, and inhabit Asia and Africa. 
 
 AN^T.^IER^DIAN, a. [from cute and nteridits, Lat.] 
 being before noon. 
 
 ANTEIMU'ND.ANE, «. [from ante and immdus, Lat.] that 
 was before the creation of the world. 
 
 .ANTE'NNTE, s. the horns like processes, proiecting from 
 the heads of insects. 
 
 ANTEPENULT, or ANTEPENU'LTI-iMA, s.[antepni„L 
 lima, Lat.] in grammar, the last syllable but two ol a word ; 
 as the svllal)re »i»/intlie word tnlcpenultima. 
 
 ANTEPILEPTIC, rt. [from miii against.and cpilepsis the 
 epilepsy, Gr.J an epithet applied to a medicine against con- 
 \ ulsions. 
 
 ANTEQri[".R.\, a handsome and populous city of Gra- 
 nada, the upiier part of which is seated on a hill, and has a 
 castle, and the lower stands in a fertile plain, and is watered 
 by a great number of brooks. Here are still to be seen 
 some ancient mines whence the Romans drew iininense 
 (pianlities of the precious Uietals. It is 2G miles N.W. of 
 Malaga. Lnt. .■?7. I. N. Ion. 4. 40. W. 
 
 ANTERIOR, or ANTERIOUPx,«.[Lat.J that is before 
 another with regard to time or place. 
 
 ANTERIOltlTY, .t. [from anterior, Lat.] the state of 
 being before another, with respect to lime or place. 
 
 .\ NTES, .5. [,Lat.] large nillars that support the front of a 
 building; also "a term used by gardeners for the forcnvostor 
 lowest ranks of viues
 
 ANT 
 
 ANTHF/LION, s. a moclj, or spuriou? sun, a meteor of a 
 luminous ^pptaraiicc, soiiiexvliat reseinl)lins the sun seen 
 thioii^'li clouds, sometimes four or five times larger tluiii tlie 
 sun's Sisk. In its most refulgent state it is as yellow as the 
 sun, but the lucid traet surroundins it is of a paler yellow, 
 or wliitisli cast, interspersed sometimes with a few reddish 
 spots. This kind of moleor, which is hy no means common, 
 i» attributed t« a multitude of minute icy or snowy particles 
 suspended in the air, and <ithcr refractmfi or reflecting the 
 solar rays in such a manner, as to multiply the image of 
 the sun. 
 
 ANTHFXMI'NTIIIC, rr. ffrom <rn'i, against, tindebnim, 
 a worm. Or. (tiiiit has the quality of killing worm*. 
 
 ANTHEM, s. [nntliumuus, Gr.] a hymn performed in two 
 parts, by the opposite members of a choir. Socrates says, 
 ignalius was the inventor of it anumg the Greeks, and St. 
 Ambrose amon^ the Latins. Anthems were first introduced 
 in the reformed service of the Knslish church, in the be- 
 ginninijof the reisjn of queen Elizabeth. 
 
 A'NTHERA, s. in botanv, that part of the stamen which 
 is fixed on the top of tl:e fdamentum within the corolla ; it 
 contains the pollen or fine dust, which, when mature, itemits 
 for the impre{,'nation of the plant, according to Linnxus. 
 
 ANTHOLOGY, s. [from antfios, a flower, and lego, to 
 collect, Gr.] a treatise of flowers, a collection of the most 
 beautiful passages of one or more authors, whence the col- 
 lection of Greek epigrams is styled autholo^ia. 
 ST. ANTHONYS FIRE, «. See Erysipelas. 
 ANTHRA'COLITE, in chemistry, coal blend, a species 
 of coal which burns without flame. 
 
 A'NTHRAX, «. [Or.J a burning coal; a carbuncle, en- 
 compassed with fierv, sharp, and painful swellings. 
 
 ANTHROPO'LOGY, s. [from mithrvpos, a mail, and lon:os, 
 a discourse, Gr.J a discourse or treatise upon men, or human 
 nature, considered as in a state of health, including the 
 consideration of both body and soul, with the laws of their 
 motion. 
 
 ANTHROPO'MANCY, i. [from ant/irnpos, man, and mmi- 
 <f!a, divination, Gr.] a species of divination, from inspecting 
 the entrails Hud viscera of a human body. 
 
 ANTHROPO!MO'RPHlTES,s.[f'rom anthropos, man, and 
 morp/ie, form, Gr.] a sect of autient heretics, who taking 
 every thing spoken ofCiod in the scripture in a literal sense, 
 particularly that passage in Genesis, "God made man after 
 liis own image," maint;.iined that God had a human shape. 
 Tliev are likewise called Audeans, from Andeas tlieir leader. 
 ANTHROP0MORPHOUS,«.[Gr.]anappellation given 
 to whatever resembles the human form; thus the man- 
 drakes, among the plants ; the nionkev, among animals, &:c. 
 ANTHR0PO'PHAGL.s. never used in the singular, [from 
 anthrupas, a man, and plingo, I eat, Gr.J savages who eat 
 human Itesh. 
 
 ANTHROPOPHAGY,*, [from anrt»opfts,aman,and/)/(ag-o, 
 I eat, Gr.| the quality of eating liumau flesh. . 
 
 ANTHROPO'SCOPY, s. [froui nnthropns, a man, and 
 shnpcn, to see, Gr.l that part of physiology which judges 
 of a man's character from his tomplexion, the lineaments of 
 hh face, features, &c. 
 
 ANTHYPNO'TICS, s. [from nnti, against, and vpjws, 
 sleep, Gr.J medicines givdi to prevent sleeping. 
 
 .'\'NTI, [Gr.J a particle, which in composition signifies 
 contrary or opposite; •,uid in works of literature is pre- 
 fixed lo the answers v. rote in opposition to an author; as, 
 Anti-Cntuius, the i' 'nies of the answers Julius Ca;sar wrote 
 to theoKjecfion'^ made against him by Cato. 
 
 ANTIARTHRI'TICS. f. [from ami, againsl.and arthritilws 
 COuty, Gr.]rcnipdies against the gout. 
 
 A'NTIC, s. [from nnlUimis, Lat.] one who plays tricks, 
 and makes use of odd and uncommon gestures ; a merry 
 andrew, a InitToon. 
 ATSTICHAMBER, s. See Antechamber. 
 A'NTICHRIST, .?. [from anii, against, and f'h-islos, Christ, 
 Gn]a name given by way of eminence, by St. Paul, to the 
 mail of siij and son of perdition, who it was predicted 
 
 G 
 
 ANT 
 
 should precede the second coming of our Saviour, and who 
 is represented in the scriptures as the epitome of every 
 thing that is the most cruel, impious, and abominable. 
 I'rotestHUts have generally given this name to the pope. 
 
 ANTICHRI'STIAN, a.ffrom n«/i, against, and C/irisuatuii 
 a Christian, (ir.Jcontnirv,.or opposite to Christianity. 
 
 ANTICHR!'STIANl?iM, s. any doctrine or opinion con- 
 trarv to Christianjiv. 
 
 ANTICHRO'NI^M, *. [from nnti, against, and chr;nos, 
 time, Gr.] cwtrary to the right order of time. 
 
 To ANTICIPATE, v. a. \tt>itiinpo, Lat.] to be before- 
 hand with another in taking, so as to disappoint him that 
 couips after ; to do or enjoy a thing before its fixed period. 
 ANTICIPATION,*, the dating a thing earlier than its 
 due period ; the enjoyment of a thing in imagination, before 
 its real existence ; a foretaste. 
 
 ANTICLI'MAX, s. [from anti, opposite to, and climnx, 
 Gr.] a sentence in which the last part is lower tlian tiie first. 
 A'NTICKLY, ud.in the manner of an antic or bufloon; 
 with odd gesticulations and grimaces. 
 ANTICONVU'LSIVE, n. good against cenvulsions. 
 A'NTICOR, s [from nno, opposite to, Gr. amlrer, heart, 
 Lat.] among farriers, an inflammation in a horse's throat, 
 the same as quinsev with us. 
 
 ANTICOU'llTlER, s. one who opposes the measures of 
 the court. 
 
 ANTIDOTAL, i. that has the quality of preventing the 
 eft'ectsofanv contagion or poison. 
 
 A'NTIDOTE, s. [from and, against, and dulomi, to pine, 
 Gr.] a medicine giveiuto expel poison, or prevent its eflects, 
 and to guard against contagion. 
 
 ANTIEPILEPTIC, «. |froni «»(/, against, mAepUepeig, 
 the epilepsy, or falling-sickness, Gr.] good against con- 
 vulsions. 
 
 ANTIGUA, one of the English Caribbee Islands, about 
 20 miles in length, and nearly the same in breadth. Tl.e 
 inhabitants, from the want of springs, are obliged to save 
 the rain-vater in cisterns, and fetch it frofn the other 
 islands. It is very rocky, but has excellent harbours, anrt 
 contains about fiO.o'oo acres.fi towns and villitges, f)»)*)0 whites, 
 and 3600 negroes. The chief produce is sugar. The capi- 
 tal, St. John's has a royal navy yard, and arsenal, with 
 conveniences for careening ships of war. It is 00 miles S. E. 
 of St. Christopher's. Lat. 17. .0. N. Ion. 62.5. W. 
 
 ANTIGU'GLAR, .f. a tube of metal, so bent as easily to 
 be introduced into the neck of the bottle, vitli a view of de- 
 canting liquors without disturbing them. The bottle shoulii 
 be a little inclined, and about half a spoonful of the liquor 
 poured out, so as to admit an enual quantity of air. One end 
 of the bent tube must then be stopped with the finijer, 
 \(hile the other is thrust into the body of the liquor, near to 
 the bubble of air already admitted. VVIien liie finger is 
 taken ofl^, the bottle will have vent, and the liquor Mill run 
 out steadilv and undisturbed. 
 
 ANTILLES, ,5. (properly Aiit.isles, from their sinalhiess)a 
 small cluster of islands in the West Indies, extending from 
 IB to 24 degrees N. lat. and distinguished into Windwaid 
 and Leeward Islands. The French niiuiefor the C ari BB EES. 
 ANTlLO'CiAUFPHM, *. \<mii, Cr. and kgant/.m] the 
 complement of a logarithm, or its dilTerence from one of 
 90 degrees. . . 
 
 y»NTrLOGY, «. [and'/og^a, Gr.J contradiction; in it.s pri- 
 mary sense, applied to those passages of an author wlierein 
 there seems to be, or really is, a manifest contradiction, 
 
 ANTI-MON.'^RCHIAL, a. [from «vti, against, lud mo- 
 mrchia, monarchv, (ir.] that is contrary to uiouarehy. 
 ANTIMO'NIAL, a. tl-.at consists of, or has the qualities 
 
 of aniimonv. ... , ^ ■ , , • 
 
 ANTIMONY, s. a brilliant brittle metal, of a dusky white 
 colour, and de^itviteof ductility. Though seemingly hard, it 
 may easily be cut with a knife. It is priiuipally proc^ired 
 from Hungarv and Norway. Antimomj is combined with some 
 other metals" 111 making "printer's types, and specula for 
 telescopes. Its oxvde s are empkvcd iu medicine, and ie 
 
 4\
 
 ANT 
 
 ANT 
 
 colouHn;; glass. Tn times of remote antiquity it was used 
 by fcm;il«s as a black paint fer the eye-brows, as it is now 
 ill eastern comitries. 
 
 ANTI\EPHRI"rlCS, s. [from nnti, against, and vephiitis, 
 a disorder in tlic kidneys, Gr.] medicines for diseases in tlie 
 reins and kidneys. 
 
 ANTING MIANS, s. [from anti, against, and nnmos, tlie 
 law, Gr.] certain Iicretirs asserted toreject.tlie law, as of no 
 use under the gospel dispensation, and to hold t|]at good 
 works do not farther, nor evil works hinder, salvation ; that 
 the child of God cannot sin, and oilier tenets of a similar 
 kind. These doctrines were charged on Agricola, a tier- 
 man divine, of the sixteenth century, and have been since 
 •bjected against many others. There is, however, reason 
 to believe, that though strong and even rash expressions 
 may have been used by persons of high Calvinistic senti- 
 ments, which have given occasion for much misrepresenta- 
 tion, no sect has ever niaintaiucd tliat Christians were at 
 liberty to live in sin. 
 
 ANTINOMY, «. Jfroni anti, againut, and nmms, law, Gr.] 
 a contradiction between two laws, or two parts of the same 
 law. 
 
 A'NTIOCII, now 'Antliakia, an anticnt and celebrated, 
 hut now ruinous city of Syria, where the disciples of Jesus 
 were first called Christians. It is 40 miles S. W. of Aleppo. 
 Lat. ^f,. 17. N. Ion. 3(5. 4:5. E. 
 
 ANTI-PiEDO-BAPTLSTS, [from anti, against, and pais, 
 a child, and bcpti-n, to baptize, Gr.] a distinguishing d< uo- 
 mina'ion given to those whoohjcct to the baptism of iu-l';uits. 
 
 ANTIPAR ALY'TIC, «. [from nnti, against!, and pamlt/tihos, 
 paralytic, Gr.Jgood against the palsy. 
 
 ANTITATIiY, s. [from avii, against, and pathos, passion, 
 Gr.] a natural aversion to any particular object, which 
 operates so strongly, as neither to be controlled by the will 
 nor reason. 
 
 ANTIPERl'STASIS, s. [Gr.] in philosophy, the action of 
 two contrary qualities, whereby the force of the one is 
 increased by the opposition of the other. This doctrine 
 was espoused by the Parapatetics ; but is exploded by JNIr. 
 Bovle in iiis history of cold. 
 
 ANll'PHONARY, s. a service book belonging to the 
 catholics, which contained whatever was to be sung or said 
 in the choir, except the lessons. 
 
 ANTIPHONY, s. [from nnti, opposite to, and phone, 
 loice, Gr.] the answer made by one side of the choir to the 
 other, when a hymn or anthem is sung alternately, or between 
 them. 
 
 ANTITHRASIS, s. [from nnti, opposite to, and phi-asis, a 
 speech, (ir.] a figure in rhetoric, whereby the use of words 
 is applied ill a sense opposite to their true meaning. 
 
 ANTITODAL, a. relatiifg to those persons or places 
 that are antipodes with respect to their situation. 
 
 ANTITODKS, s. [from mui, against, and pnvs, foot, Gr.] 
 in geography, those who live on the contrary side of the 
 globe, with their feet directly opposite to ours, so that if a 
 right line were continued through the earth, each of its 
 extreniit-ies would touch the feet of one of the parties. 
 
 A'NTIPOPE,s. a false or pretended pope, one that is, oris 
 pretended to be irregularly elected in opposition to another. 
 More than twenty antipopes arc mentioned in history. 
 
 ANTIQUARY, .?. \ntitiijiinrius., Lat.] one who applies liim- 
 •elf to the study of antiquities ; whether iliey he luottos, 
 inscriptions, or anticnt manuscripts ; and makes collections 
 for that purpose. 
 
 To A'STIQUATE, r. a. \nntiquin, Lat.] to render useless, 
 in the passive, to be grown out of use. 
 
 A'NTIQUATEDNKSS, s.the state of being out of vogue 
 or use ; the being obsolete. 
 
 ANTI QUE, (aHfi/if, ut anlcch) a. [Fr.J that was in vogue 
 in -.tNtiiMit times, in opposition to modern. That is really 
 old ■ whose antiquity is genuine and indisputable. Old 
 fashioiied ; idit of fashion ; uncouth and ridiculous for its 
 antiijuity. Used substantively, for a genuine piece of anti- 
 <juity, or the relic of tiic antients. Synon. A fashion is 
 42 
 
 oU, wlien it ceases to be in use ; antie.nt, when it has been 
 some time past; antique, when it has been a long time 
 antient. 
 
 ANTI'QUITY, *. {avtinuitas, Laf.J that time or period 
 which has long preceded tlie present. Antient writers, those 
 who lived in former times ; the histories wrote at a great dis- 
 tance before the present period. Long life, or old age. 
 
 ANTI. sen, s. [from anti, opposite to, and skia, a shadow, 
 Gr.] the people who have tlieir shadows projected opposite 
 ways. Tile people of the nortliern hemisphere are Antiscii 
 to those of the southern, tJie shadows of the. one projecting 
 at noon towards the north, and those of the otlier towards 
 the south. 
 
 ANTISCORBUTIC, or ANTISCORBUTICAL,<i.[from 
 anti, against, Gr. and scorbutus, in medicine, Lai. the scurvy.} 
 good against the scurvy. 
 
 ANTISK PTICS, s. [from anti, against, and sejjtikos, pu- 
 trefying, Gr.] all substanecsthat resist putrefaction. They 
 are of use in all putrid, malignant, and pestilential cases. 
 
 ANTISPASLS, J. [Gr.] the revulsion of anv humour. 
 
 ANTISPASMODIC, a. [from anti, against, and spasnws, 
 the cramp, Gr.] that has the power of giving relief in the 
 cramp. 
 
 ANTISPA'STIC, s. [fiora anti, against, and spasttket, 
 plucking, (ir.] that causes a revulsion of the humours. 
 
 ANTISPLENETIC, a. [from anti, against, and iplen, the 
 spleen, GrJ efficacious against the spleen. 
 
 ANTl'STROPHE, s. [Gr.] the second stanza in every 
 three, in an ode sung in parts* Also a figure in grammar, 
 by which two things mutually dependant on one another 
 are reciprocally converted ; as, the servant of the master, and 
 the master of the servant. 
 
 ANTISTRUMATICS, s. [from onfi, against, Gr. and 
 strunui, supposed to mean the king's evil, J^at.] remedies 
 against a scropulous hiimour, or the king's evil. 
 
 .•\NTrTH ESIS, i. [Gr.] in the plural antitheses ; in rheto- 
 ric, a figure, wherein opposite qualities are placed in contrast, 
 or compared with each other, in order to illustrate, amplify, 
 and adorn the speech of an orator, or piece of an author; 
 a beautiful instance of this is in the following verse in 
 Deiiham — " Tho' deei), yet clear; tho' gentle, vet uftt 
 dull."\c. 
 
 ANTn RINITA RIANS, s. [anti, Gr. and trinitarians] 
 persops who deny the Trinity, otherwise called Soeiuiaus 
 and Unitarians. 
 
 ANTITYPE, i. [from antitypon, Gr.] in divinity, that 
 which is formed according to a model or pattern ; a general 
 similitude, or resemblance of circumstances. 
 
 ANTITYPOCAL, a. that answers to some type. 
 
 ANTIVENE'REAL, a.\nnn, Gr. and veneieal]'m medi. 
 cine, good against venereal complaints. 
 
 ANTLERS, s. \an<louUicr,Yr.'\ among hunters, the first 
 pearls which grow about the bur of a deer's horns ; some- 
 times used in a more general sense for any of the branches. 
 
 ANTCE'CI, .'. has no singular [from anti, against, and 
 oiheo, to dwell, Gr.] in geography, tliose who live und«r the 
 same semi-circle ol the meridian, but in different parallels, 
 the one being as far distant from the ccpiator south, as tho 
 others are north. Their longitude is the same, as are also their 
 noon, midnight, and all their days, hut their si asons are 
 contrary, it being autumn with the one, when it iss|uing wilh 
 the other, iVc. The inhabitants of Piloponnesus are the 
 anterci to those of the Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 AOT'ONOMA'SIA, s. [from anti, against, and onoma, a 
 name, (ir.Ja figure of rhetoric, by which the proper name 
 of one thing is applied to several o1 hers. Thus we sav, the 
 orator, for Cicero ; a man extremely iruel, w c call a Nero ; 
 and we say the philosopher, to denote Aristotle. 
 
 A'NTIilM, a county of Ulster, in Ireland, which is pretty 
 fertile, and has an extensivt- linen mauutactory. The iul'a- 
 bitaiit.s are computed at U)(»,(Vi(), and its e;i|Mlal is a timling 
 town of the same name, M miles N. of Dublin. It has 
 two remarkable natural curiosities, the Giant's Causeway, 
 and Uie petrifying waters of Loujjh Neagh.
 
 APA 
 
 A'NTWERP, a large li:iiiilsomo city of Rial.anf, sealed 
 on the Sthrldt, i\nii Tiavi/ij; a stroll;; citadel. It was Utr- 
 nurlv a place of liic greatest trade in Kurope,^ lint lor more 
 tliUi .2!Hi years past has been on the decline. The streets of 
 Antwerp arc iarte and regular, besides ■Hhieli are twenty- 
 two luiblic squares; the harbour is very coniruodious, the 
 river bein^- 4(iO yards wide, and at the time of lii;fh water 
 22 ftel deep, so that la r;,'c vessels niav come up to liie quay, 
 and by the canals from the river to tlie doors of the houses. 
 Tiie pulilic buildings are very liandsouu', and at least 20<J 
 in tnuidier. The exchansc cost:J()i>,000 crowns, and served 
 as the model for those of London and Amsterdam. 'I'hc 
 town house is a grand piece ofarchitecture, and stands iu 
 tlie Rrcut market place. The house of the Hans town^ 
 liuilt for the accommodation of Ihe eastern merchants from 
 the Raltic, is a square building of slone. In the middle 
 story, which has s gallery cpiitc round the square there are 
 .^OO iod^inji rooms ; the cellars serve for stables. It is 22 
 miles N'. of Brussels, 22 NE. of Ghent, and <ij S. of Amster- 
 dam. 
 
 .\'NVIL, s. [(fTi/iJk, Sax.] ni its prnnary si;.;ni(ication, a 
 smith's utensil, serving to place the work on, which is to be 
 hammered or forged. In a secondary sense, it implies any 
 tliint; which is subject to blows. Figuratively used witli 
 the jiarticle upon it implies that a thing is in agitation, is in 
 readiness, or under roiusideration. 
 
 A'Nl'S, i. [Lat.] ill anatomy, the orifice of the intestines, 
 through which the excrements are discharged by stool ; 
 likewise a small hole in the left ventricle of the brain. In 
 botany, the posterior or back opening of a nionopetalous 
 flower, or that w hich has but one petal. 
 
 ANXI'ETY, s.[mu:iet(ts, Lat.] an uneasiness of the mind, 
 caused by its apprehension of the consequence of s<ime fu- 
 ture event. 
 
 A'NXIOUS, «. [anxiiis, Lat.] uneasy on account of the 
 uncertainty of some event. Very solicitous about any fu- 
 ture event. 
 
 A'NXIOUSLY, ad. in an anxious manner; solicitously; 
 iui(|uictly ; carefully ; with painful uncertainty. 
 
 A'NY, a. [fiiiig, Sa/.J applied to time, it denotes either 
 of the parts of which it is composed. Applied to space, 
 cither of its parts without restriction. One, in opposition 
 ti) none. 
 
 A'NZICQ, or Macoko, a kingdom of Lower Guinea, the 
 country of tne Jagas, divided from Congo by the river Zaira. 
 The irihabitants are strong, active, and intrepid ; they arc 
 described as cannibals, pul)licly exposing human flesh on 
 their shambles for sale. They do not till the ground, but 
 like the Arabs, wander from place to place. They pay 
 some reverence to the sun and moon, and have other idols, 
 and they carry off slaves to barter at Angola, lor the coni- 
 jio<iitics of Europe. 
 
 A'ORIST, s. [from aeristos, Gr.] indefinite, a tense in the 
 Greek grammar. 
 
 AORTA, s. [Gr.]the great artery rising immediately out 
 ffthe left ventricle oftlie heart; the trunk out of which 
 all the other arteries spring, and the great canal from 
 whence the blood is couveyed to every part of the human 
 body. 
 
 APA'CE, ad. applied to things in motion swiftly ; ap- 
 plied to time, quickly or speedily ; and applied to the tran- 
 sition from one state to another, in haste, with speed. 
 
 APAGO'GICAL, a. [from apagu^c, a leading fr<mi, Gr.] 
 r.nepithet given to a sort of demonstration, or indirect way 
 of proof, by shewing the absurdity of the contrary. 
 
 A'PAN.AGE, s. in France, formerly a settled portion of 
 lands assigned by the sovereign for the subsistence of his 
 vouTiger sons, which reverted to the crown in failure of 
 male issue of that branch. 
 
 APA'RT, a4. [apart, Fr.] separately, or at a distance ; 
 aside, or for a particular use. 
 
 APA RTMENT, s. [apartcm^it, Fr.] a part of a house. 
 Syn<5N. Ry apartment is understood a set oi rooms couveui- 
 eiit to dw ell in. 
 
 APH 
 
 A'PATHY, s. [from n not, and pathos passion, Or.] a free- 
 doiii from all passion, a state of insensibility. 
 
 ATATITE, s. in chemistcy, a combination of lime wi!h 
 the phosphoric aci<l, the mailer of bones. 
 
 APE, s. [IcelHiirlic] an animal resembring the human form, 
 of which tliere are a variety of species. The toes of (heir 
 feet are as long as tluir lingers ; they have pouches on each 
 side tlii'ir jaws, v*hich serve them a.) store-places. Thc~1'c- 
 males have but a single \oung one, which they carry on 
 their back, and when they suckle it, take it in their arms, 
 and give it the breast in the same manner as a womati doi s 
 to her child; they are very remarkabli' for their mimickiiig 
 the actions of human creatures; hence the word is used in 
 a secondary sense, for one who uncoutlily or atlectedly 
 imitates another. Apes are distinguished from baboons, 
 monkeys, and sapajoi.s by their ivaviiig no tails. 
 
 To Ape, 1'. a. to mimic or imitate. 
 
 APE'AK, (npi-ik)nd. in a posture to pierce ; atilt. 
 
 A'PEl3.\LE, Statfordshire, near Stone, noted for its coarse 
 iron ore, which, mixed witli others of a better sort, is used 
 for two-pcnnv nails, and shiatiiing nails for ships. 
 
 APE'LITES, a sect of heretics in the second century, 
 wh© held that Christ received a body from the fourclements, 
 which at his death he rendered back to tlie world, and so 
 ascended into heaven without a body. 
 
 A'PEPSY, s. [apepsia, Gr.]iu physic, that disorder in the 
 stomach called indigestion ; a loss of natural concoction. 
 
 A'PENNINES, a chain of mountains which divide It;dy 
 throughout its whole length, as far as the southern extremity 
 of the kingdom of Naples. Ueiice proceed all the broriks 
 and rivers which water Italy, and render the land fruitful. 
 
 A'PER, s. one who mimics or imitates the actions of 
 another. An imitator ; a mimic. 
 
 APE'RIENT, part, [from apeno, Lat.] in medicine, that 
 has the quality of opening, applied to gentle purges. 
 
 APE'llTION, *. [from «/)er<»*, Lat.] an opening ; a pas- 
 sage ; a gap ; an aperture ; or the action of making an 
 opening or passage. 
 
 AT£RTURE, s. [from aperh, Lat.] an opening, ];assage, 
 gap, or hole. In geometry, the space between two ri'^f'it 
 lines that form an angle. In optics, a round hole in a turned 
 bitof wood, or i)latenf tin, placed within side of a telescope 
 or microscope, near to the object glass, by means of which 
 more rays are admitted, and a more distant view of the ob- 
 ject is oi)tained. In the civil law, the loss of a feudal tenure 
 by default of issue of him to whom the fee was first grant- 
 ed, is called apertura fcudi ; and the breaking up or open- 
 ing the last will or testament of any person, tliat was sealed 
 up, is called apeHura tahulnrum. 
 
 APET.ALOUS, a. [from a not, and petahn a flower-leaf, 
 Gr.] in botanv, having no petala or tlower-leaves. 
 
 A'PEX, i. [Lat. in the plural «;«>fi] the top point, or 
 summit of any thing. In geometry, the angular point of a 
 cone, or any like figure. 
 
 APHyE'RESIS, i.FGr.] in rhetoric, a figure wherein a 
 word or syllable istalcenaway from the begimiingof a word, 
 as in the ingenious motto of Sir .lolin Phillips Amore, more, 
 ere, re, bv love, by custom, bv word, in reality. 
 
 A'PHELION, or A'PHELIUM, s. [aphtha plur from, apo 
 from, and elios the sun, Gr.] in astronomy, that part of tlie 
 orbit of a planet in which it is at it5 greatetl distance from 
 the sun. 
 
 A'PHION, a city ofNatolia in Asiatic Turkey, which has 
 its name from the great quantity of opium, by the Turks 
 called aphium, pro<lnccd here. 
 
 APHORISM, s. [aphurismos, Gr.] a maxim, general rule, 
 a principle of a science, or a brief sentence comprehendiug 
 a great deal of matter in a few words. 
 
 APHORI'STICAL, «. that is composed in the manner of 
 aphorisms or maxims. 
 
 APIIORl'STICALLY, ad. in the maimer of an aphorism. 
 
 APHRONI'TRE, s. [aphrus Ui)\]\, and wtron salt-pclre» 
 Gr.] a kind of natural sall-petre, gathering like froth ou old 
 vails, now culled sult-pctre of the rock, 
 
 43
 
 APO 
 
 APO 
 
 ATIARY, >.[spiar{um, Lat.] the place wliore liers are 
 kppt; whifh slioiild he shcltored fioiu lii;;li wiuii;;, ami de- 
 fendeil from ijoultry, wliose dun:; is very offensive to thcin. 
 
 APIECE, ad. each ; or separately taken. 
 
 A'PIS, an ox or bull worshipped by the Estyptians under 
 this name. The god Osiris was worsliipped under the form 
 of this animal, whose whol- bo<ly wi>o to lie blaek except a 
 white square spot on the forehead ; on his hack there was 
 to be the figure of an eagle, and ou his tongue that of a 
 beetle. When a calf was found with these marks, it was 
 carried with great joy to the temple of Osiris, where it was 
 fed, kept, and worshipped instead of the god, as long as it 
 lived, and at its death was buried with great solemnity and 
 mourning. This done, tliey looked out for another with 
 ♦he same marks. Sometimes it was many years before they 
 found one, but when they had, there was a great festival 
 kept all over the country. The calf which the children of 
 Israel made at Sinai, appears to have been intended as an 
 jma^e of the Egyptian Apis. Apis is also the name of a 
 southern constellation, othenvise called Musca, the bee or 
 
 fly- 
 
 ATISH, a. This word has various significations, on ac- 
 count of its being applied to the dift'ercnt qualities of an 
 ape ; thus it signifies mimicking, or imitative ; atl'ected or 
 foppish ; silly, msignificant, empty, specious. 
 
 A'PISHLY, titl. in an apisli manner ; foppishlv ; conceit- 
 edly. 
 
 APO'CALYPSE, J. [npolinhipsis, Gr.] Revelation, the last 
 l)nok of the New Testament, and of canonical scripture, 
 written by St. John, accordin;^ to Iiena-us, about the year 
 of Christ 9(), in the isle of I'atmos, whither St. John had 
 been banished by the emperor Domitian. But bishop New- 
 ton fixes the time of writing this book earlier, viz. previous 
 to the destruction of Jerusalem. It is obseivid, that the 
 Apocal.Yi>se of St. John has the same relation to the i)rophe- 
 cies of Daniel, which they have to one another; so that all 
 of them together make but one consistent prophecy, point- 
 ing out the various revolutions that would happen both to 
 church and state ; viz. the destruction of Jerusalem ; great 
 calamities in the Roman empire ; the entire overthrow of 
 the Western Roman empire by its division into ten king- 
 doms ; the rise and fall of the Papal and Mahometan powers, 
 >lie second coming of Christ, &c. Ac. 
 
 APOCALY PTICAL, a. tliat contains the revelation of 
 any thing mysterious. 
 
 APO'COPE, s. [from Gr.] in grammar, a figure wlierein 
 the last letter or syllable of a word is cut off; as, tkro' for 
 
 through ; hfp for hypochondriac. 
 APOCRYPHA, s. [froi 
 
 om npokrupto to hide, Gr.l in its 
 primary signification something which is not known. Ap- 
 plied to books, it denotes that their authors arc not certainly 
 known.^ In theology, books J'ppended to the sacred wri- 
 tings of 'iiicertaiii authority, and rejeclto as uncanonical. 
 
 .APOCRYPHAL, rt. of di.iibtfiilaud uncertain authority ; 
 not inserted in the canon of Scripture. 
 
 APO'CPiYPHALLY, «f/. in a manner which is in want 
 of a'ithority, orthe marks of authentic'rty. 
 
 APGUrCTICAL, a. [from upoddhnumi to demonstrate, 
 Gr.] demonstrative, or so plain and convincing that no per- 
 soiican i 'fuse his assent toil. 
 
 APOGE'ON. A'POGEE, or APOGE'UM, i. [from apo 
 fro'ii, arjil ^e the earth, Gr.] a point in the heavens, in which 
 the sun, or a planet, is at the greatest distance possible from 
 the earth in its whole revolution. The ancients regarding 
 the earth as the centre of the system, chiefly regarded the 
 api,s;<tiin ■.\nt\ pcri^icnii, which the moderiif, making the sun 
 the centre, ( fiaiige for the apliehmt and per'/ielian. 
 
 AP( )I.(.!\A'RIANS, a sect in the fourth cenluiT, the fol- 
 lower "f Vnolliuaris, bishop of Laodice^.wht-, after he had 
 wrote many useful books, especially to youngei Christians, 
 fril into strtnfj'- enthusiastic notions, and taught that the 
 divinity of Christ was instead of a soul to him ; that his llesh 
 was pre-existeiil to his appearaiu'c on earth, and that it was 
 Miit down from Leaven, aiid couvej cd through llic Vir^iiii as 
 4i 
 
 through a channel ; that there were two sons, one b rn of 
 God, the other of the Virgin; that Jesus Clirist was con- 
 ceived a pure substance, and that afterwards the Word des- 
 cended into hira, and had sur-h operation in him as in the 
 prophets, but was not united to his nature ; tliat if was only 
 by his good works he became great and perfect ; that God 
 was crucified ; and that Jesus Christ has now no body, &o 
 
 APOLLO, f. [Lat.] in mythology, the son of Jupiter and 
 Latona, born at T^ los ; one of the heathen deities, to whom 
 they attributed the art of divination, and the patronage of 
 physic, and is tiie sun. Said to have killed the serpent Py- 
 thon, because its heat exhales pestilential vapours ; repre- 
 senteH with long hair, in allusion to the sun-beams. The fa- 
 ble reported of his 'ecding Admetus's sheep, denotes that 
 all creatures are sustained by his genial warmth ; and his 
 killing the Cyclops for forging Jupiter's thunderbolts, his 
 dispersing those pestilential vapours w hich are fatal to man- 
 kind. He is called the Sun in heaven, Bacchus on earth, 
 and Apollo in the infernal regions ; and represented with an 
 harp, to shew the harmony i>f our system ; with a buckler, 
 to denote his defi-nding tlie earth ; and with arrows, to sig- 
 nify his power of life and death. 
 
 APO'LLYON, aGreek word that signifies the Destreytr, 
 and answers to the Hebrew Abaddon. It is used "jy St. 
 Jolin iM the Re\ elation, chaji. ix. 11. 
 
 APOLOGE'TICAL, a. [from apnh;reomai to speak in 
 one's deunce, Gr.] that is said or written in defence of any 
 peiDoii or opinion. 
 
 APOLOGETICALLY, oi. in the manner of an answer, 
 defence, or apology. 
 
 APOLOGIST, i. the person who writes or speaks in vin- 
 dication of the sentiments of another ; one who endeavours 
 to extenuate the faults of another. 
 
 To APO'LOGIZE, r. a. to plead in favour of a person cr 
 thinj'; to defend or excuse a person or thing. 
 
 A'POLOGUE, {dpoldg) s. [apoloirns, Cir.J a story, or fiction, 
 formed to convey some moral and interesting truth to the 
 mind, under the image of beasts, and other irrational aoii- 
 mals ; a fable. 
 
 APO'LOGY, s. [apologia, Gr.l '" 'Is primary sense, ini- 
 plies a discourse made by a defendant, to clear himself from 
 a charge of guilt brought against him. At present the term 
 is used to imply rather an excuse than a vindication ; and 
 an extenuation of a fault rather than a proof of innocence. 
 
 APOMECO'METRY, s. [from apo from, mehn, length, 
 and mctreo to measure, Gr.] the art of measuring things at a 
 distance, to know how far they are from us. 
 
 APONEURO'SIS, .t. [from apo from, i)nd neuron a nerve, 
 Gr.] the expansion of a nerve or tendon into a membrane ; 
 the cutting otV a nerve. 
 
 APOPHLE'GMATISM, s. [from apo and phlegm, Gr.] 
 a remedy wliich evacuates serous, or phlegmatic humours 
 by the nostrils. 
 
 "APOPHTHEGM, {ipotItnn)s. apotJ^egiia, Gr.J a senten- 
 tious expression uttered ivithout deliberat'on or a sen- 
 tence containing some iii'iiortant truth, moral or divine, 
 which l)ursts unexpet tediy fioni 'he s|i(;;ker. 
 
 APOPHYSIS, s. ill anatomy, a protuberance of bone, or 
 a part eminent and jutting oui hcV'i'd the rest. 
 
 APOPLECTIC, or APOPLE'tTICAL.a. that is ofUic 
 nature of an apoplexy. 
 
 A'POPLEXED, «. atfcctcd orscizcd with an apoplexy. 
 
 A'POPLEXY, i. [from apuplesso to strike, Gr.] a sudden 
 deprivation of all sensation, while a strong pulse remains, 
 with a deep respiration attended with i stestor, and the .ip. 
 pearance of a profound sleep. It \i caused generally by 
 repletion, the head being naturally large, and the neck 
 short ; the persons being corpulent and fat. or of a pletho- 
 ric habit of body, and redmulantiii :/ili:ito.is hiimuurs. 
 
 APOSIOPE'StS, s. [ffdu ay/iifroui, aut^ unpao to be silent, 
 Gr.j a form of speech bv which the speaker through some 
 affection, as sorrow, hashfuhiess, fear, anger, or veheineuty, 
 breaks off his spvecb before it be all ended.
 
 API' 
 
 APP 
 
 APOSTASY,*, [apostasis, Gr.] the abandoning,' and rr- 
 nouncius a religion one has before professed ; used always 
 ill a bad sense. 
 
 APOSTATE, .1. [nposintcs, Gr.] one who has forsaken and 
 renounced the relij;ionor i)rinei[)les he formerly professed. 
 
 To APO'STATIZE, v. a. to abandon or renounce one's 
 reli^ioui 
 
 To aPO'STEMATE, v. n. to turn to an aposteme ; to 
 form an abscess ; to collect and swell with corrupt matter. 
 
 ^POSTEMATION. ». in surRery, the forming' an abscess. 
 
 A'POSTEME, or ATOSTUME,*. [Gr.] a lioliow swel- 
 ling fill*!d with purulent or corrupt matter; an abscess. 
 
 APO'STLE, *. [from apo from, and st</lo to stud, (ir.] in 
 jtsjuiost limited sense, one who was an attendant and dis- 
 fipiecf Christ on earth, and commissioned by him after hii> 
 resurrection to preach the ■gospel to the world. In a vaguer 
 sense, the first or most successful preacher of the gospel in 
 anv countiT. 
 
 Al'O'STLESHIP, .5. the dignity or office of an apostle, 
 which consisted in preaching the gospel, baptizing, work- 
 ing miracles, and ortiaining ministers. 
 
 APOSTOLIC, or APOSTOLICAL, a. that was taught 
 or authorized bv the apostles. 
 
 APOSTO'LICALLY, ad after the manner of an apostle. 
 
 APO.STO'LICl, several sects of Cliristi;nis who have 
 nrisen in diflVrent ages, and made profession of celibacy, 
 poverty, and abstaining from wine and flesh. 
 
 APO'STROPHE,/. [from >ipu from, and st:pf:a to turn, 
 Civ.] in rhetoric, a figure by which the orator, ni the vehe- 
 nrencedf his passion, turns himself on all sides, and applies 
 to the living and dead, to angels and men, rocks, groves, etc. 
 Thus Milton, in Paradise Lost, 
 
 O uooits, O fountains, hillocks, dales, and bmicis, 
 Willi other echo, !\C. 
 In grammar, it is a coiinna placed over a letter, to snew that 
 the word is contracted by the cutting off a vowel ; as es- 
 teem'd for esteemed, tit employment for the employment. It 
 is also a sign of the possessive case of a noun. 
 
 To APOSTROPHIZE, v. a. to interrupt the head of a 
 discourse, in order to introduce some foreign subject. 
 
 APOTHECARY, s. [from upotlura, Lat.J one who prac- 
 tises the art of pharmacy, prepares and sells madicines. 
 In London, the apothecaries are otie of the city companies, 
 and by an act which was made perpetual, S>Geo. I. are ex- 
 empted from serving on juries, or in ward or parish offices. 
 They are obliged to make up their medicines according to 
 the formulas prescribed in tiie Colleije Dispensatory, and 
 are liable to have their shops visited Dy tlie censors of the 
 College, who are empowered to destroy such medicines as 
 they, think not good. 
 
 APOTHEOSIS, s. [Gr.] deification, a ceremony by 
 •which the ancient Romans couiplimented their emperors 
 and sreat men after their death. It is thus described ; afler 
 the body of the deceased had been burnt with the usual so- 
 lemnities, an image of wax representing him was placed im 
 an ivory coUeh, where it lay for seven days, was visited by 
 the senate, and ladies of the highest qnality, in mourning, 
 and then the young senators and knii,Mits bore the bed of 
 state through the Via Sacra to the oil Forum, and from 
 thence totheCaHi/)M Martins, where it was deposited upon 
 an edifice of a pyramidical form. The bed being thus 
 placed amidst a quantity of spices, and other combustibles, 
 and the knights having made a procession in solemn mea- 
 sure r<mnd tlie pile, the new emperor, with a torch in his 
 Iiand, set fire to it ; whilst an eagle, let fly from the top of 
 the building, and mounting in the air with afire-brand, was 
 supposed tu convey the suul of the deceased to heaven, and 
 Irom that time he was ranked among the gods. 
 
 APOTOME, vv. [from aputemno to cut oft', Gr.] in mathe- 
 matics, the difl'erence between a rational line, and one only 
 commensurable in power to the whole line. In music, the 
 remaining part of an entire tone, after a greater semi-tone has 
 been taken from it. Its proportion in numbers is that ol 2048 
 to 2187. 
 
 A'POZEM, *. [from npo from, and zeo to boil, Gr,] in 
 pharmacy, a medicine made by boiling roots, plaiiti, dc. in 
 water, called likewise a decoction. 
 
 To APl'A'L, («/);whW) ''. "• [app'ilir, Vi:] to strike with 
 terror or fear ; toafl'right; to (lamp a person's counage ; to 
 dishearten, including, in its secondary idea, the sudden aii- 
 pearanee of some terrible object. 
 
 .APPA'LEMENT, {appuullme-nt)s. a sudden atfright, which 
 robs a person of'his courage, and renders him inactive. 
 
 APP.XRA'TUS, ■?. [Lat.] a collection of instruments ne- 
 cessary to accomplisli any design, and applied to the tools 
 of a trade; the instruments used in philosophical experi- 
 ments; the bandages, Ac. of a surgeon; the furniture of a 
 house ; the ammunition for war. 
 
 APPA'REL, s. [it has no plural; appareil, Fr.] the cloth- 
 ing wore for ornament or decency ; dress. Figuratively, 
 appearance, or ornaiMeiit. 
 
 To APPA'REL, I'. 0. to clothe; to dress; to adorn ; to 
 set out or embellish. 
 
 APPA'RENT, ;)ff)f. [apparent, Fr.] applied to truth, plain 
 and indubifajjle. Applied to shape or form, seeming, in op- 
 l)osition to real. Applied to actions, orcjiialities, visible; 
 manifest or known, oppose<l to secret. Apparent lime, in 
 astronomy, is that shewn bv a tine sun-dial. 
 
 APPA'Ri:NTLY, arl. plainl'j ; evidently ; manifestly. 
 
 APP.MU'TION, s. {apparitio, Lat.J the appearance of a 
 thing, so as to bec(ime visible to the eyes, or sensible to the 
 mind; a visible object; a spectre; a ghost, which is the 
 most common acceptation at present. In astronomy, a 
 star's l)ec(nning visible, w hich before was below the horizon. 
 
 APPA'RITORS, s. [from apparco to appear, Lat.] me»- 
 srngers who cite men to appear in the spiritual courts ; the 
 Ijeadle who carries the mace, &c. before the master* in our 
 UJjiversities. 
 
 To APPE'ACH, (rwpectch) v. n. to accuse ; to censure. 
 
 APPE'ACHMENT,fo/ii|)t«rA?H«(0 *• an information made 
 against a person ; an accusation. 
 
 To APPE'AL, iappe'd) V. a. [appelU, Lat.] to transfer a 
 cause <n' dispute from one to another. 
 
 APPE.\L, (appiel) t. the removal of a cause from an in- 
 fii'rior to a superior court or judge, when a person thinks the 
 ini'erior hifs not done him justice. Also a call upon any as 
 witness. In ccclesidstical causes, if an api>cal is brought 
 before a bishop, it may be removed to the archbishop ; if 
 before the arcfideacon, to the court of arches, and thence 
 to the archbishop, and from thenee to chancerj'. Ap- 
 peal also means, a private accusation of a murderer by one 
 w ho held interest in the murdered party, as his wife, or son, 
 or of any felon by one of his accomplices in the fact. 
 
 APPE'ALER, (ff;);»."e/e)", s. one who makes an appeal. 
 
 To APPE'AR, (nyyfi)) r. n. [apparco, Lat.] to become an 
 object of sight, or visible to the eye; to make its appear- 
 ance, like a spirit or gliott ; to be in the presence of ano- 
 ther, so as to be seen by hiin; to answer a summons by at- 
 tending a court of justice. 
 
 APPE'ARANCE, (ajyj)eairarcv) s. tiie exterior surface of 
 a thing, or that which nnmediatclv strikes the senses or ima- 
 gination, which, on a nearer inspection, may appear in a 
 ditlerent light, in law, it signifies i defendant's filing 
 c«immon, or giving special bail, or any process issued out of 
 a court of judicature. In perspective, it denotes, the pro- 
 jection of a figure or body on the perspective plane. In 
 optics, direct appearance is the sight of an object by direct 
 rays, without refraction or reflection. In astronomy, it im- 
 ports the same as phenomena or phase.? : and in physiology, 
 the same as phasmata. See those articles. 
 
 AI'PE'ASABLE, {appcfzabk) a. that may have the vio« 
 lence of passion lessened or softened ; that is reconcileable. 
 
 To APPE'ASE, {crppei-e) v. a. [appaiser, Fr.] to bririg a 
 person that is angry to a calm and even temper ; to pacify ; 
 to allay the nivings of a disordered mind. Figuratively, tn 
 quiet any noise, outrage, or violeuce ; beautifully applied 
 to inanimate thin;>. 
 
 46
 
 ATP 
 
 APP 
 
 APPE'ASEMENT, (,appehemer\i) s. a State of reconcilui- 
 tion : a state of peace and ealtuness. 
 
 AI'PE'ASER, (n;?pttr«) j. one wlio prevails on anotlicT 
 to stifle his anger ; or brings about a reconciliation between 
 parti-"s. ' 
 
 APPE'LLANT, s. [from ajipdh, Lat.] in law, the party 
 who brings an appeal against another; one. who appeals 
 from a lower to a higher court. 
 
 A.PPELLATION, >. {appelhiio, Lat.] the name, dignity, 
 ©r title, by which one man is Ciistinguislu-d from another. 
 
 APPELLATIVE, *. [appeUatU'um, Lat.] Ill grammar, 
 applied to those wo.ds which stand for universal ideas, or a 
 vliole rank of beings, whether general or special, as mnn, 
 her^-, or dog ; and stand opposed to proper names, wiiich 
 belong to one only, as, T/mmeis, Hubert, Charles. 
 
 APPE'LLATIVELY, ad. after the manner of nouns ap- 
 pellative. 
 
 APPE'LLATORY, a. that contains an appeal. 
 
 APPELLEE', s. the person against whom an appeal is 
 brought. 
 
 To APPE?iJD, V. a. [apoemla, Lat.] to hang on another; 
 to join something as an addilioiial, not as a principal part. 
 
 APPENDAGE, i. [Fr.] any tiling that being considered 
 as less principal, is annexed oradded to the pruicipal. 
 
 APPE'NDANT, a. [Fr.] hanging to something else; an- 
 nexed. In law, any tiling that is inheritable, belonging to 
 some more worthy inheritance ; as, an advowson, common 
 <ir court, may be appfn<lant to a manor, land to an office ; 
 but not land to land, bolli being corporeal inheritances. 
 
 APPENDICATION, s. any thing which is added as an 
 ornament or conveniency, not as necessary to another. 
 
 APPE'NDIX, J. [Lat. its plural appcudiees'] sometiiing 
 added or appended to aiiolliei-, not as constituting a neces- 
 saiy part of it, but only as an embellishment or convenience. 
 Ap)ilied to action, concurrent circumstances. Applied to 
 books, a kind of supplejuent, or an additioi;, in order to 
 supply some omissions, and render them complete. 
 
 To "APPERTAI'N, v. u. [apparte^ir, Fr.] to belong to as of 
 riglit ; to belong to bv nature or appointment. 
 
 APPERTAI'N.MENT, «. that which relates, belongs to, 
 or is a pmpertv of, anv rank or dignity. 
 
 APPEUTENANCE, .». ['ippartename, Fr.] that which 
 belongs or relates to another thing. 
 
 APPE'RTINENT, a. that is requisite, or has a relation 
 to. 
 
 APPERTlRILITy, s. the quality which renders a thing 
 the object of <lesire. 
 
 APPETITE, s. [appeiitiis, Lat.] a desire of enjoying some- 
 ihiiig under the appearance of sensible good ; a propensity 
 to an object on account of tlie (;ood it is imagined to possess; 
 a violent longing after any thing. 
 
 .VPPETITE, a. that desires ; that has the power of 
 <l( firing. 
 
 To .'\PPL.\L"D, r. a. lapplmido, Lat.] to testify; one's ap- 
 probation by dapping of hands ; to praise or shew esteem tor 
 a piTson's merits. 
 
 .^PPLAL'DER, f. one who publicly sliews liis approiia- 
 tion ; or highly commends or praises the merits of aiinllier. 
 
 APPLAUSE, (npnlaCizc) s. [ajrphmsiis, Lat.] appiobatinn 
 «'\pressed with all the sentiments (/f turbulent joy; praise 
 I'pstowcd on merit by public and private testimonies of 
 apjirobation and rai.ture. 
 
 .V'PPLE, «. [uppel, Sax.] any kind of large fruit of a round 
 form, but appropriated at present to that of the apple-tree. 
 Ajink 'if the eve, see PuPlL. 
 
 A'PPLEBV, Iheassi/c town of Westmoreland, pieasantlly 
 !>f»ateel ou the river Eden, by wliit'h it is altnost snrrouniled. 
 It was fonneily a Roman station, named Aballalia; ami, 
 from the old English statutes, it appears that parliaments 
 have been holden here. It is 10 mil. s S. E. of Pmritli, :iiid 
 ihv, N. W. of Lon(hui. Ma' ket on Monday 
 
 APPI.I'ANCE, .T, tlie act wlureby one tiling is applied 
 In another ; or the thiuj? applied. AppUcatwn is the viord 
 SKVV used. 
 
 4e 
 
 APPLICABILI'TY, s. the quality of being fit to be applied 
 to something. 
 
 A'PPLICABLE, a. [from apnlico, Lat.] that is agreeable, 
 suits, or may be affirmed of a thing. 
 
 A'PPI.IC.ABLY, ad. in such a manner as to suit, agree 
 with, or be conformable to, and consequently may be af- 
 firiiii'd of, or applied to, any tiling. 
 
 A'PPLICA'FE, s. in mathematics. See ORDlN.\Tr. 
 
 APPLICATION, s.\ap,r:ieatio, Lat.] the act of applying 
 one thing to anotl«?r, either by making them touch, or bring- 
 hig them nearer to each other. Intenseness of tlioaght or 
 study. The employment of a mean to produce a paiiicular 
 end : I'le address, suit, or request of a person. 
 
 A PPLICATI\ E, a. that applies or makes the application. 
 
 APPLICATOR Y, «. that exerts the art of applying. 
 
 To APPLY', V. a. [applieo, Lat.] to put one tiling to an- 
 other ; to lay remedies or emplasters on a wound ; to use 
 as relating or oonformabk" to any person or thing ; to em- 
 ploy ; to put to a certain use ; to use as a means to some 
 end ; to hx the mind or attention upon any particular ob- 
 ject ; to study ; to have recourse to ; to work upon ; to ad- 
 dress as a petitioner. In mathematics, to transfer a given 
 line into any figure, particularly a circle ; to fit quantities 
 whose areas are equal, but figures ditlerent. 
 
 APPOGIATU'R.A, a. in music, a small note inserted by 
 the practical musician, between two others, at some distance. 
 
 'I'o APPOINT, V. a. [uppoinier, Fr.] to authorize one per- 
 son to act for another ; to fix any thing ; to set a person a 
 task ; to equip, to furnish a person in all points. 
 
 APPOINTER, «. he who settles or fixes any time, thing, 
 or place. 
 
 APPOI'NTiMENT, s. [appointement, Fr.] a thing settled 
 between two or more ; an agreement to perform something 
 future. 
 
 To APPCRTION, 1'. a. [from portio, Lat.] to allot or di- 
 vide into two or more parts ; to set out in just proportions. 
 
 APP()'RTION]\IENT, s. a dividing into portions. In law, 
 the division of a rent into parts,iii the same nianncraslhel<ui(l 
 out of which it issues is divided. Thus, if a person leases 
 three acres of lanil,and afterwarils grants away one acre tliere- 
 oJ to another, the rent shall be appiirtwnctl between them. 
 
 To APPOSE, lappase) r. a. [appuno, Lat.l uscil by Chau- 
 cer to imply an examination ot a fcholar, by embarrassing 
 iir jiiizzling him with questions. For this we now use the 
 word noif, which is a contraction of this word. 
 
 APPO'SER, i. an examiner. In the court cf exchequer 
 tlieie is an othcer called the foreign appvser. 
 
 A'PPOSITE, ff. [appnshiis, Lat.] proper, fit, suitable, well 
 ada|7ted to the purpose for which it was intended. Applied 
 to lime, seasonable, or conformable. Applied to opinions 
 or sentiments, proper, reasonable, or agreeable to the sub- 
 ject wliicli they treat of. 
 
 APPOSITELY, ad. fitly, suitably, conformably, properly. 
 
 Ai'POSITENESS, .«. fitness; propriety; suitableness. 
 
 .M'POSITION, .'. [.rippositio, Lat.] a compAiring or laying 
 things one by another. In grammar, the placing tAvo or 
 more substantives together, in the same case, williout any 
 copulative conjunction between them; as, her heaulii has 
 raptieatrel my ei/es, viy Jwart, my lenson, my imderstawtiiip-, mjf 
 vhole somI. Among naturalists, it is the same with aeere- 
 tion, or the external addition of matter to a subject. 
 
 To .\PPUAISE, (appruize) r. a. [tippricier, Fr.] to rate, 
 value, o!' scl a price on goods intended for sale. 
 
 APPi>{AlSF.l{, (appraher) s. one who sets a value upon 
 goods, who is sworn to do justice between party and parly ; 
 whence he is termed a sw<irii appraiser, and is obliged to 
 take till' goods at the price which he appraises ihein at, 
 |iiovidfd no other will purchase them at that rate. 
 
 To A PIT. IVC I ATE, r. a. tovalue, to esliniate. 
 
 'I'o APl'REH'ENU, f. a. [apprehetidii, Lat.] to lay hold on; 
 to seize a person as a nialrfactor, in order to bring him to 
 justice ; to think on with some degree of anxiety or terror. 
 .\p|iliod to the operatiousof the mind, to coii(ei\e superfi- 
 cially J to have an iuipcifcct or madequatc idea of a thing.
 
 APP 
 
 APT 
 
 APPUEIIE'NDF.R, s. our v ho conceives a tbiiip; imncr- 
 fectly ; oik; vvlio s.izes u iiiiilclactor in order to bring liiin 
 U'jiislicc; a conccivcr; a tliinkcr. 
 
 APPIIKHK'N.SIBLR, «. [apprehcmhiUs, I^al.] tliat may be 
 apprelit'ii'lcd orcoiueivrd, tht)tij;li not coiiiprubcndtd. 
 
 APPHKm'VNSU>N, s. [iippre/ieiisiH, I,iil.| amoii^- logi- 
 cians, the nirre coiitemiilation of tbiiii^s, witliout atiirniiiif; 
 or dcuyinj; any thing coiicrrnins thciu ; tlic (acuity l)y 
 wbicii we perceive those ideas wiiich are present to the 
 mind; fear or anxiety ; snspieion of sonielhniii future. la 
 law, the seiznigof a malefactor, or lakinij him into custody, 
 in order to brini;liini to justice. 
 
 APPREHF.'NSIVE, «. that is quick to understand, orcon- 
 cei^«•, fearful, or suspicious. SvNON. Want of courage 
 makes us /car ; doul)t of success makes us tippir/iensiri' ; 
 distrust of strength makes us dread i inuiiiinatiou itself will 
 often make us nf'raUI. 
 
 APPREHENSIVELY, ml. after the manner in which the 
 apprehension exercises itself willi respect to its ideas. 
 
 APPRE'NTICE, s. [ctpprcnti, Fr.] a young person bomiil 
 by indenture to some tradesman, in order (o be instructed 
 in a mystery or trade. By tjie laws of England, a master 
 may be indicted for not providing for, or for turning away. 
 Ills apprentice : and m>on complaint from a master, that he 
 neglects his duty, an apprentice may be comiuilted to Bride- 
 well, or be bound over to tlie sessions. Apprentices may 
 be bound to husbandmen, or even to gentlemen and clergy- 
 men, who, as well as tradi'smen, are compellable to take the 
 children of the poor, under a penalty of 10/. And the 
 I'hurchwardeiis and overseers, with the consent of two jus- 
 tices, may bind them till the age of 21 years. Justices may 
 compel certain persons under a^e to be bound apprentices, 
 and ou refusal may commit tjicm. Apprentices may be 
 discharges! on reasonable cause, either at tlieir own request 
 C)r tliat of tlieir masters. If any, whose premium has been 
 less than ten pounds, run away from their masters, they are 
 iompellable to serve out the time of absence, or give satis- 
 faction for it, any period within se^HUi years after the expi- 
 ration of tlie original contract. Indeiitines are to be stamp- 
 ed, and are chargeable with several duties by act of par- 
 liament. 
 
 To APPRE'NTICE, v. a. to bind a person for a certain 
 number of years to one who is to teach him his trade, <S:c. 
 
 APPRENTICESHIP, s. the time for which a person is 
 bound to contiime with another, in order to learn and prac- 
 tise his trade ; the office of an apprentice. 
 
 To APPRI'ZE, v. n. [from appris, Fr.] to give a person 
 notice of what he is a stranjjer to. 
 
 To APPROACH, (in the pronunciation the a is dropt, 
 and the o sounded long) v. n. to shorten the distance be- 
 tween objects; to draw nearer, or go towards. Applied to 
 time, to be nearer its completion ; to be nearer at hand. 
 Figuratively, to come near ; to resemble ; to bring nearer 
 to ; to lessen the distance between objects. 
 
 APPROACH, s. the act of coming nearer to any object ; 
 access ; means used to come nearer to a distant object. In 
 fortitication, used in the plural, works thrown ui) by the 
 besiegers, in order to advance nearer to the place besieged. 
 Lines of approach, are trenciics cut in the ground, the earth 
 of which is thrown up in the form of a parapet, on the side 
 towards the enemy, in order to approach tlie covert way, 
 without being exposed to the cannon of the besieged. In 
 mathematics, the curve of equable approach, is that wherein a 
 body descending by the sole poweY of gravity, shall ap- 
 proach the earth equally in equal times. 
 
 APPRO'ACHER, s. that person who comes nearer to 
 another, or advances towards a distant object. 
 
 APPRO'ACHMENT, s. the act whereby the object draws 
 nearer to another. 
 
 APPROBA'TION, s. [approbatw, Lat.I the acknowledg- 
 ing a thing to be worthy ot assent, and of esteem, either by 
 a tacit consent or public confessi<m; the act of ajiproviiig, 
 liking, or esteeming any thing; the coiihrinaljon or support 
 of a thing. 
 
 To APPROPRIATE, v. a. [appmpero, Laf-l to quicken a 
 thing, with respect to motion; to iiasten action, applied to 
 the fiiiie in which it is expected. 
 
 To APPROPI'NQUE, {appropink) v.n. [appnnpiiiqiu), Lat.| 
 to draw near to. Not in use. 
 
 Al'PROPUlAPiLE, a. that may be confined or restrained 
 to something particular. 
 
 To APPROPRIATE, ». «. [apprnjmer, Fr.] to dedicate, 
 orconiinetoa particular use ; to ckilm an exclusive right 
 to. lu law, to annex as a property. 
 
 APPROPRIATE, a. peculiar; confined, restrained, or 
 limited to some peculiar sense or use. 
 
 APPROPRIATION,,!, applied to things, the applieation 
 of them to .souk; peculiar use. Applied to qualities, thel 
 claiming as belonging to one's seH", in an extraordinary if not 
 exclusive nianner. AppUed to words, the restraining them 
 to a particular sense, or confining them to signify a particu- 
 lar idea. In law, the annexing a benefice to the proper 
 and perpetual us** of some religions house. 
 
 APPRO'PRIATOR,*. one wlio is possessed of an appro- 
 priated benefice. 
 
 To APPROVE, {apnrobve) v. a. [nppronver, Fr.] tr> be 
 pleased with ; to be delighted with from a conviction of 
 merit ; to make worthy of approbation. 
 
 APPRO'VEABLE, ' {approU-cable) a. applied to tliat 
 which, on account of its merits, appears worthy of ap- 
 probat.on. 
 
 APPROVEMENT, {upprobvcmeni) s. eoHsent, including 
 liking or approbation. 
 
 APPRO'VER, {approbver) s. one wbo, confessing iiim- 
 self guilty of a felony, accuses one or more of his accom- 
 plices. Approvers also signify bailifl's or lords in their fran- 
 chises, sheriffs, and hkewise such persons as have the letting 
 the king's demesnes in small manors. 
 
 APPRO'XIMATE, a. [from ad and proximiis, Lat.] near; 
 that aiiproaches near to. 
 
 APPROXIMATION, s. tlie coming or approa-hing near 
 to any thing. In arithmetic, a continual approach (t a 
 root or quantity sought, witlwut being able ever to arrive at 
 it exactlv. 
 
 APRICOT, or ATRICOCK, «. [from apricns, Lat.] a 
 kind of wall-fruit. 
 
 APPU'LSE, ,?. [appulsiis, Lat.] the act of striking a.f^ainst 
 anything. In astronomy, applied to the moon when she 
 approacl>es any planet or fixed star, so as to seem to touch 
 or strike against it. If a very small portion of apparent 
 space is between the two bodies at their nearest approach, 
 it is called anear appuhe, 
 
 ATRIL, s. tlie fourth calendar month in the year ; but 
 the second, according to the computation of astronomers. 
 It contains thirty days. The wor<t is derived from apn-in, 
 to open ; because the earth in this montli begins to open 
 her bosom for tiie production of vegetables. lu this month 
 the sun travels through the sign Taurus. 
 
 APRON, s. [from o/bran. Sax.] a part of dress consisting 
 of cloth, A-c. which hangs from the middle downwards, 
 wowi by the ladies for ornament, by artificers to keep theiT 
 clothes clean. In a goose, it signifies the fat skin whicli 
 covers the belly. In gunnery-, a piece of lead w hich covei s 
 the timcli hole of a great gun. 
 
 APRON-MAN, s. a man who wears an aprou ; a mecha- 
 nic: a word of reproach. 
 
 ATSIS, s. [plural apsuUs, Or.] in astronomy, those fwi 
 points in the orbits of the planets, or satellites, in which 
 they are at their »reatest and least distance tiom the sun or 
 primaiy planet. The higher apsis of the planets is more par- 
 ticularly denominated aphelion, and the lower perihelion. 
 The imaginai-y line connecting these two points is called 
 the line of the apsidis. 
 
 APT, a. [apiiis, Lat.] fit; a relative terra, implyin;^ iJie 
 suitableness of a thing to procure some end ; that Las a 
 tendency to. Keadv or quick ; applied to tlic mind. 
 
 A'lTiTUDE, s. (aptitude, Fr.] fitness to bring abcut tbe 
 desired end : tendency. 
 
 47
 
 ARA 
 
 ARA 
 
 ATTLY, Bd. with great propriety; justly, or pertinently; 
 rearfilv, or qtiiclily. 
 
 ATTNESS, s. a relative term, implying the suitableness 
 of any means to procure its end. Aj)plied to bodies, ten- 
 dency; to minds, disposition or inclination; to the under- 
 standing, quickness, facility, or ease in conceiving. 
 
 A'PUS, f. the Indian bird, or bird of paradise ;. in astro- 
 nomy, a constellation near the south pole. 
 
 >'?YROUS, 11. [from o, not, and jiyr, lire, Gr.] in cbyniis- 
 try, that which will sustain the most violent heat, without 
 any sensible alteration. A diamond was formerly believed 
 to be apyrous. 
 
 A'QUA,*. [Lat.] water. AquafortU, or strong water, a 
 corrosive j'qiior, made by distilling purified nitre with cal- 
 cined vitriol, or rectified oil of vitriol, in a slroD^' heat. A(jiia 
 marina, iiqiia marine, in natural history, a precious stone, 
 v.hich takes its name from its sea-green colour. Acpta mira- 
 bilis, or tiie wonderful water, is distilled from spices, infuied 
 in spirits of wine, and is a very good cordial. Aqua rtgia., 
 the royal water, a strong corrosive spirit, which dissolves 
 gold, and is composed of spirit of nitre and spirit of sea-salt. 
 Aqua v'ta, or water of life, in a general sense, brandy or spi- 
 rit of wine ; but in a more conlinf'd sense, restrained to tliat 
 spirit which is drawn from malt; the other term hamli) 
 beinjj appropriated to that which is drawn from wiiieonlv. 
 
 AQUA'fllANS, a sect towards the close of the second 
 century, who used water in the sacrament instead of wine. 
 
 AQUARIUS, «. [Lat.] in astronomy, a constellation that 
 makes one of the 12 signs in the ecliptic, which the sun en- 
 ters ou the 2(1th day of January, and derives its name from 
 the supposed quantity of rain which falls while the sun is in 
 it ; in allusion to which, it is described in the zodiac on 
 globes, in the form of a man iucliniug on an urn flowing with 
 water. 
 
 AQUATIC, or AQUATICK. tt.\aquaticns, Lat.] applied 
 lo animals or vegctabios which livp and grow in the water. 
 
 AQUA'il'iN'TA, s.z method of ftcliing on copper, lately 
 invented, and by which a soft and beautiful etiect is pro- 
 duced, resembling a fine drawing in wator-colonrs or Indian 
 ink. It is a cheap mode of engraving, but it is kept a se- 
 cret by those who practise il. 
 
 A'QUKDl'CT, or AQU.EDUCT, ,?. {aqtiodiictnx, Lat.] a 
 channel forn;ed of stone, bricks, or timber, to convey water 
 from one ph'ce to another. In anatomy, tire bony passage 
 of the drum ll;al reaches from the ear to the palate. 
 
 A'QUEOUS, a. [aqucus, Lat.] watery. Aqueoits hunwur ; 
 seeKvR. 
 
 AQI I'LA, tlie r;ii;!e ; in ailronomy. a constellation of 
 the northern iicmisplicre, usually Joined with Autiuous. 
 
 AX^UILINI-, rt. [nqidHiius, Lat. I resembling an eagle, 
 Applirrl to thy nose, hooked, or like an eagle's beak. 
 
 AQUO'SK, a. [aqiii'SKs, Lat.] watery; abounding with 
 jiarticles of water. 
 
 AQL'O'SITY, s. wnfcrishneijs ; or the quaLty so named 
 irom its abounding with partich's of water. 
 
 ARA, the altar; in astroiu my, a southern constellation 
 Kct visible in our hemisphrre. 
 
 A'RABl'..SQUr„ or AKAliKSK, n. after the mannerof the 
 Arabians ; generally applied to a kind of paintings orarchi- 
 leetural ornamen-ts, wiiieh cousist of imaginary objects. 
 
 ARA'BIA, a country of .\sia, on the S. \V. It may be 
 a'couuted a peninsula, being joined on the N. to .Syria; 
 bounded on the N. K. by the river Euphrates, which divides 
 it from Diarbeck, or Diarbekar, the ancient Mesopotamia ; 
 »:n the E. by the Gulfs of Persia and Oiiuus; im the S. by 
 the Indian Ocean; and on the W. b> the Red .'^cm, which 
 SC[)firales it from .Africa. Il lies between 1'2 and .^2 <!e- 
 {{rees N. latitude, and between 3.0 and nearly (id. E. Ion. 
 rxtrnding l-l.Tt) miles in length, and 12U0 in breadth. It in 
 divided by I'^uropeans, into IVtrca, Deseria, and !•"( lix : or 
 the Stony, the Desert, and the llapi)y. Arabia Fetrea istlie 
 miallosl of the three, and towards the N. very mountainous, 
 having few inLHl)itanta, because of its barrenness. This is 
 the wilderness through whicii the cliiliireu uf Jsiael pait,<icd 
 
 in their journeying from Egypt to Canaan. In Arabia De- 
 serta, the plains of sand are so immense, that travellers, in 
 crossing them, arc obliged to make use of the mariner's 
 compass, as if at sea; and tbe tempests are not less terrible 
 here than on the ocean. The airiseXces-^ively hot; springs 
 or streams are scarcely do be met with ; a pestilential vn- 
 [MJUP sometimes passes along, which instantly kills thr/sn 
 who happen to inhale it ; and when the wind rises high, 
 the desert assumes the appearance of the most rough and 
 tempestuous sea. The sand is lifted up from its bed by tbe 
 force of the winds, and driven along like waves, doiuls. and 
 rain ; every thing that falls in its way is overwhelmed, and 
 whole caravans of travellers, with their horses and camels, 
 tiud one comnu.-n grave in the deluge of sand. M. de Pa- 
 sies observes, that, ni traversing the whole extent of .\rabia 
 Deserta, he saw " only 4 rabbits, 5or(jrats, 3largc,.aud7or 
 8 small birds." " Here, indeed, all our ideas of deserts, as 
 found in the poetical language of oriental tales, fall short ©f 
 the truth ! A stillness, like the silence of night, the faint re- 
 mains of 41 breeze still glowing with the fervour of the meri- 
 dian sun, but sinking with his orb; around an unbounded 
 waste, covered with dark gray sand, resembling tlie asliea 
 of a furnace, and according with the raging heat of those 
 regions ; above, the vast canopy of heaven, across whose 
 pale atmosphere no other object is seen but the reddish 
 disk of the sun dipt in the horizon, are circumstances whicll 
 conspire to impress the miiul of a spectator with an uo- 
 pleasing melancholy." Along the banks of the Euphrates, 
 however, where the land is fertilized, there are great flocks 
 of sheep, and large herds of cattle and camels. Ostriches 
 also are found there in great numbers. The produce of 
 Arabia Felix, which is by far the most considerable of the 
 three provinces, is myrrh, aloes, cassia, frankincense, spike- 
 nard, manna, and other costjj gums ; ciimamon, dates, 
 oranges, lemons, pomegranates, figs, and other fruits; hv 
 ney and wax in plenty; and immense quantities of eoft'ee. 
 In a country so various, and of such vast extent, we may 
 expect the manners of the inhabitants to vary. Those in Llie 
 fertile jtarts have long been domesticated ; to them we are 
 indebted for many valuable discoveries ; they have been 
 our preceptors in chynustry and mathematical science ; 
 they first introduced into Europe the invention of the ten 
 arithmetical figures, and taught us their use. On the other 
 baud, the Arabs in the Desert have no houses, but tents; 
 they lead wandering lives, removing from place to place, 
 partly for the sake of pasture, ami partly to lie in wait for 
 the caravans, which lliey often rob, as they travel over the 
 Desert from Russorah to Aleppo, and from Egypt to Mecca, 
 the place of Mahomet's nativity. 
 
 A'R.\r,IC, s. the tongue of tlie Arabians, a branch of the 
 Hebrew. Arabic is likewise applied to a gum, which dis- 
 tils from a thorny plant in Arabia. 
 
 A'RA BIG, a. that belongs to, or is used in Arabia. Ara- 
 hic diaracicrx, are the figures which we raalie use of at pre- 
 sent in ariliinu'tic. 
 
 A'RARISM, i. [arahimmis, Lat.] a method of expression 
 or idiom, peculiar to the Arabs. 
 
 .\'R.\RLE, a. [fromaco, Lat.] Ilat is fit for ploughing, and 
 to produce corn. 
 
 .'Vll.\C, or .A'RRAC, {rack) s. an excellent s|)irituous 
 liquor, made by llie Chinese from cocoa, rice, or sugar ; the 
 foruu'r of whicll is the best; there are two sorts imported 
 into I'.nglaii'l, viz. the (ioa aud Ratavia. 
 
 .ARA'CAN.a fertile, but not populous country of Asia, on 
 N. I-. coast of the Bay of Bengal; subject to its own king. 
 I's capital is of its own name, and is as large as Amsterdam. 
 His palace is very large, and contains it is said 7 idols of 
 cast "old two indies thick, each of a man's height, and cOr 
 ven'(i with dianioiids, rubies, and other precious stoqes; 
 and in his slables he has horses, elephants, lions, tigers, <S:c. 
 Tliey have' only two seasons, the rainv and the fair;. the 
 rainy se:'.~on is, while the sun is on the N. side of tlie line, 
 or dining our spring and summer months ; the rest of the 
 year is their suuiDier. Elepliauts,, buffaloes, and timers 'aia
 
 ARC 
 
 ARC 
 
 numerous here. Tlie articles of commerce are tiniLer, 
 lead, till, yiul olepliants' Uctb ; iiiid sonicl-iiiies traders 
 mi'C't willi diamond;;, rul)ips, <md other pwcious stones. 
 The inhttbitaiils are idulatious ; polyfjaniy is permitted 
 anioiii; tlieni : adiiiiriiifj hroad and flat foreheads, they 
 hind fi'aden plates on their ehiidren',', forelieads, as soon as 
 they are horn, an 1 aecounling Ions ears as a beanty, they so 
 load them wifli rings, as to make them at least hang down 
 to their shonldi-rs. 
 
 AR-tO'IMETER, s. [from arnios rare, and melreo to mea- 
 sure, Gr.] an instrument used to discover the gravity of 
 fluids. 
 
 AR-EO'TICS, s. [from araioo to rarefy, Gr.] medicines 
 which rarefv or thin the lilood. 
 
 ARAI'GNEE, s. [Fr.] in fortification, a branch, return, or 
 gallery of a mine. 
 
 A'RAL, a lake ni Siberia, about 200 miles distant from 
 the Caspian sea about 250 miles long, and in some places 
 150 broad. 
 
 AR.A'NEOUS, a. [from aranea, Lat.] that resembles a 
 cobweb. 
 
 A RARAT, the name anciently given to part of Mount 
 Caucasus in Armenia, between the Black and Caspian seas, 
 where Noah's arii is said to have rested after the flood. 
 
 ARBITER, s. [Lat.] a person chosen by mutual consent 
 between two or more parties, to decide the subject of their 
 disagreement ; one who is invested with a power to decide 
 any ditference. 
 
 A'RBITRABLE, a. [from arbitror, Latj arbitrary, vo- 
 luntary ; determined purely by the will, without regard to 
 anv other motives. 
 
 ARBITRAMENT, s. [from arbitmr, Lat.] choice ; or the 
 exercise of the will in choosing or assenting to anv thing. 
 
 .ARBITRARILY, ad. in such a manner as implies a bare 
 exertion of the will, without any regard to motives or con- 
 sequences : in a despotic, tyrannical, or absolute manner. 
 
 ARBITRA'RIOU.S, a. [arbitiarius, Lat.] depending en- 
 tirely on the will ; precarious. 
 
 ARBITRA'RIOUSLY, ad. arbitrarily; according to the 
 mere and obstinate determination of the will. 
 
 A'RBITRARY, a. [arbitranus, Lat.] not restrained or 
 determined by any law, or reasons; capricious, positive, 
 despotic, and dogmatic. 
 
 To ARBITRATE, v. «. [arbitmr, Lat.J to decide or de- 
 termine a diflerence ; to judge of Used neuteily, to give 
 judgment or pronounce sentence. 
 
 ARBITR.\TION, s. [from arhitror, i^at.J the determina- 
 tion of a cause by a judge chosen by the parties contending. 
 
 ARBITRATOR, s. [Lat.] a person chosen by contend- 
 ing parties to determine a ditlerence- belween them ; a de- 
 terminer. 
 
 ARBITREMENT, s. rfiom arhitror, Lat.l decision or 
 determination pronounced by an umpire ; a compromise. 
 
 A'RBOR, s. [Lat.] in botany, a tree. In nieclianics, 
 that part of a inaehuie whiclLSUpports thejrest; likewise 
 the spindle or axis (.m which a mafhiue ilinis. 
 
 ATiBGR.lST, «. [arhoriste, Fr.] a naturaiis.t, who applies 
 himself pei^uliaily to study the nature uud cullhatiou of 
 trees. 
 
 A'RBOUR, s. [from arbtrr, Lat.J a kind of a shady bovver, 
 or cabin formed of the branches of trees, and contrived so 
 as to admit the air and keep oti' the sun and rain. 
 
 ARBU'RTHIE, a district in the shire of Kincardin or 
 Mearns, Scotland. 
 
 ARC, .i.[arcits, Lat.] a segment, or part of a circle. 
 
 ARCA'DE, s. [Fr.] a continued arch, or walk, consisting 
 «f several aTches united together. 
 
 ARCANUM, i. [Lat. in the plural nrcrt?ia| a secret; ge- 
 nerally applied to the nostrum of a quack. 
 
 ARCH, i. [arcKs, Lat.J the sky. In mathematics, part 
 of any curve line, whether it be ellipsis, circle, (^-c. Arch, 
 in architecture, is a vault or concave building, bent in the 
 form of an arch or curve, and is divided into circular, ellip- 
 t«cal, and straight. Vireidar arches, are either such as are 
 
 U 
 
 exactly a semicircle, or whose centre is in the middle of a 
 line drawn from one foot to the other, which are called se- 
 micircular nrvlies. hllipiical art-lirs, or those which consist 
 of a semi-ellipsis, and were formerly used instead of manilt- 
 trees in chimnies. Shaie:f>t arc/us, have straight edges, both 
 upper and under parallel ; but both their ends and joiiils 
 pointing towards a certain centre. Arcli of a lirid^e, is the 
 vaulted interval between its piers. A lyiuiitp/ial arc/i, is a 
 gate built with stone, <!tc. and richly ornamented with tro- 
 phies, <Sc. 
 
 To ARCH, f. n. [from arms, Lat.] to build or form into 
 arches; to cover with arches. 
 
 ARCH, a. [from arrhos chief, Gr.lused in composition, to 
 express something of the first raiiK or order, applied to 
 dignity, as, arclibishop : but soinelhing superlative, applied 
 to quality, as an aiihlientic, and is pronouneeii soft before a 
 consonanf, like ch in chuise ; but hard before a vowel, like 
 the letter h, as if the /( was dropped. It soiiielimes im- 
 plies a person endued with a great deal of low eiiiiniug; 
 triflingly mischievous. 
 
 ARCHAIO'LO(iY, (arliaiolosi/)-^. [from ff)(7/«ioi ancient, 
 and logos a discourse, (ir.j a discourse on antiquity; or a 
 treatise on the opinions, Ac. of the ancients. 
 
 ARCHA'NGEL, a sea-port of Russia, seatetj on the Dwi. 
 na, 4 miles from the White .Sea, which is frozen up for 
 Ihne months in the winter, but the rest of the year is o|;en. 
 The passage to it, through the N. Sea was first discovered 
 by Capt. Richard Lane, an Englishman, in 1.533, his shij* 
 being separated from the fleet of Sir Hugh Willouahby, 
 then on an expedition to discover a NE. passage to China. 
 Sir Hugh, with 70 men perished in Lapland ; Lane winter- 
 ed here. On the English first entering the White sea, they 
 found a fishing boat, the i)eoi)le in which, having never seen 
 a ship before, fled before tlniii ; hut on a nearer approach, 
 f'il at their feet, and though tJM'v could hardly be persuaded 
 to sell any tiling without iheir princes' leave, gave them 
 plenty of victuals for nutliiug. The English, from Eliza- 
 beth's time, had the exclusive privilege of trading here, and 
 in the other northern ports of Russia, fVimi Wardhus to the 
 river Oby, till the death of Charles I. when tlie cz<ir was so 
 exasperated at their conduct, that he wholly deprived them 
 of it; and since that lime it has been open to all nations. 
 The trade here is yet considcable, though it is greatly di- 
 minished since the building of Petersburg, from which it is 
 distant 400 miles NE. Lat. C4. .'U. N. Ion. 39. 0. E. 
 
 ARCHA'NGEL; (ar/ums,;:!) s. [<,rc/iangel„.i, Lat.] one af 
 the superior order of angels. In botanv, the deadnettle. 
 
 ARCHBISHOP, s. the chief or m.-tiopolitan bishop, who 
 has several suHVagans under him. This title was fust intro- 
 duced in the East, about the year 340, but then was only 
 honorary, and given to some bishops of great cities. Eng- 
 land is divided between two, him of Canterbui-y, and him of 
 York, who are called primates and metropolitans. Canter- 
 biiri/ is the first peer of England, "and, next to the royal fa- 
 mily, has precedence of all dukes and great oihcers of the 
 crown. The archbishop of York has the same power in his 
 jjiovince with that of (!auterbui>, has precedence of all 
 dukes not of the royal blood, and all oHicers of state excfirt 
 iJje lord high ciuiucellor. 
 
 AKCllBfSTlOPRIC, s. the state or jurisdiction of an 
 archbishop 
 
 ARCHBUTLER, .s. one of the great officers of the late 
 German empire, who presented the cup to the emperor on 
 solemn occasions. This office belonged to the kinc of Bo- 
 hemia. 
 
 ARCHCHA'MBERLAIN, s. an officer of the late German 
 empire, not unlike the great chamberlain in England. 
 
 ARCHCHATSCELLOR, s. in ancient times, presided 
 over the secretaries of the court under the two first races of 
 the kingsof France ; and when their territories were divid- 
 ed into GernrauN, Ilalj, an f Aries, there were three archr- 
 chancellors appointed. 
 
 ARCHCHA NTER, s. the president or chief chanter of. a. 
 church.
 
 ARC 
 
 ARE 
 
 ARCHDE'ACON, s. [nrcliirliacotivs, Lat.] a priest vested 
 with authority or jurisdiction over the clergy ;inii laity, next 
 to the hishop, cither throuo;h the whole illocese or only a 
 part of it. There are sixty in Enjjiand, who visit every 
 t«o years in three, wherein they inquire into the repara- 
 tions and moveal)les he)oni;ins to churches, reform abuses, 
 susppiul, excommunicate, ni some places prove wills, and 
 induct all clerkj into Leueticei within their respective juris- 
 dictions. 
 
 ARCHDE'ACONRY, i. the jurisdiction, oflice, or pro- 
 vince of an archdeacon. 
 
 ARCJlDE'ACONSHIP, s. the oHice or disnity of an 
 •rchdeacou. 
 
 ARCHDIJ'CHESS, «.[«»•<•/, and il,ic/iesse,Fr.] the title of 
 tlie sister or daughter of an archduke. 
 
 ARCHDU'KE, s. [nrc/iidn.r, Lat.] a duke invested with 
 some greater priviley;e or authority than others. 
 
 A'RCHE, fa)7iM)i. [Gr.] in medicine, the begiiuiing, first- 
 period, or first attack of J disease. 
 
 AUCHED.pnjY. crooked, or bent iu the form of an arch. 
 
 A'RCHER, s. [arc/ier, Fr. I one who shoots with a bow : or 
 one who uses a Itow in battle. 
 
 A RCHERY, s. the art or exercise ofsiiooting with a bow. 
 The art of an archer. 
 
 ARCHES COURT, s. [so called from Bow-chiuch. in 
 London, where it was kept ; which likewise received its 
 name from its top being raised upon pillars, built how or 
 archwisel the chief and most ancient consistory or court of 
 the archbishop of Canterburv, f(M- debating spiritual causes. 
 The judge of the court is called the dean of the arches. 
 
 ARCiiETYPR, (fiihrti/pe) s. [nye/icti/pitm, Lat.] the origi- 
 nal model or pattern of any thing. 
 
 A'RCHETS'PAL, CflrAf/^/OT/) (T. original; that has some- 
 thin?; which raay serve as a l)attern to copy fiom. 
 
 ARCH.'E'US, for/.xM) «. a word used by Paracelsus and 
 other chemists to express a principle of motion, the cause 
 of all the visible changes and operations of bodies. 
 
 ARCHlDL\'CON\\L, (arhuliacoiml) a. [from archidiaco- 
 niu, Lal.J.fhat belongs, or relates to an archdeacon. 
 
 ARCHIPELAGO, s. in geography, a general term, im- 
 plying a sea interrupted by a great number of islands; more 
 partieulavlv tli"* .''Egeaii sea. 
 
 ARCHIEPl'SCOPAL, (arhiepUcopul) a. [from urchiepiscn- 
 f>iM, Lat.] that belongs to, or is exercised by an arch- 
 bishop. 
 
 A'l(CPHL, y. a white moss which grows on the rocks on 
 niaiiv parts of the Archipelago, and in the Canary and Cape 
 de Verd islanrls, anil is used in dving. 
 
 A'HCHITECT, (nikitcct) s. [nrc/iitrctns, Lat.] a person 
 skilled in bu'lding; who draws plans anfl designs, conducts 
 the work, and directs the artificers in carrving it on. 
 
 .ARCHITECTIVE, {arldtcHwc) a. that relates to building 
 or architecture. 
 
 ARCHITECTONIC, (arhitcctinic) a. [Gr.] that lias the 
 skill and iw»wer of an architect. ^ 
 
 A'l!CHlTi:CTl'RE, (n/7»h<<»rf) s. [architertvra, Lat.] 
 the art of building ; divided into three branches, civil, mili- 
 tary, or naval. The Civil consists in erecting habitations 
 for men, or tciupli's for wor.->lii|). The Mihtnii/ consists in 
 sfri ngthening and fortifying places, named "iortilicalion. 
 ynrni nri-hiiictiite is that wliiih teaches the construction of 
 ships or vessels Hoating on the water, and is nameil ship- 
 building. 
 
 .A'R( HITF! AVE, {arhtrare) x. [from aiche the beginning, 
 Gr. and It'ilrg a l.icairi, Lat. J in arcliitectiire, the lowest niem- 
 Imt of the -nfabl'iture, which lies imipiediatel\ upon the 
 capital. In tiud)er-biiilding. it is stvlcdtho reason-piece, 
 «>r inastrrdieam. In chimiiii-s, the maiitle-pieie : and over 
 jambs of doors or windows, the hvperthvron. 
 
 A'RCHIVK.S. (Hrhivz)s. [archivn, Lut.] the places where- 
 in records or ancient manuscripts are preserved. Fignia- 
 tivelv, the records and maimscripts themselves. 
 
 A'UCnON, (rUlwn)t. [Gr.] in antiquity, the chief magis- 
 trate of Athem.. 
 60 
 
 ARCH-TRE'ASURER, s. formerly a great officer of tli« 
 
 German empire. 
 
 ARCHWISE, ad. in the shape or form of an arch. 
 
 A'RCTIC, a. [arlttilivs, Gr.] northern; lying under, or 
 near the no th star. Antic Circle, a lesser circle of the 
 sphere, parallel to the equinoctixl. and 66 deg. 32. niin. dis- 
 tant from i* towards the norln pole. Arctic Pole, the 
 northern pole of the world, both of the heavens and the 
 earth ; so named of Arctos, or Bear a<.luster or constella- 
 tion of stars near it. 
 
 ARCTU'RUS, s. in astronomy, one of the fixed stars in 
 the constellation of Boiito. It is mentioned in Job ix. 9. 
 It is above the horizon of London 15h. 50m. 52s. out of eveiy 
 23h..5Cm.4s. 
 
 A RCI'ATE, a. [arciiatiis, Lat.] bent in theform of an arch. 
 
 .•MJCUA^M()N, s. [from «n»(>, Lut.] the act of bending 
 any thing ; the state of being bent. In surgery, a bending 
 of the bones, which appears in the ease of iJie rickets: the 
 pnitulierance of the foreparts of the body, wills tiie liendiug 
 of the bones of thehternum. 
 
 A'RDENCY, s. applied to the affections, warmth ; ap- 
 plied to study, activity. 
 
 .ATiDENT, e. [iiidfiis, Lat.J applied to the qualities ef 
 bodv, hot, burning, infiaming ; applied to those of the mind, 
 fierce, veliemenl, vi(,lent, passionate, inflamed. 
 A'RDENTLY, ad. waimly, eageiiy, passionately. 
 
 A'RD(jL\SS, now a decayed, but once a principal town 
 of Down, in Ulster^ Here is a long range c.f buildings, ia 
 the castle style, called by the inhabitants, the New Works, 
 though they have no tradition of its design or use. Here 
 aie also the remains of several other castles, towers, ami 
 gates; and within tlic N. E. point of Ardglass harbour, is 
 a very curious natural cave, with a large entiancc on the 
 shore. It is 7 milts N. E. of Down Patrick. 
 
 .A'RDMEANAGH, a territory of Ross shire. 
 
 A'RDOR, «. [aidnr, Lat.] heat, applied to the quality of 
 bodv ; warmth, violence of afi'ection, applied to the mind. 
 
 A RDUOllS, a. [ardiiiig, Lat.] applied to wliat is both 
 lofty and difficult to ascend, f-'iguratively, something which 
 is both important, sublime, and difficult to comprehend. 
 
 ARE, the third person plural of the verb am, used when 
 we speak of two or mine persons. 
 
 A'RE.4,j. [Lat.] the surface contained between any lines 
 or limits. Any surface, such as the floor of a room, the va- 
 cant part or stage of an aniphitheatie. fn geometry, the 
 space contained within the lines bounding it, reckoned in 
 tile square part of any measure. 
 
 AREEA'CTION, s. [from arefiuio, Lat.] the act of making 
 dry, or the state of drying. 
 
 AREN.V'CEOUS, a. [areiiaceHs, Lat.] composed of sand; 
 sandv. 
 
 ARENATION, s. [from arena, Lat.] in medicine, a drv 
 bath, wherein the patient sits with his feet upon hot sand, 
 and lias it cast upon different parts of his body. 
 
 ARENO'SE, n. [iireiiosiis, Lat.] sandy or abounding with 
 sand. 
 
 ARE'NULOUS, a. [from onniefa, Lat.] consisting of small 
 sand . 
 
 ARE'OL\, .?. [Lat.] in anatomy, the coloured circle sur- 
 rounding the nipple. 
 
 AREO'PAGIJS, s. a soTcreign IriburKd at Athens, fiimong 
 for the justice and impartiality of its decrees, to which the 
 gods themselves are said to have submitted their<lifferences. 
 Anlliors are divided as toth<- reason and origin of this name ; 
 nor are they more agreed about the number of judges that 
 sat in it ; some reckon thirty on"", others iifly-one, and others 
 five liiiiidied. In short, their number seems not to have been 
 fixed, but to have been more or less in difi'erent jears. .'\t 
 first, this tribinial consisted only of nine persons, who had 
 a II discharged the office of archons, had acipiilted fhemselves 
 with honour in that trust, and li:id likewise given an accoinit 
 of their adiiiinistratioii befoie the Logistic, and undergone a 
 rigorous examination. Their salary was eipial, and pan! out 
 of the public treasury ; they had three vM\, that is, thife
 
 A RI 
 
 ARM 
 
 liaif oence for piicli cause. Tlie Areoj);i(;ites were juiltfcs 
 (iir liCo. Tliov al\v:iys s;it in jud^iiiicnt in tlic open air, ami 
 ill tlie night tiiiir, liial llvir iiiiii(!s iiiislil I)'- lli« iilinx' pic- 
 siMi; and ;il1i'iili\r, and liiat no objfcl of pily or aifisioii 
 iiii;;:lit Miakc aiiv iiiiprcssioii upon I Inni; anil all the plead iii;.'.s 
 lai'orc tlu'in were in (lie simple-.! and most nalicd terms. At 
 first, Ihev took <of;iiizaino ot'triminal eaiises only; Init in 
 course oi'fime tliiir jiirisdielioii became of great extent. 
 
 AKEO'TICS, s. [{'torn (u-uiutikus, larefj'ing, Gr.J inccliciiies 
 tliat open tlir oores. 
 
 AKE'QUIIW, a pop dons city of Pern, seated near a 
 dreadful volcano, ODO nines from Lima. 
 
 A'RGAL, or A'U(iOL, s. the hard lees sticking to tiie 
 sides of wine vessels, called Tartar. 
 
 AltOA'Ll, a species of sluep, which lives wild in Siberia. 
 
 A'lttiKNT, a. [from aigriiiiiiii, l.al.] that resembles silver ; 
 silvered. In heraldry, the while colour in tiie arms of 
 gentry, expressed by engravers by a total omission of lines 
 in a shield. 
 
 A'RGIL, .«. [aygilla, I.at.] the white cartii used by the 
 potters iu niakinj; their while ware. 
 
 ARGl LI.A'CEOUS, «. [nrgi/laceKs, Lat.J of tiie uatiiic 
 of poller's clay. 
 
 ARGl'UiOlJ.S, n. [argiUosns, Lat.] consisting of clay; of 
 the nature of clay. 
 
 A'RCiO, navis, or the sliip, in aslionoiny, a large constel- 
 lation iu the southern hemisphere. 
 
 A'RGOSY, *. [from Aigo, the name of Jason's shipl a 
 large vessel for merchandise. 
 
 To A'RCiUE, «. V. [ai-g-Ku, Lat.l to evince the truth or 
 falsehood of any thing by proofs. Figuratively, to persuade; 
 to bring reasons J'or or agumst ; to plead, to handle ; to 
 dobate, 
 
 A'RGUER. s. one who makes use of reason in order to 
 evince any truth, or raise conviction in the mind of another ; 
 areasoner; adispiiter. 
 
 A'RGUMJ'INT, s. [ar}^-nmentiim, I.at.] a reason brought 
 to prove or disprove any thing ; the subject of any dis- 
 course or writing ; a concise view of the heads of any dis- 
 course. Iu law, a cause ; debate ot suit ; a controversy. 
 In astronoiuv, an arch by which we seek another unknown 
 arch, proportional to the tiist. 
 
 ARGUM-E'Nl'AL, a. that is fiirmed upon the deductions 
 of reason ; beiouniui; to argument ; reasoning 
 
 ARGUMEN'l'A'TION, i-. the evincing the truth or false- 
 hood of any proposition by reasoning; the act or ett'ect of 
 reasonitig. 
 
 ARGUME'NTATIVE, «. consisting of argument, or the 
 deduction of reason; containing reasons. 
 
 ARGll'TE, a. fffr^HtK*, Lat.] witty, sharp, subtile. 
 
 AR{iY LE.SHJRE, or Inverary, a county of .Scotland, 
 bounded on Ihe N. by Inverness-shire, on the E. by the 
 counties of Perth and Dundjarton, on the S. and W. by the 
 Atlauljc ocean, by which it is broken into ishmds and 
 peninsulas, wiiJi bays and inlets which aH'ord good harbour 
 for shipping •, and the counl|-y is well watered with rivers 
 and lakes, wliieh yield abundance of tish. It is not quite 
 KtO miles lon;^, fiom the Mull of Canlvri- to its N. E. eMre- 
 mity ; its breadth is unequal, about ?M miles were greatest, 
 anti in some places 1 or 2. To tlie N. W. is a peninsula 
 detached from the rest of the country ; it contains llie 
 districts of Ardnamiirchan, Morven, Sunart, and Aidgowar ; 
 the two li:st remarkable for numerous veins fif lead, which, 
 however, are not verv productive. The peninsulas ofCautvre 
 and Corvall, are likewise very large. A great pait of the 
 counti7 abounds with rocks, frigiitful precipices, and stu- 
 pendous moimtaius, apparentlv piled one upon aiiolher; 
 vet even 111 the higb <.ioiinds, the soil, though little titled 
 lor cultivation, atl'ords excellent pasture. 
 
 AiU-A, s. [Ital.] in music, an air, a song, a tune, or a 
 lesson. 
 
 A'RIANS, s. in Church Ilislorv, a sect of ancient here- 
 tic* ''■'"> denied the three persons in the Trinity to be of the 
 sanic essence « '*'*<^ affirmed Christ to be a creature ; tbat he 
 
 was inferior to the Eather as lo his deity ; that he was ntt 
 tlier CO eternal nor coequal with him; also that the Holy 
 (jliost was not God, but acr' nhne ot the .Sun. Their l«ader 
 Anus, lived at the beginning of the fourth cciilury. 
 
 A'l'IANISM, s. the prim iples maintaiind by the Arians. 
 
 ARID, a. [iiridiis, Eiit.| dry, parched up, withered. 
 
 ARIDITY, s. [niiilHa.1, Lat.| a want of moisture, or 
 dryness. In divinity, a state of insensibility, or want of 
 ardency in de\'olion. 
 
 A UIE.S, i. [L;il.] in astronomy, a constellation of fixed 
 stars, llie first of Ihe twelve sijjns of the zodiac, which ihe 
 sun enters about the 21st of i\iai<li; hiero;,dyphically re- 
 luesciiled by llie ram, because it is then the leeaiing time 
 lor that kind of animal. 
 
 To ARI'ETATE, v. n. [arielo, Lat.] to butt ; or to attaek 
 with the head, like a ram. 
 
 ARIETAT'ION, i. [from «?-?>to, Lat.J the act of biittius 
 like a ram; the attacking with a battering ram 
 
 AKIE'n^A, s. [Ital.] in music, a short air, song, or tune. 
 
 ARIGHT, ufl. \iilit, Sax.] truly ; justly, or consistent 
 with law ; properly, or in such a manner as to attain th* 
 desired end. 
 
 ARIM.VNUIS, the evil deity of the Persians. 
 
 ARIOLA TION,«. [from hmwlns, Lat.] soothsaying. 
 
 ARIO'SO, s. [Ital.] the movement of a cominoii air, song, 
 or tune. 
 
 To ARl'SE, iftr'tze) V. n. [its pret. arose, ])art. ariscii] to 
 asicend ; to move upwards from the earth ; to get up as 
 from sleep ; to change the posture from sitting to standing ; 
 to come in view ; lo become \isible; to come out of the 
 grave ; lo How or proceed from. 
 
 ARlSTO'CR.\CY, «. [fioni aristos, best, /:iaico, tit govern, 
 Gr.] in politics, a form of gincrnnieut, wherein the supreme 
 power is lodged iu the nobility. 
 
 .'\RISTOCRA'TICAL, «. that partakes of aristocracy, 
 or includes agovernnieiil administered only by nobles. 
 
 ARlTHiMANCY, s. [from antluiws, a number, and man- 
 ttiii, divyiation, Gr.] a sort of divination, of forctelhng things 
 by numbers. 
 
 ARITHMETIC, s. [from arithmns, number, and metven, 
 to measure, Cir.] llie science of numbers; the art ofco.inpn- 
 tation. The fiiiidaniental vule.s or operations of ai ithiiitlic, 
 are four, namely, addition, substiaclion, multiplication, anct 
 division; the piaitise of which is given under their respec- 
 tive heads. Rcsicies which, there arc other rules cwwtrivcd 
 for the facililating computations of all kinds; as will be 
 seen in the course of this \\<nk. 
 
 ARITHMETICAL, u. that is performed by numbers, o* 
 agreeable to some rule in arithmetic. 
 
 ARITHMETICALLY, n<L according to the rules of 
 arilhuiflic ; in an arithmetical manner. 
 
 ARITHMETICIAN, i. a master of the art of uumneis. 
 
 ARK, s. [fiomniTa, Lat. a chest] a chest, or cofler; ap- 
 plied in scripture to the vehicle in which Moses was ex- 
 posed to the Nile ; the chest wherein the two tables of the 
 covenant, the pot of manna, and Aaron's rod, Avere kept ; 
 bill more particularly the vessel built liv Noah, lo preserve 
 himself, family, and the whole race of terrcatrial and aerial 
 animals, from the flood. 
 
 A'RKLOW, a neat niaiket town, and sea-port of the 
 county of Wicklow, in Ireland, with a luirbonr for small 
 vessels. It is 13 miles S. of Wicklow, and 26 of Dublin. 
 
 ARLES, a large, handsome and ancient city, in the 
 depf. of the moullis of the Rhone. The a'ljaeent country 
 is vei-y pleasant, and produces good wine, nianna, oil, fruits, 
 and vermilion, and the air is exceilent, yet the city is not 
 populous. Constantine, the Roman emperor, look jjreat 
 delight in this place, and made it the seal of the pinpne iu 
 G:uil ; and here are some remains of their anli»iiiilies, of 
 which the amphitheatre and obelisk are most rciKiiil.able. 
 It is seated on the Rhone, 12 miles S. E. of Nisnies, ;5.'> N. 
 \\ . of Marseilles, and 430 S. bv E. of Paris. Lat. 43. 41. N- 
 lon.4. 43. E. 
 
 ARM, «. \carm. Sax.] a limb of the human body, reachiii' 
 
 61
 
 ARM 
 
 ARR 
 
 fynm tin s!i»nkler to tlie hand. Anatomists ilividp the arm 
 into Avo parts, calliii'; only that part the arm whicli is in- 
 cludtd between the sliouhler aiitl the t-lbovv; the rest, frotn 
 tile elbow to tlie wrist, being taken into tlie greater hand, 
 is called tlie forearm. The arm, in this acceptation, has 
 only one large bone, called tlie os Immn-i, or the shoulder- 
 bone. 'I'he other part consists of two bones, namely, the 
 radius and cubitus, or ulna. In geo;;rapliy, it denotes a brancli 
 of the sea, or a river. It is also figuratively used (or power ; 
 «.?, tlie secular arm. Likewise, for a large branch or bough 
 of a tree. 
 
 To ARM, r. a. fcrrwu, Lat.] to furnish with weapons; to 
 cap, case, or cover with metal, applied to the loadstone, or 
 the shoes of a horse. 
 
 To ARM, V. n. to take arms; to be provided against any 
 attack, either of au enemy, or casualty. 
 
 AIliNIA'DA, s. [Spaii.J a fleet of men of war,' applied by 
 vay of eminence to that great one fitted out by the Sjci- 
 niards, with an intention to conquer this island, in 1588. 
 
 ARMADI'LLO, a South American quadruped, whicli is 
 rovercd with a hard shell, and rolls itself up « hen attacked. 
 They are accounted very delicate food. 
 
 A'RM.AGH, acounty of Ireland, in the province of Ulster, 
 which is fertile, well cultivated, and has nlioul 120,000 inha- 
 bitants Mho carry on a good trade in linen. Its county 
 town of the same name, is the see of an archbishop, who is 
 priniijte of Ireland. 
 
 A'RMAMENT, «. [unnnmentmn, Lat.] any place wherein 
 arras are placed : jjreat provisions of militai-y "store*. Figu- 
 ratively, au army, but most commonly applied to a fleet of 
 ni'ii of war. 
 
 ARM AN, s. a coufection for restoring appetite to horses. 
 
 A'RM.'VTURE, J. [nrwo^rjrt, Lat.] a military dress to de- 
 fend the body from the attack of an enemy iii battle ; any 
 Imiig to defend the body from external injuries. 
 
 .-\'RMED, a. in heraldry, applied to beasts and birds of 
 prey, wheu their teeth, horns, feet, beak, tahms, or tusks, 
 &c. are ofa different colour. 
 
 ARMENIA, a large country of Asia, bounded on the W. 
 by the river Euphrates, on the S. by Diarbeker, Curdislan, 
 and .'Vdirbijan, on the E. by Shirvan, and oii the N. by 
 Georgia. It was once governed by its own kings: but the 
 Turks and Persians at present possess it bet«<iii I hem. 
 'i'he ii.ili.ibitants are iiukIi attached ti.> commerce, vnid un- 
 dertake long journeys to carry it on. They piofe>s Clirisli 
 auily, but are charged with being Eul\cliians. They iiave 
 patriarchs^ archbishops, bishops doctors, preachers, and 
 monks. Erzeruin is the capital. 
 
 AR.VIENIAN, fBni.K) s. a fatly medicinal kind of earth, 
 ofa pale reddish colour, wiiicli takes it name from liie coun- 
 try of .A.rmriua. 
 
 '.\l'vME'NIA\, CStonf.) s. a mineral stone or earth of a 
 blue colour, spotted with grcin, black, and yellow; an- 
 tiently brought oiilv from Ainienia, but now found in Ger- 
 manv and theTvrol. 
 
 A'RMIIOLE, or A'R.MPIT,,9. the cavilv under the shoul- 
 der. 
 
 A'RMIGER, .1. [Lat.] an esquire ; one that bears arms. 
 
 ARMl'LLARY, «. [Intm nrmilla, Lat.] sonietliiiig that is 
 circular, in allusion to the surrounding of a bracelet. Ar- 
 Kiilluri/ sithirr, is composed of several brass circles, which 
 represent those of tl'* horizon, meridian, ecliptic, iVc. 
 drawn on the globe. 
 
 A'RMIN(iS, v. I plural] in a ship, ari' while iir red cloths 
 liuug fore and aft on the outside ofa ship; those on the lops 
 are named Inji-ni>iu7iu;t. 
 
 ARMITsIANS, l.roin Arminiii.i] the followers of .Armi- 
 nius, a famous minister at Amsterdam; who, in the lf!lh 
 eenliiry, separated from the calvinists, holduig that piedes- 
 tiiialiou was not absolute, but <onrlitioii;d ; that Christ Iras 
 not only redrrmed all, but that there is an universal grace 
 jflveii iiiall mankiiifl ; that gr.M-e is no! an irresistible prin- 
 ciple ; that man \, a free agent, always at liberty to obey 
 all the motions of the IloK (iliost, or iesistlhem ; that witn 
 
 respect to perseverance, a man may, after justification fall 
 into new erniies. 
 
 ARMIPOTENCE, jt. [anna and potentia, Lat.] power, or 
 powerfuhiess in war. 
 
 ARMl'POTENT, a. {armipotent, Lat.] powerful, or Strong 
 in the field, inarms, or at war. 
 
 ATiMISTICE, s. [armistitium, Lat.] a short truce or cessa- 
 tion from arms for a short time. 
 
 A'RMLET, s. a small aiin of the sea. Figuratively, a 
 Lracelet, or some ornament worn on the arm. 
 
 ARMO'NIAC, s. [erroneously so written from Ammo- 
 uiacj See Ammoniac 
 
 ARMO'NICA, s. an instrument of music constructed with 
 drinkiiig-glasses ; inveKied Ity the late Dr. Franklin. 
 
 ARMtnUAL, n. [ojmor/rt/.Fr.] that beliuiijs to the coat 
 or escutcheon ofa family. 
 
 A'RMOrtl.sT, *. a person skilled in heraldry. 
 
 ARMOUR, s. [uvmure, Fr.] a cover for the body, to de- 
 feud it from the instruments of war, like aliarness. 
 
 ARMOUR-BEARER, s. he that carries tlie arms of ano- 
 'her. 
 
 A RMOUREll, s. \ar:.;o:-ier, Fr.] one who makes, forges, 
 or sells armour; one who dresses another in armour. 
 
 A'liMOURY, .«. [«r)noire, Fr.J a place where arms are 
 kept. Figuratively, arms. 
 
 ARMS, s. not used in the singular ; {arma, Lat.j all kinds 
 of weapons, whether offensive or defensive. Figuialively, 
 a state of hosiility between two nations : war. In heraldry, 
 the badges of distinction, escutcheons, or other inarks of 
 hono-ir, given by sovereigns, and boi he on banners, shields, 
 or coa's. 
 
 A'RMY, s. [oimtc, Fr.] a collection of men armed, com- 
 maiided by tlieir propr;r ofhceis. Figuratively, a great 
 num ber. 
 
 A RN EE', ,v. an Indian animal of the ox kind, reported to 
 have ven large horns. 
 
 ARO'.\l.-\, 111 chemistry, the odour which arises from cer- 
 tain vegi t;ii)les, (a their uit'u^ious. 
 
 AI!<.)^iA"riC, or AROiUATlCAL, o.[fioin aroma, Lat] 
 spiev ; liagiuiit; strong-scented, or smelluig like spices. 
 
 AI'iOMATICS, s. [not used in the singular] spices, or 
 any stroug-scentt.d, fragrant, or high-tasted body. 
 
 To .AROM A'l VZE, V. a. [from arnmu, Lat. J to mix or scent 
 with sjiices. Figuratively, to make any tluug agreeable, 
 vliieli in its own luituie woiilil be loathsome. 
 
 -MJOU'ND, ad. \u la ronde, Fr.] in a circle : m a circular 
 manner ; on all sides. Used as a preposition, encircling ; 
 encompassing; round about 
 
 To .■'[HOU'SE, {ninii:e) v. a. [arisen, Sax.] to wake from 
 sleep ; to e\( ilc an indolent person to action ; to raise up 
 to sliu'ulale. 
 
 AIU'E(i(iIO, 4. [Ital.] in music, the making the notes 
 of a chord to be heard distinctly oii« after another, by a 
 purling nr lolling of the hand on stringed instruments, be- 
 ginning at the lowest note, and rising gradually upwards. 
 
 A Rri'.NT, ,«. an acre or furlong ol ground. The arpent 
 of Fraiu e is 100 perches souare, but some account it but 
 half an acre. 
 
 A'RQIEBU^E, .5. a large hand gun, somewhat bigger than 
 our musket and calleil by some a laiiver. 
 
 A'R(JUE1UIS1EU, f. one who carries, or makes use of, 
 an arqni busp. 
 
 A'RRACH, O'RRACH, or ORR AGE, s. one of the 
 quickest plants both in giouingaud running to seed. Its 
 leaves are veiT good in pottaje. 
 
 AltKACK,'*. ,See Akac. 
 
 .ARUA(i<)N, a province in the N. of Spain. The air is 
 pure and wholesome, and the eountry near the river is fer- 
 tile in corn, wine, Hax, and fn ■! ; but in general, it is dry, 
 sandv, mountainous, an<l stoiiy. It prodiues saffron, and 
 there are iniur* ot'salt. Sarago^sa is the capital. 
 
 To .AIlHAICiN, (ff»(v/'ii) V. a [iirxiif^i-r, \x.\ in law, to 
 set a thing m order, or fit it for a trial. Apidied to writing, 
 to indict ; to accuse ; to charge with crimes.
 
 ARK 
 
 ART 
 
 ARRAI'GNMENT, (nrrnUvicnt) s. tlie act of trying a 
 person ii|i()ii aiiiri(lictniciit, ar;iiis;ttion, or cliargo. 
 
 A HR AN, a rocky ami mountninoiis islaiid of Scotland, 
 in the Frith of ('lyilc, to the S\V. of llic islam! of Bute ; 
 ai)out 23 miles long, and l'2l>road. It abounds with cattle, 
 nheep, K"'*'^' '""^ fowl, and agricidtnre here is somewhat 
 advancinjf. The streams are stored with fish, especially 
 salmon. The climate is cold, but iieallhfid ; and nivalids 
 annually resort thither to drink the whey of goat's milk. 
 Among the rocks are found inMi ore, spar, and a great va- 
 riety of beautiful pebbles, susceptible of polish. Oil the 
 i-oast are many spacious and wonclerfid caverns, which used 
 to afford shelter to smugglers ; one of these occasionally 
 selves the inhabitants to hold a religions meeting in. They 
 were once the retreats, perhaps the habitations of ancient 
 heroes. Tradition, in these parts, still preserves the me- 
 mory ofFihgal ; and Robert Bruce took refuge in this is- 
 land in the times of his greatest distress. Lat. 65. 40. N. 
 Ion. 5. 10. W. 
 
 To AURA'NCiE, v. «. [nn-nngn; Fr.] to dispose or put 
 in order, including the secondary idea of art or skill. 
 
 ARRA'NCiEMMNT, s. the act of put ting or placing things 
 into order, including the idea of skill or Judgment. 
 
 A'RRANT, rt. [p;ra«/, Fr.] n()torious, mfanioiis. 
 
 A'RRANTLY, ad. in a notorious, infamous, or shameful 
 manner. 
 
 ARRAS, the richest sort of tapestiy, so called from Ar- 
 ras, formerly the capital of Artois, a province in the Ne- 
 therlands. 
 
 ARRA'Y, s. the order in vhich an army is drawn up to 
 give battle; dress, or external ornaments. 
 
 To ARRA'Y, II. n. [ai-roi/er, Fr.] in military allairs, to 
 place an army in proper order to engage. To deck, em- 
 bellish, (U' adorn with dress. 
 
 A I'.R(\'YE1!S, J. officers that liad the care of soldiers, and 
 saw that they were properly accoutred. 
 
 ARRE'.\R, (arreii-) s. [arrin-e, Fr.] that wlncn remains 
 unpaid. Applied to rent, it signifies that whicii has been 
 iU\e some time, and i-s not discharged. 
 
 ARRE'ST, s. [from arrester, Fr.] in law, the seizing or 
 apprehending a man, thereby depriving him of his liberty 
 by legal process, either for debt or any offence against the 
 law ; a stopping or restraint from proceeding in hii under- 
 taking. In horsemanship, &c. a niangey humour between 
 llie ham and pastern of the hinder legs of a liors^e. 
 
 To ARREST,!', a. [arrester, Fr.] to apprehend bv virtue 
 of a writ from a court of justice; lo seize any tiling by 
 law ; to seize upon ; to stop, withhold, or bind ; to stop a 
 body in motion. 
 
 ARRET, s. [Fr.] the decision of a 9overeio;n comf, or 
 court of judicature ; resembling our act of parliament. 
 
 ARRIE'RE-FIEF, .?. [Fr.] a fief dependent on another. 
 
 AliRI'VAL, s. the coming to any place, either by sea or 
 land. Figuratively, the attainment of any design. 
 
 ARRI A" ANCE, ». company expected to come. 
 
 To ARIirVE, 1'. n.[arriver, Fr.] to come to any place 
 l)V water or land. Figurativelv, to attain or come to. 
 
 AT.ROGANCE, or A'RROGANCY, s. [anogantia, I^t.J 
 Jlie assuming or claiming to one's self more honour or me- 
 rit than is our due. 
 
 A'RROG ANT, «. [arro^-ans, Lat.] seJf-coHceited, haughty. 
 
 ARROGANTLY', ad. in an arrogant, sclf-conceiled, or 
 baughtv manner. 
 
 To A'RROGATE, v. a. [arrogo, Lat.] to lay t-Iaim lo a 
 tiling or ipiality which does not belong to us. 
 
 ARROW, s. [iireire. Sax.] a slender piece of round 
 wo>>(l, poiiiteil, barbed, and shot out of a bow ; distinguish- 
 »d {mmiilurl, because that was thrown by the hand. Ar- 
 rinv-head, is the sharp point of an arrow, which was usually 
 armed with steel. Arrow-shaped, in botany, like the head of 
 an nrrow. 
 
 '\i{RO\VHEAD, s. a water plant, so called from the re- 
 tt!nhli.ic*; of its Icav's to the head :-if ^ i i»rror>v. 
 
 ARSE,*. [car*f, .Sax.] the buttocks or liiod part of an 
 animal. 
 
 .A'RSEN.AL, s. iarsenale, Lat.] a royal or pubfie maga- 
 zine ; or place wherein all warlike stores arc kejjt or. forged. 
 
 ARSE'NI.\TE-, a salt formed by the combination of any 
 base with the acid of arsenic. 
 
 ARSE'NIATED, a. <<)mbined with the acid of arsenic. 
 
 A'R^ENIC, s. [arsemhnn, fir.] a n^ctallic substance wliirb 
 givf-s whiteness to metals by infusion, but destroys then 
 malleability. It is excee<lingly corrosive, and a very stroii<f 
 poison, if is principally imported from Saxony. 
 
 ARS£'N1CAL,«. consisting, or ha\ nig the propetties of 
 arsenic. 
 
 ARSETSIIOUS, belonging to arsenic. 
 
 A'RSESMART, s. a plant, called also lakcwe.erf, -and 
 water-pepper. 
 
 A'RSON, .«. in law, the malicious or wilful burning of the 
 house of another man : if is felony at common hnv. 
 
 ART, s. {art, Fr. urs, Lat.] an abstract or metaphysical 
 term, implying a collection of certain rules from observation 
 and experience, by wiiicli any thing may be performc-«1, or 
 any end obtained ; distiu^uislicd Irom science by its object. 
 If the object be attained by the application of rule-s, br're- 
 quire practice, then it is an art ; but if coiiteinplated only 
 with respect to its different appearances, the collection of 
 observations relative thereto is a scieuce. A trade ; cun- 
 ning ; artfulness; speculation. We have likewise the divi- 
 sion of arts into liberal and mc, banic. The ttheral aiis are 
 those which consist in the apj.lication or exercise of the 
 mind ; the mechanic, those which coHsist in the exercise of 
 the bodv, or hand, and make use of machines to attain 
 their encls. 
 
 ARTE'RIAL, a. that belongs to, or is contained in, an 
 artery. 
 
 ARTERIOTOMY, s. [from arteria an artery, «nd temm 
 to cut, Gr.] in surgery, the opening an artery with a laiicet 
 in order to draw blood. It is a very dangerous operation, 
 and seldom performed. 
 
 A'RTERY, «. [arteria, hat. \ in anatomy, a meinoraueous, 
 elastic, conical tube, internally iiuooth, without valves, 
 whicli decreases in its dimension in proportion to the num- 
 ber of its branches, destined to receive the blood from tiie 
 heart, and distribute it lo the liaigs and other parts of the 
 body; tfiat which has its origin trom the right ventricle of 
 the lieart is called the pulmonary artery, and that which 
 rises from the left, the aorta. 
 
 A'RTFUL, a. performed according to the lulesof ait, 
 including the idea of skill, judgmei-.t, or « isdom. 
 
 ARTFULLY, ad. in sucn a manner as sliews a deal of 
 cunning or skill. 
 
 ARTFULNESS, i. the qualitv of performing any thing 
 with skill, or the attaining an end bv cunning. 
 
 ARTHRITIC, or ARTHRITICAL, a. [Gr.] gouty, or 
 occasioned bv the gout ; that has something like .joints. 
 
 ARTHRITIS, s. [Gr.] in physic, a disease which affects 
 the joints ; the gout. 
 
 ARTHUR, king of the Britons, according to Rapm, was 
 born in Cornwall, 452, or 45.3 ; mounted the throne of 
 Danmonium, 467, after his father (lorlous, at 15 years of 
 age ; was created Tpatrician by Ambrosius, 476 ; elected 
 monarch of Britain, 508 ; assumed the imperial purple, 528 ; 
 and was mortally wounded in a battle, 542 ; during whicli 
 Modred and lie happening to meet, rushed upon one aniv 
 therso furiously, that nothing tmt death could part them. 
 Modred was slain on the spot, and Arthur, mortally wound- 
 ed, was carried to Glastonbury, where lie died aged 80 
 years, 70 of which he spent in "tlie exercise of arms ; for 
 though he had reigned about 34 years, yet before be caiue 
 ♦o the crown he had long commanded the British armiej 
 under Ambrosius. Arthur was undoulitedly a great gene- 
 ral. It is a pity his actions have served for a foundation to 
 numberless fables, lliougli woitliy of being recorded by thif- 
 greatest aiid iHost abU pew. He ii^aid to have iiisiihitcil 
 
 5»
 
 ART 
 
 ASB 
 
 file order of tlie knifjjits of the round table, so ftimous in 
 romances. Some creditable historians assert, that kin" 
 Henry the II. bemgiil Pembroke, and hearing a Welsh oard 
 singing to his harp the storv of Arthur, concludinjf with his 
 death and burial in the cliurch-yard of Glastonbury, be- 
 tween two pyramids; the king ordered inquin to be made, 
 and the body dug up ; at the depth of 7 feet a {j;reat stone 
 was found, on which was fixed a leaden cross, with this in- 
 scription on the inside : ' Hie jacet sepiiltus iiicrytus rex 
 Arturius in insula Avolonia :' i. o. ' Here lielh the famous 
 king Arthur, buried in the isle of A\alon.' Digging lower, 
 they found the king's body in the trunk of a tree, his beauti- 
 ful queen lying by him, with long Houing linir, in colour 
 bright as gold, which, however, s'unk into dust \ilieii touched. 
 The king's bones were very large, and 10 wounds, at least, in 
 his skull, all cicatrized, except that of which he is supposed 
 to have died. This was discovered, 1189, according to 
 Giraldus Cambrensis, who says he saw and examined llieiii : 
 Camden's liritan. tit. Somersetshire. 
 
 ARTICHOKE, *. a plant much like the thistle, but w ilh 
 large scaly heads, shaped like the cone of a pine tree. The 
 Jerusalem artichoke is an agreably tasted root, now little 
 cultivated. 
 
 ARTICLE, s. [articidiis, Lat.J in English there are but 
 two articles, a and the ; a becomes an before a vo\wl, y and w 
 excepted, or a silent h. A is used in a vague sense to point 
 out one single thing of the kind, in other respects indeter- 
 minate ; Redetermines what particular thing is meant. A 
 substantive without any article to limit it, is taken in ils 
 widest sense ; thus man means all mankind. .4 mun means 
 some one or other of that kind, indi'finitely ; the man means 
 definitely, that particular man who is spoken of: the former 
 therefore is called the Indefinite, the latter tlie Definite 
 Article. It is the nature of both the articles todetermine or 
 limit the thing spoken of: « determines it to be one single 
 thing of the kind, leaving it still uncertain which ; the de- 
 termineswhich it is, or, if many, which they are. The first 
 therefore can only be joined to substantives in the singular 
 number; the last may be also joined to plurals. There is a 
 remarkable exception in this rule in the use of the adjectives 
 fetvand tnam/, (the latter chiefly with the word great before 
 it,) whicii, tliough joined with plural substantives, yet admit 
 of the singular article a : as, a few men, a g:.reat many men ,- 
 the reason of it is manifest from the effect which the article 
 has in these phrases ; it means a small or great number col- 
 lectively taken; and therefore gives the idea of a Whole, 
 that is, of Unity. Tlius likewise a hundred, a thmismnl, is 
 one w hole number, an aggregate of many collectively taken ; 
 and therefore still retains the article a, though Joined as an 
 adie<tive to a iiUiral substantive : as, a hundred years. The 
 definite article the is sometimes applied to adverbs in the 
 comparative and superlative degree, and its eflect is to mark 
 the degree the more strongly, and to define it the more pre- 
 cisely : as, " Tiie wore I examine it, the better I like it. I 
 like this the least of any." In commerce, a single transac- 
 tion, thing, or parcel, in an account. 
 
 A'RTICLE-S of the established church, are 39 proposi- 
 tions, of whicli all clergymen are required to profess their 
 belief. 
 
 To A'RTICLE, »>. n. to make conditions or terms ; to 
 stipulate : to bind or oblige a person to serve another under 
 certain conditions. 
 
 'VRTiCULAR, a. [articnhiris, Lat.] ill physic, relating to 
 a disease which afl'ects the joints. 
 
 .ARTICULATE, a. [frnm artiealns, L;it.] in its primary 
 sense, applieil to bodirsnhit hare joiiu'd logetlirr, and may 
 be bent without being pulled asunder. Applied to the voice, 
 it implies, that its sounds ari' distinct and varied, but con- 
 nected t'lt^llier so as to form words. 
 
 fo ARITCULATE, v. a. \artuuUr, Fr.] to pronounce 
 syllables or wtirds in adistiiict manner. 
 
 ARTI'CUL.A'I'ELY, nd. m such a manner as to pronounce 
 }lie svllablesof «(nils distinctly. 
 
 AKTICUL.A'TION, s. in anatomy, the juiicture of twr 
 ^\ 
 
 bones in such a nianm^r, that they may be bent without he- 
 ing pulled asunder. Applied to the voice, the modulations 
 and variations of the voice, which are so connccleil as to 
 form s\ liables or words. 
 
 A'llTlFlCE, «. [artifice, Fr.] an indirect metiiod of attain- 
 ing one's end; a pretence, stratagem, or fraud. Synon. 
 C«»»«'ho- is employed in using means ; ^'iifise insinuates in- 
 sensibly, and must be accompanied by penetr.ition ; devict 
 surprises, and gives satisfaction ; artifice generally makes use 
 of studied dissimulation; a trick is commonly looked on as 
 a fraiifl ; and a stratagem is oftener illicit than otherwise. 
 
 ARTl TICER, jr. a person employed in works of art, or 
 to manufacture any commodity. 
 
 ARTIFTCIAL, a. [artijiciel, Fr.] applied to something 
 made by art, in opposition to the productions of nature; 
 counterfeit. Artijiciul lines, are those which are dra«i! upon 
 a sector, or scale, to represent lines and tangents. Artificial 
 numbers, are the same w ith logarithms. 
 
 ARTIFrCI.'VLLY, ad. in an artful, cunning, crafty, or 
 skilful manner. 
 
 ARTILLERY, s. a plural noun, [artillerie, Fr.] the heavy 
 engines of war, such as cannons, bombs, &c. 
 
 ARTISA'N, {artisan) s. [Fr.] properly applied to those 
 professors of trades which require the least exercise of the 
 understanding; a low mechanic, manufacturer, or trades- 
 man. 
 
 A'RTI.ST, s. [artiste, Fr.l one who excels in those arts 
 whicli require good natural parts ; or one who understands 
 both the theory and the practice of the art which he pro- 
 fesses. 
 
 A'RTLESS, a. without art, desi«;n, craft, or cunning. 
 
 A'RTLESSLY, ad. in a simple, innocent, and undesigning 
 manner. 
 
 ARUNDEL, a town in Sussex, with the title of an earl- 
 dom ; it has a good market on Wednesday, and a small one 
 on Saturday. It is seated on the side of a liiU on the river 
 Arun, (over which it has a wooden bridge,) where small ships 
 may ride. The ancient castle is seatedon the summit of the 
 hill, and is said to be a mile in compass. It is eight miles 
 E. of Chichester, and 63 S. W. by S. of Loudon ; governed 
 by a mayor and burgesses, and sends two members to par- 
 liament ; it has two streets paved with stones. 
 
 .ARU'SPICES, i. an order of priesthood among the old 
 Romans ; soothsayers, who pretended to foretel things to 
 come, by inspecting the entrails of beasts. 
 
 AS, conjanrt. [als, Tent.] referring to an action or time 
 past, in the same maimer; when it answers so or snch, \\ is 
 used for thai. " So uncertain, as they require a great deal 
 of examination." Bac. In a particular respect ; as far as a 
 particular relation extends; like, or of the same kind. By 
 an ellipsis, for«*- )/. Referring to the present time, it implies 
 something done, during that particular action, at the same 
 time. " Whistled us he went." Dryd. According to, oi 
 in what manner. " As they please." Boyle. Answering to, 
 lihe, or same, it is used as a relative, and implies which. 
 "The same crime «« he committed." \Micr. Bt tlie begin- 
 ning of two sentences immediately following each other, it 
 denotes a likeue.ss or comparison between tliem. Answer- 
 ing. va, it implies condition, or in the same manner. " Some 
 peculiaritv «.«■«'('// «4'/((,s'y«cf." Loche. 
 
 ASAFOETlDA,or ASSAFOE'TIIiA, s. a very stinking 
 gum, whicli aecoriling to Kempfer, is drawn from a root of 
 an nnibelliferous plant, which grows in the province of Cha- 
 rasaii in Persia. It has large thick roots, with few fibres, 
 lihuk wilhoiil, and full of white feetid juice ; a medicine in 
 all lit rvouM ( ompkuits. 
 
 A SAl'H, S r. a small city of Flintshire, in North Wales, 
 seated on Ilie river Elwayj where it unites with the river 
 Clw\d, and over both there i- a bridge. It scariely contains 
 50 houses, and isof note only for its ealhedial. It hasasmall 
 market on Saturday. It is'il miles W. N. W. of Chester; 
 and '311 \. W. of London. 
 
 ASBESTINE, n. I from wlcf^muwi, Lat] that cannot be 
 destroyed by fire.
 
 AS(; 
 
 AS I 
 
 ASBRSTOS, t. IGr.] ;i sort of nativi' fossil stone, wliicli 
 m;iv l)t' split iuto llircads :iiiil (ilainciits, tVom one to fin 
 iiK'ljcjiM k'Utjtli, viiy fine, iMittli', ytt s()iin\\li;il li;i<fiil)l<; ; 
 it Imii •li*; wonderful pioperfy of renuiinin^' unionsunied in 
 the iiif, ufiiih onlV w liitens it It was made h\ ihc ancients 
 into a clofh, ifi wljicfi tliey wrapped the Ijodies of tlieir 
 dead-, wli') were fo be Durned, that they might tlie better 
 collect the ashe%. 
 
 ASC\'RIDES s. [Cr.] a slender sort of worm, found fre- 
 (jiieully iu the iniestines of chilYlrcn. 
 
 To ASCE'ND, i.r.. [atceiuid, feat.] to rise upwards from 
 the earth. Figuratively, to advance from any decree of 
 knovvledjje to auother. In Keuealogy, to trace a pedijiree 
 backwards towards its tirst founders. 
 
 AS1CF;NI)\BLI:, «. that may be ascended. 
 
 .ASCIVNDANT, *. [asceiidatu, Fr.] iu morality, superiority 
 or influence, whereby one man or thins; unreasonably 
 biasses or tirannizes over another. Figuratively, the great- 
 est hei;fht or perfection. In genealogy, ancestors, or those 
 nearest the root of a pedigree. In an astrological sense, 
 that part of the ecliptic at any particular time above the 
 horizon. 
 
 ASCE'NDENCY, t. a bias; an undue influence or supe- 
 riority. 
 
 ASCETiyDTNG, part, [ascemleiu, Lat.] going upwards 
 from the earth. In astronomy, an epithet given to those 
 decrees or stars which are above the horizon. The ascetid- 
 »!(?■ iio'lc of a planet is a point of its orbit intersecting the 
 eciiiotic ; so called, because the planet ascends above it in 
 its motion towards the north. 
 
 ASCE'NSION, s. [ascemio, Lat.] a motion upwards. As- 
 coiiiiin, in astiouoniy, is either rif^lu or oblirjue. Right 
 ascension of the sun, moon, or star, is that point of the 
 cquMHictial, counted from the begirtni-ng of Aries, which 
 rises with it in a rigur sphere. Oblique ascension, is an arch 
 of the equator, intercepted between the first point of A lies 
 and that point of the equator which rises together with the 
 ceie>.tial liodv in an oblique sphere. The diflerence between 
 ng/iiaiid ohliipte ascemion is what the astronomers mean by 
 asccHsiunnl difference. Ascension-ilny, the (lay on whicli the 
 ascension of ourS«viour iscommemorated, commonly called 
 Holy Tliuvsdav, the Thursday hut one before Whitsuntide. 
 
 ASCE'NSIVE, n. [from ascendo, Lat.] that \i in motion 
 upwards; that is in a rising state. Obsolete. 
 
 .ASCFj'NT, J. \nscensiis, Lut.] motion upwards ; the place 
 hv which an eminence may oe ciimbed. Figuratively, a 
 high place or eminvnce. In physics, the ascmt of fluids is 
 tiieir rising above the level of their own surfaces, cS.c. In 
 logic, a kind of argument, wherein we lise from particulars 
 to universals. 
 
 To \SCE'RT.MN, v. a. [asecrtencr, Fr.] to determine the 
 3lgnific:jtioM of am word ; to take away all doubt. 
 
 ASCERTA'INER, s. one who limits or determines the 
 si*Hific;jtion of a doubtful expression. 
 
 ASrEr.TMNIHENT, *■. tht> determining the signification 
 of a doubtful expression ; a settled rule or standard. 
 
 ASCETIC, n. [fiom asheo, to exercise, Gr.] employed 
 only in exercisfs of devotion and mortification. 
 
 ASCE'TIC, s. [from aslieo, to exercise, Gr.] one who 
 practices a greater degree of austerity and mortiiication 
 than others. 
 
 A'SCII, s. [froJB a not, and shia, n shadow, Gr.] in geo- 
 graphv, those inhabitants of the torrid zone who have no 
 shadow once ov twice a year, because the sun is then 
 vertical, y slnnf?s perpendicularly on their beads. 
 
 ASCITES, «. rfit)iii askvs, a bottle, Gr.l in medicine, a 
 kind of dropsy, which principally aft'ects llie abdomen, or 
 lower iiellv, and is remedied liy tapping. 
 
 ASCITIC, a. [from ashites, Cir.] caused by an ascites ; 
 dropsical, or f-esenihling an ascites. 
 
 ASCITlTlOrS, (iissitis/iions) a. [ascititioHS, Lat.] that is 
 counterfeit if spurious. 
 
 To ASCRI'RR, r. n. \asci-il>o, Lat.] to deduce "from as a 
 eaijse ; to attribute to ; to imp ate. 
 
 AS.CR1TTION', s. [laai/iilo, Lat.] the ai t of asc.liii.g 
 
 ASll*, s. [asc, Sax.] in boiiaiiy, ihc fraxmus. It has pin- 
 nated leaves ending in a lobe. Its male, tlowrrs have ii<> 
 petals ; and the germen las one seed like a bird s tongue. 
 
 ASH.\'MED, n. conscious ofhaving done something whicli 
 a person may find fault with. 
 
 A'SHBOOltNE, a town iu Derbyshire ; with a market on 
 Saturday. Distant XS'J miles from London. 
 
 A'SIIBL'KTON, a town in Devonshire, oik ef the four 
 Slannery Towns, seated among the hiUs, whew the mines 
 of tin and cop|>er are. If c irries ou a considerable trade in 
 wool, yarn, and serges, and stands near the "iver DoiI- 19 
 miles .^. W. of Exeter, and 192 W. by S. of London. Mar- 
 ket on Tuesday and Saturday, the former for. wool, Av. tlie 
 latter for provisions. It sends two members to parliawKnt. 
 
 A'SHBY DELA-ZOUCILa populous town in Leicester- 
 shire, with a considerable manufactory of stockings and 
 hats. It is t.'J miles S. of Derby, and U5 N. N. \V. of Lou, 
 don. RIarket on Satordav. 
 
 A'SHEN, II. made of asli, or ash-wood. 
 
 A'SIIES, s. has no singular, [iisca. Sax.] that substance 
 which bodies are reduced to by liurning. 
 
 A'SHFORD, a town in Ken^ which has a market ou 
 Satuidav. It is .54 miles from London. 
 
 ASHLAR, s. in masonry, free-stones as tliev epine out of 
 the((uarrv, of different leii|;ths, breadths, and thickness. 
 
 ASIILEERING, s. in iMiilding, quartering, in garrets, 
 about two feet and a half or thire feet high from the floor, 
 and reaching to the under side ol'lhc rafters. 
 
 A'SHORE,nrf. to the shore, on land, or to the land. 
 
 ASH-W EDNESDAY, s. the first day of Lent, when, in 
 the primitive church, notorious sinners we;e put to open 
 penance, thus : 'Fliey appeared at the church door- bare- 
 footed, and clothed in sackcloth, where being examined, 
 their discipline was i>roportioiiedao.coic!iiigt(; tiieir offences; 
 after whicli, being brouglit into the church, the bishop sing- 
 ing the seven penitential psalms, they prostrated themselves, 
 and with tears begged absolution ; the whole c.ongregatinn 
 liaving ashes on their heads, to si^inify, that they vycrc both 
 mortal, ami deserved to be burned to ashes for their sins. 
 
 A'SHWEED, f. a plant, the same with goutwced and 
 herb gerald. 
 
 A'SUV, a. resembling the ash in colour ; of awbitish gray. 
 
 A'SIA, one of the four great parts of the world, and the 
 second in order. It is bounded on the N. by the frozen sea, 
 on the E. by the Eastern Ocean, which is part of the South 
 Sea, on the S. by the Indian Sea, and on the \V. by Europe 
 and Africa. It is of larger extent than any of the three parts 
 in our coniiiunt; and it is generally said that the first man 
 was created here; though many are of a difi'crent opinion, 
 ari.-.ing from the uncertainty where the garden of Edoii was 
 placed. But be tliat as it will, arts and sciences were early 
 cultivated here ; though they are thought to eoine originally 
 from Egypt; but all the considerable religions now known 
 had their first beginning in Asia ; and there arq still a grent 
 number of people who maintain the ancient tenets, which, 
 accoriling to them, are a hundred thousand years old. 
 They have one sort of religion in Chin.i, and anotiv r iu 
 India, whose priests are the Bramins; not to i)ieiiti<in the 
 Jews, Christians, an-d Mahometans, whose beginnings arc 
 sufliicicntly known to all the world. This was tlie seat of 
 several ancient empires, or monarchies ; such as that of the 
 Assyrians, Medes, Persians, ami Greeks. It is 474f) miles 
 in length from the Dardanels on the W. to the eastern shp'e 
 of Tartary ; and 4380 in breadth from the southern part of 
 Malacca to the most northern cape of Nova Zenibla. It may 
 be divided into ten great parts, namely, Turkey in Asia, 
 Arabia, Persia, the Mogul's empire, with th.e two Peninsulas 
 of India, Thibet, China, and Corca, Great and LiUlc Bo- 
 charia, with Charaziii, Little and Great Tartary, Sibrria, 
 and the Islands. The governnieiits of Asia aie gcner.dly 
 monarcliial ; and Turkey, Persia, the Moguls empire, 
 Thibet, and China, are subject to single monarchs ; b.it the 
 rest are divided among several sovereigns; so liial their
 
 ASP 
 
 ASS 
 
 are reckoned seven emperors, thirty kinjs, beskK-s petty 
 princes, and the rajahs of India, which are very numerous. 
 With regard to the extent of tlieiV rt ligions, the Christi.in is 
 but small in respect oftiie INIahonirtans, wliich comprehends 
 one-third of Asia,aud the pa'jan is about twice as much extend- 
 ed as the Mahometan. Besides the**', some pretend there h 
 thenaturnl religion, which Iras about as maiivfollowersasthe 
 Christiiji. The lan^uases are st> many iuid sovar-ons, that 
 it ii impossible to cuinnerate them ; b.il the chief ".re iiie 
 Turkish, the Grecian, the Arabic, the Chinese, the Persian, 
 and the Old Indiau. In short, every countiy and islanci 
 Jias almost a distinct language. From the richness of its 
 soil, the dehciousuess of its fruit, the fragrancy an-! balsamic 
 q-ualitj' of its plants, spices, gums,<.'v.c. the qUaiititv, variety, 
 be.iuly, md .alueof its gems, the fineness of its silks and 
 cottons, and the richness of its incfals, it iias generally been 
 considered as the finest quarter of tiie globe. Besi<les the 
 animals we have in Europe, there are lions, IcOpards, tiirers, 
 camels, elephants, rhinoceroses, and many others. There 
 are several great lakes ; but the principal are the Caspian 
 sea, whicii is 2000 miles in circumference, and the lake 
 Aral, which is ai)out half as much, and has not been long 
 know n to the iiuropeans. In painting, Asia is represented 
 by a woman wearing a garland of various flowers and fruit's, 
 dressed in a ricli embroiderea lestment, holding in her 
 right hand branches and roots of cassia, pepper, cloves, Ac. 
 and in her left a smoking .'cnser ; with a ca nel kneeling 
 In her. 
 
 ASIDE, «rf. applied to situation, that which is not straight. 
 Opposed to perpendicular, out of, or deviating from its 
 true direction ; not directiv towards ; or fr«ni the company. 
 
 A'SININ'E, s. [from asiniis^ Lat.] partaking of the nature 
 of an ass. 
 
 To ASK, V. a. [ascian, Sax.] to desire a thing; to demand; 
 to put a question ; to inquire ; to require. 
 
 ASKA'NCE, ASKAL1 NCE, or ASKAU'NT, «-?. with a 
 look, wherein the pupils of eacli eye are turned to the cor- 
 iiers of the eyc-li(' ; obliquely, or with a 'eer, and is ex- 
 pressive of slyuesst r disaani, 
 
 A.SKER,s. tlie personwho makes a request or' inquiry. 
 
 ASKEW, orf. aside, whe em the pupils are drawn to one 
 fornerof theeye, and geneially bespeaks contempt or'dis- 
 dain. 
 
 ASKRIG, a town in the N. riding of Vorkshirc, i; miles 
 S. by E. of York, and 192 N. of London. Market on Thurs- 
 day. 
 
 ASLATvT, ad. on one si 'e ; obliquely. 
 
 ASLEET, ad. in that state wherein all the senses are in 
 .1 manner closed, the eyes shut, and a person enjoys tliat 
 rest from animal labour called slaep. 
 
 ASLO PE, ad. declining ; oblique'v. 
 
 A'SOPH, called also Zabak, anciently the Ph'us Ma?o- 
 Jis, a sea between Europe and .\.sia, about 210 miles in 
 length, and from 40 to CO in breadth. It lies N. of the 
 Rlack Sea, with which 't commuiiic;iles by the strait of 
 Carta, the ancient (Cimmerian Bos|)iiorus. 
 
 ASP, or ASPIC, v. [ii.ipis, Lat.] a kind of serpent, whose 
 (lison is so dangerous and q^uick in its operation, that it 
 ills without the possibility ol a rercdy. It is very small, 
 and those who are billon by it (i'e bv sleep and letnarev. 
 
 ASPA'LATHlJS,s. [Lat.] a i.lanlc-ilied ihe Uose of Je- 
 rusalem. The wood of a pnckly tree, heavy, oleaginous, 
 somewhat sharp and hitler to the taste, and anciently much 
 in rep'ite f(jr an a.-.triiigeiit, luil now little used. An oil 
 firawn frtmi it is of an admirable scent, and very comftrta- 
 ble to the head to w liicli perfumes are not ollensive. 
 
 A.'fP.A'llAGUS, .!. ll.iit.J a well-known garden plant, re- 
 markable forcommuiucaling, very soon after being eaten, a 
 strong sinell to the urine ; and for this reason it is si «)po.-.ed 
 to be diuretie • luit'vithsl.ur'.'.-ig tins, it does no* appear that 
 asnaragus (/^nliihutci* luueh <Mthei to itie e\eitu-.g of the 
 s(.-ietion when suppressed, or facilitating its discharge. 
 
 ASPECT, i. [<J.v/«;c<i(.5, Lat. J the face ; a peeuilai cast of 
 ♦he countenance ; look or appearance ; the front situation 
 
 I 
 
 of a. building, or direction towards any point. In astrology", 
 the situation of the sun, moon, or planets, with respect to 
 each other. 
 
 To ASPECT, !■. a. [asjncio, Lat.] to look upon; to be» 
 hold. 
 
 A'SPEN, Ol ASP, s. [espe. Sax.] a kind of poplar, whose 
 leaves are sin)posed to be always treaibliiisj ; used ndjec- 
 tively for things m«de out of its wood, or those whicfi re- 
 semble it with respect to the trembliug of its leaves. 
 
 ASPEK, a. [Lat.] rougn or nijj^ed. Sptnlns asue>\ in 
 grammat an accent in tins form (), which shews that the 
 letter unrier It is to be (irouounccd s'roug, and the breath to 
 supply the place of an //. 
 
 To ASPERATE, i-. a. [as]>e)o, Lat.] to roughen, or make 
 rough. 
 
 ASPERIFO'LIOUS, a. [from asper and falium, Lat.] in 
 botany, lia\ iug rough leaves. 
 
 ASPE'RITV, s. [asperitas, Lat.] unevenness, or roughness, 
 applied to the surface of bodies, and pronunciation. Mo- 
 rosencss, or roughness, appli<"'! to the beha\iour or temper. 
 
 To ASPERSE, 1'. a. [n.«/«'>go, Lat.] to say any thing inju- 
 rious to the character of another ; to slander ; to cahiiiiui- 
 ate. 
 
 ASPE'RSION, s. [aspersln, Lat.] the action of casting 
 water about, so as 't may fall in suiall (Irops, not in full 
 streams. Sprinkling, applied in Divinity to the mode of 
 baiilism commonly practised, opposed to immersion. Li- 
 guratively, an unmerited calumny or slandes. 
 
 ASPHA'LTIC, a. [from asphalios, (Jr.] bituminous, or 
 pitchv. 
 
 ASl'H A'LTOS, s. [Gr.] a solid, lirittle, black, bituminous, 
 inflammable substance, resembling pitch, aud chiefly 
 found swimming on the surface of the lake Asplnthites, or 
 Dead Sea, where ancientK stood the cities of Sodom mid 
 Gomorrah. It is used as a principal ingredient in the 
 ground that engravers spread upon their plates, wliich they 
 Mitend to etch, or eat in a figure with aqua fortis. 
 
 A'SPHODEL, s. [nsphnddiis, Lat.] in botany, the day lily. 
 There are six species ; and were by the ancients planted 
 near bur\ ing places, to supply the manes of the deceased 
 with nurture. 
 
 To A'SPIRATE, v. a. [a.tpiro, Lat.] to lay a great stress of 
 voice upon ai.iy syllable or letter. When used neuterly, 
 to be pronounced with stress aud vehemence, or a full 
 breafli. 
 
 A'SPIRATED, a. [«s;)"-«<i«, Lat.] pronouneed with some 
 <legree of roughness, stress, or vehemence of voice, or a full 
 breatJi. 
 
 ASPIR.A'TION, s. [aspirntio, Lat.] a sighing for. or 
 longing after ; an ardent desire, generally used in a spiritual 
 se'ise. Among grammarians, it denotes the pronouiicing a 
 syllable with some vehemence ; as these words br'ginoiDg 
 w ith the letter /(, /ifar, heat, if pronounced softly would be 
 tar, eat 
 
 To ASf'I'RE, V. 11. [tspiro, Lat.] to endeavour fo attain 
 somelhiiig above our present eircumstauces, rank, or power. 
 Used with the particles <o and f/i'rc. 
 
 ASQUINT, ad. [from scendan, Sax.j a po.-dtion of llie 
 eves, w herein they do not both seem to look the sanie way ; 
 obliquely. 
 
 .\S.S, s. [nsimis, Lat.] in natural lustory, a domfjtJc ani- 
 mal, reuiarkable for its sluggishness, hardiness, patience iu 
 labour, coarseness of diet, and long life. Tliis siiiuial is 
 originaJJy a native of .\iaLia and other parts of Ihr East; 
 its si/e and spirit decline as it advances into the colder re- 
 gionsi We find mention of it in Ihe history of this cnuutry 
 as early as Ihe time of king Ellielrcd, and Hf'leiMards in 
 the It ign of Henry IIL but it "as lost Lu EiigKiid during 
 the reign of cpieeii Klizalielh, hiuI pivbably iiilioducert 
 again in the sueceediiig reign, riguiaiivcly, ihe word iin. 
 phesii pi'isd'j olMiean, abject spirit; biisely palieut under 
 jiro>'o('wli()i)s ; despicahli' ami dull. 
 
 .A'SS.\,|iii phariiiaey, divided inton.«« dultii, or benzoin, 
 4iid oMB Jkiidit] a gcim or resin, of a brownish colour, a,
 
 ASS 
 
 ASS 
 
 sharp fnste, »!id very strong offensivp siin-ll ; fjoin mIiciicc 
 l> n ((MVfs both the name ahovc iiieiitioiicd, and likewise 
 thM of Heeil's dlt.ig. 
 
 To ASSAI'L, V. a. [ass'ailler, Fr.J to attack, or fall upon, 
 in order to sulxlue, as an enemy. Figuratively, to attack 
 wit!) arguments. 
 
 ASS XII-ABLK, a. tluit may be attacked. 
 
 ASSAILANT,*. ftVom assaillmit, Fr.] he who makes an 
 attack, opposed to one w ho difcnds. 
 
 ASS.M'LANT, «. usin^ acts of violence against another; 
 attacUinjj. 
 
 ASSAl'LER, «. one who attacks another. 
 
 ASSAM, a country of Asia, west of K<Misal, where Run- 
 pov.'der is said to have been invented before it was known 
 ni Kurope. 
 
 ASSAPA'NIC, i. a little animal of Virginia, which is said 
 to fly by stretching out its shoulders and its skin, an<l is 
 called ill KiisHsh the flying sunirrel. 
 
 ASSA'RT, s. in law, an ofi'ence committert in a forest, 
 by pulling or grubbing up by the roots those trees or bushes 
 that form thickets or coverts for beasts. 
 
 ASSASSIN, or ASSASSINATOR, t. one who murders 
 another, either for hire, or by treachery. The word Has- 
 nassiii (from hass, to kill, to assassinate, to listen, to surprise,) 
 ill the vulgar Arabic, signifies robbers of the night, persons 
 who lie in ambush to kill, and is very universally used in 
 this sense at Cairo and in Svria. 
 
 ToASSA'SSlNATE, »'. «. to murder another treache- 
 rouslv, revengefullv, or for hire. 
 
 ASSASSINATION, *. the act of murdering by trea- 
 chery, or for hire. 
 
 ASSAU'LT, s. [ussault, Fr.] in war, a jijeneral and furious 
 attack of a camp, or fortitied place, with an intention to 
 carry, or become master of it. This has lately been styled 
 a coiip de muhi, or a strong and vigorons impression. In 
 law, a violent injury offered to a man's person, which may 
 be committed by ottering a blow, or a terrifying speech. 
 
 To ASSAU'LT, v. a. in war, to make a general and furi- 
 ous attack, wilhout any cover, on a camp or fortified place, 
 in order to carry, or become masters of it ; to offer violence 
 to ; to attack, or invade. 
 
 ASSAll'LTF.R, s. one who u-scs violence against another. 
 
 ASSA'V, *■. [rsmnir, Fr.] examination, trial, or attempt ; 
 atlack. In metallurgy, the proof or trial of the purity of 
 iiielals or metalline substances. It is of two kinds, one be- 
 fore metals are melted in order to bring them to their proper 
 fineness, the other after they are struck to see that the spe- 
 cies be the standard. In law, assay of weights and mea- 
 sures, is the examination of them by the clerks of mar 
 kets. 
 
 To ASSA'Y, V. a. [fsmyer, Fr.] to put to trial ; to try. 
 
 ASSA'YER, ,f. an officer of the mint, who tries metals, in 
 order to determine their 'Jneness, and how much they are 
 above or beiow standard. 
 
 .'VSSA'YING, s. the art of separating metals, sulphurs, 
 mineral salts, and other bodies, from each other. 
 
 ASSECUTION, s {assecutio, Lat.] in canon law, acquire- 
 ment. 
 
 ASSE'MBLAGE, s. [assemblage,Vv.'\ the collecting a lllim- 
 lier of individuals together, so as to form a whole. Synon. 
 It differs from assejnhhj, because that is used of persons, and 
 this of things. 
 
 To ASSE'IMRLE, v. a. [assembler, Fr.] to unite several 
 things together, so as to form a whole ; to bring several 
 things together into one place. Use<l iieu'.erly, with the 
 preposition ti>gellier. 
 
 ASSEMBLY,,?. [«.fsf »(?</(•(?, Fr.] a company met togethei 
 forauy fixed purpose, either of public worship, business, oi 
 diversion. In the niilitai-y art, it is the second beating of 
 the drum before a march, as a signal for the soldiers t( 
 strike ihcir tents, roll them up, and stand to arms. Assem- 
 blies of the clery.y are called convocations, synods, coun 
 oils ; the annual meeting of the church of Scotland is called 
 a Ceiiera! Assembly, 
 
 ASSEIST, s. [nsxetisiis, Lat.] that aet of the mind whereby* 
 it takes, or acknowledges, any proposition to be true, or 
 false. In a more loose sense, agieeinent, or consent. 
 
 To ASSE'NT, r.a. \assiiUio, Lal.| to receive a thing at 
 true. 
 
 To ASSE RT, 1'. a. [assero, Lat.] to affirm a tiling as true ; 
 to claim a thing as one's due ; to defend Ixith by words 
 and actions. 
 
 ASSERTION, s. the affirming a thing as true; a proposi- 
 tion conceived or delivered in positive terms. 
 
 ASSE'RTIVE, II. positive ; obstiiiale: dogniaticah 
 
 ASSERTOR, s. he who afhrms any proposition as triicT 
 the author or sui)porter of any opinion. 
 
 To ASSE'SS, 1'. a. \assestare, Lat.J to rate or tax ; to fine a 
 person. 
 
 ASSESSMENT,.', the sum, fine, or custom, levied n\\tn\ 
 any person or commodity ; the act of' levying a fine. 
 
 ASSE'SSOH, s. [Lat.] ill law, one who^sits on the bench 
 with a judge, in order to assist him v.ith advice ; one ulio 
 is next or ef|ual to another in rank or dignity ; an ofhcer 
 emplfiyefl in collecting taxes. 
 
 A'SSETS, s. [used only in the plural, from asse.2, Fr.] the 
 goods of a pcrjon deceased, which are appropriated to the 
 pavmcnt of his debts. 
 
 To ASSE'VER, or ASSEVERATE, v. a. {ussevere, Lat.] 
 to affirm or deny a thing, not only with an ©ath, but like- 
 wise wilh impreealions, e.x'scrations, or curses. 
 
 ASSEVERATION, s. [nsseeerntio, Lat.] the act of af- 
 firming a tiling w irii great solemnity by an oath or impre- 
 cation. 
 
 ASSIDUITY, .V. [nsiiiUdi;:, Fr.] a constant attention or 
 application to business; unwearied diligence. 
 
 ASSI'DUOUS, <i. [assUtiiHs, Lilt.] unwearied ; incessant ; 
 continual and unremitted. 
 
 .ASSIDUOUSLY, ad. in such a manner as to exercise 
 diligence without weariness, and application without inter- 
 mission. 
 
 ASSIE'NTO,*. [Span.] a Spanish word, signil'ying a con- 
 
 ct or bargain, pa^rticufarly a ciintract between the king of 
 :>|)aiii and other powers, for furnishing the Spanish domin- 
 ions in America with negro slaves. 
 
 To ASSI'GN, (assin, the i is pronounced long) v. a. [as- 
 sigtio, Lat.] to distribute ; to allot; to appoint. In law, to 
 transfer properlv to another. 
 
 ASSI'CiNABLE, (nssinable) a. that may be determined, 
 settled, fixed, or marked out. 
 
 ASSIGNATION, s. [assignaticm, Fr.J the act of transfer- 
 ring properly to another. 
 
 ASSIGNEE', {assinee) s. [axsigne, Fr.] one appoinfea by 
 anotlicr to do an act, or pel Conn any business in his stead. 
 Commonly applied to those persons who are entrusted with 
 the estatt of a bankrupt, and are by law empowered to t«l- 
 lect his debts, and make a dividend of his eneets to his se- 
 veral creditors. 
 
 ASSI'GNER, (o*««#>-) t. he who sets out, determines, or 
 appoints. 
 
 ASSrGNRIENT, (nsstument) s. the transferring by deed 
 the interest one has in a lease, or oilier thing, lo another 
 person. Assignmettts may be made of lands in fee for life 
 orvears, of an annuitv, rent charge, judgment, statute, *c. 
 
 ASSI'MILABLE, '«. [from assinuh, Lat.] that may 
 be converted into the same nature, or be made like ano- 
 ther. 
 
 To ASSIMILATE, v. a. [ati-imih, Lat.] to convert to the 
 same nature ; to bring to a resemblance. 
 
 ASSIMILATION, s. in physics, that motion by which 
 bodies convert oilier bodies related to them, or at least siuh 
 as are prepared to be converted, into their own substance 
 and nature. Thus flame multiplies itself upon oily Ih.dic'-, 
 and generates new flames ; air upon water, and piod-.c-iis 
 new air; and all the parts, as vv^ll similar as organical, in 
 vegetables and animals, firiil attract with some election or 
 choice, nearly the ssuuc common, or nut very dift'iveut juu.M 
 
 U7
 
 ASS 
 
 AST 
 
 4(>r aliiiicnf, and afU'i waidi assimilate or convert them info 
 tlieir own nature. 
 
 Ti) ASSI'iMUl.ATE, r. a. [assimulo, Lat.] to put on a 
 conritertoit appearance ; to feign. 
 
 ASSIMIJLATION, t. [assimutatio, Lat.] a counterfeit or 
 specious resemblance. 
 
 To ASSIST, V. a. [assitter, Fr.] to relieve ; ta help. 
 
 ASSISTANCE, s. [assislame, Fr.] tile act wf hclpiiif; ; 
 help. 
 
 ASSrSTANT, n. that supplies the defect of anollicr ; 
 that helps. 
 
 ASSISTANT, i. one who helps another. 
 
 ASSISE, or ASSl ZE,- s. [ussiif, Fr.] is used for flic court, 
 place, or time, when and where the wrils and processes, 
 whether civil or criminal, are decided l)\ judges and .jury. 
 Assi:e is either general, when judijes lake their respective 
 circuits, with commission to take all assi/e; or special, 
 V here a commission is granted to particular persons for 
 taking an assize for one or two causes •uly. .'^11 the coun- 
 ties of the kingdom, except Middlesex and Che:^hi^e, arc 
 divided into six circuits, and the judges are assigned by the 
 king's commission for every circuit, vho now hold the as- 
 sizes twice a year in every county, except tlu fnir northern 
 ones, where the assizes are holden only once a year. The 
 term is likewise applied to signify the whole process of a 
 writ ; a jury ; a statute for regulating the weight of bread ; 
 at.d the bread itself, as prescribed in the statute. 
 
 To ASSIZE, I', a. to fix the priee, weight, or assize of a 
 connnoditv. 
 
 ASSIZER, or ASSI'SER, s. an officer wlio has the in- 
 spection into the weights and measures of commodities. 
 
 -ASSO'CIABLE, a. [assvciabilts,L'M.] that may he joined 
 or united to something else.. 
 
 To ASSOCIATE, i: a. [associer, Fr. I to join as a com- 
 panion ; to make one of a company. To join inseparatcly, 
 applied to ideas. Neuterly, to unite or join himself. 
 
 ASSOCIATED, a. [associdliis, Lat.J confederated ; joined 
 as accomplices; making part of a society, or company. 
 
 ASSO'CIATE, s. one who is joined to aiu)ther as assist- 
 ant, companion, partner, confederate, or accomi>lice. 
 
 ASSO'CIATE, «. confederate ; joined in interest or pur- 
 pose. 
 
 ASSOCIATION,*, the act of uniting; union; society ; 
 a contract ortrcaty, by which two or more are united toge- 
 the-r fur their nuitual assistance, lor the better carrjing on 
 any design. In physics, combination, or union. 
 
 To ASSOI'L, V. II. [assuuilre, Fr.] in hnr, to deli\er ordis- 
 cliarge a person from excommunication. 
 
 -A'SSONANCE, s. [nssoiiiiiu-i; Fr.] reference of one sound 
 to another rrsembliug it. In rhetoric or poetry, it is where 
 the words of a plnase or verse have lu'arly the same siuukI 
 or termination, but make no ijroper ihuue; these are ac- 
 coinited vicious in English, though an elegance among the 
 Romans. 
 
 ASSO'S.\'S'r,p'in.\nsioiiiiiit, Fr.] ranging things in clas- 
 ses, aifordinglo iheir rescniblaMce with each oilier. 
 
 To ASSO'RT, 1'. n. [ttsMuiiir, Fr.) to range in classes, as 
 one thing suits with another. 
 
 ASSORTMENT, s. lusiiuifwfiu, Fr.] in trade, a stock 
 of goods, consisting of \urioM-- pieces of dili'ereut sorts. In 
 painting, the proportion aiul harmony between the several 
 
 IKHts. 
 
 n"o ASSUA'OE, (asswd:;!-) v. a, to cool, or lessen, applied 
 to heat ; to calm, applied to the wind ; to pacily or appease, 
 applied to pa^siou or rage; to ease, applied to pain. In its 
 general sense, it implies the lessening the violence of some- 
 thing furious. NeutiTl\, to abate or grow less. 
 
 ASSL'.\'(iEMENT, (ussua^cmi:iU) s. that which lessens 
 llir violence of any thing. 
 
 A.SSUA'GF.H, (ussunqn) s. oue who pacifies rage, ap- 
 peases auger, or lessens pain. 
 
 ASSUA'SIVE, {Hssuiisin-j ri. [from nssiimleii, Lat.] that 
 has a great influence; tha* assuages, mili'jales, or paci- 
 
 hei 
 
 M 
 
 ASSU'ETUDE, .«. [nsiKe/Hrfn, Lat.] the beiiif; accustomed 
 to any thing; custi-in. 
 
 To ASSC'iME, i:u. [assiimo, Lat.] to take ; to represent n 
 character ; to take to one's self ; to arrogate, or claim what 
 is not one's 'hie. 
 
 ASSU'MER, s. one who claims or arrogtttea more tliaa hiS 
 due ; an arrogr.iit person. 
 
 .ASSL''MPSi'r, (pron. without the p).«.[Lat.] a voluntary 
 or verbal priunise, whereby a man takes upon him to per- 
 fi>rmor pay any thing to another. 
 
 ASS'J'MFriON, (pron. without the p) s. Inssumplio, Lat.] 
 the act of itppropriating any thing to one s self; the suppos- 
 ii!g a thing true without any formal proof. The assuiiiiiiiuii 
 of (he \'irgin Mary is celebrated on the l-'jlh of August. In 
 logic, the minor, or second proposition in a c;'.tegorical syllo- 
 gism ; sometimes the consequence. dra.u'ii.fiom the major 
 and minor. 
 
 ASSUMPTION, a populous city, the capital of Paraguay, 
 situated in a fertile counti'y, on the river I'arag'.iay. Tlie 
 air is wholesome and temperate, and the tiees arc always 
 green. Lat. 2(!. 0. S. Ion. 57. 40. W. 
 
 ASSUMPTIVE, (pron. w ithout the p) a. [assump/mis, Lat] 
 aj)plied to that which a person may take or appropriate to 
 himstif. Ill heriihliy, axunhjuive Arms are those which a 
 person may use as his own. 
 
 ASSURANCE, (the sj Ilables n.«TO, at the beginning of 
 tliisaiid the fiur following words, are by some pronounced 
 like osJiii) s. [assuram-e, Fr.] a certain expectation of some- 
 thing futiiie ; confidence ; trust ; conviction. In com- 
 merce, a contract by which a person subjects himself to 
 make good the damages to be sustained by another in a 
 voyage, or by fire. See iNSURANe e. 
 
 To ASSU RE, t>. a. [assurer, Fr.] to persuade a person of 
 the certainty of atliin"-; to make a person ••onfident, by re- 
 moving the causes of doubt or fear; to be tjctrothe.d. 
 
 ASSU REDLY, ml. in such a manner as betrays no doubt ; 
 certainly ; undoubtedly. 
 
 ASSUREDNESS, *. the state of a person who is certain, 
 or entirely free from doubt. 
 
 ASSU'RER, *. one who removes the doubts of another. 
 In commerce, one who indemnifies another against hazaids 
 at sea. 
 
 ASSY "lA, a country in Asia, celebrated iu ancient !ris- 
 tory. It was one of the earliest empires, and contained the 
 provinces now called Diarbeck, Cindistaii, and Irak ; and 
 involved, under its dominion, when at its greatest extent, 
 many other provinces and kingdoms. 
 
 A'.STERISK, .1. iiisin-isltos, a little star, Gr.] a character 
 used to render any particular passage in the author conspi- 
 cuous, or to refer to some note in the margin, or at tl* bot- 
 tom of the page marked thus, ("); when two or three are 
 placed together in a line, thus ( *" ), they denote tliat some 
 word is to be supplied, or is wanting. 
 
 A'STERISM,*. [astefisnws,L-dt.'\ thesame witk Constella- 
 tion; which see. 
 
 ASTERN, Of/, a sea-term, in the hinder part of a shiii; 
 or any thing situated behind the ship. 
 
 A'.STMM.A, (in pronunciation the /i is dropped)*. [Or.] ^ii 
 medicine, adiihcully of breathing, arising from a uisordtr 
 in the lungs, attended with a great uneasiness in the dia- 
 jdiragm, or pr.ecordia. 
 
 ASTHMATIC, or ASTHMATICAL, <r. aflected or 
 troubled with an asthma. 
 
 A'S'ri,acit\ of M(mtserrat iu Italy, 24 miles E. of Turin. 
 
 A.ST( >'N I ED, piiii. a. used in the bible for anlnnis/inl. 
 
 To ASTONISH, 1'. «. [(.v/oHHf)% Fr.] to occasion surprise 
 oy the immensity and novelty of an object ; to amaze. 
 
 ASTONISHMENT, .t. a surprise occasioned h\ an im- 
 mense and new olijeet ; distinguished i'nim adiiiiiittiiin, both 
 by the degree and the nature nf the object. 
 
 AS'l'O'iKiA, a siiiaM « itv of L(M>n, pleasantly silua(e<l la 
 a plain on the little river 'ruera, 2« miles \V. of the city of 
 Leon. It is strong holli by luiliirr and art, and is called the 
 city ofi)riests,from Us cathedral being filled with ecclesiastics.
 
 AST 
 
 ATH" 
 
 To ASTOIWD, V. a. [ttstomicr, Fr.] to astonish ; to con- 
 found with woiiilcr. 
 
 A'STRACAN, a large and popidous citv, seated oii an 
 jshirid, formed i»y the river VVoiga, 60 miles N. W. ot' llie 
 Oiispiati Sea. It is surrounded I>> stron;^ walls, and has 
 an excellent harl)Our, where the Enropeans cnihark for 
 Persia. It is noted for having excellent lish. It seldom 
 rains here, hut the river on which it stands overHows like 
 tlie Nile ; and when the water is nui oli, the fjrass grows 
 in less than a luouth. From, Astracan to Terki, on the side 
 of tire Caspian Sea, there are long marshes, which inoduce 
 a vast (pvantity of salt, with which the Russians carry on a 
 great trade. This city is supposed to have heen, in very 
 early times, the •■eneriil staple for the pro<luctions of Persia, 
 India, and Arahia. It is situated 800 miles S. E. of iMoscow. 
 Lat. 46. 22. N. Ion. 47. 40. E. 
 
 ASTRADDLE, n<l. so to sit on a thing, as that one of 
 our legs should be on each side ofit. See Astridr. 
 
 A'S'rRAGAL, .s. \^tislrf(s,fi!us,{ir.'] in anatomy, a I)oiic of 
 the tarsus, with a convex eminence, articulated with the 
 tibia, by aginglymus, commonly called the ancle-bone. In 
 architecture, a little round member, in the form of a ring 
 or braceh't, serving as anirnament to the ii)psand bottoms 
 of cohnnns. In gunnery, the little moulding on a piece of 
 ordnance, of wiiich there are generally three on each piece. 
 
 A'S IR.'Mv, n. [from nstiiim, Lat.] that belongs to, or de- 
 pends on, the sl'irs. Astial year, is the time which the 
 tarth takes to ir.nke its revolution round the sun. 
 
 ASTRA'V, ml out of the right or direct palli. Figura- 
 tively, wrong, or in an error. 
 
 ASTRE'A, accordin'g to the heathen myiholop-, was the 
 daughter of Jupiter and Themis, and goddess of Justice ; in 
 the golden age; she came from heaven to dwell on earth; 
 but the wickedness of the iron age was such, ihaf she Hed 
 to heaven again, and was placed m the zodiac. 
 
 To ASTRICT, v. a. [ustnns;o, Lat.] to lessen the distance 
 hetween two objects; to make the parts of a thing come 
 nearer to each other, opposed to rcla.x. Cvnslringe is most 
 conniuinlv used. 
 
 .•VSTRI'CTION, s. [nstrkiw, Lat.] the act or power of 
 making the parts of a bollv approach to each other. 
 
 ASTRICTIVE, or ASTRICTORY, «. {astrictorms, Lat.] 
 that has a sfyp'tic or binding quality. 
 
 ASTRIDE, ad. with the Itgs placed at a distance from 
 each other. In an open or wide manner, applied to the 
 legs, opposite to close, or together. 
 
 To ASTRINGE, v. a. [astriiigo, Lat.] to press or close 
 together ; to force the parts closer to each otiier. 
 
 ASTRITSGENT, part, [astriiigetis, Lrit.] in medicine, 
 that contracts the dimensions of the vessels by its rough- 
 ness and asperity, and tliickens the fluids ; when used 
 internally, opposed to laxative : when externally, opposed 
 to styptic. 
 
 A'STROLABE, s. [from astron, a star, and Umhnno, to re- 
 ceive, Gr.] in astronomy, a system or assemblage of the 
 ditTerent circles of the sphere, reseml>liiig an armillaiy 
 sphere, invenled by ilipparehus ; but being afterwards 
 altered by Ptoleniy to a plane surface, calleil a planisiihcie, 
 the wold is at present applied to a planispheie or stereo- 
 graphic: projection of the sphere upon the plane of one 
 of the great circles. 
 
 ASTROLOGER, s.[astrologus, Lat.] one who pretends to 
 predict future events by the supposed iniliiencesofthe stars. 
 
 ASTROLO'GIC, of A.STROLOGICAL, «. relating or 
 agreeable to the principles of astrology. 
 
 ASTROLOGICALLY, ad. according to the principles 
 of astrologv, or after the manner of an astrologer. 
 
 ASTRO*LOGY, s. {astrohgia, Lat.] the art of foretelhng 
 future events from tiie aspects, positions, and influences of 
 the stars. 
 
 ASTRCNOMER, s. [from astmv, a s'-.ir, and nomos, a 
 law, Gr.] a person who applies himself to the study of 
 astronomy. 
 
 ASTRONOMIC, or ASTRONOMICAL, a. that i* 
 fouiKled upon the principles of :isliiinoniy. 
 
 ASTRO'NOM Y, .s. [ustrvn, a star, and nomas, a law, Gr.] 
 a science which teaches the knowledge of the celestial 
 bodies, their magnitudes, motions, aistances, periods, 
 eclipses, and order, the conjunction and oppositions of the 
 planets, and any other of their mutual aspects, with the 
 time when any of them did or will happen. Astronomy 
 is divided into the ancient and modern. Ancient astronomy 
 is such as the art stood under Ptolemy and his followers, 
 who supposed the earth quiesccNt in the centre, and that 
 all the heavenly bodies performed their revolutions round 
 it. The mo(lein, op new astronomy, is that which has 
 been cultivated since the tim<' of Copernicus, who revived 
 Pythagoras and Phvlolaus's opinion of tl;e niotidii of the 
 earth, and laid the foundation of the tnic Solar System. 
 In painting, A.itrommi/ is represented like a woman, with a 
 silver crescent on hei- foreheatl, an azure mantle, and a 
 watchet scarf, besprinkled with golden stars. 
 
 A.STROTHKO'L()(iY, s. [nsirum aiu\ iheojo^ia, Lat.l the 
 proofs of a Deity drawn from an astronomical view of the 
 heavens. 
 
 A'STURIAS, a province in the N. W. of Spain, which 
 produces excellent horses, fruits, and wines, and has mines 
 of gold, lapis-lazuli, and vcrmillion. The eldest son of the 
 king of Spain, takes the title of prince of Asturias, and bears 
 the arms of the province. 
 
 ASUNDER, ad. [assinidran. Sax.] at a distance from each 
 other; apart, or separate ; an adverbial term inipprting the 
 dissolution of the union of two or more bodies. 
 
 ASYLUM, s. [Lat.] a sanctuary, a p.lace of refuge, w hich 
 sheltered a criminal, and secured him from falling into the 
 hands of any ofliccr of justice. In the times of poperj' this 
 privilege belonged not only to churches, and churcli-yards, 
 but to the houses of bishops. 
 
 .^SY'MMETRY, s. [fVoni « not, and spmnetria, harmony, 
 Gr.] a defect of proportion, harmony, wr correspondence 
 between the parts of a thing. In mathematics, the iiuroni- 
 mensurability of two quantities when they have no common 
 measure. 
 
 ASY AIPTOTES, s. [from a not, smu, with, and pipto, to 
 fall, Gr.] riglit lines w hich approach nearer and nearer {o 
 some curve ; but \\ hich would never meet. 
 
 ASY"NDETON, «. [Gr.] a figure in grammar, when a 
 conjunction copulative is omitted. 
 
 AT, prep, [ret, Sa\.] before a place it signifies sometimes 
 close to ; and at other times in it. Before a word implying 
 tiine, it denotes the very instant in which a thing was, or 
 will be done; and sometimes is put without the word (/«« 
 in the same sense. Used instead of irith, it implies cause, 
 or on account of. " At this news he dies." S'"if:. ]>efore 
 an adjective of the superlative degree, it implied manner, 
 or perfection. Before a substantive, it sometimes denotes 
 a particular circumstance, and gi\"es it an adveibial mean- 
 ing ; as, at ease, i. e. easy. Alter he, it implies fle^ign, 
 intention, or em\)loyment. " She knew what he v.'ould be 
 at." Hud. LIsed with command, it implies subject. " Thou 
 ait least at my commaml." Dryd. Sonietiiiies <n signifies 
 from ; as, " Endeavour to deserve something at ovi.r hands." 
 "Pope. At, joined with all, implies in any respect, degree, 
 or manner. " Most women have no characters at all." Pope. 
 
 ATABA'L, .V. a kind of tabor used bv the Moors. 
 
 ATCHIE'VEiVlENT, ;f. See Achievemi-nt. 
 
 ATHANA'SIAN CREED, a confession of faitii supposed 
 to have been drawn up bv Athanasius, bishop of Alexan- 
 dria, in the fonrth centuiy. It is appointed to be read in 
 the English church on certain dajs. 
 
 ATE, the pieter of Eat. 
 
 ATHA'NOr., s. [a chemical term, Iwrrowpd, as some 
 think, from utlKinotoa, iiiimort-al, (ir. because of its dur»!)!<; 
 heat, or from tiie Arabic, altanor, a furnace, or f;vm] a di- 
 gesting furnace to keep heat for some time ; so that it may 
 bt augmented or diminished at pleasure by opening or shut* 
 
 5a.
 
 AT 
 
 ATT 
 
 linescrae apertures made on purpose with sliders over tiiem, 
 called res;isters. 
 
 ATHEISM, «. [athcimie, Fr.] the of>i!iion of those who 
 deny the existence and being of a God; the creator and prc- 
 ieiver of the world. 
 
 ATHEIST, s. [from a not, and theos, God, Gr.J one wlio 
 denies the exisleace of a God, the creator and preserver of 
 alUbings. 
 
 ATHEl'STICAL, a. impious, or agreeable to the princi- 
 ples of an atheist. 
 
 ATHEI'STICALLY, ad. after the manner of an atheist. 
 
 A'THELNEY, a river isle -of Somersetshire, formed at 
 the junction of the Parret witli the Tiione, reniarkaljle in 
 laiitimiitv as the hidin5;-place of the Saxon icing Alfred, wilh 
 ft few of his nobles, when the Danes had overrun all the 
 coiintrv to the forest of Sherwood. 
 
 A THENS, an aiicii'it town of Aclnda, now Lividia, in 
 Greece, belonj^ing to Turkey in Europe, greatly celebrated 
 for its antiquities, aiifl the many learned men it has produced. 
 This city is now calKd Alhiui ; and is not inconsiderable 
 either in extent or in the number of its inhabitants, (about 
 15, OOOj whose language is a mixture of Greek and Turkish. 
 The town stands beneath the Acropolis, or citadel. The 
 Barbary corsairs infesting it, the avenues were secured, and 
 ill H)7G the gates were regularly shut after sun-set. The 
 Acropolis, which was built on a craggy rock, furnished a 
 ver;t jiapi ■ field to the ancient virtuosi. It was filled with 
 nioiiumeiits of Athenian glory ; and exhibited an amazing 
 display of beauty, of opulence, and of art; each con- 
 tending, as it were, for the superioritj. Lat. 38. 5. N. Ion. 
 23. o7. E. 
 
 A'THEOUS, a. [from a not, and tlieoS, God, Gr.l opposite, 
 or contrary to the belief of a Deity ; atheistical. 
 
 iVTHERO'iMA, s. (.Gr.J a tumor, a wen, which neither 
 yields to the touch, discolours the skiu, or causes pain. 
 
 VIHEKO'MATOUS, o. having- the qualities of an athe- 
 roma, or curdy wpu. 
 
 AT'HERSTONE, a town of Warwickshire, containing 
 about 2.i00 inhabitants, chiefly employed in tlie manufac- 
 tures of hats, ribbands, shallcons, Ac. it is situated on, 
 or near the river Aul<er, 13 niiU's N. of Coventry, and 103 
 N. W. of London. iMarki't on Tuesday. 
 
 \ THERSTON on the Stour, a louu of Warwickshire, 
 situated on the Stour, a littli- idjove its junction with the 
 river Avon, and 3 miles from StrallVud. Market on Tues- 
 day, and a cheese fair on Sept. ly, reckoned the largest in 
 England. 
 
 ATHI'RST, ad. wanting drink, or adr> . 
 
 ATHI.ET.E, .«. [!-at.] persons of strength and activity, 
 exercised for the public games of Cireece and Rome, and 
 exhibited their skill in such exploits as required bodily 
 strength. 
 
 ATHLETIC, a. [from athleta, Lat.] strong, vigorous, and 
 active of body : robust. 
 
 ATTILONE, a town of Ireland, pleasantiv situated on tin' 
 large and biaiitilul river Sbanmin. Part of the town stands 
 in Wp'tmcath, on the Leinslrr siile of the river ; the other 
 part in Roscommon, on the Conuaiiglit side; these are 
 joined by a long bridge of many aiclies, which is a grand 
 pass between the two provinces. 'l'lioiii;h Alhlone is so 
 advantageously situaleil for tia<le and improvrnicul, it \el 
 r«'niain$, in many parts, a poor, ruinous, dirty looking 
 place. On the bridge are simie badly executed liguies, with 
 ins<;riptioiis celebraling the success ofipu'eii Elizabeth over 
 the reb<'ls ill her reigii. It is j;» miles W. ofDuldin. 
 
 ATHWART, prrj). transverse ; across ; through. Used 
 adverbiallv, it imjilies, in a manner vexatious ami perplex- 
 »ii.<< ; wrong. 
 
 AflLT, ri'l. like one making a thrust. 
 
 .ATI.A'NTK"., [from Alius] iii geography, that part of the 
 ocean vhicli lies between Afri<a and America. 
 
 .\"ri.\S, «. fLat.l a < i)lleetii)ii of maps, generally folio, 
 in allusion to the fable of -Vtlas's bearing the world on ins 
 
 fiO 
 
 shoulders. In anatomy, tBe first wrtebra of tlie neclr, 
 
 wtirih lies next to, and supports the head. In architecture, 
 those statutes, or half-statutes of men, used instead of co- 
 lumns or pilasters', to su|>port any member of architecture 
 such as a balcony. &c. They are likew ise named TeJamonn. 
 .\lso, a great chain of mountains, which separates Barbary 
 from Biledulgerid, in Alrica. 
 
 ATMOSPHERE, *. [from attiws, vapour, and snhnij-a, a 
 sphere, Gr.] air. In physics, that thin elastic fluid, which 
 co\ers the earth to a certain height, gravitates towards its 
 centre, and on its surface is carried along with it, Did par- 
 takes of all its motions, both annual and diurnal : some 
 confine the term only to that part of the air which is nearest 
 the earth, receives its vapours and exhalations, and refracts 
 the ravs of light. Its whole weight is computed to be 
 14,!^3i;308,800,000,0(W,0(_iO!:3. troy, and its height, according 
 to De la Hire, ICleagues, or 4H miles. 
 ATMOSPHERICAL, a. that belongs to the atmosphere- 
 .A TOM, s. [atvmiis, Lat.] such a small particle of matter 
 as cannot be pliysically divided. 
 
 .ATO'MlCALi, a. consisting of, or relating to, atoms. 
 ATO^MIST, s. one who professes the Corpuscular philo- 
 sophy. 
 
 To ATOTS'E, r. n. to agree, or accord. Actively, to 
 make satisfaction for ; to compensate ; to expiate; to make 
 a recompence. 
 
 ATONEMENT, s. reconciliation, agreement, concord ; 
 the uniting two persons at variance with each other. 
 
 A TONY, i. [from a, not, and toios, tone, Gr.] in medicine, 
 wanting proper tension or tone, in the solids of a humao 
 body. 
 ATOT, ad. on the highest part of a thing. 
 ATRARU.ARKN, or ATIUBILA'KIOUS, n. [from 
 atia and bilis, Lat. [ that aftects with a disorder flowing from 
 a black adust state of the blood ; called melancholy. 
 
 ATRABILARIOUSNF^S, s. that quality which cause* 
 a person to be deemed melaucholic. 
 
 ATKAME'NTAL, «. [frnui atramaitum, Lat.] that black- 
 ens, or has the qualities of ink. 
 ATRAME'NTOUS, a.black, or having the qualities of ink. 
 ATROCIOUS, a. Uira.r, Lat.] that argues a great, if n,ot 
 the highest, degree of wickedness in the committer : tliat is 
 extremely, enormously, and flagrantly wicked. 
 
 ATRO'CIOrsNESS, s. that quality which argues a per- 
 son to be exlre'ii'ly, obsliiiately, and emnmciusly criminal. 
 ATRO'CIOI'SLY, ad. in an "ntrocioiis manner. 
 ATRO('!T\ , s. [airocitax, Lut.] diiit which heightens the 
 enormity of a crime, and makes i', an object of horror, . 
 
 A THOi'HY, s. [from a, not, and in,i>liiit, nourishment, 
 Cir.] ill physic, i;n universal consiimptiori, proceeding from 
 the whole habit of the body without any distemper of tlie 
 lungs, f)votlier entrails, or any remarkable fever. 
 
 ATT.OPOS, in heathen mythology, one of the three 
 fallal sisters, that cut the thread, or put a period_to tlie life 
 ot man. 
 
 To ATTACH, )■. a. [allac/in; Fr] in law, to seize either on 
 a person <u- his goods ; to have an affection, desire, or iji- 
 cliiiatiou towards a thing. 
 
 .\ rrA'CHMEN'T, ». \_(i<tacheme»l, Pr.] in law, the taking, 
 ^ci uring, ordi taiiiiiig a person or thing by virtue of a writ 
 or prec<'pt. It diJi rs fn^m an aurr.it in this, that an arrest 
 lies only against the bod\, whereas an attachment is 
 often against the goods only, and sometimes against botji 
 body and goods. .An arrest, likewise, issues out of an infe- 
 rior court by precept only, but a dela( hment out of a higher 
 court, either by precep-1 or writ. By the custom of London, 
 and several other places, a man can attach money or good.'! 
 in the hands • fa stranger to .satisfy himself. Atiavhuniu also 
 signifies the 1 ■■?, zeal, afttction, one inau has for another's 
 interest or \' elfare. 
 
 To A'lT.'iCK, »i. n. [attaifiifr, Fr.] in war, to make 
 ;>u effort or attempt nixm a person, <;r a work, in order 
 to conquer or subdue tliciB. Fi^fuiatively, tj set up(m,
 
 ATT 
 
 ATT 
 
 Jiivade, or lieat iny one as an enemy, eitliPi' by actions or 
 v'ords. 
 
 ATTA'CK, a. Icittaqiie, Fr.] in war, an attempt to coiiqiur 
 a l)(i(ly ol" troops, or nr.isler a t'oilififd place. A /"/v 
 nltni/t, is that wliicli is made only to divert the atli'litioii ot 
 llii- fiieniy, and to conceal tliat of the main one. Fi^'ina- 
 tively, any lioslile attenii)t, wlietlier it consists i;i actions or 
 voids. 
 
 ATTA'CKEIl, s. the person wlio makes an attempt on a 
 bo(ly of soldiers or a fortified place, iii order to .sjilidue or 
 couipier tlirm ; any one who uses another with violence. 
 
 To ATTAIN, f'. a.[«tuhiilre, Fr.] to make one's own hy 
 labour or mental application ; to procine, or obtain ; to 
 reaclj ; to arrive at, or acquire. 
 
 .■VITA FN ABLE, a. that may be obtained, acqnired, or 
 procured. 
 
 A'ITArN'.\Rr.F,NESS, s. the quality which renders a 
 ihin;^ liossible 1o be attained. 
 
 ATTAIN DEI', *. [aUaiuilre, Fr.] is when a person has 
 committed felonv or treason, and jiulgnieot is passed upon 
 bim. The eiiildren of such a person are lherei)y rendered 
 incapable of beiii;; heirs to him, or to any other ancestor, 
 as if he was noble before, bis posterity are tberel)y de- 
 graded, and made base ; nor can his cf)rruption of blood be 
 taken a'vay, but by an act of parliament, or by reversing 
 the judf;n)ent bv a writ of error. 
 
 ATTAI'NMEVI", i. that which a person makes his own 
 by labour or mental application ; the act or power of at- 
 taining. 
 
 To ATT,\FNT, v. n. [altcnter, Fr.] to pass sentence 
 a^jainst a person either for felony or treason, wbcreby he 
 forl'eits all bis lands or hereditaments, bis blood corrupted, 
 and his cliildren rendered base. Figuratively, to debase, 
 corrupt, or make inlauKHis. 
 
 AT'rAFNT, s. in law, a writ which lies against a juiy 
 for giving a false verdict in a court of record, in a real or 
 personal action, if the debtor damages exceed 40*. In such 
 case, tlie ancient law was, that the jurors meadows should 
 be plowed up, their bouses thrown down, their woods 
 grubbed up, and their lands and tenen;ents forfeited to tbe 
 king ; but if the person who brought the Atlnint be cast, lie 
 s'lall be imprisoned, and ransomed at the king's pleasure. 
 Hut by statute, the severity of the common law i.s mitigated, 
 where the petty jury is attainted, and a pecuniary nntlct im- 
 posed, i'iguratively, a blot or stain, in allusion to the con- 
 sequences of an attainder. 
 
 A'lTAFNTlIRE, s. See Attainorr. 
 
 To ATTEMPER, r. a. [atiempcio, Eat. I to soften, applied 
 lo rigour ; to render supportable, applied to heat ; to les- 
 sen any (juality bv the mixture or addition of another. Fi- 
 guratively, to suit, adapt, or fit, in allusion to the tempering 
 nu'lals. 
 
 To VTTE'iMPERATE, v. a. [nttempno, Lat.] to render 
 agreeable to; to make suitable to. 
 
 'Fo A'lTE'MPT, V. a. [attenter, Fr.] to make a trial: to 
 try. or endeavour. 
 
 A'l'^FE'iNlFT, s. an undertaking; a trial to do a thing; 
 someijuu's anpljed to the attacks of an enemy. 
 
 ATTEAIPTKR, s. the person who makes an endeavour; 
 one \\lu) tri^s, tempts, or attempts. 
 
 To AITE'ND, )'. a. [iittendre, Fr.J to fis the mind to an 
 olijecf, when applied to speculation; to listen; to wait 
 upon ;tT accompany ; tofollow; toexpect; to stay for; to 
 Ihv wait for. Used neuterly, it implies to yield attention ; 
 to -itav, or delav. 
 
 ATFE'NDAxNCE, s. [atiendunce, Fr.] the act of waiting 
 lipon as a servant; service; the person in waiting; a ser- 
 vant. 
 
 ATTENDANT, .«. \ttttni!tant. Fr.] waiting on anotlier as 
 an inferior, including tlie idea of service. 
 
 A ITLA'DAN'!', *. one who .nccomp^nies another ; a ser- 
 vant, or dependent of a nobieniai); one who depends on 
 anuiher as a suKctr; that wbich is inseparably uniled, as a 
 toncouiitaiil or cou.sciiueiit. 
 
 ATrF;NDEH,.t. .'^ee Attrndant. 
 
 ATTIVN'F, n. \nll(iiiiis, Eat. I listening to, applying liie 
 mind to (lie consideration of any object : ir.lent. 
 
 A'lTlVNTA'FES, s. {nttcntdtri, Lat.l pr -ceedings in a 
 court of judicature, peniiing suit, and after an iubibitiini i.i 
 decreed and gone out ; those things ubicli ;ire done afteran 
 extra-judicial a|)peal, may likewise be styled attenlutts. 
 
 KrrVJKV\0^,s.\(itlinti<in, Fr.]inlo"ic, an operation of 
 the mind which (ixes it en any particular object, and en- 
 gages it to consider it in s\uh a manner, as to ac(inirc a dis- 
 tinct idea thereof, absorbing, as it v.vw, all other ideas 
 which offer theuiselveslo the mind. 
 
 AITENTHE, s.\<itiniti:s, Eat.) applj ing the mind or ear 
 to one particular object. 
 
 A'lTE'N'i'lVEEV', ud. in such a manner as to consider, 
 or li-.l( n to one p;uticular oWtct. 
 
 ATTE'NTIVF:NESS, «. that quality of mind whereni a 
 Iterson consi<Iers, or listens to a particular object, willi a 
 total disregard of all others. 
 
 ATTE'NUANT, ;»/'■«. and a. \attennnns, Lat.] that makes 
 thin ordilutes. Used substantively, in medicine, for those 
 medicines that resolve the viscosity of the humours in the 
 Inunan body, in order to promote their circulation, and dis. 
 charge all noxious and excrementitious matter. 
 
 To ATTENUATE, f. a. [attenuo, F.at.] to liquify or 
 make thin. 
 
 ATTENUATION, s. latthmation, Fr.] in physics, ap- 
 plied to fluids, it is the act of rendering them more liquul 
 and thinner than they were befoie ; the effect of attenuat- 
 ing medicines, or certain efforts which nature itself makes 
 to destroy the force of disorders. In a general sense, it im- 
 plies the breakinjr or destroying the cohesion of the particlen 
 of any thing, and increasing their surface. 
 
 To' AITE'.ST, 1'. «. [atiestnr, Lat.] to give a proof of tlu 
 truth of a thing liv evidence or writnig. 
 
 ATTESTATION, i. [nttfsiatio, Lat.] evidence, or proof 
 of tlie truth of any fact, either by word orwriting. 
 
 A'FTIC, ". fAtticiis, Lat.] in ai'chitecture, applied to a 
 kind of building or shorter story over another, wherein no 
 roof is te, be seen, which is generally decorated with an o'. 
 der peculiar to itself, composed of the other five, but should 
 resemble that most wbich is under it : the breadth of its pi- 
 lasters should be etpial to that underneath it, awl just half 
 its height. In literature, it implies a brilliant kindofwit, and 
 an inexpressible elegance of style peculiar to the people of 
 Attica. Thus Attic salt, in philology, is a delicate poignauf 
 sort of wit or humour peculiai to the Athenian writers; so 
 Attic v-itiiess, means one that cannot be corrupted. Attic 
 order, is a small order raised upon a large one, by xkiv .if 
 crowning, or to finish the building. Attic of a ronf, is a kind 
 of parapet to a terrace, platform, or the like. Attic base, a 
 peculiar kind of base used by the ancient architects in t)ie 
 Ionic order; and by Palladio and some others in tbe Doric. 
 This is the most beau'tifiil of all bases ; and was used by Sir 
 Cristopber Wren in budding St. Paul's church, London. 
 
 To ATTIRE, )J. n. [amVfr, Fr.] to adorn «ith clothes or 
 dress. Figuratively, to embellish or adorn. 
 
 AT'Fl'RE, s. clothes or dress to adorn or embellish a per- 
 son. Among sportsmen, the attire of a stag, consists of the 
 bur, pearls, beam, gutters, antler, sur-antler, rojal, iur- 
 royal, and croclies ; of a buck, of the bur, beam, brow- 
 antler, advancer, palm, and spellers. In botany, the third 
 part of the division of a plant, including its generative parts; 
 and diviiled into semi-form and florid. 
 
 ATTFRER, .5. one who attires or dresses ajiother. 
 
 ATTITUDE, s. [attitude, Fr.] in painting and sculpture, 
 the posture of a statute, whereby it expresses some action, 
 or passion of the iiiind. Applied likewise to the stage, lo 
 imply the posture of an actor to express the sentiments of 
 the poet. 
 
 ATTLEROROUGH. a town in Norfolk, 14 miles from 
 Norwich and S>;i from Loudon, with a iiiarket on Thurs- 
 day. 
 
 ATTOhL£N'F,a. 'aiudUns, Lat.Jthat raises or hfts uj».
 
 ATT 
 
 ATT 
 
 I-n anatomy, applied to tiiose muscles niiicli raise the parts 
 they belong to. 
 
 ATTOTINEY, i. [«»n)H«/«,!, l;\\v Lat.] a person apvuiint- 
 I'd by another to do soiiiethiiij; in liis stead. Attunicn <ri 
 hw, is one retained to prosecute, or defend a suit at l;i\v. 
 In the civil law they are called Procturs. Attornies, by a 
 late oiTJerof all the judges, are to be admitted of some of 
 the inns of court or chancery (except housekcepi rs in Lon- 
 don and Westnnhster, &c.) and no attorney shall put him- 
 self out of that society into which he is admitted, fill he is 
 admitted to some other society, and delivers a certificate 
 thereof ; and all attornies are to be jnCommoiis in the times 
 ordered by the society to which they belong, otherwise they 
 shall be put out of the roll of attornies. Altornei/ deneral, 
 is a great officer, created by letters patent, to exhibit infor- 
 mations, prosecute for the crown in criminal causes, and file 
 bills in the exchequer for any thing concerning the king, in 
 iuiieiitance or prohts. To him come warrants for making 
 out all patents, grants, pardons, &c. His salary from the 
 crown is lOOOl. peraimum. 
 
 To ATTORNEY, r. a. to perfi>rm or employ as proxy. 
 
 ATTORNMENT, or ATTOURNMENT, s. [nttonyne. 
 mi'itt, Fr.] in law, the agreement of a tenant for life to the 
 transferrnig of property to another. 
 
 To ATTR V'CT, .v. a. [attralw, Lat.] to draw forwards 
 itself : to alliue or invite. 
 
 ATTRACT, s. uUrr.ctlou ; the p.jwcr of dfawnig. Ob- 
 solete. 
 
 A'iTRA'CTICAL, «. that has the power of drawing 
 something towards it. 
 
 ATTRA'CTION, s. [uttraetimi, Fr.J in mechanics, the act 
 of a moving power, by w hicli a thing that may bfe moved is 
 brought nearer or drawn towards it. In the Newtonian 
 system, it is an indefinite principle, not implying a particu- 
 lar manner, nor physical cause of action, but only a ten- 
 dency of approaching, whether it proceed fiom any exter- 
 nal cause, or be inherent in bodies themselves, excluding 
 the idea of impulse from its consideration. It is divided 
 into the attraction of gravity, the attraction of cohesion, 
 and the attraction of composition. The attraction of gravity, 
 called the centripetal force by mathematicians, is that bv 
 which all bodies tend towards the centre, or act on eneli 
 other at a distance ; from hence proceed almost all the mo- 
 tions and changes in the system; it is by this principle, 
 that ligh't bodies asceml, that projectiles are regulated in 
 iheir coursi-s.thatvapoursasceiid and the rain falls, that waves 
 roll, the air presses, and the sea is swelled or decreased bv 
 the vicissitude of its flux and reflux. The attractioi: of 
 rohrsion, is that which unites the insensible particles of 
 bodies together into the difteriiit masses, and causes tlie 
 roundness we see in drops of water or (paicksilver. T!;'' 
 p;irlichs of all Ixnlies arc i)ossessed of the iiiheieiit properly 
 of attiactiiigeach other, which causes them to adhere, and 
 preserves llie various substances around us from falling in 
 pieces. The nature of this wonderful property is entirely 
 iwknown. The attraction of composition is that which the 
 particles of every siiriidc substance hiue to other simple 
 substauees with which tliey .have an attlnity, and wliuh 
 causvs them to unite together and form a new (omiiound. 
 Figuratively, the power of alluring, enticing or engaging 
 the affections of a person. Synon. Attravtians may be 
 said to engage us, allurements to entice us, charms to seduce 
 us. 
 
 ATTRA'CTIVF,, s. [aitractif, Vv^^ that has the power 
 of drawing another to itself ; inviting, alluring, engag- 
 ing. 
 
 ATTRA'CTIVE, s. that which can draw or engage the 
 affections; differing from nllanmnit, as that is used in a 
 bad sense, Imt attraction g;enerally in a good one. In phy- 
 sic, attractive! are m<'dicMies externally ap\)lied, that by 
 their warmth and activity penetrate the pores, mixing with, 
 and rarefying all ob.structed matter, so as to lit it ior dis- 
 charge, upon laying open the part. These are what wc call 
 tlrnwevK, ripi tiers, miUitrant!, and di^-cslivcSy 
 
 -'VTrR.\Cl'IV£LY, Of/, in The manner of a tlinig, or per- 
 son, vhichdrawsoralUiies son\el:liing. 
 
 Ari-itA'CTiVEN£SS, «. the quality by lyliich a thing 
 attracts, or allures. 
 
 ATTRACTC»H, s. that whi(;h draws towards itself. 
 
 -ATITlAHENT, part, [attra/icns, Lat.] that has the qua- 
 litv of draw ing_ towards itself. 
 
 ATTRIBl'TARLE, «. [from attribao, Lat.] Uiat may be 
 affirmed as belonging to a thing ; that may be ascribed or 
 imputed to a thing or person. 
 
 To ATrRI'BUtE, v. a. [aitribm, Lat.] to affirm as be- 
 longing to a thing; to ascribe as a property ; to impute, or 
 charge, applied to a cause. 
 
 A'lTRir.UTT., s. [attribiu, Fr.] the thing attributed to 
 another; epiality adherent. In a general sense, it is that 
 which agrees with some person or tiling ; or a quality deter- 
 mining something to be after a cei lain manner. Thus un- 
 derstanding is an attribute of niind, and extension an attri- 
 bute of body. That attribute which the miud conceives as 
 the foundation of all the rest, is called its essential attribute; 
 thus, extension is by some, and solidity by others, esteemed 
 the essential attributes of iof/y or matter. Attributes, in di 
 vinity, are the several qualities or perfections of the divine 
 nature, and such as can be applied to God only ; under 
 which is included all that we can imagine to go to make up a 
 pertett bring, such as iuiijiite ,';oodness. power, jiistite, iVc. 
 The heathens appropriated a pattiHtiar deity to each attri- 
 bute : his power they called by the name of Jupiter ; his 
 whdora, Apollo ; his will. Fate; his wrath, June; Arc. In 
 painting and statuaiT, attribute is some distinguishing addi- 
 tion to the principal iigure; as the club to Hercules, the 
 peacock to jnyio, the eagle to Ju/iitcr, Ac. 
 
 ATTRIBUTION, s. f««n6«no, Lat.] something ascribed ; 
 character or reputation. 
 
 ATTRITE, a. [attritus, Lat. J worn off DV rubbing two 
 bodies together. 
 
 ATTRITENESS, j. quality produced by the rubbing of 
 two bodies together, so as to wear off some of their sur- 
 facfs^^ 
 
 ATTRITION, i. [attritio, Lat.] the action of rubbing 
 two bodies together, so as to wear away or rub oft" some 
 particles on their surfaces. 
 
 To.\TTLI'NE, V. a. to put an uistrument into tune; to 
 make the voice or any instruments accord together, and 
 sound the same notes, or key. 
 
 AYA, a large city in India, the capital of the Burman 
 empire. It is seated on the river Ava. The streets are very 
 straight, and the houses are built with teek planks, and 
 bamboos. It is 320 miles E. of Calcutta, and 276 E. NE. of 
 A racan. Lat. 21. 0. N. Ion. !)G. 30. E. 
 
 To .*\VA1 L, !'. a. [Ironi valoir, Fr.] to turn to one's own 
 use, benefit, profit, or advantage ; to promote or procure ; 
 to be of use, or advantage. 
 
 AVAILABLE, a. applied to means, it signifies their 
 suitableness or etlicacy to obtain the end ; powerful, or 
 proper. 
 
 AVA'NTGUARD, s. \avanlgarde, Fr.] in war, the first 
 line or division of an army in battle array ; or that part 
 which is seen by the enemy, and marches first agains.t him. 
 
 A'V.-\R!CE, «. [nirtnce, Fr.] in morality, an inniioderatc 
 love and desire after riches, attended with extreme d.lLideiue 
 of fiituie events, excessive \)recauti(ai a-a'nst the instability 
 of fortune, making a person rob himself of the necessary 
 comforts of life, for fear of diminishing his riches. 
 
 AVARICIOUS, a. that partakes of the nature of ava- 
 rice. / 
 
 AVARICIOUSLY, ad. covetously. 
 
 AVAUrCIOUSNESS, s. that quality which inclines a 
 person to desire riches immoderately, to make no u.se of 
 them, when possessed of them, for fear of diminisliing them, 
 and denominates hiiii an atniirinus juMson. 
 
 .AVA'ST, ad. [from br/sia, Itul.j hold, slop; a sea-terui. 
 
 AVAUNT, int<rj.\iiranl. Fr.l a Word inip!\iiig (lelesta- 
 tion or ubhonence ; signifying, begone ! out of my sight !
 
 AVE 
 
 AU'nURN, a town of Wilt>liirp, with a consulciabk raa^ 
 jnifacturc of Justian. It is siluatecl iic;ir I\;>iiilmiy, oil a 
 Ftraiich nf liij' Kcniiet, 3 miitb N. K. of Maill)Oioii^;li, «ikI 
 8t W. (if Loiidon. It had 72 (iwcUinji-lioiises, to tlic value 
 of j«2(V00O, ilcslioycd bv file, in 17G0. Ulaikct on Tucs- 
 
 d•^y. 
 
 ATT'JUiRNE, a. [from aubour, Fr.] brown ; tan-coIoure<l. 
 
 A''CTION, .«. [iinciio, Lat.'J a method of sale wlicicin 
 goods are sold to tlie highest bidder. 
 
 AUCnONARY, a. belonging to an auction. 
 
 AUCTfONE'F.R, s. the nianai;er of an auction. 
 
 AUDA'CIOUS, a. [nud^civi.v, Fr.] a term relative to the 
 nature of an action, applied to Uici dl^l)osition of mind of one 
 who undertakes it, and the iiianncr in which it is executed. 
 With rosjiect to the nature of the action, if implies some- 
 thing dilhcnlt, andattPiided with many obstacles ; that the 
 liersbn is of such a disposition of mind as not to matter what 
 ditficidties he cHcounters ; and that be sbewsasreatdeal of 
 impudence v^ reu'.Uninj; his attempt efi'ectual ; so that the 
 word is properlv appKcd in a had sense only. 
 
 AI3D A'CIOUSLY, ad. in sucli a manner as bespeaks a 
 daring' impntlciiee. 
 
 AUOA CIOUSNF.SS, s. tliat quality which argues a dis- 
 position of mind tliat will induce a poison to und.^itake any 
 action, lei the ditHcultics be what they will. Always ui--.d 
 in a bad sense, and including the secondary idea of im- 
 pudence. 
 
 .'lUDA'CITY, s.[rai(JacUi<s,L-M.] a (lispositioy of mind 
 which makes a person capable of undertaking any diihcull 
 actio'i, and frees him from those a))preliensions which might 
 render him inactive, or unfi< for the othces of society. 
 
 AUDIBLE, fl. [ttudilnlis, Lat.] that is the object of he*- 
 ing; that mav be heard. 
 
 AUDIfiLENESS,*. that which renders a thing the object 
 of hearing, or to be heard. 
 
 AU'DIBLY, ad. in such a manner as to bs heard. 
 
 AU'DIENCE, s. [audience, Fr.] that attention whtch is 
 given to a person while he is speaking. In a court sense, 
 the aiiuiission of ambassadors or pidilic ministers to a king, 
 in order to deliver the credentials of their sovereign, and to 
 open the intentions for which they are sent. In liistory, 
 the tribunals or courts of justice established by the Spaniards 
 in America. Persons assembled in order to hear a public 
 speaker. Andicnee Chaml/er, a court belongiui,' I.O the arch- 
 bishop of Cnnterbury, wlicrtin differences upon elections, 
 consecrations, institutions, marriages, &c. are heard ; of 
 equal authoritv with the Court of .Arches. 
 
 All IMT, *. [Lat.] inlaw, the hearing and examining the 
 account of persons concerned in the receipt of money, by 
 I>ersoMs publicly appointed for that purpose. 
 
 To AUDIT, f. a. \aiidio, Lat.] to examine an account. 
 
 AUDITOR,*. [Lat.] one who hears; one who is present 
 when any thing is delivered in i)ubUc ; who examines and 
 passes eitlu^- public or private accounts. 
 
 AUDITORY, n. [aufiitoriiis, Lat.] that conduces to hear- 
 ing. In anatomy, the nudilmij tiervcs are a pair of nerves 
 arising from the inedalla oblongata, and distributed, the one 
 to the ear, the soft and spongy part of which is the immedi- 
 ate caus>' nf hearing ; and the other to the eye, &c. 
 
 AU'DITORY, s. [aiidUiirimn, Lat.] a place where persons 
 assemble to heir any discourse ; a collection of persons so 
 assembled. 
 
 A'VE MARIA, s. [I^t. hml, Marii .'] a prayer used by the 
 Romish church, beginning with those words, in honour of 
 the Virgin Ma'.-y. 
 
 To A VE'NGE, V. a. Yvenger, Fr.] to punish in proportion 
 to the enormity of crimes: and distinguished from revenge, 
 Iircause that is always used in a bad, but this in a good sense. 
 ■WETVOEMENT, s. the act of punishing for crimes. 
 .■WE'NGER, s. one who inflicts punishment for crimes. 
 A'VFA'S, s. the herb beniiet. It has upright yellow blos- 
 soms, Ivre-shaped leaves, and airy globular fruit. The root, 
 infused in wine, is said to be a good stomachic. There is a 
 siuitof ciiiquefoil that is called by lliis name. 
 
 AUG 
 
 ATENTURE, .'. in law books, a luisdiance, cai!--!; g ». 
 man's death without felony. 
 
 A'V'ENUI'., s. [nrntiw, Fr.] a passaM or opcitng. In 
 gardening, a walk of trees li adiiig to a hnuse. In prrspcc 
 tive, it is a passage, which is narrower r.t the end than hI 
 the beginning, in order to ninke it ap|V-ar the longer, or 
 
 straight, when viewed at the narrowest end. in fortifica- 
 tion, the opening, inlet to, or communication l)€twceii, a 
 fu:t ;?nd a bastion. 
 
 To AVER, V. n. [avi-rtr, Fr.] to tifiirm or assert a thing to 
 be true « ith some degree of posilivcness. 
 
 A'VERAGE, s. [nirni'.'-n'm, law Lat.] in law, a due or 
 .service whith a tenant owed iii* lord by his bea.stor carri- 
 age. In .sea-<(juuiK'rce, the aecideiils or misfortunes which 
 liappen to a ship or cargo, divided iii<o sijiijilo, large, 
 common, or small: an allowance given toihe master forhis 
 care of the goods above the freight. A medium ; a mean 
 proportifin. 
 
 AVERMENT, >t. in law, the "establishment of a thing by 
 e\ idence ; an offer to make good an exception plea.dcd in 
 abatement of the planlift's action, and an actual doing it. 
 
 .A VE'RN AT, .V. a sort of .;;rape. 
 
 \ VERSATION, s. [from nrrrmr, Ijjt.] a term aUHdmg to 
 the motion of a ))crson who detests any thing, which is that 
 c>{ ini-uivQ- ftiriii/ froui it. 
 
 AN'E'R.'^E, It. [avcrsu.s, Lat.] hostile or BJigiy with ; u.i- 
 williiii', abhorriui,'. 
 
 A\ KRSELY, "'/. in a manners lii<li shcwugrcat iinw.:Uing- 
 iie.'-s. Backwards, ofiposcfl to forwards. 
 
 A^T^RSENESS, ,v. imwillinguess ; backwardness. 
 
 A^'E'RSION, f. [ttMT.tioii, Fr.] dislike, ai isiiig from thf 
 of^an object ; the cau.-e of dislike. 
 
 disasireeableness i 
 
 le ; to keep otV. 
 .orcommnn 
 
 To AVERT, *. a.fdierto, Lat.] to turn aside ; 
 
 .AUF, s. [alf, iJelg.Ja person void of discretion, 
 _tiise ; a fool. 
 
 AUGER.or AU'GRE, s. [eg°er, Belg.] in media lics, an 
 instrument used by carpenters and coopers to bore hoie> 
 witli, consisting ofa handle and bit. 
 
 AUGHT,^»n. [unJit, .Sax.] any thing ; applied to the ex- 
 lent ofa person's knowledge, as/ioas. 
 
 'I'o AUGMENT, v. a. [aun'meiiter, Fr.] t\) increase the value 
 or dimension of a thing by the adrlilion of something els'?. 
 Synon. Our ambition <r»g»Hf«f.v with our fortune ; and we 
 are no sooner in possession of one hundred pounds, than we 
 are eager to add to it another. 
 
 ALfGMENT, s. langmmtum. Lat.] increase, applied to the 
 dimension ofa bod\ or the progrcssof a disease. 
 
 AUGMENTATION, .v. mcrease, enlargement, improve- 
 ment. Al.-j a court so called, erected 27 Henry VIII. when 
 by the suppression of the monasteries, the revenue of the 
 crown was atigmiiUed ; and the ithce still remains, in which 
 are manv curious records, though the court has been long 
 since dissolved. In heraLliy, the additional charges to a 
 coat of armour, frequently given as particular marks of ho- 
 nour, and generalh borne either on the escutcheon or a 
 canton ; as have all the baronets of England, who have borne 
 the arms of the province of Ulster in Ireland. 
 
 AUGSBURG, a considerable city in Germany. Under 
 the old constitution, it was an imperial city, the metropolis 
 of the circle of Swabia, and belonged alike to '.he catholics 
 ami protestant^. The public buildings aie ma,'.;ni/icent. 
 Besides the cathedral, here are six Roman catholic parish 
 churches, and six Lutheran. It is surroundetl Iw beautiful 
 plains a'ld large forests, abounding with game. The cele- 
 l)rated confession of the Lutheran faith, is called the Augs- 
 burg confession, because it was presented to a diet whicli 
 was- holden here. It is distant 30 nriles from Munich. Lat. 
 48. 27. N. Ion. 11.4. E. 
 
 AU'GUR, «. [Lat.] a ir>i::ister of religion among the an- 
 cient Romans, appointed to take presages concefning futu- 
 rity, from birds, beasts, and the appearances of the heavens. 
 
 To AU'GUR, ". n. to foretell ; to guess at ; to presage. 
 
 To AUG I i;.\TE, v.n. [awg-wo, Lat.] to produce by rji^'iis, 
 after tht niu.iucrof anaugur. 
 
 03
 
 AVO 
 
 AUR 
 
 AUGL' RATION, /. (he practice of determiiung future 
 events in the manner of augurs. 
 
 AUGU'RIAL, a. according to the principles of an augur. 
 
 AUGURY, s. [anguriitm, Lat.] in antiquiiy, a species of 
 itivinatioB, or tlie art of forcteUing future events, and <i is 
 {inguished into five sorts, namely, aufjury from tiie he;iv<nvs ; 
 from birds; from chickens; from quadrupeds; aad from 
 portentous events. Of this kind are also the more nioihrii 
 magic, astrology, palmistry, (fee. whicli, thouijh forn"?iiv 
 ver>' much practisecl, are now justly exploded as iiicousi*teiit 
 with reason and true philosophy. 
 
 AUGUST, a. [argnstus, Lat.] that may claim reverence 
 on account of its dignity or rank, or expect awe from its 
 ippearance. 
 
 AUGUST, s. [from Au^i/tt.is,'] sii^'C the alteration of the 
 style, the eighth month ot the year, ciiiUd by the Romans 
 Sexiilis, or the sixth nionlli from March ; hut named Ani^iist 
 from .Augustus Caesar. It «as represented by the ancients 
 under the figure of a young man witli a fair countenance, 
 crowned with a garland of wheat, a basket of fruit uiy^Ier his 
 arm, a sickle in his hand, and bearing a victim. 
 
 .\l'GU'STA, capital of (Jeorgia, in N. America, about 
 130 miles from the sea, seated on the S. VV. bank of the river 
 Savannah, which flowing through a fine plani country, is 
 navigable for barges managed by means of poles. Here is 
 a bridge over the water to the Carolina sitfe, which is hilly. 
 From its excellent soil, and central situation, between the 
 upper and lower countries it is rising into importance. 
 
 AUGU'STINES, a rel gious order of the church of Rome, 
 who follow the rule of St. Augustine, prescribed them by 
 pone Alexander IV. Among other things, this rule enjoins 
 to Lave all things in common, to receive nothing without the 
 leave of the superior ; and several o£lrer precepts relating 
 to charity, modesty, kimI chastitf . The Augustines are 
 clothed in black, and make one of the four orders of begging 
 friars. There are likewise ntnis of this order. 
 
 .AiUGl^".STNESS, s. that qualit\ which renders a person 
 an object of reverence, awe, and homage. 
 
 A'V I.\RY, J. {aifiariiim, Lat.] a place inclosed for keeping 
 u collection of birds, figuratively, the collection of birds 
 kept in such a place. 
 
 .WI'DITY, s. [ariiUtas, Lat.] ^cediness, eagerness, as 
 i^atiable love of money. 
 
 AVI'GNON, a large city in the dept. of Vaueluse, de- 
 clared apart of France, since the revolution; but before it, 
 the capital of a little sovereignty, subject to the pope, whose 
 legate- resided here. In Avignon they reckon seven gates, 
 seven palaces, seven colleges, seven hospitals, seven monas- 
 teries, seven nunneries, and seven popes who resided there 
 in 70 years. LaL 43. 67. N. Ion. 4. 59. E. 
 
 -AVI'LA, an ancient city of old Castile, with an university , 
 and a manufactory of fine cloth. It is seated in a large plaiii, 
 surrounded by mountains, and covered with fruit-trees and 
 vineyards, 40 miles N. W. of Madrid. 
 
 AVISO, i. [Ital.] in commerce, notice or informafToh 
 given bv letter. 
 
 .AU'KLAND, bishop, a large well built town in Durham, 
 chieHy remarkable for one of the palaces of the bishop of 
 Durham. \ manufacture of calico and nnisiin has lately 
 been established here. It is situated 12 miles from Durham, 
 and -',■>(; from London. Market on Thursday. 
 
 Al KW.MU), a. See Awkward. 
 
 AL'I.CrSTER, an ancient town of Warwickshire, with a 
 maniifiutory of needles. It is situated at the luiion of the 
 rivers Ahi ami Arrow, 7 miles W. of Stratfnrd-upon--\voii, 
 14 from Warwick, and Wl N. W. of London. Market on 
 Tuesday. 
 
 AU'LIC, a. [aiilkiii, Lat.] belonging to the court. In 
 history, applied to the highest court of llic em|)oror of Ger- 
 many, originally instituted to determine the disputes be- 
 tween the emperor aud liis subjects. 
 
 AUNT, (aitl) s. [tante, Fr.) a female relation, wlw is a sister 
 either to a person's father or mother. 
 
 AVO'CADO, '. [Span.] a tree that grows in great plenty 
 Hi 
 
 in the Spanish West Indies. The fruit is of itself verx; iii- 
 fipid, for which reason they geneially eat it with the juice 
 of lemons and sugar, to give it a poignancy. 
 
 To A'\'OCATE, V. a. [avocB, L»t.] to call a person from a 
 thing he is engaged in. 
 
 .VV'OCA TlUN, s.Ji:avecatio, Lat.] the diverting a person's 
 attention from something lie is already engaged in. 
 
 ^Fo A\ OLD, V. a. [vuidir, Fr.] tu forbear ; to shuu ; to (Juit, 
 or leave. 
 
 AVOl DABLE, a. that is possible to escape the effiScts of 
 a thing; that may be escaped or bhunned. 
 
 AVOIDANCE, s. Ilie act whereby one frees himself 
 from the effects of any cause; Ijie act of emptying or car- 
 pi, ing off. 
 
 AVOI'DER, t. the person who shuns, escapes, er carries 
 aw av ; the vessels used to carry things away in. 
 
 AVOI'DLESS, n, inevitable, that cannot be avoided. 
 
 .WOIRDUFOrS, s. [aroir clu pois, Fr.] a kind of weight, 
 supposed to be borrowed from the Romans, a pound of 
 which contains 16 oz. bearing the same proportion to 1 lb. 
 troy, as 14 to IG. All coarser commodities are bought by 
 this weight. 
 
 AM)LATi0N, s. [from avolo, Lat.] the flyinj away; 
 flight, or escape. 
 
 AVO'SET, *. a bird which souietiuies frequents oiir 
 raarsiics, and is remarkable for having its bill turned upw ards. 
 
 To .AVOUCH, V. a. [avmter, Fr!] to prove by voucher or 
 proper authorities; positively to maintain the truth of » 
 thing ; to justify or vindicate. Vouch is in use at present, 
 in its stead. 
 
 AVOUCH, s. proof, witness, evidence. 
 
 A VOU'CHA BLE, a. that may be proved by evidence or 
 vouchers. 
 
 AVOU'CHER, s. he that proves the truth of an assertion 
 by proper vouchers, or evidence. 
 
 "To A\'0'W, t'. a. [tivouer, Fr.] to profess openly, without 
 any dissimulation. 
 
 AVO'WABLE, a. that may be publicly owned without 
 dissembling, and sometimes without shame. 
 
 AVO'VVAL, s. a public confession, without the least dis- 
 simulation. 
 
 AVO'WEDLY, «rf. in a public open manner ; professedly ; 
 publicly. 
 
 AVOWEE', s. [avoKe, Fr.] the person to whom the re- 
 presentation of any benefice, or the right of aiivowsou, be- 
 longs. 
 
 AV'O'WER, s. one who openly professes, asserts, or de- 
 clares, without d'issiiiuilalion. 
 
 AVO'AVHY, s. in law, llie «i'o;;v»»- or confessing the having 
 taken a distress for rent, «hen the person distauied sues for 
 a replevin. 
 
 AVO'WTRY,^. adultery. 
 
 AVRA'NCHES, a very ancient city in the department of 
 the channel in France. It stands on a uiountuin, at the foot 
 of which flows the river See, one uiile and a half from the 
 English channel, and 30 E. of St. Mahi. 
 
 AURE'LIA, s. [Lfii.] in natural history, the second change 
 of a caterpillar, towards a moth or fly, in which it seems 
 deprived of motion, receives no nourishment, and appear 
 iiig sometimes with a yellow gold-coloured skin, is called by 
 this name. 
 
 AURE'LIAN, s.-a naturalist, who applies himself to study 
 the various changes of insects; sometimes api)lied to one 
 who breeds and describes the various states of moths and 
 butterflies. 
 
 AU'KICLE, s. [ttuvicuh, Lat.] in anatoniv, the external 
 ear, or tliat which is prominent from the head. 
 
 AURI'CUL A, s. the flower bcar's-ear, of which there are 
 manv varieties. 
 
 AURICULAR, a. [mniculm-if, \.-aX.] tl.at belongs to the 
 ear; secret or private, as if wliisp<ie(l iu a person's ear. 
 Auricular coufrsston, in the Romish church, is the private 
 confession a person makes of his sins to a priest, in order t'j 
 receive a.bsolutivn.
 
 AUT 
 
 AUT 
 
 AURI'CULARLY, "d. in a private or spcrrt niannrr. 
 
 AllKl'TEUOL'S, n. [ff»i'/*r, Lat.) tliaV produces ;;()l<l. 
 
 AUiu'GA, ill astronomy, tiie \Vay{;oncr, a constellation 
 in tiio iiorlliiMii licniis|)iitic. 
 
 AUHIGA'TION, *. [iVoni amiga, Lat. | tin- dividing a vc- 
 liicle or carria;;e. 
 
 ADRIPKi ME'NTIJM, s. See Or pi m f.nt. 
 
 AURO'KA, s. [Lat.] in {;eo],'rapiiy, tiiat faint dawn wliifh 
 appears in tlie E. when tlie sun is uitliin IS (le;;rees of tlic 
 horizon. In nivtliolo;^y, tlie t;oddess who presides over 
 <lay breaU, the dauj,diter of Hyperion and Thea, or of the 
 Sun and l'^;irth. Slie is described in all liie pomp of iniaf,'i- 
 iiutiou liy liomer, covered with a fjreat vail, \yitli rosy fin- 
 gers and hair sprinkling the tiew, and exi>aM(ling the cups 
 of flowers, ytiijoj-rt iJoren/ii is an exiraorilinary meteor, or 
 luminous ayipearance, shewing itself in the night in the 
 northern |.);n Is (if the heavens. Various reasons have been 
 {jiveu by philosophers for this phenomenon ; but as no two 
 of tbem ague, and perhaps are all mistaken as to the real 
 cause, we shall not trouble the reader with their conjectures. 
 It is very common in countries near the pole, but rar<'ly in 
 England, none being recorded in our arnials tVom Nov. 14, 
 ).'J74, till the surprising one of March fi, 17IC, since which 
 time thev have been and still continue virv frequent. 
 
 AU'RUM l'U'LMlNANS,s. [///»«rf, ,v«^->«W, Lat.] in che- 
 mistry, precipitate of gold, a powder, which, when cast into 
 the fire, produces a loud noise like Ihiuider. Aunim miisi- 
 unm, mosaic gold, a condiination of white oxyde, of tin, with 
 inlpliur, by means of mercury ; an article used by artists to 
 give a beautiful colour to bronze. Auriim patnlnli', tincture 
 of gold, a quack mediciiie prepared by mixing solution of 
 gold with essential oil of rosemary, when the gold swims a- 
 lop. The virtues of this tincture are entirely owing to the 
 vil of rosemary. 
 
 AUSCULTATION,*, [from auseidto, Lat.] a hearkening, 
 or listening to. 
 
 AU'SPICE, «. [mitpiciiim, Lat.] the art of divination, 
 coniiued to the tlight or singing of birds ; a prosperous 
 event, or the favour and protection of a lucky person. 
 
 Al'SPl'CLAL, a. relating to prognostics. 
 
 AUSPICIOUS, a. that promises success; favourable, 
 f irtunate, kind, propitious, applied to persons. 
 
 AUSPI'CIOUSLY, orf. in such a manner as to promise 
 luccess. 
 
 AUSTE'RE, a. [aiistenis, Lat.] applied to morals, rigid 
 and mortified, opposed to effeminate, or luxurious. Ap- 
 plied to tastes, rough, sour, and astringent, like that of un- 
 ripe fruits. 
 
 AUSTE'RELY, «(/. in a rigid mortifying manner. 
 
 AUSTERITY, y. a state of rigid severity and mortifica- 
 tion, sometimes including the secondary idea of sourness or 
 laoroseness ; severity or harshness of discipline. 
 
 AUSTRAL, a. [auitralis, Lat.] that is towards the south ; 
 SIS, tire niislrat signs. 
 
 AUSTIlAi:A'SIA, one of the six grand divisions of the 
 Rlobe, consisting principally of the vast island of New 
 Holland. 
 
 AUSTRA'LIS PISCIS, the southern Fish, a constellation 
 of the southern hemisphere, not visiiile in our latitude. 
 
 -AU'STPvLA, a lari'e country of Europe, bounded on the 
 N. by Bohemia and Jlor.ivia, on the E. by Hungary, on the 
 ;i. by Styria, , nd on the W. by the archbishopric of Saltz- 
 burg. The I'iverEns divides it into the Upper and Lower ; 
 Vienna is the capital of the Lower, and Lintz the capital of 
 the Upper. Austria excels all the neig'hbouring states in 
 the fertility of its soil, the plenty of its pastures, and the 
 wholesomeness of the air. Corn, wine, and fruit, are very 
 phriliful; and the saffron belter than that of the East In- 
 dies. When Francis II. emperor of Germany, resigned that 
 liigli dignity, in consequence of the great changes cffccted in 
 the empiie by the French, he assumed the title of Francis I. 
 tmiierorof Austiia. (Aug. 7, IHWJ.) 
 
 AUTHENTIC, ov AinHETsTICAL, a. [«u/Ae;,/iV.«. 
 
 Lat.] of established authority ; that is attended with full 
 proof, and attested by persons who deserve tredit. 
 
 AUTHE'NTICALLY, ud. in such a manueras to procure 
 credit. 
 
 To AUTHETSITICATE, v. a. to establish a thing by the 
 necessary (troofs of its genuineness. 
 
 AUTllENTrClTY, s. the genuineness of a thing, sup- 
 ported by proper proofs and aulhorilips. 
 
 AUTHE'NTICLY, ad. ill such a manner as to evince u 
 thing to be genuine. 
 
 AUTHOll, *. \nvctnr, Lat.] in its more proper sense, one 
 who creates and produces any thing; the original inventor 
 or discoverer of uny new art or |,iriiuiplc ; one who writeu 
 upon any subject, opposed to a traiislatoror compiler. 
 
 AUTllO'RiTATiVE, a. that has an influence over an- 
 other; that commands or obliges. 
 
 AUTH0RITAT1VELY,(«/. in such a manueras to be- 
 speak proper authoritv or license. 
 
 AUTHO'RITATIVENESS, j. that quality which shews 
 a person to be properly licensed, or to have authority for 
 the doing anv thing. 
 
 AUTHORITY', s. iinici(ir:'as, Lat.] a power which leaves 
 a person the hbeily of choice, arising from superiority of 
 rank or reason ; includes the secondary idea of respect, and 
 is applied to Ciod, with respect to his creatures ; and to pa- 
 rents with respect to their children; applied to arguments, 
 it denotes their strength. Synon. There appears in the 
 iden i>i' <i lit hot-ill/ something just and respectable; iti f}»e 
 idea of pouer, something strong and active ; and in the idea 
 of 'liniiiiiiiin, something great and elevated. 
 
 AUTHORIZATION s. the act of communicating au 
 thoritv. 
 
 To AUTHORIZE, v. a. [mUhoriirr, Fr.] to give a person 
 licence or aiilhorily to perform a thing; to encourage; lo 
 justify; to give credit. 
 
 AUTO'CltACY, «. \uiU(is himself, and hratos power, Gr.J 
 independent power. 
 
 AUTOCiRA'PHlCAL, a. [from autos himself, and grcjifa 
 to write, Or.] that is w ritleii by a person's own hand. 
 
 AUTOGRAPHY, s. [from mdos himself, and g''"/'Ai> to 
 write, Gr.] a persons own hand writing. An original, op- 
 posed to acopv. 
 
 AUTOMATICAL, «. that hath fhequalit".' of an automa- 
 ton ; that is endued with a power to move itself. In the ani- 
 mal oeconomy, applied by Boerhaave to express those mo- 
 tions which arise purely from the structure of the body, 
 and over which the will has no power. 
 
 AUTO'MA TON, .'. [from nutos himself, and maimuii to be 
 excited, Gr.] in mechanics, an engine which has the princi- 
 ple of motion in itself. 
 
 AUTOiMATOUS, a.[autematos, Gr.l that has the power 
 of motion in itself. 
 
 AU TOPSY, J [from tmtos himself, and optomni to see, Gr.] 
 the seeing a thing with ones own eyes. Applied by the 
 ancients to the communications which the soul was sup- 
 posed to have with the gods in the Eleusinian myste- 
 ries. 
 
 AUTOTTICAL, n. [from antos himself, and optomai to 
 see, Gr.] that is seen bv ones own eyes. 
 
 AUTOPTICALLY, «rf. in such "a nmnner as a person 
 may be an eve-witness. 
 
 Autumn, (vHiH»i)j!. [nntumnns, Lat.] the third season of 
 the year, wherein the fruits are gathered in commencing 
 astronomicallv on the 23d of September, and ending on the 
 21st of December; popularly including August, Seutember, 
 and October. Some nations compute their ye?rs by au- 
 tumns, the Saxons by v\ inters, and, according to Tacitus, 
 the Germans had no idea of this season. In painting, au- 
 tumn is represented by a man at pe^rfect age, clothed like 
 the Sprinjj, and girded with a starry girdle, holding in one 
 iiand a pair of scales, equally /poised, with a globe in each; 
 inliie oilier a bunch of divers fruits and giapp.s. His age 
 ucnoles the perfection ol this season, and the balante, that' 
 
 C5
 
 AWK 
 
 A XL 
 
 sirn of tlie zodiac which the suu enters when our autumn be 
 
 glflS. 
 
 AUTU'MNAL*, a. that belongs to auttimn ; that is pro- 
 rtuced in autumn. In astronomy, the autumnal point, is that 
 pointof the equinoctial hne from whence tlie sun begins to 
 ilesccnd towards the south. Tlie autumnal signs are Libra 
 Scorpio, and Sagittarius. Autumnal equinox, the time w lien 
 the sun enters the autumnal point, which is about the 23d of 
 September. 
 
 AUTIjX, anciently .^UGUSTODUNUM, a city in the dcpt 
 of Saone and Loire, situated near tlie river .'\rroiix, at the 
 footof three mountains. It contains besides the caliiedral, 
 S p"arish churches, and before the revolution, had several 
 religious houses. Here are also a great number of Roman 
 antfquitics, particularly, the temples of Janus and Cybele. 
 They have manufactures of tapestry, from cow's hair and 
 thread, carpets, coverlets, and delft vvr^e. It is 4.5 miles E. 
 T)v .S. of Nevers, and 162 SE. of Paris. Lat. 46. 57. N. Ion. 
 4. 23. E. 
 
 AVU'LSION, s. [avithin, Lat.] the act of puUinjif asunder 
 two bodies already united, implyiuj; the secondary idea of 
 some exertion or foice. 
 
 AUXE'RRE, a city in the department of Yonne in France, 
 containing 12 parish chinches, and about 10,000 inhal)i- 
 tants. It is 2.') miles S. of Sens. 
 
 AUXILIAR, or AUXILIARY, i. [from o.m/iam, La-t.] a 
 person w ho assists another, whether in war, peace, works ot 
 strenstli, or the products of the uuderstaiidinj;'. 
 
 AUXI'LIAR, or AUXILIARY, a. [aii.xillaris. Lat.] 
 that att'ords help or assistance. In graniiiiar, applied to 
 such verbs as are prefixed to others, and help to conjugate 
 certain tenses, which are on that account named compound 
 ones. 
 
 To .^WAI'T, j;. a. to expect a thing in future ; to he re- 
 served, or designed for. 
 
 To AWA'KE, J-. n. [pref. mruhe ; u-ecvinn. Sax.] to raise 
 from bleep. Figuratively, to rouse a thing in a doruumt or 
 latent state into action. Neiiterly, it signifies to ce:i?e to 
 sleep; also to be cautious; to he on one's guard ; to take 
 such measures asi.-otto be surprised by 'an approaching ca- 
 Ittinify or enemy. 
 
 A W.A'KE, a. not being asleep ; not sleeping. 
 
 To AW.4'KEN, V. a. pret. awakemd. See .'\\VAKE 
 This seems to be the best word. 
 
 To .'WV.A'RD, I', ff. [the o in the second syllable is pro- 
 nounced hard like an ; ii-eanlis;. Sax.] to pass sentence, or 
 deferniiiiea contioversy, as an arbitrator. Figuratively, to 
 give one's opinion. 
 
 AW.A'RD, i. [.see the preceding word] (he Judgmeiif or 
 rtpinioii of a person chosen by contending parties to deter- 
 mine a difference between them. 
 
 AWA'RE, ad. perceiving; cautious ; or u;)oii one's 
 guard. 
 
 AWA'Y, nrf. [«H'(?f. Sax.] after the verb i;-", or he, it im- 
 pliesahseiit, or out of sight. At the begiiuiiugof a sentence 
 it has the force of a verb in the imperative mood, aud signi- 
 fies leave this place. "/!»(■«)/, old man." Shak. Soineliuies 
 joined to a verb it implies to lose, including the idea of lav- 
 ishing, squandering, or profusion. 
 
 AWK, .V. [f■s•^ or en-«, Sax.j a respect mixed with terror, 
 ijicluding the idea of superior rank, authority, or parts. 
 
 To AWE, v.u. to iiithience a person by one's authority, 
 dignity, or age. 
 
 AWFUL, a. that causes respect, ,]oined with fear, on ac- 
 count of its di;'nit>-, authority, or age. 
 
 A'WFULLY, (ill. in sii-h a manner as to command re- 
 spect, join, 'd with fear; including the secondary ideas of 
 autlioritv and dignity. 
 
 A'WFULNESS, s. that (lUality which attracts respect 
 mixed w ith fear. 
 
 -WVIH'LE, ad. applied to time, space, interval ; some 
 time. 
 
 A'WKWARD, o. [froui auard, Sax.' applied to the mind, 
 
 at', 
 
 perverse; applied to the behaviour, clumsy; uiihaiidyj 
 clownish. 
 
 AWKWARDLY, ad. in a clumsy manner. 
 
 A'WKW.ARDNESS, »■. (hat quality which shews a pcrsf t» 
 not to have been conversant with the elegancies of pf>li»« 
 life ; and denotes him to be clownish and clumsy. 
 
 AWL, s. [^ale, or ale. Sax.} a sharp-])ointcd instruipcnt 
 used by shoemakers to make holes, in order to expedite their 
 work. 
 
 -AWLES-S, a. irreverent; without the power of causing 
 reverence. . 
 
 A'WL-SIIAPED, a. \n botany, applied to the leaves, 
 threads, or seeds, slender, and beconuug liner towards lli« 
 end, like an aw I. 
 
 AWME, or AUME, *. a Dutch liquid measure, contain- 
 ing equal to the tierce in Englaud, or to one-sixth tj" a ton 
 in France. 
 
 AWN, .«. the slender sharp substance, growin,^ to thf 
 valves of corn or grass, and frequently called a beard. 
 
 A'VVTSING, s. [from aulne, Fr.] the hanging a sail or tar- 
 pauling over any part of a ship to keep the sun off. 
 
 AWllV', "rf. [in pron. the if is dropped] out of a shaight 
 line; out of a peipendicuiar directi(<n ; on one side; not 
 even. Figuratively, erroneously. 
 
 AX, oi AXE, s. \rax. Sax.] a carpenter's instrument fi> 
 hew wood ; its edge tapers to the middle of the blade, ami 
 it has a long handle to be used with both hands. 
 
 AX'RRIDGE, a town in Somersct^!lire, with a market on 
 Thursday. It is seated under Mendip-hills, which sre rich 
 in lead mines, and proper for feeding calth-'. It is a mayor 
 town, consisting of one principal street, which is lon^, bat 
 narrow ; 10 miles N. W. of Wells, 131 W. of London. 
 
 AXI'LL.A, s. Lat. the cavity under the uiJiier part tf 
 the arm, called the aim-pit. 
 
 AXI'LLAR, or AXILLARY, a. [a.villans, Lat.J belonK- 
 ing to the arm-pit. 
 
 A'XIOiVI, s ]from axinn to be worthy, Gr.] a plain, scH- 
 evident proposition, as that nothing can act where it is f.-nt ; 
 that a thing cannot be and not be, at the same time ; that 
 the whole is greater than a part thereof; and (hat from no- 
 thing, nothing can arise. This wurd is principally restrained 
 to mathematics, and when used to other purposes is fi». 
 quently called a maxim. 
 
 A'XtS, .t. [Lat. axes, plural] in geometry, astronomy, &«. 
 is an imaginaiy line, passing through the centre of any 
 hgure or orbit. Thus the axis nf tlie ni.rld is a line conceiv- 
 ed to i)a3S tiuough the centre of the earth from one pole to 
 the other, about which the s|iliere, (i\ the world, in the Ne'w- 
 tonian system, revolves in its diunud rotation. The xxis nf 
 aplanttis that line drawn through its centre, about which 
 the planet revolves. So likewise the sun, with all the other 
 planets, except Mercury and Ilerschel, are known by obser- 
 vation to move about their rcs'pective axes. Ilie axis nf tin 
 earth, during its revolution roiiiid the sun, remains always 
 parallel to itself, and is inclined to the plane of the ecliptic, 
 niakiugwilli it an angle of about (ifi degrees. In conic se«- 
 tions, axis is a right line, di\ iding the sections into two equal 
 parts, and cutting all its ordiuales at right angles. In nvt- 
 chanics, the axisnf balance, is that line about "liich it move» 
 or rather turns about. Axisnf aseiUiiiiun, is a right line pa- 
 rallel to the horizon, passing through the cent re, about which 
 a pendnhiin vibrates. In optics, azish that ray, amongall 
 otliersdiat are sent to the eye, which falls perpciKJiiulai ly 
 upon it, and uhich" consequently passes through. the (.riitKt 
 of the eye. In architecture, spiral axis, is the aris of a 
 twisted column drawn spirally, in or(|er totiiacc the cinum- 
 volntioii without. Axis, in anatomy, is (he second xertebr* 
 of the. neck, so called from the head's turning on it like au 
 axis. 
 
 A'XIS,i. a very beautiful animiil of the deer kind, which 
 has its horns dividal into three branches. It is a native of 
 li.dia. 
 
 A'XLE, or.'V'XLETIlEE, J. [nwe and /rfojc, Sax.] n pi«««
 
 AZO 
 
 BAB 
 
 of w<«i(|, Ac. which passes Uitough the centre of a \\lieel, 
 oa vvliiih it turns. 
 
 A'XMINSTER, a town of Devonshire, with a market on 
 Satunlav. It is sealed on thi! livcr Ax, near ihc' etl;^e of 
 the connty, in tlie f^reat road from London to Exeter, and 
 was a place of some note in tlie time of the Saxons. It is 
 governed bv a portreve; lias one ciiurcii, and about 200 
 houses; but the streets, though paved, arc narrow. Here 
 is a small manufactory of broad and narrow clollis ; some 
 carpets are also made in the Turkey niannex It is 2o miles 
 E. bv N. of Exeter, and 147 W. of London. 
 
 AV, nrl. [pcriiaps from aio, Lat.] yes ; used to affirm the 
 trutii of alhifig. 
 
 AYE, ntl. [uwa, Sa.i.] generally used after/or, and implies 
 lime nillioul end ; forever; to all eternity. 
 
 A'YLESBLRY. See Albsbltiy. 
 
 AYR, a sea-port of Ayrshire, in Scotland, situated on a 
 sandy plain, and built on both sides of the river Ayr, which 
 rises on the borders of Lanerkshire, and crossing the county, 
 to which it gives name, runs into the Clyde, near the town 
 of Ayr. Its waters possess a petrifying quality, and wood 
 petnlied in it makes excellent hones for razors. Over it 
 there is a bridge of 4 arches, in the middle of the town. The 
 inhabitants can-y on a considerable trade in coals and grain, 
 and there is a profitable tiihery of cod and haddock on the 
 coast : they have also flo'jrishing manufactures of cotton, 
 iron, tambour works, c've. The market-cross here is a valua- 
 ble relict of antiquity, purporting.by the date which it bears, 
 to have been built in 1055. It is 65 miles S. W. of Edin- 
 burgh. 
 
 A'YKESIIIRE, a large commercial county of Scotland, 
 hounded on the W. N. W. and N. by the river Clyde and 
 Renfrewshire; on the E. by the counties of Lanerk and 
 Dumfries ; and on the S. E. and S. by the shires of Kirk- 
 cudbright and WigtoM n. It is aboiit fiO miles in length, and 
 from 20 to 25 in breadth ; it is divided into -li! parislies, and 
 in 1791, contained about S3,8'J2 souls, having gained an in- 
 crease within the last forty years, of 14,SS3 inhabitants. 
 
 A'YRY, or A'ER^ , <■. a nest or company of haw ks, so 
 called from the old French word aire, which signified the 
 same. 
 
 A'ZIMUTH, s. [Arab.] is an arch of the horizon, cora- 
 prehendVd between the meridianof the place and any given 
 vertical, and is the complement of the eastern and western 
 amplitude to a quadrant. 'Themng-neticnlazimnUi, is anarch 
 of the horizon contained between the sun's uzimntli circle 
 and the magnetical meridian. Azimitlh coyjipass, is :'.n instrii- 
 mrnt used at sea for finding the sun's magnetical azimuth. 
 A.zimuth dial, is one whose side or gnomon is at right angles 
 to the plane of the horizon. Azininlh circles, ca'led Azitmitlis, 
 are great circles of the sphere, intersecting each other in the 
 zenith and nadir, and cutting the horizon at right ancles 
 in all the lioinls tlieieof. The azimnt/is are represented by 
 the rhumbs on common sea-charts, ajid on the globe they 
 sre represented by the quadrant of altitude when screwed in 
 the zenith. On the azinvdh is reckoned the height of the 
 stars, and of the sun, when not in the meridian. 
 
 AZOTiES, a group of islands in the Atlantic ocean, be- 
 tween 25 and 32 dcc-rees of W. longitude, and between 37 
 and 40 N. latitude ; 900 miles W. of Portugal, and as many 
 E. of Newfouadland. They -were first discovered in H.3i», 
 by John Vandcrberg, a merchant of Bruges, who was driven 
 liere by stress of weather. On his arrival at Lisbon, he 
 boasted of his discovery ; on which ihe Portuguese set sail, 
 and took possession of them, which they have ever since re- 
 tained. All these islands enjoy a very clear sky, and salu- 
 brious air ; they are extremely fertile in corn, wine, and a 
 Varier\- of fruits; and they breed lar,ge quantities of catlle. 
 
 AZOTE, s. in modern ch; nujiiv, a name given to nitro- 
 gen, because it kills :.li animals which are obliged to breallie 
 It alone. 
 
 AZOTH, *. among the old chemists, the first matter of 
 metals. 
 
 AZOTIC, .(. in chemistry, belonging to azoic, or nitrogen. 
 
 A'ZITRE, s. in the general sense, signifies tiie blue colour 
 of the sky. Among painters, it is the blue colour, with a 
 greenish cast, prepared from the lajjis lazuli, generally 
 called vllramartiie. It likewise signifies that l>right blue 
 colour prepared from the lapis aruienus. This colour is 
 colour Lamhcrl's blue. Ill heraldry, uzure is the blue colour 
 in the coat of arms of any person below the rank of a baron. 
 In the escutcheon of a nobleman, it is called Sitpplnn ,- and 
 in that of a sovereign i)riiicc, Jupiter. In engraving, thi» 
 colour is expressed by lines or strokes drawn Ijorizontally. 
 
 A'ZURE, a. that is of a sky or faint blue colour. 
 
 B 
 
 BIS the second letter of most alphabets, and in ours tbo 
 first consonant. It is pronounced by jiressing the 
 whole length of the lips together, and forcing them open 
 with a strong breath. It is used as an abbreviation : thus, 
 in music, B stands for the tone above A, as 15b or bR doe.i 
 for B flat, or the semi-tone majj)r abo-.e A ; B also stands 
 for bass, and B. C. for liassn cuiitinmi, or thorough bass. As 
 a numeral, B was used by the Greeks and Hebrews to de- 
 note 2 ; but among the Romans it stood for300, and with a 
 dash over it thus, b for 3000. The same people used B, for 
 Jirtitiis: B. F. for boiitim factum. They likewise used B. 
 and V. indifferendy for each other. B. in the chemical al- 
 phabet signifies mercury. B. A. stands for bachelor of 
 arts ; B. L. for bachelor of laws; and B. D. for bachelor of 
 divinity. 
 
 BAA, s.a sound borrowed from, and expressive of, tht 
 bleating ofa sheep. 
 
 To BA'A, V. a. [from the sound] to bleat like a sheep. 
 
 BA'AL, s. the supreme god of the ancient Phoenicians. 
 Baa^ signifies Lord, and was applied to the sun. 
 
 BA'ALIM, s. inferior deities among the Phoenicians. 
 
 To BA'BBLE, v. n. [bahheleu, Belg.J to prate lik.e a child, 
 without sense ; to betray secrets ; to talk without icgajd to 
 place or circumstances. 
 
 BA'BBLE, i. [bnhil, Fr.l senseless prating. 
 
 BABBLEMENT, s. See Babble. 
 
 BA'BBLER, i. one who talks .vithout any fund of sen?p, 
 or without proper ideas of the words he makes use of. 
 
 BABE, or BA'BV, s. [baban, Brit.J a young child of either 
 sex. Sometimes applied to one that can neither walk nor 
 speak. 
 
 BA'BF.RV, s. finery to please a babe or child. 
 
 BA'BISH, a. that resembles the clioice of a very your.g 
 child ; that belongs to a vei7 young child ; childish. 
 
 BAi?0'ON, i. [baboin, Fr.] a khid of monkeys with very 
 museuJar bodies and commonlv short tails. 
 
 BA'BYLON, tlie capital of the ancient Babylonia or Cbal- 
 dea, in Asia, is supposed to have stood "n E. Ion. 42. .03. N. 
 lat. 33. 0. Seniirhniis is said by some, and Beius by others, 
 to have founded this city. But by whomsoever it was 
 founded, Nebuchadnezzar was the finisher of it ; for lie 
 made it one of the wonders of the world. The most famous 
 works in and about this city were, its walls, the ten:ple of 
 Belus, Nebuchadnezzar's jialaci , the hanging gardens, the 
 banks of the river, the artificial lake, ani) caiiisls. Its walls, 
 which surrounded the city, were 87 feet liiick, 350 fee! 
 high, and 480 furlongs (60 miles) ill circumference. Suck 
 are the dimensions which Herodotus has handed dowo <>< 
 us, who was himself at Babyh>ii. These walls formed ar 
 exact square, each sideof which was 120 furlongs (15 m.les> 
 "n length, and were built of large bricks, cemented to::ethcr 
 with bitumen. The city was encompassed, wilhout the 
 walls, with a vast ditch, filled with water, and lined with 
 bricks on both sides. In the whole compass of the wall 
 were 100 fjates, i. e. 26 on each side, all made of solid 
 brass ; and on the walls were 26(1 towers. The city, or 
 town, within the walls, wiis regularly built ; tor from eack 
 of the 26 gates, on every side of the square, fiirre was u 
 straight street, extending to the corresponding gate in ill* 
 opposite side; therefore the whole number of streets wcii 
 
 «7
 
 BAG 
 
 RAC 
 
 {)(), but tlicy were each about 15 miles long, 2.) of th^m 
 crossing tlie otiier 2o exactly at rifjiit aiiglfs. V>y this in- 
 tersection or crossing of tiie streets, t)ie city was divided 
 into 070 squares, each four furlongs and a half on each 
 side, or two miles and a quarter in compass. Round these 
 squares, on every side towards the streets, stood the houses, 
 all of which were three or four stories high. The inter- 
 mediate space within each of them was occupied as gardens, 
 either for pleasure or convenience. A branch of the river 
 Euphrates, which lan from N. to S. divided the city into 
 two parts, by passing through the midst of it. The whole 
 city stood in a large plain, in a very fat and deep soil. 
 That part of it which stood on the east side of the river was 
 the old city; and llic otiier on the west was added by Ne- 
 buchadnezzar, both being included within the vast square, 
 l)oundcd by tiie walls above-mentioned. The glory of this 
 city, however, did not last long ; for Cyrus soon after re- 
 moved the seat of the empire'to Shushan, and Babylon by 
 degrees fell to utter decay. 
 
 •BABVLO'NIA, or Chaldea, a kingdom of Asia, and 
 the most ancient in the world, being founded by IVimrod, 
 the grandson of Hani, who is supposed also to have founded 
 Nineveh, the capital of the kingdom of Assyria. The his- 
 tory of tliese kingdoms is greatly involved in obscurity. It 
 is plain, however, from sacred and 4)rofane history, that 
 Babyloniasubsisted asa distinct kingdom from Assvria, even 
 when the latter was in its greatest splendour. The most 
 probableaccount is, that the empire of Assyria was founded 
 Ly Phul on the ruins of Damascus or S\ria, in the days of 
 Menahem king of Judah. This king left two sons, Tiglath- 
 Pileser and Nabonassar. To the former he bequeathed the 
 empire of Assyria, and to the latter thai of Babylonia. Tig- 
 lath-Pileser resided at Nineveh, the original" seat of the 
 Assyrian empire, while Nabonassar, who was the younger 
 brother, held his residence at Babylon. But about G2(i be- 
 fore Christ, Nineveh wastaken and destroyed by the Medes 
 and Babylonians, (Nobopolassarbeing king of Babylon, )and 
 the seat of the empire transferred to Babylon. Cyrus, the 
 commander of the Median and Persian army, in an engage- 
 ment, defeated the Babylonians, and blocked them up in 
 the city of Babylon, which «as stored with all kind of pio- 
 visionsor 20 years, and which he afterwards took by stra- 
 tagem. It has frequently been the object of contention 
 between the Turks and Persians. 
 
 B.-\BYRO'USSA, s. an animal of a slender shape, which 
 bears some resemblance to a hog, but is distinguished by 
 four remarkable tusks, two belonging to the lower, and two 
 to the upper jaw : the latter pair growing to a great length, 
 and turning backward, towards the ears. It inhabits the 
 Indian islands. 
 
 BACCHANA'LIA, (Bahhaiwlw) s. [Lat.] the drunken, 
 revelling feasts of the heathen goil Bacchus. There were 
 two of these festivalscelebrated in llie year, one in the spring 
 and the other in the autumn ; but both were accompanied 
 with games, spectacles, and tliealrical representations, and 
 It was at these times I he poels contended for the prize of poe- 
 try. Those who were initiated into ihe celebration of these 
 feasts, represented, some Silenus, others Pan, others Satyrs; 
 and in this manner appeared in public night and day, coun- 
 terfeiting drunkenness, dancing obscenely, committing all 
 niannorof licentiousness and debauchery ; and runningover 
 tlie momitains and forests with horrible shrieks and bowl- 
 ings, crying out lo JSnn/ie. In Home they commitled such 
 shocking diM)rders, thai the senate suppressed lliem. 
 
 BACCHANALIAN, ( Unkhamiliim) s. | from ISaccliaimlia, 
 Lat ] one who attended the feasts" of Bacchus. Figuratively, 
 4 riotous drunken person. 
 
 P,\V.(U\>i\\.S,(Iic,IJm,mh') s. See BACriIANAt,IA. 
 BATCH MUS, s. ill hotanv, ploughman's spikenaid. 
 BA'CCHIN_,. Id heatli'ii mvthdlogv, the son of Jupiter 
 and Sciiiele, and the gorj of wine and drunkards. 
 
 B\CCrFEF!OliS,o. [tnm/f)-, Lat ] in botany, such vege- 
 tables as bi-af berries. 
 
 B.A'CHKLOR, *. a man who still conlinneA in Ibc state 
 
 of celibacy, or who was never married. Anciently, it was 
 a name given to those superior in quality to esquires, but 
 had not a number of vassals sutbcient to have their banner 
 carried before them in the tield of battle. They were usu- 
 ally young gentlemen, who endeavoured toac(iuire the titia 
 of Bachelors by their prowess ; ami being an order inieiior 
 to those called chevaliers or knights. Fauchet supposes 
 they took their name from lias clwialin-s, or the lowest order 
 of knights. It was also a title given to young chevaliers, 
 who, liaving made their tirst campaign, received the milifarr 
 girdle. It was likewise used to denominate him who had 
 overcome another in combat the first time he ever engaged. 
 In an university sense. Bachelors are those who have at- 
 tained to the Baccalaureate ; who have taken the tirst de- 
 gree in the liberal arts and sciences. At Oxford, a person 
 must be a student four years before be is entitled to be Ba- 
 chelor of Arts ; three years more before he attains the de- 
 gree of master of Arts; and in seven years more he may 
 commence Bachelor of Divinity. At Cambridge the degrees 
 are taken much the same as at (Oxford, except inlaw and 
 physic, in either of which the Bachelor's degree may be 
 taken in six years. 
 
 BACHELORSHIP, j. the state of an unmarried man; 
 the state, dignity, and office of a graduate, or bachelor, at aH 
 university. 
 
 BACK, s. [bac, liitc. Sax.] in anatomy, the hind part of 
 the human structure, from the neck to the thighs. Applied 
 to the bands, that part opposite to the palms. Applied to 
 the array of an army, the rear. Applied to situation, the 
 hind part, or that which is not in sight. Applied to an edgv- 
 tool or instrument, the thickest part of the blade, opposed 
 to the edge. A large square trough or cistern, used by brew- 
 ers to hold liquor in. Figuratively, a supporter, or one w h© 
 will second another in an attempt. 
 
 BACK, atl. applied to motion, to the place from whence 
 a person came. Applied to action, to retreat. Applied »o 
 time, that which is past. After Ace/), applied to the increase 
 of plants, to stop or hinder the growth. 
 
 To BACK, V. a. to mount a horse ; to break him for the 
 saddle; to make him go backwards bv pulling the reins. 
 Figurativelv, to second, support, or assist. 
 
 To BA'CKBITE, v. <i. to speak against a person in hi? 
 absence. 
 
 BA'CKBITF-R, *. one who censures the conduct, or vili- 
 fies the actions of a person in his absence. 
 
 BACK-BOARD, s. the board in a boat for passengers to 
 lean their backs against ; also the stiff milled paper put iiit») 
 the covers of books to preserve them from injury. 
 BACKBONE, .^ the bone of the back. 
 BACKDOOR, i. a door or passage out of a liouse tiehiiid, 
 opposed to the front. Figuratively, a private passage. 
 BA'(^KED,pn;/. liavinga back. Forced to go backwards. 
 BA'(!KFHIKND, ^. a false friend; or secret enemy. 
 BACKGA'MMON, s. a game played with dice and men 
 on a board or table, veneered for that purpose. 
 
 BA'CKHOUSE, J. the building which lies behind a house. 
 
 BA'CKSlDE.s. I lie hinder part of any thing; the hinder part 
 
 ofan animal. Fitrniativelv, a vard or ground beliiiid a house. 
 
 To BACKSLIT)E, r.Ji.'in divin;lv, to leturn to idolatry, 
 
 after having quitted it; to apostatize ; toquit the true mode 
 
 of worship. 
 
 BACKSLIDER, .cone who quits the true religion in order 
 to embrace a false one ; an ai*osIate. 
 
 BACKS'I'AFF, *. an instrument used at sea to take llie 
 sun's altitude. 'Phis instrument, coimiioiily called Davis'^ 
 (h'adiant, fiom the name of the invenior, and bv the I'leiich 
 the Knglisli (Quadrant, .is not so accurate as could be wish- 
 <mI ; and a large, heavy, brass .Xstrolabc is lo be preferred 
 before it. 
 
 BACKSTAIRS, s. the private stairs fa house, generally 
 apinoprialed to the use of servants. 
 
 BA'CMvS'r \ VS, s. in ship building, the rojies belonging lo 
 the main all! fore-masls.tvhich keep them from [lilchiitg over- 
 board.
 
 BAD 
 
 BAH 
 
 BX'CKSNVORD, j. a sword with only ono simrp cdfje, 
 and l)luiit back. I'scd, iif,'iiiiitivcly, fur a iiidgtl, or the art 
 of defeii-liiifi one's self w itii :i did^'el. 
 
 BA'CKWAUD, or BA'CKWAltDS, arf.JWi and weard, 
 Sax.] aiiplicfl 1" '""t'"i'. it si^'nilifsllu" Koiiii,'from a person 
 with the fv\ce towards liini, the k';,'s ln-Mi;; moved towards 
 thcliiiid, instead of the fore part of a pei-son ; towards tlie_ 
 bacii, or behind npoii the back. " limkivaiils and lorwanls.' 
 tien-tiM. Applied to tlie success of an undertaking,', it im- 
 plies, not to prosper or advance ; to want success. Applied 
 to »inie, some period that is past : or a portion of time al- 
 ready past. . 
 
 BA'CK\V,\RD, a. unwllins in allusion to making ad- 
 vances, anticipating or meeting a person's wishes; reluct- 
 ant; slow; dull; not (puck, or apprehensive. 
 
 IJA'CKWARDLY, ad. applied to the motion whereby a 
 person retreats or goes from another with his i'ace towards 
 liim; in a perverse*, unwilling manner; reluctantly. 
 
 BA'CKWAKDNESS, *. tliat (pialily which proceeds from 
 a dislike of the measures a person is to put in |)ractice, the 
 luiderlaking he is to accomplish, or tiie person he is to 
 oblige, including t'lie idea of slowness. Duliiess ; want of 
 apprehension. 
 
 IJA'COX, s. [hacaim, Brit.] the flesli ofaliog salted, and 
 sometimes dried. To save viti's hacun, is a low phrase for 
 preserving one's selffrom hurt or mischief. 
 
 BACULE, s. [Fr.J in fortification, a kind of portcullis, or 
 gate, made like a pit-fall with a counterpoise supported by 
 two slakes, placed before the corps du garde, advanced 
 near the gate. 
 
 BACULO '.METRY, s. [from lucnhs a stalf, and metren to 
 measure, Gr.] the art of measuring accessible or inaccessible 
 heights by means of staves or rods. 
 
 BAD, a. a relative term. Confined to natural agents, 
 that which lessens or destroys the happiness of ourselves or 
 others. Applied to moral agents, that which they volun- 
 tarily perform, in order to lessen or destroy their own hap- 
 piness or that of others. Ap|ilicd to persons, one w ho habi- 
 tually transgresses the laws of duty prescribed by the Deity. 
 Api)lied to actions, that which is performed contrary to any 
 moral law. Applied to things, that which is prejudicial to 
 our health, happiness, Ac. Trov. A had .shift is bttler than 
 twne. Where bad's the best, wtught must be the ehour. A bad 
 Ifush is better than the open field ; that is, better to have any 
 though a bad friend or relation, than to be (luite destitute 
 and exposed to the world. 
 
 BADA'JOS, a city of Spain, capital of Estremadura. It 
 stands on an eminence on the S. side of the Guadiana, over 
 which there is a bridge 700 paces long, aiid 11 broad, built 
 i)V the Romans. It was taken by the English under Lord 
 Wellington, in 1S12. It is 175 miles S. by W. of Madrid. 
 Lat. ;?8. 32. N. Ion. 6. 50. W. 
 
 BA DE, or B.4D, the preter tense ol! Rl D 
 BADEN, amargravate in Swabiain Germany, in alliance 
 with France. 
 
 BADGE, s. a mark worn by a person to denote liis digni- 
 ty, profession, trade, rank, &c. 
 
 To BADGE, f. «. to seta mark on a person ; to stigma- 
 tize. 
 
 BA'DGER, s. [bedovr, Fr.] in law, one who is licensed to 
 buy corn in one place, anil sell it in another, and is exempt- 
 ed from the punishment of an engrosser, by fi Ed. VI. In 
 natural history a wild animal al>out the size of a fox, tliat 
 lives in solitary places, feeds on fruits, and makes a despe- 
 rate resistance when attacked by the dogs. 
 
 BA'DLY, ad. not agreeable to a person's wishes ; in a 
 manner inconsistent with a person's undertakings. Applied 
 to health, sickly. Applied to the execution of any tiling, 
 not suit^iblc to the ideas of taste, elegance, or proportion. 
 
 BADNESS, s. a quality which denotes a person habi- 
 tually to transgress against the laws of his natuie. Applied 
 to tilings, it denotes that they are inconsistent w itli the good, 
 ease, or pleasure of rational or irrational beings. Ajiiilied 
 toroads, it signifies that they cannot be travelled with ease 
 
 or pleasure. Apiilied to weather, it denotes a want of se- 
 renily, calmness, or sunshine. Applied to health, that it ij 
 infirm, and interrupted with sickness. 
 
 BA'I)OUCl>, 1-. in natural histwry, a fruit very coiunjon iu 
 the East Indies, of the size of an apple, and a taste vcseni- 
 bliug that of the gooseberry. 
 
 BATFIN'S BAY, a gulpli of North America, discovered 
 by one Balfiii, an li^iiglishmaH, in 1622, who atteiiipted t«> 
 find out a North West passage to the South Sea. 
 
 To BA'l'FLE, 1'. n. \^"'.ff/er, Vr.] to render the care fif ano- 
 ther insignificant; to frustrate tile intenlious of another. 
 
 BA'FFLER, j. the person, or thing, which defeats, or 
 renders any thing abortive. 
 
 BAG, s. [bcfj^r. Sax.] in its primary sense, a receplirle 
 made of liilen, silk, or leather, to contain any thing, in the 
 sha,pe ofa loii'' scjuare when empty, and open oiil\ at one 
 ofilsends; which is called the mouth. Likewise a kind of 
 smaller bag, made of black silk, worn by gentleMn n ov er the 
 hind locksof their hair or perukes, as an 'iriiament. In Ma- 
 lm al history, the thin membrane, or c.\stis, containing the 
 poison of vTpcrs, which they lay out of their nmulhs whcu 
 eating their fooil ; that which contains the luuiey in bee>, 
 Ac. In commerce, a term of ouantity ; as, a bag of pepper, 
 of aniseed, ahiLouds, iVc. In botany, a distended bladder- 
 like seed-vessel, opening on one side, as in bladder sei\n. 
 
 To BAG, n. rt. to i)ut into a bag; to load with a bajj. 
 Used neuterlv, to swell, so as to resemble a full bag. 
 
 BAGATE'LLE, J. [Fr.] atritiic ; a toy. 
 
 BAGDAD or Bag DAT, a celebrated city of Asia, the 
 capital of Irak Arabi, on the banks of the river Tigris. 'I'lii* 
 city, for many years the capital of the Saiacen empire, w;t^ 
 fouiKh'd by caliph Al Mausiir, the second of tiic house iff 
 A I Abbas, after t-lie attempt of the Rawandiaiis to assaasiii s'le 
 liim. This place has e\\)erienced a great deal of the iiorroii 
 of war, it being an object of almost perpetual contention lie- 
 Iweens the Persians and the Turks. Amurath, or Morad IV . 
 with a formidable army made himself master of it in IfKic! ; 
 since which time the Persians have never been able to get 
 possession of 'it for any length of liiiie. The Turks have 
 a garrison of 10,000 men here, which is doubled in time of 
 war. Jan. ID, 177.3, the plague appeared in this city for 
 the first time; and made such havoc in the months of Fe- 
 bruary, March, and April, thatofaljont 4(io,(mhi inhabitants 
 scarcely a fourth part were left ali\e. The inhabitants o^ 
 the neighbouring towns of Hela, Iman Aly, Iman Hussein, 
 and Iman Moussa, were entirely swept away. Lat. 33. 20. 
 N. lon.43. .V2. E. 
 
 BA'GCiAGE, s. [baggage, Fr.J the utensils of an army, 
 so called from their being packed up in bags. Uo^ and l-a-^. 
 g-ffge, a low phrase, to signify all a person's goods; a wo- 
 man of no character; a v>rostitute. 
 
 BA'G^ilO, {banio)s. [bagiio, Ital.] a house for bathing, a 
 brothc'. 
 
 BAGPIPE, s. [from bae and pipe; the wiiid being re- 
 a bag] a musical instrument, consisting of a lea- 
 thern bag, which blows up, like afoot-ball, by means of a 
 
 port-vent or little tube fixed to it, and stopped by a \aive ; 
 and three pipes or flutes, the first called the great pipe oi 
 drone, and the second the little one, which pass the wind 
 out only at the bottom; the third has a reed, and is playcfi 
 on by compressing the ba'' under the arm w hen full ; anif 
 opening or stopping the holes, which are eight, with the fin- 
 gers. The bagpipe takes in the compress of three octave-. 
 It is a verv favourite instrument in Scotland. 
 
 BA'GRE, s. a small bearded fish resembling an eel, whick 
 frequents the American seas. It is armed with prickles, 
 which inflict a wound difficult to cure. 
 
 BAGUE^TE, .^ [Fr.] in architecture, a little lound 
 niouiamg, icss than an astrag-al ; sometimes carved and en 
 riclie.^. 
 
 BAHAMA ISLANDS, or Lucaya Islands, situated 
 to the S. of Carolina, between 22 and 27 degrees of N. lati- 
 tude, and 73 aii<l 81 of W. longitude. Tliev • \leud along 
 tlie coast of Florida lo the l>le of Cuba, and are said to be
 
 BAK 
 
 BAL 
 
 300 in ridrabcr, mostly mere rocks; but 12 of tliem large 
 and fertile : I'rovidenc, one of tlie least of these, is reckon- 
 ed the most valuable. The islaiul of Baiiam i, which is tiie 
 larsfest, aiid gives name to the rest, is about (iO miles lon<j, 
 
 9 w ide. Lat. about 20, and 11. N . Ion. about 78, and SO. W. 
 They are possessed by tRe English, who have introduced 
 tJie cotton seed here fioni Gejjrgia, which is found to be 
 «ell adapted to the soil and climate. The quantity of cot- 
 ton they exported in 17y2, was 5047 bales, weighing i,lG2,S22 
 pounds. 
 
 BAIL, s. [probably from brtilla; Fr.] the act of freeing or 
 ««tting a person at libert;. \Uio is arrested or iuiprisoueu for 
 an act civil or criminal, under security taken for his ap- 
 pearance ; likewise the person who gives such security. 
 JifiU is either common or special. Cummon bail, is in actions 
 of small concern, and is so called because any securities are 
 taken. Special bail, is in causes of greater weight, as debts 
 Minounting to lOl. where he sureties must be subsidy nien, 
 answerable to the value. 
 
 To BAIL, V. a. to deliver a pcison from arrest, or impri- 
 sonment, by oeing surety for his appearance a\ a certain 
 day ; to admit to bail. 
 
 BM'LABLE, a. that may be set at liberty by proper 
 bail or sureties. 
 
 BAILIFF, s. [laillie, Fr.] an inferior officer nt justice, 
 appointed to execute writs, and other processes directed to 
 tliesherifi", and to sunnnon county courts, sessiiuis, assizes, 
 and the like. There are also bailift's of forests, and of ma- 
 nors, who direct husbaiuhy, fell trees, gather rents, pay 
 quit-rents, iS.c. A uater-hnililf, is an othcer ap'pointed iii 
 port-towns, for the searching of ships, gathering the toll for 
 anchorage, Ac. aitd arresting persons for debt, Ac. upon 
 the water. Bailiff, is likewise the chief magistrate of seve- 
 ral corporations. (Jovernors of some of the king's castles 
 are likewise called bailiff's. 
 
 B.U'LIWICK, s. the place or jurisdiction of a bailiff", 
 vithin his hundred, or the lord's franciiise. 
 
 BAI'L.MENT, s. in law, is a delivery of goods in trust, 
 upon a coirtracl expressed or implied, that the trust shall be 
 faithfully executed on the part of the liailee. As if cloth be 
 «lelivered, or Cin our legal dialect) bailed to a tailor to 
 make a suit of clothes, he has it upon an implied contract 
 
 10 render it again when made, and that in a workmanly 
 manner. 
 
 ■iBAl'RAM, ,f. in the mahomctan customs, a yearlv festi- 
 val of the Turks, which they ' keep after the fast of Rama- 
 dan. It is concluded with a solenni jirayer against the infi- 
 Hcls, lo extirpate chrislian iirinces, or io arm them against 
 • me another, that they may have an opportunity to extent! 
 tiieir law. 
 
 To BAIT, «. o. {Jmian, Sax.] to put meat on a hook, &c. 
 in order to catch hsh or other animals ; to refresh one's self 
 or cuttle by eating on a journey ; lo attack w ith violence ; 
 to set dogs upon. 
 
 BAIT, s. [bnitzc, Teul.] a piece of flcsli, or other lure, 
 made use of to catch fish, or ensnare animals. Figiualive- 
 ly, an allurement, or enticement ; any thing which, under a 
 .-pecious appearance, contains mischief in ilself, or produces 
 it by its consequences. A refreshment on a journey; genc- 
 i-ally applied to cattle. 
 
 BAIT WHITE, «. a small fish which is caught in great 
 plenty duringihe month of July, in the riverThames. 
 
 BAITING, s. an attack made by snraller or weaker beasts 
 upon ttK)se which are larger and stronjjer. Bnll-baitinc; is a 
 sport peculiar to the English, and highly disgusting to moral 
 and hinnane persons. 
 
 BAIZE, s. a coarse open woollen cloth, with or wilhout 
 a frize, wilhout a wale, and wrought, like flannel, in a h)om 
 with two trefldles. 
 
 To BAKE, I', a. \biTcan, Sax.] lo dress, or lieat any tiling 
 ill an oven. Figuratively, to harden with heal. 
 
 BA'KEHOUSE, *. a place where bread is made, rendered 
 Milablc by f.ie heat of an oven, and exposed to sale ; and 
 where other meat or pastry is dressed. 
 
 BA'KER, s. one who subsists by maKuig bread and Luit- 
 ing. The trade is both very ancient and useful, and was a 
 brotherhood in England before 115o, in the reign of Henrr 
 11. The white bakers were ineorporated in 1307 by Fd- 
 ward II. and the brown in 1685, in James II. 's time. 
 
 BA'KEWELL, a town in Derbyshire, with a market oh 
 Monday. It is seated on the river Wye, among the hill*, 
 and the market is good for lead and oilier commodities. It 
 is 20 miles N. N. W. of Derby, and 161 from London. It 
 lies in a deep v^illey, and has a large church with a lofty spire. 
 
 BA'KING, s. the art of preparing bread, and of c<iokiiig 
 any victuals ill an OYen. In Otaheite, and many other is- 
 lands of the south seas, they bake their meat by means o/ 
 hot stones. 
 
 IjA'KU, a city in Persia, from the ground in the neigh- 
 bourhood of wliich, a vapour arises, which maintains the 
 perpetual hie in a temple, into which it is conveyed by 
 means of pipes. 
 
 BALA, a to.vn of Merionethshire, in North Wales, wiiFi 
 a market on Saturday. It is seated on a flat near Peinble- 
 meer, by the Welch called Lhin Tegid, w hich is 1.3 miles in 
 Ien£,tli, and six in breadth, and abounds with a fish called a 
 guiniad, resembling a salmon in shape, and in its taste is like 
 a trout. The river Dee runs through this lake, and is noted 
 for Salmon. It is 30 miles S. W. by W. of Holywell, and 
 195 N.W. of London. 
 
 BA'LANCE, or BA'LLANCE, i. in mechanics, is that 
 simple power which denotes the quality or difference of 
 weight in heavy bodies, and is sometimes called scales and 
 sometimes steel-yards, of which there are many difiereiit 
 forms. Also, the beating part of a watch ; equipoise. In 
 commerce, it is the equality between the value of the com- 
 modities bought of foreigners, and the vahit of the native 
 jjioductions transported into other nations. In astronomy, 
 it is one of the twelve signs of the zodiac, commonly called 
 Libra. The sun enters this sign about the 22d of Septem- 
 ber at the autumnal equinox ; this constellation consists of 
 fourteen stars of several magnitudes; when it is represented 
 on a globe or planisphere, it is under the form of a pair of 
 scales. In physics, the balance nf the air, is the weight 
 thereof, whereby it piesselh where it is least resisted, till it 
 becomes of equal weight in all its parts. Hi/rlinstatical ba- 
 lance, is an instrument which determines the specific gra- 
 vity of fluids and solids, by weighing them in water. 
 
 To BALANCE, 1-. a. [balancer, Fr.] to weigh in a pair of 
 scales; to bring two bodies loan equipoise in a pair of scales 
 In mercantile atiairs, the making the creditor and debtor 
 side of an accomit equal by the addilioii of as much as the 
 one is less than the other. Figuratively, lo atone for for- 
 mer failings by one's future conduct ; to be in a state of 
 suspension. 
 
 FiA'LANCER, s. the person who weighs any thing, or 
 makes weight in opposite scales. 
 
 BA'LANCING, among seamen, the contracting a sai^ 
 into a narrower compass, in a storm, by retrenching or fold- 
 ing up a pari of it at one corner : tins method is used m 
 coulradislinclion to reefing, which is common to all tlic 
 principal sails. 
 
 BA'LBEC, the ancieiil llr.l.iOPOT.lS, a town of Syriit, 
 situated at the foot of Anti-Lebanon, exactly where the 
 mountain terminates in the plain. Themagiiiticcnt remains 
 of the once famous '^Feni pie of I he Sun, in this city, though mu- 
 tilated and deforuK-d by the Turkish minarets, houses, iiios- 
 (pies, cVc. made up of the ruins, are well preserved, and display 
 llu' boldest and most beautiful plan tiiat ever was atlempt- 
 ed in architecture. 'I'liis temple is supposed to have been 
 built by Antoninus Pins, in place of the more aiici< n! tent- 
 pie gone to decay. Halbec is diiefly inhabited by chrisliaiis 
 of the (ire<'k ehnrcli, and is;j7 miles N. of Damascus. Lat. 3'h 
 22. N. Ion. .■57. 22. E. 
 
 BALCONY,*, \balccm, Fr.] in avclnteclnre, a projccture 
 beyond a wall or buililing, generally Ixfore a window. siqN 
 ported by pillars or consoles, and surrounded by banislf is 
 or bahistradci.
 
 BAL 
 
 BAL 
 
 ^ 
 
 BALD, (JaiiW) «. [*«/. Brit.] that liatli lost its liair. Fi- 
 {ur.ilivciy, iipplifd to trees-, stripped of tli(;ir leaves. Ap- 
 lilied to sfyle in writing, unadorned; void of ele^'ancc. 
 M< ail, naked, liaie. 
 
 15'A'LL).\CH1N, s. [haUlachino, Ital.l a piece of arcliitec- 
 lure, in form of a canopy, supported vvitii cohimns; and 
 st-rvini; as a covering to an altar. It properly signifies a 
 lull silK, and was a canopy carried over the host. 
 
 15ALDKHDASII, (iatiWf)(/m//)i. any thing jumbled lo- 
 getlier witiiout taste; judgment, or discretion. 
 
 I5A'LDLY, ibimMj) ad. without hairs, applied to aiii- 
 Uials ; willnmt leaves, applied to trees; without ornaments, 
 or elegance, applied to writings or buildings. 
 
 BA'LDMONEY, or BA'WDMONEY, s. a plant, the 
 game with the men, or coinnion si)iguel. 
 
 RA'LDNESS, (ftOTiWHcw) .?. api)lied to animals, the want 
 of hair; applied to tress, loss of leaves; and applied to 
 writings, paintings, and buildings, want of ornament or 
 elegance. 
 
 11 A'LDOCK, a pretty large town in Herts, seated between 
 the hills, in a chalky soil, 9 miles fmm I'arkuay and Roys- 
 Ion, and 38 N. NW. of London. A coMsidcrable market on 
 Thursday for corn and malt. 
 
 B.VLDUICK, s. [hale and ric, SaN.] a belt worn hanging 
 from the shoulder across the breast, on which the sword 
 was formerly hung, not unlike that worn by our soldiers at 
 juesent, to which they fasten their pouches, riguratively, 
 the zodiac circle, which cuts the globe obliquely, as the 
 belt formcrlv was suspended. 
 
 RALE, J. [Imlle, Fr.] a quantity of goods or commodities, 
 packed in cloths, corded round very tight. Bute g-ovcls, 
 are such as are exported in bales. 
 
 HALE, .?. [iff/, .Sax. 1 something which de)irives a person 
 of happiness, or health ; misery, anguish, calamity. 
 
 To 15ALE, r. )». to pack goods up in a bale. Used ac- 
 tively by sailors for laving water out of a vessel, instead of 
 pumping. 
 
 BA'LiiFUL, (t. full of anguish, pain, misery, mischief, 
 «IJ|| grief; very falal, or destructive to health. 
 
 BA [.EFULLY, <(rf. in such a manner as produces sorrow, 
 anguish, calamitv, and sickness. 
 
 BALK, (A""//;)'*. [Mk, Be!g. and Tent 1 a large piece of 
 timber; a beam; a raft or pole over any out-house or 
 barn. In husbandry, a ridge of land left niiplovved be- 
 tween twofurrows, or at the end of a field. Figuratively, 
 the disa|)pointment of a person's curiosity or expectatrou, 
 after having excited them. 
 
 To BALK, (hnrJI:) v. «. to disappoint a person's expecta- 
 tions after exciliiig them ; to render a person's endeavours 
 Rieft'ectual ; to frustrate ; to miss, omit, w hen tlie contrary is 
 <*xpectp(l. 
 
 BA'LKERS, (bauUiers) s. in fishery, persons who stand on 
 a clifl'to inform the fishermen which way the shcml of lier- 
 •"ings "o. 
 
 BAT.L, {hawl) s. \bo!, Dan. and Belg ] nny thing of a" 
 round form. Ball and snclwt, in mechanics, consists of a 
 ball or sphere of brass, fixed in a concave semi-globe with 
 an eiidless screw, that it may be moveable horizontally, ver- 
 tically, and obliquely, and is generally added to surveying 
 instrumenls, to fix them in any position. An entertain- 
 ment wherein people are assembled to dance. The public 
 dances, wherehi masters display the abilities of their scho- 
 lars in this qualification, go by this name. 
 
 BA'LLAD, s. [balade, Fr.] r. popular song containing the 
 recital of some action, adventure, or intrigue. Words set to 
 music, and performed by a singer. At present the word is 
 appropriated and continerl to trifling pieces set to music, 
 Riid sung about the streets. 
 
 To OA LLAD, V. n. to make a person the subject of a 
 bsHad. 
 
 B VLLAD-SINGER, s. one who sings ballads in the 
 public streets; including the secondary idea of something 
 verv mean. 
 
 B A'LLAST, t, [ballaste, Belg.] a quantity of stones, sand, 
 
 or gravel, laid in a ship's hold, to sink it to a proper deptd, 
 i. e. to make it draw more water, to sail upright, and to prff 
 vent its oversetting; and a ship is said to be in ballast when 
 it has no other hulin^. Figuratively, that which is used t»» 
 keep any thing steady. 
 
 To BA'LL.\ST, v. a. to lade a ship with stones, sand, 
 Ac. to keep her steady. Figuratively, to add something to 
 keep a thin<rsteady. 
 
 BALLF/rTE, tf. [Fr.] a stage dance, which is mixed 
 with dramatic characters, and alludes to some actions in 
 real life or fabulous hist<uy. 
 
 BA'LLIAGE, i. a smallduty paid to the city of London 
 by aliens and denizens, for certain commodities exported by 
 them. 
 
 BA'LLON, or BALLOO'N, s. {hnllnn, Fr.] in a:rostatics, a 
 hollow sphere, which being fille.d wi'.h gas, which is lighter 
 than common air, ascends to a great height, and is capable 
 if sullicieutly large, of taking up with it a car with one or 
 more jeronauts oii board. .See plate. Ill chemistry, a large^ 
 short-necked, round vessel, or matrass, to receive the spi- 
 rits which come over, or are drawn off by fire. In archi- 
 tecture, a ball or globu on the top of a pillar, &c. by way 
 of a crowning. In lire works, a ball of pasteboard, filled 
 with combustibles, which mounts to a considerable height, 
 a^id bursts into stars. 
 
 BALLOT, s. [halloic, Fr.] a ;iittle ball made use of at 
 elections, &c. m giving votes ; the sum of votes so collect- 
 ed. At present applied to the votes which are given at 
 elections, b\ a ticket dropped into some receptacle. 
 
 To BALLOT, r. n. [hullutcr, Fr.] to choose, by dropi>ing 
 a small ball into a box ; to choose or elect by dropping in a 
 ticket. 
 
 BALLOTATION, s. the act of voting or electing by 
 ballot. 
 
 BA'LLYCA.STLE, a sea-port town of Antrim, in IHster. 
 aboutao miles N. of Carrickfergus, and 113 from Dublin, it 
 is noted for its adjacent coUeries, and near it there is a cha- 
 lybeate spring. 
 
 BALLYSHA'NNON, a town of Donegal, Ulster, 101 
 miles from Dublin. It has a good harbour SE. of Donegal 
 Bay, and a bridge of 14 arches over a river Mhicli runs out 
 of Lough Erne, and fidling from a ridge, of rocks about 1^ 
 feet, aflow water forms a most beautiful, and picturesque 
 cascade. It is agreat sahuou-leap, and grtat quantities of 
 tliat fish arc got here. 
 
 BALM, (in pron. the I is sometimes dropt) or BA'LSAM, 
 s. \bauine, Fr.] an oily, resinous substance, flowing either 
 spontaneously or by means of incision from several plants of 
 sovTJreign virtue. There are many kinds of balsams, but the. 
 most noted are these: 1. Balsam, or Balm of Gilead, «> 
 much valued in the country where it is produced, that it is 
 esteemed as a rich present from the chief prince of Arabia 
 Felix to the- Grand .Si'aiior. In medicine, it opens obstruc- 
 tions of the lungs, and heals erosion from acrimony and the 
 worst kind of ulcerations. It is prescribed in astlimas, 
 pleurisies, and \chatever requires expectoration ; in inwanl 
 bruises and sores, particularly those of the reins and urinary 
 passages; and externally it is used to discharge and inciii-- 
 nate. 2. Balsam of Peru, which is distinguished into two 
 sorts, white and black. The former is called the Balsam tf 
 Incision, is of a white cokuir, and is excellent for green 
 wounds. The black is obtahied by boiling the wood of the 
 tree which produces it. The best is of a dark red colour, 
 and of admirable fiagrancv. It heals, dries, and dischargeji, 
 and is much used externaily, not only in wounds, but in pal- 
 sies, itchiadic and rhunnitic pains, and by perfumers tor its 
 excellent smell. 3. Balsam of Tolu, is produced from a 
 tree, a species of the pine, which grows m New Spain; is 
 of a deep yellowish colour, and of a most delicate scent. It 
 flows from the tree in the consistence of turpentiiie, but by 
 keeping becomes brittle. Its virtues are the same, in gene- 
 ral, witli those of the Peruvian and Gilead kinds. 4. Ba^ 
 sam of Cupivi, or of Copaiba, is likewise the pro'luce of a 
 tree. It n of a thinner consistence than the coiiimon tur- 
 
 71
 
 BAL 
 
 BAN 
 
 peutine, but much more fragrant and detersive. It passes 
 nway quickly by urine, ana mightiK cleanses those pas- 
 sages, and all obstructions and ulcerations of tliose parts. 5. 
 Balsam of liquid amher. It drops from a tree of Mexico, 
 called ainbor styracifera, by an incision in the bark. It is a 
 resinous and pinguioiis liquor, of a reddish yellow colour, 
 and an acid aromatic taste, and of the consistence of Venice 
 turpentine. Its essence strengtiicns the head and nervous 
 ivstem, anil its oil is of singular efficacy both for external 
 and internal uses. There are also many sorts of factitious 
 or artiti'cial balsams, made up by apothecaries and chemists, 
 %vhich it would be endless to specify'. In botany, balm is a 
 species of mint. 
 
 To BALM, ti. n. to anoint ; to sootii ; to mitigate. 
 
 BA'LMLCAF, i. a plant, called also bastard balm. It 
 lias red blossoms with purple spots, or white ones with red 
 spots, growing six in a whorl on single fruits, and (lowering 
 in June. 
 
 BA'LMY, a. having the qualities of balm ; soothing ; 
 fragrant ; mitigating. 
 
 B.\'LNEARY, s.ybalnenri-um, Lat.] a bathing room. 
 
 BA'LNEATORY, «. [balnearius, Lat.] belonging to a bath 
 <ir stove. 
 
 BA'LOTADE, s. the leap of an horse, so that when his 
 fore feet are in the air, he shews nothing hut the shoes of 
 his hinder feet, without yerking out. A ialvtade ditiers from 
 a capriole ; for when a horse works at caprioles, he yerks 
 out his hinder legs with all his force. 
 
 BALSAM. See Balm. 
 
 BALSAMICS, s. in pharmacy, medicines that soften, 
 restore, heal, and cleanse ; of gentle attenuathig principles, 
 very friendly to nature. 
 
 B.ALSAMIIxE, a genus of plants, of which the most re 
 iiiarkable is the immortal eagle flower, which is one of tin; 
 tinest annual p'ants which have been imported into this 
 country". 
 
 BALTIC SEA, a large inland sea, in the N. of Europe, 
 having Denmark a.-d Sweden on the W. Russia and I'nianci 
 on the E. Poland. Prussia, and Germany, on the .S. and Swe- 
 den on the N. The Baltic neither ebbs nor flows, and there 
 is always a superficial current sets through the Sound into 
 tlie ocean, while the water, at a considerable depth, keeps 
 rushing in. There is a method of keeping a boat stationary 
 in snch a situation ; it is by making use of a large basket full 
 iif stones, instead of an anchor ; when this is thrown over- 
 bii;ird, and suspended at a proper depth, from the boat by a 
 roi^e, the boat is prevented from being carried along with 
 the upper current, by the pressure of the opposite current 
 beneath on the basket. The Baltic is generally frozen in 
 the winter. 
 
 BALTIMORE, a town of Cork, Munster. with a good 
 Iiarbour ; it stands on a headland, whirh runs into the sea 
 Smiles N. E. of the island of Cape Clear. It was taken and 
 plundered bv the Algerines in 16.'51, on which the allriglited 
 inhahitants tied, and it has never since recovered its fornu'r 
 • iinseipience. It is 15 miles S. W. of Ross, and KiS from 
 iJuhliii. 
 
 I5A LTIMORE, a large and trading town of Maryland, 
 in .America, scaled on the Petapsee, which runs nitotJhesa- 
 peak r.ay. It isdivi(l(<l irilit the town and rell's Point, by 
 a creek, over which there are two bridges. At Fell's Point, 
 the water is deep enough for ships of burden ; but small vc-,- 
 »cls only go up to the town. In 17«7, the number of houses 
 was ly-Oii ; the number of inhabitants is u|)wards of l-2,0()() ; 
 their religious professions are various. Baltimr)re is 1.0 miles 
 N. E. if Annapolis. Lat. .3i». ■l.'i.N. Ion. 7fi. 2'). W. 
 
 BA'LTINGLASS, a town of Wirklow, Leinster, having 
 r:<tensive maiuifactures of linen, woollen, and diapir. It is 
 silnated on the river Slaney, .3!) mihs S. W. of Dublin. 
 
 BA'Ll'.STEK, ». [Iialustre, Fr.] iu architi'clure, a snr.ill 
 column or pilaster, from 1 XAlU\ of an inch to four inches 
 sipiare, or diameter, sometimes adorned with iiiouldiugs of 
 no certain form, and placed with rails on stairs, and in the 
 froiit.s of galleries and chiirchea 
 
 BA'LUSTRADE, s. in architecture, an assemblage of onc- 
 er more rows of balusters, high enough to rest the elbow on, 
 fixed on a terrace, bridge, or building, by way of security, 
 or for separating one part from another. 
 
 BA'MBERG, a large populous handsome city of Fraueo- 
 nia, in Germany. It is 36 miles N. of Niiremburg. 
 
 BAMBOO', s. [Ind.] in natural history, a large kind of 
 reed or cane, growin^in the maritime parts of the Last Indies. 
 
 To BAMBOOZLE, v. a. to trick, or impose on a person, 
 under the a,opearance of a friend ; to confound, under pre- 
 tence of assisting. A word of low and ludicrous use, am! 
 never found in polite writers. 
 
 BAMBOOZLER, J. one who, under specious pretence?, 
 tricks another : a cheat, or sharper. 
 
 BAMF, a shire of Scotland, bounded on the S. 1^ Aber- 
 deenshire, on the N. by the bay of Cromarty, on the W. by 
 Murray, and on the E. by the German Ocean. It is 32 miles 
 in length, and 30 iu breadth. It contains part of Buchao, 
 Strathdovern, Boyii, Enzy, Strathwin, and Balveuy. Itsends 
 one member to parliament. 
 
 B.AMF, the county town of Bamfshire, in Scotland. It 
 is well built, on the ded'vity of a hill, with a harbour, often 
 stopped by the shifting of the sands, at the month of the 
 DeveroH, over w Inch there is a handsome bridge^ of 7 arches. 
 It is 32 miles N. \V. of .Aberdeen. 
 
 BA'MPTON, a town of Devonshire, seated on a branch of 
 the river E\, in a bottom surrounded by hills, "21 miles frora 
 Exeter, and l(i2\V. by S. of London. Market on Saturdav. 
 Also, a large town in Oxfordshire, trading largely in felU 
 n)ongei's Wiues, as leather jackets, gloves, breeches, and 
 stockings. It is seated on the Isis, where it is navigable by 
 boats, on the borders of Berkshire. It is .0 miles frora Biir- 
 ford, 12 W. of Oxford, and 70 W. by N. of London. A eoi> 
 siderahle market on Wednesday. 
 
 BAN, s. in its primary signification, any thing publicly 
 proclaimed, con'maiuled, or forbidden. In church govern- 
 ment, a proclamation of the intention of two parties to enter 
 into matrimony, which is done thrice in the chnrch they be- 
 long to, before the marriage ceremony v<\i\ be performed. 
 A curse, or excumnuinication. The Oan af the empire, is a 
 public act or proclamation, whereby a person is suspended 
 of all hisri";ht» as a meinbcr or voter. 
 
 To BAN, 1'. «. [baniien, Belg.] to curse or devote to de- 
 struction ; to execrate. 
 
 BANA'NA TREE, s. a species of plantain which grows 
 in Africa, and is exceedingly useful to the inhabitants. Its 
 fruit is very delicious and nourishing ; its leaves, which are 
 very long, are used for umbrellas, and other purposes, and 
 its frunk is encompossed with several sprigs, of which the 
 negroes make cords. 
 
 BA'NBURY, a town of Oxfordshire, with a market on 
 Thursday. It is a large well buill mayor town, containinjf 
 several good inns, and its markets are well served with pro- 
 visions. It is the second tow n for beaiil y in the county, and 
 seated on the river Charwell. The houses are generally 
 built with stone, and the church is a large handsome struc- 
 ture. It has been long noted (in- its cakes and cheese, and 
 is 17 miles W. N. \V of Buekiugham, and 78 N. W. of Lou- 
 don. It sends one meiid)er to i)arliameiil. 
 
 BAND, .«. [1)11)1(1, Sax.] that which ties or keeps a person 
 to a certain place, without liberty of going further; that 
 by which a person or animal is kept from exertinif their na- 
 luia! strength; the same as a bond. Figuratively, that 
 which has the power of knitting a t<losi' alliance or connec- 
 tion between persons; a company of persons so united ; 
 that which is bound round a person or thing, applied to 
 dress ; particularly a linen neckcloth, ( onsistiug of two 
 5(piare leaves hanging down from the chin to the breasi, 
 worn by clergymen and law\eis. In areliitectnre, any flat, 
 low nu'mber, or nionliling, that is broad. In surgery, a fil- 
 let, or i)iece of cloth, to surround or swathe certain part* 
 that need as,sistance ; called likewise a >■«//«■. timul of l\ii- 
 *)««fr.5, consisting of 1-10 geullenun, who have loij/. a year 
 e.icli, fu;- i.»;endiug the king ou solemn occasions.
 
 BAN 
 
 Ban 
 
 To BAND, ti. <• to unite (ogeJher I)v some common tio ; 
 to cover or Itiiid wilh some narrow cloth, fillet, or band. 
 
 UAT^DAGE, /. {I'tnidage, Fr.] a fillet, roller, or swallic, 
 to hind up wounds, dislocated hones. &c. 
 
 BA'NDBOX, s. a light box made of pasteboard, (lesiKned 
 for keeping bands, ribbands, iicad-dresses, and other liKht 
 and small pieces of dress in. 
 
 BA'NDELET, s. [bandelette, Fr.] in architecture, any 
 little band or moulding, like that wliich crowns the Doric 
 fcrchitrave. 
 
 BA'NDEROL, s. {handeroUe, Fr.] a little fla^, in form of 
 a guidon, extending more in length than breadth, and for- 
 merly hinig out at tiie top of vessels. 
 
 BANDnTO, s. [Ital.] the plural hanAini, a set of outlawed 
 thieves on the continent, who generally herd together in 
 woods, and live on the plunder of passengers. 
 
 BA'NDOC. s.a. large furious species of dog. 
 
 BANDOLEE'R, s. [baiulouUeis, Fr.] a large leathern belt, 
 thrown over the right shoulder, antl hangnig down under 
 the left arm, worn by the ancient njusqiieteers, both for the 
 sustaining of their fire-arms, and the carriage of their nius- 
 qnet charges, which were i^it in 12 wooden cases coated 
 with leallier; but now out of u.^e. 
 
 BA'NDROL,*. See Banderol. 
 
 BA'NDY, s. [from bnndev, Fr.] a crooked piece of wood, 
 •towards the bottom broad, Hat on one side, rounded at the 
 other and at the handle, used in the game of cricket ; now 
 called, a hat, from hattre, Fr. to beat. 
 
 To BA'NDY, 1). a. to beat or toss to and fro ; to give and 
 take; to exchange. To contend, used with «i</i. 
 
 B.^'NDY, a. crooked. Thus, hnndij lep;, is a crooked leg; 
 ajid hanilii-hggcd is applied to one that has crooked legs. 
 
 BANE, s. [from bana. Sax.] that which destroys life. 
 Figuratively, poison, ruin destruction. 
 
 To BANE, t). o. to destroy, kill, or poison. 
 
 BA'NEFUL, a. abounding with qualities destructive to 
 life ; poisono\is. 
 
 BA'NEWORT, s. a plant, the same with the deadly night- 
 shade. 
 
 To BANG, ti. a. [vengolen, Belg.] to cudgel ; a low fami- 
 liar word. Figuratively, to use a person roughly, applied 
 cither to words or actions. 
 
 BANG, ,?. a blow with a stick or cudgel. 
 
 BA'NGOR, a city of Carnarvonshire, in North Wales ; 
 it has a market on Wednesday. This place was so consi- 
 derable in ancient times, that it was called Bangor the Great, 
 and defended bv a strong castle. Its situation is low ; 
 tlic principal buildings are the cathedral and the bishop's 
 ijalare : it is 36 miles W. of St. Asaph, and 256 N. W. of 
 London. 
 
 B.^'NGIJE, . a species of opiate, in great use throughout 
 the East, for drowning cares, and inspiring joy. It is the 
 leaf of a kind of wild hemp, growing in the countries of the 
 Levant. 
 
 BA'NIANS, a religious sect of Asia, in India, whose 
 professors never eat any thing that has life. They are dis- 
 jjcrsed all over the East, being the greatest merchants in tlie 
 world, and mav in some sense be compared to the Jews in 
 other parts. There is scarcely a merchant in the East Indies 
 but has one of these Banians to take care of his accounts. 
 They believe the transmigration of souls, and think clean- 
 ness of the body a considerable part of sanctity. They 
 marry their chitdren very young, seldom staying till they 
 are 12 years of age. 
 
 To BATsISH, II. a.[bannir, Fr.] to make a person quit 
 his ovi n country. Figuratively, to drive from the mind ; to 
 cxpei. 
 
 BA'NTSHER, *. one who expels from, or causes another 
 t!» quit his native country. 
 
 BA'NISH WENT. s. the state of a person banished. In 
 law, a kind of civil death, whereby a person is cut off from 
 j,\\ benefits arising from the society or country in which he 
 was horn, obhged to quit it,, and live in a foreign country. 
 
 Oftentimes the pimishment «)f capital crimes is remilfrd and 
 converted into banishment for life ; but it is then termed 
 ti'diisportatioji. 
 
 BANK, s. [banc, Sax.] a great shoal of sand in the sea ; 
 a rising ground on each side of a river, wasliL-d by itswater.-^, 
 which it hinders from overflowing; earth cast up dm one 
 side of a trench between two armies. A bench where rowers 
 sit, in vessels. In commerce, a common repository, where 
 persons agree to keep their cash, to be always ready at their 
 call, or direction. Likewise the place ^^bere the publie 
 bank is kept. 
 
 To BANK, t'. a. to inclose with banks. In commerce, to 
 raise a sum of money ; or to place money in a bank. 
 
 BA'NKBILL, t. a promisory note given by the bank for 
 money placed there, which is payable on presenting it. 
 
 BA'NKER, i. a private person entrusted with the cash of 
 others, payable on demand. 
 
 BANKRUPT, i. [idui/KeroK/c, Fr.J in law, one who lives 
 by buying and selling, has got the goods of others in his 
 hands, and concealed himself from his creditors. After a 
 statute of bankruptcy is taken out, a bankrupt not surrender- 
 ing within forty days, and not discovering his estates, is 
 adjudged guilty of felony. 
 
 To BA'NKRUPT, V. a. to break ; to disable one from sa- 
 tisfying his creditors. 
 
 BANKRUPTCY, i. the state of a person declared a 
 bankrupt; wherein his goods are sold, and adividend made 
 to his creditors, in proportiontotlieamountof their respec- 
 tive debts. 
 
 BA'NNER, s. [banair, Brit.J a square flag, standard, co- 
 lour, or ensign ofan army. 
 
 BA'NNERET, s.'aw ancient order of the knights, or fen. 
 dal lords, who possessing large fees, led their vassals to battle 
 under their own banner, when summoned by the king. 
 This is certainly a very honourable order, as it was never 
 conferred but on some heroic action performed in the tick! : 
 it was lately revived by his majesty in the person of Capt. 
 Trollope, who was created a Knight Banneret, for his signal 
 services on board of Admiral Duncan's fleet in the engage- 
 ment with the Dutch, Oct. 12, 1797. 
 
 BA'NNIAN, s. a morning gown, or undress. 
 
 BATsNOCK, J. a cake made with oatmeal and peas, 
 mixed with water; common in the north countries. 
 
 B.\TS'QUET, sJEr-] a feast, or great entertainment. 
 
 To BA'NQUET "• "• to entertain or give a feast to one or 
 more persons ; to feast of regale. 
 
 BA'NQUETER, j. a person who entertains another at 
 a sumptuous feast ; one who lives sumptuously, or keeps a 
 good table. 
 
 BA'NQUETING-HOUSE, s. a house where public feasts 
 are given. The hanqneting-room at Whitehall, intended for 
 the king to feast in, is a structure of the great Inigo Jones; 
 but is now used as a chapel, and is called Whitehall chapel. 
 Here twelve clergymen of Oxford and twelve of Cambridge 
 universi-fy, preach alternately. 
 
 BANQUETTE, s. [Fr.] in fortification, a small bank for 
 soldiers to mount upon, when they fire behind an intrench- 
 ment. 
 
 B.\'N STICKLE, *. a very small species^of fish, common in 
 our rivers and brooks. 
 
 BA'NTER, s. the turning any thing to jest ; the being 
 pleasant ; ridicule, or raillery. 
 
 To BA'NTER, ti. a. to represent a person or thing in such 
 alight, as to make them laughed at, or become objects of 
 ridicule ; to rally; to play upon. 
 
 BA'NTERER,^. one who represents the actions or expres- 
 sions of another in a ridiculous light; one who plays oa 
 another on account of some fault. 
 
 BA'NTLING, s. a sucking child ; an infant. 
 
 BA'NTRY, a barony, town, harbour, and bay of Cork-, 
 Munster. The barony is large, but barren and desolate ; 
 the bay, 26 miles long, a learae broad, and in llic inio'dle -iv 
 fathonis deep, is one of the finest in the voild, bcni^. 
 
 73
 
 BAR 
 
 B A K 
 
 f'.'iljabli! of hnldingall the shipping of Eiiropp ; tlio tmvn is 
 ieuted at the bottom of the bav, 20 niik-s S. W. of Cork, and 
 104 S. W. of Dubhn. 
 
 BAPTISM, «. f4n;)<i>moj, Gr.] a sacrament by wliich the 
 person is initiated 11)10 the Cliristian church. Jjnjiiisrti is 
 practised by all professors of the Christian religion, except 
 tiie people called QKokfrs. The practice of the western 
 churches is to sprinkle the water upon the head or face of 
 the person baptized, except the church of Milan, in whose 
 ritual it is ord'ered that the head of the infant be three 
 times piimKed into the water. 
 
 B.^PTl'SMAL, n. relating to, or done at, our baptism. 
 
 BATTiST, s. [l/aptislee, Gr.\ one who administers bap- 
 lisni ; applied by way of eminence fo St. John, our Sa- 
 \iour's forerunner; likewise one who nolds that baptism 
 oughl to be administered only to adult persons. 
 
 BATISTEUV, s. [bnptistniiim, Lat.] the place in the 
 church where the sacrament of baptism is administered ; 
 tiie font. 
 
 To B APTI'ZE, »'. a. [hapti:o, Gr.] to perform the cere- 
 mony of baptism ; to christen. 
 
 B.^PTIZER, s. one who administers the sacrament of 
 baptism. 
 
 B.\R, .r. [barre, Fr.] a piece of wood or iron, made use of 
 to secure tiie entrance of any place from being forced ; a 
 rock or saii<i-bank, at the entrance of a harbour, or river to 
 keep off ships of burden; the part of a cojrt of justice 
 where the criminal generally stands, and within which the 
 counsel and .judge sits lo try causes, so called from a wooden 
 bar being placed there to keep ott' the crowd ; an inclosed 
 place at a tavern, coH'ee house, ilvc. wherein a person sits to 
 take care of, and receive the reckoning. Figuratively, any 
 obstacle, or thing which hinders; any thing which keeps 
 the parts of a thing together. In law, a peremptory excep- 
 tioii against a demand or plea brought b\ a defendant in an 
 action, that destroys the action of (he plantiff for ever, and 
 ■s either bar lo common intent or special. A bai- of gold or 
 silver is a lump of either melted and cast into a mould 
 without ever having been wrought. In music, the straight 
 strokes drawn perpendicularly across the lines in a piece of 
 music, between as many notes as the measure of time con- 
 sists of, in which the air is pricked. In heraldry, an ordi- 
 nary resenibling the/M.«, differing from it in narrowness, and 
 that it may be placed in any part of the shield ; it is gene- 
 rally drawn horizontally across the field, dividing it into two 
 unequal parts, and containing one-tifth of the whole. Bar- 
 shot, two half-bullets joined together by an iron bar, used 
 in sea engagements for cutting down masts and riggings. 
 Also a new French measure of weight, consisting of 2041b. 
 4<>z. 4d. 54gr. 
 
 To BAR, V. a. to fasten or secure anv entrance by a piece 
 of iron or wood. Figuratively, to exclude, except against; 
 to hinder, or put a stop lo. 
 
 B.\'RAT[IY, s. in law, is when a master of a ship en- 
 deavours hi client the owners or insurers, either by running 
 awav with the ship, or embezzling tlie goods. 
 
 B\RB, s. \barbn, Lat.] in its original signification, a beard. 
 In its secondary, any thing that grows in its place, or resem- 
 bles it. The piece of wire at liie end of a fish hook, which 
 makes ail angle with the point, and hinders il from bei'ig 
 extracted ; likewise the pieces of iron w hicli run back in the 
 f-ame manner from the point of an arrow, and sene for the 
 same purpose. 
 
 BAKR, s. [a rontraciion of Rurbnrif] a horse brought 
 f'oiii Barbarv, esteemed fur its beauly, xi^jour, swiftness, 
 for its never Mug down, and for its standing still when the 
 rirliT drops his bridle. Also a variety of pigeon having a 
 red circle round their eves. 
 
 B A RB \(j-\N, X. \bnrhncniie,Vr.^ in architecture, a long 
 narrow canal, or i.-assage for water, in "alls, w here buildings 
 Bre lable lo be ove Ho«ed; likewise to drain off water 
 from a l."ras; an aoer'ure in llie walls of a city, lo tire 
 »)iii-kels ihroii-li ;ii -.Il iii.-nr . In for lificalion, a foit at 
 
 the entrance of a bridge; an outward defence orfortificaliou 
 to a city ; a watch lower. 
 
 BARBA'DOES, he taster.miostof ihe Windward Islands 
 in America ; it is in general a level country, tiiougli uol w ith- 
 out hills, is 25 miles in length, and 1.0 in breadth. It bad 
 formerly a good deal of wood, but is now almost all con- 
 sumed with carrying on the sugar-works. Tlie commodil'.ei 
 which they export are sugar, !um, cotton, indigo, and gin- 
 ger ; and they have most of the fruits common to th<' cli- 
 mate. The number of the white inhabitants are about 
 20,000, who have 100,000 negro slaves. They liave n« ma- 
 niil'.ictures, nor do they breed many cattle ; receiving most 
 of their corn, cattle, Hesli, and salted fish, from North A me- 
 rica, and their clothes and furniture from England. They 
 are subject to hurricanes in July and August ; but not so 
 nuich as the otlu'r Caribbees ; and it is the most heaithj 
 island of any in these parts, because, unless when there is 
 an hiirricani', tluy havealwa>s the advantage of a constant 
 easterly wind, commonly called ihe Irade-uiiid. The sugar 
 that is brought to England from heiic.e is whiter and (iner 
 than that of any other plantation ; and tiiey have one par- 
 ticular production, called Barliailoes tar, which rises out of 
 the earth, auil swims upon the suiface of thewater. It is of 
 great use inthe drv belly-ache, and in disjcases of Ihe breast. 
 Il is 70 miles E. of'the island of St. Vincent, and ao S. E. ot 
 Martiiiico. The capital town is St. Michael, or Bridge- 
 town, which lies in Ion. ^0. m. W. lat. 13. ». N. 
 
 BARBARIAN, j. [b((rba,-iis, Lat.] in it primary sense, 
 applied by the Greeks and Romans to all that were ii'it of 
 their own nation, i. c. a foreigner; but in process of lime it 
 acquired a secondary idea of cruelty, and was used to denote 
 a person voidof:dl I he eleg.aut embellishments of life, and the 
 social affections of benevolence, good-nature, and liu> 
 nianity. 
 
 BARBA'RIC, «. [JffrJanViM, Lat.] foreign ; brought from 
 countries at a great distance. 
 
 BA'RBARISM. s. \baibririsnms, Lat.] in grammar, an 
 offence against the purity of style or language ; uncultivated 
 ignorance. Applied Xm mauncis, ludeuejss ; want of polite- 
 ness ; savageness ; cruelty. 
 
 BARBA'RITY, s. [barbaritas, Lat.] incivility, unpo ife- 
 ness. Appl ed most commonly to maimers, cruelty, savage- 
 ness, want of pity, kindness, and humanity. 
 
 B.'\'RBAROUS, a. [barbiiroiis, Gr.] applied to learning, 
 igmraiit; unacquainted with the polite arts and sciences. 
 Applied to manners, void of Iv-'uevolence, pity, or compas- 
 sion ; cruel ; savage ; inhuman. 
 
 BA'RB.'^ROUSLY, ad. in such a manner as shews a 
 mind unpolished with learning ; a stranger to politeness 
 pity, compassion, orhunianitv. 
 
 BA'RBAROUSNESS, s. incivility of manners; cruelty. 
 
 BA'RBARY, a country of Africa, extending alon^ the 
 Mediterranean, from Egvpt to the .Atlantic, and containing 
 the kingdoms of Tripoli, Tunis, Algiers, Fez, and Morocco, 
 It was known to the ancients by the name of Mauritania, 
 Numidia, and Proper .Africa. It is fertile in corn, maize, 
 wine, citrons, oranges, figs, almonds, olives, dates, and me- 
 lons. Their chief trade consists in their fruits, in their hor- 
 ses, called barbs, morocco leather, ostrich-feathers, indi«;o, 
 wax, tin, and coral. The national (irofession is Maliomc- 
 tanism ; and there are some Jews, but few Christians, ex- 
 cept the slaves. The inhabitants a c noted for the practice 
 of piracy. 
 
 To BARBECUE,.'. «. [Ind.l to du-ss a hog whole, by spilt- 
 ting it to the back bone, and broiling it upon a gridiron, 
 raised two feet above a charcoal fire. 
 
 BAI'.UECL:!';, s. hog dressed whole after the West 
 Indian manner. 
 
 B.VTvREL, i'. [Ii(itbi(.i, Lat.] a large, strong, but coarse 
 river (i-.h ; so called from its having a barb or wattle under 
 its chin. 
 
 BA IJPF.R, .V. \biirhin-. Fr.lone who shaves. 
 
 B\RI!I'.K CHIRI'R(;E0N, «. (barbir-turgcou) one wlio
 
 BAR 
 
 BAR 
 
 practises tlie lower operations of surgery ; such as 
 bleeding' and drawing of tcctli, together wilh the trade of a 
 barl)cr" 
 
 BAIl'BKRRY, s. in botany, the piperidge husli, wliich 
 grows ill hedges to the heiglit of eight or ten feet, the l)ark 
 of «liieii is iinicli used in popular prescriptions against tlie 
 jaundice. 
 
 BAIinU'DA, one of tlie Leeward Ishinds, in the West 
 Indies, possessed by the Kiiglish, about 20 miles long, and 
 12 broad. The land is low, but fertile. The inhabitants 
 (about lodO) are chiefly employed in raising corn, and breed- 
 ing sheep, kids, fouls, and other stock, for the neighbouring 
 islands. 'I'hey liUewise cultivate citrons, pomegranates, 
 oranges, raisins, Indian h^'s, pepper, indigo, Ac. Here is 
 no harbour, but a well sheltered roaci on the VV. side. It is 
 near 20 miles NE. of .St. Christopher's. Lat. 18. 30. N. Ion. 
 61. ."jO. VV. 
 
 BAR(;r.r.O'NA, a large and strong city of Catalonia, in 
 Spain. It is the see id' ;i bishop, and has a jjood hai hour. 
 It coiilaiiis about l.'j.OdO houses. It is divided into the New 
 and Old Tou IIS, which are separated from each other by a 
 .wall and a ditch. The inhaliitants carry on an extensive 
 trade. This city was iiniled to the croun of Arragon, in 
 1131, by the marriage of Don Raymond V. count of Barce- 
 lona, v\ith the daughter of Don Ramiro the monk, king of 
 Arragon. It was laken bv the French after a siege of 52 
 days, ill IC97. Lord I'eterboiough got possession of it in 
 1705; and in 1714 it was taken by the French and Spa- 
 niards, altera long siege, when it was deprived f>f its privi- 
 leges, and the citadel built to keep it in awe. Lat. 41. 2G. 
 N. Ion. 2. i;3. E. 
 
 BAUD, s. \liiiidd, Brit.] among the ancient Britons, 
 Danes, and Irish, an order of men «ho used to sing the great 
 exploits (if heroes to the harp, were persons in the highest 
 esteem among all ranks of people, and reverenced as per- 
 sons of extraordinary abilities, even by crowned heads, 
 who paid them so much deference, as to be reconciled to 
 tneir most inreterate enemies at their instance. Even in 
 the present times, the word implies ■,\ptiet. 
 
 BARE, «. [bare, Sax.] uncovered ; without any dress ; 
 naked. Figuratively, without ornament ; destilute, or in 
 want of necessaries; not joined with any thing else; 
 alone ; solitary ; very much worn ; that has lost its knup ; 
 threadbare. 
 To BARE, t). rt. to strip. 
 
 BAREor BORE, die prelerof Bear. ' ■ 
 
 B.A'REBONE, f. a very thin and lean person, V\lio 'ba-s 
 scarcely any flesh to cover his bones. A low \<«irK ■ • " 
 B.VREFACKD, (7. with the face uncovered. Fi,iiirative- 
 ly, without dibsimnlation or disguise; with great eHVontery 
 or impudence. Generally used in a bad sense. 
 
 BAREFA'CEDLY, ad. in such a manner as shews a bold, 
 daring impudence. 
 
 BA'REFOOT, a. without shoes, or any covering to the 
 feet. 
 
 BAREHEADED, n. without a hat, or any covering to 
 the head. 
 
 BARELY, ad. without clothes, applied to dress ; without 
 any thing else, oro«7y, applied as an exceptive. 
 
 BA'REN ESS, a. applied to dress, either total nakedness, 
 or a want of some necessary part of attire; meanness, with 
 respect to the quality of clothing. 
 
 B.'\'RGAIN, (iu common pronunciation the i is dropped) 
 *. ybargen, Brit.] a voluntary agreement made between tra- 
 ders to deliver or sell a commodity at a price agreed on ; 
 thelhing bought or sold : the conditions of sale. Synon. 
 Bni-o-fUB is more limited, relating "to sale. Agreement and 
 Co«()ffc( are more general, implying any sort of stipulation ; 
 with this difterence between them, that Agreement seems to 
 denote a verbal one ; Contract, one that is written. 
 
 To BA'RGAIN, v. a. to agree to, or make terms for, the 
 sale of any thing. 
 
 BARGAINEE', s. the person who agrees to the condition 
 of a biirgaiiior purchase. 
 
 BAHGAINER, *. one who proposes the conditions of a 
 
 bargain. 
 
 BAIKJE, s. \h<irgie, Belg.l a large flat bottomed vessel 
 used for the carriage of goods in rivers; likewise a state or 
 pleasure boat, built with a room capable of containing seve- 
 ral persons. 
 
 BARILLA, s. in the glass trade, a sort of potash import- 
 ed'froni Spain, being the ashes of a plant called saltwort, 
 which is collected from the coasts. 
 
 BARK, s. [harck, Dan.] in botany, the outside covering 
 of a tree, which increases every >ear. It is generally spoken 
 of as inner and outer. Blussonis are an expansion of the 
 inner, and iiiipaleinents are a continuation of the outer bark. 
 Harlc is also used in conversation for the Quinr/nina, nv Je- 
 suit's bark, a most valuable medicine in removing all kinds 
 of intermitting fevers and agues. It is the bark of a tree 
 growing in Peru, which the Spaniards call the fever wood, 
 and the Indians fuddling tree, from the property it has of 
 intoxicating hsiies, when either its wood or bark is beaten 
 and steeped in the water where Ihcy are. 
 
 B;\RK,or B.\KQL'I\ s.lb'nr/nr, Fr.] a small vessel with 
 one deck only, used in transpoitiiig merchandises either by 
 sea or on rivers. 
 To BARK, V. a. to strip off the rind or hark of a tree. 
 To H A RK, !). n. [bior/iean, Sax.] to make a noise like a do{j> 
 when he gives the alarm. 
 BARK-BARED, a. stripped or robbed of the bark. 
 BARK-BI'NDING, i. in gardening, a disease, incident Ic 
 trees, wherein the bark is so close, that the vegetation, and 
 circulation of the sap is hindered. It is cured by slitting 
 the bark, or cutting it along the grain. 
 
 B.\'RKER, s. applied to a litigious, noisy, or clanioroui 
 person. 
 
 BARK GA'LLING, s. is when the hark or rind of a tree 
 is galled or fretted with thorns, tVc. which is cured by bind- 
 ing clay on the galled places. 
 
 B.\'RK1NG, a town inEssex>wilh a market on Saturday. 
 It is seated on the river Rothing, not far from the Thames, ni 
 an unwholesome air. It has been chiefly noted fora large 
 monastery, now in ruins, there being nothing left standing 
 but a small part of the walls, and a gate-house. Itis7niile$ 
 E. of London. 
 
 BA'RKLE Y, a town in Gloucestershire, with a market on 
 Wednesday. It is seated on a branch of the river Severn ; 
 and formerly was of some note for a nunnery ; and has still 
 the title of a baron v. It is i8 miles S. W. of Gloucester, and 
 112 W. bv S. of Lo'ndon. 
 
 B.\'RKWAY, a tow n in Hertfordshire, which had former- 
 ly a market on Friday, and lias still one fair. It is on the 
 great road from London to York, 18 miles S. of Cambridge, 
 and 34 N. of London. 
 
 n.'VRKY, a. that consists of, or has the properties of 
 bark. 
 
 BARLEY, s. [from bar, wheat or corn, Heb.] in botany, 
 the grain whence beer is extracted. 
 
 BA'RLEY-BRAKE,j. a kind of rural play, which consists 
 in swiftness of running. 
 
 BA'RLEY-CORN, s. a grain of barley ; used in long mea- 
 sure, as the third part of an inch. 
 
 BA'RLEY-MOVV, s. a heap of barley laid to.-^ether, and 
 formed into a rick or stack. 
 
 BARM, s. \burm, Brit.] that which is put into drink ti) 
 make it work, or into bread to swell it, ai;d make it lighter; 
 called bv the Londoners yeast. 
 
 B A KMINE, s. such mine or ore as is adjudged at a court 
 of barghmote, which courts are a kiud of tribunal which 
 takes cognizance of disputes between miners. 
 
 BA'RMY, a. that has been well fermented or worked 
 with barm or yeast. 
 
 BARN, i. [*"■», Sax.] a place, or house, wherein any 
 grain, hav, iVc. is stored. 
 
 BA'RNACLE, s. [i)robal)ly of beam, a child, and aae. Sax. . 
 an oak] in natural historv, a bird of the goo^e i>ind, tiv(|iuTrt 
 in llu; western isles of Scotland; also a kiwi of shell fidt^,
 
 BAR 
 
 BAP. 
 
 »rliich is fouiul sticking to the botl-^ins and sides of siiips in 
 certain seas. It was formerly iivagiiiod tliat the barnacle 
 frcw on an oak, whence falling into the water it became 
 first a shcll-fisli, and after>vardsa sea-fowl. 
 
 BARNARD CASTLE, a handsome town of Durham, 
 containing aliont ;?,000 inhabitants. It takes its name 
 from a castle, (a large structine, situated on a rock, by 
 the liver, a great part of wliicli is still stamling,) built 
 heie by Bernard Baliol, great grandfather of John Baliol, 
 king ofScotlaml. Here are some maimfiictures of bridles, 
 reins, belts, stockings, serges, and eamblets, which last em- 
 ploys about 4(10 weavers. It is seated on the river Tees, 30 
 miles S. W. of Durham, and at-t N. N. W. of London. A 
 great market for corn, ilvc. on We<lnesd-iy. 
 
 BA'RNLT, a town, partly in Middlesex and partly in Hert- 
 fordshire, with a market 0:1 Monday. It is a great thorough- 
 fare town, well provided wiih good inns. It is 11 miles N. 
 W. of London. 
 
 BA'RNESLEY, a town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, 
 with a market on Wednesday. It is seated on the side of a 
 iiill, and has a t;janufacture of wir." It is commonlv called 
 Black Barnsley, and is 53 miles IS. by W. of Nottingham, 
 and 174 N. W. of London. 
 
 BA'RNSTaPLE, a sea-port town in Devonshire, with'a 
 market on Friday. It is a lorporation town, and sends two 
 jnenibers to parliament ; is seated on the ri^ er I'au, over 
 which there is a good l)ri<lge ; and the market is large tor 
 cattle, corn, and provisions. It is 38 miles N. N. W. of 
 Exeter, and 11)1 W. of London. Market on Frirlay. 
 
 BAROMETER, .5. [from baros, weight, and metreo, to 
 -jueasiire, Gr.j a machine for measuring the weight of the 
 atmosphere, and the variations in it, in ortler chiefly to de- 
 termiiii' the changes of the weather. It ditiVi s fiom the ba- 
 roscope, which only shews that the air is heavier a' one time 
 than another, without specifymg the diHerenee. The ba- 
 rometer is founded upon the Torricellian experiment, so 
 called fr<'mTorricclla,thc inventor of it, at Florence, in 1C4.'3. 
 It is a glass tube tilled with mercury, hermetically sealed at 
 one end ; tiie other open, and immerged in a basin of stag- 
 nant mercury ; so that, as the weight of the atmosphere 
 dimini-.hes, the mercury in the tube will descend, and as it 
 increases, the mercury will ascend ; the column of mercury 
 suspended in the tube, being always equal to the weight of 
 the incumbeni atn:nsplu're. 
 
 BAROMETRICAL, a. relating to, or tried by tlie baro- 
 meter. 
 
 BARON, s. [possibly from lio-n, Lat.] a term which for- 
 merly included all tlie greater nobility. It is now used as a 
 degree of nobility iw'xt below tlr;t of a visco\nit, and above 
 that of a baronet. Pnr/iiimeiilnri/ barons are not barons by 
 name oiilv, but are all by birth peers, nobleiuen, and are 
 .summoned by the king " to treat of the wci};lil\ atl'airs of 
 the nalioM, and I0 give counsel upon tln'm." Tliey have the 
 following immiiuiliesand privileg"s : in criminal causes lliey 
 are judgefl by llieir peers only, and are not put on oath, but 
 d'liver the trulh njmn Imnuur ; arc not impannellcd on a 
 jurv, nor liable lolhc writs ii'/)/i/irari(, capins, cs.snigns. They 
 liad no coronet till Charles the U. gave lliem a gold one, 
 with six pearls. Besides these, the two archbishops, and all 
 the bislu)ps of England, are parliamentary barons, and enjoy 
 all the privileges of the others, excepting that they are not 
 jnd;;ed by their peers; for being not to be present in san- 
 guinary causes, in such cases they are judged, as a fact, by 
 a jury of 12. Ilarous nf tbr ]\.rchrqiin\ are four judges, who 
 determine <-aur>es belwi'en the king and bis subjects, in 
 atlairs r<daling to the revenue and the exelie(|iur. Batons 
 vf the Ciiir/iip f'trts, are nuunbers elected two for each, who 
 have seats in the liousr of Commons, liumn and/hnmr, in 
 Jaw, are husbau<l aiul wife. Jiurint ami JDnnip, in heraldry, 
 is when the coals of arms of a man and his w il'e are borne per 
 pale in the same escutcheon. 
 
 J?A'l!()'*>'Af«E, s. [barimiip^iinn, low Lat.^ the body of 
 barons; the dignity, or lands, wliieli give title to a 
 baron. 
 
 70 
 
 BAT.0NES.5, s. [laronena, Ital.] the lady or wita oJ • 
 baronet. 
 
 BARONET, s. I diminutive of baron] a degree of honour 
 next to a baron, cieated by king James I. in ordc to propa- 
 gate a plantation in Ulster, in Ireland, for which purpose 
 each of then: was to maintain 30 solders in Ireland, for three 
 years, after the rate of eightpence per day, for each soldier; 
 and they lune the precedence of all knights, except those 
 of the garter, Imnnerets, ami privy counsellors. They were 
 allowed to charge their coat with the anus of l^Lster, w hicli 
 are in a fielil-argent, (white) a hand gules, (red). The title 
 Sir is allowed them by their patent, though they are not 
 knighted. There were at first but 200 which nundicr was 
 afterwai'ds increased. No honour is created bctw ecu baroiu 
 and baronets. 
 
 BA'RONY, s. fJffror-.Hi'e, Fr.] the lordship or fee of a baron, 
 whether spiritual or temporal. 
 
 BA TiOSCOPE, s. from barus, weight, shnpen, to see, Gr.] 
 an instrument to shew the alteration of the weight of the 
 atmosiihcre. 
 
 BA'RRACAN, s. [houracan, or barracan Fr.ja kind of stuff 
 resembling camblet, but coarser, and used for surtouts, or 
 upper garuu'nts against the rain. They are manufactured 
 principally in England, Flanders, and the North of France. 
 
 BA'RUACK,4'i [bdirarca, Span.] a small hut erected by 
 the Spanish lijliermen along the snore; likewise a building 
 raised to lorlge soldiers in. 
 
 BA'RRATOR, s. [from harat, old Fr.] a litigious person, 
 or one who is fond of quarrels and law-suits. 
 
 BA RRATRY, .t. in common law, the moving or mair- 
 taiuiiig of suits in the disturbance of the peace; and the 
 taking and detaining houses, land, &c. by false pretences. 
 
 BA'RRAY, one of the western isles of Scotland, five miles 
 in length, and three in breadth, rocky on the east side, ^nd 
 arable land on the west. There is plenty of cod and ling near 
 this island : and several small ships from Orkney como hi- 
 ther in summer, and return laden with the fish. 
 
 BARREL, s. [baril, Brit.] a roinid wooden vessel, which 
 serves tor holding several sorts of wares and merchandise. 
 The English barrel, w inc-measure, contains the eighth part 
 of a ton, the fourth part of a pipe, and one half of a hogs- 
 head, i. <: 31 and a half gallons ; beer measiue 3G gallons, 
 and ale nu'asure .32 gallons. It denotes also a certain weight 
 of several merchaiulises, which dili'er according to the se- 
 veral connuodities. The barrel of herrings ought to contain 
 32 gallons wine measure, which amount to about 2S gallons 
 old standard, making about 1000 herrings. The barrel of 
 salmon nui^t hold 42 gallons ; of eels the same ; and of soap 
 2.5G pounds. In mechanics, it is the cylinder of a watch, 
 about which the spring is turned. In giumery, it is the cy- 
 lindrical tube of a gun, pistols, tS.c. through which the bullet 
 is discharged. In anatomy, it is a pretty large cavity behind 
 the tympanum of the ear, about four or fivl- lines deep, and 
 five or six wide, lined with a fine membrane, on which are. 
 several veins and arteries. In this cavity arc f >ur small 
 solid bones, not covered with the pcriosliuui, as llic rest of 
 the bones of the body are. 
 
 To BARREL, f. «. to put into, or inclose in a barrel. 
 
 BARREN, a. \_hari; Sax.] applied to animals or soils, not 
 able to iiroduce its like. Applied to genius, not able tw 
 produce anv thing new. 
 
 B A'RRF.NLV, ad. in an unfruitful manner. 
 
 B.M'UENNESS, s. that imperfection in any aniuKil f.r 
 vegetable that renders it incapable of bringing forth, or 
 propagating its kind. Also want of invention, sterility of 
 thought, Ac. 
 
 BARRICADE, s. [barricade, Fr.] any defence in the mi- 
 lit a IT art raised agaiu^t an enemy hastily, made with vessel.i, 
 carts, baskets of (arlh, trees, or inillisades. Figuratively, 
 any thing which obstructs or hinders the motion of any 
 thing. 
 
 To BARRICA'UE, r. a. [biv-ricadcr, Fr.] to stop up a pn!V 
 sage ; lohinderthe advance or nu)tiou ot any thin.' 
 
 UA'RKICADO, s. [hirnutidn, Span.l n forlif:cat;>'ii, a
 
 bas 
 
 IJAS 
 
 deffiiro made with stakes sfiofi with iron, nossoil ;it llie 
 ti)|) « ilh Uatlooiis, and erected in patsa^'cs or l)reail)cs. 
 
 To BAKKICA'DO, ». a. to Ijloik u|> a passage ; to hinder 
 Mil eneinv iV-mi passinsf any dclile or place. 
 
 BAlliU'ER, . eir") s. [bnrriere, Vr.] that «liiili keeps an 
 «ieiny off, or ers liim from entering into any eouiitry ; 
 
 a Ceiice made a passage, retreiuliiiuiil, ^.e. io slop up 
 lis rnlry. Figuratively, an ob.struetioii or liinderaiiie ; a 
 boiimlarv or limit. 
 
 BA'IIRISTER, 1. one wlio is qualified, from liis having 
 performed his exercises at the inns of courts, and by lieeiiee 
 from the lord hi;,'li chaiRellor, after a proper standing, to 
 plead the cause of tlionts in a court of justice. 
 
 BA'RROVV, s. [iei«ttf, Sax.Jany carriase moved or set in 
 motion by the hand ; hence a hand-ban-nw is a frame of 
 boards on which things are carried by handles at its extre- 
 mities between two men. A ii/ieel-ban-oie is that w ilh one 
 wheel at the head, by w liich it moves when pushed forwards 
 by the handles at the other end. 
 
 BA'RROWS, s. [from bcui-^-, .Sax.] hills or mounts raised 
 bv the Saxons, in honour of those who died in the field of 
 biitlle. 
 
 BARRY, s. ill heraldry, when an escutcheon is divided 
 bar-ways, i. e. across from side to side, into an even iiainbec 
 of iMirtions, eoiisistiiij; of two or more tinctures, iiiter- 
 chanseably disposed; expressed in the blazon by the word 
 barn/, and the nuiuber of pieces must lie specified ; but if 
 tlie divisions be odd, the field must be first named, and the 
 number of bars expressed. Barn/bfutti/ h when an escut- 
 cheon is divided equally, bar and bendways, bylines drawn 
 transverse and diagonal, interchangeably varying the tinc- 
 tures by which it consists. ZJ«r;7/-/)i7i/, is when a coast is 
 divided by several lines drawn obliquely from side to side, 
 wliere thev form acute angles. 
 
 BA'KTER, s. ill commerce, the purchasing one commo- 
 dity by another, or exchanging one ware for another. Sy- 
 Nf)N. Barter is a merchantile expression, and intiinatcs the 
 txchinin-e of different commodities by way of traffic. 
 
 To BA'RTER, v. a. [baralle, Fr.J Io exchange one thing 
 for another; the original manner of carrying on all trade 
 and commerce till the invention of money. 
 
 BA'RTERER, s. he that trades by exchanging one com- 
 modity for another. 
 
 IJA'RTON, s. [tnrffln. Sax.] the demesne lands of a manor; 
 a niaiior-liouse ; the fields, cut-houses, iS.c. a term in great 
 use ill the west of England. 
 
 BA'RTON, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market on 
 Monday. It is seated on the river Hiimber, where there is 
 a considerable ferry to pass over into Yorkshire, of great ad- 
 vantage to the town, which is a large straggling place, 35 
 miles N. of Lincoln, and 166 N. of London. 
 
 BA'RTRAM, s. a plant ; the same with pellitory. 
 
 B.\'RYTES, J. one of the primitive earths discovered by 
 Scheele, in 1774, in combination with sulphuric acid. Sul- 
 phate of baryles is very plentiful in the Derbyshire lead 
 mines, where the workmen call it cauk. 
 
 BASALT, s. the matter of basalles, which is now used in 
 the manufactures of glass bottles, and to harden mortar 
 which is placed under the water. 
 
 B.VSA'LTES, s. in natural history, a kind of niarl)le, of 
 a very fine texture, of a deep glossy black, like polished 
 itccl. Its figure is very remarkable, being never found in 
 strata like other marbles, but always standing up in regular 
 angular columns, composed of a number of joints, one placed 
 on, aud nicely fitted to another, as if formed bv the hand of 
 a skilful workman. It is extremely hard and heavy, will 
 ftot strike fire with steel, and is a fine touch stone. They 
 arc found in several parts of the world ; but the noblest store 
 seems to be that called the Giants' Causeway in Ireland, 
 where it rises far up in the country, runs into the sea, and 
 rises again on the opposite land. 
 
 BASE, a. \bas, Fr.] applied to action?, proceeding from 
 a mean, narrow, abject, and sordid disposition. Applied to 
 liiilt, low, mean, and void of dignity. Applied to biith. 
 
 de.^cended from mraii paients. Applied Io nitlals, coui» 
 tci feit or adulterated. .\ p pi iid to sounds, deep, gra%e. 
 
 I5ASE, J. [/<« , i'r. i'/iii, Lai.] in architeclurc, the 1-iwer 
 part of a column or pedestal, being the same to a cnhmill a-- 
 a shoe is to a man. Itase, in foitilication, is an imaginary 
 line drawn from the tianked angle of a bastion to that whictJ 
 is opposite to it. Base of a figure, in geometry, is the lower 
 pait of it. /Jrtieof a triangle, is properly that side parrllel 
 to the horizon. Base, in anutoiiiy, is the broader or upper 
 part of the heart, to Hhich the two auricles are fixed. Jimt 
 fee, is tenure in fee at the will of a lord. Base, in music, 
 is tlie lowest of all the parts, servingas a foundation for the 
 others. In chemistry, the earth alkali, or metal which is 
 combined with an acid to ioi lu a salt. 
 
 To BASE, t'. a. [basier, l"r.] to lower the value of a thiic^j 
 by mixtures; to debase; to adulterate. 
 " BA'SLLY, ad. meanly, disliouourably. In bastardy. 
 
 BASENESS, s. applied to actions, that which is void of 
 generosity, magnanimity, or nubleucssof soul, and proceed* 
 from a narrowness or meanness of spirit. Applied to metals-, 
 their want of the standard value. Applied to birth, disho- 
 nourable, or produced from unlicensed embraces. Applied 
 to sound, low, grave. 
 
 BASE-VIOL, s. .See B.\ss-viOL. 
 
 To I5ASII, D. a. to be ashamed. 
 
 B.XSMA'W, s. [Turk.] a Tuikisli governor of a province, 
 city, or district, who has two horse-tails carried bciuie 
 him. 
 
 BA'SHFUL, a. easily put out of countenance. 
 
 BA'SHFULLY, «r/."ina timorous sleepish manner. 
 
 BA'SHFULNESS, s. liinorousncss, fear, or shame. 
 
 B.\'SIL, Basle, or Bale, the capital of the canton of 
 Basil, in Switzerland. It is a large, rich, pojiuloiis city, with 
 a bishop's see, and a famniis university. It is divided iiil<» 
 t\ o parts by the river Rhine ; the largest of which is ninlw 
 si eof Swisserland, and the least on that of Germany ; but 
 r cy are joined together by a hanilsomc bridge. The largei- 
 I five gates, six suburbs, 2-20 streets, six large squares, 
 and 46 fountains, and is partly sealed on a hill. The lesser 
 stands in a plain, and has but two gates, with several streets 
 and fdunlains. The town-house, and fine paintings hi fres- 
 co, particularly the piclure done by !!f)ll!ein, wh-ich repre- 
 sents the passion of Clirist, are much admired by travellers. 
 The library contains a prodigious number of books, as wetl 
 in nianuscTipt as printed ; and there is a rich collection of 
 medals, among which there are several exceedingly scarce. 
 The clocks here always go an hour too fast, because they did 
 so oil the day appointed to murder the magistrates, by 
 which the conspiracy was disconcerted. This toM.n is sur- 
 rounded with thick walls, flanked with towers and bastions, 
 and yet is not a strong place. The art of making paper U 
 said "to have been invented here. Lon. 7. 30. E. Ir.t. -17. 
 40. N. 
 
 BASIL, {hazil) s. among joiner's, the sloping edge of ;i 
 carpenter's or joiner's too!, which \aries according to !l;v 
 work it is to do ; the skin of a sheep tanned. In botany, u 
 plant scientifically called clinopodium. 
 
 To BA'SIL, (iniiO I'- "• to grind away the edge of a tci,! 
 to a certain thickness or angle. 
 
 BASILIC, s. [basihhe, a royal palace, Gr.j in ancient ar- 
 chitecture, a term used for a large hall, or public place, 
 wliere princes sat and adininislered justice in persori ; but 
 is now applied to such churches, temples, <Mc. uhich by 
 their grandeur as far surpass other churche*, as princes' pa- 
 laces do pri\ ate houses ; also to such stately buildings ai 
 the Royal Exchange of Londoai, where persons meet and 
 converse. 
 
 BASILIC, or BASI'LICAL, a. in anatomy, belonging 
 or relating to the basilical vein. 
 
 B.ASI'LICA, s. [from bazilike, Gr.] in anatomy, the middle 
 vein of the arm ; so called by way of pre-eminence. 
 
 B.'VSILICON, s. [Or.] in pharmacy, an ointment callc<l 
 likewise telrapharmacon, from its being composed «rt' 
 four ingredients, viz. resin, wax, pilch, and oil i>f 
 
 77
 
 B A b 
 
 BA 1 
 
 olives ; by some, of Burgundy pilcli, turpenline, resin, aivl 
 oil. 
 
 BA'SILISK, (hazilish) s. [basilislins, a little king, Gr.j a fa- 
 Imiuus serpent, said to kill by its look ; ako a species of 
 lizard. 
 
 B V'SIXGSTOKE, a town in Hampshire, with a market 
 '>n Wednesday. It is a corporation, and a great tliorough- 
 tare touii on the western road ; seated on a small brook, 35 
 miles E. by N. ot'Salislmry, and 46 W. by S. of London. 
 
 B.\'SIS, s. [basis, tat.] tiie foundation, or that on which 
 any thing is established or supported. See Base. 
 
 To B.ASK, V. a. [hiichereit, Belg.| to warm by exposing to, 
 or laying in, the heat of the sun. Neuterly, to lay in a 
 warm place. 
 
 B.V'SiKET, .5. \_batged, Brit.] a vessel made with twigs, 
 riishes, (.'ic. woven together. 
 
 BA.SKET-FISIl, a very remarkable fish, sometimes 
 < aught in the .American seas. This fish spreads itself from 
 a pentagonal mouth piece, or root in the centre of which the 
 iMoulh is placed into live main limbs or branches, and each 
 '•i these dividing and subdividing 14 times, so that at 
 length they make more than 80,()0(» limbs. The use of the 
 immerous arms of this fish is to catch their prey. 
 
 BASKET-HILT, i. a hiltof a weapon so made as to coii- 
 liin the wl.ole hand, and defend it from being wounded. 
 
 BASC)N,or BASIN, s. [basiu, Fr.] a small vessel to hold 
 "ater or other liquors; an hollow place which contains wa- 
 ter; a pond; a canal; a dock for repairing or building 
 ships; a concave piece of metal made use of by opticians to 
 griud their convex glasses in ; a round shell, or case of iron, 
 placed over a furnace, wherein hatters mould their hats, 
 lu anatomy, a round cavity in the form of a tunnel, between 
 the ante ior ventricles of the brain, the pituitory glands, 
 and the veins. Hasans of a balance are the same as scales, 
 
 • me of which contains the weight, and the other the commo- 
 <lity whose weight is required. 
 
 BASS, (pron. base, which way it is frequently spelt) s. 
 \basso, Ital.] in music, the lowest of all the parts, serving as 
 a foundation to the others. That pai t of a concert consist- 
 ing of the gravest, deepest, and most solemn sounds. Conti- 
 ter-liass is the second, when there are several in the same 
 concf If. 'J'/inroii^/i-bass, is that which proceeds without in- 
 loimission from the beginning to the end, and is the har- 
 mony made by bass-viols, theorbo's, *c. playing both while 
 the voices siug and gther instruments perform ; and also 
 lilling the intervals when they stop. Also, a mat used in 
 
 • huiches to kneel on, made of rushes, in a cylindrical form, 
 and stuffed with hav ; commonly called ;\ l/u.is. 
 
 ISA'SS,:^, ... See Bashaw. 
 
 liA'.SSET, *. [basset, Fr.] a game at cardii. 
 
 BA'SSO, s. I llal ] in music, sometimes extended to the 
 bass uin'versally, and at other linu-s reslr.iined to tl;;;! only 
 which is sung. liasso cmreituln, the figure or thorough 
 bass, going through the whole piece, playing chords, or 
 "hatever can convey harmony to the ear. Basso repieno, 
 the bassof theg-rand chorus, which is heard only or comes 
 in at intervals, in order to make the composition have a 
 greater efl'ect. 
 
 BA'.SSON, orRASSOOT<f, s. [basson, Fr.] in music, a 
 wind inslnunCnt, blown with a reed, nine inches diameter 
 at the .bottom, with eleven holes, stopped like those of a 
 llute, dividing into two paits, and used for the bass in con- 
 certs with haulbovs. 
 
 BA'SSO KELrEVO. or BASS-RELIEF, s. [Ital.] In sculp- 
 ture, the figures of which do not stand out iniicli (iom the 
 i-jomid or planeoii vvhiih they are formed ; and when that 
 uorl; is low, Hat, and but lilllo raised, as upon coins, medals, 
 lonnters, dec. it is called luw relief; if the figures are 
 r.iised high, so as to be well distinguisli<'d, it is called bold 
 rihcf. 
 
 I>.\SS A'l'OL, .«. of the same form with that of a violin. 
 'lilt iiiiuh larger; is played upon in the same iiiaiiiier, aiid 
 has the same niiiiil)er of strings, and eight slops, which are 
 i'lbdividcd in s( mi slops. 
 
 7H 
 
 L?AST,\RD, s. [bnstuidil, Brit.] in law, a person boiii 
 of parents which have not been lawfully married, and can- 
 not inherit land as heir to his father. 
 
 To BASTARD,!), a. to convict of getting a bastard ; to 
 prove a person not begotten in lawful we'llock. 
 
 ToBAST.ARDl'ZE, !'. a. to prove a person not begotten 
 in lawful marriage ; to get a bastard. 
 
 B.A'.ST.VRDLY, ad. like a bastard; in a degenerate, spu- 
 rious manner. 
 
 B.\'STARDY, s. in law, an unlawful state of birth, 
 wherein a person is vnoduced from a couple not married, 
 and is therefore disabled from succeeding to an inherit- 
 ance. 
 
 To B.A.STE, r. a. [bastomier, Fr.] to beat with a stiek. 
 In cookery, to moisten meat while roasting, with butter or 
 dripping. Among semptresses from bastcr, Fr. to stitch, 
 to sew two selvages together. 
 
 BA'.STI.\,a sea-port, the capital of Corsica, with a good 
 harbour, and only fit for small vessels. The number of in- 
 habitants is about Giioo. It is situated on the NE. toast of 
 the island, in lat. 42. 36. N. Ion. 9. 30. E. 
 
 BASTILE, a royal castle built by Charlos V. in 1360. 
 for the defence of Paris, formerly used as a (dace of confine- 
 ment for state prisoners, but totally deiKolishod by the pur 
 pulace, on the great revolution in France, 1/S9. 
 
 B.VSTINA'DE, or BASTINADO, s. [bastminade, Fr.] 
 the act of beating with a stick or cudgel; the jjunishment 
 inflicted by the Turks, of beating the soles of a person's 
 feet with a heavy piece of wood, h.aviiig a large knob or 
 round head at the end. 
 
 To BA.ST1N.\DE, or BASTINA'DO, i-. «. \basiouner, Fr.J 
 to beat with a stick or cudgel. 
 
 BA'.STION, s. [bastion, Fr.] in fortification, a large mass 
 of earth, faced with sods, sehlom with brick or stone, stand- 
 ing out from a rampart. 
 
 BA STON, or B.yiTOO'N, s. [Fr.] in archifeclure, a 
 mould at the base of a column, callcil a tore. In lieraidiT, 
 a kind of bend not reaching (piite across the shield ; asign 
 of bastardy, and ought not to be removed till the third ge- 
 neration. 
 
 BAT, s. any large club ; particularly one curved and 
 flat on one side, towards tlie bottom, used i.n t'lc game 
 of cricket. In natural history, a quadruped furnished 
 with membranaceous wings, which appears only in the 
 evening. 
 
 BA"i\ABLE, a. in law, apolied to grounds whose pro- 
 perty is disputable. 
 
 BATATI.V, a handsome, large, and very strong town of 
 Asia, in the island of Java and kingdom of Bantam ; the ca- 
 
 fiital of all the Uutcli settlements and colonies in the East 
 udics. The fort, or citadel, is built at a little di>taiKe 
 from the town, of stone brought fiom F-uropc. Besides 
 this, they ha\e five other forts about the city, to defend it 
 from all insults. In general the place is vei-y beautiful, 
 and built with white stone; and tliey have canals in the 
 principal streets, planted on each side with evergreen trees. 
 Batavia contains a prodigious number of inhabitants, of 
 every nation and country in these parts; particularly a 
 great number of (Chinese, till many thousands of them were 
 massacied in cold bloo<l, in 1741, and their wealth confis- 
 cated by the Dutch. It is the resilience of the governor- 
 general of all the Dutch colonics in the East Imiies, who 
 continues but three years, and is replaced by another, sent 
 by the United Provinces. It has an handsome hospital and 
 arsenal; and all the goods brought from other parts of the 
 I'.ast Indies are laid up here till lliry are exported to llie 
 places of their destination. It was taken from the Dutch by 
 the English forces in February, 17U6. 'Fhe haibour is ex- 
 cellent, and sealed on the N. E. part <if the island, 1^. \'.. of 
 Sumatra, ami N. W. of liorneo. Lon. 106. 60. E. hit. 6. 
 10. S. 
 
 BATCH, .«. the (iuaiilil> of bread baked at one time, 
 .Any quanlily ota thing made at once, so as to have tlie .■>ai)ie 
 i(ir.ilili' ■^.
 
 BA'I 
 
 il/\ V 
 
 15\Tt:iIF.rX)R, .«. SoeBACHKi.oi!. 
 IJA'TCHI'.LOK'S BUTTONS,*, the toimiioii white iiiid 
 red caiuiiidii. 
 
 To 15A TK-, 1'. «. [coiirractcd from dha/c] to li'ssen a de- 
 inaird or lower the price oi'a foniiiioditv ; to al>->tain or re- 
 Ihiiu from a lliijn;: to exerpt, or take awav. 
 
 li A TEMENT; *. the lessoning' the <niantity of stuff: 
 used bv carpenters, and low iiu^chuiiics. 
 
 BAT-FOWLING, s. a methiMi of catching liirds in the 
 niglit, pr'.ictisc<i by liLthtin;; slia-.v, or cariviiiH; a laiitcin 
 dear the bushes, which beinj; beat wx'h a stick, tiiey tiy to- 
 wards the light, and art crnight in ucLs provided for that 
 purpose. 
 
 BATH, s. [bat/i. Sax.] a « Hicient (niaiifity of water col- 
 le(te<l into some convenient place lor peiA.ons to wasii in. 
 Balhs are divided into hot and cold. The m.vt celebrated 
 of this kind in Rn^land, are those near AVells, in Somerset- 
 shire. They produce a pers|>iration of .'»>/.. in an hour 
 are of great use in disorders of the bead, palsy, diseases of 
 the skin, scurvy, stone, constipations of the bowels and 
 most chronical disorders. Cold bathin;; operates both by 
 its cold and constringinij power, and its weight, which i,'t 
 the depth of two feet under water, presses on the linman 
 frame with a weight of 2'280lb. troy. It dissolves the blood, 
 removes any viscid matter adhering to the sides of the 
 vessels; generates tlie spirits ; forces urine; and removes 
 ol)strnctions in the viscera. In chemistry, baths are vessels 
 for distillation, or digestion, contrived to transmit heat gra- 
 ilu;dl\ and regularly. They are of two kinds, sand-baths, 
 and water baths. Sand-baths, ar^ vessels tilled in part with 
 dry sand, in which those retorts are placed, whicli require a 
 gnater lieat than can be given by boiling ^aier. Water- 
 I^aths, are vessels of boiling water, in whicli other vessels, 
 containing the matters to be distilled or digested, are put in 
 Older, that tlie same heat may be kept up throughout the 
 whole of any particular process, hni^/its of the Bntli, a 
 military order in England, instituted by Richard 11. who 
 limilted (heir number to four ; but liis successor, Henry IV. 
 increased them to forty-six. Their motto was /cr* i« "»», 
 signifving the three theological virtues. This order received 
 its denomination from a custom of bathing before they re- 
 ceived the golden spur. The order of the bath, after re- 
 maining many years extinct, was revived under George I. 
 by a solemn creation of a great numbei of knights. 
 
 BATH, a city of Somersetsliire, famous, from the times 
 of the Romans, for its hot springs. They are not onlv used 
 as baths, but internally as medicine, and great benefits are 
 derived from thetu in gouty, paralytic, billions, and a variety 
 of other cases. Bath is a place of sucli general resort, that 
 it seems like a great national hospital ; it is so far, how ever, 
 from being a house of mourning, thai it exceeds every other 
 part of England in amusements and dissipation. It is laid 
 out in squares, circuses, crescents, terraces, iVc. these are 
 constructed of white free-stone, which ab(mnds here, and 
 are executed in an elegant stile of architecture. It is seated 
 on the river Avon ; but, in its later improvements, the build- 
 ings, risilig, one range above another, have nearly reached 
 tlie summit of the hill, on the declivity of which it stands. 
 The principal seasmi for the wavers are spring and autumn ; 
 and, besides the great infirmary, here are several other hos- 
 pitals and alms-houses, for the relief and support of indigent 
 patients. Considerable manufactures r,r cloth are carried 
 on near Bath. It is 12 miles E. S. E. or Bristol, and 105 W. 
 of I.ondon. Market on Saturday. 
 
 To BATHE, )'. «. [Imtliian, Sax.] to wash in a bath ; fo 
 soften or supple by the outward application of warm liquors; 
 to uash anv thing. 
 
 BATH-KOL, s. |Heb. the i1aiis;hter of the voice'] a name 
 whereby the Jewish w riters distinguish the revelation which 
 God made of hisuill to his chosen people, when, \\\\m\ the 
 death of Malacbl,all projihecies had ceased in Israel. 
 
 BATH-METAL, i. mixed metal, otherwise called Princes' 
 Hhinl 
 
 BATING, prep, except. 
 
 BAITA'LIA, s. [httttaglia, Ital.] (he drawing up an nriit\ 
 ill order of battle. 
 
 BA'J'TA'LION, s. \bntlail!„t , Fr.] a small body of infan- 
 trv drawn up in order of bat tie. A battalion seldom falU 
 slioi t of 700, or exceeds 1000 men. It is generally iai;ged 
 in six ranks. 
 
 BATFEL, a town in Sussex, bo named from an abbey, 
 called Battel-abbey, erected bv the conqueror, on the siM>t 
 where the decisive battle was fought briween Harold and 
 William duke of Nornian.ly , Od. 14th, lofio. The gat-- 
 house of the abbey, (which v as a stately pile, ne-irly a mite 
 ill circumference) remains almost <ntire, and serves for llie 
 sessions, and other public meetings, 'Fhe town, which i* 
 low and dirty, consists of one fiood street, has a harbour for 
 barges, and a manufacture of gunpowder, of considerabh- 
 estimation among sportsmen. Battel is 6 miles N. \V. (d 
 Hastings, 22 E. of Lewes, and o7 S. E. of London. A 
 weekly market on Thursday, for pio\isions, and a market 
 every second Tues<lay in the month for cattle, corn, iS.c. 
 
 BA'TTEN, s. a iiaiue given by workmen to a long thin 
 piece of wood, of an inconsiderable breadth, seldom exceed- 
 ing four inches; it is general! v about an inch thick. 
 
 "To BATTEN, v. n. [imtten, Teut.] to glut or satiate oiie".< 
 seU'; to grow fat, to live luxuriously. Applied to land, to 
 make /Miitful. 
 
 BA'TrEl'v, s. in cookery, a mixture of flour, eggs, an I 
 milk, beaten together with some liquor. 
 
 To BATTEft. «■ ". \l>iiilrt' Fr.] to beat, to beat down. 
 Most commonly applied to the batteringof walls by engines, 
 cannon, cVc. 
 
 BA'TTERY, s. [bnllerie, Fr.] in fortification, a place wlierr: 
 artillei-y is planted, in order to plav upon the enemy. In 
 law, the beating any person uiijustiy . In <ieelricity, a com- 
 bination of coated' surfaces of glass, so connected together 
 that tliev may be discharged by a common conductor. 
 
 BATTLE, s, [battaille, Fr.] a tight between two niimeroiiii 
 bodies of men. Synon. The fight of two individuals is 
 frequently, but iniproper'y, called a battle instead of a com- 
 bat, for a bnltle supposes a number on both sides. We use 
 the word battle when speaking of the conflict between two 
 armies. Engagement is applied to the encounter between 
 two fleets. 
 
 To BATTLE, r. a. [batailler, Fr.] to engage in battle, or 
 contend in anv manner w hatevcr. 
 
 BATTLE-ARRAY, s. arrangement, or order of battle ; 
 the proper disposition of men in order to engage an enemy. 
 
 BATTLEi-AXE, i. a \uapon made useof in tiirnier times, 
 frequent mention is made of it by historians, thoii-gh none of 
 tlieni have left us a description of it. 
 
 BATTLEDOOR, .t. an instrument us>-d to strike a shut 
 tie-cock ; it consists of a handle and broad blade. 
 
 BA'TIl^EFIELD, a village in Shropshire, 5 miles N. ol 
 Shrewsbury, where a victory was gained bv Henry IV. over 
 the rebels under Henry I'erey, surnamed Hotspur. It is 
 governed by a constable, and consists of 400 houses and 
 1400 inhabitants. It has a large church, and one long street, 
 paved ; b.it no niannfactorv. 
 
 BA'TTLEMENTS, s. notches on the top of a tower, 
 wall, parapet, &c. to look through, in order to annoy an 
 eneniv\ 
 
 BATTO'LOGY, s. [from battrn, a babbler, and lego, to 
 speak, Gr.] a tedious circumlocution, or the frequent repe- 
 tition of the same word without any reason. 
 
 B.^'TTON, s. in merchandise, a name given to certain 
 pieces of wood or deal for flooring and other purposes. 
 
 BATTOO'N, s. [batrni, Fr.] a truncheon or stall, borne bv 
 a marshal as a mark of his dignity ; likewise, any short slick 
 or club. 
 
 BAVA'RIA, a considerable country of Germany, with 
 the title of a duchy ; bounded on the N. by Bohemia, and 
 tlie lipvier Palatinate ; on the E. by Austria, fhe arehbisliop- 
 ric of Saltiburg, and the liishopric of Passau; on the S. bv 
 the bishopric of Brixen, and the Tyrol, anil on the W. by the 
 river Lecli. It is about 124nulesinlenglli from R. toW. anil 
 
 7<*
 
 BA \ 
 
 BEA 
 
 f7 in brcadtli from N. to S. The priucipal rivers arc tlie 
 r);iniil)P, tlie Inn, the Iser, and the Lech. Tlieair is whole- 
 some, and the soil fertile in wine, uheat, and good pastures ; 
 but tL'e country having little trade, is poor. It is divided 
 into the Upper and Lower ; an<l the duke is one of the elec- 
 tors since the year li>23. — In 1800, Bavaria was erected into a 
 kingdom by the favour of Bonaparte, and is now a member 
 of the new confederation under the protectiouof France 
 
 BA'VAUOY, a kind of cloak or surteut. 
 
 BAU'BLE, s. [bairbrllinn, barbarous Lat.] a play-thing; 
 and hijuratively, any thing of a trifling insignificant nature. 
 
 BAVIN, s. a sort of brush faggots, used by bakers to 
 Vteat tlieir ovens, and by others fiir other uses ; in war, they 
 are usrd to till up Hitches. 
 
 BAWBEE , s. in Scotland, a halfpenny. 
 
 BAWCOCK, ^.v, fine fellow. 
 
 BAWD, s. [bniidi; old Er.j a person of either sex, who 
 lives by procuring women for lewd purposes. 
 
 BA'Vv'DILY, fifl. in an obscene, unchaste, or immodest 
 Mianncr. 
 
 BA WDRY, s. the acting like a bawd, in bringing persons 
 tiigetiicr for irumodest purposes. Applied to language, that 
 which is unchaste and obscene. 
 
 BA'WDV, a, that expresses obscenity or uneliaste ideas in 
 plain tf-rms ; and carries with it tlie idea of impudence. 
 
 BA'WDY-HOUSE, s. a place where strumpets carry on 
 »fieir immodesty, and prostitution is practised. 
 
 To B.VWL, V. a. [bah, Lat.] to cry or speak any thing 
 with a loud voice. 
 
 B A'WSI.N, s. in natural history, a badger. 
 
 BAWTRY, or Beautry, a town in the W. Riding of 
 Yorkshire, on the borders of Nottinghamshire, with a mar- 
 ket on Wednesday. It is three furlongs in length on the 
 road from London to York, and has been long noted for 
 tnilslones and grindstones, brought hither by the river IcMe, 
 on which it is seated. It is 8 miles -S. by E. of Doticaster, 
 and l-to N. of London. 
 
 BAY, s. \hadiHS, Lat. haye, Belg.] applied to the colour of 
 a horse, is that which inclines to red, and approaches near 
 to a chesnut. The light and "ilded bays have a greater cast 
 of the yellow ; the dun, scarlet, and bloody Isay, a greater 
 mixture of red ; and the chesnut bay, that which rescnd)les 
 the colour of a chesnut. In geography, a part of the sea 
 which runs into the land, and is broader in the middle tlian 
 at its first entrance, called the mouth. Figuratively, the 
 slate of one surrounded by enemies, which cannot beesca))ed 
 but by making head against them. In architecture, used to 
 signify the largeness of a building ; thus a barn, wliieh has 
 a door aad two heads, is called a barn and two bays. In 
 botany, the latirus, a kind of .evergreen, which \\^c(\ to be 
 formed into wreaths, as a reward for poets, Ac. Hence it is 
 used as a token of honour, and a mark of merit. 
 
 To B,\Y, f. n. [abhui/ei; Fr.] to bark at; to surroinid, in 
 the same manner as hounds do their prey. 
 
 BAY-SALT, s. salt made of sea-water, which receives 
 Its consistence from the heat of the sun, and is so called 
 from its brown colour. By letting the sea-water into square 
 pits or basons, its surface being struck and agitatetl by 
 the rays of the sun, it thickens at first imperceptibly, 
 arid becomes covered over with a slight orust, which har- 
 di-ning by the continuance of the heat, is wholly converted 
 nito salt. The water in this condition is scahling hot, and 
 the crystillization is perfected in eight, ten, or at most 
 fifteen davs. 
 
 IJA V'-WINDOW, X. a window which swells or projects 
 outwards. 
 
 BA'VAUr), t. a horse of a bay colour. 
 
 BAYONKT, X. [hnifouHte, Fr.] a short broad dagger made 
 ■laiicel-fashion, with a round hollow iron handle, which goes 
 ovfv III' iiiu/zle of a musket, and fixes it to it. 
 
 U\'Y(JNNE, a large, rich, populous, commercial, and 
 V.-II lortiticd city, in the dent, of tin- Lower Pyrenees, noted 
 for buiMs and ehoeolale, ami exporting masts, brought from 
 the J'yrcnees. bv iKc nvcin to Brest, iV<:. It is supposed that 
 
 m 
 
 the bayonet was invented by a native of th's city, or was 
 here first made use of It is 2o miles S. W . of Dax, and tii 
 miles S. by W. of Paris. 
 
 BA'Y-YARN, ». yarn proper for making baize. 
 
 BAYZE, s. See Baize. 
 
 BAZAS, a small cuy in the dept. of Gironde, furnierly 
 capital of the Bazadois, 5 miles S. of the (Jaronne, and So 
 S. E. of Bourdeaux. 
 
 BDl-l'LLIUM, (in pronunciation the h is jjenerally drop- 
 ped) s. [hdellion, Gr.J a gum-resin, somewhat rescnihliiit; 
 myrrh in appearance, brought from the Levant ; it is met 
 with in single drops of an irregular size, some of which are 
 as lar<je as a hazel-nut. Its colour is dusky, and its taste 
 bitterish. People are no more agreed about tlie true nature 
 of bill Ilium, than they are about the manner how it is pro- 
 duced ; and it is much doubted whetiicr the bilelliimi of the 
 ancients be the same with the modern kind. In pharnincy, 
 this gum is allo\\ed to be an emollient and discutient, and 
 to be a powerful aperient and dcter,|;ent, according to its 
 age ; for it is more so when new and frcsii tiian aficrwanls. 
 
 To HE, i: n. [beon. Sax.] an auxil try verb, by which we 
 form the passive; sometimes used to confirm the state or 
 condition of a thing, and at others its existence. To be re- 
 served for a person future, in opposition to present. 
 
 BE, an article used in composition, and borrowed from 
 the Saxons, sometimes a mere expletive, and otherwise sig 
 nifics I'/wn, about ; as to be-spaltcr, to br-spriii/Je. 
 
 BEACH, i. that part of the sea-shore x\ hich is vnshcd by 
 its waves. 
 
 BE'ACHED, a. that is exposed to the sea waves. 
 
 BE'ACHV, a. that abounds in beaches. 
 
 BE'ACON, s. [beacon. Sax.] a signal, or combustibles 
 raised on an eminence, to be fired as the signal nt^'i tiieaiv-s 
 approach ; a signal or mark erected at SCa, lor the security 
 of vessels. 
 
 BE'ACHY-HEAD, a promontory on the coast of Sussex; 
 between Hastings and Shoreham, where the French tlect de- 
 feated the English and Dutch in June, 1G90. Lat. 60° 44 
 24'' N. Ion. 0° 15' 12"E. from Greenwich. 
 
 BE'ACON.\GE, a tax paid for ihe use and mahitenance 
 of a beacon. 
 
 BE'ACONSFIELD, a town in Bucks, with a small mar- 
 ket on Thursday. It stands on an eminence on the marl 
 from London to Oxford ; and has several goorf inns ; coo- 
 tains about 100 well built houses, and is 8 miles N. W. of 
 Uxbridge, aiyl 2.3 W. N. W. of London. 
 
 BEAD, s. [from beadc. Sax.] a small round piece of glass 
 or other substance, moving on a string which runs through 
 it, used by those of the Romish church to count their sins 
 and prayers. Likewise used as ornaments fir women, and 
 worn round their necks in necklaces. In architecture, a 
 round moulding, or astragal, carved so as to resemble ». 
 necklace. 
 
 BEADLE, s. [bifflel. Sax.] a public crier, herald, or inesj. 
 senger. In law, oiie who cites people to appear at a court ; 
 one whose otlice is to punish or apnrehend strollers, va- 
 grants, and petty oft'enders in a parisii. At the university, 
 one who walks "before the masters in public procession.s. 
 S(/iiire bradles are those that attend peculiarly on the vice- 
 chancellors, give notice of convocations at each college, an<l 
 are generally masters of arts. 
 
 IJE'ADPliOOF, s. among distillers, a fallacious way of 
 determining the strength of their spirits, from the continu- 
 ance of the hubbies or beads raised by shaking a small qua.T 
 tilv of the spirit in a phial. 
 
 l5E'.\DROLL, s. a list or catalogue of a certain nnmbrrot 
 
 C ravers for souls of the dead, whieii are generally counte.l 
 y ihe members of the Ilomish church on their beads. 
 "BEADSMAN, s. one who devotes himself enlirely to 
 prayer ; one who undertakes or professes to pray for aiv 
 ollier. 
 
 BI-'AfiLE, .1. [bi<r!e, Fr.] in natural history, an I'.n^lisli. 
 IioiiikI, or hunting d*)g, of a small size, kno«ii by its ace|» 
 sound, and used in hunting haics.
 
 r. EA 
 
 1; A 
 
 BEA'K, s. [lire, Fr.] t)ifbill of a birJ, or ai.v tliinjj wlilch 
 resiiiiMrs it. 
 
 inr.VKKD, a. sliarp pointed, reiciiibiii)!,' tlic beak of a 
 
 bilvl. 
 
 Uli'AKER, J. a cup with a spout in tlie form of a bird's 
 beak. 
 BE.\L, s. a pimple, or any eruption in the skin, which 
 
 raises orjirotulxiatcs bryoud it. 
 
 BEALT, Uk.ai.tii, or JU; i.ith, a town of Breeknock- 
 s.hire, in Soiilli Wales, with a large market on Monday, for 
 live caltlc, and one on Saturday for provisions. It is plea- 
 santly seated on the river Wye, and eoriiists of about too 
 houses, whose inhabitants have a trade in stockings. It is 
 iC miles N. of Brecknock, 'J'i S. of Chester, and 171 from 
 London. 
 
 BE.'\M, s. [from 6tflHi, Sax.] in building, a large piece of 
 wood U ing across the walls of a building, supporting the 
 principal rafters of the roof. Applied to a balance, that 
 piece <if iron, Ac. which supports the scales. Among 
 weavers, a cylindrical piece of wood, placed lengthways on 
 .the back part of the loom, on which the threads of the 
 warp are rolled and unrolled as the work advances ; likewise 
 tlie cylinder, orroiuid piece of >\ood, on which the sluH' is 
 rolled as it is weaved, |)laced on the fore part of the loom. 
 A ia\ of light darted or emitted from any hiniinous body. 
 Applied to an anchor, the straight part or s!i;'.iik, to which 
 the hooks arc fastened. Synon. We say cfy/* of light, 
 beatiis of the sun ; by the hrst of which expressions we mean, 
 that those are rai/s which shine early in the morning; by the 
 second, that those are the bmms w hich gleam at noon. 
 
 To BEA M, r. II. to emit or dart rays. 
 
 BE'AMINSTER, Brminstkr, or BEMSTKR.a town in 
 Dorsetshire, with a market on Thursday. It is a i)retty 
 place, seated on the river Bert, 1.5 miles W. Is'. W. of Dor- 
 chester, and 1:37 W. by S. of London. 
 
 BEAiMV, II. that darts ravs ; shining; radiant. 
 
 BEAN, s. \bean. Sax. J in botany, a kind of pulse. 
 
 To BEAR, n. a. \beoran, beran. Sax.] in its primary sense, 
 to support, to stand under, or carry a ourdcn ; to deliver or 
 carry ; to wear. Used with nmne, to go by. To support, 
 sustain, or keep from falling ; to endure ; to permit, or suf- 
 fer without resentment; to produce, to bring forth. To 
 carry away by violence. Joined with doun, to overcome, or 
 carry along with one like a torrent. To bear a head, in dis- 
 tillery, to shew itself to be v>roof by frothing w hen shook. 
 To bear a bodij, in painting, capable of being well ground 
 down, and mixing with oil, so as not to shew any grit or 
 particles. Joined to price, to sell well, or at a ivrtain 
 value. To endure the frown of adversity ; to siifi'er w itiiout 
 remonstrance or complaint. To produce fruit, api)lied to 
 vegetables. Tv bear off, to carry av.ay by force. To b,(ir 
 upoti, to stand tirni without falling. I'o bear out, to supjxut 
 or maintain one's opinion. 
 
 BEAR, s. in natural history, a genus of wild beasts, with 
 long shaggy hairs, sharp hooked claws, and long soles to 
 their feet. The common bear inhabits the forest of the 
 northern regions of E!.urope, and is pretty well known. 
 The black bear lives chietij on vegetables, and the brotcv hear 
 on animal food. They are extremely fond of honey. The 
 white, or polar bear ii much larger than the common, and in- 
 habits the most northern regions, which have been visited 
 by navigators. These feed chiefly on seals and the car- 
 cases of dead whales. Bear, in astoonomy, is applied to two 
 constellations in the northern hemisphere, called tht- greater 
 and the less. In the tail of the less is the pole star, never 
 distant above two degrees from the pole. 
 
 .BEARA'LSTON, a small town in Devonshire, that had a 
 market on Thursday, now disused ; nor has it any fairs ; 
 but sends two mendiers to parliament. It is 10 miles N. 
 (.fPI>mouth, and -212 W.,l)y S. of London. 
 
 BEARU, s. [beard. Sax.] the hair which grows on a per- 
 son's cheeks, lips, and chin, which has given no small cause 
 of contention in the militars', civil, and ecclesiastical world. 
 The Chinese are very fond of long ones; but nature having 
 
 been very .sparing to f!;em. they look on the Europeans as 
 very great m<n, on aecoiuu of this advantii^e. Applierj to 
 vegetables, it si:.;iiilics tlie pncKles whieh j.;row on tlie ears 
 of corn. In an arrow, it is the barb, or forked pout at the 
 head. In astronomy, the bvardaf a co»/ie( is the rayseiintltd 
 towards the part to w hich it moves. 
 
 To BEARD, r. a. to take a person by the beard, includ- 
 ing the idea of strenglh and contempt in the agent. 
 
 BE'ARDED, a. an epithet apidied to a person that has a 
 beard. Applied to vegetables, that has long ears, like 
 thos'e growint; on the ears of corn. Applied to instruments, 
 that is forked like a fish-hook, not easily to be pulled out ; 
 .!:i;^;,'''d. 
 
 Blv'AUDLESS, a. without a beard. Figuratively, young, 
 or not arrived at the state of manhood. 
 
 BEARER, s. one who carries or conveys a thing from 
 one to another. One who supports, or sustains, applied to 
 dignity. That which produces or yields fruit, ai)plieU to 
 vei'etables. 
 
 BE'AR-GARDEN, .«. a place wherein bears are kept for 
 diversion. Figuratively, any place where low diversions 
 are exhibited, and tumult and confusion are customary. 
 
 RE'ARING, *. the act of supporting a weight ; the carry- 
 ing a burden. Ill geography, and navigation, tJic situati m 
 of one place to another, with regard to the points of tiic 
 compass. In sea language, when a ship sails towards the 
 shore before the wind, she is said to bear in w ith the laml or 
 harbour. To let the ship sail more before the wind, is to 
 bear up. To put her right before the wind is to bear ruuii.l. 
 A ship tliat keeps ofl' from the land, is said to bear iff. W hv n 
 a ship to the windward comes under another shij/s stem, 
 and so gives her the wind, she is said to bear under her 
 lee. 
 
 BE'AR'S-FOOT, s. a plant, the same with the stinking 
 hellebore. 
 
 BEAST, y. [besie, Fr.] an animal not endued with reason, 
 generally four footed, and no other covering or dicss but 
 that which nature has furnislud it with, liguiatively, a 
 person who acts inconsistent with the character of a ra- 
 tional creature. 
 
 BE'ASTLINESS, s. that which is unworthy of a man; 
 that which is uideceiit and disgustful. 
 
 BE'ASTLY, a. that resembles a beast, either in its form, 
 or other of its peculiar qualities. 
 
 To BEAT, V. a. [preter beat, part. pass, beat or neateu ; 
 bnttre, Fr.] to strike a person ; to pound, to reduce to pow- 
 der ; to forge ; to subdue, overcome, or vani|uish ; to mi.K 
 together by violent stirring. Used with the partich' de.un, 
 to lessen the price. L'sed with 6r«jHior head, to aiqly one's 
 tiiouglit to a ilidicult subject. " To beat his brains ah<mt 
 tilings impossible." Hai/w. "Waste his time, and ^^(«t his 
 /ipffrf «i««nhe latin grammar." Loehe. Neutcrly, to move, 
 or throb, applied to the pulse or the heart. Ti beat vp fur 
 soldiers, to go about with a drum in order to raise rtcii.its. 
 The word vp is an expletive, and might be left out. Sy non. 
 In order to beat, we must redouble the Idows ; hut to stnil.e, 
 we give only one. We are never beaten willmut being 
 slriiclt ; but we are often struck w ithout being htalm. 
 
 BEAT, s. a stroke ; the sound made by a drum, when 
 struck by the sticks ; tiie stroke ir throb of tiie pulse or 
 heart. 
 
 BE'ATER, s. an instrument by wliich blows or strokes 
 are given ; a pestle. 
 
 BtATI'FIC, or BEATITICAL, a. [beaiijieas, Lat.Jthat 
 can rendera peir.ii completely happv. .An epithet used by 
 divines for tlie blss of heaven. 
 
 riEATl'FICAI.I.Y, nrf. in such a manner as to make a 
 per.^im perfrcib, happy. 
 
 BF-ATIFIC.A'TION, ,5. in the Rtmiish church, an acknow- 
 ledgment that a iicrson is in Heaven, and iiuiv he esleeiiied 
 as Ijlessed ; hut not allowed the honours of saints, confer- 
 reri by canonizalioa. 
 
 To BF.A'TIFV, r. u. [benlifico, Lat.] to make perfectly 
 happv ; to bless wiih a place in the heavenly niansioiis.
 
 BEC 
 
 BED 
 
 BE'ATTNG, t. a piinisliment inflicted with lilnws. 
 
 BEATITl'DE, *. [Ijeatifitilo, hat.] in divinity, a state of 
 perf»ct happiness, free trom defect or interruption, applied 
 to that of the deceased saints and anMls in heaven. 
 
 BEATS, J. in clock or ^afch-work, the strokes made by 
 the fanj^sor pallat of the spindle of the balance. 
 
 BEAU,*. [Fr. pronounced /-«, and lias the French plural 
 heaux] an ettoniinate person of the male sex, who is pas- 
 sionately fond of dress. 
 
 BEAt! DESERT, or BET.DESERT, a town of Warwick- 
 shire, NE. of Henley. Maiket on Monday. 
 
 BE'.AVER, s. [bi'evif, Fr.] in natural history, an animal 
 which lives sometimes by land, and sometimes by water, 
 about four feet long, and weitjlis from 60 to 60II). Its hair 
 is either brown, white, or black ; thai on the belly is a very 
 line down, about an iiicli hmg, and is used for hats. Its tail 
 resembles that of a fish more than any land anhnal, serves 
 it instead of a trowel in building, and of a rudder in swini- 
 Biinir. 
 
 BEAUFET, buffet, or BUFFET, anciently a little 
 apartment separated from the rest of the room by slender 
 wooden cojumes, for tlie disposui;; china and glass ware. 
 Arc. called aUoa cabiiict. It is now properly a lar^e table 
 in a dininij room, called also a side board. 
 
 BE.AUlSH, {bu-isli) a. resembhng a beau; effeminately 
 nice ; foppish. 
 
 BEAUMA RIS, a town of Anglesea, in North Wales, with 
 a market on Wednesday. It stan<ls on the streight of 
 Menay, and was fortified with a caslle b\ Eflward I. It is 
 govtjrued by a nia\or, recorder, two l)i^illft^, and t«enty-one 
 common council men, and sends one meiiiiier to parliament. 
 Here the general quarter sessions are In Id, and the lonnty 
 gaol is kept. It lies on tiie road from Cliester to Holyhead, 
 and was formerly a place of good trade by means ol its ex- 
 cellent harbour. Here is plentv of corn, butter, and cheese. 
 It is 59 miles W. by N. of Chester, and 264 N. W. of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 BEAUTEOUS, (irf/traH.t) n. that is formed with so much 
 elegance and symmetry, as to raise an agreeable sensation 
 in the mind. 
 
 BEAUTEOUSLY, (Uiteoushi) ad. in such a manner as 
 to raise an idea of regular feature, tineness of shape, and 
 elegance of complexion. 
 
 BEAUTIFUL, {Uuli/nl) a. that has all the symmetrv of 
 parts upcessai"v to convey the idea of beauty, applied both 
 to persons and things. 
 
 I'o RE.\UTIFV, (heulifi/) V. a. to recommend any thing 
 to the love or approbation of a person, by heightening or 
 increasing its chavais. 
 
 BEAUTY, ibeiitij) s. \lieiiiiic, Fr.] a certain composition of 
 colour aud iigure, which raises delight and approbation in 
 the beholder. 1 iijiirativt 1\ , applied to music, painting, 
 architecture, statuary, and litei^ary compositions, implying 
 an idea of I xcclKiice iu 1 he object, capable of raising' de- 
 li^'hl in the mind. A prr>oii blessed uitlial! that sMJinictry 
 of features, iVc. that raise delight in the mind of a bi holder, 
 and extort approbation by its excellencies. SynoN. By 
 a linnclsiime woman, we uuderslaiid one '\vM is graceful and 
 well shaped, «itli a regular disposilion offatures; bv a 
 jnHlif, He nuau oue that is delicately made, and whose fca- 
 tiiicaare so fi.riiied as to please ; by a hcniitif'nl, an uii'on of 
 both. Wli.-u appli<'d to other tilings, hi-dniiful relates to 
 somr-thiil'i more serious and eii;.'a;;ing ; pntti/, to stmiewhat 
 more say ami diverting; lliis 13 the reason why we say a 
 beiiiitifiil \r;v::i d\ , but a pielli/ coiiumK . 
 
 ?,f,,\Vl'\Sl'iJT, (hrfitif s/ml) J. siiinething arifully made 
 use of to liei;;l!teil the charms of a person ; a patch. 
 
 BEAUVA'IS, a city in the dept of disc, having besides 
 the catlirdral, fi collegiate, and :J parish chiinlies. B«fore 
 the revolulion, it was tt.r <a|iilal of the Beau\ ises. It is 
 seated on tli-- river Thesiii, t'i miles nea, 1\ N. of Paris. 
 
 To J'r.C VLM, f. a. to reilnce a storm or lempesluons 
 toraniolion of the elements to rest and quietness. Figura- 
 
 8a 
 
 tivclv, to pacify the turbulent passions that atsturb the 
 mind. 
 
 BECATICO, s. [becafigo. Sax.] a bird like a nightingale, 
 feeding on figs and grapes ; a fig-pecker. 
 
 BECAUSE, coji/.jfroui be. Sax. and eause] used to imply 
 a reason, or cause ofan assertion or truth wliich comes be- 
 fore it. 
 
 BE'CCLES, a town in Suffolk, with a good market on Sa- 
 turday. It is a large town with a handsome churcli, and a 
 tall bulky steeple, seated on an eminence some distance 
 from the church ; 15 miles S. W. of Tarmoutli, and 109 
 N. E. of London. 
 
 BE'CHICS, (bekihs) s. [from bex a cough, Gr.] in phar- 
 macy, medicines to relieve a cough. 
 
 BECK, s. an external sign, generally such as is made with 
 the head : also a word which imports a small stream of wa- 
 ter issuing fVoni some bower or spring. Hence the term 
 Hellbechs, which are little brooks in the rough and wild 
 mountains about Richmond near Lancashire. 
 
 To BECKON, V. a. to make signs to a iierson to approach 
 or come to one. 
 
 To BECO'ME, 1'. a. [pret. / became, comp. pret. / have 
 become] to be made ; to grow ; to alter or change from one 
 state to another. Used «ith of, to happen, to fall out, to 
 be the end of. 
 
 To BECO'ME, f. a. applied to persons, to appear worthy 
 of, to adorn, or grace. .Applied to things, to suit; to be 
 proper for; to agree, or be so adapted to the circumstance!* 
 of a person as to be graceful. 
 
 BECO'MING, part, that acquires a grace from its suit- 
 ableness or propriety. 
 
 BiLCO'MrSCiLY, arl. ii\ such a manner as to suit the 
 circumstances, rank, and character of a person. 
 
 BF-D, .5. [bell, Sax.l a place designed for a person to sleep 
 or lie on, made of a sacking covering, stiifled with feathers, 
 flocks, Ac. Fignratnely, lodging; uiarriagc. In garden- 
 ing, a i)iecc of n:ade ground, enriched with (lung, Ac. for 
 raising plants and other vegeuibles ; the channel of any 
 ri\er. In natural history, a range or layer of earth or mi- 
 neral substance, a stratum. To bcbronght tnbedof a son, to 
 be delivered of, Ac. Tn mahea bed, to shake it, lay the clothes 
 smooth, and make it tit to be lain on. Bed, in gunnery, a 
 solid piece of oak, hollowed in the middle, to receive the 
 breecii and half tie trunnions. 
 
 To BED, 1'. «. to place in a bed ; to go to bed. Neuter- 
 ly, to cohabit. 
 
 To BF^DARRLE, r. a. to wet, so as to occasion inconve- 
 nience or uiic asiness. 
 
 To BEDA GGLE, r. a. to daub, dirt, or splash the bot- 
 tom of a gamient, by walking ^carelessly in wet weather, 
 and not holding it up. 
 
 BEDAL, a small town in Yorkshire, 6 miles from North- 
 allerton, 8 from riichmond, and 220 from London. The 
 Roman <ansewa>, Ic.'.ding from Ridiniond to Barnard's 
 Castle, which for 20 miles together, is called Leemiiig Lane, 
 passes through tliis place. .AH the adjacent country is 
 iiill of jockeys and horse-dealers, here being some of the 
 bi'st hunting and road horses in the world. Market on 
 Tuesday . 
 
 ToBEDA'SH, V. a. to wet a person with water by beat- 
 ing it with a stick, or casting a stone in for that piii>. 
 pose. 
 
 To BED.AU'B, IK a. to cover a thing with dirt. Figura- 
 tively, to apply or lav on paint in a rough and igno- 
 rant manner. 
 
 To BEI)A'77Lr'.. r. a to overpower the sight by to# 
 miicli l>ric,iilness or lustre. 
 
 BI.DCHAMnER, s. a room furnished wi'h a l.e.l, and 
 sitajail for sleeping in. l.oitls nf t/,c btd-r/anilc) aie 10, 
 <'f the first lank, who alti nd in their tiriis om w»ek in the 
 kings brtl-ihnmbcr, lying on a | ;:llet bed all iiigbl, ii'id waiting 
 on him whenever he cats in private. The first of them ia 
 called the groom ()/" theslule.
 
 nF. R 
 
 BEG 
 
 RF/DCLOTIIF.';, j. llie bhrnlats, quill, coverlid, &c. 
 v.liiili lire spu'a<lov«r a I.ed. 
 
 BK nniNO, J. [/'<*"S-'-, Sax. I tlic bed, lilaiikcts, quilt, 
 covfilid, Ai-. wliicn are on a iinUtead. 
 
 Ti) BElJlVCK, v.ti. torinlit-lisli ; lo atlorii; tograce. 
 
 Hli^DllOUSE, t. [from berle, Sax. aiid/i««*c] an hospital, or 
 aliiis-lit>:ise. 
 
 To BEDEW, ti. a. to nioistrii l>v sprinkling ; in allusion 
 to llie manner in wliiili the dew nuiistens the earth and ve- 
 getables. 
 
 BE'DFELI.OW, s. one who lies in the same bed with 
 another. 
 
 BE'DFORD, the county town of Bedfordshire, with two 
 markets, on Tnesdav and Saturday. Bedford is seated on 
 the river Du.se, which divides it into two parts, united by a 
 bridge with two gates, one at each end, to stop the passage 
 occasionally. It has five churches, and formerly had a strong 
 castle, whose site is now a very tine bowling green. It is go- 
 verned by a niavor, 12 aldermen, a recorder, two bailiff's, a 
 town-clerk, and two sergeahts at mace. The Tuesdav mar- 
 ket is on the south s'de for cattle ; and that on .Saturday on 
 the north side, (or corn. It is 27 miles E. by N. of Buck- 
 ingham, and 50 N. VV. of London. It has the title of a duchy, 
 and sends t«o members to parliament. 
 
 Br-:'DFORI)SIIIRE, a county in England, about 35 nules 
 lu length, and 23 in breadth. It contains 9 hundreds, 10 
 market towns, 124 parishes, and about 67,.3.50 inhabitants, 
 and sends fi members to parliament. It is a pleasant inland 
 county, aud diversified with fruitful plains and rising hills, 
 aboun'ding in cattle, corn, and rich pastures ; it is noted 
 forbarlev, bone, lace, and a manufacture of straw goods. 
 
 To BEDIGHT, v. m. to set off with dress, or other ex- 
 ternal ornaments. 
 
 To BEDI'M, i>. It. to darken, toobscnre bv great brightness. 
 
 To BEDIZEN, V. a. to dress out. 
 
 BE'DLAM, s. [formerly spelt Bethlehem, a religious 
 hoiise near Moorfields in London, converted into an hospi- 
 tal for mad people] a house set apart for the abode and cure 
 of road people. 
 
 BET) LAW, a. belonging to a mad-house. 
 
 BET)LAMITE, *. an inhabitant of bedlam; a mad person. 
 
 BE'DMAKER, s. a person in the universities, whose of- 
 fice it is to make the beds, and clean the chambers. 
 
 To BEDRAGGLE, v. a. to dirt or soil the lower part of 
 a garment, by letting it drag in the dirt. 
 
 To BEDRE'NCH, ». a. to soak with an abundance of some 
 fluid. 
 
 BE'DRIDDEN, a. worn out by age and sickness, so as to 
 b'? unable to quit his bed. 
 
 BE'DRITE, s. the privilege of the marriage-bed. 
 
 BEDSTEAD, or BE'DSTED, s. the frame on which the 
 bed is laid. 
 
 To BEDU'NG, v. a. to cover with dung. 
 
 To BEDU'ST, r. a. to sprinkle with dust. 
 
 BEDWfM^MAGNA, a village 5 miles S. W. of Hunger- 
 ford, whic'h has neitiier market nor fair ; but has a borough 
 by prescription, and sends two members to parliament. 
 Some tell us it was a considerable place in the time of tlie 
 Saxon's, and that the traces of fortifications are still remain- 
 ing. It is 79 miles W. of London. 
 
 BEE, s. [beo, Sa\.] an insect that makes honey. These 
 valuable insects are generally divided into three sexes, the 
 drones, which are male; the sovereign, or queei\, which is 
 female ; and the working, or honey-bees, which are neuter. 
 Each bee derives its origin from an egg, which is deposited 
 by the queen in a cell by itself, and sometime after, fecun- 
 dated by the drone. On the third or fourth day, is produced 
 a maggot, which is fed by the working bees with an insipid 
 liqui<t, which has been called bcc-brcad. After being thus 
 fed about t< days, it desists from eating, and being brooded 
 by the workiug-bees, at length spins itst'if a sort of web, like 
 the silk-worm, wliich serves as a liningtoitsceli. In the space 
 of about 20 da\s the process of transformation is finished, 
 and the bee {{radually forces its way tlirongh tlie covering 
 
 of the cell. The bee, after it has disengajced itself, is fed 
 with honey by the common bees tdl it arrives at fidl maturity 
 SH as to be fit for labour. The life of the bee is said to l>« 
 liniitted to a yi-ar, or at most to two sunnners. 
 
 BEECH, t.[bece, .Sa\.] a well known tree, which has a 
 while, bard, dry woi>d, usefid for the fellies lA' cart wheels, 
 and for a variety of utensils. An oil is prepared from iti 
 mast, which is much esteemed by the French, lor sallatfs, cVc. 
 
 BEE'CHEN, a. [^biHTtie, Sax. J consisting of hceth ; be- 
 longing to beech. 
 
 BEE EATER, s. a bird that feed unon bees. 
 
 BEEF, s. [b(eiif, Fr.l the flesh of black cattle dressed up 
 for the markets. 
 
 BEEFEATER, *. a yeoman of the guards. The word is 
 derived from brailfetier, one who attends at the sidebjoard, 
 which was anciently placed in a beanfet. The business of 
 the beef-eaters was, and still partlj is, to attend the king at 
 meals. 
 
 BEE'HIVE, s. the case, or box, in which bees are kept. 
 
 BEELE, s. a kind of pick-axe used by the mineis for sepa- 
 rating the ores from the rocks in which they lie. In Corn- 
 wall it is called a lubber. 
 
 BEEN, part. pret. of To BE. 
 
 BEER, s. \bere. Sax. or bir, Brit.] a liquor prepared from 
 malt and hops, and rendered vinous by fermentation. \ 
 kindofiffr appears to have been made by the ancient Ger- 
 mans and Egvptians. 
 
 BEESTIKGS, i. See BiESTiNGS. 
 
 BEET, s. [beta, Lat.] the name of a plant, of \yhich there 
 arc several species. It is boiled like parsnips, and often 
 makes one of the ingredients of a soup or salliid. 
 
 BEETLE, s. [bi/tel. Sax.; an insect that flies about in sum- 
 mer-evenings, having four wings, the two outward being only 
 sheaths for the others ; they are black, and aboinid in damp 
 plac-s, such as vaults under jjrouiid. Also a g'Cat sledge, 
 used to beat down piles, stakes, wedges, Ac. A wooden 
 mallet made use of in bcati.ig hemp. 
 
 To BEETLE, v. n. to jut out ; to bang over. 
 
 BEETLEHEADED, a. having a dull, stupid, or unthink 
 ing head. 
 
 BEEVES, •'• [the plural of iff/] ixen, cattle, bullocks. 
 
 To BEFALL, (hrfaidl) V. it. to happen. This word is most 
 commonlv taken in a bad sense. 
 
 To BEFIT, V. a. to suit ; to tally with. 
 
 To BEFOO'L, II. a. to delude ; likewise to deride, ana 
 treat a person as a fool. 
 
 BEFO'RE, »rf/). fAi/Jj-nii, Sax.] further onward in place ; 
 in the front of, not behind ; in the presence of ; in sight of; 
 inider the cognizance of; in the power of; precetdnig in 
 time; in preference to ; prior to ; superioi to. 
 
 BEFO'RF", or/, earlier in time; in time past; previously 
 to : to this time, liithorto. 
 
 BEFOREHAND, ad. in a state of participntidn, or pre- 
 occupation ; previonsiv. by way of iirtparati(;n, in a state of 
 accumulation, or so as that more has been received than exr 
 pended. 
 
 BEFO'RETIME.«r/. formerly. 
 
 To REFO'RTUNE,r. «. to betide. 
 
 To BEFOTL, v.n.xo daub, smear, or dirt. 
 
 ToBEFRIE'ND, v. a. to do a kindiu-ss to a person ; to 
 confer a favour. 
 
 To BE(i,r. H. [befrfrerefi, Teut.] to pray, infreat, petition, 
 or crave charity, favour, orassishnice. 
 
 To BEGET, II. n. preter. I bes:(it,orbes:at, I havehfeutten; 
 \be^ettan. Sax.] to generate, or bring forth. To prodiice as 
 effects or accidents. 
 
 BEGETTER, s. he that generates, or gets a child. 
 
 BE'CiG A R, s. one w iio hves ujion alms ; one w ho assumes 
 what he does not prove ; as, to bee; tite qneMitiii. 
 
 To BEGCiAK, I', a. to reduce a person from plenty to 
 want 
 
 BEGGAR LINESS, s. a quality wliich wo\ild permit a 
 person to submit to any meanness for the sake of a iul>- 
 sistence., 
 
 83
 
 BEH 
 
 EEL 
 
 BK'G(iAllLY, a. poor; mean. 
 
 RKGGARLY, atl. meanly, despicably. 
 
 BKGG VRY, «. extreme poverty. 
 
 To BFKil'N, f. n. pret. / began, or begun ; I hare begun; 
 hegimian. Sax.] to enter upon soniethinj; new ; to commence 
 any action or state ; to enter upon existence ; to have its 
 ori<jinal ; to take rise. Activelv, to do the first act of any 
 thing ; to trace from any thiug as tiic first groiuid. To bis-ut 
 iJiJ/i ; to enter upon. 
 
 IjEGI'SNER, j. he that gives the first cause or origiual- 
 to aijy th'ug; an unexperienced alteifipter. 
 
 BEGl'NNIXG, s. tiie first original or cause ; the entrance 
 into act or being ; the state in which any thing first is; the 
 rudiments or fiist grounds. 
 
 To BEGl'UI), V. II. preler. / begirt, or begiriled ; I hnre 
 begirt; to bind with a girdle ; to surround ; to encircle : to 
 bliut in \rith a siege ; to beleaguer. 
 
 BE'GLERIJEG, s. [Turk.] the chief governor of a pro- 
 vince amon^ ilieTurks. He isalso called a bashawof three 
 tails, from having three ensigns, or staves, tnnmied with 
 ■ horse-ta:!-, as tlie mark of his dignity. 
 
 REGONE, j«(«;><t. go awav ; hence away. 
 
 To REGL'I LE, v. a. [Ugoliau, Sax.] to cheat, impose upon, 
 ordecei\c 
 
 BEGUl'NS, s. devout societies of young women, establish- 
 ed iu several parts of Flanders, and the north of Frame, w ho 
 maintained themselves bv the work of their own bands, 
 leading a middle kind of life, between the secular and the 
 religioiis, but making no vows. 
 
 BEH A'LF, i. interest ; side; parly. To sp.eak on a jier- 
 son's heliiilf. 
 
 To BEH.VTE, v. a. to demean, act, or conduct one'a 
 self 
 
 BEHA'VIOUR, s. a manner of behaving one's self; ele- 
 gance of manners ; conduct; demeanor; course of life. To 
 be upon one's belinniviir, a familiar phrase, imply uig such a state 
 as requires great caution. 
 
 To BEHEAD, r. a. to cut off a person's Jiead. In Europe, 
 this is the punishment of the great and nobly born. In China, 
 it is the punishmeut of the lowest sort of peojile, while their 
 superiors are banged on account of their quality. 
 
 BEHEMOTH, s. [Heb.]a monstrous creature mentioned 
 by Job, which some imagine to be the whale; others the 
 sea-calf, or ox. Some of tin- fathers thought it to be the 
 devil, and others the elephant. In the Hebrew language, it 
 signifies a beast in general, and particularly those larger sorts 
 that are fit for service. 
 
 BE'HEN, s. iu the Materia Medica, the name of two 
 roofs, the one white, the other red, both acct>unted cordials 
 anrl restoratives, but neither is recei-. ed into the present 
 pi act ice. 
 
 BEHEST, «. \he and /(«•*, Sax.] the positive commands of 
 a superior to an inferior. 
 
 REHl'ND, prep, [he and hinthm, Sa\.] at a person's back ; 
 backward,:. ; followiiig ; reinaiuing alter a person's departure, 
 or death. Ap; l:''d to motion, at a distance (Vom tiiat which 
 moves or goes before, used with the verb lenre. " It leans 
 our sense behind." Drijd. Used comparativelv, it implies 
 great inferioritv, or less worth. Us<(l adverbially, it im- 
 plies something not yet discovered or perceived by the 
 mind. 
 
 BEHIND HAND, ad. applied to persons who live beyond 
 their ineoiJje, and iu debt. 
 
 To HEMOED, .'. a. |)rel. / beheld; J have beheld, or be- 
 holden ; [At7i<.'rt/(/rt;(, Sax. I totake a view of a per.sou ; to have 
 a person in sight, including the idea of allen)i(.n, or looking 
 on him for some time. Synon. We see whatever strikes 
 the sight; We InoU-M an object when wi' de^ignedlv cast our 
 eye upon it ; We bthold \\, when we look with attention ; 
 vi>M', w hen we survev it. 
 
 BEMO I.I), iiii iriterie<-tiou with the same force willi In. 
 
 BI-HOEDEN, pari, indebted to; lying under an obliga- 
 tion to a pr'rson. 
 
 BEIIO'LDER, a. one who cast his eves upon an ol jid. 
 Hi 
 
 BEHO'LDING, «. obligation. This word is seldom ustd 
 by elegant wtiteis. 
 
 BElH)0 F, *. [behifts. Sax.] an obligation whicli a person 
 lies inuler ; also the profit, benefit, or advantage, whicli 
 may acrue frum luiy thing. 
 
 To BEHOO'\ E, I', n. [behofan. Sax.] to be incumbent 
 on a person as a duty ; or to be fit and suitable in point of 
 convenience. 
 
 BEING, the participle of tlie verb To be. 
 
 BEING,*, an abstract terra, signifying the existence of a 
 thing: thus we say, the Supreme Being; a finite Being, tVc. 
 
 BEING, euvj. since. 
 
 BEl'RA, a provniceof Portugal, bounded on ihe W. by 
 the .Atlantic ; on the N. bv Tra loa Moitcs, and Eulre Douro 
 eMinho; on the E. by Lcoii, and Sfssnish EsUeuiadura ; 
 and on the S. by Portuguese Estrf uiadura and Alewtejo. It 
 is divided into 6 jurisdictions, caiud Coiiiarcas. 'lliisijro- 
 vince is nearly square, being about 9u nides in extCKt each 
 way ; it i.s well watered, and feitde, at lea^t in -orM and 
 fruits ; but the people are indolent, and much given to 
 begging. 
 
 To RELA'BOL R, v. a. to beat a person severely. A low 
 and vulgar expression. 
 
 To BEL ACE, v. a. in navigation, to mend a rope, by lay- 
 ing one end cner another. 
 
 BELATED, a. benighted ; used to exi-ircss something 
 which ou^ht to have been done, but wasomillcd at a period 
 past. 
 
 To BELAY, V. n. to lie in ambush ; or to lie in wait for. 
 
 To BEL.A'Y, V. a. [belei/ge-i, Belg.] in navigation, to 
 fasli n. 
 
 To BELCH, e. a. [bealcan. Sax.] to break wind uinvards. 
 
 BELCH, .f. ihe act (.fl)ieakin^ wind uiiwaids. 
 
 BE'LD.\.M, s. [belle dame, Fr.Ja name given in derision to 
 an old womsn. 
 
 To BELEAGUER, v. n. [beleggerin, Belg.] to block up, or 
 be je,'e a place. 
 
 BEi,E'AGUERER, *. one that besiegesa place. 
 
 UE'LEMNITES, i. [from l:ele.mn<m, an arrow, Gr.J usually 
 called a thunder-bolt, arrow head, or fingcrstoiie. Their 
 forms are various as well as their sizes, from a quarter of an 
 inch, to eight inches in leitgtti ; of ditfeicnt colours, and 
 have a peculiar smell when scraped. '1 hey are found ;u all 
 sorts of strata, in beds of chalk, clay, gravel, stones, and 
 often in loose flints. 
 
 BFILFAST, a large town and seaport, of increasing iiii 
 portance, in thecounty of \ntiiiii, in Uliter, seated on Car- 
 rickfergus Bay, at the mouth of Lagan r'\iM, with a stalely 
 bridge over if, of Ql arches, wliii h, inchi<l.ng tliedead w.irk 
 at each end, is'2.5()'2 feet long. A iiavigable canal, connect 
 ing the harbour with Lou:;h Neagh, was (omplcted iu I79.^. 
 In 1791, this town conlained :^107 bouses, and about lfi,:?20 
 so^iU. Here are eousideiahle uuiniifactiMTS of r-otlon, iam- 
 bi ic, sailcloth, and linen, with others of glass, sugar, earthen 
 ware, H large expoit <d provisions, Ac. It is 9 mdes S. W.of 
 Carrkkfcvgus, and 20 from Dublin. 
 
 BE'LF(JRI), a small, neat town in Norlhumbeilaixl, si- 
 tuated (111 the ridge ofa hill,'2miles from the l.rar, 14 N.of 
 .AliM^'ck, and .•)19froin Loiid<m. Maiket on Tuesday. 
 
 liE'I.FRV, *. [peiliaps from bf(frni, Fr.] that part of t/ie 
 steeple wlierein ihe belK are han;;rd, paiticularly that tim- 
 ber >"orkto which they are f.isleiied. 
 
 BELGRXDE, a large, and formerly a strong city, of 
 Turkey iu Europe, Ihe lesidence ef a sauL'iac, and chief 
 plate of Servia. It is seated on a low hill, whu h readu s to 
 Ihe D .luibe, a lillle above its confiuence witli the Save. It 
 is still a place of <ons (ierahle trade, being resorted to by 
 meicliant> i-f diHerent nations; but its fine fortifications, 
 which icndeifd '.\ so impoitani, were demolished, agree- 
 able to trealv, in 17:W. It >* (id niih's S. W . of Tenuswear, 
 ii\S *;. F. ofVienna, and Kill N. W.o' Cor.^lalllinolll(•. 
 
 BELI'AL,^*. [tteni the Hebiew] ihe <levil. .1 snu cj 
 BiU'il, is :i wicked man, whowill endure no eon^liyiiit. 
 
 BEL! r.l", *. credit, persuasion, opinion ; faith, or firm
 
 iiEL 
 
 1> v. M 
 
 assurance of llio tniilis of religion ; the creed, or form, ton 
 lainin^ llic ;irtic.('s of failli. 
 
 To IJILLIEVK, v.a.[gtiif(in. Sax.] fo assent to the tnitii of 
 ■A nroiiositinii foiiudfil on niohalile arruinonts ; to put atou- 
 fiilencc inllieveracily <n !iii1liofan\ one. 
 
 IJlU.riiVEK, f- one wlio ^rivcs assent or credit to a tliinff ; 
 one who assents to the Inilh of Christianity, upon tlie pio- 
 hahk" arguments |)ro<lueed In its favour. 
 
 Pif'.U'Kli, rtf/, iiirhaps; i)r<il)ably. 
 
 RELL, s. [!>i:l, Sa\.] a poimlai nnuliine w vessel, ranked 
 by nnisiciansunion;^ the instnunents of percussion ; made of 
 a compound metal, of tin and copper, or pewter and copper, 
 in the proportion of 20lb. of pewter »x '2?i\\i. of tin, to Kid wt. 
 of copper; han:;<(l in sleeph's of churches, and in houses., 
 Its sound arises from a vil)ratory motion of itsi parts, like 
 that of a musical chord. Those of the Egyptians are made 
 of wood. The Tu'ks have a vervLneat aversion to hells, 
 and prohihit Cliristians the use of them in Conslanliiioplr, 
 pri'tiiiiiii!^; that the sound of them would he trouldrsoiiU' 
 to the soids of the di'parlcd. Jid/s wvr said to have been 
 first intR'dueed into chniciies \)\ St. I'aulinns, bishop of 
 Nola, in Campania, about the year 400. Tujiear the bell, is 
 to surpass others, or be tile iirst in merit. 
 
 '! o (iFd.L, 1'. n. in botain, to ;,now in the shape rf liells. 
 
 RELL-AXIMAL, J. a very small aHimal, found iulhe loots 
 of common duck-weed. Tlwy are usiially fnuiid in yieat 
 nnmbers together, in a sort of buucliis, and all of the same 
 buiu h havi' ;l;\a\s the samn motion, \<iT IVeijuently con- 
 tra<'tlni; themselves, and .d'terwards expanding all together to 
 the full length id'lheir tails. 
 
 l^lil^LE, .«. [the feminine of heaii, Fr. pron. /W/J a person 
 wlio dresses with elegaiue, behaves with gentility, and has 
 all the iiohte aeconiplishments that can adorn a ladv. 
 
 15ELLES LEITRES, «. those branches of education that 
 polish and adt>rn the mind. Languages, classical learning 
 both (ircek and Latin, geogiaidiy, rhetoric, chronology, 
 and history, may be accounted the chief parts of learning 
 contained under this term. 
 
 liELLEASHIONED, «. that resembles a bell in its 
 shape. 
 
 BE LLFLOWER, s. a genus of plants, so called from the 
 shape of their blossfMus. The s|)eeies are ve^^ numerous. 
 
 RELLFOUXnER, s. a person who easts bells. 
 
 BELLIGERENT, part, [from bell„m and g«o, Lat.] that 
 is at war ; that is engaged in war. 
 
 BELLI'GEROUS, a. [he/liger, Lat.] engaged in, or waging 
 war. 
 
 BELLIN'G.^Mif. [a corruption of bellowiitg, orbellan,Sax/\ 
 applied to the noise made by a doe at rutting time. 
 
 BE'LLINCtIIAM, a town in Northumberland ; tlie mar- 
 kets are on Tuesday and i^aturday. Distance 300 miles from 
 London. 
 
 BELLMAN, s. a superior kind of watchman, with a 
 bell, which he rings at certain places in his parish, before he 
 re))eats some verses on the eve of a festival. In t ountry 
 towns, applied to the crier, who bears a bell which he rings 
 to give notice to the Beighboinhood before he makes his 
 proclamation. 
 
 BE'LLMETAL, s. the metal of which bells are made, 
 Being a composition of tin and copper. 
 
 BE'LLON, or BE'LLAND, in medicine, a distemper very 
 common in Derbyshire, and other countries where they 
 melt lead ore. It is attended w itii an intollerable pain in the 
 bowels. 
 
 BELLO'NA, in mythology, the sister of Mars, and god- 
 dess of war. When war was proclaimed, the herald seta 
 spear upon a pillar before her temple; the priestesses in 
 their devotions to her, used to cut themselves with knives to 
 render her P'Opitious. 
 
 To RE'LLOW, i: n. [heUnn, Sax.] to make a very loud 
 »oise ; applied to that of a bull, the sea in a storm, or the 
 •ntcries of human creatures. 
 
 BE'LLOWS, c. [hilia:. Sax.] an instrument into wliieli air 
 16 tilternately drawn and expelled, rushing in at some aiicr- 
 
 tines in its bottom callid Redeis, and rushing oulof a met..! 
 tube called its muzzle. 
 
 BE'LU'lNi:, «. [l,(llHi,ui.s, Lat.] beastly ; brutal. 
 
 BELLY, 4. [Ws-, Relg.J that |iait of the body which 
 reaches from the breast to the thighs, and contains the e^i 
 trails both in men and beasts; used iiguratively, for gluttonv, 
 or luxury in eating. 
 
 To BELLY, 1'. «. to swell; to proluberate, applied to the 
 thing w hicli grows larger in one part than it is in another. 
 
 BE'LLYACHF., (bcl/i/-alie) s. a nain in the belly, ariiiii^j 
 from wind, or other flatulences ; the colic. 
 
 BELLY BOUND, «. atfected with costiveness. 
 
 BE'LLYFUL, «. a sufticiency of food, or what takes away 
 the sensation of hunger, and satisfies the appetite. 
 
 BE'LLYGOD, s. a glutton ; oue who makes a god of liis 
 belly. 
 
 BE'LLYPIiS'CHED, a. denied, or in v/ant of sufiiciciit 
 food ; hungry. 
 
 BE'LLYUOLL,*. inhtisbandry, a roller, or cylinder, made 
 use of to roll the ground after it is plowed. 
 
 BELLYTl.MBER, s. food, or that which sufKces hunger, 
 and biip/ports the human fain it, in the same manner as props 
 or timber do a buildi:ig. A low word. 
 
 BE'LLYWORM, *. a worm which feeds in the belly or 
 entrails. 
 
 BE'LOJ\L\NCV, s. [from be!os, an arrow, and nuiHteiu, 
 divination, {ir.] divinalioii by arrows. 
 
 To BELONG, V. II. [beldiio-en, Belg.] to be the property of 
 a person; to be the piovince or business of, to have relation 
 t.>, applied to the heads of a dis<!ouise; to be dependent on 
 as a subject, or floiiie.stic ; tt> be appropriated to; to have 
 for its peculiar object. 
 
 BELO'VF-I), jniit. [from btlafe, which is hardly ever used, 
 though nothing can be more frequent than the use of the 
 participle ; thus we say, you are beloved by me, but never I 
 belove you] caressed with the greatest warmth of kind afl'et- 
 tion, as an object worthy to be beloved. 
 
 RELO'VV, prej). [from be and lo or loh, Belg.] applied to 
 a place, not so nigh as another object. Applied to dignity 
 or excellence, inferior to. Applied to chaiacters, or rank, 
 unbecoming, on accoiuit of its meanness; unfit, or degrad- 
 ing, on account of its baseness or viciousness. Used adver- 
 bially, in a low situation or nearer to the earth. 
 
 BELSWA'GGER, s. one who makes a noise, and puts on 
 an air of importance. 
 
 BELT, s.'lbflt, Sax.] a girdle fastened round a person's 
 middle. Wlien a sword is hung to it, it is called a sunrd 
 belt. In astronomy, those parallel bands or girdles sui- 
 rounding the body of the planet Jupiter. In geography, 
 certain straits, tailed the Great and Lesser Belt, oetween the 
 German ocean and the Baltic. The belts belong to the kin^ 
 of Denmark, who exacts toll from all ships passing through 
 them, except those of Sweden. TXk ^eater belt, is a strait 
 between the islands of Zealand and Funen, forming; a com- 
 inunicaiion bi Iween the Cattagat and Baltic. The lesser 
 belt, is a narrow sliait between Funcn and Jutland. It is 
 also oue of the passages between Uie German ocean and the 
 Baltic. 
 
 BELUCj.\, s. in natural history, a sea animal of the dol 
 phin tribe. 
 
 BE'LWETHER, s. a sheep which keeps the rest of the 
 flock together, and draws theui after him by the ^ound of a 
 bell hanging to his neck. 
 
 To B1:L\ E, or RELl E, y. a. to invent a falsehood ; to 
 feign; to calumniate; to misrepresent. 
 
 To REMIRE, r. a. to daub, or smear with dirt. 
 
 REMI'R ED, mrt. covered with dnt. Figuratively, stuck 
 or sinkiu;; in a dirty or boggy place. 
 
 To Bi'lMO'AN, r. (I. [bii nwiican, Sax.] to express sorrow 
 for any disaster or calamity. 
 
 BEMO'ANI^R, .f. one who pities, laments, or is affected 
 with sorrow, on account of the disasters of anotl/er. 
 
 Til r>l/i\iO IL, !■. a. [of be and j)i«i7 ; fiom vwiUfr, Fr.] t» 
 bedaub ; to fall, to be rolled in, or iiieuuibered willi dirt.
 
 BLN 
 
 BEN 
 
 To BEMO'NSTER, v. a. to make a'tliing Hideous, liorri- 
 h\e, iir iiioustrous. 
 
 !;K'i\lSTEK, or Beminster. See Beaminstf.r. 
 
 1>E.MU'SED, o. given to rliyuiing or poetry. A term of 
 ridieule. 
 
 BENA'RES, a rich, popiilo\is city in Hiiiilostan, siiliicct 
 to the Rritisli.and celebrated as the ancient city of Branimi- 
 cal learning. It is 425 miles SE. of Delhi and 335 N\V. of 
 Calcutta. Lat. 25. 2i). N. Ion. 83. Ki. E. 
 
 BENCH, s. [bene, .Sax. banc, 1"].] a seat made of a long 
 board, distinjiuislied from a sImiI by its len^lh. Use<l for 
 the prison or liberties of the King's Bench, which see. The 
 scat whereon judges sit. Figuratively, the persons sitting 
 ID the trial of causes. Free-bemli signifies that estate in 
 copyhold lands, whicli the wife, being espoused a virgin, 
 has, at'hr the decease of her husband, for her dower, ac- 
 ct>r<ling to the custom of the manor. It is the custom of 
 the manors of East and West Emburn, Chadleworlh in ihe 
 tounty of Berks, Tor in Devonshire, and other places of the 
 west, that, if a custou)ary tenant die, the widow shall have 
 her Free-limch in all his copyhold land, ilum sola et emla 
 ftmit ; but if she commit incon 'in ency, she forfeits her es- 
 tate; yet, if she will come into the court, riding backwanU 
 on a black ram, with his tail in her hand, and say the words 
 follouing, the steward is bound, by the custom, to re-admit 
 bet to her Free-hench. 
 Here I am,. 
 
 Hiding npmi a black mm. 
 Like a uhore as I am , 
 Ami fur mi/ Crinc(uu Crancum, 
 Have lusl my Bincum Bancum ; 
 And, Jar my 'Jail's e;ame. 
 Have dune this worfilli/ shame : 
 Therefme, 1 pray you, Ulr. Steward, 
 Let me have my land again. 
 
 To BENCH, 1'. a. to furnish with, erect, or make benches 
 ui any place ; to place, seat, or prefer a person to a seat or 
 bench. 
 
 BENCHERS, s. in law, the senior barristers of an inn of 
 court, intrusted with the government and direction of it, 
 out of which is annually chosen a steward. 
 
 BENCOO'LEN, a fort and town of Asia, on the S. W. 
 roast of Ihe island of Sumatra, belonging to the English. 
 The chief trade is in pepper, of which there is a large 
 quantity. Lat. 3" 49' i)' S. Ion. from Greenwich 102" 2' 
 2.5" E. 
 
 To BEND, r. «. [pret. and |part. bended or bent ; bendun, 
 Sax.] applied to shooting with a bow, to stretch ; to force 
 from a straight line to a curve, or crooked one ; the point or 
 object to which a motion is directed. Figuratively, to ap- 
 ply the mind to the consideration of any object ; to be dis- 
 posed to ; to make submissive. To bend the brow, to knit 
 the brow. Neuterly, to hang or jut over; to be strongly in- 
 clined to, or resolved on ; to bow the body, or Ihe knee, in 
 token of submission or respect. 
 
 BEND, s. Ihe part of a line, Ac. which is not straight, 
 and forms an angle. In heraldry, bvnd is one of Ihe nnie 
 iionourable ordinaries, containing a third part of Ihe field 
 when charged, and a liflh when plain.' It is sometimes, 
 like oilier ordinaries, indented, ingrained, iVc. and is either 
 dexter or sinister. Jimd Dexter is formed by two lines 
 drawn from the uijpcr part of the shield, on the right, to Ihe 
 lower part of the led, (Jiagoually. It is supposed to repre- 
 sent a sboulder-brll, or a scarf. Bend Sinister, is that which 
 comes from the left sideol llie shield to the right. In liend, 
 is when any things borne in anus, are placed oblitniely 
 from the'ui>^ei corner to Ihe opposite lower, as the bend 
 lies 
 
 BENDaHLE, a. that may be forced from a straight to a 
 crrxikrd line ; that mav be bent. 
 
 BE'NDER, s. one who bends any thing ; an instrument 
 bv which any thing may be forced from a straight to a 
 crooked hue. 
 
 liL'NDLETS, *. [bandelet, Fr.] in heraldry, marks or 
 
 Wi 
 
 distinctions Jii a shield, of ihe same length, and but hall tlie 
 breadtii ofa bend. 
 
 BEND^, f. in a ship, are ll;e wales, or the oiilmost lim- 
 bers of a ship's side, on which men set llieir feet in 
 climbing up. 
 
 BE'NI)V,i. in heraldry, is the field <livided into foii', 
 six, or more parts, diagoiiallx, and varying in nielal and 
 colour. 
 
 BF.NE'APED, «. [be and jiw/p, from neafte. Sax.] a .sea- 
 term, implying tlial a ship has not (le|)lh of walcrinough to 
 set her atioal, bring her over a bar, or out of a dock. 
 
 BENE'A 111, jnip. [baie"th. Sax. bcncdin, Kolg.] applied 
 to situation, not so high as, or under, soiuelhing else. In 
 botany, applied to a blossom when it includes the seed bud, 
 and is attached to the part immediately below it ; as iii the 
 sage, borrage, convolvulus, p<ilydnllins,t'v.c. applied also to 
 the seedbud when the blossom is a'>ove it, and therefore not 
 connected Iherewilh, as in the honeyiiickle, curraist, haw- 
 thorn, Ac. Joined with sink, it implies the pressure of 
 sonit thing heavy on a (erson. Applied to rank or dignity, 
 inferior to. Applied to actions, not beeomms, luiw ntliy 
 of a person. Adverbially, in a lower place , below, as 
 opposed to heaven. 
 
 lUiNEDICTlNES, s. an onler of monks, who profess to 
 follow Ihe rules of St. Benedict. They wear a loose black 
 gown, vNith large wide sleeves, and a capiiche or cowl on 
 their heads, ending in a point behind. In the canon law, 
 they are sl\l(d Black friars, from Ihe colour of their habit. 
 The rules of St. Benedict, as observed by the Kn;;lisli monks 
 before the dissolution of the monasteries, were these : T'ley 
 were obliged to pel form their devilions seven times in 24 
 hours ; the whole circle of which devotions had a respect to 
 the passion and death of Christ; they wpre obliged alv\a.\ s 
 to go two and two together; every day in Lent thev were 
 obhged to last Irll six in the evening, and a' ated of their 
 usual lime of sleeping and eating ; but were not allowed to 
 practise any voluntary austerity without leave of their supe- 
 rior ; they never conversed in their refectory at meals, but 
 were obliged to attend to the reading of the scriptures. 
 They all slept in the same doriuilory, but not two in a bed ; 
 they lay in their clothes; for small faults tlicy were shut 
 from meals ; for greater, they were debarred of religious 
 commerce, and excluded from the chapel; and as to incor- 
 rigible ofl'enders, they were excluded from the monasteries. 
 Every monk had two coals, two cowls, a knife, a needle, 
 and a handkerchief ; niid the furnituie of their bed was a 
 mat, a blanket, a rug, and a pillow. 
 
 BENEDICTION, or BLK'SSlNa, s. [benvdictio, Lai.] 
 among the Hebrews, signilies the present usually sent from 
 one friend to another ; as also the Messing cwnt'eried by llie 
 patriarchs, on their (bath-beds, on their chihiren. It was 
 also one of those early instancts of h inourand respect paid 
 to bishops in the primitive church. The custom of bowing 
 Ihe head to them, and receiving their blessings, became 
 universal. In the western churches there was anciently a 
 kind of Henedicliun which foUowed the Lord's prayer; and 
 after the communion, tlie people were dismissed with a 
 Benediction. 
 
 BENEFA'CTION, s. [benefactio, Lat.] a good and bene- 
 volent action; generally applied to charitable gifts for Ihe 
 relief of persons in distress. 
 
 BENEFACTOR, s. a man who confers a benefit or does 
 an act of kindness to a |)er$on in want. 
 
 BENEFA'C'FRESS, s. a woman or female, who con- 
 tributes to Ihe relief of the iiidijciit by some charitable 
 gift. 
 
 RE'NEFICE, i. [ifiiyfcii/in, Lat.] a word borrowed from 
 the Romans, who used to dislribiile the lands coiupiered on 
 Ihe frontiers to their soldiers ; lliey were (ailed hmejicinrii^ 
 and the lands tliemselves brmjieia, which were at (ilst given 
 for life «uily, but afterwards were made hereditary. Hence 
 benefice, in ibe church, si^'iiilies either a church endowed 
 witli a reward or salary for the peil'orinauce of divine ser- 
 vice, or the salary itself given on that account. AH cliurcb
 
 BEN 
 
 RKR 
 
 prefennents, except l>isIioiiri(s, are tiillcd Tieuificet ; nun -.ill 
 Sfnefices are slyleit l»y tlu; taiuiiiists SDnicliiiics Jhsrnilirs ; 
 but MOW Dignitij is usunlly applipfi lii bishoprics, deaiierirs, 
 archdeaconries", and preliendaries ; and Jienefiic ti> parson- 
 ages, vicarages, rectories, and donatives. A hcnrfite in 
 tammmdam, is that which is given to a person on a vacancy 
 for a certain time, or till it is provided for. 
 
 BR'NEFIOED, a. possessed of a chnrcii hving. 
 
 BENEFICENCE, s. \be,ieficentia, Lat.j a disinterested 
 inclination to do a good action, or to promote another's 
 veltare. 
 
 BENEFICENT, ;«i»7.[6crtf/r>»j, Lat.] performing acts of 
 kindness and assistance without any views of interest. 
 
 BENEFICIAL, «. [from beneficium, Lat.] that assists, 
 relieves, or is of service to. 
 
 BENEFICIALLV, ad. in such a manner as to relieve, 
 assist, or he of service to a person. 
 
 BENEFI'CIARY, a. that holds any dignity as dependent 
 on, and tributary to, another. Used substantively, it im- 
 plies one who is in possession of a church living or bene- 
 tice. 
 
 BETSIEFIT, s. [henffcitim, Lat.l that which turns to the 
 profit of another ; an act of kiiuipess or love done, to help 
 or assist another. Among players, llie whole takingsof the 
 theatre, which are applied to their own use. Inlaw, benefit 
 of derail, was an ancient liberty of the church; whereby 
 any priest might on his petition, even in ease of nnirder be 
 delivered to his ordinary, in order to purge himself. It is 
 at present confined to signify a person's being burned in 
 tlie hand, whipped, or transported, instead of suffering ca- 
 pitally for the otience. 
 
 To BE'NEFIT, v. a. to do something to or for another, 
 whereby he may receive advantage or improvement ; to 
 promote, increase, or render better. Used neuterly, to im- 
 prove. Applied to the mind, to reap advantage from. 
 
 BENEVETs'TO, anciently Benf.vf.nti;m, a large and 
 rich city of Najiles, capital of the Principatro Ultra. It was 
 formerly subject to the pope, but has since been created a 
 principality by Napolean. It is seated on a fertile valley, 
 near the confluence of the Saboro and Caloro, 30 miles NE. 
 of Naples. 
 
 BENEVOLENCE, s. [henevolentia, Lat.] a disposition to 
 do good; kindness; the good done; the charity given. 
 According to the ancient statutes of lliis realm, it imports a 
 voluntary gratuity given by the subjects to the king. Sy- 
 NON. Of the two words beneficence and bcmi-nloice, one is 
 the intention, the other the act; benevolence being the de- 
 sire of doing good ; beneficence, actual goodness. 
 
 BENr;VO'LENT, purt. [benemlens, Lat.] inclined to do 
 good from an affectionate regard to a person. 
 
 BENGAL, a country of India, in the E. part of Hin- 
 doostan, extending from E. to W. upwards of -lOll miles, 
 and from N. to S. above 300. It is bimnded on llie W. by 
 Orissa and Bahar; on the N. by Napaul and Bootaii ; on 
 the E. by Assam and Meckley ; and on the S. by the Bay of 
 Bengal. The country consists of one vast plain, which, in 
 common with other parts of Hindoostan, annually renders 
 two, and in some parts even three croi^s. Its principal 
 products are sugar, silk, cotton, fruit, pepper, opium, rice, 
 saltpetre, lac, and civet. It is annually overflowed bv the 
 Ganges, as Egypt isbv the Nile. Bengal has been subject 
 to the English feast India company since the year 176.3. 
 Calcutta is the capital. 
 
 BENGA'L, s. [from Bengal m the East Indies] a sort of 
 thin light stuff, made of silk and hair, for women's ap- 
 parel. 
 
 BKNGUF.'LA, a kingdom on the W. coast of Africa, 
 oounded on the \Y. by the (jcenn ; on the N. l)v Angola ; on 
 the F,-. and Slv by parts unknown ; and on the S. by Ma- 
 laman, or Matapan. The men wear skins about their waists ; 
 the women a kind of cloth made of the bark of a tree. .\t 
 Benguela, the capital on the bay or river Benguela, the Por- 
 tuguese have a settlement ; their houses are shaded witii 
 orange, lemon, banana, and otlier trees. The productions 
 
 aremanior, palms, dates, vines, cassia, and tamarinds; and 
 frrun Ihe huiniditv of lln' soil, they have l«<> fruit seasous H» 
 the year. L;il from lU to LO. S. Ion. fioni I'i to 20. E. 
 
 To BENI'dllT, »). «. to be overtaken by darkness iu a 
 journey; to be without light; to wander in the dark. 
 Applied literally to the eyes, and figuratively to the 
 mind. 
 
 BENT'GN, (lienin) a. ibenignut, Lat.] having a disposi- 
 tion that inclines a person to do a good action to ano- 
 ther ; kind, generous, or liberal. In medicine, wholf. 
 some, gentle. 
 
 BF.NI'CiNlTY, (the e is retained in the pronunciation ot 
 this word, though dropped in the former) s. [binigmle, Fr. 
 /)fMio-«iVn«, Lat.] a disposition of mind inclining one person 
 to be kind to another. 
 
 BKNTfiNLY, (ieni7i/y) arf. in sucli a manner as to shew 
 kindness and condescension. 
 
 BENI'GNN KSS, [{betiimiess) t. that which inclines a per- 
 son, or fits a thing, to do good to another. 
 
 BF/NIN, a kingdom of Africa, extending from 1. 0. .S. 
 lat. to 9. O.N. lat. and bounded on the W. by Dahomy and 
 the ocean ; on the N. by Dahoniy and Biafara ; on the K. 
 by parts unknown ; and on the S. by Lfiaiigo. The coun- 
 try exhibits many beautiful landscapes ; but the air in some 
 places is pestilential, on account of the gross vapours ex- 
 haled from the marshes by the heat of the sun. The natives 
 are skilful in making various sorts of dyes, and in manufac- 
 turing cottons, or calicoes, which 1 hey wear, and also ex- 
 port. The king is absolute, and has a great nundier of 
 petty princes under him; and polygamy is allowed among 
 them. Benin, the capital, seated on the river Benin or For- 
 mosa, is a spacious city ; tlie houses are large and handsome, 
 with clay walls, and covered with reed, straw, or leaves ; 
 the shops are stocked with European merchandise, as well 
 as with the commodities of the country ; and the streets are 
 kept clean by the women. Lat. 7. .50. N. Ion. 6. 4. E. 
 
 BETJISON, ». [from benir, I'r.] a blessing, applied to 
 the benediction ot a parent. 
 
 BE'NNET, s. an herb ; the same with avens. 
 
 BE'NNEVIS, a mountain of Inverness, rising 4300 feet 
 above the level of the sea. Its summit affords one of the 
 most extensive an4l beautiful prospects in Scotland. 
 
 BENT, s. that which forms an angle, or crookedness in 
 opposition to siraig/itness ; tile declivity or slope of a hill. 
 Lllmost power; application of the ininH ; disposition or in- 
 clination towards something; determination; fixed pur- 
 Iiose ; turnof tlie temiier or disposition,; tendency; flexion. 
 In botany, a kind of grass. 
 
 To BENUMB, v. «. [beiiiiHifn, Sax.] to take away or de- 
 stroy the sense of feeling, applied to the effect of cold upon 
 the extreme parts of the body ; or the approach of death, 
 and stupefying violence of any disorder. 
 
 BENZO'ATES, in chemistry, salts formed by the com- 
 bination of any base with the bazoic acid. 
 
 BENZOIC, in chemistry, belonging to benzoin. 
 
 PjENZO'IN, (vulgarly called Betijrini)n)s. a dry and solid 
 resiu, brought from the East Indies. It should be chosen 
 fresh, is of a quick pungent smell, easily broken, and full of 
 the white almond-like granules. It is a powerful expecto- 
 rant, and is given with success in disorders of the lungs and 
 inveterate couglis. The leaves of the tree, from which it is 
 procured by incision, resemble those of the leinon-tree. 
 
 To BEPA'INT, r. «. to cover with artificial colours. Fi- 
 guiativclv, to change the colour of the complexion. 
 
 To BEQUEATH, v. a. to Uave a person any thing by 
 will. 
 
 BEQUE'ATHMENT, f. the leaving sometliing, or the 
 tiling lift bv will. S( Mr m used. 
 
 Br.OL'E'ST, s. soiiiilhing left bv will ; a legacy. 
 
 To BERA'TTLE, r. «. to make a noise at, mcluding the 
 id-a of contemi^t ; losiolil. 
 
 To BEPv.EA^ E, r. 11. [llict. bereaved, or let eft ; hereefian, 
 Sa\.l to take a«ay by force iiiclmiing a want (.f pity ; t» 
 spoif ; to roii ; to strip a person of iiia propeitv.
 
 BER 
 
 I5ES 
 
 BERE'A'V'EMENT, s. tlie act of takin- away, or leaviiis a 
 person destitute otany tiling. 
 
 BERE-REGLS, a town of Dorsetshire, with a market on 
 V. ediiesday. It Is a small plate, 12 miles N. E. of Dor- 
 chester, and 113 S. \V. of London. 
 
 BERGAMO, s. [Fr.] a coarse tapestry, manufactured 
 Wilh several sorts of spun thread, or of flocks of «oul, si'.k, 
 or cotton, ox, cow, or goat's hair. 
 
 DERGAMOT, *. [bo-gamotte, Fr.] in gardening, a fine 
 juicy pear, of a globular form, and a coat of an olive colour, 
 mixed with brown. An essence or perfume, drawn from 
 the fruit of a lemon-tree, ingrafted with the stock of a bcr- 
 ganiot pear-tree. Likewise a kind of snuft', of a large grain, 
 said to be only pure tobacco, with some of this essence 
 rubbed into it. 
 
 BERGEN, a handsome and ancient sea-port of Norway, 
 capitalof tliepro\ ince of I iergenhus, containing about 20,000 
 inhabitants. T!ie harbour is excpli!»i;t, and well fortified. 
 Their exports are skins, timber, tallow, fisii, c<"c. ; but llieir 
 wheat is brought from other places. It is 200 miles N. W. 
 of Gottenburg, and .''50 N. by W. of Copenhagen. Lat. "iO. 
 1). N. Ion. o. 5. 4.-3. E. 
 
 BEl!'GEN-OP-ZOO>L a very strong town of Dutch Bra- 
 bant, 1.5 miles N. of .Antwerp, and 2*2 S. W. of Breda. 
 
 BERG-GRUEN, s. the name of an earth used in painting, 
 and sometimes called green-ochre. 
 
 To BEHHY'iME, v. a. to make a person or thing the sub- 
 ject of a poem; used bv way of contempt. 
 
 BERKELEY. .SeeBARKi.EY. 
 
 BERKH A'MSTEAD, a town of Hertfordshire, with a mar- 
 ket on Saturday, chieHy for malt. It had formerly a strong 
 castle built bv the Normans, and has now a good free-school, 
 founfled bv John Incent, dean of St. Paul's. It is 11 miles 
 W. of Sf Alban's, and 26 N. W. of London. 
 
 BE'RKSHIRE, an English county, ,17 miles in length, and 
 25 in breadth : bounded on the N. by Oxfordshire, and 
 Buckinghamshire ; on the W. by Wiltshire ; on the S. by 
 Hampshire and Surry ; and on the E. bv Middlesex and 
 part of J5uckingham$liire. It contains 20 hundreds, 12 mar- 
 ket towns, 140 parishes, and about 11.5,000 inhabitants. The 
 principal town is Reading. In general, it is a fruitful coun- 
 try, and particularly in the vale of White-horse ; it has the 
 title of an earldom. Its principal commodity is broad or 
 woollen cloth ; and its chief rivers are the Isis, which is af- 
 terwards called the Thames, and the Kennet. 
 
 BERLIN, a large, strong, and handsome city of Germany, 
 and capital of the electorate of Brandenburg, where the 
 king of Prussia resides. The palace is magnificent, and 
 there is a fine library, a rich cabinet of curiositiesand medals, 
 an academy of sciences, and an observatorv', besides a superb 
 irsenal. Its trade & buildiivgs have lately been much im- 
 proved, and there is a canal cut from the river Spree to (he 
 Oder on the E. andanotlur from thence to the Kibe on the 
 W. It has a commuiiicafio!) by wiiterlx lli with the Baltic 
 Sea and (ierman Ocean ; seated on the river Spree, 300 
 miles N. by \\ . of Vicniya. Lon. 13. 2f. K. lat. 52. 314 N. 
 Berlin is wyipUoil (oa carriage of the chariot kind, very con- 
 venient for travelling, being both lighter and less apt to be 
 oveitmned than a chariot. 
 
 BEUME, s. [Fr.J in fortification, a space of ground three, 
 four, or five feet wide, left without, between the foot of the 
 rampart and the side of the iiinat, to prevent the earth from 
 falling down into the moat ; sometimes palisadoed. 
 
 BERMUDA ISLANDS, a cliist.r of very fine islands, 
 nearly in the form of a sli(>|)herd's crook, and surrounded 
 witli rocks, which render them almost iii:u<e-.sible to stran- 
 gers. They lie in the Atlantic Ocean, about 500 miles !'"-. of 
 Carolina. They are inhabited by the I'"nglisli, eMJov a pure 
 and Temperate air, and lun-' plenty of flesh, fish, and garden 
 slufT. The common emphx, iiieiit of the iiihidiilants is in 
 buil'llng sloops, and the making women'r nais well known 
 III l''.iigland by the name of Bermudas bats. Lon. of Ber- 
 mudas Isle is iri3. 23. W. and its lat. .32. 32. N 
 
 BERN, the capital 'iwii of the canton of Bern in'Swil- 
 
 zerland. Here is a le'ibrated school, and a rich library, 
 and 12 companies of i:ade.'<i;rdn, in one of which everv in- 
 habitant is obliged to be enrolled before he can enjov any 
 ofiice. It is a strong place, and is seated in a peninsula 
 formed bv the river Aar, almost in the middle of the canton. 
 Lon. 7. 40. K. lat. 40. 0. N. 
 
 To BKROB, V. It, to steal ; to take away the property of 
 a person. .Seldom used. 
 
 BK'RRY, s. [hiri^, Sax.] a small fruit containing one or 
 more seeds in a soft pulp, covered with a skin. 
 
 To BERRY, !■. H. to produce berries. In the North, it 
 signifies to strike, [from he); Li.j to beat or thresh. 
 
 BI'^TIVY, a s<a-p!)rt and parliament town of Scotland, in 
 the countv of Merns, 22 miles S. W. of .\berdeen. 
 
 BE'RWIC'K, a town on the borders of S'.ngland and Seot- 
 land, properly belonging to neither, w ith a market on Sa- 
 turday. It is a town and county of itself, and is a place of 
 great strength, as well l^y ;iit as nature, being defended with 
 walls, a castle, and other fortifications. It is large, popu- 
 lous, and well built, and has a good trade in corn and sal- 
 mon. It is seated ou tl'.e river Tweed, over which there is 
 a very handsome laidge of lf> arches; sends two members 
 to i)arii;uiient, and has the title of a duchy. It is 340 u>iles 
 distant fiom London. 
 
 lilVRWICK, a shire in Scotland, bounded by the ri.ver 
 Tweed, on the S. ; by Lotliian on the N. ; by the (ierman 
 Ocean on the V,. ; anil by Tiviotriale on the W'. It abounds 
 with corn and grass, and lias in it several seals of persons 
 of qiialit\'. Tlie principal fivers are the Tweed, the White- 
 adder, Blackadder, Eve, and Ediiel. The principal place is 
 the town aiKl castle of Dunse, the best place for trade in the 
 county. It sends two members to parliament, one for the 
 burgh of Lander, iVc. 
 
 BE'RWICK NORTH, a town of Scotland, in the county 
 of Lothian, seated on the Frith of Forth, Near this place 
 general Cope was defeated bv the rebels in 1745, ami made 
 his escape to Berwick upon Tweed. It is 30 miles N. W.of 
 Berwick upon Tweed, and 20 W. N. W. of Edinburgh. 
 
 BE'RYL, s. [heryllus, Lat.] a precious stone of a bluish 
 green, found in the East Indies, and about the gold mines 
 of Peru. 
 
 BESA'NCON, a city in the depart, of Doiibs, containing 
 8 parishes, and about 20,000 inhabitants. It was formerly 
 the capital of Franche-Comte, and is situati'd on a peninsula 
 formed bv the river Doilbs 52 miles nearly E. of Dijon, and 
 20hS. E. of Paris. 
 
 BES.A'NT, or BEZATs'T, s. a com of pure gold, of an 
 uncertain value, struck at Byzantium, in the time of the 
 Christian emperors ; hence the gold oft'ered by the king at 
 the altar is called besant. In heraldry, brsaiits are rejiresen- 
 tations of round flat pieces of money or bullion, introduced 
 into coat armour bv those who were at the holy war. 
 
 To BESCREE'N, v. a. to conceal or hide anv thing. Sel- 
 dom used. 
 
 To BESEECH, v. a. prefer. / brsim^lit ; I hnve besought ; 
 [from xrcnii. Sax.] to entreat with great earnestness; to ask 
 as a faMiur, in an humble and sup)iliant manner. 
 
 To BESEEM, r. n. [brzicmen, Belg.] to suit, applied to a 
 means; to become, or be worthy of, applied to character or 
 dignitv. 
 
 To BESET, V. a. prefer. / beset ; I have beset ; [bes'fl,.'ii, 
 .Sax.] to surround, so as not to be able to escape without 
 difficulty, alluding to an enemy's surrounding a body of men, 
 or some fortified place. To endanger, to encompass, used 
 with the particle iril/i. 
 
 To BESIIREW. e. a. [besehriien, Teut.] to wish any thing 
 nnli;n>))v m misevable to a person. 
 
 BESIDE, or RESIDES, /.ny*. [be aw\si<le. Sax.] by tlm 
 side, or iii ar; api'lied to situation. " To sit down heriH.: 
 him." lineiiii. " Jlrsirfr him bung his bow." I'm: Lost. In 
 the enumeration or detail of ivnticulars, something nioiv, 
 over, and above. " In ninn there is a nature f uuid Inside 
 the senses." Dnvies. " Gnat numbers hesirlc those whose 
 names arc in the CInistiuii rccoids." AdJii. Incon&istfiit
 
 BES 
 
 BET 
 
 with ; not rplatiriR to ; not discoverable by. " A metlioH 
 beside, and above tiie discoveries of Tiiaii's reason." Suut't. 
 " It is bftide nn present Imsiness." Lticlte. I5efore a reci- 
 procal pronoun, as /itmsrlf, <\ r. it implies the loss of reason, 
 or n)adness. " Thou art /;i"i<rf(? thyself." Ails. Used adver- 
 bially, it implies an additional circmnslance, or sonielliinf; 
 more than what has been mentioned. " Brsidrs, \ou l.now 
 not." Ori/d. The rest ; or that which has not been already 
 spoken of, or mentioned. " Hast thou here any besides?" 
 Gen. xi\. 13. 
 
 To HESIE'GE, r. a. to surround or attack a place with 
 an arniv, in order to conquer an(i fjet master of it. 
 
 BESIF-(iER, s. a person who attempts to take a town by 
 encamping ajjainst it. 
 
 To l.ESLU'BBER, v. a. to daub or smear with any thing 
 that raises a disat^reeable idea. 
 
 To BlvSMEAR, v. a. to cover or daub with any thing 
 which alters the colour of a thin};, and raises the idea <if 
 something not cleanly. Figwrativelv, to tarnish, to deprive 
 of its lustre, applied to character, Ac. 
 
 To Br.SMI'HCH, V. a. to soil, blacken, discolour. 
 
 To BESMO'KE, v. a. to soil ; to foul, or dry in smoke. 
 
 To BESMU'T, V. a. \be and smitnn, Sax.] to smear with any 
 cially ai 
 smoke, sool, <Sc. 
 
 thing black ; especii 
 
 applied to discolour a thing by 
 
 BESOM, s. [Iiesm. hesma. Sax.] an instniment consistinjf 
 of a long handle, to which birch or rushes are fastened, 
 used l)v housewives to sweep their floors from sand or dust. 
 
 To BESO RT, I', a. to suit ; to fit. 
 
 BI'",SO RT J. conrpany ; attendance; train. 
 
 To BE.SOT, V. a. to stupify with gluttony or drunken- 
 ness. Used with the particle un, to doat, or be extremely in 
 love with. 
 
 BESO'UGHT, ihesaut) part. pass, of BESEECH. 
 
 To BESPANGLE, ». a. to make a thing glitter, by means 
 of some small shin ing object. 
 
 To BESPA'TTER,». n. to wet, by casting small quantities 
 of water. Figuratively, to soil or tarnish the character of a 
 person. 
 
 To BESPE'AK, t>. a. preter. / bespoke, or / bespake ; I 
 futtw besptiken; \be and sptehan, Sax.] to give orders for the 
 making of any tlimg, iu order to prevent others from biy- 
 ing it ; to engage beforehand. To discover beforehand, or 
 forebode; to address in discourse ; to speak to ; to declare; 
 to shew. 
 
 BESPIC'AKKR, s. he that gives orders for the making of 
 anv thing to an artificer or mannfacturer. 
 
 To BESPE'CKLE v.a. tomark with spots. 
 
 To BESPI'CE, ti. a. to season with spices, generally ap- 
 plied to liquors. . 
 
 To BESPIT, V. a. to wet with spittle ; to spit upon. 
 
 BESPO'KE, irregular part. from Bespeak. 
 
 To BKSPOT, V. a. to mark with spots. 
 
 To BI'.SPRE'A.D, v. a. [he and spradnn, Sa\.] to extend a 
 thingat full length over another ; to cover with. 
 
 To BESPRINKLE, v. a. [ieand springe, Sax.] to spurt, to 
 throw water upon a thing, so as to make it fall upon it in 
 ■Irops. 
 
 To BESPUTTER, v. a. to wet any thing, by forcing spit- 
 tle iti drops from between the lips. 
 
 BEST, a. the superlative degree of gonrf; the compara- 
 tive better : [bet, beterii, betst, good better best, Sax.] the 
 highest degree of good. Used with the word rfo, the utmost 
 exertion of power or ability. Taken adverbially, the highest 
 degree of goodness. 
 
 To BESTAIT*!, v. a. to mark with stains ; to spot. 
 
 To BESTEAD, v. a. to profit ; to accommodate. 
 
 BE'STIAL, a. [from bestia, Lat.] that has the nature 
 of a beast. Applied figuratively to one who seems to 
 liave no regard for reason, delicacy, virtue, shame, or liu- 
 manitv. 
 
 BESTI.A'LITY, s. that quality which is contrary to the 
 right use of reason ; opposite to every priiiciple of 'luuianitv. 
 
 BE'STI ALLY, id. in such a manner as to resemble a beast, 
 and below llie(llgirt\ of hnnranity. 
 
 ToBESTI'CK. 1 . «. preter. / bestvch, or lave hestnck ; to 
 fix darts, or anv pohited thing or mark upon a subject. 
 
 To KESTI'R, t). a. to exert one's power vigorously. Ge- 
 nerally used with the reciprocal pronouns, Imn, her, Mm- 
 self, Ac. 
 
 To BESTO'VV, (the ow in the I.ist sellable is pronounced 
 like o long) v. u. [bi-sleden, Belg.] to give a person a thing 
 which he liad no right to demand. To give in marriage, 
 used with the preposition upnu, before the receiver. To 
 apply. To lav out upon. To place. 
 
 BE.STO WER, s. he that gives a thing ; he that confers a 
 favour. 
 
 To BESTREW, v. a. part, bestrtnnd, or bestrnuii ; to scat- 
 ter, or sprinkle over ; to cover with. 
 
 To BESTRIDE, v. a. prefer. / Ustrid, or bestrode ; Iliaie 
 bestridden ; to stand over any thing, so as to iiave it between 
 our legs, or a leg on each side of it. As this posture is that 
 of a person on norseback, it is but figuratively for a person 
 riding. 
 
 To BESTU'D, V. a. to adorn with shining dots, marks, or 
 studs. 
 
 BET, s. [from hetan. Sax.] the money deposited by each 
 of the parties who lay a wager, to be given to him who wins. 
 
 To BET, !■. a. to lay a wager. 
 
 To BETATCE, ti. a. preter. I betook, part, passive betaken ; 
 [beteeean. Sax.] to apply ; to have recourse to, with the reci- 
 procal pronouns him, her, &c. and the jiai tide to. To take 
 to, fly, or go, applied to motion. 
 
 To BETEE'M, v. a. to bestow or give. To produce, al- 
 luding to the teeming-lime of animals. 
 
 To BETHl'NK, t'.". preter, I let h ought ; [ie and thencan, 
 .Sax.] to recall back something past into the mind ; to recoU 
 lect one's self; to suspend our tlioughts. 
 
 BETHLEHEM, s. [the house of bread, Heb.] the name 
 of a city in Judea, famous for being the birlh place of our 
 Lord ami Saviiuu' Jesus Christ. It is now reduced to a 
 poor vdlage. Applied, according to its etymology, to an 
 lu)spilal ; and at present appropriated to that where !nna- 
 t"cs are confined, near Moorgate, London. See Bedlam. 
 
 BETHLEIIEMITE, s. a person confined, or tit to be 
 confined in a mad-house, called a Bedlamite. Also an order 
 of monks, subsistuig principally in South America, who are 
 leputcd great politicians. 
 
 To BETHRA'L, (hcihraul) v. a. to bind and fetter as a 
 captive. .Seldom used. 
 
 To BETHUiM'P, V. a. to bang, or beat. A ludicrous 
 worfl. 
 
 To BETIDE, V. n. prefer, it betided, jr betid ; [from tid, 
 Sax.l to happen to a person ; to befall ; used both of good 
 and bad events. 
 
 BETl'ME, or BETIMES, arf. [be aii(\ ti ma, Sax.] in sea- 
 son ; without delay ; soon ; in a short time. Joined with 
 morniv£, earlv. 
 
 BETLE, BETEL, or BETRE, *. [Ind.] an Indian tree, 
 whose leaves are of great use throughout the East, for the 
 purpose of dying the teeth black, and the lips red, and of 
 sweetenin,' the breath. 
 
 BETI.EY, a town of StafTordshire, about 5 miles from 
 Newcastle, and Naiuptwiih, IR miles N. N. W. of Stafl'ord, 
 and l.'/i from London. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 To liETO'KEN, V. a. to declare, to shew, to discover by 
 marks or signs. 
 
 BETONY, .«. [Iiefniiira, Lat.l a plant willi gaping blossoms, 
 found in woods am! Iii.itlis. It was foriuerlv much used in 
 medicine, b>;tisat present discarded. It is often smoked as 
 tobacco, and the roots provoke vomiting. Paul's betonv is 
 the same with the smooth speedwell, and the yellow betony 
 is a sort of stachys. 
 
 RETOO'K, irregular part, from BETAKE. 
 
 To BETt)SS, V. tt. to be tossed about ; to be agitated, 
 <ltsturbed, troubled, or tormented.
 
 BEW 
 
 To BETRA'Y, v. a. Urahir, Fr.] to deliwr a pwson up 
 to liis enemies, tliousli Dound to the contrary ; fo disclose 
 a secret entrusted to one ; to discover some failin<;. To 
 discover. 
 
 BETRA'YER, s. tiie person who treacherously delivers 
 another into the hands of his enemies ; one who discloses 
 a secret. 
 
 To BETRI'JNI, V. a. to adorn or embellish the person 
 witli dress ; applied witli great beauty to the flowery crea- 
 tion. 
 
 To BETROTH, V. a. [betrowen, B^^\■^.^ to promise a per- 
 son in niarriiise. 
 
 To BETRU'ST, v. a. to trust or relv on t!ie fidelity of 
 another, applied both to persons and things. 
 
 BETTER, fl. [the comparative defjree o{ goorl, of which 
 lest is the superlative; betera. Sax.] thai exceeds, is beticr, 
 or preferable to the thins; it is compared with. Used as a 
 substantive, a person of rank or authority superior to our- 
 selves. 
 
 BETTER, ad. in a more perfect exact manner ; in a 
 more advantageous or profitable maimer or way. 
 
 To BE'TTER, v. a. to improve; to increase the value of 
 a thing; to amend by change ; to surpass; to excel; to 
 strengthen, or add strength to. 
 
 BETTEK, s. one who lays wagers. 
 
 BETWEE'N, prep, [hetufdvnii, brtiriunv, Sa\.] appliefJ to 
 situation, it signifies tlie middle, or the having (ine of tlie 
 two things mentioned on ea<h side of us. Applied to time, 
 the middle space, or tiiat «hicli is iiichideil "ithin the pe- 
 riods mentioned. .\pplied to qualities, partaking of each. 
 Applied to things opposite or contraiy to each other, it im- 
 plies separation, or the idea of difi'en nee ac((uired bv com- 
 parison. A reciprocation on both sides, applieh! to friend- 
 ship. By themselves, privately, exclusive of any others. 
 SyNON. Betueenis properly used of only <«-o persons ; but 
 am»«s\ when more are included. 
 
 BE'nVi'XT, prep, [brtu-i/x, Sax.] used indifferently for 
 between ; which see. 
 
 BE'VEL, or BE'VIL, s. among joiners, a kind of square, 
 one or both legs of wliicb are crooked, according to the 
 sweep of an arch, or vault. Bevil angle is that which is 
 not square, whether it be obtuse oracufe. 
 
 To BE'VEE, or BE'VIL, f. «. to form a bevil angle, in 
 ©pposition to a right one. 
 
 BEA'ERAGE, *. [from bn-ne, Ital. | any common drink, 
 or any thing drinkable ; a treat at putting on, or first wear- 
 ing a new suit of clothes ; a treat at a person's first coming 
 to prison, called likewise f>nniisli. 
 
 BEVERLEY, a town in the east riding of Yorkshire, with 
 two markets, on \\edno»day and Saturday. It is a large 
 well-built town, having two parish churches, besi<les llie 
 minster, and sends tuo uiendiers to parliaiiient. The 
 minster is a large structure tiiat was founded b\ king Atht.I- 
 Stan, but consumed by fire in 1 IKH, and aflerwanls nlmiSt. 
 it stands near til'' river Hull, 8 miles tiom Hull, DO from 
 Yo'k, ;'.nd l*i from Loudon. 
 
 BE'\'V, .!. [/'(in, Ital.l a flock, or nuud)rr of birds (ollect- 
 ed tdgi'ther ; an asscmlilv, or company. 
 
 To BEWAIL, V. a. [from «<», grief, Sax.] lo grieve for 
 anv calamity. 
 
 To BEW A'RE, ti. a. to act witli so mu<li eautuiu as to 
 provide against any future obstacle or mistdrtune. 
 
 BEW'DLEV, a lonn in Worcestershire, wilii a market 
 on Satunla\. It is pleasantly situated on t[ie river Siveru, 
 is neat anduill built, enjoys a goo<l trade for malt, leather, 
 anil caps; ami lies 14 niiles N. of \Vorcester, and li") N. 
 W. of London. It sends one member lo parliament. 
 To BFAVE'T. r. a. to make moist or wet. 
 To BEWILDER,!', a. to lose in a place or wooil, which 
 lias no certain path. Figuratively, to puzzli' and iierplex 
 the mind with d lliculties. 
 
 ToJiEWITCH, V a. to injure by, or subject to, the 
 lower of didbolical charms and incantations. Inusecond- 
 90 
 
 BIB 
 
 ary sense, to operate so powerfidly on the mind by perjoual 
 or mental charms, as to captivate and be irresistible. 
 
 BEWITCH ERY, s. a power which persons dealing witli 
 magic, or with evil spirits, Lave over others. In its se- 
 condary sense, a charm, either pei-sonai, mental, &c. 
 
 To BEWRAY, (in pronunciafioii thett" is dropped) v. a. 
 [bewresran. Sax.] to discover a thing that is hid, or secret, 
 either through simplicity or treachery. 
 
 BEWRA'YEU, (in proniuiciation the w is dropped) s. a 
 person who discovers a thing which should be concealed ; a 
 divulger of secrets. 
 
 BEY, s. among the Turks, the governor of a country or 
 town ; the Tuiks write it Begh, or Bee, a lord or saiigiac. 
 
 BEYO'ND, prep, [begeund, Sax.l a word used to signify 
 excess in any thing. Applied to a place, the farther side of 
 any thing, or that which is at the gieatest distance from us ; 
 farther than; across, or over; too great for, or out of the 
 reacii of; exceeding, above ; superior. 
 
 BE'/IL, or BEZEL, s. that part of a ring in which the 
 stone is fixed. 
 
 BE'ZOAR, s. [from pa, against, and zahar, poison, Persic] 
 if o.riental, is a stone moderately hard and heavy, variable iit 
 size, shape, and colour. It is generally of a round t"orni, 
 and its size between that of a horse bean and a small wal- 
 nut, of a dusky olive or green brown. It is aUyays smooth 
 and glossy ; lint when broken is found to consist of several 
 coats or crusts of stony matter, laid over one another, on a 
 piece of stick, orsied of a fruit, for a nucleus or basis. The 
 oriental bezuar is, like the pearl, a disti-mper in the animal 
 Ihat breeds it, and is a concretion of stony matter in tlie sto- 
 mach of a quadruped of the goat kind. It is bi<mght from 
 Persia and the East Indies ; it is esteemed as an antidote 
 against poison. Oeadeiital bezour is brought from Peru and 
 Mexico, and is produced in the stomach of the same sort of 
 creature ; its vi tues arc the same as in the ori( ntal, though 
 in a less degree. Monhei/ bezoar is a rare and valuable stone, 
 found in a species of nronkey common in the East Indies and 
 America. Purcupiue bezoar is of a yellowish brown colour, 
 greatly valued by the Indians as an universal remedy, espe- 
 cially in poisons and malignant fevers. German bezoar is a. 
 stone found in the stomach of an_aninial of the goat kind, 
 and its vii tries are said to equal, if not to excel, the oriental 
 brzoar. 'i iieie are likewise several sorts of factitious be- 
 zoars pveiKired Iron: antimony by chemists, and given with 
 good efl'eet ill several distempers. 
 
 BE/OA'RDIC, a. an epithet applied lo medicines com- 
 pounded with bezoar. 
 
 BL'\'NCiULATED, or BIA^iCULOUS, a. [from bimtt 
 and tuigiilii.':, Lat.1 that has two angles. 
 
 Bl'AS, .?. [fc/ais, Fr.] the weight lodgfd in one side of a 
 bow I to direct or regulate it in its course, and to turn it from 
 a straight line. Figuratively, an influence, propensity, or 
 any Ibiug which directs the course of a person's actions to a 
 particukrr end. Synon. These words rise gradually; 
 iiicliiiniioii implying something less strong than ;»-((;)eHjiV// ; 
 jn-iipriisilii I ban ii".»: The first leads us to an object, the se- 
 cond draws us, the third drags us. Inelinalion is greatly 
 owing to education, propeiision to custom, bias lo constN 
 tntion. 
 
 To BIAS, f. «. to influence a person lo any particular 
 measures of conduct. 
 
 BIB, .5. [from iifco, Lat.] a piece of linen put under th« 
 chin of iufinis when feeding, to keep the victuals which are 
 spilt from their ch)<hes ; likewise a piece of linen pinned on 
 the trimt nf the Slav of those of more aiKanci d vears. 
 
 BlBA'('U)r>^, n. [/'i7/ff.r, Lat.l much addicted to drink 
 iic"^ ; cir drinking to excess. 
 Bir.AC;lTY, *. [bibaeitas, Lat.] the quality of drinking 
 
 loo iniieli. 
 
 Bl BBER, s. [from biho, Lat.] a person who drinks t« 
 excess. 
 
 BIBLE, s. \hibliov, a book, C;r.] the volume conlaiiiinif 
 the great trutns of religion and ruU's of conduct revcaleu
 
 BID 
 
 BIL 
 
 from Iipavon by God, compreliendinji; tlic Old and New 
 Testament ; thougli sometimes applied to the Old only, 
 as the word Testament is restrained to the New. The 
 traasiatioii of this saered volume was be};uri very earlv in 
 this kingdom, and some part of it was done even by king 
 Alfred. Adelmiis translated the Psalms into Saxon in 7(»(> ; 
 other parts were clone by lidfrid, or Erbert in 7;i<> ; the 
 whole by Bede in 731 ; Trevisa published the whole in F^n- 
 glisli in 1357. Tindal's was brouijht hither in 1534 ; revised 
 aiifl altered in 1538 ; pidilislied with a prefaee of Cranmer's 
 in 1540. In 1551, another translation was publisiied, which 
 being revised by several bishops, was piinted with their al- 
 terations in 1560. In 1()13, a new translation was published 
 by authority, which is that in present use. Bible Societ)/, a 
 society instituted in 1804, for the purpose of diffusing the 
 sacred scriptures over the world. In this cause it has la- 
 boured with astonishing diligence and success. 
 
 r?IHLIO'(iRAPHER, s. [from bibhs, a book, and grapho, 
 lo ,vrito, Cir.J one who writes or copies books. 
 
 .BI'BLlOiVl.\NCY, «. a kind of divination performed by 
 taking passages of Scripture at hazard, and drawing indi- 
 cations thence concerning things future. It was inucli used 
 at the consecration of bishops. 
 
 BIBLIOMA'NIAj.s. an extravagant passion for accumu- 
 laling books. 
 
 RIBLIOTHE'CAL, a. [from hihiiotliecu, Lat.] belonging 
 to ii lihrar^'. 
 
 BIBULOUS, a. [bibu/iis, Lat.| that sucks or drinks any 
 fluid or moisture. 
 
 rdCE, s. in painting, a blue colour prepared from capis 
 aniu'itus. 
 
 Bit ESTER, or BUTiCESTER, a town in Oxfordshire, 
 noted for its excellent malt liquor. Here is a manufacture 
 of slippers. It is situated on the road between Oxford and 
 B'ujiiiigham, about 12 miles from each, and 50 from London. 
 Rl.iTkei on Fiidav. 
 
 BICIPITAL, or BICITITOUS, a. [biceps, L»t.'] having 
 two heads. It is also applied to one of the muscles of the 
 arm. 
 
 To BICKER, V. n. [from bicre, Brit.] to skirmish, or quar- 
 rel ; to tremble, quiver, or move bacKwards and forwards. 
 
 nrCKKHER, s. one who is quarrelsome. 
 
 Bf'CKERING, s. ji quarrel, skirmish, or sudden attack, 
 opposed to a set or pitched battle. 
 
 BICO'RNE, or RICO'RNOUS, «. [bicornis, Lat.] that 
 Las two horns. 
 
 To BID, II. a. prefer. / bid, bad, bade, I have bid, or bid- 
 den ; [biddan, ^ax.J to request, or invite a person as a 
 guest; to order or command ; to 'offer a sum for the pur- 
 chase of a thing; to publish or proclaim. Synon. 'Tobid, 
 intimates direction to perform, whether the person directing 
 has any authority for so doing. To ordei; implies the ex- 
 ercise of authority. 
 
 BI'DAL, or BI'DALE, s. [from bid and ale] m our an- 
 cient customs, denotes the invitation of friends, to drink ale 
 at some poor mar"':; !.<Hise, who in consideration hereof ex- 
 pects some contribution for his relief. This custom still 
 obtains in the west of England. 
 
 BrDDEN, part. pass, of To Bid. 
 
 BIDDER, ». one who offers a price for any com- 
 modity. 
 
 BI'DDEFORD, or BI'DEFORD, a well-built populous 
 town in Devonshire, seated on the river Touricige, over 
 which there is a very long bridge of 24 arches. It has a 
 noble quay, and carries on a considerable trade in coarse 
 earthen ware, Irish wool, He. They also send ships to 
 America, and the West Indies. It is 16 miles from Ilfra- 
 comb, and 203 from London. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 BVDDING, s. command, and order, including generally 
 the idea of a superior. 
 
 ToBlDE, f. rt. \liida)i. Sax.] to endure, or suffer. Neu- 
 tcrlv, to dwell, live, remain, or coiit inue in a place. 
 
 BID E'NTAL, «. [from bidns. Lat.] that lias two teeth. 
 Figuratively, that has two prongs. 
 
 BIDET, s. a mp or litlle horse, formerly allovrerf 
 each trooper and (Iragooii, for his baggage and othof 
 occasions. 
 
 BI'DINfj, s. constant stay or residence in a place. 
 
 BIENNIAL, «. [biennia, Lat.] that continues, or ho* 
 been, for two years. 
 
 BIER, (iter) *. [beer, Sax.l a frame of wood on which 
 dead persons are carried to tne crave. 
 
 BlL'STIN(iS, s. [bi/suno; Sax/] in farming, th' first milk 
 given bv a cow after lalv ing. 
 
 BIFA" RIOUS, n. [btf,iri„s, Lat.] double, two-fold, tnat 
 may be understood two ways. 
 
 Bl'FEROUS, a. [bifereus, Lat.] bearing fruit twice a 
 vear. 
 
 BIFID, a. [bifidns, Lat.] cut, deft, or divided, into two 
 parts. 
 
 BIFOLD, «. two-fold, double. 
 
 BIFO'RMI'.D, a. [bifdiiiiis, Lat.] compounded of two 
 forms; that is double shaped. 
 
 BIFO'ROUS, fl. [from bima and forum, Lat.] opening 
 with tlouble doors. 
 
 BIFURCATED, o. [from binus and /»)<•«, Lat.] with two 
 forks or prongs. 
 
 BICi, a. applied to dimensions, large, immense, swelling 
 out. Joined to with, or n/", pregnant ; with child. Swell- 
 ing or distended with grief. Applied to a person's looks or 
 words, proud ; haughty. Synon. The wokI g-ira* is a ge- 
 neral term, signifynig any thing consideraLh in bulk, ex- 
 tent, quality, number, ^c. Thus we say, a s;ye(it house, a 
 great road, a great weight, a great many, a great famine, a 
 graat happiness. The words big and Unge are more cir- 
 cumscribed ; big implies greatness of bulk, large greatness 
 of extent. Thus we say vibig man, a big nlmie ; but a large 
 room, a large field. 
 
 BI'OAAllST, s. [bigamus, low Lat.] one who has married 
 another before the death of his first wife. 
 
 BIGAMY, s. [bigamin, low Lat.] a double marriage, or 
 the having of two wives at the same time; which is felony 
 bv law. 
 
 ' BIGBF. LLIFID, «. swelling out, applied to sails filled 
 with wind; with child ; pregnant. 
 
 BlG(iIN, s. [begiiin, Fr.] the under cap of an infant, co- 
 vering the hind part of its head, and made close, to keep 
 the upper or inouhl of it warm. 
 
 BI'CJGLESW.ADE, a town in Bedfordshire, much more 
 considerable than formerly, being a gn al thoroughfare be- 
 tween London and York. It is seated on the Ivel, (which is 
 navigable for boats, and brings up eoals, timber, merchan- 
 dize, &c. from Lynn.) 10 miles from Bedfoid, ;\iid 45 from 
 London. Its market, which is one of the greatest in Eng- 
 land for barley, peas, and horse corn, is on Tuesday. 
 
 BIGHT, s.'[bi/gan. Sax.] the circinulVrence of the coil 
 of a rope, opposed to its ends «r eMieinities., 
 
 BIGNESS, s. largeness with respect to quantity, bulk, 
 or (timensions. 
 
 BI'CiO'F, s. [supposed to be derived from Rolio's refusing 
 to kiss the toe of Charles the Vth of France, wh^n he le- 
 ceived his daughter in marriage, and tlie investiture of the 
 dukedom from him, with t>iis Gothic expression, Se se by 
 God, on which account he was called by the king -a bigyt] a 
 person strongly and immoveably attached to any religion or 
 opinion, notwithstaiuling the strongest reason urged to con- 
 vince him bv a contrai-\ partv. Used in a bad sense. 
 
 Br(;OTED, «. obstinately prepossessed ia favour of a 
 pel son or opinion. 
 
 BIGOTRY, 5. unreasonai>le firnmess ; obstinacy, or at- 
 tachiiient to any party oroiiiiiion. 
 
 BILANDER, .«. [Ukmlre, Fr.] a small ship or vessel, 
 broad and flat, used for conveying goods fiom place to 
 place. 
 
 Bl'LBERRY, s. a small purple berry, of a sweetish and: 
 sharp taste, used sometimes for tarts. 
 BILBO, s. a rapier or swiua. 
 
 BILBO.'\, orViLV.40, a healthy sea-port town of Spujn, 
 
 91
 
 BIL 
 
 BIj\ 
 
 I'hpital of 'Biscay, consisting of about 800 houses, with 5 
 (iaris4i churches, and 12 couvents. Here is a good, well 
 frequented harbour, the town is well supplied with water, 
 provi^io^s, <ish, Ac. and the environs are fertile in legii- 
 irtinous plants and fruits. The chief exports are wool, 
 sword blades, and other iron and steel wares. It is seated 
 '>n the river Ibaicabel, 50 miles W. of St. Sebastian, and l&o 
 N. ofMadrid. Lat. 43. 23. N. lon?3. 10. W. 
 ' BI'LBOES, J. a sort of stocks for punishing offenders on 
 board a ship. 
 
 BI'LDESTON, a town in Suffolk, with mean buildings, 
 but a good church. It is 12 miles SE. of Bury, and fi3 NE. 
 of London. Market on Wednesday. 
 
 BILE, s. [bitis, Lat.] in anatomy, a yellow bitter liquor or 
 fluid, separated from the blood in the liver, collected in the 
 gall-bladder, and discharged into tlie lower end of the duo 
 denuni. A red inflauimatory swelling or tniuor, very sore, 
 auijl cured bv suppuration, {rom liile. Sax. 
 
 BILEDL^'LGl'.RID, the ancient Numidia, an inland 
 count y of Africa, .S. of Tunis. The air is hoi, but the soil 
 (hough dry, yields aconsiderable quantity oiiiailey. Tiie 
 country in some parts is covered with large woods of pahn- 
 trees, from which the inhaljitants gatlier vast (piantities of 
 dates, with which they carry on a considerable trade. The 
 inhabitants are composed of the ancient .Africans, who lead 
 a settled life, and the Aiabs who roam about at large. It 
 lies between 28 and 32 degrees N. lat. and between 5. and 
 11. E. ion. 
 
 BILGE, s. [iiVig, Sax.] that part of a ship's bottom on 
 vh'ch, together \\*ith the keel, she rests, when aground. 
 Jtii^e-water, that which rests on a ship's bottom, on accf)unt 
 of its flatness, and cannot go to the well. Bilg^p-jiinnp, is 
 that which is applied to the side of a ship, to exiiaust or 
 pump out the bilge water. 
 
 To BILGE, V. n. a sea-term, to damage, to break the 
 boards of a ship or \essel against a rock, so as to make a 
 passage for the water to enter ; to spring a leak. 
 
 BI'LIARY, (I. [from bills, Lat.] in anatomy, that belongs 
 to, or conve\5 the bile. 
 
 I5IL^^^BI, a noted fruit tree in the East Indies, very fa- 
 mous through those i)arlsof the world for its uses in medi- 
 cine. 
 
 BI'LINGSG ATE, a gate, port, or stairs, on the river 
 Thames, noted for the resort of fishermen and fishwomen. 
 Figuratively, low abuse and scurrilous language, alluding 
 to that which is made use of by those who frequent this 
 place. 
 
 BILI'NGUOUS, a. [biHnguit, Lat.] an epithet applied to 
 •ne who speaks t«o languages. In law, applied to a jury 
 which passes upon a foreigner for a criuic committed 
 ♦n England, whereof part are English, and part fo- 
 reigners. 
 
 BILIOUS, ff. [from hilis, Lat.] consistingo'' bile. 
 
 To BILK.r. a. [hUhcu, Tint.] to clical ; to defraud ; to 
 contract a debt, and runauav witliiuM jiaxi^ig it. 
 
 BILL, s. [bilf. Sax.] the horny substance protiiberaling 
 and standing out from the head of a fowl, and forming its 
 month; a beak. In husbandry, an edited tool, with a 
 hooked point, oftheoxe kind, filled to a handle and Used to 
 lop trees. If the handle be short, it is named a hatid bill; 
 but if long, a lieds'^bill. An old English wea|>on. In trade, 
 a written or printed account of goods delivered to, or work 
 <lone for a person. In <'oiinni'rce, a common obligation 
 given by one person to another, ora writing wherein a per- 
 son obliges himself to pay a sum of monev to another at a 
 certain time. Hill nfcnilit, is that which is given bv one 
 jierson to another, impowering h'lii to taki" up monev of 
 liis correspondents in foreign (oinilries. A bill of cnlrit, is 
 an account of goods, entered at tlie custom house eillier in- 
 wards or outwards, mentioning the person exporting, Ac. 
 the ipr.dity or speeies of the goods, where exported to, and 
 wlnuce. fiill ('/' rrrliuntre, \^:\ piece of paper <l^av^n bv a 
 person on anoihrr in a dill'eriiil pla<-e or country, for money 
 recfivcd bv him at home. Jiil'l i/f Miiig, is a mcuiurundmu 
 
 or acknowledgment, under the hand of a master of a vessel, 
 of his having received goods on board, together with a pro- 
 mise to delivwr them as consigned, tiil/s »/ pmcrls is an 
 account given by the seller oi; l)uyer of the several goods 
 bought, and their prices, liil/ of .sale, a sij.^AHi contract, 
 by wiiieh a person inipo«ers his creditor, to sell the goods 
 of whicJi he gives him an iu\eiitiiry, unless tbe sum borrow- 
 ed be repaid with interest at the tune appointed. Jjill, in 
 law, is a single bond wilhout a condition ; a declaration in 
 writing, expressing some grievance or wrong done by the 
 person complained of In parliameit, a writing containing 
 some proposals offered to the house to be passe<l into a 
 law. A physician's prescription. A bill nf mortalitij, is H 
 bill giving an account of the number of persons dying wilii- 
 in certain limits and limes. A bill of fare, an accouul of the 
 dishes oi'an enlerlaimnent, or of the provisions in >Hason. 
 
 To BILL, V. n. to join bills together. Figuratively, to 
 caress with great fondness, in allusion to the manner of doves 
 joining lie ir bills together. 
 
 BILLEIIICAY, a town rn l'".sse\, wilh a large market on 
 Tuesday. It is seated on a hill; nine miles S. by W. of 
 (Chelmsford, aud 23 E. of London. 
 
 BI LLESUEN, a town of Leicestershire, 9 miles nearly E. 
 of Leici'ster. Market on Friday. 
 
 BILLET, ,t. [billet, Fr.J in heraldry, a bearing in form of 
 a long siiuaie. They are supposed to lepreseut pieces of 
 gold and silver; but Guillim thinks lluy represent a letter 
 sealed up; iind others take them tor bricks. .Also a log of 
 wood cut for fuel, from hihl, \'r. .Mso a Hole or ticket 
 given by the constable of a parish <m lHiiidre<l, to qu>irter 
 soldiers at public houses. Also, billet-doux, or a soft bil- 
 let ; a love-li t(r r. Among fox-hnnters, it signifies tbe or- 
 tluiv or dung of a fox. 
 
 BILLIARDS, *. [it has no singular, hillnnl, Fr.] a kind of 
 game plaved on an oblong table, fixed exactly horizontal, 
 and covered with a cloth, «itli little i\ory bails, which are 
 driven by the opposite parlies into hazards, holes, or pock- 
 ets, placed at the end and sides of the table. 
 
 BI'LLINGHAM, a town of Northumberland, with a 
 market on Tues'hiv and Saturday. It is 28 miles W. of 
 Newcastle, and 2!»7 N. N. \V. of London. 
 
 BI'LLION, .'. [Fr.] in coinage, a base metal, cither of 
 gold or silver, in which copper is pri'douiinant. In arith- 
 metic, ten hundred liiousand millions, expressed in figure* 
 thus l,tVIO,00O,00O,OO0. 
 
 JM'LLOW, s. \hil2:r. Tent.] a large, high, swelling, hollow 
 wave. Sym>n. We cut througii llie v-ni>:«; are lifted by 
 the siirsres ; tossed and dashed by the billvu"^. 
 
 To BILLOW, V. n. to swell or grow tempestuous ; t<» 
 raise in large heaps like the appearance of billows. 
 
 BILLOWY, a. stormy, tempestuous, swelling into large 
 waves. 
 
 BIN, s. [binne. Sax.] a long square frame, or chest of wood, 
 ■wherein corn, bread, cVc. are put. 
 
 BI'NARY, «. [AiHon'iw, Lai,] two; oouble. 
 
 BI'NBROKE, or Bin BROOK, a town in Lincolnshire, 
 with a mean market on Wednesday, seated in a bnttoin, 
 aii'l has two iiarish churches. It is 30 miles N. E. of Lin- 
 coln, and l.'jS N. of London. 
 
 To BIND, I', a. prefer, bonnd, bind ; [biiidan. Sax.] to de- 
 prive a person of the free use of his lindis by bonds ; to 
 surround, to encompass, confine, fasten together; to fix a 
 Imndageon; to compel, fou<', restrain. In plivsie, tomake 
 costive. To btiid a buob, to sew the sheets logelher, aud 
 pla< e them in a (over. Wilh llii' word tner, to be obliged, 
 nuibr a certain pena!l\,t(t appear at a court <if justice. 
 SvNoN. We bind liie feel and hands of a ciiiiinal; and 
 we /!> him to a stake. In the figurative seiisr, a ui.ui is 
 i»Kiirfwhenbe is not at liberlv to act ; and he is rw/ when 
 he cannot change his parly, or quit il. Authority and 
 ]iit\\fr bind ; interest and love /ir. 
 
 BI'NDi'.R, f. oiw wiio b lids books ; one w ho ti( s sheaves 
 loijelhrr. In surgery, a fillet us> d to Kci p on the dressings 
 ofa sole, and rolled severul limes alxml it.
 
 BIR 
 
 niR 
 
 BTNDINO, s. timf which is bound, wound, or tied round 
 
 any lliina; ; a l):uniai,'c. 
 
 BI'NDW'Rr-'I), .«. a plant, Kip same with thr convolvulus. 
 
 BINGHAM, a town of Notlin<,'liiimsliirc, scultd on the 
 vale of Bflvoir, now a in^an place, and ils inarkcl, which is 
 on Tliuisday, is small. It is 8 miles E. of Noltin;,'luuii. Dis- 
 tant from London 1.30 niilfs. 
 
 BI'NN\CI.E,*. Sep BlTTACLE. 
 
 BI'NOCLK, *. [AiHiu and oniliit, Lat.] in dioptrics, a te- 
 lescope fitted with two lubes, so that distant objects may be 
 seen by both tlie eyes. 
 
 BINOCULAR, ff. [from ttm« and ocit/iw Lat.] tliat has 
 two eyes or sights. 
 
 BrNO'MIAL, a. in alsiebra, an epithet joined to a root, 
 which consists only of two parts, connected with the signs 
 p!iix or tniniis. 
 
 BIOGRAPHER, s. [from bins, life, and gi-npno, to write, 
 Gr.] one who writes the lives of particular persons. 
 
 BFO'GRAPHV, i. [from AiW, life, and graplw, to write, 
 Gr.l writing the lives of men is called bingrap/ii/. 
 
 BI'OVAC, s. in military affairs, a night-guard, performed 
 by the whole army, when any danger is apprehended from 
 the enrmv. Not in use. 
 
 Hl'P.AROUS, a. [from binits and pario, Lat.] bringing forth 
 two at a time. 
 
 BI'P MITITE, n. [bipartitns, Lat.] having two parts an- 
 s\veriii,r to I'ai li oflier ; divided into two. 
 
 B! PA RTITION, $. tlie act of dividing into two. 
 
 BI'PED, J. [bipes, Lat.] an animal with two feet. 
 
 RIPRDAL, a. \bipednHs. Lat.] two feet in length. 
 
 BIPE'NNATEu, a. [from Ohms and penna, Lat.] having 
 two wings. 
 
 BI'QUADRATE, or BIQUADRATIC, a. [from ots anrl 
 (pifitha, Lat.] the next power alcove the cube, or the sf[uarc 
 of the si.|uare. Biquadratic equation, in algebra, is ;»n e<|na- 
 tion where the unknown (luaiitity of the terms has tour di- 
 mensions. Biquadratic pniirr, is the fQuvtIi power of a num- 
 ber, or the square sauared. liiqnoilrntic root of a number, 
 is the square root ot Ihe s<|uaie root. 
 
 BIQUI'NTILE, a. [his and qmiUus, Lat.] i-n astrology an 
 aspect of the planets, wherein they are 144 degrees from 
 each other. " /fiy«;»/<//e aspect. 
 
 BIRCH, s. [birc, Sa.\.] in l>otany, betii.a ; it Iiath male and 
 female flowers at a distance from each other. Linnaeus places 
 it in the 4th section of his aist class. There are four spe- 
 cies. It is used for niakin"; ox-vokes, hoops, small screws, 
 panniers, brooms, wands, bavin bauds, witliies for faggots, 
 arrows, bolts, shafts, dishes, bowls, ladles ; also for hiel, 
 great and small coal. In Russia and Poland, they cover 
 houses with the bark of the birch-tree instead of slate and 
 tile. Birc/t-hro<»ir, is a broom or besom, made with the small 
 tivigsof the birch-lree. See Besom. 
 
 BI'RCHEN, a. made of birch. 
 
 BrRCHES, (TiiE) Shropshire, between Colebrook dale 
 and Builder's bridge. .An earthquake happened here in 
 1773, when the ground was rent in several places, and liirown 
 into confused heaps ; a wood, turnpike road, fields, hedges, 
 houses, Ac. were thrown out of their former situations, the 
 bed of tiie Severn was chooked up, and the river diverted into 
 a new channel, causing for the time a great inundation 
 above, and so sudden a fall behiw, that many fishes were left 
 on dry land, and several barges were heeled over, till the 
 river, remarkablv deep at the time, forcing its way down, 
 overwhelmed and sunk them, and in three days' time wore 
 anavin-idile channel through a large meadow. 
 
 BIRD, s. [from bii-d, or brid. Sax.] one of the six general 
 classes of animals ; ils body is covered with feathers, and 
 has two wings, tv/o legs, and a bill of a firm, bony, or rather 
 liorny substance ; and the females are all oviparous. Birds, 
 in heraldr\-, according to Iheir several kinds, represent either 
 the contemplative or active life. They are the einblcnis of 
 liberty, exni-dition, readiness, swiftness, and fear. They 
 are more honourable beings than tislirs, because tliev par- 
 ticipate more of air and fire, (the two noblest and iii.'jhest 
 
 elements,) tiian of earth and water. In the lilinoning of 
 birds, if their wings be not displayed, tin y are sai I to l>c 
 borne close. Pltov. Ilird.t »/'« fratlur flucit t'igitlier. — 1/r's 
 in ii;retU iriint nf « htrd that will ^ire u ^roat fur an mrl. — Oita 
 bird in tin; liiiiiil ix iiiirlli luii in itie bush. — Tis an ill bird tliul be- 
 irrin/s ils mm nest. — h'viri/biid must hatch her own egg. 
 
 BIRDHOLT, s. [bird and boll. Sax.] a small shot or arrow, 
 used ni killing birtfs. 
 
 BI'ISDCAGE s. a receptacle made with wire, &c. to keep 
 
 BIKIJCATCHER, or BIRDER, i. one who lives by 
 catching and selling birds. 
 
 BIRDLIME, s. a viscid glutinous substance, prepared 
 dirtercnt ways, hut that i:i common use with us is nv.ule of 
 holly bark. It is .spread upon twigs, upon which the birds 
 lighting are entangled. 
 
 BI'HDSEYE, *. a plant, the same with the mealy primrose. 
 The wild carrot is called bird.seye by some. 
 
 BI'RDSFOOT, s. in botany, the ornithopodium of Lin- 
 naeus, so calleol from the siiape of the seed-vessel. 
 
 BI'RDSNEST, *. a plant found in woods, but not common. 
 The country people in Sweden give the dried plant to cattle 
 that have a cough. 
 
 BIRDSTONGUE, s. a plant, called also marsh groundsel, 
 
 BIRGANDl'^R, s. a fowl of the goose kind. 
 
 BIRMINGHAM, a very larjje town in W'arwickshire, 
 with a market on Thursday. It is no coiporation, it being 
 only governed by Iwo constables and two bailiU's; and 
 therefore free for any person to come and settle there; ^^llich 
 has contributed greatly to the increase not only of the build- 
 ings, but the trade, which is the most fiourishing of any 
 ill England for all sorts of ironwork, besides many Mther cu- 
 rious manufactures. The town stands on the side of a hill, 
 foniiing nearly a half uifHKi. The lowest part is filled with 
 the workshops and warehouses of the manufacturers, and 
 C(msist3 chiefly of old buildings. The upper part of the 
 town contains a number of new and regular streets, and a 
 handsome sauare, elegantly built. It has t\yo churches ; 
 one in the lower part of the town, which is an ancient 
 building with a very lall spire ; the other is a very grand 
 modern structure, haviiifj a square stone tower, with a cu- 
 pola, and a turret above it ; in this tower is a fine peal often 
 bells, and a set of musical chimes, which play seven diffe- 
 rent tunes, one for each day in the week. The houses have 
 l)ecn computed at 7000, and the inhabitants at 60,0<K), but 
 their luiinljcr is continually increasing; and the surroundinjf 
 country, ton considerable distance, especially towards Wol- 
 verhaiiipton, srcnia like a continued town peopled with in- 
 dustrious iiihubitants. Birmingham, from the appearance of 
 the houses, the bustle in the streets, and particularly from 
 tlie continual passing of the stage coaches, has much the re- 
 semblance of the metropolis. Its manufactures are sent to 
 every nuartcr of Ihe globe, and for cheapness and beauty are 
 unrivalled. A navigable canal was completed from hence 
 to the colleries at VVednesbury, in October 1761). It has a 
 handsome free school, endowed bv Edward VI. Ithasalso 
 two chapels, and meeting houses for every denomination of 
 dissenters. It is 17 miles N. W. of Coveutrj', 48 S. E. of 
 Shrewsbury, and 109 N. W. of London. 
 
 BIRT, s'. a fish the same with the tnrbot. 
 
 BIRTH, s. [beerth. Sax.] I he natural exclusion of the f(jcf us 
 by tlie vagina; the act of bringing forth ; the entrance of a 
 person into the world; any production ; lank of dignity in- 
 herited by descent. In sea affairs, a proper i>lace for a sinp to 
 ride in; ihe distance b.tween a ship when under sail, and Ihe 
 shore; a place separated by canvas, wherein tiic sailors 
 mess, and put tlicir ile'sts. A gorxl birth, good accommo- 
 dations, wherein a person has e\rry thing that 15 convenient. 
 
 BI'RTHDA Y, «. the day in which a person comes into the 
 world iind is born. 
 
 BI'RTHNIGHT, s. the night on which a person is lionu 
 
 BI'R'TliPLACK, s. Ihe pluce wherein a person is bom. 
 
 BI'R -'HRKtHT, s. Ilie right which a person acquires Ly 
 birtii, generally applied to the brst-bonu 
 
 &3
 
 BIS 
 
 BIHTHJ^TRANGLRD, a. strangled, clioked, or killed by 
 »u(focatiout in coming itito the world. 
 
 BISCAY, a province of Siniiii, bounded on the W. and 
 S. \V. by Asturia and Old CaMilo, on the N. by the Bay of 
 Biscay, on the E. by Navern-, and on the S. by Old Castile 
 and Naverre. It is about 48 miles ill leni;th, and 30 in its 
 greatest breadth. Biscay produces apples, oran^'es, citrons, 
 corn, Ac. They have timber for ship building, and minis 
 of iron and lead, which they also manufacture; the adioin- 
 in'g sea atso supplies them with fish, and renders their trade 
 very flourishing ; their seamen are accounted the best in 
 Spain. Tiie Biscayners are of Celtic extraction, and still 
 preserve their peculiar language, the Basque, which has no 
 affinity with any otiier in Europe. Bilboa is the capital. 
 
 BI'SCOTIN, i. [Fr.] a confection made of flour, marma- 
 lade, eggs, &c. 
 
 BI'SCUIT, (lisket)!. [his, Lat. and cit, Fr.] a kind of hard 
 dry bread, made entirely of wheat flour, mixed with leaven 
 and warm wat-er, baked for long voyages four times, and pre- 
 pared six months before it is shipped. It will keep a whole 
 year. Likewise a fine delicate pasti-y, or cake, made ot 
 fine flour, eggs, almonds, and rose water; or of flour, eggs, 
 sugar, and citron, or orange peel, and baked twice. 
 
 To BISK/CT, I', a. [biniis and seeo, Lat.] in geometry, to 
 divide anv thing into two equal parts. 
 
 BISECTION, or BISSE'CTION, *. in geometr>-, the act 
 of dividing, or the line divided into two equal parts. 
 
 BI'SHOP, s. [biscnp. Sax.] a prelate, or person consecrated 
 for the spiritual government and direction of the diocese, 
 whose jurisdictions consists in collating to benefices, ordain- 
 ing priests and deacons, licensed physcians, surgeons, and 
 school-masters. The bishnps are all peers of the realm, ex- 
 cept the bishop of Sodorand Man, who seems to I)e excluded 
 that privilege, from his being nominated by the dnke of 
 Atliol, all others being nominated by his majesty. Next to 
 the two archbishops, the bishops of London, Durham, and 
 Winchester, have always the precedence ; and the others 
 follow according to the date of their consecration. 
 
 BISHOP, J. a liquor made of water, wine, sugar, and a 
 Seville orange roa>»;ed. 
 
 BISHOPS-AUKLAND, a town in the bishopric of Dur- 
 ham, with a market on Thursday. It is pleasantly seated 
 on the side of a hill, and noted for its castle, beautifully re- 
 paired about 100 years ago ; for its chapel, whose architec- 
 ture is very curious ; and for its bridge. It is eight miles 
 S. bv W. of Durham, and 257 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 BISHOPS-CASTLE, a town in Shropshire, seated near 
 the river Ciun ; is a corporation; sends two members to 
 parliament; and its market (on Friday) is much frequented 
 by the Welsh. It is 1.59 miles N. W. by W. of London. 
 
 BISHOP AND HIS CLERKS, some little islands and 
 rocks on the coast of Pembrokeshire, near St. David's dan- 
 f^erous to mariners. 
 
 Bl'SHOPRIC, s. [hiscoprice. Sax.] the provnice, district, 
 or diocese, which belongs to a bishop. 
 
 HrSHOP'S-.STORTFORI), a town of Hertfordshire, with 
 a good market on Thursday, seated on the side of a hill, and 
 has several ;<ood inns; but the streets are not paved. It is 
 12 miles N. K. of Hertford, and 30 N. by E. of London. 
 
 BISK, sAbisqnr, Fr.) a soup, or brolli, made of dift'ercut 
 sorts of flesh boiled, according \o .hihvsoii. 
 
 BI'SMUTH, s. in natural history, a semi-metal, of a yel- 
 lowish white colour, a fleaky texture, and inoderatelv haril, 
 but not nialleal)le. It is so brillle thai it bleaks readily 
 under the hammer, and may be reduced even lo poHilei. 
 It is generally found wi,th cobalt, in tlie robaltic ores of Sax- 
 ony and England. Native bismuili, and sulphuret of bis- 
 luiitli, are also found upon the conlineiil, but this is nol an 
 abundant me'tal. Bismulh is used with other metals, not 
 only to form printer's types, but aUo to make pewter, and 
 forsonie others ctniiponnds. It remarkably conlribules lo 
 the fnsibitilv of ^ome alloys ; JM'nce, it is einploved to make 
 solder, liismiith is likewise given in iiwdiripe, lliough now 
 very rarely. Pearl-white is a precipitate of ii,vmi<//i. 
 »4 
 
 BIT 
 
 BISSEXTILE, s. so called, because the 6th of the calendti 
 of iMarcli was repeated in that year; [Ai« and senilis, tat.j 
 a vear containing .366 days, happening every fourth year, 
 when a day is added to tlie month of Februairy, to make up 
 for the six hours which the sun spends in his course each 
 year, beyond the 365 days usually assigned to it. 
 
 BISTORT, s. a sort of snakeweed. 
 
 Bl'STODRY, i. [butiiiiri, Fr.] a surgeon's instrument, used 
 in making incisions. 
 
 Bl STHE, s. [Fr.] a colour made of chimney soot boiled, 
 and aflei Hards diluted, and made into cakes with gum water. 
 It is used by painters t* wash their designs, instead of Indian 
 ink, tVc. 
 
 BISULCOUS, a. [6<>u/e!«, Lat.] cleft in two parts; clo- 
 ven-footed. 
 
 BIT, s. [bitul. Sax.] the essential part of a bridle, which 
 being put into the horse's mouth, the rider is enabled to ma- 
 nage him. It is also the sharp end of a piercer, augur, or 
 other iron instrument. The bit of a key is that part which 
 contains the waids. Bil ako means as much as a person 
 generallv bites of! at once. 
 
 To BIT, I', n. to put a bit into a horse's month ; to bridle. 
 
 BITCH, s. [hitg/i. Sax.] the female of the dog, wolf, fox 
 and otter kind. 
 
 To BITE, V. n. prefer, hit, part. pass, hitteii ; [hitan, Sax.] 
 to wound, pierce, or divide with the teeth, 'lo affect witn 
 pain, applied to the cold ; to make a person ui>easy, applied 
 to satire or reproach ; to w ound by its sharpness, applied to 
 a sword, &c. To make the mouth smart, applied to the 
 sharp taste of acid bodies. Figuratively, to cheat or defraud. 
 
 BITE, s. the incision or wound made in any thing with 
 the teeth ; a sharper, a cheat, trick or fraud. 
 
 BITER, s. one that seizes with the teeth, applied to a 
 dog ; one that readily or quickly swallows a bait, applied to 
 a fish ; one w ho decei\es or defrauds another by false ap- 
 pearances ; a sharper. 
 
 Bl'TTACLE, s. ffrpin bin, Belg.l a frame in the steerage 
 of a ship, wherein tlie compass is placed. 
 
 BITTEN, part. pass, of Bite. 
 
 BITTER, a. [biter, Sax.] that excites a hot, pungent, and 
 astringent taste, like that of wormwood. Figuratively, 
 wretched, miserable, painful, disagreeable, unpleasing, and 
 hurtful. 
 
 BITTER, s. in sea language, any turn of the cable round 
 the bitts, so that they may be let out gradually, or by degrees. 
 When a ship is stopped by tlie cable, she is said to bebrovcfht 
 vp bl/ tlie hitter. 
 
 BITTERLY, ad. with a bittiM- taste. Figuratively, in a 
 sorrow ful, painfi J, sharp, and severe manner; used some- 
 times to express the superlative or highest degree. 
 
 BITTERN, s. [biitoiir, FrJ in natural history, a bird with 
 a long bill and legs, which feeds on fish, and is remarkable 
 for its noise. A very bitter licpior which drains ofl' in making 
 common salt, and used in the preparation of Epsom salt , 
 from the adjective bitter. 
 
 BITTERNESS, *. a kind of savour, or sensation, the re- 
 verse of sweetness. Applied to manner, severity, austerity. 
 Applied to reproach, keenness, sharpness, or extremity. Ap- 
 plied lo the passions, sorrow, trouble, distress. 
 
 BITTERSWEET, s. a plant, called also woody night- 
 shade. 
 
 BllTS, s. [bitiaii, Sax.] two perpendicular pieces of 
 timber in the forepart of a ship, bolted to the gun-deck: 
 their heads are braced with a cro.ss piece, and several turns 
 of the cable are taken over them, for securing the ship when 
 
 iu'l'U.'VIE, or BITUINIEN, s. [biiumr,,, Lat.] in natural 
 hislor> , a fact, tenacious, inflammable, mineral substance, or 
 a fossil body which easily takes fire, yields oil, and is not 
 soluble in water. 
 
 BlTliMINOlJS, n. [from bitumen, Lat.] having the na- 
 ture and qualities of bitumen. 
 
 BIVA'LVE, n. |from biuus and i«/ivr, Lat.] in nalural 
 history, ajiplied lo fish thai have two shells, .such as ojs-
 
 nLA 
 
 nLA 
 
 lers ; arnl in i>o(iiny, to |)l;iiits wliosc sc oil pods open tlirir 
 wlioli- Icnf'lh, to (lisch-.iigc their sctds, as poiisc. 
 
 IUV\'I,\ I'LAK, a. that has t\vo.sh< lls,or valves. 
 
 RI/ANTINK; or liV'ZANTINE, s. a larjje wvtl^p of 
 gold, vahu'd at 1.0/. vvhicli the kiiigofiers upon lii{,di festival 
 diivs. ."^ee Res A NT. 
 
 'To RI.AR, V. a. [l/IMeren, Belif.] to reveal a secret 
 lliroiifih heedlessness or want of caution. Used neulerly, 
 to lallf, orfattle. 
 
 BLAl'i, s. a tell tale; one who discovers secrets Ihrough 
 iliconsideiatioii, or too ^reat a propensity to talking. 
 
 BLA'15BF-.R-, i. one who discoveis a secret through want 
 of caution, and a great fondness for speaking. 
 
 BLACK., *. [Wffr, .Sax.] ahsence or want of ligiit and co- 
 lour, owing to a Imdy's reflecting no rays of light. Dyer's 
 hinrk, for stuffs of a high price, is composed of iniligo, wood 
 boiled with alum, tartar, or ashes of lees of wine, niaddcred 
 witii I'oninion madder, and mixed with gall-nuts of Aleppo, 
 coi^peras, and sumach. The hest bla> k cloth should he first 
 dyed blue. Gnnuin bl/ick is made of the lees of wine, burnt 
 bones washed afterwards, and ground with burnt ivory or 
 peach-stones ; that with ivory is the best. This is used by 
 rolling-press printers. Jiort/ black is ivory burnt between 
 two crucibles, and ground with water, used by painters and 
 jewellers to blacken the bottom ground of the collets or be- 
 zels in which they set diamonds. Spanish black, invented by 
 the Spaniards, is burnt cork. Lamp, or lam black, is the 
 sooty smoke or soot of rosin, received in sheep-skins, or 
 pieces of coarse linens fixed at the top of a cliinniey, where- 
 in it is burnt for that purpose. Cnrrier's black is nia<le w ith 
 ^all-nuts, sour beer, and cold iron, for the the first blacken- 
 ing applied to the hides; but of gall-nuts, copperas, and 
 gum arable, for the second. Black, after the word lo-ik, and 
 the preposition «pon, implies sullen, untiiendly, and is a sign 
 of displeasure. " Looked black vpon me." Shakes. Joined 
 with Mae, it implies the colour of the skin, occasioned by a 
 hard blow ; livid. Prov. Black will take no other hue : 
 this dyers find by experience. It may signify that vicious 
 persons are seldom or never reclaimed. A black ]>lam is as 
 tweet as a white ; signifying, that the prerogative of beauty 
 proceeds from fancy. A black hen lai/s a white egsr : I con- 
 ceive the meaning of it is, that a black woman may bear a 
 fair child. 
 
 To RL.'\CK, v.a. to make of a black colour. 
 
 BLACK, a. of a black colour. Applied todespair, horri- 
 ble, to moral action, excessively wicked. 
 
 BLA'CK.MVIORE, s. one whose complexion is naturally 
 black. See Negro. 
 
 BLACKBERRY, *. the fruit of the blackberry bramble. 
 Thev are ripe in September. 
 
 BLA'CK-RROWEI), a. having black eyebrows. Figu- 
 ratively, dark, gloomy, dismal, or threatening. 
 
 BLA'CKBURN, a town in Lancashire, with a large ma- 
 nufacture of calicoes for printing. It is seated near the ri- 
 ver Derwent, called sometimes Blackwater, 12 miles E. of 
 Preston, and 211 N. N. W. of London. Market on Mon- 
 day. 
 
 BI.ACK-C ATTLE, t. in husbandry, a general term, in- 
 clurling oxen, bulls, or cows. 
 
 To BLA'CKEN, )'. a. to make a thing black, which was 
 of a ditl'erent colour before ; to intercept the rays of light; 
 to darken. Figuratively, to sully a person's character by 
 defamation, or unmerited censure. 
 
 BLA'CKOUARD, s. in low and familiar language, used 
 to convey the idea of a person of mean circumstances, 
 dirty and ragged dress, of base principles, and worthy of 
 eontnmpt. 
 
 RL\CK-J \CK, zinc mineralized with sulphur, a mineral 
 »mplo^ ed till latelv in Wales in mending the roads. 
 
 BLA'CKISH, a.'[A/nfAand isc. Sax.] inclined to a black 
 colour ; somewhat black. 
 BLACK LEAD, s. See Lead. 
 
 BLA'CKNESS, *. that quality of a body which arises 
 from its reflecting few or no rays, and is owing to its poro- 
 
 sity, (be minuteness of its particle*, and the rays of light 
 suilering so many reflections in the inside, that few reUirii 
 to the surface ; want of light-, or darkness. 
 
 BLACK ROD, s. the u-.lier of the oKlerof the Carter, so 
 called from his black rod with a golden lion at the top. 
 lie attends the king's chamber, and the house of lords in 
 parliament. 
 
 BL.\CK SEA, formerly the Euxine, is bounded on tlie 
 W. by Romania, Bulgaria, and Bessarabia; on the N. by 
 the sea of .Asopli and 'Fartary ; on the E. by Cireassia and 
 Georgia, and on the S. by Natolia. It is .said to bc^HOO 
 miles in circumference, receivi'S man\ large rivers, and has 
 not any discernable flux or reflux. It lies between 41 and 
 upwards of 4G degrees N. lat. and between 32 and 41. E. 
 Ion. 
 
 BLA'CKSMITH, *. a person who forges the larger works 
 in iron, and derives his name from their tolour, vihicli is 
 generally black from tlieir not being polished; opposed to 
 a uhitesmilh, who forges the smaller works, which arc geue- 
 rallv polished. 
 
 BLACKTHORN, s. a shrub, the same with the sloe. 
 
 BLA'UDER, s. [bladdre. Sax.] in anatomy, a thin dilatable 
 membranous body, w liich sei^ves as the receptacle of the 
 urine after its secretion from the blood in the kidneys, situ- 
 ated in the pelvis of the abdomen ; in men, immediately 
 on the rectum ; in women, on the vagina uteri. It likewise 
 sij^nifies a pustule, blister, or the swelling of a membrane 
 filled with any juice or fluid, such as that which arises after 
 scalding or burning. 
 
 BL.'^DE, ,v. [bhul, or bled. Sax.] in botany, the spire or 
 leaf of grass before it grows to seed ; the green shoots or 
 leaves of corn, vhich rise from the seed. Hence that part 
 of a sword or knife is called a blade, from the form's resem- 
 bling a blade of grass. Figuratively, a bold, enterprising, 
 brisk, fierce, and gay person. 
 
 BLADE, or BLADE-BONE,*, in anatomy, the scapula, 
 or scapular-bone, of a flat or triangular form. 
 
 To BLADE, V. a. to furnish with a blade ; to fit a blade 
 to a handle. 
 
 BL.\'DED, a. that has leaves, spires, or blades. 
 
 BL.AIN, s.[ble<rene, Sax.] a distemper incident to beasts, 
 consisting of a bladder growing at the root of the tongue, 
 against the windpipe, which at length grows so large as to 
 stop the breath. Applied to human creatures, a pustule or 
 blister. 
 
 To BL.'VME, V. a. [blamer, Fr.] applied to persoiJ.s, to 
 charge them with having done a fault. 
 
 BLAME,,*, the charging with wrong measures or fauils. 
 Figuratively, the defect wnich merits censure. Used with 
 to, it implies that which deserves blame, or blameable. 
 
 BL.\ iMEABLE, a. that may be found fault with, or cen- 
 sured. 
 
 BLA.MEABLENESS, s. that which renders a thing 
 faulty, or liable to blame or censure. 
 
 BL.A'MEABLY, ad. in such a manner as deseri'es cen- 
 sure or blame. 
 
 BLAMEFUL, a. that highly deserves to be found fault 
 with, censured, or blamed. 
 
 BL.VMELESS, a. that is no ways defective; or deserves 
 no censure or blame; used sometimes, but very rarely, wiili 
 the particle </. 
 
 BLAMELESSLY, ad. in such a manner as to be tree 
 from fault ; so as not to merit censure. 
 
 BLA'MELESSNESS, s. that quality which renders a 
 person or thing by no means the object of censure or 
 blame. 
 
 BLA'MER, s. the person who censures, or charges a pei- 
 son or thinw with defect, or beiu" wrong. 
 
 BLAMEWORTHY, a. that deserves censure or blame, 
 including the idea of something wrong or defective. 
 
 To BLANCH, r. n. [blaiichir, Fr.] to whiten a thin" 
 wlii<'h was before of anotlier colour. Fi''uralively, to peel, 
 applied to the peeling almonds, which (iiscovers their ker- 
 nel of a white colour. 
 
 'Jb
 
 BLA 
 
 BLA'NCHER, j. oiic who makes any thing wliife ; a 
 whitener. 
 
 BLA'NCHIsR, s. the action, art, or nijthod of mulvin^r 
 any thing white. In coinage, the method made nse of to 
 ^ive the pieces that tirightness and histre liiey have on their 
 first coming oi-.t tifliie mint. 
 
 BLANC-MANGER, t. (hlomonge) [Fr.] a preparation of 
 dissolved isinglass, milk, sugar, cinnamon, *c. l)oiled into a 
 thick consistence, and garnished for the tahle with blanched 
 almonds. 
 
 BLAND, a. [blandits, Lat.] soothing, mild, applied to 
 language. Soft, temperate, applied to weather. 
 
 BLA'NDFORD, a town of Dorsetshire, with a market on 
 Saturday. It is pleasantly situated on die river Store, near 
 tiie Downs, and is a well niliabited pl-.ice ; but has been 
 subject to several dreadful fires, particularly in 1731, when 
 almost all the town was burnt down, with the goods therein ; 
 but it was soon rebuilt more beautiful than before. It has 
 the title of a marquisate, and is 12 miles S. of Salisbury, 18 
 N. E. of Dorchester, and 103 W. by S. of London. 
 
 To Bi^A'NDISH, 1). a. to insinuate one's self into a per- 
 son's favour ; to soothe, or allure. Seldom used. 
 
 BLATS'DISHMENT, s. [btanditic, Lat.] an insinuating 
 address ; soft, mild, and kind expressions, by which a per- 
 son steals into the favour of another. 
 
 BLANK, n. [llane, Fr.] whitish or pale, applie<l to colour. 
 That is not written on. Used with the word look, (either ex- 
 pressed or understood) confused, dejected, or shewing the 
 signs of disappointment. Applied to verse, that has no 
 rhyme ; but Milton, Thomson, and others, have shewn this 
 to be llie most masculine ornament of poetry, which brings 
 our language to a nearer resemblance of the Greek and 
 Roman poetry, and sits in a height beyond the poetry of 
 the French and Italians, which they must look up at with 
 envy, and acknowledge it impossible for their enervate lan- 
 guages to attain to. 
 
 BLANK, s. in commerce, a void space, or that which 
 has no writing on it, but is left so, in order to be filled up. 
 In lotteries, a ticket which has no prize drawn against it. 
 Figuratively, the mark or point which an arrow or piece is 
 aimed at. 
 
 To BLANK, V. a. figuratively, to confuse ; to disap- 
 point; to cease, bring to nothiiig, or render abortive. 
 
 BLATifKET, s. \hlanchMe, Fr.] a stuff made of wool, 
 and used for beds. 
 
 To BLA'NKET, v. a. to cover or wrap in a blanket. 
 
 BLA'NKLY, nd. in such a manner as causes or shews con- 
 fusion ordisappointmeul ; « ith whiteness ; with paleness. 
 
 To BLARE, r. »/. [A/rti-TO, Bclg.] to bellow, to roar' to 
 melt away, like a li;;liti(l caudle blown bv the wind. 
 
 To BLASI'HE'ME, v. i,.[Uasphemo, low Lat.] to speak 
 ill of God, his messengers, lu- things relating to Ins service, 
 and coinpri'henf'ed 'u his revelation. In law, an indignity 
 or injury oti'ered to the Almighty, by dtu\ing what is his 
 due, or attributing to him what is not agreeable to his na- 
 ture, Lindw C'ip. I. 
 
 BI.ASPHH/'MER, s. one who utters disrespectful or 
 irreverent things, eillier of God, Christ, or any person in 
 the Holy Trinity, God's messengers, or any thing relating 
 to religion. 
 
 BLA'SPHEMOUS, a. that is disrespectful or irreverent 
 with respect to God and heavenly things. 
 
 BLASPHEMOUSLY, ml. in such a mauner as is in''on- 
 .listeut with thqt reverence we owe to the Deity ; in such a 
 manlier as to sneak ill of God and heavenly things. 
 
 P.L A SPHEMY, .«. an ofleringofsome ind-ginty to (iod, 
 v\\ 1^1 rsoii of the Trinity, any messengers from (iod, his 
 ho!', ivrit or the doctrines of rcvelaliop. 
 
 BL \ST, .«. \l)ltfst. Sax.] a breath, puff, or current of 
 wind ; the sound made by blowing a trinnpet or oilier wind 
 instrument ; a warm air, or other alteration in the aliiio- 
 •vplnre, which withers trees, or causes a pestilence. 
 
 To ni,\ST, r. a. to infect with some sudden plague or 
 nifrelioii bv means of the air ; to cause a thing to «illier ; 
 'M 
 
 BLE 
 
 to ruin a person's clianicler by spreading false rumours; to 
 render an enterprise abortive. 
 
 BLASTING, J. ill niim ralogy, the l)l<iwiiig up the vein 
 of a mine by gunpowder, which cannot be broken up by 
 the spade, the gad, and the axe.or softened \>\ tire. 
 
 BLATANT, a. lUattaiu. Fr.1 Lelluwing' like a calf. 
 Seldom used. 
 
 P>LAV,s. a small white river lisli, called also a bleak. 
 
 BLAZE, s. [blase. Sax.] a (lame, or the light of a tiame. 
 Figuratively, a spreading abroad ; publication or extending 
 a report ; likev ise, the white mark on a horses forehead, 
 reacliiiu; to his nose. 
 
 ToBL.'VZE, 1'. «. used with upon, to shine, or give light. 
 Figuratively, to make a thing univers-.lly known by report 
 or rumour. Sometimes used witli the words abroad and 
 about, 
 
 BLA'ZER, s. one who spreads abroad any renort or ru- 
 mour. Not much ill use. 
 
 To BLA'ZON, r. a. \blusimvn; Fr.] in heraldry, to name 
 all the parts of a coat, in their proper and technical terms. 
 Figuratively, to set out, deck, or adorn. To discover to 
 advantage; to display. To spread abroad. 
 
 BLA'ZON, «. in heraldry, the art of expressing the seve- 
 ral parts of a coat of arms in its pioper terms; all persons^ 
 beneath the degree of a noble, must have their coals bla- 
 zoued by metals and colours ; nobles by precious stones ; 
 and kings and princes by planets BUizon is used figura- 
 tively for making any thing public; a pompous display of 
 aiiv quality. 
 
 BLAZONRY, t. the art of blazoning. 
 
 To BLEACH, v. a. [i/rtc/i™, Teut.] to whiten a thing by 
 exposing it to the air and sun. Neuterly, to grow white in 
 the sun or open air. 
 
 BLE'ACHING, s. the art of making a thing white, which 
 was not perfectly so before, or which was of a diAeient 
 colour. 
 
 BL^"/AK, *, a small river fish. 
 
 BLEAK, aAblac, Sax.] coKl, sharp, chill ; cheerless. 
 
 BLE'AKNESS, s. extreme coldness, applied to the air. 
 
 BLE'AKY, a. cold or chilly ow ing to the wind. 
 
 BLEAR, a. [blaer, Belg.| dim or sore with water or 
 rheum. Applied to the eyes, that causes dimness of 
 sight. 
 
 To BLEAR, iJ. n. to occasion dimness of sight ; to makf 
 the eyes sore with water or rheum. ligiiratively, to blind, 
 to prevent the mind from taking notice of things. 
 
 To BLEAT, V. tt.\blirtnn, Sax.) to make a noise like a 
 sheep. 
 
 BLIsAT, s. [from the verb] the cry of a sheep 
 
 BLEB, [blaeii, Germ.J a blister. 
 
 BLED, part. pass, ot To BLEED. 
 
 To BLEED, r. )i. preter. / bird, or have bled; [l{ledaii, 
 Sax.^ to lose blood by a wound, cVc. to die by bleeding. 
 Figuratively, to drop like thick or rich blood. Lsed ac- 
 tively, to extract blood fioin a person by opening a vein 
 with a lancet ; to let blood. 
 
 To BLE'MISH, v. a. to mark with any defect; to spot, 
 stain, or any other ways to rob a thing oi' its liiauty, value, 
 or pert'ection. Figuratively, to defame; to ruin a persons 
 reputation. 
 
 BLE'MISH, s. applied to personal v liainis, a scar, or any 
 thing that diniiiii>h<> their pertecliiiii. Applied to maiiii- 
 factures, a defect either in the making, or owing to some 
 accident. Anplied to moral conduct, a reproach, disgrace, 
 defect, or fault. 
 
 To BLENCH, r. II. to shrink; to start back. To hin- 
 der ; to obslriK't. Seldiyiii iisr<l. 
 
 To BLEND, V. n. picter. / bliiidiil, aiu ieully bliut : 
 [bli!idiiii,Sn\.] lo mix or mingle things together imperfectly, 
 or so as the several compounds may be discovered, applicrl 
 to the mixing of colours. 
 
 BLI'.ND, s. the ore of zinc mineralized by sulpliiir. 
 
 BLENDER, .v. a person w lio miii;,'les lliiiigs together. 
 
 IJLE'NllEIM.a village of Germany in Suabi.i, rendered
 
 BLI 
 
 BLO 
 
 jipmorable for the victory over tiie French ami Bavarians, 
 obtuiiicd in August 1704, by the Allies, under the eoiniiiaiul 
 ot'llir t.x<Ae of MarU>oroui;h and Prince Ku;^ene. In memory 
 of liiis battle, the fi'ie palace of Blenheim was built, near 
 Wooilstock, at the charge of the government. It is sealed 
 on the W. ii(le of the Danube, three miles N. K. of Iloch- 
 sted, 27 N. E. of Ulm, and 25 N. W. of Auitsbur;,'. Lon. 2. 
 30. E. lat. 4y. 40. 
 
 BLE'NNY, s. a genus of fishes, of which one is very re- 
 markable for brin^mg forth its vounj,' ones alive. 
 
 BLENT, the obsolete preterite of Blend. 
 
 To BLESS, V. a. prefer. / blessed, or 0/est ; [blessian, 
 Sax.] to pray for, or [wish happiness or jjood to a person ; 
 to praise for happiness received, or ascribe our happiness 
 to (iod ; to confer every thing that can make a person per- 
 ieclly happv, applied to God. 
 
 BLESSED, part. pass, of BlesS. 
 
 BLESSEDLY, ad. in a manner which coinnuinicates the 
 greatest happiness thatcaii be wished. 
 
 BLE'SSEDNESS, j. that quality which renders a person 
 extremely happy ; the state of consummate felicity in hea- 
 ven. Figuratively, the Divine favour. 
 
 BLESSING, «. a declaration of future happiness m a pro- 
 phetic manner; a prayer in which happiness is re(piested. 
 Figuratively, the Divine favour ; any means or cause ot hap- 
 piness ; any great advantage or benetit. 
 
 BLEWj-the preterite of Blow. 
 
 I5LEYME, s. in farriery, an inflammation in the foot of 
 a horse, between the sole and the bone. 
 
 BLIGHT, s. [blyche, Teut.] a distemper that affects trees 
 ami plants in Various manners, sometimes the whole, and 
 sometimes only the leaves, occasioned by an evil disposition 
 of the air, as too severe frosts, &c. Figuratively, any thing 
 which makes an undertaking miscarry, or disappoints the 
 person's expectations. 
 
 To BLIGHT, t'. a. to stop the vegetation of a tree ; to 
 render it barren ; to wither. Figuratively, to blast, de- 
 stroy, kill, or wither. 
 
 BLIND, «. [blind, Sax.] not able to see ; deprived of 
 sight. Figuratively, ignorant, with the particle to before 
 the object ; dark, not easily to be seen or found. In clie- 
 mistrj', applied to those vessels that have no opening but on 
 one side. Pro v. Blind men can judge no colours. A man 
 were better to be half blind than have both his eyes out. Who so 
 blind as he that will not see .' 
 
 To BLIND, II. a. to deprive a person of his sight, to pre- 
 vent a i)erson from seeing; to d.^rken. Fi'airatively, to 
 render a thing obscure, and not easily compreliended. 
 
 BLIND, *. something made use of to intercept the light. 
 Figuratively, something made use of to divert the eye or 
 mind from attending to the design a person is carry- 
 ing-on. 
 
 To BLWDFOLD, v. a. to hinder a person from seeing, 
 by folding or tying something before his eyes. 
 
 " BLI'NDFOLD, «. with the eye covered ; with the eyes 
 shut. Figuratively, without consideration ; without using 
 our reason. 
 
 BLI'NDLY, ad. without sight. Figuratively, scarcely 
 or hardly to be perceived ; without examination ; im- 
 plicitly. 
 
 BLiNDMAN'S BUFF, s. a play wherein a person enilea- 
 vours t!) catch some one of the company, after something is 
 tied over his eves to prevent his seeing. 
 
 BLI'NDNES'^, *. loss of the facultyof seeing, arising from 
 the loss or distemperature of the organs of the eye. Figu- 
 ratively, ignorance or want of knowledge. 
 
 BLI'NDSIDE, *. used figuratively, to express the foibles 
 or weakness of a person, wliich exposes him to the artifices 
 of others. 
 
 BLI'NDWORM, s. in natural history, the larger slow- 
 worm, so called from the smallness of its eyes, which hath 
 
 induced some to think it has none ; a kind of small viper, 
 
 the least of the English venomous reptiles. 
 To BLINK, V. H. [hliijien, Dan.] to wink with one eye ; 
 
 O. 
 
 to shut one eye ; to be blind of, or to see obscurely with 
 
 one eye. 
 
 BLI'NKARD, s. one who has bad eyes ; one who sees 
 but v<Ty dindy. Figuratively, one who discerns but very 
 imperl'ectly. 
 
 BLISS, *. \_blisse. Sax.] joy arising from the possession of 
 some great and important g<i<><i ; a state of happiurss, or of 
 the highest felicity ; most commonly applied to the .'lappi- 
 ness of the heavenly mansions. .Synon. Our happiness 
 glares in the eyes of the »<iii;l, and exposes us ofuii to 
 envy. Oiiry«//<(/i/ is only known to ourselves, and gives us 
 continual satisfaction. 'I'he idea <>.' bliss cxteiuls bejoiid u 
 life temporal. 
 
 BLl'SSFUL, fl. abounding with joy ; possessed of the 
 highest degree of happiness. 
 
 BLI'SSFULLY, «'/. in such a manner as to shew the 
 greatest signs of joy, occasioned by the possession and en- 
 joyment of liappiiuss. 
 
 BLl'SSFULNESS, s. llie quality or state of extreme joy, 
 arising from the eiijoynient of an iuipoilant and immense 
 good. 
 
 BLI'STER, s. [blut/ster, Belg.] a swelling of the skin, 
 generally filled with a watery fluid, after burning, scalding, 
 A'c. Iirpharmacy,a medicine which attracts the humours 
 to a particular part, and by that means raises the cuti- 
 cle. 
 
 To BLISTER, e. n. to rise in blisters ; to be covered with 
 blisters. Used actively, to raise blisters by burning ; to 
 apply a plaister, in order to raise a blister. 
 
 BLITl', a town of Nottinghamshire, 23 miles N. NW. of 
 Newark, and 146 N. by W. of London. Market on Thurs- 
 day. 
 
 BLITHE, a. [blithe. Sax.] gay ; airy ; joyous ; sprightly, 
 owing to the enjoyment of some good. 
 
 BLI'THLY, nd. in a joyous, sprightly, or airy manner. 
 BLITHKESS, *. the state of joyful alacrity and spright- 
 liness. 
 BLI'THSOINIE, a. gav, airy, sprig^litly ; cheerful. 
 To BLOAT, II. a. [hiowan, SaxJ to swell with wind. 
 Figuratively, to shew pride by the looks or gesture. Ncu- 
 terly, it implies to look as if swelled by wind ; generally 
 applied to a person growing lusty, but appearing at the 
 same time of a weak constitution. 
 
 BLG'ATEDNESS, s. the state of a person or thing puffed 
 up with fat, or swelled with wind. 
 
 BLO'BBER, s. a bubble. Not in common use. 
 BLO BBERLIP, .5. a thick lip. 
 
 BLO'BLIPPKD, or BLOBBERLIPPIOU, a. that has 
 thick lips, applied both to persons and thuigs. 
 
 BLOCK, s. [block, Belg. bloc, Vv.] a heavy piece of timber 
 more thick than long; a piece of marble as it comes out of 
 the quarry; anv massy body; a i)ioce of wood formed in 
 the shape of a sltull, made use of by barbers to make their 
 perukes upon ; a piece of wood used by hatters to f^rm or 
 dress their hats on; the wood on which criminals are be- 
 headed; pieces of wood belonging to a ship, htted with 
 sliives and pins for running rigging to go thiough. Figu- 
 ratively, an obstruction or impi<limeiit ; a person of (lull 
 parts, slow aiiprchensions, remarkable stupidity. 
 
 To BLOCK, V. a. [bloquer, Fr.] to stop up any passage ; 
 to inclose a town so as to hinder any one from going into, 
 or coming out of it. Generally used with the iiarticle 
 np. 
 
 BLOCKADE, s. [bl<,chhm/i. Tent.] a fortress or bulwark, 
 erected to stop up or secure a passage. In war, a kind of 
 siege, wherein all passages and avenues are seized and stopt 
 up, so as the besieged can neither receive provisions, rein- 
 forcements, nor intelligence, an<l are reduced to the neces- 
 sitv of surrendering or starving. 
 
 To BLOCKA'DE, r. a. to seize upon, and block up all 
 the avenues to a place. 
 
 BLOCKHEAD, s. a figurative expression ; used to imji.y 
 a person of a dull appreliension, want of parts, and grcBt 
 stupidity 
 
 a?
 
 15 1, U 
 
 h r. u 
 
 BLO'CKHEADED, a. remarkably stupid, dull, and in- 
 
 oapaMe of iiiiproviiig. 
 
 BLO'CKHt)lISli, i. a fortress built to secure a passage, 
 and hinder anv one from going tlirougli. 
 
 BLO'CKISH, <7. stupid; dull. 
 
 BLO'CKISHLY, nd. after the manner of a person remark- 
 able for his stupidity ; like a hloeklicad. 
 
 BLOCklSHNESS «. great duliiess of apprehension; or 
 stupidity. 
 
 BLOCK-TI'N, /. tin wliieli is pure or uiniiixed, and yet 
 uiiwroujdit. 
 
 BLOCKWOOD, s. in traoe, the logwood brougat from 
 Honduras, and uaed in dying black. 
 
 BLOI.S, an ancient and bandsunu' city in the nept. of 
 Loire and Cher, once the abode of tho kings of Trance. 
 The spectator is struck with the idea of an aivipliithcatrc, 
 in seeing the manner in which the strc'ts arc disposed, like 
 rows of seats one above anotiicr ag.ti.ist the hill. Here are 
 some tine fountains, and a new bridge, one of the bi-st in 
 France. The Trench language is thought to be spoken here 
 with the grtatcjit purity. It has maiudactnres of serges 
 and ticking, and a conu'ierce in wines and brandy. Blois is 
 pleasantiv situated on the river Loire, in a fine countr\. 47 
 BiilesN. L. of Tours, and 100 S. W. of Pari.s. Lat. 47. 35. 
 N. Ion. !.*).£. 
 
 BLO'AL\RY, J. [from b/nma, Sa\.] the first forge in an 
 iron work, through w liich the metal passes after it has been 
 first melted from the mine. 
 
 BLOOD, {liliid) s. [b/crl, Sa\.l a ren warm fluid, circulating 
 by means of the veins and arteries, through every part of an 
 animal body. B/ood, whvu cold, separates into two parts, 
 the one red and fibrous, which foniis into a nuiss, and is 
 called the cnmr ; the other, which is thin and transparent, 
 retains its duidily, and is called the. serum. The red colour 
 of blood is derived from the red oxide of iron which it con- 
 tains. J5/ourfisused figurativeK for family kindred, descent, 
 bfe. Joined with hot or cold, a cold or warm disposition ; 
 a person of a warm and sanguine temper ; a rake. Joined 
 with flesh, used in scripture, to signily hunuiii nature in its 
 corrupt state, or the stale of unassisted reason. The juice 
 of vegetables. 
 
 To BLOOD, r. a. to stain w ilh blood ; to let blood. 
 
 BLOODGUi'LTINESS, «. murder; the crime of shed- 
 ding blood. 
 
 BLOOD-HOT, «. that has the same degree of heat as 
 the blood. 
 
 BLOO'DIIOUND, s. a hound that follows by the scent, 
 seizes with great fierceness, will not quit the track of the 
 person he pursues, and is trained to the sport by blooil. 
 
 15LOO'DILY, lid. in a cruel savage manner ; inclined to 
 murder or blooflshed. 
 
 BLOODINESS, s. the state or appearance of a thing 
 tained with blood. 
 
 BLOO'DLESS, a. without blood ; having no blood. Fi- 
 gurativrly. dead : pale. 
 
 BLO()'DSnED, s. nuirder, occasioned by giving a per- 
 son a wound bvw Inch he bleeds to death ; slaughter. 
 
 Bl OODSHEDDER, s. one who murders another. 
 
 BLOODSHOT, or BLOO DSHO'nEN, a. an epilhel 
 ap|)lied to a disti'uiper in the eyes, wherein the blood 
 ves.sels are so distended as to make them appear ofa bloody 
 colour. 
 
 Td.OO'DSTONE, ». in natural liistoiy a mineral of a 
 green colour, spotted with a blood led ; hard, ponderous, 
 composed of pointed needles, and generalK fo;nid in ion 
 mines. It is used in nu'diciiie asa sivplic, or I(j ^lop lilc.od ; 
 anil hv goldsmiths and gilders |o polish their «■ 1 1 ■-. 
 
 BLOO'D VESSEL,.*, a vessel appropriated by nature to 
 the convevance of I In- hli)od. 
 
 BLOODY,", itaiiied with blood. Figuratively, cruei ; 
 murdcioui. 
 
 BLOO l)Y TLl'X. *. Sec Dysenteuy. 
 
 KLOO IJY MINDED, a. cruel; inclined to murder, or 
 bloodsll'jd. 
 
 'M 
 
 BLOOM, J. \hliim, Teut.] in botany, the flower on fruit- 
 trees and plants, which precedes their fruits. The tine blue 
 substance on plums, iic. In the iron works, a four sipiare 
 mass of haraniered iron, of about two feet length, and three 
 quarters of a iinudied weight, niadefrom pail ofasow of cast 
 iron. Figuratively, a fl«urisliing slate, w hich may adnut of 
 increase and improvenieiit. 
 
 To BLOOM, V. II. to produce blossoms or flowers. Figu 
 ratively, to flourish ; to be in a floiuishiug state. 
 
 BLOOMY, n. full of blossoms or flowers. Figuratively, 
 being in a state of vigour or oerfection : bciu? in a flourish- 
 ing state. 
 
 BLOSSOM, «. [iWn*, Sax.] in botany, the flower which 
 afterwards turns to fruit on trees or plants ; more particu- 
 larlv applied lo the petals. 
 
 'To IJLO'SSOM, f. n. to put fortn flowers or blossom^ 
 which afterwards lurn to fruit. 
 
 To BLOT, r. a. [h/d/th; lo hide, Fr.] lo drop ink on a 
 paperor other subslance ; to efface or dash out any word 
 with ink ; used with out. Figuratively, to render a thing 
 imperceptible, or invisible ; lo efface ; to stain, sully, or 
 disgrace. To make black ; to darken. 
 
 BLOT, s. a spot of ink dropped by accident on paper ; 
 a dash with a |>en on a wend, in order lo cflacc it. Figura- 
 tively, a stain, or auy thing which causes disjjrace, applied 
 to character. 
 
 BLOTCH, s. a sore, pustule, or any eruption of the sltin 
 which conveys the idea ofa defect. 
 
 To BLOTE, V. a. [bluisen, Belg.] to sMioiie, or dry with 
 smoke ; hence bloird, or red herrings. Seldom used. 
 
 BLOW, iblo) s. \blime. Sax.] a stroke given with the fist 
 or any weapon. Lsedwith al, a single attempt; a sudden 
 event, an unexpected evil. The act of laying or depositing 
 eggs in flesh, applied to flies : " The blous ot tiios." Chupm. 
 
 To BLOW, {blu) V. n. preter. blew, part. pass. Wohii ; 
 [bhuaii, Sax.] lo move, applied to the action of wind. Used 
 sometimes impersonally with liie particle >t. " It bli.us a 
 happy gale." Drt/d. To breathe upon ; lo sound by means 
 of w ind. " Let the prating organ blow." Dn/d. To sound 
 a musical instrument by the breath. Used with mer, to pass 
 or cease without producing damage. " When the storm is 
 b/oii)i liver — how blest is the swain !" Gran. Used with 17), 
 to iiiount in the air, applied to the eflect of gunpowder. 
 " Some of the enrmy's ina!;azines blew tip." Taller, No. 
 ,50. L'sed actively, to drive or move by the force of wind ; 
 lo increase a lire by means ofa pair of bellows ; to breathe 
 Ujion ; to iouiid a wind instrument by the iireaih. " Their 
 loud lip lifti'd angel tiumpels hlnw." Milt. Used with nni, 
 to exlingnish by the wind <u breath. Used with upi:ii, to 
 become common ; lo bvccmie contemptible on account of 
 its being universally known, even lo llie vulgar; lo be slale. 
 
 To BLOW, {hlii) )'. n. [btouaii. Sax.] in botany, to bloom, 
 to blossom, to flourish. 
 
 BLOWER, (bin er) X. among miners, a nielter of tin. 
 
 BLO'WIN(J, fWii-iHfi) .«. the act of forming glass into its 
 •.arions shapes, by breathing or blowing with the mouth 
 ihrouirh iIk flowing iiipe. 
 
 BLOW-I'Il'T., s. in chemistry, an instrument to increase 
 and direct the lame of a lamp for the analysis of minerals, 
 and for othei < hemical purposes. 
 
 BLOW/E, s. a female of a heallhv ruddy countenance, 
 or one wln^se hair is generally in disorder; a ruddy fat- 
 (ac'd vvei'i'h. 
 
 B'.O'M 7Y, .(. rnddyfaced, or with the hair disordered. 
 
 liLU'BBI It, i. the fat part of a whale, or other cetaccoiia 
 fi>lies, w Iii' li cdi'lains the nil. 
 
 'To T.I.UIiBFR, r. II. [iiiibdbnlare, Ital.] to weep in such a 
 nisn.-iiT as to make the cheeks swell. Used actively, to 
 svv II ilii' cIk i-ks w ilh weeping. 
 
 Td.UBI'.ERl^D, part. a. svvjdled, big, or large, applied to 
 
 ihrTps. 
 
 Td U'D(!EON, *. a sliott stick, having one end loaded 
 will' 1 ail, iMc. used as an ortensive weapon. 
 
 BLUE, a. formerly spelt blew; [blatOf Sax.] of a blue
 
 BLl! 
 
 BOA 
 
 colour. Used suDstantively for one of tlie ()riiiiitive colours 
 oflheraysof light; and anions djers for one of tli«' five 
 sirii[>le or mother colours, of \vl;ieli lliey form the others. 
 Blue is dyed cliietly with wood inid indij;o, and juiintcd 
 with ultramarine, bhieasli..'s and sniult.aiMJ in oil and minia- 
 ture with indigo, blue hice, blue verdiler, capis armenus, 
 smalt and litmus. To look blue upon a person, is to behold 
 Iiim with an unfavourable aspect, or forbidding counte- 
 nance. 
 
 To BLUE, V. a. to make of a blue colour, to give linen a 
 bluish cast by <lipping them into cold water, wherein soap 
 and indigo have been dissolved. 
 
 BLL'EBO TTLE, s. a Hower of the bell shape. A fly 
 with a large blue bottle. 
 
 BLU'E^JOIIN, s. a beautiful Derbyshire spar. 
 
 BLU'ELY, nrf. like a blue colour; bluish. 
 
 BLU'1'JNES.S, *. that quality which denominates a tliiuj; 
 biue. 
 
 BLUFF, n. applied to the looks, liig, swelling, surly. 
 
 BLU'FF-HEAD, s. anions; sailors, a ship is said to be 
 blutt'-headed that has an upright stem. 
 
 BLU'ISH, a. somewhat blue. 
 
 BLU'ISHNESS, /. the (juality of being somewhat 
 blue. 
 
 To BLUTMDER, v. n. [hlmideren, Belg.] to be guilty of a 
 gross mistake, including the secondary idea of contempt. 
 Used actively, to go in a confused manner in quest or search. 
 To mix ignorantly and by gross mistake. 
 
 BLUTSDEK, *. a gross mistake, applied both to actions 
 and words, and carrying with it the idea of gross and ridi- 
 culous stupidity. 
 
 BLUNDERBUSS, s. a kind of gun or fusee, whose bar- 
 rel is generally made of brass, and may be charged with se- 
 veral bullets. Figuratively, a person guilty of gross and 
 ridiculous mistakes, either inactions or words. 
 
 BLUTSDERER, s. one who cannot distinguish one thing 
 from anotlier; one who is guilty of gross and ridiculous 
 mistakes, either in action or language. 
 
 BLUNT, ff. applied to the point oredjje'of a weapon, 
 that will not pierce or cut, on account of its thickness, op- 
 posed to sharp ; deficient in politeness of behaviour ; void 
 of ceremony or politeness ; not easy to be penetrated. 
 
 To BLUNT, 1). a. to spoil the sharpness of the edge or 
 point of a weapon, so as to hinder it troni piercing. Figu- 
 ratively, to lessen the violence ot'any passion. 
 
 BLUTSTLY, orf. applied to edge-tools, so as not to be 
 able to pierce or cut. Applied to behaviour, without cere- 
 mony, politeness, or elegance. 
 
 BLUNTNESS, s. want of edge, point, or sharpness, ap- 
 plied to xyeapons. Plainness, abruptness, want of ceremo- 
 ny, or politeness, applied to manners. 
 
 BLUR, s. \borra. Span.] a blot or stain. Figuratively, a 
 defect. 
 
 To BLUR, V. a. to efface, erase, or ren<Ier a thing imper- 
 ceptible. Figuratively, to stain, applied to credit, beha- 
 viour, or reputation. 
 
 To BLURT, V. a. to speak, discover, or declare, without 
 consideration, or notwithstanding caution to the contrary. 
 Used with the particle oi(<. 
 
 To BLUSH, V. n. [blosen, Belg.J to redden, or grow re<l 
 ill the face at being charged willi any thing that excites 
 shame, or seeing any thing immodest. Figuratively, to bear 
 the colour of a blush. Used willi nt before the cause. 
 
 BLUSH, s. a redness of the ciieeks occasioned by the 
 consciousness of some defect, or the sight of some unchaste 
 object. Figuratively, any red colour. With the word 
 first, a sudden appearance, or at lirst sight. 
 
 To BLUSTER, n. «. [from hl<ist, Sax.] to roar, applied 
 to the noise of the wind in a storm. Figuratively, to in;iUe 
 a noise, bully, hector, swagger, or be tumultuous through a 
 vain persuasion, or conceit ofa person's importance. 
 
 BLUSTER, s. the roaring noise occasioned by the vio- 
 lence of the wind. Figuratively, the height or noisy turbu- 
 lence of agger or vqjn cooce.it. 
 
 BLU'STERER, s. a person who makes a great noise from 
 acoiK-eited opinion of his own importance ; a bully. 
 
 BLU'STROUS, o. applied to the wiii<l, making a great 
 noise from its violence. Applied to persons making a noise, 
 and assuming the airs oi those who are of some impor- 
 tance. 
 
 B MI, s. a note in music. 
 
 BO, interj. a word used to excite terror ; according to 
 Sir William Temble, from Bo, an old northern captain, 
 whose very looks terrified his enemies. 
 
 BOA, s a genus of s«;rpents, of which the boa conttrictor 
 is the most enormous. It is a native of America, and lays in 
 ambush on the tops of trees, from which it darts down on 
 any animal which passes iniderneath, and first crushes it to 
 death by wrapping itself round it, and then devours it at 
 its leisure. See Plate. 
 
 BOAR, ». formerly spelt bore ; [bar. Sax.] the male hog. 
 
 B()'.\R-.SPE/\R, s. a spear used in hunting wild boars. 
 
 BO.\RD, *. [AiY/f/, Sax.] a piece of timber sawn thin for 
 the use of building ; when thick it is ca.led a ///«»/(. A 
 table. A table round which a council or conunittee sits: 
 hence the council board ; the biinril 0/ works. Figuratively, 
 entertainment, diet, or food. 'I'he deck, or floor ofa ship. 
 Used with on, within the ship. Joined to uithout, as without 
 hoard, out of the ship: with ofe»-, over the side of the ship, 
 or out of the ship into the sea. " Throwed him over board." 
 Sli/il hi/ the board, is to slip by the sides of a ship. To make a 
 hoaitl, is to turn the ship to the windwar<l. 'Jo mnke a (rood 
 board, is used ofa ship when advanced much to the wind- 
 ward at one tack. 
 
 To BOARD, v.a. to enter a ship by force; to attack or 
 make the first attempt ; from the French aborder f/uelgn'jiH, 
 To cover with boards. To board it up to the wind, is to turn a 
 ship to the windward. 
 
 To BOARD, i>. n. [from burdd, Brit.] to live and diet at a 
 house. Actively, to place a person as a boarder at a 
 house. 
 
 BO'ARD-WAGI'IS, «. money allowed servants to find 
 themselves in victuals. 
 
 BO'ARDER, s. one who diets or eats at another's table, 
 at a settled rate ; a scholar that lives in the master's house, 
 and cats at his table. 
 
 BOARDING-SCHOOL, s. a school where the scholars 
 live with, and are found in victuals b\, the master. 
 
 BO'ARISH, a. Iboar and isc, Sax.] of the nature of, or 
 like a boar. Figuratively, fierce, cruel, savage, furious, 
 and void of every principle of bunuinity. 
 
 BO'ARISIINESS, s. the furious savage quality of a 
 boar. Figuratively, want of delicacy, kindness, pity, and 
 humanity. 
 
 To BOAST, v.a. [host, Brit.] to display one's abilities in 
 a proud, assuming, and vain manner; to ui;igiiify, exalt, or 
 be proud of. Neiiterly, to brag ; to e\;ilt one's self. 
 
 BOAST, s. the tiling a person is proud of ; t^.e cause of a 
 person's pride ; a vain and conceited <lisplay. 
 
 BO'.A.STER, s. one who makes a |)(impoiis displa- of bis 
 advantages, whether they consist in power, we;iltli, learur 
 iug, virtue, or religion. 
 
 BO'.ASTFUL, a. iiK-liued or subject to brag ; ostenta- 
 tious. 
 
 BO'ASTINGLY, ad. in such a manner as to brag of, or 
 display with vain conceit, and pompous expressicins. 
 
 BOAT, s. [bat. Sax.] a small open vessel, commonly 
 wrought or moved by oars, inteiideil cliiefiy for riv( is ai.d 
 lakes; when rowed bv one man. called a sculler ; when by 
 two named oars,\>\ the- J.ondoneis. 
 
 BO ATMAN, <ir BO .VTSMAN, s. he that manages or 
 works a boat. 
 
 P>0'ATS\VA1X, s. [bimlsu-aiii. Sax.] an otbcer on board 
 asliip, who Ikis cliin-ge of all lier rigging, lakes care of the 
 long Iwxit anil her foniitiire, steering lier bv binis) If ; t;ilis 
 out tbescvtial giuigs and tlieir companies lo llui. watches, 
 and other ottices, and punishes all otieuders that are sciv 
 teuccd by the captain on a court-martial.
 
 BOJ) 
 
 liU 1 
 
 To BOR, r. ff. [perhaps from h.-ibn, Span.] fo coiiqiipv or 
 drub. To cheat, or deprive by fraud and ciuming. These 
 senses seem now obsolete. To catch eils in a peculiar 
 inaiuie- . 
 
 To BOB, r. n. apphed to any body, wiiich liciii^ hung or 
 suspended by a string, plays backwards and forwards; to 
 play or swing against a thing. To give a person a hunch or 
 push with the elboW', by way of signal, or to iHuko hiiu t-Ae 
 notice of any particular. 
 
 BOB, s. a jewel or other ornament which hangs loose 
 from the ear; the word or sentence repealed at Ihc end of 
 every verse or stanza of a song ; a blow, hunch, or push 
 with the elbow. Also a short peruke. 
 
 PO'BAC,f. in natural history, a species of marmot. 
 
 BO'BBIN, *. [bvliitie, Fr. | a small piece of wood, turned in 
 the form of a cylinder, with a little border jutting out at 
 each end, and bored through its lengih to screw a small iron 
 spindle, and to wind thread, worsted, silk, >S.c. upon; the 
 small reed put in the hollow of a shuttle, round w hich the 
 thread or silk is wound to make the woof; a small neat 
 turned stick, round which the thread is wound to make 
 boiie-lace with ; likewise a round .vliite tape, used by the 
 ladies as a running string for their aprons, caps, Ac. 
 
 BO'BCHEKKV, s. a game among children, wherein a 
 clierry is suspended by a sfring, which they strive to bite, 
 or get into their irioiitlis. 
 
 BO'BTAIL, s. a dog which has his tail cut off entirely, or 
 verv short; hence the adj'ctive Soi^iTrf. 
 
 RO'CASINK, I. a sort of linen clolh. 
 
 BO'CKELET, or 150CKERET, *.a kind of long-winged 
 hawk. 
 
 BO'CKIXG, a very large village in Essex, adjoining to 
 Braintree, from which it is separated only by a small stream. 
 It is 42 nnles N. E. of London. 
 
 BOCK-LAND, *. in the Saxon time was wliat we call 
 freehold land, held by persons of rank by charter or deed 
 in writing, by which name it was distinguished from Folk- 
 laml. or copy hold land, held by the common people without 
 writin;;. 
 
 To BODE, r. «. [fcorfi'a?!. Sax.] to convey the knowledge 
 of some future event, applied to an omen ; to portend, used 
 both in a gfiod and bad sense. 
 
 BO'DENIENT, *. a sign or signs foreshewing some fu- 
 ture event, used both of good and bad events. 
 
 BODICE, s. stays, or a kind of waistcoat laced before, 
 made of leather, and worn bv country women next to their 
 shifts. 
 
 BO DILES.S, n. [Iiudrj and lease, Snx.] that has no body ; 
 incorporeal ; imnraterial. 
 
 BODILY', a. that consists of, or belongs to, mat- 
 ter; that belongs to the body. Real, opposed to chime- 
 rical. 
 
 BO Dl LY, nd. in such a manner as to be united to the 
 body, or mailer ; corporeally. 
 
 ROUKIN, s. [boil/an, Brit.'] an instrument with a small 
 blade, and sharp point, to make holes with ; an instrument 
 formed like a needle with a long eye, used by females to run 
 a ribbon or string in an aiiron or <>lher parts of their dress, 
 and formerly used in confining and tying u)) their hair. 
 
 BO'DMiS, a town of Cornwall, with a market on Sa- 
 turday; seated in a bottom between two liigh hills, which 
 niiders the air very unwholesome. It cliieflv consists of 
 one street, and the many decay<'d houses shew it has been a 
 place of greater note ; is a mayor-town, and sends two 
 members to parliament, and fornierlv had the privil<ge(>f 
 the coinage of tin. It is .32 miles N. E. of Falmouth, and 
 3.14 W. by S. of London. 
 
 BO'DY, s. [Ixulifi-, Sax.l in physics, a solid, extended, pal- 
 pable substance, of itself merely passive, and indift'ercnt 
 either f<> motion or rest, but capable of any sort of motion, 
 or any kind of furnis ; composed of particles iidinitely hard, 
 8o as never to wear or break into pieces. In anatomy, that 
 part ol an animal composed of bones, muscles, nerves, ca- 
 "v.ls, and juices. The real existence of a thing, or its coni- 
 100 
 
 ptetion, m opposition to an image, shadow, representatioti, 
 or type. A collection of persons united by some coinuion 
 tie, or cliarter. Applied to dress, that part which covtrj 
 the lioily. The inaterials which comp<ise a sfuH t>r olhcr 
 manufacture. Applied to liquors, strength. Substance. 
 The mam or chief part of a thing. A pi rtV c1 system, or 
 llr.it which contains all the branches of a science; as, "A 
 iof/yof di\ inity." " A hodu of laws." 
 
 To BO'DV, !■. a. to produce ; to bring iiilo being. 
 
 BODY-CLOTHES, .s.the clothes which cover a horse's 
 body, when dieted, Ac. 
 
 B(>G, «. [from liii^; soft, Irish] a moist rotten spot of 
 earth, which sinks and gives way to the weight of the body, 
 formed of grass or plants putritied by some spring ; a marsh 
 or morass. 
 
 ToBO'CiGLE, t'. )i. [from ing'iV, a spectre, bugbear, or 
 phantom, Belg.] to start, nm, or tl\ back at the sight of a 
 terrifying object. Used with the i)article at, to hesitate ; to 
 doubt. 'Fo dissemble ; to be guilty of prevarication ; or 
 to i)lay f;ist and loose ; used with the particle uilh. 
 
 BOGCiLElt, s. a i>erson full of doubts-' a fearful or 
 timorous person. 
 
 BOGGY, «. abounding in bogs; partaking of (he nature 
 or quality of a hng. 
 
 BOGHOUSE, s. a house of office. 
 
 BO'GMOSS, «. a sort of moss generally found in bogs. 
 The botanical geiieric name is sphagnum. 
 
 BO'G-TllO'TTEK, s. one who lives in a bogg%' coun- 
 try. 
 
 BCHE'A, s. [Chin.] one of the coarsest teas which conies 
 from China, and is the second gathering; for all teas grow 
 on the same plant, and (lifter only accordinjj to the season 
 of gathering, and the method of drying. After it is gather- 
 ed, it is dried in pans over a (ire, mikI i oiled up in me iumi 
 we have it, by a person employed for that purpose; the 
 juice or oil of the plant, which then moistens the hands, 
 being of so corroding a nature, that it often eats into Ike 
 flesh, and produces the same efiect as a caustic, lin/iea 
 tea is very serviceable, and where it agrees with a persftn, 
 excels all other vegetables for preventing sleepiness or 
 dulness, for taking off weariness or fatigue; for raising the 
 spirits ; corroborating the memory, and other faculties 
 which depend on a true temperaluie of the brain, if used 
 chiefly in an afternoon, drank moderately, and not too hoi, 
 as is the general custom. 
 
 BOHEiML4, a kingdom of Europe, bounded on the N. by 
 Misnia and Lusace, on the E. by Silesia and Moravia, om 
 the S. by Austria, and on the W. by Bavaria. It is about 
 200 miles in length, and 160 in breadth, anri is ven fertile 
 in corn, saftVon, iiops, and pastures. In the mountains there 
 are mines of gold and silver, and in some places they Hud 
 diamonds, granates, copper, and lead. The roman catholic 
 religion is the principal, though there are manv protestants. 
 The chief rivers are only the Miildau, the Elbe, and the 
 Oder. Their language is the Sclavonian, with a mixture of 
 the German. The capital town, or city, is Prague. It is 
 subject to the house of^ Austria. 
 
 Bohemian BRETHREN, the ancient protestants of 
 Bohemia, including the Hussites, Taborifes, Ac. 
 
 To BOIL, 1'. n. [Imuil/ir, Fr.] to be violently agitated with 
 heat ; to have its particles set into a violent motion by fire, 
 and so to be able lo scald any thing immersed into it, applied 
 to water. Figuratively, lo W hot ; to move with a violent 
 motion, like that of boiling water; lo be placed in boiling 
 water. 'Fo boil nirr, ap|)lied lo water or other fluids, to 
 have its contents so rarehed by heal, as to take up a larger 
 dimension than before, and to run over the sides of a vessel. 
 Actively, to heal, by putting into boiling water ; lo seethe; 
 to dress victuals bv boiling. 
 
 BOIL, .«. a specie's of abscess, properly spelt bite, wliicJi 
 see. 
 
 BOILER, s. one who boils any thing ; a vessel in which a 
 ihing is boiled. 
 
 BOl LING, s. in pliysics, the particles of fuel passing ll»
 
 BOL 
 
 pores of the vpssi'I, mix with tlie liiinid, and nifctiiiff «'!Hi r 
 rcsislimvc ilinc siirticiciit ti)<l:'»ti(n llicir iiu.iiitii, tlii'> com- 
 i|Uiiii( ;i|c it tdtlu'Miilei ; li(>ii<<- iuiscs :i siii.ill iiilcstin'f nio- 
 tidii ill tlio iiiirl.'clfs lit that fluid ; Ijiit llic liist <iiiise still 
 fciiitiiiuiiiK. li'Hl iii<>ti<!ii is ijKi«;i4(d till the ii!,ntiitiiiii of the 
 Hater bftiiiiK's sciisdile ; but ri(i« tlif i);nii(l('» ot Src, «(im- 
 tiiiiially strikiiifioi) tJKise at till' lowest siirlirce (if iiater, will 
 iiii()(l llieii), liolli by its impulse and b\ tli( ir j'wii raieliir- 
 tioii, upwards, dining; wliitli llie particle;, at the upper sur- 
 face ui;ist, bv their own specific Kva\ily, be desceiidiiii,' to- 
 wards th<' bottom; wl)icli will easily account for the suriiiee 
 of water beinj; sooner hot than .it !h<- ii'itt<iui, and a perseus 
 bciii^'able to nunc a vessel of boiliui,' water by puttiiijj his 
 hand on the bottom, without receivin;; any hurl. The fire 
 thus diuiiuishiiif; the s|H'cific gravity of v.aler, so as to nrake 
 it iniHint not only in water, but likewise air, we hence are 
 enabled to account for the liteam oi smoke. 'I'lie particles 
 of air dilated aiidcxpanded thus by heat, moviuff upwards, 
 will uu'et and coalesce in theirascent, by which nieansfjreat 
 (luantities of water will rise and fall alternately, or, in other 
 words, the water will boil ; but the heat continuinfj, and the 
 rarefaction iiicreasini;, the water will now be too much lor 
 tile vessel to contain, and will consequently s»ell over its 
 sides, which the vuljjar call hnilins: over. It luusi however 
 be added, that wht.i water boils, it cannot lie reiulered hot- 
 ter by any deforce of tiie whatever. 
 
 B()rOBI,4-. in iratural history, a South American serpent, 
 which is very poiionous, but docs not bile unless when 
 attacked. 
 
 BOl'SKLE DUC, a very stron-,' city in Dutch Hiabant. 
 It is seate<I anions morasses, betneen the rivers Doniniel and 
 Aa, 22 miles E. N. E. o*"Breda, 46 N. E. of Antwerp, and 45 
 S. S. E. Oi". Amsterdam. 
 
 BOrSTEROUS, ff. violent, furious, vehement, or stormy. 
 Roarinjj, applied to the \vind. EiKuratively, furious, warm, 
 hot, outrageous. .Applied to persons, violent. 
 
 BOr.STEROUSLV, ml. in a violent nranner ; funonslv. 
 
 BO'ISTEROUSNF.SS, that slate or quality of being fuii- 
 ous, tumultuous, turbulent, and stormy. 
 
 BO'KHARA, the capital of Great Bokharia, Bocliaria, 
 or Bucharia, vvliicb is a well cultivated country of W. Tar- 
 tary-, the ancient So^diaiia, bavins little Bucharia (ui the E. 
 Hindostanand Persia on the S. and a part ofr' Persia and the 
 Caspian Sea on the W. Itisalar^e populous place, seated on a 
 rising ground ; the houses are low, and moslly built of mud, 
 but the the caravansaras and niostiues, which nre nuinerous, 
 are of stone. Great numbers of Jews and Aia!;iaiis frequent 
 this place ; but the khan seizes on their possessions at his 
 pleasure. It is 100 miles VV. by S. ofSamarcaiid. Eat. 39. 15. 
 E. Little Bucharia is an jdjoining country, which has 
 Yarkian for its capital. 
 
 BOLD, a. \bald. Sax.] not hindered from an undertaking, 
 either by the threats of others, or the ditticulties attending 
 it; daring, brave, courageous, fearless. Impudent, rude, 
 applied to the behaviour. Licentious, or too free, applied 
 . to words. Level, smooth, even, applied by sailors to situ- 
 ation. To make hold, to take the liberty or freedom. 
 
 To BO'LDEN, V. a. to grow bold, to make bold ; to dis- 
 pel a person's fears or doubts. 
 
 BOLDFACED, a. impudent; not shewing any signs of 
 shame bv the countenance. 
 
 BOLDLY, arf. confidently ; with assurance ; impudently. 
 
 BOLDNESS, s. courage, intrepidity, iiiidaiiutedness. 
 The power to speak or do what we intend before others 
 without fear or disorder. In a had sense, a resolution to do 
 or speak any thing before others, though conscious of its 
 being wrong or indecent. 
 
 BOLE, ». [hnliis, Lat.] a certain particular sort of earth, 
 used bv painters, moderately coherent, ponderous, soft, and 
 not stirtor viscid, but in some degree ductile while moist ; 
 not composed of fine particles, smooth tothe touch, friable, 
 easily diffused in water, and freely subsiding from it. There 
 are several sorts of Holes, as the white, yellow, red, brown, 
 and gray ; all whieli are prescribed in some case or other, 
 
 101 
 
 Bt>L 
 
 ill various distempers. Also, the body, or trmik of n tivf'. 
 Likew ise a measure of cor:i, eoiitaiiiing six ln.shels. 
 
 BO LIN(;i'Pi()KE, or Bi i.i.inijurok r, a town in Lii>- 
 coliisliire, with a iiiaiki t on Tuesday. It is seated at the 
 spriiiL; liciid of a river, viiiicli falls into the Witham on a 
 low ground, and is a very ancient town, with the title of an 
 eaililciii, though now but a mean place. King Henry IV. 
 was born here. It is 20 miles E. of Liiicolu, and 128 N. by 
 E. ofLfiudon. 
 
 BO'LIS, s. [Lat.] in natural history, a great fiery ball, 
 swililv hurried thiough the air, generally drawing a tail 
 after it. 
 
 BOLL, s. in botany, a round stalk or stem; a» a Lull nt 
 flax. 
 
 To BOLL, r. n. to rise in a italk; "The flax was IxilleH," 
 E.rnd. ix..TI. 
 
 nOLOGN.A, an ancient, large, rich, and very handsome 
 town of Italy, in the ci devant terriloi-y <if the cliurch, aitd 
 capital of the Bolognese ; an archbishop's see, and an uni- 
 versity. It contains about 80,0(10 inhabitants, and 169 
 churches. It is a place of great trade, which is in some mea- 
 sure owing toa canal that runs from this city into the river 
 Po. The ileno, which runs near Bologna, turns 400 mills, 
 which are employed in the silk works ; besides, they deal 
 in wax, soap, hams, sausages, and even lap-dogs, which are 
 greatly esteemed. It is seated at the foot of the iVIodena, 2.i 
 miles S. W. of Ferrara, 48 N. of Florence, aud 175 N. \V. of 
 Rome. Lon. 14. .W. E. lat. 44. .',0. N. 
 
 BOLOGNE'SE, a small province of Italy, in the ci devant 
 territory of the church, bounded on the N. by the Ferrarese, 
 on the W. by Modeiia, on the .S. by Tuscany, and on the E. 
 by Romania. It is xvatered by a great number of small rivers, 
 w hich render the soil the most fertile of any in Italy. It 
 produces abundance of all sorts of grain and fruits, particu- 
 larly Muscadine grapes, which are in high esteem. There 
 are also mines of alum and iron ; and they fabricate large 
 quantities of linen, silk stockings, and doih. 
 
 BOLSOVER, a town of Derbyshire, seated on an fjiri- 
 nence, and noted only for the manufacture of tol>!icco-pipe6. 
 Market on Friday. 
 
 BO'LSTER, s'.[bulsti-e, Sax.] a long ticking sack filled with 
 feathers, flocks, iVc. made use of to support or raise a per- 
 son's head in bed. Applied to dress, a pad made use of to 
 hide some deformity. In surgery, a compress; or piece of 
 linen doubled, laid, or bound upon a wound. 
 To BOLSTER, c a. to support, or raise a person's head 
 with a bolster. In surgery, to force or keep the lips of a 
 wound close by means of a compress. Figuratively, to sup- 
 port or nraintain. 
 
 BOLT, *. [hoult, Belg.j a dart shot from a cross-bow ; 
 lightning; a thunder-bolt ; a short piece of iron made t» 
 fiisten doors ; an iron pin made toseciire the shutters of win- 
 dows, and to fasten the (ilanksof ships ; a spot ; obstacle, 
 impediment. Unit iipris;lit means upright as an arrow. 
 
 To BOLT, 1'. a. to fasten with a bolt ; to fling out ; to 
 siienk without hesitation. Figuratively, to fasten; to sepa- 
 rate the fine from the coarse parts of a thing with a sieve, 
 [from hlntir, Fr.] To separate truth from falsehood by rigor- 
 ous examination. Neuterly, to spring out with suddenness; 
 to start out with the quickness of an arrow ; to come in a 
 hurry, or without due consideration. Used with the word 
 oul. 
 
 BOLTER, s. a sieve to separate finer from coarser parts, 
 parlieularly applied to that made use of to separate flour 
 from bran. 
 
 BOLTHEAD, *. in chemistry, a long straight-necked 
 glass vessel used in distillations. See Matrass. 
 
 BO LTTN(i-HOUSl'., s. a place where meai is sifted, or 
 separated from the bran. 
 
 BO ETON, or BoLi on-le-moor, a town of LancUshire, 
 noted for its manufacture of fustians and counterpanes, 
 dimities and muslins. Here are navigable canals, which 
 conduct from this town to Manchester and Wigan. 
 It stands amidst dreary moors, 11 miles N. W. of Mai).
 
 noN 
 
 3 ON 
 
 rhestcr, and 199 N. N. \V. of London. Market on Moa- 
 diy. 
 
 IjO'I T-ROPEl, i. the rope on which the sail of a ship is 
 fisteiitd. 
 
 BOI.TSPRIT,^. See Bowsprit. 
 
 BO'LUS, J. ILat.] iii pharmacy, a medicine made into a 
 soft mass, about the size of a nutmeg, to be taiien at once. 
 
 BOMB, *. [bdmbits, Lat.] formerly a loud noise. A hol- 
 low iron ball, or shell, tilled with gunpowder, and fiirnibhed 
 with a vent for a fusee, or wooden tube tilled with combus- 
 tible matter to be thrown out from a mortar, which had its 
 name from the noise it makes. The fusee, being set on 
 tire, burns slowly till it reaches the gunpowder, which goes 
 off at once, bursting the shell to pieces with incredible vio- 
 lence : whence the use oi bombs in besjeging towns. The 
 largest are alxmt eijjhteen inches in diameter. By whom 
 ihey were invented is not known, and the time is uncertain; 
 some fixing if to 1588, and others to 1495. 
 
 To BOAIB, V. a. to attack with, or shoot bombs against. 
 
 BO'MBARD, s. [bnmbardiis, Lat.] a piece of artillery 
 used before the invention of cannon, exceeding short and 
 thick. Tliis word is now obsolete. 
 
 To BOMB.\'RD, v. a. to fling bombs into a town ; to 
 attack with bombs. 
 
 BOMBARDI'ER, s. the engineer who fires or directs tlie 
 throwing of bombs out of the mortars. 
 
 BOMBARDMENT, >. an attack made upon a city, &q. 
 by throwing bombs into it. 
 
 BOMBASI'N, {bombuzieti) s. [bomhasi7i, Fr. from biwtbi/ci- 
 nits, silken, Lat.] a slight silken manufacture used for 
 mourning. 
 
 BOMBA'ST, s. in literature, high, pompous, swelling ex- 
 pressions, above the subject to which they are applied. 
 
 BOMBA'ST, a. ponioous ; of big sound. 
 
 BOMBA'Y, an ishinu of liindoostau, on the W. coast of 
 the Deccan, 7 miles in length, and about 21 in circumfe- 
 reflce. The ground is barren, and good water scarce. It 
 was formerly accounted very unhealthy ; but by draining 
 the swamps and bogs, the air is improved. It has a capa- 
 cious harbour, or bay, reckoned the finest haven in the In- 
 dies, wiiere whole fleets find shelter and security in all 
 seasons. Besides the town of Bombay, which is about a 
 mile in length, (with mean houses, a few excepted,) there 
 are other smaller ones upon this island. The inhabitants 
 are of several nations, and very numerous; they have abun- 
 dance of cocoa-nuts, but scarcely any corn or cattle. It is 
 one of the three presidencies of the English East India 
 Company, by which their oriental territories are governed, 
 and it is 150 miles S. of Sural. Lat. 18° 56' 42" N. Ion. TZ^ 
 hi 24" E. from Greenwich. 
 
 BO'MB-CHEST, s. a chest filled with gunpowder and 
 bombs, and \ilaccd under ground in order to blow it up, 
 together with those that are upon it. 
 
 BOMB-KETCH, or BOMB-VESSEL, s. a small vessel, 
 strongly built, and strengthened with large beams, to bear 
 the shock of a mortar at sea, when bombs are to be tiirown 
 from it into a town. 
 
 BONA I'TDE, I. [Lat.] among lawyers, signifies that 
 such a thing wiii really done without fraud or deceit. 
 
 BONA RO'BA,.«. a woman of the town ; a prostitute. 
 
 BONA'SUS, s. [Lat.] in nahiral history, a kind ofbutl'alc, 
 or wild bull. 
 
 BONCHRETIEN, *. [Er.] a pear, so called pernaps from 
 the name of smue gardener. 
 
 BOND, s. [liDiirl, Sax.] any thing which confines a per- 
 ion's amw so, that he has not the free use of them ; cords or 
 chains; that which hohls the parts of a thing together; 
 nnion, joinin;/, or connection. I'igurativeiy, captivity, im- 
 prisonment, loss of liberty ; ol)Iigalion. A tie, applied to 
 alliance. In law, a deed by whit ii a person oliliges liiiuacif 
 to perform certain acts, under a penalty specilied therein. 
 BOND, i». ["^rbinirlen, Sax.] Hot free ; in a state of slavery. 
 BONDAfM'., s. slavery ; a state wherein a person is de- 
 Jin%ed of lihert- . 
 
 m 
 
 BOTS'DM AID, s. a woman, or female slave. 
 
 BO'NDMAN, .«. a man slave. 
 
 BOISDSERVANT, s. a person wlio is under bond (n 
 serve his master, and is not at liberty to quit him. 
 
 BO'ND.SERVICE, s. the condition of a slave ; slavery, 
 
 BO'NDSL.AVE, J. a person in inextricable slavery 
 
 BO'NDSMAN, s. a slave ; a person who has given Lis 
 bond as a security for another. 
 
 BO'NDSWOM.\N, *. a woman slave ; or one who has 
 given her bond for security. 
 
 BONE, f. [Ann, Sax.] in anatomy, a white, hard, brittle, 
 insensible substance, supporting and strengthening the 
 body like beams and pillars in a ouilding; deluding some 
 of the more essential parts, as the brain; giving shape to 
 the human fabric, and assisting it in its motion. The bones 
 consist of camclla* (little (liates) running lengthwise, and 
 arched over at their ends. The number of bones in the hu- 
 man fabric are reckoned to be 246, exclusive of the ossa 
 sessamoidea, which amount to 48 more. To make no bones, 
 is to make no scruple, alluding to the readiness w ith w hich 
 a <l«g devours a bone. To gire a person a bene to pick, a low 
 phrase for laying an obstacle in a person's way ; or suggest- 
 ing sonietliing which may perplex him. A bune of irmten- 
 /lOTi, a cause of strife. For an enumeration of the principal 
 bones, see the article Skeleton, and the plate annexed. 
 
 To BONE, 1'. a. to take the bones out of the flesh. 
 
 BO'NELACE, s. a cheap sort of flaxen lace, wove by 
 bobbins made out of bones. 
 
 BONELESS, o. that has no bones. Applied to the 
 gums, without teeth. 
 
 To BO'NESET, r. «. in surgery, to set a broken bone ill 
 such a position, that the two ends nuiy meet and grow to- 
 gether ; to reduce a dislocated bone into its proper place. 
 
 BO'NESETTER, s. one wiio applies himself peculiarly 
 to set broken or dislocated bones. 
 
 BO'NFIRE, i. [/w", Fr. and >)«■] a public fire, made by 
 the populace on rejoicing days. 
 
 BO'NGRACK, s. [bonne grace, Fr.J a fortliead-clolh, 
 generally worn by infants. 
 
 BCNlTO, s. a large and verv beautiful sea-fish, of the 
 tunnv kind, very common in the Indian seas. 
 
 BONN, a city of Cologne, situated on the W. side of tlip 
 Rhine. The streets are wide and beautiful, and the fiutifi- 
 cationsare in good repair. It is 14 nn'les SSE. of Cologne. 
 
 BO'NNET, s. [Fr.] a covering for the head ; a cap ; or 
 outward covering made of silk, worn instead of a hat by the 
 ladies. In fortification, a small work, or little ravelin, 
 without a (itch, having a parapet of earth tVom ;{ to 12 Icef 
 hijjh, and from .'Hi to 30 feet thick. Bonnil u )ir,'tre, or a 
 priest's cap, an out-work with three salient angles, and twd 
 inwai<ls. Jinuniis, among sailors, are small sails set on the 
 courses, or fastene<l to the bottom of the mizzin, maiii-siiil, 
 or fore-sail of a ship, when ijicy are too narrow to chulie 
 the mast, or in order to make more way in light winds or 
 calm wcallier. 
 
 BO'NNILY, ffrf. in a gay manner; liaiuisoiiirly. 
 
 BO'NNINESS, s. the quality of appearing j;ay, haml- 
 soMie, or plump. 
 
 BO'NNY', s. in mineralogy, a name given by miners to a 
 b('<l of ore which is unconnected witii any vein. 
 
 BO'NNY, «. [from km, Fr.] gay, cliecri'ul, handsome, 
 voung. 
 
 BONNY-CLABBER, s. an Irish word for sour butter- 
 milk. 
 
 BONO'NIAN STON K, a grey, soil, glossy, fibrous, suk 
 ))liiircoiis stone, about the bigness of a large wahuit, found 
 in till' iicighliourliiiod olBnIogiia, containing a kind nf spar, 
 and making when duly prepai^-fl a species ot |ihoiphorus. 
 
 BO'NUM-MAGNLiM, ». [Lai.] in gaidoning, a spiciea 
 of plum. 
 
 BON V, n. having tiie propel lies, or cou.sisliiig of bone ; 
 uliouiiiliiig in Ikiiics. 
 
 BO N'/ES, s. Indi'.in priests. 
 
 BOOBY, s. in ualural history, liic name of a water-fo,, I,
 
 1500 
 
 BOR 
 
 eoiiiiMOii III (lie West Indies, wliidi is rol)!)c(l of its pify 
 l)y ilif albatiossi'. A <liili, licuvy, sliipid or coiitcmpliljlc 
 frildw. 
 
 HOOK, .V. [W, Sax.] a toriiposition of some person, He- 
 gifjiu'il loeoinMiimicalc sonielliin;; lie lias disrovered or col- 
 lected to tiic public, and of a len};lli sutlicieiit to make a 
 volume; a collecl'on of papers sewed or lioiiiid, iiiteii<led 
 to be written on ; the division of an aiilliors snliject. Tlie 
 most aiieient materials for books appear to have been the 
 leaves of tlit palm tree, and the iiaptiiis, then leather, and 
 afterwards parchment. Tliev anciently consisted of rolls, 
 the several sheets of which they were composed beiiij; 
 joined together at the ends. Used with the particle in, anil 
 personal pronouns liis or >nu, to be much esteemed or valued 
 by a peison. " I was so miicli in his IkkiIis, that, Ac." Arldi- 
 soH. ir/z/iMH^ioH/f, applied to the public delivery of a preach- 
 er, by llie mere streiyth of memory. 
 
 To HOOK, 1'. n. to enter or write any tiling in a book. 
 
 iUK) KUINDKU, s. one who sews the sheets together, 
 and fixes them loa cover of boards, or leather, etc. 
 
 noO'KI'UL, n. full of opinions gleaned from books, 
 without having either digested what lie has read, or been 
 able to produce any thing of his own. 
 
 BOOKISH, n. very fond of books, stiijy, or reading: 
 pedantic. Sometimes used in a bad sense, and as a term of 
 contempt. 
 
 nOO'KISllNILSS, s. a great fondness for books; too in- 
 tense an ap|>licatiun to study. Used sometimes as a re- 
 proach, or term of contempt. 
 
 nOOK-KEEPICR, t. a clerk employed in a compfiiig- 
 ,louse to register the transactions ilaily carried on, and able 
 to methodize them so, that his patron may at any time know 
 the true state of his aAairs. 
 
 ISOO'K-KEEPING, *. the art of keeping accou'its, or 
 registering a person's transactions. 
 
 BOO'KLEARNED, t. conversant in books, but not in 
 men ; applied also to one that reads much, but is a person 
 of no parts or invention. 
 
 BOO'KLEARNING, t. improvement or learning to be 
 acquired from books, opposed to that which may be ob- 
 tained by the exercise of a man's own faculties. 
 
 UOOkSELLER, s. he whose profession it is to sell 
 books. 
 
 BOO'KWORM, *. in 'natural liistoi-y, a mite or worm 
 which preys upon books. Figuratively, a person immode- 
 rately fond of reading ; one who applies himself too intense- 
 ly to study. 
 
 liOOM, s. [beam, Sax.] among mariners, a long pole used 
 to sprean out the clue of the studding-sail, main sail, or fore 
 sail; a pole, with bushes, or baskets, set as a mark to shew 
 the sailors how to steer in a channel, when the country is 
 overHown ; a cable or cables stretched across the mouth of 
 a river or harbour, with yards, topmasts, battliiigs, or spars 
 of wood, lashed to it, and girded with iron Iioops, rivettcd 
 together, and nailed to the spars to prevent an enemy's en- 
 tering. 
 
 BOON, s. [bene, Sax.] a gift, or present, obtained by 
 liaviiig requested or sued for it. 
 
 BOON, «. [bon, Fr.] merry ; gay. Generally used with 
 the word compamun. 
 
 BOOR, a. {beer, Belg.] a rudo unpolished countryman; a 
 clown. 
 
 BOO'RISH, «. without any breeding or politeness ; rude, 
 clownish. 
 
 BOO'RISHLY, ad. in an unpolite, Vude, and clownish 
 manner. 
 
 I?OORISHNESS, 1. clownishness, rudeness of beha- 
 viour. 
 
 BOOSR., s. [bosig. Sax.! a stall for a cow or an ox. 
 
 To BOOT, V. a. tube of service or advantage ; to profit, 
 to enrich, serve, or ccumulate. 
 
 BOOT, J. Uinte, .Sax.] gain, profit, or advantage. To 
 bunt, is an adverbial expression, implying besides ; over 
 uiid nlH)ve. 
 
 BOOT, s. [liilte, Fr.] a leather covering worn over the 
 legs and feet, and used by those who ride on horseback ; a 
 leather receptacle under a coach-box, used for carrying 
 boxes or other parcels. A kind of torture loinieiiy used in 
 Scotland. 
 
 To HOOT, V. a. to put on boots. 
 
 BOOTA'N,a country of India, situated between Bengal 
 and Thibet, and surrounded on all sides by very lii|^h iiioiin- 
 taiiis. It is a feudatory, or dependency of Tliibet. Its 
 capital is Tassasiidon. 
 
 HOOTCATCIIER, *. the person who pulls ofl boots al 
 an inn. 
 
 HOOTED, /<"i7. with boots on the legs; in boots. 
 
 BOOTES, {bii'vics) s. [Eat.] in astronomy, the name of a 
 northern constellation of fixed stars, consisting of 06, ac- 
 cording to riaiiislead ; one of which, called Arcturiis, is of 
 the first magnitude. 
 
 BOOTH, .V. [hui/j, Brit.] a house built of boards, or 
 boughs, to bo used fi)r a slioit time. 
 
 BOOT-HOSE, i. a stocking worn instead of boots ; spat- 
 terdashes; or\\elsli boots. 
 
 BOOTLESS, n. that will not produce any advantage or 
 profit ; unavailing ; uiisiicccsslirl. 
 
 HOOT-TKEE, *. an inslniuient consisting of two parts, 
 when joined in llie shape of;; leg. with a groove cut in the 
 middle, to receive a ipioin or wedge, which is driven in by 
 main force, in order to stretch or widen a boot. 
 
 BOOTY, s. [bujit, Belg.] that which is gained fiom an 
 ciiiiiiy in war; iihinder; pillage; s|)oii ; things acquired 
 by roiibeiy. To pht/ buvti/, is to |)lay or act unfairly. 
 
 HOl'EE'l', J. the act of thrusting the head in sight of y 
 person, and drawing it back again immediately ; sometimes 
 used as a token of tear, and at others a sign of pleasantry. 
 
 BORA BEE, a. that may be bored. 
 
 BORA'CHIO, s. [borrae'/io, Span.] a drunkard. 
 
 BORA'CIC, <J. in chemistry, belonging to borax. 
 
 BORAGE, s. a plant, with rough egg-shaped leave*, 
 and blue blossoms, found on walls, and amongst rubbish, 
 flowering in the summer months. The leaves of this plant 
 are accounted cordial, and good for removirg faintness; 
 and therefore the tops are frequently put into wine and cool 
 tankards. 
 
 BO'RAMEZ, s. the Scythian Iamb, generally known by 
 the name of Agiivs Sci/i/iicns. 
 
 BORATES, «. in chemistry, salts formed by the combi- 
 nation of any base with the acid of liorax. 
 
 BO'RAX,".«. [ Lat.] a mineral salt, of grea< use in soldering 
 and casting gold and other melals. It is used by dyers, 
 and gives a "[loss to silks. It is one of the ingredienls in 
 Glauber's salts. It is generally brought from the East In- 
 dies ill a state of impurity', when it is called Tincal. It has 
 been found in' a mountain of gypsum in Lunenburg in Ger- 
 many, as also at the bottom of i>oles of stagnant water, in 
 the kingdom of Thibet. 
 
 BORDEL, or BORDELLO, s. [bm-dcel, Teut.] a house 
 of had fame; or where women of the town arc entertained. 
 
 BORDER, s. [bord, Teut.] tiie extremities or edge of 
 anything; the extremities or confines of a country; llie 
 outer and extreme parts of a garment or head-dress; a nar- 
 row slip of (lowers at the extremity of a flower-bed, Ac. in 
 a garden. 
 
 To BORDER, >. 71. to live near to the extremities or 
 confines of a country ; to be situated near. Figuratively, 
 to approach. Used actively, to sew a narrow ornament at 
 the extremities of a thing ; to lie upoii or near. 
 
 BORDERER, s. one who dwells near a place, or on the 
 confines and extiemity ofa country. 
 
 BO'RDURE, s. in heraldry, a cutting otT from within the 
 escutcheon all round it about one-fifth of the field, serving 
 as a difterence in a coat of arms, to distinguish families a( 
 the same name, or persons bearing the same coat. If the 
 line constituting the bordure be straight, and the hordure 
 be plain, then in blazoiiiiig you must on^y name the colour 
 «if the bordvrt. 
 
 103
 
 BOR 
 
 BOR 
 
 To BORK, V. a. [horian, Sax.] to wear into a hole ; to'niake 
 a hole bv any sharp pointed instrument; to push forwards 
 with viulence ; to tnakc one's way, alhidin^ to the sfrcnglli 
 required to luake a hulc with. Tlie boring Jf' cannon has been 
 intrwduced of late years instead of castinj; tlieni hollow, bv 
 means uf a mould. The Hiathiiie fur this purpose, as well 
 as for smoothing the iiuicr surfaee, which is sometimes done 
 after they have been cast hollow, is composed of a rectan- 
 gular frame of timber, A B C D (see plate) fixed upon a 
 solid plank E E, which is raised eifjht or ten feet above the 
 floor of the workshop. This frame contains two upri-iht 
 beams Y f, F f, placed level and exactly parallel to each 
 other, and strongly tjxed to the pieces of wood G, G, with 
 their ends restid" on the cross bars that connect the sides 
 of the frame. Tlieir length should be about three times that 
 of the cannon to be bored. lu the inner sides of these beams 
 are two grooves, to which are applied two bars of wood 22, 
 22, whicii are connected together by the transverse pieces 
 3.3, .3.3, 3.3, between which the cannon H is fastened, so that 
 the whole inclosed frame 22, 22, with the pieces of ordnances 
 fixed to it, may slide on the grooves of the beams F f, F f, 
 being raised or lowered by means of he ropes and pullies 
 K k, K k, fixed above to the upper part of the frame, and be- 
 low to the breech of the caniu)n. The rope belonging to 
 each block of pulleys cfiils round an axis Y Y, bearing at 
 each end the ogged wheels M, M. Each of Ihese wheels 
 lays hold of a trundle N, N, containing the same nund)er of 
 rounds; the trundles are fixed on a common axis 7, 'A, the 
 endsof which pass beyond the sides of the frame, and hear 
 spoked wheels o P, o P, by means of which the workmen turn 
 the whole machine ; and thus elevate or depress the cannon 
 with the frame to which it is annexed at pleasure. On the 
 floor of the workshop, directly under the frame F f, F f, a 
 block of stone is fastened in the ground ; and this supports 
 a plate of iron or copper, nlaeed exactly level, and under a 
 line, supposed to be parallel to the beams F f, F f, dividing 
 the space between them on either side into equal parts, and 
 coinciding with the true axis of the cannon. The instru- 
 ment for boring admits a strong bar of iron, which is 
 round at the part which enters the cannon and terminates at 
 its lower part in a pivot, which rests on the plate R. About 
 three or four feet above the plate, the trunk of the borer is 
 square, and bears upon it a stroiij^- box of wood or iron S, 
 through which levers, as TS, pass, that are fumed by men 
 or horses. The box or trough v, serves to receive the pieces 
 of metal that are taken oft" in the operation. By this motion, 
 •liid the pressure of the cannon on the point of the borer, 
 tt is gradually bored, till the cannon sinks, by the contri- 
 vance already described, to a certain mark on the boier, 
 which iiuswersto the required depth of the bore. It isthen 
 elevated, till the borer may be taken out. When the br)rer 
 is renu)ved, an instrument formed for smoothing the inner 
 surface of the cannon, is sulistitnted in its room. 
 
 BORE, s. the hole made by boring; the instrument used 
 in boringa hole; the dimensions of a hole or cavity, applied 
 peculiarly to the mouth of a cannon, or i.tlier piece of ar- 
 tillery. 
 
 r.()RE, the preter.of Bf.AR. 
 
 I50 lU'^AE, «. [horralis, Lat.] northern. 
 
 BOREAS, .5. [Eat.] the north wind. 
 
 BORER, s. an instruiru-nt made use of to bore holes with ; 
 the person who Ixucs holes. 
 
 To be BORN, 1'. M. priss. [fr<im lunr,] to come into the 
 '.•orld ; used with the particles I", f"r, and <>)'. " He was 
 liotn to empire." Prov. Hi: llml is Imrn tii lie haiiirnl slintl 
 iin'fr hr itidii nril. — I If llint viis Imrn under a tlirre litilfiirnnif 
 pUntrt shull iinrr Lr V'ort/t tnoprnt-c. 
 
 BORNE,/w/. fiiiss. of BiAlt. 
 
 BO'RNEO, an island of \^ia, in the East Indies. It was 
 discovered by the Portuguese in 1621 ; is about KOO leagues 
 HI circumterence, and almost of a round form. The inland 
 <i>uiitry is very mountainous ; but towards the sea, low and 
 marshy, occasioned by the great rains that fall eight moiilhs 
 ui the j.'ar. It produces aromatic herbs, oranges, lemons, 
 W4 
 
 mangoes, pnies, paims, cvc m great niuindance, excellent 
 mastic, and ither gums, waz, rice, cassia, cofiec, honev, 
 cotton, eamphire, frankincense, musk, aloes, agaric, brasil- 
 wood, sapan, pepper, cinnamon, and other spices ; diamonds 
 and gold dust are found in their rivers and sands. Their ani- 
 mals are elephasits, buft'aloes, oxen, horses, tigeis, leopards, 
 bears, monkeys, deer, wild boars, goats, parrots, parroquets, 
 together with a great variety of other beautiful birds; be- 
 sides several animals unknown to the Europeans. Pepper is 
 peculiar to the countries about Bangaar; and to the west- 
 ward they have small <liamou(ls oi a yellow water. Sambass, 
 another part of this island, produces gold, pearls, an I bees- 
 wax, which last is used instead of money. The people, in 
 general, are very swarthy, but not quite black, and they go 
 almost naked. There arc niahometans on the sea-coast ; but 
 all iherestarc Gentoos or Pagans. The East-India company 
 have had factories here ; but ditlereiices arising between 
 them and the natives, tlicy have been all driven away, or 
 nmrdered ; liowexcr, the English have still a liberty oftrad- 
 ing to llieislan<l. The sea-coast is usually overflowed half 
 of the year: and when the waters go ofi', the earth is co- 
 vered with OMze and mud ; for which reason some of the 
 houses are built on floats, and others on high pilhirs, or 
 posls. The capital town is of the same name, and large 
 and populous, w ith a good harbour, and seated on the norlli 
 side of the island 42 miles S. W. of P>acasa. Lon. 111. 2;. 
 E. lat. 4. bb. N 
 
 BORNHOLM, an islaiul of Denmark, in the Bahic, about 
 20 miles in circnuderencc, nearly surrounded with rocks. 
 The soil is stony, but fertile. Eat. bb. \b. N. Ion. 15. 0. V,. 
 
 BO'RNOl', an extensi\e country in llie interior |;arts of 
 Africa, lying lo the S. E. of Fezzan and Berdoa ; between 
 l(i and 20 degrees of N. lat. having the desalt of Bihna on 
 the N. Nubia on the E.anil Begarmee on the S. Two sea 
 sons divide their year. During our summer months they 
 have inli'iise heat, \ ioleiit winds, deluges of rain, anH <'reatl 
 ful tempests of tlniuder and lightning ; but during the win- 
 ter of Europe, tile anient heat subsides, the air becomes soft^ 
 and mild, and the weather serene. They ha\p a great \z- 
 riety of animal and vegetable productions. They ciiitivitc 
 the ground witii hoes, the plough being unknown. The 
 country is said toahound in flocks, niillel, ami cotton, w hicli 
 last they manufacture and wear. Their religious profession 
 is Mahometanism ; their government a sort of elective mo- 
 narchy. In their manners the peoi)le are courteous and hu- 
 mane, liiirniiii, the capital of this empire, is seatetl in a 
 flatcountry, on the banks of a small river. It is of greater 
 extent than Tiii)oli ; but the houses, though neat, are so ir- 
 regularly placed, that they can hardly be saiil to form streets. 
 Their mos(iuesare constructed of brick and earth, and they 
 have schools in which the Koran is taught, as in the princi- 
 pal towns of Bai barv. It is d'dO miles S. K. of Mourzouk. 
 Lat. 1<». to. N. Ion. 2.'). 30. E. 
 
 BO'ROUGH, {liiirro) s. [Aor/iflf, Six.l a town with a eor- 
 poralion. The word originally signifiefia company, consist- 
 ing often families, which were bound together as earh other's 
 pledge. Afterwards /wck/ij/i came to signify a town, having 
 a wall or some kind ofdefcnre about it. Tioriiiio-fi isy place 
 of safet\ and privilege; and some are called free l/iiri):i"/is, 
 and the tradesmen in them /lee 4iof«.«<>«, from a frectlom 
 they had granted tlu'iii originally, to buy an I sell willriut 
 interruption, and exempt from loll, liiirangh is now parli- 
 cnlarly appropriated to such towns or villages as send bur- 
 gesses or r<'preseiitatives to parliament, w liether they be in- 
 corporated or not. The whole number of boroughs amount 
 to ID). /?»//«/ /«/(win7i,i- are corporations in Scotland, made 
 for the advantage of trade, lia\iiig commissioners lo repie- 
 s( 111 them in parliament. //ru(///») wrg//, iIkv president or 
 ehaimian of a hundred, chosen lo s|)eak, or tiansact affairs 
 in their name. In parishes, a subordinate coiislablc. 
 
 BO l!()l'(iIIBRIl)(iE, a town in Ihe \V. riding of "Vork- 
 shirc, with a small inani.t'aclurc of hardware. It is situated 
 on Ihe liver I're (over which there is aline bridge of stone, 
 with vciy \vid.c high arches, and high slone c.msejs at each
 
 BOS 
 
 BOT 
 
 Mi(i, to keep out tlie water) 17 miles N. W. of Vofk, and 
 218 N. I)v W. of Loudon. Market on Saturdav. 
 
 BOROUGH-ENGLISH,*, a cu-toiiiary dfscent of lands 
 oT tcnenients, in certain places, by which ihey descen<i to 
 the youngest instead of the elde»t son ; or, if I lie owner have 
 no iissue, to the younger iu»tcad of the elder brother. This 
 custom is not frustrated by the devise ol a will, or a fi'off- 
 ment at common law to Ihe contrary. The reason of this 
 custom according to Littleton, is, beeaiui' the youngest is 
 presumed in law, to be the least able to provide for himself. 
 It obtains only in some ancient boroughs, and copyhold 
 manors. 
 
 BORRELISTS, a sect in Holland, who allow no use of 
 sacraments, i)ublic prayers, or external worship, nor of any 
 human explication of scripture, but profess to adhere to the 
 faith and manners of 'Jie Sew Testament times in all their 
 simplicity. 
 
 BORftODALE, in the S. E. part of Cumherhiiid, border- 
 ing on Westmoreland, a romantic valley among Derwent- 
 waler fells. These fells or hills are some of the loftiest in 
 England ; and it is, in one of them the black lead, or wad, is 
 found, wlierew itli almost all the world is supplied : the mines 
 are opened only once in seven years, and when a sufficient 
 quantity of this valuable and siniriilar mineral is taken out, 
 they are carefully closed again. Intiavilling among these 
 mountains, the idea that presents itself to the astonished 
 spectator, is that of the earth having been in an uproar, like 
 the ocean in a storm ; the hills appear like waves rising 
 one behind another, and were it not lor the abrupt and suii- 
 den scarps, the innuense masses of rugg( d roeks 'hat ^ive 
 tlie ideaoffixednessand stability, tlie hew d.ltred fancy might 
 be so lost as to imagine they were in a stale of undulatiiui, 
 and readv to mingle with each other. The beautiful Vale 
 of Borrodale is watered by the clearest brooks, which, pre- 
 cipitated from the hills, and forming many beautiful water- 
 falls, meet together in Ihe dale, and forming one large 
 stream, pass out of (he dale uiKler the name of Borrodale 
 Beck, when its waters spread out into an extensive lake, 
 containing several beautiful islands. This lake is called 
 Derwent-water, or Keswick Lake. Borrodale is 4 miles from 
 Keswick ; in passing from which, the traveller has the lake 
 on ills right hand, and stupendous rocky precipices on his 
 left ; huge stones, or rugged masses of rock, which have 
 tumbled from above, lie scattered along his way. As he ap- 
 proaches the <lale, he sees the ledges of the roeks covered 
 with herbage, shrubs, and trees; villages and t'arms arise 
 upon liis view, the larger cattle are seen feeding in the lower 
 grounds, and the sheep in large flocks upon the moun- 
 tains. 
 
 ToBOTtROW, (46jt») v. a. [bnyg^a,,, Sax.] the taking 
 money or other thingsof another, on condition of returning 
 it again. Figuratively, to take something which belongs to 
 another ; to assume a property which belongs to something 
 else. Prov. He t/iat goes a bori owing goes a soi row- 
 ing. 
 
 BO'RROWER, s. a person who takes money, &c. of ano- 
 ther, on condition of returning it again ; he that uses what 
 is another's as if it were his own. Figuratively, he that 
 adopts the sentiments of another, without acknowledging 
 that tliev are so, applied to w ritings. 
 
 BO'SbOCK, s. in natural history, a kind of antelope, 
 found inl'ie interior of Africa. 
 
 BOSCAGE, 4-. [hiiscngr, Fr.] a idact set with trees; a 
 grove or thicket; woods or woodland. In painting, a pic- 
 ture or landscape, representing woods. 
 
 liOyiKY, f\[Onsqne, Vr.] abounding with wood; woody. 
 
 BO'SOM, (iuzow) jr. [bosnir, /w««n, .Sax.] the breast; that 
 part of the body containing the heart. Figuratively, the 
 embrace of tiie arms holding any thing to the breast ; tlie 
 uiiddle or innermost part of any inclosure. In composition, 
 it implies favourite ; any thing near or dear to a person, or 
 that of which he is peculiarly fond ; thus bosom-interest, bo- 
 smii-fHi:ad bnsnm-srcrct. 
 
 To BOSOM, (biizom) V. a. to inclose in Ihe bosom. ^^ 
 guratively, to keep secret; to surround. 
 
 BOSON, v. a corruptionof Bo AT.s WAIN, which see, 
 
 BO'Sl'llOROlJ.S, 4. [Tioin 4""i, an ox, and voros, a pas- 
 sage, (ir.] in geography, a narrow stieighl or aim of the 
 sea, which it niij;hl be supposed an ox could swuii over; 
 at proeiit (duhned to that of Thrace, called thi' vtiaits 
 of Con>taiitiiiople ; and the ciiumerian, or scy thian bospho- 
 rus, called the straits of Kapha, or Kiderleri. 
 
 BOSCilJETS, s. [boic/ieii.i, llal.] ill gardening, small 
 groves, or compartments, fornietl of trees, shrubs, or tall- 
 growing plants, planted in (piarters, either disposed in re- 
 gular rows, or ill a wild and accidental niaiiner. 
 
 BOSS, .«. [hosst, Fr.] a stud or ornament, raised above llie 
 rest of the work ; a shining prominence ; the prominent 
 Itart, or that which sticks out of the middle of a thing, or 
 shield. 
 
 BO'SSAGE, «. in architecture, a projecting stone laid 
 rougii ill a buikling, to be afterwards carvt .1 into mouldings, 
 arms, Ac. 
 
 BO'SSINEY, or Boss-Casti,E, a town in Cornwall, 
 whose market is discontinued. It sends two members to 
 parliuinent. It is seated on the sea-toast, 17 miles N. \V. 
 of Launceston, and 23.3 W. by S. ol LoiKJon. 
 
 BOSTON, a town of /Lincolnshire, ^vith two maikets, on 
 Wednesday and Saturday. It is coiiiiiK.diously seated on 
 both sides of the river Withani, over which it has a hand- 
 some, high, cast iron bridge ; by means of which river, as- 
 siste(l by navigable canals, it carries on a coiiaiileiuble in- 
 land trade. It also trades with London and the Baltic. It 
 is a large, handsome town, with a spacious market place; 
 has also a high steeple, which some pretend is the best 
 built structure in the world; and ser\es as a iami mark fcr 
 sailors. It has a fair Dec. 1 1, that holds nine ilays for cat- 
 tle and meichandize, tailed a mail ; au iincient name, oniy 
 Used for this town, (iaiiisborough in Lincoiiishire, I yna 
 Regis in Norfolk, and for I'everliy an I Ileadon in ^ ork- 
 sliire. It is 37 miles S. F,. of Lincihi, a:id 1 16 N.of L,nidon. 
 
 BO'.STON, the capital of Ma>sach usets Bav. in N. ,\me- 
 rica, seated on a peninsula, at the 1 <ittoiii of;i fine bav, ton- 
 laining many sniall islamis and rocks. It I es in the f in of 
 a crescent al)(>'it the harbour; and the eoi.utry wit n, ri- 
 singgraduallv, has a ^ery fine and striking a] peara ce, at 
 entering. Tlier<' is only one safe tha >nel ti li.e h rbour, 
 and that so narrow that twoships can scarcely siilalj oast; 
 but within the harbour there is room for 5i sail to anchor, 
 where they are covered by the cannon of a regulai and very 
 strong fortress. At the bottom of the bay is a pier near 
 2000 feet ill length, to which ships of the greatest burden 
 may come close, anil on tlie N. side are warehouses lor the 
 merchants. The streets are generally spaci< r,s ;;iid ueil 
 built, particularly the jirincipal one, extending I'loiii he pier 
 to the town-house. On the W. siile of the town is lli< ^l;dl-, 
 a beautiful public walk. Besides the slate house aiiri other 
 l)ubiic buildings, there are 16 clinrc lies of various cleironii- 
 iialions. It is .TIO miles N. E. ol Philadelphia. Lat. 12. 2.O.. 
 N. Ion. 70. 3X W. 
 
 ROSWORTH, or ISIakk ET-RoswriRTll, a town in Lei- 
 cestershire, remarkable for a battle fought near it, August 
 22, l'.8.i, between Richard III. and the <ail of ISiclimond, 
 afterwards Henry \ II. in which Riehaid was slain, and the 
 earl of Richnioiid crowned in the Held, ll is sealed on a 
 high hill, 13 mills N. W. of Leicester, and 107 N. N. W. of 
 London, ."iarkel on Wednesdav. 
 
 BOTANIC, or BOTANICAL, if, [from boiaue, a herb or 
 plant, Gr.] that relates to herbs; ^kil!ed in herbs. 
 
 RO'T.ANIST, ,«. one who is skilled in the nature of plants, 
 and their culture ; one who applies hiiii.s<lf peculiarly to 
 the stuilv of vegelablrs. 
 
 BOTANO'LOGV, <, [from biUmie, a plant, and /«go,t, a dis- 
 course, Gr.]a diseonrse en plants. 
 
 BOTANY, s. [but^ni-f, a herb, or plant. Or.] the science of 
 herbs and. plants. This science was vers litlh cultiiated 
 
 LOS
 
 noT 
 
 BOU 
 
 till li'.uiliiiic arose in the lOth crntiirv, -."nl l)(4li reiliH'ed il 
 to mctlioij, and increased tlip nimilit r of its oltjpi ts. It is, 
 Lowrvcr, indebted for its pwsfnt simile ol iJtrtottion, to the 
 laboii's iiiid ;d>:lities ol tilt' l4teS\vc(l(sli botanist, Linnvrns. 
 
 BO'J'ANY BAY, a bay of N\v, Souih Wales, on the 
 E. ciiiisf ot'Neu liollantl, so eallid by cajitain, Ihe.n liente- 
 uant, Cook, Iroin tlie great qiiaiilify of herbs found on tiie 
 shore, when discovered in 1770. It vas ori;^inally fixed on 
 for a colony of convicts from Great Britain ; Ijut, in the se- 
 quel. Port Jackson, to miles farther to the N. was preferred. 
 Lat. .34. C. S. Ion. lot. 22. E. 
 
 BOTA'RGO, s. \'Mt(o-ga, Span.J a relishing sort ot food, 
 made of tlie rocs of the nndlet fish ; much used on the coasts 
 of the Mediterranean, as an iucenlne to drink. 
 
 BOTCH, s. [bozza, Ital.] a swelling « liich afterwards en- 
 crusts, discolours the skin, and causis a disagreeable idea. 
 Figuratively, the part of any work clumsily or ill finished, 
 so as to disf;race the rest ; something added or joined to a 
 thuig in a clumsy manner 
 
 To BOTCH, )•. rt. [bdftsiin, Bel^.] to mend or patch old 
 clothes in a chuiisy manner. Fi^iuratively, to mend any 
 thing in an awkward manner; to join thinirs together wliich 
 do not suit, or agree « ith one another. To mark with pus- 
 tules, scabs, or blotches. 
 
 BOTCH I'.R, s. one who mends, or sews patches on old 
 clothes, in a clumsy manner ; and is in the same respect to a 
 tailor, as a cobler to a shoemaker. Figuratively, a per- 
 son who performs any thing in a clumsy and bungling man- 
 ner. 
 
 ]50'TCHY, a. marked with blotches, or running sores. 
 
 BOTH.fl. [hiuii, iff/m, .Sax.] when applied to two persons, 
 or other things as concerned together, it unites them into 
 one collective idea, which implies the two. WIkmi followed 
 by anil, it implies either, or one as well as the other, " Bulk 
 morning and afternoon." Siihiei/. 
 
 BOTHNIA EAST, a province of .Sweden, situated on 
 the E. side of (he gulf of Bothnia; about 100 leagues in 
 length, and from 20 to 70 in breadth. Eighty th(nisand in- 
 habitants, divided into 28 parishes, are spread over this 
 large space. Their cattle are small ; and bears are lunne- 
 rotis. 
 
 BO'TI IN'I .\ WESl , a province of Sweden, situated on the 
 W. side of the gulf 01 Botlmia. Their principal articles of 
 commerce arc, the skins of foxes, ermines, bears, wolves, 
 martens, &c 
 
 BO'TllYOID, (t. [from hutms, a bunch of grapes, and eidus, 
 appearance, Gr.] in shape like a bunch of grapes. 
 
 BoT.S, 4. has no singular; from [tifVffK, Sax.] a species of 
 small worm breeding in the entrails of horses. 
 
 BO'ITESDALE, a town in Sufl'olk, whose market is on 
 Wedni'silay. Distant 89 miles from London. 
 
 BO'PTI.E, s. \bnntiille, Fr.] a vessel with a narrow nimdh 
 to contain liquor. When made of leather, called a leathern 
 bottle; when of glass, a glass bottle. 1' ignralivcly, a <piart, 
 bottles geiu-rally holding that quantity ; a bundle of grass or 
 hay, derived from the French biiteav, a bundle. When coni- 
 ponnaed with other words, it signifies drinking; as, a buttle 
 companion. 
 
 To BOTTLE, f. a. to put liquor in bottles. Used with 
 the particle nff, to draw out of another vessel into a bottle. 
 
 BOTTLEMOSS, .«. the English generic name for all 
 thi^se mosses called bv Linneus splachnuin. 
 
 BO'TTLE-NOSLD, i. having a large nose, very big 
 towards the enil. 
 
 BOTTLESCUEW, s. a spiral wire, made use of to pull 
 a cork out of a bottle. 
 
 BOTTOM, v. [Wm, Sax.] the lowest part of a thing. 
 Applie I to a river, the beil of earth or gravel, over which 
 the water glides; a valley, dale, or lower ground. Figura- 
 tively, fiiundation ; hence, (0 (/»> biiltimi, sonu-times implies 
 thoiouglily. 'I oliv ni the Imltuiii, to be conceriu'd ifi, to have 
 a part or share. A ship or vessel ; hence, tn rnilinrli vn the 
 taiiiu biittam, is to venture in one botlum, to run a risque toge- 
 
 therm the same thing. The bott'im of a lane is the Iom.^! 
 jiart. TUe h'dliim of beer, the dregs. Aptilicd to thread, a 
 small bail, foni Imtciiii, Fr. a heap or little bundle. 
 
 To BO'FTOaI, I'. «. to build upon as a foundation, prin- 
 ciple, or support; to wind thread into a ball. Used neu- 
 terly, to be l)udt on; to be supported by. 
 
 BOTFOMED, a. having a bottom ; usually cOii. pound- 
 ed with some other word, as flal-bvltumal boats. 
 
 BO'Tl^OMLFSS, a. witl-.out a bottom; prodigiously 
 deep; that cannot be fathomed. Figuratively, Jjouudless, 
 insatiable. 
 
 BOTTOMRY, s. in trade, the borrowing money upon 
 the keel or bottom of a ship, whereby, if the money be not 
 repaid at the day appointed, the ship becomes the property 
 of the creditor : likewise, the lending n.oncy, to be repaid 
 at the return of the ship ; in consideration of which, though 
 the interest demanded be 20, 30, 40 per cent, and upwards, 
 it is not esteemed usury; because if the ship perishes, ^the 
 creditor loses his money. 
 
 BOUCHET, s. [ Fr.Ja sort of pear. 
 
 To BOLTiE, v.n. [buuger, Fr.] to svellout. 
 
 BOUCiH, (bull) s. [Aeo-, Sax.] an arm or large shoot of a 
 tree, bigger than a oranch, yet not always distinguished 
 from il. 
 
 BOl'f ;HT, prefer, of Buy, and pron. haitt. 
 
 BOU(iI'E, s. [Fr.] an instrunu nt employed by surgeons 
 hi the cure of strictures of the urethra. 
 
 BOLlLLF;E,or BOUILLON, «. [houillcu, Fr.] in cookery, 
 any thing made of boiled meat ; broth or soup. In farriery, 
 a lump of fiesli near the frog of a horses foot, which makes 
 him halt. 
 
 BOLO'GNE, a large and handsome sea-port in the de- 
 paitiucnt of the Straits of Calais. It is divided into the 
 liigher and lower town. The harbour has a mole for the 
 safety oi' ships, which prewnts it fiom being choked up 
 with sand. It is seated at the mouth of the liver Lianne, 14 
 miles S. by ^^'. of Calais, and lt!0N. of I'aris. 
 
 To BOUNCE, !•. n. to strike ag-ainst a thing wit1i such 
 force as to redound back, making a noise at the same time. 
 To spring with force, applied to the snurting beer out of a 
 bottle. In familiar language, to make a noise, bully, or 
 hector ; to be strong made and acti- e. 
 
 BOUNCE, »•. a smart, violent, and sudden stroke; a sud- 
 den crack, or noise, applied to the explosion of a gun, or 
 the bursting of a bladder, ttc. In low language, a threat, 
 or boast. 
 
 BOUNCER, s. one who is noisv in his own praise, or in 
 his threats against another ; a bully ; a boaster. 
 
 BOUND, *. [from bnuHir, Fr.] a restraint; a leap, jurnp, 
 orspriiig; the flying back of a thing which is struck against 
 another with great force. 
 
 Ti BOUND, f. 11. [buudir, Fr.j to jump, spring, or move 
 on forwards by leaps; to fly back again when struck against 
 a thing with violence. Used a< lively, to make a thing leap, 
 or mount l)v fits from the earth, in its motion. 
 
 BOUN Dj part. pass, of Bl N n. 
 
 BOUND, a. [from binihm. Sax.] destined, intended, or on 
 one's way to a certain place. Used with/o/-, and peculiar 
 to seamen. 
 
 BOUNDARY, s. the extremities, or utmost limits of a 
 thing or country. 
 
 BOU'NDI- Ni part. pass, of Bl N D. 
 
 BOUNDlNfi-STONF,, *. a stone |)layed with, and made 
 to bound from the earth, when flung from the band. 
 
 BOU'NDLESS,n. that is restrained by no limits, confined 
 by no power; or satisfied bv no enioMiuut. 
 
 ' BOU NDLESSNESS, s. the quality of being wiliiout any 
 restraint; insatiableness ; infinity. 
 
 BOU NTEOUS, a. liberal, or conferring benefits, largc'y, 
 and from a goodness and kindiirssof iidliire. 
 
 BOU'^"FEOUSL^■, ail. ill a liberal manner; confciTing 
 benefits generoiislv, and from a principle of g^od iMture. 
 
 Bt)UNTEOUSNE.SS, s. the qiialily of . onlerriiig bene-
 
 how 
 
 15 OW 
 
 fits or favours from a principle of kindness, including the 
 I'Jca of superiority. 
 
 bOll'NTlIUL, "• conferring 'favours without restraint, 
 and fro'u un internal principle of kindness. Applied to 
 thiii^f, verv ujuth ahontKiiui; in valuable products. 
 
 BOLi'N'i'lI'ULLS, niy. ill such a maimer as to confer fa- 
 vours or bcnetits with ijciierosity, and from an inward priii- 
 cijiie of kindness. Applied tu things, plentifully producing 
 \\ hat is of service or use. 
 
 BOII'N riFl'LNESS, .?. a sreat propensity to bestowin;; 
 f;; villus, or conferring; benefits ; generositv, miiniticeiice. 
 
 BOU NTV .f. [Imiite, Fr.] the conferring benetils on others, 
 distiiif^uishrd from chariti/, because exercised towards ob- 
 jects that are not highly necessitous; and including the 
 idea of a gift bestowed by a superior. In commerce, a 
 preuiiuiij paid liy government to tliost^ who rear, prepare, 
 or export certain commodities. Queen Anne's Ixmntii, is the 
 produce of the first fruits, and tenths set apart for augment- 
 ing poor livings. 
 
 BOUHBON, a very healthy and profitable island of Af 
 rica, ill the Indian ocean, producing plenti'iilly with little 
 culture, wheal, oats, and other Ivuropeaii grains, rice, Indian 
 com, sugar canes, ebony, excellent tobacco, cinnanion, and 
 most kinds of greens, roots, and pulse ; as also, gum, resin, 
 benzoin, iVc. the soil yielding two crops a year. The coun- 
 try is everv where well watered, and well stocked «illi 
 liorned cattle, hogs, goats, iVc. but the chief production of 
 the island is coflee, which was originally imported from 
 Mocha, and is esteemed better than any of the growth of 
 the West Indies. The French first settled here in Iti7'2, and 
 here their East India ships used to touch for refVeshmeiit. 
 It has been taken by the British in the course of the present 
 war. It is 3(10 miles E. of .Madagascar. Lat. 20. 52. S. Ion. 
 55. .'lO. E. 
 
 .'JOURDEAU'X, an ancient maritime cily in the dept. of 
 Giroiide, and one of the first in France for magnitude, 
 rrches, and beauty. It is seated on the Garonne, which 
 river is bordered by a large quay ; and, as the tide flows 
 here 4 yards perpendicular, large vessels come up to the 
 town; most of the great streets lead to the fpiay. The in- 
 habitants are upwards of 100 (100; their trade is very exten- 
 sive, and they ship annually 100,000 tons of wine and 
 braifdv. It is 87 miles SE. of Rochelle, and 325 .SW. of 
 Paris.' Lat. 44. .50. N. Ion. 0. 30. W. 
 
 To ROU'IUtEON, (bonrjvn) v. n. [honro^cnnner, Fr.] to 
 sprout; to shoot into branches; to produce buds. 
 
 BOU'IGES, the chief town in the dept. ef Cher, before 
 the revolution, the capital of Berry. Although in extent it 
 is one of the greatest cities in France, the iiihabitaiits hardly 
 amount to 25,000. They have inaiiu'actnres of cloth, 
 woollen, stulfs, and stockings. It is seated on the rivers 
 Auron and Yevre, 25 miles NW. of Nevers, and 125 S. of 
 •»aris. 
 
 BOURN, a town of Lincolnshire, with a market on Sa- 
 turday. It is seated near a spring called I'lirnwell head, 
 from which proceeds a river that runs thnuigli the town. 
 It is a pretty large jihice, and has a good market fur c.'irii 
 and provisions. It is noted for the coroijatioii ufM>ing Ed- 
 iiinnd. It is 17 miics N. of Peterborough, ,'55 .S. of Lincoln, 
 and f>5 N. of London. 
 
 BOURN, (hourn)s. \horve, Fr.] the extremities, bounds, or 
 limits of a i-oiiutry, or piece of land. 
 
 BOORN, {barn) s. [hum. Sax.] a brook or torrent ; when 
 added to the names of places, it implies, that they arc situ- 
 ated near, or upon brooks. 
 
 To BfJlISE, (booze) V. n. [b'li/sen, Belg.] to drink imnio- 
 deri'.telv ; to tope. 
 
 BOirSY, (Iwiizfi) a. intoxicated with drink. 
 
 BOUT, s. [/m^irt, Ital.] a turn ; imjiKingas much of an 
 action as is performed without intermission ; at once, a part 
 of anv acti in which is carried on liv successive intervals. 
 
 BOW, f/}o)» Mnall neat town in Devo;i>1iire, who.se mar- 
 xet is on Thursday . Distant 14 miles N. W. of Exeter, and 
 IH" from Loudon, 
 
 To BOW, («i() |iron. like that in w«w or Imn-) v. a. \bn^r^l, 
 ..ax.] to bend the liod> in token of respect ; to liste:i to, 
 joined with errand llie particle tluiiu. "How flown lliine 
 frtr to the po'ir." iur/c.v. iv. 8. To depress, or crusli. Nfu- 
 terlv, to bend, or be Ik lit ; to make a bow ; to stoop ; or 
 incline the bo(ly towards the earth. To be overpowered, 
 or to sloop under the pressure of alfliction. 
 
 BOW, (the tiw pron. like that in Iwtv or vok) s.a stoop- 
 ing of the head and iucliiialioiiof liie body, by way of coiii- 
 plimeiit. 
 
 BOW, (pron. bo, as if the w was dropped) s. [hwn, Brit.j a 
 warlike weapon or inslrument, niadf- of toiigli wood, Kie 
 extremities of which are tied by a string, which being 
 <lrawn towards the body of a person, bends ihe wood ; and 
 by its elasticity forces an arrow placed on the stnnj; with 
 great violence to a great distance : a bending piece of wood 
 fiirnishe-d with Iriir, and nse<l on stringed iiistniments ; the 
 loop of a stiiiig lieil in a knot ; a yoke or bending piece of 
 wood. The aueienl bows were of two kinds, the long bow, 
 w liich was maile of yew , and much used by the old En|;lish, 
 and the cross b<iw, which was drawn by a trigger, and was 
 llie more favourite weaiion of Ihe French. Applied to a 
 ship, that part which begins at the loot, and compassing 
 ends of the sicm, and cuds at the sternmost part of the 
 forecastle. In building, bow is a beam of wood or brass, 
 with three long screws, which directs a lath of wood or 
 sleel lo any arch, used coiiinionly in drawing draughts of 
 sliips, projcctioiisol llie sphere, or long arches. Pkov. A 
 biitr /ouff 'nut ni Inxt u-ii.itI/i inn/.-. This proverb may be ap- 
 plied bdlli to the body anil mind: too much labour and 
 studv weaken and iir.oair JMilhtlie one and the other. 
 
 BOW-BE'AKER,.s'. an umier oliicerof the forest. 
 
 BOW-BENT, (to hfnt) It. bent like a bow, or in the forni 
 of a bow ; ciooki'd ; stocniiiig. 
 
 To BO WEL, (the ow is pion. as in »««■) r. a. to pierce the 
 bowels ; to penetrate deep, «ir to llie bottom of a thing. 
 
 BO'WELS, Uwiii-h) s. [biii/nnr, Fr.] the intestine vessels, 
 or organ^ within the bodv ; ihe guts. Figuratively, the in- 
 ner part of any thing. Tenderness, pity, or compassion. 
 
 BOWER, {boner) s. an arbour, or place, formcfl of ihe 
 branchesof green trees, bent or aichedat the lop; the an- 
 chor of a ship, so called from its being in the bow of a ship, 
 and then pidiiounced bo-er. 
 
 To BOWER, {bm'ii-r) V. a. to make a bower ; to include ill 
 a bower. Figuiativeh , to inclose. 
 
 BOAVERY, a. full of bowers ; shady and inclosed like 
 a bower. 
 
 BOWL, {loll) s. [burliu, Brit.] a drinking vessel, rather 
 wide than deep, distingiiislied Irom a tea cup by its greater 
 dimensions, and from a drinking cup because that is ra- 
 ther deeper than wide ; the hollow roundish part of any 
 thing w liicli can hold liquor. 
 
 BOWL, (the ojc pron. as in cow) s. [bmilc, Fr.] a round 
 or spherical piece of wood, which may be rolled on the 
 gidiiiid. 
 
 'Fo BOWL, V. a. tf roll or bowl along the ground ; to ro*l 
 a bowl at aii\ mark. 
 
 BOWLDER STONES, s. lumps or fragments of stone 
 or marble, broke from cliff's, rounded by the action of wa- 
 ter. 
 
 BO'W-LEOGED, {bb-les:s:rd) a. having crooked legs, or 
 such as res"iiible a bow whin bent. 
 
 BO'WLEIt, (the «»■ pron. as in nmc) s. he that roils a 
 bov I : one lliat idavs with or at bowls. 
 
 BO WLINCi GREEN, .?. a piece of gioiind overgrown 
 with grass, of a Inie level or horizontal surface, kept close 
 ciil.aiid f'equenilv rolled for pla\ ing at bowls. 
 
 BOWLINE, lbnlim-)x. a rope fastehed to the middle 
 part lif the outside of a sail. 
 
 R(VWM.AN,'^i'> w")''. one who shoots with a bow. 
 
 BOWSH(>T, f/ni/ifvO.«. the distance to which an arrow 
 can '^v when slu't tioiii a bow. 
 
 BOWSPRIT, ir BOLTSl'RIT, (bo-xpHi) s. a kind of 
 mast at the prow of a vessel, rcstiiig slopewavs oi the head 
 
 io7
 
 15 11 A 
 
 BRA 
 
 of tlie maiii stem, fastened by the foro-'lay aiul to the part- 
 ners of the foremast, serving' to carry the sprit, and sprit- 
 topsail and jackstaff. Its len^^th should be two-thirds of 
 tlie mainmast, and its thickness equal lo the mizzen. 
 
 BOWSTRING, {bustring)s. the string by vvliich a bow is 
 bent. 
 
 BO'WT ER, (Jii-i/f)-) .5. one wlio shoots with a bow; an 
 archer; a person who makes bows. 
 
 BOX, s. [bux; Sax.] its leaves are pennafed and over-green ; 
 it has male and fenuile tlowers on the saiiic plant, the former 
 liavin;i a three-leaved, and the female a f( nr-leaved concave 
 empalement. Linnivus ranges it in the -!th section of liis 
 2lst class, from its having male a\id female flowers on the 
 s;mie plant, and the male flowers havinjj fonr stamina. 
 There are three species. Its wood is yellowish, hard, solid, 
 even, very heavy,anfl takes a jjood polish. One of these! In ee 
 species is the dwarf ))on, which is planted ronnd the beds in 
 gardens, and is remarkable for neither flowering, isor ever 
 rising to any considerable height. Also a case made of wood, 
 or other substance, to hold any thing; distingnished from a 
 chest, as the less is from the greater ; the case of a mariner's 
 or sea compass ; the inner case of a watch ; a chest in w hich 
 money is pot ; hence a Cinisttjiiix hex, which signifies both 
 the chest into which tli<- money is put, and the nionrv then 
 collected. The first story of seats in a play-honse, formed 
 into small square rooms, and built either on the stage, or 
 round the extremities of the pit. 
 
 BOX, s. [from bocli, Brit.] a blow oti the face with the 
 hand. 
 
 To BOX, r. a. to fight w ith the fists ; to strike on the head 
 or face wiflithe liaml. 
 
 BO'XEN, n. made of box. Applied to colour, of a box 
 colour. 
 
 BO'XER, s. one who is skilled in flghthig with the lists; 
 one w ho fights with his fists. , 
 
 BOY, s. [the etymology uncertain] a name applied to per- 
 sons of the male sex till they are fifteen years old. ISed 
 figuratively for a person who wants the sedateness and dis- 
 cretion of manhood, and is then a term of reproach. 
 
 liOTHOOD, s. the state wherein a person is sty led a boy, 
 extending from infancy to youth, or till a person is fiiteen 
 years old. 
 
 BOYISH, a. like a boy witn respect to mexperience, want 
 of sedateness and discretion ; childish; trifling; puerile. 
 BOYISHLY, ad. in a childish, wanton, trifling ur.unier. 
 BOTISHNE.SS, «. that quality which is |>redominaiit in 
 boys; want of thought, sedateness, or discretion; childish- 
 ness; trifling. 
 
 BOYKE, a river of Ireland, which rises in the countrv ot 
 Kildare, crosses that of Meath, and falls into the Irish 
 channel, 4 miles below Dro^heda. It is celebrated lor a 
 victory, obtained by William HI. king of England, and 
 prince of Orange, over James II. July 1st, IG90. 
 Bi*. an abbreviation for bishop. 
 
 I'RA'B.ANT, previously to the French revolution, was 
 one of the largest and nu)st important provinces in the Ne- 
 therlandri. It was divided between the .\ustriaiis and 
 Dull li Breda, being the capital of the Dulch and Brussels of 
 the .\ustrian division. It now forms the whole, or greal 
 part of the deparlmiiits of t!.e two Nellies, the Ujle, the 
 DoTiimel, and the Scheldt and Meuse. 
 
 Bll A'BI'l,!-^, s.{hrnhhelin, Belg.] a q\iarrel ; a clamorous 
 noi,y contest. 
 
 To BRA'BBLE, r.n. (o contest a thing with great cla- 
 mour ; to (piarrel, toclamoer. 
 
 BR.V'RBLKR, ». a clamorous, quarrelsome, turbulent, or 
 noi^v li ll'iW. 
 
 To BRACE, r. ti.\rnJirn.iser, Fr.] to tie, or wind bandages 
 tight round anv thing. To strain or stretch. I'n hracr tin: 
 yards, iu se;; hnigu.ige, is to bring the yard lo either side, so 
 as fo make it Stand sipiare, or even acro>s llie ship. 
 
 BRACE, X. a bandage ; that which ke<'p the pails <.| a 
 thing close together; that which is used to keep a ihing 
 stretched. In printing, a crooked line, denoting Ihal llie 
 106 
 
 members of a sentence ought to he jomea fogetner, but 
 
 not taken separately, marked thusV antl used by poetical 
 
 w riters at the end of a triplet, or three lines which rhyme 
 to each other. In aichittcture, a piece of timber formed 
 with bevel joints, and used to keep a building steady. In 
 the plural, those ropi'S fastened to the yard-anus of a ship, 
 \ise(l to square tJie yards, and bring them to ?.uy position. 
 Applied to a coach, the thick tliongsof leather <in which the 
 body hangs. ,\lso, those transverse slips of cl- itli or U ather, 
 which passing nvei the shoulders, and buttoning to the 
 breeches, ser\e to hold them up. 
 
 BR 'iCE, «. [never u-^t'd with an sat the end for the plural, 
 and is a collective noun, which seems to have only the singu- 
 lar] iu hunting, two, or a pair; perhaps so called from their 
 being tied together. 
 
 BRACED, a. in heraldry, the inteimingliug chevrons at 
 the base of an escutcheon. 
 
 BRACELET, s. [bracelet, Fr] an ornament worn round 
 the wrist ; a piece of defensive armour for the arm. 
 
 BRACER, s. that which braces, or keeps a thing tight. 
 Insurgerv, a bantlage. 
 
 BRA'CMl A I.. ibral:ial)a.{hom braehium, Lat.J that belongs ■ 
 to, or is situated in, the arm. 
 
 RRA'CHMANS, a sect <)f Indian philosoi>licrs, known to 
 the ancient (iieeks by the niune of (iyMUiost>plii>4s. The 
 ancient Brachmaiis lived upon herbs and pulse, and abstained 
 finiu every thing that had life in it. They lived in sohtiide, 
 without inatr uiony, and without (iroperty, earnestly w shin^ 
 for death, and considered lil'e only as a burden. The mo- 
 dern Hruchniaiisiwc one of the casts or tribes of the Banians; 
 they are their priests, and pert.irin their ottice of praying 
 an<l reading the law, with several mimical gestn:es, and a 
 kind of (juaveriiig voice. They believe that in the begin- 
 ning nothing but (iod and water exislid ; and that the Su- 
 prrnie Being, desirous to create the world, caused the leaf 
 of a tree, in tlie shape nf a child playing wiih its ^reat toe in 
 its mouth, to float on tlw water. From its navel iherc issued 
 out a flower, whence tSruma drew his original, who was en- 
 trusted by God with the creation of llie world, and presides 
 over it w'ith an absolute swav. They make no distinction 
 between the souls of nien and brules ; but say the dignity of 
 the luiinan soul consists in being placed in a bettor body, 
 and having more room to disp'ay its faculties. They alhiw 
 of nwards and pimishuieiits hereafter; and have so great a 
 veneiatien fii'. cows, that ihev look upon themselves as bless- 
 ed, if fill V can but die with the tail (d' one of lliem in their 
 hand. Tl:ev ave skilful arithiiu-ticians, and cah ulatc, with 
 greal exaclness, the eclipses of llie sun anr' moon. They 
 are ren.arkable fir their religious austerities; one of Ihem 
 has been known to make a vou to wear about his neck a 
 lieayy collar of iron for a considerable lime; aiiolher to 
 chain himsi If by the too! lo a tiee, with a firm resolulicn to 
 die in that place ; and anolher to walk in wooden shoes 
 sliK'k full <if nails on the insule. Their divine woiship con- 
 sists chiefly of oroces- <vns luide in hi uour of llieir deities. 
 Tliev have a (•■ l'i'."eal i^anaia, a cilv siluiiled on Ihefiaiiges. 
 
 BRACllVGI! \niY, (/™/,i/fiT«/V,) v. [tiom //iw/es short, 
 and giv'/i/i", to write, (.r.Jilie ait < iVliorl hand, or w riling by 
 cliaracters iu a shorter t uk and compass than b\ the letters 
 of the coiiiieou alphabet. 
 
 BRACK 1;T, .?. \brii,Tir:ti, Ila!.] a pi<-ce of wood, carved 
 or plain, livid against a wall, losiippoit somelhing. 
 
 r.K\('KlS]!, ". [/•)■(»■/., Belg.] salt; that is somewhat 
 salt ; of the lasle of >• a-water. 
 
 F,UA CK1S1INES.S, *. sallness in a small degree, applie.d 
 to s<a'\\aler. 
 
 l',R A'CKLAW, a eit' of Fodoliu, on tlic river Bog. Lat. 
 48. 1!>. N. Ion. -ii). no. E. 
 
 I'diA'CKI.E^', a lov.n of Norfhamptonshire, with a inaiv 
 ket on A\ (duesday. It is seated on a branch of the river 
 Ouse, ami is a ciirporation, containing two churchi'S. It 
 had formerly a college, now turned into a free school, and
 
 Bl*. A 
 
 solids two nicmbcrs to jniilianiciit. It is \H miles S. \V. of 
 N<)rlli:im|it(.in, •.iiid l\i N. \V. ot' I.iiikIoii. 
 
 BH\n, a. [S,i\.| wliin aililcil lollic iiaincs of pliiccs, si;;- 
 llitics l)roii(l, lliiis //r«(//i)('/ si;;rii(i('S ;i liiniui find. 
 
 HH M), X. :i kiiiil of'iKiils iixd in liiiildiiiL', willioiit ;i slioid- 
 «l('r ov«i llici biniiik, oi ;i spiiNldiiii; liisid like oilier iiiiils, 
 hut ail' pictly tliiik lo\v;irds llic upper end, tli:il the lop may 
 bo driven iiilo, and l)nrie<l in llio board tiie\ f;iil<n. 
 
 BH \'nriKl.lX(MA(iN \)a town ofl'^ssos.iiear'rbaMed, 
 3ti miles t'roni I.omjon. Market on 'I'lnirsdav. 
 
 BRA'DFOItl), a town in Wilts, the centre of the sreatost 
 fabric of siiporliiio olollis in iMiijIand, wliieli it shares with 
 llie surrounding; towns of 'I'ro«brid;;e, iVIelkshaiii, Corsham, 
 and Cliii)poiiliam. It it seated on the Avon, 11 miles nearly 
 W. of Devizes, and 102 \V. of l.ondon. Market on Monday. 
 
 BR A'OFORU, a town in Yorkshiro, »eated botwooii Leeds 
 and Halifax, on the branch of the Aire, from which a canal 
 has boon made to join the ;;rand canal ironi Leeds to Liver- 
 pool. It has a considerable trade in shalloons, everlastini^s, 
 and other worsted stutfs, which are made in the neiffhbour- 
 liooil. There are also some iron founderies. It is 3(> miles 
 S. W. of York, and 193 N. N. \V. o'" Loniloii. Market on 
 Thursday. 
 
 BKA'n\I\CH, or RRAnwiTK. a (own of Devonshire, 
 (i miles N. ofKxeter. Market on Satiudav. 
 
 To BR ACi, !'. n. Ihrrrnrriirn, Bef;;.] to display an advaiilage 
 with <;reat pomp and vanity ; to boast. 
 
 F'!tA(i, .5. a |)ompous or proud display of any advantage 
 n person possesses. ri^Miralivelv , the tliiii;; itself wliich 
 causes pride or boastiii;;; f,d"i'.V. I'rov. Hian's it s^mul 
 'lo<r, hill lliiil lie /ills lust his Itiil. — Brag's n gimil ilvg if lie he nell 
 set on, hilt III- iliire vol hile. 
 
 BRA'fiA, a city, the capital of Entre Minlio e Donio, 
 seated on the Cavedo, 180 miles N. of Lisbon. Lat. 41. 42. 
 N. Ion. 8. 2.4. W. 
 
 BRAOA'NZ.'V, a city in tlie province of Tia los Montes, 
 111 Pol tuifid. It is seated on the river Fervanca, and carries 
 on a manufacture of silk, stutfs, velvets, and grogiain. Lat. 
 41.40. \. Ion. ■}. :m.\\'. 
 
 BRA(;(;AD{)'CIIi(), s. a person who vainly sets forth his 
 own good ijualities, or tlisplays tliem more ilian they de- 
 serve. 
 
 RRA'GG.\RT, s. \hiiis;s'iret. Tent.] a person wiio boasts 
 of his own abilities too much. 
 
 BR \'(i(iART, II. proud, conceited, vain. 
 
 BRA'(i(iFR, s. one who displays his prrtended abilities 
 in all the pomp of vain and ostentatious language. 
 
 BKA'f iLF.SS, a. w ilhonta boast; without being boasted of. 
 
 To BRAID, !•. n. [hrieilan, Sax.] to weave together; to 
 plait. 
 
 I5|{ AID, s. a lock of liair, or any thing collected by we.iv- 
 iug or plaiting; a small naru>w kind of lace, used for oriia- 
 iiieiitiug wouion's shoes, bed curtains, tVc. 
 
 BRAILS, «. small ropes used in furling llie sails across. 
 To/irt/e iiji l/ir hiiiils, or hrnil up the sail, implies that the saij 
 is to bo haled up, in order to be furled, or bound close to the 
 yard. 
 
 BR'AIN, s. [hrtf^m. Sax.] in anatomy, the large, soft, 
 whitish substance, filling the inside of the cranium, or skull, 
 wherein all the organs of sense terminate, and wherein the 
 soul is said to reside. Jl is divided into the cerebrum, cere- 
 bellum, medulla, oblongata, or medulla spinalis. The brain 
 is miicli larger in men than in any other animals, and is ge- 
 nerally biggest ill siicli other animals as shew the greatest 
 degree of sagacity, such as monkeys, Ac. 
 
 To BRAIN, V. a. todasli the brains out ; to kill by dasli- 
 nig the brains out. 
 
 RRALNLESS, a. without brains. Figuratively, silly, 
 foolish, thouglitless. 
 
 BR.MNI'AN, s. tde skull, so called from its containing the 
 braius. 
 
 BRAITSSICK, a. disordered in the brain. Figuratively, 
 giddv, thoughtless, foolish, mad. 
 
 iJKAl'NTREE, a town iji Essex, near the village of Dock- 
 
 BRA 
 
 mg, and, wifli it, carrying on a considerable nianufactorN- of 
 baize. It is 12 miles'N. of Chelmsford, and 41 N. E. of 
 London. .Market on Wednesday. 
 
 BR A K F, .y. ' of uncertain ety niology ] a thicket of brambles, 
 orlhoiiis. 
 
 BRAkI'"., v. [from nrrrrini, ,Sa\.] a wooden mallet, used in 
 beating or dressing hemp ; the handle of a ship's puni|) : a 
 baker's kneading trough ; a sharp bit or siiatlle for horsis. 
 
 BR A'K Y, II. abounding in brakes, or thickets of thorns. 
 
 BRA'MBLR, a town of Sussex, formerly of .some account, 
 but has neither market nor fair ; however, it sends l-wt, 
 members to parliament. It is li) miles S. of West CiriiisteatI, 
 and 49 S. S. W. of London. 
 
 BRAMBLE, s. a wild prickly shrub ; a blackberry, <!c\v^ 
 berry, and raspberry bush. 
 
 BR.V'MBLING, s a bird, the same with the mountain 
 cliatbiich. 
 
 BRAMPTON, a town of Cumberland, with a market on 
 Tuesday. It is seated on the river Itsliin, not far from the 
 Picls'wall. It is at present but a small place : and near it, 
 on the top of a high hill, is a fortified trencJi, called the 
 Mote.— 8 miles N. E. of Carlisle, and 311 N. N. W. of 
 London. 
 
 I5RAN, s. [hrinni, Brit, hipinia, Ital.] llie husk of com, 
 separated after grinding from the Hour. 
 
 BRANCH, s. [hrnmlif, Fr.] in botany, the arm, or part of 
 a tree which sprouts from the trunk. Figuratively, any 
 detached part from tlio uliolo. .\ section or subdivision, 
 applied to writings. Any part which is joined to another, 
 like a branch to a tree. A part of a pe<ligreo of family. In 
 hunting, the antlers or shoots of a stajj's horns. The brnnehes 
 of a bridle, in farriery, are two pieces of bended iron, that 
 bear the bit-mouth, the chains, and the curb, in the interval 
 between the one and the other. 
 
 To BRANCH, r.a. to divide into separate divisions like 
 branches. Figuratively, to adorn with needle-work repre- 
 senting branches. Neutorly, to spread in Inanches ; to se- 
 parate or divide a subject into several parts, used with the 
 particle out. To speak <liffiisely, to expatiate. To liave 
 lioriis shooting out into antlers. 
 
 BR.^'NCHER, .•!. one that shoots ont into branches. In 
 falconry, a \ouiig hawk, [from biaucliirr, Fr.] 
 
 BRA'NCIILESS, «. without branches. Without honour, 
 alluding to the branches of a pedigree. 
 
 lil'A'NCHY, ffl full of branches : spreading. 
 
 BRAND, s. [hrniiil, Sax ] a stick lighted, or fit to be set on 
 fire at one end. Figuratively, a thunderbolt. A mark made 
 on the flesh of a criminal by a burning iron. Anciently, a 
 swcrd, \i'vln^\hrllllllo, Ital.] 
 
 J', n. {britnden, Belg.] to mark with a brand, 
 . Figuratively, to reproach as infamous ; in 
 
 BRANDENBURG, the March e of, is bounded on 
 the W. by Lunenburg; on the N. by Pomeraiiia and Mecklen- 
 burg ; on the S. by Silesia, Liisatia, Saxony, and Magdeburg; 
 and on tlie \\. by Poland and Polish Prussia. It is divided 
 into five principal parts ; tlir Old Marek, or.Marche, Preg- 
 iiitz, the iNIiddle Marche, Uckor Marche, and the New 
 Marche. The greater part of the inhabitants are Lutherans , 
 but there are also Romanists. B.(>rliii is the capital ; and 
 the principal rivers are tiic Elbe, Havel, Spiey, L'cker, anJ 
 Warte. 
 
 BRATSDENBURG, a city of Upper Saxoiiy, divided into 
 the Old and Now 'Fowii by the river Havel. It is a pros 
 peroiis, trading place, 20 miles W. of Berlin. 
 
 BRA'NDfiOOSE, s. a kind of wild fowl, less tnan a coui- 
 nioii goose, having its breast and wings of a diirk colour. 
 
 To ISltATsDISH, r. o. [from brand] to wave, shake, or 
 flourish a weapon. Figuratively, to make a parade, or 
 fioui isli with. 
 
 BRANDLING, a sort of worm. 
 
 BRANDON, a town in Snflolk, between Newmarket 
 and SwafVham. It is seated on the Lesser Ouse, over whicli 
 it Ins a bridge ; and, at a sinall distance, a ferry, whereby 
 
 lO'J 
 
 BRAND, 
 or burning iron 
 stigmatize.
 
 BRA 
 
 BRA 
 
 corn, malt, tinibt-r, iron, A-c. are coiiveved fo and from the 
 Isle of Ely. It is 12 miles N. of Bury, and 78 N. E. of 
 London. 
 
 BRANDY, s.lbranrl-fvin, Fr.] in distillation, a proof spirit, 
 oblained fmni real wines, or fermented juices of grapes. 
 
 BR A'NXiLE. s. squabble ; wrangle. 
 
 To BRANGLR, v. w. to wrangle ; to squabble. 
 
 BRANK, s. the same with buckwheat, French wheat, or 
 crap. , 
 
 BRA'NLIN, a species offish, of the salmoti kind, which 
 never grow to anv great size. 
 
 BRANNY, a. having the appearance of bran. 
 
 BRASI L, or BRAZIL, (brazeil) s. a heavy, dry, and very 
 hard wood, so called because it is supposed to liave com 
 originally from Brazil in S. America. That of Fernambuco 
 is the best. The tree grows connnonly in dry and barren 
 places, among rocUs, and becomes very thick and tall ; the 
 brandies are long and large, the leaves small, of a fine bright 
 green, resembling those of box, but somewhat longer. 
 
 BRASI'L, a large country of S. America on the K. be- 
 tween the equinoctia' and :J6. 0. S. lat. and between 35 and 
 .'>5 degrees W. Ion. exteiuiing from the river of Amazons to 
 that of La Plata, a length of coast, through all its windings, 
 of above 3000 miles. It is bounded on the VV. by Paraguay 
 and .Amazonia; its other boundaries are forn\ed by the great 
 Atlantic Ocean. It was discovered by chance in looo, for 
 Alvarez Cabral, a Portuguese, was forced upon it by a tem- 
 jiest ; and the kings of Portugal have continued masters of 
 It ever since. Some time after the revolt of tlie United Pro- 
 vincesfrom the king of Spain, the Dutch drove away the 
 Spaniards, to whom it then belonged ; but the Portuguese, 
 in their turn, obliged the Dutch to leave it in 1(;.'>6. Tlie air 
 of this country, though within the torrid zone, ispretty tem- 
 perate and wholesome ; insomucii that people live there a 
 long while. The waters in general are very good, and the 
 soil fertile and excellent; there comes more sugar from 
 thence than all other parts of the world; besides this, it 
 produces tobacco, Indian corn, several sorts of fruit, and 
 medicinal drugs. Tlie wood brought from Brasil, and hence 
 «o called, isoJ Vi-iy great use in dying red ; and, within the 
 r.oimtry, there is gold, and several sorts of precious stones ; 
 likewise the cattle, carried over from Eunqie, ijicrease pro- 
 digiously, insonuich that there is no want ot|)rovisions. The 
 Portuguese chieHy inlrabit the sea coast, for they have not 
 penetrated far into the country. The inlauil parts are full 
 of people of difi'erent languages ; b\it tiny all agree in wear- 
 ing no sort of clothes. Thry arc of a cupper colour, with 
 long coarse black hairon their heads, but without any on the 
 other parts of their bodies, like the rest of the Ameriians. 
 Tliey are strong, lively, and gay ; and, as thev are subject 
 lo few diseases, they live a long time. Tiiey love to adorn 
 themselves with feathers, and they arc very fond of feasts, 
 at which they dance and skip about immoderately. Tlicy 
 have no temples, nor any other sign of religion; and tlicy 
 make no manner of scruple to marrv their nearest relatidiis. 
 Some pretend that they are cannibals, and eat those they 
 have taken in war ; but this is a fable. 'I'hey have iuils 
 made of the branches of trees, and covered with palm tree 
 leaves. Their furniture consists cliielly in their hannnocks, 
 anddislu'S, or cui>s, made <rf callibaslics, paiiit<'<| without of 
 a red colour, ami black within ; their knives are made of a 
 sort of stone and split canes ; and they have likew i>e baskets 
 of dilferent sizes, chietiy made of i)ahn-tree leaves. Their 
 arms arc only bow s, arrows, and wooden clubs. Wlieu they 
 travi'l, they fa-,len tlwir haiiunocks between two trees, anil 
 sleei> all night therein. The I'orlugucse divide Bra^il into 
 fifteen goveriiiiK-nts or capiiauaries ; eight of which beidug 
 to the king of Portugal, and the rest to great men, who have 
 peopled tlirui at their own expense. The r<sidence of the 
 vicrrov, till of k.ie years, was at St. Salvadi>r, but is now at 
 St. .Seliu^tian. 
 
 BHASS, «. \hm!!!>. Sax.] a fad it ions yellow metal, made of 
 copper mi Ited with lai)is «-alaminaris. In oriler lo make 
 Liiut, the calamine i^ previoiislv rt)asted ; it is iheii mixed 
 III) 
 
 w;ith charcoal and grain copper, and put into largc cru- 
 cibles, which are kept for a cons derable time in a heat 
 that will not melt the copper ; after a time, the licat is 
 raised so as to fuse it, and the compound metal is then run 
 into ingots. .Among llic ancients, C'urtutliian brass was a very 
 valuable mixed melal, said to have l)een accideii'ly formed 
 by the melting of statutes and vessels of different descrip- 
 tions, when Corinth was burned by the Romans, 14G years 
 B.C. Brass is used tigur;itivclv, for impudence. 
 
 BRASSY, a. partaking of brass ; hard as brass. Tm- 
 pu<lent. 
 
 BR.VT, s. [perhaps from lirait. Sax.] a child ; used fo ex- 
 press contempt. I iguratively, pioduds or effects. 
 
 BR.WA'DO, s. [bravada. Span.] a proud boast; haughty 
 defiance or challenge. 
 
 BR.WE, a. [Iirave, Fr.] not daunted or terrified with 
 dangers and diniculties; ready toattempt ynv dangerous en- 
 terprize ; grand, or noble. Sometimes ap|>lied, in an inde- 
 terminate mamu-r, to express good or great in the positive 
 degree. 
 
 BR.WE, s. [br'ii-e, Fr.] a person who is daring beyond the 
 rules of discretion ; or bold to excess. A bohl defiance or 
 challenge. 
 
 To BU.'Wl',, V. a. to inidertake a thing notwithstanding 
 the (iaugers with which it is attended ; todel\ conteuii'tu- 
 ously ; to provoke a person to resentnunt ; to bid defiance 
 to ; applied, in this last sense, to inanimate things wit i 
 great beuntv. 
 
 BRA'\ ELY, nrl. ni such a manner as not to be fer- 
 rifie<l by difficulties, or daunted by dangers; intrepidly; 
 courageoiiilv. 
 
 1>K.\ '^'ERY, s. the performance of any great and noble 
 actions, notwithstanding the dangers which attend them ; 
 a disposition of mind, which enables a person to accomplish 
 his designs, notwithstanding any oltetacles or difficulties 
 which oi)pose it. .Applied fo the appearance of things, 
 fiiier\, splendor. False courage ; boasting; or boldness. 
 
 I>lv.\ \'l), i. [Ital.]a man wlionnnders or assassiriates an- 
 other for hire. 
 
 To BRAWL, f. n. [brmiiller, or bnntlcr, Fr. | tfl quarrel 
 about trifles ilia noisy manner; to leport in a loud iaasiner ; 
 tomalie a noise ; beautifully applied to inanimate things. 
 
 BR AW r , s. a noisy quarrel ; scurrility. 
 
 BR.A'WLER, s. one who is quarrelsome and noisy at the 
 same time ; a word of reproach. 
 
 BR.A^VN, J. [of uncertain etymology] the flesh or muscular 
 l>arts of he Ixxlv ; the arm. Figuratively, vigour or strengtii. 
 'Ilie flesh of a hoar soused or pickled ; a boar. 
 
 BP.A'WNY, a. strong; robust ; sinewy ; fleshy ; of great 
 mus( les and strength. 
 
 To BRAY, !•. n. \hracttn, Sax.] fo beat into pieces, or pow- 
 der ill a ulorter by means of a pestle. 
 
 'l"o BU AY, V. II. Uiniire, Fr.] to make a noi^e like an ass. 
 Figuialively, to make a disagreeable noise like that of brass. 
 
 I?l! A\', .V. the noise of brass ; a terrible or disagreeable 
 sound. 
 
 BR \^', a village ni Berkshire, one mile from TSfaidenhead, 
 famous for its ciiangealile vicar, who having been twiica 
 l>apist, and twice a iiroleslant in tlie reigns of Ilciny \I!I. 
 Edward VI. Mary, and Elizabeth, was accused ofbein';a 
 liirii colli ; but he replied, that he always stuck fast fo his 
 principles, which was, to lire and die vicar nf tlrni/ J 
 
 To Bl! AZE, i: a. the soldering or joining of two nieces of 
 metal log<ther. Figuratively, to be umred or hardened in 
 Impiideiice. 
 
 BRA'Z'EN, s. made of brass. Figuratively, caused by 
 brazen iiisti iiment'i. Iiiipudeut. 
 
 To BRAZEN, c. II. to deny with great impudence; 1.. 
 bl have without eoiicein; lo liully. I'sed with the wold 
 oiij. " He would bra:cii it viil as if We had <lone nolhing." 
 Arbiilh. 
 
 BI'lA'/ENFACE, s. a person who has no sense of shanse ; 
 ail imi>udenl fellow. 
 
 BRA'Zi'-NFACF.D, a. voitl of shame, inipiideiu.
 
 B RE, 
 
 D 11 E 
 
 BUA'ZENNESS, s. appearance likcfii?iss. I'l^'uratively, 
 undauulpfl iiupuclciice. 
 
 BKA'ZIKR, J- oiif who makes or sells brass ware. 
 
 BRA'ZlNtJ, «. Ilieactof soldering or joini'ii; t\vi> pieces 
 of iron tcyi'tLtr. Soinefinies the word is applied lo llie 
 joining pieces of iron roj;etlier by beatinj; llieni rrd 
 liot upon one anoflier; but tliis is wore pr()|)orly called 
 tve/diiiit;. 
 
 RlXi'^ACH, a.[hreclie, Fr.l the dividing or destroying the 
 union between t'le parts of a thing before joined fogether. 
 In forlilication, a hole or "up made in any part of the works 
 of a tonii, either by cannon or mines. Hjjuratively, a de- 
 fect ; the acting contrary to any law; the violating any ob- 
 ligiilion : quariel ; discord ; want of nnity. 
 
 BRKAD, (*)•«/) s. [Ore-Ill, Sax.] a baked mass of dongli 
 formed fronitlie llour of some grain, and a constant part of 
 foicd. Figuratively, every kincl of necessary for the support 
 of life. To rnt a pKi-snn's ti'ead, is sometimes used lo imply, 
 tbat he has been admitted to tlie most intimate friendsljip, 
 ttnd supported bv h s bounlv. 
 
 BREAD CHII'PKU,.?.o;ie that chips bread; a baker's 
 servant, an under butler. 
 
 BRE'AD-CORN, s. corn or grain of wliicli bread ts 
 made. 
 
 BRE'AD FRUIT, s. a fruit that grows at Otaheifc, and 
 some other isl-iuds on the South Sea. on a tree, about the 
 size of a middling oak. The fruit itself is about the size and 
 shape of a child's head, covered with a thin skin, between 
 which and the core is tiie eatable pari, as white as snow, 
 and of the consistence of new bread. Its taste is between 
 that of the crumb of white bread, and the Jerusalem arti- 
 choke. It is roasted and baked before it is eaten. Three 
 dishes are prepared from this fruit by beating it into a paste 
 with water, orthemilk of the cocoa nut, and mixing it with 
 ripe plantains, bananas, or the sour paste, which they call 
 vialiie. 
 
 BRE'AD-ROOM, *. [a sea-termj a place in a ship's stern, 
 to k«-vp bread or biscuit. 
 
 BREADTH, (hmlih) s. [from Irad, Sax.] the measure of a 
 plain superficies from side to side. In commerce, liie mea- 
 sure of any cloth, or other manufacture, between the two 
 selvages or lists. Within an-,Jiair's hreatlth, denotes extreme 
 nearness, applied to situation; and a verj' narrow escape, 
 applied to danger. 
 
 To BREAK, V. n. [breccan. Sax.] to separate the parts of 
 a thing by force ; to burst by violence. Used w itii the worti 
 flown, to destroy or demolish. To pierce or penetrate, ap- 
 plied to light. " A dim winking lamp, which feebly broke 
 the gloomy vapours." To diminish or weaken. " Have not 
 some of his vices weakened his body, and broke his health 1" 
 Tilliits. In horsemanship, to tame or render manageable. 
 " Tohrinh the stubborn colt." Dri/d. Applied figuratively, 
 to the human species, "To break our fierce i)nri)arians into 
 men." Addis. 'To render a person iniable to carry on trade ; 
 to make a bankrupt. " Impoverisiies the rich, breaks the 
 merchant." South. To wound so as to make the blood ap- 
 pear. "She'll sooner break ymw head." Dri/d. Applied 
 to promises, oaths, or duty, to act coiintcr to, to violate or 
 disregard. " I never more will break an oatb." Skak, 
 " To iceff/; the pious laws of nature." Dri/d. To intercept, 
 prevent, or hinder the effect of. " To break his dreadiul 
 fall." Lhi/d. To interrupt. " His voice broke with sighs." 
 Speet. No. 164. To separate, joined to conipinu/. " They 
 were forced to break eonipani/." Alter. Used with off', to 
 dissolve; likewise to stop, binder or prevent. "To break 
 off so noble a relation." C'ol/irr. "To break off all its com- 
 merce with the tongue." Addis. Vv'itli of, to master or lay 
 aside an .11 habit. "The French were not quite i/«/;< it (•/' 
 It." Grew. Used with nu'iirf, to discover our sentiments. 
 " Fearful how to break my mind." Dn/d. Used with baek, 
 to strain or put the back-bone out of joint. In husbandry, 
 to plow. " The husbandman must first hrcuh the land." 
 Varies. To disband, applied to an army. " .Solyroan, rp. 
 turning to Constantinople, broke up bis army."' Knollis. 
 
 I'scd with uind, to discliargp wind included in the nilesf i;ic^.. 
 To l:reak on the wheel, is to break the boncs of a criminal 
 fastciicd on a wheel. 
 
 To I'UEAK, r. n. to burst. " Whispers the o'er-fraught 
 heart, and bids it break." Shak. To open so as to dis'cliar^e 
 matter, ai)plied lo a liiiiior. To dispel darkness, to dawn, 
 applied to Ihft first aitpearance of light in a morning. 
 " As soon as the day breaks." Speet. No. 4C5. " See how 
 the day begins to break." Swift. To decay in heallli and 
 slrriiglh. To 1)11 1 si, to pronounce, or utter, used with from, 
 and the words lips, moulh, or breast. " Whilst from his 
 breast the dreadful acceiils brok'" Dri/d. To force a 
 passage, used with the particles through, into, and forth, 
 " To break through uilh his «|iole body of horse." Clarend. 
 "^lo intervene witiiout notice or refjard to the ceremonies of 
 polite behaviour. " With a magisterial air breaks in upon 
 conversation." Aildis. Discarded or deprived of an employ. 
 " When I see a great officer broke." Swift. Joimd with 
 lonse, to disengage from, any obstacle, tie, or other confine- 
 ment or restraint. " Break loose from all our engagements." 
 Tilhits. To desist from an undertaking ; to quit a habit; 
 to desist suddenly, with the particle o/^". " Do not peremp- 
 torily t/eaAo^in any business." Baeon. When usedwilh ofJF 
 an(l/)07H, to separate from with some eft'ort or violence. 
 " I must from this enchanting <pjcen break off." Shak. 'Vo 
 Siirst lliroui'h and discover itself notwithstanding -.'in 'rrijie- 
 dimeiit. " There being so many ways ?»y which a smotlicred 
 trulli is apt to blaze and break out." South. To rage, or 
 appear, applied to a distemper. " A violent fever broke out 
 in the place." Spcct. No. 164. In all the various meanings 
 of this verb, the idea of separation, or the effect of sudden 
 force, is always included. 
 
 BREAK, s. applied to the first appearance of light in tho 
 nrorning, when the rays of light break the gloom of darkness, 
 it implies the dawn. A pause or interruption, applied to a 
 discourse. 
 
 BRE'AKER, s. he who forces a thing asunder; he who 
 divides a thing by force; a wave broken by rocks or .sand- 
 banks. 
 
 To BRE'A.KFAST, {brchfast) «. n. to eat after having 
 fasted some time ; applied to the fir.st meal a person makes 
 in the <lay. 
 
 BREAKFAST,*, that which a person eats athisfir^t me.al 
 in the day. In a general sense, any thing to eat after a long 
 want of food. 
 
 BREAKNECK, {brake-neck) s. a precipice or fall, from 
 whence a person would break his neck. 
 
 BREAKSTONE, s. in botany, an umbelliferous plant 
 called by Linnaeus pimpinella, of which there are two British 
 species. The root of either is very acrid, burning the moutii 
 liKc pepper, and affords a blue oil. Its acrinu-ny has occa- 
 sioned it to be used in curing the toothrache, ana cleansing 
 the skin from freckles. 
 
 BRE'AM, s. [bratne, Fr.] in natural history, a large fish, 
 delighting in rivers or ponds, very broad, w ith a forked tail, 
 and scales of a golden colour, set with great elegance. He 
 has large eyes, and a narrow sucking mouth, and a lozing 
 bone to help his grinders. The male is observed to have 
 two large melts, and the female two large bags of eggs, or 
 spawn. 
 
 BREAST, (pronounced and formerly written hresty s. 
 [breast. Sax.] in anatomy, one of the three venters in an animal 
 body, which contains the heart and lungs. Breasts are two 
 prominences situated in the anterior, and towards the lateral 
 parlsof the thorax. In beasts, the word is a|)plied to that 
 part which extends from the neck to the fore-legs. Figura- 
 tively, till' 'heart ; bosom ; conscience ; or soul, vh'cJl was, 
 by ilic ancients, supposed to reside in this part. 
 
 To BREAST, V. a. to oppo.se with the breast; to meet ; 
 to struggle against. 
 
 BREASTBONE, t. in anatomy, the bone of ^he breast; 
 the sternum. 
 
 BREASTHIGH, a. ashigli as the breasts. 
 
 BRE'ASTHOOK.S, «. tmong ship-carpenters, the com- 
 
 III
 
 BRE 
 
 ERE 
 
 passing timbers befnre, that help to strengthen the stem, 
 and all the fore part of a ship. 
 
 BRE'ASTKNOT, i bunch or knot of ribbands worn by 
 fcraales on or near then oreasts. 
 
 BRE'ASTPLATE, i. armour worn by way of defence on 
 the breast, 
 
 BRE'ASTROPES, s. in a ship, those ropes which fasten 
 the yards to tiie parrels, and, with the parrels, hold the yards 
 fast to the inast. 
 
 BRE'ASTW'ORK, s. works thrown up as hig^h as the 
 breasts of the defendants in a fortitied place, or tield ; the 
 game with parapet. 
 
 BREATH, {bret/i) s. [hratlce, Sax. J the air which proceeds 
 from tlienrouth, either in the actions of respiration or inspi- 
 ration. Figuratively, life. Used with take, to recover lost 
 breath from too great a fatigue ; to cease from labour or 
 hurry ; a respite or pause. A breeze of wind, or gentle 
 current of air. " Not a breath of wnid flies o'er its surface." 
 Addis. The sanve instant, usedwithi'i. " You menace and 
 court me in a breath." Dryd. 
 
 BREATH ABLE, fl. that may be breathed ; or that is fit 
 to be breathed. 
 
 To BREATHE, v.n. to draw in and force out the air at 
 tlie mouth by the action of tlie lungs. Figuratively, to live. 
 " Let him breathe a private man in Athens." Shak. To lahe 
 breath, to recover a damage by means of a respite; to rest. 
 " He followed the victory so liot upon the Scots, he sutl'ered 
 tliem not to breathe." Spen. Used with in, to enter by Ilie 
 action of breathing or respiration. " To whose foul moiitli 
 no wholesome air breathes in." Shak. Used actively, it im- 
 plies to fill with, to discharge the lungs of air, b\ the actions 
 of inspiration and respiration. Usetf with into, to act upon 
 by breathing; to animate. " Hebreathed intn us t!ie Itieiitli 
 of life." Decay of Pietf!. To force out of the nit lilli, «illi 
 the particle eut. "Who breathed out nothing l.ut ti:!iiu'." 
 Sped. No. 223. To make long-winded by e\iMcise. " The 
 greyhounds are as swift as breathed stags." S/uik. To sound 
 by the breath, applied to w ind instruments. " To hrrathe the 
 flute." Prior. To send up in vapours appeiuiiig like tlie 
 breath in frosty weather. " His altar breathed ;tuibrosi;d 
 odours." Par. Lost. To sigh, or ofter up, without being 
 Jieard. " I have toward heaven breathed a secret vow." 
 Shak. In surgery, to open by a lancet. " To breathe a 
 vein." Dryd. 
 
 BRE'ATHER, s. one who enjoys life; one who is alive. 
 He that causes or animates by his breath, alluding to God's 
 breathing into man the breath of life, as the scripture ex- 
 presses it. 
 
 BRE'ATHTNf ;, s. the action of fetching breath. Figura- 
 tively, alive. A sigh of devotion ; secret prayer conceived 
 in the mind, but not uttered in words ; an aspiration. 
 Breathing-places, vents, or chinks, that let in fresli air. 
 
 BREATHLESS, (brithless) a. out of breath, or scarce able 
 to breathe from fatigue or hurry. Figuratively, dead. 
 
 BRECHIN, a parliaiiient town of Scotland, in the county 
 of Angus, l.'j iiiiles N. E. of Dundee, and 45 on the same 
 point from F.iliiiburg'li 
 
 BRE'CKNOCK, or Brecon, a town of S. Wales, and 
 rai)ital of Brecknockshire. It is called by the Wel>li, Aber- 
 Honddry, and it is situated at the c(Uiflueu((' of the rivers 
 Ilonddey aiul Usk. It is an ancient place, as ap|)ears by 
 the Roman coins that have often been dug up here. It is a 
 lar'p^e town containing three cluirclies, one of which is col- 
 legiate, and stands at the >vest end. The houses are well 
 built, and it fornu>rly liad a wall, with three gates, aud a 
 •stately ca".!!)-. The assizes are kept here, aud it has a good 
 trade in c'lothiHg. The markets are on Wednesday and Sa- 
 turday, aud are well supplied with corn, cattle, aud provi- 
 sions. It senls one i.iember to parliament, and is ;?4 un'les 
 N. W. bv W. of Moruuouth, 34 S. E. bv E. of Llanbeder, 
 and Ui2 W. bv N.of Lomhm. 
 
 BRECKNOCKSHIRE, a county of S. Wales, .TO miles in 
 leu^'tli, an I 27 in breudlli. It is full of mounlauis, some (i( 
 uhicli arc excecfiini high, particularly Monuchdenv-hill, 
 112 
 
 not far from Brecknock. However, there are large fertile 
 plains and valleys, which vield plenty of corn, and feed 
 great numbers ot cattle. It has CI parishes, a id 4 market- 
 towns, and there were formerly 9 castles. It is bounded on 
 the E. by the counties of Hereford and jMoumoulli, in theS. 
 by Glamorganshire, on the W. by Carmarthen and Cardi- 
 ganshire, and on the N by Radnorshire. 
 
 BRE'DA, a large, strong, and beautiful city of Dutch 
 Brabant, containing several public buiUliiigs, 4 spaci lus mar- 
 ket-places, which are plentifully supplied wil'i fresli and 
 salt water fish, and about 2200 houses. It is seated o'l the 
 rivers Aa and Meicli, 22 miles W. bv S. of Bois le Due, 22 
 N. E. of Bergen op Zoom, 25 N. N. E. of Antwerp, and 60 
 S. of Amsterdam. 
 
 BREDE. s. [See Br aid] a border wrought with the nee- 
 dle in difterent colours resembling^ flowers, &c. 
 
 BREECH, s. [from brtrcan, Sax.] tlic back and lower pait 
 of the body, from whence the excrements are voided. Ap- 
 jilird to a piece of cannon, the hinder part, or that part be- 
 hind the toueli-liole. 
 
 BREKCIIES, {britches) s. [brire. Sax.] It has no singular; 
 that part of a man's dress that cn,vers his thighs and breech. 
 Breeches formed no ,)art of the ancient Grecian or Roman 
 dress, but were derived tons from our aiiccslors, the northern 
 barbarians of Britain and Germany. To ueir the breeches, is 
 a phrase implying, that a woman usurps more authority over 
 her husband than becomes her sex. 
 
 To BREED, !'. «. [bradan. Sax.] tc/ produce, bring fortli, 
 to generate ; to educate, nourish, or bring up. Sometimes 
 used with the pai tides to and up to. Figuratively, to occa- 
 sion or cause. ."Applied to |ilv'.ee, to give birth to. To cut, 
 applied to the teeth. To keep animals for procreation or 
 multipK ing their species. 
 
 To BREED, r. n. to be big with child, to be pregnant. 
 To projiajiate ; or increase by propagation. To raise or 
 increast a breed. 
 
 BREED, s. a species of animals; a cast or kind. OfT- 
 spriiig, applied to mankind. That which is produced ^X 
 one hatching. 
 
 BREEDER s. that which produces or is the cause of any 
 thing. Tluit vliieli educates or brings up. A person who 
 is 11 't ba.reu: one who raises a breed. 
 
 l)REEDIN(i, s. ediieation, iiiatruction. Fignratively, 
 genteel and polite behaviour ; the method taken in rearing 
 a child. 
 
 I5RF.ESE, J. [briosa. Sax.] in natural history, a stinging fly, 
 calbd also the gad lly. 
 
 BREEZE, .T. [hrczza, Ital.] a gentle, cooling, pleasant 
 breath of wind. In na\igation, a shifting wind blowing 
 from the sea and lan<l alternately at certain hours, and sensi- 
 ble only near the coasts. 
 
 BREEZY, a. refreshed by breezes. 
 
 BREIIONS, the provincial .judges among the ancient 
 Irish, by whom justice was administered, and coiitroversies 
 were decided. They were a distinct family, who derived 
 their support from certain lands, appropriated for that pur- 
 pose, and from the <'leventli part of all lines in criminal 
 causes. The laws observed by them were called Brehon 
 la us 
 
 BREMEN, a duchy in the circle of Lower Saxony, the 
 whole a vast plain, almost surrounded by the Weser and the 
 Elbe, with Oldenbiigli and the (ierman Ocean on the W. It 
 contains 111 Lulheian churches, and 1:57 pastors, under a 
 general superiiiteiidaiit. 'I'lie air is cold, but the country is 
 well peopled^ and fertile in grain, fruits, flax, Ac. and pro- 
 duces laifie bieeils of catjh-. They have maiiutactures of 
 cordage, linen and Wdolleii stufl's. It l()rmerly was subject 
 to the Swt'des, but was (.-oiKpiered by the Danes in 1712^ 
 who transferred il, together with Verdei, to the elector of 
 Hanover, in 171.'), for 700,(100 rixdollars ; and in 171!), the 
 crown of Sweden renouured all the rights and appurle- 
 nauees of the two duchies, in favour of the elector, (ieoigc 1, 
 of England, for a million of rixdollars. In the winter it 
 is subject to inundations, and iiarticularly, in 1GI7, scvcrul
 
 B R E 
 
 B « 1 
 
 chrmsatulsof r;!t(!s wore <\i(i\\nri\, besides sovfi;il luiriihf ils 
 of the inlv.iMliiiits-. Tin" Ciipilal is Uiimiumi, ;i iiir;,'r, poj-ii- 
 loiis.-.md iiiiiH-rialcity, scatvd 0.11 tlie Weser. L;it. j;;. 0. N. 
 Ion. 8. -IS. 1'.. 
 
 BKKNT, ff. burnt. Obsoleto. 
 
 BItK.NT, a town in Dcvoiisfiiro, with a niarkct on .^atiir- 
 <1?.y. It is a post town, 20" miles S. VV. of E\c(rr, and lino 
 W. b\ S. of I,(iiid(vn. 
 
 BItK'NTFORD, a town in Middlesex, seven miles from 
 Loudon, seated oil the river Tliames, into which at the VV. 
 end of the (own, flows a rivulet called the Brent. Market on 
 Saturday. 
 
 BRI'l'NTWOOD, a town in Essex, situated on a fine eini. 
 pence, n miles W. S. W. of Chelmsford, and 18 E. N. E. of 
 London. Market on Wednesday. 
 
 BRR'SCIA, a strons;: and handsome city of Italy, capital 
 of the Hresciano. It is seated on the river (iarza, wjiic h 
 runs thi(ni:;h it, and its walls are watered by the Mela on llie 
 W. and the Navilio on the E. The ninid)er of its iulia- 
 bitants are nearly 50,000; they manufacture cloths, excellent 
 fire-arms, Ac. It is 35 miles N. E. of Cremona, and 9.0 W. 
 of Venice. 
 
 BRKSCIATS'O, or The Brf.ssan, a province, late of 
 Venice. It has the county of Bormio on the N. and the 
 Berfjamasco on the W. and although mountainous, yet 
 abounds in wine, oil, wheat, and other grain ; it also con- 
 tains mines of iron, copper, silver, gold, alum, and marble 
 of diflerent colours. It is watered by several small river.s, 
 and abounds in towns and villages. 
 
 BRE'SLAW, or Wratislaw, a large city of Germany, 
 capital of Silesia, with an university. It is seated at the 
 confluence of the rivers Oder and t)hlau, which last runs 
 through several of the streets. It has several large squares, 
 and the public buildings are very stately ; the streets are 
 straight and wide, and the houses generally well built. It 
 is populous, and much frequented by Hungarian, Bohemian, 
 Polish, and other merchants; it lies 113 miles N. E. of 
 Prague, and 165 N. of Vienna. Lat. 51. 3. N. Ion. 17. 
 14. E. 
 
 BREST, a town in the department of Cape Finistcrre, 
 seated on the N. side of a large commodious harbour, or bay, 
 opening to the Atlantic, the finest in France ; its entrance, 
 however, called the Goulet, is narrow and difficult, by reason 
 of certain rocks, winch are covered at high water. The 
 town stands upon a declivity, and the streets are narrow 
 ami crooked ; but the quay is above a mile in length, and 
 bore is every accommodation for the shipping and marine 
 service. It is 30 miles S. W. of Morlaix, and 32.) W. bv 
 S. of Paris. Lat. '(8. 22, N. Ion. S. 4. 20. \V. 
 
 BRE^T, s. in architecture, the member of a column, 
 named likewise torus, or tore. 
 
 BRET, s. in natural history, around flatfish of the turbot 
 kind ; called likewise hurt or brut. 
 
 BRET.-VTjNE, a ci devant province on the E. of France, 
 now formed intoo departments, viz. North Coast, Feinsterre, 
 Illc, and Vilaine, Lower Loire, and Morbihan. 
 BRF/I^HREN, s. the plural oHrothn; which see. 
 BRETON, CAPE, an island so called, near the eastern 
 continent of North America, between 45 and 47 degrees of 
 N. latitude. It is separated from Nova Scotia by a narrow 
 strait called Canso, and is about 140 miles in length, and 50 
 in breadth. It is a barren country, producing little corn or 
 grass, and subject to fogs throughout the year. It is covered 
 with snow in winter, and is excessively cold. It is of very 
 small importance to England, but was of great consequence 
 to the French, because it commanded the navigation of the 
 river St. Lawrence, Ihrough which they passed to Canada. 
 There is likewise an excellent fishery on this coast, from 
 which they reap great advantage. It was taken by the 
 English in 1745, and restored to the French in 1748, by the 
 treaty of Ai\-ia-Chapelle. It was again retaken by the 
 English, on July 20, 17.58, when all the garrison, consisting 
 of .'ifidO men, were made prisoners of war, while the loss of 
 the English was very inconsiderable. There were eleven 
 
 Q 
 
 men of war in the harbour, which were all either taken, sunk, 
 or il(stro\ed ; and it was ceded to England by the Ireaty of 
 oe.ici- in 17G.'! 
 
 BUEVl",. t. in music, a long note, forineily pricked in the 
 form ot'a square without any tail, equivalent to two measures, 
 minims, semibreves, or bais, and is now wrote thus, iirjii. Ii, 
 law, any writ directed to the chancellor, judges, sherifis, or 
 other officers, whereby a person is summoned, or attached, 
 to answer in ihi! king's C(uirt, <fv.'c. 
 
 BllE'VET, s. atuong the French, denoted a grant of some 
 favour or donation from the king; not much unlike a war 
 rant, orthe king's letters iiatent, \\ith us. 
 
 BRE'VIARV, [hri-fiiih-iiim, Lat.] an abridgment or com- 
 p<'ndium. Also, a daily office, or book of divine service, in 
 the Romish cliiiicli. 
 
 BREVIER, ('-;•(' rm-) s. a small printing letter. 
 
 RliE'VITV, s. [hrevitus, Lat.] applied to writings, (he 
 expressing a sentiment in very few words ; conciseness ; 
 shortness. 
 
 To BREW, 1'. tt. [Iji-oiiu-ni, Helg.] to make beer, or ale, by 
 niixing malt and bops with boiling water, and fermenting 
 it afterwards with yeast. I'igiiialively, to make any drink 
 by boiling diflcrent ingredients; to contrive; to plot. 
 Lsed neuterly, to perform the office of a brewer ; to make 
 ale or beer. 
 
 BREWER, f. one who makes malt liquor, and sells it. 
 
 BR EW HOUSE, .s. a place or house wherein beer or ale 
 is made. 
 
 BRE'WINCi, s. the process or method of making ale or 
 beer ; the quantity of li(|iior produced by brewing. 
 
 BRE'WIS, s. a piece of bread b.)iled in a pot, fjigether 
 with meat. It seems anciently to have meant broth. " What 
 an ocean of brinis shall I swim in." 
 
 BREWOOD, a town of Stafioid.-,liire, 10 miles S. by W 
 of Stafford. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 BRIAR, s. See Brier. 
 
 BRIBE, s. a gift or reward given to a ]i,erson to engage 
 him to determine contrary to the merits of a cause ; some- 
 thing given to a person to stifle evidence ; something given 
 to an elector, to engage liini to vole for a particular can 
 didate. 
 
 BRIBER, s. one that pays for corrupt practices. 
 
 BRIBERY, s. I lie act of giving a person money to engage 
 him to any particular side or undertaking. 
 
 BRICK, s. [Iiit'cli, I5elg.] a flat lump of reddish or white 
 earth, formed in wooden moulds of various sizes ; first dried 
 in the air, and afterwards burned in a kiln or clamp. The 
 invention of bricks must have been very ancient, as we find 
 they were employed in erecting the tower of Babel. The 
 Romans did not burn their bricks, but dried them in the air 
 four or five years. Oil nf brich, is olive oil imbibed by heat- 
 ed bricks, pounded afterwards, and distilled in a retort. 
 
 To BRICK, V. a. to lay or build with bricks. 
 
 BRICKBAT, s.'A. piece or fragment of a brick. 
 
 BRICKDUST, «. the dust of bricks ; or tlie powder of 
 bricks made by rubbing them on each other, or pounding 
 (hem. 
 
 BRI'CKING, ,?. among builders, the cojinterfeiting of a 
 brick wall on plaister, which is done by smearing it over 
 with red ochre, and making the joints with an edged tool ; 
 these last are afterwards filled w itii a fine plaster. 
 
 BRI'CK-KILN, s. a place where bricks are burnt. 
 
 BRICKLAYER, «. one whose business it is to lay and 
 cement bricks in a wall or building. Tylers and bricklayers 
 were incorporated 10 Eliz. under the name of Master and 
 Wardens of the Society of Freemen of the IMyste.ry and 
 Art of Tvlers and Bricklavers. 
 BRl'CKMAKER, s. one who makes bricks. 
 BRIDAL, n. that belongs to a wedding. 
 BRIDE, .T. [j/riid, Sax.J a name given to a woman the 
 day of her marriage, and sometimes after the w edding-day 
 is over. 
 
 BRI'DEBED, a. the bed on which a new married couple 
 lie, 
 
 13
 
 BRI 
 
 BRI 
 
 BUIDECAKE, f. llie cake witli wiiicli the guests are en- 
 Ifrtai'ied ata Moiiiiiiiy;. 
 
 P.RrDEG!!OOM,«. anew married man. 
 
 BKIDEMEN, s. the male atten.laiils, as the Bride- 
 MAIDS are the feinaleattcndaiits, or company, at a wedding; 
 the otKeeof tiie hittt r is to undress the bride ou the wed- 
 dinMiifjht, and see Ler to bed. 
 
 BK1'L)E\V1'^LL, i. 11 house '/f correction near Fleet-ditch, 
 London, built bv Henry VIU. as a ro\ al pahice fit for tlie re- 
 ception of the emperor Charles V. It is an institution of a 
 mixed nature, partaking of the hospital, tiie prison, and tlie 
 workhouse. Several youths are sent lo lliis hospital as ap- 
 prentices to nianufadurers \\\\o reside there; lliey are 
 clothed in blue doublets and breeches, with white hats. 
 HavinjT faithfully served the term o*' seven years, liiej have 
 their freedou), and a donation of l^i£ each, for carrying; on 
 their respective trades. Any place where vagrants are 
 obliged to beatheuip, or are kept to other hard labour as a 
 punishment. 
 
 BRIDGE, *. [1)20, Sax.] a building of stone or timber 
 consisting of one or more arches, inlended for the passage 
 of men or carriages from one side of I he river to another. The 
 word briila:c is used figuretively for the upper part of the 
 nose; and in musical instrumenls for a piece of wood, which 
 .stands upright on the belly of the iiislrument, and supports 
 the strings. Hanging I riilaies :yxe ll'.ose which are not sup- 
 ported either by posts or pillars, being sustained only by the 
 two extremities. A ilraw-iii'/a;e is made fast only at one 
 end w itii hinges, so that the other may be lifted by chains 
 fixed to it. A flijiiig bridge is made of pontoons, leather- 
 boats, casks, Ac. covered with planks for the passage of an 
 srmy. A bridge of boats is made ofcopper or wooden boats, 
 fastened with stakes or anchors, and covered with planks. 
 Prov. Let evpvy man priiise tlie bridge, he goes over, i. e. 
 speak not ill of In'm who hath done you courtesy, or wlioni 
 you liave made use of to your benefit, or do commonly make 
 use of. 
 
 BRIDGEND, a town of Glamorganshire, hi S. Wales, 
 with a market on Saturday. It is seated on llie river Og- 
 more, which divides it into two parts, but they are Joined 
 together by a stone bridge. The market is considerable 
 for corn, cattle, and provisions. It is 7 miles W. by N. of 
 Cowbridge, and 177 W. of Loiidon. 
 
 BRrDGENORTH, a to«n of Shropshire, seated on the 
 Severn, which divides it into two parts, joined by a stone 
 bridge. The streets arc broad and paved, and its situation 
 is commodious for trade, lis fairs, w hich fall on the Thurs- 
 day before Shrove Sunday, .Tune ;30lh, August 2d, and Oct. 
 2i)th, are much resorted to fni <atlle, sheep, butter, cheese, 
 bacon, linen cloth, hops, and other merchandise. The last, 
 which holds three days, is ihe largest. It is 20 miles nearly 
 W. of Birmingham, and 13L/ N. W. of London. Market on 
 .Salurdav. 
 
 BRIDGETOWN, the capital of Barbadoes, situated in 
 theS W. part of the island, on Carlisle Ray, whidi is capa- 
 ble of containing .ooo ships. The town lies al the entrance 
 of St. George's Va!lc\, which runs several miles into the 
 country. Here is a free-school, an hospital, and a college. 
 The houses, about 1500 in number, are very elegant, Ihe 
 streets are broad, and the wharfs and quays couuuodious 
 and well fortified. This is the seat of the governor, coun- 
 cil, assembly, and court of chancery. Lat. 13. 5. N. Ion. 
 &8. as. W. 
 
 BIU'DGEWATLft, a town of Sonierse}.shire, containing 
 about .000 houses, and .3000 inhabitants. The streets are 
 wide and well [laved. If stands 12 mil<!s from Start Point, 
 where the Panet runs into the British (^hamicl ; from 
 whence a spring tide flows 22 feet at the quay, at which time 
 It rushes with much violence and roaring; the peipendicu- 
 lar height, as it presses along, being several feet. This 
 siKlden rage of llie tide is calh'd the Boar, and i,-> frequent in 
 all the rivers of the Chainiel, especially in the Severn. 
 Ships of 200 tons burden come up to the town. Tiiey im- 
 vuil^ ui large Irows, the niaiiufactures of ^Manchester, Liver- 
 
 pool, Birmi'ngliani, \-c. w hieh are conveyed from hence, n» 
 
 waggons, for the internal parts of Devonshire and Cornwall. 
 Abuut 40 vessels, from 30 to 100 tons, are employed in 
 bringing ccals from Wales to this place. The duties on 
 customhouse ini|)orls amount to about 2^'jOO/g a year. It is 
 seatrri on the river Parret, 31 miles S. S. W. of Bristol, and 
 l;'.7 \V. by S. of London. iMarkets on Thursday and Satur-. 
 dav, for corn, cattle, <Vc. and particularlv for cheese. y 
 
 BRIDLE,*, [biidel. Sax.] the bit, headstall, fillet, throat- 
 band, reins, aial nose band, wiiich are fastened on a horse's 
 head to manage and ^oveni him. liguratively, a restraint, 
 curb, cheek. 
 
 To BRIDLE, V. a. [bridhan, Sax.] to manage a horse 
 by means of a britlle. Figar<iti\eK, to check; ox re- 
 strain ; or keep within bounds. Used neuti^iiy, to hold ui>. 
 the head in an aflected manner, applied to ihe attitudes of a 
 W(jiiiau. 
 
 BRIDLINGTON, orBrRLiNoTo^.asoa port of York- 
 shire, seated on a pretty large bay, near Flambi>rougli Head. 
 It has a commodious quay for ships, and is a place of good 
 trade. It is 36 miles N. of Hull, and 2as N. of London. 
 Market on Saturdav. 
 
 BRIDPORT, a small neat town in Dorsetshire. It has a 
 safe port for about 40 vessels, and stands on a lit lie hill near 
 the English Channel. The number of houses is about 400; 
 the jnarket is remarkable for hemp, and it furnishes lines, 
 twines, nets, sail cloth, Ac. to the Kewloundlr.nd fishery. 
 Itis 12 miles W. of Dorcester, and 135 W. by S.of Londou. 
 Market on Saturday. 
 
 BRIEF, (ijc*/') a.[l»ff, Fr.J appropriated to language, 
 short, concise, opposed to diftusive or verbose. 
 
 BRIEF, i-. [fioai 4m/, Bclg.] a short and expressive ac- 
 count or description. In l.\\\, a writ whereby a person is 
 summoned to answer to any action ; an abridgment of a 
 client's ease, containing in a concise manner the proofs 
 and objections that may be made by the contrary party, 
 with answers to llieni, wrote out I'm- the instruction of a 
 counsel on a trial. In c-:\ii'ju law, letters patent, generally 
 read in churches, giving a llreiire for making a collection all 
 over the kingdom for nn} public or private loss, the money 
 for which is collected by the cluirthwardens. 
 
 BRI'EFLY, ad. in few words ; concisely. 
 
 BRl'EFNESS, s. the quality of expressiug a thing in a few 
 words ; conciseness ; shoiiiiess. 
 
 BRIER, s. [tfvf), Sax.] in botany, a kind of prickly tree, 
 distinguished jiopularly info sweet or wild ; and being a 
 species of the ruse, see that article. 
 
 BIIIER-Y, a. full of briers, thorns, or prickly plants. 
 
 BRIGADE, s. [brigade, Vf.] hi the military art, a part 
 or division of an army, whether hor.->e or foot, under the 
 command of a brigadier. A brigade xfaii army, is a Imdy of 
 horse of ten or thirteen squadrons, or five or six battalions 
 of foot: w brigade nf a troop, is a third part (jf it, when con- 
 sisting of fifty soldiers ; but only a sixth, w hen it consists of 
 one hundred : that is, a troop divided into three brigade$'m 
 the former case, and into six in the latter. 
 
 BRKjA'DE-MAJOR, s. an officer apiiointed by the bri- 
 gadier to assist him in the management and ordering of his 
 brigade ; and he there acts asa major diies in anv army. 
 
 BRKiADIEIl-GENERAL, s. an otiicer comlnanding a 
 brigade of horse or foot, and ranking next below a major- 
 general. 
 
 BRI'GANDINE, «.[from Ij/g-imrf, Fr.] a kind of ancient 
 defensive armour, consisting of thin pliable plates, like 
 scales ; a covit of mail. 
 
 BRFGANTINE, s. [bngantin, Fr.] a small, light, flat, 
 open vessel, with twelve or fifteen benches on each side for 
 rowers, going both with sails and oars, fit for boarding, or 
 giving chace, and chiefly used by'the Corsairs. 
 
 BRIGG, a town in Lincolnshire, with a good market on 
 Thursday for cattle and provisions. It is seated on the 
 river Ankam. Some call it Glamford-bridgcs. It is 26 
 miles N. of Lincoln, and l.')3 N. of London. 
 
 BKKillT, a. [beuri, SaN.] shining, splendid; gliitcring
 
 with liglit. Figiinitivcly, sfron;;', rlcar ; (ir Itiiit m liicli 
 introduces iii'irc li<;lil irjtu tlic nriinl. No!)!.', sljinin:,'. illus- 
 trious, or tli.tt wliicia st-ts a person in a coiispitiioiis p<iiiit 
 of vipw, appiifii to action. Applied to sasacily, quick, 
 penetrating. 
 
 BRIGHTHE'LMSTON, orr.RKiKToN, a to«ti of Sus- 
 sex, on the coast, much resorted to in tljc liatliiui; s( ason. 
 The Steine is a hne lawn, or pul)lic na!k. l'.rij;lilon, in 
 lime of peace, is the station of the weekly patket-lioats to 
 and from Dieppe. It is .50 miles S. of London, and 74 N. 
 W. of Dieppe. Market on TluMsday. 
 
 To BHr(i[ITKN, r. a. to make a ihin^ shine which was 
 dull, or covered either W'illi rust or dust, ri^nnatively, to 
 disperse. To make famous ; to render coiispi<uoiis ; to 
 heighten, ap|i!ied to character. Used neuterfy, to siiiiie 
 again after heinj; ohscured. 
 
 HUlXillTLY, ffrf. with splendour ; with lustre. Fifjura- 
 tivcly, ill such a manner as will raise an advantageous idea 
 of ourselves. 
 
 BUI'fillTNESS, .?. the lustre which appears on the si<;ht 
 of hurnished metals, or cut diamonds; spli-ndor. Fi^aira- 
 tively : gooilness; sagacity ; pcrt'eetions that make a person 
 conspicuous. " The /(i7'r>-//^He,..s of his parts." Prior. 
 
 BlU'LM.VNCY, .<•. I from /jri/l,i„t, i'r.] greatness of lustre, 
 or splendor which daz/les the eves. 
 
 BRl'LLIANT, <t. IbrilUmt, Fr.] sparkling or reflecting 
 the rays of light with great lustre. 
 
 HHi'LLIANT. s. \f\on\briUer, Fr.] a diamond quite flat 
 nnderneath, and cut on its upper part in triangular faces, 
 the uppermost ending in a point. 
 
 RIlIiNl, s. [bn/mt)ie. Sax.] the edge or extremity of a 
 tiling. Applied to the hat, that part which is cocked or 
 turned upward. Applieil to any vessel, or drinking glass, 
 the uppermost part or edge. Figuratively, the surface 
 of any liouor or fluid. The toj) of a hank wiwhed by a 
 liver. 
 
 ToRRIM, ii.a. to fill full; to fill up to the brim. Neu 
 terly, to he full to the top. 
 
 BRI'MFUL, a. full to the top. Figuratively, ready to run 
 over by being charged too full. 
 
 BRFMMER, s. a vessel or bowl filled up to the brim. 
 
 BRI'MMING, a. filled to the top. 
 
 BRI MSTONE, s. in natural history, a fat, unctuous, 
 mineral, yellow substance, dry, solid, and friable, melting 
 with gentle heat, inflammable, and when tired in the open 
 air, burning almost all away with a blue flame, and a noxious 
 vapour; endued with an electric power, and not dissoluble 
 in an acid menstruum. 
 
 BRI'NDED, pnrt. [from brin, Fr.] streaked ; marked with 
 streaks or branches ; tabby. 
 
 BRI'NDl.SI, the ancient Brundusiujvi, a decayed city 
 of Naples, 3.5 miles NW. nf Otranto. 
 
 IJRi'NDLE, *. applied to the streaks n-pon the skin of a 
 beast, of a difi'erent or darker colour than tlie other 
 parts. 
 
 BRIDLED, pff/Mnarked with streaks of a different or 
 darker colour, applied to the skin of a beast. 
 
 BRINE, s. [brine. Sax.] any salt liquor ; sea-water. Figu- 
 ratively, tlie sea ; tears. The liquor or pickle which pro- 
 tee'ds from salted meat. 
 
 To BRING, V. a. [pret. / hrmtglit, part. pass, hrauo-ht ; 
 Iriiigan, Sax.] to cause a person to come, or to fetch a thing 
 to another, distinguished from cany, because it may then be 
 done by anotlier ; hut the word bring implies that a thing is 
 done by one's self. Figuratively, to procure; to produce. 
 Used with the particle in, to introduce. Used with bach, to 
 make a person or thing return; to recover; to recall. Used 
 with to, to lead, or conduct ; to induce, to prevail upon. 
 I.^sed with ahotil, to accomplish. Used with off, to clear from 
 any charge ; to free from danger. Used with ove-r, to pre- 
 vail on, or induce a person to alter his sentiments; to con- 
 vert or seduce. Used w'itlw'Mt, to discover a thing which is 
 coiieealed. Used with under, to subdue, \ anquish, or tyran- 
 niisc over. Used with (r;^ to instruct ; educate; to teach ; 
 
 BRI 
 
 to introduce a fashion ; to advance, or come forward with, 
 anplied to an army. " /?)!Hg ?(/) your men." S/mlt. .SvNON. 
 '1 o brine; implies conveying a thing ourselves from one place 
 to another, in opposition to the word teiut. To fetch, im- 
 plies going to a jilace in order to bring. 
 
 BUI'Nl.SH, a. [brine and isc. Sax.] like brine ; saltish. 
 
 iiUlNK, *•. [brink, Dan.] the extreme edge of a river ; 
 precipice, &c. Figuratively, the hsghest degree of dan- 
 
 BRINN, or BRUNN, a city and circle of Moravia, ;« 
 miles SW. of OIniuty. 
 
 BRl'NY, a. tasting saltish, or like brine, or any other li- 
 quor that riNend)les it. 
 
 iilllONY,*. See]?l{VONY. 
 
 BRISK, a. [brnsr/KC, I"r.] lively, gay, airy ; full of vivacity 
 and spirits, applied to the disposition. Vigorous, fu!l of 
 activity and power, applied to aelicjn. SirarkLiig, iiiaiif- 
 ling, applied to liquors. Bright, glaring, and strongly af- 
 fecting the sight, applied to colours. 
 
 'i'o BRISK UP, I', w. to advance in a sprightly, lively, 
 and nimble manner. 
 
 IMil'SKET, s.[bric/irt, Fr.] the breast of an animal, par- 
 ticularly that part which lies next to the ribs. 
 
 BRISKLY, ad. in a brisk, lively, active, and spiri-ted 
 manner. 
 
 BRI'SKNESS, «. a light, airy, and cheerful disposition ; 
 vivacity or liveliness ; activity, gaiety. 
 
 BRI'STLE, s. [bristi. Sax.] the strong hair which grow* 
 and stands upright on the back of a boar, &c. 
 
 To BRI'STLE, v. a. to erect the bristles upright when en- 
 raged, applied to a hog. Figuratively, to grow angry ; t« 
 advance to an enemy in order to attack him, or revenge an 
 affront, used with the p;'.rticle np. Neuterly, to stand erect 
 like the bristles of a hog. 
 
 BRI'STLY, a. in botany, encompassed with a substance 
 resembling hairs. Thick "set with hairs or bristles. 
 
 BRISTOL, a city and sea-port, partly in Gloucestershire, 
 ami partly in Somersetshire, to which last it was accounted 
 to belong, before it formed a separate jurisdiction. In 
 wealth, trade, and population, it has long been reckoned 
 the second in England ; the custom-house receipts, for Li- 
 verpool, however, have of late years considerably exceeded 
 those of Bristol. It is seated at the confluence of the Avon 
 and Fronie, about nine miles from the place where the Avon 
 discharges itself into the Severn. Ships of considerable 
 burden come up to the quays ; but there are now very great 
 improvements making in the docks, quays, and river, which 
 will make it one of the safest and most cosninodioiis ports in 
 the kingdom ; these iminovements are carried on with great 
 spirit and activity, and no expence is spared : the whole, 
 when completed according to the present excellent ami ex- 
 tensive plan, will, it is said, amount to near one millicn 
 sterling. Tlie trade of Bristol is extensive; sending 2,000 
 ships yearly to difl'erent parts of the world. The streets are 
 mostly narrow, but here are some elegant squares, and the 
 new parts of the town are niagnif.eent; th-ey are built of 
 stone, and much in the same style as Bath. Like it, they 
 also extend range above range, till fliey have reached the 
 summit of the hill against which the Gloucester side of the 
 city stands. The prospects in the vicinity of Bristol are 
 deliglitful,and the banks of the Avon.fhe lofty rocks, through 
 which it finds a passage to the sea, coveretl with herbage 
 and trees, and presenting the most awful precipices, are 
 highly romantic. They have plenty of coal from Kings- 
 wood and Mendip Hills, and the glasshouses, fouiideries, 
 sugar-works, etc. are numerous. The hot-well isveswted to 
 for the cure of several diseases, and is about a mile froii the 
 town, on the side of the river Avon. St. Vincent's Rock, 
 above this well, is noted for a sort of soft rliamonds, called 
 Bristol-stones. They make use of sledges instead of carts, 
 which, from their weight and friction, seem a heavy load in 
 theins'-lves ; neither do the horses pull together, the liind 
 horse beingiperpetually raising the fore part of the fledge, 
 and the fore horses perpetually pulling or pressing hini to 
 
 116
 
 BUO 
 
 BRO 
 
 tlie "round. It ought to be observed, ho\vcvci', that a part 
 of tlie to«ii having been built upon a nioiass, carts and 
 waggons are not allowed to ply there, from the apprehen- 
 sion of their shaking and endangering the iniildings. Bris- 
 tol is 40 miles nearlv S. of Hereford, 78 N. E. of Exeter, 
 34 S. W. bv S. of Gloiuesler, 50 S. S. W. of Worcester, 
 12 W. N. W. of Bath, and 1 17 W. of Loudon. Lat. CA. 28. 
 N. Ion: 2. 36. W. Markets on Wedneaday, Friday, and 
 .Saturday. 
 
 BlU'STOL STONE, «. a kind of soft diamond found in 
 Vincent's Rock, near Bristol. 
 
 BRITAIN' (Great) the title given to England and Scot- 
 land, since tlie union of the two kingdoms. See England 
 »nd Scotland. 
 
 BRITAIN (New) called also Terra Labrador, and Eski- 
 maux, a country in North America, between the river of St. 
 Lawrence and Hudson's Bay. It is subject to Great Britain ; 
 but we have no settlement in it, nor are there any inhabi- 
 tants but a rude savage sort of people, called Eskimaux, 
 who have neither laws nor religion. They have no houses, 
 but live in caves and holes in tiie sides of hills, aiui are the 
 only people in America that have beards, which almost hide 
 their faces. The chief produce is skins and furs. 
 
 BRITISH, a. belonging to Britain. 
 
 BRI'TTLE, n. [h-itirni. Sax.] tliat breaks or crumbles to 
 pieces wit ii the least force or violence. 
 
 BRI'TTLENESS, s. that quality which renders a filing 
 easy to break. 
 
 BRIZE, .?. the same with the gadfly. 
 
 BROACH, s. [broc/ie, Fr.] an instrument or stake forced 
 through -1 joint of meat, hy, means of which it is turncfl 
 round, and its parts are successively exposed to the action 
 of the fire, in roasting; a musical instrument, which is played 
 upon by means of a handle that turns a cylinder round on 
 its axis, piid gives motion to the several keys by pieces of 
 Vvire fixed perpendicularly on its surface. 
 
 To BR.OACII, 1'. a. to spit; to pierce with a spit. Figu- 
 ratively, to force a sp'cket or cock into a vessel in order to 
 draw the liquor ; to tap ; to open ; to wound, so as to let 
 out blood. A low expression, alluding to the tapping a ves- 
 sel. To be the author of, applied to doctrine or opinion. 
 
 BRO'ACHER, «. a spit or stake to roast meat on. Figu- 
 ratively, the first inventor, author, or founder of any opinion 
 or doctrine. 
 
 BROAD, {brud or hmud) a. \hrn(l. Sax.] wide, or the ex- 
 tent between the sides of a thing ; distinguished from kmi-t/i, 
 which is the extent or space between liie two ends. Figu- 
 ratively, l.irjre or ffrciit- " A hmd liiixluiC of ibliy." Imliv. 
 Diffusive, citai", niul bright. " Appears in the hmarlrsl 
 light." Dtciit/ nf Pict:;. Coarse, gross, oliscenc, applied to 
 language. " In some places he is hrotul and fulsome." 
 DryJ. Willi f!,ie eyes wide and open. " He was broad 
 awake." Bold, not delicate; not reser\cd. Broad as Unto; 
 implies e<puil on the whole. Synon. , By hrimdh under- 
 stood extended each way : as, bruad cloth ; a broad hri mined 
 Iiat. By nide is lueaiit hmad to a certain degree ; as, three 
 inches wide ; four feetwirfc. 
 
 BROADA'LBINE, a county of Scotland, bounded on the 
 N. by Alliol, on the E. by Gaiirie, on the .S. by Perthshire, 
 and on the W. bv Argyleshire. 
 
 BRO'AD-CA.ST, s. denotes the method of cultivating 
 corn, turiii|)s, pulse grasses, Ac. by sowing them with the 
 hand in wliieli method they arc scattered over the ground 
 at large, and thence said to be sown in broadcast. This is 
 called the old Inisbandry, to distinguish it from the drill, 
 liorse-hoeing, or new husbandry. 
 
 BRO'AD-CLOTH, s. a manufacture made of sheep's 
 wool of our oHU growth, mixed with that of Segovia in 
 Sp'iin, the staple commodity and honour of this nation, so 
 called from its breadth, which is so great that it is weaved 
 by two persons, who sit at each side, and fling the shuttle to 
 on.- another. 
 
 BRO'AD-EYED, «. that can see to a great distance 
 round; or has a vcrv large prospect insight. "In spite of 
 ■llfi ■ 
 
 iro(»f7-f)/M/ watchful day." Slmh. This conveys a noble image 
 to the iiiind, and is an elegant use of the term. 
 
 BRO;aD LEAVED, a. thathas broad leaves. 
 
 BRO'ADLY, ad. in a broad manner. 
 
 BRO'.^DXESS, «. breadth; the extent between the sel- 
 vages or list of cloth ; the space between the sides of a 
 thing. Figurativelv, obscene, immodest. 
 
 BRO'AD-SHOULDERED, a. measuring much, or of 
 great width between the shoulders. 
 
 BRO'ADSIDE, .«. the firing all the guns on one side of a 
 ship into an enemy's vessel. Figurati\ely, an attack ; or a 
 positive and unexpected cliargc of souiething criminal, bj 
 wav of accusation or reply. 
 
 BROADSWORD,*, a sharp edged cutting sword, with 
 a broad blade. 
 
 BROADWATER, a village on the sea-coast of Sus- 
 sex. 
 
 BRO'ADWISE, n.7. according to the direction of the 
 breadth. 
 
 BROCA'DE, .t. \lr,>cndo, Span.] a stiifli" of gold, silver, or 
 silk, raised and embellished with flowers, foliages, or .other 
 ornaments. 
 
 BROCA'DED, a. woven with flowers, or ornaments of 
 various colours. Figuialixely, drest in brocade. 
 
 BRO'C.'VGE, .9. money gained by promoting bargains ; or 
 wh- js given a broker for commission ; the trade of buying 
 and selling second-hand things. 
 
 BROCCOLI, s, [Ital.] in botany, a species of cab- 
 bage. 
 
 BROCK, i. [Iiroc, Sax.] a badger ; also, a hart of the 
 third year ; also, a hind of the same year, a broik's sister. 
 
 BROCKET, s. a red deer of two years old. 
 
 BROGUE, (i)do)«.[i)w, Ir.] a «oodeu shoe; a corrupt 
 or vicious manner of speaking or \)ronouiicing. 
 
 To BROI'DER, i'.«. [bndir, Fr.] to adorn with figures ol 
 needlework. 
 
 BROIL, i. [from t)0i(p7/f)-, Fr.] a quarrel, contest, tumult, 
 or war. 
 
 To BROIL, r. (I. [brider, Fr.] to drcss meat either by 
 placing it immediately on the coals, or on a gridiron over a 
 fire. Neuterly, to overheat by immoderate exercise. Used 
 improperly for to burn. 
 
 BRO'KERAGE, s. the fee or pay given to a broker fur 
 negotiating business. 
 
 To BROKE, -j.!i.[of\nicertLiinclymology. Skinner seem* 
 inclined to derive il from zo hrr<iti, because broh}i men turn 
 fuctors or brokers. Causabon derives it from the (ireek ; 
 but Mr. Lye more properly detluces it from a Saxon word. 
 signifying to procure] to transact business, or buy and sell 
 for anothiM- at a certaui sum per cent. 
 
 BROKENHEARTED, n. in a condition which admiUof 
 nocom'ort; dejected, in despair; disconsolate. 
 
 BRO'KENLY, ad. in an unconnected manner ; wiUiout 
 anv connection ; by loose sentences. 
 
 BROKEN MEAT, s. fragments, or pieces of meat taken 
 from a table. 
 
 BTvOKER, s.one who buys or sells, or transacts business 
 for aiiotiier. By abuse, the word is applied to those who 
 deal in second-hand goods. Exc/iangc-brvkcr, is one who 
 concludes bargains for others, relating to the remitting of 
 money, or bills of exchange. Stmhbrohcrs, arc those who 
 buy or sell, for others, parts or shares in the joint stock of 
 any public company, as the Bank, South-sea, &c. Pau^u- 
 hroliirx, iui- those who lend money to the necessitous, iipou 
 a pledge of goods given as security. 
 
 BRO'MLEY, a town in Kent, whose market is on Thurs 
 day ; on the road to Tunbridgc ; distant from London 9 
 miles. 
 
 BRO'MLEY, in StafTordsliire. See Abbot's Brom- 
 ley. 
 
 BHO'MSGROVE, a town of Worcestershire, with con- 
 siderable manufaclures of worsted, linsey, linen cloths, fish 
 hooks, needles, and nails. It is situated near the rise of 
 the river Salwarp, 15 miles NE. by N. of Worcester, and i\i
 
 
 iXu^^i 
 
 ^ "^^OKAJRY. wonB IBI- 
 
 e^^^
 
 BRO 
 
 15 ni; 
 
 N. W. of London. A good market on Tuesday for corn, 
 cattle, iiiid provisions. 
 
 IJllO'MYARD, a (own of Herefordsliire, situated in a 
 country full of orchards, Ui miles N. E. of Hereford, aud 
 12,5 W.' NVV. of Londou. Market on Monday. 
 
 BUO'NCMIA, (hrdiikia) s. | (Jr.] in anatomy, the ramifica- 
 tion of the tru'liea ; or certain brandies or hollow tul'ies 
 beloniiin;; to the windpipe, that are dispersed through 
 the hinss. 
 
 BUO'NCHIAL. (hronhieil) a. belonging to the throat. 
 
 Bri()'NCHOCKLK,(tjv>»/;(«t/(') s. [from hrumlins, wind- 
 pipe, and liele, swellinj;, (ir.J in sui^ery,a tumour arisinjj in 
 tlieauleriiir |)art of the neck, occasioned by some humour, 
 or some violence, as straininif in labour, liftiiij; weights, iVc. 
 Several individuals who wimc alilicted with a modification 
 of this disorder, were exhibited tlnou^jhout Knjjiand some 
 years since, under the name of monstrous craws. 
 
 BUONCIIO'TOMY, (hronl.olomij) s. |froni hrouchus, wiiifl- 
 pipe, and Inmno, to cut. Or.] tiip oiieralion which opens the 
 windpipe by inci.sion, necessary in many cases, especially 
 in a violent (piinsy, to prevent sufl'ocation from the great in- 
 fluence or tumour of the parts. 
 
 BlU)NT(1'LOCiY, s. [from In-oiite, thunder, and hgos, a 
 discourse, (Jr.] a discourse on thunder. 
 
 BBONZE, 4'. [bririza, Fr.l a metal compounded of copper, 
 tin, and zinc, which is em|>loyed for various uses, as iiiakiii;^ 
 hells, cannons, and statues. The projioitioiis of tiie com- 
 ponent metals being varied to suit th(> purposes to uhicii 
 the bronze is applied. Also a kind of colouring pri'pared 
 hy (he colourmeii ofl'aris, in imitation of brt)ii/e. There 
 are two sortsof it, the red, made ofcopperdustaud red ochre, 
 and the yellow, which i^s made of (lie tiiiesl copper dust 
 alone. 
 
 BltOOCII, s. [broke, Belg.] a jewel ; an ornament of 
 jewels. Figuratively, an ornament ; glory. 
 
 ToBR()(>r), V. a. [hfciliiii. Sax.] to hatch, or sit Vipon in 
 order to hatch ; to sit like a h;'n liatching her eggs; heauti- 
 fullv applied in the fcUowing sentence: "Where lirooduu^ 
 darkness spreads its jealous wings." Mi/t. To sit near, and 
 watch with great anxiety. Used actively, to hatch. Figura- 
 tively, to cherish or keep alive by incessant anxiety. 
 
 3IU)()1), s. [hroci, Sax.] tiie young of fowls, fishes, or 
 auuill land animals; a parcel of chickens hatched by one 
 hen at one time. Figuratively, oH'spring, children ; pro- 
 ductions. 
 
 BROODY, a. inclining to hatch, or to sit on eggs to hatch 
 tnem. 
 
 BROOK, s. [hroc, .Sax.] a small and shallow running x^a- 
 ter. SyNoN. Rivulets and brooks are certain species of 
 streams which are running waters, with this ditl'eience, that a 
 rivntet runs between banks, whereas a brook winds its way 
 through the meadows, or by a hedge-side. A rivulet is a 
 much larger. sy/cnm than a brook. 
 
 To BROOK, )'. a. [brucan, Sax.] to bear without resent- 
 ment or complaint ; to put up with. Applied to misfor- 
 tunes, or affronts, to endure. 
 
 BROO'KLIME, s. a sort of ivater speedwell, vei"y com- 
 mon in ditches, and not much unlike water-cress. 
 
 BROOM, s. [hrom, Sax.] in botany, the o-enisla, Lat. 
 gvmet, Fr. Liniueus ranges it in the third section of his 
 17th class. There are 10 species. Likewise an utensil 
 made with the tsvigs of the above-mentioned plant, and used 
 in jyveeping houses or streets. 
 
 BROt)'MGR.\SS, s. a genus of the grasses called by Lin- 
 naeus brooms. The English species are numerous. 
 
 BROO'MING, or Breaming, s. the burning the filth a 
 ship has contracted, with straw, reeds, broom, lic. when she 
 IS on the careen. 
 
 BROO'MRAPE, s. an herb with gaping blossoms found 
 amongst broom. 
 
 BKOO'MSTAFF, s. the staff to which the twigs of a 
 broom are bound, to uiake a besom; the handleofa1)room ; 
 named more generally in London a broomstick. 
 
 BROO'MY, n. full of, or abounding iu broom. 
 
 BROTH, t. \broih. Sax.] a kind of soup, made by brulirg 
 meatdo\Mi in a small (|uaiitity of water. 
 
 BR0T'11I-;L, or Broth KL-IIOUSR, s. [bordd, Fr. bar- 
 dilln, Ital. so called from their having been formerly b'lilt 
 near, or upon llie banks of rivers] a house iuliabiieo by 
 prostitutes, anil set apart for the purpose of lewdness. 
 
 BRO'THEl{, 4'. [brethren and brothers in the plural, the 
 former of which seems conliiu'd to the .Scriptures ; brother. 
 Sax.] a term of r<'lation betuccii two male cliildn n sprung 
 from the same father or mother, or both. Among the an- 
 cients, this term was used with greater latitude than at pre- 
 sent, and signified even first cousins ; in this sense it is used 
 in Scripture, when mention is made of our Lord's brethren. 
 Figuratively, a person united by the most ardent alfections 
 of fricnilship ; one of the same trade ; a perso;i resenibling 
 another in (jualities or conduct, .\mong divines, taken for 
 man in gtuiral, alluding to (Uir being all tiesceiided from 
 one coiumon parent. 
 
 JiROTIlKUHOOD, «. the state or condition of a bro- 
 ther; the relation in which one brother stands with respect 
 to another. Figuratively, men living together in tlie same 
 house, and professing the same principles, applied to nionki 
 or friars ; men incorporated together by the same charter ; 
 men of the same trade. 
 
 BROTHERLY, «. that suits or belongs to a brother. 
 
 BROT'HERLY, W. after the manner of a brother. Fi- 
 gurativclv, in a very alfectionate manner. 
 
 BROU(JH, or IUkga uimhi Stanmoke, a town of 
 Westmoreland, 6 miles from Applebv. Market on Thurs- 
 
 <••»-. . ; 
 
 BROW, (ihe ow is pron. like ow in now, 7ww) s. [brora. 
 Sax.] (lie arched collection of hairs over the <:ye in human 
 creatures. Figuratively, the looks, air, or aijpeaiance »f 
 the countenance. Applied to a hill, the verge, or extremity 
 ofils svirface. 
 
 To BRO'WBF,.\T, v. a. to endeavour to awe a person by 
 stern and haughty looks or words. 
 
 BROWN, (the OK' is pron. as in cow) a.[briin, Sax.l sun- 
 burnt, of u colour which may be made of a mixture o^' black 
 with another colour. Figuratively, dark, gloomy. Used as 
 a substantive, dark, or dusty colour. 
 
 FiKO'WNISH, n. somewiiat brown ; inclining to brown; 
 of a taint brown. 
 
 BRO'WNISTS, in cluirch history, a religions sect, whi< h 
 sprung up in I'.ngland towards the end ol the Kith century. 
 Their leader was one Robert Brown, a native of Northamp- 
 ton. They separated from the established church, dialiu- 
 ing its disci|)line and form of government. They were 
 equally averse to episcopacy and presbyterianisni. They 
 condemned the solemn celebration of marriages in churches ; 
 and maintained that matrimony being a political contract, 
 the confirmation of it ought to proceed from the civil ma- 
 gistrate. 'I'iiey rejected all forms of prayers, and atiirmed 
 that tlie Lord's Prayer ought not to be recited as a prayer, 
 it being only given as a model by which we are to form our 
 prayers. They were persecuted with great severity by 
 queen Elizabeth, who put several of them to deatli. The 
 greater part of their sentiments were adopted hy the Inde- 
 pendents, who do not however hold them with equal ie- 
 veritv. 
 
 BROAVNNESS, s. that idea or sensation w hich is excited 
 in the mind on seeing a brown colour. 
 
 BRO'WNSTUDY, s. gloomv meditations. 
 
 To BROWSE, (hrome) v. a. [broiisfr, Fr.J to feed on horli.% 
 leaves, or grass. To crop or eat, applied to cattle. Neu- 
 tcrlv, to I'eed or eat, used w ith on or iipM. 
 
 BROWSE, {lr-oiize)s. pasture; properly leaves or shruUi 
 fit for goats and other animals to eat. 
 
 BROW-SICK, a. ((ejected ; hanging the head. 
 
 BRU'OES, a large city of the ci-devant Austrian Flan- 
 ders, Yormely the English staple for wool, and the centre of 
 conuiuinication between the Lombards and the Hansealm 
 merchants. Its trade h<siO"er, having for many years de- 
 clined, the populatioi of Bruges is by no means cquj 
 
 117
 
 B It U 
 
 BUC 
 
 ;o i!s extent. It is eight miles North East of Os. 
 
 te.ul. 
 
 T.I BRLUSE, (bnize) v. a. [Iiriser, Fr.] to crush or hurt 
 bv auy thing tiliiiit, whicii does not cut tl'.e sUin, or let tiie 
 blood out ; to crush hy ;hiv weight ; to heat in a niortiir, so 
 ;!s only to crusli or destroy the form of a thing, without re- 
 tiucTug it to powdrr. 
 
 BRLI^jE, (bnizt) s. a hurt whereby the skin is not 
 broke. 
 
 BRU'ISEWORT, s. an herl), the same with conifrcy. 
 
 BRUIT, (ii-Bij .9. [limit, I'r.] a report, rumour, or noise; 
 something uhicii is the common to|)ie of conversation. 
 
 To BRUIT, {brut) I-. a. to spread abroad ; to divulge ; to 
 rumour. Both the verb and the noun are seldom used. 
 
 BRU'iMA, or Br AH MA, s. the idol of the Bracliuian5,\vho, 
 they say, produced as many worlds as he has considerable 
 parts; the first world, whicii is above the heavens, being 
 ibrmed of his brain • the second of Jiis eyes ; the tiiird of 
 his mouth, <Sfc. 
 ■ BRUM XL, a. [iriniiidi.v, Lat.] belonging to the winter. 
 
 BRUNETTE, f. [the phnal ir'iH««ei, according to Ad- 
 dison; Fr.] a person of a brown complexion; generally ap- 
 plied to the female sex. 
 
 BRU'NION, s. [bi-K^-iwti, Fr.] a sort of fruit between a 
 plum and a peach. 
 
 BRU'NSBUTTLE, a city of Holstein in Lower Saxony, 
 seated at the mouth of the Elbe, 13 miles NW. of Gluck- 
 stadt. 
 
 BRU'N.SWICK, the duchy of, a country of Germany, 
 fertile botli in corn and pastures, and divided into three 
 principalities, Wolfen buttle, Grubenhagen, and Celenberg, 
 which also comprehended the duchy of Gottingen. The 
 principality of Wolfen buttle had its own dukes; but the 
 other two belonged to the elector of Hanover. The terri- 
 tories of the house of Brunswick were more extensive; the 
 principalof which were the duchies of Brunswick and Lu- 
 nenberg, with the county of Uanneberg, annexed there- 
 to. 
 
 BRU'NSWICK, a populous city, capital of the duchy of 
 Brunswick, and the residence of the prince of Bnuiswick 
 Wolfenbuttle, seated on the rivei Ocker, 7 miles N. of 
 Wolfenbuttle, and 47 W. NW. of Magdeburg. 
 
 BRU'NSWICK, a city of New Jersey, in N.America, on 
 the SW. bank of tlic Raritan river, 12 miles atjove Pertli 
 Amboy. The inhabitants have a considerable inland trade, 
 and many small vessels. Here is also a tlourishing college, 
 called Queen's College. Lat. iO. 20. N. Ion. 74. 10. W. 
 
 BRUNSWICK NEW, the NW. division of Acadia in 
 North America. It is separated from Nova Scotia by the 
 river St. Croix on the E. having Canada on the W. aiid N. 
 and the Straits (if New York and New England on the S. 
 Its capital is Frederick's Town. Since the conclusion of 
 the -American war, the emigration of loyalists to this pro- 
 vince from the United States has been considerable. Large 
 tracts of land have been cull ivated, and several new towns laid 
 out, among which are Shelburne, Parr 'I'own, Digby, and 
 New Eilinl)urgli. The province is now rapidly advancing 
 ill population and fertilitv. 
 
 BRUNT, s. [briiiist, Belg.] the onset, attack, or shock of 
 au enemy ; the force, violence, and stroke of a caimon. 
 Generally used with the verb Oenr. To Imir tUe. hnnu, is lo 
 •sustain the attack of an enemy. Figuratively, any ditH- 
 oultv, or cross and Unexpected acciilent. 
 
 BRU'SH, s. [hrnssf, Fr.] an instrument nrade of bristles or 
 hair fastened to wood, used for sweeping riuuns, cleain'ng 
 clothes, or painting. Figuratively, a slight attack or skir- 
 fliifh In war. 
 
 To BIIUSFI, 1'. (7. to clear a thing of dust by means of a 
 brush ; to toiich iu one's passage. Usf-d with «/<, to paint, 
 lo make a thing look well by a brush. Used iiiut«rly, to 
 pass quick and close to a person, joined willi the piirlicle 
 t/y. " Briiih'il regiirclless lij." DiiiM. To sliiui upon the 
 surface; to pass along so as just to touch the surfiae in llie 
 j>a*»agc, used wltli uvkv. 
 
 BRU'SHER, s. a persoawho makes use of a brush ; i ,ir 
 who cleans with a briisn. 
 
 liUU'SHWOOD, s. rough, woody thickets. 
 
 BRU'SHY, a. rougii or shaggy like a brusn. 
 
 BRUSSELS, a large city in Flanders, capital of the kuc 
 Austrian Brabant, about 7 rarles iu circumference. The 
 streets are spacious, and the houses pretty high. In Brussels 
 are 7 s(|iiares or market-plates. The great market place is 
 elegant and beautiful. The public buildings are sumptuous, 
 ami here are numerous fountains. Brussels is celebrated for 
 its lace, camlets, and tapestiy. It is seated on the river 
 Senne, 22 miles S. of Antwerp,. 26 S. E. of (iheut, and 148 
 N. by !■:. of i'aris. Lat. .50. b\. N. Ion. 4. 28. E. 
 
 ToBRUSTLE, v. a. [hrastlmu. Sax.] to crackle; to make 
 a noise like the rustling of armour, or that of rich silks. 
 Figuratively, to swagger, liector, or approach a person ui a 
 till ealeniiig manner. 
 
 BR UT.\L, a. [brutal, Fr.] that belongs to a beast, opposed 
 to rational. Figuratively, inhuman, cruel, savage ; without, 
 or contrarv to, reason and the principles of humanity. 
 
 BRUTA'LITY, s. [bmtalite, Fr.] a disposition or beha- 
 viour contrary to tlie laws of reason and dictates of polite- 
 ness and humanity; churlishness, savageuess. 
 
 To BRUTALIZE, v. n. [btntuliser, Fr.] to grow morose, 
 savage, inhuman, and like a brute. Actively, to make 
 briilal. 
 
 Bl! tn' A ELY, ad. inhumanly ; churlislilr. 
 
 BiiVTE, a. [irnf IIS, ]^t.] senseless; savage; inhuman; 
 void of all the tender and social atl'ections ; not having the 
 use of icason ; rough ; uncivilized. 
 
 BHUTE, s. an animal without the principle of reason; 
 a beast. Figuratively, applied to men as a term of the most 
 mortifying reproach, and implying a person void of huma- 
 nity, and an enemy to reason. 
 
 BRUTISH, J- resembling a beast, either in form or qna- 
 lities. Figuratively, rude; inhuman; senseless; stupidly 
 ignorant; rei^ardless of reason, or contrary to its dictate*. 
 
 BRU TON, a town of Somersetshire, with a market on 
 Saturday. It is sealed on the river Brew, and is a well 
 built and well inhabited town, with a hanrlsome church, a 
 free-school, and a stii.tely alms-house, and has a manufacture 
 of serges and stockings. It is situated 12 miles SE. of Wells, 
 and 100 W. of London. 
 
 BRYONY, s. [bri/onin, Lat.j The white bryony is a 
 plant with hand-shaped leaves, rougli with callous points ou 
 both suiiaces, found in hedges. The blutk bryony has 
 heart shapiil undivided leaves.and is the same with ladyseal. 
 
 BUB, .?- a cant word for strong malt liqiio: . 
 
 BVHIM-E, s.[bubbe/, Belg.] a small bladder of water: a 
 little round drop of any fluid tilled and cxpende<l with air, 
 and destroyed by the least touch. Figuratively, something 
 easily destroyed ; a cheat, or the person chpiili-d. 
 
 ToBU BBLE, 1'. V. to rise in bubbles ; to make a jjeotlc 
 noise as it runs, applied to water issuing from some narrow 
 place, or its fountain head. Actively, to cheat, or del'iaud 
 by projects of iinaginary advantages. 
 
 BU'BIVLF-U, «. one who cheats by projects, prouiising 
 great advantages for the loan of money. 
 
 BUIK), s. flriuii baiibnn, the groin, Gr.] a tumonr or swel- 
 ling, attended with an inllainmation in the groin, tVr. ,-1 
 ntalitriiKiil bubo is oM'iug to some cont.igious (lisea^e, or 
 venereal taint. A niihl bubo takes its rise from the stagna- 
 tion of i^hitinous and inspissated blood. 
 
 BUBONOCK'LE, comnuuily called a ruptbrr, f. [fi-ora 
 hoiibiDi, tbe groin, and lielr, a swelling, Gr] in snr*ei-y, a 
 tumor in tin' groin, tinined by the prolapsus, or falling down 
 of the inlestines, omentum, or both, tlirougli the processes 
 of the peritoir.eum, and rings of the abdominal mu>clrs. 
 
 BUCCANIVEHS, or BUCCANl EltS, .t. a cant word lo: 
 the privateers and pirates in Anurica. The lerui was de- 
 rived from the manner in which these free-bix.ters, who 
 were many of them savages, were accu-.toinei! >n prepare 
 their meat, by hanging it in tlie suioke, whitli thvy caihiti 
 biiceaning it. •
 
 BUD 
 
 nuF 
 
 BUCEROS, J. in ri;iiiiral history, a species of raven found 
 iillhu i'lii.it Indies, Cliiiiii, 1111(1 Tiiitiiiy, (lihliiijjiiislieil liy its 
 iarge lieiul, mill a very coiisideiabit; swelliii-,' towards tiie 
 base of its liealv, 
 
 BU'CHAN, •! district of Abcrdeoiisliire, iiiScolIaiid. 
 
 RUCK, s. [Minh. Brit.] the male ol'tlie fallow deer, rabbits, 
 liai'eS, goats, iVc. Anions ileer it is as corimleiil, and has 
 lionis like a kiit, dilVoient only in sizf, and j;i""'ins out of 
 tjie iK-ad like (infjers in the hand. Likewise a cant name 
 of a club or society, so called fiom I heir use of these hunting 
 terms, caJling their president t/if s;rrni<l hiick, f,-e. 
 
 BUCK, s.[haiiclie, Teut.] ley made of ashes for washiiijr 
 linen. Figuratively, linen. 
 
 To BUCK, V. a. when from hm-h, sisiiifyiriRa deer, it de- 
 notes to copulate; and when from liitck, sif{nifyiiig ley, it 
 implies to wash clothes in lev. 
 
 BU CKBEAN, s. the frin;;o<l water-lily. Also a sort of 
 trefoil, freipieiit in ponds ait<l jiits. 
 
 BU'CKRNH AM, a town of Norfolk, willia market on Sa- 
 turday. — 1'2 miles E. of Thctford, mi N. 11 of London. 
 
 BlJCKl'-T, .'. [bfiijiiet, Fr.] a woi'rjen \'essel resembling 
 onehalf of a barrel or pipe, tilted with ;i h-.mdle formed like 
 a semi-circle, and used to draw water out of a well ; likewise 
 •I leatbcru vessel of the same form, used iu hres to serve the 
 eiMjiues with water. See Pail. 
 
 BUCKINGHAM, the chief town of Buckinshamshire, 
 with a market on Saturday. It is situated on a low ground, 
 on the river Ouse, by whicli it is almost surrounded, and over 
 it are three handsome stone bridges. There was formerly a 
 strong castle in the middle of the town. There is a county 
 jail, built not many years since. It is a corporation, sends 
 two members to parliament, and bad tin? tiile of a duchy. 
 It is JTt miles N. E. of Oxford, and 57 N. W. of London. 
 
 BU'CKlNGHAMSHlKEa county of England, bound(<i on 
 the N. by Northamptonshire, on the E. b\ Bedfordshire, 
 Hertfiirdshire, and Middlesex, on the W. I»y (>\for<!jhire, 
 and fMl the S. by Berkshire, from which it is separated by 
 the river Thames. Itisabont .39 miles in length, and 18 in 
 breadth, it contains 8 hundreds, 18.5 parishes, 16 market- 
 towns, of whom six send members to pailiaiiieiit, and above 
 111,400 inhabitants. The air is healthy, and the soil is rich 
 being mostly chalk or marl. The most general manufacture 
 is bo-ne-lace and paper. The principal rivers besides the 
 Thames, are the fjuse and Coin; the chief town is Buck« 
 iiigham. 
 
 BU CKLE, s.'[bwcel, Brit.] an instrument made ofa link of 
 nielal with a tongue and catch, used to fasten the straps of 
 shoes, the harness of horses, Ac. A curled lock of hair ; 
 or hair in a state to make it curl. 
 
 'J'o RU KCLE, I', a. to fasten with a buckle. Figuratively, 
 to marry, or join. To confine, used with the particle in. 
 To apply to, used with to. To comb a wig in curls ; to pre- 
 pare hiir for taking a curl. 
 
 To BU CKLE, V. n. [biic/icu, Teiit.J to bend or bow under 
 a weight, used with umler. Figuratively, to bend one's in- 
 clinations, to apply, or attend to. 
 
 BUCKLER, i. [from bvcnlm-imn, tlie middle point of a 
 sliield, barbarous, Lat.] a siiield still used by the Spaniards 
 in their uight-walks. 
 BUCKMAvST, s. the fruit or mast of the bcacli-tree. 
 1,U!CKU.\M, s. \bmigran, Fr.] a thick .sort of linen or 
 lieuipen cloth, stifi'ened with gum, chiefly useci in the 
 llnioirs of clothes, to sustain and make them keep theirforni. 
 lUi'CKTMORN, s. a tree that bears a purging berrv. 
 BUCKWHEAT, a plant, otherwise calleil Frenchwheat. 
 BUCO'LIC, s. [from boukoUkos, belonging to oxen, Gr.] 
 pastoral poetry. 
 
 BUI), s. [boiiton, Fr.J in botany, the small swellings or 
 protiiirienccs on the bark ofa tree, which turn to shoots, &c. 
 Among gardeners, it denotes the first tops of sallad plants ; 
 and in husbandry, a weaned calf of the first year, being so 
 named from the budding of its horns. Figuratively, tiie 
 l>eginning, first appearance, tender and immature state ofa 
 tiling. 
 
 ToBUD, r.n. to swell with gems or little prominencei. 
 Applied til vegetables, to put forth shoots. Figuratively, Ic 
 be in the bloojn of youth. Actively, in gardening, to inocii" 
 late by inserting a bml into atree. 
 
 BU'DA, oriii I IN, the capital of Lower Hungary, situ- 
 ated on the side of a hill, on the \V. bank of the Danube, 
 opposite I'est ; formerly the residence of the kings of Mun- 
 gar>'. The |)ublic buildings are elegant, its warm batln 
 very magnificent, ami in the adjacent country are vineyards, 
 producing a red wine in great estimation. It is 12;') miles E, 
 S. E. of Vienna, and 500 N. W. of Constantinople. Lat. 4/. 
 2.5. N. Ion. IH. 22. E. 
 
 BU'DD.A, one of the Ceylonese gods, whom they suppose 
 to have arrived al'siipremacy, after successive transmigra- 
 tion, from the lowest state of an insect, through the varioMs 
 species of living animals. There have been three deities of 
 this name, each of w hich is supposed to reign as long as a 
 bird is employed in removing a hill of sand half a mile high 
 and six miles round, by a single grain in a thousand vears. 
 
 BU'DDESDALE, a town of Suffolk, with a mai^et on 
 Thursday. It is seated in a valley, and has a small chajiel, 
 and an endowed grammar-school. It is 15 miles N. E. of 
 limy, and 87 N. E. of London. 
 
 BIJ'DDLIC, s. a plate where miners wash tlieir oe to fit 
 it for the furnace. 
 
 To BUDGE, 1'. n. hmiR-er, Fr.Jto stir; to move. 
 
 BUDGE,*, the furof lambs. 
 
 BUDGE, n. still"; snrlv ; formal. 
 
 BUDGET, s. [bojigette, Fr.] a small Iiag; tliat which '» 
 contained in a budget ; a stoie or stock. 
 
 BU'DLEY, a town of Devonshire, situated on the river 
 Otter, near its mouth. Market on Monday. 
 
 BUENOS AYRES, (so called on ace<unit of the saluliritv 
 of the air) is one of the most considerable sea-ports of South 
 America, and capital of the province of Paraguay, or La 
 Plata, and the seat of a viceroy. Its situation is on the south 
 side of the river La Plata, .50 leagues within its mouth, 
 (where the river is seven leagues broad) in a countrv truly 
 paradisaical, being overspread with a beautiful verdure a.i 
 far as the eye can reach. It contains upwards of 70,OCO iu- 
 liabitants ; and provisions arc in the greatest abundance. 
 The streets are straight and broad, and the buildings tolera- 
 bly regular. 'She productions of the country are, iudigo, 
 tobacco, vincenta wool, cotton, tiger skins, seal skins, cop- 
 peras, figs, dried tongues, dried beef, hams, s-:ilfron, cochi- 
 neal, cocoa, hemp, hair, wheat, gums, drugs, gold, silver, 
 and precious stones, besides tallow and hides, which may 
 be considered the great staple, 1,.500,000-of the latter being 
 annuailv exported. — On JLine28tli, ISOG, this town and its 
 dependencies suirendi'red to an English squadron under Sir 
 Home I'opham, seconded by about 1600 land forces com- 
 manded by major-general i?eresford ; and treasure to tlie 
 amount of more than a million of dollars fell into the hands 
 of the victors, and was conveyed to England. But scarcely 
 did the mercantile speculations which this con.piest had 
 invited begin to abate, when the mortifying intelligence was 
 received, that the Spaniards had, w ith a far superior force, 
 retaken the place on the 12th of August follo\sing; by 
 which the British army became prisoners of war, and cap- 
 tured property (not removed) to the amount of more than 
 three millions of dollars, fell again into their bands. On 
 July 6th, 1.807, this place was again attacked by the British, 
 under general Whitelock ; but the consequences were dis- 
 astrous : the troops being inipruileiitly marched directly 
 into the town, were fired upon on all sides ; and after suf- 
 fering severely in this situation, the total evacuation of S. 
 America was agreed to on the dav following. — Lat. 34. 36. 
 S. Ion. .58. 26. W. 
 
 BUFF, s. [from hnffah, Fr.l a sort of leather prepared frou; 
 the skin of tlie buHalo; used for waist belts, pouches, and 
 militarv accoutrements. 
 
 BU'FFALO, s. [I tab] an animal of the ox kind, but wild, 
 with large, crooked, and resupinatcd horns ; equal in size 
 to our largest oxen, with an aspect fierce and terrible, liie
 
 BUI. 
 
 BUL 
 
 oye5 bin and prominent, the ears long and patulous, the neck 
 tliick and sliort, the flesh iiaiising loose under the tliioat. 
 It is a native of the Kast, hut brought into Italy, and other 
 parts of Europe, where it is used as a beast of burden and 
 i!i?.:!Rht. 
 
 BU'FFET, s. {hiiffeto, Ital.] a blow on one side of the 
 head given with tli'e list. Figuratively, indignity, persecu- 
 tiiin, or hadship. 
 
 BU'FFET, s. [hiffct, Fr.] a kind of cupboard or closet 
 foimed with an arcli at the top, and furnished willi shel\es, 
 used to place cliina and plate in for show ard onjaincnt. 
 
 To BUTFET, v. a. [buffWer, Fr.] lo strike on tlie head 
 will] the hand ; to box. Figuratively, to strike any thing 
 forcibly witli the hand. Used neuterly, with the particle 
 for, to box, o'- fight witli the lists. 
 
 BUFFETER, s. one who fights with his fists ; a boxer. 
 
 BU'FFLKHEADED, n. that has a head like a b„f,ilo. 
 Figuratively, dull, slupid. 
 
 BUFFOON, s. [liiiffini, Fr.] one who endeavours to ex- 
 rile laughter by low jests and antic postures ; a uierry- 
 andrew, a jack-pudding. 
 
 BUFFOONERY, J. the using low jests, ridicukms pranks, 
 or scurrilous mirtii, to extort a laugh from the company. 
 
 BIJFONITjE, «. in natinal history, a kind of extraneous 
 fossils, called lycodontes, or wolf's teeth. 
 
 BUCi, s. [bii^, Brit.] au insect of a roundish flat form, a 
 darkish rcil colour, wliich breeds in household stiilV iirul 
 lili.i?ters wlufre il bites, is produ<'ed from a nit, and slinks 
 when kille<l. Likewise a tlying insect formed like a beetle, 
 ir.;ined a Mnti uiis: or Mnt/ fli/. 
 
 BUG, or BUGBEAR, ^ [from i»-, Brit,] an object which 
 raises terror ; a walking spectre ; a ghost ; generally applied 
 lo the imaginary terror used to frighten children. 
 
 BU'GGINESS,^«. the state of being infected with bugs. 
 
 BUGGY, a. abounding with bugs. 
 
 HC'GLE, or BU'GLE-HORN, s. a small bending lioru; a 
 hunting horn. 
 
 BU'GLK, ^. a shining bead, of a cylindrical form, and 
 made ofglass. Also a plant. 
 
 To BUILD, (liM) r. a. [the prefer. I built, or have built ,- 
 liililcH, Belg. I I o make or raise houses, tVc. Figuratively, 
 to raise on iiny thing as a support or foundation. 
 
 BUI'LOF.R, s. one who constructs or raises houses, &c. 
 
 BUILDING, «. a fabric or place erected for shelter from 
 the weather, for dwelling, or for the purposes of religion, 
 security, or niaguilic.^nce. Building is used, in its primary 
 *ense, for the art and act of raising edifices. 
 
 BUILTH, a town of Brecknockshire, pleasantly situated 
 on the river Wye, over which it has a bridgi>, into Radnor- 
 shire. It consists of about 100 houses, and its inhabitants 
 have a trade in stocking.'; and flannels. It is 16 miles N. of 
 Brecknock, and 171 W. N. W. of London. Markets on 
 Monday and Saturday. 
 
 BU'I-.AM, a fertile island of .^f!ica, abo\it 8 leagues long, 
 and .■? broad, at the mouth of the Rio (iraude. An attempt 
 has been lately made to colonize it l.-y free negroes, under 
 the direction of the Bidam Association in England ; as also 
 loestablisha friendly intercourse with tiie natives.andatiade 
 unpolluted by slavery ; but the settlement was destroyed by 
 Africans from the continent. 
 
 BUL'B, .«. \liiilliiis, Lat.] in botany, a tliick root, nearly 
 round; of which ther(! are two species. 1. The tunicated, 
 or coated. 2. The squamous, or scalv. 
 
 BULBA'CEOUS, a. [bulbaceus, Lat.] the same as hulious, 
 but not so proper. 
 
 BU'LBOUS, a. [biilbosus, Lai.] that resembles or contains 
 a bulb; I h;it has a round root. 
 
 BL'LFINGf I, *. a song-bird ; so callerl from its red co- 
 Iriiir ; noted for imitating wind nuisic, particularly the 
 Ikigeolct. 
 
 BL'LC.iA'RIA, a province of Turkey in Europe, bounded 
 on the N. by Wallachia, on the E. by the Bla<-k Sea, on 
 Ihc S. bv Romania unci Macedonia, and on the \V. liv 
 Servia. The principal towns arc Viddin, Sophia, Nicopoii, 
 
 and Silistria ; the last of which is partly inhabited by 
 Tartars. 
 
 To BULGE, V. 71. [originally written ii7g-e, which signified 
 the lower part of a ship] to spring a leak by striking the 
 
 ip] 
 pi 
 
 bottiun on some rock or place which makes a hole, or fore 
 oft' some o<'the timlier, applietl to a ship ; to founder. To 
 stick or jut out, used with the particle /"/nm. 
 
 BULIMY, *. [from bous, an ox, and limos, hun";er, Gr.] in 
 medicine, an enormous appetite, attended with faintiiigs, 
 and coldness at the extreme parts. 
 
 BULK, s. [bulcke, Belg.] size, dimensions. Used with the 
 word piuple, tS.c. the greatest part, and sometimes the vuU 
 gar. 'ilie human frame. Applied to a ship, the whole space 
 in tlie bow for the stowage of goods ; likew ise the cargo. 
 To break bulk, is to open or unload any part of the cargo. 
 
 BULK, s. [bielche, D.H1.] in budding, a part of a building 
 projecting from the window, like a table, and used either 
 for placing commodities on, by way of show; or for porters 
 to pitch their burdens. 
 
 15ULKINESS, J. the largeness of a thing; the greatness 
 of size or dimensions. 
 
 BULKY, a. of great size or stature. 
 
 BULL, s. [bulle, Belg.] the male of black cattle, kept ge- 
 nerally for propaguting the species ; any thing made in tlie 
 form of a bull. In asfionomy, one of the twelve signs of 
 the zodiac, into which the sun enters in April. A blunder 
 or contradiction. In ecclesiastic history, an instrument 
 made out the Roman or pope's chancery, sealed with lead, 
 and of the same nature with the edicts of secular princes. 
 The seal presents on one side the heads of St. Peter and St. 
 Paul, and on the other, the name of the pope, and the year 
 of his pontificate. 
 
 BULL, in composition, sometimes denotes largeness, as 
 bidlhend, and in such cases it is not to be looked on as de- 
 rived from the English noun, but from the Greek particle. 
 
 BU'LL.4CE, s. a wild sour plum. 
 
 BU'LI^B.\ITIN(i, s. [from i.i/and ba-ta». Sax.] the worry- 
 ing or teazingabull, by setting dogs on him. 
 
 BU'LI^DOG, s. a species of dogs of a strong make, roiino 
 head, noted for never ciuilting its hold whenever it has fas- 
 tened, and used in baiting bulls, which tliey generally seize 
 by the nose, and pin to the ground. 
 
 BU'LLI'.T, s. [boiilet, Fr.] an iron or leaden ball or shot 
 u.sed to load guns with. According to Mr. Derhani, a bullet 
 shot out of a great gun flies a mile in a little above seventeen 
 half seconds, and reckoning the sun's distance 8fi,0.'jl,;}98 
 English miles, would be thirty-two years and a half in its 
 pa.ssage to it, in its full force, lled-lui butlits are healed in 
 a forge, and used to set a place on fire, containing combus- 
 tibles. Hutluw bidleis are made cylindrical, with an opening 
 and fusee at o,ne end, which giving fire to the inside, when 
 in the ground it bursts, and has the same ett'ect as a mine. 
 Cliaiiibiillits are two bullets joined by a chain three or four 
 feet long. Jiramli bullets, two balls j.oined by a bar cjf iron 
 five or six inches apart ; and t uo-hendcd bullets, named like 
 wise angles, are the two halves of a bullet joined by a bar or 
 chain ; they are chiefly used in sea-fights, to cut the rigging, 
 masts, (He. 
 
 BU'LL-I1E.\D, J. figuratively, a slupid person. In natu- 
 ral history, a fish, called likewise the miller's thumb: its 
 head is broad and flat, disproportioiuile toils body. 
 
 BU Ll.iON, s. [billdii, Vr.] gold and silver in llie mass, nei- 
 ther wr<uiglit nor coined ; .so named either when lh( v are 
 first melted from llie ore, or alter they arc retined and cast 
 into ingots, or bars. 
 
 BU'l.i-OCK, s. the same with the ox, or gelded bull. 
 
 BU'LLY, .«. a person who makes use of threnti'ning 
 expressions, and insolent behaviour, with grr;il show of 
 courage, but possessed of great cowardice. In low lan- 
 guage, used for one who attends a strunqiet, and espouse- 
 her (piarrels. 
 
 To BULLY, I'.rt. to behave Willi noisy insolence and pet- 
 .s<iir.ited courage, in order lo frighten a persoji into any mej» 
 sure or compliance.
 
 P.ll'LRrSIi, *. a larg«i'ruili„gioViiii;; in ilie sia, rivci.s 
 and ill moist jilaccs. 
 
 BD'I.WARK, f. [Wii'<>.%, B('lg.] a Antilitaiioii or bas- 
 tion, .rijjinalivtly, ii security or protL'Clioii. 
 
 BUM, J. [t>o)umt:, Belft.] that part of the postoriors on 
 wliic)i a person sits. Used in composition, to convey llie 
 j.jdea of reproacli, or sonictliing low and despicable, as in 
 , iIk' followiui,' word-, bum-bailiff'. 
 
 BUM BAILIFF, i.a person employed to execute a writ, 
 or arrest a person; a baiiifl'oftlie meanest sort. 
 BUMP, s. a swelliu!' occasioned by a lilow. 
 To HUMP, V. ri. to kick a person, or strike liim with llie 
 knee in the breech. To make a loud uoiic, ap|iHed to that 
 made l>y the bittern. 
 
 BU'MPl'R, .T. [perhaps a corruption from bou peie, it be- 
 ing customary in Italy to drink the popes health in full 
 glasses] a cup or glass filled up to the brim, or as full as it 
 can hold. ,1 ' ,1 . , I , . 
 
 BU'MPKIN, 3.[boomhen, Bel^.] a person who has not had 
 die bencfitof a polite education, birt is gross in liis concep- 
 tions, rude or unpolished in his behaviour, and void of ex- 
 perience with respect to the world ; a rustic, or clown. 
 
 BUNCH, J. [buiickfr, Dan.] any prominence, hard knob, 
 or swellinjj, rising above the surface Qf a thing. Many things 
 of the same kind growing together. A cluster, applied to 
 vegetables. Several things collected, or tied together at 
 «ip of their extremities. 
 
 To BUNCH, V. n. to grow in knobs or protuberances. 
 To swell, used with out. 
 
 BUNCHBA'CKED, a. having bunches on the hack ; 
 hump-backed ; crooked, owing to the dislocation of the 
 back or shoulder bones. • 
 
 BU'NCHINESS, «. the quality of being uneven with re- 
 spect to surface ; growing in knobs or clusters, opposed to 
 Hiioolhness. 
 
 BU'NDLE, s. [bi/ndle, Sax.] a parcel of goods, or collec- 
 tion of things wrapped or tied together, iiichiding the secon- 
 dary idea of being easily portable. 
 
 To BU'NDLE, V. a. to tie or wrap several things together. 
 Figuratively, to be included or collected togetiier; to be 
 comprehended or connected. , 
 
 BUNG, s. [biii^, Brit.] a stopple of wood, cork, &c. for 
 tfie bung-hole of a cask. 
 
 To BUNG, i;. «. to stop a barrel close at its largest vent 
 or hole. 
 
 BU'NGAY, a town in Suffolk, with a market on Thurs- 
 day. It is seated on a spot watered by the river Waveny, which 
 ieparates it from Norfolk. It has two parish cinirches, one 
 rfwhich is handsome, and in the midst of the town are the 
 ruins of a famous nunnery. It is a good tradiiiL' town, and 
 the wonieu are employed in knitting worsted stockiii::s. 
 The market is large for corn. It is 14 miles S. of Norwich, 
 iiid 107 N. of I.oufion. 
 
 BU'NGIIOLE, s. a large round hole in a barrel by which 
 it IS filled. , , ,, , 
 
 To BU'NGLE.V. n. to perforin aiiy, thing in a chimsy 
 a>Tk\vard iiiauner. Used actively, to botch." Figuvalively, 
 to palliate grossly. Joined with the particle u/r 
 
 BU'NOLE, s. a botch ; an awkward and clumsy per- 
 formance. 
 
 BU'NGLEPv, s. a bad workman ; one who does a thing 
 n an ignorant, awkuard, or clumsy manner. 
 
 BU'NGLl.NfiLY, ad.ia a bad, clumsy, ignorant, or 
 awkward manner. 
 
 BUNN, «. [bnnelo, Span.] in pastry, a cake composed of 
 yeast, flower, and tarraway seeds. 
 
 BUNT, s. [corrupted according to Skinner from bent] the 
 middle part of a sail formed into a bag, or pouch, that it 
 may contain more wind. Buut-Unes are small lines fastened 
 to the foot, and reeved through little blocks soize-1 to the 
 yard, serving to hoist up the bunt of the sail, that it may be 
 furled with greater ease, 
 
 To BUNT, V. j(. to swell, used with the particle o\it. 
 GU'NTEll, s. fa caul ivord] a woman whc picks np rags 
 
 ill the street. Used figuratively, as a term of reoroach, t< 
 convey the idea of a dirty, naslv, \w an, and lo« liv(d crru- 
 lure. 
 
 BUNTING, t. the stuff of which a ship's colours arr 
 made. Also -a bird of the lark kind. 
 
 BU'NTlN(il ()1M>, a town of Hertfordshire, with a 
 market on Aloiidiiy. It is a largn tliiiro\igh('ajc on the N, 
 road, 7 miles S. of Koyslon, aiid.'Jl N. by W.of London. 
 
 BUOY, {buy) t. [Aoiif, or boi/e, i'r. | a piece of woi d or cork, 
 and sometimes an empty barrel, well closed, floating in ih* 
 water, lied to a cable fastened to the bottom of the sea, ir. 
 ordir to inform |)ilots and mariiu rs where anchors are drop- 
 ped in the harbours, where the '.vrecks of ships are supk, 
 fogcllier with shallow places, sand-banks, and oilier iin- 
 pedimenls. The mtst bunt/ is made of a piece of a mast;«ir 
 other piece of wood, which stands out of the Wirter. Biioji 
 is sometimes used fora sea mark, wliicli shews the dangcis 
 ofditlicult passages. 
 
 To BUOY, V. a. {botj) to raise above the surface of the wa- 
 ter; to keep afloat. Figuratively, to keep any principle 
 or thing from subsiding, or sinking uiuler oppression. To 
 cause a thing to ascend by its specific lightness. Neuterly, 
 to float. Figuratively, to surmount or gel the better of all 
 ditliciilties or impediments. 
 
 Bi'O'YANCY, (4wi/n«n/)s. the quality of floating; or thai 
 ciuality which prevents a thing from subsiding, sinking, oi 
 (lescending. The degree of /.«('«((»<i/ depends on the ligiit- 
 iiess of a substance conipare<l with that of the medium ir, 
 which it floats, thus cork will swim in water, and vapoui 
 will ascend in air, because the specific gravity of cork is less 
 than that of water, ami the specific gravity of vapour less 
 than that of common air. 
 
 BUOYANT, (bi,,i<mi) a. floating ; light ; that will not 
 sink. Figuratively, animating or that keeps from dejec- 
 tion. ■ , 
 
 BU;RB0T, s. a river fish full of prickles. 
 
 BU'RDI-N, s. [spelt more properly burthen ; bnjlhen, Saxl 
 a load, supposed to be as much as a man or a horse eais 
 carry. Figuratively, a dilbcully, oppression, affliction, or 
 any thing that all'eets a person with weariness, or becomes 
 irlws.jme ; the number oftons or weight a ship can carry. In 
 trade, applied to steel, liJOlb. In music, the drone or base 
 of an organ, bagpiiie, cVc. and the pipe or string which 
 sounds it ; hence the words which are repeated at the end 
 of every stanza, are called the huithni of a song. SyNON. 
 By the word burllicnwc uiulerslaiul a weight possible to be 
 borne ; by /««'/, aw ciglit more than we are able to bear. \ 
 light buit/un is no inelegant expression ; but a li^^ht load 
 certainlv is. 
 
 To BURDEN, !■. «. to load : to ercumber. or put a per 
 son to great ex pence. 
 
 BU'RDENER, s. one who loads. Fignratively, an op- 
 pressor. 
 
 BU'RDEXOUS, a. that makes a load heavy. Fignra- 
 tively, grievous, oppressive, irksome ; putting a person to 
 great expence, without being of any service to lijm. 
 
 BURDENSOME, n. appHed to'a very pressing load on 
 the body. Figuratively, applied to atilictiohs,ortlie trouble 
 one person "ives auotlier, atHicting tlie mind Avith grfai 
 anxiety and distress. 
 
 BU'RDENSOMENESS, s. applied to loads, weiglit or 
 heaviness. Figuratively, applied to calamities and incon- 
 veniences. 
 
 CU'RDOCK, J. a very common plant, with heart-shaped 
 leav( s, iiiiii t)urple blossoms; the same with theclot-biu. 
 
 BUREAU", (burd) a. [Fr.] a chest of drawers, with 
 the top sloping, and furnished with pigeou-hules to keep 
 writings iu. . . ■ 
 
 BU'RFORD, a town of Oxfordshire, witn manufacfories 
 of duft'els, rugs, and sadiiles. It is seated on the river Wind- 
 rush, 71 miles from London. Market on Saturday. '. 
 
 BURGAGE, s. in law a tenure proper to cities antl b<v- 
 rough towns, whereby lands ;ire held of the king, o'r'otJict 
 lord, at a certain yearly rent.
 
 nr R 
 
 BUR 
 
 ntlRGAMOl, t. \hcrc;amnttr, J'r.] a spcciei of iiiclicnv 
 jiiiLy pear., A kindof pt'ifuine. 
 
 BlJliGEOI S, {bnorjais) s. [boin-geuij:, !■>.] a small type llso<l 
 l>y printers. A citizen, a burgess. 
 
 nU'KfrESS, s. [Inmr^eois, Fr.] an inlinbitant of a boroufjii 
 • ■r city ; or a representative of a borough town in par- 
 1 anient. 
 
 BURfiH, J. a corporate town or borough. 
 
 BURGH, a triwn of Lincolnshire, V2 miles N. N. E. of 
 Boston, and ]33 N. of London. Market on TInirsday. 
 
 JJII'RGHER, s. [from Inns: and wter. Sax.] one who has the 
 riijht of a citizen, or a vote for a parlianienl -men. 
 
 BU'RGIIERSHIP, .^ [from burgher, and scyp, Sax.^ the 
 diOTity, privilege, or office of a burj^hcr. 
 
 BURGLARY, s. in l;nv, a felonious breakinff and enter- 
 ing a person's house in the ni;^ht-time, with an intent to com- 
 mit some felony, uln'tlier it be executed or not. If the 
 offence happen in llu' daytime, it is tlien called /iiji..w- 
 broulUng, by way of distinction. A reward of 40/. is given 
 for apprchendin;; pcrbonS gniltV of this crime, by 5 Ann. 
 <•. .51. 
 
 BU'Rr.O>L-\STKR, (most properly spelt hurghmmmtn-) 
 s. [bnrglier, and mmtcr, Belg.] the chief nia-^istrale of the 
 towns of Holland, Flanders, and GermairV, Und answers to 
 an alderman and aherifl of London. 
 
 BURGOS, a city of Spain, car.ita! of Old CliSfile, seiited 
 partly on a mountait., and extcjiding to liie river Arlanzon. 
 The squares, imblic buildings, and fnnntinnsale niagnihcenl, 
 and the walks agreeable. INIany maMiitaclories ate ciirried 
 on here. It is i)5 miles E. bv S. of Leon, and 11/ N. of 
 Madrid. Lat. 42. 20. N. Ion." 3. 30. W. 
 
 BU'RGUNDY, a ci-devant province on tiie W. of Fi'atice. 
 It is fertile in corn, fruits, and exceliint uine, !nid is liuw 
 formed into the departments of Aube, (otc d'Or, Saone, and 
 Loire, and Yoinie. 
 
 BL'RI AL, .r. the mterring or placing a dead body in llic 
 jfrbund. Figuratively, the placing any tiling in the earth, 
 or under the water. The burial scri'ict is an othce of the 
 church, performed at the grave and interment of one of its 
 members. 
 
 RU'KIER, s. he that places or inters a corpse in the grave, 
 rignratively, that which removes any corpse or other things 
 out of sight. Seldom used. 
 
 nU'lMNT,, .'. [Fr.] a tool used by engravers to make their 
 marks, or etch on metal. 
 
 To lUJKL, r. ff. to dress clothes as fullers do. 
 
 BURLESQUE, (b„rl(.sl:) s. [Fr.]a droll, ludicrous kind of 
 poetry, wlierein both persons and things are represented in 
 »uch a ridiculous lii^lit as to excite laughter. 
 
 To BUULESC^UE, ibnrlhh) v. a. to turn, to ridicule; to 
 represent a jierson or thing in a luilicrous and ridiculous 
 maimer. 
 
 151 'KLY, ff. tall, or over-j;ro\vii, applied to stature. Of 
 large dimensions, or very wide, applied to breadth. High- 
 sounding, swelling, or pompons, applied to style. 
 
 To lU'RN, r. n. pn'ter. I burnt, or have burnt ; [Acnimr, 
 Sax.] to consume or destroy by (ire ; to oceasion a wound 
 by fire, or any hot solid body. Neuferly, to be on fire ; to 
 kindle. Figurativelv, to shine as if in flame. To be vio- 
 lently agitated or infiamed by passion; to make the checks 
 glow with heat, or consume like latent fire. 
 
 I'UltN, s. a wound or hurt received from fire. 
 
 I'.U r.NI'/l\.t. a plant, the same with pimpinella. 
 
 BURNIIAM, a town of Norfolk, seated near the sea, with 
 a good harbour, and a consideral)Ie trade in corn, 32 miles 
 N. W. of Norwich, and 12G N. K. of London. Market on 
 Saturdav. 
 
 BU'RNILXM, a lishinij town of Essex, at the month of the 
 river Crouch, which is here called Burnham Water. The 
 Walrteet and Bnrnhani oysters, are the product of the 
 creek and pits of this river. It is 40 miles E. by N. of 
 London ■ • 
 
 BU KNINO, ,f. the action of lire on sotiie sul)stance, 
 niierili\ the miiiiile parts are forced from ea* h other, put 
 I J J 
 
 into violent motion, and some of them assuming the* nature 
 of lire lhenis<lves, IK od' to their proper sphere, while others 
 either ascend in va|)Ours, or arc reduced to ashes. Figuta- 
 tively, fiaiiie or fire. 
 
 l.UJ'KNlNG-(iLASS, *. a convex glass which collects the 
 rays of the sun info a point, where wood or other toinbuii- 
 tible matter being placed, is set on fire. As a wood tire is 
 A'> times hotter than that of the summer sun, a glass must 
 condense the rays of light .^5 times to burn. The Imrnin^- 
 glasses made of looking-glasses are much more powerful than 
 those made by lenses, or glasses that transmit the rays of 
 light through them. 
 
 To bU'RNlSH, V. a. [bm-nir, Fr.] to polish any substance 
 so as to make it shine. Neuterly, to grow bright or gkissj ; 
 to shine with splendor. 
 
 BU'RNISHEH, s. one who btlrfiishes or polishes; an ir- 
 strument used by polishers. 
 
 BURNISHING, s. the polishing metals to make them 
 gh>ssy, or shining. 
 
 BURNLEY, Lancashire ; here are large M'oollcn artd cot- 
 ton manufactures, printing h(Uises, dying houses, mills, Ac. 
 It is seated in a very healthv situation, near the Leeds alid 
 Liverpool canal, 46 miles S. V). of Lancaster, and 20S N. N. 
 W. of London. Market on Monday. 
 
 BURNT, purt. pnss. of Burn. 
 
 BU'RNT-ISLAND, a town of Fifeshire, wifh a good, <leep, 
 and large harbour. It is seated on a stupendous rock, ol» 
 the Frith of Forth, 10 miles N. W. of Edinburgh. 
 
 BURK, s. the lope or lap of the ear; likewise a sweet- 
 bread of meat, especially that of veal. 
 
 BU'RR-REED, s. a kind of plant found in wSt ditelieS, 
 and on banks of rivers. 
 
 BU'RREL, .1. [from lem-re, Fr.] in gardening, a specie* 
 of pear, called likewise Xhc ri-d butter pear. 
 
 BU'RREL-FLY, «. in natural history, a winged insect 
 xti'y troublesome to cattle, called W^ewhcXhe ox Jty, gad-bet, 
 or breese, 
 
 BU'RREL-SIIOT, *. a sort of case shot, or small bullets, 
 nails, stones, pieces of old iron, Ac. put into cases, to be ' 
 discharged fi'om a i)iece of ordnance 
 
 BMRROW, BERG, BURG, BOROUGH, BURGH, s. 
 \bnrg. Sax.] a i-orporate town which sends members to par- 
 liament, and formerly aiiplied only to fortified places. Tlir 
 holes made in the ground by rabbits. 
 
 To BURROW, «. «. to "make holes in the ground like 
 rabbits. 
 
 BURSA, anciently Briisa, one of the largest and most 
 beautiful cities of Natfilia, conlainiiig about 40,0R0 Turks, 
 400 families of .lews, 500 of Armenians, and 300 of Greeks. 
 It stands at the foot of mount Olympus, on the edge of a 
 tine ))laiii, covered with mulberry, and various other fruit 
 trees, of the Ottoman dominions. The mos(jues and cara- 
 vanseras are elegant, and every house has its fountain. The 
 bezestiue is a largo structure, full of warehouses and shops, 
 conlaiiiingall the commoilitiesof the East, beside their own 
 manufactures in silk, stufls, beautiful carpets, Ac. Here, 
 indeed, are the best workmen in Turkey, who are excellent 
 imitators of the tapestry of Italy and France. Bursa is the 
 capital of a province of Natolia Proper, called by the 'I'lirks 
 BecsiMigil. and anciently Bithynia. It is 60 miles S. of Con- 
 stnutiu<iiili'. Lilt. .32. 22. N. Ion. 29. 5. E. 
 
 lUJ RSAR, i. [A«r»vin'iM, Lat.] an officer in a college, who 
 reei'ives its monies, and keeps its accounts; a treasurer. 
 
 IIURSE, .«. [bdurse, Fr.] an exchange, or place wliere iner- 
 chaiits assemble to transact business. 
 
 lUJRST, X. a separation of the parts of a thing with vio 
 lenee, and atti'uded w itii noise ; an explosion ; a sudden aiKl 
 >iolen1 action of any kind. 
 
 To BURST, V. n. preter. I burst, have oursi, or hurtlen; 
 \liusii(n Sax.] fi> separate or flv asunder with violence; 
 to fpiit or break away, VTtth t1ie particle from. Used 
 with tnto, to come in suddenly " She Imrsl intu ihc room." 
 To break, separac and ilJsunitc ■^vitli suddenness and vio. 
 lence.
 
 BURST, orRU'HSTKN, [part, of IkmsT] in Slir-rry, 
 Bppliect foojip "Mo hiis a rufrtiire. 
 
 BD'HTDN, :i town of WcstmoRland, II iijilcs N. of 
 Ijiicasler, aii<l '2t' N. N. W. of I.oixloii. It coMHiiuiiicatos 
 uitli all till' Lite iulaiid iiavj^'ali>>iis. iMajkot oil TueMlav. 
 
 nU'llTON CON.STAni.K, a <o^vii of VdHtsliiiv, situated 
 brtwroii Miillaiiil and Hiilnnoiid. MaiiUt on I'ridav. 
 
 nU'HTON SrATIIl'Jt, a smalt town of Lintoriisliiif", 
 sraled on a liill, near tlit^ Trent, on w'hieli it has sevi ral 
 mills, :!0 miles N. W. of Lincoln, and IGl N. by NV. of Lon- 
 don. Market on Mondav. 
 
 BURTON I'I'ON THKNT, a town of Stanoidsliirr, si- 
 tuated on the river Trent, o\er wliieli itiias a bridije of free- 
 stone, a (juarler of a mile in Ieiij;lh. It consists chietly of 
 one Ion;; street, and has lon^ been noted for its excellent 
 mall and ale, ^reat quantities of which last are exported to 
 London, Leith, the Baltic, A.C. It has also manufactures in 
 woollen and cotton, of hats, spades, and other articles, be- 
 iides forfxes for forming iron bars. The houses are abiit 
 750, and the iiiliabilants 4000. Besides the Trent, it coin- 
 miinicates, by canals, with Liverpool, Bristol, Coventry, 
 and all the late inland navifjations. It is 11 inilos S. W. of 
 Derby, and 134 N. N. \V. of London. A well supiilied mar- 
 ket for corn and provisions on Thursday. 
 
 BU'R\VLI-L, Cambridgeshire, 3 miles N. of Newmarket 
 Heath. On the 8tli of .Septendjer, 1727, a melancholy event 
 took place here : 100 persons, amon^ whom were several 
 young ladies of fortune, being assembled in a barn, on the 
 exhibition of a puppet show, the place took fire, by a care- 
 less accident, when only five or six escaped ; the bodies of 
 the dead were so disfigured by the fire, and the fall of the 
 roof, Ac. that their friends coidd not recognize them, and 
 tiiev were promiscuously interreil in one large grave. .\ 
 tablet has been here erected in the church to perpetuate the 
 event. 
 
 BURY, (common pron. hern/, in this and the four next 
 words) s. [I'lirg, Sax.] a dwelling-place or house. Added to 
 the Saxon names, implies that the person or company n'sided 
 or lived there ; thus A Idermmilmn/ seems to intimate that the 
 aldermen resided formerly in that place. 
 
 To BU'RY, v. a. to inter a corpse in a grave ; to inter with 
 funeral rites ; to cover with earth. Figuratively, to conceal 
 or hide. 
 
 BU'RYING-PLACE, s. a place set apart for interring bo- 
 dies; a church yard. 
 
 BU'RY, a town of Lancashire, noted for its manufacture 
 of fustians, half thicks, kerseys calicoes, &c. A melancholy 
 event happened here, July otli, 1787, by the fall of the theatre, 
 by which more than 300 persons were buried in the ruins : 
 some escaped unhurt ; many were killed, and others greatlv 
 bruised. Bury is seated on the Irwcll, near a canal which 
 Roes to Manchester, 36 miles S. E. of Lancaster, and 190 N. 
 N. W. of London. Market on Thursday. 
 
 BURY ST. EDMUNDS, a town of Suffolk, which con- 
 tains two parish churches, about 1000 houses, and 7000 in- 
 habitants. It owes its name to a celebrated abbey one 
 of the largest and richest in the kingdom, founded in ho- 
 nour of Edmund, king of the East Angles, who was born, 
 crowned, murdered, and buried here. It is situated in a 
 healthy delightful spot, affording beautiful prospects, (from 
 which it has been called the Montpellier of England) 14 
 miles nearly E. of New market, and 72 N. N. E. of London. 
 Large market for corn, fish, fowl. Arc. on Wednesday and 
 Saturdav. 
 
 BUSH, I7,oi>, Fr.] a thick slmib. 
 ^ To BUSTI, r. «. to grow thick ; to g^ow in a great num- 
 ber close to';etlier. 
 
 BU'SHEL, s. [liaissraii, Fr.I a measure of capacity for dry 
 goods, as corn, salt, fruit, coals, cVc. containing eight gallons, 
 or four pecks, or the eighth part of a quarter of corn, Ac. 
 
 BU'SHY, fl. full of branches. Figuratively, short, but 
 Ifrowing lu great numbers. 
 
 BUT 
 
 BU'SILESS, {/■hi/ens,) n. without employ ; at leijute 
 riginalively, without llie fallgue which attends business. 
 
 BUSILY, Ihizilij) ail. in an ollicious iniiuisilive manner. 
 With an air of seeming liiirij from the niultiplitity of busi- 
 ness. 
 
 BU'SINESS, (hUiiesx, or hiznmx) t. employment; a man's 
 peculiar trade or prol'rssion ; atiairs or concerns. After </■, 
 properly, service, advantage, ipr a means of attaining an end. 
 " A perpetual spring will not ila their bitsimss." Ihnt. To 
 (1(1 a tn(ii('.i l/Hsixes.i, is a low and familiar phrase for killing, 
 destroying, or ruiiiiii;;' him. Svnon. liusiHcss iin|)lies an 
 object of industry ; ufjnir.i, an object of concern. The first 
 implies the hands; tliesecoii<l tin- mind. The word biixinas, 
 by its having no plural nimiljcr, intimates a partii iilar em 
 ploy. By llie singular of (tjfdiis being seldem in use in the 
 sense before us, that word is understood to mean a variety 
 of transactions. 
 
 BLSK,.«. [basffde, Fr.] a piece of steel or whalebone, worn 
 at the stomacher of a wimian's stays, in order to keep them 
 in the proper form, and sli^engllien them. 
 
 BU'SKIN',«. [/'?v),n7.(», Belg.] a kinil of short boot worn !jy 
 the ancients, covering the fool and leg as far as the middle, 
 laced or I'aslened betiire ; was worn Uy the dramatic per-' 
 formers in tragedy, and distniguislied from the. toe/; worn in 
 comedy, ^^hicil was ol a thiniKr sole, and conscqiieiitly 
 lower. FigiirativeK, tragedy. 
 
 BU'SKIKED, «. dressed in buskins. 
 
 BUSS, s. [from bus, Ir.J a saluir given by the lips ; liislin 
 giiished from a kiss, which is given witli a greater show ol 
 distance or ceremonious kindness. In fishery, a small vesss I 
 from 48to(;0 tons burden, used in the herring (i;!ieiy, from 
 basse. Tent. 
 
 To BUSS, r.a. to salute a person with the lips. Figura- 
 tivelv, to touch. 
 
 liUSSARAH, BA'SSORAH, or B A'.SRAH, a considera- 
 ble city and seaport of Turkey in Asia, in Irac Arahi, on a 
 canal, navigable for vessels of .'JO tons, to the Euphrates, 40 
 miles N. W. of the gulf of Persia. The inhabitants are com- 
 puted at 50,000. 
 
 BUST, s. [biisto, Ifal.J in sculpture, the figure ofa (lersoii 
 in relievo, containing only head, shoulders, and'stonuK h, 
 usually placed on a pedestal or console. The Italians use 
 the term for the trunk of the liuinan body, from the neck to 
 the hips. 
 
 BU'STARD, s. [bistarde, Fr.]a large wihl fowl, which runs 
 verv swit'tlv, and does not readilv take to tliglit. 
 
 To BU'STLE, V. n. to set about a thing with activity ; to 
 make a great noise or stir about any thing. 
 
 BU'S'TLE, s. a hurry of business; a noise or tumult. 
 
 BUSTLER, s. an active, industrious, stirring man. 
 
 BU'SY, (?'(-)/, or bissi/) tt. [from biis'i-i((n, Sax.J engaged in 
 any employment ; active, diligent, ot^cioiis. 
 
 To BU'.'sY, (iiri/) V. a. to keep a person employed ; to 
 emplav. 
 
 JSU'SYBODY, (Wry hndif) s. an officious person meddling 
 with the concerns ot other people, offering assistance, and 
 giving advice, without being asked. 
 
 BUT, C07IJ. [bitte, Initaii, Sax.] when it diverts or breaks 
 <iff the threatl of a discourse, so as to pursue a different topic, 
 it inliniates a stop ot the mind, and signifies iKinbeii. " But 
 to say no more." When applied to limit or restrain the 
 sense to what is expressed, exclusive of all others, it signifies 
 oiilt/. " I saw hi(t two planets." When used to imply a thing- 
 to lie otherwise than it should be, it signifies yd. or ncrer- 
 thehss. " You liray, but it is not that God woiiUl bring you 
 to the true religion." Joined with did, or had, it denotes 
 oh/;/. " Did liut men consider." Tillnts. After a eoniiiara- 
 tiv'e noun it has the force of than. " No sooner up, but he 
 privately opened the gate." Guard. No. 167. After the 
 auxilliary verb be, preceded by a negative, it implies nlher- 
 vise than. " It cannot be but nature has some director." 
 Hooker. Joined with for, it implies, •vithout, or had it not 
 been for. " And b((t for mischief, yon had died for spite." 
 Dryd. ^fter a negative, or rpiestion implving a negative 
 
 I2.T
 
 RUT 
 
 »1 lieiiotosan ej^cpption, except. , "VVJip.caM it^e, fiegods, 
 
 iiitpeT'\m'n LyconV' SiiiitJi's P/(cFtl. .■'"',;' / ; 
 
 BUT, s. [hoKt, Fr.] a limit or bounflaiy. 'iiii(si.'a.laugii^g<', 
 lliccnci of auv plank whijLli joins to j^iioiiief on tli,e; outfiule/ 
 of a ship iii:i(»'r Vvutpr. ' ''" ' ' ' ' ' 
 
 RU'i'lLjNy, s. the broad or bluiit <;iid ^f n^^binurj yr ilic 
 eud on which it rests. , " ;'" 
 
 BUTCHER, f. [boucha; Fr.] one 'wV' ICilisi.' cOt'si'.up;' 
 and sells the flesh of eatile in a luaiket orliis o\virhiui^c. 
 BiUclier, is used iiffuratively for one "ho is of a bai'iaryus 
 disposition, deli^jhts iii nuiider, or tlie slaufjhtcr qf, fjiau» 
 kind. ' ' ■ ' " ' '■'' 
 
 ToBlJ'TCHER, v.a. to slay or kill a |)ea3t. 'Fi-ufa-' 
 lively, to murder one of the human species in a ba:baro!;3 
 and cruel manner. 
 
 BUTCHi:H-BIRD, a small bird of prey ; the shrike. 
 
 BUTCHERLY, aJ. in a cruel, barbarous, ox bloody 
 manner. 
 
 BUTCHER'S-BROOM, s. a tree, the same with the 
 kneebollv. 
 
 BUTCHERY, s. the trade of a butcher. Fisuratively, 
 the commission of murder, attended vvilh.excessiv,e,ci:iieltj j, 
 crueltv ; barbarity. ' ' 
 
 BUTESHIRE, a county of Scofland, consisfing'of the 
 islands of Bute, Arran, and Inchnuiinoc, which lie in llic 
 Frith of Cl\de, S. of ArjjUesliire. They arefeilile in corn 
 and pastures; and tlieie is a consiilc-rable herring' fishery 
 ou their coasts. The chief town is Rothsay. 
 
 BUTLER, J. [formerly spelt Imiiiler, tliat is, one .>vlip, 
 fills l)ottles, A()(ffr///fc, Fr.] a servant who has the caie of 
 the wine and otiier liipuns uscil in a family. 
 
 BUTLERAGR, s. the duty upon wines imported, claimed 
 by the kin^^'s butler. 
 
 BUTLER.^iHIP, s. the office of a Lntler. 
 
 BUTiNIEIsT, s. I'd'oiiiaiient, Fr.] in areliileefure, sifp- 
 porters, on or against w iiieh the feel of an arch rest ; like- 
 viise the little places taken out of the yard or ground-plot 
 of an house for a buttery or scuUerj. 
 
 BU'IT, i. [httt. Sax.] a vessel or barrel containing 12C 
 gallons of wme, 106 of beer, aiid from 15 to 22 c\\t. of 
 currants. ^ ^ ,^: 
 
 BU'TT, s. [but, Fr.] the place or mark wiiicU, a persoi 
 !s to hit in shooting. Figuratively, the point or oLjixl to 
 which any person's measures are made i)y a pusli in fen- 
 cing ; a person who is the object of ridicule to a whyle cvm- 
 pany. . ,.,-,' 
 
 To BUTT, V. a. to strike or give a blow wit^Jthprlffjid, 
 applied to the melliod of attack used by a ram,' ,., ^ ,! , 
 
 BU'"rTER, i. [iti/^of, Sax.] a fat and unctuous 3^bs^ailce, 
 made from cream by churning. Sutlolk, being a gooil soil, 
 is famous for very good butter. B'ltta- ii/'.iiilimmii/, of bis- 
 mutii, Ac. are ciiemicai preparations of those substances, 
 s'> called on account of their consistence resenibhng that of 
 butter. 1 ,',., 
 
 ToBL'^TTER, v a. to spread or pour butter upoii;SViy 
 thing. .' . 
 
 lUI'TFERBrrMl', .5. a fowl; the same with Oittmi. ",' , 
 
 BIJ"1TERBUR, s. \petasitcs, Lat.] a plant used in medi- 
 cine, and grows wiM in great plenty l>y the sides of 
 ditches. 
 
 BUTTER FLOWER, s. a veUow flower, with which the 
 fields idicund in the mnnth of May. 
 
 I5U ITERFLY, s. {biitterjiiir,, Sax.] in natural history, 
 a beautiful insect produced from an egg, eruea-worm, cater- 
 pillar, and nymph or aurclia. The wonder.-, of the diilertuf 
 stages bi'I'i.rc il arrives to its maturity, and the profusion of 
 splendor which appears in its structure, when applied to 
 the buticiflji state, would require too much room to expa- 
 tiat"' on here. 
 
 BUT'J'ERJAGS, s. a plant, the same with the yellow 
 lUfdick, or snailslnll. 
 
 BU'l'I'ERIS, s. in farriery, an instrument of steel set in 
 a woollen handle, used in luiruig the foot, or cutting the 
 ll(H>f of ahorse. 
 \H 
 
 BU7. 
 
 BUTFERMERE WATER, a lake of Cumberland, near 
 the source of the Cocker. The lakes of Butterraere and 
 Lowawater are not so extensive as those of the Dcr»>«nt or 
 Keswick, but quite as beautiful, and the country about thetn 
 is as mountainous and romantic as Borrowdale. 
 
 B U TJ"ER.\HLK, s. the whey separated frum tbe,crea;ii 
 in making butter. . . ' 
 
 BUTFERPPvINT, j.. a, piecie of carved wood used io 
 
 mark butter. 
 
 yd 
 
 l^U TFERWORT, *.'in botany, the pinguicula. ,\ 
 
 DU'TlTUy, a. J)aving fhie appearance or qualities of, 
 
 better. ^, _,. ■ . , :, ^ 
 
 BUTTERY, «. the room where provisions are laid up.' ■] 
 
 BUTTOCK, s. the broad, thick, fleshy part of a man, or' 
 beast, joining to the hip. The buttock of a ship is her iull, 
 breadth right astern. ' , . 
 
 BUITON, s.{botitcr,, Brit.]a small flatfish round .bali 
 made of metal, or wood covered with silk or hair, sewed to. 
 the clothes to fa>'' n ;:iiy part of dress together. Figura--' 
 lively, a knob or hall. In botany, the rouud head ofa pFaut; 
 ^bud. In carpe;it:y, a piece of «ood movini; upon a nai^, 
 or screw, used to keep a door close. In .smituery, ^ brass-, 
 knob cjf a luck, ser\ ing to opeu or shut a door. In .chemis- 
 try, the small round piece of metal, which is fouiid at the, 
 bottom of a crucible, after a nietalic ore or an o\\de ttl- 
 metal has been reduced. In cunfcctionary, a small sweet 
 cuke. In natur.d history, the sea urchin, a kind of crab-fish, 
 with prickles instead of feet, / .j 
 
 , To BU'TTC^N, n. ffi jfo sew l^iuttons on a garment ; iq', 
 close or iasten the parts ofa gariuent together with buttoiift ,^ 
 Fi"-uratively, to inclose. ,■ , ;•'/■' 
 
 BUTFONHOLE, .«. the hole,,nii{d^,h<.a garmenlt jo if^j 
 ceiveand fasten the button iii, , , ' .' . , ; ' . .jt 
 
 BUTTRESS, .«. [from «/»mtiV, FK] ift'yrchitecfurp.a kiiid 
 of butment serving to prop or support the side ofa build- 
 ing or^^all. Figuratively, a prop, or support of auy opin- 
 ion or cause. i < 
 
 To BUTTRESS, I',. n. to prop, support, or secure frqiu 
 falling. , _ 
 
 ■ BUTWINK, :». a bird. ,., 
 
 BUTVRA'CEOUS, orEUTY'ROUS,. «. ffiom luiyrAui^ 
 Lat.l having the properties or qualities of butter. ,!_; 
 
 l^UXOM, o. j^'"'""'«. Sax.] obedient; tractable;,; FJyil- 
 rativ.ely, voiil of resistance ; yielding, or giving way. < Gajf,-) 
 livelv, brisk, wanton, jolly. ,, . , 
 
 BU'XO^)[LY> ft'y.iu ,£(.w:^utpn, l'vel>-,/ ^ay, ^orj aifjorons 
 mahnei-. '" ' ' ' ,., ,, , ,,,., , 
 
 BUXPMNESS,-*. wantonness, gaiety. ■ ' .' ■; • ■ 
 
 BU'X.STEAD, or Buckstead, a village iinSMssfix,-,l(l), 
 miles S.S. IC.^ of EastGriiistead.. , ■ i •' i ■v^ 
 
 IjU'XTOIS'y a townhi Derbysliire, one of tlie w'tiiiilpjis 9I 
 the Peak, having nine wells that rise near the source of tlve. 
 river ^^ye. 'Fheir waters were noted in the times ofth-j 
 Romans. Although hot and sulphureous, they are p-:lala- 
 ble ; they create an appetite and remove obstructions, au^j 
 if bathed in, afford relief in scorbutic rheumatisms, ujm- 
 vous eases, Ac. It is much resorted to in s.tnnmer. 'llw 
 public rooms are in an elegant building, erected by the DuLc 
 of Devonshire. It is of the Doric order, and under it are ii 
 piazra and shops. Buxton has a manufactuic of eoltou, and 
 IS situated in an open, healthy country, with a variety of 
 fine views, 2H miles fioni iSIanchester, 22 N. \V. of Dei by, 
 and IfjO N. N. W. of Liindoii. 
 
 To BUY, (bii)v. a. [bUj^cnii, Sax."] to purchase a tiling by 
 money, or the exchange of any other couunodity. Figuia- 
 tively, to exchange one thing for another. To bribe, or 
 corruiit by bribeiy. 
 
 BU VER, {,b«'er),s„\\c that purciiasefjl thing with monev, 
 Ax.' ,: ■; 
 
 'Fo BUZZ, V. n. [Ai'^rcn, Tcut] to hum, or make a pofse 
 like hies, flies, or wasns. 
 
 'Fo BUZZ, 1'. a. to whisper. Used with oJi-ood, to divuVje, 
 publi.sh, or spread a report orrnmour. 
 
 BUZZ, J. the humming soiind of bees ; a whisper, or talk.
 
 BUZZARD, J. [hvsnrd, Fr.] a tlcKciiPralo kind of hawk. 
 Fi^^iiratively, a person of mean iiarts; a blocklicail or 
 dunce 
 
 BUZZER, *. a secret wliispcrpv, or one who endeavours, 
 by false niniours, toahenate the affeclions of annlher. 
 
 BY, prc/i. [4/, 6(g-, Sax.] after words si^jnifynr^ action, it 
 implies the ajjent, cause, means, manner; and is used after 
 Terhs neuter for the instrument. A^'ter qnniitity it c'xpresses 
 the proportion. At the end of a sentence, it implies iniita- 
 tion ovconfiirmilij. " A model to build others ii/." Arl/iitli. 
 After an adjective of the coinparalive deforce, it denotes the 
 Hifferciice. "Shorter ii/ the head." Applied to place or si- 
 tuation, it denotes nenrness. Joined to the pronouns liiinsc/f, 
 ker)setf\ &<:. it sifjnifies the exclusion or ahsence of all others. 
 After keep, it signifies, possession, or renily for use. "He 
 R<7)< some of the spirit % him." lioijle. In forms of swear- 
 ing, it sif;nities a particnlavi/injj, or specifymy: tiie ohject. 
 Used adverhially, it si^nihcs near, or at a small (tistam-r, 
 applied to place. Passing, applied to motion; and ;))f- 
 smre, when used with be. " I will not lie hi/." Sliah. Jit/ 
 and bif, siyiiities a short time, or shortly. Used substan- 
 tively, for something which is not the direct or immediate 
 object of a person's regard ; generally used with the prepo- 
 sition ty. " 7?!/ (//fe /'!/•" Dii/il. Tliis word is commonly 
 wrote b)/e, and as it distinguishes it from the preposition, 
 ghnuld be generalK adopted for the sake of perspicuity. 
 
 BY, or BYE, in composition, implies something out of 
 the direct way, as hy-ronri ; sometiiiug irregular, private, or 
 sclfisli, as hij-end ; something private, opposed to that which 
 \i by public authority, as a h;/ Imr. 
 
 BY-END, s. priviite, or self-interest, opposed (o public 
 spirit, and eoiiveying an idea of reproach. 
 
 BY-GONE, «. past : peculiar to the Scotch, 
 
 BY-LAW, s. a law made by corporations, or court-leets, 
 for the better goveriinicnt of cities, <Vc. in cases which are 
 not provided for by the public laws, but no ways opposite 
 or contrary to them. ' 
 
 • BY-MA'ITER. «. something which is accidental, and has 
 no connection with the main subject. 
 
 BYNAME, s. a nickname, UKine of reproach, or acci- 
 (ieirtal appellation. 
 
 BY-PAST, a. past : peculiar to the 'Scotch. 
 
 BY PATH, s. a private path, opposed to a public ]iatli. 
 
 BY-ROAD, .«. an iinfretiiiented road. 
 
 BY-WAY, s. a private and obscure \\ ay. - ' ■ ' . 
 
 BY-WORD, 4-. [bi-ii'ord, Sax ] a saying, i)rovcrbi or term 
 of reproach. 
 
 BYZANTINE, «. See BizANTiNE, 
 
 C. 
 
 C THE third letter in the English alphabet, is supposed 
 by some to have been borrowed from the Hebrew, by 
 others from the Grecian. It is sounded by pressing the 
 breath between the tongue, raised to the roof of the mouth 
 near the palate, and the lips open. Before the vowels, a, », 
 K, and all consouaiUs, it is pronounced hard, though somewhat 
 softer than the /;, as in ca^e, cat, cut : but before i, e, and _;/, 
 it has a sound like the*, but somewhat more sharp, as in 
 cit, eell, cyder ; before an li, it has a peculiar sound, between 
 the hardness of the k and the softness of the s, as in chaia, 
 cheese ; but in words derived from the Fn nch, it is sounrled 
 like an s before 1i, as in chaise, cliicanr, which are prono'.ui- 
 ced shaize, shicane. It has been customary to add a /; to it, 
 ■wlien it comes at the end of words, as in hij^iek ; but mo- 
 derns seem now to have dropped it as useless, w riting /oijir, 
 critic, music, iS-c. which is certainly to be commended, not 
 only as being more agreeable to the etymology of words de- 
 rived from the Latin, but likewise confirmed by the prac- 
 tice of the Anglo Saxons, from whom we have l)orro\\ed 
 the best part of our language. Used as a figure, it stands 
 for IW, and when double CC, 200. When placed before a 
 name, it signifies Caita, C<psar, &c. With Roman lawyers, 
 it si iiified to condemn from condemno. See A. ^^'hen 
 
 C A « 
 
 iloublen,'it signifies cnnsitls. In comm, ice, it is u^ed n'. 
 merchants lo mark their books. In music, it denotes, thy, 
 highest part ofa thorough bass. '■' ■• 
 
 CAB, .V. (Hcl).] a Ilitbrcw measure, containing abrnt 
 three pinis English, or the eighteentii part of an r|)liah. 
 
 CABAL, s.\rahale,\'r.\ a liotly of men united in sonUr' 
 design to disturb or change the administration ofa state,, 
 distiiiguiblied iVoiii party, in the same degree :« fia- fidln' 
 many. Figiiralively, an intrigue or plot to introduce a 
 change in an administration. 
 
 To CABAL, V. 77. [cabalcr, Fr.] to form plots. 
 
 C.A'B.ALA, s. [Chald.] properly signifies traditun, and i* 
 the name of a mysterious kind ot scii-nce, thousiit to Lav- 
 been delivered by revelation to the ancient Jews, and tiaiis- 
 mitted by oral tradition to those of our times ; serving for 
 interpretation to the books both of nature and Scripture. 
 It consisted i)riiicipally in the combiualion of particular 
 words, letters, and numbers, by means whereof the rabbins 
 pretended to discover things future, and to sec clearly into 
 the sense of many (liHicult passages of Scripture.' '" ' 
 
 CA'BALIS'FS," s. a sect among the Je«s w ho interpret 
 Scripture. ' 
 
 CVBALI'STJC, m CABALl'BnCALi". relating to th*' 
 cabalisis; iinstical. ' ' '• ■' ■' /,''','"^' ' 
 
 CAl'iA'LLER, «. one who enters into plots .a<id intrigifr* 
 to disturb and change the administration of any govern-' 
 ment. ' ■. ' , ' '■' 
 
 CABARET, ,■;. [Fr.] in France, isa taveyi^: ' ;, /,', '■•••;"'^ 
 
 CA'BBAGE, s. in botany, the brassica, a kitelii^Ji'planl 
 with large, fleshy, and glaucous-coloured leaves. Liniucil.v 
 ranges it in the second sect of his 15th class, joining the trtr- 
 nip, navew, and rocket to it ; and its specieS are, cigflt : the 
 varieties of the first being eleven, and those of iheinird sdrt 
 
 two. ■ ■; —*"'■"• ■^,.., 
 
 To CA'BBAGE, r. a. to defraiida pererth- ofp^f*: ^f,m 
 cloth. Neuterly, to form a head; aS,. thfe 'plWitst bfegiii to 
 cabbage. ,.,'■! ..'.,... -■ 
 
 CABIN, s. [cJwhin, Brit.] a little hiit fit- eo.tfa^cl _ On 
 board a ship, small apartments, of different dimensions, for 
 the otiioers to lie in. - ','!'.' 
 
 To C.\ FjIN, v. u. to live in a cabii.i. FiijurHtivelJi'tp^iW 
 or lie ill anv iinrrow or small place.- ' .''^'-'' ■ ' ■"■' 
 
 CA'lilNI'lD, a. bt longing to a cabiib! Ffguifittively.nar- 
 row, or belonging to a bed-chamber. ■ ' \ ' ,' ; ' 
 
 ■ CA'BINET, ,?. [e(dmiet, Fr.] among joiiicrs, '?. kini of 
 press or chest withstiveral doors auclclrawers for ^leserviil^ 
 curiosities, or kee\>i.ng clothes. rir;uratively, a rooni m 
 wliicli private consultations are heiil. l^nce a eiihinet- 
 coiindl is that which is iield with great privacy, and whereiu 
 the most imporlairt articles which concern a state are d*-- 
 teniiiued. - . ' • ■ ' 
 
 CA'BlNET-:\iAKER,.i. one who makes cabinets, chest* 
 of drawers, and other wooden fiiinit'ure for ciiaiubers, op 
 dining rooms. ' 
 
 CABLE, s. [enhl, Brit.] a thick, lavje, strong, three- 
 strand roiie, from three to twenty inches in <lianieter, fasW 
 cued to ail anchor to hold the ship when she rides. Whc!- 
 two iMecesof cable are spliced together, it is called a .•/< / 
 
 of the cable. ■ ■ 
 
 C.A'RLF.D, a. belonging to.or resembling cables. Cddul 
 fiiites, ill architecture, are those -whic-h are filled up willi 
 pieces in the form of a cable. In f.eii.ldrv, « cabled avsi is 
 that which is formed of flic t«o omls ofa ship's cable. 
 
 CABOCHED, a. in herahlrv, apulied to the head of a 
 beast cut off behind the ears by a section psirallel to the 
 face. . . 
 
 CA'RUL, C ABULl.STAN, or ZARULISTAN, anciently 
 a province of Persia, but now a separate kingdini. It is 
 IxHinded on the W. and .*\V. by Persia, on fii' N. by U*- 
 beck Tarlary, an<l on the E. and S. by India. The country 
 consists of nioiintains constantly covered \\\\h snow, hills of 
 moderate height and easy ascent, rich plains, and stately 
 forests, and these enlivened by numerous streams. It pro- 
 duces everv article necessarv for human life, with a variety
 
 C A I> 
 
 CAF 
 
 of dfllciite frulls and flowers. Tlie cily of Cahiil is tlie 
 c-apilal ot'tlie province. It is situated near tlie foot of the 
 Himloo-Ko, or Indian Caucasus, near tlie source of tlie At- 
 tock. Its situation is romantic and pleasant, liaving within 
 its reach the fruits and productions of the temperate and 
 torrid zones. It has spacious cara\anseras and |)alaces ; 
 and is 580 miles NW. of Delhi, and 176 NE. of Candahar. 
 Ldt.ai.aG. Ion. 69. 58. K. 
 
 CABURIC, iu natural liistorj-, a small beautiful Brazilian 
 bird, of ihc o«l kind. 
 
 CA'I'URNS, *. small ropes used in a ship. 
 
 C.\'CA(), or CA'COA, *. a nut aliont the size of a com- 
 mon almond, the fruit of a tree ver.\ comnioa in the West 
 Indies. The fruit, if i^ood, has a brown and pretty even,skin 
 <ir peel ; and when it is taken oft', the kernel must apj>car 
 full, plump, and sJiiniiii;, of a hazel-nut cohiur, very dark on 
 tlie outiiile, a little more reddish wiliiin, of a bitterish aiul 
 ;istrin;,'ent taste, without any greenish or musty >»i\our. It 
 is one of the most oily fruits which nature produces, and 
 never grows rank, how old soever it be. Of this fruit is 
 made an excellent conserve, as also chocolate. 
 
 CA'CIl.ALOT, in natural history, a jjenus of animals of 
 the cetaceous kind, one of which yields the spermaceti, and 
 iscominonlv called the spenuaceii whale. 
 
 CACHE'XY, (An/.i7;ji/).?. [from /.«/;(■«, evil, and f.ri.» habit, 
 fir.] an ill habit of body, or such a distemperature of the 
 humours as hinders nutrition, and weakens the vital and 
 animal functions. 
 
 CACliE'CTIC, or :CACHE'CTICAL, {hahictic or imhik, 
 ticai) n. having; an ill habit of hodv. 
 
 CACHINNATION, (/.n/jiHHti.v/jou) a. [cacliinnatw, Lat.] a 
 loud lau^diler, or what we call a horselaugh. 
 
 CA'CKLE, t. the noise made by a goose or fowl. 
 
 ToC.'V'CKLE, I'. 71. \Jiaei-helen, Br't.] to make a noise 
 like a goose ; applied likew ise to that of a hen. rigiira- 
 tively, to laugh heartily. 
 
 CA'CKLER, i. a fowl that cackles, riguralivelv, a per- 
 son who divulges a secret ; a tell-tale ; a latfler. 
 
 CACOCMY'MY, (h«fwh/m,/) s. [from /.«/,-,«, ill, an.l <l,mnos 
 a humour, (ir.] in medicine, a vicious or corrupt slate of the 
 vital humours. 
 
 CACODE'MON, *. [from hakos, evil, and daimon, a de- 
 mon, Gr.] an evil spirit, or ghost; any imaginary frightful 
 iMonster, created in the minds of fearful and superstitious 
 people. With astrologers, it is the twelfth horse in a 
 scheme of the heavens, so called from the pretended terror 
 of its pro:;nostication. 
 
 C.ACOETHES, s. [from hakos evil, and rtlios manners, 
 Or.] iu medicine, an epithet applied by Hippocrates to 
 inalignnnt and dilHcult distempers. In surgery, it is an in- 
 velerate disease, breaking out in boils or blaiiis, hardly cu- 
 rable. 
 
 CACO'PHONY, {}ialiofoi„i) s. [from hahns ill, and phnne 
 sound, Or.] in grammar ami rhetoric, the meeting together 
 of letters, syllables, or words, which form a harsh and dis- 
 agreeable sound. 
 
 To CACUMINATE, r. a.[cacumino, Lat.] fo sharpen. 
 
 CADAVRIIOUS, a. [cadnvcrosiis, Lat.] having the app« 
 aiice or qualities of a dead body. 
 
 C.\'Dl)I.S, *. a kind of tape or ribbon. In natural history, 
 a kind of worm or grub found in a case of straw, derived 
 from coilde, S;\\. •■; bag. 
 
 CADE, a. soft, tender, tame, delicate. In husbandry, a 
 rade lamb, is one that is bred in a house ; a house la'nib. 
 Hence, li> cade, the verb, to bring up tenderly. 
 
 C.-\DE, 1. [cadiis, I,at.] a cag, cask, or barrel. A cade 
 ofherringsis a vessel containing .000, and n eade of sprats, 
 KKM). 
 
 CA'DENCE, s. [cadence, Vr.] a fall, decline, or descent. 
 In music, cadence is a certain rest either at the end ofa song, 
 orof some of its parts into which it is divided, as into mem- 
 bers or periods. Cadi:nre, in dancing, is when the s<veral 
 steps and motions follow or answer to the diOcreiil notes or 
 measure of the iiuisic. 
 12fi 
 
 : appear- 
 
 CA'DET, s. [catL-l, Fr.J the younger son of a family, is a 
 word naturalized in our language from the French. Auiimg 
 the military men, it denotes a young gentleman, who serve* 
 in a marching regiment, as a private man, at his own expense, 
 witli a view to acfjuire know ledge in the art of war, and U» 
 obtain a commission in theaimv. 
 
 CADEW.or CA DEWORM," J. in natural history, a kind 
 of worms, which in time change into butterflies. 
 
 CADI, .f. a magistrate among the Turks. 
 
 CADI'LLACK, s. a sort of pear. 
 
 CADIZ, a large, rich, and ancient city, of Andalusia, 
 first built by the Phenicians, who called it Gadcz ,- staled on 
 an island, from which it has a louuimuication witlithe con- 
 tinent by a bridge. '^I'lie bay formed by it is 12 milcs in 
 length and 6 in breadlh. It is the emporium of the Spanish 
 foreign trade. Here the galleons and register ships are 
 fitted out for Terra ririiia and ij I'laly, aud thp flola for 
 Mexico; and here the builioii of .\merica is imported, to be 
 distributed to the foreign inercliants, « ho principally supply 
 the outward bound fleets Avilh their cargoes. Cadiz coiw 
 tains 60,0U0 inhabitants, has manufactures of linen aud 
 salt, and is 46 miles N. W. of Gibraltar, and yO W. by S. off 
 Malaga. Lat. 36. 31. N. lull. 6. 6. W. 
 
 CA'DMIA. 4'. a recrement of copper ore produced in 
 furnaces, when that metal is separated from its ore. 
 
 CADUCE, or CADL CEUS, *. [Lat.] among the Roman-s 
 was a while start' or wand, carried by those officers wlui 
 went to pioclaim peace with any people with whom they 
 had beei; at variance. Also, a rod entwistcd by two ser- 
 pents, borne by Mercury, as the ensign of his quality and 
 office, given him, according to the tible, for his severv- 
 striiiged harp. The poets ascribe to this rod the properties 
 of la\iiigmen asleep, raising the dead, Arc. 
 
 C.E'CUM, s. [Lat.] in anatomy, one of the tJwee por 
 tions of the larger intestines. 
 
 CA'EN, a city, capital of the department of Calvados, 
 containing about 4l)0l) inhabitants. Before the revolution, 
 it was the capital of Lower Normandy, and had a celebrated 
 university, founded by Charles Vil. It is silual.cd on the 
 rivers Oiiie and Odon, (the former of which runs through 
 the town, the tide bringing up large vessels) 65 miles \V. by 
 S. of Rouen, and 125 K\V. of Paris. 
 
 CAERI-TLLY, a small straggling town of Glanlorgal^ 
 sliire, seated between die rivers Tafi' and Iluinney, 5 miles 
 N. of Llaudaff. One half of a round tower, here, part of 
 its large ancient castle, overhangs its basis more than t>f'eet, 
 and is reckoned as great a curiosity as the leaning tower of 
 Pisa in Italv. Market on Thursday. 
 
 CAERLE'ON, a town of Monmouthshire, once the «ue- 
 tropolis of all Wales, and the see t>f an archbishop till the 
 year 521, when it was removed to Menevia, now St. David's. 
 It is situated on the river Usk, 26 miles from Bristol, (lo and 
 from which trading vessels sail regularly every week) aud 
 148 W. of London. Market on Thursdav. 
 
 CA ERWIS, a town of Flintshire, in N. Wal.s, with a 
 market on Tuesday. It is seated on an ascent ; and though 
 it is but a small place, the market is very good for corn and 
 provisions. It is 6 miles E. of St. Asaph, 5 W. of Flint, aud 
 203N.W. of London. 
 
 C.E'STUS, s. [Lat.] a large g-auntlet made of raw hide*, 
 used in combats with the ancients ; they were sUidded with 
 nails, or streni'lhened with lead or plates of iron, and sur- 
 rounded the liands,' wrist, and arm, to guard them from 
 blows, and prevent their being broken or dislocated. 
 
 C;ESU'RA, s. [Lat.] a figure inpoetry, by which a short 
 syllabli' after a complete foot is made long. 
 " CA'FF.'V, a town, the largest in the Crimea, containing 
 5 or 6,000 houses ; it is the Theodosia of the ancients, a name 
 which has been restored to it by ihe Russians. From 122« 
 to 1474, it was in the hands of the (jenoese, when its com- 
 merce was at such a height, that it cxceedeil even Constan- 
 tinople itself in this particular. It is seated on the Black 
 Sea, LOO miles NE. of Coiutauliiiople. Lat. 45. 8. N 
 Ion. 35. 16. 1~
 
 CAK 
 
 CAL 
 
 CAFFRA'IMA, an extensive country of A fii<;i, dividL-d 
 Mito C;itrr;iria I'liipci; niul tlic coiiiitrv "iT tlic 1 lullcntots. 
 The foriiirr is S. ol'tiie tropic of {!;ii>ri(<)rii, and cxtrnds 
 ainn" the liiilian Ocean lo llic nioiilli ot'llie (inal risii Ri- 
 ver, ni lat. '^). .'SO. S. Hy this river il is divided tVdin the 
 countn' of the llotteiilols ; its other l.oundaries arc uncer- 
 taui. *rhe Calfrcs arc lull, active, ;iiid rohiist, and <vince 
 gjcat coiira^'c in attackiiii; lions and other heasis of pn-y. 
 ^Jieu' complexions are black ; llieir ciolhinj; consists ofliid<'S 
 of oxen, which areas pliant as cloth. 'I'hc men emiiloy 
 much ofllicir time ill hinitin^, the women in cMlli\alin^' the 
 land ; tliey also make cartlu ii wire anil cnrioiis baskets. 'I'he 
 country is fertile, and they have larije herds of cattle, which 
 are small, but very docile, coiniiif; at a whistle. 'I'liey have 
 no priests, yet uiider;;o, at '.) years of a};e, the initiatory rite 
 of tl-ie H( brews. The inti'rior parts arc little known. 
 
 CA'FTAN, *. [Pers.] a I'crsiaii or Turkish vest or t;ar- 
 menf. 
 
 C.VCi,*. al)arrel or wooden vessel, conlainini; ibnrorfive 
 gallons. Sometimes writt<'n /.■(■.«■. 
 
 CA(iR, .5. [crif^e, Fr.] an inclosure of twiu;s or wire, ni 
 w liich birds are kept ; a place for w ild beasts, inclosed wilii 
 pallisadoes; a prison for people jjuilty of petty crimes. 
 
 To CAfiR, V. IT. to inclose or contiiie in a cas;e. 
 
 CAI'M.AN,*. the American name of a crocodile. 
 
 To C.-\.IO'LR, II. a. [mjuler, Fr.] to (latter, soothe, or coax 
 includiu;; the idea of dissinnilation. 
 
 CAJOIT.U, s. a Hatter.r.or whecdier. 
 
 CAlO'STER, a town in l.incohishire, 1.5,j miles from 
 Londriii. 
 
 C MHO, Grand CAii!o,or F.i. K a it Kit a, the capital of 
 Eiiypt, consists of 3 towns, about a mile a|)art. Old Cairo or 
 Mesra, New Cairo, and the Port ol IJulac. The inhabitants 
 are about .100,000. Old Cairo is a small i)lace, tlioufjh it 
 be the harbour for boats that come Irom Upper K;,'ypt. 
 New Cairo is about a unl» from the river, and is7 miles in 
 ciicnmfereuce. It has 3 or 4 fjrand Si'tes, but the streets 
 are narrow, and the best houses are ;,'eiierally built rouiul a 
 court, having their windows within the inclose<l court, and 
 presenting only a dead wall to the street. The calash is a 
 canal which conveys the waters of the Nile into the city; it 
 is about 20 feet broad, and has houses built on each side of 
 it. Here are several public baicnios and caravansaries, and 
 about 300 mosques, the lofty minarets of which present a 
 very picturesque appearance. In the l.jth centu|-y, this 
 was i>nc of the richest and most Ihmrishing cities in the 
 world ; it has since declined, but the Europeans have 
 still their consuls and factors Itcie. It is seated near (lie 
 E. bank of the Nile, 100 miles S. of its nioutli. Lat. :W. 3. 
 N". Ion. 31. -33. E. 
 
 C.\'ISSON, *. [Fr.] a chest of bombs, or powder, laiil in 
 (he eneniy't ways, to be tired on his approach. A!-o a whicl 
 woollen frame, or chest, used in laying the foundations of 
 the piers of a bridge. 
 
 CAITHNE'.S.S, the most no-lheily county of Scotland, 
 boun<led on theW. by Sutherlaiidsliire ; on the N. by the 
 Pentland Frith, which divides it Irom the Orkney Klaiids ; 
 and on the S. E. by the (ierman Ocean. Its greatest extent 
 is 3.') miles from N. to S. and 21) from E. to W . The S. \V. 
 part is mountainous, and the abode of wild roes and otlii r 
 animals; the rocky summits shelter eagles, and ollirr i'.lids 
 of prey, and the lakes are resorted toby swans and various 
 water-fowl. On the S. W. this county ends in tin- pro- 
 montory called the Old of Caithness. .Moiig the sid' of 
 this steep hill, impending above the sea, a winding road has 
 •»ecn cut, which is the only entrance into tiiis county from 
 thc-jS. The climate is good, and the soil round the coast 
 very iiiiproveable : liere the English is spoken; but in the 
 Ilighlaiiils the Erse prevails. 
 
 Caitiff, *. [from caitho, Ital.] a criminal who is giiilly 
 of mcamiess ; a despicable, contemptible villain. 
 
 C.\KE, s. {cnccen, Brit.] a rich kind of baked bread, gene- 
 rally thill and round. Figuratively, any thing composed of 
 flour and baked, made in a thin and liattish form. 
 
 ToC.MxE, I.'. ». to harden like dough in (lie oven. 
 
 C'ALAliA'SII-'FKEI'], «. in bntany, a large tree growiii(^; 
 from ("eiity-tliree to thirty feet high. 'Fhe shells of tlit 
 fruit are used by the negroes for cups; as also for instru- 
 ments of iinisic, by making a hole iii the shell, and putliii/ 
 in small stones, \\ illi w liicli they make a sort of rattle. 
 
 C.\ l-AliA'll, a country of Upper (iuiiiea, with a town 
 and r'xr of the same name, where the Dutch liv>ve a fac 
 (oi-y. J.at. 1(). N. Ion. lo. E. 
 
 C.\E/\ I5IUA, a country of Naples, divided into Ultra 
 and Citra ; or Farther Calabria, of which Keggio is the ca- 
 pital, having Calabria Citra on the N. and the Mediterra- 
 nean on the I".. S. and VV. ; and Hither Calabria, of which 
 Cosenza is the capital, being boniideil ou th<- N. by Basili- 
 cata, on the !>. by the (iulph of Tarento, ami on the S. by 
 Calabria Ultra. It is rich in vegetable and iiiiueral produc- 
 tions, but liable to eaitli<puikrs. One oft'ie most terrible 
 upon record happened here and in .Sicily, in I7S3. Resides 
 the destruction of many to\vii>, villages, ami larms, above 
 40,000 persons perishid by this calamity. Mountains were 
 levelled and valleys formed in an instant; new rivers be. 
 gaii to How, and old streams were sunk into the earth, and 
 destroved ; pl.-.iitations were removed (Voni their situations, 
 and hills carried to places far distant. At Scilla, a wave, 
 which had swept the country tor 3 miles, carried ofl', on its 
 return, VJ473 ot the inhabitants. 
 
 C.l'LAIIORRA, a city of Old Castile, situated near the 
 Ebro, on the borders ol Navarre. 
 
 CA'L.'MS, a strong town if Fiance, in I^wcr Picardy, 
 with a citadel, and a tortilied harUiur. It is built in the 
 I'orm of a triangle, one side of w liich is lowarils the sea. The 
 citadel is as large as the town, and has but one entrance. 
 It is a trading place, with handsome streets, and several 
 churches and monasteries; the iiumber of its inhabitants is 
 reckoned about ,00OO. It was taken by King Edward III. 
 in 1347; and was lost in Queen Mary's time in l.%7. It 
 was bombarded by the English in l(i96, without doing mucii 
 damage. The foititicatious are gooil ; but its greatest 
 strength is its situation among the n.arshcs, which may l)e 
 ovcrtiowed at the approach of an enemy. The harbour i» 
 not so good as formerly, nor will it aolniit vessels of any 
 great 'jiirden. In time of peace there are packet-boat^ going 
 backward and forward twice a week, from Dover to Calais, 
 w hich is -21 miles distant. It is '25 miles \Y. of Dunkirk, and 
 162N. of Paris. Long. i. I. E. lat. 50. hH. N. 
 
 CALAMA'NCO, s. a kind of woollen stutf, with a glossy 
 surface. 
 
 CAL.V'MR.A, it. in commerce, a kind of wood brought 
 from China, usually sold under the deiioiniiiatioii of lignuai 
 aioes. 
 
 1 C.\'LA1MINE, s. [Inpis cithiminari.', Lat.] (he ore of zinc, 
 which is a hard, heavy, mineral substance, appearing of a 
 tony nature, but a lax and cavernous structure, generally 
 found in loose masses, from the size of a walnut to those of 
 three pounds and upwards. 
 
 CA'LAMIN'F, s. [cntumiutha, Lat. J in bota'iy, a species of 
 the mdissii or imim, w hich grows naturally in the mouiitaiu.'i 
 of'Fuscany. It has forked fruitstalks, growing at the base 
 of the leaves, and bluish white blossoms. It is found by 
 road sides and in corn fields, and flowers in August. 
 
 CALAMITOUS, n. U-nhmitosHS, Lat.] involved in mis- 
 fortunes; wretched; unfortunate; unlnppy, oppressed with 
 misery, applied to persons. Fatal, noxious, uinvholesonie, 
 or productive of misery or distress, applied to things. 
 
 CALA'Ml'I Y, «. misfortune, affliction, distress, the cause 
 of misery. Synon. Each of these words denote a saii 
 e\eiit; but that of misfortime is applied to casualties and 
 outward circumstances, tilings detached from us. Disaster 
 respects properly personal accidents. Calamitij implies 
 something more general. 
 
 CALAMUS, s. [Lat.] in botany, a reed; or sweet-scented 
 wood. SeeSpRlCEWOKT. 
 
 CAL.A SH, s. [caleche, Fr.] a light four-wheeleti uncovered 
 carriage, driven bv the traveller himself. 
 
 11/
 
 C A L 
 
 A L 
 
 C A'LCF.ATI'D, a. [cakeaUis, Lat.] sliod ; fitted with shoes. 
 
 CALCAKKOlJS, n. [(•«/fa;iH.s Lat. J tluit partakes of the 
 iic'.ture iiinl (lunlilips ot'(n/.r or ///«f. 
 
 C.i.CEDO NIL'S, s. [Lat.] a inecioiis stone of the agate 
 kiiifl. 
 
 C.A LCINATION, s. [Fr.] the act of reducing any matter 
 into a siilitile « liite powiier, by mcarib of (ire. 
 
 CALCIN'A'T<)RV,«. a vessel used in cakiuing. 
 
 To CALCI'NL, V. a. [tVotn cal.r, Lat.] to make a thing 
 easily powdered by uieaiis of tire ; to bum in the fire to a 
 substance »liich a small force will crumble; to reduce to 
 aslics ; to burn to u cinder. Figuratively, to consume or 
 destroy. 
 
 CALCO'GRAPHV, s. [from chalhns, brass, A\v\ graplio, to 
 write, (Jr.] the art of engra\ing on brass, or copper plates. 
 
 To CA LCULATE, v. q. [cnlfultr, Fr.] to find out the value 
 or amount of any thing by arithmetic; to compute or find 
 the situiJtion of the planets; to contrive or adapt to a cer- 
 tain en>l. Neulerly, to make a computation. 
 
 CAl.Cl'LATION, s. an operation in aritlimetic. Figu- 
 ratively, a deduction of reason ; the I'csuit of an arilhmeli- 
 i-sl operalion. 
 
 CALCITL.ATOR, J. one who computes or alculates. 
 
 C\I CL'LATORY, a. belonging to calculation or compu- 
 tation. 
 
 CAl CULO.se, or CALCULOU.S, a. [from calndns, Lat.] 
 sJ(>ny, pritty ; having the stone or gravel. 
 
 CALCULUS, s. [Lat.j a little siouc, anciently used in 
 calculations. In medicine, a stone in the kidney, ureters, 
 or- bladder. 
 
 CALCUTTA, or Fort William, the emporium of Ben- 
 "»l, and seat of the governor-general of India, is seated on 
 ilie W. side of Hoogiy River, at about 100 miles from its 
 mouth, vvliich is navigable up to the town tor large ships. In 
 the beginning of the last century it was a village, but now 
 it is an extensive city, supposed to contain .500,000 inhabi- 
 tants. The houses variously built, some of hrick, others 
 with mud, and a greater number with bamboos and mats, 
 wake a motley appearance ; anrl the mixture of Jvaropean 
 and Asiatic manners, observed in Calcutta is wonderful ; 
 coaches, ph-telons, hackeries, (two-wheeled carriages drawn 
 by bullocks) palankeens carrieii by the natives, the passing 
 ceremonies of the Hindoos, and the diilerent appearances of 
 the faquirs, forma diversified and curious scene. Here the 
 goverM>>r-general and council of I'>engal reside, who \n\\p a 
 control over the precideiices of iMadras, Bengal, and Ben- 
 coolcn. The houses have, many of them, the a|)pearance of 
 pjlaces or temples, and the inhabitants are very hospitable. 
 Tiie situation of this city is not happily chosen; for it has 
 < \teiisive muddy kikes and a \ast forest r'.ise by it, from 
 V hicli, in so hot a climate, unwholesome vapr)urs nuist arise. 
 Here are fourjudges, \\ho dispense justice according to the 
 laws of England. Calcutta is loao miles N. E. by N. of 
 Madras. Lat. 22. IX N. Ion. Hti. 28. E. 
 
 CA'LDRvON, or CAULDRON, s. lr/m„dron, Fr.] a large 
 vessel to heat water, or dress victuals in ; a pot. 
 
 CALEDONIA, the ancient name of Scotland. 
 
 CALEDONIA, NEW, a large island in the S. Pacific 
 Ocian, extending from lat. 19. 0. to 2.3. o. S. and from Ion. 
 104. 0. to 1C8. 0. \\,. 'I'he inhabitants ar« strong and active; 
 their dolhing is a wrapper made of the bark of a tree, or of 
 leaves. 'I'hey subsist chietiy on roots, and cultivate the 
 soil with some art and industry. From the hills, the summits 
 of «hi<:li many of them are coveri'd with wood, spring a 
 number ol' rivulets, winch fertilize the plains. Plantains 
 and &\igar-canes are not plentiful ; bread-fruit is very scarce 
 and the cocoa-nut trees are liui thinly planted ; but their 
 yams and taras are in great ahumlance. 
 
 CALEDONIANS, the ancient inhabitants of the north of 
 Scnt4anfl. 
 
 CALEFA'CTION, .<. [from rnf.farw, Lat.] the act of heat- 
 ing anv thing ; the slate of bciii^ liealed. 
 
 CALEFA'CTI VE. or CALEFACTORY, «. that heats, or 
 h;i^ the po«er ofh(>alin^. 
 I2>t 
 
 ToCA'LEFY, v.n.lcalejio, Lat.Jto glow Iiot; tobL'-Iit-alfd 
 At lively, to make hot. 
 
 C A LENDAR, s. [cahndm-inm, Lat.] a table eontaniing 
 the days, months, festivals, &c. happening in the year. 
 The Roman calendar, from which ours is boriowed, was 
 composed by Ronudus, who made the year consist of no 
 more than 304 days ; Numa Pouipilus corrected his error, 
 by making it consist of 12 lunar months, of .30 and 29 days 
 alternately, which made 364 days ; but being fond of an odd 
 number, he added one day more, which made it 3.5o <lays ; 
 and that the civil year might equal the sun's motion, he 
 added a month every second year. .Tiihiis Ca-sar, as a far- 
 ther improvement, made ih*' vear - .insist of 3(35 days, and 
 left the six hours to torn] a day, at the end of every liiurfh 
 year, which was added to the month of February. This 
 calendar was called the Julian, or old stvlc, in opposition to 
 the new sivie, introduced by (iregory Xlll. who finding the 
 Julian gone too forward, cut olf ten days from the calendar; 
 and to remedy this deftct for the future, left out one l)issc-x- 
 tile day every 100 years, making every fourlh hunrlred a leap 
 year. By act of parliament, to remedy the incoiiveniendes 
 arising from the difVereners of stvle, this kingdom adopted 
 the Gregorian, or new style, by leaving out eleven days of 
 the month of .September in the year !7.')2. The new Fiench 
 calendar commenced on the 22d of September 1792. Ac- 
 cording to it, the year commences at midnight, the beginning 
 of that day in w Inch falls tlie true autiuinial equinox for tiie 
 observatory of Paris. The year is divided into 12 rijiial 
 months of 30 days each ; after which five supplementary 
 da\s arc added, to complete the 3G6 days of the ordinary 
 year ; these five days do not belong to any month. Each 
 month, is divided into three decades of 10 days each ; dis- 
 tinguished by 1st, 2d, and 3d decade. In this calend'!;', the 
 months and days of them have new names, taken from the 
 circumstances of the seasons; the first of the three mouthy 
 of the year, of which the autunni is composed, from the vin- 
 tage, is called vindmiaire ; the second brumaire, from the 
 mists and low fogs which take place from October to No- 
 vember. There are other particulars respecting this calen- 
 dar, which it is not thought necessary to detail here, an-l 
 which, indeed, can be learned only by an almanack. This 
 calendar has been abolished by the French government, 
 aiul the old one was resumed on the 1st f)f January, 180fi. 
 Calendar is also used for the catalogue of saints, aneiently 
 kept in the churches, especially those who were honoured in 
 that particular church where the calendar was deposited. 
 Calendar of nrisonirs, is a list of all their names, with their 
 separate juilgments in the margin, which the judge signs, 
 and the execution of which is committed to the respective 
 sherifY. 
 
 C.-\ LENDER, s. a hot press, made use of to press, 
 smooih, or water maimfactures of silk, woollen, or linen. 
 The calender consists of two large wooden rollers, round 
 which the pieces of stuff are 'vound ; these are put between 
 two large, close, polished planks of wood, the lower serving 
 as a fixed base, and the upper moveable by means of a w heel, 
 like that of a crane, with a rope fastened to a spindle, w hich 
 makes its axis; this upper part is of a pnxiigious weight, 
 sonu'times twenty or thirty thousand jiounds. It is the 
 weight of this part, together with its alternate motion, thai 
 gives the poli.-h, and makes the waves <n\ the stuffs, bv 
 causing the cylinders on which they are put to roll with 
 great force over the lowest board. 'Flu' rollers are taken olf 
 and put on again by inclining the iT,achiiu'. In natural his- 
 tory, the word is applied to an insect, which preys on corns, 
 leaving nothing but the husks, and givin," the flour of it a 
 verv bad taste. 
 
 To CA'LENDER, v. a. [cn/fwi/iw, Fr.] to smooih, water, 
 or dress any mar.id'acture ni a hot press or calender. 
 
 CA'LENDER l''D, a. api)lied to corn, dm)ured by the 
 calender, an nisect. 
 
 C.'\'LI-ND1''.RER, J. one who presses, smooths, or water? 
 niainitactures in allot press or calender. 
 
 CALENDS, s. it has no smgular, [cnU'nda, Lat.] the firt-t
 
 CALL 
 
 CALO 
 
 139 
 
 day of the month anioii|» the Romans; they were rpckoned 
 backwanis, thus ; tlie first tl ly of Kehruary was called the 
 calends of Felnu I ly, tlie thirty-first of January the second 
 of the calends of Fi Ijruaiy, and so on to the 13th, when the 
 ides commenced. 
 
 CA'I/ENTUKE, s. [from caleo, Lat.] in medicine, an hi- 
 flammatory fe\ or, frtqui-nt at sea. 
 
 CALF, .1. plural cahcs ; [cealf. Sax.] the young of a cow. 
 The swelling^ (leshy part of a man's leg. A dolt or stupid 
 wretch, hy way of contempt. 
 
 CA'LIBEK, s. [citlihre, Fr.] the extent or diameter of any 
 round thing; an instrunieMt used hy carpenters. Among 
 the gunsmiths, tuooilcn calibers are models by which thuy cut 
 the stocks whereon tlicy mount their guns, pistols, Ike. Sleet 
 calibers are instruments with which they turn and file tlieir 
 screws. In guinury, the diameter of the mouth or bore of 
 a piece of cannon, or of the hall it carries. Caliber cowp'ixsei, 
 a pair of compa.sses, with the legs bent inwards, finiiished 
 with a tongue, which moves on a rivet on one of its legs, and 
 is used to take the dimensions of thi bore of a cannon, toge- 
 ther with the size and weight of the hall it can carry. 
 
 CA'LICE, or CilA'LirjE, .«. [oilix, L.it.] a cup, appro- 
 priated to the cups or vessels which the communicants diink 
 out of at the Lord's supper. 
 
 CA'LICO, s, [from Culii-u/, in India] a kind of linen manu- 
 f-c^!ire imported l>y the East India company. 
 
 CA'LID,-a. [mliihis, Lat.] hot, burning, fervent: 
 
 CALl'DITY, s. [niliilitas, Lnt.] heat. 
 
 CA'LIF, or CA'LIPII, s. \khalifa, a vicar or successor, 
 Arab.] a title given to tlie successors of Mahomet among the 
 Saracens, by whom it is accounted the supre-ne ecclesiastical 
 dignity ; or, among the IMaliometans, a sovereign dignity, 
 rested with absolute authority in all matters relative both to 
 religion and polity. 
 
 CALIFO'RXIA, a large and fertile peninsula of N. Ame- 
 rica, on the P.icific Ocean, reaching nearly from the 23rd to 
 the -tfith degree of lat. and from 10 to 40 leagues wide. It 
 is claimed by the Spaniards, who have a number of villages 
 here. St. Maria, St. Iguatio, St. Isidoro, &c. 
 
 CALIGA'TION, 1. [i'xom caligo, Lat.] darkness, cloudiness, 
 dimness of .light. 
 
 C.iLIGINOUS, a. [caliginosus, Lat.] dark, dim, cloudy, 
 obscure. 
 
 CALI'GINOUSNESS, s. darkness ; obscurity. 
 
 CALI'GllAPHY, s. [from kalos, fair, and gra/iho, to write. 
 Or.] a neat and handsome hand, applied to writuig ; beauli- 
 lul writing 
 
 CA'LIVEU, s. a hand-gun, harquebuse ; a small gun used 
 at sea. 
 
 CA'LIX, s. [L It.] in botany, the outward greenish cover 
 which encompasses the petals and other parts of a flower. 
 
 CALI'XTINS,-*. in chmch history, a sect of Christians in 
 Bohemia and Moravia ; the pvincl|)al point in which they 
 iliffercd from the church was the use of the chalices, or com- 
 municating in both kinds. It was also a name given to 
 those among the Lutherans, who followed the sentiments of 
 George Callxtus, a eelebraied divine, who opposed the opi- 
 nion of St. Augustine on predestination, grace, and free- 
 will. 
 
 To CALK, (tttullc) V. a. [from calage, Fr.] to stop the seams 
 or other leaks of a ship with o.ikum or tow, to keep the water 
 out. 
 
 CA'LKER, (fuiZ/fo) J. the person who stops the leaks of 
 a ship. 
 
 CA'LKING, {ca-ulking) s. stopping the leaks or streams of 
 a ship with oaknni or tow, wliich is afterwards covered 
 with a raimure of tallow, pitch and tar, as low as it draws 
 water. 
 
 'I'o CALL, (caut) v. a. [calo, Lat.]' to name. Used with on 
 and vpm, to visit or go to a person's house. In divinity, 
 to receive a mission from God ; and used with uiJon, to im- 
 plore ; to pray to in distress, with confidence ol assistance. 
 To cult hack, to revoke. To call over, to read aloud a list or 
 muster roll To cult names, to abuse a person by some 
 
 renroachful term or word. To call in, applied to money, to 
 collect or dernanil a sum lent. Joined with nul, to challenge 
 provoke, or excite to combat or danger. 
 
 C.'iLL, {cuut) .t. an address by word of mouth. Figura- 
 tively, a mis.iion from God. In law, a nomination or admis- 
 sion. Used with u/ioii, a claim or dernanil. Wilkin call, not 
 far off; within hearing. An instrument imitating the notes 
 of birds, and used by bird catchers to bring them into their 
 traps. The English name for the uiijieral called tungster or 
 wolfram hy the Germans. 
 
 CALL.\'0, a city, the port of Lima, in I'ern, with a large 
 beautifid anil safe harbour. Lat. 12. 9. S. loir 77. W. 
 
 CA'LLING, {cnullin/j;) .«. the bnsMie!.s or trade a person 
 professes; station, employmetit, or profession; divine vo- 
 cation ; invitation to the true religion. 
 
 CA'LLINtt TO.X, or Kelj.i.ngto.n, a town in Cornwall, 
 with a woollen maini'actory. It is seated on tlie river Ta- 
 mar, VZ miles S. of Launceston, and •H^ W. by S. (<f London. 
 It is not inferior to the best half of the Cuniisli boriiuglis for 
 wealth and buildings, having one very good broad street, a 
 market-house, and neat church. Market on Welnle^day. 
 
 CALLl'OPK, [Gr.] the muse who jiresides over rhetoric 
 and heroic. verse. 
 
 CA'LLIPEUS, s. See Caliber, of which lliis is a corrup- 
 tion. 
 
 C.VLLOSITY, .». \callusit'e, Fr.] in anatomy, a hardness of 
 the skin, owing to h.ird labour, or frequent rubbings where- 
 by It becomes insensible. 
 
 CA'LLOUS, u. \callus, Lat.] indurated ; hardened ; hav- 
 ing the pores shut up. Applied to the mind or conscience, 
 not to be moved by threats or promises. 
 
 CA'I,LOUSNESS, s. insensibility of the body, wherein the 
 skin grows into knobs, and loses all sensation ; the hardness 
 of the juices which knit together the extremities of a broken 
 bone. Figuratively, insensibility, applied to the mind. 
 
 CA'LLOW, u. unfledged ; without feathers. 
 
 CA'LLUS, s. [Lat.] See Callosity. 
 
 CALM, u. [culm, Belg.] undisturbed by tempests or vio- 
 lent winds, applied to the sea and elements. Ui.distuibed 
 by boisterous passions, applied to the mind. Substantively, 
 used for a freedom from tempests or winds at sea. 
 
 To CALAI, f. a. to put an end to a tempest. Figurative- 
 ly, to soothe or pscily ; to appease. 
 
 CA'LMER, 4. the person or thing which reduces from a 
 state of turbulence or violence to one of quietness, rest, and 
 serenity. 
 
 CA'LMLY, ad. free from violence, furiousness, or tem- 
 pestuous commotion. Figuratively, in a serene, cool man- 
 ner. 
 
 CA'LMNESS, s. a state of quiet free from the disturbance 
 of violent winds. Figuraliveiy, a state of cool and sedate 
 tranquillity; milihiess. 
 
 CALNE, a town of Wilts, with a manufactory of cloth, 
 situated on a river of the same name, 12 miles W. of Marl- 
 borough, and 88 \V. of London. Market on Tuesday, 
 
 CA'LOMEL, s. [rVoin kulos, fair, and nulax, black, Gr.] 
 in chymistry, a name given to mercury sublimated a fourth 
 time or upwards, which makes it more gentle in its operation, 
 and fits it to act as an alterative. 
 
 CA'LORIC, s. ill chymistry, the matter of heat. 
 
 CALORl'FIC, [caluriftcus, Lat.] that has the power of 
 heating. 
 
 CA'LOPiIMETEU, s. iii chymistry, an instnmieiit for as- 
 certaining the quantity of caloric disengaged from any tub- 
 stance that may be the object of ex|)eririieiit. 
 
 CALO'TTE, 1. [Fr.] a cap or coif of hair, worn first by 
 cardinal Richelieu. A red calotte is become the badge of a 
 cardinal. In architecture, a red cavity or depressure in 
 form of a cap or cup, latlied and plastered, used to diminish 
 the rise or elevation of a chapel, cabinet, alcove, &c. 
 
 CALO'YERS, s. [from kalus, fair, good, Gr.] monks of the 
 Greek church, who live a very retired and austere life, eat 
 no flesh, keep four lents, and never break their fasts till they 
 have earned that meal by their labour.
 
 130 
 
 C A M li 
 
 CAME 
 
 CA'LTROPS, s. [fo7r<r>/.pf, Sax.] an iiistnimeut with fcur 
 iron spikes, ilisjmse.l in Such a nvmiier tli.it oue of tliem 
 will always be Ufiiiglit, and three of them in the grmiiKl. 
 They are used to aii.ioj', eirl)jrra.''.s, aTid woutid tlio horses' 
 feet of the carah-y. lii botany, a plant S) ciiU-.-d from its 
 resembling the instrument just described, and being very 
 troublesome to caltle by pricking- their feet. 
 
 To CALVH, !■. n. to brinsj forth a calf. 
 
 CALVKS SXOUr, s a plant, called also snapdragon. 
 
 CA'LVILLE, .•. [Fr.] a sort of apples. 
 
 CA'LVlNlSrS, J. in church history, are those who follow 
 the opinions of John Calvin, one of the principal retbroiers 
 of the chiirch in the sixteenth century, a man of great parts 
 and industry, and of considerable learning. The term 
 Calvinist is at present applied with several degrees of limita- 
 tion. In its strictest sen^e, it is appropriated to those who 
 imbibe the sentiments of the reformer both as to doctrine 
 and discipline. This was the case with the churches of 
 Geneva, Holland, Jicotland, and several parts of Germany 
 and Switzerlanil ; but many of the modern members of 
 these churches entertain sentiments very dili'erent to tho.se 
 of Calvin. In England, all those are called Cu/w«ij7.i-, what- 
 ever be their opinions concerning church goveroLnent, who 
 maintain the doctrines of iniconditional election, irresistilile 
 grace, and the perseverance of the saints. In the Trinita- 
 rian controversy, the epi;liet Calvinistk is applied to all who 
 take the orthodox side of the qui stion. 
 
 CA'LUAIET, s. a symbol of peace among the Indians of 
 North America. It is made of a red stone, like our marble ; 
 the head resembles tliat of a tobacco pipe, but larger, and is 
 fijted in a hollow reed, to hold it for smoking. They adorn 
 it with fine wings of various colours, and is the Calumet of 
 the sun, to whom they present it, especially if- they want fair 
 weather, or rain. This pipe is a pass or safe-conduct 
 amongst all the allies of the nation that has it given. In all 
 embassies the ambassador carries it as an emblem of peace, 
 and is always received with a profound regard ; the savages 
 being persuaded that a violation of the Calumet wouhl be 
 attended with some dire misfortune. 
 
 To CALU'JINIATE, v. n. [calumnior, I,at.] to accuse 
 falsley ; to charge without just ground. Actively, to 
 slander. 
 
 CALUMNIATION, s. a false representation of a per- 
 •on's words and actions, in order to render his character 
 suspected. 
 
 CALUMNIA'TOR, s. [Lat.] one who slanders another to 
 ruhi his reputation. 
 
 CALU'MNIOUS, (1. slanderous; falsely accusing. 
 
 CA'LU.VlNy, s. [i-aluninia, I.at. ] the falsely accusing of a 
 person with crimes, or misrepresenting his words and actions, 
 m order to mike his character suspicious. 
 
 CALX, :. [Lat.] lime ; an old term made use of to describe 
 a metallic oxide. 
 
 CA'LYCLE, s. ['-alj/culus, Lat.] a small bud of a plant. 
 
 CAMAl'EU, s, [cmiiiicliaia, Ital.] a particular kind of 
 onyx, which can be engraved either in nlievo or crcux ; a 
 kind of onyx, on which are represented landscapes. 
 
 CAM'BAY, a city of Gnzerat in Uimluostan, siluateil on 
 a gulf of the same name, which is full of rocks, covered at 
 low water. The country abounds in corn, cattle, silk, &c. 
 and cornelian and agate stones are found in the rivers. The 
 inhabitants are noted for embroidery, some of their quilts 
 have been valued at 40/. a piece, 'i'hey trade in spices, 
 elephants, teeth, silk stuirs, cotton and other merchandize, 
 which are brought here from all parts, and sent to Acheen, 
 Goa, Arabia, Persia, tkc. It is subject to the Poonah Mali- 
 ratlas, and is 57 miles nearly S. of Amcdabad, of which it is 
 the port. Lat. ^2. 2'>. N. Ion. 72. 10. E. 
 
 CA'MUER, J. a piece of timber cut arching. 
 
 CAMIIO'DIA, or CAMBOJA, a kingdom of Asia, S. of 
 Loos, S. E. of Siam, and S. W. of Cochin China. Its princi- 
 pal river, and chief oily, bear the same name. Lat. 13. 10. 
 N. Ion. 105. 5. E. 
 
 CAMfiKA'Y, u. large city in the department of the Noctb, 
 
 before the revolution the cipital of Cambresis. It has a 
 considerable manufactory of lace, linen, leather, soap, and 
 cambrics, which took their name from this city. It contains 
 10 parishes, arid about 3000 houses, and is seated on tlie 
 Scheldt, vvliich divides it into two, 22 miles S. E. of Arras, asid 
 102 N. E. cf Paris. 
 
 CA'AIBRICK, s. [/r,;7e de Camiiat/, Fr.] a species of linen 
 made of tlax, very title ami white, at first inaniit.ictured at 
 Cambray. The ca/nbricks now allowed in this country are 
 manidactureil in Scotland and Ireland. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE, the counfy-lown of Cambridgeshire, and 
 seat of a celebrated University, is situated on the river Cam, 
 which divides it into two unequal parts. The university, 
 contains 12 colleges and 4 halls. Its buildings are elegant, 
 and its liliraries and cabinets valuable and extensive. The 
 towij-hall and county-hall are the only buildings of note 
 that do not appertain ■ to the university. The streets are 
 narrow, but well jiaved ; and the houses, above 1200 in 
 number are old; the market-place is spacious, and iji it is 
 a handsome stone conduit, to which water is conveyed by 
 an aqueduct. Its chief trade is water-carriage from hence 
 to Duwiiham, Lynn, Ely, &c. Cambridge is 80 miles E. N. 
 E. of Oxford, 17 nearly S. of Ely, and 51 N. by E. of Lon- 
 don. Markets every day in the week, Sunday and Alonday 
 excepted. 
 
 C.V'.MBUIDGE, a village near Berkley hi Gloucestershire, 
 where the Danes attacked Edward the Elder, as they rtturncd 
 from a plundering excursion. 
 
 CA'iMBKlD'GE, a village of Massachuset's Bay, in North 
 America. It has an university, which, with respect to its 
 library, philosophical apparatus, and professorships, is the 
 first literary institution in America. It has generally from 
 120 to 150 students, and is 4 miles W. of Boston. 
 
 CA'MBRIDGESHIRE, a county of England, bounded 
 on the W. and S. W.. by the comities of Bedford, Hunting- 
 don, and Northampton ; on the N. W. by Liiicohi.shire, on 
 the N. E. by Norfolk, on the E by Suffolk, and on the S. by 
 Essex and Herts. It is 50 miles in length, from N. to S. 
 and 25 broad from E. to W. and contains 17 hundreds, a 
 market towns, and 163 parishes. The air and soil vary ; 
 some parts, especially the southern and eastern, are plea- 
 sant and healthy ; but the northern, or fenny country, is low 
 and watery, the waters of the middle part of England, which 
 do not run into the Thames or Trent, falling uito these fen«, 
 .See I.iiVEL (Bedfokd). 
 
 CAME, the preter. of the verb To Come. 
 
 C-VMEL, J. [game/, Heb.] a large and very useful animal, 
 an hihabitant ol Arabia and the adjacent countries. It is 
 particularly valuable on arcount of the heavy weights it can 
 carry, and the long journeys it can perform without eating 
 or drinking. It is only by means of the caintl that the deserts 
 of Arabia and the N. of Africa are at all habitable. 
 
 CAME'LEON, s. in natural history, a little animal of the 
 lizard kind. Its tongue is half as long as itself, round as 
 far as the tip, which is hollow, on that account called a 
 trunk, and used by it in catching flies, on which it subsists. 
 In chemistry, mineral cameteon is a greenish, friable powder, 
 composed ol maiigane.se and potass, which changes its co- 
 lour during its solution in water, being lirst blue, then yel- 
 low, afterward blue, reihlish, brownish, and at last black. 
 It tiien subsides and leaves the fluid colourless. 
 
 L'A'.MET^FOUD, a town of Cornwall, with a market on 
 Frid ly lor yarn, of which a great quantity is spun in this 
 place and neighbourhood. It is seated near the river Ca- 
 mel, or Alan, 20 miles \V. of Launceston and 2'.i9 W. by S. 
 of London. 
 
 CAAIE'LOPAUD, s. \camilux and pardus, Lat.] an 
 Abysshiian animal taller tiian an ehphaut, but not so thick. 
 He is so named, because he has a neck and head like a ca- 
 mel, and is spotted like a pard. He is called by the Italians 
 aiuri/fii. 
 
 CAMELOr, or CA'MBLET, or CA'MLET, s. [cameM, 
 Fr.] a stulV in.ule of goat's hair, with wool or silk, or both. 
 The true orieiilal Cambkt is made of the hair of a kind of
 
 CAMP 
 
 CANA 
 
 131 
 
 jfoat, frequent about Atigora in Syiii; Iiut no European 
 Cambkts are made of goat's liiiir alone. The Caiiiblds of 
 Brussels are consiilereil as of the <iist rate excellency, and 
 those of Eiiglaml claim tlie S'.cond. 
 
 CA'MEUA OBSCUKA, s. [Lat.] in op'ics, a machine 
 representing an artificial eye, wliereiu the Iniagis of exter- 
 nal objects are exhibited distinctly, in tlicir native colours, 
 exact proportions, real situations, ami in all their peisptc- 
 livcs or ibreshortenings. It is made sometimes by d.irktjiinf^ 
 the winiiows of a room, that look ii:to a street, garden, &c. 
 and making a small hole ii] the shutters, fixing therein a plain 
 glass convex, or rather a tube with two gla-ses; for viith 
 oidy one glass the object will be represerited upon the wall, a 
 sheet, ts.c. hung ou purpose, in an inverted peslure. 
 
 CA'MEUATED, (I. [lamerat - - ■ ■ 
 
 lu3, Lat.l arclied or vaulted, 
 //i", Lat-J a vaulting or arch- 
 
 CAMER.VTION, s. [cumerutio. 
 ing. 
 
 CAMERO'NIANS, a sect or party in Scotland, who sepa- 
 rated from the Presbyterians in IGfift and continued to hold 
 their religions assemblies in the fields. The Cumeronians 
 took their deiiomijiatiun from Uichard Cameron, a famous 
 field preaciier who, refusing to accept the indulgence to 
 lender consciences gratited by king Charles 11. as such an 
 acceptance seemed an acknowkdgment of the king's supre- 
 macy, and that he had before a right to silence them, made 
 a defection from his brethreTi, and even headed a re!iel!iou 
 HI which he was killed. His followers were never entirely 
 reduced till the revolution, when they voluntarily submitted 
 to king M^illiam. 
 
 CAMISA'DO, s. [from cn»2i.«a, Ital.] a military term, de- 
 unling an attack by surprise in the mght, in whicli the as- 
 sailants wear their bhirt> outward, as a distinction to know 
 their own men from the enemy. 
 
 CA'MLET, ,». See C.\melot. 
 
 CA'MLINE, *. in botany, a species of my;igrum, found in 
 fields amongst flax, and also called gold of pleasure ; it 
 flowers in June. 
 
 CA'MOMILR, s. See Chamomile. 
 
 CAMP, s. [ciijtip, Fr.] the order of tents pitched by an ar- 
 my when they keep the field ; the place where an army 
 rests, or dwells in tents or barracks. A ft;i'tnir temp, is a 
 strong boily of horse, which always keep tiie field, and are 
 continually in motion, either to cover any place, or to sur- 
 prise or fatigue an enemy, and cause a diversion. 
 
 To Cx\MP, V. a. to fix tetits, and remain in a field, applied 
 to an enemy. 
 
 CAMPA'IGN, (I'ampdui) s. [camjiag'ie, Fr.] that space of 
 time during which an army keeps the field, without gouig 
 into winter quarters. 
 
 CAMPA'XULA, J. in botany, the bell-flower of which 
 there are sevend kinds. 
 
 CA'MPBELTON, a large and increasing town of Argyle- 
 nhire, situated on a bay of the same name, towards the South- 
 ern extremity of the peninsidar of Caiityre. It has a consi- 
 derable trade, being the general rendezvous of the fishing 
 vessijls that annually visit the W. coast. The bay is beau- 
 tiful, capacious, and safe, being 3 n^ilos in length, half a mile 
 in width, and having from 5 to 9 fathom water, with a stiff 
 clay bottom J it is also land-locked on every side, and 
 screened at the entrance by a, lofty small island, which 
 breaks the violence of the winds and the force of the waves, 
 Lat. 55. 29. N. Ion. 5. 42. W. 
 
 CA'AIPDEN, a town in Gloueesletsbire, with a market 
 on Wednesday. It is Iprge, but a poor town, gives title to 
 a vicount, and sends two members to parliament. It is 18 
 miles N. E. of Gloucester, and »6 N. W. by W. of Loudon. 
 
 CA'MPHIRE, or CA'MTHO^, (hinijim m kumlhr) s- [cam- 
 phnra, Eat.] in phamiacy, a white crystalline substance, of a 
 very strong taste and smell, obtained in the E*»t, from a 
 species of laurel. It is so indammable that it tiuariift ereii on 
 water. 
 
 CA'MPHQRATE, or CA'MPHORATED. {kattfwated) a. 
 that has camphire mixed with it. 
 
 CAMPHD'KJC, a. bi'lppgiiig to q«Hipboii. 
 
 CA'MPION, J. a [ilarit of which there are several spe- 
 cies. 
 
 CAN, .!. [canne. Sax.] a drinking vessel, or cup made of 
 wood in the form of a cask or barrel. Figuratively, any 
 drinking vessel not made of earth. 
 
 CAN, V. V. [koniien, Uelg.] It is sometimes, but seldom, 
 used as an alisohite verl>, but constantly joined with another 
 verb, as a sign of tlie potential mood. Its present is declined 
 thus ; / raHf thou cnnstf lie ciin, we can, &c. and its preter. 
 I ciiti/d, thuu luulJ.^I, &c, to be able ; to have pinver sufficient 
 to do an action. Though taken as a sign ot the potential 
 mood, yet it differs very much from mur/ ; viuij dr noting 
 right, lawfulness, or a penni.ision to do a thing ; but can, 
 the power or strength of the doer or agent, and with the 
 Verb active is applied to |)eibOiis ; as I can do it; but with 
 the passive, relates to things ; as, it can be done. 
 
 CA'NAOA, a country of Nortii America, N. of the United 
 Stales, extending about 700 miles in length from N. E. to 
 S. VV. and almut liOO ill bri'.idth. It is siilji'Ct to Great 
 Britain ; and the rtligioiis estaljllshinent is that of the church 
 of Rome. By an act of parliament in 17ul, the country wa.« 
 divided into Upper C.inada, of which Montreid is the capi- 
 tal ; and Lower Canada, of which Quebec is tl'.e chief city; 
 and a constitution, partly resembling that of England, was 
 given to each of these provinces. The winter here for six 
 months is very severe ; the cleared lands are very fertile, 
 i.iiil the VL'getables various, and corn ripens in two months 
 time, vcget tiun being always wonderfully accelerated 
 where the season is short. Furs and skins are obtained here 
 in great quantities, (the Canadian merchants having of late 
 years, inteifered greatly even with the Hudson's Bay Com- 
 pany, exploring mnnerims nations inland, and seniliiig many 
 large ranocs into the interior country.) The rivers, lakes, 
 and bpys, are nimieiim«, large, and deep, and well supplied 
 with fiih. Here are several ancient and extensive forests, 
 and the tribes of Indians are numerous. 
 
 CANAILLE, .«. ill France, the lowest rank of people; 
 the vulgar. 
 
 CAiN'A'L, s. [rantilis, Lat.] a place cut in a garden to 
 receive water from a river or pipes ; a hollow place cut for 
 the leception of the sea, any tract of water made by art. 
 In aiiatoiny, a duct or passage through which any of the 
 juices flow. 
 
 CANAL, (riiF. Dt'KE of BRincEWATrn's.) a stupen- 
 dous work, begun in lioS, at Wor-seley Mill, 7 miles from 
 I\Ianchester, where at the foot of a mountain, composed in 
 a great measure of coal, a bason is cut, capable of eonlaining 
 all the boats, and a great body of water, whioh serves as a 
 reservoir to the navigation. The canal runs through a hill, 
 by a subterraneous passage, nearly three quarters of a mile, 
 to the duke's coal works. In some places it is cut through 
 the solid ri)ck ; in others arched over with brick. Air fun- 
 nels, some of svhich are 37 yards perpendicular, are cut at 
 certain iii»tanccs through the rock to the top of the hill. At 
 B.irtnii Bridge, 3 miles from the bason, is au aqueduct, 
 which, for upwards of WO yards, conveys the canal across 
 a valley, and also more than 40 feet above the navigable ri- 
 ver Irvvell. There are three arches over this river; the cen- 
 tre one is 03 feet wide, and 3H high, admitting the largest 
 barges to pass underneath with their masts and Siiils stand- 
 ing. At Longford Bridge, the canal turns to the right, and 
 crossing the river Mersey, juisses near Altringliani, Dur- 
 ham, Grapenhall, and Kaulton, into the tide-way of the 
 Mrisey, at Runcorn Gap, whence the t)arges can pass to 
 Liverpool at low water. This navigation is 29 miles in length ; 
 it falls 95 feet, and wae finished hi 5 years, under the direc- 
 tion of that excellent engineer, Mr. Brindly. Coals, which, 
 heluie this canal was Cnishtd, were retailed in Manchester at 
 7d. per hundred weight, were sold, soon after its cunipleiioii, 
 (seven score to the huiulred weight) at 3d. 
 
 CANA'L, (the GiiANU Tkunk, or SrAFFCuaitHiRE 
 Cakal,) was begun in ]7til>, under the direction of Air. 
 Qrimlley, in order Ip fiirm a communicalion between tbe 
 Mer:tey and, the Trent, and of uuursu between the Irish
 
 133 
 
 CAN A 
 
 CAND 
 
 Channel anil the Gpvman O.-tan. It is 92 rnilcs in length, 
 fioiTi tlie DnltL' of Bridyewater's canal, at Preston on tlie 
 Hiiij in Cheshirt', to Wihlon Ferry, in Derliyshire, where it 
 t'omuiunicate:? with the Trent. It is carried over the river 
 Dove ill an aqiK^ducl of 23 arches, and tlie ground is raided 
 (or more than a mile to a consideralile heiglit ; it is also car- 
 rit'd over the Trent liy an aqueduct of 6 arches; at Hare- 
 caitle Hill, it is conveyed under ffroinid a mile and a half; 
 at Barton, in Cheshire, a suliterraneous passage is ofrected 
 of otiO yards in extent, and in the same neighhourhood ano- 
 tlier of 350 : and at Preston on the Hill, where it joins the 
 duke's canal, it passes under ground 1241 yards. From 
 the neighbourhood of Stafford, a branch is made from this 
 canal, to near Wolverhampton, and to join the Severn near 
 Kidderminster : from this again two other branches are car- 
 ried, one to Birminnham, and the other to Worcester. Since 
 the establishment of these canals, many other extensive ones 
 have been projeited and executed in most of the inland, and 
 some of the maritime counties. 
 
 CAKA'L, (THE Grand,) in Ireland commences in Dub- 
 lin, at the West end of the town, and is intended to be car- 
 ried to the river Shannon. Il already communicates with 
 the Barrow, whereby a communication is opened between 
 the metropolis and Athy, Carlow, Ross, Waterford, Clon- 
 mel, &c. There are passage-boats daily from the city to 
 Sallans, Monasterevcn, and Athy, and from these places to 
 Dublin ; and vessels carrying goods are continually passing 
 and repassing. Tlie exet\ition of this work was an arduous 
 business ; besides having to cut through hard and rocky stra- 
 ta, and construct aqueducts over the valleys and rivers, they 
 had to carry it through a long tract of turf bog, whiili, for 
 a considerable time, baffled their efforts, as, from its fluid- 
 like consistence, it was pressed into, or filled up, the cut or 
 chatniel, whenever they ceased digging. These difficulties, 
 however where .surmounted, and the canal itself has proveil 
 such a drain to tlie bog, as to enable the people to reclaim a 
 great extent of it, and bring it under cultivation. By a 
 branch, which has been carried at an immense expencc, by 
 a circuitous course, round the S. side of the city, the Grand 
 Canal now communicates with the harbour of Dublin. There 
 are other canals and modes of inland navigation by the rivers 
 and lakes, both in the N. and W. of Ireland. The Koyal 
 Canal on the North side of Dublin is not yet comiilct- 
 ed. 
 
 CANA'L, (the Great) in Scotland, forms the long, 
 wished for jiniclion between the Forth and the Clyde. This 
 bold design, conceived above a century ago, is now success- 
 fully executed upon a scale far above the usual dimension^ 
 of the largest canals in England, and admits of vessels con- 
 structed for foreign trade, provided the breadth of the beam 
 be somewhat less than 20 feet, and their draught of water a 
 little under 8. The extreme length of this canal from the 
 Forth to the Clyde, is 35 English miles. In the space of 
 30 miles it is carried over SB rivers and rivulets, besides two 
 great roads, by means of 38 aqueduct bridges. In the 
 course of this inland navigation which may be performed 
 in less than 18 hours, many striking scenes present them- 
 selves to view. But above all others, the stupendous aque- 
 duct bridge over the Kelvin, near Glasgow, 400 fret in length, 
 carrying a great artilicial river over a natural one in a deep 
 valley, where large vessels sail along at the height of 70 feet 
 above the bed of the river below, is one of the features of 
 this stupendous woik, which gives it a pre-eminence over 
 any of a similar nature in Europe. Yet, however singular 
 and striking this may appear with respect to picturesque 
 beauty, the utility of this communication between the East, 
 em and Western Sea to navigation and commerce, is a more 
 important consideration, as it shortens the nautical distance 
 300, and in some cases lono miles, and affords a safe and 
 speedy navigation, particularly at the end of the season, to 
 vessels bound to Ireland or the western ports of Great Bri- 
 tain, that are too long detained in the B.iltic, and that can- 
 not attempt the voyage roun<l by the North Sea, without 
 danger of shipwreck, or the market being lost from delay. 
 
 C,VXALI'CUL.A.TED, a. [canuuculafiit, I,at.] made like a 
 pipe or gutler : channelled. 
 
 C.^NAK'O'RE, a large sea port on the coast of Malabar, 
 ceded to the E'iglish by Tippoo Sultan in 17«2. Lat. 12.0. 
 N. Ion. 7.5. 14. E. 
 
 CANA'ilY, s. a sort of wine brought from the Canaries, 
 now called sjc. Also a sort of grass, so called on account 
 of its seeds hting tound to be the best food for the canary- 
 bird. Also an old dance. 
 
 CANA'IlV-Hn'D, s. a .singing bird, formerly peculiar to 
 the Canaries, of the linnet kind, of a yellow, or yellowi.«h 
 green colour, a very loud note, and of great boldness. 
 
 CANA'KY ISLANDS, in the Atlantic Ocean, near the 
 continent of Africa, are 7 in number, namely. Grand Canary, 
 the chief, 42 miles Imig and 27 broad ; its capital, Canary, 
 is a well-built town : Palmci, Ferro, Gomero, Teneriffe, Fuer- 
 faventura, and Lancerota ; to which however may be added 
 several smaller isles, as Graciosa, Uoccas, Allegranza, St. 
 Clare, Inferno, and Lobos. They are subject to the Spani- 
 ards, and produce wheat, sugar-canes, wine, and excellent 
 fruits, and it is hence that the Canary birds originally came 
 Lat from 27. 30. to 29. 30. N. Ion. from 12. 0. to 17. 50. W. 
 
 To CA'NCEL, V. a. [cancelhr, Fr.] to cross a writing, and 
 thereby render it of no effect. Figuratively, to destroy a 
 deed by tearing off the seal or name ; to efiace or oblite- 
 rate. 
 
 CANCELLA'TION, ». an expunging or annulling the 
 power of an instrument. 
 
 CA'NCEH, i [Lat.] in astronomy, a sign of the Zodiac, 
 into which the sun enters on the 21st of June, and repre- 
 sented on globes by the figure of a cr^ib, in order to express 
 the returning of the sun, or its coming back to the equator 
 from thence ; or from its seeming not to advance, but rather 
 to go back for some days wlien in the solstitial point, iu 
 which respect it imitates the motion ascribed to that ani- 
 mal. The stars in this constellation, according to Flam- 
 siead, are 71. The tropic of Cancer is a less circle of the 
 sphere, parallel to the equator, and passing through the be- 
 ginning of the sign Cancer ; the inhabitants within this space 
 have the sun perpendicular or vertical twice a year, and are 
 situated in the Torrid Zone. In surgery, a roundish hard 
 ragged, immoveable swelling, of an ash or bluish colour, en- 
 compassed round with branched turgid veins, full of black 
 foul blood, so called, as some saj, from the resemblance 
 which the turgid veins, shooting Irom it bear in figure to 
 the CI ab-fish, or according to others, because like the crab, 
 whence once it has got hold, it is scarcely possible to drive it 
 away. 
 
 To CA'NCERATE, v. n. to grow cancerous ; to turn to 
 a cancer. 
 
 CA'NCEROUS, a. having the virulence of a cancer. 
 
 CAXDA'HAU, a kingdom of Asia, between Persia and 
 the river Indus. Its capital is Candahar, a rich tradiig town 
 situated on the river Hermend, iu the road from Ispahan to 
 Delhi, 140 miles S. W. of Cabul. Lat. 33. 0. N. Ion. 65. 
 30. E. 
 
 CA'NDENT, 0. \candens, Lat.] hot ; in the highest degree 
 of heat next to fusion. 
 
 CA'NDIA, an island in the Mediterranean, fontierly 
 Crete, S, of the Archipelago, about 150 niiles in length, and 
 from 15 to 35 in breadth. It produces com, wine, oil, wool, 
 silk and excellent honey, and is chiefly inhabited by Greeks. 
 Mount Ina, in the middle of the island, is a huge, barren, 
 sharp pointed eminence. Its capit?!, Candia, though for- 
 merly populous, is now in a manner deserted, there being 
 little but rubbish, except at the baz.iar or market-place, and 
 the harbour bei:ig only fit for boats. It is 500 miles from 
 Constantinople. Lat. 35. 10. N. Ion. 25. 23. E. 
 
 CA'NDID, a. [candidus, Lat.] white. Figuratively, im- 
 partial ; mild ; unitilluenced by sinister motives, malice or 
 prejudice. 
 
 CA'NDIDATE, i. [from candiJiis, white, Lat. because 
 camlidates for (ifli,-es ariong ih'i Uo.tians used to appear in 
 white robes.] one who .solicits the votes of others, in order to
 
 CANI 
 
 CANO 
 
 133 
 
 attain any place or office conferred by a majority ; one who 
 opposes iKiother; a competitor. 
 
 CA'NDlDi^Y, ad. in an impartial manner; without pre- 
 judice, malice, or envy ; fairly. 
 
 CA'NDLE, s. [oiiidilu, I.at.] a wick of' cotton covered 
 with wax, spermaceti, (Jr tallow, of a cylindrical form, used 
 to supply the want of day-li{,'ht. Su/i: 6j/ llii- candle, or inch 
 qfcanillc, is an auction which la.its only while a piece of can- 
 dle lighted for that purpose cont'iuies biiniin'.', the last bid- 
 der before it is extinct bt-in^ adjndjjed tlie purchaser. 
 
 CA'NDLEBEKRY-TliEK, s. a species of sweet willow. 
 
 CA'NDLEIJGHT, s. the li^ht aflbrded by a candle. 
 
 CA'NDLEMAS, s. a festival a|)poiiited by the church, to 
 be observed on the second of Ecbruary, in honour of the purifi- 
 cation of the ble.'^sed virgin Slary. It was celebrate.! by the 
 aticient Christians ; who, on that day, used abundance of 
 lights in lleir churches, and procession, in memory, as is 
 supposed, ol our Saviour's being ou that day declared to be 
 a lig/it ill lighten llie Genliles. In imitation of which, the 
 Roman Catholics, on this day, consecrate all their tapers 
 and candles which they use in their churches during the 
 whole year. 
 
 CA'NDLESTICK, s. a household utensil contrived to hold 
 one or more lighted candles. 
 
 CA'NDOCK, s. a weed that prows in rivers. 
 
 CA'NDOUH, s. [i-ainlor, Lat.] a temper of mind unsonred 
 by envy, unn filed by malicf, and nosLduced by prejudice; 
 Eweet without weakness, and impartial without rigour. 
 
 CA'NDY, a kingdom of Ceylon, containing about a quarter 
 of the island. It is moinitainous, and abounds with rivulets, 
 which the inhabitants are dexterous in turning to water 
 their land, which is fruitful iu rice, pulse, and hemp. The 
 king is ab.sohite, and his subjects are idolatrous. Its capital 
 is of the same name, but is not the residence of the king. 
 Lat. 7. 45. N. Ion. SO. 52. E. 
 
 To CANDY, V. a. to preserve by boiling in sugar; to 
 melt and crystallize sugar several times, to render it hard 
 and transparent. Figuratively, to freeze, to be covered 
 with a hard substance, or flakes. To flatter,, or make use of 
 soothing and insinuating expressions. Neuterly, to grow 
 hard ; to grow thick, or be covered with flakes. 
 
 CA'NDY, .«. a preparation of sugar, made by melting and 
 crystallizing it six or seven times over, to make it hard and 
 transparent. 
 
 CANE, J. [ cavna, Lat.l in botany, a kind of reed growing 
 in several joints, anil ofditferent dimensions. The bamboo, 
 which grows in the Indies, especially at Bengal, to a prodi- 
 gious size, is wrought into bowls, or other household uten- 
 Eils, by the inhabitants; the smaller sort is made into fish- 
 ing rods. The walking eane is that wljich grows in the East 
 Indies; those which are without joints are by far the best, 
 and more elastic. Hence the woril signifies, figuratively, a 
 walking stafT. 
 
 To CANE, V, a. to beat a person with a cane, or a walk- 
 ing-staff. 
 
 CANES Venatici, in astronomy, the Grey-hound, two 
 constellations in the northern hemisphere. 
 
 CANI'CULA, s. [Lat.] in astronomy, the name of one of 
 the stars in the constellation of Canis Major, called the Dog- 
 star; fi-oin whose heliacal rising with the sun, that is, its 
 emersion from the sun's rays, the ancients reckoned tlieir 
 dog-day.s, and the Egyptians and Ethiopians began their 
 year. 
 
 CANI'CULAR, a. [raiiicularis, Lat.] of or belonging to 
 the dog-days. The canicular days are a certain tunulier of 
 days preceding or ensuing the lieliacal rising of the Canicula 
 or Dog-star. 
 
 CA'NINE, a. [cam;iw5, Lat.] having the properties of, or 
 resembling a dog. Canine hunger, in medicine, is an appetite 
 which cannot be satisfied. 
 
 CA'NINE-TEETH, .v. [denies canini, Lat.] in anatomy, 
 two sharp edged teeth in each jaw, lietween the incisures 
 and molares, so called from their resembling the correspundeat 
 Iteth in a dog. 
 
 CA'NIS MAJOR, t- [Lat. the great Dog] in astronomy, 
 a coristclhitiou in the southern hemisphere consisting, ac- 
 cording to Flamstead, of 32 stars, of which Sirius is the 
 principal. 
 
 CANl.S MINOR, J. [Lat. the lesser Dog] a constellation 
 iu the southern hemisphere, of which Procyon is the princi- 
 pal star. 
 
 CA'NISTER, ». \janislrnm, Lat.] in its primary sense, 
 whicli is now obsolete, a basket. In its secondary, a small 
 box or receptacle made of tin, or other metal, or porcelain, 
 to hold tea, sugar, tkc. 
 
 CA'NKER, s. [cancer, Lat.] in natural history, a small 
 worm which preys upon friut, joined with the word wurm. 
 In medicine, a speck made by a sharp humour, which eats 
 or corrodes the flesh like a caustic, ajid is common to chil- 
 dren ; a corrosive humour. Figuratively, that which gra- 
 dually and inevitably destroys. A disease incident to trees, 
 which makes the bark rot and fall off. Applied to brass, a 
 kind of rust or verdigrease, which covers its surface with a 
 green colour. 
 
 To C.i'NKER, V. a, to rust, or grow green, applied to 
 brass or other metals ; to be corroded or grow fijul or cor- 
 rupt. Actively, to corrode ; to pollute ; to eat or gnaw; to 
 infect ; including the idea of acrimony. 
 
 CA'NNABINE, a. [canmbinu:, Lat.] hempen. 
 
 CA'NNEL-COAL, s. a substance which is often con- 
 founded with jet. It is dug up in many parts of England in 
 great abundance, particilarly in Lancashire, where it is burnt 
 as common fuel. It is worked hito toys and utensils of va- 
 rious kinds under the name of jet. In medicine, it is good 
 in the colic, as an emollient and discutient. 
 
 CA'N'NIBAL, s. one who lives upon human flesh. 
 
 CA'NNIBALLY, ad. after the manner or practice of 
 cannibals. 
 
 CA'NNON, s. [canon. Ft.] a hollow, cylindrical instru- 
 inent, made of a mixt metal, furnished with a touch-hole, 
 and used to shoot a ball by the force of gunpowder. It ia 
 uncertain when cannons were first invented, but they were 
 used at the battle of Cressy in 1346 when there were five 
 camions in possession of the English. 
 
 CA'NNON-CALL, CA'NNON-BULLET, or CANNON- 
 .SHOT, *. the ball or bullet with which a cannon is charged. 
 
 To CANNONA'DE, v. a, to attack with or fire caujion 
 against. Neuterly, to batter or attack with great guns. 
 
 CANNONI'ER, (cannoneer) s. the person who discharges 
 or fires a cannon. 
 
 CA'NNOT, not able, not having power enough for the 
 performance of a thing. Joined with but, it implies necessity, 
 and signifies must. '■ I cannot but believe." Locke, 
 
 CAXO'A, or CANOE, {canoo) s. an Indian vessel or 
 boat, made of the trunk of a tree, dug hollow ; pieces of 
 bark sewed together ; or of the small slicks of a pliant wood, 
 covered with seal skins. 
 
 CA'NON, s. [k-anon, a rule, Gr.] in ecclesiastical history, a 
 law or ride relating either to the doctrine or discipline of a 
 church, enacted by a general council, and confirmed by the 
 principal magistrate. Applied to scripture, such books as 
 are believed to be really inspired. A law or rule in any sci- 
 ence. In surgery, an instrument used in .sewing up wounds. 
 In geometry and algebra, a general rule for the solution of 
 all questions of the same nature. A person who possesses 
 a piebcud, or revenue allotted for the performance of divine 
 service in a cathedral or collegiate church. 
 
 CA'NONESS, s. in the Romish church, a woman who 
 enjoys a prebentl, and lives after the manner of Sfcular Ca- 
 nons, without being obliged to renounce the world, or make 
 any vows. 
 
 CANONICAL, a. [canonicus, Lat.] applied to ceremonies 
 and discipline, those which are established by the laws of 
 the church. Applied to books, those which are generally 
 allowed to be divinely inspired. Applied to time, or hours, 
 those which are prescribed or limited by the church, for 
 the performance or celebrating of, any ceremony or act of 
 religion.
 
 m 
 
 CANT 
 
 CANU 
 
 CANO'NICALLY, o</. in a maimer agreeable to the pre- 
 (criplioiis and laws ot the cliurcli. 
 
 CA'NON'IST, s. one wlio makes the canons his peculiar 
 Jtudy ; a priifessur of the canon law. 
 
 CANONIZA'TION, s. in the Roman church, a declara- 
 tion of the pope's, where l)y, after some solemnity, a per.>on 
 who has been eminent for an exemplary life, and a sup- 
 posed power of working miracles, enters into the list of the 
 saints. 
 
 To CA'NOXIZE, V. a. to enter a person's name in the list 
 of saints ; to make a saint. 
 
 CA'NONRY,or CA'XOXSHIP, x. an ecclesiastical bene- 
 fice in some catheilral or culligiate church, whiih has a 
 prebend, or stated allowance out of the reveiuits of sucli 
 church, commonly ainjeied to it. 
 
 CA'NOPIED, a. covered above with a canopy, spread 
 above, or over the head. 
 
 CA'NOPy, 1. [cunopeum, Lat.] iuiy thing which is extend- 
 ed over the heail. 
 
 To CA'NOPY, V. a. to form a canopy over a person's head ; 
 to cover with a canopy. 
 
 CANCROUS, a. [canorus, Lat.] giving to singing ; musi- 
 cal ; tuneful. 
 
 CANT, 3. [cantus, Lat.] applied to language, a dialect 
 made use of l)y beggars and vagabonds, to conceal their 
 meaning from others ; a whining tone of voice ; a particular 
 form of speaking peculiar to any body of men ; a whining, 
 formal pretension to goodness, generally attended with hy- 
 pocrisy. 
 
 To CANT, V. n. to make use of the dialect, absurd jar- 
 gon, or private gibberish, of vagabonds and thieves ; to 
 speak or read in a whining tone ; to endeavour to impose 
 upon a person by a formal pretence of uncommou piety ; to 
 flatter. 
 
 CANTA'TI, s. [Ital.] in music, a song composed of re- 
 citative airs, and a variety of motions, generally for a single 
 voice, with a thorough bass ; sometimes for two, three, or 
 more voices, with different instnmients. 
 
 CANTA'TIO.N', s. [cimtutio, Lat.] the act of singing. 
 
 CA'NTER, s. one who eiukavonrs to pass himself upon 
 the world as a religious person, by a fair outside, and formal 
 .■ippearai.ce of religion, without obeying it in his heart. 
 
 CA'NTEUBUUY, an ancient city of Kent, the see of an 
 archbishop, primate of all England. The cathedral is a 
 large superb structure, and was once very famous for the 
 shrine of Thomas Becket. The s Ik iiianufiictures first in- 
 troduced by the French ref.igees, are still carried on here, 
 though on the decline ; the pri:cipal manufactures are worsted 
 and Canterbury muslins, made of silk and cotton. It is also 
 noted for its fine brawn, and the adjacent country produces 
 abundance of hops. It is situated on the river .Stoiir, 2(> 
 miles S. E. by E. of Rochester, and 56 from London. Mar- 
 kets on Wednesday and Saturday. 
 
 CA'NTERBUUY-BELLS, s,'a species of bell-flower, fte- 
 ijuent ill gardens. 
 
 CANTHARIDES, J. [plural of cani/mrw, Lat.] in natural 
 history and pharmacy, called Spanisli flies, but properly a 
 beetle formed from an egg, which produces a worm, that 
 is peculiar to the fig-tree, pine-tree, white brier, and poplar, 
 whose juices being very corrosive or biting, are by Bacon 
 supposed to be the cause of its corrosive or caustic qir<liiy. 
 It is needless to mention their service in blisters, <>r the 
 danger of loo free a use of them since experience has coii- 
 tirnied the former, uui given us too many dreadful examples 
 of the latter. 
 
 CA'NTHUS, *. [Lat.] the comer of the eye, formed by the 
 meeting of the eyelids. 
 
 CA'NTICLE, s. ffrcir. c(.nt(i, t.i siiist, Ijt.] a Koiig ; ajtplied 
 to some hymn in scripture, snd used in tlte plural to signify 
 Solomoii'ii »w\f. 
 
 CaNTI'LIVKB^, /. in biiiUi.'.g-, pi>-ucH «f wood framed 
 into the (rout or side» a( a. tu/uj!.;, to Kusliiin the mouldings 
 or eavei over it, 
 
 CA'iNlING, t. a sea-phrase, which denote* the .act «f 
 
 turning any thing about, or over. Canting-arms, in heraldry* 
 are those which express their owner's surname. 
 
 CA'N'l'LE, s. [kant, Belg.] a piece with comers. 
 
 CA'NTLET, J. apiece; a fra^iment. 
 
 C.i'NTO, J. [Ital.J a division, section or book of a poem. 
 In music, a song, or the treble part of it. 
 
 CANTON, or Quang TcHtou, a large, populous, and 
 wealthy, city of China, seated on one of the finest rivers in 
 the empire. It is the capital of the province of Qiiaiitoug, 
 and the centre of the European trade in tliat country. It 
 consists of three towns, divided by high walls. Temples, 
 magiiilicent palaces, and-courts, are numerous. The streets 
 are long and straight, paved with flag-stones, and adorned 
 with lofty arches. The houses are remarkably neat, but 
 consist of only one story, and they have no windows to the 
 streets. The covered market-places are fidl of shops. They 
 have manufactures of their own, especially of silk stufTs. 
 The number of inhabitants is computed at 1,OUO,000, many 
 of whom reside in barks, which form a kind of floating city ; 
 they touch one another, and are so ranged as to form streets. 
 Each bark lodges a family and their grand children, who 
 have no other dwelling. At break ot day, all the people 
 who inhabit them depart to fish, or to cultivate their rice. 
 Lat. 23. 8. N. Ion. 113. E. 
 
 CA'NTON, s. [canton, Fr.] a small part of a city detached 
 from the rest ; a parcel or division of land ; a district or part 
 of a country governed by its own chief or magistrates ; a 
 small community or clan. In heraldry, a square portion 
 of an escutcheon separated from the rest, when on the left 
 side, called sinister ; and like the space between the cross or 
 saltier. 
 
 To CA'N'l'ON, V. a. to divide into small parts, parcels, or 
 districts, used with the particle into, and suinelimes both 
 with out and into. 
 
 To CA'NTONIZE, v. n. to parcel out ; to allot in small 
 divisions, used with among, 
 
 CA'NTRED, or CA'NTREF, s. a British word, which 
 signifies a hundred villages. 
 
 CA'NTYRE, a peninsula of Argyleshire, SO miles long, 
 from N. to S. and from 5 to 8 broad. 
 
 CA'NVASS, s. \canevas, Fr.] very clear unbleached cloth 
 of hemp or flax, wove in little squares, used for working 
 tapestry by the needle; for blinds of windows, towels, and 
 to cover stays, &c. likewise a coarse cloth of hemp, of which 
 sails are made, Canvass, also is the cloth on which painters 
 usually draw their pictures. 
 
 To CA'NVASS, V. a. [canvasser, Fr.] to search a truth to its 
 first principles ; to inquire into ; to examine ; to debate, 
 orilis[)ute; to controvert ; Used neuterly, to solicit; to ask 
 people for their voles or interest at an election. 
 
 CA'NUTE, or CNUTE, upon Edmund's death became 
 master of the whole kingdom, and was proclaimed king in 
 1017 ; and all the lords, both English and Danes, swore al- 
 legiance to him. Afttr his coronation, he divided England 
 into four parts, Mercia, Northumberland, East-Anglia, and 
 Vr'isseii. Over the three former he appointed duke» or 
 earls and the last lie governed himself. To the end that 
 justice might be impartially administered, he declared, that 
 tor the (uture there should be no distinction made betwe»a» 
 the Knglish and Danes. He denmniccd the severest punish' 
 meins against malefactors of what nature soever, without. 
 re>pcct of persons. He sent Edmund's two sons into Diuir 
 mark, umier pretence of travelling ; but a worse design WW 
 supposed to be at the bottom of it. However, the king of 
 Unogary, at wliose court they were, after having first been 
 iu Sweden, took care of their education, and gave one qf 
 his (l.iughti rs in marriage to Edmund, the eldest, who dicij . 
 soon alter; and to Edward he gave his sister-in-law, Agatha, 
 daughter of the emperor Henry 11. by whom he had fiv^i 
 children, Edgar, Atheling, Margaret, and Christian, and twa 
 died ill Hungary. He built a stately church over the grave 
 of St. Edmund, the East-Anglian king, who was killed by 
 the Danes, and very much enlarged the town of St Edniuiids- 
 bury. Ill 1031, he took a journey to Rome, where he made
 
 CAPE 
 
 CAPE 
 
 131 
 
 large presents to the churches, and confirmed all his prede- 
 cessors had done, both (or the church of Home and the Kng- 
 lish college. There is an instance of his piety and gO(jd 
 sense transmitted to us, which is, that as he w.is walking one 
 day by the sea-side, at Southampton, and his flatterers were 
 extolling him to the skies, and even comparing him with 
 God himself; he, to convince them of thuir fully and im- 
 piety, caused a chair to be brought to him, and seating him- 
 self where the tide was about to flow, he turned himself to 
 the sea, and said, "Osea, thou art under my jurisdiction, 
 and the laud where I sit is mine ; I command thee to come 
 no farther ; nor to presume to wet thy sovereign's feet." 
 But the tide coming on as usual, he, from thence, took oc- 
 casion to let his base flatterers know that none but the 
 King of Heaven, whom the sea and land obey, deseived the 
 titles they impiously bestowed on him. After which, it is 
 said, he would never wear his crown, but caused it to be put 
 on the head of a crucifix at Winchester. Canute died in 
 the 19th year of his rtign, in the year 1036. He left thrte 
 sons, Sweyn, who had Norway ; Harold, England ; and 
 Hardicanute, Denmark. Gunilda, his daughter, was married 
 to'the emperor Henry IV. 
 
 CA'N Y, a. abounding in canes ; consisting of canes. 
 
 C.VNZONET, s. [caiizonetta, Ital.] a little song. 
 
 CAOU'TCHOUC, J. in natural history, a very elastic 
 reshi, the produce of a tree which grows along the banks of 
 the river of the Amazons. It is popularly called rubber, and 
 lead-eater. 
 
 CAP, s. [cn/i, Brit,] a part of dress made to cover the 
 head ; the ensign of a cardinalate. When the Romans gave 
 a slave the cup, it entitled him to liberty. Students at law, 
 physic, &c. as well as graduates in most universities, wear 
 iiipsi. Doctors are distinguished by pecidiar cups, given them 
 in assuming the doctorate. In Italy, the cap is used as a 
 mark of inlamy. At Lucca, the Jews are distinguished by 
 a yelltiw cup, or an orange colour. In France, bankrupts 
 were formerly obliged to wear, ever after, a green cap. It 
 also signifies a square piece of timber, put over the head of 
 a mast to keep it steady. In gunnery, a piece of lead laid 
 over the toucli hole to preserve the prime. Cap of mainte- 
 nance, one of the regalia carried before the king at a coro- 
 nation. In botany, the membranaceous empalement of 
 funguses surrounding the pillar. 
 
 To CAP, V. a. to cover the top of a thing ; to pull off a 
 cap in play. 
 
 CAP-A-PI'E, or CAP-A-PE', [cap-a-fie, Fr.] from head to 
 foot all over, used with the verb arm. 
 
 CA'P-PAPER, s. a sort of coarse, thick, brownish paper. 
 
 CAPABI'LITY, s. the quality of being able to undertake 
 or perform a thing. 
 
 CA'PABLE, a. [capable, Fr.] endued with power or un- 
 der>tanding equal to an undertaking ; susceptible; fitted for, 
 or adapted to. 
 
 CAPA'CIOUS, a. [capax, Lat.]applied to bodies of large 
 dimensions, or of a large cavity, able to contain much. Ap- 
 
 iilied to the mind, extensive, or containing a great stock of 
 ;nowledge. 
 
 CAPA'CIOUSNESS, s. the quality of containing or re- 
 ceiving a great number of things or large bodies. 
 
 To CAPA'CITATE, v. a. to render a person fit by in- 
 struction, discipline, study, or exercise; to quality a person 
 for an undertaking. 
 
 CAPA'CITY, s. [capacili, Fr.] the dimensions of other 
 bodies. Applied to the mind, understanding ; a power of 
 receiving instruction ; a state, condition, or character. 
 
 CAPARISON, J. [from caparazon, Span.] the clothing 
 or covering spread over any horse of state, or sumpter 
 horse. 
 
 To CAPA'RISOX, 1!. a to dress a horse in its housings 
 for show and ostentation. Figuratively, to adorn a per.^O!l 
 with pomiwus and splendid dress. 
 
 CAPE, t. [ca/ie, Fr.] in geography, a piece of land running 
 or projecting iuui tlie sea ; a head-land, or promontory ; the 
 neck piece of a coat. 
 
 CAPK CA'PIUCOKX, in New Suilh Wales ; it is exactly 
 
 under the li..e which bninnh tho Tropic of Capricorn. 
 
 Cape COAST CASTLl", a (iirlress beiongiag to Out 
 English, on the cnast of (iui.'iCa, in -Mrica. The natives wear 
 notning hut a thin coverh^g round their waists. Lat. 4. 36. 
 N. Ion. 10. W. 
 
 CAPE DESEA'DO, a hi-ad-land of Terra del Fuego, in 
 the most southern part of .\inerica. Lat. 55. 4.8. S. Ion. 74. 
 IH. W. 
 
 CAPE DOU'GLASS, a very lofty promontory in the X. 
 W. part ot America, on the North Pacdic Ocean, discovered 
 by Capt. Cook. Lat. 4S. 13. N. Ion. 153. 50. W. 
 
 CAPE FLA'TTEUV, a cape on the N. W. coast of Ame- 
 rica. I.at. i». \.i. N. Inn. I'it. '.^a. W. 
 
 CAPE FINIS I'E'liHE, a head-land of Galicia, in Spain. 
 Lat. 42. 51. N. Ion. 9. 12. W. 
 
 CAPE FllA'NClS, a celebrated place of the island of St. 
 Domingo, in the West Indies, near which is a flourishing 
 town. Lat. 19. 57. N. hin. T-J. 5. \V^ 
 
 CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, the most soutl eriy point of 
 the continent of Africa, and very rocky, lies in 3+. 29. S. lat. 
 and 18. 23. E. Ion. Upwards of HO miles to the N. of it is 
 the Cape town, which is neat and well built, rising in the 
 midst of a desert, encompassed by black and dreary moun- 
 tains. The public oflices of the Dutch East-India company 
 are situated next the water, and the private buildings lie 
 beyond them on a gentle ascent. The streets are broad 
 and regular, intersecting each other at right angles ; and the 
 houses are mostly built of stone, cemented together with a 
 glutinous kiiid of earth, which serves as mortar, and after- 
 wards is neatly plastered and whitewa.'hed with lime. Their 
 slaves, a few Hottentots excepted, were originally brought 
 from the East Indies, and principally from Malacca. There 
 is here a very large hospital for the sailors belonging to the 
 Dutch East India Ships, which touch here. It is situated 
 close to the company's garden, and is an honour and orna- 
 ment to the town. There are two churches here ; one large, 
 plain, and unadorned, for the Calvinists, the prevailing sect ; 
 and a smaller one for the Lutherans. The only landing- 
 place is at the E. end of the town, where there is a wooden 
 quay, which runs some paces into the sea, with several 
 cranes on it for the convenience of loading and mdoading 
 the scoots that come alongside. Close to this quay, on the 
 left hand stands the castle and principal fortress ; a strong 
 extensive work, having excellent accommodations for the 
 troops, and for many of the civil ofllcers belonging to the 
 colony. Within the gates, the Dutch East India company 
 lately had their principal stores ; which were spacious, as 
 well as convenient. This fort covers and defends the east 
 part of the town and harbour, as Amsterdam Fort does the 
 west part. The latter, which has been built since commo- 
 dore Johnstone's expedition, and wherein both French and 
 Dutch judgment have been united, to render it effectual and 
 strong, is admirably plaimed, and calcidated to annoy and 
 harass ships coming into the bay. Some smaller detached 
 fortifications extend along the coast both to the E. and W. 
 and making landing, which was not the case before the Ame- 
 rican war, hazardous and difficidt. In a word. Cape Town 
 is at this time, fortified with strength regularity, and judg- 
 ment. The ground behind the town gradually rises on all 
 sides towards the mountains, called the Table Mountain, 
 which is the highest ; the Sugar Loaf, so named from its 
 form; the Lion's liead; Charles Mount; and James Mount, 
 or the Lion's Rump. The view from the Table Mountain 
 is extensive and picturesque ; and all along 'he valleys are 
 scattered a immber ol fine plantations. The cidtivated coua- 
 ry bey ond the luountains is of great extent, and forms sis 
 lii.Terent establishment*. The soil is uocnmaionly produc- 
 tive, and the climate benign, and favourable to vegetation. 
 The spring commences here in October. Provisions ar;! 
 very reasonable at the C.ipe. A late traveller says, that he 
 saw 181b. of mutton solii for about Gd. sttrling ; a whole ox 
 lor two guineas and a half, or three guineas ; and corn and 
 other tlujigs in proportion. FiEb, and game brought from
 
 136 
 
 CAPI 
 
 PAPS 
 
 the country, are in great abundance. In September, 179.5, 
 the town anil colony surrendtred to an English sqnadrnn, 
 under Sir G. K. El|ihinslone, seconded by about 80OO land 
 forces mider M jurs General Clark and Craig, on terms iif 
 capitulation. At the peace, it was restored to thu Dntch ; 
 but on the 10th of Jan laiy, ISOfi, it was again taken by .id 
 English force, under admiral Sir Home Popham, and general 
 Sir David Baird. 
 
 CAPE HORN', the southern extremity of Terra del Fuego. 
 Lat. 55. 58. S. Ion. 67. 2fi. W. 
 
 CAPE NORTH, the most northern promontory in Eu- 
 rope, in the island of Mjggero, on the coast of Norway, Lat. 
 71. 10. N. Ion. 2B. 2. E. 
 
 CAPE PA'L.MAS a promontory on the Guinea coast, 
 Africa. Lut. 4. 10. N. Ion. 6. 10. W. 
 
 CAPE PRINCE OF WALES, the most western extremity 
 of America hitherto known, discovered by Cupt. Couk, in 
 1778. Lat. 65. 46. N. Ion. 16.S. 15. W. 
 
 CAFE DE VERD, a, cape on the coast of Negroland, in 
 Africa. Lat. 14. 45. N. Ion. 17. 28. W. 
 
 CAPEDE VERD ISLANDS, so called from their being 
 situated on the westward of the above cape, about 300 miles. 
 They lie between 23 and 26 degrees of W. Ion. and be- 
 tween 15 and 18 degrees of N. lat. Many of thesa islands 
 are little more than barren rocks. They were discovered by 
 Antonio Noel, a Genoese, in the service of Portugal, in 1460. 
 The natives are of a middle stature, ugly and almost per- 
 fectly blacli ; their hair is woolly and frizzled, and their lips 
 thick. A compiny of merchants, belonging to Lisbon, have 
 the exclusive right of trading to these islands ; and they keep 
 an agent here for that purpose, who perfectly tyrannizes 
 over the inhabitants, and sells the wretched commodities 
 carried from Portugal at exorbitant prices. 
 
 CA'PEL, a village near Dorking in Surry, where it is 
 iecord-;d that a mountain, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, 
 divided, one part of it remaining, and the other part being 
 moved down to the borders of a farm, leaving the laud through 
 which it passed full of hills and dales. 
 
 CA'PER, s. [from cn/ier, Lat. a goat] in dancing, a spring 
 or leap in wliicn the feet are nivved across each other seve- 
 ral times before a persi^n rearhi s the ground again. 
 
 CA'PER, s. [ai/ij)aris, Lat.] the (lower bud of the c.nper- 
 bush, a well known pickle brought from the neighbourhood 
 of Toulon in France. 
 
 To CA'PER, V. 71. to cross the feet several times in the air 
 in a leap, applied to dancing; to skip for joy ; to dance with 
 great activity. 
 
 CA'PERER, s. one who cuts capers in dancing. 
 
 CA'PL-iS, s. [Lat.] in law, a writ of two sorts, one before 
 judgment, called capias ad res/jondendum ; the other is a writ 
 or execution after judgment. 
 
 CAPILLACLCOUS, a. See Capillart. 
 
 CAPl'LL.^MENT, s. [from ca/til/us, a hair, Lat.] in bo- 
 tany, the small threads or hairs wljich grow in the nnddle of 
 a flower, adorned with little herbs at the top. Likewise the 
 strings or threads about the roots of plants. 
 
 CAPl'LLARY, a. [from capillus, a hair, Lat.] resembling 
 hairs. Irj botany, ap[ilie<l to such plants as have no main 
 stem, their leaves arising from the roots, and producing 
 their seeds in little tufts or protulierances on the back of 
 their leaves ; as the fern maiden-hair, of which the syrup of 
 capillaire is made. In anatomy, applied to the niiiuite arte- 
 ries, which, in the brain, are not equal to one hair, and the 
 smallest lymphatic vessels which are a hundred times smal- 
 ler than the smallest arteries. In physic, capitlart/ tithes are 
 those whose diameter is one half, one third, or one fourth of 
 a line, or the least that can be made. 
 
 CAPILLA'TION, s. [from cupillus, Lat.] a dividing into 
 brandies as small as hairs ; a smaU'raMiilication. 
 
 CA'PITAL, a. [ai/ii/iilis, Lat.j in its primary sense, that 
 beloni,'S or relates to the head. Applied to crimes, that 
 alFects a person's life ; criminal in the highest degree ; 
 chief or prhicipal. Capital itmh, the fund of a trading 
 company. 
 
 CA'PITAL, s. among merch?.nt.5, the sum of money 
 
 brought in by each party to make \\\i the common stock. 
 Likewise, the nuiucy wliich a merchant first brmgs into 
 trade on liis own account. In geogr.ipliy, the chief city of 
 a kingdom, or residence of its mui. arch. Appiicil to leiters, 
 large; such as are wiitten at the beginnings of heads of 
 book.<. 
 
 CA'PITALLY, ad. in such a manner as affects a person's 
 life. CujiUalli/ cunvictid, is a|)piied to a person wlio is cast 
 for his liie, or condemned to liie. Applied to productions of 
 art, in a perfect, high linislied, or cxcclleit m inner. 
 
 CAPI TA'TION, J. [tiom caftut, head, Liit.] a numbering 
 by the lieads ; a ceitjiu sum of money imposed at so much 
 per liead ; in e.'iigtncies of state. 
 
 CAPI 'i'ULAR, s. [from cufiitulum, a small ch.ipter, Lat.] 
 a book divided into cliapters ; also a collection of civil and 
 canonical laws. 
 
 To CAPl'TULATE, v. n. [from ca/.ilulum, a short chapter 
 or article, Lat.] to draw articles, to set down the heads of a 
 remonstrance, to make head. Mostly used by moderns for 
 surrendering a place upon certain conditions. 
 
 CAPITULATION, s. the surrender of a place upon cer- 
 tain conditions. 
 
 CAPI Vl-TREE, s. [cafjaiba, Lat.] a tree growing in the 
 Spanish West Indies, which yields a balsam called the bal- 
 sam of capivi. 
 
 C.VPON, s. [capo, Lat.] a castrated cock. 
 
 CAPONNI'ERE, s. a work sunk on the glacis of a place 
 about four or five feet deep to afford a passage from one 
 work to another; the earth dug out .serves for a parapet, 
 and is made with hop holes and end)rasures, covered with 
 strong planks, on which are clays, or hurdles, that support 
 the earth which covers aU. It holds 15 or '^0 men, who fire 
 through these embrasures. 
 
 CAPO'T, s. [Fr.] at piquet, when one party wins all the 
 tricks. 
 
 To CAPO'T, V. a. to win all the tricks at the game of pi- 
 quet. 
 
 CAPOUCH, s. [capuce, Fr.] a monk's hood. 
 
 CAPRE'OLATE, u. [from capreolus, Lat. J in botany, ap- 
 plied to those plants which turn, wind, and creep along 
 the ground, by means of their tendrils, as gourds, melons, 
 cucumbers, &c. 
 
 CA'PRl'CE, {capre'css) [caprice, Fr.] or CAPRI'CHIO, s. 
 [Span.] sudden change of sentiment, not founded on reason ; 
 a whimsey, freak, or fantastic humour. 
 
 CAPRl'CIOUS, a. [capricieux, Fr.] applied to a variable 
 and inconstant behaviour, founded on mere whim and fancy ; 
 applied also to a sudden and fretpient change of opinion or 
 sentiment, inconsistent with reason. 
 
 CAPRl'CIOUSLY, ad. in a whimsical, humourBome, 
 fanciful manner. 
 
 CAPIU'CIOUSNESS, s. the quality of changing or com- 
 manding, according to the starts of fancy, without any regard 
 to reason or propriety. 
 
 CA'PIUCORN, s. [capricornui, Lat.] in astronomy, the 
 tenth sign of the zodiac, represented on ancient medals in 
 the form of a goat with tlie binder parts of a fish; for the 
 sun entering that sign on the winter solstice, from whence 
 he beyins to ascend towards the iiorlhtTii hemisphere, the 
 liieroglypliic sign of a goat, which is fond of cliinbing, and 
 ascends as it browses, seemed to be proper to represent that 
 circu.nstance. 
 
 C.\PRIO'LES, s. [Fr.] are leaps that a horse makes in the 
 same place, without advancing. 
 
 CA PSK'UM, s. in liotaiiy, Guinea or Bonnet pepper. 
 
 CA'P.STAN, s. [corruptly spelt cupilrm ; cuheslaii, Fr.] a 
 large cylinder or barrel, phiccd perpeiidicul.irly on the deck 
 of a ship, and tnriieil by four levers or liars, which cross it, 
 serving, liy means of a cable which winds round it, to draw ' 
 up heavy burdens. It is likewise used to tow a ship, and to 
 wtigh llie anchors. 
 
 CAPSULA'R, u. [from capiula, Lat.] hollow, like a chest 
 or pouch.
 
 CATIA 
 
 CARS 
 
 13'/ 
 
 CA'PSULATE, a. [from tnjisnin, I. at.] ilu•In^■e(l ;i9 in a liox. 
 Calculated ijhintx, in liotaiiy, arc such as produce their seeds 
 ill short dry pods or husks. 
 
 CA'1'SUl/li, .'. [from cupsula, a little box or case, I,at.] In 
 hotaiiy, a dry hoihiw seed-vessel that opens iialnrally in some 
 determinate manner; as at tlie side hy a small hole, in orchis 
 and campanula : horizontally in pimpernel ; lonj^ways in enn- 
 volvolus ; at the bottom in arrow-grass ; or at the top as in 
 most plants. In chemistry, cii/)suli:s are small saucers of clay 
 for roasting samples of ores, and for smelting them to ascer- 
 tain their value. 
 
 CA'PTAIN, s. [cHjitaine, Fr.] a military officer, whereof 
 there are various kinds; as a captnin of a troop or company, 
 one who connnands a trno[) of horse, and the other a com- 
 pany of foot, un<ler a colonel. Capluin Gfnernl is he who 
 commands an army in chief. CuiJ/ain IJeiilenaut is one who 
 commands a troop or company, in the room of another whose 
 absence is dispensed with. Captain nf a ship nf war, is the 
 cornmanding officer. Captain nf a merchant ship more pro- 
 perly the master, is he who has the direction of the ship, 
 crew, and cnrgo. 
 
 CA'PTAINRY, or CA'PTAINSHIP, j. the power over a 
 certain district ; the chieftainship. The rank or post of a 
 captain. 
 
 CA'PTION, [h-dpxhon) s. [from capio, Lat.] in law, the act 
 of taking a person by a judicial process. 
 
 CA'P'i'lOUS, {^kdpxhioii.'!) a. [laptiiisns, Lat.] given to cavils 
 or forming objections; ensnaring; insidious. 
 
 CA'PTIOUSLY, {kapshiouxli/) ad. in such a maimer as 
 shews a great inclination to raise objections ; in a sly, insi- 
 dious manner. 
 
 CA'PTIOUSNESS, {kupshiousness) s. the quality of form- 
 ing cavils, or utniecessary objections ; peevishness. 
 
 To CA'PTIVATE, V. a. [captivn, Lat.] to take prisoner. 
 Figuratively, to charm or subdue by the power of superior 
 f .'icellence. To enslave ; with lo. 
 
 CA'PTIVATIO.V, s. the act of taking a person prisoner ; 
 the state of a per.son taken prisoner. 
 
 CA'I'TIVE, .5. [roy//i!'?/i, Lat.]- one taken prisoner in war. 
 Figuratively, one charmed or subdued by tlie beauty or ex- 
 cellence of another. 
 
 CA'PTIVE, a-lj-optinus, Lat.] taken prisoner in war; in 
 confinement; imprisoned. Figuratively, subdued, or kept 
 under great restraints. 
 
 To CA'PTIVE, v.a. to take or make a per.son prisoner. 
 
 CA'PTIVITY, s. {(aptiiilc, Fr.] a state of servitude, owing 
 tn a person's being taken prisoner in war. 
 
 CA'Proit, s. [from ca/ji'o, Lat.] the person who takes a 
 prisoner or prize. 
 
 CA'PTUKE, .?. \_captnra, Lat.] the taking of any prey ; the 
 thing taken. In law, the seizing a person for debt, or the ap- 
 prehending a criminal. 
 
 CAPU A, a large city of Lavora, Naples, built in the ninth 
 century, near the ruins of the ancient Capua. It is 15 miles 
 N. of Naples. 
 
 CAPUCHI'NS, {Capuckeens) [from capuce or capuchon, a 
 stuff cap or caw] wherewith they cover their heads, Fr.] 
 monks of the order of St. Francis, founded by JLitthew Bas- 
 chi. They are clothed with brown or grey, are always bare- 
 footed, never jl'o in a coach, and never shave their heads. 
 
 CA'PUT JIOltTIJUJI, ,!. [Lat.] a term signifying dead- 
 heads, being that ^\ hich remains in a retort after distillation or 
 dryness. The modern term is Residuum. 
 
 CAPYBA'KA, J. a kind of cavy which resides much in the 
 water, and is eaten by the Indians in South America. 
 
 CAR, s. [t-ar, Brit.] a small carriage with one or two horses. 
 Figuratively, used by the poets for a chariot, or genteel ve- 
 hicle, in which a person is drawn. 
 
 CA'RABINE, or CA'RBINE, s. [carabine, Fr.] a small 
 kiiul of fusee, or fire-arm, about two feet long \n the 
 barrel. 
 
 CAIIABINI'ER, (.tarahinier) s. a sort of light horse, car- 
 rying loj4ger carabines than the rest, used sometimes on 
 foot. 
 
 CAKATCAS, or St. ,Iuan vf. Luo^f, a town and district 
 of Terra Firma, bounded by the provinces of Vemziiela, on 
 the W. C'uiinn a on the K. and tUe C^iribbean Sea on the N. 
 Lat. 10. H. X. Ion (i). 10. W. This district has lately erect- 
 ed itself into an independent stale, and has prepared to defend 
 its liberties by arm.s. 
 
 CARACK, i. [carara, Span.] a large ship of burden ; a 
 gallcn. 
 
 CARA'NN.A, a. a hard brittle resin, though some call it a 
 gum. It is brought principally from New Spain, is of a dark 
 colour, and bitterish taste. A fine odoriferous oil is distilled 
 from it, esteenieil a very powerful extern il remedy in cases of 
 [liiin, tuinunrs, and wounds. 
 
 CA'RAT, or CA'RACT, ». [carat, Fr.] a mark, that is tn 
 say, an ounce troy, divided into '.;-l equal pails, called caraels, 
 and each caiaet into four grains, is a weiulit by which the 
 mint-masters discover the fineness of gold. Cat act, or carat 
 line, is the 24-th part of the goodne: s of a piece of pure gold. 
 Carat is a weight used by jewellers, equal to four grains, but 
 lighter than the mark weight above. 
 
 CARAVA'N, s. [cn?anjiine,Vr.] a body or company of mer- 
 chants or traders travelling together in great numbers ihronjjh 
 deserts, or other dangerous pliees, in the Ea^t, for their mu- 
 tual safety and defence. Their bests are horses, but most 
 commonly camels, and they are escorte<l by a diief or aga, 
 with a body of jmizarii'S. 
 
 CARAV.-^'NSARIES, s. a sort of public inns built on 
 great roads in the East, for the accommodation of caravans ; 
 there being no inns lor passengers, as in Europe, Some of 
 these are very magniliceiit ; and there are peojile who at- 
 tend, to accommodate travellers: there i.s, however, no fur- 
 niture, and in some places no other provisions but what the 
 cararans bring with them. There are many of these in the 
 great towns of Asia end Afiie.i, espeeially in the Turkish 
 and Persian dominions. They are gei.erally built in the 
 form of a square, and round a quadrangle, like a col- 
 lege. 
 
 CA'RAVli'J,, or L'A'RV'EL, s. [luraiela. Span.] a round, 
 light, old fa^Moned ship. 
 
 CA'RAVVAY, s. [canim, Lat.[ in botany, the seed is sto- 
 machic, diuretic, and carminative ; one of the four hot seeds 
 in the shops. 
 
 CA'KBON, s. in chemistry, the basis of charcoal. 
 
 CARBOXA'DO, s. [Span.] meat cut across, or in squares, 
 wit!i a knife, to be broiled. 
 
 To CARBOXA'DO, v. a. to cut across, i.i cookery. Fi- 
 guratively, to cut or hack. 
 
 CA'UBOXATES, s. in chemistry, salts formed by lh« 
 combination of any base with carbonic acid. 
 
 CA'RBON.'VTED, «. in chemistry, impregnated with car- 
 bon. 
 
 CARBO'XIC, a. in chemistry, belonging to carbon. 
 
 CA'RBOXUUS, a. in chemistry, belonging to carbon. 
 Catbunous oxide is common charcoal. 
 
 CA'RBUNCLE, s. a very elegant stone, of a deep red 
 colour, with a mixture of .scarlet, known among the ancients 
 by the name of Anthrax. It is usually found pure and fiuilt- 
 less, and is of the same degree of hardness with the sapphire, 
 which is second only to the diamond ; it is naturally of an 
 angular figure, and is found adhering by its base to a very 
 heavy and ferruginous stone of the emery kind. Its usual 
 size is near a quarter of an inch in length ; and two-thirds of 
 that in diameter. In its thickest parts, when held up against 
 the sun, it loses its deep tinge, and becomes exactly of the co- 
 lour of burning charcoal, whence the propriety of the name 
 which the ancients gave it. It bears the fire unaltered, with- 
 out parting with its colour. It is only found in the East Indie.s. 
 so far as is yet known, and there but rarely. Hill's His/urt/ 
 of Fossils. Id surgery, the Anthrax, an inflammation which 
 arises with a vesicle or blister almost like that produced by 
 burning. 
 
 CA'RBUNCLED. a. set with carbuncles. 
 
 CARBU'NCULAR, a. resembling, or partaking of the qua- 
 litieK of a carbuncle. 
 T
 
 ISB 
 
 CARD 
 
 CARBUNCULA'TION, s. cnrbunculafio, Lat.] the blasting 
 of the yimiig buds of trees or plants, either by excessive heat 
 or c-ol,l. 
 
 CA'RBURETS, s. in chemistry, compound substances, of 
 which carbon forms one of the constitiient parts. Thus, 
 plumbago, which is compo^eJ o* carbon and iron, is called 
 carburet of iron. 
 
 C.VRBURETTED, part, from the verb carburet, seldom 
 used ; furmeil into a cai buret. See last arlitle. 
 
 CA'RCANET, s. [curcuii, Fr.] a cl.ain or collar of jewels. 
 
 CA'UCASE, or CARCASS,*, [carquasse, Fri a dead body. 
 Figuratively, a body or person in a reproachful sense ; the 
 decayed parts, ruins, or remains of a thing. In gunnery, a 
 kind of bomb of an oblong form, filled with combustibles, and 
 thrown from a mortar. 
 
 CA'RCELAGE, s. [from career, Lat.] fees paid by prisoners 
 before they can be discharged. 
 
 CARCIXO'AIA, s. [from karkinos, a crab, and nemo, to feed, 
 Gr.] a cancer. 
 
 CARD, s. \carie, Fr. charta, Lat.] in gaming, pieces of fine 
 thin pasteboard, cut in oblong squares, on which are painted 
 several marks and figures, and used in several games. A 
 court curd, is that which has the image of some person painted 
 on it. In sea affairs, the upper part of the mariner's compass, 
 on which the names of the winds are marked. 
 
 CARD, s. \_kaarde, Btlg.] an instrument or comb composed 
 of several small pieces of iron wire, hooked in the middle, 
 fastened by the feet in rows ; ihey are generally used 
 in pairs, placed with their points opposite to each other, 
 having the materials between them, and serve to comb, 
 disentangle, and range .wool or flax, in a proper order for 
 spinning. 
 
 To CARD, V. a. [kaerden, Belg.] to comb wool, &c. or 
 make it fit for spinning, by drawnig it through the card 
 or comb. Neuterly, to game; or play inordinately at 
 cards. 
 
 CA'RDAMOM, s. [cardamomum, Lat.] a medicinal seed, 
 that assists digestion, strengthens the head and stomach, and 
 is diuretic. 
 
 CA'RDER, s. one who combs or prepares wool by passing 
 it through a card. 
 
 CA'RDIAC, a. [from kardi'a, the heart, Gr.] an appellation 
 given to cordial medicines that strengthen and invigorate 
 the heart, replenish the exhausted spirits with good humour, 
 and excite motion where required, whereby the elasticity 
 and tone of the fibres, which before were weakened and 
 vitiated, are restored, and a brisker and freer circulation 
 occasioned. 
 
 CARDIA'LGIA, or heart-bubk, s. [from kardia, the 
 heart, and algos, sorrow, Gr.] a disorder of the stomach, at- 
 tended with anxiety, a nausea, and inclination to vomit. 
 
 CA'RDIFF, a compact and well-built town of Glamorgan- 
 shire, with very extensive and considerable old walls, and a 
 harbour three miles down the river ; but vessels of 200 tons 
 burden can come up to the town. This town has a conside- 
 rable trade with Bristol and other places ; and near it arc 
 works of cast and wrought iron. A canal, 25 miles in length, 
 has been lately completed, from Cardiff to the iron-works at 
 Merthyr Tidvil. Cardiff is the county-town of Glamorgan- 
 shire, seated on the river Taff, or Tave, 3 miles from the Se- 
 vern, 12 E. of Cowbridge, and 164 W. of London. Markets 
 on Wednesday and Saturday. 
 
 CA'RDIGAN, the county-town of Cardiganshire, is large, 
 populous, and pleasantly seated on the river Tivy, over which 
 there is a handsome bridge. In it.s neighbourhood are iron 
 and tin works, establishcil about the year 176h. It is 33 
 miles N. E. by E. of St. David's, and 22j W. N. W. of Lon- 
 don. Market on Saturday, 
 
 CA'RDIGANSHIRE, a county of South Wales, is boimded 
 on the W. by Cardigan B.iy, iti the Irish Channel ; on thi N. 
 and N. E. by Merionethshire and Alonlgomeryshirc ; on the 
 E. and S. E. by Radnorshire and Brecknockshire ; and on 
 the S. by Carmarthenshire. It extends Vi miles in length, 
 and SO in breadth, and is divided into 6 hundreds, which 
 
 CARE 
 
 contain 6 market towns, and 60 parishes. The air is mildef 
 here than in most parts of Wales. To the S and W. are 
 plains fruitful in corn : but the N. and E. parts are a conti- 
 nued ridge of bleak mountains, yet there are p^istures well 
 stocked with sheep and cattle. Here is also plenty of tame 
 anil wild fowl, and it is well supplied with fi>h from the sea, 
 and from its own lakes and rivers, near which there is a great 
 number of otter.s. The mountains abound with lead and sil- 
 ver ore, mines of which have several times beeii worked to 
 advantage. The principal rivers are the Tivy, Rydal, and the 
 Istwith. Cardigan Bay lies on the coast. 
 
 CA'RDINAL, a. [cardinalis, from cardo, a hinge, Lai.] 
 principal, chief, supreme. The cardinal points of the compass, 
 are the north, south, east, and west, and the winds that blow 
 from those points, are called the cardinal winds. Cardinal 
 signs in the Zodiac are Aries, Libra, Cancer, and Capricorn. 
 In arithmetic, cardinal numbers are such as express positively 
 how many things there are, as 1, 2, 3, not their order, a( 
 1st, 2d, 3d. In morality, the cardinal virtues are justice, pru- 
 dence, temperance, and fortitude. 
 
 CA'RDINAL, s. an eminent dignity in the church of Rome, 
 who has a voice in the conclave at the election of a pope. 
 The cardinals, originally, were no more than deacons entrusted 
 with the care of distributing the alms to the poor of the seve- 
 ral quarters of Rome ; and as they held assemblies of the poor 
 in certain churches of their several districts, they took the title 
 of those churches. They began to be called cardinals in the 
 year 3U0, imder pope Sylvester, by which appellation was 
 meant the chief priests of a parish, and next in dignity to a 
 bishop. This office grew more considerable afterwards, and 
 gradually arrived to its present height. The cardinals com- 
 posed the pope's council, and till the time of Urban VIII. 
 were styled Must Illustrious ; but by a decree of that pope, 
 1630, they had the title of Eminence conferred ;upori them. 
 Also a beautiful American bird, so denominated from its shin- 
 ing red plumage. 
 
 CARDINAL-FLOWER, s. a plant with strap-.shaped 
 leaves, almost naked stem, and pale purple blo.ssoms : 
 found in lakes, in hilly countries, and flowering in July and 
 August. 
 
 CA'RDINALATE, or CA'RDINALSHIP, s. the office and 
 rank of a cardinal. 
 
 CA'RDUUS, s. [Lat.] See Thistle. 
 
 CARE, s. [care, Sax.] attention to a particular subject; 
 concern or anxiety of mind, arising from the uncertainty of 
 something future, or the oppression of the present calamity ; 
 caution, protection, regard, and support, when followed with 
 the particle of. A too great anxiety for the events of this 
 world ; an affectionate regard for a person. Syno.n. Prudence 
 signifies wisdom applied to practice ; discretion is the effect of 
 prudence, and means a knowledge to govern or direct one's 
 self; by cure we understand hted in order to preservation; 
 caution implies a greater degree of wariness. 
 
 To CARE, V. n. to be anxious, solicitous, or concerned about 
 any thing ; to be disposed, or inclined ; vihhfor before nouns, 
 and to before verbs. 
 
 To CARE'EN, v. a. [cariner, Fr.] to lay a vessel upon one 
 side in order to calk, stop the leak, trim, or repair the other 
 side. Neuterly, to be in a state of careening. 
 
 C A REE'R, J. [((irricre, Fr.] a course or race ; the ground 
 on which a race is run : full speed : very swift motion. 
 
 CAREFUL, a. abounding or perplexed with great solici- 
 tude, apprehensions, or anxiety. 
 
 CAREFULLY, ad. in an attentive, cautious, circumspect, 
 and diligent manner, 
 
 CAREFULNESS, s. cautious, diligent, and constant ap- 
 plication ; heedfulness ; vigilance. 
 
 CA'RELESS, a. without due attention, labour, appli- 
 cation, caution, or concern ; without thought, or premedi- 
 tation, 
 
 CA'RELESSLY, ad. without anxiety : without care : with 
 ncgligeT)ce : in a manner void of care. 
 
 CA'RELESSNESS.s. heedlessness; inattention, negligence; 
 absence of care; manner void of care.
 
 CARL 
 
 CARN 
 
 ■»S9 
 
 To CARE'SS, V. a. [carexsa; !•>.] to onibrnce with great 
 oflectiuii; to treat a [jersou with great civility and eiKiear- 
 mciit. 
 
 CARE'SS, s. an embrace of great afTeclioii; an enilcnring 
 prorusioii of civilities and liiiid actions. 
 
 CA'HK T, «. [Fjat ] in grammar, a mark implying that some- 
 thing is omitted in writing or printing, which ouglit to cume 
 m where this sign (a) .stands. 
 
 CA'RGO, s. [cliur(;o, Fr.] the lading of a ship ; all the 
 merchandises and wares on board a ship. 
 
 CARI'BBKE ISLANDS. See Indies, West. 
 
 CA'RICATUIIE, s. ill painting, is the concealment of real 
 beautiep, and the exaggeration of l>lemishes, but still so as 
 to preserve a resetiiblanee of the olyect. 
 
 CA'RIES, s. [Lat ] in medicine, the solution of contmuity 
 in a l)one, attended with a waste of its substance, occasioned 
 by the corrosion of some acrimonious matter. 
 
 CARIO'SITY, s. that quality of a bone which putrifies and 
 wastes its substance. 
 
 CA'RIOUS, a. [cariosus, Lat.] rotten, generally applied to 
 bones. 
 
 CARK, s. [cearc. Sax.] care ; anxiety. Obsolete. 
 
 To CARK, V. n. \cearcan, Sax.] to be solicitous, careful, 
 anxious. 
 
 CARLE, J. [croW, Sax.] a rude, brutish fellow; a chuil ; 
 also an old man. 
 
 CA'RLINE THISTLE s. [carlina, Lat.] a biennial plant 
 ibund ill dry pastures, said to be an excellent remedy in 
 hysterical cases. 
 
 CA'RLINGS, or CA'RLINES, i, in a ship, two pieces 
 of timber, lying fore and aft, along from beam to beam, 
 whereon the ledges rest, on which the planks of the ship are 
 fastened. 
 
 CARLI'SLE, (Karlile) an ancient city, the capital of Cum- 
 berland, containing between 8 and 9000 inhabitants. It is 
 pleasantly situated on a rising ground, in a fertile country, 
 near the confluence of 3 tine rivers, the Eden, the Peterell, 
 and the Cauda, or Caude, all abounding with fish, and by 
 which it is nearly surrounded. It has long been noted for 
 making whips and fish hooks ; there are also considerable 
 quantities of printed linens, checks, cottons, fustians, hats, 
 tanned leather, nails, coarse knives, stockings, &c. manu- 
 factured here. It is 60 miles S. of Edinburgh, and 301 N. 
 N. W. of London. Market on Wednesday and Saturday. 
 
 CA'RLOW, or Catheklouoh, a county of Ireland, in 
 Leinster, as miles in length, and 18 at its greatest breadth. 
 It is bounded on the W. by Queen's county ; on the N. 
 and N. E. by Kildare and Wicklow ; on the E. by Wicklow 
 and Wexford; and on the S. S. E. and S. W. by Wexford 
 and Kilkenny. It contains 50 parishes, about 8763 houses, 
 and 44,000 inhabitants. Its chief town is Carlow, a neat place, 
 Heated on the E. side of the river Barrow, by which it com- 
 municates with Waterford river and the Grand Canal, 16 
 miles N. E. of Kilkenny. 
 
 CARLSCRC/NA, or Carlscroon, a town of Blekinge, 
 in S. Gothland, with a harbour large and commodious, but 
 of difficult entrance, on account of the shoals and rocky 
 sands at its mouth. The town mostly stands upon a small 
 rocky island, which rises gently in a bay of the Baltic ; the 
 suburbs extend over another small rock, and along the mole, 
 close to the bason, where the fleet is moored. The way 
 into the town from the main land, is carried over a Dyke to 
 an island, and thence along two long wooden bridges, joined 
 by a rock. The town is spacious, and contains about 18,000 
 inhabitants ; some of the buildings are of brick, but gene- 
 rally they are of wood. Here is a dock hollowed out of the 
 ««lid rock, capable of receirhig the largest vessels, and a 
 covered one, whose bottom and .sides are of hewn granite ; 
 rows of granite pillars support the roof, and bear rather the 
 appearance of a collonnade to a temple, than o<' a receptacle 
 for ships. In 1680 the town was founded; in 1724 the for- 
 mer doek, and in 1779 the latter was completed. Accord- 
 ing to the original plan, 3 basofw and 30 docks, com- 
 municating by gluicen, were intended, but a centnry will 
 
 pro! ably elapse before they can be convpleli-d. Carlscrona 
 U 2yo miles nearly S. of Stotkhi.lm. Lat. 56. 'JO. N. Ion. 15. 
 '^S. K. 
 
 CA'HMAN, s. one who drives a cart, or ketps a cart for 
 hire. 
 
 CAHJIA'RTIIEN, a well built populous town, in former 
 times the residence of the pritxe of S. Walts, and now 
 usually reckoned tlie politest place in the princrp.ility. 
 It is pleasantly situatud, in a fertile country, on the river 
 Towy (near its conflux with the Gvvilly) over which it has 
 a narrow stone bridge (but latily widuneil) of 7 arches, with 
 a very cnmniodious quay, to wliicli vessels of 200 Ions bur- 
 den may come upi ; 21 miles S. K. of Cardigan, and 215 W. 
 by N. of London. Markets on Wedm sday and Satnidfiy. 
 Fairs on Jutie 3, July 10, August 12, Sept. 9, Oct. 9, and 
 Niiv. 1 4. 
 
 CARMA'RTHENSHIRE, a county of S. Wales, .35 miles 
 in length, and 20 at his greatest breadth, is bounded on the 
 W. by Pembrokeshire ; on the N. and N E. Iiy Cardigan- 
 shire and Brecknockshire ; on the E. and S. E. by Breck- 
 iHick.shire and Glamnrganshire ; and on the S. Iiy Bristol 
 Channel. It contains 6 market towns and 87 parishes. It 
 is Iruitful in corn, grass, wood, coal, and sea-fish, es- 
 pecially salmon. The air is mild, it not being extremely 
 mountainous. 
 
 CA'RJIEL, a mountain in Palestine, standing on the .skirts 
 of tlie sea, and forming the most reniarkaljle head land on 
 all tiiat coast. It extends from near St. Jean d'Acre on the 
 S. a consiileralile way inland to llie E. 
 
 C.V'H.MKL1TE, .«. [Fr.] a sort of pear. 
 
 CA'RMKLITES, or White Friars, an order of our 
 Lady of Muunt Carmel, making one of the four orders of 
 Men<licants. They pretend to derive their original from 
 the prophets Eljah and Elisha. Their original rules con- 
 tained 16 articles; one of which confined them to Iheir cells, 
 and enjuined them to employ themselves day and night in 
 prayer; another prohibited the brethren having any pro- 
 perty ; another enjoying fasting, from the feast of the Ex- 
 altation of the Holy Cross till Easter, excepting on Sundays; 
 abstinence at all times from flesh was enjoined by another 
 article; one obliged them to mamial labour; another im- 
 posed a strict silence on them, from vespers till the tierce 
 the next day ; however, these constitutions have in some 
 respects been altered. 
 
 CARMI'NATIVES, t. medicines prescribed for the colic 
 disorder, to dispel the wind. 
 
 CA'RMINE, s. a powder of a very beautiful red colour, 
 bordering upon purple, and used by painters in miniature, 
 though rarely, on account of its great price. The manner 
 of preparing it is kept a secret by the colour makers, neither 
 do any of those receipts which have been published at all 
 direct us to the making of it. 
 
 CA'RNAGE, s. [carnage, Fr.] slaughter, havoc, or heap* 
 of bodies slain in battle. 
 
 CARNAL, a. [chamal, Fr.] proceeding from, or belong- 
 ing to the fleshy part of a man, opposed to spiritual. Figu- 
 ratively, sensual, lustful, lecherous, volumptuous. 
 
 CARNA'LITY, s. lust, wantonness, propensity to lust; 
 unchaste pleasure. Figuratively, immersed in sensuality. 
 
 CA'RNALLY, ad. in a gross sensual manner, opposed to 
 tpiritual. 
 
 CARNA'RVON, is a well built populous town of Car- 
 narvonshire, with a celebrated castle, in a small dark room 
 of which, not l2 feet long, nor 8 broad, Edward the II. was 
 born : it is surrounded on all sides except the E. by the 
 sea and two rivers, one of which is the Jlenay. The har- 
 bour is tolerably good, with 9 feet at low water. Carnarvon 
 has no manufactures, but carries on a considerable trade 
 with Ireland, Liverpool, Bristol, and London. It is 7 miles 
 S. W. of Bang«r, and 251 N. W. of London. Market on 
 Satiudav,. 
 
 CARNARVONSHIRE, a county of North Wales, aboiH 
 40 milts in length, and 20 in breadth, bounded on the W. 
 and N. by the lea and the isle of Anglesea, on the B. and S.
 
 140 
 
 CARO 
 
 CARR 
 
 E. by Deiihiglishire aiid Jlerioiiethsliire and on the S- !iy 
 ^leriniie'.hshire and the Sf-a. ft lias 7 limidred-:, fiS parishes 
 .> marliet towns, and I city. The air is cn'd ; tliis c!)nntry 
 being the most moiii'.tainous district in N. Wales. Its central 
 part is entirely occuiiied by the lofty Sriowden, and the se- 
 veral cragf^y siinnmits", deep dells, moors, chasms, and lakes, 
 which constitute its dreary rei^jion. Cattle, goats and shei'p, 
 are its rural riches. Foxes are the chief wilil animals. .Se- 
 veral copper mines have been worked in varions parts, and 
 there are some ol these at |ir( serit about Llanberris. Other 
 places afford lead ; and slates, with quantities of stones, ex- 
 cellent fir hones, are dug near .Snowden. 
 
 CARNA'TIC, The, a rich papulous country of Hindoo- 
 stan, extending along the coast of Coromandel to Cape Co- 
 morin, being 570 miles long, from N. to S. and firom 120 to 
 75 wide. 
 
 CARXA'TION, s. [from euro, I.at.] in botany, a spec'es 
 of the clove-gilly flower. In painting, a lively red colour, 
 resemlilini; that of flesh newly cut. 
 
 CARXE'LIOX, s. [improperly spelt cornelimil in natural 
 history, a precious stone, of which there are three specie.s, 
 a red, a yellow and a white ; the red sort is again subdivided 
 into two species, the pale being called the female, and the 
 deep red the male carnelinn. 
 
 CA'RXIVAL, s. [carnaviil, Fr.] the season of mirth and 
 luxury c lebrated by the Italians, and especially at Venire, 
 lasting from Twelfth day to Lent, and attended with balls, 
 feasts, operas, concerts, and every thing which pomp, osten- 
 tation, or festivity, can furnish. 
 
 C.VUX'l'VOROUS, a. [from caro and voro, Lat-] eating 
 flesh : that lives on flesh. 
 
 CAIIXO'SITY, s. \carruisile., Fr.] in surgery, a fleshy, 
 excrescence ; a fmigous or p'oud tlesh. 
 
 CARXEOUS, or CA'RXOUS, a. [rarneus, Lat.] fleshy, 
 applied to ani.iials. In bjtany, of a soft substance, similar to 
 that of flesh in animals. 
 
 CA'llOL, s. [varota, Ilal.] a sotig of joy, exultation, or 
 festivity, applied to the rustic anthems of country shigers at 
 Christmas ; any kind of song. 
 
 To CA'ROL, V. V. [carolarc, Ital.] to sing with great joy 
 and fe.'^tivity. Actively, to praise in anthems or songs. 
 
 CAROLl'NA, a country of Xorth America, divided into 
 North and South, and compri bending two of the Urnted 
 States. It is bounded on the N. by Virginia, on the E. by 
 the Ocean, on the S. by Florida, and on the \V. by Loinsiana, 
 lying jietween 32 and 37 degrees X. lat. The chief pro- 
 duce is tob.-.cco, i.-'digo, and rice ; but thry are attempting 
 to breed silk-worms for the production of silk. The ani- 
 mals, trees, fruits, plant--, are much the same as in Virginia ; 
 f)articuiatly wild animals resembling a bull, with a very long 
 lair, shuit legs, large bodies, aiul great bunches on their 
 backs ne.ir the shonhlcr.s. Thtir horns are black and short, 
 Bud tliey have a great beard under their muzzles, and so 
 p.inch hair on thv-lr heads that it hides their eyes, which 
 gives them a hideous look. They have bears, whose flesh 
 is esteemed good eating ; an<l they make hams of their legs. 
 Be.sides ihese thi-y have cal-a-mountains, wild cats, wolves, 
 •a sort of tigers, beavers, otters, miisk-rats, oppossiuns, ra- 
 coons, minxes, water-iats, a kind of rabbit.'!, elks, different 
 from the European ; stags, fallow-deer, several sorts of .squir- 
 rels, foxes, and two sirls of rats. The birds arc so nume- 
 rous, that it would be tedious even to mention their names ; 
 and there are many sorts of fish quite unknown to these 
 parts of the world. Their fnriis and trees are much the 
 sanrie as in Virginia, and they have .some of the best kind of 
 fruits transplanted from Europe, which thrive well. The 
 native Americans are of the same shape, colour, and stature, 
 as in other parts of America ; they being all of a red copper 
 complexion, with coarse blaik hair, and no beards ; ami 
 here, as in other places, each man has several wives. The 
 other commodities of Carolina, not yet mentioned, are corn, 
 naval stores, and skins; which last they purchase of the na- 
 tive Americans'. 
 
 CA'ROLINE I.SLAND.S, in the Pacific Ocean tupponed 
 
 to be 30 In numbtr, but little known. Lat. 6. to 10. N. Ion. 
 I3fi to fori. K. 
 
 CARO'TKD, a. [carotid'!!, Lat.] applied to those two ar- 
 teries whieli arise out of the ascending trunk of the aorta, 
 near where th.? subclavian arteries arise. 
 
 C.4U()U'SAL, [cariiuziil) «. a lestival or holiday, celebrateil 
 with mirtli. piinij), and festivity. 
 
 To CAliOQ'SE, {caruiize) v. n. \carnusser, Fr.] to drink 
 freely. Actively, to diink up b:vishly ; to drink a 
 health. 
 
 CA'ROU'SE, {ca7ou-^e) s. a drinking match ; a large 
 draught. 
 
 CAROU'SER, (carouzer) s. one who drinks lively ; a 
 toper. 
 
 CAl'.P, s. [carpe, Fr.] a large fresh-water fish, remarkable 
 for its being able to live a long time out of water. This 
 fish, whith is reckoned the most valuable of all for the stock- 
 ing of ponds, was introduci^^d into this country by Leonard 
 ^Mdschal, aliijut the year 151 4-. 
 
 To C.\RP, II. n. \ca7-po, Lat.] to censure, find fault with, 
 or blame, including the idea of forwardness and re- 
 proach. 
 
 CA'RPEXTER, s. [charpentier, Fr.] one who perform* 
 the several offices of cutting, joining, fIi>ori:ig, or other wood- 
 work, ivlalive to houses, buildings, or ships. 
 
 CA'RPEXTRY, f. tlie art of building either hoii.ses or 
 ships with wood. 
 
 CARPER, a person fond of raising objections ; a caviller, 
 or censorious person. 
 
 CA'RPET, s. [L-arpet, Belg.] a covering of stuff or other 
 material, commonly spread over tables, or laid on floors. 
 The \ihra.fp of a t/unff's Lting on the cnrpct, is to express itg 
 being in hand, in debate, or the oljtct of consideration. 
 
 To CA'RPET, V. a. to spread with a carpet. Figura- 
 tively, applied with great elegance to the earth, to embellish 
 or adorn with flowers and herbs. 
 
 CA'RPET-KXIGHT, a denomination given to men of 
 peaceable professions, who are raised to the dignity of 
 knighthood. They take the appellation carpet, because 
 they usually receive their honours from the king's hands in 
 the court, kneeling on a carpet. By this they arc distin- 
 guished from knights created in the camp or field of battle 
 on account of their military prowess. 
 
 CA'RPIXG, pari, iond of cavilling; raising objections or 
 finding fault ; censorious ; captious. 
 
 CA'RPIXGLY, ad. in a captious and censorious manner. 
 
 CARPUS, s. [Lai.] an anatomical term for the wrist. 
 
 CARR, s. a light open chariot, also a kind of rolling 
 throne, used in triumphs, and at the solemn entries of a prin- 
 ces. 
 
 CA'RRACK, a Portuguese vessel, trading to the East and 
 West Indies, which is very large, round br.ilt, and fitted for 
 fight as well as bunlen. 
 
 CARRIAGE, (ill pron. the last r is dropped) s. [cartage; 
 Fr.] a vehicle used to convey [lersoiis or goods from one 
 place to another ; the act of conveying things from one 
 place to another; the price paid for the conveying of goods. 
 Figuratively, personal address anil behaviour ; conduct, or 
 practices ; proceedings, or the manner of transacting any 
 affair. The carriage ij' a cantwn is, the frame of timber on 
 which it is mounted. 
 
 CARRICK, a district of Scotland, bounded by the Frith 
 of Clyde, on the N. W. and Galloway on the S. Bargeny is 
 the capital town. 
 
 CARRICKFK'RGUS, the county town of Antrim, in Ul- 
 ster, seated on a safe and spacious bay of the same name, 
 called also Belfast Lough, with an excellent harbour, 8S 
 miles N. of Duiilin. 
 
 CA'RRIER, s. one who conveys or moves a thing from 
 one place to another ; one who conveys goods from one 
 town or place to another. In natural history, a species of 
 pigeons, so called from their carrying letters, &c. tied to 
 their necks, to tJie place where they were bred, be it ever 
 BO remote.
 
 CART 
 
 CASC 
 
 141 
 
 CA'RRIOX, s. [chnrogne, Fr.] tlie flesh of a dcaJ carcase ; 
 and putiifieii flesh, iint (it for liioil. Figuratively, a coarse, 
 gross, disagreeable person ; a term of reproach. 
 
 CA'IIKION, a. relalitiij to a dead or putrified carcase; 
 Ceedini,' on dead carcases. 
 
 CA'RRON, a river of Stirlingshire, risiji? on the S. side 
 of the Canipsey Hills, and flowiiiij into the Frith of Forth, 
 below Falkirk. Two miles from its source, it forms a fine 
 cascade, called the Fall of Aiichinlilly, and on its banks, 
 one mile from Falkirk, are the celebr^ileii Carrnn works, 
 bnildings of vast extent, founded in 1761, on a spot where 
 there was not a .'ingle house ; this is now the largest iron 
 fonndery in Europe, constantly employing about IfiOO men. 
 All sorts of iron goods are made in it, from the most trifling 
 article for domestic use, to cannon of the largest caliber. 
 The machinery, constructed by Mr. Smeaton, is the first in 
 Great Britain f.ir elegance and correctness. 
 
 CAHUOXA'DE, s. a short kind of ordnance, capable of 
 carrying a large ball, and useful in close engagements at 
 sea. It takes its name from the above-mentioned river Car- 
 roil in Srotland, where it was first made. 
 
 CATIROT, s. [carote, Fr.] a garden root ; of which there 
 are two sorts, the yellov/ and the orange ; the last of which 
 is reckoned by much the better. 
 
 CA'IUIOTV, ti. red ; applied to red haired people, from 
 the resemblance of the colour of their hair to that of a 
 carrol. 
 
 To CA'RRY, r. a. [charier, Fr.] to remove a thing from 
 one place to another ; to convey, transport, hear ; to gain 
 Ml competiiion, or rather resistance ; to behave, conduct, 
 obtain, import, support, sustain. Used witli nffl to kill or 
 put an end to a person's life. To cnrry oti, to prosecute, 
 continue, or persevere in an undert.dcing, notwithstanding 
 all oppositions. Joined with through, to support, or enable 
 a person to sustain and surmount. 
 
 CAUT, s. [crat, Brit.] a land carriage with two wheels, 
 drawn by horses. Fiiriiratively, any vehicle or carriage. 
 
 CARTE BLANCHE, s. [Fr.] a blank paper; a paper or 
 instrument to lie filled up with such terms and conditions as 
 the person to whom it is sent thinks fit. 
 
 . CA'RTEL, s. [cartel, Fr.] certain terms or stipulations 
 settled between persons at variance. In war, applied to 
 the conditions made by enemies for the mutual exchange of 
 prisoners, 
 
 CA'RTER, s. one who drives, and gets his living by driv- 
 ing a cart. 
 
 CARTE'SIANS, s. a sect of philosophers, who adhere to 
 the opinions advanced by Des Cartes, and founded on the 
 two lollownig principles ; the one metaphysical, tlie other 
 physical; the first is, I Ihink, ilicrefure I am ; the other is, 
 that nothiitfr existn but subslanre. 'I'ho first of these principles 
 is refuted by Air. Locke; the other, by the principles of 
 the Newtonian philosophy. 
 
 CARTHAGK'NA, a town of Murcia, seated on a hay of 
 the .same name, in which vast quantities of inackarel are 
 cavight. Here is a very large arsenal, with every requisite 
 for building and fitting out .ships of the line. The harbour 
 is .spacious and deep, being a bason hollowed by nature, 
 and sheltered Irom tlie winds by several hillii, placed round 
 it at equal di taiices. It is 27 miles nearly S. of Murcia. 
 Lat. 37. 38. N. Ion 0. SB. W. 
 
 CARTHAGK'NA, a large and rich city, cipital of the 
 province of Carthageiia, in the Terra Firma, which is bound- 
 ed on the N. by the Caribbean Sea, on the E. by the river 
 St. Martha, aim on the W. by the Sea and the Giilph of 0a- 
 rien, with one of the best harbours in S. America, the en- 
 trance however is so narrow that only one vessel can enter 
 at a time. The revenues of the king of Spain from New 
 Granada and Terra Firma are brought to this place. Lat. 
 10.87. N. Ion 73. ■i^. W. . 
 
 CA'RTHAGE, once a celebrated city of Africa, and rival 
 of Home, but now in ruins. It is 10 miles £. of Tunis, near 
 the promontory called Cape Carthage. 
 CA'RT-HORSE, 3. an unwieldy horse fit only for the cart. 
 
 CARTHU'SIANS, a religious order fnunded by one 
 Bruno, in the ye.ir lOHi). They are a branch of the Bene- 
 dictines, remarkable for the austerity of Ihiir rule, which 
 obliges them to a total abstinence from f! s'l, even at the 
 peril of their lives, and to Ireil on bread, water and salt one 
 day in every week. They must ii(!t keep any portion of 
 their meat and drink till next day ; their beds are of straw, 
 covered with a felt ; their clothing, two hair cloths, two 
 cowls, two pair ot hose, and a cloak all coarse. -In the re- 
 fectory, they are to keep their eyes on the dish, their hands 
 OP. the table, their atteiitiiiu to the reader, and their hearts 
 fixed on God. Women are not allowed to come into their 
 churches. 
 
 CA'RTILAGE, ». [cnrtih'^n, Lat.] in anatomy, a smooth, 
 solid, uniform, elastic suhstaiice, softer than bone, but more 
 .solid than any other part, without cavities lor marrow, or 
 any ner\'es or membranes for sensation. 
 
 CARTILAGI'NEOUS, or CARTILAGINOUS, a. con- 
 sistiiig of cartilages. 
 
 CAUTMEL, a town of Lancashire, seated among the 
 hills, called Cartmel Fells, near the river Ken and the Ken 
 Sands, a sandy shiire, which requires guides to direct stran- 
 gers on their way. It has a harliour for 'boats, and a market 
 on Tuesday and Satunlay, for corn, sheep, and fish. It is 
 I'i miles N. by W. of Lancaster, and iifiO N. N. W. of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 CARTOO'N, s. [rartone, Ital.] in painting, a drawing or 
 .sketch upon strong paper, to be chalked through upon a wall, 
 in order to be painteel in fresco. 
 
 CARTOU'CH, (cur/ou(.7i) s. [cartouche, Fr.] a case of wood 
 thre^ inches thick at the bottom, girt round with marliii, 
 containing IS musket balls, and six or eight balls of iron of 
 a pound weight; being fired out of a hobit, or small mortar, 
 for the defence of a pass ; likewise used for a cartridge. 
 
 CA'llTRAGE, or CA'UTRIDGE, s. [cartouche, Fr.] a 
 charge of powder wrapped up in thick paper, pasteboard, 
 or parchment, used for charging fire-arms ; or in flannel, 
 for great guns. 
 
 CART-ROPE, s. a strong cord used to fasten the load on 
 carts ; proverbially, any tliiik cord. 
 
 CARTULARY, s. [from charta, Lat.] a place where pa- 
 pers or records are kept. 
 
 CA'RTWRIGHT, x. a maker of carts. 
 To CARVE, V. a. [ceorfan, Sax.] to cut or divide into se- 
 veral parts. Also, to uissect or cut up a fowl or joint of meat 
 at a table. To cut flowers, knots, figures, or other devices, 
 in wood or stone. Neuterly, to exercise the trade of a sculp- 
 tor ; to perform at table ttie ofTice of supplying the company 
 from the dishes. 
 
 CA'RVER, f. one who forms statues, or other likenesses, 
 in wood, sloiie, or marble. In cookery, one who cuts the 
 meat. 
 
 CA'RVING; .I. the art of cutting images, or other like- 
 nesses, in wood, stone, or marble, 
 
 CARU'NCLE, s. [carumulu, Lat.] in anatomy, a little 
 piece of flesh. The caruncitla; lachrymales are two small 
 eminences in ifie inner corners of the eyes. 
 
 CA'RUS, s. in medicine, is a species of the a|)oplexy, 
 being a deprivation of sense and motion, afTecting the whole 
 body ; yet the faculty of respiration is still left ; in short, the 
 Carus differs little from a lethargy. 
 
 CARYA'TIDES, ,9. in architecture, a kind of order of 
 columns, or pilasters used by the ancients, m.ide in the 
 form or figure of a woman, dressed in long robes, and serv- 
 ing to support the entablement. It is said that the Greeks, 
 having taken the city of Carya, led away their women cap- 
 tives, and to perpetuate their servitude, represented them 
 in their buildings as charged with burdens such as those 
 supported by columns. 
 
 CA'SAL, the chief city of Montserral in Italy, formerly 
 well foitilied, and defended by a citadel, but deprived of its 
 fortifications in 1695. It is 3+ miles E. N. E. of Turin. 
 
 CASCADE, i. [casiaJf, Fr.] a fall of water from a higher 
 to a lower place. They are either natural or artificial.
 
 149 
 
 CJt^V 
 
 CAST 
 
 CASE, i. [cai sf, Fr.] soTTK-tliing made tt> cover or contain 
 a thing ; a covi ring, she.ith, or liox. 
 
 CASE,*, [casus, Lat.] the oiitwjrd or external cnni'ition, 
 circumstance, or state ot a person ; the state of a thing. In 
 physic, the state of the hody ; used wiih the particle in, and 
 the word ^ood, fat and plump ; and with the word iud, lean 
 or emaciated. In hi«', the representation of any fact, 
 (|ueslioii, or the whole arguings of connsel on a partionlar 
 pointer circumstauce of a trial. Cuse, iu grammar, implies 
 the various changes which notuis in Greek and Latin undergo 
 in their several number?, to express the several views or 
 relations under which the mind considers things with re- 
 gard to one another. In case implies, if it should happeiu 
 
 To CASE, V. a. to put in a case or cover. Figuratively, 
 t« surround or inclose, like a case. In building, to cover 
 with materials different from tho»e m the inside. To skni, 
 or strip off the skin. Neuterly, to rspretieiit an affair iu all 
 the various lights it will bear ; to put cases. 
 
 To CASE-HA'RDEN, v. a. to prepare iron, so as to ren- 
 der its outward surface hard, and capable of resisting the 
 file, or any edged tool, to turn the surface of the iron into 
 steel. 
 
 CA'SEJIATE, or CA'ZEMATE, s. in fortification, a 
 certain retired platform iu the flank of a babtion ; for the de- 
 fence of the iTinat or face of the opposite bastion ; a kind of 
 rault or arch of stone- work. 
 
 CA'SEMENT, s. [ctisam^iito, Ital.] a window opening 
 u|)on hinges. 
 
 CA'SEOUS, a. [caseus, Lat.] resembling cheese ; cheesy. 
 CA'SERX, s. [caserne, FrT] a little room or lodgment 
 erected between the rampart aud the houses, iu a furtitieti 
 towa for the ease of the garrison. 
 
 CASH, s. [from catsse, Fr.] in commerce, the ready money 
 a person is posse.ssi-d of. 
 
 CA'SHEW-NUT, *. the nut of the cashew-tree, which 
 grows in the West Indies. The nut is of the shape and size 
 of a hare's kidney, the kernel sweet and pleasant, but be- 
 tween the layers of the shell is a caustic inflammable oil, 
 which will blistur the lips aud tongue the moment it touches 
 tbtm. 
 
 CASHI'ER, {cashcci) s. a i>erson who keeps the money at 
 a banker's, or any public office. 
 
 To CASHI'ER, [cashier) v. a, [cassir, Fr.] to discard; to 
 deprive a person of his place or post for some mal-prac- 
 ticc. 
 
 CA'SHNA, part of the extensive ceuntry called Sotidan 
 by the Arabs, and Negroland by the Europeans ; a large 
 ktjigdom in the niterior of Africa, S. ofZ.iara, E. of. Tom- 
 bucton, and W. of Zanifara. It resembles Borneo in climate 
 aud natural productions, and iu the colour, genius, religious 
 profession, and government of the people. Its monkeys 
 and parrots are numerous, and of various species. A thou- 
 sa<id towns and villages are said to be included in this em- 
 pire, which, like Borneo, consists of ilifferent tribes or na- 
 tions, subject to the dominion of one sovereign. Its capital, 
 of the same name, is about 800 miles nearly S. of Tripoli, in 
 lat. 16. 20. N. Ion. 12. E. 
 
 CASK, s. [casaue, Fr.] a round hollow cycloidal vessel, 
 lUed for keeping liquors, provisions, or dry goods ; a helmet, 
 from catsis, Lat. 
 
 CA'SKET, s. a small box for jewels, or things of small 
 dimenMions but great value. Figuratively, any thing which 
 contains something of great value. 
 
 CA'SPIAN-SEA, a great lake or sea of A.sia, botmded by 
 the country of the Cahnuc Tartars on the N. ; by Bucharia 
 and part of Persia on the E. ; by another part of Persia on 
 the .S. ; and by another part of Persia and Circassia on the 
 W. being about (im miles in U'ngth from N. to .S. and 260 in 
 breadth from E. to W. Several great rivers fall mto this 
 *ea, and yet it never seem." Iu increase, though it has no 
 coninmnicatinn with any other nea. It is sometimes very 
 dangerous fur sailors, though it has no obaervMble tide. It 
 aUiuitdfl in fi.'^, which are thojight to be better thcUi in 
 othiT Mas. Lon. from 49 to iS. K. lat. fiom 37. to 47. N. 
 
 GASSA'TIOX, s. [eastaliu, Lat.] io civif law, the auiiuJII g 
 or abrogating any pr.n-eeding. 
 
 CAS-iAV^l or C.VSSiUA, s. an American |ilant, hnjjf 
 and thick, of which ilie Ameiicans mifkc a khid o! biead, said 
 to be a w'holoMnie and nllnri^hing Inod. 
 
 CA'SSEL, capital (if the late landuraviate of Hesse Cas- 
 sel, circle of U|)|kt Rhine. It is divide<i inio the Old and 
 New Towns, the latter ot which is well built and sp.icious. 
 The castle or palace commands a delightful prospect, and 
 has tine gardens mid a curinus cabinet. It is seated on the 
 river Fulda, 40 miles S. of Paderburn. Lat .01. 19. N. lo«. 
 9. +4. E. 
 
 C.\'S.>IA, s. in botany, a tree growing in Alexandria and 
 in the West Indies, affording a clammy substance, used iu 
 the shops for a purge. Likewise, a fragrant spice, suppos- 
 ed to be the baik ol a tree verv like cinnainon. 
 
 CA'.SSLMER, or CASSIME'RE, s. tlie name of a thin 
 twilled woollen cloth. 
 
 CASSIO'PEA, in astronomy, a constellation ui the northern 
 hemisphere. 
 
 CA'SSOCK, J. [casque, Fr] a close, long garment, worn 
 by clergymen, when in their robes, under their gown. 
 
 CA'SSONADE, s. hi connnerce, cask sugar, or sugar put 
 into casks or chest.s, after the first purification, but which has 
 not been retineil. 
 
 CA'SSOWARY, ». in natural history, a very large bird, 
 which much resembles the ostrich, and is a native of Africa. 
 
 CA'SSWEED, s. a plant, the same with the shepher^l'i 
 ponoh. 
 
 To CAST, V. a. preter. and part, passive cast, [kasitr, 
 Dan.] to throw with the hand; to throw a net; to throw 
 dice, or lots; to throw in wrestluig ; to let fall; to expose, 
 to shed, to moult ; to condemn in a trial or law-suit; to lay 
 aside, as imfit for wear ; to have an abortion, as a cow, when 
 she slinks her calf ; to compute, reckon, Ciileulate ; to con- 
 trive or plan out ; to form or model a thing in a mould with 
 melted metals. To cast aside, to lay by as useliss. Used 
 with (/umn, to fling or throw from a high place. Tu cant an 
 eye, to glance, or look at. To cast a light, to reflect, or im- 
 part. Joinetl with away, to wreck or .shipwreck, applied 
 to sea affairs. To be cast down, to be disconsolate, low spi- 
 rited, or dejected on account of some misfortune. Used 
 with out, to speak, give vent to, or utter with rashness and 
 vehemence. Used with upon, to be driven by violence of 
 the wind, or stress of weather. Used with off', to discard; 
 to disburden one's self of; to leave behind. Neuterly, it 
 Implies, to contrive ; to turn the thoughts ; to admit of a 
 form, by castuig or melting ; to warp. 
 
 CAS'i', s. the act of throwing a thhig at a distance by the 
 hands. A specimen, or stroke ; a particular motion of the 
 eye; a throw, or chance of a throw, at dice; a mould, a 
 form. In painting, a shade or tendency to any colour. 
 I)xterior appearance. Manner; air; mien. In East In- 
 dia affairs, a sect or tribe of the same rank or profes- 
 sion. 
 
 CA'STANET, s. [cuslaneta, Span.] a musical instrument, 
 made of two little rouiul pieces of wood or ivory, hollowed 
 like a spoon, fastened to the thumb, and beat with the mid- 
 dle finger, serving to direct the time and measures of the 
 dance-s. 
 
 CA'.ST-AWAY, s. a person that is involved in a multiple 
 city of misfortunes, and seemingly abandoned by provi- 
 dence. 
 
 CA'STELLAIN, j. [castellano. Span.] the constable of a 
 castle. 
 
 CA'STELLANY, s. the manor or lordship belonging to a 
 castle, or the territory of a city, or town. 
 
 CA'STELLATEU, a. inclosed within a building, or forti- 
 fied place. 
 
 CA'STEU, s. one who flings or throws. In arithmetic, 
 one who calculates. 
 
 CASTItiA'TION, s. [cas/igatio, Lat.] punishment in- 
 llicted on a person in order to make him amend his fault*; 
 penanec, or currection.
 
 C A S T 
 
 C ATA 
 
 14» 
 
 CAS'TIGATOIiy, a. punishing to make a person mend. 
 
 CASTI'LE, NEW, or Toikdii, ii (jrovlnce of Spain, 
 SOO miles in length, iJBil 184. in breadth ; l)Ound.Ml on the 
 W. by Estremadnra and pjit of Lton ; on the N. by Old 
 Castile ; on the )•'.. and S. K. by Arrapm, Valencia, and 
 Murcia ; and on the S. by Murcia and Andalusia. It is 
 divided into three parts ; Agrari.i to the N, ; Alaiicha to the 
 K. ; and Sierra to the S. 'Ihe air is pure and healthy ; the 
 land is mountainous, but produces in the N. fiulls and 
 wine, and in the S. good pastures and fine wool. Madrid is 
 the capital. 
 
 CASTI'LE, OLD, a province of Spain, about 192 m Ics iji 
 length, and 115 in breadth ; bounded on the W. Iiy Leon ; 
 on the N. by Biscay, Asturi.i, and Navarre ; on the E, by 
 Navarre and Arragon : and on the S. by New Castih\ It 
 produces excellent wine ; its plains are covered with herds of 
 large and small cattle, partiiularly sheep, which yiehi the 
 finest wool in Spain. Burgos is the capital. 
 
 CA'STING, s. in foundering, the running of a metal mto a 
 mould prf pared for that puipose. 
 
 CA'STING-NET, s. a net which is spread by thrtnvii^ it 
 in the water, used in fishing, 
 
 CA'STLE, s. [cas/ellnm, Lat.] a place or edifice fortified by 
 art or nature to defend a town or city from an enemy. Castles 
 in the air, imply some chimerical project. 
 
 C.VSTLEBAH, a populous town of Rlayo, in Connaught, 
 with a manufacture of linen. It is the assize town lor the 
 county, 35 miles N. of Galway, and lit from Dublin. 
 
 CA'STLECAUY, a town of Somersetshire, with a market 
 on Tuesday. It is 12 miles S. E. of Wells, and 1 17 W. by S. 
 of London. 
 
 CA'STLE-COMB, a town in Wiltshire, so called fi-om its 
 old castle. It formerly had a market, now disused. It is 17 
 miles N. W. of Chippenham, and 12 N. N. E. of Balh. 
 
 CA'STLE-KISING, a town in the county of Norfolk, 
 which had a market, now disused on account of its harbour 
 being choked up with sand : it is, however, a mayor-town, 
 and sends two members to parliament. The casile, whence 
 it has its name, is still standing ; and here is an a'ms-house 
 for 24. poor widows. It is 103 miles N. N. E. of London. 
 
 CA'STLETOWN, or Castle-Rushin, the principal place 
 of the Isle of Man, with a strong beautiful castle, of free- 
 stone, still entire, ertcted by Guttred, king of Man, about the 
 year 960, who lies interred in it. At the entrance is a great 
 stone chair for the governor and two smaller ones for the 
 deemsters ; and beyond this court is a room where the keys 
 sit. On the other side are seen the governor's house, the 
 chancery offices, and good barracks. It is situated on the 
 S. E. point of the island, with a shallow rocky harbour, in 
 lat. 54. 2. N. Ion. 4. 35. W. 
 
 CA'STLE-TOWN, a parish, formerly called LinoiSD.u.E, 
 a new town, (begun to be erected in 1793, and rapidly ad- 
 vancing,) of Roxburghshire, in Scotland. 
 
 CA'STLE-SOAP, s. a corruption of Castile Soap. 
 
 CA'STLING, s. the young of a brute animal, which is 
 cast before its time. 
 
 CA'STON, or CA'WSTON, a town in Norfolk, seated on 
 the Bure, over which it has a bridge, 10 miles N. by W. of 
 Norwich. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 CA'STOR, called by the Saxons Thiang Caston, i. e. Thong 
 Castle, a town of Lincolnshire, (said to be built by Hengist, 
 on a tract of ground which he encompassed with an ox's hide, 
 cut into thongs, pursuant to a grant of Vortigem,) 20 miles 
 N. E. of Lincoln, between Binbrook and Glandford Bridge. 
 Market on Monday. 
 
 CA'STOR, s. a beaver, an amphibious animal, the feet of 
 which have five toes, and the hinder ones formed for swim- 
 ming, with a black, flat, and oval tail. In astronomy, a 
 moiety of the conslellatinn of Gemini, called also Apollo. 
 
 CA'STOR and POLLUX, s. in meteorology, a fiery me- 
 teor, which appears in the form of one, two, or three balls, 
 adhering to some part of a shin. When seen single, it is 
 named Htlenu, and shews that the severest part of a storm 
 i» yet to come ; when double, called Castor and Pollux, and 
 
 portends a cessation of a storm. In astronomy, the two prin- 
 cipal stars in theconstellaiion of Gemini 
 
 ('ASTO'llEUM, s. [Lat.] in pharmacy, a liipiiJ matier 
 contained, not in the testicles, but in little b:igs, near the 
 anus of the Castor. It is a medicine not much esteemed at 
 present. 
 
 CASTRAMENTA'TION, s. \castramentatio, Lat.J the iirt 
 of encamping. 
 
 To CA'S'i'UATE, V. a. [castrn, Lat.] togeH. Figuratively, 
 to cut sentences out of any liook. 
 
 CASTRA'TION, s. the act of gelding. 
 
 fwV'STRES, a considerable city, capital of the department 
 of Tame, seated on the river Agout, 34 miles E. of Thou- 
 louse. 
 
 CA'SUAL, {kdsiml) a. [casual, F ] accidental ; arishig from 
 chance; done without detign ; hapi)ening contrary to the 
 common laws of nature. 
 
 C A'SIJALLY, (kdzually,) ad. in an accidental manner ; with. 
 out design ; by chance 
 
 tVASUA'LTY, {kdzually) s. an event that is not foreseen, 
 or irLtended. Figuratively, any accident which puts an end to 
 a person's life. 
 
 CA'SUI.ST, {kdziihi) $■ [casniste, Fr.] one who studies ami 
 resolves nice points in cases of conscience. 
 
 CASUI'SITCAL, {kaxutstkal) a. belonging to cases of con- 
 science, or practical parts of ethics. 
 
 CA'SUISTRY, {kdsuislry) s. the science employed about 
 cases of con.science, or nice points in practical divinity or 
 ethics. 
 
 CAT, s. [chat, Fr.] a domestic animal, which catches 
 mice, reckoned the lowest order of the leonine genus, and 
 supposed to see in the dark, or with the least glimmering of 
 light, which may be owing to the faculty it has of contract- 
 ing anrl dilating the pupil of the eye hi an extraordinary 
 manner. 
 
 CA'TACHRESIS, {katakresis) s. [from kalachraomai, to 
 abuse, Gr.] in rhetoric, is when a word whose natural mean- 
 ing is good and itmocent, is used abusively, as, you are a very 
 pretly fillow indeed, meaning, you are a sad wretch. 
 
 Ca'T.ACHRE.STICAL, a. applied to language, improper; 
 far-fetched ; forced. 
 
 CA'TACOMBS, j. [from kata, under, and kumbos, a cave, 
 Gr] grottoes or subterraneous cavities for the burial of the 
 dead. 
 
 CATACA'USTICS, s. [from kaia and akouo, to hear, Gr.] 
 the science of reflecting sounds or echoes. 
 
 CATALE'PSIS, s. [from katalambano, to occupy, Gr.] a 
 disease by which a person is rendered in an instant motionless 
 and senseless, and contiimes in the same posture that he was 
 in when the fit seized him, with his eyes open, but without 
 sight or understanding. 
 
 CA'TALOGUE, {catalog) s. [katalogot, Gr.l a list or parti- 
 cular einimeration of things in some order wherein they are 
 mentioned in separate lines or articles. 
 
 CATALO'NIA, a provinct of Spain, bounded on the 
 W. by Arragon, and a part of Valencia ; on the N. by the 
 Pyrenees ; and on the E. and S. by the Mediterranean and 
 Valencia. Its greatest extent from E. to W. is 112 miles, 
 and from N. to S. 148. The air is wholesome. Its moun- 
 tains, which are numerous, are covered with forest and fruit 
 trees. It abounds in wine, corn, and pulse, and has quar- 
 ries of marble, and several sorts of mines. Barcelona is the 
 capital. 
 
 CA'TAMITE s. a person kept by the ancient Romans, and 
 the modern Italians, for the vilest of purposes. 
 
 CA-TA-MOU'NTAIN, s. a fierce and wild animal resem- 
 bling a cat. 
 
 CATA'NIA, an ancient rich and celebrated city of Val di 
 Noto, in Sicily, with a imiversity. Its streets are wide, straight, 
 and well paved with lava. The inhabitants are about 30,000. 
 The city stands on the East coast on a gulf of the same name, 
 near Mount Etna, and has often suflfered by earthquakes, par- 
 ticularly in 16(j9 and I(i93. In the last, the town was en- 
 tirely destroyed, and 18,000 people burned in the ruins. It
 
 lU 
 
 CATE 
 
 C ATH 
 
 has since been rebuilt and repeopleii, the land abont if being 
 fertile in corn, wine, fruits, &c. It is 4-7 miles S. S. W. of 
 Messina. Lat. S7. 36. N. Ion. 16. 2a. E. 
 
 CA'TAPI^ASM, s. [ironi kaiupluiso, to smear, to apply ont- 
 wardly. Gr.] a poultice. 
 
 CATAPULT, or CATAPULT A, [c.ilopul/a, Lat.] a mili- 
 tary engine, invented by the Syrians, lor throwiuff stone", 
 and sometimes huge darts or javelins, of 10 or 1'2 feel in 
 length. The catapulla consisted of two large timliers, ike 
 masts of ships, placed against each other, and bent by an 
 engine for the pnrpuse, these being suddenly unberit ag lin 
 by a stroke of a hammer, threw the javelins with incredible 
 force. 
 
 CATARACT, s. [from kalarrasso, to fall down with vio- 
 lence, Gr.] ill natural history, and cosmography, a precip'ce in 
 the middle of a river, cansid by a rock stopping its stream, 
 whence the waterfalls with great violence and noise. Among 
 the most remarkable are those of the Nde in Africa, and Da- 
 nube in Europe, and that of Niagara in America. In medi- 
 cine, a tot.il or partial loss of sight. 
 
 CATARRH, (kaltdr) s. [from kalerreo, to flow down, Gr.] 
 in medicine, a dtfluxion of^ serious matter from the head on 
 the mouth, aspera arteria, and the Inngs, arising from a cold 
 or dimirnition of insensible perspiration, which occasions 
 irritation. 
 
 CATARRHAL, or CATA'RRHOUS, a. proceeding from a 
 catarrh. 
 
 CATA'STROPHE, {katd^irofy) s. [''rom kntnstrepho, to 
 finish, Gr.] in n.ietry, the change or revolution in the last 
 act of a play, or the turn which unravels the intrigue, atid 
 concludes tiie piece. Figuratively, a dreadful event or ac- 
 cident, which terminates in a person's ruin, misery or 
 death. 
 
 CA'TCAL, (hdlcuui) s. a kind of short whistle, with a pea 
 included in its ii:si(ie, made use of at playhouses, to hinder an 
 act or from proceeding in his part, and to shew disapprobation 
 of any draniH'.ic performance. 
 
 To CATCH, r. u preter. I catcheJ, or caught, I have calcheii, 
 or hnvf eiiughl ; \ketsi-n, Belg.] to seize or lay hold on sudden- 
 ly with the hand. Fignrativtiy, to intercept any thing in 
 motioi:. To pursue or lake any thing that is running trnni 
 one; to receive any falling body, or prevent it from reaching 
 the ground ; to receive a disease by infliction ; to contract ; to 
 seize suddenly ; to captivate, charm, or seize the atR'ctions, 
 alluding to' the taking prey in toils. Used neuterly, to l)e in- 
 fectious ; to S[)read by contagion. Figuratively, to spread or 
 increase from one to another, applied to bodies or things which 
 lie near one another. 
 
 CATCH, s. the act of .seizing any thing which flies, or 
 hides : the proper posture for seizing ; an advanta?e taken ; 
 hold laid on the thing caught ; profit; a .short interval of ac- 
 tion. A taint; any thing which fastens by a sudden spring, 
 or entering into a loop or cavity. In music, a short song, 
 containing some merry time. 
 
 CATCHER, .$. one who catches, or that in which any thing 
 is caufihi. 
 
 CA'TCHFLY, s. in botany, a genus of plants neaily allied 
 to the campion. There are many species. 
 
 CATCH-l'OLL, s. at present a word of reproach and con- 
 tempt for a bailill' and his followers ; formerly used without 
 reproach for sergeant at mace, or any other, who used to 
 arrest men upon any just cause. 
 
 CATECHETICAL, {hiUkeliaU) a. [from kalecheo, to ttach 
 first principles, Gr.] consisting of ipiestions and answers. 
 
 CATECHETICALLY, ad. by way of question and an- 
 swer. 
 
 To CATECHISE, (kalelcize) v. a. [from katecheo, to teach 
 first principles, Gr.] to ask a person questions in order to dis- 
 cover secrets ; to examine, to interrogate. 
 
 CATF.CHISER, (kdUkizer) ». one who teaches a person, 
 or tries whether he can say his catechism ; one who ques- 
 tion.s, examines, or endeavours to make discoveries by 
 qm'otions. 
 
 CATECHISM, {kalekiim) t. [froia katcchiso, to Mtccliisc, 
 
 Gr.] a system of instruction by question and answer. Ac- 
 cording to the liturgy of the churc'ujf England, an inslitutioti 
 to be learned by every ptrson beibn" he i.s brnu^lit tu be coti- 
 finned by the bishop, fjur church catechism originally con- 
 taineii no more than a re'ietilion of tlx- iiaptismal vow, tlie 
 creed, and tlie Lord's prayer; but kiiig .James I. ordered the 
 bishops to add to it a shoit and plain explication of the sa- 
 craments. 
 
 CA'TECHIST, {^katekid) s. [from katichh", to catechise, 
 Gr.] one who teaches or instrtiets persons iu the first princi- 
 ples I'V way of qne.stiim .iud answer. 
 
 CR'rECHU'iMEX, {katecumtn) .v. [from kutechlzo, to cate- 
 chise, Gr] in the prnnitive church, a candidate for bap- 
 tism. 
 
 CATECHUME'XiCAL, {katekuminshal) a. belonging to a 
 catechumen. 
 
 CATEGCRICAL, a. positive; absolute; affirmative; 
 adequate. 
 
 CATEGORICALLY, ad, in a positive, express, absolute 
 manner. 
 
 CAT'EGORY, J. [from kalegorea, to aver, or declare a 
 charge of accusation, Gr.] in h>-;c, a system or assemblage of 
 all the beings ranged under one kind or genus, called iu latin 
 a predicament. 
 
 CATENA'RIAN, a. [from catena, Lat,] relating to a chain ; 
 resendding a chain. In mathematics, the Catenarian curve is 
 formed by a rope or chain hanging freely between two points 
 whereon its extremities are fastened. 
 
 CA'TENATIOX, [from catena, Lat.] the act of linking to- 
 gether, or connecting like a chain. 
 
 To CA'TKR, II. a. to provide food ; to buy in victuals. 
 
 CATEUE'R, s. mail employed to provide and buy in vic- 
 tuals f T a family. 
 
 C.VTEUESS, s. a woman who buys in provision for a 
 family. 
 
 CATERPILLjVR, s. in natural history, a reptile, from 
 whence butterflies or mntl!- are produced, covered with hair, 
 formeil of annular scales, having small holes on its sides for 
 respiration, with several feet, and fnriii.shed with a glutinous 
 substance, which it emits from its inouth, and makes use of as 
 ropes to descend from any h;ight. 
 
 To CATERWAUL, r. a. to make a noise like cats in their 
 rutting time. Figuratively, to make a disagreeable noise; 
 to abandon one'.sself to lust. 
 
 CATES, s. [kalter, Belg.] nice and elegant food ; cakes ; 
 or rich di-hes. 
 
 CA'TFISH, s. the name of a sea-fish in the West Indies, so 
 called from its round he. id and large glaring eyes, by which it 
 is discovereii in hollow rock^. 
 
 CA I'-H.VRPINGS, s. small ropes in a ship, running on 
 little blocks, from one side of the shrouds to the other, near 
 the deck. 
 
 CATHARIXE'NSLAF, the capital of a province of the 
 same name in Russia, is 178 miles N. E. of Cherson. Lat. 47. 
 23. N. Ion. 35. 15. E. 
 
 CATHARTIC, or CATHA'RTICAL, «. [from kwlhario, 
 to purge, (Jr.] cleansing. Applied in medicine to purges, 
 or those meilicines which cleanse the body by stool ; but in a 
 more extensive sense, to all kinds of medicine which cleanse 
 the body. 
 
 CATHA'RTICALNESS, s. the quality of cleansing or 
 purging. 
 
 CA'THEAD, .1. in natural history, a fossil, consisting of 
 nodules with leaves in it of an iron stone, and found in the 
 rocks near Whitehaven, in Cumberland. On board a ship, a 
 piece of timber, with two shivers at one end, having a rope 
 and block. 
 
 CATHE'DRAL, a. epi.scopal, or containing the see or seat 
 of a bishop ; belonging to a cathedral. 
 
 CATHEDRAL, i. ((rom kathedra, a chair, Gr.] the chief 
 church of a diocese, where the service is sung. 
 
 CATHETER, .1. [Ironi katfiemi, to thrust in, Gr.) in 
 surgery, a hollow tube or instrument usually of silver, and 
 somclimeii crooked, generally thrust up the bladder, to assist
 
 i:xv 
 
 C AU 
 
 the rtiscliari;p or mine, wlieii the passiiije is stoppcil by tlie 
 stone, or 'any oilier (llsoider. 
 
 CATHOLICISM, s. universality; sometliing common 
 to all of'tlie same k'u:'.\. 
 
 CA'TIIOLIC, fi. [from Imiit, and f)!os, the wiiole, Gr.] 
 imiversal. Used sometimes lor line in oiiposition lo here- 
 tical, or schismatieai. limiian ('niJin/ic, is a title wliieli the 
 papists arroijate to tlienisehes. CkC'wIic king, or majesty, is 
 the title ol'llie kill"; of Spain. 
 
 CATHO'LICON, s. [from knt/mUhns, universal, Gr.] in 
 medicine, a remedy which cures ail disorders. Figuiative- 
 ly, that which is a universal preservalixe. 
 
 CA'TKINS, i. imperfect flowers hangin"; from trees, like 
 a rope or cat's tail, as in the willow, hazel, pine, iVc. 
 
 CA'TLINCi, s. [hats leiiis, Tent. J in surgery, a dismem- 
 bering knife, used for cutting ofi' any corrupted part of llie 
 body. In botany, tlie down or moss growing about walnut- 
 trees, resembling the hair of a cat. 
 
 CATO'FTlllCAL, «. relating to catoptrics, or vision by 
 reflection. 
 
 CATOPTRICS,^, [from httoplron, a mirror, Gr.] the 
 doctrine of reflex vision ; or that part of optics which treats 
 of light reflected from polished surfaces. 
 
 CA T'S-KYE, s. among jewellers, a stone of the opal kind, 
 bnt far inferior to it in beauty. 
 
 CATSILVEU,*. in natural history, a fossil composed ot 
 plain, parallel, flexible, elastic plates, and of a yellow or 
 golden, white, silveiT, or black colour. 
 
 C.VTSUP, i. a kind of Indian pickle, imitated by pickled 
 mushrooms. 
 
 CA'T'S-TAIL, i. a kind of grass. Also that long round 
 substance which grows upon nut-trees, pines, Ac. See 
 Catkins. 
 
 CA'TTEGAT, a gulf or passage, lying between Denmark, 
 Sweden, and Norway, by which the Bailie communicates 
 with the Northern Ocean. It comprehends several islands. 
 
 CA'TTERICK, Yorkshire, near Richmond, has a bridge 
 over the river Swale, and a sort of cataract near it. It is 
 called Caturaction in Ptolemy, and appears to have been a 
 great city in the time of the Romans. 
 
 CA'TTLE, s. a collective name for such animals as are 
 useful either for tilling the ground, or for food for mankind, 
 as horses, oxen, sheep, goats, Ac. They are distinguished 
 into great cattle, comprehending horses, and oxen, and small 
 cattle, such as sheep and goats. Black, or neat cattle, are 
 collective names for all animals of the ox kind. Figurative- 
 ly, persons; a word of reproach and contempt as it places 
 the human species on a level with brutes. 
 
 CAVALC.VDE, s. [Fr.] a pompous procession on horse- 
 back, or in coaches. 
 
 CAVALI'ER, (cavalecr) s. [cavalier, Fr.] a knight, gentle- 
 man, or soldier, who rides on horseback ; a horseman. Fi- 
 guratively, a term of reproach given to those who adhered 
 to king Charles in the great rebellion. 
 
 CAVALIER, a. gay, sprightly, warlike, brave, generous, 
 polite. Sometimes in a quite contrary sense, i. e. proud, 
 haughty, disdainful. 
 
 CAVALIERLY, ad. in a brave or polite manner. But, 
 by the writers of king Charles's time, used for a disdainful, 
 hanglitv, and arrogant manner. 
 
 CA'VALRY, .«. \cavalerie, Fr.] soldiers who fight and 
 marcli on horseback, divided into horse and dragoons. The 
 horse never serve but on horseback, being named likewise 
 troojiers or heavy cavah-t/. The dragoons fight either on 
 horseback or on foot, as occasion letpiires, and are named 
 light-horse. When an army is drawn ui> in battle-array, 
 the cavalry are posted in the wings; and bodies of cavalry 
 ranged in order of battle are termed sfiiiadmns. 
 
 CA'VAN, a county of Ireland, in Ulster, bounded on the 
 W. and S. \V. by Leitrim and Longford ; on the N. W. and 
 N. by Ferinauagli and Monaghan ; on the N. E. by Monag- 
 lian : and on the E. and S. by E. and W. Meath. It is about 
 47 miles long and 21 broad, and contains .30 parishes, 1(!,314 
 hou.ses, and !5l,670 inhabitants. In many parts it is open. 
 
 bleak, and drearv, but from Cavan to Lough Earne it is fer- 
 tile, well wooded, and extremely picturesiiue. At the foot 
 of the hills are many beautiliil lakes, mostly small, but some 
 of a larger size. The linen manulaeture is carried on in it 
 pretty extensively, its j early trade in it having been averaged 
 at j£68,'2(l0. Its capital, Cavan, lias barracks for a troop of 
 horse, and is .54 miles N. W. of Dublin. 
 
 ToCA'VATE, v.a.lcavo, Lat.] to scoop, bore, or dig any 
 solid matter into a hollow ; to make hollow. 
 
 CAU'C.\SUS, a chain of mouiilains in .\sia, which extend 
 from the Black to the Caspian Sea, inhabited by seven dis- 
 tinct nations, each si)eakiiig a dili'erent language, mostly 
 however, Christians ; namely, the Tartars, the Abkas, th 
 Circassians, the Ossi, the Ivisli, llie Lesguis, and the (ieor 
 gians. These mountains are said to be the highest in Asia, 
 and their sunmiits, which are full of rocks and frightful pre 
 cipices, passable in many places only by narrow paths, are 
 perpetually covered willi snow. 1 he lower parts abound in 
 honey, corn, wine, fruits, /;o(h, a species of grain resembling 
 millet, but cultivated like rice ; hogs, and horned c;itlle. 
 The vines hereabouts grow winding round the high trees. 
 The northern parts are mostly subject to Russia, and the 
 southern to Turkey. 
 
 CAU'DLE, «. [caudeau, Fr.] a liquor sometimes made with 
 water, oatmeal, Ac. sometimes with water, oatmeal, spices, 
 and a small dash of wine, used by \\oiuen in their lying-in. 
 
 To CAU'DLE, V. a. to make caudle ; to mix as caudle. 
 
 CAVE, s. [cave, Fr.J a hollow place made in a rock or under 
 ground, which runs in a horizontal direction. Figura- 
 tively, a hollow thing. Synon. Cwie is a habitation under 
 ground, made either by art or nature. Cell is some little 
 dwelling raised above the ground. We dig a cane ; we buiif' 
 a cell. 
 
 To C.WE, V. n. to dwell in a cave, or subterraneous 
 place. 
 
 CAVE AT, .f. [Lat.] in law, a kind of process in the spiritual 
 court to stop the probate of a will, the granting letters of 
 administration, or the institution of a clerk to a benefice, &c. 
 Roll. liep.VJl. 
 
 CAVERN, s. [cttverna, Lat.] a lioUow place mider ground. 
 
 CA'VERNED, o. full of caverns ; hollow; undermined. 
 Figuratively, dwelling in a cavern. 
 
 CA'VERKOUS, a. full of caverns or hollow places under 
 ground. 
 
 CAVETTO, s. [Ital.] a hollow member or round con- 
 cave moulding, containing a quadrant or quarter of a 
 circle. 
 
 CA'VEZON, orCAVE'SSON, *. [cavessoyi, Fr.] a sort of 
 nose-band, of iron, leather, or wood, clapt on the nose of a 
 horse to wring it, in order to supple and break him in. 
 
 CAL^GHT, (haut) participle prefer, of Catch. 
 
 CAVIARE, CAVEARE, or CAVI'ER, ... [Ital.] the hard 
 roes of sturgeon salted, made into small cakes, and dried in 
 the sun. 
 
 To CA'V IL, V. a. [caviller, Fr.] to raise frivolous objections. 
 Neuterly, to receive or treat with objections. 
 
 CA'ViL, s. a groundless or frivolous objection. 
 
 CAVILLA'TION, or CAVILLING, s. a disposition, in- 
 clination, or quality of raising groundless objections, or fiud- 
 nig fault with things without reason. 
 
 CA'VILLER, s. [cavillator, Lat.] one who makes ground- 
 less, frivolous, or impertinent objections. 
 
 CATILLINGLY, ad. objecting in a groundless or frivo- 
 lous manner. 
 
 CA'VILLOUS, a. fond of objecting, or making gromidless 
 objections. 
 
 CA'VIN, s. [Fr.] a natural hollow, fit to cover a body of 
 troops, and favour their approaches. 
 
 C A'VITY', J. [cavitas, Lat.] hollow ness ; a hollow ; a hollow 
 place. 
 
 CAUK, s. in natural history, a coarse talky spar. 
 
 CAU KY', a. resembling cauk ; of the qualities of cauk. 
 
 CAL'L, i. [caul, Brit.l a kind of netting or hair cap, used 
 by womeu to inclose tlieir iiair in ; the hinder part of a
 
 c \x 
 
 ce:. 
 
 woinan's cap ; the silk netting in tlie inside of a wig, on 
 vliicii the rows of curls are sewed. Figiuatively, a kind of 
 net. In anatomy, the oinenliun, or reticiikim, a membrane 
 in the abdomen. Likewise a membrane found on the head 
 of some children at their birth. 
 
 CAULrFI'niOU.S, 0. [from ciiulis and/ffo, Lat.] in botany, 
 applied to sucli plants as have a true stalk. 
 
 CAULIFLOWER, (generally pronounced cblUflnwer) s. 
 [from caulis, Lat.] in botany, a species of cabbage; this plant 
 vas brought from Cyprus, and not raised to such perfection 
 33 to be sold in a market till 1G80. 
 
 C.\L"SABLE, a. [from causa, Lat.] that may be produced 
 or etiected. 
 
 CAU'SAL, a. relating to causes. 
 
 CAUSA'TION, s. the act expressive of causing. 
 
 C.AU'SATIVE, a. that expresses a cause or reason. 
 
 C A USA'TO R, s. a causer ; an author. 
 
 CAUSE, (the s in this word and its derivatives is usually 
 pronounced like c) J. [causa, Lat.] that which makes a thing 
 begin to be ; that which produces any thing. A first cause, 
 is that which operates of itself, and from its own proper power 
 or vir^ue. A secundary cause, is that which derives its power 
 from some other. Figuratively, the reason or motive for 
 any undertaking. In a law sense, the matter in dispute, or 
 subject of CI law suit. 
 
 To CAUSE, V. a. to produce any effect ; to effect. 
 
 CAU'SELESS, a. derived from no cause. Without just 
 grounds, reasons, or motives. 
 
 CAU'SELESSLY, «(.'. in a groundless manner • 'vithout 
 foundation ; without reason ; unjustly. 
 
 C.MJSER, i. he that produces, or the agent by which 
 any thing is effected or i)roduced. 
 
 CAU'SEY, or CAUSEWAY, *. a massive collection of 
 stones, stakes, and fascines, bricks, broken tiles, and lumber ; 
 or an elevation of viscous earth well beaten together, serving 
 as a narrow road or path in wet or marshy places. 
 
 CAUSTIC, or CA USTICAL, a. I from haw, to burn, Gr.] 
 in medicine, that operates like fire, both with respect to tlie 
 lieat it occasions, and the consumption it causes in the parts 
 to which it is applied. 
 
 CAU'.STIC, i. in medicine, a remedy which operates like 
 fire, by destroying the vessels of the part to which it is ap- 
 olied. It is used to eat off proud flesi!, fungous, &c. 
 
 CAUSTFCITY, s. [from Iiaio, to burn, Gr.J the quality of 
 burning. 
 
 CAU TELOUS, a. [cauteleux, Fr.] wary, cautious, circum- 
 spect. Sometimes used in a bad sense for wily, cunning, 
 treacherous. 
 
 CAUTERIZATION, s. the act of consuming flesh by 
 burning-hot irons, or caustic medicines. 
 
 To CAUTERIZE, v. a. [cauteriser, Fr.] in surgery, to eat 
 or consume a part by the application of a cautery. 
 
 CAUTERY, s. [from haio, to burn, Gr.] See Caustic. 
 
 CAUTION, (hdiis/wn) s [caittio, Lat.] a prudent manner 
 cf acting; wariness; foresight; warning. 
 
 To CAUTION, V. a. to warn ; to give notice of a danger. 
 
 CAUTIONARY, {haushonary) a. given as a pledge or a 
 securitv. 
 
 CAUTIOUS, {Mushous) a. \cavtiu, Lat.j guarded against 
 any suspected trick ; wary; watchful. 
 
 CAUTIOUSLY, (hausliiousty) ad. m a wary manner, op- 
 posed to rashness. 
 
 CA UTIOUSNESS, {hausMousness) s. the quality of taking 
 such measures as may prevent any misfortune ; a prudent 
 wary conduct. 
 
 CA'VY, s. a i^eniisof small American animals, of which the 
 best known is the restless cavy, or guinea pig. 
 
 To CAW, 1). n. [formed from the sound] to make a noise 
 like a crow, raven, or nmk. 
 
 CA'WOOI), a town in the R. riding of Yorkshire, with a 
 market on Wednesday, 12 miles S. of York, and 186 N. W. 
 of London. 
 
 CA'XTON, a town in Caml)ridgeshire, witli a market on 
 Tuesday. It is but small, though a post-town, and a good 
 146 
 
 thoroughfare ; 10 miles W. by S. of Cambridge, and 49 N. 
 of London. 
 
 CAYENNE, a town and island of South America, on the 
 coast of Guiana, about \ti leagues in circniuferenee. It is a 
 part of the French settlement there. The soil is a black 
 sand, covering a loamy clay. The pastuics feed a great 
 number of horses, sheep, goats, and cattle, which roam at 
 will; and there are plantations of sugar, cocoa, cofi'ee, in- 
 digo, maize, cassia, and vanilla. The beef, mutton, and 
 
 poultry here are excellent N. ii. A description of this 
 
 colony, lately published at Paris, asserts that it is an error 
 to distinguish this island from the continent, as if it were 
 perfectly detached from it. 
 
 To CEASE, V. n. [cesso, Lat] to forbear or discontinue an 
 action or custom a jierson is engaged in. To rest, used 
 with from. Actively, to put a slop or end to. Synon. 
 "We finish by putting the last baud to a work. We cease in 
 quitting it entirely. We have vff'in discontinuing. 
 
 CEASE, s. death or extinction, perhaps for decease. 
 
 CEASELESS, n. without stop, intermission, pause, respite, 
 or disconfinaation ; without ena. 
 
 CECUTIENCY, s. [i'romcacus, Lat.j a tendency to blind- 
 ness ; a dimness of sight. 
 
 CE'DAl', s. [c-drus, Lat.] in botany, a famous tree, a na- 
 tive of mount Liliaiius, mentioned in scripture as renuirkable 
 for its height and the extent of its blanches. Jt is an ever- 
 green, prodigiously thick, and resembles a pyramid. 
 
 CE'DIIINE, a. [cedrinus, Lat.] o? or belonging to a cedar- 
 tree. 
 
 To CEIL, (see!) V. a. fj _/9, Lat.] to overlay, or cover the 
 inner roof of a building. 
 
 CEILING, (seclbig) s. ttie upper part or roof of a room. 
 
 CE'LANDINl'',, i. [chelidouium, Lat.] a genus of plants 
 nearly alliefl to the poppy, ditlering therefrom in its seed- 
 vessel being a pod. There are three British species. 
 
 CELEBES, an island of Asia, in the Indian Ocean, called 
 also Macassar, S. of the Philippines, E. of Borneo, and W. 
 of the Moluccas. The heat would be insupportable but for 
 the N. winds, and the rain which constantly fall five days 
 before and after the full moon, and during two months that 
 the sun is nearly vertical. Thefruiis are ripe at all tiiiesof 
 the year, and in the forests are large herds of deer, wild hogs, 
 and large ferocious monkeys ; the most dangerous are the 
 white, especially to women, whom tiiey seize and tear to 
 pieces. The chief enemies of the monkeys are the ser- 
 pents, which are continually in pursuit of them ; the larger 
 swallow them whole, and the smaller ensnaring them by art, 
 seizing on them and drinking their blood. No country in 
 the world is furnished with a greater variety of poisons. 
 The. Dutch have several forts and settlements here. The 
 natives arc Mahometans, of an olive colour, low of stature, 
 but strong and hardy. The N. E. point of the island is in 
 lat. t. 42. N. Ion. 12'2. 14. E. 
 
 ToCELE'BRATE,i..«.[oeMra,Lat.] to make honourable 
 mention of; to make a thing fauious. Figuratively, to 
 praise or c<mimend ; to enumerate the blessings received 
 from the Divine Being, with a heart full of gialitiule; to 
 perforin the solemn rites a\)propriated to any particular day 
 or festival. SyNON. Famous, celebrated, and rcnovned, are 
 equally applied to persons or things; but iliuttrioui to 
 persons only, at least when we would be nice in our clioice 
 of words. 
 
 CELEBRATION, s. [ceh-bratio, Lat.] the performance of 
 any rite appropriated to some festival or solemnily. Fiijura- 
 tivelv, praise, fauu', renown, memoriai.or honourable mention. 
 
 Cr;LE'BIUOUS, a. \cchher, Lat.] f.uuous ; leuouned. 
 
 CELE'BRIOIJSLY, ad. in a famous manner; in such a 
 uiaiuicr as lo communicate fa-ne. 
 
 CELI'^ljlilOl'-SNESS, .1. renown, fame, orqualities wiiich 
 ore the olijefls of esteem and a|)probalioii. 
 
 CELKBRITV, s, [celebriias, Lat.] the perlbrmiiig any 
 rile ; reiiou u ; fame. 
 
 CEI.E'RITV, i. [«7iriV«i, Lat.] swiftiH'S" of motion; ve- 
 locity ; rapi^litj.
 
 CEN 
 
 CEN 
 
 CE'LF.RY, s, in botany, a species of parsley. 
 
 CIOLIVSTIAL, rt. [cwlfslis, Lat.] in the heavenly regions; 
 I)elonf,Mn^; to heaven, or an^'elical. Used substantively for 
 an inhabitant of heaven. 
 
 C I'XE'STIALLY, ad. in a heavenly manner, opposed to 
 earthly. 
 
 To CRLE'STIFY, 1'. o. [from cahxth, Lat.] to communi- 
 cate or endue with the properties of heaven. 
 
 CELE'STINS, in church history, a religious order of 
 Christians, reformed from the Hernardins by pope Celestin. 
 Their rides are divided into three parts; the first, of the 
 provincial chapters, and the elections of superiors ; the se- 
 cond contains th« regular observances; and the third, the 
 visitation and correction of the monks. The Cclcstins rise 
 two hours after midniijlit to say matins. They eat no flesh 
 at any time, except when they are sick; thev fast every 
 Wednesday and Friday, to the feast of the Exaltation of the 
 Holv Cross ; and from that feast to Easter, every day. 
 
 Ct'LIAC, *. [from liiiilifi, the belly. Or.] relating to the 
 lower belly. Crlinr passimi/m a sort of diarrhoea, or flux of 
 the belly, in which the aliment is extruded either crude or 
 chylified, instead of excrements. 
 
 CELI'BACY, «. [from calclis, Lat.] the unmarried or 
 sinffle state, opposed to marriage. 
 
 CE'LIBATE, s. [calibutKs, Lat.] a single life ; tne same as 
 
 Cell ha f I/. 
 
 CELL, s. [vfUa, Lat.] a hollow place ; a little house, 
 apartment, or chamber, wherein the ancient monks used to 
 dwell in their retirement ; a small or close apartment in a 
 prison. In anatomy, little bags, bladders, or cavities, 
 wherein fluids or other humours are lodged. In botany, a 
 vacuity' in a capsule for lodging the seed. They have either 
 one cell, as in primrose ; two, as in thornapi^le ; three, as 
 in lily ; four, as in spindletree ; five, as in rue; six, as in 
 asarabacca, cVc. It also signifies the vacuity in tlie tips that 
 contain the dust. In natural history, the little divisions or 
 parti'ions of bee-hives, in which the honey is stored. 
 
 CELLAR, s. [cella, Lat.] in building, a place under ground 
 for keeping stores, or the lowest room of a house. 
 
 CELLAR ACJE, s. the part of a building appropriated to 
 cellars ; cellar-room. 
 
 CE'LLARIST, s. \celhrius, Lat.] the butler m a religious 
 house. 
 
 CE'I.LULAR, a. ['from ceJhih, Lat."" consisting of, or 
 abounding in, tittle cells or cavities. 
 
 CE'LSITUDE, s. [cehihnh, Lat.] height, tallness, sta- 
 ture. Also, a note of dignity, by which some persons in 
 high offices are distinguished. 
 
 CE'MENT, s, [camcntiiin, Lat.] anv glutinous substance, 
 used to stick two Dodies together. Figuratively, that which 
 unites, or forms an union between things. 
 
 To CEMK'NT, n. «. to unite by some glutinous sub- 
 stance, such as mortar, cVc. Fignralively, to unite ditte- 
 rent people in tiie bonds of friendship, or by some common 
 tie of interest, ^c. 
 
 To CEMENT, v. n. to join together, so as not to be 
 easilv divided. In surgeiT, applied to broken bones. 
 
 CEMENTATION, s. the act of joining bodies together 
 by cement. 
 
 CE'METERY, s. | from human, fo sleep, Gr.l a place 
 wherein the bodies of the dead are buried, a church-yard, or 
 burving ground. 
 
 CE'NATORV', n. [from ccena, Lat.] relating to supper. 
 
 CENOBITICAL, a. [from homos, connuon, and iios, life, 
 Gr.l living in community. 
 
 CE'NOTAPH, s. [from Jtenos, empty, and taphns, a tomb, 
 Gr.] an honorary monument erected for a person whose re- 
 main's are buried in another place ; such are most of the 
 monuments in Westminster abbey. 
 
 To CENSE, V. a. \tncenser, Fr.] to perfume with incense. 
 Used finlv in poetry. 
 
 CE'NSEIl, s. [fHccKOTir, Fr.j the pan or vessel in which 
 incense is burnt. 
 CE'NSOUj s. \censor, Lat.] a Roman magistrate employed 
 
 to sun-ey and rate the people, and to inspect and correct 
 their manners. Used by moderns to signify a person given 
 to find fault with, and censure the conduct, actions, or pri> 
 ductions of others. 
 
 Ci'"-NS()'RIAN,n. relating 1o a censor. 
 
 CENSORIOUS, 0. morosely animadverting on the faults 
 of others. Used with of or'npun, before the object of cen- 
 sure. 
 
 CENSO'RIOUSLY, nrl. m a severe manner; in sucii a 
 manner as to condemn the foibles of others wiHi the great- 
 est rigour. 
 
 CENSO'RIOUSNESS, ?. a disposition of finding fault 
 with the actions of others. 
 
 CE'NSORSIllF, s. the office of a censor; or the time 
 during which he continued in his ofliee. 
 
 CE'NSUIIAHLI';, II. liable to be found fault witli ; worthy 
 of censure; blameable. 
 
 CE'NSURARLENESS, s. the quality which makes a thing 
 the object of blame or censure. 
 
 CENSURE, jf. [rPHiuw, Lat.] the act of blaming, or no- 
 ting the defects which make any thing biameable ; a reproof 
 or reprimand given bva person iu authority. In ecclesiastic 
 government, a punisliment inflicted on a person for some 
 remarkable misdemeanor. 
 
 To CE'NSURI'^, V. a. [cetisnrer, Fr.l to reprove a person 
 publicly for some misdemeanor, applied to the reproofs of 
 a superior- to reprimand ; blame; or find fault with. 
 
 CE'NSURER, s. a person who is fond of taking notice of 
 the faults of others ; one who is addicted to reproving others 
 for their defects. 
 
 CENT, s. [an abbreviation of ora^Hm, Lat.j in commerce, 
 used to express the profit or loss arising from the sale of any 
 commodity, the rate of commission, exchange, or the inte- 
 rest of money, &c. and signifies the proportion or sum lost, 
 &c. in every 100 ; thus 10 per cent, loss implies that the 
 seller has lost 10 pounds on every 100 pounds of the price 
 for which he bought the commodity. 
 
 CE'NTAUR, «. |fc»iM»)(«, Lat.] an imaginary or chimeri- 
 cal being, represented by ancient poets as composed partly 
 of the human and partly of the brute species, i. e. half a 
 man and half a horse. In astronomy, a constellation in the 
 southern hemisphere, joined with the Wolf, containing 13 
 stars. The Centaurs were probably an ancient nation of 
 Greeks, who early acquired the art of riding horses. 
 
 CE'NTAURY,'.?. a plant, the root of which is cs.teeined 
 in fluxes, dysenteries, spitting of blood, and recommended 
 by some in all diseases arising from the obstructions of the 
 meseraic veins. 
 
 CENTENARY, a. \centenarivs, Lat.] the number of a 
 hundred. 
 
 CENTE'SIMAL, s. [_centesimu3, Lat.] hundredth. 
 
 CENTIFO'LIOUS, a. [from centum and folium, Lat.] hav- 
 ing a hundred leaves. 
 
 CE'NTIPEDE, s. [eentntn anfl pes, Lat.j a poisonous in- 
 sect in the West Indies, commonly called by the English 
 forti/-lcf^s, 
 
 Cl'j'NTO, «. [Lat.] in poetry, a piece wholly composed of 
 verses from other authors, wlierein sometimes a\ hole lines, 
 and at others half verses, are borrowed, but set down in a 
 new order, and applied to a subject different from tliat in 
 which they were originally introduced. 
 
 CE'NTiRAL, a. relating to the centre, or placed in the 
 centre. Darkest, or as dark as the centre of the earth. 
 Central forces, are those by which a body tends, to, or re- 
 moves from, the centre. 
 
 CETSTRALLY, ad. entirely ; perpendicularly ; in a manJ 
 ner relating to the centre of gravity. 
 
 CE'NTRE, or CENTER, s. [centrum, Lat.] in its primary 
 sense, a point equally remote from either of the extremities 
 of a line, figure, or body ; or the point or middle of a line 
 orplane, which divides it into two equal pflrts. The cenir<! 
 of a circle, is a point within it, from whence all linos drawn 
 to the circumference are equal, d-ntre of gratitiHion, or 
 attraction, is that point to which a planet is inipellcil iu it; 
 
 147
 
 CEIl 
 
 CER 
 
 I 
 
 motion by the fnrce of gravity. Centre nf grnviti/, is fliat 
 joint ai)oiit wliicli all the parts of a body, iu any situation, 
 lalance eacii ollnr. Centre of mvtion, is that point wliitii 
 remains at rest, while ail the (ither parts of the body move 
 about it. Centre of vscillaticn, is that point in which, if 
 the whole gravitj'of the pendulum were collected, the time 
 of its vibration would receive no alteration. CerUre of per- 
 cussion, is that point in which the force of a stroke is the 
 ■greatest possible. Centre is used fin;uratively for the earth, 
 in the Ptolemaic system ]ilaced in the centre. 
 
 ToCI'JXTRE, !•. n to hx on, or as a centre ; to tend to, 
 or be collected together, as in a centre. Used neuterly, to 
 meet, like rays in a centre; to be placed in the centre of the 
 -mundane system. 
 
 CENTRIFUGAL, a. [from centrum, the centre, and /"g-fff, 
 to (lee, Lat.] that endeavours to tly or recede from its centre 
 I r iixed place ; so that the force of any body movinj; in a 
 circular or curvilineal orbit that strives to fall oti" from the 
 axis of its motion in a tangent to the said orbit, is called the 
 centrifugal force. 
 
 CENTRIPETAL, a. [from ffn(?-;(m, the centre, mnApeto, 
 to seek, Lat.] tending towards the centre. Centripetal force, 
 is that by which a bodj tends, acts, or is impelled towards 
 the centre. 
 
 CE'NTRY, s. See Sentry, or Sentinel. 
 - CENTUPLE, a.rcentuplcx, Lat.] a hundred fold. 
 
 ToCENTU'RIATE, v. a. [cmtnno, Lat.] to divide into 
 ■hundreds. 
 
 CENTURIATOR, s. a historian who divides time into 
 centuries, or spacesconsistinjj of a hundred years. 
 
 CENTU'RION, i. [centurio, Lat.] a military otiicer among 
 the llomans who commanded a hundred men. 
 
 CE'NTURY, *. [ceK<»Wfl, Lat.] in chronology, is a period 
 ef one hundred years. In church history, the method of 
 computing by centuries is generally observed, conniiencing 
 f:om the time of our Saviour's incarnation ; in which sense 
 wcs-iy, the first, second, third centurj, etc. 
 
 CE'PHAL.\LGY, (sip/mlalgii) s. [fi-om kephale, the head, 
 and cigos, sorrow, pain, Gr.] the head-ache. 
 
 CEPHA'LIC, (seph&Uk) a. [from hephnle, the head, Gr.] in 
 medicine, applied to remedies for disorders in the head. 
 
 CEPHALO'NIA, a consideiable island of Greece, S. W. 
 of Livadia, and N. VV. of the IMorea. It is fertile in oil, 
 and excellent muscadine wine ; the climate is warm, and 
 tlie trees blossom throughout the year. It has been sub- 
 ■jf'ct to the Venetians, since 1449, but is now claimed by the 
 rrench. Lat. 38. 22. N. Ion. 20.36. E. 
 
 CEPHEUS, in astronomy, a constellation in the northern 
 hemisphere. 
 
 CE'RASTES, s. [from heras, a horn, Gr.] a serpent having 
 two protuberances resembling horns. It is iu lire highest 
 degree venomous. 
 
 CE'RATE, s. [from cera, wax, Lat.] in medicine, a kind of 
 stiff oinlnienr, made of oil, wax, and other ingredients. 
 
 CE'JtATED, a.[from cera, wax, Lat.] covered with wax 
 or cerate. 
 
 CE'RBKRUS, a name the old poets gave a dog with 
 thret; heads, which they feigned to be the porter ofhell- 
 ;atc'3, that caressed the forliniate souls that went thither, 
 Jilt devoured those that would got out again. 
 
 To CERE, V. a. [from cera, wax, Lat.] to rub upon or cover 
 with wax. 
 
 C E'REBEL, .5. [rc7eJf//«m,Lat.] the hinder part of the brain. 
 
 CE'REBRUM, s. [Lat.] the brain properly so called. 
 See Brain. 
 
 CE'RECLOTH, *. a clotii covered or spread with cerate 
 or other ointment. 
 
 CEREMENTS, «. [from cera, wax, Lat.] cloths clipped in 
 niched wax or gum, in which dead bodies were formerly 
 wrapped when emiialmed. 
 
 CEREMONIAL, a. that relates to a ceremony, or exter- 
 nal rite. Figuratively, consisting in nn^re exteinal show ; 
 formal. Snbjtantively, an external rite, or book containing 
 the ceremonies to be observed in religious worship. 
 14U 
 
 f, 
 
 CEREMCNI ALNESS, s. the quality of abounding in 
 external rites, and modes of worship; the mere exlerna! 
 show of devotion, piety, or virtue. 
 
 CEREMONIOUS, a. consisting in external or outward 
 rites ; superstitious, or fond of ceremonies ; formal ; too 
 much given to the practice of external acts of civility and 
 polite address. Figurativelv, awful. 
 
 CEREMONIOUSLY, ad iu a polite and civil manner. 
 
 CE'REMONY, s. [from Ceres, a heathen goddess, w1k> 
 was worshipped with much ceremony] an assemblage of se- 
 veral actions and forms, in order to render a thi-ig more so- 
 lemn ; an outward rite, and external form in religion ; po- 
 lite address. Master of the ceremonies, is an officer instituted 
 by king James I. for the more honourable reception of am- 
 bassadors and strangers of qualit-y. He wears about his 
 neck a chain of gold, with a medal under the crown of 
 Great Britain, having on one side an emblem of peace, with 
 this motto, beati pacifici (blessed are the peacemakers) and 
 on the other an emblem of war with Dieu et moii droit (Ciod 
 and my right.) His salary is SOOjE' per annum ; he has his 
 assistant and marshal of the ceremonies under him. 
 
 CETiES, in the heathen mythology, the inveutress or 
 goddess of corn. 
 
 CERITSITHIANS, in church histor>', heretics, the fol- 
 lowers of Cerinthus", who lived and published his heresies in 
 the time of the apostles themselves. They did not allow 
 that God was the author of the creatures, but said, that the 
 world was created by an inferior power. They attributed 
 to this Creator an only Son, but born in time, and diii'erent 
 from the word. They admitted several angels and inferior 
 powers ; they maintained that the law and the prophets 
 came not from God, but from angels ; and that the God of 
 the Hebrews was only an angel. They distinguished be- 
 tween Jesus and Christ, and .said, that Jesus was a mere 
 man, like other men, of Joseph and Mary ; but that he ex- 
 celled all other men in prudence and w isdom : that Jesus 
 being baptized, the Christ of the supreme God, that is, the 
 Holy Ghost, descended upon him ; and that by the assist- 
 ance of this Christ, Jesus performed his miracles. It was 
 partly to refute this sect that St. John wrote his Gospel. 
 
 CERNE ABBEY, Dorsetshire, stands on the river Cerne, 
 in a pleasant vale, surrounded with steep hills, on one of 
 which, Trendle hill, a little to the N. is a gigantic figure, 
 with the left hand extended, and in the right, which is 
 erected, a club, cut in the chalk : it covers nearly an acre, 
 and is repaired about once in 7 years, by cleansing; the fur- 
 rows, and filling them with fresh chalk. It is 6 miles from 
 Dorchester, and 2 from Great Mintern. Market on Wed- 
 nesday. 
 
 CERTAIN, a. [c«-(hj, Lat.] that cannot be denied with- 
 out obstinacy ; resolved, or determined ; sure, so as to ad- 
 mit of no doubt, 
 
 CEHTAINLY, ad. without doubt, question, scruple, or 
 fail. 
 
 CERTAINTY, J. divided by metaphysicians into r«r- 
 taiiitij of truth, which is when .words are so put together in 
 prepositions as exactly to express the agreement or disagree- 
 ment of ideas, as expressed in any proposition ; and 2dly, 
 Certainty of knowledge, which is the perceiving the agree- 
 ment or disagreement of ideas, as expressed in any preposi- 
 tion ; this is called the knowing or being certain of the truth 
 of any proposition. A physical ccrlaiiUi/, is that wliicii de- 
 pends on tlie evidence of sense. A mathematical certainty. 
 Is that which no man any ways doubts of, as that ino is 
 more than 1. A moral certainty, is that whose proof de- 
 jiendson a due connection of circumstances, and clearness 
 of testimony, and when these concur, cannot be doubted of 
 without obstinacy. Figuratively, an event which must ne- 
 cessarilv and unavoidably happen. 
 
 CERTIFICATE, s. [from certifco, law Lat. | a testimony 
 given m writing, to certify or make known any truth. Fi- 
 guratively, anv testimony. 
 
 ToCE'RTlFlE,or CE'RTIFY,!). a. [certifier, Fr,] to give 
 certain notice of a thing.
 
 ^Jiir^^ 
 
 ^^Ys BjR-ii (])if AET,wi>^i^^' C^V 
 
 .«^^^^
 
 CF. Y 
 
 Cli A 
 
 CF.RTIOR.VRI, j>.[Lat.l a writ issued out of ilip ni;in. 
 eery, or coiut of King's IJcnrli, dircrtod In ;iii iiifrrior 
 coii'rl, lo call up the records of a c-aiisc tlicrc (Icpciidiiij;. 
 
 Cl'^'RTlTUUl':, s. [<rrfitiiilo, Liil.J an ad of llic jnd;:- 
 ment, importing,' the adhesion of the mind lo llie pro|i(ibi- 
 tioii it affirms, or tlie strength of evidence \\ hieli occasions 
 tiiat adhesion; free from doubt. See Certainty. 
 
 CERVICAL, o. [from cenr.r, tlie iieeli, Lat.] helon;;ins to 
 or situated on the neck. The (Trviait iin-vcx and rrx.uh m 
 anatomy, are so called from tlieir being situated ni liie 
 neck. 
 
 CK'RVIX, s. [Lat.] in anatomy, tlie liind part of tiie 
 neck, opposed to tlie jii^nliim, liiroat, or fore part. 
 
 CERU'LLAN, or' CERUXEOUS, a. [carukiu, Lat.l 
 blue, or skv-blue. 
 CERU'M EN, s. [Lat.] ear-wax. 
 
 CE'RUSE, s. [cevussa, Lat.] white lead reduced to a pow- 
 der, diluted with water on porphyry, and formed into a 
 paste. 
 
 CESARE'AN, «. [from Ctrsnrim anatomy, the Ca-snrcnn 
 tection, is the cutting a child from its motiiers womb, either 
 dead or alive, when it cannot be otherwise extracted ; which 
 circumstance, it is said, first gave the name oi Casur to the 
 Roman family so called. 
 CE8.S, .1. a tax ; the act of levynig rates, or taxnig. 
 CESSA'TION, s. [cessatio, Lat.] a pause, rest, slop, oi 
 vacation, includitig the idea of a change from a state of ao 
 tivity or motion to' its contrary, that of rest. Figuratively, 
 a truce, or forbearance of hostile acts between two armies, 
 vithont a peace. 
 
 CESSA'VIT, s. [Lat.] in law, a writ, which lies against a 
 person wlx) has not paid his rent, or performed his due ser- 
 vice for the space of two years, and has not sufficient goods 
 and cliattelsto make an equivalent distress. 
 
 ClvSSIBI'LITV', «. [from cesstan, Lat.] the quality of re- 
 ceding or giving way. 
 CE'SSIBLE, a. [eessvvi, Lat.] easy to give way. 
 CE'SSION, (sislion) s. [cession, Fr.] the act of yielding oi 
 giving way to a stroke or force without resistance. In com 
 moil law, an act whereby a person transfers his right to 
 another. 
 
 CE'SSIONARY, (»M/(itfnar!/) a. implying a resignation. 
 CE'SSOR, s. I from ctsso, Lat.J in law, a person who ceas- 
 eih orneglecteth to pay rent, or perform duty, so long, that 
 a writ (if cessavit may be taken out against him. 
 
 CE'STUS, «. [Lat.] a circle, which the poets ascribe to 
 Venus, and pretend that it adorns the person who wears it 
 with irresistible charms. 
 
 Cl'^FA'CEOUS, a. [from cele, Lat.l resembbng a whale ; 
 of the «hale kind. 
 
 CE'TUS, in astronomy, tlie Whale, a constellation in the 
 southern hemisphere. 
 
 CEVETSiNES, mountains of France, in the ci-devant Lan. 
 gnedoc. 
 
 CEYLON, or, in Arabic, Serendib, a large and moun- 
 tainous island of Asia, in the Indian Ocean, E. of Cape Co- 
 niorin, on the coast of Coromandel, al)out200 niilesin i'Migth, 
 ami KiOiii breadth. It produces large quantities of cinna- 
 mon, and its i>epper is of superior quality. Here is a great 
 variety of wood for all uses ; but the most remarkai>le tree 
 in the island is the tallipot, one of whose leaves will cover 
 10 men, and protect them from rain. It abounds in corn, 
 rice, elepiiants, butYaloes, goats, hogs, deer, hares, dogs, 
 jackals, monkeys, tigers, and bears. In some places there 
 are mines, whence are got rubies, sapphires, topazes, and 
 other stones of less value. The Dutch are, or lately were, 
 in possession of all the coast of this fertile island, and to the 
 distance of 10 or 13 leagues up the countn'. The natives 
 are the Bedas, a hardy race, on the north ; and on the 
 south the Cinglasses, a people equally inoffensive, but more 
 superstitious; they inip.lore the interposition of their saints 
 and heroes, and have various idols of monstrous forms. 
 They are divided into tribes like the Hindoos, and their 
 languaije, which is peculiar to themselves, is said to be co- 
 
 pious, smooth, elegant, and polite. Lat. from C. to u\>- 
 wards of 9. (leg. N. long. iVom HO. to nearly 83. (leg. E. 
 
 C F.\UT, in music, one of the notes m the gamut, or 
 scale. 
 
 CllACE,i. SceCilASF.. 
 
 CHAD, {sharl) s. ill natural history, a round kind of 
 fish. 
 
 CH.\ETO'DON, s. in natural history, a genus of fislies 
 whose teeth may be divided into fine thin filaments resem- 
 bling bristles. 
 
 ToCHAFE, V. n. [fr//rt«ifcc, Fr.] to warm by rubbing. 
 Figuratively, to make sore liy friction and heat. To warm, 
 or scent with aromatic |>erfuiiies. To make a person grow 
 warm with anger. Neuleily, to grow angry, <.r fret at any 
 opposition or disappointment; beautifully applied to inani- 
 mate tilings. 
 
 CHAFE, s. anger, or peevisn y'armth, owing to opposi- 
 tion, slight, contempt, or dis-ippointment. 
 
 CHA'FER, s. in natural history, a kind of yellow bettle> 
 with t\ro antenna-, or horns, tenninated with a kind of 
 brush or comb, making a very loud buzzing noise when fly- 
 ing, and appearing generally in the month of May, whence 
 they are called Maii-bugs by the vulgar. 
 
 CHAFERY, s. in the iron works, the name of one of the 
 two principal forges. 'Fhe other i-> called the7i'«fn/. When 
 the iron has Ijeeii wrought at the finery into what is called 
 an fl/itoMi/ or souare mass hammered inloa bar in its middle, 
 but Willi its ends roughs the l)usille^s to be done at the 
 cliafoii is the reducing tne whole to the same sliape by ham- 
 mering down these rough ends to the shape of the middle 
 part. 
 
 CH.^TEWAX, s. an officer belonging to the lord chan- 
 cellor, who fits the wax for the sealing of writs. 
 
 CHAFF, s. [ccdf. Sax.] the husks or outward skins of 
 corn, which are separated from the flour by threshing and 
 winnowing. Figuratively, any thing of small value; any 
 thing worthless. 
 
 To CHAFFER, v. «. [hnufru, Teut.] to treat about or 
 make a bargain ; to haggle, to heal down a person in his de- 
 mands or price. Use(l actively, to buy ; to truck or ex- 
 change one commodity for another. 
 
 CHA'FFEIIER, «. one w ho buys bargains, or endeavours 
 to purchase a thing at less than the market-price ; a hag- 
 gler. 
 
 CHATFERY, s. the art of buying or selling ; traffic. In 
 the iron works, the name of one of the two principal forges. 
 The other is called the finerv. 
 
 CHATFINCH.s. asong'bird,so called from its delight- 
 ing in chaff. 
 
 CHATFLESS, a. without defect or levitv. 
 CHA FFWEED, s. a plant with small white blossoms at 
 the base of the leaves; found in moist sandy ground, and 
 flowering in June. It is also called bastard pimpernel. 
 
 CHA'FFY, a. full of chaff; like chaff. Figurativelv, 
 light. 
 
 CHAFING-DISH, «. an utensil made use of to con- 
 tain coals for keeping any thing warm, or warming it when 
 cold. 
 
 CHAGRITsr, (shagreen) s. [Fr.] unevenness of temper ; 
 ill humour, displeasure, or peevishness, arising from any 
 thing done to vex, or in opposition to a person's inchna- 
 tions. 
 
 To CHAGRrN,(*/Ki'g-)-eeu)f. a. [clagrtner, Fr.] to teaze ; 
 
 to make uneasy 
 
 CHAIN, s. [chaine, Fr.] a collection of rings, or round 
 pieces of metal linked to each other, of divers lengths and 
 thickness ; an ornament used by several magistrates^ and 
 borrowed from the Goths. In surveying, a series of irou 
 links, distinguished into 100 ecpial parts, used for meas\iring 
 land. Figuratively, a state of slavery, or confinement ; a 
 scries of things linked to, and dependant on one an 
 
 other. ,. , . 
 
 To CHAIN, I', a. to fasten, secure, or confine with a cnain. 
 Figurativelv, to enslave, or bring into a state of slavery
 
 ClIA 
 
 Ch A 
 
 To be (lefendc'il by a chain. To iiiiile in firm and indisso- 
 luble friendsiiip. 
 
 CIIA'INTUMP, s. a double pump used in large sliips. 
 
 CHA'INSnOT,.?. two half bullets fastened together by a 
 chain, used in an engagement at sia. 
 
 CHA'INWORK, s. work with open spaces, or interstices, 
 representing the links of a chain. 
 
 CHAIR, s. [c/inir, Tr.] a moveable seat for a single person, 
 with a back to it. Figuratively, the place or post of a great 
 otiicer. Ahm-e the chair, in London, is applied to those al- 
 dermen wiu) h;ive borne the office of lord-mayor; below the 
 chair, to those that have not yet enjoyed that dignity. The 
 seat of justice or authority; a covered carriage in which 
 persons are conveyed from one place to auother, borne by 
 two men ; a sedan. To tahe the chair, or be in the chair, 
 implies that a person is »iresident, and presides at an as 
 scnd)ly. 
 
 CHAIRMAN, s. one who sits in a higher chair than the 
 rest of the members, and presides at an assembly or club; 
 one who carries a chair or sedan. 
 
 CHAISE, {shaize) s. [chaise, Fr.] a high open carriage, 
 running on two or move wheels, and drawn by one two, or 
 more horses. 
 
 CUALCI^'DONY, ^. a genus ot semipellucid gems, of an 
 even, regular, and not tabulated text\nc, variegated with 
 different colours, dispersed inform of mists and clouds. 
 
 CHA'LCITIS, (hdlcitis) s. a caustic vitriolic mineral, im 
 ported fi-om Germany, which is used in the composition of 
 Venice treacle. 
 
 CHALCOGR\?H\,U!alhosraphj/)s. [from chalkos, brass, 
 and a-nipho, to write, Gr.] the art of engraving upon brass. 
 
 CHALDE'A, {KahUa) otherwise caHed habvlonia, has 
 now the name of Irac Arabi, and lies between the river 
 Euphrates and Tigris, a little to the north of Bussarah and 
 the Persian gulph, and to tJie south of Bagdad. See Ba 
 
 BYIONIA. 
 
 CHA'LDER, CHA'LDRON, or CHAU'DRON, s. a dry 
 
 measure used for coals, containing 12 sacks, or 3G bushels 
 heapid up, according to a standard sealed and kept at 
 Guikfhall, London. 
 
 CHA'LICE, s. [ctdir, Sax.] formcriv used for a cup oi 
 drinking vessel, with a foot to it. At present apinopriated 
 to the vases or vessels used at the celebration of the Euclia 
 rist, or Lord's Supper. 
 
 CHALK, (chaiih) s. [cealc, Sax.j a wnite dry marl, vitli 
 a dusty surface, and found in hard masses. In medicine, 
 it is of the first note among the alkaline absorbents; nor 
 is it less useful in the ordinary af'.'airs of life ; is in no 
 small repute as a manure, especially for cold and sour lands, 
 for which the soft unctuous chalk is most proper, as the dry, 
 bard, and strong chalk is for lime. Black chalk, among 
 l)aintcr3, is a kind of ochrcous earth, of a close texture, 
 which gives a tine black, and is used on blue i)aper. Bed 
 chxlk is an indurated clayey ochre much used by painters 
 and artificers. 
 
 To CHALK, (chaiih) r. a. to ndj with chalk; to manure 
 Avi'h chalk ; used with oat, to mark, or describe with chalk. 
 Figuratively, to direct, point out, ordiscovcr. 
 
 CH A' LK^',(^(7i«H/.7/)n. consisting of chalk; while with chalk. 
 Applied to fluids, such as have chalk steeped m them, and 
 are impregnated with it. 
 
 ToCHA'LLEN(;E, )'. rt. [rZ/ff^Hgn-, Fr.j to call, dare, oi 
 provoke a person to fight, either by speaking or writing. 
 Figuratively, to dare or defy a pet son to enter into a litera 
 ry con*e.st on any subject ; to lay claim to as a right. 
 
 C'.i'LI "iNfiE, s. a provocation or sunniions to engage 
 in duel, or combat, either altered or written ; a claim of 
 a thing as a due or right, used with <f. In law, an exception 
 against either persons or things. 
 
 CHA'LLETnGER, .s. one who defies, provokes, or sum 
 inons another to fight him ; one who ckiinis a superiority ; 
 one who claims a thing as liisdiu' ; claimant. 
 
 CHALY'151-.ATE, (hali/beatc) a. [from chah/bg, Lat.] par- 
 taliinj' oftlie qualities, or impreguHted witii steel. 
 
 CHAM, C/iom) s. the title given to the sovereign princes in 
 Tartary . 
 
 CHAMA'DE, {shamu(lc') s. [Fr.j a certain beat of a drum 
 or sound of a trumpet, wlierehy notice is given to the enemy 
 of some propositions to be made to them, to surrender, have 
 leave to biirv the dead, make a truce, Ac. 
 
 CHA'MBtR, s. [chainhre, Fr.J in building, any room siti»- 
 ated between the ground floor and the garrets of a house. 
 Figuratively, a retired room in a house ; an aiiartment oc- 
 cupied as a public oftice, or court of justice ; also the merr»- 
 bers of such ofHce or court ; any cavity or hollow; that part 
 of a gun or mortar, wherein the charge is lodged. 
 
 To CH A'iNIBER, v. n. to be too free with women ; to be 
 wanton. 
 
 CHA'MBERLAIN, s. an officer wno nas tne care of a 
 chamber. The lord great chamberlain is the sixth great officer 
 of the crown. Lord chamberlain of the household has the over- 
 sight of all the ofhcers belon";ing to the king's chambers, 
 except the precinct ot the becl chamber. In great towns, a 
 receiver of Iheir rents and revenues ; and in London, the 
 chamberlain has likewise the cognizance of all disputes between 
 masters and anoreiitices, the powerof imprisoning the latter 
 for misdemeanors, and makes freemen, ttc. 
 
 CHA'MBERLAlNSHIF,i. the office o*" a chamberlain. 
 
 CHAMBERMAID, *. a maid-servant who takes care of 
 the chambers, the lady's dressiug-room, and assists the 
 ladv's woman in dressing her. 
 
 CHA'M BERRY, the chief town m the dept. of Moij* 
 Blanc, and late capital of Savoy, with a castle, but not being 
 fortilicd, it has never withstood a regular siege. It is popu- 
 lous V ell built, and watered by many streams, which run 
 throigh several of the streets. There are piazzas under 
 most of the houses, where people may walk di'y in wet wea- 
 ther U has large and handsome suburbs, and is situated 
 on an einiiicncc, surrounded by mountains, 27 miles N. E. of 
 Grenoble, and 85 N. W. of Turin. It v\as taken by the 
 French in 179-2. Lat. 45. 35. N. Ion. 6. 4. E. 
 
 To CHA'MBLET, r. n. to be variegated ; to appear like 
 cloth or silk watered by the calenderer. 
 
 CHA'MBlvEL, «. in farriery, the joint or bending of the 
 upper i)art of the hinder leg of a horse. 
 
 CHAME'LEON, {hamihwi) s. [Gr.] See Cameleon. 
 This is the proper spelling. 
 
 To CH A'MFER, i. a. [chambrer, Fr.] to fuirow ; to make 
 chaiuH'ls or hollow )iluces in a column. 
 
 CHA'MLET,s. SeeCAMELOT. 
 
 CHA'MOIS, s. [chamois, FrJ an animal of the goat 
 kind, whose skin is made into soft leather, called among us 
 shammif. 
 
 CHiVMOINHLE, (l.amnvulcjs. i^from chamai, on the ground, 
 and melon, fruit. Gr.J in botany, a plant so called from its 
 trailing along the ground. It has a comiiound flower 
 with an hemispherical emiialement, composed of many 
 ravs. 
 
 To CHAMP, r.tt. [champayer, Fr.j to bite witn a frequeii* 
 and forcible action of the teeth ; to grind any ha: d and soli(i 
 l)ody with the teeth, soas to render it (it to swallow. Used- 
 witli lip. Neuterly, to close and open the jaws together, or 
 perform the action of biting often. 
 
 CH.\iMR.VDA, ^. in natural history, the name of a tree 
 which is common in the woods of iMalacca, and bears a 
 fruit much valued by the natives on account of its intoxi- 
 cating (|ua!ities. 
 
 CHA'M I'.AGNE, a ci-devant province in tne N. E. of 
 France; fertile ingrain, pasturage, \c. and producing the 
 celebrated wine called after its name. Tro\ es was t he capital. 
 It now forms the departments of Ardennes, Aude, Marne, 
 Upper Marne. and Seine and Marne. 
 
 CH A'MI'jMCI N, {shumpain) s. U.lampagnc, Fr.] a flat, ojien, 
 or .evel eouuti"v. 
 
 CHA'M I'ERTORS, s. in law, such as move suits, or cause 
 them to be moved, either by their own or olliers procure- 
 ment, and inirsue, at their proper coals, to have i>iut of the 
 laud ill coiUest, or part of the gains.
 
 L\\\ 
 
 CI! A 
 
 CM XMWCiKO'S, (f!iftmjniiinn)s. [clKimpignon, Fr.] in 1)0- 
 laijv, a i)l:iiit of the niiislirooiii liind. 
 
 CIlAMl'lON, s. \vhnmpin71, Fr.] one vho uiulciliikcs a 
 coiiiliiit in ht'lialt' or aiiotlior. 1 lie /(P"s> r/ininpian is an 
 olhter, who, wiiile he is at iliniier on his coniual ion-day, 
 dialleiises any to contest the kinij's ri^'iit witii him in i-oni- 
 uat ; alter which the kins ('links to him, and simkLs iiim a 
 piit cup and cover fnll of wine, whicii he keeps as a fee. 
 l"i;;urativeiy, any one who undertakes tiu; defence ol' any 
 sentiment or topic in literature and relij-ion. 
 
 CflANCK, *'. [Fr.] a term we apply to events, to denote 
 that they happen without any necessary or foreknown 
 cause, it is also used to denote the bare possibility of an 
 event when nothing is known either to produce or hinder it. 
 Synon. Cliance (ovms neither order nor (lesi{;n ; we nei- 
 ther attribute to it knowledge nor will, and its events are 
 always very uncertain. Fortune lays plans aiul designs, but 
 without choice ; we attribute to it a will without discern 
 luent, and say that it acts blindly. 
 
 To CHANCE, V. n. to fall out unexpectedly, or contrary 
 to the necessary laws of motion or nature ; to proceed from 
 some unknown cause ; or without any design of the 
 agent. 
 
 CHANCE-MEDLEY, s. the killing of a person without 
 desifin, but not without some fault; as when a person, in 
 lopping a tree, should kill a passenger by means of a bough 
 Jie ilingsdown; for though it may happen Avithout design, 
 vet, as he ought to have given notice, it is not without 
 i'ault. 
 
 CHA'NCEL, s. [from cnncelU, Lat.] the eastern part 
 of a church, between the altar and the rail that in- 
 closes it. 
 
 CHA'NCELLOR, s. [cimcelhmus, Lat.] a very ancient 
 and honourable officer, supposed to be formerly the kuig's 
 or emperor's notary or scribe, and to have presided over a 
 college of secretaries, for the writing of treaties, and other 
 public business; and, according to a late treatise, the court 
 of equity, under the old constitution, w.is held before the 
 king and his council, in the palace, where one supreme 
 court of business of every kind was kept. At first the chan 
 cellor became a judge, to hear and determine petitions to 
 the king, which were preferred to him ; and in the end, as 
 business increased, the people addressed their suit to the 
 chancellor, and not to the king; and thus the chancellor's 
 eriuitable power, by degrees commenced by prescription. 
 The lord hisli chancellor, is the chief administrator of justice 
 next the king; possesses the highest honour of the long 
 robe, is invested with absolute power to mitigate the seve- 
 rity of the law in his decisions ; enters into his otiice by taking 
 an oath, and having the great seal committed to him by the 
 king, has the disposition of all ecclesiastical benefices in 
 the gift of the crown under 20/. per annum; peruses ail pa 
 tents before they are signed, and takes place of all the no 
 bility, excepting those of the royal family, and the arch 
 bishop of Canterbury. He is the guardian of all infants, 
 idiots, and lunatics, and superintendant of all charitable in- 
 stitutions, and has tlie appointment of all justices of the peace. 
 He has twelve assistants, called masters in c/iancrri/, the first 
 of whom is the master of the rolls. Cliaiicellor in an ecclesi- 
 astical court, is one bred to the law, and used by the bishops 
 to direct or advise them in such cases as come before them. 
 Giancellor of the Exchequer, is an officer who presides in that 
 court, and takes care of the interest of the crown. Chan- 
 cellor of anUniversiti/, is the chief magistrate, who seals di 
 plomas, letters of degrees, and defends the rights and privi 
 leges of the place ; in Oxford this place is enjoyed for life ; 
 but at Cambridge only for the space of three years. Chan 
 telior of tlie order of the Garter, is the person who seals the 
 r>onimlssions and mandates of the chapter; keeps the regis- 
 ter, and delivers transcripts of it under the seal of their or 
 der. Chancellor of the dnclnj of Lancaster, IS an otficer ap- 
 pointed to determine controversies between the king and 
 bis tenants of duchy laud, being assisted in difficult points 
 by two judges of the common law. , 
 
 CnATx'rF.LLORSniP,.^theofficeofaclinneellor. 
 
 CHANCERY, s. the grand court of equity and con- 
 science, instituted to temper and luoderate the rigour of 
 other courts, which are obliged to ad accoiding to the strict 
 letter of the law. From this court all original writs, com- 
 missions of bankrupts, of charitable uses, of idiots, lunacy, 
 &c. are issued. It gives relief for or against infants, nofc. 
 withstanding their minority ; for or against married women, 
 notwithstanding their coverture. All frauds and deceits, for 
 which there is no redress at common law; all broaches of 
 trust, confidences, and accidents, as to relieve obligers,mort- 
 gagers, <Vc. against i)eiiallies and forfeitures, where the in- 
 tention was honest, are lure relieved ; but in no case 
 where the plaintiff can have his n-iaedy at couiuion law. 
 Here all patents, most .sorts of conuiiissioiis, deeds between 
 parties touching lands and eslafes.treaties of foreign princes, 
 iVc. are sealed and enrolled. From hence are issued writs 
 to convene the parliament and convocation, i)roclamations, 
 charters, <ic. 
 
 CH.\'NCRE, {shanher) s. [chancre, Fr.] in surgery, a t>i- 
 bercle, which has its seat in the unctuous luuuour that fills 
 the vesicular texture. ■' 
 
 CHA'NCROUS, {shanhrom) a. having the quality of a 
 chancre, 
 
 CHA'NDA, a considerable city of Berar, in Ilindoostan, 
 seated on a branch of the Ciodavery, 07 miles S. of Nagpour. 
 It is subject to the Eastern Mahraltas. Lat. 20. 10. N. Ion. 
 79. 40. E. 
 
 CHANDELI'ER, (shandelier) s. [Fr.] a brancn for holding 
 candles. In fortification, a wooden frame on which fascines 
 or faggots are laid for covering the w orkmen, instead of a 
 parapet. 
 
 CHANDERNAGO'RE, acity of Bengal, subject to th^ 
 French, but lately conquered by the English. It contains 
 about 40,000 inhabitants, and is seated on the W. side of the 
 river Hoogly, 13 miles N. N. W. of Calcutta. 
 
 CH A'N DLER, s. [chandelier, Fr.] a seller of divers sorts of 
 wares. 
 
 To CHANGE, v. a. [changer, I'r.] to give or take one thing 
 for another. To resign or quit one thing for the sake of 
 another, used with/or. "Cannot change tliat/oi- another.' 
 South. To give a person the value of money in coin of a 
 different metal; to alter. Neuterly, to undergo change, to 
 s'.irter alteration. To change, as the inoou; to begin anew 
 monthly revolution. Synon. We lan/ in our sentiments, 
 when we give them up, and embrace them again. We 
 change our opinions, w hen we reject one in order to embrace 
 another. He who has no certain principles is liable to vari/. 
 He who is more attached to fortune thah truth, will find no 
 dithcuitv in c/inHgi«o- liis doctrine. 
 
 CHANC4E, s.'the alteration of a person's circumstances: 
 the act of taking or giving any thing fin- another; a succes- 
 sion of things in the place of one another. In astiononiy, 
 the time in "which the moon begins a new revolution. Figu- 
 ratively, novelty. In ringing, the alteration of the order 
 in which any set of bells are rung. Money of a diffcreiit 
 metal. 
 
 CHATSTGEABLE, «. that may be altered ; that docs not 
 always remain in the same situation or circumstances ; in- 
 constant; fickle. 
 
 CHA'NGEABLENESS, «. applied to the mind, want of 
 constancy ; fickleness. AppUed to laws or qualities, liable 
 to alteration. 
 
 CHATS'GEABLY, ad. in a manner subject to alteration ; 
 inconstancy. ,. , 
 
 CHANGEFUL, a. altering very often, and iipon slight 
 grounds ; used as a word of reproach. Fickle, inconstant ; 
 full of change. 
 
 CHA'NGELING, .«. a child left or taken -n room of an- 
 other ; a person who does not enjoy a proi)er use of his un- 
 derstanding; a fool, natural, or idiot; one apt to alter iiis 
 sentiments often ; a fickle person. 
 
 CHA'NGER, s. one that is employed in changing or di> 
 counting money ; money-changer. 
 
 161
 
 CH A 
 
 CHA 
 
 CHA"N:sIAN\ING,a city of Thibet, where the Grand 
 Lama somttinies resides, \^H niiies W. of Lassa. 
 
 CHA'NNEL, i. [canal, Yr.] in cosniograpliy, tiie hollow or 
 cavity in which rimniiis waters flow ; tlie arm of a sea or 
 a narrow river, between two adjacent islands or conti- 
 nents. 
 
 To CHA'NNEL, v. a. to cut any thing in narrow cavities, 
 for containing water ; or for the sake of oruament; applied 
 to buildings. 
 
 To CHA ST, I', a. [chanter, Fr.] to sing; to celebrate in 
 sonijs ; to perfi.rm divine service by singing, as in callie- 
 drals. Used nsuterly, to harmonize and sound a chord 
 wi'h the voice to any musical instrument, used with the par- 
 ticle to. I 
 
 CHANT, i. a song ; a particular tune ; the particular tune 
 used in a ca!he(!ral. 
 
 CHANTER, or CHATsTOR, s. one who sings in a cathe- 
 dral ; a singer ; a songster. 
 
 CHA'NTICLEER, s. the cock, so called from his clear 
 shrill voice. 
 
 CHA'NTRESS, s. a female who sings. 
 
 CHANTRY, s. a church or eliapel endowed for one or 
 more priests to say mass daily. 
 
 CHA'OS, {Mos)'s. [Cir.] the original confused mass of mat- 
 ter out of which all visible things were made. Figuratively, 
 any confused irregular mixture; any thing whose parts are 
 not easily distiniiuisiied. 
 
 CHAOTIC, (kadtik) a. resembling or like a chaos. 
 
 To CHAP, V. a. [kepneii, Belg.] to break into chinks 
 by excessive heat, applied to the etlects of cold on the 
 hands. 
 
 CHAP, s. an opening, cleft, or chink in the ground, owing 
 to excessive drought or heat. 
 
 CHAP. s. the upper or under part of a beast's mouth. 
 
 CHAPE, s. [clinppc, Fr.] the catch of any thing by which 
 it is held in its place ; the hook by which a sword is fasten- 
 ed in its scabbard ; the steel ring with two points by which 
 a buckle is held to the back strap : a piece of brass or silver 
 w hich covers tiie end of the scabbard of a sword. 
 
 CH ATEIy, s. [capella, Lat.] a building which is sometimes 
 part of a church, or adjoining to it ; or separate, and called 
 a Chapel of ease, where a parish is large, as a relief to tiie dis- 
 tant parishioners. There are also/)te Clmpels, endowed with 
 revenues for maintaining a curate without any expense to the 
 rector or inhabitants. 
 
 CHATEL LE FRITH, a town in Derbyshire, with a mar- 
 ket on Saturday. It is seated on the utmost confines of the 
 Peak, near Cheshire ; but the market is now come to 
 nothing. It is 17 miles S. E. of Manchester, and 165 N. N. 
 W. of London. 
 
 CH.-\'PELRY, s. the jurisdiction or bounds of a chapel. 
 
 CHA PEilON, {shaperon) s. [Fr.] a kind of hood or cap 
 vorn by knights of the garter when dressed in their robes. 
 
 CHAVFALS, {chdpfaiilii) n. having tjic mouth shrunk, or 
 the projecting part fallen down, applied to a helmet. 
 
 CHA'PITER, .«. [chiimtcnii, Fr.] in architecture, the upper 
 part or capital of a pillar. 
 
 CHA'PLMX, s.[caprUanvs, Lat.] a person who performs 
 divine service in a chai)el ; or is retained in the service of 
 some family to perform divine service. 
 
 CHA'PL.MNSHIP, s. the otlice, possession, or revenue of 
 a chaplain. 
 
 CHA'PLET, J. [chaph't, Fr.] a garland or wreath of flowers 
 to be worn round the head. In the Romish church, a 
 string of beads. In archilectiire, a liltir moulding carved 
 into round beads, pearls, or olives. In l;irriery,a couple of 
 stirrup-leathers, mounted each of them with a stirrup, and 
 joining at top in a sort of hatlier buckle, vhich is called 
 <lu? head of tlie </(i7;)/((, by which they are fasteiwd to the 
 
 Iiummel of a saddle, after lliey liave been fasJened to the 
 ength and bearing of the rider. A tuft of feathers on a 
 peacock's head. 
 
 CHA PM AN, s. [c<:<^yman, Sax.l One tiiat cbcapcnsor buys 
 roods ; a buyer mm .seller. 
 152 
 
 CHAPS, s. tne mouth of a beast. Used by the vulga;, 
 and in contempt, for the mouth of a man or woman. 
 
 CHAPTER, i. [e/in;)irre, Fr.] the division of a book. In 
 canon law, a congregation of clergymen under the dean, 
 in a cathedral church ; an asseniby held b>th by religious 
 and niiiitarv' orders for deliberating their aitairs, and regu- 
 lating their discipline ; the places in which assemblies of the 
 clergy arc held. 
 
 CHAR, s. [wrote likewise i:hare]'m natural history, a fish; 
 a kind of golden alpine trout. 
 
 To CH AR, v. a. to burn wood to a black cinder. 
 
 CHAR, s. work done by tlie day by a woman ; a single job 
 or task. 
 
 To CHAR, (cAfliV) f. 71. to do the house work of a family 
 occasionallv, opposed to regular service. 
 
 CHA'RA'CTER, (karalUer) s. [character, Lat.] a figure or 
 mark draw n upon paper, or other substance, to convey some 
 idea to the mind; a letter of the alphabet; an assemblage 
 of virtues or vices, whereby one person is distinguished froia 
 another ; or that which a person has peculiar in his manners, 
 which makes him differ from others ; office, dignity, or 
 authority. 
 
 To CHARACTER, (kdrakter) v. a. used with in or upon, 
 to engrave. 
 
 To CHARACTERIZE, (kiraUerize) v. a. to describe a 
 person or thing by the properties which distinguish it from 
 others ; to impress a thing in lasting characters on the mind ; 
 to mark with a peculiar stamp or form. 
 
 CHARACTERISTIC, or CHARACTERI'STICAL, (/.a- 
 racteristik) a. that distinguishes a person or thing from others 
 of the same species. 
 
 CHARACTERISTIC, {karakteristic) s. a peculiar mark, 
 or assemblage of (|ualities, which distinguisJi a person or 
 thing from others of the same kind. Characteristic of a Lo- 
 garithm, is the same with the index or exponent. 
 
 CHAR ACTERLESS, [kdrakterless) a. without any mark to 
 distinguish a thing. 
 
 CH.\'RACTERY,(7;a'r(iirery)i.amark which distinguishes 
 a thing from others of the same kind. Accented anciently 
 on the second syllable. 
 
 CHARA'DE, s. the name of a trifling species of compo- 
 sition. Its subject must be a word of two syllables, each 
 forming a distinct word, and these two syllables are to be 
 concealed in an enigmatical description, first separately and 
 then together : — As, My first, when a Frenchmen is learning 
 English, serves him to swear l)y. My second is either hay or 
 corn, ftly uhnle, is the delight of tlie age, and the admira- 
 tion of posterity : Car rick. 
 
 CHARASM, or KHA'RASM, a large ronntiT of Asia, 
 bordered on the N. by Turkestan, on the W. by tlie Caspian 
 Sea, an(t on the S. b,' Chorasan. Urgens is the capital. 
 The khan, orchief of t?ie Tartar princes, among «boiu the 
 country is divided, is said to be able to raise an army of <10 
 or 60.000 horsemen. 
 
 CIi.VRCOAL,(r/(ar7wr)^- akind of fuel, or coal made of 
 oak half burnt, under a covering of turf ; that for powder- 
 mills is made of elder-wood. 
 
 CHARD, a town in Somersetshire, consisting chiefly of 4 
 streets, which terminate near the market. It has several 
 streams running through it, and one in particular, wliicii, 
 by being turned to the N. or S. \> ill, it is affirmed, run into 
 the Bristol, or the English Channel. Here is a small woollen 
 manufacture. It is G miles W. of Crewkherne, and 111 W. 
 by S. of London. Market on Monday. 
 
 "To CHARGE, v. a. [charger, Fr.] to entrust, or commit 
 to a person's care ; to make a person debtor. Figuratively, 
 to imjnite or ascribe ; to impose as a ta.sk ; to accase, aiv- 
 plied to crimes, sometimes having the particle uith. To 
 oblige a person to give evidence ; to adjure : to command ; 
 to attack, aiiplicd to an engagement in war. To load a per- 
 son, applied to burdens. Applied to fire-arms, to load with 
 powdi'r or shot. Nciiterlv. to itiiikc an onset. 
 
 CH.'VR^'iE, f. in gunnery, istliequantits of powder andshot 
 Willi which a yun is loaded lor execution. lu clettricity.
 
 CHA 
 
 CH A 
 
 Ihe acf uraulatioii of electric matter on one surface of an 
 electric, lis a pane of slass, Loyden i)liial, iVc. whilst an 
 equal quantity passes oti from the opposite surface, or more 
 uenerally electrics are said to l)e cliuryed when the equili- 
 brium of the electric matter on the opposite surfaces is 
 destroyed hy communicating one kind of electricity to one 
 side, and the contrary kind to the other side ; nor can the 
 equilibriur,! he restored til', a communication be made by 
 means of ctmductins surfaces between the two opposite sur- 
 faces. Also, care, trust, custody ; precept, mandate, com- 
 mission, accusation, imputation; the thing entrusted; ex- 
 pence; attack; tliesifrnal for battle. Also, a preparation, or 
 ointment, applied to tlie slioulder-splaits, inflammations, and 
 sprains of horses. In heraldry, it is applied to the fij;ures 
 represented on the escutcheon, by which the bearers are 
 distinguished from one another; and it is to be observed, 
 that too many charges are not so honourable as fewer. 
 
 CHA'RGEARLE, «. expensive; costly; liable to be 
 l)laincd or accused. 
 
 CHA'RG IvV HLEN ESS, s. expensiveness, costliness. 
 
 CHA'RGEAULY, ad. in a costly expensive manner, at a 
 great expense. 
 
 CHARGER, s. a very large dish. 
 
 CH.VRILY, «d. in a deliberate, circumspect, cautious 
 manner. 
 
 CHA'RINESS, a. a nicety, or delicacy, whereby a person 
 is offended at any thing which is inconsistent witt the high- 
 est degree or idea ofjustice ; scrupulousness. 
 
 CHA'RIOT, s. [car-r/wd, Brit.] a covered four-wlieeled 
 carriage, suspended on leather or springs, drawn by two or 
 more horses, and having only back seats. War chariots, used 
 by our ancestors, were open vehicles drawn by two or more 
 horses, with scythes at the wheels, and spears at the pole. 
 Chariot race, a public game among the Romans, &c. wherein 
 cliariots were driven for a prize. 
 
 To CHA'RIOT, V. a. hguratively, to convey as in a 
 cliariot. 
 
 CH ARIOTE'ER, s. one who drives a chariot. 
 
 CHA'RITABLE, a. [charitable, Fr.] having a benovolent 
 and humane disposition, inclining a person to assist the 
 afflicted. 
 
 CHARITABLY, ad. in a kind, benevolent, tender, affec- 
 tionate manner. 
 
 CHARITY, s. [charitas, Lat.] a benevolent principle, ex- 
 eriing itself in acts of kindness and affection to all persons, 
 ■without respect to party or nation ; the theological virtue 
 of universal love ; alms given to the poor. 
 
 To (;HARL, v. a. to burn to a black cinder, as wood is 
 l)nnied to make charcoal. 
 
 CHA'RLATAN, s. [Er.j a person who pretends to a know- 
 ledge of physic ; a quack ; a uiountebank. 
 
 CHARLATA'NICAL, a. vainly pretending to a know- 
 ledge of phvsic ; qujckish. 
 
 CHA'RLATANRY, s. the practice of a quack. 
 
 CHA'RLBl.TRY, a town in Oxfordshire, with a market on 
 Fridav. Distant from London 68 miles. 
 
 CHARLES, (Stuart) 1. born Nov. 19, 1600, was proclaim- 
 ed king on the death of James the I. March 17, 1625; 
 and on the May following, his marriage with Henrietta 
 Maria of France, was solenniized by proxy at Paris. The 
 new queen arrived in Engiand, and the marriage was con- 
 summated at (Canterbury, June 10. The king. May 10, 
 granted a pardon to 20 Romish priests, who were condemned 
 to die. On June 18, the parliament met at Westminster, 
 when the king asked money for tlie recovery of the Palatine. 
 After some complaints and debates, about grievances, the 
 commons gave the king two subsides ; but at the same time, 
 l>oth houses joined in a petition against recusants, setting 
 fourth the great dangers from the increase of popery, the 
 cause of this increase, and the remedies for preventing this 
 evil for the future. To which the king gave an answer 
 very much to the satisfaction of the parliament, if his actions 
 liad been agreeable to it. King James iiaving promised to 
 send some ships to the French king, which it was pretended, 
 
 X 
 
 at least, were to serve against the Genoese, or some of the 
 allies of Spain, admiral I'enningtonwas sent to Dieppe with 
 the Vantguanl man of war, and 7 stout merchant ships. It 
 soon api)eared, that the French king designed to make use 
 of them against iiis protestant subjects at Roehelle ; upon 
 which the crew deserted to a man, rather than fight against 
 their fellow-protestaiits ; and Pennington was ordered by 
 the court to put these ships into the hands of the French, to 
 be employed as they thought fit. This occasioned a distrust 
 of the king, a jealousy of the (pieen, and a general odium of 
 the duke of Buckingham. Before the parliament had sat a 
 fortnight at Oxford, whither it was removed on account of 
 the plague which raged in London, the king perceiving tha* 
 the commons would grant no further supplies, till grievances 
 were redressed, and that they were beginning to fall upon 
 the conduct of the duke of Buckingham, he dissolved them, 
 in a hasty manner, by commission, on August 12. But 
 wanting monev for the expedition against Spain, he raised 
 it by a forced loan from his subjects, by letters under his 
 privy-seal, which increased the popular discontents. On 
 Feb. 2, lii2f>, the king was crowned. The new parliament 
 met on the Otli, and was opened by a speech from the lord- 
 keeper Coventry. Care had been taken to have the leading 
 members against the court made sherifis, that they might 
 not be chosen in this. However, this parliament proved no 
 more favourable to the king's designs than tlie former ; they 
 made greater complaints against the public grievances. The 
 king sent for both houses to Whitehall, and severely repri- 
 manded the commons, both by himself and the lord-Keeper, 
 complaining of their animosity against the duke, of the 
 scantiness of the supply, and the manner of granting it ; and 
 in the end said, ' Remember, that parliaments are altogether 
 ' in my power, for their calling, sitting, and dissolution ; 
 ' therefore as I find the fruits of them good or evil, they are 
 ' to continue, or not to be.' This did not intimidate the 
 commons, who being returned to their houses, drew up a 
 remonstrance, and presented it to the king, to justify their 
 proceedings, and then went on with their articles against 
 the duke, who, while under the impeachment, procured him- 
 self to be chosen chancellor of Cambridge, notwithstanding 
 one of the articles against him was his engrossing a plurality 
 of otKces. The commons took gi eat offence at this, but the 
 king supported his election. The commons drew up a re- 
 monstrance against the duke as the princip/.l cause of all the 
 grievances in the kingdom, and against tonage and pound- 
 age, which had been levied l)y the king ever since his ac- 
 cession, though it was never understood to be payable with- 
 out a special act of parliament in every uew reign. But the 
 parliament was dissolved by commission, June 15, before 
 this remonstrance could be presented, and the king ordered 
 all such as had copies of it to burn them. The duke re- 
 mained in the king's favour till he was stabbed, when he was 
 going to embark on board the fleet of which he was com- 
 mander-in-chief, as well as of the land forces. There was 
 nothing but continual struggles between the king, who wanted 
 to assume to himself the absolute power of disposing of his 
 subjecis property, and leaving their grievances unredressed, 
 and the parliament, who were willing to grant the king the 
 necessary supplies, provided theirgrievances were redressed, 
 and the rightful privileges of the subjects secured ; w hich at 
 last produced a civil war. ' On January 3, 1()41 2, he sent 
 his attorney-general to the house of peers, to accuse, in his 
 name, of lii^Ti treason, the lord Kimbolton, and Sve mem- 
 bers of the house of commons, and persons were sent to 
 seal u j! iiieir papers, &c. and the king having sent a sergcant- 
 at anus to the house of commons to demand them, came 
 himself the next day, attended by a number of armed men, 
 as if with a design to seize them. Leaving his guaid at the 
 door, he entered the house, and taking the speaker's cliair, 
 made a speech to them on what he was corae about ; but 
 looking round, and finding the accused persons not there 
 (for they had slipped away just, before) he told the iiouse, 
 he expected they should send them to him ?s s(H)u'as they 
 returned : and then departed, the members crving out, Pr: 
 
 153
 
 CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 vile^jc ! Privilege ! Tlie king soon after this removed with 
 his family to Hampton court, from thence to Windsor, and 
 af last to York. Two days after his departure, lie sent a mes- 
 sage to both houses, telling them he would wave his pro- 
 ceedings against the six members, and be as careful of tlieir 
 privileges as of his own life and crown. Two days after 
 that, he sent another to the same etl'ect ; and on February 2, 
 offered a general pardon ; but all was to no purpose, the 
 wound was too deep to be healed, the commons made a 
 large declaration against the late action, impeached the at- 
 torney-general for what he had done, and committed him to 
 prison. Moreover, they set a guard alrout the Tower, sent 
 Sir John Hotham to take possession of Hull, where was a 
 great magazine of arms and ammunition, and ordered him 
 to keiep it for the parliament, understanding the king had a 
 design to secure it for himself. On May 'io, the commons 
 voted, \. That it appeared that the king, seduced by wicked 
 counsels, intends to make war against the parliament. 2. 
 That wheresoever the king makes war upon the parliament, 
 it is a breach of the trust reposed in him by his people, con- 
 trary to his oath,and tending to tlie dissolution of the govern- 
 ment. 3. That whosoever shall serve or assist him in such 
 wars, are traitors by the fundamental laws of the kingdom. 
 On June 10, the two houses published proposals for borrow- 
 ing money and plate for the defence of the kingdom. On 
 the ISth, the king granted se\eral commissions of array for 
 levying troops, and the parliament drew up a deckration 
 against them. On July 12, the commons voted, and with 
 them the lords agreed, that an army should be raised, and the 
 command given to R. Devereux, earl of Essex. And on 
 August 22, the king in a solemn manner set up his standard 
 at iSottingham, having before, by proclamation, commanded 
 all meti, who could bear arms, to repair to it the said day. 
 On October 23, a great battle was foijght between the tAvo 
 armies at Edgehill, in V/arwickshirt. Both sides claimed 
 the victory ; the number of slain on the field of battle was 
 about 5000. The year 1643 began with a treaty for peace, 
 which was held at Oxford, between the king and commis- 
 sioners from the parliament, but it broke off on April 15, 
 without success. On June 18, there was a tight in Chald- 
 grave-tight, in which the famous Mr. Hampden, a great 
 leader in the parliament, was slain. On July 5, was fought 
 the famous battle of Lansdown,"in which, though the nianpiis 
 of Hertford, who commanded for the king, lost almost all his 
 horse, yet Sir William Waller was at last compelled to quit 
 the field. But Sir William met w ith a worse fate on the 13th, 
 when at Iloundway Down, in Wiltshire, he was entirely 
 defeated, 5 or GOOOof his men slain, and 900 made prisoners. 
 The king summoned such lords and commons as had deserted 
 the parliament at Westminster, to meet as a parliament at 
 Oxford. Accordingly they assembled January 22, 1643-4, 
 and sat till .April 16, following, when they were prorogued to 
 October, but never met again. They did little of moment, 
 except helping the king to money, which was ihe chief end 
 for which they were called together. The king visibly 
 gained ground of the parliament last year, and therefore the 
 two houses thought it necessary to call in the Scots to their 
 aid. A treaty was concluded, in pursuance of which tlie 
 Scots army entered England, about tin- tinu' the Oxford par- 
 liament met; it consisted of 1H,000 foot, and ,3000 horse, 
 under thecommand ofthe earl of Leven,an(l passed theTyne 
 on Feb. 28, at some distance from Newcastle. On July 2, 
 an obstinate and bloody battle was fought at Marston-Moor, 
 in which prince Rupert was entirely routed, and the parlia- 
 mentarians got a complele victory, which was owing in a 
 great measure to Cromwell's valour and good conduct. York 
 now surrendered to the parliament generals on honourable 
 terms. On June, 1G45, was fought the famous battle of 
 Naseby in Northamptonshire, which decided the (piarrel be- 
 tween the king and the parliament, wherein the narliament's 
 forces gained a t^impleU; victory. The king lost a great 
 number of otiicersand gentlemen of distinction, most of his 
 font were made prisoners, all his cannon and baggage taken, 
 with 3000 arras, and otlicr rich booty ; among which was 
 164 
 
 also the king's cabinet, .with his most secret papers, and 
 letters between him and his (jueen ; which shewed how 
 contrary his counsels with her were to those he declared to 
 the kingdom . After this signal victory, nothing could stand 
 before the parliament's fortes. On Feb. IS, 164o-G, Fair- 
 fax defeated lord Hopfon at Torrington, and on March 15, 
 he capitulated, his whole army to be disbanded in six days, 
 and all the horses and arms to be delivered up to Fairfax ; 
 who by the surrender of Exeter, April 6, 1646, completed 
 the reduction ofthe west to the power of tlie parliament. 
 Upon Fairfax's approach to lay siege to Oxford, his majesty 
 made his escape from thence, and threw himself into the 
 hands of the Scots army. Oxford surrendered June 22, and 
 the few remaining garrisons soon after. And thus the whohe 
 kingdom was s-ubjected to the obedience of the two houses. 
 And now the parliament consulted how to get the king out 
 ofthe hands ofthe Scots, and to send them back into their 
 own country. At last it was agreed that they should have 
 400,000/. for the arrears due to them, one moiety to be paid 
 before their going home, and the otherat stated times. And 
 so, after several debates about tlie disposal ofthe king's peit 
 son, the Scots having received the 200,000, on January 30, 
 164f)-7, delivered him up to the commons ofthe jiarliament 
 of England, who were sent down to Newcastle to receive 
 him. The same day their army began to march for Scotland, 
 the king was conducted to Holmbv-house, in Northamptoiv 
 shire, where he arrived Feb. 16. 'The parliament and army 
 quarrelled, and the counsel of agitators, consisting of depu- 
 ties from each regiment, sent cornet Joice with a detachiient 
 of fifty horse, to take the king from the parliament's commis- 
 sioners at Holmby, and bring him to the army ; which he re- 
 solutely effected on June 4, 1647. And now the army over- 
 ruled the parliament. August 24, the king was conducted to 
 Hampton-court. A treaty was set on foot for the restoration 
 of the king, but on January 3, 1647-8, the house (being still 
 under the influence of the armv) resolved. That no more 
 addresses should be made to theliing, no messages received 
 from him ; and to this the lords some days after agreed, the 
 army promising to adhere to the parliament against the king. 
 In the beginning of the year 1648, there were several risings 
 in favour ofthe king; the Welsh, under major-general Lang- 
 horn, had siezed several places, and were 8000 strong, but 
 were defeated by colonel Horton, sent before Oliver Croijv 
 well ; who arriving soon after, put an end to tlie coiumotien.<i 
 in Wales. In the mean time, general Fairfax defeated those 
 w ho had risen in Kent. The Scots army under the duke of 
 Hamilton, amounting to near 20,000, entered England in 
 July, and were joined by about oOOO English, under sir 
 Mai niaduke Langdale. Cromwell, after having finished his 
 work in Wales, marched with all exjiedition to join Lambert 
 in the north, and August 17, near Preston, in Lancashire, 
 totalN rouied and dispersed this great army, the duke, in 
 his flight, I)eing taken prisoner. Cromwell then marched di- 
 rectly into Scotland, and arriving at Edinburgh, he divested 
 the Hamiltonian party of their authority. At the beginning 
 of these trovd)les, the presby terian varty, in the house, in the 
 city, and other places, began to resume their courage. Se- 
 veral petitions were presented for a personal treaty with tlie 
 king ; and when the army was removed fr-im London into 
 different parts ofthe kin''dom, the secluded members and 
 others who had absenteil themselves, having returned to 
 their seats, the votes of no more addresses were repealed, 
 and it was resolved to enter into a personal treaty with the 
 king; that Newport in the Isle of Wiidlt should be 1 he place 
 of treaty, and that his majesty sh'.iulu be there with honour, 
 freedom, and safety ; and five lords and ten commoners were 
 nominated commissioners for this treaty; hut the army was 
 resolved to break oflthe treaty by force, and col.->iiel Ewer, 
 on November 18, presented to the commons a remonstrance, 
 wherein they desirecl. That the treaty might be laid asHe, 
 and that the king might come no more into the government, 
 hut be brought to justice, as the capital cause of all tlie evils 
 in the kingdom, and of so much hi )od being shed. On 
 Nov. 21, Cromwell recalled colonel Hnnunoud trow the iiili'
 
 C II A 
 
 CIIA 
 
 of \Vii;Iit, and sent colontl Ewer to take cliarge of tlie kiii!,''s 
 jjerson, who kept liiui in strict custodv. On Nov. 30, liis 
 majesty was l)roiii;!it over to lliirst castie in Ilaiiipsliire. On 
 Dec. 4, the conniions resnmeii the deliatcs on the kinjj's con- 
 cession;^ and voted, that tiie said concessions were sutHcient 
 j;ronnds for settling the peace of the kin;;doni ; and then 
 adjounieil to Wednesday. On which day some ref;inients 
 f>f horse and foot having possessed liieniselves of all tlie 
 avenues to the parliament house, seized on forty-one nieni- 
 bors as they ottered to go in, and the next day denied en- 
 trance to near one hundred more. An ordinance being voted 
 in the house ofcomnions, was carried u|) to the house of lords 
 iiir their concurrence, tliougli the commons declared, at the 
 same tinie, that they, l)eiiig representatives of the people, 
 bad a right to enact a law, ihongh the consent of the king, 
 and the house of peers, be not had thereto. They made an 
 ordinauce for erecting a high court of justice, for trying 
 the king, who was brought from Windsor to St. .James's on 
 the 19tli. The next day the trial began, the court sitting in 
 VVcstniinster-liall, and having chosen Serjeant Rradshaw for 
 Iheir president. The substance of the charge was. That the 
 king had endeavoured to set up a t\rannical power, and to 
 (hat end had raised and maintained a cruel war against the 
 parliament. The king behaved with dignity, making no 
 other answer but denying the authority of the court. The 
 same he did on tlie 22d and 'isd. At last, being brought be- 
 fore them a fourth time, on .January 27, he earnestly desired, 
 before sentence, to be beard before the lords and commons ; 
 but his request was not granted. And so still persisting in 
 disowning the jurisdiction of the court, and consequently iu 
 Ids refusal to answer to the charge, his silence was taken for 
 a confession, and sentence of death was passetl upon him ; 
 pursuant to which he was, on January 30, beheaded on a 
 scaffold erected in the street near the windows of the Ban- 
 queting house at Whiteliall, shewing as great a firmness, re- 
 solution, and resignation, to the last, as lie had done in all 
 his surterings. Tlie day before his execution he was per- 
 mitted to see his children, the princess Elizabeth, and the 
 duke of Gloucester, the only ones then in England. His 
 corpse was carried to Windsor, and privately interred in St. 
 Cieorge's-chapel. 
 
 CHARLES II. was the son of king Charles the 1st, and 
 l»orn May 29, 1630. On July 3, 1646, he went from Jersey 
 into France, and resided abroad till Mav 1660, when he ar- 
 rived at Whitehall. The king, upon forming his coinicil, 
 took iu some that had been deeply enough engaged against 
 his father,but afterwards promoted his restoration.as Denzel 
 Kollis, afterwards lord HoUis ; the earl of Manchester, Sir 
 Autliony Ashley Cooper, and others. Mr. Baxter and Mr. 
 Calaniy were appointed his chaplains in ordinan'- Sir Ed. 
 Hyde, afterwards earl of Clarendon, was his lord chancellor 
 and prim* minister. The asscudjiy which restored the king 
 Iiad been summoned by a commonwealth writ, in the name 
 of the keepers of the liberties of England. It was however 
 called a parliament till his arrival, and then had only the 
 nam« of a convention ; however, two days after the king 
 went to the house, and gave his assent to an act for changing 
 the convention into a parliament. August 29, his majesty 
 gave his assent to the actof inde^nlity,v^'ltn some exceptions. 
 The commons, soon after, voted 1,200,000/. for the ordinary 
 expenses of the government. On September 13, died of the 
 small pox, Henry duke of Gloucester, his majesty's youngest 
 brother. Tlie duke of York married Anne, eldest daughter 
 of Chancellor Hyde, earl of Clarendon,to whom he had been 
 contracted at Breda. This parliament, which the king would 
 have called the healing parliament, was dissolved December 
 2!», after passiug several acts, and among the rest, one for 
 erecting a post-office. The Royal Society was founded this 
 year, 1660, by the king and letters patent. The king was 
 crowned on April 23. A new parliament was summoned 
 to meet on Ma. the 8, whicli continued almost 18 years,and 
 was afterwards called the pensionary parliament. In May 
 1652 the marriage between the king and Catharine, prin- 
 cess of Portugal, was solemnized. The sale cf Dunkirk, 
 
 this year, totnc French king, for hve millionsof llvres, male 
 a great noise in England, and was much rttictted on. On 
 March the 2, 1664 5, war was i)roclaimed against the Slates 
 General. In this session of parliament, the clergy gave up 
 their right of taxing themselves in convocation, and bav« 
 ever since been taxed by the parliament in common with 
 other subjects : and from this time tiie clerjjy have voted at 
 elections for nuuibers oi' pai iiauu-nt. On Juue 3, KJCj, th<! 
 duke of York lieat Opdam the Dutch admiral. The plague 
 broke out in London in May, and before the end of the 
 year, when it ceased, swept otf 6K,ijy6ofthe inhabitants. In 
 January 16656, the French king declared war against 
 England. The I^lnglish fleet put to seainider the command 
 of prince Rupert and the duke of Albemarle, towards the 
 middle of May, and there was soon a most bloody tight with 
 admiral Ruyter, in which the English were worsted. There 
 was another furious engagenunt in July, when the Dutch 
 were beaten. In Se|)temher, about one in the morning, a 
 terrible tire broke out in the city of Lcjudou, which conti- 
 nuing lor three days,laid the greatest part of the city in ashes, 
 consuming 89 churches, the city gates, (iuildhall, with many 
 other public structures, and 13,200 dwelling houses, and the 
 ruins of the city were 436 acres. In Octob.^'r lGfi7, the king 
 laid the first stone of the Royal Exchange, which was buiit 
 in the room of the old one, erected by Sir'^Thomas Greshaiu. 
 In January- 1667, was concluded the famous tripia alliance 
 between England, Holland, and Sweden, which was design- 
 ed to check the projects of Lewis the XIV. of France, who 
 had already invaded the Spanish Netherlands. This v.as 
 almost the only step taken by king Charles for the interest 
 of England and of Europe dunngliis whole reign ; and indeed, 
 it seems, that his design in it was only to amuse the public, 
 and ihat tliere was a secret understanding between him and 
 Lewis at the same time. In .'Xpril, 1670, a severe act was 
 passed against the non-conformists. The king established a 
 secret council, consisting of the five following persons ; C'.it- 
 ford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley Cooper, and Laudex- 
 dale. This council was nick-named the Cabal, from the ini- 
 tial letters of their names : and they truly deserved iliat 
 name, as they artfully promoted all the king's measures, how 
 contrary soever to the interest of England and the good of 
 ail Europe. In January, 1670-1, was passed the famous 
 Coventry act against maimiiiff or disfiguring, making it 
 death. On February the 2d the king sent a message to hasten 
 the money-bills. Lord Lucas made a bold speech in the 
 house of lords against the money-bills. A diflerence hap- 
 pened about the same time between the two houses, upon 
 the lords' right of altering money-liills. In the midst of 
 this dispute the king came to the house of peers, and pro- 
 rogued the parliament. A powerful league was now formed 
 against Holland by France, England, the elector of Cologne, 
 and the bishop of Munster. The king, though he had lately 
 two millions and a half from the parliament, and 700,000;^. 
 from the French king, was so profuse, that he still wanted 
 money, which he would fain raise without applying to the 
 parliament. Upon this the cabal advised him to shut up the 
 Exchequer, which he actually did, and it ccmtijiued shut up 
 for a year and some months, to the great distress and ruin 
 of many families. On March 15, the king published his de- 
 claration for liberty of conscience, suspending the execution 
 of all penal laws against the non-conformists. On the 17th, 
 the king declared war against the Slates-general ; and the 
 French king, and the other allies, soon after. The parlia- 
 ment met on February 4, 1672-3, and it soon appeared that 
 the country party, or that of the people, was become more 
 powerful in the house of commons than the court party. ■ 
 Tliey vigorously addressed the king against his declaration 
 forbberty of conscience, as it was claiming a dispensing- 
 power, and both houses joined in addresses against the 
 dangers that threatened tlie nation from popery. The 
 king finding the commons so fully bi>nt not to finish the 
 money bills till their grievances were redressed, recalled his 
 declaration. On April 16, 1677, the king, among other acts, 
 rave his assent to one for taking away the writ de karg- 
 
 U>5
 
 CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 lico ciimburenoo. On Augiisl 11, 1G78, the separate peace 
 with Hollaiici was signeil, and some moii',lis after with the 
 rest of the allies. Slarch 21, 1680-1, the parliament met, 
 and the firet thing they did was to order their votes to be 
 prinltd, wliieh practice they have continued ever since. 
 But the kinK finding this parliament not inclined to coun 
 tenance his favourite schemes, came sudden^y to the house of 
 lords and dissolved it, after one short session of but seven 
 days. The year 1684 was almost wholly taken up with 
 prosecutions of persons for speaking ill of the king, the 
 auke of York, and the government ; some were fined, and 
 in large sums, and others pilloried. Sir George Jefferies, 
 a man without honour of conscience, bad b^-en made lord 
 justice of the King's Bench, and other alterations had been 
 made amon^ tne judges ; and the sherifr's of London being 
 nownartied Dy the king, impannellcd such juries as were 
 sure to find for the court. The project of the surrender 
 of Chartres was completed this year. On February 6, 1684-5, 
 the kin^ died in his 55th year, and near 25 years after his 
 restoration. He had uo children by his queen, but several 
 bv his mistresses. 
 
 CHARLE.STON, the capital of S. Carolina, is seated on 
 n peninsula, formed by the rivers Ashley and Cooper, the 
 former of which is navigable for ships of burden 20 miles 
 ahove the town. The hanks of tliese rivers are adorned 
 with beautiful plantations, and fine walks, interspersed with 
 rows of trees, which render the situation of the town very 
 pleasant. Bv the Santee Canal, lately completed, boats pass 
 safely from Santee to Cooper River, and the productions of 
 Campden, Grandby, and the back conntiT, are potiredinto 
 Charleston with much facility and regularity. It has a com- 
 modious and secure harbour, and is a place of considerable 
 trade. In 1787, there were 1600 houses, 9600 whites, and 
 6400 negroes. Lat. 32. 50. N. Ion. 79. 33. W. 
 
 CHA'RLK.STON, a town of New Hampshire, 83 miles 
 N. W. of Boston ; also a town of Washington county, 
 Rhode Island ; and a town of Massachusets, 3 miles N. of 
 Boston. 
 
 CHA'RLES's-WAIN, in astronomy, 7 remarkable stars in 
 the constellation of Ursa Major. 
 
 CHAHLOCK, s. a weed growing among tlie corn, witn a 
 yedow flower. It isaspeciesof mithridate mustaid. 
 
 CHARLOTTE'S (Queen) ISL.\ND, an inland in the 
 south sea, first discovered by Captain Wallis, 1767, who took 
 possession of it in the name of George IlL 
 
 CHARM, s. [rharme, Fr.] a kind of spell, supposed to 
 have an irresistible influence, by means of the concurrence 
 of some infernal power, both on the mind, lives, and pro- 
 perties of those whom it has for its subject. Figuratively, 
 any excellence which engages and conquers the aft'ections. 
 Synon. The word churm carries an idea of force, which 
 puts a stop to ordinary effects and natural causes. The word 
 cvchaiUment is used properly for that which regards the illu- 
 sion of the senses. The word .';"■// bears particularly an 
 idea of something which disturbs the reason. 
 
 To CHARM, V. a. to fortify or secure against evil by some 
 spell; to influence, or subdue the mind by some excellence 
 or pleasure. 
 
 CHA'RMER, s. one who deals in spells or magic; one 
 whose personal perfection irresistibly attract admiration and 
 love. Synon. The body seems to he more susceptible af 
 graces ; the mind of charius. We say of a lady that she 
 walks, dances, and sings withgroM ,- and that herconversa 
 tion IS full oicliarms. 
 
 CHA'RMING, part, possessed of such perfections as 
 work irresistibly on the mind, and fill it with pleasure. 
 
 CHA'RMINriLY, ad. in such a manner as to convey in- 
 expressible pleasure. 
 
 CHA'RMINGNESS, s. that quality which renders a thing 
 capable of working on the affections, and filling the mind 
 With pif-a'iure. 
 
 CHA'RNEI^HOnSE, i. [rhariner, Fr.J to place inornear 
 a ch\irch, w here the bones of the dead are deposited. 
 
 CHAKT, (kart) t. [cliarta, Lat.] au hydiographicul map, 
 16C 
 
 or'projection of some part of the earth's superficies, for the 
 use of navigation. 
 
 CHA'RTER, s. [ehartre, Fr.] in law, a written evidence 
 or instrument of things done between two panties. The 
 hnff's charter, is where he makes a grant to any person or 
 body politic ; such as cfmi-tir of exemption, Ac. Charter/ 
 of private persons, are deeds and instruments. Figuratively, 
 the act of bestowing any privilege or right, exemption or 
 claim. 
 
 CHATiTERED, a. invested with privileges by charter, 
 beautifully applied in the following sentence ; " The air, a 
 c/(«r*f;'f/ libertine, is still." Shah. 
 
 CHATITER-LAND, «. land wnich is held by cJiarter, or 
 evidence in writing. 
 
 CHATlTER-PARTl', a. [ckartre partte, Fr.] a deed or 
 writing indented, made between merchants and sea-firing 
 men concerning their merchandise. 
 
 CHARTRES, an ancient and considerable town ^n the 
 department of Eure and Loir, containing about 10,000 in- 
 habitants. Its cathedral is esteemed one of the most beau- 
 tiful in the kingdom. The principal trade consists in corn. 
 It is seated on the river Eure, over which is a bridge, the 
 work of Vauban, 45 miles S. W'. of Paris. 
 
 CHAHY, a. cautious, scrupulous, careful of giving any 
 cause for suspicion or censure. 
 
 CHARY'BDIS, a celebrated wnirpooi, 30 paces m diame- 
 ter, in the Strait of Messina, between Calabria and Sicih. 
 Its horrors were described by the ancients with all the ex- 
 travagance of poetic fiction : it is said, however, to have 
 been entirely removed by an earthquake in 1783. 
 
 To CHASE, V. a. \chassir, Fr.] to follow after a beast, Sic. 
 for pleasure ; to hunt ; to pursue as an enemy. 
 
 CHASE, s. the pursuit or following of game ; hunting ; 
 that which is the proper object of hunting. The pursuit of 
 an enemy, or of some desirable object. Figuratively, pur- 
 suit. In law, a large extent of woody ground, privileged for 
 the reception of deer and game. 
 
 CHA'SER, s. one who pursues. 
 
 CHASM, (kazm) s. [e/iasme, Gr.] a breach or hollow space 
 separating tlie parts of any body ; a vacant space. 
 
 CHASTE, a. {chaste, Fr.] true to the marriage-bed. Ap- 
 plied to expressions, free from any obscenity or immodest 
 words. In grammar, free from am' foreign mixture. 
 
 To CHA'STEN, v. a. [chusti'er, Fr.] to correct or punisli a 
 child, in order to deter liim from faults. 
 
 CHA'.STELY, ad. without the least incontinence, or Riiy 
 inclination to lust. 
 
 CHA'STENESS, s. freeaom from incontinence, or any 
 breach of modesty. 
 
 To CHASTI'SE, (chastize) v. a. formerly accented on the 
 first syllable ; [chestier, Fr.] to punish or afi-lict for faults. 
 Synon. We chastise him who has committed a fault, to 
 prevent his doing the same again : We punish the person 
 guilty of a crime by way of expiation, and as an example to 
 others. To correct, signifies to amend by means of f/iaibw^ 
 me/iJ. To discipline, n;eans to regulate and instrnct. 
 
 CHASTI'SESiENT*. [formerly accented on the first syl- 
 lable] correction or punishment, generally applied to tlie 
 discipline of parents and tutors. 
 
 CHASTi'SKR, s. the person that chastises. 
 
 CHASTITY, s.\cusi.it(is, Lat.] an entire freedom from any 
 imputation of lust, either in thought or deed. In expressioiia, 
 free from immodest words. 
 
 To {!I1AT, i: n. [a contraction of the verb chatter] tb talK 
 on ditTereiit subjects, or without any deep thougnt, or pro. 
 found attf'iition. Actively, to talk of. Not in use, unless 
 lu<lieroiisly. 
 
 CHA'F,^s. trifling, id'e.and uiiimproving discourse, made 
 use of to Tiass lime awav. 
 
 CHA'n"i:LANY, (sUtleUamj) s. [chAtelaniu, Fr.] the dl» 
 trict belonging to any castle. 
 
 CHATHAM, a town of Kent, adjoining Rochestf r, aiid 
 seated on the Medwriy. It consists of about 500 hmses. 
 mostly low, and built with brick, and is chictly celebrattJ
 
 C II K 
 
 CUE 
 
 for lieiiitjtlio principal station of the roynl tinw : ns, likewise 
 for its (lock yard, improved and enlarged by Qiiein I'iiza- 
 betii, and considerably extended jjy Charles I. so fliat now 
 there is not a more complete arsenal in the world. The wiire- 
 houses here, for naval stores, ordnance, cVrc. ot'which there 
 are whole streets, are the largest in dimensions and most in 
 number to be seen any where ; the rope houses and smiths' 
 forircs are proportionably extensive ; as also the wet dock, 
 tlic canals and ditches, for keeping masts and yards under 
 water, for preserving them. The largest vessels are built 
 here, and whole fleets fitted out with astonishing expedi- 
 tion. A ship here is used as a church for the sailors. It is 
 31 miles V,. .S. K. of London. Market on Saturday. 
 
 CHATHAM, an island,on the S.E. coast of Massachusets; 
 a town of Conecticut ; and a county of Georgia, of which 
 Savannah is the principal town ; also a county of N. Caro- 
 lina ; and a town of Chesterfield county, S. Carolina. 
 
 CHATOYANT, in chymistry, a term introduced by the 
 French chymists, to describe a property in some metallic and 
 other substances, of varynig their colours according to the 
 way in which they are held ; as is the case with the feathers 
 of some birds, which appear very diti'ereut when seen in dif- 
 fejent positions. 
 
 CHATTELS, s. any moveable possession. At present 
 used only in law, for all things moveable and immoveable. 
 
 To CHA'TI^ER, )'. n. Warjiieter, Fr.] to make a noise like a 
 pic. Figiiratively, to talk verv much. 
 
 CHA'TTER, s. a noise like that of a pie, or monkey 
 when angry ;' " The mimic ape began his chattel-." Sici/t. 
 Impertinent talk. 
 
 CHA TTERER, s. one who spends his time in idle or un- 
 improving talk. 
 
 CHATWOOD, J. little sticks; fuel. 
 
 To CHAW, t'. a. [kawen, Teut.] to cut meat or food into 
 small pieces by a frequent action of the teeth. 
 
 CHA'WDIiON, s. the entrails or maw of a beast. 
 ■ CHA'WLEY, a town in Devonshire, 10 miles N. N. W. of 
 Crediton, and 18 N. N . W. of Exeter. 
 
 CHE'ADLE, a town in Staffordshire, in the neighbour- 
 hood of which are very extensive copper and brass works. 
 It is seated in a countiy aboupding with coals, near the 
 source of the Dove, 12 miles N. E. of Stafford. Lat. 53. 0. 
 N. Ion. 1. 56. W. Market on Saturday. 
 
 CHK AV, (clieep) a. [from rc«/)aj«, Sax.J to be purchased 
 witii little money ; of small value. 
 
 To CHE'APEN, r. a. to bargain for or ask the price of a 
 commodity ; to endeavour to purcliase a thing at a less price 
 than the seller first asks for it. 
 
 CHE'APLY, ad. at a very low price or rate ; with very 
 little money. 
 
 CHE'APNESS, s. lowness of price. 
 
 To CHEAT, {e/icet) V. a. to deceive or impose upon ; to 
 defraud a person by some artifice or low cunning. 
 
 CHEAT, J. a fraud, or imposture, whereby a person is 
 deceived and imposed upon ; a person who imposes on 
 others. 
 
 CHEATER, s. one who practises fraud, in order to de- 
 prive people of their property. 
 
 To CHECK, V. n. to restrain the cravings of any appetite ; 
 to stop a thing in motion ; to chide or reprove a person. 
 
 CHECK, s. a restraint, disappointment, repulse, curb, 
 reproof. Figuratively, a slight ; a counter cypher of a bank 
 bill ; an account kept privately to examine that which is 
 kept with a banker, or public office; a person who examines 
 any account ; a kind of linen with blue stripes crossing each 
 other, used by sailors for shirts, &c. Clerk of the check, in 
 the king's household, has the controhnent of the yeomen of 
 the guard, and all the ushers belonging to the royal family, 
 allowing their absence or defaults in attendance, or mulet- 
 ing their wages for the same, &c. He, or his deputy, takes 
 cognizance of those who are to watch m the court, and sets 
 the watch, &c. 
 
 To CHE'CKER, or CHE'QUER, v. a. [from echecs, Fr.] 
 to vary with different colours like a chess-board; to varie- 
 
 gate. Figuratively, to diversify with different stnto f,f 
 prosperous and unsuccessful circuinstimces. 
 
 CHECKER,orCHE'CKER-\V()KK,*.anvth!n(^paintr(. 
 in squares, with different colours, like a clioib-'K/ard. 
 
 CHECKMATE, ». Uc/hc et mat, Fr.J ilie movement on 
 the ciiess board that kills the opposite men, or hinders them 
 from moving. 
 
 CHE'CK-ROLL, s. a book or roll containing trie names 
 of the king's household servants. 
 
 CHE'DDER, a large village of Somersetshire, famous for its 
 cheeses, which are the next best to Stilton cheese, in England, 
 snd as large as those of Cheshire. It is seated 2 or 3 miles 
 E. of Axbridge, in Somersetshire. 
 
 CHEEK, «. the fleshy part of the side of the face below 
 the eye. Among mechanics, cheeks arc a general name for 
 almost all those pieces of machines and instruments that 
 are double and perfectly alike. The checks of a s;rate, are Hat 
 plates of iron, standing perpendicular, and serving to confine 
 the dimensions of a fire. The checks <f a nwrtar, are two 
 strong planks of wood, bound with thick iron plates, which 
 are fixed on eacli side of the mortar to keep it in the eleva- 
 tion that is given it. 
 
 CHEEKBONE, s. the iaw. 
 
 CHEER,.?, [c/joe, Fr.] provisions for an entertainment , 
 gaiety, or folness of spirits. 
 
 To CHEER, V. a. to inspire with courage; to animate, or 
 incite ; to make joyful. 
 
 CHE'ERER, i. the person or thing which communicates 
 joy, orcomfoits in distress. 
 
 CHEERFUL, a. that abounds in gaiety, life, and spirits 
 opposed 10 dejection. 
 
 CHE'EltFULLY, arf. without dejection, willingly. 
 
 CHEERFULNESS, s. a disposition of mind unclouded by 
 despair; alacrity; vigour. 
 
 CHEERLESS, a. sad, dejected, comfortless. 
 
 CHE'ERLY, ad. in a gay, cheerful, joyous manner. 
 
 CHE'ERY, a. gay, joyful, orromniunicating pleasure and 
 gaiety. 
 
 CHEESE, {cheeze) s. \ci/ze, Sax. J a food made of milk, 
 curdled by means of rennet, squeezed dry in h press, anu 
 hardened by time. 
 
 CHE'ESECAKE,s. in pastry, is made of soft curds, buttsi 
 and siigar, baked. 
 
 CHE ESEMONGER, s. one who deals in cheese. 
 
 CHE'ESEPRESS, s. a press, wherein the curds of which 
 thecheeseis made are pressed dry from the whey. 
 
 CHE'ESEVAT, s. the wooden case in which the curds are 
 confined, when pressed for cheese. 
 
 CHE'ESY, {cheizy) a. having the qualities of cheese. 
 
 CHE'KAO, -f. in natural history,the name of an earth which 
 IS used by the Chinese in making that beautiful white porce- 
 lain, which has fiowers that appear to be formed by a mere 
 vapour within its surface. 
 
 CHELMSFORD, a pretty large, populous town, nearly 
 in the centre of Essex. It is pleasantly situated in a valley, 
 at the confluence of the Chelmerand the Can, the gardens 
 of the inhabitants on each side of the town, extending to 
 those rivers. Here are some good inns, with a fountain, or 
 conduit, of excellent water ; and the assizes and quarter 
 sessionsfor the county are held here. It is a great thorough- 
 fare, the great eastern road from London passing through it. 
 It is 43 miles S. by W. of Bury, 21 S. W. by W. of Colchester, 
 and 29 N. E. by E. of London. A considerable market for 
 corn, cattle, and provisions, on Friday. 
 
 CHELSEA, a large and populous village of Middlesex, 
 on the banks of the 'Tluiraes, I mile W. of St. James's Park. 
 Here is an extensive and well stocked botanical garden, be- 
 longing to the company of apothecaries in London, and a 
 bridge over the river to Battersea ; here also is a magnifi- 
 cent hospital erected for the disabled and superannuated 
 soldiers of the English army. 
 
 CHE'LTENHAM, a town of Gloucesiei.shire, noted for 
 its mineral waters, and extensive prospects from its adjoin- 
 ing hills. It is much improved of late years, with a new 
 
 J"
 
 CHE 
 
 CHt 
 
 mnrtet liouse, a foot-way of flafr-stoiies, made on each side 
 of the streets. The poor inliabitaiits spin wool for the 
 clothiers of Stroud. It derives its name from the rivulet 
 Ciiilt, which passes tlirough it iifto the Severn from Dowdes- 
 well, and is Smiles N. E. of Gloucester, and 95 W. by N. of 
 London. Market on Thursday. 
 
 CH-E'LY. *. [cliela, Lat.] the claw of the shell-fish. 
 
 GHEMI'SE, (s/mmeis) s. [Fr.] iu fortification, a wall lining 
 a bastion or ditch, in order to strengthen and support it. 
 Also the French name for a shift, or u kind of dress resem- 
 bling a shift. 
 
 CHEMISTRY. See Chymistry. 
 
 CHE'PSTOW, a populous, flourisbingtowii of Monmouth- 
 shire, seated on tiie river Wye, near its confluence with the 
 Severn. It is the port for all the towns that sland on the 
 Wye and Lug. Ships of 6 or 700 tons burden are built here, 
 or come up to tlie town. Five vessels trade constantly be- 
 tween this port and London, generally going and returning 
 in two months. A market-boat of 70 tons burden, goes 
 likewise regularly to Bristol every Tuesday, and returns 
 evei"y Thursday. The merchants import their own wine 
 from Oporto, and fiax, deal, pitch, (S.c. from Norway and 
 Russia. The tide is said to rise higher here than in any 
 other part of Europe, swelling to 50 or (iO feet perpendicular. 
 It is 18 miles N. of Bristol, and 127 of London. Market on 
 Sattudav. 
 
 CIIERA'SCO, a city, capital of a prnicipality of Pied- 
 mont, situated at the conflux of the rivers Stura ar.d Tanaro. 
 
 CHEIlBURG,a maritime town, in the department of the 
 Channel, containing about 600 inhabitants. Tiie harbour 
 will admit vessels of 900 tons at high water, and of 2.50 at 
 low. Woollen stuffs are manufactured here, and the inha- 
 bitants build small vessels. Cherburg is 50 miles N. W. of 
 Caen. Lat. 49. 38. N. ion. 1.33. W. 
 
 To CH i'7RlSH, V. a. [ehei-ir, Fr.] to nourish or promote the 
 growth of a thing; to help ; to encourage* to protect, shel- 
 ter, and nourish. 
 
 CHE'RlSIiEU, J. one who protects, ana contributes to 
 the growth of a thing. 
 
 CHE'RRY, s. in g ,rdening, a fruit-tree, with shining 
 leaves ; its fruit grows on long pedicles, is ro\indisli or heart- 
 shaped ; though included by Linna?us under the genus of 
 prtiniis, or plum, yet they cannot be engrafted on each 
 other. 
 
 CHE'RRY, ff. resembling a cherry in colour ; red. 
 
 CH.E'RSON, the capital of New Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Ekaterinoslav, lately erected on the banks of the 
 river Dnieper, 10 miles above the mouth of the Ingulec. It 
 was intended by the empress Catharine to be the principal 
 mart for foreign trade in this part of her dominions. It is 
 not yet very large, but the houses are of stone, and neatly 
 executed. It has a dock for the construction of large vessels, 
 from which several have been already launched. The public 
 works are executed and the plantations fornud by criminals, 
 who amount to some hundreds. It is supplier! with fuel by 
 jeeds only, of which there is an iiuuiense forest in the shal- 
 lows of the Dnieper, near the town. Rails, and even tem- 
 porary houses are made of them. They are tall and strong, 
 and afl'ord shelter to various kinds of acpratic birds, some of 
 which are very beautiful. In this city the hiimaiie Howard 
 ended his days ; Ik: was to the last engaged in tlie merciful 
 employment of visiting tiiose wlio were sick and iu \irison. 
 Cherson is 50 miles N. E. of Ockzakow. Lai. 46. N. lou. 
 33. 10. E. 
 
 CHERSONE'SE, or CIIERSONE'SUS, (ke^soneiz) i. [from 
 chersos, land, and vesus, isliniil, Gr.] in geography, a pe- 
 ninsula. 
 
 CHERT, It. ]iiuttrf:, Germ.] a term made use of i".describ- 
 ing a species of siliceous stones which are coarser and softer 
 than ihcconnntvii silex. It is often found in large masses or 
 (piarries of limestone. 
 
 CHI'VIIT-SEY, a town of Surry, in a low situation near the 
 Thames, over whieli there is a iiandsomc bridge of seven 
 birches. It was formerly the residence of some of the Saxon 
 jr.d 
 
 khigs, lias a trade in malt, which it conveys in barges to Ix)n- 
 don, and is 7 miles W. of Kingston, and 20 W. b\ S. of Lon- 
 don. jMarkel on Wednesday. 
 
 CHERUB, i. [i'mm c/ienit, \)\. clicmhim, Heb.] a celestiai 
 spirit, in the order of aiigels, placed next to the seraphim ; in 
 scripture variously described under the shapes of men, 
 eagles, oxen, lions, <S:c. 
 
 CHERU'BIC, a. angelic, or partaking of the nature of a 
 cherub. 
 
 CHERUTJM, s. the plural of cherub. 
 
 To CHERUP, ?'. n. to make a noise by drawing in the 
 air through the lips, after they are drawn into a kind of cir- 
 cle, in order to encourage any beast, or to set a song bird 
 a singing. 
 
 CHERVIL, *. a ^•ery common weed in many places of 
 Britain. There are several species of it. Garden chej-cil, 
 is otherw ise called sw eel fern. 
 
 CHE'S APEAK, one of the largest bays in the world. Its 
 entrance is between Cape Charles and Cape Heni'y, in Vir- 
 ginia, 12 miles wide, and it extends 270 miles to the north- 
 ward, on both sides of tlie state of iSIaryland. It is from 7 
 to 18 miles broad, and generally i) fathoms deep, atlbrding 
 a safe and easy navigation, and many commodious harbours. 
 It receives the waters of the Susqueliaunali, Patomac, Rap- 
 palianoc, York, and James which are all large and naviga- 
 ble ri' eis. 
 
 CHE'SHAM, a town of Buckinghamshire, trading in 
 laces, shoes, and wooden ware. It is seated on the borders 
 of Hertfordshire, 12 miles S. K. of Aylesbury, and 29 W. by 
 N. of London. Rlarketou Wednesday. 
 
 CHESHIRE, a county Palatine of England, separated on 
 the N. from Lancashire by the river Mersey, but just at the 
 N. E. point it borders on Yorkshire, on the E. it is bounded 
 by Derbyshire and part of Staffordshire, on the S. by Shrop- 
 shire, and a detached part of Flintshire, and on the W. and 
 S. W. by Denbysliire and Flintshire, from which latter it 
 is separated bv the river Dee; on the N. W. it is washed 
 by the Irish Sea, tliat part of it being a peninsula, about 13 
 niiles in length, and G in breadth, formed by the mouths of 
 the Mersey and the Dee. Without inehiding the peninsula, 
 the county extends 33 miles from N. to S. and 42 from E. 
 to W. It is divided into 7 hundreds, containing 1 city, 11 
 market-towns, and 101 parishes. The air is teniperate and 
 very healthy. The soil is rich in pasture and cOrn l.uid. 
 Immense quantities of cheese arc made in this county ; init 
 a considerable ([uantity, of what goes by the name of Che- 
 shire cheese, is made in Shropshire, Staffordshire, and Lan- 
 cashire. Loudon ahuie is said to consume 14,000 tons of 
 it; vast quantities arc also sent to foreign parts, to Ireland, 
 Scotland, and different parts of Eughuid. The manufactures 
 of Cheshire are extensive ; and it is noted for its salt springs. 
 The principal rivers are the Mersey, Dee, Weaver, and 
 Dane ; and! here are several small lakes. 
 
 CHESHUNT, with its Park and Wash, Herts, near Hod- 
 desdoii. Here Richard Cromwell, the protector, under the 
 assumed name of Clark, spent many years of a venerable 
 old age, in obscurity and peace, rnuch to be preferred, no 
 doubt, to all till' s|ileiidid infelicities of guilty ambition. He 
 first resided here ill Uiso,' in a lituise near the cluirch, and 
 here he died in 1712, in hisB(;th >ear. lie enjoyed a good, 
 slate of health to the last ; and was so heaithy, that at four- 
 score he vvf-uld galloi) his luu-se foriiianv mil(>s together. 
 
 CHE'SNUT, or CHESXlIT-'niEE, s. the timber of it, 
 next to the oak, is the fittest for buiUling, durable, and most 
 coveted by carjtentcrs and jc^ners. As to the nut or fruit of 
 this tree, the biggest are accounted the best. 
 
 CHESS, s. \efliecs, Fr.] a game iilayed with little round 
 pieces of wood on a board divided into 21 squares, each 
 side having eight noblemen and as many jiawns, whici) are 
 to be moved or shifted into the different squares, according, 
 to the laws of the game. 
 
 ClllvSS-APPLE, ,«. a species of wild service. 
 
 CHESS-MAN, s. a puppet for chess. 
 
 CHESS-PLAYER, s. a gamester at chess.
 
 CHE 
 
 CHI 
 
 .''CHE'SSOM, I. in fiardeiiin?,', a meilow earth, between 
 (he two extremities of clay and sand. 
 
 CHEST, I. [cyst, Sax.] a larjje strong wooden box, greater 
 tJianatrunit, used for Jteepinf; ciotiies, linen, cVc. Tiie ra- 
 vity of the human l)0(ly from the neck to tlie ix'lly, called 
 the breast or stomach. A c/iest of drawers, is a wooden 
 frame which contains several drawers placed above each 
 other. 
 
 CHE'STER, the capital of Cheshire, is a lar^je, ancient, 
 and ponidoHS citv, containinj; 'J well-built cliunlics, besides 
 liie cathedral, called St. \Veri)uri,drs, which looks asaiitirpie 
 as the castle. They were both built by Iluj;li Lupus, nephew 
 to William the Con<pieior; unless, as some say, the church 
 was founded by Edj^ar. It is seated on the Dee, over 
 which there is a noble bridj;e, by which vessels come 
 from the sea to the quay ; and by a canal, lately cut, it has 
 communication with most of die new inlaml navigations. 
 It has also a constant connnuuication with Ireland. Its three 
 annvial fairs, on Feb. 2t. Jidy .0, and Oct. 10, each lastin;; a 
 week, are the most noted in England, especially for Irish 
 linens. The main streets have a fieculiarity of construction ; 
 tJiey are hollowed out in the rock lo a considerable depth, 
 and the houses have, elevated in front, a sort of covered 
 porticos, which are called rows, and atford a sheltered way 
 for foot passengers. The city has 4 gates and 3 posterns, 
 aiid is 3 miles in compass. It consists chieHy of 4 large 
 streets, vvhich are pretty even and spacious, and as they 
 croi? one another \n straight lines, meeting in the centre, 
 they make an exact cross, wilh the town-house or exchange, 
 a neat structure, near the middle. In the old castle, where 
 the earls of Chester formerly held their parliaments, was a 
 stately hall, somewhat like that at Westminster, where the 
 palatine courts and assizes were held, before the erection of 
 the new prison. Chester has a manufactoi-y of gloves and 
 tobacco-pipes, and a considerable tralhc of shop goods 
 into North Wales. Ic is 182 miles N. W. of London. Mar- 
 kets on Wednesday and Saturday. 
 
 CHE'STERFIELD, a town of Derbyshire, seated on a 
 gentle rise, between two small rivers, is, next to Derby, the 
 inost considerable town in the couijtv'. It has one of the 
 largest free-schools in the north of England. Here is a ma- 
 nufactory of worsted and cotton stockings, and of carpets; 
 also silk mills, and potteries for lirown ware ; and near the 
 town are large iron founderies, which are supplied with ore 
 and coal dug in the vicinity. Large quantities of lead are 
 sent hence by the new canal to the Trent, which it joins be- 
 low Gainsborough. The couiiti-y round Chesterfield pro- 
 duces great quantities of camomile. The spire of the church, 
 which is of timber, covered with lead, is warped awry. It 
 is 22 miles N. of Derby, and 149 N. N. W. of London. 
 Market on Saturday. 
 
 CHEST FOUNDERING, v. in farrierj, a disease in 
 horses which resembles a pleurisy or peripneumony in 
 men. 
 
 CHEVALIE'R, {shcvnllUr) s. [from c/ieval, a horse, Fr.] a 
 knight. In heraldry, a horseman armed at all points, or in 
 complete armour. 
 
 CHEVAUX DE FRISF^ fs/,«« de freeze) s. [Fr.| in for- 
 tification, a piece of timber traversed with wooden spikes, 
 five or six feet long, pointed with iron, used for stopping up 
 breaches, or securing any avenue fnmi the enemy's 
 cavalry. 
 
 CHE'VERIL, (sheveri!) s. [clievereau, Fr.] a kid. Figura- 
 tivelv, kid leather. 
 
 CHEVIOT, a mountainous district, separating the N. W. 
 part of Northumberland from Scotland. The Iiilly country 
 is called the Cheviot Hills, as tlif adjoining fennv grounds 
 are called the Cheviot Moors. The cattle and wool are ex- 
 cellent. 
 
 CHETRON, (sliivrdng) .-. [Fr.] in heraldry, one of the 
 honorary ordinaries, representing two rafters of a house 
 joined together, so as to form an angle, and is the svmliol 
 of protection. Pei- c/ieirou, is when the field is divided 
 only by two .single hues, risin," from the two base points. 
 
 and meeting in a point above, like the chevron ; this is tent*. 
 itdptirli/ per c/icvron. 
 
 To Chew, v. «. [ccowmn, Sax.] to bite or grind meat imo 
 small ])ieces between the teeth, proper for swallowing. 
 Neuterly, to revolve often in the tlloughts; to rumiuute or 
 meditate upon. Used with on, or npon. 
 
 ClilA'Ml'A, a country of Asia, bounded on tlie W. I>y 
 Candw)dia, on the N. fiy C<ichin China, and on the E. and .S. 
 by the liulian Ocean, and the river Cambodia. It is little 
 known. 
 
 ClllAN EARTH, (AiiTH erth) s. in nharraacy, is a dense 
 and compact earth, sent hither in small flat pieces from the 
 island whose name it bears ; it is recommended as an astriu- 
 gent ; and we are told, it is the greatest of all cosmetics, 
 that it gives a whiteness and smoothness to the skin, and 
 prevents wrinkles, beyond any of the other substances that 
 have been celebrated for the same purposes. 
 
 CHICA'NE, {eheekuiie) by some the c/t in this word and its 
 derivatives is pronounced like sh, as in the French.) s. \chi- 
 cniir, Fr.] in law, an abuse of judiciary \)rocee<ling tending 
 to delay the cause, and deceive or impose on the judge or 
 the i)arties. In the schools, vain sophistry, tending to pes- 
 petuati' disputes, and obscure the truth. 
 
 To CHICA'NE, v.n.[c!iicaner, Fr.] to prolong a contest by 
 artifice and subtleties. 
 
 CIIICA'NER, «. [c/iieaneiir, Fr.] oire who makes use of 
 quirks, subtleties, or other artifice, to obscure the truth. 
 
 CHICA'NERY, s. [eltieanerie, Fr.] ail artful prolonging 
 any tlispute by frivolous objections or subtleties. 
 
 CHICHESTER, the capital of Sussex, is a neat and hand- 
 some city, seated in a plain, by the river Lavant, by w hich 
 it is encompassed on every side, except the N. The maF- 
 ket-place is in the centre of the town, from which the four 
 principal streets are directed to the cardinal points of the 
 compass, and bear the names of E. W. N. and S. street. 
 Its market is well supplied with provisions, it exports corn, 
 malt, <Vc. has some foreign commerce, a declining manufac- 
 tory of needles, and a manufactory of baize, blankets, anrl 
 coarse cloths, lately established. The haven, formed by a 
 canal, cut from the city down into tiie bay, affords excellent 
 lobsters. It is 61 miles S. W. of London. Markets on Wed- 
 nesday, Fridav, and Saturday. 
 
 CHICK, or CHICKEN, «. [cicen. Sax.] the young of a 
 fowl, Dr hen. Chick is used figuratively for a word of ten- 
 derness. Sometimes it is used for a person not arrived to 
 the years of maturiiv, and void of experience. 
 
 CIirCKI;\ HEARTED, a. timorous; cowardly. 
 
 CH1'CKF.N1'(>X, s. in medicine, a species of the small 
 pox, but tlie pustules are not so large. 
 
 CHl'CKLING, s. a small or young chicken. 
 
 CHICKPEA, s. a kind of degenerate pea. 
 
 CHl'CKWEED, i. in botany, a species of alsine, wilh 
 divided petals, leaves between egg and heart-shaped, ami 
 upright white blossoms, which open from nine in the morifc. 
 ing till noon, except in rainy weather, when they do not 
 open at all. It is very common in rich cultivated ground, 
 and flowers from April to October. 
 
 To CHIDE, r. n. [prefer, elide, particip. pass, chid, or 
 chidden ; cliidan. Sax.] to reprove with some degree of 
 warmth and anger for faults. To blame or find fault with, 
 beautifillly applied to inanimate things. " Fountains, o'er 
 the pebbles, e/uV/ your stay." Dn/d. Neuterly, to scold o» 
 reprove severely. To make a noise as in a passion, elegantly 
 applieil to inanimate things. " .\s doth a rock agahist the 
 cliidiits; flood." S/iak.^ 
 
 CHl'DER, s. one tliat is addicted to reproof, or fond of 
 blaming. 
 
 CHIDLEIGH, or Chldleigh, a town of Devonshire. 
 with a market on Saturday. It is seated near the river 
 Thames, and the market is good for corn and provisio'is. 
 It is 183 miles W. by S. of London. On the 22a :jf April, 
 1807, this town, consisting of about 200 houses, was bunil 
 to the ground, with the exception of the church and seven 
 Iiousesouly, but happily without the loss of one human life. 
 " 1.W
 
 CHI 
 
 CHI 
 
 Chitdleigk Roc';, in tlie neighbourhood of Clmdleigh ; viewed 
 from the W. il is a bold and perpendicular rock, appafently 
 one solid mass of marble. From the S. E. a hollow opens 
 to the view, wilii a stream rusiiing impetuously at the bot- 
 loui, here and there checked in its progress by a great quan- 
 tity of rude stones scattered around. Altogether, it is one 
 of the most striking inland rocks in the island. 
 
 CHIEF, (dieef) a. [c/ief] Fr.] the major part, or greatest 
 number; principal, including the idea of superior rank and 
 activity. 
 
 CHIEF, s. a commander, applied to one who commands 
 an army. In heraldry, the upper part of an escutcheon, 
 running across from side to side. 
 
 CHI'EFLESS, a. witliout chief or commander. 
 
 CHIEFLY, ad. generally ; foV the most or greatest part ; 
 principally. 
 
 CHITLFRIE, (cheefivj) s. an acknowledgment paid to 
 the lord paramount. 
 
 CHIEFTAIN, s. {cheifuiin) one who commands an army ; 
 the head of a cl:in. 
 
 CHI'ETl, a city of Naples, capital of Abruzzo Citra. 
 
 CHrLBL.\IN, s. small red shining tumors, appearing on 
 the fingers, tees, and heels, and when breaking out on the 
 heels called kibes. 
 
 CHILD, s. plural children ; \cd4, Sax.j an infant or per 
 son in its tendercst years ; the offsprmgofa person 
 
 .To CHILD, V. n. to brinir forth or bear children. Figu- 
 ratively, to be pfolific or fruitful, opposed to barren. 
 
 CHI'LDBEARING, s. the act of bearing children ; preg' 
 nancv. 
 
 CHILDBED, s. a lying-in; or the state of a woman just 
 after her delivery. 
 
 CHILDBIRTH, s. labour ; travail ; deliverv. 
 
 CHI'LDERMAS-DAY,*. the day on which Herod's mas- 
 sacre of the children at Jerusalem, on account of Christ's 
 birth, is commemorated, which weak and superstitious per- 
 sons think an unlucky day. 
 
 CHI LDHOOD, i.'the state of a child ; the interval be- 
 tween infancy and youth. 
 
 CHI'LDISH, a. resembling a child in ignorance, simpli 
 citv, and trifling. 
 
 CHILDISHLY, ad. in such a manner as only becomes a 
 child ; in a trifling manner. 
 
 CHILDISHNESS, s. want of discretion, knowleage, ex 
 perience, and gravity. 
 
 CHILDLESS, a. without children. 
 
 CHI'LDLIKE, a. that resembles the actions and senti 
 incuts of a child. 
 
 CHILI, a large country of S. America, bounded on the 
 \V. by the S. Pacific Ocean; on the N. by I'eru; ou the 
 E. by immense deserts, which divide it from Paraguay and 
 other parts of S. America ; and on the S. by Patagonia. It 
 is upwards of 800 miles in length, but its breadth is uncer- 
 tain. The Spanish colonies are thinly <lisperst'd along the 
 borders of the S. .Sea, on a narrow tract extending from 3<.' 
 10.50 miles in length. A profusion of natural productions 
 IS seen throughout this countn', wherever attempts have 
 been made to cultivate it. The wine made here is palata- 
 ble, and of a good body ; and brandy is distilled from it. 
 The northern parts lundme olives. The useful animals 
 introduced here from Euro|ie have multiplied surprisingly. 
 Minesof gold and copperare numerous. It is claimed by 
 the Si)aniards, but the grtater part of it is possessed by the 
 still iinconqucred and inde|iendeiit natives. 
 
 CHILI AD, (hiliad) s. Ic/nlias, Cir ] a thousand, or a collec- 
 tion of things oryears amoiuitingtoa thousand. 
 
 CI11LIAF;DR0N, .v. [from rhili'is, a thousand, Gr.] a fi 
 giire of a thousand sides. 
 
 CIIILIFACTIVE, or CHILIFA'CTORY, s. See Ciiy 
 
 I.lFAf riVF.. 
 
 CHILIHU'QUE, s. a kind of American canie.-sneep, 
 korviiig the ancieiil inhabitants of Chili as a beast oi' burden 
 uiid of dr::ught, aii<l producing them a kind of woo . 
 
 CiilLL,;. [ckIc, Sax.J cold, or that which slops tiie circu- 
 
 lation of any fluid by its coldness. Figuratively, shivernig 
 with, or having the sensationof cold ; depressed, dejected ; 
 discouraged, or rendered inactive by some disappointment 
 or terrible object. 
 
 To CHILL, V. a. to reduce from a state of warmth to that 
 of coldness. Figuratively, to stop or repress any motion; 
 to discourage and detect ; to blast or destroy by cold. 
 
 CHILLINESS, i. cold ; a sensation which produces shi- 
 vering. 
 . CHl'LLY, a. that proceed from chilliness or cold. 
 
 CHI'LMINAR, «. the noblest and most beautiful piece 
 of architecture amongst all tlie ruins of antiquity, being 
 the ruins of the famous palace of Persepolis, tired by Alex^ 
 ander the Great, when intoxicated, at the persuasion of 
 Thais his courtezan. 
 
 CHI'LNESS, s. the sensation of cold productive of shi- 
 vering ; the quality of producing the sensation of cold. 
 
 CHl'LTERN, a chain of chalky hills, separating the courn- 
 ties of Bedford and Herts, and running through the middle 
 of Bucks, from Tring, Herts, to Heniey upon Thames, Ox- 
 fordshire. They are covered, in various parts, with woods, 
 and some of the eminences are of considerable height, and 
 aflFord rich prospects. To tliese hills is annexed the nomi- 
 nal otfice of steward under the crown, the acceptance of 
 which, of consequence, enables a member of the British par- 
 liaujent to vacate his seat 
 
 CHIMB, s. [kiine, Belg.j the end ot a barrel or tub, 
 
 CFIIME, s. in music, formerly used for a concord, or the 
 soundingof the same note on several instruments at once. 
 In ringiug, the sounding all the bells of a steeple after one 
 another, with all the variations in their order that can pro- 
 duce music, or an agreeable harmony. Applied to clocks, 
 a kind ot periodical music, produced by a particular appa- 
 ratus, wherein hammers of diflerept sizes are put in motion, 
 and play some tune on bells. Figuratively, harmony of 
 tempers, proportion, or otiier relations. In poetry, the 
 syllable at the end of a verse, which has the same soumt as 
 that o' the preceding one. 
 
 To CHIME, V. n. to sound a concord, to agree in souncL 
 Figuratively, to be musical. To answer each other, applied 
 to relative terms ; to acquiesce in; toagree with. Applied 
 to poetry, to make the concluding syllables of two verses 
 end with the same letters or sound. Actively, to cause to 
 sound harmonically; to strike a bell with a hammer. 
 
 CHIMERA, (/f/metj-fl) s. [Gr.] ayioetical fiction of a mon- 
 ster, composed of an union of the parts of difl'ereiit aniuials. 
 Figuratively, a groundless or vain imagination, which has uo 
 fiiundatiouin reason or nature. 
 
 CHIMF.'IIICAL, {kima-ical) a. that IS tne mere proauct of 
 fancy or imagination; imaginary; fantastic. 
 
 CHlME'RICALLY, {Imnoicdili/) ad. in a wild, fantastic, 
 vain manner; withoutany reality. 
 
 CHI'MNIAGE, s. [from chimin, an old law word for a 
 road] a toll for passage through a forest. 
 
 CHI'MLEIGH, a town in Devonshire wit'h a market on 
 Wednesday. It is seated on the river Dart, which fetching 
 a compass like a bow, surrounds three parts of it. It is but 
 a small place, and the market is inconsiderable. It is 22 
 miles N. N. VV. of Exeter, and 193 \V. by S. of London. 
 
 CHIMNEY, s. [c/ieniiiiee, Fr.] in architecture, the passage 
 or funnel through which the smoke ascends in a building. 
 Cliim»c\i;piice'\s a composition of certain mouldings standing 
 on the fiffeside of the jaumbs, and coming over the mantle- 
 tree ; the ornamental piece of wood or stone, that is sot 
 round the fire-place. 
 
 CHIMNEY-SWEEPER, one whose trade it is to clean 
 foul chimnies of soot. 
 
 CHIMPANZEE, f. an African animal of the monkey 
 tribe, which very nearly resembles the human species. 
 
 CHIN, s. [cinne, Sax.J the lower part of the face from the 
 nnner lip. 
 
 CHINA, an extensive empire of Asia, bounded on the W. 
 by mountains and deserts, which divide it fioiu part ot 
 Tartary, Thibet, »«d the kingdom of Ava ; ou the N. by E.
 
 CHI 
 
 CHI 
 
 Tartary, Ifrom which it is separated by a wall above 200 
 miles in length, on which there are about 45,000 towers : on 
 tire E. by the Yell'ow Sea, and the Chinese Ocean ; and on 
 the S. by the same ocean, Tonqiiin, Laos, Pegu, and Ava. 
 It lies between 20. and 41. deg. N. lat. and between 96. and 
 125. deg. E. Ion. It is divided into 16 provinces, which con 
 tain 156 towns of the first rank, 1312 of the second, besides 
 2357 fortified towns. Its population is said to amount to 
 333,000,000 a full third part of the whole human species. As 
 fhis extensive country lies under a variety of climates, its 
 air is very different. In the S. they are exposed to the tro 
 pical heats, and periodical rains, while the rivers in tiic N. 
 are general frozen up for some months during the winter. 
 It is chiefly a flat, open country, but there are some moun- 
 tains, which are generally well cultivated and covered \v ith 
 trees, and there are mines of iron, tin, copper, quicksilver, 
 gold and silver. There is abundance of corn, and pulse ot 
 all sorts, especially rice ; and here are several trees, fruits, 
 and animals, and a great number of simples, peculiar to the 
 country, particularly a plant called ginseng, a tree that pro- 
 duces peas, differing little from those of Europe ; another 
 bearing a kind of gum, which makes excellent varnisii ; a 
 third bearing white berries, of the size of a hazel nut, wiiose 
 pulp is tallow, of which candles are made ; and a fourth 
 called the white wax tree, producing that article superior to 
 the common bee's wax. The bamboo-cane grows to the 
 height of an ordinary tree; and though it is hollow within, 
 the wood is hard, and proper for many uses, such as pipes 
 to convey water, boxes, baskets, and the making of paper, 
 after it is reduced into a sort of paste. C/iiua is the only 
 country which produces the tea plant, and supplies other 
 nations with that article when prepared. There is scarcely 
 a village of China, especially in the S. but what enjoys the 
 benefit of some navigable river, lake, canal, or arm of the 
 sea ; and wherever there is a town on shore, there is another 
 of boats upon the water, and many families are born, live, 
 and die there ; hogs, poultry, dogs, and other domestic 
 animals being kept on board the same as on shore. Besides 
 these vessels, there is a prodigious number of floats of tim- 
 ber perpetually passing up and down the rivers and canals, 
 which carry vast numbers of people on them. Some of these 
 floats are a mile in length, and the proprietors build little 
 huts upon them, where they live till they have disposed ot 
 their timber, which Iliey sometimes cari-y 1000 miles. The 
 inhabitants are of a tawny complexion, and those are es- 
 teemed the most handsome who are the most corpulent. 
 The men are much addicted to literature, and very ingeni- 
 ous in the practice of mechanical arts. The women att'ect 
 much modesty, and lead a very retired life, to which they 
 are partly induced by the disproportionate smallness of 
 their feet, which renders walking painful and laborious. 
 This smallness of their feet is not natural, but is the result 
 of the violent compression which they endure from infancy. 
 The Chinese are extremely ceremonious, but generally re 
 garded as deceitful and knavish. Their language has no 
 alphabet, but they write in characters which stand for 
 words, or rather for ideas. The religion of the learned is 
 a kind of deism, but that of the vulgar is gross idolatry. 
 The revenues of the crown are computed at 21,000,000 
 sterling 3 early, and the forces are said to consist of 5,000,000 
 of men in time of peace. They have generally maintained 
 peace with their neighbours ; but the late emperor extended 
 nis dominions over a great part of what used to be called 
 Independent Tartary. Pekin is the capital of the whole 
 empire. 
 
 CHI'NA-ORANGE, «. tlie sweet orange brought origi- 
 nally from China. 
 
 CHraA ROOT, *. a medicinal root brought originally 
 from China. 
 
 CHINCHITMEN, s. in natural history, a kind of otter, 
 which inhabits Chili, and bears a considerable resemblance 
 to a cat. 
 
 CHl'N COUGH, (rlan^off) s. in medicine, a violent, dry 
 cough, affecting chiKiren, even to a danger of suffocation. 
 
 CHINE, I. \etchine, Fr.| the part of tlie back contaiuing 
 the spine or back-bone. 
 
 To CHINE, I), a. to cut into chines; to split along the 
 back-bone. 
 
 CHINK, s. [cinan, Sax.T a narrow gap, or opening, where- . 
 by the contact of the parts of a body is di«»olved ; a small or 
 narrow opening lengthwise. 
 
 To CHINK, t). a. to make money or pieces of any metal 
 sound by shaking them together. Neuterly, to sound by 
 striking each other; to break in clefts or gaps, applied to 
 ground. 
 
 CHTOKY, a. full of narrow holes, gaps, or clefts. 
 
 CHINTS, i. a fine cloth manufactured of cotton in the 
 East Indies, and generally printed with lively and durable 
 colours. 
 
 CHI'OPPINE, s. [from chapin. Span.] a high shoe for- 
 merly worn by ladies. 
 
 To CHIP, V. a. to cut wood into small pieces. To tut off 
 the crust of a loaf, applied to bread. 
 
 CHIP, s. [ci/p, Sax.] a small piece of wood separated 
 from a larger by a bill or cutting tool ; any small piece cut 
 off from a larger. 
 
 CHITPENHAM, a large, populous, well-built town of 
 Wilts, with a considerable manufacture of superfine wool- 
 len cloth. It was the seat of Alfred, and other West-Saxon 
 kings, and is seated on the Avon, over which is a stone 
 bridge of 16 arches, 21 miles E. of Bristol, and 94 W. of 
 London. Market on Thursday. 
 
 CHITPING, J. the action of cutting off small pieces 
 from timber or other matters. 
 
 CHIPPING-NO RTON, a town of Oxfordshire, with a 
 market on Wednesday. It has a dry situation on the side 
 of a hill, and near a small rivulet, ami is a straggling town, 
 except about the market-place. It is a corporation ; and 
 the market is good for corn, cattle, and provisions. It 
 stands on the great post road between Worcester and Ox- 
 ford, 12 miles S. W.ofBanbiiiT. and 74 N.W. of London. 
 
 CHIPPING WY'COMB, orHiGH Wycomb, a town of 
 Buckinghamshire, seated on the river Wyck, on which, as 
 well as on the Loddon, are many corn and paper-mills, 12 
 miles S. S. E. of Aylesbury, and 31 N. N. W. of London, 
 A large corn-market on Fridav. 
 
 CHIPPING-O'NGAR, a town in Essex, 20 miles from 
 London. Market on Satiirdav. 
 
 CHIPPING-SO'DBURY, a'town of Gloucestershire, with' 
 a market on Thursday. It is seated in a bottom, near the 
 Downs, on the road from Bristol to Cirencester, ar.d has a 
 great market for com and cheese. It is situated 12 miles 
 from Bristol, 23 from Cirencester, and 111 miles W. of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 CHI'RAGRA, (Jiiragra)s. [Lat.] in medicine, the gout in 
 the hand. 
 
 CHIRA'GRICAL, {kirdgrical) a. being subject to the 
 gout in the hands. 
 
 CHlRO'GRAPHY,(AjV6°Tap%)i. [from cheir, hand, and 
 grap/io, to write, Gr.] a person's own hand-writing. 
 
 CHI'ROMANCER, {kiromanser) s. one who pretends to 
 foretell future events by inspecting the hand. 
 
 CHl'ROMANCY, {Idromainy) s. [from ehetr, hand, and 
 manteia, divination, Gr.J the pretended art or' foretelliiig 
 what shall happen to a person, by inspecliing the lines of 
 his hand. 
 
 To CHIRP, V. n. [formed from the sound] to make a no;=c 
 like a sparrow, or birds w liich call to one another. 
 
 CHI'RPER, s. a bird that makes a noise like a sparrow, 
 or calls to another ; a person that is gay, cheerful, or 
 merrv. 
 
 CIIIRU'RGEON, (WM»;/"n : commonly, though corruptlv 
 pronounced sursceon] s. [from clieir, hand, and ergon, work, 
 Gr.] one who cures such disorders, hurts, or ailments, as 
 require external applications, or the operations of the hand. 
 
 CHIRUT>(iERY, s. [See Chiurgmn] the art of erring 
 wounds and diseases, by external applications, or opeiatJons 
 of the liaiid. 
 
 IQl
 
 CHO 
 
 CHO 
 
 CKmU'HGTC, or fHIRUUGICAL, {hirwjU:, or hhur- 
 jihai) a Inning qu.;litits lit for external or outward applica- 
 tion. Belon;;hi,' to external or nvaiiiial operalion, 
 
 CHISEL, (c/ihel) s. [cisenn, Fr.] a tool made of iron, 
 pretty long, thin, and sometimes ground to an edge, used in 
 carpentry, joining, masonrv, sculpture, Ac. 
 
 To CHI'S KL, V. a. to cut with a chisel. 
 
 CHIT, «. [cito, Ital.] a young little child ; a inere liaby ; a 
 wcrd used in anger, and expressive of contempt. 
 
 CHIT-CHAT, s. [a cant word formed from the redupli- 
 cation or repetition and corruption of the word chati idle 
 and unimproving discourse. 
 
 CHITTERLINGS, i. [not used in the singular ; from 
 sclii/terliri^ii, Belg.] the guts or bowels, generally applied to 
 tiiose of beasts fit for food. Likewise tljc frill or border 
 sewed on the bosom of a man's shirt. 
 
 CHI'VALROUS, a. of or belonging to cliivalry. 
 
 CHI'VALRY; s. [chevahrie, Fr.^ knighthnod, or mdltary 
 dignity. The objects of this institution were, to check the 
 insolence of 'overgrown oppressors, to vindicate the help- 
 less, especially females, and to redress grievances. Knight- 
 hood was esteemed more honourable than ro\ alty itself, and 
 monarchs were found to receive it from tb" hands of private 
 gentlemen. As valour, galantry, and religion equally en- 
 tered into the character of a true knight, it is believed that 
 the spirit of cldvith-i/ had a great share in refining the man- 
 ners of the EuTOpean nations, during the twelfth and three 
 following centuries. 
 
 CHIVES, s. [ciie, Fr.] in botany, those flueads or ;!la- 
 ments in flowers, l)earing the antlierrc or tips on their ex- 
 tremities. They are the male organization of plants; and 
 called by Linmeus stamina. 
 
 CHLOROSIS, (hlorosis) s. [from Moros, green, Gr.] in 
 medicinos the green sickness. 
 
 CHOCOLATE, «. [chocolate. Span.] when applied to sig- 
 nify the cake frofh whence the liquor is made, is a coniixv 
 sition of the cacao nut, sugar, and vanilia. C/iocolalc-fumse, 
 Jsa place where only chocolate is sold ready made, and re- 
 sembling a cotice-house. 
 
 CHOICE, s.[clwix, Fr.] a ftculty or act of the will, by 
 which it prefers one thing toano'.her, including that it is in 
 our power to have determined otherwise. Figuratively, llie 
 deferring or detenniningin behalf of a thinof oa revisonable 
 motives ; the thing cliosen ; that which merits a prcferc nee, 
 or ought to be preferred ; a variety of things offered to the 
 mind or judgment, that it may select from thence ili.se 
 ' which are best. To mnhc choice nf, is to prefer or select one 
 or more things from several which arc proposed to the 
 judgment or will. 
 
 CHOICE, a. [comparative choicer, superlative choisesl, 
 r/io!ii, FrJ of superior excellence. Most valuable, or best. 
 Careful, frugal, opposMi to prodigal or protllsC. 
 
 CHO'ICF.LESS, a. without the power of choosing. 
 
 CHO'ICELY, ««/. with all the qualifications wliicii should 
 determine the will to give a preference. 
 
 CHOl'CENESS, .5. tliat quality which determines the will 
 to £;ive it a preference ; value, or superior excellence which 
 claims a iireference. 
 
 CHOIR, (/(•)!>•) s. [chornt, Lat.] a band or company of 
 singers. That part of a church where the choristers and 
 clergy are (ilaced. 
 
 To CH{)KE, V. a. I flrracflH, Sax. oraccordmg to Alinshew 
 from hark, strength. Hell. ]tostop up the passage of the throat 
 so that a person cannot breathe ; to kill by stopping a per- 
 son's breath. To stop up any pas.sage ; to ir.tLrcept or ob- 
 struct the motion of any thing. Synon. Death brought 
 on by a stopping of breath is the general idea of the worths 
 siiffocatid, smothered, chiihcrl ; but that of .v/'//'«crt/cf/ implies ail 
 extinction of life, occasioned by being in a place where we 
 cannot breathe ; that nf smothered, by being in a place where 
 we are not suHered to breathe ; that of choked, by having 
 the wind-pipe closeil. 
 
 CHOKE, I. ill botany, tlie filamentous, or capillary part 
 102 
 
 of an artichoke, immediately covering the 9eshy part of the 
 bottom, 
 
 CHOKE-PEAR, s. in gardening, a rough, harsh, unpalat- 
 able pear. Figuratively, any sarcasm that stops the mouth. 
 
 CHO'KY, a. that cannot easily be swallowed, but is apt 
 to stick in the passage, and stop the breath. 
 
 CHO'LAGOGUES, {kl,l«e;offs) v. [from chole, bile, anrl 
 o^", to lead or draw, Gr.]meaicinesw'hich have the power 
 of purging the bile. 
 
 CHO'LER, (holer) s. [cholera, Lat.] in anatomy, the bile ; 
 which abounding very much in angry persi.;i3, is used figu- 
 ratively for aiijjer. 
 
 CHO'LERIC, {h'ulerik) a. abounding with cliolcr. Figura- 
 tively, angry ; easily provoked ; passionate. 
 
 To CHOOSE, (choozc) V. a. prefer. / chose, I have chosen, 
 or chose ; [censan. Sax.] to prefer or take from several things 
 ofllrcd ; to give the preference to ; to will ; to elect ; or pick 
 out of a number. Synon. When we would take a thing, we 
 determine upon one, because we cannot have all. We 
 ehnr.se by comparing things, because we would have the 
 best. We do not always choose what we prefer ; but we ever 
 ■prefei- \\v:X which we choose. 
 
 CHOO'SER, {fhohzer') s. one who has the power of choos- 
 ing ; one who lias a right to vote for a person who is candi- 
 date for a;iy post ; an elector. 
 
 To CHOP, II. a. prefer, rhojtt, or I have chopt ; [happen, 
 Bclg.] to cut w ith a cleaver, axe, or chopping knife, by a 
 quick or sudden stroke ; to devour or cat quickly, useo 
 willi }ip. Kent: !i •■, to cliKiige with a quick antl unexpected 
 motion. To appear as if cut, applied to the chects of cold 
 or hard weiitheron the hands. 
 
 To CHOP, V. a. [ceapan. Sax.] to purchase by exchanginff 
 one thing for anolher ; to take a thing back again which had 
 been gi\en in exchange; to be fickle in one's choice. 
 
 CHOP, f. apiece cut off by a sudden blow; a piecje of 
 meat cut off from a joint, generally applied to mutton. A 
 chink, cleft, hole, or vHCuity made by the warping of wood. 
 Chop-house, a kind of c.. ok's shop, where meat is ready 
 dressed, so called from their dealing mostly in mutton 
 chops. 
 
 CKO'PPING, a. large or lusty, applied to infants. Cha}>- 
 piii^.b'och,^ long thick bloek of wood, used by butchers to 
 cleme or chop tlieir meat upon. Chopping-hnife, a large 
 sort r,ri>:iit'e, used for chopping or mincing meat. 
 
 CKC'i VY, a. flill of holes or clefts; appearing as if cut 
 or chopt, owing to (he tflects of cold, applied to tlie 
 hands, ^S c. 
 
 CHOPS, s. [it has no singular, and is supposed by John- 
 son to lie a corruption of chaps] the mouth of a beast. 
 Figuratively, used in contempt for the mouth of a man. 
 
 CHO'RAL, (/.-.vrn/) a. [from chorus, Lat.] belonging to, or 
 composing a choir or cliorus. 
 
 CHORD, (pronounced hard, hord, as ifthe A was dropped. 
 When it implies a string made of hemp or silk, it is si>elt 
 curd ; but when it retainsits\irimitivesense, the Ais retained) 
 s. [from f/«jirff,a gut, Gr. because of such materials chords 
 for musical instruments and other purposes were made] the 
 slrinj^ofa musical instrument, by the vibration of which all 
 sounds are excited, as by its divisions the several degrees of 
 limes are determined. In geometry, a right line, terminat- 
 ed at each end of its extremities in tlie circumference of a 
 circle, but noi (lassing through its centre. Line of chords is 
 one ol'the lines ot ibe sector or phi.'.u scale ; used in the mea- 
 suring of an arch of any circle of whicii it is the radius. In 
 anatomy, a little nerve extending over the drum of the car, 
 supposed by some to vary and modifv sounds that beat on 
 the tympanum, in the same manner as the braces or strings 
 stretched ov<m' the war-drum. 
 
 CHORDE'K, (lutrdic) s. is a violent pain or contraction of 
 the frenum. 
 
 CHO'RION, (horion) s. [from chnreo, to contain, Gr.J in 
 anatomy, a thick, strong, whitish membrane, covered with a 
 great number ofliranehes of veins and artcfici, and the out- 
 ward membrane which wraps the fietus.
 
 CHR 
 
 CII.I 
 
 CHORISTER, {li'orisUr) s. one wlio sinffs in a choir, i,'r- 
 Derailj, applicii to signify asin^'ing boy. Fignrativcly, one 
 who sings or ruakcs part of a cliorus. Deautifully applied 
 to iiirds. 
 
 CHO'IiLRY, a town of Lancashire, witii large manufac- 
 tures of <-olt()ns, fustians, calicoes, antl nuisli.is. Tiie < n- 
 virons abound in mines of coal, lead, and aiuin, and with 
 quarries of flag, slate, ashler, and mill-stone. It is seated 
 on the rivulet Chor, near the river Yarrow, !) miles S. E. of 
 Preston, and 2i»3 N. W. of London. Markets on Tuesday 
 and Satindav. 
 
 CHORO'GRAPHER, (korogrcf,r) y. ffrom rforoi, a rc- 
 ion, and ^i-aj,!io, to \v 
 regions or countries. 
 
 ragrrfi 
 r.Jhe 
 
 gion, and nifl;<.'/o, to write, Gr.Jhe that describes particular 
 
 CHOROfUlATHICAL, 0. descriptive of particular re- 
 gions or counfrics; laving down the boundaries of coiuitries. 
 
 CHOKO'GilArilY, {Urogrnf;/) s. the art of describing 
 p-articular regions and countries, cither in words or in 
 maps. 
 
 CHO'RUS, {hoiits) s. [Lat.] a number of singers joining 
 in the same piece or tune. Figuratively, that part of a song 
 in which a whole company join. In ancient drama, one 
 or more persons present on the stage during a dramatic per- 
 formance, supposed sometimes as by-standers, at others 
 serving to introduce or prepare the audience for the intro- 
 duction of any particular incident ; and originally the only 
 performers on the stage. 
 
 CHOUGH, (rf.ujf) s. [ceo, Sax. cumicas, Fr.J in natural 
 history, a bird like a jackdaw, but somewhat bigger, which 
 frequent rocks by the sea-side. 
 
 CHOULE, (commoidy pronounced and written jim-l) s. 
 [gnla, Lat.] the crop of a bird adhering to the lower side 
 of the bill, and descending by its throat, somewhat resem- 
 bling a bag or satcliel, and serving as a kind of first sio- 
 niacTi, to prepare its food for digestion. 
 
 To CHOUSE, V. a. to deprive a person of any thing by 
 plausible stories or false pretences. 
 
 CHOUSE, s. one who is a proper object for fraud ; a 
 bubble or tool ; a trick or slam. 
 
 CHRISM, {Jtrism) s. [from c/,iio, to anoint, Gr.l the act 
 of anointing ; applied generally to anointing, as tlie initia- 
 tion into some office, or rendering a person qualified for 
 some profession in a scriptural sense. 
 
 CHRIST, {hrist) s. [from c/irio, to anoint, Gr.] one of 
 the appellations given to our Lord and Saviour Jesus, si--- 
 nifying the same as Messiah, used by the Jews, and both 
 importing the validity of his claim to the high character he 
 assumed, and the reality of his being qualified to under- 
 take the great work of redemption. 
 
 CHRI'STCHURCH, a town of Hants, trading in knit silk 
 stockings, gloves, and watch chains. Here is a good sal- 
 mon-fishery. It is seated at the confluence of the rivers 
 Avon and Sto'.iv, with small, barred, tide haven, 98 miles 
 S. W. of London. Market on Monday. 
 
 To CHRISTEN, {knsten) v. a.Wlnstnian, Sax.] to initi- 
 ate or enter into the church of Christ by the sacrament ot 
 baptism. Figuratively, to give a t'ling a nanic, alluding to 
 tlic practice of naming persons at this ceremouv. 
 
 CHRI'STENDOM, {KrUtemhm) s. \ckristenrhme, Sax.] 
 tlie collective body of Christians ; those parts wherein 
 Christianity is professed. 
 
 CHRI'ST'ENING, {h-Utcning) s. the ceremony of baptism. 
 
 CHRI'STIAN, {kristian) s. [from Christos,' Chrht, Gr.] 
 a person who believes in Christ, and the principles of his 
 religion. They \\ ho professed the religion of Jesus were at 
 first termed Disciples ; but the title of Christians was first 
 given to those of Antioch, as appears from the Acts of th" 
 
 Apostles. 
 
 CHRI'STIAN, (JirUtmn) a. [christianus, Lat.] professing 
 the Christian religion. The most C/n-istian King was a 
 title assumed by the kings of France ; supposed by French 
 nntiquaries to have been given originally by Gregory the 
 Great to Charles Martel. Christiarv-name is that name 
 ■which is given ;-. per-on at his baptism. 
 
 CHRISTIANIA, Anslo, or OLsla, a ciiy of Southern 
 Norway, in the government of Aggerhuys, containing 
 about 9000 inhabitants. The streets are projected in 
 slruiglit lines, and at rightangles to eaehotiuT, and are uni- 
 formly 40 feet broad. It has an excellent harbour, and 
 carries on a considerable trade. Its principaJ exports are 
 tar, iron, copper, planks, deals, and alum. The saw mills 
 here are numerous. It is pleasantly seated along the shore 
 of the Bay of Biorning which forms the N. extremity of 
 t!i:' Gulfof Christitinia, 2o miles from the open .sea, and 
 •3iK) N. by W. of Copenhagen. Lat. 39. 55. N. Ion. 10. 
 50. E. 
 
 CHRISTIATvIITY, (kristianity) t. {chritimti, Fr.l the 
 doctrines delivered by Christ and his Apostles, ancf pro- 
 fessed by Christians. 
 
 To CHRISTIANIZE, (knstimdze) V. a. to convert a 
 person, to convince him of the truth of the doclrines of 
 Christianity. To make christian. 
 
 CHRI'STIANLY, nd. like a Christian. 
 CHRl'STMAS, (Kristmas) s. the day on which t!ie nativity 
 of our blessed Saviour is celebrated. Chrislmas-Lor, a box 
 in which money collected as gifts by servants at Christmas 
 is kei)t. Figuratively, the collections made at C/irislmas. 
 
 CHRI'StMAS-FLOWER, ;;. the same with hellebore. 
 
 C;HRI'STMAS-ISLAND, nearly in the centre of the Pa- 
 cific Ocean, is 45 miles in circnmfere^ice, bounded by a 
 reef of coral rocks, on the W. side of which js a bank of 
 line sand, extending a mile into the sea, and affording good 
 anchorage. The soil is light and black, comijosed of de- 
 caved vegetables, the dung of birds, and sand. Here are 
 a few cocoa-nut and other trees, shrubs, and plants, some 
 birds, and plenty of fish and turtles. Lat. 1. 69. N. Ion. 
 157. 3C. W. 
 
 OHRI'STOPHER, jt. an herb with flowers in egg-shaped 
 bundles, a slender, jointed, scored stem, white blossoms, 
 and black berries, called also baneberries. It is found in 
 woods and hedges in Yorkshire, and flowers in May and 
 June. 
 
 CHRISTOPHER'S, St. or St. Kits, one of the Caribbee 
 and Leeward Islands in the West Indies, about 18 leagues 
 N. W. of Antigua. It is 20 miles in length, and seven in 
 breadth, and has high mountains in the middle, whence 
 rivulets flow, which are of great use to the inhabitants. 
 Between the mountains are rocks, precipices, and thick 
 woods ; and in the S. W. parts, hot, sulphureous, springs at 
 the bottom of them. The air is good, and the soil is light, 
 sandy, and fruitful : they are, however, subject to hurricanes. 
 It is divided into 9 pariishes, and contains 4 towns or ham- 
 lets ; IBasseteree the capital, Sandy Point, Old Road, and 
 Deep Bay. The white inhabitants are computed at 4000, 
 and the neoroes at 26,000. The produce is cliiefly sugar, 
 (the general average of this article, for a series of years, is 
 16,000 hogsheads of 16 cwt.) cotton, ginger, indigo, and 
 the tropical fruits. It is possessed by the English. Lat. 
 17. 15. N. Ion. 63. 14. W. 
 
 CHROMA'TES, s. in chemistry, salts formed by the 
 combination of any base, with the chromic, acid. 
 
 CHROMATIC,' {hondlic) a. [from clirvnta, colour, Gr.] 
 in painting relating to colour. Relating to a certain kind of 
 ancient music, which proceeded by several semitones in 
 
 SUCCCSSlOil. 
 
 CHROMATICS, s. [from chroma. Colour. Gr.] th:;t part 
 of the science of optics by which the several properties of 
 the colours of light and of natural bodies are illustrated and 
 explained. 
 
 CHROME, s. a newly-discovered metal, which commu- 
 nicates a variety of colours to other metals. 
 
 CHROMIC, 0. in chemistry, belonging to ehromium. 
 
 CHROMIUM, «. a newly-discovered metal, whence a 
 beautiful green colour may be obtained, useful in painting, 
 and in the colouring of porcelain. 
 
 CHROTSIC, or CHRONICAL, (kromch or hr'onihnJ, a.) 
 Tfroni chron 's, time, Gr.l that endures o; lasts a long liiue, 
 103
 
 CIIU 
 
 CHU 
 
 in mrdicine, applied to those diseases wliicli are opposed 
 to the acute, or such as soon come to a crisis. 
 
 CHRO'NICLE, {kruuikle) s. [croniqiie, Fr.] a regular ac- 
 count of transactions in the order they happen; a his- 
 torv. 
 
 To ChRO'MCLE, (kiMikle) V. a. to insert in a history ; 
 to be recorded ; to be made famous, or handed down to 
 tJie memory of posterity. 
 
 CHRONICLER, {krdnikler) s. one who writes a rcjjular 
 account of transactions, according to the order in wiiich 
 Uiey were performed ; an historian. 
 
 CHRONICLES, i. two books of holy scripture, which 
 contain an abridgment of sacred history, to the return ol 
 the Jews from the Babylonish captivity. The first book 
 traces the genealogies of the Israelites from Adam, relates 
 the death of Saul, and gives a brief account of the reign of 
 David. The second traces the progress of the kingdom of 
 Judaii, its various revolutions, its period under Zedekiah, 
 and the restoration of the Jews by Cyrus. 
 
 CHRONOGRAM, {kroiwgram) s. [from chronus, time and 
 grapho, to write, Gr.] an inscription, whose numeral letters 
 compose some particular date. 
 
 CHRONOGRAMMATIST, s. a writer of chronograms. 
 
 CHRONOLOGER, {h-onnlojer) s. [from chronos, time 
 and logos, a discourse, Gr.] one who makes the settling the 
 dates of former transactions his particular studv. 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL, (hronolyical) a. relating to chro- 
 nology, or the period in w liich any transactions hav>pened. 
 
 CHRONOLO'GICALLY, (kronolbjically) ad. in such a 
 manner as is consistent with the rules of chronology. 
 
 CHRONOLOGIST, (h-unhlnjist) .«. See Chrono'loger. 
 
 CHRONO'LOG'^', (hronalogi/) s. [from chronos, time and 
 lottos, a discourse, Gr.] the act of tracing the times wherein 
 any remarkable t;ans;;cti<;n is performed. 
 
 CHRONO'METER, {hron'umelcr) s. [from chronos, time 
 and me<;-co, to measure, Gr.] an instrument used for the mea- 
 suring, of tiine. 
 
 CHrlY'SALIS, (hri/salis) s. [from chrytos, gold. Or.] in 
 natural history, a worm or caterpillar in its second state, 
 wherein it continues w ithout eating, or any motion, unless 
 in its tail, till it bursts its pellicle, and changes into a moth 
 or butferdv. 
 
 CHRY.S'ANTHENUM, s. in botany, the name of two 
 tribes of flowers introduced from America, and the Cape of 
 Good Hope. 
 
 CHRYSOLITE, (hy'soUle) I. [from chrysos, gold and 
 litlios,^ stone, G;.] a general term given by the ancients to 
 all precious scoiies that had a cast of gold or yellow in their 
 coiiiposition. Among moderns, a precious stono of a dusky 
 green colour, with a cast of yellow. 
 
 CHRYSO'FRASILS, s. [from chrnsos, gold, Gr. and 
 prasums, green, lul.] a precious stone mentioned in scrip- 
 ture, of a yellow colour, approaching to green. 
 
 CHUB, *. in iialuial history, a uon-spinous fish, or that 
 wh'ch has no prickly tins, and only one on its back. 
 
 CHirRBED, f. Figuratively, having a large head, al- 
 luriing to that nf a chub. 
 
 To CHUCK, r. a. to make a noise like a partridge, or a 
 hen calling her chickens. 
 
 'I'o CHUCK, r. a. [from choc, Fr.] to give a person a 
 gentle chuck under llie chin ; to endeavour to throw money 
 into a hole made in the ground, at some distance. 
 
 CHUCK, s. the noise of a hen; an expression of endear- 
 ment ; a cast, by which a person endeavours to throw mo- 
 ney into a hole made in the ground for that purpose. 
 
 CHU'CKFARTHING, s. a play, at wliieli the money 
 falls with a chuck into the hole beneath. 
 
 To CHU'CKLE, v. n. [schaerhen, Belg.] to laugh vehe- 
 mently, so as to be out of breath. Actively, to call like a 
 ii< n. Figuratively, to fcvndle or chuck under the chin. 
 
 CHirDLElGH. See Chidlkigh. 
 
 C;Hlll'l\ t. a coarse, heavy, surly, and passionate clov/n. 
 
 CFIU'FFY, «. surly, morose. 
 
 CHUTFILY, ad. suilily ; stomachfully 
 1(J4 
 
 CHUM, J. [cliom, Armorick] a cLauiber-fellow ; a tciiii 
 usea m the universities. 
 
 CHUMP, s. a thick, heavy pieceofwood, less thanablock. 
 
 CHURCH, *. \circe, Sax.i is a word of diflerent sigriih- 
 cations, according to the different subjects to which it is 
 applied. 1. It is understood of the collective body of 
 Christians through the whole world who profess to believe 
 in Christ, and acknowledge him to be the Saviour of man- 
 kind. This is what ancient writers called the Catholic or 
 Universal Church ; and agrees with the apostle's account 
 of one, in Col. i. 18. 2. It is applied to any particular con- 
 gregation of Christians, who, at one time, and one and the 
 same place, associate together, and concur in the participa- 
 tion of all the institutions of Jesus Christ, with their proper 
 pastors and ministers. 3. It is also apjilied to any particu- 
 lar sect or party of Christians, distinguished by particular 
 doctrines and ceremonies ; as, the Romish Church, the Greek 
 Church, the Church of England, the Reformed Churches, and 
 the like. 4. It is sometimes used to denote the body of 
 ecclesiastics, or clergy ; in which sense Chwch is opposed 
 to the State. 5. It is likewise taken for the place where a 
 particular congregation or society of Christians assemble 
 for the celebration of divine service. In this sense Clivrches 
 are variously denominated, according to the rank, degree, 
 discipline, &c. as the metropolitan, patriarchal, cathedral, 
 parochial, collegiate, &c. Sometimes the word Chttrch is 
 considered in a more extensive sense, and divided into se- 
 veral branches ; as the Church militant is the assend>ly of the 
 faithful on earlli; XW Church triumpluuit, that of the faithful 
 already in glmy ; to which the Papists add the Church patient, 
 which, according to their doctrine, is that of the faithful in 
 purgatory. .Synon. Church ^.nd /e«);>/f signify an edifice 
 set apart for the public service of religion ; but that of 
 temple is a more pompous expression, and less in use than 
 Church. With respect to the Pagan religion, we frequently 
 use the word Icmple ; as the temple of Apollo : but witll 
 relation to our own, seldom ; St. Paul's Church. 
 
 To CHURCH, r. a. to read the peculiar service of re> 
 turning thanks to God for a happy delivery, with the per- 
 son who is recovered from child-bed. 
 
 CHURCHMAN, s. one who professes the religion or 
 mode of worship by law established ; a minister, or person 
 who officiates in a church. 
 
 CHURCH-STRETTON, a town of Shropshire, with a 
 market on Thursday. It is seated between two hills, and 
 is but a small place, though the market is good for corn. 
 It is 14 miles S. of Shrewsbury, and 153 N. W. of Lon 
 don. 
 
 CHURCH-WARDEN, s. an otticer elected yearly, iii 
 Easter week, by the minister and parishioners of every 
 parish, to look after the church, church-yard, and the things 
 belongins' to them. 
 
 CHURCH-YARD, i. the ground adjoining to a churcli, 
 wherein the dead arc buried. 
 
 CHURL, s. \ccorl, Sax.] a clown, or unpolished country- 
 man. Figuratively, a morose, surly, oi ill-bred person ; 
 a niggard, or a uiiser. 
 
 CilU'KLISH, a. brutal, rude, ignorant, ill-bred, uncivil, 
 sour, selfish, avaricious. 
 
 CHURLISHLY, ad. in a nide, uncivil, unkind, or brutal 
 manii'T. 
 
 CHURLISHNESS, t rude, obstinate, and surly be- 
 haviour. 
 
 CHURN, s. \Jiem, Belg.J a vessel in which cream, by vio- 
 lent or long agitation, is turned into butter. 
 
 To CHURN, t>. a. [ketnen, Belg.] to make butter by fre- 
 quent and continual motion. 
 
 CHURN STAFF, s. in botany, a species of spurge, called 
 also wartwort, witli wedge-shaped leaves, and yellowish 
 green blossoms, found in cultivated places and gardens, and 
 flowers in Jnlv. 
 
 CHU'RRWORM, t. an insect that turns about nimbly 
 called also a fan-cricket. 
 
 To CHUSE See Choose.
 
 CIIV 
 
 CIR 
 
 CUYLA'CnOUS, (hylaceovt) a. consisting of chyle ; par- 
 taking of the (lualities ol'cliylc ; resembling chyle. 
 
 CliYLE, (Itt/le) s. [c/iylus, Gr.] in the animal ceconomy, a 
 milUy, insipid liqnor, consisting of oily and mucilaginous 
 particles, extracted from dissolved aliamcnts of every kind, 
 and by a peculiar mechanism conveyed to the blood. 
 
 CHYLIF A'CTION, C%'i/'a/'s/'5'") «• the act of converting 
 the juice of aliaments into a white liquor called the c/n/le. 
 
 CHYLIFA'CTIVE, {kylif&ctive) a. having the pow^r of 
 making chyle ; endued with the quality of converting ali- 
 ment into chvle. 
 
 CHYLOl'OE'TIC, (hjhpoitih) [from chyhs, chyle, and 
 poico, to make, Gr.] having tli£ power or ofhce of converting 
 aliment into chyle. 
 
 CHY'LOLJ.S, (Jit/lnjis) a. consisting of chyle, resembling or 
 partaking of the qualities of chvle. 
 
 CHY'MIC, or CHY'MICAL, {h/mik, or kymikai) a. [chy- 
 mkits, Lat.] made by, or relating to, chyniistiy. 
 
 CHY'MICALLY, (kt/'mihaHi/) ad. in a chymical manner. 
 
 CHY'MIST, or CHEMIST, {hj'mist, or lUmist) s. a pro- 
 fessor of chymistry. 
 
 CHY'MISTRY, {liu'mistri/) s. [from cliymos, juice, Gr.] an 
 ant by which sensible bodies, contained in vessels, are so 
 changed by means of fire, that their several powers and vir- 
 tues are thereby discovered, their several subslauces are 
 separatv'd, and new bodies are composed by the mixture of 
 dift'erent substances or ingredients. It is now commonly 
 written chemistni. 
 
 CIBA'RIOUS, a. Ffrom dhts, meat, Lat.] proper for food ; 
 partaking of the qualities of food. 
 
 CI'BOL, s. [ciboule, Fr.] a small sort of oniou used in 
 salads. 
 
 CrC.\TRICE, or CICATRIX, s. [Lat.] a little seam or 
 elevation of callous flesh, rising and remauiing on the skin 
 after the healing of a wound ; a sfar. 
 
 CICATRI'SANT, or CICATRI'SIVjE, a. in medicine, 
 applied to such applications as are desiccativc, aid nature 
 to repair the skin of a wound, and form a scar. 
 
 CICATRIZATION, s. in surgery, the act of healmg a 
 wound ; the state of being healed or skinned over. 
 
 To CICATRIZE, v. a. to apply such medicines to wounds 
 as heal and skin them over; to heal and skin a wound over. 
 
 CrCELY, t. sort of herb, called also fool's parsley, or 
 lesser hemlock. 
 
 CICHORA'CEOUS, {rikoraceous) a [from c'ichureum, suc- 
 cory, Lgt] having the qualities of succory. 
 
 ClCUTA, s. [Lat.] hemlock, a vegetable poison divided 
 into ma;or and minor; likewise a poisonous juice or liquor 
 expressed from the eieuta aquatiea, with which the Athenians 
 used to put their state criminals to death. 
 
 CI'DER, s. [ctrfr«, Fr.] a brisk cool liquor, prepared from 
 the juice of appies, nade vinous by fermentation. 
 
 CI'DERKIN, », tie liquor made of the murk, or gross 
 matter of the appka, after the cider is pressed out, by the 
 addition of boiling water, which is suffered to infuse for 48 
 hours. 
 
 CIT)EVANT, ad. [Fr.] heretofore, before, formerly. A 
 word lately introduced into the English. 
 
 CrELlNO, (jeeKn^) See CEILING. 
 
 CI'LIA, s. [Lat.] in anatomy, the pallisadoes of stiff hairs 
 wherewith the eyesare guarded. 
 
 CI'LIARY, a. [from cilium, the hair of the eyelids, Lat.] 
 in anatomy, belonging to the eyelids. 
 
 CIU'CIOUS, a. [from eilicium, hair cloth, Lat.] made of 
 Lair. 
 
 CITMETER, s. [cimitnrra, Span.] a sort of sword, used 
 by the Turks, short, heavy, flat, with but one edge, and 
 curved towards the point. Sometimes spelt scymeter, or 
 icimetar. 
 
 CIMME'RIAN, a. [from cimmmi, Lat.] dark, dismal, 
 
 gloomy, T term derived from the Scythians, whose country 
 
 was so full of woods, and covered with continual clouds, 
 
 Uiat but very little sun was seen among them. 
 
 CI'NCTURE, 5. [from ri'ig-o, to gird, Lat.] a girdle or 
 
 clothing worn round the body. Figuratively, an iuclosutc. 
 
 CTODKR, *. [ceindre,- Fr.] coals burnt till most of their 
 sulphur is consumed, reduced to a-porous cake, and qu^ucii- 
 ed before they turn to ashes ; a red-hot coal that Las ceased 
 to flame. 
 
 CINERA'TION, ». [from cineres, ashes, Lat.] in chemistry, 
 the act of reducing a body to ashes. 
 
 CINERITIOUS, (sinerUhiom) a. [eiTiericivt. Lat.] having 
 the form of, or resembling ashes. 
 
 ClTSXiLE s. [from ciugo, to gird, Lat.] a girth for a 
 horse. 
 
 CrNN.\B\R, s. \ciiiiuihari.'!, Lat.] is either native or fac- 
 titious. The niUivi- cinimbur is an ore of quicksilver, mode- 
 rately conqjact, heavy, and of an elegant, striated, red 
 colour. In tliis ore the quicksilver is blendid with sulphur, 
 wliicliis eonimoniy no more than one part in six, in nropof- 
 tion to the meicui y. It is found lodgf'd in a bluish inaurate<! 
 clay, though sometimes in a greenish talcy stone. Fiwiitioui 
 ciiiiialmr is a mixture of mercury and sulphur sublimated, 
 and tluis rediued to a fine red glebe. The best is of a high 
 colour, and full of fibres like needles. 
 
 CINNAMON, *. [ciunamnmiim, Lat.] the bark of an aroma- 
 tic tree resembling the camphire, or olive-tree, and growing 
 in the island ^f Ceylon. Cinnamonwater, is made by distilling 
 the bark, first infused in barley-water, in spirit of wiue, or 
 wjiite wine. 
 
 CINQUE, (sMi) s. [Fr.] in gaming, a five on dice, tVc 
 
 CrNQLEFOIL, (tinlifuU) s. [einque feuille, Fr.] a kind of 
 five-leavod clover. 
 
 CrNQ'JE-l'OllTS, [Fr.] five havens that lie on the east 
 partof Eiiijlaiiil towards France, thus called by way of emi- 
 nence, on account of their superior importance, as having 
 been thought, by <iur kings, to merit a particular regard for 
 their preservation against invasions. They have a particu- 
 lar policy, and arc g.iverncd by a keeper, with the title of 
 lord-waideii of the Cin(iue-ports, and send represeptatives 
 to parliament, who are calleil barons of the Cinque-ports. 
 Tiieyare Hastings, Dover, Hitlie, Romney, and ."Sandwich, 
 towiiich VVinchelsea and Rye have since been added. 
 
 CrON, s. [sioit, or seioH, Fr.] in botany, a young twig, 
 shoot, or sprout of a tree ; a shoot engrafted o? insert-e J on 
 a stock. 
 
 CITHER, (i?/f)") i. [zifra, Ital.] an arithmetical character 
 or nuiT!l)er luarkecj thus (0) ; though of no value itself, in 
 integers it increases the value of figures, when set on the 
 right hand, aitd decreases tliem in the same proportion, when 
 set before them, in decimal fractions ; a collection or assem- 
 blage of letters consisting of the initials of a person's name, 
 interwoven together, and e;)graved on pkte, or painted, in- 
 stead of escutcheons, on coviches ; certain characters made 
 use of by persons to conceal the subject they write about 
 from others ; the key to explain any private characters. A 
 mere cipher, a person of no importance or interest. 
 
 To CIT'IIER, (sifer) V. n. to perform the operations o 
 arithmetic. 
 
 CIRCA'SSIA, one of the seven countries which lie be- 
 tween the Black Sea and the Caspian, bounded on the N . by 
 the river Don, and on the W. by part of the Black Sea and 
 tlie sea of Asoph. They are a nation of mouutaiiwers, who 
 subsist by raising cattle, and fix, themselves on the bauks oi 
 rivers for the sake of pasturage and w ater. The Circassians 
 are divided into three classes; the pi inces, the nobles, called 
 usdens, and the vassals, or people. They have never h?.il 
 any written laws, but are governed by a collection of ancient 
 usuages. They have few mancfactures ; their agrieulfure 
 hardly produces sufficient for their own subsistence. Slieep 
 and horses form a principal part of their commerce, and 
 slaves, which they take in their predatory excursions. 
 Their food consists of a little meat paste, made of millet, 
 a)id beer made of the same grain feiiiientv*d. They li.ive 
 both the Bible and the Koran; but, not having lette;s of 
 their own, those who write their language ur.ke useof Ara- 
 bic characters. This nation lias been, of Kite years, grjda- 
 aily reduced undef the dominion of Rtis^iia, \-< iihirh it i«
 
 cm 
 
 CIR 
 
 now almost wholly subject, and is included m the government 
 of Caucasus. 
 
 CITiCLE, s. [cireiiliis, Lat.] in georaetn,', a plane figure, 
 comprehended under one line only, to wliich all lines drawn 
 from a point in the middle are equal. Figuratively, a curve 
 lino, which, bein^- continued, ends in the point from whence 
 it beoun, having,;!! its piivis e(]uidistant frora a point in the 
 middle called the centre; hul tliis is properly the periphery 
 or circumference nf u circle. A Great Circle of the sphere 
 8 that whose plane p;.sseth through the centre thereof, and 
 whose centre is thesaroe with that of the sphere, dividiii" 
 tlie globe into two equal parts. A Laser Cinle is that which 
 divides the globe into two unccial parts, as the tropics, 
 parallels of latitude, &c. A Primitive Circle is that described 
 on the plane of the projection. A Ri^lit Circle is that whose 
 plane stands at right angles with the plane of the projection, 
 and is a diameter of the primitive. An Oblique Circle is that 
 whose plane inclines to the plane of the projection, or makes 
 oblique angles therewith. Parallel Circles are those lesser 
 circles of the sphere, whose planes arc parallel to the planes 
 of any great circles thereof; thus tiie circles of latitude on 
 the globe are called the parallels of latitude, because paral- 
 lel to the plane of the equator. The circumference or ex- 
 tremities^of any round body ; an assemlily of people form- 
 ing a rinij ; a company ; a series of things following one 
 another alternately. Circles nfthe Empire, were such as had 
 a right to be present at the diets ; they were ten in number, 
 viz. Austria, Burgundy, the Lower Rhine, Bavaria, Upper 
 .Saxony, Franconia, Suabia, Upper Rhine, Westphalia, and 
 the Lower Saxony. N. B. The late conquests of the French 
 have completely overturned the ancient establishment of 
 the Germanic Circles. See Gf.UMANY. 
 
 To CI'RCLE V. a. to move round any thing ; to surround, 
 encompass, or inclose ; to confine or keep together. 
 
 CI'RCLED, purt. having the form of a circle. 
 
 CIRCLET, «. [diminutive of «/T/e]a circle; an orb. 
 
 CFRCLING, n. surrounding or encompassing like a 
 circle. 
 
 C\\{.C\]\'Y,(sirldt) sAcircaitns, (rom circnmeo, to go round, 
 Lat.l the nn)vingroun(rany tiling; the motion or revolution 
 of a planet round its orbit; a space inclosed v. itl;in a circle ; 
 the circumference of any thing ; the space which any thing 
 measures in going round it ; a ring, a crown, or that which 
 encircles any thing. Also the progress which the judges 
 take twice every year through the several comities of Eng- 
 land and Wales, to hold courts, and administer justice. 
 Hence England is divided into six circuits, viz. the Home 
 circuit, Norfolk, Mi'Jii.nd, Oxford, Western, and Northern, 
 circuit. 
 
 To CI'RCUIT, V. n. to move round, or in a circle. 
 
 ClRCUITEER,3rCrRCUITKll, .. one that traxels in a 
 circuit; that which moves in r.n orbit. 
 
 CIRCIJI'TION, i. [from circmnco, to go roinid, Lat.J the 
 act of going round about. Figuratively, circundocution ; 
 comprehension of argument. 
 
 CI'RCUF^.XR, a. [circiilaris, Lat.] round, in the form of 
 a circle. Figuratively, succession, niwl.ich that wlxh pro- 
 ceeds first returns aguin. Circular letter, a \c\tvx ..^ ■ sed 
 to several persons, who have the same interest iii scm e com- 
 mon artair. Circular lines, such straight lines as are divided 
 by the divisions made in the arch of a circle. Circular sail- 
 in;;, that which is performed in the arch of a great circle. 
 
 CIRCULARLY, ad. in the form of a circle; with a circu- 
 lar motion. 
 
 'I'oCI'RCULATE, V. ». [from circulus, a circle, Lat.] to 
 move in a circle ; to l)e in use, so as to be constantly chang- 
 ing its owner; tobedisper-;ed. Actively, to put about. 
 
 CIRCULjiTION, s. the act of moving in a circle; a mo- 
 tion whereby a body returns in a curved line to the point 
 from which it set out ; a series or succession, in \vlii( h tilings 
 preserve the same order, and return to the same state. 'I'lie 
 circulation of llie l>lnodv.,j^i]]iicnvcrv<\ in linglaud. In 172'<, by 
 Hr.yreij. It'is, in a living anin:d, the natural and continual 
 tnolioii of the Mood, frojti the heart through the arteries. 
 
 from whence it is brought back arain to the heart by tlie 
 veins, and is the principle on which life depends ; for when 
 this circular motion of the blood ceases, death inniicdiately 
 follows. Circulatinn nf the sup in vegetables, a iiatural motion 
 of the nutriciousjuiceof plants, from the roots to the extren'.e 
 parts, and back again to the root. In cheiiiislry, it is an 
 operation whereby the same vapour, raised h\ fire, falls 
 back, by which means it is distilled several times, and re- 
 tliiccd to its most subtile parts. 
 
 CIRCULATORY, s. in chemistry, a glass vessel, con- 
 sisting of two part;-, luted on each other, wherein the fines! 
 parts mount to llie top, and finding no passage fall down again. 
 
 CIRCUMA'MBIENCY, s. [from areum, ..bout, and anibio, 
 togoromid, Lat.l the actof enconipassing or surrounding 
 
 CIRCUMA'iMIJIENT, puU. [circumamhieus, Lat.] com- 
 passing a thing round ; encircling; inclosing; surrounding ; 
 encompassing. 
 
 To CIRCUMA'iVIBULE, v. n. [from circum, around, and 
 amhuh), to walk, Lat.] to walk roiuid about. 
 
 To CIRCUMCISE, (.«V/.»m«'re) v. a. [fioni tircum, around, 
 and caedo, to cut Lat.j to cut oT.' tlie prepnse or foreskin. 
 
 CIRCUMCISION, i. a rite or ceremony, as well of the 
 Pagan as Jewish religion. 1 he term is taken from the Latin 
 circiimsedcre, tu cat round, because the act cf ciicnmcision 
 consists in cutting ulf, from male infants, the prepuse, or 
 skin, which covers the glans of the penis. Tlie time for 
 pcrforniin-i tins rite, among the Jev\s, was the eighth day ; 
 that is full six days after the child was born, and the instru- 
 ment was generally a knife (^ stone. 
 
 CIRCUMFERENCE, j. [from circum, around, and fero, 
 to ry rry, Lat.J the periphery of a circle; (he line including 
 and surroundnig any thing; the space inclosed in a circle; 
 the extremities oi a round body. Figuratively, any thing 
 of a round form. 
 
 To CIPCUMx'ERENCE, v. a. to include in a circle ; to 
 circumscribe, or confine. 
 
 CIRCUiWL'ERE'NTOR, s. [from circnmfero, to carry 
 round, Lat.] an instrument used by surveyors in taking 
 angles, consisting of a brass index with sights, and a com- 
 pass, and mounted en a stand with a ball and socket. 
 
 CIRCUMFLEX, s. [from circumjieeto, to bend about, Lat. 
 alluding to the shape of the accent] an accent marked C) 
 used to regulate the pronunciation, and requires an undula- 
 tion between the grave and the acute. 
 
 CIRCU'MFLUENCE, s. [from circumfluo, to flow round, 
 Lat.l an inclosiiremade by water flowing round anv thing. 
 
 CIRCUMFLUENT, part, [from circumfiuo, to flow round, 
 Lat.] flowing round any thing, or inclosnig any thing with 
 water. 
 
 CIRCU'MFLUOUS, o. [from circumfluo, t flow round, 
 Lat.] environing v.ith water. 
 
 To CIRCrMFU'SE, {circumfuze) v. a. [from arcmnfundn, 
 to pour round, Lat.] to pour round ; to difiuse, or spread 
 every way. 
 
 CiRCCMFU'SILE, a. [from circumfundo, to pour round, 
 Lat.] that may be poured, difi'used, or spread round any 
 thing. 
 
 CIRCUMFU'SION, s. [from ciraimfundo, to pour round, 
 Lat.] the act of spreading round. 
 
 To CIRCUMGY'RATE, v. a. [from circum, around, and 
 gi/ro, to turn, Lat.J to roll round. 
 
 CIRCUMJACENT, part, [from circum, around, and 
 jaceo, to lie, Lat.] lyitig round any thing; bordering on any 
 side ; contiguous. 
 
 CIRCUMLOCUTION, s. [from circum, around, and 
 liiquor, to speak, Lat.] the expressing a sentiment in a num- 
 ber of words; a paraphrasis ; an indirect way of expressing 
 a person's senlinieiils. 
 
 CIRCUM MU'RI'.D, «. [from cw?!?);, around, and mvrut, 
 a v^all, Lat.] encompassed or surrounding with a wall. 
 
 C1RCUMNA'VIGABLE,«. [ciren.uuaci^rabitis, Lat.J tUat 
 nuiv be sailed round. 
 
 To, CIRCUMNAVIGATE, v. a. [from circum, arouiul, 
 and nacign, to sail, Lat.] to sail round.
 
 CIR 
 
 CIT 
 
 CrRCUMNAVIGA'TION, s. [from circum, aioiind, and 
 navifrn, fo simI, L;it.] 'lie sailing' rouiifi any tract of land. 
 
 ClUClJMNAVKJATOR, s. one that sails round. 
 
 tiRCUMPO'LAR, a. [fiiim cirmm, around, and pohis, 
 the pole, Lilt.] in astronomy, applied to such stars near tho 
 north pole, \vnieh move round it without settinij, as viewed 
 from any particular place north of the equator ; and vice versn. 
 
 CIRCUMPO.SITION, s. [cim.m, around, and positio, 
 place, Lnl.] the act of setting or placing any thing in a ring 
 or circle. 
 
 CIRCUM ROTATION, s. [froni cWcvm, around, and n'n, 
 to whirl, Lai.] the act <>' -.vhiiiing a thing round with a mo- 
 tion like that of a wlice!; the state of a thing whirl' d 
 round. 
 
 To CIRCUMSCRliiE, «. a. [from circnm, around, and 
 scribo, to write, Lat.l^to inclose in certain lines or limits. 
 
 CIRCUMSCRITTION, .«. [from circvmsn-ilw, to circum- 
 scrihe, Lat.] the determiisaiiou to a particular (igure; limi- 
 tation, reMraint, confim n-.ent, boundary. 
 
 CIRCUi\lSCRrPTIVE,«. that determines the shape or 
 figure of a hody. 
 
 CIRCriMSPE'CT, '(. [from circnm, around, and spicin, to 
 look, Lat.] cautious ; a person attentive to the e.fTects of his 
 actions, aud who weighs the dangers and difficulties with 
 which thev are attended. 
 
 CIRCUMSPECTION, or CIRCUMSPE'CTNE.SS, s. 
 looking round about one. A cautious or wary conduct, 
 wherein a person W!!;bs the dangers and difKcnlties with 
 which his actions ave attended, and endeavours to girird 
 againstihem. Syno."^. To be well with the world refjuircs 
 circmtispectio)!, when wc are speaking before those with 
 whom we are not arqt'.ainted ; ennsideration for people of 
 rank and quality ; and regard toward those with whom we 
 are interested. 
 
 CIRCUMSPE'CTIVE, ff. looking round alwut; takin'jall 
 the measures which may prevent a disappointment, or se- 
 cure a person from any maliciousness of an enemy. 
 
 CIRCUMSPE'CTLY, ad. in a cautious, discreet, antl 
 prudent manner ; guarding against accidents, and preclud- 
 ing uiiv disi'ppointments. 
 
 CI'RCUMSTANCE, s. {circnnstance, Fr.] the particular 
 incident belonging fo any action, which determines it to be 
 either good or bad, or a fact, probable or improbable ; an 
 event. Used in the plural for the state or condition of a 
 person ; lad circumstances, signifying (iistress or poverty, 
 and good circian.it'cnccs, riches or affluence. 
 
 To CIRCUMSTANCE, ». n. to be placed in a particu- 
 lar light ; to be attended with peculiar incidents. 
 
 CI'RCUMSTANT, part, [{mm circurn, around, and sto, to 
 stand, Lat.] standing round, surrounding. 
 
 CIRCUMSl A'NTIAL, {sirhnmstanshinl) a. [from circum, 
 around, and sto, to stand, Lat.] accidental, opposite to es- 
 sential. Minute ; particular, v. herein ali the different rela- 
 tions and attendant reasons of an action are enumerated. 
 
 CIRCUMSlANTIA'LITi', {sirhmutanshiaKty) _s. the 
 State of a thing, with all the ppcnliarities attending it. 
 
 CIRCUMSTA'NTIALI , ad. according to circum- 
 stance ; minutely, exactly. 
 
 To CIRCUMSTA'NTIATE, (nrkumstantieUe) v. a. to 
 place a thing or action in a particular situation or relation, 
 with respect to the accidents which attend or determine its 
 quality. 
 
 To CIRCUMVA'LLATE, v. a. [from circmn, around, and 
 vallo, to intrench, Lat.] to inclose, or surround with trenches 
 and fortifications. 
 
 CIRCUMVALLATION, s. the art of ejUrenching or for- 
 tifying a camp or place with works. In fortification, a lin« 
 or trench with a parapet thrown up by the besiegers, en- 
 compassing all their camp, to defend it against any force 
 that may attempt to relieve the place. 
 
 To CIRCUMVE'NT, v. a. [fiom circum, around, and vcnio, 
 to come, Lat.] to over-reach a person by superior craft ; to 
 deceive or impose upon by specious pretences, and secret 
 urtiflcc3. 
 
 CIRCUMVETsTION, s. [circvmreniio, Lat.] tlis impo.'slag 
 upon or over-reaching a person by secret- artifices airf. 
 subtlety. 
 
 To CiRCUMVE'ST, 1). a. [from ciVf7/m, around, and vcf- 
 <t"o, to _clothe, Lat. J to clothe all over with a garment; to 
 clothe, or surrounil with a garment. 
 
 To CIRCUMVO'LVE, v. t. [from circum, around, and 
 vohn, to roll, Lat.J to roll round ; to roll any body in any 
 orbit or circle. 
 
 CIRCUMVOLUTION, s. [from circumvoUuus, Lat.l the 
 act of rolling round; the state of being round; the tiling 
 rolled round. 
 
 CI'RCUS, i. [Lat.] in antiquity, a spacious building of 
 a round or uvM fi- ire, erected to exhibit shows ai.d games 
 to the people. 'J he Roman Circus v. as a large, oblong edi- 
 fice, arched at one end, encoinpasseil with porticoes, and 
 fariiistied with two rows of seats, places ascending over 
 each other. In the middle v.as a kind of foot-bank, or 
 eminence, wiili (>belisks, statues, and posts, at each end. 
 Those who ha '.o measured the circus say, it was 2187 feet 
 long, and 900 liroad, and would contain 150,000 people ; 
 others 260,000, or 300,000, and was the greatest building 
 in Rome. 
 
 CI'RENCESTER, or Cicester, a la:ge and populous 
 town in Gloucestershire, (supposed to ho-v? been built by 
 Cissa, a Saxon prince,) and formerly surrounded by walls, 
 of which some vestiges are ytt visible'. King Canute, the 
 Dane, held a general council here, in 102.). It has manu- 
 factures of cutlery ware, carpeting, w(,oI-combing, wopl- 
 stapliug, and yarn making, and a ci'.i:iTiini!cation with 
 Stroudwater, from wliich it derives great advantage. It is 
 seated ou the river Chum, in t!ie road from Oxford to B^ith, 
 18 miles S. E. of (iloucester, and 8t) W. of London. Mar- 
 kets on Monday ;'nd Friday. 
 
 (^■I'RRUS, s. in natural history, a sort of beard which 
 grows on the under jaw of certain fishes. 
 
 CIST, s. [cista, Lat.] a case ; a covering. In r.icdicine, 
 the coat or inclosuve of a tumor. 
 
 CrSTED, a. inclosed in a bag or membrane. 
 
 CLSTE'RCIANS, in church history, a re;i,-ioiis order 
 founded in the eleventh century, by St. Robert, a Benedic- 
 tine. They became so powerful, tliat they governed almost 
 all Europe, both in spirituals and tern; Ojids. Cardinal de 
 Vitri, describing their observances, says, tiiey n itlierwnre 
 skins nor shirts, nor ever ate fiesh, except in sickness; and 
 abstained from fish, eggs, milk, and cheese ; they lay uptin 
 straw beds, in their tunics and cowls ; they rose at niidnig.''.t 
 to prayer ; they spent the day in labour, reading, uui! pravj-r ; 
 and in all their exercised observed a continual si'eiice. Tiie 
 habit of their order is a wl.ite robe in the natu.c of a cas- 
 sock, with a black scapulary and hood, and ji.f wiih a 
 woollen girdle. The nuns wear a white tunic, aiid a Black 
 scapulary and girdle. 
 
 CrSTERN, ^. [ri sterna, Lat.] a receptacle for water or 
 rain, placed in yards or kitchens for faudly use ; a large le- 
 servoir of water, or incFosed fountain. 
 
 CI'-STUS, «. in botunv, a genus of pi; nls, of wh'c.i spe- 
 cies five are natives of Englai.d, viz. the hoary, anuu :l, nar- 
 row leaved, sun.lower, and dwarf cistus. All these s-iec:es 
 i?QV/er in June or July. _ . ' 
 
 CIT, t. [u contraction of cit/reaj one who lives in ihi city, 
 opiosed to one at the court ; a word of contempt. 
 
 CITADEL, s. [citndelle, Fr.la fort, or pliK-e fortified with 
 four, five, or six bastions, built sometimes in the most emi- 
 nent part of a city, and sometimes only near a city, in order 
 to defend the city against enemies, and to keep llie iiil'.abi- 
 tants in their obedience. 
 
 CI TAL, .«. a reproof, or impeachment; a summons, or 
 a call to appear in a court. 
 
 CITATION, s. I citaiio, Lat.] in law, a summons to ap- 
 pear before any ecclesiastical judge, ou some cause relating 
 to the church ; quoting or mentioning an author's name ; 
 the passage quoted from an author; a mention, detail, eiiu- 
 nicration. 
 
 107
 
 CIV 
 
 CLA 
 
 CITATORY, ff. having' the power of a summons, or used 
 dS a summons. 
 
 To CITE, I', a. [rito, Lat.] to summons or call a person to 
 appear in a court of justice ; to enjoin, or call on a person 
 with authority ; to quote. 
 
 CITER, s. wic who summons a person to appear in a 
 court ; one who quotes a passage from an author. 
 
 CITE'SS, s. a citv woman. 
 
 CITHARA, or "CITHERN, >. [dihara, Lat.] a kind of 
 harp, a musical instrument used by the ancients, the pre- 
 cise form or structure of which is not known : at tirst it had 
 only three strings, but the number was increased afterwards 
 to 8, 9, and lastly to 2-1 ; it was played upon with a plectrum 
 or quill, like the lyre. 
 
 CITIZEN, s. [citoijeii, Fr.] a person who is free of a city, 
 one who carries on a trade in a city, opposed to a ;;entle- 
 nian or soldier. The term citizen became general among 
 the French people after the establishment of tiie Repuiilic. 
 It was first used instead of Afc)>ist>«r, and every other hono- 
 rary title. 
 
 Citrates, s. in cliemistry, salts formed by the combi- 
 nation of any base with the citric acid. 
 
 CITRIC, a. in chemistry, belonging to lemons and other 
 similar fruits. 
 
 CITRINE, ff. [from ciVnw, a citron, Lat.J lemon-coloured ; 
 • fa dark yellow. 
 
 CITRINE, s. ^citriuKs, Lat.] a species of crystal of an 
 extremely beautiful yellow. It is generally clear, fine, and 
 I'ree from i\aws ; it is very plentiful in the West Indies, of- 
 tentimes set in rings by our jewellers, and may be mistaken 
 for a topaz. 
 
 Cri'RON, s. [eitrtis, Lat.J a fruit which comes from a 
 hot country, and is in smell, taste, and shape, somewhat 
 like a lemon. Citron-water, or Aqua-vita;, is distilled with 
 the rind of citrons. 
 
 CITY, s. [cite, Fr.] a large town inclosed with a wall. In 
 law, a town corporate, that hath a bishop and a cathedral 
 church ; the inhabitants of a city. 
 
 CI TV, a. living in a city ; like a citizen ; with vain pa- 
 rade or ostentatious affluence. 
 
 CrVET, *. Ycivette, Fr.] in natural history, an animal of 
 theweaz?l kind, which inhabits several parts of Africa and 
 India, and produces the drug called civet. 
 
 CIVIC, a. [from civis, a citizen, Lat.] that relates to civil 
 matters, opposed to military. A civic croiim, among the Ro- 
 mans, was made of oaken leaves, and given to those that had 
 saved the life of a citizen. 
 
 CrVIL, a.[vivilis, from civis, a citizen, Lat.] that belongs 
 to a city, or the government thereof ; polished ; well regu- 
 lated. Ciyil war is that which citizens or people of the 
 same nation wage with one another. C'inil death is that which 
 is indicted by the laws, in opposition to natural. Joined 
 with power or magistrate, that which is exercised on the 
 principles of government, opposite to military. Figura- 
 tively, civilized; humane; well-bred; complaisant; gen- 
 tle; beautifully applied to inanimate things. Cm7 /aui is that 
 which is opposed to the common, and implies the Roman 
 kw, contained in the institutes, digests, and code. Civil 
 year, that which is established by law in any country, and is 
 so called to distinguish it from the natural year, which is de- 
 termined by the revolution of the heavenly bodies. 
 
 CIVILIAN, f. [from civilis, Lat.] one who professes and 
 makes the civil law his peculiar study. 
 
 CIVILIZATION,^, a law which renders a criminal pro- 
 cess civil, by turning an information into an inquest, 
 &c. 
 
 CIVI'LITY, t. politeness ; a polite address attended with 
 hurnane and benevolent actions ; a kindness bestowed in a 
 politi' manner. 
 
 To CrVILlZE, t>. a>to instruct in.auch sciences as tend to 
 ••cnder men humane. 
 
 CIVILl'ZEK, J. one that reforms the savage manners of 
 liarb-<i-ians, and renders them both humane and polite. 
 
 Cr\' ILLY, aii. ilia manner agreeable to the principles 
 I OX 
 
 of goTemment, and the rules of society ; in a kind, con- 
 descending, good-natured, and genteel manner. 
 
 CrVITA VE'CCHIA, a sea port in the Campagna di 
 Roma. It is 36 miles N. W. of Rome. 
 
 CrVITA VE'CCHIA, or Melita, a town in Malta, 
 situated on a hill, in the centre of the island, and stnmgly 
 fortified. It is the see of a bishop. From this town may b* 
 seen the whole island, and sometimes the . 2sts of Africa 
 and Sicily. 
 
 CIZE, «. [generally written tize ; from iacisa, Lat.l the 
 dimensions of any thing with respect to magnitude or 
 bulk. 
 
 CLACK, s. [hlach, Belg.] any thin^ which makes a coiv 
 tinued and lasting noise, applied to that of a mill. Figura- 
 tively ,.incessaut and importunate tattle; the tougue. 
 
 To CLACK, V. n. \klatsehen, Teut.] to make a "noise like 
 that which is heard in a mill when going; to let the tongue 
 run, or to talk much. 
 
 CLACKIMATnNAN, a town of Scotland, in Clackmannan- 
 shire, seated on the N. shore of the river Forth, 25 miles N. 
 W. of Edinburgh. Here Robert de Bruce, king of Scot- 
 land, had a palace, and his great sword and helmet are still 
 preserved. 
 
 CLACKMA'NNAN, a small county of Scotland, bounded 
 on the F-. by Fifeshire, on the N. and W. by Perthshire, and 
 on the S. by Stirlingshire. It is but 8 miles in length, and 
 5 in breadth. It produces good corn and pastures, and 
 plenty of coals and salt. This shire, together with Kinross, 
 sends one member to parliament. 
 
 CLAD, part, preter. from Clothe. 
 
 To CLAIM, V. a. [clamer, Fr.] to demand as a right or 
 due ; to require authoritatively. 
 
 CLAIiM, s. a demand, or right of demanding' a thing as 
 due. 
 
 CLArM.\BLE, a. that may be demanded as due, or as 
 belonging to a person. 
 
 CLArM.\NT', s. he that pretends a right to any thing in 
 the possession of another, and demands it as his property. 
 
 CLAI'MER, s. one who demands a tiling as his property. 
 
 CLAIR-OBSCURE,*. See Clare-Obscure. 
 
 To CLA'MBER, v. n. [perhaps corrupted from cliviP to 
 ascend or go up a steep place with diniculty, so as to be 
 forced to use both knees and hands. 
 
 To CLAMiM, V. a. [daman, Sax.] to clog with any giew. 
 ish or viscous matter. 
 
 CLA'MMINESS, i. the quality by which any substance 
 sticks to any thing that touches it; viscidity; ropiness. 
 
 CLA'IMMY, a. viscous, ropy, glutinous, or adhering to 
 any thing which touches it. 
 
 CLA'MOROUS, a. makhiga noise with the voice ; speak- 
 ing loud and turbulent. 
 
 CLA'MOUR, s. [clamoj; Lat.] .a noise, or outcry ; an ex- 
 altation of the voice in anger. Applied with eleganc* to 
 inanimate things. 
 
 To CLA'MOUR, v. n. to make a noise ; or speak in a 
 loud, passionate, and turbulent manner. 
 
 CLAMP, s. [klampe, Belg.] a piece of wood added to 
 anotlier to strengthen it, ajid prevent its bursting ; a little 
 piece of wood in the form of a wheel, used in a mortise, in- 
 stead of a pulley ; a quantity or collection o!" bricks. Chmp- 
 iiails are such as are used to fasten on clamps in the building 
 or repairing of ships. 
 
 To CLAMP, V. a. in joining, to fit a board with the grain 
 to another piece across the grain ; this is of use to i)rcvent 
 warping. 
 
 CLAN, *. a family, race, or tribe ; a body of per- 
 sons. 
 
 CLA'NCULAR, a. [clancularius, from ctam, secretly, Lat.] 
 secret, clandestine. 
 
 CLANDE'STINE, a. [dandettinus, Lat.] underham* r se- 
 cret; in order to evade any law ; private ; always u^ed in a 
 bad sense. 
 
 CLANDESTINELY, ad. in a secret or i-ivate manner, 
 Lncluding some illegal or bad practice. 
 
 ^^
 
 CL A 
 
 CLA 
 
 To CLANG;,!'. ". Irlan^o, Lat.jto make a loud shrill noise 
 with a brazen sound like that of a trumpet ; or to make a 
 noise like that of ;irin<mr vviien sirurk with a solid body, or 
 like swords when beat to^'ether. Actively, to strike toge- 
 ther, so as to make a noise. 
 
 CLA'N(iOUR, s. [clrino-or, Lat.] a hmd . shrill sound. 
 
 CLA'NfiOUS, fl. niakiiii;a loud and shrill noise. 
 
 CLANK, *. a loud, sinill, or harsh noise, made by hard 
 bodies when clashed together. 
 
 To CLAl', ('. a. [dappnii, Sax.] to strike together with a 
 quick motion, so as to make a noise ; to put one thnig upon 
 another with a hasty, sudden, and unexpected motion; to 
 perform any action in a quick and unexpected manner ; to 
 apiiliuKl or praise a person by striking the hands together to 
 shut upwiih a quick or sudden motion. To infect witii a 
 venereal poison. To <•/«/) «/» implies to cnirplete suddenly, 
 without nuich precautiou. Neuterly, to move nimbly with 
 a noise ; to enter witii alacrity upon anything. 
 
 CLAP, s. a loud noise made by the striking of two solid 
 bodies together, or liv explosion, when applied to tiiunder : 
 applause or approbation, testihed by striking the hands to- 
 gether. In medicine, a venereal infection. 
 
 CLAPPER, s. one wiio strikes his hands-together by way 
 of applause; the tongue, or piece of iron, which hangs in 
 the inside of a bell, and makes it sound ; a piece of W4>od in 
 a mill for sliaking the lio[iper. Figuratively, the tongue ol 
 a person that is verv laiUative ; a word of reproach. 
 
 To CLAPPEKCLA'W, v. a. to scold. 
 
 CLARE, a county of Munster, in Ireland, 47 miles long, 
 nnd 32 broid, bounded on tlie W. by the Atlantic ; on the 
 N. by Galway ; and on tlie E. and S. by the Shannon, which 
 separates it fromTipiierary, Limerick, and Kerry. It con- 
 tains 2 market towns, 7U parishes, and about LI6,000 inhabi- 
 tants ; and breeds more horses than any other county in Ire- 
 land, as also a greatnundier of cattle and sheei*. The town 
 of (;iare, called also Ennis, thougii ilistinct from Ennis, 
 which is 2 miles distant, is 17 miles N. W. of Limerick, anti 
 112S.W. of Dublin. 
 
 CLARE, a town of Suffolk, with a market on Monday. 
 It is seated on a creek of the river Stour; the ruins of a cas- 
 tle, and a collegiate church, are still visible. They have a 
 manufacture of baize. In this town is a very large cln\rcli, 
 and several dissenting meeting-houses. It consists of about 
 500 houses, which are mostly of clay, white-washed, and the 
 streets pretty wide, but not paved. It is 15 miles S. of Bury, 
 anri 5(5 N. E. of London. 
 
 CLARENCEUX.orCLARENCI'EUX, (datn-ons-u) [Fr.] 
 the second king of arms, so called from the duke of Clarence, 
 .son of Edward HI. who first bore this office. He marshals 
 and disposes of the funerals of all the lower no{)ilitv on the 
 south side of the Trent, and is therefore called Surrey, 
 i. c. Soilh-roy, or South-king. 
 
 CLARE-OBSCUPvE, s. [from clanis, bright and obscurvs, 
 dark, Lat.] in painting, the lights and shades in a picture ; 
 the art of distributing the lights and shades in a piece to 
 the greatest advantage. 
 
 CLA'RET, s. [clnii-et, Fr.] French wine, of a clear, pale, 
 red colour. 
 
 CLA (UCORD, or CLA'RICHORD, s. [from chrus, clear, 
 and vharda, a chord, Lat. J a musical instrument in form of 
 a spjnnet. It has 49 or 5iJ stops, and 70 strings, which bear 
 o>\ five bridges, the first whereof is the highest, the rest 
 diminishing ni proportion. Some of the strnigs are in uni- 
 son, their number being greater than that of the slops. 
 There are several little mortises for passing the jacks, 
 armed with brass hooks, which stop and raise the chords, 
 instead of the chords used in virginals and spinnets. The 
 chords are covered with pieces of cloth, which render the 
 sound sweeter, and deaden it so, that it cannot be heard at 
 any considerable distance; and therefore is in particnlai 
 use among the nuns, who are unwilling to disturb the silence 
 of the dormitorv. 
 
 CLARIFICATION,,?. I from darns, clear, and>, to be made, 
 Isat.] the clearing any thing from impurities; the lining liquors. 
 
 To CLA'RIFY, v. a. [darifier, Fr.] to fine or make any 
 licpior clear. Neuterly, to clear up; to brighten. 
 
 CLARION, s. [dariii, Span.] a trumpet with a narrower 
 tid)e and shriller sound than the common sort. 
 
 CLA'RITY, s. [darte, Fr.] brightness, splendor. 
 
 CLARK,,?. See Clkrk. 
 
 CLA'RV, s. in botany, a genus of plants, called by Lirv 
 nwus salvia. There are two British species, viz. the mea- 
 dow and wild ; the former with oblong, heart-shaped, scoU 
 loped leaves, and bruish purple blossoms, is found in Essex, 
 and flowers in July ; the latter with indented, serrated, 
 smoothish leaves, and blue blossoms, is common in meadows 
 and pastures, flowering from May to Scptendjcr. 
 
 To CLASH, ». n. [Itlctsen, Belg.] to make a noise, aiiplied 
 to two bodies struck together ; to act with opposite views ; 
 to contradict, oppose, or disagree. Actively, to strike one 
 thing against another, so as to produce a noise. 
 
 ('Lash, s. a noise made by the striking two bodies toge- 
 ther ; opposition of sentiments, opinions, or interests. 
 
 CLASHING, s. .See Clash. 
 
 CLASP, s. [despe, Belg.] a thin piece of metal curved at 
 the extremities, which enters into a hole made in another 
 l)lace, and is used to fasten, two things together, such as the 
 two covers of a booli, or the two foreparts of a garment, Sec. 
 Figuratively, an enibiace, wherein the arms are thrown round 
 the body of a person. 
 
 To CLASP, V. a. to shut or fasten by a clasp ; to hold 
 within the hands; to nudie the fingers meet round the cir- 
 cumference of any thing held in theluujd ; to enclfise. 
 
 CLASP-KNIFE, s.i\ knife which is furnished withaspring, 
 and folds into the handle. 
 
 CLASS, s. [dassis, Lat.] a collection of things ranged ac- 
 cording to their difterent natures and value ; a rank or 
 order. In schools, a number of boys placed according to 
 their attainments, and the authors they read. 
 
 To CLASS, II. a. to range according to some stated me- 
 thod of distribution ; to range according to different ranks. 
 
 CLASSIC, or CLA'SSICAL, «. [from dassis, a class, Lat.j 
 a term chielly applied to authors who are read in the classes 
 at schools. Virgil, Cicero, Homer, and all the other Greek 
 and Latin writers who flourished at a time when their lan- 
 guage subsisted in tolerable purity, are included under the 
 term classical. 
 
 CLASSIC, i. an author of the first rank for abilities, and 
 esteemed a standard for style, &c- 
 
 To CLATTER, v. a. \datrim'ie. Sax.] to make a noise by 
 being often struck togetlier, applied to sonorous or metalline 
 bodies, to make a noise by talking aloud, fast, and little to 
 the purpose, a low word. 
 
 CL.-\TTF.R, s. a rattling noi«e made by the frequent 
 striking of hard bodies together : a confused and tumultu- 
 ous noise. 
 
 CLA'VATED, 0. [davatus, Lat.] knobbed; or abounding 
 with knribs. 
 
 CLAVE, tlie prefer, of Cleave. 
 
 CLA'VELLATED, part, [davdlatus, low Lat.] in chemis- 
 try, made with burnt tartar. 
 
 CLA'VER.j. See Clover. 
 
 CLA'VICLE, s. [from davicula, a little key, Lat. as beirg 
 the keysof the throat] in anatomy, the collar-bone, of whun 
 there are two, situated between tlie scapula an I sternui/i, 
 each of them resembling an Italic S, but in women more 
 straight than in men. 
 
 CLAUSE, {Idaiize) s. [clatisula, from dnudo, to shut, Lat.l 
 a sentence ; a single article ; so much of a sentence as w ill 
 make sense. 
 
 CLA'USENBURG, a city of Transylvania, situated on 
 the river Lamos ; where the states assemble. On one of 
 the gates is an inscription in honour of the emperor Trajan. 
 
 CL.'VU'STRAL, a. [liom daustrum, an inclosure, Lat.] be- 
 longing to a cloister, or religious house. 
 
 CLAU'SURE, s. [chiisura, from daudo, to ,shut, Lat.l con- 
 finement ; the state of a person shut up or confined in a. 
 monastery. 
 
 160
 
 CLE 
 
 CLE 
 
 CLAW, s. [clawan, Sax.] the foot of a bird or beast, arm- 
 ed with a sharp-pointed horny substance. 
 
 To CLAW, V. a. [ckwan, Sax.] to scratch or tear with tlie 
 nails. 
 
 CLA'WED, part, furnished or armed wth claws. 
 
 CLAY, s. [clai, Brit.] a compact, weighty, stitF, viscid, and 
 ductile earth, when moist; smooth to the touch, easily dis- 
 solved m water, and when mixed with it, not quickly sub- 
 siding. Figuratively, the earth, or substance out of which 
 our bodies are by scripture said to be produced. 
 
 CLAY, a town of Norfolk, with a small harbour, and large 
 salt-works in the neighbourhood, from whence salt is sent 
 all over the country, and sometimes exported to Holland, 
 the Baltic, &c. It is seated on an arm of the sea, between 
 two rivers, 8 miles from Walsingham, and 20 N. W. of Nor- 
 wich. Marke* jn Saturday. 
 
 To CLAY, .<. a. to cover with clay. In agriculture, to 
 manure with clay. 
 
 CLA'Y-COLD, a. as cold as clay. Figuratively, lifeless. 
 
 CLAYES, s. [claye, Ft.] in fortifications, wattles made with 
 stakes interwoven with osiers, to cover lodjfinents. 
 
 CLA'YEY, a. consisting of or abounding in clay. 
 
 CLA'YISH, a. of the nature of clay; like clay. 
 
 CLAY-MARL, s. a whitish, smooth, chalky earth, re- 
 sembling clay, but somewhat more fat, and sometimes mixed 
 with chalk-stones. 
 
 CLA'Y-PIT, s. a pit where clay is dug. 
 
 CLEAN, {kteeii) a. [cltpiie, Sax.] free from dirt, or soil. 
 Figuratively, free from any moral stain, wickedness, or im- 
 purity. Adverbially used, it implies entirely, perfectly, 
 fuUv, or completely. 
 
 To CLEAN, V. a. to free from dirt or filth. 
 
 CLE'ANLY, a. free from dirt or filth, free from moral 
 impurity ; innocent ; chaste. 
 
 CLE'ANLY, ad. in a clean, neat manner, free from dirt 
 or filth. 
 
 CLEANNESS, or CLEANLINESS, «. neatness; free 
 from dirt or filth ; elegance; exactness; freedom from any 
 moral impurity. 
 
 To CLEANSE, (klenxe) v. a. [clansian, Sax.] to free from 
 dirt or filth by washing or rubbing; to free from b;id hu- 
 mours by purges, in medicine. To free from matter of fun- 
 guses, applied to wounds. 
 
 CLE'ANSER, (kU/izer) s. [dtrnsere. Sax.] in medicine, 
 that which removes any humours, or expels any noxious 
 fluid from the body ; a detergent. 
 
 CJjEAR, (klcer)a. [cliinis, Lat.] bright, transparent, pel- 
 lucid, transpicuous ; free dom blame, innocent, without ble- 
 mish; evident, iiidisputahle, undeniable ; free from distress, 
 prosecution, or imputed guilt; vacant, out of debt, unen- 
 tangled ; out of danger. 
 
 To CIjEAR, v. a. to i)righten; to vindicate one's charac- 
 ter; to prove a man's iniiocence ; to free from oij»curity ; 
 to discharge a debt; to clarify, or f/eni- liquors; to gain 
 without any deduction for h)ss or charges. 7Vi clem- a ship, 
 is to obtain leave for sailing, or selling the cargo, by paying 
 the customs. 
 
 CLK'ARaNCE, s. a certificate that the ship has been 
 cleared by the custoni-house, by pay lug the duties. 
 
 CLEAR, CAPE, a promontorv on a little island, on tlie 
 S. coast of Ireland. Lat. .01. 18." N. Ion. 9. 2,-5. W. There 
 is also another island, called Cape Clear island, at a 
 sm;ill distance from Baltimore Haven ; they are both inha- 
 bited. 
 
 CLE'ARER, s. the person or thing that removes any 
 filth or obstruction ; that which communicates light to the 
 mind, or removes any difficulty or prejudices which may ob- 
 scure the iiidgmcnt. 
 
 CLE'ARLY. ad. free from darkness, obscurity, ambigui- 
 "ty ; plainly; without any undue iuHuerice or |)rejudice. 
 Without deduction, or diminition, applied to gains ; with- 
 out evasion, or reserve. 
 
 CLE'ARNESS, s. transparency, which renders a thing 
 CAsy to be seen through, applied' to glass. Freedom from 
 170 
 
 dregs, or filth, applied to liquors. Distinctness, plainnes;, 
 freedom from obscurity and ambiguitj', applied to ideas. 
 
 CLEAR-SI'GHTED, a. able to discern and distinguish 
 things; judicious; seeing into the consequences of things. 
 
 To CLE'ARSTAHCH, v. a. to starch in such a manner, 
 that linen may appear transparent, and clearer than in com- 
 mon washing. 
 
 To CLEAVE, (Ideeve) V. n prefer. / clove, part c/o"en; 
 [cleofan, Sax.] to stick ; to .adhere to; to unite one's self to 
 a person. 
 
 To CLE.WE. (klecve) V. a. prefer. I clave, clove, or cleft, 
 particip. cloven, or cleft ; [cleofan. Sax.] todivide a thing with 
 a chopper and with violence ; to divide by a swift or rapid 
 motion. To divide or separate : to part asunder. 
 
 CLEAVER, (kleiver) s. a large flat instrument made of 
 metal, with a handle, of a long square form, used by 
 butchers to separate the joints of meat from their carcases, 
 one who chops any thing. In botany, a weed, named like- 
 wise diver. 
 
 CLE'BURY, called also North Clebury, and C lb- 
 bury Mortimer, a town in Sliropshire, situated on the 
 N. side of the river Tend, 28 miles S. E. of Shrewsbury. 
 Market on Thursday. 
 
 CLEES, s. the two parts of the foot of a cloven-footed 
 beast. Probably corrupted from claws. 
 
 CLEF, s. [clef, ft.] in music, a mark placed at the be- 
 ginning of the lines of a piece of music, which determin a 
 the name of each line, according to the scale ; the tone or 
 key in which it is to begin, and all the unisons in a piece. 
 
 CLEFT, participle passive, from Cleave. 
 
 CLEFT, J. a space made by the separation of the parts of 
 any body; a crack. In farriery, a disease in horses, which 
 appears on the hough of the pasterns. 
 
 To CLEFTGRAFT, v. a. in gardening, to engraft by 
 cleaving the stock of a tree, and inserting a branch into it. 
 
 CLE MENCY, s. [dementia, Lat.] unwillingness to punish, 
 and tenderness in inflicting punishment. 
 
 CLE'MENT, «. [cleme)u<:, Lat.] unwilling to punish, and 
 tender in executing or limiting punishment. 
 
 To CLEPE, V. a. [deapan, Sax.] to call. Obsolete. 
 
 CLEPSY'DRA, i. [from klepto, to hide, and ndor, water, 
 Gr.]a water-clock, or an instrument to measure time bi^ the 
 falling of a certain quantify of water, used by the ancients 
 before the invention of clocks and hour-glasses, both by sea 
 and land. There were many kinds of clepsydra among the 
 ancients, but had all of them this in common, that the 
 water ran generally through a narrow passage, from one 
 vessel into another, and in the lower was a piece of cork, 
 which, as the vessel filled, rose up by degrees, and shewed 
 the hour. 
 
 CLE'RGY, i. [dergi, Fr.] a body of men set apart by due 
 ordination for the service of God, and the Christian church, 
 and originally consisting of bisho^)s, priests, and deacons; 
 but in file third century many inferior orders were appointed, 
 such as subdeacons, acolythists, readers, <ltc. The clergy 
 of )lie church of Rome are divided into regular and secular. 
 The regular clergy consi.its of those monks or religions who 
 have taken upon them holy orders of the priesthood in their 
 respective monasteries. The secular clergy are those who 
 are not of any religious order, and have the care and direc- 
 tion of parisiier; The proteitrut clergy are all secular. 
 The privileges of the Etifjlish clerpy, by the ancient statutes, 
 are very considerable ; their goods are to pay no foil in fair* 
 or markets ; they are exempt from all offices but their 
 own ; from the king's carriages, posts, &-e. ; from appear 
 iiig at slu'riffs' touriis, frank pledges, <Xrc. ; and are not to be 
 fined or amerced according to their spiritual, but their tem- 
 poral means. A clergyman, acknowledging a statute, is 
 not to be imprisoned. If he be convicted of a crime for 
 which the benefit of clergy is allowed, he shall not b« 
 burnt ill the hand ; and he shall have the benefit of clergy 
 iniiifiiiiltim, whidi no layman can have more than once. 
 The revenues of the clergy wt^rc anciently very considera- 
 ble ; but since the reformation ar« very siuaU, especially
 
 CLI 
 
 CLI 
 
 those of tlic inferior clergy. Iiifleed, an addition was made 
 2 Anne, bywhiob tiie wliole revenues or first-fruits and tenths 
 were granted, to raise a fund for the aufiuientation of tlie 
 niaititenance of the poor dcrgy ; pursuant to which a cor- 
 poration was formed, to which the same revenues were 
 conveyed in trust. Benefit of Clern^y is a privilege which 
 ancirntiv was allowed only to those who were in orders : 
 but by tlie statute of 18 E/iz. e\ery man to whom the bene- 
 fit vf ehr^y is granted, though not in orders, is put to read 
 at the bar, after he is found' guilty, ami convicted of felony, 
 and so burnt in the hand, and set free for the first tJTne, if 
 the ordinary or deputy standing by do say, les:it vt e/encus ; 
 otherwise be shall sutler death. See Benevit of 
 Clergy. 
 
 CLE'RGYMAN, s. a person nedicated by ordination to 
 the service of the church ; a person in holy orders. 
 
 CLE'RICAL, «. [from clerieiis, a clergynian> Eccles. 
 Lat. I belonging to the clergy. 
 
 CLERK, s. ifrom /ihros, heritage, Gr. because the clergy 
 were supposed to be the \teculiar heritage or property of 
 (iod] a word originally useil to denote a learned man, or 
 iniin of letters; but now is the common appellation by 
 which clergymen distinguish themselves in signing any 
 <leed, instrument, <V'c. Also the person who reads the re- 
 sponses, of the congregation in the church to direct the 
 rest. It is likewise a common name for writers or book- 
 keepers, iu v'ublic otHces, or private compting-houses. In 
 our courts of record, there is a great number of officers 
 who go under this name. 
 
 CLE'RKSHIl', s. the office or employ of a clerk. 
 
 CLEVE, CLIP, CLIVE, in the name of a place, denotes 
 it to be situate on tlie side of a rock or hill : as, Cleveland, 
 eiiftim, StatwUtf'. 
 
 CLE'VER, rt. dexterous, quick, or skilful in the perform- 
 ance of any thing ; well pleasing, convenient. Well made; 
 handsome. 
 
 CLEVERLY, ad. in a dexterous, ingenious, skilful, and 
 l)roper manner; 
 
 CLE'VERNESS, s. a proper, skilful, and dexterous per- 
 formance ; a quality which conveys the idea of fitness, in- 
 genuity, and perfection, and thereby excites satisfaction in 
 the mind. 
 
 CLEVES, the late duchy of, one of the finest countries of 
 the late German empire, in the circle of Westphalia, bounded 
 on the N. by Munsterand r)veryssel, and on the W. by (iuel- 
 derland an<l Brabant. It is divided into two by the Rliine, 
 and was subject to the king of Prussia. It is about iO 
 miles in length, and from 10 to 12 in breadth. Tiio re\'e- 
 nues of CIcves and Mark amounted to a million of cvoh lis. 
 Cicves, its capital, is a handsome town, consisting of about 
 800 houses, it is seated on a hill, 3 miles from the Rhine, 
 and to miles E. S. E. of Nimcguen. 
 
 C LEW, s. [klouwen, Bel^.] any thing in a globular form ; 
 a ball of thread. Figuratively, any guide or direction, by 
 means of which a person may surmount any difficulty, al- 
 luding to a ball of thread made use of by persons to find 
 their way back again from a labyrinth. The elew nf a sail 
 is the lower corner, reaching down to that earing where the 
 tackle and sheets are fastened. 
 
 To CLEW, V. a. among sailors, joined with the Nvord 
 sail, signifies to raise them in order to be fiirled by means 
 of a rope fastened to the clew, called the dew-gaiiut. 
 
 To CLIC K, V. n. [eliken, Belg.] to make a small, sharp, 
 mid successive noise, like that of the beats of a watch. 
 
 CLI'CKER, s. a tradesman's servant, who stands at the 
 shop-door to invite customers to buy his wares ; commonly 
 called a barker. 
 
 CLIENT, s. [eliens, Lat.] in law, one wno employs a 
 lawyer for advice or defence. Among the Romans,"one 
 who was dependant on some great personage, who under- 
 took to defend him from oppression. 
 
 CLLENTELE, or CLI'ENTSHIP, s. [elientela, Lat.] 
 tke office or condition of a client. 
 CLIFF, <.-. [elif, Sux.j a steep or craggy rock, generally 
 
 applied to one on the sea-coast. In music, used inip;opct 
 
 ly for Clrf.^ 
 
 CLIFFE, KING'S, a town of Northamptonshire, 27 miles 
 N. E. of Northampton, and 8H N. N. W. of Londoiu 
 Market on Tuesday. 
 
 CLIMACTERIC, or CLIMACTERICAL, «.[from/,7(m«r, 
 a la<lder or scale, dr.] among the physicians and astroliv- 
 gers, IS a name given to certain periods in a man's lite, 
 which they supposed to be very critical, and to denote some 
 extraordinary change. According to some, every seventh 
 year is climacteric : but others allow only tliose years \)rrt- 
 duced by 7 iiMiitiplied by the odd numbers ,3, .5, 7, and 
 9, to be climaclcrtiL These years, tluy say, bring with 
 them some leiiiarkable change with respect to life, health, 
 or fortune; the (rmndClimaeteric is the (KUi year; but some 
 making two, add to this the 81st. The other Ciimacteries 
 are the 7th, 21st, .-{.Otli, 49tli, and .56th. 
 
 CLIMATE, s. [klima, inclination, Gr.j oecause the dif- 
 ference of climates arises from the ditlerent inclination (,f 
 the sphere, in geography, a space on the surface of the 
 earth, contained between two parallel circles, and mea- 
 sured from the equator to the polar circles, in each of 
 which spaces the longest days are lialf an hour longer in 
 those near the poles, than in those nearest the equator. 
 From the polar circles to the poles, the climates increase 
 the space of a whole month. In the eommoii and popular 
 sense, any country ditlering from aiiotiier, either in respect 
 of its seasons, the quality of the soil, or the manner of its 
 inhabitants, without any regard to the length of the 
 day. 
 
 Climax, s. [hUmax, a ladder or scale, Gr.] in rhetoric, 
 a figure, wherein the sense of a period ascends or increases 
 every sentence till it concludes ; as in the following : " Whe- 
 ther Paul, orApollos, or Cephas, or the world, or life, or 
 death, or things present, or things to come, all arc yours; 
 and ye are Christ's ; and Christ is (iod's." 1 Cor. xxii, 23. 
 
 To CLIMB, V. n. [prefer, and participle passive, climbed, 
 sometimes pronounced clime ; climaH, Sax.] to ascend ; to 
 ascend by tlieir specific levity, &c. applied to vapours ; to 
 mount or go upwards. 
 
 CLI'MBER, s. one who mounts, ascends, or scales any 
 high or steep place. A plant so called from its creeping up 
 on other supports, as the ivy, honeysuckle, &e. 
 
 CLIME, s. the same as climate ; generally used in poetrv. 
 
 To CLINCH, V. a. to hold a thing in the hand with the 
 fingers and thumb meeting over it ; to shut the hand so as 
 the fingers and thumb may reach over each other; to bend 
 the point of a nail, w hen driven through any thing ; to eoi^ 
 firm, establish, or push home, applied to an arfj;ument. 
 
 CLINCH, *. a word which has a doulile meaning ; a pun ; 
 a word made use of to conclude several lines in the different 
 parts of a poem, and to rhyme to as many different words. 
 In navigation, that part of a cable which is fastened to the 
 ring of an anchor. 
 
 CLI'NCHER, s. a cramp or holdfast, made of a piece of 
 iron bent, or making an angle at the top, and used to fasten 
 planks. 
 
 To CLING, V. n. [prefer. I chmg, or have clumr ; part 
 clavg ; klimger, Dan.] to stick close to, or hang ui)on, by 
 twisting round a thing. 
 
 CLITSIIC, s. [from Mines, a bed, Gr.] a term applied by 
 the ancient church-bishops, to those who received baptism 
 on their death-bed. 
 
 CLINICAL, a. [from Mine, a oed, Gr.] in rnedicine, a 
 term particularly used to signify the treating sick persons 
 in bed, for the more exact rliscoven, of all the symptoms 
 of their diseases. A clinical lecture is a lecture delivered 
 bv the bed-side of the patient, and in which the lecturer 
 refers his pupil to the actual situation of the patient. 
 
 To CLINK, r. a. to strike metals together so as to make 
 them sound. Neuterly, to make a noise, applied to the 
 sound made by two pieces of metal struck together. 
 
 CLINK, .c. a noise made by the striking of two pieces 
 of metal, whether iron or steel, on each other. 
 
 171
 
 CLO 
 
 CIO 
 
 CLTOQUANT, a. [Fr.] dressed in embroidery, in span 
 gles ; false glitter ; tinsel iinery. 
 
 CLI'O, [Lat.l one of the Nine Muses, the patroness of his- 
 toiy ; siie is called the daughter of Jupiter and Memory, to 
 shew the qualifications of an iiistorian ; her name properly 
 signifies fjlory, fanie, or renown, in a good sense, and is ge- 
 nerally represented by a young maiden, crowned with lau- 
 rel, holding a trumpet in her right hand, and a book in her 
 left, with Thucydides' name in it. 
 
 To CLIP, V. a. [clippan, Sax.j to embrace by folding the 
 arms closely round ; to enfold in the arms ; to hug. To cut 
 ■witli shears, from Hipper, Dan. or hlippen, Belg. Figura 
 tively, to diminish, applied to corn, ro cut short, not to 
 pronounce fully, applied to language. 
 
 CLIPPER, s. one that debases the coin, by cutting, fil 
 ling, or otherwise diminishing its siae and weight. 
 
 CLITPING, t. the part cut or clipped off. 
 
 CLITHERO, a town in Lancashire, having manufactures 
 of cotton, a medicinal spring,and a communication with all 
 the late inland navigations. It stands, with its ruinous 
 castle, built by the Lacvs, on the river Ribble, at the bot- 
 tom of PendleHill, 33 miles S. E. of Lancaster, and "213 N. 
 N. W. of London. It sends two members to parliament. 
 Market on Saturday. 
 
 CLl'VER, «.[more properly written cleaver'] in botany, an 
 herb, which sticks to the clothes of such as touch it, and 
 Used iu medicine. 
 
 CLOAK, (klbk) s. a loose garment without sleeves, worn 
 over the resl of a person's clothes, either to tiefend them 
 from cold or rain. Figuratively, a pretext, or pretence, iii 
 order to conceal any design. 
 
 To CLOAK, (lildli) V. a. to cover with a cloak. Figu- 
 ratively, to conceal any design by some specious pretext or 
 artifice. 
 
 CLO AKB.4G, i. a bag in which clothes are carried. 
 
 CLOCK, s.\chcc, Drit.] a kind of moveuient or machine, 
 going by a pendulum, serving to measure time, and shew 
 the hour by striking on a bell. Huygens was tlie first person 
 who brought the art of clock-making to any perfection ; 
 and tiie first pendulum clock made in England was in the 
 year 1622, bj Fromantel, a Dutcliuian. What's o'cluck, is a 
 phrase importing, what hour is it I "I'is nine o'cloeh, implies, 
 it is the ninth hcur. Applied to stockings, clock signifies 
 the work with which the ankles are adorned. An insect ; a 
 sort of beetle. 
 
 CLO CKMAKER, i. an artificer whose profession is to 
 make clocks. 
 
 CLOCKWORK, s. any movements which go by means 
 of springs, wheels, an<l a pendulum, and in that respect re 
 semble the movements of a clock. 
 
 CLOD, J. [elud, Sax.] a small mass of moist earth; a 
 lUmp of earth or clay, figuratively, a turf ; the ground; 
 any thing vile, base, and earthly.; a dull, gross, stupid per- 
 son. 
 
 To CLOD, r. V. to unite into a mass, on account of its 
 «io.isture or viscidity. To curdle, used instead of clot. Ac- 
 tively, to pelt with clods. 
 
 Ci.O'DDY, a. consisting of little heaps, small masses, or 
 clods of earth. 
 
 CLO'DI'ATE, .?. a stupid fellow; one who cannot easily 
 apprehend the meaning of another. Hence chid pated, uii 
 adjective, implying dull of apprelii'iision, or stupid. 
 
 To CLO(j, 1'. a. to load with something that may hinder 
 motion; to burthen; to embarnis. Neuterly, to be ob- 
 slnicled by the sticking of something lo a thing. 
 
 CLOG, .5. ;iiiy weight or thing which impedes or hinders 
 the motion of a thing ; a restraint ; an encuml)rani-e, hinder- 
 ance, obiitruction, or impediment ; a composition of lea- 
 ther, consisting of a sole anil two straps, worn by women 
 over the siioes, to keep their feet clean or warm. 
 
 CLO'GC.ilNIOSS,*. the state of being hindered from mo- 
 tion ; obstruction. 
 
 CLOGGY, a. that, l)y adhering to any instrument, stops 
 up the passages, or otherwise hinders it:i motion. 
 172 
 
 CLO'GHER, a city, or rather a village of Tyrone, in IJ!- 
 ster, (the see of a bishop) 70 miles N. N. W. of Dublin. 
 
 CLOISTER, s. [clmister. Sax.] a habitation surrounded 
 with walls, and dwelt in by monks or religious ; a monastery 
 for the religious of either sex. In a more restrained sense, 
 the principal part of a regular monastery, consisting of a 
 square built on each of its sides. In architecture, a court 
 which has buildings on each of its four sides ; a peristyle or 
 piazza. 
 
 To CLOrSTER, v. a. to shut up in a monasterj- ; to coi»- 
 fine in a religious house. 
 
 CLOrSTERAL, a. shut up in a monastery or nunnery ; 
 solitary ; retired ; recluse. 
 
 CLOISTERED, ;k()Y. solitani'; inhabiting a cloister; 
 confined in a monastery, or religious house. In architec- 
 ture, built round, or surrounded with a piazza or peris- 
 tyle. 
 
 CLOKE,^. See Cloak. 
 
 CLO'NMEL, a neat and improving town of Tipperary, 
 Muuster, pleasantly situated on the Suir, on the road be- 
 tween Dublin and Cork, 19 miles S. E. of Tipperary, 39 N. 
 E. of Cork, and 85 S. W. of Dublin. 
 
 To CLOOM, V. a. [cltrmian. Sax.] to cover or stop np 
 with clay, mortar, or any glutinous matter. 
 
 'Fo CLOSE, {hloze) v. a. [from clansus, Lat.] to shut any 
 thing that is open; to conclude, finish, or perfect; to con- 
 fine ; to join any thing broken. To heal, applied to wounds ; 
 to join two parts together, after being separated. To join 
 with a party. To close uit/i, or in with, to come to an agree- 
 ment with. 
 
 CLOSE, s. any thing shut, without passage or outlet; a 
 small field surrounded with a hedge or rails. Applied to 
 time, the end of any particular period or portion. The 
 end of a sentence ; a conclusion. 
 
 CLOSE, a. used with the verbs tie, shut, or fasten, shut so 
 as nothing can come out, or any air make its entrance. " A 
 close box." " A clase room." VVithout vent or inlet ; with- 
 out motion ; stagnating ; sultry, or not easily breathed in, 
 applied to the air. Having very few pores, applied fo 
 metals. " That very close metal." Locke. Dense ; concise ; 
 short ; without any redundance ; or thick, applied to the 
 manner of expression. "Your thoughts lie so close to";e- 
 tlier." Applied to situation, to-iiching, or without any ni.v 
 tance between the things mentioned. Applied to designs, 
 secret or without discoveiy ; having the appearance of re- 
 serve and secrecy : vithout wandering. "To keep our 
 thoughts close to their business." Locke. Home ; to the 
 point ; retired ; without going abroad. " He keeps very 
 close." Under great restraint. " A close prisoner." Nar- 
 row, dark, cloudy, misty, and sultry, applied to the sky or 
 weather. Used adverbially, either by itself or in composi- 
 tion. 
 
 CLOSF^BODIED, «. that comes tight round the body 
 opposed to that which hangs loose. 
 
 CLOSE-HANDED, a. covetous ; illiberal; void of gene- 
 rosity. 
 
 CLOSE-LEAGUED, a. ranged near one another ; in a 
 thick and impenetrable body ; secretly leagued, or privately 
 conspiring against. 
 
 CLOSELY, nrf. applied to sliutting any vessel, <Src. with- 
 out vent or passajje for the internal or external air ; very 
 near ; not deviatnig from, applied to tlie translation of au- 
 thors. " I have translated closehj." 
 
 CLOSENESS,.?, the state of having no passage fnr the 
 air ; narrowness ; want of air ; denseness ; compactness ; 
 recluseness; solitude; reserve; secrecy ; avarice; connec- 
 tion. 
 
 CLOSE-PENT, rt. shut close ; without vent. 
 
 CLO'Sl'.R, ikliizer) s. a finisher or Cfnichider. 
 
 CLO'Sl'.STOOL, s. a chamber implement. 
 
 CLOSET, (klozct) s. a small room for privacy and r«- 
 tireinent; a shallow place furnished with shelves, and with 
 a door, servinjf as a repository for curiosities, or family 
 uteusiis.
 
 r LO 
 
 CI V 
 
 To CLOSET, (k!hi>t) V. a. to sliut up or concpal hi a clo- 
 9<'t ; to make info a closet for the sake of jirivacy. 
 
 CL<)SII,.t. a distemper in the feet of cattle, called like- 
 wise the fiiimiler. 
 
 CLOSURE, (/t/6ii«re) *. tiie act of shutting or stopping up 
 any aperlure or cleft ; confniement ; ((inehision; end. 
 
 Clot, «. \hlet, Belg.] a mass formed by thickeuing of any 
 fluid body. 
 
 To C\XyT,v.n,[lihtteren, Belg.]tf S^ow into small masses, 
 applied to any fluid substance. To gather into clods, ap- 
 plied to moist or clayey earth. 
 
 CLO'TCUR, s. a provincial term for the common bur- 
 dock. 
 
 CLOTH, s. plural cloths, or dotlrs ,- ^rlath. Sax.] in a 
 general sense, any thing woven, either from animal or ve- 
 getable substances, for garments ; the linen wherewith a 
 table is covered at any meal ; the canvass on which pic- 
 tures are painted ; the several coverings which are laid on a 
 bed. 
 
 To CLOTHE, ti. a. Fpreter. / clothed ; part. / hme chthetl, 
 or clad; to invest witli garments; to cover or adorn with 
 dress. Synon. C'/oMes express simply that which covers 
 tJie body. Dress has a more confined meaning; besides 
 that of a bare covering, it includes in its idea a relation to 
 form and fashion, as well to the ornaments as the necessa- 
 ries ; thus we say a Spanish rfre*s ; arichrfrew. 
 
 CLOTHIER, s. one who carries on the manufactory of 
 woollen cloth. 
 
 CLOTHING, I. dress ; vesture ; garments. 
 
 CLOTHSHEARER, s. one who shears the nap of wool- 
 len clath, after it has been raised by carders or teazers. 
 
 CLOTPOLL, s. a word of contempt and reproach, im- 
 plying a stupid person ; a block-head, or thick-skulL 
 
 To CLOTTER, ... n. See To Clot. 
 
 CLOTTY, a. full of clots or lumps. 
 
 CLOUD, s. a collection of condensed vapours suspended 
 in the atmosphere. Clouds are the most considerable of all 
 the meteors, as furnishing water and plenty to the earth ; 
 mitigating the excessive heats of the Torrid Zone, and 
 screening it from the beams of the sun ; collecting the rays 
 of light by the numerous refractions they suffer in their pas- 
 sage through them, thereby prolonging; the stay of light af- 
 ter the sun is descended below the horizon, and anticipating 
 its coming some time before it has ascended above it: with- 
 out their medium, the heavens would be one uniform sable 
 substance, the rays of light would be scattered abroad in the 
 immense regions of space, without reaching our eyes, and 
 the ravishing prospect of nature would become a large blot. 
 They consist of very small droi)s of water, detached by ex- 
 ternal or internal heat, and elevated by electricity, anfl the 
 ^ws of hydrostatics, above the surface of the earth, till they 
 arrive at a collection of vapours of the same specific gravity 
 of themselves ; when meeting with cold, and by running 
 into each other, they form masses, or collections heavier 
 than that part of the atmosphere which they swam in be- 
 fore, and so fall down in rain. Figuratively, the veins, or 
 dusky marks in agates, or stones ; any thing which obscures ; 
 a state of darkness ; a crowd or great number. 
 
 I'o CLOUD, II. a. to darken ; to make the countenance 
 appear lowering; to render a truth obscure, or difficult to 
 be understood ; variegated or diversified with dark veins, 
 applied to wood and stones. Neuterly, to grow cloudy, 
 dark, or overcast, applied to the sky or weatlier. 
 
 CLOUD-BERRY, *. a plant, also called knot berry. 
 CLOUD, St. a towii 15 miles W. of Paris, in which was 
 formerly a royal-palace, gardens, a cascade, &c. 
 
 CLO'UDCAPT, rt. covered, topped by, or touching the 
 clouds. " The cloud.capt towers." Shak. 
 CLO'UDILY, ad. in a cloudy or dark manner. 
 CLO'UDINESS, i. a state wherein clouds procure dark* 
 ness and obscurity ; want of brightness or lustre ; foulness, 
 applied to precious stones. 
 
 CLOUDLESS, a. without clouds ; clear, applied to the 
 weather. Without spot or foulness, applied to jewels. 
 
 CLO'UDY, n. formed of clouds ; dark, obscure, or ovfr- 
 cast withclouds. Figuratively, obscure ; dark; iiiiportt--ct ; 
 sullen ; dejected. 
 (;L0VK, tlie prefer, of Cleave. 
 
 CLOVE, s. [clou, Fr.] an aromatic fruit, brought from the 
 East Indies, growing on a tree twenty feet high, whose 
 leaves resemble those of the bay-tree. 
 
 CLOVE Cil'LLIFLOWER,*. a flower so called from its 
 smelling like cloves. 
 CLO'VEN, participle of Cleave. 
 CLOVEN-FOOTED, or CLOVEN-HOOFED, a. having 
 the foot or hoof divided into two parts. 
 
 CLOVER, or CLOVER-GRASS, s. iu botanv, a specie* 
 of trefoil. To live in clover, is a phrase for living luxuriously, 
 because clover is reckoned delicious food for rattle. 
 
 CLOUGH, s. [clough, Sax.] the cleft of a hill ; a cliff. An 
 allowance in weight. 
 
 CLOUT, s. [clut. Sax.] a square piece of cloth made dou- 
 ble, serving, among other uses, to keep infants clean from 
 their evacuations ; a patch on a siioe or garuient. 
 
 To CLOUT,!', a. to patch or mend in a course or tliiiusy 
 manner; to cover with a thick cloth ; to join awkwardly or 
 clumsily together. 
 
 CLOUTED, part, patched or mended ; joined in a 
 clumsv manner. 
 CLO UTERLY, a. clumsy ; awkward. 
 CLOWN, s. a rustic, or country fellow; one whose be- 
 haviour is rude, and manners are unpolished. 
 
 CLO'WNISH.o. ina manner agreeable to clowns ; rude, 
 awkward, ill-bred, and coarse, like a clown. 
 
 CLOWNISHLY, ad. in a clumsy, coarse, rude, and ilJ- 
 bred manner. 
 
 CLO'WNISHNESS, *. unpolished rudeness ; rustic sim- 
 plicity, or awkward address ; broadness and coarseness of 
 expression. Synon. UnpoUteness is a want of good man- 
 ners; it does not please. Clownishness is a mixture of ill 
 manners; it displeases. CfoKiiij/i/n-.M proceeds from an en- 
 tire want of education ; unpuliteucss from a bad one. 
 
 To CLOY, 1'. a. [encloner, Fr.] to fill so with food as to 
 leave no appetite for any more ; to surfeit almost to loath- 
 ing. 
 
 CLUB, s. [clwppa, Brit.] a hea\'y and strong stick, used as 
 an oftensive weapon. In gaming, the name of one of the 
 suits of cards, called in French trc/le, from its resembling the 
 trefoil leaf, or that of clover-giass. The money propor- 
 tion, or sum every member is obliged to pay at a drinlvins 
 society ; an assembly meeting at a public house to spend 
 the evening, generally incorporated and regulated by orders 
 established among themselves ; concurrence ; joint expense 
 or contributioiu 
 
 To CLUB, V. n. to contribute one's proportion to a public 
 expense ; to join and unite in one cominon design ; to carry 
 ou some common design which requires the assistance of 
 many. 
 CLU'BHEADED, a. having a round or thick head. 
 CLU BLAW, s. the compelling the assent of a person by 
 external force or violence. 
 
 CLU'BMOSS, s. a genus of mosses, called by botanists 
 lycopodiiini. 
 
 CLU'BROOM, «. the room in which a club or company 
 assembles. 
 CLU'BRUSH, s. a species of bulrush. 
 CLU'BTOP, s. a genus of tlie funguses, called by botanists 
 clavaria. v . . ,-, 
 
 To CLUCK, v.n. [rZoffan, Sax.] to make a noise like a 
 hen when calling her chickens. 
 
 CLUMP, s. [hlumpe, Teut.] a shapeless thick piece of 
 wood, nearly as broad as long. 
 
 CLUMSILY, ijdumsily) ad. in an uncouth, awkward, 
 graceless, and unpleasing manner. 
 
 CLUMSINESS, {kliun2iness) s. want of ingenuity, skill, 
 dexterity, or readiness in performing any thing; awkward- 
 ness. 
 CLUMSY, {hlumcy) a. [lompich, Belg.] awkward, artless, 
 
 173
 
 eoA 
 
 CO A 
 
 unhandy, and witbout grace in tlie performance of any 
 ihing; heavj', thick, and coarse, witli respect to weigiit and 
 siiapp. 
 
 CtUNG, the preter. and part, of Cling. 
 
 To CLUNG, V. n. [clingan, Sax.] to dry or waste Kke wood 
 nfter it is cut. 
 
 CLUNCi, part, wasted away, by a consumption, or other 
 disorders ; shrunli up with cold. 
 
 CLUSTER, s. [c!)/ster, Sax.] a bunch, or several things 
 of the same sort growing close together, and on one conunon 
 stalk. Figuratively, a number of insects crowding together ; 
 a body of, or several people collected together. 
 
 ToCLU'.STER, V. 71. to grow in bunches close ogether, 
 and on one stalk, applied to vegetables. To gather close 
 together in bodies, applied to bees. To gather into 
 bunches. 
 
 CH''.STER.-GR.\PE,i. in botany, the small black grape, 
 generally the forwardest of any. 
 
 CLLTSTERY, a. growing close together on one common 
 stalk. 
 
 To CLUTCH, r. a. to hold in the hand with the fingers 
 nnd thumb closed together; to gripe, or grasp; to shut the 
 hand close, so as to seize and iiold a thing fast. 
 
 CLUTCH, «. a gripe, grasp, or seizure w ith the hand shut 
 very fast and close. Figuratively, in the plural clutclirs, the 
 the claws or talons of a bird or wild beast. 
 
 CLUTTER, s. [See Clatter] a noise made bv a per- 
 son's being in a hurry about some trifling affair; a hurry or 
 clamour; a low word. 
 
 CLWYD, a beautiful vale of Denbyshire, inclosed by high 
 mountains, extending from the sea island above 20 miles; a 
 river of the same name runs through it. Its breadth is from 
 ." to S miles, and is covered with towns, villages, and gen- 
 tlemen's seats. 
 
 CLYDE, a river of Scotland, which rises in Annandale, 
 and running N. W. through Clydesdale, passes by Lanerk, 
 Hamilton, and Glasgow, and falls soon after into the Frith 
 if Clyde. It affords many romantic views, running for se- 
 rial miles between lofty eminences covered with wood, 
 and exhibiting in its course many stupendous cataracts. 
 
 CLY DESDALE, a wild district in the S. part of Lanerk- 
 shire, in Scotland, where are extensive lead mines. 
 
 CLYSTER, s. ffiom kli/zn, to wash, Gr.] in medicine, a 
 decoction of various ingredients injected into the anus by 
 means of a syringe, or pipe and bladder. 
 
 To COACE'RVATE, v. n. [cuaccrvo, Lat.] to heap to- 
 gether. 
 
 COACERVATION, s. tho act of heaping, or the state of 
 things heaped together. 
 
 CO.^CH, {kfitck) s. [coc/ie, Fr.] a carriage of pleasure and 
 state, having both back and front seats, hung upon straps 
 or springs, running on four wheels ; and distinguished from 
 a clinriat because it has two seats fronting each other ; and 
 from a vis-a-ris, because more than one person can set op- 
 |)osite to one another. This carriage was originally intend- 
 ed for the country, and wiien first introduced into cities, 
 there were but two even in Paris, one of which belonged to 
 the (|ueea, and the other to Diana, natural daughter to 
 Henry II. The first courtier who set up this e(pjipage was 
 John de Lavil de Bois Dauphin, who could not travel on 
 horseback on account of his enormous bulk. We find, 
 even in England, that as low as queen Elizabetii's time, the 
 nobility of both sexes attended licr in processions on horse- 
 back. 
 
 'i'o COACH, (hotrh) V. a. to carry or convey in a coacli. 
 
 C().\CII-B()X, i. the seat on which the driver of the 
 « oach sits. 
 
 C;O.ACH-HIRE, s. money paid for the use of a hired 
 coach. 
 
 CO.VCH-HOUSE, s. the houso in which tlic coach is 
 kept. 
 
 COACH-MAKER, *. the artificer whose trade it is to 
 make coaches. 
 
 COACHMAN, /. tlie driver ot a coach. 
 171 
 
 COA CTION, (kodliekon) t. [from cogo, to compel, Lat.] 
 the obliging to do, or to repair from doing any action ; 
 force ; compulsion. 
 
 COA'CTIVE, a. having the force of restraining from, or 
 compelling to, any action ; acting in conceit with. 
 
 COADjlUT'AiS'T, f«n<. [from c«ni, with, and adjuco, to 
 assist; Lat.] iielping, assisting or taking part with any person 
 in any action ; co-operating. 
 
 COADJU'TOR, s. [from cum, with, and adjutor, a helper, 
 Lat.] one engaged in assisting another; an assistant, asso- 
 ciate, or partner in any undertaking. In the canon law, 
 one appointed and empowered to perform the duties of 
 another. 
 
 COADJUTANCY, s. [from cum, with, and adjuvmu, as- 
 sisting, Lat.] help ; concurrence in any process or opera- 
 tion ; a contributing to effect any particular design. 
 
 COADUNI'TION, s. [from cum, with, ad, to, and unitio, 
 union, Lat.] the uniting of several things or particles, so as 
 to form one common mass. 
 
 To COACiME'NT, v. a. [coagmento, Lat.] to join, glue or 
 heap together, so as to form one mass. 
 
 COAGMENTA'TION, s. [cvagmeutatio, Lat.] a joining, 
 uniting, glewing, or otherwise heaping several particles or 
 substances together, so as to form one common mass. The 
 joining several sj UableS or words together, so as to form 
 one word or sentence, applied to sfvle or gianmiar. 
 
 COA'GULABLl';, a. [from coagnlo, Latl] that may thick- 
 en^row dense, or concrete. 
 
 To COA'GULATE, r. a. [coagnh, Lat.] to make a thing 
 curdle, to turn into clots, applied to the turning of milk into 
 curds by means of rennet. Neuterly, to curdle ; to fonn 
 concreti<ms ; to congeal. 
 
 COAGULATION, s. [coagulutin, Lat] the act of turning 
 into curds. Concretion ; congelation ; or growing thick 
 and tangible, applied to fluids ; the state of a thing con- 
 gealed, curdled, or condensed ; the substance or body 
 formed by congelation or concretion. 
 
 COA'GULATIVE, a. [froii congulo, Lat.] that has the 
 power of causing coagulations, concretions, curdling, or 
 depriviiig a body of its fluidity. 
 
 COAGULA'TOR, s. that which causes condensations or 
 concretions. 
 
 COAKS, s. for the exciting of intense heats, as for the 
 smelting of iron ore, and for operations where the acid and 
 oiiy particles would be detrimental, fossil coals are previous- 
 ly charred, or reduced to conks ; that is, they are made to 
 undergo an operation similar to that by which charcoal is 
 made, and are deprived of their phlegm, tiieir acid liquor, 
 and part of their fluid oil. 
 
 COAL, {lwl)s. [(■«', Sax.] a solid, dry, opaque, inflamma- 
 ble substance, found in large strata, splitting generally in an 
 horizontal direction, of a lilack, glossy liue, soft and friable, 
 not fusible, but easily inflammable, and leaving, when burnt, 
 a great quaiitilv of ashes. 
 
 COAL-BLACK, a. of the colour of coal; the deepest 
 black. 
 
 COAL-BOX, s. a box to carry coal to the fire. 
 
 COAL-FISH, n. a species of beardless gadus. 
 
 To COALE'SCE, {koalcss) r. n. [from cum, w itl), and alescfl, 
 to grow, Lat.] to unite together. 
 
 COALE'SCENCE, (Aon/MceHce) J. [from conhsro, to unite 
 with, Lat.] the act of coalescing or uniting several particles, 
 wliereby they adhere together and form one body or com- 
 mon mass. 
 
 COALITION, s. [from coalitnm, Lat.] the uniting or 
 joining of dilferent particles, so as to compose one common 
 mass. 
 
 COAI^MINE, s. a mine in whicn coal is dug ; a coal-pit 
 
 COAI^WORK, {kdl-worli) s. a coal-mine, or place where 
 coals are dug. 
 
 CO\'\.\',{liohf)a. abounding in coal. 
 
 C( ) MTA'TION, s. [from cum, with, and aplo, to fit, Lat.] 
 the fitting or artful disposition or arrangemeut of the p^rls 
 of a thint;, or of the words of a sentence*
 
 coc 
 
 coc 
 
 COARSE (.hfrrie) a. mixed with dross, not refined, ap- 
 plied to metals. Rough, and consistinj; of larye threads, 
 applied to cloth or silk manufactures. Rude, uncivil, in- 
 delicate, ill-bred, applied to behaviour or manners. Un- 
 polished, and not elegant, applied to lanfjuage. Mean, vile, 
 rousli, and of no value. 
 
 COARSELY, ad. in a rude, rough, inelegant manner; 
 free from anv graces, or appearance of politeness. 
 
 COARSENESS, i. want of purity ; abounding in dross ; 
 want of elegance or delicacy ; clownishness, rudeness, or 
 rusticity ; a composition of mean and cheap materials. 
 
 COASSE, s. in natural history, a kind of American 
 weasel, which emits an exceedingly offensive vapour. 
 
 COAST, {host) s. [coste, Fr.] a shore or land, which lies 
 near, and is washed by the sea. Used by Sir Isaac Newton, 
 in tlie sense of the original French and Latin, for a side or 
 part. The coast is clear, a phrase implying that any danger 
 IS over, and that tliere are no obstacles in a person's way. 
 
 To COAST, i>. n. to sail near a coast, or keep witliin 
 sight of land. Actively, to sail by ; to sail near to. 
 
 CO'ASTER, ». one wlio makes a voyage from port to port 
 on the same coast, keeping at the same time within sight of 
 the shore ; one who sails near the shore. 
 
 COAT, {hot) s. [cotte, Fr.] the outward garment of a man, 
 inude with plaits at the side ; the lower part of a woman's 
 dress tied round the waist, and covering the legs. Figura- 
 tively, any covering or tegument. The hairs or fur of a 
 beast. In heraldry, the escutcheon, field, or habit, on 
 which a person's arms are pourtrayed. 
 
 To COAT, V. a. to cover or spread over. 
 
 COATING, I. in electricity, denotes a covering of sheet 
 lead, tin-foil, or any other conducting substance, applied 
 to the Leyilen-phial, or to any electric body, and serving to 
 accumulate the electricity to increase the force of the 
 cliarge, and to facilitate tlie operation of discliurging. 
 
 To COAX, V. a. to endeavour to persuade u. person by 
 flattery, or insinuating address; a low word. 
 
 COA'XER, s. one who endeavours to persuade a person 
 by flattery, or artful and insinuating behaviour. 
 
 COB, s. a sort of sea-fowl, called also sea-cob. 
 
 COBALT, s. a whitish-gray brittle metal, nearly resemb- 
 ling fine hardened steel. It was formerly imported from 
 Saxony, but it is now found abundantly in the Mendip- 
 liilis, in Somersetshire, and in a mine near Penzance, m 
 Cornwall. It has hitherto been chiefly used for making 
 the different kinds of smalts for painting and enamelling. 
 It is extremely valuable to the manufacturers of porcelain, 
 for it not only produces a beautiful colour, but endures the 
 intense heat of their furnaces without any deterioration. 
 
 To CO'BBLE, V. a. [kohler, Dan] to mend any thing in a 
 clumsy manner, generally applied to shoes To do or make 
 any thing in a coarse, unhandy, or awkward manner. 
 
 CO'BBLER,i. a mender of old shoes. Figuratively,a very bad 
 workman ; one who cannot perform anv thing with elegance. 
 
 CO'BHAM, a village in Surrey, with se\eral fine seats, 
 washed by the river Mole, made here 4 or !> times broader 
 than it is naturally. It is 19 miles S. by W. of London. 
 
 CO'BIRONS, s. irons with a knob at the upper end, used 
 in fire places where wood is burned 
 COBI'SHOP, s. a coadjutant bihh 
 
 COBLENTZ, an ancient town of Treves, m the circle of 
 the Lower Rhine, situated at the crniflnence of the Rhine 
 and Moselle, with a bridge of boats over the former, and 
 a stone bridge over the latter. Lat. 50, 24. N. 
 CO'BNU'T, s. a boy's game; the conquering nut. 
 CO'BSWAN, *. the head or leading swan in a swannery. 
 COBURG, a territory and its capital of Upper Saxony, 
 insulated in Franconia, 2.3 miles N. of Bamberg. 
 
 COBWEB, s. [kojnveb, Belg.] the web or net of a spider. 
 Figuratively, any snare or trap. Sometimes used for a re- 
 irtraint which mav easily be broken through. 
 
 COCCITEROUS, (koksifenis) a. [from kohAos, a berry, 
 Gr. and /(fro, to bear, Lat.^ in botany, ateira applied to 
 all plants having berries. 
 
 COCCULUS INDICUS, *. a kind of a poisouotis berry, 
 often mixed with malt liquors to make thiin intoxicating, 
 though expressly forbidden by act of parlijiiienf. 
 
 COCHIN, a sea-port and country of Hiudoostan, on the 
 coast of Malabar, situated N. W. of theTriivancore country, 
 and ')y some included in it. The chief trade (for pepper) 
 was in the hands of the Dutch, but the English have made 
 a conquest of the settlement. It is 86 miles S. S. E. of 
 Calicut. Lat. 10. 0. N. Ion. 75. 30. E. 
 
 COCHIN CHINA, a kingdom of Asia, bounded on the 
 W. by Siam and Cambodia ; on the N. by To'iquin and 
 Laos ; on the E. by the Eastern Ocean ; and on the S. and S. 
 W. by Ciampa ana Cambodia. It al>ounds in gold, raw silk, 
 drugs, saffron, pepper, indigo, tea, ivory, and various kinds 
 of trees and animals. It is upwards of 3(HJ miles in length, 
 and about 90 in breadth, and contains 50 sea-port towns. 
 The inhabitants are of a light brown complexion, and in 
 manners resemble the Chinese. 
 
 CO'CHINEAL, s. [eochinilla, Span.] an insect found 
 upon the opuntia, originally of a white or pellucid colour, 
 but turning red by means of the food it eats, and when dried, 
 affording a beautiful purple colour, made rse of by dyers. 
 
 CO'CHLEARY, (hiiklem-i/) a. [from cocnlea, a poriwincle, 
 Lat.] made in tlie form of a screw. 
 
 COCHLEATED, (hMeiilul) a.\{ram mchJea, a periwin- 
 kle, Lat.] twisted in the form of a screw. Turbinated 
 applied to shells. 
 
 COCK, s. [cocc; Sax.] the male of t>ie species of domes- 
 tic fowls, famous for its courage, pride, and gallantry ; the 
 male of any birds or fowls. Weather-cock, an instrument 
 turning round a pivot, used to shew the point from which the 
 wind blows; an instrument turning with a screw, made of 
 bell metal, and used in drawing liquors from casks ; the notch 
 of an arrow ; that part of the lock of a gUn which holds the 
 fjint; the particular form in which the brims of a hat are 
 placed ; the stile or gnomon of a dial ; the needle of a ba- 
 lance. Coch-a-hoop, or Cuck on the hoop, a phrase imply- 
 ing triumphant exultatipji, or elation on some success. 
 COCK OF THE MOUNTAIN, a bird ofthe grouse kind. 
 To COCK, V. a. to erect, or set upright. To mould the 
 shape of a hat; to wear the hat with an air of petulance and 
 smartness; to fix the cock ofagun ready for discharging ; 
 to lay hay in small heaps. Neuterly, to strut, hold up the 
 head, or look big on account of any little success. 
 
 COCK'ADE, s. a ribband tied in a bow, or formed in the 
 shane of a rose, worn in a man's hat. 
 
 COCKATRICE, s. [cook and auer, Sax.] a serpent, sup- 
 posed to be formed from a cock's egg. Figuratively, a per- 
 son of an insidious, venomous, and treacherous disposition. 
 COCKBOAT, s. a small boat belonging to a ship. 
 COCK-CROWING, s. the time at which cocks crow. 
 Figuratively, the morning. 
 
 To CO'CKER, V. a. [cofpielincr, Fr.] to indulge too 
 much ; to fondle, or treat with too much fondness. 
 CO CKER, s. one who keeps cocks for fighting. 
 COCKEREL, s. a young cock. 
 
 CO'CKERMOUTH, a populous town in Cumberland, si- 
 tuated at the confluence ofthe rivers Cocker and Derwent. 
 The market-place and upper part of the town are between 
 two hills, on one of which stands the eastle, an extensive 
 ruin, with five lofty towers, the walls between which are 
 kept up ; on the other stands tlie church, and the Kirkgate, 
 an irregular but spacious part ofthe town. From the emi- 
 nence on which the castle stands, called the Hay, an exten- 
 sive countrv, the sea, and Scotland, may be seen in clear 
 weather. iTlirough the valley between tlie hills, the top of 
 the towering Skiddaw may be descried over the intervening 
 country. 'The lower part ofthe town is on a plain, consist- 
 ing of a spacious street, with cross lanes. Tlie upper and 
 lower parts of the town are separated by the Cocker, but 
 luiited l)y a bridge of one arch. It has manufactures of 
 shalloons, serges, stockings, coarse linens, hats, and leather, 
 with considerable tanneries. Here are pleasant walks «ii 
 the banks of the rivers, and on the uplands. It is 10 itile* 
 
 176
 
 C0£ 
 
 eoF 
 
 N. E. of Whitehaven, 23 9. W. of Carlisle, an(! 300 N. N. 
 W. of LoiKlon. Markets on Monday and Satnrday. 
 
 CO'CKtT, s. a seal belonsing to the custom-house; an 
 instrument drawn on inircliment, signed, sealed, and deliver- 
 ed to merchants, as a certificate that they have paid the 
 customs lor their goods. 
 
 COCKFIGHT, *. a battle or match of cocks. 
 
 COCKHORSE, 0. triumphant; exultin,'; a kind of low 
 word. 
 
 COCKLE, s. [a/qnille, Fr.] a small sliell-fish. In botany, 
 tiie agrostemma. It grows in corn fields, is an annual 
 plant, and flowers in June. 
 
 To CO'CKLE, V. a. to contract any stuff into wrinkles 
 bv wet or rain. 
 "COCKLED, narfi shelled ; wrinkled by wet. 
 
 CO'CKLEWORT, s. in bofauy, the astragalus. There • 
 are two British species, the wild liquoiice vetch, and purple 
 mountain milkwort. 
 
 COCKLOFT, i. the mora over the garret, in which 
 fowls are supposed to roost. 
 
 CO'CKNEV, s. a person born in London ; a word of 
 contempt. Figuratively, any effeminate, luxurious, igno- 
 rant, or inexperienced person, dvselliiig in a cily. 
 
 CO'CKPIT, J. a place wherein cocks generally fight 
 m a ship, a place on the lowi-r deck of a man of war, in 
 wliich are divisions for the puiser, the surgeon, and his 
 mates. 
 
 COCKSCOMB, s. a i.hml, fhe same with the yellow 
 rattle, or pennvgrass. 
 
 CO'CKSFOOT, s. a kind of grass. 
 
 COCKSHEAD, «. in bolany, a plant called likewise soi"- 
 foiii, and esteemed one of the best sorts of fodder for cattle. 
 
 COCKSPUR, *. Virginian hawthorn; a species of med- 
 lar. 
 
 COCKSURE, a. confident; certain. 
 
 CO'CKSWAIN, i. [cu^g-A «■«!;(<', Sax.] an officer on board 
 a man of war who has the command of a boat. 
 
 CO'CKWEED, s. a piant, called also dittander and pep- 
 perwort. . 
 
 CO'CO\,(l<uIw)s. See Chocolate-nut. 
 
 CO'CTILK, ff.[ouca7(>, Lat.] made bv baking. 
 
 CO'CTIOM, (koksliun) s. [from coquo, to boil, Lat.J the act 
 of boiling. In surgery, adlgestion of matter. 
 
 COD, or CO'DFISH, s. a sea-fish, caught on the banks of 
 Newfoundland, and many other parts. 
 
 COD, s. \co(lde. Sax.] in botany, any case, or husk, in 
 which seeds are lodged. 
 
 To COD, V. n. to inclose in a husk, case, or cod. 
 
 CODE, *. [codex, Lat.] a book; a book of civil laws, ap- 
 propriated by way of eminence to the collection made by 
 Justinian. 
 
 CODICIL, i. [from cndicUliis, a little writing, Lat.] a 
 writing made by way of supplement to a will, in order to 
 supply something omitted, or alter and explain sometiiing 
 contained in the testament. 
 
 CODI'LLE, s. [fof//7/f, Fr.] in gaming, a term at ombro, 
 implying that the game is won against the player; this is 
 termed hasted, in quadrille. 
 
 To CO'DLE, V. a. [coctulo, Ijat.] to parboil; to soften by 
 the heat of water . 
 
 CO'DIJNG, s. an early kind of apple, so called from its 
 being gcnerallv boiled for eating. 
 
 COI'/FFICACY, s. [from rmn, witli, aiHl f/firin, to effect, 
 Lat.J the united power of several things acting together to 
 pjoouce an effect. 
 
 C( )EFKI'CIENCY, *. [from rum, with, an<l e/Prin, to effect, 
 I.at.] the actinp together, or joint power of several things to 
 prorluri- an effo(-t. 
 
 COEFFICIKNT, s. [from am, with, and efflcim.^, effect- 
 ing, Lat.] that which acts jointly with another. Coefficieiiis, 
 in algi-bra, numbers of uneven (piantities prefixed to letter^, 
 in which they are supposed to be mnltiiilied. In fluxions, 
 S',[)pli<vl to aii-y generating term, it is tlie quantity arising 
 fioni the divisioD of that term by tlie generated quantity. 
 170 
 
 COE'NOBITRS, (Cawbifes) [from hoines, common, an*! 
 bion, to live. Or.] in church histoi-y, a sort of monks in the 
 primitive church, so called from living in common, in which 
 they differed from the .Anchnrites, who retired from society.. 
 The coenobinic life took its rise from the time of the apos- 
 tles, and was the state and condition of the first Christians, 
 according to St. Luke's account of them. 
 
 (COEQUAL, a. being in the same state, condition, and 
 circumstances as another. 
 
 COEQUA'LITY, .?. the state of. two persons or things 
 which are equal to each other. 
 
 To COE'RCE, i: fi. [(-vei-ceo, Lat.] to restrain by force, or 
 inmishments, from the committing any crime, or performirijj 
 any action. 
 
 COE'RCIRLE, II. that may or ought to be restrained. 
 
 COE'RCION, (Jmcrshiin) s . [from coeri-en, Lat.] a check, or 
 restraint. A restraining from the violation of any law, by 
 means of p\uiishmeut. 
 
 COERCIVE, n. th.at has the power of restraining ; that 
 has the authority of restraining bj means of punishment. 
 
 COESSE'NTIAL, (Jwessinshiul) a. [from con and esseiUio, 
 Lat.] parfaklrtg of the same essence. 
 
 COESSENTIALITY, (IwessenshialUy) s. the quality of 
 partaking of the same essence. 
 
 COETE'RN.AL, «. [cutn, with, and a-trmus, eternal, Lat.] 
 existing eternally with another ; ecpially eternal with an- 
 other. 
 
 COETE'RNALLY, ad. in a manner equally eternal with 
 another. 
 
 COETE RNITY, s. [from cum, with, and atemitm, eter- 
 nity, Lat.] having an eternity of existence together with, or 
 equal to, the eternity of anotlier. 
 
 COEVAL,", [from cum, with, and amm, age, Lat.] bxirn 
 or produced at the same time ; of the same age with an- 
 other. 
 
 COETOUS, a. [from cum, w ith, and aium, age, Lat.] of 
 the same age ; living at the same time. 
 
 To COEXIST, !•. n. [cum, with, and achto, to exist, Lat.J 
 to exist, or be at the same time, or in the same place. 
 
 COEXISTENCE, j. the having existenee at the same 
 time or place with another. 
 
 COEXI'STENT, a; having existence at the same time 
 with another. 
 
 To COEXTE'ND, v. a. [from cum, with, and exteiuh, fa 
 extend, Lat.] to extend to tlie same space, period, or dura- 
 tion with another; followed by uith, befi)re the object with 
 which the co extension is f')rmed. 
 
 COEXTE'NSION, s. the act or state of extending to the 
 same space or tluration with another. 
 
 COFFEE, .t. [Arab.] the berry of a free, formerly p£cu- 
 liar to the kingdom of Vaman in Arabia, but now propagated 
 in niost of our cohuiies, in Jamaica especially, where it is 
 liltle inferior to the best Turkey. It grows on a tree forty 
 feel high, which in Arabia is always covered with flowers 
 and fruit. Its leaves resemble the convmon laurel. The 
 liquor or decof ion, made from the berry roasted, was intro- 
 duced first into England by INIr. Daniel Edwards, a Turkey 
 nierchaut, in the year lfio2, bringing with him one Pasqnct, 
 a Greek servant, to make coffee for him; who was the first 
 person that ever set up a coffee-house. 
 
 CO FFEE-HOUSE, *■. a place where coftce is sohl, per- 
 sons generally meet, (if near 'Change,) transact business^ 
 and the newspapersare taken in for the accommodation of 
 customers. 
 
 CO FFEE-POT, s. the covered pot in which coffee tj 
 boiled. 
 
 COTFEE-M.\N, s. one that keeps a coffee-house. 
 
 CO'FFER, s. [cofre. Sax.] a chest for kerpinir money* 
 Figuratively, treasure. In fortification, a hollow lodgment 
 across a dry moat, the upper part of which is raised with 
 pieces of timber above tlie moat's level, is covered with 
 hurdles laden with earth, and serves as a parapet with em- 
 brasures. It is generally used by the besieged to distress 
 the enemy when they endeavour to pass the «litch.
 
 COG 
 
 Tu CO'FFKU, V. a, to put into chests or coffers, followed 
 
 CU'VFElW.il of the Jiiji^'t household, s. a principal officer 
 It court, in the counting-house, or elsewhere, next to the 
 comptroller, who inspects over tlie behaviour and conduct 
 of the other officers o''lhe household, and pays tliem their 
 respective salaiies. 
 
 CO'FFIN, /. [cofin, Fr.] tlie receptacle wherein a dead 
 body is placed for its interment. In pastry, a mould of 
 paste for a pie. A i)aper cape in form of a cone or pyramid ; 
 a round piece of paper with iheedsjes bciit iip perpendicu- 
 larly, usetl by the apothecaries to drop tlieir boluses in, to 
 keen the outward part clean. 
 
 To CO'FFIN, V. a. to place, to inclose in a coffin. 
 
 To COG, V. a. to persuade, wheedle,or gain a person over by 
 flattery, or an insinuating address. To falsify, or corrupt a 
 manuscript, by inserting some word or sentence ; to obtrude 
 falsehoods, or endeavour to make them pass current. To 
 cw"- a die, is to secure it so as to direct it in its ML iNeuterly, 
 to lie ; to wheedle. 
 
 COG, «. the tooth of a wheel, by which it acts upon an- 
 other wheel. 
 
 To COG, v. a. to fix cogs in a wheel. 
 
 CO'GENCY, s. [from co^o, to com pel, Lat.] the power of 
 compelling : the power of extorting assent or obedience. 
 
 CO'GENT,;)arf. [cogerts, Lat.] able to compel to action; 
 powerful ; resistless. 
 
 COGENTLY, ffrf. in a forcible manner. Extorting con- 
 viction and assent, applied to arguments. 
 
 COGGER, s. a tlattercr; a wheedler. 
 
 CO'GGESH.\LL, a.townin Essex, with a market on Sa- 
 turday. It is seated on the river Blackwater, orl'ant, over 
 wliieli there is a bridge. It has one large church, and three 
 meeting-houses. The town consists of several narrow streets 
 badly i)aved, and there is liere a manufactory of baize. It 
 IS 44 miles E. N. E. of London. 
 
 CO'GGLESTONE, s. [cuogoh, Ital.] a small pebble; a 
 little stone. 
 
 CO'GITABLE, (cdjkable) a. [from cogito, to think, U\t.\ 
 *hat may be thought on, or may be the subject ot 
 tnought. 
 
 COGITATION, s. [from cogko, to think, Lat.] the be- 
 holding any idea in the mind, the act of thinking. Figura- 
 tively, thought, purpose, intention, or design; medita- 
 tion. 
 
 CO'GITATIVE, a. [from cogito, to think, Lat.] having 
 the power of thought ; given to thought, study, or reflec- 
 tion. 
 
 COGNAC, a town of France, in the department of Cha- 
 rente, noted for its wines and brain Iv . 
 
 COGNA TION, *. [from cum, with, and wiscor, to be born 
 Lat.] in civil law, the relation between both males and fe- 
 males, descending from the same stock; relation, partaking, 
 of the same nature. 
 
 COGNISE'E, (Jienisee) s. in law, the person to whom a 
 fine in lands or tenements is acknowledged. 
 
 CO'GNISOR, (konisur) s. in law, one that passes or hc- 
 Knowledges a tine in lauds or tenements to another. 
 
 COGNITION, s. [cognitio, Lat.] knosvledge ; complete 
 conviction. 
 
 Cf)'GNITIVE, a. [cognitm, Lat.] that has tlie power of 
 knowing or apprehending. •■ * 
 
 CO'GNIZABLE, (by some pron. Itlmizable) a. [cognnisaMe, 
 Fr.J proper for the consideration or inspection of a person ; 
 subjeet to judicial examination and notice. 
 
 CO'(iNlZ.\NCE, (by some pron. lioniza.nce) s. [connoisance, 
 Fr.] HI law, an acknowledgment of a fine, or confession of 
 something done ; the hearing of a matter judicially ; the 
 particular jurisdiction of a magistrate, or an object which 
 more partKuhirly tails under his inspection or notice ; a 
 badge by which any person may be known or distin- 
 guished. 
 
 COGNO'MINAL, a. [from cognonum, Lat.] having iLe 
 amc name. 
 
 A a 
 
 COL 
 
 COGNOMINATION, t. a surname ; the name of a f*- 
 mily, or nani«> added from any accident or quality. 
 
 COGNO'SCENCK, s. knowledge. 
 
 COGNO'SCIBLE, a. [from cogjiosco, to know, Lat.] that 
 may be known ; possible to be known ; being the object of 
 '' knowledge. 
 
 ToCOHA'BIT, V. 71. [from ram, with, and habilo, to dwell, 
 Lat.] to dwell in the same place with another; to live to- 
 gether as man and wife. 
 
 COHA'BITANT, s. one who dwells in the same place 
 with another. 
 
 COHABITATION, s. the act of dwelling with another 
 in the same place ; the living together as man and wife. 
 
 COHE'IR, s. [cohares, Lat.] a man who enjoys an inheri- 
 tance together with another. 
 
 COHEIRESS, s. a female who enjoys an inheritance with 
 another. 
 
 ToCOHE'RE, V. n. [foA<rrro, Lat.] to stick tom>ther ; to 
 hold fast to one another as a part of the same body. To be 
 well connected ; to depend on what has preceded, and con- 
 nect with what follows, applied to literary compositions. 
 To suit, fit, or be fitted to ; to agree. 
 
 COHERENCE, or COHERENCY, s. [eohai-entia, Lat.] 
 in physics, that state of bodies in which their parts are 
 joined together so as to resist divulsion, or separation; re- 
 lation ; dependency; consistency, so as one part of a dis- 
 course does not contradict another. 
 
 COHE'RENT, pm-t. [cohareus, Lat.] sticking together so 
 as to resist a separation ; suitable, adapted to one another ; 
 consistent, or not contradictory. 
 
 COHESION, s. [from cum, with, and haren, to adhere, 
 Lat.J the act v hereby the atoms or primary corpuscles of 
 bodies are connected together so as to iorm parlicles, and 
 the particles are kept togetlier so as to form sensible masses. 
 Figuratively, cuhision signifies the state of union or insepa- 
 rability both of the particles of matter, and other things ; 
 connection. 
 
 COHESIVE, a. that has the power of sticking fast, so as 
 to resist iiei)aration. 
 
 COHE'SIVENESS, s. the quality of uniting so as to re- 
 sist any attempt to separate them, applied to the particles of 
 matter. 
 
 To COHO'BATE, «. a. to pour any distilled liquor upon 
 its residuum, or remaining matter, and distil it again. 
 
 COHOBATION, s. the returning any liquor distilled 
 upon that which remains after the distillation, and then dis- 
 tilling it again. 
 
 COHORT, s. [ciihom, Lat.] a troop of soldiers, in the 
 Roman armies, containing about 500 foot. In poetry, used 
 for any company of soldiers or warriors. 
 
 COIF, i. [coeffe, Fr.] a head-dress ; a lady's cap ; a ser- 
 geant at law's cap. 
 
 CO'IFED, «. wearing a coif 
 
 COIFFURE, s. [cnefure, Fr.] a head-dress. 
 
 To COIL, V. a. [cueittii; Fr.] to reduce into a narrow com- 
 pass. Toco!7 a rope, is to wind it in a ring. 
 
 COIL, s. [holleren. Tent. | a tumult, noise, confusion, or 
 bustle, occasioned bv some(|uariel; a rope wound into a ring. 
 
 COI'MBRA, a town and university of Beira, in Portugal, 
 containing 18 colleges, 4000 students, and about 12,000 in- 
 habitants. It is situated on a mountain, near the river Mon- 
 dego, 96 miles N. N. E. of Lisbon. 
 
 COIN, ». [eoigne, Fr.] a corner; anything standing with 
 a corner outward ; a brick cut diagonally, pronounceu quoin 
 or ffuine. 
 
 COIN, s. money, or metal stamped with a lawful impres- 
 sion ; payment of any kind ; compensation. As money is 
 the general medium f(f commerce, aid as every nation has 
 . coins peculiar to itself, we apprehend it will be of ,io smali 
 use to the reader to inform Inm of the value of those coins 
 that have been, and now are, current in several countries 
 where trade is carried on. And as the Roman and Jewirh 
 coins are very proper to be known, for the right understand 
 inj.of the Scriotures, we shall begin witli them. 
 
 i;7
 
 COI 
 
 ROMAN COINS mentioned in the NfeW TESTAMENT. 
 
 DenariuSi silver, 7 pence ^fat-things. 
 
 Assis, copper, ...,..^..0 — 3 — 
 
 COI 
 
 Assarlum ...,,- 0— IJ 
 
 Quadrans — Oi 
 
 A Mite ....:..;.. .0— 04 
 
 JEWISH COINS reduced to English Money. 
 
 I Gerali 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 1000 
 
 cnooo 
 
 Bekah 
 
 100 
 
 Shekel 
 
 60 
 
 3000 
 
 Manel), minah hebraica 
 
 00 
 
 £. 3. d. 
 l,312j 
 
 » 1 1,687^ 
 
 2 3,277 
 
 - 5 14 Oi 
 
 Talent - - - 342 3 9 
 
 Solidus aureus, or Sextula, worth ------------ ..-.. 0120i 
 
 Siculus aureus, wortii ------ _.- ------ llGC 
 
 A Talent of gold, worth -5475 
 
 lu England, the current species of gold coin are the gui- 
 nea, half-suinea, seven-shilling piece, quarter-guinea, ja- 
 cobus, laureat, angel, and rose-noble ; the five last of which 
 are now seldom nut "with, having been mostly converted 
 into guineas, chiefly during the reigns of Charles II. and 
 James II. The silver coins are the crown, half-crown, shil- 
 ling, and sixpence. The pcnnj-, two-penny, three-peiniy, 
 an(l groat pieces, in silver, are now rarely seen. The cop- 
 per coins are the two penny piece, penny, half-penny, and 
 
 farthing. In Scotland, by the articles of Union, it is ap- 
 pointed, that all the coins be reduce I to the Kiiglisn, and 
 the same accounts to be observed throughout the whole is- 
 land. In Ireland, the coins are the same as in England, ex- 
 cept that the English shilling passes for 20 halfpence. 
 
 In France, the cfold coin is the louis d'or, witlvits divi-si-ons, 
 which are the half aiid quarter ; and its multiplies, which are 
 the double and quadruple louis d'ors. There are also piece? 
 in circulation issued from the mint of the emperor. 
 
 Value and proportion of the FRENCH COINS during- the Monarchj. 
 Denier, equal to ^ of a farthhig sterling. 
 Double 
 
 Liard 
 
 Sol Paris, equal nearly to 
 
 Livre d'accompt lOj 
 
 12 
 
 24il 
 
 720 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 120 
 
 360 
 
 80 
 
 240 
 
 20 
 
 60 
 
 0^ 
 
 Ecu 
 
 2 7-i 
 
 The old louis d'or is valued at Ui 9J 
 
 The new louis d'or at IOC 
 
 In Spam the gold coin is the pistole ; above which the 
 double pistole, and piece of four pistoles, and under it the 
 half pistole ; to which must be added, the castilians of gold. 
 The silver money are the piastre, or piece of eight rials, and 
 its diminutions ; as alto, the simple rial, with its diminutions. 
 The copper coins are the ochavos, or octavos, which are of 
 two kinds, the one equal to four marvedis, and ordinarily 
 called quarta ; the other double (his, and called double 
 quarta; and lastly, the marvedis. In Spain they have new 
 money and old ; the old, current at Seville, Cadiz, Andalu- 
 sia, <irc. is worth 2.5 per cent, more than the new, current at 
 Madrid, Bilboa, St. Sebastian, <tc. This ditl'trence is ow- 
 iiij^ to ttieir king Charles II. who, to pre 'cut the expoifa- 
 tion of money, raised it 25 per cent, however, several pro- 
 vinces retain the ancient state. 
 
 Vahc and proportion of SPANISH COINS. 
 Quarta, four marvedis iS. *. 
 
 Octavo, or double quarta, 8 marvedis 
 
 Real of Old Plata, etpial to 
 
 178 
 
 05 
 
 £. s. (4. 
 
 Piece of eight, or piastre 4 
 
 Pistole 16 9J 
 
 In Portugal the gold coins are the milleray, or St. Stephen, 
 and the moeda d'oro, or moidore, which is properly their 
 pistole ; above this are doppio inoodas, or double pistoles 
 and quadruple pieces, equal to five pistoles. The silver 
 coins are the cruzada, pataca or piece of eight, aiid the vin- 
 tcm, of which they have two sorts, the one silver, and the 
 other billion. The reo is of copper, which serves them m 
 accompis, as the marveilisdoes the Spaniards. 
 Res, ree, or rez, equal to three-fifths of a farthing stcrtinK. 
 Vintem,20res 
 Cruzada, 20 vintems £. 
 
 Mi-iiiooda, or half-pistole 
 
 Moeda d'oro, or pistole 1 
 
 Doppio niocda, or double pistole 2 
 
 Ducal of line gold (! 
 
 Besides the above, they have pieces of golil nf ihe vahK- 
 
 £:i. rj.1. j£L IG. and other subdivisions. 
 
 «. 
 
 el. 
 
 13 
 
 <> 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 hK- 
 
 ot
 
 COI COL 
 
 DUTCH COINS. a mill; the former was the only method known till the yeiir 
 
 Those of silver iire crowns and doll:irs,ducatoons,florms, 1563. The Enfjlisli coinaf^e, by adding the iettcis on the 
 
 and sth(llini;s, each of which hiu its diminutions. The sil- cdf^es, contiijjuted not a little to its perfection. I'iijura- 
 
 vcr is billon; ihediijtaiid penny, of copper. lively, this word is used for coin or money ; the charges or 
 
 i£. I. d. expense of coining I'orgery, or invention, used in a had 
 
 Ducat of Holland o .') 3,2 sense. 
 
 Ducatoon .'i 5,6!) To COINCI'DE, v. n. \eoincido, Lat.] to fall upon, or 
 
 Pafagon, or rixddllar 4 1,28 nuet in the same point; to be consistent with, to 
 
 The three-gilder piece, or sixty stivers ... 5 2,40 concur. 
 
 The gilder, ilorin, or 20 stivers 1 H,()8 COI'NCIDENCE, s. the state of several bodies or lines 
 
 The lion riollsr 3 7,07 falling upon the same point ; concurrence; consistency, or 
 
 The schelliiig gois fur six slivers, ana tneortlie is the fourth uniting to effect the same end, or establish the same 
 
 part of a sti\er point. 
 
 COmCIDENT, a. [eoincidens, Lat.] falling upon the 
 
 COINS o/"Ci-rffra»i< FLANDERS. same point, applied to bodies or lines. Concurring; con- 
 
 Thoseof gold are imperials, rides or philips, alberts, and sisting ; agreeing; mutually tending to the support of any 
 
 crowns; tliose oF silver, are philips, rixdollars, patagoiis, particular point. 
 
 schellings, and guldens; and those of copper, patards. COINDICA'TION, «. [cion, with, or together, and indico. 
 
 Groat, eight patards £. s. d. to indicate, Lat.] the concurrence of many symptoms, be- 
 
 Single stiver li speaking or betokening the same cause. 
 
 Sciielling . 7^ COINER, s. one that makes money. Figuratively, a 
 
 Gulden 2 maker of counterfeit money ; an inventor. 
 
 Rixdollar, dollar, patagon 4 To COJOl'N, v, n. [conjnngo, Lat.] to join with another 
 
 Imperial 0119 in the same otbee. 
 
 The (ierniaii, Dutch, and French coins are current here. CO'ISTllIL, *. a coward, or run-away cock. 
 
 The Geruiaii and Italian coins are so iiuiiierous and various, COIT, *. [from hotc, Belg.] a thing thrown at a mark, 
 
 every prince and state having had a coinage of their own, See Quoit. 
 
 that it would be a dithcult, as well as useless task, to reduce COI'TION, s, \coitio, Lat.] the act of propagating the 
 
 tlieni to any standard, many of tliem being current only in species ; the act by which two bodies come together, 
 
 the place where they were coined ; and as the knowledge COKE, «. [perhaps from coqno, to boil or bake, Lat.] fuel 
 
 of them can lie of no service to tlie reader, unless he bap- made by burning pit-coal under the ground, and quenchini? 
 
 pens to travel into those countries, we shall pass on to the cinders ; as in making charcoal. It is frequently used 
 
 iudi-vingmalt. SeeCoAK. 
 
 TAe DANISH COINS. COL, one of the western islands of Scotland, 11 miles 
 
 J. d. N. W. of the Isle of Mull. It is 13 miles long and 3 broad ; 
 
 The gold ducat 9 3i contains a few horses, sheep, and goats, and has many lochs, 
 
 The liDise 1 H which abound in tish. The inhabitants are about 800. 
 
 The four-mark iiicee 2 8,23 CO'LANDER, (MIendiT) s. [from coh, to strain, Lat.] a 
 
 Mare lubs 1 G sieve, either of hair, twigs, or metal, through which any luix- 
 
 .Schesdal, or two marks 3 ture is strained, and leaves the grosser putts behind it. 
 
 Ilix-mark Oil COLA'TION, s. [from eo?o, to strain, Lat.] the act of fil- 
 
 Slet-mark 9 tering, straining or separating any fluid from its dregs or 
 
 impurities. 
 
 SWEDISH COINS. COLA TURE, s. [from coh, to strain, Lat.] the art of se- 
 
 Those of copper are the routisque, alleuvre, mark, and parating the dregs of any fluid by straining it through a 
 
 money. *. rf. sieve; or filtrating it through paper; the matter strained or 
 
 A gold ducat is equal to 9 3i filtrated. 
 
 An eight-mark piece of silver 5 2 CO'LBERG, a sea-port of Prussian Pomerania, remarka- 
 
 A four- mark piece 2 7 ble for its salt-works. It is situated at the mouth of the 
 
 A Christine 1 IJ Persante, in lat. 54. 22. N. Ion. 15. 39. E. 
 
 A Caroline 1 5i CO'LBERTINE, s. a kind of fiue lace worn by wo- 
 
 The Swedish money, properly so called, is a kind of cop- men. 
 per cut in little square pieces, or plates, about the thickness CO'LCHESTER,a town of Essex, containing 12 churches, 
 of three English crowns, and weighing five pounds and a most of which are in good repair, and about 12,000 inhabit- 
 half, stamped at the four corners with the Swedisli arras, ants, including the liberties. It is situated on a fine emi- 
 and current in Sweden for a rixdollar, or piece of eight. nence near the Coin, which is navigable within three miles 
 
 of the town for ships of large burden, and for hoys and small 
 
 MUSCOVITE COINS. barks, to a place called the Hytlie, where is a auay close to 
 
 s. d. the houses. Here is a manufactory of baize and sevs ; all 
 
 The coppc of gold, worth i 6,0833 the towns, and the whole countrv around, being partU em- 
 
 Copec of silver, or denaing , 1 ployed in the spinning of wool for its trade by Colcliester ; 
 
 P"'usk 0^ and it is noted for ovsters and candied eringo-roots. It is 
 
 Motoske Oi 22 miles E. N. E. of Chelmsford, and 51 of London. Mar- 
 
 The ruble ot silver, valued at 4 6 kefs on Wednesday and Saturday. 
 
 The cheroonitzofgold, called ducat by foreigners 9 6 CO'LCOTHAli, s. in chemistry, the dry substance re- 
 It were easy to give an account of many other coins, such raaining after distillation, but generally applied to the caput 
 as tlie Polish, Turkish, Persian, Indian, &c. but as a particu- mortuura of vitriol. 
 
 lar description of these would take up more room than we COLD, a. \cold. Sax.] without warmth, or warming ; hav- 
 
 have to spare, we must refer the reader to such books as ing a sensation of cold, or shivering, because the particles 
 
 ''^^ ??At'vi'''^''^ ''" ''"'^ subject. of air are less in motion than those of our own body, or being 
 
 To COIN, V. a. to mint, or stamp metals for money ; to mixed with nitrous particles, diminish the motion of those 
 
 " r^nf v" *!iS n^"^ V""''' "**''^ '" *'" '" ^'^"'*'^- f f 'be body ; that which is not volatile, or easily put in nu»- 
 
 CUlNAtitK, s. the stamping metals ; or making money, tion bv heat. Figuratively, unaffected ; not easily excited 
 
 1 Ins was formerly performed by a hammer, but at present by to action; indifierent; not able to move the passions; 
 
 179
 
 COL 
 
 cor. 
 
 rrserved, or \oi(.l of the warmth of friendship and affection ; 
 chaste, teiniierate, not easily provoked to anger; not meet- 
 ing witb a warm or atlectionate reception ; deliberate ; 
 taJm. 
 
 COLD, s. something v'oid of heat' or motion, and which 
 <?ontaiiis in it no particles of fire; that which produces tlie 
 sensation of cold ; a disease caused by stopping perspira- 
 tion, and other cftects of cold weather. 
 
 COLDLY, (If/, without warmth or heat; with great in- 
 ditierence or unconcern. 
 
 COLDNESS, s. opposite to heat ; that quality which 
 causes a sensation of cold, and deprives a person of his natu- 
 ral warmth and lleat, want of kindness, love, esteem, or 
 aftection ; coyness, chastity, or freedom from any immotiest 
 desirfs. 
 
 CO'LDSTREAM, a town of Berwickshire, situated on 
 the >. side of the Tweed, with a fine bridge over that river, 
 11 miles S. W. of Berwick. 
 
 COLE, s. [ami, Sax.] a general name for all sorts of 
 cabb;ij;e 
 
 COLEBROOK-DALE, on the banks of the Severn, in 
 Shropsliire, is a winding glen between two hills, which 
 break into various forms, and are covered with woods. 
 Here arc very considerable iron works, and a large and 
 elegant bridge, of cast iron, of one arch. There is also 
 in the Dale a spring of fossil tar, or petroleum, together 
 with a spring of brine ; snd a work has been erected iiere 
 for obtainuig a kind of tar from the condensed smoke o. 
 pit-coal. 
 
 COLERA'IN, a town of Derry, in Ulster, which, before 
 the buildinjT of Londonderry, gave name to the county. 
 It has a valuable salmon fisiiery, and is situated 4 miles 
 from the sea, &c. on the Baiiii, (which, being rapid, it is 
 difficult for vessels to come up to the town) 23 miles N. E. 
 of Lo))donderry, and 114 from Dublin. 
 
 COLESEED, s. in botany, the rape, from whence rape- 
 seed oil is drawn, cultivated for feeding cattle. 
 
 CO'LESHILL, a town in Warwickshire, seated on the 
 ascent of a hill, near the Coin, 11 miles N. W. of Coventry, 
 iind 102 from London. Market on Wednesday. 
 
 COLEWORT, s. in botanv, a species of the cabbage. 
 
 COLFORD, COLEFORD, or Coverd, a town of 
 Gloucestershire, near which are considerable iron works. 
 It is 5 miles E. of Monmouth, and 124 N. E. of London. 
 Market on Tuesday. 
 
 CO'LIC, s. [colieui, Lat.] in medicine, a severe pain in the 
 lower venter, and so called because it was formerly thought 
 to be seated in the colon. A hiliotta colic proceeds from bili- 
 ous, sharp, and stimulating humours. A flatulent colic is a 
 pain in the bowels, owing to dry fceces contained in the 
 intestines. A nervous colic is from convulsive spasms, or 
 contortions of the guts, vvhereby their capacities are 
 straitened. An In/sto-ic colic arises from disorders peculiar 
 to women, and from a consent of parts. The stone cvlic 
 proceeds, by con^e^t of parts, from the irritation of the 
 .stone or gravel in the bladder or kidneys. The Devon- 
 shire ur plumbers' colic, is a species of colic believed to result 
 from the pernicious influence of lead. 
 
 CO'LIC, a. arti-ctiir„' the bowels. " Intestine stone and 
 ulcer, colic pangs." Milt. 
 
 To COLLA'I'SE, V. n. [from colhpsns, Lat.] to fall toge- 
 ther; to close together so as one side shall toiuli another. 
 
 COLLATSION, s. the state of vessels closing of them- 
 selves ; the act of cloiing together. 
 
 CO'LLAR, ». I from coZ/mw, the neck, Lat.] an ornament 
 of metal, worn by knights of several military orders, hang- 
 ing over the slioulders on the mantle, and generally con- 
 sisting of a gold <:hain, enamelled with cyphers and other 
 devices, and having the i)adge of the order suspended at 
 the bottom. That irf the ordi-r of the garter consists o 
 ■S.V, with roses enamelled red, within a gart<'r enamelled 
 blue, ai.d a CJeorgr at the bottom. Collar is likewise that 
 ptrt of the harne-.i which is r<<MU(l a horse's neck. The 
 part of the dress which surrounds the neck. To slip the 
 
 collar, is a phrase for getting free, escaping or extricating 
 one's self from any dithcult engagement. A collar of brawn 
 is a quantity of brawn rolled and bound up in a roun-iish 
 parcel. 
 
 To CO'LLAR, 1'. a. to seize by the collar. Joined with 
 brawn, to roll it up and bind it tight witii a string, in order 
 to make it retain a round form. 
 
 CO'LLAR-BONE, s. the clavicle, one of the bones of 
 which are on each side of the neck. 
 
 To COLL'ATE, v. a. [collatum, Lat.] to compare one 
 thing with another of the same kind. Applied to books, 
 to compare and examine them, in order to tint} w liether any 
 thing be delicient, corrupted, or interpolated. Used witii 
 to, ito place in an ecclesiastical benefice. 
 
 COLLATERAL, v. [from cum, with and, lntiis, a side, 
 Lat.] side to side ; running parallel ; mutual, or such as 
 becomes near relations, applied to affection. In geogra- 
 phy, situated by the side of another. Not direct, oblique. 
 Concurrent, api)lied to proofs. In cosmography, inter- 
 mediate, or lying between tlie cardinal points. In genea- 
 logy, applied to relations of the same stock, but not in the 
 same line of ascendants and descendants ; such are uncles, 
 aunts, nephews, cousins. Collateral descent, in law, is that 
 which ])asses to brothers' children. Collateral assurance, is 
 a bond made over and above the deed itself for tlie per- 
 formance of a covenant. Collateral securitij, is a deed made 
 of other lands, besides those granted by the deed of mort 
 gage, on their not being a sufHcient security. 
 
 COLLA'TER.'\LLY, ad. side by side, applied to position 
 or situation. Not in the same line of descendants, though 
 from the same stock, applied to genealogy. 
 
 COLLATION, s. [eollatio, Lat.] the act of bestowing or 
 conferring applied to gifts or favours; the comparing one 
 copy or thing of the same kind with another. In canon 
 law, the bestowing of a benefice by a bishop, who has 
 right of patronage. An elegant public entertainment or 
 feast. 
 
 COLLATI'TIOUS, a. [colMithts, Lat.] done by tlie con 
 tribution of money. 
 
 COLLATOR, I. one who examines copies or manuscripts, 
 by comparing them with some other writing. In law, one 
 who presents to an ecclesiastical living or benefiee, gene- 
 rally applied to the presentation of a bishop. 
 
 To COLL.\'UD, I', a. [collawlo, Lat.] to join in praising. 
 
 COLLEAGUE, {kollecn;) s. \crlUga, Lat.] a partner or 
 associate in the same, office. 
 
 To COLLE'AGUE, (hblleeg) v. a. to unite or join with. 
 
 To COLLE'CT, V. a. [collectum, Lat.] to gather together; 
 to bring several things together, or into the same niaee ; to 
 add into a sum ; to infer, draw, or deduce from arguments. 
 FoUowed by the reciprocal pronouns hnnscif &c. to reco- 
 ver from a service ; to reassemble one's scattered ideas. 
 
 COLLECT, s. [collccta, Lat. J a sliort comprehensive 
 prayer, used in the church service. 
 
 COLLECTA'NEOUS, a. [collectancns, Lat.] gathered 
 together, collected. 
 
 COLLECTEDLY, ad. gathered in one view at once. 
 
 COLLECTIBLE, a. that may be gathered, or deduced 
 from anv premises. 
 
 COLLECTION, s. Uollectio, Lat.] the act of gathering 
 several pieces together; an assemblage of things in the same 
 place. 
 
 COLLECTITIOUS, {hollehtUhious) a. [colkciiiious, Lat.; 
 
 gathered up. Wants authority. 
 
 colle'ct — ' "" 
 
 ■^CTIVE, a. \eollrctivus, Lat.] gathered »;>gcthc'-, 
 consisting of several members or parts, forming a whole, or 
 one common mass. In logic, a collective idea, is that which 
 unit«'s several things of the same kind. In grammar, a col- 
 lectirc noun, is a noun which expresses a multitude, or seve- 
 ral of Ihe sanu' sort, though used in the singular number ; 
 as a com nam/ ; an «)(HI/; n/ttel. 
 
 COLLE'CTIVELV, ad. in a br)dy, taken 'ogether, op- 
 posec' to singly or separately. In general ; generally ', Ut 
 one mass or heap.
 
 COL 
 
 COL 
 
 COLLK'CTOIl, a. [enlleclor, f/at.] fine \\lin ■,'atliors scat- 
 ferod tliii'iTs t<>;;c4hfr; a compiler ; a tax-f,'atlier('r. 
 
 COLLE'GATAllY, s. [from am, with and le^ntnm, a 
 legacy, l.at.l in the civil law, a i>cison to whom is left a 
 legacy, in common with one or more other persons. 
 
 (jO'LLF.GlO, .?. [cnUes:ium, Lat.] a coinnuniity, or society 
 of men set apart for learning or religion. The word cn/tcf^e 
 Iteajs a different sense in dili'ereiit countries, (n (iermany, 
 there is the college of electors, who assemble in the diet of 
 Ratisbon. At Rome there is the college of cardinals, a body 
 composed of three distinct orders of them. The universities 
 of Oxford and Cambridge have their several colleges, in 
 which learning is taught. Among the .Jews were several 
 colleges, consisting generally of the tribe of Levi. Sanniel 
 is said to have founded the college of the prophets. Among 
 the Cireeks, the lyceum and academy were celebrated col- 
 leges. Colleges have been generally in the hands of those 
 devoted to religion. Thus the Magi in Persia, the Gymnn- 
 sophistsin the Indies, the Druids in Gaul and Britain, liad 
 the care of instructing youth in the sciences. After the es- 
 tablislnnent of Christianity there were almost as many col- 
 leges as monasteries, particularly in the reign of Cimrle- 
 magne, who enjoined the monks to instruct youth in music, 
 grammar, and arithmetic. In London, there is the CoUcfrc of 
 Civilians, commonly called Doctors C(mnnons, founded by 
 Dr. Harvey, dean of the arches, for the professors of the civil 
 law residing in London. Also, the Colh-o-e of Physicians, a 
 corporation of physicians in London, whose number, by the 
 cliarter, is not to exceed eighty. Sion Cu//in-r, or College of 
 the London clergy, who were incorporated in 1C31, at the 
 request of Dr. White, under the name of the president and 
 fellows of Sion College ; it is likewise an hospital forten poor 
 men, the first within the gates of the house, the other with 
 out. (ires/mm CoHeire, or College of Philosophy, founded by 
 Sir William Gresham, who built the Royal Exciiange. is now 
 pulled down, and the Excise Office built ou its site. The sub- 
 jects of the lectures (m)W read in a room over the Royal 
 ExcIiangc) are divinity, astronomy, music, geometry, rlie- 
 torir, civil law, and physic; each lecturer had 50l. a year, 
 and liad a lodging in the college. CoHes^e nf Heralds, com- 
 monly called the Hetnld's Office, a corjioration founded by 
 King Richard III. who granted them several privileges, as 
 fo be free from subsidies, tolls, offices, ttc. Colleges of 
 Common Law, see Inns of conrt. 
 
 COLLE'GIAL, a. relating to a college, or possessed by 
 a college. 
 
 COLLE'GI.\N, s. an inhabitant or member of a college. 
 
 COLLE'GIATE, «. consisting of colleges ; instituted or 
 regulated after the manner of a college. Collesriate church 
 is that which is endowed for a society or body corporate, 
 consisting of a dean and secular priests, without a bishop; 
 of this kind are Westminster-Abbey, Windsor, tie. 
 
 COLLETilATE, s. a member of college, or one bred 
 at an university. 
 
 COLLET, s. [from collam, the neck, Lat.] formerly any 
 thing that was worn about the neck. Figuratively, the 
 neck. Among Jewellers, that part of a ring in which the 
 atone is set. 
 
 To COLLI'DE I., a. [cnllidn, Lat.] to strike, beat, or 
 dash two things together, or against each other. 
 
 COLLIER, s. one who digs for coals in a mine ; one 
 w ho sells or deals in coals ; a vessel made use of to convey 
 coals by water. 
 
 COLLIERY, s. a coal work. 
 
 CO'LLIFLOWER, s. See CAULtFLowER. 
 
 COLLIGATION, s. [from cum, with and ligo, to bind, 
 Lat.l the binding things close, or together. 
 
 COLLIQUABLE, a. easily dissolved ; liable to be melted. 
 
 COLLI'QUAIMENT, s. the substance anv thing is re- 
 duced to by dissolution, or fusion, ;'. e. by hein - dissolved 
 or melted. 
 
 CO'LLIQUANT, part a. [coUiqnans, Lat.] that has the 
 power of dissolving, melting, or wasting. 
 
 To COLLIQUATE, v. «.[ra%»ra, Lat.] to melt, dis- 
 
 solve, or turn a solid into fluid heat, Ac. Ncuterly, tj 
 melt; to be dissolved. 
 
 COLLKiUATION, s. [eolliquatio, Lat.] the melting of any 
 thing by heat. In medicine, a disorder wherein the bloml 
 and other animal fluids flow through tiie secretory glands. 
 
 COLLrQUATlVK, «. melting or dissolvent. A colli. 
 f/nativefei'i:r is that which is attended witli a •liarrho'a, or 
 profuse sweats, from too lax a contexture of the fluids. 
 
 COLLIQUEFA'CTION, .1. [from colligwfarliu, Lat.] the 
 reducing different metals to «me mass, by melting them on 
 a fire. 
 
 COLLI'SION, s. [collisio, Lat.] the act of striking two 
 bodies together. 
 
 To COLLOCATE, r.ff.rra//ofo,Lat.Jto|)lace; to station. 
 
 COLLOCATION, s. colhcatio, Lat.] the act of placing; 
 disposition. 
 
 To COLLO'GUE, (WM") v. a. to weedle, flatter, im- 
 pose upon, or seduce by fair words. A low wimiI. 
 
 COLLOi', s. a thin slice of meat, or steak; a piece or 
 slice of any animal. 
 
 CO'LLOQUY, i. [from oHiH, with aiid loquor, fo speak, 
 Lat.] a conference or conversation ; a tliscourse in writing, 
 wherein two or nuire persons are represented as speaking 
 cr talking together on any topic. 
 
 CO'LLOW, s. [supposed by Johnson rather to be colly, 
 from rmil] the black grime of burnt coals or wood. 
 
 COLLUCTATION, s. [from mm, with and Inrtor, to 
 strive, Lat. | the mutual struggle or commotion o-f the par- 
 ticles of any fluid between themselves; opposition ; fermen- 
 tation. Figuratively, contest ; spite, nnitual opposition. 
 
 To COLLUDE, r. n. [from cum, with and Indn, to i)lay 
 or deceive, Lat.] to join in a fraud ; to conspire in imposing 
 on a person. 
 
 COLLUMPTION, a pretty handsome town of Devon- 
 shire, which carries on a manufacture of woollen. It is 
 seated on the river Colunili, 10 miles N. of Exeter, and l.OO 
 W. by S. of London. Market on Saturday. 
 
 COLLU'SION, s. [from cnm, with and Indn, to play or 
 deceive, Lat.] in law, a deceitful contract or agreement 
 between two or more persons, fir the one to bring an action 
 against the other, in order to defraud a third person of his 
 right. 
 
 COLLU'SIVE, a. fiaudiilently concerted or agreed upon 
 between two persons, in order to cheat a third. 
 
 COLLU'SIVELY, ad. concerted or contrived in a frau- 
 dulent manner, with a fraudulent design. 
 
 COLLU'SORY, s. [from cnm, with and ludo, fo play or 
 deceive, Lat.l carrying on a fraud by secret concert. 
 
 COLLY'RIUM, s. [Lat.] in medicine, an external reme- 
 dv for disorders in the eves. 
 "COLMAR, s. [Fr.] a sort of pear. 
 
 COLNBHOOK, a town of Bucks, principally supported 
 by the great inns on the Bath road. It is situate! on four 
 channels of the river Coin, over each of which it has a bridge, 
 18 miles W. of London. Part of the town, however, is in 
 Middlesex. Market on Wednesday. 
 
 COLNE, a town of Lancashire, near Pendle-Hill, 3f! miles 
 S. E. of Lancaster, and 214 N.N. W. of London. Jlarktt 
 on Wednesday. 
 
 COLO'CiNE,(A'o/ow) lately an electoral bishopric, and one 
 of the most fertile and considerable countries of Germany. 
 It was situated in the circle of the Lower Rhine, and was 
 divided into several districts by otiier states: the greater 
 part of it, however, lay on the Rhine, between the late du- 
 chies of Juliers and Berg. It contained 72 cities aiul towns* 
 and the country produces, besides corn and other necessa- 
 ries, excellent wine. The revenues were computed to 
 anfount to 130,0001 a year. 
 
 CO/ O'GNE, {Kblmi) the capital of the above, was an an- 
 cient, large city, seated on the W. bank of the Rhine, by 
 means of which river it trades npwards with the interior of 
 Germany, and downwards by large vessels with the Nether- 
 lands and Holland. It was a free imperial city, and though 
 the ejector had a palace here, he had not the libertv of stay 
 181
 
 COL 
 
 OL 
 
 inp m It many days together, witliout the consent of the citi- 
 zens: nnr was he permitted to come at allwitli a numerous 
 attendance. It contains 10 collegiate, and 49 parish churches, 
 4 abbeys, Sfi convents, Hi hospitals, and 50 chapels. It is 
 built in the form of" a crescent, with 34 gates, and fortihrd 
 in the ancient manner. The streets, however, except tin' 
 principal ones, are dirty and ill-paved, and the houses ap[)ear 
 dark, and are thinly inhabited. Opposite to the city, on the 
 other side of the Rhine, is the village of Dentz, where there 
 is a flying bridge of boats over the river, across which a 
 Luge company of men, horses, &c. may pass at a time. It 
 is 17 miles S. E. of Jnliers, and 45 E. of Maestricht. " Lat 
 50. 55. N. Ion. 7. 10. E. 
 
 COLO'GN E.^RTH, s. a deep brown, very light bastard 
 ochre, which is no pure native fossil, but contains more 
 vegetable than mineral matter, and owes its origin to the 
 remains of wood long buried in the earth. 
 
 COLON, s. [Gr.] in grammar, a point or stop marhea 
 thus (:) used to make a pause greater than that «f the semi- 
 colon, and less tlian that of a period ; and when stops were 
 first invented, to separate any member of a sentence; but 
 at present it is used in a period where the sense seems com- 
 plete, but is lengthened by some supernumeraiv sentence, 
 beginning with an adversative conjunction, as but, nevertlie- 
 Isss, tic. In anatomy, tiie greatest and widest of all the 
 intestines, about eight or nine hands-breadth long. 
 
 CO'LONEL, (hubHl)s. [colonel, Fr.l an ofriccv in the army 
 who has the command ui chief of a regiuifnt. Cnhmel- 
 Litutenant is one who commands a regiment of the guards, 
 whereof tiie king, or other great personage, is colonel 
 Lieiiteimnt-Colonel is the second oiiicer of a regiment at the 
 head of the captains, and commands in the colonel's alv 
 sence. 
 CO'LONELSHIP, (huluelship)s. the office of a colonel. 
 To CO'LONIZE, (liohiui:e) v. a. to plant with inhabitants ; 
 to settle with people brought from some other place ; to 
 plant with colonies. 
 
 COLONNA'DE, «. [from re/o.-'jm, Ital.l a peristyle of a 
 circular form ; or a series of pillars placed in a circle, and 
 insulated withinside. Figuratively, any series or range of 
 pillars. 
 
 COLONY, s. [cohnia, Lat.] a body if people sent from 
 the mother country to culti\ate and settle some other 
 place. Figuratively, the country settled by a body of peo- 
 ple both in and coming from some other place. 
 
 CO'LOPHONY, (hohfomj) s. [Colophnn, a city, whence 
 it is imported] a resionons substance prepared of turpentine 
 boiled in water, and afterwards dried ; or from a slow 
 evaporation of a fourth or fifth part of its substance by 
 fire. 
 
 COLOQUI'NTED.'^, s. [from loilia, tlie belly, and Idneo, 
 to move, Gr.] the fruit of a plant of the same name brought 
 from the Levant, often called bitter-apple. 
 
 CO'LORATE, a. [coloratus, Lat.J coloured; dyed ; marked 
 or stained with anv colour. 
 
 COLOR.'^'TION, s. [from cohro, to colour, Lat.] the art 
 or practice of colouring or painting ; the state of a thing 
 coloured. 
 
 COLOIUTIC, o. [from cnlw, a colour, and /«cto, to make 
 Lat.] that has the power of producing colours, or of colour- 
 ing anv bodv. 
 
 COLO'SSE, or COLO'SSUS, f . \cohssus, Lat.] a statute of 
 enormous size ; that of Apollo at Rhodis, iiiiule by Chares, 
 was so liigh that ships could pass, with full sails, between its 
 legs; itslieight was 12Gfeet, fi'U people (ould fathom its 
 thumb ; it was overthrown by an eartli<piuke after standing 
 1360 years; and being found i)rostrate on the ^'round by 
 the Saracens, when they became masters of the island, was 
 s<jld by them to a Jew, who loaded SJOO camels w itli the 
 brass of it. 
 
 CO'LOL'R, (AiW/er)^. \c»hr, Lat.] the ditlereiif sensations 
 excited by the refracted rays of light, reflected on our eyes 
 in a dilfeieiit manner, according to thcditiV-rent size, shape, 
 w situation of the particles of which bodies arc composed. 
 
 In a popular or vulgar sense, the different hue in which 
 bodies appear to the eye. Figuratively, the rosy hue of the 
 cheeks ; the tints or hues produced by co\ cring any surface 
 viitli paint. I'mln- colour, appearance, or prrtence. 
 
 To CO'LOL'R, (hulltr) V. a. [coloro, Lai. J to mark, or dye 
 with some hue or tint. i<'iguratively, to palliate, or excuse: 
 to assign some plausible or suecious reason for an under- 
 taking; to blush. 
 
 CO'LOURARLE, {h'd!emble)a. specious, plausible. 
 CO'LODRABLY, (mierahlf)) ad. plausibly ; speciously. 
 CO'LOURl'^D, (/mWererf) po*. streaked ; diversified with 
 ditlerent hues. 
 
 CO'LOURING, (Itullerhig) s. tliat branch of painting 
 which teaches the proper distribution of lights and shades, 
 and laving the colours v^ith propriety and beauty. 
 
 CO'LOURIST, {kilterisl) s. a painter excellent in the tints 
 
 he gives his pieces, and the manner in which he disposes his 
 
 lights and shades. 
 
 C;0'L(")URLESS, «. without colour ; white; transparent. 
 
 COLT, s. [colt. Sax.] a young horse that has never been 
 
 ridden or broke. Figuratively, a raw, ignorant person. 
 
 COLTER, 5. [alitor, Sax.] the sharp iron of a plough, 
 which breaks up the ground perpendicularly to the plougl^ 
 share. 
 
 CO'LTIE, s. a term used by timber-merchants for a de- 
 fect or blemish in some of the annidar circles of a tree, 
 whereby its value is much diminished. 
 
 CO'LTISII, a. resembling a colt ; wanton. 
 CO'LTSFOOT, 5. in botany, a species of tussilago, or 
 l)iitterbur, with yellow compound blossoms, and "angular 
 toothed leaves, somcnlial heart-sluiped, appearing after the 
 flower. The leaves are recommended in coughs and cm- 
 sumptive complaints, and have been found to be very ser- 
 viceable in scrofulous cases. It is found on moist, stiff, 
 marly lands, and amongst limestone rubbish, flowering in 
 March. 
 
 COLT's-TOOTH, s. an imperfect or superfluous tooth 
 in the mouth of a young horse. Figuratively, an inclination 
 toyouthtid iileasures, wantonness, or gaiety. 
 
 CO'LUiWBARY, s. [from colnmha,^ pigeon, Lat] a place 
 where doves or pigeons are kept; a dove-cot; a pigeon 
 house. 
 
 COLUMBATES, s. in chemistry, salts formed by the 
 combination of any base with the cohimliic acid. 
 
 CO'H'M.RIC, a. in cliemistiy, belongiMg to columbium. 
 CO'LUMBINE, J. [from coliimUi,-^ pigeon, Lat.] in dying, 
 a pale violet, or changeable dove-colour. Likewise the 
 heroine or chief female character in pantomime enter 
 tainments. A pknit, with leaves like the nuadow-rue. 
 
 COHJiM Ci IJ M, s. in chemistry, a metal newly discovered 
 in ."America. 
 
 CO'LUiMB MAGNA, or St. Columh, a little town in 
 Cornwall, but with a large parish, seated<>n a bill, at l!ie 
 bottom of which is a river which runs into the sea at a 
 small (listanee. It is 10 miles W. of UiKhiiin, ami 219 from 
 London. Markets oii!Monda\ ami Thursday. 
 
 COLU'MUO, a town . n the W. side of tlir island of Cey 
 Ion, formerly subject to the Dutch, but now in the hands of 
 tlw English." Lat. 7. 10. N. Ion. 79. 6fi. E. 
 
 CO'LUMN, {coliim) s. [colinriim, Lat.] in architecture, a 
 round pillar made to support or adorn a luiilding. In war, 
 a deep file or row of troops or division of an army, march 
 ing at the same time towards the same place, with intervals 
 lietween them to pnvent confusion. Synon. Ry the 
 word pilhir is understood a siip(iovler of some roof: by the 
 word colirmua particular kind oi pillin-, that which is round , 
 thus every colnmn is ;i pilkr, though every pillor is not a 
 column. \Vilh printer's, a column is half a pagr, when 
 divided into two eipial parts by a line passing thruiigh the 
 middle, f om the top to the botioni ; and, by several parallel 
 lines, \)ages are often divided into three or more co- 
 lumns. 
 
 COLIT'MNAR, or COL'JiMNA'UIAH, a. formed in the 
 shape of a coinmii
 
 COM 
 
 COM 
 
 COLUTvES, UtoMrz) s. [coluri, Lat.] in gcQ-nipliy antl 
 Rstroiioiny, two H;reat ciit-lcs iiird).;inL(l to intersect eac!i 
 other at ri^^litaMslfs, in the poles ol'llieworhl ; (ine (ifwliith 
 passes througii the eciuiiinctial points, Aries anil Lilna ; tin; 
 other throii'rii the solstitial points, Canter and Caprieom; 
 the latter dettrniiiiing the solstices, and the fornier the 
 tyjuinoxes. 
 
 CO'MA, .t. [Gr.] in physic, a kind of lethar;,'y or sleepy 
 disease, wherein a person has a violent propensity to 
 sleep. 
 
 COMATO'SE, a. [from Iwma, a drowsy disease, Gr.] 
 Ietliar";ic ; sleepy ; or aifected witli a coma. 
 
 COSl B, (/.omj^s. [annh. Sax.] an instrument made of horn, 
 tortoise-siiell, or box, sawed, throu^di which the hair is pass- 
 ed in order to cleanse or adjnst it ; likewise an instrument 
 made of iron or steel wires fixed upri<,'ht on a piece of wood, 
 thron!{h which Hax, wool, or hemp, is passed to prepare it 
 for spiiinini;. The top or crest of a cock, so called from its 
 resemblinfj the teeth of a comb. The receptacles or hollow 
 places in a bee-hive, wherein the honey is stored. 
 
 To COMB, (/;<im) v. a. [catiiOen, Sax.] to clean or smooth the 
 hair by passing a comb througii it ; to make wool or flax 
 fit for si)inning, by passin:< it through a comb. 
 
 To COMBAT, !i. n. [comhattrc, Fr.] to fight, generally 
 applied to a duel or a fight, where the persons engage hand 
 to iiand. Actively, to fight. Figuratively, to engage. 
 
 CO'MBAT, s. [combat, Fr.] a contest ; in ancient law, a 
 formal trial between two champions, to decide some doubt- 
 fid cause or quarrel, by -the sword or batoon ; a battle 
 witJi another, sometimes restrained to a duel, generally ap- 
 plied to an engagement between two persons ; a duel. Fi- 
 guratively, opposition or struggle. 
 
 CO'MBATANT, s. [comlutumt, Fr.] he that tights. Fi- 
 gurativeiv, a champion or stickler for any opinion. 
 
 CO'MB- BRUSH, s. a brush to clean combs. 
 
 COMBER, {homer) s. one who passes wool througii the 
 comb, and prepares it for the spinner. 
 
 CO'MB-MAKER, s. one w hose trade is to make comlu. 
 
 COMBINATION, s. an union of private persons for 
 some particular purpose. Figuratively, union t>f qualities 
 or bodies ; mixture. In chemistry, a term expressive of 
 a true chemical union of two or more substances ; in oppo- 
 sition to mere mechanical mixture. Union, or association, 
 applied to ideas. In mathematics, the variation, orditierent 
 order in which ajiv number of things may be disposed. 
 
 To COMBI'Nb", J). 0. to .join together. Figuralively, to 
 link togctli"vin unity, afi'ection, or concord. Ncuterly, to 
 join together, applied to things. Figuratively, to unite in 
 one body. To unite in friendsliip, applied to persons. 
 
 CO'>IBLESS, (hSmkss) a. wanting a comb, w ithout a comb, 
 applied to a cock. 
 
 GOMB-MA'RTIN, a town of Devonshire, seated on an 
 .inlet of tlie Bristol Channel, with a cove for the landing of 
 boats. It is 14 miles N. E. of Barnstaple, and 181 from 
 London. Market on Saturday. 
 
 COMBUST, a. [from combnro, to burn, Lat.] burnt. 
 Ill astronomy, applied to a planet when not above 8| degrees 
 distant foni the sun on either side. 
 
 COMBU'S'ilBLE, a. that may be burnt, or that easily 
 catches fire. 
 
 COMBUSTIBLES, substances which readily take fire. 
 In chemistry, certain substances which are capable of com- 
 bining moj-e or less rapidly with oxygen. They are divided 
 by clie'ui.sts into simple and compound combustibles. 
 
 COMBUSTIBLENESS, s. the quality of catching fire 
 cnsilv. 
 
 COMBUSTION, (!wml,Mi-,,,w) s. [Fr.] the burning of 
 several tilings together ; coiiflagiatuiii ; consumption by 
 tire. Figuratively, confusion, noise, hurry, commotion, 
 produeid by restless minds, either in moral or political 
 alia i IS. 
 
 To COME, i>. n. preter. / camr, or /are eome, participle 
 cwne ; \cuman. Sax.] to move from a distant to a nearer situ- 
 ati(m, cither to a thing or person ; to approach, draw near 
 
 to, or advance towards. To proceed ; to issue. To become. 
 To become present, and no longer absent. To happen; to 
 fall out. J'u canic riliijiit, to come to pass, to fall out. To 
 change; to come round. 'J'u totnr after, to iulUiw. To come 
 iu, to enter. To comply ; to yield ; to hold out no longer. 
 To arrive at a port or place or rendezvous. To becoiru; 
 modish or brought into use. To be an ingredient ; to make 
 part ofa composition. To come into, to .join with, to bring 
 help. To comply with; to agree to. To come over, tore- 
 peat an act. To revolt. To rise in distillation. To come 
 out, to be made public. To be discovered. I'o come mtt with, 
 to give a vent to ; 'o let fiy. To come iihroad, to be jniblicly 
 known or published. To cuini: to, to arrive at or attain. To 
 follow as a consequelicc ; to happen. To come ugain, to 
 come a second lime; to return. 7V) come «<, to reach. To 
 come by, to obtain, gain, or acquire. To come in for, to be 
 early enough to obtain a share of any thing, alluding to the 
 custom of hunting, where those dogs that are slow come in 
 for no share of the game. To come mar, to ajiproach ; to 
 assemble. To come off, to escape ; to quit or fall from, or 
 leave. To come on, to thrive, or grow ; to advance to com- 
 bat. To come to, to agree or consent ; to amount to, applied 
 to arithmetic. To come to himself, Ac. to recover from a 
 fright or a fit. To come up with, to overtake. 2'o come upon, 
 to invade, attack, or seize unexpectedly. 
 
 COME, interjection, implying an exhortation to atten- 
 tion, dispatch, and courage, when used singly ; .jUt when 
 repeated, it implies a grant, permission, supposition, or a 
 transition from tlie topic which preceded, to avoid giving 
 offence. 
 
 COME, ad. means when it shall come. To eome, in ful\. 
 rity ; not present. 
 
 COME'DIAN, s. [comidicTi, Fr.] one who acts on the 
 stage. In a restrained seiise, applied only to one who 
 appears in a comedy,; but in a more loose sense, any 
 actor. 
 
 COMEDY, s. [from lome, and ode, two Greek words, sig- 
 nifying a village and a iioem, because it was at first only a 
 poem exhibited in villages] a dramatic piece, representing 
 some diverting transaction, being an exact picture of com- 
 mon life, exposing the faults of private persons, in order to 
 render them ridiculous and iiiiiversally avoided. 
 
 CO'MELINESS, s. grace ; handsomeness united with an 
 apiiearance of dignity. 
 
 COMELY, a. handsome, graceful, applied to that ap- 
 pearance which excites reverence rather than love. Ap- 
 plied to things, that wliicli is suitable to a person's age and 
 condition, consistent with virtue, oragreeiableto the rules of 
 right reason. 
 
 CO'MELY, <id. in a graceful, becoming, and pleasing 
 manner. 
 
 CO'MliR, s. that Mhich soon grows, or rises above 
 ground, applied to plants. A visitor, a person who enters 
 or settles in a place. To give jip one's self to the first 
 comer, is to embrace any doctrine implicitly, and without 
 examination. 
 
 COMET, s. [from coma, a lock of hair, Lat.] in astrono- 
 my, an opaque heavenly body, like the planets, moving in 
 its proper orbit, which is very eccentric, having one of its 
 foci in the centre of the sun. It is distinguished not only 
 by its orbit, but likewise by its appearance, from the planets, 
 as being bearded, tailed, Inid haired ; bearded when east- 
 ward of the sun, and its li^ht marcJies beiore ; tailed whea 
 westward of the sun, and the train follows it; and haired 
 when diametrically opposite to the sun, having the earth 
 between it, and all its tail hiil except a few scattered rays 
 The orbits of comets approaching near to a right line ii. 
 some parts thereof, they go honearihr- sun, that, acc«rdiiig 
 to Sir Isaac Newton's computation, the sun's heat, in that 
 remarkable one in 1680, was to Ids heat with us, as twenty 
 eight thousand to one; and that tlie heat of the body of tlie 
 comet, was near two thousand times as great as that of red 
 hot iron. To this let it be added, from the same great au- 
 'hor, lliut those bodies arc so far from being such tremendoas 
 
 1&3
 
 CO\' 
 
 COM 
 
 olijectsas they are esteemed to be by the vulgar, and falsely 
 pretended to be by atlicists ; tliat tlieir atmospheres being 
 dilated, rarefied and diffused through tlie celestial regions, 
 may be attracted down to the planets, become mingled witli 
 tlieir atmospheres, and by that means supply the deficiences 
 which would otherwise, bv continual exhausting, affect this 
 and other planets ; so that their revolutions, instead of 
 !)ein^ looked onus the harbinn;ers of terror and calamity, 
 should rather be esteemed a friendly and benevolent visft, 
 uherein they bestow such presents to every planet they 
 pas? by, as arc requisite to prevent its decay, and supply its 
 intiahit;iiits with such tilings as are necessary to their exist- 
 ence. Of the vast number of comets which have been dis- 
 co\ered, the courses of so few iiave been at present accu- 
 rately calculated, as to leave considerable doubts on the 
 subject of their revolutions. 
 
 COMETA'RIUM, s. [Lat.] a mathematical machine, rc- 
 prcsentin!,' the method of a comet's revolution. 
 
 CO'iMETARY, orCOME'TIC, a. that belongs or relates 
 to a comet. 
 
 CO'IMl'IT, s. [kmifit, Belg.] a dry sweet-meat ; any vege- 
 table preserved by boiling it in sugar, and drying it after- 
 v\ards. 
 
 To COMFORT, V. a. \cotnfurto, low Lat.] to strengthen, 
 evcite, invigorate, enliven, or make a person inidertake a 
 thnig boldly by persuasions; to make a person jjrow cheer- 
 ful that is in sorrow, by advice and arguments. 
 
 COMFORT, s. support, assistance, or countenance ; 
 consajat'o?^, or support under calamity and danger. 
 
 COMFORTABLE, a. receiving relief or support in dis- 
 tress; affording consolation; having the power of lessen- 
 ing distress. 
 
 COMFORTABLY, arf. in a cheerful maimer; in a man- 
 ner free from dejection or despair. 
 
 COMFORTER, s. one that diminishes or lessens the 
 degree of a person's sorrow under misfortunes; one who 
 strengthens and supports the mind in misery or danger. 
 Tlie title of the Third Person of the Holy Trinity. 
 
 COMFORTLESS, a. without comfort, without any thing 
 to lighten the burden, or allay the sensation of misfortunes ; 
 applied both to persons and things. 
 
 COMFREY, s. in botany, a piece of the Symphytum 
 of Linnaeus, with leaves betwixt egg and spear shajied, run- 
 ning along the stem, and yellowish white or purple blossoms. 
 It is found on the banks of rivers and \^■et ditches, flowering 
 ii; May. 
 
 CO'MIC, or CO'MICAL, a. {vomique, Fr.] relating to, 
 or tit for comedy : ridiculous or causing mirth, either from 
 an unusual assemblage of ideas, seemingly inconsistent, or 
 antic gestures, and polite raillery. 
 
 COMICALLY, ad. in such a manner as to raise mirth, 
 either by an association or assemblage of ideas seemingly 
 inconsistent, by polite or good-natured raillery, or by so<ne 
 odd or antic gestures. 
 
 CO'MICALNESS, s. that quality by which a thing ap- 
 pears <)d<l or ridiculous, and raises mirth in the mind. 
 
 COMING, s. the act of moving towards a person or 
 place ; approach ; preseiice, or arrival ; the presence of a 
 filing which was absent some lime before. ('iimii:a:-in, the 
 product of a person's estate, pension, salary, or business. 
 
 COMINtJ, pari, applied to the iuclinaliou, propensity, 
 or aft'ection ; fond; forward; easily complying. Applied 
 to time, something not present; boinething fufiire. 
 
 QOyiVVX \L, {hmmhrti) a. (from aimitia, Lat.] relating 
 to an assembly, applied particularly to that of the I'omans. 
 
 CO'MMA, *. [Cir.] in grammar, a pause, or stop marked 
 thus,f,)Uf>e(l to distinguisli such members of a discourse I'rom 
 rarh oilier, wherein there is a verb and nominalive case, or 
 srveral iiopns, adjectives, or subslanlive, in llie same sen- 
 tence, not joini'd by a conjuncliou, and where the sense is 
 not complete. In musi<-, the smallest of all Ihe sensible 
 intervals of tone, seldom used but in lhe<>r>-, to shew the 
 justness of the concords, and is alxiut Ihe ninth part of a 
 tone, or interval, whercbv a perftict semitone, or lone, sur- 
 18-1 
 
 passes an imperfect one. In natural history, a very beau 
 tiful moth, so called from its having a \\ Idle mark on one ot 
 its wings, in the form of this point. 
 
 To COMMA'ND, v. a. [vommaiukr, Fr.] to order, in- 
 cluding the idea of aulhority ; to keep in subjection ; t> 
 oblige a person to perform any thing. Figuratively, to ab- 
 rogate or claim by mere force ; to overlook; to lie "situated 
 above anyplace, so as to be able to look into, or annoy it 
 
 COMMA'XD, s. authority or power. Figuratively, the 
 exercise of authority, or enforcing obedience. In a mili- 
 tary sense, the power of overlooking and taking or anaoy 
 ing any place. 
 
 COALMA'NDER, s. he that has the direction of, or 
 authority over olliers. In a military sense, a leatler 
 chief, or officer. A paving-beetle, or rammer. In surgery 
 an instrument, called likewise a glossocomiuni, used inmost 
 tough, strong bodies, where the luxation has been of long 
 continance. 
 
 COMMA'NDERY, s. the exercise of a command, or the 
 office of a commander. In history, applied to a benefice 
 or fixed revenue belonging to a luilitary order, and con- 
 ferred on ancient knights, who had done some considerable 
 service to the order. 
 
 COMMANDMENT, s. {cmmnrmdemcnf, Fr.] an express 
 order to do or abstain from any tiling. \\ hen it orders any 
 thing to be done, it is named a puaitiie command ; but when 
 it forbids the doing a thing, it is then termed a negatne 
 compifiml. 
 
 COMMA'NDRESS, s. a woman vested with supreme 
 authority. 
 
 COMMATE'RIAL, a. [from con or cum, with, and mafe- 
 ritt, matter, Lat.] consisting of the same multer with anotlitr 
 thing. 
 
 COMMATERIA'LITY, .«. of the same matter or sub- 
 stiuice with another; resemblance to something in its mat- 
 ter or substance. 
 
 COMME'MORABLE, «. [from coji, with, used frequently 
 to strengthen the signification, and meinorahilis, memorable, 
 Lat.] desei-ving to be mentioned with honour and reverenc*, 
 wortliv to be celebrated and kept in remembrance. 
 
 To COMMEMpRATE, v. a. [from con, v ith, used here 
 to strengthen the signification, and menumibilis, memorable, 
 Lat.] to preserve the memory by some public act; to cele- 
 brate solemnly. 
 
 COMMEMORATION, s. the doing something in order 
 to preserve the remembrance of any person or thing. 
 
 COMMEMORATIVE, a. tending to preser>e the re- 
 membrance of any person or thing. 
 
 ToCOMME'NCE, v. n. [commcnccr, Fr.] to begin; to 
 take its beginning ; to assume a new character which it 
 never did before, a|iplied to persons and things. 
 
 COMMENCEMENT, .«. beginning; date. 
 
 ToCOMME'ND, v. a. [from con, with, and inniido, to en- 
 trust, to commend, Lat.] to represent a person as possessed 
 of those virtues that demand notice, apiuobation, and es- 
 teem ; to praise ; to deliver, or entrust with confidence, 
 and full assurance of protection. To desire to be mentioned 
 in a kind and respectful manner. 
 
 COMMETSDABLF^o. worlliv of praise. 
 
 COMME'NDABLV, ad. laudably ; iu a manner worthy 
 of commendaliou. 
 
 COMME'NDAM, s. \commcnda, low Lat.] in canons, a va 
 cant benefice vhich is given to a itersoii to supply till some 
 oilier person is presented or named lo it. 
 
 COM MEN DATA RY, .v. one who holds a living on com- 
 mendani. 
 
 COMMENDATION, s. a favourable representation o. 
 a person's good (jualities ; praise ; recommendation ; a 
 message of1<iiidiiess. 
 
 COMMENDATORY, n. that commantls or engages no- 
 lice, esteem, and approbalioii, from a favourable display of 
 good (jualities ; containing praises. 
 
 COMMI'.'NDER, «. ine wivo i)rai3es or displays tht vir- 
 tues of anollicr, ill order to render him esteemed and beloved.
 
 COM 
 
 COM 
 
 COMMKNSA'LITY, s. [from eov, with, and mf-ma, a ta- 
 ble, Lat.J the act of eating, or sittinjj to vm\, at the same 
 tablo witli another. 
 
 COMMRNSUUAB'rLITY, or COMMENSURABLE- 
 NESS, t. the capacity of beinij meabured hy some common 
 measure or standard. 
 
 COMME'NSUKABLE, g. [from nn, with, and menmra, a 
 measure, Lat.] in geometry, having some common aliciuot 
 part, or which may be measured by some connnon measure, 
 so as to leave no remainder. Thus an inch and a yard are 
 comnuustirMe, because an inch taken .'jC limes is a \ard. 
 
 To COMMETM.SURATE, v. a. from <•««, wiili.an.l w»- 
 tu)-a, a measure, Lat.] to reduce to one connnon measure ; 
 to extend as far as. 
 
 COMME'NSURATE, a. reducible to one common 
 measure ; equal ; proportionate. 
 
 COMME'NSURATELY, arf. a capacity of measuring or 
 Deing measured by anotiier, equally extensive. 
 
 COMMENSURATION, s. the reduction of, or measur- 
 ing a thing by some common measure ; proportion. 
 
 To CO'MMENT, v. n. [fanmientor, Lat.] to write notes; 
 to explain, interpret, or expound. 
 
 CO'MMENT, s. notes or annotations, in order to explain 
 ail author; exposition ; explanation; remark. 
 
 CO'MMENTARY, s. [rnmmcntariiis,_ I.at.| a continued 
 aiid critical explanation of the sense of an author. 
 
 COMMENTATOR, s. one who writes remarks, notes, 
 or explanations of an a ithor. 
 
 COMMENTITIOUS, {kommentMlnvs) <t. [from commen- 
 tator, to feign, Lat.] invented- forged ; fictitious ; without 
 any existence but in tiie brain. 
 
 COMMERCE, s. [from cum, with and mer, merciiandisc, 
 Lat.] the exchinge of conmiodities, or the buying and 
 selling merchandise both at home and abroad, in order to 
 gain profit, and increase the conveniences of life. Nothing 
 more clearly exhibits the uncertainty of human aflkirs than 
 tJie history of commerce. Among the most ancient com- 
 mercial nations, were the Egyptians, Phoi-nicians and 
 (-arthagenians, to which may be added some companies 
 of Arabians. Solomon, king of Israel, cultivated com- 
 merce with great diligence, and hence derived a large 
 portion of that prodigious wealth which enabled him to 
 build the tenipie. The Romans protected commerce 
 through tlieir extensive empire, but did not seek to mono- 
 polise it within their own possession. During the middle 
 a^es, commerce was chiefly carried on by the Italians and 
 Germans. . The most commercial Italian states were the 
 Pisans, Florentines, Genoese, and Venetians, who, abound- 
 ing in shipping, took occasion to spread themselves through 
 all the ports of the Levant and Egypt, and bringing thence 
 silk, spices, and other merchandises, and furnisliing witli 
 tlicm the greatest part of Europe. Towards tlie end of the 
 twelfth century, the German cities situate on the coast of 
 the Baltic, and on the rivers that ran into it, obtained a 
 considerable traffic with the neighbouring states, anil formed 
 a confederation of 72 towns, called the Hans Towns. At 
 the beginning of the Kith century, after the discovery of 
 AmericaaiMJ the Cape of good Hope, the cnmmerce of the 
 East was chiefly engrossed by the Portuguese, and that of 
 the West by the .Spaniards. An hundred years after, their 
 glory was eclipsed by the English and Dutch, and since the 
 late revolution in France, the English may be regarded as 
 standing without a rival in commercial importance. Synon. 
 Commerce is used figuratively, for intercourse of any kind. 
 Traffic relates more to the exchanging of merchandise ; 
 trade and commerce, to that of buying and selling ; with this 
 difference, that trade seems to imply the manufacturing and 
 vending of merchandise within ourselves; commerce, nego- 
 ciating with other countries. 
 
 C0MME'RCL\L, a. .belonging or relating to trade or 
 commerce. 
 
 To CO'MMIGRATE, v. n. [from con, with, and jtvp-o, 
 to remove, Lat.] to move in a bodv, or with one common 
 tionienl, from one countrv to another. 
 
 B b 
 
 I 
 
 COMMIGRATFON, s. the removal of a larKf number of 
 persons oranimaK from one country to another. 
 
 COMMINA'TION, .v. [friiiii mm, with, here inserted to 
 strengthen the signification, and minor, to threaten, Lat.] 
 a threat, a declaration or (leniinciation of punisliraent or 
 vengeance for any crime; an oliice of the thurcli, contain- 
 ing the threatenings denounced against any breach of the 
 divine laws, and recited on Ash-Wednesday. 
 
 COMMITS'ATORY, n. aiiplicdio a clause in any law or 
 edict, importing a punishment for the breach or violation 
 of it. 
 
 COMMIXU'IBLE, n. [from romminun, to break in pieces, 
 Lat.] that may be broken, powdered, or reduced into small 
 parts. 
 
 To COMMINUTE, v.a.{homcon, with, to strengthen 
 the signification, and mimin, to make Jess, Lat.] to pulverize; 
 to grind; to break into small parts. 
 
 COMMINUTION, s. the act of reducing into small par- 
 ticles, bv grinding, powdering, breaking, or chewing. 
 
 COM'Ml'SERAI'.LE, n. [from e»», with, to strengthen tiie 
 signification, and miscrcor, to pity, Lat.] that deserves, or is 
 the object of pity and relief ; shewing pity and compassion 
 to persons in distress. 
 
 To COMMISERATE, r. a. [from con, with, to strengthen 
 the signification, and miseri-or, to pity, Lat.] to pity ; to 
 compassionate. SynoN. We naturally commiserate the 
 sorrows of one we love. We may pity, and yet not have 
 compassion. We may have both pity and compassion, yet not 
 comtniserate. 
 
 COMMISERATION, s. [cotniniseratio, Lat.] a tender, 
 sympathizing, and afi'ectionate regard for those in distress. 
 
 CO'MMISSARY, s. [commissarins, low Lat.] an oificer 
 commissioned occasionally for a certain purpose ; a delegate 
 or deputy. In church government, one w ho exercises ec- 
 clesiastical jurisdiction in such places as are at a considera- 
 ble distance from the bisliop's see. In the army, a commisa- 
 ry-general of the musters, is one who takes a view of the nunt- 
 bers or strength of every regiment, sees that the horse are 
 well mounted, and that the nieu be well clothed and accoi>. 
 tred. Commissanj freneral of provisions, furnishes the army 
 with every necessary for its food. 
 
 COMMI'SSION,"*. [from committo, to commit, Lat.] the 
 act of entrusting any thing; a trust ; a warrant by wliich 
 any trust is held. In common law, tiie warrants or letters 
 patent, which all persons, exercising jurisdiction, have ti) 
 empower them to hear and determine any cause or suit, as 
 commission of the judges, A-c. There are a great variety of 
 Commissions issued from the crown. In trade, it sometimes 
 means the power of acting for another, and sometimes the 
 premium or reward a person receives for so doing, which is 
 j, 1, 2, 3, or more per cent, according to the nature or cir- 
 cumstances of the affair. 
 
 To COMMISSION, v. a. to authorize, empower, appoint, 
 or give a person authority to discharge an otfice. 
 
 COMMISSIONER, s. one whose name is inserted in 
 any warrant for the discharge of a public office ; one em- 
 powered to act in a particular quality by patent or 
 warrant. 
 
 COMMI'SSURE, s. [commissura, Lat.J a joint; or a place 
 where two bodies, or the parts of an animal body, are joined 
 together. 
 
 To COMMIT, V. a. [committo, Lat.] to entrust ; or trust a 
 person ; to send a person to prison ; to perform, act, or 
 perpetrate some crime or fault. 
 
 C0MMITM1':NT, s. the act of sending a person to 
 prison ; imprisonment. 
 
 COMMITTEE, s. a number of persons to whom tht 
 consideration or examination of an affair is referred. 
 
 COMMITTER, «. a perpetrator ; he that commits. 
 
 COMMI'TTIBLE, «. liable to be committed ; an object 
 worthy of imprisonment. 
 
 To COM^II'X, V. a. [from, con, with, and miscro, to mingle, 
 Lat.] to mix, blend, or join several things together, or into 
 >ue mass. 
 
 1S6
 
 COM 
 
 COM 
 
 COMMIXION, COMMIXTIOX, s. mixture ; incorpo- 
 ratinn. 
 
 COMMI'XTURE, s. the act of luingiing ; tlie state of 
 being mingled ; incorporation. 
 
 COMMODE, s.[Yt.] tiic head-dress of a uonian. 
 
 COx'ilMODIOUS, H. [commodus, Lat.] suitable to any par- 
 ticular purpose; free from any liinderance or obstnielion ; 
 convenient ; seasonable, or suitable ; spacious, well con- 
 trived, applied to building. 
 
 COMMOTDIOUSLY, ad. in a convenient manner, ap- 
 plied to situation. Enjoying the necessaries and comforts 
 of life, applied to condition. Fitted or suited to any par- 
 ticular end or view. 
 
 COMMO'DIOUSNESS,*. the fitness or suitableness of 
 a thing to any end ; advantage. 
 
 COMMODITY, s. [commodiuis, Lat.] convein"ency, profit, 
 interest, or advantage. In commerce, A\ares, goods, nier- 
 cliandise, or that which is the object of t'-nde. 
 
 COMiMODO'RE, .t. in the navy, an under admiral, or 
 person commissioned to connnand a squadron of ships. 
 When three or more sail of ships are in company, the eldest 
 captain assumes this post, and has this title. The commo- 
 dore's ship is distinguished by a broad, red pendant, taper- 
 ing towards the outer end, anrl sometimes forked. 
 
 COMMON, n. [cummunis, Lat. J that is enjoyed by dif- 
 ferent species of animals ; belonging equally to more than 
 one ; the property of no person ; without a proprietor or 
 possessor; vulgar; mean; trifling; frequently seen ; usual; 
 easy to be had ; of little value; general; public; intended 
 for the use of every body. In grammar, applied to such 
 verbs as sigjiify both action and passion. Applied to nouns, 
 such as signify both sexes under one terra, as parent signi- 
 fies both father and mother. 
 
 COMMON, s. an open field, free for any inhabitant 
 of the lordship wherein the common lies to graze his 
 cattle in. 
 
 To COMMON, r. V. to enjoy a right of pasture in an 
 open field in conjunction with others. 
 
 COTMMONABLE, a. tliat may become open or free, 
 applied to ground. 
 
 COMMONAGE, s. in law, the right of pasture in a 
 common; or fishing in another person's water; or of dig- 
 ging turf in the ground of another ; the joint right of using 
 any thing equally and together with others. 
 
 CO'MNIONALTY, s. [cutnmanttHte, FrJ the people of 
 the lower rank ; the common people. Figuratively, the 
 major part or bulk of mankind. 
 
 CO'MMONER, s. one of the conmion people ; one of 
 low rank ; a person who bears no title ; one who has a seat 
 in the house of commons. In law, one who has a joint 
 right to pasture, Ac. in an open field. In the University, 
 one who wears a sipiare cap w ith a tassel when under gra- 
 duate, is of rank between a battler and gentleman common- 
 r.r, and eats at the common table. 
 
 CO.MMONITION, «. [from mn, with, to strengthen the 
 signification, and moiieo, to admonish, Lat.] advice, warn- 
 ing. 
 
 CO'M!\ION LAW, s. customs, which by long prescrip- 
 tion have obtained the force of law, and vcre received as 
 laws i'l England, before any statute was enacted in parlia- 
 mci.t to alter the same ; and arc now distinguished from the 
 statute law. 
 
 CO'M MONEY, OT/. generally ; frequently; usually. 
 
 CO'MMONNE.SS, s. frequency, or repetition ; partici- 
 pation among, or ap]ilicatu)n to several. 
 
 To COMNONPL V'CI'-, v. «. to reduce to, and transcribe 
 under general heads. 
 
 COMMONI'LACE-ROOK, s. a book wherein things or 
 extracts are recorded alphabetically, or reduced to general 
 beads, in order to assist a persrm's memory, or enable him 
 to supply himself with any curious observations on any 
 topic lie wants. 
 
 CO'.MMON-PLEA.S, t. the king's court, now held at 
 Westminster, but formerly nioveabh ; it was erected at the 
 I8G 
 
 lime that Henry III. granted the great charter. In personal 
 and mixed actions, it has a concurrent jurisdiction with the 
 King's Bench ; but has no cognizance of the pleas of the 
 crown; the actions come hither by originals; the chief 
 judge is called Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, who 
 is assisted by three other judges, all of them created by 
 letters patejit. 
 
 CO MiMON-PRAYER, s. the liturgy, or forms of mrvkf, 
 used by the church of England. 
 
 CO'M.MONS, *. the vLdgar; the lower sort of people; 
 the lower house of parliament, consisting of members chosen 
 by the people. A portion of tood or victuals usually eaten 
 atone meal, so called at the universities. 
 
 COMMONWEAL, or COMMONWEALTH, {homm<m. 
 weel, or konimo7iu(lth) s. in its primary sense, used in law, the 
 common good; a regular form of government or ])olitv, 
 established by common consent ; a form of government in 
 which the supreme power is lodged in the people ; a r««- 
 public ; a democracy. 
 
 CO'MMORANCE, or COMMORANCY, s. dwelling: 
 habitation ; abode ; residence. 
 
 CO'MMORAN'T, «. [from eommoror, to reside, Lat.] rcii- 
 dent, dwelling, tarrying, sojourning. 
 
 COMMOTION, s. [from commoveo, to agitate, Lat.] tu- 
 mult, disturbance, sedition, disorder, or confusion, arising 
 from the turbulent dispositions of its members, applied to a 
 state. Figuratively, inward confusion or violence; dis- 
 order of mind; perturbaticm ; a violent motion or agita- 
 tion. 
 
 To COjMMLTNE, v. 11. [commmiico, Lat.] to converse ; to 
 talk together; to impart sentiments mutuallv. 
 
 COMMUNICABrLrrY, «. an open or generous dispo- 
 sition, whereby a person is willing to impart his sentiment'; 
 to another; the possibility or power of being imparted or 
 communicated to another. 
 
 COMMUTS^ICABLE, a. [commnnicahle, Fr.] that may 
 become the property of, or be related or imparted to an- 
 other ; used witii to. 
 
 COMMUNICANT, s. one who partakes of the blessed 
 sacrament. 
 
 To COMMUTSTCATE, v. n. [communico, Lat.] to impart 
 to another ; to make another a joint partaker w ith ourselves ; 
 to confer or bestow a possession ; to discover one's senti- 
 ments or knowledge to another. Neuterly, in theology, 
 to receive the sacrament of the Lord's Supper ; to be con- 
 nected or joined ; to have something common witJi an- 
 other. 
 
 COMMUNICA'TION, s. [commmiication, Fr.] applied to 
 science, the act of imparting, discovering, or revealing. .V 
 common inlet or passage, leading from one place to another ; 
 the mutual intelligence kept up between persons or places ; 
 a conversation, conference, or imparting a person's senti- 
 ments in mutual discourse. 
 
 COMMU'MCATIVE, a. inclined to make advanta-jes 
 common; liberal of benefits or knowledge; not close; not 
 selfish. 
 
 COMMUTSflCATIVENESS, s. readiness of imparting 
 benefits or knowledge to others. 
 
 COM.M UNION, s. [from fowm»«u, common, Lat.] inter- 
 course ; fellowship; common possession; a partaking of 
 the same thing. In divinity, the common or public celcbni, 
 tioii of the Lord's Supper. 
 
 COMMUNITY,*, [cowmir.iitas, from rommmiis, commoi., 
 Lat.] a government ; a body of people united together in 
 th.e same form of government ; common participation, pos- 
 session, or enjovmeiit, opposed to approbation. 
 
 COMMUTABILITY, s. the quality of being the proper 
 object of interchange, or of being capable of exchange. 
 
 COMMU rABLE, n. analliration or change of disposi- 
 tion orsenlimenl, applied to the mind. A change or form 
 <d' piality, applied to bodies; tlir giving <me thing in ex- 
 change for anifllK'r ; the substituting a pecuniary tor a 
 corporeal punishment ; that may be ransomed or re- 
 deemed.
 
 COM 
 
 COMMUTATION, s. [Crdm commutn, (o cliange, Lat.l 
 change, alteration, l):utcniij,' ; the extliaii^'ing a ttjrporeal 
 for a pecuniary punishi'ient. 
 
 COMMUTATIVE, n. [from commuto, to cliange, Lat.] 
 rclatinfj to exchange. C'o«im»(n(n'f jm^ut, that which is ex- 
 crcisea in trade, and is opposed to fraud or extortion in 
 bnyins and selling'. 
 
 To COMMUTE, v. a. [from commutn, to ciianf;e, Lat.l to 
 cxchanije ; to put one thing in the place of another ; to buy 
 of!', or ransom. Ncuterly, to atone ; to bargain for ex- 
 emption. 
 
 COMMUTUAL, a. mutual ; reciprocal. Used only in 
 poctr>'. " Commiititnl ze'A\." Pope. 
 
 CO'MO, a town, lake, and district of Milan. The lake 
 is about 5 miles in breadth, and 88 in circumference. The 
 town is situated on the S. extremity of the lake. Here the 
 younger Pliny was born, who, in his letters, speaks with 
 rapture of the delightful scenery in the environs of his na- 
 tive town. His statute is placed in an niche on the outside 
 ofone of the churclies, with a latin inscription, bearing the 
 date of 1499. The inhabitants have established several 
 manufactories of cotton and silk, and trade with the Ori- 
 sons. Coino is 20 miles N. W. of Milan. Lat. 45. 44. N. 
 Ion. 9. 7. E. 
 
 CO'MORA ISLANDS, a cluster of islands in the Indian 
 Ocean, lying opposite to the coast of Zangucbar, in Africa ; 
 N. of the Channel of Mosainbine, and N. W. of Madagascar. 
 They are four in number, Johanna or Anjoin, Mayotta, 
 Mobilla, and Comora or Angazija. Comora, which gives 
 • lame to the rest, is about fi leagues lonij and 3 wide. The 
 mountains are lofty, and richly clothed with wood, chiefly 
 fruit-frees ; tine streams are numerous, and the grass and 
 trees are green throughout the year. They produce rice, 
 peas, yams, purslain, cocoa-nuts, plantains, oranges, lemons, 
 citrons, iimes, pine-apples, cucumbers, tamarinds, sugar- 
 canes, and honey. Their animals are buffaloes, goats, tor- 
 toises, cameleons, large bats, hens, and a great variety of 
 birds unknown in Europe. Though Johanna is not the 
 largest island, the Arabs, who have settled here, exact tri- 
 bute from all the others. They are about 3000 in number, 
 profess the Mahometan religion, and are settled on the sea- 
 coast. The original natives, in number about 7000, occupy 
 the hills, and are frequently at war with them, as are also 
 the natives of the other islands. In the interior part of the 
 island is a lake accounted sacred by the natives ; on this 
 there is a number of ducks, wiiich they hold in veneration. 
 Being averse to conduct strangers there, they stipulate that 
 all guns shall be left at a place 5 miles from the lake. The 
 birds being thus kept in safety, become perfectlv tame, and 
 fearlessly approach those who go to see them. Tlie Arabian 
 part of the islanders detest thissupertition, but dare not for- 
 i)id the practice of it. The East India sliips often touch 
 liere for refreshments. The people on the coast speak Eng- 
 lish intelligibly. They preserve the language and manners 
 of Arabia, and are not of so dark a complexion as the origi- 
 nal natives. The Comora islands lie between 11 and 13 
 deg. S. lat. and between 44. and 47. E. Ion. 
 
 CO'MP.\CT, s. [paction, Lat.] a bargain or agreement 
 entered into by two orniore parties ; a contract. 
 
 To COMPACT, 0. a. [compaciiim, from coinpingo, Lat.J 
 to unite orjoin together closely ; to consolidate, or render 
 solid by pressing the particles of a body close together ; to 
 league or enter into a bargain. 
 
 COMPA'CT, o. [compactus, Lat.] close, dense, and heavy ; 
 having few pores, and those very small. Ai>plied to style, 
 concise, or containing much matter in few words. 
 
 COMPA'CTLY, ad. in a close, neat manner. 
 
 COMPA'CTNESS, j. firmness, hardness, density. 
 
 COMPA'CTURE, *. tile manner in which any thing is 
 joined ; ajoint or joining. ' 
 
 COMPA'GES, .«. [Lat.J a composition or system wherein 
 teveral things are.joini d or united. 
 
 COMP.'VGINA TION, s. [compngn, Lat.] union, or joining 
 icvcrai pirts together. 
 
 COM 
 
 COMPA'NION, *. [compaf-jum, Fr.J one withwho.Aa 
 person frequently converses, or with whom he is geiuirally 
 yeen. 
 
 COMPANIONABLE, «. fit for the company of others 
 agreeable : sociable. 
 
 COMI'ATSIONSHIP, s. a body of men forming one com- 
 pany ; lellowship or association. 
 
 COMPANY, s. \compap,-iiie, Fr.] several persons assembled 
 in the same room, eitlier for conversation or mutual en'cr- 
 tainment ; several persons united togctlier to carry on one 
 general and coniuion design ; a number of persons united 
 or incorporated by some charter ; a body corporate ; a cor- 
 poration. The several professions and bodies exercised in 
 the city of London, are incorporated into distinct frater- 
 nities, governefl by their particular laws. They are 91 in 
 number, viz. 1. Mercers, 2. Grocers. 3. Drapers. 4. 
 Fishmongers. 5. Goldsmiths. 6. Skinners. 7. Merchant 
 Taylors. 8. Haberdashers. 9. Sailers. 10. Ironmongers. 
 11. Vinters. V2 Clothworkers. 13. Dyers. 14. Hrevvers. 
 l."). Leather-sellers. 16. Pewterers. 17. Harber-surgeons. 
 18. Cutlers. 19. Bakers. 20. Wax-chandlers. 21. Tallow- 
 chandlers. 22. Armourers. 23. Giidlers. 24. Butchers. 
 2.i. Sadlers. 20. Carpenters. 27. Cordwaiiiers. 28. Pain- 
 ter-stainers. 29. Curriers. 30. Masons. 31. Plumbers. 
 32. Innliolders. 33. Founders. 34. Poidterers. S.^i. Cooks. 
 36. Coopers. 37. Tylers and Bricklayers. 38. Bowyers. 
 39. Fletchers. 40. Blacksmiths. 41. Joiners and Cielers. 
 42. Weavers. 43. Woolmen. 44. Scriveners. 4.'>. Fruit- 
 erers. 46. Plaisterers. 47. Stationers. 48. Broderers. 
 49. Upholders. 50. Musicians.* 51. Turners. .52. Basket- 
 makers. 53. Glaziers. 54. Homers. 55. Farriers. 50. 
 Paviors. 57. Loriners. 58. Apothecaries. 59. Ship- 
 wrights. 60. Spectacle-makers. 01. Clo<k-makers. G2. 
 Glovers. 63. Comb-makers. 04. Felt-makers. 02. Frame- 
 work-knitters. 06. Silk-throwers. 67. Siiknien. 68. Car- 
 men. 69. Pin-makers. 70. Needle-makers. 71. Gar- 
 deners. 72. Soap-makers. 73. Tin plate -workers. 7-1. 
 Wheelwrights. 75. Distillers. 70. Hatband-makers. 77. 
 Patten-makers. 78. Glass-sellers and looking-glass-makers. 
 79. Tobacco-pipe-makers. 80. Coach and harness-makers. 
 81. Gunsmiths. 82. Gold and silver wire-drawers. 83. 
 Long bow-string makers. 84. Card-makers. 85. Fan-ma- 
 kers. 86. Woodmongers. 87. Starch-makers. 88. Fisher- 
 men. 89. Parish-clerks. 90. Porters. 91. Watermen, i<:c. 
 There were formerly various trading companies, some of 
 which have become extinct. By far the most important of 
 any now existing, is the East India Company, which mono- 
 polizes all the trade to the East Indies and China. Much 
 dispute has been of late agitated concerning the utility of 
 this company. In war, cow/)rt»!/ means a small body of in- 
 fantry, under one captain. In the marine, a niindier of 
 merchant ships going the same voyage, and mutual!' bound 
 by charter party, to stand by and defend each other. Tu 
 hear or keep compamj, is to go with a person, or to \ isit him 
 often. 
 
 To CO'MPANY, V. a. to 1)6 often in a person's presence ; 
 to go or walk vyith a person ; to attend ; to associate witli. 
 
 CO'MPAIIABLE, a. uortliy to be compared; equal to, 
 or resembling. 
 
 COMPARABLY, ad. in such a manner as is worthy of 
 comparison; in a comparative manner. 
 
 CO'MPARATES, s. in logic, the two things compared to 
 one another. 
 
 COMPARATIVE, a. [from eomparo, to compare, Lat.] 
 that results uierelv from a comparison with another ; that 
 has the power of forming a comparison, or comparing two 
 things or ideas together, in order to find out their resem- 
 blance or ditVerence. In .grammar, the comparative degree, 
 wherein two or more ideas are compared together, and 
 the difference, eitlier in excess or diminution, is expressed. 
 
 COiVIPA llATIVELY, ad. in a comparative inauiier; ac- 
 cording to the distance or likeness found from comparing. 
 
 To COMPA'RE, t>. a. [eomparo, Lat.] to bring two or moie 
 things togetJKr, ii order, by an inspection of them, t(, fiii,t 
 
 JS7
 
 COM 
 
 COM 
 
 in w'mt tlioy agree or illiler ; to apply one lliiiig as tlie mea- 
 sure of another ; to lilieii. When the comparison intends 
 only an ilhislration of a thin^ by its likeness, then tuornnto 
 is used before the tiling bronnht by way of ilinstration. But 
 y hen persons orthin^'s are compared tOKCtlier, to discover 
 in what they agree or disagree, or their relative proportions, 
 then »(VA is used. 
 
 CO-MPA'RE, s. the state of being compared; likeness ; 
 estimate or judgment formed on comparison. 
 
 COMPARISON, s. [compamison, Fr.] judging of the 
 difJ'erence of two things, by examining, or comparing them 
 together. The state of a thing compared. In grammar, 
 the formation of an adjective through the various degrees 
 in wiiich the signification or the positive is iieightened or 
 diminished, as soft, softer, softest. 
 
 To COMPART, 1'. n. [runijnirtir, Fr.] to divide or lay 
 down a general design or plan, in all its different parts, di- 
 visions, or subdivisions. 
 
 COMPA'RTIiyiCNT, s. {cDvipnrtimnii, Fr.] a design com- 
 posed of different figures, disposed with symmetry, as orna- 
 ments of a patcrre, ceiling, or picture: a division of a pic- 
 ture, or design. 
 
 COMPARTI'TION, s. the act of comparting or laying 
 down the several parts or divisiims of any plan or design. 
 Figuratively, the part of any plan. In architecture, the 
 useful and graceful distribution of the whole ground plot 
 of an edifice into rooms of otHce, of reception, and en- 
 tertainment. 
 
 COMPA'RTMENT, s. a,divisioii, or separate part of a 
 de.sign. 
 
 To CO'MPA.SS, V. ft. [cnmpnsser, Fr.] to surround ; to in- 
 close ; to stand round in a ring ; to besiege or block up ; to 
 srasp or inclose in the arms ; to obtain, attain, secure, or 
 liave. 
 
 COMPASS, «. orbit; revolution; extent or limit; in- 
 dosure. In music, the power of the voice, or of an instru- 
 iiieiit, to sound any particular note. An instrument con- 
 sisting of a box, includintj a magnetical needle, which points 
 towards the north, and is used by mariners to steer their 
 siiips. Cvmpasses, a mathematical instrument, consisting of 
 two l)ranches, fastened together at the top by a pivot, al)out 
 which they move as on a centre, and are used in taking 
 distances, drawing circles, and in working problems in the 
 mathematics. 
 
 COMPA'SSION, .«. [compassin7i, Fr.] a disposition of mind 
 which inclines us to feel the miseries of others with the same 
 pain and sorrow as if they were our own. 
 
 COMP.y.SSIONATE,' a. easily affected with sorrow or 
 pain, on viewing the calamities and distresses of others. 
 
 To COMPA.SSIONATE, v. „. to pity, and be moved 
 *ith sorrow at the sufferings of others. 
 
 COMPASSIONATELY, ad. in a pitying, tender, sym- 
 pathizing manner. 
 
 COMPATE'RNITY, s. [ran, with, and paternitas, from 
 pnter, a father, Lat.] the relation of a godfather to the per- 
 son for w horn lie answers. 
 
 COMPATIliI'LITY s. consistency ; thepower or possi- 
 bility of coexisting in the same subject, or at the same time ; 
 agreement. 
 
 COMPATIRLF., a. [from cmnpetn, to agree, Lat.] con- 
 sistent with; lit for; suitable to; becoming or agree- 
 able to. 
 
 COMP ATIRLENESS, s. tlic qualify of agreeing with. 
 
 COMPATIBLY, ml. fitly ; suitably, so as to be ap. 
 plicable to the same subject, and coexist in it at the same 
 time. 
 
 COMPATRIOT, s. [from rmi, with, and /latna, one's own 
 country, Lat.] one of the same country. 
 
 COMPETJl, t. [compere, Fr.] an equal in rank ; an as- 
 sociale or companion. 
 
 To C0MPF;ER, r. a. to be equal with in quality ; to 
 match. 
 
 To COMPRT.,, v. a. [from compello, to compel, Lat.] to 
 nrake a person do or refrain from some act by force ; to cx- 
 188 
 
 fort by force ; used with from, before the person sufieiing 
 the violence. 
 
 COMPELLABLE, a. that may be forced. 
 
 COMPE'LLER, s. he that makes a pci'son do or refrain 
 from an action by force. 
 
 COMPEND, s. [compendium, Lat.] in literaturt, signifies 
 abridgement, epitome, extract, or sumniarv. 
 
 COMPENDIOUS, a. [from compendium, an abstract, Lat.] 
 concise ; brief, or containing much in few words, applied to 
 sty Ic. Near, or short, applied to travelling. 
 
 COMPE'NDIOUSLY, ud. in a short or concise manner. 
 
 COMPE'NDIOUSNESS, it. brevity, or shortness; the 
 quality of containing much in a short space, or performing 
 much-in a short time. 
 
 COMPENDIUM, s. [Latn an abridgment of a discourse ; 
 a short or concise method of^yvritiiigon any sutiject, 
 
 COMPE'N SABLE, a. [from compoiso, to recompence, 
 Lat.] that niav be recompensed. 
 
 To COMPE'NSATE,i). o. [compenso, Lat] to make amends 
 for ; to countervail ; to counterbalance. 
 
 • COMPE'NSATION, i. amends ; recompence; a thing of 
 equal value to another; an equivalent. 
 
 COMPENSATIVE, a. that compensates, or couiiter- 
 
 ' COMPETENCE, or COiNIPETENCY, s. [from competo, 
 to agree or suffice, Lat.] such aquantity as is just sufficient, 
 without superfluities ; such a fortune as is sultieient to sup- 
 ply the necessaries of life, and is between poverty on.one 
 side, and affluence on the other. In law, the right or auf ho. 
 rity of a judge, whereby he takes cognizance of any thing. 
 
 COMPETENT, a. [from cumpeto, to agree or suffice, 
 Lat.] suitable ; proportionable ; sufficient in numbers, 
 ((uantity, or power, to any undertaking ; moderate ; qua- 
 lified or fit for; consistent with ; applicable to. 
 
 COMPETENTLY, ad. properly ; sufficiently ; without 
 excess or defect. 
 
 COMPETITION, s. [from con, with, and pito, to seek, 
 Lat.] the endeavouring to gain something in opposition to 
 another ; rivalry ; contest ; opposition. 
 
 COMPETITOR, s. [from c™, with, -AwApetHor, imm peto, 
 to seek, Lat.] one w lio claims or endeavours to gain some 
 thing in opposition to another ; a rival. 
 
 COMPILATION, s. [from compilo, to heap together, 
 Lat.] a collection from varitms authors; an assemblage or 
 mass of things heaped together. 
 
 To COMPILE, V. a. [from compilo, to heap together, Lat. 
 to form or collect from various autiiors. Figuratively, to 
 write ; compose ; to form from an assemblage of vario is 
 circumstances or incidents. 
 
 COMPILEMENT, s. the act of piling together ; the act 
 of heaping up. 
 
 COMPI'LER, s. a collector: one who composes a work 
 from various authors. 
 
 COMPLACENCE, or COMPLA'CENCY, s. [comphccn- 
 tia, Lat.] a satisfaction arisin;^ in the mind on viewing some 
 action which is worthy of its approbation ; or in contem- 
 plating something, which, on account of its amiableiiess, 
 produces joy ; the cause of joy, of rational pleasure ami 
 satisfaction ; a genteel address, which bespeaks approba- 
 tion, and causes pleasure ; civility, complaisance, politeness, 
 applied to behaviour. 
 
 COMPLACENT, a. [eoniphcms, Lat.] affable ; kind; 
 civil ; polite. 
 
 ToCOMPLAFN, t-. ». [comphmidrc, Fr.] to find fault 
 with ; to charge a person with having been guilty of some 
 crime. Aclivelv, to weep, lament, or bewail. 
 
 COMPLAINANT, s. one who urges a suit, or commences 
 a prosecution against another. 
 
 COMPLAIN EK, .?. one who complains ; a raunnuper ; 
 alamenler. 
 
 COM PLAINT, s. [complninte, Fr.] a mournful represen^.^ • 
 tion of injuries or pain ; grief; the act of finding fault with 
 any thing. Figuratively, the cause of dissatisfaction, or 
 complaining.
 
 COM 
 
 GOMPLAISA'NCE, e. [cotnplaisavrr, Fr.] ;> civil Iiili;!- 
 viour, wlicreby a person complies with the iiicli/jatioiis nf 
 anotlier, in orilcr to insinuate himself into liis.eslerm and 
 favour. SynoN. Complaisanee is tiie charaetenslic of the 
 lover ; politeness of the courtier ; but to lie ucll-brnl ileiiotes 
 llie {fetitlemaii. 
 
 COMl'LAISATSfT, s. [complaisant, Fr.J civil ; polite ; en- 
 deavouring to please. 
 
 COMI'LAISA'NTLY, ad. in a civil,kinil, comlcsccntling, 
 and polite manner. 
 
 To COMPLA'NATE, or COIMPLA'NE, v. a. [comphno, 
 Lat-lto level, to make smooth and flat. 
 
 CO'MPLEMENT, s. [from compleo, to complete or fill up, 
 Lat.] that which perfects or complelcs viiiy thini;; a fiiil, 
 complete, or requisite qiiaulily or niimher. In geometry, 
 applied to Ihe ar<!i of a circle, what it wauls of 90 desrees. 
 In navi|,'ati()u, a|>plied lo a course, what it wants of !J() de;;. 
 8 points, or a niiarler of a circle. In astronomy, the dis- 
 tance of a star from the zenith. Complement of the vnrtmn, 
 in fortification, is that part in the interior side of it which 
 makes the demi-Kor!,'e. Arithmeticnl complement nfa logarithm 
 is what the lo^'arithm wants of l(»,uOO,OtK). 
 
 COMPLE'TE, a. [completns, from eomp/co, to complete or 
 fill up, Lat.] finished ; perfect ; wantiujj nothinif ; without 
 defects; enaed ; concluded. Synon, We may may easily 
 nrake a tU'm'j; coniplite, and with much pains, _/i"H!sA it ; after 
 all, it mav not he perfect. 
 
 To COMPLE'TE, v. a. to perfect; to finish ; to answer 
 perfectlv. 
 
 COMPLETELY, ad, perfectly ; fully ; in a perfect 
 manner. 
 
 COMPLE'TENESS, s. perfection ; a quality which im- 
 plies a thiufi ,to be finished w ithout defect. 
 
 Completion, *. [from compleo, to complete or fill up, 
 Lat.] the cxistenceof some circumstance predicted, whereby 
 every part of a prophecy is (ulfilled ; accomplishment; the 
 {Teatest height, or perfect state. 
 
 CO'MPLEX, *. [from complector, to comprehend, Lat.] a 
 collection, summary, or the whole of a thing; consisting of 
 
 COMPLEX, or COMPLE'XED, a. [from complector, to 
 comprehend, Lat.J compounded ; consisting of several 
 parts ; including several particulars. 
 
 COMPLE'XEDNESS, s. composition : containing a va- 
 riety af circumstances or particulars. 
 
 COMPLEXION, s. [from complector, to embrace or com- 
 prehend, Lat.] the inclosure or involution of one thing in 
 another; Ihe colour of the outward part of the body, iiar- 
 ticularly that of the countenance. In physic, the tempera- 
 ture, hal>it, or disposition of the body. A sanguine complexion, 
 is that of hot or warm persons, and is so called from the 
 blood's being thought to be more predominant in sucli. 
 
 COMPLE'X10N.\L, a. depending merely on the habit 
 or temperature of the bodv. 
 
 COMPLE'XIONALLY, ad. by complexion, or by the 
 habit of the body, or predominancy of some of the 
 fluids. 
 
 COMPLEICLY, ad. in a compound manner ; consisting 
 of several particulars, opposed to simplij. 
 
 COMPLEXNESS, «. the state or qualify of being com- 
 posed of several particulars different fromeach otlu>r. 
 
 COMPLE'XURE, «. the compounding or uniting of one 
 thing with others. 
 
 COMPLI'ANCE, s. the yielding consent to a thmg pro- 
 posed ; the ready performance of a thing requested ; con- 
 descending so far to the humours of a person, as to do every 
 thing he can desire or expect ; condescension. 
 
 COMPLI'ANT, part, yielding to the touch ; bending 
 with anv force ; Yielding, condescending. 
 
 To CO'MPLICATE, i>.ff.[from compUco, to fold together, 
 Lat.] to join or add one thing or action to another ; to com- 
 pose or make a whole, by the uniting of several things dif- 
 frrenf <rom each other. 
 COMPLICATE, a. compounded of a ranety of parts. 
 
 COMPLICATION, .5. [from cnmplieo, to folrl togctlier, 
 Lat.] the joining mixing, blending, or insolving several 
 things in one another ; a wliole consisting of several things. 
 It is generally applied to diseases, as when the dropsy, astli- 
 ma, and Jaundice meet together. 
 
 COMPLI'ER, i. a man ol' an easy temper ; a man of ready 
 compliance. 
 
 COMPLIMENT, s. [compliment, Fr.] a profession of 
 great esteem, or an expression of approbation or praise, 
 merely from ceremony ami politeness ; a mere ceremonioiis 
 expression. 
 
 To COMPLIMENT, v. a. tc make use of expressions of 
 respect, from a bare priruiiile of ^ood behaviour and cere- 
 mony ; tos|>eak in praise of a lliiug or person, contrary tct 
 one's real sentiments and opinion. Ncuterly, to use cere- 
 monious or adulatory language. 
 
 COMPLIME'NTAL, a. expressive of respect and civility. 
 
 COMPLIME'NTALLV, ad. m a mere ceremonious man- 
 ner. 
 
 COMPLIME'NTER, .«. a person abounding in compli- 
 ments. 
 
 CO'MPLINE, s. [compline, Fr.] the last act of worship at 
 night, bv which the service of the day is completed. 
 
 COMPLO'T, s. [Fr.] a plot, or ill' design, concerted and 
 carried on by two or more persons ; a conspiracy or ccmfe 
 deracy. ' 
 
 To COMPLOT, V. a. [complotter, Fr.] to join in a deJcn ; 
 to bring about an ill design. 
 
 C'OMPLO'TFER, s. one who joins in a plot : a f on- 
 spirator. 
 
 To COMPLY', V. n. [complier, Fr.] to consent to dny 
 request ; to suit one's self to a person's humours ; to 
 vield to. 
 
 COMPO'NENT, a. [compnnens, Lat.] that composes or 
 contributes to the formingof a compound l)odv. 
 
 To COMPORT, V. n^[comp,irier, Fr.] to suit ; to agree 
 with ; to act agreeably or suitai)ly to. 
 
 COMPOllT, s. behaviour ; manner of looking and act- 
 ing; conduct. 
 
 COMPO'RTABLE, a. consistency, opposed to coutra- 
 dictoi-\". 
 
 COMPORTMENT, s. behaviour, or conduct. 
 
 To COMPO'SE, (hompiize. The s i,i this w oi d and its de- 
 rivatives are sounded like z) r. a. [composer, Fr. compc.no, 
 Lat.] to form a mass, consisting of several things joined |i>- 
 gether ; to form or consist of; to place in a proper form ; to 
 join words together in a discourse w ifli art and care ; to re- 
 duce to a state of calmness, rest, and quiet ; to reconcile. 
 With printer's to put the letters in order in ihe composing 
 stick. In music, to set any thing to tune ; to form a pro- 
 per cjallection, order, or disposition of the notes. 
 
 COMPOSED, pai?. calm, serious, sedate, undisturbed. 
 
 COMPOSEDLY, ad. in a calm, serious, serene, or sedate 
 manner ; free from anv preturbation or confusion. 
 
 COMPO'SEDNESS, s. sedateness ; calmness; tranquil- 
 lity of mind ; a freedom. from any disturbance or disorder, 
 applied to the mind. 
 
 COMPO'SER, i. an author or writer on any subject ; one 
 that adapts or sets words to music ; or forms a tune from a 
 peculiar assemblage of the notes of music. 
 
 COMPOSITE, a. [from compuno, to compose, Lat.l in 
 architecture, the last of the five orders of columns, so called 
 because its capital is framed from those of dificrent orders, 
 and termed likewise the Italian or Roman order. Composite 
 numbers, are tiiose that can be measured by some other num- 
 ber above unitv, as 12 bv -2, 3, 4, 6. 
 
 COMPOSITION, s. [co7nposiiio, Lat.] the act of formins 
 a whole from parts ditlerent from each other ; the act of 
 combining simple ideas together, in order to form a complex 
 one ; the distribution ir orderly placing of the several parts 
 of a plan, design, or picture ; the work or production of an 
 autlor; suitableness, or adapted to any particular senti- 
 ment, applied to gesture. .\\\ agreement ; contract ; a re- 
 coDciliation, or terms in which diflereiices or quarrels are 
 
 189
 
 COM 
 
 COM 
 
 iirttloJ. Ill commerce, a contract, Mliercby a creditcr ac- 
 cepts part of his debt in compensation for tiie whole. In 
 grarnmar, forming a sentence by joining words togetlier, or 
 pretixinK a particle to a wonl, to increase, dimiuisfi, or alter 
 its signification. In music, the art of disposing notes, so as 
 to form tnnesorairs. 
 
 COMPOSITOR, s. [coiiiposiieiii; Fr.] in printinij, the 
 person wlio works at the case, sets up the forms, and 
 prepares tlie types, by arranging them properly therein for 
 printing;. 
 
 COMTOST, s. 1 Fr. from conipono, to compose, Lat.] a mix- 
 ture of ditferent soils together, in order to make a manure 
 for assisting the natural soil, so as to amend, improve, and 
 render it more fruitful. 
 
 To CO'MPOST, V. a. to manure ; to enrich, or improve 
 ground bv a mixture of different soils. 
 
 CO MPOSTELLA, St. Jago de, a city, the capital of Ga- 
 licia, in Spain, seated in a peninsula, formed by the rivers 
 Sar and Sarela. It contains about 2000 houses, besides 14 
 religions houses, 12 churches, and an university, which, 
 vith the public squares, are very magnificent. It is 26.5 miles 
 N. W.ofMadrid. 
 
 COMPO'SURE, {kotnpoztire) s. the writing or inditing a 
 work ; composition or production, applied to books. Ar- 
 rangement, mixture, or order; frame; make; tempera- 
 ment ; sedateness. Adjustment, or reconciliation, applied 
 to difference or quarrels. 
 
 COMPOTATION, s. [from cm, with, and poto, to drink, 
 Lat.] the act of drinking or tippling together. 
 
 ToCOMPO'UND, 1.. a. [from con, witli, together, and 
 pmw, to put, Lat.] to mingle several ingredients together; 
 to form by unity several things together ; to place together 
 in different lights, attitiules, or positions ; to produce by 
 being united ; to reconcile, or put an end to a difference or 
 quarrel, by concessions oi" compliance with the demands of 
 ail adversary ; to pay a part of a debt, for want of a capacity 
 to discharge the whole, and to be cleared for that reason 
 from any farther demand ; to agree on certain terms ; to 
 controcf. 
 
 COMPOUND, a. formed or produced from several in- 
 f;redients, oppo'sed to simple. In grammar, formed by 
 joining two or more words. 
 
 COMPOUND, i. the mass formed by the union of two or 
 more ingredients. 
 
 COMPO'UNDABLE, a. that may be united together so 
 as to form one mass ; capable of being united. 
 
 COMPO'UNDER, s. one who endeavours to bring ad- 
 verse parties to an agreement ; a reconciler. In the uni- 
 versity, a person of superior rank or fortune, who is 
 allowed to commute for residence, by paying extraordinary 
 fines. 
 
 To COMPREHE'Xp, r. a. [from cnn, with, here inserted 
 to strengthen the signification, and pn/imdn, to take hold of, 
 Lat.] to comprise, include, cdiitain, or imply, to have an ade- 
 quate, clear, and determined id(a, of any doctrine or propo- 
 sition. SyNON. a lover miihrsltinils tjie language of the 
 passions. A learned man comprrlnii'ls the metaphysical 
 questions of (he schools. An architect ronccivcs the plan 
 and ecouomv of buildings. 
 
 COMPREHENSIBLE, a.\cnmpreliensihle, Fr.] capable of 
 being perlVctlv and clrariv known. 
 
 COMPREHENSIULY, a(/.in a large extent; applied to 
 the ■MTryi\<i\\on of words. 
 
 COMPREHENSION, s. [con, with, inserted to strengthen 
 the signification, and /»e/(rarfo, to take hold of, Lat.] l!ie act 
 or qualitv of comprising orcontaiuiiig ; asuminary C()nipcii- 
 dum orabstract ; capacil\ , or the po\v(r<if the mind to admit 
 several ideas at once. Coniprclieiision, in English church 
 Iiistory, dciiDtes a schem<' for relaxing the terms cif confor- 
 iiiily in beli;ilf of jtroleslaiil dissenters, and admitting tluui 
 iii^o the roinmniuon of iIk; cluirch. It was attempted in 
 lWi7-S, and }<i~i, and again immediately after the revolution, 
 but alwavs failed. 
 
 COMrJlEHE'NSlVE, a. able to understand many 
 li>0 
 
 things at once , comprising much in a narrow compass ; 
 extensive. 
 
 COMPREHE''NSIVELY, ad. in a compendious or. concise 
 manner. 
 
 COMPREHENSIVENESS, s. the quality of iueluding 
 much in a narrow compass. 
 
 To COMPRESS, ti. a. [from cnmpnmo, to press, Lat.j 
 to reduce into a narrow compass by force ; to squeeze closer 
 together. 
 
 COMPRE'SS, s. [from comimmo, to press, Lat.] in chi- 
 rurgery, a bolster formed of linen cloth, folded into several 
 doubles, laid under a bandage to prevent a wound from 
 bleeding or swelling ; or to retain the remedies applied to it. 
 
 COMPRESSIBI1.1TY, s. the quality of being reduced by 
 force into a narrower compass. 
 
 COMPRESSIBLE, «. capable of being reduced by force 
 into a narrower compass. 
 
 COMPRE'SSION, s. [compressin, from comprimo, to press, 
 Lat.] the action of bringing the particles of a body nearer 
 together by external force, and thereby decreasing its bulk 
 or dimension; the act of pressing together. 
 
 COMPRE'SSURE, s. the actor force of a body pressing 
 upon another. 
 
 To COMPRI'SE, (lomprize) v. a. [from compiis, Fr.] to 
 contain; to include ; to comprehend. 
 
 CO.MPROBA'TION, *. [from con, with, together, and 
 prabo, to prove, Lat.] confirming by a joint testimony of 
 two or more persons. 
 
 CO'MPilOMISE, Uiumpromize) s. [ccn, and promitto, to pro- 
 mise, Lat.] a mutual promise of one or more parties to refer 
 the determination of a dispute or controversy, to the arbi- 
 tration or decision of one or more person.s ; a compact or 
 bargain, in which some concessions or compliances are made 
 on each side. 
 
 To CO'MPROMISE, (hvmpromize) v. a. to settle or put 
 an end to a dispute or claim bv mutual concessions. 
 
 To COMPT, {hoiint) V. a. {compter, Fr.] to make an esti- 
 mate ; to add up, or find the aiuouut of a row of figures in 
 arithmetic. 
 
 COMPTRO'LLER, «. See Controllek. 
 
 COM PULSATORY, a. [from compeUa, to compel, Lat.] 
 having the power of forcing a i)erson against his will. 
 
 COMPULSION, s. [coi:ipiilsis, from cnmpMi, to compel, 
 Lat.] the act of forcing a free agent to do or abstain from an 
 action, contrary to the preference of his mind, a violence or 
 force ; the state of being compelled. 
 
 COMPULSIVE, u. [compiiUus, from comptUo, to compel, 
 Lat.] having the power to force a person to perfoim or ab- 
 stain from an action ; forcible. 
 
 COMPULSIVELY, ad. in a forcible manner ; by compul- 
 sion ; bv force. 
 
 COMPU'LSIVENESS, s. the quality of obliging a person 
 fo perform or abstain from any act contrary to his incli- 
 nation. 
 
 COMPU'LSORILY, ad, in a forcible manner ; by force. 
 
 COMPULSORY, a. [compidsiiire, Fr.] having the power of 
 couiuianding or forcing obedience. 
 
 COMPU'NCTION,\s. [from/>««^c, to prick, Lat.] the tut 
 of causing a pain resembling that of pricking; irritaticm. 
 In divinity, an inward grief, caused by the consciousness <:f 
 having offended God ; sorrow; anxiety; contrition, or re- 
 pentance ; remorse. 
 
 COMPU'NCTIOUS, a. repentant; .sorrowful; tender. 
 
 COMl'U'NCTr\ E, s. [ciiiiipioictmii, from piiitf^-o, to prick, 
 Lat.j causing remorse ; causing a sorrow from a conscious- 
 ness of guilt. 
 
 COMPURGATION, .f. [from eon, with, and pm-on, to 
 cleanse, Lat.] the clearing and justifying one man's iinu)- 
 ccnce or veracitv bv the oath ol^another. 
 
 COMPUIUi.VTOR, «. [Lat.] in law, a person who, by 
 oath, clears andjiistifies anotlier's innocence. 
 
 C0\H'(J'TAIJLE, a. capable of being numbered or esti- 
 mated. 
 
 COMPUTATION, s. the act of estimating or counting
 
 CON 
 
 CON 
 
 (he value of tilings ; a calculation ; ?. sum or number fwind 
 by calculation, or an aritlinRtical pioc<'s.s. 
 
 To COMPUTE, V. n. [tVoni con, willi, to strpUKtlien tli^ 
 
 . [fro 
 > til in 
 
 rtgnitication, and puln, to tliink, Lat.] to tinil by an arithnicti- 
 cat o])cration ; to estimate ; to reckon ; tocount. 
 
 COMPUTE, s. [from fon.with, and puio, to think, Lat.] 
 a rcckonin"; ; ci^lculation ; the amount or sum total. 
 
 COMFUTEil, J. one who makes calculations; an ac- 
 countant. 
 
 COIMPUTIST, s. \computisie, Fr.] one skilled in numbers 
 or calculations. 
 
 COMRADE, s. [camernde, Vr.] one who lives in the same 
 house ; a person who is jointly concerned witli another in 
 an undprtakinij. 
 
 CON, [from cum, with, Lat.] always joined or fixed to 
 words, ^\w}fym^ togetlicr, as cunncct ; sometimes against, as 
 anid'ud ; and sometimes somethiufj ifrcai or itmnmse, as in 
 e^mlla^ration. Before a vowel or an //, it drops the v, as in 
 cvilcnial, co/ial/it ; and before the labials b and ;(, it is chang- 
 ed into an m, as in cnmlmstinn, compare ; and i)efore I and m, 
 it assumes the same letter, as in cid-lect,ctimntnle. 
 
 CON, [an abbreviation of <-""^vf, Lat. ai,'ainst] is used to 
 imply an opposition to any motion ; or that a person is on 
 the negative side of a question. IS'cm. cvn. im nemine cuu- 
 ttailicente, Lat. is used to signify that a motion is passed 
 without any opposition. 
 
 To CON, V. 71. [coHiiari, Sax.] to know ; to learn per- 
 fectly. ^ 
 
 CONCA'MERATE, v. a. [coHramcro, from rnwera, an arch 
 or vault, Lat.] to arch over; to vault; to lay concave 
 over. 
 
 C0NCA1\ILR.\TI0N, .f. [concameralio, from camera, an 
 arch or ^anlt, Lat.] an arch or vault, or any thing formed 
 like an arch. 
 
 To CONC.VTENATE, v. a. [from catena, Lat.J to link to- 
 gether ; to join or connect the parts of any thing, that they 
 shall have mutual dependence on each other, like the links 
 of a chain. 
 
 CONCATENATION, s. a series of links. In philoso- 
 jihy, a connexion of tliintrs, which mutually depend on each 
 other, like the links of a chain. 
 
 CONCAVATION, s. the act of scooping a thing, or 
 making it of a hollow or concave form. 
 
 CONCA'VE, (by some accented on the first svllable) a. 
 \cuncavus, Lat.] hollow, applied to the inner surface of a 
 circular body, sucli as that of an egg-shell, of an arch, or a 
 ball, opposed to comer. Empty, without any tiling to fill 
 the cavity. 
 
 CONCA'VITY, s. the inner surface of a circular bodv. 
 
 CONCAVO-CONCAVE, a. hollow, or concave on" both 
 
 CONCA'VO-CO'NVTX, a. hollow, or concave on one 
 side, but convex or protuberant on the other. 
 
 CONCAA'OUS, ». [cuncavus, Lat.J hollow, without an- 
 gles, ajiplied to the inward surface of a round bodv. 
 
 CONCATOUSLY, ad. resembling the hollow of the inner 
 surface of around body. 
 
 To CONCEAL, (honseil) v. a. [from cnn, with, to strength- 
 en the signification, and<«/o, to hide, Lat.] to hide or keep 
 any thing from the sight or knowledge of others ; to cover ; 
 to keep secret. Synon. It requires caie and attention to 
 conceal; art and cleverness to dissemble; labour and cunning 
 to disease. 
 
 . CONCE'ALABLE, a. capable of being kept from the 
 sight or knowledge of others; possible to be kept secret. 
 
 CONCEA'LEDNESS, ^. the state of being hid or kept 
 from the sio;ht or knowledge of others. 
 
 CONCE'ALER, J. he that conceals anv thing. 
 
 CONCEALMENT, s. the act of hidiiig from the know- 
 ledge or sight of others; the state of being hiil or kept se- 
 cret; a place of retirement from the sight of others. 
 
 To CONCEDE, i. rt. [concede, Lat.] to grant or admit 
 a principle or opinion as true ; to let a point jiass w ithout 
 SQy dispute. 
 
 CONCEIT, (hnns'ert) s. [from concipin, fo ronc"ive, I,at.] 
 a conception, lliought, or idea ; apprehension; understand- 
 ing; strength of imagnialion ; mere faiicv , H pleasant 
 thought or shilling sentiineut ; an opinionalive persuasion, 
 or a high opinion of a person's judgment, which exposes 
 him to ridiculi-; a word of reproach; Out of conceit uilh, u 
 phrase of a person's being tired, or no longer being fond of a 
 tiling. 
 
 To CONCEIT, 1'. «. to fancy; to imagine; to think, 
 generally implying an opinion that has not the sanction of 
 reason. 
 
 CONCE'lTi'D, part, of a strong imagination ; proud, or 
 enlrrlaiuiiig too high an opinion of one's aliilities. 
 
 CONCEITEDLY, ad. in ascornfiil or whimsical manner ; 
 in a manner which discovers too high an opinion, or ton 
 great a fondness in a jierson of his own parts. 
 CONCEITEDNI'.SS, *•. opiniouativeness. 
 CONCE'IVABLE, (lujnsrtfnb/e) a. that may be imagined 
 or thought; thatmav be understood or believed. 
 
 CONCE'IVABLENESS, s. the quality of being appre- 
 hended bv the mind. 
 
 CONCEIVABLY, nd. in an intelligible manner; in suc!i 
 a manner as to be apprehended by the mind. 
 
 To CONCEIVE, (honseire) v. n. [conceioir, Fr.] to form 
 in the mind ; to imagine; to form an idea of; to compre- 
 hend; to tliink. Neuterly, to become pregnant. 
 
 CONCEIVEK, s. one that understands, or compre- 
 hends. 
 
 CONCETsT, i. [from con, with, and cnno, to sing, lat.J 
 concert ot voices, harmony, concord, consistency. 
 
 To CONCETSTRATE, v. a. [from co?i, with, and cfulriim, 
 the centre, Lat.] to drive inwaiffs, or towards the centre ; to 
 drive into a narrow compass ; to condense. 
 
 CONCENTRATION, forcing into a narrow compass, or 
 driving towards the centre ; the higlust degree of mixture, 
 whereby two or more particles toueji by a reception, or 
 forcing one within the other. 
 
 To CONCE'NTRE, {Iwnsinter) r. n. [cuncentrer, Fr.] to 
 tend towards the same, or towards one common centre. 
 Activelv, to direct or contract toward one centre. 
 
 CONCETsTRIC, or CONCE'NTRICAL, a. [from r««, 
 with, and centrum, a centre, Lat.J having one common cen- 
 tre. 
 
 CONCETTACLE, s. [conceptnculum, from cnncipin, to 
 comprehend, Lat.J that in which any thing is contained ; a 
 reservoir. 
 
 CONCE'PTIBLE, a. [from concipio, to comprehend, Lat.] 
 tliat may be apprehended or understood ; intelligible. 
 
 CONCEPTION, *. [conceptio, from concipio, to conceive, 
 Lat.J the act of conceiving or becoming pregnant; notion; 
 apprehension ; idea. Sentiments ; purpose. 
 
 CONCEPTION.S, (Iwnscpshio)is) a. [from concipin, to con- 
 ceive, Lat.J apt to conceive, or beccmie pregnant ; fruit- 
 ful. 
 
 CONCETTIVE, a. [from concipio, to conceive, Lat.J ca- 
 pable to conceive. 
 
 To CONCERN,!', n. [concerner, Fr.] to relate, or belong 
 to ; to atlect with some passion ; to make uneasy or sor- 
 rowful; to be of importance to; to be entrusted or com- 
 missioned to act for a person, used Nvith fur. Synon. 
 Many people make tiieuiselves uneasy at that which does 
 not in the least regard them ; meddle with what no way 
 concerns them ; and at the same time are indiflerent to those 
 things which touch them nearly. 
 
 CONCE'RN, i. business; circumstances; engagement; 
 interest ; importauee. 
 CONCERNEDLY, ad. with affection; with interest. 
 CONCERNING, prqi. [though originally a participle, 
 has the force of a preposition before a noun] about ; of; re- 
 lating to ; without relation to. 
 
 CONCERNMENT,*, the thinjin which a person is in- 
 terested ; an aft'air; business ; influence ; relation ; im- 
 portance ; the engaging or taking part in an atlair ; emo- 
 tion of mind. 
 
 191
 
 CON 
 
 CON 
 
 To CONCEUT, V. a. [concerter. Ft.] to take measures 
 with another to brin^ a design to pass ; to contrive. 
 
 CO'NCEllT, *. a eonnminication of designs, an establish- 
 ment of measures to be pursued by i)ersons engaged in one 
 design. In music, a number of musicians and singers per- 
 forming the same piece. 
 
 CONCERTATION, .?. [from con, with, certo, to strive, 
 Lat.] strife, contest, or c:.:;ten(ion. 
 
 C.OXCERTATn E, a. [concertativus, from con, witli, and 
 eeito, lo strive, Lat.] quarrelsome ; contentious; recriminat- 
 ing. 
 
 CONCESSION, s. [concessio, from conccdo, to grant, Lat.] 
 an act of granting or yielding ; tlie thing granted or 
 yielded. 
 
 CONCESSIONARY, a. given by indulgence, or allow- 
 ance, or purely to terminate a dispute. 
 CONCE'SSIVELY, ad. I>y way of concession. 
 CONCH, s. \conr/ia, Lat.] a shell; a sea-shell. 
 CO'NCHA, (ki'inka) s. [Lat.] in anatomy, the second or 
 inward cavity of the auricle or external ear. 
 
 CONCHOID, (kbiikoiil) s. in geometry, a curve line 
 always approaciiing nearer a straight line, to which it is in- 
 clined, but never meets it. 
 
 CONCILIAR, a. [from eojiciVi'imi, a council, Lat.] relating 
 to a council. 
 
 To CONCI'LIATE, r. «. [coHf/Zio, Lat.] to gain; to pro- 
 cure atfeetion ; to reconcile. 
 
 CONCILIATION,.', [from conciUo, to reconcile, Lat.] 
 tlie act of procuring esteem ; or reconciling. 
 
 CONCILIATOR, s. [from concilto, to reconcile, Lat.] 
 one who makes peace between parties at variance ; a recon- 
 ciler. 
 CONCl'LIATORY, a. relating to reconciliation. 
 CONCI'NNITY, «. {I'oiiciiiiiiuis, Lat.] decency ; fitness. 
 CONCI'NNOUS, a. [cunciiuiiis, Lat.] comely ; becoming 
 pleasant ; agreeable. 
 
 C(^NCrSE, a. [coiicisus, from concido, to cut small, Lat.] 
 short ; brief. 
 
 CONCISELY, ad. in a brief, or short manner ; in few 
 words. 
 CONCrSENESS, s. brevity; shortness. 
 CONCISION, s. [from concido, to cut off, Lat.] cutting 
 oft"; total destruction. 
 
 CONCITATION, s. [from concun, to excite, Lat. | tiie act 
 of exciting; agitation; or setting into a ferment or commo- 
 tion 
 
 CONCLA]NL\TI0N, s. [from conclamo, to cry aloud, 
 \A\t.] an outcry. Also a cu.^tom among the Romans, of 
 calling the dead parly by his name for eight days suc- 
 cessively : on the ninth, concluding he was past recovery, 
 tliey carried him forlii and buried him. 
 
 CONCLAVE, «. [L;it.] a private or inner apartment; the 
 place wherein the etecliou is liolcb>n for a pope; a meeting 
 or assembly of all the cardinals tl.at are at Rome, for the 
 clectionof a pope; a close or private assembly. 
 
 ToCONCLU'DE,i'.n.[(v/»i7/»/'j, from con, with, to strength- 
 en the signification, and cluiuhi, to shut, Lat.] to drau as a 
 conclusion or inference from certain \>rcuiises ; to infer; to 
 judge or determine; lo end, to finish; to complete a 
 period, applied to tiiin ; to acknowledge as truth. 
 
 CONCLUDENT, /'«w. [from com-hdo, to conclude, L;it,] 
 decisive; following by direct couseiiuence; conseciuen- 
 tial. 
 
 CONC LI 'SIRLE, a. \canchifut, from conchtdo, to conclude, 
 Lai.] fi)liowing as a consequence from certain principles; to 
 be inferred. 
 
 CONCLL'SION, *. I crrtic/um, from conchtdo, to conclude, 
 Lat.] determination or jiulling an end to an alfair or trans- 
 action; an opinion formed from experience, or ironi a col- 
 lection of propositions; the event of experiments. Svnon. 
 The seiim:/ in i)art forms the story ; the conchision puts the 
 finishing stroke l<i it. 
 
 CONCLUSIVE, «. [<vwr/jif?ijt, from cmirludn, to conclude, 
 I.at.1 decisive, or thai [luts an end lo any contest. 
 \U2 
 
 CONCLUSIVELY, ad. in a determinate, positive, pe 
 remptory manner. 
 
 CONCLUSIVENESS, s. the power of gaining assent, 
 or forcing conviction ; regular consequence ; or following 
 from any premises, according to the rules of logic. 
 
 To CONCOA'GUL.VrE, v. a. to curdle or congeal one 
 thing w ith another. 
 
 CONCOA X i ULATION, s. [from «m, with, and cba^datie, 
 from coagnlo, to curdle, Lat.] a coagulation or curdhng, by 
 which several bodies are joined in one mass. 
 
 To CONCOCT, V. a. [homconcoqno, to boil, Lat.] in me- 
 dicine, to digest in the stomach, so as to form into chyle ; to 
 purify ; to heighten the quality of a thing by heat. 
 
 CONCO'CTION, s. \cvHcoctio, from cunroc/ito, to digest, 
 Lat.] in medicine, the change which the food undergoes in 
 the stomach ere it be converted into chyle; maturation, or 
 heightening the powers or qualities of a thing bv heat. 
 
 CONCOMITANCE, or CONCO'MITANCY, s. [from 
 cnn, with, and comes, a companion, Lat.] united to; attend- 
 ing; inseparable from ; accompanving. 
 
 CONCO^MITANT, s. a companion ; an attendant. 
 CONCO'iMITANTLY, (id. accompanying ; in the man- 
 ner of an attendant. 
 
 To CONCO'MITATE, v. a. [nwcomttor, Lat.] to attend ; 
 to be joined inseparably with another. 
 
 CO'NCORD, s. [concordia, from con, with, and cor, the 
 heart, Lat.] agreement between persons and things; the 
 suitableness of one tlnng to another ; peace, union, mutual 
 kindness. In grammar, th^t part wherein words are made 
 to agree in number, person, and gender, (S:c. In music, the 
 relation of two sounds, that are always agreeable to the ear, 
 whether applied in succession or consonance. 
 
 CONCORDANCE, *. [from concordo, to agree, Lat.] an 
 agreement. A dictionary to the Holy Scriptures, wherein 
 all the words are ranged alphabetically, and the various 
 places where they occur referred to. The best for the Eu 
 glish lansur.ge is that of Alexander Crudin. 
 
 CONCOEDANT, part, [coneordans, Lat.] agreeing with ; 
 consistent with; correspondent. In music, consisting of 
 concords or harmonies. 
 
 CONCO'RDATE, s. [concordat, Fr.] a compact ; con- 
 vention; or a society held together by a common discipline, 
 or statutes. 
 
 CONCO'RPORAL, a. [from con, with, and corpus, tlie 
 body, Lat.] of the same body. 
 
 To CONCORPORATE, v. a. to unite, blend, or mix se- 
 veral things together, so as to form o.ie mass, system, &c. 
 CONCOURSE, {kOnkdrse) s. [conciirsns, from concurro, to 
 run together, Lat.] a crowd or several persons assembled 
 together in one pface ; the point wherein two bodies meet 
 together ; the force or action with which two or more bo- ' 
 dies nieet together. 
 
 COTn'OREMENT, s. [from concresco, to grow together, 
 Lat.] a mass formed bv concretion. 
 
 (H>\CR1''.'SCENCI\ «. [from mnnrsco, to grow together. 
 Lilt.] liieact or quality of growing by the union of separate 
 partichs. 
 
 To concrete, ?'. It. [from con, with, and cresco, to 
 grow, Lat.] to form from an union oi several particles or l»o- 
 dies; to unite several inasses or particles in one body. 
 Neulerly, to coalesce, cohere, or join together, so as loform 
 one mass. 
 
 CO'Nt-RETE, a. formed by tlie union or cohesion ()f se- 
 veral jiarticles or substances. In logic, a concrete term is 
 that which, while it expresses the quality, expresses, iii»- 
 plies, or refers lo some subject or substance in which it in- 
 heres, and is generally tlie same as a noun adjective in 
 grammar. 
 
 Concrete, «. an assemblage or mixture ; a body oi 
 niasscoini)osed of several particles or princii)les. 
 
 CONCRIVTELV, «'/. in such a manner as to include tlic 
 substance with the fpiality. 
 
 CONCRI'V'l'ENI'',SS, «. curdling; coagulation; or tlw 
 gathering several iluids iuto a solid mass.
 
 CON 
 
 CON 
 
 CONCRETION, >. the act wliereby a soft body becomes 
 hard, or the particles of a fluid become fixed, so as not to 
 yield to the touch: the coalition, or uniting of several par- 
 ticles so as to form one mass. 
 
 CONCRETIVE, «. that has the power of uniting several 
 particles together, so as to form one mass ; that has the 
 power of turning a fluid into a solid ; that lias the power of 
 producing coag^nlaticui, or the curdling of a fluid body. 
 
 CONCKE'TURE, s. a m;iss formed by the cohesion of 
 several particles. 
 
 CGNCU'BINAGE, *. \concuhinage, Fr.] the act of liv- 
 ing or cohabiting with a woman, as a wife, without being 
 married. 
 
 CO'NCUBINE, ^. [from con, with, and cubo, to lie, Lat.] 
 a woman who is kept by a man, and lives with him, though 
 not married to him ; a kept mistress. 
 
 To CONCU'LCATE, f. «. [coimdco, Lat.| to tread upon, 
 or trample under foot. 
 
 CONCULCA'TION, s. [from cov, with, to strengthen the 
 signification, and cako, to trample, Lat.] trampling witli the 
 feet. 
 
 CONCUPISCENCE, s, Iconcvpiseetitin, from ermcupiscn, 
 to desire exceedingly, Lat.] an inordinate desire of women ; 
 lust. 
 
 CONCirPISCENT, part, [from cnnmpisco, to desire ex- 
 ceedingly, Lat.] lustful ; havnig au irregular appetite after 
 carnal things. 
 
 CONCUPJSCETSITIAL, (Iwnkupissintial) a. relating to 
 concupiscence, or having an irregular desire after women. 
 
 CONCUPI'SCIBLE, a. [from cuncupisco, to desire exceed- 
 ingly, Lat.] that may be desired, that raises, excites, or ex- 
 erts desire. 
 
 To CONCU'R, V. n. [from con, together, and curro, to run, 
 Lat.] to meet together; to join in one action or design, ap- 
 plied to several persons ; to unite with ; to be conjoined 
 v/ith ; to contribute to the efi'ecting one common event or 
 design. 
 
 CONCURRENCE, or CONCU'RRENCY, *. assistance ; 
 imion ; conjunction, united efforts to promote any design ; 
 agreement in any opinion or sentiment. 
 
 CONCURRENT, part, [from concurrn, to concur, Lat.] 
 acting in conjunction, or together ; promoting the same de- 
 sign. 
 
 CONCURRENT, *. that which contributes to tlie per- 
 formance of a design. 
 
 CONCU'SSION, s. [from cmicutio, to shake violentlv, 
 Lat.] the act of putting a thing into a violent motion; shak- 
 ing ; agitation. 
 
 CONCU'SSIVE, a. [from concutio, to shake violently, 
 Lat.] that has the power or quality of shaking. 
 
 To COND, CON, or CONN, v'. a. in sea language, signi- 
 fies to guide or conduct a ship in her right course. 
 
 To CONDE'MN, {hondim) v. a. [condemno, Lat.] to pass 
 sentence against a person, whereby he is subject to punish- 
 ment ; to censure, to blame, or find fault with. 
 
 CONpE'MNABLE,a.thatmay be blamed, found fault 
 with, or is s\djject to the sentence of a judge. 
 
 CONDEMNA'TION, s. [condemndtio, Lat.] passing or 
 pronouncing sentence against a person, whereby he is sub- 
 ject to piuiishment or penalty, either in respect to person, 
 fortune, or life. Figuratively, the state of a person on whom 
 sentence has been passed. 
 
 CONDE'MNATORY, a. having the force of condemning 
 or subjecting a person to punishment. 
 
 CONDE'MNEU, .r. the person who condemns, censures, 
 l»kr.i,es, or finds frtult with. 
 
 CONDE'NSABLE, n. that is capable of heingmade more 
 solid, or forced into a smaller compass. 
 
 To CONDE'NSATE, v. a. [coudenso, Lat.] to make more 
 solid or thick by compression or force, applied to fluids. 
 
 CONDE'NSATE, a. made thicker or more solid by com- 
 pression or external force. 
 
 CONDENSA'TION, s. the act of bringing the parts of a 
 )jody closer to each other, and increasing tlieir contact, 
 
 C 
 
 whereoy the Dody is rendered more dense, compact, and 
 oeavv : opposite ir> rarefaction. 
 
 loCONDE'NSE, r. a. {cimdinso, Lat.) to make any body 
 more thick, compact, or weighty, by increabiug the c(«utact 
 ofits particles; applied by some only to the etl'ect of cold, 
 but by others used for compression, or the effects of external 
 force, which diminishes the size of the pores of a body, and 
 renders it, coiise(|uently, more solid. Neuterly, to grow 
 thick, a])plied to the effects of cold on fluids; to bea^)me 
 solid and weighty, by shrinking to a narrower compass. 
 
 CONDENSE, «. thickeue(|; close; compact; become 
 more solid by the effect of cold, or compression. 
 
 CONDE NSER, *. a pneumatic engine, by means of which 
 an unusual quantity of air may be forced into a small space, 
 or by which three, four, or five atmospheres may be ir»- 
 jected more than a thing would contain naturaliy. 
 
 CONDE'NSITY, s. the state of a fluid, whose parts are 
 fixed so as not to give way to the touch, by cold, coagulation, 
 or compression. Thickness, applied to consistence. 
 
 CO'NDERS, s. persons who stand on some eminence to 
 
 five notice to fishers which way a shoal of herrings take. 
 ee Bai.kf.rs. 
 
 To CONDESCE'ND, v. n. [from con, with, to strengthen 
 the signification, and descendo, to descend, Lat.] to lay aside 
 the dignity of rank, in order to make one's self agreeable to, 
 or on a level with inferiors ; to behave w ith familiarity to in- 
 feriors ; to stoop ; to submit. 
 
 CONDESCE'NDENCE, _s. [condescendarwe, Fr.] an act 
 whereby a person in authority lays aside the difference of 
 rank, in order to converse freely with his inferiors; a grant- 
 ing some favour to a person ; or consenting to yield luni 
 some advantage which he could not demand. 
 
 CONDESCENDINGLY, ad. in such a manner as to lay 
 aside the claims of authority and dignity ; or to yield up a 
 right, or consent to a request, from a principle of good na- 
 ture and generosity. 
 
 CONDESCENSION, s. the behaviour of a superior, 
 whereby he treats one of lower rank as his equal, and grants 
 him favours he cannot demand. 
 
 CONDESCE'NSIVE, a. courteous ; treating inferiors 
 without distance ; afValde, and ready to serve or grant any 
 favour, or forego a right to serve or oblige another. 
 
 CONDI'GN, {kondin) a. [coiidignus, worthy, Lat.] worthy ; 
 suitable to; merited; deserved, or proportionable to ; ge- 
 nerally applied to tlie punishment due to a person for his 
 crimes. 
 
 CONDI'GNLY, (Jwndinh) ad. in a manner suitable to a 
 person's crimes : deservedly. 
 
 CONDI'GNNESS, (/iOHrfi/t-JK?js)«. proportion; suitable to 
 a ])erson's crimes. 
 
 COTVOIMENT, s.[condimentum, from condio, fo season, 
 Lat.] seasoning, sauce, that which excites the appetite by a 
 sharp taste,.. 
 
 To CO'NDITE, V. a. [condio, Lat.] to preserve or pio 
 kle. 
 
 CONDITION, s. {conditio^ Lat.] a quality or property 
 v/hich determines the nature of a thing; an attribute or ac- 
 cident, in a logical sense. Habit or temperature. Amoral 
 (juality or virtue. State, or the circumstance of a person or 
 fortune. Rank. The terms of any contract, bargain, or 
 agreement. Figuratively, a writing containing tlie terms, 
 of an agreement. 
 
 To CONDITION, ti. n. to stipulate ; to make terras. 
 
 CONDI TIONAL, a. to be performed on certain terms ; 
 not absolute, but subject to certain limitations. 
 
 CONDITIONALLY, ad. on certain terms or limita 
 tions. 
 
 CONDITIONARY, a. stipulated; bargained; to be 
 done as a means of acquiring anv thing. 
 
 To CONDITION ATE, v. a." to make conditions for ; (o 
 regulate by, or perform on, certain conditions. 
 
 Condi TlONATE, «. established and groundd on r«r.- 
 tain terms and conditions. 
 
 CONDITION ED,;)art.havii)g qualities either good or bad •< 
 c ii)3
 
 CON 
 
 CON 
 
 To CONDO'LE, r. 71. [from eon, with, and doleo, to be 
 sorry, Lat.] to lament witfi thoie who grieve foraiiv miseiy, 
 Biisfortune, or calamity. Actively, to bewail a misfortune 
 with another. 
 
 CONDO'LEMENT,*. grief; sorrow; mourning for any 
 loss or misfortune. 
 
 CONDO'LENCE, f. \condolance, Fr.] a sympathizing grief 
 crishigfrora tiie misfortunes of another, which expresses it- 
 self by lamenting with the person in distress. 
 
 CONDO'LER, s. one who expresses a complimental con- 
 cern for the sorrow of another, and the cause which occa- 
 sions it. 
 
 COXDO'R, an enormous species of eagle, which inhabits 
 South America, which is capable of carrying away a lamb 
 in its talons. See Plate. 
 
 To CONDUCE, V. n. [from con, with, and duco, to lead, 
 Lat.] to promote an end by actingconjoinfly. 
 
 CONDU'CIBLE, a. [from conduco, to conduce, Lat.] hav- 
 ing a power of conducing to, or promoting a design. Used 
 for two or more causes operating to one end. 
 
 CONDUCIVE, a. that has a tendency, power, or qualitj', 
 to promote or produce any end. 
 
 CONDUCIVENESS, 's. the quality of promoting or 
 contributing to the production of some end. 
 
 CO'NDUCT, U. [conduit, Fr.] management, or tenor of 
 actions ; t!ie act of commanding an army ; convoy, or escort- 
 ing with a guard ; the guard convoying, securing, or escort- 
 ing; a warrant by which a convoy is appointed; beha; 
 viour ; or a series of actions regulated by some standard. 
 '.To CONDU'CT, V. a. \condidrc, Fr.] to accompany a 
 person in order to shew him his way to any place ; to direct, 
 lead, or guide ; to usher or introduce ; to manage ; to head 
 an army, or command a body of troops. Synon. We oo^i- 
 duct and guide those who know not the way ; we had those 
 who cannot or care not to go by themselves. We conduct an 
 affair. We s:i'ide a traveller. We lead an infant. 
 
 CONDUCTOR, s. [from condueo, to lead, Lat.] a guide, 
 or one who shews another the way ; a leader or command- 
 er ; or one who transacts an affair. In surgery, an instru- 
 ment which serves to conduct the knife in the operation of 
 cutting for the stone, and in laying open sinuses and fistu- 
 las. It is also called a gorget. Condactois, in electrical ex- 
 periments, are those bodies that receive and communicate 
 electricity ; and those that repel it are called non-cfmrfHe/or*. 
 
 CONDUCTRESS, s. a woman who directs or leads a 
 person, or carrieson any undertaking. 
 
 CONDUIT, (hundit) s. [conduit, Fr.J a canal, or pipes 
 made use of for the conveyance of water at a distance from 
 the reservoir or spring head ; an aqueduct ; a place fur- 
 nished with a cock, whence people are publicly supplied 
 with water. 
 
 CONDUPLICATION, *. [conduplicatio, Lat.] a doubling ; 
 e duplicate. 
 
 CONE, >. [konoi. Toil honnu basis hi/Jdot csti. A circle is 
 the basis of a cone, Aristotle, Or.] In geometry, a soliel 
 body whose base isacircle, its uppermost part ending in a 
 point; it resetnblesasngar loaf, and may lie conceived as 
 formed by the revolution of a triangle on one of its sides as 
 on an axis. 
 
 CO'NEPATL, an American species of weasel. 
 
 To CONFA'BULATE, .•. «. [confnhdo, homfahrda, a fa- 
 ble or idle tale, Lat.] to talk easily and with carelessness 
 together ; to chat with a person. 
 
 CONFABULATION, s. [from amfalmh, to chat, Lat.] 
 easy, familiar, careless, clieerful talk with a person. 
 
 CONFA'BULATOllY, «. belonging to entertaining and 
 careless conversation. 
 
 ToCONFE'CT, V. a. [from eonfido, to digest, Lat] lo 
 preserve fruit, &c. with sugar. 
 CO'NFECT, >. a sweetmeat. 
 
 CONFK'CTION, s. [confntio, Lat.] the preserving fruit 
 or" vegetables, by means of clarified sugar. In pharmacy, 
 any thing prepared with sugar ; a liquid or soft electuary ; 
 IIm assembling or union of different ingredients. 
 
 CONFE'CTIONARY, s. a place where elegant food from 
 differentingredients is made, or fruits are preserved. 
 
 CONFE CTIONER, s. one who makes and sells sweet- 
 meats. 
 
 CONFEDERACY, s. [from con, with, mAfadus, a league, 
 Lat.l a league, contract, or agreement, entered into by se- 
 veral states and bodies of men for their mutual advantage 
 and defence. 
 
 To CONFEDERATE, v. a. [from con, with, and fadus, a 
 league, Lat.] lo unite in a league or agree with, in order to 
 accomplish some design. 
 
 CONFE'DERATE, a. leagued, or united by some co - 
 tract to accomplish some design. 
 
 CONFE'DERATE, s. one who enters into an engagement 
 with another, whereby they are obliged umtually to assist 
 and defend each other ; an ally. 
 
 CONFEDERATION, s. [conftdhation, Fr.] a league ; an 
 act whereby two or more persons oblige themselves to 
 assist each other ; an alliance. 
 
 To CONFER, 11. ". [confero, Lat.J to discourse with a 
 person on some important, grave, and stated subject ; to 
 talk with a person on any subject, in order to come to a de- 
 termination. Actively, to compare the sentiments of one 
 person or author with those of anothor ; to give a thing 
 which could not be claimed ; to bestow a favour ; to coi>- 
 tribute or conduce. 
 
 CONFERENCE, s. [conference, Fr.] the act of discours- 
 ing with another, in order to settle soUic point in dispute, 
 or treat upon any subject in a public character ; a meeting 
 appointed tor the discoursing of some point in debate ; com- 
 parison, or examination of things by comparing them tOjje. 
 ther. 
 
 CONFETIRER, s. he that discourses with another on 
 some stated point ; he that bestows a favour on another. 
 
 To CONFESS, V. a. [eonfesser, Fr.] to acknowledge the 
 having done something amiss. To disclose a person's sins 
 to a priest, in order to obtain absolution. To own. To 
 avow ; to profess. To grant. Not to dispute. To shew ; 
 to approve ; to attest. 
 
 CONFE'SSEDLY, ad. in such a manner as must extort 
 universal consent; generally owned ; avowedly ; indisput- 
 ably. 
 
 CONFE'SSION, s. the acknowledgment or owning a 
 crime. Profession ; avowal. In the Romish church, an 
 acknowledgement of sins in private to a priest, in order to 
 obtain absolution. 
 
 CONFESSIONAL, s. [Fr.] in the Romish church, a lit. 
 tic box or desk, wherein the priest takes the confession of /i 
 penitent. 
 
 CONFE'SSIONARY, s. [covfessionnire, Fr,J the confession 
 chair or seat, wherein the priest sits to receive tlie confes- 
 sion of a penitent. 
 
 CONFESSOR, s. [confesseur, Fr.] one who professes a 
 religious sentiment or opinion in tiie face of danger, and 
 amidst the most cruel tortures. In the Romish church, a 
 priest, who is authorized to receive the confessions of peni- 
 tents, and grant them absolution. 
 
 C()NFE'.ST, a. [?i poetical word for c»n/e«ed] open; ge- 
 nerally known ; aclinowledged, in a good sense. Notorious, 
 in a bad sense. 
 
 CONFE'STIjY, ud. indisputably ; evidently ; without 
 doubt or concealment. 
 
 CONFI'CIENT, {lionfishieiit) part, [from cov, with, and 
 fdcio, (o make or do, Lat.] causing or producing in company 
 with some other person or thing. 
 
 CONFIDANT, s. [roiiJidaHt,'Fr.]a person entrusted with 
 the secrets of anothor, most commonly applied tJ those 
 will) are entrusted with affairs of h)ver8. 
 
 To CONFl'DK, V. n. [ciiiifidti, Lilt.] to tiust in, implying a 
 .■strong persuasion or assurance of a person's abilities to assist 
 another, or his fidelity in keciiiiig a secret. 
 
 CON FID EN CE, .«. | ninjidcutui, from coiijido, to trust, Lat- ; 
 a strong assurance of the fidelity and ability of another 
 When joined to the reciprocal pronouns, himself, <ftc. a 
 
 !
 
 CON 
 
 CON 
 
 strons assurancp of !!ie pfficacy of -.s person's own ahilltics : 
 a viciDiismui iissiimiiig boldness. 
 
 rO'NKlDENT, part, [from mnjiilo, to confido, Lat.] assur- 
 ed of a tiutli beyond any \>ossibility of doul)l : positive; 
 secure of success; without fear of a miscarriage ; without 
 suspicion; iwld, to a vice. 
 
 CONFIDENTLY, ad. in such a manner as to discover 
 no fear of a miscarriage ; securely. 
 
 (30'NF1DENTNESS, s. a favourable opinion of one's own 
 iudsjmcut ; assurance. 
 
 CONF IGUUATU)N, s. \cnnfiguration, Fr.l the order in 
 which the particles of bodies are united lo^etlier ; the form 
 of a body made by the order in wliicii its particles are 
 united toi;cther. In astronomy, a delineation of the relative 
 situations of the satellites of any of the planets at any 
 f^iven time. The face of the horoscope, according to the 
 aspects of the sun, moon, and planets, towards each other, 
 at any given time, made use of by astrologers in the fore- 
 telling of future events. 
 
 To CONFrOlUiE, V. 71. [from ron, with, and /finm, k 
 figure, Lat.] to dispose or form by uniting in a particular 
 ijjanner. 
 
 CO'NFINE, s. [cnn/i7nis, Lat.] a limit ; border ; edge ; or 
 utmost verge of a thing or place. 
 
 CO'NFINE, a. [conjiids, Lat.] bordering, upon, applied 
 to nlaces; it implies that the oue begins where the other 
 eiins. Touching ; adjoining ; or contiguotis. 
 
 To CONFINE, v.n. [(rem coiijiriis, Lat.] to border upon ; 
 to touch ; to be contiguous to. Actively, to bound ; to li- 
 mit; toench)se; to shut up; to restrain; to imprison; to 
 imnun-e; to keep at home ; not to (piit, or neglect. 
 
 CO'NFINELESS, a. boundless; without limits, end, or 
 pause. 
 
 CONFFNEMENT, s. the act of restraining a person 
 from going abroad ; the act of enclosing a person in prison ; 
 the state of a person in prison, or kept at home without li- 
 l)erty of going abroad ; restraint. 
 
 CONFI'NER, s. a person who lives at the extremity, or 
 on the borders of a country ; one who deprives another of 
 the liberty of walking abroad; or shuts him up in a 
 prison. 
 
 CONFFNITY, s. [cotifadtas, Lat.] nearness ; neighbour- 
 hood ; likeness. 
 
 To CONFFRM, v. a. \c0ujir7n0, Lat.] to put bevond 
 doubt, by additional proofs ; to settle a person in an ofiice ; 
 to fix ; to complete ; to render perfect ; to admit to the 
 full privileges of a Christian by imposition of the hands of a 
 bishop. 
 
 CONFFRMABLE, a. that is capable of incontestible 
 evidence. 
 
 CONFIRMATION, s. the act of establishing any per- 
 son or thing in a place or office ; an additional or new proof 
 toevince the truth of a thing or opinion beyond doubt or 
 contradiction : a proof which brings conviction ; an eccle- 
 siastic rite, whereby a person, arrived to years of discretion, 
 undertakes the performance of every part of the baptismal 
 vow, made for him by his godfathers and g;odmother. 
 
 CONFIRM ATOR, s. [conjir77iator, Lat J one who proves 
 a thing beyond doubt. 
 
 CONFIRMATORY, a. establishing, or giving such ad- 
 ditional proof as may increase the certainty or probability 
 of anv fact or action. 
 
 CONFFRM EDNESS, s. a quality implying certainty, 
 when applied to evidence ; and inveteracy or strength, not 
 easily to be surmounted, when used of habits. 
 
 CONFI'RMER, s. one who establishes an opinion or fact 
 by new evidence or proofs ; one who establishes or secures 
 a person in the possession of any dignity. 
 
 CONFI'SCABLE, a. [confisco,\o confiscate, Lat.] liable to 
 be seized on as a fine or punishment for some crime. 
 
 To CONFISCATE, ». a. [confisco, from JUcus, the public 
 treasury, Lat.] to seize on private property, and convert it 
 to the use either of the chief magistrate, or the public, by 
 way of punishment. 
 
 CONFISCA'TTON, s. [from cmtfisco, to confiscate, Lat. 
 the seizing of private proi)erty on accovmt of Mime crinu-, 
 and converting it to the use of the chief magistrate or of 
 the public. 
 
 CO'NFITENT, ^. [from cmfiteor, to confess, Lat.] one 
 confessing ; one who confesses his faults. 
 
 CO'NFITURE, s. [Fr. from amfectitra, the making of 
 any thing, Lat.] a sweetuu-at ; a confection; acomtit. 
 
 To CONFI'X, 1-. fl. [<■.»;//<;•'>, Lat.] to fix down ; to fasten. 
 " Or else for ever Isp crmfixrd here. " iS7i«/c;. 
 
 CONFLA'GIlANT,/ja)f. [from ccm, together, zndjlagro, 
 to burn, Lat.] burning together; involving in the same 
 fire. 
 
 CONFLAGRATION, s. [from f»w, together, and /"^ro, 
 to burn, Lat.] a general fire spreading over a large space, 
 and involving several things in its flames, (ienerally used 
 for that fire which shall consume all things, and change the 
 face of nature. 
 
 CONFLATION, s. [from con, to§;ether, zndfo, to blow, 
 Lat.] the act of blowing several wnid instruments at the 
 same time ; the casting and melting of metal. 
 
 To CONFLICT, v. a. [from con, with, and fligo, to beat, 
 Lat.] to strive or struggle in order to get victory, applied to 
 persons and things. 
 
 CO'NFLICT, i. [from confligo, to contend, Lat.] a com- 
 bat, or flight between two, seldom used of a general battle ; 
 a contest or strife; a struggle between opposite qualities; 
 an agony or pang, wherein nature seems to struggle hard 
 againsts"tfe»Jngand pain. 
 
 CO'NFLUENCE,s.[fromfOH/™, to flow together, Lat.l 
 an uniting of hvo or more streams or rivers ; the act of 
 crowding or coming in great numbers to one place; aeon- 
 course or a multitude gathered into one place. 
 
 CO'NFLUENT, part, [from eojijiun, to flow together, 
 Lat.] running one into another, meeting or mixing toge- 
 ther. 
 
 CO'NFLUX, i. [from cnnfluo, to flow together, Lat.] the 
 uniting or union of several streams or rivers. Figuratively, 
 a crowd, a great number of persons collected together. 
 
 CON FO'RM, «. [from f 0)1, together, and/orairt, form, Lat.] 
 assuming the same form or quality as another ; like. 
 
 To CONFORM, v. a. [coiifor7no, from con, together, and 
 for7nn, form, Lat.] 
 
 CONFO'RMABLE, a. having the same form ; agreeable, 
 suitable consistent ; compliant, or submissive to authority. 
 CON FO'RM ABLY, ad. agreeably; suitably; with com- 
 pliance. 
 
 CONFORMATION, *. [co7,fort»atio, Lat.] the particular 
 union or order of the parts of a body, and their disposition 
 to make a whole ; theact of producing suitableness, or con- 
 formity to anv thing. 
 
 CONFORMIST, «. one who complies with the mode of 
 worship used ov the church of England. 
 
 CONFORMITY, s. likeness; resemblance; theact of 
 regulating one's actions to some law; consistency; compli- 
 ance with the worship of the established church. 
 
 CONFORTATION, «. [from cmiforto, a low Latin word] 
 collation of strength ; corroboration. 
 
 To CONFOUND, v. a. \co7ifuwlo, Lat.] to mingle nr 
 mix things so that their forms or natures cannot be distin- 
 guished; to substitute or make use of one word foranotlier, 
 which convevs difterent ideas ; to puzzle or perplex the 
 mind by indistinct ideas, or words used in an nuletermniate 
 manner ; to amaze, astonish, and render unable to reply ; 
 to destroy. 
 
 CONFOXTNDED, jyart. hateful : prodio;ious , a low 
 word, to express anv thing in the superlative degree. 
 CONFOUNDEDLY, ad. shamefully ; hatefully ; a low 
 
 word. , . , 
 
 CONFO'UNDER, ». one who perplexes, astonishes, or 
 
 destroys. . . „ 
 
 CONFRATERNITY, 1. [from con, with, ?i\v\fratcmuas, 
 brotherhood] a brotherhood ; or Itody of men muted for 
 some religious purpose 
 
 1<15
 
 CON 
 
 CONFRICATION, s. [from cnn, with, to strengthen the 
 signification, and fricc, to nib, Lat.jtlie act of rubbing:. 
 
 To CONFRONT, f. a. [confi-onter, Fi.] to stand direetly 
 opposite to; to stand face to face ; to oppose; to set in op- 
 position ; to contrast ; to compare one thing ,witli an- 
 otlier. 
 
 CONFRONTATION, s. [Fr.] the act of opposing one 
 evidence to another. 
 
 To CONFUSE, (/imi/iire; tlie .s in this word and its deri- 
 vatives sounding like 2) v. a. [from confusiis, Lat.] to put in 
 disorder ; to malve irregular ; to perplex by indistinct ideas 
 or by using words without any determinate signification. 
 
 CONFIJ'.SEDLY, ad. in an indistinct manner; mixed, 
 opposed to separate ; perplexed, or not clear; without any 
 order; in obscure, indistinct, or unnitelligible terms. 
 
 CONFiJSEDNESS, s. want of distinctness or clearness ; 
 want of Older or regularity. 
 
 CONFUSION, i. an irregular, careless or disorderly 
 niixture ; tumult ; the using words without any precise 
 meaning; overthrow; destruction; astonishment; distrac- 
 tion of mind. 
 
 CONFUTABLE, a. that may be shewn to be false or 
 groundless. 
 
 CONFUTATION, s. [from confiito, to confute, Lat.] the 
 act of destroying the arguments of another, by shewing 
 them to be false, mconclusive, or groimdless. 
 
 To CONFUTE, v. a. \confuto, Lat.] to destroy the force 
 of an argument ; to shew the proofs of an adversary to be 
 groimdless, inconclusive, sophistical, or false. 
 
 CO'NGE, (klinjee) s. [co7igi, Fr.] an action shewing re- 
 spect, compliment, or submission, consisting in bowing the 
 body, in men ; and in women, in sinking with the knee bent, 
 OT making a curtesy ; leave, or the action of taking leave. 
 Covgi d'elire, Fr. i. e. leave of election, in canon law, is the 
 king's permission to a dean and chapter to choose a bishop 
 when the see is vacant. In architecture, a moulding in 
 form of a quarter round, or a cavetto, which serves to sepa- 
 rate two members from one another ; such is that which 
 joins the shaft of the column to the cincture. 
 
 To CONCiE'AL, (kmije'd) v. a. [congeln, from gelu, ice, 
 Lat.] to change or thicken any fluid by cold. Figuratively, 
 to thicken any fluid, applied generally to the Wood. Ncu- 
 terly to grow thick. 
 
 CONGE ALABLE.rt. that may grow thick by cold. 
 
 CONGE'ALMENT, s. the clot or tiiick mass formed by 
 cold ; concretion. 
 
 CONGELATION, s. the act of freezing, or producing 
 such a change in a fluid body, that it grows thick, or its 
 particles become fixed like tliose of a solid body. 
 
 CO'NGENER, s. [from con, together, and gcmis, a kind, 
 L;it.] a thingof the.same kind of nature. 
 
 CONGE'NEROUS, a. of the same genus or species, aris- 
 ing from the same principle ; proceeding from the same 
 cai>se. Used only by scientific writers. 
 
 CONGE'NIAL, a. [from cow, together, and genius, incli- 
 nation, Lat.J partaking of the same genus, of tJie same na- 
 ture, disposition, or kind. 
 
 CONGENIALITY, s. a partaking of the same genus, na- 
 ture, or disposition. 
 
 CONGE'NIALNESS, ». a sameness of disposition. . 
 
 CO'NGER, (in this word the ff has a hard sound before e) 
 t. \con!crus, Lat.} a large eel, fre(|uentingsalt waters. 
 
 CONCiERBEullY, a village in Somersetshire, six miles 
 N. of Axbridge. 
 
 CONGERIES,*. [Lat.] a mass consisting of smaller bo- 
 dies heaped together. • 
 
 To CONGE'ST, V. a. [congero, Lat.] to heap up ; to gather 
 together. 
 
 CONGESTION, (honjist.ymi) t. [from con, together, and 
 pern, to carry, Lat.] 
 
 CO'NOLMIY, *. \cnnE;inriHm, from congiics, a gallon mea- 
 sure, Lat. I a gift dislriftuted by the Roman emperors, con- 
 oUtiiig of corn and oil, 
 100 
 
 CON 
 
 To CONGLA'CIATE, v. n. [from congludo, to fieeze, 
 Lat.] to turn to ice. 
 
 CONGLACIATION, t. the changing into ice ; the state 
 of a thing changed into ice ; vitnfyiug, or turning into 
 glass. 
 
 CO'NGLETON, a town of Cheshire, seated on the river 
 Dane. It has manufactories of leather gloves, cotton, and 
 silTi ; the silk-mill here employing 700 persons. ItisTniiks 
 S. of Macclesfield, and 164 N. W. of London. Market on 
 Saturday. 
 
 To CONGLOBATE, v. a.\congloho, from globus, a globe 
 or ball, Lat.] to unite in the form of a globe or ball. 
 
 CO'NGLOB ATE, pent, [congloho, from globus, a globe or 
 ball, Lat.]moulded into a ball. 
 
 CON GLOB ATELY, ad. in a globular, round, orspher^ 
 cal form. 
 
 To CONGLO'BE, v. n. \ conglobo, from globus, a globe or 
 ball, I^t.] to gather into a firm round ball ; to gather into a 
 round mass. 
 
 To CONGLOMERATE, v. a. [conglomero, from glomus, a 
 bottom of yarn, Lat.] to gather several things into a round 
 mass. 
 
 CONGLO'MERATE, ;>«)•<. [coH^/om^ro, [from glomus, a 
 bottom of yarn, Lat.] gathered into a round ball or mass, so 
 that the compounding bodies appear distinct. Figuratively, 
 twisted or collected together. 
 
 CONGLOMERATION, *. a collection of matter into a 
 loose round ball ; intertexture ; mixture. 
 
 To C(^NGLUTINATE, v. a. [conghuino, from gluten, 
 glue, Lat.] to glue, cement, or join fast together by any vis- 
 cous, sticking, or glutinous substance. Neuterly, to stick or 
 cohere together. 
 
 CONGLUTINATION, s. the act of sticking together ; 
 the |act of uniting and fastening tlie lips of a ,wound tr>- 
 gether. 
 
 CONGLU'TINATIVE, «. having the power of sticking 
 together, or uniting the lips of a wound. 
 
 CON(iLUTINATOR, s. that which has the power of 
 making thiugs cohere, or stick together. 
 
 CONGO, or Lower Guinea, a large tract of country, 
 on the VV. coast of Africa, extending from the equinoctial 
 to 17deg. S. lat. and containing the countries ot Loango, 
 Congo Proper, Angola, and Iknguela. It is bounded on 
 the VV. by tlie Atlantic, on the N. by Benin and Malloko, on 
 the E. by Makoko and the interior of Africa, and on the S» 
 by Mataman and unknown lands. Tiieir seasons ai-e the 
 reverse of ours; during our summer they have rain almost 
 every day, and this is called the winter season ; but, during 
 their summer, the weather is constantly serene. In the de- 
 serts within land there are elephants, tigers, leopards, mon» 
 keys, serpents of a monstrous length, rattlesnakes, 'vipers, 
 dangerous white ants or pismires, scorpions, and other ve- 
 nomous insects, both flying and reptile; and, in the river 
 Zaire, crocodiles and river horses. Near the coast the soil 
 is fertile, producing various kinds of fruits, besides palm- 
 trees, from which they get wine and oil. Many of the iiv 
 liabitants worship the sun, moon, and stars, and ditt'erent 
 kinds of animals; others have embraced the religious pro 
 fession of the Portuguese. They are skilful in weaving 
 cotton cloth, and carry on the traffic in slaves, as well as hi 
 ivory, cassia, fruits, and other produce of the country. 
 Congo is divided into several provinces. Tlie principal 
 rivers are the Zaire, the Dando, the Coaiiza, the Yambr;i, 
 and tlie Barbela. 
 
 CON(jRA'TULATE, ;>«)•<. [from cmgratulor, to congratu- 
 late, Lat.] rejoicing with another ; expressing one's rejoicing 
 will) another.- 
 
 To CONGRATULATE, v. a. [coi^patulor, from con, T,•iH^ 
 and gratus, kind, welcome, Lat.] to cxi)re»s joy on t)ie good 
 success or advantage of another. 
 
 CONGRATUL.VTiON, «. the act of expressing joy on 
 account of the success or happiness of another. 
 
 CONGRATULATORY, 0. expressing joy for the good 
 fortune of another.
 
 CON 
 
 CON 
 
 ToCONGlUsE'T, V. m. to salute togollipr, in.phing the 
 Diakinif-and rttiiniiii^^ ofacoiiipliiiieiit. Not in use. 
 
 To CO'NGREG ATI", ti. ff. \cons:re^o, from c;rex, a flock, 
 Lat.] to collect several tliiiifjs into the same mass, or several 
 persons into the same place. Ncuterly, to assemble, meet, 
 or come together. 
 
 CCN GREG ATE, «. [from con^rego, to collect, Lat.] col- 
 lected close together ; forming one mass or body. 
 
 CONGREGATION, s. in physic, (hat degree of mixture 
 wherein the particles of a fluid meet or touch only in a 
 point; a collection or mass of several particles. In divinity, 
 an assembly of people met together for religious worship. 
 In church history, an assembly of several ecclesiastics, con- 
 stitutinj; and forming a body. 
 
 congregational; a. belonging to an assembly or 
 congregation. 
 
 CONGRESS, i. [congri-ssiis, from congredior, to meet t(V 
 gether, Lat.] a shock, or confli<*t ; an appointed meeting for 
 settling of affairs between different nations. Cmigrrsx, in 
 America, is the assembly of delegates from the United 
 States. 
 
 CONGRE'SSIVE, a. meeting together; encountering. 
 
 To CONGRLi'E, v. n. [tongruo, Lat.] to agree ; to suit ; 
 to import; to become. 
 
 CO'NGRUENCE, s. [congnentia. Lat.] agreement ; the 
 suitableness or consistency of one thing to another ; con- 
 sistency. 
 
 CONGRU'ITY, s. fitness ; suitableness of one thing to 
 another ; consistency. In geometry, applied to figures or 
 lines, which meet or correspond exactly when applied to, or 
 laid over each other. 
 
 CO'NGRUOUS, a. [congiims, Lat.] agreeable to; consis- 
 tent with; suited or proportionate. 
 
 CO'NGRUOUSLY, arl. in such a manner as to agree or 
 be consistent with, apphed to sentiments ; suitably. 
 
 CO'NIC, orCO'NICAL, a. [comcus, Lat. from kone, a 
 cone, Gr.] having the form of a cone, sugar-loaf, or round 
 pyramid. Conic section, in geometry, is the curve line aris- 
 ing from the section of a cone by a plane. Conies, or conic 
 aauions, that part of geometry which treats of cones, and the 
 curves arising from the section of a cone by a plane. 
 
 CO'NICALLY, ad. in form of a cone, or sugar-lohf. 
 
 CO'NICALNESS, *. the state or quality which partakes 
 of the properties of ia cone. 
 
 CO'NINGSTON MERE, a lake of Lancashire, 5 miles 
 long and 1 broad, in the hmidred of Furness. 
 
 To CONJE'CT, V. a. [conjicio, from con, together, and 
 jacio, to cast, Lat.] to guess at a thing. ■ 
 
 CONJE'CTOR, s. a guesser ; a conjecturer. 
 
 CONJE'CTURABLE, a. being the object of conjecture ; 
 tliat may be guessed. 
 
 CONJE'CTURAL, «. depending on, or determined from 
 uncertain principles bv mere guess. 
 
 CONJECTURA'LITY, s. that which is inferrable only 
 from guess. 
 
 CONJE'CTURALLY, ad. by guess ; by conjecture. 
 
 CONJE'CTURE, s. [from conjicio, to cast together, Lat.] 
 
 To CONJE'CTURE, v. a. to guess. 
 
 CONJE'CTURER, s. a guesser ; one who forms opinion 
 without proof. 
 
 CONITEROUS, o. [from fonrw, a cone, and /cj-o, to bear, 
 Lat.] in botany, bearing a fruit resembling a cone. 
 
 To CONJOIN, V. a. [coTijoindre, Fr.] to join together ; to 
 unite together in friendship; to knit or join together in 
 marriage. Neuterly, to take part with another in any ac- 
 tion. 
 
 CONJOINT, part, [conjoint, Fr.] united ; connected ; 
 associate. In music, applied to two or more sounds heard 
 al the same time. 
 
 CONJOINTLY, ad. together ; in union, opposed to apart 
 or separate. 
 
 CO'NJUGAL, a. [from con, together, and jvgvm, a yoke, 
 Lat.jbclonging to marnage. 
 
 COT^ JUG ALLY, «/. consistently with married people. 
 
 To CO'NJUGATE, v. a. [from con, together, andjw»um, 
 a yoke, Lat.] to unite ; tojom. 
 
 CO'NJUGATE, s. [conjugal^is, from conjugn, to coupL' 
 together, Lat] in grammar, agreeing in derivation with an- 
 other word, and resembling it in its sen.se and meaiiiiijj. 
 Conjugate dyimeter, or axis, in conies, is the shortest of the 
 two diameters bisecting the other, or a right line bisecting 
 the transverse diameter of an ellipsis. 
 
 CONJLGATION, J. [conjugatio, from cmijvgo, to couple 
 together, Lat.] a couple, pair, or two things of the same sort 
 joined together. The act of uniting, or joining tog(-ther ; 
 union. In grammar, an orderly distribution of the tenses* 
 persons, and moods of verbs, according to their difierent 
 terminations or inflections. 
 
 CONJU'NCT, part, [from con, with, and jungo, to join, 
 Lat.] joined with another ; concurring ; united. 
 
 CONJU'NCTION, s. [from con, together, aud jnngn, to 
 join, Lat.] the uniting two things together. Figuratively, a 
 league or confederacy. In astronomy, the meeting of the 
 stars or planets in the same degree, minute, and second of 
 the zodiac. In grammar, a word used to connect the clauses 
 of a period or sentence together. 
 
 CONJU'NCTIVE, a. [from con, together, and jungo, to 
 join, Laf.] closely united. In grammar, the mood of a verb, 
 and subsequently to a conjunction. 
 
 CONJUNCTIVELY, ad. in union; operating together, 
 opposed to apart or separate. 
 
 CONJ UTS CTIVENESS, s. the quality of uniting or join- 
 ing two or more things together. 
 
 CONJU'NCTLY, ad. jointly ; together, opposed to 
 apart. 
 
 CONJU'NCTURE, *. [conjoncture, Fr.] an union or meet- 
 ing of several circumstances, or causes; a critical or parti- 
 cular period of time ; connection of several things forming 
 a whole ; consistency, or an union of qualities which can 
 exist at the same time in the same or different subjects. 
 Synon. We know people on particular occasions. We 
 should demean ourselves according to the occurrence of 
 the times. It is commonly the conjunctwe that determines 
 us which side to take. 
 
 CONJURATION, s. the form of obliging a person to give 
 his evidence. See Adjuration. Magio words, charac- 
 ters, ceremonies, charms, which are said to have the power 
 of raising the dead, and devils, A plot ; a conspiracy. 
 
 To CONJU'RE, v. a. (from con, with, to strengthen the 
 signification, and /i»-o, to swear, Lat.J to entreat a person 
 with the greatest earnestness, and by tlie respect he hus lu 
 some dear persori, or sacred being. 
 
 To CO'NJUllK, 1'. a. [from con, with, to strengthen the 
 signification, andj'ww, to swear, Lat. J to influei>ce by magic 
 or enchantments ; to charm. Neuterly, to practice en- 
 chantments. 
 
 CONJU'REMENT, *. serious injunction; solemn de- 
 mand. 
 
 CONJURER, J. an enchanter, or a person who makej 
 use of magical charms ; an impostor, who pretends to have 
 commerce with the world of spirits, and by that means to 
 be able to foietel the future events of a person's life, to dis- 
 cover thieves, &c. 
 
 To CONN, 11. a. [comwn. Sax.] to learn or get without 
 book. To give. SeeToCoN. 
 
 CONNA'TE, a. [from can, with, and natns, born, Lat.] born 
 with : innate ; born at the same time as another. 
 
 CONNATURAL, a. [from con, with, and nntvra, nature, 
 Lat.J consistent with, or flowing from nature ; of the same 
 original or nature. 
 
 CONNATURA'LITY, s. resemblance of nature ; or an 
 essential resemblance and connection. 
 
 CONNATURALLY, ad. in such a manner as to be born 
 with, or innate. 
 
 CONNATURALNESS, s. the quality of being born with, 
 of being innate or interwoven in our nature. 
 
 CO'NNAUGHT, the most westerly province in Irehn*!, 
 containing the counties of Leitrim, Sligo, Mayo, Roscolw 
 
 1»7
 
 CON 
 
 CON 
 
 men, aiid Galnay. It is hounded on the W. and N, W. hy 
 the ocean, on the N. l>y Ulster, and on tlie E. and S. hy 
 Loinsterand Munstcr. It contains 290 parishes, andG5,821 
 houses, and is 130 miles in lenglli, and 8t in breadth. It 
 has no considerable rivers, besides the Shainion; but has 
 several convenient bays and creeks. It is fertile in many 
 places, but thinly inhabited ; but, by the introduction of 
 the linen inanufactnre, tlie number of inhabitants bejjins to 
 increase. 
 
 To CONNE'CT, v. a. [from eon, with, and jtectn, to knit, 
 Lat.] to .join together by some intermediate means, alhiding 
 to the union formed hy cement; to join together the mem- 
 bers of a period, or the arguments of a discourse, in such a 
 manner as they shall have a mutual dependence on each 
 like the links of a chain. 
 
 CONNE'CTICUT, one of the five states of New England. 
 It is 73 miles long, and about 41 broa<l, and is bounded on 
 the W. by New York, on tlie N. by Massachnsets, on the 
 E. by Rhode Island, and on the S. and S. E. by the Sound, 
 which divides it from Long Island. Though subject to the 
 extremes of heat and cold, and to freciucnt and sudden 
 changes of weather, the country is healthful, and the most 
 populous, in proportion to its cstcnt, of any of the United 
 States ; in 1790, the number of the inhabitants was 237,940, 
 of which 2764 were slaves. It lesemblts a well cultivated 
 garden, producing, with moderate labosir, the necessaries 
 and conveniences of life in abundance. The inhabitants are 
 of the religious denomination of Independents. Its princi- 
 pal rivers are the Connecticut, the Housatonik, and the 
 Thames. It contains the comities of Hartford, Newhaven, 
 Now London, Fanfield, Windham, Litchfield, Middlesex, 
 and Tolland. The river Connecticut rises in the N. part of 
 New Hampshire, separatinij that state from Vermont, enters 
 Massachnsets at Northficld, crosses that state, enters Con- 
 necticut about 7 miles N. of Hartford, and after dividing 
 the latter state nearly in the centre, runs into the sea at the 
 N. E. end of Long Island Sound. Rctween Walpole on the 
 E. and Westminster on the W. side of the river, are the 
 great falls, over which a tiridge, 160 feet in length, was built 
 in 1784, the first ever erected over this noble river, which is 
 navigable above 40 miles for large vessels, and much farther 
 for small ones. 
 
 CONNECTION, «. SccConnexion. 
 
 CONNE'CTIVE, o. having the power of joining different 
 things together, so as they may have a mutual dependence 
 on each other. 
 
 CONN "^'CTIVELY, nrf. jointly ; in union ; Iiaving mutual 
 dependence on each other, arising from union. 
 
 ToCONNE'X, V. a. [from con, with, and necto, to knit, 
 Lat.] to join, link, or fasten several things to each other. 
 
 CONNE'XION, s. [from ran, wilh, and necto, to knit, Lat.] 
 a relation whereby one thing adheres to, and depends on 
 another; the act of fastening things together in such a 
 manner, that they may stick as if joined by cement, and 
 depend on each other like the links of a chain; depen- 
 dence ; commerce ; union formed by interest. 
 
 CONNE'XIVE, a. that has the force of joining or uniting 
 together. 
 
 CONNIVANCE, s. the beholding or seeing any fault 
 without taking notice ofit, orpunisliing the coiinnitter. 
 
 To CONN I'VE, 11. n. (from mn. \\\\\i, to strengthen the 
 signification, and niveo, to wink, Lat.] to wink ; to pass by 
 a fsnif without takiug notice ofit, or punisjiing the committer. 
 
 CONNOISSE'UIl, .?. [Tr-l one who is perfectly acquaint- 
 ed with any object of knowledge or taste; a perfect judge 
 or critic. Sometimes used of a pn tended critic. 
 
 To CONNOTE, 11. n. ffrom cnu, with, and luitn, a mark, 
 Iviif.] to implv, to signify by implication. 
 
 CONNU'l'IAL, u. [ciKinidiialis, from ron, with, and nvho, to 
 marrv.Lat.J relating to marriage; conjugal. 
 
 C()'N01D, s. [hdnacirlcs, fr<im linnos, a cone, and' tidos, 
 form, fir.] in geometry, a solid body resembling a cone, 
 c-HCf'I)tiiig that it has an ellipsis instead of a perfect circle 
 ''or its base. 
 
 198 
 
 C0N0rDIC.\L, a. [hmorides, from noiws, a cone, and 
 eidoi, fonn, Gr.] approaching to a conic form. 
 
 To CONQUA'SSATE,!-. n. [from con, with, to strengthen 
 the signification, and quasso, to shake much, Lat.] to shake 
 or agitate with violence. Used only by technical writers. 
 
 CONQUASS.VTION, s. violent motion; agitation. 
 
 To CONQUER, v. a. [conguerir, Fr.] to subdue, overcome, 
 or over-run bv force of arms ; to surmount ; to get tlie bet- 
 ter of any dirticulty. Neuterly, to obtain the victory. 
 Synon. It requires courage and valour io conquer ; en- 
 deavour and resolution to subdue ; patience and perseve- 
 rance to overcome. 
 
 CONQUERABLE, a. possible to be overcome. Figura- 
 tively, easily surmounted. 
 
 CO'NQUEROR, f . one who surmounts any difficulty , 
 one who subdues by force of arms. 
 
 CO'NQUEST, s. [coiujueste, Fr.] the act of subduing by 
 force of arms; the tiling gained by victory ; victory or suc- 
 cess in arms. 
 
 CONSANGU'INEOUS, a. [from con, with, and san^th, 
 blood, Lat.] near akin ; of the same blood ; revealed by 
 birth. 
 
 CONSANGUI'NITY, *. [from con, and gatiguit, bloo<t, 
 Lat. J relation by blood ; relation or descent from one fa- 
 ther. 
 
 CO'NSCIENCE, (by some pron. kunschience) s. [from 
 conscio, to know, Lat.] the faculty or act of judging of the 
 nature of our actions, whether they be good or evil, imply- 
 ing a comparison of them with some standard of mora! 
 action ; the determination of tlie mind with respect to tlic 
 quality of any action after its commission; the knowledge 
 of our own thoughts, or consciousness; real sentiments, 
 private thoughts, used with in. Scruple or consciousness, 
 used with ninke. 
 
 CONSCIENTIOUS, (consibisJiions) a. [from cotiscienlia, 
 conscience, Lat.] scrupulous ; examining every thing ac- 
 cording to the dictates of conscience, and acting conforma- 
 bly ; exactlv just. 
 
 CONSCIENTIOUSLY, arf. according to the direction 
 of conscience. 
 
 CONSCIENTIOUSNESS, (Iwnsicnshiousnfss) s. exact- 
 ness or tenderness of conscience ; an excess of scrupu- 
 lousness. 
 
 CO'NSCIONABLE, {h'onsMmaUe) a. agreeable to tlie 
 dictates of conscience ; just. 
 
 CO'NSCIONABLENESS, {Ji-onshionahlaiess) s. equity ; 
 reasonableness ; agreeableness to, or consistency with, tlie 
 dictates of conscience. 
 
 CO'NSCIONABLY, {hmisMonably) ad. in a manner agree- 
 able to the dictates of conscience; justly ; reasonably. 
 
 CONSCIOUS, {hons/iious)a. [from conscio, to know, Lat.J 
 to be inwardly sensible ofa thing, whereof it is possible to 
 have a distinct idea. Knowing from recollection or me- 
 mory ; knowing or understanding ; bearing wituess of, or 
 sensible of, from the instigations of conscience. 
 
 CONSCIOUSLY, {/(onsliiouslij) ad. sensibly : or haviii'.c 
 the sensation of the operation of some faculty of the miml. 
 
 CO'NSCIOUSNESS, (kiins/iiousness) s. the perception or 
 sensation of what passes in a man's own mind ; a'l internal 
 acknowledgement or sense of guilt, or of having performed 
 any particular acticui. 
 
 CONSCRIPT, /)(()•/. [from conscriho, to enroll, Lat.] writ- 
 ten or registered. Applied to the Roman fathers or seir.v- 
 tors, whose names were registered in the list of the senate. 
 A conscrivt, among the French, is a modern term for a new 
 raised soldier or recruit. 
 
 CONSCIU'l'TlON, s. [from ctnscriho, to enroll, Lat] an 
 enrolling or registering. 
 
 To CONSECRATE, i>. a. {con$eci-o, Lat.] to dedicate or 
 srtapart todivinc uses; to sanctify or appropriate, as pleas- 
 ing to the Deitv. 
 
 CONSECRATE, ;>«»•«. rco»isem«M, Lat.] set apan foi 
 divine uses ; dedicated to the service of God ; sacred. 
 
 CONSECRATION, s.Ww act of appropriating, dcdvcat-
 
 COM 
 
 in^, 6r Settinij apart any common of profane thing ti reii- 
 penis uses, by means of certain ceremonies or rites ; tlie be 
 iicilietion of 'lie bread and wir.e in tiic sacrament. 
 
 CONSKCKATOR, s. the person wi>o peiiyrras t?<e rit^s 
 hy which a thing is appropriated to divine uses. 
 
 CONSKCTARY, a. \consectaniis, from con, with, and 
 tectur, to follow, Lat.] folIowui>( as a conser^nence. 
 
 CONSE'CTARY, s. a proportion which follows from 
 aome precediiiK definition, lemma, axiom, oi" the like. 
 
 CONSECUTION, s. [conseciUio, from consequm; lo follow, 
 l.at.J a chain of consequences ; succession. In astronomy, 
 tiie month (jf consecution, is tlie space between one cojijunc- 
 tiou of the moon with the sun to another. 
 
 CONSE'CUTIVE, a. [consicntif, Fr.] following in an 
 uninterrupted succession; following; immediately suc- 
 ceed ing. 
 CONSE'CUTIVELY, ad. after or following as an effect. 
 CONSETSSION, s. [from con, with, and sentio, to tliink, 
 I^at.] agreement ; accord. 
 
 CONSE'NT,^. [from con, with, and sentio, to think, Lat.| 
 tlie act of yielding, or compliance with a request ; agree- 
 ment ; uiiVv of sentiment ; harmony, or agreement of parts. 
 8yN0N. SSf consent to the will of others by permitting; 
 we acTjiiiesa: in what is proposed by conforming ; we agree to 
 wliat IS said by approving. Prov. Tliey as;ree like cats and 
 diifr". — Theti as:ree like bells, they want nothins; but hmginf^. 
 
 To CONSE'NT, V. n. [consevtio, Lat.l to agree to ; ifo 
 \)Vomote the same end ; to yield or comply with a request ; 
 fi> ailmit. 
 
 CONSENTA'NEOUS,ff. Iconsentat^jts, Lat.] agreeable or 
 suitable to; consistent with. 
 
 CONSENTANEOUSLY, ad. in a manner agreeable to ; 
 (•onsistent with, or suitable to. 
 
 CONSENTA'NEOUSNESS, s. consistence ; agreeable- 
 ness. 
 
 CONSETSTIENT, (hmtsaishient) part, [from eon. with, 
 and sentio, to think, Lat.J universal ; uiuuumous ; general ; 
 agreeing, or united in opinion. 
 
 CO'NSEQIIENCE, i. [consecutio, from consequor, to fol- 
 low, Lat ] the relation or connexion between two proposi- 
 tions, whereof one follows or is deduced from the other ; 
 (hat which follows from, or is produced by any cause, or 
 principle ; event, effect, importance, moment, or con- 
 (ern. 
 
 CO'NSB^UENT, ■pan. [consequens, from conseqvor, to fol- 
 low, LatJ following from some premises, applied to argu- 
 ment. Following as an effect. 
 
 CO'NSEQUENT, s. the last proposition of an argument, 
 deduced from or included in some preceding proposition ; 
 an effect, or that which proceeds from the operation of any 
 cause. Consequent of a ratio, la aritlimetic, is the latter of 
 the two terms, or that to which the antecedent is referred ; 
 thus in a, b, or a to t ; b is the consequent, and o tlie ante- 
 cedent. 
 
 CONSEQU'ENTIAL, (knnseqtienshial) a. [consequens, from 
 cmisiqmr, to follow, Lat.] produced by a necessary chain of 
 causes anil effects, deduced according to the rules of rea- 
 son or logic. 
 
 CONSEQUE'NTL'VLLY, (konsequinshial'hi) ad. deducing 
 consequences, or making inferences ; according to the rilles 
 of reason or logic ; by consequence : eventually ; in a 
 regular series. 
 
 CO'NSEQUENTLY, ad. by consequence ; necessarily ; 
 inevitably, from a necessary connexion of effects to their 
 causes ; ui consequence 
 
 CONSE'PVABLE, a. [from conservo, to preserve, Lat.] 
 capable of being preserved or kept. 
 
 CONSE'RVANCY, s. [conservans, Jrom conservo, to pre- 
 serve, Lat.] applied to the courts held by the lord-mayor 
 for the preservation of the fisliery on tlie river Thames, 
 •Ahieh are st\'led courts ofconsei-vancy. 
 
 CONSERVATION, s. Iconsei-vatio, from conteno, to pre- 
 set ve, Lat. | the act of prescr/ing bodies or systems from 
 sorruption or decay 
 
 CON 
 
 CONSE'RVATIVE, a. [from coiuow, "to press n'c, I^t.^ 
 having the i)ower ofkeepiii'jlrom corrupiion or decay. 
 
 CONSKRVATOU, s. [Lat.] one who preserves from 
 corruption or (fecay ; an officer established for the preser 
 vution of till- privileges gia'ifed some cities ; or a person who 
 is authorized to determine differences arisinji between the 
 citizens. 
 
 CONSE'UVATORY, s. \imm consei-vn, to preserve, Laf. 
 a place wherein a tbiug is Kept in a manner suitable to its 
 nature, as fi'.h in a pond. 
 
 CONSERVATORY, a. having the power of preserving a 
 thing from corruption or decay. 
 
 CO'NSKHVE, s. a sweet-meat made by boiling fruit in 
 clarified sugar. In pharinacy, a medicine in the form of an 
 electuary', made of the leaves of Howers, beat with su;;ar in ;i 
 nioilar ; a place to keep and preserve vegetables in. 
 
 To CONS E'RVE, «. a. [coHscrio, Lat.] to preserve with 
 out loss or detriment. 
 
 CONSE'RVER, J. alayerup: arcpositor; one that prc- 
 senes anv thing from loss ordiniinulinn. 
 
 CONSE'S.SION, s. [from con, together, and sedeo, lo sit, 
 Lat.] a sitting together. 
 CONSE'SSOR, s. [Lat.] one who sits with another. 
 To CONSIT)ER, v. a. [cnnsidcro, Lat.] t> think much on a 
 thing; to revolve of\en in the mind ; to meditate on. 'I'o 
 view with attention. To determine or resolve after weigh- 
 ing the consequences of an action. To remark ; to call to 
 mind; to observe. To respect: not to despise. To re- 
 quite ; to reward for his trouble. JN'euterly, to think lua- 
 turelv ; to deliberate. To doubt ; to iiesiJate. 
 
 CONSI'DERABLE, a. that is worthy of notice, regard, 
 or attention ; important ; valuable ; respectable ; large or 
 conveving a sense betweeu little and great. 
 
 CONSI'DERABLENESS, s. importance ; value ; digni- 
 ty ; a quality which claims our notice. 
 
 CONSI'DERABLY, ud. in a t'.egree deserving some, 
 tliough not the highest, notice ; in ,i great degree. 
 
 CONSIDERATE, a. [from enusidero, to consider, Lat.J 
 serious : given to consideration or thought ; prudent ; pi- 
 tying, or moderate. 
 
 CONSIDERATELY, «rf. calmly; coolly; prudently. 
 CONSIDERATION, s. [considerutio, from eomidero, to 
 consider, Lat.] the act of thinking on ; mature thought or 
 deliberation; meditation; importance; worthiness of re- 
 gard ; motive of action ; influence ; reason ; ground of 
 concliifling, an equivalent. 
 
 CONSI'DERER, s. one who employs his thoughts or. 
 any subject. 
 
 To CONSl'GN, (honsin) v. a. [consig-no, Lat.] to transfer 
 one's property to another. In commerce, to send goods, or 
 direct them to another. Figuratively, to commit or entrust, 
 used with to. Nei terly, to yield, submit, or resign. To 
 consent orsulmiit. 
 
 CONSIGNATION, s. [consignation, Fr.] the act of 
 transferring property to another. In commerce, the tnuis- 
 piitting or sending goods to another. 
 
 COiNSI'GNMENT, {konslnment) s. the act of transferring 
 the writing by which property is transferred, or goods sent 
 to another to be sold. 
 
 To CONSrST, t'. n.[from con, with, which changes from 
 an active to a neuter signification, and sisto, to make stand, 
 Lat.l to subsist, or be preserved in existence ; to continue 
 in the same state; to \je comprised or contained ; t,i be 
 composed ; to agree or exist in the subject ; to subsist, or 
 ha\'e being. 
 
 I CONSISTENCE, or CONSISTENCY, s. the natural 
 state of bodies ; the degree of thickness or thinness, applied 
 to fluids; substance, form, make; uniformity of appear- 
 ance, action, or qualities ; free from contradiction, or variety. 
 CONSrSTENT, pnr/. [consistens, from cojuiito, to con- 
 sist, Lat.] not contradictory ; not opposite ; reconcileable ; 
 agreeing ; firm ; or solid. 
 
 CONSISTENTLY, orf. in such a mannej as to unply rto 
 contradiction; Sijteeably ; uniformly.
 
 CON 
 
 CONSIST(yRrAL, a. relating to some court where an 
 ecclesiastic is judge. 
 
 CONSrSTORY, s.[v(m»istorium, low Lat.| a court con- 
 sistiigr of ecclesiastics ; the place where an ecclesiastical 
 court is held ; ac^urt held at Rome, consisting of cardinals, 
 at \\hich the pope is president. Figuratively, any solemn 
 assembly. 
 
 CONSO'CIATE, {lic-:is0shiatc) s. [cnnsocio, from con, v itli, 
 and sociuv, a companion, Lat.] one who joins with another in 
 an undertaking ; an accomplice. 
 
 To CONSO'CIATE, (!;msos/iiate) v. n. [consocio, from con, 
 with, and socius, a companion, Lat.] to unite or join t«o 
 things together ; to cement, or hold together. Neuterly, 
 to unite or join with. 
 
 CONSOCIATION, (honsosidshion) s. an alliance, or con- 
 nexion; intimacv, or uniiw. 
 
 CONSO'LABLE, «. tiiat admits comfort. 
 
 To CO'NSOLATE, v. «. [cmsnhr, Lat.] to allay the sense 
 i:>f misery; to assuage sorrow ; to impart comfort. 
 
 CONSOLATION, s. [conwhtio, Lat.] that which dimi- 
 nishes grief, and alleviates misery ; comfort. 
 
 CONSOLATOR, s. [Lat.] a comforter. 
 
 CONSOLATORY, a. that affords comfort. 
 
 'lo CONSO'LE, V. a. [cnnsohr, Lat.] to cheer ; to com- 
 fort ; to lessen the sense of misery ; to diminish a person's 
 grief. 
 
 CONSOXE, s. [Fr.l in architecture, an ornament cut 
 upon the key of an arcii, which has the projecture, and oc- 
 casionally serves to support little cornices, figures, beasts, 
 or vases. 
 
 CONSO'LER, t. the person or thing which adminsfers 
 comfort. 
 
 CONSO'LIDANT, part, in surgery, having the property 
 of closing or uniting wounds. 
 
 To CONSO LIDATE, v. a. [from soUdus, solid, Lat.] to 
 form into a compact or hard body ; to harden. Neuterly, 
 o grow firm, hard, or solid. 
 
 CONSOLIDATION, s. theact of uniting into one mass; 
 the act of tmiting two parliamentary bills together. 
 
 COTsSONANCE, or CO'NSONANCY, s.[consonans, from 
 con, together, sotio, to sound, Lat.] in nuisic, the sounding of 
 two notes together ; and the union and agreement of two 
 sounds. Figuratively, consistence or agreement of opinions 
 or sentiments. 
 
 CO'NSONANT, a. Yeonsovatis, from cmi, together, and 
 snna, to sound, Lat.] agreeable ; consistent ; according ; 
 reconcileable. , 
 
 CO'NSONANT, s. [consonan.i, from con, together, and sono, 
 to sound, Lat. J in grammar, a letter which cannot be perfect- 
 ly sounded by itself. 
 
 CO'NSONANTLY, ad. in a consistent manner ; suitably ; 
 agreeably. 
 
 CO'N.SONANTNESS, s. the quality of agreeing with ; 
 consistency. 
 
 CO'NSONOUS, a. [from con, together, and som, to sound, 
 Lat.] agreeing in sound, harmonious. 
 
 CONSOPIA'TION, n. [fi-om consopio, to lull asleep, Lat.] 
 the act of laying to sleep. Little used. 
 
 CO'NSORT, s. \consnrs, frcnn con, with, and sors, a lot, Lat.] 
 a companion, generally api)lied to signify one who bears the 
 lot assigned by Provirfence to another, and appropriated to 
 a person joined in marriage to another; an assembly; con- 
 buhation ; concurrence ; union. 
 
 To CONSO'RT, V. n. to unite, join, or associate, followed 
 by uith. Actively, to join, or to marry ; to mix ; to ac- 
 company. 
 
 CON.SPICU'ITY,i. brightness; easiness to be seen even 
 at a distance ; the plainm'ss of any truth or proposition. 
 
 CONSPICUOUS, a. [from ron.'!pinu,, to take a view, Lat.] 
 easy to be seen ; to be seen at a distance. Figuratively, 
 eminent, famous, distinguished-; easily discovered, manifest. 
 
 CONSPI'CUOUSLY, ad. easily to be seen, or discerned 
 tiy tlie sight ; r?markable for some excellence; cmiiicutly ; 
 far .ynsly ; rcniiiikably. 
 2<X) 
 
 CON 
 
 CONSPI'CUOUSNESS, *. exposure to the view ; visi, 
 ble at a distance ; eminence. 
 
 CONSPI'RACY, i. [from conspiro, to conspire, Lat.]a pr»- 
 vate agreement between two or more persoLS to cormiit 
 some crime ; a plot. In law, it signifies an agreement be- 
 tween twoor more, falsely to indict, or procure to !»e indicted, 
 an imiocent person of fcluuy. A conspiracy to maintain 
 suits and (|uarrcls ; of victuallers, to sell tlieir victuals at a 
 certain price ; and of labourers aud artificers, to raise their 
 wages ; is also punishable by law. 
 
 CONSPni.ANT, part, \conspirans, from conspiro, to con- 
 spire, Lat. J joining with another in a plot, or other bad 
 design. 
 
 CONSPIRATION, i. [from conspiro, to conspire, Lat.J 
 See Conspiracy, which is most used. 
 
 CONSPIRATOR, j. [from conspiro, to conspire, Lat.] one 
 who has secretly engaged to carry on a plot, or some bad 
 design with another. 
 
 To CONSPITiE, a. n. [from con, together, antl spiro, to 
 blow or breath, Lat.] to enter into an agreement with others 
 to carry on a plot or other bad design. To agree together- 
 
 CONSPl'RER, s. a conspirator ; a plotter. 
 
 CONSPI'RING, part, tending mutually to produce one 
 design. In mechanics, eonpirin^ powers^ttre such as do not 
 act in directions opposite to cat'li other. 
 
 CONSTABLE, *. [it is supposed from cemes siabuU, Lat. 
 master of the horse] an officer in various manners. Lvi-d 
 High Constable was anciently an officer of the crown, both of 
 England and France, w hose authority was so very extensive, 
 that the office has long since been laid aside in both king- 
 doms, except on particular occasions, as the king's corona- 
 tion. The function of the Coiutahh of England consisted ia 
 the care of the common peace of the land, in deeds of arms, 
 and in matters of war. The first constable was created by 
 the Conqueror ; the office continued hereditary till the IStfi 
 of Henry VIII. when it was laid aside, as being so powerful 
 as to l;ecome troublesome to the king. From tlie Lord High 
 Constable are derived those inferioi ones, since called the 
 Consffrt/cs of hundreds aud franchises, ordained in the 13th 
 of Edward I. by the statute of Winchester, for the preserra 
 tion of the peace, and view of armour, which appointed that 
 two constables should be chosen in every hundred. These 
 are what we now call High Constables : and under these it 
 was found necessan' to appoint others in every town, called 
 Petti/ Constables. We have also constables denominated 
 from particular places; as Constable of the Tower, of Dover 
 castle, of Windsor castle, of the castle of Caernarvon, and 
 many other castles in Wales, whose office is the same with 
 that of the Castellans, or governors of castles. 
 
 CO'N.STABLESHIP, s. the office of a constable. 
 
 CONSTANCE, the name of two lakes that separate Swis- 
 serland from Germany. The Upper lake, or the Boden .See, 
 is 1.5 leagues long, and 6 where broadest. Tlwough this 
 lake the Rhine Hows, and then enters the Lower Lake, or 
 Zeller Zee, which is 16 miles long, aud 10 in its greatest 
 breadth. 
 
 CO'N.STANCE, a city of Suabia, pleasantly seated On the 
 Rhine, between two lakes of the same name. It has mag- 
 nificent public bnihiings, and once flourished in commerce ; 
 but is now nnuh reduced. 
 
 CONSTANCY, .s. [fO)w<«n<ia, Lat.] a state which admits 
 of no change or alteration, opposed to mutability i consist- 
 ency ; resolution ; steadiness to any principle in spite of 
 threats, dangers, promises, or rew ards ; a firm aud inyiolabl- 
 attachment to a person, iucluding an nnaltrrable affection : 
 veracity, or the consistency of a narrative with the nature of 
 things. Synon. Ridves pride themselves more in bcin^ 
 fickle than in the steadiness of their engagements. If the af- 
 fections of the ladies do not last for ever, it is less owing to 
 a want oi constancy to the persons they love, than to a want 
 of resolution in the object of their affections. 
 
 CO'NSTANT. a. [carntans, Lat.] firm ; strongly and im- 
 moveable atta<-hed to any principle or person ; as$iduuu3, ot 
 without iutcruusfion.
 
 CON 
 
 CON 
 
 CONSTANTINOTLE, the ancient Byzantium, one of 
 
 the largest and most celebrated cities of l'uro|)e, staiulin^' iit 
 the S. E. extremity of Itouiaiii-.i, and ea\iiud ol llu' Olloniaii 
 Empire. It is pleasantly seated lietut-eii the I'laek Sea and 
 the Sea of Marmora, on a neel'. ot land separated from Nato- 
 lia by a strait a tulle in breadth. The j,fran(l seigniors pa- 
 lace called the Serajilio, is im the sea side, surrounded by 
 walls flaukedwith towers, and is 7 miles in circumference, 
 including the gardens. It contains, besides the public 
 offices, and the apartments of the sultan and the women, lfi2 
 odas, or ^^partments for the janizaries. It is covered with 
 lead, as are all the palaces <)i' the sultan. Its principal en- 
 trance is of marble, and called the I'orte (in Turkish, Capi) 
 uhence the denomination of the Ottumaii Porte is given to 
 the Turkish empire. Fronting the great gate of the ser- 
 Mglio, is the celebrated royal nios(iae of St. Sophia, built for a 
 CJiristian church by the emperor Justinian, to which the 
 grand seignior goes in person every Friday. In the castle 
 of the seven towers, to which an eighth has been added, si- 
 tuated near the sea of Marmora, state prisoners are con- 
 fined. The bazars, or markets, are sijuare buildings, co- 
 vered with domes, and supported by arcades. The num- 
 ber of houses in Constantinople must be prodigious, since 
 30,000 of then) have been destroyed bv fire in a day, with- 
 out greatly changing the aspect of the cir^,-. The houses in 
 general are crowded with inhabitants, yet they have a mean 
 appearance on the outside, where there are few or no win- 
 dows, and the streets are narrow ; even the i)alaces of the 
 grandezc have nothiu"; remarkable on the outside, but with- 
 in they are decorated with splendid and costly ornaments. 
 Here are reckoned .3770 streets and lanes, which are never 
 clean, and the inhabitants are visited by the plague almost 
 every year. The inhabitants have been estimated at 800,000, 
 of which about half are Turks, two-thirds ot tiie other half 
 Greeks, Armenians, and Franks, and the rest Jews. The 
 great square, near the luosque of the sidtan Bajazet, is the 
 place for public diversions, where the jugglers and niounte- 
 Itanks display their ticks. The street called Adrianople, 
 is the longest and broadest in the city. The circumference 
 of the city is by some said to be 15 miles, and by Tournefort 
 23 miles ; to which if we add the suburbs, it may be 34 miles 
 in compass. The suburb called Pera is delightfully situated, 
 and is the place where the ambassadors of England, France, 
 Holland, ic. reside. Constantinople is built in form of a 
 triangle, and, as the ground rises gradually, there is a view 
 of the whole town from the sea, in which the palaces, 
 mosques, bagnios, and caravansaries, rising above the other 
 houses, have a grand etVect. The harbour is spacious and 
 convenient. Constantinople is situated 112 miles E. S. E. of 
 Adrianople, fiTO S. K. of Vienna, and 1500 E. S. E. of Lou- 
 don. Lat. 41 N. Ion. 28. 59. E. 
 
 CONSTANTINOPLE, The Strait of, anciently the 
 Thracian Bosphovus, forms the communication between the 
 Euxine or Black Sea, and the Propontis or Sea of Marnioia. 
 t is the boundary between Europe and Asia in this iiait, 
 and is 20 miles long, and, where narrowest, a mile and a 
 quarter broad. The adjacent country is remarkably beau- 
 tiful. On one side of the strait is situated Constantinople, 
 find on the other Scutari, which is considered asa suburb to 
 the city. 
 
 CO'NSTANTLY, ad. in an invariable, consistent, or un- 
 alterable manner ; without ceasing ; perpetually. 
 
 To CONSTELLATE, v. ji. Tfrom con, together, and stdh, 
 a star, Lat.] to shine with a collected lustre, or general light. 
 Activelv, to unite several shining bodies in one splendour. 
 
 CONSTELLATION, s. in astronomy, a system of seve- 
 ral stars that are seen in the heavens, near to one another. 
 Astronomers, for the better distinguishing and observing the 
 stars, have reduced the constellations to the form of aniinals, 
 US men, bulls, bears, cW-. or to the images of some things 
 known, as of a crown, a harp, a balance, tVc. or give them 
 the names of those whose memory, in consideration of some 
 noble exploit, they had a raind to perpetuate. An assem- 
 Llajjc of splendours, or excellencies, 
 
 D 
 
 CO N.STEIS NATION, ». \comttrniitio, fromeotwtffrno.lo-, 
 astonish, Lat.] amazement, or wonder, occasioned by seme 
 unexpected, great, and terrible object. 
 
 To CONSTIPATE, v. u. \cun, together, and *</;«>, to eram, 
 Lat.] to crowd together, or reduce into a narrow compass ; 
 to thicken any fluid body; to stuft'up, or stop any passage 
 In physic, to bind, or lender costive. 
 
 CONSTIPATION, A', the act of crowding into a narrow 
 compass; the forcing the particles of a body closer than 
 they were before ; tlio- act of thickening, applied to fluids; 
 stoppage or obstwction caused by fulness; costivcness. 
 
 CONSTITUENT, a. [from ceiistitim, to constitute, Lat.] 
 that makes any thing wliat it is ; elemental; essential; ori- 
 ginal ; necessary to existence ; that of which any thing 
 consists. 
 
 CONSTITUENT, s. [from constituo, to constitute, Lat.] 
 the person or thing which constitutes to the formation of a 
 thing: one who authorizes or fleputes another to act for 
 him; that which is necessary or essential to the being or 
 subsistenae of a thing. '' 
 
 To CO'NSTITUTE, v. a. [from con, together, and siatito, 
 to place, Lat.] to give existence to a thing ; to give a thing 
 its particular nature and properties ; to make a thing lo be 
 what it is. Applied fo law, lo enact, pass, or establish. 
 
 CO'N.STITUTER, *. the person who appoints another to 
 act for hini. 
 
 Ct^NSTITUTION, v. a. [from constituo, to constitute, 
 Lat.] the act of csiai)lisliing ; disposing; producing the 
 particular texture of the parts of a body; the habit or tem- 
 perament of a body, arising from a peculiar disposition and 
 quality of its parts ; temper of mind ; and established form 
 of government ; particular law ; established usage ; insti- 
 tution. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL, n. flowing from the particular 
 temperament or habit of a person's bodv, or from the pe- 
 culiar temper and disposition of his mincl ; implanted in the 
 very nature of a thing ; consistent with the form of govern- 
 ment ; legal. 
 
 CONSTITUTIVE, a. that constitutes any thing what it 
 is ; elemental ; essential ; productive. 
 
 To CONSTRAFN, r. a. [conHvaindrc, Fr-]to force a per- 
 son to perform or refrain from some action ; to violate ; to 
 ravish ; to confine ; including the idea of force or pressure. 
 
 CONSTR'IANABLE, a. liable to force or compulsion. 
 
 CONSTRAINEDLY, ad. by constraint ; by compulsion. 
 
 CON.STIIA'INER, s. the person that forces or compels. 
 
 CONSTRAINT, s. {constrainU; Fr.] the act of over- 
 ruling the w ill or desire ; compulsion or force ; confine- 
 ment. Figuratively, reserve. Synon. The duty of a 
 child to its paent obliges it to assist him in his old age. 
 The weaker and softer sex is that which can least brook 
 constraint. 
 
 To CONSTRI'CT, y. a. [comtrictiim, Lat.] to contract or 
 bind chise ; to draw the parts of any thing closer to each 
 other; to cramp. 
 
 CONSTRI'CTION, s. [consfrictio, from consfrivffo, to bind 
 together, Lat.] the drawing the parts into a narrow compass, 
 or close together ; coritraction. Synon. Compression is 
 from an outwarfl force, constriction from some quality ; as 
 the throat is compressed by a bandage, au'l constriugtd by a 
 cold. 
 
 CONSTRI'CTOR, s. [Lat.] that which contracts. In 
 anatomy, applied to those muscles which shut up or close 
 some of the canals or tubes of the bodv. 
 
 To CONSTRI'NGE, v. a. [consiringo, Lat.] to bind, or 
 force the parts of a bodv closer together ; to compress. 
 
 CONSTRrNGENT,";:w»f.[foH.Ti'nHg-ou, Lat.l having the 
 quality of binding or making the parts of a body approach 
 nearer to each other. 
 
 To CONSTRUCT, v. a. [from con, together, and stmc, tt> 
 build, Lat.] to form from different materials ; to build ; to 
 compile, or constitute. 
 
 CONSTRU'CTION, s. [constmctio, from cmt, together, 
 and ttrito, to build, Lat.] the act of forming from an aisciii- 
 d 20i
 
 CON 
 
 b'mge of ditferent thinjjs, joined together Ni if li art and 
 rrgtilarity ; the form of a building: structure; tiie ruannt r 
 in which things are laid together. In grammar, tiie ranging 
 or placing the words of a sentence according to the rules, 
 or so as to convey a complete meaning or sense. Figura- 
 tively, the sense meaning, or interpretation, of a word ; 
 judknient; mental representation. Construction of Erpiatinns, 
 is the reducing a known equation into lines and schemes, 
 wliero.hy the truth of ih.e canon rule, or equation, may be 
 demonstrated geometricallv. 
 
 CONSTRU'CTURE, .v. an edifice ; a building; a pile or 
 frames composed of several things placed together with re- 
 gularity and art. 
 
 To CONSTRUE, v. a. [conslruo, Lat.] to place words in 
 a grammatical order, and explain their meanin;;. 
 
 CONSUBSTA'NTIAL, {conmhstnnshial) a. [from con, toge- 
 ther, and substo, to consist, Lat.] having the same substance 
 or essence ; of the same kind or nature, applied to material 
 bodies. 
 
 CONSUBSTANTIA'LITY, (konsubstantidlit,/) s. the ex- 
 istence of more than one in the same essence. 
 
 ToCONSUBSTATSTIATE, (konsuhstinsldalc) v. a. \con' 
 and substantia, Lat.] to luiite in one common substance or 
 nature. 
 
 CONSUBSTANTIA'TION, {konsubstantia^hion) s. the 
 union of the body and blood of Christ with the bread, 
 after consecration, in the sacrament, according to the Lu- 
 therans. 
 
 CONSUL, «. [Lat.J the title of the chief magistrates zt 
 Rome, which were created on the expulsion of tlip Tarquins ; 
 they ruled one year ; they were presidents in the senate, 
 commanded the armies of the republic, and decided the 
 differences between the citizens. A person commissioned 
 to judge between merchants in foreign parts, take care of 
 their interests, and prott«ct their commerce. 
 
 CONSULAR, «. \consalaris, Lat.] relating or belonging to 
 a consul. 
 
 CONSULATE,*. [cnnsulatM, irom consul, ?i Roman ma- 
 gistrate, Lat.] the office of a consul ; the time during which 
 a person exercises the othce of a consul. 
 
 CONSULSHIP, a. the office of a constd. 
 
 To CONSULT, II. n. [cvnsulto, Lat.] to deliberate toge- 
 Uier. Actively, to apply to for advice ; to act with regard 
 or respect to ; to act so as to promote some end. Figura- 
 tively, to plan or contrite ; to examine into the sentiments 
 of an author. 
 
 CONSL'LTATION, s.\consnhalio, from conanltn, to con- 
 sult, Lat.J the act of liking tiie advice of one or more per- 
 sons ; an assend)ly of several persons meeting together to 
 give their opinions on any subject. 
 
 CON.SU'LTER, *. one who applies to another for coun- 
 sel, advice, or intelligence. 
 
 CONSUMABLE, a. that maj be diminished, altered, 
 wasted, or destroyed. 
 
 To CONSUME, r. n. [ron.sii»no, Lat.] to^vaste by separat- 
 ing the particles of a body ; to diminish ; to lessen a person's 
 fortune or money bycxp<"nses; to destroy. 
 
 CONSUMER,*, one who spends, wastes, or destroys. 
 
 To CONSU'MM.VTE, v,a. [cunsommcr, Fr.] to perfect or 
 finish; to complete, or render complete ; to end. 
 
 CQNSU'MMATE, n. [from consummo, to complete, Lat.] 
 perfect ; complete ; finished ; without ilefect of any 
 circumstance or particular required foV its couii)letiou or 
 perfection. 
 
 CONSUMALATION.i.ifromfr-nmmwd, focomiilele, Lai.] 
 the completion or conclusion of any aclioji or undertaking ; 
 tiie fuial termination of all things. 
 
 CONSUMPTION,*, [from consmno, to consume, I^at.] 
 the act of constnning, wasting, or destroying; the slate of 
 wasting, decaynig, or perishinf,'. In medicine, a decay oc- 
 casioned by want of nourishment, or a preternatmal 
 Hecaj of tlie body by a gradual wastnig of the muscular 
 flesh. 
 
 CONSU'MPTIVE, n. liavin the quality of wasting, con- 
 202 
 
 CON 
 
 suraing, or destroying ; diseased or affected with a con- 
 sumption. 
 
 To CONT.\'BULATE, v. a. [from cun, witji, and tabula, a " 
 table or board, Lat.l to floor with boards. 
 
 CONTABULA'TION, *. [from c»,!, with, and tabula, a 
 table or board, Lat.] a. joining of boards or planks together. 
 
 CO'NTACT, *. \contactus, from cmitingo, to touch, Lat.] 
 touch, close union. In astronomy, a planet and star, or any 
 two planets are said to be in contact, w hen they are in op so 
 near the same longitude and latitude of the zodiac, that tli« 
 nearer body hides, either wholly or in part, the other from 
 our view. Also applied to the first or last impression of the 
 moon or inferior planet, on the sun's disk. In mathematics, 
 it is when one line, plane, or body, is made to touch another, 
 and the parts that do thus touch, are called the points or 
 places of contact. 
 
 CONT.^'CTION, s. [contactus, from contivgo, to touch, 
 Lat.] the act of joining or touching. 
 
 CONTA'GION, s. [contan-io, from contimro, to touch, Lat.] 
 the communicating a disease from one borW to another. 
 Pestilence, or that which affects a person with diseases by 
 unwholesome effluvia. Figuratively, ihc propagation of vice, 
 or the power which vice has to propagate itself. 
 
 CONTATilOUS, a. {conta^rio, from contin^o, to touch, Lat.] 
 infectious ; to be communicated from one to aivither, ap- 
 plied to the manner in which pestilential diseases or vices 
 are propagated. 
 
 CONTA GIOUS, *. the quality of propagating a disorder 
 or vice fi'oni one person to another. 
 
 To CONTAIN, V. a. [contineo, Lat.] to include any fluid 
 within its sides, applied to vessel ; to comprise, applied to 
 writings. Figuratively, to restrain or keep w ithin bounds. 
 
 CONTAINABLE, n. possible to be included within cer- 
 tain bounds ; possible to be included w ithin a vessel. 
 
 To CONTAMINATE, v. a. [contamino, Lat.] to defile ; 
 to pollute by base mixture. 
 
 CONTA'MINATE, part, [contaminatas, Lr-t.] defiled ; 
 polluted ; generally applied to the pollution of the marri- 
 age-bed. 
 
 CONTAMINATION, *. the act of pollution ; the state 
 of a thin<j defiled or polluted. 
 
 To CONTE'iMN, (contim)v.a. \t:ontemno, Lat.] to dcspise ; 
 to disregard ; to slight, neglect, or defy. 
 
 CONTEMNER, s. one who despises, scorns, or has a 
 mean opinion of a thing; one who hears the threats of an- 
 other without beinsj concerned ; a despiscr ; ascorner. 
 
 To CONTE'MPER, v. a. [contrmpcro, Lat.] to moderate) 
 or allav bv the mixture of >ome oi^posite qualilv. 
 
 CONTE'MPF-RAMENT, s. temperature or quality re- 
 semblins another. 
 
 To CONTE'MPERATE, 7). a. to diminish any quality by 
 the addition of its opposite. 
 
 CONTEMPEllA'TION, s. the act of lessening any qua- 
 lity by the mixture of a coutraiT one ; the act of tempering, 
 or nu)deratiug : the act of l)l."ndiug opposite humours. 
 
 To CONTE'MPLATE, f. u. [cnnicmphr, Lat.] to consider 
 with cfuitiuued attention and application. Neuterly, to 
 muse ; to think with great attention. 
 
 CONTI'-.MPLA'TION, .t. [ro»i'fw/)/n/i'o, Lat.] studious or 
 intense thought on anv std)iect ; the act of keeping any idea 
 brought iiilo the mind for some tiuu' actually in view ; the 
 eniplovmeut of the thoughts about divine things ; study or 
 speeidatiou. 
 
 CONTE'.MPLATIVE, a. given to thought: studious! 
 empliivrd in study. 
 
 CONTI'/MI'LATIVELY, ad. thoughtfully; attentively: 
 wilh deep alti'ution. 
 
 CON ri'.MPLATOR, s. [Lat.] one employed in study; a 
 sluilent. 
 
 CONTE'MPORARY, (usually pron. hMmporani) a. [con. 
 tnnpurain, Fr.] li'. ing in the same age; born at the same 
 time; existim^at the sauu' point of lime. 
 
 CONTE'MPORARY, i. one who lives at the s:i me time 
 with another.
 
 CON 
 
 CON 
 
 ToCONTE'MPORIZR, v. n. fAom mn iukI tcmjnn, Lat.] 
 toiii;iki' ciiMtciiiporary : to jil-.ici' in tlie same ai;e. 
 
 CON'I'K'Ml'i', s.[iviili;mjiiiix, Irom cim(n>mo, to despise, 
 J_at.] the act of JDokiiif,' on a tliiii:,- as an oliicct worthy of 
 si'urii ; and, on accoinit of its ini;anri('KS, unlit lor approha- 
 tion; the state of hoiii^' (lospisi'd. 
 
 CON'ri'yMP'riBI.E, «. worthy ot scorn on acconnt of 
 its vih'ness or insignitieaney, despised, or tliought unworthy 
 of notice. 
 
 CON'J'R'MPTiBLENESS, s. that quality wliich renders a 
 tiling' ihf ohject of scorn and contempt. 
 
 CONTr/.MPTIBLY, aU. meanly ; in a manner deserving 
 contempt. 
 
 C()NTK'MPTUOUS, «. using an insolent expression of 
 scorn and disdain, on acconnt of the meanness of a thing, 
 whether it he real m- imaginary. 
 
 CONTr/MPTuOlISLY, ml. in a manner whicli expresses 
 a meaii and di^<ia!^f^l idea either ofa person or thing. 
 
 CON-TBi^lPTUOL'SNESS, «. the quality expressive ot 
 an insolent disdain of a thing, on account of its real or sup- 
 posed meaiiufss. 
 
 ToCOM'K'KD, V. n. [co»i«CTirfo, Lat.] to strive or strug- 
 gle in opposition to another; to vie witii ; to debate witii 
 warmth. 
 
 CONTENDER, s. one who|opposes the opinions of an- 
 other ; an opponent. 
 
 CONTENT, a. [contentiis, Lat.] satisfied with one's pre- 
 sent lot, though not pleased with it; submitting without op- 
 position. 
 
 To CONTE'NT, v. «. [from cnntcntus, Lat.] to satisfy so as 
 to stop complaint; to conhne one's desires to that wliich is 
 in our possession ; to restrain our actions within certain li- 
 mits; to give a person his demands, so as to hinder him 
 from making any more ; to please ; to gratify. 
 
 C0^4TE'NT, i. a disposition of mind whereby a person 
 confines his desires to what he enjoys, without murmuring 
 at his lot, or wishing ardently for more. Applied to writings 
 or opinions, such as are implicitly believed or acquiesced 
 in without examination. In the plural, that which is con- 
 tained or included in any vessel or receptacle ; the capacity 
 of containing ; the purport of any writing; the chief tilings 
 treated of by an author. Synon. No restless or turbu- 
 lent man can ever enjoy true content. Saiisfadion hardly 
 ever accompanies immoderate ambition. 
 
 CONTENTATION, s. satistaction or content. Out of 
 use. 
 
 CONTE'NTED, part, resigned to the dispensations of 
 Providence ; satisfied with one's present lot, without mur- 
 muring at its d<>fectiveness, or desiring more. 
 
 CONTENTION, s. Uofiinuio, from contcndo, to contend, 
 Lat.] an opposition ot sentiments or opinion ; a warm es- 
 pousal of any doctrine or interest in opposition to others; 
 eagerness to bring about a design ; emulation. 
 
 CONTE'NTIOUS, (koiitaishiiws) n. inclined to oppose 
 the sentiments of another ; quarrelsome ; litigious. Cnn. 
 tcnUoiis. Jurisdiction, in law, is a court \\'liich has a power to 
 judge and determine ditferences between contending par- 
 ties. The lord eliief justices and judges, have a contentions 
 jurisiliction ; but the lords of the treasury, and the com- 
 missioners of the customs, have none, being merely judges 
 of accounts and transactions. 
 
 CONTEN'TIOIJSLY, {lumtcnshimshj) «(/. outof a fond- 
 ness for opposition or contradiction. 
 
 CONTE'NTIOUSNESS, {kontinsMomness)s. proneness to 
 oppose, contend, or quarrel with. 
 
 CONTE'NTLESS, a. dissatisfied with one's present con- 
 dition ; void of resignation to the dispensations of Provi- 
 dence. 
 
 CONTE'NTMENT, s. [contentment, Fr.] full satisfacti(m 
 in present enjoyment, without a wish for more ; pleasure ; 
 gratification ; or delight. 
 
 CONTERMINOUS, a. [from con, togeiher, and terminus, 
 m boundary, Lat.J bordering upon ; toiithing at tiie boun- 
 daries. 
 
 To CONTE'ST, r.n. [contester, Ft.] fodisput«, tooppof* 
 an opinion ; to call in question ; to contend with a person 
 for any right, jiroperty, or other subject. Neuterly, lo 
 strive, conteud, vie, or emulate. 
 
 CO'NTI'.S'J', .?. a dispute, or opposition of opinion* ; a 
 diflcn'Uce ; a i-ontroversy. 
 
 CONTE'STABLE, a. that may be disputed, opposed, or 
 controverted. 
 
 CONTESTAIiLENESS, *. possibility of beiag disputed 
 or controverted. 
 
 C( >NTESTA'TION, s. the act of opposnigtfac sentiments 
 of another; strife; contradiction. 
 
 To CO'NTEX, r. a. [from con, together, and texo, to 
 weave, Lat.] to weave together ; to unite by interposition of 
 parts. 
 
 COTSITEXT, i. [contextut, Lat.] the general tenor and 
 series of a discourse ; the parts which precede or follow a 
 sentence quoted. 
 
 CONTE'XT, a. [from con, togetlicr, and texo, to weave, 
 Lat.] woven close together ; interwoven. 
 
 CONTE'XTURE, s. the peculiar arrangement, order, o • 
 disposition of the parts of a body ; the composition which 
 is formed from an union of various and previously separate 
 parts ; constitution ; the manner in which any thing is wo- 
 ven or formed. 
 
 CONTIGNATION, s. [contignatio, from cnn, together; 
 and tignum, a rafter, Lat.] a frame of beams or boards joined 
 together; the act of' framing or joining the parts of a build- 
 ing together. 
 
 CONTSGU'ITY,.T. actual touching; a situation in which 
 two things touch each other. 
 
 CONITGUOU-S, a. [from con, together, and tmtgo, to 
 touch, Lat.] meeting so as to touch ; boidcrijig, applied to 
 countries or places which join. 
 
 CONTI'GUOUSLY.nd.in such a manner as to touch or join 
 
 CONTI'GUOUSNESS, s. touching ; nearness, so as to 
 touch. 
 
 CO'NTINE-NCE, or CO'NTINENCY, s. [from contineo, 
 to restrain, Lat.] restraint, or command over our thoughts 
 and passions; continuance or uninterrupted series; 
 chastity. 
 
 CO'NTINEN'*, iiart. [from continen, to restrain, Lat.J 
 chaste ; restrained from an immoderate use even of lawful 
 pleasure ; cojitiguous or joined to. 
 
 CONTINENT, s. [continens, from contineo, to hold toge- 
 ther, Lat.] a main land, not intersected by the eea; in con- 
 tradistinction to an Island which is surrounded with if. 
 The continents which best deserve the name, are two, the 
 ancient continent which comprehends Europe, Asia, and 
 Africa, and the new continent, which is called America. 
 Australasia or New Holland is by some considered as an is- 
 land, by others as a continent. We are not yet able to as- 
 certain the number of continents which exist, as it is uncer- 
 tain whether land or water occupy the polar regions. 
 
 ToCONTl'NGE, f.n. [from con, together, and ta?igo, to 
 touch, Lat.] to touch ; to reach ; to happen. 
 
 CONTl'NGENCE, or CONTINGENCY, s. [from con, 
 together, and tang-o, to touch, Lat.J tlie quality of being free 
 to exist or not to exist ; applied to future events, and op 
 posed to those which must necessarilv happen. 
 
 CONTINGENT, o. [from con, together, and tairsro, lo 
 touch, Lat.J not necessarilv happening ; casual. 
 
 CONTI'NCiENT, s. something casual, or uncertain ; » 
 future event which may or may not happen, according as 
 things shall be circumstanced. In law, it is an use limited 
 in a conveyance which may or may not happen, according 
 to the contingency mentioned in the limitation of use. And 
 a contimient remainder is when an estate is limited to take 
 place at a time to come, on an uncertain event. 
 
 CON'TTNGENTLY, ad. in a contingent, uncertain, ca- 
 sual manner. 
 
 CONTIxXGENTNESS,,?. the qualitywhich denominates 
 an action or future rvent to be uncertain with regard to il» 
 existence
 
 CON 
 
 CON 
 
 CONTITsTJAL, a. Lrrom coneinm, in h,M to;rcllier, Lat.] 
 incessant; without interruption; saecceding v>itiiout any 
 respite or intermission. 
 
 CONTI'WUALLY, ad. vifhout any pause or respite ; 
 without reasing. 
 
 CONTrNUANCE,s. an uninterrupted succession, habit, 
 or repeated act of the same i-;ind; ahode or dwelling f»>r 
 some time in the same phice ; ci jration ;. perseverance. 
 
 CONTI'NUATE, n. [trorn cnntmen, to. hold toi;etlier, Lat.] 
 intimately, or closely ; luiint rrupted ; unbroken, or in- 
 cessant. 
 
 CONTI'NUATELY, ad. wit,L continuity ; \\ itiiout inter- 
 ruption. 
 
 CONTINUATION, s. [contimiatio, Lat.] an uninterrupted 
 SHccession. 
 
 CONXrNUATrVE, s. an expression wJaich denotes con- 
 tinuation, permanency, or d'u.atioa. 
 
 CONTINUA'TOR, .s. he th>iti\eeps a succession without 
 interruption ; one who goes on with the work which another 
 has left iijipertVct, or carries it on. 
 
 ToCONTI'NUE, v. n. fcow#(«"o, Lat.] to remain with a 
 person ; to last; to endure ; to unite without any interven- 
 ing substance ; to proceed in an action without interrup- 
 tion. 
 
 COXTI'NUEDLY, nd. m a manner free from any inter- 
 mission, respite, pause, or cessation ; w ithout ceasing. 
 
 CONTl'NUER, s. one who perseveres in any action with- 
 out interruption or ceasing. 
 
 CONTINU'lTY, s. [fiom coviineo, to hold together, Lat.] 
 dose union without interruption or ceasing. 
 
 CONTINUOUS, a. [from conttrteo, to hold together, Lat.] 
 jotned together w ithout any chasm or intervening space. 
 
 To CONTO'PtT, f. «. [from con, will), to strengtlien the 
 signification, and torqneo, to twist, Lai.] to wrest, t^vist, or 
 writhe. 
 
 CONTO'RTION, s. the action of twisting; the twisting 
 or wresting of a member ofthe body out of its phice. 
 
 CONTO'UR, (contLiur) s. in designing and painting, an 
 outline which limits or determines any figure. 
 
 CO'NTR-A, prep. [Lat.] used in commerce, to signify the 
 side of an account contrary to the debt ; i. e. the credit 
 side. In composition, it signifies coHtran/. or np;aiust. 
 
 COTsTRABAND, a. [contrabando, Ilal.J that'is prohibited 
 by the laws of nations ; illegal. 
 "To CO'NIRAR.^ND, v.a. to import goods prohibited. 
 
 To CONTRA'CT, v. a. [from con, together, and tndio, to 
 draw, Lut.] to draw together ; to draw into one nrass ; to 
 comprise ; to make a bargain ; to betroth, applied to a 
 compact between a man and woman ; to acquire ; to reduce 
 lo a narrow compass. Neuierly, to shrink or grow short. 
 
 (CONTRACT, *. an agreement entered into by two par- 
 ties; a compact ; the act of betrothing; a writiji^ which 
 contains the terms or conditions of a bargain or agreement. 
 
 CONTRA'CTEDNESS, s. the (jualily which denotes a 
 thing to be reduced into a narrower compass; narrowness 
 or smallness of extent. 
 
 CONTRACTIIU'LITY, *. the possibility of being redu- 
 ccil to a less compass bv shrinking. 
 
 CONTRA'CTIBLE, a. capable of being reduced to a 
 iictrrower compass. 
 
 CONTRA'CTiBLENESS, s. the quality of being reduc- 
 ed 10 a less compass by shrinking, or of sufl'ering contrac- 
 tion. 
 
 CONTRA'CTILE, a. having the power of contracting or 
 shortening itself. 
 
 Cf)NTR.A'CTION, i. [coniractio, from con, together, and 
 tiaho, to draw, Lat.] the act of shortening a writing or re- 
 ducing the subitance of it to less compass; the act of shrink- 
 ing or decreasing in magnitude or dinmisions ; ihe i tale of a 
 thing shrunk, shrivelled, or drawn into a narrow compass. 
 In anatomy, it nieaiis the sliriiikiiig up of a lilire, or an as- 
 soniblagc of fibres, when extended. As paralytic disorders 
 generally proceed from a loo great relaxation ofthe fibres 
 in the part uliected; to, on Ihc other huiid, convulsions 
 2U4 
 
 and spasms proceed from a preternatural contraction of 
 the muscles ofthe part atTected. In grammar, the reduo- 
 tioii of two vowels or syllables iuhioiie. 
 
 CONTRA'CTOR, »■. one ofthe parties to a contractor 
 bargain. 
 
 To CONTRAUrCT, v. a. [from contra, against, and dieo, 
 to speak, Lat.J to oppose ; to assert a thing quite opposite 
 or contrary to another; to deny the assertion of another ; 
 to oppose ; to be opposite, orirreconcileablc with. 
 
 CONTRADI'CTER, i. one who opposes the sentimeuls 
 of another; an opponent. 
 
 CONTRADICTION, .?. the asserting by words that the 
 opinion of another is false; opposition; consistency; con- 
 trariety ; a speeiesof direct opposition. 
 
 CONTRADrCTlOUS, {hmtradihhioiis) a. inconsistent, 
 or opposite ; inclined to oppose, cavil at, or contradict an- 
 other. 
 
 CONTRA DI'CTIOUSNESS, (lioiitradikshiousnest) s. in- 
 consistence, opposition, or contrarietv. 
 
 CONTRADICTORILY, ad. inconsistently; in such a 
 manner as lobe gnilfy of inconsistencies or contradictions. 
 
 CONTRAprCTORINESS,/.the highest degree of ©i)- 
 position, applied lo truth or opinions. 
 
 CONTR ADFCTORY, a. [from corUra, against, and dko, 
 to speak, Lat.J opposite to, or inconsistent with. 
 
 CONTRADISTI'NCTION, s. the exjilanati in ^or deter- 
 mining the sense of a word, by producing one that lias an 
 opposite signification. 
 
 To CONTRADISTITS^GUISH, v. a. to distinguish or ex- 
 plain by contrast, or produeing a contrary quality. 
 
 CONTRAFI'SSURE, s. in surgery, a crack or fissure in 
 the skull, in the part opposite to that wherein the blow was 
 received. 
 
 To CONTRAI'NDICATE, v. a. [from contra, against, 
 and iiidico, to point out, Lat.] to point out a method contrary 
 to the general tenor of a disease ; as when a vomit seem 
 advisable, the patient's being subject to vomiting shews that 
 it ought bv no means to be prescribed. 
 
 CONTRAINDICATION, s. in physic, a symptom whicli 
 forbids that to bedone which the main scope of a disease at 
 first thought seems to point out. 
 
 CONTRAMURE, s. [contremur, Fr.] in fortification, 
 an o-it-wall about, or opposite to, the mam wall of a city. 
 
 CONTRANI'TKNCY, ». [from contra, against, and nitm; 
 to strive, Lat.] a contrary resistance, reaction, or a resistenct 
 to any force. 
 
 CONTRAPOSITION, «. [frcm contra, against, and po- 
 silio. placing, Lat.J the placing opposite, or over against. 
 
 CONTRAREGULA'RITY, s. contrariety to'rule. 
 
 CONTRA'RIANT, a. [Fr.] contradictory ; opposite and 
 irreconcileable in sense. 
 
 CO'NTR.'^RIES, J. idural of contrary; propositions which 
 mutually destroy each other, and cannot both be true at Ihe 
 same time ; or opposiles, which, being ofthe same kind, or 
 common nature, subsisting by turns in the same subject, are 
 as remote from each other as possible, and mutually cxpe. 
 each other; such arc whiteness and blackness, Ac. 
 
 CONTRARIETY, s. [ contranetus, trom contra, against, 
 Lai. J opposition ; inconsistency ; a quality or position oo- 
 posite lo, or destructive of, another. 
 
 CONTRA'RILY, nd. in a maimer ojipositc to, inconsifi- 
 teiit, or irreconcileable with ; dillerently ; in opposite di 
 reel ions. 
 
 CONTRA'RINF.SS, j. the quality of being opposed to, 
 or inconsistent with. 
 
 CONTRA'RIOUS, s. ['from coittra, against, Lat.]. opposite; 
 difierent in the highest degree. 
 
 CONTRA'RlOliSLY, «f/. oppositeljr ; in contrary oi 
 opposite directions ; in a manner inconsistent. 
 
 CONTRA'RIWISE, ad. on Ihc contrary ; in a contrary 
 maniirr. 
 
 CO'NTRAR^', a. [from contra, against, Lat.] applied lo 
 qualities or truths, which are such o\>posik'S to one another, 
 Ihat the former taiuiot subsist in the same subject, and tlit
 
 CON 
 
 TON 
 
 latter cannot be botli true at the same time ; inconsistent ; 
 disagreeing, in an opposite direction, or unfavourable, ap- 
 \)licd to the wind. 
 
 CONTRARY, s. \contrai-ies in tiic iilurai] a tiling v'.iicli 
 lias (luaiities opposite to tliose of aiintlicr ; a proposition or 
 truth opposite to another. On tlm ciintnirii, borrowed from 
 the commercial pinase per contra, si;,'nilies on tiie opposite 
 »ide, or in opposition to soniethinii; >vlii(li has i>ecn alleged 
 or offered. To t/iecnntrari/, to an intention or pnrpose quite 
 contrary; against ; or in opposition to any lliins. 
 
 To CONTRARY, v. a. [contraner, Fr.] to oppose; to 
 thwart; to contradict. 
 
 CONTRAST, s. [coiiirnsti', Fr.] in paiiitinsand sculpture, 
 an opposition or dinerence between tlie position, attitude, 
 Ac. of any two fiijnres, or the lines wiiich form olyects by 
 means whereof they cause a variety, and tend to set off each 
 other. In architecture, the avoiclin^j of the repetition of 
 tlie same thin;;, in order to please by variety; as in the 
 gallery of the Louvre, the pediments arc alternately arched 
 and aui^ular. 
 
 To CONTRA'ST, V. a. in painting, to place in a contrary 
 altitude, &c. in order to set off one fi^'ure by another. Fi- 
 guratively, to set in contrary positions ; to set one thing oft" 
 by coupling it with aiiOther. 
 
 CONTRAVALLA'TION, t. [from mntra, against, and 
 ivrf/n, to intreiieli, Lat.] in fortitication, the means used by an 
 army to defend themselves from tiie saUies of a town they 
 besiege, consisting ofa trench guarded by a parapet, with- 
 out musket shot of the town, and drawn between the be- 
 siegers and the town. 
 
 To CONTR AVE'NE, v. a. [from contra, against, and venio, 
 to come, Lat.] to oppose ; to obstruct tlie performance of a 
 thins ; to act contrary to a bargain, contract, or agreement. 
 
 CONTRAA'K'NER, s. be who opposes anotiierJ 
 
 CONTRAVENTION, s. [Fr.] an opposition to any law ; 
 a violation of, or acting contrary to, a law. 
 
 CONTRAYE'RVA, s. [from 'oo«fr«, against, Lat. and yer. 
 ra, poison. Span.] a Peruvian root, wbic'.t strengthens the 
 siomach, dispels flatulencies, and helps digestion ; is useful 
 in fevers, and recommended against the plague and other 
 malignant distempers, and is an excellent sudoritic. 
 
 CONTR ECT AT! ON, s. [from contrccto, to handle, Lat.] 
 a touching or handling. 
 
 CONTRFBUTARY, «. paying a tribute to the same per- 
 son ; concurring to promote a design. 
 
 To CONTRI'BUTE, v. n. [contribm, Lat.] to give or pay 
 a portion of money towards carrying on some common de- 
 sign. Neuterly, to promote, or bear a part or share in the 
 promoting anv design. 
 
 CONTRIBUTION, s. the act of payhig a share of the 
 expenses required to carry on any design ; a sum paid by a 
 town taken, or in danger of being taken by an enemy, to 
 prevent its being plundered ; a sum of money collected 
 from several persons. 
 
 CONTRlBUTnE. n. that promotes SuV design in con- 
 junction with 'ijlier lliiii;;s or rjei'JOds. 
 
 CONTRI BUTOR, £.;[tVom' contribm, to contribute, Lat.] 
 cme who bears a p;;i-t in the measures taken to accomidisb 
 any de-sign ; one who pays his share towards raising a sum 
 of money. 
 
 CONTRIBUTORY', a. promoting the same end ; paying 
 a share towards raisins: a common fund, or certain sum. 
 
 To CONTRI'STATE, r. a. \contristo, from trislis, sorrow- 
 ful, Lat.] to sadden ; to make sorrowful. 
 
 CONTRIST A'I'ION, s. [contristo, from tnstis, sorrowful, 
 Lat.] the act of making sad ; sorrow ; heaviness of heart ; 
 sadness ; gloominess ; grief; discontent ; melancholy 
 moan ; trouble. 
 
 CONTRITE, «. [covtritus, from cpntero, to break or bruise, 
 Lat.] in its primary signification, bruised, or much uorn. 
 In divinity, sorrowful for sin from a l<;ve of God. 
 
 CONTRITENESS, s. contrition ; repentance. 
 
 CONTRITION, s. [contritio, from contero, to break or 
 bruise, Lat. 1 in its primary sense, the act of rubbinij two bo- 
 
 dies against eacli otlier so as to wea"- off some parts of the 
 surfaces. In divinity, I iiat p<'nitence or sorrow for sin wiiicii 
 arises from the love (if (iod and virtue. 
 
 CONTlirVABLI^, (I. possible to be discovered, or piau 
 ned by the mind. 
 
 CONTRIVANCE, s. the projecting or planning tlu> most 
 possible methods to acconiplisli any design, or attain any 
 end. Figuratively, a plan ; a scheme ; a plot ; an artificf. 
 
 To C()NTlirVE, V. a. to invent, plan, or project the 
 means of attaining any end, or acconiplisliing any design. 
 Neuterly, to form, disigii, or lav a plot. 
 
 CONTRI VKMEN'F, »•. invention. 
 
 CONTRFVEll, .1. an inventor; a projector; one who 
 forms projects for the attaining an end, or accomplisJiinjt 
 some design. 
 
 CONTRO'L, (tii8 n in this -word and its derivatives is 
 pron. long, honlrbl) s. [conirole, Fr.] tiie account kept by a 
 person as a check uiion another. Figuratively, restraint 
 check; power; antliority ; dominion. 
 
 To CONTRO'L, r. a. to examine the accounts of an- 
 other by a check kept against him. Figuratively, to rci 
 strain ; to keep undc restraint ; to govern; to over-power : 
 to confute. 
 
 CONTRO'LLABLE, a. liable to be controlled, over- 
 ruled, or restrained ; subject to restraint. 
 
 CONTROLLER, *. a person who examiiips public ac- 
 counts by a check; one who has the power of over-ruling, 
 restraining, or governing the actions of another. 
 
 CONTR O'LLERSH IP, s. the oflice or compliaient of a 
 controller. 
 
 CONTRO'LMENT, s. the power of resti.iiuing the ac- 
 tions or active powers of another ; opposition; resistance. 
 
 CONTROVE'RSIAL,(roH;)oi'£»s;(irt/)n. relating to dispute, 
 oropposition rf sentiments; that may be disputed. 
 
 CO'NTROVERSY, *. [cotitroversia, from contra, against, 
 and lerto, to turn, Lat.J an opposition of opinions or senti- 
 ments, generally applied to disputes carried on with some 
 warmth in writing or print; a suit at law about the properly 
 ofa thing; opposition, or struggling against the force of a 
 thing. 
 
 To CONTROVET.T, v. a. [from contra, against, and verHy, 
 to turn, Lat.] to oppose the sentiments of another in writ- 
 in:;. 
 
 CONTROVERTIBLE, that may give occasion to dis- 
 pute ; that may be oiiposed. 
 
 CONTROVl'VRTl.ST, s. a disputant ; a perscn versed or 
 engaged in literary ai ars or disputations. 
 
 CONTUiMA'ClOUS, (hmUnmdshioiis) d. [rotit-imr^x, Lat.J 
 insolently obstinate, implying a contempt of lawful autho- 
 rity, and acting against it from a spirit of insolent opposi- 
 tion. 
 
 CONTUINIA'CIOUSLY, {hontitmSdousIi/) ad. in such a 
 manner as shews an iiisoleiit obstinacy, or disobedieiice of 
 lawful authority. 
 
 CONTUMACY, or CONTUMA'CIOUSNE.SS, s. Ffroin 
 contiimex, contemptuous, Lat.] disobedience to lawful au- 
 thority, including insolence, peiverseness, and the highest 
 degree of impudence. 
 
 CONTUIVIE'LIOUS, a. [coiiIiivkKosus, from contumco, to 
 swell, Lat.] reiuoachful; rude; sarcastic; contemptuous. 
 Inclined to utter reproach, or practice insults ; brutal ; 
 Productive of reproach ; shameful ; ii;nominious. 
 
 CONTUME'LIOUSLY^arf. in a rude, reproachful; cui- 
 temptuous, or abusive manner. 
 
 CONTUME'LIOUSNESS, s. that quality which arises 
 from, or denominates any expressions to be rudely reproacU- 
 ful, and •.I'lninidiiig with bitterness. 
 
 CONTUMELV, s. [contmnelia, Lat.] language a))onnd- 
 ing with the bitterest expressions, intended to subject a per- 
 son to the reproach of others, and to render him uneasy. 
 Figuratively, infamy, which subjects a person to the re- 
 proaches of otl'.ers. 
 
 To CONTU'SE, (koutuze) i: a. \con, with, to streiigliieii 
 the signitication, aud timdo, to beat, Lat.] in its primary 
 
 206
 
 CON 
 
 CON 
 
 signification, to beat together, to bruise. In surgery, to 
 hurt by a blow, or some blunt body, so as to discolour the 
 skin by an extravasation of the blood, &c. without breaking 
 it, or dfstroying its continuity. 
 
 CONTUSION, s. [contiisitt, from on, with, to strengthen 
 the signification, and tnwlo, to beat, Lat.] the act of beating 
 or tiruising. Figuratively, the effect of beating or bruising. 
 In medicine, a hurt occasioned by a fall, or blow from any 
 blunt weapon, which discolours the skin without cutting it, 
 or destroying its continuity. 
 
 CONVALESCENCE, or COM'ALE'SCENCY, s. [from 
 con, with, to strengthen the signification, and valesa, to grow 
 well, Lat.] a rccover\' of Iiealtii. 
 
 CONVALESCENT, «. [from co7t, with, to strengthen 
 the signification, and ruJe.ui^, to grow well, Lat.] recovering ; 
 or returning from a disorder to a state of health. 
 
 CONVE'NABLE, «. [mnvenahle, Fr.] consistent with ; 
 agreeable to; accordant to. 
 
 To CONA ETsE, r. a. [from con, together, and vetno, to 
 come, Lat.] to call together by summons ; to assemble a 
 number of persons into the same place ; to summons to 
 appeal, in a law sense. Neuterly, to come or assemljle to- 
 gether. 
 
 CONVENIENCE, or CONVETSTENCY, s. [from con, 
 together, and vcnio, to come, Lat] the suitableness, or fitness 
 of a thing to promote any end ; advantage ; profit ; ease ; 
 or freedom from any obstruction, difiiculty, or embarrass- 
 ment. 
 
 CONVETsIENT, a. [from con, together, and venio, to 
 come, Lat. J fit, suitable to effect an end proper or necessary ; 
 free from obstructions. Applied to situation, commodious, 
 seasonable. 
 
 CONVE'NIENTLY, Of?. suital)Ie with a person's ease, 
 interest, or advantage ; commodiously ; properly. 
 
 CO'NVENT, *. [from coH, together, and venio, to come, 
 Lat.] an assembly of persons dedicating themselves entirely 
 to the service of religion, and v, ithout any commerce witli 
 the world : the place inhabited by the rebgious of either 
 sejt. 
 
 CONVE'NTICLE, s. [a diminutive of cenvent\ an assem- 
 bly. Figuratively, a place of worship, generally applied by 
 varm churchmen to the meetings of nonconformists, by way 
 of reproach : a secret assembly for the contrivance of some 
 plot or crime. 
 
 CONVE'NTICLER, s.onn «ho frequents private and un- 
 lawful assemblies. 
 
 CONVE'NTION, ^.[from con, together, and venio, to come 
 Lat.] a treaty, contract, or agreemiiil between two or more 
 parties; also, an assenihiy, union, coalition. It is also a 
 name given to an extraordinary assembly of parliament, or 
 the states of the realm held without the king's writ ; as was 
 the convention of the estates, who, upon the retreat of king 
 James II. came to a conclusion, that he had abdicated the 
 throne, and the right of succession devolved to king William 
 and queen iMary ; whereupon their assembly expired as a 
 convention, and was converted into a parliament. Also, in 
 later historv, llie na'iic of that assembly in France, which on 
 the2Ist of Scptendjcr, 1792, abolished royalty and founded 
 a republic. 
 
 CONVE'NTIONAL, (konrinshional) a. stipulated ; or 
 agreed to by bargain <ir contract. 
 
 CONVE'NTION AUY, (honvenshionan/) a. acting accord- 
 ing to the articles of some agreement or contract. 
 
 CONVENTUAL, a. [canvimtucl, Fr.] belonging to a con- 
 vent. Substantively, a niunk; or one who lives in a con- 
 vent. 
 
 To CONVE'RGE, v. n. [from con, with, and wrrrn, to in- 
 rline, Lat.] to meet in a point ; to apiiroacli nearer to each 
 other till tliey join in a point, a^>pli<d to the rays of light, 
 or lines drawn ifroni different surfaces. 
 
 CONVEilGENT, or CONVE'lUJINO, /.ro-if. [from cot,, 
 v;ifh, and viif", co incline, Lat.] issuing from divrrs points, 
 and approdt.riiug nearer to each other till they meet in a 
 Voint. 
 
 200 
 
 CON VEHSABLE, a. written sometimes cnnv&rnble, but 
 improj^erly ; [conversable, Fr.] qualified or fit for conv'.'iffi- 
 tion; fit for conifiany ; afl'aule ; inclined to coiumuni ate 
 knowle Ige or sentiments to another. 
 
 CONVR'RSABLENESS, f. the quality flowing from 
 affability and good nature, ^^hich renders couversatioix 
 agreeable. 
 
 CONVE'RSABLY, ad. in such a manner as to engage the 
 conversation of others, and entertain them agrecaoly with 
 discourse. 
 
 CONVETIS.VNT, a. [conversant, Fr.] used or habihi- 
 atcd to. Familiarly acquainted with ; intimate ; having 
 intercourse with. Used with abont, it implies employed ; 
 engaged; relating to; having for its object; or con 
 cerning. 
 
 CONVE'RS.\TION, s. [from converso, to converse, Lat.] 
 easy discours-e with another ; a familiar discourse ; inter- 
 course ; commerce; behaviour; life; or moral conduct. 
 
 CONVETiS.^TIVE, a. fit for conversation, or intercourse 
 with men, opposed to contemplative. 
 
 T ) CONVERSE, i-. «. [con, with, and vcrsor, to dwell, 
 Lat.] i'l its primary signification, to live with ; to keep com- 
 pany with. Figuratively, to hold intercourse with ; to be 
 acquainted with by study ; to be used to ; to discourse. 
 
 CONVERSE, i. conversation, or the sentiments of a per- 
 son communicated in familiar discourse. Figuratively, fa- 
 miliar acquaintance. In geometry, the drawing a conclu- 
 sion from something supposed, and afterwards drawing the 
 proposition supposed as aconclusir)n from thence. 
 
 CONVERSELY, ad. with chance of order; iu a contra- 
 ry order ; reciprocally. 
 
 CONVERSION, s. [from con, with, to strengthen the sig- 
 nification, and vcrto, to turn, Lat.] the change trim one 
 state to another. In divinity, a change from wickedness to 
 piety, or from a false religion to a true one. In rhetoric, 
 the retorting of an argument, whereby it issliewii on oppo- 
 site sides. In algebra, the reducing an equation or quantity 
 sought, if in fractions, to one common denominator, omitting 
 the denominators, and continuing the equation in the nume- 
 rators only. 
 
 CONA'E'RSIVE, a. fit for conversation or discourse ; in- 
 clined to communicate sentiments bv discourse. 
 
 To CONVE'RT, V. a. [from cnn, with, to strengthen the 
 signification, and rerto, to turn, Lat.] to change into aoother 
 substance ; to change from one religion to another, gcrierally 
 used for a change from a false to a triw? one ; to change 
 the terms of a proposition ; to undergo or suffer a change. 
 
 CON ^'ERT, s. one prevailed on to change his religio'i. 
 
 CONVERTER, s. a person who persuades another to 
 change his religion. 
 
 CON\ ERTIRILITY, s. the quality of being an object of 
 conversion ; i>ossibility of conversion. 
 
 CONVERTIBLE, «. that may be changed ; that may be 
 altered with respect to its ([ualities ; that may be trans- 
 muted ; that may be interchanged, or used instead of an- 
 other. 
 
 CONVETxTIBLY, ad. in such a manner as to 1 e inter- 
 changes I, or used one for the other. 
 
 CO'NVEX. a. [cnnvixKs, Lat.] swelling to the view ; pro- 
 tubnant, applieel to the external surface of a globe, or cir- 
 cular liofly. 
 
 CO'NVEX, s. a convex body ; a body swelling externally 
 into a circular form. 
 
 CONVE'XEL), j-art. bending outwardly, applied to tl»e 
 outward surface of aiy round ixxly. 
 
 CONViyXEDLY, ad. protuberant; in a convex form; 
 or like the outward surface of a globe. 
 
 CONVEX'ITV, ,c. protuberance in a circular form. 
 
 C0NVI'7XLY, ad. in a convex form. 
 
 CONVE'XNES.S, s. spheroidical protuberance ; con 
 vexitv. 
 
 C( >N VEXO-CONCAVE, a. hollow -m one side, and con- 
 vex on the oilier. 
 
 To CONVE'Y, V. a. [conveho, Lat.] lo move from one plactr
 
 CON 
 
 COO 
 
 to anofhor ; 1o transport ; to transmit ; to tran.ifrf a riglit 
 or propiTtv tiiauo'lici- ; to iiiipmt ; to introduce. 
 
 CONVE'YANC'K, s. the act ot'niovini,' a tiling from one 
 place to anotiicr; a method of sending' goods from out- 
 place to anollitT. ri^jiiratively, tlic means or instruments 
 j)y xvliicli any thin;; is introducetl from one [ilac(! to an- 
 other ; tlie transferring of property from one to the 
 other ; a writing or instrument by xvliicli property is trans- 
 ferred. 
 
 CONVEYANCER, s. a lawyer conversant in drawni;,' 
 writings whereby property is transferred from one person to 
 another. 
 
 CONVE'YER, s. a person wlio carries or removes goods 
 from one i>iiice to another ; one wlu) is engaged in coiuiiiot- 
 ing waters from one place to another by means of i)ipes, 
 channels, A.c. 
 
 To CONVrCT, I', [from con, with, to strengtiien llie 
 signiiication, and vincn, to conipier or convince, Lat.J to 
 prove giiiilv of some crime. 
 
 CONVI'CT, n. [from eon, with, to strengthen the significa- 
 tion, and vincn, to conquer, to convince, Lat.] convicted ; de- 
 tected in guilt. 
 
 CONVICT, s. a person proved to be guilty of a crime. 
 
 CONVrCTION, orCONVI'NCEMENT,"*. the proof of 
 guilt, either by being outlawed, by appearing and confessing, 
 or by incpiest; the act of proving a crime; confutation; 
 consciousness of guilt. 
 
 CONVI'CTIVE, a. have the power of convincing. 
 
 To CONVINCE, I'. «. [from emi, with, to strengthen the 
 signification, ami rmco, to conquer or convince, Lat.] to 
 prove any propo.«ition so as to make a person acknowledge 
 its truth ; to evince, manifest, or vindicate. 
 
 CONVI'NCIBLE, «. capable of acknowledging the 
 strength of a proofi)r evidence ; capable of being convicted 
 or proved guilty ; liable to be confuted. 
 
 CONVINCINGLY, ad. in such a manner as to make a 
 person see and acknowledge the truth of any proposition or 
 reality of anv fact. 
 
 CONVINCINGNESS,^, the power or convincing. 
 
 C0NVl'VAL,orCONVITIAL, rt. [««ii.!Vi«/«, from con, 
 with, and vii'o, to live, Lat.] relating to an entertainment of 
 several persons. 
 
 CONU'NDRUiM, s. [a cant word] a low jest or quibble, 
 drawn from the double signification of worcfs, or distant re- 
 semblance of tilings. 
 
 To CON\'OCATE v, a. [from con, together, and voco, to 
 call, Lat.] to call several persons together ; to summons 
 several jjcrsons to meet, or come to an assembly. 
 
 CONVOCATION, «. [convocatio, Lat.] the act of calling 
 several persons to an assembly ; an assembly. An assembly 
 of tiie clergy of England, by their representatives, to consult 
 upon matters ecclesiastical. It is held during the sessions 
 of parliament, anil consists of an upper and lower house. In 
 the upper sit the bishops, and in the lower the inferior cler- 
 {;y,Vhoare represented by their proctors, consisting of all 
 file deans or archdeacons, of one proctor for even' chapter, 
 and two for the clergy of each diocese, in all I-IS divines, 
 viz. 22 deans, 53 archdeacons, 24 prebendaries, and 44 
 proctors of the diocesan clergy. The lower house chuses 
 Its prolocutor, whose business it is to take care that the 
 members attend, to collect their debates and votes, r.nd to 
 carry their resolutions to the upper house. The Cotuocatinn 
 is summoned by the king's w rit, directed to the archbishop 
 of each province, requiring him to summons all bishops, 
 deiHis, archdeacons, &c. But since the year IfiO.'i, when 
 tile clergy irave un the privilege of taxing themselyes to the 
 House of Commons, they seldom have been allowed to do 
 any business; and are generally prorogued from time to 
 time till dissolved, a new one being generally called along 
 with a new parliament. The only equivalent for t;iviiig up 
 the privilege of taxing themselves, was their being allowed 
 to vote at elections for members to the House of Commons, 
 which they had not before. Likewise an assembly at Ox- 
 ford, consisting of the vice-chanceller, doctors, and masters 
 
 of arts, wherein the conferring of degrees, expulsion of i!e- 
 linquent uuniliers, anil otlur affairs relating to the univer- 
 sity, coiisid( red as a body corporate, are transac led. 
 
 To C( )N V( )'K E, V. a. [c<i>i, together, and voco, to call, Lat.J 
 to call together several persons ; to summons to an av 
 seiiibly. 
 
 To (CONVOLVE, r. n. [from eon, together, and voho, to 
 roll, Lat.] to roll together ; or roll one part over another. 
 
 Cl INVOLUTED, jwri. [from cun, together, and voho, t'j 
 roll, Lat.] twisted, writhed, or rolled up, so that one pait 
 laps over another. 
 
 CONVOLU'i'ION, s. [from con, together, and tokn, to 
 roll, Lat.] the act of rolling the jiarts of a thing over one 
 another; the state of a thing rolled up, so as its parts close 
 over each oilier. 
 
 To CON\'0'y, t'. ft. [couvoi/er, Fr.] to guard or protect 
 ships by sea, or provisions by land, from tuUijig into the 
 hands of an enemy. 
 
 CO'NVOY, s. in maritime affairs, one or more ships of 
 war, employed to accompany and protect merchant ships 
 against pirates and otiier enenues. In military matters, it 
 is a body of soldiers a;qjoiiited to guard any supply of men, 
 money, ammunition, or provisions, conveyed by land into a 
 tOM'U, army, or the like, in time or war. 
 
 CONUSANCE, s. [coiinoissance, l"r.] notice; knowledge; 
 or authority of inquiring into an affair. A law term. 
 
 To CONVULSE, )'. II. [from con, together, to strengtheii 
 the signification, and vello, to snatch, Lat.] in medicine, to 
 give involuntary motion or contraction to any parts of the 
 body. 
 
 CONVU'LSION, s. [from con, together, to strengthen th« 
 signification, and vello, to snatch, Lat.] in uedicine, a pre- 
 ternatural and violent contraction of the membranous and 
 muscular parts, arising from a spasmodic stricture of the 
 membranes surrounding the spinal marrow, and the nerves 
 distributed from it, and an impetuous influx of the nervous 
 fluid into the or^'ans of motion. The term is likewise 
 applied to any violent eruption, earthquake, or subterrti- 
 neous disorder; also, to sudden commotions or rebellions in 
 a state. 
 
 CONVU'LSIVE, a. [convulsif, Fr.] that gives an involnn- 
 fary motion, twicthes, or spasms. In medicines, applied to 
 those motions which should nalurally depend on the will, 
 but by some disorder are caused involuntarily. 
 
 CO'NWAY, a town of N. \Vales, in Carnarvonshire. It 
 is seated at the mouth of the river Conway, and is a large 
 walled tow n, w itii a castle, and the houses are well built and 
 well inhabited, and yet the market is but small. Near tliis 
 town, corn, timber, and oak-bark, are in great plenty ; and 
 they clear out at the custou:-ha\ise here, from 11 to 12,o;hx 
 bushels of grain every year. There is a vast body of mar- 
 casite up the river, with which corperas is made : and some 
 think there are veins of copper-ore near it. Formerly it was 
 famous for pearl-fishing, and there is still plenty of pea<l 
 muscles, but they are now neglected. It is 235 miles N. W. 
 of London. 
 
 CONY', s. [cmiicnlu!', Lat.] in natural history, a creature 
 which burrow s and breeds in warrens ; a rabbit. 
 
 To COO. V. n. I formed from the souuu] to make a mourn- 
 ful noise like a dove. 
 
 COOK, «. [coquns, from coqnn, to cook, Lat.] a person who 
 professes to dress victuals for the table. A cooh-maid is a 
 female employed in dressing victuals. 
 
 To COOK, !'. a. [coqiio, Lat.] to prepare victuals. Figura^ 
 tivelv, to prepare any thing for a particular design. 
 
 COOKERY', «. tlie act of dressing victuals. 
 
 COOK-ROOJI, s. a room in which provi,->ions are pre- 
 pared f-irtbe ship's crew ; the kitchen of a ship. 
 
 COOK'S RIVER, a large river of North America, which 
 flows into the North Pacific Ocean, in lat. 59. 10. N. Ion. 150. 
 -). \V. Captain Cook sailed up this river 7U leagues, witliout 
 finding any appearance of its source. 
 
 COOL," a. \hoelen, Belg.] a lesser decree of coWr.CLS , 
 approaching to, or somewhat cold. Figuralivcly, free 
 
 207
 
 COP 
 
 CO? 
 
 from anger or any violeiit passion ; not over fond ; iiidiffe- 
 ;tiit. 
 
 To COOL, f. a. [koelen, Belg.] to lessen heat. Neuterly, 
 to lose heat; to i)ecome less hot. Fiffniatively, to become 
 less eager by the impulse of passion or inclination. 
 
 C0'OLER,5. that vvhicli has the power of diminishing or 
 lessening the degree of lieat in any body: a vessel made 
 !ise of by brewers to cool their sweet wcrt in. 
 
 CO'OLY, ad. in such a manner as to be between hot and 
 cold. Figuratively, without heat or passion. 
 
 CO'OLNESS, s. a mirldle state between excessive heat 
 and excessive cold. Figuratively, acplicd to the passions, 
 freedom from any violent aftectiou , w--iiit of cordial love, 
 or ati'ectionate regard ; indifference. 
 
 COOM, s. [eciime, Fr.] the soot that gathers over an oven's 
 month ; the matter which works out of carriage wheels. 
 
 COOMB, or COiMB, j. a dry measure containing four 
 bushels. 
 
 COOP, ^. [kuype, Belg.] a vessel for keeping liquor; a pen 
 or inclosure to confine poultry iu. 
 
 To COOP, v. a. to confine, shut up, or inclose in a nar- 
 row compass. 
 
 COOPE'E, s, [cuitpi, Fr.] tlie name of a particular step or 
 motion in dancing. 
 
 COOPER, s. one who makes casks, or any vessel whose 
 parts aie held together by Imops. 
 
 COOPERAGE, s. the price paid for coopers' work ; a 
 place where cooper's work. 
 
 To CO-OTERATE, v. n. [fiom eon, with, and oprrr.r, to 
 work, Lat.] to labour with anotiicr, in order to perfect or 
 tinisli anv work ; to concur in producing the same etiect. 
 
 CO-OPERATION, s. Uie act by which two or more per- 
 sons or things contribute to promote the same end. 
 
 CO-OPERATIVE, n. concurring to promote the same 
 design or produce the same effect. 
 
 CO-OPERA TOR, j. he that endeavours to promote the 
 jarpe end. as others. 
 
 CO-ORDINATE, a. [from eon, with, and ordo, order, 
 Lat] of equal rank, order, or degree with another ; not 
 being subordinate. Thus shellfish may be divided into two 
 co-ordinate kinds, crustaceous and testaceous ; each of 
 which is again divided into many species, subordinate to the 
 kind, but c(i-orflinate to each other. 
 
 CO-ORDINATELY, ad. in the same order or rank with 
 another. 
 
 CO-O'RDINATENESS, s. the state of a thingof a degree 
 or rank equal with another. 
 
 CO-ORDINATION, s. the state of holding the same 
 rank or degree. 
 
 COOT, or COOTE, s. in natural history, a small black 
 water-fowl, frequenting marshes and fens. 
 
 COP, s. [con, Sax.] tlie top ; the top or head of any thing ; 
 or any thing rising to a head or point. 
 
 CO'PA L, s. [Span.] a resinous substance, pure, transparent, 
 of a watery colour, and a fragrant smell. It (lows out of the 
 trunk of a tree by incision, is intlammable, dissoluble in oil, 
 and used in disorders of the breast. 
 
 COPA'RCENERS, s. [from eon, witli, and ■pnrticeps, a 
 partaker, Lat.] such as havi' equal porlions in the inlurifanco 
 of their ancestors. Tims, the female issue, in default of 
 male, come equally to the lands of their ancest'-rs ; and by 
 the custom of gavel-kind in Kent, the father's lands, at his 
 death, are >>qually divided amongall his .sons. 
 
 COPA'RCENY, I. an equal share of coparceners. 
 
 COPA'RTNER i. one uho has a share in some common 
 stock or affair ; one who carries on business in conjunction 
 with another ; one cquully cencerncd and involved in the 
 same calamity, or enjoying the same advantage with an- 
 otiior. 
 
 COPA'RTNERSIIIP, s. a state wherein a person has an 
 rqnal share of the profits or loss </l trade, or is engaged in 
 \\v same ronimou design with another. 
 
 C()PA'Y'V.\, s. [it is sometimes written eania, copiri, 
 cupaiU, rapai/ia, cnpai/m,] in medicine, a gum wiiicli distils 
 "2OB 
 
 from a tree in tlie Brazils, and is made use of in disorders of 
 the urinary passages. 
 
 COPE, *. [See Cf)p] any thing with which the head is 
 covered ; an ornament worn by priests, reaching from the 
 shoulders to the feet ; any thing spread over the head. 
 
 To COPE, f. a. to cover, or arch over. To reward ; to 
 give in return. To cupe uith, to contend with; to fight or 
 combat ; to oppose. 
 
 COPENHAGEN, the capital of Denmark, is the most 
 uniform and best built city in the north. It contains 4 royal 
 palaces, one university consisting of -I colleges, 19 churclies 
 4000 houses, and about 60,000 inhabitants. The streets are 
 almost all broad, and in a straight line, well paved, with 
 a foot-way on each side, but too narrow for general use. 
 It was formerly the see of an archbishop ; but the Danes 
 have cuitailed their prelates of their lands, revenues, and 
 power. The haven is generally crowded with ships ; and 
 the ships are intersected by broad canals, which bring the 
 merchandise close to the w alehouses on the quays. Here the 
 Danish ships of war were almost all destroyed by the Eng- 
 lish fleet, under Sir Hyde Parker and Lord Nelson, Aprils, 
 1801 ; and the city itself has since sustained the calamity of 
 three days' bombardment by the British army, which ended 
 in the capitulation of tlie garriscm on the 6th of September, 
 IS07. It is about 3 miles in circumference, and is seated 
 on the E. shore of the isle of Zealand, 500 miles N. E. of 
 London. Lat. .55. 41. N. Ion. 12. 40. E. 
 
 COPERNIC.4N SYSTEM, i. is that system of the world 
 wherein the sun is supposed at rest in the centre, and the 
 l^Ianets and comets, with the earth, to move in ellipses round 
 him. The sun and stars are here supposed at rest, and that 
 diurnal motion which they appear to have from east to 
 west, is imputed to the earth's motion from west to east, 
 round its axis. 
 
 COPHS, COPHTI, (hofs, hofti) or COPTS, a name given 
 to such of the Christians o*" Egypt as are of the sect of the 
 Jacobites. The Cophts have a patriarch, styled the Pa- 
 triarch of Alexandria, having eleven or twelve bishops under 
 him, but no archbishop. The rest of the clergy, whether 
 secular ol" regular, are of the order of St. Anthony, St. Paul, 
 and St. Macarius, each of whom have their monasteries. 
 The Cliopts have seven sacran.ents, viz. ba|>tism, the eucha- 
 rist, confirmation, ordinalion, faith, fasting, and prayer. 
 They deny the Holy Ghost to proceed from the Son ; they 
 only allow of the three oecumenical council , those of Nice, 
 Constantinople, and Ephesus. They allow only of one na- 
 ture, will, and operation, in Jesus Christ, after the union of 
 the humanity and the divinity. With regard to their dis- 
 cipline, they circumcise their children before baptism ; they 
 ordain deacons at five years of age ; they allow of marriage 
 in the second degree, and put away their 'vives, and espouse 
 others while the first are living ; they forbear to eat blood, 
 and believe in a baptism of fire, which, according to some, 
 they confer, by applying a red-hot irini to their cheeks or 
 forehead. 
 
 COPIER, .1. one who transcribes a writing, or imitates 
 any coin, or oilier original. 
 
 CO'PiNG, s.[(Hippe, Sax.] in architecture, the upper tire 
 of maso'nv, which covers a wall. 
 
 COi'K)US, a. [((/j/ij.m.t, Lat.] plentiful; abundant; in 
 great quantities ; abounding in words and images ; not con- 
 fined. 
 
 COPIOUSLY, ad. plentifully ; in great quantities ; large ; 
 in a ditl'usive manner, applied to style or descriptions. 
 
 COPIOUSNESS, s. plenty ; abundance; great ipiaiitifies 
 of any thing; diliusi\eiiess; exuberance. 
 
 CO'PIST, .1. in di|ilouiatic science, signifies a transcriber 
 or copier of deeds, hooks, tic. 
 
 COPLAND, s. apiece of ground wbicli terminates with 
 an acute angle. 
 
 CO'PI'EI), «. rising or teminating in a point at lop. 
 
 CO'Pl'I'.L, s. spell, likewise ei>pel, eupcl, ciijUe, and ctipptl ; 
 [eiippe. Sax.] a vessel used by assayers and refiners to try and 
 refine their metals in.
 
 roQ 
 
 I. <•) R 
 
 . COTPF.R, s. [hoper, lii'lg.] a Irani, lieav\' mei?.\, of a 
 roddibli cofour, heavier than iron nr tin, Imt h^liter tlian 
 silver, lead-, or jjold ; the lianh'^t of all nietaLs next to iron, 
 and on inatafcoiuit miNed with silver and sold to give Iht'iu 
 >i [(ropur deffrec of liardness ; it is more liable to rnst than 
 any other metal; its ductility is very great, and itsdivisibi- 
 lity prodigious ; for, as Mr. Hoylc observes, a single grain 
 of it (Tisstilved in an alkali, will give a sensible colourtoiiiore 
 tlian 500,000 times its weight of '.valer. Copper also signi- 
 fies a large vessel or boiler fix<'d in brickwork. A enpper- 
 pliUe is a thin piece of polished copper, engraved with some 
 design. Oipper-wnrh is a place where copper is worked or 
 ma'iufaetured. Copper-nose, is a red nose. 
 
 CO'l'PI'RAS, s. [kopperoose, IJelg.] a vitriolic substance, 
 formed of an infusion of copperas stones or gold stones, in 
 water, afterwards evaporated by fire. U is made use of in 
 dying wool and hats black, in ujaking ink, in tanning lea- 
 ther, in making oil of vitriol, and a kind of Spanish brown 
 for painters. 
 
 CO I'PlillSMITII, s. a person who makes vessels formed 
 ofeonper. 
 
 CO'PPETiY, 1. containing copper; made of copper. 
 
 CO'PPICE, (it is often written and jiron. copse) s. [coiipeaiix, 
 Fr.] a low wood cut at stated times for fuel ; a small wood, 
 consisting of un.der-wood, or brush-wood. 
 
 CO'PPI.E DCJST, f. a powder used in refining metals, or 
 the gross parts se^iarated bv the coppel. 
 
 CO'PPLlvSTONES, i." lumps or fragments of stone, 
 broken from the adjacent cliffs, and rounded by being bowled 
 and tmubled to and fro by the action of water. 
 
 CO'PROSE, .f. a provincial term for the corn poppy. 
 
 COPSE, s. See Coppice. 
 
 To COPSE, V. a. to preserve underwoods. 
 
 CO'PULA, s. [Lat.] in logic, the verb which joins the two 
 terms in an afiirmative or negative proposition ; as, " poverty 
 makes a mem despised;" where makes is the copula : " 710 mi- 
 terii is the ohjeet of choice ;" where is is the copula. 
 
 To CO'PULATE, v. a. [copulo, Lat.] to unite, join, or link 
 together. Neuterly, to come together, applied to the com- 
 merce between animals of ditferent sexes. 
 
 COPULATION, f. the congress or embrace of the dif- 
 ferent sexes. 
 
 COTULATIVE, a. [from copula, to unite, Lat,] a gramma- 
 tical term that signiiies such particles or words in a language 
 that tie, join, and imite words or sentences together. In 
 logic, those propositions are called copulative, where the 
 subject and predicative are so linked together by copulative 
 conjmiciions, that they may be all severally affirmed or denied 
 one of another. 
 
 CO'PY, s. [copin, low Lat.] a writing which consists of the 
 substance of some other, and is wrote, word for word, from 
 some original : an individual book, or manuscript of an au- 
 thor ; an instrument by which any thing is conveyed in law ; 
 a picture drawn from an original piece ; a line or piece of 
 writing for scholars to go by. 
 
 To COTY, V. a. to transcribe a writing or book word for 
 word; to imitate a design or picture. Used neuterly with 
 from, and sometimes with after, before the object of imi- 
 tation. 
 
 COPY-BOOK, s. a book in which copies are written for 
 learners to imitate. 
 
 COPYHOLD, i. in law, a tenure bv which the tenant 
 Iwth nothing to shew but the copy of the rolls maiU- bv the 
 steward of the lord's court. This tenure the tenant lio'ds in 
 so'ue sort at the will of the lord, though not simply so, but 
 according to the custom of the manor. 
 
 COPYHOLDER, s. a person admitted a tenant of any 
 lands or tenements in a manor, which have, time out of 
 mind, been deviseable to such as will take the same by copy 
 of court-roll, according to the custom of the said manor. 
 
 To COQUET, t>. a.[coqtieier, Fr.] to entertain with amor- 
 ous discourse ; to treat with an appearance of love, without 
 any real atl'eetion. Neuterly, to pretend the lover. 
 COQUETRY, »'. [coqueterie, Fr.J a desire of attractini? the 
 
 F f 
 
 notice of the other sex ; an affictation of Icjvo expressed in 
 advances, without being atiected with tliat passion. 
 
 C()(iUE"l'']'E, s. [Fr.] a gay airy girl, who endeavours to 
 attract the notice f)f the otiiersex, and > ■/ an afl'eclalion of 
 tenderness to engage a numlier of suitors merely fVoui a 
 principle of vanity, and without any inclination to a conla^ 
 bial stale. 
 
 CORACLE, .■!. [eurvfyle, Brit.] a boat used by the Welsh 
 fishers, made of a frame of wicker-work covered with lea- 
 ther. 
 
 CO'I? A L, s. [coralliutn, Lat.] a plant of a stony nature, 
 growing in the water. 
 
 CO'RALLINE, a. [corallinvt, Lat. J consistinef of coral ; re- 
 sembling coral. This word is also used substantively for a 
 kind of marine productions resembling corals, several beau- 
 tiful specimens of which are in the annexed plate. 
 
 CO'RALLOID, or CO ItALLOIDAL, a. [from horallion, 
 a coral, and eidos, form, Gr.] resembling coral. 
 
 CO'RALWORT, s. in botany, a species of the dentaria, 
 found in shady plates. 
 
 COR ANICH, i. among the Scotch and Lish, the custom 
 of singing at funerals, aiicieiilly prevalent in those countries, 
 and still practised in several parts. 
 
 CORA'NT, .?. [coiiraiit, Fr.] a dance, consisting of a nimble 
 and sprightly motion. 
 
 CO'RBAN, s. [Heb.] a word which signifies a gift, offer- 
 ing, or present, made to Cod or his temple. When, among 
 the Jews, a man had thus devoted all his fortune, he was 
 forbidden to make use of it. If all that he was to give to Ins 
 wife, or his father and mother, was declared Corian, he 
 was no longer permitted to allow them necessary subsist- 
 ence. 
 
 CORBE, aAcourle, Fr.] crooked. 
 
 CO'RBEILS, s. [corbeille, Fr.] in fortification, little bas- 
 kets filled with earth, and used to shelter the men when 
 firing at the besiegers. 
 
 CO'RB EL, or CO'RBIL, i. in architecture, the represen- 
 tation of a basket. Also, a short piece of timber placed in a 
 wall, with its end sticking out six or eight inches, as occasion 
 serves, in the manner of a shouldering piece. 
 
 CO'RBY, a town of Lincolnshire, between Market Deep- 
 ing and Grantham. Market on Wednesdav. 
 
 CORCELET, .t. in natural histoi-y, that part of the fly- 
 class, which is analogous in its situation to the breast in other 
 animals. 
 
 CORD, i. [cnrt, Brit. J a string made of hemp twisted, 
 generally applied to that whith is composed of several 
 strands. In scripture, " The cords of the wicked," are the 
 snares with which they entangle the weak and innocent, 
 "The co)-rf* of sin," are the consequences of crimes and bad 
 habits, whicharc as it were bands, which it is almost impos- 
 sible to break. " Let us cast away their cords from us," is 
 to cast otl' subjection, which, like cords, binds and restrains. 
 "To draw iniquity with cords of vanity," are worhlly pro- 
 fits, or pleasurable allurements, which attract as strongly as 
 cords. " The cords of a man," are such motives as are 
 suited to a man as a rational agent, and consist in reasons 
 and exhortations. A curd of wood, is aqiuintity consisting of 
 a pile of eight feet long, four high, and four broad, being- 
 supposed originallv to be measured bv a cord. 
 
 To CORD, r.n.'to bind or fasten several things together 
 with a cord. 
 
 CORDAGE, s. a quantity of cords ; the ropes of a ship. 
 
 CO'RDATED, part, [from cur, a heart, Lat.] resembling a 
 heart. 
 
 CO'RDED, part. UKu!'- of ropes, or '-ords. A corded silk. 
 is that whose surface is not level, but rises in weals of the 
 size of a small string or cord. 
 
 CORDELIERS, 7Co>rft/ccrj) s. [Fr.] a Franciscan, or 
 religious order of St. Francis ; they w ear a coarse grey clotli, 
 with a little cowl, or cloak of the same cloth, and a njpt- 
 girdle w ith three knots, fn-.m whenec thev take their iKsme. 
 They are enjoined to live in coninion. '1 liuse who are ad-, 
 mitted into the order, are iirst to sell all they h;ue, uud giy^: 
 
 2l)'>
 
 COR 
 
 if k. thi pofjr. Tlie priests are to fasttrom the feast of All 
 Saints till tlie Nativity. 
 
 CORDIAL, i. [from ror,.' a neart, Lat.l in medicine, a 
 dr,iui,'lit or polion whicli increases the strenstii of tiic lieart, 
 or that which increases the natural strengtii \>\ brinijingtlie 
 serum of the blood into a condition inoper for circulation 
 and nutrition. Fif,'uratively, any thing \vhich occasions 
 joy, fjladiicss, or revives the spirits. 
 
 CO'KDIAL, «. reviving; strengthening. Applied to the 
 affections, sincere ; hearty ; without hypocrisy. 
 
 CORDIALITY, s. sincere aifectioii ; freedom from hy- 
 pocrisy. 
 
 CORDIALLY, oo. ina manner free from hypocrisy ; in 
 a sincere and affectionate manner. 
 
 C0;RD-MAKER, s. a ropemaker. 
 
 CO'RDON, J. [Fr.] the riiiiion worn by a knii^ht or meni- 
 Iter of any order. In fortification, a row of stones jutting 
 out before the rampart and the basis of the parapet. 
 
 CORDO'VA, anciently Corduba, a large city of Anda- 
 lusia, seated on the Guadalquiver, over which is a stone 
 bridge of 16 arches, built by the Moors. Here are Ifi pa- 
 rish churches, besides the cathedral, 36 convents, 16 hospi- 
 tals, 2 colleges, and an ancient palace of the Moorish kings, 
 lately converted into stables for 100 Andalusian horses. The 
 cathedral, which was formerly a mosfiue, still retains the 
 name of Mezquita. In the square, called the Plaza Major, 
 are splendid buildings, under which are piazzas. There are 
 many orchards and gardens within the w;ills of the city, and 
 in the neighijourintj mountains there are groves of citron, 
 orange, fig, and olive trees. The trade consists of wine, 
 iVnits, silk, and Cordovan leather, and the best horses of 
 Spain are had from it. It is 75 miles N. E. of Seville, and 
 135 S. bvW. of Madrid. 
 
 ^ CORDWAIN, *. a kind of leather, from Cordova in 
 Spain. 
 
 CORDWA'INER, t. [cordomder, Fr.] a person who 
 makes and sells shots. 
 
 COR.I\ s. [cor, Lat.] the heart ; the inner part of any 
 thing. 
 
 C0RF;A, a peninsula, lying t« the N. K. of China, 
 bounded on the S. W. by the Yellow Sea, which parts it 
 from China ; on the N. by Chinese Tartary ; and on the S. 
 bv a narrow sea, which parts it from the J.*panese Islands. 
 The people are civil and courteous, are fond of learning, 
 'nusic, and dancing, and greatly resemble the Chinese in 
 (Msloms and religi<in. The country is divided into eight 
 provinces, and there are niatiy towns in it exceedingly po- 
 puh)us. it extends, from N. to S. about 500 miles, and 
 about 200 from E. to W. They trade in ginseng, gold, sil- 
 ver, iron, yellow varnish, sable skins, castor, mineral salt, 
 fowls with tails 3 feet long, and horses only 3 feet high. 
 Corca, though mountainous, abounds in corn and rice. The 
 king, w ho is tributary to the emperor of China, resides at 
 Hanchiiij-. 
 
 COltFECASTLE, a town ofDorsetshire, with some trade, 
 in stone and knit stockings. It is seated on a peuiosula, 
 railed Purbeck Lie, In tween two hills, on one of which 
 stands the castle, said to have been built by king Edgar, now 
 in ruins. It is 21 miles E. of Dorchester, and 120 W. by S. 
 of London. Market on Thursday. 
 
 CO'RFU, anciently known by the name ofSciIEKIA, 
 Ph.'KACIA, Cokchyra, and Dbf.pano, an island of the 
 Mediterranean, near the coast of Albania, long lield t)y the 
 Venetians, since subiect to the French, but now occupied by 
 the Russians. The islanders make great (piantities of salt ; 
 and the country abounds with vineyards, oranges, lemons, 
 citrons, olive trees, grapes, honev, wax, and oil. Tiie ca- 
 pital is Corfu, (jti the E. coast of the island. Lat. 39. 40. N. 
 Ion. 20. 0. E.« 
 
 CORIACEOUS, {horwshinns) a. [from cariiim, the hide of 
 d beast, Lat.] consisting of, or resendiling leather. 
 
 CORI A'NDER, .s. \cnrinndrum, Lat.] a ph'ijt with a fibrous 
 annual root ; it has an umbcllated flower ; is found by road- 
 side* and dunghills, and flowers in June. The leaves have 
 'JiO 
 
 a sti'onj disagreeable smell, but the seeds are toleraI)!y 
 gratefd «hen ilry. It is usee! in medicine as a carminative, 
 and corrector to some cathartics. 
 
 CO'RINTH, s. [from the famous cityif Corinth in Greece] 
 a small fruit commonly called a curratu. The CoriiUhitm 
 ordfr, in architecture, is one of the five ord'-rs, and is tlx? 
 most noble, rich, and delicate of them all. The capital of 
 this order is adornefl with two rowsof leaves, between «liich 
 little stalks arise, of which 10 volutes are formed, which sup- 
 port the abacus. 
 
 CORINTH, or Coranto, an ancient and celebrated 
 city, situated on the isthmus which joins the Morea to 
 Gieecc. It is bow decayed, the houses being intermixed 
 with fields, orange groves, and gardens, like a village, tlic 
 inhabitants not exceeding 1.300 or 1400 ; there still remain, 
 however, ruins of temples, and other marks of its former 
 mngiiificence. The adjacent country abounds with corn, 
 wine, and oil; and from the castle, seated on the top of an 
 almost inaccessible rock, there is one of the finest prospects 
 of laud and water in the world. It is 40 miles N. W. of 
 Athens. Lat. 38. II. N. Ion. 23. 18. E. 
 
 CORK, a cotmty of Munster, in Ireland, 84 miles in 
 length, and 62 in breadth, being the largest in the kingdom. 
 It is bounded on the \V. and S. W. I)y Kerry and the sea ; 
 on the N. by Limerick ; on the E. by Waterford and a part 
 of Tipperary ; and on the S. by the ocean. It contains 
 209 parishes, 76,739 houses, and about 410,0(10 inhabitants. 
 It abounds with excellent harbours, and has many fine 
 rivers, as the Blackwater, Lee, Banon, Hen, <1 c. Tlie soil 
 varies ; in many parts it is fertile, and the country is pretty 
 populous. 
 
 CORK, city of, the capital of the county, and the second 
 in Ireland for extent, trade, and population, containing abo'it 
 fiOuO houses, and upwards of 70,000 inhabitants. It is a 
 well buiit place, and has improved surprisingly of late years, 
 several broad streets having been lately added, by filling up 
 the canals that ran through them. It is seated on the river 
 Lee, by which it is nearly surrounded, and by means of tlie 
 difterent channels, vessels come up into the (lifterent parts 
 of the town. Its principal export is salt provisions. During 
 the slaughtering season, which holds from August to the 
 la Iter end of January, they kill and cure about 100,000 head 
 of black cattle. Their other exports consist of pork, tallow, 
 hides raw^ and tanned, butter, candles, calves', lambs', and 
 rabbits' skins, \i ool, linen and woollen yarn, and worsted and 
 linen cloth. The country adjacent to Cork, is hilly and 
 beautiful, alVordiiig extensive and diversified prospects. It 
 is 15 miles from the sea, about 50 nearly S. of Limerick, and 
 124 S. W. of Dublin. Lat. 51. 54. IS'. Ion. 8. 23. W.— CorA 
 Hurbonr, or the Core of Cork, one of the best in the world, is 
 about 7 miles below the town, and so spacious and deep, as 
 to be capable of containing the largest vessels, and the most 
 extensive fleets. The entrance is easy, and it is secure 
 from currents and storms. <^)ne side of Cork Harbour is 
 formed by Great Island, which is 4 miles long and 2 broad, 
 and vory fertile. 
 
 C()RK,i. [/;ojf7/, Relg.] in botany, a species of oak, whieli 
 is stripiM'd of its bark eveiy eight or ten years, and is so far 
 from being injured thereliy, that it is preserved by that 
 means to an hundred \ears or more. Of the bark are found 
 bungs for barrels, ami stopples for bottles, which likewise 
 go by the name of the tree, and are called curlis. These 
 trees are very common in France, Spain, and Italy. In me- 
 dicine, cork isof service to stop bleeding, being redi.ced tt> 
 powder, and put into some astringent liquor; wiien burned 
 and mi\ed with the unguentuui populneum, it is proper for 
 the piles. 
 
 CO'R KING-PIN, .?. a pin of a large size. 
 
 CO RKY, II. consisting of, or resembling cork. 
 
 CORMORANT, s. \cur>mirant, Fr.] a bird that preys 
 upon iish.. A glutton. 
 
 CORN, «. [n<j-H, Sax. horn, Teiil.] the grain or seed of 
 plants, separated from the spica,orear; one species of whicn 
 IS made iuto bread. There are several species of corn, audi
 
 COR 
 
 COR 
 
 as wlieal, rye, and barley, niillot stid rice, oats, maize and 
 lentils, [irase, and a luuiilnT ul" ollur iiiids, cacii of wliicli 
 has its list fulness and imtperlj. An txcrescciiie or horny 
 substance fjiowinj; on the toes, from cmim, Lat. a lutrii. A 
 sinKle particle of ijunpowder or salt. 
 
 To CORN, I'. ". to form <,'unpo\vder into grain, or small 
 panicles; to salt, or sprinkle meat with salt; soused by the 
 old Saxons. 
 
 CO'HNAOIv, .?. a tenure which oblif^es the landholder to 
 give notice of an invasion by blo\vin;,'a horn. 
 
 CO'KNKL, s. in botany, "the cornu.s. There arc two Bri- 
 tish species, viz. the dojjberry tree, and dwarf honeysuckle. 
 Thev hothtlower inJinie. 
 
 CORNE'LIAN, s. Sec Carnf.lion. 
 
 CO'KNF.MUSE.s. [Fr.J a kind of rustic horn. 
 
 CO'llNrX)US, a. [from rac/iH, a horn, Lai. J horny, or re- 
 semiiliiii; horn. 
 
 CO'llNEl?, .5. [cnrwcZ, Brit.] an an{;le, or space formed by 
 tlic meeting i>fl\>o walls. Fi{,'urativcly, a secret or private 
 place ; the extremities. Cunii-r-stuiie, is the stone that unites 
 the two walls at the corner; the principal stone. In Scrip- 
 lure, applied to the Messiah, Psu. cxviii. 22. Acts iv. 11. 
 and elsewhere. 
 
 CO'KNKRWISE, aii. from one corner to another; dia- 
 gonally; with the corner in front. 
 
 COTv N ET, .«. [ccrHrtfc, Fr.] a horn or ninsical wind in- 
 strument, used by the ancients in war ; a company (>r troop, 
 perhaps as many as had one coruct. An othcer in the ca- 
 valry, who bears the ensign or colours in the troop; he is 
 the third ofiicer in the company, and commands in the ab- 
 sence of the captain and lieutenant. Ciinwt, in farriery, is 
 the lowest tnut of the pastern of a horse. 
 
 CORN FLAG, s. a plant, of which there are eleven spe- 
 cies, some with red, and some w ith w hite tiowers, according 
 to Miller. 
 
 CORNICE, s. [eot-niche, Fr.J in architecture, the upper- 
 irost member of the entablature of a column, or that which 
 crowns the order ; likewise all little projectures of masonry, 
 or joinery, where there are no columns, as the cornice of a 
 chimney, of a beanfet, &c. Chrnicc ring, in gunnery, the 
 next ring from the muzzle-ring backwards. 
 
 CORNrCULATE, «. [from cornu, a horn, Lat.] in bo- 
 tany, applied to such plants as, alter each flower, \irodnce 
 
 manv horned pods, called siUqiinl. CornicnUiteif flowers, are 
 
 have a ki ' ' 
 their upper part. 
 
 such hollow tiowers as ha 
 
 iiud of spur or little horn on 
 
 CORNIFir, «. [from coi-nu, a horn, and /acio, to make, 
 Lat.] productive of or making horns. 
 
 CORNIGEROUS, «. rfroin corrm, a horn, and gero, to 
 carrv, Lat.] horned ; bearingor having horns. 
 
 CORNUCOTL\, .!. ILat.] among the ancients, a horn, 
 out of which plenty of ill things are supposed to grow. It 
 is generally the characteristic of the goddess of plenty, and 
 described in the form of a large horn, adorned w ith tiowers, 
 an<l filled w ith fruits. 
 
 'fo CORNU'TE, v.a. Lfrom coj-hw, a Iiorn, Lat.] to confer 
 or bestow horns. 
 
 CORNUTED, part, [from cornu, a horn, Lat.] grafted 
 with horns ; horned ; cuckolded. 
 CORMUTO, «. [from corm,, a horn, Lat.] a cuckold. 
 CO'RNW.\LL, a county of England, which forms the 
 S. W. extremity of Great Britam. It is bounded on the E. 
 by Devonshire ; its other parts are washed hy tlie sea. Its 
 length from E. to W. is 74 miles; its breadth next to De- 
 vonshire is about 46, but it soon contracts, and is gradually 
 narrowed into isthmuses: on the S. W. it terminates in two 
 promontories, the Lizard Point, and the Land's End. It 
 contains 9 hundreds, and 161 parishes, between 1200 and 
 18(X( villages, and 27 market towns. From its vicinity to 
 the sea, it is exposed to frequent storms, but exempted from 
 Imrd frosts and great beats. There is abundance, of rainy 
 and foggy weather ; but the inhabitants are seldom troubled 
 with agues or fevers. The spring shews itself in the buds 
 and blossoms sooner than in the other parts of Engtand ; but 
 
 the harvest is later, and the fruits have less flavour iban in 
 the nndland counties. Here mi: some unconuuon plants, 
 and i)lenly of sea-lM rlis, as caui|)liire, eriiigo, ros kolis, tVc- 
 It is well suited (or the herring and pil< lianl fisheries, and 
 the iiihaljitauls full\ a\ail themselves of tin ir local adva'i 
 tages. It derives, however, its chiei importance from its 
 minerals; these consist o( tin and copper. The copi'cr- 
 mines are numerous and ricli in ore ; small quanlitirsot gold 
 and silver have somrtimes been tound, but its tin mines are 
 its greatest source of wealth ; for these it has been long fa- 
 mous, and its coasts have been visited hy the Pheniciansand 
 Greeks in very remote anti(piily ; tliey were known several 
 centuries hciore the Christian ura, ami have been worked 
 constantly ever since. With the metalline ores are found 
 large quantities of nimidic and arsenic ; many sorts of stones 
 are found here, particularly iwoiMstono, which is used both 
 in buildings and for mill stones, and which, when polished, 
 ajipearssiileiulid aiul beautiful; and in the ca\er!ious parts 
 ot the rocks are tomul transparent crystals, called Cornish 
 diamonds, which are verv In illiant when well polished. The 
 number of men, wcjinen, and children, employed in raising 
 the tin ore, washing, stamping, and carrying, is stated by 
 some to amount to Ki.ilOO. Tlie principal rivers are the 
 Taniar, Camel, and Fale. As this coif.ity was one of the 
 places to which the ancient Britons retreated, the Ga-lic or 
 Celtic language was long retained here, and has become ex- 
 tinct but very lately. 
 
 CORNY, a. [from cnrim, a horn, Lat.] horny, strong, oi 
 bard like a horn ; producing grain or corn. 
 
 COROLLARY, s. [corolliiriiim, Lat.] an useful conse 
 quence drawn from something which is proved or demon, 
 strated. 
 
 COROMA'NDEL, the coast of, is the eastern coast of 
 the peninsula of Hindoostan, extending from Cape Calyiucre 
 in lat. 10. 20. to the month of the Kistnah, in lat. near 60. 
 0. N. On this coast lie Madras, I'ondicherry, Tranquebar, 
 and other European factories, froiu which chintz, calicoes, 
 and inushns, with some diamonds, are imported into Europe. 
 There is not a port for large vessels on the whole coast, 
 whic'l ia an even, low, and sandy country ; and about Ma- 
 dras, (he land rises so little, that it is rlifiicult from the sea 
 to mark the distinction between land and water, unless by 
 the different objects that are on the shore. 
 
 CORONA, i. [a crown,' Lat.] in architecture, a large, 
 flat, strong memlier of a cornice, so called from its crown- 
 ing not only the cornice, but likewise the whole order. In 
 optics, thc/in/o, a luminous circle surrounding the sun, the 
 moon, the planets, or the fixed stars. 
 
 COR^ONA BOREALIS, in astronomy, the northern 
 crown, a constellation of the northern hemisphere. 
 
 CORONAL, s. [from corvua, a crown, Lat.] a crown, a 
 garland. Adjectively, that belongs to the crown or top ol 
 the head. The coronal suture, in anatomy, is the tirst ot the 
 cranium, which reaches across from one temple to t);e 
 
 other. , -, , . 
 
 CORO'NARY, a. [from coiona, a crown, Lat.] relatmg to 
 or seated on the crown of the head. In auiitomy, applied 
 to those arteries which furnish the substance of the heart 
 with blood. 
 
 CORONATION, s. [from corona, a crown, Lat.] the act 
 or solemnity of crowning a king. 
 
 CO'RONER, y. an ancient oflicer of this kingdom, so 
 called because he is wholly employed for the king and 
 crow n. Coroners are conservators ol the peace in the coun- 
 ty where they are elected, being usually two for each county. 
 Their authority is judicial and ministerial; judicial where a 
 person comes to a violent death ; to take and enter up ai>- 
 peals of murder, pronounce judgment on outlawries, &c. 
 The ministerial (lower is, when the coroner executes the 
 king's writ, on exception taken to the sheriti". His awXho- 
 rity-^fioes not terminate on the demise of the king, as that 
 of judges, Ac d<!CS,-.vho vets b; the king's commission: on 
 default of sherills, coroners are to impannel juries, aud to 
 return issue on juries not appearing. 
 
 211
 
 COR 
 
 COTIONET, s. [from corona, a crown, Lat. coronetta, Ital."] 
 an inferior crown worn by the nobility ; that of a duke is 
 adorned with strawberry leaves ; that of a marquis with 
 leaves and pearls placed interchant;eably ; that of an earl 
 with the pearls raised above tlie leaves ; that of a viscount 
 is surrounded with pearls only; and that of a baron has 
 only four pearls. 
 
 Corporal, s. [capoi-al, Fr.] in the army, an inferior 
 and the lowest officer in tli« foot, who oonimands one of the 
 div.sions, places and relieves sentinels, keeps good order, 
 and receives the word of the inferiors that pass by his corps. 
 On board ship, an officer who has the charge of setting the 
 watch and senteries, and relieving them ; he sees that all 
 the soldiers and sailors keep their arms neat and clean, 
 teaches them how to use them, and has a mate under him. 
 
 CORPORA L, a. [cor;)o)f/, Fr.] reliitin;,' to the body, in 
 divinity and philosopiiy. When used in opposition to spi- 
 rit, or its atlections, it is styled and spelt corporeal, and then 
 sii,'nifies material. 
 
 CORPORA'LITY, J. the quality of consisting of body, 
 nr matter. 
 
 CORPORALLY, ad. in a sensible or material manner ; 
 bodily. 
 
 CdPiPORATE, a. [from corpus, u body, Lat.] united 
 iuto a bodvorcomniunitv. 
 
 CO'RPOR.\TENESS; s. the state of a body corporate 
 or commuiiitv. 
 
 CORPORA'TION, s. [from co,t„,s, a body, Lat.] a body 
 politic, authorized by prescription ; patent, charter, or by 
 act of parliament, to have a common seal, one he;id officer 
 or more, able, by their common consent, to grant or receive 
 in law any thing within the compass of their cliarters, and 
 to sue and be sued even as one man. Cuiyorations are either 
 .spiritual or temporal ; spiritual, as bishops, deans, arch- 
 deacons, parsons, vicars, <<c. Temporal, as mavor, com- 
 monalty, bailiff, burgesses, Ac. And some are of a mixed 
 nature, and composed of temporal and spiritual persons, 
 Buch as heads of colleges and hospitals. 
 
 CO'RPqR.\TURE, i. [from corpm, a body, Lat.] the 
 state of being embodied. 
 
 CORPOREAL, a. [from corpus, a body, Lat.] consisting 
 of matter or body, opposed to spiritual. 
 
 CORPOREITY,*, [from corpus, a body, Lat.] the quality 
 ofa thing which has a body. 
 
 CORPORIFICATION, s. [from corpus, a body, and 
 faao, to make, Lat.] the act of giving a body to a thing, or 
 renderingit the object of their touch or other sr uses. In 
 chemistry, thelact of re-uniting spirits into a body, resem- 
 bling that which they had before their being raised into 
 spirits. 
 
 To CORPO RIFY, V. a. to thicken or gather into a body. 
 
 CORP.S, (usually pron. *<>)■) s. [Fr.] a body or collection 
 of soldiers. In architecture, th.it part which projects or 
 stands out from a wall, and series as a ground for some 
 decoration or ornament. 
 
 CORPSE, s. [from corpus, a body, Lat.] the body, used in 
 ccntempt- a deaf! body; a carcase. 
 
 CORPULENCE, or CO HPIJLENCY, s. [corpuUntia, 
 from corpus, a body, L;it.] bnikiness of body; fatness; 
 Krossness. The most extraordinary instance perhaps of 
 futness ever known, was that of Edward Hright, of Maiden 
 in Essex, who dying in Nov. \7fM, weighed 61G pounds; his 
 waistcoat with great ease was buttoned round seven men of 
 orditrary size. 
 
 (;0'11PULENT, a. [corpnlentus, from cm-pits, a body, Lat.] 
 fleshy; abounding in fat and tlesli. 
 
 CORPUS CHRl'STI, .9. ;, festival kept the next Thins- 
 day after Trinity-Sunday, instituted in honour of the eu- 
 charist ; to whicli also one of the colleges in Oxford is de- 
 dicated. 
 
 CORPIJ'SCLE, s. [tVom eorpiistiilnm, a little body, Lat.] 
 in physics, a minute particle, or physical atom, of which a 
 natural IhhIv is composed or made up. 
 
 CORPUSCULAR, or CORPUSCULA'RIAN, a. [fiom 
 
 COR 
 
 eorpusnJum, a little body, Lat] beloiigitu: lo &tOins, or f!ie 
 same particles of bodies. The corpuscuiarian or crrpuscijar 
 philosophij, is that which endeavours to explain the pheno- 
 mena of nature by the motion, rest, or position of the cor- 
 puscles, or minute particles of which bodies consist. 
 
 To CORRA'DE, v. a. [corrado, Lat.] to rub off; to wear 
 away, by rubbing two bodies together. 
 
 COKRADI A'TION, s. [from con, with, and radiu$, a ray, 
 Lat^] the coil junction of rays in one point. 
 
 To CORKE'CT, V. a. [carri^o, from rectus, streight, Lat.] 
 to puniih a person for a fault m order to make him amend. 
 To give a person notice of his faults. In medicine, to coun- 
 teract, or lessen tha f6rce or ill qualities of one ingredient 
 by p.nother. 
 
 CORRECT, a. [correctus, Lat.] that is perfect; freed 
 from errors or mistakes. 
 
 CORRECTION, s. [correctio, Lat.] punishment for 
 faults in order to produce amendment; an amendment; 
 reprehension ; censure ; or notice of a fault. In medicine, 
 the lessening any quality of an ingredient by joining it with 
 one of opiiosite qualities. 
 
 CORRECTIVE, o. having the power of counteracting 
 anv bad qualities- 
 
 CORRE'CTlVE.j. that which has the power of altering 
 or coimteracting any bad quality ; limitation ; restriction. 
 
 CORRE'CTLY, ad. in such a manner as to be free from 
 faults ; exactly. 
 
 CORRECTNESS, *. perfection, arising from frequent 
 and accurate alterations. 
 
 CORRECTOR, s. [Lat.] he who amends a person by 
 means of punishment. In medicine, an ingredient in a 
 composition, which guards against, or abates, the force of 
 another. Con-ertm' of t/ie pi-ess, ona who amends the errors 
 committed in printing. 
 
 CORREGIDOR, s. a chief magistrate in Spain. 
 
 To CORRELATE, v. n. [from con, with, and relatug, re- 
 lated, Lat.] to have a mutual or reciprocal relation to one 
 another, as father and son. 
 
 CORRELATE, ». one that stands in an opposite relation, 
 as father and son 
 
 CORRELATIVE, a. [from con, with, and relates, related, 
 Lat.] having a reciprocal relation, so that tU» existence of 
 the one depends on the existence of the other. 
 
 CORREPTION, s. [from con, w itii, to strengthen the 
 signification, and ripin, to snatch, Lat.] reproof, chiding, 
 re]uehension or olijurgation. 
 
 To CORRESPO'ND, t. 71. [from cnn, with, and resptmdeo 
 to answer, Lat.] to answer; to match ; to suit; to be pro- 
 portionate, or ade(iuate to another ; to keep up an acquain- 
 tance with another by sending and receiving letters. 
 
 CORRESPONDENCE, or CORRESPO'NnENCY, s. 
 [from con, with, and respondeo, to answer, Lat.] an agree- 
 ment ; the matching and titling of t«o tilings together ; an 
 intercourse kept up by letters : fliendship ; intercourse ; a 
 commerce. 
 
 CORRESPO'NDENT, «. a person with whom commcico 
 is carried on, or intelligence kept by mutual messages or 
 letters. 
 
 CORRESPONDENT, or CORRESPO'NSiyE, a. [from 
 cou, with, ?irnl mspondeo, to answer, Lat.] suiting: fittijig ; 
 agreeing ; answering. 
 
 CORRIDOR, s. [Fr.] in fortification, a road or way, 
 about twenty yards broad, along the edge ofa ditch, with- 
 oiitside, encompassing the wiiole fortification, ciilled like- 
 wise thpcovrrt wni/. In architecture, a gallery, or lonfj aisle, 
 round a building, leading to several chambers at a distance 
 from each other. 
 
 CORRIGIBLE, n. [_froni roiW^fl, to correct, LatJ tliat 
 may b'" altered for Ihebelter; that is a proper olyect (or pu- 
 nishment ; corrective; or having the power 01 amending: 
 any error, fault, or bad ciuality. 
 
 CORRl'VALRY, .«. competition; opposition. 
 
 CORR0'ROR.ANT,;»rtr/. [nirrolmro, from rohiir, stiength, 
 Lat.J havingthe power of strengthening or giving strength.
 
 COR 
 
 COR 
 
 T(( CORROBORATE, t>. a. [eorrohoi-o, from rohiir, strength, 
 Lilt.] lo coiidnu an asserliuii ; to stangtlien, or make 
 Stroii;f. 
 
 Cf)RRO'BORATlON, s. the. act of strengthcnin),' ; the 
 onfirrnationorostablisliiiigatruth by some additional proof; 
 ad'lition of str(»ri:,'^tli. 
 
 CORRO'BORATIVR, rt. liavinfj tlie power of increasinff 
 strcii^tli, nrof service in particular Ixxlilv weaknesses. 
 
 ToCOURO'DR, r. (7. [corrmhi, Lat.| to eat away l)y dc- 
 prees, applied to the action of a licpiid on some solid bodj ; 
 to prev upon : to eonsnnie, or vnar awav bv degrees. 
 
 CORRODENT, n. [o.nW™,?, Lat.]' having the power 
 of separating the particles of a body, applied to the efl'ect 
 of some menstruum or fluid on solid bodies. 
 
 COURODir.LE, a. [from am, with, to strengthen the 
 signification, and rodo, to gnaw, Lat.] possible to be con- 
 sumed OT corroded. 
 
 CORROSIBl'LITY, .s. the (prality of being corrosible; 
 the possLbility of having its par.ticles divided by some men- 
 strinim. 
 
 CORRO'SIBLE, «. [from con, with, to strengthen the 
 signification, and rodo, to gnaw, Lat.] that may have its 
 particles consumed, or separated bv some menstruum. 
 
 CORRO'SIBLENESS, s. the quality of being liable to 
 liave its particles separated by a menstruum. 
 
 CORRO'SION, s. the dissolution or separation of the 
 particles of a body by an acid or saline liquor or men- 
 striunn. 
 
 COURO'SIVE, a. having the power of insunuating itself 
 between, and separating the particles of, a body ; having 
 the power of vexing, or of making a person uneasy or 
 angry. 
 
 CORRO'SIVE, s. tliat which has tne power of consuming, 
 eating, or wasting away ; that which has the power of fret- 
 ting, giving pain, or rendering a person uneasy. 
 
 CORRO'SIVELY, flrf. in tlie manner of, or like a corro- 
 sive ; having the quality of a corrosive. 
 
 CORRO'SIVENESS', i.the quality whereby a fluid insi- 
 miates itself between the pores of a solid body, separates 
 them, or wastes away. 
 
 CO'RRUGANT, a. [coniis^ans, from ruga, a wrinkle, 
 Lat.J having the power of wrmkling, or contracting into 
 wrinkles. 
 
 To CORRUGATE, v. a. [cormgo, from ruga, a wrinkle, 
 Lat.] to wrinkle, or purse up. 
 
 CORRUGATION, s. [comigatio, from ruga, a wrinkle, 
 Lat.] the act of drawing or contracting into wrinkles. 
 
 To CORRUPT, V. a. [from cen, with, to strengthen the 
 signification, and rumpo, to break, Lat.] to turn from a sound 
 lo a putrescent state ; to infect. Figuratively, to engage a 
 person to do something contrary to his inelinatioa or 
 conscience, by bribes or money ; to spoil ; to vitiate, or 
 render bad. 
 
 To CORRUPT, t'. K. to become putrid ; to grow rotten ; 
 to putrefy ; to lose putrity. 
 
 CORRU PT, «. [cnrruptHS, Lat.] vicious ; void of moral 
 goodness ; lost to piety ; biased by brides. Tainted ; rot- 
 ten ; applied to things. 
 
 CORRUPTER, s. that which putrefies, or taints. One 
 who, by ill example, or base motives, seduces a person to 
 vice. 
 
 CORRUPTIBILITY, s. the possibility of being corrupt- 
 ed, putrefied, or rendered worse. 
 
 CORRUTTIBLE, a. that may be putrefied, or grow rot- 
 ten ; that mav be destroved or rendered vicious. 
 _ CORRUPTION, s. [from am, with, to strengthen the 
 sif^uification, and rnmpo, to break, Lat.] the action whereby 
 the body loses all its properties and qualities for a certain 
 time, or whereby its form is altered and its qualities changed 
 from what they were before ; rottenness. In politics, a 
 state wherein persons act only from lucrative motives ; the 
 means by which any person may be rendered vicious ; or 
 -.1 thing may be made rotten, in surgery, the matter con- 
 tiuiied in ajiy ulcer or wound, called jms by practitioners. 
 
 In law, the taint which grows to a' person or Jiis heirs, 
 on account of his having been guilty of felony or trea- 
 son. 
 
 CORRUTTIVE, s. having the power or quality of ren- 
 dering tainted or rotten. 
 
 CORIUjl' ri.RSS, «. that cannot be corrupted. 
 
 CORRUPTLY, ad. with corruition; with taint; with 
 vice; \\ill!oiit integrity. 
 
 CORRUPTNESS, s. the quality or state of a corrupted 
 body ; vice. 
 
 CO'RSAIR, s. [Fr.] an armed vessel, which plunders mer- 
 chant vessels ; a pirate. 
 
 CORSE, 4', [corps, Fr. 1 a pootical word for a carcase or 
 dead body. 
 
 CORSELET, s. [Fr.J a little armour fur the forepart of 
 the body. 
 
 CO RSHAM, or Cosh AM, a town of Wilts, noted for its 
 manufacture of woollens. King Ethrelred had formerly a 
 palace here, and it was once the chief residence of the earls 
 of Cornwall. It is 4 miles S. \V. of Chippenham, and 11 N. 
 E. of Batli. Market on Wednesday. 
 
 CORSICA, a large island in the Mediterranean Sea, about 
 88 miles in length, and 40 in breadth. The air in some parts 
 is unwholesome, and the land hilly, full of stones, and culti- 
 vated very poorly ; however, the valievB produce wheat, 
 and the hills fruits, viz. olives, figs, grapes, almonds, anrl 
 chesnuts. There is a ridge of mountains which divides tlie 
 island into tvvo parts, the N. and S. The capital is Bastia. 
 It belonged to the French, but on tlie revolution taking place 
 in Fiance, the Corsicans, rose, ami appointed General PaoJi 
 for there chief, surrendered the island to the crown of 
 Great Britain, with great formality, in July 1794, accepting 
 at the same time a new constitution from the English govern- 
 ment. In October, 1796, however, llie E!.nglish viceroy was 
 obliged to abandon the island, and the Frsiich again took 
 possession of it. The nn-nber of inhabitants is about 160,000. 
 Here Napoleon Bonaparte, now emperor of France, was 
 born, August 15, 17G9. 
 
 COTITICAL, a. [from cortex, bark, Lat.l barky ; belong- 
 ing to the outward part of an"' thing. In anatomy, the 
 cortical substance of tlie brain is its exterior part. 
 
 CO'RTICATED, a. rfioM coricx, bark, Lat.] resembling 
 the bark of a tree. 
 
 CO'RTICOSE, a. rfrom carter, bark, Lat.] full of bark. 
 
 CO'RVO, the smallest and most westernly of the Azores, 
 about 24 miles in circumference, with a smalJ port. It 
 contains about 500 souls, who cultivate wheat and feed 
 hogs. 
 
 CORU'SCANT, a. [from corusco, to glitter, Lat.] glit- 
 tering by flashes ; flashing. 
 
 CORUSCATION, s. [from conwo, to glitter, Lat.] a 
 quick, sudden, and short darting of splendor ; a flash ; a 
 glittering light. 
 
 CO'RVUS, in astronomy, the raven, a constellation in 
 the southern hemisphere. 
 
 CORY'MBIATED, a. [from cryndnis, a berry. Lat.] in 
 botany, abounding or garnished with bunches of berries. 
 
 CORYMBIFEROUS, a. [fnmi oorj/inl><ts, a berry, and 
 fern, to bear, Ljat.] bearing fruit or berries in bunches. 
 
 CORY'MBUS, s. [^Lat.] in botany, a round cluster of 
 berries, like those of tlie ivy, applied to such plants as have 
 a compound discous flower, without any down adhering to 
 their seeds. 
 
 COR\'VRE'KAN, a daivgerous vortex, or wnirlpool, on 
 the W. coast of Scotland, between the isle of Scarbia and 
 tlie N. point of Jura. Its dreadful unfathomable vortex ex- 
 tends above a mile in circuit, and, at full tides, its numerous 
 eddies form watery pyramids, which rise to a great height 
 in the air, and bursting witJi the noise of thunder, over- 
 whelm all vessels that come within the sphere of its attrac- 
 tion. It is so called from a young Danish prince, who pe- 
 rished ill this place. 
 
 COSCI'NOMANCY.f. [from ioifa'non.asieve, wtirrus-Uaa, 
 divination, Or.] the art of divination by a sieve. 
 
 2X3
 
 COS 
 
 cov 
 
 COSE'CANT, s. in •geometry, the secant of an arcli, 
 wliich is tlie compliment to anotlierarch to 90 degrees. 
 
 COSIER, s. [from cmisa; old Fr.] a botcher ; a low-lived 
 person. _A word of contenijit. 
 
 CO'SINE, s. in geometry, the part of the diameter inter- 
 cepted between the centre and tiie riijlit sine, and ahvays 
 equal to tile sine of the complement of the arch. 
 
 COSMETIC, a. [fiosmetihus, from kosmen, to ornament, Gr.] 
 bavins the i>o\ver of improving the personal charms ; bean- 
 tifyini; or lieighteniiig beauty. 
 
 CO'SMICAL, a. [i'rom hostnos, the world, Gr.] relating to 
 tlie world. In astronomy, rising together, or in tlie same 
 degree of the ecliptic with the sun. 
 
 COSMIC ALLY, ad. at the same time with the sun. 
 
 COSMO'GONY, s. [from kosmos, the world, and t>-onr, ge- 
 neration, Or.]the rise, origin, or creation of the woild. 
 
 COSMO'GRAPHER, *. [from Jiosmos, the world, and 
 f:raphi>, totlesrribe, Gr.] one who composes a description of 
 the relation, fitness, figure, and disposition of all the pails 
 of the world. 
 
 COS-MOGRA'PHICAL, n. [from Insmos, the world, and 
 grap/io, to describe, Gr.] relating to the general description 
 of the world. 
 
 COSMOCiRATHICALLY, ad. in a manner relating to 
 the science by which the structure of the world is discovered 
 and described. 
 
 COSMOCtRAPHY, s. [from hmnns, the «orId, sm] grnpJnj 
 to describe, Gr.] a description of the several purls of ihe 
 world ; or the art of delineating ils several bodies according 
 to their magnitudes, motions, relations, &c. It consists of 
 gi'ograpbv and astronomv. 
 
 COSMOPOLITE, or COSMOPOLITAN, s. [from has- 
 mos, the world, and pnlites, a citizen, Gr.] a citizen of the 
 world ; one who is at home in all companies, and in all 
 countries. 
 
 CO'SS.ACKS, a people inhabiting originally the confines 
 of Poland, Russia, Tartary, and Turkey, between the .laik 
 and the Dneister. Tiiey are divided into several branches, 
 the Kosakki sa PorovN, or Cossacks on the Piorislhenes ; the 
 Kosakki Donski, or Cossacks on the Don; aiul theKosakki 
 Jiiiki, which are the wildest of them all, dwelling in large 
 villages along the banks of the river [Jral, or Jaik, and the 
 N. coast of the Caspian Sea. They are now entirely subject 
 to Russia; and theUkraine, or country ofthe Cossacks of Ro- 
 risthenes, is become a government under the name of Ekaf e- 
 rinostav. The Cossacks are large and robust, have blue 
 eyes, brown hair, and aquiline noses; the women are com- 
 ])laisant to strangers. Iheir towns arc built of wood, like 
 those of the Russians. Tlie Ukraiiie is one continued fer- 
 tile plain, producing corn, pulse, tobacco, and honey. Its 
 pastures are immensely rich, and the cattle are the largest 
 in Europe. 
 
 CO'SSET, i. among farmers, a colt, calf, or lamb, brought 
 up by the hand without the dam. 
 
 COST, s.Uwst, Relg.] the price or money given for the 
 purchase of a thing; charge; expense. Figurativelv, 
 sumptuonsness ; luxury ; loss ; detriment. 
 
 To COST, I', n. pieter. and participle prefer, cnst ; [cous- 
 tiT, Fr.] to be purchased or bought at a iiarticular sum. 
 
 CO'.STAL, a. [from casta, a rib, Lat.] belonging to the 
 ribs. 
 
 CO'.STARD, «. the head or skull. In gardening, a round 
 bcMiy apple, somewhat resembling the head. 
 
 CO'STA RICA, a province in the narrow part of Mexico, 
 oti the S. R. bttwcecn Veragua and Mosiniilo country, ex- 
 tending from sea to sea, .00 leagues in length, and nearly as 
 much in breadth. The soil is ill cultivated, but there is 
 plenty of cuttle, hides, honey, and wax. Tlie nativ<s live 
 mostly indepciideiit of the Spaniards. Carthage is the 
 capital. 
 
 CO'STIVE, n. \conitipatng, from cmistipn, to cram, Lat.] 
 bound in the body; going seldom to stool; close ; unper- 
 mealili'. 
 
 COSTIVENESS, *. in medicine, a preternatural deten- 
 214 
 
 tion of tlie excrements, attended with a difficulty of dis- 
 charging them. 
 
 C()'STLINESS, ^. sumptiiousness ; expensiveness ; the 
 great value, or sum required for the purchase of a thing. 
 
 CO'STLY, n. requiring a large sum, or much money for 
 its purchase ; expensive. Figuratively, rare ; valuable. 
 
 CO'STMARY, s. [from ciistus, the name of a shrub, and 
 il/tfci'a, Mary, Lat.) an herb, called also alcost and balsam 
 herb. 
 
 CO'STREL, s. a bottle. 
 
 CO'.STUME, s. among painters, denotes that ewry 
 figure in a piece of painting must be drawn in its proper cha- 
 racter. 
 
 COT, COTE, or COAT, at the end of the names of 
 places, come generallv from the Saxon cot, a cottage. 
 
 COT, s. [Sax. ) a hut ; a cottage. 
 
 COTA'NGENT, s. in {jeonietry, the tangent of an arch 
 which is the coniplemeiit of another to 90 degrees. 
 
 COTE'MPORARY, «. [from cvn, with, and tempvs, time, 
 Lat.] living at the same time with another. 
 
 COT-LAND, «. land belonging to a cottage. 
 
 CO'T<^UEAN, s. a person who officiously concerns him- 
 self with women's affairs. 
 
 COTESWOLD, s. a hilly plain, with several sheep-cotes, 
 and sheep feeding. It comesfrom the Saxon cote, a cottage, 
 and indd, a place where there is no wood. 
 
 COTESWOLL1 HILLS, a long tract of high ground, in 
 the E. part of Gloucestershire, noted for large flocks of 
 sheep with fleeces of fine white wool; a great part of it, 
 how ever, is now devoted to the growth of corn. 
 
 COTILLION, J. the name of a well known brisk dance, 
 in which eight persons are employed. Cotillion is a French 
 word, meaning an under petticoat. 
 
 CO'TTAGE,*. See Cot. 
 
 COTTA'GER, s. one w ho dwells in a hut or cottage. In 
 law, one who lives on a common, without paying rent, and 
 without anv lands of his ow n. 
 
 COTTON, s. [<■<)/;>«, Fr.] the down of the fruit of the 
 cotton tree. Cottim likew ise signifies a coarse kind of cloth 
 made of its threads when spun. 
 
 COTTONGRASS, s. a genus of plants called by Linnaeus 
 eriophorum. There are two British species, viz. the com- 
 mon, and hair's-lail. The former is very serviceable, in 
 the isle of Skve, to cattle in the earlier I'arts of the spring, 
 before the other grasses are grown up. Poor people stuff 
 their pillows with the down, and make wicks for caudles 
 with it. 
 
 CO'^^\RD, a town of Gloucestershire, 30 miles from 
 Gloucester, on the road to St. David's, and 124 from Lon- 
 don. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 ToCOfJCH, )■. II. [cuiic/itr, Fr.] to lie down on a bed; 
 to lie down on the knees bent under, applied to beasts; to 
 lie iu wait, or audmsli ; to lay under as a stratum ; to stoop 
 or sink down, through pressure of a heavy burthen, or 
 through liain, ftar or respect ; to iixlude; to comprise; 
 to urge byway of implication : to include by way ofana- 
 log\' or indirectly ; to incline a spear to a proper posture 
 for attack. Iu surgery, to depress, or take off a film, which 
 obstructs the sight, called improperly, conc/img tJie et/e, or 
 couc/iiiiM: a pntinit, instead ot couching a cataract. 
 
 COOCII, .?. a long scat furnished with a mattrass, on 
 which people lie down for repose or ease; a lay or 
 stratnm. 
 
 COU'CHANT, {koa^Iimis;) a. [Fr.] lying down; stpiat- 
 ting. In heraldry, applied to the posture of a beast lyin;' 
 with his belly on the ground, his legs bent under him, and 
 his head looking upwards. 
 
 CO'UCHEE, {koishec) s. [Fr.] the time of going, to bed. 
 opposed to hire. 
 
 CO'UCIIER, *. one who couches persons for cataracts; an 
 occulist. 
 
 COnCIIGRASS.i. awecd. 
 
 COVE, s. [from couvrir, Fr.] a small creek or bay ; 3 
 shelter, a cover.
 
 cov 
 
 COTENANT, s. [convenant, Fr.J an agreement between 
 tw>) persons. 
 
 To COVENANT, II. ff. fo bur^'ain; to a;;n'r, or stipu- 
 late ; to a^reo with a person on certain conditions. 
 
 COVEN.ANTE'E, s. in law, one who is a party to an 
 aj;r^ct|i(;iif, or covenant. 
 
 COVEN.'V'NTEK, s. one who makes an agreement with 
 another.. 
 
 CO'VEN.OUS, a. in law, fraudulent; with an intention 
 to deceive or cheat. 
 
 CO'VENTUY, a large and populous citv of Warwick- 
 shire, noted diietiv for its manufactures of silk ribands, as 
 also of cloths, stuffs, thread, gauzes, camlets, and lastings. 
 The account, at i>rcsent, of its inhabitants vary fi om 20 to 
 30,000, although, by Bradford's Survey of Coventry, made 
 in 1748 and 1749, the houses appear to have then been 
 1!065, and the inhabitants oidy 12,1 17. It has couiuuuica- 
 tion, by canals, with Oxford, Lichfield, many other inland 
 navigations, and with the Tiianies. The story of Leofric, 
 e;irlof Mercia, and lord of this jilace, Ixiuily taxing the 
 citizens, and only remitting them at the entreaty of Ciodiua 
 fiis wife, on condition of her riding naked through the city, 
 whn'h he thought she would never submit to ; but which, it 
 is said, she performed, witli her long hair so disposed as al- 
 most wholly to cover her body, is commemorated till this 
 day, by the figure of a man peeping down into the street 
 from one of the houses. On that extraordinary occasion, 
 all the doors and windows were shut, and Campdcn says, 
 that nobody looked after her. Tlie tradition however is, 
 that one would needs be peeping, and that he was thereupon 
 struck blind. The inhabitants celebrate this event by the 
 exhibition of a mock procession annnallv. Coventry is !)1 
 miles N.W. of London. Lat. r,-2. 2«. N. Ion. 1. 2H. W. 
 Market on Friday. Fairs on May 2, FriiJav in Trinity 
 Week, and November 1. 
 
 To COTER, V. a. [coiirt-ir, Fr.] to spread, or overspread 
 with something ; to conceal under something ; o hide by 
 false appearances, or specious pretexts; to overwhelm or 
 bury ; to conceal, as in a wrapper, from lununn sight ; to 
 incubate ; to brood on ; to copulate with the other sex, 
 applied to horses. 
 
 CO'VI'jR, «. that which is spread ovfr another. Figura- 
 tively, concealment ; a specious pretence to conceal or 
 hide a person's designs, used willi fir. Also, shelter; a 
 place free from danger, used with under. 
 
 COTERINCt, s. dress ; any thing spread over another. 
 CO'VERLET, «. [foiHi-f/iV, Fr.lthe ujipermost part of the 
 bed-clothes ; or an ornamental covering thrown ovei the 
 rest of the bed-clothes. 
 
 CO"\'ERT, s. [cimvcrt, Fr.] a shelter, a place of defence 
 from danger ; atliicketor hiding-place. 
 
 CO'VEi\T, a. [convert, Fr.] sheltered ; not open or ex- 
 posed. Figuratively, secret ; private ; concealed by some 
 fair pretext, or specious appearance. In law, under pro- 
 tection or shelter ; hence femme cnuvcrtr, is used for a mar- 
 ried women. Cuvert u-ai/, in fortification, a space of ground 
 level with the field on the edge of the ditch, three or four 
 fathom broad, ranging round the halfmoons, or other 
 works. 
 
 CO'VERTLY, ad. in a secret, private, or indirect man- 
 ner. 
 
 COTERTNESS, s. the quality of being hidden, unper- 
 ceived, indirect, or insidious. 
 
 COVERTURE, s. shelter ; defence against any danger 
 or inconvenience. Figuratively, a specious pretext or ap- 
 pearance to conceal a bad design. In law; the state or con- 
 dition of a married woman. 
 
 To COTET, V. a. [cimyoiter, Fr.] to desire vehemently 
 what a person is not possessed of; to prosecute ; or endea- 
 vour to acquire with great eagerness. Neuterly, to have a 
 stnmg and violent desire. 
 
 CO'VETABLE, a. that is proper, or fit, or worthy to be 
 desired or wished for. 
 
 COVETOUS, a. [cmtoiteax, Fr.^ excef-vely desirous of; 
 
 inordinately eager after the acquiring and preserving of 
 money ; avaricious, in a bad sense. Desirous, fond, or eii- 
 gcrto possess, used in a good sense. 
 
 CO'VETOUSIyY, ikI. in a greedy, avaricious manner. 
 COVETOUSNi:.S.S, .?. the quality of being inordinately 
 fond of money, or eager after gain. 
 
 CO'VEY, s. [cnmci, Fr.] a hatch ; or an old bird with 
 lier young ; a number or collection of birds near one an- 
 other. 
 
 COUOII, {hnJjTjs. [hiwh, Belg.] in medicine, a convulsive 
 motion of thedio|)hragm, the muscles of the larynx, thorax, 
 and abdomen, violently shaking and expelling the air drawn 
 into the lungs by respiration. 
 
 To COUCili; (koff) V. n. [/i«f//cM, Belg.l to have the dia- 
 phragm or lungs convulsed l)y the irritation of serous hu- 
 mours, which they endeavour to expel, and by that means 
 cause a noise like an ex|)losio-i ; to make- a noise by endea- 
 vouring to discharge the trachea or lungs of die lymph with 
 whicli it is overcharged, on account of the stoppage 
 of perspiration. Actively, to eject by coughing, used 
 with vp. 
 
 COUOIIER, (lioffer) s. a person affected with a cough. 
 CO'VIN, or CO VINE, s. [from com-emr, Fr.] an agree 
 ment between two or more, in order to cheat a person. 
 
 COVING, s. [from cmit^-ir, Fr.l in building, applied to 
 houses projecting over the grouncl plot, or the turned pro- 
 jecture, arched with timber, lathed and plastered. 
 
 COULD, [the pretcrimperfect of Can] wa- able to ; had 
 power to. 
 
 CO'ULTER,*. |e«/?<o, from colo, to cultivate, Lat.] the 
 sharp iron whichicuts the earth, perpendicular to the plough- 
 share. 
 
 CO'UNCIL, s. [concilium, Lat.] an assembly met together 
 to consider, examine, or deliberate on any subject. Comnmi- 
 council is a court wherein are made all by-laws that bind 
 the citizens. It consists, like the parliament, of two parts, 
 the upper and the lower ; the upper is composed of the 
 lord-mayor and aldermen, and the lower of a number of 
 common-council men chosen by the several wards, as repre- 
 sentatives of the body of citizens. Privij-council may be 
 called the priinum mobile of the civil government of Great 
 Britain, bearing part of that great weight of it, which other- 
 wise would lie too heavy upon the king. It is composed of 
 persons eminent for their political knowledge, the number 
 of whom is at the sovereign's pleasure, who are bound bv 
 oath to advise the king to the best of their judgment, with all 
 till- fidelity and secrecy that becomes their station. Cabinet. 
 coiiiiiil, a select ninnber chosen out of the privy-councii, 
 with whom his majesty determines suoii matters as are most 
 important, and require the utmost secrecy. Council of war, 
 is an assembly of the principal officers of an army or fleet, 
 convened by the general or admiral to concert measures for 
 their conduct in their respective operations. Oecnmenicul or 
 ^•eutrnl council, is an assembly which represents the whole 
 bodv of the universal church. Proi-iucial council, an assem- 
 bly of the prelates of a province under their nietropolitan. 
 Nationiil cojmcil, is the assembly of all the prelates in a na- 
 tion under their prelate or metropolitan. 
 
 COUNCIL-BOARD, s. a table at which matters of state 
 are taken into consideration. 
 
 CO UNSEL, s. [cnnsilium, Lat.] advice ; direction ; de- 
 liberation ; prudence; secrecy; scheme; design. Inlaw, 
 a person who pleads at the bar, an abbreviation of coun. 
 sellor. 
 
 To CO'UNSEL, a. a. [con^ilinr, Lat.] to give advice, or in- 
 form a person of the most advantageous way of regulating 
 any point in his conduct, or ordering any particular mea- 
 sure ; to advise anv particular measure. 
 
 CO'UNSELLAliLE, a. ready to follow the advice or per- 
 suasion of others. 
 
 COUNSELLOR, s. one who gives advice to, or endea- 
 vours to persuade another; a confidant. Figuratively, one 
 w hose province it is to advise iu matters of state. In law, 
 a nerson who is consulted on any difficulty arising in an" 
 
 210
 
 cou 
 
 rou 
 
 V, fifing, who pleads ^t the l>ar, and has been ad.Jiutted as a 
 barrister. 
 
 COUNSELLORSHIP, s. the office or post of counsellor. 
 
 To COUNT, V. a. [crnn/iter, F"".] te number, or tell; to 
 reckon ; to esteem ; to account, or look upon in any parti- 
 cular light ; to impute or char^'c ; used wilii to. Neuterly, 
 to draw as a consequence from ; to found or build a scheme 
 or argument upon. 
 
 COUNT, s. [compte, Fr.l See Compt. 
 
 COUNT, s. a nobleman \\ ho possesses a domain erected in 
 a county, in rank between a duke and baron, and bears on 
 his arms a coronet, adorned with tli.ee precious stones, and 
 surmounted with three large leaves, whereof those in the 
 middle and extremities advance above the rest. In England 
 the title of earl is equiralent to that of count in foreign 
 countries. ' 
 
 CO UNTABLE, s. that mav be numbered. 
 
 CO'UNTENANCE, s. [cmuteimnee, Fr.] the form of the 
 face, or particular cast of the features. Air, or look ; cmi- 
 fideiice of mien. To hep countenance, a composure of the 
 features and complexion -A lierein they undergo no chan;;e. 
 Show ; resemlilance. Figuratively, protection; patron- 
 age. 
 
 To CO'UNTENA?!CE, v. *. to support, favour, or pro- 
 tect. Figuratively, to act suitable to; to keep up the ap- 
 pearance of a thing ; to encourage ; to appear in defence of. 
 
 CO'UNTENANCER, ;t. one who appears in behalf of, 
 or encourages a person or design. 
 
 COUNTER, J. [contoir, Fr.l a small piece of money used 
 Rs a means of reckoning. The table or board on which 
 goods arc shewn, or money told in a shop. In farrien,', that 
 partof a horse's forehand that lies between the shoulder and 
 unrlf>r llie neck. 
 
 COl'NTKR, ad. [cmitre, Fr.] in opposition to; contrary 
 tn. This word is often used in composition, and may be 
 placed before anvword used in a sense of opposition. 
 
 To COUNTERA'CT, f. fl. to destroy the power of any 
 cause, bv acting contrarv to it. 
 
 To COUNTERBALANCE, v. a. to weigh one thing 
 npainst another. Figuratively, to act against with an oppo- 
 site efJect. 
 
 To COUNTERBUTF, v. a. to beat back a thing in 
 motion, in a direction contrary to that in which it moved at 
 first. 
 
 CO'UNTERCHANGE, s. exchange ; reciprocation. 
 
 To CO'UNTERCHANGE, v. a. to give and receive ; to 
 change one thing for another. 
 
 To CO'UNIERCHARM, v. a. to destroy the effect of a 
 charm bv counteracting it. 
 
 To COUNTERCHE CK, v. a. to stop by a sudden obstruc- 
 tion or opposition. 
 
 COUNTERDRA'W, v. a. to copy a design by means of 
 sr)ine linen cloth, oiled i)aper, orsome transparent substance, 
 whereon the strokes appearing, are followed or traced with 
 a pencil. 
 
 COUNTERE'VTDENCE, ^ testimony by which the de- 
 position of some former witness is opposed. 
 
 To ('O'UNTERFEIT, r. a. \cnimterfnire Fr.] tO COpy Or 
 imitate with an intentiini to make the tiling pass for an ori- 
 gin-d; to imitate ; to resemble. Figuratively, to put OJI the 
 appeaninrc of something really cxcellinl. 
 
 CO'UNTERFEIT, «. made or copied from another, with 
 an inlention to pass for an original ; forged; fictitious. Fi- 
 guratively, deceitful; hypocritical. 
 
 CO'UNTERFEI'l', f. one who personates another; an 
 impostor. Something made in imitation of another, intend* 
 od to pass for that which it resembles; a forgery. 
 
 CO'UNTI'RI'EITER, s. a forger; one who imitates a 
 thing with an intention to pass the resemblance as an ori- 
 
 CO'UNTERFEITLY, ad. with forgery ; fictitiou.sly ; with 
 dissimulation. 
 
 COUNTERGA'GE, t. in carpentry, a method used in 
 nieasijring the joints, by trangferriiiij the breadth of a luor- 
 
 tise to the place in the timl>er where the tenon is to be, in 
 order to make them fit each other. 
 
 COUNTERGU.'V'RD, s. a small rampart, with a parapet 
 and ditch, to cover some part of the body of the place. 
 
 CO'UNTERLIGHT, s. in painting, a window or light 
 opposite any thing, which makes it appear to a disad- 
 vantage. 
 
 ToCOUNTERMA'ND, v. a. [cnntr, wander, Fr.] to or- 
 der something contrary to what has been coiuiiianded.; 
 to contradict or repeal an order. F'iguratively, to oppose ; 
 to set one's self in opposition to the commands of another. 
 
 To COUNTERMA'RCH, «. n. to march in a direction 
 opposite to that in which an army began ; to march back. 
 
 COUNTERMARCH,*, in war, a change of the wing,* 
 and front of a battalion, whereby the men in front come to 
 be in the rear. Figuratively, a change or alteration of mea- 
 sures or conduct, opposite to those which preceded. 
 
 COUNTERMA'RK, s. a second or third mark put on a 
 bale of goods belonging to several persons, that it may not 
 be opened but in the presence of them all. 
 
 COUNTERMI NE, «. in war, a subterraneous passage 
 made by the besieged in search of the enemy's mine, to take 
 out the powder, give air to it, or any oth.er way to frustrate 
 
 To COUNTERMI'NE, v. a. to dig a passage into an 
 enemy's mine, by whicii tl:e powder may be. taken out, air 
 given to it, or means used to frustrate its intention. Figu- 
 ratively, to frustrate its design ; to couuterwoik or defeat 
 bv secret measures. 
 
 'COUNTIiRMOTION, s. a motion opposite or contrary 
 to another. 
 
 COUNTKRMU'RE, s. [cmitremnr, Fr.] a littk wall built 
 close to another to strengthen and secure it. 
 
 COUXTERNATlllAL,c. contrary to nature. 
 
 COUNTERNOrSE, .?. a sound or noise made in opposi- 
 tion to another, in order to drown it, and hinder its being 
 heard. 
 
 COUNTERO'PENING, s. an opening, vent, or aperture, 
 ot;posite to another. 
 
 COUNTERPANE, s. \coiiti-cpoi,it, Fr.] a cloth or orna- 
 mental <"overing laid over a bed. 
 
 CO Ui\'TERl'.\RT, s. a part opposite to, or which au- 
 swers another. 
 
 COUNTERPLE'A, s. the plea of a respondent to that of 
 another; a reply in order to oppose the plea of another. 
 
 To COUNTERPLOT, '•• "• to lay one pU)t against an- 
 other ; to endeavour to hinder the etiects of, by forming 
 and carr\ing on one of contrary tendency. 
 
 COUNTERPLOT, s. a stratagem or artifice opposed to 
 another. 
 
 To COL'NTERPO'ISl'^,, (ln,mte>-pi,j:e) v. a. [mnlre and 
 poids, Fr.j to place one weight against another ; to act 
 againstwilh equal weight. Figuratively, to proiliire a coi>- 
 trary action by an equal weight; to aci with C(iual power 
 against am person or cause. 
 ' COUNTERPOISE, (hbunterpohe) s. a weight which is 
 heavy enough to counterbalance another. Figuratively, an 
 equivalent or thingof equal worth with another. 
 
 COUNTERPO'ISON, «. antidote; medicines by whidi 
 the effects of poison are obviated. 
 
 COUNTERPRE'SSUR E, s. an opposite force or measure, 
 by which that which presses the contrary way is counter 
 poise(l or destroyed. 
 
 COUNTEEPRO'JECT s. correspondent part of a 
 scheme. 
 
 CO'UNTERSCARP, *. \cnntrcscarpc, Fr.] in fortification, 
 that part of the ditch which is next the camp, or the 
 acclivity or exterior part of the ditch next the country, or 
 field ; sometimes it is taken for the whole covert-way, or 
 glacis. 
 
 To COirNTERSI'GN, {Iwunfc^-nn) v. a. to sign an order 
 or instrument signed before by a king or person of liigb 
 rank ; thus when a charter is signed by the king, and aftcr> 
 wards by the secretary, the latter is said to oou.i/cr^gn it.
 
 CCU) 
 
 cou 
 
 COl^'Tl'.R TF/SOR, .t,<>ii<' of the moan or middle parts 
 of iiiiisii', so calli'.l lictause (ipimsilf lotlif tenor. 
 
 COCNTKK'nDi;,*. coiitKiry tido; (iuctuations of the 
 wrttor, 
 
 COL'NTnRTU'RN, s. in dramatic poetry, fiie catasta- 
 sis, or full ;;ruwtli of a iday, xvliicli <l(stroys tlif expt'ctalion, 
 fii)l)r.)il.s til'' action in new <lilii(i\lli<s, and leaves a person 
 distant froiii that hope in whit h it found iiim. 
 
 ToC(•)L'^.TI'.U^'A'IL, f. <i. [troMi tnnira, afjainst, and 
 r.7/11), to prevail, F.at.] to act with a force opposite to an- 
 other; to heof eqnal lorce uith another. F ijfurativcly, to 
 4)0 erpjal to ; to c(ini|ieiisatc for; to {.ouiiterbalance. 
 
 Cl)^.^'^l•"II^ A IL, .c equal W"ii;ht or force; power or 
 value snflicienl to oppose or hinder any contrary ettect, or 
 nhjectioii. ri^'uratively, a compensation, or that which is 
 of eipial force with something' else. 
 
 Ct)UN'ri!^llVlE'\V, s. opposition, or a situation in which 
 tuo persons view each other. Fiynralively, opposition, or 
 a desit;n which is contrary to that of another. In painting, 
 a contrast, or situation in «liicli two limits illustrate or set 
 ofl each other. 
 
 To COl'NTF.RWORK, v. a. to endeavour to hinder an- 
 other cllect bv acting against it ; to counteract. 
 
 COUNTESS, 4'. [cumtissc, F]-.] the wife of a count or 
 earl. 
 
 CO'UNTlNfi-IlOUSF, s. a place or room where traders 
 post and settle tiieir hooks, or keep their accounts. 
 
 CO L'lNTLESS, a. iiuiumerahle ; without number ; not to 
 be reckoned. 
 
 COUNTRY, ihinitni) s. [contrcl, Fr.] a tract of land under 
 one governor. l'iL;umtively, those parts of a kingdom 
 which are at a distance from cities and courts; the place of 
 any person's birth or dwelling. 
 
 Country, {liunln/) a. ru<lr; unpolished; uncultivat- 
 ed ; rustic. At a distance in situation, or opposite in prin- 
 ciples, to the court. Figuratively, rude; untaught; igno- 
 nnt. C"«»i/r^ rf««ee seems to be derived from the French, 
 which signihes that the partners stand opposite to each 
 other; but not from its being a maimer of dancing peculiar 
 to the country. 
 
 COUNTRYMAN, (huntn/man) s. one born in the same 
 kingdom or shire with another. Figuratively, a person bred 
 at a distance from cities or courts. A farmer ; a husband- 
 man. 
 
 CO'UNTY, s. [comtf, Fr.J originally signified the estate of 
 a count, or so far as he had any .jurisdiction; at present, it is 
 used in the same sense with a shire, both containing a com- 
 pass or portion of the realm, into the which all the land is 
 divided for the better government thereof; so that there is 
 no portion of land that is not contained within some county. 
 There are 40 counties in England, and 12 in Wales. Couii- 
 ti( s or shires are siibdividetl into rapes, laths, wapentakes, 
 and hundreds, and these into titliings, <^c. In all the coun- 
 ties, except Durham, Cumberland and Westmoreland, 
 otncers are appointed every MichaeJmas term under the 
 dciioniinatiou of sheriffs, for the executing justice ; othex 
 officers of the counties are lord lieutenants, who command 
 the militia, ciutos ro(«A)n/m, justices of tlie peaoo, bailifl's, 
 high constables, and coroner. There are four of the coun- 
 ties called counties palatine, viz. Lancastei, Chester, Dur- 
 iiam, and Ely, w hicli formertj' had very great privileges that 
 are now verv much abridged. 
 
 CO\'ORDEN, a stroii'; city, the capital of Drent, in 
 Overvssel. Lat. 62. 4.3. N. Ion. 6. 11. E. 
 
 COUPEE, (koopci) s. [Fr.] in dancing, a motion made 
 with the leg forwards, wliile the other is bent and suspend- 
 Cfl from the ground. 
 
 COU PLE, (hiio/f) s. [covple, Fr.j a chain, or band which 
 holds dogs togetlier ; two; pair. Figuratively, a male 
 di)d female joined in marriage. 
 
 To COUPLE, {ki'iple) r. a. \cor>iih, Lat.] to chain or fasten 
 two or more dogs together. Figuratively, to join two or 
 more things of the same kind together; to join two persons 
 cwgether in mairia^e ; to join in embraces, or copulate. 
 
 COUPLE-REGCAR, *. one that makes it his business to 
 marry beggars to ea<h other. 
 
 COV\'[Ai,T,{kfip!ei)s.[Vr.] two verses rhyming together. 
 Figuratively, a pair. 
 
 CO rR.'\(iE, {kiiraje)t.2i manly bravenessof mind, which 
 enablesa person to run any risks, undergo any tlithcultit ■;5, 
 and coiifronl any dangers, arising trom a sense of duty, and 
 a fear ofotl'ending him that made us. 
 
 COL'RAXjEOL'.S, {kurajeous) n. \coura<y.eiir, Fr.] resolutely 
 bold, and undertaking any enterprise, though attended with 
 dangers, and surrounded withditHcultics. 
 
 COURAGEOUSLY, {kurdjeuu&ly) ad. in a manner free 
 from fear, and resolutely opposing difficulties and dangers. 
 
 COURA'GEOUSNESS, s. bravery; boldness; spirit; 
 courage. 
 
 COuRA'NT,(Aooront)*. \courante, Fr.] any thing which is 
 spread or published quickly; hence oo«rfl;if has been used 
 for the title of a newspaper. 
 
 CtVURlER, s. {courier, Fr.] a messenger sent in haste with 
 dispatches relating to the state; an express. 
 
 COU'RLAND, (dutchy of) is bounded on the N. by the 
 Gulf of Riga and part of Livonia; on the W. by the Baltic ; 
 and on the E. and S. by Russia and Poland. It is divided 
 intoCourland Properand Semigallia, and is 250 miles long 
 and 40 broad. The country swells into gentle hills, and is 
 fertile in corn, hemp, and flax. It is mostly open ; but in 
 some parts covered with forests of pine and fir, and groves 
 of oak, with much underwood. The woods abound with 
 bears, wolves, and elks. The villages are neat, and the 
 inns have good accominodiHtioiis. The religion is chiefly 
 Lutheran. Mittau is the capital. This country is now a 
 prov'iice of Russia. 
 
 COURSE, {kbrse) s. [cursiit, from ciirro, to run, Lat.] a^ 
 race. F^iguratively, the place where races are run.' Pas- 
 sage from place to place ; progress. Tilt; act of runninij 
 in the lists. Track in which a snip sails. A turn in order 
 of succession, used with in. " Every one in bis course." A 
 methodical procedure. A foi/rje of philosophy, chemistry, 
 Ac. In cookery, anumber of dishes setat one time on the 
 table. Empty form. 0/" course, by consequence, by settled . 
 rule. In architecture, a eo'itinueu range of stones, level, or 
 of the same height throughout the whole length of a build- 
 ing, witlnnt any interruption or aperture. Covrses, the 
 mainsails and fupesails of a ship. 
 
 To COURSE, {horse) V. a. to hunt; to pursue game; t<> 
 n,ursuc witlidogslhat hunt in view; to exercise in runnin'r 
 or galloping. Neuterly, to run ; to pass ; or make itself a , 
 passage ; to rove. 
 
 CO URSER, {hdrser)s. a swift horse ; a war-horse. 
 
 COURT, {hurl) s. [com; Fr.] the place where a princ« 
 resides ; an open space before a house ; a small place in- 
 closed with buildings, excepting an avenue which leads to 
 it, and having no other passage at the other end. Likewise, 
 a large hall or room where justice is publicly administered. 
 Courts are of various kinds ; and are either held in the king's 
 name, as all the ordinary courts ; or where the precepts are 
 issued in the name of the judge ; as the admiral's court. 
 The superior courts are those of the Kitig's Bench, the Com- 
 mon Pleas, the Exchequer, and the Court of C1ianc£ry. (See 
 them under their respective heads.) A court of record has 
 power to hold plea of real, personal, and mixed actions, 
 where the debt is 40s. or above; as the court of King's 
 Bench, A'C. A base court, or court not of record, is, w here 
 it cannot hold plea of debt or damage, amounting to 40s. or 
 where proceedings are not according to the course of the 
 common law; such as the county court, court of hundreds, 
 court baron, &c. Court Baron'is a court held by every lord 
 of a manor within his own precincts, by common law and 
 custom; the former is where the barons or freeholders, Lt^ 
 ing suitors, are the judges ; the other is that where the loro 
 or his steward, is the judge. Court of Cliivalry, or the Mar 
 shal's Court, of which the lord high constable and the earl 
 marshal of England were judges. This court is the fouiirain 
 of martial law, and the earl marshal is not only one of tiie 
 
 217
 
 cou 
 
 cox 
 
 }'.\ds;e3, but is to see execution Hone. Court of Conscience, a 
 court in the cities nf London and V.'fstminster, and some 
 other places, where ail causes where the debt and damages 
 come under 40*. are determined. Cum-t nf Delegates^ where 
 delej^ates are appointed by the king's commission, under 
 the great seal, upon an appeal to him; and is granted in 
 three cases : 1. When a sentence is given in an ecclesiasti- 
 cal cause by the archbishop, or his official ; 2. When a sen- 
 tence is given in an ecclesiastical cause in places exempt ; 
 and 3. Wiien sentence is given in the court of admiralty, in 
 suits civil or marine, by order otthe civil law. Court of 
 Hustings, is a court of record, held at Guildhall, for the city 
 of London, before the lord-mayor and aldermen, sheritls 
 and recorder, where all pleas, real, peisouai, and niixt, are 
 determined ;>where all lands, tenements, tVc. within the 
 said city, or its boutlds, are pleadable, in two Hi:stiii^s ; the 
 one called X\\e'Huiims:s of the ydeas of lands, and the other 
 the //i«<i'ng-i6f the common pleas. This is the higli,•^t court 
 within the city, in which writs of exigent may be taken out, 
 and outlawries awarded, wherein judgment is given by the 
 recorder. CoKrt-i«ff, is a court held by i lie lord of a manor, 
 wherein all oftences, except high treason, are inquired into, 
 and punished. Court-Martial, is appointed for inquiring 
 into, and punishing offences in officers, soldiers, and sailors, 
 in a manner agreeable to the regulations of the mutiny bill. 
 Court of Requests was anciently acourt of equity, of the same 
 nature with the chancer^-, liut inferior to it; and has been 
 lon<; since abolished. Figuratively, the retinue or persons 
 which attend on a prince in his palace; any jurisdiction, 
 military, civil, or ecclesiastical. The art of pleasing or in- 
 sinuation. 
 
 To COURT, {knrt) V. a. to woo ; to endeavour to engage 
 the affections of a woman with a view of marriage. I'igu- 
 ratively, to solicit; to seek after with eage>:iess; to flatter; 
 to endeavour to please, or to insinuate one's self into the 
 good graces of another. 
 
 COURT-DAY, s. the day on which justice is solemnly 
 administered. 
 
 COURTEOUS, (korteous, or hurtcovs) a. [courtois, Fr.J 
 affable; polite; full of respect and civility. 
 
 CO'URTEOUSLY, (kdrteously or kiirleously) ad. in a res- 
 pectful, civil, complaisant manner. 
 
 CO'URTEOUSNESS, (kdrteousness, or kurteousm'ss) s. 
 civil, affable, and complaisant behaviour, tending to gain 
 the affection of another. 
 
 CO'URTES AN, or COURTEZAN, {kbrtezan, or kurtezan) 
 t. \courtisane, Fr.] an unchaste woman ; a prostitute. 
 
 COURTESY, (hirtrsij, or hurlesy) s. [courtoisir, Fr.] an 
 affable and polite address; an act of kindness, civility, or 
 respect. Figi.ratively, the method in which women shew 
 their respect of ceremony, i. e. by bending the knees and 
 sinking the body. In law, a tenure, not of Vight, but purely 
 by the favour and good nature of others. Courtesi/ of Ens;- 
 land, is applied to a right which a person lias to an inherit- 
 ance who marries an neiress, that has a chihl bv him, after 
 both she and the child arc dead. Prov. Full of courtesi/ 
 full of craft. 
 
 To COURTESY, (pron. curtsq/ and cfirchce) v. n. to sink 
 the bodv by bending the knees, applied to the method used 
 by the fair sex to shew their respect and breeding. 
 
 COURT-HAND, f^«r<-A«rnfi) *. a large square character, 
 ^iboui'.ding in abbreviations, in whicli records and law pro- 
 ceodingswere formerly wrote. 
 
 CO'URTIER, {liorlwr)s. one who frequents the courts of 
 princes; one who esj)ouses the measures of the court, in 
 opposition to those of the country ; one who solicits and en- 
 deavours to engage the affections or esteem of another. 
 
 CO'URTLIKE, {hirllike) a. elegant ; polite ; resembling 
 tlie court. 
 
 CO URTLINESS, (kdrtlintst) I. elegance of manners, ci- 
 vilifv of behaviour, and politeness of address. 
 
 CCVURTLY, (A<>r</v) a. relatinj: to, favouring, or flatter- 
 ii'< the court. Adverbially, in tne niauner of courtiers; 
 
 k-^'dutly. 
 
 COURTSHIP, (hortship) s. the act of endeavouring to 
 gain the favourofasuperior, or the affections of a woman. 
 
 CO'USIN,(A!iun) s. [cousin, Fr.] a title of relation, applied 
 to those who are born of two sisters, or two brothers. Fi- 
 guratively, a title given by the king to a nobleman, espe- 
 cially to such as form the privy council. 
 
 COW, s. [in the plural anciently As'ie or hem, but now 
 cows ; at, Sax.] the female of the larger or black cattle; its 
 young are called cahet ; the male a bull ; and its flesh, wlien 
 killed, 6ff^, 
 
 To COW, v.a. [by a contraction from coi/wrf] to depress, 
 to keep in great subjection, so as to render a person uuaLie 
 to undertake any bold and gener(.us action. 
 
 CO'WARD,*. [conard, Fr.]apeisou who is viciously tiin 
 orous, or afraid of opposing danger; a word of reproach. 
 Synon. The TOWrtj-rf will fire up upon the least offence, but 
 proceed no further. The poltroon is so meanly sviirited as 
 through want of courage to take every insult calmly. The 
 coward draws back ; the poltroon dares not advance. 
 
 CO WAIIDICE, e. ail excessive timorousness, which ren- 
 dersa person the contempt of his adversaries, and the scorn 
 of his friends. 
 
 CO VVA RDLIN ESS, i. the quality of acting like a coward. 
 
 CO W.ARDLY, a. fearful ; timorous; pusillanimous. 
 
 COWARDLY, ad. in the manner of a person who is 
 afraid to shew resentment, or oppose an enemy. 
 
 COWBRIDGE, a town of Glamorganshire, in South 
 Wales, with a market on Tuesday. It is called by the Welsh 
 Pout-Van, from the stone bridge over the river, which soon 
 after falls into the sea. It is seated in a low bottom, and in 
 a fertile soil. The streets are broad ami paved ; and if is 
 governed bv two bailiffs, 12 aldermen, and 12 coinmoa- 
 council. "The market is well supplied with corn, cattle, 
 sheep, and provisions. It is 17G miles W. from London. 
 
 CO'WBANE,^. the long leaved water hemlock. 
 
 To COWER, V. u. [currain, Brit.] to stoop by bending 
 the knees, applied to beasts. Figuratively, to stoop or hang 
 ovcra thing, applied tothe attitude of a hunjaii creature. 
 
 COWES, East and West, a seaport on the N. coast 
 of the Isle of Wight, divided by the river Meden, or Me- 
 <lina. It is a place of good trade, resorted to by merchant 
 ships waiting- for convoy, passage-boats to a«.d from Ports- 
 month, Southampton, cVc. and the station of the packet, 
 with the mail from the island to London. It is 8 miles S. 
 W. of Portsmouth. 
 
 CO'WEY STAKES, Surry, near Lalam, the place wlieic 
 Julius Caesar passed the Thames, thouj^h the Britons liad 
 planted stakes to hinder it, both on the liaiik and ford. 
 
 CO'WGARTH, Westmoreland, near Wiiiandermere, an 
 old seat, with ancient trees about it, the boughs of one of 
 which spread out to such an extent, that several hundreds 
 of persons might find shelter under it. 
 
 CO'^VlSH, a. timorous ; fearful to a vice. 
 
 CO'WKEEPER, s. one whose business is to keep cows. 
 
 COWL, s. [fi;£f/f. Sax.] a kind of veil worn by monks; 
 a vessel in which water is carried on a pole between two 
 persons. 
 
 COW-LEECH, J. one who professes to cure distempered 
 cows. 
 
 CO'^VPAR, a parliament town of Scotland, in the county 
 of Fife, 10 miles W. of St. Andrews. 
 
 COAV-PO.X, i. See Vaccine Inoculation. 
 
 COWQUAKES, J. a provincial term for the quakegrass 
 or ladies-hair. 
 
 CO WSLIP, s. [cuslippe. Sax.] in botany, a small yellowish 
 flower, a species of the primrose. 
 
 COWS-LUTS'GWORT, s. a species of mullein, called also 
 hightaper, common on dry ditch banks. 
 
 CO'WWEED, s. the common wild chervil. 
 
 CO'\VWHEAT, t. in botany, the metampyrum of Lin- 
 nens. There are two British species, viz. tke crested aa4 
 purple. 
 
 COXCOMB, (*uif<w«)x. an ignorant pre'cnder tokaow- 
 ledge and polite accomplishments.
 
 CRA 
 
 CRA 
 
 COXCO'MICAL, «. foppish ; conceited ; affecting an ajv- 
 poaraiicc <>(' learning and politeness, including' the idea of 
 vanity. A low word, unworthy of use. 
 
 CO'WVOLD, a town in the North Riding; of Yorkshire. 
 It is 214 miles N. by \V. of London. 
 
 C()^', a. [f"i, Fr.] modest ; reserved; not submitting; to 
 file familiiirilies ofa lover, or testifying any approbation of 
 bis advances. 
 
 To COY, t'. u. to behave witn fsPTve and disapproba- 
 tion of tlie familiarities of a lover ; to condescend witii re- 
 luctance. 
 
 CO'VLY, ad. -with reserve; with unwillingness to admit 
 any advances ofa lover. 
 
 CO'YNKSS, s. reserve; unwillingness to admit the ad. 
 vances or familiarities ofa lover. 
 
 CO'YSTHI'L, s. a degenerate kind o*"hawk. 
 
 To COZEN, (kuzn,) V. a. to impose on by feigned ap- 
 pevjiancos ; to cheat, trick, or defraud. 
 
 CO'ZKNACiE, {h'linaie) s. imposing upon a person by 
 false appearances, in crder to deprive him of his properly ; 
 a fraud.. 
 
 COZENER, (ki'iznfr) s. one who defrauds anotlier by 
 means of specious pretences, orfalse appearances. 
 
 CRAB, s. [craMia, Sax.] a roundish flat crustaceous animal. 
 There are several things remarkable in the natural history 
 of the crab, particularly three. 1st. That it divests ifseff 
 of its shell every year, and repairs its loss by means of a 
 juice with which it covers its body. 2d. That if any of its 
 claws are injured, it has the power of breaking off the 
 wounded member, whose loss is in a little time repaired wilh 
 a new one. 3d. That animals of this species live in com- 
 panies, and if they are returned to the sea at a considerable 
 distance from the place whence they where taken, tliey will 
 find their way back to their companions a^ain, as has been 
 ascertained by marking their shells. A wild sour apple, or 
 the tree that bears it. Figuratively, a sour, cross, morose 
 person. A wooden engine with three claws, used in launch- 
 ing ships, or heaving them into the docks. In astronomy, 
 oneofthe signs of the zodiac. See Cancer. 
 
 CRAB, «. It is used by way of contempt for any sour 
 or degenerate fruit ; as, a crab cherry, a crab plum. 
 
 CRA'BBED, a. applied to the tempor and behaviour ofa 
 person, sour, morose, Toid of aflhbility. Figuratively, dis- 
 agreeably or unpleasing. Applied to writings, not easy to 
 be understood, difficult or perplexing. 
 
 CRA'BBEDLY, «rf. in apeerisA, morose, soar, and unso- 
 ciable manner. 
 
 CllA'BBEDNESS,*. applied to the taste, sour, or resem- 
 bling tliat of a crab ; applied to the looks, crossness ; ap- 
 pjied to behaviour, moroseness ; and applied to writings, 
 difficultv' or hardness to be understood. 
 
 CRAB'S-EYES, in pharmacy and natural history, are 
 found in two separate bags on each side of the stomach of 
 the crawfish, and are alkaline, absorbent, and in some de- 
 cree diuretic. 
 
 CRAB-LICE, a species of vermin, s.» denominated from 
 the resemblance which they bear to "ne figure of a crab. 
 
 CRACK, s. Unaeck, Belg.] a sudden bursting, by which 
 tlie parts of a body are separated from each other. Figu- 
 ratively, the chink or chasm made by the separation of the 
 parts of a body ; the sound made by any body in bursting 
 or falling ; a sound made by a sudden and quick blow ; a 
 flaw. Craziness of intellect ; a boast. 
 
 To CRACK, r. (7. \hrarckcn, Belg.J to break into chinks; 
 to break or split ; to destroy by breaking ; to make a flaw 
 in a thing; to craze. Neuterly, to burst ; to split ; to open 
 in chinks ; to fall or run to ruin ; to make a loud noise by 
 burstini;, or from a sudden blow ; to boast, used with of. 
 
 CRACK-BRAINED, a. crazy ; without right reason. 
 
 CRACKER, *. a noisy boasting fellow. A qu;iiilily of 
 gunpowder, confined so as to burst with a noise. 
 
 To CRACKLE, v. n. to make a loud and frequent noise, 
 n-senililing that of a bav leaf w ben burnt. 
 
 CRA'CKNEL, *. a hard brittle cake. 
 
 CRACOW, formerly the capital of Poland, and now 
 capital af a palatinate of the same name, is situated on the 
 Vistula,, which is lure broad and shallow. The city and 
 suburbs occupy a vast tract of ground, \et contain sciireely 
 Ui,(Mi(i itiliabitants. The great square is spacious and well 
 built ; the houses were once richly I'urni-lved an(i well inha- 
 bited, 'jnt are now either untenaiiteii, or in a state of decay. 
 Many of the streets are spacious and handsimie ; butalni.At 
 every building bears striking marks of ruined graiicjcur. 
 The regalia were preserved here, and in the cathedral most 
 of the sovereigns of Poland have been interred. They were 
 also crowned liere for nearly five centuries. It has an uni- 
 versity, now much decayed, and is 130 miles .S. S. W. of 
 Warsaw. Lat. 60. 8. N. Ion. 20. l<>. E. 
 
 CRA'DLE, ^. [cradcl, Sax.ja small moveable bedstead for 
 children, made of wicker-work, and fitted with pieces of 
 wood underneath, which make the segment ofa circle, by 
 ineansof which it is rocked to and fro. Figuratively, infan- 
 cy. In surgery, a kind of case resemblinga cradle, in «liich 
 a limb is laid that has been lately set. In ship building, ;i 
 frame of timber raised along the outside ofa ship, liy tlio 
 bulge, serving to launch her with greater ease and sec urily. 
 In masonry, a sort of cage, in which workmen are susixiided 
 on the side of any high building which they are repairing. 
 
 To CRA'DLE, n. to lay or rock in a cradle. Figura- 
 tively, to lay or conqiose. 
 
 CRAFT, i. [craft, Sax.] a trane or mechanic employ ; 
 a kind of low cunning, wherei)y one person outwits or over- 
 reaches anotlier. Small sailing vessels. 
 
 CBA'FTILY, ml. in a cunning manner: in a manner: 
 which includes in it more art than honesty. 
 
 CU ATTINESS, s. cunning. 
 
 CRAFTSM.'XN, s. an arlificer, tradesman, manufacturer 
 or mechanic. 
 
 CRA'FTSiMASTER, s. a man skilled in his trade. 
 
 CRAFTY, a. cunning; fl(\ I of art, whereby a person over- 
 reaches another, or carries on a design against himwithout 
 his discovery ; it includes the idea of selhshness ; and some- 
 times dishonesty. 
 
 CRAG, s. \craef^he, Belfr.] a neck, or the small end of llie 
 neck, applied to a joint of butcher's meat. 
 
 CRAG, i. [cj-aig-, Brit.] a rough steep rock; the rugged 
 parts of a rocT?. 
 
 CRA'GCiED, a. full of ruggedness, or uneven parts. 
 
 CRA'GGEDNEISS, *. firiuess of crags, or prominent 
 
 CRA'GGINESS, s. the state of being craggy. . 
 
 CRA'OGY, a. uneven ; broken ; rugged. 
 
 CRAIL, a parliament town of Scotland, in the county of 
 Fife, seated of the mouth of the Frith of Forth, 7 miles !?. E. 
 of St. Andrews. 
 
 CRA'KENEEDLE, X the common venus comb, or shep- 
 herds-needle. 
 
 To CRAM, I', a. \cramman. Sax.] to stuff by force ; or to 
 force more into a tliuig than it can conveniently contain; to 
 fill with more food than a person can conveniently eat ; to 
 thrust down by force, applied to the method used to feed 
 awl cram turkies. Neutotl.v to eat more than a person can 
 well bear. 
 
 CRA'MBO, s. [a cant word] a play in which one person 
 is obli";ed to find a rhyme to a word given by another. 
 
 CRAMP, s. [crampe, Fr.] in mediciue, a convulsive irt 
 involuntary contraction of the muscular part of the bi>d\, 
 attended with great pain. Figuratively, any restraint w hich 
 hinders a person from exerting either the faculties of ii's 
 mind, or the strength of his body. A piece of frou beat at 
 each end, by which two bodies are held together. 
 
 CRAMP^ rt. aff>-''id with difficulties ; not easy tobeua- 
 derstoo(J. A low term. 
 
 To CRAMP, f', ». to contract the muscular parts, and 
 thereby to occasion great pain. Figuratively, to restrain, 
 confine; obstruct, or hinder. To fasten together with cramp- 
 ing irons. 
 
 CRA3IPFISH, in natural Listorv, the torpedo, a fi=hi 
 
 310
 
 CRA 
 
 CRE 
 
 uliicli not o..ly ber.jimbs the Iiaiids of those that touch it, 
 but likewise atiects them in the same manner when they take 
 Tl with a line and fishing-rod. 
 
 CR-VN BERRIES, s. the same with moss-berries or moor- 
 berries ; a species of wliortle. 
 
 CRA'NBOURN, a town of Dorsetshire, well watered with 
 streams. In the chase, vhich is so by prescription, liavin^ 
 never been a fiirest, tiiere arc G lodges, and formerly were 8 ; 
 it extends almost to Salisbury. Ir.is 38 miles N. ]i. of Dor- 
 ciiester, and 94 S. W. of London. Market on Thursday. 
 
 CRA'NBROOK, a town in Kent, with a market on Satnr- 
 days. It is a large and well frequented place, and the mar- 
 ket is the best in these parts. It is 13 miles S. of Maidstone, 
 and 5.2 S. E. of London. 
 
 C'R.ANE, i. [crffii. Sax.] a bird with a long bill, neck, and 
 legs. Also a machine used in building and commerce, for 
 raising large stones and other weights. A syphoji, or 
 crooked pipe, for drawing liquors out of a bottle or cask. 
 Likewise, a long piece of iron put in a chimney, to hang pots 
 upon. 
 
 CRA'NEAGE, s. the liberty of using a crane at a wharf; 
 also, the money paid for drawing up wares out of a ship, 
 &c. with a crane. 
 
 CRA'NESBILL, s. a genus of plants, of which sixteen 
 species are natives of England. A pair of pincers terminat- 
 ing in a point, used by surgeons. 
 
 CR.^'NI UM, s. [Lat.] in anatomy, an assemblage of bones, 
 which involve and include the cerebellum and brain cora- 
 nioulv called theslTull. 
 
 CRANK, s.[l!raiik, Belg.] tlie end of an iron axis turned 
 square down, and turned again square to the first turning 
 iiown, so that on the last tiirnuig down a leather thong is slipt 
 to tread the treadle-wheel about ; or, it is a contrivance of a 
 square form projecting out from an axis or spindle, serving 
 by its rotation to raise and fall tlie iiistons of an engine for 
 raising water. Figuratively, any pleasing conceit or pun 
 formed bv wresting a word fiom its original signification. 
 
 CRANK, a. in sea language, is applied to a ship which is 
 said to he cranksided, when she cannot bear her sails, or but 
 small sail, without danger of oversetting ; and to be crank 
 by the ^ound, when lier floor or bottom is so narrow that she 
 cannot bebrought on ground without danger. Healthy; 
 sprightly. 
 
 To CRA'NKLE, p. n. to run in and out ; to run in 
 mazes, meanders, or windings. Activelj', to break into 
 windings. 
 
 CRA'NKLES, s. an unequal surface, angles formed by the 
 • windings offhe stream. 
 
 CRATSfNlED, a. full of holes or chinks. 
 
 CRA'NNV, s. [crena, Lat.] a chink, cleft, or a narrow hole 
 made in a rock or solid body. 
 
 CRAPE, s. [erepa, low Lat.l a light transparent manufac- 
 ture resembling gaure, mane of raw silk gummed and 
 twisted in the mill, wove without crossing, and much used 
 in mourning. 
 
 CRATIJLENCE, s. [from napuh, a cup, Lat.] drunken- 
 ness ; or the disorder of the head occasioned by excessive 
 drinking. 
 
 CRATULOUS, (I. [from crnpula, a cup, Lat.] drunk ; sick 
 or disordered in the head by excessive drinking. 
 
 To CRASH, V. n. to make a loud noise ; applied to that 
 which is occasioned by the fall of several things at once. 
 Actively, to break or bruise by means of force. Figurative- 
 ly, to drink, ai)plied to linour. 
 
 CRASH, s. a loud, suaden, mixed sound, occasioned by 
 several things falling, or being dashed together. 
 
 CRA'SIS, s. [krasit, Fr.] constitution, or the habit of body 
 formed by a due temperature of the humours of the body 
 I'.eiilth. 
 
 CRASS, a. [cratsfu, Lat. J thick ; gross ; not easily run- 
 ning, ajwlied to fluids. 
 
 CRASSITUDE, #. [^from crassia, thick, Lat.] that state of 
 :« fluid wtiich enables it to support solid bodies witliout sink- 
 iiiKi grossness. 
 
 CRASTINATION, «. [from crns, to-iiionow, Lat.] the 
 delaying a thing, which ought to be done immediately, to 
 another time. 
 
 CRATCH, J. [creche, Fr.] the pallisaded frame, in whicli 
 the hay is put ; a manger. 
 
 CRA'TER, in astronomy, the cup, a ton^ellation in the 
 southern hemisphere. 
 
 CRAVAT, s. a cloth worn round the neck ; a neckcloth. 
 
 To CRAVE, r. 11. [crajinn. Sax.] to ask with earnestness 
 and submission. Figuratively, to ask insatiably, or wish for 
 without being satished ; to require as necessai'y ; to call 
 for as a claim, applied to things. 
 
 CRAVEN, a division of the West Riding of Yorkshire, 
 which lies on the river Are. 
 
 CRATEN, s. a cock that is conquered, and void of con- 
 rage. Figuratively, a coward, or one afraid to encounter 
 any danger. 
 
 To CRA'VEN, ". a. to render inactive by fear; to render 
 a person a coward, or affectwith cowardice. 
 
 CRAVER, «. an insatiable asker. 
 
 ToCRAUNCH, V. a. {from sc/irantsm, Belg. whence the 
 vulgar more pioperlv say to sc)-auiic/i\ to crush with the 
 teelh. 
 
 CRAW, s. [kroe, Dan.] the crop or first stomach in birds, 
 made by the infinitelv wise Architect of the world to supply 
 the want of teeth and mastication in birds. 
 
 CRA'WFISH,*. sometimes written craiifish ; [cei-evisse. Fr. | 
 in natural history, a small fresh-water fisli, in the form of a 
 lobster. 
 
 To CRAWL, V. a. [hrielot, Belg.] to move with a slow 
 motion along the ground, like a worm. Figuratively, to 
 move slowly ; to move in an abject posture, despised 
 by all. 
 
 CRAWLER, s. an animal which moves with its belly on 
 the ground ; any animal moving with a slow and creeping 
 motion. 
 
 CRA'YFISH, y. the same with the Crawfish, which 
 see. 
 
 CRA'YON, s. [Fr.] any colour formed into a roll or 
 pencil, with which pictures or portraits are drawn or co- 
 Inured. Figuratively, any design or portrait formed witli 
 crayons. 
 
 To CRAZE, V. a. [ecrnser, Fr.] to break. Figurativehr, 
 to crush or weaken a claim, or arguments ; to powder. To 
 disorder the senses or brain of a person ; to make a person 
 mad. 
 
 CRA'ZEDNESS, s. the state of a thing broken; weak- 
 ness; madness, applied to the understanding. 
 
 CRA'ZINESS, «. the state <tf being mad ; weakness. 
 
 CRAZY, a. [eci-iiii:, Fr.J broken. Figuratively, weak 
 with age ; decrepit ; fee.ble ; disordered in mind ; lunatic, 
 or mad. 
 
 To CREAK, (Jireeh) v. v. [corrupted from crack] to make 
 a harsh, shrill, and disagreeable noise, like that of a rusty 
 binge, applied both to things and animals. 
 
 CREAM, (kreem) s. [crenwr, Lat.] the thick, fat, or 
 unctuous substance wiiicli rises on tiie surfiice or milk w hen 
 it has stoofi for some time, used in iimkiiig butter. Figu- 
 ratively, the best, essential, or most valuable j)art of any 
 thing; as the cream of the jest. Cream-faced, nnplies pale 
 with fear. 
 
 To CREAM, (ArfC7)i) v.v. to rise in cream. To look pale 
 like cream. Actively, to skim off the cream of milk. Figu- 
 ratively, to take or collect the flower, best part, or quintes- 
 sence of anv thing. 
 
 CRE'.WlY, {hcemi/) a. abouiuring with, or of the natuie 
 of cream. 
 
 CRE'ANCE, t. [Fr.] in falconry , a tine small line, fastened 
 to a hawk's leash when she is first hired. 
 
 CREASE, {kriese) «.a mark made in a thing by folding or 
 doubling it. 
 
 To CREASE, {heetc) v. a. to make a mark in any thing 
 by>folding or doubling it. 
 To CIllvA'l E, c. a. [crto, Lat.] to form out of nothinj;.
 
 CUE 
 
 CRi: 
 
 riKlimtivcIy, to cause or produce ; )o occasion ; fo confer 
 an lioMoiir i>r (lifjnity- 1" law, to ^ive a-tliiiig new qualities ; 
 or jiut it into a new state. 
 
 CllEA'TION, s. laeatiii, from creo, to create, Lat.] the 
 act of forniint' orgivinj; existence, hi its strict sense, it im- 
 plies the RivJHo' existence to a tliini; which had no j)re- 
 uxistent matter. Fi'airatively, the act of conferring titles 
 and di;,'nily. The tilings created ; the universe. 
 
 CUK.Vri VE, a. iiavina; the power to form out of nothing ; 
 exerting the actor power of creation. 
 
 CIlEATOIl, 4-. [from cm, to create, Lat.] the Being that 
 bestows existence, or forms without any preceding matter. 
 
 rKE'.\TURE, (hrictiire) s. a being which owes its existence 
 to soaiething else. -Any thing created. An animal not 
 human. A general term for man. A word of contempt for 
 a luunan being. A woril of petty teixlerness. Figuratively, 
 used fisrone who owes his fortune to, and is at the devotion 
 of, anotlier. 
 
 CltEATURELY, {hreitin-ehj) ad. havinc,' the qualities of a 
 created thing. 
 
 CUr.BRITUDE, s. [rrthnlmh, Lat.] frequcniHcss, or the 
 quality of repeating the same thing often. 
 
 CHEBKOUS, «. [<r(V'f»-,Lat.l frequent. 
 
 CKE'CY, or Crkssy, a village in the department of 
 Somnie, famous for a great victory obtained over the French 
 by Edward IIL .August 26th, 1346, wherein the latter were 
 defeated with great slaughter, 30,000 foot being left dead in 
 the field, besides the horse; amongwhom were the king of 
 Bohemia, the count of Flanders, 8 other sovereign princes, 
 80 bannerets, 1200 knights, 1500 gentlemen, 4000 men at 
 arms, with the duke of Alen^on, and other great men, the 
 flower of the French nobility. The English army was drawn 
 up in three lines ; the first consisted of 800 men at arms, 
 4000 English archers, and 600 Welsh foot, commanded by 
 Edward prince of Wales, assisted by the carls of Warwick, 
 Oxford, Ac. The second line, composed of 800 men at 
 arms, 4000 halbidiers, and 2400 archers, was led by the 
 earls of Arundel and Northampton. The third line, or body 
 of reserve, in which were 700 men at arms, 5300 bilmen, 
 and 6000 archers, was ranged along the summit of a hill, 
 and conducted by the king in person, attended by the lords 
 Mowbray, Mortimer, and others. The army of the French 
 consisted of more than 120,000 men. Crecy is about 10 
 miles N. of Abbeville. 
 
 CRET)ENCE, s. [iVom credo, to believe, Lat.] belief; cre- 
 dit ; the act of the mind whereby it asserts to tne truth of a 
 persons pretensions, and places confidence in his claim to 
 assert. Figuratively, that which gives a person a right to 
 belief or credit. 
 
 CREDE'NDA, s. [Lat.] things or articles which it is ne- 
 cessary to believe ; those propositions or articles which are 
 inereiy the objects of faith, opposed to agenda, or practical 
 duties. 
 
 CRET)ENT, a. [from ct-cdo, to believe, Lat.] believing ; 
 easy of belief. 
 
 CREpE'NTL\L, {kredenslnar) s. [eredn, to believe, Lat.] 
 that which gives a right to belief and credit ; that which 
 warrants assuming any authority, and claims the respect 
 due to one of that character. 
 
 CREDIBFLITY, s. the claim which a thing may have to 
 be assented to or believed ; the quality or evidence which 
 renders a thing fit to be assented to ; probability. 
 
 CRET>IBLE, a. [from oedo, to believe, Lat.] worthy of 
 credit, assent, or belief. 
 
 CRE'DIBLENESS, .v. the miality which renders a thing 
 worthy of credit, assent, or belief. 
 
 CRE'DIBLY, ad. in such a manner as mav be assented to ; 
 III such a manner as to claim belief. 
 
 CRETDIT, J. \crcdil, Fr.] belief of a thing as a truth. 
 Figuratively, honour, esteem, testimony, or reputation for 
 honesty ; the lending and expectation of money lent within 
 some hmittcd time ; the faith reposed in the government by 
 Wilding money at interest, which may be transferred, 
 ♦hoiigli not redeemable, or is promised to be repaid at a 
 
 certain time. In ci.niiuerce, it sign fies something soM oii 
 trust; and the on/// of a person's accDUiil is lh;it on wJMcli 
 his payments, whether in cash or oilier cuHiiiinilities, are 
 registered. 
 
 To Cl'E'DIT, 1'. a. [n-cdo, Lat.] to believe or assent to 
 what a person says as triitli. Figuratively, to reflect honour 
 on a i)erson or thing ; to trust or confide in one; to let a 
 person have goods on trust. In coiuuk rce, to discii.irge 
 a debt, by entering an article on the credit side of an ac- 
 count. 
 
 CREDITABLE, o. that may engage confidence orestcem. " 
 In coninicrce, that may procure trust; honourable; esti- 
 mable. 
 
 CRE'DITABLENESS, a. reputation ; the being generally 
 praised and esteemed. 
 
 CREDIT.ABLY, ad. in such a manner as to keep one's 
 reputation, or avoid disgrace. 
 
 CRE'DITION,orKin'rf)N, a town in Devonshire, with 
 a considerable manufacture of serges ; formerly the sec of 
 a bishop, removed to Exeter in 1050. The cathedral, a 
 magnificent structure, 200 feet in length, is still standing. It 
 is seated between two hills, on the river Creddy, 9 miles N. 
 W. of Exeter, and 181 W. by N. of London." Market on 
 Saturday. 
 
 CREDITOR, s. rf>oin eirno, to believe, Lat.] one who 
 lets another have ahy thing on trust ; one to whom a debt 
 is owing. In book-keeping, that side of an account wherein 
 all things are delivered are entered ; in the cash-book, it 
 contains a person's payment. 
 
 CREDULITY, s. [from credo, to believe, LatJ belief 
 without examining into the truth of the thing asserted to; too 
 great easiness in believing. 
 
 CREDULOUS, s. [4rom eredn, to believe, Lat.] assenting 
 to any thing proposed as an object of belief, without ex- 
 amining into its truth- 
 
 CRE DULOUSNESS, s. the quality of believing without 
 examining. 
 
 CREED, s. [from credo, Lat.] is a brief sumniarv of tlie 
 articles of a ClWistian's belief. There are several ancient 
 forms and scattered remains of creeds to be met with in 
 the records of the primitive church ; but tlic most univer- 
 sal creeds, and tliose which are allowed by the canons of 
 the church, are the Aposlolica!, the Athnnasian, and Nicene 
 creeds. Any solemn profession of pi inciples and opinion. 
 " There's mv creed." Shah. 
 
 To CREEK, v. a. [kreche, Belg.] to make a harsh noise. 
 
 CREEK, s. [creeea, Sax.] in geography, a part of the sea 
 which runs into the land ; a port or bay ; a prominence, or 
 jutting, in a winding coast. 
 
 CRETiKY, a. full of creeks and windings. 
 
 To CREEP, V. n. prefer, crept ; \crypnv. Sax.] to move 
 with the belly on the ground, applied to reptiles or animals 
 which have no legs, such as worms and serpents. Figura- 
 ti 'ely, to grow on the ground, or upon supporters, applied 
 to vegetables. To move slowly ; to move unperceived into 
 any place ; to come unexpected, or steal out of a place un- 
 perceived and unheard ; to behave with abjectness, or mean 
 ness ot spirit. 
 
 CREEPER, s. a plant which runs along the ground, 
 or supports itself by means of some stronger body ; a kind 
 of small bird, whose manners resemble those of the wood- 
 pecker; an iron used to slide along the grate in kitchens ; 
 a grappling iron emploved in bringing up drowned persons, 
 or other objects from "the bottom of the water ; a kind of 
 patten or clog worn by women in dirty weather. 
 
 CRE'EPHOLE, s. a hole or cavity into which ao animal 
 may retire to escape danger. Figuratively, an ••■'.cuse; 
 me.ms devised to escape shame, or elude the force of lav/. 
 
 CREEPINGLY, ad. in a slow motion; after the niannfr 
 of a reptile. 
 
 CRE'M.X, the capital of Crcmasco, a small but fertile 
 territory of Venice, insulated in the Milanese. It i-; well- 
 built ; populous and commercial. Lat. 46. 25. N. loii. 
 9. 30. E.
 
 CRE 
 
 cm 
 
 CREMATION, s. [crematio, from cremo, to burn, Lat.] a 
 burning. 
 
 CREMO'NA, the capital of the Crenionese, a territory of 
 Milan, having Mantua on theE. and the Bressan on the N. 
 The principal streets are broad and straight, and there are 
 some small squares. The country about is fertile, pro- 
 ducing wine, iVuits, honey, flax, Ac. Here is an university, 
 4)f n.i great celebrity. It is seated on the Oglio, near the 
 Vo, ."iO miles >!. W. of Parma. 
 
 CREMOR, «. [Lat.Ja milky substance ; a soft liquor re- 
 seiribling cream. 
 
 CRE'NATED, a. [from crcna, a notch, Lat.] in botany, 
 notched ; jagged ; or sewed on the edges. 
 
 CliE'OLES, a name given to the families descended from 
 the Spaniards who first settled at Mexico in America. 
 These are much more numerous than the Spaniards pro- 
 perly so called, and the Mulattoes, which two other species 
 of inhabitants they distinguish ; and are excluded from all 
 consider9ble employments. 
 
 CRETANE, s. in farriery, an ulcer in the midst of the 
 fore part of the foot, caused by a bilious, sharp, and biting 
 humour, that frets the skin, or by a hurt given by striking 
 the hinder feet. 
 
 To CREPITATE, v. n. \crepito, Lat.] to make a small 
 crackling noise. 
 
 CREPITATION, s. a small crackling noise, as the burn- 
 ing of thorns, parching of peas, dc. 
 CREPT, the participle of crffp. 
 
 CREPU'SCULE, J. [crepiuculum, Lat.] in astronomy, the 
 twilight. 
 
 CREPU'SCULOUS, a. [from cremtsculum, Lat.] glimmer- 
 ing ; in a state between light and darkness. 
 
 CRE'SCENT, a. \crttcem, from cresco, to grow, Lat.] 
 growing; increasing; in a state of increase. 
 
 CRESCENT, s. the moon in her state of increase. In 
 heraldry, it is a bearing in form of a new moon ; and is used 
 either as an honourable bearing, or as a distinction between 
 elder and younger families ; being generally assigned to the 
 second son, and his descendants. 
 
 CRESS, s. [plural cresses, perhaps from cresco, Lat. on ac- 
 count of its qinck growth] a herb used for salad, or eat raw, 
 of which there are several sorts ; the garden creii and the 
 water cress are the most known. 
 
 CRESSET, s. [from croiseite, Fr.] a great light set on a 
 light-house, or watch-tower ; a beacon. 
 
 CREST, >. [critta, Lat.] in armoury, the top part of tlie 
 armour for the head, mounting over the helmet in manner 
 of a comb, or tuft of a cock, deriving its name from crtsln, a 
 cock's cond), and was for the most part made of feathers, or 
 the hair of horses' tails. In heraldry, the uppermost part 
 of an armoury, or that part of the casque or helmet next to 
 the mantle. The crest is deemed a greater mark of nobility 
 than the armoury ; being borne at tournaments, to«liich 
 none were admitted, till they had given good proof of their 
 nobility. Figuratively, prioe, spirit, or courage. 
 
 CRE'.STED, e. [from crista, a crest, Lat.] adorned w ith a 
 plume or crest; having a tuft or comb on the head. In 
 botany, flowers furnished with a tuft or crest, as in tiie com- 
 mon milk-wort. 
 
 CRE'STFALLEN, a. dispirited ; coward; in a state of 
 (Iciex-tion. 
 
 CRE'STLE-SS, «. in heraldry, not honoured with coat- 
 aruKMiry ; or of a noble or honoured family. 
 
 (CRETACEOUS, (kretdcemts) n. [from cretn, chalk, Lat.] 
 chalky; abounding with havin'j the quality of chalk. 
 
 CRE'VICE, s. [from crever, Fr.] a narrow opening made 
 in a thing by its cracking, generally applied to walls or 
 wainscot«. 
 
 CREW, i.[ probably from crud. Sax.] formerly a company 
 met together for any purpose. At present applied to a snip's 
 coiup;iiiy ; or used to signify a company of conlemptible 
 persons, or such a» herd logvthor w ith some bad design. 
 
 CIIEWEI., J. [A/<«W, llelg. I fine worsted or yarn twisted 
 and made up in a knot oi ball. 
 
 CREAVKERNE, a town of Somersetshire, contairu'rif 
 about 3(100 inhabitants. Here are some mauufacluiei of 
 dowlas, sail-cloth, gut-web, and stockings. It is seated on 
 a branch of the Parrel, on the contines of Dorsetshire, 132 
 liiiles \V. by S. of London. Market on Saturday. 
 
 CRIB, s. [Teut. cvi/fcif, Sax.] the rack in a stable. Figm 
 ratively, the stall trfan ox ; a small habitation or hut. Tiie 
 cards which each party lay out of their hands, and are reck- 
 oned for the benefit of the dealer at the game of cribhagt-- 
 CRI'BBAGE, s. a game at cards, wherein the players eii- 
 deavour to make pairs, sequents, pairs royal, and one and 
 thirty at playing, and to hold in their hands as many fifteens, 
 pairs, and sequents, as they can. 
 CRIBBLE, .<■. [eribrum, Lat.] a corn-sieve. 
 CRICKEITH, a town in Carnarvonshire, whose market 
 is on Wednesday. It is 2.36 miles from London. 
 
 CRICK, s.[crieco, Ital.] the noise made by a door v hen 
 its hinges are rusty, or want oiling; a painful stifl'ness i;i 
 the neck, from cryce, .Sax. 
 
 CRICKET, s. an insect which frequents fire-plaees or 
 ovens, and is reuiarkahlc for a continual chirping or creak- 
 ing noise ; a game wliich is played with a bat and ball. 
 
 CU1CKH(5'\VEL, a town of Brecknockshire, much re- 
 sorted to by invalids for the jiurpose of drinking goat's milk 
 and whey. Here are the ruins of a castle, which appears 
 to have been formerly a place of considcral)le strength. It 
 is seated on the river Usk, 13 miles E. by S. of Brecknock. 
 Market on Thursday. 
 
 CRI'CKLADE, a town of Wilts, containing about 250 
 houses. It is seated on the Thames, (and the Thames and 
 Severn Canal now comes up to the town,) *25 miles S. W. of 
 Ox'ord, and S3 \V. of London. Market on Saturday. 
 
 CRIER, s. a person authorised to proclaim things -that 
 are lost, or those which are to be sold. 
 
 CRIM-TA'RTARY, or Crimea, a peniusula;_of Asia, 
 bounded on the N. by part of the district of Taurida, (a di- 
 vision of the Russian government of Ekaterinoslav,) and on 
 the other parts by the Black Sea and the Seaof Asoph. It 
 is divided into two parts by mountains which run E. and W. 
 The N. division is fit for pasturage only ; in the S. part the 
 valleys are remarkably fertile, and the climate extremely 
 milcl. The lower hills, extending from Theo<losia to the E. 
 extremity of the country, are principally used in gardening, 
 and produce excellent fruit. The Tartars are short and 
 squat, with swarthy complexions, pig's eyes, square and flat 
 faces ; their hair is black, and as strong as horse hair, with 
 very little beards. Their shirts and drawers are cotton 
 cloih, and over them they have cloaks of felt, or sheep-skins. 
 The women are too much like their husbands to be hand- 
 some; however, the men usually make use of tlie slaves 
 which they steal from their neighbours: and are continu- 
 ally roving from one place to annther. The Tartar inhai)i- 
 tants are estimated at 70,000. Achmetsled was made the 
 capital in 17H5. Besides the ports of Kirth and Jenikale, 
 the road of Cafl'a, and the harbour of Bahiclava, there is,' 
 near Seba-.tapol, one of /he most ca\)acious and secure h;>r- 
 bours in the world. This country is in some maps called 
 Taurica, from its having been the ancient Taurica Cherso- 
 iiesus. 
 
 CRIME, s. \crimen, Lat.] a voluntary breach of any known 
 law; an ofl'oiice. Synon. /'nuZ/i' result from human weak- 
 ness, being transgressions of the rules of duty. Crimes pro. 
 ceed from the wickedness of the heart, being actions against 
 the rules of Jiatnre. 
 
 CRI'MINAL, ff. [cri2mnolis, from fn»if«, a crime, Lat. I 
 contrary to any known law. Figuratively, faulty ; worthy 
 of blame ; guiliv ; subject to s(une punisinnent on account 
 of the violation of a law. In law, that wiiich is opposed to 
 civil. 
 
 CRI'MINAL,.'. a person who is accused of a vohintary 
 liiTurh ofa known law ; a person who has knowingly ami 
 wilfullv acted coiilraiv toajiy law. 
 
 CRIMINALLY, flf/. in a 'manner inconsistent with ii>- 
 uoteuci:; in a manner whitli iiuv'ies giuU, or the v.iliul
 
 CKI 
 
 CRO 
 
 Itreaili of some law; in a inaiiiioi wliicli doseivi's blame or 
 
 plIllisluiH'llt. 
 
 CKIMINA'TION, s. [rriniinatln, from friinni, a cjinic, 
 Lal.| tlie act ol" accusing a person of tlie Imacli ol'aomo 
 la .V . 
 
 CRIMINOUS, a. [from cn»icn, a crime, Lat.J enormously 
 guillv ; iiii(iiiitous. 
 
 C'lilMI*, "■ [from rrimhh or crinnhle] easily l>rokon ; 
 crunihlin^' witli dryness; easily reduced to powder, ri^u- 
 ralivilv, not consistent; not of any force. A Itvw uonl. 
 
 To CiU'MPLIi, I'. ". [from rumjtU; crumple, or erimpli] to 
 to draw loiretlier in wrinkles. 
 
 CRIMSON, s. [c/imo*(//», Ital.] a deep red colour, mixed 
 witiian appearance of blue. Fi^'uratively, in i)oetical lau- 
 fjiiane, used for a dark, or any deijree of a red colour. 
 
 To CUI'MSON, i>. a. to dye or colour with red or crim- 
 son. 
 cm NCUM, s. [a cant word] a cramp ; whnnsy. 
 CRINGE, s. A low bow, carrying with it the idea of fawn- 
 ing and mean servility. 
 
 To CRINGE, V. a. [hrieclien. Tent.] to form inio wrinkles, 
 or nncoutli appearances. Neuterly, to behave in a mean, 
 servile, complaisant manner, in order to gain a person's fa- 
 vour, or avert his anger ; to fawn. 
 
 CRINI'GEROUS, a. [from crinis, hair, and ^oo, to carry, 
 Lat.] Ir.iirv ; overgrown with hair. 
 
 To CRINKLE,*, n. [hinchelen, Belg.] to go in and out ; 
 to wrinkle. Actively, to draw a thing into wrinkles ; to 
 make the surface of a thing uneven. 
 CRl'NKLE.s. a wrinkle. 
 CRI'NOSE, a. [from crinis, hair, Lat.] hairy. 
 CRINO'SriT, s. [from crinis, hair, Lat.] the qualify of 
 abounding in hair; hairiness. 
 
 CRITFLE, s. [cri/pd. Sax.] a person who has not the 
 use of his limbs, especially his legs. 
 
 To CRIPPLE,]), a. toiiiakc lame, or deprive a person of 
 the use of his limbs. 
 
 CRl'PPLENESS, s.the state of a person who is lame, or 
 has not the use of his limbs. 
 
 CRISIS, s. [h-isis, Gr.] in medicine, a cnaugc in a dis- 
 order, which either determines a patient's death or reco- 
 very. Figuratively, in politics, a period of time wherein an 
 \indertaking is arrived at its greatest height ; any particu.ar 
 period of time.' 
 
 CRISP, «. [crisnus, Lat.] curled, indented, winding. Dry, 
 brittle, or easily broken. 
 
 To CRISP, r. a. [o-ispo, Lat.] to curl, or form a thing into 
 a ring; to twist. Neuterly, to run in and out. To make a 
 thing easy to be broken by frying or drying it. 
 CRI'SPING-PIN, s. a curling iron. 
 
 CRI'SPNESS, s. the quality of a thing curled; easiness 
 to be broken, owing to dryness. In cookery, the brittleness 
 of a thing, owing to the hard incrustation formed by a 
 brisk fire. 
 CRI'SPY, a. culled. In cookery, brown and brittle. 
 CRITE'RION, s. {kriterimi, from hrino, to judge, Gr.] a 
 standard by which the goodness or badness of a thing may 
 be measured or jiidged. 
 
 CRITIC, s. hitihos, from hrino, to judge, Gr.] a person 
 formed by nature, and qualified by art, to point out the per- 
 fection aiid imperfection of any of the productions in the 
 arts or sciences ; one who is employed in distinguishing 
 the beauties or defects of an author. Figuratively, a cen- 
 surer, or a person apt to find fault either with the writings 
 or actions of another. 
 
 CRITIC, a. belonging to criticism ; or the art of judging 
 of the performances of an author. 
 
 CRITIC, (by some spelt critique, and then pron. Iireeteik) 
 s. [critique, Fr.] an examination or comment on the works 
 ofan author, wherein both taste and learning are used as 
 guides; a criticism ; the art of criticism. 
 
 CRITICAL, a. able to distinguish the beauties and de- 
 fects of any production ; nice, exact, accurate ; with all 
 the judgment and care of a critic ; after tlic manner of a 
 
 critic; according to the rules of criticism. Captious; irv- 
 eliiic-d to find fault; censorious. In nie>liciue and i)olitic8, 
 that in which some crisis or important change happens. 
 
 CRITICALLY, a<L in a critical maiiiier ; in such a 
 manner as to discover beauties or defects ; exactly ; curi- 
 ously. 
 
 CRI'TICALNESS, *. exactness, nicety, accuracy; the 
 act of exercising the judgment, in order to discern the 
 faults or perfections of any production. 
 
 To CRl TICISE, (hriticize) v. a. to write remarks, or 
 point out the beauties and defects of any production. Fi- 
 guratively, to find fault with. Actively, to censure, blame, 
 or find fault with. 
 
 CRITICISM, s. the art or standard of judging well of 
 the merits or demerits of any production. Figuratively, 
 remark or observation made by a critic. 
 
 To CROAK, (hall) V. V. [cracezzan, Sax.] to make a 
 hoarse noise, applied to that made by a frog or raven. 
 — Figuratively, to caw, to cry, or make a disagreeable mur- 
 mur. 
 
 CROAK, (/;»o/.) i. the noise made by a frog, raven, or 
 crow. 
 
 CROATIA, a country of Europe, bounded on the N. by 
 Hungary ; on the E. aucl S. E. by Hungary and Sclavonia ; 
 on the .S. by Sclavonia and Bosnia; <m the W. by Morla- 
 chia. The Austrian Croatia is about 130 miles in lengtli, 
 and from 40 to fiO in breadth. The Turkish Croatia is about 
 40 miles long and 20 wide. In the middle ages (licy had 
 kings of tlieirowu, but in the 11th century, Croatia andUal- 
 matia devolved to the king of Hungary. 
 
 CRO'CEOUS, n. [from nociw, saffron, Lat] consisting of, 
 or resembling saffron ; yellow, orof a saffron colour. 
 Clio CUES, s. little buds upon the top of a deer's horn. 
 CPkOCK, s. [hrnick, Belg.] a cup or earthen vessel ; a 
 pot to boil victuals in. Figuratively, the smut occasioned 
 bv rubbing the outside of a pot against any thing. 
 " CRO'CKERY, s. [from hndch, Belg.] earthenware. 
 CROCODILE, s. [krohodeihis, from hrokos, saffron, anrl 
 (l^i/os, timorous, Gr.] an amphibious voracious animal, in 
 sliape resembling a lizard, and found in Egypt and the In- 
 dies. It is covered with very hard scales, which cannot 
 witliout great ditficulty be pierced ; except under the belly, 
 wiiere the skin is tender. It has a wide mouth, with seve- 
 ral rows of teeth, sharp and separated, which enter one an- 
 other. It runs with great swiftness; but does not easily 
 turn itself. It is long lived, and is said to grow continually 
 to its death. Some are ten or twelve yards long. Croco- 
 diles lay their eggs, resembling goose eggs, sometimes 
 amounting to sixty, near the water side ; covering them 
 with the sand, that the heat of the sun may hatch them. 
 
 CROCODILINE, a. [crocvctiltmu, Lat.] resembling a 
 crocodile. 
 
 CROCUS, s. a plant, of which there are two kinds, the 
 vernal and autumnal ; tlie summits of the pointal of the lat 
 ter species, with narrow leaves rolled back at the edges, ar? 
 the saffron of the shops. In chemistry, it denotes any me- 
 tal calcined to a red or deep yellow colour. 
 
 CROFT, s. [cri'ft, Sax.] a little close joining to a house, 
 used either for corn or pasture. 
 
 CROISA'DE. or CROISA'DO, s. [from emir, cross, Fi;.] 
 a holy war ; a name given to the expeditions of the Chris- 
 tians against the infidels, for the recovery of Palestine; so 
 called because those who wei.e engaged in them wore a 
 cross on their clothes, and bore one on their standard. Se- 
 veral circumstances contributed to give rise to the croisades, 
 such as a desire of visiting Palestine, an opinion that the end 
 of tile world was approaching, and the hardsliips which 
 were suffered by pilgrims in the Holy Land, after the Turks 
 had taken that country from the Saracens. The first cro 
 isade began in 1095, being instigated principally by Petei 
 the hermit. The next year 800,000 croisaders invaded Pa- 
 lestine, and in a little time gained considerable advantages. 
 They were however expelled by the Turks in the thirteenth 
 century, after which no advantages remaiued from these
 
 CRO 
 
 CRO 
 
 ijl-i'ouflnctod espciUtions, but tlitir liaviUT contriliultd to 
 civilize F.uropc. 
 
 CROISES, s. [rntiscs. Ft.] pilgrims bound for the Holy 
 Land, or those who liavp bofn nlrcadv there. 
 
 CKOMACK W ATEK- a romantic lake of Cumberland, 
 ontlic Cocker, between Buttermere and Lowes Water. It 
 is t miles in lcni;th, nearly half a mile in breadth, in some 
 places very deep, and contains 3 little islands, one of which 
 is a rock. 
 
 CROMARTY, a tolerable fertile, and, of late years, well- 
 rultivated county of Scotland, comprehending part of a 
 p<'ninsi;la on the south coast of the Frith, to which it gives 
 iianio. On tlie S. and W. it is bounded by Rossshire ; and 
 on tile E. by' the Fiith of Murray. It is 12 miles long from 
 E. to W. and about 3 miles in its greatest breadth. Its ca- 
 pital of the same name, has a manufacture of hempen cloth, 
 u hich employs about 200 persons, and a considerable coast- 
 ing trade in corn, thread, yarn, tish, and skins. It it situated 
 at or near the entrance of the Frith of Cromarty, tlie most 
 safe, extensi\e, and commodious bay, or harbour, of Scot- 
 land, and one of the finest in Europe, or the world. This 
 truly excellent, but much neglected harbour, the Pnrtas Sa- 
 lutisoi'thc Romans, is about 22 miles in length, and in some 
 ii.irts4 in hreadth ; the entrance is narrow and bold, being 
 formed by two huge lofty rocks, which project into the sea 
 till they approach within amile of each other, and, therefore, 
 defend this tine bay completely from winds and storms. 
 These rocky promontories, or islands, thus approaching each 
 other, and having also, a similar appearance, arc called by 
 the natives, T/ic sooters of Cromarty, which, in the Scottish 
 language, lueans wooers, or lovers. Such, in fact, is the 
 vast extent of sea-room in this bay, and such its length, 
 depth, and breadth, that almost the whole British navy might 
 ride with safety within it ; and the state of the shore, or 
 anchorage ground, on both sides, for several miles u|i, is so 
 favourable and smooth, that were a vessel driven from her 
 cables and cast ashore, there would be little or no damage 
 incurred. In violent easterly winds, when no vessel can 
 venture to look into any port of the cast coast of Scotland, 
 from the Frith of Forth northwards, all vessels, thus situated, 
 flock into this biy. It will appear of still greater impor- 
 tance, when it is known, that from Wick, in Caithness, to 
 this frith, a dist;ince of 60 miles, the «liore is bold, rocky, 
 and utterly inaccessible to sea-vessels of any size, the wa- 
 ters of Diirnocli excepted ; w hich, however, are of no ."jreat 
 utility to navigation, by reason of shallows and quicksands. 
 
 CROMER, a town of Norfolk, w ith a market on Saturday. 
 It is seated luar the sea-side, and was formerly mine con- 
 siderable than it is at present ; for it had two churches, one 
 of which, with several houses, were swaHowed up by the 
 sea. The inhabitants are now thicfiy fishermen. It has 
 Iteen of late iinich resorted to as a watering-place. It is 22 
 miles N. of Nnrwich, and 127 N. E. of London. 
 
 CROMWELL, (Oliver) was the son of Mr. Robert 
 Cromwell, who was the second son of Sir Henry Cromwell, 
 of Hinchingbrooke, in the county of Huntingdon, by Eli/a- 
 beth, daughter of Sir Richard Stewart of the Isle of Ely, 
 Itnight. He was born in the parish of St. John, in the an- 
 lient borough of Huntingdon, on April 24 or 25, in 1699, 
 in the 41s! year of the reign of (J. Elizabeth. He was sent 
 1o school uiiilcr the care of Dr. Thomas Reard, master of the 
 free-schoo' at Huntingdon. He from thence removed to 
 Sidney college in Cambridge, where he was adniittetl April 
 23, in Ifilf), under the tuition of Mr. Riduud Howlet, who, 
 (>y a strict attention to his pilpil's disposition very quickly 
 discovered, that he -Aas less addicted tospecidation than to 
 action. His fatherdying, be returned houu, whiTe his (•(in- 
 duct was far enough from being reguhir, insomucii that it 
 gave his mother, who was a notable and prudent woman, 
 much uneasiness. She was advised by iumie near relations 
 lo send him up 1o London, and to place him in Lincoln's iiui, 
 which she accordingly did, Imt without any cxtiaordinarv 
 rfff^cts, since it only served t<) biing him accinainted with 
 l!;e vices of the town, by way of addition to those to wliicli 
 
 be had been addicted in the country. If does not at all ap- 
 pear thai he applied himself to the study of the law, v.liich 
 was what his friends aimed at; on 'he contrary, he 'joiitl- 
 nued to pursue his pleasures, and gave himself up to wiiu;, 
 women, and play ; in which last, tlmugli he was sonietimes 
 fortiinatc, yet, taking all his expenses together, they «) iiuich 
 exceeded his income, that he quickly disjipated all that his 
 fatner left him. But altera few years spent in this manner, 
 he saw plainly the consequence of his follies, renounced 
 them suddenly, and began to lead a very grave and sober 
 life, and entered into a close friendship w ith several eminent 
 divines, who h)oked upon his reformation as very extraor- 
 dinary, and spoke of liim as a man of sense and great abili- 
 ties. As he was nearly related to Mr. Hampden of Buck- 
 inghamshire, to the Barringtons of Essex, and other consi- 
 derable families, they interested themselves in his favour, 
 and were very desirous of seeing him sell led in the world ; 
 in order to which, a marriage was proposed, which soon 
 after took eft'ect. The lady he married was Elizabeth, 
 daughter of Sir James Boucliier, of Essex, knight, a woman 
 of spirit and parts, and being descended from an ancient 
 family, did not want a considerable porti;)n of pride. Mr. 
 Cromwell soon after returned to his own country, and settled 
 at Huntingdon, till the deathof his untie SirThomas Stuart, 
 who left an estate of between 4 and ;a\0£. a \car, induced 
 him to remove into the Isle of Ely. It was about this time 
 that he began to converse mostly with them that w ore then 
 styled Puritans, and by degrees all'ected their notions with 
 great warmtii and violence. He was elected a aieinber of 
 the third parliament in the reign of Charles I. which met 
 Jan. 20, in 1(!28, and was of the committee for religion,, 
 where he distinguished hiuiself by his zeal against popery, 
 and liy complaining of Ui-. Neile, then bishop of Winches- 
 ter, licensing books which had a verj' dangerous tendwicy. 
 After the dissolution of that parliament, he returned again 
 into the country, where he contiinied to express much cor»- 
 cern for religion, to frequent silenced ministers, and to in- 
 vite them often to lectures and sermons at his house, by 
 which he again brought his afJairs into a very indiHcrent 
 sitiuition; so that he judged it necessary to try wkit industry 
 might do towards repairing these brcadies, which led hin> 
 to take a farm at St. Ives, and this he kept about five years ; 
 though iiidetxl, instead of repairing, it helped to run out the 
 rest of his fortune. He had prayers in the morning ;ind af- 
 ternoon, and he gave public notice tluit he was ready to 
 make restitution to any from whom he had won moviey at 
 play ; and he actually did return SOiC. to Mr. Calton, f'roin 
 whom he won it several years before. When the earl of 
 Bedlbrn, and some other persons of high dislinclion, who 
 had estates in Lincolnshire, were desirous of having the fens 
 drained, Cromwell violently opjiosed it, which gave occa- 
 sion to Mr. Hampden to recommend him to his friends in 
 parliament as a person capable of conduciing great things. 
 He had tlie address to get himself chosen for Cambridge, a 
 place in w hich he was not known, and was vcr>' zealous in 
 pr<>nu)tingthe remonstrance which was carried on Nov. 14, 
 UMl, whitli laid the basis of the civil war. In 1643 Mr. 
 Cromwell raised atroop of horse, which he commanded, by 
 virtue of a counnission fnmi the earl of Essex, Hiid acted 
 very vigorously, so that he was promoted lo the rank of oo- 
 lonel, and had lOoO horse under his conmnnd, and was 
 some lime afterwards lieutenant-general of the hirse. In 
 the battle of MarsUm-Moor, July 3, lti44, it was iniiversally 
 allowed that his cavalry had the greatest share in gaining the 
 battle. In the winter, when the parliament sat, Cr'^nnvell 
 and his friends carried what was then called the self denying 
 ordinance, that excluded the nuMubers of either house from 
 Iraving any cinnmands in the army ; however, Cromwell was 
 at first occasionally, and at kist absolutely exempted. Upon 
 the introduction of the new model, as it was called, the 
 chief command of the army was given to Sir TI,op.\;is Fair- 
 fax ; and from being lieulenain-general of horse, Crom- 
 well beeaine lieutenant-general of the army, of which, while 
 aiiothcrluid llic title, he. seems .to have had the directioi..
 
 CRO 
 
 CRO 
 
 In' ICJfi th« tflrl of Essex died suddenly; and Cromwell 
 lurncil his ihoui^lilsii'di'ly to iiialiu the ariiiv tlie s-iiprenic 
 power, whieh he artoiilin^jly eftected, and turned Diit those 
 members of the house wlio would not act l>y liis direction. 
 As to the circumstance of the heheLHlinK tl'e l>ins. ^Jud the 
 puhlic traisac'ions of those times, they are so well known, 
 that I shall pass them sli;;hlly over. Cromwell had llu'com- 
 miind of the forces of [rdand, and the title of Lord Lieute- 
 nant was bcbtowed upon him ; and by tlie month of Jiuic 
 1050; all Ireland was in a manner subdued, and that in so 
 short a space as nine months. lie left Iretoii, his deputy 
 there, and came over to Kn;,daiid. On June '20, Ui.'io, he 
 was ap()ointed j^eneral and commander in chief of all the 
 forces of the commcuiwealth, and set out on his march asaiust 
 the Scots, who had received ("harles ll. On September .i, 
 I6f)l, he totally ilefcated the kiny;'», forces at Worcester ; lie 
 then came up to Loudon, and was congratulated by the house 
 of commons, the council of state, the lord mayor, Ac. On 
 the li)lh of April, Ki.'j.'?, he called a eouucil of othcer.s, to fle- 
 bate about the government ; while they were sitting, colonel 
 In^olby came and informed tliem, that the parliament had 
 framed a bill to continue themselves till Nov. .1, in the next 
 yt-ar, proposing' to fill u^ the house by new elections ; where 
 upon tile yeiiorai luarclied (liiecUv lu \S esliiiuisier, wiln 
 about .1(10 men, plaeefl his soldiers about the liouse, entered 
 first himself, and alter stayinj; sometime talking to them, 
 lie ordered the soldiers to see the house clear of all members, 
 and having caused the doors to be locked up, went away 
 to Whitehall. On Deceniber,16, the same year, Cromweil 
 wa.s invested in the court of Chancery in Westminster ball, 
 with great solemnilv, with the title of Protector of the Com- 
 monwealth of Kngland, .Scotland, and Ireland, being then 
 in the 34 year of his age ile applied himself immediately 
 to the setiling of public alfairs, both foreign and domestic, 
 and concluded a peace witli Uie states of Holland, in which 
 "Denmark was included. He also made peace with Sweden, 
 and both France and Spain contended so earnestly for his 
 friendship, that they made themselves ridiculous. As to 
 domestic affairs, he filled the courts of Westminster. with 
 able judges, professed an unalterable resolution of maintain- 
 ing liberty of conscience, and dismissedfrom their commands 
 sueli officers as he could not coHfide in. He gave the com- 
 mand of all the forces in Scotland to general Monk, and sent 
 his own son Henry to govern Ireland. He, by an ordinance 
 datad April 12, lGo4, united England and Scotland, fixing 
 the niuuber of representatives for the latter at tiiirty, ami 
 .soon after he did the same by Ireland. He shewed a great 
 regard to justice, in causing the brother of the ambassador 
 from Portugal to be executed for luuvder. He called a par- 
 liament to meet on Sept. 3, which was accordingly opened 
 on that day, to which the protector went in great state. He 
 received the house of commons in the painted chamber, 
 where he made them a very long speech. When they came 
 to their house, after electing Mr. William Lentliall their 
 speaker, they fell to debating w hether the supreme legisla- 
 tive power of tjie kingdom should be in a single person or a 
 parliament. This so alarmed tlie protector, tliat on the 12tli 
 of the same month, he caused a guard to be set at the 
 painted cham1)er, where he gave them a sharp reproof, and 
 none were permitted logo into the house afterward before 
 they had taken an oath to be faithful to the protector and his 
 government. The protector finding this parliament would 
 give him no money, and that they were about to lake away 
 his power.ilissolved them. He restored to the city their 
 militia. This year, 1G.")5. there were some conspiracies, for 
 w hicii several persons suHered death, and the protector from 
 henceforth nia<le nodifiicultv of supporting hisaufliority, in 
 »uy manner, and liy any means. In the spring of this vear 
 he sent a powerful fleet under the commanrl ofadmiral Peini, 
 and a great body of laud forces, commandt d by general 
 Vcr.ables, in hopes •(« make himself master of great part of 
 the SpaiiisI- Wcst-Lidies; and though they failed in their 
 Qiain design, vet thev made themselves masters of Jamaica, 
 and admiral Blake did great things in the Mediterranean; 
 
 Gg 
 
 so that tlie protector's reputation was very Iiigli abroad. 
 Writs were issued out feu the |>arUanient to meet Sept. 17, 
 M'i.V), at \\ liicli time they met accordingly, but there was ■» 
 g\iard posted at the door of the liou5G, v. lio suil'ep.;! nt.ue to 
 cuter till they had swallowed the oathi that weu veadj ()rc- 
 parcd for them ; by which 'iOUwere excluded. In ih'- spring 
 of I he \earl(i,'>7,akiiid of legislative government was bi ought 
 upon llie carpet, and it was agreed to ofler Croiiiwi II the 
 title of king. Finding it disagreeable to his best friends, he 
 told them he could not, with a go(.d conscience, accept the 
 title of king ; but his highness resolved upon a new inaugu- 
 ration, winch was accor<lingly, with gieat scdcmniiy, pi r- 
 onued, June 2fi, i()57, in Westminster iiall, with all llio-sphn- 
 dour of a cruoiuilion. On Jan. 2(t, \(h'jH, the commons met 
 as the other licuse also did, pursuant to the writs of summons 
 issued by the lord prot'ctor; and all shew of force was 
 ivithdrawn; but the two lumses being at vaiiance, the pro- 
 tector dissidve<l ihrm Feb. 4, with great bitteril'-ssof speech, 
 and deep s(urow of heart. This \ear Dunkirk, which was 
 taken chiefly by tlu'vafour of the English, wasdolixerid into 
 the hands of Lockhart bis ambassador. His fcivourite 
 daughter, Mrs. Cleypole, was about this tinu- taken ill, and 
 died Aug. 6. He was from that time wholly alleied, grew 
 daily more reserved and suspicious, not indeed without 
 reason; for he found a general discontent prevail thiough 
 the nation. At Hampton court he fell iiito a kind of slow 
 fever, which soon degenerated into a tertian a^jue. Being 
 removed to London, ne necame inu:ii worse, grew tint 
 lethargic, then delirious, from which be re((ivered a little, 
 but was not capable of giving any distinct directions about 
 public affairs. lie died Sept. 3, 1638, in the (jOlh \earof 
 his age. Avery j>ompous funeral was ordered at the public 
 expense, and performed frfun Somerset house with a splen- 
 dour superior to any that has been bestowed upon crowned 
 heads. The protector bad several children, of wliflm six 
 survived to be nten and women, viz. t.' o sons and four 
 daughters. 1. Richard Ciomwell, born Oclidier, 162(1, and 
 diedJidv 13, 1712, at Clieshunt iu Herif . dshire ; 2. Ilciiry 
 Cromwell, born Jan. 20, 1627, died March 2.0, 1674. 3. 
 Bridget, w!io first married comniissaiy-geneial Ire'ou, and 
 after his decease lieutenant-general FleetW(io<l. 4 Eliza- 
 beth, born 16.50 ; she married John Cleypole, esq. a North- 
 amptonshire gentleman, whom the protector made master 
 of the horse, created him a boronet, July 16, 16.'ji7, and 
 appointed him one of his lords. 5. ISlary, who was nuirried 
 to tlie Lord Viscount Fauc(Uibeig, Nov. 18, 1657, who was 
 raised to the dignity of an earl by king William, and died 
 on the last day of the year 1700. 6. Frances, his youngest 
 daughter, was twice married, first to Mr. Robert I'ich, 
 grandson to the earl of Warwick, Nov. 11, 16,07, who died 
 the ICtli of February following. She afferwartls married 
 Sir John Russel, of Chi| penhaiii in Cambridgeshire ; 
 bv whom she left several chililren, and lived to a great age. 
 
 CRO'NBOiiO, a fortress of Zealand, situated on a point 
 of land, on tli.> W. <'oast of the Sound, a little E. «f Elsiuore, 
 and opposite to Helsiugborg, in Sweden. The late unfor- 
 tunate queen Matilda was inqjrisnned here, before sli'- was 
 removed to Zell. Adjoining to a palace, about lialf a mile 
 from Cronborg, is a garden called Hamlet's Garden, sup- 
 posed to be the spot where the murder of that king was 
 committed. 
 
 CRONE, s. Ih-mtie, Belg.l an old ewe.' Figuratively, an 
 old woman. 
 
 CRO NET, s. in farriery, the hair which grows ovej- the 
 top of a horse's hoof. 
 
 CROTSSTADT, a town and fortress of Russia, situated 
 on the island of Retusari, on the E. of the Ciiilf of Finland, 
 12 miles W. of Petersburg. Its harbour is the station or 
 the Russian fleet, having great u'agaziiies of naval stores, 
 and numerous docks and vards for building and caieenliiif 
 ships of the line. It was founded bv Peter I. improved by 
 his daughter Elizabeth, and completed by the late eiui>ress. 
 The number of inhabitants is about 6000. Lat. oa. 58. N, 
 ■ Ion. 29. 36. E. 
 
 225
 
 CKO 
 
 CKO 
 
 CHO NY, J. au old and very intimate acquaintance or 
 coiilid.'.at. A cant word. 
 
 CROOK, s. [croc, Fr.] any thing bent ; a slieephook ; a 
 nieandtr or winding;. 
 
 To CROOK, V. a. [crochtr, Fr.] to baud, to turn any tiling 
 so as to re seinl)le a hook. 
 
 CROO'KBACK, s. a term of reproach foranian that has 
 gibl)o\i5 shouhiers. 
 
 CROOKED, «. [crurhc, Fr.] bent, opposea to straight ; 
 formed into an angle or hook ; winding. Figuratively, per- 
 verse or bad. Synon. By crooked, is understood any de- 
 viation from natural stiaightiiess. Defornieil implies any 
 part of the body being imperfect or uunatural. Thus a 
 man is crooked if any ways twisted or bent from the natural 
 shape, and deformed if he has an eye, a finger, or a toe, too 
 little (.r too much. 
 
 CROO'KKDLY, erf. not straight ; in an untoward, per- 
 verse, or unroinulving manner. 
 
 CUOO'KEDNES.';, s. the bending of a body. Figura- 
 tively, a deformity of the body, arising from any of its limbs 
 being distorted or out of shape. Applied to the mind or 
 temper, perversity, or a disposition which is not easily 
 pleased. 
 
 CROO'KHORS, a town of Somersetshire, with a market 
 on S;iluidav. It is seated on a branch of tlie river Parret, 
 on the coniines of Dorsetshire, and the market is good for 
 corn, sheep, &c. It is 132 miles W. by S. of London. 
 
 CROP, s. [crop, Sax.] the craw, or tirst stomach of birds, 
 wliercin their food is prepared fordigestion. 
 
 CROP, s. [croppn. Sax.] the highest part, end, or top of 
 a thing. FigurativeK, corn collected in a harvest; the pro- 
 duct of a field ; any thing cut off. 
 
 To CROP, «'. o. iocut off the tops or ends of any thing ; 
 to mow, reap, or lop. Figuratively, to shorten or consume 
 in eating. Neiiterlv, to yield a harvest. 
 
 CR(^ PFUL, a. filled I satiated with food. 
 
 CROPPER, s. in natural history, a kind or pigeon, re- 
 markable for swelling its crop. 
 
 CRO'PSICK a. sick, or disordered by intemperate eat- 
 ing or drinking. 
 
 CRO'SCOMB, a town of Somersetshire, near Wells ; some 
 cloth is made here: but the chief manufacture is that of 
 stockings. Market is on Tuesday. 
 
 CROSIER, {hrozier) s. [croi.cr, Fr.] the pastoral staff 
 of a bishop, so called from its having a cross on the top. 
 
 CRO'SLET, *. Irriiisselet, Fr.] a small cross. 
 
 CROSS, .?. [croix, Fr.] an instrument made of two pieces 
 of wood, cuttnig or crossing each other at right angles, on 
 w bich malefactors were executed among the Romans. The 
 sign made by the priest on the forehead of a person when 
 baptized, by drawing two marks, which cross each other, 
 with his fingers dipped in water; one line drawn athwart 
 another. Figuratively, any thing which is contrary to a 
 person's wishes, anil is a trial of his patience. 
 
 CROSS, It. that falls athwart. Figuratively, opposite to 
 a person's wishes and expectations; perverse ; not comply- 
 ing; peevish ; displeased with trifles ; not easily persuaded ; 
 reciprocal on each side; interchanging. 
 
 CltOSS, prep, athwart, so as to intersect from one side 
 to another. In riding, so as to have one leg on each side 
 of a horse. " Cros» his back." 
 
 To CROSS, V. a. to lay one line so as to form angles with 
 another ; to sign with a cross : to mark or conceal ; to go 
 over a river. Figuratively, to oppose the designs r)f ano- 
 ther, and thereby render him peevish ; to contradict; to 
 debar: to preclude. 
 
 CROSS-BAR SHOT, *. a round shot or bullet with a 
 t)ar |)iit Ibrough it. 
 
 CliO'SSBILL, s. in Chancery, is an original bill, by 
 wh'cli tl"- defenilant prays relief ag-.iinst the plaintiff. 
 
 CROSSIMTK, J. a cheat which frustrates a person's de- 
 signs ; a dcirption. 
 
 CROSSBOW, *. an engine or instrument made of a how 
 fixed across a piece of wood, used in shooting deer, pigeons, 
 226 
 
 <Src. It will carry a bullet a considerable distance, and do 
 execution. 
 
 To CROSS-EXA'MINF,, v. a. to try the fliith of evidence 
 by captious questions of the contrary parly. 
 
 CROSSGRAINED, o. in joinery, applied to wood, from 
 whence a bough or brauvh has shot out, the grain of the ' 
 branch slinoting forward, and crossing that of the trunk. 
 Figuratively, hard to please; peevish; perverse; trouble- 
 some ; vexatious. 
 
 CROSSLY, ad. athwart, so as to intersect or form an- 
 gles. Figuratively, opiiosite, contrary, untowardly. 
 
 CROSSNESS, .«. transverseness ; intersection; perverse- 
 ness ; peevishness. 
 
 CRO'SSROW, s. the alphabet ; so named from a crosi 
 being i>laced at the beginniiig of it. 
 
 CLO SS-ST.\FF, s. an instrument used by seamen to lake 
 the meridian altitude of the sun or stars, called likewise a 
 fore-stnff', 
 
 CRO'SSWIND, J. a wind blowing either from the right 
 or left across a ship's way. 
 
 CRO'SSWAY, s. a suiall path intersecting a main ro.^d. 
 
 CROSS-WORT, s a plant called also mugweed, found 
 on ditch-lmiiks, and flowers in May and June. 
 
 CROTCH, ,v. \rrnc, Fr.] a hook or fork. 
 
 CROTCHET, [<n,r/»(, Fr.] iu Music, one of the notes 
 and marks of tinn", so ciUed fmm its resembling a hook, 
 thusi ; if is equal to half a miniii) or double quviver. In 
 Printing, two opposite lines, serviii;:; to include any sentence 
 or wfird that mav be Ifft out, without spoiling the sense of 
 a period, marked [lluis] In Building, a support, or piece 
 of wood titled into another to sustain it. Figuratively, a 
 fancy, odil conceit, or device. 
 
 To CROUCH, V. n. [crorher, Fr.] to stoop low, applied to 
 the posture of beasts, when they bend their legs, and ap- 
 proacli with their bellies towards the groiuiil, in testimony of 
 obedii'Ui'e and submission. Figuratively, to bend or stoop 
 to a person in a fawning and servile manner. 
 
 CROUP, (A/«/)) i. [f)o»;)f, Fr.] the rump of a fowl ; the 
 buttocks of a horse. Also, a disease of the throat, a species 
 of quinsv. 
 
 CRO'UPADES, s. in farriery, hi'.;licr leaps than those 
 of corvets, that keep the fore and hind quarters of a horsa 
 in an equal height, so that he trusses his legs under his belly 
 yiithpiit yerking. 
 
 CROUTE, 4-. a preparation of cabbage much used on 
 ship-board, and esteemed a preservati\c against the sca- 
 scurvv. 
 
 CROW, f/,)r<) .c. [onirc. Sax.] a black bird of the carni- 
 vorous kind, or feeding on carrion. To pluck a crow, is to 
 contend with a person. Sometimes it is used for a conten- 
 tion about some worthless thing, or trifling subject, la 
 mechanics, a strong iron bar, used as a lever to lift up the 
 ends of great heavy timber, force open doors, A-e. The 
 noise made by a cock. Punv. The rroir thinks her own 
 bird the fnirest. So the Ethiopians are said to paint the 
 devil white. E ery one is partial to, and well conceited of 
 his ow n ai t, his ow n compositions, his own children, his own 
 couutrv, iVc. 
 
 To CROW, (kro)\>. 7i. prefer. I crew, crowed, or have crow- 
 ed ; [crawnn, Siix.] to nr<ikc a lou<l shrill noise, applied to 
 that made bv a cock. Figuratively, to boast, bully, or as- 
 sume a superiority overanotlier. 
 
 CRO WBF.UnY, .«. a small drooping shrub with trailing 
 stems, and bhick berries, called also cakeberries. It is 
 found on bogi;v heaths and ruountains, and flowers in April 
 and May. The berries when boiled with aluui, afliird a 
 dark iiur|>le dye. 
 
 CROWD, .1. \criith. Sax.] a great number of people 
 squeezed or close together : a great number of any thing trf 
 the same sort ailjaceut to each other. Figuratively, the 
 vuU::ir or low'v sort of people. Also a fiddle. 
 
 To CRO\\ I), i.. n. to fill a place with, a sjreat and con- 
 fused iiiullilude of people; to force •» grt it many thingi in 
 a confused manner into the same place; to press ch)So Itf-
 
 CRO 
 
 CRO 
 
 getlier; to inciimhffr, or oppress by muItitmJes. In the 
 ma: iiie, ((> trmvd sail, is to isprcail all tlip sails wide upon 
 tilt'. yard for the sake of rxpcditioii, or fiiiickeiiiii^' the mo- 
 tion of a ship. Neiiterly, to go in great multitudes; to 
 thrust among a multitude of others. 
 
 Cl!0 WDEll, v. a fiiMler. A low word. 
 
 CKOAVKOOT, i. in botany, the raiiuueulus, of which 
 there are twelve speeies fouutl native in Kiigland. In war, 
 a caltrop, a piece of iron, with four points, two, three, or 
 four inches long, used for incommoding the cavalrv. 
 
 CRO'WLAND, a town of Liiioolnshire, in the I'ens, ap- 
 proachable only bv narrow causeways. It has three streets 
 separated from each otiier bv water-courses, wnose banks 
 are supported bv piles, and set with willow-trees. The 
 chief trade is i^n Ksh and wild fowl, w liich are in great plenty 
 in the adjacent pools and marshes. It was formerly cele- 
 brated for its abbey of black rMoiiks, a noble structure, 
 fxtunded by Etheibald, king of Mevcia, of which nothing 
 now remains except the N. aisle, wli\ch is used as the parish 
 church. It is seated on an island of the same name, (called 
 Crowland, fron) its soil, cruda terra, which signities raw, or 
 muddy land,) 11 miles N. of Peterborougli, and 39 N. by 
 W. of London. Market on Saturday. 
 
 CROWN, i. [corona, Lat.] an ortiament worn on the head 
 by kings, princes, ;m<l noblemen, as ti mark of their dignity. 
 It was at first only a fillet tied round the head, but was 
 afterwards made of leaves and flowirs and rich stufls, and 
 tometimes ornamented with jewclii of great value. The 
 Jewish high-priest wore a crown, wfiich was girt about his 
 mitre, on the lower part of his bonnet. The Romans had 
 various kinds of crowns, which they b^ stowed as rewards of 
 military merit; as, l.Tlie «l'fl/rra^(1H, [>estowed on generals 
 who were entitled to the honours of the lesser triumph, 
 called ovation. 2. The naval, or rostri>' crown, composed of 
 a circle of gold, with ornaments, represeuting beaks of ships, 
 and given to the captain who first grappled, or the soldiers 
 who first boarded an enemy's ship. 3. The corona villar is, or 
 tttstrensis, was a circle of gold raised wit.h jewels or palli- 
 sades; the reward of him who first entered the enemy's en- 
 trenchments. 4. The ntiira/ crown, a circle of g!)ld indent^ 
 ed and embattled ; given to him who first mounted the 
 wall of a besieged place, and there planted a standard. 5. 
 Tlie civic crown, made of the branch of a ^reen oak, and 
 given to him who had saved the life of a c.tizen. G. The 
 triumphal crown, coirsistin"; at first of the leaves of laurel, 
 but afterwards made of gold, for those genends who had the 
 honour of a triumph. 7. The crown calleci obsidiunuUs, or 
 fcraminea, made ©f grass growing on the place; the reward 
 of aeeneral who had delivered a Roman army from a siege. 
 8. The crown of /fl«cc/, given by the Greeks to their ath- 
 leta;, and by the Romans, to tbose who hat! negotiated or 
 concluded a peace with an enemy. They had likewise 
 other crowns for those who excelled as poefs, orators, Ac. 
 The crowns were marks of nobility to the wearers ; and, 
 upon competitions for ranks and dignity, often determined 
 the preference in (heir favour. The Roman emperors had 
 four kinds of crowns, still seen on medals, viz. a crown ol 
 kurel, a radiating crown, a crown adorned with pearls and 
 precioiis stones ; and the fourth a kind of bonnet or cap, 
 something like the niortier. The papal crown, is composed 
 of a cap or tiara, enclosed by three marquisses' coronets, 
 having two pendants, like llie bishops' mitres; and on its 
 top a moiuid of gold ; these three crowns represent the pre- 
 tended triple capacity of the pope, viz as high-))riest, su- 
 prerae judge, and sole leg'islator of the Christians. The 
 imperial ex m\n is a bonnet or tiara, voided at the top like a 
 crescent, with acircle of gold adorned with i)reeious stones 
 and pearls, heightened with fleurs-de-lis, supporting a 
 glolx-wilha cross at the top. The i?»fi /la/i crown, is adorn- 
 ed with four crosses, in the manner of those of Malta ; be- 
 tween which are fleurs-de-lis. It is covered with four d-ia- 
 deiiis, which meet at a little globe supporting a cross. The 
 i-ivtk,/! crown is a circle, enamelled, of eight fleurs-de-li;, 
 encompassed with eight arched diadems; bearing atop a 
 
 double fleur-de-lis, which is the crest of France. The 
 i^i»n'i/i crown is adorned with large indented leaves, cover- 
 ed with diadems ; bordering on a •jlobe, surmounted with 
 across. Those of /'lo /«£""/, /*o/««f/, Dinmarh, and Sucfhn, 
 are of the same form. The crouns of most other kings are 
 circles of gold, adoiiied with precious stones, and height- 
 ened up with large trefoils, and closed by four, six, or eight 
 diadems, supporting a mound, surmounted with a cross. 
 The great Turk bears over his arms a turband, enriched 
 with pearls and diadems under two coronets, the first of 
 which is made of pyramidal points, heightened up with 
 large pearls, and the uppermost is surrounded with cres- 
 cents. The rroKiH of the Prince of Wales toiisisis of one 
 arch adorned with pearls ; in the middle of which is a ball 
 and cross, and bordered with ermine, as m the royal dia- 
 dem. Besides this, the prin.ee of Wales has another dis- 
 tinguishing mark of honour, viz. a plume of thn e ostrich 
 feathers, with an ancient coronet of a prince ef Wales, with 
 this motto, Ich dim, i. e. I serve. This device was at first 
 taken by Edward, prince of Wales, cemmmily called the 
 Black Prince, after the battle ofCressy, where having killed 
 John, king of Bohemia, he took from his head such a plume, 
 and put it on his own. That of the younger sons and bro- 
 thers of the king, consists likewise of a circle of gold, bor- 
 dered with ermine, and heightened with four crosses and 
 fleurs-de-lis alternately, but without any arch, or being 
 surmounted with a globe and cross on the top. That of 
 the other princes of tlie blood, consists alternately of crosses 
 and leaves, like tiiosc in the coronets of dukes, &c. Those 
 of the princesses have the addition of straTv berry-leaves. 
 The coronet of a duke is acircle of gold, bordered with er- 
 mine, and enriched w ith pearls and pjccious stones, and 
 set round with eight lar:<e leaves of paisley, or strawberry. 
 Thatota mar<iuiss is set round with four straw berry-leaves, 
 and as many pearls, on pyrami<lal points of etjuai height, 
 alternately. An earl's has eight pyramidal points, with as 
 many large pearls on the tops of them, placed alternately 
 with as niaiiy stiawberry leaves, hiwer than the pearls. The 
 viscount has only pearls, w itiiuut any limited number, placed 
 on the circle itself all around. A baron lias only six pearls, 
 set at equal distance, on the golden border of enniue ; not 
 raised to distinguish him from the earl, and limited to shew 
 that he is inferior to the viscount. Figuratively, a garland 
 of tlowers, Ac. worn on the head as a nrark of mirth or 
 merit; a reward for some meritorious deed: royalty; a 
 monarchy ; the top if any thing, but of the head particu- 
 larly ; that part of a hat or cap which covers the head ; a 
 pieceof nioiiey, \alued at fiveshdiingsin England ; honoyr ; 
 ornament ; cmiipletion, or accompli.iiment. For the 
 Naval, Mitral, Impn-ial, Eii/r/isli, French, Spanish, and Tiirliish 
 crowns, with that ot the Prmrtfl/lVrt/cSiSce the annexed plate. 
 
 To CROWN, r.a. to place a crown on a person's head; 
 to surround the head as with acrov^n. Figiirativiely, to 
 iliguify or adorn ; to perfect ; to complete; to finish. 
 
 CROWN I'D, part, in botanv, applied to the seeds, that 
 to which the cup of the flower adheres, as in teasel ; a seed 
 furnished with a feather, as in dandelion. 
 
 CRO'WN CjLASS, s. the finest sort of window glass. 
 
 CROWN-IMPERIAL, s. a plant placed by Linneus in 
 the fiist secti<ui o Ins sixth class. 
 
 CRO'WN OFFICE, s. a court or otlice under tile king's- 
 bench, socalled because the crown is immediately concern- 
 ed in what is transacted tlieiein. 
 
 CRO'WNPt^.*^ r, s. in building, a post whi«h in some 
 buildings siand upright in the midille hetwern two rafters- 
 In archittctMre, the upi e'luost lueniber of the cornice, 
 called alSi> corona and larmier. 
 
 CRO'WNS ,\B, s. a sfiiking fihhv scab, that breeds 
 round about the corners of a horse's hoof, and is a cancer- 
 ous and i-Kiinful sore. 
 
 CRO'WN THISTLE, s. a species of thistle found on h-illy 
 pastures, \' i'li purple or wintc flowers. 
 
 CROWNWHEEL, *. the upper wheel of a watch ne.\t 
 to, and driven bv, the balance. 
 
 227-
 
 CfiU 
 
 CRV 
 
 CRO■V^■^>-^VORKS, s. in fortification, an out-work run- 
 nir.i; into lie field, in order to gain some hill, ami cover the 
 other works of a place, &c. 
 
 CKO'YDON, a town in Surrj-, the manor of which has 
 belonj^ed, ewr since the conquest, to the archbishops of 
 Cauterl)iir\ , who had a venerable place here, since the year 
 1378, alienated and sold by authority of parliament, in 1780 ; 
 and now, or lately, employed for a cotton manufacture. A 
 new one also is to be built, in a more heallln situation, at 
 Park Hill Farm, about half a mile from Croydon. It is si- 
 tuated near the source of the Wandel, 9 miles S. o'London. 
 Market on Saturday, chiefly for corn, oats, and oatmeal. Its 
 second fair, Sept. 21, is much frequented by young persons 
 of both sexes from London, for walnuts. 
 
 CROYLSTONE, s. in natural history, crystallized caulk, 
 in w inch tiie crystals are small. 
 
 CRU'CI.^L, Ihriishial) n. [from crvx, a cross, Lat.J in form 
 of across. Crucial incision, m anatomy, an incision or cut 
 in any fleshy part, in form of a cross. 
 
 CRU'CIBLE, «. [c)-HCiiK/«m, lowLat.la little vessel made 
 either of earlh or iron, without a handle, used by refiners, 
 chemists, and others, to melt metals, Ac. in. It derives its 
 name from its being formerly marked with a cross. 
 
 CRIJCI'FEROUS, a. [from crux, a cross and fero, to bear 
 or carrv, .Lat.] bearing the cross. 
 
 CRU'CIFIX.s. [from c*».r, a cross, aw\ f.3;o, to fasten, 
 Lat.] a cross whereon the crucifixion of Christ is repre- 
 sented. 
 
 CRUCIFIXION, J. [from cr«.T, a cross, and^fg-o, to fasten, 
 Lat.] the act of nailing to a cross. 
 
 To CRU CIFY, 1'. «. [from crux, a cross, and_/fo-o,lo fasten, 
 Lat.] to fasten a person by nailing his luuids and feet on a 
 cross. 
 
 CRUD, s. See ClRD, 
 
 CRUDE, 1. [criidns, Lat.] raw, applied, to flesh not dress- 
 ed; unchanged or unaltered by any processor preparation. 
 Figuratively, unfinished ; immature ; not brought to perfec- 
 tion; not reduced to order, or properly examined or modi- 
 fied by the mind ; imperfect, unpolisheil, inadequate, and 
 unrefined, applied to ideas. 
 
 CRUDELY, «d. without any preparation ; without ex- 
 amin;!tion or consideration ; gross, applied to ideas. 
 
 CllU'DENESS, s. unripeness; imperfection; indiges- 
 tion. 
 
 CRU'DITY, s. rawness ; indigestion ; or a thing in its 
 indigested state; the slate of a disease, wherein the morbi- 
 fic matter is not yet come to a head, but increases the 
 disorder. 
 
 CRUEL, a. [crud^lis, Lat.J void of compassion, mercy, or 
 pity, and d^ligfIting in the miseries, and increasing the suf 
 leriiigs of otiiers. Figiirativeiv, implacable, inveterate, and 
 causing the greatest degree of torture. 
 
 CRU'ELLY, fid. in an inhuman, barbarous, and savage 
 manner, wherein the sufierings and tortures of others are 
 beheld with delight, and increasecl with joy. 
 
 CIUJ'ELTY, *. a savage disposition delighting in the 
 misfortunes and sufferings of another, and in increasing 
 them. 
 
 CRU'ENTATE, a. [cruentatus, fromcnior, blond, Lat.] 
 smeared with blood. 
 
 CRUET, s. [hniic-/<e. Belg.] a phial for vinegar or oil. 
 CRUISE, s. [kruicke, Belg.] a small cup. 
 CRUISE, (krnze) s. \croiae, Fr. a cross, the original criiis- 
 trs bearing the cross] a voyage made by a slop up and down 
 a coa.st, in order to guard it from any attack, or to intercept 
 siiih of the enemy's ships as are near it. 
 
 To CRUISE, (hruze) v. n. to rove about at sea, in search of 
 au enemy's vessel; to sail to aim 'ro, without any <'crt;iin 
 course or de<itiiiation. 
 
 CRU ISEU, (liruzn-) $. a vessel that sgils to and fro, in 
 <]iipst of an eufiuv's ship. 
 
 CRim, or CRUMB, i. [er«m», Sax.] the soft part of 
 bread. Fifurafively, a small particle, or bit. 
 To CRUMBLE, v. a. ifiom the noun] to break into 
 •J2a 
 
 small particles or pieces Nenterly, to tAl into smali 
 pieces. 
 
 CRU'MENAL, s. [erumena, Lat.] a purse. 
 CRU'iMMY, «. resembling the crumb of bread; soft. 
 Figuratively, plump, or fleshy. 
 
 CRUP.SP, «. [crump, Sax.] crooked or deformed. 
 To CRUMPLE, )'. a. [rompclen, Delg.] to contract ; to 
 draw into wrinkles; to squeeze together iu order to disco- 
 ver the wrinkles. 
 
 CRU'MPLING, -t. a small degenerate apple. 
 To CRUNK, orCRU'NKLE,».jf. to cry like a crane. 
 CRUPPER, s. [from croupe, Fr.] that part or a !?orse- 
 furniture which reaches from the saddle to the taiL 
 
 CRU'RAL, a. [crtiralis, from errs, the leg, Lat.] belonging 
 fo, or situated in tlie leg. 
 CRUSA'DE, or CRUSAT)0, s. See Croisade. 
 CRUSE, s. See Cruise. 
 CRU'SET, s.a goldsmith's melting pot. 
 To CRUSH, f. a. [ecraser, Fr.] to break to pieces, or to 
 make thc'tw* opposite sides of a vessel meet by external 
 violence; to overwhelm; tobeatdo«n; to depress; sub- 
 due ; or destroy by force. 
 CRUSH, s. collision ; destruction. 
 
 CRUST, i.[fiom cnista,a hard piece of any thing. La*, 
 the hard external surt'ice or coat of a thing ; a collection of 
 matter grown hard ; the case which contains the fruit or 
 meat of a pie or pudding ; the outer hard part of bread ; a 
 waste piece of bread. 
 
 To CRUST, t'. a. to cover with a hard case; to fowl 
 with s jil, or dirt. Neuterly, to have its external siir- 
 fiice hardened. 
 
 CRUST A'CEOUS, (h-ustdsfiiona) [from crusta, a hard 
 piece of anv thing, Lat.] covered with shell, applied to 
 fish. 
 
 CRUSTILY, arf. ina morose, surly, or peevish manner. 
 CRUSTINESS, s. the hardness of the outside of bread. 
 Figuratively, peevishness, aioroseness. 
 
 CRUSTY, a. covered with a hard surface or coat. Figu- 
 rativelv, not easily prevailed on; morose; peevish. 
 
 CRUTCH, s. (criirhe, Teut-l a support, composed of a 
 round piece of wood, in which along staff is fixed, placed 
 under the arm pits, and used by cripples or lame persons to 
 walk with. 
 To CRUTCH, r. a. to support as with crutches. 
 CRUXHA'VEN. SeeCuxHAVEN. 
 To CRY, V. n. [crin; Fr.] to speak with vehemence and 
 loudness ; to speak to with great importunity and sorrow: 
 to proclaim, to publish ; to exclaim ; to speak with a mourn- 
 ful lone of voice, attended with tears; to make a noise or 
 sipr.dling like an inibnl ; to weep or shed tears. In luint- 
 ing, to yelp, api)lied to the noise made by a hound in full 
 scent. " 7'u cri/ out, to scream, or make a shriek when in dan- 
 ger; to complain loudly ; to blame or censure ; to be in la- 
 bour. Actively, to i)i-oclaim any thing that is lost, or to 
 lie sold. To cry ihnrn, to depreciate or under value ; to 
 blame, or detract from; to forhid ; to overbear. Toert/np, 
 to praise, or increase the value of a thing by applause. 
 
 CRY, s. [en, Fr.] lamentation; a mournful shriek or 
 cream; clamour or outcry ; an exclamation of triumph and 
 wonder; a pi<i< lamation" ; the hawkers' proclamation of 
 waits to he sold in the streets, as, "the erics of London;" 
 acclaiiiatiou ; popular fUvour ; imporfunale call; tlte me- 
 thod of utteiauce made use of by diftereiit animals to ex- 
 press their wants, Arc. lii hunting, llie yelping of dogs. 
 Figuratively, a pack of hounds; a confused inarticulate 
 noise. SynoN. Children commonly on/ ; grown persons 
 generally vcfp. Tis not the noise we make that dmotes a 
 greater or less measure of grief ; for the suret weeper may 
 be more di>tresseil than one who erics aloud. 
 CJJY'.M., «. tit? heron. 
 
 CRY'ER, s. [See (,'riir] a kind of hawk, called the fal- 
 c<n g<-ntle, an ciiemv to pigeons. 
 
 (RYPtlC, orCRY'PTICAL. a. ffrom *ryp/o to hide, 
 Gr.]dark ; abstruse ; secret ; occult ; hidden ; Hi.t made public.
 
 CUB 
 
 C VI 
 
 CRVPTO'ORAPHY, s. [MmItr!/i>to, i»\,i<\e,zm\ gi-apf,o, 
 to Vi'ritf , F^ul.] the art of writii)!? in secret cliaracfers. 
 
 CRYP'J'OLOf JY, s. ftrom krypto, to hide, and logos, a 
 vord, <;r.] cniifiiiiitifal l'.ii)j,'iiaKe. 
 
 CRY'STAL, t. [cn/sin/lns, C>\.] ill natural history, a hard, 
 tratispareiiT, coloiirliss stono, loiiiposod of sinipli' platos, 
 giving file wilii sti-fljiiot foruKnitinp; with Hcid meiistnia, 
 calcining in a stroni; lir«", of a refjuUir anf;iiliir ti;iirc, sup- 
 posed hv ••otjic lo he forn\ed ofdew Cdaj^nlatcd l)y nitre. 
 ijii/sial n/iiss is tliat which i^ rarried to a deforce of perfccticrn 
 bevond the totninon j^lass, was ori6,inally niaiiiifn<tiired at 
 Venice only, Imt inlrodnced into this kiriijdoin by Mr. 
 Bowles, who lironght it to so ii;uch pe|-frctiou, that it not 
 only rivals, but even surpasses that of Venice. In chemistry, 
 applied to express sails, or otiicr matters, shot or concealed 
 ii> the manner ©fa crystal. 
 
 CRY'STAI^, «. consislingor made of crystal. Figurative- 
 ly, briijht, char, transparent. 
 
 CRYSTALLINE, a. [n-i/stnl/inm, Lat.] consisting of 
 crystal. Fifjuratively, l)n;,'ht, clear, transpaieMt. Crustal- 
 line /iKinoin; in anatomy, the second hunuuu of the eye, lying 
 iniinpdiatelv next the afpieons, bevond the uvea. 
 
 CRYSTALLIZATION, *. in chemistry, an operation of 
 nature, in which various earths, salts, and metallic s ibstances 
 pass from a fluid to a solid state, assuniitig certain determi- 
 nate geometrical fij^ines. 
 
 To CRYSTALLIZE, r. a. to form into a mass resembling 
 tliut of crystals. Neutcrly, to coagulate, or shoot into 
 angular shapes, resembling a crystal. 
 
 CUB, s. [etymology uuceitainj the young of a bear or 
 fox ; sometimes applied lo that of a whale. Figuratively, 
 the oUspring of a human creature, by way of reproach. 
 
 To CUB, I', a. to bring forth, applied to a fox or bear. 
 
 CUBA, a West India island, near the entrance of the 
 liulf of Mexico, about 700 miles in length, and TO in its 
 mean breadth, subject to the Spaniards. Round the coast 
 are many convenient harbours; and seveial sorts of mines 
 among the mountains. Here are large forests aboiniding 
 with game, and extensive pastures, which feed large flocks 
 and herds of horned cattle, sheep, and hogs, originally 
 brought from Europe, and which now run wild. Tiie hills 
 run through the island from E. to W. and fiom tlu^efall 
 many rivulets, which run to tlie N. and S. The land is ge- 
 nerally level near the co:!st. The produce is lliat of sugar- 
 canes, ginger, long pepper, cassia, wild ciiiiianion, excellent 
 tobacco, called by the Spaniards cigarios, aloes, mastic, 
 cassia fistula, manioc, maize, cocoa, and some cofi'ee. Here 
 are cedar trees so large, that canoes made of them will hold 
 no men ; also oaks, firs, palms, cotton trees, ebony, and ma- 
 hogany. Havannah is the cai)ilal, where the galleons ren- 
 dezvojis that return aniuiallv lo Siiaiii. 
 
 CUBATION, s. [from cubo, to lay down, Lat.J the act of 
 laying down. 
 
 CLl'B.ATORY, a. [from ailw, to lay down, Lat.] recum- 
 bent. 
 
 CU'BATURE, s. the finding the solid contents of a body. 
 
 CUBE, s.[f<nlins, Gr.] in geometry, a solid body, consist 
 ing of six equal s<juare sides. In aritlinietic, a nuniberaris- 
 iiigtoni the nnilliplication ofa square nnniber by its root. 
 
 CU'REB, s. a small dried fnrt resembling pepper, but 
 somewhat longer, and ofa grayish brown colour on the 
 smfacc. 
 
 CU'i.iIC, or CU'BICAL, a. belonging to, or having the 
 properties ofa cube. 
 
 CL^'BIC ALNESS, s. the state or qualitv of being cubical. 
 
 CU'RirORM, a. in the shape or form ofa cube. 
 
 CU'BIT, s. \ci(bitiis, Lat.] a measure in use among the 
 ancients, which was the distance from the elbow bending 
 nnvard to the extren)ity of the middle tinger, fixed bv some 
 to 1 foot 9,888 inches English measure ; by others to 1,824 
 foot; the leason t>f this variety is, that in Scripture there 
 were two kinds of cubits, one measuring according to the 
 first eiHutnitation, and the other according to the latter. 
 
 CU'IJITAL, I. containing the length ormeasure ofa cubit. 
 
 CU'CKFIFLD' a town of Sussex, with a market ou Fri- 
 day. It is 40 mdcsS. by W. of London. 
 
 CU'CKlNCiSTOUL, s. a chair in which wouicn ate 
 plunged into ihe water, as a punishment for scolding 
 
 CU'CKOLD, s. [com, Fr.j one married to a wonran tbaf 
 violates the marriag'- bed. 
 
 To CUCKOLD, 1'. a. to lie with another man's wife ; to 
 lie with another man, though i*arried. 
 
 CL!'CKOr-DLY, ml. after the manner of a cuckold. Fi- 
 guratively, mean or base. 
 
 CUCKOLD-MAKER, s. one who makes a practice of 
 «orrupling wives. 
 
 CU'CKOLDOJVI, s. the act of lying witU another man's 
 wife ; the state or conrlitiiui ofa cnckoltl. 
 
 CUCKOO, or CU'CKOW, >. [cuuw, Brit.] in Natural 
 History, a bird which appears in the spring, said to suck the 
 eggs of other birds, and lay her own lo be halched in their 
 stead ; hence it v,as usual to give the iiiisband a sign of'the 
 approach of an adulterer by crying o/t/oo, and in process of 
 time it was usual to call the person whose bed w;;i5 deliled 
 a cmhold. This bird is remarkable for the uniformity of its 
 note, and itsname seems in most languages, t6 be derived 
 fiom it. Figuratively, used as a word of reproacli or con- 
 tempt. 
 
 CUCKOO-FLOWER, *. a species of the cardamine of 
 LnmaMis. 
 
 CUCKOO-SPITTLE, s. the frothy substance or dew 
 found about the joints of lavender, rosemary, &c. 
 
 CU'CULLATE, or CUCULLATED, a'. [cucuUatus, from 
 eueiiUiit, a hood, Lat.] hooded ; covered as with a hood or 
 cowl ; having the resemblance or shape of a hood. 
 
 CUCUMBER, (vulgarly pron. cvucumber,) s. [cucKmit, 
 Lat.] a well known plant and fruit. Besides the use ofcii- 
 tumbers as a food, their seed is one of the four greater cold 
 seeds of the shops, and is almost an universal ingredient in 
 emulsions, and of great service in fevers and nephritic 
 coniplaiilts. 
 
 CUCURBITA'CEOUS, {hihirhitasMous) a. [from eucurbiUt, 
 Lat.] in bolany, applied to those plants which resemble a 
 gourd ; such as tiie ])ompionand melon. 
 
 CU'CURBITE, s. a cliymical vessel or glass made in the 
 shape ofa gourd, and commonly called a body. 
 
 CUD, s. [Sax.] the inside of the throat ; the food kept 
 by a cow in the first stomach, which it chews a second 
 time. 
 
 CUDDEN, or CU'DDY, «. a clown ; a stupid rustic fel- 
 low. A bad word. 
 
 To CUDDLE, s. n. [a low word] to lie close ; to squat. 
 
 CU'DGEL, s.[kmlse, Belg.]a stick made use of to strike 
 with, lighter, than a club, and siiorler tlian a pole. 
 
 To CU'DOEL, V. a. to beat with a stick. 
 
 CU DLl'., s. a small sea-fish. 
 
 CU'UWEED, s. a plant, called also chafeweed, found in 
 barren pastures and road sides, wilh brownish flowers. It 
 is esteemed good in dysenteries. 
 
 CU'D\\01.vT, s. in botany, a plant, called also sea cud- 
 weed ; a species of athanasia. 
 
 CUR,«. [qneiie, Fr.]the tail or end of any thing; the last 
 words ofa speech, which a player looks upon as a sign for 
 him U> begin to speak. A hint. The part which a person 
 is to i>lav in his turn. 
 
 C( ETtPO, s. [Span.] without the upper coat or cloak. 
 
 CUFF, s. [from z>iffa, Ital.] a box given on the ear, or the 
 head, with the fist. To strike with tie talons or wings, 
 applied to birds. 
 
 To CUFF, V. n. to tight; to scuflle. Actively, to strike 
 with tlie fist, or talons. 
 
 CUrr, *. [coeft'e, Fr. | that part of the sleeve which is 
 turned back again tiom the wrist towards the sliritilder. 
 
 CUI'NAGE, 4. the making up twine in peculiar form for 
 carriage. 
 
 CUIRASS, (heurnsse) s. \c>v^asse, Fr.] a part of defensive 
 arniou , made of iron well hummered, co\eriiig the body 
 from the neck to the girdle.
 
 CUIRA'SSIER, (keurasseer) s. a soldier dressed in his ar- 
 mour, or cuirass. 
 
 CUISH, s. [cuisse, Fr.] the armour which covers the 
 thighs. 
 
 CU'LDEES, tAcolidei, Lat.] in church history, a sort of 
 monkish priests, formerly inhabiting Scotland and Ireland. 
 Being remarkable for the religious exercises of preacliing 
 and praying, they were called by way of eminence, Cultores 
 Dei ; from whence is derived the word Culdees. 
 
 CU I..ERAGE, *. a plant, the same with arse-smart. 
 
 CU'LINARY, a. [from culina, a kitchen, Lat.] belonging 
 to the kitchen ; or used in cookery. 
 
 To CULL, r. a. [ciieillii; Fr.] to pick or choose from a 
 number. 
 
 CULLEN, a parliament town of Scotland, seated on 
 tlie sea-coast of the county of Banff, 40 miles W. of 
 Aberdeen. 
 
 CULLER, *. one who chooses a thing from a great nianv 
 others. 
 
 CU'LLION, s.[coglitme, Ital.Ja low, mean, or dirty scoun- 
 «lrel ; a word of great contempt. 
 
 CU'LLITON, a town c f Devonshire, 17 miles nearly E. 
 cf Exeter, and 159 S. W. of London. Market onSa- 
 turdav. 
 
 CULLODEN MUIR, awide heath, 3 miles E. of Inver- 
 ness, where the duke of Cumberland gained a decisive vic- 
 tory over the Highland rebels, April 16, 1746. 
 
 CU'LLUMBINE, s. < r more properly Columbine. The 
 flowers of this plant are beautifully variegated with lihie, 
 purple, red, and white. 
 
 CU'LLY, s. \ci)gUone, Ital.J a man deccMred or seduced 
 by sharpers or prostitutes. 
 
 To CU'LLY, V. a. to make a fool of a person ; to deceive 
 or impo»e upon. 
 
 CULMITEROUS, «. [from cidmus, a stalk, and fero, to 
 bear, Lat.] in botany, applied to such plants as have a 
 smooth. jointed stalk, usually hollow; are wrapped about at 
 each joint with single, narrow, sharp-pointed leaves, and 
 ftave their seed contained in chaffy husks ; such as w heat, 
 barley, &c. 
 
 To" CU'LMINATE, v. n. [from cdmen, the top, Lat.] in 
 astronomy, to be at its greatest altitude ; to be vertical, or 
 in Its meridian. 
 
 CULMINATION, s. astronomy, the transit or passage 
 of a star over the meridian, or that point of its orbit wliercin 
 it is at its greatest altitude. 
 
 CULP.ABILITY, s. the quality which subjects a tiling 
 to I Jame, or renders it an object of blame. 
 
 CLl LPABLE, a. [ciilpabilis, from oJpa, a fault, Lat.] wor- 
 thy of, or deserving blame, including the idea of»ome voluu- 
 tarv; fault of a slight kind. 
 
 CU'LPABLENESS, s. the quality wich renders a person 
 aa object of blame. 
 
 CULPABLY, ad. in such a manner as to deserve blume ; 
 criminally. 
 
 CU'LPRIT, 3. a word used by a judge on the trial of a 
 person, who, when the person arraigned pleads not guilty, 
 answers, " Culprit, God send thee a good deliverance." In 
 law, a malefactor, or criminal. 
 
 CULRO'SS, a parliament town of Scotland, seated on the 
 river Forth, in the county of Monteith, 33 miles N. W. of 
 E<linburgh, 
 
 CL' LTER, or CO'ULTER, .?. | from cnh, to cnltivat-^, 
 Lat.] the iron of a plough, uhich cuts the ground perpendi- 
 cular before the pmughshare. 
 
 To CULTIVATE, v. a. [ndtiier, Fr.] to heighten the 
 fruitfulness of the earth liv manuring it, or by other mclhod.'s 
 of liiisbandry. Figuratively, to improve the und( rstanding 
 by education and studv. 
 
 CULTIVATION, s. the act of improving soils by hus- 
 bandry. Figuratively, the improvement of the under- 
 tttaiiding by education aud study ; impioveinent in any 
 icieiK-e. 
 CULTIVA'TOR, #. one wh« improves, promotes, or eii- 
 
 CUN 
 
 aeavmirs to forward any vegetable product, or any thing 
 else capable of improvement. 
 
 CULTURE, *. [tVoin cci), to cultivate Lat.i the act of 
 cultivatHig or tilling the ground. Fi^urativwly, the improve- 
 ment of the mind b\ education and study, improvement in 
 any branch of learning. 
 
 To CULTl !!£,». ji. to cultivate ; to manure, till, or im- 
 prove soil by labour, and other methods of husbandry. 
 
 CU^LVER, .s. [cidfre. Sax.] a pigeon. Ah old v.ord. 
 
 CU'LVERIN, s. [couluuv7-i»e, Fr.] a slender ^'iece of ord- 
 nance, or artillery, from 5 one-half to 5 inches bore, from 
 13 to 12 feet long, and carrying a shot from 5 one-fourth to 
 3 three-fourths inches diameter. 
 
 CU LVERKEY, s. a flower. 
 
 To CU'MBER, V. a. [kjmberen, Belg.] t(» hinder a person 
 from acting by its weight ; to put a person to diflicultv in 
 managing a thing, by its weight or length. Figuratively, 
 to load with something useless ; t« «iisturb, distress, or in- 
 volve in difficulties ; to distract or perplex with variety of 
 employments. 
 
 CU'MBER, s. [homber, Belg.] hinderanee ; iinmanageable- 
 ness caused by bulk. 
 
 CUMBERLAND, a maritime county of England, bound- 
 ed r)ii the W. by the Irish Sea and Solway Frith ; on the N. 
 bv Scotland ; on the E. by Northumberland, Durham, a:id 
 Westmoreland ; and on the S. W. and S. by the sea .ipd Lan- 
 cashire. It is 58 miles in length from S. W. to N. K. and 
 its greatest breadth, from E. to W. is about 45 miles. It 
 contains 1 city, 15 market towns, and 58 parishes. The air 
 is cool : the mountains are large and lofty, feeding numerous 
 flocks of sheep; and the valleys and plains are well tulti 
 vated. From the coal-pits on the coast, Ireland is princi- 
 pally supplied with fuel ; this trade constantly requiring a 
 great number of ships and mariners. The property here, 
 both in lands and shipping, is more equally divided than in 
 most other counties. Besides the coal mines, there are 
 others of lead, copper, blue slates for covering the roofs of 
 houses, lapis calaminaris, and of black lead, a mineral almost 
 peculiar to this county, and produced herein quantities suf- 
 ficient to supply all Europe. This county ari'l the adjoining; 
 one of Westmoreland, are celebrated for their lakes, and the 
 beautiful romantic scenerv, which thei' banks, and the ad- 
 jacent country exhibit. They have often alTorded subjects 
 for the pen and pencil, and a visit to the lakes has of late 
 become a ftishionable lour. See Borrodale, Butter- 
 MERE, Ac. 
 
 CUMBERSOME, a. occasioning great trouble and vex- 
 ation. Figuratively, burthensouie ; occasioning perplexity ; 
 unwieldy, or not easily managed, on account of its length 
 or weight. 
 
 CU'.MBERSOMELY, nil. in a troublesome manner; in 
 a manner that produce* hinderanee and vexation. 
 
 CU'MBFRSOMENESS, s. encumbianee; hinderanee; 
 obstruction. 
 
 CU'MRRANCE, s. burden; hinderanee; impedirarnt. 
 
 Cli'MBROUS, «. troublesome, vexatious; causing un- 
 easiness. 
 
 CU'MFREY, s. a medicinal plant. 
 
 CU'MIN, .i.[ciiiiiiiiiim,l/M.] a plant. 
 
 To CI 'M ULATE, v. a. [naiuila, from cumulus, a heap, Lat.] 
 to lav one thing up<ui another ; to lu ap togelli.r. 
 
 CUNCTA'llON, s. [rmictntio, from cunctor, to delay, 
 I^at.] the act of deferring till- lioing of a tiling to another 
 lime, which ought to be ilone iiiiuii diatclv. 
 
 ToCUND, V. n. [from linnih-n, Belg.] to give notice. 
 Obsolete. See CoNUKR, or Bai.K EH. 
 
 CU'Nr>AI„n. (from f»iu»,s, a wedge, Lat.] relating to, or 
 bavin!; the sliape of, a wedge. 
 
 CUNEATED,;w;<. [from luncus, a wedge, Lat.] made in 
 the form of a wiMlge. 
 
 CUNEIFORM, ir. [from runcus, a wci'ge, and fvima, a 
 form, Lat.] lia\iiig the form of a «edi;r. In anatiunv, ap- 
 plied to till' (onvth, liflli, and .4xth bones of the fool, from 
 their wedge-like shape, being large above and narrow bcIo\»'.
 
 ;l'R 
 
 CUR 
 
 CXJ'NN'Kd, ,». a kind offish less than an oyster, whicli 
 sticks clnsc to the rocus. 
 
 CU'NNING, a [from cnnuan. Sax.] learncc], knouiii;;, 
 or of an cxteiisivp knn.vlcclKc. IVrforiiied with art or skill ; 
 curious. Figuratively, siv ; flosi^'riins; crafty; ovcr-rcach- 
 ms anothfr bv superior wit and understanding. 
 
 CLJ'NNINf^j, s- [cnniiin^e, Sax.] artiiice; deceit; supe- 
 rior talents employed in deceiving others; art; skill; 
 kuowled^e. 
 
 CU'NNIXGHAM, ashire of Scotland, lying on the river 
 Clyde, opiKisite to the isle of Bute. 
 
 Cl/'NNINOLY, ml. in a sly, crafty manner. 
 
 CU'NNINGM AN, f. a man who pretends to tell fortunes, 
 or teach how to recover stolen goods. 
 
 CUTS'NINGNESS,.?. craftiness; slyness. 
 
 CUP, s. \cup. Sax.] a small vessel, with a foot, to drink 
 in. Figuratively, the liquor contained in a cup. In the 
 plural, a merry hout or cntcrtaiiunent of drinknig. Any 
 tiling hollow like a cup, as the husk of an acorn, the bell of 
 a flower. In botany, a kind of empalement contiguous to 
 the other parts of the flower, including either one flower, 
 as in the primrose ; or several florets, as in the daisy. 
 
 To CUP, V. n. to supply with liguor. A sense now ob- 
 solete. To bleed a person after having fixed a cupping-glass 
 to the part. 
 
 CUPAR, the county town of Fifeshire, beautifully situ- 
 ated on the Kden. Here the Thaucs nfFif'e held their courts 
 from the earliest times. Also, a town ot Angus. 
 
 CU'PBEARER, s. an ofhcer of the king's household ; an 
 attendant to give wine ata feast. 
 
 CU'PBOARD, >«. [cup and bonl, Sax.] a case or recep- 
 tacle ; a place fitted with shelves and a door, in which vic- 
 tuals or earthenware are placed, distinguished from a closet, 
 which is considerably longer. 
 
 To CUtBOARP," V. a. to put into a cupboard. Figu- 
 ratively, to board. 
 
 CUPEL, *. in metallurgy, a vessel made of calcined bones, 
 mixed with a small proportion of clay and water. It is 
 used whenever gold and silver are refined by melting them 
 with lead. The process is called cupellatioii. 
 
 CUPIDITY, a. \ciipi(Utrs, from cupio, to desire, Lat.] con- 
 cupicence ; unlawful or unreasonaBle longing. 
 
 CITPOLA,*. [Ital.] in architecture, a spherical vault, or 
 the round of the top of the dome of a church, which resem- 
 bles a cup inverted ; called by some a Janthorn. 
 
 CUTPER, i. one who applies a cupping-glass, aiul sca- 
 rifies a person. 
 
 CU PPING, s. in surgery, the applying a cupping-glass 
 for the discharge of blood, and other humours, by the 
 skin. 
 
 CU'PPING GLASS, s. a glass vessel, which having its 
 air rarefied, gives, room for that contained vn the part to 
 which it is apftlied to expand itself, and bring with it such 
 humours as it is involved in, which are afterwards discharg- 
 ed by a scarifier, or instrument fitted with the points of se- 
 veral lancets, which by means of a spring enter the skin at 
 the same time. 
 
 CUPREOUS, a. \cupreus, from aes Ci/prum, Cyprian brass, 
 i.e. copper, Lat.] coppery, or consiisti'ng of copper. 
 
 CUR, s. [harre, Belg.] a degenerrate, worthless dog. Fi- 
 gurativcly, us.ed as a term of reproach for a man. 
 
 CURABLE, n. [from euro, to take care of, to heal, Lat.] 
 that mav he healed. 
 
 CUTIARLRNESS, s. the possibility of being healed. 
 
 CURA'COA, (Cnyacmt) a West India island, subject to 
 the Dutch, 25 miles long and ^•i broad. The principal town 
 is of the same name, and has a good harbour. The princi- 
 pal articles of commerce are sugar, skins, and salt, and the 
 inhabit-ants have long carried on a smuggling trade with the 
 Spaniards. The island is barren, and depeiulant on the rains 
 for water ; yet the Dutch have built on the southern coast, 
 one of the largest, and bv far the most elegant and cleanly 
 town, called St. P.a/bara, in the West Indies. The harbour 
 M naturally one of the worst in America ; yet the Dvrtch 
 
 have entirely remedied that defect. L«t. 12. G. N. Ion. fib. 
 20. \V. 
 
 CU'RA(!Y, s. the emp|. anient of a f5'l<'rg\ man, who doej 
 till' duly of the person who Iws the benefice, for. a certain 
 salary. 
 
 CU'RATE, .». [from crem, to take care of, to heal, Lat.] 
 a clergyman who perforins the duties of another ; a parish 
 priest. 
 
 CU'RATIVE, a. relatinjj to the cure of a disease ; reco- 
 vering, or able to recover from a disorder. 
 
 CU'RATOR, s. [Lat.l one who has the cure and supcr- 
 intendance of a thing, place, or person. 
 
 CURB, s. [from coiirher, Vr.] in farriery, an iron chain 
 fastened to the upper part of the branches of a bridle, in a 
 hole called the eye, and runninjrover the heard of a horse, 
 used to manage a hard-mouthed horse. Figuratively, a re- 
 straint put on the inclinations of a person. It is also a large 
 swellinj; that runs along tlu' inside of a horse's hoof, in the 
 great sinews behind, above the top of the horn, wliich makes 
 him go lame after he has been heated. 
 
 To CURB, V. a. to manage or guide a horse by means of 
 a curb. Figuratively, to check, or restrain the passions or 
 inclinations. * 
 
 CURD, s. [hniyden, Belg.] the thickening or clotting of 
 any liquor, generally applied to that of milk, which is oc- 
 casioned by mixing riinnetwith it. 
 
 CU'RDI.^TAN, a country of Asia, partly in .Armenia, 
 and partly in Persia. The inhabitants are a mixture of 
 Christians, Mahometans, and idolaters ; they offer cocks, 
 Ac. in sacrifice to the devil, and, like the Arabs, partly live 
 in towns and villages, and partly rove about with tents, siib- 
 sisl'ing chiefly by plunder. They are called Curas, and arc 
 not subject to either the Turks or Persians. 
 
 To CURDLE, V. n. to grow into clots ; to grow thick, 
 like milk mixed with runnet. Actively, to make a thing 
 grow thick, clot, or coagulate, by mixing some acid 
 with it. 
 
 CURDY, a. coagulated ; clotted. 
 
 CURE, s. [from t^irtt, to take care of, to heal, Lat.] a reme- 
 dy ; the healing of u wound, or recovering from a disease ; 
 the benefice or emj loyment of a clergyman or curate. 
 Synon. Cure seems to have no other object than stubborn 
 disorders, and those which j'roceed from constitution; 
 whereas remaly hasa view to slight complaints, and such as 
 are of short duration. 
 
 To CURE, V. a. [cum, Lat.] to heal a wound ; to restore 
 to health; to recover from a disease. In cookery, to pre- 
 serve from stinking, or corrupting; to salt. 
 
 CU'RELES.S, tt. without cure or remedy ; not to be 
 cured. 
 
 CU''PER, s. a healer or physician. 
 
 CURFEW, s. [coiwre feu, Fr.] an evening bell, on the 
 sound of whicli every man was obliged to put out his fire, 
 and extinguish his candle, in the time of the Conqueror. 
 Figuratively, any bell which tolls constantly in the night 
 time ; a cover for a fire, or a fire place. 
 
 CURIALITY, «. [from curealis, Lat.'] the privileges, pre- 
 rogatives, or retinue of a court. 
 
 CURIO'SITY, s. a propensity or disposition of the soul, 
 wliich inclines it to inquire after new objects, aud to dehght 
 in viewing them ; a nice experiment ; an object of curiosity, 
 or a ririty. 
 
 CU'RIOUS, a. \cmiosus, Lat.l inquisitive, or disposed to 
 inquire into novelties, w hetlier they respect truths or objects 
 of sight ; attentive to, or diligent. Accurate, or careful to 
 avoid an impropriety or mistake. Exact ; nice ; artful ; 
 elegant; neat; rigid; severe. 
 
 CU'RIOUSLY, ad. in an inquisitive, exact, accurate, ele- 
 gant, laboured, or high-finished manner; captiously. 
 
 CURL, s. a ringlet of Ikair formed into a ring, or making 
 many concentric circles. Figuratively, a wave ; undula- 
 tion ; or M-aving line. 
 
 To CURL, V. a. [cyrrnn. Sax.] to make the hair twist 
 in circles or ringlets ; to writhe or twist round ; to .Irew. 
 
 381
 
 CUR 
 
 CUR 
 
 Mith curls; 1o raise in waves, or in a sinral form. Neuler- 
 ly, to form itself into ringlets ; to form circular lines ; to 
 twist itself. 
 
 CURLEW, s.[courUeii,fr.^ 1. A water-fowl, with a long 
 beak, of a gray colour, with red and black spots. 2. A bird 
 larger than a partridge, with longer legs ; it runs very 
 swiftly, and frequents the corn-fields in Spain, Sicily, anil 
 sometimes in France. 
 
 CIJRJIU'DGEON, «. [a corrupt pronunciation and spel- 
 ling of cteur nuchant, Fr. a bad lieart] one who is void of 
 generosity ; a niggardly or avaricious person ; a miser. 
 
 CU'RK-AGH, an extensive common, of tine land, in Kil- 
 dare, Leinster, about 30 miles from Dublin, celebrated for 
 horse-races. 
 
 CU'RRANT, s. in botany, the tree so called, and thf- 
 berry of it; likewise a small dried grape ; properly written 
 terinth. 
 
 OU'RRENGY, *. [from eurro, to run, Lat.l circulation ; 
 passing from hand to hand, and acknowletlgcd as local, 
 applied to coin or money, whether in metal or paper. Ge- 
 neral reception; fluency; readiness of utterance ; constant 
 flow; uninterrupted course; general esteem and repute. 
 
 CU'RRENT, a. [from curro, to run, Lat.] passing from 
 hand to hand; estabiislied or legal, applied to money. Ge- 
 nerally received ; not contradicted, applied to opinions. 
 Popular or established by a majority ; fashionable ; passa- 
 ble, or to be admitted ; what is now passing. In commerce, 
 account current, is that which is opened by two persons 
 that have dealings with each other, wherein the dilferent 
 credits and debts of each are registered on opposite sides, 
 in order to form a balance between them. 
 
 CURRENT, s. in hydrography, a running stream. In 
 navigation, a progressive motion of tiie water of the sea, 
 by which a ship may he retarded in her course, or carried 
 more swiftly, when moving in the same direction as the 
 current. SynoN. A stream issues from a head, and moves 
 forward with a continuity of parts. A current is a certain 
 progressive motion of some fluid body. These words in the 
 literal sense are applied to water. Thus we say the stream 
 of a river, the cjirreni of the sea. 
 
 CU'RRENTLY, arf. in a constant motion; without op- 
 position ; without ceasing. 
 
 CUTIRENTN ESS, s. circulation; general reception; 
 easiness of pronunciation. 
 
 CU'RRIER, s. [from corium, a hide, Lat.] one who dresses 
 leather. 
 
 CU'RRiSH, ff. like a cur ; snappish; quarrelsome. 
 
 To CURRY, II. a. [from corium, a hide, Lat.J to dress lea- 
 ther witli oil, tallow, Ac. To rub a horse with a sharp 
 pointed instrument or comb, in order to smooth his hide, 
 promote circulation, and increase his flesh. Fij^uratively, 
 to tickle ; to flatter. To carry favour uilh, is to endeavour 
 to gain the esteem or friendship of another by trivial offices 
 and small compliances. 
 
 CU'RRYCOMR, .<■. au iron instrument set wiih iron teeth 
 or wires, used to dress a horse. 
 
 To CURSE, 1). n. [cursinn, Sax.] to wish a person ill ; to 
 devote to destruction. Figuratively, to afllict or torment. 
 
 CURSE,.?, the action of wishing any treiuoudous evil to 
 another. The act of devoting to temporal or eternal tor- 
 ments ; atfliction ; torment or misery. 
 
 CU'ilSED, ^"»7. under a curse. Figuratively, hateful; 
 unholv ; vexatious. 
 
 CURSEDLY, ad. miserably; shamefully; a low cant 
 word. 
 
 CU'RSEDiVESS, s. the state of being under a curse. 
 
 CU'KSITOR, s. [Lat.J an DlBcer, or clerk belonging to 
 ciiaucerv, who makes out original writs. There ar^- 24, 
 having e;kh parlicidar shires allotted them, for which they 
 mak<' such original writs as are recpiired, and are called 
 clerks of course in the oath of the clerks of tiiancery. 
 
 CUIISORILY, o(/. .a a hasty maimer; without care or 
 attention. 
 
 CU'RSORLNESS, «. haste ; slightness of attention. 
 332 
 
 CURSORY, a. [eiirsoruis, from ciirro, to run, Lit.] Iiasty , 
 quick; careless; Iranscient. 
 
 CURST, a. [korsel, Belg.] forward , snarlmg ; peevisli ; 
 deligbtin" in mischief. 
 
 CURS FN ESS, i. peevistmess ; frowardness : malignity. 
 
 CURT, a. [cm-tus, Lat.l short. 
 
 To CURTAIL, V. a. [cnrto, from curtus, short, Lat.J to 
 cut off; to shorten by cutting. Figuratively, to retrench, 
 applied to expenses. 
 
 CUHTAIL DO(i, s. a dog wnose tail is cut off, and is 
 thence rendered unfit for coursing ; perhaps the original, 
 from whence cur is formed by eontraction. 
 
 CURTAIL-DOUBLE,*, a musical wind instrument like 
 the bassoon, which pla\s the bass to the hautboy. 
 
 - CU RTAIN, s. [cortimi, Lat.] a cloth hung before a 
 window, and running on a string or iron red, by which 
 means it is spread or contracted, Uiade use of to exclude 
 the light, air, or to hide any thing. In fortification, that 
 part of a wall or rampart which lies between two bastions. 
 Curtain lecture, is a reproof given by a wife to her huabaud iu 
 bed. 
 
 To CU'RTAIN, I', a. to furnish or hang with curtains. 
 
 CURTATE DISTANCE, *. in astronomy, the distanee 
 of the sun's place, and that of the moon or a tilanet, reduc- 
 ed to tlie ecliptic. 
 
 CURTA'TIOTS, «. [from cmto, to curtad, Lat.] in astrono- 
 my, a little part *ut on from the line of a planet's internal or 
 distance froiikthe suu 
 
 CU'RTELASSE, CU'RTELAX, .s. See Cutlass. 
 
 CURTSY,*.. See Courtesy. 
 
 CU'RVATED, o. [curvatus, from cunus, crooked, Lat.] 
 bent. 
 
 CURVA'TION, «. [from rnrco, to bend, Lat.] tne act of 
 bending or crooking. 
 
 CU'RVATURE, 4. crookedness; inflection.; manner of 
 bendinj'. 
 
 CURVE, a. {ciirvus, Lat.] crooked, bent, formed or 
 forced from a perpendicular or straight surfaec to an an- 
 gular one. 
 
 CURVE, s. any thing bent; a bending. In geometry, a 
 line whose points are placed and extended litlerent ways, 
 running on continually in all directions, and may be cutty 
 a right line in more points than one. 
 
 'lo CURVE, V. a. [curio, from curvus, erooked> Lat.] to 
 bend ; to crook ; to bend back, or fold. 
 
 To CURVET, V. a. [ceri-ittare, Ital.J to bound or leap; to 
 frisk ; to grow wanton, or licentious. 
 
 CURVET, s. in llie menage, a Itap or bound. Figura- 
 tively, a frolic or prank. 
 
 CURVILINE'AR, a. [from cun-us, crooked, and litica, a 
 line, Lat ] consisting of, or composed of, one or more 
 crooked lines. 
 
 CU'RVITY, s. [cunitas, from curvus, crooked, Lat.] 
 crookedness. 
 
 CU'SCO, a large city of Peru, formerly the residence of 
 the IncRS. It is nuilt in a squ;;reform, and in its centre is 
 th<^ best market in all Spanish America. Four large streets, 
 pcifectly straight, meet in the scpiare, and strcam^ of water 
 rin through the town. The number of the inhabitants is 
 ab</ut ."jOjOOO, of which three fourths are of the original 
 Americans. It is -290 miles S. E. of Lima. Lat. 13. &. S. 
 hm. 71. (I. W. 
 
 CU'SHION, s. [hussni, Belg.] a case of silk, velvet, or 
 worsted, stufled wilh wool, fealiiers, or horse hair, placed 
 on the seat of a chair, to render the nittiiig easy. 
 
 CU'SIlIOiNED, 0. supported by cushions; seated on a 
 cushion. 
 
 CUSP, s. fciispis, the point of a l-.mce, Lat.] in astronomy, 
 the horns of Ihe moon or anv other pl.u)el. 
 
 CUSI'ATED, or CUSPIDATi:i), n. [from euspis, tha 
 point of a lance, Lat.] iu botany, iipi«lii'il lo the leaves or 
 petals of a flower, which end in a point, called spear-shaped 
 by Miller. 
 
 CU'ST.'^RD, 3. [custard, Brit.] a Kind of pastry made witli
 
 CUT 
 
 CYN 
 
 rr.itk, esRS. and sugar, wliiili arp tliickcncd into a mass, 
 eitlier bv l)akin^lii hii oven, or Koilins ovrra l\\c. 
 
 CUSTODY, s. [ciistodia, from ciislns, a kcopcr, I-at.] con- 
 fiiicmeut ill prison ; rrstraiiit of'libci Iv. riymativcly, the 
 charije or kfepins? of a person ; iltfence; proservatioii ; 
 SOfurilv. 
 
 CUSTOM, J. \coiiume, Fr.] repealed and habitual prac- 
 tiie ot'anv action; fashion, or nietlKxl adopted hy the ma- 
 jority ; anpstahlishfd niaiuii-r; ajjood run of trade ; a tri- 
 Dute or tax paid to thr ;;overiHn<'ul on s*"*'!'' iniported or 
 exported. Custum Iwnse is the phiee where those taxes are 
 paid. Among lawyers, it is a law or rifjht not written, 
 estal.'lished by long lisa^e, and the consent of our aucestois, 
 has l»ei'n, and daily is practised. Synon. Fashion intro- 
 duces itself, aud extends daily. Custom establishes itself, 
 and gains authority. The first forms a mode ; the second a 
 osaj^e. F^ach is a kind of law independent on reason, with 
 res\ieet to Iha! which relates to our outward actions. Cus- 
 toms relate to the f^eneral practice of the people ; manners^ 
 *a their wav of life ; wnA fnsJiions to their dress. 
 
 CU'.STOMABLK, «. that is frequently or commonly 
 practised. 
 
 CU'STOiNIABLENESS, J. frequency, habit; conformity 
 to custom. 
 
 CU'STOMABLY, ad. accordin- to custom. 
 
 CU'STO^^ARILY, «rf.comiuonK ; Renerallv. 
 
 CUSTOM ARINES.S, *. freq-iency of lepetition, or 
 practice. 
 
 CU'STOM '.RY, a. b?bitual ; usual. 
 
 CUSTOM F.D, ». usual ; common; senerally practised. 
 
 CU'SrOMER, .s. one who purchases any thinfjofa trades- 
 man. 
 
 Cn'STOS, «. [Lat.] a keeper, or person who has the charge 
 oif any thing. So, Ciistos Brei-ium is a clerk behtnging to the 
 common pleas, who has the charge of writs and records of 
 Nisi prills ; there is also one in the Court of King's Bench, 
 who tiles such writs as are to be filed, and all warrants of 
 attorney, and transcribes or makes out records of Is'isipriiis. 
 Cvsliis Riitulorum, one who has the custody of rolls or records 
 of the sessions of peace ; he is also a justice of the peace, 
 and "f tiie quorum in the county where be has his ottice. 
 Custom St>!ritualium, one who acts as an ecclesiastical .judge 
 duriu:^ the vacancy of a see. Gustos Temporaliiim, one ap- 
 pointed by the king to take care of the rents and profits of a 
 vacant see. 
 
 CU STREL, s. a buckler-bearer ; a vessel for holding 
 wine. 
 
 To ('UT, II. a. prefer, and participle passive cut ; [from 
 couteau, Fr.] to penetrate, or divide with a sharp-edjjed in- 
 strument; to hew ; to carve; to wound or pierce with anv 
 uneasy or poiiinant sensation. In gaming, to separate a 
 pack of cards, bv taking off some of ihem from the others. 
 To intersect; to cross. Figuratively, to excel, or surpass. 
 To cut off, to des^frov ; to rescind : to intercept ; to obviate ; 
 to withhold; to preclude; to interrupt; to abbreviate. 
 To cut out, to shape ; to form ; to contrive ; to fit ; to de- 
 bar; to excel. To ait up, to carve, or divide a.joint or fowl 
 properly. 
 
 CUT, part, prepared, or fit for use, alluding to hewn 
 limber. 
 
 CUT, s the action or eflfect of a sharp or edged instru- 
 ment; a channel made bv art; a small piece, or shred, se- 
 parated by an edge-tool from a larger substance ; a lot ; a 
 short way, by which some wiiidini- is cut ofl, or avoided ; 
 a picture taken from a copperplate, or car\ed wood. 
 Fashion; furin ; shape. 
 
 CUTA'Ni;OliS, a. [from ch«i>, a skin, Lat.] relating to 
 the skin. 
 
 CUTICLE, s. [from cvticula, a little skin, Lat ] the first 
 and outermost covering of the body, commonly called the 
 scarf-skin This is that soft skin which rises in a blister 
 np'Ti any burning, or the application of a blistering-plaster. 
 It sticks close to the surface of the true >ki!i, to which it is 
 abotied by the vessels which nouiish it, though thev aie so 
 
 H b 
 
 small as not to be seen. When the scarf-skin is examined 
 with a microscope, it appears to be made up of several lavs 
 of exceeding small scales. Fignrativel; , a thin skin formed 
 on the surface of any li/pior. 
 
 CUTi'CULAK, n. belongingto the cuticle, or skin. 
 
 CUTLASS, s. [cuutel/'s, Fr.] a bmad cutting sword. 
 
 CUTLER, i. [coiitelier, Fr.] one who makes and sells 
 knives. 
 
 CU T-PURSE, s. one who robs a person of his money by 
 C4ilt iig his purse; a common practice before the invention 
 of breeches, when men wore their purses at their girdles; a 
 tllfcf ; a lyliber. 
 
 CU'TTKK, s. a person or instrument which cuts any 
 thing ; a small nimble-sailing vessel ; the fore-teeth. 
 
 CUTTHROAT, *.a murderer. Used adjectivrly, cruel; 
 inhuman ; ba: barous. 
 
 CU'TTING, s. a shred, or piece separated by means of 
 a knife, or sharp instrument. In surgery, it signifies the 
 extracting the stone out of the Madder. In the Menace, it 
 is when the feet ofa horse interfere, or when with ihe shoe 
 of one foot he beats off the skin from the pastern joint of 
 another hoof. In painting, it is the layiuy one strung 
 livelv colour over another, without anv shade or softening. 
 
 CUTTLE-FISH, j. [cuttlewisch, Bel(?.] in natural his- 
 tory, a fish, which when pursued by a fish of prey, rniits 
 a black liquor, by which it darkens the water and escapes. 
 
 CUXHA'VEN, a sea port of Bremen, situated on the 
 fierman Ocean, between the mouths of the Elbe and the 
 Weser. 
 
 CYCLE, s. [from ki/tlos, a circle, Gr.] in chronology, it is 
 a certain period or series of years, which regularly proceed 
 from the first to the last, and then return again to the first, 
 and circulate perpetually. T/ie cvcle of the sun consists of 
 28 years ; the metonic, or that iii the moon, is a period of 
 19 years. The cycle of the Roman iiidiclton, is completed in 
 15 years. 
 
 CY'CLOID, s. [kyklos, a circle, and cidos, form, Gr.l a 
 geometrical curve, fornied b\ the line v Inch a nail, in tlie 
 circumference ofa wheel, makes in the air, while the wheel 
 revolves in a right line. 
 
 CYCLO'IDAI/, a. [from ht/hlos, a circle, and eidos, form, 
 Lat.] relating to a cycloid. The ci/rloJdal space, is that con- 
 tained between a cvchiid and its substance. 
 
 CYCLOPAE'DIA, J. [fiom hyk/os, a circle, and paideia, 
 education, Lat.] a circle ef knowledge; a course of sciences. 
 
 <. Y l)LR, i. See CidfR. 
 
 CYX'NET, «. [from eypius, a sv.aii, Lat.] a young swan. 
 
 CY'GTsUS, the swan, in astronomy, a constellation in the 
 northern hemisphere. 
 
 CY'LINDER, s. \kylindres, from hylio, to roll, Gr] in geo- 
 nietrv, a rcMind solid, having its buse circular, equal arid 
 parellel, in the form ofa •cillin.r-sloiir, used bv gardener-.. 
 
 CYLI'NDRIC, or CYLINDRICAL, a. partaking of the 
 nature, or in ihf form of, a cylinder. 
 
 CY'MAR, i. [properly written «'m«»] a slight loose co-' 
 veringor sca'f. 
 
 C\'M.ATIUM, s. [Iiymatioti, from ti/mo, a wave, Gr.] in 
 architectu e, a member «r iiioiilduig of the cornice, ihe 
 profile of which is waved, or concave at top, and convex at 
 bottom. 
 
 CY'.MBAL, s. [cymbnlum, Lat.] a miisicaj instrument used 
 bv the ancii»nts, supposed to be mafle of brass, and in the 
 form ofa kf ttle d' um, though soniew bat less. 
 
 CYNA'Xl HROPY, i. [frem hyon, a dog, and anthrepos, a 
 man, G:.]a species of madness, in « huh persons resemble 
 a dog; the species of madness contracted by the bite of a 
 mad (tug. 
 
 CYN ARCTO'M ACHY, s. [f m yon, a dog, arltns, a 
 bear, and vwche, a fight, (ir.] a word << ined by Piille>, !• 
 denote bear-baiting with i: dog. " In bloody cynarctomachy' 
 Hitdihrns. 
 
 CYNE'GETICS, s. \kyne^etol:ni, ffom hyon, a dog, an(i 
 ago, to lead, Gr.] the art of hunting; the art ot] training 
 dogs for huuting. 
 
 233
 
 DAI 
 
 CVNICorCY'XlCAL.o. ]hm>ikos, from %on, a do?, Gr.] 
 Sliarlini; ; brtitdl, or partahina; <>f the qnalitips of a rvnic 
 plii'iisopUrr, who waj rrii:i!rkal>lt' for liis ct)nltiiipt of riches, 
 and r'lfiiroHS repreluii^iow of viip. 
 
 CYNIC, s. [kifhi lios, frim 1.1/1171,3 do!j, Gr ] a philosphfr 
 who valued bimsrlffoi hiscontfiiifit of every thing, except 
 uioralitv ; a sect f 'Uni-led l>\ Dioj^eiies. 
 
 CVNOSURE, s. [from ki/nn, a dofj, i<nd oura, a tail, Gr. | 
 in aitroiioiiv , thf na>iief;ivcn hv the Greeks to ursa minor, 
 or th<- Utile bear: the p(lar star, by whuli sailors steer. 
 
 CY'PHEL, s. a provincial term for the cummoD housc- 
 leck. 
 
 CyPHESS TREE, s. [ci/pressus, Lat.J a tall straight 
 tree, whose fruit is of no use ; its leaves arc bitter, aul the 
 verv snifll and shade of it are dangerous. Hence the Ro- 
 maas looked on it as a fatal tree, and made use of it at fu- 
 netals and in niourBiii ceremonies. Tlie wood of it is al- 
 ways sff*"") ^"y heavy, of a good smell, and never rots, or 
 is worm <»atpn. 
 
 CyPPr'^, s. [so called fiom the place where it was 
 made] a thin trans)parent stut^, used for sieves, Ac. 
 
 CY'PIIUS, an island in the Mediterranean, between the 
 coast of Svria and that of Caraniania, subject to the Turks. 
 The soil is fertile, but subject to long droughts, and there are 
 nuuie'ous sfirings, but no rivers. The Cypriots are, in fje- 
 ner;<.l, tall aud well made; many of them live to a ve:\ ad- 
 vanced age ; their women have tine eves, but in other re- 
 soects are far from bein:; beautiful; they do not, however, 
 degenerate from their ancestors, as votaries of that goddess 
 whose favoi.rite habitation this island was supposed to be. 
 It abounds with game; and great numbers of ortolans, boiled 
 and pickled in vinegar, are a' nualK exported. The chief 
 produce is cotton, silk, and wines; the annual amount of 
 the former is from 3 to.5on(i bales ; that of the silk is about 
 2.'<,ii00 ; and the wines aiiiount to near 40,000 gallons. The 
 olherexports;'.re«ool, nutmegs, turpentine, madder, kcmes, 
 opit>i), colot|uinteda, salt, umber, gree i earth, and a small 
 (Quantity of cochineal. Nicosia is the metropolis of the 
 bland. 
 
 CYST, or CY'STIS, s. [k)/stis Gr.] in surgery, a bag con- 
 tain n;j some morbid matter. 
 
 CYSTIC, o. insurger\, contained in a bag. 
 
 CYSTOTOMY, .1. [from ki/stis, a vessel, and fmno, to cut, 
 Gr.] the act of opening enc\ sted tuTiiors, or cutting the bag 
 in which anv morbid matter is conta'iied. 
 
 ('7\X\, (zar) s. [Sclav] written more properly fror, the 
 title of tlie em;ieror of lUissia. 
 
 Cf \KrN\, 'zniwin) s. the tifl.? of the empress of Russia. 
 
 Cy\'SI.MT, a town and circle of Bohemia. In the 
 cbiircb of the former is ihe tomb of 7isca, the celebrated 
 gciier-d of the Hussites. It is 42 miles E. S. E. of 
 Fra ue. 
 
 (I'/E'RNICK, or Cztrnitz, a town of Carniola, in the 
 circle of Austria. Here is a renia'kable tract of land, 15 
 miles in lenu'lh, and .t in l)readtli, \^ Inch in summer pro. 
 di.("s rxcf'Uent grass ;iiid corn, but in wuiter is overflr;wed, 
 yi( id^ f. Ii,iind 's called the Czirnitzcr Sea. It is 28 miles 
 S. £. of Luubach. 
 
 DTHE forth letter if the alphabet, is a consonant, dif- 
 ' fering but liille in sound from T. Ill thr ) onian, 
 Savo'i. and our al habet, il is of the ■.auie shaoe, and seems 
 formed from ih" Di lla of the Cireeks. It is proiiciinied bv 
 api'lvinirthr lip i>f thi tongue to the tore | an of Ihe i ah'le, 
 and thru sepa'ating thr in by a gentle t>re:ith'ng, the lins be- 
 ing o 'en at the same tiiie. The scund of I) in 'be (•"nglisli 
 is uuTorin, aud is never mute, e\ce|il inthe* o ds W.iliwf- 
 Juv jinA haiidhrrchief. O, as a numeral, (b-iiotcs ."iOO ; and 
 with n dash over it thus n, .')<)0o. In AbbreviHtions, it has 
 various si^iiilii alions ; «hus D. slatids for (iortnr, as M. [>. 
 ior ilirlrr i,f Tr.fUicint ; D.T. dvctor af t/t»oli)gy ; 1). D. doctor 
 of Ji-jiuitj/. 
 
 To DAB, V. a. \dauber, Fr.l to touch gently with some° 
 thing soft or moist. 
 
 DAB, s. a small lump, generally api'lied to som thing 
 moist; a blow with something moist oi soft. In low lan- 
 guage, a person expeit in any thiny. In natural history, 
 a siiiail tiat tish. 
 
 To D.A'Bi.LE, V. a. [dabbelen, Belg.J to smear, moisten, 
 or daub with s'-.mething w t ; to i;la\ in the Aater ; to do 
 anv ih'ng ina light or suprrhcia! manner. 
 
 DA'Rt'.LI-.R, J. one that plays in water. Figuratively, 
 one will perfiiruis a thing supeificiifily ; one \\h-i never 
 makes himseli a complete master <.f aii' subject, or biaiK'h 
 ol science. 
 
 DAB CHICK, s. a small water fowl, called likewise dob- 
 chirk, dirlirpper, and Hipc/iick. 
 
 DA CAl'l), i. an Italian term in mn^ic, meaning that 
 the h St pait of the tune should be repeated at the con- 
 clusion. 
 
 DACCA, a city of Bengal, once the capita!, Mtuated in 
 the F,. quarter, on a hiaiich of the (ianges, which has a 
 ready lommunication wit'h all the othei channels of that 
 river, and the Burrampooter. It is the third city of Bengal 
 inexlentand population, and the capital of a district. It 
 has large manufa< to.ies of the finest muslins and silhs, and 
 cotton IS produced within the province. The counlr\ round 
 Dacca lying low, is covered with perpetual verdure curin* 
 the dr\ months, and is not subjrct to viohnl heats as Moor- 
 shedabad, P.itna, and olhei places. It is 120 miles N. E. of 
 Culcutta. Lat. 23.43. N.hui. {K>.^0 E. 
 
 DACE, i. [derceau, Vr.] a small nvei-fish resembling a 
 roach, but s;niethiug le s. 
 
 D ACTYL, or D A'CT^ LE, s. [from dalti/los, a finger, Gr.l 
 a fi ot, ill Latin oi Greek poetry, consisfn.g of one long and 
 two short syllables 
 
 DAD, or DA'DDY, 4/<7rf, Rril.l a hild's way of expie s- 
 mi; fiber. 
 
 D T'D A L, u. [</'?</«/"*, Lat.]vari'=> ; variegated; skilful. 
 
 D^'^ION, J. .Sc' D' -^•ON. 
 
 DAilODIL, DAFFODILLY, or DAFlODOlViV. 
 DII-I.Y. ill botany, the narcissus. 
 
 To DAFT, t'.c. to toss aside ; to throw away slightly. 
 
 DA(j, s. \4ague. Fr ] a dagger : a haiid-gun. 
 
 To DAG, V. a. [fromrfffg-. Sax.] to dirt or bemire the lower 
 pjrtsof a L'atnient. 
 
 DA'GGF.R, s. [dn^iie, Fr.] a short word. In fencing 
 schools, a blunt blade o'iron w tli a basket hill, used for 
 defence. In (irintiiig, the obelisk, used as a mark of refer- 
 ence, and ot this foini [^]. 
 
 DA'fiGFR'S DR AWINCi, J. the act of drawing a dagger. 
 Figural'\eb , (|uarrel; oiiieiiess, or readiness to fight. 
 
 To DA (Kil.E.f. <7. See Draggi.k. 
 
 DA'HDiVlY, a country of fiunua, E. of the Slave Coast, 
 and about <0 -nilesfroin the sea, called also Foiin, and sup- 
 pi.sed to teach fn m the sea coast ISO or 2il0 miles inl;.i!d. 
 The gi)\e'nnient is peifei t despotism; yet, in llie couiilrv, 
 strang<*rs aie the least exposed to insults, and -tsule iheie in 
 securitv aud l,aiK)uillit\. The kingof Dehoniv inainlaiii.-i a 
 cons'derable standing arm\-, among whom arc several h\in- 
 drer^^ of women, immured wiliiiii his palace, that :iic train- 
 ed to the Use of amis, under a female general. The capital 
 is.Aboiiiev, in lat. 'J, 50. N. and Ion. 3. .•!(>. E. 
 
 D.M'LY, ff. [d/rglic, Siix.] happening, done, or repeatea 
 ever\ day. Figiratively, coiistantiv or frciiucntly ; usedad- 
 vpibialb , everv dav, frequently. 
 
 DAlNTll V. ad. ill a curious, elegant, or delicate man- 
 nei : delii loiisb ■ pl'asanilv. 
 
 DAINTINESS, jt. delicacv, softness ; elegance; iiitely ; 
 s'lueam diiiess; or the not being easily pleas<d either with 
 foi (I. or (!<■' product'ons of art. 
 
 DA'INTY, i. pleasing to the taste, and piiiil.ased with 
 great cost. Figiratively, of delicate or e\(|Uisltc suisi- 
 ^>ilit^ ; sqiieaiiiish ; not easily pleased with tcorl; scrti- 
 iMiloiis ; elegant ; well or nicely formed ; nice, or a<- 
 tecleU.
 
 DAM 
 
 DAM 
 
 I) -V'lNTY, *. some rare food of exquisite taste. A word 
 of toiidiirss. 
 
 f) AIRY, I. (nerhaps fiom dey, an old word for milk] the 
 cmplovHii-nt of iiKiking several kinds of liioil from milk; 
 i>iiMura!{e ; a milk firm, or place where milk i.i kept, and 
 biitieror clitese made. 
 
 DAI'UY-MAID, *. a woman-servant who has the care of 
 the dairy, ami makes butter or cheese. 
 
 DA'ISY, f <'(i-//) s. [dais, Fr.] iu botany, a spring flower, 
 called also the betlis. 
 
 D \LE, *. a low or hollow place between hills; a vale or 
 valley. .Synon. Vallei/sdTC for the most part wiiidiiiK; and 
 as tlie\ receive waters from the hills on each side, are ^'eiie- 
 raliy converted into meads. A tine vale, with beautiftil in- 
 closures, bounded bv risins woods, is a delightful prospect. 
 /)«/« are much easier to'be plowed than hilly liim^s. 
 
 D\LECA'RLIA, a r;'/er and province of Sveden, near 
 Norway. The latter is about 8(» leagues iti lent;tli,aM(l from 
 15lo4<) in breadth ; and is surrounded by IIel!.iii{,'l;.iid, (ies 
 tricia, Westmanlaud, Wermeland, and Norwa> . It is imnin- 
 taiiious, yet has fertile pastures, and abounds in mines of 
 corper, iron, and silver, some of which a.eof a pvod'sjroiis 
 depth. The inhabitants are a plain, bard\, wailiketace. 
 The principal productions are corn, wood, and hemp. 
 
 DA'LKEITH, a parish and town in Mid Lolhian, seated 
 on the Esk, 6miles S. E. of Edinlmr^di. Dalhrith House, is 
 tlie principal seat of the duke of l!uccleuf;h. The present 
 maicnificeut palace was built about the be^inuin<; of (he Isth 
 century, on tlie spot formerly occupied by Dalkeith Castle, 
 built on a perpendicular rock of great heif^lil, and inac- 
 cessible on all sides except the E. where it was defended bv 
 a fosse. 
 
 DA'LLIANCE, *. acts of fondness between lovers. 
 Fisuratively, the caresses of a married couple. Delay, or 
 deferring a tliinfj. 
 
 DA'LLIER, i. atrifler; a person who practises acts of 
 fondness. 
 
 To DA'LLY, V. n. [dollen, Belg.] to triflle ; to play the 
 fool ; to amuse one's self, and lose time in iflle play ; to ex- 
 change caresses of fondness; to sport; to frolic; to delay. 
 
 DA'LTON, a town in Lancashire, with a market on Sa- 
 turday. It is seated on the spring head of a river, in a 
 cbampaigu country, not far from the sea ; and the ancient 
 castle is made use of to keep the records and prisoners for 
 debt in thelibertvof Furness. It is I 
 caster, and 273 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 N. ' 
 
 DAM, J. |fi-om dame, which, according to Chaucer, for- 
 merlv signified a mother] the mother, applied most com- 
 monly to beasts; but figuratively, and by way of reproach, 
 applied to persons. 
 
 DAM, #. [dam, Belg.] a mole, bank, or any other ob- 
 ttruction to confine water. 
 
 To DAM, V. a. [litmman, .Sax.] to confine water by moles 
 or other obstructions. Figuratively, to damp ; to extin- 
 guish, obstruct, or intercept. 
 
 DX'.VI AGE, s.[^omnge, Fr.] mischief; hurt ; detriment ; 
 Iftss. In common law, it is what the jurors, upon a trial, 
 allow the partv who appears to have suft'ered wrong. 
 
 To D.\'MXGE, w. a. to spoil, hurt, or impair any thing; 
 K» arteet a person witb loss, or hinder him in the prosecu- 
 tion of his business. Neuterly, to impair: to lose of its 
 Wti'ih bv time. 
 
 DA'.Vl AGEABl.E, a. that may be impaired or spoiled by 
 time; mischievous o' hurtful. 
 
 DA'MASCENK, or DAVISON, s.\daina!:cenvs, Lat.] in 
 gar lulling, a small round black plum, of a rou^di and astrin- 
 g<iil tiste. 
 
 DXMASCIJS, now called Sham, a verv ancient city of 
 S^na.and the ■ u;iital "t a pachal'c, is built in the form of an 
 ohlon-; •iiiuart Stream> of clear wafer run across the plain 
 oi Damascus, whicli fertilize the ga; dens, supplv the public 
 foiiiitaiits ;i:)d run info everv house. The c 'ravansai ies have 
 Jou.^ gylleues. soipi.^tpri b-, ina hie plldrs. surinmdiii/ a 
 rarsc court. Tlie private houses, which are budl of wood. 
 
 have thel'' fronts inwards, inclosing a court, and presputnig 
 ade-n! «iiU to the slreels, allhou;;h often liilov adorned 
 wi'iiin. The caslle is like a lillle town, having its own 
 
 streets and houses. The mosques are >up«rb ! iiiiiiii .irus. 
 
 Tlir straight street, v. Inch runs across tlie cil> and suhuibs 
 ina direit line, has shops on each sid< , whtri all soils of 
 mercnaudise are sold. The gardens and Dnliards t \iend 
 several miles round, and are embellislieil with si.initier- 
 houses, turrets, fountains, cascades, and stream^ of water. 
 A manulai tor\ «)f cutlery is carried on heie I)aiiias( us 
 stands on the river Barida, in a ver> fertile plain, extolled 
 by the Aiabs, who speai\ of it willi eiilliiisiasiii, as ihe 1^ st 
 watered, and the mosi delicious, ol'all Sy la ; ami contains 
 ab(uit NO.OIK) inhidiitants, of t\h'>iii I6,U0(I are Christians. 
 It is 112 miles N. N. E. of Jeiusaleiu. Lat. 33. 45. N. Ion. 
 37. (I. E. 
 
 DA'MASK, s. [from Damascus, the place where it w-js in- 
 vented] a mamitattiire of Iuch or silk woven with lased 
 flowers; likewise a very line steel, a( Daiiuiscus in Syria, 
 used for swo Is and culiass blades, and of a very fine tem- 
 per. Figuratively, a red cohiur, alluding to that of the 
 damask rose. 
 
 ToDA'M ASK,i'. (7.1(1 weave linen or silk in raistd figures; 
 lo variegate, dive:sif\, or eiiiiieliish To adorn steel work 
 with figures. 
 
 DAMASK-RO; E, s. a red rose. 
 
 D.\ MANkEMN(i,«. llie ait of adorning iron and steel, 
 by cutlingand ca'ving holes in llieiii, aud tiihiig them up 
 with gold or silver w lie ; used iu enriching the blades of 
 swords and locks of pistols. 
 
 DA'MBEA, an extensive lake of Abyssinia, containing 
 many fertile islau'is, and abundance offish and river horses. 
 It IS 100 miles from tin source oltlie Nile: the country of 
 Danibea, on the N. of the lake, being flat, is subject to in- 
 und.iiion. 
 
 DAME, s. [dame, Fr.] originally applied to a person 
 who was mistress of a ianiily, and of noble bir'li, as it is at 
 present used in law ; but now commonly used for a farmer's 
 wife, or one of the lower sort. Figuratively, women in 
 general. 
 
 D.AMTETTA, a sea port town nf Egypt, situated on the 
 eastern branch of the Nile, about 'i miles from its month, 
 in the most fruitful part of Egypt. The number of inhabi- 
 tants is abiml 80,000; they mauu.acture fine linen of all 
 colours; napkins fringed with silk, Ac. Ac. Multitudes of 
 boats and small vessels fill the port or road, which, ho.w- 
 ever, is very defective and disadvantageous to trade, be.iig 
 every where totall\ exposed. It is a place of great traile, 
 and is 84 miles N. N. E. of Cairo. 
 
 T)\ MES-VrORET, *. a plant, the same with the queens 
 gilliflov> er. 
 
 To DAMN, {dam) V. a. [damno, Lat.] to doom, devote, or 
 curse toeteriitil to;ments; lo condeiiin ; to explode or ren- 
 der anv performance unpopular, by hissing or criticising. 
 
 DA'MNAHLE, a. deserving, or justly condemnei! to, 
 eternal punislirneiit. Sometimes used indecently, in a ludi- 
 crous sense, for pernicious or odious. 
 
 DAMNABLY, arf. in such a manner as to incur eternal 
 punishment. 
 
 DAMNATION, e. exclusion from Divine mercv ; the 
 state of a pers'i) who is sentenced lo eternal punishment. 
 
 DA'MNATORY, a. [from damno, tocondemn, Lat.] con- 
 taining t'le sentence to eternal punishment. 
 
 DA'MNED, part, hateful; detestable ; abomiuable; 
 doomed lo everlasting puni.shuient. 
 
 DAMNl FIC, a. procuring loss; Kiischicvows. - 
 
 To DAMNIFY, v. a. [frotti damrium, a ii ss, and facie, t'> 
 make. Lat.l t" laiise loss, to sp< il, hurt, or impair. 
 
 DA'MNlNC.NESS, s. tendency to prcciir'^ danii:;ition. 
 
 DAMP, rt I (fcHiy;*, Hel^'.] moist ; iiicli ii,gtowet; moist, 
 ened b\ tlit a i or vapniis. Fiyuiat'vi i\, dejet ltd full of 
 sorrow, on atei'uul of some sudden diaappointmeiit or ur^ 
 exp'Mfed calauiitv. 
 
 DAMP, s. a tf)g or mist ; a moist, noxious vacouj 
 
 'j;td
 
 f; 
 
 Damps are of two kinds, the clioke damp, and ttie fire damp. 
 Tlie former is a species of fixed air, which is licavier than 
 common air, and therefore hes at the holtom in" mines 'ir 
 pits; the latter is inflammable air, which is found pnnci- 
 pally in coal pits, and sometimes in lead mines ; and if it 
 comes in contact with the flame of a candle, explodes and 
 sometimes produces very shocking effects. Figuratively, 
 dejection or sorrow, arising from some sudden calamity. 
 
 To DAMP, V. a. to wet or moisten; to chill ; or "dimi- 
 nish heat by water. Figuratively, to lessen any fjuiil ity ; to 
 smother, check, or depress any ardour or passion. To 
 weaken ; to abandon. 
 
 DA'MPISHNESS, *. tendency to wetness, or moisture, 
 arising from fogs, vapours, cS. c. 
 
 DA'MPNESS, s. cold, moisture, or fogginess. 
 
 DA'MPV, n. moist or wet. 
 
 DA'iVlSEL, i. [damoiselle, Fr.] originally used for avonng 
 entlewoman or lady of distinction ;. an attendant of the 
 iglierrank; but at present for a voung country lass. 
 
 DAMSON, s. See Damascene. 
 
 DAN, s. [dntninus, Lat.] a title of dignity, or honour, for- 
 merly used tor master. 
 
 DA'NBURY, Essex, on a hill, 5 miles E. of Chehnsford ; 
 its spire serves as a sea-mark. 
 
 To DANCEj II. n. \danser, Fr.] to move in a graceful at- 
 titude, according to an air sung or played. Activel\, to 
 make a person dance or skip. To dance attendance is to 
 wait in an humble am! sunpliitiit manner on a person. 
 
 DANCE, s. \dan»e, Fr.J .in a^-rrcable motion of the bndv 
 and feet, adjusted by art to the measure or tune of a musi- 
 cal instrument, or the voice. 
 
 DA'NCER, s. one who practises dancing. 
 
 DANCINGMASTEPv, s. one who teaches the art of 
 dancing. 
 
 DA'NCINGSCHOOL, s. the school where the art of 
 dancing's taught. 
 
 DANDE'LION, i. [dent de lian, Fr. lion's tooth] in bota- 
 nv, a genus of plants, of which there are divers species, 
 vul'^arlv called piss-a-bed. 
 
 DA'NDIPRAT, *. fdandin, Fr.] a little fellow, used 
 sometimes as a word offondness, and sometimes as a tvord 
 of reproach. 
 
 To DA'N DEE, !i. fl. [dnndelen, Belg.] to keep a child in 
 motion, cither on the knee or otherwise, to quiet it. Figu- 
 ratively, to treat with too much fondness ; to use like a 
 child. ■ 
 
 DATVOLER. s. a person that fondles a child. 
 
 DANDRUFF, j. the dirt or scurf which sticks to the 
 head. 
 
 DA'NEOELT, *. a tax, or tribute on every hide of land, 
 imposed on the Saxons our ancestors, by the Danes, on 
 their frequ'-nt invasion as the arbitrary terms of peace, and 
 their departure. After their expulsion it was imposed by 
 Ethelred as a standing yearly tax, to be employed for the 
 fitting out such a fleet as should be sufficient to protect the 
 country from the Danes. It was continued for other pur- 
 poses under the Norman kings, and appears to have been 
 last levied by king Henry II. 
 
 DA'NEWORT, s. in botany, a species of elder, likewise 
 called thedwarf elder, or wall-wort. 
 
 DATsTiER, (Isles of) three islands in the S. Pacific 
 Ocean, discovere<l bv Commodore Bvron, in June 176.0. 
 Thev are very populous, but surrounded with dangerous 
 rocks. Lat. to. 1,5. S. lou. 169 2« W. 
 
 DXUfiER, i. [danger, Fr.]\ia/ar(i; risk; or a condition 
 vvhich is liable to mischief or calamity. Svnon. The aya- 
 ricioi.s man, spurtf d ou by interest, fears no danger; Im- 
 rfrrft his health and happiness; riinsevery n>^tliat attends 
 Ins prof>'ssi(>n, and gladly ventures his all in search of that 
 which, if obtained, he would not have the spirit to enjoy. 
 
 To DA i\(iER, I', a. to expose to loss, calamity, or 
 niisei\ . 
 
 DA'NfiKRLKSS, a. out of a possibility of meeting with 
 iMv calamity or accident. 
 3,yj 
 
 DAP 
 
 DANGEROUS, a. exposed to accidents, lo6s, harm, or 
 mischief 
 
 DANGEROUSLY, ad. hazardous; perilous; full of 
 danger. 
 
 DA'NGEROUSNESS, s. a condition which exposes tj 
 accidents, calamity, or dealh. 
 
 To D.\'NGLE, t'. n. to hang loo&e, fo as to be put in mo- 
 lion by the wind, breath, or a shake. Figuratiyel , to haiijj 
 as a dependant upon a person. 
 
 DA'NGLER, i. a person wIjo frequents the company of 
 women merely to passer kill time. 
 
 D.VNlEL.a canonical book of the Old Testament, so de- 
 nominated from its author Daniel, who was a very extraor. 
 dinary person, and was favoured of God and honoured of 
 men beyond any v\ho lived in his time. The.fiistsix chap- 
 ters of tiie book of Daniel, are a history of the kings of Ba- 
 bylon, and what Ijefel the Jews under their government. 
 In the six last he is alto;,'ether prophetical, foretelling not 
 only what should happen to hiso«n church aud nation, but 
 events in which foreign princes aud kingdoms were con- 
 cerned. The style of Daniel is not so lofty and figurative 
 as that (<f the other projthets; it is tiear aud concise, and 
 his narrations and descriptions simple and natu.al; in short 
 he writes more like a historian than a prophet. 
 
 DANK, n. [from <HmAeii, Teut.] moist ; weltbh. 
 
 DA'NKISH, a. somewhat moist or wet. 
 
 D.\'NTZICK, one of the larp;est, richest, and strongest 
 tow lis (/f Europe, late capital ot Regal Prussia, aiwl ofPo- 
 merella iri Poland, with a famous hurboiir, a bishop's see, 
 and an university. It is encompassed with a wall and forti- 
 fications of great extent. The houses are well built ftf stone 
 or brick, six or seven stories high ; and the granaries, con- 
 taining vast quantities of giain and nayai stores are still 
 higher, to which the ships lie close, when they take in their 
 lading. The arsenal is well provided, and the exchan.c i» 
 a handsome struiture. It is reckoned to contain 200,000 
 inhabitants, though there (iiidofthe plague 3O,0iK) persoaa<a 
 The college is provided with veiy learned professors. It 
 carries oa a great trade, particularly in corn, timber, an<t 
 naval stores, which are chiefly purchased by the Dutch. It 
 was once a free Hanseatii- town, under the protection of 
 Poland ; but in 1793 it submitted to the king of Prussia) wUoi 
 forcibly usurped the sovereignty, in a secoad partition of 
 the Polish dominions. .Since that time ithashec-ii erected 
 into a dutchy by the emperor Napolean. The established 
 religion was the Lutheran, but there yvere papists, calviit 
 ists, and anabaptists, who were all tolerated. The j..ri8dic 
 tion of this town extended about 50 miles round it ; aiii 
 they maintained a garrison at their own expeus". It is- 
 seated on the west; rn banks of the i iver Weisot h or Vi^ 
 tula, near the gulfof An^il, in the Baltic sea ; 30 miles S. E. 
 of Marienburg, and 104 N. of Warsaw. Lun. la. 5. £. lat- 
 54. '2'2. N. 
 
 DANUBE, towards the mouth called I.stfr by the an- 
 cients, a river of Europe, rising in »Jid runniui^ Ihronglt' 
 the circle of Suabia, passing by Ulm, tin n Ihni'uli Bavaria 
 and Ai;stria, passing b\ Ratisbon, I'assau, and Vienna, it 
 then enters Hunpaiy, passing on to I'leshuig, Budii, and 
 Iklgrade, after which it divides Bulgaria frouiMurlacbiaaud 
 Moldavia, falling into the Black Serf, by several channels, iw 
 the province of Bessarabia. It begins to he navij^able for 
 boats at Ulm: receives several large rixers as it pusses 
 along; is so deep between Buda aud Belgrade, that the 
 Turks and their enemies have had men of war on it; yet 
 there arc cataracts on it, both above and below Buda, which 
 prevent its being navigable either way in that part. 
 
 'Fo D.AP, V. a. [from diji\ in angling, to let fall, or put 
 gently into the water. 
 
 D/VPIFER, *. the dignity or office of grnml master of 
 a prince's bousthold. In (ierinanv, the elector of Bavaria 
 asBuined the title of Arc/idapi/'erof the empire, whose otKce 
 was, at the coronation "I the emperor, to carry the first 
 dish of meal to table on horseback. 
 
 DAPPER, o. \dapper, Belg.] small of stature, and
 
 r 
 
 DAR 
 
 full of spirit mid vivacity. It is usually spoken in con- 
 tempt. 
 
 DAPPERLING, i. » person of low stature ; a dwarf. 
 
 l).\'l*Pi.E, a. marked, variegated, or clouded witii diffe- 
 rent eoloiiis. 
 
 T".) DAi'l'LE, <f. ff. to streak, or diversify with a ditrornit 
 loldiir. 
 
 n \R, or DART, t. a fish found in tlie Sevrrn. 
 
 DAI'A'li(iE!iD, a town of Faisistan, Pci>iii, with a <<)ii- 
 siili'iahie nianiifiictiire of glass. Near it is found .salt of 
 v.irioiis cohgus, red, white, black, antl green. It is 116 
 miles F). -S. K. of Schiras. 
 
 DARDANE'LLE-S, two castles, (built by Mahomet IV. 
 ill l()58) one on each side of the Strait of Galli|nili, anciently 
 tlie Hellespont, between the Archipelago and the Sea of 
 Marmora. The strait is 3.3 miles long ; in the broadest part 
 it isaniileandahalf across, and in the narrowest half a mile. 
 At the entrance, where guarded by the castles, it is atjout 
 two miles over. 
 
 To DARE, II. 71. preter. I thirst, or have dared ; [dearrnn. 
 Sax.] to undertake a thing without being discouraged by the 
 dangers which attend it. Actively, to challenje, or provoke 
 a person to tight. To dare larks, is to catch them by means 
 of a looking-glass, or by keeping a bird of prey hovering 
 aloft, which keeps them in amaze till caught. 
 
 DARE, «. a provocation, or calling on a person to fight ; 
 a challenge; defiance. 
 
 DA REFUL,n. full of defiance; without fear. 
 
 DA'RiiLR, a romantic vale, or glen, in the county of 
 Wicklow, about 10 miles from Dublin. The lofty njountaiiis 
 on each side are clothed with trees down to the edge of tlie 
 river, which noisily rumbles from rock to rock in the bottom, 
 forming nianv cascatles ; and the views from the eminences 
 are grvuid and beautiful. 
 
 DA'RTEN, an isthmus, or narrow country, which joins N. 
 and S. America, having the Atlantic on the N. E. and the 
 Pacific on the S. \V. It extends about 360 miles in length, 
 and from 48 to 135 in breadth. It is generally considered 
 as a province of Terra Firraa, though it seems to be a part 
 of N. America, and is of great importance to the Spaniards, 
 as the wealth of Peru is brought annually to Panama and 
 Povto Bello, and thence exported to Europe. Here are 
 manv high mountains, and the low grounds are frequently 
 oveitlowed with the heavy rains. The natives build their 
 houses with hurdles, plastered over with earth, and have 
 plantations along the banks of the rivers. The irjrls pick 
 and spin cotton, and the women weave it ; and the men 
 filbricate very neat baskets with canes, reeds, or piilinetto- 
 leavcsdycd of several colours. Polygamy is allowed among 
 them. 
 
 DA'RING, o. bold; adventurous; courageously under- 
 takinu' an atlair notw ithstanding the dangers attending it. 
 
 DA'RIN(tLY, ad. in a bold, eourageous, outrageous,- or 
 impudent manner. 
 
 I) A'RINGNF^S, f. boldness. 
 
 D ARK, a. rdfnre. Sax.] without light; not bright; dull, 
 applied to colours. Opaque, not to be seen through ; not 
 having light in itself. Figurativelv, not easy to be under- 
 stood ; obscure ; ignorant ; not enlishtened with knowle<lge 
 or revelation. Gloomy; not cheerful, applied tothetemper. 
 
 DMIK, J. want of light, by which all objects becune 
 visible. Figurativelv, obscurity : the condition ofa person 
 not known or fnmoiis; want of knowledM ; ignorance. 
 
 To DA RKEN, r. a. [ademrian. Sax.] to deprive of, or 
 shut out the light ; to cloud, per|)lex ; to render the mind 
 unable to distinguish the qualities of objects ; to yjow to- 
 wards ni' lit ; to grow dark orgloomv. 
 
 DA'RKINtJ, a town of Surry, noted for corn and fowls. 
 The cuslo^n of borough English prevails in this manor. It 
 is seated in a healthv air, on a soft sandv rock, near the 
 river Mole, 2.'? miles S. W. of London. Market on Satnr- 
 dav ; and n large fair on May 23, for lambs. 
 
 DA'RKTJNG, »(Tr<. hid in the dark; concealed from sight. 
 DA'RKLY, ad. in a sitinitioH void of light; ob9C\irely. 
 
 DAS 
 
 DA'RKNESS, j. a, state wherein light is absent, and oh. 
 jccts which are disc<ivercd by the sight b( come invisible ; 
 opaqueness. t)bscurity, or difficulty to be underslixjd, ap- 
 plied to books. The infernal gloom ; wickedness ; the empire 
 ofSatan. Synon. Consideringthem in a figiirativesen&e, 
 tlinkness implies a state oflife in which we art -hut uj) from 
 the world ; as the state of a hermit ; state ofa ucliise. By 
 ohsriirili/, is understood a state of retirement, as « lieu we re- 
 treat into the country far from the notice of the public eye. 
 
 DA'UKSOME, a. gloomy ; obscure. 
 
 D.A'KLING, *. \deorling, J^ax.i a person more beloved 
 than any other; a favourite. 
 
 DA'RLINGTON, a neat thriving town, in the county of 
 Durham, noted for its inaiuifacture of huckabacks, 10 quar- 
 ters wide, diapers, stutis, iVc. Some fine linens are .tIso 
 made here, the .Skerne waters being famous for bleaching. 
 It has a spacious market place, and handsome church. A 
 curious water machine for grinding i'>pti<al glasses, and 
 another for spiniiiug linen-yarn, lla^e been iiiventi-d mid 
 erected here. Darlington is seated on the river Skerne, 
 which falls into the Tees, 3 or 4 miles below the town, 18 
 miles S. of Durham, and 230 N. by W. of London. Market 
 on Mondav. 
 
 DARMSTADT, the capital of the landgraviate of Hesse 
 Darmstadt, in the circle of the Upper Rhine. It has a con- 
 sistory, a criniimd court, a college, a court of appeals,^ Arc. 
 It is seated on a river of the same name, 18 miles E. S. E. 
 of Mentz. 
 
 To DARN, r. «. to mend holes by stitches, iirimitation of 
 the fabric of the stufl'. 
 
 DARNEL, s. a weed growing in corn fields, of which 
 there are two kinds, the red and the white ; called also rye- 
 grass, or rav grass. 
 
 To DA'llK.AIN, V. a. to prepare for battle ; to range 
 troops for battle. 
 
 DART, s. [dard, Fr.] a small lance or weapon thrown Dy 
 the hand. 
 
 To DART, V. a. to cast or throw a dart ; to wound at a 
 distance; to emit, or cast, Neuterlv, to fly as a dart. 
 
 DA'RTFGRD, a town in Kent, seated on the river Da- 
 rent, near its influx into the Thames, w hich is a harbour for 
 ba ges, 7 miles W. of Giavesend, and 16 E. by S. of Lon- 
 don. It is full of inns and public houses, from its being a 
 great thorouglifare on the road from London to Can*er- 
 burv. Market, chiefly for corn, on Saturday. 
 
 DARTMOUTH, a" town of Devonshire, with a safe ha- 
 ven, capaliio of sheltering .500 sail of ships. It is seated at 
 the mouth of the Dart, wliich river rises at the foot of Dart- 
 moor hills, fan extensive moorish tract, feeding great num- 
 bers of blaek cattle,) and after passing Totncss, •.vhere it is 
 navigable foi small vessels, is joined by the Hareborn, 7 
 miles above its fall into Dartmouth haven. The town, 
 which is about a mile long, stands on the side of a craggy 
 hill, with streets very irregular, sometimes two or three, 
 one above another; yet the houses are generally very high. 
 Tlie harbour is defended by three castles, besides forts and 
 blockhouses ; and here is a large quay widi a spacious 
 street before it, inhabited by some considerable merchants. 
 Dartmouth lias a considerable trade to Italy, Spain, Portu- 
 gal, Ac. and to NeHfoundland, as well as a share in the 
 coasting tratiic. Its pilchard and foreign fisheries em ploy 
 nearlv 3000 men. It is 30 miles nearly S. of Exeter, and 
 204 W. by S. of London. Market on Friday for coru and" 
 provisions : and one almost every flay for fish. 
 
 To DASH, f. o. [of unceitain CtMiiologv] to throw on* 
 thing with violence and suddenness against another; tif 
 break by throwing with violence ; to bes]irinkle ; to wet by 
 beating the water with a stick, or bv flinging a stone cr 
 other thing into it ; to minsle or mix with another litjuor ; 
 to obliterate or cancels writing, by drawing a careless stroke 
 over it with a pen ; to make a persmi ashamed ; to confound 
 Neuferly, to fly in waves or spaikles >.ver iiie siirfi'ce <'f 
 brim of a vessel or bank ; to fly in sparkles 'ir slicets, at- 
 tended with a loud noise, applied to w»»<r-
 
 DAU 
 
 DEA 
 
 UAS^Fl, *. tlie stroke occasioned by flinging one body 
 fi)r(j!>!v aifaiubt another; a stroke made with a pen; a blow ; 
 a mixtiirr of another liquor. 
 
 DASH, ml. an expression of the sound of water dashed. 
 D\'SSEN EVLAND.orDEER Island, one »f the three 
 smail isla'uis Iving between the Cape of Good Hope and 
 S;!ldanha Bi>, so called from the g eat number of deer 
 whifli wtii first brou^xlit Iwre in 1601. Here are also sheep 
 whose tails weigh 19tbs. a piece. Lat. 33. 26. S. Ion. 17. 
 66. K. 
 
 DA'ST.\RD, s. [adastrit^a, Sax.J a coward ; a person in- 
 faniouslv frmful. 
 To DASTAilD, v. a. to terrify ; to aftect with fear. 
 To DA'.STARDIZE, v. a. lo intimidate ; to render cow- 
 ardly with fear. 
 
 PA'STAKDLY, a. cowardh ; mean; timorous. 
 D X'STARDY, s. cowardliness; tiiiiorousness. 
 DA'TARY, s. [rhtariiis, fumi do, to give, Lat.] an officer of 
 the chancery of Rome, through whose hands bcnetices 
 pass. 
 
 DATE, s. [datum, from dn, to give. Lat.] the time or dav in 
 wiiich a wriling is si;;iied or written, or an event happens; 
 the lime appointed for a thing to be done; continuance; 
 tiic fruit of the palm tree, from dacli/his, Lat. 
 
 To DATE, r. a. to set down the time in which a thing is 
 done, or a writing perfonied. 
 
 DATEI.KSS, a. without <iny fixed term or period. 
 DATIVE, «. [d/itiviis, from </(), to give, Lat.] the case of a 
 noun which siv'nifies the person to whom an\ thing is aiven 
 er done. As we have no cases in Eu"lish, this relation is 
 jfcner^Uv expressed by prefixing to before the noun, but 
 after verbs of jg-iri/ig-, the particle is omitted. In law, such 
 executors as are appointed by a judge's decree. 
 
 To DAUB, f. a. [dauher, Fr.] to smear with something 
 sticking; to soil, or make dirty. Figuratively, to p.,int 
 coarsely ; to cover with something that disguises; to cover 
 with sonwlhing gaudy ; to flatter grossly. 
 
 DA'UBER, s. one who soils or smears a thing; a coarse 
 low painter. 
 
 DAU'BRY, s. an old word for any thing artful. 
 DA'UBY, a. vicious ; adln'sive ; glutinous. 
 DATi^NTRY, or D \1NT11Y, a town of Nortliampton- 
 shire, with a market on Wednesday. It is seated on llie 
 lide ef a bill, and is a pretty handsome town, on the g eat 
 road to Chester and Carlisle ; and the market is well sup- 
 plied with horses, cattle, sheep, corn, and provisions. Its 
 principal trade is making «hips. It is 10 miles W. of 
 plorthamptnn, and 72 N. W. of London. 
 
 DA'VID St. anciently called Mrnf.w, or Menehi a, a 
 town of Pembrokeshire, formerlv the see of an archbishop, 
 and metropolis of the British < burch. It is an episcopal 
 town, and the cathedral is a pretty good structure. It con- 
 taint about 120() inhabitan's, and is seated on a barren soil, 
 on the river lien, 22 miles N. W. of Pembroke, and 825 W. 
 by N. of I^indon. Market on Wednesday. 
 
 "D\'VID s, St. a townand fort of Asia, in the peninsula 
 on this side the Ganges, and on the coast of Corimiandel. 
 It is an English factory, and one of the strongest places they 
 have in the East-Indies. The fort stands close to the river, 
 and the territory belonging to it is 8 miles on the sea-shore, 
 and 4 within land, (l produces good long cloths, ch'uls, 
 callic'ies, vitid muslins. Eiich liousi' has a garden, and there 
 are plenty of black cattle, but siiia'l. The river and sea 
 abound with gixxl fish.. It is W» miles S. of Fort St. George. 
 Lou. 7!i. nf>. F. '■». 11.30. N. 
 
 DMJfiHTER, tu •"/«•) .«. [ihhtfr. Sax. and Teut] the 
 feiimie otlspruiic of a iu.ni or woman. A daughter-in-law. 
 A woman. 
 
 DWIS' STIIAI'I'S. All a'liiof the s<*, separating Green- 
 )and frow Labrador, and oilirr paits of North America. 
 !t was rtiscoverecl l)v <"apl;iiii Davis in l.'J85. Lat. liO. to 
 70. N. lou. from M. to 71). W. 
 
 To DM'NT, V. a. \duimto, Lat.] to discourage ; to damp 
 a person's courage. 
 
 DATINTLESS, a. without fear or discouragement. 
 D \1JNTLKSSNESS, a. a condition void of fear. 
 DA'UPHIN, t. a title formerly givt-u to the eldest son of 
 the king of France, ou ac<;ount of the previiiceof Dauphiny, 
 which, in 1.^43, was given to Philip of Valois, on tbm cob- 
 dition, by Hubert, daupbin of Viennois. 
 
 DA'UPHIN V, a ci-devant pr<'Tinee of France, now form- 
 ing the depaitments of Drome, Isere, and Upper Alps. 
 DAW,j. ?. bird. 
 
 To DAWN, r. 71. \dtrgian, Sax.] to grow light ; to advance 
 towards day. Figuratively, to glimmer, or atlurd an obscure 
 light to the understanding; to give some indication of 
 greater and approaching splendour. 
 
 DAWN,*, the tirst appearance of day or light. Figura- 
 tively, a beginning. 
 
 D.\Y, s. [die^. Sax.] that space of time wherein it is liglifa; 
 but a natural or civil day is that space of time wherein the 
 earth perfoinis one rotation on its axis, so as its diifereut 
 parts shall successively enjov the light of the sun ; this con- 
 sists of a period of 24 houis at a mean rate. Figuratively, 
 liglit ; sunshine. Any time specified and distinguished 
 from other time ; an age ; the time. In this sense it is 
 iisuallv plural, Life: in 'his sense it is commonly plural; 
 as, " He never in his rlui/s bioke his word." The day of 
 contest : the battle I'liappoinled time. To day, on this 
 day. Dai/s of grace, iii commerce, are certain days allow- 
 ed by custom, for ih? pa-- iiient of a bill ef exchange, Ac. 
 aflei- it is become due. Three da vs of grace are allowed in 
 England; ten in France and Dantzic; eight at Naples; 
 six at Venice, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and Antwerp-; four 
 at Franckfoit ; five at Leipsic ; twelve at Hamburgh ; six 
 in Portugal ; fourteen in Spain; thirtv in Cienoa, i\v. 
 
 DA'YBOOK, t. a book wherein tradesmen enter all the 
 occurrences of the day in the order they happen ; called 
 likewise a waste-book. 
 
 DA'YBREAK, s. the dawn ; the first appearance of 
 light. 
 
 DAYLA'BOUR, s. a portion of labour exacted of a per- 
 son every day, and implies the idea of hardship and fa- 
 tigue. 
 
 DAYLA'BOURER,*. a person who is hired to vrork ly 
 the dav; a hanl-workiu;,' and slaving person. 
 
 DAYLIGHT, s the light of the day, as opposed te that 
 of the m'lon or a candle. 
 
 DA'VLILY, *. a plant, placed by Linnens iri the first 
 section of his sixth class, called also asphodel ; it flowers 
 in August. 
 
 DA'YSM A.V, s. a person chosen to determine or decide 
 a dtsl'iite between o hers. 
 
 DATSpr{I>(i, s. the first appearance of light in the 
 morning : the davn; the davbreak. 
 
 DA'Y.'iTAR, s. the morning star. Figuratively, the light 
 slieti b\ tUfdriiistar ; til'- light of the gosptlwhich is spread 
 b\ Christ \hi fhifstar of righteousness. 
 
 DA'YTIM F. s. in th<- dav, opposed to night. 
 D.\'V^^ ORK, s. work imposed by the da- ; davlabour. 
 To D \7''';v.a. Uhras, Sax.] to overpower with light. 
 DAyiKD. o. adorned or overgrown with daisies. 
 T.DAZ/LE, v.<i. [See Dazk] to overpower the eves, 
 and injure the sight, with too geal a de ree'of light or 
 spleudo'. Neutely, lobe overpowered, or lose the use of 
 sight for a lime, by too much light, or loo great an applica- 
 tion to reading. 
 
 DEACON, (drilwn"^ t ffiom diakonos, a servant, Gr.i a 
 lower ilegree of c|i rg\ , rather a noviciate, or state of pruba- 
 tiiiiforon' \>'a-, lifter winch a person is iMlmiitcd into full 
 orders, or orda ned a p ii'st. In Srolliud, an overseer o# 
 the poor. In dissenting eongregalioiis, an oflieei chosen to 
 assist the pastoi in conducting the allairs of the church, 
 aiiil to supiriiitfud ils teiiiporal conri lis. 
 
 DF.'ACONESS, (,l (hmirss) s. a f.iiiiile ill llie ancient 
 eliiiii h, .'ho a<birii;sti led mi< li oti'icrs In ilose of \h> ■■' :» 
 se^, which i< was not 'b-'i nt for the nun to do, such as lite 
 baptism of adult wuiuvu,iStv.
 
 DEA 
 
 DEA 
 
 DE'ACONRY, or DEACONSHIP, s. the office or diKiiily 
 
 of ;i ilf;u()ii. 
 
 DK\l), idrJ) $. [lined, BpI^.J witiiout, or dcprivrtl of 
 lite, appiin.! to those ;:*'r>ons w hose soii|>, are sc; united from 
 tlieir liodies. Frj;iira|ivelv, williout sense or innt.oii ; Iicik e 
 a dealt sleep, wliieli miilales llif want of sense and mot. on in 
 adeafj body. '^ eallod a thrtd sli cp. Inactive, dull, applied 
 tocolnurs. Useltss; unaHeiUniij; void dfaidour or warnilli; 
 jrloomy : still ; oliscnre ; obtii>e. 'I'asteless or vapid, applied 
 to liquors. Uninliatiited, oi not intersporserj «illi linnses. 
 " K dead nail. " Witln'ied, " A dnid boti^li or plant." 
 Tile dead, rffirf men. I'rov. He tlint wails fnr dead men's 
 shoes mail g-n ton»' enough harrfttot. 
 
 ULL'V !),(«/'''/) i. time in «lii(.li there is a remarkable stili- 
 llffss or i;|iH.ini ; a.s midii'ijlit. 
 
 To DKAD, {di-djor UK'ADRN, (dedeti) v. a. to deprive 
 a thuiif of anv opiaiity or si Illation. I'lijiiratively, to niaUe 
 liquors "apid, t.istele*^, or soiritless. 
 
 I>E.\D DOING, /Jfir*. n destructive; killing; mischiev- 
 ous; liaviiist the power to m?ike di ad. 
 
 DEAD LIFT, [dM Hft) s. a pressing necessity, call, or 
 cxii;eiKe ; a last resort. 
 
 DE'.'\D LIGHT.*', «. wooden ports, which are niaile to 
 fasten into the cabin winious to prevent the waves fiom 
 giishin.; into the ship during a storm; l.'..e glass lights are 
 then taken out. 
 
 DE'.ADLY, (e/i^.rf/y) «. that kills; murderous; mortal; in- 
 veterate. 
 
 DR'ADF.Y, (didli/) ad. in a manner resembling the dead. 
 " Looked rff«rf/i/ /K(/r." S/iak. Implacablv ; irreconcileably. 
 Sometimes used in familiar discourse, oiilv to enforce the 
 •ignification of a woul, implving very much; prodigiously ; 
 exceed inglv. " Though deadly weary." Oirery. 
 
 DEADNESS, (dedness) s. want of warmth and ardour. 
 Figurativejv, languor or faintness. Vapidness; loss of spi- 
 rit : ai'piied to liquors. 
 
 DKADNETTLE, or ARCHANGEL, *. a plant, of which 
 there are three kinds; the red, the white, and the lienbit; 
 they flower in May and June. The young leaves of the 
 two fir»t species iiiav be eaten with other potherbs. 
 
 DEAD RECKONING, s. [a sea term] That estimation 
 or conjecture which the seaiiun make of the place where a 
 ship is, bv keeping an account of her way by the log, by 
 knowing the couise they have steered by the compass, and 
 by rectif\ ingall with ftllowance for drift or lee way ; so that 
 this reckoning is without anv observation of the sun, moon, 
 and stars, aon is to be rectified as often as any good obser- 
 Tation can bt had. 
 
 DE\p **E.\, or lake A.SPHALTITES, in Palestine, 
 abounding in bitumen : it contains no ver<liiie on the banks, 
 nor fish in itswat-r.... The cause which d> prives it of vegeta- 
 ble and animal bfr, is the e\t; erne sattness of its water, which 
 is infinitel\ stionger than that cf the sea. It is not true, how- 
 ev-r, that its exhalations d-stioy birds fl\ ing over it, as It is 
 very common to see swallows skimming alon-.; its siirtaee. 
 Fragments of sulphur and bitumen, a^d mines of fossil salt, 
 are found in the mountains, which extend along the shore. 
 The Jordan runs into it, without any visible discharge for 
 its waters. 
 
 DE ADTONGUE, s. in botanv, a species of the dtopwort 
 or oenanthe, having leaves with numerous blunt and nearly 
 equal clefts, a yellowish ri^d stem, aiiijular scored fruitstalks, 
 and white blossoms found on banks of rivers, and flowering 
 in June. The whole of this plant is poisonous, and Dr. 
 Poulteupv remarks, tliat the root is the most virulent of all 
 the egetable poisons that Gi pat iiritaiii p oduces. 
 
 DRAF, ((/<r/'j a. \deaf, Sa\.] wanting the sense of hearing, 
 or having it greatly impaireil. rif.airativelv, regardless, in- 
 attentive. 
 
 To !tE\F, or DEAFEN, {def or defen) v. a. to deprive 
 >>f hearing. 
 
 ■DE'XFLY, (difiif) ad. [deafiic. Sax.] withoHt anv sense of 
 sounds, ^iniperfectlv heard. 
 
 UE'AFNESS, {difiiess) s. the state of a periun who has 
 
 entirely lost, or has the sense of hearing greatly inipaircJ. 
 Figuratively, inattention, or eiil.ie disre '.;ard. 
 
 DEAI , a sea poit town in t\ent, whose market is on 
 'fhursdav. It is sfal<'il niai, the sea, and is a ii'fnil.crof 
 Sandwii h, governed liy a mayor and ji.iats. It ho' a church 
 and chapt Land thiee long but iiariow strei ts. Ni iiianufac- 
 ture is cairied on here, the trades -people <liicfl\ ibpind on 
 the seafaring men who resoil thilbi-r. 'Ibis place is de- 
 feinled b\ a tastle I 'lilt bv Ib^iirv VIII. and near it aie two 
 otht rs. Between iO' ;iid (ioodw .n's Sandsare the Downs, 
 where ships usual. v "de at ;;oing out or coming home. It 
 is 72 miles E. by S. of Lond. n. 
 
 DEAL, (diel) s. [diel, lit ig.] a part or portion. It is a 
 general woid fwr express ng much, joined with ^reat. Tlie 
 oth( e or |iract:ce ot distributing cards to those who are en- 
 gaged III any game. Fir, or pine wood, from deul, Belg. 
 
 To DEAL, ideel) r. a. \deelen, I5elg ] to di.'itribute or dis- 
 pose of to diflerent jieisons; to scatter promiscuously ; to 
 give to several persons in order, one after another. Neu- 
 terlv, to transact business ; to trade ; to act ; to sell ; to be 
 conversant in; to piattise; to behave towards; to treat; 
 sometimes to contend with orapproie. 
 
 DEAI.BATION, s. [dealhatw, froa, alhus, white, Eat.] 
 the act of blvjchingor whiteiiii>g. 
 
 DE'ALER, (deckr) s. one who trades in any particular 
 commodity ; one who lias to dowitti or practises any thing; 
 one who distributes cards. 
 
 DEALING, (deeli)ig) s. practice; action; beliaviouri 
 treatment; business; or trade. 
 
 DEAMBL'LATION, t. [dean.bulatio, from ambulo, to walk, 
 Lat.] the act of walking abtoad. 
 
 DEAN, CiREAT Dean, or Michel Dean, a town of 
 Gloucestershire in the Forest of Dean, 11 miles W. of Cllou- 
 cester, and 112 W. S. W. of London. The foresl ciimpre- 
 hends that part of the countv which lies between the Severn 
 and the shires of Monmouth and Heiefoid. It contains 4 
 market tow us and 23 parishes, is fertile in lastnre and tiUagc, 
 produces fine oaks, abtmnds in orchards, and has rich mines 
 of iron and coal. Market on Monday. 
 
 DEAN, (deen) s. [from delta, a Greek word, signifying ten, 
 because at first always presiding over ten prebendaries, or 
 canons, at least according to Aylifie] a person in collegiate 
 chi.rches or chapels, who is president of the chapter. 
 
 DE ANERY, ((/(iMcry) «. the government, authority, re- 
 venue, or residence of a dean. 
 
 DEANSHIP, .f. the office of a dean. 
 
 DE.AR, (deer) a. [deor, Sax.] an object of great love, and 
 of warm affection: beloved. Figuratively, valuable; of 
 high price ; costly ; scarce ; not pl< ntiful. 
 
 DEAR, fdrri) s.-d word ofeHdearnient ; daring. 
 
 DEAR BOUGHT, a. purchased at a high rate; bought 
 at too hiuh a price. 
 
 DEAR LING, or DA RLING.i. [rfeoWmg-, Sax.] a person 
 caressed with great atlection. 
 
 DE'ARLY, (deirli/) ad. with great affection. Used witL 
 pat/ or huy, at a high prlee ; at too great a price. 
 
 To DEARN, r. a. [diptian. Sax.] See DaEN. 
 
 DEARNE.SS, (deeruess) .i. fondness ; a warm or great 
 degree of affection ; scarcity ; costliness; a higfi, or too 
 high a price. 
 
 DEARTH, (rfert/i) s. H'rom dear] scarcity; want; need; 
 famine ; barrenness. 
 
 To DEARTICULATE, v. a. f from d>; from :ii d arliculus. 
 a men:'l)er, Lat.] to disjoin ; to dismember. 
 
 DEATH, (deth) s. [death. Sax.] tin- departure of the .soiil 
 from the bodv ; loss of sensibdilv, motion, and all the func- 
 tions of animal I'fe. Figuratively, mortality ; destiuctitut ; 
 the manner of dying ; the ima^e of mortalitx' represented by 
 a skeleton ; the state of the nead ; murder, or depriving a 
 person of life by violence and uidawful means ; the cause irf 
 death. In law," there is a natural and civil <lei!th; i.atu:ul. 
 whe e nature itself expires ; civil, where a person is not na- 
 turally dead, but adjudged so b - law. Thus, if a person 
 for whose life an estate is granted remains bevond iea, or 
 
 aiu"
 
 D K R 
 
 DEC 
 
 is ollierwiso absent for seven ye;irs, and no profif made nf 
 liis Itciiig living;, he shall be accounted naturally dead. Sy- 
 XON. Drjiartiiie is Still more refined, and carries witli it 
 an idea <jt tlie passage from one lite to another. Death, 
 more coninion, and sifjnilies precisely extinction of life. 
 Decease, more studied, is a term somewhat bordering upon 
 llie law, and implies tlic refuge of mortality. The second 
 «f these vords is made ii!.e of with respect to all sorts of 
 animals ; tlie other two to nran only. 
 
 Dli'ATilBED, (dit/ibed) s. the bed on which a person 
 dies. 
 
 DE'ATHFUL, (rft<//«0 «. pregnant with death; mortal; 
 fatal ; destructive. 
 
 DE'A'J'HLE.SS, (dalJess) a. not subject to death; im- 
 mortal ; everlasting. 
 
 DE'.ATIILIKE, {diathlike) a. {deathlie. Sax.] resembling 
 death, eitherin its horrors, or in its insensibility or motion- 
 less state. 
 
 DE'ATH's-MAN,(r/«MV-man,) s. an executioner. 
 
 DEATH-WATCH, {dHh-watch) s. something that is fool- 
 ishly reported to make a ticking noise in a wall, &c. against 
 the dcalii of some friend. This ticking i' produced by two 
 species of insects, one of which is a small beetle, about a 
 t)iir.."t T of an inch long, dark brown, spotted with white ; 
 the other nearly resembles the louse in size and appearance. 
 The males nialie this noise by sticking a part of tlieir heads 
 against the floor by way of in\Tt;ilH)ll to the females, and 
 vice-versa. 
 
 To DEAUHATE, v. a. \deamo, from aurum, gold, Lat.] 
 to gild, or cover with gold. 
 
 DEAURATION, s. [deaw^, from aitrum, gold, Lat.J the 
 gildiniror covering any thing with gold or silver. 
 
 DEBACCJIATION, s. [debnec/mtw, Lm. from Bacchus, 
 the god of wine, whose votaries counterfeited madness] a 
 racing; a madness. 
 
 To DEHA'R, r.a. tohinderor restrain a person from the 
 enjoyment of a thing. 
 
 To DEBA RB, r. a. [from de, ficim, and taria, the beard, 
 Lat.] to deprive of the Iteard. 
 
 To DEBARK, v. a. [debarquer, Fr.] to come out of a ship 
 upon shore. 
 
 ToDEBA'.SE, V. n. to reduce from a higher to a lower 
 value ; to adulterate metal or licpior by the addition of 
 something less valuable ; to spoil or lender less perfect by 
 mean and unworthv additions. 
 
 DEBA'SE.MENT, i. the actor debasing or degrading a 
 thing bv the mixture of something mean or worthless. 
 
 DEB.V'.SER, s. the persou ulio lessens the value of a 
 thing by some mixture ; one who adulterates metals or 
 liquors. 
 
 DEBATABLE, a. that may be disputed, or give occasion 
 for controversy. 
 
 DEBATE, s. [debat, Fr.] a dispute concerning the mean- 
 ing of the truth of any proposition; a quarrel or contest. 
 
 To DEB.VTE, v.a.[d'ebatt>e, Fr.] to controvert or dispute ; 
 to produce the arguments which may be brought to support 
 any side of a question. Neuterlv, to deliberate. 
 
 DEBATEFUL, a. fond of dispute or contradiction. 
 Quarrelsomeor contentious, when applied to poisons. Con- 
 tested, or occasioning disputes, when applie<i lo things. 
 DEBATEMEiN'T, « c(mlroveisy; deliberalimi. 
 DEBVTER, f. a disptitaut, orone fond of(lis|iule. 
 
 To DEBAUCH, f. a. [dehaiirlier, Fr.] to seduce a person, 
 or |>revail oil him to do something amiss ; to corrupt a per. 
 son's morals, so as lo make him lewd ; to corrupt by in- 
 temperance in meal or drink, but espe<ially the latter. 
 
 DEBaU'CH, s. a fit of intemperance; luxury ; excess; 
 lewdness. 
 
 DEBAUCIIE'E, (dMiilire) s. \Mai,rhe, Fr.] a person 
 pivn lo iuteiiiperance in drink, or lewdness. 
 
 DEBAd (,IIER, i. one who seduces others to intenipe- 
 raiice : a corrupter. 
 
 DEB\U(Mn^RY, a. the practice of excess; inteiupe- 
 raiice ; lewdness. 
 
 DEBAU'CHiMENi;,i. the act of corrupting the morat 
 of a person, whelhrr it respects leniperance or chastity. 
 
 To DERE'L, orDEBELLATE, v. a. [dehello, from bellum, 
 war, Lai.] to conquer, or overcome, in war. 
 
 DE'BENHAM,a town in Suffolk, w ith a uutrkel on Friday. 
 It is seated near the head of the river Debeii, <ui the side 
 of a hdl, 24 miles E. of Bury, andH4 N. E. of London. 
 
 DEBE'NTLRE, s. [from dcOio, lo owe, Lat. is a teim 
 used in the custom-house, for a kind ot certihcale which is 
 signed by tlicoHicers of ihe customs, and entitles a merchant 
 exporting goods to the receipt of a bounty or drauliaik ; 
 which debentures foi foreign goods arc to be paid witliiu 
 one month after demand. 
 
 DE'BILE, «. [rftiiVw, Lat.] weak ; feeble; languid; faint; 
 impotent. 
 
 To DEBILITATE, v. a. [from debilis, weak, Lat.] lo de- 
 prive of strength ; to weaken, or render weak. 
 
 DEBILITATION, t. [from dehihs, weak, Lat.] the act 
 of depriving a person of strength, or rendering iiiin weak. 
 
 DEBI'LITY, «.[from debihs, weak, Lat.] loss of strength; 
 weakness; want of strength lo bear any weight, or to ac- 
 complish an undertaking. 
 
 DEBONA'IR, n. [(W«"Hn//p, Fr.] lively; affable; gen- 
 teel ; civil ; well bred ; elegant. 
 
 DEBONAIRLY, ad. with an elegant or genteel air: 
 civilly ; sprightly. 
 
 DEBT, (det) s. [debitum, from deliea, to owe, Lat.] that 
 which one person owes to another. Thai ^hicb any man is 
 obliged to do or sutler. 
 
 DE'BTOR, {dittSr) s. [debitor, from debo, lo owe, Lat.] he 
 that owes another money ; one who has taken goods of 
 another on trust ; that side of an account which contains 
 the articles which a person has had on trust. 
 
 DEBVLLITIO'S, s.[(kbiillitw, from ebullin, to boil, Lat.J 
 the bubbling of water t>ver the side of the vessel which con- 
 tains it. 
 
 DEC.ACU'MINATED, a. [deracumitiatus, from cacumeii, 
 the top, Lat.] having the top or point cut oft. 
 
 DECA'DE, i. [from deha, ten, Gr.] a number amounting 
 to, or consisting of ten. 
 
 DECA'DKNCY,.v. [decadmce, Fr.] decay. 
 
 DECAGON, s. [from drka, ten, and ^unia, an angle, Gr.] 
 in geometry, a figure having ten equal sides and angles. 
 
 DECALOGLIO, (deliiilog) s. [from deLa, ten, and logos, a 
 word, Gr.J the ten comraaiidments given bv (iod to Moses. 
 
 DEC.'^'.NIERON, «. [from dr-ku, ten, and menis, part, dr.] 
 a book, discourse, or other matter, divided lulo ten distinct 
 parts. 
 
 To DECA'MP, V. n. [decamper, Fr.J to shift a camp; to 
 remove from a place. 
 
 DECAMPMENT, s. the act of moving from a place. 
 
 To DECATST, v. a. [decauto, Lat. decnnUr, Fr.] to pour 
 liquor off gentlv. 
 
 DECANTA TlON, s. [dccaiitation, Fr.] the ae-t nf poui^ 
 ill" liquor off the lees. 
 
 DECANTER, s. a bottle of white glass, used to contain 
 liquors. 
 
 To DECA TITATE, v. a. [deeapilo, from caput, the head 
 Lat.] to behead. 
 
 To DECA'\', r. n. [declienir, from de, and cadere, Lat.] to 
 lose of its value, substance, strength, or perfe-.tion; t<i be 
 gradually inipalre<l. Actively, to impair, to consume gra- 
 (luallv, or waste the substance of a thing. 
 
 DEC AY, s. a gradual loss of subslance, qualities, value, 
 or perfection ; the cHects or marks of cvinsuinption or de- 
 cline. 'File cause of decline. 
 
 DECA'YF,U, s. that which causes decay. 
 DE'CCAN.'FiiK, anextensive tract of country, in Hither 
 India, which contains the provinces of Caiideish, Powlata- 
 liad, Visiapour, (iolcoiida, and the W. part of IJerar. Caii- 
 deish, Visiapour, ami a part of Dowlataband, are subject to 
 the Mahratlas ; the dominions of the Nizaui Ally'; Soubah of 
 tlie Dci'can, (williout ineludui>; the cessions of Tippoo Sul- 
 tan in 171W, viz. Kopaul, Cnddaoah, anil Gaugeootta,) ar?
 
 DEC 
 
 I) F. C. 
 
 sii)>\>ose(l to be 430 miles long, from N. W. in S. E. nnd SOO 
 broail. By tlio (Icatli of liis Itiollicr in 17H0, lit hcciinic 
 possessed of the dislriclsof Adoiii uiid Kaeliore, and of the 
 GuntooiCircar. Hi»<a|>ilal is Ilydialiad. 
 
 DI'CF, ASK, {ileseesi) s. \il<Tfssu!, from tkcedo, to depart, 
 Lat.l death ; departure from lifi 
 
 'IoDecf; 
 
 (lepartiire i 
 A.SE, f. »i. 
 
 (from ilccedo, 1o depart, Lat.] to 
 
 DECK'IT, (<le.ie/!t) s. [tifcrptio, from ikcijiin, to deceive, 
 Lat.Jn means hy vhich a thins is passed upon a person for 
 u'liat it is not, as when falsehood is made to pass for truth. 
 A fraud ; cheat ; artifice. 
 
 DKCErrrUL, {(lemtful) a. full of fraud or artifice ; 
 meaninf; ditfercnt from what a person expresses; not to be 
 confide<l in. 
 
 DECEITFULLY, (descit/M/) ad. in a fraudulent insin- 
 cere manner. 
 
 DECE ITFL'LNESS, (dcseitfiduess) s. the quality of im- 
 posing on a person to his hurt. 
 
 DECE'IVARLE, (dnehable) a. subject or exposed to 
 fraud or imposture ; subject to, or capable of, leading a 
 person into an error. 
 
 DECE'jVA BLENE.SS, s. the possibility of bein,j imposed 
 upon by false pretences. 
 
 ToDKCE'IVE, (dcseere') r. a. l^drripio, Lat.] to make a 
 person believe somcthiug false, or intended to Ins (laiiiajjeor 
 hurt; to imposeon a person's credidilv by false appcuraiiees; 
 to lead into an error or mistake. Fiyuratively, to disap- 
 point. 
 
 DECEIVE!?, (dfseher) s. one who leads anotlier into a 
 mistake ; one who imposes on the credulity of another. 
 
 DECEMBER, .?. [from decemtm, Lat.] because the tenth 
 month in ancient reckoninj;, the year then beginning in 
 March ; the last or twelfth month of the year, according to 
 the modern computation of time. 
 
 DECI'7MPKD.AL, a. [from decern, ten, and pes, a foot, 
 Lat.] measuring ten feet. 
 
 DECE'MVIRATE, s. [from decern, ten, and vir, a man, 
 Lat.] the diffuitv and otiice of file ten sovernois ofUonie, 
 who were appointed-to rule the commonwealth of consuls; 
 tiieirauthority subsisted only two years. Any body often 
 men. 
 
 DE'CENCE, or DECENCY, s. [from decet, to become, 
 Lat.] a method of address or action proper and becoming a 
 person's sex, character, or rank. Figuratively, modesty. 
 
 DRCE'NNIA L, a. [deceiminm, from decern, ten, and amus, a 
 year, Lat.] containing the space often vears. 
 
 DECENNOVAL, or DECENNO'VARY, o.[fromrfefem, 
 ten, and imvem, nine, Lat.] relating to the number nineteen. 
 
 Dr.'CENT, a. [from decel, to become, Lat.] becoming; 
 fit or suitable ; neat; grave; not gaudy ; not immodest. 
 
 DK'CENTLY, ad. in a proper manner ; consistent with 
 character, rank, orthe rulesofgood breeding. Figurative- 
 ly, modestlv. 
 
 DECEPTIBI'LITY, s. [dcreplio, from decipin, to deceive, 
 Lat.] liableness to be led into an error or mistake ; liable- 
 ncss to be imoosed on. 
 
 DECE'PTIRLE, a. liable to be <leceived, imposed oa, or 
 led into an error. 
 
 DECEPTION, s. [deceptio, from (Ircipio, to deceive, Lat.] 
 the act or means of imposing on a hcrson, or leadjng him 
 into an error; the state of a person imposed on, or in a mis- 
 lake ; a cheat, fraud, or fallacy, by v.hich a person takes a 
 thing to be w hat it is not. 
 
 DECEPTIOUS, a. apt to impose upon; or lead a person 
 mto an error. 
 
 DECE'PTIVE, «. having tiie power of <leceiving. 
 
 DECETTOKY, a. containing the means of imposing on 
 Ihe credulity of a person ; or of leading him into a mis- 
 l.ikt. 
 
 DECE'RPT, a. [from decerpo, to pluck off, Lat.] cropped ; 
 (.■iken ort. 
 
 DECE'RFriBLE, n. [from decerpo, to pluck off, Lat.] 
 f Jiat may l»e taken off. 
 
 DECEPTION,*, theut of Irssening, taking olT, part- 
 ingor divMlingany thing. 
 
 DECERTA'TION, s. [demimio, from coin, to strive, 
 Lat.] contention, strife, or dispute. 
 
 DECE'SSION, s.[decct:sio, from decedn, to dcpait, J.at.] a 
 de|)arture ; agoingaway. 
 
 'I'n Dl'.tJll.A'HiVl, f. a.[decliutiiuT, Fr.] to c<iunlcracl a 
 charm. 
 
 I'll DECI'DE, V. a. [from decidn, to cut oil, Lat.] to | ut an 
 end to, or deteimine a dispute orevei.t. 
 
 DECri)!' R, .V. one who (hterminesa quarrel or cause. 
 
 DLCI'UUOCS, «. [dccidiiiiK, from dnid.,, to falldown, Lat.] 
 falling off. In botau\, applied to th( leaves, those which 
 fall otf at the approacli ol winter ; to the cup or e'lipaii'iiient 
 falling otf before the blossom, as in I'le cald);:ge, and cuckoo 
 flower; and to the seed vessel, faliing olf before it opens a» 
 in the sea rocket, and woad. 
 
 DKCI'DL'OU.SNESS, s. aptness to fall. In botany, the 
 (|naiity of fading or witlieringevery year. 
 
 DE'CI.M AL, «. Idecimia; fro;>i </<(■(«/, ten, Lat.] numbered, 
 miilti|)iied, or increasing by lens. Decimn/ niitlim.'tic h thai 
 which com|)Utes by decimal fractions. A decimal fractitm is 
 that whose denominator is always <ine, with one or more 
 cipiieis ; thus an unit may he imagined to be equally divid- 
 ed into ten parts, and each of these into ten more; so that 
 by a continual decimal siiiidivision, the unit may be sup- 
 posed to be divided into 1(1, 10(1, 1000, <\c. eii'ual parts. 
 But denominators of this sort of fradions are always known ; 
 they are seldom expressed in writing ; but the fraction is 
 distinguished by a point placed before it thus .G .46 8Ci». 
 for 6-lotlis 4e-l(iOths 869 loOOths. The same is observed 
 in mixed numbers, as 678 .9 for 678 U-lOths (;7 .89 for 67 
 89-lOOtlis 6.789 for 6 789 lOOOths, &c. And as cyphers 
 placed after integers increase their valour decimally, so 
 being placeil before a decimal they decrease their value de- 
 cimally ; but being pl.iced before integers and after frac- 
 tions, neither of lliem is increased or diniinislied. 
 
 To DF-'CIMA'^I'E, r. a. \decimo, from decern, ten, Lat.] to 
 tithe; to take the tenth. 
 
 DECIMATION, s. [decimatio, from decern, ten, Lat.] the 
 act of tithing, u, taking the tenth, whether by lot or other- 
 wise ; a selection of every tenth soldier by lot, for punish- 
 ment in a general mutinv. 
 
 To DKCIPHLR, {desifer) r. a. [dechiffrer, Fr.] to explain 
 any thing written in ciphers. Figiiralivily, to describe, or 
 give a characteristical representation of a thing ; to unfold ; 
 to unravel. 
 
 Di'CITHERER, (desifeier) s. one who explains any 
 thing written in ci|iliers. 
 
 Dl^crSION, «. [(/(( (jio, from decido, to determine, Lat. j 
 the determination of a dispute or diflereiice ; the result of 
 an event. In Scotland it is used for a narrative, or report, 
 oftlie proceedings of the couit of session there. 
 
 DKCI'SIVE, a. having the power of delermiuing a difler- 
 ence ; or settling the result of an event that is uncertain. 
 
 DECr.sn'ELY, ad. ill a conclusive maimer, so as to put 
 an end to a dispute, or to deteimine the fate of an under- 
 taking. 
 
 DECISIVENESS, «. tlie power of determining any dif- 
 ference, or settling any event. 
 
 DIXTSORY, «. liallleto determine orput beyond disjiute. 
 
 To DECK, i-. a. \dechen, Belg.] to cover by way of or- 
 nament. 'Fo adorn with dress ; to embellish. 
 
 DFX'K. i. [liojn (/((7;eH, Belg.] is the plunked floor of a 
 sliipfioiii stem to stern, whereon the guns are laid, and the 
 men walk to and fro. Great shi|)s have three deiks, 1st 
 2d, and 3d, counting from the lowermost. Hal/'-dcih 
 reaches from the main mast to the stern oftlie sh'p. Qmr. 
 ter-dccit is that aloft the steerigc, reaeh'iig to the round- 
 house. Fhisli-deck is that wh'cb lies even in a right line 
 fore and aft, from stem to s(.erij. .A rvjir-decli is that made 
 of cordage interwoven and stretched over a vessel, thio-ugh 
 which th','y may annoy au enemy that boards ihem. It is 
 only used in small VoEsels that have no dock. 
 
 I i 
 
 an
 
 DEC 
 
 DEC 
 
 I)E CKER, J. a dressor ; one who adonis ; one who covers 
 a taljlp or lays a clolfi. 
 
 To DECLAIM, V. a. [declamo, Lat.] to speak in a florid 
 manner, like an orator, or riietoriiian ; to speak much 
 against a thing; to run a thin^ down, u^ed wilh nicainst. 
 
 DECLA'IMER, «. one who makes a Horid speech in order 
 to tire the imagination, or move the passions; an orator. 
 
 DECLAMATION, *. [I'rom ilevlamo, to declaim, Lat.] a 
 florid or rhetorical discourse addressed to the passi'ins. 
 Figuratively, an ostentatious disi)lay of rhetoric or 
 oiatnrv. 
 
 DECLAMATOR, i. [Lat.] one who speaks against a 
 thmi!, I'erson, or opinion; an orator; a rhetorician. Sel- 
 dom used. 
 
 DECLA'MATORY, a. [from dec/amo, to declaim, La!.] 
 rolatini; to the practice of tieclaiming; treated in the n)an- 
 ner of a rhetorician; appealing to the passions; merely 
 rhetorical flourish. 
 
 DECLA'RABLE, «. that may be declared ; capable of 
 proof. 
 
 DECLARATION, *. [^Fr.J the discoveiy of a thing by 
 words; explanation ; anirmation. In law, the shewing 
 fortli, or laying out an action personal in any suit; some- 
 times used both for personal and real actions. The declara- 
 tion of fidelity is used for a profession which is made by 
 the people called quakers, in lieu of the oath of allegiance. 
 There are also a declaration against transubstantiation, and 
 a declaration against poperj', employed as tests upon seve- 
 ral occasions. 
 
 BECL.\'RATiVE, a. explaining ; making proclamation ; 
 express ; explanatory. 
 
 DECLA'RATORILY, nrf. in the form of a declaration ; 
 not in a decretory form. 
 
 DECLARATORY, a. expressive ; affirmative. 
 
 To DECL.A'RE, v. o. [rfpe/nriM, from clams, bright, Lat.] 
 to explain, or free from obscurity. To make known ; to 
 manifest ; to publish or proclaim. 
 
 DECLA'REMENT, s. discovery ; declaration ; testi- 
 mony. 
 
 DECLA'RER, s. one who makes any thing known.'' 
 
 DECLE'NSION, s. [dedinatio, from declino, to decline, 
 Lat.] a gradual decay, or decrease from a greater degree of 
 strength or power to a less; descent; declination or de- 
 clivity. In grammar, the variation or change of the last 
 syllable of a noun, whilst it continues to signify the same 
 thing. 
 
 DECLI'N ABLE, a. having a variety of endings, accord- 
 ing to tlie different relations it ftandsfor. 
 
 DECLINATION, s. [deeluiatio, Lat.] descent; a change 
 from a more to a less perfect state ; decay ; the act of bend- 
 ing down. A variation from a perpendicular or right line ; 
 an oblique direclioii ; variation from a tixed point, siK'li as 
 that of the needle fi<iiii the north. In astronomy, the dis- 
 tance of the sun, moon, planet, or star, from the e(|ua!(>r, 
 either north or south. In granunar, tiie inflexion, or declin- 
 ing a noun through all its Various terminations. Dicli)intiiiii 
 of a plane, in dialing, is an arch of liu' horizon, comprehend- 
 ed cilher between the plane and the prime vertical circle, if 
 counted from east to west, or between the meri<lian and 
 plai.10, if reckoned from north tomuih. 
 
 DECLINATOR, or DECLINATORY, ^. an instrument 
 u^ed in dialing, to determine the declination, reclination, 
 and inclination of planes. 
 
 To Div LINE, ?■. n. \dcehnn, Lat.] to l>end Of lean 
 downwards. Figuratively, to go astray ; 1o shiui, or av<ii(l 
 to (loathing; to sink ; to be impaired ; todecay. Active- 
 ly, to bend downwards ; to shun ; to elude the force of an 
 arguincut ; to mention all the difterent terminalioiis of a 
 declinable word. 
 
 L>r.CLrNE, s. <lecay, owing cither to age, time, disease, 
 or itliir causes. 
 
 DECLI'NINf j, pari, bending or leanin" d')wnwat(ls. In 
 botany, bcnl like u bow with the arch downwards, as th»- 
 seed-vessel of the watercress. 
 
 DECLITIT\', s.{dccliiitas, iromdcdmo, to dcelhie, Lat.1 
 gradual descent of a hill or other eminence. 
 
 DECLI'VOL'S, a. {declivts, ironi duluw, to decline, Lat.] 
 gradually descending. 
 
 To DECOCT, r. a. [decortinn, Lat.] to pre|^are for use 
 by boihng. In pliarmac\, to boil in water, so as to draw 
 out the strength or virtue of a thing; to boil tdl it grows 
 thick. 
 
 DECO'CTIBLE,«. that may be boiled, or niay be pre- 
 pared bv boihng. 
 
 pKCO'CTlON, s. [from decoqiio, to boil, Lat] the act of 
 boiling any thing to extract its vi tues. Figuratively, the 
 strained liquor of a plant, or other ingredient boiled in 
 water. 
 
 DECO'CTURE, s. a preparation or substance formed 
 from boiling ingredients ui water. 
 
 DICCOLLATION, .■'. [*(o//rt/)o, from *, oif from, and 
 culliini, the neck, Lat.] the act of beiieading. 
 
 DECOMBU'STION, s. in chemistrv, t!ie depriving a 
 body of oxygen so as to render it incapable of burning. 
 
 DECOMPO'SITE, a. [dtcmipositus, low, Lat.] separated 
 into parts after being previously compounded. 
 
 DlXOMPOSl TION, «. [from decompositus, low, Lat.] the 
 separating the particles of a compound body. 
 
 To DECOMPO'UND, r. a. [dccompoiw, low, Lat.J to sepa- 
 rate the particles of a compound bodiy. 
 
 DECOMPO UND, a. separated into parts after being 
 previously compounded. 
 
 DE'CORAMENT, s. ornament ; embellishment. 
 
 To DECORATE, v. a. Idtcoro, Lat.] to set oft' or adorn 
 with ornaments. 
 
 DECORATION, s. an ornament, or thing which, by 
 being added, gives both grace and beauty to another. 
 
 DE'CORATOR, s. one who adorns or embellishes. 
 
 DECO'RODS, a. [f/tc»)«*, from dccus, dignity, Lat.] suit 
 able or agreeable to the character, dignity, or perfections 
 of a person or thing ; becoming. 
 
 To DECO'RTICATE, 1'. a. [dccortico, from cortex, bark, 
 Lat.] to strip oft' the bark or husk ; to peel. 
 
 DECOR TICATION, s. the act of stripping a thing of 
 its bark or husk. 
 
 DECORUM, .5. [Lat.] a behavioiu' proper or suitable to 
 the character and abilities (»f a person, consisting likewise 
 of a due observance of the established rules of politeness 
 
 To DECO'Y, »•- a. [from hori/, Bclg.] to lure or entice intt' 
 a cage ; to draw into a snare. Figuratively, to seduce a 
 person by allurements. 
 
 DECOY, .?. a place adapted for drawing wild fowl into 
 snares. The dfcoy consists of several pipes as they arc 
 called, which leafl up a narrow ditch that closes at last with 
 a funnel net. Into this the w ild ducks are enticed by means 
 of hemp seed, which is thrown into the water, and by the 
 example of the decoy-ducks, which are trained for the pur- 
 pose of leading their companions into the snare. 
 
 To DECREASE, {deheicc) v. n. [from de, a negative par- 
 ticle, an<l errsco, to grow, Lat.] \o become less either in 
 length, weight, force, or bulk ; to diminish. Actively, to 
 make less. 
 
 DE( RE'ASr., (delireire) s. the stale of growing less; de- 
 cay. In astronomy, the wain ; the change made in the 
 face of the moon from its filll till it returns to full again. 
 
 To DECREE, r. h. [decretum, Lat.] to establish by law ; 
 to resolve. Actively, to assign, or dispose of a thing by 
 law. 
 
 DECREE,,?. [drnrlitiH, Lat.' a .aw , an established rule; 
 the determination of a suit. In canon law, an ordinance 
 which is enaded by the pope biiiiself, by and with the ad- 
 vice of his cardinals in council assembled, without being 
 consulted with aiiv one thereon. 
 
 J)I"'(^I!EME.\'T, s. [from dc, a negative particle, and 
 Dcme, lo grow, Lai.] the state of becoming less; the quan- 
 tilv lost bv decay. 
 
 JJECRE'PIT, a. [dro-epiiim, Lat.] wasted, worn out, anc 
 enfccbl' d by age
 
 DED 
 
 I) r. K 
 
 To Dl'XRETITATR, v. a. [tVom *, a ncprative partitif, 
 and crepo, to make a ioiid twhc, Lat.] to calcine salt on the 
 fire till tliev ceaso to crackle, or make a noise. 
 
 DECRElPITATION, s. the crackling noise made by salt 
 when put over the fire in a crucible, or cast into a clear 
 fire. 
 
 DECRETITNESS, or DECREPITUDE, s. the weakness 
 attending' old age ; the last sta^e of decay. 
 
 DECRE'SCENT, mat. [from*, a negative particle, and 
 cieseo, to grow Lat. J becoming less ; in a' state of decay. 
 
 DECRETAL, a. [from tlrcrelnm, a decree. La!.] apper- 
 taining, belonging or reLiting to a decree. A riicrrtal epistle 
 is that which the pope decrees, eillier by himscll or by the 
 advice of cardinals, on his being consulted thereon by some 
 particular person. 
 
 DECRETAL, s. a letteror rescript of the pope, by which 
 some point in the ecclesiastical law is solved or determin- 
 ed; a book of decrees or laws. 
 
 DE'CRETIST, s. one who studies or professes the know- 
 ledge of decretals. 
 
 DECRETORY, a. Judicial; final; decisive; critical ; in 
 which there is some definitive event. 
 
 DECRIAL, $. the endeavouring lo lesson any thing in 
 the esteem of the public ; censure ; condenmation. 
 
 To DECRV, !'. (I. [r/ec/i'ci-, Fr.J U) censure, blame, or 
 inveigh against a thing ; to endeavour to lessen the esteem 
 the public has for a thing. 
 
 DEClJ'MBENCl':, orDECU'MBENCY, s. [from demmho 
 to lie down, Lat.] the act or postine oflvingdown. 
 
 DIXU'MBniUlE, s. Ifroni cUcnmbo,' tn \k down, Lat] 
 the time at which a pewon takes his bed in a disease. In 
 astrology, a scheme of the heavens erected for that time, by 
 which the prognostics of recovery or death are discovered. 
 
 DK'CUPLE, a. [decupliis, from decern, ten, Lat.] tenfold; 
 the same nund)er repeated ten times. 
 
 DECURiON, s. [decm-io, from deceu), ten, Lat.] an officer 
 who had thcconmiand often persons 
 
 DECURSION,*. [fiV)m(/f, a particle, denoting downward, 
 and ciirro, to run, Lat.] tlie act of tunning or flowing down. 
 
 DKCURTA'TIOX, s. [decurlatio from curtus short Lat.] 
 the act of cutting short, or slior4ening. 
 
 To DECUSSATE, f. n. [denisso, from decussis a Roman 
 coin maiked with an X Lat.] to intersect, or cross at right 
 angles. 
 
 DECUSSATION, s. the act of ciossing, or the slate of 
 being crossed at right angles; the point at which two lines 
 cross each other. 
 
 DR'DDINGTON, a town in Oxfordshire, with a market 
 on Tuesday. It is seated on a rising ground, in a fertile 
 soil, 16 nriles N. of Oxford, and 69 W. N. W. of 'London. 
 
 To DEDE'COR ATE, v. n.[froui dedecus disgrace Lat.] 
 to disgrace; to bring a reproach upon. 
 
 DEDECORATION, s. the act of disgracing; disgrace. 
 
 D I'D K'COROUS, a. [from (?<;£&ciM, disgrace Lat.] disgrace- 
 ful, reproachful. 
 
 D I'D ENTITION, *. [from de a negative particle and dens 
 a tooth Lat.l loss or shedding of the teeth. 
 
 DE'DHAM, a town of Essex, which has a market on 
 Tuesday. It has one old large churtb. which has a remark- 
 able fine steeple, of the fiothic order, am! a great deal of 
 carved work about it, much injured by time; here isalsoaii 
 Independent meeting house, and three very good schools. 
 The streets, though not paved, are very clean, occasioned 
 by their Iving pretty high. It consists of about 4oO lofty 
 houses. It is situated on the river Stour, which eparates it 
 from Suffolk, 6 miles N. N. E. of Colchester, and 61 N. E. 
 of Loudon. 
 
 ToDE'DICATE, v. a. [dedico, Lat.] to devote, ai^pro- 
 priate, or set aside a thing for divine uses. Figiuatively, 
 lo ;ippropriate peculiarly to a design or purpose ; to iii- 
 sciibe to a patron. 
 
 D"^. DICATED, part, or n. [dedicatus, Lat.] appropriated 
 vT fii voted to a particular use. 
 
 DEDICATION, s. \dedicatio, Lat.] the Set of consecrat- 
 
 ing or appropriatnt"; some place or thing solely to divine 
 uses; the address ot an author to his patron. 
 
 DEDICATOR, s. one who ascribes a work to a patron. 
 
 DE'pU ATORY. a. composing, belonging to, or in the 
 style ofa dedication. 
 
 DEDITION, *. (from dedo, to surrender, Lat.] the act of 
 surrendering to an enemy. 
 
 ToDI'DU'CE, I), a. [from dedueo, to lead or derive from,. 
 Lat.] to describe ilia continual series, so that one thing shall 
 introduce another; to iiilcr by reason from ceitain proposi- 
 tions which are promised. 
 
 DEDU'CEMENT, ». that which is collected or inferred 
 from any premises. 
 
 DEDU'CIRLI'-, a. to be inferred or discovered from prin- 
 ciples laifl jlown. 
 
 DEDUClVE, «. performing the act of deduction ; in-, 
 ferring or collecting from principles or propositions already 
 laid down. 
 
 ToDIODU'CT, V. «. [dediico, Lat.] to subtract, or take 
 away. 
 
 DEDUCTION, «. [from diduco, to lead, or derive from, 
 Lat.] a consequence or inference drawn by reason from some 
 principle laid down; that which is subtracted or taken away 
 from any sum, luiniber, cVc. 
 
 DEDU'CTIVE.n. that may be deduced or inferred from 
 any proposition laid rlov\n or piemised. 
 
 DEDUCTIVELY, «rf. by way of inference, or collecting 
 one truth from another. 
 
 DEE, a river of N. ^Vales and Cheshire, which rises near 
 Pimble Meer, inlNIeriouethshire, crosses the county of Den- 
 bigh, separating it from Cheshire, atid runs idto the Irish 
 Channel, about 15 miles N. \V. of Chester, and to which city 
 it is iiavigal)le froni near Ellesmerc in Shropshire. At 
 Chester the continuity of the navigation is broken by a ledge 
 of rocks, which run across the bed of the river, and cause 
 a kind of cascade ; from hence it flows to the sea, a broad 
 sandy estuary, dividing Cheshire from Flintshire. By em- 
 bankments, however, made here of late years, much land 
 has Iseen gained from the tide, and a narrower, but deeper 
 channel, fitted for navigation, has been formed i'rom Chester, 
 half wav to the sea. 
 
 DEED, .!. [rfffrf, Sax.] an action, or thing done; an ex-, 
 ploit ; written evidence of an\ legal act ; fact ; reality. 
 
 DEE'DLESS, «. inactive : without doing any thiri-g. 
 
 To DEEM, V. n. part, deemed, formerly dempt ; [detnati, 
 Sax.] to judge • to think; to deteimiue on due consi- 
 deration 
 
 DEE'M.STER, s. [from deem] a judge ; a word still used 
 in Guernsey and Jers< y. 
 
 DEEP, a. [ilecp, Sa\.] that has len?lb measured down- 
 ward fiom its siuface. A|>plied to situation, low ; below 
 the surface, or measured fiom the surface downwards. Fi- 
 guratively, piercing far ; far from the entrance. " Deep 
 ambush'd in her silent den." Dn/d. Not to be discovered 
 at first sight ; not obvious. " The sense lies deep." Locke. 
 Sagacious, penetrating, profound, learned. " He meditating 
 with two deep divines." Shtdi. Artful, giave. Dark, ap 
 pli"'! to colours. 
 
 DEEP, «. [dirpte, Belg.] the sea. Joined to ni'o/it, the most 
 advanced and stillest |iart thereof; midnight. 
 
 To DEETEN, f. n. to sink far below the surface. Ap- 
 plied to cohiurs, to darken ; to cloud ; to uiake a ihade 
 darker. To increase the dolcfulness ofa sound. 
 
 DEETING, a town of Lincolnshire. «itlia market on 
 Thursday. It is seated on the river Welaiid. in a fenny 
 ground, (i miles E. of St;:mford, and 90 X. of L.'iiidon. 
 
 DEETLY, "'/. (o a gr^at distance below the surface ; 
 with great study, applicatiim, and penetration, opposed to 
 superficia/h/. Sorrovfullv ; profifundly ; with a great de- 
 gree of sorrow, mebncholy, or sadness, when used with 
 words expressitift cnef. In a high degree ; excessively ; 
 vastlv. 
 
 DIvEP-MOUTIir.n, (7. having a hoarse, loud voice, or 
 ulteringa hollow, loud sound. 
 
 211^
 
 DEF 
 
 DEEPMU'SING, a. contemplative ; lost in thought. 
 
 DLE'PNESS, .'^. distance or space aieaiuieil from the 
 surtitce downwards. 
 
 DEER, s. [rfeor, Lat. Jin natural historv, a rlass of animals, 
 the males of which have their heads adomt^d with branchiii;^ 
 ooriis, which they shed evp^^■ year. Some of them are 
 kept in parks for hunting, and others rove at large in wild 
 and woody regions. Their flesh is called venison, and 
 reckoned ven,' delicious. The species of the deer are very 
 various. 
 
 To D KFA'CE, V. a. [defaire, Fr.] to destroy ; to ruin ; to 
 disfi-jiire. 
 
 DEFA;CEMENT,».the act of disfiguring. 
 
 DEFA'CER, s.onc who destroys or disfigures any thing. 
 
 DE F.VCTO, s. something actual and in fact, or really 
 existing, in contradistinction to dejnre, where a thing is only 
 so in Justice, but not in fact. 
 
 DEFAI'L.^NCE, s. [defaillance, Fr.] failure ; miscarriage ; 
 disappointment. 
 
 To DEFALCATE, v. a. [defltlquer, Fr.] to cut or lop off; 
 to tale away or abridge part of a person's pension or salary. 
 Most commonly applied to money att'airs. 
 
 DEFALCATION, s. diminution ; abridgment of any 
 customary allowance. 
 
 TiDFF\'IK ■■ (T. to Ion or cut off ; to abridge. 
 
 DEFAMA'TION, s. [rfe, a negative particle, andfama, 
 fame, report, Lat.] the speaking slanderous words of an- 
 other, for which the jiandpr is punishable according to the 
 nature of the offence, either by action at common law, or 
 in the ecclesiastical court. Synox. There are those ac- 
 custonied to detrnctwrt, w ho would My (he thoughts ofdrfama- 
 tion, little ima^'iniuit that both are equally bad, being two 
 diflerpiit mean;, only working lo the same end. 
 
 DEFAMATORY', a. tending to lessen the character, or 
 ru-iii the reputation of another. 
 
 To DEFAME, v. a. flVom de, a negative particle, ar.f! 
 fama, fame report, Lat.] to utter words against a person or 
 thing, with an intent to lessen !ais repulation, or render it 
 
 illf;\ilir.i|.i. 
 
 DEF.\'MER, s. one who asserts thmgs injurious to the 
 reputation of another, with an intention to render him in- 
 famous. 
 
 To DEFATIG-\TE, v. a. [defatigo, Lat.] to weary ; to 
 tire. 
 
 DEFATIGATION, s. [dr/aHgatio, Lat.] weariness ; fa- 
 tigue. 
 
 DEFA'ULT, s.UIefaut, Fr.] omission or what ought to be 
 done ; neglect ; Ciult. In law, it is a non-appearance in a 
 court at a day assigned. If a plantiff fails to appear at his 
 trial, he h nonsuited ; if a defendant makes drfanU, judg- 
 ment will go against him by defuutt. Jurors making dtfault 
 in their appearance, are to lose and forfeit issue. 
 
 To DEFA'ULT, v. a. to fail ; or not to perform some- 
 thing promised or contracted. 
 
 DEF.A ULTER.j.onethatmakcsa default. 
 
 DEFEASANCE, (defrizuncr) s. [defrihaufe, Fr.] the act 
 of annulling, or renrlering a contract void. 
 
 DEFE'A-SIBLE, idrfeizible) «. [from defaire, Fr.] that may 
 be annulled, abrogated, set aside, or made void. 
 
 DEFE'AT, (dtfrit) s. I from difairc, Fr.] the overthrow of 
 an armv ; an act of d'stiuctiou ; deprivation. 
 
 To DEFE'.\T, f. a. {dc.fcti) V. a. lo beat, or overtlirow an 
 arrav. Fi:;urativelv, to frustrate; to disappoint. 
 
 DEFEATURE, (rf</ea(«r) s. the act of disfiguring, or 
 !p()iling the featurr-sof a person. Not in use. 
 
 To DEFECATE, v.a.\(Uftrcn, from fcrres, dregs, Lai.] lo 
 
 i)urge, or clear li(iuor.s from dregs, or sourness. Figuiative- 
 y, lo clear truth from any thing which renders it obscure ; 
 to pu-'ifv froui any gross mixture; to brighten. 
 
 DI'^'FEC \TI", a. [dtfipcaliis, IVou) j'ltces, dregs, Lat.] 
 cleared, or [lUiifird from Ires or foulnesses. 
 
 DEFECATION, s. Ulifircalw, frnm/a-ees, dregs, Lat.] the 
 act of clraring or purit'\iii;; from foulness. 
 DEFECT, *. [from di'/uw, to fall, Lat.] the absence of 
 
 lificiency ; 
 
 DEF 
 
 something which a thing ought to have; failing; want; a 
 i.iistake or error, applied to the constitution. A faulti ap- 
 plied to moral conduct. In astronomy, applied to the 
 eilipsed part of the .sun or mqon. Syn'on. /•«/;/< includes 
 relation to the maker; so tluit while it implies some real 
 want in the ^uishing of the work, it denotes aUo that it is 
 owing to tlie workman. DeJ'eit expresses somelhin^ imper 
 feet lu the thing without any relation to the maker of it. 
 
 To DEFECT, V. n. [defectum, Lat.] to bedeficiriit. 
 
 DEIECTIBILITY, s. a state of foiling ; -Jeficie 
 imperf< ction. 
 
 DEFECTIBLE, a. imperfect ; deficient; wanting in 
 something which a thing ought to liav". 
 
 DI'TECTION, s. [from dejicio, to fail, Lat.] failure ; 
 apostacv ; rebi-llion. 
 
 DEFE'CTIVE, a. [from di^ficio, to fail, LatJ not having 
 all the qualities or powers which are requisite ; faulty ; 
 blanieable. Defective noiuu, or verbs, in grammar, are sucli 
 as have not some cases, numbers ; persons, tenses, or 
 moods. 
 
 DEFECTIVENESS, s. wanting something which a per- 
 son or thing ought to liave ; a state of imperfection. 
 
 DEFENCE, s. \defensio, from defendo, to delend, Lat.] 
 the method used tosecure a person against the atlack of an 
 enemy ; guard ; protection ; security ; vindication ; justi- 
 fication ; or the reply made by a person in order to dear 
 himself from a crime laid to his charge. 
 
 UEFE'NCELESS, «. destitute of the means of repuls- 
 ing ; unable to resist. 
 
 To DEFE'ND, I', a. [defendo, Lat.] to protect ; to sup- 
 port ; to secure; to forbid. To vindicate or justify. To 
 maintain a place or cause against those that attack it. 
 
 DEFE'NDABLE, o. that may be maintained or secured 
 against the attacks of an enemy ; that may be vindicated or 
 justified. 
 
 DEFENDANT, s. he that endeavours to beat off an 
 enemy, or to hinder a place from falling into his hands. 1q 
 Law, the person who is prosecuted or sued. 
 
 DEFENDER, s. one who protects a place or person 
 against an enemy ; one who endeavours to answer the objec- 
 tions raised against any truth or doctrine. Defender ef 
 the Faith, a title peculiar to the kiii'j of Great Britain, first 
 given by pope Leo. X to Henry VIII. for writing against 
 Luther. 
 
 DEFE'NSATIVE, j. that which is made use of to secure 
 a person or place against the attack of an enemy; defence; 
 guard. In surgery, a bandao;e, plaister, or the like, used to 
 secure a wound from outward violence. 
 
 DEFENSIBLE, a. capable of resisting an enemy; vin- 
 dicating from any crime or aspersion. 
 
 DEFE'NSIV E, a. [defensif, Fr.] only proper for defence. 
 
 DEFE'NSIVE, *. safefjuard ; slate of defence. 
 
 DEFE'NSIV ELY, ad. in such a manner as to guard against 
 the designs or attacks of an enemy. 
 
 To DEFER, r. 71. I from, diff'ero, to put off, and in other 
 senses from defero, to prefer, Lat.] to put off to another time, 
 to (lel.w. To refer to anotlrer's judgufjnt. 
 
 DEFERENCE, s. [deference, Fr.J regard or respect fiaid 
 to rank, age, or superior talents ; complaisance; submission. 
 
 DEFERENT, a.[defere7,s, from defiro, l(-) car' y, Lai. J that 
 carries or convevs. In anatomy, the term isapjilicd to cer 
 tain vessels in I he body, that serve for the conveyance of 
 humours from one part to aiiotlier. 
 
 DE'FEREN'F, «. that which canies; that which convevs. 
 
 DEFIANCE, J. [d'fi, Fr.] a challenge or call upoii a 
 person to make good an accusation; a contemptuous dis- 
 
 TiEITCIENCE, orDEFI'riENCY,(rf.;M'>"ee,*/fs/i(VHcv') 
 s. [from rf/;/i<!(), to fail, Lai.] the want of something which <i 
 person or thing Sfhould have; an imperfection; or defect. 
 
 DEI'ICIEN'F, (dtfishieiit) a. [from dejicia, to fail, Lat. 
 imperfect. /)r/icuiit Aiiiiihers, in arillimrlic, arc those lui.n 
 bers, whose p;irts, added together, make lessthaii the iQte,..;iu 
 whose parts lluy are.
 
 Dt'P 
 
 I> E G 
 
 DRFIT-LR, s. a rhalloiigrr ; a confestcr] ; one who darts 
 a prtTSdii tri iiuiUo good a iliarce. 
 
 To DKl'I'LE, V. a. \afilnn. Sax.] to render a thing foul, 
 inuifjii or impure; tn pollute. 
 
 To DI'.FI'Ll^, 1'. n. ['/p/i'/e;-, Fr.] to iiiarcli or separate in 
 files, aiiplied to an army. 
 
 DK'FILE, ». [dejile, Fr.] a narrow pass, where few men 
 can march .ibrea.st. 
 
 DKFI'LEMENT, j. that wliicli renders a thing; foul or nas- 
 ty; that which pollutesor corrupts the virtue ofa person. 
 
 DF.FI'LFR, s. one who pollute* thechaility of ;i person. 
 
 DEFINABLE, a. that may be detined ; that may be as- 
 certained. 
 
 To DEFINE, t'. a. \defino, from finis, llie end or boundary, 
 Lat.] to explain a lliin:< or word by the enumeration of its 
 properties or qualities, so as to distinguish it from everything 
 of tliesanie kind. 
 
 DEI'TNEK, s. a person who explains the nature of a thing 
 or word by enumerating all its properties. 
 
 DEFINITE, a. [dr/ino, from fittis, the end or bomidary, 
 Lat.] exact, certain, limited, bounded. In grammar it is 
 an article that has a precise determined signihcation ; such 
 as the article the in the English, le and la in French, Arc. 
 which fix and ascertain the noun they belong to, to some 
 particular, as the king, te roi ; whereas in quality of king, de 
 roi, the articles of and de mark nothing precise, and arc 
 therefort- iudefinite. 
 
 DEFINITION, s.[definiiio, from finis, the end or boun- 
 dary, Lat.] an enumeration of all the simple ideas of which 
 a complex word or idea consists. In rhetoric, a short ex- 
 planation of a thing. 
 
 DEFI'NITIVE, a. [definiliuiis, from finis, the end or boun- 
 dary, Lat.l express; positive; decisive; free from ambi- 
 guity, doubt, or uncertainty. 
 
 DEFI'NITIVELY, ad. in a positive, express, or decisive 
 manner. 
 
 DEFITSITIVENESS,*. decisiveness; or a state free from 
 ambiguity or doubt. 
 
 DEFLAGRAIirLITY, i. [from deflagm, to burn down, 
 Lat.] the quality of taking fire and burn entirely away. 
 
 DEFLA'CiRABLE, a. [from deflngro, to burn down, Lat.] 
 havingthe quality of wastiuijaway wholly in fire. 
 
 DEjFLAGRATION, s. Lfrom" d<;fl<,gro, to burn down, 
 Lat.] in cliemistry, ,the act of setting fire to a thing which 
 will burn till it is entirely consumed. 
 
 To DEFLECT, v. n. [from de, from, mid flirtn, to turn, 
 Lat.l to turn asidfi from its due direction ; to bend. 
 
 DEFLECTION, J. [from de, from, iind Jhcto, to turn, 
 Lat.] the act of deviating or turning aside from its proper 
 course, point, or direction. 
 
 DEFLE'XUHE, ,5.[from(/c, from, and fierto, to turn, Lat.l 
 a bending downwards ; the act or state if a thing turned 
 aside. 
 
 DEFLOURATION, s. [from a.lc-atns, deprived of 
 flowers or beauty, Lat.] the act of deflouring, or violating 
 the chastity of a virgin. 
 
 To DEFLO'UR, v. a. [dejiorer, Fr.] to violate a virgin by 
 acts of immodesty. Figuratively, to take away the beauty 
 or grace of a thing. 
 
 DEFLO'UR ER, s. a rarisher ; or one who violates the 
 chastity of a virgin. 
 
 DEFLU'OUS, a. rtrom defluo, to flow together, Lat.] that 
 flows down ; that falls ofl". 
 
 DEFLU'X, or DEFLU'XION, s. [from dejlno, to flow 
 together, Lat.l the act of flowing down. 
 
 OEFOEDA'TION, s. [from d,foeJus,fiMw, low Lat.] the 
 act of rendering foul and filthy. 
 
 DEFORCEMENT, s. in law, the act of withholding land 
 or tenements from the right owner. 
 
 To DEFORM, v. a. [deformo, from de, a negative particle, 
 
 and furma, a form, beauty, Lat.] lo disfigure, or spoil the 
 
 beauty or shape of any thing ; to make disagreeable to the 
 
 sight. 
 
 DEFORMATION, s. [dejormati.^, from de, a negative 
 
 j'UrticIc, and /or»«a, form, beauty, Lat.] the act of spoiling 
 the shape or beauty of a thing, or making it disagreeable lo 
 the siglii. 
 
 DEFO'RMED, (I. frfe/Vrmia, from de, a negative particle, 
 and fornM, form, beauty, Lai.] void of svmmetry of parts, 
 straiglitness of shape, or pleasantness of appearance; dis- 
 figured ; crooked. 
 
 OEFORMKDLY, nd. in an nyly manner. 
 
 DEFO'RMITY. > [deformiinx, from de, a negative parlicl», 
 ami firmtt, form, bia ly, Lat. J the appearance of any thing 
 wliicli lias lost its btauly, gracefulness, or regularity. Ridi- 
 culousness. Fignrativilv, d<'viaticn from tlie standard of 
 moral perfection and obedience. 
 
 DEFORSOK, 5. [from furccnr, Fr.] one that overcomes 
 and casts out by force. A law term. 
 
 To DEFRA'UD, v. a. [defiandn, from finiis, fraud, Lat.] to 
 deprive a person of his property by some false appearance, 
 fraud, or trick. 
 
 piCFRAUDATION, s. [drfyautU,, from fraus, fraud, Lat.] 
 privation by fraud. 
 
 DEFR.'V'UDER,*. a person who deprives another of what 
 belongs to him, by some trick, or false appearance. 
 
 ToDl'TRA'Y, V. a. [defrayer, Fr.] to pay or discharge 
 expenses. 
 
 D ErilA'YER, s. one that discharges expenses. 
 
 DI'-FRAYMENT, s. the pa mint of expanses. 
 
 DEFT, a. [rf«/i;, .Sax.] neat ; handsome; spruce; proper. 
 Dexterous. Sprightly ; nimble ; active. 
 
 DE'l'TLY, ad. in a skilful manner. Obsolete. 
 
 DEFUNCT, »i. [from de/ungo, to finish, Lat.] dead; ex- 
 pired. 
 
 DEFU'NCT, s. one who is dead. 
 
 To DEFY', 11. a. [dejier, Fr.] to challenge to fight ; to treat 
 with contempt. 
 
 DEFY'ER, s. a challenger; one who invites to fight; 
 more properly defter. 
 
 DEGF/NERACY, s. [from de, a negative particle, and 
 genus, family, Lat.] the acting unworthily of one's ancestors. 
 Figuratively, the leaving ofa moral cimduct for an iaiwioral 
 one ; meanness. 
 
 To Di'XiE'NI'.RATE, v. n. [from de, a negative particle, 
 and »v/i(«, family, Lat.] to fall fn.iii the reputation or virtues 
 of oi.e's ancestors ; to sink fr<im am.ble to a base state. To 
 grow wild or base, applied to vegetables. 
 
 DEGE'NERA'Tl"., «. [from de, a negative particle, and 
 ge.'ius, family, Lat. j unlike one's ancestors iu virtues; un- 
 worthy; corrupted; having lost its value. 
 
 DEGENERATENESS, s.co'-ruplion, depravity. 
 
 DEGENER.^TION, .«. a deviation from the virtues of 
 one's ancestors ; a sinking from a state of excellence to one 
 of less worth. 
 
 DEGE'NEROUSLY,<w;.baselv ; meanly. 
 
 To DEGLiniNATE. v. a. [,Ugluer, Fr.J to uuglue or 
 soften. 
 
 DEGLUTINATION, s. the act of ungluing or softening. 
 
 DEGLUTITION, s. [from declutio, to swallow, Lat.] tke 
 act or power of swallowing; 
 
 DEfiRADATION, s. [degradation, Fr.] the act of de- 
 priving a man of any ofliice, employ, <»r dignity. Figura- 
 tively, deprivation, or a change from a more peri'ect and ho- 
 nourable to a low and mean state. In painting, tlie lessen- 
 ing and confusing the figures in a picture or land^ape, as 
 tlirv would appear to the eye at a supposed d'stance. 
 
 ToDEGRA'DE, v. a. [degiadn; Fr.] to deprive a per.wu 
 of any office or dignity; to lessen the value ofa thing. 
 
 DEGRAVATION, i. [degrayatus. from pavui, heavy, 
 Lat.l theact of making heavy. 
 
 DEGRE'E, s. [degri, Fr.l qiralitj, rank, condition, or 
 dignity; s^ate or condition of a thing, which may be eiitier 
 heightened or lowered, increased or diniinished ; measure; 
 proportion; or quantity. In arithmetic, a degree consist 
 of three places of figures, compieheiidiii^ nnils, tens, and 
 hundreds; so three hundred and sixf\-fi^e is a degiei. In 
 geometry, the 3fi(ltli part »>f the uircuuifrreme of u.cirdt 
 
 2-(.'.
 
 DEL 
 
 DEL 
 
 In chemist^ry, a c;reafcr or less intenseness of heat. In ca- 
 non law, 'in iuterval 'if kinship, from whence nearness or 
 re:iiotcness if Ulood are computed. In nuisic, the little in- 
 tervals vvhicli compose the concords. In the university, a 
 dignity or title conferred on persons wlvo are of a certain 
 standias, and liave performed the exercises required by the 
 statutes, which entitles them to certain privileges, prece- 
 dence, tic. 
 
 BY DEGREES, ad. gradually ; hv little and little. 
 
 DEGUSTA'TION, *. [rff^Mifltio, from gusto, to taste, Lat.] 
 a tastiuir. 
 
 To DEHO'PiT, v. a. [from de, a negative particle, and 
 horto, to exhort, Lat.] to dissuade ; to advise to the con- 
 trary. 
 
 DEHORTATION, i. [from *, a negative particle, and 
 horto, to exhort, Lat.jadibsiiasiou ; arguments used to keep 
 a person from assentinij to any doctrine, or committing any 
 action. 
 
 DKHO'RTER, .«. a dissuader. 
 
 DE'iCIDE,*. [fronirfrw, God, and to«/o, to kill, Lat.] the 
 c'ime of murdering a ileity or god, applied only to the death 
 of our lilessed Sr.vionr. 
 
 To DEJI'"'CT, 1'. a.[dejirio, Lat.] to cast down, or ren- 
 der sorrowful or nieliinchwly. 
 
 D !"'J F/C r ED, pint, or fl. [from dejicio, to cast down, Lat.] 
 cast down ; afllicted with some disappointment ; mournful ; 
 melanchoiv. 
 
 DEJECTEDLY, nd. in a dull, sorrowful, or mournful 
 manner. 
 
 DKJECTEDNESS, s. the state of a person who is grieved 
 and cast down on account of some great loss or disappoint- 
 ment. 
 
 DEJECTION, s. [from dejicio, to cast down, Lat.] a low- 
 ness of spirits ;atfliction ; loss, or an impaired state. Synon. 
 Dejection is commonly caused by great affliction and is tfio 
 often a state of despair. Mela nc/io/i/ is generally the effect 
 of constitution, its cloudy ideas overpower and banish all 
 that are cheerful. Lnuspiritedness is involuntary, and often 
 proceeds from a weakness of nerves ; excess of joy, fatigue, 
 bad digestion, will occasion it. Diilness, on the contrary, is 
 volu'itary, it arises frequently from discontent, disappoint- 
 ment, and from any other circumstance that may displease 
 the mind. 
 
 DEIFICATION, s. [Fr.l the act of ascribing divine ho- 
 nours to a person, anfl worshipping him as a god. 
 
 DE'IFORM, a. [from Dens, God, and /ormo, from, Lat.] 
 of a godlike form. 
 
 To DEIFY, )'. a. [deijier, Fr.J to make a god ; to adore 
 as a god ; to rank among Jlie deities. Figuratively, to praise 
 too much ; to extol a person unbecoming a mortal. 
 
 To DEKtN, (dein) v. n. [dai^ner, Fr.] to condescend: 
 to vouchsafe. Actively, to grant a favour ; to permit. 
 
 DEIGNING, (fie!Hi/ig^) s. a condescension ; permission; 
 granting a favour. 
 
 To DEI'NTEGR ATE, ». a. [from de, from, and integer, the 
 whole, Lat.] to take from llie whole; to spoil; to di 
 minish. 
 
 DEISM, s.[deisme, Fr.] the doctrine or opinion of those 
 who own the belief of a (iod, but deny his having ever 
 given, or the piobability of his ever giving, a revrlotion. 
 
 DE'IS'F', s. [deiste, Fr.] a person who believes the c.\ist- 
 ence of fiod, but denies all revelation in general. 
 
 DEI'STICAL, n. beloni^ing to the opinion of one who 
 denies all revealed religion. 
 
 DE'ITY, '. [dfilas, from dcus, Ciod, Lat] divinity ; the 
 nature and essence of God ; an idol, or supposed divinity; 
 an liratlien g<>d. 
 
 DKLACEHA'TION, s. [from delacero, to tear in pieces, 
 Lat. I a tearing in pieces. 
 
 DELACIIRYM YTIO'S, s.Wnr/.n/mntion, from Inchymo, 
 a tear, Lnt.] a fallingdown of the humours; the walerish- 
 ness of the evr ; or a weeping much. 
 
 [)Er>.ACTA"riON, .s. [from de, » negative particle, and 
 ku, milk, Lat.! a weaning from the breast. 
 216 
 
 DELA'PSED, part, [from delabor, to fall down, Lat.] in 
 physic, hearing or falling down. 
 
 DELA TION, s. the act of carryinp; or conveying. An 
 accusation, charge, impeachment, or information. 
 
 DELATOR, s. [Lat. irotndejiro, to impeach, Lat.] an ac- 
 cuser or informer. 
 
 DELAWARE, one of the United States of N. America, 
 hounded on the N. by Pennsylvania, on the E. by Delaware 
 River and Bay ; and on the S. and W. by Maryland. It is 
 about 90 miles long, and 20 broad ; and, in l/'JO, the inha- 
 bitants were computed at .59,000. In many parts it is un- 
 healthy ; being seated in a peninsula, the land is low and flat, 
 which occasions the waters to stagnate, and subjects the in- 
 habitants to intermittent fevers. It is divided into (he 
 counties of Newcastle, Kent, and Sussex. Delaware Riyer, 
 rises near the Katskill Mountains, in the state of New York, 
 and in its course separates the state of Pennsylvania from 
 those of New York and New Jersey, and a few miles below 
 Philadelphia separates the state of Delaware from Jersey, 
 till it loses itself in Delaware Bay. From the mouth of the 
 Bay to Philadelphia, a course of llSrailes, it is navigable all 
 the way for lar^e vessels. De/auare Hay is 60 miles long, 
 from Cape Henlopen to the entrance of the river Delaware 
 at I'omlrav Hook. It is so wide in some parts, that a ship 
 in the middle of it can scarcely be seen from the shore, and 
 the Capes Henlopen and May are 18 miles apart. 
 
 To DELAY, V. a. [delayer, Fr.] to defer or put off the 
 doing of a thing till another time ; to hinder; to frustrate. 
 Neuterly, to stop; to cease from action. 
 
 DELA'Y, s. the act of deferrin;j or putting off the per- 
 formance of an act to some other time. Figuratively, a 
 stay ; a stop. 
 
 DEL.A'YERji. one who defers the doing a thing; a put- 
 ter o(i'. 
 
 DELE'CTABLE, a. [from dekcto, to (hli^ht, Lat.] afford 
 ing pleaure or delight to the senses. 
 
 DELECTABLENESS, s. pleasantness. 
 
 DELE'CTABLY, ad. in such a manner as to afford plea 
 sure ; delightfullv. 
 
 DELECTATION, s. [from delecto, to delight, Lat.J plea- 
 sure ; deU"ht. 
 
 To DE LEGATE, r. n. [from dc, from, and lego, to send, 
 Lai.] to send away ; to entrust ; to communicate authority. 
 In law, to appoint.judges to determine a particular cause. 
 
 DE'LECjATE, i. [from de, from, and lego, to send, Lat.] 
 any person authorized to act for another. In law, applied 
 to persons appointed by the king's commission to sit on an 
 appeal to him in the court of Chancery. 
 
 DE'LEG.ATE, fl. [from de, from, and lege, to send, Lat.J 
 deputed or authorized to judge or transact business for 
 another. 
 
 DELEGATION, «. [from de, from, and lego, to send, 
 Lat.] the act of appointing ; to assignment of a debt lo 
 another. In law, a connnission to a judge to determine 
 some cause, which would not otherwise be brought before 
 him. 
 
 DELENIFICAL, a. \delenifiens, from dcUnio, to mitigate, 
 Lat.l having virtue to assuage or ease pain. 
 
 To DELETE. I', a. [delen, Lat.] to blot out. 
 
 DELETERIOUS, «. [drleterius, from deleo, to desfrov, 
 Lat.] noxious; deadly ; fatal ; applied, by naturalists, to 
 such thintfjJts are of a pernicious nature. 
 
 DE'LETERY, a. [drleleruis, from deleo, to destroy, Lat.J 
 destrjictiw : deailh ; poisonous. 
 
 DI''.LE'TION, .t. ['Wc'in, from deleo, to destroy, Lat.J the 
 act of raising or blotting out : adeslrnd'on. 
 
 DELE, or DELE E, s. [from d<:lna,i. Sax.] a mine; a 
 quarry ; or large cavity formed b> digging, (ilazerl earthen- 
 ware, " imitating china, so called from its being made at 
 D.lflland. 
 
 DELFT, a well-built lown of Holland, with canals in the 
 streets, planted on each side with Irees. It is about 2 miles 
 in circumference, and is deftiided y^silnst iiMind'.^liov.s by 3 
 dikes. Vail (jiiaiitilics of tine gla/eil caillienwarc are made
 
 dE 
 
 DEL 
 
 here, kiimvii bv tlip name of Delft wares. It is stated on a 
 C3:ki! nillrd lliit' Sdiie, S miles N. W. of Rottenlarii, and 30 
 S. S. \V. (if Aiiislerdaiii. 
 
 DI'l. HI, a provipne nriliiidoostaii, bounded on the W. 
 by Miiultaii; on tlic N. W. by Laliore; on the F-. by the 
 loiiMlries of 'J'hibct and Oiidc ; and oti the S. by Ajjra 
 ami Aijiiner' . The natural fertility of the soil of this pro- 
 vuieo, and the mildness of its elimale, are such as to favour 
 the most numrrons population : yet, liuvinp; been the seat 
 «if continual vars lor more than 7(i \eais past, it is almost 
 de|)opulated ; the lands lie wasle, and the inhabitants pro- 
 vide only the bare meansof sllb^i^ll'n(•<■, lest they siioidd at- 
 tract the notice of those whose trade is pillage. It is about 
 3C5 miles in length, and 140 in breadth. Delh , the capital of 
 the province of Delhi, was once a large, ri<'h, and populous 
 city, and the capital of (he Mogul empire. But, in 17-'i9, when 
 Nadir .Shaw, or KouliKlian invaded Hindoostan, he entered 
 Delhi, and dreadfill were tlir nia.ssacres and calamities that 
 followed : 200,<X)0 of the inhabitants perished by the sword ; 
 and plunder, to the amount of 00,000,000/. sterling, was 
 collected and carried away. They endured similar disasters 
 on the sulisequenl invasions of Abihdla, king of Candaliar; 
 so that, since the decline and dounlall of the .Mogul empire, 
 the population is extremely low. The late resi<lenee of the 
 Mo^ul is a magnilicent palace, built of red stone, about looo 
 ells in length and GOO in breadth, and which cost 10,500,000 
 lupees. Lat. 28. 37. N. Ion. 77. -lO. E. 
 
 DELIBA'TION, s. [delibatio, from libo, to taste, Lat.] an 
 essay ; a taste. 
 
 To DKLl'BERATR, »•. «. [delihero, from Wiv/, a balance, 
 Lat.] to weigh in the mind ; to ponder upon. Figuratively, 
 to hesitate. 
 
 DELI'BKRATE, «. [from delihero, to deliberate, Lat.] cir- 
 cumspect ; discreet ; wary ; considering the nature oi a 
 thing before the making a choice. Figuratively, slow 
 tedious. 
 
 liELI'BERATELY, ad. in a circumspect, wary, or di*- 
 crepf manner. 
 
 nELI'BERATENESS, s. circumspection ; coolness ; 
 cautmn. 
 
 DELIBER.\'TION, s. [from delihero, to deliberate, Lat.] 
 the act of considering things before an undertaking or 
 making choice. 
 
 DELIBERATIVE; a. [from delihero, to de!ii)erate, Lat.] 
 relating to consideration, or prcuieditatioii ; with thought 
 or caution. 
 
 DE'LICACY, *. [delieatesse, Fr.] daintiness; or taste 
 shewn in eating ; any thing which affects the senses with 
 great pleasu.re ; elejjant softness offorin; nicety, or minute 
 iiceuracy. Genteel neatness, applied to dress. Politeness 
 of behaviour; indulgence, which produces weakness ; ten- 
 derwess ; weakness of constitution ; a disposition which is 
 ihoeked with any excess. 
 
 DELICATE, «. [delicat, Fr.] fine, or consisting of minute 
 parts ; beautiful or pleasing to the eye ; nice, or pleasing 
 to the taste ; dainty, or nice, in the choice of food ; dioice ; 
 select; polite ; or rigorously observant of the maxims of 
 good breeding: soft, eiTeniinate, or unable to bear hard- 
 ships; pure; free from foulness; clear. Synon. To 
 conceive things that are.jfnf, we need only sufficient com- 
 prehension ; but it requires taste to coup eive that which is 
 delieiUe. The first is within the reach of many persons, the 
 second but of te»v. 
 
 DE'LICATELY, ad. in a beautiful manner. Finely, op- 
 posed to coarsely. Daintily ; luxuriously. Choicely ; po- 
 litely ; cfteniinately. 
 
 DE'LICATEN ESS, s. softness ; effeminacy ; too great an 
 arteetation of elegance. 
 
 DE'LICATES, «. niceties, rarities, applied to food. 
 DF;LrClOUS, {detuliintis) a. [ilclieieiu:, Fr.] giving exqui- 
 site pleasure to the senses, or to the mind. 
 
 DELrCIOUSLY, (ikUshioiisli/) ad. in an elegant or luxu- 
 rious manner, applied to food or dress ; in such a manner as 
 to convey a rapturous pleasure. 
 
 DELrCIOlTSNES-, (delUhi<ntsntS!^) s. Ihe qn:dlty of af- 
 fording exquisite pleasure to the senses or to ihe miiid. 
 
 DEI.KiA'TlOA, «. [f/c/ifffl^", from %«, lo bind, Lat.] 
 the eoiiliiung the parts of a tiling together bv binding. 
 
 DKLU.liT, (*/») [fiom dekctor, to delight, Lai.] tlia. 
 which affords an agrueablc pleasure or satisfaction to the 
 mind, or tlie senses. 
 
 To OEf.rCiHT, (del-,l)r. a. \dehrtor, Lat.] to take plea- 
 sure in the frequent reotlilion or eiijoyiiient of a thing ; to 
 satisfy. NeuterK , to lie r h ased, sati.>fird, or contented. 
 
 I>i:Lr(;inil)L, {delu/nl)^. that atlbrds great pleasure 
 tollie mind. 
 
 DELKiflTFULLY, (denif),ll,/)ad. in such a manner as 
 to charm, lo afl'ord ph asure, satisfik-tion, and content. 
 
 DKLIXiHTFLLNKSS, (del,tfulnesf)s. pleasure, satisfac- 
 tion, gialificalion,arisiiigfVom the frequent repetition, sight, 
 orenjovinent id a thing. 
 
 DELIGHTSOME, ((/ffi/TOjn«) a. affording great plea- 
 sure. 
 
 DELI'GHTSOMELY, ad. pleasantly. 
 
 DELICillTSOMEMvSS, (de/Usomencss) s. the quality of 
 afiecting v\ilh great pleasure. 
 
 To DI<M.,rNEATE, r. a. [elelineo, from linea, a line, Lat.] 
 to draw the first sketch ; to design ; to paint a leseiiiblance. 
 Figuratively, to describe in a lively and accurate manner. 
 
 DELLXEA TION, i. [delmeatto, from liiica, a line, Lat.] 
 the first draught of a thing. Figuratively, a description. 
 
 DELINLVJ RNT, s. [from delinio, to mitigate, Lat.] a mi- 
 tigating or assuaging. 
 
 DELINQURKCY, s. [from dchnrjuo, to fnil in doing ones 
 duty, Lat.] a failure ; or the omission of a duty ; a thing 
 done wilfully against any known law. 
 
 DELINQUENT, s. [from dctinqm, to fail in doing ones 
 duty, Lat.] one who has committed some crime or fault; 
 an offender. 
 
 To DE'LIQUATE, v. n. [deHquo, Lat] to melt; to be 
 dissolved. 
 
 DE LIQUATION, .». [delinmtio, from deli.p,eo, to melt, 
 Lat.] the act of mtlting or dissolving ; a solution, or the 
 state of a thing melted. 
 
 DELIQUE'SCENCE, «. in chemistry, is a term usea to 
 signify the melting of salts by means of the water which 
 th^v absorb fipra the atmosphere. 
 
 l)ELrQUIUM, s. [Lat.J in chemistry, the state of any 
 salt when it has become liquid by absorbing moisture fiom 
 the atmosphere! 
 
 DELI'RAM ENT, s. [from deliro, to run mad, Lat.] a dot- 
 ing or foolish fancy. 
 
 ■^DELIRA'TION, s. [from ddiro, to run mad, Lat.] dotage ; 
 folly ; madness. 
 
 DELIRIOUS, a. [from deliro, to run mad, Lat.J light- 
 headed ; raving from the violence of some disorder. Fi- 
 guratively, doting. 
 
 DELI'RIUM,.?. [Lat.] in physic, a kind of phrenzy, or 
 mvidiiegs, caused generally in fevers by too impetuous a mo- 
 tion of the blood, so far altering tiie secretion of the brain, 
 as to disorder the whole nervous svstem. 
 
 DELITIGATION, s. [delitieo, from litis, strife, Lat.] a 
 striviiig ; a contending; a cliidtng. 
 
 To DELITER, v. n. [delirrer, Fr.] to give a person a 
 thing which was given for that purpose by another. Joined 
 with into, to surreiiffer or give up. Joined to from, to free 
 from any danger or calamity. To pronounce, to relate, ap- 
 plied to discourse or reading. To bring into the world, used 
 with of. Actively, to surrender, to put into a person's hands, 
 or leave to his discretion. To deliver doan, or over, to trans- 
 iiii't or convey any transaction by means of writing. To 
 dclirrr vp, to "surrender, to give up, or expose. 
 
 DELIVERANCE, s. [delivrnnee, Fr.] the act of giving 
 or surrendering a thing to another ; the act of freeing a per- 
 son from captivity-, imprisonment, danger, or distress; the 
 act or manner of pronouncing or speaking; theact of bring- 
 ing ehihiren into the world. 
 
 DELIVERER, s. one who gives a thing into the hands 
 
 •247
 
 DEM 
 
 DEM 
 
 of anollior, or conveys it to the place ordered ; one who free- 
 nnother fidin (laii;;er, distres?, captivity, or imprisonment ; 
 one who proiinuiKcs a set sptetli. 
 
 DlJLI'VljR^ , *. tlie act ol jjiviiig or surrendering a thing 
 to anotlier, a release from danger, bondage, imprisonment, 
 or distress ; tlie l)rin;;ing forth a child ; pronuiiciatiun, or 
 rianner of speaking. 
 
 DKLL, J. [del, Belg.J a pit; a valley ; any cavity in llie 
 earth. OhsoletP. 
 
 DELPH, s, a line sort of earthenware. 
 
 DELPHI'NU."*, the rfo/pAiH, in astronomy, a constellation 
 in the northern hemisphere. 
 
 DELTA, the name of a fertile tract of Lower. Esvpt, ©n 
 the Mediterranean, between the branches of the Nile, from 
 its supposed resenddance to the Greek letter so called. It is 
 also applied to the mouths of the Ganges, Ava, and other 
 rivers. 
 
 D l/LTOIDE. a. rfrom delta, the fourtli letter of the G reek 
 alphabet; so called by reason of its resembling this letter] 
 an epithet applied to a triangular muscle, arising from the 
 clavicula, and from the process of the same, whose action is 
 to raise the arm upwards. 
 
 DKLU'DABLR, a. liable to be deceived, imposed on, or 
 drawn aside 
 
 J) DELUDE, t>. a. [deliido, Lat.] 19 beguile ; to de- 
 ceive or seduce by false pretences. Figuratively, to dis- 
 appoint. 
 
 IJELU'DER, s. one who deceives, imposeson, beguiles, or 
 seduces another by false appearances or pretences. 
 
 To DELVE, }•. a. [<lelfan, Sax.] to dig, or open the 
 ground with a spade. Figuratively, to sound one's opinion; 
 to fathom ; to get to the bottom of an affair. 
 
 DELVE, .'. a ditch; a pit; a pitfsl; a den; a cave. 
 " Shady delve," Spencer. 
 
 DE'LVER, s. a fligger, or one who opens the ground 
 with a spade, or pick-axe, &c. 
 
 DF'LUCJE, .?. [diliige, Fr.] a flood or inundation of water 
 covering the earth, either in the whole or in part, partrcu- 
 larly applied to Noah's flood, being a general inundation, 
 sent by God to punish the corniptionof the then world, by 
 dt>strovin^ every living thing, Noah and his family, and tlie 
 animals with them in the ark, oidy excepted. The time of 
 this flood is fixed, by the best clir()nolo;^ers, to the year of 
 the world l(!o6, before Christ 2348. From this flood, the 
 jt.-ttc of the world is divided into diluvian and antediluvian. 
 Figuratively, the overflowing of a river beyond its natural 
 bounds; any sudden and irresistible calamity; any corrup- 
 tiim, or depravation, which spreads far and quickly. 
 
 To DEHKiE, r. «. to drown or lay entirely under wa- 
 fer ; to overflow with water. Figuratively, to overwhelm 
 with anv great and increasing calainitv. 
 
 DELll'SION, s. [from M,ido, to delude, Lat.] the act of 
 imposing on a person by 'ome false appearance. Figura- 
 tively, a false appearance or illusion, which leads a person 
 into an error 01 mistake. 
 
 DELL) SI\ E, .1. 1 ff.im fl,h,(lo, to delude, Lat.] capable of 
 deceiving or imposing upon. 
 
 DELU .SOllV, a. [from thhulo, to delude, Lat.] apt to de- 
 ceive. 
 
 DE'M Af iOfiUE, (d'.mnoo^^s. Idema^roffos, from demos, the 
 people, and ag-o, to lead, (Jr.] the ringleader or head of a 
 faction, or tuunill of the common people. 
 
 DEMA IN, DEMEAN.or DEMESNE, s. [domai„e. Ft.) 
 in Law, that lan<l which a man holds originally of himself, 
 opposed lo fee, or th»lwlii<li is held of a superior lord. 
 
 DLM.\'ND, s. Irfcmffurff, Fr.] the asking of a thing with 
 aD'horily ; claim; impiiry after, in order to buj . In Law, 
 the asking of wlr,'.f is due. 
 
 ToDEMA'ND, v. a. [dimniider, Fr.] to claim; to ask 
 111 a real action. 
 
 for wilhauthorily ; toask or (juestion. in law, to prosecute 
 
 DEM A'NDABLE, a. that may be claimed as a due, or 
 adted for with authoritv. 
 
 DEMA'NDANT./t. iu Law. the plaintifT in a real arlioii. 
 2i^ 
 
 DEM.^'NDER, J. one who claims a thiiijj; one who asks 
 with authority ; one who asks for a Ihinj;' in order to pur- 
 chase it ; one w ho asks ft)r a debt. 
 
 To DEMIC'.AN, (^demctH) v. a. [demener, Fr.J lo behave. 
 Figuratively, to lessen, debase, or undervalue ; to do any 
 thing below one's character or rank. 
 
 DEME'ANOUR, {demeinour) s. [from dfnte:\er, Fr.] behavi- 
 our ; carriage ; the manner of acting. 
 
 DEME'NTA'TION, j. [(/emeiUotwn.Fr.] madness, or losing 
 one's reason. 
 
 DEMERA'RY, a river and settlement in Surinam, lately 
 subject to llie Dutch. The former is navigable for merchant 
 vessels 30 miles up the couiitiy. The settlement is formed 
 on the banks of the river, where the inhabitants cultivate su- 
 gar, cotton, and coffee. Denieiary forms one government 
 with Issecpiibo. Tlie" two districts contain about 3000 
 whites, and 40,000 slaves. The settlement was taken by 
 the English in 179G, but restored lo the Dutch at the peace. 
 It has iieen again taken bv the English in the present war. 
 Lat. 6. 40. N. Ion. 57. 45. W. 
 
 DEMERIT, s. [demaite, Fr.] the want of merit ; beha- 
 viour deserving blame or tuinishracnt. Anciently the same 
 as merit. 
 
 ToDEME'RIT, v. a. [demeruey, Fr.] to act contrary to 
 one's diitv, and thereby deserve both blame and disgrace. 
 
 DEME RSED, a. [from dcmergo, to drown, Lat.] plunged ; 
 drowned. 
 
 DEj\I E'RSION, i. [from demergo, to drown, Lat.] the act 
 of plunging under the water, or drowning. In chemis- 
 try, the putting any thing into a dissolving water or men- 
 itruum. 
 
 DEMESNE, J. SeeDEMAiN. 
 
 DEMI, [Fr.] an inseparable particle ; half; one part of 
 a thing which is divided equallv in two. 
 
 DEMI BASTION, s. in fortification, that which has only 
 one face, and one flank. 
 
 DEMI-C.VNNON, s. in gunnery, a cannon which c'.rries 
 a ball of thirty pounds weight ; the diameter of its bore is 
 six inches 2-8ths. 
 
 DEMI-CU'LVERIN, s. in gunnery, is a lesser sort ef 
 culverin than the common, of which there are three kinds ; 
 that of the louest size is a gun 4i inches diameter in the 
 bore, and 10 feet long, carrying a ball 4 inches diameter, 
 and 9 (loiinds weight ; the erdinary ene is a gun 4J inches 
 diameter in the bore, and 10 feet long, carrying a ball 4i 
 inches dianieler, ai d lOpounds II ounces weight; and that 
 of the elder sort, 4J v. dies diameter in the bore, and 40j feet 
 in length, carrying a ball 4i inches diameter, and 12 pounds 
 11 ounces in weight. 
 
 DEMI-GOD, s. among the ancient pagans, was one who 
 w-as not a god by birth, but w ho, by his heroic exploits, was 
 raised to that dignity. 
 
 DEMISE, (demize) s. [demise, Fr.] death ; decease. 
 
 To DEMI'SE, ((/emire) v. a.[demetlre, Fr.] to leave, be- 
 queath, or dispose of by will. 
 
 DEI\irSSION,i. [frouif/(7n;^/o, to cast down, Lat.] degra- 
 dation ; diminution of dignity ; lessening the value of a 
 thing bv some mean action. 
 
 To DEMIT, r. fl. [deimtto, Lat.] to depress ; to let fall. 
 
 DE'MI-WOLF, *. a mongrel flog between a dog and a 
 wolf. ' 
 
 DEMO'CRACY, s. [demoliratia, from demos, llie people, 
 and hntos, power, Gr.J a form of government, wherein the 
 supreme power is lodged In the people. 
 
 DEMOCK.4TICAL, «. belonging to that sort of go- 
 v<'riiment wherein the supreme vower is lodged in the 
 people. 
 
 'Fo DEMO'LISII, V. a. [dcmotior, Lat.] to pull down, raze, 
 or drsirov. 
 
 Dr.lMO'LISFIF.R, s. one who destroys or pulls down. 
 
 DI'.MOLITION, s. the act of pulling down or ncstroy- 
 iii ' ; drslruction. 
 
 DEMON, s. [diniio7i, Lat. daimon Gr.] a name the aii- 
 ( iciits gave to cciiain spirits, who, they miugiucd, had the
 
 DF.N 
 
 DRN 
 
 |iower of dnin^ good or evil to mankind ; they likewise 
 
 calird lliein (,'fnii : which sfP. 
 
 U'MO'NIAC. or DEMONIACAL, c. belonKiiig to, or 
 posseised by, the devil. 
 
 DPiMO'NlAC, s. a person possessed by the devil, or some 
 evil .iiiiiit. 
 
 DKiVIO'NIAN, a. [from damon, Lat.] devilish; of llie na- 
 ture of devils. 
 
 D EM ONO'CR A CY, s. [from tlaimon, a daemon, and hratos, 
 power, (ir.J the power of tiie devil. 
 
 DEMON O'LATRY, «. (from dnimnv, a daemon, and 
 htreia, worship, Cir. | the worship of the devil. 
 
 DEMONO'LOGY, s. [from dmviun, a d;iii)on, and Ingos, 
 a discourse, Gi.] adiscourse on the miliire and practices of 
 evil spirits. 
 
 DKMO'NSTRABLE, a.\(romdrmonstro, to demonstrate, 
 Lat.l that may admit of demonstration, or be proved be- 
 yonn a rontradiction 
 
 DF.MO'N*^TRABLY, od. evidently; beyond possibility 
 of contradiction. 
 
 To DEiMONSTIlAT !•',«. a.[demoiistro, Lat.J to prove so 
 as to convince the most prejudiced, and render in the 
 highest manner ceitain. 
 
 DRMON.STRA TION, *. [from demntistro. to demonstrate, 
 Lat.] iMideniahie pr«of or" the truth of a proposition, 
 founded on self-evident principles. 
 
 DEMONSTRATIVE, a. [from dniumstro, to demonstrate, 
 Lat.] convincing ; undeniable ; self evident. 
 
 DEMCNSTRATIVELY, ad. in such a clear and evident 
 manner as to demand assent. 
 
 DEMORSTRA TOR, s. [from demonstro, to demonstrate, 
 Lat.] one who proves a thing by demonstration ; one who 
 explains, teaches, or renders a thing plain to the meanest ca- 
 pacity ; a lecturer. 
 
 DEMON.STRATORY, a. having the power of demon- 
 stration. 
 
 DEMU'LCENT, a. [from demukeo, to stroke softly, 
 Lat.J in phvsic, softening, mollifving. 
 
 To DEMUR, t'. 7!. [dfmorer, Lat.] to delay a process in 
 law by doubts and objections ; to pause through uncertain- 
 ty ; to hesitate ; to doubt ; to deliberate ; to suspend one's 
 assent, choice, ot judgment. ActiveU, to doubt, or question 
 the truth of a proposition or assertion. 
 
 DEMl'R, s. doubt, arising from inrertaintv, or want of 
 sufficient proof; hesitation ; suspense of judgment, choice, 
 or opinion. 
 
 DEM L 'RE, «. [de mteiin, Fr.] behaving in a precise, 
 grave, or affected manner. 
 
 ToDEMU'RI'). ti. ji. to look precisely; to behave with 
 affected moilestv. 
 
 D1']MU'HELY, ad. in an affected, grave, and modest 
 manner; soleniiilv. " Hark, how the drums rfemKre/y wake 
 the sleepers. ' S/irtli. 
 
 DKMU'RENKSS, *. affected modesty or gravity ; pre- 
 cis<iitss. 
 
 DEVlirRRAGE, «. [from demevrer, Fr] in commerce, an 
 allowance nuide to masters of ships, for their stay in a port 
 bevond the tirne appointed. 
 
 D'.MU'I!RER, s [from devteurer, Fr.j in law, a kind of 
 pause made in an action, for a court to take time to ojuskIc r 
 ot'sonie poin' ■ f <liflii ullv. 
 
 DEMY, ,v. [demi, I'' 1 the title of a person on the founda- 
 tion of Ma;;(ialen College, 0\foid, who does not eujiiv 
 either the privileges or the ^ab'^ of a fellow, and is of the 
 •amp import as a schulnr at colleges. Applied likewise to 
 5ign'f\ a large-sized ■ aper. 
 
 DRN, t. fSax.] a cavern, or hollow place under ground ; 
 the .avi- 1)( a wild beast. 
 
 D -N A'RIUS, ILat.] in aotiipiifv, the Roman pennv which 
 varied in its valm from si\ t/ence to eight pence halfpenny. 
 In tile rmies of the New Tealament, it was worth about 
 8*1 ft ■>e"ce h-.:lfpeimv. 
 
 DI'.NA V,,. ,| „;;,! . refusal. 
 
 D£'NB1GH, \Dhtl/<i) the county town of Denbighshire, 
 
 K k 
 
 well built and populous, situated on the ximmit of a rock, 
 sloping on every side but nnr, on a li'i^.l •( liie v r 
 Clwyd. It bus a considerable niannfactiire of gloves and 
 shoes, which are sent to Lcmdiin l<ri • vimrl. t.< i.. U is 27 
 miles W. of Chester, and 2()8 N. W. of London. Market oo 
 Wednesday. 
 
 DEN IMGHSHIRE, (Dinhysltire)7i county ofNr, th Wales, 
 bounded onthe W. by Cariiaivoti hire, f:om wlijcl] ;t i» tor 
 the most part separated by the river Conway . o'l the N. i:nd 
 N. E. by the Irish Sea and I'linlshire ; on the E. In Hiirf- 
 shire, Cheshire, and Shropshire; and on the S. by Mer:on<th- 
 sliire and Montgomeryshire. It extends froni N. \\. to S. 
 E. ^i) miles, and from N. to S. in its bioa<lest part, it is 17 
 miles; but in i;eneial it is unich less. It is divided nil<, 12 
 hundreds, which contain 4 market towns and .07 pai shes. 
 The soil is various, the Vale of Clwyd being remarkably 
 pleasant and feril.-, which is not the casi- uilli the east p^trt 
 of the county, and the west is, in a uianner, bairen. The 
 principal rivers a e the Chvvd, Elwa\, Dre, anil Cimway. 
 The productsof this county are chiefly coin, cheese, cattle, 
 lead, and coal, .^mongthe hills are found small pillars, with 
 inscriptions which no one hitherto has been able to read ; 
 as also stones, called Druid stonr.i. 
 
 DE\DRO'LO(jY, *. [tnim dcndxm, a tree, and /"g-oj, a 
 disi ..iirsi', Cir.J a iliscouise, or naliii .ii hisloiy ot trees. 
 
 DENDROlMETER, s. [from dendran, a tree, and vutreo, 
 to measure, Gr.] the name of an instruineiit lately invinii d 
 for measuring trees. 
 
 DENT \RLE, a. that may be refused to be granted, when 
 asked, or tn be believed when proposed. 
 
 DI'^M'AL, s. the refusing to give or believe; the persist- 
 ing in one's innocence, opposed to the confession of gUilt; 
 abturation, or renouncing. 
 
 DENI'ER, s. one who refuses to grant a thing reiiue.-lKl, 
 o! »'i assent to a truth propcsed for his assent: oiiewlio wiil 
 not acknfiw ledge or own. 
 
 DENrE,R, {diiieer) a. a French coin, the twelfth part of 
 a sous. 
 
 To DETsKiRATE, v. a. \deni^ra, from nifl'er, black, lat.] 
 to make black, or to blacken. 
 
 DENIGRATION. J. [demgratio, om nigvr, black, Lat.] 
 tne act of making a \\\\\\)>, black. 
 
 DENIZATION, 4. the act nf enf anchizing a foreigner, 
 by wh'ch means he enjoys many of the privileges of a. na- 
 tural subje< t. 
 
 DENIZEN, or DETVISON, J. [from dmnsddyn, Bri .] in 
 law, an alien enfranchi^ed by the kings letteis pulent ; 
 wlucli enaliU's linn in several ifS) ects to act as a subject, v;z. 
 to purchase and possess lanils, and enjoy am othce o' : 'g- 
 nity ; \et not so fully as by iiatuiahziilion, which eiiabies a 
 man to inherit h\ descent, v>biih a ileiiizen ■ iirim t do. h a 
 denizen purchase lands, his issue, boin afterwards, may iii- 
 her't them, but those lie bad befoie shall not. 
 
 To DE'NIZKN, 1'. n. to entVanchise ; to make free. Fi- 
 guratively, to iirotect, or t in oio i.;e. 
 
 DF.'NM.XRK, a km. dom < f I'ticpe, bounded on the NV. 
 by the ocean, on the N, and !•'. b\ the Baltic Sia. and c-ii the 
 S. b^ Gtrmaiiy and tin Ridtc. Tin- ecuntiv 's giin riiily 
 flat, hikI tlie air is rendeud fi'gi;\ l)y tie s* as and lakes : but 
 the weather being chmigralile, it is purit td by feiju.-nt 
 breezes. Denmark, piope b s<i (ailed, ciiisista i f .hitiaiid 
 and the island lifZialMid a<id Fuuen, with the little isles 
 about tliM!i : but llit king el Deiii -ai i-.'s (iomiiiiot.sxnitain 
 th» Kiigdom of Norway, and th' dui iKtsoflM-lem. (/men- 
 bu g!i, a'ld D. Ii"< III orst. n Gi MOiinv, I't sides Ii « hiiul, :in(i 
 the other Daiosh settlements : I itiari. Tin hingdoni i ; Deii- 
 ma'k wasfumi' Iv e-eitv, I iit snce IfifiOii wis nniieied 
 hereditary even to tin daughters, pavtx bv consent, snd 
 pa'ilv b\ force ; at which time llie noblilv lost inosi uf th( ir 
 privileges. Tb' y liave ver fw laws, and those are so 
 plain tluit they luive bttle need of law»eis, fur causes ,ire. 
 soon t-^ied. Tliey allow but of <.ne /ipi.lhecar' in a' in, 
 except at Cn>ieiiliiigMi. '.^I.ere tf.eie ar( two. Tlit'r lops 
 are visited by the physicians once a wttk, and all the pp, 
 
 2W
 
 DRN 
 
 DEP 
 
 risiioJiiiugsaredfilioyeil. The inliabitants arc Protestants 
 since the >ear 1522, «h(ii thcv tnib aeed the eonft-ssioii of 
 Augibiii-g. Tlie tones «l;leli the kinj; of Deniiiatk has iibu 
 allv (111 toot are near tl),iKKi, hut most of them are in tlie pay 
 of other princes. The reveimeb are computed at l,4()0,tM)0(!if 
 a vear, vvliivh arise from the crown lauds and ihities, and 
 tiie toils paid hy vessels pa sin?,' between the Baltic and 
 German Ocean. There is no large river in Deniuark, but 
 nunifous lakes and channels of the sea, by which it is inter- 
 sected. In the summi'r the heat is great, and the thiys are 
 loni; ; but the waiter continues 7 or 8 months. The coiii- 
 niodifies are corn, (nilse, horses, and larfje bneves, to;;! t her 
 vith the produce of their manufactuiej. The exports ex- 
 ceed the imports to the amount ofb5,00u tiowus a year. 
 Copenha^ren is the cajntai. 
 
 DKNO .MINABLE, a. [rlctiomhio, from nmnen, a name, 
 Lat ] that may be named or denoted. 
 
 To 1)KN< >'MIN Al E, r. a. \denumino, from nomen, a name, 
 Lat.] to irai«p; to i;ive a name to. 
 
 DENOMINATION, s. [dennmino, fioni nomen, a name, 
 Lat.] a name ijiven to a thins, pointing out some peculiar 
 qualities belonsii'K to it. 
 
 DENOMINATIVE, a. that gives a name ; that confers 
 a d stinct appellation. 
 
 DEXOMIN.\'TOR, J. the person or thing which affixes 
 a particular appellation to a thing. Infractions, the number 
 bt low the line, slu-wing the number of parts which anv 
 intfger is supposed to he divided into; thus, in J, 8, the 
 dennimnatin; shews, that the inteLjer is divided into 8 parts ; 
 and 6, the numeator, that \ ou take 6 of those eight pai ts. 
 
 DENOTATION, f. ['/w.i^«<iV>, from ««<«, a mark, Lat. J 
 the act of ascertaining that a particular thing is to be sig- 
 nified or understood bv a certain sign, or that a thing be- 
 longs to n i^avticular person. 
 
 To DFNOTE, t'. a. [r/eiioto, from nnta, a mark, Lat.] to 
 mark ; to be a sign of; to impl\, sigiidV, or betoken ; to 
 shew bv signs' as, a quick pulse denotes a. fever. 
 
 To DENOUTvCR, f. (T. [denvnrer, Fr. denuncio, I ,1t.] to 
 threaten bv |irf)clamation, or some external sign, t iguia- 
 tivelv, in la", to infirm, to give information against. 
 
 DENOUNCEMENT, s. the act of proclaiming any 
 thrept, or future and impending evil. 
 
 OENOL'NC'' R. s. one who declares some menace, or 
 impending calamitv or puiiisliment. 
 
 DENSR, a. ydnuiis, Lai.] chise ; compact; thick ; having 
 few or vpvv small jioies l)etv\ren its particles. 
 
 DENSITY, «. [d^r.sii,,-:, L-.it] thickness : solidity ; coiii- 
 pactness ; the closeness, near approach, or adhesion of the 
 parts of a bod v. 
 
 DENT, t. [dent, Fr.] a mark made in the surface of a 
 thins bv thrusting the parts inwards. 
 
 DENT, a town in Ctavin, in the N(irth Riding of York- 
 shire. In 16Gt, two inh;i'iitanls of this place, tatlier and son, 
 were witnesses on a ttial at York assises, the son being !00 
 years of vn'e, and the fa'ther U'arlv 140. 
 
 D'^'NTAIv, fl.ff itxwtlitis, a tooth, L:i».j h' longing or relat- 
 ing tothe teeth. In grammar, ai>;ilied totlios. I. iters which 
 are pronounced pnnciiialK by means of the teeth. In natu- 
 ral historv, a small ohell tish. 
 
 D''NTELLAT' I), It. in hofanv, notched ; jagged ; form- 
 ed like tl)'' teeth of a smw on ihr edgts. 
 
 DI^NTE'LLI, .s. [Ilal.] in arihiteclure, the same as nio- 
 dilloiis. 
 
 D'CNTTCULATED, part, [from rfrw, a tooth, Lat.] set 
 with small teeth. 
 
 DENTICL'LATION, .«. Mmnuhm. a tooih.Li.t.] in natural 
 his'or' . Ii"-rng set with ^m^dl tceiji notched ori'u^eil. 
 
 DE'N"''IFRICE, «. [from den.<:, a 'oolh, imkI /<»», to 
 rub, Lat.] in niedi-cine, a pow<ler to cleanse or lasleii the 
 teeth. 
 
 DKNTITION, T.[fromrf.'/u,atoolh,Lat.]theact,orlime, 
 oi hreeibn:; fr iji. 
 
 To DENL'D-iTE, r. a. Ulenvdn, from niulus, naked, Lat.] 
 »« strip, or iir.iKe naked. Figuralivelv, to divest. 
 250 
 
 DENIZATION, s. \denuda, from mtdut, wicked, Lat.] 
 the act vfslrijipriig or making naketi. 
 
 To DENLDE, r. a. Ideitnda, t'lomniidits, naked, Lat.Jto 
 make naked ; to pull olVa person s clothes, tiguratively, 
 to strip or divest a thnig of its natural covering. 
 
 DKMJNCI.VTION, s. [den,n,i,ano, Lat.J the act of 
 publishing any menace; ortlireatening any calamity or pu- 
 nishment. 
 
 DENlJNCIATOn, s. [from demmck), Lat.l the person 
 who Iiroclamis any threat. Inlaw, 'nie who lodges an in- 
 formation a":aiust another. 
 
 To DENY, e. a. [denier, Fr. detiegn, Lat.] to contradict 
 an accusation; to lefuse to grant atliiug leqiieited; lo dis- 
 own; to renounce. 
 
 DE'N^'.S, Si. a town in the department of Paris, famous 
 for asci flevant Beiiedictiiie abbey, and for its magn'riciit 
 church built li\ king Dagobert, in which w. re the tombs of 
 many of the I'lench kin;^s, of the constable (mescl'ii, and 
 of maishalTurenne. It is seated on the river Ciouhl, near 
 the Seine, 5 miles N. of Paris. 
 
 To DEOBSTRU OT, 1). n. [from f/e, a negative particle, 
 and r>Wni» tool'st'iRt, I. at. J to clear fiom impediments; 
 to free a passage fioni such things as stop it up. 
 
 DEO'B.STRUENT, s. [from de, a negative particle ann 
 ohstnio, to obstruct, Lai] inphamiaiy, a medicine w'lich, 
 b\ its dissolving viscidities, opens the poresor i>assages of 
 the human bodv. 
 
 DE'OD.\ND, J. [floni Deo, to God, and dnndmn, »o he 
 given, La.] :•'. thing givenor forfeited toGod, for ihe pacify- 
 ing hiswiath, in case ofan\ misiorluiie, h\ which any Chri's- 
 tian (onie.sto a violent death, wilhonl the fault of a reason- 
 able creature; as if a horse should strike Ins keeper, and 
 so kill him ; the horse is to be sold, and tlic price distributed 
 to the poor, as an expiation of that dreadful event. 
 
 To DEO'l'PlLATE, i'. a. [from de, a negati\c particle, 
 and opfii/o, to stop up, Lat.J to clear a passage from any 
 obstructions. 
 
 DEOPP'LATION. s.theact of opening the passages, ot 
 clearing them from obstructions. 
 
 DEt)'PPILATlVI', a. having the power to clear the pas-' 
 sages from obstructions. 
 
 DiJOSCULATION, s. [deosndaiio, from osculnm, a kiss, 
 Lat ] the act o'' kissing. 
 
 To DliC'-'XlDIZE, I', a. in chemistry, to deprive a body of 
 OX' gi'n, so ;is to" render it incapable of bu ning. 
 
 DE0'XIDI7^'MENT, s. in diemist'y, the operation hy 
 which oiii- ^llbsta^lce deprives another substance of ts o\y- 
 geii. !• .s called unbecoming « body, by the Frnicb 
 chemisls. 
 
 To DEPA'IXT, V. «. [depeindre, Fr.] to form the resem- 
 blance ofa ihing l)y colours or painling; to desciibe. 
 
 To Dl'.I'.A'KT, I'. 11. [dcparfir, Fr.] to go away from a 
 pl3c<> : ti. revo'.l ; to (piit : to leave, or apostatize ; lo die. 
 
 DEPART, s. [depart, Fi.] tlic act of going away, by 
 quit. ''ig a place or person. Figuralivi b , death. Among 
 refiiiois, a method of separating metals blended together iu 
 one ma.ss. 
 
 DEI'V'KTF.R. .1. a refiner; one who purifies metals. 
 
 Dl'.i' •.'KTMENT, s. [departement, Fr.) a peculiar pro- 
 vinci' or fmplo\ ment allotted to a particular person. 
 
 DEPA'KTl'RE, i. the act of ^oing away from a person 
 o- ;ilace. Figuratively, death; Ihe ad of forsaking, orquit- 
 tiil!;, used with from. 
 
 DEP ASCENT, a. [depaseeiis, Lat.] f.'eding. 
 
 To DEPASTURE,., a. [d.pnscr, Lai.] to graze ; to eat 
 up ami consume bv feedhlg. 
 
 To DI'PAl' PI'.RATft, II n. [depaiipero, from pauper, poor, 
 Lat ] to make poor; lo render ground barren. 
 
 DEPE't'TMiLE, a. [f «m j/./>err,., to ccmib, Lat.J tough; 
 daiiimv : viscid ; thick, oi tenacious. 
 
 'FoDE,PE'ND, V n. ['lejuiidev, I.at.] to (not red from*, 
 to be in a state of sulrjecticin : to be supported or iiiaiu. 
 lained bv anothor ; to be >ct undctei mined ; to contkle iiv, 
 or rely on.
 
 DE P 
 
 D K!' 
 
 DRPE'NDANCK, or DRl'E'NDENV'i;, s. [depoidance, 
 Fr.l tfii stale of ;i tliiiu liaiisjiitc rnmi a sunpi.rtcr ; coii- 
 nc:;iwii; tlif statr of bc-iii;; suhicct to, or at tlic disposal of, 
 aiiotlirr. Fignrativciv, reiiance ; trust ; cuiitidriiee ; ac- 
 ci<l<'iit. 
 
 DEI'E'NDICMT, a. [ili-iinirhm, l"r.] sulijpct to, or in the 
 power iiu>l disposal of, ariollirr. 
 
 DF.PE'NDENT, s. [from dpind'mt, Fr.] one who is sul>- 
 jeci lo, atthe disposal of, oi iiiaiiitaiiicd l)v, another. 
 
 DEPE'NDI'R, s. ono who confides in anotlier. 
 
 DEPERDITION, s. [from dependo, to lose] loss ; entire 
 destruction. 
 
 To DEPHEE'GM, or OEPlILE'CiM \TE, ('l.jnm, or 
 defies^miile) v. a. [dephie^mo, low Lat.] to clear a fluid from iti 
 phlej;!!) or vaJtr. 
 
 DEPHLFOMATION, {defl^^maslion) s. in themistr,, the 
 act of srparatln<j the waters from ch'niical liijuors. 
 
 To DEPICT, II. ". [depinpo, Lat.] to paint, or represent 
 the likeness of a thing ni colours ; to describe in woids. 
 
 DEPILATORY, i. [frojn de, a negative particle, and 
 piliis, hair, Lat. J in medicine, a plaster, or other application 
 mitde \ise of lo take away hair. 
 
 IJE'PILOU.S, n. [from de, a negative particle, and pilus, 
 hair, Lat. J witluiut hair. 
 
 DEPLANTA'TION, s. [deplanlo, from de, a negative par- 
 ticle, and planta, a plant, Lat.] the act of taking plants up 
 from the lied. 
 
 DEPLE'TION, s. [(fe/jfeo, from rf?, a negative particle, and 
 phntis, firll, Lat.] in pnvsic, the act ofeuiptxing. 
 
 D'TLORAHLE, <r."[from*/</«ro, Lat.] lamentable ; dis- 
 mal : '■alaniitous , hopeless ; contrm])ti!>le. 
 
 DF.PLORABLF.NES.S, s. the state of bcin- an object of 
 grief; Tniserv, wretchedness. 
 
 DEPLORABLY, nrf. lamentably ; miserably; in such a 
 manner as to occasion ordemand sorrow. 
 
 DiOPLORA TION, s. 'he act of lamenting. 
 
 To DEPLO'RK, v.a.\dephrn, Lat.] to lament, mourn, or 
 express sorrow for any calamity, loss, or misfo tune. 
 
 DEPLQ'RER, s. one who laments or grieves for a loss or 
 calamity 
 
 DEPLUMA'TION, .^ [from de, a negative pa: tide, and 
 pluma, a feather, Lat.] the act of plucking ofl' fealiiers. In 
 surgery, the swelling of the eyelids, attended w itli a falling 
 off of the hairs frohi the evebiows. 
 
 To DEPLU'ME, I', a. [from de, a negative particle, and 
 pluma, i/eather, Lat. J to strip of its feathers. 
 
 DEl'O'N RNT, J. [from deponens, Lat.] in law, one who 
 gives his tcstimonv in a court of justice ; an evidence or 
 witness. In grammar, such verbs as have an active signifi- 
 cation, though they have no active voice ; so called, because 
 deponent, I. e. tlieij lai/ as^ide the force of the verb passive ; as, 
 fateor, I confess. 
 
 particle, and pcjmlus, people, Lat.} to unpeople ; to lay waste 
 
 To DEPOPULATE, ». «. \depnpulor, from de, a negative 
 ■ ,Lat.] 
 a count I y. 
 
 DEPOPULATrON. s. the act of unpeopling, or render- 
 ing^a c(mntr\ waste by destroying the inhabitants. 
 
 I)EPOPULATOR,\s. one who kills or destroys the inha- 
 bitants of a country. 
 
 To DEPORT, 1'. «. [deporter, Fr.] to carry away ; to be- 
 have or demean one's self. 
 
 DEPO'RT, s. demeiinour ; behaviour; carriage. 
 DI'PORTATION, *. [frooi deporto, to carry away, Lat.] 
 transportation, whereby a perstm has some remote place 
 assigned for his residence ; with a prohibition of stirring 
 from it on pain of death. 
 
 DEPORTMENT, s. [deportement, Fr.] conduct; de- 
 meanour. 
 
 To DEPOSE, (depize) v. a. [depono, Lat.] to lay down; 
 to deprive a person of a pt>st or dignity. Neuterly, to give 
 testimony in a co-irt of justice. 
 
 To DEPO'STT, (depizit) V. n. [depositnm, Lat.] to lay up 
 or lodg • in Huv place; to give as a pledge or security ; to 
 place at interest. 
 
 T)T'.P(^'S\T \RY Jdepfizitary ) s. [from d.^nono, to doiioiite, 
 Lat.] mil' whoiseutrust.il with '.lie ch.iigc o/ keeping <( a 
 thing. 
 
 DEPO'SITE, (de,,izit) «. [fioni d<p:ni«, to deposite, Lat.] 
 any thing coinmHt< d to the eai-, rlKirj„r, oi tiust <d' an- 
 other ; a pled;,'e; a pawn, or security given fur the per- 
 fouiiaiice cf ;:ui ( (iinr. ( t 
 
 DiiPoSl'I'ION, iiUpuzUlitiii) s. [from deporo, te put down, 
 Lat.] i he act if giving 1< sl;iii(iii\ on oalli; tne ait «t de- 
 thi oiling a prince. In canon law, the suleiiia dcpiiviiii; a 
 clergyman of his orders fir some crime. 
 
 Dl.PO'SITOKY, (d.puzitiiti/) s. the I'lace where any 
 thing is lodged. Dt-p.^sttary is properly used of persous, 
 and depnxiti.i 1/ of lliiiij;s. 
 
 Dhl'O I, x. a temporary magazine. 
 
 DI-,PR.\VAT1()N, 6. [drprm-it, lo spoil, Lat.l the act of 
 spoiliii";, corrupting, or rendering a tUiiij^ less perfect or 
 Viilaabh'. 
 
 To DEPR\'VF. I', a. [deprm-o, Lat.] to corrupt ; to 
 spoil; to rob a thing of its perfections; to seduce from 
 goodness. 
 
 DEFRAY i'",DXESS, s. loss of urity, goodness, or per- 
 fection. 
 
 DFPRX'VRMENT, s. ;i vitiated state; coriuiitioD. 
 
 DFIPRATER, s. a corrupter, or one who makes either a 
 person or thing bad. 
 
 DEl'RA'Vl F\ , s. corruption ; a change from perfection 
 to ,1111 pi I .t CI ion, or fiom virtue to vice. 
 
 To UE'PKECATE, t>. n. [deprecor, from de, from, and 
 precdj; to pray, Lat.] to pray eaniestiv for the averting some 
 eminent puiiislimciit ; to ask pardon for a crime; to request 
 or pet tion with importunity and humility. 
 
 DEPRECATION, i. [rfe/)i-<"r««(o, from de, from, and piecor, 
 to pray, Lat.] tlie act of petilioning ; a liegging paidon; 
 prayer; prayer against any evil, or for averting an\ punish- 
 vnent. 
 
 DEPRECATIVE, or DEPRECATORY, «. that is .. d 
 as an apology or excuse. 
 
 DEPRECATOR, s. [Lat. from de, from, and preeer, to 
 pray, Lat.] one who sues for another : an intercessor, one. 
 who apologizes for the faults of another, in order to free 
 him from the punishment due to hiin. 
 
 To DEPRECIATE. Uleptishiate) r. a. [depretie, from de, a 
 negative particle, and pretium, price, Lat.] to speak meanly 
 of a thing, inorderto lessen its esteem or value. 
 
 To DEPREDATE, v. a. [depredator, from prceda, plunder, 
 Lat.] to rob, plunder, or pillage ; to seize as prey or booty ; 
 to consume, devour, or destroy. 
 
 DEPRED.ATION, s. [deprtTdtitio, from prada, plunder, 
 Lat.] tlie att of spoiling, robbing, or seizing ouas prey oe 
 plunder; waste; consumption. 
 
 DEPREDATOR,:? [Lat. from prada, plunder, Lat.] a 
 roliiiei ; .ispoiUr. Figuratively, a devourer ; a consua r. 
 
 To DEPKEHE'ND, v. a. [deprehend-,, froiU preheni; Hi 
 take, Lat.] to detect; to catch unawares; ta take in ''le 
 fact. Figuratively, to discover, or find out something diffi- 
 cult, or not obvious. 
 
 DI'.PREHE'NSIBLE, <r. [dej^tehendn,. from prefiend-,, to 
 take, Lat.J that may be detected; that may be discoveied, 
 perceived, or understood. 
 
 DEPRl HF.'NSIBLKNESS, «. possibility of being.detect- 
 ed, discoveied, or understood. 
 
 DKPREHE'iNSION, s.[deprel,e>uto, from prehendu, to take, 
 Lat.] detection; the act of takurg in theliict, or taking un- 
 awares; a discovery. 
 
 To DEPRE'SS, i. a. [from *, downward, and pnww, to 
 press,. Lat.] to press down ; to let downwards. Figura» 
 tively, to humble, to deject, applied to the mind. 
 
 DF.PRE'S.SI()N, *. [from de, downward, and prima, to 
 press, Lat.] the act of pressing down.; the. sinking or fai- 
 ling in of a furnace, figuratively, degrading; abasrment; 
 or humbling. /)f;>»«siVm, in algebra, applied to eiiiMticuis, 
 is the bringing llieiii to the lower and more simple tern.s by 
 division. In astronomy, the distance of a star from tiis- 
 
 2iyi
 
 L>EU 
 
 DER 
 
 iiorizon downward ; which is measured by fhe aiili of Hie 
 vcriiclf ririle or azimuth, pn;.siiii; throiii;h the star, intt-r- 
 ropied liefwcen the star and die horizon. In !jeoifraiv(n, 
 the /teyesfinn iif the pule, is the travelling or sadin^ so mm h 
 floDi di? pol.' ne;i er to the horizon. 
 
 OF.PRKSSOR, s. [fiom de, downward, and prima, to 
 nress, Jv.il.] one that keep-> or pres-.es down ; anopp'essor. 
 inaiiatoin\, apuhed to such nuiscles as bring or press down 
 those pa'tv \vh'<h they are fi'.stened to. 
 
 DF/i'llM'KNT, a. [fVoiii (if, down\\ard, and primv, to 
 press, Lai.] an epitliet appl < d to one ot the straight luusi les 
 that nio\e the f{h)hc or hall of the eye, its use L>eing to pull 
 'it do ;;uai(ls. 
 
 DFPRn'ATION, s. rfrom de, here r,sed to stren:,'then 
 the signification, and pHvo, to take a«a\, Lat.] the act of 
 taKiM!; awav the qual.ty or existence of a tliinij. 
 
 To DF.PltrVE, I', a. [from de, here used to streni;then the 
 sisniiicalioti, and prtro, to ti.ke a«av, Lat.] to take away 
 t!ial wliiih is enjoxed hy another; to release; tofie^ fioni. 
 In law, to turn a clergyniaii out of a benefice for some 
 trinu,', 
 
 D'TTFORD, a town of Kent, anciently called West 
 Grf.en'wich, divibd into Upper and Lower Deptford. It 
 is chiifl\ lemaikable for its noiile d<Hk-\ ard, which includes 
 a WHt dock of two acres, and another of an acre and a half, 
 «;th extensive store-lu>\!^cs, and immense quantities of tim- 
 ber, tVc. for the use of the navy. It is seated on the Thames, 
 about .nj niles E ot'Li>ndon. 
 
 DF.P'rn, s. [diep, Rel;<.) the space measured from the 
 au face of a thing do«n"a (Is ; (piantit\ of water, opposed 
 to:: s/inal ; thes'-a; theabvss. Cfp^'i of a squadron or ba- 
 talion, tlie e.undier of men in the tile. Fignrativelv, the 
 height or middli' of a season, or night. Profoundness, (.''f- 
 ficdtv, obseiiritv, apniied tolearninir. 
 
 To DEPU( EL\TI-:, V. a. [dfpueeler, Fr.] to deflour ; to 
 ber'>a\p ofvir^indv. 
 
 DEI'ULSION, a. [from *, from, and pe!lo, to drive, Lat.] 
 the act of b.-atiiiir or driving awav. 
 
 DF.PL' L'«OR Y, a. [from de, from, and pello. to drive, Lat.] 
 thnistii;: awav . 
 
 To DF/Pl I'ATE, 1). a.\(hpnrer, Fr.Jto p\irify ; to cleanse 
 from anv iini)M ities. 
 
 D'''Prn\TE, a. cleansed or freed from dregs orfoulness. 
 Fi.'iuralivi Iv. pu", not tainted or corrupted. 
 
 DrPUlMTION, s. \dipin-ntin, from pus, corrupt tnatter, 
 Lat.] tiie at f of separating the impure parts of anv thing 
 from the pure ones. In surgery, to cleanse a \»ound from 
 its foulni ss. 
 
 To DEPU'RE, r. n. \dcptirer, F"^.] to cleanse f om dregs or 
 foiilni'ss : to pu'ge a tli ngfrom aiiv novious qualities. 
 
 DEPl'T \'TI<>\, .(. [drpiitntiim, Fr.] the sending some 
 select persons out of a ''od* toanrinceor solenci assemhi'^ 
 to ti<-at of matters in their behalf or name; the commission 
 of tr'at H'; oi li. h, If of others. 
 
 Tj r)F.I*lj"FT,, r. n. \d piiler, Fr.] to send with a special 
 conimissio.i ; to aopoint persons to n<-gociate a public or 
 privat' iffili' w'Iha "ir'nce state, or person. 
 
 DF/PCJTY, ! \ilrpnte Fr.] one that is comTnissioned fo 
 transact an afl'air fo', or discharge the duties of, another; a 
 lieutenant : a vicrov. To law, a person who exercises an 
 office in the rl^ht of anotluT, who is accountable forhismis- 
 takt-s o' bi haviiMir, 
 
 To DEQl' \'^■TIT^TE,I'. a. [from de, a negative pa-ti- 
 clf, and (jiiantitas, quantity, Ld.] to lessen the quantity of a 
 tbing. 
 
 D'R, a term used in the beginning of the names of niaces. 
 Jt is 'i.ueralb \i' be dirii-ed fiom the *~a\on word dear, a 
 wild bi-ast, iriless the place stai>ds upon a river, when it may 
 be ralji'-r Irti-tii-'l from (he lirilsh dn; water. 
 
 To DIVH \ CF\ \TE, v. a. [de.achier, Fr.] to pluck or tear 
 up bv the roots 
 
 T.. OER AKA', or DFR A'lN, (drr»i,,) v. a. [deriws:er, Fr.] 
 
 in hi'v, to prove. In its primary signification, to disordi r, 
 or confute. 
 
 -i.-a 
 
 DERAIGNMENT, or DERA'INMENT, *. the act of dc. 
 
 raigumg or proving; a disordering or turn ng out of course; 
 a discharge of profession ; adepartuie out of religion. 
 
 DLK \'\ , s. [from darayer, Fr.] tumult ; contusion. Mer- 
 riment ; j(dlily. 
 
 DK RBENT, acityofSchirivan, in Persia, with a liarbour, 
 situated on the \V. coast of the Caspian Sea, in lat. 42.8; 
 N. It is the resdtnieofa khan. 
 
 DERBY, tiie c(uinty-towii of Derbyshire, is large and 
 \\ ell built, with a spacious market place and liandsoiue towu- 
 bouse. In \r'A, a machme was erei ti d here b\ Sir Tho- 
 nias Lombe, for the nianufacturing of siik, the model ot" 
 wliicli he bidiighl fiom IlaK. It was the first of its kind 
 elected in England ; and its operations a!e to wind, doi.ble, 
 and twist the sdk, so as to render it fit for weaviiis- Here 
 are also mainifactones of silk, cotton, and woisli d stockings, 
 and of elegant porcelain, which last is ni high estimation. 
 Derbyshire and f>irei;;ii marbles ate wioiight here in vases, 
 urns, lolumiis, . iid oiher ornamental articles, and the lapl. 
 dary and jewelleiy branches are executed with great neat- 
 ness. The malting business, aiida pottery ofqueen'searlhen- 
 ware, are also carried on here. The number of inhabi- 
 tants in its five parishes is estimated a »,593. It is seated 
 on the r'ver Derweiit, which is navigaVde to the T eni, .36 
 miles N. of CovMitrv, and 120 N. \V. by N. of London. 
 Markets on \V. diiesdav and Fridav. 
 
 DE'RUYSHIRK, a county of England, bounded on the 
 W. and N. VV. by Cheshire and Statloidshire, on the N. by 
 Yorkshre, and on the Y^. by Notfinghamsh're ; and on theS. 
 and S. E. by Leicestershiie and a point of Waiwickshire. 
 Il Cx'eiids nearly .56 miles in length from N. to S. and 34 
 fro;ii E. to W. where broadest; but in the S part it is not 
 above six. It is divided in!o six hundreds, in which are !0 
 nia'-ket-towns, and 106 parishes. The N. and W. parts are 
 raountainousand stouv, and subject fo frequent rains, and 
 the air is sharp and cold. The S. and !v parts are fertile, 
 producing most kinds of grain, particularly barley. The 
 bleak mountains in the Peak abound in fhe best lead, with 
 marble, alabaster, mill s'lnes, inn, coal, and a coarse sort 
 of crystal, and the internierliate valley s are fruitful in grass. 
 The principal rivers are the Derwent, Dove, Erwash, and 
 Trent. 
 
 DF7RF.HAM, East, or Market, a town in Norfolk, 
 with a market on Friday, 16 miles W. of Norwich, and lOJ 
 N. N.E.<.f London. 
 
 DERELICTION, ». [Uom deretimuo, fo forsake, Lat.] 
 the iilfe' forsaking or abandoning a person. 
 
 D'^'RKLICTS, s. [from derehiiqui., fo forsake, Lat.] in law, 
 siu h goods as are wilfully thrown away, and disowned by a 
 pe son. 
 
 To DERI'DE, V. a. [derideo, Lat.] to laugh at, inock, or 
 turn to scorn with great contempt. 
 
 DERLDKR, s. a person who mocks or ridicules a thing 
 with 'ireal contempt. 
 
 DERISION, *.[fromrfmrfo, to deride. La'.] the act of 
 ridiculing, mocking, oi laiighingat with great contempt. 
 
 DFT!!''^1VK, «. rediculing; mocking. 
 
 D'Hl'SORY, n. [from deride, to deride, Lat.] mocking ; 
 ridiculing. 
 
 DEHl'VARLl", n. that may he obtained by descent, or 
 coiiiinuii'eated f om one to another. 
 
 I)E!!!VA'TK)N, s. [from derivn, to derive, Lat.] tlw 
 drainini;wati r fir.iu ilscourseoi channel. 
 
 D' RFV\T1VE, «. [fiom rfc/iio, to derive, Lat.J derived 
 or taken from another. 
 
 DERI V\TIVE, *. the thing or woid which is derived 
 from another. 
 
 DERFVATIVELY', ad. after a derivative manner; not 
 oriiiiialK. 
 
 To DFRI'VK, V. o. [fiomrfe. from, and riws, a river, Lat.j 
 todrain; tolefoul water, o, turn its course. Fi-nialively, 
 fo deduce, or trace f om its original or sourie ; lo conimu 
 ni( ate as the source ef a river lo one 'd' its bnini lies, or n 
 cause to itsellcct; lodesccnd to a person, or tocomiiiuui-
 
 DES 
 
 URS 
 
 rate by a descent of blood. In srammar, to trace a word 
 from its origin. iNeutcrly, to proceed, tonic, or descend 
 from. 
 
 DKRITF.R, s. one who partakes by descent, pedigree, or 
 conjiniiiM'alit>n. 
 
 DKlt.VIF.'R, (lisrveir) a. \Vt.\ last : used witli nsort. 
 
 To l)|",'H()ti,\'l'E, t'. ". [ihias;", Lat.] to lessen the value 
 of a f'iiinil> or pnifcssion; to degenerate; to undervalue the 
 eslieni o'- worlli of a tiling. 
 
 DRIMXiATION, s. [from tlt'roe;o, to disparage, Lat.l an 
 act donecontrarv to, or imorisivient with any law, by which 
 means, Its force and vidui' are lessenwd ; tile act of dispa- 
 raginir or lesseiiinu ihe value of a thing. 
 
 DElUVd VTIVE, n. losening the \alue of a thing, or the 
 esteem and re]>'ilalion of a person. 
 
 D^OROGATOIULY, nrf. in such anianiier as to lessen the 
 value of a thing, or the esteem and reputation of a per- 
 son. 
 
 DRUO'GATOR1NE.SS, f. the quality of lessening the 
 valu*- ofii thing. 
 
 DEUO'G \T()RV, a. [from derago, to disparage, Lat.] 
 tliat lessens or takes away from tlie value of a person or 
 thing. 
 
 DE'RRY, aconnty of Ulster, in Ireland, 32 miles in length 
 and 30 ill hreadth, iKuiiidrd on Ihe \V. hv Donegal; on th" 
 N. by Lough Foyle and the <)cean: and on the E. and S. K. 
 hv Antrim and Lough Neagh ; and on the S. and S. \V. by 
 Tyrone. It contauisSl parishes. In which are abimt '2j,000 
 houses and I'i.'i.OOO inhabitants, and is a fruitful, champaign 
 country. The linen mannfa<tnre Honrishes in every part of 
 the eountv, itsyearlv trade being averaged at 1 16,720/. 
 
 DI'.RRY, orLoNDONnKRR Y, the capital of the county 
 ofDcrrv, isa modern citv, built principallv by a company 
 of London adventiin-rs, in the reign of James T. It consists 
 chieflv of two streets, which cross one another ; an exchange 
 is built in the centre; here is a fine market-place, and the 
 harbour is bnrdere<l with a quay. It i.s surrounded with a 
 strong wall, and has four castles bv the side of the river. It 
 is seated on the ri\er Mourn, near its mouth, o er whiih 
 there is a wooden bridge, upwards of t0()0 (Vet in length, 
 5 miles S. of the Lake or Bav of Lough Foyle, and 104 N. 
 W. of Dublin. 
 
 DERVIS, orDE'RVISE, a. [iln-vis, Fr.] a kind of monk 
 among the Turks, who profess extreme poverty, and lead a 
 verv aistere life. 
 
 DE'RWENT, a river of Derb\ shire, whicli rises in the 
 High Peak, and passing through the county, faUs into the 
 Trent, Smiles E. S. E. from Derbv. .\ls((, a riv r of York- 
 shire, which rises in the North Riding, and ruiiiiing S. falls 
 into the Ouse, S miles S. E. of Selbv. .^150,3 river of Dur- 
 ham, flowing through a roniaiitic tract of country, and fidl- 
 ing into the Tyiie, a little above Newcastle, near which, on 
 its banks, are some capital iron works. Also, a river of 
 Cumberland, which rises in Borrowdale, and flowing through 
 Perwent Water and Bassingthwaite Water, passes by Cock- 
 ermouth, and falls into the Irish Sea at Workington. 
 
 DESART.j. SeeDF.SKRT. 
 
 DK'*5CAN'I\*. [i/i»can(n, Ital.] a comment on any sub- 
 
 i'ect ; disputation; a disquisition branched out into several 
 leads. It is commonly used as a word of censure or 
 coiitempt. 
 
 To DESCA'NT, V. n. to sing in parts. Figuratively, to 
 discourse at large; or to criticise miiintcly on the actions of 
 mother; to point out faults with great minuteness; to 
 censure. 
 
 To DESC''"ND, r. n. [dtsrendo, Lat.] to come or "O 
 from a higher to a lower place ; to go giiuluallv dow.iwards, 
 or below the surface of a thing ; to sink ; to invade an ene- 
 my's country ; to proceed as from a successor, or as a cause 
 does from an efl'ect. Actively, to walk, or roll downwards 
 fro-na higher place or sitiial nn. 
 
 DESCE'NDA.NT, or DE.SCE'NDEN '', s.\(nm descmdo, 
 to descend, Lat.] one who belongs to aiioth.er as a relation ; 
 the olfspriiig or posterity of a person. 
 
 DF.SCE'NOENT, n. [from drsmtdn, tudescend, 1.21.1 coin- 
 ing or nioviag from a hi^dirr to a lower situation, Licuiug ; 
 proceeding iiom anollicr iisaii liOccstoi or oiigiiial. 
 
 Di-.^CE-N niBLL, 0. such as may be descended; trans- 
 missil-ile b\ iiiherilance. 
 
 l)l>Cl>'NSI()i\', s. [from dcsecndn, to descend, i^at.] a 
 sinking from a biglr^r to a lowci situation. In a-slrriiiiuuy, 
 it is divided into right or oblique. liio/il drm nsmit, is ;•. 
 point or ardi of the cipiator, wh ch desceiuls with a star or 
 sign in a right sphere. 0.'/'(»/»e dcscvnnuii, is that which 
 descends in an obli()ue sphne. 
 
 DES.(:EN.*i!ONAL, o. relating to descent. In astrono- 
 my, rlisciiisiniinl diff'neiice is the dillcreuce betWeMl the ob- 
 li,|U' and rig^it descensioii (.fa star. 
 
 " " ' 'le act of 
 
 Lat.] tl 
 wards t 
 
 DESCENT, ,«. [from r/e.vcfM'fo, tudescend 
 passing; from a Ingiier to a lower place ; or towards the cen- 
 tre o*'the earth ; a slope, or sloping situation. Invasion, or 
 attack "II an enemy's country or coasts; birth; extraction. 
 Livei'l ili-scent, is that which is conveyed down in a right 
 line, from the giaiidfather to the father, from tlie father to 
 the son, Ac. Cullatiral descent, is llial which s\>riMgs I'Ut of 
 the s.rle of the line of blood, as from a man to his brother, 
 neplicw, Ac. Figuratively, one step or generation in th*" 
 line of a family. 
 
 To DESCRI'BE, v. n. [descrilm, Lat.] to mark out any 
 thing by the mention of its properties. In painting, toforin 
 the resemblance of a thing. In logic it coiivc\s an idea of 
 a thing in a loose manner, without enumerating all its pro- 
 perties, in geometry, to draw or make a figure. Figurative. 
 ly, toconvovsome notionof a thing by words. 
 " DESCRI'liER, s. one who relates a matter of fact; the 
 manner of performing an action, a battle, Ac. 
 
 DF.SCRrER, i. one who discovers or descries a thing at 
 a distance. 
 
 DESCRIPTION, .!. [from describo, to describe, Lat.] the 
 act of conveviiig the idea of a jk rson or thing by mention- 
 ing some of their properties. In logic, a collection of the 
 most remarkable properties of a tliin'% without iiicliidiug 
 the essential diH'crence, and the general nature or genius ; 
 the sentence or passage in which a thing is described; the 
 qualities expressed in representing a thing. 
 
 To DESCRY', 1'. a. [descrici; Yr.] ti'. reconnoitre ; to ex- 
 amine or view at a distance ; to discover or discern by the 
 sight a thing hidden or conceahd. 
 
 Dl'SCRY , .?. discovery, or the thing discovered. 
 
 DESEA'I).\, or Cape Dksirr, on the S. W. coast of 
 Patagonia, at the entrance of the Straits of iVlagellau, from 
 tiie Pacific Ocean. Lat. 52. 62. S. lr>n. t(< 4.'i. S\. 
 
 1)!'",SKA DA, or Desiderapa, one of the Caribbee 
 Islands, about 10 miles long, and -i broad, 4 leagues E. of 
 fniadaloupe. It is subject to the French. Lat. IG. 38. N. 
 long. 61. 15. W. 
 
 To DE'SICCRATE, v. a. [from de, a negative particle, 
 and sneer, holy, Lat.] to convert a thing to an use dillerent 
 from that to which it was originally consecrated. 
 
 DESECRATION, s. the converting of a thin'^ conse- 
 crated to some common use. 
 
 DESERT, (desert) s. [fiom desero, to desert, Lat.] a place 
 not inh;ibited or built ; a waste i)lace ; a solitude. 
 
 DE'SERT, (dezert)a. [from disero, to desert, Lat.j wild; 
 waste; uncultivated; uniiihabitKi. 
 
 To DESI<VRT,(rf«frO V. a. [desero, Lat.] to quit; to for- 
 sake ; to abandon a person w ho has a re'.iance oa ene ; used 
 as a word of reproach ; to leave a station or place ; to run 
 awa\ from an arniv or company, applied to soldiers. 
 
 DESERT,*. See Dessert. 
 
 DKSE'RT, {dezert) s. the behaviour, conduct, or actions 
 of a person, c<msidercd with lespect to rewards or punish- 
 ments ; a claim to praise or rewards. Figuratively, excel- 
 lence, or -virtue, degree of merit. 
 
 DESE'KTER, (rff^trto) i-. [fr(m! '.'mcto, to desert, Lat.] 
 one who leaves or abandons a person who can claiii) his as- 
 sistance; <:ne who abandons, quits, oi leaves his post, or 
 thearniv to which he belong-..
 
 nr s 
 
 nr, ? 
 
 DRSt''T?TION, iilezerslwn) s. tise act of abandoning or 
 forsukiiitra person, cause, post, or place in an army. 
 
 DKS'-: I'TLF.SS, (dezertless) a. without merit. 
 
 To n''*»iynVI'', (dezirve) v. a. [dfSfrvir, Fr.J to be nn ob- 
 ject of approliation or disapprobation, reward, or punish- 
 ment, on account of one's actions or behaviour; to be wor- 
 thy ; f. a proper object of reward. 
 
 D'''SI-7RVKDLY, {dezarerl/i/) ad. not without reason or 
 foundation ; accordinj; to a person's behaviour, whether 
 good or ijl. 
 
 DESF'RV KR, (de:erver) s. a raan who is a proper object 
 of approliatioii and reward. 
 
 D("SICCANT, {df^tkant) part, [desiccaiis, from sicctis, dry, 
 I>at.] in medicine, a dr\ ins nature or quaiily. Used sub- 
 stantively, for those applications which dry up the flow of 
 sores. 
 
 To DESrCCATE, (desihatc) s. «. [desicco from succns, diy 
 Lat.l toflrv up moisture. 
 
 DESICCATION, {desihashon) s. the act of drying up 
 moisture. 
 
 DESrCCATlVE, {desihatire) a. tliat has the power of 
 drying. 
 
 To DESIDERATE, v. u. [detidero, Lat.] to want ; toniiss. 
 A- yvord scarcely used. 
 
 DESIDERATUM, s. [Lat.] somewhat which inquiry has 
 not been able to settle or discover ; as the lon>{itude is the 
 disideratmn of navifjation ; the trisection of an ansle, and 
 the quadrature of a circle, are the desiderata of fjeoiiietry ; 
 the perpetual 'notion, the desideratum of mechanics. 
 
 DESI'DIOSE, «.[(/f«Wiosi«, Lat.] idle ; lazy; heavy. 
 
 To DESrCiN, (deslii) V. a. [drsi^7w, Lat.] to purpose or 
 intend ; to form or orderfora particular iiurpose ; to plan, 
 project, contrive, or form an idea in the mind. 
 
 DESIGN, (deszn) s. an intention or purpose ; a plan of 
 action ; a scheme or contrivance ; the plan or representatiotj 
 of the order, general distribution, and construction of a 
 paiutiuir, poem.iiooks, building, A.c. 
 
 DESIGN A BLE.I^rfwHwWf) a. jfrom desi^im, to mark out, 
 Lat.]^tliat can be ascertained, described, or expressed. 
 
 DESIGNATION, s, [from *«V'"', to mark out, Lat.] 
 the describing a person or thing by some remote sign ; ap- 
 pointment or direction ; import or signification ; inten- 
 tion. 
 
 DESLGNEDLY, (deshied/i/) ad. purposely ; in a manner 
 agreeable to the intention or [irevious purpose of a person, 
 opposed to aeridnttalli/. 
 
 DKSrGNKR, (de.<n7ter) s. a person who premeditates or 
 contrives something ill ; a person yvho invents a drauj^ht, or 
 original, for some artist to copy bv. 
 
 DF>>rGNIXfi, (des'iiiine:) part, contriving, meditating, or 
 intending something amiss, or prejudicial to the interests of 
 ano'ber. 
 
 DESIGNLESS, (</MiHfof)o. without design; without any 
 bad intention. 
 
 DESrGNLE.SSLY, ad. without intention ; ignorantly ; 
 ^ailvertcntlv. 
 
 DESI'GNMENT, (desmment) s. an intended erpedition 
 gainst anenemv ; a plot ; tli" idea, or sketch of a work. 
 
 DKSI'RABLE, (desirahh) a. worthy of desire or longing. 
 
 DIvSI'RE, s. [desir, Fr.] wish; eagerness to obtain or 
 cnjov. 
 
 To DESl'Rf-', i(frrfr^)». a. [desirer, Fr.l to yvish, or covet 
 some absent good ; to appear to Ion;; for a thing; to ask ; 
 to entreat. 
 
 1)F>SJIU''.R, (dezirer)s. one who cov<'ts an absent good. 
 
 DESl'llOUS, (deziroiis) a. full of h)nging ; earnestly 
 ■*isliin;r. 
 
 ToDESIST, «. n. [di.ftsto, Lat.] to cease from doing a 
 thing which is beguir; to stop. 
 
 DESIST \NCK, t. the act of stopping or ceasing from 
 some action begun. 
 
 DE*»rTIVK, a. itrom ditxno, to leave of, Lat.] endinsj ; 
 roncliiditif;. \ desisive prv ".»i<(«7i is that wliith implies the 
 ending or conclusion of somtlhinR, 
 ii4 
 
 DESK, s. [liimh, Belg.] an incliiiiug or sloping bocnl <)r 
 i;itj!c. 
 
 D '■/SOLATE, a. [desidatiis, from solus, aloue, Lat. ) without 
 inhabitants ; lai<l waste ; solitary, or UHfrequpnted. 
 
 To DESOLATE, I'.n. [rfej»/fr(i(i, from solus, alone, Ljt.] 
 to deprive of inhabilaijts ; to lay waste. 
 
 DESOLATELY, ad. in an unlrequcnled manner; in a 
 desolate manner. 
 
 DESOLATION, s. the act of destroying or removing the 
 inhabitants from a place ; the act of laving a place yvaste ; 
 a place yvasted and forsaken ; gloominess ; sadness. 
 
 DESPA'IR, i. [desespoir, Fr.] an utter abaudouiiig of the 
 hopes of any future good : loss of hope ; ihat w"Tiich de 
 prives a person of hope ; a passion excited by imagining 
 that the object or subject of desire is not to be attai ,ed. or 
 that a thing to beundirtaken is beyond our abilities t( per 
 form. In (tieology, the utter loss of confidence in the nier 
 ciesof God. 
 
 To DESPAIR,!', n. [de.spern, from de,a negative particle 
 ?in(\ spero, to hope, Lat.l to aliandon, relinguisli, or give a 
 thing over as unattainable ; to cease to hi>])e. 
 
 DF.SPA'IRER, s. one who looks on a thing as unattainable 
 one who is yvil hunt hope. 
 
 DI'.SPA'RINGLY, «rf. in such a manner as to discovci 
 no hope. 
 
 To DESPATCH, V. a. See To Dispatch. 
 
 DE'SPlRATE, a. [dispern, from de, a negative particle, 
 and spero, to hope, Lat.] w itliout hope, or look.ng on a thing 
 as impossible or unattainable ; yyithoutany regard tosafety, 
 arising from despair. Figuratively, not to be retrieved or 
 surmounted, a. i lieil to things ; mad, furious with despair, 
 appled to persons. Violent, applied to things. 
 
 DK'SPERATELY, ad. in the manner of a person grow ing 
 furious bv despair. 
 
 DE'SPETIATENESS, «. rtiadness; fury; acting without 
 anv regard to safety or secuiity. 
 
 DESPERATION, s.a state void of all hope. 
 
 DESPIC.ABLE, a. [despieabilis, from despien, to depise, 
 Lat.] deserving contempt on account of something soidid^ 
 mean, bas's and vile. 
 
 DE'SPICABLENKSS, i. lire quality which renders a per- 
 son or thinn^ the object of contempt. 
 
 DF.'SPIC.'^BLY', ad. in a mean, sordid-, vile, or contempti- 
 ble manner. 
 
 DF>PI SABLY, a. contemptible ; despicable ; a row 
 wonl. 
 
 To DESPI'SK, (despize) v. a. [from de, downward, and 
 specie, to look, Lat.] to scorn or contemn with pride and 
 disdain ; to slight ; to disregard. 
 
 DESPl'SER, (desptzer) s. one who looks on a person or 
 thins with scorn or contem it. 
 
 DESPITE, i. [depit, Fr.] malice ; anger on account of 
 some real or supposed injury ; hatred ; defiance. An act of 
 malice or resentment; something done in order to counter- 
 act the designs of another, through malice, revenge, or re- 
 sentment. 
 
 To DESPl TE, I', a. to counteract the designs of another,^ 
 a principle of malice and lesentnient. 
 
 DESPrTEhUL, a. i\M of maiue or spleen; acting con 
 trarv to the designs of another, pu el> to make him uneasy, 
 or uiihapp . 
 
 DKSPITEFI'LLY, «rf. malici iu> v ; mabgiiant.v. 
 
 DESPITEFMLNKSS, s. mal • "or in endeavour to 
 render a person extremely miserable throiigli malice and 
 r< sentiiK lit. 
 
 To DESPOIL, II. a [de.ii>i!lio, (row .fpidivm, plunder, Lat.J 
 to rob ; todepiivea persmi of what he is po.isessecl of by 
 someact of vi<ilence. Figuratively, to deprive a person of 
 soiiK' post "f honour. 
 
 DF.SPOILATION, s. the act o depriving a pti-son of 
 something in llisi jiossession. 
 
 To DESPOTSD, 1'. a. [from df, a negative particle, and 
 siu'iideii, to p'oiu sr, Lat. as deK|i'nrlen' pi rsons pronnse 
 themselves uulhmg] to become mclaachoij, thruugu a pt*-
 
 DES 
 
 DET 
 
 Uiasioil that somelhingr ilesired isunattainahlc.or llial siome- 
 tliiiiL' t't l)i> Horn' 13 impossible, lii divinity, to lose all hope 
 Ol'iliviiic nic <•^ . 
 
 nKSl'()'NI)l''NCY, s. the slate of a person who imaKines 
 a thiiifj desired loimot be obtuined, or that a Ihin^ to be done 
 ia iiiiooss'ble. 
 
 DF-SPOIvnEN'T, a. [from 'le, a negative particle, and 
 tvandeo, to promise, Lat. as despondent persons promise 
 themselves nolhin^'l wilhiuil any hope of succeedlnf; in what 
 one undertakes, or of Htlaiiiiii;^ what is ardent Iv desired. 
 
 To DESl'O'NSA'ri"-, V. a. [ile.s'iwuso, fioui spmirleo, to pro- 
 mise, Lat.] to betroth ; to unite by reciprocal promises of 
 marriafip. 
 
 DE.«PONSATION, i. the act of betrothing persons to 
 each other. 
 
 DR'SP(»T, .s. [Gr.Jan iineontrolahle prince. 
 
 Dl'.SPOTlC, orDKSPOTlCAL, «. [desp.,hq„e, Fr.] ab- 
 solute ; arbit-rary ; supreme ; of unlimited or absolute 
 power. 
 
 DKSPOTICVT.NESS, «. absolute authority. 
 
 DI'V.'*POTl"*M, (■rfc,«/)"/(.wn) s. [desputisme, Fr.] absolute 
 power, applied to such governments wherein the power of 
 the prince is arbitrarv. 
 
 To DRSPU'MATE. v. a. [desp^^mo,h^^m »pi(m«, froth, Lat.] 
 to skim tlie frotli "ft. 
 
 DESPUMATION, .«. in Pharmacy, th<- act of clearing 
 anv liquor ti\ skimming ofl the froth or foam. 
 
 D'-'SQU VMATION, s. [from de, from, and siivnmn, a 
 scale, Lat.] in surgery, the act of scaiinfj cavioui, hours. 
 
 DE'.SSAl'.a lowii of Upper Saxonv, capital of the princi- 
 palitv of Anhalt Dessau. It is situated on the Moldau, near 
 Its union with the I'.lbe, 28 miles S. I'",, of MaKdeburj;. 
 
 DESSERT, .5. [^/m«.'><, Fr] the last course at an enter- 
 tainment ; the fruit .ir sxveelnieats set on the tnble after the 
 meat. Thi«; is the proper spelling, and not desert. 
 
 ToDE'STINATE, v. a. \destnw, Lat.] to desijtn or form 
 for anv pa'ticularlv purpose or end. 
 
 DESTINATION, s. the purpose or ultimate end for 
 which anv thing is designed. 
 
 To Dl'j'STINE, J'. a!\destino, Lat.] to doom ; to appoint 
 to any stateor condition without alteration, or by an absolute 
 necessity ; to order to any end or purpose : ti. devote to pu- 
 nishment or miserv ; to tix an event unalterably. 
 
 DE'STINY, s. \destinee, Fr.] in nntholofjy, the power 
 who determines the lot of mortals; fate fixed by some un- 
 alterable decree ; (loom; fortune. 
 
 DF.'STITIJTF., a. [destitiitns, Lat.] deprived of; in want 
 of; abandoned bv. 
 
 DKSTITCTIO.V, J. want ; defect; or a slate wherein 
 someihini; is detirieni or waiitiu'j;. 
 
 To DESTPOA', ?'. n. \<kfiruii, Lat.] to demolish, or reduce 
 to ruin ; to kill ; to lav waste, or make desolate; todeprive 
 a tiling of its present qual'ties or properties. 
 
 DKSTRO'YEr!, .?. one who lavs a town waste ; one who 
 deprives animals of life ; one who defaces a thuig by some 
 act of violence. 
 
 DFSTOU'CTIBLE, a. [from destruo, \n destroy, Lat.J 
 liable to he deslrovrd, defaced or demolished. 
 
 DKSTRUCTUiI'LITY, t. possibility, or liableness to be 
 dcstroved. 
 
 DESTRIVCTION, *. [from denr,to, to destroy, Lat.] the 
 act of ruining, destroying, demolishing, or laving waste ; 
 murder ; the state of a thing ruined, demolished, or de- 
 •troved ; the cause of destruction. In theolog^y, eternal 
 death. 
 
 DE'JTRU CTIVE, «. [from *rtn«,, to destroy, Lat.] that 
 demolishes, or reduces to ruin. 
 
 DESTRUCTIVELY, nd. in such a manner as to destroy, 
 aemi>lish. or ruin. 
 
 P ■STRUrnVENESS, s. the quality which destroys, 
 ruins, or 1.1 s waste. 
 
 DF.STRl'CTOR, ^. a destroyer, a consumer. 
 DESfDATlON, ,«. [desudntio, from tiulo, to sweat, Lat.] 
 a profuse or inordinate sweating. 
 
 DESUETUDE, s. \desuetvdo, from dencnco, to disuse, Lat.| 
 cessation from bi ing accustomed ; discouliuuancc of prac- 
 tice or habit. 
 
 DESULTORY, or DI'SULTO'RIOUS, «. [J.-^uItrntu, 
 fmm de.iilio, to leap, Lat.] untixed ; unsettled; rtmovcd 
 from one thing or idea to aMcllier. 
 
 To DESU'ME, B. a. \desiimo, Lat-J to take from any thing; 
 to borrow. 
 
 To DETA'C H, V. a. \ditaelirr, Fr.] to separate i>r part 
 something which wasjiirmd lutore; to send out, or dra« 
 oft a part of a greater body (.f tones. 
 
 DETA'CHl'.D, part, diawn oft'; separated from; dis- 
 engaged. . 
 
 DETA'CUMENT, s. a body of troops separated and sent 
 from the main armv. 
 
 To DETAIL, 1'." n. [diiniller, Fr.j *o relate a fact with 
 its minuteand particular ciuumstances. 
 
 DETAIL, s. [detail, F(.J an account containing all the 
 minute circumstances of an action, or subject. 
 
 To DETA'IN, »•. n. [detiueo, Lat.] (o keep that which is 
 due to another ; to keep a person, or hinder him from de- 
 parting; or going farther; to keep a jierson in custody. 
 
 DETA'IN DER, *. in law, a writ for holding or keeping 
 a person in custody. 
 
 Dh'T.ArNKk, s. he that does not pay a thing due, or 
 withholds another person's right; he that hmders the. de- 
 parture or pro' ress of a person or thing. 
 
 ToDETE'C'T, v. a. \detectum, Lat.] to discover, or find 
 out any secret crime or artifice ; to find out or surprise a per- 
 son in the commission, or after the commission of a crime ; 
 to lay upon the artifices of a person, or sophistry of an ar- 
 gimient. 
 
 DETE'CTER.i. a discoverer of some criminal ; one who 
 lays oion the soihistry or subterfuges ofan anthor. 
 
 DETl'^CTlON, J. the discovery of a criminal, crhtie,or 
 fault. 
 
 DETE NTION, s. the keeping or withholding what is 
 due, or belonging to another. Figuratively, connnement, 
 or restraint. 
 
 To DI''Tl'''R, V. a. [deterreo, Lat.] to discourage, or keep 
 a person trom doing a thing, either by frij^'btening him by 
 menaces, or bv laying its consequences betoie him. 
 
 To DFTE'RCil*', v. a. [detergo, Lat.] to cleanse a sore 
 from its pus, matter, or foulness; to cleanse the body by 
 pnr^'es. 
 
 DETRTtnENT, a. [detergens, Lat.] in medicine, having 
 the power i f cleai>sing. 
 
 PETFRIOKATHiN, s. [from detcrior, worse, Lat.] the 
 iniraiv;n'_' ir r( itlering any thing worse. 
 
 DF.l'IriiMFNT, s. that which discourages a person from 
 doing or i.nilertaking a thing; the cause or obstacle whicli 
 hindeis a person from undertaking a thing. 
 
 DETE1L\IIN.AI1LE, a. that may be ascertained or de- 
 cided. 
 
 To Dl'Tc. UMiNATE, v. a. [dr-fermnm, from terminus, a 
 limit, Lat.l to limit ; to settle; to fix; to determine. 
 
 DKT E'lilVllNATF., a. [d.tervmw, from ternuniis, a limit, 
 Lat.] linnted ; fixefl ; settled ; decisive ; resolved. 
 
 DETK'RMINATELY, ad. resolutely fixed; firndy le- 
 solved. 
 
 DETERMINATION, s. absolute direction to a certain 
 end. Figuratively, a resolution formed af.rr mature delibe- 
 ration ; tl:e decision of some contested point or dis|uitc. 
 
 DETERMINATIVE, u. having the poAver to direct to 
 a certain end ; that restrains the signification of a ^^•ol•d. 
 
 DETERMINATOR, «. one who determines, ascertains, 
 or decides a controversy. 
 
 To DI'>TE'RMINE, v. a. [determino, from terminus, a limit, 
 Lat.] to fix or settle, a llnng, or point, in debate or dispute ; 
 to conclude ; to hound; to confine ; to decide; to connne 
 or restrain within limits; to ascertain the sen.se of an ex- 
 pression ; to influence the choice; to resolve; to put an 
 end to ; to destroy. Neutcrly to conclude ; to end ; to couio 
 to a decision; to resolve or come to a resolution.
 
 DET 
 
 DEV 
 
 DETK RSION, *. [from deterf^o, to cleanse, Lat.] in sur- 
 r^rry, the a< t of cleansing a wound. , 
 
 I)ETE'RSIVE, «. [detertif. Ft.] Laring'the power to 
 cleanse. 
 
 DETE'RSIVE, a. in medicine, that which cleanses a 
 wound, or frees the bodv from humours bv pur;;ii)g. 
 
 ToDETE'ST, V. a.[dthstor. Eat.] to hate a tiling with 
 some vehemence, on account of its evil and pernicious 
 qualities. 
 
 OETI'/STABLE, a. that is hated with great vehemence, 
 Bn iiccoiiiit I'f if. vih'Hcss or pernicioiisne ss. 
 
 DETESTABLY, nrf. in such a manner as shews or de- 
 serves the greatest loathing, abhorrence, aversion, or hatred. 
 
 DI'TESTA'TION, jt. [detesinticn, Fr.] the act of abhorring, 
 di>liking, or hating a thing, on account of its evil. 
 
 I)ETE'.STER, s. one who hasavery great hatred, aversion, 
 or loathinir. 
 
 To Df^fHRCNE, 1' a. [from de, a negative particle, and 
 thrornis, a throne, Lat.] t<> depose a king ; to deprive him of 
 royal tv. 
 
 DETI'Nl^E, s. [dclhirie, Fr. | a writ layin": against a per- 
 son, who refuses to deliver a thing up which was given him 
 to keep for another. 
 
 DETONATION, i. [,'Vom drtono, to thunder, Lat.] the 
 loud noise made by some boilies when beginning to heal in 
 acrucible, somewhat useml'liug the explosion of gunpow- 
 der. In chemistry, the opt ration of expelling the impure, 
 volatile, and sulphurous patts from antimonv. 
 
 To DETONIZK, v. «. [from detmw, to thunder, Lat.] in 
 chfiiii>trv, io calcine withdttonation. 
 
 To DETO'RT, V. <r. [dftortrim, Lat.] to « rest a word or 
 expression from its origin;d iitpaiiing or 'icsign. 
 
 To DETR ACT, r.a. [f om de, frou). and truh':, to draw, 
 Laf.l to lessen the reputation of another by calumny, or 
 speaiiing ill ofhiui. 
 
 DETRA'CTER, s. one who lessens the reputation 0| 
 another. 
 
 DETRA'CTfON, s. [drtractio, Lat.] the impairing < J 
 lessening the reputation or esteem of another, by speakiiij 
 ill of him. 
 
 DETRACTORY, a. lessening the value of a thing, or r ■ 
 putation of a person. 
 
 DETRA'CTRESS, s. a woman who lessens the reputai'o 
 ofothors. 
 
 DE'PRIMENT, sAdHrimentum, Lat.] that which affects o 
 tbin-c or person wilh loss or damage. 
 
 DKTRIMM'NT.AL, «. causing harm, mischief, loss, oi 
 d.imai?!-. 
 
 DhtRlTFON, s. [from detern, Lat.] the act of wearin- 
 awav. 
 
 To DFTRUDE, v. a. [delnulo, Lat.] io thru.>t down, to 
 force iiiloa lower pl;'ic. 
 
 To Diyrur NCA'!'I'., ». a. [detrunco, from de, from, and 
 tni7tco, to cut short, Lat.] to lop ; to shorten by deprivation 
 of parts. 
 
 DKTRUNCATION,«.fheact of looping or cutting. 
 
 DFTRl^'SION, J. ['/.•/nw/.), from drtnido, to thrust down, 
 Lat.l.the act of forcini; ;i thing iiowM\(a>-ds. 
 
 DETTlN(rl-"N, a village of Ilaiiau, on the E. side of the 
 Maine circl*^ ofthc Luwei Rhine, where the earl of Stair 
 gaineda victorv over the Ficiuh, in 174.!. (ieoige II. who 
 was present in ihe acli<ui, displavt d greiil persoiud courage, 
 exposing himself to a severe lire of caiinnii as well as mus- 
 (pn-trv, and eiieour-'ging his troops \>\ his presence and 
 rxam[ile. It 's !t miles S. of llanau. 
 
 nEVASTATION, s. \d'-rnslo, fVom jw<o, to lav waste, 
 L'i».| the act of laying waste ; deniolishuig buildings; or 
 un lei, I. liiig towns. 
 
 DE.(1CE, ii.\diii.v, Fr.] in gaming a card with two marks, 
 or a die willi two spots. 
 
 To Dl \ I'. I.OR, r. n.\develiipi-r, Fr.] Ut take off' any co- 
 verin:: >»hith concealn a thing; to l.i> op. n any 5trai;ig< in 
 Mrai iitiee. 
 
 DEVE'NTER,a lar;,a-and I'opulous sea port, the capital 
 Qlttt 
 
 of Overyssel, situate^ in the district called Zallant, on the 
 river Issel, J6 miles E. of Amsterdam. 
 
 To DEVIO'ST, V. a. [from de, from and vestii, a sarment, 
 Lat.] to make a person naked, or take off his clothes. Fi- 
 guratively, to deprive of an advantage, or some good; to 
 free from any thing *jad. 
 
 DEV I'.'X, a. [devexvi, Lat.] bending down ; declivous ; 
 incurvated downwards. 
 
 DEVE'XITY. s. incurvation downwards ; declivity. 
 
 To DE'VIATF^,t'. n. [from rff, fiom, and tia, a way, Lat.] 
 to leave the rglit or common way. Figuratively, to err; 
 to go astray. In Divinity, to sin, by not walking in the way 
 prescribed bythedi\ine commandments. 
 
 DEVIATION,*, the act of quitting the right away. Fi- 
 guratively, the acting contrary to some established rule; 
 sin; offence; a wandering. 
 
 DEVrCE, .«. [devise, Fr.l a contrivance or stratagem ; a 
 project; a scheme or pldu. In heraldry, m\ emblem, 
 which has some tesembliiuce to a persons name; the re- 
 presentation of some natural body, with a motto or seii- 
 tence. Invention; genius. 
 
 DEVIL, s. [dicful, .Sax.] in its primary signification, a 
 calumniator, oi faUe accuser; but peculiarly applied to sig- 
 nify the fallen angel, who was the tempter and seducer of 
 mankind. Figuratively, a wicked person. In Scripture, 
 ail idol: an emissary; or one of the wicked spirits subjeot 
 to .Satan. Pkov. He that hnth shipped the devil must make 
 the best vf him. — What is gutten in'er the dents back it 
 spent under his belli/ ; i. e. what is got by oppression, or 
 extortion, is many times spent in riot and luxury. 
 
 DEVI'L, Sea, s. in natural history, au odd shaped fish of 
 the rav kind. 
 
 DETILISH, a. partaking of the malicious, mischievous, 
 or other wicked qualities ofthe devil. 
 
 DE'VILI>HLY, ad. in an ent'reU v Icked or mischievous 
 manner ; in a manner sui'.ao.e to the wickedness ot the de- 
 vil ; diabolicallv. 
 
 DE'VlLKIN,'.s. a little devil. 
 
 DK'VILS BIT, s. a genus of plants, the same with the 
 scabiosa of Linueiis. There are three British species, viz. 
 the common, tield, and, leathered. All the species have blue 
 blossoms, and flower in the summer months. The yellow 
 devils bit is the aiiTumnal dandelion. 
 
 DE VlLS-fiUTS, s. a plant the same with the common 
 dodder, or iiellvveed. 
 
 DI'7VI0L'S, a. [fiom de, from, and ria, a way, Lat.] out of 
 the coniiii'-'ii liack : wandering: larabluig; roving; erring. 
 
 To DEVr-^E (devizt) V. a. [deviser, Er.] To IM ent or 
 contrive, iMpKiir^ a gr at deal of art. Neui rlv, >o plan, 
 contrive, or form siiieiiies. In law, to bequeath, or leave 
 by V ill. 
 
 D I A'l'SE, (denze) s. [dcrise, Fr. J in law, the act of ((ivinf; 
 or be(|iii ailing bv will; c<>'itrivance. 
 
 DKVISEE, t. he to wk.vm soui<4hing is bequeathed by 
 will. 
 
 DEVrSi'R, (dei'iser) $. one who projeits, or contriv s; 
 one who leaves or bequeaths by will. 
 
 DEVIZi'S, A large, ancient, »nd populous town of W'lts, 
 with very considerable maniifrtdu'es, ' i>rticularly of serges, 
 kersevmere.s, druggets, ami bead cloth ; the malting and 
 brewiiu; business is carried on pretty exIens'veU ; and the 
 matket is abundantly supplied with corn, «<»l, horses, and 
 all sorts of e; ttle. It is seated on a rivulet, which rises near 
 the laslle, (on<e one of the strongest in 'iigland) and runs 
 into'he ^von ni';ir Rromliam, '2t iinles N. \V . of Salisbury, 
 and H:» W oi I orid(;ii. M.irlx ts on Nionday and Thursday. 
 Fairs ou Feb. 13, Holy Thiiisday, June l.S, July 6, and 
 Oct. •><», which loSt holds six da s. 
 
 D' VOID, a fi'i/iWe, Fr] cni|)lv : vncant. Figuratively, 
 destitute, or iVie f'oniain qiiiilit' eiihcigood or lat!. 
 
 DEV^VtR, s, [Y-.] Ill its primary sense, a duty, or act 
 I f .;er\ i< e. jiu' il<M' obnolete. 
 
 To IH'\'0 LVK, r. «. [fiom rff. downwiiids, kpiI iv/eo, to 
 roll Lat.] to roll from a highui to a lowe. place. J o t emovo
 
 Dt\V 
 
 DIA 
 
 from one person to another. Neulcrly, to fiill or dtsceiicl 
 to, in order <if succession. 
 
 Dt^VO!.l'T!()N, s. [from de, ilf)wn\varfl, and loho, to 
 
 roll, Lat] llie rollinj; of ii lliin^' from ii lii;;lier to a lower 
 
 place. Itemoval, or : 
 
 anoliicr. 
 
 succession from one pei son or order to 
 
 DE'VONSHIRK, a conntv of F,n-l;uid, lionnded on the 
 W. Ly Co'nw;:!!; on tlip N. I)y llie Bristol Cliitnml ; on the 
 E. I»v Sonierselsliirc and Dov^ctillire ; amlonlitc S. by llie 
 lill;;li^ll Cliannel. In extent it is the second eounlv in T-n:;- 
 land, liein^ C9 miles lon^; f om N. lo S. .ind Gil li<iad fiom 
 E. to \V. It is divided into ri:i linndreds, eonlaiinn'^ 40 
 murket towns, S9\ piirrshrs. and alu.ut 34(1, noo inhaliiliinls. 
 The air is mild and lieailldM, .n;d llic s"il r( fi ii Kaldv fi-iiile, 
 «.\cept on the monntvtinsan'l moors. On I he coast ii found a 
 pecniia'lv rich sand, of singular service to ihe Inishandman, 
 »s it renders the most liairen parts fertile, and, as il were, 
 iinpreijnatesllie glehe. rruil-lrees al)oiMid here, pai ticniar- 
 ly apples, of w hich a fireat (pianlity of cider is made, and 
 taken to SI-!, i)ein;j f mild vei\ serviceiibie in hot climates. 
 Ill the S. \V. par s are ^neal ipiaiilitii- of marlile, and in 
 iDitnv plac's mailile rocks are found lo he the hasis of ihe 
 hijlh roads. The sea-coasis ahiiund in lu-rr ngs pilchards, 
 and other salt \vat»r fi,~li. The principal rivers are the Ta- 
 mar, Fx. Teiunie, Toiiridje, and l');irt. 
 
 DRVCUA'TION, s.lfln'arntio, Lat. | 'he act of devonrin-f. 
 ToDEVO'TK. f. ,1. [flfvotiim, Liil.T to dedicate or set 
 apart to a relii;ious or any oilier particidar purpuric; to 
 abandon to ev'l ; lo doom to di-s1imlioii. 
 
 DRVOTRDN'ISS, ,5. the sf..'' i f a thiu,' devoted, dedi- 
 cated, set np:<vt, or destined lo a (larticular end or pur- 
 pos". 
 
 DIsVOT'^lV, s. \rln-nt, Fr.] one extravaRanlly or erro- 
 nef.n^l' rel'iT'ous ; a liii,'ot. 
 
 IHIVOTION, s. f <>i\\ rlinnreo, tn devote, Lat.] I'lie state 
 ofa thin;; consecialefl or dcrlicaled; a teli^imis and fervent 
 exercise of some puhl r act of reliction : ova teiii'.ier or disi'O- 
 sition iifihe «ind riiihllv aflecti'd with such exercises. Fi- 
 guratively, praver, a strong' and fervent affection for a per- 
 lon. Anaci of reverence, res'iect or ceremony. Disposal; 
 po"er: state of dependence on anv one. 
 
 DFVOTION.\L, 1. relating to reli<;ious worship; pious; 
 Kalniis. 
 
 (JIOVO'TIONALIST, s. a person viho is superstitiously 
 reli^'ous. 
 
 To DI'VOU'R, 1'. tt.ldevorn, Lat.] to ent up ravenously. 
 Figii'stivcly, to destroy with rapidity or quickness; to 
 swallow ii'i, oi- reduce to nothinij. 
 
 DEVOU ItER, s. one who consumes or eats up raven- 
 ously. 
 
 DEVOU'T, n. [from devmeo, to devote, Lat.] pious; reli- 
 gious; fervent in perfuimin;; acts of \>orship; filled with 
 pious Ihouslrts; full of zeal ; or expressive of ardent pietv. 
 DEVOUTLY, «rf. in a pious nrtnner ; with fervent zeal 
 and pietv. 
 
 DEL'SI'', i. [derived hv Jmiiiis from Oimims, the name of 
 a species of evil spirits] the devil, used in ludicrous lan- 
 gua;;e. SeeDi-tTF. 
 
 D'*'.UTEROGA!\IY, s. [from tknteros, the second, and 
 gamna. marriage, Gr.l a second marriaije. 
 
 DI'.UTERO'NOMY, *. [from flenteros, the seconfl, and 
 t^mus, law% Gr.] a canonical hook of the Old Testament, 
 bcinir th'- last of the pentatench, or five hooks of Moses. 
 
 DEUTERO'SCOPY, s. ["from de„te,ns, the second, and 
 tkopro, to see, Gr.j Ihe second intention; the ineaniiiij beyond 
 the literal one." Obsolete. 
 
 DEUX FONTS, or Zv.f.ybtiucken, a district and its 
 capital, circle of Lower lUiine, surrounded liv .Msace, 
 Lorrain, Treves, and the Lower Palatinate. The town of 
 Deux Fonts, is situated on the Erlhack, 4G miles W. of 
 Manheiin. 
 
 DEW, s. [rfpiTio, Sax.] in natural history, a M^fjht, thin, 
 msensible mist, or rain, raised from th.e earth after the sun 
 has descended bel-ow the horizon, by the heat it has coni- 
 
 Ll 
 
 muntcatcd to the earth during the day ; which mist, mrcllin 
 with the cold in the atmosphere, is condensed and precipe 
 tated on the earth a;;ain. 
 
 To D I'.W, I), a. to wet or moisten with dew. 
 
 DE'WT.EURY, s. a shrub, the same with the small bram. 
 ble. It has serrated leaves, ^rowin^ by threes, the m ddl» 
 lea fej,'i; shaped ; prickly, purplish stemsthree feet high, cy- 
 lindrical, branched, with pendant shoot at the lop; white 
 blossoms, and bluish blaik fruit. It is found in woods and 
 hediies, flowe iuu' in .lime and Jiilv. 
 
 DEW 15 1'.'SPFE'NT, /«<//. s'.rinkhd with dew. 
 
 DE'WUKOP, i. a (hop ofdew llint sparkles in Ihe sun. 
 
 DEWLAP, s. [so caUed (rom its Inppiiis: or bru^liiii;^ ofT 
 the dew] the Hesh which haiiys down from ihe throat c:f 
 cow 5, biilN, or oxen. 
 
 DI-.WsrUI!Y, a villa-e in the \V. Riding of Yorkshire, 
 8 m h-s S. \V, of Leeds. 
 
 DEW-WOUM, s. in natural history, a wo ii. found in 
 divi, called hkewisp the lobworm. 
 
 DI-l'VVV,n. reseniblinii or partaking of the nature ofdew; 
 nioi^t with dew. 
 
 DEM Fit, rr. [Lat.J in heraldry, the right. 
 
 DEXTE'ltri'V', s. [ilc.ridildj,, fioui ilerter, ready, Lat.] 
 readiii'ss; a<tivit\ ; ipiickness ofcmitiivance. 
 
 DE'XTI'.KOUS, a. [from rUxtei; rii;ht handed, Lat.J 
 expert; active; or ijiiick ; sublile; full of expedients ; 
 sk Ifid manajinier. I ; fertile in invention. 
 
 DI'.'X'FIOROUSLV, at/, expeitly ; readilv ; quickly; skil- 
 fully. 
 
 DEXTR M., a. Ulextcr, Lat.] on the right side. 
 
 DEX'FRA'L1T\ , s. the state of bein;; on the right side. 
 
 DEY, s. the sovf reign prince of Algiers, as llie Rev is of 
 Tunis. 
 
 DIABE'TES, s. [diabetes, from diahaino, to pass through 
 quickl , Gr.] in physic, the discharge of any licpior Ihrongli- 
 the urinary passages almost as soon as it is drank, without 
 any or little alteration, and under the appearance of water, 
 allended wilh iusati'ihle thiisl. 
 
 piABO'LIC, orDIARO'LICAL, a. [from dwboha, the 
 devil, Lat.] parlakingof the (lualilies of the devil; exlieme- 
 ly impious and vv icked. 
 
 DI ACO'DIUM, i. [frinn dia, hy, and hndcia, poppy heads, 
 Gr.] in pharmacy, a syriup piepared fioni the licads oi* 
 white po|)piesd ied wilhout their seeds. 
 
 DIACOU.STICS, s. [fioiu d,a, il, tough, and ahovs, to 
 hear, Gr.] in phdosophy, the coiisideraliou cr doctrine of 
 refracted sounds as they pass lhiou;;li the diflerent nipdiums, 
 1. e, either through a dense into a rare, or through a raru 
 into a dense one. 
 
 Dr A DKM, v. [rfH.'cmn, from diaileo, to giril, Gr.] formeilv 
 a bandage of silk eiiccuiipassiii~ llie heads of k. ngs, and tied 
 behind. Il was sometimes inriched with pearls, and s(iiiic- 
 times with the leaves of some everg ecus. In heraldry, 
 ceilain circles or rims, binding or inclojing Ihe crowns of 
 princes, and to bear (he globes, crosses, or tiowerde luces, 
 for their c rests. 
 
 DI'ADE.M El), /)•/)*. adorned with a diadem; wea-ring a 
 
 cro\v II, !■" Wll;ll. 
 
 DFADROM, s. [from diadrnmeo, to run through, Gr.] the 
 time ill \ihich any motion is performed ; the liuic iu wlucb 
 a peiiduhim forms a single vibration. 
 
 DI.F.'UESIS, s. (_froiii (//«(jf-4i>, division, Gr.] in grammar, 
 the division of a diphthong, or out sj liable into two ; m 
 aer. 
 
 DIAGNO'.STIC, s. [frcmirfiir, by or throngii, and giiiosko, 
 to know, Gr.] in iiii'diciiie, a sign by which a disease may 
 be disco\'erefl, or disiinguished i'rom another. 
 
 DI.\'GON.\L, o. [f om dill, through, and fonin, an angle, 
 Gr.] drawn across a figuie, fioin one coiner or angle lo 
 anotlier. 
 
 DIAGONAL, «. [i-«m dm, rnrough, and gonia, an angle, 
 Gr.] a right line dravMi across a paralie|,-;g!jm, or other 
 figure, from one angle or coiner to anolhor, so as to rhk-jJi 
 it into equal parts. 
 
 267
 
 DIA 
 
 dk; 
 
 DIA'GONALLY, orf. in a cross direction, and reaching 
 from line corner to aiiotlipr. 
 
 DI'AGRAM, «. [from dingrcplio, to describe, Gr.] in ge- 
 ometry, a sclteme drawn explaininj; any figure or its pro- 
 perties. 
 
 DIAGRY'DIATES, ». [from rtia^yJiiim, prepared scara- 
 RJonv, I,at.] stronj; piirgiitives m;i(.le \\illi diai;ry(liuHi. 
 
 DI'AL, *. [from t/jfj, aduy, Lat.] a plute marked willi two 
 sets of tisiircs, bejjinniii"; atone, and ending wiili twelve; 
 lised to sliew the time of the tlay by clocks, or by the sha- 
 dow of the siiH. 
 
 DI'ALKCT, J. [rf/ffW(<oj,from dialeg^nmni, to discourse, Gr.] 
 the subdivi.-ioii of a lan^uaj;e ; the st\|p or maimer of ex- 
 pression used ilia province, as it ditVers fioiii that of the 
 •vliole kingdom. Fi^^U'atively, style; manner of expres- 
 sion ; lansiia^e orsofeih. 
 
 1)1 -\LECTIC, s. [flinlel.tiltiis,fvom tlialegojnai, to discourse, 
 Gr.J tile art of ifasoiiiii;;, or logic. 
 
 1)1 AF,E'\_TICA 1., u. belongiiif; to joijic. 
 
 DI ALING.f. the art or science ofdia\i ing and con-.lruct- 
 mg all inamipr of dials. 
 
 J)rAl,IST, s. one who conslriicts or iiial.Hs diaK. 
 
 JJI A LOGIST, *. oneuhii composes, or one «liois in- 
 troduced as a speak'-r in a dialnijnf. 
 
 DrALO(>UF., ('/(ff/pn-) s. [diiilrirns, from rlia/rfrnm>ii, to 
 discourse, Gr.] a conference or debate on any subject wjie- 
 Iherreal or feigned. 
 
 To l>l';\LO(iVF„ (iliali'ig) V. a. to hold conversation or 
 converse with ; to discourse. 
 
 DIALYSIS, s.[flinli/sis, from rfm/yo, to dissolve, Gr.] in 
 gramiTiar, the partingor separatiiii; two vowels, Which would 
 Otherwise make a diphthon;;. 
 
 DIA'MLTKK, «. [from dm, through, and melron, a mea- 
 sure, Gr.] the linewhicli parses through the centre of a cir- 
 cle or other figure, and divides it into two equal parts. 
 
 DIA'MF.TRAL, n. descrd)ing, or relating to, a diameter. 
 
 DI.'V'METRALLY, ad. according to the direction of a 
 diameter. 
 
 DIAMETRK;AL, a. diametrically, ad. now 
 Hsed instead of Diametral, or Di A,METf?ALLY ; which 
 see. 
 
 DI'AMOND, (generally pron. rfimon,)*. \dinmnnt, Fr.] in 
 natural history, the most valuable and hardest of all gems; 
 when pure, perfectly clear and pelluciil, and distinguished 
 by its vivid splendour, and the brightness of its reflections, 
 from all other substances. It is extremely various in shape 
 and size, being found in tlie greatest quantity very small, 
 and the largest ones are seldimi met with. It bears the 
 force of the strongest fires wilhout hurt, except the conceii- 
 trfited solar rays, which only injure it when directed to its 
 weaker parts. The places whence we have diamonds are 
 tJhe East Indies and the Brazils. AKo a kinil of pencil 
 pointed with diamond, eniploxed by glaziers and othes in 
 cutting glass. Cornish diamonds are such crvstals as are 
 e/>mposedofa colnmii terminaled at each end by a pyra- 
 mid. Teiuple dianionils are a soit of artificial diamonds 
 made in France, anri principally used for decorating the 
 habits <vf actors on the stage. 
 
 DIA'NA, ill the heathen raythologv, was the goddess of 
 btjnting, daugliterof Jupiler and Latona, and sister to Phre- 
 bus or the sun ; in hell j-ie was called Hecate; on earth, 
 Di:.na ; and Flicebe, or the moon, in heaven. 
 
 Dl'APASE, or DI.APA'SON, s. [from Via, through, and 
 pat, all, Gr.J in music, an interval including an octave. 
 Among musical instrument makers, it si;.«nifies a rule or 
 Kcule, whereby thev adjust the pipe* of their organs, and 
 cot the holes of their flutes, iVc. 
 
 DI'.APER, ». [dtapre, Fr.]a "kind of linen cloth, woven in 
 fipires. A napkin; a towel. 
 
 To DIAPER, V. a. to variegate, diversify, or flower; to 
 draw flowers on cloths. 
 
 DIAPHANEITY, (diafaniitif) t. (from rfia, 'through, and 
 fkaino, to shine, Gr.] transpbruncy, or the quality of traus- 
 kiittiii^' lisbt. 
 
 DIAPHANOUS, («/i4/"«i«r)Ki)n. Ifrom rfi«, ihiou-h, „.<i 
 phniiio, lo shine, Gr.] Iiaiispa ent ; giving passage to tli0 
 rays of liglil ; that may be seen Ihiougli. 
 
 DIAPHOHE'SIS, (dinforcsis) i. [ from dinphera, to dis-; 
 perse, (ir.] in medicine, a discharge made thiough the sk.-o. 
 whether sensible or inscnsili c. 
 
 DIAPHORETIC, {diufnviiJi) a. [diapXiretikos, from .Aa. 
 p/iern, todisperse, Gr.] in medicine, that causes a "lisil arg<rf 
 through the skin, or a sweat. 
 
 DI'APllRACiM, (diir/ram) s.[dlrtp/ira!rma, from dinpliittlto, 
 to sepnrate, Gr.] in anatomy, a nervous muscle, vulgarly 
 called the midritf, and by anatomists, septum transvcisale, 
 or cro^d wall, from its dividing the breast or thorax from (he 
 abdomen. 
 
 DIA'RBECK,or Kara Amid, part of the ancient ^f*i 
 sopotamia.a province of Turkey in .As'a, between the river* 
 Tigris and Euphiates. In its capital, Diabekir, a larg« 
 town on the W. bank of the Tigris, llie Christians are above 
 20,0<!0 ill Uiiinber. Here is a considerable manufacture of 
 red Tiirkev leather, and of linen and red cotton cloths. 
 Il is \M miles N. E. of Aleppo. Lat. 37. 18. N. Ion. 39. 
 40. I'. 
 
 Dl MtHHOE'A, (rfccf") s. [dian-oia, from dia, through, 
 ami irii, to t'f'W , frr.] in medicine, a flux of ihe belly, or pr«»- 
 fuM' evarualioii of liquid excremenis bv stool. 
 
 DI A I! H H( )E'ri C, ('ftflre/iV,) ff. [rfiwi 910, fi om rfia.through, 
 and rro, to flow, (ir.) in medicine, promoting a looceneM ; 
 causing a ilischarge by stool ; purging. 
 
 DIARY, s. [diai-iiim, Lat.] an account of the Iransaiv 
 tions (if a nersoii every dav ; a journal. 
 
 DIAS'''ORDIUM, 1. in pharmacy, a onre celebrated 
 composition, so called from scordium, its principal ingrf' 
 dient. It is not now used. 
 
 DIA'.STOLE, s. [Cir. from diasttilo, ta open, Gr.J in anat- 
 omv, the motion of the liearl, or arteries, whereby those 
 parts dilate or distend themselves, hi grammar, diastali 
 sijjmfies'jhe lengthening a syllable which is naturally short. 
 
 DIA STYLE, s. (from din, through, and ttylet, a pillar, 
 Gr.] in ancient architecture, an edifice whose columns stand 
 at Mich a distance finm each other, that eight moduses, or 
 four diameters, a e allowed for the intercolumniation. 
 
 DIATE'SSERON, .t. [frmii dia, by, and tessaia, four, (Jr.1 
 in pharmacv, a meilicine so called because composed of 
 four ingredients, viz. roots of aristolochia, gentian, bay- 
 berries, and myrrh. In music, an interval composed of »n* 
 greater tone, ime lesser tone, anil i>ne greater semi-tone, 
 called b\ moderns a perfect fourlh. 
 
 DIATO'.NIC, s. [Croni dia, by, and inihis, a tone, Gr.] the 
 ordiiiarv si»e'jie5 of music, which proceeds bv diflerent 
 tones, either in ascending or di'Meniling, and contains only 
 the greatei and less tones, together with the greater semi- 
 tone. 
 
 DrnriLF, *. a small spade, or pointed instrument, used 
 by gnrdeners for making holes in the ground in planting. 
 
 DICA'CITY, J. [rficncita*, Lat.] pertness, sauciness, iS- 
 quacitv. 
 
 DK'E, *. the plural of Die ; whicli see. 
 
 To DICE, I'. a. to game with dice. 
 
 DICK. BOX, *. the box from which the dice are (lut>wn. 
 
 DI'CER, s. one who plavs at dice. 
 
 DICHOTOMY, (diLitomif) s. [diirdiotomia, from dii, twice, 
 and tfmno, to cut, Gr.] in logic, the distribution or divisioH 
 of ideas iiit'i pairs. In astronomy, that phasis or appear- 
 ance of the moon wherein she is bisected, or shews but batf 
 her disk. 
 
 To 1)1 CTATE, r. a. \diclo, I^t.] to deliver a command l« 
 another; to speak with authority; to deliver a speech ia 
 words which is to be taken down in writing. 
 
 DICTATE, t. [dielahim, from dirto, to dictate, Lat.J « 
 rule or mandate delivered by some person of authority. 
 
 DICTATION, s. tne act or practice of prescribing, grr- 
 ing orders, or laying down rules of conduct. 
 
 DICTATOR. <. [Lat.] a Roman magistrate, invested with 
 a consular, and so>«reicn authority, liaviu^ the iiowvf ot
 
 DIE 
 
 DIf 
 
 lift ami death, fo proclaim war, raise or discharge forces 
 wiliuMil ^■(lll^^llt ot the senate, and remainiii;; in liis office 
 fur six mmillis, till Sylla and Ca-sar erected it into a perpe- 
 Uial tymnnv. Fisuratively, one wlio by Ills credit and au- 
 tlioi iiv directs and regulates llie conduct of others. 
 
 UICPA'I'O KIAL, (I. after the manner of a dictator ; im- 
 perious. 
 
 DICTATORSHIP, *. Ilie office of a dictator. Figura- 
 tively, iniperiousness, or authority carried too high. 
 
 DI'CTION, ». [diitia, from dieu, to say, Lat.] the peculiar 
 manner whi<;h an author has of ex pressing himself, wliether 
 it respect the arrangement of liis woids, or the use of rbe- 
 tO'iial (insures. 
 
 DICTIONARY, (tHkshonnry)s. [ilictionaiiiim, from rfi'ro, to 
 iiiy, l.at.Ja hook containing the words of any lan;ruage in 
 liitiir alplialietical order, with explanations of their mean- 
 Hi<j, f)r definition. A lexicon ; a vocabulary. 
 
 DID, [Sax.] the preterit of rfo ; the sign of the preter-im- 
 pcrfeetor perfect tense. 
 
 DIDACTIC, or DIDACTICAL, n. [didakiikos, from *- 
 iht/in, to teach. Gr.] containing precepts or rules. 
 
 DI'DAPPER, s. [flin/ck dnjyper, Belg.] in natural history, a 
 bird remarkable for its diving. 
 
 DIDA'SCALIC,«. yuhkii/ios, from didasko, to teach, Gr.] 
 p.rece|)ti\'c ; illdactic ; giving precepts to some art. 
 
 To DIDDKR, v.a.[didilr)it, Teut.] a provincial term sig- 
 nifvinjiJo shiver orsbalie willi cold. 
 
 Dl DU'CTION, s. [diditetia, Lat.j separation by withdraw- 
 ing one part from the otiicr. 
 
 To DIE, ». 71. Ideniliiiii, Sit\.] to loosalil'u; lo expire; l"i 
 lose all the auiniiil liiu< limis, and liuve llie Sdril si'|i:iini('<l 
 from the li(i(l\. It has if/ lieliire an histriiini'ntal ili iilli : <i/ 
 beliire a disease ; /'ir ciiinmi>nly Ik lore a priv.iliw, ami;/ 
 bel'ori- a piisilive cause. 'I'o bo punished uiili <li alh. 1 i- 
 giiralivi-ly. In lie lost, perish, or lie entirely laid aside. To 
 sink, faint, (ir lose ils vilal (niiclioiis. To languish, or ho 
 OMTi (line with pleasiiie and tenderness. To vanish or dis- 
 appenr. 1 o hiiigiiisli with iiOection, in the stUcof lovers. 
 To wither, applied lo vegelablis. 'i'o grow spiritless, taste- 
 )(-<.'< or vapid, applied tu liipiors. 
 
 f)lR, s. pliiral dice ; [dis, Brit. 1 a small cube, marked on 
 each of its sides with specks or riots, from one to six, which 
 in used by gamesters tu play with. Figuratively, h-izard.or 
 cJiauce ; anv cubic body. 
 
 (>IR, t. plural die.1 ,- the stamp used in coining, or the 
 Bioiild in «l.iich medals are cast. 
 
 DI '".'PPE, a town in the department of Lower Seine, vvllli 
 a tolerable harbour, formed bv the river Betlmiie, an old 
 castle, and t«o piers. Packet boats pass between this place 
 and Brigbtheliiistone, in time of peace. The i>rincipal trade 
 fonsists in fi>h, ivory, toys, and laces. In the year 1694, 
 this -town was bombarded by an Kn^jlish squadron, under 
 Commodore Benbow, and the greater par* of it burnt 
 doHH. 1 1 is .W miles N. of Rouen, and 132 N. W. of Paris. 
 Lat. 49. .')5. N. Ion. I. i). E. 
 
 Dl F/r, s. I'Kiiitn, -A rule oflife, Gr.l food; prorision for 
 Mti^l'v iiig hunger : a regular course of food ordered and di- 
 re<'ted in order to cure some chronical distemper. 
 
 To DI'KT, e. a. to feed or eat according to the rules and 
 pre«erii>tions of medical writers. 
 
 DI'F.T, s.fof !•/(>«, Teut. a multitude, or f/i«, Lat. an ap- 
 pointed da\] Ibe asse.iibly of the states of the late German 
 empire, uieetingjo deliberate on some public aH'air. 
 
 DI'RTARY, (1. belonging to the rules of medical diet. 
 
 DI'ET-DKINK, *. a drink brewed with medicinal ingredi- 
 ents. 
 
 DI'ETF.R, s. one who preseri.bes rtiles for eating. 
 
 piKTRTIC. or DIETFTICAL, a. [from dimtu, a rule of 
 life, Gr.] belonging to food ; or relating to medical cautions 
 •bout the use of food. 
 
 DIEU ETMON DROIT, [Fr.] i. e. God andm,/ 7-i^l,t, the 
 motto of the royal arms of England, first assuuK'd by Rich- 
 >tn\ I. lo insinuate that he did not hold his empire in vaasa 
 lufje of any niortaL , 
 
 To DIFFER, t>. n. [diffcro, Lat. | to h.ive tuoperlies or 
 qualities which arc not the same as those of another pcrsoji 
 or thing; to oppose u person in opinion ; to be of another 
 opinion ; to contend. 
 
 DIFFERENCE, j.[from dSfTn-o, to differ, Lat ] the stale 
 of being distinct from some other tiling; a dispute; de- 
 bate ; controversy, or opposition of sentiments ; the pro- 
 perty which distinguishes one thing from another. In 
 arithmetic, the remainder after one quantity is taken from 
 another. In heraldry, somethiiii; added to, or altered in a 
 coat, whereby the younger families are distinguished from 
 the elder, or to shew how far they are removed from the 
 principal house. Atcemiaiml differcni-e, in astronomv, n 
 an arch of the equator, contained between the six of the 
 clock circle, and sun's horary circle. Diffrreifce of longi- 
 tude of two places, is an arch of the nieri<iian intercepted 
 between the two places. 
 
 To DIFFERENCE, v. n. to make one thing not the sam« 
 as another; to distinguish one thing from another. 
 
 DI'FKERI'.NT, «. [from difero, to difl'er, Lat.] distinct ; 
 of contrarv qualities ; unlike. 
 
 DIFFERENTIAL, {difnoislnal) a. in geometry, applied 
 to an inlinitely small cpiaiitity, or particles of a quantity, so 
 small as to be less than anv assignable one. In fluxion«, 
 diffWeiitiiil method, is that <if finding an infinite small nua«- 
 tity, which, taken an infinite number of times, is equal to a 
 given (jiiaiilitv. 
 
 Dll FEIiENTLY, ad. in a different manner. 
 
 Dl FFERINGLY, flrf. in a difierent manner. 
 
 DIFFICULT, a. [diffiiilis, Lat.] hard lo be done, under-, 
 stood, or pleased. 
 
 Dl FFICULTY.orf. baidlv ; not easily. 
 
 DI'FFICULTY,*. [^/#c«to«, from rf#ri7w, difficult, Lat.; 
 that wbi«h requires pains, care, and attention. Figurative- 
 ly, distress ; opposition ; perplexity, or uneasiness with 
 respect to circumstances. Objections, or points not easily 
 answered, or nn<lerstood. 
 
 T<i DIFIMDE, V. a. [fiom '/is, a negative particle, and ^(/ea, 
 faith, I. at.] to.dislrust, or repose no confidence in. 
 
 DIFFIDENCE, s. \dis, a negative particle, and /Ar, 
 faith, Lat.] M ant of trust, confidence, or coinage. 
 
 DIFFI DEN , pnrt. or a. [diffidrns, I'nim diffiilo, to distrust, 
 Lat.] "anting in confidence; suspicious ; timorous. 
 
 DIFFI'SION, s.[dif/isii>, from dijfmilii, lo cleave, Lat.] the 
 act of cleaving or splitting. 
 
 DIFFLATION, s. [from rfi/^n, to blow away, Lat.] the 
 aci of scattering with a blast of wind. 
 
 DIFFLLTeNCE, or DIFFLUENCY, ». [from diffiuo, to 
 flow away, Lat.] the qiKilitv of falling away on all sides, oj'- 
 posed to consistencv or solidity. 
 
 DIFFLUENT, «. [from difflno, to flow away, Lat.] 
 flowing awav. 
 
 DIFFO'RM, a. [tmmforma, form, beauty, La'.j contrary 
 to uii'forui ; irresular. 
 
 DIFFO'RMITY,*. diversity of form; iriegularitv. 
 
 DIFFRANCHl^EMENT,s. [from,/'7v/we/,Me, Fr.] the act 
 of taking aw0v the privileges or clnrter of a citv. 
 
 To DIFFU'SIs, (diffuse) i: a. [from diffuitdo, to pour out, 
 Lat.] to pour a liquid on a plu'n surface, so as it may spread 
 itself every way. Figuratively, to spread ; scatter ; dis- 
 perse. 
 
 DIFFU'SE, a. {diffnsus, Lat.] scattered or spread widely. 
 Applied to style, or the manner of a composition, copious,, 
 opposed to f07iei.«e. 
 
 DIFFUSEDLY, ad. in a copious, liberal, and extensive 
 manner : spread evorv way. 
 
 DlFFU'SEf>NK;5S, *. the state of being spread abroad; 
 copiousness of style. 
 
 Dl I'FU'SELYi ad. widely, extensively. Applied to style, 
 copiously. 
 
 DIFFUSION, 1. the state of being spread abroad. Co- 
 piousness or ex ubcance; applied to style. 
 
 DIFFU'SIVE, a. having the quality of spreading abroi»d; 
 scattered or spread abroad. 
 
 %0
 
 L) I (j 
 
 1 
 
 J)irrU>i|V':l,Y, nM. \^uU^\^, fxteii^iv. Iv. 
 
 UIi'FU.'>lVI',NI'.SS, i. oxloiibidii ; (lispcrs'i n ; the pow- 
 er or (jiialilv of beiii^ spread uliruail. Applied lo bl\le, 
 want of conciseness. 
 
 To DKi.ti. o. ()ri't. part. pHSS. rti-sr, or digged; dk, ['^ax.] 
 to open, or make a liolp in llieearlfi witlia spjde. Fiijiiia- 
 tivcly, to pierce with a pointed itislrunient, Ac. Tcdig up, 
 to throw up or uncover tliat which is buried under the 
 earth. 
 
 DCO.^MV, *. [trom dif, twice, and ^nmos. marriage, Gr.] 
 iniirria;;e to a second wife after tl e death of l!ie (irst. 
 
 DICiE'KENT, ff. [di'trens, Lat ] that has Ihe power of 
 d-i>;estin},' or causing difjestiim. 
 
 DI'GI'.ST, s. [digtsta, from diget-o, to digest, Lat.] a col- 
 lection of llic civil law, ranj,'rd under proper titles hy the 
 tirder <if the emperor Justinian. 
 
 To DIGEST, f. ;i. Wligcstiim, Lat.] to distribute or rancre 
 nieih(idicaliv into dilteient clai^es ; to concoct or dissolve 
 food iji llie stomach ; to re. luce to any plan or scheme; to 
 receive a thin;; favourably, without loashin^ or rehictanee ; 
 to receive an('. en;ov. in chenustrv, to soften bv heat, 
 boiling, or by puttiiiK; a ttiir.;; into » dmighill. in surgeiy, 
 to lipeua hntjionr, orpr^nnre i! for evacuation. 
 
 J)!GK'.STi;R, or DIGE'S'!;<>R,i. one whose f<iod easily 
 ttirns into chyle. Papin's dif;es'er, is an ajiparatns for re- 
 ducing animal or vef,'etublc substances to a pulp or jelly ex- 
 peditiouslv. 
 
 DIGE'STIBLE, a. capable of bsin? digested or con- 
 corffd. 
 
 DIGESTION, t. in meriirme, that change which tiie 
 fond undergoes in the stomach, in order to render it tit to 
 supplv the continual loss sustained by perspiration, the ani- 
 mal functions, or exercise. In chemistry, the ertect pro- 
 duced bv the contin\ied soaking of a solid substance in a li- 
 quid, with the application of heat. 
 
 DIGl'/STIV'E, a. having the power to dissolve, alter, 
 cliange,or turn the food into chyle ; capable of dissolving by 
 its heat. 
 
 DIGE'STIVE, t. in surgery, an. application which ripens 
 and prepares the matter of wounds for suppuration. 
 
 DrOGEU, t. one w ho opens the ground w ith a spade. 
 
 To DiGHT, V. a. [diluan, Sax.] to dress, embellish or 
 adorn. 
 
 DIGIT, '. [from digitus, a finger, Lat.] three-fourths of 
 an inch in long measure. In astronomy, the twelfth part of 
 fJie diameter of tlie sun or moon. Any of the numbers ex- 
 pressed by single figures. 
 
 Ul'GlTATED, a. [d}giiati(s, from digitus, a finger, Lat.] 
 braiuhed out into divisions resembling fingers. In botany, 
 a digitated leaf, is one which consists of several simple leaves 
 growing on one footstalk, as the ciiiqucfoil, or that which 
 lias many deep gashes, cuts, or segments, as the hop. 
 
 DlGLADlA'TiON,*. [digladiatio, firm gladius, a sword. 
 In'.] a combat with swords ; anv quarrel or contest. 
 
 DIGNMFl CATION, s. the act of conferring honour; 
 the pieferring to some honourable rank. 
 
 DIGNIFIED, a. enjoying some honourable post, rank, or 
 preferment, applied peculiarly to the clergy. 
 
 To Dl'GNIFV, I', rt. [from digmis, worthy, and /nnV), to 
 roakc, Lat. J lo advance, prefer, or exah to some place w hicli 
 dcirands honour and r(;verei;ce; to honour; to adorn; to 
 render respectable. 
 
 DIGNITARY,*, [from dignns, worthy, Lat.l in the ca- 
 non law, is a clergyman advanced to some rank above a pa- 
 rochial priest, or canon; sucli is a bishop, dean, archdea- 
 < on. <S.c. 
 
 DIGS ITY, s.[digiiitas, (totn digniis, worthy, Lat.] rank, 
 preferment, or post ; grandeur, or a niaiestic appe;;irance. 
 Ainonjj iie clergy, a promotion or preferment to which any 
 jurisduiuui is annexed. 
 
 DIGNOTION, ^. [from diguosco, to discern, Lat.] dis- 
 tiiirtion ; distiiigoishing mark. 
 
 To DIGRl'i'tjS, r. 71. [fiotn digrestvt, I.at.] to depart from 
 li'C ir.uti icope of a dijcourie.or intention of an argumcut; 
 
 to wander; to g<) out oftlie ri^'lit wat or conuiion tinck-; 
 to err. 
 
 i)lGRE''^Sl(>N, J. [from digicdinr, to turn aside, Lat.( a 
 passrtge which h.is i!o connect -on witli the main scope of a 
 discourse; deviation; or iputtuu; the tru- ['ath. 
 
 DIJON, a large city in the tlepartnient of Cote d'()r, 
 capital of the cideVHiit Burgundy, coiilaiuing 2.'j.(>iK) inha- 
 bitants. The streets are b oarl, well paved, and straght, 
 and the squares and public structures elegant. It was lop- 
 iiierly the capital oftlie Oijonois, and isseate<l in a deli ht- 
 tid plain, which pioduces excellent vviue ; 13» miles S E. 
 ofl'aris. 
 
 DIJUDICATION, s. [from dijudico, to judge betw -en 
 parlies, Lat.] judicial distinction. 
 
 DIKE, i. [A'", Sax.] a channel made to receive water; a 
 mound to hinder inundations, or to keep water from over- 
 flow iiig. 
 
 To DlLA'CERATE, r. a. [dilaccro, Lat.] to tear; to force 
 in twain ; to rend. 
 
 DlLA(ERA'nON, *. [rfiVncera^io, Lat.] the act of forc- 
 ing, tearing, ov rending. 
 
 To DIL.'X'M ATE, f. a.[di!fiiiio, Lat.] to tear; to rend in 
 pieces in a butclierlv and savaije manner. 
 
 To DILA'I'ID.'\TE, r. >i. [di/apido, from lapis, a stone, 
 Lat.l to go to ruin ; to fall by decay. 
 
 DILAPI DATION, j. [dilnpidaiio, from /upi>, a stone, Lat.j 
 in law, is where an incumbent on a church ben<tice sutlers 
 the parsonage house, or the outhouse, to fall down, or be 
 in decay, for want of necessary reparatiim ; for which the 
 bishop may sequester the profits of such benefice for that 
 purpose. 
 
 DILATABI'LITY, *. the quality of admitting or suflFer- 
 ing extension. 
 
 DIL.A TABLE, a. that may be stretched or extended. 
 DILATATION, j. [dthuatio, tVoiu liitus, broad, Lat.] the 
 act of extending or stretching into a giealrr 
 space. 
 
 To DILATE, V. a. [dihto, from latiis, broad, Lat.] to ex- 
 tend, spread out, enlarge, or stretch. Figuratively, to re- 
 late a thing with all i'.s minute circumstances. Neuterlj', 
 to grow wider; to widen. 
 
 DILATOR, s. that which widens or extends any pas- 
 sage. 
 
 DI'LATORINESS, s. the quality of deferring a thiii^ 
 from one time to another through sloth. 
 
 DI'LATORY. a. [dilatni-ii<s, law Lat. from rfi^crn, to defer. 
 Lat.] putting ofl'.the doing of a thing from time to tii>.e 
 through sloth. 
 
 DILECTION, s. [dileetio, {lom diligo, to love, Lat.] tlx-. 
 act of loving ; kindness. 
 
 DILE'iMSIA, s. [from dis, twice, and hmnit, an as- 
 sumption, Gr.] in Uigic, an argument c<.nsisling of two or 
 nioie propositions, so disposed, tliat gK;iit whicli you will, 
 yon will he pressed bv the conclusion. Figuialively, a 
 (litficult choice, or troublesome alternative. 
 
 DILIGENCE, s. [diligrntia, Lat.] constant endeavour; 
 unremitted labour, or practise. 
 
 DILIGENT, o. [rft/ig-eiij, Lat.] assiduous ; persevering; 
 constant. 
 
 DILIGENTLY, ad. with constant labour, caution, and 
 care. 
 
 DILL, s. an herb which has a slender fibrous annual root, 
 with leaves like those oi fennel; the sect^s are r)val, plain, 
 streaked, and bordered. 
 
 DILU'CID,a. [dilucidiis, from lux, light, Lat.] clear, pUin, 
 pure and transiiarent ; obvious. 
 
 To DILI) CI DATE, v. n. [dihcido, from /«», light, I-at] 
 to make a proposition clear and easy to be undci stood ; to 
 explain ; to free from obscurity. 
 
 Di LUCI I).\T10N, s. [diluctdatio, from lux, light, Lat.] the 
 making a sentence clear and easy to be undcrstcoti ; an ex- 
 planation. 
 
 DI'LUENT, a. [dilu*fu, Lut.J bavins IJie power to wa'ic 
 thin, or attenuate.
 
 U 1 .M 
 
 DIP 
 
 DI'I-UENT, t. [from ililucns, Lat.j that which mukcs thin 
 or tiiiid. , 
 
 T<) DM.L'TR, I', n. [tfilmi, fidiii hvo, tn wash, Lai.] to make 
 
 alii|ii(ir lliiii l>v till iiiivliip' (if soiiiciiIIkt. 
 
 DlLU'ri'., " tliiii ; ;iit«'tiiini(il. " Ifllic red and bhie co- 
 lours were iiiMM- rfi7/,/f iuiil wciik.' Kniiiiii. 
 
 DILU'TFIK, ». Iliat wliitli kmuIims a Ixiily li(|iii(i ; or, 
 if it w'.re so before, tiiat wliich remlevi it tbiiiiier, or more 
 liquid. 
 
 nil.UTION.f, [frnni'/)V»o, to (liliiln, Liit.] tlii' act of rni- 
 deriii;;a ii<|iiid more thin or weak b\ tbe addilinn of some 
 olhf r. 
 
 D'H.U'VI AN, t [from rliluviiim, a (lehii;t-, I,at.] relating to, 
 or ■••5<Miil)liiiu till' di'lii;;)'. 
 
 Di.VI, n.\(liwnii', ?a\.] haviiifj somcliiin!; wliich obstructs 
 til-- ^lylit, -.iMil biiidi rs it from srcin;; clearly, piijiirativcly, 
 de))i-ivi(| (if its spli'nddr or bri^jlitmss : jt'own daik. 
 
 To DI.M, r. n. Id (hiikcii, (ir (.listiiict llic si;;lit, so as to 
 lliiider it IVdiii seriii^' obiccls in tlirir full s|'liMidor. rif,uia- 
 tiv"!v, td imikc less lirii; lit ; to lender d-.irkisli. 
 
 DIM I'.'NSION, s. [rlimmsiii, from dimetinr, to nieasme, 
 Lat.] tlif exieiisidii of a lioiK coiii'ilercd as meaMired ; 
 si/e ; spaco cdnlained ill anv li(id\ . Tlii> tliice diiiiensioi'S 
 are lennlli, brcadlli, and lliickiiess or deplli. In al^il^ra, 
 the pdwers (if the roots, or the values of the unknown ijuan- 
 titii's dt e(|iiHti()ii>. 
 
 DIMF.'NSIONLESS, a. without any fliniensions ; of no 
 cerl;i!ii bulk. 
 
 DI.MF.'NSIVE, n. [rUmeiisiis, from rtimriiov, to tneasiire, 
 Lat.] that marks the Ixiniidaries or outlines ; that describes 
 tbe nil asiire dr space occupied b\ a bodv. 
 
 To DIMI'NI^H, I'. (I. [rliminiin, fioni miiois, less, Lat.] to 
 make a lliiii^' less by cuttinj; off or destrdviiij; some of its 
 parts, riijitrativelv, to impair; lessen ; to degrade, or 
 render less lioiKiurable. Neutcrly, to grow less, or be im- 
 paired. 
 
 DIMI'Nl.*iHINf;LY, nrf. in such a manner as to detract 
 from, or les'eii the cliaincter and repiitaiidn of another. 
 
 DIMINl'TION.i. [from <Hmin„o, to diminish, Lat.] the 
 act of renderini; a thing less by cntlin;; oO (ir destrovin^ 
 some of its parts ; the state ofgrowin^ less either in bulk or 
 weight. Fi^'iirativt Iv, loss, orcansiniL; loss of reptit;itioii or 
 disnitv to aiio'lier ; discredit. In avchltectnre, the contrac- 
 tion of a (■dluiiin, as it ascends, whereby its upper part is 
 made smaller thvni the lower. 
 
 DIIMI iNUTIVE, a. ffiom diminno, to diminish, Lat.] small 
 of .size, bulk, or dimensions. 
 
 DIMl'NUTIVE, i. [from rfi'mfjmo, to diminish, Lat ] in 
 jp^mmar, a word used to express smallness, or littleness ; 
 >iS, lirpilliis,'n\ Latin, a little stone; masiouette, in Frencli, a 
 little house; n-n/iinn, in Greek, a little woman; rivuUt, in 
 English, a lillle river. 
 •DIMI'.XIJTIVF.LY, ad. in a diminutive or small manner. 
 DLM1NUT1VKNK.SS, *.smallness, applied to size. 
 DIMISSORV, a. [dhnissnriiis, low Lat. from dimitto, to 
 dismiss, Lat.] that by which a person is dismissed to the 
 jurisdiction of another. 
 
 DI-MITV, orDI'MITTY, t.[dfmittes, Fr.la sort of cotton 
 stuff yerv like fustian. They came ori^jinally from Smyrna. 
 Dl'MLY, «(/. [(/im/tf. Sax.] in a dull, obscure, dark man- 
 tier; without a clear perception, applied to the sight or un- 
 derstanding; deprived of its l'j?lit, brightness, or splendor. 
 DFMNF-SS, s. [dimnes. Sax.] dullness of sight. Want of 
 apprehension, ajiplied to the mind. 
 
 DI'MPLE, s. [from dint, a hole, rfmj/e, a little hole, hence 
 aimpU, Skinner]^ small hollow, or sinking of the surface of 
 the cheek orchin. In botany, a little hollow dot, as in the 
 •tedof the barberry. 
 
 iTo DI'MPLE, V. n. to appear with little hollows or ine- 
 qimlities of surface. 
 
 DI'MPLED, part, or a. having dimples in the cheek or 
 criin. 
 
 DI'MPLY, 0. full of dinH'^p^ ''*'le dents, or inequalities 
 of surface. 
 
 DIN, s. [dun, ?a\.] a large noiae; a violent end coiilin'jr<.« 
 sound; an uproar, 'ir sliiinl. 
 
 To DIN, r. 1. [di/niin. Sax.] to stuii, or deaf<'n '.villi fre- 
 quent niiise and i laiiiour. 
 
 DlNA'SMOl'lTH', a. town of Merioiirtbsiiiir, Ift mile» 
 S. of I5ala,aiid l!Ki N. \V. t f Loii'loii. Maiket on Iriiias, 
 
 To DIM'', i: u. [diitrr, Fr.] to eat ones chief or seconil 
 meal about the middle of the day. Actively, to i;ive a 
 dinner to. 
 
 I)1NI;"1"ICAL, a. [from dineo, to turn round. Or.] wliiil- 
 ing loiind ; vertiginous. 
 
 To DING, r. a. prcter. dun/;: [dnv<;en, Belg.] to liaitl 
 with force or vidleiue. Nculirly, to bluster, bounce, hull, 
 or lircdiiie iiisdlcnt and imperious. A. low word. 
 
 I>iN(i DONG, s. a word by which the sound of bells ij 
 miiiiickcd. 
 
 Dl'NCiLE, s. [a diminutive fiom den. or r/i»i, Sax. a hol- 
 l(iv]a birlldw between hills: a dale or vale. 
 
 DlNXiLE, a soa-iiort of Kerry, in Minister. Several of 
 the houses are built in the Spanish fasliidii, with ranges r.f 
 stone balcony windows, this place having been loimeily fre- 
 (iiientrd by ineicliants <if that nation, vho came to fish cu 
 tlie coast, and tradi (I with the iiilialiilants. It is situated on 
 a bav of the same name, 7U miles S. W. of Limerick, and 160 
 of Dublin. 
 
 Dl'NXiWALL, a town of Ross-shire, much enlarged and 
 inil'oved of late years. It is seated on the Frith ef Crv. 
 martv, Umiles \V. of the tdwn uf Ciomarty. Some lill<ni^ 
 manufactured liere, and there is a lint-niill in the iieighboii'- 
 hood. 
 
 Dl'NIXGROOM, s. the principal apartment (;f a bouie, 
 wbeieiii eniertaimuents are made. 
 
 DINNIIH, s. [dinn; Fr.jllie chief meal, or that vlicb i, 
 eaten about the middle uf the (la\ . 
 
 DINT, .t. \di/iif, Siix.] a blow (U- stroke ; the iiiaik n;;\-!e 
 by a blow; tlie cavity reniainiiiij after a violent piessu.! ; 
 violence; fmce; power. 
 
 DINUM '''KA'TION, .?. [diiimnemtio, from ntimenis, a niiai- 
 ber, Lat.] I he act (if nuiidxring out singly. 
 
 DIOCESAN, s. a bishop considered in the relation !:e 
 stands in id bis infei 'orcleigv. 
 
 DrO(T,SE, or DIOCISS, .». [from dwheses, 9 grvetn- 
 nieiil, Gr.] the circuit nf every bishop's juribiiictiim. fiu- 
 land, with lega'il to its ecclesiastical stale, is divided ii'o 
 two priiviiices, vi/.Canterlui y and ^'ork; and each liroviiue 
 into suboidiii.ife dioceses, of which tlieie are twenty-two in 
 England, and four in Wales. 
 
 DIOPTKIC, or DIOPTllICAL, a. [fmm dioptmai, h, 
 see tlirdugli, Cir.] aHording a medniiii for the sight, orassiii- 
 ingthe sii.lit in the view (ifdistant dbjects. 
 
 DIOPTRICS, i. [from dioplumm, to see through, Gr.] the 
 science of r(d'ractive vision, (M' that part of optics whi hcon- 
 siderstliediilerent refractions of light in its passage througli 
 ditferent mediums ; as air, water, glass, Ac. 
 
 DIORTHO'SIS, i. [from dwrllwo, to make straight, Gr.] a 
 cliirnrgical operation, by which crooked ordistmbed me i. 
 bers are made straight, or reduced to 1 heir proper shape 
 
 To DIP, V. a. particip. dipped or dipt ; [^ippnu, Sax.j !•. 
 put into any liquor so as to cover it tlierewilli ; to moisten, 
 or wet ; to" mortgage, or engage as a pledge or securii> . 
 Neiiterly, to .«ink ; to immerge, or plunge into any liquui ; 
 lolakoa cursoi-j- or slight view ; to read a page or two m i» 
 book. 
 DI'PCHICK,*. the name of a bird. 
 
 DIPF.'TALOUS, a. [from dis, twice, and p'ofcx, a >ea(. 
 Gr.] in botany, applied to sucii flowers as have two 
 leaves. 
 
 DIPHTHONG, ((/iy?/(iJHg-, or dipthong) s. [from dit, twkc, 
 and p/iilwrgrrs, a souii<i, Gr.] the joining two vowcUlogi^th!: r, 
 so as to f(irm onesound ; as, r<r;>i, CVjnr. 
 
 Dl'PLOE, «. in anatomv, tbe inner pbte, erianiina or ll:i; 
 skull. 
 
 DIPLO'MA, s. [fxr.m dipl-wi, double, Gr.] a teller ..r 
 wriitiig ecinlerrijig some pii^ilo^': 'I title; sotaflvd, Li i-iuit 
 
 Via
 
 OIF 
 
 loriiierly writtcu on waxed tables, which were folded fo- 
 
 k'cllior. 
 
 DITPEU, t. one w Ijo dips in the water. Figuratively, 
 one who takfs a sll;,'!!tor suporficini view of an author. 
 
 DJPP!NG-NEt:DLK, t. a ionjf straight piece of steel, 
 (rquaily poised on its centre, and aflernaVds touched with a 
 loadstone, go contrived as to swing in a vertical plane, 
 about an asis parallel to the horizon, in order to discover 
 the exact ttjndency o*' the power of magnetism. It was in- 
 vented by one Robert Norman, a compass-maker of W'ap- 
 ping, in 1576, and was by Mr. Whiston applied to discover 
 the lonfjifudc, but without success. 
 
 DI'PSAS, s. fLat. from di/wi, to thirst, Gr.] a serpent, 
 whose bite produces the sensation of i.nquenchable thirst. 
 
 DI'PTOTE, s. ,'froni dis, twice, and pipro, to fall, Gr.] in 
 prammar, npplierl to such nouns as liaveonlv two cases. 
 
 DIPTYCH, {diptijh) s. [from dipticha, Lat.] a register of 
 bishops and martyrs. 
 
 DIRK, a. [dirus, Lat.] dreadful, or affecling a beholder 
 with horror. 
 
 DIRE'CT, a. [directiis, from diiigne, to make straight. Lat.] 
 straight. In astronomy, appearing to the eye to n)ove 
 progressively through the zodiac, opposed to retrograde. 
 In pedigree or genealogy, from grandfather to grandson, 
 &'C. oppose to collateral. 
 
 To DIRE'CT, V. a. [directum, Lat.] to go in a straight 
 line ; to aim or point againiit as a mark ; to regulate, or 
 adjust; to prescribe measures, or a certain course; to 
 order. 
 
 DIUE'CTION, s.ldiifrlw, to make straight, I.af.] tendeu- 
 ty or aim at a certain point ; motion expressed by a certain 
 impulse; orders; command; the superscription of a letter 
 or parcel. 
 
 DIRECTIVE, a. having (he power of directing, inform- 
 Kig, or shew ing the way. 
 
 DIRE'C'I'LY, urf. in a straight line; without going about ; 
 imniediatelv ; presently ; soon. Without delay, applied to 
 lime. Without circumlocution or evasion, applied to lan- 
 t(>!a'.re or argument. 
 
 DIIIEC TNKSS, s. the (^ualitv of proceeding in, or not 
 deviating from, a straight line ; tVe nearest way. 
 
 DIRE'CTOR, J. ^director, from diiiou, to make straight, 
 Lat.]one who presides in an assemblv or pubbc c<uimauv ; 
 one who is entrusted with the guidance, superinteniience, 
 «r management of any design, or work. Figunitivelv, a 
 person who regulates" the conduct iifan<)lli<r ; mm iust'uc- 
 »yr, one who iscr>nsulted in cases of <-oiLMiinre. In surgery, 
 »H instrument used to guide the hand in '<■ upera'ion. 
 
 DIKE'CTORV, s. that which .lir.-cts : :, UuA published 
 bv tlie non-couforniisis, to legidate tli'- lirliiivlour and rites 
 of their brethren in divine worship ; abo the name given to 
 ilie I'xecutlve goierniiunt of Erance, which consisted of 
 five directors, as established ill the \ear 17!)G. 
 
 DI'REEI L, (7. ■"ull ol'lriroi ; \erv lerriblf ; dismal. 
 
 DIRKFULNESS, ^. thequalil' which aftecrs the mind 
 with dread on the sight of sdiiie gliastiv or terrible ol'ir< t. 
 
 DIIUiE, s. ffioiu di/ilie, 'IVul.) a mcuirnful song sung at 
 the ftnierHls of persons. 
 
 DI'RKiEN'r, a. [tVom diric;n, to make straight, Lat.] 
 The dirit^yiit line, in gconietrv, is that along which the 
 hue rlescribeut is carried, in the generation of anv hgiirp. 
 
 !1IRK,*. [Erse] a kind of dagger used in the Highlands 
 of Scoiland. 
 
 Dnri', s. \ili/rt, Belg.] mud ; or the filth which is found 
 !n si reets or liighway s ; any thing which soils. Figuratively, 
 fneaiiness. 
 
 DIliTILY, nd. in such a manner as to daub or soil. Fi- 
 guulivi h , di^lionesdy ; meanly; sliameCiiilv. 
 
 DI'UTINESS, s. filtliiiiess ; foulness. Figuratively, dis- 
 honeslv ; meanness; basetRss. 
 
 DlUrV, «. foul ; daubed ; or made nasty with dirt. Fi- 
 s^uraiiv,-;,;, dishonest ; mean. 
 
 !'(( ni'R'FY, r. a. to soil; to smear or daub with dirt 
 rijtiinitivclv, to scaiidalij!*;, or disKrac*,-. 
 2fi2 
 
 DIS 
 
 DIRUPTION, #. [dinMlij, from <Iir«ntpo, to burst, Lai.) 
 the act of bursting or breaking asunder. 
 
 DIS, an inseparable part de, used in ((imiiositioii, v.rui 
 implying a ne ation or privation ; as dis oblige, di^^itu, 
 Ac. or to signify a separation, detachment, Ac as <Uy-uutt- 
 ing, disarm, dis h-ibutuig, &c. 
 
 piSABILITY, s. the want of sw'fficient power to ac~>!n- 
 plish any design ; or want of suthcieut abilities to iiudersIaiMl 
 any proposition or doctrine ; want of proper nuahticalioii* ; 
 weakness; impotence. 
 
 To DbSA'BLE, tj. o. to deprive of natural force or powi'r; 
 to weaken. Figuratively, to impair or diminish. To retv 
 der inactive or unfit for acti m. To rob of power, intluenc«, 
 ethcae>, usefulness, or pleasure. 
 
 To DISABU'SE, {dualitizejv. a. to free a person from soma 
 mistake or error. 
 
 DI.SACCOxMMODA'TlON, i. the act of being unfit w 
 unprepared. 
 
 To DISACCORD, v. a. to disagree. 
 
 To DISACCUSTOM, r.«. to destroy the force of habit 
 by disuse or conlrarv practice. 
 'To DISAf KNOWLEDGE, v. a. not to acknowledge. 
 
 DISACQUAINTANCE, ^.disuse of familiaritv. 
 
 DIS.ADV.A'NT.'VGE, *. the want of fame, credit, honour, 
 or any thing necessa-ry to give a person pre-eminence; los^ 
 injiirv ; a stale unprepared for defence. 
 
 DISADVA'NTACiEOL'S, a. contrary to interest or pro- 
 lit : contrary to convenience. 
 
 DlSADVANTAXiEOLSLY, ad. in such a manner as is 
 inconsistent with interest or profit ; in a manner uot favour- 
 able, or suitable to anv useli'l end. 
 
 DISADV.ANTA'GEOUSNESS, s. opposition or contra- 
 riety to profit, convenience, or interest. 
 
 To Dl.SAFFE'CT, v. a. to alienate, turn aside, or weaxen 
 the arte tiiins of a person. 
 
 piS.AFEE'CTEp, part, or a. alienated; having lost all 
 affection or zeal for a person or interest, (ienerally a|>- 
 plied to those who are enemies to an establishiuent or go- 
 vernment. 
 
 DIS AFFECTEDLY, ad. in adisloval manner. 
 
 DISAFFECTEDNESS, J. the quality of being no frieiuJ 
 or well wisher loan establishiiienf or government. 
 
 DISAFFE'CTICJN, *. want of zeal for the government, 
 or ardour for a reigning prince. 
 
 DlSAFl I'RM ANCE, s. a consultation, or the denial ol 
 something athnned. 
 
 To DISA FFO'U I'.ST, >: a. to throw open to common use ; 
 to redu«e fioin the privileges of a forest to that of eommon 
 ground. 
 
 To DISAGREE', r. «. to differ with respect to qiiahties ; 
 to dfler with lespect toopinion ; to b- in a stale of opposi- 
 tion. 
 
 DI's.AGRIsK'AnLE, a. contrary to ; or incon9i.steot with; 
 unpleasiiig to the taste, sight, or other senses. 
 
 DISAtiRi'E'A BEEN ESS, *■ unsuitableness; unpleasant- 
 ness; ofteiisiveuess. 
 
 DISAtiREEMENT, s. diff'erence of qualities; contra- 
 riety of sriitinK 111 ; conteu' ion or strife. 
 
 'I'o D!S A LLft'W, (the ow is prou. as in liow)v. a. to deny 
 the aulhority of a person or tiling ; to consi<leras unlawful: 
 to refuse countenancing an action. Neuteily, to refuse per-, 
 mission; to deiiv : not to grant. 
 
 DISALLOWARLE, a. that is not suffered, permitted, 
 ow n"d, or countenanced. 
 
 DISA LLO WANCE, s. the refusal of permission or coun- 
 tenaiue ; the look iig on a thing as unlawful. 
 
 To DlSATsXllOfi, (disd7i/Mr) V. a. to drive a ship from iti 
 anchor. 
 
 To DlSATsIM ATE, v. a. to kill or deprive of life. Figu- 
 rativelv, to discoiira;:^ , todishi arten. 
 
 DISANIMATlOiV,*. the h.ss of life ; death. 
 
 'Fo DISANNIJ'L, V. a. to deprive of aiiUii>iitv ; to abiv 
 lish ; to disallow. Johiuon calls this an uiifjr.triiniatical anil 
 burl>arou!i wont.
 
 DIS 
 
 To DI5APPF;AR, (disappeir) v. n. to he lo«t to view, or 
 
 to vanish out of sl^lif. 
 
 To DISAPPOINT, i». a. to himter a person from rn.ioy- 
 ing or receiving what he expected ; to frustrate an expec- 
 tation. 
 
 DISAPPOINTMENT,*, the not receiving a thmg ex- 
 pected. 
 
 DISAPPROBATION, ». an act of dislike, arising from 
 •ouK'lhing ilisagrpf-alile tc a person's tasto, or not consistent 
 trllli hischo!<e or jiidsment. 
 
 To DISAPPP.tTVK, r. a. [(h\vrpp,-vmer, Fr.] to dislike; 
 to shew that a thing wants merit to eng-^ige our love, or »e- 
 WreesfrfMi. 
 
 To DISARM, r. o. [tlisarmer, Fr.] to take away arms 
 from a person. 
 
 ToDISAI'K.A'V, V. a, to unctress ; or puli off a person's 
 •lothes. 
 
 DISARHA'Y, *. disorder; confusion; loss of order in 
 batlh-; imHrpss. 
 
 DISA'S'IT-K, s. [rlfsifslif, Fr.] misfortune : an incident oc- 
 <!asionin!; Krief, I'V itsbeini' unexiiecffd iiiid luide^erveil. 
 
 DISA'STUOUS, n. unlucky; uiifortun.Tli- ; <idiiiiiil<.us ; 
 oralHictrd liy the happening of some sudden and unex- 
 pected misfortune. 
 
 DISA'STUOUSLY, ad. in an unlucky, unfortunate, or 
 afflicting niHoner. 
 
 DISA'STRO(JSNF,SS, *. iinluckiuess; unfortunaleness. 
 To DISAVOU'CH, ». «. to refuse; to deny, or dis- 
 «wn. 
 
 To DIS.^VOW, (the ou' is pron. as in nou) v. a. to dis- 
 «vn ; to deny the knowledge of a person or thing ; to re- 
 ftjse concurring in a design or undertaking ; to lay aside ; 
 decline. 
 DISAVCnVAL, /. denial ; disowning; abhorrence. 
 DTSAVO'W'M.F.NT, >. denial. 
 
 ToDlSAUTHORIZr-.c. a. to lessen the credit of a thing, 
 or render it suspicious. 
 
 ToDfSftA'ND, V. a. to dismiss from an army ; to dit- 
 bwirf soldiers. Figuratively, to discharge from service, or 
 Mnihilatc. Neiiterly, to quit the service of the army ; to 
 break up or separate. 
 
 To DISBARK, V. a. [deUrqiier, Fr.] to bring fO land 
 ffOHi a ship ; to put on shore from some vessel. 
 
 DISBI'LIKI", (dishelecf) s. refusid of giving assent to a 
 thing « Inch is proposed to be believed. 
 
 To DISBKI.rFVF, (disbcUirc) v. a. to withhold, or re- 
 fuse assenting to a thing proposed as t ue ; todeny the truth 
 of a doctrine or proposition. 
 
 DISIJI';LrKVI''n,(rfi>//»'/<'<i<'r) *. one who refuses to as- 
 sent to a thing projvosed to him as true; one who refuse.i 
 to believe a truth or doctrine; an infidel. 
 
 To mSURA'NCH, r. a. to separate, or cut off a branch 
 from a tree. Figuratively, to disjoin, or separate. 
 
 To niSRU'D, »•. CI. in cavdeiniig, to take away Mich 
 branches orlwij^s as are newly put forth and ill placed. 
 
 To DISBU'RDI''N, e. o. to free from anv pressing and 
 
 Iroublesome weight or loarl; to clear from any impediment; 
 
 .|o coninnmicate one's affliction* to another, and thereby 
 
 lessen there pressure. Neuterly, to ease the mind of some 
 
 pressing' affliction. 
 
 To DISBU'RSK, r. a. \dehourier, Fr.] to spend or lay nut 
 inonev. 
 
 DISRirRSF.MI^NT, s. [dthoxa-tement, Fr.J the spending 
 orlnv'ng out money. 
 
 DISBU'RSKR, t. one that lays out money, or defrays the 
 •spensesofan undertaking. 
 
 DISCA'LCEATRD, a. [from dis, a negative particle, and 
 •alcfiis, a shoe, Lat.] without shoes ; with naked feet. 
 DISCALCEATION,*. the act of pulling offthe shoes. 
 To DISC ANDY, «. n. to dissolve or melt. 
 To DISCA'RD, V. n. to <lischarge from any service or 
 emnloyment. To refune any further acquaintance, applied 
 to lovers. 
 DISCA'RN.\TE. a. stripped of flesh. 
 
 DIS 
 
 To DISCA'SE, V. a. to pull off one's clothes; to strip. 
 To DISCI''.'RN, V. a.[durirun, Lat.) to descrv, disc over, 
 or perceive by the sight; to distinguish; t» make a diii'er- 
 cnce between. 
 
 DISCI''.'RNER, ». a discoverer, or one who descries; a 
 juffjie; one capable of distinguishing the diflference of 
 thiiiijs. 
 
 DISCK'RNIBLE, «. that may be seen or discovered bt 
 the eve or judgment: distinguishing; apparent. 
 
 DlMCE'RiNIBLENES.S, *. the possibility of being disco 
 vered bv the sight, or perceived by the mind. 
 
 DISCE'RMBLV, id. in such a mauiier as may be di»- 
 tiiiguislu d or perceived. 
 
 DISCt.KMN(;, /'")'. or a. having the power of making 
 a distinction between things, or perceiving those qualities 
 or properties in wbidi tliey difl'er ; juilicii.us. .^YNoN. 
 The disceriimfr man is char si;;hled and judicious; sees 
 through the aitificesof niyiikiiid with half aneyo ; and will 
 not suffer himself to be deceived; his great abilities con.sis,t 
 in distiiigui>hing. 
 
 DISCK'RMNOLY, ad. with discretion or prudence, 
 arising from a knowledge of the qualities in which things, 
 or per^on^<lif^er from each other. 
 
 DISCK'llNMENT, s. judgment: or the power of dis- 
 tinguishing the qualities in wliicli things or persons differ 
 from <"acli other. Synon. \Vheiiclioiie, ordeterminatioii 
 with respect to the goodness or beauty of objects, is in 
 question, we should have recourse to those who have rfi* 
 ttrnmenl. 
 
 ToDISCFRP, V. a. [from dis, a negative particle, and 
 carnn, lo gather, Lat.] to tear in pieces. 
 
 DISCEKPTIBrLITY, 1. liableness to be destroyed by 
 disunion of parts. 
 
 DISCKRPTIBLR, c. frangible ; separable; liable to be 
 destroyed bv the disunion of its parts. 
 
 DISCpyRPTION, t. [from dit, a negative particle, and 
 earpo, togaiher, LatJ the act of pulling to pieces. 
 
 To DISCHARGE, ». «. [dicharger, Fr.) to free from 
 any load or employment; to turn away from a service, or 
 out of a post. Figuratively, to shoet off a gnu; to clear, 
 or pay a debt; to free from an obligation ; t() clear from 
 an accusation ; to perform or execute an office ; to dis- 
 band an army, or dismiss from attendance ; to obliterate, 
 or destroy. 
 
 DISCHARGE, t. vent; explosi«m; the matter vented; 
 the disappearance, vani>hing, or dkstroying, of a colour: 
 dismission fi<mi an ofhce or employ nient ; the paymentofa 
 debt; perforiiuince of a duty ; exemption, or acquittance. 
 
 DISCHA'RtiER, j. one who perff.rms a duty ; make« a 
 payment ; dismisses a servant ; frees from attendance or 
 captivity. 
 
 ToDISCI'ND, f. a. [from dis, a particle, which though 
 usually iiej;ative, heip serves to strengthen the signification, 
 and sriiido. lo split, Lat.] to divide ; to cut in pieces. " ^^'c 
 could easily discind \Ueni." Bnyh. 
 
 DISCIPLE, .«. [diseipiitiis, I.at.] a scholar, or one who 
 atleiiilsthe leclures,aiid professes the tenets of another. lu 
 Scripture sense, the followers of Jesus Christ, in general, 
 were called Disciples; hut in a more i est rained sense, the 
 /))ici/)/« denote those alone who were his immediate fol- 
 lowers, and altpudants on his person, of whom thcfe were 
 seventy or seveiitv-two. 
 
 DISCIPLESHIP, s. the state or coiKlition ef a scholar, 
 or one who follows the principles of anv particular teacher. 
 DISCIPLINABLE, a. [rfi»rt>/iTOTAi7i», from disce, to leani, 
 Lat.] capable of instrnction or improvement; fit to be 
 punished for not attending to the instructions of a master. 
 DISCIPLINA RIAN, a. belonging to discipline. 
 DISCIPLINA RIAN, *. \disripUna, from disco, to learn. 
 Lat.] one who rules or teaches with great strictness or 
 vigour; one who will not permit a person to deviate fioni 
 his doctrine; a dissenter, so colled for their sujiposed 
 clamour agaiust the church, for want of rigrdness lu its 
 discipline. 
 
 3fl3
 
 D!S 
 
 DI'SCIPLINARV, n. [Htsciplinn, fiom ilisco, to l^;iin, I.al.] 
 ktl(jiv,'injj to fiiscipJine, ora n-sjularcouiii; of instiuttioii or 
 <dtic;iii(in 
 
 DISCIPLINE, s. [discipHna, from tlisni, fo learn, Lat.] 
 Ui'truftii)!!, ediiciilioii, or llic ir.clli'id aikcn to adorn llie 
 cind, and iiifn'se viitiious Irabits. Fi;,Mir;ttively, rule, or 
 ^-rcyrniiiient ; iiiilil;uy order, i;oveiiini('iU, iimNiiiis, or rejjii- 
 ititiotis ; a stale of suli.jeelioii or iiLcdieiue; any tlimfj 
 tniJ!_:*i: ; a doctrine, art, or science ; ininislMiiiiit, con i-ctioii, 
 or cluistisenient for transxressin;; liie rides ot' conduct, or 
 ncelect!ii:;1o e:a!<e a proper use of iiibti iictioii. 
 
 To D! .S'CII'LINK, r. n. to coiiimiiiiicatc tlic rudiments 
 oflcaiiiinir; to uistriut or educate : to re;;iilate ; or keep in 
 order; to punish, correct, or cliaitisc for lircach of coui- 
 mand, or nei,>icci of instruction ; to reform. 
 
 To DlHCf^ \'I.M, r. a. to dibown; to denv having any 
 knoulediie of, oi;;c(piainIance xvitli ; to witlidrav a ckiini. 
 
 DISCLA'l.\iE.Ii, i. one ul;n disowns or renouices. In 
 Inw, a plea cnntai;iin:,' an express denial or refusal. 
 
 To DISCLO S:-",, Olidlin) ;i. a. [rliHlurtu, \.\\\.\ to mict)Ver, 
 t>r discover a tliin;; wliicli lias Liecn liitl : to reveal wiiat 
 s'.'.ould lie, or is hid, or secrc-l. Synon. So '"eat an itch 
 hsVC some persons (or paillinu', that they /c// every indi- 
 viiluai what they hear. Confidants too often disclose the 
 Mitriijuej lhe> are int listed with. Tlie rf(i'///g!»g- of a se- 
 cret has often done more harm liian anv i^ne tliinj; "liat- 
 fver ; as it is inijiojsihle to smother what once lias i)ten 
 bhiz^d al)road. 
 
 DfSCLO'SER, (itisl.lozer) s. one who discovers something 
 hidden, o- reveals some secret. 
 
 DISCLO'SUl'E, fiYij7f/r>r/rre) s. tile making a thing seen 
 wirch was hiddru from >ii;ht ; the revealing; a secret. 
 
 DI*CLL''SU)N, i. T'lDiii f//if/>if/(/, Lat.] eniission. 
 
 DISCOl.Or.A'TION, {(iichiillerdsliiin) s. a stain, or chan^je 
 fff colour for tl'.e worse. 
 
 To DISCOLOUR, (ihs!.vl/n-) v. a. [disailuru, Lat.] to spoil 
 the colour ol a 'liiu;; ; to slain, ordaiili. 
 
 To D!S("()'M I ri', r. n. [disrunfiie, Tr.] to overcouic, beat, 
 or rout an eni-m\ in battle. 
 
 DISCO'.MFIT, f. a defeat; a rout, or ovtrlhrnw of an 
 ejieinv. 
 
 D'=;CO'MFITLl!lK,i. overthrow; defeat; rout; ruin. 
 
 DISCO'.MI'OKT, J. a ^'leat decree of uneasiness; iiie- 
 lancholv ; despair. 
 
 To DiSCO'.MFOPvT, I-. ft. to make a person uneasy ; to 
 {{rieve, atHicI, sadden, or deprive or comfo' I. 
 
 DiSCOMFORTAr.LL, ». refusiuj,' comfort, or rejecting 
 ronsolaiion ; oecas'oiii:i^r sadness, iir melanchoK . 
 
 ToDISCO.MMF.ND, v. n. to blame ; to disapprove, or 
 '".ensure. 
 
 PI.^COMAJF.'VDAPLK, ff. (leservini; blame or censure. 
 
 Dlr()MMF.\'n\'TION,*. blame; (entire; repniach. 
 
 DISCOMM '"'NDFI!, .s. nne who blames, <ir censures. 
 
 To DISCO^IMO D'', 1-. (I. to put to an inconvenience ; 
 fo rumple, or rl^iuder iliess. 
 
 DISCO.)IMO'DIOUS, a. inconvenient ; attended with 
 trouble : displeasing'. 
 
 DISCOMNIO'DITY, s. inconvenience ; disadvantage ; 
 hurt, or niisch'if 
 
 To DISCOMPOSE, fr/,-47;emp.',--e) v. a. [from dis, and 
 wmpimo, Lat.l lo luit into confusion, or disorder ; to 
 riifile, appliecl to the temper or mind ; to rum le clothes; 
 to vev. 
 
 , DISCOMPOSURE, (dislwmponnrf) s. disorder; pertur- 
 bation ; or dii'piiet ofniind, arising from some disagreeable 
 rirrumslance. 
 
 'Fo DISCONCERT, r. a. to nn-ettle, disorder, or dis- 
 ronipose the mind ; to frustrate, or defeat an undertaking 
 iirdrf inn. 
 
 DISCONFO'RMITY, s. want of agreement ; inconsis- 
 tcnev ; or ouposilion of sentiments. 
 
 DhCONOIlU'ITY, *. disagreement ; difference; incon- 
 listi nc-. . 
 
 DIiCO'NSOLATE, a. without comfort ; witliouf hope ; 
 2(11 
 
 DIS 
 
 melancholy ; or grieved on account of some afllictioi. ; r*- 
 ""nsiMg ecinfort. 
 
 DISCONSOLATKLY, ed. in a comfortless manner. 
 
 DiSCOTsSOLATENESS.*. the state of a per«m under 
 
 afllictiou refusing comfort. 
 piSCONTI'^'NT, «. want of content; being unsatisficrl 
 
 with ones [/resent condition. 
 
 DISt ONTE'N'FED, a. uneasy; unsatisfied with one's 
 present condition ; malevolent. 
 
 DISCONTENTEDNESS, *. uneasiness: the not being 
 
 pleased or satisfied with ones present condition; the not 
 leceivinga lull satisfaction at the sight of an object. 
 
 DISCONTE'NTMENT, i. the state of being dissatisfied, 
 or uiieasv. 
 
 DlSCONTITs'lIANCE, /.want of union, or adhesion ; 
 the separation! of the parts of any body. Cessation ; inter- 
 mission ; or stop, api.lied to at tion. In law, an iiiterrup- 
 lion, or breaking off; as discovthiiinme of possessiiui, or 
 discuiitinnaiice of process. 1 he etiect of dtscuntinnance of 
 possession is, that a man may not enter upon his own land 
 in- tenement alienated, whatsoever his right be unto it, or 
 by his own authority ; but must seek to recover possession 
 by law. The effect of discontinunnce of plea i.^, that the 
 instance may nr)t be taken up again, but bv a new writ to 
 beg II the suit atresh. 
 
 DISCONTINUATION, s. the break'n? the continuity ; 
 bleach of Mni<n, or separation of the parts of a thing. 
 
 ToDlSCON'FFNUE, v. n. [d:samtin„e,; Fr.] to break 
 otl'; to separate; to lose an estaMislicd privilege or cUatora. 
 .Actively, to leave oti ; to cease tVcmi any action wiiicli if 
 be;;un. 
 
 niSCONTINUITV, *. want of cohesion ; breaking off 
 union. 
 
 D!S( ONVE'NII'.NCE, «. inc-ongriiity ; disagreement ; op- 
 pc'sit oil of natiiie. 
 
 Dr.SCOIlD, »■. [rf'."'."/'", tVoiu c«)-, a heart, Lat. a state 
 wlieiein | e'soiii ii.iiluabv endaviu t" hurt each other, and 
 are li.'st to all the lender sc.'tiiic n's of huiiaiiily and beiie- 
 Milenii' : disa^ieenu nt. Fi-uialivelv, cl fleicuce, contra- 
 riet' , ov o po^iiKin of ipal I (s. In musir, sounds not of 
 till iu-elv( ^ |l asinn, but neiissaM lo be uiixcd w illi olliers. 
 
 To DI'=C(U!I), r. u. \,l.s<«,d,, f om cor, a heart, Lat.] 
 to d -;i;;'i'c : In piodiice a d saiiieeahie and unpleasant 
 soiiiifl u In II (liiH'i' If.;,H||ier. 
 
 m<( ()KDANCF-, or DISCORDANCY, s. disagree- 
 ment; i.ppi 5ilii.n ; uiciiiisisleiicN . 
 
 DI^COIIDANT. <i.[disvi,,d<tns, from roc. a hea'i, Lat.] 
 iuc ouM-leiii ; disagreeing, or at vaiiaiice Willi itself; op,xi- 
 site. or contiarv. 
 
 DISCO'IIDANTLY, ttd. in such a manner as to beat 
 vaname, m inc cinsisti nt with itself. Not liarniiuiizing or 
 agreenigwith each other, applied to sounds ; peevishly; in 
 a conladiclious manner. 
 
 To D SCO'VKH, I', n. [dccimrrir, Fr.] to make a tlii g seen 
 by lemo .ing the covering \\ hich coiucalid it fiom sight; 
 tci make known; lo find out something imkuown ; to dis- 
 close, oi bring 'o Fght something which is secret, and ci:. 
 deavour d to b^ kept so. 
 
 DISC* A'ER.4P)LE, (7. that may be found out eitlicr by' 
 ap[ilic alion oftlie mind, or some of the external senses ; ai»- 
 paieiit ; obvious. 
 
 DISCOVERER, s. one wlio finds out a thing, place, or 
 posiliiui, not known before. 
 
 DISCO VEHY, s. the act offindingont any thing hidden ; 
 6lii'\>ing anv thing concealed or covered. 
 
 To DISCO'UNSEL, I.e. to dissuade ; to turn aside from 
 anv \\t{\ nndi'rtakiug, or persuasiott. 
 
 DISCOUNT, s. a sum allowed a person for payment, 
 before the bill or debt becomes clue, which is generally as 
 niuch as the interest would amount to for the space the bill 
 lias to run from the time of i-.aymciit, or of making that allow- 
 ance. 
 
 ToDISCOU'NT, t'. ir.'o give a person ready money for 
 a bill before due allowing interest for the time which it h-ji
 
 DIS 
 
 Dis 
 
 to run ; to allow, or nlwfe a person a (••■rfaiii sum for proiii|it 
 pavnuiit, oil iIk' pii'iliiisr ofiiiiv I'oiiimoditv. 
 
 1V)l)ISCOUNTI'.N\NCr-, V. a. to fliscoiira-p l.v lol.l 
 trealniPiil, or iiidilU'rcnfe ; lo shf^ mie's (tisapp oliiiticii of 
 any iiu'cisure, liv coliiiiess of lieliiiviour, or hy tiiUiii>; micIi 
 mellindsas miiy defeat it. Fi;;uralively, to alia^li, or put 
 
 DisCOU'NTlCNXNCR, i. coldness, or itidiHereiue <if 
 trentiiicnl !Uid luliavioiir ; luif ieiidU asiictt or re^iird. 
 
 DI>COir\TKN ANCI'Jt, ... one win. dl.s. oum-r. In cold 
 trcatniPiit, liy un iiiif;ivoiinil)lc asiircf, or l>y vaiit of waiiii 
 and c<irdlal atVec'ioii. 
 
 To DrSCOLIRAOR, (rinhurye) v. n. to di>lii.ai ten ; lo 
 deprive (if coiirajje or vif^or; to defer fmiii am alhiii|it ; 
 B^ed with /'niOT, iiii'l liiipijiiierlv \villi/». 
 
 DISCOl'KAOF.l!, (idshh-nn-n-) s. one hIio daiiini-, <ir 
 checks tlieconra;;e or viiroiii of a person ; one wlio deler.s, 
 or fiii;litens a per-.on f oiii an aid nipt. 
 
 DISCOU'UACil'.MRNT, (.diskumjemevt) s. the act of 
 friiflitcnint,^ or deiciriiifia person fioni an' alt<'inpt, l>v re- 
 prespiilin^' tlie dan;;ers aflendiiif,' it, or l)\ invnlviii^ him in 
 difficidties ; any iinppdiiii"nt o ditiicnlty which renders a 
 person unuilhii!; to nndeilal\ea desii;n. 
 
 DISCOlJ'KS'F,, (diskd,:w) s. [ff/.vc„„rs, Fr.l in h^^-c, an act 
 ©r operation of Iheiiriid, vlier<d)V it proceeds fioiii a ill iii; 
 known to one iinUiiown, or fioiii premises lo conseiiueiKcs ; 
 conversation or talU, wherein persons miiliiallv cdiivrx iheir 
 ideas and sentiments to each other ; speech; a trealise, or 
 dissertation written or ntievcd. 
 
 To DISCOU'RSR, ('!,xl.-,r.sp) V. f,. to convi-rse, or talk 
 with another; to treat a siiliject in a solemn or set manner; 
 to reason, or proceed from propositions to Iheir conse- 
 quences. 
 
 DI'^COU'RSErt, (/lislJirser) s. a speaker or writer on 
 «nv snliiect. 
 
 DISCOU'RSIVF,, (rlisltnrsire) a. passing, or advanciii^j 
 from a known tliinj,' to an unknown, or f om premises lo 
 conseijuences ; partaking of the nature of dialoj;ue or con- 
 versation. 
 
 OISCOU'RTEOUS, ('lidditeojts, or dislt&tlcovs) a. void of 
 civiltv, or romplaisance. 
 
 DISCOURTESY, (flhhmtfs,/, or diskurtesy) s. an act of 
 rudeness, disresnect. or iiicivilitv. 
 
 DISCDU'RTEOUSEY, {dishorteoushj, or diMrteouahj) ad. 
 in an iinciv'l, r de mviiiner. 
 
 _ DI'SCOUS, a. in holanv applied to such flowers as con- 
 sist of nianv florets, forming u broad, plain, or flat surface, 
 such as the firs xiili.t,S c. 
 
 DI'sCREDIT, i. ['''* and credit, Fr.]dis<;race; ignominy; 
 infainv, or that wliicli involves a person in shame fir 
 infamy; the im!iutati"n of a fault, which lessens the fame 
 of a person, and deprives him of the esteem he enjoyed 
 before. 
 
 To DISrni'/DIT, V. a. [dccrediter, Fr.] to destroy the re- 
 putation of a person or thing ; to render a thini,' suspicious 
 which is lieiieved to he true; to iiinder a rumour from 
 spreailing, bv sliewiniril lobe false. 
 
 IMSCItEE'T, n. \di.icret, Fr.] able to distinguish, and 
 taking time to distinguish lietweeL- things and their conse- 
 quences ; acting with piudence and caution; modest, not 
 forward. 
 
 DISt'KE''VTI,V, nd. prudently; cautiously; in such a 
 manner as shews deliberation and regardfor tlie dift'erenres 
 of thiir^s and their consequences. 
 
 DISCREETNESS, s. the quality of acting agree-dile lo 
 the <lirt'erences or ualnre ofthin;;s; a conduct guided by 
 deliberation and prudence. 
 
 DISCU I'.'TE, i. [discretiis, from disrcrno, to put a (lifTcr- 
 ence, Lal.l applied lo quantity, that which is not coutiniied 
 or joined together ; separate; distinct. .Applied to propo- 
 sitions, such as contain truths or sentiments set in contrast 
 to each oTJior, and joined by a discretivc conjunction : as, 
 " I resign imj life, l)ut not my honour," is a discrete proposition. 
 Ducrcle proportion, is when the ratio between two pairs of 
 
 Mm 
 
 nuiiihers or i|iiatil>lies. Is llie same, but the proportion 
 be I ween all I he Icur iiuiiilieis is nol I In ^a me. Tlius C : 8 :: 
 3 : 4, the riilio belweii () ill id IS is the same as thai brlwe< n .1 
 and 4, bul (i is iioi to K as 3 is lo i, and Iheicl'ori' llie jiropor- 
 lion is iiiil conliiiiied b< Iwcen all tlie four numbers a^ tlic 
 coiitiuued piopoi lioiials, 3: (i:: l'2:'24. 
 
 DI^C'l! I'.'T!(>.\, s. [disereiio, Lai.] prudent behaviour, 
 arising fiom a kiiowl. dge of, jnnj ai ling agreeable to, the 
 <lit*eience of l!iiiii;s. 1 iguralii'eK , an unnMilvolled |.<iwcr, 
 or (lie which is lo be limned lo no coinlitioiis. 
 
 DISCl!E"ri(^.\'Ab\ , ((.'(.v/./(,v//i"»ffri/)«. ieft to act witb- 
 oui au\ oihir ii slr.iiiil or guide llian a person's own pru- 
 dence and (li>cr( l.oii. 
 
 DiSClU/IIVE iROI'OSniO.NS, s. in logic, are those 
 wji-'ie vari( Us jiidgnienls are ilenoled by Ihe partules but, 
 ii(iiiiill:sliiiii/iiig\ Ac. eilher e\piessi'd or uiidersU.oil ; as, 
 trnrellers tnfi'/ ehiin^e their t:liinrttes, but not their temper. \u 
 graiuiiiar, iti.seretue eoiijinietioiis, are si.cli as iiiipl\ opposi- 
 tion ; as, n"t n mini, bul (/ 'east. 
 
 DISCRl'.MIN AI5LE, n. dislinguisliablc by some outward 
 marks. 
 
 To DISCIU'MINWTE, v. a. [iliscriniino, from ilisrnm'H, 
 adiliereiue, l.al.] to distnignish, or uiarkwilh some note, 
 w Mu h slic\\ s a didcreni e ; lo se pa rate, or select. 
 
 DISCRrMI.N'A'I'ENESS, *. disliuclion ; or obvious dif- 
 ference, w Inch r( ndeis vi separation and distinction easy. 
 
 D1SCK1M1N.\'T10N, s. [discriiniiiutio, fiom discrinien, » 
 diHeieiice, Eal.] llies ale of a thing separated from ••llier.s 
 and ilisiiugiii.shed for peciihai uses; distinclioii, or the me- 
 thod of li'siilS ing llie consciousness a person has of tlie dif- 
 f leiice bel.-een ceitain things. 
 
 DISCIU'MI.N ATIVE, n. that constitutes, or has regard 
 to Ihe ditlerciic e between things. 
 
 DI^CKl'MINOUS, a. [from rfjicnnieH, dan er, Lai.] full 
 of danger ; hiz-ardous. 
 
 DISCU 1>I ! OI'V, a. [disciiliitoriHS,{ro ii discinnlo, to lean, 
 Lat.] tilled to ihe posture of leaning. 
 
 DlSrLi'.MBENCY, *. [from rfi«»j»io, to lean. Eat.] the 
 posture oflv nig aloiigat meals, alter llie Roman iiiainier. 
 
 To DISCU'MBlilK, «. o. to disengage, or free fidiii aiiv 
 thing w liich is a load, or hinders a per=ou from a free use of 
 his limbs. 
 
 DISCU'RSIVE, a. [discursif, Fr.J in perpetual motion or 
 agitation. In logic, proceeding from things known to 
 things unknown. 
 
 DISCU'KSIVELY, Of/, in such a manner as to deduce 
 one thing from anolher, or a thing unknown from one that 
 is known. 
 
 DISCU'RSORY, a. [from discurro, to run about, Lat.] de- 
 ducing things unknown from those which are known ; ar- 
 gumentative. 
 
 •- UrsCUS, J. [Lat.] in aiiliipiity, a round. shiidd conse- 
 crated lo the memorv of so.iie hero, and iiuiig up in li niples 
 in coninienioration of some great exploit. Likewise an in- 
 strument used by the liimiaiisin iheirgamcs. 
 
 To IJISC'U'SS, V. a. [from discutio, lo shake, drive away, f>r 
 digest, Lat.] lo examnie; to get over; to explain a dilli- 
 cultv by meditation or debale. In surgery, to disperse any 
 humour orswelliiig. 
 
 DISCU'SSl'lR, «. one who determines a point, or e?">!ai!is 
 a ditficullv. 
 
 DISCUSSION, s.rfroni discutio, to shake, drive away, or 
 digest, Lat.] the expfainiiig a dithculty ; the examining iiitfi 
 some knotty point or sentiment. In surgery, the removirg 
 or disjiersioii of any humour or swelling, by insensible per- 
 spiration. 
 
 DISCU'SSIVE, a. having the power to discuss an v liumoiir. 
 
 DISCUTIENT, (dishushicnt) i. [from discutin,'y\ shake, 
 drive away, or digest, Lat.] in physic, a medicine which 
 opens tliepores.alleiiuales the tiuids.and disperses huuiours 
 by insensible perspiration, or otherwise. 
 
 To IJISD.A'IN, V. a. UledaiQ;ner, Fr.] to reject with scoiu, 
 lo refuse, or decline with abhorrence, as uuworlliy ones 
 character, 
 
 2(»
 
 DIS 
 
 DISDAIN, t. [sdepio, Ital.] contempt, as unworthy of 
 ouf's choice ; abnorrciice ; or contemptuous an;;er and in- 
 dignation. SvNON. //fHo-Zj^/ntM* is seldom seen hut in per- 
 sons <>f weak, iinderstandiiij;, and those who have had a bad 
 education. Tlisre is a vain sort of people who look upon 
 tUsiiain as a personal arconiplislinient ; and who u>e it on 
 all occasions a>: a test oflhe nieiit they pretend to. 
 
 IJISDA'I.N'KUL, a. abounding; with indignation ; hauijii- 
 ty ; scornful. 
 
 DISI).^ INFULI.Y, ni-/. in a contemptuous manner; with 
 proud or hauj;hlv scorn. 
 
 I)ISI)A'INrin..N E'^S, s. contempt proceeding from a 
 nean opinion of a person or tiling, including liauyhliness 
 and pride. 
 
 DISE'.A.SF,, Wi^^eeze)*. the state of a living body, wherein 
 it is prevented fioni the exercise of any of its functions, 
 whether vital, n.iltnal, or animal, ;ittende(l with a sensation 
 of uneasiness. In botanv, the slate of a plant, wherein it is 
 rendered inca; able of answerin,' the several purposes for 
 which it was formed. SyNON. Diseases, such as the plague, 
 fever, <Vc. an' sinnetinies so epidemical as to lay « aste more 
 than the s\<ord. /)u(('/n;)fri among cattle are generally in- 
 fectious. Divine displeasure hath often shewn it.self by a 
 general sirkntss among men and beasts. 
 
 To DISi; ASE, (dizcrze) v. a. to aftect the body so as to 
 render the exercise of any of its functions uneasy, or im- 
 practicable. 
 
 DISI'i'ASEDNESS, (dizcezedness) s. a state wlierein an 
 animal is rendered incapable of performing such functions 
 as are necessary to health and bfe, and for wjiich their frame 
 seems to have been intended. 
 
 To DISEMBARK, v. a. to carry from a ship or otiier 
 vessel to land. Neuterlv, to go on shore from a ship. 
 
 DISEMBODIED, a. stripped or divested of botlv. 
 
 To DISEMBO'GUE, (disemhds.) V. a. to discharge at 
 its mouth into the sea, applied to rivers. Neuterly, to 
 fow. 
 
 DLSEMBOAVELEED, part, taken from the bowels. 
 
 To DISEMBUOIL, v. n. [debroi,iller, Fr.] to free from 
 confusion, disorder, perplexit>, or fiom (juarieb which oc- 
 casion public commotions. 
 
 To DISES.A'BLE, 1'. a. to depriveof power ; to weaken, 
 or render a person unable to perform an undertaking. See 
 Disable. 
 
 To DISI'.S'CHA'NT, i-. a. to fiec from the power of any 
 gpell, charm, or enchantment. 
 
 ToDISENCU'MBEU, e. ff. to free from any thing which 
 hinders a person from exercising the powers of his under- 
 standing or body, and oppresses him with a sensation of 
 burthensomenessor uneasiness ; to iice from any hinderance 
 or obstruction. 
 
 D1SENCU'MBR.\NCE, s. freeihim from hinderance, 
 perplexitv, or uneasiness, owing toany thing which prevents 
 a person from exercising his strenglh, or the faculty of his 
 mind, freelv. 
 
 To DISENG.A'GE, t>. a. to separate frnin any thing which 
 is joined to a thing; to separate fmni ny thing whiili is 
 an incumbrance; to clear from impeciiiin-ntsorolotrnctions; 
 tr) witlidriiw, to divert the mind from any thing which pou- 
 erfullv attracts its attention of afl'ection. Neuteily, to set 
 oursfUfs free from. 
 
 DI'sENC^'GED, n. at leisure ; not fixed to any particu- 
 lar obiect, or <d)lig('d to attend any particular person. 
 
 DISENG.\'GEDNESS, /.the quality of being disengaged; 
 freedom frnm anv opjiressing business. 
 
 D1SENG.^'GI'"M KNT, ». release or freedom from any 
 obligation, attendance, or affection, which influences the 
 minil. 
 
 To DISENTA'NGT.E, v. a. to set free from an obs4a<le 
 or impediment which hinders the mind or bodv from a pro- 
 per use of llirir respective powers and abilities. Figura- 
 tivelv, to free from perplexitv. 
 
 T» DISENTi; RUE, v. a. [from dh and euieirer, Fr.] to 
 linbury ; to lake out of the grave. 
 
 DIS 
 
 To DISENTHRA'L, v. a. to set free ; to rescue from sl» 
 
 verv. 
 
 To DISENTHRO'NE, v. a. to depose, or drive from the 
 throne. 
 
 To DISENTRA'NCE, v. a. to free froma trance; toraue 
 
 from a swoon. 
 
 To DLSESHCUSE, (ditesptmi:e) v. n. to break a marriage- 
 contract. 
 
 DISIvSTEIVM, s. want of esteem ; a slight; loss of cre- 
 dit or esteem : soinethiug less than contempt. 
 
 To DISESTE'I'IM, r. a. to regard slightingly; to consi- 
 der in a light uliicli Icssen-s esteem or approbation, but does 
 not rise to contempt. 
 
 DI.SF.A'VOUR, s. a circnmstance which impedes or hin- 
 deis an undertaking: want of countenance, or such a con- 
 currence as niav render a design successful ; a .state wherein 
 a person meets with no encouragement or assistance from 
 another. 
 
 To DISF.-\ VOIJR, V. a. discountenance, or hinder a 
 design from taking eliect for want of assistanceor ei«;ourage- 
 inent. 
 
 DISFIGURATION, *. the act of spoiling the form of a 
 thing or pers<Jii, or rendering them uglv or disagreeable; 
 the state of a thing whose natural form and beauty is spoiled. 
 Fi^rurativelv , dejoMiiity. 
 
 To DISFICiUllE, ij. a. to change any thing to a worse 
 form : to render a thing less beautiful, or less agreeable. 
 
 DISFl'GURI'.Ml^N'F. .v. change from beauty to ugliness, 
 or from a pleasiiii; form to one «hich is less so. 
 
 To DISFRANCHISE, v. a. to deprive a place of its 
 charter, privileges, or immunit-ies; or a person of his free- 
 dom as a citizen. 
 
 DISFRA NCHISEMENT, s. the act of depriving a per- 
 son or place of pnvleges or iuinumities. 
 
 To DISFU'RNISH, v. a. to ihprive; to iinfurnish ; to 
 strip. " If vou slionlii here disfui-msli me." S/iak. 
 
 To DlSfiLO'RlFY, v. a. to deprive of glory; to treat 
 
 with indignitv. " And God compared with idols rfi#- 
 
 ghirified. blasphem'd." Mill. 
 
 To DISGO'HCiK, !•. a. [Jegvr^er, Fr.] to vomit, or dis- 
 charge by the nioutli. Figuratively, to discharge or pour 
 out with violence. 
 
 DISGR.'XXMi, s. [tUss^race, Fr.] shame; infamy; a state 
 wherein a person or thing has lost its honour, esteem, and 
 those qualities which rendered it uortliv of respect ; ll;e 
 state of a person » ho is out of favour. SvNON. He wl;<> 
 has the folly or the misfortune to do any thing '/i'«g)rto/'f/, 
 should be very carefid not to give himself any unbccotni-Hg 
 airs. 
 
 To DISGR.A'CE, v. a. to deprive of honour, esteem, or 
 high emploviiient. 
 
 DISCjR.A'CEFUL, o. full of dishonour, or those circum- 
 stances and qualities which make a person an object of le- 
 proacli. 
 
 DISGRACEFULLY, ad. in snch a manner as must sub- 
 ject a person to dishonour, shame, or reproach. 
 
 DISGRA'CEFULNESS. s. shamefulness. 
 
 DISGRA'CI'.R, s. one who deprives another of some lio- 
 nourahle employment ; one who exposes another to shame 
 and <lishonour. 
 
 DISGltACIOUS, n. unkind; unfavourable; nnphasing. 
 
 To DISGUISE, {ditgiiize) V. n. [drgiiistr, Fr.] to con- 
 ceal a person by means of some strangedress. Figuratively, 
 to dis-emble, or conceal by a fa.se appearance ; todisrigure 
 or change the form of a thing; to intoxicate and render un- 
 seendv bv drinking. 
 
 DISGUI'SI',, (rfi*»-«iie) «. a dress made use of to elude 
 the notice of those we are acquainted \\ilh, or to conceals 
 person ; a false appearance made use of to cover or conceal 
 some design. SynoN. In order to mnWi it is necessary to 
 cover (he face with a false visage ; but to disguise, it is suf- 
 ficient to change thect.miiion appearance. 
 
 DlS(iUi;sEMi:NT, *. dress of couceahnent. " Uiitfcf 
 ihis disf^uiscment." Syd.
 
 '•f'f'TlIOFfAIRT -'-^'OSP 
 
 R^_^°
 
 Dl S 
 
 DIS 
 
 DlSfiUrSr.n, (rf/V»">>?r) *. nnc who alters the n»tiiral 
 • ppcaiiinci' oCa ixTsmi; one «hi> llUl^liSor cdiiioals hi i roal 
 desiL'fis uiiilcr some (iilao mid specious appeariirice. 
 
 DIS(i(l.ST, s. [df^oiil, Fr.] ;tii aversion arisiii;,' frotu'tlie 
 rfisas''<''''il'I'-.'icss Ota lljiiig to the palate ; rli^t.iile ; <lisplea- 
 DUri', a- isiiii; troni some disaifieeahle aetioii <)i behaviour. 
 
 To r>IS(iU'.ST, V. a. [i/c^-aiifer, Fr.] to raise an aversion 
 or iiauseoiisiiess in the stomiicli hy a disaijreeable taste ; to 
 raise an aversion or dislike by some ,disayreeable or ofieii- 
 give action. 
 
 D1S(;USTFUL, a. abonnding with such qualities as pro- 
 duce aversion or dislike. 
 
 DI.SII, s. \tlUc, Sa\.] a broad -.jiallow vessel with a rim, 
 either of silver, pewter, fjold, china, or earthenware, nsed 
 for holding,' and carrying joints, or other victuals to table, 
 and difl'erin^' from a plate in size. A kind of measure among 
 tinners, lontaininjt a jjallim. 
 
 To DlSIi, V. (I. to serve meat up eleijantly, or place it 
 in a dish. To dish uiil, to adorn, deck, or set off; a low 
 phrase. 
 
 DISH \ RI'LLE, «.[from deshabtlli, Fr.] an undress; a loose 
 
 and i)Pf;li;;ent dress. 
 
 Dl.SH \ BI'LLE, a. [deshabilli, Fr.] loosely and negligently 
 <lresse<l. 
 
 To DlSir VRIT, 1'. a. to th-ow out of place. 
 
 DISFIA'KMONY, s. contrariety of haimonv. 
 
 DLSM-CLOUT, *. the cloth with which the maids rub 
 their dishes. 
 
 To IJISIIEA'RTKN, (dis/idiieii) v. a. to deprive a person 
 of coinage and alacrity ; to lerrifv ; to make a person ima- 
 gine a tiling to be impracticable, or that some approaching 
 evil is unavoidable. 
 
 DISHI'/RISON, s. the act of debarring a person from an 
 inheritance. 
 
 To DISHF/RIT, t'. a. to debar a person from succeeding 
 to an inheritance ; to cut offfrom an irdieritance. 
 
 To DISHE'VEfj, V. a. [dec/ieveler, Fr.] to spread hair in a 
 loose, negligent, and disorderly manner. 
 
 DISillNG, n. concave; a cant term among artificers. 
 
 DISllO'NlsST, a. void of honesty ; fraudulent; or incon- 
 sistent with justice. Figuratively, reproachfiil, or shameful. 
 
 OlSHO'NIvSTLY, nrf. in such a manner as is inconsistent 
 with lionourand honesty. 
 
 DI^HO'NKS' Y, *. want of probity ; the act of doing 
 any thing to cheat or defraud anotherof his property ; un- 
 chast<'ness. 
 
 DISIKVXOUR, *. that which affects a person with dis- 
 grace. Figuratively, reproach, which deprives a person of 
 reputation. 
 
 To ni^'HO'NOUR, f. a. to bring toshame; to disgrace ; 
 to blast the character of a person; to violate a person's chas- 
 tity : to treat ivilh indignity. 
 
 DISIIO'XOURABLE, a. void of respect, reverence, or 
 esteem ; shanieful ; reproachful. 
 
 DISHCNOURER, *. one who treats a person with indig 
 nit> ; one \v ho violates the chastity of a female. 
 
 To DISHORN, V. a. to strip of horns. " We'll dishorn 
 the spi'it." S/inl:. 
 
 DISHWASHER, f. the name of a bird. 
 
 DISIMPIUVVKMENT, i. reduction from a better to a 
 worse stale ; the contrary to melioration or improvement. 
 
 DISI.\CFJNAT10N,'s. want of affection; want of pro- 
 pensity. 
 
 To '>ISINCLI'NK, «. a. to lessen one's affections for a 
 
 thill' or peis<in. 
 
 DISINfiENlJ'ITY, s. unfairness; low and mean artifice. 
 
 D'SINi,f;\JUOUS, a. not of an open or fiank disposi- 
 tion; MiMviii: s^ ; ciiiiiiing or subtle. 
 
 DICING K'NUOUSLY, arf. in an unfair, sly, or crafty 
 . niu • r. 
 
 DHINGE'NUOUSNESS s- a behaviour wherein a per- 
 son eiideaMiurs to secure his ends by concealiiij; his designs, 
 and Using low craft and mean subterfuges in order tuaccoui- 
 (klijJi them. 
 
 DI.SINHF;RIS0>:, t. .See Dishrrlson. 
 To DISIMIE'RIT, V. a. to cut otf from a right to, 07 Oe- 
 prive of, an inheritance. 
 ■"I'o DISINTE'R, p. a. to take a body out of a grave. 
 DIMN'I 'ERK'SSED, a. See Disi NTEK k.sted. 
 DISrNTI^Rl'.ST, s. that which is contrary to a persona 
 success or prosperity ; a disadva..tage or loss." Indifference 
 to, or disregard of profit or private advantage. 
 
 DISINTh'-RESTED, a not influenced by any views o( 
 priviile lucre or advantage ; superior to any selfish motives. 
 DISINTKRKSTEDLV, «</. in a disinteiested manner. 
 DISINTERESTEDNESS,*, contempt of private inte- 
 rest; nei^lect of personal profit. 
 
 To DISJO'IN, V. a. [dejvindie, Fr.] to separate or divide 
 things united ; to part. 
 
 To DISJOI'NT, V. a. to put out of joint; to separate 
 things at the place where they are cemented or joined toge- 
 ther; to carve or cut in pieces, hy separating the joints 
 (roiii each other; to make incoherent ; to destroy the con- 
 nection of words or sentences. Neuterly, to fall asunder, 
 or ill piec es. 
 
 DISJUDICATION, i. \disji(dicatio, from jifrfico, to judge, 
 Lat.l judgnient ; determiualioii ; more propieily dijndicKtioti. 
 DISJU NCT, a. [from disjmigo, to disjoin, Lat.] disjoined ; 
 separate. 
 
 DISJUNCTION,*, [from disj.mgo, to disjoin, Lat.] sepa- 
 ration ; or the a«f of dividing things or peismis. 
 
 DISJUNCTIVE, a. [from disJiwg;o, to di.sjoin, Lat.] di«- 
 niiiling; not proper for union. In grammar, applied to 
 such particles as denote a separation or contrast ; " i love 
 him, 01- I fear him ;" the word or is a disjiiiii live conjunc- 
 tion. In logic, applied to such propositions whose parts 
 are opposed to each other by 'disjunctive particles, thus : 
 " Qiiaiililv is either length, breadih, or depth." 
 DISJU'N( TIVELV, ad. distinctly ; separately. 
 DISK, s. [discus, Lat.] in astronomy, the face of the sun, 
 moon, or any planet, as it appears to the eye. In optics, 
 the magnitude of the glass of a telescope, or the width of it« 
 aperture. In botany, the central or middle part of radiated 
 fioHcrs, composed of several florets placed perpendicularly, 
 and sometimes called the ;H'/iis or bason. 
 
 DISK IN DN ESS, s. a want of .kindness, afi'eciion, or be- 
 nevolence; an act whereby a thing or person receives da- 
 mage or detriment, and is supposed to be derived from ili- 
 will. or alienated affection. 
 
 DISLIKE, s. want of approbation or esteem, shewed by 
 a pers(ui's behaviour and actions. 
 
 To DISLI'KE, I', a. to disapprove; to look on as impro- 
 per or faulty. To shew disgust or disesteem. 
 
 To DISLIKE, «. a. to change the appearance of a thing, 
 or make it look different from what it was before. 
 
 DISLI'KENEsS, s. the quality which makes a thing ap. 
 pear ditt'ereul to what it was before; the quahty which 
 makes a difference between things. 
 DIS LI KER. s. one who disapproves a person or thing. 
 DISLI'KEFUL, a. disaffected; malign. Not in use. 
 " Dislihef'iil conceit." Spen. 
 
 To DiSLI'MN, V. a. to unpaint; to strike out of a pic- 
 ture. 
 
 DISLOCATE, f. a. [disluco, from dis, a negative particle, 
 and lucas, a place, Lat.] to put out of its proper place ; ta 
 disjoint. 
 
 DISLOCATION, s. Iheactof putting things out of their 
 proper places. In surgery, a joint put out, or the forcing a 
 bone from the socket; a luxalioii. 
 
 To DISLO'DGE, i>. a. 10 remove from a place 01 settle, 
 ment by force; to drive an enemy fr<im a post; to remove 
 an armv to other quarters. Neuterly, to decamp, or go away 
 to another place. 
 
 DISLO'YAL, a. \desloijal, Fr.] false or disobedient to a 
 sovereign. 
 
 DISLOYALLY, ad. in a faithless, disobedient, or rebel- 
 lions nianner. 
 DlSLO'V.'\LTY,f. want of fidelilv to the severeigu. 
 
 '2C7
 
 DIS 
 
 nflVds Ilic mind villi liiiior; iiu hiniliolv ; yluonij ; toi- 
 lliV'Hii. 
 
 DI'SMALr.V, (tliznia'.hj) nil. iti such a manner as to ex- 
 tilc lioriiir, 3(in(j", or iiieiiiiitliiilv. 
 
 Dl'SMAl-NrsS, (,(lizn,nhi(ss) s. the qualily vliith excites 
 iiorror ni«-liiiu Imly. or sonou. 
 
 To DISMA iS'I LE, f. a. lo strip a person of ary dress 
 wliiiii tervcd liiiii as an orniinicMil ordilence; to snioo(|)« 
 K) untold ; todestroy todeslrov liie ou^v^orksor (li'lenccs 
 ota pl<itp : to liieak dciuuor d'.siioy yny ti.ing external. 
 To DISWA'.'K, V. II. to pull (liia nuisli ; lo uncover. 
 To DISINI AY, I', a. [''ewivja-jSpan.] to discourage or dis- 
 hearten v.itii fiar. 
 
 DI*M \\, s. [rfesinrt^/o, Sonn.J loss of courage, occasioned 
 by some t'ri,i;liltiil oliji-cl ofuprireliensioii. 
 
 DISMA'VRDN'K'^S, j. the state of mind arising from the 
 sigi-.t of some frightful object, or the apprehension of some 
 daniior. 
 
 DI>Mr:, s. [Fr.]a tenth; the tenth part ; the tythe. 
 To D!SMK'M15C'v, i'. a. to divide one ineiHber from 
 atjotlier : to cut or ti-.ir to pieces. 
 
 To DISMT SS, V. II. [dis, a negative particle, here used to 
 streni;then the signiiiiation, and miltn, to send, Lat.l to send 
 away ; to <lischarge from attendance ; to give leave to 
 depart; to diiciiargj from service, or from an employ- 
 ment. 
 
 DISMISSION, s. [<lis, a negative particle, here used to 
 jtrengtiien tliesigniticalion, and mitto, to send, Lat., the act 
 of sending away ; an honourable discharge irom an ottice; 
 deprivation ; or the being turned out ofanv post or office. 
 
 To DIS.MORTGAGE, r. a. to redeem tVom or clear a 
 mortgage hv paving the nionev lent on aiiv hiiitis or estate. 
 To DISMOUNT, «. a. [rlrmrmicr, Fr.] to niiliorse, to lose 
 any prclernient, or post of honour ; to dislodge or force 
 cannon from their carriage. Ncuterly, to alif;lit from a.i 
 hor?e ; to descend from an eminence or high place. 
 
 To DISNATURALIZIC, v. a. to alienate ; to deprive of 
 the privileijp of birth. 
 
 DISOBEDIENCE, ». a wilful arting contrary to the 
 comni;Mids or proliibitions of a superior. 
 
 DISORE'DII'.NT, pnrt. or a. guilty of acting contrary to 
 the laws, or tlic comuiands of a superior. 
 
 To DISOBEY, f. n. to act contrary to the will or com- 
 mands of a superior; to break the laws, by doing something 
 whicli is forbidden, or refusing to do something tiiat is com- 
 manded. 
 
 DISOBLIGA'TION, s. an act which alienates the affec- 
 tious of a person, orcb.inges a fritnd into an enemy ; an act 
 which occasions <lisgu5t or dislike. 
 
 To DlSOnLl'dK, (pron. disobleejr) V. a. to do something 
 which offends another ; to displease. 
 
 DISORM'GINO, pirf. or a. uni>leasing ; void of those 
 tjualities which attr^ut friendship ; otTeiisive. 
 
 DISOHLI'GINGLY, nd. in such a manner as to displease. 
 DIS()RLI(;lNGNKSS,s. rr-adiuess to displease. 
 DISORHED. part, cast from its proper orbit or path, 
 within which it performs its revolulioiis. " Or like a star 
 disnrb'd f>hnh. 
 
 DISO'RDER, s. [disnrdie, Fr.J want of method, or regu- 
 lar distribution ; tumult, or confusion; breach of violation 
 ef laws ; (liva>e, generally us<'d for some slight disease. 
 
 To DISORDER, v. n. io thro-.- into confusion ; to de- 
 stroy the regular distribution of a thing ; lo rufile or con- 
 fuse ; to make sick, or effect with some slight disease ; to 
 discompose. 
 
 DISO'UDRRED, part, not complying with law or order, 
 applied to morals. Indisposed, or aflccted with a slight 
 di'sease, applied lo the body. Confused, tumultuous, or 
 rfbellions, applied to stales. Rumpled, a'^plied lo dress. 
 
 DI.SO'RDEREDNESS, #. irregularity , want of order; 
 confusion. 
 
 DISfyRDERLY, mi in a manner inconsistent with law 
 or virtue, applied tu morale. In an irregular or tumultuous 
 
 m-jjiner, applied lo the motion of the animal spirits or fluids. 
 In a manner wanting melliofl, apidied to llie placing of 
 tilings, to the distribution of ideas, or to the arrangemeutof 
 argnniejits in learned productions. 
 
 DISORD I'illLY, «. acting inconsistent with law or virtne: 
 contused, or not regularlv placed ; tumultuous. 
 
 DISOTvDlNATE, fl. not living by the rules of virtue. 
 D1:'>0'11D1NATELY, ad. in such a manner as to exceed 
 the bounds of temperance, or to transgress the rules of 
 morality. 
 To IJISO'WN, V. a. to renounce ; to deny. 
 To DISPA'ND, V. a. [dispanda, Lat.] to display ; to spread 
 abroad. 
 
 DISPATS'SION, s. [from dispnndo, to stretch out, Lat.J 
 the act of displaying; the act of spreading; diffusion; 
 dilatation. 
 
 To D!SP.\'RAGE, t-. a. [from dispnr, unequal, Lat.] to 
 match with a person or thing wbic^l is not equal ; to disgrace 
 by joining a thing of superior excellence with one below it ; 
 to disgrace or injure by comparison with something of less 
 value; to treat with contempt and dishonour ; to expose > 
 to blame, censure, or reproach. 
 
 DISPA'IIAGEMENT. s. disgrace or dishonour done to 
 a person or thing by comparing them with something of in- 
 ferior excellence and dignity ; disgrace; or reproacli. 
 
 DiSP.VRAGER, s. one who treafsa person or thing with 
 indignity, and endeavours to lessen their value by comparing 
 or uniting tliem with something of less value, or below 
 them. 
 
 DISPARATES, s. [from dispnr, unequal, Lat.] in logic, 
 thiuijs so unlike, that they cannot be compared !ogelh-r. 
 
 DiSP.A'RITY, i. [from (/ii;7(i»-, unequal, L.at.| opposition or 
 difference of qualities ; difference in degree, v;hetliei it 
 resr-ccts rank or excellence ; uulikeness ; dissimilitude. 
 
 To DISP.X'IIK, i>. a. to throw open a park. " Dispayh'd 
 my parks." Shah. To set at large ; to release from inclo- 
 sure. " And did atonce '/ijpflrA tlieni all." Waller. 
 
 To DISP.A'RT, r. a. [dispertin, i'rom pais, a part, Lat.] I« 
 divide in two; to separate; to break. 
 
 DISP.\'SSION,i. freedom from the passions or affectio.".* 
 of the mind. 
 
 DISPA'SSIONATR, a. free from the tuibulencc of an;,cr, 
 or oilier passions ; calm, cool, and temperate. 
 
 To DISP.ATCH, r. II. [rff/)f,5(.'i€r, Fr.] to send a person or 
 thing away hastily. Figuratively, to send out of the vvorii 
 by a violent dealh ; to murder; to perform business quicklj 
 or expediticuisly. 
 
 DISPATCH, s. quickness or expedition in performing. 
 FigiiTalivelv, conduct ; management. .\n express. 
 
 DISPATCIIFUL, a. full of haste, expedition, or quick- 
 ness ill ihe perfoiiiiaui e of business. 
 
 To DISPE'L, V. a. [Hispillo, from nelh, to drive away, Lat.) 
 to disperse, to clear away any obstruction by scattering 
 or dissipating if. 
 
 DISPE'NSARY, i. the place where medicines are sold, 
 and phvsician's bills are made npata low price for llie be- 
 nefit of Ihe poor; a book containing forms or receipts for 
 making medicines. 
 
 DISPENSATION, j. \dispnisatiii, from dispemo, to lay 
 out, or distribute, Lat.] the acl of distribuliug to several 
 tilings or part_j ; the economy observed by Providence in 
 governing pari icultir slates, or in the general distribniion of 
 rewards and punlshuients to all mankind ; a nrrniission fa 
 do something coutiary to the laws ; or a rclaxati^m and 
 suspension of their force for a certain time, or on a pecijli:*r 
 occasion. 
 
 DISPKNSATOR. ;t. [dispensalor, fioin dispenso, to distri- 
 bute. Lat.] one emidoyen in distribiitini'. 
 DISPENSATOIlY,"*. See Dispknsarv. 
 To DISPENSE, V. a. [de-ipnisir, Fr.] to dislribr-tP, C|» 
 give among several persons ; to excuse from a duty. 
 
 DISPENSE, s. excuse; dispensation. Obsolete, "(fc 
 dul"en(ics, dixnnise", pardons, bulls." HJiU. 
 DISPENSER, I. line who dis'xibutes.
 
 DIS 
 
 To niSI'E'OPLK, {dispciple) V. a. to deprive a country 
 of its itil>.;)l>itaiit9. 
 
 DISl'iyOl'LER, (dispeipler) s. one wiio deprives a coun- 
 try (>rit>iiilud>ifaiils. 
 
 To UISPl'"RftE, t>. a. [dispei-so, Lat.] to sprinkle; to 
 •catter. 
 
 To DISPE'RSE, V. a. [from dispn-go, l.at.l to scatter ; to 
 drive to difl'ereiit parts ; to scparale a Ixxly of men or niul- 
 titufle. SyNON. To ilixpnse is ;ilvva\» voluntary; to 
 tcntter is frequently involiiMlary. When a family of childreo 
 are come to years of nvalurity, lliey generally disperse them- 
 sfKes into various parts. 
 
 DISl*r;USF,DLY, ad. in a separate manner; separately. 
 
 DiSinVRSr.DNRSS, s. the state of things or persons 
 which are divided or separatt-d. 
 
 DISPF/RSEU, «. one who spreads abroad or makes pub- 
 lic, l)V eoiniiHinicalin^ to iiiaiiy. 
 
 DlSPKHSl'-NI'-SS, s. thinness; scalteredness. 
 
 DISPK'llSION, s. {(twn dtspeigo, to disperse, Lat.] the 
 actof scallerins or spiearlin;;. In S'.ir^ery, it is the remov- 
 ing an inllaniniation, and not allowing it toadvaiiie to an 
 abscess. 
 
 To DISPI'RIT, V. a. to strike with fear; or to repress 
 Ihecourajje of a person by some menace, or ill trcaliiienl; 
 to exhaust the spirits, or deprive a person of Ins natural 
 alacritv and viijour. 
 
 DISPrUlTEDNESS. s. want of alacrity, vigour, or vi- 
 vacity. 
 
 To DISPLA'CE, i>. a. to put out of a place ; to remove 
 from one place to another; to supersede. 
 
 DiSPLA'CENCY, s. [from displicin, to displease, Lat.J 
 actions or behaviour which occasions displeasure, disgust; 
 aiiv thint; displeasing. 
 
 To DISPLA'NT, V. a. to remove a plant to some other 
 place. Figuratively, to drive a people away from a settle* 
 
 menfj, 
 
 DlSPLANTATION, s. [from rf!>, a negative particle, ana 
 phiito, to be planted, Lut.] the removal of a plant; the ejec- 
 tion ofa people. 
 
 To DISPLA'Y, r. a. [dfsplntfei; Fr.] to spread abroad or 
 VI ide ; to shew lo the sii;ht, or to the understanding ; to ex- 
 plain a thing minutely ; to set ostentaliouslv in view. In 
 c^rji-ing, to cut oi ' a crane, &c. 
 
 DISPLA'Y, s. the act of exh ibiting a thing to view, in 
 Older to discover its beauties and excellencies. 
 
 DlbPL.\'YED, part, in heraldry, applied to a bird in an 
 elect postiive, with its wings expanded nr stretched out. 
 
 DISPLK'.'VSANT, (ili.fpUzcut) a. disagreeable or offen- 
 sive to the senses. 
 
 To DISPLK'.ASE, (^disphize) v. n. to offend, or make 
 angry; to do a thing which will raise the ill-will of a per- 
 «on, or forfeit his esteem. To disgust, or raise an aversion, 
 applied to the senses. 
 
 DISPLE'ASINGNESS, [dispkizins^ens) s. the quality of 
 creating dislike, or being disagreeable cither to the sense or 
 judijuient. 
 
 DISPLE'.ASURE, {displeaziire) i.a disagreeal)Ie sensation ; 
 that which will offend a person; anger proceeding from 
 some offence given, or from something which was disagree- 
 able ; a state of disgrace, wherein a person has lost the fa- 
 vour of another. 
 
 To DISPLODB, V. a. [disptodo, Lat.] to vent or discharge 
 with a Imid noise. 
 
 DISPLO'SION, *. [displosiis, from disphdn, lo discharge 
 with a loud noise, Lat.] the act of disploding; a sudden 
 burst or dispersion with noise and violence. 
 
 DISPORT, «. play ; sport ; pastime ; diversion. 
 
 To DISPO'RT, t). a. to divert. Neuterly, to play ; to 
 K>v ; to wanton. 
 
 blSPOS.'VL, (dispozal) s. the act of regulating any thing ; 
 «iistribution ; dispensation; the riuht of bestowing. 
 
 To DISPO'SE, {(Hspdze) V. a. [disposer, Fr.] to employ, 
 of apply to any use ; to bestow or give ; lo spend or lay 
 •ut money ; to turn to any particular end ; to adopt, fit. 
 
 DIS 
 
 or form for any purpose; to influence the mind ; to regii- 
 late or adjust ; to place in any cui.dition ; to sell ; to (jet 
 rid of. 
 
 DISPO'SER, (d>sp!izer) s. a person who has the niaozgeo 
 mentofany atlair ofiiiouev ; |i."lliiit gives, bestows, or re- 
 gulates; adiretlor; oi;c who distilb'«.ts without control, 
 and in an aihilarv nianiier. 
 
 DISPOSITION, (dispcsiilion) s. [dispnsitio, from dispono, 
 to set ill order, Lai.] a regular ariangenient, clisliihulioLJ. 
 or order of ihe parlsof a lliiiiK, or s\bleui, whicl. discover* 
 art, inelhod, and piudciicc ; luitiiial tiluess, or tcndi iicv ; 
 propensity, bent, or Uiupcr of ihe mind; affections of kind 
 nessor ill will. Applied lothe mind, when the powt r and iibi 
 lily of any thing is forward and ready on every occasion lo 
 break into aclioii. 
 
 DLSPO'SITOK, i. in astrology, the lord of thai sign m 
 whi h the planet is, and by which therefore it is overruled. 
 
 To DISPOSSE'.SS, idispoziss) v. a. to turn a person out of 
 a place of w liicli he is master. 
 
 DISPRA'ISE, (disprdize) s. blame, or the act of finding 
 fault ; censure ; reproach. 
 
 To DISPRAISE, (dispraize) v. a. to blame ; to find fault 
 with ; to censure. 
 
 DISPRA l.^ER, {dispraizir) t. one who blames, or find* 
 fault. 
 
 DISPRAISINGLY, {dispraizivghj) ad. with blame ox 
 censure. 
 
 To DISPRF/AD, {disprid) v. a. to spread abroad; lo 
 spread diflereiit wavs. 
 
 DISPRO'ITF, i, loss ; damage; that by which a thing ts 
 
 rendered less valuable, or n person receives loss. 
 
 DISPROOF, .?. couriitatioii ; or provin;; a thing to be fall'.-. 
 
 DlSPIlOPOiniON, s. the disagrenneiit between thfe 
 
 quality or quantity ci" different things, or tlie part.s of th« 
 
 same thing. 
 
 To DISPROPORTION, v. a. to join things which dw 
 not suit, or disagree wilh each other in quantity or 
 quality. 
 
 DISPROPO'RTIONABLE, a. disagreeing in quantity ; 
 not well suited, or proportioned to something else. 
 
 DISPKOPO'RTIONABLENKSS, s. the want of agrei^ 
 ment, with resped to quantity, size, or svmnietrv. 
 
 DISPRGpOKTlONAaLY, ad. unsuitably, not symme- 
 trically. 
 
 DISPRUPCKTION^L, a. unsuitable, or disagreeing in 
 quantilv, qtialitv, or value, with something else. 
 
 DISPROPORTIONALLY, ad. unsuitably with respect tu 
 quantilv or value. 
 
 DISPROPO RTIONATE, a. disagreeing in quality *.r 
 value with something else ; wanting svmnietrv. 
 
 DISPROPORTIONATELY, ad. wanting svmmetrv. 
 DISPROPO RTIONATENESS, *-. unsuitableness -n bulk, 
 form, or value. 
 
 To DISPRO'VE, (disprcave) v. a. to confute an asser 
 tion ; to shew a thing or practice lo be inconsistent with 
 truth, law, or morality. 
 
 DISPROTER, (dfsprnuver) s. one wht> confutes or proves 
 athimio' argument to be false or erroneous. 
 
 DlSPUTs'lSHARLE, a. in law, witliout some penal 
 clause or article subjecting a person to make good any loss 
 or damai'e. 
 
 To DISPU'RSE, r. a. to pay; to disburse. It is rtct 
 certain that the following passage should not be written 
 disburse. " iMany a pound of my own proper store—— 
 have 1 rf/jtpro-.scrf to the garrisons." S/iak. 
 
 DISPUTABLE, a. that may admit of avgoments bofU 
 for and against it ; liable to dispute ; controvertible ; law- 
 ful lobe contested. 
 
 DI SPLTANT, s. Ffrom dispute, to dispute, Lat.] onewlx* 
 argues againsi, or opposes the opinions of another. 
 
 DISPUTANT, «. disputing ; engaged in controversy. 
 Obsolete. " Dispxtr.nt on points and questions." Mitt, 
 
 DISPUTATION, t. [from dtsputo, lo dispute, Lat.] fli-i 
 nrt of opposing ihc scniiincnis of ol)icr.<> : controversy <«r 
 
 act*
 
 DIS 
 
 •'•Kguments produced either in favour of ones own senti- 
 ments or in opposition to tlmse of another. 
 
 DI.SPUTA'TK)US,(£/i>/;»«a»7(/uiis) «. fond of opposing the 
 opinions of others ; given to debate, or caviUin^'. 
 
 DISPUTATIVK, a. disposed to opjHise the opinions of 
 rtthers ; fond of<Tntro\ersv. 
 
 To DISI'UTh, i: n. [rlisi>uln, Lat.] to oppose the senti- 
 ments or opinions of another: to deny and a-gne against 
 any received opinion. Actively, to contend for a llinig 
 either by words or actions; to oppose or qnestioii ; to (hs- 
 cuss a (piesiion ; to think on. 
 
 DI.Sl'UTE, »■ the act of opposing, or bringing arguments 
 agatii-st the opinir)n of another ; controversy. 
 
 DI>>PUTF.R, f. one eii'^aged in, or fond of, coTilroversv. 
 
 DISQUALIFICATION, s. that «hicl. rendeisa person 
 tnitit for eniplox . 
 
 To DISQUALIFY, y. a. to make unfit; to disable by 
 some naliiral or Irgal inipediiiient ; to exempt or disable 
 from anv riijht, claim, or practice, bv law. 
 
 To DISQUA'NTITY, v. a. to lessen ; to diminish. Not 
 used. " To '//«//i««((7y Minr train." S'lafc. 
 
 piSQUl'LT,*. uneasiness; lestiessness ; wantof easeof 
 mind: an\ii't\. 
 
 DI.SQUI'F.T, ff. iiueasv or disturbed in mind. 
 
 To DISQUIT.T, I', fr.lo disturb liir mind of a person bv 
 some disagreeable and calamitous ()l)ject ; to vex ; to make 
 uneasv. 
 
 DISQUIT.TKK, s. a disturber; or one who renders an- 
 etiier tuieasv in mind. 
 
 DISQLTF.ri^V, ml. anxiously; in such a manner as to 
 disturb or make uneasv. 
 
 DISQUIETNLSS, ^(. the state of a person who is dis- 
 pleased with his present condition, involved in troubles and 
 dangers, or atlrii; bled by some impending evil. 
 
 /ilSQUri'' UDE, s. uneasiness, or disturbance of mind ; 
 anxietv ; want oft anquillitv. 
 
 DISQUISITION, {ilisijiiitislimi) s. \tlisqmsilio, from ilis- 
 «Hi'«. to search diligentlv, Lat.] an act .f the mind, wliere- 
 ny it examines into a subject in order to understand its ini- 
 porlaiiGe, to foresee its conserpiences, and to find out what 
 may be urgefl ei.llier for or against it ; a strict examination 
 of a liiinir or matter. 
 
 DISRLCiA'RI), s. a slight notice; contempt; neglect; 
 tlisfsteem. 
 
 'I'oDISRI'Xi.A'UD, f. a. to take no notice; to slight ; to 
 iH'glfct ; to contenui. 
 
 DISKEfiA'UDFUI-, ". iiegligent ; contemptuous; or 
 makin'.'a small account of either persons or things. 
 
 DlfsIUlfi A'KDFULLY, atl. in a negligent, contemptuous, 
 or sli'^'h'iug manner. 
 
 DISHE'LI.SH, s. a trad taste; disgust, or dislike, applied 
 to the taste. 
 
 To DISRI'^LTSH, ti. «. to make a thing nauseotis; to af- 
 fect tlie taste with a disasieoble sensation. Figuratively, 
 l» <lislike ; to want a taste lor. 
 
 DISREPUTATION, :5. disgrace ; or that which will les- 
 sen a person's character or fame. 
 
 DISPiEPUTE, *. an ill character; loss of reputation or 
 « steeni ; reproach. 
 
 DISRESPECT, *. incivilitv; want of esteem; a beha- 
 -iour uhicli approaches to rudinrss. 
 
 DISRESPECTFUL, a. uncivil; without esteem ; unman- 
 neriv. 
 
 DISRESPECTFULLY, a>l. in an uncivil, irrcTcrent, or 
 uunianmrlv manner. 
 
 To DISRO'BE, ». a. to uiidress or strip a person of 
 clolhis. Figuratively, to lay aside; to divest, applied to 
 
 DISiilJ'PTION,*. [from ,H.ui,mpn, to break off, Lat.] the 
 act ol !/reakingor bursting asumler ; a breach or rent. 
 
 DISS, a town of Norfolk, containing about fiOO good 
 
 houses. It is a neat, flourishing to\Mi ; the streets are well 
 
 fwved, wide and clean; and at the \V. end of it is a larRc 
 
 muddy mere, or lake, where eels are caught. Ilerc arc ini- 
 
 27U 
 
 DIS 
 
 niifactories of yam, sail-cloth, stockings, stays, ana linen 
 cloth. It is seated on the river Wavenv, 21 fiiiles S. S. \V, 
 of Norwich, and in N. i\. E. of London. Market on 
 Fridav. 
 
 DISSATISFACTION, s. the state of a person who is not 
 contented with bis present condition, but wants something 
 to conijilete his wish or happiness; discontent. 
 
 DISSATISFA CTORIN ES.S, s. inability or want of powor 
 to give content. 
 
 DISSATISFACTORY, a. that is not able to produc* 
 content. 
 
 To DISS.\TISFY, ti. a. to discontent; to displeas : to 
 want Sf/mequabtv requisite to please or content. 
 
 To DISSE'CT, f. a. [dhseco, ftoni dis, a particle, here 
 implying division, aiifl seen, to cut, Lat.] in analoiHy, to di. 
 vide the parts of an aiiiinal hodv, with a knife, in order to 
 consitler each of them apart. Figuratively, to divide atul 
 examine a subject I'linutely. 
 
 DIS,SE'<'TION, s. [<lisseco, from flis, a particle, here im- 
 plying division, and sem, to cut, Lat.] in anatomy, the ad of 
 cutting <ir<liviiliiig the several p^irls ofananimul body asun- 
 der, in order to examine into tlu-ir nature and se\erril uses; 
 to divide the se\<ral parts of a plant, leaf, or any piece of 
 work, in order to examine into the mutual connection of 
 their s vcral parts. co.mposilions, and workniansbiii. 
 
 DISSEISIN, (ilix.weziii) s. in law, is an unlawful dispos- 
 sessing a person of his lands, tenement, or other immovea- 
 ble or iucoriuireal right. 
 
 To DISSIVI/E, (rlixseeze) r. a. to eject, dispossess, or 
 uiij|isll' deprive a man of his estate. 
 
 DiSSE'i/OR, (rff.vift;")) s one who deprives or dispos- 
 sesses anothnr of Ins right. 
 
 To DISSI'l'MRLI'", I', n. [ilis.tiinulii, from ilisximilif, unlike, 
 Lat.] to hide or conceal under a false appeal ance; to pre- 
 tend that to be which is not. Neuterly, to play the h\ po- 
 crit'-. 
 
 DlSSETslIJLER, i. one who conceals his real designs, 
 temper, uiid disposition, under a false and specious appear- 
 ance ; an hvpocrite. 
 
 DISSE'.MRLINGLy,nrf. in an hypocritical manner; m 
 such a niaini'i- as to conceal one's real sentiments under a 
 fal.se and sp ious a|>peaiance. 
 
 To DlSSE'MINATE.f. «. [from ills, a particle, her- sig- 
 nifying ili\ision, and semen, seed, Lat.] to scatter seed; to 
 sow. Figuratively, to spread abroad, or i>ropagate a re- 
 port. 
 
 DISSEMINATION, i. [from rfis, a particle, here signify- 
 ing division, and semen, seed, Lat.] the act of sou nig; the 
 actof spreadingabroad, or piopiigating a report. 
 
 DISSEMINATOR, ,t. [Lat.] lie that .sows. Figurativey, 
 one who propagates a doctrine. 
 
 DIS.SI'VN.SlON, i. l^disseiisio, from dissrnlin, to disagree, 
 Lat.] difference, or disagreement in opinion or politics ; 
 contention, or warm opposition. 
 
 DISSI'/NSIOUS, {dissensliious) a. disposed to strife ; quar- 
 relsome; factious. 
 
 To DISSE'NT, r. n. [from rfi'j, a particle, indicating di- 
 vision, and seiitid, to think, Lat.] to disagree in opinion; to 
 think differently ; to be of a contrarv nature; todilU-r. 
 
 DISSE'NT, s. disagreement; difl'e eiice of opinion; 
 avowal or declaration of difl'eience of opinion. 
 
 DISSENTA'NIX^US, «. disagieeable ; inconsistent. 
 
 DISSI^NTl'Mi, s. one who disagrees, or declares his dis- 
 agreement with respect to ap opinion; one who separate* 
 from the commiinion of the clrnrch of Fjigland. 
 
 DISSER'FA TION, s. [disserlaha, from dissno, tO di». 
 course, Lat. J a ^el discourse or treatise. 
 
 To DISSERVE, V. a to do injury to ; to damage, 'f* 
 hurt ; to barm. 
 
 DlSSI'','RVICE, *. harm; hurt; a prejudice or ill turn 
 done to a person or thing. 
 
 DISSE RVICEA BLE, a. that will hinder the advantage >( 
 a person or thing ; injurious: hurtful. 
 
 DlSSE'UVICEAIiLENESS, i. tiiat which hinders tl»
 
 DIS 
 
 avcoinplitliin^ 8oni< end; hurt; miscliicf; Hamiige ; in- 
 jiin-; tiiirm. 
 
 'j"i' ni^^iF.'VllR. ». «. [tlie purtiilrrf/.? added to sever, drtcs 
 not ;:lltr ilb si;,Miinccili()ii ; an iiiipropiiety oliscrvcd in some 
 ntliciHonls (it'oiir lanijir.i;^!', \\/.. ilisniiniil, cvc.] to lucak <ir 
 partinluo; In separate ; !<) divide. 
 
 J)I'SSII)I'.NTS, .5. a deii'iniiiialioii applied In INilaiid to 
 persons of llie Lutlieian, C.dvinistie, or (ire« k prol'e>,>,i(iii. 
 Tliev liiive Keen fjenerallv tolerated. 
 
 DISSII.rnON, «. fIVoin f//.v,v(//„, tolinrst, La(.] the art of 
 bursting: in two ; die act ot \lailiin; dillerent xvavs. 
 
 J)IS.SrMI|,Ali, n. [fioin rhs.umili.':. unlike, Lat.l difterins 
 in quality or shape tVoui the ihinLC uhieh il Ls compared with; 
 unlike : ofa <lifVerent kind or nature. 
 
 DISSIM ILA'IUTV, «. uiilikeness in quality, temper, or 
 dispositi'iii. 
 
 DlSslMirdTUDR, s. difl'er. nee of form or quality ; want 
 of res-einounuv with a lhini;<(impared. 
 
 1)|SSIMIII,A''I"I0X, «. [from flissinn/ix, unlike, I.at.] the 
 act of pnltinijon a false appearance in order tocoiufalone's 
 illten'iin) or disposition ; then used in a l>ad .sense. 
 
 UrSSIl' \F5I,E, <r. easily separated and scatleied. 
 
 To 1)1 SSII'ATK, r. fl. [from dissiixi, I.at.] to separate any 
 collection, and disperse the pait^ at a distance ; to divide 
 ihe altention hetween a diver>ity of olijeels, and liierefine 
 render it impossiliio to fix to any with intenseness ; to 
 squander weahli : to spenit a forlmie. 
 
 DISSIPA"l"IO.\, J. [from dissifw, to dissipate, I.at.] the 
 net of separatinij the jiaits which fnrni any ci>llectiou, mass, 
 or body ; the stale of the parts ofa hodv separated, and at 
 a distance from each olher. Fi^'urativelv, inaltenlion. 
 
 To DISSO'CIA TK, ('/ixso.i/.inie) r. ii. [ roiu ills, a ne;;ative 
 particle, and OTfiM, social, Lai.] lo separate things or per- 
 ions which are united. 
 
 DISSOLVABLE, (rf(-r-/i«We) a. [f'oni dissohn, to dissolve, 
 Lat.jllial is capable of liaviiipj its parts sepiraled liy mois- 
 ture, or the action of some ftnid. Ihssalnhle is more ^eiic- 
 ruHv used. 
 
 niSSOIAT.LE, a. [from *.v,w/,», (o dissolve, Lat.] capa- 
 ble of liavin^f its parts separated. 
 
 DISSOLUBILITY, s. tile possihilllv of having its parts 
 icparated or litpiehed hv moisture or heat. 
 
 To DISSO'LVE, (rl'i:i>h-e) r. a. [from ihs,a parlicle, which 
 here serv;; to sirenijllien the siynilicaliou, anil ,«)//■«, to 
 loosen, Lci.j (>■ destroy tlie form ofa ihiiii; hv separalin;f its 
 parts with moisture, or heat ; lo melt, or liipiefv ; to de- 
 stroy ; to separate; to break the lies of any tiling; lo part 
 persons who are uniled by any bonds ; Px lear up a doubt 
 or (lithcully. To break up or discliar;,'e an assembly. 
 Neiiterlv, to be Melted ; to fall to nothing; to melt away in 
 pleasures. 
 
 I)ISS(yLVENT, {>nz;Jvcni) <r.[from (Ussoha, to dissolve, 
 I.al.]havin ■ llie power of sicparating, or breaking the miioii 
 of tin- particles ofa hodv, 
 
 DISSO'LVKNT, {(lizolrent) s. that which separates the 
 parts of anv tlnr«;. 
 
 niSSO'LVER, {(lizblvcr) s. that which has the power of 
 nioltin'.;-, liquefying, or breaking the union of the particles 
 of anv til ill!,'. 
 
 DISSO'LVIBLE, ff. [from dissnho, Lat.] (commonly writ- 
 ten liissolviilile, but less properly) liable to perish by dissolu- 
 tion. 
 
 DI'SSOLUTE, a. [dtssolutus, from dissoiro, to dissolve, 
 Lat.] dissolved in, or abandoned to, pleasure ; loose; wan- 
 ton ; or unrestrained by the rules of morality, the orders of 
 government, or tiic> laws of religion. 
 
 ni'.SSOLUTELY, (id. in such a manner as is inconsistent 
 villi virtue, government, or religion. 
 
 nrSSOIAlTENESS, J. looseness of manners; a conduct 
 subletted to no restraint ; wantonness; wickedness. 
 
 D'SSOLU'TlON, s. [disso/iitici, from dissidm, to dissolve, 
 Lat. J the act of separating tlic panicles ofa body, or liqne- 
 ^inp X-d melting by heat ard moisture : the destruction of 
 swvy tiling by the separation of its parts ; the substance or 
 
 D IS 
 
 body foinied by niching a lliing ; death, or llie separationof 
 the body and soul ; liie acl of breaking up, dismissing, or 
 ;)ulliiig an <ii<l lo an assembly. Licentiousness; or uisre- 
 gaid of virtue or religion, more commonly styled (/ixfo/uw* 
 
 tWiS. 
 
 Ur.SSONANCE, J. [disiniiniis, from dis, A particle indicat- 
 ing division, and timi!, lo sound, Lul.J a mixture of liarsh aoa 
 nnliariiionious sounds; discord. 
 
 Dl'SSONANT, n. \diss<mniis, from rfi>, a negative parti- 
 cle, indicating divi'sion, and simo, to sound, Lat.] sounding 
 liarsli and disagreeable lo ihe ear. Eiguralively, inconsi»- 
 leiil, disagreeing ; used witli from, ut most properly witu 
 to. 
 
 To DISSUA'DE, (dissuade) v. a. [from <fc';, a negative par- 
 ticle, and simdeo, lo persuade, Lat. j lo make use of argu- 
 ments to iiiuiler a person from doing something which he 
 iiilends, to represent a thing as improper or disadvantage- 
 ous. 
 
 DISSUA'DER, (dissuader)s. one who endeavours by ar 
 gnniiMit to divert a person from a design or undertaking. 
 
 DISSUA'DIA!, (dissiiaitir) s. [from ilis, a negative parti- 
 cle, and siindiii, to persuade, Lat.] an argument or motive 
 made usr of lo divert or hinder a person iVom closing witk 
 anv design, or engaging in an nudertakiiig. 
 
 DISSUASIVE, (f//.v,vKurac) a. tending to divert from 
 any purpose or design. 
 
 DISSUA'SI VI'', (dissiiuzii'e) t. a motive or argument 
 made use of lo pre>aii on a person to decline a design or 
 pursuit. 
 
 DISSY'LLARLE, .». [from dis, twice, and si/tlabos,a sylld- 
 ble, Cir.] in giammar, a word <d' two s\ llables. 
 
 DI'.S'I Air, 4. [diihief. Sax.] the statf or stick, on the ex. 
 treuiity of which Ihe low or hemp is fastened for spiu- 
 
 Di'.STAFETHASTLE,^. a species of Ihistle. 
 
 To DISTA'TN, !'. «. to mark a ihinj; wilh a dilTerent co- 
 lour; lo spoil the colour ofa thing. ri|,'uratively, lo blot; 
 to mark w illi iufaiiiv ; lo pollute or defile. 
 
 Id'S'I'ANCE, .«. Ifroiii rfi.s, a particle, indicating divisioo, 
 [iii(l s((>, to slaud, i.at.] the space or length of ground be- 
 iHcen any two objecls, applied to place or situation; a 
 space marked in a coiUiC wherein racehorses run. The 
 space between a thing prescnl and one pa»t or future, ap- 
 plied to liine. Distinction, applied lo ideas. A modest 
 and respectable bcliaviour, opposed to familiarity. A 
 w illidiaw ing of art'ection ; reserve ; coolness. 
 
 To DI'S'I'ANCE, V. a. to remove from Ihe view ; to place 
 farther from a person ; lo leave behind at a race the length 
 of a distance post. Eiguratively, to snriiass a pers(m in 
 the abilities of Ihe mind. 
 
 DISTANT, (I. [from dis, a particle of division, and sto, t» 
 stand, Lat.] far fioiii, applied lo place. .Apart, separate, 
 asunder, applied to situation, or llie s|i;icc helween two or 
 more bodies. Removed fioni the present instant, applied 
 lo lime pastor future. 
 
 To DISTA'STl'', II. ff. to occasion a ilisagroeable or nau- 
 seous taste ; to aliect the taste with a disagreeable sensation; 
 to dislike. 
 
 DISI'A'.STE, s. aversion of the palate ; dislike ; anger 
 alieiration of afleclion. 
 
 DISTA'STEFUL, a. affecting the palate, or organ of 
 taste, with a nauseous or disagreeable sensalioii ; that givc« 
 offence, or is unplcasing ; shewing ill-w ill, or disgust. 
 
 DISTEMPER, s. a disproportionate mixture of ingre- 
 dients. In painting, a term used (or the worknig up ol co- 
 lours vyith something besides water or oil. If the colours 
 are prepared wilh water,tlial kind of painting is called /i;»i<- 
 iiig ; and if with oil, it is calh-il jmiutiti;^ in nil, or simply 
 painting. If the colours arc mixed with size, while of cgys, 
 or any such proper glutinous kind of mailer, and not with 
 oil, it is said to be done in distoniier. In medicine, jo'sie 
 disorder of the animal machine, occasioned by Ihe reduii- 
 <la^ncy of some morbid humours ; a disorder of the mind, 
 arising from Ibc piedorainaiice of tinv passion or appetilt ; 
 
 an
 
 DIS 
 
 DIS 
 
 wtml of (lut balance between contraries ; ill humour. Tu- 
 Hiultuoiis disorder or confusion, applied to states. 
 
 To IJISTt'MPRR.r. a. to weaken lieallli ; to affect with 
 tome disease ; to disorder ; to fill Ihe inind uitli pertiM lia- 
 tion or confusion. To render rebellious, or disufiected, ap- 
 Vlied to states. 
 
 niSTEMPKRATR,.'-. immoderate. 
 
 DISTE'MPnRATUliF., s. excess of heat, cold, or other 
 qualities. Violent coniniotions, applied to •government. 
 Periurbation of mind ; confnsioii ; mixture of contrary qua- 
 lities or extremes. 
 
 To DISTICND, V. a. [from tlis, a particle, \\!)icl) here 
 increases the signiticalii n, and le}ii!u, to ^tretcll, Lat.] to 
 stretch by tilling; to strelih out in breadth. 
 
 DISTK'NT, s. llie s|.aie ilirouyh wljicli any tliiuR is 
 «pread or stretched ; breadth. 
 
 DI^TE'NTION, s. [from 'lis, a particle, which here in- 
 creases ;l;r ci<;niti(ali(in, and inido, to stntrii, I al.] llu' act of 
 Sfretchini,' ; breadtli, or llie space which is occupied hv a 
 thin" distended ; ihe act of separating one tlnnj; from 
 another. 
 
 DISTICH, {(listih) s ['listic/inn, I.at.J in poetrv, a coup- 
 let ; a couple of lines; a poem consisting <uily of two 
 verses; a theme or subject treated of aiid comprised in two 
 lines. 
 
 To DISTIL, V. n. [tlisiilh, from stlUa, a drop, Lat.l to 
 <lrop, or fall by drops. To drop or fall genllv, applied to 
 fluids; lo extract the virtues of ingrcilients bv means of 
 a still. 
 
 DISTILLATION, s. [from <lislllh,U-> distil, Lat.] the act 
 of separating the oily, watery, or spirituous parts of ingre- 
 dients, inclosed in a still, by uuans of tire, or by the heat 
 of dung; the act of falling in drops ; that which descends 
 in drons from a still. 
 
 DISTILLATOUY, a. belonging to, or used in distilling. 
 
 DHTI'LL'' R, i. one who makes and sells distilled liquors. 
 
 DHTI'LLERY, s. the business, trade, or employment of 
 a distiller. 
 
 DHTINCT, n. \rlisthictiis, from rfij^nig-Ho, to distinguish, 
 Lat.] <lifterent both in number and4ind ; separate ; apart; 
 asunder; chared and unc nufused ; marked out, so as to be 
 distinguished f'oiu any oilier. 
 
 DISTINCTION, .<:. \rlisiiiiclio, from distin-riin, to distin- 
 guish, Lat Ja note which shews (he difierence between two 
 or more oh|ectf ; a mark <rf superiority ; that bv \< bieh one 
 thing or person diflers from another ; ditb'iences made 
 between persons of various ages, sexes, or ranks ; division 
 into dirterent parts; discernment; judgment; high rank, 
 or s'-t aliiive othrrs bv hoiicuror title. 
 
 DISTr.N'CTiVL, «. that manitVsts or marks the dif- 
 ference between persons cu' things ; having Ihe power to 
 distinguish or perceive the ditl'eience between things; ju- 
 diciiuis. 
 
 DISTINCTIVKLY, ml. in right order; without con- 
 fus'oii. 
 
 DISTINCTLY, ml. without confusing one part with 
 aiiotlwr ; phiiiilv ; deaily. 
 
 Dl.SITNf"l"Nr.SS, s. a nice or accurate observation of 
 llie difbienee between things ; a separation of thinj;s either 
 ' exI'Tii.'IK (u' ii.i the mind, which renders their difference 
 from i';i( li I'tlirr easib perceived. 
 
 ToDI^TrXf.nSU, nhe m in the last svllable of this 
 word and its derivativ<'S has the sound of «i, — {fistinirtrish) 
 V. a \iht:liiiniii>, Lat.] lo note Ihe dillereiii c lictweeii ihiugs ; 
 to si'paiate fruni others \n some mark of honour ; to divide 
 by notes, shewing Ihe ditlcrence between things in other 
 resiiects like each other ; to perceive ; to discern critically ; 
 to coii-.'llute a difference ; to speeiticale. 
 
 DIsrrNfU.'lSJLAnLL, n.thal may be separated or easily 
 unoufi, <in account of its difference from another ; worthy 
 of iK'te or ri ;ard. 
 
 Dl.STI'NCiniSlIK, [), (7. eminent or exiraordinarv ; easilv 
 ♦o be seen from others on account of some reiniiikablc dif- 
 ference or excellence. 
 27a 
 
 DISTreGUISHER, *. one who sees and notes the differ* 
 ence ofihings with accuracy ; a judicious observer. 
 
 DISTrN(U)tSHliV(iLV, ad. with some maili which rei». 
 ders a d iference renia>kable. 
 
 DlSTlNGOlSILMENT, s. the observation of the diffet- 
 ence between things. 
 
 To DISTORT, r. o. [illstorqueo, from dit, a particle, 
 which lends to strengthen the sign (icalion, and tori/neo, to 
 twist, Lat.] to twist; to deform by uncouth oriiregular 
 motions ; to put out of its natural state and condition. To 
 wrest an ex|)ressioii from its true meaning. 
 
 DISTORTION, s. [Uisturqi eij, f cm rfis, a particle, which 
 tends lo streiigllieii Ihe siguihiation, and tmi/.tcii, lo twist, 
 Lat.] in mi'diciiie, a cont action of one side ot the nioutb, 
 bv a <(inMilsi<m of the n usdes of one side of the lace ; an 
 irirgiilai niolion, by which any of the partsof animal bodits 
 are lendeii il deformed. 
 
 To DI.'^TK.A'CT, II. a. participle passive distrarttd. former- 
 ly ilistriiiig/it ; [from tlis, a pailicle, s gnifyiiig division, and 
 tmlii), lo draw, Lat-] to pull a thing dilbTeiit ways at llie 
 same tii-iu- ; to se; vratc, to pait. To daw or tuin to 
 different poin's; to fill and atliacl the mind with (hlieient 
 views (ir ( (lusideiatious ; to u/jke a person mad. 
 
 DISTH A'C'i'EDLY, f.d. alter the manner (.f a madman. 
 
 DI.sTRA'CTI.DNESS, s. the state of a person who i* 
 mad from toogre at a lariety of puisuits. 
 
 DISTI'A'C I ION, .t. [fiom dis, a particle, signifying divi- 
 sion, and<)o//o, to draw, Lat.] separation; division. Confusion, 
 applied to piillics. A state in which the attention is called 
 to ditlerent, and sometimes contrary olijecls; peituibatiou 
 of mind ; madness. 
 
 Dl.^TRACTn'E, n. causing perplexity. 
 
 To DIS TRAIN, !■. a. [from dis, a particle, which here 
 sfrenglhrus the signilicalion, anil stringo, to grasp hard, Lat.] 
 in law, lo seize the property of another for debt. Neutetly, 
 to make a seizu'e. 
 
 DI.STUAINER, i. he that seizes for debt. 
 
 Dl.STR.A'INT, 3. in law, the act of seizing, or that which 
 is seized for debt. 
 
 DISTRA'UC.FIT, purt. a. distracted. " Distrauglu of 
 his\r.i's." Cnni/leii. 
 
 DISTRIV-iS, s. [distresse, Fr ] in law, any thing seized 
 or distrained fur rent unpaid, or duty uiiperfoinu d ; the act 
 of making a se'zure. I'iguratiM l\ , any calamity or loss 
 which reduces a person lo great inconvenience or misery; 
 the state or cniidilion of a person who has not Ihe ntcessa- 
 ties to supi>lv the calls of nature. 
 
 To DI.STRESS, r. a. in law, to seize for rent unpaid ; 
 tohaiass; to make mis. rable ; tocrnsh with (alaniity. 
 
 DiSTIiE'SSl L'L, ". miserable; wretcl.d; involved in 
 caiamilies which deprive a person of tiie conrfoils and con- 
 veniences ijflife. 
 
 To DISTRIBUTE, '•. a. [from dis, a particle, indicating 
 division, and Iriljua, lo give, Lat.] lo divide aiiu ng?t differ- 
 ent o' sevrial persons; lo dispose or set in older. 
 
 Dl^TI'IBUTrit, s. one who bestows or distributes. 
 
 DISTRIRL'TION, «. [from dis. a particle, indicating 
 division, and //'jyvi/H, lo give, l/it.] the sharing ordividin/f 
 amongst manv ; the act ()fgiv'.iig charily ; Ihe thing given 
 in alms. In logic, the distinction of an universal whole into 
 several kinds or sni^cies. 
 
 DISTIiriUJTIVE, a. that is emiiloyed in assigning por- 
 tions to others; that distinguishes a gcneial term into its 
 
 vario'is species. 
 
 DlsriilRL'TIVELY, ad. singly; particularlv. In lo- 
 gic, in a manner wliieli expresses singly all the particulars 
 included ill a general term. 
 
 DISTRICT, i. [dislriclii.s, law Lat. from diiringv, to 
 straiten, Lat.] in law, circuit, or te:ritory, in which a per- 
 son mav be compilled to appearance ; tlii' cir<uit or territory 
 wi'liin which a person's jurisdiction or authority iscunlio- 
 cd : a region or couutiy. 
 
 To Dl>'ri;irST, f. a. to suspect ; to look on a persoo ai 
 one who ought not to l.c confided in; to be dithdent.
 
 DI V 
 
 I) 1 V 
 
 DI^fTRU'ST, J. loss of credit ; want of confidr nee in ano- 
 ther; siispicior) of a person's fidelity or abilily ; dittidpnie. 
 
 DISTIIU'STFUL, a. suspicious; diHident of the fidelity 
 »r aliiiitv of another. 
 
 DISTRU'STFULLY, ad. in a manner wliicli shews sus- 
 picion oiflUHdeiicP. 
 
 DISTiaJSTFULNESS, *. the state of lieinp; suspicious 
 of the (i(h'litv or ahilitv ofanolher; want of confidence. 
 
 To nlSTU'HB, ti.n. [f.ornrfi,!, a particle, uhicli slrcii^ithens 
 the si^'iiifica ion, and lurlm, to ai;itate, 1 at.] lo perplex, dis- 
 quiet, make uneasv, or deprive of Iriinquillily ; tocoiifound; 
 to interrupt oi- hinder the coiiliniiation otanv action. 
 
 DISTU'RIJANCK, *. intmuplion, or tli:it wliiih causes 
 any slop, or hinders ihe ccmtinuation of an action; confu- 
 iidn or disorder of mind. Tuniidt, ufiroar, <m- violation of 
 the p,('ace, applied to jjovernini'iit. 
 
 DIS'rU'RRF.K, «. one who IncaUs Ihe peace, causes tu- 
 mults or p^d)lic disorders, or affects the mind of another 
 with coiifiisinn, troidile, aii\iely, and uneasiness. 
 
 DISVALUA'TION, s. disgrace; diiiiiuuliou of reputa- 
 tion. 
 
 To DISVALUE, v. a. to undervalue ; to set a low price 
 «ipon. 
 
 To DISVK'LOP, v.a. \rlere!cper, Fr.l to uncover. 
 
 DISU'NIO.V, i. separation or disiunction. Fi;,'uratively, 
 Iireach of concord, or disagreement between friends, "here- 
 by ihev seiiarate.nr wilhdiaw fVoui ea( 'ii other. 
 
 To DISUNITK, r. n. to part or divide that which was 
 united before; to separate or part friends or allies. Neu- 
 terlv, to fall asunder; to become separate. 
 
 DISUNITY, V. the slate of actual separation. 
 
 To DISVOUCH, V. a. to destroy the credit of; to con- 
 tradict. 
 
 DISUSAGK, ((limznffe)s. the leaving off a practice or 
 custom bv de2;rees. 
 
 DISU SE, s. want of custom or practice : the discontinu- 
 insT a custom or practice. 
 
 To D\SV'>F., (flisuze) V. a. to cease lo make use of, or 
 practise ; to lav aside or quit a custom or practice. 
 
 piTA'TlON, s. [ditctns, from dives rich, Lai.] the act of 
 pnricliinsj. 
 
 DITCII, s. [die, Sax.] a trench made to separate and de 
 fend tiroiuuls; any longirarrowcavitv, formed in llie;,n<iniid 
 for holding water, in forliticaliiin, alren< h foitued li\ di;;;- 
 gini; between llie sea p and couiitersca! p of a fort, and is 
 cither drv itr filled with water. 
 . To DITCH, V. n. to make a ditch. 
 
 Dl rCHBUR, s. a plant, Ihe lesser burdock. 
 
 DrTCHlNvi, a villa;;e in Sussex, formerly a market- 
 town, 6 miles N. W. of Lewrs. 
 
 Dri'HYIlA'.MBlC, «. [fiom Dith:/rm,,hos, a name of 
 Baich:is, (ir.J a species oi^ poelr>, fuil of transfiort and 
 poetical ra;;e, so named from the Dilhvrambos, or ode, for- 
 merlv snui; iii honour of Bacchus, and partaking; of all the 
 wannth of ebrietv . 
 
 DirilYK \MBIC, a. [from Dithtjrambcs, a name of 
 Bacchus. Or.] \\\\t\; enthusiastic. 
 
 DITFANDEK, s. in Botany, a genus of plants called by 
 L»inia?us li.'pidiuni. There are three British species, viz. the 
 inounlaiii, pe"i)er, and narrow-leaved ; the first species is 
 found on St. Vincent's rock near Bristol, (lowering in April 
 anti Mav ; Ihe second, with numerous terminating while 
 blossoms, and serratcii leaves betwixt egg and spear-shaped, 
 is found in it'osl pastures, fiouering inJune and Jidy, called 
 also pepperwort and poorman's-peppcr; the last, called also 
 narrow leaved wild cress, is found on the sea-coast, flower- 
 ing in .Ir.ne. 
 
 DITTANY,*, a medicinal plant, generally brought over 
 dr\- from the Levant. 
 
 DITTY, «. [diclit, Relg.] a poem set to music; a song. 
 
 DIVA'N, s. r.\rab.] a council-chamber, wlierein justice 
 is adniinisterect among the eastern nations; a council of 
 eastern princes. 
 
 T^ DH'A'RIO.^TE, f. a. [from dis, a particle, which here 
 
 N II 
 
 indicates division, and raricv, to stiide, Lai. J lo purt in two. 
 Neuterlv, to he<-ome parted, or to divide into two. 
 
 DIVARICATION, i. [from dit, » particle, which hcr« 
 indicates division, and vuriio, to stride, Lat.j a paililion ot 
 a thing into two. Figuratively, diviDiuii or <iiilererit'e of 
 opinions. 
 
 To DIVE, V. n. [dippim, .^ax.] to go voluntarily under 
 water; to go under water, and remain there some time, in 
 quest of something lost. Figuratively, to make strict ii»- 
 (piiry or examination ; to go to the bottom ol any question, 
 science, or doctrine. 
 
 DI'VER, *. one wlw who professes to go under wati-r, in 
 quest of things lost by shipwreck, Ac. -A geims of birds, 
 whicli bears some resemblauee to tin- duiks. Figuratively, 
 one who makes himself master of any branch of sc.ence ; one 
 who goeslo the bolloni of an allkir. 
 
 'i'o DIV !■; RGI'), V. II. [from di^, a particle, indicating divi- 
 sion, and rf/n-u, to bend, Lat.j lo lecide farther fiom each 
 oilier, applied to the rays of light which proceed from one 
 point. 
 
 DIVIVHGENT, pnrt. or n. [from dis, a particle, liere imii- 
 caling division, and ie)-»o, lo herd, Lai.] in g^^oiuelry, ap- 
 plied lo those lines which constantly recede from each 
 other. 
 
 DIVERS, a. [dii-eisiis, from direrta, to differ, Lat.] sun- 
 dry ; several; u:ore than one. It is imw out of use. 
 
 DIVE'KSi;, a.[dneisiis, ItMW d(veito, lo ditier, Lat.] dif- 
 feioLit in form or nature; various; indiO'erent directions, or 
 contrarv «avs. 
 
 DIVF/RSLLY, ad. in different wa s, methods, or niau- 
 ncis; iudifVereiit directions, or towards different points. 
 
 DIVERSIFL AT'lON, s. llie ad of changing forms or 
 qualities; xarialion; a mixture of diftereut colours; alte- 
 ration. 
 
 To DIVERSIFY, v. n. [diversifier, Fr.] to make diffe- 
 rent from aiiolher, or fiom ilstlf; lo vary ; to mark with 
 variouscoloirs. 
 
 DHE'liSION, s. tlie act of linuiug a thing aside from its 
 course ; something which unbends the nimd, by taking it off 
 fiom intense ajiplieaiion or ca'e; something lighter than 
 aiiiiiseiiieiit, and less foicilile than pleasure ; sport ; Ihe pub- 
 ic exliib'talioii <d' shows, plays, o|ieias, Ac. which unbend 
 the iiiiiid. 'ii war, Ihe act of draw ing off an enemy from 
 soMii- design. I>\ an attaik luade at some other place. 
 
 DIVI'. TolTY, .5. [ilniTsilns, fiom direis:(S, dlflerent, Lat. 
 direisitf, Fi.j diflerence which distinguishes things fiom 
 each cither ; varieU ; variegation, or a loiiiposilion of dif- 
 ferent colnurs. SynoN. Dircrsitji siii)poses a change 
 w hich taste is always in search of, in order lo discover some 
 novellv that mav enliven and (lelight it; wimY^ supposes 
 a plu'altv of things differing fioni each other in liUenes-, 
 which cheers the imagination, apt to be ch/ggcd with loo 
 gri at an uhfunnity. 
 
 To DIVERT, V. a. [from dis, a particle, here signifying 
 division, and verh), lo liun Lai.] to turn aside fmm any 
 direction or course ; lo seduce <ir turn aside from a rule of 
 conduct. To please; or unbend ihe mind by public sports, 
 or other things which aliord pleasure. In war, to draw 
 forces lo a different part. Used by ShaUcspearin the sense 
 of, lo subvert : t<i destroy. Synon. We are «•".'/ by 
 disposition, meir)i through turn of mind, rfiic(7»<g- 1>\ our 
 way of acting. Weshonid lake care not lo be diverting si. 
 the expense of our chaiacler. 
 
 DIVE'RTER, s. any thing that unbends the mind, and 
 alleviates its fatigue. 
 
 DIVE'RTISEJVIENT, j. [divettissemmt, Ft.] diversion; 
 delight; i)leasi:-e. A word now not much in use. 
 
 DIVE'RTIVE, rf. having tiie power to unbend and re- 
 create the mind. 
 
 To DIVE'S'F, 1-. a. \di and vestio, Lat.] to strip or deprive 
 of. 
 
 DIVF.'STURK, s. the r.cl of putting off. 
 
 To DIVIDE, I. a. [diiido, Lat.] to separata a thing or 
 Vihole into several paits; toslai:d i.ttwccn things as a par- 
 
 2T3
 
 D IV 
 
 DIV 
 
 Htion, to hinder tliciu fromjoiniiift or raeetiii'j; fo part one 
 {.trson from nnotiier; to sepaic.le friends by discord; to 
 (fiveor distrilxile ".iiiioiig spvtral persons. 
 
 Bi'VlDKND ;. [from divtilo, lo divide, Laf.J in arithme- 
 tic, the number proposed to he divided in equal purls. It 
 must always be jireater tli.in the div isor. In stocks and 
 ci>mpanies it isa share or proportion ofthe interests of stocks 
 ert'cted on public funds; as the South sea, Ac. In the 
 university, it is that part or share vvliich the fcIJuvvs equally 
 ilividc among ihensselves of their yearlv stipend. In trade, 
 i* is when a iiian'^ etlects are taken bv statute, inventoried 
 .-.nd valued, and after all char-jes are deducted, the remain- 
 der is divided anion" the several creditors in proportion to 
 tiwir debts. 
 
 t)IVI DER, J. that which sev>arates anv thins into parts ; 
 one who distributes to others; the person who separates 
 friends bv piomotinj; discord between them. 
 
 DIVIDUAL, a. [from duido, to divide, Lat.] divided; 
 shared or participated in common with others. 
 
 DIVINATION, s. [from divvw, todivine, Lat.] the act of 
 f'jreteiiiiig future events which are of a secret and hidden 
 nature; and cannot be knovvn bv the bate exercise of rea- 
 s:>n. Sv.N'ON. Divination brings hidden things to iitjht; 
 prediction foretels what will come to pass. The first re- 
 ^rds thiuf^s present and past; the objects of the second 
 are thinsj^to ctm'.e. 
 
 DIVTNK, a. [dn-imis, from Dent, God, Lat.] partakinj? of 
 the nature of, or proceeding; from, God. Figuratively, ex- 
 cellent; e.xtraordinary ; seeming beyond the nature of man- 
 kind. 
 
 D/VI'NE, t. [divinia, from Deiu, God, Lat.] a minister of 
 thefjospel; a clerfjyman, or'onewhois peculiarly dedicated 
 fo the service of the chiircli, and performance of the rites 
 in public worship. 
 
 To DI Vl'N I'!, f. o. [divino, from Z)eu/. God, Lat.'' to fore- 
 Tel some future event by means of omens, &c. To foresee, 
 foieknow, or presage. Neulerly, to utter a prediction ; to 
 conjecture or guess. 
 
 DIVINELY, nrf. in a divine or heavenly manner ; bv the 
 •peration of God ; excellently ; in a supreme or superlative 
 degree. 
 
 DIVI'NER, s. one who professes to foretel or discover 
 f'.ifure events by means of external signs or supernatural 
 influence. 
 
 DIVI'NI'RESS, J. a woman professing divination. 
 
 DIVING, ». the art or act of descending under water to 
 considerable depths, and abiding there a competent time. 
 Diving i.< used in the Hshingfor pearls, corals, spunges, Ac. 
 nud machines have been invented for the purpose, as the 
 diving-bell, Ac 
 
 DIVING-BELL, .». a machine contrived to remedy the 
 inconveniences that attend remaining under water. They 
 have been constructei' in several diflerent wavs. That 
 which is exhibited in the plate was invented by DrHalley. 
 Mio d'ving hell was o'' wood, three feet wide at top, five 
 feet \Mde at bottom, anrl eight feet high, coated with lead 
 rnmake it sink readilv, and liaving a particular weight dis- 
 tributed about its bottom, to make it retain a perpendicular 
 position. In the upper part was fixed a strong, clear glass, 
 Irt serve as a window, with a turn cock to let out the hot air, 
 lower down was a circular seat for the divers fo set on, and 
 bclr.w, about a yard under the bell, was a stage suspended 
 from it bv three ropes, ea( h charged with an hundred weight 
 Tr» kc-ep it steady, and for the divers to stand upon todo their 
 work. The machine was suspended from the mast of a 
 ship by a sprit, which was secured by stays to the mast-head, 
 ami Has directeil by braces to carry it over-board, clear of 
 llie sicb- of the ship, and to bring it in again. Fresh air was 
 sent do^^M lo the divers in barnds coated with lead, each 
 having a bung hole at bottom to let in the water as tiiey 
 di'scended, and let it out again as thev were dia'wn up. In 
 the to;-> of the barrels was another hole, to which wa.i fixed 
 u leather pipe, h)ng enough to hang below the bung hole, 
 inj kf pi ilown bv a weight, so that the air driven to the 
 •i74 
 
 upper part of (he barrel by the encroachment of the iTster 
 
 in the descent, could not escape up this pipe unless the 
 hiwer end were lifted up. These air barreh were tilled 
 with tackle, which guided them lothe bell, so that the encU 
 of the pipes came readily lothe hand of a man placed on 
 the stage to receive them, and vvlio taking up the ends u/ 
 the pii>es as soon as they came above the suiiace of the water 
 in the barrels, ail the air which was included in the barreit 
 was forced into the bell. With this apparatus Dr. Halley, 
 with four other persons, was able to remain for an hour and 
 a half at the d' pth of nine fathoms, where he enjoyec; suffi- 
 cient light »hen the sea was clear, to be able to read ami 
 write. 
 
 DlVLNlTV, s. [eHvitiilas, from Dent, God, Lat.J a partak- 
 ing of the nature and excellence of God ; Godhead. Fi- 
 guratively, (iod, the supreme Being, the Creator and Pre- 
 server <if all tiii.'igs ; a false deity or idol. The science 
 co:iversant about God, heavenly things, and the duties we 
 more iniiiiediattiv owe to him; something superiiatuial. 
 
 DIVLSIBILITY, s. [divuibiUti, Fr.] the quality of ad- 
 mitting divi':ioii, eith'-r mentally or actually. 
 
 DIVrSlBLE, (divisible) a. [divisiliilis, from rfinfrfo, to divide, 
 Lat.] capable of being acti^lly or mentally divided iot* 
 parts. 
 
 DIVrSIRLENF.SS, s. «he quality of being divided. 
 
 DIVISION, ,5. [diiisw, irom divido, to divide, Lat.] is tlte 
 art of dividing any thing into parts, also the parts themselvef 
 nito which any thing is divided, lu arithmetic, it is ohb 
 of the four fundamental rules, and teaches iis how often a 
 less number called the divL^or is contained in a greater, 
 called the dividend, the number of times which the divisor 
 is contained in the dividend, being termed the quotient. 
 In natural philosophy, or mechanics, it is the taking a tliinx 
 to pieces that we may have a more complete conceptiouof 
 the whole. This is fre(iueiitly necessary in examining very 
 complex|being8 or pieces of curions mechanism, the several 
 parts of which cannot be surveved at one view. In music, 
 it is the dividing the interval of an octave into a nnmlvir of 
 less intervals. In rhetoric, it is tiie arrangement of a dis- 
 course ihto several heads. In war, ti\cdii>i.iiojisBf'a Laltaliea 
 are the seveial parts into wliich it is divided in marching. 
 At sea, it is the third part of a fleet of men of war, and 
 sometimes the ninth, which last cue happens when a fleet 
 is divided into three squadrons, for then each squadron ia 
 distributed into three divisions. In an engagement, the 
 order of battle is to place all the squadrons ami all the 
 divisions on each side in one line; and this order is kept as 
 long as the wind and other circumstances will permit. 
 
 DlVr.SOR, ((/itiizor) i. [dir.isur, from divido, to divide. Lilt.] 
 in arithmetic, the dividing number, or that by which the 
 dividend is divided, and which shews how niauy parts it n 
 to be divvied into. 
 
 DIVORCE,*. [rf(io>-<i«m from direrto, to turn from, Lst.l 
 a breach or dissolution of ilie bond of niarriai/e, or the legal 
 separatiim of man and wife. The usual divorces among u.i 
 are of two kinds, viz. a itiensa et tlioro, from bed and board , 
 and, a riiici(/i> matrimonii, from the bond or tieof marriaj^e. 
 The first does not dissolve the marriage, since" the cause 
 thereof is subsetpient to it : and at the same time supposus 
 the marriage to be lawful. Tliis divorce may be on account 
 of adultery in either of the parlies, for the cruelty of tlu- 
 husband, Arc As this divorce dissolves not the marriage, 
 so it docs not debar the woman of herdower, nor bastwrdiw 
 her issue, or miike void any estate fi>r the life of the hus- 
 band and wife. A divorce, a vinculo mafri?nmm, entirely 
 dissolves the marriage, as the cause is a precontract with 
 some other person, consanguinity or afhnity within the 
 Levitical degrees, impotency, impiiberty, Ac. In tiiis case, 
 the dower is gone, and the chihiren begotten between the 
 parties divorced are bastaids. On this divorce, the (►arfifw 
 are at liberty to marry again ; and in divorces for atlukcrj, 
 several acts iif parliament have allowed the innocent par^ 
 marriage with another person. Divorces are o..lj t«» l)c iisM 
 by consent of parliament.
 
 DOC 
 
 DOD 
 
 Ti. ntVO'RCK, t'. n. ti> scparnip a liiisliaiul or wifv from 
 eHcliiitlifr ; ti)<ili()lisliiii]<l nniiiil \be 111,1 rri.ij^c coiitnict. Fi- 
 giiiiilivrlv, (o force Hsiiiulcr, or to separate by violence ; to 
 tnUe avinv li\ force. 
 
 DIVO'KCKMKNT, J. tlic al>roiratin^:, annulling', or sct- 
 tiiij; a.-i(le the marriage contract, and siparaliii^ a man and 
 wife from each other. 
 
 DIV'OltCKR, *. tlie person wlio causes the legal separa- 
 tion '.'fa man and his wife. 
 
 1)1 L'KhVTlC, «. [from rlioinrsis, the separation tliatisniade 
 of the iiriite by the kidneys, Gr.] havinj; llic power to pro- 
 vokr iinne. 
 
 DU'liNAL, a. [diiimhs, daily, from rfiVj, a day, Lat.] rclat- 
 iosf lo the day; constituting the day; performed in the 
 Spacr of a day ; daily. 
 
 I)IU'i<N \L, s. [rliinnial, Fr.] a journal, or dav-book. 
 
 T)'L KWJ.I.V, W. dailv, or every day. 
 
 niliTO'KN'ITV, s. [Hi„t,in,ihis, from di,,, Ions, Lat.] the 
 len:,''li iif diration, or Ion;; contiji anceofany being. 
 
 'Fo DIVU'I.C; F, I'. n.\(tiriil^n,'i\nm vii/giis, the common 
 peojile, l.a' ] to publish ; to make known or publish ; to 
 prorliiii) or manifest. 
 
 I)IV(.''LGF,H, s. a |)ubli>her ; one who exposes to public 
 view ; one ihal reveals a s('<ri't. 
 
 DiyU'l.SION, s. [from <//-vM;, to pull in pieces, Lat.] the 
 act of pulling away, plucking, or rending om- thing from 
 Rnother. 
 
 To DiyFN, V. a. [a corruption probably from To IJicut] 
 toilii-ss d<'ck, or spruce up. A low word. 
 
 I)I'77ARI), ,9. a blockhead; a fool. 
 
 1)I'77IN KSS, s. giddiness, ora swimming in the head. 
 
 DiyZY, 1. [rfiii^, .Sax.] giddy, having a sw ^mming in tire 
 head, or a sensation of turning round. Figuratively, giddy, 
 thoughtless. 
 
 To DiyzV, t'. a. to i^ake giddy ; to whirl round. 
 
 DNIE'lTR, anciently Boristhknfs, a large river of 
 Europe, rising in the government of Tver, or Twe<T, and 
 falling into the Black Sea, about 10 miles below Ockzakow. 
 It tJows entirely through the Itus^ian dominions, tludii^h its 
 whole course of about 800 miles; during which its naviga- 
 tion is only once interrupted by a series of cataracts, which 
 begin below the mouth of the Samara, and continue for 40 
 miles. They are passed, however, in spring without much 
 hazard, even by loaded barks. 
 
 DNIC'STI'R, a hue river of Furone, which rises ni Red 
 Russia, or (ialicia, and passing by Choczini, Render, &c. 
 falls into ihe Rlaik Sea at .^kerman, between the mouths of 
 th<' Datudie and Dnieper. 
 
 To n(), V. a. prefer, did, part. pass, dove; [don. Sax.] to 
 perf uni, act, or practise. To execute or discharge, applied 
 to a UH'ssage ; lo cause; to transact; to have recourse to, 
 used as a sudden and passionate q .estion. To perform ; 
 to exert: to deal ; to gain a point; to put; to finish; to 
 conclude; to settle. W/ial to dn vit/i, s}',iii\f<i:i lo bestow, 
 to employ, to dispose of, or what use to make of. " He 
 knows not wJiut tn do with bis money." Neuterly, to cease to 
 be concerned wilb. "! have (/wwe wi'/A him." To fare ; to 
 be conditioned with respect to health or sickness. To be 
 able to succeed, or perfect a riesign. " We shall do wi'liout 
 iiini." Addison. Sometimes however it is used to save the 
 repeti'tioM of another verb. " I shall come, but if I do not, 
 go awav ;" i. c. If I come not. Sometimes it is used Hs a wor(l 
 of peremptory and positive connnand ; as, " Help me, do :" 
 Or lo increase the emphasis of the verb which follows it ; 
 ** Rut 1 do love her." S!ink. And sometimes by way of op- 
 position ; " I did love him, but scorn him now." 
 
 DOR-CHICK, s. in zoology, the common English name 
 of the little diver or didapper. This bird is said to move 
 most easilv under water. 
 
 DO'CIRLE, a. [from doceo, to teach, Lat.] submitting to 
 instruction ;_ easy to be taught ; tractable. 
 
 DOCH^K, a. [from docce, to teach, Lat.] teachable; 
 Msdy taught ; tractable. 
 
 pOCI'LlTY, ,«. [from doceo, to teach, Ltit.] aptness to re- 
 ceive in:.lruction ; readiness to be taught. 
 
 DOCFMA'STIC, «. [from ./o/amn;o, td try, (Jr.] belon;;. 
 ing lo trials or expriments. The docimastic art, is the ait 
 of assaying metals. 
 
 IX)L'K,.s. in law, an expedient for cutting oft an estate- 
 tail in lands or tenements, lliat the owner may be enabled lo 
 sell, give, or becpieath the same. In iiiarilime aflairs, it is ;t 
 pit, great pond, or creek, by the side of an liaibour, mad*", 
 convenient either for the building or repairing of ships ; and 
 is of two -oris ; ihe dry dock, where IIjc water is kept out 
 by great flood iijates ; and a wet dock, a place where a ship 
 may be hauled into out of the tide's way. .\nioMg sportv 
 men, it is Ihe fleshy part of a bi-ast's (bine, between the 
 middle and the buUocks. .'^Iso the stump ot a horses tail 
 that remains after docking. In botany, a plant ol which 
 there are 17 species, ten of which grow wild in England ; 
 the blood wort, cockoo-meat, and sorrel, belong to this 
 genus. 
 
 To DOCK, t). a. to cut a tail off, or short , to cut any thing 
 short ; to lay a ship in a dork. In law, to cut oil an ( nlail ; 
 to lessen the charge of a bill. 
 
 IJO'CKET, s. a direction tied or fastened to goods; a 
 sununarv or abridgnuMit of a larger writing. 
 
 DO'C'FOR, s. [doctor, from '^.ocro, to Irarh, Lat.] one fo 
 well versed in any science as to be able to teach it; a persou 
 who has taken the highest degree of music, law, physis, or 
 divinity. 
 
 DO'CTORAL, n [doctc-iiHs, fioni doctor, a teacher, Lat.] 
 belonging to a doctor's degree. 
 
 liO'CFOilAELY, nrf. afler the man-rr of a doctor or 
 ph\sician. 
 
 DO'CTORSHH', s. theotbcc or rank of a doctor. 
 
 DO'CTRIN.AL, (sometimes acecntefl 011 the second sylla- 
 nle) a. [from doctrina, doctrine, Lat.] belonging to, or con- 
 taining doctrine or iustruclion foruieiiy taught. 
 
 UO'CTRI.NALLY.orf. positively ; in the form of precepts 
 or instru'.lion. 
 
 DO'CTIiliVE, .f. [doctrina, from doceo, to teach, Lat. j the 
 prin(i|>les or positions of any sect or niasler ; the t'llesls or 
 maxims delivered in a discourse ; any thing taught ; tli-' 
 act of teaching. 
 
 DOCUMENT, i. [diicnmentiim, from doceo, to teach, Lat.] 
 an instructii .1, admonition, precept or direclion; a precept 
 of some dogmatical or positive person, or niasler ; vouchers, 
 or original writings, produced in support of any charge or 
 accusation. 
 
 DO'IM5UOOK,a town of Devonshire, 15 miles .S. W. of 
 Dartmouth and 219 W. S. W. of Loudon. Mai ket on Wed- 
 nesday 
 
 DO'DDEII j. [from touteren, Belg.] to shoot up, accord- 
 ing to Skniner] is the name of a very singular plant; wlien 
 it first shoots from the seed it has little roots, which picrc.(? 
 the earth near the roots of other plants : but thecapihaments, 
 of which it is formed, soonafter clinging a'lout these plants, 
 the roots wither away. From th s lime it propagates itself 
 along the stalks of the plant, entangling itself about them 
 in a very complicated manner. It has no leaves. It is 
 know n in some parts of England by the names of hellweed 
 and de\irsgiits. 
 
 DO'DDI'.RED, a. overgrown with dodder; wasted, or 
 decayed. " /^ofWcrV/ with age." l^rjjd. 
 
 DODE'CACiON, s. [from dodeJ^, IweliC, and gonm, a 
 cornier, Gr ] a figure Iiaving twelv-c sides. 
 
 DODECATEMO'RION, -t. [from dodch,, tvvtlve. aii,l 
 meios, part, Gr.] the twelfth pait. 
 
 To DOD(iE, [probal)l\ corrupted fwjv ^fc*] e. o. to U'ie 
 craft, evasions, or hnv shifts ; to shift ))Iaie as another a;*- 
 proaches. Figuratively, to play fast and loof e ; to rai?e 
 high expectations and baffle them ; to shuiJ'ie, or bafilc. 
 
 DO'DMAN, s. a kind of shell fish, which casts its. ■^l\e^[ 
 like the lobster, and is likewi.sc called the Jwdmuutiod. AIs" 
 a large brown snail. 
 
 DO'DO, s. in zoology, a very large bird, of siD^uf^.i 
 shape, bearing a very slight resemblance to the ostricli^ bvil 
 being much thicker. It is incapable of fligJiL 
 
 27S
 
 DOG 
 
 DOE, (di) s. [da. Sax.] a she-deer, the female of a buck. 
 A ft-at ; « li;:t im'- can pelfoiiii. 
 
 DOER, ((li)oer) s. [from lo do] one who performs any 
 thing, whether ^'ood or bad ; a performer; one who prac- 
 tises. 
 
 To DOFF, ti. a. [from do off] to strip ; to put off dress ; 
 t?i [)ut away, or K't f"' of; to dtlay or sfiift o(f. Tliis 
 word is obsolete in all its senses, and seldom used but by 
 rustics. 
 
 I'OG, s.ldfjgfclie, Relg.] a domestic animal, the varieties of 
 which are reiiiarkalily various, comprising the mastiff, span- 
 iel, bull-dog, bound, f^reyhound, terrier, Ac. the larj;er sorts 
 bein;;usi'd as f(uards, and the less for sports. All these \i\- 
 rieties are supposed to have been derived froin llie shep- 
 herd's doi^. In astronomy, the name of Uio constellatiiuis, 
 one called the jjreaterand the other called the lesser do;;, 
 the former belon^in^'to the southern, and the latter to the 
 northern hemisphere. Figuratively, used as a term of re- 
 proach to a man. When added to the names of other ani- 
 mals, it si^jnihes a male of the species, as a dog-fh.r, a duo-. 
 utter. Used as a particle, and prefixed to another word it 
 signifies something worthless, as a dog-rose. To go to the 
 d''g^, is a phrase implying to be ruined. 
 
 To DOG, 1'. a. to hunt, or pursue like a hound. 
 
 DOGBANE, s. a plant. 
 
 UO'GBERRY-TREE,*. a species of cornel, called also 
 gatter-tree. 
 
 DO'GROET, a. wretched ; miserable. 
 
 DOGRRUR,i. the briarthat bears the hip. 
 
 DO'GCHE.\P, a. extremely cheap, as cheap as dog's- 
 meat. 
 
 DO'G-OAYS, s. the days in which the dog-star rises and 
 sets with the sun ; which, on account of their great heat, 
 are supposed to be very unwholesome or unhealthy. 
 
 DOGE, i.[r/«5-e, Ital ] the ci-devant title of the supreme 
 magiitrale of (he republics of Venice and Genoa. 
 
 DOGFISH, s. the same with the shark. 
 
 DO GFLY, s. a voracious biting fiy. 
 
 DOGGED, (dug-ed) a. sullen; sour; morose; or ill- 
 lianioiired. 
 
 DO'CiGEDI.Y, (li^ig-edli/) ad. in a sour, morose, or ill- 
 JiUmoiirei'l manner. 
 
 UO'GGEDNES.S, (dig-ednesi) .«. a disposition of mind 
 wherein a person is not moved to pleasantry by any objects 
 of mirth, or pleased by otfices of kindness and civility; sul- 
 l»-nnes5 ; moroseness. 
 
 DOGGER, (dog-er) s. a small ship, or fishing vessel, built 
 afier tlie Dutch fashion, with a narrow stern, co'mnionlv hut 
 oue ma-,t, and a well in the mi-ddle for keeping fish alive ; 
 priucipallv used in fishing on the Dogger Bank, from whence 
 it derives its name. 
 
 DOGGEREL, (dug^ere!) s in poetry, applied to such 
 compositions as have neither accuracy with respect to their 
 rhymes, harmony with regard to their metre, dignity of ex- 
 pression, fertility of invention, or elevation of sentiment. 
 
 DOGGEREL, n. loosed from the measures or rules of 
 regular poetry; vile; despicable; mean; used of verses, 
 " Dogg'nl rhvmcs." Dn/d. 
 
 DOGGISH, «. churlish ; brulish. 
 
 DO'GMA, i. [Lat.] an established principle, axiom, or 
 maxim. 
 
 DOGMATIC, or pOGMA;TICAL,«. positive; strongly 
 attached lo any particidarnotion or opinion ; authorilati\e, 
 or imperious inforcinj; one's opinions as indubitable truths 
 on others. 
 
 DOGMATICALI..Y, ad. in a positive, imperious, or pe- 
 r«mptor>- maoner. 
 
 DOOMA'TICALNESS. ». the quality of being positive 
 M llic truth of one's own opinions, and endeavouring lo 
 force them magisterially or imperiously on others. 
 
 DO'GM.ATIST, s. \dogmatisle, I"r.] one who advances 
 his opinions as infallible, supports them with gi eat obstina- 
 cy, and magisterially demands tUi- us^en< of others lo 
 
 (IKIH. 
 
 »7C 
 
 D O L 
 
 To DO'GMATIZE, w. «. to advance any opiuion posi 
 tivelv, and endeavour to propagate it imperiously. 
 
 DOGMATI'ZKR, 1. one who advauces opinions with an 
 air of insolent confiilence. 
 
 DO'GROSK,*. the flowerof the wild briar, or hip-tree. 
 
 DOGSLEEP, s. a pretended or dissembled slsep. 
 
 DOG'S-MEAT, s. carrion, or horse-flesh, sold for tire 
 food of dogs. 
 
 DOGSTAR, s. the star which rises and sets with the suu 
 during tli^ dog-days. 
 
 DOGSTAIL j. a plant found in pastures ; a kind of 
 grass. 
 
 DO GSTOOTH. s. a plant. 
 
 DOGTEETH, s. in anatomy, the four teeth, two in each 
 jaw, wli ch are situated between the incisures and the grin 
 ders; llinv are by souie called the ei/e teeth. 
 
 DO'GTRICK, s. ail ill turn; surly and brutal trealine!>t. 
 
 DOGTROT, J. a ijenlle trot, lesenibling that of a dog. 
 
 DOGWOOD, i. a species of cornelian cheny. 
 
 DOILY, f. a coarse woollen stuff, supposed lO be so call- 
 ed from the name of the inventor. 
 
 DO'IXGS, s. [plural, and seldom used in the singular, 
 from do, the verb] any thiu;,' performed, whether good or 
 bad. Performances; exploits; behaviour ; conduct ; bus- 
 tle; tumult; merriment. Seldom used but in a ludricous 
 sense. 
 
 DOIT, s. [diiT/t, Belg. doyght, Erse] a small piece of rao- 
 nev current in Holland. 
 
 To DOL, t>.n.[rfff/a«, Sax.] to divide in portions or shares; 
 to deal out, or distribute. 
 
 DOLE, *. [deal. Sax.] the act of dividing into shares or 
 portions. In law, a portion or shaie. Portion, or condi- 
 tion, applied to the circumstances or incidents happeuin); 
 to a person. Grief, sorrow, misery, from duUo, Lat. I» 
 grieve. " In equal scale weighing delight and dole." Shah. 
 
 DOLE, s. in husbandry, a void space left in tilling. See 
 Dalr. 
 
 DOLEFUL, (I. dismal; sorrowful; having the external 
 appearance of sorrow ; meliiucholy. 
 
 DOLEFULLY, ad. in such a manner as to shew or caus« 
 sorrow. 
 
 DO'LEFULNESS, s. the quality which shews or expresses 
 grief, or causes it iu others. 
 
 DOLEGE'LLY, a town of Merionethshire, seated in a 
 vale, oil the river Avon, at the foc.t of the great mountain 
 Caderldris. It has a manufacture of cottons, and coarse, 
 undyed woollen cloths, for exportation. It is31 miles NW. 
 of Montgomery, and 2()o NW. of London. Market on 
 Tuesday and Saturday. 
 
 DO'LESOME, o. full of _;;iief ; extrenifly sorrowful, ap- 
 plied to persons. Gloomy, dull, or affecting a person with 
 nielai.ieholv. 
 
 DO LI.SOMELY, ad. in s-uch a manner as to affect » 
 person with deep sorrow. 
 
 pOLESOMENESS, s. the quality of affecting a person 
 with exiremcsorrow. 
 
 DOLL, i. H contraction of Dorothy : and applied to a 
 wooden image, clothed either with the dress of a fiemale or 
 male, used bv chihlreii as a plaything. 
 
 DO'LLAR, s. [daler, Belg.] a silv'^r coin current in se- 
 veral parts of Germany and Holland, of llu; value of 43. fid. 
 sterling. Tlieie are various species of them; as the ri\- 
 dollar, semi-dollar, quarter-dollar, iVc In 1797, Spanish 
 dollars were stamped at the Tower, ami issued as legal coiu 
 in Great Britain, at the value of ii. !td. but were called in 
 the same year. Since that, however, ihey have been en- 
 tirely re-coined, and now pass current at 6s. (!d. ea< h. 
 
 DOLORIFIC, a. [from doiur, grief or pain, and fucli, l« 
 make, Lat.] that causes grief or pain. 
 
 DOLOROUS, a. [from dolor, grief or pain, Lat.] m( :i- 
 ful or sorrowful, applied to persons. Affecting wilb griet 
 or pain, applied to things. 
 
 DO'LOuR, [from iloUr, grief ©r pain, Lat.] jfiicf or su*- 
 row, paui or pang.
 
 DOM 
 
 DO'LPIII'S, (lUJin) s. [rlelithin, I.at.Ja !;irj;e spa fi»Ii, wliicli 
 spoiils v.iilir like llic wli.ile, <iii(l lias iiiiinv nuirve.ous slo- 
 ru's it'hiird concerning' il l)V Ilif aiiciciilii. In aslrotKiniy, a 
 •const lilatidii of tlie northern lieniispliere, consiilin;; of 
 el^lilren stars. 
 
 UOI/r, i. I'/u/, Tcut.ja fool, or person of iliill appreben- 
 »ion : a IdncKliead. 
 
 DO'LTT'^II, ». stupid ; like a fool or Idockliead. 
 
 I)0'MAr.I.I'',, n. [friMM (hiinn, to tame, Lat.l lan^rahle. 
 
 DO.MA'IN, s. [(iamaiiie, Fr. (yumtlumiiiiuin, (loiiuiiiiin, L;it.] 
 lalid possessed liv one as a proprietor, Ijeir, oi- governor. 
 
 DOMF., s. [Fr. from ilomns, a house, Lat.Ja hoiue or hiiild- 
 in;;, jjrnerallv ajiphed to a stately hiiildiii;,', or to <ine set 
 api'il for divine service. In arcliitecture, a roof of a sphe- 
 rical form, rcseinhliiit; the hell of a ;,'reat <lock, raised over 
 the middle of a hiiildin^t, called a ciipida. 
 
 DOMI'.'STIC, or DOMF;sTIC.\L, «. [from (hm„s, a 
 house, Lat.] helonsin;; to a house, or the tnanasement <]f a 
 faiiiilv ; fit to iidiabita honse, applied to animals. Private, 
 not open. Applied to wais, intestine or civil; opposed to 
 those carried on in a foreign country. 
 
 DOMESTIC, *. a servant \\ho lives in tlie same house 
 witli his master; generally applied lo the servants of per- 
 •ons of distinction. 
 
 ToDO.M I'/STICATE, i>. a. to make domestic; to with- 
 draw from the pid)lic. 
 
 ToDO'MIFY, t.. «. to tame. 
 
 DCMIN-ANT, «. [iluminant, Fr.] predominant ; presiding; ; 
 ascendant. 
 
 DOMINATION, s. [from dominus, lord, Lat.] power, 
 dominion ; tyranny ; one highly exalted in power, used of 
 jin','elic beinns. 
 
 To DO'MINATE, I', rt. [from dominus, lord, Lat.J to pre- 
 vail over others. 
 
 DO'MINATIVR, a. imperious ; insolent. 
 
 DOMI.NATOR, s. [Lat.] the presiding, ruling, or go- 
 verning power. 
 
 To DOMINE'RR, v. n. [from duminns, lord, Lat.] to exert 
 authority or power in an insolent, arbitrary, or tyrannical 
 manner. 
 
 DOMITs'GO, St. orHispANioLA, the richest oftheCa- 
 ribbee Islands in the West In<lies. It is 360 miles in leiij,'tji, 
 and I lOin breadth ; and the climate, though hot, is healthy, 
 except to new comers. The country is uncommonly fruufid, 
 and beautifully <iiversified with hills and valleys, woods and 
 rivers ; it is also well slockr.d \\\\.h fruit trees, and produces 
 coffee, sugar, indigo, loliacco, salt, cotton, ginger, gums, 
 wax, honey, and drugs. Its toasts and rivers are well sup- 
 plied with fi^h and turtles; and the animals brought here 
 from I'ui ope have nuiUiplied prodigiously, supplying provi- 
 >ions, hid'-s, and tallow. There are also mines oi gold, talc, 
 and crystal. The S|)aniards hold the eastern part of this 
 island upwa-c^s of three centuries; but the whole, by the 
 treaty of 1795, was ceded to the French ; after which it suf- 
 fered, under ail the successive rulers sent iVom France, the 
 miseries of anarchy, cruelty, and oppression ; in order to put 
 an end to which, tlie Directory, in I7G7, appointed the black 
 general Toussaint Lonverture, commander in chief, and go- 
 vernor general of the island, asa reward for the gallant man- 
 ner in which he had defended it against the English. He 
 was a man of no common talents, and the happy eifects of 
 his administration proved the propriety of the appointment ; 
 but nroceediiig to give a new constitution to the island, 
 which though it acknowledged its dependence on France, 
 in fact separated it most essentially, the French government 
 in 1802 sent an army of 25,01)0 men to enforce obedience, 
 which after three months' cruel war was effected, and Tous- 
 saint afterwards sent prisoner to France. But the contest 
 vyas soon renewed, and the insurgent blacks carried on, 
 for a long time, a desolating war against the French arm\ ; 
 the remains of which, harassed on all sides, capitulated on 
 the 19th of November, 1804, to the black general Dessa- 
 lines, agreeing to evacuate Cape Francois, and retire to 
 their ships, wliichwert aft'crwards suireiulered by couven- 
 
 00 N 
 
 tion to tlie Eiiglisli under admiral Diu kworth. The niacin, 
 having thus got rid of their enemies in that iiart of the 
 island, prixicded lo form a new government uiuli r llie title 
 of the republic (svice changed to thai ot eiiipne) of ^^ul^ 
 with general i")i-s->ylines at its head, who \)uljli-)hed a mo»t 
 vinditliv- nuiniffsto to the negroes, exciting them to ven- 
 geance against the French inhabitants, and (horrid to re- 
 rate) these were given up for some days to indiscriiiiinatt 
 butchery I After this, intent on driving the French wlioilv 
 from the island, he carried the war into the S()a:'iibli part, ot 
 which the town of St. Doiningo is the capital ; but tailing in 
 this enterprise, the French retained the possession of it til! 
 IHOO ; \ihin, by the assistance of the English, their total 
 expulsion fioin the island wcs etlectcd, and the Spanish do 
 minion again restored. Nor has the negro government of 
 Hayti yet enjoyed any stability, liavinf undergone several 
 revolutions, and the sovereignly being still contested by two 
 rival chicls. St. Domingo lies between Jamaica and I'oito 
 Rico. 
 
 DOMI'NICA, s. palni-snndav. 
 
 DOMINICA, an English West India island, about -^J 
 miles in length and 16 in breadth. It yicldc coffee, indigo, 
 ginger, and other articles of West-Indian produce, but tlie 
 soil, being thin, is more adapted to the rearing of totlou 
 than sugar. In the woods are innumerable swarms of bee*, 
 which produce gieat quantities of wax and honey, and the 
 island is well supplied with rivulets of water. It is divided 
 into ten parishes. The only towns of note are Chailoile 
 Town, or lluussraii, on the S. W. side of iiic island, wnd 
 Portsmouth, at ihe head of Prince Rupert's Bay. From Ja- 
 nuarys, 1787, lo January 5, 17S8, the exports amounted to 
 the valui; of .■302,!)l<7l. 16s. There is no considerable bay or 
 harbour, but the anchorage round the coast is cominodiou, 
 and safe, and ships Hud shelter under its capes. It lies about 
 nalfwav between Guadaloupe and Martiuico. Lat. Id. 3'.^ 
 N. lon.ni. 2.-?. W. 
 
 DOMINICAL, 0. noting the Lord's day, or Sunday. Thr 
 fhmiiiical letter, in cluoU'dogy, is that which denotes iilf 
 Sunday in almanacks, dc. thr')ugliout theyear: of these it-i 
 ters there are coiisetpieiitly seven, beginning with the Hot 
 letter of Ihe alphabet ; and as in leap years there isaninler- 
 calt.-ry day, there are then two, the first of vshicli denoles 
 everv Sunday till the intercalary day. and the second all the 
 Sund.iys w lilcli follow after it. The doiuinical k-ttcr for ajy 
 particular year being known, it may be readily found for 
 any succeeding one, by observing that they move in a rei.o- 
 gradeorder.sollr.it if in any given year the Sunday-let n-i 
 was I-), in the following year, (provided it was not lesii'- 
 year,) it would be C, in the next year after that,' B, ami so 
 on : but in leap-year there are two of them used, as for ey 
 aniple, ill theyear 1803 the doiuinical letter was B, in ln04 
 (being leap-yenrj AG, in 1805, F, iVc. 
 
 DOMI'NICANS, an order of religious, called in France 
 Jacobins, and in England Black Friars, or Preaching Friai^ 
 This order, founded by St. Dominic, a native of Spain, wai 
 approved of by Inno'jent III. in 1215, and confirmed l.\ u 
 bull of Houorius III. in 1216, under St. Austin's ruKs, and 
 the ffsun.ler's particular constitutions. 
 
 DOMI'NION, i. [from dominus, lord, Lat.] the exercise oT 
 power and authority. 'I he space of ground or territory, si.b- 
 .jected to a person, applied to place. Predominancy, pie- 
 ferenee. An order of angels. 
 
 DO'MINO, s. a hood worn by a canon c>i" a catheili.il. 
 Also a dress in form of a gown worn at masquerades- 
 
 DON, one of the principal rivers in Europe, which scpa. 
 rates it partially from .Asia. It rises near Epiphan, in ihe 
 government of Tula, and falls by 3 streams into the se.^ nt 
 Asoph. It has so many windings and slioals, dial li i» 
 scarcelv navigable. 
 
 DON, X. [from domimu, I«rd, Lat.] the Spani.sh title of n 
 gentleman, as Don Quixote. It is used with us ludricoii^i.v. 
 
 To DON, e. (J. lo put on ; to invest on.' with. Ohsolei'-, 
 
 DONAGHADEE', a sea port of Down, in UUler, hbovt 
 7 leagues W. of PorlPaliicK, in Scotland, befwceo whii ^i
 
 DOO 
 
 fv;o places four etepint packet-boats now resuljrly carry 
 tjie mails aud passengers. It is 15 miles E. of Belfast, siiil 
 9}^f. R.of Oiiblin. 
 
 DO'N.ARY, s. [from (^<jno, to give, Lat.] a thing given for 
 tatred uses. 
 
 DONATION, s. [from (hno, to give, Lat.] the act of 
 giving any thin;; viiliintariiy or iiiv.iskcd, the grant by which 
 any Ihin;; is given. 
 
 DO'NATISrS, scliismatics, in the the ancient church of 
 Africa, « ho took their name from their leader Douatus. He 
 taught that baptism administered by heretics was null ; that 
 every churcii but tile African was become prostituted; and 
 thai he was to be the restorer of religion. 
 
 DO'N.\TlVls, s. [from cluiintif, Fr.] a gift, largess, or some 
 considerable present. In the canon law, it is a bemtice 
 piven by tile patron to a priest without piejentatinn to the 
 ordinary, and williout iiistitiiticm or induction. Tlie king 
 ifiay found a chuixli or cha|iel,and e.\eni.;it it iVoin the juris- 
 diction of tile ordinary ; or by letters patent lie may liciiise 
 u common person lo found such a chuicli, and ordain it to 
 be made a donative. There can be no lapse of such a bene- 
 lice, though the bishop may com|itl such person to nominate 
 a clerk by ecclesiastical censures, and the clerk must be 
 qualified as other clerks of duirches are. 
 
 DO'NCA^Tl' H, a spacious, populous town, in the West 
 Hiding of Yorkshiie, seated on the river Uon, in the great 
 road between London and York. It is a considerable wool- 
 market, and here are manufactures of stocking, petticoats, 
 knit waistcoats, gloves, and leather caps. It is 37 miles S. 
 of York, and 160 N. by \V. of London. Market on Sa- 
 ttirdav. 
 
 DONR, partkipk e^Do. 
 
 DONI^ an interjection made use of by the party who 
 accepts of, or agrees to, a wager proposed by another per- 
 son : and implies, if is as guod as done, or let it he done, or let 
 it be so. 
 
 DO'NFGAL, a county of Ulster, in Ireland, 6S miles in 
 length, and about 36 in breadth, bounded on the W. and N. 
 bv the ocean ; on the I'"., bv the counties of Londond<rrv and 
 Tyrone; and on the S. by Fermanagh and the Bay of Doiie- 
 j:al. It contains 42 parishes, 2t,53l houses, and 140,000 
 nihahitants. The country is hilly and boggy, with rich \ al- 
 leys between tke niouutaius, and lia^ seveial excellent har- 
 bours. The linen trade carried oii here isprellv extensive. 
 Its capital, Donegal, is situatetl on a bav of the same name, 
 at the mouth of the river ''sk, 9 miles N. N. K. of Bally- 
 shannon, and 111 N. \V. cif Dublin. 
 
 DO'NJON, s. in fortifiralion, signifies a strong tower or 
 redoubt of a fortrtss, wliilher the garrisnii mav ivtreat in 
 ease ofiiecessitv, and capitulate with g' eater advantages. 
 
 DO'NNINGTON, a town of LiucidMshire, whose market 
 is on Saturday. It isltdi miles fmm Loudon. 
 
 DO'NOR, s.[i'rom dono, Lat] one who gives a thing to 
 another. 
 
 DOODLE, s. [a cant word, perhaps corrupted from do 
 littli\ a trifler ; an idler. 
 
 To DOOM. r. a. \deman. Sax.] to judge ; to pass sen- 
 tence against ; lo condemn: to destine; lo command judi- 
 cialb , or by uncontrollable authority. 
 
 DOOM, s. [dom, Siix.] the sentence or condenniaiion of 
 • judge; the great judgnient at the last <lav ; the stale lo 
 which a per5(Ui is deslined ; t';ite, or deslrucliim. .Sentence, 
 orlhela t determination of the judgment wilh respect to 
 the condition of a person. 
 
 DOOMSDAY, s. [doniif'aefr. Sax.] the last day. V'iien 
 jivdguieui is to be passed upon all mankind ; the day ofjud;;- 
 liient. The dav in which a person i, coudeuuu d, or is lo be 
 txrr'utffl. JJofniiSflat/, or dmnnsdai/ hook, denomin.itrd J.il'ir 
 JiulicinriiiJi, vcl Censiialis Anqtitc ; thai is, the judiiial book, 
 or book of the survey of England, com|i<r,ed in the tinu' of 
 Wi"'im the (Conqueror, from a survey of the several counties, 
 hundieds, tilhings, &c. 'I'lie intent or design of lliis book 
 xas, to be a regi.ster, by which sentence may be given in 
 t/ic tenures of estates, and from which tlial noted question, 
 278 
 
 DOR 
 
 whether lands be ancient demense or not, is still decide<l. 
 The book is still remaining in the exchequer, fair aud legible, 
 consisting of two volumes, a greater and lesser ; the greater 
 comprehends all the counties of England, except Northnm- 
 birland, Cumba land, Westmureland, Ditiliam, and part of 
 l.ancnsliire, which were never survejcd, aiitl except Essex, 
 Suffolk, and Norfolk, which are contained in the lesser 
 volume. 
 
 DOOR, J. [dor, or ditre, Sax.] a vacant place left in a 
 building, through which persons may enter or go out. Thii 
 is generally applied »j> private houses: but the entrance 
 into cities, palaces, or the mansions of the nobility, is called 
 a gate, i .i;,,ia(i\ei\ , a house, i aasage, avenue, inlet, or 
 any means by wliii li an appioach or eiitiaiice m,.\ be made. 
 Out of dnnrs, is sometimes used for a thing ab(.lislied, laid 
 aside, quite gone, vanished, exploded, or sent away. Attlm 
 door, implies somelliing near, impendent, or imminent ; 
 " Death is at the door." At the door if a person, signitiet 
 sonietliing that nrav he charged or imputed to a person; 
 The fault I es wholly at mi/ door." Drt/d. Next door to, ita- 
 plies approaching to, hindering on. 
 
 DOORCASE, s. the frame in which doors arc hung. 
 DO'OKKl'lEPEH, s. porter; one that keeps the entranc* 
 of a house. 
 
 DO'QUET, .c. a paper containing a warrant. 
 
 DOR, s. the Engl sli name for the black beetle; applied 
 also to the dusty beetle that tiies about hedges iu the evening. 
 See Doiin. 
 
 DORA DO, J. in ichthyology, the name of a large Bra- 
 zilian sea fish. In astionomy, a constellation of the soutli- 
 erii hemisphere, called Xiphias. 
 
 DO'KCH IvSTEIt, thf capital town of Dorsetshire, with a 
 market on Wednesday and Saturday. It is a town of great 
 antiquity, and was much larger than it is at present. Tlio 
 houses are well built, and it has three handsome streets. It 
 sends two membeis to parliament, is the place where the 
 assizes are held, and gives title to a marquis. Itisgovernwd 
 by a ma\or, '2 aldermen, a recorder, and 84 eonimon cou!^ 
 cil men; has 3 churches, and was formeily a city. ItisKO 
 miles W. by S. of London. 
 
 DOI'CHESTER, a town in Oxfordshire, whose mariiet 
 is now disused. It was formeily of much greater account 
 ll'.aii it is at present; however, it is provided with some 
 verv good iiui'j, and llie churcli is a large handsome struc- 
 ture, hwasfo meil\a bishopssee. It is 10 milesS.E.of 
 Oxford, and 49 W. .\'. W. of London. 
 
 D()RI\E, or John DouKK, in ichlhvology, the vulgar 
 nametifa bsli, wliiihisvcry broad and Hat, and of a jcilovv 
 coloiiv. It is found on llie coasts of Cornwall. 
 
 DOBIC ORDER, s. in auhitecliue, ihe second of the 
 five orders, being that between iheTuscau andlonic. The 
 cliaiaclers of the Doric order, as now uiaiuijced, are, the 
 hcighl of its columns, which is eight (liaiiicleis; the frieze, 
 wlii-ili is adorned with trigh plis, drops, and me1o|)es; its 
 capital, which is without \olutes; and its admitting of ci- 
 mariniis. 
 
 DORKING. See Darking. 
 
 DO'UM.\NT, a. [Fr.] sleeping ; in a sleeping posture. 
 Seciit, or private, opposed h> piiblie. Leaning, not per- 
 pend cular. 
 
 IIOHMITORY, s. [dormili i-inm, from darmito, to sleep, 
 Lat.] a \dace fuinislied for sleeping in, willi a great luauy 
 bids. Ill old recoiiU, a burial place. 
 
 DO'R.MOUSE, s. [from dc.rmio, to sleep, Lat. and inomt] 
 a mouse whiili passes a great part id' the winter in sleep. 
 
 DOltN, .T. [from rfir//, Teul.] in natural liislory, a fi.^li, 
 pel haps the same as Ihe llioruliack. 
 
 DO'RNICK, s. a species of linen ciolh used in Siolhiiid 
 for the table, so called because first made in Deornick \ti 
 Flanders. 
 
 DO'IINOCK, the county town ofSutheilaml, siliiated «t 
 the entrance of a fine frith of Ihe same name It is a sirivll 
 place, mostly in rui'is. .M)out nine miles above D:)rnock 
 ferry, is a writer fall, aud salmon leap, where the lishes IImI
 
 DOU 
 
 (uil in tl-eir leap arc caushl in kiskets on their fall. Dornoch 
 is about 24 riiiici N. o? Inverness. 
 
 DOIUl, t. \t<ir, Teut.] in natural histor\', an insect pro- 
 balilv s(> called tVuni it.s ^ound, and named likewise the 
 htd !,'<'-<■ I 'a fer. 
 
 DO'KSr.L, or DO RSF.R, s. [from dorsum, the back, Lat.] 
 a pmidirr or h;i^' hiin^on eatli side of a horse, for holding 
 tliiii:;s'of small liiilk. 
 
 D()'li.SETSll!RK, a coiinly of Ensland, .'>2 miles in 
 lpni,Mli, ami il \\\ lireadlli. It is hounded on the N. by 
 Wiltshire and -ioiiicrsslsliiic, on llieS. by the F^i^lish Chan- 
 nel, on liic VV. by Devon>hiii', and on the E. by Hampshiie. 
 !t contains "ilS parishes, and 2'2 market towns, SJ of which 
 send mcmlii rs to parliatnent. It produces all the connno- 
 dities coiiiiiion toother counties ; l>esi<les which, it has both 
 linen and «ooII(Mi manufactures. The air is ^ood, but sharp 
 on the hills, and on the sea-coast it is md(l and pleasant. 
 The soil is sandy, except in some rich meadows, plains, and 
 valleys. There are many hills, which fi ed jjreaf nuud)ers of 
 sheep: and on the sea-coasts there is pleiitv of fi^,li. The 
 
 frincipal rivers are the Stour, the Trome, and the Piddle. 
 t fjives the title of Duke to the Sacville fimilv. 
 
 DORSI FEIiOUS, or DOllSl'PAUOU-, a. [from do,-s,mt, 
 the Irack, and fero, av paria, to biar, I.:il.| bearnj;; or brm;,'- 
 inf^ forth on tlie back. In botanv, applieilto plants of llie 
 capillary kind, without stalk, wloili ixar lln-irseed on the 
 back side of their leaves ; such as the feni, Ac. In natural 
 history, applied to the American froj;, which brings forth her 
 yoiini; at her back. 
 
 DO'RTURE, s. \dortoii; Fr.j a place to sleej) in; a bed- 
 ciiandier. 
 
 DOSE. *. [tlosif, from didami, to give, Gr ] in physic, as 
 much of any medicine as is proper for a peison to take at 
 <niR time. As much of any li(iiu) as a person can bear: 
 sometimes used for that quantity which intoxicates a per- 
 son. 
 
 To DpSE, «. a. to proportion a medicine properly to the 
 patient or disease; to give physic, or any thing nauseous to 
 8iiy man, in a ludicrous sense. 
 
 DO'gSIL, J. a pledget; orasraall lurapor quantity of lint 
 to be laid on a sore. 
 
 DOST, tile second person of rfo. 
 
 DOT, *. a small point or spot made to mark any thing, 
 liy pressing the tip of a penon the paper in writing, and re- 
 fcmblin" the mark at the end of the sentence (.] 
 
 To DOT, V. a. to mark with specks. Neuterly, to make 
 dots or s[)ots. 
 
 DOTACiE, s. want or weakness of understandiuf-; e.«- 
 otssivc fondness for any person or thing ; generally appli<;d 
 to psrsonr. in years. 
 
 DOTAL, a. [dotalis, from dos, a portion, Lat.] relaiiiig to 
 the portion of a woman ; constituting her dowr/, 
 
 DOT'.ARD, *. a person whose understandiuj; 13 impaired 
 by aije. 
 
 DOT.VTION, s. [dotatio, from rfof, a portion, Lat.] the 
 act of giving a dowry or [)ortion. 
 
 To DOTE, r. n.[doten, Btlg.] to have one's understand- 
 i«ig impaired bv age or passion. Actively, to regard with 
 (fxcessive fondness. 
 
 DO'TER.s.one whose understanding is impaired by years; 
 one «ho loves a person or thing with excessive fondness. 
 
 DOTI NGLY, ad with an excessive love or fondness. 
 
 pOTTARl), ^. in gardening, a tree kept from growing 
 to its full height by cutting. 
 
 DO'TTi'lREL, s. in natural history, the name of a bird 
 which mimicks gcstu/es. 
 
 DOUAY, a considerable city in the department of the 
 North in France, long celebrated for its English college, to 
 which the Rmiau Catholics of our nation were generally 
 sent for ed.ucation. Its principal trade consists in making 
 and Tending worsted camlets. It is seated on the river 
 Scari)e, l.'i miles N. \\ . of Candirav. 
 
 DO'UBLE, (duhhle) a. \dorhl~.' ¥r.\ two things of the 
 w.ne iort, joined in paii-a, and answering each other. T-.vice 
 
 DOU 
 
 as much applied to quantity ; the same number repeattJ. 
 Having twice the cBect or influence, applied to |)ower. til/' 
 ccitful, acting two parts, one openly, and a dillerent one ia 
 private. It is used in composition for t^^o ways, as double- 
 edged, having an edge on each side, or for twice the nuiu- 
 ber or quant'ty ; dmilde dyed, i. c. twice dyed. 
 
 To DOUBLE, (duliilr) V. )i. to increase to twice the quan- 
 tity, number, value, or strength ; to turn back, or wind, in 
 running. To play tricks ; to use sleights. Actively, anions 
 sailors, to pass round a cape or priunontory ; to tbid ; li* 
 repeat the same word ; toincreas- by addition. 
 
 DOl'BLE, {didiblc) s. twice the quantity, iiund)er, vahit, 
 or quality; strong beer, so called f(0(n iis being twice an 
 strong as the common sort. A trick ; a shift ; an artifice. 
 In hunting, a turning back or winding made by game. 
 
 DO'L'LlJ..E, ad. twice over. " 1 was double their age." 
 Su-ift. 
 
 DtJUBLF^DE'ALER, (dMl.-dtihr) «. one who is deceit- 
 ful, by acting tuo paits at the same time, oue to a perjou'j 
 lace, and the other behind his back. 
 
 DOUBLEDE'ALING, {dMIe-deiling) t. an artifice; 
 dissimulation; the acting twodilfereiit parts, by pretending 
 friendship to a person's face, ai the same time being inti- 
 mate with his enemy; h>w, in.-idious, and fraudulent; cun- 
 ning. 
 
 DOUBLE-HEADED, r.. m IwtoHy, having the flowers 
 growing one to another. 
 
 DOUBLEMl'NDED, {dMle minded) a. deceitful; acl- 
 ing two eontrai v parts ; nroseculiiig contrary designs. 
 
 DO'UBLENESS, (dMIeness) s. the state of a thing re- 
 peated twice ; the stale of a thing folded, or made twice it» 
 natural si/e. 
 
 DO'l'BLIsR, (,dioler) s. one who is gnilty of deceit or 
 dis>iuiulalion ; on': who increases any thing by repetition, 
 addition, or folding. 
 
 DO'UBLI'.T, (d'lhlet) t. an uiiiK-r or inner garment, si* 
 called from its afford ng double the warmth of another. 
 
 DOUBLE-TO'NGUI'.D, (dMletu>i^-':l) ». giviug coii- 
 trarv accounts of the same thing; deceitful. 
 
 J3OUBLETO0TH, s. a plant, the same '.vith the watvr 
 hemp agrimony. 
 
 DOUBLCN, {dnblbon) .1. [Fr.j a Spanish coin, valued at 
 t«o pistoles. 
 
 DO'L'BLY, (dubli/) ad. in a twofold manner; in twice 
 the quantitv ; to t-.\ice the degree. 
 
 To DOUBT, (dviit) V. 11. [doubter, Fr.] to be uR?.bie )'« 
 determine tiie reality, truth, or possibility of a thing, on ac- 
 count, of the e<iuality of the arguments on each side ; tc fear 
 to suspect; tol>csilate ; to desist or keep from action throuj,h 
 suspence. .Actively, to fear; to suspect ; to distrust.^ 
 
 Do t' BT, ('fc;(<) «. uncertainly ; suspense; a state of ih^ 
 niind wherein it retnains undetermined. Figuratively, a 
 question or some point inidetermined and unsettled ; a 
 scruple ; perplexity ; suspicion ; a ditiicully proposed to the 
 understanding. SyNOX. We are in nmcrtuinty with re- 
 spect to the success of our proceedings; in dovht what stc|» 
 to take ; in susucnsr wlieu we are held from acting by a de- 
 lay of certainly. Uncertainty requires caution ; rfuuii, con- 
 sideration ; .?«.s//eH,sf, pa'ience. 
 
 DO'UB'rEll, (dvuter) s. one who is not able to determine* 
 the trntli or prol. ability of a tiling; one ^^ho is in an uncer- 
 tain state of iiiiiid. 
 
 DOUBTFUL, Ulni'iifid) a. full ofiincertaintv; not settled 
 in opinion. Ambiguous, or not clear, applied to t!ie mean- 
 ing of words ; no! ilcle^^iiied in ilieniind on account of the 
 quality of the prools /'ur and a^uiiisi; not secure; suspi- 
 cions ; timorous. 
 
 DO UBTFULLY, (doiiifidly) ad. with uncertainty aiyl 
 irresolution; with ambigiiitx. or want of clearness. 
 
 DO'UBTFULNESS, (dot^i/vMuss) s. n state of the niiijfl 
 wherein it is unable to determine ceitiiiniy. reality, or tr«it'n, 
 for want of preponderating prc:ofs ; iimerlainty. Thsjt 
 which may admit of various and coutrarj senses, applic-j to 
 worls. 
 
 -27U
 
 DOW 
 
 DOUBTINGLY, {doutinghf) ad. in sticli a manner as to 
 pe uncertain with respect to the reahtyor iriith of a thing; 
 m such a manner as to be fearful of some future ill. 
 
 DO'UBTLESS, {duiithss) a. without any fear or appre- 
 hension of danger or ill ; without doubt ; cerlainly. Used 
 adverbially, it implies without doubt, question, or uncer- 
 taintv. 
 
 DO'UCKRR, s. a bird that dips in the water. 
 
 DOVE, s. [diivu, old Teut.] a wild pij;por>, generally ap- 
 plied to the female of the species. 'I'lie dove is the symbol 
 of simplicitv ;ui(l innocence. 
 
 DO'VECOT, s. a small building in which pigeons are 
 kept ; a pigeon house. 
 
 DOVER, a sea port town in the county of Kent, with 
 Iwo markets, on Wednesday and Saturdav. It is one of the 
 cijique ports, and a corporation, consisting of a mayor and 
 twelve juats. Its castle stands on a hifjli hill, and is very 
 Stroni; containing' barracks for .3000 men, and commandinjj 
 aviewoftJK^ French coast. Tlie inhabitants are chiefly 
 (upportcd by the shippin^'.and by ship building', roi)e-mak- 
 ing, and a small manufaclory of sackin;;. It is 72 miles 
 from London, 15 from Canterbury, and 21 from Calais in 
 Fraacp. 
 
 DOVETAIL, f. in carpentry, a form or manner of join- 
 ing boards, or timber, by letting on.' piece into another, in 
 form of a wed^'e reversed, or a dove's tail. This is one of 
 the strongest kinds of joinings. 
 
 DOUGH, W") J. [f/"/', Sax. J the paste made for bread or 
 pies bef ire it is baked. 
 
 DOUGH |}A'K1;D, a. unfinished ; not hardened to per- 
 fection. 
 
 DOUGHTY, (f/u%) a. IdnMg;, Sax.] brave, noble, illus- 
 trious, in ancient authors. Obstinately brave ; stiff. Used 
 by moderns to convey some ludricrous or ironical idea of 
 Strengtii and courage. 
 
 J)0'UGHV,frfdfi/)a. not baked; not baked enough. Fi- 
 urat-ivelv, soft ; not confirmed by years or education in 
 he love of virtue. 
 
 To DOUSE, ». a. [perhaps from dusis, a fall, Gr.l to plinige 
 Wlddenly our head ni the water ; to give a persmi a box on 
 the ear. Neuteil , to fall suddenlv into the water. 
 
 DOU'^K, 3. a box on llic ear ; a low and cant word. 
 
 DO'WAGER, s. ldiiuni)-i(re. Ft.] a widow who has a 
 jointure; a title given to the widows of kings, or olher no- 
 bilit\. 
 
 DO'^VDY, >. an awkward, ill dressed, and clownish wo- 
 man. Arljcctivelv, awk«ard ; inelegant. 
 
 DOAVEK, s. that portion v. hch the law allows a widow 
 out of the estates of hrr hu>liand, after his decease. 
 
 DO'U'RKEl), pari, portioned ; supplied with a portion. 
 
 D<V\VI''.|{LI',SS, a. \Mlliout a poilion. 
 
 DOWL \S, s. a coarse kind of linen. 
 
 D()\\'N, s. f'ormei Iv spelt f/H«« ; [diiiiii, Dan.] soft feathers, 
 Ecnerallv those which grow on thf breasts of bir. Is o fowls. 
 Figiinitivclv, tliMt whicli sofiens or alleviates anv uiirasy 
 eensalion ; soft wool, or Iiiidcr hair. 
 
 Dl>\V.\, s. [dnu, >:\\.] ;i hirgr open plain or valley. In 
 the pliir;d, used for a road mar the coast of Di;ii in Ki-nt, 
 which is I'assed l)\ shippiMghomcward aiidouluard bound, 
 and is a gi'iii'ral place for men of v ar to i ciulizvous. 
 
 DOWN, a large, riili, and |iopulous countv of Ulster in 
 Irelantl, aliout 40 miles long and 27 brtiad : conlaiiiing 72 
 parishes, and about 2ol,()i)0 inhaliilants. It is a fertile 
 countrv, lliough parllv encumbered bv bogs, and carries on 
 a large linen niannfactiire. The tiabit;ili(ins are tn'at, with 
 un orchard to almost every collage. Its < hief town is 
 Downpatrick, a small town, 7 miles W. of Strangford Ray, 
 and 71 NE.of D'lblin. Near il are the remains of an old 
 calhedial, remarkable for the tomb of St. Patrick, tke foun- 
 der. 
 
 DOWN; prrp. [niiiinn, Sax.] from a higher to a lower 
 titualion ; along a descent, troni a rising grniind to the 
 plain on which it stands. Towards the mouth, applied to a 
 river. 
 
 280 
 
 S 
 
 DRA 
 
 DOWN, arf. on the ground ; from a higher to a Inwer si- 
 tuation ; tending to the ground, or towards the centre. Out 
 of sight, or below the horizon, applied to thesitualionotthe 
 sun, moon, Ac. "The moon is down." Shak. Tolwil down, 
 is to exhaust alt its strength, or so as to macerate or boil t« 
 pieces, l^p and down, every where, or w ithoul any confia«- 
 ment to place. 
 
 DOW.\,[T'og-o] to be digested ; to be received. 
 
 To DOW.V, r. rt. to knock ; to subdue ; to suppress. 
 
 DOWN, interject, an exhortation to fling a person on the 
 ground, ormake him fall by means of a blow; to demolish 
 or destroy a building. 
 
 DOWNtAST, n. bent down ; directed to the ground. 
 
 DCyWNFALL, (daun/nul) s. ruin, api>lied to buildingn. 
 Calamity, disgrace, or change from a state of dignitv, atnii- 
 ence.aiid power, to one of indigence, niiscrv, and disgrace. 
 
 DO'WNHAM, Market, a town of Noifolk, noted for 
 the great (piantities of butter that are b. ought hither, and 
 sent to Cambridge up the Oust, whence it is conveyed in 
 the Cambridge waggons to London, and generally known 
 there by the name of Cambridge butter. It is seated on 
 the river Ouse, 11 miles nearlv S. of Lynn, 42 W. of Nor 
 wich.aiid HfiN. by E. of London. Market on Saturday. 
 
 DO'WNIHLL,'*. declivity; descent. Adjectively", de. 
 clivous, descending. 
 
 DO'WNTON, a town in Wiltshire, with a trade in malt- 
 ing, paperniaking, tanning, and lyce-making. It is seated 
 on the liver Avon, 6 miles SE. of Salisbury, and 84 VV. SW. 
 ol Loiifloii. Maiket on Fridav. 
 
 DdAVNLOoKIsI), n. with the eves cast down or looking 
 towards tile gnmiid, the iiatiiial e\pies-,ioii of sorrow. 
 
 DOWNLY'lNt., <r. about to be in traiail ofchildbirlh. 
 
 DOWNRlfiHT, (f/diz/nO'"'- straight do\Mi; inastiaight 
 or pel pendicular Imp' ; in plain terms ; complelely. With- 
 out a'lv dissimublmn, flattery, or ceiemony. 
 
 DO AVNliUiir'.", (rf !/»/(() II. pl.iin ; open; professed; 
 without disguise or (lissiuiidalion ; diretiK tending lo tii4 
 point : without cirt undocution ; artless ; without ceremony ; 
 honestlv : siirlilv. 
 
 DO WN-;|TTING, s. the act of going to rest, alluding te 
 the I a-itvii I iisiom cjf l\ ing in the ground ; rest ; repose. 
 
 DOAVXWARD, or DOW'NW\RI)S, „d. [dnneuesrd. 
 Sax.] towards the centre, ur towards llie ground ; from a 
 higher to a lower situation. In a course of siutession Iroui 
 father to smi, ,\ c. appl ed lo descent or geiii alogy. 
 
 DOWNWARD a. moviiigfroma highertoa lower situ- 
 ation ; declining ; bending, or sloping towards the 
 ground. 
 
 DOWNY, (7. coveied with soft and short featlieis, <ir 
 with a nap; made of soft feathers or down ; soft ; teiidi r ; 
 SOI thing. 
 
 DO \\ RV, or DOW RE, i. is (iroperly the money or for- 
 tune v>li'ilia wife brings lo her husband in marriage; and 
 d I tiers ftoMi diivpr. 
 
 DOXO'LOGY. s. (from doxa, glory, and A.g^o.t.a word, (ir.] 
 a shovl verse or seiiti lice including praise and thanksgiving 
 to <iofl : such as " fihrij be to the jFiilncr, mid to tl>e Son, and 
 to t/r Hiilfl aiiust." 
 
 DOXY. s. a strumpet; a prostitute. 
 
 To DOZI', V. II. [di:ti.i. Sax.] lo slumber; to he half 
 asleep ; to be in a state of sleepiness. Actively, to stupefy 
 or iiuike dull. 
 
 DOZEN, (ddzen) s. \dou:aine, Fr.J a collection of twelve 
 tliin;;s or person. 
 
 DOZINESS, s. sleepiness, drowsiness ; a strong intliuA- 
 tion or propensity to sleep. 
 
 DOZY, II. inclined to sleep, drowsy, sleepy. 
 
 DRAB, s. [drabhc, i^-.w.]^ common [nosti'tute, a loose or 
 uiicliaste wdiuan ; a thick cloth made of wool. 
 
 DRACHM, {dram) s. \drachmn, Lat.l an ancient sil'.VT 
 coin worth about seven pence three farlliings sterling; th» 
 Kith part of an ounce A voirdupoisc weight. A;iiong uti«»- 
 thecaries, the 8th p.irt of an ounce, weighing cither 3 scri>- 
 pies or 00 grains. An ancient Jewish coin, having ou ou*:
 
 DRA 
 
 «iJe a hurp, and on the reverse a bunch of grapes, called by 
 till' Jews half a shekel, hut by the Greeks a rfcrtr/mi. 
 
 UIIA'CO, 'itf uriiK"" ; '" astronomy, a constellation of 
 tht northern hrniispheie. 
 
 DIlACU'NrUIA'S, s.[(li>mnnlive,fTOUi n.ttto, a (Irajjon. 
 Lat.j a worm breediii-j between the skin anil the flesli in 
 hot coiiulries, and reported to grow toilic ,eiii;tu of several 
 yards. 
 
 lili.WF, s.[tfraf, Bclg.] refuse; lees; drees, properly 
 lomelhinj; ttiiid. 
 
 DRA'Fl-'V, a. ahoundins indre^s or sediments. Figura- 
 tivelv, worthless, or oiilv (it to lieiiung away. 
 
 DRArr s. See I)rai;ght. 
 
 DRA FT, a. a corruplion of DRAUGHT. 
 
 To DRAG, 1!. tf. [ilirrmiyt. Sax.] to pull alon;; tl.c ^'roiind 
 by main force ; ti.( draw aloiii; c(iiitciii|>tuM(i.-,l\, aucl as u/i- 
 worthy any notice; lo pull ahinjjwith vii.lence. Nculerly, 
 to han^' so low MS lo trail upon the ground. 
 
 DRA(;, s. I'lrng; Sa\.la!i instrauieut with hooks, used to 
 catch hold of tliiu;j;s under water. 
 
 To DRA'CiGI.F., V. a. to make dirty bv trailing' aloni; tl:e 
 ground. Ncuterly, to grow or become dirty h\ drawing 
 along the ground. 
 
 DRA'GNK,T, s. a net which is drawn along the hottom 
 of the water. 
 
 DRA'GON, s.[(lriigcn, Fr.] a serpent, whether real or 
 imaginary, suppose'l to lie furnished with wnigs, ai,(l to 
 jfrow to an enormous sze. Figuratively, one i-f a tier< e 
 and violent temper. 
 
 DR.\(jOMn', s. [diminutive of dingvii] a little dra- 
 gon. 
 
 DRA'GON'.S-BLOOI), ». a muderately heavv resin, of 
 which there are tvo Kinds; the one tirni and (Hiiipait, 
 Brought to us in small leaves, wrapp'v! up in long and nar. 
 row leave?, and are called the Drops or Tcnr- vf Drnu;,ni's 
 BInvd. The other is lirouglit in lai g'er uui.s-,!s or cakes of 
 an irn'gular tignre ; \\\\i is les.s lomiiin', less pine, and of 
 much less value than the other. 'Vh' -fenu lie drngov's 
 blood li the fruit o'a tail tree of the palm kind, coimiiou iu 
 the island of .lava, and some otiu r pu'ts of trie lva.it Indies. 
 
 Di!A'G<»NFI,V,.«.a tierce stinging <)v. 
 
 DKAGON><l|!'.AD, 5. a plant. 
 ■ DKA'GGN TRRF,, s. a spec es of palm. 
 
 DIlAdO ON, .!. ffroni dingcn, Teut.] a soldier «ho serves 
 both on fool and horseliaeU. 
 
 To DRAIN, n. a.\lni::ifr, Fr.] to draw M\' w;irer or other 
 fluids gradiialU ; to empty a vessel by gradiiallv drawiiigort' 
 what it contains ; lo drv by setting In such a posture or po- 
 sition as the fluid mu>l naturally run out. 
 
 DRAIN, s.a channel through which waters are gradually 
 exhausted ordrawn; a watercourse ; a ^h!ice. 
 
 DRAKE, s. [(/)•«■.', Relg.] a waterfowl, the male of a 
 duck. A small piece of cannon, from dmcn, Lai. 
 
 DRAM, J. ill weight, the eighth part of an ounce. Such 
 a qnantitv of distiih-d or Sjiirituous liquors as is nsually 
 drank at once. Spirituous liquors. 
 
 To DRA.Vl, V. a. in low language, to drink drams; to 
 drink distilled spirits. 
 
 DR.A .MA, s. [from drinnrr, action, Gr.] a poem accommo- 
 dated to action ; in which tlie action is not i elated, hut re- 
 presented ; and in which therefore such rules are to be ob- 
 served as make the representation probable. The princi- 
 pal species of dnima are two, comedy, and tragciiy. Some 
 others there are of less note ; as pastoral, satiie, tiagic-to- 
 medv, <>|iera, ivc. 
 
 DRAMATIC, or DRAMATICAL, a. represented by 
 action or on the stage. 
 
 DRAMATICALLY, erf. after the manner ofa poem act- 
 ed oil the vta-TC. 
 
 DRA MATI'^T. s. the author or composer ofa dramatic 
 piece o'-t'-d on the stajje. 
 
 DRA \ K, tiie preterit of di-inh. 
 
 To DRAIT.., ti. (7. [fro.ii Anp Fr.] to make cloth. Flgii- 
 intM-elv, to jet", to aMtirize. 
 
 O o 
 
 -»R A 
 
 DR.ATER, s. one ulio sells either linen or woolleti 
 clolli. 
 
 DR.\TFRY, s. [drnpperie, Fr.] the trade O! art of making 
 cloth; clolh made either oi' linen or woollen. In painting 
 and sculpture, the representation of the garments or cloth- 
 ing of any figure. 
 
 DR.A'.STIC, n. [draHikos, from dnio, to act, Gr.] powerful, 
 vigoroui, etticacious. In medicine, a remedy winch woikj 
 soon or with speed. 
 
 DK.AL(ill,s. [pronounced and corruptly written dnff] 
 refusi- ; swill; a seuui of a pot; pot liquor, or the liquor 
 given to hogs. 
 
 DKAL'(jli T, {licifVjs. [drng/it, Relg.] the act ofdrinking. 
 A (pianlity of liquor drank at once. Liquor drank lor 
 plea=u e. "The action of moving or dragging carnages. 
 'I lie (juality of heing drawn or moved by pulling. '1 he re- 
 presentation ofa person or thing by painting. A sketch or 
 plan of some building or pi lure. A picture. In (isliing, 
 the act of catch ng bsli by a diag net. Tiie act of (lrawiii){ 
 or shooting a bow. In war, forces ifiawii oft from the main 
 ainiy. A snilv or diain. 'File depth which a vessel sinks 
 into the water. In conuiieice, a bill drawn by one person 
 on aiiollier tin money. In the pliiial, a game played on a 
 clieiiiiiri d table, with rouinl pieces of box and elioiiy. 
 
 LitA\ I, the preterit of (/lire. Drove is more u.-,ed. 
 
 ■< o bH v\\, e. «. [|iri lei. drrw : paitlcipic passive, i/rofm; 
 dnig'ni, S .X.J to pull along upon the <, round tioiiie one place 
 to another, lo pull up, or laiie from a deep place. To 
 iliag. To suck, 'lo attract; lo draw towards itself. To 
 hiiatheo ml. ale, applieu to air. 'lo take from a cask or 
 Vf s>el. 'Fo pi, II a swoidoul ot the scabhaid ; lo unsheath. 
 Total^e bread out of an ovrii. 'I o unclose, if dose before, 
 hilt loclo,e ti'gelher, if open, applied to curtains. 'I'o let 
 out any I quid. To extract. 'I o (.oiivey secretly. 'Jo pro- 
 liac or leiglheii. 'looeiive. 'I o deduce as from postu- 
 lales. In painting, to repieseiit the fkeiiess of any person 
 or lliin.,, eillii'r b\ a pi mil, pi ii, or (oloiiis. 'Fo imply, in- 
 fer, or lutiodiiie a roiisv-queiK e. Fo induce or persuade. 
 To win; tog.iin. 'louciive; to take up. Foexloil; to 
 force. 'lowre.5t; todistoit. 'lo.nlice; to seduce, to iii- 
 VI i:,le ; lo prevail on h\ loudness, used with in. In com- 
 men e, to ! (id ess a bill for a suni of money lo a person. In 
 mil.taiy allairs, todeiach or aejiarale from the main body; 
 topicpaie foracliiii; to range iii battle artay. To drair up, 
 tofiuiu III wriliiig; to compose. To contractor shrink. 
 To drim-baik, to retreat orretire : to retract a design, or de- 
 cline an undertaking. 7'« draw off, loextrait by diatillatioii ; 
 todiainoutby vent; to decli. e an engageineiit 'ir makes 
 retreat. In cookery, to disembowel ; to take out the gut* 
 of poultry. 
 
 l>.A\V,i. the act of drawing ; the lot or chance taken or 
 drawn. 
 
 DR.A WBACK, s. money paid back or abated for ready 
 payment. Figuratively, a deduction, or diinmulion ol the 
 value or qualities of a thin;;. In commerce, ceilain diil e.< 
 either of the customs or excise, allowed upon the exporta- 
 tion of some of our own manufactures, or on foreign n.er- 
 chandises that have paid adiits on iinpoi tation. 
 
 r)RAAVKRIDGF, s. a bridge moving' on hinges, and by 
 means of chains lifted up or let down at pleasure, in onler 
 to preserve .v destroy the conimunication between two 
 places, or a country and some fort. 
 
 DRAAVER, «. applied to persons, one employed in fef i !i- 
 ing water from a well, or cock. In public houses, one who 
 draws liquors from ca<;t.s. One who tiirms the rescmliiaice 
 ofa person on paper or can'ass. with a pen, i>encil, or biiish. 
 Applied to things, that which has the power of altra^:.i.if 
 townrds itself. In surgery, that which discliargt-s humours. 
 A box w iiich sbdcs in a groove or case. 
 
 DRAAVING. s. the act of taking or forming the likeness 
 ofa thing or pcisnn with a i>en or pencil ; a picture orawa 
 v,ith a pen nr penrit. 
 
 URA'WINGROOM, s. a nom to which compaiiv retire 
 after in entciatnincnt ; a roiMii set apa; t lor the reception oi 
 
 2hI
 
 DRE 
 
 DRl 
 
 flompany at court. Figiirativrly, the person or company 
 aaseniblf H in a rlrauins;-rocn. 
 
 To DRAWL, r. It. to pronounce one's words with a slow, 
 disasreealile vliine. 
 
 ])11A'\VWELL, s. a v/eli out of which water is raised by 
 means ofa bucket and rope. 
 
 DRAY, or l)RA'Y-C/vRT, s. [from drag. Sax.] a low 
 lart, used bv l>ie«ers to conx'ey liieir beer. 
 
 DRA'YHORSK, s. a horse wliitli draws a dray. 
 
 DR A YMAN, s. one who drives a dray. 
 
 DR A'YPl.OUGii,('/)oyp/«i;) J. a plr,;i<jh resemblingadray. 
 
 ORAYTOV, a town of Shr<;p-'liire, wilh a market on 
 P/ediicsiiay. It iias a good market for horses and taltle. 
 It is 17 miles K. by N. of Shrewsbury, and 134 N. W. of 
 London. 
 
 DK\7VA., s. a sluftish, mean, dirty woman. 
 
 DRE.XD, {(lied) s. Ulrcrd, Sax.] terror, or fear ; the sen- 
 sation occasioned 1)V tlie sight of some terrible or dangerous 
 ebject. Adjectively, awful or venerable in the hiijhest de. 
 gree. . 
 
 To nREAD, (drill) V. a. [dradan. Sax.] to fear to an ex- 
 cessive degree. 
 
 DRK'ADFJl, (drider) s. one who lives in continual fear 
 or apprehen-iion of some danger. 
 
 DRK'ADFUL, (dridful) a. causing excessive fear; fright- 
 ful ; forniidalile. 
 
 DRE'.'\DFULLY, {dridfulhi) ad. in such a manner as to 
 cause fear or terror. 
 
 DRE'ADFULNESS, s. that quality which causes exces- 
 ^ivefear or terr^U'. 
 
 DRF;ADLRSn, {dr.fdless)a. void of fear ; undaunted. 
 
 DRK'AULKSSNE->S,(rf)c^//fMncj.c).r. a disposition of mind 
 that is void of fear ; intrepidity; uudauhledness. 
 
 DRF.AM, {dre(m)s. [droom, Celg.] tlie images which ap- 
 pear to the mind diirin;; sleep. Figuratively, a chimera ; a 
 groundless fancy, or conceit, which has no existence hut 
 \n the iinaginatiou. 
 
 To DRE.\!VL (dreem) v. n. to have ideas in the mnid, 
 while the outward senses are stopped during sleep, wliiih 
 are neither suggested l)y any extennil olijrct or luiowri oc- 
 casion, nor are uiifler the rule of the underslani^vjig ; to think, 
 .0 im.pv^ine, to fanrv,,vvitI)oiit reason. \ 
 
 DRI'/.AMI'.R, idreemer) s. one who perceives things dur- 
 ing sleep, witlioiit the suggestion ofrxli-rnal objects; aper- 
 »on fond of conceits ; a faneifu] man. 
 
 DRE' A MI.,E'^S, {dre'cmhss) /r. w ilhoiit drpams. 
 
 DREAR, (dreir) a. [drnirifr. Sax.] affecting with me- 
 lanc'jolv ; mournrui. 
 
 DRE'.\RY, (Jriiri/) a. [dreiiis, S;i\.] full of sorrow, ()r 
 mourufid, applied to pers<in5. dloomy, disTuvd, or atUcliug 
 with niplau< IkiI^ , applied to places. 
 
 DREDGE, .5. a tlii<k, strong net, fastened to three spills 
 oi iron, ami drawn at a boat's slern, gathering whatever it 
 meets with at the bottcun of the water, used for catching 
 oysters, and is a species of the drag-ni't. 
 
 To DREDGE, v. a. to iish with a dredge. In cookery, 
 .o strew flour over tueat while roasting. 
 
 DRE'DGl'-R, s. one nho fishes with a dredge; a box 
 with snrjll holes at the top, used for strewing flour on meal 
 when roasting. 
 
 DllKGGIXESS, Wiig-iiwi) 1. fulness of lees or dregs. 
 Foulness, applied to liquors; abounding with a ropy sedi- 
 ment. 
 
 DRE'GGISH, ((//-e/j-ii/i) «. abounding with lees or sedi- 
 nieiit ; feculent. 
 
 DIIE'GGY, (drig-t/)a. muddv, foul, full of sediment. 
 
 DREGS, J. it has no singular; [dregleu. Sax. the bot- 
 tom, lees, or foid part of any liipior. Figuratively, the re- 
 cuse, sweepings, or worthless part of any thing ; ihedrossor 
 nieanesT part of a people. 
 
 To DliENCII, r. a. \dreneaii. Sax.] to soak or bathe; to 
 jilungc rfll over in scnii- liquor ; tov\asli; to .steep ; to mois- 
 l<>n : or make very w<'i; toadminister phvsic by violence. 
 LiRENCH, ». a draugh or s«ill, used by way of con- 
 
 as2 
 
 tempt; a portion or diink, prepared of several pli^sicf;! 
 ingredients fo; a sick horse ; physic which must be given by 
 force. 
 
 DRENCHER, s. one who dips or soaks any thiuj ; oue 
 who adiunisleis physic by force. 
 
 DRE'SDEN, a town ofGeimany, and capital of Saxony, 
 where the king always resirtes. It is divided by the ri- 
 ver F.lbe into the Old and New Town, which are joined 
 together by a bridge supported by nineteen piers, dud h 
 685 paces long. Bothjowns are surioiinded with strouj; 
 fort itic.'.t ions. All the houses are built of sfjuare free-stone, 
 and are almost all of the same height. The situation of thiji 
 citv is but low, and vet there is a tine prospect all around 
 it. " It is 75 miles N.'W. of Prague. Lon. 13. 33. E. lat. 61. 
 12. N. 
 
 To DRESS, 1'. a. \dresscr, Fr.J to put on clothes ; to adorn, 
 deck, or set out with clothes. Figuratively, to clotiie, or 
 represent in a favourable light. In surgery, to apply a 
 plaster or other remedy to a W(umd. To curry, or rub, ap- 
 plied to horses. To rectifv ; to adjust. To trim, applied 
 to lamps. To prepare victuals fit tor eating, applied to 
 cookery. To curl, to comb out, or otherwise to ydoru hair 
 or perukes. 
 
 DRESS, s. tl.at which a person wears fo cover his bodir 
 from the inelemeucy of the weather; clothes or splendid 
 attire ; the skill or taste in chnosing or wealing elulhes. 
 
 DRE'SSER, i. one employed in putting on a person's 
 clothes; a broad and long kind of table or shelf, in a 
 kitchen, used to prepare victuals. 
 
 DilKSSIN(i, s. in surgery, the plaster, or other remedy, 
 applied to a sore. 
 
 To DRI'IUJLE, f. »i. [by successive alterations froiH drip, 
 (t{ dripimu. Sax.] to fall in drops. To let the spittle fall 
 from one's mouth ; to slaver like an iulaiit, or an idiot. Ac- 
 tiv(>|\,to throw down, orscatli'r in drops. 
 
 DRI'ni.ET, i. a small simi of money. 
 
 DRIER, s. in medicine, that which has the qii;ditj of 
 absorbing moisture. 
 
 DRIFT, s. the force which impels or drives a person or 
 thing ; violence ; course : a raft or any thing driven at ran- 
 dom, or in a body ; a stratum, laver, or covering of any 
 uiiitli-r blown together by the wind. A snow drift, i. e. a 
 deep boib, of snow. The teudencv or particular design of 
 anaili( n; thp scope or teuo- of a discoursi. 
 
 'Fo DKIFT, e. n.todrive or force along; to throw toge- 
 ther on luaps ; to amass. 
 
 Tn nKM.I., r. n.['lnl/fn, Relg.] fo make a hole with an 
 angle, i;iiiilrt. or drill ; to bore ; to drain, or make its pas- 
 .sage Ih'i u.,lisnuill holes or inteistices. To exercise sohliers, 
 from the French Ji iV/c, a taw soldier. 
 
 DllllJ,, s. an instiumeut used to boreholes in wood, 
 iron. (11 brass. 
 
 I'ltrLL-SOWING, s. a method of sowing grain or seed 
 of anv kind, so that it may all be at a proper depth ni the 
 earth, wh eh is necessary to its producing h<'allhfnl and vigo- 
 rous plants. A variety of drill i>loiighs have been invented 
 for this purpose, but the practice has not yet been brought 
 to great P''ifi'ction. 
 
 'I'o DRINK, r. 77. prefer. f/;vr7ii or rfrH7iA, participle pas- 
 sive, driinh, or dr>inhtn : [drincan, .'^ax.J to swallow liquors. 
 Figuraliveiv, to swallow an immoderate quantity of liquor. 
 7'f<(//i'i/.<", to salute in drinking; to VMsh well in drinking. 
 Figurativelv, to suck u\i, or absorb, 'i'o hear ; to see. 
 
 DRI.NK, .?. liipior to be swallowed, opposed to meat, or 
 solid food ; aiiv particular kind of liquor. 
 
 DRINKABLE, n. that mav be drank. 
 DBINKI'.U, .«. one who is fond of swallowing quantitie* 
 of intoxicating li(piors. 
 
 DIU'.NK INiO.SI.Y, .t. monev given to buv liquor. 
 
 'I'o DHH', r. 71. [dni'pi-ii. P.elg.| to fall in drops To let 
 fall in drops, applied to the I'.it which tails from meat v/hiJe 
 roasting. Actively, to let fall in drops, to droi< ai <ttt •« 
 roasting. 
 
 DRIP, I. that which fails in drops.
 
 DRO 
 
 DRO 
 
 DRITl'ING, f. (lie fat which drops from meat wliile 
 
 roiisliruj, ciillrd also kitclu'ii stuff. 
 
 l)(!ITl'IN(i-l'AN, i. the piiii in whicli the fat of roast 
 meat is caught. 
 
 To DRIVE, V. a. pretpr. rfcoiv, parlitip. pass, driven, or 
 drove ; \dr'fim. Sax.] to make a person or tiling move by 
 vioiciuc ; to send to any phice by force; lo convey animals; 
 or make tliein walk from one place to another ; to eonipel ; 
 •o enforce, or pnsh home a proof or ar;,Mnnent. To distress; 
 to straiten. Tit drir- trade, to carry it on. To conduct a 
 carria^'e. To let drive at, to intend ; to mean ; lo endea- 
 vour lo aecomplisii ; to aim, or strike at with fury. To pu- 
 rifv by million. 
 
 To Dl'.rVEL, V. n. [ a corruption from drilihle] to let the 
 spittle fall out of one's month like an infant or idiiit. 
 
 DKI'VEL, s. slaver, spittle, or moisture dropped fr«mthe 
 month. 
 
 DUrVELLER, s. a fool or idiot, so called from their 
 lettiniithe slaver drop from their months. 
 
 DiJI'VEELIiNG, /»«/•(. doting ; weak in the understand- 
 ili{; ; foolish. 
 
 DKI'VEU, s. the person or thing which communicates 
 motion by force; one who {juides an<l conveys beasts from 
 one place lo another; one who nianai^es and guides the cat- 
 tle which draws anv carriage. 
 
 To DRIZZLE, 'v. a. [from driselcm, Teut.] to shed in 
 small drops, or wet mist, like dew. Neulerly, to let fall in 
 small slow drops. 
 
 l>KiZ/LY, a. descendingin small slow drops; descend- 
 ing in a mist ; resembling a mist, or moist vaponr. 
 
 DKOCiHK'DA, a large, populous, well built, and in- 
 creasing town of Eoull), in Leinsler. It lias an excellent 
 harbour, and tiades in English coals, corn, and other heavy 
 Roods. It is seated on the Bovne, 5 miles W. of the Irish 
 CJicUHiel, and 23 N. of Dublin." 
 
 DliOIE. .r. a drone ; a sluggard. 
 
 DROITWICH, a town of VVorcestersliire, seated on the 
 river Salwarp, is of great note for its salt pits, from which 
 they obtain about 700,000 bushels of sail aniuialh . A canal 
 from hence lo the Severn, abi>ut 3 miles iVom Worcester, 
 was linislied in 1771. It is (> miles E. N. E. of Worcester, 
 and IIhW. N. W. of l.oiulon. Maiket on Eridav. 
 
 I'KOI^E, n.[dride, Er.l comira'l ; exciti g laughter. 
 
 DHOLE, or DKOLL, s. [rJndcr, Ei.] a person whose 
 business and employ it is to laise mirth by antic gestures, 
 er C(uiiical jests ; a merrv andrew, or Jack puddisig ; a farce 
 COrnpo^eil to excite lairgliter. 
 
 To DROLL, V. n. [frciui drhh, Er.] lo plav the huftoon. 
 
 DROLLERY, s. jest ; ridicule ; or an endeavour to make 
 a thing ilie object of mirth, ridicule, or launbter. 
 
 J)RO'iMEDARY, «. [dnmitditre, Ilal.] in natural history, 
 a sort of camel, said lo travel loo miles a day. It is 
 smaller, slenderer, and nimbler than the common camel, 
 having either one or two hairy excrescences on its back, 
 and is ca))able of great fatigue. Its hair is soft and short; 
 it has no fangs or foreteeth, nor horn on its fi'et, which are 
 covererl with a fleshy skin ; it is about seven feet and a half 
 high, from the ground to ibe top of its head. 
 
 DRONE, s. [droeii. Sax.] the male bee, which hatches the 
 young, makes no honev, has no sling, and is driven from 
 the hive when the hatching time is over. Eiguratively, an 
 inactive, useless, or sluggisli person. 
 
 To DRONI'., V. n. lo live an inactive, useless, and dull 
 life, like that ofa drone. 
 
 DRO NFIEIJ), a pretty town of Derbysliirc, with a free 
 school, is situated in a valley among the mountains at the 
 edge rif ihe Peak, in a fine heallhv air, G m les S. of Shclfield, 
 and 'S.'iN. N. W. of London. Market on Thursday. 
 
 DRO'NISH, a. like a dioue; useless; sluggish and in- 
 active. 
 
 To DROOP, e. n. [from droef, P.elg.] to languish with 
 sorrow; to hangdov^•n the head with sorrow. Eiguralivelv, 
 to gr"w faint, weak, or dispirited ; to sink : to lean dowu- 
 wjwas; ;o »iecliue, beautifully applied bv Milton. 
 
 DROP, s. dropjya. Sax. J a smail portion or particle of 
 water, or otlicr fluid, in a spherical form ; as nuali iiijuur as 
 falls at <mce when there is not a coiiliiiual itream ; a dia- 
 mond han.^ing loose from the ear; so called from ils resem- 
 bling the form ofa drop of any fluid in ils descent. Drnpr, 
 Iho plural, in Architecture, are ornapjenls, in the Doric eiua- 
 blatiire, representing drops, or iitile bells, immediately un- 
 der Ihe triglyphs. In physic, any spirituoua medicine to be 
 taken in drops. 
 
 To DROP, p. a. [droppim. Sax.] to pour in small round 
 particles; lo let g<i; to let a thing fall from the hand ; tn 
 utter slightly, or without caution ; to insert or inlrofluce bi 
 way of digression ; to intermit, cease, or decline: *.o lose iit 
 its progress; to bedrop, or speckle. Neuti rly, to f^ll in 
 sepaiate particles. ofa roundish form ; to let drops fall; to 
 consume in drops; to fall, or eomefioma higher lo a lower 
 situation ; to fall witlumt violence ; lo die suddenly. To 
 drop in, lo come unexpectedly by. 
 
 DK()'l'PlN<j,«. any liipior which has fallen in drops. 
 
 DROP SERENE,*. |fiom £■»««, a<lrop, and *pr«»a, clear, 
 Lai.] in phvsic, a disease of the eye, consisting of an entire 
 loss of sight, without any apparent I'ault or disorder of the 
 part. 
 
 DROTSICAL, n. diseased with a dropsy; hydropical; 
 tending to a dropsv. 
 
 DROPS! ED. narf.aflected with a dropsy. 
 
 I)HOPST0NE, s.a spar formed into tl.es'iiapeof a drop. 
 
 DROPSY, s. anciently writt"n liydnpisy, whence dropis.i, 
 or drapsi/ ; [hydrops, Lat. from nrf»r, water, Gr.] in |di\»ic, 
 a preternatural collection or extravasation of aqueous 
 serum, or water in any part of the liody, whicli greatly dis- 
 tends the vessels, is attended with weakness of digestion, 
 and a conlinual thirst. 
 
 DROPWORT, *. a !;enus of plants, called by Liniicu* 
 oenantiie; there are ihree Pirilisli species, viz. the li ater, 
 hemlock or deadlougue, and pimpeirial dropwo t; the first 
 and last species are I'ounii in ponds and ditches, and the se- 
 cond on the banks of rivers. 
 
 DliOSS, J. [dros. Sax.] the scum, sediment, or gros^t 
 parts <d' any metal ; the crust or rust of a metal. Figuni- 
 tivelv, Ibe refuse or most wtirtliless part of any tiling. 
 
 DRO'SSINESS, s. the impuritv of metals ; foulnpDS ; rust. 
 
 DRO."iSY, n. full of impurities, foulness, or impure par- 
 ticles. I'iguralively, as worthless as dross. 
 
 DROVE, s. a number of cattle under the guidance o< 
 one or more persons; any collection of animals. Fignra- 
 tivelv, a great ciowdor multitude. 
 
 DROVER, 1. one who fats cattle for sale, and sends them 
 to market. 
 
 DROUGHT, {drnnt) s. [diygode. Sax.] applied to the 
 weather, dry weather, want of rain ; thirst, or great waul or 
 desire of drink. 
 
 DROUGIiTlNESS,(rfmi<ine**)«. thestateofa soil which 
 wauls rain; the state ofa person affected with thirst. 
 
 DROUGHTY, {drofity) a. wanting rain; parched with 
 heal ; tbitstv, or wanting drink. 
 
 To DROWN, f. a. [druncnian. Sax.] to plunge and suf- 
 focate under water ; lo plunge or overwhelm in water ; to 
 overflow, or cover with water. Figuratively, to imnierge, 
 plunge in, or overwhelm with any thing; to die, or be suf- 
 focated underwater. 
 
 To DROWSE, (drowze) v. a. [droosn,, Belg.] to make 
 heavy with, or strongly inclined to, sleep. Neuterly, lo 
 sleep. 
 
 DROWSILY, ad. sleepily; heavily; sluggishly, idly, 
 shjlhf'ullv, lazilv. 
 
 DRO'WZINESS, (rfroir-iwfw) *. a strong propensity and 
 inclination to sleep. Figuratively, slothfulness, or inac- 
 tivitv. 
 
 DROWSY, (drow:;/) a. strongly inclined to sleep; heavy 
 with sleep. Eiguralivelv, causing sleep ; dull, or stupid. 
 
 To DRUB, V. a. [from drtdm-, Dan.l to beat sound'y 
 with a stick ; to thresh, thump, or cudgel. A word of cw- 
 tetnpt. 
 
 28a
 
 HR U 
 
 DRY 
 
 DKUTj, t. ;i tliutnp, kii()tl<,<ir IiIdw ; a snutHl Iievilin^. 
 To DKIIDGK, !■. 11. [i'l-unt riraif/ien, Relg.] to work liaid at 
 mean ;iihI x-rvilc cMiployiiiciits ; to slave. 
 
 DllUDG F-. s. one eiiipliiyi'd in mean, liaid, and fatiguing 
 labour ; a iikmc slave. 
 
 DKU'DGEIIY, J. lo\v, mean, servile, hard, and fatiguing 
 labour. 
 
 DRU'DGINGBOX, s. the 'oox out of which flour is 
 sprinkled upnn roast meat. 
 
 DRI'DGIXGLY, a(/. in a laborious, fatiguing, and toil- 
 some manner. 
 
 DRUG. s. [ih-o^tie, Fr.] an ingredient used in physic or 
 dying, Figuratively, any lliing of small orno value. 
 
 To DRUG, f. «. to mix with pliysical ingredients; to 
 taint «ilii something disagreeable. 
 
 DilU'GGERiMAN', i. [tlruf;}ieman, Fr.] in commerce, a 
 name given in the Levant to the interpretprs kept by the 
 ambassadors of the Christian nations residing at ihe Porte, 
 to assist them in their treaties. 
 
 DRU'GGKT, s. in c'lminprce, a sort of thin stuff, some- 
 times all wool ; sometimes haU'nool, half thread ; and some- 
 times corded, but usually plain, and wove on a worsted 
 chain. 
 
 DRUGGIST, s. one whose business it is to sell physical 
 ingredients. 
 
 DRUID, s. [from derio, Sax.l t'le p.riests and ministers 
 of religion amongst the Brilons, Celtic Gauls, KP.d Germans. 
 They were in Rrilain the fir>tand most distinguished order 
 in the island, chosen out of the best families ; and the ho- 
 nours of their birth, added to t hose ol their function, procured 
 them the highest veneratioji. Thfv were versed in astro- 
 nomy, geometry, natural philosophy, politics, and geogra- 
 phy ; had the administration of all sacred things ; were the 
 interpreters of the gods, and supreme judges ni all causes, 
 Tvlictlier ecclesiastical or civil. Fiom their determination 
 was no appeal ; and whoever refused to acquiesce in their 
 decisions, was reckoned impious, and excommunicated. 
 They were generally governed by a single pc-rson, called an 
 Arciidriiid, who presided in all their assemblies. Once a 
 year they used to retire, or rather assendile in a wood, in 
 the centre of ihe island, at which time they used to receive 
 applications from all parts, and hear causes. Tl "ir iieculiar 
 opmions are not well ascertaineH bv writers, Ihoufrh it is 
 agreed by all, thai 'liey In Id tli' niuiortality'of the ioul, 
 and its traissmigniiinii ; ii'- .lothing could appease 'be 
 gods more powerfully llian human .sacrifices ; ami tbat 
 there was one supreme Deity, who presided over all 
 others. 
 
 DRUM, *. {drumme, Erse] a warlike instrument made of 
 thin pieces of oak, bent in a cylindrical form, covered at 
 each end with vellum, or parchment, which stretches by 
 means of braces running from one extremity to the other; 
 and made to sound by beating one of the ends with sticks 
 generally made of brasil wood. Kctlle-dnim is that w lioic 
 body is made of brass or copper, in the form of a kettle, 
 and covered at the top with parchment like the common 
 <.nc. The ilrmn of tlic ear, is a small membrane in the inner 
 part of that organ, w hich is so stretched as to ccmvcy the 
 sensation of sountl, by the vibration which sounding bodies 
 cause uiion it. 
 
 To DRUM, r. a. to heat a twareh, &-c. on a drum with a 
 slick. To beat, or vibrate, applied to the motion of the 
 heart. 
 
 DRUMIST.\'JOR, s. the chief drummer of a regiment. 
 Everv regiment has a dnnnniajor, who has the command 
 ovr the other drums. They are distinguished from the 
 joldlers by ( lothcs of a diflerent fashion : when the balta- 
 l'.>ii is drawn up, their post is on the Hanks ; and on a march, 
 tn-tiveen the divisions. 
 
 DI-IU'IMMFK, s. he that beats fhcdrum; every company 
 t/l foot has one, and someliiiies two. 
 
 fjRUNK, a. [from ilrinh] intoxicated, or deprived of 
 tne Use of Ihe underslartdnn;, by immoderate drinking. Fi- 
 i(urdlivelv, soaked ; beautifully applied to iiiiniunatc >,hings. 
 2it4 
 
 Synon. Half a pint of wine w II make some men i-uwA, 
 when (illicrs kl'.all drink a gallon without b: ingtiie least /uii- 
 died. Good success will sometimes so inloxicate a persou 
 as to take him ort' from his business, and render him dii- 
 agreeable to all his acquairitaiice. 
 
 DRUNKARD, s. one given to the excessive use of strong 
 liquors. 
 
 DRU'NKF.N, part, [from VmJi\ intoxicated with liquet-; 
 given to habitual drunlienness; frequently intoxicated willi 
 l;<pior. 
 
 DRU'XKEXLV, erf. after the manner of one intoxicated 
 with strong liquors. 
 
 DRUNK KNN ESS, *. intoxication, or ebriety ; the habit 
 of getting drunk. Figuratively, an intoxication or disorder 
 of the mind.. Prov. V/hat sobenieis co::cials,. drunheunen 
 reveals — He that kills a tnan wlun lie is drunk, must te liniigud 
 when lie is sober. 
 
 DRUSKS, a people of Syria, on the mountains Libanus 
 and An!ilibianu;4, governed by particular princes, called 
 Emirs. Tliey are very friendly to Europeans; worship the 
 images of the Eaiiits, like the llonian Catholics, yet observe 
 the fast of Rauin)ed;ui, and otter their devotioiis both in 
 IMahometan mosques, and Cluistiau churches. Some of 
 Ihcni admit circumcission, but others reject it. They are 
 a strong and robntt people, o{ an active and entc prisin-g 
 character, and accustomed from their iiiliUicy to fatigues 
 and hardships. Their language is pisre .\iabic. 
 
 DRY, n. [drip:, Sax.] without wet or moisture. Wilh- 
 out rain, applied to the seasons. Thirsty, or alliirst for 
 want of drink. Figuratively, barren; plain; hard; acrid; 
 severe. 
 
 To DRY, V. a. to free from, or exhale moisture or wet ; 
 to wipe away moisture, used with up; to drain; to drink 
 up. Nenlerly.to grow dry. 
 
 DRY'ADl'.S, in the heathen mythology, were a sort of 
 deities or nymphs, which the ancients thought inhabited 
 groves or woods. They differed from \hv Hamodiyades ; 
 these last being attached to some (larticular tree, wherewith 
 they were boin, and wi'h which they died; whereas the 
 Dn/ndi's were the goddesses of trees and woods in general. 
 
 DRY'ER, f. that which has the quality of absorbing 
 moist \i re. 
 
 DRY-EYED, <z. without tears; without having theeyts 
 nioistenrd with tears. 
 
 DRY'LY, ad. without moisture. Figuratively, in a cold 
 or indifterent manner. With great reserve applied to treat- 
 ment or behaviour ; in a sarcastical or ironical manner. 
 Without any embellishment, applied to style. 
 
 DRY'NI'.SS, s. want of moisture; want of rain; want 
 of juice. Figuratively, want of embellishment, applied to 
 stvle, or srt discourses. 
 
 DRY'NURSE, s. one who brings up an infant without 
 su( king. 
 
 'I'o DRY'NURSE, r. a. to bring up an infant without 
 sucking. 
 
 DRY'SIIOD, a. without wetting the feet ; without tread- 
 ing in the water above the shoes. 
 
 DUAL, a. [from d...j, two, Lat.] expressing or iiielnding 
 only two. In the Hebrew or Greek language, a vui iation of 
 a noun which only signifies tiro, a distinction which th« 
 modern languages serin deficient in. 
 
 To FJU 1 5," V. n. [nddiMa till riddara, Tslandic, to dub m 
 kiiigh!. A'ldabba. in its primary signification, implies to 
 strike, knights being made bv a blow given with a swordj 
 to create or make a man a knight ; to cojife>- any title or 
 di"iiily. 
 
 DUI', s. a blow or knock. 
 
 DUBIOUS, a.[duhiiis. Lit.] not sctthd in an opinion, 
 applied to persc^ns. Not fully proved, or that which has 
 equal probability on either side, applied to opinions. Not 
 plain; not clear. 
 
 DUBIOUSLY, ad. intuch a manner as will admit of dif 
 fcrent senses. 
 
 DUBIOUSNESS, s. uncertainty.
 
 DDC 
 
 DUL 
 
 DU'KITABI.E, a. ihat may br questioned or doubted; 
 that a pt-rsoii insiv deiline assent in;; to. 
 
 DUBrrA'I'ION, s. [dubitiitio, fnini didito, to doubt, Laf.] 
 the act <)t'doul>lins, Oi t(iiestionni;; tho Iriitli of a (hini;. 
 
 DUBLIN, tlic cai)ital of Irchiml, in the county of tlie 
 name name, is a large, handson'.e, and populous city, sealed 
 on llie river Littev, or Aiuia Liffey. The appearance of 
 this metropolis, the R.iv of Dublin, and the surrounditig 
 counlrv, on approaching; lliem tVoni the sea, is j^raii'l and 
 beautiful ; after passin;; llie Isle of Land)ay, and liiat of Ire- 
 land's Eye, which is sinall, bein;;a loflv and gro1es(pie look- 
 ing riicli, aufl the cra^'gy niouutaiii of Howtli, in coming 
 from the ri'>rth; or, after passing the rocky clitls of Brav in 
 approaching from the snuth, the extensive Bay of Dublin 
 opens on the view : on the left are seen the iiillsand moun- 
 tains of Wicklow; on the right, the gently rising shores of 
 Clontarr ; the city, on a rising ground, at the extremity of 
 the bay.audat seveial miles distance, with domes aiul spires, 
 ferminates the view. The cassoon, a beautiful pluiros, or 
 light house, 4 or b miles from the citv, seems, like another 
 K<l(lystone light lions?, to rise out of the sea ; from this, how- 
 ever, there is a broad an<l firm wall, or pier, lately com- 
 pleted, reaching to Uiiigsend, to wliii h the city is now nearly 
 extended. On the north side of the wall is the harbour, 
 where vessels lie safe at anchor with an open sea to the K. 
 On the south side (if the wall, near the town, are w harfs, 
 principally used for bathing; and between these and the op- 
 
 DU'C'KING, s. the plunging or dipping e pcmoo in \vn- 
 ter; a punishment indicted Ly the mob tiia pickpocket. 
 At sea, it is a way of punisliicg offriiders, by binding tlie 
 malefactor with a lopeto the end of ihe yard, from whence 
 he isviiilently let down into Ihe sea, once, twice, or Ihrite, 
 accordnig to his nflence, which, if it be vi iv giei.t, lie in 
 drawn underneath the keel of Ihe ship, which they call kcfl- 
 liauling. 
 
 DUCKINGS ' OOL, s. a chair in which women are 
 p!ui!ge(i uiu'er uatei for scolding. 
 
 DCCKL1-G(>!;D, a. having le<;s like a dmli ; having 
 
 Sluirl l<';4S. 
 
 DU CKlJNCi, s.A young duck. 
 
 DU'CK^iEA^^ s. a genus of plsuits, called by Linne::?. 
 leiuua. 1 here are three British species, \ iz. llie ivyleaved, 
 .least, and ,;rc;:ter. They flower in June and July, and arr 
 very accepl.dile food for ducks. 
 
 DUCT, s. [from ducn, to lead, Lat. J guidance or .iirection. 
 In anatom\, any canal or tube in anv animal b'idy, titrougU 
 which the humours or fluids are co:ive\ed. 
 
 DU'C! FLE, a. [from duco, to lend, Eat ] easy to be bent ; 
 easy to bediawn out in length. Tiactable, complying, or 
 yielding applied to the mind. 
 
 DU CTILENESS, s. the quality of being drawn out in 
 length. 
 
 DUCTILITY, s. in physic, a property of certain bodies, 
 whereb\ they b< co'rie ■apable of being pressed, beaten. 
 
 jiosite shore is an extensive and smooth strand, which is drv stretched, or drawn out to a great length without breakiiijj 
 
 et low water ; there is a wharf also on the iN. side of Ihe river, 
 for Ihe pur]>ose of bathing, and elegant baths on both sides 
 of the water. From Rinpend upwards, through the whole 
 citv, the river is embanked with quays on both si<les ; as 
 these are open nearly through their whole extent, they form 
 beautiful walks of very extensive range. The docks laid 
 out on each side of the river are sutiiciently capacious to 
 h.>id several thousands of vessels. The streets of Dublin 
 are pretty regular, and well paved, the squares spacious and 
 elegant, and the public buildings superb. The town is sup- 
 plied with water by means of pipes. A circular road, about 
 10 or 11 miles in length, encompasses the city, and the 
 country around it is pleasant. There is not yet in Ireland, 
 as in England, a parochial piovisioii for the poor ; but there 
 arc, throughout the coantry, institutions for their relief, 
 jupported bv voluntary contributions. Of this sort is the 
 House of Industry in Dublin. The trade ofDublin is exten- 
 sive, though since the imion it has been on the decline ; yet 
 ills thought by some that the coimtry will be ultima telv bene- 
 fited by that measure. The bar at the entrance of the har- 
 bour renders the approach of large vessels difiicult and dan- 
 gerous; some improvements, however, are projected to re- 
 racdv this great defect. Lat. 53. 23. N. Ion. 6. 37. W. 
 
 DU'BLI.Sl, a county of Ireland, in Leinster, 2.5 miles iu 
 liMigth, and ifi in breadth, bounded on the N. by Mcath, on 
 ihe Vi. by the Irish Channel, on Ihe S. by Wicklow, and on 
 the W. by M.-atii and Kildare. The soil is rich and fertile 
 iiicorn and pasture. It contains 107 parishes, 20 of which 
 are in fiie city ofDublin, 4 market towns, and about 26,000 
 Iwuses. 
 
 Dli i.'A.T^, a. belongingto a duke. 
 
 DU'CAT, «. [so called because struck in the dominions of 
 aclukeja foreign coin, current on the continent; when of 
 silver, valued at four shillings and sixpence, but wlieii of 
 gold, at nine shillings and sixpence. 
 
 DUCATO'ON, J. a foreign coin, struck chiefly in Italy ; 
 wlienof sdycr, valued at four shillings and eightpeiice ster- 
 ling; and in gold, which is current in Holland, is worth 
 about one pound nineteen shillings and twopence. 
 
 DUCK, s. [from diicl.cn, Belff.] a water-fowl, both wild 
 and tame. Figurativelv, used as a word of great fondness 
 and endearment. " Mv daintv diuk." Sliak. A sudden 
 bending down, or declining of the head. 
 
 1 o DUCK, I'. 71. to plunge one's head or dive under wa- 
 ter; to drop down one's head; to bow low; to cringe ; to 
 nwkc obeisance. To plunge a person iiiidei water b\ way 
 OlDUnistniieiit. 
 
 Tractableness, compliance, applied to the mind, or to per- 
 sons. 
 
 DUT-GEON,.'. [dole/,, Teut.] a small dagger. " On the 
 blade of thy dudgeon." S/iah. Quarrel, illwill, malice, 
 jars, or coniiuotions ; from dolg, Sax. a wound. 
 
 DUDLEY, a town in Worcesierahire, insulated in Sta<- 
 fordshiie, containing about 20(10 families, most of whom are 
 employed in Ihe nianufiiclure of nails and oilier iron wares. 
 It is 10 miles W. of Birmingham, 16 E. of Bridgenorth, and 
 120 N. \V. of London. Market in Saturday. 
 
 DUE, particip. pass, of otce ; [du, Fr.] that which a person 
 has a right to demand as a debt, as sti[iulated in a compact 
 or othei w ise ; that which a person ought to pay, or which a 
 thing might lay claim to. 
 
 DUE, nrf. among sailors, directly, exactly. " l>M«-ea$t." 
 
 DUE, i. that which belongs to, or may be claimed by a 
 person ; right; just title to a thing. In the plural, custom, 
 or taxes. 
 
 DIJ'KL, i. [diiellum, low Lat. from duo, two, and helhnn. 
 war, Lat.] is a single comliat at a time aii<l place appointci ; 
 in conse<iuence of a challenge; it must be premeditated, 
 otherwise it is called a reneinmter. If a person he killed in 
 a duel, both the principal and seconds are guilty of murder, 
 whether the seconds engage or not. 
 
 To DUEL, )'. n. to fight in single combat. Activclj', tn 
 attack, or figlit with singly. 
 
 DUELLER, s. one who engages another in sin;:ls coru- 
 bat. 
 
 DUENNA, i. [Span.Jan old woman kept as a domestic 
 in Spain, in order to pry into the actions, or to lake care of 
 the conductjof a young lady. 
 
 DUET, s. a term in music for a song or air composed for 
 two voicesor instruments. 
 
 DUG, s. [dtf^iria, Ital.] a pap, nipple, or teat, generaliv 
 api)lied to tliat of a beast ; and to that of a liuuian ereatari* 
 only by way of reproach nnd contempt ; lliough fortnerly 
 it was applied to a human creature in a good sense. 
 
 DUKE, s. [from ducn, to lead, Lat.] is either the title of a 
 sovereign prince, as the duke of Savoy, Parma, Ac. or it ij 
 the title of lio'aour and nobility next below princes. The 
 commanders '.'f armies in time of war, the govcrHors of pirv 
 vincos, and wardens of niarchfs in time of peace, were cal- 
 led Duces, under the late emperors. At piesen!, duke is a 
 mere title of dignily, without giving any domain or territorv, 
 or conferring jurisdiction over the place from wlicDce tlje 
 lilJe i-> taken. \ dul\e is cieat«'.i by patent, ciiictuie vf
 
 DUM 
 
 ««'ord, mantle of stnte, iii'position ofu r:\p, atul ccHoiiet of 
 ^old on his head, ami a vir^'c of sjold put hito his huiid. 
 His title is grace ; iiiid in the bt\le of llie heralds, most hi^^di, 
 potent, hifjn-born, ami nohle prince. Their eldest sons 
 ure, by theconrtcsv of l',n;;laml, st\ led niarqnises, and their 
 youn;^est lords, with tlw addition of their christians names, 
 as Lord Geor^'c, Lord Rohert, Ac. and take place of vis- 
 counts, thongli not so pi ivileifed bv the laws of the land. 
 
 DU'KRDO.M,*. the dominion of a duke. 
 
 DU'LBRAINF-D, a. slow of apprehension ; stupid ; waiit- 
 liiji sajacitv. 
 
 DU LCET, a. [diihis, Lat.] sweet to the taste ; agreeable 
 to the ear. 
 
 DlILCinCATION, .<:. [from ehdci.t, sweet, and facin, to 
 make, Laf.] in pharuuu<, the swc'teuini^ or rendering in- 
 sipid any matter inipre^'uated with salt, by ^^asllinl; it often 
 iiiwater; tlie act of rendering any thing which is acid, 
 sweet, by mixing i-t with sugar. The eond)in:ili()u of mine- 
 ral acids with alcohol. Thus we have dulcified spirit of 
 nitie, dnlcilied spirit of vitriol, Ac. 
 
 To DU'LCIFY, r. a. [diihijier, Fr.] to sweeten, to free 
 from salts, foulness, oracriuiouv of any sort. 
 
 DU'LCIjMER, i. [fl(il(iiiir!/(i, Ilal.] a musical iustnuiient, 
 strung with wires, resembling a harpsichord, and played on 
 with iron or bras^ pins. 
 
 To Dll'LCORATE, r. a. [from rlulcis, sweet, Lat.] to 
 sweeten : to reufler less acrimonious. 
 
 DIJLCORA TION, «. the act of sweetening. 
 
 DULL, «. [f/ic/, Dril. I slow of apprehension, a|>plied to 
 the luiderslandiiig. Rhjut, a])plu'd to the edge of anv in- 
 strument. Not ipiick,or not easilv perceiving objects, ap- 
 plied to the senses. Sliiw, applied to motion. Not bright, 
 or wauling vigour. Drowsv, sleepy, or melaucholv. 
 
 To DULL, 11. a. to bhnit the erige of an iustrunu^nt : to 
 sullv the iirightness of some shining bodv ; to make a per- 
 .son sad or melancholy ; to damp vigour; to stop or retard 
 motion. 
 
 DU'LLARD, s. a person of slow apprehension ; a block- 
 liead. 
 
 DM'iJ.Y, ad. in a stupid or foolish manner; in a slow, 
 iluggish.or melancholy niauuer. 
 
 DU'LT'JESS, i. weakue-5 of miderstanding ; slowness of 
 :(pprehension ; drowsiue^^; or strong propensity to sleep 
 l)ininess, or want of lustre, appi eil to the change made in a 
 shining body. 15luntness, or want of edge, appli( (I to in- 
 struments. 
 
 DU'LVERTON, a town of Somersetshire, with a manu- 
 facture of coarse wnollcn cloth and bl-.uiki t.. It is sealed 
 on the Dunsbrook, near its fall iuin Ihe l".\e, 24 miles S. E. 
 of Barnstaple, and 104 W. by S. (jf !,• udon. Maikel on Sa- 
 tiirdav. 
 
 DU'LY, ad. in such a nianiwr -.t; :- ilrie; or per^oll might 
 claim; propiuly ; titiv ; regukiiK ; pmucIimIK . 
 
 DUMR, (ditm) II. [from dum, {>> be silent, llcb. iliimhr, .Suv.] 
 mute; not able tosiuak; deprived of speech; mil using 
 words ; tefnsiiig to speak. 
 
 DUMBARTONSHIRE, nneiently LF.NN<)X,a countvof 
 ScollamI, Uiunded on the W. by Argvleshire and Loch 
 I/)nng: on the N. bv Argvleshire and I'erthshire ; on the 
 E. by Perthshire and .Stirlingshire; and on the .S. bv the 
 counties of l.aiierk ami Iteiifrew. Its greatest length is 4.'i 
 miles, ils breadth from Glo ].'>. 'I'he \V. part of this county 
 abounds with morasses; in other parts il is fertile in corn 
 and pastures; but the principal riches arise (Von) the fish- 
 eries in the lochs in and about its coasts. The principal of 
 thes'' ir»Loch Lomoml. 
 
 DUMBA'UTO.N'.the capital of the cotuitv, is a large, an- 
 cient town, coulaining about •.'.()(>() ijihabitanls. lis princi- 
 pal manvifacture is crown au<l bolih- glass, but many of the 
 yoinig women are employed in the neighbouring print fi(dds, 
 oil the baiiksof the L''v(*n. Close to the river is a castle, 
 huilt on , I vast rock, firmerly deemed impregnable. This 
 town .vas erected iutoa roxal burgh by King yMexauder II. 
 in )'i2L About 2000 ttms of shipi.ing behiiig to this place, 
 •Mr, 
 
 DUN 
 
 wnicli fias aliaroour for large brigs, secure in all weathers. 
 It is situated at the continence of the rivers Leveii aud 
 Clyde, 1.5 miles N. W. of (ihisgow. 
 
 DU.MBLY, {ilumbj) ad. mutely; silently; without speak- 
 
 DUMBNESS, (rfumiies*) t. incapacity of speaking; for- 
 bearance : silence. 
 
 DUM FERMLING, a parliament town of Scotlae.fl, in the 
 county of Fife. It was remaikable for its maguiliceut ab- 
 bey, and a royal palace, in which King Charles 1. «as born. 
 The ruins of the abbey are vet to be seen. It is 15 miles 
 N.W. ofl'.diiiburgh. 
 
 To DUM FOUND, (dOmfoimd) v. a. to confuse a person 
 so as to render him unable to speak. A low word. 
 
 DUiMFRIESMlIRl';, a county of Scotland, bounded on 
 the W. b\ the comities of Kirkcudbright and lAyr; on the 
 N. bv the shires (dl.anerk, Reebles, ami Selkifk ; on the N. 
 E. and I'L bv those of Selkirk and Roxburgh; and on the S. 
 by Solwav Frith ami a part of Cumberland. It is about 50 
 miles in length, and from l(i to |:iO broad. It compiehcnds 
 the districts of Ainiandale, Nillisdale, and Esk 'ale. 
 
 DU.MFRl ES, the capital of tlie county, is a well built 
 town, surrouiidvd on all sides, at the distance (da few miles, 
 bv a cnntiiuied chain of lulls, forniiug altogether one of the 
 grambsl i^aural amphitheatres in Britain. The nuiid)erof 
 iuliabitauts, at an emuueration latelv taken, was .'jfiOO. 
 ']'hr\ have 8 or 10 coasting vessels, and 2 or P. employed III 
 the B.iltic and wine liades. li is seated on the river JXilh, 
 8 ui'lrs N. of Solwav Frith, and 5:3 S S. \V. of Edinbuigh. 
 
 DUMP, s. [diiin, Belg.] sullen and silent sorrow; melau- 
 cholv; al) -eiice of mnid; a piece of leaden coin or medal, 
 with which children amuse themselves. 
 
 DU'MPiSIl, fl. sad ; silently and sullenly sorrowful; me- 
 laucholv. 
 
 DUMPLING, i. a kind of small and coarse pudding. 
 
 DUN, a. [dun, Sax.] a colour partaking of a mivlu.e of 
 brown and black; dark; ghxmiv. 
 
 To DUN, r. H.[dit>iiiH, Sax.] to demand a debt with veim- 
 ineiiee and frequent impintuuily. 
 
 DUN, s. one who asks a person for a debt with clamour, 
 and iuee>saiit imporlunity. 
 
 liUNB\'R,a well budt town of Haddingtonshire, willi a 
 ijood harbour, and about 18 \esseU cmpioNeil in the coast- 
 iiigaud foreign trade, besides 12 fishing boats. This town 
 trades largeK in mall and grain. I'luhrllie rock, on which 
 ari' Ihe iiiiis ofa easlle, are two nalnial arches, thiougli 
 wliichllie lide flows; ami here are v. '»t havahic cohuiiiis of 
 red grit stones, li is 25 miles I'",, of Ijlinbugh. 
 
 DUNCE, .t. [perliati> fioin dum, Bilg.] one who has not 
 acapacit' for receiviig iiislruction. 
 
 DU.NiDVLK, a seaiiol and assize town of Louth, in 
 I.eiinler. Il consists of a wide street, iicailv a mile long, 
 and some cros-. lines ; lia->agoo(l markel house, and carrii^s 
 on a manufacture of iiiu>lin-, liii'ii^, and cambr cs. Il is 
 most advaulagrouslv siUialed f'oi an « xleiisive inlaiiil trade, 
 and the port is vei\ safe for shipping. The bay also has 
 good moorings, and abnumls wilh fish. Dunihllk is INiuilcs 
 N.of Dro-heda, and 10 of Dubl n. 
 
 DUNI)iyE, a largi' and tlonrisliiiig town m the shire of 
 Angus, with manufaclures of glass, coarse linen, sailcloth, 
 cordage, c<d(uiied and while thread, buckram, tanned lea- 
 ther, shoes, and hats; ami here is also a sugar-house. Thu 
 housesare built of slmie, generally three or four stories high, 
 ami Ihe [iruieipal streelj, with a number of lesser ones, are 
 all pa\ed in the best manner. Trading vessels of the 
 largest burden can get iulo Ihe harbour, which is safe, com- 
 modious, and of easy access, with broad extensive piers, 
 W(dl adanled for ihe purposes of loading and dischargine 
 vessels; and lliere isgooci room on the quay for ship-builtf- 
 ing, which is carried on lure to a large extent. In the year 
 17f)2, there were I Hi vessels behuiging to the port, iKivigatrd 
 bv/i9H men ; of these, 34 were emploved in t'lc forcigii,^and 
 THiii the coasting trade, with t in Ihe whale fishery. Th» 
 inluibilants arc computed at 20.000. Dundee is situntcd ob
 
 ItiJO 
 
 DUU 
 
 Ihc N. side of the Frith of Tay, 14 miles N. W. of St. An- 
 
 dri'ws, and 3(1 N. of Edinburgh. 
 
 DUNfi, *. [liiaef;, Sax. J liie excrement of animals used in 
 uiaiiurc, or in iallcnin^' f,'rouiid. 
 
 'J'oDUNfi, v.a. to iininure with diin^. 
 
 DU'NGIIO.V, *. [tlmtjon, l->.] a close prison, generally 
 applieil loa diirk or subterraneous one. 
 
 1)IJ'N(>]X)RK, s. a fork to toss out dun^from stables. 
 
 DUNGHILL, s. a heap of dutij;. I'iijurativeiy, any 
 mean or vile abode ; a silii.iliou ot meanness ; a man de- 
 sendin;ifroin mean parenta^'e : acock of a spurious and de- 
 generate kind, not (it lor tiiilitiiij;. 
 
 DUNGHILL, n. s]iriingi'iom ihedunghill. Figuratively, 
 mear.; base, or worlhless. 
 
 DU'NGY, .1. abonndin',' in dunjr, resemblin^dnng. 
 
 DUNKL'I.D, a town of Perthshire, situated amid roman- 
 tic rocks and woods, under which rolls the majestic Tay, 10 
 miles nearly N. of I'erlh. It is much resorted to in the sum- 
 mer months, lor (he benefit of ^'oats' v\ hey. It is the mar- 
 let town of the Ilifjhlands on that side, and carries on a 
 inanufaelure of linen. The duke of Atliol has a beautiful 
 inodiMii seat here. 
 
 DU'NKI RK, a considerable and important maritime town 
 of France, in the district of nert;iies. and <lepa'tment of the 
 North, containinj; about 8i),oii() ndiabitaiits. By means of a 
 tliiice, 4'i feet wide, the bason wi'liin the town will hold 4f) 
 ships of tlie line alwavs floaliufj. It is '2'2 miles S. W of 
 Os^end. I.at. 51. 2. N." Ion. 2. 28. K. 
 
 DU'NNI'.H, «. a person eniplo\e<l in inilectini; petty 
 debts, and making use of vehement importiin ty for that 
 pu pose. 
 
 DUN MOW, CHEAT, a town of EsseN, with a manufac- 
 ture ofbaize. In the reign ofllenrv IIL the I.o d Eit/wal- 
 ter iiistitiiled a cuslom here, which is still the tenure nf the 
 inanQr, that whatever niarru'd m.-,u did not renent of his mar- 
 riage, or quarrel wdii Ijis Wlf'-, i': •! v>-ar and a dav afterwards, 
 should go to the priory, and receive from '\'" Ir.-.l ;i x^\'.y\- 
 miin or flitch of bacon, provided he swore to the truth of it. 
 Some old records here nieiition several that have claimed 
 and received this reward; and it has been received so lately 
 H5 since the year I75i), by a weaver and his wife, of Cogges- 
 hall. It has been demanded more recently, but the demand 
 is now evaded, from the ceremonv being attended with 
 considerable expense tolliejwrd of the manor. It is situated 
 on the Chelmor, 13 miles N. of Chelmsford, and 40 N. E. of 
 London. Market on Saturday. 
 
 DUNSE, a town in Berwickshire, witii a good maiket, 
 and 4 considerable fairs for horses, shee]), and black cattle, 
 in March, June, August, and November. It is siruated be- 
 tween the forks of the rivers Blackadder, and Waiteadder, 
 12 miles W. of Berwick-upon-Tweed. 
 
 DUNSTABLE, a populous town of Bedfordshire, with 
 several good inns, as it is a great thoroughfare, standing on 
 the great road between London and the N. and N. W. coun- 
 ties. It is noted for elegant baskets, hats, tVc. made of 
 straw, which are consicierable. and even articles of exporta- 
 tion. The larkstaken hereabouts are said to be the largest 
 and best in tlie kingdom. It is seated on a dry chalky emi- 
 nence, near the Chiltern hills, 17 miles nearly S. of Bedford, 
 and .•?4 N. N. W. of London. Market on Wednesday. 
 
 DU'NSTER, a town of Somersetshire, consisting of about 
 400 houses, with a manufacture or kerseys. It stands on a 
 low ground, 20 miles N. W. of Taunton, and 158 N. W. of 
 London. Market on Friday. 
 
 DU NWICH, an ancient town of Suffolk, seated on the 
 top of a loose clilf. It was once large and popuhnis, and an 
 episcopal see ; but here are now only the remains of a town, 
 all but two parishes being swallowed up by the sea. The 
 principal business here isfishinji; for herrings, mackarel, \c. 
 It is i4 miles S. of Yarmouth, and 99 N. E. of London. 
 Market on Saturday. 
 
 PUODECIIVIO,"*. \hr,m dundcnm, twelve, Lat.] a thing 
 divided into twelve parts; hence a book is said to be in 
 tiiu)iUcime, when twelve of its leaves make just ashed cf paper. 
 
 DUODE'CUPLE, a. [from dm, two, and deciplui, tenfold. 
 Lat.] consisting of twelves. 
 
 DUPI'i, J. Ifroui dunpe, a foolish bird that suffivs itself 
 to be caught] a credulous person, <ir one who is imposed on 
 and deceivid on account (,f his credulity. 
 
 To DUPE, ti, a. to trick or clieat a person of too great 
 credulity. 
 
 DUPLE, n. [diiphis, from duo, two, Lat.] double, the same 
 thing or number repeatid. 
 
 To DU PLICATE, v. a. [duplico, from dm,, two, Lat.] to 
 double; to increase, or enlarge by the re|ietition of the 
 same number ; to fold together. 
 
 DUPLICATE, a. in arithmetic, applied to proportion, 
 the ratio or proportion of squares. 
 
 DU'PLIC.VTE, I. the exact copy or counterpart of a 
 letter, book, or deed ; u thing of the same kind as an- 
 other. 
 
 DUPLICATION,*, the act of doubling; the act of fold- 
 ing together ; a fold ordoubling. 
 
 DI.I'PLICATUIIE, 1. a fold ; any thing doubleil. 
 
 DUPLI'CITY, s. [diiplicitas, from duji/ex, double, Lat.] 
 doubleness ; the division of things or ideas into pairs ; the 
 quality of being twice as nnichas another; deceit or doublic- 
 deyling, opposed to simplicity. 
 
 DUKABI LITV, i. [from duro, toendure, Lat.) the power 
 of beariufj the injuries of time and weather, without being 
 destroyed ; the property of lasting or containing a lo;ig 
 while. 
 
 DUR.\BLF., a. [from duro, to endure, Lat.] not easilv 
 destroyed by length of time, or violence of weather; lasting ; 
 perm;'nent. 
 
 DU'RABLENESS, s. the property of continuing or last- 
 inyilong. 
 
 i)U'K'\RLY, ad. in a lasting manner. 
 
 DU'RANCE, s. [duresse, low Fr.] the stale of a p.TS'iii 
 confined in a prison; continement; impiisonutcnt; duration, 
 01 ih,- l-ii;'>'li of time wh'rh any thing eontiiuies. 
 
 DUR.A'riO.N'.s. [from duro, to ciulure, Lat.] distance or 
 lengtli. applied to l-'me. 
 
 DURI'.'SSK, s. [Fr.] hardship ; inii>ri^oiiment. la law, 
 a plea used by way of exception to a bond sealed to a per- 
 son by one cast in p-rison at his suit, or otherwise hardly 
 used 
 
 DURHAM, a county pala-tine of Eughwid, bounded on 
 the \V. bv Cundieilaiid ami Westnioreliuid ; on the N. by 
 NojthiMuberland ; on the E. l>v the Cjermun Ocean ; and on 
 the S. by Yorkshire. It is divi(!e<l into tour wards, which 
 contain 1 city, 8 market towns, 113 parishes, and about 
 11)0,(1011 iuhabilants. It is 42 miles in length, from E. to 
 W. and 32 in breadth from N.to S. The bishop is a tem- 
 poral prince, being eai lof Sadberg in tliis county, and sheriri 
 paramount, as also |)erpetHal justice of peace within his ter- 
 ritoiies. He sits as'chief in the ccmrts of judicature, those of 
 assize not excepted ; ami even when judgment of blood is 
 given. The western side of the couilty is mountainous, 
 while iheca-tern and s(]UtheTn are fruitful in corn and pas- 
 ture, and enjoy a milder air. Here are uianutactorics ol 
 tammies, carpets, sail-cloth, steel, glass, paper, iron foun 
 deries, and immense mines of coal, lead, ;;rind=toucs, ami 
 iron. The priiicipal rivers are the Wear, Tees, Tyne, and 
 Derwent. 
 
 DU'RH.VM, the capital of the cotinty of Duihani, is a!i 
 ancient city, situated on 7 hills, and surr(Uinded by otheis 
 more lofty, in a beautifid winding of the river Wear. Here 
 are pleasant walks along the banks of the river, which are 
 covered with woo<ls, and edged with lotly crags. Arouod 
 it are grown large quantit es of the best mustard. Dur'iain 
 is 14 miles S. of Newcastle, and 257 N. by W. of Londiji. 
 Market on Saturday. 
 
 DU'RINCi. part, [from dure] for the time any thing lasts ; 
 whde anv thing continues unalteied. 
 
 DURl ON, in natmal history, the name of a fruit comniou 
 in China and the East Inflies, which is esteemed bv the 
 natives the finest of all fruits, but is disliked bv the Euit»- 
 
 2S7
 
 DWE 
 
 EAG 
 
 ppRn? on account of its disagreeable smell. If is of the 
 t'iic of ;in ordinary melon, is inclosed in a prickly husk, has 
 a driicious taste, and intoxicates those who eat it plenti- 
 fu!lv._ 
 
 DU'llSLRV, a town of Gloucestershire, with a manufac- 
 ture ')!'i>r(>ad cloth. The manufacture of cards for c'( lliiers 
 has Uf'cn lon^' settled here. It is seated on a branth of the 
 Se\en), I;l miles S. \V. of Gloucester, and 107 \V. of Lon- 
 don. Miirlii'ton Thursilav. 
 
 PU'RITY, s. [rlin-ete, Fr.l liardiiess ; firmness. 
 
 iH/'l!>T, the preterit ofDARE. 
 
 DlJ-iK, .-». [f/Ki/*''T, Tent.] want of day-li^lit; approach- 
 in;' to darkness ; blackish; or of a dark colour. 
 
 DU'^KISH, a. inclining to darkness; temlnig to black- 
 ness; diirk coloured. 
 
 TH'-^KISHLY, a(/. darkly; in such a manner as to afford 
 but |i|ile lii;ht. 
 
 DU'^K'N, n. [c/.vi/ircr, Teut.J tendinnr to darkness. Tend- 
 ing' to blackness, applied to colour. ri{,'urativel\, {;looniy, 
 sad, iiulaiuhoiv, applied to tlip mind. 
 
 DU''>S1"I,[)()RF, a city of Ber^, Westphalia, confainin;; 
 about 10,000 inhabitants. It ;s siiuated (ur the river DusscI, 
 at its conHuenee with the Rhine, 20 miles N. N. \V. of 
 Coloun. 
 
 DUST, s. Uhist, Sax.] earth, or other matter reduced to 
 small particles Figuratively, the state of dissolution to 
 whicJi bodies arc reduced after beini; long buried. A mean, 
 low, ami dejected state, alliuiinj,' to the custom of the Jews, 
 who, ill the time of affliction, sat in the dusl, and covered 
 their heads with it likewise. 
 
 DUSTY, a. filled, coloured, covered, or spread with 
 dust. 
 
 DUTCHESS, or DU'CHESS, j. [duchesse, Fr ] the lady of 
 a duke. 
 
 DUTCHY, or DU'CHY, s. [dnch<, Fr.] a territory which 
 gives title to, or has a duke for, its soverei;,'n. Dutr/tif-ronyt 
 js 'h'lt wherein all matters pertainiiif; to the dutcliy of Lan- 
 jasterari' decided bv the decree of the chancellor. 
 
 DUTF.OU's, a. obedient; or perforrnin;^ those offices 
 v^hicli parents or superiors can claim ; obse(pn'ous, or coni- 
 plvioi;; enjoined bv, or arising from those relations a per- 
 son stands ill «ilh respect to others. 
 
 DUTIFUL, n. obedient; submissive to, or performinfj 
 the otrices due to parents or superiors ; respectfully ; reve- 
 reiitiid. 
 
 DU'TIFULLY, ad. in an obedient, submissive, or respect- 
 ful 111 inner. 
 
 DU TIFULNI'.SS, f. obedience ; submission to just autlio- 
 rit- ; the act of iiciforiiiiiii; the offices uliich flow from our 
 relations as chil'lren or subjects; reverence ; respect. 
 
 nUTV, .t. aiiv actions, or course <if actions, which flow 
 froMi the relations we stand in tofjod or man; that \vhich a 
 man is boiiirl to perforiii bv aiiv natural or lejjal iilili^;itioii. 
 In commerce, a tax or custom paid forauv cnuimc.ditv, and 
 levied liv llie;;overiiiiieiil. SvN'iN. /)i(N- nieiins soniethillg 
 conscientious, and sprinjrs from lan ; ohli<rnt)iin. soiiietfiiii;,' 
 absolute in practice, anri s''riiii;sfroiii ciistniii. We are said 
 to fiil 'n our d}Llii, aiifl todisnei'.ce with iin i)li/is"li"n. 
 
 DWAT'F, J. ['Iirnns', Sviv.] a man below the common 
 si/e or stature, lii^'ardenin:;, a low fruittiee, kept short by 
 prntiinu'. 
 
 To DWARF, I', n. in botaiiv, to hinder frnm :jrowiii:; 
 to its natural size, by pruiinig; to lessen ; to make little ; to 
 shoi ten, 
 
 I'W.VRFISII, a. below the natural size; small; very 
 short. 
 
 DWAI!Fl«HLV,ffr/. like a dwarf 
 
 DWA'KF[SHNLS.S, J. shortness of stature ; extreme little- 
 ness. 
 
 To DWF.LI^, r. ri. preliT. dii-e't, or dirtl/id , [dnnUa, old 
 Tent, is to say or del-.iy xHiirlia, isl. to slav in a |)lace] to in- 
 habit <irlivi'ina piiice or house. Fijvnratively, to continue 
 in i. state or condition; to fix the exes immoveahly on an 
 object. To treat of in a copious manner; lo continu-e long 
 
 inspeakin^. Synon. To Kne relates to the particuiniplac*" 
 where we inhabit ; dnell, to the building in which we reside. 
 \Ve live in London, in Middlesex, in the country ; wc dwrll 
 in a lar;,'e house, a cottage, or a furnished lodgii.g. 
 
 DWE'LLKR, J. a person who resides cuustantiy in a 
 place : an inhabitant. 
 
 DWE'LLINCi, s. the place of a person's habitation, resi. 
 deuce, or abode. 
 
 r)WK I.LINfi-PLACE, s. the place of residence. 
 
 To DWINDLE, I', a. [ihxinan, Sax.] to dccrese, cciv 
 sum-.', or grow less by degrees. 
 
 DYE, J. a colour given to a thing; a stain. 
 
 To DYE, V. a. [deagan. Sax.] to tiiige or colour n thing. 
 
 DYER, s. one who follows the trade of culouring silkt, 
 stuHs, A-c. 
 
 DY'iNG, part. \oi die] expiring; giving up the ghost; 
 giving a new colour. 
 
 DV'N.ASTY, *. [from rfywajtfyo, to be powerful, or to be 
 king, Gr.] in history, a race (u- succession of kings in the 
 same line; govcrniiieiit ; sovereignty. 
 
 DY'SART, a town of Fif'esliire, with a verv ancient 
 church, said to have been lurlt bv the i'icts. This town 
 employs 213 square-rigged vessels and 2 sloops, in carrying 
 coals, and im|iorting wood, to and fnuu Dantzick, Denmark, 
 Rotterdam, Ac. It 's situated on the North coast of the 
 Forth, 11 miles N. of Edinburgh. 
 
 DY'SCR ASY, s. [from rf./s, ill, and h-nsis, temperament, 
 Gr.l an ill temperament, habit, mixture of the blood, or other 
 fluids, in an aniniariKxh . 
 
 DYSE'NTI'.RV , s. [from dys, ill, and enteron, an intestine, 
 Gr.] ill medicine, a looseness, wherein vciy ill humours are 
 discharged bv stool, altciided with blood. 
 
 DYSPE PSY, i. [from dys, ill, and peptu, to digest, Gr.] a 
 bad digestion. 
 
 DY'SPUON Y, s. [from di/s, ill, and phone, a sound, Gr. | a 
 ditficultv in speaking. 
 
 DYSPNOEA, s [fiomrfyj, ill, and piieo, to breath, Gr.]a 
 dithciiltv of b eallnng. 
 
 DY'SURY', s. [fioiii di/s, ill, and oureo, to make urine, Gr.] 
 difficulty in making urine, or water. 
 
 I-:. 
 
 X^ Til'-", fifili h tterof the alphabet, anil the second vowel, 
 Jri^' liHs diflermf prniiunciations in most languages. In 
 Engl sli it has two sounds; long, as seine, and short as men. 
 E is the most fieipu-nt vowel in the F..uglisli hingiuig ■ ; fiir it 
 not oiil\ IS used like the rest, in the l)egini>iug or end of 
 words, bill has the peculiar (jiiabty of lengthening the fore- 
 going \owel, as iSii, iHiie; iniin, iiidiit ; giip g'i'p" ; C^Md, 
 ^fa'/r ; bird, Inrdi' ; v/iiii, cliiiir ; trlnp, v/i'ipe ; t/iiii, iMiw ; 
 nod, viyte ; tuti, liiint- ; pi'um, plume. Yet it s^imetimes occuro 
 final, where \et the foregoing \ow el is not lengthened, ns 
 fieiip, l.nim/'edfip edcce, gh'e. .Anciently, ab^iost every word 
 ended withe; as, for cirii, canne ; for year, i/eare ; {or greitt, 
 g; rente ; fir need, wedr ; for Jl'ieli, fincLe. /m has the sound 
 (felling: the p is commonly hngthenrd rather by the im- 
 meiliate addition ofn than bv the opposition of «f to the nn\ 
 of the word; as, 7uin, vtenji ; sell, sent ; mtt, Virat ; net, veai. 
 Asa numeral, jp stands for 2oO. In music, it denntes the 
 tone e/n mi. In the calendar, it is the fifth of the domiiti- 
 cal letters. On the compass, it makes the east pi'iiit, as 
 \\. S. K.I. e. east south cast. Anioiig w iters or aulliors, 
 it stands (or example, or exempli, as, e. g'r. exempli grniin, or 
 for e.riiniple. 
 
 EACH, (eeeh) pron. [ele. Sax.] either of two; everv one 
 of.inv number. To cnr/i the <'orres)>i\iident vmuiI is oilier, 
 M'hetlier it In- used oftv.o, or a greater number. 
 
 EAD, or ED, [Sax.] in compiuiud words, and ivii/jn- in the 
 simple, denote happiness or blessediiers. Thus Emltiard, 
 Eilirnrd, is a happy preserver; luidsnr, happy po-. er. 
 
 EA'CiElL (eeger) a. [eagnr, Sax.] earnest, ardent, J<)!lg. 
 ing; impetuous; hot, or vehement of disposition; ii ick, 
 busy. Keen; severe; biting, applied to tiic air. Hnitlc^j
 
 EAR 
 
 inflexible, not ductile, when used by artists. Sharp, or sour, 
 applied to the taste. 
 
 EA'G r.RLY, (eifrerly) ad. with great ardour of desire ; 
 imuatirntlv : sharply; (luickly. 
 
 EAGERNESS, (eigemess) s. warmtl) of desire ; impe- 
 tuosity ; quickness; an extreme loii^iii^', or impatience lor 
 the enjovnient of soninthing. 
 
 EAGLE, (eigle) s. [aif^le, Fr.J a i)ird of prey, which 
 builds on the tops of mountains; is remariuilile for tlie 
 strcnf-'th of its sipht ; and reckoned to be the kin^ of tlie 
 fcatliercd race. It is used in heraldry, spiead, to represent 
 a prince of the K-oman Empire. The standard of the ancient 
 Romans. 
 
 EAGr,F.-EYED, a. sharp-.vif;lvVd as an ea[;le. 
 
 EA'GLK-STONE, s. a stone said to be found at the en- 
 trance of the holes in which the ea;;lcs make their nests, and 
 affirmed lo have a particular virtue in defending the eagle's 
 nest from tiiuuder. 
 
 EA'GLET, {ccglet) s. [a diminutive of eagle] a young 
 eagle. 
 
 E.\'GRF., (eiger) a. [probably from a:ger, run, the ocean] 
 a tide svyelliiig above another tide. 
 
 EA EDERMAN, (ihlerman) s. [Sax. J the name of a Saxon 
 magistrate, the same as our alderman ; which see. 
 
 EAR, (eer) s. [eare. Sax.] the organ of hearing, or that 
 part where animals receive the impression of sounds. In 
 music, a kind of peculiar and internal taste, whereby we 
 are able to judge of the harmony of sounds. Used «.ith about, 
 it signifies the whole head or person. " The city beaten 
 down about their ears." KnoUcs. Joined to vp, all over, or 
 entirely. " Up to the ears in love." L' Estrange. To lend 
 oil ear, to listen to ^vith attention ; to regard or favour. In 
 Botany, a long string or cluster of (lowers or seeds produced 
 by certain plants. "An ear of corn." To fall together by 
 the ears, to scuffle, to tight. To set together by the ears, to pro- 
 mote strife or quarrels. 
 
 To EAR, («(•»■) ti. a. \erian. Sax.] to plow, or manure 
 ground. Ncutcrly, to shoot into ears. 
 
 EA'RED, {tired) part, haviiig ears, or handles; having 
 ears, or ripe corn. 
 
 EARL, {erljs. [eorl. Sax.] a title of the third rank among 
 the nobility, though anciently the highest in the nation. 
 Earl marshal of England is a great officer, who anciently had 
 several courts under hisjtirisdiction, as the court of chival- 
 ry, and the court of honour. tJnder him also is the herald's 
 office, or colle(';e of arms. He has some pre-emiuMice in 
 the court of Marshalsea, where he may sit in judgment 
 against those who oftend within the verge of the king's 
 court. This office has for several ages becu helreditary in 
 the most noble family of Howard. 
 
 EA'RLDOM, (irldom) s. the jurisdiction of an earl, or 
 comity from whence an earl receives his title. 
 
 EA'RLINESS, (erliness) s. the being soon; or the pri- 
 ority or equality of any action compared to something else, 
 opposed to later. 
 
 EA'RLKSS,(£«r7eM) rt. without ears. 
 
 EA'RLY, (erly) a. [from ar. Sax.] soon, in comparison 
 Tvith something else ; as, in the morning, with respect to 
 the sun rising ; in time, with respect to creation, a period 
 appointed, or the space of continuance ; in the season, in 
 comparison with other products. 
 
 E.\'RLY, (irly) ad. soon, betimes. lu youth, or infancy, 
 applied to age. 
 
 To EARN, (em) r. a. [eamian. Sax.] to gain as the re- 
 ward of wages or labour, or other performances ; to de- 
 serve; to obtain. 
 
 EA'RNEST, (iniest) a. [ecmest. Sax.] ardent; warm, or 
 importunate in any application; intent ; fixed ; eager; se- 
 rious ; important. 
 
 E.'V'RNEST, {er7iest) s. \eomest, Sax.] seriousness ; a se- 
 rious affair, opposed to a jest ; a reality, opposed to a fic- 
 tion. Pledge ; hansel ; something given by wav of security 
 and obligation; a token or specimen of sometbing future , 
 »onev gi?en in order to contirm or biod a bargain. 
 
 P r 
 
 E AS 
 
 EA'RNESTLY. (imettly) ad. with ^eat importunity; 
 warmlv ; affectionately ; zeaiou.-.ly ; eagerly. 
 
 EA'RNESTNESS, («r«ei<;ifsi; f. eagerness; vehemence; 
 warmth; solicitude; care. 
 
 EARRING, (eir-ring) t. jewels worn in the ear ; a ring 
 worn in the ear. 
 
 KA'RSHOT, (eirshot) s. that space or distance witliin 
 wliich any thing may be heard. 
 
 EARTH, (erth) s. [eiirih) Sax.] in cosmology, the terraque- 
 ous globe, as distinguished frcjtn the sun, moon, and stars. 
 In theology, the present state of ixistcn<:e, as distinguished 
 from the eternal states of the dta I, and especially from 
 heaven. In the old .Aristotelian pliilosophy, a simple dry 
 and cold substance, wliicli was lielicvid to he an ingredient 
 in the composition of all natural bodies. Thus it was dis- 
 tinguished from air, fire, and water. In coMUiion conversa- 
 tion, mr.uld or dust, tliat unorganized matter which gene- 
 rally appear^ in a solid form, and is not hardened into stone. 
 (n mineralogy, fossile substances, distributed into four 
 classes, salts, earths, cond)ustibles and metals. In this 
 arrangement earths comprehend stones. Earths are either 
 simple or compound. The simple earths arenine, silexor 
 flint, alumine or clay, zircone, «lueine, yttria, barytes, 
 stronfiau, lime, and magnesia. Later discoveries liave, 
 however, rendered it probable that all these earlhsare only 
 the oxydesof metals. Figuratively, the iidiabitants of (he 
 earth. 
 
 To EARTH, (erth) V. a. \ettrdian, Sax.] to hide under 
 ground ; to cover with earth. Neiiterly, to go or hide it- 
 sell iiiiHer ground. 
 
 EA'RTH-RORN, (irth-hon,) a. sprung from the earth. 
 Figuratively, descended from mean parents. 
 
 EARTH BOUND, «. fastened by the pressure of the 
 earth. 
 
 EARTHEN, (erthen)a. madeof earth or clay. 
 
 EA'HTHPLAX,*. a kind of fibrous-fossil. 
 
 F.A RTHLING, {irthling)s.-dn inhabitant of the earth; a 
 poor frail creature. 
 
 EA'RTHLV, t»«/i?y a. belonging to the earth; this pre- 
 sent state of existence ; gross, opposed to spiritual ; corpo. 
 leal, opposed to menial. 
 
 EA RTIINTJT, s. the same with the pignut. 
 
 EA'RTH QUAKE, Orlh(/uakc) s. a tremor or shaking of 
 the earth, caused by the ei plosion of some subterraneous 
 combustible matters. 
 
 LA KTHWORM, s. a worm bred under ground ; a mean 
 sordid wretch. 
 
 EA'RTHY, (erthy) a. consisting, composed of, or inha- 
 biting the earth.. Gross, opposed to spiritual. 
 
 K.A'R-WAX, {eir-wax) s. the excrcmentitious or viscous 
 sid)stance w ith w hich the ear is filled. 
 
 E.\'R-WIG, (eir-wig) s. [ear, and wiga. Sax.] a sheath- 
 winged insect, of a long body, having several legs, a fork at 
 its tail, and of a dirty black colour, in gardens very prejudi- 
 cial to carnations and fruit-trees. 
 
 EAS t', fc««) s. [«'«. Fr.] freedom from care or disturb- 
 ance, applied to the mind. Freedom from pain, applied to 
 the body. Rest, or cessation from labour, in order to reco- 
 ver from fatigue. An elegant negligence, applied to literary 
 compositions. SyNON. We say a ready entrance, when 
 no one stops the passage ; an easy entrauce when the pas- 
 sage is large and commodious. For the same reason we say 
 of a woman without reserve, that she is easy of access ; and 
 of a shoe that does not pinch, that it is easy. 
 
 To E.ASE, (eeze) v. a. to free from pain; to release from 
 labour ; to free from any thing which causes a disagreeable 
 sensation either in the body or mind. 
 
 EA'SEFlL, («cre/"Q a. affording relaxation from toil at 
 fatigue ; alleviating, diuiinishing or removing pain; fit for 
 rest. 
 
 E.ISEL, {eczet) s. an instrument used by pamters to set 
 their pictures on far the more ready performance of their- 
 work. 
 
 E.A'SEJIENT, «. in law a s«rvice that one neighbour- 
 
 2n9
 
 RAT 
 
 ECH 
 
 his of another b;f charter or prescription, without profit, as 
 away throiigli hissroiiiul, asink, orsitch Uke. 
 
 EA'SILY, {eezihj) ad. without ditficulfy, labour, impedi- 
 ment, or pain- 
 
 EA'SIN r^SS, {eeziness) s. a relative term, implying that a 
 person's abilities are sufficieiit, or more t!ian siiihcient, to ac- 
 complish any undertaking ; to solve any point in Icarnina:, 
 or to prosecute any desiijn proposed ; freedom from diffi- 
 culty ; the quality of bein;^ soon persuaded to do or believe ; 
 compliance without opposition ; credulity without suspicion 
 or examination ; freedom from disturbance, or from any 
 painful sensation. 
 
 EA'SlNCiWOLD, a town in Yorkshire, tradins; in bacon 
 and butter. It is 12 miles N. of York, and 210 N. of 
 London. 
 
 EAST, (wrf) ■?. [f*', Sax.] the quarter from whence the 
 sun rises. Tiie regions in the eastern parts of tlie world. 
 
 EA'STROURN, a town of Sussex, noted for the |>ieiily 
 of birds hereabout, called wheat-ears; and liitcly beconie a 
 well-frequented place for sea bathing. It is near r.eaehy 
 Head, 15 miles E. S. E. of Lewes, and 65 S. S. E. of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 . _ EA'STER, {Eestre) s. [eastye, Sax.] the time when Chris- 
 tians celebrate the resurrection of Christ from the grave. 
 The word used to denote this season has no relation to this 
 solemnity, but took its rise from Eastre, the name of the 
 Saxon deity or goddess, whose festival was celebrated ab(uit 
 this time of tiie year; and after its abolishment by Chris- 
 tianity, the name was retained, and to this day used to sig- 
 nify the festival of Christ's resurrection, as mentioned 
 above. 
 
 EASTERN, {e'cstem) a. situated, looking, or tending to- 
 "wards the east, or that point of the compass in which the 
 sun rises. 
 
 EAST-GRI'NSTEAD, a town in Sussex, with a market 
 ©n Thursday. It is a borough, has a handsome church, 
 and sends two members to parliament. The assizes for 
 the county are sometimes held here. It is 29 miles S. of 
 London. 
 
 EAST-HA'RLING, a town in Norfolk, whose market is 
 on Tuesday. It is 88 miles from London. 
 
 EAST-i LSLKY, a town in Berkshire, seated between 
 two hills among fruitful corn-helds, and excellent downs 
 for feeding sheep. This place is not contemptible; has a 
 market evi'ry Wednesday in the summer chiefly for sheep. 
 It is .5.'? miles W. of London. 
 
 EAST-LOO E, a town of Cornwall, with a market on Sa- 
 turday. It is seated pretty commodiously on a creek of 
 the sea, over which there is a large stone bridge, supported 
 by many arches, which leads to Wcst-Looe, standing be- 
 tween two hills. They arc both corporations, and send 
 members to parliament. The chief benefit which the inha- 
 bitants have is in their fishery. It is 232 miles W. by S. of 
 London. 
 
 EA'STWAIID, {eistuard) a. [eastweard. Sax.] towards the 
 east, or that point of the compass where the sun rises when 
 in the equinoctial points. 
 
 EA'SV, (ernxif) a. to be performed without fatigue, incum- 
 brance, or ditnculty; free from dist\irbauce or anxiety; 
 believing without inquiry or opposition ; credulous ; com- 
 plying ; free from bodily pain; without fornialily; ele- 
 gantly negligent. 
 
 To EAT, (fet) V. a. [preter nfc or eat, participle eat or 
 eaten; e<rtn,Sax.] to devour or consinne by the nionlli. Figura- 
 tively, to corrode or destroy, applied to the action of some 
 corrosive substance ; to consume prodigally ; to ri'tract or 
 inisay a thing when joined to trard. Neutcrly, to go to 
 meals ; to fi-cd ; to take food ; to consume by coi roding. 
 
 EATAR1..R, (eitahle) n. fit for food, or capable of being 
 chewed and swiiliowed. 
 
 E\TF,I'., {filer) t. a person who chews and swallows any 
 food ; that which corrodes. 
 
 EATIN(ilIOUSi;, ». a house wlicrc provisions are sold 
 ready dressed 
 
 300 
 
 EATES, {eeves) t. jfete, Sax.j the cages of a roof whieb 
 
 hang over a house. 
 
 To EATESDROP, (ecvesdrop) v. a. to catch what drops 
 from the eaves of a house. Figuratively, to listen under 
 the windows of a person's house, in order to discover 
 secrets. 
 
 EA'VES DROPPER, {eiresdmpper) s. one who listens 
 under a person's windows, in order to discover tlic secrets 
 of a family. 
 
 EBB, s. \cbba, Sax.] the flowing back, or retreat of water 
 towards the sea; ashrinkingof wafer in a river, by ti;e turn 
 of its tide. Figuratively, ikcay ; decline; waste; a low 
 condition. 
 
 To KBB, f. n. to flow back towards the sea. Figurative- 
 ly, to <le( line ; to decay ; to waste. 
 
 JO'lUON ITF.S, i. a sect of heretics, who rose at the very 
 beginning of the church; they are distinguislii-d into two 
 kinds ; tlm ihic believed that Jesus Christ w as born of a vir- 
 gin, and all the other parts of the Christian religion, but 
 added tile Jewish ceremonies to it • and the others believed 
 him to be born after the maimer of other men, and denied 
 
 Kni;N,"E'BON,orE'RONY, s. [ehmus, Lat.] in natuml 
 history, a kind of wi:od, brought from the Indies, ofa black 
 colour, exceedingly hard and heavy, susceptible of a very 
 fine polish, and on that account used in Mosaic and inlaid 
 works. 
 
 EBlllETY, s. [from ebrius, drunken, Lat.] intoxication 
 occasioned by strong liquors ; drunkenness. 
 
 EBIULL.ADE, s. [Fr.] a check of the bridle which a 
 horseman gives a horse, by a jerk of one ^in, when he re- 
 fuses to turn. 
 
 ]'>BRIO'SITY, ^. Lfrom [ebrins, drunken, Lat.] habituaJ 
 drunkenness. 
 
 EBULLrnON, s. [from ebullio, to boil, Lat.j the act of 
 boiling with heat. Figuratively, an intestine motion oftlie 
 particles of the body ; the commotion, struggle, fermenta- 
 tion, or effervescence occasioned by the mingling togcthci 
 anv aUusline and acid liquor. 
 
 ECCIfNTRIC, or ECCENTRICAL, (ehentric^, nr ck. 
 s'mtricat) a. [from ex, out of, and centrum, a centre, Lat.] de- 
 parting or deviating from a centre; not having the same 
 centre. Figuratively, not answering the same design ; not 
 answering the end intended. Irregular; not consistent with 
 anv ruleor estiiblisned custom. 
 
 ECCENTRI'CITY, (eksentricit,,) s. the departing from, 
 or thestate ofa thing with, a difi'erent centre from another; 
 excursion from an emplovnieiit, or proper sphere of action ; 
 an improper situation. In astronomy, applied to a planet, 
 the distance between the focus and the centre of its ellipti* 
 orbit. 
 
 ECCIIY'MOSIS, (ehi/'mosi.t) j. [from eMn/o, to pour forth, 
 
 lir.] in surgery, extravasation of 
 
 arm, betwixt lli;: flesh and skin. 
 
 blood from a vein in the 
 
 E'CCLESHALL, a town in Staffordshire, noted for trad- 
 ing in pedlars' wares. It is situated on a branch of the river 
 Sow, (i miles N.W. of Stafford, and 113 N. W. of London. 
 Market on Friday. 
 
 ECCLESIa'STES, [from ebklesiastes, a preacher. Or.] a 
 canonical book oftlie Old Testament, the design of; which 
 is to shew the vanity <.f siiblunarv things. 
 
 ECCLESIA'.STIC, or ECCLESIASTICAL,'/, [ekhleiiafti- 
 lios, from ehhlesia, a cliuicli, Cir. ccelesiasticiis, Lat.J relating 
 or appropriated totlie service oftlie church. 
 
 ECCLESIA'.STIC, .f. a person devoted to the service of 
 the church ; a clergvman. 
 
 ECCLESIA'.STICUS, a. an apocri;phal book, otherwise 
 called the wisdom of Jesus the son of Sirach. 
 
 E'CCLESTON, a town 24 miles S. of Lancaster, oom- 
 municating with all the late inland navigations. 
 
 ECCOPIW TICS, Ukopretiks) t. [from tk, ont of, and iU>. 
 pros, excrement, Gr.j iu physic, medicines which purg* 
 fj-ently. 
 , E'CIIINATE, or E'CHINATED, («*iiw/», or ikinate\)paH.
 
 EDD 
 
 EDO 
 
 01 a. [fr"'" ^i-f^'w^. a hedge-ho(j, l.at.J bristled like a hedge- 
 hofr ; set with prickles. 
 
 ECHrNU.S, leliiniis)s. [Lat.) a hed^e lios ; a shell-fisii set 
 with prickles. In liotany, tlie prickly head or cover of 
 the bced or top of any plant. In aicliileclme, a member 
 or ornament near the hollom nf the Ionic and other capitals, 
 next to the abacus ; taUin;,' it'* name from the roughness of 
 itscarvin;,', resemlding the prickly rind of a ch<'snnt, or the 
 prickly coat of a hedKc-hoi; ; it is called m-uln by the Italians, 
 and ei^i^s and anchors by I'liiHlisli workmen, because carved 
 with anchors, darts, and ovals, or ejjss. 
 
 K'CHO, (el«i) s. [fiom ec/ius, a sonnd. Or.] a sound rever- 
 berated, or rejected to the ear from some solid body. In 
 music, it is llie repeating' some parts of the strain in a very 
 low or soft tone. I5y the poets, iic^ois supposed to be a 
 njni;)!). who pined into a sound. 
 
 To ECHO, (rlw) p. n. to resound ; to be sounded back a 
 second time. 'Actively, to multiply a .sound. 
 
 ECCLAIRCrSSEMCNT, (^/;-/aiV.s«zm»_«£r) "■ [Fr.] the 
 act of clearing up, or explaining any aliair by word of 
 mouth. 
 
 ECI.A"^, (ehlaw) s. [Fr.] splendour; lustre, or glory. 
 
 KCLE'CriC, o. [from ehlc^o, to choose, Gr.] selecting; 
 or liavins; the power of cIioosiul; or preferring. 
 
 ECLE'CtMA, .«. [from c!t, out of, and kic/w, to lick, Gr.] a 
 form or medicine made by the incorporation of oils with sy- 
 lups, and which is to be taken upon a liquorice stick. 
 
 ECLI'l'SK, s. [from ekicipu, to fail, Gr.] in astronomy, the 
 darkening of one of the luminaries, by the interposition of 
 sonieopacjue body between it and the eye, or between it 
 and the sun. The sun is eclipsed by the moon's intervening 
 between the earth and the sun. An eclipse of the moon is 
 when the earth being between the sini and moon, hinders 
 the light of the sun from fail in;,' upon her; if the light of 
 the sun is kept off from the i'.holr body of the moon, it is a 
 total eclipse ; if from a part only, it is a partial one. A 
 state of darkness, or want of knowledge, applied to the 
 mind. 
 
 To ECLI'PSE, v. a. to darken any luminary. Figurative- 
 ly, to destroy any light ; to drown a lesser light by superior 
 splendour : to cloud ; to obscure ; to disgrace. 
 
 ECLITTIC, f. [from ekleipsis, an eclipse, Gr.] in astrono- 
 my, is a great circle of the sphere, supposed to be drawn 
 through the middle of the zodiac, making an angle with the 
 ecjuinoctial, in the points of Aries and Libra, of a bout 23" 2«', 
 which is the sun's greatest declination ; or, more strictly 
 speaking, it is the path or way, among the fixed stars, that 
 the earlli appears to describe to an eye placed in the sun. 
 Some call it the way of the sun, because the sun, in his 
 apparent annual motion, never deviates from it, as all the 
 othf-r planets do more or less. It is called ecliptic, because 
 eclipses of the sun and moon happen when they are in or 
 near it. In geography, it is a great circle on the terrestrial 
 globe, not only answering to, but falling within the plane of 
 the celestial ecliptic. 
 
 ECLOGUE, [eklne:) s. \eld(ige, Gr.la pastoral poera, whose 
 scenes are confined to rural life, and whose personages are 
 shepherds. 
 
 ECO-NOMY, s. See Oeconomy. 
 
 ECPHRA'CTICS, (ehfriktiks) j. [from ek, out of, and 
 phratto, to obstruct, Gr.] such medicines as open the vessels 
 through which the humours are to pass, or which render 
 tough humours thin, and thereby promote their discharge. 
 
 E'CSTASY, s. [from eiistemi, to be entranced, Gr.] any 
 sudden passion of the mind, by w hich the thoughts are for 
 a time absorbed ; excessive joy orrapture; enthusiasm. 
 
 E'CSTASIED, a. cnraptur.ed ; elevated ; or absorbed. 
 
 ECSTATIC, or ECSTATICAL, a. enraptured, or ele- 
 vated to an ecstacy. Tending to external objects. 
 
 E'CTYPE, t. [from ek, out of, aud ti/pas, a type, Gr.] a 
 copy. 
 
 E'CURTE, (ecurie)s. [Fr.] a covered place wherein horses 
 archoused. 
 
 To tjDDER, V. a. to biud or interweave a fcuce. 
 
 E'DDLR, s. such fence wood as is commonly put upon 
 the top of fences, and binds or interweaves each other. 
 
 EDDY, s. [from ed and ea, Sax.|waler which is beat and 
 returns back again to the pla< e fr'im whence it flowi d. Fi- 
 guratively, a wliirl|iool ; a circular nioti(JU ; a uliii !« iiid. 
 
 E'DUY, a. whirling, moving iu a circul.ir manner. jL^dJt/ 
 uw<er, amon^c mariners, implies dead water. 
 
 KDK'MATOSK, a. [from huA ma, a swelling, Gr.] swelling; 
 full ot humours. .See Okdkm.ai'ols. 
 
 EDE'NTATED, a. [edenMns, Lat.] deprived of teeth. 
 
 E'DG.AK, (son of Edmund) succeeded his brother in 
 950, when he was 16 years of age. His reign was i.ne con- 
 tinual calm, witliimt any wars or coinniotions, wliich was 
 owing to his vast preparations both by sea and lah<l, .^o that 
 mine da led to attack him, and, without striking a atioke, he 
 obliged the kings of Wales, Ireland, aud the l.sle of iSIan, to 
 acknowledge him for their sovereign; and it is said, that he 
 was rowed down the river Dec by eight kings, his vassals, 
 he himself sitting at the helm. There was another circum- 
 stance also v,hich tended to keep things {juiet during all 
 Edgar's reign ; and that was, his being the greatest patron of 
 the monks, who iiad it in their power to preserve peace. 
 He re( alle<l Dunstan, and made him archbisluip of Canter- 
 bury. The secular firiests were expelled the monasteries, 
 and the regulars put in their room ; these latter were also 
 again put in possession of the ecclesiastical benefices, and 
 the seculars ejected. He contrived a good expedient to 
 clear the country of wolves, which were fh"ii very nume- 
 rous, and made terrible liavock among the fiocks. Instead 
 of the tributes of gold, silver, and cattle, paid him by the 
 Welsh, he ordered them, in 1)61, to bring him every year 
 300 wolves' heads ; and published, throughout England, a 
 general pardon to all criminals, on condition they brought 
 him, by such a time, a certain number of wolves' tongue, in 
 proportion to their several crimes; so that in three years' 
 time there was not one left. He also freed the nation from 
 the worst kind of wolves, corrupt and unjust judges and 
 ma;jistrates. This king married Eifrida, the daughter ofthe 
 carl of Devonshire; the story contains somewhat extraordi- 
 nary. Edgar hearing that Ordgar earl of Devonshire had 
 a daughter named Eifrida, esteenied the greatest beauty iu 
 England, he was resolved to make her his wife, if she an- 
 swered the description, and sent earl Ethelwold, his favou- 
 rite, to bring him an account. Ethelwold, upon seeiu'' the 
 young lady, fell desperately in love with her himself; and 
 privately married her. Upon his return he told the king 
 there was nothing extraovdinary in her; whereupon the kiag 
 laid aside his design of marrying her. Ethelwold one day 
 represented to the king, that, though Eifrida was not fit for 
 a king, yet she was so great a fortune, that it would he a 
 vast advantage to a subject, and so got the king's leave to 
 marry her ; upon which his marriage was solemnized pub- 
 licly. However, Edgar was informed of Ethelwold's treach- 
 ery ; upon which he was resolved to see her himself; and 
 going into those parts where Ethelwold kept her, upon some 
 pretence or other, he told Ethelwold he desired to see his 
 wife. Ethelwold was quite confounded at this, but he could 
 not prevent it. As soon as the king saw her, he vvas quite 
 enamoured with her beaut^■,a^d was resolved to be revenged 
 on the perfidious earl. Soon after, Ethelwold was f'mnd 
 murdered in a wood. Edgar shortly after was married to 
 Eifrida, by whom he left one son, Ethelred, w ho succf cdoH 
 his brother Edward. Erlgar died, 975, in tlif .^2d year of 
 his age, having reigned about IG years after Edwy's death: 
 he was buried at Glastonbury. Edgar was a prince of a 
 very mixed character, in wliich ihe ricious passi.ms very 
 often predominated. Though we grant him to have been a 
 sound politician, an excellent legislator, and a monarch 
 whose abilities were employed fortlie benefit of his country, 
 we must own at the same time that he ascended the throne 
 of Mercia by the most flagrant injustice ; that he was super- 
 stitious in his religion, lawless in his passion, and Moody in 
 his revenge; for, exclusive of the vengeance upo:i Ethel- 
 wold, he destroyed the whole Isle of Tlianct with fire and ,
 
 PDI 
 
 £DM 
 
 SMfoH, because a few of the inhabitants bad been concerned 
 in pliinderinfT some merchants from York. He extended 
 his liberality to men r'f learning and genius • his court was 
 hospitable and magnificent, and generally filled with a con- 
 course of foreigners, who were charmed with his elegance 
 and polifeness; and, from the tranquillity of his reign, he 
 acquired the denomination of Edgar the Pacific. 
 
 EDGE, s. [prgp, Sax.] the sharp side of any cutting in- 
 strument ; a n;irrovv part arising from one which is broachr ; 
 the extremity, border, or outside of a thing; intenseness of 
 desire ; keenness; acrimony of temper. To set the teeth on 
 »(fe-f, nif-ans to cause a tingling pain in the teeth. 
 
 To KDGF,, 7-. a. to sharpen or make an instrumeiU cut 
 better ; to border, or put something round the extremities 
 of a thing ; to exasperate ; to excite ; to put in sucli a po- 
 sition as to make way or give room ; to advance beyond a 
 line, or situation. Neuferly, to advance, or move forward 
 against any obstacle, or body movin<; in an opposite direc- 
 tion ; to go close upon a wind, and s;iil slow. 
 
 E'DGED, pw<. sharp, opposed to blunt. 
 
 F/DGETJ'.SS, a. nor tit to cut with ; unable to cut ; blunt. 
 
 E'DGKTOOL, s. a tool made sliarp to cut. 
 
 E'DGKVVARE, a town of Middlesex, 8 miles N. W. of 
 London. Market on Thursday. 
 
 EDGEWISE, ad. with the edge placed in a particular 
 direction. 
 
 E'DGEWORTH, Gloucestershire, 3 miles from Bisley, 
 and 6 from Cirencester. 
 
 E'DGEWORTHs TOWN, in Longford, Leinstcr, 52 
 miles from Dublin. 
 
 E'DCtING, *. something added by way of ornament; a 
 narrow lace. In gardening, rows of shru!)s or plants, placed 
 round the extremities of a oed i-nstead of borders. 
 
 E'DIBLE, o. [from edo, to eat, Lat.] fit to be eaten ; fit for 
 food. 
 
 E'DICT, s. [from edieo, to command, Lat.] in matters of 
 civil policy, is an order or instrument, signed and sealed by 
 a'prince, to serve as a law to his subjects. 
 
 EDIFICA'TION, s. [from eedes, a house, and facio, to 
 make, Lat.] improvement ; the act of advancing in reli- 
 gion. 
 
 E'DIFICE, s. [from trdes, a house, and/acio, tomake, Lat.] 
 a building, or house, generally applied to signify some large 
 or pompous building. 
 
 E'DIFIER, J. one who improves another by instruction. 
 
 To E'DIFY, v.a. [from rrdes,?i house, and/Jrcic, to make, 
 Lat.] to builii ; to improve by instruction ; to instruct or 
 teach. 
 
 E'DILE, s. [from ades, a house, Lat.] the title of an officer 
 among the Romans, who resembled the city-marshal in Lon- 
 don, fr a survrvor. 
 
 EDINRURGH, a city, the capital of.Srntinnd, situated 
 in the county to which it gives nanif , ou three hills. It 
 may properly be divided into the Old and new Towns. 
 The situation of the Old Town is singular and striking: it 
 stands on the middle ridge, or hill, which is narrow and 
 steep, and terminated abruptly on the W. by liie castle, a 
 ▼ery ancient building, accessible only by a drawbridge, and 
 erected on a lofty precipitous rock. The High Street, a 
 mile in length, and generally !)0 feet broad, extends from 
 the castle tollolyrood House. On each side of this steep 
 Lillthe housps form narrow lanes, which arc called ch)ses, 
 and extend N. and S. Many of them are lofty ; but so 
 piled, as it were, upon each other, that they are neither 
 commodious nor elegant. The New Town is situated on 
 the N. side of the Old, on an elevated plain, from which the 
 CTonnd descends to the S. a!id N. with a gentle drelivity. It 
 forms an assemblage of uniform streets and squares, iudud- 
 injf several piiblic buildings, tiie whole built entirely of stone, 
 With consideraM" .(a^tc and elegance. The buildings on 
 the S. side of the Old To« n, though inferior to those on the 
 N. an? extensive and statelv. The most striking object here 
 is tJie New College, built by public subscription, on the 
 die of the old one, on a lar^fc and inagniticent plan. The 
 •3M 
 
 number of students in the university is estimated at lOOO, of 
 whom 400 studv medicine. The city is governed by a lord 
 provost, a guild council, and 2,5 common council Here are 
 14 incorporated trades, each having its deacon or -warden. 
 The principal public buiJdingsare the palace of Holyrood 
 Ilousp, the Royal Exchange, built in 1753, the Register 
 Office, the Physicians' Hall, Herriot's Hospital, founded in 
 1628, for the education of 140 poor boys, Watsons Hos- 
 pital, for the sons oCdecayed mercliants, an hospital for or- 
 phans, and a Royal liifirnrarv, incorporated by charter in 
 173(). F.dinburgh, with its dependencies, is supposed o 
 contain 100,000 inhabitants, and is supplied with water, 
 conveyed in cast-iron pipes from ("oniiiiiston, 4 miles to the 
 W. It is 2 miles S. of Leilh, w hit li is its port, 54 \V. N. W. 
 ot Berwick-upon-Tweed, and 3bi) N. by W. of Loudon. Lat. 
 55 58 N Ion 3 7 W 
 
 k'DINBURGHSHiRE, orMiD Lothian, a populous, 
 well cultivated, fertile, and pleasant county of Scotland, 27 
 miles in length, and 16 in breadlli, but in some places not 
 above 6. It is bounded on the N. by the Frith of Forth, 
 which separates it from Fifeshire; on the E. by the shires 
 of Haddington and Berwick ; on the S. by those <>f Selkirk, 
 Peebles, and Lanerk ; and on the W. by the shire of Lin- 
 lithgow. 
 
 EDITION, s.^frcmedo, to publish, Lat.] the publication 
 or impression of a book. 
 
 EDITOR, s. one who prepares a manuscript for the 
 press, and corrects the errors of the proof sheet while it is 
 printing 
 
 E'DM UND L the eldest of Edward the Elder's legitimate 
 sons, was about 18 years of age when he came to the crown 
 of England. No sooner had Edmund began his reign, but 
 the restless Dane prepared forarevolt; and Aniatf, who had 
 fled to Ireland after his late defeat, returned ; being furnish- 
 ed with trooiis from Olaus, king of Norway, he recovered 
 Ni)rlliuinberland, and luarclied nito Mercia ; and by the as- 
 sistance of his countrvnien got possession of several places 
 which Edward had taken from them. King Edmund march- 
 ed towards the north, and engaged AnlafF near Chester; and 
 was prepaiiug to renew the iiglit next day ; but the archbi- 
 shops of Canterbury and York, who were in the twoarmies, 
 obtained a treatv to be concluded bv break of day, by which 
 Edmund yielded up to the Dane all the country north of 
 Watling-street. King Edmund did not like this treaty, hut 
 was forced by the nobles to comply with it. Some time 
 after, .\nlafl'and Reginald, who ha<l likewise been elected 
 kings, the Mercians, Danes, and the king of Cumberland, 
 w itli one consent, took up arms, in order to shake otf the 
 English yoke. As soonasEdiuund had intelli^ience of these 
 proceedings, he marched into Mercia, and took some towns, 
 and put the danes into such consternation, that the two 
 kings tied out of the island. The Danes upon this threw 
 down their arms, and swore allegiance to Edmund. Ihen 
 he subdued Cumberland, and gave it to the king of Scotland 
 to fix him in his interest ; but reserved the sovereignty of it 
 to himself, and obliged the Scotch king to do him homage 
 forit. Edmund did not lon^enjoy the fruits ()f his victories; 
 as he was ctdebrating the festival of the conversion of the 
 Saxons, at Pucklekirk, in CTloucestershire, one Leolf, a noto- 
 rious robber, who had been banished for his crimes, inipi>. 
 dently came and seated himself in the hall where the kiujj 
 was at dinner. Edmund, provoked at his insolence, ordered 
 him to be seized ; but perceiving he was drawing his dagjjer 
 to defend himself, the king started up in a great rage, and 
 taking hold of him by the hair, dragged him out of the hall; 
 and whilst he was wholly engaged in venting his passion, 
 the infamous Leolf stabbed him to the heart with a dagger 
 so that he fell dead on the spot, in the 8th year of his reign, 
 A. D. !) 18, leaving behind bun two sons, Edwy and Edgar, 
 by Elgiva his wife. Some of this king's laws are still in be- 
 ing, which shew how much he regarded the good of his sub- 
 jects. Among the rest he ordered, that in gangs of robbers 
 the oldest of them should be hanged ; which was the first 
 law in England that punished robbery with death, the pu
 
 EDR 
 
 EDW 
 
 nJshment before bcinp only pecuniary. Though Edmund 
 icifinod l»ut about ei};lit years, yet in tliat short period lie 
 exhibited specimens of extraordinary courage, ability, and 
 regard tor the welfare of his subjects. 
 
 K'DMUND, surnamed Ironside succeeded Klhelred II. in 
 1016. Upon his father's death, the city of London, all the 
 lords that were there, proclaimed him kins of England, 
 whilst the Dunes, and all the places in their possession, de- 
 clared for Canute; but a great many of the English who 
 were among them came over to Edmund. Canute's first at- 
 tempt was upon London, as being Edmund's chief support, 
 which he beseiged three times, but without success. Before 
 the last of these sieges a great Ixittle was fought, in which 
 both kings eminently displayed llieic courage and conduct, 
 and the two armies parted at last wilh equal loss on both 
 sides ; though the English were in danger of being worsted, 
 by a strataijem of the false Edric, who ivas now on the side 
 of the Danes; he cut oti'the head of a soldier who resembletl 
 F'dmund, held it upon the top of his iance, in sight of the 
 English, and cried, " Fly, fly, you scoundrels ; behold the 
 head of your kinp; in whom you trust ! " This would infalli- 
 bly have occasioned their defeat, if Edmund had not 
 shewed himself with his helmet off, and so revived the cou- 
 rage of his soldiers, which by Edric's artifice began to droop. 
 The battle lasted till night, and Edmund prepared to renew 
 it the next morning ; but Canute marched ott'in the night, 
 and went and beseiged London a third time. Five pitched 
 battles were fought with various success ; in the last, Edric, 
 who had reconciled hiu)self to Edmund, went over to the 
 Danes with the body of forces he commanded, which put the 
 English into such aconsternation, that they threw down their 
 arms and fled. Nevertheless, Edmund drew together a very 
 powerful army, and marched towards Gloucester, in quest of 
 the enemy ; Canute advanced towards liiui, in order to give 
 him battle. The two kings stood in view of each other, at 
 the head of their respective armies. At last Edmund pro- 
 posed to Canute, that in order to prevent the effusion of 
 blood, they two should decide the q\iarrel by single combat. 
 The circumstances relating to this afl'air are very uncertain. 
 However, the result was, that a peace was concluded, by 
 the partition or the kingdom; Edmund was to have Wessex, 
 i. e. all south of the Thames, with London, and a part of the 
 ancient kingdom of Essex ; and Carnite to have Mercia, 
 Northumberland, and East-Anglia. The valiant and gene- 
 rous king Edmund did not enjoy his share quite a year, be- 
 ing murdered by the procurement of the villain Edric, duke 
 of Mercia, and his brother-in-law, who, being conscious 
 what a false traitor he had been, feared the union of the 
 two kings might be destructive to him ; he immediately hast- 
 ened to tell Canute what he had done, who had the greatest 
 abhorrence of so barbarous an action, though he dissembled 
 it for the present, and promised to advance Edric above all 
 the peers of the realm. He was as good as his word ; for, 
 not long after, he ordered him to be beheaded, his body to 
 be thrown into the Thames, and his head to be fixed oii the 
 highest gate in London. Eilmund left two sons, F^dmund 
 and Edward, by his wife Algitha. He was buried at Glas- 
 tonbury ; and with him the Saxon Monarchy in England in 
 a manner ended, having lasted 190 years from Egbert's es- 
 tablishment; 432 from the foundation of the heptarchy; and 
 608 from the arrival ofHcngist. This prince, during his 
 thort reign, exhibited proofs of the most undaunted courage, 
 invincible fortitude, consummate prudence, and sublime ge- 
 nerosity. 
 
 E'DRED, succeeded Edmund L in&18. The Danes, ac- 
 cording to their usual custom upon the accession of a new 
 king, began to revolt, ajid gained over to their side Malcolm, 
 king of Scotland ; but Kdred marched into Northumberland, 
 and obliged them to sue for peace ; upon which Malcolm 
 ■truck up a peace with Edred, and paid him the stipulated 
 homage. But the Danes would not yet be quiet; he there- 
 fore marched into the north made a terrible slaughteramong 
 the rebels, and laid waste the country for several miles. 
 Edric fled iitto Scotland, and the Northumbrians threw theu- 
 
 selvcs upon Edied for mercy ; he generously rrplart'<l Edrio 
 on the throne, only imposing a tribute on him, nnd makiiip 
 him swear allc-giaiice to him. But the perli<li(>us Danes laid 
 an ainliush for him, as he was returning towards Wessi-x, 
 and fell suddenly on his rear. Exasperated to tliy last de. 
 gree, he returned, divested Northumberland of its royalty, 
 and reduced it toa province; making earl Osulf, an I'ing. 
 lishman, the first governor. Edred, now ahsulntr lord of 
 all England, governed his kingdom in perfect tranquillity, 
 and tu ned his thoughts wholly to religion, wherein he was 
 implicitly directed by Dunstau, abbot of Ghi.sl<;nl)ury, who 
 had in every thing the ascendent over him ; by his advice 
 he rebuilt Glastonburv church and monastew ; lie also re- 
 built Croyland and Abiu'^'ton monasteries. Edred died in 
 the lOth year of his reign, in y5S. 
 
 To E'DUCATI'j, t'. a. [eduro, Lat.] to bring up a person ; 
 to give instruction to a person during his minority. 
 
 EDUCA'TION, i. the care taken of a person in his 
 younger years to adorn his mind with learning and mo- 
 rality. 
 
 To EDU'CE, V. a. [from e, out of, and ducn, to lead, I at] 
 to bring out ; to extract ; to bring to light ; or to bring from 
 astate ofconiealinent. 
 
 EDUCTION, *. the act of bringing any thing nito 
 view. 
 
 To EDULCORATE, v. a. [from dulcis, sweet, Lat.] to 
 sweeten. 
 
 EDULCORATION, s. in pharmacy, the sweetening of 
 a thing by means of honey, sugar, or syrup. In chemistry, 
 the act of freshening or cleansing a thing from its salts by 
 frequent washing in water. 
 
 EDWARD the Elder succeeded Alfred, in the year 900. 
 Ethebvard, son to Alfred's elder brother Ellielbert, aimed 
 at the crown ; but meeting with no encouragement from 
 the English, he applied himself to the Danes, who imme- 
 diately proclaimed him king of Enghind, pretending, as 
 they were possessed of half the kingdom, they had as much 
 right to make a king as the West Saxons. Edward marched 
 directly against them, and they were objiged to abandon 
 their new-made king Etlselvvard, and banish him (uit of their 
 country. Etlielwaid went over to France, and in a s\uvt 
 time returned with a large body of Normans, lauded them 
 in Essex, and soon made himself master of that province. 
 This encouraged the Danes to take up arms again in his fa- 
 vour. Edward obtained many victories in this war. Ethel- 
 ward was slain in battle in 906, in which battle (which was 
 very obstinate and bloody on both sides) king Edward lost 
 many of his nobles, and the Danes their king Eolrick. They 
 continued tlie war two years after, yet they were con- 
 strained at last to sue for peace, which they obtained, on 
 condition they would own Edward as their sovereign, and 
 the Normans should return to France. In 918 tlie war 
 broke out again, and Edward soon beat the Danes in two 
 engagements, and at last quite expelled them out of the 
 kingdom of Mercia. This war lasted, with some iiitcrvah 
 of respite, 12 years, in which time a great number of battles 
 were fought, "and the Danes continually lost ground, till 
 Edward obliged them to lay down their arms, and acknow- 
 ledge him once more as their sovereign. After the peace 
 was concluded with the Danes, A.D.922, Edvrard marched 
 against the Welsh, obtained a signal victory over them, and 
 compelled the Welsh king Reesap Madoc to sue for peace, 
 promising to pay the usual tribute for the future. The Cum- 
 berland Britons likewise submitted to Edward. He died 
 in the 26th year of his reign, A. D. 925, and was interred at 
 Winchester. 
 
 EDWARD the Younger succeeded Edgar in 975. Tlie re 
 were great contentions about the succession. The raonki 
 and their party were for Edward, Edgar's eldest son, now 
 about 14 years of age: and the nobles, who were unexiY 
 at the power and great wealth heaped upon the iiioab<9, 
 were for Ethelred. In the mean time, Dunstan, fearing tet 
 be outvoted, taking advantaf;e of the favour of t're {tca- 
 ple, who had an high opinion of his sanctity, nsei Wi « 
 
 2W
 
 EDW 
 
 EDW 
 
 sudden, and leads prince Edward by the hand towards 1 lie 
 church, and there anoints him king. The nobles murmured 
 at this; hut seeing he had the people to hack him, they 
 were forced to acquiesce. Dunslan immediately assumed 
 the rc;;ency. King Edward, after he had reigned little 
 more than three years, came to a tragical end In 979. As 
 he was one day returning from hunting, and came near 
 Corfetaslle, in the isle ot Purbeck, in Dorsttshiie, where 
 his stepmother Elfrida and her son Ethelred resrded, he 
 rode otf from his company to pay her a visit. Elfrida, be- 
 ing informed the king was at the gate, ran to receive liim, 
 and presst'd him to alight. As he only designed to p;iy his 
 resp'cts to her as he passed by, he desired a glass of wine 
 to dnnk her hea-lth ; which being brought to him as he sat 
 on his liorse, the innocent king no sooner lifted the glass 
 to his inoutli, but a villain, at the private instigation of 
 the ciiiel queen, stabbed him in the back with a dagger. 
 He was succeeded by Ethelred, 12 years of age. 
 
 EDWARD the Confessor, son of Ethelred and Emma, 
 succeuded Hardicanute, June 8, 1041. He had spent great 
 part of his life in Normandy. Goodwin, who had made 
 nim swear that he would marry his daughter, convened a 
 general assembly, and got Kdward acknowledged and pro- 
 claimed king of 'England. Eflward was a man of weak un- 
 derstanding, which gave Goodwin an opi)ortunity of rising 
 to an exorbitant heighth of power. He bore a very great 
 hatred against Goodwin and his whole family in his heart, 
 which was the reason of his deferring his marriage with his 
 daughter Editha aslomf as possible ; however, after a delay 
 of two years, as he really stood in fear of her father, he es- 
 poused her, but ne\'er consummated the marriage. He went 
 nastily to Windsor, where his rnolher's treasures lay, seized 
 them all, ami stript her of every thing, leaving her only a 
 small pension for her life, and_ had her confined ten years 
 like a prisoner at Winchester, where she died 1052. Seve- 
 ral circumstances concur; ing, the king and Goodwin came 
 at last to an open rupture; but what brought things to a 
 crisis, was the following incident. Eustace, earl of Boloign, 
 having paidavisitto king Ivhwird, was returning to France, 
 and at Dover one of his people picked a quarrel with a 
 townsman, and killed him. This occasioned a great insur- 
 rection of the inhabitants, in which 20 of the earls people 
 lost their lives. Upon this, the king ordered Goodwin to 
 go with some troops, and chastise the rioters ; but he abso- 
 lutely refused, saying justly, that it was not the custom of 
 England to punish men unheard. Edward now came to a 
 fixed resolution to punish the earl for this disobedience; 
 Goodwin, having intelligence of it, raised forces to defend 
 himself. However, by the advice of a general assembly 
 convened at Gloucester, a peace was patched up for the 
 present; but it did not last long. Goodwin and his sons, 
 refusing to appear before the general assembly, were ba- 
 nished the realm, and accordingly they passed over sea. 
 They returned in a hostile manner," and entered iheTliames 
 with a fleet of ships ; but an accommodation was once more 
 agreed on. A little after, William the Bastard, Duke of 
 Normandy, arrived in England, to pay a visit to king I'.d- 
 ward. 1)1 10.01, Edward abolished for ever the tax called 
 Danegeld, which amounted to 4o,000ii? a year, and had been 
 paid for 3H years. In lo.');? earl Goodwindied. In ltl.04 the 
 Welsh made an inroad into England, and plundered liere- 
 fofd ; but earl Harold, son of Go<i(lwin, marched against 
 tbem with an army he had himself raised, put them to the 
 rout, and drove them out of the coinitry, which raised him 
 very much in the esteem of the people, and they began to talk 
 openly that no man was so worthy to succeed to the crown 
 as Harold. The king, to defeat Harold's hopes, sent for his 
 nephew Edward, son of Edmund Ironside, out of llungary ; 
 he accordingly came over to England, w.'i his son Edgar 
 \theling, and his two daughters, 10.')7; but died soon after 
 his arrival. In l()fi3 the Welsh again renewed tlieii imur- 
 «tons, and were again repulsed by Harold and his brother 
 Tnston, who ol(lig,-(l them to dethrone (iriflin, and become 
 tributary to I'.ngland. Tiie Nurthumbrrans, being grievously 
 S9« 
 
 oppressed by Toston their earl, rose up in arms, and expel- 
 led him their country. Harold was sent to ehastise theiq, 
 and restore his brother; but the people made such remon- 
 strance's to him of Toston's ill government, lliat he obtained 
 their pardon, and procured another governor. Thisentirely 
 gained liiiii the aflectioiis of the whole people, for his equity 
 and Justice. Whilst Harold was using all the address he 
 was master of to procure his succession to the crown, kinj. 
 Edward gave himself no trouble about it, but was wholly 
 engviged in building the church and monastery of Westmin- 
 ster. He just lived to see them finished, and the ceremony 
 of theirdedication performed ; and, dying in the 24th year 
 of his reign, A. D. 1066, was buried in the sepulchre he 
 had provided for himself in Westminster-abbey; which he 
 built. He was the last king of Egbert's race, tliough not 
 the last Saxon king, since Harold was of that nation, tiiongh 
 notof llie blood royal. The mentalqualities of Edward did 
 not at all answer to the dignity of his person. He was weak, 
 indolent, and irresolute, and ihe attachment to his own ease 
 tended in a gnat measure to the tranquillity of his reign. 
 He seems to have been void of natural aflection, and indeed 
 of every other passion that kindles any warm emotion in the 
 human Ileal I. He was equally free from pride and ostei>- 
 talion, modcrale in his appetites, complacent in iiis deport- 
 ment, charitable to tl'.e poor, and extremely punctual in the 
 performance of all religious duties; so that he acquired 
 among the vulgar Ihe title of Saint and Confessor, by which 
 epithet he was canonized by pope Alexander 111. about Qffo 
 years after his death. His prophecies and revelations are 
 no other than the dreams of superstition ; and, as for his 
 curing scrofulous tumors and ulcers by the touch, the sen- 
 sible part of mankind is by this time very well convinced, 
 that neither he who exercised this apostolic function, in imi- 
 tation of the French kings, nor any of his successors, ever 
 contributed to the recovery of one patient, by any inherent 
 personal virtue derived from heaven. The passive humanity, 
 or rather easiness of his life, appears from some private in- 
 cidents of his life, which are very often more characteristic 
 than those transactions of importance which are the eflocts 
 of counsel and deliberation. One day, while he reposed 
 himself upon a couch, a i)age, who little dreamed that ht 
 was in theai'intnieiit, finding an iron chest open, filled his 
 pockets with the silver it contained ; but not sutisfied with 
 his booty, he had recourse to it again ; wh< :i the king, 
 thinking him perhaps too unconscionable, " Boy, (said he 
 very deliberately,) yo\i had better be satisfied with wlrat 
 you have got; for, if Ihigolin, my chamberlain should 
 come in, you will lose the whole, and be severely wipt into 
 the bargain. " Before the reign of Edward, the countries 
 of Wessex, Mercia, and Northiunberland, were governed 
 by their own peculiar laws; but he reduced them all into 
 one body, and ordained they should be observed in com- 
 nxui through the whole kingdom. These were called Ed- 
 ward's laws, in con.tradislinction to those of the Noriuan 
 kings, wliiili were introduced in thesenuel. 
 
 EDWARD I. eldest son of Henry III. who succeeded to 
 the crown of England upon the death of his father, Nov. 
 IG, 1272, was at that time on his return from the Holy Land, 
 ond was crowned Aug. 19, 1274, with Eleanor his queen, 
 sister of the king of Castile, who attende I him in iiis expe- 
 dition: Alexander III. king of Scotland, the duke of Bre- 
 tagne, and all the lords of the realm, being present at Ihe 
 solemnity ; on which occasion .500 horses were let loos« 
 about the country forall that could catch them tokeep tlieiii. 
 The fir^t thing he did after his coronation was to rectifX the 
 abuses in the administration of ju.stice, and the |iarliaii>eut 
 enacted some good laws, which were called the shitiites of 
 Westminster. Afterwards, he marched with ;i great army 
 into Wides, and made Llewelljn their prince, who had at- 
 femjited to throw otf the yoke, sue for peace, which was 
 granted on hard terms ; but Edward afterwards generously 
 relaxed them, being satisfied with tbusinortifying his enemy. 
 In 127.'), the earldom of I'onlhien i^ndMontreud fell, to Eil 
 ward, in right of his queen,' upt>n the-dcath of the qucun of
 
 BARCIU^fS D3rTII©FAlRTwop^)EBWAIRD- 
 
 
 ( /C- 
 
 ., /:m^/1^a. 
 
 5^/:
 
 I
 
 EDW 
 
 £DW 
 
 Castile her mother. The coin liaving been very miicn adul- 
 terated, and information having been givon ihat Jews were 
 chiefly concerned in it, the king caused all tiiat were in the 
 nation to be seized in one day, and 280 of them, being con- 
 victed of clippin;; andcoininjj, received sentence of death, 
 and were executed accordingly. About tliis time tiic statute 
 of Mortmain passed, to put a stop to tiie prcvaiUng prac- 
 tice of personsaiienating their lands to the church. In 1289 
 (though some say several years after) the statute of QuoVVar- 
 ranto was passed, occasioned by many persons, during the 
 late troubles, appropriating lands to themselves to wiiich 
 they had no right, by which statute they were obliged to 
 shew their claim ; but the king, eilher through ill advice, or 
 tJie desire of keeping up money, issiu-d out a proclaniiition 
 for all that held lands of the crown to lay their title before 
 the judges. The earl of Warren appearing, and being re- 
 quired to shew his title to liislan<ls, drew out an old rusty 
 sword, and said, " It was by this my ancestors gained their 
 estate, and by this will I keep it so long as I live." Tiiis 
 brave and bold answer opened the king's eyes, and, thinking 
 better of the matter, he recalled the procl;imation. Llewel- 
 lyn, having revolted at the instigation of his brother David, 
 committecl great ravages on the borders, and defeated the 
 king's generals: but Kdwanl, matching viitlia numerous 
 army into Wales, totally routed Llewellyn's forces in a great 
 battle, in which Llewellyn himself was slain ; and the king 
 caused his head, crowned with ivy, to be exposed to view 
 on the walls of the Tower of London. David his brother, 
 the last of his race, was cruelly put to death as a traitor, and 
 his head fixed up by his brother's, and his four quarters sent 
 to York, Bristol, Northampton, and Winchester. After the 
 defeat of Llewellyn, Kdward, with ease, became master of 
 the whole cnuntrv, and Wales was united to the crown of 
 England in 1283. The queen lay in at Caernarvon, where she 
 was brought to bed of a prince, named Edward, who, when 
 he was 17 years of age, was invested with the principality of 
 Wales; and from that time the king's eldest son has been 
 always prince of Wales. In 1287, king Kdward, leaving the 
 regency to the earl of Pembroke, went over to France, 
 where lie stayed three years. Being returned into Kngland 
 in 1289, he set about reforming abuses in the administration 
 of justice, punished several judges who \\ere found guilty 
 of taking bribes, and obliged them to swear for the future 
 tliey would take neither money nor presents, but a moderate 
 breakfast. The next year the Jews were all banished the 
 kingdom. Upon the death of Alexander III. there arose 
 great disputes in Scotland about the succession. The chief 
 of the claimants were John Baliol and Kdward Bruce, who 
 in order to prevent a civil war, chose the king of England 
 arbitrator of their dift'erences ; but, before he could proceed 
 to a decision, he declared that he acted in this affair as so- 
 vereign lord of all Scotland, and required the states to own 
 him as such, which, though they never expressly did, yet 
 they did not directly oppose his pretensions : however, he 
 was owned as sovereign by all the claimants, and decided 
 in favour of Baliol, whom he declared king of Scotland ; 
 npon which he swore fealty, and did homajre to king Ed- 
 ward. But Baliol, being a<lerward« absolved from his oath 
 of fealty by the pope, upon the king of England's treating 
 him in an imperious nranner, was determined to throw otf 
 the yoke; and took the opportunity of Edward's being at 
 war with France to send a letter to him, renouncing the ho- 
 mage he had paid him ; which so exasperated him, that in 
 I2S)6 he marched his army designed for France into Scot- 
 land, and made himself master of tliat kingdom, and Baliol 
 came and resigned his crown to him. Edward returned to 
 England, carrying with him the crown and sceptre of Scot- 
 land, with the rest of the regalia, and the famous stone of 
 Scone, on which the inau";uratu>n of the kings was per- 
 formed. Prince Edward, being left regent on the king's 
 going to Flanders, having assembled the parliament, which 
 granted him a large subsidy, confirmed king John's two 
 charters by an authentic act A'hich the king put the great 
 •«al to in rlaoders. While the kiog was abroad the Scots re- 
 
 volted, and drove the English out of all their strong piaco« 
 in Scotland, leaving them only the single town of Berwick 
 upon Tweed. Kdward, upon this, returned forthwith to 
 Kiigland, and met the enemy at Falkirk, where be totally 
 routed them, retook all the strong places he had lost, and 
 returned to England. This was in I2!JH. The next year the 
 whole kingdom ros;', and drove the English once more out 
 ofScotland. lUlward, eniaged at this, entered that king- 
 dom a third time in 1.30(t, and entirely routed the .'^cotch 
 army. Edvyard refusing to accept their offers of submission, 
 the Scots, in despair, offered llie sovereignty of their coun- 
 try to Boniface VIII. who readily accepted of it. But Ed- 
 ward liad so little regard to the popes pretensions, that he 
 swore if he heard any more of lliem, he would destroy Scot- 
 land from sea to sea ; however, at the instance of the king 
 of France, he granted the Scots a truce ; but, on the expira- 
 tion of it, he sent an army into Scotland, which being di- 
 vided into three parts to ravagi' the country, were all routed 
 in one day. Having now concluded a peace with France, 
 in 1303, by which (iuicnnc was restored to Edward, he en- 
 tered Scotland with so ninnerous an army, that he met with 
 no resistance, and penetrated to the utmost bounds of the 
 island, laying waste the country on all sides, and took Stir- 
 ling castle. At his return into Kngland, he publicly impri- 
 soned Prince Kdward his son, for having committed some 
 outrage against the bishop of Litchfield. The Scots, though 
 often subdued, revolted again, and were again subdued. 
 Edward, upon his rc'finu, iKUiished fiaveston, as a corrupter 
 of the prince, and made the prince to swear never to recal 
 him. The Scots again took up arms under Bruce, who at- 
 tacked the earl r)f Pembroke, tlie king's general in Scotland, 
 defeated him, and took the earl prisoner, after which h» 
 gained several other ailvantages. Edward was now so ex- 
 asperated against the Scots, that he n)a(le vast preparations 
 to destroy tliem ; but he was seized with a distemper at Car- 
 lisle. and died at Burgh upon the Sands, in Cumberland, on 
 Jidy 7, 1307, aged OH years, having reigned 34 yearg, 7 
 months, and 20 days. When he was near his end, he ad- 
 vised his son to carry his bones at the head of his army, as- 
 suring him the rebels could never withstand the si^ht of 
 them. He ordered him to send his heart to the Holy Land, 
 with 32,000^. fi)r the maintenance of the holy sepulchre, and 
 coiBuiantled him never to recal fiaveston. The constitu- 
 tion of parliament, such as it is at this day, was so well es- 
 tablished in his reign, that an additional law was made to 
 the great charter, which enacted that no tax should be levi- 
 ed on the people without the consent of the commons. He 
 had, by Eleanor of Castile, four sons and nine daughters ; 
 but Edward his successor was the only one of his sons who 
 survived him. By Margaret of Pi^anc«, his second wife, he 
 bad two sons and a daughter. Eleanor his queen died in 
 1297, in memory of whom he erected a cross wherever Iver 
 corpse rested in the way from Lincolnshire to Westminster. 
 Edward was tall, graceful, and majestic ; his constitution 
 was robust and vigorous; and his features were regular and 
 elegant. He excelled in those accomplishments which cai>- 
 tivate the affections of the superficial :idmirers of exterior 
 performances. He distinguisb.ed himself above most of his 
 contemporaries, by his activity and skill in equestrian exer- 
 cises, in the s.ports of the field, and in the rnanreuvres of chi- 
 valiy . His address was engaging, and his elegance of manners 
 attracted the admiration of those who enjoyed his society. 
 In conversation he was aii'able, eloquent, and persuasive; 
 mingling the effusions of pleasantry w itii the most pertinent 
 observations. In private life, he was a strict observer of tlie 
 laws of honour, and of the dictates of truth. He was a pat- 
 tern of filial piety, a chaste and affectionate husband, a kind 
 though vigilant parent, an humane and friendly master. — 
 " By his ability and courage," says a modern writer, " ite 
 eminently contributed to the suppression of an alarming re- 
 bellion, which had shaken to its centre the throne of his 
 imbecile father. By his policy and judgment, he had im- 
 parted strength to the Government, and vigour to the exe- 
 cution of the laws, whicli, amidst the indolence and neglect 
 
 29ii
 
 EDW 
 
 EDW 
 
 of Hoiiry, had been rarely enforced. To the laurels acquir- 
 ed in his native country, he had added the fame of gallant 
 exploits in the pJains of Asia ; and had revived among the 
 inhdeis in Palestine the memory of Englisli valour." The 
 zarae author pleasantly remarks, that, "The strength of his 
 constitution appears from his procreative poweis ; for his 
 last child was begotten after he had entered into his sixty- 
 seventh year." He was celebrated for his judgment, pene- 
 tration, prudence, and sagacity. He was so cautious and 
 circumspect, that he never brought himself into any dilem- 
 ma ; and possessed such presence of mind, tliat, when by a 
 concurrence of luiavoiilalile and disastrous circumstances 
 he was involved iu any dithculty, he neverfailed to extricate 
 himself wi'h equal honour and address. His noble achieve- 
 ments in Palestine, France, Wales, and Scotland, jironounce 
 him an accomplished jjeneral; nor was he less distinguished 
 for his legislative capacity. His merit as a legislator pro- 
 cured him the appellation of the Justinian of England ; for 
 not to mention the many excellent statutes which were pro- 
 mulgated during his reign, he reformed the administration 
 nf justice, and ascertained the proper limits between the 
 different courts of judicature ; introduced a new and easy 
 method of collecting the public taxes; reduced the extrava- 
 gant power of the pope and clergy, and enacted many wise 
 and salutary laws for preserving the peace [of the kingdom, 
 and maintaining order [and regularity among his subiects. 
 Rut whatever his panegyrists may have said, Edward's cha- 
 racter is far from being free from blemish or imperfection. 
 There are some vices in the composition of this prince, 
 which render his claim to extravagant conniiendationnuic. 
 weaker than that of many other princes. These were, dis- 
 regard to justice where his own passions were concerned, an 
 rmmoderate ambition, a propensity to despotic acts, and an 
 occasional adoption of sentiments of barbarity and revenge. 
 '3"hese imputations on his memory are sufficiently proved by 
 the genuine narrative of his reign. 
 
 EDWARD II. king of England, was about 22 years o 
 age when he succeeded his father Edward 1. and began his 
 reign by recalling (iaveston, a nat-ive of Gascony, the de- 
 haucherofhis youth, contrary to his lather's last command, 
 and his own oath; on whom he heaped numberless favours. 
 He married Isabella of France, daughter of Philip the Fair, 
 at Boulogne, and appointed Gaveston guardian of the 
 realm during his absence; which so exasperated the barons, 
 that they entered into a league to prevent his coronation 
 upon his return; but, on his promising in the next parlia- 
 ment to grant ihcm ;i!l they could desire, he was crowned 
 by the bishop of W iuchesfer, February 24, 1308, when he 
 took an oath to preserve the laws, customs, and liberties 
 granted to the clergy and people by St. Edward. How- 
 ever, Gaveston still governed with an absolute sway, and 
 behaved with great insolence ; w h.ich so provoked llie lords, 
 that they got the p;irliam(ii1 to join with them to demand 
 Gavesti;n's banithimnt, which the king linding he could not 
 avoid, made him governor of luland. However, he was 
 soon recalled ; upon which the barons obliged the king to 
 place the goverinnent in the hands of 21 lords (called or- 
 fiainers) chosen by parli;iin(iil, v, ho banished Gaveston; but 
 he was soon recalled as before. And now several of the 
 Bobleuif.'i, entering into a conh'deraey, raised forces, and 
 marched to York, where the king with his favourite were 
 faking ihcirdiversions; but, upon notice of llieir a|)proacli, 
 he left the place, (javeston was taken some days after in 
 Scarborough castle, and, after a hastv trial, brlieaded; and 
 an accoinniodation was afterward efi'ecled between the king 
 and the barons, and peace restored in l.'>l;i. The-same 
 j'car the iiueen was delivered of a son, who wis named Ed- 
 Wiird. The Scots, taking advantage of the cennnotions in 
 f'ugland, drove the English out ot their co'.iiitry. On June 
 25, 1314, was fought llie battle of lianockliurn, in which 
 the Eiijflish army was totally routed, with a ilrcadfiil slaugh- 
 ter; and the .Scots made seveial ineursious into I'.tiglanil, 
 and r.iviged the borders in a terrible manner, till a Iruee 
 wiw made for two years. In 1323 kinj; Edward marched 
 2t.'C 
 
 hi! army info Scotland ; but was obliged to retreat for wartt 
 of provisions, and the Scots pursued hira, and ravaged the 
 country to die very walls of York ; at last a truce wa» 
 agreed on for thirteen years. Another war was upon the 
 point of breaking out between the kin-j and the barons, 
 when matters were made up in 1318. The lords, jealout 
 of the king, placed a young gentleman, named Hugh Speu- 
 cei-, about him as a spy,aiid got him made high chamberlaiu ; 
 but he had the art ot insinuating himself so much into the 
 king's favour, as to be made a confidant, and possessed the 
 place of Gaveston in his heart ; and heaud hisfather,whora 
 he made earl of Winchester, had the whole management of 
 afl'airs in their hands: upon which the barons entered into 
 a confederacy, levied troops, and then so vigorously peti- 
 tioned for the removal of the Spencers, that the king durst 
 not refuse their demands, and the par.iament passed an act 
 for their bau:shment, which was accordingly put in execu- 
 tion. But now affairs began to be in a name again, by 
 means of the queen, who having received some affront 
 from the ijovernor of Leeds, which belonged to one of the 
 associated barons, she spuired the king to revenge against 
 the whole body, who having taken the castle of Leeds, 
 banged the governor, and then turned his arms against the 
 barons. He took Warwick castle, and some others ; and 
 then thinking himself strong enough to stand against all op- 
 poseis, he recalled the two Spencers. Most of the confede- 
 rate barons threw themselves upon the king's mercy ; as to 
 those who stood out, many of them were put to death, some 
 fled the kingdom, and ntheis were imprisoned, among whom 
 was Mci timer, whom the Spencers confined in th( Tower. 
 The earl of Lancaster, with v\ hat troops he could raise, re. 
 tired into the North, in order to join the Scots ; he wai 
 taken and beheaded at Pontefract, 9 lords of his party were 
 executed at York, and others in other parts of the kingdom. 
 The Spencers now exercised their exorbitant power with- 
 out control ; and Mortimer, after having been twice con. 
 demned, and twice pardoned by the influence of the queen, 
 made his escape to France, where the queen soon fol- 
 lowed, under pretence of bringing about an accommoda- 
 tion between her brother and her husband, but with a full 
 intention to be revenged on the Spencers, who had taken 
 all occasions to mortify her ; and afterwards got iicr son 
 over, to do homage for Guienne and Ponthicu, which she 
 had persuaded his father to resign to hnn. Edward sent 
 letter after letter, commanding the queen to return with her 
 son ; but she always made some excuse or other, all the 
 while ijlotting to dethrone her husband. All the English 
 who had taken refuge in riance, or had been banished, 
 came in to her; among whom was Roger Mortimer, who 
 became her chief counsellor. On Sept. 22, 132fi, she em- 
 barked with a body of forces, though trusting more to her 
 friends in the kingdom. Accordingly she was no sooner 
 landed, than seveial lords joined her with a great number of 
 forces ; so that the kiii<^ being deserted by all, concealed 
 fiimselfin the abbey of Neath. He had left Spencer, the 
 father, in Bristol, which being soon taken, the oUI man was 
 immediately hung up in his armour, without any formality. 
 'I'hecity of London declared for the (jueeii ; and the bishop 
 of Exeter, who endeavoured to keep it for the king, was be- 
 headed by the populace. Prince Edward was now declared 
 guardian of the realm; and search being made for the kiiifr, 
 he was soon found where he lay coik ealed, having witti 
 him only young Spencer, r.hancellor Baldoek, Simon de 
 Reading, and a few domestics, every body else having de- 
 serted him. With these the unhappy king was conducted 
 to Monmouth castle, and the bisho() of Heieford w as sent to 
 demand the great seal of |;iiii ; which he delivered up for 
 the queen and prince, to make use of as they thought pro- 
 per, 'llie queen, having got the great seal, called a parlia- 
 ment in the imprisoned king's name; but before it met, she 
 caused Sp(>ncerto be hanged on a gibbet .00 feet high, .ind 
 Simon de Heading on one 10 feet lower. 'J'lie parliament 
 being met, Jan. i;j27, iiiiiinimouslv agreed, lli:t the king 
 should be deposed, and Ldwaici his sun made ',ing in iii«
 
 EDW 
 
 EDW 
 
 mom. The suhstaiice oflhc cli:ir};r <>xliii)itr(l ;if;aiiisf liini 
 was, that he had not govcriiiil acconlini,' lo tlic hi«s of the 
 land ; in short, that he was foiiiid iiicorii^'ilih', and without 
 hopes of amemliiieiit. I'riiiee l''.dwani was iimiiediately 
 Vroclaiiiied kiiif; in Westminster Hall, li.v llie name of H(l- 
 ward III. But the !,'enerous jouiij; piinee vowing he would 
 not ac<i'pt )f the crown without liis father's consent, it was 
 thoufjht necessary to send coinniission<'rs to ohli;^^ the kin^ 
 to resifjn the crown to liis son. 'J'iie kin;,' came out in a 
 mourning haliit.and fainl( d away. On hisconiiu;^ to him- 
 self, they reprrsente<l lo him Ihe ill conseiiueiu-e that might 
 attend liis refusal; miou which he (hlivered Ihe crown, 
 sceptre, and oilier ensigns of royally, into their hands, and 
 made a formal resignation of the regal aulliorily ; upon 
 which Sir Thomas P.lounI, the high eon^lahle, broke his 
 staff, and declared all Ihe king's ottieers disc harjiei'. Thus 
 ended tlie reign of Kd ward 11. Jan. -H), l;)-27, in the '20lli 
 year, and •l.'id of his age. besides Edward, wiio sneci'eded 
 liini, he had another son, called John of I'llliani, and two 
 daughters, .loanua, married to David king of Scots, and 
 Eleanor, wife of the fluke oftiuelder. Edward is said lo 
 have rcsemhle<| his father in the accomplishuienls of his 
 
 }«'rson, as well as in his countenance ; liui in other respects 
 le seems to have inhcriled only the difecls of his character ; 
 fi^r he was cruel au<l illilicral, without his valour or capacity. 
 He had levity, iu<lolenee, and irresolution, in common with 
 other weak priiKis ; l)ut the distinguishing foihie of his 
 character was that unacconntahle passion for the reigning 
 favourite, to which he sacrificed every other consideration of 
 
 fiolicy and convenience, and at last fell a miserahle victim. 
 II this reign there was Ihe most terrihle earllupiake that 
 liad ever been felt in Iaigland,aud a dreadful famine, wliich 
 lasted three years, and deslroyed a vast numljer of people. 
 During this time, the brewing any sort <!f beer was prohi- 
 bited on pain of death, that ihe corn which used lobe con- 
 sumed that way might be a|;plied to llie making of bread. 
 This perioii is also remarkable for llie total suppression of 
 (he knights Teniidars, not only in E.ngland, l)nt all over 
 Ciiristendoin ; and their estates were assigned lo the knights 
 o< St. John of Jerusalem, now called knights of Malta. 
 This suppression was said to be owing to tlieir enormous 
 vires. 
 
 Is'DWARD III. was proclaimed king on Jan. 20,1.327, 
 wnd was crowned on the 2()th al Westminster, lieing then 
 in the 14th year of his age. The beginning of his reign 
 Rave people room to think they bad not changed for the 
 better, whicii was owing to the bad administration of the 
 queen, w lio wasdirected in every thing by Mortimer, wfio 
 acted more like a sovereign than a subject ; and though the 
 parliament had appointed 12 regents during the king's mi- 
 nority, yet IsaUilla had seized the government into her own 
 liajids. King llobert Fijiiee, thinking to take the advantage 
 of'Edward's niinorily, broke the truce with tlic English, and 
 sent an army of 20,on(i men to ravage the country border- 
 ing on Scotland. Edward, exasperated at this, marched 
 an army of GO.OOO men, including the Ihiinanllers, lately 
 brought over; but just as the king was going to head them 
 at York, a ([uarrel arose between the English and Hainaidt- 
 era, which came to blows, and a great deal of blood was 
 spilt. This occasionetl their stay at York lunger than was 
 convenient, which gave the Scots opportuniiy of ravaging 
 Ihc country, and postingtlu'inselves so that the king could 
 not come to give them battle. The lale king was all this 
 time a chise prisoner in Kenilworth castle. His harsh treat- 
 ment began to raise compassion in tlie people,aiid Henry of 
 Lancasterenterlained some thoughtsofsetthig him at lil)er- 
 ty. To prevent this, Lancaster wasdischarged, and Sir John 
 Mallravcrs and Sir John Gurney, two men of a bruli^-h dis- 
 position, were appointed in his room. They were ordered 
 to remove him from Kenilwdrth lo Berkley castle, where 
 tlicy received orders to put liim to death, which thev exe- 
 <Titcd in a barbarous manner: they put a pillow on hi's face 
 to keep him from crying out, thrust a pipe uji liis fundament, 
 tiiatiiO scar might appear, atid tiiroiigh it niii a red-hot iron 
 
 into his bowels ; in whichcxquisite torture he expired, after 
 he liad been deposed about eight months. 'J'he wrelclies 
 who perpetrated this horri<l nnirder<ame to miserablcendj ; 
 (juiney dying abroad by the hands of the executioner, and 
 Maltravers perishiiig in exile. His bodv was buried in .« 
 private manner, in the abbey-church at Gloucester, and it 
 was given out that he di*<l a iialural death. In l.'32«, ihe 
 young king's marriagi- withPhilippa of Hainault was soh ni- 
 nized, and the same year a tn aty of peace was made w i h 
 Scotland; king Edward renouncing all iiretensions lo that 
 kingdom, and the princess Joanna, his sister, beiii:; giM n lo 
 ]>rince David, llie king oi Scotland's son. Charles, the bro- 
 ther of (pieen Isabella, (King without male issue, lulwavd, 
 as the next heir, sent lo demand the crown of France; but 
 I'liilip de Valois, cousin german to the late king, cans.n:^ 
 himself to be crowned, Edward was obliged to let tiie mat- 
 ter lie dormant for Ihe present, and went over to France in 
 1,32!), to pay homage for (inienne and I'ontliien, having 
 privately protested beforeliaiid agaiuvt Ihe lioiiiage he wag 
 going to pay. Upon his relurn to England in 1330, the 
 conduct of the queen and ftlortimer were represented to 
 him in such a light, that he caused them both to be seized 
 at Nottiiighani ; then calling a parliament, he told then 
 that, with the consent of his subjects, he intended to take 
 upon himself the government, though he was not at the 
 age prescribed by the law ; to which the parliament readily 
 assented. The hrst thing he did was to seize Ihe extrava- 
 gant dower of the queen, amouiiliiig to two-thirds of the 
 revenue oflhc crow n, and then coiiliiied her in the castle of 
 Rising for the remainder of her lite, which lasted 28 years; 
 and Mortimer was hanged as a traitor, on the common gal- 
 lows at T\ burn. The same year the king had a son born lo 
 him, who was named Edward. 'J'he art of weaving 
 woollen cloth was about this time brought from Flan- 
 ders into England, by John Keinpe, to whom king Ed- 
 ward granted his protection, and invited our fullers, dyers, 
 and other artilicers belonging to I'le nianulactnre, which 
 has since proved so advaiihigeons to Englanil. Edward 
 now intended lo break the dishonourabh? treaty that queen 
 Isabella and Mortim<r had drawn him in to make with 
 Scotland. He set Eduaid I'aliol, son of John Baliol, 
 whom lulward E had made king of Scotland, upi)n t!ie 
 throne, and young king David was(d)liged to t^y intoFran<e; 
 soon after which Kaliolwas cifiwm d at Scoue, and liid the 
 same homage lo king Edward for Scollaiid as his father hait 
 done to Edward E The king of I'nglaiid marched an army 
 to lay seige to Berwick, which was slill in king David's 
 liands. The regent of Scotland marched with a great army 
 to his relief, but Efhvard met him at Halydon-hiii, and in a 
 bloody battle, A. D. 13.33, entirely routed him; alter 
 which Berwick surrendered, which Edward anuexed for 
 ever to the crown of England. However, the Scots drove 
 Baliol out of the kingdom ; upon which Elilward march.ed 
 with a numerous army in 1336, and attacked Scotland by 
 sea and land, whereupon they submitted. Edward reluri:>d 
 to England, leaving the earl of Atliol to command in his 
 aliMUee ; who, as he was besieging Kildrummy, was at- 
 tacked, defeated, mid slain, by Dunbar and Douglas, who 
 niarclied lo the relief id" the place. 'Fhis occasioned Edward 
 once more lo march into Scolland, where lie ravaged the 
 cnunlies tlrat had revolted, 'llien, leaving a small army 
 under I'aliol, he came back to England, being now bent 
 upon putting his project against France iiiio execution. He 
 niaiiilaiiKil, that the Salic Law, iji excluding feiiiak-s, did 
 not exclude their male issue ; and he was encouraged in 
 his endeitaking by Robert d' A itois whom Philip had dis- 
 giiskd. Ill 1337 he called a parliament, chietly to sellle 
 the business ol'llie woollen manufacture. He now created his 
 clilest son iliiUe of Cornwall, who was the first in England 
 who had the lille of duke; and ever since the eldest smi <■£ 
 the king of England is liy birth duke of Cornwall. The 
 first step Edwaid took was to order the duke of Brabant to 
 demand the crown of France in his name ; at the same time 
 making hiiu his liei;tcn:int geiicnil for tiial kingd<ini, auU 
 
 8U7
 
 EDW 
 
 EDW 
 
 eommaiiding the Frencli, wlioni lie styled his subjects, to 
 obey liim-. In 1338 he set sail whh a considerable tleet, 
 and arrived at Antwerp, «liere he made a lonj; stay, to 
 settle some matters of iinportaiice. The first campaign was 
 not opened till Sept. 1339, which ended without bloodshed. 
 Tlie next year Kdward took the title of king of France, 
 using it in all public acts, and quartered the arms of France 
 wicli his own, adding this motto, Dieu et mon droit, God 
 and my right. He soon utter obtained a great victory over 
 tiie French at sea ; for with a fleet of 300 sail, attacking the 
 French fleet of 400, he took or sunk almost all of them. 
 However, a truce was agreed on, by the mediation of the 
 pope, for three years. Fd«ard also made a truce with 
 David for two years, "ho was returned into Scotland with 
 troops from France. While these truces subsisted, Edward 
 called a parliament, in which he solemnly confirmed all the 
 liberties contained in the great charter, and created his son 
 Edward prince of Wales. In 1310, Kdward landed in 
 Normandy, with his son, t!ie prince of Wales, who was 
 now about 16 years of age ; and, after ravaging the coun- 
 try, encamped at Cressy ; and on August 26", 134(!, a very 
 obstinate and bloody battle was fouglit, which proved fatal 
 to the French. The prince of Wales, young as he was, 
 performed wonders. To him tlic victory was chieiiy owing, 
 the king h's father leaving hiiii the honoi\rof it. Philip was 
 wounded in the neck and thigh, and being forced to retire, 
 the victory was soon conijiletcd. There were slain in this 
 battle, the king of Bohemia, who was blind ; the earl of 
 Alencon, Philip's brother ; the duke of Lorrain ; the earls of 
 Planners and IJlois ; 1.500 otlu r eminent noblemen, and 120 
 knights; and above 80 French standards taken. It is said, 
 that in this famous battle the English first made use of can- 
 non, then unknown to the French. After this, Edward 
 besieged Calais, which held out a year ; and he at last re- 
 <iuced it by famine, and then consented to a year's truce. 
 During the siege of Calais, the king of Scots advanced as 
 far as Durham at the head of a numerous army ; but queen 
 Philippa, mnrching against h.im, defeated him, and took him 
 prisoner. King David remained a prisoner eleven years, 
 and then was released upon giving 20 I'.ostages to pay 
 100,000 marks, at 10,000 a year, till all was paid. A ten 
 vears' truce was at this time concluded l)etween the two 
 kingdoms. David died in 13i!8, and left his crown to 
 Robert Stuart, his nephew. Not long after the taking of 
 Calais, Edward instituted the most famous order of knight- 
 hood in the world, viz. that of the Garter. About the same 
 time, the merchants having complained oft he depredations 
 C'onnnitted by some Spanish ships on the English coast, Ed- 
 ward did not disdain to go in persim w ith smiie ships, and 
 give chase to those corsairs. He took 2(i of their Jarge ships, 
 sunk some, and dispersed the rest. Philip de Valois dying 
 m 1.3.50, left liis son his successor, w ho prolonged the truce 
 to 1.3.'i4, and then to the year fiillowing ; but it was ill ol)- 
 served on botli sides. When it was near ex|iiring, Edward 
 invested tl>e prince of Wales with the duchy ofGiiienne, 
 ajid sent him thither to prosecute the war ; who having ad- 
 vanced to the gate of Rourgcs, upon his return was met 
 by the king of France with an arniv of 60,000 men, near 
 Poictiers ; and here a memorable battle was fought, on Sep- 
 tendier 1!), 13.V), in which the prince of Wales, notwilii- 
 slanding the vast superiority of the P rencli, gained a com- 
 jilete vi<'tory, and took king John prisoner, with Pliili]), his 
 fmrth SDU. The duke ofHonrbon, thi' constable of France, 
 the marshal de Nelse, about .50 other great lords, and hoo 
 Renllemen. were slain. A truce for twoyears was soon at^tcr 
 agri'ed r,n ; and the prince <'anie over to Englanfl, bringing 
 the captive kingalong with him, who was treated with the 
 preafest lespect by all the royal family. King John agreed 
 ni)or) a treatv with the king of England, in order to recover 
 Iiislibertv; but the stales of France refused to ratify it; 
 upon which Edward, in \?,a\ went over to France with an 
 army of 100,0(K> men, with an intent to subdue the king- 
 dom; i>uthedid not cat rv his point ; for though he ravaged 
 tic country to the very gate» of Paris, yet he toiJd by iio 
 ' ii&8 
 
 means draw tiie dauphin and the regent out to an engage- 
 ment ; so that bis army mouldering away with sickness, and 
 tired with fruitless attempts, he consented to a treaty of 
 peace, which was signed Mav H, 1360, whereby the king of 
 France was to pay three millii'us of crowns of gold for his 
 ransom, and the king of England was to hold Guienne, 
 Calaistown, castles, and territories, and sevcralother places; 
 and king John was set at liberty, returned to France, and 
 fulfilled the treaty. In 1663, king John eanic over to 'Eng- 
 land again, about some matters of'importance, and was very 
 honourably received by kinjj Edward. The kings of Scot- 
 land and Cyprus being in England at the same time. Sir 
 Henry Picaid, citizen and wine-merchant of London, enter- 
 tained the four kings with their retinues with a magnificent 
 feast at his own house. King John died in England April H, 
 following. In 1366, pope Urban V. in a haughty maimer, 
 demanded the tribute which king John of England oblig^ed 
 himself and his successors to pay to the holy see, of which 
 there were 30 years due. Hut both king and parliament so 
 vigorously opposed this imposition, declaring king John's 
 engagement to be null, as without consent of parliament, 
 and contrary to his coroiration oath, that the pope thought fit 
 to drop it; and neither Edward nor his successors had any 
 more trouble on that head. In 1.368, Edward lost his seconJl 
 son, Lionel, duke of Clarence. The year following, Charles 
 V. of Trance broke the treaty of Bretagne, and declared 
 war against Edward ; and the English were so unfortunate 
 as to be deprived of their late acquisitions in France, except 
 Calais. However, a truce was concluded between the two 
 crowns in 1374. At the beginning of this war queen Phi- 
 lippa died. King Edward, now in his old age, fell in love 
 with Alice Ferrers, one of the ladies of the bed chamber 
 to queen Philippa, of whom he was so fond as to squander 
 the public money on her. The parliament obliged him to 
 send her away, but he soon recalled her. (.)n June 8, 137(5, 
 died Eds\ard prince of Wales, the delight of the nation, in 
 the 46th year of his age. He was called the Black Prince, 
 from his wearing black armour. The parliament attended 
 his corpse to Canterbury, where he was interred. He had 
 married Joanna, daughter of Edmund earl of Kent, who Tvas 
 beheaded by the intrigues of Isabella and Mortimer, at the 
 beginning of this reign. By her he left one son, Richaro, 
 about ten years old, whom the king his grandfather created 
 prince of Wales and earl of Chester, designing him for his 
 successor. King Edward died at Sheen, June, 21, 13^7, 
 in tlie 65th year of his age, and 51st of his reign, and was 
 buried in Westminster Abbey. This great prince, when 
 he drew near his end, saw liimsi If deserted by every body, 
 Alice, his favourite, when she saw him dying,- seized upon 
 every thing that was valuable, even to the ring on his finger. 
 He had, besides his two sons already mentioned, William, 
 who died an infant ; John of Ciaunt, duke of Lancaster ; 
 Edmund, surnamed of Langley, earl of Cambridge, ana 
 dukeofYoik; William of Windsor, who died young; and 
 Thomas of Woodstock, duke of Gloucester. He had also five 
 daughters. E<iward 111. was undoubtedly one of the great- 
 est of England's princes, either as a warrior, a lawgiver, a 
 monarch, or a man. He possessed the courage and romantic 
 spirit of Alexander ; the penetiation, the fortitude, the po- 
 lished manners of Julius; the niagniticence, the liberality, 
 the wisdom of Augustus C;esar. He was lall, majestic, finely 
 shaped, with a piercing eye, and aquiline visage. He excelled 
 all his conleuiporaries in feats of arms and personal address ; 
 and was courteous, alVable, and eloquent. He was a constitu- 
 tional knight-errant ; and his example diffused the spirit of 
 chivalry through the v.'hole nation. In imitation of they outl>- 
 ful monarch, <k\\o delighted in tilts and'tonrnamenfs, every 
 individual betook himself to theexerciseofarms, every breast 
 glowed with rmnlation, every heart nanted with the thirst of 
 glory ; and when he took the field, there was not a'soldierin 
 bis army who did not serve from sentiment, and fight for re- 
 putation. The love of glory was certainly the predominant 
 passionof Edward, to the gratification of whieh he did not 
 scruple to sacrifice tlic feelings of buuianity, the lives of hi*
 
 EDW 
 
 EDW 
 
 •uLjcets, and theiiifercsfsofliis coimlry, and nothing could 
 Ikivc indiirod or enabled liis people to bear the load of taxes 
 vith «hicli tliev were encumherecl in this reif^n, buttlic love 
 and admiration of his person, the fame of his victories, and 
 )iie excellent laws and refjnlations which the parliament 
 enacted with his advice and concurrence. In til is rei^ii lived 
 the famous Dr. John Wicklitf, the first celebrated English 
 reformer. 
 
 EDWARD IV. earl of March, son of Richard, dulie of 
 York, who was slain in the battle of Wakefield, was about 
 19 years of ajje when he was proclaimed kiiiK, on .March 5, 
 1401, in the room of Henry VI. by virtue of an extraordinary 
 kind of election ; for the earl of Warwick havinj; drawn np 
 his troops in .St. John's Fields, and cause<l the people who 
 came out to see them to form a rin^, he stood in llie middle, 
 and asked them with a loud voice, first, whefiier they would 
 have Henry of Lancaster for kin^? They all cried, " No, 
 No." Then he demanded of them, whether they would 
 have F.dward, son of the late duke of York, for their king ? 
 To which the whole multitude answered with loud acclama- 
 tions, expressinir their assent. This done, he assembled a 
 Ereat council of the noblts and magistrates, in and about 
 ondon, who declared the crown was devolved on Edward, 
 and accordingly made him an offer of it, which, with a 
 crcat show of modesty, he accepted. In the beginning of 
 iiis reign he caused a tradesman of London to be executed, 
 for saying he would make his son heir to the crown; mean- 
 ing, as he said, his own house, which had that sign. A i\;\\' 
 days after his proclamation, he put himself at the head of an 
 army of 40,(100 men, in order to march against queen Mar- 
 garet, whose army was increased to G0,000, and gained a 
 complete victory over the queen's army, in a great battle 
 nctween Caxton and Tewton, in Yorkshire, which was 
 fought on Palm Sunday, and continued from morning to 
 night, in which it is said near 37,000 lost their lives. He 
 then returned to London, w here he arrived on June 8, and 
 was crowned the 29th. Shortly after, king Edward called a 
 parliament, which approved of his coronation, confirmed 
 his title, and repealed all the acts which had been made 
 against the house of York. Queen Margaret having re- 
 ceived succours from France, entered Northumberland, with 
 Henry and the prince her son, in 14G3 ; but her army was 
 defeated; and Henry, Margaret, and her son, escaped and 
 fled into Scotland. Soon after Edward concluded a truce 
 vith France, with the duke of Curgiuidy, and with Scot- 
 land. Henry came jirivately into England, hoping to con- 
 ceal himself there, till he should have an opportunity of 
 escaping by sea; but unhappily, being discovered, and 
 seized at Waddington hall, in Lancashire, whilst he was at 
 dinner, he was, in an ignominious manner conducted to 
 London, and confined in the Tower. Margaret went over, 
 with the young prince, to Rene of Anjou, her father. King 
 Edward granted pardon to all Henry's friends, excepting 
 only Ralp Grey and Humphrev Nevil. In 1464 the king 
 fell desperately in love with Elizabeth, daughter of Sir 
 Richard Woodville, and widow of Sir John Grey. He made 
 her his wife, and immediately created Sir Ricliard Wood- 
 ville, the queen's father, earl of Rivers, who soon after was 
 made treasurer and high-constable of England; and Anthony 
 Woodville, his son, was married to the richest heiress in 
 England. This niarriaire displeased the nation, particularly 
 the earl of Warwick, wTio had just concluded a match for 
 the king with the queen of France's sister, and who was re- 
 solved to use his utmost efforts to depose him. In HC>0 he 
 fomented an insurrection in Yorkshire, and the malecon- 
 tents met the earl of Pembroke with the king's forces, near 
 Banbury in Oxfordshire, where a battle was fought, in 
 tihich Pembroke was defeated, and being taken, was be- 
 headed by the rebels, with Sir Richard Herbert, his brother, 
 In Northamptonshire the rebels went in a tumultuous man- 
 ner to a mansion house of the earl of Rivers, the queen's fa- 
 ther, seized him, and beheaded him at Northampton. The 
 kinj,', no way suspecting Warwick, granted him and hisbro- 
 tliet a commission to raise troops; 'vhich they did, and de- 
 
 clared for Oic rebels. The king hereupon marched again**, 
 them in person; and whilst a negncialion was on f<iot, in or- 
 der to an accommodation, the call of Warwick attacked tlm 
 king's camp in theiilglit, put tin m in the utmost confusicdi, 
 and took the king iirismicr, who was conducted tu Middle- 
 ham castle, in Yorkshire ; this was in 1470. Edward found 
 means to make his escape, by bribing his guard, and went 
 to Liuidon ; and now bi/tli sides prepared fur war. Sirl'o- 
 bert Wells went to raise forces in Lincolnshire, and was 
 met by !!ie king at Stamford, who routed his whole army, 
 and Wells himself was taken and beheaded. Warwick 
 and Clarence retired into France, to concert new measures. 
 Lewis having furnished the earl of Warwick with iiioiiey 
 and troops, lie set sail with the duke of Clarence, landed at 
 Dartmouth, and his army was soon increased to CO.OOO. He 
 forthwith proclaimed Henry VI. and marched in pursuit uf 
 Edward, who Hed, and tocdc refuge in Holland ; and then, 
 in Oct. 1470, the earl of Warwick released king Henry out 
 of the Tower, after a six years' imprisonment, who was si>- 
 lemnly proclaimed on the 14th, as again ascending the 
 throne. A parliament was now called, which met en No- 
 vember 2(1, and voted Edward a traitor and usurper, confis- 
 cated all his estates, annulled all the acts made in his reign, 
 and declared all those to be rebels who had borne arms in 
 defence of Edward's pretended right. 1 he duke of Diir- 
 guiidy, to whom Edward had fk<l for protection, haviii;' 
 furnished him with some money, ships, and men, he lamled 
 at Ravenspur, in Yorkshire, 1471 ; and, having gained over 
 the duke of Clarence, marched to London, and entered the 
 city amidst the acclamations of the people. Henry, after a 
 seven months' i)liaiitom of sovereignty, was sent again to the 
 Tower. On April 14th, a fierce battle was fought between 
 the king and the carl of Warwick at Barnet, which began 
 early in the morning, and cojifinued till noon ; but War- 
 wick's army being overpowered, was put to the rout, great 
 numbers being slain upon the spot, with the ear! himself, 
 and the Marquis of Montague, his brother. Qnecn J'arga- 
 ret, who, with priiue Edward her son, was just ainvcd 
 from France, was very much shocked with the news ; and, 
 abandoningherselftogricf and despair, took sanctuary at the 
 abbey of Beaulieu, in Hampshire. But the duke of Somer- 
 set, the earl of Pembroke, and the other lords, persuading 
 her to try her fortune once more, by putting the prince of 
 Wales, her son, at the head of an army, she consented, and 
 those lords, in a very short time, got together a great num- 
 ber of troops. The king marched against them ; and, com- 
 ing up with them at Tewksbury, where they entrenched 
 themselves, eight days after the battle of Barnet, entered 
 their camp, and entirely routed tiieni with a terrible slaugh- 
 ter. The queen, tiie prince of Wales, and the duke of So- 
 merset, were taken ; the last was beheaded ; the prince, 
 then 18 years old, was stabbed to death in cold blood ; and 
 queen Margaret was imprisoned in the Tower, where she 
 remained till 1475, and was ransomed by Lewis XL for 
 60,000 crowns. As to Heni-y VI. he was murdered in the 
 Tower, in the .50tli year of his age. The king, not content 
 with the severity he had exercised against the Lancastrian 
 party, completed the tragedy in 1478, by the death of his 
 own brother, the duke of Clarence, being instigated thereto 
 by the queen, the duke of Gloucester, and the rest of Cla- 
 rence's enemies. And now Edward gave himself up to his 
 pleasures, in which he was extravagantly profuse, which 
 put him upon extorting money from his subjects by very 
 cruel methods. He was seized with a violent fever, which 
 carried liim off on April 9, 1483, in the 4'2d year of his age, 
 and 23d of his reign. He had a great many mistresses, among 
 whom was Jane Shore, w ife to a citr/en of London. By liis 
 queen Elizabeth he had Edward, i>rince of Wales, who suc- 
 ceeded him ; and Richard duke of York; Elizabeth, who 
 was married to king Henry VII ; Cicely, married to bird 
 Wells ; Anne, married to Thomas Howard, duke of Norfolk ; 
 Bridget, who was a nun ; Mary, who died unmarried ; aul 
 Catharine, whose husband was his William Courtney, lord (•( 
 Devonshir''. Edward was a priucr'of the most elegant per- 
 
 2U0
 
 EDW 
 
 E E K 
 
 son niid insiiinatiii!; address; endowed «itli flie utmost for- 
 titudt and intrepidity ; posscssi'd of uncommon sai^acity and 
 Venetralion; but, like all his ancestois, was brutally cruid 
 and vindictive, perfidious lewd, perjured, anil lapacious, with- 
 out one lilicral thou;;lit, -.Nilliout one sentiment of humanity. 
 
 E'DWAllU V. then about 12 years old, was proclaimed 
 rmuiedia*ely after the death of his father, thousli he nas 
 never crowned ; being deposed by his uncle, Ivichard duke of 
 G'louccstcr, who got hiin^ilf to be proclaimed kinj,', June 20, 
 ri>*;?, and afterwards procured the murder of his nephews, 
 Edward V. and Richard duke of York, by two ruthans, who 
 rushin;^ intotheircliaudier in the Tower, stifled them in their, 
 l)eds, an<l then buried them under the st;Mr-case. 'ITiis, Sir 
 James Tyrrel, whom Richard had inade fjovernor of the 
 Tower for this purpose, confessed at his execution in the 
 next rei^n. However, as it was an opinion implicitly re- 
 ceived, that the bodies liad been removed, by Richards or- 
 ders, to consecrated ^rfiund, their bones lay' nndiscoveied 
 till tlie reign of diaries II. by whose orders they were put 
 into a marble urn, and deposited amon^ the monuments of 
 ■the royal family, in the clia|iel of Henry VII. with a latin 
 nioniimcntal inscription on it, of which the following is a 
 translation : " Here lie the remains of Kdward V. king of 
 Knglaud, and of Richard dukeof Vork. These unhappy bro- 
 thers, wlio were shut np in the Tower, and there sinothercd 
 w-'ili pillow.«. by order of their perfidious uni hi, Richard, the 
 usurper of the throne, were privately and indecently buried. 
 Tlieirmost desired bones, dili;;ently and often 50uj,'ht for in 
 vain, July 17, 1674, one hundred and ninety-one years after 
 their death, were duij up in the ruins of a stair-case, which 
 formerly led to the chapel of the White Tower, and known 
 ■l:)y most undoubted tokens. The most compassionate kin:; 
 Charles II. pitying their severe fate, thou!;lit fit to order those 
 most unfortunate princes this place anu>ng the motninients of 
 tiieir fiirefathers; in theyear of our Lord lfi78,and the thir- 
 tieth of his reign." Kdward V. reigned 2 mouths and 1-2 davs. 
 
 EDWAIID VI. the oidy son of Henry VIII. by his queen 
 Jane .Seymour, succeeded his father a^ the age of nine years 
 and three months, and was a i>rince of excellent qualities. 
 He was proclaimed Jan. 31, 1.517, by the name of Ed- 
 ward VI. and was crowned Feb. 20. The late king had 
 appointed a regency during his minority, which was fixed 
 •to his 18th year. The regency being met, thought proper 
 to choose a president, with the title of I'rotector of the 
 Realm, and Governor to the King, who was to do nothing 
 without tl»! consent of the majority. The choice fell upon 
 (he earl of Hertford, the kings uncle, whr. was afterwards 
 made iluke of Somerset. In this reign many learned re- 
 fi-rmers took refuge in rjngland, on whom king Edward be- 
 stowed pension*. In 1.5.')", the young king fell into a con- 
 sumption, and died Jitly <!, being in the Ifith year of his 
 age, having reigned six years, five nionlhs, and nine days. 
 He was a prince of i\ne accomplishments. He kept a jour- 
 nal, wliich is preserved in the Uritish -Museum, in which he 
 regularly entered all the important transactions ofhis reign. 
 He was rcmarka!)ly pious, and cotitiniied firndy attached to 
 those principles of the Reformation which he had imbibed 
 while young, and which made a great progress in his reign. 
 He confirmed his father's grant of Christ's and .St. Rartliolo- 
 tnew's hospitals, and founded Bridewell and St. Thomas's 
 Lospitals. He also foinided several schools, which were 
 mostly endowed out of the church lands. Edward is cele- 
 brated bv historians for the beauty ofhis person, the sweet- 
 ness of his dispBsition, and the extent of iiis knowledge. 
 15y the time he had attained his Kith year lie understood 
 the (Ireek, Latin, French, Italian, and Spanish languages; 
 he was versed in the sciences of logic, mnsic, natural phdo- 
 iophy, and master of all the theological disputes ; insomuch 
 tluit the famous Hycronvmiis Cardauius, in his r<'turn from 
 Scotland, visiting the English court, was astonithed at the 
 pTtjgress he had made in leariting, and afterwards extolled 
 Lim in his work.s as a prodigy of nature. Notwithstanding 
 these encomiums, lie seems to have had an ingredient of 
 JtitKotry ID bis dispositioD, wbidi woukl bare reml«rcd hioi 
 300 
 
 very troublesomp to tliose oftender consciences, who might 
 liav« happened to ditfer fiom Jiiiii in religious principles : 
 nor can we reconcile either to his boasted humanity or pene- 
 tration, his consenting lo the death ofhis uncle, who bad 
 serve<) hiui faithfully, unless we se.ppose he wantcil resolu- 
 tiouto withstand the importunities of his minister, aud wa« 
 deficient in that vigour of mind, which ofteii exists inde- 
 pendent of learnini; aud culture. 
 
 EDWY succeeded Edrcd iu 0.'8, and was no sooner on 
 the throne than he coiiuiianded Dunstan, who had been 
 treasurer to the late king, to give an account of the money 
 entrusted to him. Dunstan refused' to obey, alleging the 
 money had been expended for pious uses. ,Tfie king's coui>- 
 cil were not for pushing this allair any farther, for fear of the 
 people, who h'.id a higli notion of Dunstan's sanctity, and 
 an extravagant veneration for the monks and their religious 
 houses; so that they branileil eveiy one who sjhtkc against 
 them as impious and profane. However, to mortify tlie 
 :dibot, the monks were turned out of the benctices they had 
 invaded, and the secular priests restored. Upon this tlie 
 monks vented the most bitter invectives imaginable. Durt- 
 stanwhowas supposed" to be the chief author of these cla- 
 mours, was banished, or, as some say, voluntarily retired 
 to a monastery in Flanders. And now the monks, with all 
 their might, cried down the government of the young king, 
 and represented him as the nu)st impious of men. T,liissoon 
 occasioned an iiuurrection in Mercia ; and Edgar, the king's 
 brother, headed the revolters ; and, having secured that 
 jiart of the country, he marched into NorllnnulTland and 
 East -Anglia, w here the Danes (always glad of a disturbance 
 among tbe English) joined him. Edwy was unprepared to 
 ipiell this rebellion, not imagining it was iu the power of the 
 monks to do so much mischief, and knowing that neither the 
 people nor his brother hud any just cause of complaint. 
 Such, however, was the event, that he could only keep 
 Wesscx, which preserved its fidelity to him, aiid was forced 
 to d'^livcr up all the rest, of which Edgar was at length 
 chosen the head, with the title of king of Mercia. Edwy 
 did not long survive this partition ; for being vexed at his 
 being depiived of his dominions, and that the monks had 
 thus got tlie belter of him, be fell into a deep melancholy, 
 which put an end lo his life, alter he had reigned a little 
 above four vears. He was buried at Winchester. 
 
 EDYSTON i;, or EDDY5TON K ROCKS, in theEnglisI* 
 Channel, so called from the great varictyof contrary sets 
 of the tide or current which prevail near them. They are 
 situated nearly S. S. W. from the middle of J'lymouth Sound, 
 distant from ihe jiorl about 14 miles, and from Ram Head 
 12 and n half. As they lie nearly in the direction of vesscJs 
 coasting up and down the Channel, they were very daiigvr- 
 ous, and ships were sometimes wrecked on them, before tlie 
 light-house was establisheil here. They arc so exposed to 
 the swells of the ocean, from all the south western pointsof 
 the compass, that the heavy seas break on them with incoiv 
 ci'ivable fury. Sometimes, after a storm, when the sea is to 
 all a!>pearanee perfectly smooth, the under <-urrent meeting 
 the slope of the rocks, the sea beats u^ion them in a terrific 
 and niagniticeiit manner, and even rises above the light- 
 house, overtopping it, for the instant, with a canopy of 
 frothy wave. 'The present lighthouse is nearly 8<) feci 
 high, and has withstood the most violent storms, without 
 sustaining the smallest injury. It was begun by the late Mr. 
 John Siiieaton, August 2, 17,57, and finished August 24, 1769. 
 
 To EEK, f. a. \eacan, Sax.] to make bigger by the addition 
 of another piece; to supply any deficiency, 'sometimes ii»- 
 cluding the idea of bungling, or botching ; used with tlie 
 particle out. 
 
 EEL, s. \trl, Sax.] in iciitliyolofjy, a genus of fishes whose 
 general appearance ha-s some resemblance to that of ser- 
 pents. Many wonderful things are related concerning; lliero, 
 such as their migration over moist land from one piece of 
 water to another. Their generation was long involved in 
 much my^ery, hut it is now generally undep»t(MKl Uuit tWy 
 pnaluce tbeir young alive.
 
 EFF 
 
 EG B 
 
 EIT. See Kit. 
 
 To l".Fr A'CK, v.ti. [effhcrr, Fr.] fo dfvsfroy nny painliiij,'; 
 lo siKiil the form of ;uiy pit'';'" of caryiiir; ; to Mot out • to 
 lii'>lrdv ;ill marks or triu-cs ofa tliiii;,' frointhc iiiiiiil. 
 
 lOI'TF/CT, I. |froiii('/AWo, to at'iomplisli, l.at.J lljat wliicli 
 is prihlinTil l>y an operalivr cause ; a loiistqiu'iisf ; ailvan- 
 tajj;<" ; pro/it or sorvice. Iti llie plural, ^'oods, furniture, or 
 IJlovcaliles. 
 
 T" KFFE'CT, r. n. [from f, here used to cnercasellic 
 inevinin;;, and fiicia, to iiiaKe or do, Lai.] lo hv'nt'^ to pass ; 
 to altrinpt witli sueccss ; to produce as a causo, or oy llic 
 api>ll( a^ion of power. 
 
 FFFF'C'l'IBLE, (I. that may be produced, 'done, or pcr- 
 furnied. 
 
 EFFECTIVE, a. haviiij^lho power to produce an effect. 
 Actively, proper for action. 
 
 F.FI'F.'CTIVELY, ml. with power; powerfully; really; 
 eiitirelv. 
 
 EFFECTLESS, ff. without effect; without causin- any 
 dianj;e or alteration hy the application of power; without 
 producinfjaiiv elVect. 
 
 EFFE'CTOll, x. [Lai.] one who produces any cfl'ect ; one 
 who is the cause ofa tliiurf. 
 
 EFFE'CTU.\L, ff. [rlfntvr!, Fr.] prodticinfr the olijrft, 
 end, or d*si^;u for which it is intended. Synon. With 
 respect to tliese two words, that of i-f/lcnrunis seeuis not so 
 powerful as that oi' eff'cctwi/. The first sets the hclU'r of 
 most obstacles ; the last, of all. By au i;l/a-acimis remedy w c 
 pvit an fff'eclnal !i\o\^. 
 
 EFFECTUALLY, nr?. ni such a manner as to produce 
 tlie end for which it is applied. 
 
 To EFFECTUATE, e. n. [effcctuer, Fr.] to brin- to pass ; 
 to acconiplisii. 
 
 EFFEMINACY, i. tlje acliu;; like a woman: softness, 
 or want of tiiose qualities whicli distinguish and become a 
 man. 
 
 EF''FEiMlN.'\TE, u. ^effivnnatns, from frminn. a woman, 
 Lat.] void of live qualities which distinguish and adorn the 
 male sex ; acting or behaving like a vouian; vuJuptuous ; 
 or luxurious. 
 
 To I"FF^ K'iMIN.\TF,, v. a. \iffctnino, (romfcmiHa, a •Aoiuan, 
 Lat.l lo make womaiii.ih. 
 
 EFIT.MINATION, s. the quality or cause o rendering 
 a person womanish. 
 
 To EFFERVESCE, (fff'ervess)v.a. [cffofcscn, i'vom fn-veo, 
 to be hot, Lat.] to grow warm, to produce heal hy foiimnta- 
 tion, or the motion of the particles of a body among ihem- 
 sehes. 
 
 EFFERVE'SCENCE, s.leferveseo, from/.nre, to l)e hot. 
 Lat.] the production of heat by intestine iimticii. Among 
 chemists, it is that intestine motion, excited in various flu- 
 ids, either by the mixtureof Huids with others of a different 
 iKitnre, or by dropping salts or powders of various kinds into 
 fluids. 
 
 EFFETE, a. [efffrtiis, from ex, which has here a negative 
 iigiiification, and fatus, a young one, Lat.] barren ; worn out 
 Willi age. 
 
 EFFICA'CIOUS, {c(nhdthioui)a. \efficax, from ejficio, to ef- 
 fect. Lat.] prmlucini^ the effect or end intended. 
 
 EFFICACIOUSLY, {ejfihdshiouily) ad. in such a crmnner 
 afi to produce the effect or end intended. 
 
 E FF1(;.\C.Y, (eflicaci/) s. [efficax, from fffioio, to effect, 
 Lat.l the power of producing the end or effect intended. 
 Applied tospeech, persuasion. 
 
 EFFICIENCE, or EFFrCIENCY,C*J?rf^i«i«,orf/?«Aim- 
 ty) .». [from eflicio, fo effect, Lat.] the act of producing effects 
 or changes in things or persons ; agencv. 
 
 EFFICIENT, (effithient) s. [from efficio, to effect, Lat.] 
 a cause ; one that makes or causes a thing to be what they 
 arc 
 
 F.rFrCIENT,(e/^*/u>n<)<i. [from tfficie, to effect. I^t.] 
 havini; the power to produce or cause alteration or change 
 in tilings, either by aUering tlie qualities or t^itioilticHig n«w 
 
 ETFICiY, *. {cfficus, from fffin^^o, (o fashion, Lat.] lite 
 rescmhlance or representalion of any thing drawn, painted, 
 orcarv4Ml. An iilea, applied to the mind. 
 
 EFFLORirSCENCE, or I:FFL0KESCE.\CY, s. \effio._ 
 resco, from .//".', a (lower, Lat.] in botany, a production of 
 flowers. Ill natural history, an excrescence in form of 
 flowers. In medicine, a breaking out of some iiumrmrs, 
 Ac. in the skin. 
 
 EFFLORE'SC ENT, n. \tffloresco, CromJIos, a flower, Lat. [ 
 shooting out in the shape of flowers. In medicine, ai)pear- 
 ing in pijiiples, or other eruptions on the skin. 
 
 EFFLUENCE, s. | from <#/.«<, to flow out, Lat.] that 
 which flows from some other principle. 
 
 EFFLUVIA, or EFFLU'VIU.M, 5. [i\nm efflh'o, to flow 
 out, Lat.] the small particles continually emitted by, or 
 flowing from a body, which, though they do not .sensibly 
 decrease the body Irom wlienc<' they proceed, have percep- 
 tible iH'ects on the senses. 
 
 EFFLUX, s. [effliijiix, from effluo, to flow out,' Lat.] the 
 act of flowing out; efi'iision ; spreading; or the visible ef. 
 feet of some cause ; that \\liich fiows from something else ; 
 an emanation. 
 
 To I'.Fl'LU'X, r. n. [from cffiuoja flow out, Lat.] to flow 
 from ; to move in siicefy.iicii. 
 
 EFILL XiON, s. [<;///".</«, fr.w:i r//''v. '" A"^'' ""». I-at.j 
 that which flows out. The action ofilowill^r <ijj;, 
 
 To EFFO'RC F., f. a. [<jfonci; Fr.j to force; fo break 
 tIiron:^h bv violence. 
 
 EFFOliiMATlON, s. [r/rormn, {vom forma, form, Lat.] 
 the act of giving form to, orniakijig. 
 
 E'FF'ORT, s. Uff'urt, Fr.] a strugg,le ; a laborious or veiie- 
 nient exertion of power. 
 
 EFFO'SSION, s. [from cffodin, to dig out, Lat.] the act of 
 digging from the ground. 
 
 EEFRO'NTEUY, s.\effronterie, Fr.] an immodest anrl 
 undaunted boldness, by which a person is capable of under- 
 taking any action, including the idea of impudence and 
 daring. 
 
 To EFFL"LGE, r. n. [fffut^eo, from e, Mit, arn\/iilgeo, fo 
 shine, Lat.l to send forth bistre, or effulgc-nce. 
 
 EFFU'LGENCE, s. [<-ffulgeo, from e, out, and fulgeo, lo 
 shine, l4it.] splendor, or a glorious degree of light. 
 
 EFFULGENT, a. [f/?«/goo, from e, out, and jfit/^ro, to 
 shine, Lat.] shining with a superlative degree of light or 
 splendor. 
 
 EFFUMABI'LITY, s. [froni/»jm,i, smoak, Lat.] the qua- 
 lily of flying away, or vapouring in fumes. 
 
 ToEFFU'SE, (effuze) V. a. [effusus, from e, out of, and 
 fuiulo, to nour, Lat.J to pour out ; to spoil. 
 
 EFFUSION, «. [c/7"wio, from f/^'ioK/o, to pout out, Lst.| 
 the act of pouring out ; shedding ; die act of uttering or 
 pronouncing with fluency ; profusion, or generous giving. 
 Figuratively, the thing poured out 
 
 EFFU'SI VE, {effuzke) a. poured out 
 
 EFT, i.[^f/e(«,Sax. cal 
 
 an animal, liaving four feet and a long ta'il, resembling tbe 
 
 . called likewise an evei\ a small kind of 
 
 lizaifl, or crocodile, and to be found in watery places. 
 
 EFTSOOTS.S, ad. [eft and soon. Sax.] soon afterward ; in 
 a short time; again. Obsolete. 
 
 E'CiBERT, king of Wessex, became monarch of England, 
 by the conquest of the other kingdoms, in the vear 627 or 
 828. Before the reduction of the heptarchy, lie sulidued 
 the Britons in Cornwall, and also tliose of Vendosia, w hich 
 was one of the three kingdoms into which Wales was di- 
 vided. Afterhe was crowned king of England (lieinj; t4ie 
 first) he reigned in peace for sonte time, enjoying the fniiti 
 of his victories. In 833, the Danes arrived at Charmonth, 
 in Dorsetslurtt, viilli 35 vessels, and, nieetiflg with no o|>- 
 position, furiously ravagetj the coimtry. Egbert maitlied 
 against tliem, and was entirely defeated, after a Iwig anil 
 bloodv battle: ajid Egbert himself narrowW escaped, by lli- 
 favour of a daik niglit. In 8»3.i, another body of Dnr. sii 
 pirates lauded near llent'ston-hill, in Cornwall, oier w4i ^iii 
 Egbert gaiiH-d a<i entire victory. Egbert reigned in aiU U7 
 
 301
 
 EGY 
 
 LJ A 
 
 jrars as king of Wessex only; seven years as nionardi, or 
 cliict', of the seven kingdoms ; and 10 years as real nioiiarcli, 
 orliiiif; of all England. He died in 838, and was buried at 
 Winchester. 
 
 EGG, .5. [(Tff, Sax.] in natural history, a part formed in 
 the females of certain animals, «hith luulcra shell, more or 
 less spherical, includes the yiuing of the same species. 
 
 ToEGG, r. fl. [eg^g-idfi. Sax.] .to incite; to iusligatt ; to 
 induce a person to prosecute an action with vigour. 
 
 EGLANTINE, s. [etrhntier, Fr.] a kind of wild rose. 
 
 EGOTISM, s. [from fg-n, I, Lat.] a fault committed in 
 writing or discourse, including too frequent and ostentatious 
 an use of the pronoun I ; toolrequent mention of a person's 
 self in writing or conversation. 
 
 EGOTIST, s. [from rg-o, I, Lat.] one who often repeats 
 the word I ; a person who mentions himself too frequently, 
 and with ostentation. 
 
 To E'GOTIZE, r. n. to mention one's self too frequently 
 and too ostentatiously. 
 
 EGRE'GIOUS, a. [egrr^its, Lat.] somewhat aliove the 
 common or ordinary run ; remarkable ; worthy of notice, 
 ■or extraordinary either in a good or bad sense, but generally 
 in a bad one. 
 
 EGRE'GIOUSLY, ad. better or worse than ordinary ; 
 uncommonly better or w«rse ; prodigiously; extremely. 
 
 E'GREMONT, a town in Ciiuibei-land, with a market on 
 Saturday. It is seated not far from the sea, on the banks 
 of a river, over which there are two bridges; and on the 
 top of a peeked hill a strong castle. It is 14 miles S. W. by 
 S. of Cockerrnouth, and 29!> N. W. of London. 
 
 EGRI'jSS, i. [(;;•;■(.««?, from e, out, and gracUor, to go, 
 Lat.] passage out of a place ; liberty to go out. In astrono- 
 my, the passage of the inferior planet Mercury or Venus, 
 from ofF'the sun's disk. When the planet begins to leave 
 the disk, it is called <Ae bcgimiiiig of the egress; when its 
 centre is going off, the central egress ; and w hen it leaves the 
 sun entirely, the total egress. 
 
 EGRE'SSION, .t. [egressio, from e, out, and gradior, to go, 
 Lat.] the act of coming out. 
 
 EGRET, s. a fowl of the heron kind, with red legs. 
 
 EGRETTE, «. [Fr.] an ornament of riblxms, worn by 
 ladies on the front par* of their hair. 
 
 EGYPT, a country (.£ Africa, about 500 miles in length, 
 and 160 in breadth. It is bounded on the S. by Nubia ; on 
 the W. by the Deserts of'Barca, Fezzan, &\c. on the N. by 
 th.e Mediterranean ; and on the E. by the Red Sea and the 
 Isthmus of Suez. This country, so famous in history, seems 
 not to have an extent proportionable to the pompous des- 
 cription which the ancients have given of its having con- 
 tained 20,000 towns, or cities, and several millions of in- 
 habitants, and of its ancient kings keeping armies of ,300,000 
 men, and executing those prodigious works, the pyramids, 
 the labyrinth, the immense grottos of Thebias ; the obelisks, 
 temples, and pompous palaces ; the Lake Mceris, and the 
 vast canals, &c. but when we consider the amazing fertility 
 of the soil, enriched, as it has always been, by the o'crfiow- 
 ing of the Nile, and its hit'li state of cultivation, these ac- 
 counts seem more probable. I'^gvpt has been ever noted 
 for its plenty of corn ; ami « hen the dearth was in all lands, 
 in Ihe days of Jacob, in the land of Egypt there was bread ; 
 Kud all countries came thillier to buy corn. Except in our 
 w inter months, the heat is ojipressive to all who are not ac- 
 customed to it, and Ihey are generally visited by the plague 
 about once in seven years. 'I'lie winds are sometimes of 
 such extreme heat and aridity, that their influence proves 
 mortal. During the time lliey last, the streets are deserted, 
 and the inhabitants are almost blinded by drifts of sand, 
 which are so subfile, that they insinuate themselves into 
 the closets and cabinets. No country in the world is bet- 
 ter furnished with corn, rice, flesh, fish, sugar, fruits, and 
 vegetables, than Egypt. It is divided into the Upper, 
 Middle, and Lower, which last comprehends the lielta, 
 which produces oranges, lemons, figs, dates, almonds, cas- 
 sia, and plainlains, in great plenty. The animals found in 
 302 
 
 Egypt are hvenas, antelopes, apes with the head like a 
 dog's ; cameis, black cattle, fine horses, and large asics, 
 crocodiles, the cumelcon, the ichneumon ; ostriches, eagles, 
 hawks, pelicans, and water-fowl of various kinds. The 
 ibis, which resembles a duck, and was deified by the ancient 
 Egyptians, on account of its destroying serjjcnts and noxious 
 insects, is not now found here. They liave a serpent here, 
 called the cerastes, or horned viper, the bite ot which is 
 niort.il to those w ho have not the secret of guarding against 
 it. The practise of charming, alluded to in Psal. Iviii. 4, b. 
 Kccles. X. 11. and Jer. viii. 17. appears to prevail here till 
 this day; for some of the natives can jilay with the ceras- 
 tes, w hich to them is perfectly harmless, but when applied 
 to a hen, or any other animal, it bites and instantly kills it. 
 Since Egypt has been under the dominion of the Turks, it 
 has been governed liy a bashaw, w ho resides at Cairo, fa- 
 der him are inferior governors in the several parts of the 
 country. Those in Upper Egypt are generally Arabs, who 
 pay tribute to the (irand Signior, and make presents to the 
 bashaw, governing despotically, and making war with each 
 other ; besides lliese tliere are shieks, who preside over par 
 ticular places, and are masters of a few villages. The present 
 poimlalion of Egyvit is computed at 2,300,000. 'Ilie inhabi- 
 tants are composed of four dift'erent races of people ; the 
 Turks, the Arabs, the Cophts, who are descended from the 
 first Egyptians, which became Christians ; and the Mam- 
 louks,w fio were originally Circassian and Mingrelian slaves ; 
 and being Ihe only military force, are the real masters of 
 the country. The governors of Ihe country are Maliome^ 
 ans ; but the Cophts, Greeks, and Latins, are Christians of 
 different sects ; and in the great towns there are numbers of 
 Jews. A considerable trade was carried on here in East 
 India commodities, till the Portuguese found the way to 
 Asia round Ihe Cape of (iood Hope. Howe^er, the mer- 
 chants ol Europe visit the harbours in the Mediterranean, 
 and import and export several sorts of merchandise; and, 
 from otliur parts, the natives get eh'phants' teelh, gold-dust, 
 musk, civet, ambergris, and coffee. The gold-dust is brought 
 from Negroland to Fez and Morocco, and ihence to Cairoj 
 in caravans, over immense deserts. The commodities which 
 the nierchants purchase here arc cotlee, senna, cassia, rhu- 
 barb, sal ammoniac, myrrh, saffron, salt-peire, aloes, opium, 
 indigo, sugar, sandal-wood, dates, cotton, cloth, &:c. The 
 largest of the pyramids takes up ten acres of ground; and 
 is, as well as the others, built upon a rock. The external 
 part is chiefly of large square stones, of unequal sizes, aud 
 the height of it about 700 feet ; within these, and in their 
 vicinity, are catacombs, wherein are mummies, or embalmed 
 dead bodies, which are three or four thousand years old. 
 The complexion of the Egyptians is tawny, and the farther 
 S. the darker, insomuch that those on the confines of Nubia 
 are ahiiost black. They are mostly an indolent people, 
 especially llie richer sort, who spend much of the day in 
 drinking coffee, smoking tobacco and sleeping ; aud Ineso 
 are said to be ignorant, proud, and ridiculously vain. M, 
 de Non says, "The houses of Upper Egypt are vast dove- 
 cols, in which the owner reserves only a chamber for him- 
 self, and there he lodges with the luiis, chickens, cVc. ex- 
 posed to all the devouring insects which beset those ani- 
 mals. To catch these insects occupies his day ; and the 
 textine of his skin braves their bite at night." The princi- 
 jial city is Cairo. In I'iW the French, with an army of 
 ■10,000 men under Buonaparte, took possession of this coiui- 
 try, after a feeble resistance from the natives ; but, on the 
 nth of March, 1801, a British army effected a landing, and 
 after some sharp coullicis (especially the battle of the 21s? 
 of March, in which the brave Abercrombie was mortally 
 wounded) succeeded in bringing the French, then under 
 general Menou, to capitulate for the evacuation of the 
 country. 
 
 To EJACULATE, r. n. [^;o<-h/o)-, [Lat.] to dart out; to 
 shoot. Neuterlv, to breatiie a short occasional prayer. 
 
 EJ.ACCL.V'Tl'ON, «. in its primary sense, the act of 
 throwing or darting out. Figuratively, an occasionil, ex 
 temporary, short, aud pious prayer.
 
 EL A 
 
 ELE 
 
 EJA'CULATORY, «. suddpiily darted out ; expressed in 
 s'loil, atinipt, or lUKdiineeti'd M'liteiices. 
 
 'J'o KJl-yCT, V. a. [tVoin e, cml of, and JKcin, to cii'it, Lut.] 
 to throw, east, or dart out uitli force. 
 
 rjK'CTIOiSJ, *. [from e, out of, and /rtao, to cast, Lat.] 
 Hie act of expelliiif; ordrivinj;' from a place of possession. In 
 medicine, a discharge made ijy vomit, stool, or any emunc- 
 torv. 
 
 rjF.'CTMENT, *. inlaw, a writ by \vliicli any inliaLi- 
 tant of a house, or tenant of an estate, is commanded to 
 depart. 
 
 EI'DER-UOWN, s. the down of the eider diuk, wliicli 
 is remarkably tine, and in such high esteem for its warnitli 
 when used in the lining' of certain apparel, as to be sold at 
 a very hif^li price. 
 
 KICiH, iiiti:rjiTtioH, a sudden expression of delight. 
 
 Kiriirr, a. this word and its compounds is pronounced 
 like nit ; fcffA/n, Sax.] a number consisting; of twice fonr. 
 
 !)KiHTE'EN,o. a number consisting often and eiyht units 
 added tosellier. 
 
 EIGIITEE'NTH, *. the order of a thing either in place 
 or succession, which is removed the distance of seventeen 
 from the first; or twice as much or as far as nine. 
 
 EI'GHTFOLD, a. eight limes the nund)er or ([uantity. 
 
 EIGIiTIl, a. a word expressing the order in which a 
 thing stands from the first, and is next beyond the seventh, 
 
 EIGHTHLY, ml. in the eight place. 
 
 EIGHTIETH, n. an ordinal, implying that a thing or 
 succession is removed eightv times including the first. 
 
 EI'GHTSCOItE, n. eighttimes twenty, or 160. 
 
 EI'CiHTY, s. a number consisting of eight times ten added 
 together. 
 
 EIGNE, (nhif) a. [aisne, Fr.] in law, the elder, or first- 
 born ; not alienable ; entailed. 
 
 El'SEL, J. [eoM7, Sax.] vinegar; verjuice; any acid. An 
 old word. 
 
 EITHER, pro)i. [a-^ther. Sax.] one or other of two per- 
 sons indifl'erently ; both, or each. Adverbially, and in dis- 
 tribution, to distinguish between two or more things. 
 
 I^IULATION, s. [ejiilntio, from ejulu, to cry, Lat.] an 
 outcry of affecting or penetrating grief. 
 
 EKE, otA [e«f. Sax.] likewise ; also; besides. Obsolete, 
 unless in poetry. 
 
 To EKE. See To Eek. 
 
 To ELA'BOR.\TE, v. a. [elahoro, from hilar, labour, Lat.] 
 to produce witli difficulty and labour. To exalt or improve 
 tile nature of a thing by successive changes or ini])rovements. 
 
 ELABORATE, a. [ehlwro, from labor, labour, Lat.lfinish- 
 ed with great eloquence and labour; performed with pati- 
 ence and diligence. 
 
 ELABORATELY, ad. in such a manner as to ^espeak 
 elegance, owini; 'o pains and diligence. 
 
 ELABORATION, s. the improving or exalting the na- 
 ture of a thing by successive changes and alterations; the 
 producing with great care and industry. 
 
 To ELA'NCE, f. a.felanccr, Fr.] to dart ; to throw out. 
 
 To ELATSE, II. n. [from e, out of, and !til:nr, to slide, Lat.] 
 to let slip ; or to suffer to pass without notice or improve- 
 ment, applied to time. 
 
 ELA'STIC, or ELA'STICAL, a. [from eho, to push or 
 impel, Gr.] having the property of returning to its own 
 form orshape, after having lost it by some external force; 
 springiuff. 
 
 ELASTLCITY, s. a property in bodies, by which they 
 return forcibly, and of their own accord, to the same dimen- 
 sions or form they were of before compression, or befdre 
 their having lost it by that force. 
 
 ELA'TE, a. [clatns, from eff'm-o, to lift up, Lat.] flushed, 
 poffed lip> or haughty, on account of success. 
 
 To iELA'TE, r. a. to puti up, or make" one proud with 
 prcise, prosperity, or success ; to exalt or licigliten. 
 
 EL.ATE'RIUM, s. [Lat.] in pharmacy, impons any purg- 
 Lig medicine, but particularly applicable to tliose which 
 operate by violence. 
 
 ELATION, s. haughtiness, or pride, occasiooed by snv> 
 
 cess. 
 
 ELBE, a large river of Germany, which rises in tlieS. E. 
 part of Jauer, in Silesia, takes a southerly course through 
 part of Bohemia, and turning N. \V. it enters Saxony and 
 Brandenburg, passing by Pima, Dresden, Magdeburg, Ac. 
 and divides i.iun( iiburj; from Mecklenburg, and Bremen 
 from Hol>tein. It then passes on to Hamburg and Ghick- 
 stadt, and falls into the German (Jcean in about lat. .04.3. N. 
 
 lOLBING, or ELBLANG, a populous sea- port town of 
 W. Prussia, in the palatinate of iVIarieiiburg. It is a [jlace 
 of considerable trade, and is situated on a river of the same 
 name, near the Frisclie Ilafle, 30 mile* S. E. of Dantzick. 
 Lat. 54. 9. N. Ion. 19. .%5. E. 
 
 E'LlfOW, {'Wi'i) s. [elbogn, Sax. J the joint or bending of 
 the arm next below the shoulder. Figuratively, any bend- 
 ing or angle. 
 
 To ELBOW, ((Uio) V. a. to push with the elbow. Fi- 
 guratively, to struggle for room ; to encroach upon. Neu- 
 tcrly, to jut out in angles. 
 
 E'LBOWCH^IR, s. a chair with arras to support the 
 elbows. 
 
 E'LBOVROOiM, (elbu-room) s. room to stretch out the 
 elbows en each side. Figuratively^ freedom from restraint 
 or confinement. 
 
 I'iLD, s. [eald. Sax.] old age; decrepitude. 
 
 K'LUER, [the comparative of eld, now' corrupted to old] 
 n. one vho surpasses another in years; one who is born 
 before, or one w ho survives, another. 
 
 FOLDER, s. in botany, the name of a tree. The inner 
 bark is by some esteemeH good for dropsies ; the leaves are 
 outwardly used for the piles and inflammations, and form an 
 ointment. The flowers are inwardly used to expel wind; 
 and, when made into an ointment, used outwardly as a 
 cooler. The berries are esteemed cordial, and useful in 
 hysteric disorders. 
 
 ELDERLY, a. bearing the marks of old age ; aavanced 
 in years. 
 
 ELDERS, s. (plural) persons whose age gives them a 
 claim to honour and respect; those who are born before 
 others; ancestors. Among the Jews, the rulers of the 
 licople ; ans'uvering to the word senator among the Romans. 
 In tlie New Testament, such of the clergy as had some au- 
 tlun itv in the church on account of their years. 
 
 IVLDERSIIIP, s. a claim founded on being bom before 
 anotlier ; seniority. 
 
 E'LDEST, o. [the superlative of old, which is compared 
 thus, eW, (We)-, e^rff*;] exceeding others in years; born be- 
 fore others. 
 
 F^LECAMPA'NE, s. a plant wn-ich botanists rank among 
 the star-worts. It is reckoned a stomachic, alexipharraic, 
 and sudorific ; and therefore prescribed in crudities of the 
 stomach, the cough, astma, plague, and other contagious 
 diseases. Externally, it it recommended against the itch, 
 convul>ioiis, and rheumatism. 
 
 To ELECT, 1'. a. [fjom e, out of, and lego, to choose, Lat.] 
 to choose a person for the discharge of some post or office, 
 to take in preference of others. In divinity, applied by 
 some divines to signify choice made of some persons by the 
 Deity, as objects of his favour and mercy. 
 
 I''LE'CT, a. [from e, out of, and lego, to choose, Lat.J 
 chosen ; taken oy preference from other things, proposed 
 as objects of choice; chosen to supply anotliiee or place, 
 but not yet in possession. 
 
 ELE'CTION, i. [from «■, out of, and lego, to choose, Lat. | 
 the act cf choosing a person from other competitors, to dis- 
 charge any office or employ ; choice. Figuratively, the 
 power of choosing ; the privilege of electing a person to 
 discharge an employ; the ceremony of a public choosing 
 of a person to discharge an employ. 
 
 ELE'CTIVE, n. exerting the power of choice ; regularly, 
 bestowed, or conferred by free choice, ot "o'es. ElerUu* 
 alfrnctions, in chemistry; a term used by Bergman, and 
 others, to designate what we now express bv the words 
 
 303
 
 ELE 
 
 ELK 
 
 elifinical affimty. When chemist!) first observod tlie power 
 nhich one compoiiiul substance has to decompose aiiolhor, 
 it h:is inuigint'd Uial iho Miiiiiite particles otMuiie bodies had 
 a iint'ereiice lor some (itlicT particular bodies; lieiice this 
 prcuertv of ly'ttor acniired the term elective attraction. 
 
 P.Lt'CTlVhLY, ad. by choice ; with preference of one 
 to another.. 
 
 ELECTOR, s. one who has a vote in the clioiee of an 
 ofticer ; a prince who liad a vote in the choice of the em- 
 peror of Germany. 
 
 ELE'CTOll.VL, a. havin" the titk^, di^'nity, and privilege 
 oi MX elector. 
 
 ELECTORATE s. the territory, dominion, or govern- 
 ment of an eU'ctor 
 
 ELE'CTRE, or ELE'CTRUM, s. [from ehhron, amber, 
 Gr.] amber ; which, having the quality, when warmed by 
 friction, of attracting bodies, gave to one species of attrac- 
 tion the name oi electricity, and to the bodies that so attract, 
 the epithet of electric. 
 
 ELECTRICAL, a. belonging to electricity. There has 
 been a considerable variety of electrical machines. That 
 exhibited in the plate is selected on account of its being 
 one of the most portable. It consists of a globe, rubber, 
 an(l conductor, to which certain appendages are attached. 
 Tne glass globe 'vliich appears on the left side of the plate, 
 is turned by the v/inch by means of wheel work, inclosed in 
 the brass box, by which the glass globe is supported. The 
 rubber which is applied to the globe, is ii\ed to a spring, the 
 position of which may be adjusted by means of the screw 
 vhieh is seen between the .winch and Ihe rubber. The 
 rubber is a silk cushion stuflcd with hair. The conductor 
 is a brass tube with a round hollow ball at each cud, w hieh 
 collects tir»' by means of a brass piece, resembling ihe tin(S 
 of several forks, and fi.xcd in that round knob which is 
 placed nearest the globe. The barrel of the conductor 
 IS put into a short brass socket, which is placed in a ho- 
 rizontal position, which is joined to a perpendicular 
 brass socket that is attached with cement to a glass tube 
 that is fixed in a large round wooden foot. To use 
 this apparatus, it is necessary to screw to « table the 
 brass box which supports the globe and rubber, and to 
 place on the same table the brass conductor, w ith the poinis 
 of the brass piece presented to the glass globe. On the top 
 of the horizontal brass socket, immediately over the per- 
 pendicular brass socket, is stuck a large plumy feather, the 
 fibres of which will, when the winch is turned, rejicl each 
 other, and expand in all directions, unless the electricity be 
 discharged, in which case they will again shrink together. 
 If a brass plate be suspended from the conductor, directly 
 over another brass plale, which is i>laced about three inches 
 below it, any light bodies wliiil\ are placed on the killer 
 plale will, when the winch is tunicd, move to and fro be- 
 tween the iilates, dancing in a very amusing manner. To 
 that knob of the priuK' conductor wjiicli is faithcit from the 
 glass globe, is attached Mr. Canton's electrometer, which 
 consists of two pith balls, suspended by means of a linen 
 thread from a wire, which repeUach other in ])idportioii to 
 the degree of electricity ci>mnuiuieated to the couduclor. 
 
 JCLE'CTRJCITY, s. in phisiology, is that properly of 
 certain bodies, whereby, after being rubbed, excited, or 
 heated in some particular degree, they actpiiie the power of 
 attracting and repelling other remote bodies ; aud frequent- 
 ly of emitting sparks and streams of light. 
 
 To ELIs'CTRIFY v. a. to comuiiinicatc or endue with 
 electric virtue. 
 
 IXECTllO'iMETEIl, .?. in electricity, an inslrumen.t con- 
 trived for measnrinj; Ihe <pianlily, and delerminiiig Ihe (jua- 
 lily of electricity in any electrified body. The eleclrome- 
 ler of Mr. Canton consisted of two balU of cork or pilli of 
 elder, about the size of a small pea suspended on fine linen 
 threads, aluiut six inches long. 
 
 ELECTllOPnO'lUIS, s. in cleclricily, an instrument or 
 machine, invented by Volla, for exhibiting pcrpclliul dec- 
 Uicily. 
 
 304 
 
 ELE'CTUARY, s. \elictuanvm, Lat. perhaps from &ic)l«^ 
 to lick, Gr.] a medical composition made to the coiisisteiic* 
 of a cijn^erve. 
 
 ELEEMO'SY'NARY, a. [from elccnuisyne, alms, fir.] living 
 upon alms ; given in charity. 
 
 ELEGANCE, or E'LEG.\NCY, ^. \eUgantia, from eligo, 
 to choose out, Lat. I a symmetry of parts which rather soolhei 
 than pleases, and carries with it rallier the idea of neatnc»« 
 than beauty. 
 
 ELEGANT, a. [elegantia, from elign, to choose Out, Lat.] 
 pjcasin^, or causing pleasure by meaner beauties; neat; 
 nice. SynoN. Genteel implies something above tlie com- 
 mon run ; elegant means beautiful w ithout grandeur. By a 
 house genteelly furnished is understood a house containing 
 every thing necessary, good, and creditable; by elegntuljf 
 furnished is meant geiiteelly, and in sucli a manner as .to 
 please without elevation. 
 
 ELEGANTLY, ad. in sucb a manner as to please by 
 nealiiess and exactness. 
 
 ELE'GL\C, a. [elegeia, perhaps from e, e, lego, to say alas, 
 Gr.] used in elegies ; mournful; sorrowful. 
 
 ELEGY, i. \elegeia, perhaps from e, e, lego, to say alas, 
 Gr.j a poem written on some mournful subject ; a poem on 
 any subject written in a simple plaintive style, witiiout any 
 poinis or turns ; a funeral song. 
 
 ELEMENT, s. [element mn, perhaps from the old «OT(I 
 eleo, to grow, Lat.] Ihe first or constituent principle out of 
 which any thing is rcsolve<l, and which will not admit of 
 any further resolution. The four elements of the ancients 
 are air, fire, water, and earth. The three former of these 
 are, however, compound b(jdies, and therefore not properly 
 entitled to the name of elements. On the contrary, about 
 forty substances, which were either unknown to ihe ancients, 
 or reganled as compounds, have been raised by modem 
 chemists to the rank of simple or elementary subslanccs. 
 These are light, calorie, oxygen, the twenty-three metals ; 
 several of the earths, and the simple combustibles, hydro- 
 gen, sulphur, phosphorus, aud carbon. Figuratively, ihe 
 letters of any language ; the lowest or first rudiments or 
 grounds of any art or science. 
 
 To ELEMENT, v. a. to compound of elements. 
 
 ELEME'NTAL, o. composed of, or produced by, snms 
 of the elements ; arising from some first principle. 
 
 ELEMENTA'RITY, s. the simplicity of nature, or ab- 
 sence of composition ; the state of being iiiiconip(iunded. 
 
 ELEM E'NT.ARY, s. uncompounded ; simple; without 
 mixture ; having only one principle or element for its essence, 
 
 E'LEMl, s. a drug, improperly called gum L'lemi, be- 
 ing a resin. The genuine Etemi is broright from .'Etliiopia- 
 Tlie American Elemi, almost the only kind known, pioceeds 
 from a tall tree. 
 
 l^LE'NCH, s. [elmchns, Lat.] an argument ; a sophifm. 
 
 ELEPHANT,*. [f/</)Aa.t, Lat.l the largest of all quadra- 
 peds, of whose sagaeity, faithfulness, prudence, and even 
 understanding, many surprising relations are given. This 
 animal feeds on hay, herbs, and all sorts of pulse. He is 
 naliirally gentle. He is supplied with a trunk, or long 
 hollow cartilage, which serves him for hands. Me is a na- 
 tive of India and Africa. Ilis teeth are the ivory so well 
 known in Europe. See the plate. 
 
 ELEPHA'NTA, or (iALi PouRi, a small iskind on 
 the W. coast of llindooslan, about five miles from Roiubay, 
 and inhabited by about 100 poor hulian families. Il con- 
 tains one of the most stupendous anli<iuities in ihe world. 
 The figure of an elephaul, of Ihe nalur;il size, cut coarsely 
 in black stone, ajipears in an open plain, near the landing- 
 I-lace, from which an easy slope leads to a stupendous sub- 
 terraiK'un temple, hewn out of the soliil'rock, HO or 'M feo4 
 hjiig, and 10 bro-ad. The roof, which is eiil Hat, is s-iip- 
 porled by regular rows of pillars, about 10 feet high, with 
 capitals nseiubling round cushions, and at llie farther cud 
 of it are three gigantic figures, mulilaU'd by llie absurd zeal 
 of ihe Portuguese, when this isiand was in their possession. 
 Air. Grose judges tlvis immense cxcavaliou to be a bolder
 
 ELF 
 
 KLI 
 
 work than that of t\ke pyramids of Egypt ; and Major Renncl 
 thinks this, and a subterranean temple in the a(l)in-ent isle 
 of Salsctlc, to jje nionuments of a superstition anterior to 
 that of the Hindoos. This island has been ceded to the 
 Euj'hsh by tiie Mahrattas. 
 
 Kll.l'JPHANTI'ASlS, s. [Lat.] in medicine, a species of 
 leprosy, so called from coverin-; the skin witii incrustations, 
 like those on the hide of an elephant. 
 
 ELEi'H.A'NTINE, a. [elephantmus, from eUphas, the ele- 
 phant, Lat.] appertaining or belonging to an elephant ; par- 
 taking of the qualities of an elephant ; likewise a title given 
 to certain books among the Romans, which contained an 
 account of the actions of the emperors, and the laws made 
 by the senate ; supposed to be so called either from their 
 vast siye, or their being composed of ivory. 
 
 To E'LEVATE, V a. \elevo, Lat.] to rais'' aloft, on high, 
 or at a distance from the grotnid ; to exalt or dignify ; to 
 raise the mind with great and sublime ideas; to elate. 
 , E'LEVATED, part. oro. raised or situated on high. 
 ■ ELEVATION, s. [elevo, to lift up, Lat.] the act of raising 
 on high. Exaltation, applied to dignity or preferment. 
 The raising the thoughts to contemplate lofty and sublime 
 subjects. In astronomy and geography, the height of any 
 object above the horizon. In architecture, .a draught of the 
 principal side or face of a building, called its vprigjit. In 
 perspective, a draught or representation of the whf>le body 
 of a building. In gunnery, the angle which the chase of a 
 piece of ordinance, or the axis of its hollow cylinder, makes 
 with the plane of tlie horizon. 
 
 ELEVATOR, s. [Lat.] a raiser or lifter up. 
 
 ELETE, s. a term purely French, but naturalized in our 
 language, and signifies a disciple or scholar bred up under 
 anv one. 
 
 Eleven, a. [rmdlefen, Sax.] one more than ten ; twice 
 five, and one ad<frd. 
 
 ELETENTH, a. [aniHefta, Sax.] an ordinal, expressing 
 the next in order beyond the tenth. 
 
 ELF, i. [plural elves; for most nouns ending inf'm the 
 singular, cflange the/ into ves in the plural ; Brit.] a wan- 
 dering spirit, frequenting solitary places ; a fairy, an evil 
 spiiit or devil. 
 
 ELFIN, a. relating to fairies ; belonging to elves. " That 
 el/in knight." Spcn. 
 
 E'LFLOCK, i. knots of hair twisted by elves. 
 
 ELGIN, the county-town of Elgin or Murrayshire, in 
 Scotland. Here are many large old buildings, erected over 
 
 Eiazzas, and the ruins of its old cathedral shew it to have 
 een once a magnificent structu-re. It is situated near' the 
 river Lossie, five miles from the mouth of Murray Frith, and 
 30 N. N. E. of Inverness. 
 : ELGINSHIRE. See Murrayshire. 
 '' E'LHAM, a small town in Kent, situated on the lesser 
 Stour, nearly between Wye and Hythe, 10 miles S. of 
 Canterbury, and 67 E. S. E. of London. Market on 
 Monday. 
 
 To ELI'CITE, V. a. [from elicio, to entice out, Lat.] to 
 strike, find out, or discover by dint of labour and art. 
 
 ELI CIT, a. [from elicio, to entice out, Lat.] brought from 
 a state of bare possibility to that of real existence ; brought 
 into act; internally acted ; exerted by the will. 
 
 To ELI'DE, ti. a. [elida, from Ifieelo, to strike or cut, e being 
 here used to strengthen the signification, Lat.] to cut in 
 pieces. 
 
 ELIGIRFLITY, s. worthiness of being ciios^n. 
 
 E'LIGIBLE, a. [from eligo, to c; oose out, Lat.] fit to be 
 chosen; worthy of choice; preferable: possessing all those 
 qiralitics and excellencies, which are sufficient to set a thing 
 above others, and recommend it. 
 
 E'LIGIBLENESS, s. worthiness to be chosen ; prefer- 
 ablencss. 
 
 ELIMIN.A.TION, f. [from e, out of, and limen, a boundry, 
 Lat.J banishment ; rejection. 
 
 ELIQUATION, s. in metallurgy, an operation whereby 
 one substance is separated from another by fusion. It eon- 
 
 E r 
 
 sists in giving the mass a degree of heat that will make the 
 more fusible matter flow, an<l not the other. 
 
 ELISION, i. [from e/ii'o, to cut otf, Lat.] in grammar, the 
 cutting otf a vowel or syllable in a word, as in " t/i attempt" 
 when- e is cut off, because coming before a vowel. This is 
 called synalaspha, frequently practised in English poetry,and 
 always observed in latin veise. A division, cutting, dfc 
 viding, attenuation, or a separation of parts. 
 
 ELIXATION, i. [from «/i.To, to boil, Lat.] in pharmacy 
 the extracting the virtues of ingredients by boiling ot 
 stewing. 
 
 ELI'XIR, s. [Arab.] a medicine made by strong infusion, 
 where the ingredients are almost dissolved in the menstruum, 
 and giveit a thicker consistence than a tincture; the extract 
 or quintessence of any thing; any cordial or invigorating 
 fluid or substance. 
 
 ELIZABETH, daughter of Henrv VIII. and Anne Bolen, 
 ascended the throne Nov. 17, 15.08, being then 2.5 years old, 
 pursuant to the order of succession settled by tli:ii kinjj's will, 
 authorised by act of parliament, and was crowned Jlrnuary 
 15, 1559. As there were many troubles then in foreign 
 states, chiefly on account of religion, she assisted the pro- 
 testants in Scotland, France, and the Low Countries, against 
 their respective sovereigns, or the governing party, by whom 
 they were cruelly oppressed and persecuted. The queen 
 of Scots, and the dauphin her husband, had, by order of 
 Henry II. of France, taken the arms of England, «iih the 
 titles of sovereigns of that kingdom ; this made Elizabeth 
 look on Mary as a dangerous rival; whereupon she entered, 
 1560, into a treaty with the Scotch nialecontents, in pursu- 
 ance of which she sent an army into Scotland to break the 
 measures of her enemies, which had the desired success. 
 Some time after she assisted the Hugonots in France. By 
 these means queen Elizabeth kept both France and Scotland 
 so employed, that they could find no opportunity to put their 
 schemes in execution of dethroning her. The pope was 
 desirous of sending a nuncio to England, who was arrived in 
 Flanders, and demanded permission to continue his journey 
 to England, but could never obtain it ; the queen saying she 
 had nothing to do with the pope, who had no more authority 
 than other bishops; and, as a security against the disturbance 
 the pope might cause to be given from any quarter, she al- 
 ways kept a good fleet in readiness against any invasion, and 
 secured more and more the aflections of her subjects, which 
 she looked upon as her only support. The queen of Scots, 
 being defi'ated in 1568 by the forces raised by the nialecon- 
 tents in that kingdom, was obliged to fly into England, 
 where the queen kept her prisoner many years. The per- 
 secution of the protestants in the Low Countries occasioning 
 several Flemish families to fly for refuge to England, the 
 queen settled them at Norwich, Colchester, Sandwich, and 
 several other places, which turned greatly to the advantage 
 of the nation, they beinjj the first who brought hither the 
 art of making bays and seys, and other linen and woollen 
 cloths of the like sort. A rebellion broke out in the north, 
 under the earl of Westmoreland and Northumberland, and 
 Dacres, a northern gentleman, who intended to have set 
 Mary Queen of Scots on the throne, and to have restored the 
 popish religion. This rebellion queen Elizabeth suppressed 
 and the earl of Northumberland was beheaded ; as was also 
 the duke of Norfolk in 1572, who had been released out of 
 the'Tower, and engaged again in a conspiracy against the 
 queen. The year 1571 pa.ssed chiefly in a negociation for 
 a marriage betvveenqueen Elizabeth and the duke of Anjou, 
 second son to Catharine de Medicis, and brother to Charles 
 IX. of France. Both Charles and Elizabeth found their ac- 
 count in this negociation, though neither of them intended 
 it should take eftect. Charles's design was to amuse the 
 protestants, particularly the Hugonots, with whom he had 
 made a perfidious peace, till he had drawn them into the 
 snare, in order to destroy them by treacherv, when he found 
 it difficult to do it by open force. Queen Elizabeth entered 
 into the negociation of the match to please her ministers, 
 w ho were continually pressing her to marry, in order to cut 
 
 303
 
 ELI 
 
 ELI 
 
 off all liopos'from the queen of Scots, aiul to dishearten her 
 CTioiiues. However, a defensive alliance uas concluded he- 
 tweenthe two crowns. Charles died, and was succeeded by 
 the duke of Anjon, by the name of Henry 111. with wh<,m 
 queen Elizabefh renewed the league between the two 
 crowns, but underhand supplied the prince of Conde with 
 money for the Hiigonots ; so that she niif^ht justly hi called 
 the support oi ilie protcstanl reliijion both abroad and at 
 home, iiaving in the be^'inningof her reign removed all the 
 zealous catholics from llie councils, and from all posts of au- 
 thority, put protestant*. in theirrooui, and published a pro- 
 clamation allowing divine service to be performed, and the 
 holy scriptures to be read, in the vulgar tongue. Some time 
 after another negociation was carried on for a marriage be- 
 tween her and the duke ofAleiicon, now the duke of Anjou, 
 Henr\'s brother, even to the signing of the marriage articles, 
 and the diike came over in person ; but it was all broke oft on 
 a sudden. OneStubbs had his right hand cut oft" on a scaifold 
 for writing against the marriage ; when he pulled oft his hat 
 with his left, and cried, (Jod save the queen ! In 1577 ^he 
 assisted the people of the Low Countries.w ho were grievous- 
 ly oppressed by the duke of Alva, the king of Spain's gene- 
 ral, and wiio was endeavouring to extirpate the protestaiits ; 
 she lent them tOO,0(tO/. sterling to enable them to carry on 
 the war. Some years after she sent a good body of forces 
 under the earl of Leicester ; but he, not being agreeable to 
 the States, was recalled, and lordWilloughby was appointed 
 geneval of tlie English fi>rce3 in his room. This war at last 
 concluded in t!;e total revolt of seven of these provinces 
 from the dominion of Spain, which since 'made the most 
 '•onsiderable republic in the world. Tlie pope excommu- 
 nicated the queen ; and the king of Spain and the duke of 
 Guise were in a league with the pope to invade England, 
 dethrone Elizabeth, and set up the queen of Scots in her 
 room. In the meantime, several plots were set on foot by 
 the popish emissaries to take away her life ; for' which seve- 
 ral priests, Jesuits, and others, were executed. A general 
 association was also formed in England to prosecute to death 
 such as should attempt any thing against her person or go- 
 vernment. The parliament approved and confirmed this 
 association, and passed a severe act against popish priests 
 and Jesuits, w hereby they were required to depart the king- 
 dom, and, if any returned, they were to be guilty of high- 
 treason, and those who harboured them, of felony. A little 
 after the queen made an alliance with the king of Scotland 
 for their mutual defence, and the security of the protestant 
 religion. In 158.5, she sent sir Francis Drake to America, 
 who took several places in the Spanish West Indies. This 
 year died the learned and ingenious sir Philip Sidney, of a 
 wound he received in a battle in the Low Countries. In 
 1686, Babington's conspiracy, in which were engaged seve- 
 ral popish priests from the seminaries abroad, was disco- 
 vered ; and they were, to the number of 14, arraigned, 
 condemned, and executed. It was laid for an invasion, to 
 kill the queen, free the queen of Scots, and set her on the 
 throne. As the queen of Scots appeared by letters and other- 
 wise to have a hand in tliis conspiracy, it was resolved now 
 to prosecute her on an act of [iarliament made the preceding 
 year, whereby the person for whom, or by whom, any thing 
 should be attempted against the queen, W'as liable to death. 
 Commissioneis were accordingly sent to try her at Fotlier- 
 ingham castle in Northamptoiibhire, where she was then in 
 custo<ly, who in the end passed sentence upon her on the 
 25th ('( Oct. Four days after it was approved and confirmed 
 by parliament. On December (ith, it was proclaimed in 
 London, and then throughout the kingdom ; and on Februa- 
 ry following the sentence was executed upon heriii the hall 
 ofthe said castle, by severing her head from her body,which 
 she snlfered with great calmness and resignation. (Jiiecn 
 Eli/abftli endeavoured by all methods to prevent the odium 
 of this action falling upon her, fining secretary Davyson,with 
 whoni the warrant was lodged, 10,000/. (ami he" was also 
 imprisoned during her pleasure,) and ordering her privy- 
 COUl'Scllors to he examined iii the Star-cLambcr._In 1588, 
 3CXi 
 
 the king of Spam, encouraged bv pope Sestus V. sent a great 
 fleet, to w liich they had given the title of the Invincible Ar- 
 mada, to ir.vaile England. It consisted of 130 great ships, 
 20 caravels, and 10 slaves, having above 20,0CK) soldiers on 
 hoard, with seamen, aniiiiuiiition, and provision, in propor 
 tion ; to oppose which, 20,000 men were dispersed alun:; 
 the southern coasts, an army of 22,0i)o foot and HXX) horse 
 was encamped at Tilbury, where the queen reviewed them, 
 and maile a very engaging speech to them ; there was ano- 
 ther army of 34,600 foot and 2000 horse to guard the queen's 
 person. Her subjects shewed the utmost readinessto stand 
 in her defence ; and she fitted-out a considerable fleet, un- 
 der the command of lord Howard as admiral ; Drake, Haw- 
 kins, and Forbisher, vice-admirals; ami sent Seynmur with 
 40 English and Dutch ships to the coast of Flanders, to 
 hinder the prince of Parma from joining the Spanish fleet. 
 On the 19th of Jidv, the Spanish fleet, commanded by the 
 duke of Medina Cell, entered the Channel, w hen the English 
 fleet kept close to them, and soon took some of their ships. 
 On July 24th, there was a brisk engagement. On the 27th, 
 the Spanish fleet came to an anchor oft' Calais, expecting in 
 vain the prince of Parma to put to sea with his army, and 
 make a descent on England, as it had been agreed. The 
 English fleet, now consisting of 140 ships, several of which 
 were fitted out by private persons, followed them ; and the 
 Enfflish admiral in the night sent 8 fire-ships anion}' thera, 
 which so terrified them that they cut their cables, ant! put to 
 sea in the utmost confusion : the English admiral took the 
 Galleas, and the commander of it w as slain. In short, the 
 whole fleet was dispersed, and the Spaniards "resolved to 
 make the best of their way home. Of this prodigious arma- 
 ment, only CO ships returned home, and those in a shat- 
 tered condition. Queen Elizabeth went in state to St. Paul's 
 to return Almighty Cod thanks for this great victory. Ii; 
 1590, sir Francis Walsinghain, secretary of state, departed 
 this life: he died so poor, that he was buried privately, to 
 save expenccs. Sir Robert Cecil, son to the lord-treasurer 
 Burleigh, succeeded hira as secretary of state. In 1594, 
 Roderigo Lopez, a Jew, v ho was the queen's physician, 
 two Portuguese, and Patrick Cullcn, an Irishman, were 
 bribed by the Spanish governors of the Netherlands to take 
 her away by poison, or (otherwise ; but the plot being dis- 
 covered, the conspirators were seized and executed : as were 
 Edmund York and Richard Williams, the next year, for un- 
 dertaking to commit the same crime, on the promise of 
 40,000 crowns from the said Spanish governors. In 1596, 
 the queen sent a fleet and army under How ard, the earl of 
 Essex, and Raleigh, to the coast of Spain, which plundered 
 Cadiz,and burnt the merchant ships at Port Real, and took 
 and destroyed 13 Spanish men of war, and did them other 
 considerable damage. In 1598, Henry IV. of France, hav- 
 ing made a separate peace with the king of Spain, queen 
 Elizabeth and the States entered into a new trealy to carry 
 on the war against that monarch by themselves. Lord Bur- 
 leigh died this year, asdid Spenser thcpoet. On February 
 25, 1601, Robert Devereux, earl of Essex, was beheaded. 
 Towards the end of the year, complaints having been 
 brought before the commons of certain monopolies aulho> 
 rized by her letters patent, as soon as she understood that 
 the parliament deemed them so many infriiweraents of the 
 people's privileges, without staying to be adelressea, she an- 
 nulled most of them, and left the rest to the laws, upon 
 which the commons waited upon her with an address of 
 thanks. This vear the earl of^ Tyrone, who had raised a 
 rebellion in Ireland, was defeated, and obliged to cast him- 
 self upon the oueen's mercy. In the beginning of the year 
 1603, queen Elizabeth falling sick, and her illness increasiujj 
 every day ; when she was near her end, the council sent 
 someof their body to desire her to name her successor; 
 when she named the king of Scots. She died the 2-lth of 
 March, in the 70th year of her age, after a glorious reisju of 
 44 years, 4 months, and 8 days. She was buried in 'vV'est- 
 niinster-abbey. Elizabeth in her person was masculine, 
 tall, straight, and strong limbed, with an high round foro
 
 ELO 
 
 ELU 
 
 head, brown eves, fair complexion, fine wliite teetli, and 
 yellow hair. !>lie danced with great ajjility ; her voice was 
 strong and shrill ; she understood music, and played upon 
 several instruments. She possessed an excellent memory, 
 understood the dead and living languages, had made good 
 proficiency in the sciences, and was well read in history. 
 Her conversation was sprightly and agreeahle, her judg- 
 ment solid, her apprehension acute, her application nide- 
 fatigable, 'aiid her courage invincible. She was the great 
 bulwark ot the protestant religion ; she was highly com- 
 mendable for her general regard to the impartial adminis- 
 tration of justice, and even for her rigid economy, which 
 saved the public money, and evinced tliat love for her peo- 
 ple which she so warmly professed ; yet she dcviatt-d from 
 justice in some instances, when her interests or passions 
 were concerned ; and, notwithstanding all her great quali- 
 ties, we cannot deny that she was vain, proud, imperious, 
 and in some cases cruel. Her predominant passions were 
 jealousy and avarice ; though she was also subject to such 
 violent gusts of anger, as overwhelmed all regard to the dig- 
 nity of her station, and even hurried her beyond the bounds 
 of common decency. Site wa« wise and steady in her prin- 
 ciples of government ; and, above all princes, fortunate in 
 a ministry. She established the protestant religion in her 
 dominions, notwithstanding all the endeavours used to pre- 
 yent it; and caused trade and commerce, which always met 
 with her protection, to flourish. The lloyal Exchange was 
 buHt in her time, by Sir Thomas Gresham ; and the present 
 method of maintaining the poor, and choosing overseers in 
 every parish, was established in this reign. 
 
 ELK, s. [celc, Sax.J an animal of the deer kind, with the 
 horns palmated, and without a stem. It is a native of 
 tlie northern parts of Europe ; and is a large and strong 
 animal, being equal in size to a horse, but much less beauti- 
 fhl. 
 
 ELL, s. [e!n. Sax.] a measure of length varying in different 
 countries ; but those mostly used in England are the En- 
 glish and Flemish ells ; the former of which is 3 feet 9 in- 
 ches, or one yard and a quarter; the latter onlv 27 inches, 
 or three quarters of a yard ; in France, one yard and a half; 
 and in Scotland, 37 two-tenths Eu^lish inches. 
 
 E'LLESDON, a small town ofNortliumberland, 28 miles 
 N.W. of Newcastle. Market neglected. 
 
 E'LLLSMEIlE,a town of Shropshire, situated on a large 
 mere, famous for fish, in a small bjit fertile district of the 
 same name, 16 miles N. N. W. of Shrewsbury, and 176 N. 
 Vf. of London. Market ou Tuesday. 
 > ELLI'PSIS, or ELLEFPSIS, s. [from ellipsis, deficiency, 
 Gr.J in grammar, or rhetoric.'a figure by wliicli something 
 left out in a sentence is to be supplied bv the reader or 
 hearer. Li geometry, a regular contiiuietl curve line, in- 
 cluding a space which is longer than broad, vulgarly called 
 oval. 
 
 I ELLITTIC, or ELLITTICAL, a. [from elMpsis, defi- 
 ciencv, Gr.l having the form of an ellipsis ; of an oval form. 
 
 ELiVI, s. [elm, Sax.] a timber very serviceable in places 
 where it niav lie continually dry, orwet, in extremes. 
 
 ELOCUTION, s. \eloeutio, from duqiior, to speak out, 
 Lat.] the power of expressing one's ideas with fiuency of 
 speech; eloquence; the power of expression or diction; 
 the choosing and adapting words and sentences to the things 
 or sentiments to be expressed. 
 
 E'LOGY, a.{chge, Fr.] praise or panegyric bestowed on 
 a person on account of his merit. 
 
 ELOHI, ELOI, or ELOHIM, [has been derived from 
 lU, strength, and from alah, to swear, Heb.] one of the names 
 of God in scripture ; but sometimes applied to princes, an- 
 gels, and even *^ilse gods, and then used in the plural. 
 
 To ELO'NGATE, v. a. [from /onp,-i,s, long, Lat.] to 
 strength ; to leugthcu or draw out, applied to the surface 
 or dimensions of a thing. Neuterly, to go farther ofi" from 
 a thine or place. 
 
 ELONGATION, s. the act of stretching or lengthening ; 
 the state of a thing stretched, la astronomy, the digres- 
 
 sion or recess of j planet from the sun, with respect to an 
 eye placed on the earth. Also distance ; departure ; re- 
 moval. 
 
 To ELO'PE, II. a. [from hopen, Relg.j to run away ; to 
 break loose ; to escape from law or restraint. In law, to 
 quit or leave a husbaml. 
 
 ELOPEMENT, s. departure, or withdrawing from just 
 restraint, or lawful power. In law, the voluntary depar- 
 ture of a wife from a husband. 
 
 • E'LOPS, «. [Gr.] a fish; reckoned however by Milton 
 among the serpents. 
 
 K'LOQUENCE, s. [from ehcpior, to speak out, Lat.] the 
 art of speaking with eirgance, so as to move the afi'ections ; 
 the powerof speaking with fiuency; a figured and elegant 
 style or diction" adapted to warm the imagination and move 
 the passioiis. 
 
 E'LOQUENT, a. [from elctptor, to speak out, Lat.] hav- 
 ing the power of speaking with elegance, fluency, and in 
 such a manner as to move tlie passions. 
 
 ELSE, ;«o)i. [eWcjf, Sax.] other; one besides that wliich 
 is mentioned. 
 
 ELSE, ad. otherwise ; excepting the person or place 
 mentioned. 
 
 E'LSEVVHERE,nf/.in some other place ; in any other place, 
 
 E'LSINORE, a sea-port town of' Denmark, seated on tlie 
 Sound, in the island of Zealand. Many foreign merchants, 
 and the consuls of the principal nations which trade to the 
 Baltic, reside here. Vessels passinj,^ through the Sound 
 pay a toll to the king of Denmark, which, with those of the 
 two Belts, supply an annual revenue of above 100,000/; and 
 in return, he takes the charge of constructing lighthouses, 
 and erecting signals, to mark the shoals and rocks, from the 
 Cattegat to the entrance into the Baltic. Lat. 56. 2. N. Ion. 
 12. 37. E. 
 
 EXTHAM, a town of Kent, having a market on Monday, 
 9 miles S. of London. Here king Ed\Aard I. built a palace, 
 very little of which now remains. 
 
 E'LVAS, a city of Alantejo, containing, besides the ca- 
 thedral, 3 parish churches, '2liosi)itals, and 7 convents, with 
 an academy founded in 1733. Here is a cistern so large, 
 that it will hold water enough to supply the town for six 
 months. It is brought by an aqueduct three miles in leij^th. 
 Elvas is seated near the river Guadiaua, 47 miles N. E. of 
 Evora, and 104 E. of Lisbon. 
 
 To ELUCIDATE, v. a. [eleucido, from lux, light, Lat.] to 
 cast light upon a difficult or intricate subject; to clear ; to 
 make clear. 
 
 ELUCIDATION, s. the act of rendering difficult sub- 
 jects plain ; an explanation. 
 
 ELUCIDATOK, s. a person who explains difficulties; a 
 commentator. 
 
 ToELU'DE, V. a. [cliido, from ludo, to p.ay, Lat.j to es- 
 cape by stratagem ; to avoid any mischief or danger by ar- 
 ti.fice ; to mock or disappoint the expectation by any un- 
 foreseen escape. 
 
 ELU'DIBLE, a. possible to escape by artifice ; possible 
 to be defeated or disappointed. 
 
 E'LVELOCK, s. knots in the hair superstitiously sup- 
 posed to be tangled by the fairies. 
 
 ELUSION, *. [from eludo, to elude, Lat.] an artifice which 
 is concealed from the knowledge of another ; a fraud. 
 
 IXU'SIVE, a. using artifice to escape or avoid. 
 
 ELU'SORY, a. fraudulent. 
 
 To ELU TE, i;. a. [duo, from e, of, ana lai-o, to wasn, Lat.j 
 to wash off. " 
 
 To ELU TRIATE, v. n. [dutno, from eluo, to wash off, 
 Lat.l to strain ofl". 
 
 ELUTRIATION, s. in chemistry, the operation of puU 
 verizin^ metallic ores or other substances, and then mixing 
 them with water, so that the higher parts which are capable 
 of suspension may be^pouredotJ", and thus separated from 
 the grosser particles. 'Most of the metallic substances 
 which are reduced. to an impalpable powder are prepared • 
 by this process. 
 
 307
 
 EMB 
 
 EMB 
 
 E'LY, an ancient city of Carabridijeshire, neither popu- 
 lous (the iiiiiiibitants being about 2500) nor btautiful, and 
 tliieliy noted for its minster, orcathedral, \\ hich lias a stately 
 lantern, seen at a vast distance, but which seems to totter 
 witii every blast of wind. It has but one good strcti, veil 
 paved, the rest being unpaved, and miserably dirty. 'J'he 
 bishops have all the rights of Counts Pah'.tine, which also 
 they Irid through the whole Isle of Ely, till the reign of 
 Henry VIII. Ely is completely subordinate to the bisliop 
 in its civil government, and is the only city in England un- 
 represented in parliament. It is seated on a rising groiuid, 
 rear the river Ouse, and other streams, the former of which 
 is navigable to Lynn, and by which it carries on a pretty 
 good tride, in a soil particularly famous for producing large 
 quantities of strawberries, greens, and other garden stufi"; 
 16 miles N. of Cambridge, and 68 N. of London. Market 
 on Saturday. 
 
 ELY'S} A^,{ili/:ian) a. [from eli/siiim, the pagan heaven, 
 Lat.J pertaining to elysium ; pleasant; deliciously ; sooth- 
 ing; exceedingly delightful. 
 
 ELY'SIUM, (eli/'siiit)i) s. [Lat.] in the ancient mythology, 
 a place in the lower world, furnished with pleasant tields, 
 and supposed to be the receptacle for the happy souls of the 
 ckparted. 
 
 To EMA'CIATE, (emasldate) v. a. \cmaao, from macen, to 
 be lean, Lat.] to make a thing waste, or grow lean. Neu- 
 terl.\', to grow lean ; to waste aw ay. 
 
 EMACIATION, i. [e7>uicio, from maceo, to be lean, Lat.] 
 the act of making lean ; the state of a person growing lean, 
 wasted away, or in a consumption. 
 
 EMACULA'TION, s. [cmucuh, from mncula, a spot, Lat.] 
 the act of freeing any thing from spots or foulness. 
 
 E'MA>1ANT, a. [from e, from, and mano, to flow, Lat.] 
 issuing or flowing from something else. 
 
 To E'MAIS ATE, v. n. [from e, from, and mano, to flow, 
 Lat.l to issue or flow from something else. 
 
 EMANA'TION, s. [from e, from, and mano, to flow, Lat.] 
 the act of proceeding or flowing from something else ; that 
 which flows from any substance like eflluvia. 
 
 EMANA'TIVE, a. [from e, from, and mano, to flow, Lat.J 
 issuing', of flowing from. 
 
 To EMA'NCIPATE, r. a. [from r, from, and mancipium, a 
 slave, Lat.] to set free from slavery of any sort ; to restore 
 to liberty. 
 
 EMANCIPATION, a. the act of setting free, deliverance 
 from slavers'. 
 
 To EMA'RGINATE, v. a. [from mars;o, the edge of a 
 thing, Lat.J to takeaway the margin or cdgeof a thing. 
 
 To EMA'SCULATE, v. a. [from e, which has here a 
 negatjve signification, and mas, a male, Lat.] to render soft, 
 eflfeminate, orwomanixi. 
 
 EMASCULATION, ». affcminacy ; a soft and luxurious 
 habit. 
 
 To EMBA'LM, v. a. [emhmtmer, Fr.] to impregnate a 
 dead body with gums and spices to prevent its putiefy- 
 ing. 
 
 EMBA'LMER, s. one who preserves the bodies of the 
 dead in such a manner as to prevent their putrefying. 
 
 EMBA'LMING, *. the preparing the bodies of tlie dead 
 so as to prevent their putrefaction. 
 
 To EM15A'll, V. a. to shut, inclose, stop, or block up. 
 
 EMB.VKGO, s. [Span.] a prohibition or restraint laid 
 upon vessels by a sovereign, whereby they are prevented 
 from f;oingont of, or from entering into, a port, for a cer- 
 tain time. 
 
 ' To EMBARK, v. a. lemharqiier, Fr.] to put on board or 
 into a ship. Figuratively, to engage another in any aftair. 
 Neuterly, to' go on ship-board. Figuratively, to engage 
 as a partv in an atlair. 
 
 EMBARKATION,*, the act of putting or going on board 
 a ship. ^ 
 
 To E.MBA'RR ASS, e. n. [rmhnrrasser, Fr.] to perplex 
 or confound a pcrsou with an affair of difliculty aiid 
 trouble. 
 
 3(M 
 
 EMC.A RRASSMENT, s. perplexity or confusion, arising 
 from some ditficult aflair, subject, oi undertakijig. 
 
 To EMBA'SE, I', a. to deprave, or lessen the worth or 
 qualitv of a thing; to degrade or vilify. 
 
 EMBA'SSADOR, or EMB.VSSADOUR. See Amdas- 
 
 SAllOR. 
 
 EMBA'SSA DRESS, *. a woman sent on a public mcs. 
 
 " I/MBA SSAGE, or E'MBASSY,^. [It may be observed, 
 that though our authors write indiscriminately embassador, 
 or ambassador, embassage, or ambassage, yet there is scarcely 
 an example of a^nbass)/, all concurring to write embassi/] a 
 mission of a person from one princ<' to another, in order to 
 treat of aft'airs relating to tlieir respective states. Figu 
 rati^ely, any solenm message ; an errand or message, in an 
 ironical sense. 
 
 To EMBA^TLE, v. a. to ran^-c in battle array. 
 
 To EMBA'V, )>. a. [from bay] to inclose in a bay or port. 
 To bathe ; to w ct. 
 
 E'MBDEN, a large, strong, commercial town of Prussian 
 Westphalia, with a good harbour, capital of the county of 
 East Friesland. It is divided into three parts, the Old and 
 New Town, and the two suburbs. Embden is seated near 
 the mouth of the river Embs, 23 miles N. E. of Groningen. 
 Lat. 53. 26. N. Ion. 7. 20. E. 
 
 To EMBELLISH, v. a.lembellir, Fr.] to adorn ; to beau- 
 tifv ; to crace or set out with ornaments. 
 
 EMBELLISHMENT, s. ornament; any thing which 
 gives a grace to the peison or mind. 
 
 EMBER-GOOSE, or IMBER-DIVER, a sea fowl which 
 inhabits in the vicinity of the Orkney Isles, and is seldom, if 
 ever, seen on the land. It has been fabled to hatch its egg 
 under its wing. 
 
 EMBERS, (cmt«s)i. plural; not used in the singidar ; 
 |(rmi/Wn, Sax.] wood or coals half burnt, and not extin- 
 guished ; ashes which retain fire, though not visible on their 
 surface. 
 
 E'MBERWEEK, s. [probably from ymlren. Sax.] the time 
 set apart by the church for public ordinations, at the four 
 seasons of the year, wherein some ember-dz.y falls, viz, the 
 Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday, after the first Sunday in 
 Lent; the feast of Pentecost ; September 14tli, and Decem- 
 ber 13th. 
 
 To EMBE'ZZLE, v. a. [perhaps derived from a corrupt 
 pronuuciation niimbecil, I'r.l toturn to one's own use what 
 belongs to, and is entrusted by another. Figuratively, to 
 waste ; to consume in riot ; to squander. 
 
 EMBEZZLEMENT, s. the act of making use of what 
 belongs to, and is entrusted by, another. Figuratively, the 
 thing dishonestly made use of. 
 
 ToEMBLA'ZE, v.n. [blasonner, Fr.J to adorn with glit 
 tering ornaments. In heraldry, to blazon or paint a coat of 
 armour. 
 
 To EMBLAZON, v. a. [blasomier, Fr.] to adorn with 
 bearings in heraldry. Figuratively, to deck in gaudy co- 
 lours ; to display with pomp and ostentation. 
 
 EMBLA'ZONRY, s. pictures upon shields. 
 
 E'MBLEM, J. [emblema, from cmhello, to insert, Gr.] inlay ; 
 any thing inserted in another; an hieroglyphical device or 
 pi-ctnre, representipg some history or moral instruction. 
 
 EMBLEMATIC, or EMBLEMATICAL, «. containing 
 an emblem, or conveying some truth under an hierogliphical 
 or pictural description. 
 
 EMBLEMATICALLY, «rf. after the form of an emblem, 
 riddle, or hierogliphic ; in a figurative or allegorical manner. 
 
 EMBLEM ATIST, j. a writer or maker of emblems. 
 
 EMBOLISM, J. [embnlisynos, from cmhalh, to insert, Gr.] 
 in chronology, the addition'of a certain number of days to 
 make the lunar year, which is but 364 days, equal to the 
 solar which is 365. 
 
 E'MBOLOS, t. [from emhallo, to insert, Gr.] the moveable 
 part of a pump or syringe, named likewise the piston, aod 
 by the vulear the iucher. 
 
 To EMBOSS, «. a. [from bestt, Fr.] to form into kiiob%
 
 ERIE 
 
 protiiheraticcs, or unevciinesscsof siirfiice. Fijjiiuilively, to 
 adorn with einhroidery, or otliorniUod work. To iiicloso ; 
 to cover. In carviii;,', to iV.ini in relievo, lii liuiiting, to in- 
 close in a thicket, from emixismrc, ll;il. 
 
 EMBO'SSMKNT', s.auy tliii)H:.intfin.:; or standing' ont. In 
 carvinu^, relievo, or tisnres which slantl out bej ond the 
 (ground, and swell to the sijjiit. 
 
 To i:M!K)'TrLIO, 7.. a. to inclose in a bottle ; to bottle. 
 
 To EiMIlO'WEL, (the ohms pr.mounced as i'l now) v. a. 
 to taki' ontihe bowels or entrails of any creature. 
 
 ToEMBRA'CE, v. a. [emhrasser, Fr.] to hold or clasp 
 fondlj in the arms. Fisuralively, to seize on eafjerly ; to 
 make use of, and accept willinf^ly. To admit; to receive, 
 or as-sent to, as truth, applied to the mind. 
 
 EMBRA'CK, s. a fond clasp or hujif. 
 
 EMRRA'CEMENT, i. the act of encircling and fondly 
 pressing a person with one's arms. Figuratively, the state 
 of a' thing contained or encompassed by another; conjugal 
 cai esses and endearments. 
 
 EMBRACER, i. tlie person who clasps another fondly 
 within his arms. 
 
 EMBRA'SUIIE, (f>H/;r«rr(re) s. [Fr.J in foilification, the 
 hole or aperture through which cannon are pointed, either 
 in casemates, batteries, or in the parapets of walls. In ar- 
 chitecture, thcenlargement made of the aperture of a door 
 or window, on the inside of the wall : its use being to give 
 the greater i>lay for the opening of the door or casement, to 
 admit the more light. 
 
 To F/M BKOC ATE, v. a. [emhroche, from hreclio, to moi.^ten, 
 GrJ to rnb anv diseased part with medical liquors. 
 
 EMBROCA TION, s. the act of nibbing any diseased 
 part with medical liquor ; the lotion with which any dis- 
 eased naiU is mbbed. 
 
 To EMRRO'inER, 7^ a. [hroiler, Fr.l to border with or- 
 naments; to adorn silk, velvet, or oilier stuff, with orna- 
 ments wrought with a needle, either in gold, silver, silk, or 
 thread of the same colour. 
 
 EMBRO'IDERER, «. one who works a thing with flow- 
 ers, or other ornaments of raised ncedle-vvork. 
 
 EMBRO'IUERY, *. the enriching with figures wrought 
 with the needle ; figures raised or wrought on a ground with 
 a needle. Figuratively, the different figures which adorn 
 the fields in summer. 
 
 ToEMBRCriL, v. a. [brouiller, Fr.] to disturb; to set 
 persons at variance ; te excite quarrels ; to involve in con- 
 fusion and trouble by civil discord and commotion. 
 
 EMBRYO, or E'PilBRYON, *. [from en, in, and biyo, to 
 spring forth, Gr.] the first rudiments of an animal which is 
 not come to its slate of perfection. In botany, the grain or 
 seed of a plant ; or the germ or first sprout appearing out 
 of the seed. Figuratively, the state of a thing not finished 
 or come to maturity. 
 
 EME'NDABLE, a. [from cmendo, to amend, Lat.] capable 
 of being made better bv change or alteration. 
 
 EMENDATION, ^.'[from emendo, to amend, Lat.] the act 
 of making a thing better by alteration, change, or correc- 
 tion ; an alteration made by the reading of an author by a 
 critic. 
 
 EM ENDA'TOR, s. [from emendo, to amend, Lat.] one who 
 improves or renders a thing better by alteration or correc- 
 tion ; a corrector. 
 
 _ E'MER.^LD, s. [emeraude, Fr.J in natural history, a pre- 
 cious stone, usually of a very bright and naturally polished 
 surface, always of a pure and beautiful green, without ad- 
 mixture of any other colour, and of all the various shades, 
 from the deepest to the palest. 
 
 To EMERGE, v. n. [einergo, from e, out of, and mergo, to 
 plunge, Lat.] to rise out of any thing with which it is cover- 
 ed or depressed ; to issue or proceed ; to rise from a state 
 of obscunitv, distress, or ignorance. 
 
 EMEflGENCE, or EM E'RGENCY,^. the act of rising 
 from any thing which covers ; the act of rising from a state 
 of obscurity and distress ; any pressing necessity; a sudden 
 occasion ; an unexpected incident 
 
 EMO 
 
 EME'IIGENT, /;«)•«. [■<'?«n,g-o, from e, out of, wvimtypo, 
 to plunge, Lat.] rising from that wliicli covers, coiiceaia, 
 obscures, <jr depresses. Proceeding or issuing from, used 
 with friim. Siuiden, or pressiiu;, joined to acra.nnii. 
 
 E'NlKItODS, or E'MKROIDS, .?. le.urupt.d from hemor- 
 rhiiid.t, i'ynmiiimii, blood, and reo, to now, (ir.] the piles. 
 
 EME'R.SION, s. [cniersio, from cnior;/;, lo emerge, Lat.] 
 in physics, the rising of any solid above the siirlace of a 
 fluid, into which it is violently thrust. In astronomy, 
 the reappearance of a star or planet from behind the moon, 
 after having been hid for sonic time. Applied also to the 
 moon or any satellite, when coming out of the shadow of its 
 primary. 
 
 E'MERY, s.[j»m/ns, Lat. esmeril, Fr ] in natural history, a 
 native combination of iron and flint, which is found in lar";e 
 quantities in the island of .leiscy. It is employed by lapichi- 
 ries, and by glass-cutters, to cut glass, and to stopper 
 bottles for cheiiiieal and other purjioses. It is also used 
 for cleaning and polishing steel, and for giving an edge to 
 tools. 
 
 EMETIC, s. [from emco, to vomot, Gr.] a remedy which 
 excites vomitting. 
 
 EMETIC, or EMETICAL, a. having the quality of pro- 
 voking vomits. 
 
 EMICA'TION, «. [from emicn, to glitter, Lat.] sparkling; 
 flying oft'in small particles. 
 
 EMl'CTION, .r. [from emingo, to discharge wine, Lat.] 
 wine. 
 
 E'.MIGRANT, i. [from e, from, and misrro, to remove, Lat.] 
 a person who removes from his own place or country into 
 another. 
 
 To EMIGRATE, v. n. [from e, from, and migro, to re- 
 move, Lat.] to remove from one place to another. 
 
 EMIGRATION, j. the act oi removing from one jlace 
 or country into another. 
 
 EMINENCE, or E'MINENCY,*. ('from eynineo, to stand 
 above, Lat.] loftiness ; height from the ground upwards ; 
 the summit, or highest part of a thing. Figuratively, ex- 
 altation ; preferment ; fame ; or the state of being exposed 
 to public view and notice ; a supreme and superior degree. 
 
 E'MINENT, a. [from cminen, to stand above, Lat.] high, 
 lofty, applied to situation. Figuratively, exalted, preferred, 
 or conspicuous on account of place, rank, or merit. 
 
 E'IMINENTLY, ad. conspicuously ; in such a manner a« 
 to attract notice ; in a high degree. 
 
 E'!MIR,s. a title of dignity or quality, among the Turns, 
 attri!)uted to such as are relations or descendants of their 
 great prophet Mahomet, and to such as sustain' certain 
 otfices. The word is Arabic, and literally signifies a 
 prince. 
 
 EMISSARY, *. [fronif, out of, and »ii'«o, o send, Lat.] 
 one sent out on private messages ; a spy, or secret agent. 
 In anatomy, that which emits or sends out ; the same as 
 exeretnrii. 
 
 EMI'SSION, s. [from e, out of, and miito, to send, Lat.; 
 the act of sending out ; vent ; the act of throwing or draw- 
 ing a thing, particularly a fluid, from within outwards ; the 
 expulsion or ejection of the seed. 
 
 To EMIT, V. a. [from e, otit of, and mitto, to send, Lat.] 
 to drive outwards; to dart; to send forth. Inlaw to issue 
 out according to the form prescribed. 
 
 EMME'NAGOGUES, (enKnagogz) s. [from emmena, the 
 menses, !)ud ago, to lead, Gr.] medicines to promote the 
 menses. 
 
 E'MMET, J. kmt«f. Sax.] See Ant. 
 
 EMO'LLIENT, pnit. ora.Jemollims, from mollis, soft, Lat." 
 softening, or rendering pliable. 
 
 EMO'LLIENTS, s. [emolliens, from mollis, soft, Lat.] ia 
 medicine, siicli remedies as sheathe the acrimony of hu- 
 mo.urs, and at the same time soften and supple the solids. 
 
 EISIO'LUML'NT, i. \emolume>itmn,^ property obtained by 
 labour, from emolo, to grind, Lat.J profit arising from au 
 othce or employ ; gain, or advantage. Synon. Many will 
 idly call that ;wo/i< which has accrued by illicit means. \\t 
 
 30i>
 
 EMP 
 
 £MP 
 
 do not always find the greatest honour in offices where there 
 are the fjreatest emolumtnts. 
 
 EMOTION, s. [emutioii, Fr.] a violent struggle or dis- 
 turbance in the mind ; a stnmi; and veliement sensation, or 
 passion^ excited eithui by a vleasiii"' or a painful object. 
 
 To EMPA'LE, r. n. [etnpahr, Fr.] to fence with pales ; to 
 fortify, inclose, sluil in; to put to death by spitting on a 
 stake fijed irpril;lit. 
 
 EMPX'LLMKNT, s. in botany, the cup or outmost part 
 of a" fl'ower, whitli encompasses the petals, or the foliation 
 of the attire. 
 
 EMPA'NNEL, *. [from panne, Fr. a skin or parchment] 
 tlie writing or entering the names of a jury in a parchment 
 by a sheritf. 
 
 To EMPA'NNEL, v. a. to summon a person to serve on a 
 jurv. 
 
 EMPATiLANCE, s. [from parley, Fr.] in law, motion 
 or desire for a day of respite, to consider of the result of a 
 cause ; the conference of a jury in a cause committed to 
 them. 
 
 EMPA'SM, f. [from empasso, to sprinkle, Gr.] in pharmacy, 
 
 powder spiinkled on a body, to correct some ill smell. 
 
 To EMPA'SSION, v. a. to move with a strong affection 
 or passion ; to excite the passions vehemently. 
 
 To EftfPE'OPLE, I', a. to form into a people or com- 
 munity. 
 
 EMPEROR, s. [e7!ipn-eur, Fr.] a title of honour among 
 the ancient Romans, conferred on a general who had been 
 victorious, and now made to signify a sovereign prince, or 
 supreme ruler of an empire. The title adds nothing to the 
 rights of sviverciguty ; it only gives pre-eminence overall 
 other sovereigns. Charlem;\;,'ne was the first cuneror of 
 Germany, crowned by pope Leo III. in SCO. 
 
 E'MPERY, s. {intpcmim, from impero, to command, Lat.] 
 the command of an emperor; sovereign command; em- 
 pire. 
 
 E'MPHASIS, (e.m/asis) s. |from en, upon, znd phaino, to 
 shine, Gr.J because the emphasis casts light on the sentence] 
 in rhetoric, a fovce, stress, or energy in expression, action, 
 or gesture. In grammar, a remarkable stress of the voice, 
 placed on anv word or syllable. 
 
 EMPHATIC, or EMPHA'TICAL, (emfdtik, or emfdtihal) 
 a. forcible, strong, striking, or of great energy ; striking 
 the sijht. 
 
 EMPHATICALLY, (cmfdtikalh,) ad. strongly, forcibly, 
 full of energy, power, or significancy ; spoken with a great 
 stress of voice. 
 
 EMPHY.SE'MA, s. [from emph/sao, to fill with air, Gr.] 
 is a light puffy humour, easily yielding to the pressure of the 
 finger, arising; again in the instant you take it oif. 
 
 EMPHYSE'M.-iTOUS, {emfys'matus) a. [from cmphjsao, 
 to fill with air, Gr.] bloated ; swelled; pufled up. 
 
 E'MPIRE, «. [Fr.] Ilie territory or extent of land under 
 the jurisdiction or connnand of an emperor; imperial 
 power ; sovereign authority or command ; command over 
 any thing. 
 
 EMPIRIC, s. [empeirns, knowing, able, from peiin, an ex- 
 periment, Gr.] one whose skill in medicine depends purely 
 on practice and experinieiil, williouf auv dethiction of rea- 
 son from the mechanical operation of nicdiciues, or the na- 
 ture, cause, and ell'ects of diseases ; a quack. 
 
 EMPIRIC, or EMPIRICAL, n. [rmpm-rs, idiowing, able, 
 from /)p/)v7, an experiment, Gr.J dealing or veised in experi- 
 ments. Rclougiug to, or resembling a ipiack. 
 
 EMPFRICALLY, ad. after tlie manner of a quack, or one 
 not re"idarlv bred to |)hvsic. 
 
 K>fprRICIS.M, s. quackery. 
 
 I'.MPLA'.STER, s. flhis word is now always pronounced 
 and generally wrilten;<A(i^;) [oH/)/rtiOT, to put in a mass, or 
 to smear over, (.)v.] in surgery, a medicine of a stiff, gluti- 
 nous consistence, eomposed of several ingredients, spread 
 on paper, llneu, or leather, and applied externally, 
 
 To EMPI.A'STIOR, v. a. to cover with a plaster. 
 EAIPL.\'STIC, a. [from cmplusso, to put in a mass, 
 3!0 
 
 or to 
 
 smear over, Gr.] viscous ; glutinous ; fit to be applied as a 
 
 plaster. 
 
 t To EMPLE'AD {empleid)v. a. in law, to indict, accuse, or 
 
 prefer a charge against. 
 
 ToEMPLO'Y, V. a. [employer, Fr.] to set a person about 
 a thing ; to keep at work or exercise ; to use a? an 
 instrument or means, or luaterials ; to commission, or intrast 
 with the managerasnt of an ail'air ; to fill up lime with study 
 or undertaking. 
 
 EMPLO'Y, s. ti'ir» object which engages the mind, or is 
 the subject of actior; a person's trade, business ; a public 
 office. 
 
 EMPLOYABLE, a. capable of being used; fit to be 
 applied or used. 
 
 EMPLO'YER, i. a person who sets one about any under 
 takinr?; ; one who uses, or causes a thing to be used. 
 
 EMPLO'YMENT, s. business ; the object of labour or in 
 dustry ; a person's trade, office, or post; an affair entrusted 
 to the management of another. 
 
 To EMPO'ISON, {empotzon) v. a. [empoisomici; Fr.] to 
 destroy by poison, venom, or anv deadly or mortal drug; 
 to taint with poison. Figurativefy, to deprave the ideas or 
 principles of a person by bad advice or seditious councils. 
 
 EMPORE'TIC, a. [cmpuretikos, from empnrion, a market 
 place, Gr.] that is sold at common markets belonging to 
 goods, commodities, or merchandise. 
 
 EMPORIUM, s'i[empiyi-iun, from emporins, a trader, Gr.") 
 a place of merchandise ; a great city or market town which 
 has communication with the sea, and carries on foreign trade. 
 
 To EMPO'VERISH, v. a. [from pa,me, Fr.l to make 
 poor. Figuratively, to render a soil unfertile or barren. 
 
 EMPO VERISHMENT, s. the act of exhausting money; 
 the cause of poverty. The lessening riches or fertilitv, when 
 applied to ground or vegetables. 
 
 To EMPO'WER, II. a. to give a person authority to trans- 
 act business, or carry on any undertaking. 
 
 E'MPRESS, s. the wife of an emperor ; a female who has 
 the sovereign command over an empire. 
 
 EMPRI'SE, s. [emprise, Fr.] an undertaking which is 
 attended with hazard and danger, and shews boldness. 
 
 E'MPTIER, (imtier) s. one who makes any place or thing 
 void by taking out that which was in it. 
 
 E'MPTINESS, (cmd'jiess) i. without having anything in 
 it, applied to space or vessels. The state of a thing which 
 has nothing in it. Figuratively, want of judgment or un- 
 derstanding ; incapacity to satisfy one's wishes. 
 
 E'MPTION, {hns/imi) s. [emptio, from emo, to buy, Lat.] 
 the act of buying ; a purchase. 
 
 E'MPTY, {imfi/) a. [<f/»tig. Sax.] having nothing in it. 
 Void of body, applied to space, place, or any vessel. Not 
 possessing, furnished with, or using ; devoid. Void of judg- 
 ment or understanding; void of substance, solidity, or real 
 existence. 
 
 To E'MPTY, (imt;/) v. n. to exhaust, diink up, take, or 
 pour out whatever is contained in a vessel or receptacle, 
 
 To EM PURPLE, v. a. to make of a purple colour. 
 
 To EMPU'ZZLE, v. a. to per\)lex and confound' the mind 
 with a difficulty which it cannot solve or explain. 
 
 EMPYF/MA, s. [from en, in, and pi/on, pus, Gr.] in medi- 
 cine, a collection of purulent matter in the cavity of the 
 breast, which is discliarged therein on the bursting of some 
 abscess or ulcer in the lungs, or membranes that inclose the 
 breast. 
 
 l'',M PY'K I'' A L, a. [etnpi/rnf:, from en, in, and pi/r, fire, Gr.] 
 formed of ellier, or pure and celestial tire ; belonging to the 
 hi"Jiest region oi' liea\'en. 
 
 EMPYR F/.\N, s. [riiipi/ros, from en, in, and pi/r, fire, Gr.] 
 tlu^ higlust heaven ; Ihe scene of tlie beatific vision, v/liero- 
 in the pure elpineut of (ire or ether is supposed to exist. 
 
 EMPYltEUM, or EMl'YREUNiA, s. [from c», in. und 
 pip; fire. Gr.] I'li clieiiiislry, used when in boiling or distill- 
 ing anv thing bums ti> Ihe bottom of the vessel or alembic; 
 a smell or liisle of burning. In medicine, the heat rcmaio- 
 ing upon the declension of a fever.
 
 ENC 
 
 ENC 
 
 ' EMPYROSIS, s. [from c«, in, anJ p}/r, fire, Or.] coiiHagra- 
 tioii ; 1,'t'iunil iiro. 
 
 EMU, s. iu ornithology, tlio cassowary, a bird of t'leostrich 
 kiiul. 
 
 To K'MULATE, v. a. [«■>«»/»;•, from amiihis, cniuloiis, Lat.J 
 to rival or propose as an object fur i-mitation ; to imitate 
 ivitli an endeavour to surpass. Figuratively, to copy ; to 
 rcseinhle ; to rise to an ecpialily \\\\\i. 
 
 EMULATION, s. [amulatio, IVoiu trmvhis, omulmis, Lat.] 
 a noble jealousy between |ieisons, \\liereby lliey endeavour 
 to surpass each other in virtue and excellencr. Envy ; con- 
 tention; discord. 
 
 EMULATIVE, a. inclined to contest superiority with 
 anollier, either from a love of excellence, or a principle of 
 envy. 
 
 EiMULA'TOR, i. [Lat.] one who endeavours to surpass 
 another in good (juafities ; one w ho envies another's success 
 or reputation ; a rival. 
 
 EMU'LGENT, u«;Y. or a. [from emuJ^eo, to milk, Lat.] 
 milking out. Used substantively, in anatomy, applied to 
 those arteries which briiit; the blood to the kidneys, and 
 to those veins which caury what is superfluous to the vena 
 cava. 
 
 E'MULOUS, fl. [amuhis, Lat.] rivallinp;; contending 
 with another for superioiity in fame, riches, interest, or 
 virtue. 
 
 E'MULOUSLY, ad. in the manner of a rival or compe- 
 titor ; with a desire of surpassing another. 
 
 EMULSION, «. [from e»!ii/g-ra, to milk, Lat.] a soft liquid 
 medicine, of the colourand consistence of milk. 
 
 EMU'NCTORIES, s. [from amungo, to wipe away, or 
 drain off, Lat.] in medicine and anatomy, a part of the body 
 wherein some liumour, which is useless or noxious, is sepa- 
 rated or collected in readiness for ejection or expulsion. 
 
 EN, an inseparable particle at the beginnins of words 
 derived from the French, who borrowed it of the Latin in ; 
 bence words are indifferently written with either, as they 
 are supposed to be derived from each of those languages. 
 
 To ENABLE, v. a. to make able or give power sufficient 
 for the performance of a tiling. 
 
 To ENA'CT, V. a. to make a law ; to establish by law. 
 
 EN A'CTOR, s. one who forms decrees ; one who founds 
 or establishes laws. 
 
 ENA'LLAGK, s. [from enallatto, to change.Gr.] in rhetoric, 
 a figure wherein the order of words in a sentence is inverted. 
 In grammar, a figure whereby one part of speech, or acci- 
 dent of a word, is put for another ; as when a pronoun 
 possessive is put for a relative, or one word or tense of a verb 
 for another. 
 
 V.NA'MEL, s. a kind of metalline colour, by the Latins 
 called encanstum. This composition is made by calcining 
 100 parts of lead and 300 parts of tin in a furnace, and then 
 fluxing, these oxydes, with 100 parts of sand, and 200 of 
 potash. To this enamel every kind of colour may be given 
 by metallic oxides. Any thing painted with enamel. 
 
 To ENA'MEL, v. a. to paint, or adorn a thing with amel, 
 or enamel. 
 , ENA'MELLER, s. one who paints in enamel. 
 
 ENAMELLING, s. the act of applying enamel of various 
 colours on metals, &c. either after the method of painting, 
 or by the lamp ; called likewise the encaustic art, or en- 
 caustic painting. 
 
 To ENAMOUR, i-. a. [from amour, Fr.] to raise the 
 affections or love of a person; to make a person fond. 
 
 ENARTHRO'SIS, s. [from eii, in, and art/iron, a joint, Gr.] 
 the insertion of one bone into another to form a joint. 
 
 To ENCAGE, v. a. to shut up, or confine in a cage. 
 
 To ENCA'MP, t>. n. to pitch tents, or settle in a place for 
 a time, applied to an army. Actively, to form a regular 
 camp. 
 
 ENCAMPMENT, i. the act of encamping or pitching 
 tents ; a camp, or tents pitched in proper order. 
 
 To ENCA.'VE, V. a. to conceal, or hiae as in a cave. 
 
 ENCA'USTIC, s. the same with enamelling, which see. 
 
 ENCE'INTE, s. [Fr.] an inclosure, or ground enclosed 
 with a fortification. 
 
 To ENCHAIN, V. a. \eiiclinincr, Fr.] to fastiMi with a 
 chain. Figuratively, to confine, or keep in bondag^or con- 
 finement. 
 
 To KNCIIA'NT, V. u. [enchanler, Fr.] to subdue or m- 
 fluiMice by magic or sorcery ; to delight irresi&td>ly. 
 
 ENCHA'NTER, s. one who p.raclises inagic, or oilier 
 spells ; one who delights or pieases irresistibly. 
 
 ENCHA'NTINGLY, ad. in such a niiuiner as to attract 
 love irresistibly. 
 
 ENCHANTMENT, s. magical charms. or spells; that 
 which has an irresistible influence, or can impart an over- 
 powering deligl.it. 
 
 ENCHA'NTllESS, s. [enchantrestc, Fr.] a woman wIhj 
 exercises magic, or spells.' Figuratively, a woman whose 
 beauty cannot be resisted. 
 
 ToENCHA'.SE, v.'a.^[rnchasi!ei-, Fr.] to Set jewels in gold, 
 silver, Ac. Figuratively, to adorn. 
 
 To ENCIRCLE, v. a. to surround, encompass, or enclose 
 in a ring or circle. 
 
 ENCI'RCLET, s. a circle ; a ring. " In whose euciirhts 
 if ye gaze." Sidnci/. 
 
 ENCLITICS, s. [from enldinn, I incline, Gr.] in Greek 
 and Latin grammar, certain particles or syllables joined to 
 words whicli, when unitMl, seem to form but one word, and 
 on that account remove or throw back the accent upon the 
 foregoin" svallable, as »•<? in Latin, rft-rwsi'e. 
 
 To ENCLOSE, (cnkluze) V. a. [from eiiclos, Fr.] to part or 
 surround common ground by a fence ; to surround or en- 
 compass on all sides. 
 
 ENCLO'SER, (en/f/6rer) f. one who encloses or parts off 
 any parcel of common ground by pales or other fences ; any 
 thing in which another is enclosed. 
 
 ENCLOSURE, (enMuzure) s. the act of eneompassiiig 
 common ground with a fence ; the approbation of things 
 which have been common ; the space contained within any 
 fence or limits ;^round enclosed. 
 
 ENCO'MIAST, if. \enkomiastes, from enhomion, praise, CJr.] 
 one who bestows praise on another; one who speaks in praise 
 of another. 
 
 p:NCOMIA'STir., or ENCOMIASTIC AL, a.lenhomias- 
 tikos, from enhomion, praise, Gr.] containing or uestowing 
 praise. 
 
 ENCO'MIUM, s. [enhomion, Gr.] an advantageous repre- 
 sentation of the virtues and excellences of another, praise ; 
 panegyric. 
 
 To ENCO'MPASS, v. a. to enclose ; to surround on all 
 sides : to shut in. 
 
 ENCORE, (pronounced ovghore) ad. [Fr.] again ; over 
 again. A word used at public shows to testify the highest 
 approbation, and to desire the person to repeat the 
 part. 
 
 ENCO'UNTER,i. \encontre, Fr.] in its primary sense, a 
 combat or fight between two persons only. Figuratively, a 
 battle, or attack, wherein enemies rush with violence against 
 each other. 
 
 To ENCOUNTER, r. a. to go to meet ; to meet face to 
 face ; to attack an enemy ; to meet with proofs. To oppose, 
 or engage with. 
 
 ENCO'CJNTERER, s. an enemy, or antagonist in war. 
 Figuratively, an adversary, or opponent, with respect to 
 opinions. 
 
 To ENCO'URAGE, {enkurnje) v. a. [encourager, Fr.J to 
 animate, or reciprocally exhort to a practice ; to animate, 
 or support the spirit and courage of a person to imdertake 
 and accomplish an affair; to countenance. 
 
 ENCOTJKAGEMENT, {enkirajemeHt) t. an incitement 
 to any action or practice. Figuratively, favour, counte- 
 nance ; support. 
 
 ENCO'URAGER, {enhurajer) s. one who incites a per- 
 son to do a thing ; one who favours or gives countenance 
 to a person or an undertak.ng- 
 
 To ENCROACH, {enkrbch) v.n. to invade the right and 
 
 311
 
 END 
 
 ENF 
 
 propertj' of another ; to advance gradually by stealth to that 
 ■which a person has no rish: to. 
 
 ENCRO'ACHER, (enhrm-her) s. one who gradually seizes 
 upon the possessions of another. 
 
 KNCRO'ACHMENT, {enhbchnent) s. in law, an unlaw- 
 ful, trespass upon a man's grounds, or the act of enclosing 
 the ground of another to one's own i;se; extortion, or the 
 insisting upon pa\ nient of more tlian is due. 
 
 To ENCU'MBER, i>. a. [ciieomhver, Fr.J to load ; to hinder 
 or clog by any weight from action, or from the free use of 
 one's limbs. Figuratively, to embarrass and distract the 
 mind by variety of difficulties ; to load with or bring to 
 great difficulties bv debts. 
 
 ENCU'IMBRANCE,s.anv thing which is troublesome by 
 its weight; an useless addition and burthen; a burthen 
 upon an estate ; that whicli abates from the profits of an 
 estate, generally applied to tiebts and mortgages. 
 
 ENCY'CLICAL, a. [from en, in, and kyhlos, a circle, Gr.] 
 circular ; sent roinid through a large region. 
 
 ENCYCLOPEDIA, or ENCYCLOPE'DY, s. [e», in, 
 h/lilos, a circle, and paideia, education, Gr.] the circle of the 
 sciences ; applied by the Greeks to the seven liberal arts, 
 and all the sciences. 
 
 ENCY'STED, a. [from ki/stis, a bag, Gr.] enclosed in a 
 bag. Encysted tumours, in anatomy, borrow tlieir name 
 from a bag in which they are confined. 
 
 END, s.[end. Sax.] the extremity of any thing which is 
 extended in length ; the last period or moment of time. 
 The conclusion, or last part, applied to action or writinij. 
 A final determination ; conclusion of a debate. Deatn. 
 Abolition ; total loss; consequence. The cause of a per- 
 son's death. A piece or fragmeiit. Design ; purpose ; 
 intention ; or the object of a person's designs and actions. 
 ylKewrfisused instead oionend, and signifies upright, pec- 
 pendicular, or erect. 
 
 To END, ti. a. to perfect or finish an undertaking ; to de- 
 stroy, or put to death. Nenterly, to come to a conclusion ; 
 to cease ; to conclude ; to terminate. 
 
 To ENDA'MAGE, v. a. to prejudice ; to lessen the value 
 of a thing; to art'ect with loss; to spoil, mischief, or do 
 hazard. 
 
 ToENDA'NGER, v. a. to expose to danger, risk, or 
 hazard. 
 , To ENDE'AR, (mdeir) v. a. io make dear or beloved. 
 
 ENDE'ARMENT, {endc'cnneut) s. any thing which causes 
 love ; the state of a person or thing which is beloved. 
 
 ENDE'AVOUR, {endivur) s. an attempt, trial, or exertion 
 of power to perform any thing. 
 
 "To ENDE'AVOUR, {nidivur) V. a. to exert power, in 
 order to gain some end ; to make an attempt; to try. 
 
 ENDE'AVOURER, (t'Hf/ii'«»er) J. one who exerts power 
 to attain some end. 
 
 ENDE'CAGON, s. [from endeha, eleven and gonia, a cor- 
 ner, Gr.] a figure having eleven sides. 
 
 ENDE'MIAL, ENDEMIC, ENDEMICAL, a. [from «» 
 in and demos, a people Gr.] peculiar to a countiy. 
 
 To ENDITE, V. a. to draw up, compose, or relate, ap- 
 plied to history. 
 
 E'NDIVR, s. [endive, I'r.l in botany, a species of succory. 
 
 E'NDLESS, a. [eudelcus. Sax.] without coming to a con- 
 clusion. Without bounds, applied to extent, or space. 
 Without ceasing, applied to action. Continual, or eternal, 
 appUwHo time. 
 
 E'XDLESSLY.nrf. without ceasing; without limit. 
 
 ENDLESSNESS,*, want of bounds or limits, applied 
 to time or space. 
 
 EN DLONf j, a. with the end or point foremost; in a 
 straight line. 
 
 E'NDMOST, a. farthest off; at the farthest end. 
 
 To ENDORSE, r. a. \eudosser, Fr.] in commerce, to 
 write one's name on the back of a bill of exchange, or pro- 
 missory note, in order to pay it away, tt) negociate it, or to 
 discharge the person \v1k> \iaj3 it from any future claim on 
 account of it. 
 
 312 
 
 ENDORSEMENT, *. in commerce, tlie act of writing 
 one's n.ime on the back of a hill of excliaiigp, to signify tijat 
 the cont^-nts are received, or to direct it to be paid to "a per- 
 son mentioned. 
 
 To ENDO'W, (the ow is pronounced as in cow) v. a. [en- 
 doiiniiei; Fr.] to give a portion to a person ; to assign, or 
 alienate any estate or sum of money to the support or niaii>- 
 tenanceof anv charity, or any alms-house. 
 
 ENDOWMENT, s. wealtii bestowed on a person, or de- 
 voted to any particular use; the setting aj>art or securing a 
 sum of money for the perpetual supiwrt ot a vicar, or alms- 
 bouse ; the gifts of nature. 
 
 To EN DL; E, r. a. [from eiuhm, to put into, Gr.] to supply 
 or furnish with internal gifts, virtues, or excellencies. To 
 give as a portion or dowry. 
 
 ENDU'RANCE, .«. continuance; lastingness ; the act of 
 supporting or bearing troubles without complaint or de- 
 jection. 
 
 To ENDU'RE, v. n. [duro, Lat.] to sutler, undergo, bear, 
 or support. Nenterly, to last, remain, or continue ; to bear 
 patiently, or without resentment. 
 
 ENDU'RER, s. one that hath strength to support any fa- 
 tigue or hardship ; one who is unaffected with any hard- 
 ship. 
 
 E'NDWISE, ad. on end ; upright, or perpendicular. 
 
 To E'NEC.'VTE, v. a. [from eneco, to aluiost kill, Lat.] to 
 kill ; to destroy. 
 
 ENEMY, s. Ien7ienii, Fr.]one who is of an opposite side in 
 war ; one who opposes the interests or welfare of another ; 
 one who has a strong dislike to a person or thing. In divi- 
 nitv, thp foe of mankind ; the devil. 
 
 Energetic, «. [eucrgelihcs, from cuergeo, to act, Gr.] 
 
 acting so as to perform or produce. Active, operative, or 
 working. 
 
 ENERGY, s. [energeia, from eneigeo, to act, Gr.] power 
 in the abstract, or considered without being exerted or 
 brought into action; vigour, force, or efficacy. Strength, 
 or force of expression, applied to language; spirit, life. 
 
 To ENERVATE,!), a. \enei-vo, from nertus, a nerve, Lat.] 
 to weaken, to deprive of strength ; to render effeminate. 
 
 ENERVATION, s. the act of weakening, or rendering 
 effeminate. 
 
 To ENE'RVE, v. a. \encrvo, from venms, a nerve, Lat.] to 
 weaken ; to lessen force or strength ; to render effeminate. 
 
 To ENFEE'BLE, i>. a. to weaken or deprive of strength. 
 
 To ENFE'OFF, v. a. [ixom fcoffamcutum, low Lat.J In law, 
 to invest with any title or possession. 
 
 ENFEOFFMENT, s. in law, the act whereby a person is 
 invested with any dignity or possession ; the instrument or 
 deed by which one is invested with possessions. 
 
 E'NFIELD, (called, in old records. En FEN, or Infen, 
 from some part of its parish iK'ing fenny, till drained) a town 
 of Middlesex, formerly noted fur the tanning of bides, 10 
 miles N. of London. Its once royal cliace w<:s disforested 
 by an act of parliament in 177!). Market on Saturday. 
 
 ENFILA'DE, «. [Fr.]a series or collection of things dis- 
 posed as it were in a straight line. In war, applied to those 
 trenches, <tc. which are ranged in a right line, and may be 
 swept or scoured by the cannon lengthwise, or in the direc- 
 tion of a line, and rendered defenceless. 
 
 To ENFILADE, v. a. to pierce or sweep in a right 
 line. 
 
 To ENFORCE, r. a. [rnforcir, Fr.j to give strength to ; 
 to strengthen; to sling with strength, violence, or force. 
 To animate; to incite to action; to urge an argument 
 strongly; to compel to do a thing against one's will; t(> 
 press with a charge or accusation. Neuterly, to prove ; to 
 evince. 
 
 EN FORCEDLY, ad. by violence or compulsion, opposed 
 
 to voluntarihi. 
 
 ENFORCEMENT, #. an ;<ct of violence; force offered; 
 compulsion. A sanction, or that which gives force, applied 
 to laws; a pressing occasion or exigence.
 
 EN G 
 
 ENO 
 
 ENFO'RCER, *. one who causes any thing by force, 
 s(reii){tii, or violt-nce. 
 
 ENFCyULDRRD, a. [fromfoudre, Fr.| mixed with light- 
 ning. " With foui CTi/n«/rf'edsini>ke." Sp'nser. 
 
 To RNFRA'NCmSK, w. a. to imorponiic a person intoa 
 body politic; to admit to the privilc^jes nf a freemiin ; to 
 free from slavery ; to free or release from custody ; to natu- 
 ralize or adopt a foreign word. 
 
 : ENFRA'NCHISKMENT, «. the act of incorporating a 
 person into any society or body politic ; a release from im- 
 prisonment or slavery. 
 
 ToENGA'GE, v. a. [ct^- nrr, Fr.] to give as a security 
 for, or be hable to make good, a debt ; to stake, or hazard. 
 To bind a person by any obligation to espouse the cause of 
 a party ; to bring into a party ; to embark or take part in an 
 affair ; to employ one's self in an attempt ; to unite by some 
 attraction or amiable quality. Neuterly, to encounter ; to 
 light. Synon. To oblige, implies rather something of'force ; 
 to engage, rather something agreeable. Duty and necessity 
 Mige us ; promises and good manners engage us. 
 
 ENG.^'GEMF,NT, t. the act of giving security, or mak- 
 ing a person liable to discharge a debt ; an obligation by 
 promise, appointment, or contract ; affection or adherence 
 to any party ; employment of the attention ; fight, conflict, 
 or battle ; a strong motive, argument, inducement, or obli- 
 gation. 
 
 To ENGA'OL, e. a. to imprison ; to confine. "You have 
 eneaol'd niv tongue." Shaks. 
 
 To ENGA'RRISON, v. a. to protect or defend as by a 
 garrison. 
 
 To ENGE'NDER, v. a. [engendrer, Fr.] to beget between 
 different sexes. Figuratively, to form or produce; to ex 
 cite ; to cause ; to bring forth. Neuterly, to be caused or 
 produced. 
 
 E'NGINE, s.[engin, Fr.]a compound instrument con- 
 sistingof a complication of mechanic powers, such as wheels, 
 screws, levers, &c. unite<l, and conspiring togetherto effect 
 the same end; a military machine ; an instrument for cast- 
 ing woter to great heights, in order to extinguish fires. 
 
 ENCjINE'ER, e. [cngeniein; Fr.Jone who makes or works 
 at engines ; an otficer in the army, whose employ is to in- 
 spect the works, attacks, defences, <ltc. to point and dis- 
 charge the great artillery. 
 
 E'NGINERY, t. the art of managing artillery ; artillery, 
 or ordnance. 
 
 To ENGFRD, v. a. [preter. and part, passive, engirt] to 
 surrmind, or encompass. 
 
 ElNlQEAND, [pronounced Inghnd ; so called from the 
 Angles, who settled in these parts in the year 449, and were 
 situated on the continent between the Saxons and Jutes] 
 the southern, and most considerable part of the island of 
 Great Britain, is bounded on the N. by Scotland ; on the E. 
 and N. E. by the German Ocean ; on the S. by the English 
 Channel ; and on the W. bv the principality of Wales, and 
 the Irish Channel. It lies between 2 degrees E. and 6 W. 
 longitude, and between 49 and 56 N. latitude. It is of a 
 triangular form. From the Land's End in Cornwall to Ber- 
 wick upon Tweed, it is about 42o miles ; from Berwick to 
 the S. Foreland in Kent, its length is about 345 miles ; and 
 thence to the Land's End, its greatest breadth, is 350. The 
 country exhibits a variety of prospects, varying from the ex- 
 tensive plain, and gently-rising uplands, with the interven- 
 ing vales, and gently flowing rivers, to the lofty mountains, 
 craggy hills, deep dells, and tumbling torrents. Though in 
 some parts there are large barren moors, and wide unculti< 
 vated heaths, on the whole, few countries have a larger pro- 
 portion of land capable of culture, and there is none where 
 agriculture is better attended to, or, indeed, where it is more 
 necessary for the subsistence of the inhabitants. All the va- 
 luable productions, both animal and vegetable, of this coun- 
 try, have been imported at different periods from the conti- 
 nent ; and have been kept up and. improved by constant at- 
 tention. Overrun with woods, like the wilds of America, 
 uuts, acorus, crabs, and a few wild berries, formed the only 
 
 vegetaole food which this country formerly ahorded. The 
 bear, the wolf, and the wild boar, now totally extirpated, 
 roamed at large in the forests, large herds of stags ranged 
 through the woods, roebucks bounded over the hills, and 
 wild bulls ranged in the marshy pastures. By degrees, the 
 woods were destroyed, in order to make way tor cultivation, 
 tile marshes were drained, and the wild aiiiinals, invaded in 
 their retreats, gradually disappeared, and tht.ir places were 
 supplied by the domestic kinrls. Ei)glaiid now possesses 
 no other wild quadrupeds than some of the smaller kinds, 
 such as the fox, the wild cat, the badger, the martin, and 
 others of the weasel kind ; the otter, the hedge hog, the hare, 
 and rabbit; the squirrel, dormouse, mole, ami several spe- 
 cies of the rat and mouse. There are dogs <;f every kind, 
 except wolf dogs, which, since the wolves were destroyed in 
 England, have been generally neglected ; however, the race 
 of these animals is still maintained in Ireland. Hut there is 
 one sort that is not to be equalled in any part ol the world, 
 which is the bull-dog; for these will not only attack the 
 fiercest bull, but any kind of wild beast; nor can any tliiiu', 
 when they have once fastened upon llie animal, oblige llicni 
 to let go their hold. But what is more strange, when any of 
 them are transported beyond sea, they lose their loinage ; 
 and the same is said of English cocks. 'It must however be 
 confessed, that the use w hich is made of the courage of tin se 
 creatures, (especially the latter,; by men too from whose 
 rank and talents better things might be expected, deservedly 
 fix a stigma on the national character. On the other hand, 
 the various kinds of domestic animals, imported from abroad 
 have been reared to the greatest perfection ; and the im- 
 provements in the vegetable products of this island have 
 been no less considerable. It must be acl<iio«ledg-ed there 
 are no vines that are so fit to produce good wine as in warm- 
 er countries; but then there are variety enough which yield 
 good grapes, that are made use of as other fruits. Hov. ever, 
 there are great quantities of cyder, perry, mead, and several 
 kinds of made wines; but the principal drink of ihe gene- 
 rality is beer, or ale. The rigours of winter, as well as the 
 parching heats of summer, are felt here in a much less de- 
 gree than in parallel climates (Ui the continent, as the bree- 
 zes from the sea t(niper the severities of the opposite seasons; 
 but the changes of weather are generally more frequent and 
 sudden, while few countries are clothed with so beautiful 
 and lasting a verdure. Its situation, however, so far north, 
 is less favourable to the ripening than to the growt'.i of ve 
 getable productions. The winters indeed are sometimes 
 rainy and foggy, and the weather is subjt ct to great varia 
 tions, which, however, does not much impair the health of 
 the inhabitants who are accustomed thereto ; for they gene- 
 rally live as long as in any other countries, and we have fre- 
 quent instances of people who have lived to a very great 
 age : particularly Henry Jenkins, a Yorkshireman, wlio was 
 168 years old when he died ; and Thomas Parr, of Shrop- 
 shire, who was 162, and might have lived longer, if he had 
 not been sent for up to court as a curiosity. The harvests, 
 especially in the northern parts, often suffer from tiic rains, 
 and the fruits fall short of perfect maturity. The richest 
 parts of the land are, in general, the middle and southern ; 
 extensive tracts in the northern parts are rather sterile, and 
 on the eastern coast, in many parts, the ground is sandy and 
 marshy. In the north the country is mountainous, and Corn- 
 wall and the adjacent countries conrain manv rough hilly 
 tracts ; but in these parts, a variety of rich and valuable mi- 
 nerals and metals are found. Considered as a com countty, 
 the east coast, from its superior dryness, isfavourable to the 
 growth of grain ; and the west coast, from the wetness of 
 the climate, is better calculated for pasterage. The most 
 considerable, rivers are the Thames, Severn, IMcdway, 
 Trent, Ouse, Tyiie, Tees, Wear, Mersey, Dee, ,Avo-i, Eden, 
 Derwent, Ao. "'I'lie lakes are chiefly in the N. W. counties ; 
 and those of Westmoreland and Cumberland, in particular, 
 exhibit varieties of romantic, picturesque, and grand scene- 
 ry. The river-fish, from the populousncss of the country, 
 and the number of fishers, are, in manv parts, much dimi- 
 S s '313
 
 ENG 
 
 ENM 
 
 nWitd ; but the sea is an inexhaustible source of wealth, and 
 tlie coasts are enlivened by numerous inhabitants, who gain 
 tlveirchiet' subsistence troni the deep. The manufactures 
 and commerce of this country are prodigious, and absorb 
 almost the whole attention of many classes of the people. 
 Tiie government is a mixture of monarchy, aristocracy, and 
 democracy; the legislative power residing in the king, the 
 liouse of lords, and the house of commons, but the execu- 
 tive power is vested solely in the king, who appoints the 
 great officers of state,' tb* iudges, and many even of the in- 
 ferior gradations of magistracy. The national church es- 
 tablishment is episcopal ; the 39 articles are interpreted by 
 the clergy, in general, according to the principles of Armuii- 
 U3, although the 17th article strongly savours of the Calvinis- 
 tic creed. The dissenters are numerous, and of different 
 descriptions, but nioj* of the rigorous penal laws, which 
 were long in force against them, have been repealed. 
 
 E'NGLANI), new, a country of North America,bound- 
 ed on the VV. by New York ; on the N. by Canada ; on the 
 E. by Nova Scotia and the Atlantic Ocean ; and on the S. 
 by the same ocean and Long Island Sound. It is in many 
 parts hilly ; but the country ^s, notwithstanding, fertile, 
 well cultivated, and populous. It was first settled by the 
 Puritans, who were driven from England, at different times, 
 by persecution. The principal productions are wheat, In- 
 dian corn, rye, oats, flax, hemp, and garden vegetables. 
 The exports are fish, timber, horses, mules, pot-ash, pearl- 
 ash, salted beef, Ax. The colleges -here are in a flourishing 
 state. It contains five states, namely. New Hampshire, 
 Massachusets, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Vermont. 
 The Connecticut, Merrimack, Penobscot, and Piscataway, 
 are the principal rivers. 
 
 E'NGLISH, (prou. /«§•/«/() ff. [Englisc, Sax.] belonging to 
 -England. Substantively, the language spoken by the peo- 
 ple of England ; the natives of England. 
 
 To ENGLISH, v.a. to translate into English. 
 
 To ENGLUT, v. a. [ev^hutir, Fr.] to swallow up. To 
 giiit ; to pamper. 
 
 To ENGO RGE, v. a. [from »-org-<f, Fr.J to swallow ; to de- 
 vour. 
 
 To ENGRA FT, v. a. [fvam airaffiei; Fr.] in gardening, to 
 take ii shoot from one tree, :uk1 insert it into another, in such 
 ill manner as both -shall uiiile, and grow together. 
 
 I.N'GKA'I'TING, s. m gardening, the act of taking a 
 shoot from one tree, and inserting it into the stock of ano- 
 ther, in such a eiauuer as both shall unite, grow together, 
 and bear fruit. 
 
 To ENGRAIL, v. a. [from »Tf/e, Fr.] in heraldry, to re- 
 present a thing with its edges ragged or notclied circularly, 
 as if something had fallen on and broken it ; it differs from 
 indenial, because the edges are in that in a straight line, but 
 in this semicircular. 
 
 To ENGllA'lN, e. a. to dyedeep ; to dye in the grain. 
 
 To E.\GRA'SP, V. a. to seize ; to hold fast iu the hand ; 
 to gripe. 
 
 To ENGRATE, v. a. [engraver, Fr.] to cut copper, 
 iron, or other metals, or stojie, so as to represent figures 
 iliereon. Figurativelv, to make a deep impression on the 
 mind. 
 
 ENGR.VA'EU, J. one whocutii figures on metals, marble, 
 kir stmies. 
 
 ENCiHA'^TNG, f. the act or art of cutting metals and 
 preciousstoiies with a tool called the graver, iu order to re- 
 present figures or otheroniaments thereon. 
 
 To ENGROSS, V. a. \s;ro.uir, Fr.| to thi(k<'n or increase 
 in bulk; to seizeupon tlie whole of any thing ; to pn ase 
 oi buy up any commodity, in order to sell it again at an ad- 
 vanced price, in law, to copy writings, in a large hand on 
 parclrmenl. 
 
 ENGRO'SSER, «. be^vho purchases large quantities of 
 aiiv commodity, in order to sell it at a high price ; one who 
 seizes or apiiropriates the whole of any thing ■< himself. 
 
 ENGRtVsSMENT,*. an exorbitant acipiisition; the act 
 of encroaciiing «ir seizing upon the whole of any tiling. 
 314 
 
 To ENHATSICE, v. a. \e»hausser, Fr.] to raise the value 
 or price of a thing; to heighten ihe esteem or degree of 
 anv quality. 
 
 ENHA'NCEMENT, I. increase of esteem, of value, or Of 
 degree. 
 
 ENT'GMA,*. {aini^ma, from ainistomai, to hint any thing 
 darkly, Gr.] a proposition delivered in obscure, remote, and 
 ambiguous terms, in order to exercise the wit. 
 
 ENIGMATICAL, a. of the nature of an enigma; ob- 
 scurely, darkly, or ambiguously expressed ; obscurely or 
 imperfectly received or apprehended. 
 
 ENIGAIATICALLY, ad. in a sense different from that 
 which the words in their peculiar acceptation imply. 
 
 ENI'GM ATIST, s. a maker of riddles. 
 
 To ENJO'IN, V. a. [evjoindre, Fr.] to order. It implies 
 something more authoritative than direct, somewhat less than 
 cemmand, and includes the idea of superiority in the person 
 requiring any thing to be done. 
 
 ENJO'IN ER, s. a person who gives directions, including 
 the idea of superior rank or authority. 
 
 ENJO'IN MENT.i. the order of a person of superior rank 
 and SHfh-^rity. 
 
 To EN JO if, V. a. [enjouir, Fr.] to feel a flow of joy in 
 the fruition of a thing ; to obtain possession of it ; to glad- 
 den, to delight, used with the reciprocal pronoun himself, 
 Ac. Neuterly, to be in fruition or possession ; to live 
 happilv. 
 
 ENJO'YER, i. one who has a thing in his possession ; one 
 who mak*=s use of or receives satisfaction from the conscious- 
 ness of using or possessing a thing. 
 
 ENJO VMENT. *. pleasure arising from possession or 
 fru'tion ; possession, use, or fiuition. 
 
 To ENKINDLE, i>. a. to set oufire; to inflame; to rouse 
 or inflanx' theiiassions. 
 
 To r.NLA'RGE, f. fl. [«i?«r°-iV, Fr.] to make greater in 
 quantity, dimensions, quality, or appearance. Figuratively, 
 to make a thing appear greater-than it is by representation 
 or discourse ; to magnify ; to extend the capacity of the 
 mind ; to be very minute in a description, or copious in 
 speaking on a subject; to free from confinement or con- 
 straint. Neuterly, to expatiate or speak much on any sub- 
 ject. SvNON. The word enlarge is properly used to signify 
 an addition of extent. Increase h critically applicable only 
 to number, height, and quantity. We enlarge a town, a 
 field, a garden. We (noertse the inhabitants ofa town, our 
 exi)enses, our revenues. 
 
 ENLA'RGEMENT, i. increase of dimension, quality, or 
 ,i,,uiee; release from couhueiiieiil ; a represriitation of a 
 thing beyond what it really is ; a minute, long, and copiuuii 
 discourse on a subject. 
 
 ENLA'RGER, s. one who increases any thing; one who 
 niagnihes a thing in discourse. 
 
 To EN LIGHT, {enlu) v. a. to communicate light or 
 knowlcd^je. 
 
 To EN LI'GHTEN, (f «/;<<:») v. a. to supply witli light. 
 Figuratively, to supply with knowledge not beloie arquired, 
 and siirticient to clear up some difficulty, which was previ- 
 ously inexplicable ; to cheer, or gladden ; to supply with a 
 greater perfection of sight. 
 
 ENLI (illTENER, (enlitener) s. one that gives light. 
 Fii'iiratively, an instinctor. 
 
 ToENLi'NK, r. a. to join or connect, in like manner as 
 the links of a chain are fastened to eac!i other. 
 
 To ENLI'VEN,?'. a. to make alive. Figuratively, to iiv 
 spire with new vigour; to animate; to make sprightly oi 
 gav ; to give a thing a gay and cheerful appearance. 
 
 ENLI'VENER, s. that which gives motion, or communr 
 cates action, spirit, or vigour, to a person or thing. 
 
 To ENME'SH, r. n. to net ; toentangle; to entrap. 
 E'NMITY, *. [from emmi/, as if enemiti/] a disposition of 
 mind which excites a person to contradict and oppose the 
 interests, inclinations, or sentiments of another ; a state of 
 irrecoiicileabie opposition; malice.
 
 ENR 
 
 ENT 
 
 ENNE'AGON, n. ffrom ennea, nine, and gonia, an angle, 
 Gr.1 ;i Hjfurt'. having nine angles. 
 
 ENNKA'TICAL, n. ffioiu eimca, nine, Gr.] in medicine, 
 enneaticttl Hays, are every ninth day (of a sickness; and enne- 
 atical yrnrs, every niiit/i year of a person's life. 
 
 E'NNIS, aiarije, populous town, in Ireland, capital of llie 
 country ofClarr, orTlioniond. A villaf»e, called Clare, is 
 distant about two miles from F.:inis, which is also sometimes 
 called dare. It is sitirated on the Ferfjiis, which is naviga- 
 ble for larjfe boats to the Shatnion, and addsfjreatly to the 
 trade of the town, 17 miles N. W. of Limerick, and 112 S. 
 W. ofnublin. 
 
 To ENNOBLE, v. a. \rnnohlir, Fr.] to raise a person to a 
 higher rank, or from beiii^ a commoner to be a peer. Fi- 
 guratively, to communicate worth ; todignify; to raise, ex- 
 alt, or elevate. 
 
 ENNOIlLKiMENT, s. tlieact of raising to the degree ot 
 a peer or nobleman ; a quality which dignifies and exalts 
 our nature; elevation, e\aitiili<iii, dignity. 
 
 ENODATION, s. [enodntw, from nodus, a knot, Lat.] the 
 act of untying a knot ; solution of a difficulty. 
 
 ENO'llMITY, i. departuic from any rule or standard ; an 
 irregularity; a corruption. In the plural, used for great 
 crimes ; or such as shew a great degree of villany and guilt. 
 
 ENORMOUS, a. [^enormis, from e, out of, and norma, a 
 form or rule, Lat.] irregular; not confined to any stated 
 rule ; without restraint. " Wild, above rule or art, enormous 
 bliss." Par. Lost. Exceediufjly wicked ; exceeding the 
 common bulk, applied to size, including the ideas of dislike, 
 horror, or wonder. 
 
 ENO'R.MOUSLY, ad. prodigiously, bevond measure. 
 
 ENOTlMOUSNF,.SS, s. excess of guilt" or wickedness. 
 
 ENO'UGH, {envff) a. [^enoh. Sax.] sufficient ; that will 
 answer any purpose, wish, or design. It should be observed, 
 that though other adjectives are placed in F,nglish before 
 their substantives, \et this always follows it. SynoN. The 
 object of the words snfficimt and enough is quantity ; but 
 with this difference, that enoitgh relates more to the quantity 
 one desires to have, and sujficienfto that quantity one really 
 wants to employ. Thus the avaricious man never has enough ; 
 let him accumulate ever so much, he still desires more ; 
 and the prodigal never has sufficient, he is still wanting to 
 expend more than he has. 
 
 ENO'UGH, {enuff) s. that which is sufficient to answer a 
 person's expectations or wishes ; a quantity answerable to 
 any design, or proportionable to a person's qualities and 
 abilities. 
 
 ENO'UGH, ieniiff) ad. in such a manner as to give con- 
 tent or satisfaction. When used for an adjective, it denotes 
 a diminution, or that a thing is not perfectly so, and is used 
 to express great indifl'erence or slight. "The song was 
 tcell enough ," i. e. not so well as it ought to be, or as it might 
 be expected. When repeated, it is used as an interjection, 
 implying that there is already more than a sufficiency, and 
 that a person is desired to desist. "Henceforth I'll bear 
 affliction, till it do cry itself— raoi/g-Zi, enough .'" 
 
 ENO'W, {eit'nv) a. [the pluval of enough, according to 
 Johnson] a sufficient number. In this number it is used be- 
 fore its substanti\ c ; but in the singular after it. 
 
 EN PA'SSANr, (^oinr-passong} ad. [Fr.] by the way. 
 
 To ENKA'GE, v. a. [enrager, Fr.J to put a person in a 
 violent passion of anger. 
 
 To RNP.A'NGE, r. a. to place regularly ; to put in order. 
 
 To ENRA'NK, v. a. to place in order. " 
 
 To ENRAP'T, r. a. to transport to a great degree of ec- 
 stasy or enthusiasm. 
 
 To ENRA PTURE.tj. «r. to tiansport and affect with tht 
 highest degree of delight and pleasure. 
 
 FoENRA'VISH, v. a. to 'hrow into an ecstacy; or to 
 affect with the most exalted degree of joy- 
 
 ENR A'VISHM ENT, ^. ecstacy of delight. 
 
 To ENRHE'UM, v. n. \eitrhumer, Ft.] to hare. rheum 
 tbroufrh cold. 
 
 To ENRI'CH, V. a. \tnricher, Fr.] to give riches or money 
 
 to a person. Figuratively, to make fat or render fruitful, 
 applied to ground. To adorn or improve the mind with new 
 ideas of knowledge. 
 
 ENRI'CHMENT, : an augmentation or increase of 
 wealth. Amplification or improvement, applied to soil^ 
 !iHoks, or to understanding. 
 
 io ENRl'DGE, I', a. to form with long eminences or 
 ridges. 
 
 'To ENRI'NG, V. a. to bind round ; to surround as with a 
 ring. 
 
 'Fo ENRI'PEN, i>. a. to make ripe. 
 
 To ENROBE, v. a. to dress ; to clothe. 
 
 ToENROI', V. a. [enroUer, Fr.] to enter in a list, or 
 roll ; to recoid or commit to writing. To iuvolve ; to 
 inwrap. 
 
 ENRO'LLER, *. a person who writes another's name iu a 
 list. 
 
 ENRO'LMENT, s. a writing in which any thing is re- 
 corded ; the act of registering. 
 
 To ENROOT, V. a. to fix by the root. Figuratively, to 
 fasten ot implant deeply. 
 
 EN.S, {enz) s. [Lat. J in metaphysics, any thing which the 
 mind apiireliends, and of which it affirms, denies, proves.or 
 disproves; something that is, and exists, some way farther 
 than barely in conception ; that to which there are real at- 
 tributes belonging ; or that which lias a reality, not only 
 out of the intellect, but likewise in itself. In chemistry, the 
 most efficacious part of any natural mixed body, containiiur 
 or comprehending all its qualities or virtues iii a smaH 
 compass. 
 
 ENSA'MPLE,f.[c7iifni;)io,Ital.] example; pattern ; copy ; 
 subject of imitation.. 
 
 To ENSANGUINE, v. a. [from saneuis, blood, Lat.J to 
 smear with gore ; to suffuse with blood. 
 
 To ENSCHE'DULE, v. a. to insert in a writing or sche- 
 dule. 
 
 To ENSrO'NCE, V. a. to cover as with a fort; to secure. 
 
 To ENSE'AM, II. a. to sew up ; to enclose by a seam or 
 juncture of needlework. 
 
 To ENSHRl'NE, v. a. to preserve in a sacred or hallowed 
 
 L'NSIFORM, a. [from ensis, a sword, and forma, form, 
 Lat.lhaving the shape of a sword. 
 
 E'NSIGN, iinsln) s. \enseigne, Fr.] the flag or standard ot 
 a regiment ; a signal to assemble ; a mark or badge of dis- 
 tinction and authority. The officer among the foot who 
 carries the flag or ensign. 
 
 To ENSLA'VE, v. a. to deprive of liberty. Figuratively, 
 to betray to another as a slave. 
 
 ENSLAVEMENT, j. the state of a slave. Figuratively, 
 a state of mean and sordid obedience to the violence of any 
 passion. 
 
 ENSLA'VER, s. one who deprives of liberty. 
 
 To ENSU'E, V. a. ^ensuivre, Fr.] to follow ; to pursue ; to 
 practise for a continuance. 
 
 . ENTA'BLATURE, or ENTA'BLEJIENT, s. [Fr.] in 
 architecture, that part of an order of a column which is aver 
 the capital, and comprehends the aicliitrave, frieze, and 
 cornice. 
 
 ENTA'IL, s. [from entaiUi, Fr.] in law, a fee estate en- 
 tailed, i. e. abridged and limited to certain conditions, at 
 the will of the donor. 
 
 To ENTA'IL, V. a. [eiUailler, Fr.] in law, to settle the 
 descent of an estate, so that it cannot be bequeathed a: 
 pleasure by the person who succeeds to it. 
 
 To ENTA'ME, v. a. to tame ; to conquer, or subdue. 
 
 To ENTA'NGLE, v. a. to ensnare, or involve in some- 
 thing which is not easily got clear from, as briars ; and not 
 easily extricated from, as a net; to twist or knot in such a 
 perplexed manner, as cannot be easily unravelled. Figura- 
 tively, to perplex or confuse with difficulties; to ensnare by 
 captious questions ; to distract with a variety of afiairs,w liich 
 a person cannot easily free himself from. 
 
 ENTA'NGLEMENT, i. that which involves a tiling m 
 
 316
 
 ENT 
 
 £NV 
 
 intricacies, or with such things as are not easiiy got rid of; 
 the confused state of thread, which requires great patience 
 to unravel and undo : an obscurity, ditTiculty, or ensnaring ar- 
 gument, which involves tiie mind luconfusiotiand perplexity. 
 
 KNTATs'GLL^R, *. one that ensnares or involves in per- 
 plexity. 
 
 To ENTER, V. n. [entrer, Fr.] to make one's appear- 
 ance, or go into any iiface. In coranierce, to set down, or 
 write any article in a book ; to giie notice to the Custora- 
 housf, and pay the duties for the import or export of any 
 commoditv ; to beyin or engage, used with 071 or upon. 
 
 E'NTICRING, i-. an avenue by which a person may go 
 into a place ; tlie act or motion by which a person goes into 
 a place. 
 
 To ENTERLA'CE, v. a. [entrelasser, Fr.] to interweave ; 
 to intermix. 
 
 ENTERO'CELE, s. [from enteron, a bowel, and kele, a 
 swelling, Gr.] in rae'litine, a rupture wherein the intestines, 
 and parliciil;ii Iv the ilium fall into the groin. 
 
 ENTERO'LOGY, s. [from enteron, a bowel, and logos, a 
 discourse, Gr.] a treatise on the bowels, or an anatomical 
 descriDtinii of ill the internal parts. 
 
 ENTERO'MPH.\LO.S, s. [from enteron, a bowel, and 
 omphalos, the navel, Gr.] a disorder wherein the intestines 
 having fallen out of their place, occasion a tumor in the navel. 
 
 ENTERPRISE, {biterpi-ize) s. [enterprise, Fr.] an under- 
 taking attended with danger. 
 
 To E'NTERPRISE, {mterprize) v. a. to attempt; to un- 
 dertake ; or to trv to perform. 
 
 ETSTERPRISEPi, iinterpnzer') s, one who undertakes or 
 engages himself in important, dangerous, and hazardous de- 
 signs. 
 
 To ENTERT.\'IN, v. n. [entretenir, Fr.] to communicate 
 improvement, or employ a person's time in iigreeable dis- 
 course ; to treat at table ; to receive hospitably ; to retain or 
 leep a person as a serv.int. To reserve or conceive, ap- 
 plied to the mind. To please, amuse, or give pleasure. 
 
 ENTIsRT.\'IN'ER, s. one who keep olliers as servants ; 
 be that treats others with food, or at his table ; he that 
 amuses, diverts, and conimunicates pleasure. 
 
 ENTI'RTA'INMENT, s. a conversation, wherein time is 
 spent agreeably ; a feast ; hospitable reception. The state 
 oiF being hired or in pay, applied to soldiers and servants. 
 Amusement, or diversion ; a farce; a low species of come- 
 dy, or .1 pantomime. 
 
 ENTERTISSUED, a. interwoven or intermixed with 
 various colours or substances. 
 
 To ENTIiKO'NE, r.a. to place on a throne, or the seat of 
 a sovereign. Figuratively, to invest with the dignity or au- 
 thoritv nfa king. 
 
 ENTH IJ SI A SM, (enthusiasm) s. [entheos, an inspired man, 
 from c«, in, and Theos, God, Cir.] a transport of the mind, 
 whereby it is led to imagine things in a sublime, surprising, 
 yet probable menner. This is the enthnsKf'tn felt in poetry, 
 oratory, music, painting, sculpture, Ac. In a religious 
 sense, it implies a transport of llie mind, whereby it fancies 
 itsel'' inspired with some revelation, impulse, &c. from 
 heaven. 
 
 ENTHU'SIA.ST, (enthusiast) s. [eiithens, an inspired man, 
 from en, in, and Tln-ns, God, Gr.] in divinitv, one who 
 vainly imagines he is immediately inspired by (iod ; one of 
 a warm imagination, or violent passions ; also oue of an 
 elevated faticv, or exalted ideas. 
 
 ENTHUSIASTIC, or ENTI^USIASTICAL,(«^MH.tl^2rtlA, 
 or enthitsiastihal) a. [enthens, an inspired man, from en, in, and 
 Theos, God, Gr.]stron:'ly, but vainly persuaded of receiving 
 extraordinary communications from the Deity ; violent in 
 any cause; of elevated fancy or exalted ideas. 
 
 E'NTHVRIEME, f. [en, rn, and thymos, mind, Gr. because 
 
 a part ol" llii; argument is supplied in the mind] 111 lOgic, an 
 
 zigumciit ciirisisling only 'it an antcccilent, ami loiiseipxii- 
 
 tial propusiliiin ; a .sjllugism, where the major proposition 
 is suppresscil, and only the minor, and conscaucnce pru- 
 
 duccJ ill words. 
 
 31c 
 
 To ENTICE, ».«. to seduce, allure, or draw by blaiidisli- 
 ments or hopes, to something bad. 
 
 ENTICEMENT, s. the act er practice of drawing or a^ 
 luring a person to do ill ; the alluriu^; means by which a 
 person is drawn to commit something ill. 
 
 ENTI'CER. «. one that allures to ill. 
 
 ENTI'CINGLY, ad. soas to charm or allure. 
 
 ENTIRE, <i. [ejiijer, Fr.] whole ; undivided; unbroken: 
 complete; having all its parts; full; firm; fixed; solid; 
 unmingled ; honest ; faithful. 
 
 ENTIRELY, nrf. wholly ; without exception, reserve, or 
 abatement. 
 
 ENTrRENESS,^. the state of a thing which has all iti 
 parts. 
 
 To ENTITLE, f. a. [entituhr, Fr. I to grace a person 
 with a title if honour; to call by a particular name; to givs 
 a claim or right ; to superscribe ; to make use of the name 
 of a person or thing as a sanction. To grant as claimed by 
 a title. 
 
 E'NTITY,*. [entitas, from enj, a being, low, Lat.] the being, 
 or rather actual existence of any thinking thing ; a particu- 
 lar collection of qualities which constitute the species or 
 nature of a thing. 
 
 To ENTQ''\I B, (entfiom) r. a. to shut up in a tomb. 
 
 ENTOMO'LOGY, s. [from entoma, an insect, and logot, a 
 discourse, Gr.] the natural history of insects. 
 
 To ENTRA'IL, r. a.[intralciare, Ital.l to mingle ; to in- 
 terweave ; to diversify. 
 
 ETsTRAILS, s. [has no singular; entrailles, Fr."" the IB> 
 testines, guts, or inward parts of an animal. 
 
 E'NTR.ANCE, s. [from entrant, Fr.] the passage or ave- 
 nue by which a person may go into a place. Figuratively, 
 the power, act, or liberty of going in; the oeginning or first 
 rudiments of a science or art. 
 
 To ENTRA'NCE, v. n. [from trameo, to pass over, Lat. 
 transe, Fr.] to reduce to such a state that the soul seems t» 
 be absent from the body, while the latter has no apparen 
 signs of life; to hurry away, to exalt to such a pitch ©f 
 ecstasy as to be insensible to external objects. 
 
 To ENTRAP, V. a. [entraper, Fr.] to catch in a trap, «r 
 snare. Figuratively, to betray, or subject insiduously to 
 dangerand difficulties ; to take advantage of. 
 
 To ENTRE'AT, {entriet) v. a. [from traiter, Fr.] to a»k 
 with humility and earnestness ; to treat or use well or ill ; to 
 make a petition or request for a person in an bumble maimer. 
 To entertain ; or amuse. 
 
 ENTRE'.ATY, {entreity) $. [in the plural entreaties, nouns 
 ending in y in the singular making ies in the plural] a re- 
 quest made for some favour in an humble manner. 
 
 ENTREDUKRO E MINIIO, a province of Portugal, 
 W. of Tra los Montes, and S. of Galicia, a province of Spain. 
 It isabout GO miles in length and37 in breadth. It isdivided 
 into G jurisdictions, which contain 1460 churches, 963 
 parishes, 1130 convents, and about 60t,(X)0 inhabitants. 
 The air is pure and healthy, and the soil is fertile, produc- 
 ing, corn, wine, oil, and flax in abundance ; also feeding 
 great numbers of sheep, and there is plenty of fish and game. 
 Braga is the capital. 
 
 ENTROCHIJS, s. in natural history, a kind of fossi) ap- 
 parently the remains of some marine animals of the echinus, 
 or of the star fish kind. 
 
 ENTRY, s. [entrie, Fr.] the passage bv which a person 
 goes into a house ; the act of going in. In kiw, the taking 
 possession of an estate. In commerce, the act of writing or 
 registering an article in a book. Dauble entry is the eiiteritig 
 an article on different sides in different accounts. A public 
 or solemn procession to a place. 
 
 To ENVE'LOP, V. a. [enveloper, Fr.J to inwrap ; to co- 
 ver or inclose in a covering. Figuratively, to surround or 
 hide from the sight. 
 
 ENVE'LOP E, s. [Fr.] a wrapper; a cover, an outivard 
 case of a letter, &c. 
 
 To ENVE'NOM, v. «i. to mix with poisou ; to make |«OFi- 
 
 SOtlOUJ.
 
 EPH 
 
 r. PI 
 
 ETn' VTA BLK, (I. deserving envy; tliat may excite envy. 
 
 E'NVIER, s. one wlio is affected witii gnef at the pros- 
 perity of aiiollier. 
 
 frNVtOUS, a. affected with envy. 
 
 E'NVIOUSLY, ail. in such a manner as to shew displea- 
 iure or ill-will, on account of Ihe happiness or excellence of 
 another. 
 
 To ENVl'RON, V. a. [enviromier, Fr.] to surround ; to en- 
 compass. Figuratively, to hem in, or surround in a hostile 
 manner; to inclose ; to invest. 
 
 ENVI'RONS, t. \envin>ns, Fr.] the neighbourhood, or 
 places situated round about any town (;rcity. 
 
 To ENUMERATE, v. a. [enumeio, from mimcrus, num- 
 ber, Lat.] to rec?4on up, or count over sniuiy .iiid distinctly ; 
 to give a minute account of all the circumstances of a thing. 
 
 ENUMERA'TION, J. \eHumero, from HK)Wf Jfir, a number, 
 Lat.] the act cf numbering or counting over singly and 
 distincllv ; a minute detail. 
 
 To EN UNCI ATE,t'. a. [enuncio, from tiuucius, a messenger, 
 Lat.] to declare ; to proclaim ; to express ; to relate. 
 
 ENUNCIATION,*. [eniiHcio, from vuuciiis, a messenger, 
 Lat.] a simple expression, or declaration of a thing, either 
 in atfirmative or negative words, without any application. 
 A declaralioii, proclamation, or public attestation. 
 
 ENU'NCL\TIVE, a. declarative, expressing either affir- 
 matively, or negatively. 
 
 ENUNCIATIVELY, ad. declaratively. 
 
 E'NVOY, s. [racoyf, Fr.] a person deputed to negociate 
 an affair with some foreign prince or state. Those sent from 
 Britain, France, Spain, Ac. to any petty prince or state, ^'o 
 in (Quality of envoys, not ambassadors, to whom they are in- 
 ferior in dignity, though they have the same right to protec- 
 tion, and enjoy the same privileges with ambassadors, except 
 in ceremonies. 
 
 To E'NVY, V. n. [nwicr, Fr.] to grieve at the excellen- 
 cies, prosperity, or happiness, of another ; to hate another 
 for excellence, prosperity, or happiness; to grudge. 
 
 ENVY, s. that pain which arises in the mind from ob- 
 serving the prosperity of those especially with whom a per- 
 son has had a rivalship ; anger and displeasure at seeing 
 another possessed of any good we want. 
 
 EO'LTPILE, J. [from Dalits, llie god of wind, andptVa, a 
 ball, Lat.] a hollow ball of metal with a long pipe; which 
 ball, filled with water, and exposed to the fire, sends out, 
 as the water heats, at intervals, blasts of cold wind through 
 the pipe. 
 
 E'P.\CT, s. [epahte, from epngo, to intercalate, Gr.l a num- 
 ber, whereby we note the excess of the common solar year 
 above the lunar, and thereby may find out the age of the moon 
 every year. For the solar year consisting of 365 days, the 
 lunar but of 354, the lunations every year get eleven days 
 before the solar year; and thereby in 19 years the moon 
 completes 20 times 12 lunation';, or gets up one whole solar 
 year; and, having finished that circuit, begins again with the 
 sun, and so from 19 to iSyears. Forthe firstyearafterwards, 
 the moon will go before Ihe sun 11 days; the second, 22 
 days ; the third, 33 days ; but 30 being an entire hir.ation, 
 cast that away, and the rcmiiinder 3 shaH be that year's 
 epact ; and so on, adding yearly 11 days; excepting when 
 theepact is 18, in which case 12 must be added. 
 
 El'A'ULE, s. [Fr.] in fortification, the shoulder of the 
 bastion, or the angle made bv the face and fiank. 
 
 EPAULEMENT, or EPA'ULMENT, *. [Fr.] in forti- 
 fication, a side work of earth, hastily thrown up, of bags 
 filled with sand, or of gabions, fascines, Ac. with earth, to 
 cover the men or cannon ; likewise a demi-bastion, or little 
 flank, placed at t lie point of a horn or erownwork. 
 
 E-PAULETTES, s. [Fr.J a kind of shoulder-knot worn by 
 officers of the army. 
 
 EPE'NTHESIS, *. [Gr.] in grammar, the interposition or 
 insertion of a letter or syllable in the middle of a word ; as 
 Relhgio for Religiu ; Induperator for Imperator, 
 
 E'PHA, {ifa) ». a Hebrew measure containing fifteen solid 
 inchea. 
 
 EPIIE'MERA, (cfimera) t. [from epi,of, and emera, a day, 
 Gr.] a fever that terminates in one day. In natural iiistery, 
 an insect which lives only a single Jay. In botany, sucli 
 flowers as open and expand at sun-rise, and shut and wither 
 at sun setting. 
 
 EPl I E'M ERIS, {efimtrii) s. [from epi, of, and emera, a day , 
 Or.] a journal, or account of daily transactions. In astro- 
 nomy, a table, calculated to shew the present state of the 
 heavens, or the places of the planets at nopn. 
 
 EPIIE'MERIST. (efimerist) s. one whose kD0wled°;e of 
 the places of the planets does not flow from his ewn onsei- 
 vations, but is entirely taken from an cphemeris ; a word of 
 reproach. 
 
 EPHESUS, anciently a celebrated cit<>' of Ionia, in Asia 
 Minor, and the capital of the Roman dominions in Asia. 
 Here was the famous temple of Diana, which the ancient 
 Christians afterwards converted into a place of public wor- 
 ship ; but it is now so entirely ruined, that it is difhcult \:i 
 find the ground plot ; however, there are some ruins of the 
 walls, and five or six marble columns, all of a piece, 40 feet 
 in length, and 7 in diameter. It is now called Ajasalouc, 
 and has still some magnificent and curious remains of its 
 former splendour. The fortress seems to be the work of the 
 Greek emperors. The only inhabitants are a few Greek fa- 
 milies, who have reared huts among the ruins, to shelter 
 themselves from the weather, and who are so illiterate, as to 
 be unable to read, in its original language, the epistle of 
 Paul to their ancestors the Ephesians. It is seated at the 
 mouth of theCastrus, and has still a good harbour, 40mile-« 
 nearly .S. of Smyrna. Lat. 37. 62. N. Ion. 27. 42. E. 
 
 E'PHOD, iifod) s. [Hcb.] an ornament, or kind of girdle, 
 worn by the Jewish priests, when they attended at the 
 temple ; it was brought from behind the neck over the two 
 shoulders ; and then hanging down before, was crossed over 
 the stomach, and thence carried round the waist twice, like 
 a gvrdle, having its' two ends brought before, which hung 
 down to the ground. That of thehigli priest is embroidered 
 with blue, purple, crimson, twisted cotton, and gold. Upoti 
 that part which came over the two shoulders were two 
 large precious stones, on each of which were engraven the 
 names of six tribes ; where it crossed the priest's breast wa» 
 a square ornament, called the breast-plate, set with twelve 
 precious stones, on each of which was engraven the name of 
 a different tribe. That of tbe other priests consisted «f 
 linen only. 
 
 E'PIC, a. \epicus, from epos, a poem, Gr. thus derived bf 
 way of eminence] narrative, or consisting of relation, in 
 opposition to dramatic, or that which consists in action. 
 An epic poem is an heroic poem, or discourse delivered in 
 verse, invented with art to form the manners by instructiou, 
 disguised under the allegory of an important action, in u 
 probable, entertaining and surprising manner. 
 
 I''.P1CE'DIUM, s. [from wi, upon, and hedot, a funeral, 
 Gr.] among the Greeks and Latins, a poem rehearsed during 
 the funeral solemnity of persons of diitinction. 
 
 ETICURE, s. [from Epicurus, a Cireek philosopher] a 
 person abandoned or given wholly to luxuiy. 
 
 EPICU'REAN, s. a disciple of Epicuius, who held that 
 pleasure was the summuni bouuin, or chief good, of man. 
 The word is used at present for an indolent, effeminate, and 
 vdliiptiioiis person, who only consults his private and parti- 
 cular pleasure. 
 
 EPICUREAN, a. luxurious in eating and drinking; con- 
 tributing to luxury. 
 
 EPICURISM, i. [Sec Epicurean] the sentiments, doc- 
 trine, or tenets of Epicurus. Figuratively, luxury of 
 eating, voluptuousness; sensual enjoyments, or gloss plea- 
 sures. 
 
 EPICY'CLE, .«. [from epi, upon, and kyhlot, a circle, Gr.] 
 in astronomy, a little circle, whose centre is in the circum- 
 ference of a greater, which being carried along with it, iit 
 called its deferent. 
 
 EPICY'CLOID, *. [from epi, upon, hikhs, a circle, awl 
 eidus, a form, Gr.] in geometry, a curve generated by Iho 
 
 jir
 
 EPI 
 
 revolution of a point of the periphery of a circle along the 
 convex or concave part of ar.'jther circle. 
 
 EPIDEMIC, or EPII)F;I\IICAL, a. [from epi, upon, and 
 demos, people, Gr.] tli;it affects a great number of people at 
 the same tinie, applied to diseases, ;ii.d especially' the 
 plague. 
 
 EPI DK'P !\IIS, s. [from epi, upon, and derma, the skin, Gr.J 
 in anatomy, the cuticle, or scarf-skin. It receives its name 
 from its covering the derma, or true skin ; is insensible, and 
 lias neither veins, arteries, nor nerves. 
 
 EPIGLOTTIS, *. [from epi, upon, and glotta, a tongrue, 
 Gr.] a small cartilage shaped like a tongue which covers the 
 larynx of the throat. 
 
 ETIGRA.M, s. lepiirramma, from epi^rapho, to write upon, 
 Or.] in poetry, a sliorl poem, susceptible of all kinds of sub- 
 jects, and ending' with a livelv, just, and unexpected 
 'thoijiiht. 
 
 EPIGRAMMATIC, or EPIGRAMMATICAL,a.[from 
 epi^rnpho, to write upon, Cir.] having the nature or proper- 
 ties of an epifjrani. 
 
 EPIGn A'M M ATIST, *. one who writes epigrams. 
 
 EPi GRAPHE, .t. \i\o'M tpigrapho, to write upon, Gr.]an 
 inscrijition on a slafue. 
 
 EPILEPSY, s. from epHnmbano, to surprize or seize hold 
 of any one, Gr.] in mfciiiiue, a convulsion either of the 
 viiole body or some of il^ jiarts, attended with a loss of sense 
 and understandiuf;, and returning from time to time in tits 
 :<nd paroxysms. The En^^lish call it the falling-sickness, 
 because persons generally fall down when afflicted with it. 
 
 EPILEPTIC, n. [enilnmbarw, to surprize or seize hold of 
 any one, Gr.laffectea wiih an epilepsy, or the falling-sick- 
 uess ; convulsed. 
 
 E'PILOGUE, ('pi!'"g) s [epilogos, from epilego, to say 
 after, Gr.] a poem, or speech, pronounced after a play. 
 
 EPINY'CTIS, s. [from epi, in orduring, and nyx, the night, 
 Gr.] in surgery, a sore al tiie corner of the eye, which com- 
 monly breaks out in tiie night. 
 
 EPI'PHANY, (ep'tfany) s. [from epiphaneia, appearance, 
 Cir.] a festival celeliiated on the tweltth day after Christ- 
 inas, in commemoration of our Saviour's being manifested 
 to the Cientile world, by the appearance of a mirnculows 
 blazing star, or meteor, which directed the Magi to the 
 place where he was born. 
 
 EPIPHONE'MA, (epifmihna) [acclamation, Gr.] in rheto- 
 ric, a sententious exclauialion, frequently added alter a nar- 
 rative or relation of any thing remarkable, containing an 
 useful and spirited reflection on the subject to which it is 
 subjoined. 
 
 EPIPHORA, (e])ifora) s. [from epiphero, to draw into, Gr.] 
 a preternatural defluxion of the eves. 
 
 EPIPHYLLOSPE'RMOUS,a.[from epi, upon, ph/Uon, a 
 leaf, and svcrnui, a .seed, Gr.] in botany, applied to plants 
 tiiat b"artneir seed on the back part of their leaves. 
 
 EPI'PH^'^IS, (epifi/sia) s. [from epi, upon, and pin/o, to 
 prow, Gr.J in anatomy, a bony substance, or as it were, a 
 leaser boue, attixed to a larger or principal bone, by the in- 
 tervention of a cartilage. 
 
 EPI'PLOCE, s. [from epi, upon, and ploke, a fold, Gr.] a 
 figure of rhetoric, bv which one aggravation or striking 
 circumstance is a(l<led in due gradation to another; as, he 
 not only spared his enemies, but continued them in em- 
 plovnient ; not only continued but advan ■cd them. 
 
 EPrSCOPACY, .». [from i-pishipos, a bishop, Gr.] the go- 
 vernment of the church by bishops. 
 
 EPISCO'P.'iL, a. [from episkopoa, a bishop, Gr.J belong- 
 ing to or vested in, a bisliwp. 
 
 EPrSCOI'ATE, s. [from cpithapos, a bishop, Gr.] the go- 
 vernment of a bi«ho[) or (>;shopric. 
 
 EPISODE, t. [iVoin epi, upon, and eisodo.i, an entry, Gr.] 
 a sep:vrate incident, story, or action, which an historian or 
 poet inserts and coiMieefs wjtii his principal action, to fur- 
 nish the work with a jcreater variety of events. 
 
 EPiSOniC, or EPISO DICAL, a. contained in, or par- 
 taking of, tlie nature of an episo<lc ; swelled with uinieces- 
 31B 
 
 EQU 
 
 sary incidents, or episodes, which are not connected with 
 the main action. 
 
 EPISPA'STIC, s. [epi, upon, and ipao, to draw, Gr.] in me- 
 dicine, a topical remedy, which, being applied to the exter- 
 nal parts of the body, attracts the humours to that part. 
 
 EPI'STLE, s. [from ejiistello, to send, Gr.] a letter, applied 
 generally to the letters of the ancients,and particularly thosf 
 ofthe inspired writers. Synon. Custom has made the 
 word letter of more general use than epistle, letter being 
 quite familiar, epistle rather pedantic. Letter appears 
 more proper when the matter relates to private correspon- 
 dence ; epistle, when the business is public. 
 
 EPISTOLARY, a. [from epistello, to send, Gr.] relating, 
 suitable to or transacted by, letters. 
 
 E'PITAPH, iqiitaf) s. [from epi, upon, and taplios, a se- 
 pulchre, fir.] ail inscription on a tomb or grave-stone. 
 
 EPITHALA'MIUM, s. [from epi, upon, and thalamos, a 
 bride chamber, Gr.] a poem of compliment written on the 
 marriage of a person. 
 
 E'PITHEM, s. [from epi, upon, and tit-hemi, to put, Gr.] 
 in pharmacy, a kind of fomentation or remedy, of a spiritu- 
 ous or aromatic kind, applied externally to the regions of 
 the heart, liver, &c. to strengthen and comfort them, or to 
 correct some intemperature in those parts. 
 
 EPITHET, s. [from epi, upon, ancl tit/iemi, to put,Gr.] an 
 adjective, denoting the quality ofthe word to which it was 
 joined; a title orsurnanie ; a phrase or expression. 
 
 EPITOME, s. [from e^i, upon, and temno, to cut, Gr. be- 
 cause it is cut shorter] an abridgement, or reduction ofthe 
 substance of a book into fewer words and less compass. 
 
 To EPITOMIZE, V. a. to abridge; to reduce the sub- 
 stance of a book or writing ; to cut short or curtail. 
 
 EPITOMIZER, or EPITOMIST, s. one who abridge* 
 a work ; the first word is the most proper. 
 
 ETOCH, or EPO'CHA, (epoch or epika) s. [from epecho, to 
 fix a limit, Gr.] in chronology, a fixed point or period of 
 time, from whence the succeeding years are numbeied or 
 counted. 
 
 EPO'DE, s. [from epi, upon, and oJe, a song, Gr.j in lyric 
 poetry, the third or last part of the ode ; the ancient lyric 
 poem being divided into strophe, antistrophe, and epode. 
 The latter was sung by tise priests standing still before the 
 altar. 
 
 EPOPE'E, s. [from epos, a song, and poieo, to make, Gr.] 
 the history, action, or fable, which niakes the subject of au 
 epic poem. 
 
 E'PPING, a town of Essex, 17 miles N. by E. of London. 
 Great quantities of excellent butter are made in its neigh- 
 bourhood. Its forest, which is a royal chase, and reaches 
 from the town almost to London, was anciently called the 
 Forest of Essex, and afterwards of Waltham. Markets on 
 Thursday for cattle, and on Friday for provisions. 
 
 ETSOM, a town of Surry, once celebrated for its mineral 
 waters, of a purgative quality, and the salts produced from 
 them. The orchards, gardens, dire, in and about it, give it a 
 charmingly rural appearance. It is 15 miles S. W. by S. of 
 London. Market on Friday. 
 
 EPSOM SALT, a kind of salt made from the remaining 
 brine after the making of common salt. It is of a bitter taste, 
 and strongly purgative quality, and was originally ;iuule 
 from the Epsom water. 
 
 EPULATION, s. [from epulor, to banquet, Lai.] a feast 
 or banquet. 
 
 KPULOTIC, <r. [from epi, upon^ and tw/fc, a scar, Gr.]in 
 medicine, applied to drying, astringent remedies, proper to 
 harden, cicatrize, and incarnalc wounds. 
 
 EtilLABI'LITY, s. equality to ;itself; evenness; mii- 
 formify. 
 
 E'QUABLE, a. [frquabilis, from aqualit, equal, Lat.] even ; 
 alike ; consistent with itself. 
 
 E'QUARLY.arf. uniformly ; in the same propi.Tiion. 
 
 E't^UA L, a. \<rqiiahs, from irnuo, to level, Lat.j resembling 
 or like another in bulk, excellence, or any other quality 
 which admits a comparison; even; uniform, in propor 
 tjou ; impartial; iiiditrt:i'et<t ; upon the same tciius.
 
 h Ki V 
 
 ER 
 
 . SYJIJ M„ t. oJie neither inferior nor superior to another 
 inanv rir< uiiMaiice, excellence, tille, or other (juiilitv. 
 
 To KQI'AL.ti. <i. to ninke one ihinj; or person like ano- 
 ther. Nruterly, to resemble ; to he equal; tu answer ; to 
 recomi'ense. 
 
 To F.QUALrSE, or EQUALIZE, v. a. to make even; to 
 be eqinil to, or in the same propoition. 
 
 EQIJ X'l.ITY, *. likeness with respert to any quality; 
 the siinie (le<;ree of quality. 
 
 FAiU\fA.Y,ad. in the same degree with any other person 
 or tliiiifj; alike ; impartially. 
 
 EQUA'NGULAR, a. [from erquvs, equal, and aug-itliis, a 
 corner, Lai.] having equnl angles. 
 
 EQUANIMITY,*, [from trquus, equal, and onintiij, the 
 raind, Lat.] a state of mind which is neither elated nor de- 
 pressed; evenness of mind. 
 
 EQUA'NIMUS, a. [from aqnns, etpial, and anirmts, the 
 mind, Lat.l even ; neither elated or dejected. 
 
 EQUA''II()N, s. [tVoin aquo, to level, Lat.] the act of 
 maUinu; one thing equal to another. In al<;ebra, an expres- 
 sion of the same quantity in two dissimilar but equal terras, 
 as e. g. a — 3=36—33 ; .5b=z25c— 8. In astronomy, the re- 
 ducint; the apparent unequal times or motion of the hea- 
 venlv bodies to equable or mean time. 
 
 EQU.VTOR, s.lanun, to divide equally, Lat. J a great cir- 
 cle of the terrestrial sphere, whose poles are the poles of 
 the world. It divides the globe into two equal parts, called 
 thenorlhern and southern hemispheres, passes through the 
 K. and W. points of the horizon; and at the meridian is 
 raised above the horizon as many degrees as the comple- 
 ment of the latitude of any given place. When the smi 
 comes to this circle, the days and nights are equal ail round 
 the globe. 
 
 EQUATO'REAL, univeisal, in astronomy, an excellent 
 instrument constructed by Mr. Ramsden, for the purposes 
 of finding the meridian by one observation only, and ot 
 fiflding a star in full day light. It also is applicable to all 
 the uses of a transit, a quadrant, and an equal altitude in- 
 strument. 
 
 EQUATO'RI AL, a. belonging to, taken at, or measured 
 on the equator. 
 
 E'QUKflRY,*. [ecMne, Fr.] in the British customs, is an 
 officer of state under the master of the horse. 
 
 EQUE'STRIAN, a. [eo!(e*<rif, from emoM, a horse, Lat.] 
 appearing on horseback ; skilled in horsemanship. Be- 
 longing to the second rank of dignity, or that of knights in 
 ancient Kpme. 
 
 EQUICRU'RE,or EQUICRU'RAL, a. [from (tqms,eqm\, 
 and erus, the leg, Lat.] having legs of an equal length ; hav- 
 iug (be legs of an equal length. 
 
 liQ'JlDI'STANT, a. [from <eqmis, equal, Lat. and distant.] 
 at tnr same, or an equal distance. 
 
 EQUIDl'STANTLY, «rf. at the same distance. 
 
 EQUIFO'RMITY, s. [from aquits, equ-dl, and/orniff, form, 
 Lat.] equality or uniformity. 
 
 EQUILA'TERAL, a. [from aqmit, equal, and latus, a side, 
 Lat.] having its sides equal. 
 
 ToEQUiLI'BRATK, r. a. to balance equally; to keep 
 even with equal weights on each side. 
 
 EQUILIBRATION, t. equipoise ; the act of keeping a 
 balance even. 
 
 EQUILIBRIUM, s. [from ipquus, etjual, and libra, a ba- 
 lance, Lat.] equipoise; equality of weight; equality of evi- 
 dence, motives, or powers of any sort. 
 
 EQUINO'CTIAL, (equinokslnal) s. a great circle on the 
 celestial globe, the same as the equator on the terrestrial ; to 
 which when the sun comes, the days and nights are equal all 
 rnuiid the globe. 
 
 EQUINO'CTIAL, (fquinbkshia!) a. [from aquus, equal, and 
 nor, night, Lat.] pertaining to the equinox ; happening 
 ajbout the time of the equinoxes ; being near the equinoc- 
 tiul line, or subject to the inconveniences of those parts 
 wl;icli lie ueartlie equator. 
 EQUINOCTIALLY, ad. in the direction of the equinoi. 
 
 EQUINOX, s. [from ceqwis, equal, and iioz, night, Lat.J 
 in ustroiiomy, the precise time wlicii the sun enters the 
 equiimclial points Aries or Libra ; Ihe former beiii<{ on the 
 21st of Maith, is tailed the vernal equinox ; and the latter 
 on the 2.3d of September, the uuluiiiiial e(piiiiox 
 
 EQUhN U'M I'illANT, a.[froi)i nqnm, equal, and numertu, 
 number, Lat.] having an equal, or the same number; con- 
 sisting of an equal number. 
 
 To EQUIT, V. a. [equipper, I"r.] to furnish a liorseman 
 witli furniture for riding. Figuratively, to furnish, accou- 
 tre, ordress out. 
 
 EQUIPAGE, I. [equipage, Fr.] furniture for a horse; a 
 carriage. A set of China. Tea equipage. Attendants or 
 retinue. Furniture, accoutrenwuts. 
 
 E(Jl IPI'.'NUEiNCY, s. [from aqmis, equal, and prarfra, to 
 weigh, Lat.J freedom from any bias, applied to the will or 
 mind. 
 
 EQUITMENT, s. the act of accoutring or dressing; 
 accoutiemenl or equipage. 
 
 EQUIl'Ol.SE, {equipoise) s. [from ctqmis, equal, Lat. and 
 poids, weight, Fr.] equality or evenness of weight; equality 
 of force; that state of a balance wherein the weights o« 
 each side are so equal that neither scale will descend. 
 
 EQUI'I'OLLENCE, s. [from aquus, equal, and poUentia, 
 power, Lat.] equality of force or power. 
 
 EQUIPOLLKNT, «. [from aqnvs, equal, and pollentia, 
 power, Lat.] having equal power or force. Having the same 
 signification, applied towords, synonvinous. 
 
 EQUIPO'NDERANCE, or EQL/lPO NDERANCY.*. 
 [from aquus, equal, and pondus, weight, Lat.] equality of 
 weight. 
 
 EQUIPO'NDERANT, o. [from ^qmn, equal, and pond<u, 
 ifei'dit, Lat.]being of equal or the same weight. 
 
 EQUITABLE, a. [equitable, Fr.] just; impartial; miti- 
 gating the rigour of a law, so as to be consistent with jus- 
 tice. 
 
 EQUITABLY, ad. in a manner consistent with justice 
 and mercy. 
 
 E'QUITY, s. [aquitas, from erqmts, equal, Lat.l justice ; a 
 correction or abatement of the severity of some law ; a tem- 
 perament w hicb, without being unjust, abates the rigour of 
 the law. Iinpailiality, applied to opinions, or private tie- 
 terminations. Also, the rules of decision observed by the 
 court of chancery. 
 
 EQUIVALENCE, or EQUI'VALENCY, s. [from /tqvui. 
 equal, and valeo, to prevail, Lat.] equality of power or worth. 
 
 EQUrVALENT, a. [from aquus, equal, and valeo, to pre- 
 vail, Lat.] equal in value, force, power, importance, weight, 
 dignity, or value. 
 
 EQUIVALENT, *. a thing of the same weight, dignity, 
 or value. 
 
 EQUIVOCAL, a. [from aquus, equal, and vox. a voice, 
 Lat.] of doubtful signification ; having difl'erent tenses or 
 meanings ; uncertain ; doubtful ; happening dili'erent 
 ways. 
 
 EQUITOCAL, s. a word of doubtful meaning. 
 
 EQUIVOCALLY, ad. in a doubtful or double sense, 
 applied to words. By spontaneous, equivocal, or irregular 
 birth. 
 
 EQUrVOCALNESS, t. the ambiguity or double mtrminj 
 of a word. 
 
 To EQUI'VOCATEl, «. n. [eqnivoquer, Fr.] to use words of 
 a doubtful or double mearring, with an intention to deceive 
 or impose on another ; to quibble. 
 
 EQUIVOCATION, s. [from aquus, equal, and vor, voice. 
 Lat.] the using a term or word which has a double sis'nifioa- 
 tion, used generallv in a bad sense. 
 
 EQUIVOCATOR, s. one who uses words in doubtful or 
 double meanings, in order to conceal the truth and impose 
 on another. 
 
 EQUU'LEUS, in astronomy, the little horse, or rather 
 horse's head, a constellation of the northern hemisphere. 
 
 ER, in the middle or end of words, especially those whicli 
 signify the names of places, comes from tit-r or were, Sax, a 
 
 310
 
 SRI 
 
 ERU 
 
 innn, Slid sif^ni'fics, vvlien joined tocomnion nouns, an agent, 
 or, when joined to appellatives, or the names of places, an 
 inhabitant. Thus singei; from sing -and er, of wer. Sax. a 
 man, denotes a singing man. Londo^ier, from London and er, 
 of wer. Sax. a uiau, signifies a Loudon man, or a native and 
 iah^bitaiit oi Loa ion. 
 
 E'RA, ». [troni lera, a mark upon money, Lat.] an account 
 of time reckoiied from any particular period, or epoch. 
 
 ER A DI ATION, s. [from e, out of, and radiits, a ray, Lat.] 
 emission of radiance. 
 
 Tn l'.RA'DIC.\TE, t). a. [from «, out of, and radix, a root, 
 Lat.] to pull or pluck up by the roots. Figuratively, to ex- 
 tirpate, or destroy entirely. 
 
 ERA DICA'TION, 3. the act of pulling or plucking up by 
 the roots; extirpation; total d.estriiction. 
 
 ERA'D[C.\T1 VE, a. [from e, out of, and radix, a root, Lat.] 
 in medicine, that expels a disease to the very root; that 
 cures radically ; that drives entirely away. 
 
 To ER.A'SE, V. a. [t-asei; Fr.] to scratch out any thing 
 written ; to expunge. 
 
 ERA'SEMENT, (era:entent) s. applied to buildings and 
 cities, entire destruction <ind demolition. Applied to wri- 
 tings, an entire blotting and scratching out. 
 
 ERATO, s. one of tiie nine INIuses that preside over love- 
 poems ; she is generally represented like a young maiden 
 ofa gay humour, crowned with myrtle and roses, holding a 
 harp in the right hand, and a bow in the other, with a little 
 winged Cupid placed by her, armed with his bows and 
 arrows. 
 
 BUEBUS, s. called by the poets the god of hell, born of 
 Chaos and Tenebrae. It is likewise the name of one of the 
 infernal rivers. 
 
 ERE, ad. [an; Sax. eer Belg.] F.nglish writers unac- 
 quainted with its etymology write e'er, as if a contraction 
 of ever, which is a mistake; before ever it is written either 
 ere or or promiscuously, or and trr in Sax. being used pro- 
 miscuously before ; sooner than. 
 
 To ERE'CT, t,'. «. [from c, which here signifies elevation, 
 and r*g-o, to hold straight, Lat.] to raise in a straight line ; 
 to place perpendicular to the horizon. In geometry, to 
 erect a perpendicular, is to raise a right line upon another, 
 »o as they may form right angles. Figuratively, to build ; to 
 i-xalt ; or assume an office without being authorized, used 
 with into. To assume, a principle, or found a doctrine ; to 
 isise from a state of dejection. 
 
 KKE'CT, a. [from e, which here signifies elevation, and 
 t'igo, to hold straight, Lat.] upright, opposed to leaning, ©r 
 L>oking downwards; lifted upright; vigorous ; bold ; un- 
 shaken. 
 
 ERF.'CTION, (erihhon) s, [from e, which here signifies 
 elevation, and regn, to hold straight, Lat.] the act of raising, 
 or the state ofa thing raised upwards; the act of building or 
 raising houses. Establishment. Elevation. 
 
 ERE'CTNESS, ». uprightness of posture or for.m. 
 
 E'REMITE, s. [from eremos, a desart, Gr.] the same as 
 Hermit, which see. 
 
 EREMITICAL, n. leading the life of a hermit. 
 
 ERGOT, s. iu farriery, a sort of stub, like a piece of soft 
 horn, pJaccd behind and below the pastern joint. 
 
 Ell'.'DANUS, in astronomy, the river Po, a constellation 
 of the southern hemisphere. 
 
 E'RIK, a lake of North America, situated between 40.50. 
 to 4.3. (leg. N. lat. and between 78. 60. to 84. W. Ion. It is 
 about 260 miles long from E. to W. and 40 to (>0 broad. It 
 communicates at its N. K. enrl with Lake Ontario by the 
 Strait of Niagara. The islands and banks towards its W. 
 end are much infested with ratlle-snakes ; and, 011 the leaves 
 of the large water lily, which grows here, covering the sur- 
 face of the water to an extent of many acres, and other 
 aquatit! plants, myriads of wafer-snakes lie basking in I he 
 sun in suniiner. Of Ihe venrnioiis serpents which infest this 
 lake, the hissing sn;»ke, about 18 inches long, small and 
 speckled, is accouuteil Ihe most deadly. The wind which 
 «t blows from its mouth, if eiihalcd by the unwary traveller, 
 320 
 
 brings -on a decline, which proves mortal in a few niontb% 
 no remedy being yet ibuud to counteract its baneful in- 
 fluence. 
 
 E'RIVAN, a city and province of Persian Armenia. The 
 former is dirty and ill built ; the ramparts are of earth, and 
 there are about 800 bouses. The churches of the Christians 
 are small, and half inidergrouud, resembling catacombs. Lat. 
 40. 20. N. Ion. 44. 10. F. 
 
 ERI'NGO. See Eryngo. 
 
 E'RMINE, s. [Armenim, Lat. from the place whence it is 
 brought, i. e. Armenia] in natural history, an animal which 
 nearly resembles the weasel^ and inhabits various parts of 
 the world. In the north of Europe and Asia, they have, in 
 the winter, a rich white fur, having only the tip of the fail 
 black, whereas in ihe summer the body is ofa lightish brown. 
 It is valuable -inly when in its winter dress. In heraldry, a white 
 field, or fur, powdered or interspersed with black spots. 
 
 ft'llMINED, a. clothed in ermine. ■ 
 
 ERNE, at the end of words which signify a repository or 
 receptacle, is derived from erne. Sax. a place. 
 
 To ERO'Dl'",, V. a. |ftom e, which strengthens the signifi'* 
 cation, and ruilo, to gnaw, Lat.] to canker, eat away, or 
 corrode. 
 
 EP^O'SION, s. [from e, which strengthens the significa* 
 tion, and )«f/o, to gi'aw, Lat.] the act of eating away ; the 
 state of being euten away or corroded. 
 
 To ERR, V. a. [erru, Lat.] to wander or move without any 
 certain direction ; to stray, or miss the right way. To com- 
 mit an error ; to mistake. 
 
 ERRAND,*, [tf I e«/A, Sax.] a message ; something to b« 
 done or told by a person sent from one man to another. 
 
 ERRANT, a. [from erro, to wander, Lat.] wandering 
 without any certani direction ; roving; rambling; applied 
 toa particular order of knights celebrated inroKiance, wlw 
 went about in search of adventures. Vile; abandoned; 
 completely bad. See Arrant. 
 
 ERRANTRY, s. the condition of a wanderer. The pro- 
 fession ofa knight-errant. 
 
 ERR.VTA, ,v. [Lat.] the faults of the printer inserted in 
 the beginning or end ofa book. 
 
 ERRATIC, a. [from eno, to wander, Lat.] keepin? no 
 certain order of motion ; holding no establislied course ; 
 irregular; changeable. 
 
 ERRATICALLY, ad. without rules, or without any esta- 
 blished method or order. 
 
 ERRHI'NE, s. [irrinon, from rin, the nose, Or.] somethinjf 
 snufied up the nose, causing sneezing. 
 
 ERRO'NEOUS, a [from erro, to wander, Lat.] wandering 
 or going without any particular direction; irregular, or 
 leaving the right wav or road ; mistaken, or mistaking. 
 
 ERRONEOUSLY, ad. iu such a manner as to err or 
 mistake. 
 
 ERRO'NEOUSNESS,f. mistake; want ©f conformity to 
 truth. 
 
 ERROR, s. [from error, to wander, Lat.] a mistake of the 
 judgment in giving assent to that which is not true ; au act 
 which implies the taking a thing to be what it is not ; a 
 blunder; a roving excursion ; a wandering beyond boiin.ts. 
 In theology, sin. In common law, a fault or oversight, either 
 in pleading or in process. A writ of error is that which is 
 brought to remedy either of these faults, or to reverse a 
 false judgment. 
 
 Fits, .5. a plant, the same as the bitter vetch. 
 
 F.RST, <id. [vrst, Tent.] at first. Formerly, till now. Used 
 at pr(>seut onlv in poetry. 
 
 FRURFSCl'-NCE, or ERUBE'SCENCY, s. [e,-,ibctccntia, 
 Lat.] redness ; blushing. 
 
 To ERIJ'C'I", 1'. a. [from e, which here strengthens the 
 signilicafioii, and ructo, to belch, Lat.] to belch, or break 
 wind upwards. 
 
 ERUCTA'TION, s. [from e, which here stren''t?iens flie 
 signification, and ruclo, to belch, Lat.] the act of krraking 
 wind upwards, ; the wind broken from the stomach by tins 
 mouth ; any su<.lden burst of wind or matter cast upwards.
 
 ESC 
 
 ES K 
 
 ERUDITION, ». I from enuUtin, to tcacli, T.at.] learning 
 or knowledge acquired from reading, (■spctially that wliioli 
 M acquired from tiic study of liie aiicienls. Sy non. Lnn-n- 
 ing implies simply that knowledge which we acquire liy our 
 common study at school ; Literature deuoles polite leaniiii";, 
 or an acquaintance with the Bkli^ks Lki thes, and is 
 ratlier practical ; but Erudition signifies great deptii of 
 knowledge, with a particular relation to that which is specu- 
 lative. 
 
 EllU'GINOUS, a. [from (rrufro, rust of brass, Lat.] par- 
 taking of the substance or qualities of copijcr. 
 
 ERUPTION, {eriipshon) s. [from e, out, and rumpo, to 
 break, Lat.] the act of breaking or bursting from any con- 
 fineuient. A burst of combustible matter, or giiiipowder. 
 A sudden excursion of an enemy. A violent exclamation, 
 applied to the voice A breaking out of pimples on the 
 skin. 
 
 I'lRU'PTIVE, a. bursting with force and violence from an 
 Hiclosuie or conhnement. 
 
 ERY'NGO, s. a plant, called also sea holly. 
 
 ERYSIPELAS, J. [from miMoj, red, and pehs, livid or 
 Lilack, Gr.] in medicine, a disorder generated by hot serum 
 m the blood, affecting the su|)erficies of the skin with a 
 shining pale red, or citron colour, without pulsation or cir- 
 cumscribed swelling, and sineadiug from one place to 
 another;, ;«.onerallv called St. Anthony's tire. 
 
 ERZ I'i 11 b'M, a city of Turkey in A sia, built on a peninsula, 
 formed by the sources of the river Euphrates. It lies in a 
 fruitful plain, 5 diivs' journey from the Black Sea, U) 
 from the frontiers of Persia, and alniut 2oU uiiies N. X. E. of 
 Aleppo. The Turks are about 18,000, of whom two-thirds 
 are janizaries ; they are most of them tradesmen, and re- 
 ceive no iiay ; there are also 6000 Armenians, and 400 
 Greeks, the latter of whom, being mostly braziers, are 
 obliged to live in the suburbs on account of the noise of 
 their hammers. The town is a considerable thoroughfare 
 for the caravans which pass to the Indies. Their merchan- 
 dise is Persian silks, cottons, calicoes, furs, gall nuts, ilui- 
 barb, a^nd madder. Lat. 40. 4. N. Ion. 43. 2. E. 
 
 ESCALA'DE, s. [Fr.] a furious attack of a wall orl'oit, by 
 means of scaling lacfders, without breaking ground, or carry- 
 ing on regular works to secure the men. 
 
 ESCA'LOP, s. [escalope, Fr.J a iish whose shell is some- 
 vliat of the cockle kind, but rather flatter, and considerably 
 larger, and is irregularly indented. An inequality of margin; 
 indenture. 
 
 To ESCA'LOP, V. c. See Scallop, whicli is the most 
 common but the least proper way of spelling. 
 
 To ESCAPE V. a. [ec/iapper, Fr.] to avoid any incon- 
 venience which surrounds a person ; to fly from ; to pass 
 unobserved or unnoticed. 
 
 ESCAPE, «. an avoiding or flight from danger, pursuit, 
 or conrinement ; subterfuge, or evasion ; a sally, or irregular 
 flight, or start of passion or genius. In law, a violent or 
 private evasion from some lawful restraint, confinement, or 
 custodv. 
 
 ESCHALOT, (pron. shallot) s. [Fr.] a plant, having a 
 tunicated bulbous root, like that of an onion, which is in- 
 creased after the same manner as garlick, but set earlier, 
 because it springs sooner, and taken up as soon as the leaves 
 oegin to wither. They give a fine relish to most sauces, and 
 though strongly aromatic, do not make the breath so oft'en- 
 sive, after eating, as onions do. 
 
 E'SCH.'\R,(pron. i/iffr) «. [f>5c/m»-n, Gr.] in surgery, a hard 
 crust or scab formed on the surface of (he flesh by means 
 of a burning hot iron, or caustic medicine, or some sharp 
 corrosive humour within. 
 
 ESCAROTIC, (eskarutih) a. [from e^clmrn, a scar, Gr.j 
 having the power to produce a scab by its caustic quality, 
 applied to medicines. Caustic. 
 
 ESCHE'AT, (e.tchei-:) s. [from rscftcoir, Fr.] in law, any 
 lands or other profits that fall to a lord of tjie manor by for- 
 feiture, or the death of his tenant, without heir geneial or 
 especial; the place in which the king, or other lord, has 
 
 T t 
 
 escheats of his tenants; a writ which hi s. where the tennnl 
 dies as above, without heir general or e.-pecial, ai;ainst h;.'! 
 that possesses the lands of the deceased. 
 
 To ESCHE'AT, (rsc/uil) v. a. in law. Id fall to the lorl 
 of the manor by forfeiture, or for want of h^'irs. 
 
 ESCIIE'ATOR, (csclii'iior) s. in l;\w, an olficer (hat ran es 
 notice of the escheats oftlic king in the county to which he 
 belongs, and certifies them to the exchequer. 
 
 To ESCHE'W, V. a. [cic/ievir, old Fr.] to fiy, avoid, shun, 
 or decline. A word almost obsolete. 
 
 ESCLAIRCI'SSEMEKT, s.:i French terra signiljiiigthe 
 clearing up of any diiiiculty. 
 
 ESCO'R.'', s. [esnirte, Fr.] a company of soldiers, or ship* 
 of war, attendiiigothers, to keep them from falling into t,'ve 
 hands of an enemy. 
 
 To ESCO'llT, V. a. [csco}-ler, Fr.] to guard or convoy by 
 sea or land with an armed force, to prevent a person or thing 
 from falling into the hands of an enemy. 
 
 ESCO'T, s. [Fr.] a tax paid in boroughs and corporations 
 towards the support of the community, called vulgarly scot 
 and lot. 
 
 To ESCOT, V. a. to pay a man's reckoning; to sup- 
 port. 
 
 ESCRITO'IR, (commonly pronounced scruture)s.[Fv.] a 
 kindof Inueau, or chest of drawers, the top ofwliich is fur- 
 nished with c(Uivenieiices for writing. 
 
 E'SCUAGE, s. [from C4TH, Fr.] in our old customs, a kind 
 ofkniglifs service, called service of the shield, by whicli 
 the tenant was bound to follow his lord to the war at his own 
 charge ; also a sum of money paid to the lord in lieu of such 
 service. 
 
 ESCULA'PIUS, in mythology, the god of medicine. 
 
 ESCULENT, a. [esculeiUus, from escar, to feed upon, L;!(. ] 
 eatable. 
 
 E'SCULEN'i'S, i. such jilants or roots as may be eaten ; 
 such as beets, carrots, artichokes, leeks, onions, parsnips, 
 potatoes, Ac. 
 
 ESCURIAL, a village of New Castile, celebrated for its 
 palace and convent, built by Thilip 11. ofSpain, in 1;jG3. It 
 consists of a royal mansion, a chnich built after the plan of 
 St. Peter's at Rome, cloisters, ac)llege, a library, containing 
 ui)wards of 20,000 volumes, shops of different artists, apart- 
 ments for a great number of families, an extensive park and 
 fine gardens, adorned with a great number of fountains. It 
 stands in a dry, barren country, surrounded by rugged moun- 
 tains, and is builtofgray stones, found in the neighbourhood. 
 This structure, built in the form of a gridiron, because St. 
 Lawrence, to whom it was dedicated, was broiled on such an 
 instrument, was 2'2 years in building, and cost e,000,000 
 crowns. They reckon in it 800 pillars, 11,000 square win- 
 dows, and 14,000 doors. In the vaulted chapel, tlierc is a 
 ma.gnificent mansolenra, called the panthe-in, similar to tlijt 
 at Koine. It is seated on the river Guadara, 15 miles N. W. 
 of Madrid. 
 
 ESCUTCHEON, (esUtclwn) s. Ifrom scutum, a shield, 
 Lat.] in heraldry, the shield whereon coats of arms are re- 
 presented; taken from a custom of the ancients, who were 
 wont to have their shields painted with some particular 
 device of fancy; which was a token of honour, some not 
 being permittee! to have them till they had performed some 
 honourable action. 
 
 E'SDRAS, s. the name of two of the apocryplial books, 
 nsually bound up with the Scriptures. They were always 
 excluded the Jewish canon, and are too absurd to be ad- 
 mitted as canonical even by the papists themselves. 
 
 E'SKIMAUX, jtti aboriginal people of North America. 
 inhabiting a tract of country called Labrador. Tliey ar? 
 low in stature ; their chief employment is hunting and fish- 
 ing, and they observe some sort of sacrifices. They live 
 upon the raw flesh of whales, bears, &c. and gi mulHed up 
 in skins, the hairy sides next their bodies. Their nights 
 are from I to :> months long, during which time the eartlj 
 is bound up in impenetrable frost, and they live in a sort 
 of subterraneous habitation. On the return of the sun, 
 
 321
 
 ESS 
 
 EST 
 
 llicjr have, diinn°; tlie summer, continual day, and lead a 
 
 rov/UK life. 
 
 ESPA'LIER, j. [Fr.] in gardening, rows of trees planted 
 round a garden, plantation, or in hedges, for the defence of 
 tender plants against violence and inJHry of wind and wea- 
 ther: commonly applied to hedges of fruit trees, which are 
 trained up regularly to a lattice work of wood, formed of 
 ash-poles, or square long timbers of fir, <S:c. The trees 
 chiefly planted for espaliers are apples, pears, and souietiuies 
 plums. 
 
 E.SP.\'RCET, s. a kind of sainfoin. 
 
 YJi¥t^CWL,,{esp'tshial)a.\specialis, from specie, to regard, 
 Lat.] principally; chief eminently serviceable in eftecting 
 any end. 
 
 ESPECL\LLY, {espU^'^alhj) ad. principally ; chiefly. 
 
 P:SPLANA'DE, s. [Fr.] in fortitication, the empty 
 sp^ce bstwecn the glacis of acitadel and the first houses of 
 B (ov.'ri. 
 
 ESPOUSAL (espouzal) a. used in, or belonging to, the 
 ceremony <.if betrothing. 
 
 ESPOU SALS, (espniizals) s. [it has no singular, spnyisn- 
 lia, Lat. epotisailles, Fr.] the act of aifiancing or con. 
 tracting a man and woman to each oilier. Figuratively 
 a wedding. 
 
 To ESl'OU'SE, (espovzc) V. a. [cponser, Fr.] to contract 
 in marriage, or to betroth to another; to marry ; to adopt 
 or engage in a thing as a principal; to defend or maintain 
 an opinion, cause, or party. 
 
 To ESPY', V. a. [cpier, Fr.] to see a thing at a distance • 
 ■to discover a thing intended to be concealed; to see uiiej 
 pectedly; to discover, or make discoveries in the character 
 ofa spy. 
 
 ESQUIRE, (pronounced squire) s. [ecui/er, Fr.] the ar- 
 mour-bearer, or attendant upon a knight. A title of dig- 
 nity next to that of knight. The title is now given to all 
 the sons of noblemen and their heirs male for ever; the 
 four esquires of the king's body; the eldest sons of baronets 
 and of knights of the Bath, and their heirs male in the right 
 line; to those that serve the king intiny woriliipful eoiplcA'- 
 ment, &c. and to such as his Majesty gives arms, and creates 
 esquires, with a collar of SS. of silver, whw were formerly 
 called white sijuires. The chief of some families enjoy this 
 title by prescription ; and those that t>earany superior otlice 
 in the commonwealth, as high sheriti" of any county ; and 
 he who is justice of the peace; together with under-barris- 
 tcrs, and graduates of the university during their residence 
 at college. 
 
 To ESS.^T, V. a. [essnyer, Fr.] to attempt, try, or en- 
 deavour ; to make an experiment; to try the purity of me- 
 tals. This latter sense is now contincd to, and spelt, assau. 
 
 E'SSAY, [the accent is used on either syllable] s. an at- 
 tempt, endeavour, c.r trial ; a loose sally of the mind : an 
 irregular piece, wherein the thoughts are set down as they 
 c;ccur to the mind, without any regard to method. 
 
 E'.SS F,N C 1",, s. [essentia, from the old participle essens, 
 being, Lat.] in logic, the very nature of any being, whether 
 it be existing or no ; that which determines and constitutes 
 the natUH! ofa thing, or which is absolutely nec;essary to its 
 being what it is. Figuratively, being, or a' person which 
 has existence. In medicine and chyniistry, thechief proper- 
 ties or virtues extracted from any simple, reduced to a nar- 
 row compass. A perfume or odour. 
 
 To F/SSENCE, I-. a. to scent with any perfume. 
 
 ESSF'NES, or ESSE'NIANS, in Jewish antiquity, one of 
 the throe ancient sects among that people, who outdid thi' 
 Pharisees in their most rigorous observances. They allowed 
 a future state, l)ut denied a resurrection fioni the dead. 
 Their way of life was verv singuhit ; they did not marry, 
 hut adopted the children of others, whom they bred up in 
 the institutions of their sect ; tlii'y <1espiscd riches, and had 
 all things in comuum; and never changed their cloliies till 
 lliev were entirely worn out. 
 
 ESSt'NliAL, (esscnsliiil)a. [essentialis, from the old par- 
 ticHile csemu, beiug, Lat.] necessary to the conatitution or 
 
 existenceof a thing. Principal. Important in the highest 
 degree. Pure : highly rectiiied. 
 
 £SSE'NTI.\L, (essenslual) t. being or existence. Na- 
 ture, or constituent principles. A chief, or principal 
 point. 
 
 F.SSE'NTIALLY, (esshis/iialli/) ad. principally. 
 
 E'SSEX, a county of England, bounded on the W. by 
 Jdiddlesex and Herts; on the N. by part of Canibridf.'e- 
 shire and the river Stour, v\hich separates it from .Sutiolli ; 
 on the E. by the Geruuin Ocean ; and on the S. by the 
 Thames, which divides it from Kent. It is about Similes 
 long from E. to \V. and 48 broad from N. to S. and is di- 
 vided into 18 hundreds, which contain 20 market towns, 403 
 parishes, about (J.3,OU0 houses, and 3-2o,(iOO iuhahitants. It 
 does not contain any considerable hills ; but exhibits a vari- 
 ety of soil, and face of country, generally fertile. Its S. W. 
 part is occupied principally by the f(irests of Eppiug and 
 Hainault; and is noted for its butter. The N. W. part, from 
 S:iffron \Vm1i),,,i I.' r'iimlirihifp, is famous tor the growth of 
 saffron. The middle part is a fine corn country, varied with 
 gentle inequalities of surl'aoe, and sprinkled willi vvoods 
 \\ hut are called tlie hundreds ol' Essex, (thungli mclndcd ir 
 the hundreds of lijrnstable, Rochfoid, and Ueiigj) border 
 ing on the '1 lianics and the sea, consist cliielly of nnirshy 
 grounds, which al'.oid excellent pastnrage, yet .ue deemed 
 imwholesonu: ; but more inland they are dry, elr\aled, and 
 healthy ; and even the worst parts of them arc rendered 
 much healthier than formerly, by clearing the woods and 
 draining the stagnant waters. Great numbers of calves are 
 sent from hence to the Loudon market, with oilier cattle ; 
 also fowls, wild and tame, and the oysters, known by the 
 name of Colchester oysters. The prinrijial rivers besides the 
 'J'liames, arc the Stonr, which falls into the German Ocean 
 at Harwich; tlie Lea, Clielmer, ISIackwater, Coin, Crouch, 
 and lioding. Chelmsford is the capital. 
 
 ESSOiGN, or LSSCrjN, s. [Ir.] in law, an excuse al- 
 Ujwc-d for the absence ofa person who is sninmoned to appear 
 in a court of justice; the person who is C-Kcuscd for absence 
 h<nu a court of justice. 
 
 'i'o EM'Ai4i.lJi), V. a. [eta'J TT. to settle firmly; 
 to tix unalterably ; to settle, fix, or coiihrra in any pnvi- 
 le?e ; to make firm, or ratify a law; to found, build, c>r 
 place in such a manner, as not to be subject to fal] or 
 move. Synon. To institide, is to create and form things, 
 having some relation tw the author, or him who first co" 
 trived, or laid down the plan. To foKiid, is to give birth tn 
 such plan. To establish, is to fix that plan upon a lasting 
 basis. To endoxc, is to provide the necessaries for its sub- 
 sisti-nce. 
 
 ESTA'RUSHER, .c. one who establishes. 
 
 ESTABLISHMENT, s. \etMissi-ment, Fr.] a confirmation 
 or ratification of somelhing already done; a settled form of 
 regulation, or management of a government or family ; a 
 fun<ian);'iitid principle, ors-'ttled law;' allowance, salary-. 
 
 IvS'IW'TE, s. [etttt, Fr. formerly applied to the general 
 interest or business of a governiHciit, which is now written 
 :tate'\ condition, circumstami',or rank of life, with regard to 
 )>rospcrity, affluence, nobility, wealth, or their contraries ; 
 fortune, generally applied to a person's possessions in land, 
 rank, orqualitv. 
 
 ToESTE'ENI, v. a. [iTstimo, Lat.] to set a value on a 
 thhig ; to compare, or fix the value of a thing by compa- 
 rison ; to prize ; to value, to regard as an obii'ct of worili 
 and reverence ; to respect, or account. Synon. When we 
 entertain a good opinion of a man, we are said to rei^arj 
 him ; w hen that regard increases, we call it esteem ,• w-e testify 
 that esteem by veneration, and prove it by submission through 
 respect. 
 
 F.STE'E\L s. the act ^f respect paid to a person or thing 
 on account of r<'al or supposed worth ; the value, respect, or 
 reputation ofa person or thing. 
 
 ESTE'I",.\1 Ell, s. one who regards a person or thing as an 
 obieel ofworth, and claiming respect. 
 
 K STHER, s. a canonical book of the Old Testament,
 
 EST 
 
 ETIl 
 
 containing tlie history of a Jewish virgin, dwollinfr wiih 
 )ier iMicle Mordccai at Siiuslian, in tiio rcijjn of AIkisucius, 
 one of the kinf,'s of I'ersia. 
 
 ESTIIO'NIA, or Rkv kl, a consiflorabic government of 
 Russia on tlie Baltic ; hounclcil on the N. Iiy the '^iulf of 
 Finland, on tiie E. by In^'ria, an<t on the S. by tiic ;;(>v(rn- 
 nicnt of Rij,'a. It was lon<; a bone of conlenlion between 
 the JUissians, Poles, and Swedes, but was finally ceded to 
 Russia in 1721. Revel is theeapital. 
 
 E'STIIWAITE WATI'lR, a lake in l.anca.shire between 
 Hawkshead and WintbMinere Water, about two miles and a 
 half in length, and half a mile in breadth. Around it are 
 villages and scattered houses, sweetly situated under woods 
 and hanging grounds, clothed with the richest verdure, 
 heighteni'd by the deep shade of the woods, and tlie back 
 ground of rockv moinitains. 
 
 E'STIMAMLE, «. [f*(™«Wc, Fr.] valuable ; worthy of ho- 
 nour, respect, or esteem. 
 
 E'.STIMABLKN l>;SS, s. that quality which renders a thing 
 worthy of regard and respect. 
 
 To Estimate, v. „. [,estimo, Lat.l to rate ; to fix the 
 valueof a thing ; to judge of a thing by comparing it with 
 something else ; to calculate or compute. 
 
 E'STIMATE, i. a calculation or computation; value; 
 the act of valuing, or valuation ; the assignmeni of propor- 
 tion ; a judgment formed from comparing one thing witii 
 another. 
 
 ESTIMATION, i. [from rrstimo, to estiniate, Lat.] the 
 assigning the proper portion or share of a thing ; a calcula- 
 tion or comimtation, regarding value or number ; judg- 
 ment, or opinion formed on comparing; that degree of 
 value or respect paid a person or thing, whijch arises from 
 considering \\]f\r merits. 
 
 E'STIiMATlVE, a. having the power of making a com- 
 parison or calculation, aiul thereby determining the surplus 
 or preference between two or more things. 
 
 ESTIM VTOlv, t. [from rrstimo, to estinrate, Lat.] a per- 
 son who, fr(mi considering the nature of things, settles their 
 respective importance, worth, preference or value. 
 
 E'STIVAL, ff. [a-stivKS, from cislas, sunnner, Lat.] belong- 
 ing to the summer. 
 
 ESTOTEL, s. in law, such an act as bars any legal pro- 
 cess. 
 
 ESTO'\T.KS, s. necessaries allowed by law. 
 
 KSTIIA'DE, s. [Fr.] an alcove or bed-room; an even or 
 level phi'-e ; a public road or highway. 
 
 ESrU AMADLJ'R A, a province of Spain, about 1T.5 miles 
 in length, and 100 in breadth ; bounded (ui the W. by Por- 
 tugal ; on the N. by Leon and Old Castile; on the I'', by 
 New Castile ; and oji the S. by Andalusia. It abounds wilh 
 corn, wine, and fruits ; but tlie air is often hot and sultry. 
 A part of thi-3 province has been mostly annexed to New Cas- 
 tile, anil a jxirt to Olil Castile; but there is yet a captain- 
 general, w ho commands the troops, and superintenils the 
 police. Also a province of Portugal, bounded (•■.n the W. I)y 
 the Atlantic, on the N. by Beira, and on the E. and S. by 
 Alentejo. It abounds with wine, excellent oil, honey, 
 oranges, and salt. Here the oranges were first planted that 
 were brought from China, known still by the name of China 
 oranges. Its capital is Lisbon. 
 
 To ESTR \'N(iE, r. a. {etrau<^er, Fr.] to keep at a dis- 
 tance; to withdraw ; to alienate or divert a thing from its 
 original use. To alienate, or change from kindness to cool- 
 ness and indifterence, applied to tlie affections. To with- 
 draw; to withhold. 
 
 ESTRANGEMENT, .9. disuse ; removal ; the act of 
 considering a thing with indiflerence or coolness. 
 
 .ESTRA'Y. See Stray. 
 
 ESTRE'ATE, (street) s. [extractnm, from exiralio, to draw 
 OMt.Lat.] in law, is a true copy, or duplicate of an original 
 writing or record, especially fines, amerciaments, penalties, 
 &'c. set down and imposed in the rolls of a court,|to be levied 
 by a bailiff, or other officer. 
 
 ESTRE'PEMENT, s. [from ettrepier, Fr.J in law, any 
 
 waste or spoil made upon lands by a tenant for life, to the 
 prejudice of a person who has them in reversion. 
 
 lySTlJARY, n. [from rrstun, to lioil, or be agitated, i.al.J 
 an ariuof the sea ; the nu)Utb of a lake or river, which com- 
 nuniicates with the- sea ; a l-iith. Sec .I'.s ru Auy. 
 
 ESTIJAI'ION, s. [from nstdn, to boil or be agitated, Lat.] 
 the>state of boiling ; agitatitin ; conunotion. 
 
 ESURIENT, «. [from esurio, to be hungry, Lat.] hungry; 
 voracious. 
 
 E'SURINR, n. [from esurio, to be hungry, Lat.] corrodli:g ; 
 sharp ; eating. 
 
 ETA'PE, «. [Fr.]in war, the provisions and forage aliow 
 ed an army in their route through a country. 
 
 ETC. a contracli(jn of et cetera, Lat. iui|>iying, and so on ; 
 and the like ; and tlie rest; or, and oliiers of the same 
 kinil. 
 
 To ETCH, V. a. \etizen, Teut.] a way used in making of 
 prints.by drawing with a proper needle upon a copper-plate, 
 covered over with a ground of wax, &c. and well blackeii 
 with the smoke of a link, in order to take oft' the figure of 
 the drawing or print; which having its back side tinctured 
 with white lead, will, by running over the strucken oullines 
 with astift, impress the exact figure on the black or red 
 ground ; which figure is afterwards wilh neeflles drawn 
 deeperquite through the ground, and all the shadows and 
 hatchings put in; and then a wax border being mad" all 
 round the plate, lliere is poured on a sufiicient (juantity of 
 well tempered aqua fortis, which insinuating into the 
 strokes made by the needles, usually eats, in aliout half iiu 
 hour, into the figine of the print or draw ing on the copper- 
 plate. 
 
 ETCH, «. in husbandry, a first crop, or a crop taken ofT 
 ground which is fi'llow. 
 
 ETE'RNA L, a. [frie/HiM, i. e. an-iteriiiis, from (Ttiim, an age, 
 Lat.] applied to the existence of the Deity, without begin- 
 ning or end; endless; immortal. Figuratively, perpetual ; 
 constant ; without intermission. That has been and always 
 will be unchangeably the same. 
 
 ETERNAL, s. [eter7iel, Fr.] one of the appellations of 
 God, implying his necessary existence, or his existence In;- 
 fore all time. 
 
 ETE'RNALIST, s. [from alemus, eternal, Lat.] one who 
 liolds that the world was never created, but existed from 
 eternitv. 
 
 To ETE'RNALIZE, v. a. to make eternal, immortal, or 
 to exist without end. 
 
 ETERNALLY, nrf. without beginning or end; witho\it 
 change ; from eternity to eternity ; perpetually ; constantly ; 
 or without intermission. 
 
 ETERNITY, s. [aiemitas, from rttermis, eternal, Lat.] du 
 ration without beginningor end. 
 
 To ETE'RNlZli, v. a. [eteniiser, Fr.] to render perpetual 
 or endless ; to render inunortal ; to immortalize. 
 
 ETHELBALD had reigned two years as king of Wesse.\ 
 during his father's life, continued to possess that throne after 
 his decease, and reigned but about two years and a half 
 ■.ifter his father's death: no renutrkable event happened in 
 his reign. He is banded down to us as a luxurious, de- 
 bauched prince. He died in SGO. 
 
 ETHELBERT, already in \>ossession of the kingdom of 
 Kent, succeedi'd to the whole monarciiy, according to 
 Ethelwulph's will. His reign of about six \ears is remarka- 
 ble for nothing but the incnrsiiuis of the Danes. He died 
 ill sfjT) ; and was buried at Sherborn. 
 
 ETHELREI) I. succeeded Etheibert in the kingdom of' 
 Kent, 8()6. In this reign the Danes became uiasters of 
 Norlhumberland and East-Anglia,and resolved to uush their 
 conquests further, hoping in the end to subdue all i*.ngland. 
 With this view, Ivar, king of Denmark, turned his arms 
 against Wessex, and resolved to attack Ethelred ; he landed 
 his troops in that county, and. advanced as far as Readinjf. 
 Ethelred marched that way with his army: a warhereupun 
 ensued, and Ethelred, wjthin the space of one year, fought 
 nine pitched battles witli the JJanea, in some of which h«^ 
 
 323
 
 ETM 
 
 ETH 
 
 was victorious, in others not, but in ail f;;ave sipjntil proofs of 
 his courage and conilutt ; but unhappily in the last, «liich 
 vas fou^fht near Wiltiugliain, he received a niorlal wound, 
 of whicli he died, iu »72, in the 6th year of his rei'^n. 
 Ethelrcd has the character of a good prince., 
 
 E'THELRED il. succeeded L^dward the Youn,^er in 979; 
 he was then about Vi years of age. in 981 the piratical 
 Danes landed at Southampton ; and, in sh<irt, for ten years 
 together, with now and then a little intermission, there was 
 nothing to be seen but plundcrings, couHagrations, murders, 
 and ail the miseries imaginable. During tiiis time the cre- 
 dit of the monks went down apace ; the people began to 
 wonder, that they, who could do so many niiracles (as they 
 preteudedjon their own account, could not, by their merits 
 and prayers, prevent the calamities of the nation. Kthelred 
 shewed them no manner of respect. In 990, Dunstan, arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury, died. The Danes continually ravaged 
 the .kingdom, and Ethelred always bought them off when his 
 forces liad been defeated. The last money he paid theni 
 was 30,000/. which was levied by way of a tax called Dane- 
 geld, and was the first land-tax in England. Upon this the 
 Danes ceased their ravages, and most of them returned 
 Lome; but as a great many of them, liking the country, 
 staid behind, and England was well stocked with them be- 
 fore, they began now to take upon themselves to domineer 
 over the English, who were perpetually in dread of new in- 
 vasions. They lived in ease and pleasure, w hile the Eng- 
 lish were forced to labour and toil to satisfy their demands. 
 Hence they gave them the name of Lord Danes ; and to this 
 day, in some parts of England, a rich, idle, imperious man is 
 called ill derision a Lurdane. Ethelred, having married 
 Emma, sister to the duke of Normandy, and depending on 
 his assistance when required, resolved on a general massa- 
 cre of the Danes. He privately sent orders to all parts of 
 thekingdom for this purpose, whicii were executed with 
 such fury, that in one day, viz. Nov. 13, 1002, all the Danes 
 were slain ; though some think, that by all the Danes are 
 meant only those lately settled inEngland, and dispeised in 
 Wessex and Mercia. King Sweyn's sister, who was a Chris- 
 tian, and married to a noble Dane, who had been settled 
 some time in England, fell among the rest. Ethelred was 
 so cruel as to have her beheaded, after he had ordered her 
 children to he killed before her face. Swe\n, king of Den- 
 mark, no sooner heard of this bloody tragedy, and tlie cruel 
 murder of his sister, but he swore he would never rest till 
 he had revenged so monstrous an outrage. He therefore 
 equipped a fleet of 300 sail, and came not for plunder as be- 
 fore, but to destroy the country with fire and sword. He 
 landed in Cornwall with a powerful army, marched to Exe- 
 ter, and having put the inhabitants to the sword, reduced it 
 to ashes. Ethelred, who was betrayed on all hands, impru- 
 dently trusted the command of the army to the duke of 
 Mercia, whom he had formerly banished, and whose son's 
 eyes he had ordered to be put out; and he, inVevenge, be- 
 trayed it to the Danes, as soon as became in sight of them. 
 The following sprinc; Sweyn landed, and burnt Norwich and 
 Thetford: soon after he engaged Ulfkettle, duke of East- 
 Anglia, the bravest of all Ethelrcd's subjects, and entirely 
 defeated him. In 1005 there was a famine in England, 
 which obliged the Danes to return home for want of subsist- 
 ence ; l)ut they returned again. In short, the Danes, in 
 101.;, made themselves masters of the whole kingdom, and 
 Ethelred returned into Normandy wilh his whole family. 
 Sweyn being now proclaiined king of iMigUnid without any 
 ..opposition, he laid a most heavy tax on the nation, for pay- 
 ing the Danish troops. He died[suddciily in 1011. Upon 
 Sweyn's death, the Danes iiroclaimed his son Canute king of 
 England ; i>utthe English recalled Ethelred, and flocked to 
 him from all parts, so thai he soon foun(! himself at the head 
 of a numerous araiy. Canute on a sudden embarked his 
 troops, to assert his right to that crown. In the mean time 
 Eth.'lrefl gr)verne(l as bad as ever. Canute having settled 
 afiairs in Detfmark, relnned in about a year, and laiuled 
 «th a nllUl(•^o^;^ anuv at Sandwich. Ednunid, the king's 
 Sail 
 
 eldest son, and his brolhcr-inlaw Edric, commanded the 
 army a^rainst him ; but Edric, in a little time, openly de- 
 clared for Canute, and car-.iei; olf with him a coiibiderable 
 body of troops, a) id 40 ships; after which Canute became 
 master of sevcrj! counties iu \Vessex,aiid Kdmund marched 
 into tile north to join Uthred, earl of Northumberland. Ca- 
 nute followed him ; and upon his coming, Uthred submitted 
 to him; but Canute, thinking him not to be tiusted who 
 changed sides by compulsion, caused him to be put to death. 
 Ethelred died in 1016, in the 50th year of ids age, after a 
 most inglorious reign of 37 years. 
 
 E'THELSTAN, or Athelstan, succeeded Edward the 
 Elder, being his natural son, in 926; but the illegitimacy of 
 his birth was not then deemed a sufficient obstacle to hia 
 inheriting the crown. However, Alfred, a nobleman of his 
 kindred, is said to have entered into a conspiracy against 
 him, in favour of the legitimate sons of the deceased king, 
 who were yet too young to be capable of governing them- 
 selves, whicli he effectually crushed. "I'liis monarch re- 
 ceived also some disturbance from the Northumbrian Danes, 
 whom he compelled to surrender; and resenting the con- 
 duct of Constantine, king of Scotland, who iiad given them 
 assistance, he ravaged that country with impunity, till at 
 length he was appeased by the liumble submissions of tliat 
 monarch. These submissions, how ever, being extorted, w ere 
 insincere. Soon after Ethelstau had evacuated that king- 
 dom, Constantine entered into a confederacy w ilh a body of 
 Danish pirates and some Welsh princes, who were jealons 
 of Ethelstan's growing greatness. A bloody battle was 
 fought near Brunsburg, in Northumberland, in which the 
 English monarch was again victorious. After this success 
 Ethelstau enjoyed his crown in tranquillity ,and he is regard- 
 ed as one of the ablest and most active of the Saxon kings. 
 During his reign the Bible was translated into tl;e Saxon 
 language; and some alliances also were formed by him witlr 
 the princes on the continent. In his reign he enacted a 
 law, that a merchaut who had made three long voya: es, on 
 liis owM account, should be admitted to the rank of thane, or 
 gentleman. He died at Gloucester, in 9-11, after a reign of 
 sixteen years, and was succeeded by his brother Edmund. 
 
 E"1"HEL\VULPH, Egbert's only surviving son, succeeded 
 his father in H3S. In 840 a body of Danes landed on the 
 coast of Wessex. Etlielwulph, notwithstanding ho was 
 averse to fighting, marched against them in person, but had 
 the misfortune to be beaten. About this time the nation of 
 the Picts, so formidable heretofore to the southern Britons, 
 were entirely extirpated by their neighbours the Scots,after 
 a^long war between them. EtheKvidph, wearied with the 
 repeated incursions of the Danes, delivered up to Ethelstau, 
 his natural son, Kent, Essex, and Sussex, with the title of 
 king of Kent, contenting himself with the kingdom of 'VV. s- 
 sex, and the sovereignty of all England. In 852 the Danes 
 came up the Thames, with a fleet of 300, ships, and pillaged 
 London and other places; but Etlielwulph and Ethelstau 
 engaged them near Oakley, in Surry, in whicli the English 
 gained the day, and made such a terrible slaughter of the 
 Danes, that but few escaped. The victory of Oakley having 
 delivered him from the fear of the Danes, he now had an 
 opportunity of indulging his natural bent to devotion ; and 
 by the advice of Swithin, bisho]) of Winchester, who had 
 always a great ascendancy over him, he is said to have grant- 
 ed to the church the tithes of all his dominions. In 85a he 
 paid a visit to the pope in person, to receive his benediction, 
 and extended the tax of Pcter-pciice all over his dominions, 
 till then levied only in Wessex and Mercia. Having staid 
 a year at Uom.e, he returned home througli France, where 
 he married Judith, daughter of Charles iho Bald, not above 
 12 years old. Whilst Etlielwulph was at Rome, Ethelbald 
 entered into a conspiracy to dethrone his father, and to seize 
 the kingdom ; and made so great a l>arly, that ]-thelv.'u)ph 
 was obliged to give up to him the kingdom of Wessex, and 
 to rest contented w itii that of Kent for liimself Ethelw ulpli 
 lived but about two years after this. He died in 857, after 
 a reign of 20 years, and was buried at Winchester. He left
 
 EVA 
 
 EVE 
 
 by 'A ill Ills (lominioiis to Ills second son Rllicllicrf, afler lilm 
 to his lliird son l'',tli<;lr('(l, iiiid thin to Ali'ii'd his youujjest, 
 who ;dl in Ihcir tiirnsnccrcdcd to the crown. 
 
 l>'Till''ll, s.\athn-, L;it.];i tiiin, snhlilc mutter ormcdinm, 
 miKJi finer :iiid rarer than air, wliieli conniipiues from the 
 limits of onr atmosphere, and possesses the uhcde heavenly 
 space. Ethers are also volatile liquids formed by the dis- 
 tillation ofsomeof the a<ids with alcohol. 
 
 l-JTIIE'RIsAE, rt. [from ather, pure air, Lat.] .formed of 
 ether. Fijjurativelv, heavenly. 
 
 l';rilE'REOU.S,o. [from (kher, pure air, Lat.] formed of 
 ether. Fi>;iiratively, heavenly. 
 
 {■7T1IIC, a. [from e(/ios, manner, Gr.] moral ; containing 
 precepts of morality. 
 
 ETHICAL, a. [from ethos, manner, Gr.] moral; treating 
 oninorality. 
 
 ETHiCALLY, ad. after the manner of ethics, or moral 
 philosophy. 
 
 E'TlllCS, s. [without any singular; from ethikos, Gr.] the 
 doctrine of morality ; or that part of philosophy which treats 
 of our duty as it concerns us, either as members of society, 
 or as men. 
 
 ETHIO'Pl.A, or jEthiopi A, a part of-Africa, divided into 
 Upper and Lower ; Upper Ethiopia includes Nubia and 
 Abyssinia. In Lower Ethiopia is comprehended a great 
 part of the interior of Africa, N. and S. of the equator, as 
 Mnjak, Gingiro, Anziko, Mono-cmngi, Alaba,Matamba,cVc. 
 
 liTHIOP'S MINERAL, s. in pharmacy, a combination 
 of mercury with snlpiiur. 
 
 ETHNIC, a. [from ethws, a nation, Gr. because the 
 nations were all heathen except the .lews] iieathen ; pagan ; 
 not enlightened with the knowledge of the one aud true 
 God, opposed to Jewish or Christian. 
 
 ETHNICS, «. [from f<//)ios, a nation, Gr.because the nations 
 were all heathen except the Jews] heathens; idolaters, op- 
 posed to Jews or Christians. 
 
 ETHOLO'GICAL, «. [(nm\ ethos, manners, and Zog-o*, a 
 discourse, Gr.] treating of morality. 
 
 ETIO'LOGY, s. I aitiolofria, from aiiia, a cause, and logos, 
 B discourse, Gr.] an account of the causes of any thing, gene- 
 rally applied to distempers. 
 
 ETIQUETTE, s. a French word, primarily denoting a 
 ticket or title affixed to a bag or bundle of papers, express- 
 ing its contents. At present it is used to denote those 
 forms that regulate the decorum of conduct towards per- 
 sons ot-various ranks and stations in life. 
 
 ETNA. See^.TNA. 
 
 ETON CO'LLEGE, Bucks, separated from Windsor by 
 an old bridge over the Thames. It was founded by Henry 
 VI. in 1-540, for the maintenance of a provost and 7 fellows, 
 and the instruction of 70 scholars. There are seldom less 
 than 300 scholars here, besides those on the foundation. 
 The revenue is about 5000£ a year. 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL, «. relating to the derivation of 
 words. 
 
 ETYMO'.LOGIST, s. one who searches out the original, 
 or shews the derK'^aLion of words. 
 
 ETY.MO'LOGY, s. [T'rom eti/rnos, true, and los,os, a dis- 
 course, CJr.] that part of giiiffiiuar which treats ofthe origin 
 and derivation of words, and theTiibt arrives at tiieir pri- 
 mal y or first signification ; the derivation of a «ord, or tlie 
 original w ord from w hence another is derived ; the analysis 
 of compound words into primitives. 
 
 ETYMON, s. [from ett/mos, true, Gr.] the primitive or 
 original word from whence another is derived. 
 
 EVA'CUANT, s. [from cmcuu, to empty, Lat.] in medicine, 
 a remedy proper to expel or carry off any ill, peccant, or 
 redundant humours in the animal body, by the proper 
 outlets or emunctories. 
 
 To EVA'CUATE, v. a. [ei'acno, from, vacuus, empty, Lat.] 
 to empty or clear a thnig of its contents ; to throw out as 
 noxious and oifensive ; to void by stool, or through any of 
 the exerctory passages. To make void or animl. To quit 
 or withdraw from a place. 
 
 EVACUATION, s. [from evacuo, to empty, Lat.] a with- 
 drawing, emission, or <lischarge, which renders a decrease 
 of men sensible ; abolition, or atnnilling ; the cjuitting of a 
 country ; a discharge procured by medicines. 
 
 To EVADE, u. n. [from f, out, and iw/o, to go, Lat.] to 
 escape, ehule, or avoid by artifice m' stratagem ; to decline 
 by subterfuge ; to escape or elude by sophistry. 
 
 EVACiATION, s. [from e, out, and va^or, to wander, Lat. ( 
 the leaving of^', or wandering from a direct course or line. 
 
 EVANE'SCENT, n. [from evaimsm, to vanish, Lat.] vau- 
 ishing; lessening beyond the perception ofthe senses. 
 
 EVaNGE'LICAL, «. [cranffe/icjis, Lat. fiom niiiiigelwn, 
 gospel, Gr.] agreeable to the doctrines of Christianity, as 
 contained in the gospel. 
 
 EVA'NGELlSM, s. the act of preaching the gospel. 
 
 EVA'NGELI.ST, s. a writer ofthe gospel. 'J he word is 
 of Greek origin, and signifies one who publishes glad tidings, 
 or is the messenger of good news. 
 
 To EVA'N(iELIZE, v. n. [from euangelion, gospel, Gr.] 
 to instruct in the doctrines of Christianity ; to convert to 
 Christianity. 
 
 EVA'NID, rt. [from wffnra, to vanish, Lat.] faint; weak; 
 vanishing, or growing imperceptible to the sight. 
 
 EVA'POIIABLE, n. [evapiiro, from vapor, a vapour, I^at.] 
 easily dispersed in fumes or vapours. 
 
 To EVA'PORATE, v. a. [evaporo, from vapor, a vapour, 
 Lat.] to exhale, drive away, or dissipate moisture into flames, 
 steam, and vapours. Figuratively, to give vent to a sudden 
 sally ofthe mind. 
 
 EVAPORATION, *. [evaporo, from vapor, a vapour, Lat.J 
 the act of flying away infumes and vapours. In philoso|)hy, 
 the act of exhaling tiie moisture of a body, or of dissipating 
 it in fumes and vapours. It diflers from exhalalion, because 
 that is practised on dry, and this on moist things. Figura 
 tively, a veiit or discharge. 
 
 EVAPOR.\TOR, s. a contrivance calculated for expe- 
 diting the process of evaporation. A model of it was pre- 
 sented by the inventor, Mr. Brown, of Deiby, to the society 
 for the encouragement of arts, iu 1794, who conferred on 
 him their gold medal. 
 
 EVA'SION, s. [eeasio, from evado, to evade, Lat.] a strata- 
 gem, artifice, or sophistry, made use of as an excuse, or a 
 means of treeing a person from a difficulty. 
 
 EVA'.SIVE, (ei^dzive) a. practising artifices, sopliistr,\ , or 
 stratagems, in order to extricate from a difiiculty, or avoid 
 coming to the point. 
 
 EVASIVELY, (eTOziWi/) «rf. in such a manner as to be 
 guilty of sophistry, subterfuge, or artifice. 
 
 EU'CHAHIST, {eykarist) s. [from en, well, and charts, 
 thanks, Gr.l the act of giving thanks. Applied by divines 
 to signify the thankful remembrance ofthe death of Christ 
 in the Communion, or Lord's Supper. 
 
 EUCHARI'STICAL, (fH/;«)/s^(7,'«/) a. containing arts of 
 thanksgiving ; relating to the sacrament of the Lorol's 
 Supper. 
 
 EU'CRASY, (euhrasy) s. [from en, well, and Irasis, tempe- 
 rature, GnJ an agreeable or good mixture of (pialities and 
 fluids in a human Ijody, which denominates it healthy. 
 
 EUDIO'METl'Ti, in pneumatics, [from eudia, signifying 
 the good quality ofthe air, and metro, to measure, Gr.j an 
 instrument for determining the salubrity of difierent kinds 
 of air. 
 
 EUDRO'METER, s. an instrument for ascertaining the 
 pucity ofthe atmospherical air, or tlie quantity of oxygenous 
 gas ov vili'l o.ir ccntulned in it, cliictiy by means of its dimi- 
 nution on a mixture with nilmns air. 
 
 EVE, or E'VEN, s. \<Tfcn, Sax.l the latter part or close 
 ofthe day ; the interval between broad light and darkness; 
 the vigil, or fast, to be observed in the church the day iiefore 
 a holiday. In this sense eva is only used ; in the other even 
 er fie indifl'erently. 
 
 E VEN, a. \rfen. Sax.] smooth ; level ; capable of being 
 divided into equal parts. Calm, applied to the passions. 
 
 To E'VEN, V. a. to make the height of two bodies, or tiu; 
 
 326
 
 EV I 
 
 EUP 
 
 <jnintity of two mimbers, the same, or parallel; to make 
 level. Neuterly, to become even, or out of debt. 
 
 E'VKN, ad. [contracted in coiumoii conversation and 
 poetry to ei''n or e'c«] a word of strong assertion, im|il\ in;^ 
 that a tiling is true in a sense which is the most dubious; 
 verily. So much as, when used as a diminutive. Wjicn used 
 as an exa;;geration or heigbteninj; phrase, it implies a tacit 
 comparison, which gives :;reat force to the words immedi- 
 ately following. In common discourse, pronounced e'en, 
 and used as a word of concession. " I shall e'en, let it pass." 
 CoUie,: 
 
 EVEXHA NDED, n. impartial; unbiassed. " Eceii^handed 
 justice." iS7'«/;. 
 
 ETENING, s. the close of the day. 
 
 E'V'ENLY, ad. "fjually, uuiformly ; Icvelly ; in an impar- 
 tial manuer ; wil.^ont elation or dejection. 
 
 E'VENNESS, s. applied to surface, the state of beingfree 
 from ruggedness ; smoothness ; levelness ; the state of a 
 thing when it inclines not more on one side than another; 
 impartially, or fieedom from bias, t'abuness, or freedom 
 from any violent perturbation, applied to the mind. 
 
 E'VENSONG, s. a song sung at the close of day. 
 
 EVENT, s. [from evenio, to happen, Lat.] an incident, or 
 action, or any thing which happens, either good or bad; 
 the result or consequence of any action ; the conclusion or 
 upshot. 
 
 EVE'NTFUL, a. full of incidents ; abounding with a va- 
 ri^' of actions or incidents. 
 
 E'VENTIDl'^,, i. the time of evening. 
 
 EVE'NTUAL, fl. happening in consequence of any ac- 
 tion; consequential. 
 
 EVE'NTUALLY, ad. in the event, result, or consequence; 
 conseauentiallv. 
 
 E'VER, ad. \nfi-e. Sax.] at any time, when preceded by ;/. 
 Always ; at all times past, and at all times to come ; to ail 
 eternity. In any degree. Evergreen sv^nxi'i^s always green, 
 or green throughout the year. 
 
 E'VERGREKN, s. a plant which retains its leaves and 
 green cj^lour through all the seasons. 
 
 EVEIILA'S'IING, o. lasting and .enduring for ever, or 
 •without end ; immortal. Used to imply time past, as well 
 as time to come, but improperly. 
 
 EVKllLA'STING, i. eternity ; eternal duration, whclhcr 
 past or future. Inbotanv, a plant, called also blite. 
 
 EVERLA'STl.VGLY, "f/. elernallv ; without end. 
 
 EVKflLA'STlNGNKSS, s. eternity. 
 
 EVEKLI'VING, «. immortal. 
 
 KVERMO'RK, «rf. always; iticessantly ; eternally. 
 
 To I'.VI'yRSE, II. «. [from p, which strengthens the sig- 
 nification, and vcrtn, to turn, Lat. J to overthrow, subxcrt, 
 or destroy. To confuse, or CNplode, applied to argHUient. 
 
 E'VERSHOT, a town of DiuM'tshire, situated ou the Ihu"- 
 dersof.Somerset shire, near the rise of the ri\er I'n Hue, which 
 runs into Purbeck Rav, 12 mile's N. W. of Dorchester, aiul 
 120 V/. bv S. of London. 
 
 To E\'E'RT,.r. «. [from f, which strengthens the significa- 
 tion, au'! rerln, to tinii, Lat.] to destrov ; to overthrow. 
 
 E'VIORY, a.[(efcrmk, Sax.] each individual or single per- 
 son composing any collection of men. Evcrytchcre, in all 
 places ; in e;!ch |)hiee. 
 
 KVLS DROPPER. See Eavf.s DnoppEE. 
 
 E'V'I'.SHAM, an ancient town of NVoieesterslilre, with a 
 nianiifacture of woollen stocliin:,'s. It i^ seaterl on a hill, 
 rising with a gradual ascent from tin' ;\vou, which abnost 
 surrounds it, forming here a harbour for barges, and over 
 which it has a stone bridge, 14 miles S. I), of Worcester, and' 
 05 N. W. by VV. of Loudon. Market on IMondav. 
 
 EL'(i[L ■ See Ykw. 
 
 To EVI'CT, V. a. [evinco, Lat.] in law, to cast out of a 
 possession, or to dispossess by due course of law. 
 
 EVI'CTION, s. dispossession by sentence at law ; proof, 
 rvideiu'e, or certain Icsliinony. 
 
 E'VIDRNCE, s. [I'r.Jthe state of bein^jcleai' with respect 
 to proof; undoubted certainty; testimony; proof; a 
 2i'\ 
 
 person who is summoned to prove any point orfact. Usp-J 
 sometimes in the plural without the j final, and aomelimes 
 with. 
 
 'I"o E'VIDENCE, V. a. to prove ; to discover, or shew; 
 to make discovery. 
 
 E'\'II)l'JisT, rt. plain; proved beyond doubt ; notorious. 
 
 E'^ IDLNTLY, ad. in such a manner as to appear plain 
 and indubitable. 
 
 E'VIL, «. fj/c/. Sax.] having bad qualities of any kind. 
 Wicked, malicious, applied to morals. Eiguralively, cala- 
 mitous, or miserable, applied to condition or circumslauces. 
 Mischievous, destructive, ai)plied to animals. 
 
 E'VIL, *. wickedness, a crime ; injury, mischief: malig- 
 nity, corruption ; misfortune, calamity ; malady, disease, as 
 the Intio's ei-il. In Scripture, the consequence of sin; an 
 evil angel, or devil. " Deliver us from evil." 
 
 I>'\ IL, ad. not well in whatever respect. Not virtu 
 ously ; not happily. Injuriously; not kindly. 
 
 To E^ 1 ACE, V. a. [erincn, Lilt.] to prove; make evi- 
 dent; or establish by arguments. 
 
 I'^Vl NCIBLE, a. callable of being proved or established 
 by arguments. 
 
 E\ I'NCIRLY, ad. in such a manner as to force assent or 
 conviction. 
 
 To E\ rilATE, V. a. [rvira, from lir, a man, Lat.] to de- 
 prive of manhood. 
 
 To E\ rSCERATE, v. a. [eviscern, from j-iseiis, a bowel, 
 Lat.l to embowel; to draw or take out the entrails. 
 
 E'VITARLlv a. [from cvitn, to avoid, Lat.] that may be 
 surmounted or avoided. 
 
 EULO'GY, s. [from eu, well, and /"goi, a discourse, Gr.] 
 a praise, commemoration, or panegyric ; a display or dis- 
 course ill praise of the virtiu'sof a person. 
 
 Kl-NOAUANS, heretics in the fourth century, whose 
 manners and doctrines were the same with those of the 
 Arians. 
 
 EUNUCH, (cii)iiih) s. [ei(noncIiv.t. from eiine, a bed, and 
 ec/io, to keep, Gr.] a person who has been castrated. In 
 Italy they make great numbers of cliiidien, from one to 
 three years of age, eiwuchs, every year, to supply the operas 
 and theatres of ail I'-uiope with singers. In tire eastern parts 
 of the world, they make enmichs to he guards and attendants 
 oil their women. The seraglios of the eastern emperors are 
 cliieflv ser\(il and guarded bv eiunuhs. 
 
 EVOCA TION, i. [fi'om eiico, to call out, Lat.] the act of 
 calliiii; <uit. 
 
 To EVO'L^Tj, v. a. [from e, out, and vvlvo, to roll Lat.] 
 toeiiioi; to luiiold ; to disentangle. 
 
 I'AOLUTUSN, s. [fVoru e, out, and to/ro, to roll, Lat.^ 
 tlie act of enrolliug or uiifokiing. In goemctry, the opeiri-.g 
 or unroidiiig of a curve or circle, whereby lire circum- 
 ference gradually approaches to a right line. In algebra, 
 the extractinn o( roots from any given power. In tactics, 
 the divers figures, turns, and motions, luadi' by a holy of 
 soldiers, either in ranging theuisehes in form of battle, or 
 in changing their form, whether by way of exercise, or 
 during arr engagement. 
 
 L,\'ORA, or I'.i.voRA, thecaiiilal of .Mentejo, contain- 
 ing .') churches, 2C convents or colleges, and about l'2,00(l ii|- 
 habitants. It is seated in a pleasant country, planted with 
 large trees ofdivers scu'ts, f;,i miles I'"., by S. of 'Lislxui. 
 
 EUl'iiO'NICAL, (eiifiuiiriil) «. [fiduu'H, well,:';id ;>/wn.; a 
 sound, (ir.] sounding agreeable; giving pleasure by the 
 sound. 
 
 IClJ'i'IIONY, (cti/Iw//).?. [from «(, well, an6p!ione,a sound, 
 Gr.J in grammar, an ( asiness, suioothucss, and elegance of 
 proniinriation ; an agreeable sound. 
 
 Ivl'1'1 lO'RBU'M, (riifirliiinn) s. in botany, the burning 
 tlioiny plant. A gumdrawnfrom the plant isimiiorlcd from 
 IIk.' Canary islamis, and the remoter parts of Africa, and is 
 used in niediciue in sinapisms. 
 
 EU■P!I1^\S^■, (enfrinip .v. [aijihriisia, Lat.] eyebrigbf, an 
 herb nliicli grows np"" lie-illis, and is taken in various forms 
 fur dimness of b'ght.
 
 EUR 
 
 EXA 
 
 EUTTIRATES, one of the most celebrated rivers in the 
 world, iiiiil llic principal of Asiatic Turkey. It has one 
 sodrce al)oiit adav'sjoiiniey, ami anolliertwodays' journey, 
 from I'rzcruiu. The plain of Erzcruni is inclosed between 
 lliese two tine streams, which, when united, form what is call- 
 eii the I'.iiphrates, or the Trat. After their jiniction, about 
 three da\s' journey from Erzerum, the united stream be^^ins 
 to be navi^'ahlc for boats, but the channel is so rocky, that 
 the naviijation is nut safe. In its course it separates Aladu- 
 lia and .Syria, from Diaheker, anil Diabeker froni Arabia, 
 after which it runs throu^;h the Irac-Arabia, till it receives 
 the Tigris, and falls into the Persian Gulph about 50 miles 
 below l^ussorah. 
 
 EVKEUX, a town, or city, capital of the dept. of Eure. 
 Here is a manufactory of cotton velvets, and another of 
 ticken, which is not inferior to that of Brussels. These, 
 vitl-1 linen and woollen cloth, lace, j;rain, wine, and cyder, 
 form the principal articles of its trade. It is seated on the 
 river Iton, 25 miles S. (jf Rouen, and 66 N. W. of Paris. 
 
 !'"lJl'iO'CLYnON, s. [from euros, the east wind, and 
 Ihiilint, a wave, Or.] a wind which blow:: between the east 
 jiud ii'iiili in the Mediterranean, and is very dan<;erous. It 
 15 of the nature of a whirlwind, which when it falls suddenly 
 o«i ships, causes tliem sometimes to founder. 
 
 EU'ilOPE, the least of the f<iur jjeneral parts or quarters 
 •of the world, is bounded on the W. by the Atlantic, on the 
 N. bv the Frozen Ocean, on the E. i)y Asia, and on the S. 
 i)y the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. It is about 3300 
 miles in leu;,'th, and aliout 2700 in breadth, and is situated 
 between ID de^. W. and 60 E. Ion. and between 36 and 72 
 dey. N. lat. As it nearly all lies within the temperate zone, 
 here is nc it her thee; cessive heat, nor the insnpportahle cold, 
 ol'lhe iitiier parts of the continent. Though it does not af- 
 ford the richest productions of the earth, nor abound in cost- 
 ly nu'nes, it is generally much more populous and better cul- 
 tivated, in proportion to its extent, than the other quarters of 
 the 'Mohe. The wild animals are but few, except in the 
 woods, rocks, and mountains of the north, and of the Alps; 
 but tho donieslicated are very numerous. The chief moun- 
 tains are the Alps, Aiiennines, and Pyrenees. The princi- 
 pal rivers are the Danube, Dneister, Dnieper, Vistula, Vol- 
 Ra, Dvvina, Rog, 01>y, Don, Sciieldt, Rhine, Rhone, Seine, 
 Loire, Garonne, Groyne, Tajo, Thames, and Severn. The 
 principal lakes arefhoye of Constance, Geneva, Lausanne, 
 Wenner, Ladoga, and Onega- Europe contains the coun- 
 tries of Norway, Sweden, Detmiark, Great Britain, Ireland, 
 Russia, France, Germany, Poland, Spain, Italy, Portugal, 
 Hungary, Swisserland, and part of Turkey, besides some 
 islands in the Mediterranean and elsewhere. Thereare four 
 empires, namely, those of Russia, Turkey, Austria, and 
 France. The kings are those of the united kiugdmn of 
 Great Britain and Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Prussia, Denmark, 
 ."vweden, Bohemia, Hungary, andKaples, or theTwoSicilies. 
 Tlie republics are now swallowed up in the French empire. 
 The languages are the Latin, of which the Italian, French, 
 «nd Spanish, are dialects ; the Teutonic, fi om which proceed 
 those of Germany, Flanders, Holland, Sweden, Denmark, 
 and England; the Sclavonian, which reigns (though in dis- 
 (fiiise) in Poland, Muscovy, Boh-emia, and a great part of 
 Turkey in Europe; the Celtic, of which there are dialects in 
 Wales, the Highlands of Scotland, Ireland, Bretagne, in 
 France, and LaplansL Besides these, thereare the Greek, 
 and si^veial others. The prevailing religious profession is 
 the Christian, divided into the Greek, Romish, and Protes- 
 tantehurches. Mahometanism is the established faith of the 
 Turks, and there are numberless Jews dispersed in the dif- 
 'crent countries. 
 
 EUROPE'AN, a. [from Eurnpa, Europe, Lat. Some 
 moderns accent it on the second syllable, but the authority 
 of all the great poets is against them] belonging to, or a iia- 
 tivc ot, Europe. 
 
 EURUS, 1. 1 Lat.] the east wind. 
 
 EU'RYTHMY, *. [from en, well, and i-ythmos, Iiarniony, 
 Gr.] harmony of ^erae or pronunciation. 
 
 EUSTATIA, St. one of tlie least of the Leeward Islands, 
 in the West Indies, about 3 leagues N. W. of St. Chri.stD- 
 pher's. It is pioperly a mountain in the forin of a sugar- 
 loaf, or it nuiy be termed, a huge pyramidical rock, who.se 
 top is hollow or concave, and serves us a large den for wild 
 animals. Il is strong by situation, having but one landing- 
 place, which isdilhcult of access, ami foititied with all the 
 art imaginable, by its masters, the Dutch. Tobacco is itj 
 chief production. Not less than 5,000 white inhabiiants, 
 and about 1.5,000 negrijes, subsist ujion this island, and rear 
 hogs, kids, rabbits, and poultry in such abundance, that 
 they can afford to supply their neighbours, after liaviiig 
 served themselves. In general, it serves as a storehouse 
 for all kinds of European commodities. In 1781 it was sur. 
 prised by Admiral Rodney, but was sooii after taken by 
 the French, and restored to the Dutch by the peace of l/b.i. 
 Lat. 17. 29. N. Ion. 03. 5. W. 
 
 EUTERPE, s. one of the nine Muses, to whota the in- 
 vention of the niafheraatics, and playing upon the pipe, is 
 ascribed. 
 
 EUTHANA'SY, s. [from eu, well, and </ia«a<oj, death, Gr.] 
 easy death. 
 
 EUTY'CHIANS, s. in church history, heretics in the 
 fifth century, who embraced the errors of the monk Euty- 
 ches, maintaining that there \ias(udy one nature in Jesus 
 Christ. The divine nature, according to them, had so en- 
 tirely swallowed up the hunuin, that the latter could not be 
 distinguished ; insomuch that Jesus Christ was merely God, 
 and had nothing of humanity but the appearance. 
 
 EVL'LSION, s. [from evcllu, to pluck up, Lat.] the act of 
 plucking off. 
 
 EWE, s. [eowe. Sax.] a female sheep. 
 
 E'WEL, a tow n ot Surry, having many fine streams of 
 water, which uniting, form a river sufficient to drive a mill 
 in the town, and which afterwards falls into the Thames at 
 Kingston. It is 1 J mile N. of Epsom, 10 N. E. by N. <>f 
 Darking, and 13 S. E. by S. of London. Market on 
 Thursday. 
 
 E'WER, s. [from eau, Fr.] a vessel in which water is brought 
 for washing tne hands. 
 
 E'WRY, «. anotfice in the king's honsehold, to which be- 
 longs the care of the table-linen, of laying the cloth, and 
 serving up water in silver ewers after diimer. 
 
 EX, a Latin preposition, often pretixed to compound 
 words, sometimes signifying, as in the original, out, as to 
 exhaust, to (iraw out ; sometimes it only enforces the mean- 
 ing of the word to which it is joined, and sometimes pro- 
 duces a small alteration in the sense. 
 
 To EXACERBATE, v. a. [exaeerlo, from acerhts, sour, 
 harsh, Lat.] to make rough ; to exasperate ; to heighten 
 any disagreeable quality. 
 
 EXACERBATION, s. incrrise of malignity, or any 
 bad quality. In medicine, the height of a disease ; a pa- 
 roxvsm. 
 
 EXACERVATION, s. [from ucervus, a heap, Lat.] the 
 act of heaping up. 
 
 EX.'\'CT, (the ex in this word and its derivatives is com- 
 monly pronounced \-ke egz ; as, Pgrait, c^:al(shiu7i, d\c.) ft. 
 [exactus, Lat.] without the least deviation from any rule or 
 standard ; accurate ; honest ; punctual. 
 
 To EXACT, V. a. [exio-o, from ex, w hich here strengthens 
 the signification, anil cg-o, to require, Lat.] to require or de- 
 mand with rigour and authority ; to demand as due ; to eit- 
 join or insist upon. Neuterly, to require more than i.s the 
 worth of a thing in sales ; to require more than is due in 
 debts or contracts; to be guilty of extortion. 
 
 EXA'CTER, s. one who claims more tliau his due, or de- 
 mands his due witli outrage and rigour. 
 
 J1X.\ CTI ON, s. the act of making a demand with autho- 
 rity ; the demanding more than is due, or more ih.an a lhii>;i 
 is worth; extorlion; atoll; a heavy tax. 
 
 EXACTLY, ad. with accuracy ; perfectly ; w ith great 
 nicety. 
 
 EXA'CTNESS, ». a strict conforciity to a rule or stand 
 
 327
 
 EXA 
 
 EXC 
 
 aid; a con Jiitt rc'sulatetl with the greatest strictness ac- 
 corriiii^ to sonie rule. 
 
 To EXA GGEUATE, r. a. [exagr^em, from ags:er, a heap, 
 Lat.J to heigiiteii by description ; to represent the good or 
 illqisalitiesof a tliinj to be greater tlian lliev reailv are. 
 
 EXAGGERATION, .t. tlie act of heaping together. A 
 representation wherein the good or ill quahties ot'a thing or 
 jiersonare described to be greater than they really are. 
 
 To EXA'GITATE, v. a. [trom ex, to strengthen the signi- 
 fication, and fiS'to, to agitate, Lat.] to put in motion 
 
 To EXA'LT, (exanlt) v. a. [exaltcr, Fr.] to raise on high. 
 Figuratively, to prefer, or raise to power, wealth, or dignity ; 
 to elate with joy or conliflence ; to magnify with praise. 
 To raise or nrake louder, applied to the voice. In chymis- 
 try, to sublime, refine, or heighten the qualities of a thing 
 bv tire. 
 
 "EXALTATION, rr.rff»M..;ioiO j. [cxnlio, to exalt, from, 
 (thus, high, Lat.] the act of raising on high; preferment' or 
 advancement; a state of grandeur or dignity. In astrology, 
 a dignity which a planet is supposed to acquire in certain 
 parts or signs of the zodiac, wiiich is imagined to give it an 
 extraordinary power or influence. 
 
 EXA'MEN, «. [Lat.] an exact and careful search or in- 
 quiry, in order to discover the truth or falseliood of a 
 
 EXA'RIINATE, s. [from exammo, to examine, Lat.] an 
 evidence or person examined upon a trial. 
 
 EXAMINATION, .<•. [from cxamino, to examine, Lat.] a 
 search into the truth of any fact, or the veracity' of any evi- 
 dence, by question ; ar. accurate, nice, and scrupulous in- 
 quitT after truth. 
 
 EXAMINATOR, s. [^Lat.] an examiner. 
 
 To EXA'MINE, f. fl.[ccnm(Ho, Lat.] to try a person sus- 
 pected of any crime by questions; to ask a witness ques- 
 tions on a trial ; to make imiuiry into ; to try by experi- 
 ment, observation, or the deductions of reason. 
 
 EXAMINER, s. one who searches into the veracity ofan 
 evidence, by proposing such questions a« shall be suitable 
 lo that purpose. 
 
 EXA'M.PLE,s.[from exemphim,^. model, Lat.] any thing pro- 
 posed to be copied or imitated ; a precedent, or something 
 of the same kind which has happened before ; a rule of con- 
 duct or action worthy of the imitation of others ; a person 
 fit to be proposed as a pattern for others to imitate; a per- 
 son pmiished for the admonition of others, or to deter them 
 from being guilty of the same crimes ; an instance, or sonie- 
 thino; produced as an illustration or conlirmatiou nfwhat 
 has been asserted, or wherein a rule is explained by an ap- 
 plication. 
 
 EXA'NGUIOUS, (7. Ifroincr, which has here a negative 
 signification, and sam^uis, blood, Lat.] having no blood ; 
 liavingonlv animal juices, in opposition io smigiiineoiis. 
 
 E.XA'NlMATE, a. |from ex, which hiis a negative signifi- 
 cation, and anima, life, Lat.] deprived of life. Figuratively, 
 spiritless; dfjected. 
 
 EXANIMATION, ,?. death ; or deprivation of life. 
 
 EXA'NLMOU.S, rr. (from ex, which has a negative signifi- 
 cation, and anima, life, Lat.] litVless; dead ; killed. 
 
 EXANTHEMATA, s. [from ek, out of, and anthos, a 
 flower, Gr.] in medicine, eiHoresccnces, or breakings out of 
 the skill. 
 
 ICXANTHE'MATOUS, (».[from eh, out of, and anthm, a 
 flower, Gr.] in medicine, pustulous ; eruptive ; efflorescent; 
 discolouring, or forming pustules on the skin. 
 
 EXARA'TION, s. [from exuro, to plow or lo write, Lat.] 
 the manual act of writing; the manner of manual writing. 
 
 ICXAKTICULATION, s. [from ™, out of, and artientns, 
 a joint, Lat.] the dislocating of a joint; the putting a bone 
 out of if>int., 
 
 To rXA'SPER.VTE, v. n. \exn.ipero, from asper, rough, 
 Lat.J to provoke a iierson to anger by some disagrei^able or 
 offensive action ; to heighten or aggravate a difference ; lo 
 hcigliteii or increase the iiiflummution cf a wound or dis- 
 order. 
 
 320 
 
 EX.\.SI'ERA TER, s. one who heightens or increases the 
 anger of a person. 
 
 EX.\SPERATION, t. a representation of a thing in such 
 a light as to occasion great otlence and provocation. 
 
 To EXCA'Ri'i.ATE, v. a. [iiom tj-, ofi', and ckjo, flesh, 
 Lat.] to strip off flesh. 
 
 To I'/XCAVATE, V. a. [exeavo, from cavus, hollow, Lat.] 
 to hollow. 
 
 EXCAVATION, s. the act of scooping out, or cutting 
 anv surface into hollows ; a hollow or cavity. 
 
 To EXCE'ED, I', a. [from ex, out, and eedo, to i^o, Lat.J to 
 go beyond any limit, measure, or standard; to exrf I or sur- 
 pass another in any quality. Nenterly, to go too far ; to be 
 guilty of excess ; to go beyond the bounds of fitness or du- 
 ty ; to surpass in quality or quantity. 
 
 EXCE'EDING, part. or«. surpassing, or going beyond in 
 dimensions, time, oi any other quality. Sometimes use(l 
 adverbially foi Ji great or remarkable degree. 
 
 EXCEEDINGLY, «(/. greatly; very nmch. 
 
 To EXCE'L, V. a. [from ex, which strengthens the signifi- 
 cation, and the old word eel/o, |to beat, Lat.] to surpass an- 
 other. Synon. To e.rce/, signifies a comparison ; its being 
 superior to all of the like kind, excludes equals, and is ap- 
 plied to all sorts of objects. Tnheexcel/eiit, is being in the 
 highest degree without any sort of eompari.son; it admits of 
 no equals, and agrees best with things of taste. Thus we 
 say that Titian exeelted in colouring ; iSlichacl Angelo in de- 
 sign ; and that Garriek was an exeelient actor. 
 
 E'XCI'.LLENCE, or E'XCELLENCY, s. [from exeello, to 
 excel, Lat.] the possessing any good quality to a greater de- 
 gree than another on a comparison ; purity ; goodness ; a 
 title of honour usually given to generals in an army, ambas- 
 sadors, and governors. 
 
 E'XCELLENT, «. [from exeello, to excel, Lat.] possessed 
 of great talents or virtues ; eminent, or superior to others 
 in good qualities. 
 
 E'XCELLENTLY, ad. very well. To an eminent or 
 remarkable degree, applied both to good and bad qualities. 
 
 EXCENTRIC. See Eccentric. 
 
 To EXCEPT, V. a. [from ex, out, and capin, to fake, Lat.] 
 to leave out ; to mention as not included. Nenterly, to ob- 
 ject to. 
 
 EXCETT, pjpp. excluding; not including. Unless. 
 
 EXCEPTING, ;»c/). not including or taking a thing into 
 an account. 
 
 EXCEPTION, s. [from ra, ont, and capio, t& take, Lat.] 
 the exclusion from, or not including a person or thing in, a 
 precept, position, or general law. Objection; cavil. A 
 dislike, or offence. 
 
 EXCE PTION ABLE, a. liable to objection. 
 
 EXCE'PTIOUS, (e.rscpsliioiis) a. fond of making objec- 
 tions ; peevish; easily otiended. 
 
 EXCEPTIVE, a. including an exception. 
 
 EXCEPTLESS, o. without exception; without raising 
 any objection ; general ; universal. 
 
 EXCEPTOR, «. one who raises objections, or makes 
 exceptions. 
 
 EXf'E'RPTION, s. [from ex, out, and earpo, to glean, 
 Lat.] the act of gleaning or selecting; the thing selected or 
 gleaned. 
 
 EXCESS, s. \exeessus, from e.rcedo, to exceed, Lat.l that 
 which is beyond the bounds of moderation, or those limits 
 in which virtue consists. A relative term, implying, the 
 quantity or degree which one thing or quality has more 
 than another. Applied to inission, a height oi violence be 
 yond the bounds of reason. Intemperance. 
 
 EXCE'SSI V E, a. [exces.sif, Lat.] beyond any limit or com- 
 mon standard, with respect to quant ily, quality, or hulk ; 
 vehement, or beyond the just bounds prescribed by reason. 
 
 I'^XCIVSSn'ELY, acl. in a great or immoderate degree. 
 
 To EXCII A'N(iE, 1'. a. [exe/iaiiger, Fr.] to change or give 
 one thing for another ; to give and take reciprocally. In 
 commerce, to give money for a bill, or to settle the exchange 
 with diflereut countries.
 
 EXC 
 
 EXC 
 
 EXCHATs'GE, s. the act of giving or receiving one thing 
 for another. In conihierce, the fixing of the actual niomen- 
 tarj- value of money between ditterent countries ; the thing 
 given or received' in lien of another; the |>iace where mer- 
 chants meet to nef;ociate their affairs. A bill of exchange is 
 that which is drawn by a person in one kingdom on one 
 residing in another, for snch a sum there as is equivalent to 
 a Slim paid or estimated here, 
 
 EXCIIA'NGER, *. a person who remits money to fo- 
 reign parts, or practises exchange. 
 
 EXCHE'QUKR, (farcAfAer) *. [excheqneir, Norman Fr.] in 
 tJie British jurisprudence, is an ancietit court of record, in 
 which all causes concerning the revenues and rights of the 
 crown are heard and determined, and where tlie revenues 
 are received. It took its name from the colour of the cloth 
 which covered the tables of the court, which are parly- 
 coloured or chequered. This court is said to have been 
 erected by William the Conqueror, its model being taken 
 from a like court established ni Normandy long before that 
 time. Anciently its authority was so great, that it was held 
 in the king's palace, and the acts thereof were not to be ex- 
 amined or controlled in any other of the king's courts ; but 
 at present it is the last of the four courts of Westminster. 
 
 EXCISE, {nxc'ize) s. [ticrijt, Belg. J a certain duty or impost 
 charged upon liquors, as beer, ale, cyder, &c. also on seve- 
 ral other commo<lities, within the kingdom of Cireat Bri- 
 tain ; and is one of the most considerable branches of the 
 king's revenue. In England, the commissioners are nine, 
 each of whom has a salary of lOOO/. per annum. This duty 
 was first granted to king Charles II. in 1660, for his life, in 
 England and Wales, and has been continued in several par- 
 liaments since, and extended to Scotland. 
 
 To EXCISE, {exc'ize) V. a. to levy a tax on a person or 
 tiling. 
 
 EXCrSEMAN, (exsizeman) s. an officer who is employed 
 in the inspection of goods which are exciseable. 
 
 EXCISION, «. [excisio, from excirlo, to cut off, Lat.] the 
 act of cutting off, or entirely destroying a nation, or the in 
 habitants of some place. 
 
 EXCITA'TION, «. [from exeito, to excite, Lat.] the act of 
 putting into motion ; tiic act of rousing or awakening. 
 
 To EXCI'TE, V. a. [Irom ex, out, and cilo, to call, Lat.] to 
 rouse from a stale of inactivity and indolence, to one of ac- 
 tion ; or from a state of dytction and despair, to one of 
 courage and vigour; to put intu motion ; to awaken ; to 
 rouse. 
 
 EXCITEMENT, s. the motion by which a person is 
 roused from a state of indolent inactivity to one of vigorous 
 action. 
 
 EXCITER, s. one who stirs uji to action ; the cause by 
 which any dormant virtue is put in action, or any thing is 
 put into motion. 
 
 To EXCLA'IM, V. a. [from ex, out, and clamo, to call, Lat.J 
 to crj[ out with vehemence, and an exalted voice, sometimes 
 occasioned by sudden grief, or excessive pain ; to speak 
 against or decry. 
 
 EXCLA'IMER, <. one that makes use of frequent excla- 
 mations ; one that runs dowK, raises objections^ and rails 
 against a person or thing with vehemence and passion. 
 
 EXCLAMATION, s. [from ex, out, and clamo, to call, 
 Lat.] a vehement outcry ; a railing, or outrageous reproach 
 of a person or thing; an emphatical utterance. In printing 
 and grammar, a point placed after an exclamation, and 
 marked thus ( ! ) 
 
 EXCLA'MA'TORY, a. practising, or consisting of excla- 
 mations. 
 
 To EXCLU'DE, v. a. '[from ex, out, and claudo, to shut, 
 Lat.] to shut out, or hinder from entrance ; to debar of any 
 privilege, or hinder a person from partaking with another; 
 to except to any doctrine. 
 
 EXCLU'SION, s. [from exehuh, to exclude, Lat.] the act 
 of shutting out, or denying admission ; rejection, or not ad- 
 mitting a principle*; an exception. In natural history, the 
 hatching or letting the young out of tlie egg. 
 
 Uu 
 
 FXCLU'SIVE, (exhlusive) a. having the power to derjy 
 or hinder the entrance or admission ; debarring from the en- 
 joyment of a right, privilege, or grant; not taking into an 
 account, computation, or calculation. 
 
 EXCLUSIVELY, ad. without admission of another to 
 participation ; without comprehension in an account or 
 nundjer ; not inclusively. 
 
 To EXCOCT, v. a. [from ex, which serves to strengthen 
 the signification, and f<.</»o, to boil, Lat.] to boil up; to 
 make by l)oiliiig. 
 
 To EXCOtilTA TE, v. a. [from ex, out, and cogitn, to 
 think, Lat.] to fiuil out or discover by tiiought or intense 
 thinking; to invent. 
 
 EXCOMMU'MCABLE, a. liable or deserving to b« ex- 
 coiiiiniinicatf'd. 
 
 To EXCOMMU'iSTCATE, i'. a. [excommvnico, from ex, 
 out of, and cmnmuytio, communion, Lat.] to exclude or de- 
 bar a person from partaking of the sacrament of the Lord's 
 Supper. 
 
 EXCOMMUNICATION, *. [exenmmvnico, to excommu- 
 nicate, fVoni ex, out of, and cnmmnnin, communion, Lat.] an 
 ecclesiastical penalty, or censure, whereby persons who are 
 guilty of any notorious crime or oft'ence, are separated from 
 the communion of the church, and deprived of all spiritual 
 advantages. In the ancient Christian church, the power 
 of excommunication was lodged in the hands of the clergy, 
 who distinguished it into tlie greater and less. The less 
 consisted in excludiii;'; persons Ij-om the participation of 
 the eucharist, and p.'avers of the faithful; but they were 
 not expelled the cliiiiiii. The greater excommunication con- 
 sisted in absolute and entire exclusion from the church, and 
 the participation of all its rites; notice of which was given 
 by circular letters to the most eminent clnii dies all over the 
 world, that they might all confirm this act of discipline, by 
 refusing to admit the delin(|ueut to their conmiunion. 'The 
 consequences were vei-y terrible. The person so excommu- 
 nicated was avoided in all civil comnierte and outward con- 
 versation. No one was to receive him into his house, nor 
 eat at the same table with hiin ; and when dead he was de- 
 nied the solemn rite of burial. The papal excommunicalions 
 have been famous, or rather infamous through the world. 
 In former ages, these fulniinations were terrible things ; but 
 at present they are formidable to none. Excommunication 
 disables a person from doing any judical act ; as suing in an 
 action at law, being a witness, Ac. 
 
 To KXCO RIA'TE, r. a. [from ex, out of, and coy-ium, skin, 
 Lat. 111! tiav, or strip off the skin. 
 
 KXCORIA TION, s. loss of skin ; the act of flaying, or 
 stripping off the skin. 
 
 EXCORTICATION, s. [from ex, out of, and cortex, bark, 
 Lat.] in botany, the pulling or peeling off the bark of trees. 
 
 To E'XCREATE, v, a. [from ex, out of, and screo, to 
 hawk, Lat.] to eject at the mouth by hawking or forcing 
 matter from the throat. 
 
 E'XCREM^;NT, s. [excrementum, from exccmo, to void, 
 Lat.] that which is discharged at the natural passage of the 
 body. 
 
 EXCREME'NTAL, a. that is of the nature of, or voided 
 as, excrement. 
 
 EXCRP.MENTITIOUS, (exkrementhhious) a. containing 
 excrement, offensive or useless to the bodv. 
 
 EXCRESCENCE, or EXCRE'SCENCY, s. Ifroni e*. 
 cresco, Lat.] a superfluous part growing out of another, con- 
 trary to the original form of a thing, or the common produc- 
 tion of nature.' In surgery, superfluous and luxuriant flesh 
 growing on the partsof bodies of animals. 
 
 EXCRE'SCENT, a. [excrescens, from ex, ontof, and cresco, 
 to grow, Lat.] superfluously or luxuriously growing out of a 
 thing. 
 
 EXCRETION, *. [excretio, from ex, out of, asd certw, to 
 separate, Lat.] in medicine, the act of separating excre- 
 ments and excrementitions humours from the alixnents or 
 blood, and expelling or ejecting them from the bodv. 
 
 EXCRETIVE, a. [excrettu, from ex, out of, and ceint., to 
 
 329
 
 EXK 
 
 EXE 
 
 separate, Lat.] having the power of separating or electing 
 cxcreniotits oi excrenientitious humours from the body. 
 
 EXCRETORY, «. in anatomy, a term applied to certain 
 little ducts or vessels, destined for the reception of a fluid, 
 seiTeted in certain glandules, and other viscera, for the ex- 
 cretion of it in tl>e appropriated place. 
 
 KXCKU'CIABLK, a. liable to torment. 
 
 To KX CRUCIATE, {■eikrits/nate) v. a. [from ex, to 
 Strengthen the signification, and crucio, to torment, from 
 crux, a cross, Lat.Jto torture or torment. 
 
 To EXCU'LPA TE, v. a. [from ex, out of, and cuipa, a 
 fciult, Lat.] to clear from any accusation, or from a charge of 
 a crime or fault. 
 
 EXCU RSION, «. [excursio, from ex, out, and curro, to 
 run, Lat.] an attempt to leave a settled path ; a ramble ; an 
 expedition into distant parts ; a progress beyond the com- 
 mon limits and boundaries. Applied tothemind, a digres- 
 sion or departure from the subject a person is treating of. 
 Synon. Excursinn, supposes a pleasurable expedition to 
 some distant place, determined on sometime before. Ram- 
 tle implies an irregular roving in places unthought of till the 
 time we arrive there. By jaimt is understood a walk or 
 journey agreeable to the person who t;dves it, but held in 
 contempt bv others, or considered as an aut of levity. 
 
 EXCURSIVE, a. rambling ; wandering or deviating. 
 
 EXCU'SABLK, (exkiizaUe) a. tiiat for wliichany apology 
 mav be made and admitted. 
 
 EXCU'S.\BLENESS,(cxi«zflJ/«n«,!) «. the quality which 
 renders a thing a fit object of being pardoned. 
 
 EXCU'SATORY, {exkuzatonj) a. pleading in excuse ; 
 assigning a motive which may remove blame, and vindicate 
 a person's conduct. 
 
 To EXCUSE, {exlM2e)v. a. [excuso, from ex, out of, and 
 caiisa, a cause or accusation, Lat.] to lessen guilt, by assign- 
 ing some circumstance which may render the commission of 
 a fault less blameable ; to discharge a person from a duty or 
 obligation ; to pass by without blame ; to make an apology, 
 defence, or vindication, in order to wipe oft' any aspersion, 
 or clear from any iniputalion. Synon. We may exciur for 
 an apparent fault, or slight offence. We ask ;^nrf/jn for a 
 real fault, or when the otl'ence is greater. We implore for- 
 giveness of our sins. 
 
 EXCUSE,*, an apology or plea offered in a person's vin- 
 tlication ; a reason or motive assigned to justify from ac- 
 cusation or iruilt. 
 
 EXCU'SELESS, (i:rkazeless) n. without any motive or 
 reason to free from blame or punishment. 
 
 EXCU'SER, (exWre?) s. one who pleads for, or one who 
 forgives, or passes by, the faults of another. 
 
 To EXCU'SS, f. a, \excnssiini, fr(un excvtin, to pillage, 
 Lat.] in law, to seize and detain a person's property. 
 
 I'^XCU'SSION, s. \excusiiiin, from exeiitio, to pillage, Lat.] 
 seizure by law. 
 
 E'XECR.\BLE, a. [exrcror, from ex, out of, and sacer, 
 holy, Lat.] so detestable, abominable, or wicked, as to ue- 
 servc to be accursed. Figuratively, very bad. 
 
 E'XECR.\BLY, ad. in such a manner as to deserve to be 
 accursed. Figuratively, abominably ; in a very bad man- 
 ner. 
 
 To E'XECRATE, v. a. [execror, from ex, out of, and sacer, 
 liolv, Lat.] tiiriirse as an onject containing the nn.st abonii- 
 iialile, dete-stabie, and wicked qualities. Figuratively, to 
 detest; to abniiiir.ate. 
 
 EXECRATION, .5. \execrnr, from ex, out of, and sneer, 
 holy, Lat.] a curse ; an imprecation, or wishing some evil to 
 a person or thing. 
 
 To EXECUTE, V. a. [exetjuor, from ex, out, and sequnr, to 
 follow, Lat.] to discharge or iierform a commission or duty ; 
 to put a lavv or any thing planned in practice ; to put to 
 death, aecirding to the sentence of the law. 
 
 E'XECUTER, *. he that performs any thing planned ; he 
 that executes a deiign ; a person who infiicts the punish- 
 ment <:*ntr:ued by the law. 
 
 EXECUTION," #. rfrom excquor, to execute, Lat.J tlie 
 330 
 
 performance or practice of a thing; action. Inlaw, ll»« 
 last act in causes of debt, wherein power is given to the 
 plantift'to seize the defendant's goods and body ; deatli in> 
 flicted by law ; death ; slaughter. 
 
 EXECUTIONER, (exeiSi/iojicr) s. he that puts in act; 
 he that inflicts punishment on an otlender. 
 
 EXE'CUTIVE, n. having the quality of executing or 
 performing. Active, or putting into execution, opposed to 
 legislative. 
 
 EXE'CUTOR, s. [from exequor, to execute, Lat.] a persoo 
 who is nominated by a testator to perforin the articles con- 
 tained in his wUI. 
 
 EXE'CUTORSHIP, s. the office of a person appointeit 
 executor bv a testator. 
 
 EXECUTRIX, s. a woman intrusted with the perform- 
 ance of the will of a testator. 
 
 EXEG I'.'SIS, s. [from exegeomni, to explain, Gr.] a word 
 used at an explication of another: Thus, in the words 
 " Abba, Father," used in Scripture, the word father is the 
 exeifesis, or explanation to the Syriac word abba. 
 
 EX1CGETIC.\L, a. [from excgcomai, to explain, Gr.] ex- 
 plaining; byway of explanation. 
 
 EXEMPL.\R, s. [Lat.] a model, pattern, or original, to 
 be imitated. 
 
 EXE'INIPLARILY', fld. in such a manner as deserves imi- 
 tation ; in such a manner as may warn others. 
 
 EXEMPLARINESS, j. the state of being proposed as a 
 pattern, and worthy of imitation. 
 
 EXE'MPL.XRY, a. worthy of being proposed as a pattera 
 for the imitation of others, applied both to persons and 
 things. Such as may deter and give warning to others, ap- 
 plied to punishments. Remarkable. 
 
 EXEMPLIFICATION, s. a giving an example. lu law, 
 the giving a copy or draught of an original record. 
 
 To EXE'MPLlIFY, v. «. [exemplum, an example, and /Jo, to 
 be made, Lat.] to illustrate, or enforce by an example or 
 instance. In law, to transcribe or copy. 
 
 To EXEMPT, V. a. [eximo, from ex, out, and emo, to take, 
 Lat.J to free from any obligation or duty ; to privilege. 
 
 EXE'MPT, a. [exemptiis, from eximo, to exempt, Lat.] 
 freed from service, oftice, obligation, duty, or tax, by pri- 
 vilege. 
 
 EXE'MPTION, s. [exemptio, from cm'mo, to exempt, Lat.] 
 freedom from any service, obligation, tax, burthensome em- 
 ployment, or law. Thus, barons and peers of the realm are, 
 on account of their dignity, exempted from being sworn 
 upon inquests ; and knights, clergymen, and others, from 
 appearing at the sheriff's court. Persr.ns of seventy years 
 of age, apothecaries, &c. are also by law exempted from 
 servingon juries ; and justices of the peace, attoruies, &c. 
 from parish offices. 
 
 To EXE'NTERATE, v. a. [from ek, out, and enteroii, a 
 bowel, Gr.] to embowel ; to deprive of the entrails. 
 
 EXENTERATION, ,s. [from ek, out, and eiUeroji, a 
 bowel. Gr.J the act of taking out the bowels ; embowelling. 
 
 F.X E'Q ( I.\ L, a. [from exequia, funeral rites, Lat.] belong- 
 ing to a funerai or burial. 
 
 E'\E(}UIES, s. it has no singular ; \exequia, from exeqxtor, 
 tn follow in a funeral procession, Lat.J funeral rites or cere- 
 monies. 
 
 EXE'RCENT, a. [from exerci:o, to exercise, Lat.J prac- 
 tising; ; following any tiatle, emiiloynieiit, or vacation 
 
 ITX I'HCISE, (I'rtrjirc)*. [from exereeo, to exerci.se, Lat.| 
 a uii.iiou of the limbs, or action of the body, considered as 
 conducive and necessary to health ; something done by way 
 of amiisciiient ; an action by which the bo<ly is foriiu'd to 
 gracefiiluiss and strength; anv practice by which a person 
 is rendered skilful in the performance of a duty or disci- 
 pline. Use or actual apiilication and practice of a tiling ; 
 employment ; any thing recpiired to be performed as a task ; 
 an application of the mind to study. Exereises arc also 
 understood of what young gentlemen perform in colleges, 
 academies, and riding-schools ; in literuturs, dancing, 
 fencing, &c.
 
 EXH 
 
 EXI 
 
 To E'XERCISE, (ixernze) v. a. {exereeo, Laf.] to em- 
 ploy tlie mind in considering an object; to use such action 
 oftnebody as is necessary tolteep tiie fluids in motion, and 
 preserve liealtii ; to train or teach a person anv discipline by 
 frequent practice ; to task, employ, or iteep busy ; to prac- 
 tise; to exert, or put in practice. To practise the different 
 evolutionsofan .irmy, in orde: to obtain skill in military dis- 
 cipline. 
 
 E'XERCISER, {exersi-er) s. one who acts, performs, or 
 practises. 
 
 EXERCITATION, s. [from exereeo, to exercise, I/at.] 
 exercise ; practice ; a frequent repetition of the same ac- 
 tion. 
 
 EXF/RGUE, *. among antiquarians, a little space around 
 or without the figures of a medal, li'ft for the inscription, 
 ciplier, device, date, cVc. 
 
 To EX E'RT, V. n. [from exero, to put forth, Lat.] to use with 
 an application of force, vehemence, or vigour; to put fori li 
 or perform. Toapply strength, force, or vigour, used with 
 a reciprocal pronoun. 
 
 EXE'RTION, s. the act of bringinginto action, including 
 the idea of force, vehemence, strength, or vigour. 
 
 EXE'SION, *. [exesiis, from ex, out, and edo, to eat. Eat.] 
 the act of eating out, oreatinga way through. "Tlieoiilnas- 
 tus denied the exesion of vipers through the belly of the dam." 
 Brown. 
 
 EXESTUATION, s. [from ex, which strengthens the 
 signification, and astno, to boil, Lat.] a fermentation or 
 violent internal commotion of the particlesofa body. 
 
 EIXETER, the IscA of Ptolemy and .'\ntoniniis, an an- 
 cient city of Devonsiiire, one of the principal in the king- 
 dom for building, wealth, and number of inhabitants. The 
 environs of the city are hilly, and afford a variety of deligiit- 
 fu! prospects. Tiie town, with its suburbs, is about 3 miles 
 in circumference; its port is properly at Topsham, 5 miles 
 below, but vessels of 1.50 tons come up to the quay liere. 
 Exeter has 12 or 13 incorporate companies; and, witli its 
 suburbs, contains 1.') parish churches and 4 cbapels of case, 
 beside the cathedral. It is the seat of an extensive foreign 
 and domestic commerce, and particularly it has a share in the 
 fisheries of Newfoundland and Greenland. Here are flou- 
 rishing manufactories of serges and other woollen goods. It 
 is seated on the river Rxe, over which it has a long stone 
 bridge, with houses on both sides, 78 miles S. W. of Bristol, 
 44 N. E. of Plymouth, and 173 W. by S. ofLondon. Mar- 
 kets onWednesdav and Friday. 
 
 To EXFO'LIATE, i'. «. [from ex, off, ^.nA folium, a leaf, or 
 scale, Lat.] in surgery, to scale a bone. 
 
 EXFOLIA'TION,' s. the act of scaling a bone; or the 
 state of a bone which breaks off in scales. 
 
 EXFO'LIATIVK, a. that has the power of scaling a bone, 
 or of producing exfoliation. 
 
 EXHA'LABLE, a. that may be raised, consumed, or dis- 
 persed in fumes, or exhalations. 
 
 EXHALATION, s. \exhalatm, from exhalo, to exhale, Lat.] 
 a fume, consisting of dry, subtile, corpuscles, or effluvia, 
 loosened from hard terrestrial bodies, either by the heat of 
 the sun, agitation of the air, the electricity of the atmosphere, 
 or some other cause, ascending by the laws of hydrostatics, 
 or the repulsive or electrical quality of the air, to a certain 
 height in the atmosphere, where they mix with other vapours 
 and form clouds, Ac. The act of exhaling, or sending forth 
 effluvia or exhalations. 
 
 To EXHALE, v. a. [exhalo, Lat,] to draw forlli or emit 
 effluvia or exhalations. 
 
 EXHAXEMENT, t. an effluvium ; a vapour ; an exha- 
 lation. 
 
 To EXHAT^ST,'«. a. [from ex, out of, and ham-io, to draw, 
 Lat.] to drain any fluid or liquor; to draw out till nothing 
 remains. 
 
 EXHATISTION, t. the act of draining or drawing dry. 
 Figuratively, an entire waste, or consumption. 
 
 EXHA'USTLESS, a. not to be emptied, drained,, drawn 
 dry, or totally coiis\imcd' 
 
 To EXHIBIT, t). a. Uxhibeo, Lat.] to ofTer to view Of 
 use ; to propose in a full assembly or public manner. 
 
 EXIU'BIT, s. [Lat.] 'u law, is where a deed or other 
 writing, being produced in a chancery suit, to be proved 
 by witnesses, the examiner, after examination, certifies 
 on the back of llie deed, or writing, that the same was 
 shewn to the witness at the time of his examination, and by 
 him sworn. 
 
 EXHI'BITER, s. he that offers any thing as a charge or 
 accusation in a public manner ; he that exposes any curio- 
 sity, natural or artificial, to public view. 
 
 EXHIBITION, s. [ex/iihiiin, from exhibeo, to exhibit, Lat.] 
 the act of displaying, explaining, or rendering visible and 
 sensible ; the act of exposing to public view. In law, the 
 bringing a chargeor accusation against a person in a public 
 or open court. A bciicriiction settled for the maintenance 
 of scholars in universities, who are not upon the founda- 
 tion. 
 
 EXHI'BITIVE, a. containing a representation or dis- 
 play. 
 
 To EXHI'LARATE, v. a. \exhilaro, from hilari^, merry, 
 Laf.] to cheer, comfort, and inspire w ith gaiety. 
 
 EXHILARA'TION, s. [cxhihro, frwni lularis, merry, Lat.] 
 the act of inspiring with cheerfulness or joy ; the state of a 
 person inspired with joy or gaiety, applied to sensation or 
 pleasure which is less than joy, but of some affinity with it. 
 To EXHORT, (commonly w ith its derivatives, pronounced 
 egzort) V. a. [from ex, to streiiglhen the signification, and 
 /lortor, to exhort, Lat.] to induce a person to the performance 
 of a thing or 'duty, by laying the motive of it, and its conse- 
 quences, before a person ; to call upon a person to perform, 
 or remind him of his dutv. 
 
 EXHORTATION, ;s.'[from ex, to strengthen the signifi- 
 cation, and liortor, to exhort, Lat.] the motive which can 
 induce a person to perform his duty ; the act of laying such 
 motives before a person as may excite him to perform a duty. 
 
 LXHCRTATORY, a. containing motives to incite a 
 person to perform a duty. 
 
 EXHO'RTER, s. one who endeavours to persuade or iu- 
 cite a person to pgrform a dut>'. 
 
 EXHUMATION, s. [fxhiimatio, homlmmus, ground, Lat.] 
 the digging up of a body interred in holy ground by the 
 authority of a judge for some particular reason. 
 
 EXIGENCE, or E'XIGENCY, s. [from exigo, to exact, 
 to press severely, Lat.] a want, necessity, or distress, which 
 demands immediate assistance and reliefrany pressing want, 
 or sudden occasion. 
 
 E'XIGENT, 9. [from exigo, to exact, to press severely, Lat.] 
 a pressing business; or an affair which requires immediate 
 assistance and relief. In law, it is a writ which lies where 
 a defendant in a personal action cannot be found, nor any 
 of his effects, within the country, bv which he may be attacli- 
 ed or distrained. 
 
 EICIGENPERS, *. four officers in the court of common 
 pleas, who make all exigents ami proclamations in all ac- 
 tions where process of outhiwry lies. 
 
 EXIGUITY, s. [exio-niiui,, from exiguas, small, Lat.] 
 smallness; liMleness; slenderness, 
 
 EXl'GUOLfS, a. [exigiius, Lat.J small, minute, applied to 
 size. Not in use. 
 
 E'XILE, a. [exilis, Laf.] small, thin, slender. Not in use, 
 except in philosophical writings. 
 
 E'XiLE, J. [exilium, from exnl, a banished person, Laf./ 
 the state of a person who is driven from his country not to 
 return. The person banished. 
 
 To E'XILE, V, ft. to expel or drive a person from a coihi- 
 try, with a strict prohibition not to return during life, or 
 within acer^tain time. Figuratively, to expel or banish any 
 bad or good quality from the mind. 
 
 EXI'LEmENT, *. the slate of a person banished his 
 country. 
 
 EXILITION, J. [from «•, out, and ialio, to leap, Lat.T 
 the act of springiugand stretching out with vehemence aiicf 
 vuddcnness;. explosion. 
 
 331
 
 EXO 
 
 EXP 
 
 EXI'LITY, t. [from exilU, slender, Lat.] slendcrness; 
 eniallness. 
 
 EXI'MIOUS, a. [eximiiu, great, unparalleled, from eximo, 
 to except, Lat] famous, eminent, curious, rare. 
 
 EXlS^ANlTlON, s.\exinanitio, from inanis, empty, Lat.] 
 privation ; loss. 
 
 To EXIST, V. n. [from ex, out, and sisto, to stand, Lat. 
 as whatever exists has a subsistence separate from tliat of 
 other thingsj to be ; to have actual being or existence. 
 
 EXISTENCF:, or EXI'STENCY, s. [fr^mexisto, to exist, 
 Lat.] that whereby any thing has an actual essence, or is 
 said to be. 
 
 EXISTKNT, a. [from eristo, to exist, Lat.] in being; in 
 actual fruition of beuig. 
 
 EXISTLMATION, s. [from existimo, to think or form an 
 opinion, Lat.] opinion, esteem, reputation, or the opinion 
 the public has of a man's abilities and virtues. 
 
 E'XIT, s. [Lat J in theatrical writings, implies that a per- 
 son is gone out ofsight, or off the stage. Figuratively, a de- 
 parture from life; death; or passage out of any place. 
 
 EXITLAL, or EXITIOUS, {exishal or rxis/iioiis) a. [from 
 ej:i«ji(m, destruction, Lat.] destructive ; fatal; mortal. 
 
 E'XMOUTH, Devonshire, inclosed and sheltered from 
 the bleak north east, between cliffs, on the E. side of the 
 bay, which forms the mouth of the river Ex, 10 miles S. by 
 E. of Exeter. It is the oldest and best frequented water- 
 ing placed in Devonshire. The walks around it are delight- 
 fullv pleasant. 
 
 EXODUS, or E'XODY, s. [from eJi, out, and odos, a 
 journey, Gr.] a canonical book of the Old Testament, so 
 called becauAfi the principal subject of it relates to the going 
 out, or the departure of the children of Israel out of Egjpt. 
 It is the second book of the Pentateuch, or five books of 
 Moses; and comprehends the transactions of about 145 
 years, from the death of Joseph, in the year 2309, to the build- 
 ing of the tabernacle, in tlie year 2514. 
 
 EXOLETE, a. [from ex, out, and toleo, to be in use, Lat.] 
 out of use ; obsolete. 
 
 EXO'MPHALOS, s. [from eh, out, and omphalos, the navel, 
 Gr.] in sureerv. a rupture in the navel. 
 
 To EXO'KERATE, 1'. a. [exoixro, from yius, a burden, 
 Lat.] to disburden ; to free from any thing w liich is trouble- 
 some on account of its weight. 
 
 EXONERATION, s. tl:e act if disbuH'^ning, or get- 
 ting ricj'of a thing which oppresses by its weight. 
 
 E'XORABLt;, (T. [from ex, out, and oro, to pray, Lat.] to 
 be moved bv praver or entreatv. 
 
 EXORBITANCE, or EXORBITANCY, s. [from exor- 
 litant, Fr.] the act of going out of the common track or 
 road ; a gross or enormous deviation from the rules of vir- 
 tue ; boundless depravity. 
 
 EXORBITANT, rt. [from ex, out of, and orhita, a track, 
 Lat.] leaving or (juitting any rules prescribed, but more 
 especially those of virtnoand moralily ; not comprehended 
 in aiW law. Enormous; iuuiiodcrate ; excessive; beyond 
 boiuids. 
 
 To EXO'RBIT.\TE, v. v. [from ex, out of, and orbita, a 
 track, Lat.] to deviate; to go out of the track or road pre- 
 scribed. 
 
 To E'XORCISF,, V. a. ffiom exorhizo, to adjure, Gr.] to 
 adjure Ly some holy name ; to drive away evil spirits by 
 using some holy name. 
 
 E'XORCISIsK, s. [irom exorhizo, to adjure, Gr.] one who 
 practices to drive away evil spirits. 
 
 EXORCISM, ». [from exorhizo, to adjure, Gr.] the form 
 of adjuration, or religious ceremonies, made tjse of to free a 
 person fro'n the influence of evil spirits. 
 
 EXORCIST, /. [from exorhizo, toadjure, Cir.] one who bv 
 adjurations, prayers, &c. pretends to drive away evil 
 spirits. 
 
 EXO'RpiUM, s. [Lat.] in oratory, ttie beginning or 
 openinj; of a speech, in which the audience is prepared to 
 Iiear with attention what follows. 
 
 EXO'SSEOUS, a. [from ex, here conveying a negative 
 832 
 
 signification, and otta, bones, Lat.] wanting bones ; bone- 
 less ; formed without bones. 
 
 EXOSTO'SIS, s. [from ex, out of, and osteon, a bone, Gr.] 
 any protuberance of a bone that is not natural as often 
 happens in venereal rases. 
 
 EXOTERIC, and ESOTERIC, a. [exoterihos, external, 
 from exo, without, and esoterikos, internal, from eso, within, 
 (Jr.] terms denoting external and internal, and applied te 
 the double doctrine of the ancient piiilosophcrs ; the one 
 was public or exoteric, the other secret or esoteric. 
 
 EXOTIC, a.[exotihos, from crj, without, Gr.] foreign; 
 not produced in our own country. 
 
 EXOTIC, f. \exoiikos, from exo, without, Gr.] a foreign 
 plant, or a plant growing or imported from abroad. 
 
 I'o EXPA'ND, ti. a. [from ex, to strengthen the significa- 
 tion, and pmido, to open, Lat] to spread or lay open like a 
 net or cloth ; to dilate. 
 
 EXPANSE, s. [from ex, to strengthen flie signi6cation, 
 and paitdu, to open, Lat. J a body widely extended, and 
 having no inequalities on its surface ; a surface ; extent. 
 
 EXPANSIBILITY, i. capableness of being expanded or 
 stretcht-d out to greater dimensions. 
 
 IOXPA'NSIBLE, a. [from ex, to strengthen the signi- 
 fication, a;id panUo, to open, Lat.] capable to be stretched to 
 a large extent. . • 
 
 EXPA'NSION, s. [from ex, to strengthen the signification, 
 and pando, to open, Lat.] distance or space abstractedly con- 
 sidered, and distinguibhed from extension, which implies, 
 according to Locke, " distance only when applied to the 
 solid parts of matter." In metaphysics, the idea of lasting 
 and persevering distance, all the parts w hereof exist together. 
 In physics, the act of dilating, stretching, or spreading out 
 a body, whereby its bulk and dimension is increased, 
 whether internally by elasticity, or externally by rarefaction. 
 Figuratively, the state of a thing which takes up more space 
 than it u-sed to do ; the act of spreading out a thing ; ex- 
 tent ; or space to which any thing is spread or extended. 
 
 EXP.^'NSIVE, a. having the power to spread or extend 
 to a large space. 
 
 To EXPATIATE, (expashiate) v. n. [from ex, out, and 
 spntior, to wander, Lat.] to rove or range without coufine- 
 nieiit or regard to prescribed limits ; to enlarge, or treat of 
 in a copious manner. 
 
 To EXPE'CT, V. a. [from ex, out, and specto, to look, Lat.J 
 to look out after; to have an apprehension of future good 
 or evil ; to wait for a person's coming. 
 
 EXPE'CTA BLE, a. that may be imagined to be produced 
 bv, or to come from. 
 
 EXPECTANCE, or EXPECTANCY, s. \from expect, 
 ant, Fr.] the act or state of a (ler.son who waits for the com- 
 ing of another; something waited for; hope; or thatwiiich 
 people h'.ul formed vast hopes from. 
 
 EXPECTANT, a. [exptctrmt, Fr.] waiting in hopes of 
 the arrival of a person, time, or thing, or of succeeding ano- 
 ther in any office. 
 
 EXPECTANT, *. one who waits for the arrival of a pe- 
 riodof lime, person, or thing, or the succession toauy place ; 
 or is dependant on the promises and favours of another. 
 
 EXPECTA'TION, s. [from ex, out, and specto, to look, 
 Lat.] the act of the mind, whereby it has knowledge of some 
 thing not present, but wails in Jiopes of its arrival; the state 
 of a person who wpits for iheanival of any person, period, 
 or tiling ; dependance on the promises and favours of 
 another for future good. The object which people form 
 great hopes of. The IV'-'Ssiah. 
 
 EXPE'CTER, s. one who waits for, or has hopes of, pre- 
 ferment in a state ; one who waits for the arrival of a person, 
 thing, or period. 
 
 To EXPE'CTORATIj, v. n. [from ex, out of, and pectus, 
 the breast, Lat.] to void phlegm, or other matter which 
 obstructs the vessels of the lungs, by coughing, hawking, or 
 spitting. 
 
 EXPECTORATION, *. the act of discharging any ex- 
 cremcntitious matter from the breast.
 
 EXP 
 
 EXP 
 
 EXPECTORATIVE, «. having the qualify to promole 
 the cleapsiug the hwAst or iuii^'s of phlegm, or other viscid 
 matter, which obstructs tiie vessels of tiie lunjjs. 
 
 EXPI::'DIENCE, or EXPEDIENCY, t. the fitness or 
 
 Cropriety of a means to the attainment of anend. It is used 
 y Sliakspeare for an expedition ; adventure ; an attempt; 
 also for ex\)edition; haste, dispatch. 
 
 EXPEDIENT, rt. [e.q)cdinu, Fr.] proper to attain any 
 particular end. 
 
 EXPE'DIENT, «. [from erpnlinit, Fr.] .a means proper 
 to promote or forward anend ; a shift, or means hit upon on 
 a sudden to ward off any calamity or distress, or elude any 
 punishment. 
 
 EXPEDIENTLY, ad. in a manner proper to attain any 
 end. Not used. 
 
 EXPEDIT.\'TION, s. in the forest laws, signifies a cut- 
 tiny; out the ballsof a dog's fore-feet, for the preservation of 
 the kings game. Every one that keeps any great dog, not 
 expeditateil, forfeits 3s. 4d. to the king. 
 
 To E'XPEDITI'/, i>. a. [exjmlio, from ex, out, and pes, a 
 foot, Lat.] to free from any obstruction or inipedimeiil ; to 
 hasten or quicken, to di»patch or issue from a public otiice. 
 
 EXPEDITE, a. [from expedio, to hasten. Eat.] quick, 
 performed soon; nimble or active. 
 
 E'XPI''DITELY, ad. with quickness, readiness, or haste. 
 
 EXPEDI'TION.s. [from e,ryj6f/(o, to hasten, L;it.] quick- 
 ness, api«lied to time or motion. A march or voyage ; with 
 intent to attack an enemy. 
 
 EXPEDITIOUS, a. speedy, quick ; nimble, swift ; acting 
 with celerity. 
 
 EXPEDITIOUSLY, ad. speedily, nimbly. 
 
 To EXPEL, t). rt. [from rr, out, anil pplln, to drive, Lat.] 
 to drive out, or make a person quit a place by force. To 
 eject, to throw out, applied to the animal functions. 
 
 EXPE'LLER, *. one that expels or drives away. 
 
 EXPE'NCE, or EXPENSE, s. [from ex, out, and pendo, to 
 pav, Lat.] cost : charges; money laid out for any use. 
 
 To EXPE'ND, 1). n. [froiH ex, out, and pendo, to pay, Lat.] 
 to lay out or spend money. 
 
 EXPE'NSELESS, a. without cost or charge ; without 
 spending monev. 
 
 EXPENSIVE, a. given to spend money ; prodigal ; ex- 
 travagant, applied to a person. Costly ; requiring nioney, 
 applied to things. 
 
 EXPE'NSIVELY, ad. in such a manner as requires the 
 spendir(g much money. 
 
 EXPE'NSIVENESS, s. the act of profnseness, or spend- 
 ing money immoderately ; dearness, or standing a person in 
 a g:reat sum. 
 
 EXPERIENCE, s. [from expcrior, to attempt,. J^ai-] a 
 knowledge gained by long use, without a teacher. 
 
 To EXPERIENCE, v. a. to try or practice ; to know by 
 practice. 
 
 EXPERIENCED, part, skilful or wise by frequent prac- 
 tice or experience. 
 
 EXPE'RIENCER, s. one who makes frequent trials or 
 experiments. 
 
 EXPE'RIMENT, s.[from experior, to attempt, Lat.] trial 
 of any thing; the trial made of the result of certain appli- 
 cations and motions of bodies, in order to discover their 
 effects, their laws and relations, or to be able to arrive at 
 the true cause of the phenomenon occasioned thereby. 
 
 To EXPE'RIMENT, v. a. to try ; to discover bv trial. 
 
 EXPERIiVIE'NTAL, a. pertaining to, or built upon, ex- 
 perioieuts ; known by trial and experiment. Experimental 
 phUosophj, is that which deduces the laws of nature, the 
 properties and powers of bodies, and their actions on each 
 other, by sensible experiments and trials made with that 
 view. 
 
 EXPERIIMETSTTALLY, ad. by experience ; by trial ; by 
 Iiaving been sensible. 
 
 EXPERIMEJ*TER, t. one who makes philosophical ex 
 periments. 
 
 EXPE'RT, a. \expertus, from experior, to attempt, Lat.] 
 
 skilful, ready, or knowing, in any particular office, art, or 
 business ; dexterous. 
 
 EXPE'RTLY, ad. in such a manner as discovers skill. 
 
 EXPE'IITNESS, *. skill, or knowledge, in any affair or 
 
 undertaking. 
 
 E'XPIAfeLE, a. capable of bein^ atoned, rendered hiu'l 
 or propitious, by sufleringor puuisliiiient. 
 
 To E'Xl'lATE, t). u.[expio, from pio, h> worship, Lat.] to 
 make satisfaction or al'onemeut for sins, by sutl'ering the 
 punishments due to iheui, or by sid)i,tituting something 
 equivalent to or instead of them ; to avert the threats of an 
 omen or prodigy. 
 
 EXPIATION, s. [expio, from pio, to worship, Lat.] any 
 sufiering endured, or ecjuivalent made, or sacrifice ottered, 
 to avert the punishment due to sin, and render the Deity 
 propitious to the otieuder. 
 
 EXPIATORY, a. having the power to avert the divine 
 wrath from punishing sins. 
 
 EXPILATION, s. [from expih, to rob, Lat.] robbery. 
 In law, the act of committing waste upon lauds to tlie loss 
 and prejudice of the heir. 
 
 EXPIRATION, s. [from ex, out, and spiro, to breath, 
 Lat.l in medicine, tiic act by which the breath is forced out 
 of the lungs ; the last gasi) of breath ; VHpoiir, breath, or 
 the matterexpired ; the cessation or end of any period of 
 time. 
 
 To EXPIRE, r. a. [from ex, out, and spiro, to breath, 
 Lat.] to breathe out ; to send out fumes, vapours, or exha. 
 lations ; to close, conclude, or bring to an end ; to perish ; 
 to fly out with a blast. Neuterly, to conclude, finish, or 
 terminate, applied to time or any period. 
 
 To EXPLAIN, r. a. [crphiiu, fro:!; planus plain, Lat.] to 
 clear up any difficulty in a book or expression ; to illus- 
 trate. 
 
 EXPLA'INABLE. a. that may be rendered more easy or 
 plain to the understanding. 
 
 EXPLA'INER, s. one who clears up any difficulty, or 
 renders a thing more easy to i)e understood. 
 
 EXPLANATION, *." [explaim, from plaum, plain, Lat.l 
 an illustration or comment, whereby a passage is rendered 
 more easv to be understood. 
 
 EXPLANATORY, a. containing an illustration, or such 
 remarks as render a thing easv to be understood. 
 
 EXPLETIVE, s. {expleo, to fill up, {romplemts, full, Lat.] 
 a word which is used merely to fill up a vacancy, or make up 
 the number of feet in a verse. 
 
 EXPLICABLE, a. [rxnlieo, from e.T, which has here a 
 negative signification, and plico, to fold, Lat.] that may be 
 explained, understood, or rendered intelligible. 
 
 To E'XPLICATE, r. a. [explieo, from ex, which has here 
 a negative signification, and plico, to fold, Lat.] to unfold. 
 Figuratively, to explain or render any difficulty more easy to 
 be understood. 
 
 EXPLICATION, s. [exnlico, from ex, which has here a 
 negative signification, and plico, to fold, Lat.] the act of 
 opening or unfolding. Figuratively, the act of explaining, 
 or rendering any difficult passage or doctrine plainer, or 
 more easy to be understood ; the sense given by an explainer; 
 an interpretation. 
 
 EXPLICATIVE, a. having a tendency to explain, or 
 render a thing more easv to be understood. 
 
 EXPLICA TOR, s. [exnlico, from ex, which has here a 
 negative signification, and plico, to fold, Lat.] one who ren- 
 tiers anv difficulty more easy to be understood. 
 
 EXPLI'CIT, a^[e.xplico, from ex, w liich has here a negative 
 signification, and /)/iO", tofoid, Lat.] unfolded. Figuratively, 
 plain, easv, ob'-ious, opposed to obscure or implicit. 
 
 EXPLICITLY, ad. plainly; directly; without implica- 
 tion or infuence. 
 
 To EXPLODE, t'. a. [from ex, out, and plaudo, to clap 
 one's hands, Lat.] to drive out with contempt, clamour, and 
 disgrace. Figuratively, to reject with scorn. 
 
 EXPLO'DER, s. a person who rejects an opinion will: 
 detestation or contempt. 
 
 333
 
 EXP 
 
 EXS 
 
 EXPLOIT, s. \expJoit, Fr.] a design accomplished ; a 
 successtul and remarkable uction in war. 
 
 EXPLOltATION, s. [from ex, out, and ploro. an old 
 word for to search, Lat.J search ; disquisition ; examina- 
 tion. 
 
 EXPLO'RATOIIY, a. [from ex, out, and ploro, an old 
 word for to search, Lat.l searching ; examining. 
 
 To EXPLORE, V. a.^from ex, out, and ploro, an old word 
 for to search, Lat.] to make trial of; to search into by 
 trials ; to discover by examination ; to try in order to make 
 discoveries. 
 
 EXPLOSION, t. [from ex, out, and plaudo, to clap one's 
 hands, Lat.] the act of driving out any thing with noise and 
 violence ; the noise made by the bursting or firing of gun- 
 po\vder. 
 
 EXPLO'SIVE, a. driving out with noise and violence. 
 
 EXPONENT, *. [from ex, out, and pono, to put, Lat.] in 
 arithmetic, the number which expresses how often a given 
 power is to be divided by its root, before it be brougfit to 
 unity. 
 
 EXPONENTIAL, (exponinshal) a. in geometry, applied 
 to curves which partake both of tlie nature of'algcbraic 
 curves, and of transcendental ones. 
 
 To EXPORT, V. a. [from e.i; out, and pnrto, to carry, 
 Lat.] to send goods to foreign countries for sale. 
 
 E'XPORT, s. a commodity sent out of the kingdom to 
 foreign piirts for sale. 
 
 EXPORT A'TION, «. [from ex, out, and porta, to carry, 
 Lat.] the act or practice of sending goods to foreign mar- 
 kets for sale. 
 
 EXPO'RTER, s. he that sends commodities to foreign 
 countries. 
 
 To EXPO'SF/, {expiize) v. a. [from ex, out, and potw, to put, 
 Lat.J to lay open, subject, or make liable, applied to ridi- 
 cule, censure, examination, punishment, calamity, or dan- 
 ger. 
 
 EXPOSI'TION, (expozishon) s. [from ex, out, and pono, to 
 put, Lat. 1 the situation in which a thing is placed witli res- 
 pect to the sun or air; an interpretation, comment, or trea- 
 tise ; to render the sense of a writer more plain and intelli- 
 gible. 
 
 EXPO'SITOR, t. [from car, out, ?ind pono, to put, Lat.] an 
 explainer; an interpreter. 
 
 To E.XPO'STULATE, v. n. [from ex, which strengthens 
 the signification, and poslulo, to demand or complain, Lat.] 
 to debate, reason, or argue with a person by way of com- 
 plaint against something. 
 
 EXP<,)STULAT10N, s. [from ex, which strengthens the 
 signification, and 7>ori«/o, to demand or complain, Lat.] the 
 act of reasoning, or representing a thing to another by way 
 of complaint. 
 
 EXPOSTULATOR, s. a person who argues with, or 
 brings a complaint to another. 
 
 EXPO'STULATORY, a. containing the representation 
 of a complaint. 
 
 EXPO'S U RE, (exposure) s. the act of laying open to 
 public view and observation ; the state of being subject or 
 liable to blame, punishment, ridicule, or danger; a situation 
 in which a thing lies open to the sun and air. 
 
 To EXPO'IJNO, r. a. [expoiin, from ex, out, and povo, to 
 put, Lat. because expounding professes to place that which 
 was somewhat concealed, in a conspicuous point of view] 
 to interpret or explain anv difficult passage. 
 
 E.XPO'UNOEU, s. one who explains. 
 
 To EXPRESS, u. a. [from ex, out, and primn, to press, 
 Lat.] to represent iti words, or by any of the imitative arts 
 of poetry, sculpture, or painting. To utter, applied solely 
 to language. To declare one's sentiments. To 3()uceze 
 out ; to force out by pressure. To extort by violence ; a 
 Latinism. 
 
 EXPRESS, a. copied, or beoring a near resemblance, 
 
 applied to the imitative arts of painting, drawing, sculpture, 
 
 and poetry. In direct terms, applied to language. Clear, 
 
 or Without any ambiguity. On purpose ; for a particular end. 
 
 334 
 
 EXPRESS, t. a messenger sent with expedition, «n pur. 
 pose to deliver a particular message; a message; a decli 
 ration in plain and direct terras. 
 
 EXPRESSIBLE, fl. that may be uttered, or eommuuw 
 cated by words ; that may be forced out by squeezing. 
 
 EXPRESSION, (ear/nts/ioH) *• \ir<>n\ ezpi-imo, to expresi, 
 Lat.] the act of conununicating an idea by language ; the 
 particular form, manner, or style, used in communicating 
 one's thoughts ; a phrase ; the squeezing or forcing out any 
 thnig by pressure. 
 
 EXPRESSIVE, a. having the power of uttering or re- 
 presenting. 
 
 EXPRESSIVELY, ad. in a clear and direct manner, 
 applied to language. 
 
 EXPRESSIVENESS, J. the power of repre.«ienting, or 
 conveying ideas to the mind. 
 
 EXPRE'SSLY, ad. in direct terms ; plainly: positively. 
 
 KXPRE'SSURE, i. [iVom expnmo, to express, Lat.] ex- 
 pression, or the conveying ideas by language. The form 
 or likeness described. 
 
 To EXPRO'BRATE,f.a.[«27>roJro,from probr>em,re\)roach, 
 Lat.] to charge with a tliini; by way of reproach. 
 
 EXPROBR A'TION,!. [exprobro, from proAr;<m, reproach, 
 Lat.] a reproachful accusation. 
 
 To EXPROPRIATE, v. a. [from ex, here a negative par- 
 ticle, and proprius, one's own, Lat.] to make a thing no Ion- 
 ger one's own. Not in use. 
 
 To I'LXPU'GN, (expun) V. a. [from ex, out, and ;)Hg^io, to 
 fight, Lat.] to take bj assault. 
 
 EXPUGN.\''riON, s. [from ex, out, and p'igno, to fight, 
 Lat.J conquest ; the taking a town by assault. 
 
 EXPU LSION, s. [from ex, out, and pel/o, to drive, Lat.] 
 the act of driving out; the slate of a person driven from a 
 place. 
 
 EXPU'LSIVE, a. having the power of driving out. 
 
 To EXPU'NGE, V. a. [from ex, out, and puiigo, to prick ; 
 to prick or cross with a pen, Lat.] to blot or rub out. Er- 
 guratively, to efl'ace or annihilate. 
 
 EXPURG.'\'TlON, s. [from ex, out, and piirgo, to pur^e, 
 Lat.] the act of purging or cleaning. Figuratively, purifi- 
 cation from bad mixtures, or from error and falsehood. 
 
 EXPU'RGATOR, s. [from ex, out, andpurg*, to purge, 
 Lat.l one who corrects by expunging. 
 
 EXPUKGATORY, «. employed in clearing away what is 
 noxious, erroneous, or amiss. 
 
 EXQUISITE, <j. [from ex, out, and qtiero, to search, Lat] 
 searched out «ith care; so excellent, perfect, or com- 
 pletely bad, as to shew great care in the search, or great ex- 
 actness and labour in the production. Consummately 
 bad. 
 
 E'XQUISITELY, (Johnson accents this and the next 
 word on the second syllable) ad. perfectly ; accurately ; 
 completely ; in such a manner as shews no small pains in 
 the discovery or production. 
 
 E'XQUISiTEN ESS, s. nicety ; perfection ; owing to great 
 care and pains. 
 
 E'XSCRIPT, /. [from ex, out, and fcriJo, to write, Lat.] a 
 writing copied from some other. 
 
 EXSrCCANT, or EXSI'CCATIVE, a. drying. 
 
 EXSICCATION, a. [from ex, which strengthens the 
 signification, and sicca, to dry, Lat.] the act of drying. 
 
 EXSl'CCATIVK, n. having the power of drying. 
 
 EXSU'CTION, ». [from ex, out, and sn^u, to suck, Lat.] 
 the actof drainii)!' or drawing out by sucking. 
 
 EXSUDA'TION, *. [from ex, out, and mdo, to sweat, 
 Lat.] the act of discharging by sweat. 
 
 To EXSU'DE, V. a. [from ex, out, and sudo, tosweat, Lat.J 
 to discharge bv sweat ; to distil or exhale. 
 
 EXSUIFLA'TION, i. [from «x, out, und sufflo, to blow 
 underneath, Lat.] a blast working underneath. 
 
 To EXSIJ IFOLATE, i;. a. [from ex, out, Lat. and si£o. 
 lar, to buzz, Ital.] to whisper or buzz in the car. Tliia 
 word is peculiar to Shakspeare. 
 
 To EXSU'SCITATE, v. a. [from ez, whicn strcngtnens
 
 EXT 
 
 F. XT 
 
 I'tc signification, and tuseito, to rouse, Lat. 1 to rouse or 
 rttir up. 
 
 i;\TACY,*. See Ecstasy. 
 
 S^'XTANT, o. [extant, Lat.] standiuj; out, or above the 
 other parts of the surface. Public; not suppressed; still 
 to be luet witli, applied to books. 
 
 EXTA'TIC, or EXTATICAL, s. [from elistasis, a trance, 
 Gr.f See Ecstatic. 
 
 EXTE'MPORAL, a. [from fx, out, and tempus, time, Lat.] 
 sudden; without anv prenicdiliilion. 
 
 EXTK'MPORALLY, «(/. quickly; without any preced- 
 iuK studv or preparation. 
 
 EXTEMPORA'NEOUS, a. [from e.r, out, aud trni,ws, 
 litne, Lat.] sudden ; not allowing', or giving any lime for 
 preparation or premcditalion. 
 
 EXTEMPORARY, «. [IVom e.r, o<it, and tempus, time, 
 Lat.] sudden; quick; (bruied williout study, preparation, 
 or premeditation. 
 
 EXTE'iVIPORE, flrf.[Lat.] suddenly; without thought or 
 sludv. 
 
 To EXTE'MPORIZE, v. «. to speak witiiout premedita- 
 tion. 
 
 To EXTE'ND, V. a. [from e.r, out, and tend,,, to stretch, 
 ■Lat.] to stretch out towards luiv part; to spread ; to cn- 
 larf,'e the surface of a tiling. To increase, applied to fiyrce, 
 strength, or duration. To communicate or impart. In 
 law, lo seize. 
 
 EXTE'NDER, s. the person or means by which any thing 
 is stretched. 
 
 EXTENDIBLE, a. capable of being made wider or 
 longer. 
 
 EXTE'NDLESSNESS, s. an unlimited or unbounded 
 extension. 
 
 EXTENSIBI'LITY, s. the quality of being made wider 
 or longer. 
 
 EXTE'NSIBLE, a. capable of being stretched wider and 
 longer; capable of including or comprehending more 
 ideas. 
 
 EXTE'NSIBLENESS, s. the quality of being stretched 
 wider or lonjter. 
 
 EXTE'NSION, s. [from e.r, out, and trarfo, to stretch, 
 Lat.] the act of increasing the length or breadth of a llii;ig ; 
 the state of a thing where length or breadth is increased. 
 In physics, the distance between the extremes of a solid 
 bo(ly. 
 
 EXTE'NSIONAL, a. long, drawn out ; having great 
 extent. 
 
 EXTE'NSIVE, a. [from ear, out, and tendo, to stretch, Lat.] 
 wide ; large. 
 
 EXTENSIVELY, fflrf. widely ; largely. 
 
 EXTE'NSIVENESS, s. largeness ; wideness ; difTusive- 
 ness. 
 
 EXTE'MSOR, s. [Lat.] in anatomy, a muscle by which 
 any lind) is extended. 
 
 EXTE'NT, s. [from ex, out, and tendo, to stretch, Lat.] 
 the distance between the extremities of a thing ; the space 
 tilled; communicalion ; distribution. In law, an execution 
 or seizure of a person's goods. 
 
 To RXTl'.'NUATE, i'. u. [exteimo, from tennis, slender, 
 Lat.] to make sinali, narrow, or slender ; to make lean. 
 
 EXTENUATION, *. \extcnm}, from «e»i«4-, slender, Lat.] 
 the act of representing things less ill than they are. Miti- 
 gation, or alleviation, applied to punishment. In medicine, 
 a loss of flesh, or decav of the body. 
 
 SiXTE'RlOR, a. [Lat.] outward ; external ; not essen- 
 tial. 
 
 To EXTE'RMINATE, v. a. [from ex, which strengthens 
 the signitication, and termino, to end, Lat.] to root out ; to 
 destroy utterly. 
 
 EXTERMINATION, s. [from ex, which strengthens 
 the signitication, and termino, to end, Lat.] total destruc- 
 tion. 
 
 EXTERMINATOR, *. [Lat.] the instrument by which 
 any thing is destroyed. 
 
 To KX TERM INE, v. a. [from ex, w hich strengthens the 
 signitication, and termino, to end, Lat.] to destroy ; to put 
 an end to. 
 
 EXTE RNAL, a. [externns, from extra, without, Lat.] out- 
 ward ; from without ; outward appearance ; or that which 
 appears to the sight. 
 
 EXTK'RNALLY, ad. outwardly. 
 
 EXTILLATION, s. [from ex, out, and stilh, to drop, 
 Lat.] the act of falling in drops. 
 
 To EXTI'MULaTE, v. o. [from «i, which strengthens 
 the signitication, and stimtdo, to excite, Lat.] to prick or 
 incite. 
 
 EXTIiVIULA'TION, s. [from ear, which strengthens the 
 signitication, and slimnln, to excite, Lat.] pungency ; or the 
 pow<'r of exciting motion, sensation, or action. 
 
 l^XTINCT, rt. H'roiw extiniruo, to extinguish, Lat.] quench- 
 ed or put out, applied to tire. At a stop, without anv sur- 
 vivors, applied to succession. Abolished, or out of force, 
 applied to law. 
 
 EXTl'NCTlON, s. [from extingvo, to extinguish, Lat.] 
 the act of quenching or putting out, applied to tire. The 
 state of a thing quenched. Utter destruction. Suppres- 
 sion. 
 
 To EXTITS'GUISH, v. a. [extingm, Lat.] to put out, or 
 quench, applied to fire. To suppress, or destroy, appned 
 to the passions. To cloud or obscure by superior splen- 
 dor. 
 
 EXTINGUISH ABLE, a. that may be put out, quench- 
 ed, suppressed, or destroyed. 
 
 EXTl'NGUISHER, «."a holhjw cone, which is put on a 
 candle to quench it. 
 
 EXTINGUISHMENT,*, the act of suppressing or put- 
 ting an end to a thing. Abolition, applied to laws. The 
 act of taking away all the descendants or survivors of a 
 family. 
 
 To'EXTI'RPATE, v. a. [extirpo, from siirpt, a root, i^at.] 
 t,o root out ; to destroy utterly. 
 
 EXTIRPATION, s. [extirpo, from stirps, a root, Lat.] the 
 act of rooting out ; or utterly destroying. 
 
 EXTIRPATOR, i. [Lat.] one who roots out; a de- 
 strover. 
 
 EXTISPI'CIOUS, a. [extispieinm, the craft of sooth-say- 
 ing, from exta, entrails, and ivspicio, to look, Lat. J augurial ; 
 relating to the inspection of entrails in order to prognosti- 
 cation. 
 
 To EXTOL, w. a. [from ex, which strengthens the signiti- 
 cation, and tollo, to lift up, Lat.] to praise; to magnify with 
 praise. 
 
 EXTO'LLER, s. one who praises, or magnifies with 
 praise. 
 
 EXTO'RSIVE, a. drawing bv violence. 
 
 EXTOHSIVELY, ad. by violence. 
 
 To EXTORT, i.n.[fi(inic.T.to strengthen the signification, 
 and torques, to twist, Lat.] to draw by force, to wring from 
 one; toga'n by violence or oppression. 
 
 EXTORT I'.ll, s. a person who makes use of oppression, 
 or violent or indirect means. 
 
 EXTORTION, s. the act or practise of gaining or ac- 
 quiring by force ; the force or violence, made use of lo gain 
 a thing. 
 
 EXTO'RTIONER, [extorsho^ier) s. one who grows rich by 
 violence. 
 
 To EXTRA'CT, r. a. [from ex, out, and traho to nravv, 
 Lat.] to draw or take one thing fioiH another ; to draw by 
 chyniistry. In arithmetic, to riiid the root of any number. 
 To abridge or transcribe any passage from a book or 
 writing. 
 
 E'XTRACT, s. [from ex, out, and tralin,to draw, Lat.] in 
 pharmacy, the purest aud finest of any substance ; sepa- 
 rated bv disMiliition, or digestion of a proper menstruum, 
 and afterwards made into a thick, moist consistence, by 
 distillation, or evaporation over fire. In literature, aii 
 abridgement of a book, or a transcript of some passage. 
 
 £XTR.A'CT10N, s. ffrom tz, out, and traho,XQ draw, 
 
 33i>
 
 KXl 
 
 EYE 
 
 Lat.J ia chemistry and pharmacy, an operation whereby 
 essences, tinctures, &c. are drawn from natural bodies. In 
 surgery, an operation by which anv foreign matter lodged 
 in tne Body is taken out. In genealogy, the stock or family 
 from which a person is descended-. In arithmetic, extraction 
 of root is the method of fruding the roots of given numbers 
 or quantities. 
 
 EXTRACTOR, «. a person or instrument by which any 
 thing is taken out. 
 
 EXTRAJUDICIAL, (extrajudUIM) a. [from extra, wifli- 
 out, andj/iirficixm, judgment, Lat.] out of the regular course of 
 proceeding in law. 
 
 EXTRAJUDICIALLY, (extrajurlhMa!l,/)ad. in a manner 
 different from the common or stated course of procedure 
 at law. 
 
 EXTR AMISSION, i. [from extra, without, and mittn, to 
 send, Lat.] the act of emitting outward, opposite to intro- 
 niissioir. 
 
 EXTRAMU'NDANE, «. [from extra, without, and »«««• 
 c/ani«, belonging to the world, Lat.] bejoiid the bounds of 
 this material system. 
 
 EXTRA'NEOUS, «. [from extra, without, Lat.] not intrin- 
 sic or essential toathnig; foreign, or of a different sub- 
 stance. 
 
 EXTRAORDINARILY, ud. in a manner out of the 
 coninuin meliiod and order ; unconinionly ; eminently; re- 
 markal^lv. 
 
 EXTRAORDINARY, a. [from extra, without, and ordo, 
 order, Lat.] different from, or out of the common course or 
 order. 
 
 EXTRAPARO'CHIAL, (extraparblM) a. [from extra, 
 without, and parochia, a parish, Lat.] not included or com- 
 prehended in anv parish. 
 
 EXTRAPROVl'NCIAL, (extraprovmsMal) a. [from extra, 
 without, and ,^roriH(•ia, a province, Lat.] not witlun the same 
 province ; or not within the jurisdiction of the same 
 person. 
 
 EXTRARE'GULAR, a. not comprehended within a rule. 
 
 EXTRAVAGANCE, or EXTRAVAGANCY, s. [from 
 extra, without, and vagor, to wander, Lat.] an excursion or 
 sally beyond prescribed bounds; irregularity; wildness. 
 Au immoderate heat or violence, applied to the passions. 
 Unnatural tumor ; bombast. Waste, or superfluous ex- 
 pense. 
 
 EXTR.'V "VACANT, a. [from extra, without, and r-n^oi-, 
 to wander, Lat.] wandering out of, or beyond the prescribed 
 bounds. Roving beyond any prescribed forms, or the 
 bounds of moderation; immoderate ; irregular; not reduced 
 to rule ; prodigal; or profusely expensive. ' 
 
 EXTRAVAGANT, s. one who is included or compre- 
 hended in no general ruleordelinition. 
 
 EXTR.VVAGANTLY, ad. contrary to all rule; in an 
 unreasonable or immoderate degree; profusely expensive. 
 
 To EXTRA'V,\GATE, ti. n. [from extra, without, and 
 vajTor, to wander, Lat.] to wander up and down ; also to talk 
 idly and impertinently. 
 
 EXTRA'VASATRD, fl. |from cj-^-a, without, and foj, a 
 vessel, Lat.] forced out of the vessels. 
 
 EXTRAVASATION, s. the act of forcing, or the state 
 of being foreed, out of its proper vessels. 
 
 EXTRA VE'N ATE, a. [from extra, without, and vena, a 
 vein, Lat.] let out of the vems. 
 
 EXTRA'UGHT, («(raiiO an obsolete participle of Ex- 
 tract. 
 
 EXTRE'iVIE, a. [this word is sometimes corrupted by 
 the superlative terinniation, of which it is by no means ca- 
 pable, as it has in itself the superlative signification; f.r(re- 
 >»».«, Lat.] greatest, applied to degree. Utmost, or farther- 
 most ap()lied to situation or time. Last, or that has no- 
 thing beyond il. Pressing, applied to danger. 
 
 EXTliE'M E, ,t. the utmost noint or higlicst di'gree of any 
 thing : points at the greatest distance from each otiier. 
 
 E.XTRE'MELY, nrf. in the utmost de]|;rce Very much, 
 'jr gre;'*ly, in familiar langrmge, 
 33G 
 
 EXTREME UNCTION, one of the sacraments of fb« 
 Romish church, the fifth in order, administered to people 
 dangerously sick, by anointing them with holy oils, and pro- 
 nouncing several prayers over them. 
 
 EXTRE'MITY, ». \extremitas, from extremut, extreme, 
 Lat.lthe utmost parts, or those farlhest from the centre or 
 middle ; those points which are most opposite to each other ; 
 the remotest or farthest part of a country ; the utmost 
 degree of violence, distress, or poverty. 
 
 To E'XTRIC.\TE, v. «. [from ei, out of, and trica, impe- 
 diments, Lat.] to free a person from any difhcidty or per- 
 plexity. 
 
 EXTRICATION, y. the act of freemg from perplexity, 
 ditticulty or danger. 
 
 EXTRI'NSIC, a. [extriiiscctis, from extra, without, Lat.] 
 outward; external ; not iu tbesidjstance or subject itself. 
 
 EXTRINSICAL, a. [extrimecus, from extra, without, 
 Lat.]exter.nal ; outward; from without. 
 
 To EXT RU'DE, V, a. [from ex, out, and tmdo, to thrust, 
 Lat.] to thrust out; to driveoff or away by violence. 
 
 EXTRU'SION, s. [from ex, out, and titido, to thrust, Lat.J ^ 
 the act of thrusting or driving out. 
 
 EXTU'BERANCI'", s. [from ex, out, and tuher, an ex- 
 crescence, Lat.] a knob, or part which rises above the rest 
 of a surface. 
 
 EXUBERANCE, s. [embero, from ex, which increases 
 the signification, and nber, plentiful, Lat.] overgrowth ; 
 superfluous shoots ; useless abundance ; luxuriance. 
 
 EXUBERANT, a. [exubim, from ex, w liich increases the 
 signification, and ttber, plentiful, Lat.] growing with super- 
 fluous shoots, applied to plants. Luxuriant ; superfluously 
 plentiful ; abounding in the utmost degree. 
 
 EXUBERANTLY, ad. abundantly, even to the highest 
 or superfluous degree. 
 
 To EXU'BKRATE.e. 7j. \exubero, from er, which increases 
 the signification, and utcr, plentiful, Lat.] to abound in the 
 highest degree. 
 
 EXU'CCUOUS, a. [from ex, out of, and succus, juiee, 
 moisture, Lat.] without juice ; drv. 
 
 EXUDATION, s. See Exsu dation. 
 
 To EXU'LCERATE, v. a. [exidcero, from ulcus, an nicer, 
 Lat.] to make sore with au ulcer ; to afflict with a running 
 or corroding humour. Figuratively, to afflict, enrage or 
 corrode. 
 
 EX ULCERATION, s. [exulcem, from vlciis, an ulcer, 
 Lat.] the beginning of an erosion which wears away the 
 substance, and forms an ulcer. The act of inflamin'; or 
 enrflging, applied to the mind. 
 
 EXULCERATORY, a. [exidecro, from ulcus, an ulcer, 
 Lat.] Iiavinga tendency to produce ulcers. 
 
 To EXULT, f. «. [exiilln, from ex, out, and salto, to leap, 
 Lat.] to be aticetcd with a high degree of gladness or 
 
 jo.v. 
 
 EXU'LTANCE, s. a transport of joy or gladness. 
 
 EXULTATION, s. [exnito, from ex, out, and salto, to 
 leap, Lat.] rapturous <lelight. 
 
 EXUNDATION, s. [exidto, from ex, out, and sa/io, to 
 leap, Lat.] an overflowing. Eigurativcly, a great ubuiv- 
 dance. 
 
 EXU'PERANCi:, s. [from ex, which strengthens the 
 signification, and supero, to excel, Lat.] a surplus, or greater 
 qiuintilv. 
 
 EXUSTION, s.[exiistio, from ear, out, and uro, to bum, 
 Lat.J consumption bv fire. 
 
 EXUVL^i, s. [Lat.] the skins or shells which are cast by 
 an animal. 
 
 EY'AS, *. [viais, Fr.] a young hawk just taken from the 
 nest, not able to prey for itself. 
 
 EY'ASMUSKET, s. a young unfledged male hawk of tlie 
 musket kind. 
 
 EYE, a very 'ancient and meanly built town of Suffolk, 
 with narrow streets. It has some manufactures of spinning 
 and bone-lace, and is situated in a sort of island, (because 
 surrounded witjj a brook) on the road from Ipswich to
 
 TAC 
 
 Norwich, 20 miles N. of Ipswich, and 91 N. E. of London. 
 Market on Saturday. 
 
 EY E, s. [formerly eyne in the plural, at present nyes ; ea^, 
 Sax. ee, Scot, een, plural.] the organ of sight. The eye is 
 generally divided into internal and external parts, or into the 
 eye properly so called, and the appendages. The ei/epropir- 
 ly to caWed consists of tunics, humours, and vessels. i"he 
 tunics or coats of the eye are seven in nuudier, of which the 
 iDOSt remarkahlearc the sixth, which forms tiie iris, ()rcolour- 
 edpartof tlieeye, and the seventh, which is the retina or net- 
 work on which the images of visible objects are impressed. 
 The humours are three, the watery, the crystalline, and the 
 
 f;lassy. The vessels are, nerves, glands, arteries, and veins. 
 See Pupil.] The appendages of the eye are, the orbit or 
 cavity in which it is placed, the eyebrow, and the eyelids. 
 Sight ; the countenance ; aspect ; regard ; notice ; atten- 
 tion ; opinion formed by observation ; the place from 
 whence any thing can be seen ; view. A small catch into 
 which a hook goes ; bud of a plant ; a small shade or colour ; 
 power of perception. In botany, the external scar upon a 
 seed, by which it was fixed to the seed vessels. It is very 
 remarkable in the bean. 
 
 , To EYE, V. a. to watch ; to keep in view. Neuterly, to 
 appear, or seem. 
 
 EY'EBALL, i. the apple of the eve. 
 . EY'EBRIGHT, ,t. See Euphrasy. 
 
 EY'EBROW, *. the hairy arch over the eye, intended by 
 Providence to defend it from any moisture which would 
 otherwise run into it from the forehead. 
 
 EYEDROP,*, a tear. 
 
 EY'EGLAsS, s. spectacles ; glass to assist the sight. 
 
 EY'ELESS, a. without eyes ; blind. 
 
 EY'ELET, .«. [oeilk't, Fr.] a hole through which light may 
 enter; a small hole wrought in linen, usually termed by 
 eempstresses an eyelet-hole. 
 
 EY'ELID, s. the membrane or skin which closes the eye. 
 
 EY'ESERVAN'T, s. one who works only while watched, 
 or while his master is present. 
 
 EY'ESERVICE, s. service performed only while the mas- 
 ter is present. 
 
 EY'ESHOT, s. glance; sight; view. 
 
 EY'ESIGHT, s. the sight of the eye. 
 
 EY'ESORE, s. something offensive to the sight. 
 
 EY'ESPOTTED, a. marlied with spots like eyes. 
 
 EY'ESTRING, s. the tendon, or nerve, by which the eye 
 IS held in its place. 
 
 EYE-SUCKER, s. a small worm found adhering to the 
 eye of a sprat. 
 
 EY'ETOOTH, s. the tooth on the upper jaw, on each 
 side, next to the grinders, called by anatomists, dogs'. teeth, 
 or denies canini, 
 
 EY'EWINK,*. a quick shutting and opening of the eye, 
 intended as a sign or token. 
 
 EYEWITNESS, t. one ^^ho gives testimony to facts 
 *hich he has seen. 
 
 EYRE, s. \e-yre, Fr. iter, Lat.] in law, the court of jus- 
 tice's itinerants. 
 
 EY'RY, I. [from cy, Teut.] the place where birds of prey 
 build their nests, or liatch. 
 
 EZE'KIEL, a canonical book of the Old Testament, re- 
 ferring chiefly to the degenerate manners and corruptions of 
 the Jews of those times. 
 
 EZRA, a canonical book of the Old Testament, compre- 
 hending the history of the Jews from the time of Cyrus's 
 edict for their return, to the twentieth year of Artaxerxes 
 Longimanus. 
 
 F THE sixth letter of the alphabet, and fourth consonant, 
 5 is by some reckoned mute, and by othersa semi-vowel; 
 •ts sound in English is invariable, formed by a compression 
 of the whole lips and a forriblo breath ; it has nuich the 
 seme sound as the Greek (p, orp/iin English words ; and 
 
 X K 
 
 therefore in all words derived from the Greek, it should Tve 
 written with ph, and in those of a Ealin original with an/, 
 Suetonius says, that the emperor Claudius invented the/, 
 and two other letters ; and that it had the force of « conso- 
 nant, and was written inverted thus, ^\. As a numeral, F 
 denotes 40, and with a dash over it tln-s, f, 40,000. In mu- 
 sic, it stands for the bass clifl'; and frequently for forte, -dijf 
 does for forte, forte. In medical prescriptions, /stands for 
 fiat, let it be done ; thus F. S. A. stand f<njiat seamdinn aitem, 
 let it lie done according to art. As an abbreviation F stands 
 for Fellow, as F. R. S. for Fellow of the lioynl Society. 
 
 FA, in music, the fourth note in the scale or gamut ; as 
 ut, re, mi, /a. 
 
 FABA'CEOUS, a. [from faba, a bean, Lat.J nav:iig tl e 
 nature of a bean. 
 
 FA'BLE, s. l/aJii/a, from/o>- to talk, Lat.]a tale or feigned 
 story, intended to enforce some moral precept ; a (iction ; a 
 series of events which compose a moral, epic, or dramatic 
 poem. 
 
 To FA'BLE, V. 71. to feign, or write fiction ; to tell false 
 hoods, with an intent to deceive ; to lie. Actively, to feign ; 
 to deliver in fables and fictions. 
 
 V.\'P>IJ\D, part, mentioned or celebrated in fables. 
 
 FABLER, s. a writer of feigned stories or fictions ; a 
 softer or more genteel word to express a person guilty of 
 lying. 
 
 FA'BRIC, s. [{mm fiiber, a carpenter, Lat.Ja building ; any 
 thing composed ofdiflerent ordissiinilar parts; the texture 
 of a silk or stuff. 
 
 To FA'BRIC, t'. a. [from faber, a carpenter, Lat.] to build, 
 form, or construct. 
 
 To FABRICATE, v. a. [fromfaber, a carpenter, Lat.] to 
 build or construct. 
 
 FABRICA TION, j. [from /aiej-, a carpenter, Lat.] the act 
 of building ; construction. 
 
 FA'BLLIST, *. [/abuliste,FT.'] a writer or composer of 
 fables 
 
 FABULOSITY, s. [from fahuh, a fable, Lat.] the qualify 
 of dealing in falsehood, or telling lies. 
 
 FA'BULOUS, a. [from fubida, a fable, Lat.] dealing in, or 
 belonging to fables, fiction, or falsehood 
 
 FA'BULOUSLY, ad. in a feigned or fabulous manner. 
 
 FACE, J. [fades, L-at.] the visage; the countenance, or 
 fore-part of tne head ; the surface of a thing ; the front or 
 fore part of a building or thing; the state or appearance of 
 anafiair; appearance, look, or countenance ; presence, or 
 sight ; confidence ; boldness. Used in the plural, it means 
 distortion of the face. 
 
 To FACE, V. n. to carry a false appearance, or play the 
 hypocrite; to come in front. Actively, to march agairnt 
 or oppose an enemy or danger with boldness and courage. 
 Followed by douri, to deny or oppose, or put to silence oy 
 mere impudence. 
 
 FA'CEP.MNTING, *. the art of drawing portraits. 
 
 FACET, s. [facette, Fr.] a small surface ; a superficies cut 
 into several angles. 
 
 FACETIOUS, ifasishious) a. [facetus, Lat.] wittily gay; 
 used both of persons and things. 
 
 FACETIOUSLY, (fashltiously) ad. in a merry, witty, and 
 jocose manner. 
 
 FACETIOUSNES.S,(/a«i/,!oi«jim) i. the quality of di- 
 verting by cheerful wit, or pleasant and jocose expressions 
 or stories. 
 
 FA'CILE, a. Ifacilis, Lat.] to be attained or performed 
 with ease or little labour. Easily conquered or surmounted. 
 Easy of access or converse ; not haughty ; pliant; flexible. 
 
 To FACl'LITATE, v. a. [from fnoifo," easy, Lat.] to make 
 easy, or to clear from difficulty or impediments. 
 
 FACl'LITY, i. [from faeilis, easy, Lat.] easiness of per- 
 forming, or to be performed ; freedom from difficulty ; 
 readiness in performing; easiness to be persuaded either to 
 good or bad ; flexibility, or credulity ; easiness of access ; 
 condescension, or comphauce. 
 
 FACINE'RIOUS, a. [corrupted fiom/acitiorOTu] wicked
 
 FAH 
 
 FAI 
 
 FA'CING, part, opposite to. 
 
 FA'CING, J. an ornamental covering put upon the out- 
 iide of any thins. 
 
 F.^CITVOROUS, a. [fncinvs, an atrocious action, Lat.] 
 wicked ; bad. 
 
 FACINOROUSNRSS, s. «ickednrs5in a hit;h do;;ree. 
 
 F.\CT, ». {factum, from favio, to nv.iUe, or do, Lat.] a thinp; 
 done ; an effect produced. A reality, opposed to a mere 
 supposition or speculation. An action. 
 
 F.\'CTION, (faksh'in) s. [factiu, from facin, to make or do, 
 Lat.] a pai tv in a state. A tumult, disconi, or dissen^iion. 
 
 FA'CTIOUS, (fdkshioui) a. [fartieiix, Vr.\ ffivfii to fac- 
 tion, or public dissenlion ; loud and veliement in support- 
 ing .nny party ; proceeding from, or teniiini; to, public dis- 
 cord. 
 
 FA'CTIOUSLY, (fakshiously) ad. in a manner crimi- 
 nally discontented ; tumultuous ; or forming' parties in a 
 government. 
 
 FACTIOUSNESS, (fdhkiousness) s. inclination to pul)- 
 lic dissension ; violent clamourousness in support of a 
 party. 
 
 F.VCTITIOUS, (fiktishious) a. [factilius, from facio, to 
 make, Lat.] made by art, opposed to what is produced by 
 nature; counterfeited. 
 
 FACTOR, s. \facteur, Tt. factor, Lat.] an agent ; or one 
 who transacts business for another. In arithmetic, the 
 niultiplicator and multiplicand. 
 
 F.A'CTORY, s. a house or district inhabited by traders in 
 a foreign country ; several traders associated or embodied 
 in a piace. 
 
 FACTOTUM, s. [horn facio, to make, or do, and totus, 
 the whole, Lat.] ornamented great letters, set at the begin- 
 ning of a book, chapter, &c. Also one who is employed 
 alike in all kinds of business. 
 
 F.^'CULTY, s. [facultas, Lat.] the power of doing any 
 thing ; activity either of body or mind ; the powers of the 
 Diind, whether imagination, memory, or reason. In physic, 
 a power orabilily of performing any tliingor action, whether 
 natural, vital, or animal. A knack, skill, or dexterity, gained 
 by habit. A quality or disposition either good or bad. 
 Power or authority. In law, it is a privilege granted to a 
 person by favour and indulgence, of doing what by law he 
 ought not to do. For grantin.o- these privileges, there is a 
 court under the archbishop of Canterbury, called the Court 
 of Faculties, the chief officer is styled Master of the Faculties, 
 who has a power of granting dispensations in divers cases; 
 as, to marry without the banns being lirst published ; to or- 
 «l;iin a deacon under age; for a son to succeed his father in 
 a benefice ; a clerk to hold two or more livings. The mas- 
 !■ rs and professors of anv science ; peculiarly applied to 
 phvsicians, or other practitioners in medicine. 
 
 FACU'ND, a. [facundus, Lat.] eloquent. 
 
 To F.\I)E, )'. n. [from fade, Pr.] to decline from a greater 
 
 • to a less vigour or strength ; to grow weak, or languish ; 
 
 to decay from a stronger or brighter to a weaker or paler 
 
 ci.lour. To wither, applied to plants or other vegetables. 
 
 To die away, vanish, or wear out gradually. 
 
 F.^i'CES, J. [Lat. plural] in medicine, excrements ; or the 
 dregs left after distillation and infusion. 
 
 To F.\G, V. n. [fatigo, Lat.] to make weary or tired ; to be 
 fatigued. Actively, to beat. 
 
 F.A'G-RNI), s. [fc/^an. Sax.] the end of a piece of cloth, 
 which is made of coarser materials than the other part. Fi- 
 guratively, the refuse or meaner part of any thing. 
 
 FA'GOT, *. \fagud, Brit, fagot, Fr.] a bundle of sticks, 
 or brushwood, bound together for fuel, or any other pur- 
 pose. 
 
 To FA'GOT, V. n. to tio up, or bundle together. 
 
 F.A'IILL'N, sometimes called C()PPi;R.snFR<;, a town, 
 the capital of Dalecarlia, in Sweden. It c(intains2chiHclirs 
 roofed with copper, about 1"2(H) houses, which are gencnilly 
 of wood, two stories high, and 7iHi() inhabitants, including 
 the miners. It is situated in 'he midst of rocks and hills, be- 
 tween t-wo large lakes, near some celebrated copper-mines, 
 3M 
 
 20 miles N. W. of Iledemora. Lat. -SC. 52. N. Ion. 15. 
 32. E. 
 
 To FAIL, V. n. [faitlir, Fr.] to grow deficient from a for- 
 mer plenty ; to become unequal to the demand or use ; to 
 be extinct; to cease, or be lost; to sink ; to Mnguish through 
 fatigue; to decay ; to miss producing its effect; to disap- 
 point a person's expectations ; to be deficient in keeping an 
 assignation, or in performing a duty. .Actively, to desert ; 
 to omit the discharge of a duty ; to be wanting to. 
 
 FAIL, s. a miscarriage, miss, or unsuccessful attempt; 
 omission, neglect, or non-performance of a promise or duty, 
 deticience; want; death. 
 
 FA'ILINCt, s. a deficience, imperfection, or slight fault, 
 o^^ iiig to the infirmity of our natures. 
 
 Failure, J. deficience, or cessation. An omission, or 
 slip, applied to duty. A slight fault. 
 
 F.AIN, a. [feagan, Sax.l glad; joyful. To be ft>rced, 
 compelled, or obliged. Though this last sense is now the 
 only one in use, as Johnson observes, it seems to have arisen 
 from a mistake of the original signification, or some ambigu- 
 ous expressions ; as, " I was fain to do this;" which would 
 equally suit with the rest of the sentence, whether it was 
 supposed to mean, " / was compelled or / was glad, to do 
 this." 
 
 FAIN, ad. gladly ; x'ery desirously : willingly. 
 
 ToFAINT, x\ n. \funcr, Fr.] to decay, fade, or waste 
 away quickly ; to grow languid, or fall into a fit ; to sink 
 down through dejection. Actively, to deject; to depress ; 
 to make a person languid. 
 
 FAINT, a. \fane, Fr.] void of strength, vigour, or spirit. 
 Pale, dead, or void of brightness, applied to colour. Slow ; 
 not loud, scarcely audible, applied to sound. Cowardly ; 
 timorous. 
 
 FAINTHEA'RTED, rt. cowardly ; timorous; dejected. 
 
 FAINTHEA'IITEDLY, ad. timorouslv ; cowardly. 
 
 FAINTHEARTEDNESS, s. cowardice ; want of cbtirage. 
 
 FAINTING, s. a fit, a swoon, wherein a person is sense- 
 less for a short time. 
 
 F.AI'NTLY, ail. in a feeble or languid manner. Deadly, 
 or just visible, applied to colour. Without force, applied 
 todescription. Scarcely audible, applied to sound. Timo- 
 rously, or wiihout courage, activity, or vigour, applied to 
 the manner of action. 
 
 FA'INTNESS, *. langour, or want of spirits or strengtti 
 through fatigue ; fear; want of vigour; want offeree; ti- 
 niorousness ; dejection. 
 
 F.A'INTY, a. weak ; languid ; void of vigour or strength. 
 
 F.AIiv, a. ifa-ger. Sax.] beautiful; handsome; of a white 
 complrxioii, ojiposed to black or brown. Clear, pure, or 
 without any fouhiess, applied to water. Not cloudy, nor 
 tempestuous, ap])lied to the weather. Favourable, prospe- 
 ous, applied to the wind. Not effected by any unlawful 
 methods. A" fair dcalh." Equal, or just, ajiplied to morals. 
 Not practising any unjust or indirect methods. Open ; di- 
 rect ; pleasing; civil; gentle; mild; commodious; easy; 
 or successful. 
 
 FAIR, ad. gently, without violence, joined \o snfily. In 
 a civil and complaisant manner, joined to tpeak. Happily ; 
 successfully. 
 
 F.\IR, s. a beauty ; a women who is handsome; honesfj-, 
 or honest dealing. 
 
 FAIR, s. Ifcire, Fr.] a public place where merchants or 
 traders resort, at stated times, to dispose of their goods, and 
 enjoy some diversions, which are usually exhibited at such 
 times. The principal fairs in Great Britain are, Stour- 
 bridge fair, near Cambridge ; the two fairs of Bristol; 
 that of Exeter, West Chester, Edinburgh, Wr.\liill, and 
 Burford fairs, for sheep ; I'.ariiet fair, near IjOikIuu, for lean 
 and Wel.sh black caltle; St. Faith's, in Norfolk, for Scots 
 runts; Yarmoutii fishing fair, for herrings ; Ipswich butter 
 fair ; that of Woodborounh Hill, near Blandford, in Dorset- 
 shire, famous for West countiy manufactures, Devonshire 
 kerseys, Wiltshire druggets, <Vc. and two cheese fairs at 
 Athcrtton and Chipping Norton.
 
 f AK 
 
 FAL 
 
 VAIRFORD, a town of (jlouccsfersliiro, c«-l<-l)ratcd for 
 the glass windows, curiouslv iv,iint<d with scripture liislory, 
 jn its siiaoioiis ami Ix'autifii'l tluircli, dono from the dfsi<{ii« 
 of Alljcrt Durcr. Tlie colours are so lively, especially in 
 the draperv, and the tifjiires are in i^eneral so well drawn, 
 that'Vandyke affirmed, the pencil could not exceed them. 
 The fflass was taken in a ship soingto Rome. It is situated 
 on the Coin, a little above its influx into the Thames, 2*2 
 miles I'". S. R. of Ciloucester, and su W. by N. of London. 
 Market on Thursday. 
 
 FAIRING, i. something bought for a present at a 
 fair. 
 
 FAIR ISLE, an island of the Northern Ocean, nearly 
 midway between Shetland and Orkney, from both which 
 its loxverinjj rocks are plainly discovered. On the E. side, 
 the duke iif IVIe<lina Sidonia, adniiral of the Spanish Arma- 
 da, was wrecked in 1588. 
 
 FA'IRLY, n<L pleasantly, applied to situation. Honest- 
 ly, or without fraud, applied to the manner ofaction. In- 
 geniuiusly ; openly. Candidly, or without wresting the 
 sense, applied to criticism. Without blots, applied to writ- 
 ings. Completely ; entirely ; perfectly. 
 
 FAIRNESS, i. beauty ; elegance of form, applied to the 
 make of a person. Honesty, or freedom from fraud, applied 
 to the manner of a person's dealings. 
 
 FA'IRSFOKEN, a. using civil and complaisant expres- 
 sions. 
 
 FAIRY, s. [/«i7i</i, Sax.] a kind of spirit, supposed to ap- 
 pear, ill a diminutive form, dance in meadows, and to reward 
 cleanliness, Ac An enchantress. Fairy cinle or n'"^, is a 
 phenomenon freiiuently seen on hills and downs, and sup- 
 posed by the vulgar to be traced by the fairies in their dan- 
 ces. Some naturalists have regarded these circles as the 
 ellect of lightning, and others as the work of ants or of 
 worms. 
 
 FA'IRY, ff. belonging to, or supposed to be given by, 
 fairies. 
 
 FA'IRYSTONE, s. a stone found in gravel-pits. 
 
 FA'ISANS, or Pheasants, a small island in the river 
 Ridassoa, between France and Spain, about two miles from 
 Fontaiabia. The peace of the Pyrenees was concluded 
 here in IGfiO, when the kings of Fran(e and Spain had an 
 uitervlow, on the niajriagc of Lewis XIV. 
 
 F'AlTii, s.^fides, Lat.] was deified by the Romans, and 
 had a temple in the capitol. In divinity and philosophy, 
 A is a firm belief of certain truths, upon the testimony ofthe 
 person who reveals theiu. The grounds of a rational f<fith 
 are, 1. That the things revealed be not contrary to, though 
 they may be above, natural reason. 2. That the revealer 
 be well acquainted with the things he reveals; that he be 
 above all suspicion of ilcceiving us. Figuratively, belief of 
 the truth of revealed religion ; the system of revealed tri^f h 
 liehl by Christians; trust or confidence in Ciod ; trust in 
 the honesty or veracity of another; fidelity, or unshaken 
 iidherence to a promise ; sincerity. 
 
 FA'ITHFUL, ff. firm in adhering to the truth of religion ; 
 believing the truths of revealed religion; honest or upright 
 >n the discliarge of anv dulv. 
 
 FAITHFULLY, <id. with firm belief in the truth of re- 
 vealed religion ; with full confidence in the promises of 
 God ; with strict adlierence to duty and lovalty. 
 
 FAITHFULNESS, s. any principle which a person may 
 confide in ; truth or veracity; firm adlierence to duty as 
 a subject. 
 
 FAITHLESS, a. without belief in the revealed truths of 
 religion ; without trust or confidence in the assurances or 
 promises of anotlier; perfidious; disloyal; not true to duty, 
 promise, or loya'tv. 
 
 FAITHLESSNESS, .5. treachery; perfidy. In divinity, 
 unbelief of the truths of revelation." 
 
 F.\KI%, I. among seamen, a coil of rope. 
 
 FA'KENHAM, a town of Norfolk, with a market on 
 Thursday. It is situated on a hill, and has one church, and 
 icvcral dissenting meeting houses. The streets are pretty 
 
 good, anil well paved. It is 25 miles N. VV. of Nor^vich, 
 
 and 1 10 N. N. E. of London. 
 
 FA KIR, s. a kind of Indian monks, who even outdo the 
 raortilicatioiis and severities ofthe aiR-ient AnclioreLs; 
 some of them mangle tiieir bodies with scourges and knives; 
 others never lie down ; and others remain all their lives in 
 one posture. 
 
 FALA'ISE, a town in the department of Calvados, fa- 
 mous for being the birth-place of William the Conqueror. 
 The trade in serges, linen, and lace, is considerable ; and it 
 has a great annual fair, which begins on the I6th of August, 
 and lasts 8 davs. It is 18 miles S. S. E. of Caen. 
 
 FA'LCATIiD, a. [from/rtir, a scythe, Lat.] hooked ; bent 
 like a reaping-hook or scythe. Applied by astronomers to 
 the appearance which the moon makes while moving from 
 the conjunction to the opposition. 
 
 FALCATION, *. [from/a/x, a scytlte, Lat.] crookedness ; 
 ill a crooked form, resembling that of a scytne or reaping- 
 hook. 
 
 FA'LCHION, {fttuhhion) s. [favt^hon, Fr.] a short crooked 
 sword or scimitar. 
 
 I'W'LCON, (Jauleon) s. [fanlcon, Fr.] a bird of prey of the 
 hawk kind, superior to aliothers for courage, docility, gen- 
 tleness, and nobleness of nature. In gunnery, a sort of 
 cannon, whose diameter at the bore is five inches and a 
 quarter, weight seven hundred and fifty pounds, length seven 
 teet, load two pounds and a quarter, sliot two inches and a 
 half diameter, and two pounds and a half weight. 
 
 FA'LCONER, (/a!/Moner)*. [faulconnier, Fr.Ja person who 
 breeds, brings up, tames, and tutors birds of prey, such as 
 falcons, hawks, &c. 
 
 FA'LCONET, (faulkonet) s. [falconette, Fr.j a kind of 
 ordnance, whose diameter at the bore is four inches and a 
 quarter, weight four hundred pounds, length six feet, load 
 one pound and a quarter, shot something more than two 
 inches diamqf^r, and one pound and a quarter weight. 
 
 FA'LCONRY, (faulkom-y) s. the art of taming and teach- 
 ing birds of prey to pursue and take game. 
 
 FA'LDAGE, (faiihlnje) s. [faldmyium, barb. Lat.] a pri- 
 vilege, which several lords anciently reserved to tllenl^elves 
 ofsottingui) folds for sheep iiiany field within their manors, 
 and this not only for their own, but likewise for their tenants' 
 sheep. 
 
 FA'LDFEE, (failil/ee) t. a composition -paid anciently by 
 tenants for the privilege offoldage. 
 
 FA'LDINfr, ( faulfliiis)s. a kind of coarse cloth. 
 
 FA'LDSTOOL,(/«i;Wi(o'jO s. a kind ofstc.ol placed at the 
 south side ofthe altar, on which the kings of England knee 
 at their coronation. 
 
 F.\'LKINGHAM, a town ofLincolnshire, with a market 
 on Thursday. It is llOmilesN. of London. 
 
 FALKIRK, a town of Stirlingshire, noted for being the 
 place where the rebels defeated the king's forces, on Ja^ 
 nuary 17, 17-10. In its neighbourhood the great markets for 
 Highland cattle, called lri/.\ts, are held thrice a year ; 15,000 
 head of cattle are soiiietiincs sold at one tryst ; which are, 
 for the most part, sent to England. It is 8 miles S. E. of 
 Stirling. 
 
 FALKLAND, a town of Fifeshire, situated at fne f^ot 
 of one ofthe beautiful green bills called the I.oniontls. The 
 inhabitants are nuatly eniploved in agriculture. It is IS 
 miles nearlv N.of Edinbiiigh 
 
 FALKLAND ISLANDS, N. E. of the Straits of Magel- 
 lan. They consist of two large, with a number of smaller 
 islands surrounding them. The soil is sai<l to be nothing 
 but bogs and barren mountains, beaten by storms almost 
 perpetual. They have been also called Pe'py's Islands, 
 and Sebai.d de Wert's Islands. Lat. from 51. (i. to 
 52. 30. S. Ion. from 56. 30. to 02. 15. W. 
 
 To FALL, (faiill) ti. n. prefer. I/ell, or hare fallen, OTjfahi ,- 
 part. pass, fallen ; U'callan, Sax.] to descend by accident 
 from a higher to a lower place ; to drop ; to move down 
 any descent ; to die, or come to a sudden end ; to be de- 
 graded from a high station to a low one ; to decrease or 
 
 339
 
 \ 
 
 diminish in value, weight, or quality ; to enter into any state 
 of the body or mind. "Fall asleep." Shnk. "Fell into 
 such a rase." Knolh-s. To sink below a tliin;^ in conipari- 
 S"J!i, used vvith ihort. To Irappen ; to befal. To lij^ht on. 
 To handle cr treat distinctly. Tocoine upon, as a piinisli- 
 ineut. To be born, or \eaned. To full anti;/, to ia.'i^uish, 
 or grOwfuint ; to srow lean.or decreas:^ in hulk ; tor<-volt; 
 to apostatize ; to perish, or be lost. 7'o fall hack, to fail of 
 a promise or resolution ; to recede or si^e way. Used with 
 dvn-n, to bow or bend as a suppliant ; to sink, or tniiihle 
 prostrate on the ground. To fall from, to revolt. To full in, 
 to coincide, or concur; to comply. 7«/n// o/f, to separate ; 
 to perish; to forsake. To /'«// e/i, to bejjin to do a thing 
 eaiferly ; to assault, or make an attack. To fall over, to re- 
 volt. 7b_/«Hoirf, to quarrel ; to happen; to drop. To fall 
 to, to begin eagerly to cat; to apply liiiuselfio. To fall 
 ttn<ler, to be subject to; to be ranged with. 
 
 FALL, ( fiull) s. the act of dropping from a Iii^jlier place ; 
 the act oi'tuinbling prostrate upoti the groun<l ; the violence 
 suflered from droppiut; accidentally from a higlier place ; 
 death ; overthrow ; ruin ; loss of greatness ; decrease in 
 price or value. Lessening of sound or cailence, applied to 
 music. A cataract, cascade, ordescent of water from a high 
 place; the outlet of a current into any other water; au- 
 tumn, or the time when the leaves drop or fall fjoin the 
 trees. In divinity, the state of our firs! [larenls, wherein, 
 on account of eating of liie forbidden tree, they lost the 
 happiness ofliving in Paradise ; and, according to Milton, 
 "brought death into the world, and all our woe." 
 
 FALL.\'CIOUS, { fallasliiaas) a. [(torn fallo, to deceive, 
 Lat.] producing mistakes; full of sophistry, raising false ex- 
 pectations ; drcei'ful. 
 
 FALLACIOUSLY, (falliislnousli/) ad. in such a manner as 
 to deceive by false appearances; or tending to lead into 
 mistakes by sophistry. 
 
 FALLA'CIOUSNKSS, j. tendency to deceive ; incon- 
 chisiveness. 
 
 F.\'LLACY, s. [fallacia, from fallo, to deceive, Lat.] an 
 argument made use of to lead a person into an error ; a so- 
 phism. 
 
 FALLIBILITY, s. [from /«//«, to deceive, Lat.] liableness 
 or possibility of being deceived, or of i>eing in an error. 
 
 FA7.LIBLE,«. [IVom/n//", to deceive, Lat.] liable toerror 
 or mistake. 
 
 FA'LLING, (fanlliii:r) s. an indenting, or hollow in a 
 
 surface, opposerl la jnominencr. 
 
 FA'LLINGSICI\.Ni:.-iS, U'aidlingsichiess) t. See Epi- 
 lepsy. 
 
 F.\'LLOW, (fallo) a. I falenc. Sax.] a pale red, or yel- 
 low, applied to colour. In husbandry, nnsowed, or left to 
 rest alter certain years of tillage: ploughed, but not sowed 
 or prepared for a second ploughing. Figuratively, iinplough- 
 ed, uncultivated, applied to ground. Unoccu|iied, or neg- 
 lected. 
 
 FA'LLOW, { fallo) .1. \ fnlrvr, Sa\.] ground ploughed in 
 order fur a second p]out,di:iig; or land unlilled, and suffered 
 to rest, after bearing a certain niuiiber of > ears. 
 
 To F.V'LLOW, (fallo) V. n. to ploujjh in order to a second 
 ploughing, oral) interval of rest before seed be sown a second 
 time. 
 
 FA'LLOVVNESS, s. barrenness ; an exemption from 
 bearing fruit. 
 
 FALMOUTH, a rich, trading, wi>ll-built sea-port town, 
 of Cornwall, and the station of the pack; ts to Spain, Portu- 
 {Cal, and Ann>rica. The merchants here trade with Portugal 
 in >lii|>sof their own ; and they have also a great share in 
 the pilchard fishery. The harbour here is so very commo- 
 dious, that ships of the greatest burden can come up to its 
 quay ; and it has, besides, so many deej) and well-sheltered 
 creeks belon;,'ing to it, that the whole Hritish navv may ride 
 .safe here in any wind ; and, next to Milford Ifaven, it is 
 justly considered as the noblest and most extensive road for 
 shipping in HrvM P.ritain. It is defended by the castles of 
 St. Mawes and Peudennis, each ou high rocks at tJie cn- 
 31U 
 
 F AM 
 
 trance. It is 10 miles S. of Truro, and S68 W. S. W. of 
 London. Lat. 50. 8. N. Ion. 5. 27. W. Markets on Tues- 
 day, Thursday, and Saturday. 
 
 FALSI'/, (faiilse) a. [falsits, from f'tUo, to deceive, Lat.] 
 representing a thing to be what it is not ; fictions, or coun- 
 terfeit; treacherous, or unjust; hypocritical, or feigned. 
 
 FALSEHEARTED, a. treacherous; deceitful; hollow. 
 
 FA'LSEHOOD, (fauheliood) s. [i'rvm false and had. Sax.] 
 the setting dow n and uttering in words the agreement or 
 di»a.;reenient of ideas otherwise than it is; or the repre- 
 senting a thing to be different from what we think it to be ; 
 want of faithfulness or honesty ; a lie, or the saying that a 
 thing is what we are conscious it is n<it. Synon. Contrari- 
 ety to Irulli is the general idea of lie a\)(i falsehood ; but that 
 of//'- supposes always something criminal, whereas that of 
 fahelto(,d does not. If, questioned jn a cause wherein 
 bound to tell the truth, we do not, we are guilty of a lie ; 
 if we devi.ite from truth where there is no such obligation^ 
 it is no other than afahelwcd. 
 
 FA'LSELY', (faithehj) ad. contrai^ to truth; erroneously; 
 perfidiously. 
 
 FALSENESS, (faulseness)s. contrariety to truth, honesty, 
 or faitlifuliK'ss. 
 
 FALSIFICATION, (.fanhifihishon) s. the act of altering 
 the words of a sentence so as to make it signify something 
 contrary to the opinion of the author; contradiction, or 
 confetation. 
 
 FALSI F! ER, (faulsifer) s. one who alters the words or 
 sentences of an author, so as to make the sense contrary 
 to what it was originally ; one who counterfeits, or makes a 
 thing appear to be what it is^ not j a liar, or inventor of 
 falsehoixls. 
 
 To FA'LSIFY, ifaulsify) v. a. [falsifier, Fr.] to counter- 
 feit, or forge; to aher the sense of a book. Figuratively, to. 
 confute, or prove false; to violate by treachery. Neu- 
 terly, to lie, or tell an untruth. 
 
 FA'LSITY, ifaidsilij) s. [falsilas, from fallo, to deceive, 
 Lat.] the representing a thing to be what it is not ; a false- 
 hood, or lie. Figuratively, an error. 
 
 To FALTER, (,/■«/-!//(■)•) v. n.[faltar, Span.| applied to 
 pronunciation, to hesitate or stammer in speaking. To fail 
 in any act of the body or mind. Actively, to sift, or 
 cleanse. 
 
 FA'LTERINGLY, (faulteriiigli/) ad. with hesitation and 
 stammering, applied to utterance of words. With languor, 
 feebleness, or weakness, applied to any act of the body or 
 mind. 
 
 FAME, s. [fama, Lat.] honourable report. Figuratively, 
 rumour, or report. 
 
 FAMED, part, spoken of with honour and esteem. 
 
 FA'MELESS, a. inglorious; not known for any produc- 
 tion of the understanding, invention, or action ; of no 
 repute. 
 
 FAMILIAR, n. [ familiaris, from familia, a family, Lat.] 
 belonging to a family; aftable, or easy in conversation; 
 with freedom; accustomed; common; frequent; easy; 
 too free. 
 
 FAMI'LIAR, i. one long and intimately acquainted. A 
 demon, supposed to be at the devotion, or to attend the call 
 ofa person. 
 
 FAMILIA'RITY, .». an easiness and freedom of access 
 and diseciiirse, generally observed between persons long and 
 intimately acquainted, being free from constraint, formality^ 
 and cereiTionv. Figuratively, habit. 
 
 To FAMI'LLARIZI'", v. a. [fnmiliarisrr, Fr.] to wear 
 away the impressitm of awe, or distant respect, occasioned 
 by novelty ; to bring down from a state of distant suiieri- 
 oritv to that ofa person long known and joined in the bauds 
 of friendship. 
 
 F.VMl'Ll /VRLY, Of*'. unceremoniously ; commonly ; easily. 
 
 FA'MILY, s. [familia, Lat.] those wlio live in the same 
 house, or descend from the same jirogenitor. 
 
 FA'MINE, .5. [famine, Fr. /«»»«, Lat.] scarcity of food; 
 distress for want of necessary food.
 
 FAN 
 
 FA If 
 
 ToFA'MlSH, I), a. [fvom fames, famine, La(.] to kill with 
 hunger, or want of food ; to kill with want of somcthinjj ne- 
 cessary to support life. 
 
 FA'iVIO US, n. [from /nma, fame, Lat.] much talked of and 
 praised for remarkable virtue, f^reat exiiloits, useful inven- 
 tions, or ingenious coniposilions. Sometimes applied to 
 bad as well as good actions, hut witii impropriety. 
 
 FA'MOUSLY, nil. siioken of with esteeiw, and generally 
 known for something extraordinary. 
 
 I'W'MOUSNESS, s. great renown or fame. 
 
 FA'S, s. [ninmts, Lat. J an instrument used by the ladies 
 ffl defend their complexion from the sun, or to raise wind 
 and cool themselves, c'vc. riguraliveiy, any thing spread 
 out in a triangular form, with a broad base, resembling a 
 lady's fan ; any thing by which the air is moved ; wings. 
 An instrument by which chaff is cleaned or winnowed 
 from the corn, from tian, Fr. An instrument to blow up or 
 raise a hre. 
 
 To FAN, V. a. to cool by the motion of a fan ; to 
 put the air into motion; to raise a iire. To separate, or 
 winnow. 
 
 FANA'TIC, a. \ fannticus, Lat.] entertaining wild, ima- 
 ginary, and enthusiastic notions in religion. 
 
 FANA TIC, s. a person who has wild notions in religion ; 
 an enthusiast. 
 
 FANA TICISM, s. relijtious madness ; enthusiasm. 
 
 FA'NCIFUL, a. entertaining odd and chimciieal notions; 
 changing or taking up an opinion, without consulting rea- 
 son. 
 
 FA-NCIFULLY, ad. whimsically. 
 
 FA'NCIFULNESS, *. the habit of following the wild 
 notions of the fancy or imagination, rather than those of 
 reason. 
 
 FATMCY, s. [contracted from fantnsi/ ; ^yhantasia, from 
 phaimi, to shew, Gr. because whateveris fancied shews itself 
 to the mind] a power or faculty of the mind w hich com- 
 pounds ideas received by the senses, and i)y that means 
 forms objects, persons, representations, aiid other ideas 
 which have no existence without us ; the imagination ; an 
 opinion formed barely by the operation of the imaginalion, 
 without the interposition of reason ; an idea, image, or con- 
 ception of the mind; a liking, inclination, or fondness; 
 mere humour, whim, or caprice; something or invention 
 which pleases. 
 
 To FA'NCY, V. a. to conceive or form an idea of in the 
 mind. To like or grow fond of. 
 
 FANE, i. [funum, Lat.] a temple, or place devoted to 
 religious worship. 
 
 FA'NFARON, ,«. [Fr.] a bully ; a hector ; one who makes 
 a great parade or ostentatious Imast of his abilities, and pro- 
 mises more than he can perform. 
 
 FANFARONA'DE, s. [hom fan farm,, Fr.] a bluster ; an 
 ostentatious show or boast of a person's abilities and vir- 
 tues. 
 
 To FANG, v.a.\fan^nn, Sax.] to seize; to gripe. 
 
 FANG, s. the long tusk of a boar; the nails or claws of a 
 biril or beast. In botany, any shoot or tendril, by means 
 of which one plant takes hold of another. 
 
 FA'NGLE, s. [froni/(Hg-nw, Sax.] a silly attempt ; a frivo- 
 lous or trilling scheme. At present rarely used, unless 
 joined with the word new ; as newfans:les, new fung^lmess. 
 
 FATS'GLED, piM'«. or a. gaudy; ridiculously or ostenta- 
 tiously; showy and ornamented. 
 
 FA*N(iLESS, a. without fangs or teeth. 
 
 FA'NGOT, i. a quanlily of wares, as raw silk, &c. con- 
 tainingfiom one to two hundred veiiht three quarters. 
 
 FA'NiONS, s. in the military art, small Hags carried along 
 with the baggage. 
 
 FA'NNEL, s. \fannn, Fr.] an ornament like a scarf, worn 
 by a priest round his arm when he says mass. 
 FA'NNEIl, «. one who makes use of a fan. 
 FA'NTASIED, part, or a. troubled with odd imagina- 
 tions or fancies. 
 FATSTASM. See Phantasm. 
 
 F.\NTA'STIC, or FANTA'STICAL, a. \fa,,tastiqye Fr.l 
 imaginary; irrational; capricious; governed by whim, :»"ia 
 fancy; coneciled; atfcded. 
 
 FANTA'STICALLY, «(/. in a manner which can only 
 exist in imagination; capriciously; with gre^t unstead*- 
 ness. 
 
 FANTA'STICALNESS, or FANTA'STICKNESS, *, 
 wliimsiealiiess ; caprieiousuess. 
 
 FA'N TASY, i. See Fancy, and Phantasy. 
 
 FA'NTIN, a populous kingdmn on the Gold Coast rtf 
 Guinea, extending ai)out 30 miles along the seashore. 'J'he 
 soil is fertile, producing fruits, maize, and palm wine. The 
 small towns are very numerous, aiid they reckon about 
 4000 lishermeu on the coast. The capital, which is of the 
 same name, is situated about four leagues up the country. 
 The English and Dutch have forts here, and other Euro- 
 pean nations have traded here for gold and slaves. 
 
 FA'NTO.M, J. See Phantom. 
 
 FAP, a. a cant-word in the time of Shakspeare for fuddled 
 or diimk. 
 
 FAR, ad. [feor, Sax.] to a great distance, considered 
 cither in length, or as extending on all sides; almost; in a 
 great measure. " The day \sfar spent." This word is of- 
 ten used in composition ; as far-seeing, far-looking. Puov. 
 FarfitclCd and ricar-lioiig/tt is good for ladies. 
 
 FAR, a. distant from any place [mentioned or implied. 
 Used w illi off, both as an adverb and as an adjective. From 
 far is used for a far or remote place. 
 
 FAR, s. [contracted from /"(o-raio] the offspring of a sow. 
 
 To FARCE, V. a. Ifarcio, Lat.] to stuff with other ingre- 
 dients. 
 
 FARCE, s. [from /rtjco-, Fr.] a dramatic entertainment of 
 the comic kind, never exceeding three acts, but eonfined 
 to the established laws of the drama; sometimes ai>plied to 
 a piece stufl'ed with wild and ludicrous conceits, cupable of 
 raising laughter. Figuratively, any incident or circuta- 
 stancc which is rather diverting than serious, and rather 
 ridiculous than rational. 
 
 FARCICAL, a. b<»longing or suitable to a farce. 
 
 FARCY', s.[faieina, Ital.J a disease in horses or oxen, 
 which vitiates their mass of Wood; probably curable by 
 antimony. 
 
 FA'ilDEL, s. [fardcUo, Ital.] a bundel, l)urdcn, or liitle 
 pack. 
 
 To FARE, II. n. [furan. Sax.] to go ; to walk or move 
 from one place ti) aiiiilher. "Soon he fares." Par. Lost, 
 To be in any state or condition, either good or ba(l. To 
 live, applied to the manner of eating. 
 
 FA 111'', s. the price paid l)y a person for his passage in 
 any carriage, w hellier by land or by water ; food,or provision 
 for eating. 
 
 FA'REHAiM, a town of Hants, which carries on a consi- 
 derable trade in coals, corn, ivc. and has a manufacture o. 
 sacks and cordage. Bricks and tiles also, of a superior ex- 
 cellence, are made here. It is pleasantly situated at the N. 
 W. nook of I'ortsmouth Harbour, (with a quay, at v. Inch ves- 
 sels of 200 tons can unload) 12 miles S. E. of Southampton, 
 and 74 W. by S. of London. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 FAREWELL, ad. a compliment used at parting, whereby 
 we wish the person well w horn we take leaveof. 
 
 FAREWELL, s. leave ; the act of parting. Sometimes 
 used as an adjective, for something in which leave is taken. 
 
 F.\RFE'TCH, s. a stratagem or artifice. 
 
 FARFETCHED, a. brought from places at a great dis- 
 tance off ; sought with care and pains ; not naturally in- 
 troduced. 
 
 FARINA'CEOUS, ff. [from/an"«fl, a meal, Lat.J mealy; 
 resembling meal. 
 
 FARM, s. [from feorm. Sax.] ground occupied in tiPage, 
 whether ,it be a person's own, or hire^l ; tlie state cf lands 
 let out at a certain annual sura ; a certain sinn of mo- 
 ney paid to government for the right to its customs or 
 taxes. 
 
 To FARM, V. a. to let or Inre laud of another pe.-son for 
 
 34i
 
 FAS 
 
 FAT 
 
 tillage ; to cultivate .ands ; to rent the customs or taxes of 
 a state at a certa-iii rate. 
 
 FATIMER, f. one who cultivates his own or hired land ; 
 one who advances money for, or rents the taxes of, a 
 state. • 
 
 FA'RMING, «. tlie art of cultivating land or breeding 
 cattle. 
 
 FA'R;M0ST, a. [supeilative of /«>] most distant ; re- 
 motest. 
 
 FA'RNESS, j. distance; remoteness. 
 
 FA'RNHAM, a town in .Surry, with a market on Thurs- 
 day. It is seated on the river Wye, and is a| pretty jfooil 
 town, with a castle seated on an eminence, ^ihere the bi- 
 shops of Wincliester usually reside ; but it is now imich de- 
 cayed. The houses are handsoriie ; and the market lar^fc 
 for wheat, oats, and barlev. It is 12 miles W. of Guildford, 
 and 3S W. S. W. of ■i.ondon, 
 
 FARN LSLANDS, on tlie coast of Northumberland, 17 
 innund)er; the \n\nv\\>a\, Fani Island, is about a mile in 
 circumference, has a lijjht-house on it, and contains or 7 
 acres of rich pasture. 
 
 FARRA'GINOUS, n. [from fiir>-ao;n, a mixture, Lat.] 
 Com]iosed of diti'Rrent thiuijs or persons ; huddled. 
 
 FARRA'GO,.?. [Lat.] a mixed nuisi ; a medley. 
 
 FA'RRIER, «. f/'»rj-«i(».v, fidiii /'(<■)■/()«, iron, Lat. because 
 horses' shoes are made of that nielal] one who makes shoes 
 for, and puts them on, horses; one who professes to cure 
 the diseases incident in horses. 
 
 To FA'RRIER, v. a. to practise physic 'and surgery on 
 horses. 
 
 FA'RRIER^Y, s. the art of curing', palliating, or prevent- 
 )HS the diseases of horses, called of late years, and since the 
 subject has employed the attention of scientific persons, the 
 Veterinary A rt. 
 
 FA'RlilNCiDON, a small town of Berks, situated on the 
 side of a liiil, near the Thames, 18 miles S. W. of Oxford, 
 and 6S W. by N. off -ondon. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 To FARROW, (Jurrii) r. a. to bring forth pigs, a-pplied 
 to swine. 
 
 FA'RROW, (,fdrrii)s. [/earth, Sax.l a little pig. 
 
 FARSrSTAN, or Faks, a fertile province of Persia, 
 bounded on the N. by Irac Agemi ; on llie E. by Kermaii; 
 on the S. by the Persian (iulf ; and on the W. by Chusistaii ; 
 about 420 miles Iniig, and 3()0 broad. The forests furnish 
 mastic, and eniiMaUls are common here. Numbers of wild 
 swine and wild eals inhabit the mountainous parts. 
 
 F'ART, .t. [firl, Sax.] wind let loose behind. 
 
 To F.AM'I', I'. 11. to break wind behind. 
 
 FA'RTIIEK, n.fJolinson says this word is generally but 
 improperly considered as the comparative of yirc; whereas 
 it comes fmiu f'oil/i, furllur, forlhist ; and that we ought 
 to write \X further •mu\ furthcst^^ at a greater distance, applied 
 to situation. Longer. Adverbially, at, or to a greater dis- 
 tance. Used as a connective particle in a discourse, it im- 
 plies mnrenre) _ as;mn,beii(lcs. 
 
 FA'RTHEST, a. (more properly furthest) most distant. 
 Adverbially, at, or to the greatest distance. 
 
 FA'RTIILNG, *. [from/(w(A«, Sax. fourth, and ?ing-,Sax. 
 a diminutive termination] the smallest English coin, being in 
 value the fourth jiart of a penny. 
 
 FA'RTHINGALE, «. \vcrdegarde, Belg.] a hoop, or pet- 
 ticoat, used to make the others stand out by means of circles 
 of whalebone, or cane, which are sewed upon it. 
 
 F'A'SCES, s. fLat.j.axes tied up in a bundle with rods or 
 staves, and borne before the Roman magistrates, as an en- 
 sign or badge of authority. 
 
 FA'SCETS, s. in the art of making glass, nre the irons 
 thrust into the mouths of bottles, in order to convey them 
 to the aniiealing lower. 
 
 FA'SCiA, jf. [Lat.| in architecture, a broad list, fillet, 
 or band, used in architraves and pedestals. In brick build- 
 ings, tlw; jutting out of the bricks over the windows. 
 
 To FA'SriNATE, «. a. [fascino, from faseimim, witch- 
 craft. I^ri. to bewitch, or influence by enchantment or 
 witchcraft 342 
 
 11,1^11111^ I<».-1H,VJ1 l.ll»l^'III. 
 
 To FAST, V. n. [foestan, Sax.l to 
 drinking; to mortify the body by a 
 
 FASCINATION, s. [fnscirw, from aseimm, witchcraft, 
 Lat.] the act of bewitching, generally applied to that uf the 
 eye or tongue. 
 
 F'A'SCINE, (fdsseeti) s. [Fr.J in fortification, faggots, or 
 small branches of trees, or bavins, bound up in buudlci, 
 which are mixed with earth, and serve to till the trenches, 
 to screen the men, make parapets of trenches, Arc. 
 
 F'ASHION, (in this word and its df rivatives the « is ge- 
 nerally omitted in pronunciation— /"(iiAoH) i. [fa^on, Vr.] the 
 form, make, or cut of any thing ; the iiiaiiner in which any 
 thing is performed ; custom, or the form which is most com- 
 monly made use of. Men vf fashion implies men of rank, 
 state, or dignity. Syn'OT^. Fashion rises from labour, 
 and results from the workmanship.the workman enriching it 
 more or less according to his taste. Figure springs from 
 design, and results froui the outlines of the tliiug, the au- 
 thor of the plan making it either more or less regular ac- 
 cording to his abilities. Prov. As good he out of tin 
 world as init of the fashion. 
 
 To FASH ION, V. a.[fu(nnner, Fr.] to make in a parti- 
 cular form or shape; to nt, to adapt; to make accorduiglo 
 the general taste. 
 
 F'ASHlONAIiLE, a. established by custom, or mode; 
 made according to the general taste, or mode ; observant of 
 the mode; ofa rank ordignity superiorto the vulgar. 
 
 F'A'SHlONAliLENESS, s. conformity to the reigning 
 taste, applied lo building, plate, or any production either 
 of the baud or head. 
 
 FA'SH ION ABLY, ad. in a manner conformable to th« 
 reigning taste or custom. 
 
 to abstain from eating or 
 abstaining from Ibod, iin 
 a certain time, on a religious account. 
 
 FA.ST, s. a space of time wherein a person takes little or 
 no food . 
 
 FAST, a. \f(fst. Sax.] firm ; fixed; deep or sound, a|>- 
 plied to sleep. Strong; impregnable. Firm in adherence. 
 Closed, or shut close ; with a quick motion. 
 
 F.VST, <!(/. firmly ; immoveably ; swiftly, applied to 
 motion. Frequently, applied to repetition. 
 
 To FA'S'1 1-N, 1'. n. to make firm or immoveable ; to ce- 
 ment, tie, or link together; to affix. Neuterly, to stick or 
 adhere. 
 
 FASTENER, s. a person that makes firm, ties, or binds. 
 
 FA'.STER, s. one who abstains from food. 
 
 F.\STH.\NDED, a. covetous; avaricious; not given to 
 generosity. 
 
 FASTIDIO'SITY, s. disdainfulness; contemptuousncss. 
 
 F.VSTI'DIOUS, a.[fastidiiisus, t'rom fasti dio, to dislaiii, 
 Lat.] disdainfiil ; nice to a fault ; squeamish. 
 
 FA.STI'DIOUSLY, ad. in a contemptuous, disdaiufwl, or 
 squeamish manner. 
 
 FASTNESS, «. [firstncsse. Sax.] firmness, or firm adher- 
 ence (oa cause or party ; a strong hold ; a fortress. 
 
 FAT, a. [f<rl, Sax.] full-fed ; fieshy ; plump ; or covered 
 with an oily or unctuous substance ; gross; ilull, from fat, 
 Fr. Figuratively, wealthy ; rich. " A /n/bcncfice." 
 
 FAT, s. an oily, concrete, animal substance, composed of 
 oil, sebacic acid, and carbon. The (at islo be foiin<l iiiimo- 
 diately under the skin, in most parts of the body. There 
 are two sorts of fat: one yellow, soft, and lax, easily melt- 
 ed ; another, firm, white, brittle, and not so easily melted, 
 called suet or tallow. Some reckon the marrow of the bones 
 for a third sort of fat. 
 
 FAT, s. See Vat. 
 
 FA'TAL, a.[fatalis, from fatum, fate, Lat.] causing inevi- 
 table death or (lestruction ; caused by fate, destiny, or ne- 
 cessity. 
 
 FATALISM, s. the doctrine of fate, or opinion that the 
 occurrences of life and products of nature are established 
 by an unalt<'rable necessity. 
 
 FATALIS'I', *. one who|helieves und maintains that all 
 things happen by invincible necessity. 
 
 FATALITY, *. [futaliii:, Fr.] a predetermined and iiw
 
 FAU 
 
 FE A 
 
 invincible necessarj' order or scries of things and events ; a 
 decree of fate; an invincible influence or bias ; a tendency 
 todanfjer, destruction, or death. 
 
 FATALLY, ad. mortally ; in such a manner as to occa- 
 sion death ; by the decree of fate, or by an inevitable and 
 invincible necessity. 
 
 FATE, s. [fatitm, Lat.] an inevitable necessity, depend- 
 in;; on some hxed or superior cause. Fi^juratively, a neces- 
 sary or predetermined event ; death; destruction; the cause 
 of death. 
 
 FATED, a. decreed, or determined by fate ; invested 
 with any quality by fate. 
 
 FATHER, (the a is pronounced broad, like the German, 
 or a in ali. .') s. [father. Sax.] one who has begotten a son 
 oradaughtor. Figuratively, the first ancestor ; the title ge- 
 rally given to a person in years, because old enough, and 
 on accouut of his age deserving, to be reverenced as one's 
 father. Qsed in the plural, for the ecclesiastical writers of 
 the first centuries. An inventor. The title of a popish con- 
 fessor, particularly that of a Jesuit. The title given to a 
 senator in ancient Rome. The appellation of one of the Per- 
 sons of the blessed and adorable Trinity, so called as beget- 
 ting the Son in an ineffable manner ; likewise called our Fa- 
 ther, on account of giving us being, of protecting us with a 
 fatherly kindness, and ofadopting us as co-heirs with Christ 
 iu the system of redemption. 
 
 To F'ATHER, 0. a. to adopt a person for one's son or 
 daughter ; to adopt, or pretend to be the author of, a 
 composition; to ascribe to any one as his offspring, used 
 with on. 
 
 FA THERHOOD, *. the state or condition of a parent or 
 father. 
 
 FATHER-IN-LAW, s. a husband's or wife's father. 
 
 FATHERLESS, «. without a father. 
 
 FATHERLY, a. like a father ; tender. 
 
 FATHERLY, ad. in the manner of a father. 
 
 FATHOM, i. [f(€thm, Sax.] a long measure containing 
 six feet, or two yards, being taken from t he space a man can 
 reach with both his arms extended, and chiefly iLscd at sea. 
 Figuratively, reach; penetration; depth of entrance. 
 
 To FATHOM, V. a. to encompass witli the arms ex- 
 tended ; to sound, or find the depth of water at sea. Figu- 
 ratively, to reach, or comprehend ; to try the depth of a dif- 
 ficult subject ; to penetrate, sound, or go to the bottom of a 
 design. 
 
 Fathomless, a. that has no bottom, or is so deep as 
 not to be measured. Not to be comprehended, applied to 
 mysteries, or.ditficulties in writings. 
 
 F,\TrDICAL, a. [horn fatum, fate, and dico, to say, Lat.] 
 prophetical. 
 
 FATI'GUE, (fateeg) t. [fatigvc, Ft. from faligo, Lat.] 
 languor, faintness, or weariness, caused by labour. " F'igura- 
 tively, the cause of weariness. Synon. It is the continu- 
 ation of the same thing that either uronVs or tires ; with this 
 difference, that weary, implies a Ijss degree, tired a greater; 
 but it is labour \\nXfatipies. We tiie f»«ary or tired with 
 standing : we are fatigued with work. 
 
 To FATr(iUE, ifateeg) v. a. to tire, exhaust, or make 
 faint and languid with labour. 
 
 FATLING, j. a young animal fattened for slaughter. 
 
 FA'TN I'jSS, s. the quality of being fleshy, plump, or fat ; 
 Ijrease, sliminess. Fertility, or fruitfulness, applied to 
 ground. Tliatwhich causes plenty. "The clouds drop/"n/«f.M." 
 
 To FATFEN, ». «. to make fat by feeding. To make 
 fruitful, applied to ground. 
 
 FA'TT\ , a. oily ; greasy. 
 
 FATUITY, s. ]fattdti, Fr.] foolishness ; weakness of un- 
 derstanding ; a low degree of madness or phrenzy. 
 
 FATUOUS, a. [fatiius, Lat.] stupid ; foolish ; applied to 
 the understanding. Illusory ; deceitful. 
 
 FATWITTED, a. heavy, dull, or stupid. 
 
 FAU'CI'.T, s. [fausset, Fr.] a wooden pipe generally 
 forced into a barrel or cask to give passage to the liquor, 
 and stopped with a peg or spiggot. 
 
 FA'UFEL, ». CFr.] the fruit of a species of the palm- 
 tree. 
 
 FAVFLLOUS, a. [(rom favilla, an ember, Lat.] con* istinpj 
 of ashfis. 
 
 VWiLT, t.\faute, Fr.] a slight defector crime, which 
 subjects a person to blame, but Hot to punishment: a devia- 
 tion from, or transgression of, a rule, in some trifling cir- 
 cumstances. 
 
 FA'ULTLESS, a. without any defect; perfect* blame- 
 less. 
 
 FA'ULTY, «. slightly transgressing any rule ; blame- 
 able ; defective, or not fit for the use it is intended for. 
 
 FAUNS, in mythology, a species of demi-gods, supposed 
 to inhabit the forests. 
 
 'Fo FA'VOUR, (intliis word and its derivatives the o is 
 dropped in proinniciation, as fueur, fdmrahle, &:c.) v. a. 
 \fiii-eo, Lat.] to support, encourage, promote, or advance 
 ail undertaking. To resemble in features. To assist, sup- 
 port, countenance, or encourage a person. 
 
 FA'X'OUR, (favur) s. [fdfor, Lat.] countenance, sup. 
 port, or encouragement ; defence or vnidicat ion. A kind- 
 ness granted ; leave, permission, or pardon. A ribband 
 fornu>d into a rose, and worn as a cockade. 
 
 FA'V0UR.\15LE, a. kind; encouraging; afi'ectionate ; 
 conducive to ; tender; averse from censure. Convenient; 
 suited or adapted toa particulardesign. 
 
 FA'VOURABLENESS, s. a kindness shewed in pardon- 
 ing a person's defects, in supporting his endeavours, and 
 ill encouraging his undertakings. 
 
 FA'VOL'RABLY, nd. kindly; with encouragemenf, ten- 
 derness, or afieetion. 
 
 FAVOURED, /jari. looked upon or regarded with kiniL- 
 ness. 
 
 F.\ TOURER, s. one who encourages or countenances 
 anv person or tiling. 
 
 F.V'VOURITE, s. [the most proper spelling seems to be 
 favoiite, because derived from farnri, favorite, Vr. favnrita, 
 Ital.j one regarded with particular kindness, and distin- 
 guished from others by the familiarities shewn him either 
 by a private person or prince. 
 
 "FA'VOUJIITE, a. esteemed or beloved above others, 
 " A favourite dog." 
 
 FA'USEN, s. a sort of large eel. 
 
 FA'USSE-BRAY, (fuse-bra;/) s. [Fr.J in fortification, a 
 small mount of earth, four fathoms w ide, erected on the level 
 round the foot of the rampart, to fire upon the enemy, whea 
 ne is so far advanced that you cannot force him back ; and 
 als.. to receive the rums which the cannons make in the 
 body of the place. 
 
 FA'UTOR, ,1. [Lat.] a favourer, defender, or encourager. 
 
 FA'UTRESS, s. a woman that favours, or shews coun- 
 tenance. 
 
 FAWN, .!. \faon, Fr.] a young deer. 
 
 To FAWN, V. a. Ifaouner, f"r.] in its priman,' significa- 
 tion to bring forth a fawn. To make use of insinuating and 
 alluring gestures, applied to a dog. Figuratively, to endea- 
 vour to gain a person's favour by mean and servile com- 
 pliances. 
 
 FA'WNER, s. one who endeavours to gain favour by 
 mean and servile coiiipliances. 
 
 FA'WNINGLY, ad. in a cringing and servile manner. 
 
 F.\ Y, s. [ fee, F^r.] a fairv ; an elf. 
 
 To FEAGUE, feeg) V.' a. [from fegen, Teut.] to whip, 
 chastise, or beat. 
 
 FE.\L, s. sod or turf. 
 
 FE'ALTY, .v. [fiduhe, Fr.] duty due from a subject to 
 a king, or from any person to his superior. 
 
 F'EAR, s. [from ./(■»)■««, Sax.] dread, or painful appre- 
 hension of rfauger; or dtjection of mind at the presence of 
 anv person : anxiety or solicitude ; tbeobjert of fiar. 
 
 To FEAR, V. u. [fruran, Sax.J to apprehend evil, applied 
 both to persons and things. 
 
 FE'AlirUI^, a. tiinoioiis, or easily affected with fear; 
 afraid. Awful; comiiiaiuling reverence. Tenible: frightful. 
 
 343
 
 t'EB 
 
 FKI 
 
 FE'ARFULLY, ad. in a manner which betrays or causes 
 ft dr. 
 
 FE'ARFULNF.SS, s.an habitual dread or fear; timorous- 
 res3. 
 
 FR'ARLESS, n. free from fear; not regarding danger, 
 citliT present or future. 
 
 PE'AR[>ESSLY, nr!. exemption from fear. 
 
 FEASIBLE, fffizMt) a. \faisable, Fr.] practicable: 
 such ns niav be done. 
 
 FE'ASIBLY, {fcizihhf) nth in such a manner as to be 
 practicable, or possible to be done. 
 
 FEAST, ifeest) s. [festiim, Lat.] a sumptuous entertain- 
 ment ; sonielliins nice or delicious to the palate. 
 
 To FEAST, (feest) V. n. to eat sumptuously ; to live on 
 costlv and delicious eatables. 
 
 FE'ASTFUL, {feestful) a. festival or rejoicing. Luxu- 
 rious , riotous. 
 
 FEAT, {feet) s. [fait, Fr.] a thing done ; an act, action, 
 or exploit ; a trick ; an odd or extraordinary motion of the 
 limbs. 
 
 FE'ATKER, (pron. fether, wifli e short) s [fcder, Teut.l 
 the covering of birds, and that by ^vhich they are enabled 
 to Hv. The mechanisiii of liie feallier is wonderful. The 
 shaft, or rib, is exceedingly strong, but hollow below, for 
 the sake both of stn-ngth and lightness, and above not much 
 less strong, being filled with a pith that is both strong and 
 -ight. The vanes in the flag part of the wnig are nicely 
 gaged, broad on one side, and narrow on the other ; the 
 ♦■dges of the exterior vanes iiending downwards, and those 
 of the interior or wider upwards, by which means they 
 catch hold'and lie close to each other when tiie wing is 
 spread, so that not one feather may miss its full force, and 
 impulse upon the air. The tijis are all made slopinj;, 
 those of the interior vanes sloping to a point towards the 
 outer part of the wing, and the exterior vanes towards the 
 body; so thai tiie wing, whetlicr extended or shut, is as 
 neatly sloped and formed, as if constantly trimmed with a 
 pair of scissors. Figiualivelv, kind, nature, or species. 
 " I am not of that /cft//'('c." Slmh. An ornament; a mere 
 empty title; a mere plaything, or somethingonly fit to divert 
 or cause laughter. " A wit's a/c«M«'." Pope. In farriery, 
 a turning or parting of the hair on the forehead, resembling 
 an ear ot barlev, or an evelet hole. 
 
 To FE'ATliEU, {filhr) v. a. to dress in, or fit with fea- 
 tliers. To feather niii's nest, is to grow rich. 
 
 FE'ATHERED, {fcihcred) tt. clothed, fitted with, or 
 can"ving feathers. 
 
 FE'ATHERFEW, .s. a plant that flowers most part of the 
 summer. 
 
 FE'ATHERFOIL, J. a plant growing in ditches in some 
 
 f)arts of England, called also the water-violet. The leaves 
 ie concealed under water, tlie spikes of flowers only ap- 
 \;faring above, which grow in whorls at the joints of the 
 hollow' stalks. It flowers in June. 
 
 FE'.ATHERCiUASS, »•. a kind of grass with woolly awns, 
 found on iriounfains. 
 
 FE'ATIIERLESS, a. destitute of feathers. 
 
 FE'ATHEKMOSS, .?. a kind of moss of which there are 
 forty-seven kinds fiiiKld in I'lnglaiul- 
 
 FE'ATLY, (/«(/i/) ad. \\\ a neat, skilful, Of dcr.lCfCUS 
 majiner. 
 
 FE'ATURE, ifeitare) s. [failure, old Fr.] the cast or make 
 of the face, or any part or liufamcnt ol' it. 
 
 To FE.\ZE, (feeze) v. a. to untwist the end ofa rope, and 
 leduce it again to (lax. 
 
 FE'BIlIFLKiE, .t. [from /eJn>, fever, and /i/^o, to drive 
 away, Lat.] in medicnic, a remedy to drive away or cure a 
 fever. 
 
 FE'BRIFUGE, a. having the power of driving away or 
 curinf' a .tver. 
 
 FETJRIIjE, n. [frhrilis, from fclris, fevcr, Lat.] consti- 
 tutini' or proceeding from a fever. 
 
 FE^BRUARY, s. [so called from />7)iHn, the name ofa 
 feast held by the Romans, in behalf of the manes of the de- 
 31-1 
 
 ceased. Feh-iiKs, Lat. is the name of Pluto] the name of 
 tile second month of the year, according to the new style. 
 In a connnon year it consists only of 28 days; but in tlie 
 bissextile, or leap year, it has 21), on account of tiie inter- 
 calary day added to that year. 
 
 FT.'CES. s. See FjECES. 
 
 FE'CULKNCE, or Fl^'aiLENCY, s. [feecdeutia, from 
 faces., dregs, Lat.] foulness, arising from dregs or sediments, 
 applied fo liquors. Figuratively, dregs ; sediments. 
 
 FE'CULFINT, a. [fuculeutus, i'rom faces, dregs, Lat.] fotil, 
 not c\oyir, applied to liquors. 
 
 FE'CL'NO, «. [facundus, Lat.] fruitful; abounding in 
 children. 
 
 FECUNDATION, i. [from /(rcunrfo, to make fruiful, 
 Lat.] the act of making fruitful. 
 
 F^ECU'NDITY, *. the quality of producing or bringing 
 forth in great abundance. 
 
 , FE'DERAL, a. [t'romfadas, a contract, Lat] relating to, 
 and having the nature of, a contract. 
 
 FEE, s. [fpoli. Sax.] in law, lands and tenements held in 
 perpetual right; on condition of an acknowledgment paid 
 to the lord of the manor ; a property ; a reward, or money 
 given foa physician or lawyer; a perquisite due to a person 
 in an office. 
 
 To FEE, 1'. a. to pay a counsellor or physician ; to bribe. 
 To keep in hire. 
 
 F'EE'BLE, a. [foible, Fr.] wanting strength ; or weak in 
 body and mind. 
 
 FEEBLEMINDED, a. weak, or wanting resolution; 
 timorous. 
 
 FI:E'BLENESS, s. want of strength. 
 
 F'El.'liLY, ad. in a weak manner; without strength. 
 
 To FEED, V. a. pret. and part. pass, fed ; [fedan, Sax.] 
 to supidy with food. Figuratively, to supply; fo nourish, 
 cherisii, or keep alive ; to keep in hope or expectation ; to 
 delight or entertain. Neuterly, to take food ; to prey; to 
 place cattle to feed. 
 
 FEE'DEIR, s. one who supplies with food ; one that eats. 
 Fijjuratio'ely, a nourislier, supporter, or encourager. 
 
 FEE'F'ARM, s. in law, lands liolden by a man and his" 
 heirs for ever, under a yearly rent or acknowledgment paid 
 to another. 
 
 To FEEL, V. n. pret. and part. pass, felt ; {felan. Sax.] 
 to perceive l)y the touch. Figuratively, to have a quick 
 sensibility of good or evil which liappens to others; lo per- 
 ceive by ioucliiiig ; to have the sense of pain or pleasure ; 
 (o be aft'ected by. Sy.non. \ic feel lightly; we hmidle 
 with the full hand. We/ff/ a coiiimn, lo know whether it 
 be made of marhle or wood. It often happens, tiiat a thing, 
 though disagreeable to the eye, shall be agreeable to the 
 feel. 
 
 FEEL, i. the sense of feeling ; the touch. 
 
 FICE'LI-U,*. one who can distiiigiiihh by the tonrli. In 
 natural history, ihe horns or anteiiii;e of insects, whereby 
 tliev grope out their way, and clean their eyes. 
 
 FEI'7LINCi, mrt. of i'KEL that which expresses great 
 seiisiliility, orafieets strongly. 
 
 FEELING, s. the sease whereby wt get the ideas of hard, 
 soft, div, wet, snic.oth, rouijh, hot, cold, iVc. It is both 
 thi^ grnsses-i and most extensive of all the senses, if not that 
 which ineiiHles all the rest. F'iguratively, perception; 
 sensiliiiitv ; tenderness. 
 
 FEl'LINCiL^', ttd. in such a manner as if sensible of or 
 feeling' aiiv thing one's self ; so as to atlect others deeply. 
 
 FEIVSLMI'LE, .?. in law, that whereof we are seised lo us 
 and our heirs forever. 
 
 FEETAIL, s. in law, is when lands arc given to a man, 
 and the heirs of his body, so that if he have children by a 
 third venter, and not of the first, they shall inherit. 
 
 FEET, «. tlie plural of Foot. 
 
 FEE'TLESS, a. without feet. 
 
 To FEKiN, {fene) v. a. [fmulre, Fr.] to Hivent ; to assert 
 n thing which is not. To counterfeit, Latch or put on the 
 appearance ofa thing.
 
 FEL 
 
 FEI'GNEULY, (Jenedly) ad. in a fictifious or iabuious 
 mannei ; countcrfeitly. 
 
 Fl'.I GNER, (feiier) s. ati inventor ; tiie autlior of a fable 
 or fiction. 
 
 FEINT, pitrt. [instratl of feijrneil ; from /(■(«/, Fr.] invent- 
 ed. Not true or real. " Any /'i"' ai'pt'iiraine." J.ncke. 
 
 FEINT, *. [feint, Fr. I a mere sliiiw ; a false appearance 
 or attempt ; an offer at soniethinf; not intended to be ; a 
 disiinise. 
 
 FELA'NDERS, ,v. worms in hawks. 
 
 To FELICITATE, v. ,t. [fiiicito, froni feUx, happy, Lat.] 
 to make li;\ppv. To contjratiilate; to wish ri person jov. 
 
 FELICITATION, J. [./(•/(C((«</"/i,Fr.] the act of wishing; 
 joy, or rejoicing with a person on account of some happy 
 event, 
 
 FELl'CITY, s.[felicitas, from fcHr, happy, Lat.] a state 
 wherein a person Has no wants to satisfy, no wishes to fulfil, 
 no evils to remove; but is easy without pain, and joyful 
 without anv dash or niixlurc of sorrow. 
 
 FE'LINE, a. [felinvs, fiomfelis, a cat, Lat.] resemblinga 
 cat. 
 
 FELL, n. [ fclh, .Sax.l void of mercy or humanity ; cruel ; 
 barbarous, savage. Seldom used. 
 
 FELL, s. [fctle, SiiN.] the skin ; the hide. 
 
 To F F,LL, i>. a. Ifclhn, Teut.l to knock down ; to make a 
 berson tumble on ihn ground by the force of a blow; to 
 hew or cut flown. 
 
 FELL, preterof Fall. 
 
 FF.'LLER, s. one who hews or cuts down. 
 
 FE'LLMONGER, s. |/?/aud tnoiiger. Sax.] one that deals 
 in, and sells, peltry or skins. 
 
 FE'LLOE, s. [fclRr, J>an.l the pieces of wood which 
 make the eircuiitfcrence of a wheel. 
 
 FE'LLOW, (fel/ii) s. [fallow, Scot.] a companion, or one 
 often in one's' company ; one united in the same undertak- 
 ing; an equal; one thing suited to another, or one of a 
 pair ; one like to, or resembling another. An appellation 
 used in familiar discourse for a man or person, sometimes 
 with fondness, sometimes with esteem, but generally with 
 some degree of contempt, when it implies a mean wretch, a 
 sorry rascal. A member of a society ; a member of a col- 
 lege, who partakes in its government and revenues. Fe^ 
 low, in composition, generally denotes community or equal- 
 ity of natiue, station, or employment. 
 
 To FE'LLOW, (/'f//o)t'. a. to suitor match one thing with 
 another ; to pair or produce one thing resembling another 
 in size, colour, cVc. 
 
 FELLOW-COMMONER, s. one who has a right of com- 
 mon with another. In Cambridge, a commoner of the 
 higher order, who sits at table, and eats his commons, with 
 the fellows of the college. 
 
 FELLOW-Clliy.yrURE, .5. one that has the same cre- 
 ator, generally applied to animals of the same species. 
 
 FELLOW-FEE'LING, s. sympathy; or the being as much 
 afi'ected with the sufferings of another as if they were our 
 own : a combination in order to defraud or cheat. 
 
 FELLOW-HEIR, s. one who has a right to the same in- 
 heritance with another; a coheir. 
 
 FELLOW-L.-^'BOURER, «. one who labours to promote 
 the same design. 
 
 FELLOW-SE'RVANT, s. one who has the same master. 
 
 FELLOWSHIP, (filtous/iip) s. company; society ; the 
 state of persons whoare frequently together and jointly take 
 part in any design. Association ; a confederacy or union 
 of several persons by some contract, bond, or obligation. 
 A partnership or joint interest; equality; fondness for 
 feasting or entertaninicnts of drinking; an establishment 
 at an university, with a share in the revenues of a college. 
 In arithmetic, a rule by which the stock of any company is 
 divided in proportion to the several sums each partner 
 broueht in ; it is divided into iine-fc or doid/le. 
 
 FF;LLY, *. SeeFELLOR. 
 
 FE'LLY, ad. in such a manner as shews want of all the 
 
 Yy 
 
 rEN 
 
 Kind and benevo.ent affections ; in a cruel, barbarous, and 
 savage matnier. Seldom used. 
 
 ri'VLO-DlvSK, J. [law Lat.] in law, one whowilling.y a.".d 
 deliberately kills himself. 
 
 FELON, s. [fclii, law Lat.] a person whc is guilty of 
 some crime, which will subject him lo death by the litw, a 
 whitlow, or tumor, formed between the bone and its invest- 
 ing iiK'mbraue. 
 
 FE'LON, «. [ff^lle. Sax.] cruel; barbarous; savage. 
 
 FELO'NTOU.S, a. belonging to a felon ; subject to death 
 by the law. Figuratively, wicked ; barbarous. 
 
 "FFLO'NIOUSLY, arf. after the manner of a felon; or 
 with an intent to rob or murder. 
 
 FK'LONY, s. [fctoiiin, law Lat.] any crime which subjects 
 a person to death by the law. 
 
 FEL'F, «. [/e/(. Sax.] a kindofsfiiff or cloth, made either 
 of wool alone, or of castor's, camel's, or cony's hair, and 
 lamb's wool; neither spun, crossed, nor woven, but wrought 
 and fulled with leys and size, and afterwards shaped into the 
 form of a hat upon a block. A hide or skin of animals ; 
 from fcl. Sax. 
 
 To FELT, V. a. to make clothor stuff only by fulling, and 
 working with leys and size, without weaving or crossing. 
 
 FELUCCA, s.[fclcn, Fr.] a light vessel with from 10 to 
 IC benches of oars, which is not covered over, and may have 
 the rudder applied either to head or stern. It is used in 
 the Mediterranean as a passage boat, and by the natives o' 
 Barbary as a cruiser. 
 
 FE'LWORT, s. called also marsh gentian,, a plant found 
 in Wales, with oval radical leaves ; flowers in August. 
 
 FE'MALE, s. [femelle, Fr.] that sex which bears of brings 
 forth youn^. 
 
 FE'MALE, a. belonging to that sex which conceives and 
 beaps offspring. 
 
 F'KMIi-CovERT, s. [Fr.l in law,a married woman. 
 
 FEME-SoLE, t. [Fr.] in law, an unmarried woman. 
 
 FE'MININE, a. [from fccmina, a woman, Lat.] of that sex 
 which bearsyoung. Figuratively, soft, delicate ; like a wo- 
 man, or wanting that natural hardiness which distinguishes 
 the male sex. In grammar, that gender which denotes a 
 word to belong to a female. 
 
 FE'MININE, i. a female. 
 
 FE'MORAL, a. [from femus, the thigh, Lat.] belonging 
 to the thigh. 
 
 FEN, ,r. [fenn, Sax.] a wet, moist, or boggy place on land, 
 overflowed with water. 
 
 FF,'NBERRY, s. a kind of blackberry. 
 
 FENCl'>, .f. [a contraction of ihfencc'] any thing 'or means 
 made use of to guard from danger. An inclosure, hedge, or 
 paling, serving to keep persons from entering any spot of 
 ground. The art of fencing. 
 
 To FENCE, I', a. to inclose or secure a place by a hedge 
 or paling ; to defend or guard, used \\'\\\\ against. Netiterly, 
 to practise the art of fencing, or that which teaches the use 
 of the sword; to guard against; to use such methods,as to 
 hinder the progress of any vice or evil, used with agr.inst. 
 
 FE'NCELESS, a. open, or without any inclosure. 
 
 FENCER, J. a person who makes use of the sword ac- 
 cording to tlie rules of fencing ; one who teaches the alt of 
 using the sword. 
 
 FE'NCIBLE,a. capable of defence. 
 
 FE'NCING, f. the art ofdcfence, or of using the sword. 
 Fencing likewise signifies the hedge or pales used to inclose 
 ground. 
 
 FE'NCRICKET, s. an insect that digs itself holes in the 
 ground. 
 
 To FEND, V. a. [fiom defend] to keep off, Neuterly, to 
 dispute; to shift off a charge. 
 
 FENDER,*, a plate of ironor brass laid before afire.to 
 prevent the coals that fall from rolling upon, and injuring, 
 the floor. ' 
 
 FENERATION, s. [from fimero, to lend upon usury, 
 Lat.] usury ; or an allowance made or taken for the Ufe of 
 money. Sto
 
 FER 
 
 FER 
 
 FE'NNEC, s. in natural history, a beautiful little animal 
 ri'senibliiig: the dog. It is an inhabitant of Africa. It is 
 ot'hervvise called the Zerda. 
 
 FK'NNEL, s. [fenol. Sax.] a plant. The leaves, seeds, 
 niid roots of the common sort are used in medicine; the root 
 being one of the five opening roots, the seed one of the 
 ^freat carminative seeds, and the leaves made use of in dis- 
 tilling a simple water. 
 
 FE'NNY, a. soft by the settling of rain or overflowing of 
 waters, applied to ground. Marshy; moorish; dwelling ni 
 a niarsli. 
 
 FENNY-STRATFORE>, a thoroughfare town in Buck- 
 inghamshire, two furlongs in length, and full of inns ; it has 
 « market on INIonday. It is 18 miles N. W. of Dunstable, 
 a'ld 4oN. W. of London. 
 
 FE ODAL, (feidal) a. [feodal, Fr.] held from another. 
 
 FEODARY, {fiklai-i/) a. [from feodum, low Lat.] one 
 vvlio holds his estate under the tenure of suit and service to 
 d superior lord. 
 
 To FEOFF, ifeef) V. a. [feoffare, law Lat.] to put in 
 possession ; to give a right to a possession. 
 
 FEOFFEE, (_/(■(/£«)« Ifeoff'atus, law Lat.] one put in pos- 
 session. 
 
 FE'OFFKR, (/Ttj^ct) s. one who gives possession; dis- 
 tinguished in law from a dunor, because \hc fenffer grants in 
 feesjaiple, and a dmwr in feetail. Lift. lib. 1. c. 6. 
 
 FEOFFMENT, ( feoffment) s.[feuff'ameiit am, law Lat.] in 
 law, agiftor grant of any manors, messuages, lanfis, or tcne- 
 nienls to another in fee, i. e. to him and his heirs for ever, by 
 the delivery of seisin, and possession of the estate granted. 
 
 FIi'R.\L, n. [feralis, Lat. J mournful; funeral. 
 
 FFRIATION, s. [from/W-M, a lioliday, Lat.] the act of 
 celebrating or keeping holiday by ceasnig from labour; a 
 cessation from work. 
 
 FERINE, a.[feniiHS, from/era, a wild beast, Lat.] wild; 
 untamed. 
 
 FERI'NENESS, .s. wildness ; the qualify of uncultivated 
 and untamed wilHness. 
 
 FERITY, s. [fiita!, from fcr:<s, fierce, Lat] barbarity; 
 crueltv ; wildness. 
 
 FERMANAGH, a county of Ulster in Ireland, .3.5 miles 
 in length, and about a.i in breadth, containing 1!> parishes. 
 It is l)onnded on the W. by Leitrim and Donegal; on the 
 N. by Donegal and Tvrone; on the E. by Tyrone and IMo- 
 naghan ; and on the S. by Cavan and Leitrim". It is naviga- 
 ble throughout its whole length, by means of the Lakes of 
 Lough Erne ; but travelling in it is dithcult, in many places, 
 by reason of the hilly, rugged, and uneven surface of the 
 country, and the boggy grounds. The number of houses is 
 calculated at nearly" 1'2.(T()0, and of the inhabitants at 
 72,0(10. The linen manufacture, and raising cattle, form 
 the chief trade of this countv. There is only one linen 
 market in it, but the country abounds with spinners and 
 goo(l flax. The sales are ateraged at 41,000/. annually. 
 E)Hiiskillen is the capital. 
 
 ToFlORMIC'NT, r. n. [formmlo, Lat.] to exalt, rarefy, 
 or conniiunicate by putting the particles into an intestine 
 commotion. 
 
 FE'RMENT, s. \fermrntion, Lat.] that which causes an 
 intestine motion in the particles of a fluid. A conuuotion, 
 or tumult, aiiphed to goveriunent. 
 
 FERME'NTAIU.E, ".capable of having its parts put into 
 un intestine commotion. 
 
 FERME'NTAL, «. having the power of raising an intes- 
 tin,' cr)uimotion. Not used. 
 
 FERMENTATION, .«. \frrmenfntin, from firmento, to 
 leaven, Lat.] a slow motion of the intestine particles of a 
 mixed body; arising usually from the operation of some 
 ■active acid matter, which rarefies, exalts, and s\d)(ilizes the 
 soft anil sulphureous particles, as when leaven or xcasl ra- 
 refies, lightens, and fermeiils bread or wort. Cliy iiiisls have 
 disliiiguislied fermentations into several kinds, as the sac- 
 fhariue, which forms sugar; the vinous, which takes place 
 i;i fernieiited li<iuors : tne acetous, the colouring, which is 
 34G 
 
 developed in the maceration of the indigo plant, and the 
 
 putrid. 
 
 FERME'NTATIVE, a. causing or bavin"; the power to 
 cause, an intestine commotion of the particles. 
 
 FERN,». [feani. Sax.] in botany, a plant growing on the 
 stump of trees in woods, and on the banks of ditches. 
 Decoctions of the root are used as diet-drinks in chronical 
 cases ; and country people esteem it a sovereign remedy io 
 the rickets. 
 
 FETiN Y, a. overgrown with fern. 
 
 FEROCIOUS, {ferothioiis) a. ]^ftroce, Fr.J wild, untamed, 
 savage ; resembling a savage. 
 
 FEROCITY, i.{ixomfervx, fierce, Lat.j fierceness of 
 disposition or look. 
 
 lERRA'RA, a district of Italy, lately in the pojie's ter- 
 ritories. The Ferrarese is now almost uncultivated, tliongli 
 formerly one of the finest countries in Italy. The air is un- 
 wholesome on account of the marshes, and the inhabitants 
 are too few to drain them. The city of Ferrara has a num- 
 ber of fine buildings, which evince its former opulence ; but 
 the inhabitants, who are very few, in proportion to the ex- 
 tent of the place, bear every mark of poverty. Ariosto lies 
 auried here in a Benedictine convent, and Tasso was con- 
 fined as an idiot in the hospital of St. Anne. It is seated on 
 a branch of the Po, 23 miles N. E. of Bologna. 
 
 FF'RREOUS, «.[/<'i-;fi«, Lat.] of the nature of iron. 
 
 FERRET, s.\^furt:d, Brit.] in natural history, an animal 
 of the weasel kind, with red eyes, employed in catching 
 rabbits and rats. It was originally introduced info .Spain 
 from Africa, and probably from S|)ain through the medium 
 of the Romans into England. 
 
 To FE'RRET, t). n. to drive out of a lurking-place, allud 
 iniT to the manner in which ferrets drive rabbits out of their 
 holes. 
 
 FE'RRETEH, .?. one who hunts another, and discovers 
 hiiiVjn his liidiii:;. places. 
 
 FE RRIAGE, .«. the sum paid for a passage at a ferry. 
 
 FE'RRO, or III El!0, the most westerly of the Canpiy 
 Islands, remarkable for atl'ording little water, except what 
 is supplied by the fountain-tree, which grows here, (its top 
 being always covered with a thick cloucf,) and which distils 
 water from its leaves in such plenty, as to satisfy the wants 
 of its inhabitants. Many voyagers, at least, speak so; but 
 the French geographers totally deny its existence ; and, in- 
 deed, this tree has been but too long the subject of a popular 
 error. It is more probable, that the inhabitants make use 
 of what water they can collect in cisterns and reservoirs 
 during the rainy season. Though not very fertile, the inha- 
 bitants raise corn, sugar, fruit, and legumes, and {ci'i\ a great 
 number of callle. The western extremity of Ferro was, 
 heretofore, by cimimon consent, accounted the place of the 
 first meridian ; but the national partialities having induced 
 the moderns to adopt the capital of their own particular 
 countries, as llie place from which to reckon the longitude ; 
 the follow ing is its situation according to the English : Lat. 
 27. 47. N. Ion. 17. 4(1. \V. 
 
 FEURO, Faro, FAROi„orFAROF.R Lsi.ands,2:> small 
 islands ill the Northern Ocean, subject to Denmark, of wliicli 
 17 only are habitable. Each of tliese is a lofty mountain, 
 rising out of the waves, divided from theothers by deep and 
 rapid currents. Some are deeply indented with secure liar 
 bo'iirs ; all are steep, and most of Iheiii exhibit tremendous 
 precipices. The soil is shallow, but remarkably fertile 
 barley, Ihe only corn grown here, yields above 20 for I ; ana 
 the grass affords abundant pasturage for sheep : but no trees 
 above the si/i' of a juniper or stunted willow tree are to be 
 seen liiMc. Vast (luantilies of sea-fowl frequent the rocks, 
 the taking of which furnishes a perilous employ for the in- 
 h-ibitants. 'i'lieir exports are salted mutton, tallow, goose, 
 ipiills, feathers, eider-down, knit woollen waistcoats, caps, 
 and stockings. Lat. between (Jl. 16. and (J2. 10. N. Ion. be- 
 tween .'). anil 7. 2'i. W. 
 
 FE'RROL, a strong fortified townof Galicia; with one oi 
 the best harbours in Spain, and evei ni all Europe ■ vessels
 
 p r.s 
 
 FE V 
 
 lying secure here from all winds It is now a marine arse- 
 ual, and the principal station for llicSpanisli navy ; altlioiiKli, 
 in 1751, it was only a small and dirty Jisiiinj,'-to\vn. It is 
 seated on a bay of the Atlantic Ocean, 20 miles N. K. of 
 Corniina. F,at."43. 30. N. Ion. 8. 4. W. 
 
 FKKRU'GINOUS, <t. [fcrni^iueiis, from ftrrmn, iron, 
 Laf,.l partaking of the particles or qualities of iron. 
 
 FE'RRULE, s.[{tom feirum, iron, I.at.Jan iron, or Iirass 
 cap or ring, pnt ronnd, or at the end of a tliini,', (o hinder it 
 from splitting or wearing;. 
 
 To FK'fUtY, V. a. [from faran, Sax.] to row a boat 
 or vessel across a river ; to cross a river in a boat or 
 vessel. 
 
 FERRY, or FE'RR YBOAT, .c. a vessel or boat in which 
 
 Ccrsoiis cross the water. Fijjuratively, the place where 
 oats ply which cross the water; the conniion passage lijr 
 a v<>ssp1 or boat across a river. 
 
 FE'RRYiMAN, s. one who keeps a ferry, or rows a boat 
 across the water. 
 
 FERTH, or FORTH, s. common terminations, are the 
 same as, in English, an army. 
 
 FERTILE, a. [ferlilis, Lat.] producing a great quan- 
 titv ; fruitful. 
 
 FETiTILl'^NESS, s. the quality of producing abundance ; 
 fruitful. 
 
 To FERTI'LITATE, v. a. to make fruitful. 
 
 FEUTl'LITY, f. [fertilUJxomfertilis, fertile, Lat.] the 
 quality of producing plenty oral)undance. 
 
 To 'FERTILIZE, v. a. [fertiliser, Fr.] to make fruitful. 
 
 FF/RTILY, ad. ingreat quantities, or abundance. 
 
 FE'RVENCY', j. [from /"erreo, to be hot, Lat.] eagerness; 
 warmth of application. Applied to the mind, zeal, or 
 warmth of devotion. 
 
 FE'RVENT, a. [from fervco, to be hot, Lat.] hot, opposed 
 to cold. Vehement, or warm, applied to the temper. 
 Ardent, warm, zealous, or flaming with devotion. 
 
 FERVENTLY, ad. in an eager, vehement, earnest, ar- 
 dent, or zealous manner. 
 
 FE'RVID, «. [from ferveg, to be hot, Lat.] hot. Figura- 
 tively, ardent, zealous, vehement. 
 
 FERVI'DITY, s. heat, opposed to cold. Figuratively, 
 warmth of temper. 
 
 FE'RVIDNESS, *. the quality of being warm of temper, 
 earnest in application, or zealous in devotion. 
 
 FERULA,*. [Lat.] in botany, the fennel giant. A flat 
 wooden instrument for chastising boys at school ; so named 
 because formerly the stalks of fennel were used for that 
 purpose. 
 
 To FE'RULE, B. a. to chastise with the ferula. 
 
 FE'RVOUR, s. [from fervco, to be hot, Lat.J heat or 
 warmth, opposed to cold. Eagerness, or earnestness of 
 application ; warmth or heat of temper; ardour or zeal in 
 devotion. 
 
 FESCUE, s. a small wire with which those who teach to 
 read point out the letters. In botany, a kind of grass, of 
 which there are found nine species in England, distinguish- 
 ed from all others by having an oblong blossom, with two 
 sharp-pointed valves. 
 
 FE'SELS, s. a kind of base grain. 
 
 FESSIC, s. [from fascia, a band, Lat.] in heraldry, is one of 
 the nine honourable ordinaries, consisting <pf a line drav;n 
 directly across the shield from side to side, and containing 
 tjie third part of it, between the honour-point and the nom- 
 bril. It represents a broad girdle or belt of honour, which 
 knights at arms were anciently girded with. 
 
 To FE'STER, v. n. [fcsse, Bavarian, a swelling, according 
 to Junius] to rankle; to grow inflamed. 
 
 FE'STINATE, a. [(mmfestiu'i, to hasten, Lat.] hasty ; ex- 
 peditions, opposed to delay. Not much in use. 
 
 FE'STIVAL, a. [from festum, a feast, Lat.] belonging to 
 feasts or public entertainments. 
 
 FE'STIVAL, t. a time of public feasting; a day of reli- 
 gious or public jov. 
 
 FE'STI VE, a. [from fettum, a feast, Lat.] gay, joyous. 
 
 FESTIVITY, i.[froni/«tum, a feast, Lat.] a feast, or the 
 
 time of public rejoicing ; gaiety; joyfulness. 
 
 FESTO'ON, s. [/'istu7i, Fr.] in architecture, an ornament 
 of carved work, in the form of a wreath, or g irland of 
 flowers, or leaves twisted together, thickest in the middle, 
 anil susijendefl at the ends. 
 
 FES'I'U'CINE, a. [from fcstuca, the shoot or stalk of a 
 tree, l,al.| straw ciilour, between green and yellow. 
 
 To FETCH, 1'. a. prefer, filc/ied ; [Jecaii, .Sax. J to go in 
 ordt^r to bring something to a person ; or take or make an 
 excursion. To equal in value. 'Jo produce by some kind 
 of force ; to reach ; to arrive at. 
 
 TE'TCII, s. a stratagem in which a design is attained in- 
 directly, or in which one thing seems to be intended, and 
 iiuolher is done ; a trick, or artifice. 
 
 I'E'TID, a. [from/a-<('«, to stink, Lat.] stinking; having an 
 ofl'ensive smell. 
 
 FE'TIDNES.S, i.thequality of havinga strong and offen- 
 sive smell. 
 
 FE'TLOCK, i. in farriery, a tuft of hair growing behind 
 the pastern joint of many horses ; horses of a low size have 
 scarcelv any such tuft. 
 
 IT/POR," s. [(iMw firtm, to stink, Lat.J a stink ; a stencii. 
 
 FE'ITEH, *. it is commonly used in the plural, ftiirs ; 
 Ifettere, Sax.] ciiains for the feet, put on prisoners to prevent 
 their escape, ^''iguratively, any restraint. 
 
 To FETTER, v. a. to put chains or shackles on the 
 legs. Figuratively, to euchain ; to bind ; to deprive of 
 liberty. 
 
 To "FETTLE, v. a. [a cant word from feel] to bustle 
 or make an appearance of being busy ; to do trifling bu- 
 siness. 
 
 FETUS, s. [fatiis, Lat.] an animal full grown, but in the 
 womo. 
 
 FEUD, s. [feahd. Sax.] quarrel ; opposition; war. 
 
 FEU'DAL, a. [feudahs, Lat.J pertaining to fees, feus, 
 or tenures, by which lands are held of a superior lord. Few- 
 dal Tenure, an estate in land, given iiy the lord to his vassals 
 in lieu of wages, upon condition to assist the lord in his 
 wars, or to do him some other service. At first, the feudal 
 estates were held absolutely at the will of the lord, but after- 
 wards they were made hereditary ; and duchies, earldoms, 
 baronies, cVc. were granted absolutely ui)on the condition 
 of fealty and homage. The vassal was obliged to appear in 
 the field upon his lord's summons, to follow his standard, to 
 protect his person, and never to desert him, upon the score 
 ofdanger, and to pay aids and taxes ; upon non-performance 
 of which, the estate was forfeited. About the year DDO, 
 Hk^Ii Capet made these estates hereditary, ami the French 
 nobility began to take their surnames from their principal 
 manors. William the Counucror is said to have introduced 
 these tenures into England. The granting these fees was 
 anciently very solemn. In the empire, those that were con- 
 siderable were granted by delivering a standard or banner ; 
 but the French passed them by delivering a ring and a 
 staf^'. 
 
 FEUT).\TORY, s. [fendatoire, Fr.] one who holds by some 
 conditional tenure from a superior. 
 
 FEUDS,*, plural; [/eorfum, low Lat.j in law, lands that 
 arc hi>re<litarv. 
 
 FE'VER, sWfehris, Lat.] in nu-dicme, is a disease, or rather 
 a class of diseases, whose characteristic is a preternatural 
 heat felt throughout the whole body, or at least the princi- 
 pal parts of it. According to Sydenham, a fever is nothing 
 else but the efiort of nature, to free tierself of some morbific 
 matter which she finds injurious, in order to establish a bet- 
 ter health. 
 
 To FE VT.R, f. a. to put into, or affect with, a fever. 
 FETERFICW, jr. a British herb with comi)ound flowers, 
 of which there are four sorts. TheFinlanders use an infu- 
 sion of the chamomile feverfew m consumptive cases. 
 FE'VMsRISH, a. troubled with, or tending to, a fever. 
 FE'VEIlISHNESS.f. a slight disorder or affection of a 
 fever. 
 
 347
 
 FI A. 
 
 FID 
 
 FEVEROUS,*. |/«'reiu-, Fr.J troubled with, or liavins 
 t!ie nature of, a fever; haviiiga tendency to produce fevers. 
 
 FF/VER,SHAM, a very ancient town of Kent, coniainiii;? 
 about COO houses, and 5001^ inhabitants. It lias a hir'je ma- 
 nufacture of gunpowder, and a considerable oyster (isliery, 
 employs a number of vessels in the coastinj^ trade, and even 
 sends some to Prussia, Norway, and Sweden, for tir, timber, 
 and iron. Four hoys trade alternately from this |)lace to 
 London, every week, with corn, hops, Ac. It is seated on 
 a creek, w hich is navigable for vessels of 130 tons, and which 
 comnuinicates with the K. Swale, 9 miles N. W. of Canter- 
 bu- y, and 48 E. by S. of Loudon. Markets on Yv ednesday 
 ant) Saturday. 
 
 FE'UILLAGE, {fuillawje) t. [Fr.] a bunch, row, or circle 
 ofleaves. 
 
 FEUILLEJNIORT, s. [Fr.] the colour of a faded leaf. 
 Corruptly pronounced, and sometimes v. nXXen. phi Icnwt. 
 
 FE'fJTERER, s. a dog-keeper; perliaps tlie cleaner of 
 till' kennel. 
 
 FEW, a. \fco, Sax.] not many ; not great in number. 
 
 PEW EL, or FU'EL, s. [from feu, Fr.J materials for niak- 
 Higand keeping up a fire. 
 
 To F K'W l']L, V. n. to keep up a fire by'su pply ing it w ith fuel. 
 
 FE'WNESS, s. smallness, applied to number. 
 
 To FEY, V. a. [irn7(Oi, Belg.] to cleanse a ilitcli of mud. 
 
 FEZ, a large country of IJarbary, in Africa, bounded on 
 tlie W. by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the N. by the iMediterra- 
 neanSea; on the E. by Algiers, and a part of Biledulgerid ; 
 and on the S. by Biledulgerid, Tafilet, and Morocco. It is 
 near 400 miles in length, and from 70 to 2S0 in breadlii. 
 The air is temperate and wholesome, and the country is 
 inountainous, particularly to the \V. and S. near -Mount 
 Atlas. The forests abound with wild beasts, and the lions 
 are the most dariugand savage in Africa. Tlie soil is fertile 
 and populous, i^roducing citrons, oranges, dates, almonds, 
 olives, tigs, raisins, sugar, honey, and coni, in abundance. 
 Here are fine breeds of camels, beeves, sheep, and other cat- 
 tle ; and the horses are the finest in Barbary. it is watered 
 liy several rivers and streams, and the chief town is Fez ; 
 bntSallee is the principal port for their cruisers, or rovers, 
 which are small, but full of men. 
 
 FEZZAN, a country of Africa, forming, according to the 
 report of Mr. Lucas, a circular domain, in a vast wilderness, 
 like an island in an ocean, is bounded on the north by 
 Tript)li; on the E. by the deserts which divide it from Egypt; 
 on the S. by Bornoii, or Bernoa, and Cashna ; and on the 
 W. by the deserts of Zaara, lying between 25 and 30 degrees 
 N. Latitude. It is an extensive plain, eneompasseil by 
 mountains, except to the W. Among their tame animals 
 Kre the sheep, cow, goat, camel, and a species of the domes- 
 tic fowl of Europe. The wild aiiiinals, are the ostrich, and 
 antelopes of various kinds. Adders, snakes, scorpions, and 
 toads, are numerous, and sometimes crawl into their houses. 
 The natives are of a deep swarthy cr>mple\ion, inclining 
 inllicir persons more tothc negro than the Arabcasl. They 
 are tall, but indolent and inactive. Their dress is similar 
 fo that of the Moors in Barbary. Agriculture and pasturage 
 are their chief occupations. The houses are built of clay, 
 villi i fiat roof, composefl of boughs of trees, on which a 
 (juantity of earth is laid. There are some v<'neral>le remains 
 ot ancient magnificence, and numerous smoking lakes, (iro- 
 flucing a species of fossil alkali, called trona. In tiiiir 
 common intercourse, the siierift' for governor) and the 
 poorest of tlie people converse familiarly, and eat and drink 
 together. In religion they are strict, but not intolerant 
 Mahometans, and seem tolerably comfortable under their 
 poverninent, which is nionarchial. Oold dust constitutes 
 theirchief medium of payment ; and value in that medium 
 is aKvays expressed by weight. The sovereign, ^^llo is 
 believed to be descended from their prophet, is tribnlaiy 
 to the bashaw of Tripoli. Mour/ouk is the ca|iital of 
 this country, which is said to contain 28 towns, and loo 
 villages. 
 
 iT'.\T, s. fLat.] ill law, a short order or warrant, signed 
 34tt 
 
 by a judge, for making out and allowing certain processes. 
 
 Literally it signifies let it be, from the Latin fio, anil is ajv 
 plied to the commands of supreme persons. 
 
 FIB.i, [a corruption ofyn6/f>] an untruth. 
 
 To FIB, V. n. to tell lies or falsehoods. 
 
 FI'I'jBER, s.-a person that speaks falsehoods. 
 
 FIBRE, i. [/ii)(T, Lat.] a small thread or string. A /fVf, 
 in physic, is an animal thread, of which some are soft, llexi- 
 ble, and a little elastic; and these are either hollow, like 
 small pipes, or spoiigeous and full of little cells, as the ner- 
 vous and fleshy /?Ar« ; others are more solid, flexible, and 
 with a strong elasticity or spring, as the membranous and 
 cartilaginous fihres ; and a third sort are hard and flexible, 
 as the fibres of the bones. Some so very small as not to be 
 easily perceived: and others so big as to be plainly seen; 
 and most of them appear to be composed of still smaller 
 fibres: these fibres first constitute the substance of the 
 bones, cartilages, ligaments, membranes, nerves, veins, ar- 
 tci'ii's, and muscles. 
 
 FIBRIL, s. [fihrille, Fr.] a small fibre, which being 
 joined toothers, composes oi>cof the larger. 
 
 FI'BRINE, «. that white fibrous substance which is left 
 after freely washing the coaguhmi of the blood, and which 
 chiefiy composes the muscular fibre. 
 
 Fibrous, [fibreux, Fr.] consisting of small threads or 
 fibres. 
 
 FIBULA, s- [Lat.] in anatomy, the outer and lesser bone 
 of the leg, much smaller than the tibia; it lies on the out- 
 side of the leg; and its upper end, which is not so high as 
 file knee, receives the lateral knob of the upper end of the 
 tibia into a small sinus, which it has in its inner side. Its 
 lower end is received into the small sinus of the tibia, and 
 then it extends into a large process, which forms the outer 
 ankle. 
 
 FICKLE, a. [/fro/. Sax.] not of the same sentiments or 
 opinions long; inconstant; not fixed. 
 
 FICKLENESS, s. a disposition ofmind liable to frequent 
 change; a state of inconstancy. 
 
 FI'CKLY, ad. in a manner liable to change ; notsettled or 
 fixed. 
 
 ITCTILE, a. [from fins:n, to feign or form, Lat.] moulded 
 into form ; manulaetured T)ythe potter. 
 
 FICTION, {fikshnn) s. [from ./f»go, to feign or form, Lat.] 
 the act of forming a fableor story by the help of the imagina- 
 tion ; the thing feigned ; a falsehood, or lie. 
 
 FI'CTIOUS, ifi/isliioiis) a. \i\om fiiig-n, to feign or form, 
 Lat.] imaginary. A word coined hy Prior; but frecpiently 
 made use of in conversation, improperly instead oi ficlitious, 
 
 FICTFTIOL S, (fieiisbi(iiis) II. [fictiiius, from/Hi^u, to feign, 
 Lat.]eouu t erf eit,op posit e to genuine. Made in order to resem- 
 ble, or pass for something else. Imaginary, opposed to real. 
 
 FICTITIOUSLY, {fict'ukiously) aU. in a false, imaginary, 
 or ('hinierical manner. 
 
 FID, s, \fiiia, Ital.J a pointed iron with vvliicli seamen twist 
 tliiiv cords. 
 
 ITODLE, s. [fidel, Teut.] in music, a stringed instrument. 
 See\'ioi,lN. 
 
 To FIDDLE, V. n. [fiiHen, Tent.] to play on a violin, or 
 fiddle. I'igtiralively, tot ride; to spend a great deal of time 
 ill seeming industrious, without duing any thing to the |>nr- 
 pose. 
 
 l''rDl)Ll% FADDLE, s. [a cni.l word] trifling, or trifles. 
 
 FI'DDLE FADDLK, «. trifling; making a bustle, or 
 giving trouble about nolhiug. 
 
 1 TDDLI'.lt, v. one who plays on the violin. 
 
 FIDDLI'.STICK, s. the bow tiirnislied with hair, \> hich 
 the iMU^iiian draws over the strings of the fiddle. 
 
 FIDDLESTRING,*. the string of a fiddle; that which 
 m;ikes the noise. 
 
 FIDELITY, s.\fiilelUns, from A'*.*-, faith, Lat. t honesty 
 ill dealing ; veracity or truth in tesliinony ; firmness in 
 afllierenee, or in lovaltv. 
 
 To FIlXiK, orFI'DCiET, e. ii. [a cant v.ordj to mtw 
 nimbly, but iincoulhly, orawkwanlly.
 
 FIG 
 
 FIDUCIAL, (firlushinl) a. [fidvria, (torn fries, faitll, Lat.j 
 confident ; willioutiiuy (If^rec of doubt. 
 
 FIDU'CIAllY, ( fidiishiarfi) s.\/iilnciariits, from /f/ci, faith, 
 Litt.j one that lias any tliini,' in trust. 
 
 FIDUCIARY, (A''"'/"'"'/) «• wiilioiitany dejjree of doubt. 
 
 FIE. See FY. 
 
 Ftl'F, Ifeef) i.[fief, Fr.l in law, a fee, manor, or possession, 
 held by some tenant of a superior. 
 
 nVAAi,ifeeld)s.\fel<l, Sax. and Teut.l j-roiuid not iii- 
 liabilcd ; a space of frrouud wliicli is cultivated. Fiijura- 
 tively, the ground where a bailie is fought; a battle or 
 campaign. A wide extent or expanse. In painting, or 
 lieraldry, the ground or surface on w liicli figures or beai ings 
 are drawn. 
 
 Fi'KLDRD, (feil(M)part. being in field of battle. 
 
 FFELDFARE, {fcMfare) s.[from.>W and /mm, Sax.] a 
 bird of passage, supposed to come from the northern 
 countries. 
 
 FrELDMARSHAL, {fecUmurshd) s. the conimaiuler of 
 an army in the field. 
 
 Fl'ELDMOUSE, s. a mouse that ijurrows in banks, and 
 makes her house with various apartments. 
 
 FI'ELDOFFICER, (fcMol/ker) s. an officer whose com- 
 mand, in the field, exten<ls to a whole regiment; as the 
 colonel, lieutenant-colonel, and niajur. 
 
 FI'ELDPIECK., (/(-fW/xect') *. in guiniery, small cannon 
 used only in battles, not ni sieges. 
 
 FIEND, (J'eenU) s. Yfiend, Sax.] the devil ; any infernal 
 being. 
 
 FI ERCE, (fecrce) a. [feriix, Lat.J wild ; furious ; not easily 
 .timed; violent; passionate; strong. Terrible, or causing 
 terror. • 
 
 FI'i^RCELY, {fef.rcehj, or fcrcehj) ad. in a furious, wild, or 
 outrageous manner. 
 
 FI'ERCENESS, {feh-cencss or fa-ceness)^. wildness ; eager- 
 ness after slaughter; quickness to attack ; ouliageousness; 
 violence, Mith respect to passii^ii. 
 
 FIERI-FA'CIAS, {ficri-fasJiios) s. [La(. you may cause 
 t to be done] in law, a writ tiiat lies vilu're a person nas 
 recovered judgment f">r debts or (hiiiiag<'s, in tiie king's 
 court, against any one, by «liich the sheriff is coiumandcil 
 to levy the debt and damages ou the delbndant's goods ami 
 chattels. 
 
 Fl'ERINESS, s. hot qualilies ; heat of temper. 
 
 FIERY, ff. consisting of hot particles, or such as burn, 
 Figuratively, vehement ; ardent; passionate; fierce; easily 
 provoked. 
 
 FIFE, s. [,/?/)•«, Fr.] a shrill pipe blown like a German 
 flute, used to accompany the drum in the army. 
 
 FI'FESHIHE, a county of Scotland, bounded on llieN. 
 bv the river Tay, part of Perthshire, and the county of 
 Kinross ; on the E. by the German Ocean and the Frith of 
 Forth ; on the S. by the Frith of Forth ;and on the W.by tiie 
 counties of Perth, Kinross, and Clackmannan. It is about 
 38 miles in length, and from 7 to 16 in breadth. This county 
 is fertile in point of soil, abundant in cattle, supplies coals, 
 iron, lime, and freestone; is uncommonly populous, and has 
 a tiumber of flourishing manufactures. The whole shore, 
 indeed, from Crail to Cidross, is one continued chain of 
 towns and villages, and property is remarkably well divided 
 here. 
 
 FIFTEE'N, n. [fyftync. Sax.] five and ton. 
 
 FIFFEE'NTH,' a. [fyfteotha, Sax.] the fifth after the 
 tenth. 
 
 FIFTH, aAfifia, Sax.] the ordinal of five. 
 
 FirrHLY; ad. \» the fifth place. 
 
 FIFTIETH, a. the ordinal of fiftv. 
 
 FJTTY, a. Ifi/ti^, Sax.] five tens' 
 
 FIG,*. [^'cHs, Lat. ^ig'j. Span.] the fruit of the fig-tree; 
 when dry, is a very wholesome food, nutritive and emollient, 
 and good in the disorders of the breast and lungs. They 
 are used externally by way of cataplasm, either roasted or 
 boiled ill milk, for ripenuig of tumors, and easing the pain 
 uf the piles, , 
 
 FIL 
 
 FI'GAPPLE, r. a species of apple that lias uo core or 
 kernel. 
 
 FIG-GNAT, s. an insect of the fly kind. 
 
 To FIGHT, (fit) r. a. pret. and part. pass. /o"»A( ; 
 [feo/iUin, Sax.] lo contend with anothor, either with arms, 
 sticks, or the list ; to endeavour by blows, or other forcible 
 means, to get tlu' better of, or to conquer, an enemy ; used 
 both of war and single combat. 
 
 FKillT, iiii) s. [f;/;i/it, Sax.] a violent attack or struggle 
 for coiKpicst between enemies, applied both to armies and 
 single persons. 
 
 VKiHTER, {fiin)s. a person engaged in war, or singio 
 combat ; a person fond of lighting. 
 
 FIGHTING, fy^^/xi! J ;<")<. qualified, or fit for battle. 
 Where a battle was fought. 
 
 FIGiMA'lilGOLD, i. a plant resembling liouseleek. 
 
 ITXiMENT, s. [fiqmciihtm, from Jingo, to feign or form, 
 Lat.] a fabuloiis story ; a mere fict;on. 
 
 F!'GPECKi:R,.».abiid. 
 
 Fl'GUEATE, a. [from Jignlns, a potter, Lat.] made of 
 potter's clay. 
 
 FrfiUIvAULE, o. [from fg'ir/i, a figure or form, Lat.' 
 capable of being moulded m a certain form, and retaiit- 
 
 FIGURAP.I'LITY, ?. the quality of being capable of a 
 certain and permanent form. 
 
 l"TGUR;\L,(f. rc!)reseuted by delineation. Fip;iiral mim. 
 hers are such as may, (u- do, represent some geometrical 
 figiire, in.ieliilion tt) \\liich they are always considered. 
 
 FltiUR ATI'', 11. |/%")rt, a figure or form, Lat.] of a certain- 
 and determinate form ; rcsemliling any thing of a deterini-' 
 nate form. Figurnte cnuiiicipnint, ill music, is that wherein 
 there is a mixture of discord with the concords. Fi^mnte 
 descant, ill music, is that wherein discords are concerned, 
 as well, though not so much, as concords. See Dkscant 
 
 FKiURA'TlON, jf. [thmijigmr/, a figure, Lat.J /letermi. 
 nation to a certain form ; the act of giving a certain form. 
 
 FIGURATIVE, «. [As'"'"';/, Fr.j in divinity, servinsj 
 as a type to represent somelliing else. Inrhetoric, changed 
 from the literal meaning to one more remote and elegant; 
 full of rlietorical figures or cmbcllialimciits. : 
 
 FlXil'RATiVELY, nd. by a figure; in a sense difTcrent 
 fnnii the literal meaning. 
 
 FIXJURE, s. \ figiirti, Lat.] the form of any thing as ter- 
 minated by the outline ; shape, person, or external Ibrni ; dis- 
 tinguished appearance ; eminence; a statue ; any thing re 
 presented by diawaig or painting; arrangtnient ; dispo- 
 sition ; a character denoling a number. In logic, \befgr>e 
 of a syl/ogism, is the iMdper disposition of the middle term 
 with the parts of the question. In astrology, the diagram of 
 the aspects of the astronomical houses. In divinity, some 
 hieroglyphical or typical rcpreseulation. In rhetoric, any 
 mode of speaking, by which words are used in a sense diil'e- 
 rent from their priniary and literal meaning. In grammar, 
 a deviation from the rules of analogy or sviilax In dancing, 
 the making the figure of eight ingoing roiiud acoui'.le; or 
 the difierent turnings and windings to be observed in any 
 dance. 
 
 To FIGURE, V. tt. [from figm-H, a figure, Laf.] to form or 
 mould into any particular sliape ; to fi)rni a rescnd)lance in 
 painting, drawing, or statuary ; to veave in flowers, oroihcr 
 resemblances of natural objects; to diversify ; to variegate; 
 to represent by types, or hieroglyphics; to form an idea of 
 anv thing in the mjnd ; to foresliew by some sign or token. 
 
 Fl'GURED, a. in general, is something marked with 
 figures; but is ciiiefly'applied to stuffs whereon the figures 
 of flowers. Xc. are eiiher wrought or stamped. 
 
 Fl'GWOPtT, s. a British herb, of which there are four 
 species; three of which blossom in August, and the fourth 
 (with yellow flowers) in.Xpril and May. 
 
 FILA'CEOUS, n. [t'lom filum, a thread, Laf.] consisting, 
 or composed of threads. 
 
 FILACER, or FI'LAZER, s. [filazamis, law Lai from 
 filtmi.a thread, Lat.] an oliicer m the common pitas, so 
 
 34S*
 
 FIL 
 
 FIN 
 
 called, Df!cause lie files those writs wliercou he makes pro- 
 cess. There are fourteen of tlieiu in their several divisions 
 and counties ; they make out alt original process, as well 
 real as personal, and mixed. 
 
 FI'LAMKNT, J. [^'/ffmf/iiiim, from/f/iim, a thread, Lat.J a 
 fine slender thread, whereof natural bodies are c>,.nposed. 
 The same as FiBRE. 
 
 Fl'LAXDEll, s. a kind of small worms found in the 
 gorge of a hawk. 
 
 FILBERT, t. [derived by Skinner from its lon» beard 
 and husk, as corrupted from full beayrf : Johnson thinks'it 
 more (jrobably took its name from Fidlert or Filiheri, the 
 person who introduced it] a fine hazel nut, with a thin 
 shell. 
 
 To FILCH, V. n. [of uncertain etymology] to take away 
 the property of another privately; generally applied to 
 stealing or taking away trifles. 
 
 FI'LCHF.R, s. one who privately defrauds another of 
 something of small value. 
 
 FILE, s. [Jiliim, Lat.] a thread, or series. A line on 
 which papers are strung to keep them. A roll, or cata- 
 logue. A line of soldiers ranged behind one another. An 
 instrument of steel, used to wear protuberances, or smooth 
 iron or steel by nibbing, from fcol, .Sax. 
 
 To FILE, V. a. [from /iViim, Lat.] to string upon a thread, 
 or hang upon a wire. To cut or wear a\\ay any roughness 
 w ith a file, from fevhin, Sax. Neuterly, to march, like sol- 
 diers, in a line, one after another. 
 
 FI'LIiC UTTER, s. one who makes files. 
 
 FI'LEMOT, i. [corrupted from /eKiV/cHioi/] a brown, or 
 yellow brown colour. 
 
 FILER, i. one who uses a file in smoothing or shaping 
 metals. Inlaw, one who offers a bill to the notice of a 
 judge. 
 
 Fi'LIAL, a. [from ^litts, a son, Lat.] with the afl'ection of 
 a son ; bearing the character, or standing in the relation of 
 a son. 
 
 FILIA TION, s. [from Jitius, a son, Lat.J. the relation of a 
 son to a father. 
 
 Fl'LINGS, ^. [without singular] the particles worn off by 
 the rubbing of a file. 
 
 To FILL, V. a. [fi/llan, Sax.] to pour, or put in, till a thing 
 or vessel can contain no more ; to store abundantly, or 
 plenteously. To glut, or surfeit. To satisfy or content the 
 appetite, wisli, or desire. Tv Jilt nut, to pour liciuor out of 
 one vessel till it fills another. To fill up, to make full ; to 
 supply ; to occupy by bulk ; to engage or employ. 
 
 FILL, .5. as much as a thing can contain; as much as 
 mav satisfy or content. 
 
 FILLAGREE, FILIGREE, or FILIGRA'NE, s. a kind 
 of enrichment on gold and silver, wrought delicately, in the 
 nranner of little threads or grains, or bolh intermixed. The 
 word is compounded of/'/ or fih'in, thread, and granum, 
 grain. The best of this work comes from Sumatra. The 
 work usually executed by young ladies in this country, un- 
 der the title of FiLLAGREE, and of which tea-caddies, Ac. 
 are constructed, is formed of narrow sli|>s of cohmred pa- 
 per, gilt at the edges, and curiously rolled up and glued in 
 various fancied forms, with the gili edges outwards. 
 
 ^I'LLER, ». any thing that fills up room without use. 
 One who is employed to fill vessels or carriages. 
 
 Fl'LLET, s. [from Jilum, a thread, Lat.] a band to tie 
 round the head, or any other part. The fiesliy part of the 
 thigh, applied to the joint of veal, cut from that part of a 
 calf In cookery, anv meat rolled logclhir, and tied round. 
 In architecture, a little mendier which appears in ornaments 
 and mouldings, called likewise a Ustci. 
 
 To Fl'LLET, r. a. to bind with a fillet or bandage, in 
 architecture, to adorn with an astragal orlistel. 
 
 To FI'LLIP, V. a. [of uncertain etymology) to strike witn 
 the nail Ijv a sudden jerk or motion of the finger. 
 
 FIXLIP, >. a jerk of the finder let go from the thumb: a 
 blow(;iveii with the nail by a jerk of the finger. 
 
 FI'LLY, *. \Jiluy, Brit.] a young horse or mare. 
 S6() 
 
 [FILM, !. \fylmeica, Sax.] a thin skin or membrane. 
 
 To FILM, V. a. to cover witti a skin or uollicle. 
 
 FI'LMY, a. consisting of membranes, skins, or pellicles. 
 
 To FILTER, t'. o. [filtro, low Lat.] to clarify or purif]^ 
 liquors by means of .threads; to strain through paper, flai>- 
 nel, &c. 
 
 FILTER, s. [Jihnim, low Lat.] a twist of thread, one 
 end of which is dipfied in some fluid to be cleaned, and the 
 otiier hangs down on the outside of the vessel, the liquor 
 by thiit means dropping from it. Figuratively, a strainer, 
 or any thing used to clear liquors by percolation. 
 
 FILTH, .t. [jill/i, Sax.] dirt, or any thing which fouls, or 
 makes a thing foul ; any thing which pollutes the soul. 
 
 ITLTHILY, ad. in such a juanner as to render a thing 
 nasty, or to pollute the mind. 
 
 Fl'LTHINESS, s. dirtiness ; any thing soiled or daubed ; 
 corruption ; pollution. 
 
 ITLTHY, a. made foul, nasty, or dirty. Gross, or po^ 
 luted, applied to the miml. 
 
 To FILTRATE, r. a. [See Filter] to pass, or strain 
 liquor through a cloth, luien bag, brown paper, &c. to 
 clear it from dregs. 
 
 FILTRATION, s. the art of making liquor fine ana 
 clear by straining. 
 
 FI'iNiBLlvHEMP, f. light summer hemp which bears no 
 seed." 
 
 FI'MBRIATED, a. in heraldi-y, and natural history, 
 Dordered with something of a difl'erent colour. 
 
 FIN, s. [Jin, Sax.] the wing, or limb of a fish, by which 
 he balances his body ; it consists of a membrane supported 
 by rays, or little bony or cartilaginous ossicles. ^ 
 
 FINABLE, a. that admits a fine ; that des^ves a 
 fine. 
 
 FINAL, a. [from Jinis, the end, Lat.l last, or that has 
 nothing beyond it; at the end; conclusive; decisive; 
 complete; mortal; destructive, i^ina/ cai«e, is the end for 
 which any thing is done. 
 
 FI'NALLY, ad. lastly ; to conclude ; perfectly ; deci- 
 sively ; or without recovery. 
 
 FI'NANCE, «. [Fr. most frequently used in the plura., 
 and ihen \iro». finaiisez,\ the amount of the taxes of a go- 
 vernment, or that of the profits or income of a private 
 person. 
 
 FINANCI'ER, s. [Jinancier, Fr.] ene who collects or 
 forms the taxes or public revenue. 
 
 FI'XARY, *. in the iron works, the second forge at the 
 iron mills. 
 
 FINCH, «. [faic. Sax.] a small singing-bird, of which we 
 have three species, *iz. the gold-finch, chaffinch, and 
 bull-finch. 
 
 To FIND, V. a. prefer. / hate found, part. pref. found; 
 [/i«rf«)i, Sax.] to discover any thing lost, mislaid, or out of 
 sight before, by means of searching. To meet with ; to falj 
 upon. To know by experience. To discover a thing by 
 study. Tohit on by chance. To remark ; to observe. To 
 reach ; to attain. To settle or fix one's own opinion. To 
 determine by judicial verdict. To sui>ply ; to furnish. In 
 law, to approve ; as " to find a bill. " To Jitid Idmaetf, 
 means to fare w ith regard to ease or pain, health or sick- 
 ness. I'o find out, to solve a difficulty; to invent; to ob- 
 tain the know ledgu of. 
 
 FI'NUER, s. a person who discovers something lost, mil- 
 laid, or not in si^rlit. 
 
 FI'NDY, n. [/}/;»//')■, Sax.] weighty ; plump; solid. 
 
 Fine, rt. [fin, l"r.] made of very slender threads, appliea 
 to linens or cloth, and opposed to coarse. Subtile, thin, te- 
 nuous. Refined, or pure from dross, applied to metals. 
 Clear and free from sediments or foulness, applied to liquors. 
 Refined, loo subtile, or too high, applied to sentiments. 
 Keen; thin; smoothly sharp. Nice; exquisite; delicate. 
 Elegant, applied to style or expression in composition. 
 Handsome and majestic, applied to personal charms. Ac- 
 complished ; elegant of manners. Artful ; sly ; fraudnlwit. 
 Splendid, applied to dress. Ironically used a^ an cxprr^
 
 FIN 
 
 FIR 
 
 •ion of lometliinf: rather spurious than real, or rather <\f- 
 serving conli'iiipt than approbation. " Ajine exchange for 
 liberty !" I'liilips. 
 
 Fli'^H, s. [,ffin, Cimbr.] in law, an a^'recnient ina<h' l)efore 
 justices, and entered upon record, for the sfttlinf,'(iiassmiiifj 
 of lands or tenements, in order to cut ott'alicoiitrovcrsirs, to 
 secure the title a person has in hisestate aijaiiist all oMicrs, 
 or to cut offentails, so that lands may, u'ith the greater cer- 
 tainty, be conveyed either in fee tail for life, or y<-.irs ; a 
 sum of money paid and advanced for the incoiiu' of l;iii(ls; 
 a certain sum paid to excuse a person from the <lis(ii;(rge 
 of an otfice ; a sum of money, or forfeit, paid as an amends, 
 or by way of punishment, for an otlence comniillcd. 
 
 /rtFINR, ad. \en fin, t'r.Jto conclude; in conclusion. 
 
 To FINE, I', nr. ti) refme, or purify; to mal<e a person 
 pay money as a punishment. Neuterlv, to pay a sum ot 
 money to be excused from serving an othce. 
 
 To FI'NF.DRAW, i'. n. to sew up a rent, or one piece of 
 clolh to another, in such a manner as the seam shall not be 
 visible. 
 
 Fl'NEDRAWER, >. a person who professes to sew up 
 the rents of cloth. 
 
 FI'NEEY, Of/, with elegance of thought and expression, 
 applied to the style of in author. With a thin edge or point. 
 Splendidly, richly, applied to dress. In very small parti- 
 clfs, applied to powder. Used ironically, it means wretch- 
 edlv. 
 
 FINENESS, «. show, splendor, or gaiety, applied to 
 dress. Subtlety; ingciuiity. Freedom from dross, or im- 
 pure mixtures. 
 
 I'TNERY, «. gaiety of dress. !n the iron works, one of 
 Uietwo forges at which they hammer the sow or pig iron. 
 
 FINE'SSE, ( fiticss) s. [Fr.] a sly, artful stratagem. John- 
 son observes that this word is unnecessary, though creeping 
 into our language. 
 
 FI'N RR, «. one that purities metals. 
 
 FlTs'ER, fl. the comparative degree of /fiie, made by add- 
 ing r or er to the positive, after the manner of the Saxons. 
 
 fTNFlSH,*. in ichthyology, a slender kind of whale. 
 
 FI'N-FOOTEL), «. [from //« and/wf] palmipedous; hav- 
 ing feet with membranes between the toes. 
 
 Fl'NGER, s. [finger, Sax.] (uieofthe five members at 
 the extreme part of the hanci, by which we catch and hold 
 any thing. A small measure of extension. Figuratively, 
 the hand ; manufacture ; art. 
 
 To FI'NG ER, V. n. to touch lightly, or toy with. Figura- 
 tively, to take by stealth. In music, to touch or sound an 
 instrument. 
 
 Fl'NGERSTONE, «. a fossil resembling an arrow. 
 
 FI'NICAL, a.\i\om fine] nice; foppisli ; too much af- 
 fecting elegance of dress and behaviour. 
 
 FFNICALLY, ad. foppishly. 
 
 FI'NICALNESS, i. too great an affectation of niceness, 
 and elegance. 
 
 To FINISH, V. a. [finio, from finis, the end, Lat.] to cease 
 from working; to accomplish, perfect, or complete an un- 
 dertaking ; to polish, or bring to the utmost perfection ; to 
 put an end to. 
 
 FI'NISHER, *. a performer; an accomplisner ; one who 
 puts an eud to, or completes, an iMuleitaking. 
 
 FINISTK'RRE, a department of France, being the most 
 westerly part of that coiuitry, and part of the ci-devant Bre- 
 tagne. It is bounded on tlie E. by the departments of the 
 N. coast and Morhilian, and on the S. W. and S. by the 
 sea. Quimper is the cliief town. 
 
 FI'NITE, a. [from /(t;(s, tlie end, Lat.] that is limited with 
 lespect to bulk or other qualities or perfecti<uis. 
 
 FINITELRSS, n. without bounds : inilimiled. 
 FI'NITELY, a. within certain hmits. 
 FIISMTENESS, .5. limitation. 
 
 Fl'NITUDE, i. a confinement witnin certain limits and 
 degrees. 
 
 FrN*f^AND, a province of Sweden, bouiuled on the \\. 
 by the Gulph of Bothnia ; on the E. by Russia; on the S. 
 
 by the Gulph of Finland and Ingria ; anil on the N. hy 
 Bothnia and Lapland. There are a great many lakes an(l 
 marshes, and yet it produces a good deal of c.rn, and pas- 
 tures which feed nundiers of cattle. The inhabitants ditler 
 from the Swedes both in their maimers and language. It 
 has the title of a great duchy, and comprehends six parts, 
 called Proper I'iniaiid, Cujavia-'J avastland, the isle of Ay- 
 land, Nyl.uid, Savolainl, and C'arelia. Abo is the capital. 
 Tlu' greatest part of this province was lirst conquered by, 
 and then ceded to Russia. The Gulph of Finland s '2-i.'t 
 miles in length. 
 
 FI'NNEi), a. having fins; having broad edges iipreading 
 out on either side. 
 
 FINNY, a. furnished with, orhavmgtins. 
 
 FIN'O'CIIIO, s. a species of feruiel. 
 
 ITNTOED, a. pahiii[)edous; having a membrane be- 
 tween the toes. 
 
 FI'l'FLE, s. [from fihidn, Lat.] a stopple, or stopper. 
 
 I'll!, s. [fyr, Dan.] llie tree which produces ffeal boards. 
 
 FIRE,*. !/!/'■> Sax.] uiuoiig tiie ancient ;jliilosophers, mm 
 of the elements, created with a power of heating, burning 
 and destroying. .Among moderns, the etiect of a rapid in- 
 ternal motion of the particles of a body, by which their co- 
 hesion is destroyed ; or, in other words, whatever heats, 
 warms, liquefies, or burns. In chyniistry, fire is regarded 
 as a compound of caloric and light. Figuratively, a confla- 
 gration or burning, whereby, houses are destroyed ; flame, 
 rustle, or brightness, heat of temper or passion ; liveliness 
 of imagination ; vigour of mind or fancy ; the passion of 
 love; eruptions. To set on fire, is to kindle, or wrap in 
 flames. Wild-fire is a kind of artificial or fictitious fire, 
 which burns even under water with greater force and vio- 
 lence than out of it, and is only e.\tinguished by vinegar 
 mixed with sand and urine, or by covering it with bides. 
 It is composed of sulphur, .naptha, pitch, gum, and bitu- 
 men. 
 
 To FIRE, v.a. to burn, or destroy by fire. Neuterly, to 
 burn ; to take fire. Figuratively, to be inflamed with p.is- 
 sion. In war, to discharge a gun, or any firearms. 
 
 FIREARMS, i. those which are charged with powder 
 and ball. 
 
 FrREARROW,s. a small iron dart furnished withsprings, 
 bars, and a match imi>re"nated with powder and sulpluir ; 
 used by privateers and pirates to fire the sails of the 
 enemy. 
 
 FI'REBALL, i. a ball filled with combustibles, bursting 
 where it is thrown, and used in war; a grenado. 
 
 FI'REBRAND, s. a piece of wood kindled, or burning. 
 Figuratively, a public incendiary ; or one who causes fac- 
 tions or commotions in a state. 
 
 FI'RECOCK,*. in the London water-works, a contrivance 
 for drawing water out of the pipe in any part of the ci > 
 where a fire may happen. 
 
 FI'RECROSS, i. a signal nsed in Scotland for the nation 
 to take arms. 
 
 FI'RE-ENGINE,*. a machine forextinguishingaccidental 
 fires bv means of a stream or jet of water. 
 
 FIREFLIES,*-, in entomology .certain luminous flies which 
 are found in Guiana. 
 
 FIRELOCK, s. that part of a gun which holds the prime, 
 and by means of a trigger sets fire to it. Figuratively, a 
 gun. 
 
 FrilEMAN, -s. one employed in extinguishing burning 
 houses. 
 
 FI'RENEW, a. perfectly new, or never used, alluding 
 to those metals which are forged or melted by means of fire. 
 
 Fi'REPAN, s. a pan of metal used in holding fire ; a 
 shovel ; that part of a ^-uu which holds the pi line. 
 
 FrREPL.-\Cl'", *. a contrivance, for communicating heat 
 to rooms, and for answering various purposes of art and 
 niaiuifaclure. 
 
 FrilESHIP, *. a ship or vessel filled with comrmstibles, 
 and let to drive in an engagement among the fleet of an 
 enemy, to set it on file.
 
 FIS 
 
 FIX 
 
 KIRESHOVEL, f. an instrument with which coals are 
 tlirowi on (ires. 
 
 FI'RESIDE, s. the hearth, chimney, or place near a grate 
 or tire-sfx)ve. Figuratively, a family. 
 
 ri'RESTONK, *. ill natural history, tlie /ji/ivVc!, a fossil 
 compounded of vitriol, sulphur, and earth. That used in 
 medicine is of a greenisii colour, of a shapeless form, found 
 Jii our clay-pits, and produces the green vitriol. It derives 
 -ts name jfircstone, or p>/rites, from giving fire, on being 
 struck against a steel, more easily and freely than a flint; 
 all the sparks of it hurn longer, and grow larger as they tall, 
 the indamniahle matter struck from the stone burning itself 
 out before ttie spark is extinguished. Likewise a kind of 
 Ryegate stone, so called from the place whence it comes, 
 used for fitJ^jhoarths, ovens, and stoves. 
 
 rrREWOOI), s. wood to burn ; fewel. 
 
 FIREWORK, .V. a preparation made of ginipowder, sul- 
 phur, and other indanniialjle substances, used on public re- 
 joicings, or other occasions. 
 
 Fi'RlNG, .«. combustibles made \ise of to kindle and 
 supply fires with ; the act of discharging fire-arms. 
 
 To FIR K, r. it. [from fnio, to strike, Lat.] to whip; to 
 beat, to chastise by way of punishment. 
 
 FIRKIX, s. [from/ecMcr, Sax.] a measure containing the 
 fourth part of a barrel. The lirkinof ale, soap, and butter, 
 contains eight gallons ; an<l that of beer, nine. 
 
 FIRil, a. [Jirinus, Lat.] strong ; not easily pierced, shak- 
 en, or moved ; stedfast, or fixed. 
 
 To FIRM, i". a. [jirmu, Lat.] to fix; settle; establish ; or 
 confitni. 
 
 FrRMAMi'lNT, .r. [tjin»imw»t>ini, from jirmvs, firm, Lat.] 
 the skv ; the heavens. 
 
 FlRMAME'NTAL, (i. celestial, or belonging to the sky. 
 
 FnJM/VN, s. is a passport or permit granted by the 
 Great Mogul to foreign vessels to trade within the territo- 
 ries of hisjurisfliction. 
 
 FI'RMLY, "'/. in such a manner as not to be moved, or 
 penetrated easily ; steadily. 
 
 FIRMNESS, f. stability ; compactness; solidity; dura- 
 I)ilitv ; eertainty ; soundness. Constancy ; resolution. 
 
 Ff RST, ff. [first, Sax.] the ordinal of one ; that which is 
 in order before any other ; earliest in time, opposed to last ; 
 forenwist in place; liigh.est in dignity ; great, excellent. 
 
 FIRST, ad.'m the first place. Following n<, beginning of 
 existence, action, A'c. 
 
 Fl'RST-BORN. s. the first by the order of nativity. 
 
 FI'RST-FRUITS, s. [not used in the singular] that which 
 is first produced by any vegetable, or which is soonest ripe 
 in the season; the|first profits, or first year's income of a 
 benefice ; the earliest effect of any thing.' 
 
 I'TRSTLING, ,«. the first produce or offspring of animals. 
 Figuratively, the first thing done or performed. 
 
 FISCAL, s. [from focus, a treasury, Lat.] a public re- 
 venue ; exchi'ciuer. 
 
 FISH, s. fishrs, plural ; but foh. is generally used in 
 conversation; [.A'w, Sax.] in natural history, consitutes a 
 class of animals which have no feet, but always fins ; and 
 their body is either altogether naked, or only covered with 
 scales. In heraldry, they are emblems of silence and 
 watchfulness. 
 
 To FISH, I', n. to be employed in catching fish. Figu- 
 ratively, to endeavour to discover any secret by craft or 
 suollcty. 
 
 I'TSII ER, s. one employed in catching fish. A species of 
 American weasel. 
 
 FI'SHERM.AN, *. one who gets hi. livelihood bv catching 
 fish. 
 
 FISHERY, I. the action of catching fish ; tlie place 
 where (i.-h abound, and are generally sought for. 
 
 FI'SH HOOK, ,v. a ho.,k to catch fishes. 
 
 To FI'SHIFV, !■. a. to turn to fish. .\ cant-word. 
 
 fFSHIN'G, t. conveniency of taking fish. 
 
 FI'SH K.ARD, a tnwn of I'embrokeshire, which carries on 
 a considerable trade in herrings ; this town, with Newport, 
 3.V2 
 
 I other, in order to give a blow, or 
 
 curing above 1000 barrels annually. It is sitiifiled on a 
 steep clifl', at the influx of the river Gwaine, which tcre 
 forms a spacious bay, where vessels may lie safelv in .Oor (J 
 fiiihoms water, 242 miles W. by N. of London. Alarket on 
 Friday. 
 
 ITSHKETTLE, *. a cauldron made long for the fish to be 
 boiled without bending. 
 
 FI'SHMONGER,*. a dealer in fish. 
 
 FFSHPOND, s. a small pool for fish. 
 
 FI'SHY, u. consisting or having the qualities of fish ; 
 tasting like fish. 
 
 FISSILE, a. 'from /?nf/ff, to split, Lat.] that may be cleft. 
 
 FlSSrLn'Y, .'. the quality of being fit to be cloven. 
 
 Fl'SSURE, i.[fromy!iH/o, to split, Lat.] a cleft; a narrow 
 chasm. 
 
 To FI'SSURE, V. a. to cleave ; to make a cleft. 
 
 P'LS T, s. [fot, Sax.] the hand clenched with the thumb or 
 fingers doubled over each i 
 hold a thing fast. 
 
 To FIST, t>. n. to strike with the fist. 
 
 FISTICUFFS, s. [not used in the singular] battle or 
 blo/vs with the fist. Figuratively, the action of fighting. 
 
 FlS'riNUT, s. a pistachio nut. 
 
 ITSTLL'A, s. [Lat.] in surgery, a deep, w inding, callous, 
 cavernous ulcer, with a narrow entrance, opening into a 
 spacious bottom, and generally yieldinga sharp and virulent 
 matter. Fistula in uno, is a fistula formed in the fuiulament. 
 Fistiiln lachrtjimdis, a disorder of the canals leading fnm the 
 eye to the nose. 
 
 FI'STL'LAR, a. \ fistuhns, Lat.] hollow like a pipe. 
 
 FISTULOUS, a. having the nature of, er resembling, a 
 fistula. 
 
 FIT, s. [from riit, Flem.] in medicine, an access ix parox 
 ysin of a disorder; any short return after cessation or inter- 
 mission ; any violent affection of the mind. Used vulgarly 
 for the hysterics in women; the convulsions in children; 
 the epile[)sy in men, or that state wherein all the animal 
 functions seem on a sudden suspended, and the person is 
 for a short time like one who is dead. 
 
 FIT, a. [fijht, Sax.] proper or suited to any purpose, 
 \\\\\\ for before a noun, and to before a verb. Right, or the 
 dutv of a person. 
 
 To FIT, V. a. [viiten, Flem.] to make one thing suit an- 
 other; toniatch; toadapt; tosuit; toequip; to make pro- 
 per for the reception of a person. 
 
 FITCH, s. [a corruption of vctcli] a small kind of wile' 
 pea. 
 
 FI'TCHAT, or FITCHEW,'*, [fose, Belg.] a stinking 
 animal of a small size, which robs warrens or hen-roosts ; a 
 polecat. 
 
 FITCHEE, a. [fiche, Fr.] in heraldry, sharp-pointed, 
 generally applied to a cross. 
 
 FITCHES, i. a sort of pulse, more generally known by 
 the name of chick-pea. They are cultivated either fjr 
 feeding cattle or improving land. 
 
 IT'TFUL, a. subject to fits, faintings, paroxysms, or ii>- 
 termissions. 
 
 I'TTLY, ad. in a proper manner ; reasonably.; conimo. 
 diously. 
 
 FITNESS, i. reasonableness ; justness ; suitableness. 
 
 FITFER, $. the person who renders a thing prepiT and 
 suitable to any particular design or purpose ; a small pieoe, 
 iwimffltu, Ital./i'<;cH, Tent, as, "To cut iiito^/<fr.«." 
 
 FITZ, s. a French word for son ; as Fitzmji is the son of 
 a king. It is commonly used of illegitimate children. 
 
 FIVTy, a.[Jif\ Sax.] four and one. 
 
 FIVES, s. a kind of play, consisting of striking a ball, Ac. 
 a particular height against a wall, the person who misses a 
 stroke losing one each time he misses. In flirriery, a dis- 
 ease i-n horses. 
 
 To Fl X, V. a. {friim, {mm fis;o, Lat.] to fasten a tliiny so 
 as it shall not be <'asily shaken or moved; to establish with- 
 out changing ; to direct without variation ; to make any 
 tiling of a volatile nature .capable of bearing tire w ith(u>t
 
 FT A 
 
 FLA 
 
 •••poraJiiic, or lite lianimor witlmiit Inoakin^;- or (lyinp. 
 Ni'utrriy, to setllr llio opiiiiiiii, or (tcli'riiiiiii; llic ruftolu''''", 
 to rest ; to i-c:;sc Cri.in ^^;lll(lorill|^^ 
 
 FIXATION, .?. [I'V.] ;'. ilis[)o.sil;on ofminil not ^'ivcii to 
 cliiiiifjc ; rfsi(l«-iice in :i certain jilncc; confinciiuiit. In 
 Clivmistry, tiio actofreduciiigii vulalile and fluid substance 
 to a iiard ouc. 
 
 KIXICD, pnrt. not moved. The Jhc/l sinrs, in astrono- 
 my, !iro such as do not move in orliits. Fixed, ur JixnlAe air, 
 isan invisible, or pcrtnanently elastic C. lid, superior in ^'la- 
 vilv lo tlie common atniosplierical air, and most oilier aerial 
 fluids, extremely destructive to animal life; produced in 
 greatquantities, naturailv from combustible bodies, and ar- 
 lilicially by many cliymical processes. It is also called tieiial 
 acid, crelncimis arid, carbonic acid, and mephitic s;us. 
 
 FIXEDLY, ad, certainly ; firmly ; invariably ; unchange- 
 ably. 
 
 I'TXFDNESS, s. stability, firmness, resolution, or a dis- 
 position of mind not f,'iven to change; a power lo remain 
 in fire ijnconsumed, or tobear the hammer Avithoiit flying. 
 
 FI'XiTY, s. l/i.rile, Fr.] a strong cohesion of parts, which 
 renders bodies capable or bearing a great heat, without be- 
 ing volatilized. 
 
 FI'XTURF., s.[n corruption of _fixure] things which are 
 fixej to the premises. 
 
 FI'XURE, s. a position. A strong pressure. Firmness, 
 or state of fixedness. 
 
 FI'ZGIG, s. a kind of dart or harpoon used to strike fish 
 with. 
 
 FLA'RBY, a. wanting firmi^css ; easily shaking and yield- 
 ing to the touch. 
 
 FLACCID, (faxid) a. [flaccidns, Lat.] weakness; wanting 
 stiffViess or tension. 
 
 FLACCI'DITY, (flnxidittj) ... want of stiffness. 
 
 FL.VDA, one of the Western Isles of Scotland, between 
 Sky and Lewis. It is about three miles in circumference, 
 snd remarkable for its fishery. 
 
 To FLACJ, I', n. \fiac^eren, Belg.] to hang down limber, 
 or without stift'ness. Figuratively, to grow faint, spiritless, 
 or dejected ; to lose vigour, or grow feeble. Actively, to 
 let fall, or sufltr to droop. From /?«f, a species of stone, 
 to lay with broad stone. 
 
 FLAG, s. a water plant, with a broad-bladed leaf, bear- 
 ing yellow flowers, so called from its motion when agitated 
 with the wind. Also a general name for colours, standards, 
 banners, ancients, ensigns, &c. which are frequently con- 
 founded with each other. Flag, is now particularly used at 
 sea, for the colours, ancients, standards, &c. borne on the 
 top of the masts of vessels, to notify the person who com- 
 mands the ship, of what nation it is, anil whether it be 
 equipped for war or trade. The difi'crent British flags are 
 exhibited in the annexed plate. To lotcer or ttrike the 
 flag, is to pull it down upon the cap, or to take it in, 
 out of respect or submission to those that are their superiors. 
 In an engagement, it is a sign of yielding. To hang ont the 
 white flag, is to ask quarters ; the red flag is a sign of defiance 
 aivl battle, A species of broad stone used for pavements ; 
 fromflache, old Fr. 
 
 FLA'GELET, sjflageolet, Fr.] a small flute. 
 _ FLAGELLA'NTTES, in church history, certain enthu- 
 siasts in the I3th century, who maintained that there was no 
 remission of sins without Flagellation, or whipping. Ac- 
 cordingly, they walked in procession, preceded by priests 
 carry ino; tlie cross, and publicly lashed themselves till the 
 blood dropped from their naked backs. 
 
 FLAGELLATION, s.\flagellatioJ.ai.i the act of whip- 
 ping or striking with a scourge. 
 
 PLA'GGINESS, s. the state of a thing which hangs or 
 droops for want of stiffness. 
 
 FLA'GGY, a. weak ; limber; drooping for want of stiff- 
 ness ; insipid. 
 
 FLAGITIOUS, {flajUhious) a, \flagitiosui, from flagittimi, 
 « great crime, Lat."" committed with deliberation and ob- 
 
 l -4 
 
 slinate vickrdiioss; applied to lhinfr>'. Obstinately aD<l 
 fxci'ssivi'lv wicKt (I ;ind villan<nis, iipplicil to pi-isoiis. 
 
 l'I.A<.rTI()l SM:SS, {ftujisliiiiiisiirM) jr. obsliiiiil'- aiwl 
 wilt'iil villanv or wickedness. 
 
 '•"L \(i () FFK'I'.I!, .V. the commander of :i squmlKMi. 
 
 FL \ GON, *. [^/"cTtr/, Brit.J a lar^^e drinking pol \\,{U a 
 narrow niouili. 
 
 FI.A'GKAXCY, s. [fromjlngro, toliiiru, Lat. | a burning, 
 flaiiiiiig, glittering, or heat ; ardour of afleclioii ; uolonety 
 of a crime. 
 
 FL.A'GB ANT, a. f^i'rom flagro, to burn, Lat.] ardent ; hot, 
 or veliement ; glowing; fliislied ; red; inflanutl. Notoii- 
 ous, or universally known, applied to crimes. 
 
 FLAG-SHli', s. a ship which carries the officer who com- 
 mands a fleet. 
 
 FLAG-STAFF, J. thestaft'on which the flag is fixed. 
 
 FLAIL, s. [from flui-etlum, a whip, Lat.J an instrument 
 wilji which corn is beaten out of the ear. 
 
 FL.AKI"/, s. \(\<nn flnrcus, Lat.] any thing which appears 
 loosely held togetiier like a flock of wool; any thing whiclj 
 breaks in thin nieces or lamina ; a layer or stratum. 
 
 To FLAKE., ). a. to form in flakes, or thin pieces loosely 
 joined together. 
 
 FLA'KY, ffl. breaking in small pieces, like scales; Ijiiig 
 in layers, or strata. 
 
 FLAM, s. [a cant word of uncertain etymology] a lie, 
 or fidsf report ; a mere deceit, or illusory pretext ; a sham. 
 
 To FLAM, t>. n. to deceive with ii feigned story ; to put 
 off with an idle tale. 
 
 FLA'MBEAU, iflinho) s. [Fr.] a kind of large taper, 
 made of hempen wicks, covered with bee's-wax, to give a 
 large li^dlt in the ijight. 
 
 FLA'MBOROUGH HEAD, a remarkable promontory of 
 Yorkshire, the white cliffs of which are seen at a c^.t>sider- 
 able distance at sea, and serve for a direction to mariners. 
 Unnumbered multitudes of sea fowls nestle here among the 
 rocks, and fill the air with their cries. It is 5 miles nearly 
 E. of Burlington. Lat. 54. 9. N. Ion. 0. 4. K. 
 
 FLAME, s. [flnmina, Lat.J a fume, vapour, or exhala- 
 tion, heated so as to emit light, or shine. Figiralely, 
 fire ; brightness of imagination or fancy ; the passion of 
 love ; the object of love. Flame colour is a bright yellow 
 colour. 
 
 To FLAME, V. n. to burn so as to emit a shining or bright 
 light; fosljinelike flame; to be in an excess of passion. 
 
 FLA 'MEN, i. [Lat.] a priest among the ancient Romans, 
 who officiated in their religious rites, and offered up sacri- 
 fices, &c. 
 
 FLAMI'NGO, in ornithology, a very beautiful bird w ith 
 scarlet wings. Though'a native of America, it occasionally 
 visits Europe, and was known to the ancients, who account- 
 ed its tongue a great luxury. 
 
 FLAMMABI'LITY, s. [froni/nw»»a, a flame, Lat.J quality 
 of admitting to be set on fire so as to blaze. 
 
 FLAMMATION, i.[frora flamma, a flame, Lat.] the act 
 of setting on flame. 
 
 FLA'MMEOUS, a. \fromf amma, a flame, Lat.] consisting 
 of, or resembling flame. 
 
 FLAMY, a. burning so as to emit flames or brightness; 
 inflamed. 
 
 FLANDERS, a province of the Netherlands, or Bel- 
 gium, formerly divided into Djitch, .Austrian, and French 
 Flanders, but now annexed to France. Its greatest leni;lji 
 is about 60 miles, ana its breadth 50. It is bounded on the 
 W. by the German Ocean and Artois; on the N. by the 
 moutfi of the Scheldt and the sea ; on the E. by Brabant and 
 Hainault; and on the S. by Hainault and Artois. It is a 
 champaign country, uncommonly fertile in grain and pas- 
 tures, and the air "is wholesome. The Flemings were for- 
 merly the principal manufacturers and merchants of Furope, 
 and from them the English learned the art of wraving. 
 Their table-linens, lace, and tapestry, are yet thougut to bt 
 superior to all others, 
 
 863
 
 FLA 
 
 FLANK, s. [flave, Fr.] that part of an animal below tlir 
 loins; the side of nil anny or fleet opposed elllier lo tuiiit 
 or rear, lii rorlilicatiou, that part ota baslioii whitli riachts 
 from the curtain to the tacc. 
 
 To FLANK. V. a. to attaek tiie side ofa battalion or fleet ; 
 lo be placed so as to be opposite to the side of a bastion, fleet, 
 or place. 
 
 FLA'NKEK, s. a fortification jntfinc: out so as lo com- 
 mand the side of a bod\ marching to an assault. 
 
 To FLA'NKEK, f. a. {jlanqiur. Jr.] lo dclend by lateral 
 fortifications. 
 
 FLA'NNEL. s. [^wlanen, Brit.] a kind of slight, loose 
 woollen stuff, very warm. 
 
 FLAP, s. [Icrppe, .Sax ] any thiiifc which haii<;s down broad 
 and loose ; the motion of any thin;; broad and loose, or 
 moving on hinges; a blow giycn by the palm of tlic hand, i5.,e. 
 In farriery, a disease in horses, wherein the lips swell on 
 biilh .sidiis their nioiitlis, and are covered with blisters like 
 llie while of an egs. Flij ftap, is a iiiece of leather fastened 
 lo the end of a slick, used to kill Hies with. 
 
 'I'o FLAP, V. a. to beat with the palm of the hand, or .some 
 lintad thin substance which bangs loose ; to move \iilli a 
 noise made by any thing broad; lo ply the wings uj) and 
 down with a noise. 
 
 FL.\'PDRA(i(.>N, s. a play in which they catch raisins 
 out of burning brandy, anil extingnishing tluin by closing the 
 month, eat them. 'I'he thing eaten at flapUiagon. 
 
 To FLA'PDli AGON, r. o. lo swallow ; to devour. A low- 
 word. 
 
 FLA'PE.\RED, a. having loose and broad c.-irs. 
 'I'o FL.\KJ"., V. n [.lohnson imagines it to be a corruption 
 of glare] to glitter, lo Hotter with ostentatious and splenilid 
 sJiow ; to glitter offensively. To be oveipowenil with, or 
 be in too much light. To «aste away la\islily, ai>phfd lo the 
 consuming of a candle or taper. 
 
 FLASII, s. [from phlox, llanie, Gr. according lo ^MinshcwJ 
 a. sudden,5 quick, transitory, or short blaze, or burst of 
 light : a sudden blaze or burst of w it ; a short, Iran.sient state. 
 "To FLASH, V. n. to glifter, to slime willi a <iuick and 
 transient flame or light ; to burst out into any irregnlarity 
 or violence. To break out into wit, mcrriuieiit, or briglit 
 tljono;ht. 
 
 FLASHER, s. a man ol more appearance of wit than 
 reality. 
 FLASHILY, od. in an ostentatious or showy manner. 
 FLA'SHY, a. e'Tipty ; vain; ostentatious; showy; with- 
 out reality or sultstance. 
 
 FL.\SK, s. [fliisqiie, Fr.j a thin bottle wilh a long ami 
 narrow neck, generally covered willi wicker or withes ; a 
 small horn used to carry gunpowder iii. 'I'lie bed in the 
 carriage ofa piece of ordnance ; a narrow and deep wicker 
 basket. 
 
 FL.\'SKET, s. [a diniinntive of /?«.«/<] a wicker basket, in 
 which clothes are generally put by waslierwonien after 
 washing, and applied to other ivies. 
 
 FL.\T, a. \ptiit, Fr.] horizontal, or level ; without any 
 slope. Smooth, applied to snrliicc. Li^vcl w illi the ground. 
 Lying along, or prostrate. Tliiii and broad, or more broad 
 than thick. In painting, without relief, or swelling of the 
 figures. Insipid, or unsavourv, applied to taste. Dull ; 
 
 without spirit ; frigid, applied to writings. Depressec 
 
 <leiccted. Tasteless, or ane 
 
 ]4hiin. 
 
 <leiccted. Tasteless, oranordiiig no pleasure. Downright; 
 
 FLAT, t. an even, level, smooth, and extended plain ; a 
 shallow; the broad partor sideof a weapon. Depression; 
 ■inking, applied to thought or language. A surface without 
 relief, protuberances, or proniineiiee.s. In nmsic, a parti- 
 culfir mark, implying that the note which it stands against is 
 to be playe.l or sung half a n«le lower than they would be, 
 if the mark of the /?«/ were not there. 
 
 ToFL.AT, K. «. to make broad, smooth, and level. To 
 make tasteless, or vapid, amdied to liquor. To make insipid, 
 unpleasant, and disa;;reeaule. To deiwive of its viuour, 
 «&4 
 
 FLA 
 
 spirit, or pleasure, applied to thought or langitaije. Nea- 
 terlv,togrow s!»ioolli or Hat, opposed loswetl. io obstruct.' 
 or deprivi- (if ardour, spirit, or ze:\\. 
 
 I'L.V'TI.Y, "rf. borizonlally, or without sIoi>ing, app led 
 to sitiialioii. Smootlily, or without promincni is, applied to 
 suil'iice. Without spirit ; dullj . Plainly; in a tlownrigbt 
 manlier. 
 
 FI^.ATNlvS.S, .«. evenness; without sloping, applied to 
 situation. Smoolliness, without prominences, applied to 
 surface. De;idness, or want of strength and taste, applied 
 lo liquors or foods. Dejection, or languor, a|)plied to 
 the niinil. Want of I'orce, vigour, or spirit; duliiess; fri- 
 gidity, applied to sentiments or writings. The contrary of 
 shrillness, or acutcncss, applied tosoiind. 
 
 To FL.'V'FrKN, v. «. [flatir, Vr.] ti beat down, or re- 
 move any prominences or protuberances in a surface; to 
 make smooth; to beat level with the giouiid ; lo make 
 tasteless, or spiritless; to deject ; to dispirit. 
 
 ]''LA"FJ'1'',H, II. the eoinparati\e flegrce oly/ff/, formed af- 
 ter the niamier of the Saxons, by adding cr lo the positive. 
 
 FL.VTTKK, .«. the person or iiistriiineiit by which any 
 uiKMpial surfue is made plain and level. 
 
 'I'o FL.\ "Fl'I'U, r. It. \ jtutur, Fr.] to compliment with 
 fidse praises; to iilease or soothe. To excite or raise false 
 hopes and expectations. 
 
 FL.VTTEIIFH, .«. a person who endeavours to gam the 
 favour of another by praising him for virtues he has not, by 
 applauding bis vices, and by servile and mean compliiiicei 
 wil>li all his humours. 
 
 FLA "ITER V, *. a servile and fawning liehavin-ir, at- 
 tended with servile compliances and obsequiousness, in or- 
 der to gain a ))erson's favour. 
 
 FI^.A "FriSfl, II. somewhat level, smooth, or more broad 
 than thick. 
 
 FLATULKNCE, or FLATULENCY, s. windiness ; ful- 
 ness of wind ; a swelling or uneasy sensation, occasioned 
 by wind lodged in the intestines. Figuratively, emptiness ; 
 vanity; airiness; want of solidity, applied to sentiments. 
 
 FLATULENT, a. \ jliitiilnitiis, from //«, to blow, Lat.] 
 swelling w itii nir ; wiiuky. F/iifiili'id tumors, in medicine, arc 
 such as easily yieli! to the touch, a'ld readily return, by 
 elasticity, to their fiisl form. Figuratively, empty; vain; 
 tumid ; or ^'veiling without solidity or substance. 
 
 FLATUO'SITV, ,«. [fliUiis, t'toin'flo, to blow, Lat.] windi- 
 ness ; a swellint; occasioned by an expansiiui or rarufacltoa 
 of air incliideil in any part of tlie body. 
 
 FL.\'TUOUS, «. abounding with included air or wioQ ; 
 windy. 
 
 FJ,.\TUS, s. M,at.] in medicine, wind gatlicretl or i>j- 
 cliided in any pai't oftlie body, generally canicd by indife*- 
 lion.aiid a gross internal perspiration, or the rarefaction ->{ 
 the air included in the food we swallow. 
 
 FLATWISE, «. of a Uat shape; with the broad or flat 
 part downwards. 
 
 To l'"L.\UNT, )'. Ji. to make an ostentatious, vain, or flut- 
 tering show in dress. Figuratively, to behave with pride- 
 
 J'l.A IINT, .«. any thing loose -.'.nd airy. 
 
 FL.\'V'OUl{, .5. a relish, or a power of e\ciliiig an agree 
 able sensation on the organs of taste. I'iguratively, sweet- 
 ness, or agreeable and fragrant odour, applied to the S'lu II. 
 
 FLA \ ()1U)US,«. agreeable to tile taste ; fiagiaiit; <k1o- 
 roiis ; or pleasing to the smell. 
 
 Fl i AW, 3. \Jloh, Sax.] a crack, breath, fault, or defect, in 
 any thing. 
 
 To FL.\W^ V. «. lo crack. Figuratively, to break, or 
 violate. 
 
 FLAWLESS, n. without crack or defect. 
 
 l'L.\WN, .». f/fciifl. Sax.] a sort of custard, a pie bakeH in a 
 dish. 
 
 To FLAAVTER, r. «. to scrape or pare a skin. 
 
 F'L A'WY, n. full of creeks, (lavv*, or defects. 
 
 FLAX, .5. I //cflj-, Sax.J iht* libr<' of the plant of u*iicb 
 thread is mxvle when til for spiniting.
 
 FLE 
 
 FLE 
 
 Fl.A'XDRESSER, s. lie thai prrpan-s flax for llie 
 tpiiinor. 
 
 KLA'XKN, a. madruf flax ; rcs<>ml»liii<,' flax in its colour 
 aiiH tin<>ii«>ss. 
 
 T-i FLAY, t). o. [vlacn, Bi'lf;.] lo strip off tlic skin; to 
 «aki' ofl' the pellicle, nienibranc, or skin wliicli covers any 
 tliiii;;. 
 
 FLA'YKIl, s. he that strips ofTiht- skin. 
 
 FLKA, ( flee) s. [Sax.] m nnlural history, a small ml in- 
 sect, remarkable lor its niiiilileness, which sucks the blood 
 of' human creatures, and other lar^e animals. 'Flie tlea, 
 when cxaminetl by the microscope, is a very pleasing object. 
 It is covered all over with dark, hard, and shelly plates, 
 vhicnare curiously joinle*! and folded over ()rie another in 
 such a manuer as to comply with ail the nimble nu>tions of 
 the creature. These scales arc all curiously polished and 
 arc beset about the edges with short spikes, hi a very beau- 
 tiftdand regular order. Its neck is finely arched, and much 
 resembles the tail of a lobster ; the head also is very extra- 
 ordinary, for from the snout part of it there proceed the two 
 fore lejfs, and between these is placed the piercer or sucker, 
 w ith which it penetrates the skin to get its food. Its eyes 
 arc very large and beautiful, and it has two short horns or 
 teelers. It has four other legs, joined all at the breast. 
 These, when it leaps, fold short one within another, and 
 then exerting their spring all at the sauu- instant, they carry 
 the creature to a surjirising distance. 'Fhe lei^s have seve- 
 ral joints, and are very hairy, and terminate in Iwo long, 
 !iooke<l, sharp 'claws. The piercer or sucker of the flea 
 is lodged between its fore legs, and includes a couple 
 of darts or lancets, which, after tlie piercer has made an en- 
 Irance, are thrust further into the flesh, to )nake the blood 
 flow from the adjacent parts, and occasion that round red 
 spot with a hole in the centre of it, called a flea-bite. See the 
 plate of Microscope. 
 
 To FLEA, (flee) i\ a. to cleanse or free from fleas. 
 
 FLE'ABANE, s.a herb with compound Howers,^f wnich 
 there are two kinds, viz. the Canada and blue, the former 
 being found among rubbish, and the latter in dry pas- 
 tures. 
 
 FLE'.4R1TE, {ftrthite) f. the red mark caused by a flea. 
 Figuratively, a small or trilling hurt. 
 
 FLE'ABiTFEN, {Jie'Mtten) a. stung or bitten by fleas. 
 
 FLEAK, {fleck) s. [from floccns, Laf. See Flake] a 
 small thread, lock, or twist. 
 
 FLEAM, s. a small instrument of pure steel, used in 
 bleeding cattle, by placing one of the lancets on the vein, 
 and driving it in w ith a blow. 
 
 FLE'AWORT, s. an herb, with compountl flowers, of 
 which there are two kinds, the marsh and the mountain ; 
 the former bearing flowers in the broad-topped spikes, and 
 the latter in rundles. 
 
 To FLECK, ». a. [from fleck, Teut.J to spot ; to mark w ith 
 a different colour. 
 
 /r-> FLE CKER, V. a. [See Fleck] to streak or mark 
 with different colours. 
 
 .FLED, the preter. and participle of Flee, to run away; 
 not properly used for that of Fi.y, to make use of wings. 
 
 To FLEDGE, v. a. [flaleren, Belg.] to furnish with wnigs ; 
 to cover with feathers. 
 
 FLE'DGED, part, or a. full feathered, able or qualified 
 to fly. 
 
 To FLEE, i>ret. and part. y/<(i v. n. to run away from 
 danger; to endeavour to avoid danger by flight. This word 
 is now almost universally written ftij ; tho\igli, properly, to 
 fly is to move with wings ; to 1lee, to run away. 
 
 FLEECE, *. [Afis, Sax.] the woolly covering shorn off 
 the bodies of sheep ; as nuich wool as is shorn off one 
 sheep. 
 
 To FLEECE, v. «. to shear the wool off a sheep. Fi- 
 ^juratively, to strip, plunder, to deprive of any thing va- 
 iuabie 
 
 FLEE'CED, a. having or wearing fleeces. Stripped or 
 liluudcrcd. 
 
 FLEE'CV, n. woollv ; covered with wool. 
 
 To KLEF,ll,r. M. ffrom/wi'/iaH, Sax.] to turn a thing t» 
 mockery, or ridicule ; to mock ; to deride with intolencr 
 or impudence ; to leer; to address with a deceitful grin of 
 civility. 
 
 i'M.EEU, «. mockery expressed either in word or look. 
 
 FLEE'KEH.s. a mocker. 
 
 FLi;ET,rLE()'r, or FLOT, s. in the names of places, 
 arc derived.from^™^, Sax. a bay or gulph. 
 
 FLEE'I', s. I fhtn. Sax.] denotes a company of ships_fif war 
 belonging to any prince or state , also any number of trad- 
 ing ships sailini' together, and destined to the same pott or 
 part of the world. 
 
 FLt^ET, a. [fliutur, IsI.J swift, applied to pace or 
 motion. 
 
 To FLEET, V. n. [/?o<rtn, Sax.] to fly swiftly ; to vanish ; 
 to be transitory, or ot short duration. Actively, to skim the 
 water ; to live merrily, or pass away with pleasure, applied 
 to time. " WpfMhe time carelessly." S/iahspcan: 
 
 FLEETTNGDISH, s. a thin dish used in dairies, to skim 
 or take the cream oft milk. 
 
 F'1>EETLY, «</. swiftly ; nimbly ; with a quick motion. , 
 
 FLEE'TNESS, s. swifiuess of motion. 
 
 FLESH, I. [floec, Sax.] in anatomy, a fibrous part of an 
 animal body, soft, bloody, and serving as a covering to the 
 bones; the body, opposed lo tliejon/; the muscles, or soft 
 part of an animal body, opposed to the skin, bones, or other 
 tinrliiiis. .\nimal food, opposed to that offlshet. Animai 
 nature. 
 
 To FLESH, V. a. to initiate ; to establish in any practice, 
 to glut ; to satiate. 
 
 FLE'SHHOOK, s. a hook or fork, used to take meat out 
 of a pot or cauldron. 
 
 FLE'SHLF.SS, n. without flesh. 
 
 FLE'SHLINESS, s. carnal or sensual passions and appe- 
 tites ; carnality. 
 
 FLE'SHLY, a. corporeal ; human; opposed to spiritual: 
 carna.. 
 
 FLE'SHMEAT, ^.animal food ; the flesh of animals pre- 
 pared for food. 
 
 FLESHMONGER, *. one who deals in flesh. 
 
 Fi^E'SHY, a. plump; full of flesh; fat. Pulpous and 
 plu.nip, applied to fruits. 
 
 I" LET, part pass, of To Fleet. Skimmed. 
 
 FLl'.'TCHL'jR, s. [from fleche, Fr.] a person who makes 
 bow s and arrows. 
 
 FLEW, the preter. of Fly. 
 
 FLI". W , s. the large chaps of a deep-mouthed hound. 
 
 FliE'WED, If. chapped mouthed. 
 
 FLEXA'NIMOUS, a. [from flecto, to bend, and.awimi(,<, 
 the mind, Lat.] haviug power to change the disposition of 
 the mind. 
 
 FLEXIBILITY, s. [flexibihV, ¥r.'\ the quality of ad- 
 mitting to be bent ; easiness of being persuaded. 
 
 FLE'XIBLE, a. [from flteto, to bend, Lat.] possible or 
 easy to be bent; pliant; obsequious; easily complying 
 witb, ductile, or manageable; to be formed by discipline 
 and instruction. 
 
 FLE'XI BEEN ESS, s. possibility or easiness to he bent, 
 opposed to brillleiiess or stiffness; compliance; tractable- 
 ness ; easiness to be moved by advice, persuasion, or in- 
 struction. 
 
 FLE'XILE, a. Uvom flecto, to bend, Lat.] pliant; easy to 
 be bent, or tumed out of its course. 
 
 FLEXION, s. [from flecto, to In-nd, Lat.] the act of 
 bending, or changing from a straight to a crooked line; a 
 double; abending; the state ofa thing bent ; a turn or mo. 
 tion towards any quarter or direction. 
 
 FLEXOR, s. [Lat.] in an^-'^omy, applied to the muscles 
 which act in contracting or bending the joints. 
 
 F'LE'XUOUS, a. [trom flecto, to bend, Lat.] winding ; full 
 of turnings and meanders; bending; crooked ; variable; un- 
 steady 
 
 FLE'XURE, s. [from flecto, to iend, Lat.] the form or 
 
 3o5
 
 FL T 
 
 F I. O 
 
 direction in which any thnig is bent ; the act of bcndlH:; ; 
 tile part bent ; a joint ; obsequious or servile criuj;iiij;. 
 
 To I'LICKEfi, V. a. {Jtieieiinn, Sax.] to tiutter; to iuive 
 £ fluttering motion ; to move tlie wings up and down witli a 
 quick Diotion. 
 
 FLIi;,s. SeeFLV. 
 
 rU'ER, «. one who nnis from danger; that part of a ma- 
 chine, which, being put into a swifter motion tiian tlie other 
 part equalizes, regulates, and continues the motion of liie 
 rest. " The/i"«- of a jack." 
 
 FLIGHT, (,^«) *• [/.'/«■/''. Sax. I the act of running away, 
 in order to avoid danger; the act of moving from one place 
 to anotiier, to escape danger; the act of moving by means 
 of wings; a flock of birds moving in the air together ; tlie 
 birds produced in the same season. A volley, or shower 
 of weapons discharged at the same time. Figuratively, 
 heat or soaring of imagination. 
 
 FLIGHTY, {/Itti/) a. fleeting ; swift in motion ; wild ; or 
 fanciful. 
 
 I'LI'MZY, ijlimzy) a. weak ; feeble ; without strenojth, 
 hodv, or stiflness, applied to manufactures. Mean, spirit- 
 less; 
 
 To FLINCH, V. n. to snrink from any suifering, pain, 
 or danger ; to withdraw from pain or danger. Tii S/iak. 
 speare it signifies to fail. " If 1 break time, or Jlinch in pro- 
 perly " 
 
 FLI'NCHRR, s. he who shrinks or fails in any aflair. 
 
 To FLING, V, a. fpreter. and part.///(»i^] to cast or throw 
 from the hand ; to aart or throw with violence ; to scatter; 
 to move forcibly ; to cast reproach ; to eject or cast away 
 as useless or hurtful. To flhi^ duwn, to throw njion the 
 
 f;roiind with force ; to demolish or destroy. Tojiins; off', to 
 )atlle in the chase ; to defeat of a prey. Neutcrly, to 
 flounce ; to wince. 
 
 FLING, *. the act of throwing or casting; the space or 
 distance to which any thing is thrown or cast ; a gibe ; a 
 contemptuous sneer or remark. 
 
 FLI'NGER, ». one who throws a thing ; one who casts a 
 contemptuous sneer at a person or 1 bing. 
 
 FLINT, s. [Sax,] a semi-pellucid stone, composed of 
 crystal debased, of a similar substance, of a blackisli grey, 
 free from veins, naturally invested with a whitish crust ; 
 ioinetimes smooth and equal, but more frequently rou^li ; 
 remarkably hard ; used for striking (ire with steel, and in 
 plass-making. Figuratively, any thing remarkably hard, 
 imnenetrabre, or obdurate. 
 
 FLINT, a small town, the capital of Flintshire, without 
 niiicii trade, or market. It is seated on tiie river Dee, 12 
 miles VV. IV. W. of Chester, and 193 N. W. of London. 
 
 FLI'NTSHIRE, a county of North Wales, bounded on 
 the N. W. by the Irish Sea ; on the N. and N. E. by a large 
 bay at the month of the river Dee, which divides it from 
 Cheshire ; on the E. by the river Dee and part of Cheshire ; 
 and on the S. and .S. W. by Denbysliire. It is about 27 
 miles in length, and from 7 to Id in breadth. Part of Flint- 
 shire stretches E. of the Dee, a tract about i) miles in length, 
 and fnm 5 to 8 across, insulated by Ciieshiie, Siiropshiie, 
 and Denbyshire. It is divided into h hundieds, \\hicli 
 contain 2 market towns, and 2S parishes. Thn northern 
 part produces wheat ; there is w'tm niiicli wood. The cows. 
 tliou.<li small, yield a great quantily of milk, and are excel- 
 lint beef. They have also honey, ol which they make 
 nii'ad, a liquor much used in those parts. The principal ri- 
 vi-rs ,ire the Dee, Clwyd, Weeler, Sevion, KIwy, and Allen. 
 'I'lie valleys contain coal and freestone, and the hills lead and 
 <'alamine, with vast quantities of limestone, but no thnt. 
 Tlie principal trade is mining and smelting. The detached 
 part IS mostly a level coHiitry. 
 
 FLFNTY.a. made of fliri»ii abounding in flints or stones. 
 Figuratively, strong. Hard of heart ; cruel ; not to 
 he penetrated or moved by entreaties, or the view of 
 misery. 
 
 KLtPP, *. [a rant word| a drink used in ships, made of 
 pirits, beer, and sugdr. 
 3M 
 
 FLrPP.\NT, a. [from Flap] nimble; m <ving quickly 
 applied to the longue. i'ert ; (alkative. 
 
 FLIPPANTLY, ad. in a ptrt, talkative, or fluent 
 manner. 
 
 To FLIRT. V, a. to throw any thing with a jerk, or quick 
 e.aslic motion. To move with quickness. Neuterly, tojeer 
 or gibe at one; to turn about perpetually ; to be unsteady 
 and Hiitteriiig. 
 
 FLIRT, s. a quick, sudden, elastic motion ; a sudden 
 trick. A pert young hussey ; a young, fluttering, gadding 
 lass. 
 
 FLIRl ATION, s. a quick, sprightly motion. A cant 
 word among the women. 
 
 To FLIT. V. 71. \tiitt(r, Dan. See Fleet] to fly away ; to 
 remove or migrate. To flutter or rove on the wing. To be 
 transient, flux, or unstable. 
 
 FLIT, a. swift ; nimble ; quick. Not in nsc. 
 
 FLITCH, s. Ifli/clte, Dan.] the side of a hog, without the 
 head, salted and cured. 
 
 FLnTERMOUSE,*. abat,or fluttering mouse. 
 
 FLITTING, s. [flit, Sax.] a reproachful accusation; an 
 offence, or fault. 
 
 FLIX, s. [corrupted from ^n.r, Sax.] down; fur; soft 
 hair. 
 
 FLl'WVEKD, «. a kind of watercress. 
 
 To F'LO.VT, (fot) V. n. [f oiler, Fi;.] to swi"i en the 
 surface of the water; to move easily in the an^ applied 
 to (he flight of birds. To pass in a light and swiuimin; 
 manner. 
 
 FLOAT, iffoi) s. tlieact of flo^in^, opposed to thefWer 
 rrfliix of the tide. Any thing contrived so as to swim and 
 sustain a burflen on the water ; the cork, or quill, by whick 
 the bite of a fish is discovered. 
 
 FLOATY, a. buoyant and swimmingon the surface. 
 
 P'LOCK, .t. [flocc, Sax.] a company of birds er sheep, 
 distinguished fiom herds, which are of oxen. Figuratively, a 
 multitude of men. Also a lock of wool. 
 
 To FLOCK, 4). n. to gather in crowds or great numbers. 
 
 To FLOG, V. a, [from flugrum, Lat. whip with a 
 rod. 
 
 FLOOD, (flid) s. [flod. Sax.] a ?-ony of water ; a sea or 
 river; a deluge, inundation, or overflowing of water; allow 
 of tide. 
 
 To FLOOD, ( fJiid) V. a. to cover with waters. 
 
 FLOO'D(iATE, (fliidgaie) s. a gate, or shutter, by 
 which any water course is stopped, or let loose again, at 
 pleasure. 
 
 J'LOOK, s. [from pfhi^. Tent,] the broad or bearded 
 part of an anchor, which takes hold of the ground. A 
 flounder ; a flat river fish. 
 
 FLOOR, s. \flor. Sax.] that part of a house on which b 
 person treads. 
 
 To FLOOR, r. (I. to cover that part of a room a person 
 walks on with planks. 
 
 FLOORING, s. the matter with which that part of a 
 room is laid on which a person walks; the bottom. 
 
 To FLOP. ?'. a. \hom Jinp\ to clap the wings with a noise ; 
 to play with a noisy motion of a btoad body ; to let down 
 the broad parts or flap of a hat. 
 
 FLORAL, a. \iiomflos, a flower, Lat.] relating to Flora, 
 or to flowers. 
 
 FLO'REN. s. a gold coin of Edward 111. in value six shill- 
 ings. 
 
 FLO'RENCE, a celebrated and beautiful city of Italy, 
 situated in the middle of the Vale ofArno. The prospect 
 here is bounded on every side by an amphitheatre of fertile 
 liills, adorned with villages, country-houses, and gardens. 
 It was founded by the soldiers of Sylla, destroyed by Totila, 
 and rebuilt by Charlemagne. Forciiriosities, this city is the 
 principal in "Italy, after Rome. The architecture of tl^e 
 nouses, in general, is executed in a good taste, the streets 
 are clean, and paved with large broad stones, chi.siled so as 
 to prevent the horses from sliding. The squares arc s|>;i- 
 cious, and the pa>aces, clmrchcs, and other public structures.
 
 FLO 
 
 FLU 
 
 r.re m 
 
 pyram 
 
 a splendid sljlcof archilecturc, with pillars, staturs, 
 ids, iiiitl foiiulaius in almost every street. The city 
 IS tlividcd into two unequal parts by the river Arno, over 
 which tlierc arc 4 hridfjes, within sisjlit of each other. 'J'liat 
 called Ponte dc la Trinita is hiiilt of white marble, and 
 adorned with 4 statues, rcpresentins tlic seasons, and other 
 ornaments. The Florentine merchants were fornuMly uhmi 
 of vast wealth, and one of them, about the middle of the 
 15th century, built that grand fabric, which from the name 
 of its founder, is still called the Palazzo Pitti. He failed 
 under the prodigious expense of this building, which was 
 immediately purchased by the Medici family, and continued 
 till of late to be the residence of the grand dukes. Besides 
 the gardens, furniture, antique statues, paintings, Ac. which 
 are justly and iniiversally admired, here are various other 
 curiosities, as the cabinets of arts, of astronomy, of natural 
 history, of medals, of porcelain, of antiquities, Ac. In the 
 year 1530,'Alexander dc Medicis was created Grand Duke 
 of Tuscany, by the Emperor Charles V. and in IT.*!?, liic 
 family of Rledicis became extinct, when Florence and the 
 duchy of Tuscany fell to the duke of Lorraine, afterwards 
 emperor. Florence is now included in the new kingdom of 
 Etruria : it contains an uuiversitv, and is 125 miles N. N. 
 W. of Rome. Lat. 43. 4G. N. Ion. 1 1. 20. K. 
 
 FLO'RET, i. [diminutive of flower] one of the small 
 flowers composing a compound or incorporated flower. 
 
 FLORID, a. [from^o.!, a flower, Lat.J productive of, or 
 covered with, flowers. Bright, or lively, applied to colours. 
 Flushed with red, applied to the complexion. Embellished 
 with rhetorical figures, applied to style. 
 
 FLO'RIDA, a country of North America, bounded on the 
 W. by Louisiana, on the N. by Louisiana and Georgia, on 
 the E. by the Atlantic, and on the S. by the Gulph ol i\Iex- 
 ico. It is divided into E. and \V. F.ast Florida extends 
 about 3o0 miles from N. to S. and KiO from V,. to W. West 
 Florida is about 200 miles from E. to W. and 60 from N. to 
 S. St. Augustine is the capital of (he former, and Pensacola 
 of the latter. The country about St. Augustine is the least 
 fertile ; yet even here two crops of Indian corn are annually 
 
 firoduced. The banks of the rivers are of a superior qua- 
 ity, and well adapted to the culture of rice and corn. The 
 interior country, which is high and pleasant, abounds with 
 wood of ahnost every kind ; particularly white and red oak, 
 
 Eine, hiccory, cypress, red and white cedar. The intervals 
 etween the hilly parts are extremely rich, and produce 
 spontaneously all the fruits common to Georgia and the Ca- 
 rolinas. In many places, vines are successfully cultivated, 
 and the ranges of rattle are immense. The Spaniards 
 hold possession of Florida; but the Indians, or native 
 Americans, are pretty numerous. 
 
 FLORI'DITY, s. freshness or redness of colour. 
 "FLOTJDNESS, s. freshness of colwir. A rhetorical 
 embellishment, applied to style. 
 
 FLORrFEROUS, «. [fromy/cw, a flower, and /«ro, to bear, 
 Lat.J producing flowers. 
 
 FLO'RIN, *. [Fr.J a coin so called, because first struck 
 by the Florentines. That of Germany is valued at 2*. 4(1. 
 that of Spain at 2». 4jrf. that of Palermo and Sicily at 2s. GU. 
 and that of Holland at 2*. 
 
 FLORIST, s. \Jienristp, Fr.] a person curious and skilled 
 in the names, natnre|and culture of flowers. 
 
 FLO'R U LENT, a. {jixomjlos, a flower, Lat.] flowery ; blos- 
 soming. 
 
 FLO'SCULOUS, a. [from floscthis, a little flower, Lat.] 
 composed or having the nature or form of flowers. 
 
 To FLOTE, V. a. to skim. 
 
 FLOTSON, s. in law, goods that float, without an owner, 
 an the sea. 
 
 To FLOUNCE, v. n. [from plonsen, Belg. ] to move 
 with violence in water or mire ; to' struggle or dash in the 
 water. To move with passion or anger. To adorn with 
 flounces applied to dress. 
 
 H.OUNCE, i. any thing sewed to a garment by way of 
 •rnuinent, and hanging loose so as to swell and shake. 
 
 FLO'UNDF.R, .?. [/J;/ii,l,r, Dim.] a small fl:.t fi.h. 
 
 To FLO'rNDKK, v. ». [from fvnm;] to strup-le with 
 violent and iireguljir molions, like a horse that slriies Id 
 disengage himself from luire. 
 
 Fl^oOll, .<■. the (inewhite powdcrof wheat, ofwhieh bread 
 is made. 
 
 To FLOURISH, (fiirish) V. n. Ifloreo, fromflot, a flower, 
 Lat.] to bloom, or be in bh»ssom ; to be in vigour ; to be in 
 a prosperous stale ; to make use of rhetorical figures; to 
 display with vanity or ostentation, ^apiilied to langiia;;''. 
 To move in eddies, circles, or waiilon and irregular motions. 
 In music, to play an overture. In' writing, to formlhe 
 decorations or ornaments of penmanship. Li fencing, to 
 move a weapon in circles or (juick vibrations. To adorn; 
 to embellish ; to grace or set ofl". 
 
 FLO'URISif, {/It'nis/i) s. any embellishment. Figur;i- 
 tively, beauty. An oslcutalious display of \>it or intel- 
 lectual abilities. In peiiiiiansliip, figures or orii«mti)ts 
 formed b>:-iines curiously interwoven. 
 
 FLO'URISHER, (jtih-is/uT) s. a mere boaster; one who 
 is in the: height of prosjierily. 
 
 FLO'URY, a. covered with the fine dust or meal nf 
 corn. 
 
 To FLOUT, r. a. ^Hj/teii, Belg.] to mock, deride, or insult, 
 wilh^ contemptuous mockery. Neuterly, to behave with 
 contempt; to sneer. 
 
 FLOIJT, s, a mock ; a jeer ; a contemptuous and insiilt- 
 ing ('xp'iession or action. 
 
 FLO'CTER, s. a person who derides, mocks, or jeer* 
 another. 
 
 'Fo FLOW, (fl<>) r. V. [fiouan, Sax.] to run or spread, 
 applied to water. To move, or be in motion, opposed tu 
 standing water. To rise, or swell, applied lo the tide. To 
 melt, applied to the cfteet of heat on metals, wax, &c. 'iu 
 proceed from as an efl'ett*. To be full of licjuor, applied to 
 drinking vessels. To w rite smoothly, or speak eloquently. 
 
 FLOW, (flo) s. the rise or swell of water ; a sudden plen- 
 ty or abundance. "A //((«■ of spirits." Pcye. An uninter- 
 rupted stream, or continuation of "ords. 
 
 FLO'WER, s. [fli-iir, Fr.J that i)art of a plant which con- 
 tains the organs of generation, or the parts necessary for 
 th; propagation of the species. The viateflowers are those 
 which have no germen, style, or fruit. Female flovers are 
 such as contain the gernien, style, or fruit, and are called 
 fruitful Jiirureis. Mermiiphrorlile flnwers are such as contain 
 both the male and female parts. Figuratively, an ornament 
 or embellishment ; the prime, bloom, or flourishing part 
 of life ; the most excellent or valuable part of any thing. In 
 chvmistry, solid, di-y, s\il)stances reduced to a powder by 
 sublimation. Syno'n. liemUii, like a ^ohm-, /w/m through 
 leiigth of time, and mav ?<■'</«■)• suddenly bv an accident. 
 
 To FLO'WER, V. li. Ifhtini; Fr.] to put forth flowers or 
 blossoms ; to bloom, or lie in blossom : to flourish, or be in 
 a prosperous state. To froth, ferment, or mantle, applied 
 to liquor. 
 
 FLO'WER DE LUCE, s. I flier tie lys, P'r.] in heraldry, a 
 bearing representing the lily, called the queen of flowers, 
 and the true hieroglyphic of royal majesty ; but of late it has 
 been borne in several coats. In botany, the flag, of which 
 there are very many species. 
 
 FLOWERET, s. [Jleuret, Fr.] a jmall or imperfect 
 flower. 
 
 FLO'WERGARDEN, i. a garden in which flowers are 
 principallv cultivated. 
 
 FLO'WERINESS, t. the state of abounding in flowers 
 or ornaments. 
 
 FLO'AVERY, a. abounding witli, adorned with, or full 
 of flowers. 
 
 FLO'WINGLY, {flbiitglsi) ad. with readiness, quickness, 
 or volubility of speech ; with abundance. 
 
 FLOWN, iflon) [part, of Flee or Fly] gone away ; run 
 away ; ptif^d up, or elated. 
 
 FLUA'TLS, s. in chymistry, salts formed by the combina- 
 tion of any base with fluoric acid. 
 
 3^7
 
 FLU 
 
 Fr.UCTUANT, perl, [from J! net us, a wa\r, Is.A. ] wavtr- 
 iii^' ; nricerlaiii ; duuliliiig. 
 
 To I'ljLI'C'I'UA'ri"-, f. n. [from Jtuctiis. a wave, Lat ] (n 
 riill lo and fro like waves; lo float l)a(kMard and forwards: 
 to move Willi niictMtain and liasly motion ; to iicsitali: ; to be 
 irresolute, undetermined, or in doubt. 
 
 FUT'IDA'TION, ». [fram Jliiclus, a wave, F.at.J tlie iiki 
 tioii of wave* and water back-wards and ibrnards ; a slate of 
 suspence, irresolution, or uncertainty. 
 
 FLUE, s. a small pipe or cbiinney to convey air, lie<il, or 
 tmok<> ; soft down, or fur, easily wafted by tlie wind. 
 
 FLUE'LLIN, *. an Iterb, with strap-sliaped leaves, and 
 white blossoms, found in higli pastures. Also a sort of 
 speedwell. 
 
 FLUENCY, J. the quality of flowing, or continuinj; in 
 motion without interruption or iiiterniission ; smoothness of 
 style or numbers ; readiness, copiousness, or volubility of 
 speech. 
 
 FLUENT, a. [from fluo, to flow, Lat.] liquid ; flow in^ ; 
 in motion ; ready ; easy flowing ; copious, applied to 
 spoech. 
 
 FLU'ENT, J. a stream, torrent, or running wafer. 
 
 FLUENTLY, ad. readily ; without obstruction or ditfi- 
 rulty. 
 
 FLUID, a. [from fluo, to flow, Lat.] Iiaviu;;; the parts easily 
 separable; flowing like water. 
 
 FLUID, s. in medicine, any animal juice; a liquor, whose 
 parts yield to the smallest force impressed, and, by yielding', 
 are easily moved among each other. 
 
 FLUI'DITY, s. [fluiditi, Fr.] a qualify of a body, wliere- 
 l»y the parts are so disposed as lo slide over each other all 
 manner of ways, and "ive way to the least pressure. 
 
 FLU'IDNESS, f. that quality in bodies opposed to firm- 
 liess, by which they change their form, or yield to the least 
 pressure. 
 
 FLUKE, J. that part of an anchor which fdstens in the 
 ground. 
 
 FLU'MMERY, *. a kind of food made of oatmeal and 
 water, boiled or evaporated to a consistence. Figuratively, 
 mese pretence ; flattery. 
 
 FLUNG, particip. and prefer, of Fling ; thrown or cast, 
 followed by i», into, d(itrn,friim, and ^'. 
 
 FLUOR, s. [Lat. J a fluid state, in mineralogy, a soft trans- 
 parent spar. 
 
 FLUO'RIC, a. belonging to (Inor. The fluoric aejd is an 
 acid of a very peculiar nalure, formed in the fluor spar. It 
 lias'a remarkalile power of corroding glass. 
 
 FLU'RUY', s. a gust ; an ha^lx, sudden blast, or storm 
 ofiviiid. , Hurry ; a violent coiiiinolioM or emotion of mind. 
 
 'lo FLCSM, i>. «. [//m/ifrt, Helg.J lo How with violence; 
 to come in basic; to produce a M-ddisii colour in the lace 
 bv a sudden How or flux of blood. Actively, to elate, or 
 
 F'lUSFI, a. fresh ; full of vigour. 
 
 FLUSH, s. an etllux ; a sudden iinpidse; a violent flow. 
 Ii; gaming, a certain nund)er of cards of Ihe same sort. 
 
 r'LU'SllKR, 1. in ornithology, the butcher-bird, a small 
 bird of prey. 
 
 FLU'SfllNG, a town of the I'liiled Provinces, in the isle 
 of Walchcren in Zealand, with a good bar hour, and an ex- 
 tensive foreign trade. It is 4 miles S. W. of Middleburg. 
 Ltit. M. 20. N. Ion. .•). ;i;-,. E. 
 
 To FLUS'l'Eil, V, a. [from To Flisk | to make hot aud 
 red Hilh drinking. 
 
 KLU riO, ». [Fr.] a wind instrnm( nt, divided info the 
 roMiuiou and (ierriiaji. liic coiumnn /Inlc is played by put- 
 ting o.ie <nd into ihi' moulli, and bicalliing into it. The 
 Grnnnn fliitr, the most melodious of the two, and most re- 
 sembling the human voice, is not out into the luoulli, but 
 sounded by a hole a litlle ilislaiil Irom the upper end, the 
 ■end itself being slopped with a lompion or plug, in arclii- 
 t»"Ct«re, permudicular channels or cavities cut along Ihe 
 •haft of a coliunn or pilaster, and rcsenibling the inside of a 
 lltitc v/heii cut in half. 
 
 FO A 
 
 To FLUTE, r. a. to cut channels in columns or pi(itst(>n. 
 
 FLUTED, ff. having channels or hollows. 
 
 To i" I^U "FrER, «'. M. [fintrrnn. Sax I lo move tjie wingi 
 with a quick and trendding motion; lo /•:.>vc about wild 
 Rreat show and bustle, but with no consequence ; to be in 
 ngiration ; lo be in a slate of uncertainly ; to beat quick aotl 
 irregularly. To palpitate, applied lo (lie heart. To hurry 
 the iiiiiid, or put iiilo confusion, or a violent commotion. 
 
 FLUTTER, i. vibration; undid.itioii, or a quick an*' ir- 
 regular motion ; confusion; an irregular or disordered po- 
 sition. 
 
 FLUVLATIC, II. [ fluviaiiciu, from fliiviits, a river, Lat.] 
 beloni;iug to, or inhabiting rivers. 
 
 FLUX, .■;. [ftuxus, fioin fluo, to How, Lat. flux, Fr.] tlie 
 act of flowing ; tlie state of passing away, and giving place 
 to others. Iii medicine, an extraordinary issue or evacua- 
 tion of some humour or matter; a disease in which the 
 bowels are excoriated and bleed, called a bloody flux. In 
 hydrography, a regular periodical motion of the sea, ha|v 
 penin" twice in twenty-four hours, whereby the water is 
 raised, aud driven violently against the shores. Figurative- 
 ly, a concourse or confluence. The stale of being melted ; 
 that which facilitates the^ melting of a body when mixed 
 with it. 
 
 FLl'.X, n. [fliixus, from fluo, to flow, Lat.''j inconstant ; not 
 durable; flowing; niaiutained by a constant succession of 
 parts. 
 
 To FLL'X, r. tt. to melt. In medicine, fo salivate^ to 
 evacuate by spitting. 
 
 FLUXIOiN, .5. [//.i..(o, froim /ho, to flow, Lat.J the act of 
 flowing; the inallcr Ihat flows. In medicine, a sutldeu 
 c()llectioii of morbid mailer in any part of the body ; the 
 velocity by wliiih a flowing quantilv is increased by its 
 geiieraliMg motion. In ariliiMielic, tlie method of finding 
 an infinitely small quantity, whith being taken an infinite 
 number of times, becomes equal lo a given qoaiitity. 
 
 To FLY, V. 71. pret. Jhw, or fled ; part, fled, or flow^ ; 
 Ifla/gnn. Sax. J to move Ihroiigh the air by means of wings; 
 fo ascend in tlie air. To pass or perform a journey with 
 great expeilition. To burst asunder. To break, or shiver. 
 Fo attack or spring w till violence. To fall on suddenly. 
 To fl>/ ill the face of a person, is fo insult him with opniobri- 
 oiis language, or any act of outrage. To act in defiance oC 
 To f If out, to burst uilo passion ; to start violently from any 
 direction. To let fl^i, to discharge a gun or other fir.'-arms. 
 Actively, to run away, or attempt to escape any danger; to 
 avoid, to shun. 
 
 FLY, *. r ^f ogv. Sax. I a small winged insect of diflTcrent 
 species; that part of a machine which, when put into mo- 
 lion, continues it with great swiftness, and thereby regulates 
 and preserves Ihe motion of the other parts ; that part of a 
 mariner's compass on which the thirty-two winds are drawn, 
 over which the needle is placed, and fastened underneath. 
 
 To FLYBLOW, v. a. to taint with flies ; to fill with 
 maggots. 
 
 FLY750AT, s. a kind of nimble, light vessel for sailing, 
 
 FLY'l'.It, s. one that runs away from baffle, or endeavours 
 lo escapedanger by flight; any thing that cuts its passage 
 through the air by means of wings ; that jwirt of a jack which 
 moves round on a pivot horizontally, and thereby keeps the 
 other parts in motion. 
 
 FLYING I'l.SH, s in iclilliyology, a species of fiith, about 
 the size of a lieriiug, with meiiibran.-iccous wings, found be- 
 tween (lie tropics. 
 
 I'OAL, (yi)/) s. {f'ula. Sax] the offspring or young of a 
 m.u<\ or, oilier In ast of burden. 'I'lie word evU is now ap- 
 plied to a young horse. 
 
 'I'o l'(.)y\l^ {/"h ^- "■ *" '>ri"g forth young, KpjilieJ fo s 
 mare, or other beast of burden. 
 
 F(-)Ai\t, (/»«) s. [Jam, Sax.] Ihe white spittle which ap- 
 pcnrs ill die mouth of a high imltled horse. 
 
 'I'd l'^>A^L {Jiiin)v. 11. I o have th(! mouth covered wilh 
 white frolliy spiille ; lo Irolh ; fo gather fo;iin. 'I'o bo in 
 viulcul ciuoLious of passion, iilludiiig lo a high ii, -UleU borat,
 
 FOL 
 
 FON 
 
 who fnanis at tlif iiioiilli ulna checked, or iiiidcr Hii«illiii;; 
 rf.slraiiit. 
 
 I'D'AMY, (y»mv) a. covered with <'rotl», or wliitc IVotliy 
 tl>illle. 
 
 KoB, s.[f(ippe,Tvut.]a small poc-kct iii;ide in the iiisi<le 
 of the waiklJiuiiiJ of a pair of bref.^ lies, u In rein the wiiteh is 
 «s\i;iilv c;irried. 
 
 To FOB, V. a. \fiippev, Teut.] ;.'. elieal : to trick ; to de- 
 fr.MHl liy so.iie low sfral:ij;ein. To »hi(l oil. 
 
 I'O'CAL, a. helon^iuf; to a foi os. 
 
 FO'CIL, i. l/ociVf, Fr.J thej^nateror less Done hi't\\cen 
 the knee and ankle, or elbow and wrist. 
 
 Focus, s. in geometry and eonio sections, is applied 
 to certain points in the parabola, ellipsis, and hyperbola, 
 w here the rays retleeted from all parts of IJiesc corves con- 
 ctirand meet. In optics, it is the point wherein ra's are 
 collected, after they have underfjone rellcction or r<'- 
 fracfion. 
 
 FO'DDER, s. [fulJne, Sa\.] dry food stored for catlle 
 against winter. 
 
 To FO'DDF.R, 1'. a. to feed orsnpply with dry food. 
 
 I'O'DDl'.Kl'.R, f.the person who supplies cattle wilhdiy 
 food. 
 
 Ft >E, s. [full, Sax./"f, Scot.] an enemy or pers.iu who is 
 bent to hurl one, either in war or private life. An adver- 
 sary : an opponent, api)lied to opinions. 
 
 Foetus, ( ntus) ». [Lat.J a child in the womb after it is 
 perfectly formed. 
 
 FOO, 's. [from/tin-, Dan. a storm] a thick cloud, consist- 
 ing of gross watery vapours, tloating near the surface of the 
 earth. 
 
 FO'GGINESS, s. the state of being dark or misty by a 
 low cloud, consisting of watery vapours, floating near the 
 surface of the earth or water. 
 
 FO'GGY, n. full ofdark, cloudy, and moist vapours. 
 
 FOH, inter jeet. an interjection used to express abhorn'nce, 
 or ortence received bv some object, meaning that it gives 
 great otfence, and is excessively disagieeable. Coinnmiily 
 made use of when oft'ended by a stink, or very oll'eiisive 
 stnell. 
 
 FO'IBLE, s. [Fr.] a weak or blind side ; a natural infir- 
 niitv or failing. 
 
 To FOIL, r.a. [from aff'vhr, old Fr. to wounil] (o defeat 
 or get the better of an enemy, but not a eoiupletc 
 victory. 
 
 FOlL, ^. a defeat or miscarriage; an advantage gained 
 over an enemy, not amounting to a complete victory. 
 Something of another colour, used by jewellers to augment 
 the lustre, or heighten the colour, of a stone or diamoiul. 
 A blunt sword used in fencing, fr(un foiiillir, Fr. 
 
 FO'ILElt, s. one w ho has gained an advantage over an 
 etieniy. 
 
 To FOIN, V. n. [foiixh-e, Fr.] to pusli or make a llirnst 
 with a weapon. 
 
 FOIN, f. a thrust or push willi a weapon. 
 
 FOININGLY, ad. in a pushing maimer. 
 
 FO'ISON, J. [/uiioir. Sax. J plenty; abundance. A word 
 now out of use. 
 
 To FOIST, o. a.lfiiHsser, Fr.] to insert something not ni 
 an original ; to interpolate. 
 
 FOfSTY, «. See Fisty. 
 
 FO'KINGH.WI, a town in Lin^'olnshire, standing on a 
 rising ground, in a wholesome air, with abundance of springs 
 about it, 8 miles \V. by S. of Boston, ami 107 from London. 
 Market on Thursday. 
 
 FOLD, s. [fahl. Sax.] the groinid where sheep are confiiv 
 ed. Figuratively, a flock of sheep. A lioundary or limit. 
 A double; one part turned over and lying upon another; 
 the plait or doubling of a garnient, ixom jild. Sax. Hence 
 fold, in composition, signifies thed(ud)ling the same number 
 twice, or the same quantity added ; thus two-fold n twice 
 the (jiinntitv ; ticntfi fold, \\\en\y times repeated. 
 
 To FOLD. f. a. ['/aWrtii.Sax.] to pen or inclose sheep in a 
 ft>ld; to double; to plait or turn Iwck a piece ofclofli, so 
 
 aiiothei' pait. FiKUr.dtivr'Iv, 
 ; to eiubrHce witn the trmj 
 
 as to double (ivi'r and cover am 
 to inclose, to iinliide, to shut 
 clas|)ed round a peisoii. 
 
 Ft) 1. 1 A CEO US, II. [from fuiunii, a leaf, Lat.J con^isitinK of 
 thin |>ieees, huiiiiiU', nr leaves. 
 
 I'O 1,1 A( il",, *. [ /(KiV/ngr, i''r.| an a^>emblage of flowers, 
 Inanelies, leaves, Ac. In architecture, the repr( aentatiou 
 <jf siK li tlou<Ms, branches, leaves, iVc. as are used tor ttn- 
 belli>liiueiils oil capitals, friezes, or pediineiils. 
 
 'J'o FOM \TE, V. II. [from fi.linm, a leaf, Lat.] to beat 
 gold into thin j>l.ites, lamiir.e, or leaves. 
 
 FO'LIATINtj, ai)plied to looking glasses, is the spread- 
 ing a eomposilion tiiat will liMiily aillu re to the back of the 
 glass, and reflect images. The el■lll|Ml^ltioM is culled /"i/, 
 and made of quicksilver, mixed uiili tin, and other ingre- 
 dients. 
 
 FOLIATION, i.[fr(mi/"//«»i, a leaf, Lat. ] the act ofb.nt- 
 ing into thin leaves. In bolanv, a collection of those tran- 
 sitory or fugacious ciiliuned haws, called petals, which 
 constitute the compass or body ot a tlnwer, and louietiuiei 
 guard the fruit A\liich siu;ceeds the fulialion, as in apple* 
 and pears, and sonu-times stand within it, as in cherries and 
 aprit'ols: for these bein^ tender and |inl\ious, and coming 
 forth in the spring, would be injured by the weather if they 
 were not lodged up within their flowers. 
 
 FOLIO, .«. \iii f'liHii, in a leaf, Lat.J a large hook whose 
 pages are formed by a sheet once doubled. In commerce, 
 a T);\iie or leaf in an account or book. 
 
 FO'LIO.MOKT, .V. [from fnliitm mortittim, a dead leaf, 
 Lat.J a dark yellow, or colour of a dead leaf, vulgarly called 
 philiinnt. See F F, I 1 L L E M O KT. 
 
 FOLK, ». [/u/f. Sax. rvUt, Belg.] people, used only in 
 familiar discourse ; mankind in general ; any kind of per- 
 sons. 
 
 F'O'LKMOTE, s. in ancient English history, a general 
 assemblv of the people. 
 
 FO'LKS'FON E, an ancient town on the S. coast of Kent. 
 It stands on hillv ground, and the streets are narrow and iii- 
 commodions. A multitude of hshing-smacks belong to the 
 harbour, and some vessels are built here. Two hoys sad 
 alternately, every other week, to London. It is 8 miles S. 
 W. of Dover, and 72 E. by S. of London. Market on 'I'huiij- 
 dav. 
 
 FO'LI.ICLE, s. [from fiilliculKs, a little bag, Lat.J in anato- 
 my, a cavity, bag, or vesicle in a l;.idy, with strong coats. In 
 botany, the seed-vessel case, husk, or cofer, wherein sci-eial 
 kinds of seeds are inclosed. 
 
 To FOLLOW, (/6m) V. a. [folcian, Sax.] to go after or 
 beJiind a person ; to pursue as an enemy ; to attend on as a 
 servant; to succeed or happen alter in order of time ; to 
 proceed from, as a consequence or eft'ect ; to imitate, or 
 copy. To observe, toassei.l, or give credit to. To attend 
 to ; to be busied with. To conlirm by new endeavours. 
 
 FOLLOWER, {f'uU'iU'r) s. one who comes or goes after 
 another; a dependent ; attendant; associate; companion; 
 a scholar ; imitator, or copier. 
 
 FOLLY, s. [fvltf, Fr.] the act of drawing false conclu- 
 sions from just princMples ; a w eakness or want of under- 
 standing; an act of neglii'ence or passion, unbecoming the 
 gravity of wisdom, or tlie dictates of cool and unbiassed re- 
 flection. 
 
 To FOMENT, v. e. [fimientor, ftxnn .forfo, to nourish, 
 Lat.J to cherish with heat ; to bathe with warm lotions or 
 liquors. Figuratively, to cncourajje; to support ; to che- 
 rish. 
 
 FOM ENTATION, *.[ /■"»!«>('««<»<, Fr.] ia medicine, a 
 partial bathing, or applying hot flannels to any part (ji|.ped 
 in medicated decoctions; the liquor of decoctions loimetl 
 from boibng medicinal ingredients, with which any part i« 
 to be fomented <ir bathed. 
 
 FOM ENTER, s. an encosrager or supporter. 
 FON, .«. [Scot.] a fi>ol ; an idiot. Obsolete. 
 FONI),«. la word of uncertain etvmologv] foolish: silly ; 
 ifldiscjeet. Trifling; or >alucd bv follv. FoolishK tender 
 
 3.')0
 
 FOO 
 
 FOR 
 
 ?iii 1 iiuliili;c!it; loving^ to an excess ; taking' too mucli de- 
 Il;;|jt in, and too ea;;(:iiv covetiiiif, a tliinij-. 
 
 To KO.N'U, or FONDLE, v.a. to Inat «ith great indul- 
 gence, or will) an indiscreet excess ot'luve. ~ 
 
 FO'XDLING, i. a pei son used with too muck indulgence, 
 and beloved to an excess. 
 
 FO'NDLY, «''. foolishly, indiscreetly, iniudiciouely. With 
 an excess of tenderness, induljjence, or love. 
 
 FO'NDNESS, s. foolishness; weakness ; want of judj];- 
 nient ; an excess of love, indulgence, and tendeniess. 
 
 FONT, s. [funs, Lat. I a stone or marble vi ^stl, in which 
 tlie water used in baptism is contained in a church. 
 
 FONTAINBLEAU', a town in ;iie department of Seine 
 and Marne, remarkable for its magnificent palace, formerly 
 a hunting seat of the kings of France. It stands in the midst 
 of a forest 35 miles S. F.. of Paris. 
 
 FO'NTANEL, s. [foiUimd/c, Fr.J in surgery, an issue, or 
 artificial ulcer formed to discharge humours. 
 
 FONTANGE, s. [Fr.] a knot of ribbands at the top of 
 the head dress. Out of use. 
 
 FONTENO'Y, a village in Hainault, near which, in May, 
 1745, the English and their allies, under the Duke of Cum- 
 berland, were defeated by the French, under Marshal Saxe. 
 The English were at first successfid, and confident of vic- 
 tory ; but, ihroiigh the misbehaviour of the Dutch, were 
 obliged to quit the field of battle with considerable loss. 
 That of the French, however, was not much less. It is 4 
 miles S. E. of Tournay. 
 
 FOOD, s. [fadan, Sax.J whatever is taken in at tlie mouth 
 and swallowed to repair the wants of nature. Figuratively, 
 anv thing which cherishes. 
 
 FOO'DFUL, a. fruitful ; or plentifully producing things 
 proper for the nourishment of animals. 
 
 FOODY, a. eatable; fit for food. " Inio wellsew'd 
 sacks pour'd foodi/ meal." ('Itapman. 
 
 FOOL, s. [ffnl, Krit. /(//, Isl. and Fr.] one who has not 
 tiie use of reason or judgnu^nt. Figuratively, one who coun- 
 terfeits folly ; a buffoon, or jester. In scripture, an idolater ; 
 a wicked person. In common conversation, used as a word 
 (rrexfreiiie contempt and slinging reproach. To phi/ the 
 /<•«/, is tt> trifle, or play pranks, or act like one void of un- 
 derstanding. To mahf a foul, h lo raise a person's expec- 
 talions, and disappoint them. 
 
 To FOOL, ". n. to trifle; to toy ; to idle. Actively, to 
 deceive ; to cheat, used with out of. To infatuate. 
 
 FOOLERY,*, liabitual folly. An act of folly or indis- 
 cretion. A n object of folly. 
 
 FOOLKA'RDINESS, s. indiscreet courage, or boMness. 
 
 FOOLH.\'Rl)Y, a. daring, bold, or adventurous, without 
 discretion or prudence. 
 
 FOOLISH, a. void of understanding; indiscreet; ridi- 
 culous ; unreasonable. 
 
 FOO'LISHLY, «(/. weakly ; without understanding ; in- 
 discreetly- 
 
 FOOLISHNESS. s. folly ; a foolish practice. 
 
 FOOT, (commonly, with its derivatives and compounds, 
 prou. fut, fiitball, flitting, fiitmnn, &:c.) s. plural feet; [fut, 
 .Sax.] tliat part of an animal whereon it stands or walks. In 
 anatomy, the extremity of the leg. Figuratively, that part 
 with which any thing is supported, in tlie same manner as 
 the foot supports the body of an aninud ; the lower part or 
 base. 'File infantry of an arfiiy, opposed to cavalry. Mo- 
 tion; agitation, or action. In (rreek ami Latin |)oetry, a 
 certain number of long and short syllables constituting a dis- 
 tinct part of a verse. A imasuro consisting of 12 inches 
 Od/bijt means walking, opp<ised to travelling on horseback, 
 or I'n a carriage. To set on foot is to begin, to give rise 
 to. 
 
 To FOOT, V. a. to spurn, kick, or strike with the foot ; 
 » settle; to plan. In daHciii'C, to make a noise with the 
 ^0«>t resembling the tune played bv the music; to tread. 
 
 FOO Tl'. ALL, .«. a ball niade of leather, and fille<l with 
 wmI, by means of a bladder included in the inside, and 
 oiiven by the fo it. 
 
 FOOTROY, .t. an attendant in livery. 
 
 FOt)TCL()'FIl, s. a sumpter cloth. 
 
 FOOTED, n. shaped in the fool. 
 
 FOOTHOLD, s. a space to liold the foot; space on 
 which one may tread surely. 
 ^ FOOTING, ,«. ground for the foot or any thing to re^t on. 
 Foundation; basis; support; root; place; tread; walk; of 
 the sound of a person's feet in walking. A partuular niaiw 
 nerof moving the feet in dancing, so as to echo the sound 
 ofthe tune. 
 
 FOOTM.\N, s. a soldier that marciies and fights on 
 ground, opposed to a horseman. A menial servant iu 
 livery. 
 
 FOOTMAN'>HIP, s. the art or office of a runner, 
 
 FOOTPACE,*, a slow manner of walking. 
 
 FOOTPAD, *. a highwayman that robs on foot. 
 
 FOOTPATH, s. a narrow way which will admit only 
 foot-passengers, not being wide enough for horses or car- 
 riages. 
 
 FOOTPOST, s. a post or messenger that travels on 
 foot. 
 
 FOOTSTALL, {fiustaul) s. a woman's stirrup. * 
 
 FOOTSTEP, s. an impression left by the foot in tread- 
 ing. Fit'uratively, any trace, mark, token, or sign. 
 
 Footstool, s. a stool whereon a person places hi» 
 feet. 
 
 FOP, s. [a woBcl probably made by chance, and therefore 
 wilhoui etymology] a person of weak understanding, and 
 great pretence fo knowledge and wisdom; or rather a per- 
 son afiecting delicacy too much both in dreSs and behsu 
 
 FO PDOODLE, *. a fool. 
 
 FOTLING, s. a petty fop; a coxcomb ofthe second 
 order. 
 
 FOPPERY, s. impertinence, or folly. .Alfectation of 
 show in dress, and importance without solidity ; foolery ; 
 afl'ecfation : or aflected trifling. 
 
 FOPPISH, a. foolish ; idle ; vain ; vain in show ; gaudy ; 
 attended with too great an affectation of ceremony iii b«- 
 haviour. 
 
 FOTPISHLY, ad. after the manner of a fop ; vainly ; 
 ostentatiouslv. 
 
 FOPPISHNESS, i. showy, ostentatious, and afl'ecfed 
 vanity. 
 
 FOR, prep, [for, Sax.] because, or on account of. " That 
 ivhich we, for our unworthiness, are unworthy to crave." 
 Hooker. With respect or regard to. " For bulk, mere itK> 
 sects." Tate. Used often with as before it in this sense. 
 Instead of; in the character or likeness of. " Embrace/i>r 
 truth." Locke. " Lay /«>■ dead." Drt/d. "He refused not 
 to die for those who killed him." Bnyk. Conducive or 
 tending to. "It k for the general good." Tilluts. To- 
 wards, or with intention of going to, a certain place. "We 
 sailed directly/or Genoa." Addis. With resjjcct to ; on ac- 
 count of ; concerning. "Thus niuch/o/- the beginning and 
 progress." Bunict. In confirmation or establishment, ap- 
 plie<l to proofs. "There is a natural, immutable, and eter- 
 iial reason /or that which we call virtue." Ttllots. Against, 
 or as a remedy for. " Good for the tooth-ach." (jarrtts. 
 Ready, fit, prepared, or proper. "If you be an uiiderfaker, 
 I ani/or you." 5'/i«/<. In favour of; on the side of. "Aris- 
 totle is/or poeticaljustice." Demiis. Fit; becoming. "Is 
 it/">-yon to ravage sea and land !" Drijd. Followed by all, 
 it implies iiotwilhstaiiduig. Considered ; or in proportion 
 to. " He is not very tall, yet /"• his years he's tall." 
 Shak. 
 
 FOR,e(>»!/">ir<!oH, used to introduce and give reasons for 
 something advanced before ; because. Forasmuch as \m- 
 \A'ws since, ot because. For why, because; for this reason 
 that., 
 
 FORAGE, s. [fourage, Fr. andTcut.J in war, provisinn* 
 for the horses and cattle. 
 
 To FO'RACiE, r- H. fo go in search of foraw. 
 
 FORA'MhNOUS, a. [from/ n.woi, Ut.] tuU of holei.
 
 Fon 
 
 FOR 
 
 To FORRnAll, iforUrc ) V. n. prcl. / f.'rk.yr, \MUt. 
 forhorn ,- [forhfrrim. Sax. (o cense I'roin iictidii ; to pinise ; or 
 delay; todpfliiie ; to omit, or abslalii fniiii \<iliinl;iiily ; to 
 (yiciiirf will) iiiiliriicc. Actively, lo S|iinp; to tK'iit willi 
 eJrnuiicv ; lo uilliliold. 
 
 FOIlRKA'RANCi:, ( forlxU-nnre) .«. tlic act of palieiifly 
 oiicliiriii^ pmvocatioii oi <illciic(' ; cointijaiul nf tciiiinr ; in- 
 termission: suspension; ieiiilv ; delay of ptMiislniieiit. 
 
 FOItBlv\'RI'"l{, s. an iiileriiiitter ; an iiilerceplor of any 
 tliiii','. 
 
 To FORBID, V. a. pret. T forhmh, part, forhidilm, or 
 forhiil ; [t'lirliciiilan. Sax.] to proliihit any Ihiny: ; to coiiniiand 
 a piMson not to peifonii a lliiu!^ ; to oppose ; to hinder. 
 
 FOIiRrODANCF, *. a pidiiihilion ; or coiiiiiiaiid lo ab- 
 stain iVom anv lliinjr. 
 
 FORRI'DDENLY, ad. in. such a iiianiicr as is prohibited ; 
 i»i an uniaufid manner. 
 
 FOURrDDINfr, part, raisini; aliliorrencc, aversion, or 
 awe ; oliiiijin^' lo Ueep a respeclfnl distance. 
 
 F'OnCR, .«. \ force, Fr.] power; vifjom-; active power; 
 etrength ofliody; violence; validity; an ainiainent ; or a 
 company of men or ships inlen(h'd for war; warlike ))repa- 
 lations, used ijeneraliy in the plural. Virtue, or etKcacy ; 
 destinv ; necessity; stress or emphasis of a sentence. 
 
 ToFOiiCE, !'. a. \ fnrri-r, Fr.] to compel a person to do 
 a tiling' a^'ainst his will ; to o\<rp()wer by sireiislh ; to drive 
 by violence ; to draw or push by main strength ; to set from 
 by violence. In war, to lake or enter a city by violence ; 
 to storm. To ravish. Used with out, to extort a thing 
 which shoidd be concealed. 
 
 FO liCF.D, p«/7. obliged to do a tliinjr involuntarily, and 
 by compulsion. Wrested ; unnatural, applied to the use of 
 words. 
 
 FORCEDLY, ad. violently; constrainedly; unnatu- 
 rally. 
 
 FOTiCFFUL, n. violent: st-rong ; driven with great 
 violence. 
 
 FORCEFULLY, nd. m a violent, impetuous, and rapid 
 manner. 
 
 FORCELESS, a. withniit strength or force. 
 FO'RCEI'S, s. [Lat.] in surgery, an initrnnient open- 
 ing like a pair of tongs, used to extract any thing out of 
 wounds. 
 
 FO'RCER, *. that vhich drives, compels, or constrains by 
 strength, power, or violence. In mecbaiws, the embolus 
 (ir piston of a pump working by pulsion or force, opposed to 
 sucker, whiclj works by attraction. 
 
 FOR'CIBLE, n. strong; [)0werfid ; violent; or efiica- 
 cions; of great influence or power; caused bv force, vio- 
 lence, or compulsion, opposed \Q voluntary ; valid; binding 
 in law. or conscience ; obligatory. 
 
 F0'RC!BL1':NESS, s. the quality of effecting any end 
 by compidsion <n' violence. 
 
 FO'RCIBLY, ffrf. siroiiglv ; powerfidly; so as to maki- 
 some impression, or produce some effect, by irresistible 
 power or force. 
 
 FO'Rf'l RATED, a. [from /oreep^, a pairof pincers, Lat.] 
 formed tike a pair of pincers, so as to open and shut. 
 
 FORI), «. [Sax.] a shallow part of a river. Sometimes it 
 signifies a stream or river. 
 
 To FORD, V. a. to pass a river without swimming, or on 
 foot. 
 FO'RDABI.E,/r. passable on foot. 
 
 rOTvDINGBRIDGE, a town of Ifants, with a manufac- 
 ture of tickings, in which a great number of looms are em- 
 ployed. It was fiirmerly much larger than it is now, having 
 often suffered by fire. It is situated on the Avon, -20 miles 
 W. of Winchester, and 87 W. by S. of Loudon. Market on 
 Satni<lav. 
 
 FO'RDWICH, a member of the town and port of Sand- 
 wich, in Kent, situated on the river Stour, on theN. E. side 
 of Canterbury, and ^overiud by a mayor, jurats, and com- 
 ii'.onalt' . It has one small church, built with stone and 
 l»iri^k. The sheets are narrow, dirty, and not paved. It is 
 
 3 A 
 
 noted for its excellent troiits, but has neiliii r fair nor mar- 
 kel ; and lies three miles from Canterbury, and eiglit W. of 
 Sandwich. 
 
 FORE, n. [Sax.] thai part which conies first when a body 
 moves, opposed lo liinil. 
 
 FORE, «(/. the pari wiiicli a|)pvars first to those who 
 meet it,op|)osed to aft, 
 
 FOllE, ill composition, from the Saxon, implies priority 
 of time, or before anv ci riain |)eiio<l. See Bf.1 f)RK. 
 
 'I'o l''ORIv\D\ rsi", ( fiiri'iidiizf.; V. n. to give counsel be- 
 times ; lo advise before a thing happens. 
 
 To lOREA'RiM, 1-. «. 1(1 provide fur an attack before it 
 happens. 
 
 ■^I'o FOREBODE, v. n. top' edict or foretel ; to presage, 
 generallv applied to some tiilure calamity. 
 
 FORF.BO'DER, s. a progiiosticator; soothsayer; for- 
 tune-teller, or foreknower. 
 
 To FORI'ICA'ST, 11. a. to plan, or prepare for execution ; 
 to contrive, to foresee, or proxide against. 
 
 FORI'^CAST, J. contrivance beforehand; a scheme; a 
 plan; provision against any future emergency ; foresii;!)!.: 
 
 FORECASTER, s. one w ho foresees and i)rovides against 
 anv fiitine event. 
 
 FO'ltEC.ASTLE, i. in a ship, is that part where the fore- 
 mast stands, and is divided from the rest of the floor by a 
 bulkhead; ihut partoflhe forecastle which is aloft, and 
 not in the hold, is called Ihe prow. 
 
 FORECIIOSEN,/Mr<. pre-elected. 
 
 FORI'-CITED, part, quoted before, or in a preceding 
 part of a work. 
 
 To FORECLOSE, (forehlize) V. a. to shut up; to pre- 
 clude; to prevent : to put a stop to. Inlaw, to forechte a 
 ni(irt^-itoc is to cut oti the power of redemption. 
 
 FO'REDECK, s. the deck is that part of a ship which it 
 foremost w hen she sails. 
 
 To FOIVEDO', V. a. to undo, to ruin. To weary, outdo,. 
 or almost kill. 
 
 'Fo FOREDO'O.AI, v. a. to 'predestinate; to deterinine 
 befinehand by an inevitable necessity. 
 
 FORE-END, s. the foremost part; the first part, applied 
 to time. 
 
 FO'REFATHER, j. an ancestor ; or one who is born be- 
 fore another, and belongs to his family, or country. 
 
 To FOREFE'ND, v. a. to forbid ; to avert. To provide 
 for; to secure before-hand. 
 
 FOREFINGER, s. the finger next to the thiindi. 
 
 FO'REFOO'F, i. [plural forefeet] th^t foot of a beast 
 which is nearest the head. 
 
 To FOREGO', r. a. to quit, resign, give up, or let go ; to 
 go before ; to be past, from /ore and go ; to outgo. 
 
 FORi'XiO ER, i. an ancestor, progenitor, or predecessor. 
 
 FOllEGROUND, ^. that part of the ground or surface 
 of a picture which seems to be before the figures. 
 
 FXVREHAND, s. that part of a horse which is before 
 the rider; thechief or most excellent part. 
 
 FOREHA'NDED, a. early; timely; before an event 
 comes to pass. 
 
 FORl'-HEAD, {fm-r'kl) s. the part of the face from 
 the eyebrows to the hair. Figuratively, impudence; 
 assurance. 
 
 FX)REHO'LDING.S, s. [plural] predictions; omens; 
 forebodings ; silly and superstitious inognostications. 
 
 FOREIGN, (firrhi) a. [forain, Fr.] of another kingdom 
 or country; remote; not allied; opposite; inconsistent 
 with; irreconcileable with. Excluded; distant; or not 
 admitted lo one's acquaintance, or company. 
 
 FOREIGNER, (furrimr) s. a man who is born in, and 
 comes from, another country ; the produce of another coun- 
 try ; exotic. 
 
 FO'REIGNNESS, {forrhimss) s. remoleness ; strange- 
 ness ; want of relation lo something. 
 
 To FOREIjM.\'GINE, f. a. to conceive or fancy tiefur* 
 proof. 
 To F0REJ\JDGE, r. a. to Judge beforeliaud; Xm 
 
 361.
 
 FOR 
 
 FOR 
 
 ,'judge vvifliout proof; to be prepossessed or prejudiced 
 agaiast. 
 
 FQREJU'DGED the Covrt, in law, is when an officer is 
 banished or expelled a court for some offence, or for not ap- 
 pearing to an attioii by bill filed against him, in which case 
 Iiecaqnot officiate till he appear to the bill. 
 
 FOREJU'DOER, s. in law, a judgment whereby a per- 
 son is denrived of, or put by, the thing in question. 
 
 ToFOREKNO'W, (forenb) V. a. to have knowlcd^^e of 
 a thinjj before it happens ; to foresee. 
 
 FOREKXO'WABLE,(/omioa6fc)«. possible to be known 
 before it happens. 
 
 FOR'KKNOAVLEDGE, (farenbledge) s. knowledge of a 
 thing before it happens. 
 
 FORELAND, s. in navigation a point ofland jutting out 
 into the sea ; a promontory. 
 
 FORELAND, North, is" the N. E. point of the islana of 
 Thanet, in Kent. It is also the most southern part of the 
 port of London; the Nase, in Essex, on the opposite side of 
 what is accounted the mouth of the Thames, is about 40 
 miles over. Hore is a round brick tower, near 80 feet higli, 
 erected as a sea mark. 
 
 FORELAND, South, a headland on the E. coast of Kent, 
 between Dover and Deal. Between the two Forelands is 
 the noted road called the Downs, to which those pro- 
 montories afford a great security. 
 
 To FORELA'Y, v. a. to lay wait for ; to take in a snare or 
 MD^ush. 
 
 FORELOCK, s. the hair which grows on the forepart 
 of the head. In a ship, a little flat wedge, like a piece (»f 
 iron, used at the ends of bolts, to keep them from starting, 
 or flyio]^ out of the holes. 
 
 FO'REMAN, *. the first or chief person in any assembly, 
 or among any workmen. 
 
 FOREMAST, s. in a ship, a round large piece of timber, 
 »',ated in the foretop, on which is borne the foresail. 
 
 FOREME'NTIONED, part, or a. mentioned, quoted, or 
 ■cited liefore. 
 
 FOREMOST, a. first, or before others in place or situ- 
 ation ; chief or liefi>re others indignity. 
 
 FORENA'MED, pari, or a. [See Forementioned] 
 named, mentioned, or spoken of before, in a former part of 
 a work. 
 
 FORENOON, *. the first part of the day, measured from 
 sunrisinn; to the noon, or 12 o'clock. 
 
 FORENOTICE, s. a token or information of a thing or 
 event before it happens. 
 
 FORE'NSIC, a. [from fomm, a market place, or court 
 of judicature, Lat. |bflonj;ing toa court of law or judicature. 
 
 To FOREORDAIN, v. a. to determine or order an event 
 l>eibre it happens. 
 
 FO'REI'ART, s. the first i)art or beginning, applied to 
 time. That part which is first when a thing or person 
 moves. 
 
 FOREPA'ST, part, that which has happened, or past 
 before a certain period. 
 
 FORKRANK, s. first rank; front. 
 
 To FORERUN, r. a. to precede, or go before ; to intro- 
 duce as a messenger. 
 
 FORERUNNER, t. a harbinger, or messenger sent be- 
 fV)re to prepare the way, or give notice of the approach of 
 some person who is to follow ; a sign or omen, foreshewing 
 the approach of some future event. 
 
 To FORF>SA'Y, r. n. to predict, or give notice of some 
 future event. 
 
 ToFORESE'E, .v. n. [pret. fnrctatc, particip. y<»-c«fnj 
 toseea thing beforehand ; to have knowli'ilgr of sontellnng 
 which is to happen. 
 
 To FOREShE'VV, ».«. See Fork-SHOw. 
 
 FO'RI>HII*, /. the anterior part of the ship. 
 
 To FORESHORTEN, r. a. to shorten figures, for the 
 sake of shewing those behiii'i them. 
 
 To FORKSIIO'W, (fom/in, ,: n. to predict; to prog- 
 uobticate. To represent before it conies. 
 3QS 
 
 FORESIGHT, (foren't) 3. the act of seeing or perceiving 
 a thing before it happens; theact of providing against any 
 future event. 
 
 FORESl'GHTFUL, fZ-ore^^/O". having the knowledge 
 of, and i>reparing against, any future event. 
 
 To FORESIGNIFY, r. a. to give notice or token of an 
 event liefore it happens. 
 
 FORESKIN, s. the membrane which covers the iiead of 
 the penis; the prepuce. 
 
 FO'RESKIRT, s. the pendulous or loose part of the coat 
 before. 
 
 To FORESLA'CK, v. a. to neglect by idleness. 
 
 To FORE^LO'W, {forealuj v. a. to delay, impede, or ol>- 
 striict ; to loiter. 
 
 KO'RESS, a parliament town of Scotland, in the shire of 
 Murray, 30 miles W. of Elgin. 
 
 FO'IIES T, i. \ff'oresr, Brit.J a large uncultivated tract of 
 ground overgrown with trees. In law, a certain territory 
 of woods, grounds, and fruitful pastures, privileged tor 
 wild beasts, fowls of the forest, chase, and warren, to rest 
 and abide in, in tlie safe protection of the king, and for hia 
 pleiisure. 
 
 FORESTAFF. s. an instrument used at sea for taking 
 the altitudes of heavenlv bodies. 
 
 To FORESTA'LL Cf'orestaull > V. a. [forestallan, Sax.] to 
 anticipate ; to prevent ; or to lie troubled on uccount of 
 some calamity before it happens. To pr,rvent a person 
 from doing a thing by doing it before him. To buy commo- 
 dities before another in order to raise their price. 
 
 FORESTA'LLER, {fnrestauUei) s. una who interc«pti 
 commodities as they go to market. 
 
 FO'RESTER, s, Q'orestier, Fr.] a person who has th« 
 charge of a forest ; one who inhabits a forest. 
 
 To FORETA'.STE, .•. a. to have a strong idea and eariie«t 
 of a thing before it exists ; to anticipate ; to taste befofu 
 another. 
 
 FORETASTE, i. anticipation of. 
 
 To FORETE'LL, ». «. preter. and participle, foretold ; 
 to prophesy ; to give notice of a thing or event before it 
 happens. 
 
 FORETK'LLER, *. one who gives notice of things future 
 before they happen. 
 
 To FORETHrNK,v.rt. preter. and part. /nrrihw/^fit ; to 
 have an idea or conception of a thing in the mind before it 
 happens or exists; to plan or contrive before-hand. 
 
 FORETHOUGHT, {fbrcthmu) s. anticipation, or fot» 
 sight ; a provident care agaii>st some future event. 
 
 FORETOOTH, s. a broad flat tooth in the front of a 
 person's mouth; named the incisor. 
 
 FO'RETOI*, *. that part of a woman's head-dross, or a 
 man's peruke, immediately above the forehead. 
 
 FOREVOUCllED, part, affirmed before ; formerly 
 told. 
 
 FO'REWARD, s. the van and front of an army. 
 
 To FOREWA'RN {foreuaiin) v. a. to give a jicrson advii« 
 beforehand ; to caution a person from doing a thing before- 
 hand. 
 
 FORFAR, a shire of Scotland, which sends three mem- 
 bers to parliament, one for the shire, and two for the burglw 
 of Perth, Ac. 
 
 FO'RFAR, a town of Scotland, in a shire of the same 
 name, seated near a lake, from whence a river proceeds tha* 
 runs into theTay. It is 14 miles W. of Montrose. 
 
 FORFEIT, (for/it) i. [fforfed, Brit.] something lost 
 or paid by way of punishment for a crime ; a pers«n liable 
 to punishment, or one who is coudennied to death for a 
 crime. 
 
 To I-'O'RFErr, (/orfU) V. a. to lose a privilege eiijoye<l 
 before, or pay a sum of money as a punishment for some 
 crime. 
 
 FORFEIT, {forftt)part. liable to be seized or lost, either 
 as lori;;ht or possession, on account of the commission of* 
 crime, or the breach of the conditions in « contract. 
 
 FO KFEITABLE, {firfitable) «. liable to'bc lost ou noa
 
 FOR 
 
 FOR 
 
 performrince of certain conditions, or on being guilty of any 
 particular action. 
 
 FO'IIFIOITURE, (firftture) .u [for/aUnre, Fr.] See FoK- 
 FEIT the act of loitin^ or payinj; on account of some oriiis- 
 Bion or crime ; the punishment siiftered by lossofsonietliing 
 in-a person's possession ; the thing paid or lost as a punisli- 
 mcnt ; a t»ne. 
 
 FORGK, s. \ fors;e, Ft.] the furnace where iron is pro- 
 perly tempered, or Ihe place where it is beaten intoany par- 
 ticular form. 
 
 To FOIUiE, t>. a. [forger^ old Fr.] to form by the ham- 
 nicr; «r beat into shape ; to make by any means ; to coun- 
 terffit or falsify. 
 
 FO'KGKR, s. one vvl)o makes, or oi}e who forms by beat- 
 ing ; one who counterfeits a thing. 
 
 FO'RGEIIY, .5. ihe crime of coinilerfeiling ni order to 
 defraud or impose upon; the act of fabrication; smiths' 
 work made bv forging. 
 
 To rOIUiE'T, I!, a. preter. forgot, part, forgot, or forgot- 
 ten; Iforgi/tan, Belg.] to lose the memory or remembrance 
 of; to iieglecl. 
 
 FORGETFUI,, n. not retaining a thing in the memory; 
 causing oblivion or forgetfulness ; negligent ; neglectful ; 
 careless. 
 
 FORGETFULNESS, s. the habit of losing the memory 
 or reniend)iance.of a thing ; negligence, or nejjlect. 
 
 FOR(JE' I'TER, «. one that forgets ; a careless person. 
 
 To FORGI'VE, V. a. \forgifaii. Sax. pret. fnrgnie, part. 
 fm-given] to pass by a crime without punishment ; to pardorf 
 a crime or a criminal ; to remit ; to forego ; or not to insist 
 upon a right. 
 
 FORGI'VENESS, s. [forgifmnisse. Sax.] pardon of an 
 iffence or an ottender ; willingness to pardon ; remission 
 of a fine ; or the forgiving a person a sura of money which he 
 owes. 
 
 FORGI'VER, t. one who foregoes his right to a debt, or 
 passes bv au oflence without punishment or auger. 
 
 FORGOT, or FORGO'TTi;.\, pm-t. of /orget ; not re- 
 membered. 
 
 FORK, s. ' efforch, Brit.] an instrument uiarle with two 
 or more prongs, sharp at the j>oint, and used in eating; 
 when it has a very long handle, and three prongs, it is called 
 a trident. The point or forked part of an arrow. 
 
 To FORK, V. n. to shoot into blades, prongs, or divisions, 
 like those of corn when it appears above ground, or the 
 heads and horns of cattle. 
 
 FO'RKRD, o. formed with two or more part«, resembling 
 Ilie prongs of a fork. 
 
 FO'RKEDLY, ad. in the form of a fork. 
 
 FO'RKKDN ES.S, s. the quality of opening mtotwo parts, 
 resembling the prongs of a fork. 
 
 FO'RKHEAD, s. the point of an arrow. 
 
 FO'RKY, c. opening in two parts, and pointed like the 
 prongs of a fork, or the head of an arrow. 
 
 FORLORN, a. [forloren. Sax. J destitute ; forsaken ; 
 wretched; lost; desperate. Forlorn hope, those soldiers 
 who are sent on any desperate enterprise, or make the first 
 onset in a battle ; being, as the term imports, destitute of aU 
 Vip«i, and, as it were, doomed to perish. 
 
 FORLORN, s. a lost, fo.saken, friendless, or helpless 
 person. 
 
 FORLOTINNESS, *. a state wherein ■^ person is void 
 of hopes, destitute of friends, and involved in sorrow or 
 rflisery. 
 
 FORM, i. [^ forma, Lat.] the external appearance, sbape, 
 or particular model of any thing. Beauty, elegance of ap- 
 pearance. Regularity ; method, or order, applied to placing 
 things, or the arrangement of the parts of a discourse. Ex- 
 ternal appearance, or mere show, when opposed to siib- 
 iiance. Ceremony ; external rites. Any stated nietliod, or 
 established practice. A long seat or bench. In schools, a 
 cLissor division of scholars. In hunting, the seat or bed of 
 a hare, from fijrmtha. Sax. a seat. 
 
 Tc FORINI, V. a, [ formo, Latr to make out of materials. 
 
 To model to any particular shape. To modify ; to scheme , 
 to plan. To arrange in any particular manner ; as, " H« 
 formed his troops." To adjusl ; to settle. 
 
 FORMA, pauperis, s. [Lat. in the quality, or after the 
 manner, of a poor man] in law, is applied when a person 
 has cause of suit, but is so poor as not to be able to pay the 
 charges ; in which rase, he make.'* oalh ihaf he is not worth 
 five pounds, his debis b'-i'i'T paid, and bringinga certificate 
 from some lawye tiKU Ijis <'ause is ajiist one, the judge ad- 
 mits him to sue in firmu pauperis, i. e. without iiavmg fees 
 to the counsellor, altonu'v, clerk, or Ihe stamj) duly. This 
 custom has its beginning from stat. II. lien. Vll. c. 12. 
 
 FO'IiiVIAL, a. [from forma, ii form, [^;it.J cercnioninus ; 
 solemn; precise; exact lo afl'cclatioii ; done according to 
 certain rules or methods ; regular ; methodical ; merely 
 external. 
 
 yOHMALlST, s.[formiiliste, Fr.] one who practises ex- 
 ternal rites and ceremonies with great strictness; oHe who 
 prefers appearance to reality ; or affects to seem what he is 
 not. 
 
 FORMA'LITY, s. ceremoniou* exactness to excess or to 
 affectation; solemn order, habit, or dress. In law, the rules 
 prescribed or customs observed in carrying; on any cause. 
 
 To FORM .\ LIZ K, w. a. \forinaUser, Kr.J to form, make, 
 or model. To affect formality, to be fond of ceremony. A 
 word not now in use. 
 
 FORMALLY, ad. aocording to establish rules, customs, 
 ceremonies, and riles; in a precise manner; with too great 
 affectation of ceremonv ; externally, or opcniv. 
 
 FORMATION, «. [from /wmo, to form, or" fashion, Lat, 
 the act of forming, making, or producing a thing ; the mao- 
 ner in which a thing is made. 
 
 FORMATIVE, a. [froni/ojvuo, to form or fashion, Lat.] 
 
 having the power to make. 
 FORMER, «. one tha 
 
 . ^ .,i.. .^..,, .. „..v >.iat gives form to a thin^ ; a maker. 
 
 FO'RMER, a. [from forma, Sax. first. Hence f»rmtr 
 ■AwA fnrmost., comiuoiily written forcmnst. Foremost is gene- 
 rally applied to place, rank, or degree, and fanner only to 
 time] before in time; mentioned bef«re another; pasU 
 " Fonnrr limes." 
 
 FORMERLY, arf. in times past. 
 
 FORMIDABLE, a. [from/o/ mirfo, to fear, Lat.] terrible; 
 dreadful; occasioning great fear, or apprehension of troubl* 
 and danger ; to be feared. 
 
 FO'RMIDABLKNES.S, s. the niialily of exciting terror, 
 or the apprehension of danger ; the thing exciting the pas- 
 sion of fear. 
 
 FO'RMIDABLY, ad. in such a manner as to excite 
 fear. 
 
 FOUMLESS, a. shapeless, or without any regulai 
 form. 
 
 FORMOSA, orTAiouAN, an island m the Chinese Sea, 
 separated from the province of Fokien by a strait, about 60 
 miles over where narrowest. It is about 240 miles in length, 
 and 60 where broadest, and is subject to the emperor of 
 China, although the eastern part is mostly held by the na- 
 tives. The plains are fertilized by numberless rivulets. A 
 chain of mountains runs nearly through its whole extent 
 from N.to S. Its air is pure and wholesome, and the land 
 produces oranges, bananas, and other Indian and European 
 fruits. Tobacco, sugar, pepper, cauiphire, and cinnamon, 
 are also common here. 'This island received its name of 
 Formosa from the Europeans, on account of its singular 
 beauty. In the spring of 1782, a great part of it was over- 
 wheluird, and almost totally destroyed, by a hurricane and 
 inundation of the sea. 
 
 FORMOSA, an island of the .\tlantic, near the coast of 
 Africa, about 6 miles long, and 3 wide. The soil is fertile, 
 an<l well covered with trees, but it wants springs of good 
 water. Lat. 11. 29. N. Ion. 14. 20. W. 
 
 FO'RMULARY, s. [formnlaire, Fr.] abook containing the 
 prescribed rules or manner of performing any thhig. 
 
 FO'RMULE, f. [from forma, form, Lat. J a set rule, or prfi- 
 ccriued form or model. 
 
 163
 
 FOR 
 
 ros 
 
 To FO RNICATE, v. a. [from fornix, a brothel, Lat.J to 
 «oriiniil Ifivd actions. Not in common use. 
 
 I" OUNtCA'TION, i. [from /wmi, a brothel, Lat.| the 
 act of incontinence between unmarried persons. 
 
 FORNICATOR,*. [Lat.] a single man who isguilty of an 
 »ct of incontinence with an unman ied woman. 
 
 FORNICATRESS, s. a single woman guilty of »l)e crime 
 ofincontinence with an unmarried man. 
 
 FO'RRES, a town of Murravsliire, containing some niiiiiu- 
 factures of linen and sewing-thread. Near it is an ahcmir, 
 remarkable column, 2o feet in height, and 3 in buadtli, 
 carved with soldiers, on horseback and on foot, <Vc. sup- 
 posed to have been erected in memory of the defi at of the 
 Danes, near the spot, in the year lOOS, by Makolin II. before 
 tlieirtinal retreat from Scotland, called King- Sweno's Stone, 
 or T!ie Danish Pillui: Forres is situated on an eminence 
 •»ear a small river, 2 miles E. of the river Findhorn, and 10 
 railes nearly W. of Elgin. 
 
 To FOK'S.^'Kl'I, V. a. preter. forsook, part. pais, fursool!, oi 
 forsaken ; \t-ersiieken, Belg.J lo leave in resentment, neglect;' 
 or dislike ; to break otl triendship or connnerce w ith ; to 
 leave or go away from ; to desert, or withdraw any kind 
 offices or assistance from a person. 
 
 FORSA'KER, s. one who quits or deserts iu resentment, 
 dislike, or neglect. 
 
 FORSOOTH, ad. \forsothe, Sax.] in truth ; surely ; cer- 
 tainly. It is almost always used in a contemptuous or ironi- 
 cal sense. 
 
 To FORSWEAR, (fortware) v. a. preter. forsworn, part. 
 f»rsuom; to renounce, quit, or deny upon oath. Neuterly 
 la swear falsely, to be guilty of perjury. 
 
 FORSWEA'Ri'JR, {forswore?-) s. one who swears a thing 
 to be true, whidi he knows to be false. 
 
 FORT, s. \fort, Fr.l a little castle or fortress ; a place of 
 small extent, ifortitied by art and nature, or both ; or a work 
 encompassed with a moat, rampart, or parapet, to secure 
 some high ground or passage. 
 
 FORTEVENTURA, or Feurteventura, one of the 
 Canary Islands, about 50 miles in length, and from 8 to 24 
 m bfeath, consisting of two peninsulas, joined together by 
 an istlwnus, about 12 miles long. The soil is fertile in wheat, 
 parley, roots, and fruits, and beautifully diversified with hills 
 mnd valleys, well watered, and supplied with a variety of 
 timber. There is also a prodigious abundance of dates, 
 raastic, olives, orchel for dying, and a species of fig-tree, 
 that yields a medicinal balm, as white as milk. An incredi- 
 ble quantity of goats' milk cheese is made here, the island 
 breeding upwards of .'iO,000 kids every year, whose flesh is 
 fetter, better niloured, and sweeter than in any other coun- 
 try ; eachof them weighing between 40 and 50 pounds. It 
 affords also plenty of beeves. There are three towns on the 
 eastern coast, Longla,Tarafato, and Pozzo Negro; and there 
 is a good road for shipping between this island and the island 
 of Lobos. Lat. 28. 4. N. Ion. 14. 32. W. 
 
 FORTH, a,l. [fort/,. Sax. whence further, furthest] for- 
 ward ; onward, or in advanre, applied to time. Before 
 another; or in advance, applied to place. Abroad, or out 
 of doors, joined with th(! verbs come or, ^v>. Out of, or be- 
 yond the bourKlaries of a place. Thoroughly, or from the 
 begiiiuiug to the end. To a certain degree ; or to the end. 
 
 FORTHCO'MING, «. ready to appear ; not absconding ; 
 Jiut lost. 
 
 FORTIirSSUING, a. coming out ; coming forward from 
 a covert. 
 
 FORTIIRI'CIIT, '>fr. straight f»rwar<l. 
 
 FORTHWITH, nrl. immediately; without delay. 
 
 FO'WI'IFjTU, a. l^ifrrlnnt^ol/ia, Sax.] tile fourth tenth, or 
 that wliich is next inordiT after thelhirly-ninth. 
 
 FOIITIFIABLE, <7. llial maj be rendered stronger by 
 fiirtilic atious. 
 
 FORTiriCATION. s.\ fortification, Fr.]anart shewing 
 fcow lo lender a place ditlicnlt to he taken by an enemy ; a 
 I^luce strengthened willi ramparts, \c. iu order to defend it 
 Ifum the attacks of an enemy. 
 
 set 
 
 FO'RTI'FIER, t. one who erects works to strengthen ut 
 defend a place ; one who supports, countenances, secures 
 or upholds. 
 
 To F OllTI FY, V. a, [fortiefitr. Fr.] to strengthen a plac« 
 against attacks by walls or works ; to contirm, encourage, or 
 invigorate; to establish or contirm in a resolution. Synon. 
 We fortify a town in strengthening it against attacks, by 
 walls or works. We garrison it by placing soldiers in it to 
 defend it. 
 
 FO'RTIN, s. [Fr.] a little fort roiised to defend a camp. 
 
 FORTITl'DK, *. [forlitndo, from fortis, strong, valiant, 
 Lat.J the act of undertaking dangerous enterprises with 
 calmness and serenity, and pursuing virtuous designs un- 
 shaken by menaces, or unmoved by discouragements cr 
 temptations. . 
 
 FORTNIGHT, *. [contracted from fourteei> nights] the 
 space of twoweeks. 
 
 FORTRESS, s. [f'ortresse, Fr.J a strong hold ; a general 
 name for all fortified places, whether made so by natiue or 
 art. 
 
 FORTUITOUS, «. \fortnii,is, from fors, accident, Lat.J 
 happening without the guidance or production of any ra- 
 tional cause ; accidental ; casual, or happening by cliance. 
 
 FORTLi-ITOUSLY, ad. bv chance. 
 
 FORTUITOUSNESS, s.'the quality of having no app«. 
 rent cause. 
 
 FO'RTUN.\TE, a. [furtmatns, Lat.| lucky; happy j 
 successful. 
 
 FOTTUNATELY, ml successfully. 
 
 FO'RTUN.\TENESS, s. the quality of gaining the eno 
 of our wishes or actions. 
 
 FOinUNK, s. \foiiuna, Lat.] a goddess worshipped 
 with great devotion by the ancient Greeks and Romans, 
 who delivered her to i)reside over human afiairs, and to dis- 
 tribute wealth aiul honour at her pleasure. Modern painters 
 represent her as a naked woman standing on a globe, with 
 a bandage on her «yes. The good or ili which hefals a per- 
 son. Estate or possessions. The mouey which a man or 
 woman brings with them on marriage. 
 
 FO'RTUNEBOOK, i. a book consulted to know fortune 
 or future events. 
 
 FORTUNED, a. happening successfully; successful. 
 Foretold. 
 
 FO'RTUNEHUNTER,*. a person who seeks after wo- 
 men with great portions, in order to enrich himself by mar 
 rying one. 
 
 ■ To FO'RTUNETELL, v. n. to reveal, or pretend to reveal, 
 the future events of a person's life. 
 
 I'O'RTUNETELLER, s. one who professes to foretel 
 the events which shall happen to a person. 
 
 FO'KTY , uAfeoicertig, Sax.] four times ten. 
 
 FORUM, s. I Lat.] a public place at Rome, w here lawyers 
 and orators made their speeches in matters of property or 
 in criminal causes. 
 
 FORWAllD, or FORWARDS, nd. [forweard. Sax.] 
 towards a place ; straight before a person ; to a place which 
 fronts a person. 
 
 FO'RW.\RD, a. warm; willing or ready to do a thing ; 
 premature, or ripe too soon ; presumptuous; c<vnlident ; ni 
 the fore part, opposed to heliind. Quick ; hasty ; ahuost 
 fjnished ; begun and far advanced. 
 
 To FO'RVVA KD, v. «. to |)romote or quicken a design ; to 
 accelerate, hasten, or advance in growth or improvement ; 
 to encourage or iialronize an undertaking. 
 
 FO'RWARDER, s. he who quickens or promotes the pcr- 
 fornianceof a thing. 
 
 FO RWARDLY, ad. eagerly ; hastily ; ra^'hly ; in ■» 
 hurry. 
 
 FO'KWARDNESS, s. eagerness or readiness to act; 
 quickiii'ss or readiness to learn ; earlines^, or early ripeness; 
 conlidciice, <h less reserve and modesty than becomes a pc*- 
 ion's age and dignity. 
 
 FO'SSANl', in zoology, a kind of weasel, i-nhtbituii; y«f 
 tuiu parts of Asia and Africa.
 
 FOU 
 
 FO X 
 
 -TOSSR, (fn.is)t. \f<)i, Brit.] in fortification, a (Jilcii or 
 moat. TlurHoman niilifarv way l)cf,'rns at Totiicss, ami 
 passiiijj llirougli Kxetcr, Rath, Circnci^tcr, Leicpsler, 
 Nowark and Liiiooln, to Barton upon liimilicr, is vot visijjle 
 in many places, (!uinj;ii of 1400 years standing. 'I'lierfi were 
 fosses or (I itches, made hv tlie side of it. 
 
 FO'SSl-.T, ». SeeFAiicKT. 
 
 FO'SSICVVA Y, s. one of the great lloman roads through 
 Enifland, so calk>d from the dilches on ea<ii side. 
 
 K)'SS1L, a. [fussilis, from Jndio, to dig, Lat.] dug out of tlic 
 earth. 
 
 FOSSIL, s. a body formed under the surface of the eartli ; 
 era hodv discovered bv di;,'^iiig. 
 
 To FO'STER, V. «. [fostriini, Sax.] to nourish ; to feed 
 er cherish with food ; to nurse or bring up a young child ; 
 to pamper, encourage, train u\\, or cilucale ; to cherisii, or 
 forwani. 
 
 rC>'STI'"Il AGE, *. theoft'ice oremploy of nursing or bring- 
 ing up a voung child. 
 
 FOSTKKBROTHER, s. [fuster-hrol/in; Sax.] one bred 
 up or nursed bv the same woman. 
 
 FO'STERCHILI), s. [foster child, Sax.] a child nursed by 
 a person who is not its parent. 
 
 FO'STERDAM, s. a female beast, wiio suckles and brings 
 up the voung of another. 
 
 FO'STEREARTH, s. earth bv which the plant is nou- 
 rished, though it did not grow at first in it. 
 
 FO'STEllFR, f. a nurse; one who gives food in the 
 place of a parent. 
 
 FO'S'l'ERFATHER, *. [fnstrrfofhr, Sax.]ot«'who nurses 
 or gives a child food instead of its father ; the husband of a 
 child's nurse. 
 
 FO'STERMOIIIER, s. Ifosterinoder, Sax.] a nurse, or 
 woman who brings up the child of another. 
 
 FO'STERSON, *. a boy nursed by a person not his pa- 
 rent. 
 
 FOTHERINGAY, a town of Northamptonshire, situated 
 near the river Nen, 9 miles N. of Oundlc, and y S. ofStam. 
 ford. Here are tlif ruins of a very aniient castle, in which 
 KingRichard III. was bern, and in which tlje unfortunate 
 Mary, queen of Scotland, was confined and beheaded. It 
 was destroyed by order of James I. 
 
 FOUGA'DE, s. [Fr.J in war, a litlle mine, in the man- 
 ner of a well, dug under some work or fortification, charged 
 with barrels or sacks of gunpowder, in order to blow it up, 
 and covered with earth. 
 
 FOl'GIlT, the preterite and participle of fight. 
 
 FOUL, a. Iful, Sax.] dirty, filthy, or covered with mire, 
 opposed to /aiV, or c/ran. Impure, polluted. Using indeli- 
 cate, obscene, or reproachful expressions. Unclean, wick- 
 ed, or detestable, in Scripture language. Not lawful or ho- 
 nest, flatcful, ugly, loathsome. Disgraceful, shameful. 
 Not l)right ; cloudy, or tempestuous, applied to weather. 
 Muddy, thick, applied to liquors. Among seamen, entan- 
 gled ; as, " a rope hfoul of an anchor." 
 . To FOUL, I', a. to daub ; to bemire. 
 
 FOXILFACKD, a. having an ugly or hateful visage. 
 
 FOTLLY,«d. filthily ; nastily. 
 
 FO'ULNESS, s- the quality which excites in the mind an 
 idea of dirtiness attenned with loathing; pollution; hate- 
 fulness; or atrocionsness of acrime; ugliness, or loathsome 
 deformity ; dishonesty. 
 
 FO'ULSHAM, a small town of Norfolk, 18 miles N. 
 W. of Norwich, and 111 N. E. of London. Market on 
 Tuesday. 
 
 FOUND, the pret. and part. pass. ofToFiND. 
 
 To FOUND, V. a. [fmuto, Lat.j kx lay the bottom or 
 foundation of any building; to establish or erect ; to give 
 birth or origin to. " He/oKiirf*rf an art.' To raise upon, 
 «s ofl a principle or ground, applied to tloctrints. To fix 
 frroi. " Founded as the rock." Shak. To set apart, or 
 give a sum of money for building or maintaining an hos- 
 pital, A'C 
 To FOUND, V. «, [funth, Lat] to «ist mctaU into 
 
 any particular form by melting and pouring them into 
 moulds. 
 
 FOUNDAIION, s. \fondaiuv, Fr.] the lower parts, or 
 those w hich support the rest of ;i house or building ; the act 
 of laying the basis or support of any thing; ihe original, or 
 rise; a rcTcnue settled and eslablislied for any purpose, 
 particuhiilv applieil to ebarities. 
 
 FOUNDER, s. a builder; one who erects an eilifiee, or 
 builds a cilv ; one who euiloua or establishes a revenue for 
 the support and maintenance of any hospital, college, Ac. 
 one who f;ives rise or origin to xny art or mauulacturc ; 
 one who forms figures ofmital by melting or pouring it into 
 nioidds. 
 
 To FOUNDER, i'. a. \fnndre, Fr.] applied to horses, to 
 make their feet sore by hard riding or working. Neuterly, 
 among mariners to sink to the bottom. Figuratively, to 
 miscarry. 
 
 FO'UNDRRY, s. [fomhrie, Fr.] a place where melted 
 metal is cast into various forms. 
 
 F'O'UNDLING, s. adroiit child ; a child exposed by il8 
 parents. 
 
 FOUNDRESS, s. a woman who builds, endows, or begins 
 
 FOUNT, or FO'UNTAIN, .s. '/-.n^, Lat.| a place where 
 the waters of a river first break out of the earth ; a small 
 basin of springing water; a jet, or a basin which has an 
 artificial spout of water ; an original ; first cause, or first 
 principle. Fmmt, among printers, is a set or quantity of 
 characters or letters of each kind, cast by a letter--founder, 
 and sorted. 
 
 FO'UNTAINLESS, II. without a fountain or spring. 
 
 FOUNTFUL, a. full of springs. 
 
 FOUR, {for) a. formerly spoltyi/tt'er ; \_feewer. Sax.] two 
 taken Iw ice, or twice two, marked 4 or iv. 
 
 FO'URFOLD,(/o)/'eW) a. a thing repeatc-d four times. 
 
 FO'URFOOTl'D, a. having four feet. 
 
 FO'URNESS, Lancashire, in Loynsdiile, a tract between 
 the Kent, Leven, and Dndden Sands ; here are stately r-uiiis 
 of an old abbey. The continuation of Fouvness Fells to the 
 S. forms a promontory running out into the sea, or rather 
 the sands, wliich are crossed at low water by the assistance 
 of guides. 
 
 FOURSCO'RE, (fbrsc'ure') n. the number eighty. Some- 
 times used, elliptically, for eighty years, when applied to a 
 person's age. 
 
 FOURSQUA'RE, {fdrsquure) a. having four sides and 
 angles equal; perfectly square. 
 
 FOURTEE'N, (fdrtkn) «. four and ten. 
 
 FOURTEET^TH, {firtrhitii) a. IfeowerlMtfia, Sax.] the 
 fourth in rank or order after the tenth. 
 
 FOURTH, (^forth) a. \feortka, Sax.] the first in order after 
 the third. 
 
 FO'URTHLY, (fm-thly) ad. in the fourth place. 
 
 FO AVBY, or Fo y, a town of Cornwall, with a market on 
 Saturday. It is by some called Fo Y, and is a borough-town, 
 which sends two members to parliament. It is seated on 
 an ascent, is fortified, and its haven well secured with block- 
 houses ; is at present a good trading-place, and its market 
 well supplied with corn. It is32 miles S. W. of Lauuceston, 
 and 2 M)W. by S. of London. 
 
 FOWL, (the ow in this word and its derivatives is pro- 
 nounced as in now)s. [fulil. Sax.] a winged animal; a bird, 
 li) conversation, applied to the larger scrt of bird*, todisfin- 
 guish them from the smaller, which Ave called birds ; but in 
 books the term is applied to all Ihe fcathcrccl race. 
 
 To FOWL, V. ji. [fugdiiH, Sax.] to shoot birds for food or 
 game. 
 
 FO'WLER, J. [fv^elare, Sax.] a person who pursues or 
 shoots birds. 
 
 FO'WLINGPIECE, s. a light, small gun, used for shootnig 
 birds. 
 
 FOX, I. [fo.r, Sax.] a four-footed auininl of the dog kind, 
 with a large bushy tail, sli^rp ears, of a rank or stirmgMneU, 
 remarkable <or its artifices, cupcciaJly whr:i pursUKii, 
 
 36&
 
 ru A 
 
 FRA 
 
 ning very swiftly, and preying upon fowls and small ani- 
 mals. A/ox of tlie first year iscallod a f!/A ,■ in the second 
 ?ifox ; and afterwards au old /ox. P'iguratively, a sly, cun- 
 nmg, or artful person. 
 
 To FOX, t>. a. to cheat or trick. In brewing, 'to give 
 liquor a strong disagreeable taste, generally applied to the 
 etfecls of hot weather; to make a person drunk or fud- 
 dled. 
 
 FO'XCASE, s. a fox's skin. 
 
 FCXCHASE, s. the pursuit of a fox with hounds. 
 
 FO'XEVIL, s. a kind of disease in which the hair sheds. 
 
 FO'XGLOVl'", s. called Aio digitalis, with a purple blos- 
 som, elegantly mottled on the inside, found in gravelly 
 soil. 
 
 FO'XTAIL, t. a kind of grass distinguished by its blos- 
 iem, having one valve with a simple point. 
 
 FO'XTR AP, J. a gin or snare to catch foxes. 
 
 FRACTION, {frahshon') s. [from />wig-o, to break, Lat.] 
 the act of breaking or violatiiig any obligation or treaty ; a 
 rent in a piece of cloth, &c. fii arithmetic, a part of an in- 
 teKer or whole number. Fractions are distinguished into 
 vulgar or common, and sexagesimal or decimal ; and these 
 again have their subdiviiions. 
 
 FRA'CTIONAL, a. belonging to a fraction or broken 
 number. 
 
 FRA'CTIOUS, (,/rakfhious) a. [from frmigo, to break, Lat.] 
 peevish : quarrelsome. 
 
 FRA'C'TIOUSNESS, {fiaUshiausness) s. peevishness, or 
 a disposition of mind which renders a person uneasy at 
 trifles. 
 
 FRACTURE, s. [from frango, to break, Lat.] a dissolu- 
 f ion or breaking of the parisof a solid body from each other. 
 In surgery, the breaking or separation of a bone by some 
 accidental violence. 
 
 To FRACTURE, i'. a. to break a bone. 
 
 FRA GILE, o. |from/j<T7i«-o, to break, Lat.] brittle, or 
 easily broken. Figuratively, weak ; uncertain ; easily 
 destroyed. 
 
 FRAGI'LITY, s. easiness of being broken. Figuratively, 
 weakness, or the quality of being easily deslroved; frailty. 
 
 FRA'GM ENT, s. [tromfntiigo, to break, La't.] a broken 
 or imperfect piece or part. 
 
 FRAGME'NTARY, a. composed of fragments or broken 
 pieces. Not elegant, nor mud! in use. 
 
 FRAGRANCE, or FllA (iKANCV, s. [from fragro, to 
 smell sweetly, Lat.] sweetness of smell ; an agreeable jscent 
 or pleasing odour. 
 
 FRAGRANT, a. [from fragyo. to smell sweetly, Lat.] 
 odorous ; smelling sweet. 
 
 FRA'GRANTLY, «rf. « ilh a sweet smell. 
 
 FRAIL, *. a basket made of rushes ; a rush for making 
 b«skets. 
 
 FRAIL, a. [from fraii!;», to breiik, Lat.] weak; easily 
 decayt J ; subject to fauiL* "i foibles; easily destroyed ; 
 liable to (. : Tor, or to be seduced. 
 
 FRAl'LNESS, s. weaUm^ss, or liableness to decay, ap- 
 plied to the texture of bodies. Liableness to error, ap ilied 
 to the mind. 
 
 FRAI'lTY, jt. frailties, plural; weakness of resolution ; 
 infirmity ; liableness to decay ; liableness to be deceived or 
 to do amiss ; a fault pi(>ceedii)g from the weakness and in- 
 ticmity of our reason, and the condition of our nature, 
 
 FRA ! .SCHF^UR, *. [Fr.] freshness ; refreshing coolness. 
 
 FllAI.SE, .s. [Fr.]a pancake intermixed with thin slices of 
 bacon. 
 
 To FRAME, V. a. [fremmnn. Sax.] to shape or form things 
 »o that they may match each other, or be easily put toge- 
 ther ; to regulate ; to adjust ; to form to any rule; to com- 
 pose by means of the imagination ; to plan ; to invent. 
 
 FRAME, ». a fabric ; any thiii„' formed of various parts 
 
 ov uic' ilers ; the supports of a chair ; any thing made so as 
 
 to inclose, admit, or hold together something else ; order; 
 
 regulaiiiy; methodical dispo«itiou of parts; shape; projcc- 
 
 iun ; scheme, or plan. 
 
 FRA'M ER, $. a maker ; a contriver ; one who composei 
 or makes a thing consisting of various parts. 
 
 FRA'MLINGHAM, a large, old, and but indifTerenllT 
 built town of Sutl'olk, with a castle, supposed to have been 
 built by some of the kings of the E. Angles; the walls yet 
 standing are 44 feet high, and 8 thick, with 13 towers above 
 them. Here the princess Mary retired before her elevation 
 to the crown, on the death of her brother Edward VI. It is 
 noted for a large, stately church, built all of black flint, and 
 is pleasantly situated in a fruitful soil and healthy air, near 
 the source of the river Ore, (by some called Wnicknill) 3d 
 miles I'"., of Bury, and bS N. E. of London. Market on 
 
 FRA'NiPOLD, or FRA'MPUL, .^ [etymology unknown] 
 peevish; cross-gained; quarrelsome. 
 
 FR V'MFTON, a town of Dorsetshire, .seated on the 
 river Frome, which abounds with excellent trout, 12 mile* 
 N. W. of Weymouth, and 120 W. by S. of London. Its mar- 
 kef on Thursday is almostdisused. 
 
 FRANCE, including Belgium, or the ci-devant Austriar. 
 Netherlands, is a country of t'-urope, bounded on the W. by 
 the .Atlantic Ocean ; onthe N. by the English Channel, the 
 German Ocean, and Holland ; on the K. by Germany, Swis- 
 serland, and Piedmont ; and on the S. by the Mediterranean 
 Sea and the Pvrencan mountains, extending from 4. 48. W. 
 to 8. 22. F. loii. and from 42. 24. to 51. 24. N. lat. From 
 .Spain on the S. to Holland, its extent is nearly 700 miles; 
 and GjO from the most easterly part of the department of the 
 LdwerRliine, to the westerly part of that of Finisterre. The 
 air, particularly in the interior parts of the country, is, in ge- 
 neral, mild and wholesome, and the weather more clear and 
 settled than in England ; in tlw northern provinces, how- 
 ever, the winters are intensely cold. The soil is agreeably 
 diversified, and yields corn, wine, and oil ; figs, prunes, and 
 various high-flavoured fruits; tobacco, hemp, flax, mann , 
 safl^ron, and many drugs. Silk is also produced in great 
 plenty. The forests are extensive, and the mineral prodnc- 
 llons various. Its situation is favourable to commerce, aud 
 the inhabitants have long availed themselves of many of 
 their natural advantages. The principal rivers of France, 
 are the Loire, the Rhone, the Garrone, the Seine, the 
 Scheldt, the Rhine, the Somme, the Var, the Adour, &c. 
 the advantages of which, in commerce and conveniencv, 
 are considerably improved by the artificial rivers and canals 
 which have been executed. The most considerable moun- 
 tains, besides the Alps and Pyrenees, are Mount Jura, the 
 Cevennes, and Mount Dor. Wolves excepted, France con- 
 tains few animals, wild or" tame, that are not lo'be found in 
 England. France was formerly an absolute monarchy, and 
 divided into military governments or provinces. But in 
 1789a wonderful revolution took place. The deranged si- 
 tuationof the finances of the country, occasicuicd in a consi- 
 derable degree by the American war, had induced his most 
 Christian majesty to convoke, first an assembly of the nota- 
 bles, or principal men in the kingdom, and next (on the in- 
 cfi'ectiial result of their deliberations) the states general, 
 which had not been assembled since tlie reign of Louis XIIL 
 in Uil4. 'I'hese consisted of three orders, the nobility, 
 clergy, and the third estate, or commons. The last were 
 douF/le the number of the other two ordftrs luiiled; and 
 when a contest arose, whether the three orders shouhl make 
 three distinct houses, or be blended in one assembly, the 
 third estate insisted upon the latter; and, assuming the title 
 of the national assembly, they declared, that, as such, they 
 Mere competent to proceed to business, without the concur- 
 rence of (he other two orders. In the sequel, however, the 
 nohillly and clergy found itexpedient to concede the )>oint; 
 and they all met in one hall. In the mean lime, Paris was 
 encircled by an army of .W.OOO men, with tlie apparent 
 view of coercing that clly, if necessary. Notwitlstandiiijf 
 tills, on the removal of the popular minister, M. Neckar, iu 
 .Inly I7S!», a dreadful insurrection ensued in Paris; the roi- 
 htary refused to fire upon the people ; the formidable Bas- 
 tile_was captured by the citizens ; the governor, and tome
 
 FRA 
 
 FRA 
 
 other olinoxious persons were beheaded ; and tlicir heads 
 cHrricd ;il)oiit, in horrid triumph, on poU-s ; in a word, 
 ei),'ht weeks atter the opening of the states-general, and on 
 tlie .^th of May, a revolution was eflTected, which 'then ex- 
 cited astonishment, and, since that period, even alarm and 
 terror in all Europe. On the 17th of July, the king visited 
 the Hotel de Ville at Paris, and surrendered himself, as it 
 were, to his people. From that moment, from being an 
 ahsolutc monarch, he became one of the most limited in 
 Kurope. The national assembly, now triumphant, proceed- 
 ed to the most extraordinary measures. They abolished 
 nobility, and the whole feudal system, contiscated tlie pos- 
 sessions of the clergy, and suppressed all the monasteries. 
 In October, in conseqnenre of another dreadful riot at Ver- 
 sailles, the king, the royal fa'miJy, and the national assem- 
 bly, were removed to Paris. The king was now, in fact, a 
 state prisoner, treated with the formalities appendant to 
 royalty, but watched in all his motions with the utmost cir- 
 cnmspectioii. From this irksome situation he attempted to 
 escape, in June 1791, with the queen, his sister, the dau- 
 phin, and the princess his daughter. He had almost reached 
 th« frontiers, when he was arrested at Varennes, and con- 
 ducted back to Paris. Such, however, was the moderation 
 of the popular party, that no disastrous consequences en- 
 •ued. The national assembly completed a new constitution, 
 which was accepted by the king in September of the same 
 year, when a new national assembly was elected. Harmony 
 did not long prevail between this assembly and the king. 
 Some of their decrees he refused to sanction ; and, on their 
 
 Eart, among other steps which could not fail to give urn- 
 rage to a once powerful monarch, was the disbandiii" his 
 guard. France was now involved in a war against the Iting 
 of Hungary; and the executive power was even suspected 
 •f acting in concert with him, and with the emigrant 
 
 Firinccs, and others, who were in arms against their country, 
 n August 1792, the mayor of Paris, at the head of a depu- 
 tation from that city, appeared at the bar of the national as- 
 sembly, and demanded the deposition of the king. At this 
 moment the Thuilleries, tlic royal residence, was attacked ; 
 the Swiss guards were defeated and massacred; and the 
 king and royal family took refuge in the national assembly, 
 who instantly decreed the suspension of the power of the 
 king, and the convocation of a national convention. The 
 king and his family were conveyed to a house in Paris, 
 called the Temple, and there kept in close confinement, 
 with circumstances of the most humiliating degradation. 
 The convention met on the 21st of September, and instantly 
 decreed the abolition of royalty, and the formation of a re- 
 public on the principles of what was termed liberty and 
 equality. In December following they decreed that the 
 king should be tried before them; and tiiis tribunal, exer- 
 cising at once the incompatible characters of accusers, 
 prosecutors, and judges, condemned the unfortunate mo- 
 narch; who, in pursuance of their sentence, was publicly 
 beheaded, on the 21st of January, 1793. All t^urope ex- 
 claimed against tht injustice and cruelty of this proceeding. 
 Powers, hitherto neutral in the war, were eager to take 
 ^n active part in it ; and the new republic, in addition to 
 the arms of Austria, Prussia, Sardinia, and the empire, had 
 to encounter the powerful combination of Great Britain, the 
 United Provinces, and Spain. This formidable coalition of 
 continental powers was, however, dissolved by the gigantic 
 efforts of France, after having suffered the severest reverses, 
 «nd havingtheircountries overrun by the republican armies; 
 by which France acquired a vast accession to her territory 
 and populatifta, which before had been reckoned at not less 
 than 25 millions. Two forms of government were adopted 
 by the French after the death of the king in 1793, the latter 
 of which had for its outline the executive power entrusted 
 to a directory of five persons, and the legislative to a council 
 ofantients and a council of five hundred. Buton tliePthof 
 November, 1799, this constitution was overturned by gene- 
 ral Buonaparte (in concert with a few of the principal men) 
 whu placed hiotseif at the head of affairs, with the title 
 
 of first consul, having two other consuls associate! w.'th him 
 in the government. The legishilive councils were also very 
 much abridged in their numb.'rs, and had the names of tlie 
 <'onservative senate, the legislative body, and the trdmnale. 
 Soon after this change was effected, the Roman Catholic re- 
 ligion was re-established in France, though, it must be con- 
 fessed, on more moderate and liberal princ-iples than it was 
 before. However, on the 20th of May, 1804, the consular 
 government was set aside, and Buonaparte was i>roclaiinr'd 
 eniperorof theGauls,and,on the2Hdof Dec. crowned by the 
 pope at Paris with great pomp, and his power made neie- 
 ditary in his family. To this title was soon after added that 
 of king of Italy. Thus has an end been put to republicanrsm 
 by its greatest champion ; and France now, after the most 
 wonderful efforts, finds herself under a monarchy iiueflect 
 as absolute as that which the revolution overturned. The 
 French in their manners appear more affable and easy than 
 their neighbours on the east ; less trifling and ceremonious 
 than those on the south; and not so absorbed in llie pursuit 
 of gain as the Knglish and Dutch. Their polite, elegant, 
 and easy language, is more generally spoken than any other 
 in the world. 
 
 FRANCE, Isi.E OF, a ci-devant province of France, so 
 called, because it was bounded by the rivers Seine, Marne, 
 Oise, Aisne, and Ourque. Paris was the cafyital, and situ- 
 ated in the centre. 
 
 FHANCE, IsLK OF, or Mauritius, an island in the In- 
 dian Ocean, about 45 leagues in circumference. Indigo ii 
 the general object of cultivation, and attempts have bceu 
 made to rear cochineal, as the island abounds with the plant 
 on which the insects lie ; but a small bird is sure to destroy 
 them. Its ebony is the most solid, close, and shining, of any 
 in the world. Here are numerous groves of oranpes and 
 citrous, and the pine-apple grows spontaneously lu great 
 perfection. Here is also abundance of black cattle, veni- 
 son, and wild fo^vl, with potatoes, and other leg-jininoiM 
 roots. There are two fine harbours, one on iheE. side, and 
 the other on the W. This island was first discovered by the 
 Dutch, in 1598, who gave it the name of Mauritius, in ho- 
 nour of the priiK-e of Orange. About 40 years after, they 
 began to form settlements here ; but in the beginning o/ 
 the present century the colony was withdrawn, and the is- 
 land was taken possession of by the French, in whose handi 
 it has remained ever since. The inhabitants, black and 
 white, amount to about 20,000. Lat. 20. 10. S. Ion. 67. 
 29. E. 
 
 FRATviCFORT ON THE MAINE, a free, imperial city 
 of Franconia, noted for its two great annual fairs. Th^ 
 Calvinists and Jews here are numerous, industrious, and 
 rich, but lie under divers sumptuary restrictions. The ma- 
 gistrates are Lutherans. It is seated on the river 'Maine, 
 which divides it into two parts, IS miles N. E. of Mentz. 
 and 3,50 W. bv N. of Vienna. Lat. .50. 1. N. Ion. 8. 22. E. 
 
 FRA'NCFORT ON THE ODER, a town of the Middle 
 Marche, in Brandenburg, formerly impcri.d, but now sub 
 ject to the king of Prussia. It is remarkable for its three 
 great fairs, and its university. It is situated on the river 
 Oder, 48 miles SE. of Uerliii: Lat. 52. 23. N. Ion. 14. 39. E. 
 
 FRANCHECOMTE, a ci-devant province of France, 
 now included in the three depts of Doubs, .Mount Jura, and 
 Upper Saone. .Almost one half of the country is level, 
 abounding in grain, wine, pasture, hemp, Ac. and the rest is 
 mountainous; but breeds excellent cattle, with some oora 
 and wine. Besancon was the capital. 
 
 FRA'NCHISE, s. [Jranehtse, Ft.} exemption, or excuse 
 from any burdensome duty ; a privilege or immuuity ; a 
 district, or the extent of jurisdiction. 
 
 To FRANCHISE, (^fivr.ciUze) v. a. to make or kt-ei. 
 free. 
 
 FRANCISCANS, a religious orJer of St. Francis, 
 founded bv him in the year 1209. Before they are admittfHl 
 into the order, they are obliged to sell all they have, awl 
 give it to the poor ; they 'are to perform a year's novicmte ; 
 and, when admittt-d, never to quit the order on aay aocouitt. 
 
 3o7
 
 FRA 
 
 TTiey are to fast from tlie feast of All Saints to the Nativity. 
 They had 63 monasteries in England. 
 
 FRANCO'iNIA, a cir( le of Germany, nearly in tlie cen- 
 tre of the empire, extending about 95 miles from E. to W. 
 Hnd 88 fiotn N. to S. The middle (nuts me fertile in corn, 
 vine, and fruits; but the frontiers are mountainous, woody, 
 and little cultivated. 
 
 FRA'NGIBLE, a. [fiom franco, to break, Lat.] brittle ; 
 easily broUen. 
 
 FRA'NION, J. a paramour; a boon companion. 
 
 FRANK, fi. I franc, Fr J liberal; generous, opposed to 
 niggaryll^^. Open and free, opposed to reserved. Without 
 restraint or conditions. 
 
 FRANK, i. a place to feed hogs in ; a sty, so called from 
 a profusion of foi'.d ; a case of a letter signed by a member 
 of parliament, i^rrtn/; is also an ai)pellation given by the 
 Turks, and other eastern nations, to any European Chris- 
 tian. 
 
 To FRANK, r. a. to shut up in a sty. In commerce, to 
 exempt letters from i)aying postage, a privilege given every 
 member of parliament, who writes the person's address to 
 whom it is sent with his own hand, and also the day of the 
 month for which tiie frank i^ intended. 
 
 FRA'NKALMOIGN IC, s. the same which we in Latin call 
 Kbera ehemosijna, or free alms, in English ; whence that 
 tenure is commonly known among our I'.nglish lawyers by 
 the name of a tenure in frank aumone, or frmihnlmnigne, 
 which, according to Britlon, is a tenure by divine service. 
 
 FRA'NKLNCENSE, s. a dry, resinous inflammable sub- 
 stance, in pieces or drops, of a pale yellowish, or white 
 colour, a strong, but not offensive smell, and a bitter, acrid, 
 and resinous taste ; used in medicine in disorders of the 
 breast, and diarrho;as, or dysenteries. 
 
 FRA'NKLY, ad. generously ; freely ; wit'nout constraint 
 or reserve. 
 
 FRA'NKNE.S'^, .5. plainness; openness, or ingenuousness, 
 of speech, opposed Xoresrrve. Liberality, or bounteousness, 
 applied to giving. SynoN. Sinccrili/ p events our speaking 
 otherwise than we think, and is a virtue. Franhness makes 
 us speak as we tlnnk, and is a natural effect. P!ai7iness is 
 speaking freely what we think, and springs sometimes from 
 want of reflection. In^ennonsmss makes us declare what- 
 ever we know, and is often a follv. 
 
 FRA'NKPLEDGK,i. [/;«Hci>/<'oi«m, low Lat.J a pledge 
 or surety for a freeman. 
 
 FRANKWORT, s. a kind of heath. 
 
 FRA'NTIC, ff. [corrupted from pluenhe, phreneiilies, Gr.j 
 mad ; deprived of the use of understanding by madness. 
 Figuratively, transported by an outrageous violence of 
 passion. 
 
 FRA'NTICLY, or FR A'NTICKLY, ad. madly ; like one 
 who has Inst the use of iiis reason. 
 
 FRA'NTICNESS, or FRANriCKNES.S, s. madness, 
 Figurativelv, outrageousness of passion. 
 
 FRATE'llNAL,a. [from frntn; brother, Lat.] brotherly; 
 pertaining to, or becoming brothers. 
 
 FRATE'KNALLY, ad. broiberlv; like brothers. 
 
 FRATi;'HNlTY, s. [from fratn-', brother, Lat.J the state 
 or quality of a brother ; a body of men united or incor- 
 porated. Men of the same class or character. 
 
 PTIATI'ICIDI', s. [from fra'ir, brother, and caedo, to 
 strike or kill, Lai.] the luunlcr of a brother. 
 
 FRAUD, .r. [frrtus, I,a1.] the practice of deceit, in order 
 to deprive another of his property; the act of imposing 
 on a person bv artful appearances; a stratagem, artitice, or 
 trick. 
 
 FRA'UDFUL, a. treacherous ; deceitful ; tiickish ; 
 
 FR.VUDULENCE, or FRA I'DULENCY, s. [from fraus, 
 fraud, Lat.] ileceitfuliie-.s; proneiiess to artifice, and disho- 
 nest practice. 
 
 FRA'L'IMJLENT, «T. [from frmis, fraud, Lat.] full of 
 r'fifire; dishonest, indirect; imposing on by specious and 
 I'jIiC pretences; treachcrouj. 
 3f-8 
 
 PRE 
 
 FRA'UDULENTLY, ad. in a deceitful, trickish, and di». 
 honest manner. 
 
 FR/.UGHT, ( fraid) part, of FliAItiHT, now WTilten' 
 
 Freight; fidl ; loaded. 
 
 To FR.XIJGHT, {fraui) by corruption lor Freight, 
 V. a. to freight, load, or crowd. 
 
 FR,\Y, s. [from ejfraijer, Fr.] a battle ; a broil ; a light ; 
 a duel. 
 
 To FRAY, f. a. [effrayer, Fr.] to fright or terrify. To rub 
 or wear out by rubbing, (vomfrayer, Fr. 
 
 FREAK, i/reeh) s. \fra-c, Sax.] a sudden and vvhimsical 
 change of place ; a whim, or a capricious, trifling, and mad 
 prank or action. 
 
 To IRE.\K, r. a. to variegate ; to checker. " FreaU'd 
 with many a mingled hue." llt'impsnn. 
 
 FRE'AKISH, (j'rcchisli) a. wanton, humorous, capnciouiK 
 or whimsical. 
 
 FRl) AKISIILY, n</. capriciously, whimsically. 
 
 FKE'AKISHXESS, {freHiisliuess) s. capriciousness, or a 
 madness and boyish wantonness of behaviour. 
 
 FREA>L ifrceiii) s. a name given by farmers to ploughed 
 land worn out of heart, and laid fallow till it recover. 
 
 To FRE'AM, {J'reem) v. a. [fremn, Lat.] to growl; ;« 
 make a noise, as a boar at rutting time. 
 
 FRECKLE, s [fiomy/rc/;, a spot. Tent, whence fledde, r,; 
 freclde] a spot raised in the skin by the heat of the sun'i 
 ravs; any small spot or discoluciriiig. 
 
 FRIO'CKLED, or FltECKLY, a. having spots on tl» 
 skin, occasioned by the heat of the sun; spotted. 
 
 FRED, s. the same with peace; upon which our fore- 
 fathers called their sanctuaries /<W.s<()/e, i. e. the seats of 
 peace. So Frederic/: is powerful or wealthy in peace ; 
 Winfrcd, victorious peace ; lieitifnd, sincere peace. 
 
 FREK, n. [/)«(/i. Sax.] at liberty; under no constraint, 
 slavery, imprisonment, or necessity ; iierniilted ; allowed; 
 licentious; unrestrained; open; ingenuous; expression 
 one's sentiments without reserve ; generous, or liberal; vo- 
 luntary; guiltless; innocent. Exempt, used with/rcm or o/". 
 Invested with privileges; possessing any thing without vas- 
 salage ; admitted to the privilege of a corporation. " A 
 freevian." Without charge or expense ; hence a freeschrol. 
 
 To FREE, V. a. so set at liberty, or deliver from slavery ; 
 to e\enipt. 
 
 FliEEBO'OTER, s. a robber, pillager, or pluikjerer. 
 
 FIIEEBO'OTING, f a robbery ; plunderin^r the act of 
 pillaging. 
 
 F iv F/EBORN, a. born under a free government, opposed 
 
 to a slave. 
 
 FRElvCHATEL, s. such chapols as are of the king's 
 foundation, and by him exemptcl from the jurisdiction of 
 the ordinary. The king may also license a subject to found 
 such a chai)el, and by his charter exempt it from the ordi- 
 narv's visitation. 
 
 FllirECOST, ,t. freed >m from expense. 
 
 FRE EDMAN, i. a sl.ive manumitted. 
 
 FUE'EDOM, s. exemption fioai slavery or restraint ; iiv 
 dependence, a state wherein a person has a power of act- 
 ing as he pleases ; the privileges of a cor;)oration ; franchises. 
 Ease or facility, applied to action, or speaking. 
 
 FREEIUsARTED, a. liberal; generous. 
 
 FREEHOLD, s. a free estate which a man holdeth in 
 fee, or fVetail, or for a term of life. 
 
 FR F,R I lOLDER, s. one who has a freehold. 
 
 FREEL'^', ad. at libeity ; without restraint, dependence, 
 reserve, scruple, coiypulsion, or necessity ; liberally ; spon- 
 taneously. 
 
 FRE'EW.\N, s. one who is neither a slave nor vassal to 
 another; a member of a community or corporation, en'.illed 
 to, and enjoying its privileges. 
 
 FRE'EN I'lSS, s. void of constraint or impediment ; open- 
 ness of beliaviiuir ; generosity, or liberality. 
 
 FREE'SCIIOOL, if'h'""'') >■ •> scliool wherein chil- 
 dreii are taught wiihout expense to their parents or illa- 
 tions
 
 FRE 
 
 ¥R1 
 
 FREESPOTtKN, a. accustomed to speak vvitlioiit re- 
 serve. 
 
 FRE'KSTONE, s. a kind of stone commonly nsed in 
 'mildiii;;, and so called because it may be wrou^'iit eiisily in 
 any rlircction. 
 
 iFRI'-ETIirNKER, .?. a term commonly applied to those 
 persons wlio deny revelation, or the Clirisliaii relivjion. 
 
 FREr>WI'LL, s. the power of directing our own actions ; 
 volimtariiicss. 
 
 FRI''E\V()MAN, s. a woman not enslaved. 
 
 'I'o FREEZE, )'. H. pret. froze ; [vi-'icscn, Bel;j.] to grow 
 hard by excess of cold; to be of that degree ot coiil by 
 vhich water congeals. Actively, the participle is frozen 
 or /roze ; to harden by cold ; to chill by loss of power or 
 motion. 
 
 To FREIGHT, ifraity V. a. preter. freighted, part. 
 fraught; but being used as an adjective, /)«g/i/«/ is substi- 
 tuted for it ; [/(•('«(•)•, Fr.] »o put goods or a cargo on board 
 aslii|) ; to load as the burden or cargo within a vessel. 
 
 FREIGHT, (froit) s. any thing with which a ship is 
 loaded; the money paid for the carriage of goods in a ship 
 or vessel 
 
 FREJL'f^, a town in the department of Var. It was the 
 Forum Jiilii of iIm- Uoerjiis ; and had then a sea-])ort on the 
 sea coast, which isiiow a inileaiida iiaifdistant. Therestill 
 remains an aqueduct, anauiphitlieatre, statutes, inscriptions, 
 &c. I.af. -1.^. 'id. N. Ion. C. M). E. 
 
 FRENCH, a. [f'rrnic, Fr.] belonging to France. Used 
 elliptically for the language spoken by the inhabitants of 
 France. Frem-h clmlh is an indurated clay, extremely 
 dense, of a smoolh glossv surface, soft and unctuous to the 
 touch, of a grayish white colour, variegated with a dusky 
 green. 
 
 To FRE'NrillFY, I', n, toinfect with the pronunciation 
 or airs of a Frenchman ; generally used in a contemptuous 
 sense, and including the idea of atlected cereuioniousness 
 and excess of politeness. 
 
 FRE'.N'ETIC, rt. See Phrenetic. 
 
 FRENZY, s.[phremlis, Gr.] madness; the loss of reason, 
 attended with raving ; any outrageous passion, bordering on 
 and resembling madness. 
 
 FRE'QUl^NCE, s. [from freqnens, frequent, Lat.] a con- 
 course, crowd, o' asseudily. Seldom nsed. 
 
 FRE'QUF.NCY, s. [iiom freqtiens, frequent, Lat.] the con- 
 dition of a-thing often dime or seen, a crowded assembly. 
 
 FREQUENT, a. [fmiuens, Lat.j often done, seen, oc- 
 curring, or practising. Full of concourse. 
 
 To FREQUE'NT, v. a. [fn>m frefjueus, frequent, Lat.] to 
 visit often ; to be often in any place. 
 
 FREQUE'NTABLE, a. conversible ; accessable. Not 
 nsed. 
 
 FREQUENTATIVE, a. [freqmntntif, Fr.] a gramma- 
 tical term applied to verbs, signifying the frequent repeti- 
 tion of an action.' 
 
 FRI'"QUE'.NTER, s. one who resorts often to a place. 
 ,'FRE'QUENTLY, w/. often; commonly. Synon. We 
 ^c» disguise our thoughts; by doing the same thing o/l'(», 
 it becomes habitual. We frequenthi meet with traitors ; 
 we frequenthj do those things whicli we repent of after- 
 wards. 
 
 FRE'SCATI, a beautiful village in the pope's territories. 
 This place, with Tivoli and Albano, is the favourite abode 
 of landscape painters,who travel into Italy for improvement; 
 where the admirable assemblage of hills, meadows, lakes, 
 cascades, gardens, ruins, groves, and terraces, charm the eye 
 8s it wanders among these delightful villages. Frescati is 
 12 miles from Rome. Lat. 41. 48. N. Ion. 12. 42. E. 
 
 FRESCO, [Ital.] s. coolness ; shade ; duskiness. In 
 painting, a picture painted with water colours on fresh 
 plaster. 
 
 FRESH, a. [fraiche, Fr.Vcool ; not stagnating. Not 
 sour, nor vapid, applied to liquors. Lately or newly pro- 
 duced or made. Not salt. Not faded. Vigorous. Ruddy 
 of countenance. Brisk, applied to a gale ©fwiud. Swecti 
 
 3 B 
 
 opposed to stinking. Synon. That which has not been 
 used is new ; that which is not stale hfreih ; that which has 
 just happened is rirent. We say of clothes that they are 
 new ; of topics, that they are fresk ; of actions that they arv 
 recent. 
 
 FRESH, $. water that is without sait. 
 
 To FRE'SIlEN, V. a. to recover a thing which is grown 
 stale ; to cherish or revive. Neuterly, to blow strongly. To 
 free from its salts. 
 
 FRE SHET, s. A pool of fresh water. " All.fish from sea 
 or shore, /■(w/ir;, or purling br'jok." Jfli/t. 
 
 FRESHLY, «</. coolly; newly; with a riuldy countenance. 
 
 FRE'SHNESS, *. newness; unabated vigcmr. Spirit, or 
 briskness, applied to liquors. Freedom from fatigue ; cool- 
 ness ; ruddiness; freedom fiom saitncss. 
 
 FRET,*, [probably from fretum, Lat.] a frith or strait of 
 tliesea. Any fermentation or aj;itation of liipiors. In mu- 
 sic, a stop to regulate the vibrati<ins of the strings. Figura- 
 tively, anxiety of mind; peevishness or commotion of the 
 temper. In architecture, work ris ng in protuberances or 
 relief. In heraldry, a bearing consisting of six bars, crossed 
 and interlaced. 
 
 To FRET, V. a. to wear by rubbing against ; to move 
 violently ; to corrode or eat away ; to form into raised work 
 or relievo ; to variegate or diversify ; to vex or make angry ; 
 to be grieved or uneasy ; to ferment. 
 
 FRETFUL, a. peevish ; angry. 
 
 FRETFULLY, ad. in a peevish manner. 
 
 FRETFULNESS, s. peevishness. 
 
 FRE'TTY, a. adorned with raised work. In heraldry, 
 where divers bars are laid across each other. 
 
 FRIABI'LITY, s. capacity of being easily reduced to 
 powder. 
 
 FRl'ABLE, a. [from frio, to crumble, Lat.J easily crum- 
 bled or reduced to powder. 
 
 FRl'AR, i. [a corruption oi frere, Fr.] a brother of some 
 regular order; a religious order in the Roman Catholic 
 countries. 
 
 FRI ARLY, a. like a friar. 
 
 FRI'.AR SCOWL, s. a plant resembling the cuckoo-pint, 
 with this dirterence, that it has a flower like a cowl. 
 
 FRl'AR'SCROWN,*. the woolly-headed thistle. 
 
 FRIARY, s. a convent of friars. 
 
 FRIBBLE, or FRl'BBLER, s. an effeminate coxcomb. 
 
 FPtl'BURG, a town of Swisscrland, and capital of the 
 canton of the same name. The public buildings, especially 
 the cathedral, are very handsome, and the inhabitants are 
 papists. The streets are clean and large, and it is divided 
 into four parts, the town, the city, the ofland or meadow, 
 and the hospital. It is seated on the river Save, 17 miles 
 S. W. of Berne, and 75 S. W. of Zurich. Lon. 7. 5. E. lat.4G. 
 50. N. 
 
 FRl'BURG, the canton of, and one of the 13 republics of 
 Swisserland. It is surrounded on all sides by the canton of 
 Berne, and the land is fruitful in corn, fruits, and pastures. 
 It is said they can send 18,000 men into the field. 
 
 FRlCASSE'l'j, i. [Fr.] a dish consisting of meat cnt into 
 small pieces and fried. 
 
 FRICATION «. [from /)(>(), to rub, Lat.J See the follow- 
 ing w onl. 
 
 FRICTION, (friUwn) s. [from frico, to rub, Lat.] the act 
 of rubbing two things together; the resistance caused in 
 machines by the rubbing of one part against another. In 
 medicine, it is the rubbing a diseased part, either with or 
 without unguent, oils, itc. Dr. Cheyne recourmends/nV^ioa 
 with a tlesh-hrusli to persons of weak nerves and sedentary 
 lives, by which a free perspiration would be promoted, and 
 obstructions removed. 
 
 FRIDAY, s. [frigedtrg. Sax.] is the sixth day of the 
 week ; so named from Freija, a goddess worshipped by our 
 Saxon ancestors. 
 
 FRIEND, (freiid) s. [freond, Sax.] one who is joined 
 to another in mutual benevolence and intimacy, opposed »o 
 an ene7ny. One reconciled to another. 
 
 3G9
 
 FRT 
 
 FRO 
 
 To FRIEMD, ifrenet) r. n. to shew favour towards a 
 jvrrsnii or uiuleiiaking ; to cininleiiunce, eucourage, ..* 
 support. 
 
 FKl'ENDLRSS, C/rejir//c.M)n. Ir.ivin;^ no iVifiids ; witliou* 
 hopes, assistance, or countenanue. 
 
 FRIENDLINESS, (freiutliness) s. a itisposition towards 
 friendship ; the exertion ©f benevolence, or perforniance > ' 
 kind ortites. 
 
 FRIENDLY, (frindly) a. kind; disposed to do acts of 
 kin'iness and affection; having tlie temper and dispositioi- 
 of a friend. 
 
 FRI'EN'DLY, {frhuUij) ml. m a kind, aft'ectionate, anil 
 benevolent manner. 
 
 FRIENDLY ISLANDS, a cluster of islands in the South 
 Pacific Ocean, so named by Captain Cook, in 1773, on ac- 
 toniit of the friendiliip that seemed to subsist among the in- 
 Ijabilants, and their courteous behaviour to strangers. Tas- 
 nran, the Dutch navigator, first touched here in 1643, and 
 gave the names of New Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and Middle- 
 burg, to three of the principal islands. Cook cNplored the 
 whole cluster, consisting of more than fJO. New Amsterdam 
 IS the largest, extending 21 miles from E. to W. and 13 from 
 N. to S. It is intersected by straight and pleasant roads, 
 with fruit trees on each side, which provide shade from the 
 scorching heat of the sun. Middleburg is called Eooa by the 
 natives, who liave given the names of Annamooka, Tonga- 
 taboo, Hapaee, and Leefooga, to the other principal islands. 
 The general appearance of these islands conveys an idea of 
 exuberant fertility; the surface, at a distance, seenisenlirely 
 clothed with trees of various sizes, some of which are un- 
 commonly lar<;e, particularly the tall cocoa-palm, and a spe- 
 cies of fig, with narrow pointed leaves. It is almost wholly 
 laid out in plantations, in which are some of the richest vege- 
 table productions ; such as bread-fruit, cocoa-nuts, plantains, 
 yams, sugar-cane, and a fruit like a nectarine. Here arc 
 most of the articles wliich the Society Islands produce, and 
 soinewhich they have not. Theirbreed of hogs isas scanty 
 as those of the Society Islands; but they received from the 
 English some valuable additions to their stock, both of vege- 
 tables and animals. Their domestic fowls are as large as 
 those of Europe. Among the birds are parrots and parro- 
 quets, of Various sorts, which furnish the red feathers, so 
 much esteemed in the Society Isles. The numerous reefs 
 and shoals aflord shelter to an immense variety of shell-tish. 
 Agriculture, architecture, boat-building, and fishing, are the 
 rniployuients of the men ; to the woman is confined the ma- 
 nufacture of cloth. These islands lie between 19. 40. and 
 21. ;50. (leg. S. lat. and between 170. and 180. of W. Ion. 
 Under the general name ofFriendly Islands, are sometimes 
 comprehended Boscawcn's, Keppel's, and Prince William's 
 Islands, and the group of the Hapaee Islands, amounting 
 together to about. l.oO. 
 
 FRI'ENDSHH', {frhidMp) s. \rrien<hcl,ap, Belg.] the 
 state of minds united together by nnitual benevolence; the 
 highest degree of intimacy ; favour or personal kindness. 
 
 FRrESL.\ND, EAST, a princ'pality of (iermany, bound- 
 ed on the N. by the fierman ()cean ; on the E. by the 
 county t)f01(lenbu the S. by the bishopric of Muns- 
 
 ter ; and on the \\ . and S. W. bv the sea and (ironingen. 
 It c<uisists chietiy of meadow land." It was fr)rmcrly subject 
 to Prussia, but now forms a part of the kingdom ,>t West- 
 
 FrVi'.SLAM), WEST, one of the United Provinces, 
 bounded on the ,S. and W. by Znyder, Zee, an<l Overyssel ; 
 n the N. by the Cieruian Ocean ; and on the K. I)y firo- 
 nuigen and Overyssel. It is divided into Oostergow and 
 Weslergow, the foriiier of which contains some good pas- 
 tiirage aurl arabli' land, the latlir is more fenny, but abounds 
 with fish and foul. Tlicie is a dialect used here nuire 
 nearly resembling the old Isnglisli than any other in En- 
 rope. A part of North Holland is also called West Fries- 
 land. 
 
 l''l>.IEZF,, (freeze) i. [ilrnp rh /rise, Fr.] a coarse warm 
 clojli, made, perhaps, originally iu FrU-sbad. lu arcbitcc- 
 070 
 
 ture, a large flat member, which separates the architniT* 
 from the cornice ; of which there are as many kinds as them 
 are orilers of columns. 
 
 FRI'ijATE, s. [fiigate, Fr.J a small man af war. Also a 
 sea-bird of prev, which resembles the albatross. 
 
 To Fright, (JYh) v. a. \/,ig/Uan, Sax.] to disturb, 
 shock, or daunt with fear; to raise appieheusion of danger 
 in a person. 
 
 FRIGHT, (frit) s. a sudden emotion caused byan appr» 
 hension of danger. 
 
 To FRIGHTEN, (friten) V. a. to shock or disturb -.rilh 
 an apprehension of danger. 
 
 FRIGHTFUL, ( fnif'n!) a. causing fear ; exciting terror. 
 
 FRIGHTFULLY, {frtiJWy) ad. in such a manner as to 
 dislmb v(itli an ai)prehension of danger. 
 
 FRrGHTFULNE.SS,f/;7(/»/«m;j.theqnality of daunt- 
 ing with an apprehension of danger. 
 
 FRIGID,". I from fri^cn, to be cold, Lat.] cold, wanting 
 zeal, or warmth ofatiection ; didl ; impotent. 
 
 FRIGIDITY, «. [from /"nnT«, to be cold, Lat.| coldness, 
 or want of warmth ; dullness, or want of ihe enibellishmentJ 
 of rhetoric, or the warmlh of imagination. 
 
 FRI'CilDLY, arf. in a colli, dull, indift'erent, or unaffecti»g' 
 manner. 
 
 I"R I'G I DN ESS, .r. coldness ; dullness; want of affection 
 
 FRIGORI'FIC, n. [froni/'n°-iM, cold, andyaci», to make. 
 Lat.] causing c<ild. 
 
 To FRILL, V. n. [from frilleitx, Fr.J to quake or sbivet 
 with cold. Used of a hawk ; as the \v,\\\\i. frill t. 
 
 Frill, s. a narrow border of lace, cambric, or otbei 
 linen, sewed on the neck on a w oman's shift, or on the bosoi i 
 and slits of the sleeves of a man's shirt. 
 
 FRINCiE, s. [fraii^e, Fr.J an ornament consisting of 
 threads, which are lasteneu at one end by weaving, but 
 hang <lown loose at the other. 
 
 To FRINCiE, f. a. to adorn with fringes; to unraTel any 
 woollen stuff so as to resemble a fringe. 
 
 F'RIPPKRER, s. [from fnppier, Fr.jone who deals in old 
 things vamped up. 
 
 FRIPPERY, s. [fripperie, Fr.] the place where old 
 clothes or other second-hand goods are sold ; old clothes ; 
 cast dresses ; tattered rags. 
 
 To FRISK, )'. n. Ifrizzarc, Ital.J to leap or skip about 
 with nimbleness ; to dance in a wanton or gay manner. 
 
 FRISK, s. a frolic ; a fit of wanton gaiety. 
 
 FRI'SKER, s. a wanton or frolicsome person ; one loo 
 gay to be constant or settled. 
 
 FRl'SKINESS, s. "aiety ; liveliness. A low word. 
 
 FRIT, ,s. among cliymists, ashes or salt baked or fried 
 toge.lher with sand. 
 
 FRITH, s.[-frftiim, Lat.] a strait of the sea ; a net. 
 
 FRITI'LL.'\RY, s. iu botany, the common chequered 
 dart'odil. 
 
 FRI TIN.ANCY, i. [from frititiin, low Lat.] the scream or 
 screaking of an insect, applied to that of the cricket or gra»- 
 hopper. 
 
 FRITTER, s.\fritnre, Fr.] a small pancake, or piece 
 fried. Figuratively, a fragment or small piece ; a cheesa- 
 cake, or wig. 
 
 To FlU'TFER, r. a. to cut meat into small pieces, to be 
 fried ; to break into small pieces or fragnu-nts. 
 
 FRI'VOLOUS,a.[/ViTO/Ni,Lat.| trilling; of no importance 
 or monu'nt. 
 
 FRIVOLOUSLY, nrf. triflinglv; without weight. 
 
 FRI VOLOUSNESS,,s. want of weight or importance. ' 
 
 To FIU'ZI.E, V. a.[friser, Fr.] to turn hair in short Or 
 small rings like the wool on a lamb's head, or the nap of 
 frie/e. 
 
 FRIZI.ER, s. one who dresses hair in short curls. 
 
 l"RO, uil. If'rii, Sax.] backwani ; rigrr.s>,ively. It is onfjr 
 used in opposition to /». To and fro, backward and forward. 
 It IS also a contraction of /"rnm. 
 
 FROCK, t. [/"roc, Fr.l a close and uutrimmed coat fc* 
 Dieii ; a closedown \vrrn oy cbildren.
 
 FRO 
 
 FRU 
 
 FROT)rJNGHAM, ?. town oftlie East Ridinjr ofYork- 
 Bhifo, v/idi a market on Tliursrlay. It is 194 miles N. of 
 Lon(ln;i. 
 
 FIIO'DSIIAM, a town of Clirsliirc, si(ii;ilc<l on llie river 
 Weaver, (over which it h;is a stone htiil^jc,) near ilsconlinx 
 witii ihe Mersev, willia hariioiir Cor t< ssels of ;;oo(l hnrih-n, 
 and coniniiMiicatin^' with all llic lale inland navi^'alions. 
 About 700(1 Ions of salt aie annually refined hen', and a 
 cotton manufaclorv has been lalelv established. It is 10 
 miles N. !•',._ of Chester, and 182' N. N. \V. of London. 
 Market on Thursday. 
 
 FKOG, s. [//"nn-rt, Sax.] a semis of amphibious animals, 
 the body of wliich is broad and short, withoni a tail, and fur- 
 nished with four le^js. Besid<'S the eon)ru(Ui fras;, there are 
 inanv other species ; but (he most sijifjiilar is \Uc l/n/lfm^-, 
 B native of North America; at full len;;lli it measures lu-ar 
 two feet ; it is very v<uaeious, shallows yoini;; ducks, and 
 other waler-fowl, before lliey have slren;,rtli to shift for 
 themselves. Its croiikin:,' is so loud as to reseudile the 
 roariu;jof a bull, hi^ird at a distance, whence its name of 
 bull-fins;. There is likewise the tree fros;, so called from 
 its living on trees and plaut^^ ; also the sir™ /rng-, so called 
 from its colour. In farriery, it is the hollow part of a horse's 
 Iioof or Ihe frush. 
 
 FUO'GRIT, ,s. a water-plant with thick, smooth, br vvn- 
 green, kiihievshaped leaves, and while blossoms. 
 
 FRO'GCHEF.Sl'",, j. a kind of fundus, found on rich pas- 
 tures and dunt;hills ; called also putf-ball. 
 
 FROIS I'',, s. [from froisscr, Fr.] a pancake with bacon fried 
 in it. 
 
 FRO'LICK, a. [rro?/;V/i, Belg.] joyful; full of levity or 
 wanton pranks. 
 
 FRO'LICK, s. a sally of gaiety or levity. 
 
 To FRO LICK, 1'. n. to divert one's self with sallies of 
 gaietv ; to plav wild, wanton, and merry pranks. 
 
 FRO'LICKSOMR, a. full of wild gaielv. 
 
 FRO'LICKSO^'RLY, ml. with wild gaietv. 
 
 FRO'LIi KSOMIiiN'ESS, i. wildness of gaiety; wanton 
 gaiety: pranks. 
 
 FROM, prep, [frnm. Sax. J away. Out of, noting place. 
 Separation, applied to absence, distance, or deliverance. 
 Since, applied to time. Contrarv.or foreign, applied to re- 
 lation. " From the purpose." Slink. Removal or motion. 
 " Thrice/nmi the ground she leaped." Dri/d. It is fre- 
 quently joined bv an ellipsis with adverbs, as, from above, 
 J. e. fiom the part above ; from hc/ov ; from beneath ; from 
 beliiiid ; from fur ; from /d'o/i ; from ir/iere ; from without. 
 When joined to (/loiff or i'7/eMe<?, it is snpertluons. And it 
 IS sometimes followed by the subsequent prepositions with 
 their proper cases, viz. from amidst, beyoml, forth, off] out, 
 out of, mulcr, and within. 
 
 FROME, or Frome Sri.wood, a town of Somersetshire, 
 noted for its tine beer, and chiefly inhabited by clothiers. 
 About 160,000 yards of woollen cloth are made here annually, 
 of which four-tiflhsare broad cloths, the rest narrow cloths 
 and kerseymeres. It is situated on the river Frome, which 
 abounds w ith trout, eels, &c. and over which it has a stone 
 bridge, 12 miles S. of Bath, and 104 W. by S. of London. 
 Market on Wednesday. 
 
 FRONDIFEROUS; a. [from froxis, a leaf, and fero, to 
 bear, Lat.] bearing leaves. 
 
 FRONT, s.lfrons, \.M. front, Fr.J the forepart of the face 
 or forehead, figuratively, the face, countenance, or look, 
 in a sense of censure or dislike. The part or place oppo- 
 site to the face. The forepart. The van of an army ; the 
 most conspicuous part. 
 
 To FRONT, t>. a. to oppose directly, or face to face ; to 
 ttand opposite or over against any place or thing ; to cover 
 the forepart of a building with any materials. Neuterly, to 
 stand foremost. 
 
 FRO'NTAL, s. [frontal, Fr.] an ornament worn on the 
 forehead. In architecture, a small pediment over a little 
 door. 
 
 ^f llONTATED, a. \front<Hu3t from frons, the forehead 
 
 projecting like Ihe forehead, Lat.j in botany, applied to the 
 leaf of a Mower wlii<li grows broader and narrower, and 
 at last, perhai>s, terminates in a right line; used in opposi- 
 tion tf) riispated, which is, when tlie leaves of a (lower end 
 in a point. 
 
 FRONTIER, (fronleer) s. \ frontiere, Fr.] Ihe marshes, 
 utmost liuils, or boundaries ola ccuiutry, by which it is se- 
 parated fiiini llieuext iidjiiiuiug one. 
 
 FRO'NTIIJl, (fronleer) a. bordering ; adjacent. 
 
 VMy'STlS]'[l')CE,(frnntiy,,eeee) s.\front'ii,piee, Fr.J that 
 part of a building or oihei lliiug which direcllv meets tl>e 
 eye ; a <-ul or picture flouting llie litle |)age of a book. 
 
 FltONTLESS, ff. without blushes, sliame, or dillidence. 
 
 FliO'NTLET, 4'. [J'ruuteaii, Fr.] a bandage worn on tlie 
 forehead. 
 
 FItOli K, n. [bn^roren, Belg.] frozen. Not in use. 
 
 I'KOST, s. \fro.st, Sax.] an excessive cold state of the 
 weather, whereby llic luolioii and lliiidily of li<|iiors ai-e 
 suspended ; or that slate of the air whereby lluids are con- 
 verted into ice. 
 
 FHO'STBITTEN, n. nipped or withered by the frost. 
 
 FHO'STEU, a. laiil on, or apjiearing in inecjualities, lik* 
 those of hoar frost on planls. 
 
 FROSTILY, ad. aftei the manner of frost ; with exces- 
 sive cold. Figuratively, with inditfereiK-e, or coldness ot 
 afleclion. 
 
 FKO'STINESS, J. the (lualily of appearing like frost ; 
 colli, or freezing cokl. 
 
 FRO'.STNAIL, s. a nail with a prominent head driver» 
 into the horses' shoes that it may pierce the ice. 
 
 FltO'STY, a. having the power of freezing ; excessive 
 cold. Figuratively, imliflereiice, or without warmth ot' 
 atl'eclion. Hoary ; gray-headed ; resembling frost in 
 colour. 
 
 FROTH, s. [froe, Dan. and Scot.] the white bubble', 
 raised on the top of fernieiiling liijuor; an empty or sense- 
 less display of wit ; wanting solidity. 
 
 To FKOTH, V. n. to be covered with light and whittsli 
 bubbles, applied to feniicnting liquor ; to make liquors ap- 
 pear with a whitish head or surface. 
 
 FROTHILY, ad. having a white head or surface, applied 
 to liquors. F'igurativcly, in an empty, vain, and trifling 
 manner. 
 
 I'RO'THY, ff. full of foam, or having its surface covered 
 with while bubbles; soft. 
 
 To FROUNCE, v. a. to frizle or cur! the hair about th« 
 face. 
 
 FRO'UZY, a. a cant word ; dim ; musty ; tf a nastv and 
 disagreeable scent. 
 
 FRO'WARl), n.\framn-card,Si7\\.\ peevish; fretful; cross; 
 ungovernable ; not easily pleased ; perverse. 
 
 FRO'WARDLY, ad. peevishly ; perversely. 
 
 FRO'WAKDNESS, .«. peevishness; perverscness. 
 
 To FROWN, II. n. [fro^iter, old Fr.] to express displea- 
 sure by contracting the forehead into wrinkles ; to look 
 stern. 
 
 FROW^, .t. a look wherein a person knits his eye-brows, 
 and contracts his forehead into wrinkles, in token of displea- 
 sure. 
 
 FRO'WNINGLY, ad. in a stem manner; with a look ot 
 displeasure. 
 
 FRO'ZEN, part. pass, of Freeze. 
 
 F. R. S. an abbreviature for Fellow of the ItoT/al Society. 
 
 FRUCTIFICATION, i. the act of causing, or of bearing 
 fruit; the power of producing fruit. 
 
 To FRU'CTIFY, »;. n. [from /riifftij, fruit, and /aci'o, to 
 make, Lat. J to make fruitful ; tocauseor enable to produce 
 fruit. Is'euterly, to bear fruit. 
 
 FRU'CTUO'US, a. [fnvctueux, Fr.] making fruitful; emk- 
 bling to produce. 
 
 FRU'G.\L, «. [friigalis, from fnix, fruit, Lat.] thrifty, 
 sparing; not spending in a prodigal manner; not lavish. 
 
 FRLI'GALL"Y, ad. in a sparing or parsimonious manner. 
 
 FRUGALITY, *, [fmgaUtas, from frugaUs, frugal, Lat.] 
 
 371
 
 F r E 
 
 FUL 
 
 ftic virtue of l<eei)iiig due hoiiiii!'; in r\peiir<-s: jjnnd Iiiis- 
 fiundry; narsiniony. SyNon. /•'r»i'-«/i/// ini]. lies ihiK dis- 
 cretion ot expfuce : ecmiunn/ include > in its idfii some i\nul 
 of ni;inai,'eniiMit in order toeUe niaUersoiit. 
 
 riH'GI\'OilOUS, a. [froni/'r».r. fruit, and loro, todevour, 
 Lat.j that lives upon fruit. Applied eiiietiy to birds. 
 
 FKUIT, (the lin this word and its derivatives is dropped 
 in pronunciation, and the « sounded ion^ ; iiSt/ntt, fi-iitnoe, 
 fiHtfU, &c.) s. [f'rnctiis, Lat. fruit, Fr.] the produce of a 
 tree or plant which includes the, seed, or that part of either 
 which is eaten for foorl. 
 
 FRUITAGE, «. [fruitage, Fr.] fruit, or various products 
 of different vei;etahles. 
 
 FRU iTERtvU, *. [fruitier, Fr.J one who trades in fruit. 
 
 FR U'1TI:RY, s. [fruiterie, Fr.] a fruit-loft, or place where 
 fruit is kept. 
 
 FRUITFUL, a. fertile ; loaded with fruit. Bearii:g chil- 
 dren, applied to women. Bearinjfjoung, applied to beasts. 
 Plenteous. 
 
 FRUITFULLY, ad. in such a manner as to be pro- 
 lific. 
 
 FRU'ITFULNESS, s. fertility ; the act or quality of nro- 
 ducinirin abundance. 
 
 FRUITION, (frmshoi,) s. [from fruor, Lat.] the act of 
 «ijoyiu;T or possessing; the pleasure given by actual pos- 
 iession and use. 
 
 FRU'ITIVE, fl. liavins; the power of enjoyment. 
 
 FRUITLESS, (JrutUss) a. barren. Figuratively, vain; 
 productive of no advantage. 
 
 FRU'ITLE.SSLY, (Jha/es»l;j) ad. in an unprofitable 
 manner. 
 
 FRUMENTY, *. [fvomfrumfntum, Lat.l a food or pot- 
 tage made of wheat and raisins boiled in milk. 
 
 To FRUMP, I'.", to mock; to browbeat. 
 
 FItUSII, or FROG, s. in farriery, a sort of tender horn 
 which arises in the middle of a horses sole, and divides it 
 into two branches running towards the heel in the form of a 
 fork. 
 
 FRU'^TRA'NEOUS, n. ffroni/™.«/™, in vain, Lat.] vain; 
 useless; uu|)riifitalile ; without advantage. 
 
 To FRUSTRATE, v. a. [from fruftra, in vain, Lat.] to 
 defeat; (iisappoiiit ; to render an undertaking or design 
 of no effect; lo make null or void. 
 
 FRUSTRATE, imrt. \fion\ fmsira, in vain, Lat.] vain; 
 ineti'ectual ; unpronlabje ; null; defeated; void. 
 
 FRUS'i'RATiON, ,v. [t'ntiwfrnsirn, in vain, Lat.j dis- 
 appointment : the act of rendering au undertaking of no 
 etiect ; dcf.at. 
 
 FRUSTUM, s. [Lat.] in mathematics, a piece cut ofl' 
 from a reijular fii^uic. Frustum (f n piirnniid, or cone, is a 
 part cut olt, usuallv li\ a plane parallel lo the base. 
 
 FRY, s. [fromyj-w, Dan.] the young fish just produced. 
 
 To FRY, r. fl. l/c/nv), Lai.] to dress meat in an iron or 
 copper pan over the tire. Ncuterlv, to melt with excessive 
 heat. 
 
 FRY, .«. from the verl; ; a dish of meat or fish fried, or 
 desi^'ui;;! to be fried. A kind of sieve. 
 
 FR^ INGl'AN, s. the vessel ill which meat is roasted on 
 the fire. 
 
 'I'o FUB, 11. a. See To Fob. 
 
 FUI*. s. a plump chubby boy. 
 
 FU'CUS, s. [Lat.] a paint or wash used by women. 
 
 FUIXJE, s. a mere pretence, excuse, colour, or decep- 
 tion; a fiction without truth or reality. 
 
 To FUDDLE, ». fl. ol nnknown etymology ; to intoxicate 
 with li(|U'irs ; to make a person drunk. 
 
 FUI/(;(), Fo(;(), orSr. I' 1111,1 p, cue of the CapedeVerd 
 Islands in the Atlantic Ocean, higher Ihait any of the rest, 
 find appearing at sea to be one sin^de mouiuain, •hough on 
 the sides there are deep valleys. There is a volcaiic at the 
 top of it, which burns continually, vomiting out hre and 
 •iiii)ke, throwing up huge pieces of rock to avast height, and 
 •omrtimes pouring vast torrents of brimstone down the sides 
 of tlic hill. The Portuguese, who first inhabited it, brought 
 
 273 
 
 negroes with them, and a stock of cows, horses, and logs' 
 but their (lesetndaiits are not now disliiigiiisliable in Uieii 
 eoniplexioiis from the negroes. The island is without rivet . 
 and almost « illiout fresh water ; yet it is fertile in maize 
 gourds, watermelons, \\ild tigs, oranges, and ajipies. A 
 great number of goats run wild upon the mountains, and th«' 
 lUdfit on their skins is a revenue of the crown. 'I'liey ex- 
 port also the skins of cattle, hoises, asses, aii<l hogs. The 
 island is iiearlv o leagues in leiiglh, and is about ;i;!0 miles 
 NV. of Cape de Verd,'and 90 W. of .St. Jago. Lat. 15. 10. N 
 Ion. -24. 20. W. 
 
 FUEL. s. ffrom/e«, Fr.J See Fewel. 
 
 FUGA'CIOUSNESS, s. [fn.m /"g(«, to flee, Lat.] vola- 
 fililv, or the tpialitv of evapoiating aiul tlving away. 
 
 FUGA'CITY,*. [from /%io, to Hee, La I. J volatility ; tht 
 act oriiuality of evaporating, flyiu"; away, or fading; insta- 
 bilitv ; nncertaintv. 
 
 FUGITIVE, n". [from figiu, to flee, Lat.] not tenable. 
 Unsteady, unstable, volatde, or apt to tly away. Flying 
 from danger or dut\. Wandering; vagabond. 
 
 FUGITIVE, s. [from fugio, to flee, Lat.] one who runs 
 from or deserts his station or duly ; one w ho runs aw ay from 
 pniiisliment, and shelters himself in another country. 
 
 FUGITIVENESS, s. volalilily ; the «iualitj of eVaporat 
 ing ; instability; uncertainly. 
 
 FUGUE, (fuge, or fag) s. [fuga, Lat.] in music, a flight, 
 and is when the difterent parts ofa composition follow eacli 
 other, each repeating what the first had performed, 
 
 FULCIMENT, «. Ifioin fuhio, to support, Lat.j a prop 
 a support ; that on which a body rests. 
 
 FULDA, a city, bishopric, and river, in the circle of th. 
 Upper Rhine, in Germany. 
 
 To FULFI L, II. a. to accomplish, answer, or confirm any 
 prophecy, by performing v hat is foretold ; to aiisw er any 
 purpose or design ; to peiform exactly; to answer or gi% 
 tifv anv desire by compliauce. 
 
 FU'LGENCY",*. splendor; lustre. 
 
 FULGENT, a. [from fu/geo, to shine, Lat.] shiuing ; 
 dazzling ; excessively bright. 
 
 FU'LGID, «. [fioni yii/o-eo, to shine, Lat.] shiuing; glit 
 tei'iig. 
 
 F U LGOR, or FU'LGOUR, s. [([omfu/geo, to shine, U t. I 
 a dazzling brightness. 
 
 FUL(-URATION, *. [from JuJgeo, to shine, Lat.j the 
 flashing of lightning. 
 
 l''lJLlGl'SOUS, a, [from fuligo, soot, Lat.] sooty ; 
 smokv. 
 
 FU'LlMARTs.akind of stinking ferret. 
 
 rL!LL, n. \fulle. Sax.] wilhout any void space ; not capa- 
 ble of coiilaiiiiiig more : abounding in any ipialily, wlietliei 
 good or bad. Plump or iai, applied to size. Saturated. 
 Strong ; not faint, applied to the voice. Complete, or 
 wauling nothing to perfect it. Having every part of its 
 suifaee illuiiiinaled, applied to the moon. 
 
 1' ULL, s. [fiil/e. Sax.] freedom from defect ; trie highest 
 slate or degree. The whole, used willi«(. Tire slate of 
 being able to eonlain no more. .Applied to the moon, the 
 time ill wlii< h she makes a perfect orb. 
 
 'i'o FULL,!'. «.[/'«//«, Lat.] to cleanse cloth from its oil and 
 grease. 
 
 VVl.h, ad. without abatement; exactly; direclly. It J.! 
 placed before adverbs and ailjeclives to streiiglhen their sig- 
 nification. /•■»// is much used in composition, to imitate any 
 thing arrived at its hi;;hest or utmost degiee. 
 
 FU LLA(j 10, s. the ni(iiii\ paid for fullingclolh. 
 
 FULLER, s. one w ho cleanses and dn sses. 
 
 FULLERS EARTH, v. a marie of a close texture, ex- 
 tremely soft and unci lions lo the limeh, and used in the wool- 
 len maiiulaetiiie ; when dry, it is of a gr;ivisli-broun colour 
 ill all de;;iees, tiom very pale to almost lila<A, and has geiic- 
 lalK sonu tiling ol a i;reiiiish east in it. '1 he finest _/i//k;''/ 
 (■a)i/i Is dm; in <iiir own island. 
 
 ••■I'LLERS'rillJTLE, *. a plant. 
 
 FU'LLliNGJMllvL, *. a mill wherciu cloth is cleansed
 
 FUN 
 
 FUR 
 
 from Its grease ami oil, wlitii fust fiiKcn from llic 
 lo(irn. 
 
 KIJ'I.I V, ("/. uilliotit any ciiiply spiice, drfect, or hick ; 
 coiiinlctclv. 
 
 Kd'LMA!!, a Kind of soa fin\l tliat iiilialuls llic island of 
 St. Kilda. It ib particularly valuable to llie natives of liiat 
 island, as it supplies tlieni with oil tor their lamps, down for 
 their beds, a delieaiy for their tables, a balm for their 
 wounds, aiKJ a medicine for their diseases. 
 
 KU'LMINANT, part, [from /"/■»«;, a tluindcr bolt, Lat.] 
 tlinn<lerini;; makini; a noise like thunder. 
 
 To FU'LIVIINATR, v. «. [from/»//»e«, a thunder bolt, 
 Lat.] to thunder; to make a loml noise or explosion like 
 thniider. Figuratively, to denounce thrcalenings, or issue 
 out ecclesiastical censures. 
 
 FULMINATING COL!), .t. in chymistry, a very dnn- 
 4;erons compound made by <lilutin{; a saturated solution of 
 gold with three times its measure of distilled water, and pri'- 
 cipitating the oxide by solution of annnonia gradually 
 added. The precipitate, when dried on a filter, forms this 
 fulminatrn;,' powder, which detonates bv heat, or friction. 
 
 FULMIN ATING POWDFJt, .^. in chymistry, a compo- 
 eitioii of three parts of nitre, two parts of salt of tartar, and 
 one of sulphur. It is thus called from the loud report which 
 it occasions when jj;raduallv heated over a fire. 
 
 FULMIXA'TION, *■. [from fnhncn, a thun(ler bolt, Lat.] 
 the act of thunderinjj; the act of denouncing threats or 
 censures. 
 
 FU'LMINATORY, (r.[from fuhnrv, a thunder bolt, Lat. J 
 thnndering ; denouncing threats and censures. 
 
 FU'LNESS, s. the state of being incapable to contain 
 niDre ; the state of abounding in any quality ; completeness; 
 perfection; freedom from defeit ; repletion; plent\, ora 
 state of affluence, largeness, or extent. Applied to sound, 
 such as fills the ear. 
 
 FU'LSOM \), a. [from fulle, Sax.] nauseous, oiTeiisrve, 
 applied to the objects of sight, taste, or smell. Tending to 
 obscenity ; disgraceful ; odious. 
 
 FU'LSOINI FLY, <rrf. nauseously ; lankly; obscenely. 
 
 FU'LSOM F.NESS, «. nauseousness; obscenity. 
 
 To FU'MBLK, 1'. n. \.fomynelen, Belg.] to attempt any 
 thing in an awkward or clumsy manner. 
 
 I U'MI'>LER, s. one who does a thing awkwardly. 
 
 FU MULINGLY, «f/. in an awkward manner. 
 
 FUiNII''/, s. [fiimiis, Lat.] smoke, tapour, or any volatile 
 substance; an exhalation; any thing unsubstantial ; rage ; 
 passion ; an idle conceit ; a chimera ; a vain imagination. 
 
 To FUME, V. 11. [from/Hmiix, smoke, Lat.] to smoke. To 
 raise or pass over in vapours. Figuratively, to be in a rage. 
 Actively, to smoke, or dry in smoke, applied to curing of 
 fish or Hesh. To perfume or scent by casting odours into 
 the fire. 
 
 FU'M'^.T, s. the dun" of the deer. 
 
 FUMf^'TTE, s. [Fr.j in cookery, the stink of meat. 
 
 FU'MID, n. ["froin/HmK^, smoke, Lat.] smoky ; vaporous. 
 
 FUMl'DIT^ , s. sniokiness ; tendency to smoke. 
 
 To FU'MIG ATE, v. n. ffrom/H?niM, smoke, Lat.] to smoke, 
 scent, or perfume by vapours ; to cleanse from contagion 
 by smoking. 
 
 FUMIGA'TION, s. [from /iohtm, smoke, Lat.] scentraised 
 by fire ; the act of smoking any aftected part in medicated 
 fumes. 
 
 FU'MIG.'VTOR, s. in surgery, an instrument used for in- 
 jecting clysters of the smoke of tobacco into drowned per- 
 sons with the intent to restore animation. 
 
 FU'MINGLY, ad. angrllv ; in a rage. 
 
 •FU'MITER, or FU '^llTORY, *. a plant ; spelt likewise, 
 and more properlv, fmnatory. 
 
 FU'MOUS, or FU'MY, a.\fumeux, Fr.] producing luraes ; 
 smoke or vapours. 
 
 FUN, i. a low cant word ; sport ; frolicsome mirth ; 
 waggish merriment. 
 
 FU'NCTION, [Junhs/ion) j. [from fung'", to discliaige, 
 l.at.] discharge, or performance ; aueuiploynient, oliice, or 
 
 trade; a single act of any olVice ; power; faculty; the 
 oHice of any |iarti( ular part of the body. 
 
 FUND, .«. I lioiii /'«/.'/'<, a purse, Lat.] stock, nr capital ; 
 that by «hicli any expence is supported ; the public secu- 
 rity gi\(n tho.'c who lend money to the state; a stock or 
 bank of monev. 
 
 FU'NDAMENT, t. [from//mf/o, to establish or lay the 
 foundation, Lat.] that part of the body on which a person 
 
 FUNDAMETN'TAL, o. [iromy«nc/o, to establish or lay 
 the foundation, Lat ] serving for the foundation; that on 
 wlii<li the rest is built; essential; important. 
 
 FUND.\ME'NT.\L, s. a leading, essential, or nccesiaiy 
 proposition. 
 
 FUNUAME'NTALLY, "f/. essentially; originally. 
 
 I'lJ'NEN, an island in Deiimaik, iieartlie entrance oftlie 
 riallieSea, about ;?.)mileb in length, and :iO in breadth. It 
 is separated friuii .lutland by a strait, called the Less Belt, 
 and fnuii the island of Zealand by another called theCireat 
 Jielf. It is remarkably ferlile in pasture and grain, and ex. 
 ports annually great fpianlilies of barlev, oats, rye, (jcase, 
 and honey. Alost of the Danish nobility have seals here. - 
 Odeiisee is the capital. 
 
 FU'NEKAL, s. [fiom/i(«i«, Lat.] the procession made in 
 carrying a corpse to the grave ; the interment or (lutting 
 a dead person into the grave; the ceremony used at putting 
 a person into the grave. 
 
 FUNERAL, or FUNEREAL, a. [from/H««i,a funeral, 
 Lat.] used at the burial of the dead ; suiting a burial. Dark 
 or dismal, apiilied to colour. 
 
 FUN(iO'Si'I'Y,«. [from /im^iM, a mushroom, Lat. I spongi- 
 ness ; porosity. 
 
 FU'NGOU.S, a. \irom fungis, a mushroom, Lat.] excres 
 cent; spongy; porous; wanting firmness. 
 
 FU'NGU.S, s. [Lat.] strictly, a mushroom. In botany, 
 applied generally to those substances that are either specie-j 
 of mushroom, or resemble ihein with regard to their 
 sponginess or shape. In surgery, an eKcrescence of fles.'i 
 growing on the lips of wounds. 
 
 FU'NICLE, «. [from/ioKi, a cord, Lat.] a sma-II cord. 
 
 FUNK, s. a low word ; a strong, rank, or oliensivc smell ; 
 an oti'ensive suffocating smoke. 
 
 FUNNEL, s. [itifunclibvliim, from iji/?(«'7o, to pour in, Lat.J 
 an inverted hollow cone with a pipe fastened to it, through 
 which liipiors are poured into vessels with naiiow months ; 
 the shafts of a chimney; any pipe or passage of communi- 
 cation. 
 
 FU'NNI'XTOP, «. a species of fungus, bell-shaped, witii 
 round, convex, or flat seeds. The variities are numerous. 
 
 FUR, *. [/oi/))"»c, F'r.J skin with soft hair; the soft hair 
 of beasts; the sediments of liquors adhering to the vessels 
 in which they were contained. 
 
 FUR, «rf. now commonly written /nr; at a distance. 
 
 To FUR, V. a. to line or cover with skins that have sofl 
 hair; to cover with sediments, or«itli the [parts of a fluid 
 which is become thick by evaporation. 
 
 FURA'CIOUS, (fmdshioiis) u. [from fur, a thief, Lat.J 
 thievish ; inclined to steal. 
 
 FURA'CITY, i. [from //(>•, a thief, Lat.] an inclination or 
 disposition to theft. 
 
 FURBELOW, (fnrbelo) s. [falbala. Fr.j an ornament of 
 rufHed or plaited silk, linen, stufis, &C. sewed on women's 
 garments. 
 
 To FURBELOW, {furheK)v. a. to adorn with stripes or 
 borders of fur, silk, linen, cVc. sewed on in plaits. 
 
 To FURBISH, ti. a. [fourbir, Fr.] to burnish, polish, or 
 make anv metal bright. 
 
 FURBISH ER, «.[/our6i*«Hj-, Fr.j one who polishes .11 
 burnishes anv metal so as to make it bright. 
 
 FURCATION,*. [from/»7fff, a fork, Lat J forkiness; 
 the shooting out two ways like the prongs of a fork. 
 
 FU'RFUR, s. [Lat.] bran, husk, chafl', dandrufl'; also tbs 
 scabies or scurf of the head. 
 
 FURJURACEOUS,«.lfrom/w>/ur,bran,Lat.]husky.brin?. 
 
 373
 
 FUS 
 
 FU'Rlfi'S, according to poetical fiction, were the tlire* 
 daughters of Niglit and Acheron, namely Alecto, Mega-ra, 
 and Tisipiione, who are described with snakes instead of 
 hair, and eyes like ligiitning, carrying iron chains and wiiips 
 in one hand, and in tlie other tiaming torches ; the latter to 
 discover, and the former to punisii, the guilly. 
 
 FU'RIOUS, a. [from /«; w, fury, Lat.J mad, or deprived 
 of the right use of reason; raging; violently transported by 
 passion. 
 
 FU'RIOUSLY, ad. madly ; violently ; with vehemence 
 and outrage. 
 
 FU'RIOUSNESS, s. fierceness of nature ; violence of at- 
 tack ; raging. 
 
 To FURL, V. a. [freslei; Fr.] to draw up and bind any 
 sail close to the yard. 
 
 FU'RLONG, s. [farlan^;, Sax. J a measure containing 220 
 yards, or oi>e-eighth of a mile. 
 
 FU'RLOUGH, {furlo)s. [verhef, Belg-l a permission given 
 by a superior officer to an njferior, or a common soldier, to 
 be absent for a stated time. 
 
 FU'RMENTY, s. more properly Frumenty ; which 
 see. 
 
 FURNACE, s. [from furnus, an oven, Lat.] a place built 
 like an oven, in which coals and wood are burnt; sometimes 
 applied to the vessel of iron or copper in which ores, metals, 
 iVc. are melted. 
 
 To FURNISH, ti. (7. [fimrnir, Fr.] to supply with wliat is 
 ▼anting ; to give for use ; to fit up ; to adoru ; to em- 
 bellish. 
 
 FURNISH ER, s. one who supplies or fits out. 
 
 FURNITURE,*. Yfunniitm-e, Fr.] any goods, necessa- 
 ries, or materials proper to render a house, plac, or any 
 thing convenient ; an appendage; equipage ; embellish- 
 ment, or ornament. 
 
 FURRIER, s. one who buys orsells furs. 
 
 FU'RHOW, ifiirru) s. [fiirh. Sax.] a small trench made 
 by the plough for the reception of seeds ; a narrow channel 
 made in a field for convex ing water to dry, or for the drain- 
 ing watery land; any long trench or hollow; the marks or 
 hollows made in the face bv age ; a wrinkle. 
 
 ToFU'RROW, {f{trro)'r. a. ] f,/rir>n, Sax.] to plow into 
 narrow channels or hollows ; to move by cutting like a 
 plouiflisliare. 
 
 FU RRY, a. from fur ; covered with or dressed in fur ; 
 consisting of fur ; covered with the sediments of any 
 liquor. 
 
 FU'RTHKR, a. beyond, or greater than this. See 
 Forth, and Farther. 
 
 To FURTHER, v. a. [forthriun. Sax.] to promote, coun- 
 tenance or encoHrasje. 
 
 FURTHERANCE, s. the act of promoting, countenanc- 
 ing, or advancing any undertaking or design. 
 
 FU'RTHEREH, s. a promoter; one wiio contributes to 
 advance the progress of ;ui undertaking. 
 
 FURTHEKMOHE, W. moreover; more than what has 
 been said or alleged ; besides. 
 
 FU'RTIVE, (7. [J'lirinui!, from /hi-, a thief, Lat.] stolen; 
 gotten bv stealth. 
 
 FU'RY, s. [furor, Lat.] loss of reason ; madness ; 
 frenzv. 
 
 FURZE, s. [firs, Sax. J a plant which grows wild on 
 heath and uplaiul commons, generally used for fuel, or mak- 
 ing hedges. It is likewise called gorze and whins. 
 
 FU'KZY, a. overgrown with furze or gorze. 
 
 To FUSE, ( fnzejv. a. [from f'iiiiilii,fuium, to pour out, Lat.] 
 to melt, toli<)ucfy by heat. 
 
 FUSEE, (f'lizce) s. [fHsrau, Fr.] the cone or spindle round of which is called hard, because formed 
 vliich the chainof a clock or watch is wound. In a boud>, of the tonuue against the uiioi r gums ; 
 
 FUSiy.ILITY, (fuzioiUiy) i. a capacity of being melted, 
 or becoming li<piid bv fire. 
 
 FUSlL,(/"20f) .f. [fvsif, Fr.] See Fusee. 
 
 FUSILIER, {f'uziUer) *. a soldier armed with a siiuiU 
 musket. 
 
 FU'SION, s. [from fnvdo,fiisum, to pour out, Lat] the act 
 of melting; the state of being melted, or turned liquid, by 
 heat. 
 
 FUSS, s. a low counti-y word ; bustle ; racket ; clamour ; 
 much ado about nothing. 
 
 FUST, s. [fiisle, Fr.J the body, trunk, or shaft of acolumn. 
 Also a strong smell, as that of a mouldy barrel. 
 
 FU'STIAN, s.[fiitaine, Fr.ja kind fif cloth made of cot- 
 ton stuff. In criticism, a high, swelling, and turgid style ; 
 bondiast. 
 
 FU'STI.^N, «. made of fustian. Applied to style, ridi- 
 culously tumid, or pompous. 
 
 FUSTIC,*, a vellow wood used ford\ing. 
 
 FUSTILA'Rl.AN, s. a word used by Sliakspea'-e for a 
 mean, low fellow. 
 
 FU'STINESS, s. stink ; the scent of a mouldy cask. 
 
 FUSTY, a. stinking; mouldy ; smelling like a mouldy 
 
 FUTILE, a. \futilis, Lat.] talking much; trifling; wortl*. 
 less; of no weignt or import. 
 
 FUTl'LITY, i. [fiittlite, Fr.] the fault of talking too much , 
 triflingness : want of weight ; want of solidity. 
 
 FU'TTOCKS, *. corrupted from foot Iwoh ; in ship 
 building, the lower or upper timbers that give breadth or 
 bearing to a ship, and hold it together. 
 
 FUTURE, a. [fiiturus, Lat.] that shall be; that has 
 never existed, but is approaching. 
 
 FUTURE,*, time to come; that which may happer 
 hereafter. In grammar, a tense by which we express a 
 thing neither present nor past, but one which is to come. 
 
 FUTU'RELY, ad. in time to come. 
 
 FUTURITY, .«. time or events which may come after 8 
 certain period of time ; the state of being to happen after a 
 certain time. 
 
 To FUZZ, t'. ". from flie sound ; to fly out w ilh a hiss- 
 ing noise in small particles, like water from a cock half 
 turned. 
 
 FU'ZZBALL, *. a kind of*fungas, which, when touched or 
 pressed, bursts and scatters dust. 
 
 FY ! interject, a word used to express disapprobation and 
 loathing. 
 
 FY'AL, or Fayal, the most westerly island of the Azo- 
 res, or ^Vestern Islands, about 27 miles in length, and U in 
 bieiiiji'li. The cliuiale is reuuirkalily good, and the air al. 
 ways pure and mild. The island produces plenty of pas- 
 ture for cattle, and abundance of iish are caught on tlie 
 (inist. Tlie most considerable, if not the only town, is 
 Villa de Ilorla. Lat. .38. ;V2. N. Ion. 28. ■I.'i. W. 
 
 FVZAHAD, a city of Hindoostan, in the territory of 
 Oiide, of which it wasonce the capital. and near llie aiitieiit 
 cityofOiide. It is still populous, allhougli the wiMlllucr 
 inhabitants have retired since llie reinoviil of the Naliol to 
 Luckiiow. It is seated on tlu' ri\er(iogra, O.j miles E. olf 
 Luckiiow, and 80 nearly N. of Allahabad. Lat. 20'. -ij. iS , 
 Ion. 82. ai. E. 
 
 ~i Is the seventh letter and filth consonant of the EnglisFr 
 
 ^X alphabet. The letter C! is of the mute kind, and caii- 
 
 iiot be souiidid wilhoul a vowel. It has Wo sounds, one 
 
 " ' ' ' ' '■ ' '•■ a hanl pressure 
 
 a wooden [lipe or tap tilled with wiliKire, by which tli 
 whole powder or composition in the shell takes fire. A 
 track of a buck. A firelock, or small neat musket. This is 
 more properly written futtl. 
 
 FU'SIULE, {fdzihU) a. capable of being melted or liquc- 
 iiod bv fire. 
 
 374 
 
 01 wnicn IS caueo iiaro, oecause lorineo i)\ a iiuiu piessure 
 of the tonuue against the uppi r gums ; this sound it always 
 ri'tailis beliiie «, «, v. I, r ; as ^'uiw, gat, gore, <;od, ^nn, ^tdl, 
 "liiss.nriiss. The other soiiiui. wliich is ternu'-d sofi, resem- 
 bles the sound (d' the ;, and iscoiiiinonly found before <: or »', 
 as in ^rm iind j,nWi(/ ; though not without exceplion ; for in 
 the words ^'■(^ i^i'hli/, ffift, give, iiiid many more the reader 
 will see pointed out in order, it leluins the hard sound. At
 
 G..I 
 
 a A L 
 
 thf did of words, (f/i is often sounded like /7", as in (lie words 
 t"i'/f-A, <B"fl-/i, A c. ve( not always, as in tlie words i/mrong/i, 
 bf)vti^/i, tVc. where it has scarce any soiind at all. I'lefcirc «, 
 nt Ilie end of a word, it is not sounded, hut serves oidy to 
 Jen^lhcn the vowel wliieheomes hefore it, aeeonliiig lo llie 
 French, from whence these words are derived; as rimid^-ii, 
 mali-rii, which are prononnced cmutlii, vml'iu. It is ollrn 
 »ileul before A in (lie middle of words, as in min/it, which is 
 sounded nnt. This seems to have heeii derived to ns from 
 the Saxons, who, as Dr. Ilickes informs us, pronounce it, 
 ill the hesin'iiiii,'. middle, and endin;; of W(n(ls, liUe a ;/, as 
 in ^"te, which some rustics still pronoinice i/atr ; ilaa;, wliieli 
 we pronounce rfff// ,• and in sagl^ «lii(h we iirouounee suit. 
 As a numeral, G wasantiently used to denote -KMi, and with 
 a dash over it thus, VV, 40,000. In music, il is IIk- character 
 or marU of the treble clelf; and from its beiii;; placed at 
 "the head, or markiii;jthe first souu<l in Guido's scale, llie 
 whole scale to<tk the nameof Gauuit. 
 . (iAIiA'UDINE, «. \c:<'v<'rdiiia, Ital] acoarse fiock. 
 
 To (iA'lUlLK, t'. v.[s;abbarr, Ilal.J to make ;ui articulate 
 noise ; lo prate loudly without sense or mcaniii;,'. 
 
 GA'BHLK, s. an unintelligible noise; loud talk, uilliout 
 sen-;e or meaning. 
 
 GA'RIU.EIC*- a prater or talkative person. 
 (iA'l?l'.L, t. [§-nW/(', Fr.] among the Frencli, a duty or 
 tax upon salt ; anv tax or excise. 
 
 GA'lilOi^, s. [FrI] a wicker basket filled with earth, 
 serving as a defence from the enemy's fire ; used in batte- 
 ries to screen the engineers. 
 
 GABLE, «. [gni'tl, Brit, galle, Fr.] the sloping roof of a 
 bwililing. T\w gttblcend, in building, is the upright triaiigu- 
 lac- end of a house from the eaves to the top.of the roof. 
 
 GA'BRIEL, tbe name of one of the principal angels in 
 heaven. It signifies the stremrth of God. 
 G A I), ». [Sax.] a wedge or ingot of steel, 
 'i'o CJ AD, 1'. II. [gndaw, Brit.] to ramble about without any 
 settled purpose, necessary call, or valuable business. 
 
 GA'DDl'.R, s. from gnd ; one wlu) rambles about, or goes 
 much abroad, without any call or business. 
 
 G.A'DDINGLY, ad. in a rambling or roving manner. 
 GA'DFLY, s. [supposed by Skinner to be derived from 
 grid. Sax. a goad, and Jli/] a troublesome, large, stinging fiy ; 
 called likewise a breese, and gad bee. 
 
 GA'DOLINITE, s. in chymistry, a fossil discovered in 
 Sv/eden by one Gadolina cliymist. 
 GAFF, s. a harpoon, or large hook. 
 
 GATFEH, s. \gefere. Sax.] a word of respect formerly, 
 but now made use of only as a term of 'familiarity to an old 
 country fellow. 
 
 GA'FFLES, .?. \gafehtcas, Sax.] artificial spurs of steel, 
 or silver, put on a coct's legs, in the room of his natural 
 ones, when he is to fight. 
 
 To G.\G, II. n. [from gaghel, Belg.] to force Jsomething 
 into the mouth that may keep the jaws distended, and hin- 
 der a person from speaking. 
 
 GAG, i. something put into the mouth, which hinders a 
 person from speaking. 
 
 GAGE, s. \gage, Fr.] something given as a security ; a 
 pledge. 
 
 To GAGE, V. a. \gnger, Fr.] to wager; to give or place in 
 trust as part of a wager ; to give as a pledge or security ; to 
 measure or find |the contents of a vesseL In the last sense, 
 more properly written ir''"g'<',which see. 
 
 To GA'GGLE, v. n. \gagen, Belg.J to make a noise like a 
 goose, or like one wlio is gagged. 
 
 GAI'ETY, i. [gaiet'e, Fr.J a cheerfid, sprightly, and joyous' 
 disposition of mind. Pleasures which are proper for youth, 
 used in the plural. Finery, or splendid dress. Synon. 
 Jo;i is in the heart, gaiety in the manners. The one consists 
 i« the sweet sentiments of the soul ; the other, iu the agree- 
 able situation of the mind. 
 
 GAIN, s. [gain, Fr.] profit oradvantage flowing as a con- 
 ieqnence from any undertaking ; interest, or lucre. 
 To G.MN, ti, a. [gagner, fr.] to obtain profit or «dT»i>- 
 
 tagc; to receive for a thing above what it costs; to attain, 
 obtain, or ac<piiie ; lo win; lo draw over to an interest or 
 party. Neuterly, lo encroach ; lo -advance or come for- 
 ward by degrees. Figuratively, used with on or upon, to 
 obtain an advantage over ; to get ground. 
 
 (iAIN, o. an old word now out of use; handy; ready; 
 dexterous. 
 
 CiA'lNEU, s. one who receives profit oradvantage. 
 G A'lXFUL, ". that by VNliich a person may \ie enri<hcd ; 
 profitable ; advantageous ; hurative ; productive of 
 money. 
 
 G.VINI'ULLY, ad. in a profitable or advantageou* 
 manner. 
 
 tiA'INLESS, a. unprofitable ; producing neither profit 
 nor advantage. 
 
 G.A'INLY, ad. handily ; dexterous and ready in per- 
 forming. 
 
 To tiAINSAT, f. a. [t'rom gain for against, and saij] to 
 contradict. To deny, or speak against a thing. 
 (iAINSAYEH, s. an opponent ; an adversary. 
 (iA INSBOHOUGIl, a lown of Lincolnshire, situated on 
 the Trent, over which a liandsoiiie stone bridge has been 
 lately erected, where foot-passengers, as well as others, pay 
 toll. Though nearly 40 miles from tbe Humber by water, 
 it is accessible to ve>sels of considerable burden, (trading 
 to London, Hull, Newcastle, and other places) with the 
 tide, and serves as a place of export and import lo the 
 W. and N. W. parts of the county. It is 17 miles N. 
 \V. of Lincoln, and 151 N. by NV. of London. Alarkc^ 
 on Tuesday. 
 
 GA'IIUSH, a. [from grarrian, Sax. J gaudy; shovry ; 
 fine or bright. Excessively gay, or fiighty, applied to tlv€ 
 mind. 
 
 G.AIP.ISHlVESS, s. finery, or flaunting gandiness, ap- 
 plied todrcss. Flightly or extrava: ant jny or gaiety. 
 GAIT, s. [gnt., Belg.] the manner or air of walking. 
 G.'VLA'GE, s. a shepherd's clog, .^n old word. " Aly 
 gnliige gro" n fast to my heel." S/misrr. 
 
 (JALA'NGAL, s. [gn.Wn^T, Fr.] the name of two roots 
 brought from the East Indies, kept in the shops, a greater 
 and a smaller ; of which the latter is most esteemed. It ii 
 a great cephalic, cardiac, and uterine. 
 
 GAL.'X'XY, (by some accented on the first syllable) s. 
 [from gala, milk, Gr.] the milky way, orlliat part of the sky 
 which appears with a stream of light, supposed by modern 
 astronomers to be occasioned by a profusion of stars. 
 
 GA'LBANUM, i. [Lat.] a substance of a middle nature 
 between a gum and a resin, bejng inflammable like the lat- 
 ter, and soluble in water like the former, but will not dis- 
 solve in oil, as pure resins do. 
 
 GALE, .s. [gabliug. Tent.] a current of air, or a gentle 
 blast of wind. In botany, a plant, with spear-shaped leaves, 
 called also sweet willow, and Dutch mvrlle. 
 
 GALEAS,or GA'LLEASS, «. [galfasse, Fr.] a large low- 
 built vessel, using both sails and oars, being the largest 
 vessel which is rowed. 
 
 GA'LEATED, a. [galeatus, Lat.] covered with an helmet, 
 or with something resembling an helmet. 
 
 GALE'NA,*. in chvmistrv, the sulphuret of lead. 
 G'A'LE'NIC, or GALENICAL, a. a manner of treating 
 diseases founded on the principles of Galen. Galenical 
 medicines are those that are formed by the easier prepara- 
 tion of herbs, roots, &c. and by combining and multiplyhig 
 ingredients'; while those ofchymi>try draw their intimate 
 or more remote virtues by means of fire and elaborate prepa- 
 rations ; as calcination, digestion, fermentations, &c. 
 
 GALI'CI A, a name given to a country in the S. and S. W. 
 of Poland, coiisislingof that part of Little Poland, wjiicli is 
 S. of tlie river Vistula, almost the whole of Red Russia, and 
 a slip of Podolia. It is now incorporated into the Austria-u 
 dominions, under the appellation of the kingdoms ofG»- 
 licia and Lodomeria. The mountainous parts produce fine 
 past'ire ; the plains are mostly sandy, but abound in foTe.*t,s, 
 and are fertile in corn. The principal articles of trallic, 
 
 37a
 
 GAl 
 
 GaL 
 
 are cattle, hides, wax, and honey, copper, lead, iron, and 
 salt. It extends from K. to \V. iihout 280 miles in loiiylh, 
 and from GO to 100 in breadth. Lembur;; or Leopold is the 
 capital. 
 
 GALICIA, a mountainous province of Spain, bounded on 
 the N. and VV. by the sea; on the E. by Abtiiria and Leon ; 
 and on the S. by Portugal. It lias more harbours than any 
 &ther province of Spain, and the forests yield wood for 
 ship-buildiu;;. The principal produce is wine, Ikix, and 
 citrous; and here are also good pastures. The population 
 is not numerous. The mineral productions are co|iper and 
 lead; C<irunna and Ferrol are the principal ports, and St. 
 JaffO (li Couipostella is tiie capital. 
 
 GA'LIOT, «. [guliotte, Fr.] a littie galley or sort ofbri- 
 gantine, built very slight, and fit for chase. It carries but 
 one uuist, and two or three patlereroes. It can bolh sail 
 and row, and has sixteen or twenty seats for the rowers, 
 with one man to each oar. 
 
 GALL, St. or St. Gallen, a considerable town of the 
 Thursjau, in .^^uisserland. The inhabitants are uncommonly 
 industrious, and carry on an extensive commerce, arising 
 from the manufactures of liueji, muslin, and embroidery. 
 Here is a rich and celebrated abbey, \\ hose abbot is chosen 
 by the 72 Benedictines who compose the chapter. The go- 
 vernment of the town, «hich is entirely protestant, is aristo- 
 deniocratical ; the subjects of the abbot, whose territory is 
 distinct, are cal holies. To the librai-y belonging to this ab- 
 bey we are indebted for the preservation of the fiirjiims 
 writings of Pelronius Arbiter, Silius Ilalicus, Valerius Flac- 
 cus, and Quntilian, copies of which were found here in 
 1413. The town is seated in a narrow, barren valley, be- 
 tween two mountains, 57 miles N. E. of Zurich. Lai. 47.26. 
 N. Ion. 9. 20. E. 
 
 GALL, (s:aiill) s. [geala, Sax.] a yellow juice, secreted 
 from the blood in the glands of the liver, and lodged in a 
 particular reservoir, called the gnl/ llndihr. FigurativelV, 
 any thing extremely bitter. Rancour or uudignily, applied 
 to the temper of the mind. A sore or hurt, occasioned by 
 fretting or rubbing off the skin. 
 
 To CiALL, (gaiitl) V. a. fg-«/tr, Fr.] to hurt or make sore 
 by rubbing otf the skin. Figuratively, to impair, or wear 
 av(ay. To vex; to fret; to teaze ; to harass; to distinb. 
 pROV. Touch a gall'd horse on the hack, and he'll hick or 
 vinee. 
 
 GALLANT, a. \galanf, Fr.J gay, showy, or magnifi- 
 cent, applieii to dress. Brave, high-spirited, courageous, 
 appli<'il to the mind. Amorous, or inclined to courtship. 
 Synon. Excess makes /oiie degenerate into jealousy, and 
 gal/aiitri/ into libertinism. 
 
 GALLANT, s. a gay, sprightly, airy, and courageous 
 person ; a person who courts a wom.ui in order to make 
 lier his wife; a person who keeps company with a pros- 
 titute. 
 
 GA'I.LANTLY, arl. in a gay or sprightly manner. In a 
 showy or splendid nranner, applied to ilress. In a brave, 
 noble, or courageous manner. 
 
 GALLANTRY, s. \gnlnniei-ic, F'r.] splendour ; grandeur ; 
 finery ; bravery; nobleness; courtship; elegant and refined 
 address to women ; vicious h)ve ; amorousness. 
 
 GAF^LATES, s. in chymistry, salts formed by the combi- 
 nation ofanv base with gallic acid. 
 
 GALLIX3'N, (ga/liwn) s. Ignlimi, Vr.] a large ship, with 
 four or five decks. Now applied to those ships wliuh the 
 .Spaniards employ iu the connnerce they carry on between 
 Mexico and Peru. 
 
 GA'LLIORY, >. [galerie, Fr.] a little aisle or walk in a 
 house' above stairs, serving as a common passage to several 
 rooms placed in a lino or row ; likewise a covered place in a 
 bouse much longer than broad, usually placed in the wings 
 of a building, sometimes euibrlli--hed with pictures, and 
 serving to walk in; the seats in the pla\ house above the 
 Itoxes. In fortification, a covered walk or passage made 
 across the ditch of -.i town besieged. In a snip, a balcony 
 oit Uie outside of the stern, to which there is a passage 
 
 »7<i 
 
 from the gnat cabin. In a church, it is a kind of ballus- 
 trade built along the sides or lover end ot the church. 
 
 CiA'LLIsV, s. [plural grrt/ies, Ua]. gakre, Fr.J a low-built 
 vessel going both with oais and sails, having two masts and 
 two square sails. Figuratively, used to imply a state of ex- 
 treme misery, alluding to the condition of the slaves by 
 whom these vessels are navigated. 
 
 G AT.LEY-SL.\VE, i-. a person condemned to row in the 
 gallies. 
 
 GA'LLL^RD, s. [guiUard, Fr.]a gay, brisk, lively man ; an 
 active sprightly dance. Both these senses are now obsolete. 
 
 G'ALLIC, a. in chyniist y, belonging to galls, applied 
 principally to the gallic acid, which is found in galls, oak- 
 bark, and s-)me other vegetables. 
 
 GA LLICAN, rt. 'igalhcvs, Lat.] belonging to the French 
 church O! nation. 
 
 GALLICISM, s. [gallicisme, Fr.] a manner of expres- 
 sion peculiar to the Freneli language; such as, he/r'gu)crfin 
 controversy; he held ibis conduct ; be hM the same lan- 
 guage t'lat another had AfW before ; with nuuiy other ex- 
 pressions to be found in the pages of Bolingbroke. 
 
 CiALLlCiA'SIvIJNS, s. large, open, or trunk hose; a pair 
 of breeches. 
 
 GALLLM.\'TIA, {gallimushia)s. [gallimalhias, Fr.] adark, 
 perplexed discourse ; nonsense. 
 
 GALLLMAUIKY, s. [gnlimafiee, Fr.] a hotch-potch, 
 bash, or ragout of several sorts of broken meat ; any incoit- 
 sistent and ridiculous nu^dlev. 
 
 GALLIOT, *. .See Galiot. 
 
 CiA'LLIPOT, s. a pot made of clay glazed, sometimes 
 painted, commonly used to put medicines in 
 
 G A LLO'CH ES, i. a sort of leathern clogs, that cover good 
 part of the shoe. 
 
 G.'\'LLON,i. [°-e?o, low Lat.|a liquid measure contamiKg 
 four quarts. 
 
 G.ALLO'ON, s.[galm, Fr.] a thick narrow kin of ferret, 
 ribband, or lace. 
 
 To GA'LLOP, V. n. \gnloper, Fr.] to move forwards very 
 quick ; to move on horseback by reaches and leaps. 
 
 GA'LLOP, s. the motion of a horse when he runs at full 
 speed ; in which making a kind of leap forward, he lifts 
 both his fore legs very near at the same time; and while 
 these are in the air, and just upon the point of touching the 
 ground, he lifts both his hind-legs almost at once. 
 
 GA'LLOPEH, «. a horse that gallops, or moves forward 
 by reaches and leaps; a person who rides fast, or makes a 
 horse carry him on a gallop. 
 
 To GA'LLOVV, (gdllv) V. a. [agalwan, Sax.] to terrify ; to 
 make afraid. 
 
 CiA'LLOW.AY, s. a horse not more than 14 hands high, 
 much used in the North, and perhaps is so called because 
 coming originally from Cialloway, a sliire in Scotland. 
 
 GA'LLOW.\Y. or (iALi.WAY, is a county of Scotland, 
 about 170 miles in length, fr<un E. to W. and inn in breadth, 
 from N. to S. It is bounded on the S. and W. by the sea ; 
 on the N. by Carrick and Kyle ; and on the S. by Nilhsdale. 
 It contains several rivers, ami a great number of lakes from 
 half a mile to two miles in length. 
 
 GALIX)\VS, (giil/os) s. -A tianie of wood made in dive; ■ 
 forms, or a beam laid over two supporters, on which crind- 
 nals are hanged. 
 
 GA'LLOWSl-'REE, a. exempt by destiny from bein» 
 hanged. " Let him hc.g(illonx/rcr,hy my consent." Ihi/deu. 
 
 GALLS, {gaidl.i) s. connnonly called Ahppn g/i!h, wrfd 
 particular kind of vegetable tumors or excrescences like 
 nuts, that grow upon the hardest species ofoak,and are used 
 in dying, making ink, cVc. which, although they are as hard 
 as shells, are nothing but the cases of insects that are bred 
 in them, and which, when grown to maturity, gnaw llieir 
 way out, which is the occasion of those little holes we see ir. 
 them. 
 
 GALVANIC, in chymistry, belonging to galvanism. 
 
 G.-VLVANISM, the name given to the inlliience disco- 
 vered about 10 years ago by the celebrated Galvaui, profcJ*.
 
 a A M 
 
 (~. A N 
 
 sorof anatomy at Hologna, and which, by himself, ;iii(l some 
 clhcis, was ill (irst, ihoti^h improperly, called (iiiiiimt r/ir- 
 Irifitif. TI.H.' expoririieiils wliiili have been made \>\ pliilo- 
 «oi)liers, upon animal liddies, may be reduced lo llie lullow- 
 iiii,' ; which may sullice lo -live tiie reader a correcl iioliou 
 of the subject. — Lay bare about an inch of a ^real nerve, 
 leading to any limb or muscle. Let that end of the bared 
 part which isfarthest from the lind> be in close contact wi'li 
 a bit of zinc. Touch the zinc with a bit of silver, wliile 
 another part of the silver toiielies, either the naked nerve, if 
 not dry, or, whether it be dry or not, the limb or niiiscle to 
 which it leads. Violent contractions are thus produced in 
 the limt) or muscle, but not in any uiusele on llie oilier side 
 of the xinc. Almost any two metals will produce the nu)ve- 
 ments ; but, it is believed, the most powerful are llie follow- 
 in^', in the order in which lluy are here placid: l./iiic; 
 2. Till ; 3. Lead; in ctuijunclion «ilh, 1. Ciohi; 2. Silver; 
 S. Molybdena; 4. .Steel, .'>. Copper. LTpon this [)oint, 
 liowever, authors are not perfectly agreed. 
 
 GALVVAY, a county of Ireland, in the pro\ince of Con- 
 naufjht, about 75 nnles Ion;,', and 45 broad. It is bounded 
 on the N. I)\ the counties of Mayoaiid ilosconiiunu ; on the 
 E. by Hoscommon, Kiufj's Couiitv, and Ti|)perary ; on the 
 S. by Clare and GaKvay Bay ; and on the W. by the Atlantic 
 Ocean. It contains 'JS cluiiclies, IIG parishes, about 
 2K,'21-J houses, and 1 l'.>,(in() iiilialiitaiits. .A Ki''"t V»r\ of it 
 is fertile, beiiif; a \\ariu lime sloue soil, which reuards the 
 industry of the luisbandman ami shepherd: but isvervcoarso 
 towards the N. and W. and, in those paits, ra;lier Ihiuly in- 
 habiteil. The western coast contains many uell-sliellered 
 harbours, and is mostly bordered with j;reeii islands and 
 ru;;^^ed rocks. 
 
 GA'LWAY, a town of Ireland, in a county of the same 
 name, of which it is the capital. It is advanta:;eously si- 
 tuated for foreifjn trade on (jaK<ay Bay, in the .'\tlantic. 
 The salmon and herring fisheries are carried on here with 
 great spirit, and employ several limidred boats; the fpian- 
 tity of kelp manufactured and expoi ted ia considerable, and 
 the increase of the linen uianidacture, though of late intro- 
 duction, is become very iiiip!)rtai)f. It is 40 miles W. S. W. 
 of Athlone, and 108 W. bV S. of Dublin. 
 
 GAMBA'DK, or GAMBADO, s. plural o-„,„i,„rrs and 
 frnmb'idoi.s ; [from fidwiii, Ital.J a sort of leather boot fixed to 
 a saddle, insti-ad of stirrups, to put the legs in. 
 
 GA'MBETTA, i. in ornithology, a bird resend.ling the 
 redshank, which is common in Italy, and occasionally visits 
 England 
 
 GAMBIA, a large river of Africa, which falls into the 
 Atlantic Oct'an. The source is not known, but it is navi- 
 gable for slooi)s about 600 miles up the country. At the 
 mouth of the river the lami is low, but, higher up, the coun- 
 try is rocky and mountainous, and covered with woods. 
 Along its banks are great nuuibcrs of towns, inhabited by 
 various nations. The Arabic language and Mahometan re- 
 ligion generally prevail in the coiniti'v N. of this river; on 
 the S. the inhabitants are pagans. The Gandjia annually 
 overflows its banks, like the Nile. The mouth is in lat. 13. 
 28. N. and Ion. l(i. 20. W. 
 
 GA'MBLER, s. a cant word ; [perhaps from g-flmej a per- 
 son who dra«s in the unwary to game, in order to cheat 
 them. 
 
 GAMBO'GE, ». a vegetable resinof a deep yellow colour, 
 used as a paint, and in medicine as an evacuant. It comes 
 Trom Gambaja, in the East Indies. 
 
 To GA'MBOL, t'. n. [gambiller, Fr.J to dance, skip, frisk, 
 or play sportive tricks. 
 
 GAMBOL, s. skip, hop, leap, or tumble for joy. Figu- 
 rativelv, a.frolic or wild prank. 
 
 GA'MBREL, ». [from i^dmh^rella, Ital.l the leg of a horse. 
 
 GAME, *. [from gitman, Isl.] sport of^iiny kind. A jest, 
 opposed to seriousness or earnest. To viahe game, to ridi- 
 cule. A single match at \)lay. Aiivantage in play. Field- 
 Sports, applied to the chase of falconry. Animals pursued 
 Ml iJie liekl. Oiaues are usually distinguished into those of 
 
 3 C 
 
 exercise and address, and those of hazard. To the first b»-. 
 long (111 ss, tennis, billiards, wrestling, cricket, &c. and to 
 tile latter, those performed with carils and dice. 
 
 ToCiAMIv, 1'. n. \<j;itmvn, Sax.] to i)lay at any sport or 
 diversion; to play extravagantly, or for great sums of 
 nioney. 
 
 (;A'MEC0CK, 3. a cock of a peculiar species bred for 
 fighting. 
 
 (iA'iME-EGG, s. an egg from which a fighting cock n 
 bred. 
 
 (JA'MF.KEr.PER, «. a person who looks after game. 
 
 fiA'MLSOME, a. frolicsome ; merry ; gay. 
 
 (iA'MKSOMENESS, s. sportiveness, wantonness. 
 
 (j A'MLSOMELY, ad. in a pleasant, merry, sportive, or 
 wanton manner. 
 
 {jA'MESTKU, ,«. one who is fond of play to excess, or 
 one who engages in play with a design to cheat ; one who 
 is engaged in play, or understands a game ; a merry frolic- 
 some pi'rson ; a prostitute. 
 
 G.\'M1NG, «. the act of gaming; an immodente love of 
 play. 
 
 fiA'MMER, J. a famiiui- word for an old countrywo- 
 man. 
 
 GA'MMON, «. Igamhmic, Ilal.l the butlock or thigh of a 
 hog ; the hiwer end of a llileh of bacon. 
 
 GA'MLT, s. Ignmii, Ital.| a scale by which we are 
 taught to sound the musical tones, 'i he invention of this 
 scale is owing to Ciuido Areline; though it is not so pro- 
 l)erly an invention, as an improvement of the diagram or 
 scale of ihetTiecians. 
 
 'GAN, (orbcii-nn, [from 'g-m forbegin.] " The noble knigh* 
 'g-nii feel his vital force to faint." S/ienser. 
 
 To GAXCII, V. a. [from gaiicia, Ilal.] to drop from u 
 high place ujion hooks; a punishment practised in Turkey. 
 
 G.VNDER, s. \gaii(lrii. Sax.] the male of the goose ; one 
 of which it is saifl w ill serve five geese. 
 
 GANG, s. a company or crew going together on some 
 exiiloit, used of a ship's crew, or a company of robbers. 
 
 To CjANCr, V. n. \stt7igen, Belg. gangnn, Sax.] to go; t« 
 walk ; an old word, seldom used but in a ludicrous 
 sense. 
 
 CiA'NGES, a large and celebrated river of India, has its 
 source in two springs near Mount Kentaittc, in Thibet ; the 
 streams of which, after running 300 miles in a western di- 
 rection, inclining to the N. turn to the S. unite their waters, 
 and form nhal is properly called the Ganges, from the Hin- 
 doo woid gaiiga, which signifies the river. This great body 
 of water now forces a passage through Mount ilimmaleh, 
 a chain or ridge of mountains extending from Cabul along 
 the N. of Hinrloostan, and through Thibet ; and sapping ils 
 very foundation, rushes through a cavern, and precipitates 
 itself in a vast basin, which it has worn in the rock, at the 
 hither foot ofliie mountains. From this second source (as it 
 may be termed) of the Ganges, it takes a S. E. dirottion 
 through thecountry of Sirinagur, until, atllurdwar, it finally 
 escapes the mountainous tract in which it has wandered 
 about 800 miles. From Hurdwar, where it enters the plain 
 country, it flows with a smooth navigable stream, during 
 tile remainder of its course to 'lie Bay of Bengal, which it 
 enters by several mouths. In its course through these de- 
 lightful plains, it passes by Furr -ckabad, Allahabad, Benares, 
 Patna, A'c.and receives 11 rivers, some of viliieh are cgnal 
 to the Rhine, and none smaller than the Thames, besides 
 others of inferior note. In the annual inundation of this im- 
 mense river, the country is overflowed to the extent of more 
 than 100 miles in width ; nothing appearing above water 
 but villages and trees, excepting, very rarely, the top of an 
 elevated spot, tlie artificial mound of some deserted village, 
 which appears like an island. The rise of the water is on an 
 average about 31 feet. The Ganges is a most beneficial river, 
 difiusing plenty by means of its living productions, enricli- 
 ing the lands, and affording an easy conveyance for the pro- 
 duce of its borders. The Hindoos hold its waters in high 
 veneration. It is visited aouually by pilgrims fron) all parts 
 
 371
 
 -GAR 
 
 GAR 
 
 cf Hiiidoostan, and happy are those accounted whose lot it 
 in:iy lie to perish it its streams. 
 
 OiA'NGLlON, s. [Gr.Jiii surgery, a hard moveable fiiinor. 
 
 GANGRENE, *, [^angrcrna, low Lat. ffffjig-rfiir, 1 r,] in 
 surgery, a disorder in any fleshy partoftiic hodv leiuliii;r 
 to a mortification, attended witli some sensation ofpain, aiiii 
 share of natural heat, the flesh it seizes turning hiatk, and 
 spreading itself to the adjacent parts. 
 
 To GA'KGRENE, 1'. a. \gangrener, Fr.] to corrupt to 
 mortification. Neuterly, to become mortified. 
 
 GA'NGRENOUS, a. of the nature of a gangrene. 
 
 GANGUE, s. in chyniistry, a term made use of to denote 
 the stony matter whicii fills the cavities, and accompanies 
 the ores in veins of metal. 
 
 GA'NGWAY, s. in a ship, tlie several ways or passages 
 from one part of it to another. 
 
 GA'NGWEEK, ^. rogation week, when processions are 
 made to Instrate the bounds of parishes. 
 
 GA'NTELOPE.or GA'NTLET, s. gantlet, is only a cor- 
 ruption of gantehjpe ; [from syinf, all, and loopev, to riui, Belg.] 
 a military punishment, wherein the oft'ender is stripped 
 naked to the waist, and obliged to run through a lane of 
 soldiers with green switches in their hands, when each gives 
 him a blow as he passes. 
 
 GAOL, «. [oro?, Brit.] a place of confinement for debt- 
 ■ors and criminals. This word is always pronounced, and 
 often written, jail, and sometimes oo«/. 
 
 To GAOL, f. a. to imprison ; to commit to gaol. 
 
 G.A'OL-DELIVERY, {jail-deliver}/) s. a judicial process, 
 vhich either by punishment or'pardon empties a prison. 
 
 GA'OLER, (jailer) s. [giolier, Fr.] a keeper of a prison. 
 
 GAP, s. an opening in a broken fence ; a breach, pas- 
 sage, avenue, open way, hole, interstice, or interval. 
 
 To GAPE, V. K. fg-cff/MH, Sax.] to open the mouth 
 wide; to yawn. Figniativelv, to covet, crave, or desire 
 earnestly; used with /'«/•, af'tei; ami at. To open in holes 
 or breaches; to behold with ignorant wonder, and wilh the 
 mouth open. 
 
 GA'Pi'^t, i. one who opens his mouth; one who stares 
 with his mouth open at another person or thing through 
 ignorant admiration. 
 
 GA'P-TOOTHED, a. having interstices between the 
 teeth. 
 
 GAR, in Sax. signifies a weapon : thus Ed^ar is a iiappy 
 veapon ; Ethelgar, of etiiel. Sax. noble, and gar. Sax. a 
 weapon, implies a noble weapon. 
 
 GARB, i. \garhe, Fr.] dress; a habit; the fashion of a 
 person's clothes or dress ; exiernal appearance. 
 
 G^ARBAGE, s. Igarlimr, Sjian.] the bowels, or that part 
 of the intestines which in beasts is separated and thrown 
 away ; the entrails. 
 
 To GX'RPiLE.v. a. [trarbellare, Ilal.J to sift; to separate 
 the good from the bad. 
 
 GA'RBLER, s. one who picks out the dirt, filth, or fo- 
 reign mixtures, from any commodity. 
 
 (JA'RBOIL, s.lfrarlmnillc, l''r.\ tumult; disorder. 
 
 GARO, s. \g-arcU; Kr.] wardship; care; custody; Ihe 
 charge of a person. Figuratively, an orphan, or person left 
 to the cave of another. 
 
 CJA'HDEN, s.\gar<l<l, Brit, /nrrf/'ji, Fr.] a piece of ground 
 inclosed anil cuftivaled with extraordinary care, plantc*! 
 with herbs, flowers, or fruits. 
 
 GARDENER, i.[jardinier, Fr.'] one'that takes care of a 
 garden. 
 
 GA'RDENING, i. the act of cultivating or taking care ofa 
 garden. 
 
 (i AitDROBE, 3. a plant of which there are two species, 
 viz. till- roscinary-leaved, and the heath. 
 
 <jAHE, s. coarse wool jjrowing on the legs of sheep. 
 
 <jAlUiANEY, t. in ornithology, afresh-water fowl of the 
 diK-k kind, somewhat larger than the teal, but very like it in 
 
 ihllpe. 
 
 Ct .\'RGARISM, t. [/rargnritmoi, from ffir^vri-izo, to wash, 
 Gr.] a liquid medicine, used to waiJi the mouth with. 
 37» 
 
 To GA'RGARIZE, r. a. [^argan^ws, from garo^arizo, ta 
 wash, Lat.] to wash ihe moulli w ith a liquid medicine. 
 
 GA'RGET, s. [garan. Sax.] a distemper v.hich appears 
 in the head, maw, or hinder parts of cattle. 
 
 To GA'RGL-E, f. a. [gargiiiiil/er, Fr.] to wash the throat 
 with some li()uor, without swallowing it. 
 
 GA'RGLIO, .s. a liquor wilh which the throat is washed 
 without swallowing it. 
 
 GATiGLION, s. an exsudation of nervous juice from a 
 bruise, or the like, whicli indurates into a hard immoveable 
 tumor. 
 
 GARGOL, s. Igargen, Sax.] a distemper in hogs, shew- 
 ing itself in their hanging their heads, iiaving moist eyes, 
 staggering and loss of appetite. 
 
 GARLAND, *.[g«WnHf/f>, Fr.] a sort of flowers, feathers, 
 and sometimes precious stones, worn on the head, in the 
 manner of a crown. It also denotes ornaments of fruitsi, 
 flowers, and leaves intermixed, antiently much used at the 
 gates of temples, where feasts and solemn rejoicings were 
 held ; or at any other place where marks of public joy or 
 gaiety weie required, as at triumphal arches, touiiiaments, 
 &'c. We have a custom at «akes to dress up May-poles 
 with garlands ; and in London, the milk-jnaids, on ^idy-day, 
 dress their milk-pails with g;uliinds, to visit their customers. 
 
 GARLIC, or GA'RLICK, s. in botany, an herb, wilha 
 bulbous root, the same with the allium of Linn;eus. 
 
 G.\'RMENT, s. [gunrnimcnt, old Fr.] any thing which 
 is worn to cover the body ; clothes ; dress. 
 
 GA'RN Ell, s. \grenier, Fr.] a place w herein any sort of 
 grain is kept. 
 
 To GA'RN ER, v. «. to store. Figuratively, to keep as 
 in a storehouse. *' There, w here I have garnered up my 
 heart." Shak. A beautiful metaphor. 
 
 GARNET, «. [grunatus, low Lat. ganwto, Ita.l a gem 
 ofa middle degree of hardness between the sapphire and 
 coinnion crystal the Bohemian is red, wilh aslight cast of 
 ilame colour and the Syrian red, with a slight cast of 
 purple. 
 
 To GA'RNISH, v. a. [g-nruir, Fr.] in cookery, to embellish, 
 set oft, or trim. 
 
 GARNISH, «. ornament ; embellishment; things placed 
 by way of ornament on the brim ofa dish ; a fee or treat 
 made by a prisoner on his first entrance into gaol. 
 
 G.VRNISIJMENT, s. ornament ; embellishment. 
 
 GARNITURE, s. furniture ; or something added to a 
 thing to make it appear pleasing to the eye. 
 
 GA'ROUS, a [from garum, a pickle made offish salted, 
 Lat.] resembling pickle made of fish. 
 
 (tA'RRET, s. \garite, Fr.] a room on the highest floor ofa 
 house. 
 
 (iARRETE'ER, ,?. one w ho lives in a garret. 
 
 GARRISON, s. IgtirnisDH, Fr. I soldiers placed in a for- 
 tified town or castle to defend it ; a fortified place stored 
 with soldiers. 
 
 To GARRISON, r. a. to defend with soldiers; to store 
 a place with soldiers for the defence of it. 
 
 fiARRU'LlTY, s. [from gan-io, to prate, Lat.] the vice of 
 talking too much : inability of keeiiing a secret. 
 
 GARRULOUS, a. [from garrio, to prate, Lat.] talkative; 
 prating; fond of talking. 
 
 (j.\'RSTAN(i, a market town of Lancashire, built la 
 a very irregular manner, with dirty streets, and very iiv 
 dift'erenl houses, it is seated on the riverWyre, (by which 
 it communicates with all the late inland navigations,) on Ihe 
 road between Preston and Lancaster, from which latter plat* 
 it is 11 miles S. and 2-24 N. N. \V. of London. IVIarket ou 
 Thuisdav. 
 
 (iA'KTER, J. [gardus, Unt. jartier, Fr.] a string with 
 which the stockings are tied up. A military order of knight- 
 hood, the most noble and antient of any lay order in the 
 world, instituted by king Edward 111. This order consisM 
 of twenly-six knights companions, generally princes and 
 peers, whereof the king of England is sovereign or chief. 
 They are a college or corporation, liavinjj; a great aud littl«
 
 GAS 
 
 GAU 
 
 ieal. Tlieir ofTicois area prrhito, cliiinci'llor, ie;,'ister, king 
 alarms, anil iislicrofllio black riiil. Tlicv Innealso a ficaii, 
 and twelve canons, ))(lly canons, vcitjcrs, and l\venlv-si\ 
 prnsioiuTS, or poor kni^'lits. 'J'ln' prelate is the head. This 
 office is vested in the bishop of Winchester, and has ever 
 been so. Next to the prelate is the chaneelloi', x\ liicli office 
 is vested in the bishop of'SalislMiry, and has ever been so, 
 who keeps the seals, Ac. 'I"he next is the register, who is 
 always llie dean of Windsor, and who, by his oath, is to enter 
 upon the registry the scrntiin'es, the elections, perralties, and 
 other ads of the order, with all fidelity. 'I'he fonrth officer 
 is fjarter, and kins at arms, beinj; two distinct otiices nnited 
 in one person. Garter carries the rod and sceptre at the 
 feast of St. George, the proteclor of this order, when the 
 sovereit;n is present. He nol'iies the election of new 
 knijjhfs, attends the solemnity of new installations, carries 
 the fjarter to foreign princes,iVc. He is the principalofficer 
 within Ihe college of arms, and chief of the heralds. All 
 these ot'icers, except the prelate, have fees and pensions. 
 The habit of the order upon solemn days is the garter, man- 
 ties, surcoat, hood, collar, great George, and cap ; npon the 
 collar (lays, they are only obliged to wear the garter, the 
 collar of the order, and the great (ieorge ; at tho miihlle of 
 the collar hangs the pictnreof St. George, sitting on horto- 
 batk, who, having thrown the dragon npon his back, en- 
 counters him with a tilting spear. The garter, which is 
 blue, was, at the foinidation of the order, appointed to be 
 worn a little below the knee of the left leg, which still con- 
 tinues, having this motto wrought on it, lloni soil (jm nwl y 
 pensf. The origin of tiiis order is somewhat differently re- 
 lated. The connnoa account is, that it was instituted in 
 honour of a garter of the countess of Salisbury, which she 
 dropped when dancing with king Edward, and which he 
 picked up ; but our best antiquarians think it was institut- 
 ed on account of the victory over the TreiK-h at Cressy, 
 where Ihe king ordered his garter to be displayed as the 
 signal of battle. 
 
 GA'RTER, KING AT ARMS, s. an officer whose busi- 
 ness it is to attend the service of the garter, for which he is 
 allowed a mantle and a batlge, a liouse in \\ indsor castle, 
 and pensions both from the sovereigns and knights; also 
 fees. See the foregoing article. 
 
 To GA'RTER, v. a. to bind up the stocking w ith a band 
 or garter. 
 
 GARTH, s. signifies a little close or back-side in the N. 
 of England; also a wear. It also implies the bulk of the 
 body measured by a girdle. 
 
 GAS, s. among chymists, is a term made use of by 
 Helraot, to si^fnify ni general a spirit incapable of coagula- 
 tion, such as proceeds from fermented w ine. 
 
 GASCONA'DE, s. [from Gascon, a province in France, 
 remarkable for boasting] a boast, or vaunt of something i-m- 
 prohable. 
 
 To GASCONA'DE, v. v. to brag or boast. 
 
 GA'SEOUS, a. in chymistry, having the nature and pro- 
 perties of gas. 
 
 To GASH, ^>. a. to cut ^ccp, so as to cause a wide and 
 gaping wound. 
 
 GA.SH, s. a deep and wide wound ; the mark or scar left 
 by a wound. 
 
 GASO'METER, i. in chymistry, a name given to a va- 
 riety of utensils and apparatus contrived to raessure, col- 
 lect, preserve, or mix the different gases. 
 
 GASO'METRY, «. the science which teaches the nature 
 and 'properties of gases, and how to measure those elastic 
 fluids. 
 
 To GASP, V. II. [from gisjte, Dan. to sob, according to 
 JuniusJ to open the mouth wide ; to catch or draw breath ; 
 to expire, or force out breath with difficulty. 
 
 GASP /. the let of opening the mouth wide for want of 
 breath ; ilie convulsive struggle for breath in the agonies of 
 death. 
 
 GA'STRIC, a. [from paster, the belly, Gr.] belonging to, 
 or situated in, or on the brlly, 
 
 G ASTRO RA PHY, s. [from -«.,7rr, the belly, and r^p/^ 
 to sew, Cir.] in surgery, applied to signify that a wonuil of 
 the beilv is complicated with another ofllie intestines. 
 
 GASTIU)T'OiMY, s. [from f^aitur, the belly, and tcman, 
 to cut, (ir.| the Cesarean operation, or act o*' culling tlie 
 bt'lly open. 
 
 GAT, the preterite of GET. 
 
 GATE, s. [:;("/, Sax.] a lar''e door of a city, castle, pa- 
 lace, Ac. a frame of tiirdjcr on hinges, to stop up, or open a 
 passage into inclosed grounds. Figuratively, a way, 
 avenue, or introduction. 
 
 CjATESHEAD, a town, or village, in the county of Dur- 
 ham, is, as it were, a suburb of Newcastle, being united to 
 it by a stone bridge over tl'.e'l'yne. It is situated on ground 
 as uneven and steep as is that of Newcastle. 
 
 CiATE\VAY, s. a way or passage through the gates of 
 inclosed ground. 
 
 To CrA THER, v. a. [o-ndernn. Sax.] to collect or bring 
 many things into one place ; to pick up ; to glean ; to crop 
 or pluck a vegetable from the tree or plant on which it 
 grows; to select and take; to assemble ; to heap up, or 
 accumulate ; to collect charitable contributions ; to coi>- 
 tract, or reduce to a narrower compass. To gain, used 
 with g-rovnil. To run cloth into very small folds or plaits 
 on a thread in needle-work. To deduce ; to collect logi- 
 cally, or by inference. Neuterly, in surgery, to generate 
 or breed matter, applied to wounds. 
 
 GA'THER, .«. cloth drawn together in wrinkles. 
 
 GA'THERER, i one who collects; one who gets in a 
 crop of any vegetable, produce, or fruit. 
 
 CtA'THERINCt, s. collection of charitable contributioiLs. 
 
 CiA"FrER-TREE, s. a shrub,lhe same with the dog-berry 
 cornel. 
 
 GA'TFON, a town of Suriy, which was formerly very 
 large, but is now reduced to a village, and has neither mar- 
 ket nor fair. However, it sends two members to par.ia- 
 meiit. It is 19 miles S. of London. 
 
 GAUDE, i. the etymology micertain ; an ornament; a 
 trinket ; any thing worn as a sign of joy. 
 
 GA'UDEilY, J. finery; a showy dress; ostentations 
 luxury of dress. 
 
 GAUDILY, (III. in a showy manner. 
 
 CiA'UDINESS, s. an appearance of splendour without 
 any real value; ostentatious showiiiess. 
 
 (GA'UDY, «. striking the sight with some splendid ap- 
 pearance and showy colour, including generally the idea of 
 something of small value. 
 
 GAUDY, i. [from nnndm, to rejoice, Lat.]an appellation 
 given to particular festivals observed by the students of 
 courts and colleges, which they call gnurfy dai/s. 
 
 tiAVE, the preterite of Give. 
 
 CiA'VKLKlND, .?. |from f^afol or g-avd, Sax.] in law, a 
 custom whereby the lands of a father are, at his death, 
 equally divided among his sons, to the exclusion of the fe- 
 males; or those of a brother are equally divided among 
 brothers, if he dies without issue. 
 
 To CjAUGE, (gnje) V. ft. [from gauge, Fr.] to find the con- 
 tents of a vessel by means of a measuring or gauging rod. 
 Figuratively, to measure or proportion the size of one thinjj 
 to another. 
 
 GAUGE, (gnja) s. a measure or standard by which any 
 thing is measured. 
 
 GA'UGER, {gdjer)s. one who measures or finds hew 
 much is contained in a cask or vessel. 
 
 ( JCiA'UGlNG, (gnjiiig) s. the art of measuring, or com- 
 puting how much liquor is, or may be, contained in •» 
 cask, Arc. 
 
 GAUNT, a. [perhaps from gewavian. Sax.] thin or mea- 
 gre, applied to the state or measure of the body. 
 
 GA'UNTLY, nd. in a slender, thin, or meagre manner. 
 
 GA'UNTLET, s. [ganteUt, Fr.] an iron glove used f^r 
 defence, thrown down on the ground in challenges. Aj^>- 
 propriated by poets to the cesli.s, or boxing glove, used lu 
 the circensian and olvmpic games. 
 
 379
 
 GEM 
 
 GEN 
 
 G WOT, s. [gavel te,Fr.] in imisic, a sliort, brisk, II\ely 
 air, toiiipiised iti cdinnion lime, consisting of two parts or 
 itraiiis, each of which is played over twice, (he first strain 
 consistiriijof 4or 8 bars, and the last 8, 12, &c. 
 
 GAUZE, or GAWZ, s. a kind of tiiin transparent silk or 
 linen. 
 
 GAV/K, s. \genc, Ssx.] a ciickow : a foolish fellow ; used 
 in both senses in Srotlaiid. 
 
 GAY, a. [§•<»), Fr.] brisk, nimble, ciieerful, or merry ; 
 line or show V in dress. 
 
 (tA'YF.TV,*. See Gaiety. 
 
 GAYLV, a.l. merrily ; cheerfully; fine, or showy. 
 
 To (jAZE, r. n. [geseaii. Sax.] to look at a tiling witli 
 intenlncss, or earnestness, inclndin^ sometimes the idea of 
 noveltv in the object, or admiration in the person. 
 
 GAZE, s. a fixed and earnest look, including; the idea of 
 wonder ; the object of astonishment, admiration, or 
 j^azinir. 
 
 G.\ ZEIIOUND, s. a hound that pursues not by the scent, 
 but by tiie eye. 
 
 GA'ZEL, s. in zoology, an antelope. 
 
 G.\'ZFAl,s. one who looks at a thing with great earnest- 
 ness and fixedness. 
 
 G.\ZETTE, s. [of g-azetln, a Venetian halfpenny, the 
 price of the newspaper published at Venice] a paper of 
 news, containing mostly foreign articles, and published by 
 authority. 
 
 G.'^ZETl'E'ER, s. a writer or publisher of news. 
 
 GA'ZINGSTOCK, s. an object of public notice, con- 
 tempt, and abhorrence. 
 
 GAZON, (the o pronounced like tliat in hme) s. [^r.] in 
 fortification, pieces of fresh earth covered w ith ;;rass, in 
 the form of a wedge, about a foot long, and half a foot 
 thick, used to line parapets, and the traverses of galleries. 
 
 GEAR, (ihe g- has the iiard sound) s. [from "v/nfl/i, Sax.l 
 accoutrements, habit, furniture; the traces and harness ol 
 horses and oxen. 
 
 G FCK, s. [gear, Teuf .] a bubble ; easily imposed on. 
 
 To GECK, V. a. to cheat ; to trick. 
 
 G\i.E,{jee) interject, a word used by waggoners, or other 
 diivers, to make their horses go faster. 
 
 GEC^E, s. the plural of ^uosc 
 
 GEL ABLE, n. [from geln, frost, Lat.] what may be thick- 
 ened, or formed into a gelly. 
 
 GELATINE, s. in cliymistry, the gelly of animal bodies, 
 which is chieflv found in the ti iiilonsand the skin. 
 
 GF/LATINE, or (ihlLA'TINOl'S, n. [from -<>/», frost, 
 Lat.jfoimed into a gelly ; stitVor viscous. 
 
 To GELD, (the s; has the bard sound) r. rt. preter. and 
 part. pass, gelded or gelt ; to castrate, or deprive of ihe 
 power of generation. Kiguratively, to diminish, lessen, or 
 deprive of anv essential part. 
 
 GELHER-ROSE, *. a plant with leaves resembling the 
 maple-tree ; the flowers consist of one leaf in a circular 
 rose-foroi. 
 
 GE'LDING, s. dhe »• has the hard soiutd) any animal 
 that is castrated, but more particularly applied to a horse 
 in that condition. 
 
 <il'"'rjD, (g soft)ff. Igrh'dus, Lat.] cxiremelv cold. 
 
 (;ELI'niTY,or(;ELlL)NES.S, s.exlrrme cold. 
 
 (il'.'LLY, s. any thick, viscous, or gluey substance. 
 
 GENL *. Igrmma, Lat.] a jewel, or precious stone. There 
 are also artnicial gems (hat are made of the paste of tripoli. 
 Many of the antieiit gems were very curiously engraved, 
 and are preserved in Ihe cabinets of anli<piarians. 
 
 'I'o Gh\L "• "■ to produce or put forth the fust buds ; to 
 adarn ai with jewels or buds. 
 
 GEMA'PI'li, a village of llaina\dt, twi> and a half miles 
 S.W. of Mons. The battle fought hi're between the French, 
 uniler general Duniourier, and the Anstrians, Nov..'), ]T.)-i, 
 was most obstinately disputed ; but the Auslriaus were at 
 Jengtii compelled to quit the field, iUid retire !•> Mons. 
 
 GRME'LLU'AROUS, a. [from gcrmllt, twins, and patio, 
 to Lriuj; forth, Lat.] heariiij; tvriin. 
 360 
 
 GEMINATION, s. \ from geinino, to double, Lat.] a repe- 
 tition or reduplication of a word or sentence, in order to 
 increase its force. 
 
 (lE'MINl, s. [Lat.] in astronomy, tlie twins, the third 
 constellation or sign in the Zodiac, containing eighty-irine 
 stars, according to the Britannic catalogue. The antient 
 Egyptians marked this constellation by the hieroglyphic of 
 two kids, because when the sun is in this sign, the goats in 
 Egypt generallv bring forth their young in pairs. In the 
 place of the Egyptian hieroglyphic, the Greeks have sub- 
 stituted, without any propriety, the twin brothers, Castor 
 and Pollux. The sun enters this sign on May 21st. 
 
 GE'.VIiMEOUS, a. [from gemma, a gem, Lat.] tending to, 
 or having the natineofgems. 
 
 GENDER, «. [§en«j, Lat.] a sort. A sex. In grammar, 
 a name given to, or distinction of, nouns, accorduig to the 
 different sexes they signify ; or the termination of tlie 
 adjective which is joined to them. 
 
 To (jENDER, V. a. [eiigendin; f r.] to beget ; to produce 
 as a cause. Neuterly, to copulate ; to breed. 
 
 GENEALOGICAL, a. [from geuea, a generation, and 
 logos, a discourse, Gr.l pertaining to the descent of fami- 
 lies ; bclongijig to the liistory of the successors in houses. 
 
 GEN E.\ LOGIST, s. [from gcnra, a generation, and lugos, 
 a discourse, Gr ] he whotraces descents. 
 
 GENE.ATOGY, s. [from gcnen, a generation, and logos, 
 a discourse, (ir.] a summary account of the several descen- 
 dants in a pedigree or family ; a series or succession of pro- 
 genitors ; a pedigree. Synon. Pedigree is our lineal 
 descent from some ancestor ages back pointed out. (iene- 
 nlogy IS a history of such pedigree. AVc trace our pedigree. 
 \\p write our geiiealogi/. 
 
 GE'NERABLE, n. [from gniero, to beget, Lat.] that may 
 be profluced or begotten. 
 
 GEN I'.R.AL, n. [from genus, a kind, L.if. general, Fr.J 
 comprehending many species or individuals, opposeil to 
 special, or particular. Not restrained in its siguiiication, 
 applied to words. Extensive, or compreheiuliug a great 
 many, hut not universal. Common; usual. Synon. 6V'- 
 iiernl implies a great number of paiticulars ; nniiersnl, every 
 particular. The government of princes has no object in 
 view but the gcHc™/ good. The providence of God is u/ii- 
 vcrsnl. 
 
 GETS^ERAL, «. the whole; the main; without insistinji 
 on particulars; one who commands an army ; a particular 
 Oiarcli or beat of the drum. 
 
 (;l'.Ni'"llALrSSEMO, s. [gineralissime, Fr.] a supreni* 
 commander in the field. 
 
 (il'.N ITtA'LlTY, s. [§i;ifrn/i<f, Fr.] the quality ofbein)? 
 geneial, or including several species, opposed \o particular. 
 The main body, bulk, or greater part of any number or body 
 of men. 
 
 GE'N'ERALLY, ad. \n su<h a manner as to include all 
 of the same species w itliout excei)tion. 
 
 (i L'N ICR.\NT, ". [from generu, to beget, Lat.] the power 
 of causing, producing, or begetting. 
 
 To GE'NI;RATE, 1'. a. [genera, Lat.] to beget or propa- 
 gate ; to cause or produce. 
 
 (iENKRAT'lON, s. [ghuration. Fr.] the act of begetting 
 or producing ; a family, race, or offspring ; a single sui t cs- 
 sionor gradation in the scale of descent. Figuratively, an 
 age. 
 
 (JK'NERATIVE, ff. [nf»<'(«/i/, Fr.] havhig the power ai 
 propagating or producnig; prolific. 
 
 (; EN Kl{ A'TOH, s. I from genera, to beget, Lat,] tlie power 
 which begets or produces. 
 
 (JENERIC, or GENERIC.\L, n. [generims, from gennt, 
 a kind, Lat.] that comprehends the genus, or distinguishes 
 one genus, but not wie species, from another. 
 
 (;ENI''.'ilIC.\LLY, arf. in a general manner; with regard 
 to the gemis. 
 
 < ; !"N I' RO'SITY, s. \generotilat, from •gcnerotns, generous, 
 Lat.] the tpiality of giving money freely, of overlooking 
 faults without censure, of pardoning crimes with gooti
 
 G E S 
 
 C KN 
 
 iialure, and coiisidciiiia! the disagreement of otlicis'opiiiiuiis 
 w illi (li.inliil)!*' iilloHaiices. 
 
 (ilVNIOlvOlJS, It. [geiin-imts, Lat.] not of mean birlli ; 
 Holilc of iiiiiiil ; open ol'lieiiit ; lilx'Hil ; slroii^. 
 
 <iKNliliOUSLY, «il. not jueiuil) willi iigard to birtli ; 
 nobly. 
 
 tiR'NEfiOUSNF.SS, i. the quality of being generous. 
 
 (; I'/NESIS, J. [from ncinino, to {jciicralc, (ij-.J Ihe iirst 
 Iiook of liie Old 'rcslanieiil, so lalliil by ihe Cireeks, be- 
 cause il contains the history of the h;i lu'ialioii or |>ro((uelioii 
 of all Illinois. It eomprehi'nils the aeciiunl of the creation, 
 the ori;,'in of all nations, the history of the tirst (lalriarchs, 
 takes in thespace of 2'3()7 years, and was written bv Moses. 
 The Jews are forbidden to read the be^'inniiig of this book, 
 and that of Ezekiel till they are 30 years old. 
 
 (iE'NI'/r, s. [Fr.J a small sized, well-proportioned, and 
 swift Spanisli horse. A kind of weasel. 
 
 GKNE'l'IiLlA'CAL, a. [from ^chcM/c, nativity, Gr.] in 
 astrology, belonging to, or calculated from, a person's birtli 
 or nativity. 
 
 GENETHLT'ACS, s. [from genelhle, nativity, Gr.] the 
 science of calculatinj; nativities. 
 
 GENE'VA, an aiilient, large, and populous city and re- 
 
 Fiihlic, on the confines of France, Savoy, and Swisseriand. 
 t is seated at the S. W. extremity of the lake of the same 
 name, and is divided by the Rhone, which passes through 
 the lake into two unequal parts. Geneva, which lies partly 
 in the \)lain on Ihe borders of the lake, and partly on a gen- 
 tle ascent, is irreifularly built. The bouses are lofty; and 
 many that stand in the trading parts of the city have arcades 
 of wood, which' are raised even to the upper stories. These 
 arcades, supported by pillars, give a gloomy appearance to 
 thes-treet, but are useful to the inhabitants in protecting 
 them from the sun and rain. It contains about '24,000 peo- 
 ple ; but the territory or district is small. 'J'hey were in'al- 
 lianee with the Swiss Cantons ; and after various revolutions, 
 with which they have been agitated from time to time, for 
 near two centuries, the democrats, in 178f>, prevailed over 
 the aristocracy, of which the senate and syndics, or chief 
 magistrates, were composed. A constitution was estab- 
 lished here, favourable to the rights of the people, and per- 
 haps judiciously modelled between the two extremes; but 
 it now forms an integral part of the French, empire. The 
 citizens of both sexes are remarkably well instructed ;" and 
 it is not nncomnion," says Dr. Moore, " to find mechanics, 
 in the intervals of labour, amusing ihemsclves with the 
 works of Eocke, Montesquieu, and Newton, and other simi- 
 lar productions. '\ It is 40 mihs N. !v of Chamberiy, and 
 1-26 N. \V. of Turin. Lat. 4(i. ^■2 N. Ion. 6. 10. E. 
 
 GENE'VA, «. [from sv;itij(', Fr. a juniper-berry] a spiri- 
 tuous liquor distilled from juniper-berries. 
 
 GE'NIAE, «. [n-ram/u, I.at.] that contributes to propaga- 
 tion. That clierishes, supports life, or causes cheerfulness. 
 Natural, or native. 
 
 GF;NI \ ELY, fF'^ naturally ; cheerfully. 
 
 GENICULATED, (7.[froin genieulutn, a little knee, Lat.] 
 iiibotanv, knotted, or jointed. 
 
 CiENICUEATlON, s. [from gmicvhim, a little knee, Lat.] 
 knoltiiiess ; the quality in plants of having knots or joints. 
 
 CJE'NIO, ,«. [Ital.] a person of a particular turn of mind; 
 the turn, disi>osition,or cast of the mind. 
 
 GENITALS, s. not used in the singular; [from genitalis, 
 Lat-l the parts contributing to generation. 
 
 GE'NITINCt, s. [a corruption of jmieton, Fr. signifying 
 Jane, supposed to be so called in honour of some lady of 
 that name] an early a|iple gathered in June. 
 
 (•E'NITIVE, a. Igenitiviis, from gcnero, to generate, Lat.] 
 in grammar, one of the six cases, by which property or pos- 
 •ession is chiefly implied. 
 
 GENIUS, », [Lat.Ja supposed protecting or ruling power 
 of men, places, or things ; a person endowed with faculties 
 superior to another ; a perfection of understanding; a dis- 
 jxisitiun by which any person is by nature qualified or iii- 
 rlined loany particular ttienee or employ nicnt; nature or 
 ^^lispositiuit. 
 
 (iF/NOA, a city of llily, lately caiiila! ofa repulilic of 
 the same name, exteiKbu^ along the ;;iil(ih of ( lenoa lo."- 
 about I'iO miles ; but of an unequal bi<aillli, vary iiig from 
 H to '20 miles. In the year IKO.') this coiiniry was annexed 
 to France, and now lornis an integral part of the French 
 em|>ire. The city of (ienoa is about 10 miles in circumfe- 
 rence, and built like an aniiiliilhealre. The houses are 6 to »i 
 stories high, ami well built, and the palaces and public 
 buildings are numerous. 'Ihe harbour is large anrl good, 
 and, to preserve it, they have built a mole, fyiO pacts lout;, 
 l;! broad, and lofeet above tlie \v\v\ of the water. It is po- 
 pulous, and (Hie of the most commercial places in Italy. 
 They have manufactures in velvet, plush, damask, and silk; 
 ami the banking business is carried on extensively. The 
 ordinary revenue was about SfiOjOOO/. a year. 'J'lie govern- 
 ment was purely aristocratic, consisting of a great council 
 of SO persons, ch()sen out of the ol<l and new noljilily, in 
 whom the legislative authority resided; but Iheadministia- 
 tion of affairs was vested in a senate, consistnig of a doge 
 and 2 senators. The nobility are often employed in tr-ide, 
 and generally keep two or three years' provision of corn, 
 wine, and oil in their maijazines, which tliey sell to the peo- 
 ple in scarce times. The Genoese fleet, antiently cele- 
 brated tor its victories over the Saracens,Pisanese, Venetians, 
 Spaniards, and Turks, and a long time masters of Sardinia, 
 RIalta, Majorca, Minorca, Caiulia, Cyprus, Ihe Crimea, and 
 other places in the archipelago, is now reduced t ) six gal- 
 leys. It is 62 miles S. E. of Turin, and 2«-l N. W. if 
 Rome. 
 
 (iENTET.L, a. [gentit, Fr.] polite or eleg'^nt in behaviour 
 oraddress; graceful or elegant in mien. 
 
 GENTE'ELY, ail. according to tin rules of polite breed- 
 ing ; elegantly ; "jracefully ; handsomely. 
 
 GEN'TE'ELNEsS, s. elegance; gracefulness; polite- 
 ness. 
 
 CiE'NTIAN, s. a plant distinguished from others in tiK 
 same class and order by having tubular blossoms. 
 
 GENTIANE'LLA, '{genshiatiellii) s. a kind of blue co- 
 lour. 
 
 GENTILE, s. [genlilis, Lat. J one who worships idols, or 
 false gods. One who is not a Jew. A person of rank. This 
 sense is obsolete. 
 
 CiENTILE'SSE, s. [Fr.] complaisance; the ceremony 
 anti address of polite behaviour. 
 
 C;E'NTILISM, «. [gentiUsme, Fr.] the worship of the hea- 
 thens ; idolatry. 
 
 CiENTILl'TIOUS, (gentHMious) a. [from gms, a nation, 
 Lat.] belonging to, or characteristic of a particular nation. 
 Hereditary; entailed on a family. 
 
 GENTl'LITY, s. [geyitiliii, Fr.] good extraction; dignity 
 of birth ; the class of those \^ ho are well born. 
 
 GE'NTLE, a. [from gf»w, a nation, Lat.]of an antient and 
 good family ; pronounced in conversation genteel in thie 
 sense. Mild ; tame ; not easily provoked, applied to the 
 temper; soothing or pacifying. Synon. Gentle animals 
 are naturally so ; <a»ie ones are so, partly by the art and in- 
 dustry of men. The dog, the ox, and the horse are gentle 
 animals ; the bear and the lion are sometimes tame. 
 
 GENTLE, *. a person of a good family; a gentleman. 
 A kind of worm somewhat like a maggot, used for a bait in 
 fishing. 
 
 GENTLEFOLK, t. persons distinguished by their birtli 
 from the vulgar. 
 
 CiE'NTLEMAN, t. [^tiVummf, Fr.] a person of a noble 
 birth, or descended of a family which has long borne arms. 
 Chamberlain observes, that, in strictness, a gentleman is 
 one whose ancestors have been freemen, and have owed 
 obedience to none but the prince ; on which footing no man 
 can be a gentleman but one who is born such. But araong 
 us, the term gentleman is applicable to all above a yeoman ; 
 so tiwt noblemen may be properlv called gentlemen. 
 
 GE'NTLEMANLIKE, or GE'NTLEftlANLY, a. beconv 
 ing a man of birth. 
 GE'NTLENi'isS,*. softness ; mildiies* ; sweetness.
 
 GEO 
 
 (J F. O 
 
 Or.'NTLKWOMAN, j. a woman of birtii, or one superior 
 •fo llio vul^'-.ir, both in wealth and behaviour. 
 
 GKNTLY, w/.soflly; slowly; kin<lly. 
 
 (iENTOOS, s. the professors of the religion of tlie Bra- 
 mins, or Braciiuians, who inliabit Hindostan, in the East 
 Indies. 
 
 GENTRY, s. [from gentle, whence genthry contracted 
 iu gentry'] a rank of persons between the nobility and the 
 vulvar. 
 
 GENUFLE'CTION, «. [from genu, the knee, mi\ flecto, 
 " " ' " oendi 
 
 pressed by bending the knee. 
 
 lo bend, Lat. I the act of 
 
 ling the knee ; adoration ex- 
 
 GE'NUINE, a. [genidmis, Lat.] pure, or without any spu- 
 rious mixture; natural; true; real. 
 
 GENUINELY, ad. without adulteration ; naturally. 
 
 GE'NUINENESS, *. freedom from any thing counterfeit, 
 or from any adulteration. 
 
 GENUS, s. [Lat.] in logic, a class of beings, or one 
 common nature agreeing to, and comprehending under it 
 many species, or several other common natures ; thus ttni- 
 mal is a genus, because it agrees to, and comprehends under 
 it, the several species of men, horses, whales, lions, S:c. 
 In botany, a system or assemblage of several plants, agree- 
 ing in some one or more common characters, in respect to 
 certain parts, whereby they arc distinguished from all other 
 plants. 
 
 GEOCE'NTRIC, a. [frorag-e, the earth, and hentrm, the 
 centre. Or. geocentrique, r r.J in astronomy, having the same 
 centre with the earth. Geocentric longitude or latitude of 
 a planet is its place as seen from the earth. 
 
 GE'OD.ESi.A, .f. [from ge, the earth, and dnio, to divide, 
 Gr.J that part of jiractical geometry which teaches to 
 measure surfaces, and to tind the contents of all plane 
 figures. 
 
 GEOD.ETICAL, a. [from ge, the earth, and Ann, to di- 
 vide, Gr.] relating to the art of measuring surfaces; com- 
 prehendingor shewing the art of measuring lands. 
 
 GEOGRAPHER, (jeografe,) s. [from ge, the earth, and 
 grnplin, to describe, Gr.] one who can describe the earth 
 according to the position of its several parts, and is skilled 
 in making luaps, the use of the globes, and the situation and 
 extent of the several countries of the world. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL, (/e"5ra/?/i«0«. [from ^e, the earth, 
 and graphn, to describe, Gr.J belonging to geography. 
 
 GEOGRA'PHICALLY, ad. in a geographical manner; 
 accord-ing to the rules of geograpliv. 
 
 GI':OGRAPHY, (jcografy) s. [from gr, the earth, and 
 griip/'io, to write, fir.] in a strict sense, the knowledge of the 
 circles of the earthly globe, and the situation of the various 
 countries on its surface. In a more extensive sense, it takes 
 in a knowledge of the seas also; and in its largest sense, a 
 knowledge of the various customs, habits, and governments 
 of nations; the ligures, nuignitude, and the ditierent strata 
 and productions of its soil; the various animals of diflerent 
 countries; their climates, seasons, heat, weather, together 
 w ith the art of laj ing their various appearances down in 
 maps, charts, &c. 
 
 (iE'OLOGY, s. [from ge, the earth, and logos, a discourse, 
 Gr.] the doctrine or knowledge of the nature and state of 
 the earth. 
 
 GEOMA'NCER, s. [from ge, (he rart!;, and manlcia, di- 
 vination, Gr.] one who pretends to tell future events. 
 
 GEOMANCY, ». [from gr, the earth, and nunitrin, divi- 
 nation, Gr.] the art of casting figures; the art of foretelling 
 by figures what shall happen. 
 
 OEOMA'NTIC, n. [from ge, the earth, and mnnlela, divi- 
 nation, Gr.] belonging to geonrancy, or formed by a geo- 
 niancer. 
 
 GEO'METER, s. [from ge, Ihecarth, and metrro, to mea- 
 sure, Gr.j one skilled in the princiiiles of geometry. 
 
 GEO.\lETR.\L, «. [from gr, the earth, and mctreo, to 
 nieasnre, Gr.] pertainini; or relating to geometrv. 
 
 GEO.MI'/TRIC, or GEOMETRICAL, a. [fn.m ge, the 
 earth, and mrtrco. lu measure, Gr.] belonging to, prtbcribid 
 3H4 
 
 laid down by, or disposed according t(., the princip.es of 
 geometrv. 
 
 (GEOMETRICALLY, ad. [from ge, the earth, and meirfo, 
 to^measure, Gr.] according to the rulesof geometi v. 
 
 GEOMETRICIAN, s. See Geometlu. 
 
 To GEOAIETRIZE, r. «. [fVom ge, the eaith, and metreo, 
 to measure, Gr.] to perform ot act according to the princv 
 pl(\s of geometry. 
 
 GEOMETRY, *. [from ge, the earth, and metreo, to mea- 
 sure, Gr.] the art of measuring the earth, or any distances 
 thereon ; at present used for the science of quantity, extension, 
 and maguitude, considered in themselves, and without any 
 regard to matter. It is divided inlo speculative and jirnrtical. 
 
 GEOPO'NICS, f. [from y^f, the earth, and ponus, labour, 
 Gr.J the science of cultivating the ground ; the doctrine of 
 agriculture. 
 
 GEORGE, (Jorje) s. [Georgins, Lat.] the figure of St 
 George on horseback, worn by the knights of the garter as 
 an ensign of their order. 
 
 GEORGE I. succeeded on the death of queen Anne to 
 the crown of Great Britain, August 1, 1714. He was the 
 eldest son of Ernestus .Augustus, duke, afterwards elector, of 
 Brunswick-Lunenburg (or Hanover) by princess Sophia, 
 daughter of Frederic, elector palatine, and king of Bohemia, 
 and of Elizabeth, eldestdaughterof King James I. He was 
 born on May 28, 16C0, and succeeded his father as elector 
 of Brunswick-Lunenburg, 1G98. The regency met, and gave 
 iunuediate orders for his proclamation. On September 18, 
 he landed with the prince bis son at Greenwich, and on the 
 20th they made their public entry through the city to St. 
 James's, attended by above 200 coaches-and-six of the no- 
 bility and gentry. The prince royal was declared prince of 
 Wales; the king was crowned October 20; anew parlia- 
 ment met, March 17, 1715. In July the king ga^e the 
 royal assent loan act for preventing tumults and riotous as- 
 semblies, commonly called the riot act, which is still in 
 force. Thisyear a rebellion broke out, which was headed 
 by the carl of Mar, in Scotland, who set up the pretender's 
 standard in .Septemlier, in the Highlands, and cau-ed him to 
 be proclaimed in several ()laces ; and the earl of D< rwent- 
 water and others appeared in arms, in the north of England, 
 in October, and proclaimed the pretender in several places. 
 On November 12, they were attacked by the king's troops, 
 commanded by the generals Wills and Cari)enter, in Pres- 
 ton, where, after a smart tiring from the windows, finding 
 all the avenues to the town blocked up by the king's tro">ps, 
 on the l.Tth they desired to capituiate ; but no other terms 
 being allowed them than submitting to the king's mercy, on 
 the 14lh, at seven in the uiorning, they submitted. On the 
 very day the rebels were subdu( <l at Preston, Siniday, No- 
 vember 13, the dukeof Argyle defeated the rebel army un- 
 der the earl of Mar, consisting of about 8 or 9000 men, at 
 the Riti'muir, about 4 miles from Aberdeen; and the earl of 
 Mar retreated to Perth, after an obstinate fight, in which 
 both sides claimed the victory ; though the earlof Mar, be- 
 ing frustrated in his design ofcrossing the Forth, shewed tire 
 king's forces had the advantage. On December 22, the 
 liretender arrived in a Dunkirk privateer in Scotland, where 
 he was presently met and complimented by the earl of Mar, 
 and otherof his adherents ; but beingclosely pursued by the 
 kiuir's troops, (ui Feb uarv 14, the pretender with the earl 
 of Mar, and some chiefs, found means to make their escape 
 in a French ship which lay there, soon after which the re- 
 bels dispersed. Some submitted, and some were taken pri- 
 soners. Among them was their general Forster, as also tlie 
 earls of Derwentwater, Nithisdale, Carnwath, Wintown, 
 and other nobleiHeii. Derwentwater and Kennniir were 
 licheaded on Tower-hill, February 24, I'l.'VK!; Nithisdale 
 and VVintovMi made their escape out of the Jower ; and, af- 
 ter the execution of some of the rebels, an act of grace 
 I)assed. Robert Walpole, esq. was some lime before made 
 first commissioner of the treasury, and chancellor of the e.\- 
 cheipicr ; and aliout the same lime, the parliament attainted 
 Jamil Culler, duke of Oftuond.of high treason, aud cunlJii-
 
 GEO 
 
 GEO 
 
 catcd liis estate. A few weeks after, tlie king gave Iiis 
 royal assent to an act tor enlarging the time of eoMlinii- 
 ance of parliaments, wliereliy this and future parliaments 
 were eonlinued 7 years, unless sooner dissolved hy the 
 crown, instead of 3 years, as liy the triennial act passed ia 
 the reiijn of king William. The clause in the act of settle- 
 ment, whereby, after it took place, tin; sovereign was not to 
 }jo out of the kingdom without consent of parliament, 
 was ri'iiealed at tlie end of the session; and his majesty, 
 liaving constituted the prince of Wales guarilian of the 
 realm in his absence, set out for his (iermau dominions. 
 July 7, there were frequent niohs and riots of both parties; 
 and July 28, a nnig house, kept by one Read, where those 
 who were well all'ected to the Hanover succession assem- 
 bled, was attacked by the .tacobite party, when they pro- 
 ceeded to pulling down the house and destroying tlie goods. 
 The sherirt's of Loudon came, and read the proclamation ; 
 but this not availing, a paity of the "uards were ordered to 
 march to the place ; aiul as soon as they apjieared, the mob 
 disf)eised, but tive of the rioters were taken, tried, ami 
 found guilty, and hanged at the end of Salisbury court, in 
 Fleet-street! In November 1717, after the christening of 
 a prince, of which the princess of Wales was brought to 
 bed, his royal highness, by some circumstance or other, fell 
 under liis majesty's displeasure, and was ordered to leave 
 St. James's, which he did, and went to reside at Leicester- 
 house. After this, whenever the king went abroad, he 
 committed the administration of the government to lords 
 justices ; and all in the kings service were forbid to visit 
 the prince's court at Leicesteriiouse. Toward the end of 
 this year a proclamation was published for lowering the 
 gold-coin ; \v hereby guineas, that before went for l£ 1*. 6<t. 
 were ordered for ihe future to go for I.€ 1*. On July 31, 
 Sir George Byng entirely defeated the Spanish fleet in the 
 Mediterranean, the Spaniards havinij attacked the citadel of 
 Messina in Sicily, which was agreed to be given up to the 
 emperor. War was declared against Spain in December 
 following, both by Great Britain and France. On March 10, 
 his majesty acquainted the parliament that he had received 
 intelligence from the French king of an invasion, intended 
 from Spain, in favour of the pretender. The Spanish fleet 
 of about 50 transports, convoyed by four men of war, hav- 
 ing on board the late duke of Ormond, about 5000 men, and 
 arms for twice their number, sailed from Cadiz ; but was 
 entirelv dispersed by a storm, which lasted 48 hours. How- 
 ever, the late earls of Seaford and Mareschal, and the mar- 
 quis of TuUibardine, landed at Kintailine, in Scotland, with 
 about 400 men-, mostly Spaniards, and were joined by about 
 IfiOO Highlanders; but major-general Wightman dispersed 
 them, the Spaniards surrendering at discretion. Seaford, 
 Mareschal, and TuUibardine, found means to get back to 
 Spain. Lord Cobhain took Vigo, and scvend incursions 
 were made on the Spanish coast this year. The year 1720 
 was remarkable for the South-sea scheme, when the greatest 
 part of the nation turned stock-jobbers; South-sea stock 
 rose and fell till it came to above 1000 ; but it fell faster 
 than it rose, and many families were ruined by it, while a 
 few got vast riches. The directors' estates were sold for 
 the benefit of the siitferers ; and they were incapacitated 
 from sitting in either I;ouse of parliament, or holding any 
 office or place of trust, forever. Sir Robert Walpole, who 
 had resigned, was again made chancellor of the exchequer 
 and first lord of the treasury ; which posts he held to the 
 end of tliis reign, and l^ years after. In April, 1720, a re- 
 concilation of the royal family was brought about, and the 
 prince of Wales attended his majesty at St. James's. At 
 his return he was attended by a party of the yeomen of the 
 Ruards, as also of the horse-guards; and immediately the foot- 
 guards began likewise to mount guard at Leicester-house. 
 April 16, 1721, the princess of Wales was delivered of 
 \Villiam Augustus, duke of Cumberland. On June 22, 1722, 
 died the great duke of Marlborough, whose obsequies were 
 perfornied on August 9, with the utmost solemnity and mag- 
 Diticcnce. A ntw parliament met ou October i), 1722, 
 
 wiven the king acquainted them with a conspiracy for ovtr- 
 turning the established government, and sejtingup the pre- 
 tender. Christopher 1-ajer, a counseilorof the temple, was 
 executed at 'J'yburn, May 17, 172:i, and his head fixed upon 
 Temple-bar, lor being concerii<<l in it. The parliament 
 passed bills for inllieting (laiiis and penalties on bishop At- 
 teibiiry, Kelly , and I'lunket, on tiie same account ; whereby 
 the first was banished, and the two last imprisoned for life. 
 In 172."», the earl of INlacclesfield, lord higii chancellor, re- 
 signed the seals, and was fined 30,000jt', and committed to 
 the tower till he paid it. He was succeeded by .Sir Peter 
 King, lord chief justice of the (>>mmon I'leas. The same 
 session, Henry St. John, lord viscount Rolingbroke, was re- 
 stored tobisestates.aiidanact passed for that purpose, though 
 he was not restoreil to his title. The same year, 172&, the 
 order of Ihe Baili was revived, and 37 new knights were in- 
 stalled; about which time several ol the Scotch Highland 
 clans were disarmed by general Wade. Toward the end of 
 this year died, in the castle ot^Ath.len, where she had lived 
 many years, Dorothy Sophia, who was married to his ma- 
 jesty 1G82, and by whom he had issue, his late niajcsty, born 
 October 30, 1G83, and Dorothy Sojjhia, queen (iowagcr of 
 Prussia, who was born 1G87. On September 3, 1726, ji 
 treaty was concluded between Circat IJrilain, France, and 
 Prussia; tiiough the last, in dlVct, soon deserted this alli- 
 ance; but the States-General afterwards acceded to it. This 
 treaty was designed as a balance to one which had been con- 
 cluded between the courts of \ ienna and Rladrid. These 
 counter-alliances |)ut Kurope again in a flame, and thre« 
 British squadrons were fitted out ; one sent to the West Irv- 
 dies, another to the coast of Spain, and the third to the Bal- 
 tic. In the beginning of tiie year 1727, the Spaniards laid 
 siege to Gibraltar, « hich, though it was suspended upon pre- 
 liminary articles for a general pacitication being signed, was 
 not ratihed till some time after the king's death. The par- 
 liament, ^vhich met on January 17, was prorogued on May 
 15. On June 3, his majesty embaiked on board the Carolina 
 yacht, and landed the 7th at Va. it iu Hollaud, where he lay 
 that night ; on the 9th he arrived at Delden, between 11 antl 
 12 at night, seemingly in good health. He set out next 
 morning about 3 o'clock, was taken ill on the road, and died 
 at his brother the duke of York's palace at Osnabiirgh, June 
 11, 1727, in the 68th year of his age, the 13th of his reign. 
 George I. was plain and simple in his person and address ; 
 grave and composed in his deportment, though easy, fami- 
 liar, and facetious iu his hours of relaxation. Before he as- 
 cended the throne of Great Britain, he had acquired thecha- 
 racter of a circumspect general, a just and merciful prince, 
 and a wise politician, who perfectly understood, and steadily 
 pursued, his own interest. With these qualities, it cannot 
 be doubted but that he came to England extremely well dis- 
 posed to govern his new subjects according to the maxims 
 of the British constitution, and the genius of the people; and, 
 if ever he seemed to deviate from these principles, we may 
 take it for granted that he was misled by the venal sugges- 
 tions of a ministrv whose power and influence were founded 
 on corruption. From the death of Charles II. to this period, 
 England made a considerable figure in every branch of lite- 
 rature. Dr. Attcrbui-yand Dr. Clarke distinguished them- 
 selves in divinity; Mr. Winston wrote in defence of Arian- 
 isra; John Locke shone forth the great restorer of himian 
 reason; Cudworth traced the whole labyrinth of metaphysical 
 argumentation ; the earl of Shaftsbury raised an elegant 
 though feeble system of moral philosophy; Berkeley, after- 
 wards bishop of Cloyne in Ireland, surpassed all his contem- 
 poraries in subtlety ,"aiid variety of metaphysical arguments, 
 as well as in the art of deduction. Lord iBolingbroke's ta- 
 lents as a metaphysicianhave been questioned since his post- 
 Iiumous works appeared ; great proTress was made in mathe- 
 matics and astronomy by Wallis, Halley, and Flamstead ; 
 the art of medicine owed some valualile improvements to 
 the classical Dr. Freind and the elegant Dr. Mead. Among 
 the poets of this .era we numher John Philips, author of a 
 didactic poem called Cvder, a perfoiniaiice of real uiiif it , he 
 
 3ti3
 
 GEO 
 
 GEO 
 
 lived and died in obscurity ; ^Villiam Congreve, celebrated 
 for his comedies, which are famous for wit, elegance, and 
 regularity ; Vanburgh, who w rote with more nature an<l 
 fire, (hough with less art and precision ; Steele, who in his 
 coiiicdiessuccessfully ingrafted moilerncharacters onthean- 
 tieiit drama ; Farquhar, who drew his pictures from fancy, 
 rather than from nature, and whose chief merit consists in 
 the agreeable pertness and vivacity of his dialogue ; Addi- 
 son, whose fame as a poet greatly exceeded his genius, 
 which was cold and enervate ; though he yielded to none in 
 the character of an essayist, either for style or matter ; Swift, 
 whose muse seems to have been mere misanthropy ; he was 
 a cynic rather than a poet, and his natural dryness and sar- 
 castic severity would have been unpleasing, had not he qua- 
 lified them by adopting the extravagant humour of Lucian 
 and Rabelais ; Prior, lively, familiar, and amusing; Howe, 
 solemn, Horid, and declamatery ; Pope, the prince of lyric 
 poetry, unrivalled in satire, ethics, and polished versifica- 
 tion ; the agreeable Parnel ; the wild, the witty, and the 
 whimsical Garth ; Gay, whose fal)les may vie with those of 
 La Fontaine, in native humour, ease, and simplicity ; and 
 whose genius for pastoral was truly original. Dr. Bentley 
 ttood foremost in the list of critics and commentators. Sir 
 Chrlstopiier Wren raised some noble monuments of architec- 
 ture. The most remarkable political writers were Dave- 
 nant. Hare, Swift, Steele, Addison, Bolingbroke, andTren- 
 chard. 
 
 GEORGE II. (then in the forty-fourth year of his age) 
 was proclaimed king of Great Britain on the 15tli of June, 
 
 1727, being the day after the express arrived with the ac- 
 count of llie deatii of his falher. All the great officers of 
 state continued in their places ; Sir Robert Walpole kept 
 
 f>ossession of the treasury; and the system of politics estab- 
 ished by the lute king underwent no alteration. The parlia- 
 ment meeting on the 27th, both houses presented addresses 
 of cond<jlenc!" and congratulation. Tlie •2mh, the commons 
 resolved unanimously to grant to his majesty the same civil 
 list, viz. 700,oon£ per annum, as had been enjoyed by his 
 father. On the 7tli of August this parliament was dissolved, 
 and a new one summoned. On the 11th of October the co- 
 ronation of the king and queen was performed at Westmin- 
 ster .^bbey with the usual solenniity. The 23d of January, 
 
 1728, the new parliament met, when warm disputes passed 
 on the increase of the national debt ; the debates, however, 
 terminated in favour of the ministry. On the 27th of May 
 his majesty put an end to the session. In the beginning of 
 JJecember his majesty's eldest son prince Frederic arrived 
 in England from Ilanover, where he had hitherto resided ; 
 was introduced into the privy council, and created prince of 
 Wales. The congress opened at Soisions, for determining 
 ail disputes among the powers of Europe, proved ineffectual. 
 The Spaniards still continued thi-ir depredations with impu- 
 iiilv on llie connnereeof Great Britain. The court of Spain, 
 imlced, at this juncture, seemed cold and indifferent with re- 
 t;ard to a pacification with England. It had renewed a good 
 lii}<lerstandiiig wilii France, and now strengthened its inte- 
 rest by a double alliance of marriage willi the royal family 
 of Portugal. The inl'auta of this house was betrothed to the 
 prince of .Asturias ; while the Spanish infanta, formerly af- 
 iiaiK-ed to the French king, was now matched with the prince 
 of Brazil, eldest son of his Portuguese majesty. The iiarlia- 
 ment meeting, according to their prorogation, on the 21st of 
 January, 1729, in consequence of pelilions delivered from 
 Ihe merchants of Eondon, Liverpool, and Bristol, complain- 
 ing of the Spanish jlepredations ; the commons addressed his 
 niajeoly to use liis utmost endeavours to check such depreda- 
 lions; in answer to which the liing assured them that he 
 would use the best endeavours to answer the desires of his 
 peojjlc. An in(piiry was made into the slate of the public 
 j;aols ; and it at>|)eariug that great cruellies had been (irac- 
 tised in (hem, paiticularly on Sir William Rich, baronet, who 
 was I'nuiid in the Fleet prison loaded with irons, by order of 
 the warden ; Thonras Band)rirlge,tlie then war<leu, and John 
 II itJgins, (he- late, <lc, were couuuitlcd dose prisoners to 
 
 381 
 
 Newgate. The lltli of May the king put an end to (lie ;■«». 
 sion ; and, having appointed the queen regent, w ent to Ger- 
 many in order to settle some ddferences between the re- 
 gency of Hanover and the king of Prussia. The par- ,„„„ 
 liament assembling on the 13th of January, his niajesty 
 congratulated them on his having concluded a peace with 
 Spain. His speech, however, produced warm debates in 
 both houses, in which the treaty (jf Seville did not pass in- 
 quiry without severe aniuuidversiou. The emperor was sxt 
 greatly offended at this treaty, that he prepared for war. 
 Being in want of money, he set (ui foot a negociation for a 
 loan in England, of 4(i6,tiOO,£ which alarmed the ministry, 
 who imagined that it would be made use of to disturb the re- 
 l>ose of Great Britain ; and ihercfore a bill was brought in, 
 lo prevent the subjects of England from lending money to 
 foreign powers, wilhout the king's licence for that purpose, 
 and was carried into a law. An endeavour was now mads 
 to lay open the East India trade, ihecharterof that company 
 being then very near expiring. April the ttth, petitions wars 
 presented to the house ofconnm.ns for that purpose; but not- 
 withstanding their being warmly recommended by Sir John 
 Barnard, and oilier eminent merchants, they were rejected, 
 and the exclusive privilege vested in the company was pro- 
 tracted, by act of parliament, to llie year 176G. \ ariou3 
 other bills passed this session: the salt-tax was reduced; and 
 a most excellent act passed for the belter regulating of juries, 
 which now prevents their being packed. The parliament 
 vras then prorogued to the 1 itli of July following. During 
 this year every part of the kingdom was infested v\ ith rob- 
 bers, assassins, and incendiaries. The sessions of par- .-,„- 
 liament openeil on Jan. 21. The emperor and his mi- 
 nisters still continued (o exclaim against the treaty of Seville. 
 The address of thanks for his majesty's speech gave rise to 
 strong debates in the house of connnons. About this time a 
 famous periodical paper, entitled the Craftsman, made its 
 appearance. The late lord BolinLibrok? assisted in writing 
 it ; but the avowed iiatron was said to be Mr. Wiiliam PuU 
 teney, who fought a duel in the (ireeii Park with lord Her- 
 vey, on occasion of a remarkable political pamphlet. All 
 law proceedings were ordered to be no more in Latin, but in 
 English. The duke of Parma and Placcntia dying in Janu- 
 ary this year, the imperial troops took possession of those 
 Duchies ; though by the treaty of Seville they were guaran- 
 tied to Don Carlos, son to the king of Spain, and were also 
 bequeathed to that prince by the late duke, in case the child, 
 of which he then supposed his duchess to he pregnant, was 
 still born, or should die at"ter its birlii. Though this step 
 seemed to threalen an immediate war, his Britannic majesty 
 and the States (ieneral interposed ihoir mediation so elfec- 
 tually wilh the emperor, that ne concluded a iieaty with 
 them, consenting to withdraw his troiips from Parma and 
 Placentia, on condition that the conlraetiug poweis con- 
 cerned in the treaty of Seville should guaranty the Pragmatic 
 SanctioUjOrsuccessionof the Austrian hen dilary dominions, 
 to the heirs female of the emperor, in ease he should die 
 without male issue. A new trealy, conlirming this, was af- 
 terwards signed at Vienna, on July 22, between the cmpe- 
 rorand the kiugsof (ireat Britain and Spain ; and the States 
 General, afler many dilliculties, at last acceded to it, by 
 which the Oslend East India company was abolished. In 
 consequence, Sir Charles Wager saileil with a licet for 
 Spain ; Don Carlos was <piietly settled in Italy ; and, on the 
 duchessof Parma not proving pregnant. Sir Charles returned 
 lo England. The parliament met on (he 13tli of Ja- ..^^ 
 nnary, when (lie dispute for and against a slaudiug ' 
 army was carried on, on bolli sides, wilh e(|ual warmlli, and 
 sometimes acrimony. A bill passed both houses for reviving 
 thcsalt duties. The affair of ihe cluiri(abie corpoiation be- 
 ing brought in, it appeared that some of its managers had 
 been guilfyoflhe most iniipiiloiis proceedings; upon which 
 Sir Rober Sutlon and Sir ArchihaM (irani, were expelled 
 ihe house. On (his occasion, a Idler from Belloni, the pre- 
 (euder's hanker a( Rome, relali\e lo the charilahle lorpo- 
 ration, was burnt by the common han;;uian at (lie Rojiai
 
 GEO 
 
 GEO 
 
 Exchange. A most infaranus fraud was disrovcrcd iiv lord 
 Gajjf ii) the sale of tin- li)it'eit!'<l oslate of tin- l;il<- t;iil of 
 Derwoiifwatcr; forvvliuli scrjcunl Rircli aiiO Dciinii Bond 
 es(i. were expeili'd the house. The sfssioii was closed the 
 1st of June. Tliis summer his majesty visited his deiman 
 doininions ; thequten heiiij; left as ie{;i-i i. 'I'he eoloiiv of 
 Georgia was planted now by general ()}fl''llio pe. Tlic fol- 
 lowini; remarkable instance of suicide happened in Enj,daiid 
 this year. Richard Smith, a book-binder, and piisoncr for 
 debt within the liberties of the Kins's-benrh, pi-rsuaded liis 
 Wife to follow his example, in tnakin>; :'way «ith liers.df, 
 after they had murdered their little infuil. This wretched 
 pair were in the mouth of Aprd found liau^' nu iu llu-ir bed- 
 chamber at about a yard's dislanic from each other ; and in 
 ._»„ a separate apartment Ihe clidd lay dead in a cradle. 
 ' The session of parliamcnr, which opened on Jiin. IG, 
 besides the usual debates on the pension bill, standinfjarniy, 
 and Ihe Siianish depri'dalioiis, was dislin^uishcd by the fa 
 mons ErriVc SV/zz-mc. which hid almost |)rodiiced a rebi- lion 
 anioii<; the peoi>le, wlio clamoiiied so loudly afjaiiist it, 
 thriiu-jh all parts of Ihe Uinijtlrim, thai the ministry Ihoimht 
 proper to drop thedesinn. Theconimons voted MO,Ol)0^ as 
 a marria^e-dower for Ihe princess royal, who was niariied 
 to Ihe prince of Oianye (uho came to F.nifland in No- 
 vember) on the 14lli of "'hirch in ihe followin;; \ear. They 
 also voted lO.OOOiC for the ininose of tniiisnortini; a };reat 
 nund)er of protestant Sal!bu''.;he's, (who had tied their na- 
 tive coiuitrv on account of a peiset'ution raibcd ajtainst ihem 
 on the score of their relif;ion) tothe iidaiit -olony of Georj/ia. 
 The session ended on the4lh of June. On the first of Fe- 
 bruarv this year died Augustus II. kin;j ofPoland, which 
 cave rise to a dreadful war iu Europe. Three parties were 
 formed on this occasion ; one iu favour of Stanislaus, another 
 for the elector of Savony, and a third for a native of Poland, 
 exclusive of Stanislaus. «ho«as then in France, and was at 
 last proclaimed kin>; of Poland. Beinj; his most Christian 
 majesty's father-in-law, he was irreatlv assisted bv that 'iio- 
 sarch, and arrived by laud at Warsaw. Immediately the 
 French kind's troops uwler the duke of Berwick marched to 
 the Rhine, and were veiy s\iccessful. Their arms were 
 cquallv triumphant in Italv. An alliance had l>een projected 
 betv< ecu France, Spain, and Sardinia, in order to raise Don 
 Carles to the thrones ofNapi'S and Slcil-, . Oukede Villars 
 couiiiianded underlhe king of •Sardinia in Ilalv. where their 
 anus made a vei-v rapid progress against the iiirierialists, 
 froiu uho'uthe- to(>A ■aiivtowns. About this time the earl 
 of Oivsl.-iticH r:'si' ii^d Ms post of lovd high sten-.id ; the 
 dii'>P of iioltou am* lord Cobhaiii uere di priverl of iheir re- 
 gi;iients: and lord King resignnig the ofice of chancello', it 
 was conferred on [Mr. Talbot, together with lh<' title of a 
 
 173 1 
 
 baron. The parliament was opru'd on the 17th of 
 
 January. In ih's session, which was no less f-rtile 
 iu dis|)iites between the miiiistrv aiul oooosilion than anv 
 of the preceding, a bill to prevent the infnmous praitice of 
 stock-jobbing was carried throuidi both houses, and passed 
 into a 'aw foi three years. On the Ifith of 'Npril the session 
 end d. soon alterwhii-hthe parliament wasdissohed. About 
 this time lord Stair was deprived of his regiment of dragoons 
 for h>scondu(t iu parliament. On the continent, kiuf Sta- 
 nislaus was obliged to flv secretiv from Uanlzic, and le ive 
 the crown of Poland to Augustus, elector of .Saxou\. The 
 French were verv successful in Geimany. Prince Eugene 
 eommanded the imperial armv ; and the cluke of Berwick, 
 who headed that of France, was killed before Phdip^Iuirgh. 
 There was a veri blood ■ cann^jign iu Ilalv. Don - ailos 
 took possession of Naoles, of which his Catholic niaj'stv had 
 declared him king. Count de Me ci, who command'd the 
 imperialists, was slain in the battle of Parma. Mtirshal 
 Broglio. a French general, was routed, an.d lost :dj'>ul 2li(K> 
 men. The great success of the F'ench was owing clrefly 
 to the braverv aivl conduct of the king of Surd'nia. Eng- 
 land, during these transactions, preserved aneuttality; and 
 iUepi up a grea; naval force under the coiimiand of Sir John 
 Norris, aa able, though not a successful commander. Ne- 
 
 3 D 
 
 Rociations were entered into at the Flaguc for peace. Con- 
 siderable a ui.inieiils were carrvuigon lu I'ingI iiid, in order 
 to preserve its tr.iniiuillily. The pretenrler'b eldest sou 
 seived with peculiar m;rks of distinction in Ihe army ol Dou 
 Carlos. TIk' new paliuineut was opened oi Jan. II. , , 
 The election ot the Ifi Scoti h peers »iigrossed Ihe at- 
 tention of the public and the parliamiiit tor some time. 
 Great alterations were made ni the I'litiny bill ; the ortu .^rs 
 who enlisted men were required lo ta: ry every person who 
 enteud, before a magistrate, in o'derfor such person to 
 declare his assent ordissi nt. His majesty was addressed on 
 Ihe Spanish depredations; hut Ihe session breaking up on 
 May m, nothing was done in that uiattor. S(ioii alter Ihe 
 king visited his Gernuin dominions, h aving Ihe queen te- 
 gent. The conferences si ill conlinued atlhe Hague ; where 
 at last a suspension of arms was agreed on, during w liii li 
 the negociatioiis for a general peace in (Germany and ll i.y 
 were continued. A qua.rel breaking out between the courlj 
 of Madrid and Lisbon, the latter applied for assistance to 
 the king of Great Britain, who sent Sir John Norris, with a 
 powerful squadron, to Lisbon. The parliament met on .-o^. 
 .Ian. I '>, and repealed the old statutes of England and ' 
 Scotland against conjuration, witchcraft, and dealing with 
 evil spirits; and passed an act for restraining the retail of 
 spirituous liquors, the inoi liiiain act, another for the preven- 
 tion of smuggling, and another for building a bridge at 
 Westminster. The session closed <in May '20, soon after 
 which the king paid a visit to his fietnan dominion?. 
 On the 27lh of \pnl the prince of Wales was married 
 lo the princess of Saxe Gollia. The other reniaikable 
 incidents of this vear were these; the king erected a 
 new post of honour, entitled ficdd-marshal of theaimies 
 of Great Briiain. A gvc^at disturbance happened at Edin- 
 burgh, occasioned by the execution of one Wilson, a smug- 
 gler. Porleous, captain of the city-guard, having com- 
 manded the soldiers to lire among Ihe populace, several 
 innocenl pi'rsons weie killed ; Porteous, being trie'd for liii 
 life, was found guilty ; but being lespited b\ the queen 
 (then regent,) the mob forced open Ihe prison cloois, drag- 
 ged forth Porteous, and t-.uug him upon a dyer's pole; at 
 which outrage her majesty and the administration were 
 greatly oft'ended. There now started up a new state phe- 
 nomenon, Theodore Baron Stein, born near Cologn, in Ger- 
 many. He had landed in Corsica, siibjc ct to Ihe Genoese, 
 who had treated theCorsicans with great rigour. The ba- 
 ron, being leceived with o|)en arms by the insurgents, was 
 elected, and crowned their king; upon which he headed 
 their troops. Failing afterwards in his promises of men, 
 money, Ac. the Corsivans grew weary of him; whereunon 
 he left iheir island. He had the air of a gi eat man, but his 
 parts were not shining, his principal talent being a liltle 
 cunning; besides which, he was insolent and cruel. By 
 this lime all the bi lligerent powers in It- ly had agreed to 
 the preliminaries of peace concluded hetv(een the emperor 
 and France. Don Carlos was crowned king of Sicily ; '^'a- 
 nislaus abdicated the crown of Poland ; and .Augustus was 
 universally acknowledged sovereign of that kingdom. The 
 prelimina-ii s were aiqiroved and -iccepted b\ the diet of the 
 empire: the king of Spain sent oideis fo his troops to eva- 
 cuate Tuscaiiv ; and the provinces in Italy yielded to the 
 house of Austria. Prince Eugene, who had managed the 
 interests of the emperor on this occasion, did not live to see 
 the happy f nils of his negociiilion. He died at Vienna, in 
 April, at the age of seventy-three, leaving behind him the 
 character of an invincible hero, and coRsuramate politician. 
 The beginning of this year was distinguished bv a rupture 
 in the roval family, occasioned bv the prince of Wales .,„_ 
 carrving awa\ the princess of Wales, then near her '■ 
 time, from, Hamilton court, where their majesties resided, to 
 St. J;imes'^, where she was that night delivered of the 
 princess Augusta, now princess of Brunswick. This breach 
 WHSgreallv widened bv a motion being made in parlianient 
 (w hi< h was opened by commission Feb. ] ,) to settle lOO,(WOi? 
 per annum on the prince of Wales, in the same manner hi» 
 
 3B5
 
 GEO 
 
 GEO 
 
 nnjeaty enjoyed it before his accession to the tlirone. This 
 motion, hov/evei, was carried in the iic;;ative. The most 
 remarkahle bill.') passed this session were, a bill for punishing 
 the inU'jistrates in the citv <if Edinlmvj;'' on account ot llie 
 murder of captain Forteoiu ; and another for limiting the 
 number ofola\ houses, and subjecting all dramatic pieces to 
 the inspection of the lord-chain'ierlain, commonlv called the 
 pht/hoiise bill. In Febniarv died lord chanc llor Taliiol, 
 iiniveoalb lamented, who was succeeded on the beiuh by 
 lord Hardwicke ; and on November 20 died qui-en Caroline, 
 1700 '" ''"' o5tli year of her age. The affair of one Jeiikins, 
 who was said to have had his ears cut oft" b\ the crew 
 of a Spanish guarda costa, and nho appeared al the bar of 
 the house of coniinoiis, (■xcitr<l ^jieat indignation both in 
 that assembly and in the whole nalion. Petitions, com- 
 plaining of the Spanish depredations, were presented to the 
 house from various (jiiarters. An adilress «as presented lo 
 his raajesiy, who soon after sent a strong s(piiidron to the 
 A} "fliterranean. The effect of this vigorous disposition was, 
 that in Scpteuiljer, preliminaries were sigmd for an accom- 
 modation between the courts of Kuglaud an<l Spiiiu. On 
 the 24th of Ma-. (O. S.) his present majesty was born. ^ ^ 
 On the 14th of Jan. the famous Convrntimn treaty 
 was concluded between the courts of (Jreat Bi 'lain and Ma- 
 drid, which occasioned verv wa'ni debates in both houses of 
 I'.iriiami'nt, and against which petitions were presented from 
 all parts of the kingdom. Disputes «ere carried so high in 
 the house of comnioiis, that many eminent members of the 
 iiiinoritv retired from parlianifiit, and 40 peers entered their 
 protest against the address fir thanking hisniijestv ('or lay- 
 ing the coiiveniion befoie them. Notwithstanding the con- 
 vention so recentlv concluded, the behaviour of the Spa- 
 niards was so insolent, thai a rupture with them ln-came in- 
 evitable. War wasaccoidinglv dedan-d against Spain, and 
 •admiral Vernon <ent in Julv »i'h a srjuadroii of ships to 
 annn\ their commerce and settlements n \nierica, v lit ;e in 
 November, lie t„ok the town of Porto Bdlo. Mr. Wliitlields 
 followers tivst appeared under the nanu' of Meiliidisis; and 
 the i-lose of this vear and ihe beg nnnig of the n-xt wer*' 
 distingnishel bv as great a frost as ever was iuiown in Eng- 
 land. .\ strong armament being sent against the Spa- 
 nish We-t Indies under lord Cathcarl, o<-casioiied tin- ''■*" 
 French to la' aside the neutraht tli v had lipfore (irofessed. 
 
 and to decla e in favour of the S 
 
 pa man I 
 
 bv 
 
 f1ei-t 
 
 of 12 large ships to their assistance. On the sih of .Vlav, 
 the pi incess '\l.irv was married hv prow to the oriiiei' of 
 Hesse Cassel. In .Iiine advice was received from ad uiral 
 Vernon, t'lat he had bombardrd Carthau'eiia and taken fort 
 Chagre. On the 20th of October, Charles VI. emperor of 
 Germany, the last prince of the house of Ausiria, dieO at 
 Vienna, and was succeeded in. his hereditarv dominions '-v 
 liis eldestilaughter the archduchess Mar-a Theresa, married 
 to the grand dnke of Tuscany. Though she succeeded as 
 qni'en of Hiin.,'arv, by virtue ol the pragmatic sanction gua- 
 r-i I'ied In all 'h<' powers in Europe, her sneci'ssion pro- 
 duced such contests as kindled a cruel war in ihe empire. 
 The voimg king of Prussia was no sooner informed of the 
 emperor's death, than he en'irid Silesia at the hea<l of 
 20,000 men. sriied certain Hefs lo which his fnu'lv lai<l 
 claim, an I imblished a manifesto, declaring that he ha(l 
 no inteniion lo contiavene the pra'.'nialie sanction. The 
 el'-ctor of Bavaria refnse<l to ackniiv\l' dge the arch- 
 duchess as q'leen of Hinivarv and Bohemia. His majestv, in 
 his spi-ech to the parliament, declared stmn.dv in this 
 princess's favour : and .?oo,ooo,e were granted lo enable 
 liiiii to siipourl her. Debates ran ve v high lids session 
 against the minister and his nieasii'es. A sliong protest 
 was entered b\ 2t peers. warmU reflecting on ">ir jJoberl 
 W;'!pole''i manaiieminl <lurin_ th"' coiiise oi the war ; anil a 
 varietv of inoliceis were iea<le in both houses, tending to 
 shew the n''(i'ssit\ of removiie^ him from his iiiajest\ 's pre 
 sence and councils. The \ear 1741 was reinaikabh' for 
 geperid Weniuorih and a'Imiral Vernon's iinsuciessl'ul e>- 
 pedition against Carthaijeiia, in which it is computed 20,000 
 3W5 
 
 British subjects lost their lives. The affairs of the coiitii;?,rit 
 Mere now more than ever embroiled. The queen of Hun- 
 gary refusing lo coniplv with the ning of Prussia's (Iciuacd 
 (d" part of Silesia, that isuiniirch prosecuted his conquests v;i tli 
 gueat apiditv. France resolved to seize this oiiportunity of 
 crushing the house of .■\uslria. In order to prevent tlit 
 queen of Iluii^jary from receivingihe promised sui corns from 
 his Piritaniiic iiiaie.>ly,slie poured a numerous army into West- 
 phalia, vh'ch producid a nentralitv for Hanover; and the 
 king of Gri-at Br.iain piomised to vote, at the ensuing elec- 
 tion of'-aii emperor, for the 1 leclor of Bavaria. The desigii 
 of the French court was to raise this prince to the imperial 
 dignitv , and furnisii h:m willi such succours as should enable 
 him to deprive the queen of Hungary oi her hereditar\ do- 
 nnnioiis. With lliis view she sent two large bodies of 
 troops into Germany; a. id the elector of Bavaria, seeing 
 himself at die he.;d of 70, 000 men, declared war against 
 her Hungarian m.ij"sl\, and made so rajrid a | rogress, that 
 Vienna itseJf Has threatened. Being joined by the elector 
 of Saxoii', he took P'ague, and Wiis crowned king of Bohe- 
 mia. But b\ III niiig aside to Bohemia, insfead of man liing 
 to ^'tenlla, he eiilirely ruined h's affairs. In the new parlia- 
 ment the minster was jitlacKed widi such spirit aiiif vio- 
 lence, that he resohid to resign He siili attended ,,,„ 
 the house, til tin d ri-,ion of the riiippenllam election. ' 
 wlii<h was c;.r:ieil the 2d February aganst him, by one 
 vote onlv. He had been tiealed with so little ceremony 
 during the course of Ihe debate, tliat he protested in the 
 biltby he would never enter the house again : and prince 
 Frederic declaring, tliat bethought Sir Boberl Wal| o|e so 
 great a bar between bis majesty and his people, that he could 
 agree to no terntsof reconciliation till he should be removed. 
 Sir JJoberl resolved to retire from power, and give n|i all 
 his places. This he did accordingly the I lib of February, 
 after having been createfl bv his nni'sly bavmi of Hou_,hton, 
 viscoiiii' Wali'ole, and earl of Orford. Tiie day after his 
 r''signation, the opposition had a grand meeting ; the pur- 
 port of whuh was, to bring him to justice, and to execute 
 their constitutional points. The heaOs of the opposition all 
 met at court, when a reconciliation was made between his 
 majestv and the oriiice of^Vales. Sir Uobeit Walpole's re- 
 moval did not alter the mcsures ; but there were many 
 chang"s 111 the lii.jher emolovments. Mr. Sandvs was ,rp- 
 pointed chancellor of the exi heqner, lord VVdmington first 
 loid of tlietreasurv, lord H;>i rin ton lord president, lo' (I Car- 
 teret secrelM' of state, the niarqnis of'I'weedae secietary 
 of state for S.(,tlaiid. the dnke ot Nrg'le maslerofthe ord- 
 nance, and Mr Pnlteney was restored to the dignitx of a 
 privv-counsellor. A consule ahl* proniolioii was mude of 
 general otbcers, and great clian.;es in the inferior depart- 
 ments. \n iiiqnirv was made into the conduct of *sjr Ho- 
 bert Walpole, in the course of which it ao|)eaed that he had 
 been gniltv of manv mal-prad ces ; but before Ihe re|)oitof 
 the committee, who sat for that purpose, was finished, the 
 parliament was prorogued, and thus the niqnirv dropped. 
 On the 12lh of Febrnarv the elector of Bavaria v< as chosen 
 emperor of Germany. However, the «pieen of Hungary's 
 affairs had taken a very auspicious turn. A bloody battle 
 was foni;lit at Cyaslaii, between the king of Prussia and 
 prince ( har!is, in which the former ha<l the advantage. By 
 the liappv iiitlueiice of his Bi ilaini'e majestv, a Ireafv was 
 concluded betwi'en Austria and Prussia, \\herebv Sdesia 
 was ■;iven up lo the latter; to which trcat\ Saxony also ac- 
 reeded : and peace was proclaimed at Du'sdenSept. 17. 
 This obliged the Freiii h to retire with great precipitation 
 and loss to Prairne, which prince Chailes besieged with 
 (io.nilO men, there beiiii; 2(l.0i men in that cily. Negocia- 
 fioiis \\eie carrierl on iietween the geneials on the lespec- 
 five sides. Ourinu the sie^je of Prague, the French made 
 manv des|ieraie sallies ; Imi being at last pressed In famine, 
 MaiMebois marched with 42,0(iO men to its relief Count 
 de Saxe then made his appearance at the hi ad of a French 
 ariin. Prime Charles tiimed the siege id' Prague into a 
 blockade. The Aiistrians finding themselves too weak tu
 
 GEO 
 
 coiiliiiiie the l)lockiK|p before Prague, raised it ; upon wl^icli 
 tlie mnrsli;iK I'.ellei>le ;iti(l Jlroyliii rii;irelie(l out o( liuil r Iv, 
 but were iiftrnvaids forced to relniii into il. Mailleliois 
 proved himself an able ^'eneral diirin;; all this expedition. 
 At hist marshal Hellt isle, with f;reat >l\ill and jiidf;nient, 
 nrarclierl his arnn onl of Prague, and reaihed l''.;,'ra in 12 
 days \\ ithoiit losing; a man (aeeoidin;; to his own account) 
 except by the severity of llie weatiier. In order to make a 
 diversion in favtinrof the i|neeii of Ilmigary, 1G,0()() IJiitish 
 troops Were endiarked for the Neth'ilands, nnder the com 
 niand of the earl of Si.iir, wlice they were joined by another 
 body of flanoverians and Hessians. A body of Aus- 
 trians had al^o been befoic ass<Midilt(l in that connlry ; but 
 all these trooDs went into u inter-()uaitrrs w illioul exf ciitinu; 
 any enterprise. Nov. 17, 171.1, piincess Louisa, his nia- 
 jesty's yoiniRest danRhter, wm married by proxy to the 
 nriiice royal of Denmark. Tiie Rriiish fleet nnderSli t ha- 
 binerO^le uas noways fortnnate in America. Commodore 
 Knowles "as se',1 out u illi a ;(|ir.\fli(iii of shii>s to attack La 
 Giiine and Porto Caxalli:, oti the coasts of llie Caiaccas ; 
 bnl this attempt niiscari ied. He afterwards attacked Porto 
 Ca\alIo, hut without s. n ess A revcjulicn in the ministry 
 took place tliis vear. Mr. Pelham beiiii; placed at the head of 
 the ministry . In th; Netlni lands, the F.n:;lisli ami Fi inch ar- 
 niipscain"toaiieni;ayenient at the villajje of l^eimiijen. The 
 order of battle, as diiei led b\ his Britannic majesty, «as 
 very nnste h. The k-nj; advancing; to the front of his 
 army, ;,'ave fiesli spirits to the soldiers The British troops 
 fired too soon, npon the inariliin;; up of the em ni\ ; when 
 the French black miisquetaires. delachin^ themselves from 
 their lines, and srallopin;; between the allied foot, were all 
 cut to pieces. The firiiiff now became ;;eneral ; ulien the 
 presence of his B itannic majestv, who «as in the posts of 
 the greatest daii;;er, and beha'ved with the noblest intre- 
 piditv, fixed the fate of the dav. Marshal Noailles shewed 
 great braver^ in this battle. The duke of Cnmbeiland, be- 
 mii in the hottest of ihe enijayetnent, was wcmnded in tlie 
 calfof the leg. Hereupon marshal Noailles, after losin;; the 
 flower of his arm\, ordered a retreat, in this battle the 
 French lost COOO men, and a iiiidiitnde of otlicers, with 
 some trophies ; and the Fn;,'|isli a.'jOd men. France was 
 now deprived oflier alilest minister b' tlie death of cardinal 
 Flenr\, who was succeeded b\ ca'dnial Tencin, a man of a 
 proud, turbulent, and enterprisiiig dispositu.n. The former 
 was alwavs a friend to pacific measures, and has been ac- 
 cused of having neglected the militaiv :;lory of France, and 
 permitted her naval pover to be almost ainiihilatcd. In 
 1744, commodore Anson ret rued f'om his expedition round 
 the world. In ."septeudier, 1740. he had sailed with a small 
 squadron to the South Sea, in order to annoy the S|)anish 
 SPtllements of Chili and Peru. Two of his large sh'ps, hav 
 ing been separated from him in a storm before he weathered 
 Cape Horn, had put in at Rio de Janeiro, on the coast of 
 Brazil, from whence thev returned to Europe. Mr. Anson 
 having undergone a dreadful lempe-t, which dispersed his 
 fl> et, arri\ed at the island of .luan Fernandez, where he 
 was joined b\ iht- (Jloucesfe , a shio of the ine, a sloop, and 
 a pink load d with pnvisions. These were the remains of 
 bis squadron. He made prize of seve al \essels ; took and 
 burned the little town of Pa^ ta ; set sail from the coast of 
 M' xieo for ihe Phdippine isles; and in tuis passa/e the 
 Glouiester wasabandoned and sunk : the other vessels had 
 been destroved for want of men to navigate ihem; so that 
 nothing now remained but the commodore's own ship, the 
 Centurion, and that but very indifterentiv manned , for the 
 crews had been horribly thinned by sickness. Incredible 
 were the hardsliin^ and misery Ihe^ sustained from theshat 
 tered condilion of the shins, and the seorb'.tic disorder, 
 when tliev reached the plentiful island of Tinian, where 
 thev were supplied with the neie-sarv refreshments. 
 Theuee theiv |)rosecu'ed ih'o vovage to the river of Canton 
 in ( lena, where the eo«nnu>dore ordered the ship to be 
 slieafbed, and foiin ' means to prccure a reinfoicement of 
 tailors. The chief object of his attention was the rich 
 
 GRO 
 
 annual ship that sails between Acapuleo and Mexico and 
 i\;auiili., one of the PInlippnie islanils. In hope of itilen f ptr 
 ing hei, he set sad fiom Canton, and steeied ids course hack 
 to Ihe straits of Manilla, where she actually tell into his 
 hands after a short but \ igorous eng; gemcnt. The prize 
 was called Nueslia Signorade ('abiidonga, mouiiti d wnh4(> 
 guns, manned withtjoo sailors, and loa<le(l with treasure and 
 elle( Is lo the \alue of .T1.!,0(K( pouiuls sletling; with ihis 
 windfall he r( tumid to Canton ; troni whence he pro* ceded 
 to Ihe Cape ( f (iood Hope, and prosecute. i his voyage to 
 iMiglaud, where he arrived in safely. Meanwhih the Ficntii 
 wento4i Willi vi'.;oU' in every (pi.Tler ; thev opposed pi nice 
 Charles ot Lorntiii ; tlie\ inlerrupled his progress in ins : i- 
 linipts lo pass file Uliiiie, and ga lied seme successes in 
 Ilab ; but then cliief <xpi datioiis were | laciil in a pro- 
 iected invasion of !'ii:daiid. An invasion Iherefore wa> ac 
 tiially proje( tefl. Chalks, son of the old Chevalier St. 
 (ieorgr depa.led fioiii I'.i me in the flisgiii^e of a Spanish 
 (■ourier. proseculiiig his jouini y to Paiis, and had an ;;iiWi- 
 enceofthe I'leiicli king. The troops designed for tli: , ex- 
 pedition amoiiiiled lo I.O.Odl); piepaialioiis were made for 
 einbai king them at Dunkirk, and siiiie oth'-r of the ik an st 
 ports to I' ngland, under the eye of th<> \oiiiig preti iider. and 
 7000 of the number actiiallv wint on board. The duki- lie 
 Roqui leu lie, with 20 sliijis of ihe line, was to see theiii 
 lanileft safely in FiiL:land ; and couni Saxe was lo coisiiuand 
 thini, when i lit ashore. The whole proii 1 1, liowi ve. , was 
 disconcerted by the appearance of Sir John Noriis with a 
 superior fleet makiii" up against them ; thi Fieiich fle<t was 
 obliged lo put back, and a very hard gale of wind da- 
 maged their transports beyond redriss. All hopes of inva- 
 sion weie now frustrated ; and. at length, the Fii iich 
 thought fit openly to declare war. But though f iliine 
 seemed to favou Fngland on this occasion, yet on olliers 
 she was not equally propitious. The combined fleets of 
 F'ance and .Spain for some time fought the British aniia- 
 nient, under admirals Matthews and Lestoek, ihough with 
 inferior force, and came oft nearly upon equal terms. Such 
 a parity of success in F.ngland was regariied as a de- .... 
 feat. Both the l-'nglish admiials were tried by a < oiirt- ' 
 martial; Matthews, who had fought the enemy with intre- 
 pidity, was declared incapable of serving fo'. the future in 
 his majesty's navy ; Lestoek, who had kept aloof, was ac- 
 quitted wiili honour; loi he liad entrenched himself within 
 the punctilios of discipline : he bareh did his duty ; a man 
 of lionoir, when his i oniitrv is al stake, should do more. Ihe 
 proceedings in Ihe Netherlands were still more unfavour- 
 able. The French besieged and took F; ibourg, before they 
 went into winter quarters; and eatb the next campaign 
 invested the city of Touriiav. The allies were lesolved to 
 prevent the lo^s of this cit< bv a baltle. Their army was 
 inferior, and tliev were, c oirmanded by the duke of Cuni- 
 berlaiid. Notw thstind.ng these disadvantages, thev ..., 
 mar( bed towards the enem\, and took post in sight ' 
 of the French, who were encamped on an emim i.ce ; the 
 village of Antoine on the right, a wiiod on their left, and 
 the town of Fontenoy befon Iheni. This i'dvanlageous dis- 
 position did not repress the aulour if the I'liglish ; on the 
 .iotli dav of April, the diike off umhirl;ind marched to the 
 attack at two o'clock in the iiiorning. The Bn-tish infantry 
 pressed hnward, bore down all opposition, and for near an 
 hour v(e e victorious. Marshal Saxe was at that time sick 
 of the same disorder of which he af'erwa'i's diid. He vi- 
 sited all the posts in a liiter; and saw, lutw ithslanding all 
 appearances, 'hat the day was his own. T lie I'liLlish co- 
 lumn, without command, b\ a nieie mechanical coi. rage, 
 had advancfd upon the enc'mv's lines, which formed an 
 avenue on each side to rec eive them. The French artillery 
 began to pla\ upon this fo' lorn body ; and llioimh the- i ou- 
 tinued a long time unshaken, thev were obliged to ret rat 
 about three o'clock in the aflemorn. This was one of 'he 
 most bloody bailies that had been fiiiii,ht this age; the allies 
 sustained a loss of near I'J.OiiO men, among whom ere 
 lieutenant-general Sir James Campbell, niajor-gentral Pom 
 
 387
 
 r. Eo 
 
 GEO 
 
 joiibv, t!;ecoloiK!sCarpinter niid Douglas, lieutenant colo- 
 nel Gee, and a {jnat mimber of other otfiters. Tlie viftoiy 
 cost the rrt'i!i-h an equal, if not a greater number of hves. 
 The duke dc Giaiiiout and three other liei.reuant-generals, 
 four niaiiir-geiK-rai^, aud three brigadiers, were slain. 
 Among the wounded were two lieutenant generals, three 
 major geneials, and thirty-six brigadiers and colonels; and 
 but few of these long survived. This h\ovi, by which 
 Touruay Wits taken, gave the Frenrli a manifest superiority 
 all the rest of the campaign, which they did not forego 
 (hiring tile continuance of the war. The intended French 
 invasion had roused all the attention of the English niiiiistiy, 
 nnd nothing but lo\alty breathed througho .t thr; \\ hole 
 kingdom. The •.■<liiiirdl> Rowley and Warren had relieved 
 Jhe'honour of the British llag, and made several rich cap- 
 tures. Loiiisburi;, i • the island of Cape Breton, in North 
 America, a place of great consequence to the British com- 
 merce, surrendered to general Pepperel; wiiile, a short time 
 after, tno French Eastlndia ships, and another from Peru 
 iiiden with treasure, supposing the place still in possessitm 
 of the French, sailed into the harbour, and their capture 
 added to the English success. It was in this period of uni- 
 versal satisfectioii, that the son of the old pretender resolved 
 to make an eiibrt at gaining the British crown. Be:ug fur- 
 nished with some money, and still larger v''0'">''Ps. from 
 France, he embarked for Scotland on board a small frigate, 
 accompanied by the marquis of Tullibardine, Sir Thomas 
 Sheridan, and a few other desperate adventurers. For the 
 conquest of the whole British empire, he brought with him 
 seven oftkeis, and arms for 2100 men. Fortune, wLich 
 ever perseciiied his familv, seemed no way more favouralile 
 to him: his convoy, a ship offiO guns, was so disabled in 
 an eiigagenieiit with an I'.nglish man of war, called the 
 Lion, that it returned to Brest, while he was obli-ed to con- 
 tinue his course to the western parts of Scotland ; and, land- 
 ingon the coast of Lochabar, July 27, was in a I ttle time 
 joined l3y some chiefs of the Highland clans and their vas- 
 sals. By nieanst>f these chiefs, therefore, he soon sm» him- 
 selftat the head of 1.500 men ; and invited others to join him 
 bv his manifestos, which were dispersed throughout all the 
 Highlands. The ministi-y was no sooner contii mid of the 
 truth of his arrival, which at first they could scarceb be in- 
 duced to believe, than Sir John Coi>e wasordered to oppose 
 liis progress. In the mean liuie, the young adventurer 
 marched to Perth, where the iiniiecessarv ceremony was 
 performed of proclaiming the Chevalier de St. George, his 
 father, king ofGreat Britain. The rebel army desci-nding 
 from the mountains, seemed to gather as it went. They ad- 
 vanced towards Edinburgh, which the\ entered without op- 
 position. Here too, the pageantry of proclamation was 
 performed, August 17, in which he promised to dissolve the 
 tiiiion, and redress the griev.iiicf s of the coiiiitrv. But, 
 though he «as master of the capital, yet the citadel, which 
 j5oes by the name of the Castle, a strong fortress built upon 
 a rock, and comur.indcd bv general Cruest, biaved all his at- 
 tempts. In the ni'an lime Sir,Iuliu Cope, who had pur- 
 sued them to the Higlilanrls, but<leclined meeting' them in 
 their d"scent, now reinforced by two re'^iiiients of firagoons, 
 resolved to march towards Edinburgh, and give tln-m battle. 
 The young adventurer, unwilling to give him time to re- 
 treat, attarkeif him near Presttm-Pans, about twebe miles 
 from the caiiilal, and, in a few minutes, put him antl his 
 troops totally to the rout. This victory, in wirch the kin^ 
 lost about ."^Xl men, gave the rebels g'<>al inlluence; and 
 had the pretenfler taken advantage of the general coiister- 
 lialion, and marchefl lo"a;ils EngliOul, the couseiiuence 
 might have bfen dangerous to the siiflv of the state; but 
 he spent the lime at Ediiibiirgli, se'iniiig to enjoy ilr' iisi l> ss 
 paradeof rovally, pleas'ilat being adibessed ami lieatcd asa 
 king. Rv this lime he was ioiiied bv the earl of Krlmar- 
 not-k, the lords Elclio, Italmerino, Ogiivy, Pitsligo. and the 
 rldesl son of tli<* lord Lovat. While the young |iril' ii<ler 
 thus trifled away the linn' at Edinburgh, (for all dehi' s in 
 dangermis enterprises are even ivoi^e thau defeats) the 
 
 ministry ofGreat Britain took every possible measure to St*. 
 feat his intejitions. Six thousatid Dulth troops, that Ii:i4 
 come over to the assistance of the crown, Here sent north- 
 ward, under the coniiuand of general Wadi-; but, a;, it was 
 then said, these could lend no assistance, as they wcie, pro- 
 perly speaking, prisoners of Fiance, and upon their parole 
 not to oppose that power for the space otoiie year. How- 
 ever tliis be, the duke of Cumberland soon atlir arrned 
 from Flanders, and was followed b\ another delachnif nt of 
 dragoons and infantry ; volunteers iu ditfereiit parts ol ihe 
 ingdoui employed themselves in the exercise of arms; and 
 very county exerted a generous spirit of indignation, bcjth 
 agaiiist the ambition, the religion, and the allies, of the young 
 adventurer. In the mean time, Charles went forward witli 
 vigour; and, resolving to make au irruption into England, 
 he entered it by the western border. On the 6th day of 
 November Carlisle -was invested, and in less than three 
 days it surrendered. Here he founil a considerable quantity 
 of arms, and was declared king of (ireat Bntain. General 
 Wade, being apprised of his progress, advaiiceil across the 
 couiitr\ from the opposite shore ; but receiving intelligence 
 that the enemy were two days' march before him, he retired 
 to his former station. The young pretender now res"lved 
 to proceed, having received assurances from France, that a 
 considerable body of troops would be landed on the southern 
 coast of Britain, to make a diversion in his favour, and flat- 
 tered willi the hopes of being Joined by a large body of 
 English nrjlcfoutents, as soon ashe should make bis appear- 
 ance among them. Leaving therefore a small garrison in 
 Carlisle, which he should rather have left defenceless, he ad- 
 vanced lo Penrith, niar< hing on foot in an Highland garb, 
 and continued his irruption till he came to Manchester, 
 wheieheestablisliedhis head-quarters. He was here.joiued 
 by about 200 Englishineu, who were formed into a regiment, 
 under the coniiuand of colonel Towiiley. From thence he 
 piosecuted his route to Derby, intending to go bv the way of 
 Chester into Wales, where he hoped for a great number of 
 adherents. He was by this time advanced y\ilhin 100 
 milesof the capital, which was filled «ith terror and confu- 
 sion. The king resolved to take the field in person. Tlie 
 volunteers of the citv were incoioorati'd into a regiment. 
 The practitioners of the law agreed to take llie fiehl, with 
 the judges at the r head. Even the managers of the theatres 
 offered lo raise a bodv of Ihtir dependants for the service of 
 their country, ^'et tliesi' combinations onlv served as in- 
 stances of tiie national tei ror ; for the trading part of the 
 city, and those concerned in the mone< lorporatioiis, were 
 overwhelmed will) dejection. Thev could hope for little 
 safety in the courage or (bsi.ipline of a militia ; especially as 
 tlicv every hour dri-aded'an invasion from France, and an 
 insurrection of the ISoman Catholics, and other friends to the 
 expelled f.imib . This therefore «as the moment for tlie 
 advancement of the adventurer's enterprise. Had Jie 
 marched up.to the capital, he would undoul<teill\ ha\e been 
 joined bv seve al secrelK attached to his cause. But he de- 
 termined <inee more to retreat to Scotland ; and thus his 
 scheme was defeated. In fact, he was but iioiMiiallv the 
 leader of his forces. His generals, the chiefs of Highland 
 clans, were, from their education, ignorant, and, fiom their 
 inrlepend' iic\, obstinate. They each embraced peculiar 
 systems, and began to rontend with each other for the pre- 
 eminence ; so that atler violent disputes, they resolverj to 
 march back. They elloeted their rilreat to Carlisle « ith- 
 out anv loss; an'* from thence crossed the rivers Eden and 
 Solwm intoS<-oil;tnil. In this irruption, however, they pro. 
 served all llii' rules of war; they desisted, in a great mea- 
 sure, from rapine; le\ieil coiitiibiilioiis ; anri, in the iisUal 
 form, left a tiarri-on nt Carlisle al their retie:! ; which, a 
 shorttinu' alter, in ihe number of 4W), surrendereH to the 
 duke of Cumberland prisoners at discretion. The pretender 
 being returneil lo Scotland, proceeded lo Glasgow ; fmm 
 which city he evai teil severe contribulions. .■Viivanciiig to 
 Stirling, be was joined b\ lord Lewis Ciorrlon, at tht' head 
 of some forces which Imd beeu assembled in bis abkcoce
 
 GEO 
 
 «.; i; if 
 
 Otlicr cl.ins, to the nunil)er of two t!imis;i:i(l, cHine In like- 
 W'ibf ; Sp;iii) sent liiiii some supplies (ifiiioiifv ; iiiid, in one 
 or two skiiDiislics with tin- royalists, liis ;;iiir ills caiiie oft' 
 Willi victory ; so that liis aflairs oikx' more sfciiieil lo wear 
 an aspect ot suctt-ss. IJi'iii^ joined l>y lord John Dniiii- 
 niond, he iiiveste<l the castle oC Slirliii^, coiiiinaiKled by 
 SUK'ral Blakenev ; but his foees, beiiif; unused to sie};es, 
 <:oiisuiium1 iiiiieli time to no purpose, (ieneral Ilawlev, who 
 coiniiianded a eoivsidorabie body oi'forces near Kdinbur^h, 
 iiiKl«rlook to ruise the sie{;e. lie ailvancod towards the re- 
 bel army, and rendezvoused his whole forces at Falkirk, 
 while tlip rebels lay encamped at no j;rc;'i distance. After 
 two days iiuitually examining each other's streiiiflh, the re- 
 bels, on the 17tli day of January, came on in full spirits lo 
 attack the king's army. 'J'lie pretender, who stood in the 
 front line, gave the signal to tire ; and the first volley served 
 to put Hswley's forces into confusion. The horse retreated 
 w illi precipitation, and fell in upon their own infantry ; the 
 rebels followed theirblow ; and the greatest part of the royal 
 army fled with the utmost precipitation. Tliey retired in 
 confusion to Edinburgh, leaving tile field ofliattle, with part 
 of their tents and artillery, to the rebels. This was the end 
 of all their triumphs. Rut a new scene of conduct was new 
 ^oiiig to open; for the diike of Cumberland, at that time the 
 favinirite of the English army, had put himself at the heail 
 of tile troMps at Edinburgh, which consisted of about four- 
 teen thousand men. He resolved therefore to come to a 
 battle as soon as possible ; and marched forward, while the 
 young adventurer retired at his approach. The duke ad- 
 Vcijiced to Aberdeen, where lie was Joined by the duke of 
 (jordon, and some other lords, attached to his family and 
 cause. After having refreshed his troops there for some 
 time, lie renewed his march; and in twelve days came upon 
 ,«.„ the banks of the deep and rapid river Spey. This 
 was a place wlieretlie rebels might have disputed liis 
 passage ; but they seemed now totally void of all counsel 
 and subordination, without conduct, and without expecta- 
 tion. The duke still (iroceeded in lii< nursiiit ; and, at 
 length, had advice that the enemy bad advanced troni In- 
 verness to the plain of Cnllodt n, vliicli was about nine 
 miles distant, and there intended to give him battle. On 
 , 11 , this plain ihe iJighlanders were drawn up in order 
 *" of battle, to the number of eig^it thousand men, in 
 
 thirteen divisions, supplied with pieces of artillery. Tiie 
 battle began about one o'clock in Ihe afternoon ; the can- 
 non of the king's army did dreadful execution among the 
 enemy; while theirs, being but ill served, was inettectual. 
 One of the g'eat errors in all the pretender's warlike mea- 
 sures, was his subjecting undisciplined tmops to the forms 
 of artful war, and thus repressing their native ferocity, from 
 which alone he could hope for success. After they had 
 stood the English fire for some time, they at length became 
 impatient for ploser engagement ; and about five hundred of 
 them attacked the English left wing with their accustomed 
 fierceness. The first hne being disordered bv this onset, 
 two battalions advanced to support it, and galled the enemy 
 by a terrible and close discharge. At the same time the dra- 
 gofins, under Hawlev, and the Argyleshire militia, pulling 
 flown a park-wall that guarded the enemy's flank, and \thich 
 Ihe rebels had left but feeblv defended, fell in among them 
 sword in hand, with ^reat slaughter. In less than thirty mi- 
 nutes thev were lotaTlv routed, and the field covered with 
 •heir wounded and slain, to the number of about three thou- 
 sand men. The duke, immediately after the decisive action 
 at Culloden, ordered six and thirty deserters to be executed ; 
 the conquerors spread terror wherever they came; and, af- 
 ter a short time, the whole country round was one scene of 
 jilaiighter, desolation, and plunder;. justice seemed forgotten, 
 Bud vengeance assumed the name. In the mean time, the 
 unhappv fugitive adventurer wandered from mountain to 
 mountain, a wretched spectator of all these horrors, the re- 
 sult of his ill-guided aiiibition. He now iinderw ent a siuii- 
 fcrity of adventures with Tharles II. after the defeat at Wor- 
 ecsler, He sometimes found refuge in caves and cottages, 
 
 without attendants, :'.nd exposed to the mercy of ppa«ant3, 
 who could pity but not support iiiiii. Soii'»'tiine.sliela\ in fo- 
 rests, with one or two companions of bis distress, contniually 
 pursued by the troops of the coiuiueror, as there were thirty 
 thousand pounds bid fur Ins lieud. Sheridan, an IrrsJj ad- 
 venturer, was he who kept most faitbiuliy by him, and in- 
 spired him with courage to support suchiiicrediblchardsl« pi. 
 He WHS obliged to trust his life to the fidelity ot above fifty 
 individuals. One day, having wallud fioni inorniag till 
 night, pressed by hunger, and worn by fatigue, he ventured 
 to enter a house, the owner of wliivh he well knew was at- 
 tached to the opposite party : "The sum of your ki«g,"sai(l 
 he, entering, " coliiei. .o beg a bit of bread and chjthes. I 
 know your present atlachmeiit to my adversaries, but I be- 
 lieve you have sufficient honour not to abese my coMfidence, 
 or to take the advantage of my niisi'ui tunes. Take tlvese 
 rags, that have for some time been my only covering, and 
 keep them. You may, pnibably, restore them to me <ine 
 dav, when seated on ihe tliione of tlie kings of Great Bri- 
 tain." Hishost was touched with his distress, assisted Iiim 
 as far as he was able, and never divulged his secret. lu this 
 nianncr he wandered among the friglili'i.! v.iUK of (;len>;aiy, 
 fur iiearsix nionlhs.offen hemmed lor.iid by liij, pursuers, but 
 still finding some expedient to save liim from caiiti\ity iind 
 death. At length, a privateei of St .Malo, liiied l»y his ad- 
 herents, arrived iu Lochnacach, in which he embarked, aud 
 arrived at Fiance in safely. While the prince tiius led a 
 wandering and solitary life, the scaflolds and llie gihbetc 
 were bathed with the blood of his adherents ; seventeen of- 
 ficers of the rebel army were executed at Kennington com- 
 iiuiii, in the neighbourhood of London, whose constauey iii 
 death gained more pioselytes to their cause than perhaps 
 their victories could have done. Nine were executed at 
 Carlisle; six at Brumpton; seven «t Penrith ; and eleven at 
 York. A few obtained pardons ; and a considerable num- 
 ber were transported to the plantations. The earls of Kil- 
 marnock and Cromartie, with the lord Balmerino, were tried 
 by their peers, and found guilty. Cromartie was pardoned ; 
 the other two were beheaded on Tower-hill. Kilmarnock, 
 cither from conviction, or from the hope of pardoii, owne<l 
 his crime, and declared his repentance of if. On the other 
 band, Balmerino, who had from his youth up been bred to 
 anns, died in a more daring manner. When his fellow-suf- 
 ferer, as commanded, bid God bless kin^Gcnrge.Balraeriiio 
 still held fast to his principles, and cried out, God bless kinj 
 James, and iurti red with the utmost intrepidity. Lord Ij9- 
 v;it, and Mi. Haib bti, rlie titidar earl of Derw ent wafer, suf- 
 fered the same i.'iie with equal resolution. The flames of 
 war still coiiiinued to rage upon the continent with their ac- 
 customed vielence. The French went fcrv.ard v. ilh rapid 
 success, having reduced almost the whole Netheriands l« 
 their obedience. In vain the Dutch negocialed, simj^licatpd, 
 and evaded war ; they sav, themselves stripped of all those 
 sirongtowus which def nded their tlominions from invasion; 
 ami Ihey now lay alniost defenceless, ready to receive terms 
 from their conqueror-s. The people, in several towns, in- 
 flamed almost to tumult and sedition, compelled their magis- 
 trates to declare for the prince of Orange as .Stadtholder, 
 captain-general, and admiral of the I'nited Provinces. Tb* 
 vigorous conseouences of this resolution imniedialelv ap- 
 peared ; all coi'imerce with the French was p oliibite(f ; the 
 Dutch army was augmented; and orders were issued to 
 couimencc hostilities against the French by sea and ^ 
 laud. Abou' this time the English made an nnsuccess- '^* 
 fill expedii'on into France, in order to attack I'prt I'Orient. 
 in which they came off without any honour. "The French 
 gained a considerable victory at Koucroux, in Flanders, over 
 the allies, although it.procured them no real advantage ; and 
 it cost them a greater nuroherof lives than those whorn they 
 obliged to retire. The Dutch, in this general conflict 
 seemed the greatest losers, A victory gained over Ifie aJ- 
 hes at La Feldt served to reduce them to a still greater de- 
 gree of distrust of their generals, than they bad hith(rt« 
 shewn ; but Ihc taking of Bergeu-op-Zoooi, the ^troogett 
 
 3ti»
 
 '.;lc. 
 
 & r. O 
 
 iintification of Outth Biahiint, ami wliitli pjittlic Froiuli in 
 |>o>-.('s»ioii of the whole navi^'Utioii oi'llic Stlieidl, threw 
 thtiii almost intodcbpair. But tliese victoiits in i'avoiii ol 
 I' ranee were eouiiterlialanced . ilh almost equal disappoint 
 ineiits. In Italy, the Iretich fieneial, iiiarshal liellLisie's 
 brother, at the lu-ad of tliiilj ("iir thousand men, attempted 
 to penetrate into I'iediiion; ; but his troops were put to the 
 lout, and he himself slain. The Frendi king equipped an un 
 SfUcressfid ariiiament for 111.- reeoverv <if Cape Breton ; and, 
 not (fis(Ouraf;e(l by this filun. tilted nut hvo squadrons, one 
 to make a <lescent upon the liritish eohmies in America, and 
 l_.- the other to assist tlie operations in the East Indies. 
 Tliese, however, were attacked by Anson and Warren, 
 and nine of their ships were taken. So<.n after this, com- 
 modore Fox, with six ships of war, took above forty French 
 ships laden from St. Domingo ; and this loss was soon after 
 fotloweil by another defeat, which the French Heet sustained 
 from admiral Hawke, in which seven ships of the line and 
 .several frii;ates were taken. This variety of success served 
 to make all the powers at war heartily desirous of peace. 
 An aeeommndation was therefore resolved upon ; aiul the 
 eonlending powers agreed to come to a congress at Aix la- 
 Chipelle, where the carl of Sandwich and Sir Thomas Ho- 
 biosoii assisted as plenijiotentiaries from the king of (ireat 
 Britain. This treaty, which takes its name fiom that city, 
 was concluded on the 7tli day of October, a lasting instance 
 of precipitate counsels and iMiglisli humility. In 1749 a 
 misunderstanding began to break out afresh between his tna- 
 jesty and the prince of Wales, whose servants, w ith a few 
 li>dep<iub'iit country genllemen, now began to form a new 
 opposition in the house of commons. When the parliament 
 met, they objected to and disputed the address, as well as 
 every oilier measuie proposed b\ the ministry. The colony 
 of Nova Seotia was now planted; whirh, however, neither 
 answered the expectations of the public or its prqjectors.and 
 which in some measure pro\ed the origin of the war that 
 broke (■ut in 17.55. There were great pa ■t> -riots at this 
 time, particularly al Litchfield laces, w here the duke of Bed- 
 fortl was gros^K assaulted. In 175(t, !\lr. PeUiMni planned 
 and executed a scheme for lightening the immense load of 
 the national debt. Tlii^ year the attention of the public was 
 Very much engrossed bv the Westniiiiiter election, in which 
 lord Tientham and Sir George Vandetnit were competitors. 
 The month of February was rendered remarkable by two 
 shocks of an earthquake that were ver\ sensibb fi It in the 
 cities of London and Westminster, aiul their enviio s. The 
 nifiith of May was distinguished by a pestilential fever that 
 arose from a contagion among the prisoners t led at the ( 'Id 
 Bailev, and which proved fatal to the lord ma^ o'- of London, 
 one alderman, two judges, several law \ ers, and a considera- 
 ble number of spectators that attended the sessions. Dis- 
 putes first began to arise thisyear between the couitsofFug- 
 lai,'! and France respecting ihe limits of Nova Seotia. On 
 the ■2(i(li of March, 17.51, Frederic prince of* Wales died of 
 a pleuietic disorder, in the 4.5th ve»r of his a-e. He was 
 possessed of every amiable quality wliieli could engage the 
 affection of the people ; a lender and obliging husJiand, a 
 fond parent, a kind master, liberal, generous, cand'l, and 
 humane ;a miiniticent patron of the arts; an unweariedfi iend 
 to merit ; well dispos'-d to asseit the rights of mankind in ge- 
 neral, and warnilv altached to the interest of (ireat Britain. 
 His roval highness left isstii', 1. Augusta, born August II, 
 t7:^7, married to th' hereditarv prince of Brunswick, .la- 
 miarv Ifi, 170). 2. His present iraieslx , b(un May*4, 17.i8, 
 old styli'. 3. Edward, diikeofYork, born Marcli 14, 17.39 ; 
 diefl /)n Sept'-niber 17, I7'i7. 4. Elizalx'tli Caroline, born 
 in Deeember, 1740; died Sept. 4, 17.50. .5 William lleiirv, 
 'hike of (Jloueester, born Nov. '2.5, 174:?; marrieil to the 
 eoutitessof Waldegrave, natural daughter of Sjv l^. Walpole, 
 K. B; died Aug. 25, IWI.5. fi. Henrv Frederic, duke of 
 Ciinitierlaiid, born Now 7, 171-5, married in Nov. 1771, to 
 th'- v.idov. Ilorton, a daughter of lord Iruhaiii ; died Sept 
 1790. 7. I.oui^a Anne, ho'ii Mar( h s. 17I!J; since dead. 
 8. Frederic William, born May 13, 175U; uiid died Dec. 
 3U0 
 
 31, 1765. 9. Caroline Matilda, born July II, »75!, oW 
 st\ le ; married, Oct. 1, liOfi, 1o Christian \ II. king of Deti 
 mark, from whom she was repudiated in \7i2, and died io 
 1775 The prince of Orange also died in Oitober, in the 
 41st year of his age. In May an. act passed for regulating 
 the coni'niiiceiiK lit of the year, by which the old st\le was 
 abohslied, and the new style cstaiilished. This was done by 
 sinking eleven (lavs in Sept. 1762, and ther.aflei beginning 
 the year on the first of January. The scrutuiy leiative to 
 lord Trentluim and .^ii deorge V.mdeput had bien carried 
 on with iiitimie aciiini rsv, wlien,at last, the foimer loi k his 
 seat III pailianieiit. iMi. Cro le, one ol SirCreorges coun- 
 sel, was foiied 1.: ask pardon on his knees of the house ot 
 coinnioiis; which ^lr. .^jmray, brother to lord Elibank, re 
 fusing to do, was committed close prisoner to Newgate 
 'I his \ ear, .\jiss Blaiid>, foi poisoning her father, and Aliss 
 Jefieries, with one Swan, tor murdering tier ujcle, were 
 executed, in 1 7 5;J passed the two famous bills for natural 
 izing the Jews, and for preventing clandestine maniages ; 
 the former, however, was aiier\>i.r(ls lepealed. Tins year 
 too «;;s lendered leiiiarUaMe b\ the romaniic aflair of i'.li- 
 zat.etli Canning, a wench who pretended that on newyear's 
 day she liad been seizid by two men, undei Bedlain-W.dl, 
 who ti.ie ofl her clothes, gagged her, and carried her to Eii- 
 ti< Id Wash ; where (luas wildiy afhrmed)slic had subsisted 
 almost a month on only a quartern loaf. On this occasion 
 one Mary .S]nires, a gipsey, w as tried, and sentenced to die, 
 but afterwards reprieved, to the great joy of all persons of 
 sense and huina'.iity ; and Canning being tried for perjury, 
 was transported for life in 1754. The society tor the en- 
 couragement of arts, manufactures, and commerce, was 
 founded aboul tins time. In 1754, the public of England 
 sustained a great loss in the death of Mr. Pelliam, who was 
 succeeded as prime minister by his brother ilie duke of 
 NeHca>tle. Aboiil this time intelligence arrived which ex- 
 cited the most vivid emotions of grief and compassion 
 amongst all rs-nks throughout the nation. On the first of 
 Novi nibei, 1755, two treiiienoous siiocks of an earthquake 
 almost desir(>\i'd the cit\ of Lisbon; they continued for 
 near a (|iiarlerof an hour, and were immediately followed 
 by a most extiaordinarv rise sud inHudation of the Ta us. 
 In the space of a few minutef, a vast number of chinches, 
 monasteries, and maiiv thousand private h(n:ses, were 
 thrown to tin grounil. It was coinpuieil ihat ten thousand 
 of the inhabitants were killed by the fall of lie buildings, or 
 swallowed up in the charms formed by the numerous and 
 horrid partings of the eanh. 'Ihe pauiaiiient of Great 
 Britain generously vote d the sum of one hundred thousand 
 pounds for the use of the distressed inhalntants of that me- 
 tropolis. " Amidst the millions expended for the purposes 
 of devastation and destruction," sa\ s a modern writer, " a 
 vote of this description seems as a |>,iradise blooming in 
 the wild." < he barefaced encroachments of the French, 
 who had built forts on our back settlements in America, and 
 the disnositions they made for sending over vast bodies of 
 veteran troops to support those encroaehnii nts, produced 
 a wonderful spirit in England, especially after admiral 
 Boscawen was ordered w ilh II ships of the line, besides 
 afiigate and two regiments, to sail Io the banks of New- 
 foundland, where he came up with mnl took two Fiei i-h 
 men of war, the rest of iheir f)< el escaping up the river St. 
 Lawiciice, bv the stiaits ,.f Bi Ibisle. No sooner was 
 it known thai hoslilities were be gun, than the (iiiblic of 
 Eiiglaiul poioid tlieit mone\ into the governiiienl's loan ; 
 and o<lers were is^ued foiniaking general reprisals in t''u- 
 rope as well as in .\merica, and tlial all Ihe F ciich ships, 
 w bethel outward or homeward bound, should be slop|ied 
 and biought into British ports. These orders w re so eftec- 
 tual, thai, b( fore Ihe end of the year 17.5,5, above .3(10 of 
 the ri<liesl Fiein h menhaiit ships, and above HUdO of their 
 best s; ilors, were hi ought inio British poits. This well- 
 timed nieasuie had such an elle( ', that the French b«id oei- 
 lliir li;indsto n:'viga e their mer lu'iiliiuu, n.i Io iii.ni their 
 ships of war ; for about two years aAt; near 30,000 Freiicli
 
 GEO 
 
 C. l.O 
 
 seanif n wcro fdon.l to li«' prisoners in Eiisl^md. In Julv.sc- 
 neial UiiiddocU, «lio lia<l Ih'imi iiijutli<i()n:5ly sent IVoiii I'inj;- 
 laml toaitack \hc lu-nrli and rcdiui' tlu' torts im the ()hii>, 
 was dcl'ealcd and Killtd by tallin<; in'') w ■iinltiiscadc of llic 
 Fu'iJtli and Indians near I'oil dn QntsMP ; lint major Hcne- 
 ral .liilnison di'lValed a l)i)dv of FrtnLli near C'rown I'oint, 
 of vJioni lie killi-d a.)ont lildO On liie IStli ot' May, X/.Vi, 
 firtat Britain diilarcil v.ar snlcimiK ayain.-,! I'lance. 'I'lie 
 Eiifjiish at tills time could not lie b;!id to liaveanv iii^t minis- 
 ter; some ureat ini'ii ai^reed in notliwi;; but in oi>j)osin<» the 
 measures oi" the cabinet. 'Ijie Eni;li^h na.vv ni I /.';> con- 
 sisted of one shi|) of 110 ^'tins, live of KiO ■jnn- each, Ihir 
 teen ot yo, ei;;ht of 80, live of 74, twiiilv niue of 70, fonr of 
 6G, one of (J!, Iliirty-lhree of Go, three ofot, tvventy-ei^hl of 
 60, foil) of 4-1, till ly live of 40, and forty-two of 20, four 
 sloops of war of 18 si"" each, tuo of Ui, eleven of 
 14, thirteen of 12, and one of ten, besides a great number 
 of bombketclies, tire-ships, and tenders ; a fiuce MitH- 
 eieiit to oppose the united maritime slienylh of all (he 
 powers of Europe; uhilst that of the French, even at the 
 end of this year, and iiukidinn the ships then upoii the 
 stocks, amonnti d to no more than six ships of 80 fjuns, 
 twenty one of 74, one of 72. fcuir of 70, thiityone of C4, 
 two of CO, six of 50, and lhirt\-1wo fri-i^ates. In proportion 
 as the spirits of the public were elevated by those invin- 
 cible armaments, thev were sunk with an account that 
 the French had lauded 11,000 men in ivliuorca, to attack 
 Fort St. Philip there; that admiral B\nf;,wlio had been sent 
 out with a sjuadron, at least equal to that of the French, had 
 ■been battied if not dettatedby their adiuiial (jalissioniere ; 
 and that at last Minorca was surrendered by ficneral Blake- 
 uey. The English were far more alarmed than they (•n;,dit 
 to have been at those events. Ilie loss of Minorca was more 
 sliaineful than detrimental to the kinf,'dom; but the public 
 ouK-ry was such, that the kins ;,'ave "P Bvngto public jus- 
 tice, and he was shot to death at Portsmouth for cowardice. 
 It was about this time that Mr. Pitt was j)laced, as secrelaiy 
 of state, at the head of the administration. He had been 
 lonij known to be a bold speaker, ami iie soon proved him- 
 self to be as spirited a minister. The niis( an layes in the 
 Mediterranean had no consequence but the loss of Fort .St. 
 Philip, which was more than repaired by l!ie vast success of 
 the En-jlish privateers both .n Kai ope and America. The 
 successes of the English in the East Indies, under colonel 
 Clive, are almost incredible. He defeated Snraja Dow la, 
 nabob of Bengal, Bahar, and Orixa, a»id placed Jattier Ally 
 Cdwn ill the antieirt seat t>f the new nabobs of those pro- 
 vinces. Snraja Dowla, who v^as in tlie French interest, 
 was, a few days aft'-r his beinjjdefeatrd, taken by the new 
 nabob, Jattier Ally Cawn's son, and put to death. This 
 event laid the foundation id' the present amazius extent of 
 riches and teiritor which the Ennlisii now possess in the 
 East Indies. Mr. Pitt introduei d into the cabinet a new sys- 
 tem of operations against France, than which nothing could 
 be belter calculated to restore the spirits of his countrymen, 
 and alarm their enemies. Far from dreading an invasion, he 
 planned an expedition for carrying the aim- of England into 
 Fiance itself, ami the descent was to be made at Rochfort, 
 under general Sir John Mordaunt, who was to ccuumand the 
 land troops. Nothing could be more promising than the 
 dispositions for this expedilio.i. It sailed on the 8tli oi Sep- 
 tember, 1767, and admiral Hawke bri'iiglit b(>tl) the sea and 
 land forces back on the 6tli of October to St. Helen's, witli- 
 out the general making an attempt to land on the coast of 
 France. He was tried and acquitted without the public 
 murmuring, so great an opinion had the people of the mi- 
 nister, who, to do him justice, did not sufi'er a man or ship 
 belonging to the English arnr or navy to lie idle. Jan. 6, 
 1767, the F'ench king was stabbed in liis'side, as he was 
 getting into his coach, by one Daiuien, w liose impious at- 
 tempt was punished with the most cruel and excpiisite tor- 
 tures. The French having attacked the eleitoiate of Han- 
 over with a most powerful army, merely because his Britan- 
 nic ln^je^ty refused to wink at their encroachniciits in .Ame- 
 
 rica, the Englisli !v,<rliament, in gratitude, voted lar^je sup- 
 plies of men ami money in defence tif ilie electoral domi- 
 nions. Fbe duke oi (!umberlau(t liatl been seni thither to 
 comuiand an army of observation ; hut he had bef-n m. pow- 
 eifiilly pressed Ic a superior aruiv that lie i"und li'i.,self 
 obliged to lav down his arms; and the 1 lencli, iinoer the 
 diikeof Hichlieu, took possession oftir.it electi f;>e, anl its 
 caiiital. At this time a scarcity next to u fauiine lagi d in 
 England; and the Hessian trooi>5, who, witu tlu iSjiiove.. 
 rians, h.d lieeii sent to defend the kiiigdom fioiii an inva- 
 sion i!it<'ii<led by the Fieni h, reui;.ini(l sliil 'ii i.ngiand. .So 
 many dirticiilties concurring, in 17,''>8 a treaty of mutual de- 
 fence was agreed to betwi'cn Ins niajejty ;iiid the king of 
 Prussia: in consi ciuence of v\ Inch the pailiaiiieiit voted 
 670,000/. to his Prussian majesty ; and also voted large 
 sums, amountiug in the whole to near two niillions a year, 
 for the payment of £0,000 of the tro(q>s of Hanover, Hesse- 
 Cassel, Saxe-Ciotha, Wolfeiibutlrl, and l>uck(d)urg. This 
 treaty, which proved afterwards so burdensome to England, 
 was intended to unite the protestaut interest in (iermany. 
 (jeorge H. with the consent of his Prussian majesty, prc- 
 teiuling that the French had violated the convention con- 
 cluned between tlietii and the duke of Cumberland at f'los- 
 terseven, ordered his Hanoverian subjects to resume their 
 arms under Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, a Prussian ge- 
 neral, who instantly (irove lliem out of Hanover ; and the 
 duke of Mjriborough, after the English had repeatedly in- 
 sulted the French coasts, by destroying their stores aid ship- 
 ping at St. Maloes and Cherburg, marched into Germany, 
 and joined prince Ferdinand with 12,000 Biifish troops, 
 which were afterwards incieased to 25,0(X). A sharp war 
 ensued. The i'nglisli every where performed wonders, 
 and, according to tlie accounts in the London (iazette, they 
 were every where victorious; but no'hing decisive follow- 
 ed, and the enemy opened every canvriign with advantage. 
 Even tlie battle of Miiiden, the most glorious, perhaps, in 
 the English annals, in which aluuit 70(!O Enidish defeated 
 80,(M)0 French regular troops in fair battle, contributed no- 
 thing to the conclusion of the war, or towards weakening tlie 
 French inCiermany. The English boie the opence if the 
 war with cheerfulness, and applauded M r Pitt's administra- 
 tion, because their glorious successes in every other i)art of 
 the globe demoustraterl that he v. as in eariie-t. Admiral Ros- 
 cawen and general Amherst, in Ai;gust 17,58, reduced an t 
 demolished Fouisbnurg, in N. America, which had been re- 
 stored to the Fieucli by the treaty of Aix-la Chapelle, 
 and took 6 or 6 French ships of the line. Fronfent'c and 
 Fort du Qursne, in the same quarter. Cell a'^o into ilie !rc»ucU 
 of the English; acquisitions that tar overbalanced a check 
 which the Fnglish received at Ticonderago, and the loss of 
 about 300 of the English guards at St. Cas, as (hey were re- 
 turning .iiider general Bligli t'rcuii the coast of Fraiice. The 
 English ailairs in the Fast Indies this y< ar proMil eciually 
 fortunate. The lords of the admiralty leieived letter^ from 
 thence, with an account of admiral Poc< ck engag:ng tlie 
 French fleet near Fort St. Havids, March 20, in which en- 
 gagement a French man of wai, callrrl the I'ien Aime, of 
 74 guns, was so uiucli damaged, that they run heron shore ; 
 the French had fiiiO l>.ill( d aial wounded on this occasion, 
 and the English only 20 killed and 89 wounded; that en 
 August 3d foUowing, he engaged the French fief I a secoiicl 
 time, near Pondicherry : when, after a brisk firing of ten 
 minutes, theF'rench bore away with all the sail they could 
 make, and got safe into the road of Pondicherry ; the loss 
 of the French in this engagement was 640 k'lled and 
 wounded, and that of the English only 147; and that, on 
 December 14th following, general Lally, commaiide of the 
 French arinv in those parts, n.arched to besiege Madras, 
 which was defended bv the English colonels Laurence ajul 
 Draper; and altera brisk cannonade, which lasted till Fe- 
 bruary IGtIi following, the English liaving received a rein- 
 forcement of GOO men, general Lally thought proper to raise 
 the siege, and retire wi:h precipitation, leaving behind hiiu 
 40 pieces t»f cannan. The vear 1761/ was introduced by the 
 
 3<)l
 
 GEO 
 
 GEO 
 
 takinj; of Irie ista'ul ofOi)rec, on the coast of Africa, by 
 coniniodoic Keppcl. Three capit;il expeditioiis had lieeii 
 planned for Ihis year in America, and all of them proved 
 siicces'ful. One of them was against the French islands in 
 the West Indies, where Guadalope was reduced. The 
 second exniKlition was against Quebec, the capital of 
 French Canada. The command was given, by the minis- 
 ter's advice, to general Wnlfc, a young otticerof a truly mi- 
 litary giMi'!;s. Wolfe was opposed with far superior forces by 
 MontcrtlMi, the liest and most snccessfid general the FrencJi 
 had. Tlmughthe sit ation of the coiuitry which Wolfe was 
 to attack, rnd the works the Frencli l-ln"ew np to prevent a 
 descent of the English, were deemed impregnable, yet 
 Montcalm never relaxed in vigilance. Wolfe's courage 
 and perseverance, liowever, surnioiniling incredible ditfi- 
 culties, he gained the heights of Abraham, near Quebec, 
 where he fought and defeated the French army, bnt was 
 himself killed ; and general Monckton, who was next in 
 command, being wounded, the completion of the Frencli 
 defeat, and the glory of reducing Quebec, was reserved for 
 brigadier-general Oiow lord viscount) Townshend. Gene- 
 ral Amherst, who was the first Knglish general on command 
 in America, conducted the third expedition. His orders 
 were to reduce all Canada, and to join the army under ge- 
 neral Wolfe on the banks of the river St. Lawrence. It is 
 to the honour of the minister, that Mr. Amherst in this ex- 
 pedition was so well provided with e»ery thing that could 
 make it suecesfid, that there scarcely appeared any chance 
 for its miscarriage ; and thus the French empire in North 
 America became svibject to Great Britain. The affairs of 
 the French being now desperate, s»nd their credit ruined, 
 flii'v resolved lopon an alteiii;>t to retrieve all by an-invasion 
 of'Great Britain; but on the ISlh of August, 1759, admiral 
 Boscawen attacked the Toulon snuaflron, commanded by 
 M. de la Clue, near the straits of Gilirallar, took Le Cen- 
 taur of 74. I.e Temeraire of 74, and Le INIodeste of 74 puns, 
 and burnt L'Oceau of 80, and Le Redoubtable of 74 guns. 
 The rest of the fleet, consisting of seven ships of the line, 
 and three frigates, made their escape in the night. And on, 
 November -20, Sir Edward Hawke defeated the Brest fleet, 
 commanded by admiral Conllans, ofl'the island of Dumef, in 
 the Bay of Biscay. The Formidable, a French man of war 
 of JjO gmis, was taken ; the Tliesee of 74, and tlin Superbe 
 of 70 guns, were sunk ; and the Soleil Royal of HO, ami the 
 Heros of 74 guns, were burnt. Seven or eight French i!ien 
 of war of the line got up the river Villaine, by throwing their 
 guns overboard; and the rest of the fleet, consisting of five 
 ships of the line and three frigates, escaped in the night. 
 The English lost on this occasion, upon the shoals of the coasts 
 the Essex of(j4,and the Resolution of 74 guns. After this en- 
 jjagement the French gave over all thougnts of their intended 
 nivasion of Great Britain. In F"el), 17fiO, captain Thurot, a 
 French marine adventurer, who had, witii tliree sloops of 
 war, alarmed the coasts of Scotland, and actually made a de- 
 scent at Currickfergus, in Ireland, was, on bis return, met, 
 defeate<l, and killed, by captain Elliot, who was the commo- 
 dore of thrive ships, inf<'rifir in force to the Frencbmati's 
 s<)uadron. I'^very day's gazette added to the accounts of the 
 successes of the I'inglish, and the utter ru'ii of the French 
 finances, whicli that govern'nent did not blush pnbllciv to 
 avow. In short. Great Britain now reigned as the sole niis- 
 tressof the main, and had Micceedcd in everv measure that 
 had been projected for In-r own safetv and advantage. The 
 war in Germany, however, continued still as undecisive as it 
 was expensive, and many in Fnglantl begini to consider it 
 now as foreign to the internal interests of Great Britain. 
 The French again and again shewed dispositions for I real' iig, 
 and tlie charges of the war, which now amounted to little 
 less than iH.OOO.OOOiS? sterling yearly, inclined the British 
 ministry to lijtiii to their proposals. A negociation was ac- 
 cordingly enterrd upon, which proved abortive, as did 
 many other projects for accoumiodation. On May .0, earl 
 F?rror9 was executed at Tyburn for the murder of Mr. 
 J«hntM))i his steward; aod on the 20tli of October, 1760, 
 3'J1 
 
 George II. died suddenlv, full of years and glory, in tin TTfli 
 year of his age, and 3.3d of his reign. By his consort ^Vil- 
 lielmina Caroline, (daughter of John Frederick, niarijiiis of 
 Brandenburgh-Anspacli,)lo whom he was married on .S.-pt. 
 2, 1705, he had the following issue ; 1 Frederick Lewis 
 prince of Wales, Arc. cVe. bom at Hanover, January 20, 
 1706-7, and died March 20, Iv.'H) 1. 2. Anne, late princess 
 of V)range, mother of the ;,;esent i)rincess of Nassan-Wo-il- 
 burgh, whowas married to his most serene lighness Charles 
 William, prince of Orange, Maich 14, 1734, and died Ja- 
 nuary 12, 1759. 3. Amelia Sophia Kleonora, lx>)n May 30, 
 1711, and died October .Tl, 1780. 4. I'.lizabith Caroline, 
 born Mav 30, 171.1, and di.d Decembtr 18, 1728. 5. Wil- 
 liam Augustus, duke of Cumheiland, born April 1.5, 1721, 
 and died October 31, 176'). f>. i\!ary, born Februarx 22, 
 ]72'2 3, married Mav 8, 1740, to Charles, prince of Hesse- 
 Cassel, by whom she bad issue, William, the hereditary 
 prince, married to his cousin, the princess Sophia Magda- 
 lena, princess of Deiniiark ; Chailes and Frederick. She 
 died Jan. 12, 17.')9. 7. Louisa, born J)ec. 27, 1724, and 
 in Nov. 17-13, ma ried to the prince roval, afterwards king of 
 Denmark, bv whom she was the mother of the late king. 
 Christian VII. and the princesses Sophia Magdelena (above- 
 mentioned) Wilhelmina Caroline, and Louisa. She died 
 Decenjher 8, 17.51. The powers of the human mi ud were 
 freely and fully exercised in this reign. Considerable pro- 
 gress was made in the mathematics and astroncuny by Saun- 
 derson, Bradley, Maclanrin, Smith, and the t\u) >ini;s"ii5; 
 among the clergv, Sherlock, Hoadley, Seeker, Conybeare, 
 and W^arburton, Foster, and Leland, were equally distin- 
 guished for their genius and erudition. Some curious disco- 
 veries in anatomy were made by the ingenuity and dexte- 
 rity of Hunter and Munro; and suigerv was brought to 
 great perfection under the auspicesof Cheseldenand Sharpe. 
 Among the literati. Young still survived, a venerable monu- 
 ment of poetical talent. 'Thomson, the poet of the Seasons, 
 displayed alnxiiriancy of genius in describing the beautiej 
 of nature, .f^kenside and Armstrong excelled in didactic 
 poetry. V>ven the Fpopo>a did not disdain an English dress, 
 but appeared to advantage in the Leonidas of Glover, and 
 the Epigoniadof Wilkie. The public acknowledged a con- 
 siderable share of dramatic merit in the tragedies of Young, 
 Mallet. Home, and some other less distinguished authors. 
 The exhibilionsof the stage were improved to the most ex- 
 quisite entertainment by the talents and management of 
 Garrick, who greatlv surpassed all his predecessors of this 
 and perhaps everx' other nation, in his genius for acting : in 
 the sweetness and variety of his tones ; the irresistible magic 
 of his eye ; the fire and vivacity of his action ; the elegance 
 of attitude; and the whole pathos of expression. That 
 Great Britain was not barren of poets at this period, appears 
 from detached performances of Johnson, Mason, Gray, the 
 two Whiteheads, and the two Wartons, besides a great num- 
 ber of other bards, who have s|>orted in lyric poetry, and ac- 
 quired the applause of their fellow-citizens. Kven the fe- 
 male sex distinguished themselves by their taste and inge- 
 nuity. Miss Carter rivalled the celebrated Dacier in learn- 
 ing and critical knowledge; and Mrs. Lennox signalized 
 herself by manv successful etiorts of genius, beth in poetry 
 and prose. Johnson, inferior to none in i)hilosophv, plii- 
 lologv, poetry, and classical learning, stands foreii.ost as an 
 essayist, .jnsllv admired for the dignitv, strength, and variety 
 of his style, as well as for the agreeable manner in which he 
 investigates the human heart, tracing every intciestiug emo- 
 tion, and opening all the sources of morality. England was 
 not defective in otherarts that endiellish and amuse. Music 
 became a fashiiinabl' study, and its professors generalK ca- 
 rr'ssed by the public. Among the few natives of England 
 who distinguiihed themselves by their talents in this art, 
 Green, Howard, Arne, and Bovce, were the nuist remark- 
 able. The British soil, which had hitherto been barren in 
 the article of paintitig, now produced some artists ofextra- 
 ordinary merit. Hogarth excelled all the world in exhibit- 
 ing the scenes of ordiuary life in liumoruns hibturical dc-
 
 OEO 
 
 (; i: o 
 
 sisns. H'ldsnn, Reynolds, and Ramsay, distinguished tliem- 
 silves jjy tlK'ir superior nii'iit in portrait' ; a liranihtliat was 
 siicoesstn!lv<u'*--ated Ijv iiianv oilier KmkIisIi painters. The 
 art of en:;ravin^ was hiou^dir to peifection h\ Strange, and 
 iaudaltiv practised l>y several other masters; and ^^reat im- 
 provements were made in nr zzotinto, miniature, and ena- 
 mel. Many fair inonumenls of sc-iilpt ire or statuary were 
 raised i)\ R^vsbraek, Ronhilliac, and VVdlon. Arihltectnre, 
 which had been cherish' d hv the elesant taste of Burling- 
 ton, soon became a favourite sti.dv, and many ma;{iiilicent 
 tilitiees were reared in ditlcrent parts of the kingdom. 
 
 (j''.()R(iK III. eldest son of Fiederic, prince of Wales, 
 was proclaimed kinf; of (Jreat Britain, October 2(i, 17C0. 
 The hritfhter the national slory was at the time ofGeoige 
 lis death, the more arduous was the province of his suc- 
 cessor, George III. Born and bred in Kiigland, he had no 
 prepossessions but for his native countrv, and an excellent 
 education gave him true notions of its interests; therefore he 
 was not to he imposed upon by Haltering appearances. He 
 knew that neither the finances nor the population of t'aigland 
 co.ild furnish men and money for supplying the necessity of 
 the war, successful as it was ; and yet he was obliged to 
 contiinic it, so as to bring it to a happy period. He chose 
 for his tiist luinislrv the earl of Bute, whom he had known 
 ever since he began to know himself; and among the first 
 acts of bis reign was to convince the public, that the death 
 of his predecessor should not relax the operations of the war. 
 Accordingly, in 1761, the island of Belleisle, on the coast of 
 France, surrendered to his majesty's ships and forces under 
 commodore Keppel and general Hodgson ; as did the iin- 
 porfant fortress of Pondiidierry in the P^ast Indies to colonel 
 Cootc and admiral Stevens. The operations against the 
 French West Indies still continued unnergeneral \lonckton, 
 lord Rollo, and Sir James Douglass ; and in 1762, the island 
 of Martinico, hitherto deemed impregnable, with the islands 
 of Grenada, Gtenadillas. St. Vincent, and others of less note, 
 were subdued by the British arms with inconceivable rapi- 
 dity. By this time the famous family compact, among all 
 thebranchesof the Bourbon family, had been concluded, and 
 it was soon found necessary to declare war against Spain, 
 who, having been hitherto no principals in the qua' rel had 
 scandalously abused their neutrality in favour of the French. 
 A "-espectalile armament was fitted out under admiral Po- 
 cock, having the earl of Albemarle on board to command 
 the land forces ; and the vitals of the Spanish nuuiarchy 
 were struck at by the reduction of the Havaiinah, the 
 strongest and most important fort which hisCatholic majesty 
 held in the West Indies. The capture of the Herrnione, a 
 large Spanish register-ship, bound from Lima to Cadiz, the 
 cargo of which was valued at a million sterling.', preceded 
 the birth of the prince of Wales, and the treasuie passed 
 in triumph through Westminster to the bank the Terv 
 hou» he was born. The loss of the H vannah, with tli« ships 
 and treasures there taken from the Spaniards, was succeeded 
 bv the reduction of Manilla, in the East Indies, by geiietal 
 Draper and admi'al Co nish, with the capture of the Trini- 
 dad, reckoned worth three millions of dollars. To counter- 
 act those dreadful blows given to the family compact, the 
 French and Spaniards opened their last •^esource, w hich was 
 to quarrel with and invade Portugal, which had been always 
 under the peculiar protection of the British arms VVIii-ther 
 this quarrel was real or pretended, is not for me to decide. 
 It certainly embarrassed his B itannic maj<-st\, who was 
 obliged to send thither armaments both bv sea and land ; but 
 these found no great ditticulty in checking the progress of 
 the Spaniards. The negociations for peace were now re- 
 sumed, and the necessity of concluding one was acknow- 
 ledged bv all his maiestv's ministers and privy counsellors, 
 excepting two. Man^ ditficullies were su'mouiited ; but 
 t|H'e<|ually useless and expensive war in Germany was con- 
 tinued between th" French and l''nglish with greater fury 
 than e»fr Theenemv. howpver, at last granted such terms 
 as tie B''l'sh ministry thou h» •.idiTiissilMe and ad^'quate to 
 the occasion. A cessation of arms look place in Germany, 
 
 anil in all other quarters; and on llie liuh of February, 
 IV(i:i, the definitive Iieaty of peace belwetii his brituunic 
 nr.ijc'ly, the king or Fiance, and the king of Span-, was 
 concluded at I'aris, and acceded to by the king of l*()rtii)-;=ll. 
 M;ii( h 10, the atificalious wrie exch.tiiged at I'aris. 'I'he 
 '2Jil, the |)eacc was sfrlemiily pro. laiiiied at the usual placts 
 ill Westminster and London; and llir iiiat\ having on the 
 IHIIi bee laiii befiiiiellie parliament, il met Witli ti.eapprc- 
 b'l'.onofa uiajoritN of both houses. Never was the fo tune 
 of any n.ition higher than thai of tlw English at this period. 
 Hesiiieu our rich possessicmn in the East and West Indies, with 
 those on the coast of Africa, ail enlarged by a ser;es of the 
 most extraordinary success, and conhrme" by a perpetual 
 treaU, with<mt including lluilsons Hay, Newfoiiiidiauil. or 
 the other islands of North America, we were masters of all 
 th.itvast continent, which stretches from the mouth of the 
 river St. Lawrence to that ot'tlie Mississippi, and from the 
 .Xtlanlic Oteaii to the Soulli Sea ; the most extensive < inpire 
 that ever was formed on the face of the earth. Dunn,, the- 
 administration of Mr. (irenville, 17()5, bills passed forlayiiijt 
 a staiiip-iiuly on the British colonies in America, which first 
 I'-iid the foundation of those quarrels between the colonies 
 and the mother countiy, which ended in a total separation. 
 This measure was no sooner known in America, thini insure- 
 recti<iiis commenced there, and great murniurings at home. 
 In consequence of which, the ministry retire , and the act 
 was repealed. In the course o( this year, the so ert giity 
 of the Isle of Man was annexed to the crown of England; 
 and this year, on account of the seizuie of Mr. W ilkes's pa- 
 pers, general warrants, granted by secretaries of slate, t-x- 
 cept incases of high treas(Ui, were declared to beiilegiil and 
 oppressive. In 1768, Mr. Wilkes, at the time he was an 
 outlaw, hating offered himself as a candidate to represent 
 the city of London in parliament, ami failing in that attempt, 
 was immediately chosen tor Middlesex. He was afterwards 
 sent to the King's Bi iich prison, fined, and expelled the 
 house of commons, for publishing No. 45. of the North Bri- 
 ton, Ac. Mr. Wilkes's imprisonment expired in 1771, 
 when he tvas chosen one of the sheriffs for London and Mul- 
 dlesex, made an alderman, had his debts paid, afterwiirds 
 elected hird mayor, and lastly chamberlain of London. This 
 year the I'ouse of commons committed the loid-niayor and 
 alderman Oliver to the Tower, for attempting to send -»ne of 
 theirmessengersto prison. The English psiliament. having 
 laid new duties on paper, glass, tea, and other aiticles, in 
 America, the colonies revolted and flew to arms. On the 
 19thof AprI, 1775, general (iage detached a party to seize 
 some military stores at Concord, in New Englaml. Sevi lal 
 skirmishes ensui d, mauv were killed on Ixith sides, an the 
 British troops woiil ' probably have been all cut oH, had i;ot 
 afresh bodv arrived to support them. .'Xrns were now taken 
 up in every quarter. The Americans assunie<l the t lie 
 of T/ie Ihiited and Inilepeiulent Culnin'es of Nurtli Ai,inica, 
 Soon after the affair at Concord, the battle at Bunker's Hill 
 took place, in whicli near300 <,f the British officers and .--nl-- 
 diers yvere killed. In 1776, Boston yvas bombarded mid 
 evacuated, when general Washington took possession ol' it, 
 and general Howe removed his tnops to Halifax., In 1778, 
 the French entered into an alliance with the thirteen United 
 Colonies. The year 1780 was remarkable for on' iiflliG 
 most dreadf'wl riots that ever happened in the cit\ :iiid 
 suburbs of London. An association of profest-rfut liis- 
 senters, with lord G< orge (ioidon :it iheii head, while 
 the nation y\as involved in ri'a! danger, ala'med thr iiisi-Ses 
 with fancied appieliriisioiis of popery, ;iiid prt sfiiti- ] a 
 petition, signed by 100,000 persons, to rep<al an ad they 
 had just passed in t'atour of the Catholics. They p i-ccidrd 
 to the house in great order, on the 2d of June, and the pie- 
 si^ent gave in their petition; but, in the coins-. of the uav, 
 several lords and comnu^ier- weie insulted by the mob. In 
 the evening, the mob pu l> d down the Sardinian, and an<.tlier., 
 Uomisli chapel On ihe evi ning of the .-jth. Lord M;iii»^ 
 fiidd s and sev< ral i iher houses v^ere siirkt li ; aiil the n- \t 
 day the King's Bench prison, the Vrw Brtdewell. the Fle«t
 
 CEO 
 
 pnM)n, soniepopis!i cliapcU.aiul several papists' liouses.were 
 desliov t'd. flies were seen blazing in every part of tlie 
 capilul, and tiie Jawiess mob were exacting contributions 
 from the citizens, wliile the magistrates, and even the 
 ministry, viewe(4 these scenes of desolation with au in- 
 activity that was astonishing. At 'length, however, their 
 coiuiigc seemed roused, troops were called into London from 
 all quarters, and were stationed in every part of the town. 
 This step ertectually checked the progress of the rioters; a 
 great number of them were shot by the military, and others 
 Were taken, tried, and executed. Lord George Gordon was 
 also tried, but acquitted. In 1782, our atfairs in America 
 began to appear desperate, and every cue seemed desirous of 
 bringing it to a conclusion, except those whose tyranny, 
 anibiliou, and ignorance, had been the cause of it. In the 
 mean time, admiral Rodney had a partial engagement with 
 Count de Grasse, who retired to Guadaloupe to refit ; but 
 not long after, the two fleets met, and a general engagement 
 commenced, which lasted twelve hours, when four French 
 ships were taken, and one sunk ; a fifth was taken, but blew 
 up. Admiral Hood captured four, and avimiral Barrington 
 two ships of war, and ten sail under their convoy. The 
 Count dc Grasse was taken and brought to England ; but 
 most of the prizes, with some of our own shirts, were lost, in 
 their passage to England, in a violent storm the Spaniards 
 took from us the Bahama islands, and con!iu;i 'd the siege of 
 Gibraltar with vigorous perseverance ; but all their elibrts 
 were rendered ineffectual by the bravery and conduct of 
 general Elliot. He permitted them almost to complete tl',eir 
 works on the land side, when he began such a heavy fire of 
 carcasses, hot shot, and shells, that all their batteries were 
 either damaged or destroyed. Soon after, another attack 
 was made by ten floating batteries, built by the Spaniards at 
 an enormous expence ; but, by an incessant fire of red-hot 
 balls from the besieged, most of them were set in t]ames,and 
 great numbers of the men killed and blown up. However, 
 all parties being now tired of the war, in 1783, the provi- 
 sional articles between England and Amerita were made 
 public; by which it appeared that his Britannic majesty ac- 
 knowledged the independence of the thirteen United States 
 of North America. He also relinquished all claims to the 
 government oft hem ; and consented to treat with these peo- 
 ple as free and independent slates, who, but a little time be- 
 fore, «ere despised as unpardonable rebels. From this pe- 
 tiod to the year 1788, the time passed in political and party 
 contentions, without producing any thing very material; but 
 towards the close of this year, the political horizon of Great 
 Britain was obscured by a dreadful and unexpected event. 
 His iiiajesty was seized with a violent disorder, which was 
 at first thought to be a fever, from which little hopes were 
 given of his recovery. His plnsicians, however, at last 
 pronounced iiim out of danger, but gave the public the me- 
 lancholy information (if his being disordered in his senses; and 
 public pn>yers were sent up to heaven for his recovery. 
 On Sunday the I3thof July, 1788, about nine in the morn- 
 ing, without any eclfpse, a dreadful darkness suddenly over- 
 spread several parts of France. It was the preludeof sui h 
 a tempest as is unexampled in the temperate climates of 
 Europe. Wind, rain, hail, and thundfr, seemed to contend 
 in impetuosity; liiit the hail was the great instrument of 
 ruin. Instcaij oftln' rich prospects of an early autumn, the 
 face ofualure, in llicsi'ace of an hour, presented the dreary 
 aspect of universal winter. The soil was converted into a 
 morass, the standing com beviten into the (pia;;mire, the 
 vines broken to pieces, the fniil ticcs deiiiolished, and un- 
 •iirllid hail lying in heaps like rock.^ of solid ice. F.ven the 
 robust fori St trees were uiiaMeto wiliistand lliefiiiv of the 
 teiiip( si. 'I'lie hail was composed of enormous, solid, and 
 an^iul.ir pieces of ice, some of lliem weighing from liglil to 
 ten ounces. The eouuliy people, Ijealcn down in llie fields 
 on their way to cliiirch, aml(|>l this c one Ussioii of the eie- 
 menls, comhided lli;i| ihe last day v^as arrived ; and st arcely 
 ■itti'uiptiMg to evtricate llicmsdves, lay despairing anil half 
 «ufloc?.lcd umidsl liie water and 'lie mud, cxpecliiii; the im- 
 21)1 
 
 GEO 
 
 mediate dissolution of all things. The slorm was irregular 
 in its devastations. While several rich districts were laid 
 entirely waste, si^me intermediate portions of country were 
 comparatively little injured. One ot 60squaie leagues had 
 not a single ear of corn or fruit of any kind left. Of the Gii 
 parishes in the district of Pontoise, 43 were entirely desola- 
 ted, and of the remaining "23 some lost two thirds, and others 
 half their harvest. The isle of France, and the Orleannois, 
 appear to have sufl'ered chiefly. The scaicity of grain, 
 greatly increased by this event, tended not a little to hasten 
 those scenes of calamity which afterwards afflicted that na- 
 tion. This year closed with gloomy and desponding prospects, 
 ow ing to the unhappy slate of the king's health, and the rage 
 of party, which seemed ripe to hurl every thing into a state 
 of anarchy and confusion. The year 1789 opened with vio- 
 lent debates in both houses of parliament, on the mode of 
 properly proceeding to business, in order to settle the re- 
 gency during the unhappy indisposition of the king. This 
 ferment continued 'ill the3d of FelMi4ary,whcii certain lords 
 were appointed as commissioners to supply the place of the 
 king, as the third branch of the legislature, till a regent 
 should be appointed. A bill was immedjately brought into 
 the house of commons, and afterwards sent to Ihe lords, fo.- 
 appointing the prince of Wales regent under certain re- 
 strictions, which met with violent opposition in both houses. 
 The bill, however, was in its last stage, when, on the lOlh 
 of March, his majesty sent a message to parliament, ac- 
 quainting them with his hapi'y recovery. The nawow 
 limits'to which we areconfiied will not permit us to enter 
 into a detail of the universal joy this happy and unexpei ted 
 event occasioned. We must content ourselves w'th observ- 
 ing, that the illuminations at night were such as l^ad never 
 been equalled before in this, or perhaps, any city iu the 
 world. In 1790, an armament was prepared to act against 
 Spain, on account of certain hostilities connnitlcd bv the 
 Spaniards upon the north-western coast of America; but a 
 negociation having taken place, the Spanish court agreed it 
 an indemnification, and peace was reestablished upon ho- 
 nourable terms. A noflier rupture had like to have biokrii 
 out with Russia, in 1791, which was successfully terminated 
 by negociation. In Ihe year 1792 the king thought proper to 
 enter into a war with France ; the dangerous principles pro- 
 pagated in that country, together with the murder of the 
 king, were held out as tlie motives. The events were nu- 
 merous and astonishing; but our limits confine us to a brief 
 mention of some of the most important occurrences. On V.a: 
 21sl June, 1793, his majesty went to the house of peers, and 
 delivered a speech, in which he mentions having concerti'l 
 with other powers for the etfectual prosecution of hostilities: 
 war against (iroat Britain and Holland had been decreed, 
 Feb. 1st, intheFrench national convention; soon afterwIiicU 
 Ihe dukeof York set out for Holland to take the command 
 of the British forces destined to act w ith the allies, and after 
 several hazardous enterprises commem cd the siege of Va- 
 lenciennes, on Ihe 14th June 1793, which surrendered on the 
 281 h July following. The islaitd of '' (jbago, in the Wc^t 
 Indies, was reduced by the British under uiajorgeneral 
 Cuyler in April of this year, and on the 14th May the small 
 islands of St. Pierre and Miqiielon were l.dxii fom Ihe 
 Flench l)V Ogiivy and Atflec k. On the l.'Mli of June the 
 Nvmph frigate, captain Pellew, of 36 guns, captured the 
 Cleopatra h rench frigate of equal force, altera despn ate ac- 
 tion. In the beqinuingoi September the Bi'ish troops weie 
 unfortunale before Dunkirk, and compelled to letreal preci- 
 pitaleK with a great lo^s of men, cannon, and sloies. On 
 the 28tl. of August, advices were received from admiial 
 Hood, of his having, in enniunction with iheSpaniards.lakili 
 possi ssion, by treaty, of the port of Touioii, w itli llie men of 
 war, iS c. but in the latter end of Nov. 17i».'!, the allies were 
 compelled to evacuate it, after luniiing ten of the Frem ll 
 ships <f the line, and doing them other very gr( at dania; i: 
 On the evening of the :!d (if Feb. 1791, a n'el.iiielioiy acci- 
 dent was occasioned :'l tin Hiixmaikct ihealie by the great 
 pressure of Ihe crowi!, by which 8 or 9 pcrsi.iis loll tin ir
 
 GKO 
 
 G i: o 
 
 )ives, m<.\ 20 or 30 wove severely Ijriiiirtl. Marcli 23<l, 
 the ihlaiicl of Miirtiiiico suin'iiilered to tlie lOnglisli iiniliT 
 Sir Cluirli's Cirey, and t.luirtly afUr the islands uf St. 
 Lucie aiid Gnadalonpe to Sir Jolni Jervis ; bnt the fjlorioiis 
 first irf' June rivetted the lanrels on llic brow of admiral eail 
 Houe. The French force consisted of 20 ships of the 
 line, and the British of 2.0 ; the ships captured fioni the 
 Frencli in this liloody cnga>;<'nient consisted of 2 ofsd ^uiis, 
 and 5 of 74 ; and during the joy of the lMi;{lisii tor this vic- 
 tory, advices were received from lord Hood of the capture 
 of the island of Corsica To damp these signal victories, 
 however, news was soon after received of the success of 
 the French in the retaking of Gnadalonpe and other islands, 
 and of thpir depredations on the coast of Afiica. Jn lite 
 latter end of tins year several persons were tried (url:ii,di 
 treason. Thomas Hardy, standing foremost on the list, was 
 tried and acquitted on the .Oth of November, as were also 
 the other persims. At this time the allies on the continent 
 were defeated in every quarter, and the duke of York re- 
 turned to Knglanil. On the t4tli of Match 1795, an action 
 took place between the English lleet nnderadniiral Holliam, 
 Consisting of 14 ships of the line, and the French lleet of 
 about the same number; but the advantage on the part of the 
 English, owing to the slormy state of the weather, was but 
 trifling. A large force, chietlv emigrants, was landeil at Qui- 
 beion, to aid tlie ro\alists ; but were defeated with immense 
 slaughter. On the Kith Sept. the Cape of Good Hope was 
 taken by admiral I'.lphinstone and general Clarke ; but on 
 the 7th of l)clober the I'-nglish had the mollification to have 
 a number of the homeward-bound Mediterranean fleet, 
 richly laden, taken by a French squadron, with the Censenr, 
 of V4 guns, one of tlie convoy. On the 29tli .>f this month, 
 as his majesty proceeded to open the session of parliament, 
 he was grossly insulted by tlie populace with the cry of 
 " Peace — Give ns bread — No war — Down with George." 
 A'c. Several suspected persons were taken into custody, 
 among whom was Kidd Wake, a, journeyman printer, who 
 was convicted of hissing, hooting, Ac. and sentenced to five 
 years' iinprisonmeni in Gloucester gaol, and to stand in the 
 pillory. Soon after this an act was passed for the preserva- 
 tion of his maicsl\'s person, which was followed by an- 
 other for preventing seditious meetings and assemblies. On 
 the 22d of October, 1796, a negociation was attempted, aiwl 
 lord Malmesbury sent to Paris, but proved ineffectual; and 
 on lh<' rilst intelligence was received of an attempt to invade 
 Irchuid by a fleet of 17 ships of war, which anchored in 
 Baulry R'w ; bit did not make llie threatened descent, [n 
 the bi'giiining of the year 1797 the British arms under gene. 
 ral Mieicrcnibie and admiral Hervey were verv smcisfnl 
 fti the West Indies; and on llie 14lli of February, a most 
 signal vicforv was gained by Sir John Jervis, (now lord Si. 
 Vi'ict nt,) over the Spaniards, who captuied two ships of 
 1 12 guns, one of S4, and one of 74. Equal honour was done 
 to the British flag b\ admiral Duncan on the 1 1th of October, 
 w!io gained a complete victory over the Dutch fleet under 
 admiral de Winter, and took eleven of their ships, while 
 othe s that had struck, taking advantage of the night, es- 
 caped into the Texcl. Previous to this latter vicioiv oiir 
 naval achievements were tarnished by a iiiiitiny in the lleet, 
 which had continued for some lime, to llie gri'at distress of 
 the nation and government : but was quelled at last, and 
 Parker, the ringleader, and manv others were executed. 
 Thisvear 1200 F eiiclimen were landed on llie Welsh coast, 
 but were soon compelled by the loval inhabitants to surren- 
 der at discretion, .\notlier attempt at negociation w ith the 
 French was made, but proved, like the former, unsuccessful. 
 In the month of August, great disturbances took place 
 in Scotland, particularly at Tranent, in opposition to the 
 ballotting for the militia ; in qnellin<j which, raanv lives were 
 lost. On the 19tli of December, his majeslv, attended by 
 both houses of parliament, went in state to St. Paul's, to re- 
 turn thanks for the naval victories obtained over the French, 
 Dutch, and Spanish fleets. Affairs in Ireland were n-iw de- 
 plorable; faction bad long torii that unhappy country ; but in 
 
 the iiionlli o( May, I'DS, a ribell.uii broke out, which conti- 
 nued lo rage for several months; l)iil at last was suppiessed 
 by the king's troops, after many Ihousaiids of infaludl "d 
 creatures had perished. In the month of's pti iiiber, about 
 1000 French troops Itinded in Irelaml, and took possession 
 of the town of Killala ; but, after some successes over llie 
 king's troops, were compelled to surrender to geiK'ral Lake. 
 Anolherand more powerful attempt wasnia<le, by a fcjnni- 
 dable armaiiicnt Irom Brest ; but, being attacked and d'^- 
 feated ofl'the coast of Ireland, by liis niajesty's fleet u..dcr 
 Sir J. B. Warren, all the hopes of the rebels were com- 
 pletely crushed. This year an expedition of about loOOnicii 
 was sent by the English lo Ostend, lo destro) the gales 
 and sluices of the canal of Bruges ; which, after eli'ecliiig 
 its object, were attacked by superior numbers, and c(,ni- 
 pelled to surrender. This misfortune, however, was amply 
 compensated by the success of our naval commanders in 
 every quarter ; but especially by the ever-memorable victory 
 of lord Nelson (Aug. 2) over the French fleet, in the bay 
 of .Xboukir, having sailed froniTouion m May, with an army 
 of .36,000 men under general Buonaparte, wliu h it hail 
 landed at Alexandria a few days befori'. The result of lliis 
 brilliant action was seven ships of 74 guns taken ; one of aw, 
 and one of 74, burnt ; besides two frigates of 30 guns sunk. 
 Only four of the French fleet escaped. In the beginning of 
 this year, a number of persons were arrested at Margate, im 
 suspicion of treasonable inteiitioiis and piactices; among 
 whom were Mr. Aulliur O'Conner, John Binns, John Alley, 
 James Favey, (alias Morris, alias C'<iigly)and Patrick Lea-ry. 
 .After undergoing a trial at Maidstone, they were all ac- 
 quitted, except Favey, who was found guilty, and executed 
 on the Olh of June. In the year 1799, the English power in 
 India was gre^!S_7 extended by the defeat of Tippoo Saib, 
 who was slain in battle, and his capital taken. In the latter 
 end of the summer, an invasion of Holland was effected, iiv 
 the combined English and Russian tioops, under the duke (.f 
 York; w hicli, though at tirst successful, found it afteiwaids 
 expedient to evacuate the country. In the mean lime ihr 
 Dutch fleet fell into the hands of the English, under admiral 
 Mitchell. In the mouth of October, general Buonaparte 
 returned from Egypt, and eftected a great revolution at 
 Paris, placing himself at the head of the government ; and 
 soon after made proposals of peace in a letter lo the king; 
 which, however, was rejected by the British ministry, who 
 incurred the general displeasure of the country' for their 
 conduct. On the 15tli of December, that great and virtuous 
 iiian, general Washington, the first president of the Unite l 
 States of America, departed this life, intheOSth year of lii- 
 age, after a short illness of only three days. In the year 
 1800, a legislative union of Great Britain and Ireland was 
 eff'ected, after strong parliamentary opposition, and wasd:-- 
 creed to take efl'ect on the 1st day of Januarv, 1801, willi 
 the title of the United Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ire- 
 land. On the loth of May, as his majesty entered his box 
 at Drury-lane Theatre, a pistol was tired at him from the 
 pit, by one James Hadfield, who had served under the duke 
 of York; but, after a trial for high-treason, on the 2eth of 
 June, he was acquitted on proof of his insanity. On the 
 14lli of June the French gained a memorable victory over 
 the Anstrians, at the battle of Marengo, in Italy, and on the 
 Rhine were equally successful ; which compelled the Anstri- 
 ans to make peace. About this time an expedition, under 
 Sir James Pulleney, landed a body of troops near Ferrol ; 
 and, having gained complete possession of the heights 
 which command the place, and nothing was expecle<l buta 
 speeflv possession of the town and shipping, a re-embarka- 
 tion was ordered, to the great mortification of the troops, 
 and lo the great surprise of the public. In the beginning of 
 the year, 1801, a British force, under j;eneral Aberorombie 
 and admiral Keith, sailed to the Mediterranean ; and, on ihe 
 8th of March, effe'cted a laniling at .Aboukir, in Egypt, in 
 ordtr to dispossess the Fren< ii of that country ; which wae 
 ultimafelv accomplished, after several sharp engagnneiits, 
 particularly that on the 2 1st of thiit month, in which tl:e 
 
 3^5
 
 GEO 
 
 GEO 
 
 brave Abercrombie received a mortal wound, of which he 
 died about a weel> after, tlie cotmnand df volvin;; on yiiKTal 
 HiilthMisoii. Ill the bejjiiiiimj; of this year a c'Ciifi deraty 
 w;i5 formed against Knglaiid, hv the Russians, Swedi s, au<i 
 Danes; and aneuibaryo was laid upou all the ships of tb<ise 
 nations ill British port». The otijecl of I lie confederacy was 
 to dictate a new maritime nal^'uiai law, to the prejudice 
 of England. Howevei, on the 12th of March, a Weel 
 sailed tVoni Vaniiouth, under Sii H\de Parker and lord Nel- 
 son, for the Baltic; b'lt faiiiiij; in an atteMipt to sttllp the 
 business by ne^ociation, the laiter admiral attael^•ll the 
 Danish fleet in the liailiour of Copenhagen, defended liv 
 their batteries ; and; after ilestroMiig nearly the whole of 
 their sliips, compelled them to recede from the confederacy ; 
 which Sweden alsoshortly after agreed lo do, without resist- 
 ance : and the emperor Paul dying about this time, an 
 end was put to this once alarming business. In the 
 spring of this year a change of ministry took place, when 
 Mr. Addington succeeded Mr. Pitt as chaiicelloi ot tlic ex- 
 chequer. Three French shipsof the line, in Algeziras Bay, 
 near Gibraltar, were attacked in the beginning of July, by 
 Sir James '>aumarez; but the Hannibal of 74 guns getting 
 aground, was obliged to be aband(med to the enemy ; this 
 loss, nowever, was more than overbalanced in a sid)se<|iient 
 attack on the French and Spanisli fleets, attempting to return 
 to Cadiz; when two of llie largest ships in the Spanish 
 navy were burnt, and a French 74 gun ship taken. Afier 
 this, several attacks were made bv a liyht squadron, under 
 lorfl Nelson, on the flat. bottomed boats, Ac. collected at 
 Boulogne, for tlie purpose of invading Kngland ; but tiiese 
 petty enterprises, totallv failed in their object, thou>Hi at- 
 te'.ded with the loss of many valuable lives. Towards 
 the close of the year, hostilities were suddenly terminated 
 by the treatv of Amiens, an event which excited universal 
 joy, but produced a calm of very limited duration. During 
 the short interval of peace, in February iso.l, colonel Marcus 
 Despard was executed on the charge of having formed a 
 treasonable conspiracy with certain associates, for the 
 purpose of destroyin;; his majesty's life, a charge wliich he 
 solemnly denied on thescatlold. In the springof the same 
 vear, the war with France was renewed. Great Ritain and 
 trance not having been able to make satisfactory ar'ange- 
 menlsas to the future c<mdition of Malta. On Job 2-3(1, an 
 insurrection burst forth at Dublin, which was easdy sup- 
 pressed, but not till after colonel IJrownand lord Kilwarden 
 had been murdered bv the multitude. Great apprehensions 
 were now entertained ofa French invasion, in conseipieiice 
 of which all parlies became in a degree united, and vast 
 numbers n'" persons of every condition of lif-, en oiled 
 theuiielves ill vohinteer corps, for the defence ,if their 
 coMMtrv. The French seize<l upon Hanover, but were on 
 the other side obliged to give up .St. Dourngo, the islands 
 of St. Lucia, and Tobago, in the West Indies. Surinam 
 was also reduced bv the British. A war with the Mahraltas 
 was sp edilv and snccessfiillv terminated b\ lo''d WeUeslev. 
 The events of I SO I were neither many nor great. A French 
 sq'iiulron was defeated l)\ the homewaril lioiiiid East India 
 fleet, under commodore Dance. On the <(iiitiiient, Napolean 
 xvas proclaimed emperor of France, aij I Francis having 
 laid asiile his fori'U r title of emperor of (ierniany, assumed 
 that ofemperor of Ausi'ia, vvhieli is to be heieditarv in bis 
 family Followin,' sn<h great ex;niii''es, Dessalines, the 
 black ehii'I'ofSf. Domingo, caused h luelf to he pioclaimed 
 einoeror of llavli. the native api" llalioii for that island. 
 In 18o.'> the war i' an renewed im 111' continent ofFurope, 
 liii^-ia and Austria having di-clan-il ilieniselves the enemies 
 of l'''ance. On the part of the F encli, a siries of victories 
 advanced their power to the lnuhest eminence ; the cam- 
 paign, which o|)eiied in ^epl'iiilier, was leriii'naled before 
 the emlof the vear, bv »heti- ntv of Presburgli, which was 
 a consequence of the baMi- of .Austerlitz, in which the 
 y'Sustriaiis had been lota'l- defeated on the 2d of ne<ember. 
 In the 111- an ti'U'-, the b'lHle of Trafalgar, anuihiUited the 
 ■fleet of the enemy, while the joy wliich it occasioned, was 
 
 ming:led with grief, on account of the death of lord T^ehoti. 
 On the a.'Jd of January, lsu6, dud the right honour.'ble 
 William Pitt, to whose talents all parries have unted to do 
 justice, while the most various o|(iiiions have been enter, 
 tained as to the wisdom and justice of his measures. His 
 ilb sirious rivvl, Charles James Fox, did not long survive 
 him Ills death took place towanls the close of the same year, 
 and excited general regret. The same year ••Uded to the 
 successes of the Fiencli mi the connuent, and lo that of the 
 British in other (arts of the woild- 'I he k ng of Naples 
 having atloided some couutenante to the operations of the 
 Anglo Kussiaii army, broiigbt ui»on himself the vengeance 
 of the French emperor, by whose forces he was expe led 
 from the continent of Italy, though the Knglish had obtained 
 in bis tavoiii, tie brilhant victory of Maida. A war, wliich 
 broke out vNith Prussia, was teiminatcd in the July of the 
 succeeding year, by llie treaty of Tilsit, by which I'russia 
 was deiirived of about half her dominions; peace was 
 coiK'hided w ifli Russia, and a new kingdom was created, 
 called the kingdom of Westohalia. Intelligence was re- 
 ceived of the capture of the Cape of Good Hope, and its 
 depending territories, in .Africa, and of Buenos Ayes, in 
 South America. The latter acquisition excited the highest 
 hopes of our merchants and manufacturers, who exfected 
 to obtain, in the Sjiamsli settlements, an abundant market 
 for their commodities. They soon, however, exjieiieni'ed a 
 cruel disaiiponitnient, the British being compelled lo aban- 
 don that part of the woild, in July 1806. The African slave- 
 t'ade, which had hmg been regarded by good men, as a 
 deep slam in on national < haiacter, was abolished on the 
 25th of Match, 1807, after the question had been keenly- 
 agitated for 20 yea is. Af'er the gigantic successes of the 
 French against the Auslrians, Russians, and Prussians, it 
 was believed lo be impossible that Denmark should main- 
 tain a neutrality, and her politics were regarded as more 
 favourable to the interests of France than of Br tain. It 
 was therefore determined, either by nei;ociation or force, 
 to secure the Danish navy, and evei-y proposition on the 
 subject having been rejected by the crown prince with 
 disilaiii, Copenhagen was bombarded, and on the 7fli of 
 Seotember com|)elled to surrender, after a large pari of that 
 city had been burned. On the .ttli of November the orders 
 of council were |inblished, which regulated the commerce 
 of neut als, with the belligerent powers; and about the 
 same time, the Portuguese government abandoned Europe, 
 ami removed lo liie liiasils. The most important events 
 (d'llie \ear IH08, were those which took (dace in Spain and 
 Po'tiigal, of wliiili countries the French had freachenusly 
 olitained possession llie preceding vear. In May and 
 June, the siiirit of resi-ilance became generally manifest, the 
 inhabitants of the difletent proviiu-es, as we I as of the 
 capital, endeavouring lo vindicate iheir libeiiies by arms. 
 On llie 2'tth of July, the French geiieud DiiiMmt, was rd)|ii;ed 
 to surrender with his v\ hob' army, to the patriots at Bavleii. 
 Oil the 2<lh, M;idiid vvjv-- e\;;cuated b\ the l-reuch. August 
 21sl, geiK'ral Juiiot was defeated by the B u^.h al the 
 battle of Viniiera, hut in the course <'f a fev\ days, was 
 extricated from his perilous situation, by the ((invention of 
 {'intra. Towards llu close of ihe'ea"-, liovvever, the French 
 were decidedly viclorinus, and llie Soaniaids were defeated 
 iireveiv quarter, and on ll'e ;''tb of Deci-mber, the enemy 
 obtained possession of Madrid. In ISOI), the alteiilloii of 
 the t>ublic was deeply engaged by tlie inv< sllgalioii of the 
 conduct of the duke of ^'ork, which t(-rmiiiatcd in his 
 acqii'ilal, by the house of coiiiinon.s. Mi n li 20lh. and his 
 resignation (d his otl ce as (-oiemander-ii! ( lii(-f, on the 2.5th 
 of the same month. On the 17th of January, Sir John 
 Moore vtas slain at the battle of Coruniia, in which, though 
 the British were vK-torious, they were obliged the next day 
 lo evacuate ihe connlry. July 28tli, St Arthur XVellesley, 
 (now the manpiis of Wellington) deflated the French at 
 the battle nf Talavera. In the mean lime, a war liroke forth 
 between the Auslrians and the French, wliieli leiminateij, 
 as usual, to the advantage of the latter. Ou the 6th of April
 
 GEO 
 
 C KO 
 
 war was proclaimed bv the Austrians ; before the middle 
 of May, Vienna was taken bv the French ; after this some 
 sevtre hattl-.'s «cre foiigiit, in several of which the Austrians 
 were victorious, hut on iiie 12th of Julv lh<> emperor was 
 obli;;ed toajjree to an .irmisticc. wliich was followed on the 
 Ittli otOctolier, by a ilisadvantaseoiis peace. On the iBth 
 of Julv, and the succeeding dav, the Riitish forces em- 
 barked on the disastrous expedition to VValcheren, on the 
 lAth of August I'iusliing was taken, hut on the 23(1 of Decem- 
 ber the island was ahiiiiiloncd hy our countrymen, after 
 having sustained giciit nijurv from disease, and having lost 
 vast nuuihers of (heir fellow soldiers. In 1810, noth.'ng 
 excited more geiieial attention than the arrest of Sir Francis 
 Buidett, who was committed to the tower on the 8th of 
 April, liejiig charged with violating the privileges of 
 the house of ( ominous. The allray Vihich took place 
 on this occasion, the pulilic meetings which followed, 
 the legal contests wliich St Francis has unsuccessfully 
 sustained, and various other interesting cir<'uiiistances 
 connected with hisafeat, are fresh on the recollection of 
 the reader, and it would evceed our limits to detail them 
 particularly. This vear Guadnlonvie was taken hy the 
 British, ill the West Indies; and Aiiiliovna and the isle of 
 Bourhon in the l'"asf. () i llie side of (>paiii and Portugal, 
 no very great events took pl.ice, hut lord W»'llin"ton dis- 
 t>Iaved grea,t courage and pnidence in deiending the lines 
 of Torras Vedras, against the French general Massena. 
 The long illness of the princess Amelia, which terminated 
 in her death, towards tlte close of 1810, preyed so deeply 
 on his inajestv's mind, that he, at length, sunk under a 
 similar maladv with that which affected him in 1789. Tiie 
 consequences are well known. The parliament having 
 met on the 29lh of November, adjourned for a fortnight. 
 Several other adjourninents followed; the royal phvsicians 
 were examined, and after much spirited (liscussion, it was 
 at length resolved, that the prince of Wales should be 
 declared regent, who entered on his high office in Fe- 
 bruary 1811. Ibe merits and results of his govi'rn- 
 ment, it will be the province of future historians to record. 
 George Ml. was married Sept. 8, 1761, to the princess So- 
 phia Charlotte, of Mecklenhii'gh Stielitz, born Mav 19, 
 1744, crowned .Sept. 22, 17(>1, and now has issue; 1. 
 George Frede-ic Augustus, prince of Wales, horn Aug. 12, 
 1762, married April w, 1795, to the princess Caroline- Amelia 
 Elizabeth, daughter oftlie late Charles, duke of Bruii-iwick, 
 his cousin-gernian, born !Mav 17, 1768 : issue, princess Char- 
 lotte \ngusta; born Jiin. 7, 1796; 2. Frederic, duke of 
 York, born August 16, 176^, elected bishop of Osiiahurg, 
 Feb. 27, 1764, married Sept. 29, 1791, to Fiederique C. Ul. 
 Catharine, I'ldest dait'ihter of the king of Prussia, born Mav 
 7, 1767 ; .3. William Henry, duke of Clarence, born Aug. 21, 
 1766, 4. princess Charlotte Augusta Matilda, queen of 
 Wirfeniberg, born Sept. 29, 1766, ladv of the imperial Rus- 
 sian odei' ofSf. Catharine, married Mav 18, 1797, to his 
 serene highness Frederic Charles William, then hereditary 
 
 grince, afterwards reigning duke, and now king of Wirtem- 
 erg Mutgardt; 6. i>rince Fdwa'd, I'uke of Kent, born 
 Nov. 2, 1767; 6. princess Augusta Sophia, born Nov. 8, 
 1768; 7. princess •'l-zabeth, born Mav, 22, 1770; 8. prince 
 Ernest Augustus, duke of Cumberland, born June 5, 1771 ; 
 9. prince Augustus Frederic, duke of Sussex, born Jan. 27, 
 177.1, married in Nov. 1693, at Rome, to ladv .Augusta Mur- 
 ray, daughter of the earl of Dnnmore, which was declared 
 void in Aug. 1794; 10. prince Adolphus Frederic, duke 
 of Cambridge, born Feb. 25, 1774; 11. princess Mary, 
 born April 25, 1776; 12. princess Sophia, born Nov. is, 
 1777. 
 
 GKO'HGI A, a fertile coiintrv of Asia, called bv the Persi- 
 ans Ou>gistan, and bv the Turks Gurtshi, is situated between 
 the niack and Caspian Seas, and comprehends the antient 
 Iberia, and part of Colchis. The hills are covered with 
 forests of beech, oak, ash, chesnuts, walnuts, and elms, 
 encircled with vines, growing spontaneouslv, and producing 
 vast quantities of grapes. Cotton also grows spontaneously, 
 
 as well as the finest fruit trees. Rice, wheat, millet, beinp, 
 anil Hax, are raised on the jdaiiis, almost without culture. 
 The vallevs afi'ord ft le pasliira:;e, tin- rivers are lull of fish, 
 the mountains abound with miner;)],, and the climate is 
 delicious. The rivers, however, being fed b\ mountain 
 torrents, are always too rapid or too shallow for the purposes 
 of navigation, (ieoigia «as formeily one kiiigd m, the 
 inhabitants of v^hleh were Christ ans; hut, since 1639, when 
 it was conquered hy the Persians, the country ii divided 
 btween tw<i native princes, by themselves called kings, but 
 by the sophi staled governors. Each of these has a guard 
 of Mahometan horse in his pay. The Georgians are skilled 
 in the use oftlie bow, and are thought to he the best soldiers 
 in Asia. Their dress resembles that of the Cossacks; but 
 those that are wealthy atlect the habit of the Persians. They 
 usually dje their hair, beards, and nails re<l. 'F'he women 
 who are celebrated for their beauty, stain the palms of their 
 hands of the same colour, and paint their eye brows black, 
 in such a manner as to form one entire line, while the rest of 
 the face is coated with white and red. Being generally 
 educated in convents, they can read and write, qualifications 
 uncommon with the men, even of the highest rank. The 
 inhabitants are Chrisliaus, partly oftlie (ireek, and partly 
 of the .Armenian church. IJere are also Tartars Ossi, 
 Armenians, and a considerable nuinber of Jews. Of these 
 last, some have villages of their own, others are mixed with 
 the Georgian, Armenian, and Tartarian inhabitants, but 
 never with the Ossi. They pay a small tribute above that 
 oftlie natives. There are only four considerable towns, 
 TefHis, Gori, Suram and Ali. 
 
 (iEO'H(iI.A, the most southern of the United States of 
 North America, is bounded on the E. by the Atlantic Ocean ; 
 on the S. by Fast and West Florida ; on the W. bv that part 
 of Louisiana which lies on the E. of the river Mississippi ; 
 and on the N. by S. Carolina and the Tennassee govern- 
 ment. It extends about 420 miles from E. to W. and from 
 140 to 240fr(im N. to S. It contains nearly 90,000 souls, 
 and is divided into 11 counties, namely, Chatham, Effing- 
 ham, Burke, Richmond, Wilkes, Liberty, Glynn, Garadeu, 
 Washington, Greene, and Franklin. The whole coast i 
 bordered with islands, which, as well as the continent, be- 
 ing well wooded, the channel between them is extremely 
 pleasant. The principal tovns are Augusta, Savannah, 
 Brunswick, Siinhury, Frederica, Washington, and Louisville. 
 The principal rivers are the Savannah, Ogeechce, Alata- 
 malia, St. ^Iarv, Ac. The winters in Georgia are mild and 
 pleasant, ice and snow being seldom seen. The soil varies 
 according to sit nation, and different degrees of improvement. 
 By culture are produced 'rice, indigo, cotton, silk, Indiaa 
 corn, potatoes, oranges, figs, pomegranates, A'C, Rice, at 
 present, is the staple commodity; but great attent'on be- 
 gins to be paid to the tailing of tobacco. Augusta is the 
 capital. 
 
 GEORGIA, SOITTH, the principal of a cluster of islands 
 in the South Atlantic Ocean, discovered by Captain Cook, 
 in 1775, and so named<iby him. It is 31 leagues long, and 
 its greatest breadth is about 10. It abounds in bay^ and 
 harbours, which'lhe vast quantities of ice render inaccessibhi 
 the greatest part of the year. Two rockv islands are situ- 
 ated at the N. end, one of w hich was a craggy cliff, nearly 
 perpendicular, containing the neslsof many thousand shags ; 
 theotherwascalled Bird Island, from the innumerable flocks 
 of birds seen near it, from the largest albatrosses down to 
 the least petrels, "-everal porpoises and seals were also ob- 
 served. Here are perpendicular ice cliffs of considerable 
 height, like those of Spitsbergen. From these, pieces were 
 continually breaking otf, and floating out to sea; the valleys 
 were covered with snow, and the only vegetation observed, 
 was a bladcd grass growing in tutts, wild burnet, and a plant 
 like moss. Not a stream of fresh water was to be seen on 
 the whole coast. A great number of sea calves and vea- 
 bears were found, and flocks of penguins, some of whioh 
 weigheil 38 pounds, and measured 3 feet 3 inches, in length. 
 The only bird here appeared to be a species of the lark : n9
 
 GER 
 
 quadruped was found. These islands lie between o3. 5? 
 and 54. 57. S. lat. and between 35. 34. and 38. 13. W. 
 Ion. 
 
 CIEORGIC, (io>jih)s.[geo]s,ilwii, from ge, ihe earth, and 
 ergnn, work, Gr.Jsomc part of the science of hushandry put 
 into a pleasing dress, and set off with ;all the beauties iind 
 emhpllishnicnts of poetry. 
 
 CiEO'RGIUAI SipUS, probably the most remote planet 
 from the sun, was discovered by Dr. Herschel in 1781 It 
 moves round its orbit in about .30,445 days 18 hours, at the 
 iiiiniense distance of about 1800 millions of miles from the 
 snn. On account of his distance from the earth, his rotation 
 roiMid his axis (and consequently the lenjfth of liis days and 
 i]if(hts) is unknown to us. Six satellites, as hath hitherto 
 been discovered, revolve round this globe, which is about 
 90 times bi«ger than the earlli. As seen from the earth, 
 be appears under an angle of only 4 seconds of a degree' 
 and It cannot be readily distinguished from a fixed star by 
 a less magiiifving power than 200 times. 
 
 GERA'NIDM, j. a plant of great varietj', beautj, and 
 exquisite flavour; the most valuable species are brouu^ht 
 from Africa, but arc raised with difficulty in this country. 
 
 GERFA'LCON, s. a bird of- prey, in size between a 
 vulture and a hawk, and of the greatest strength next to the 
 eagle. 
 
 GERMA'IN, St. a town of Cornwall, with a small mar- 
 ket on Friday. It was once the largest town in the coiintv, 
 but is at preseirt a snniU place, though it sends two mem- 
 bers to parliament. It was formerly a bishop's see, had a 
 cathedral, and what is left of it is used as the parish church, 
 and near it is the priory vet standing. It is 8 miles W. of 
 Plymouth, and 224 W. by S. of London. 
 
 .German, s. [gennamis, from.germm, a branch or shoot, 
 Lat.] a brother; one approaching to a brother in nearness 
 of blood ; generally applied to the children of brothers and 
 iisters, who are called cotishis german. 
 
 GE'RMAN, fl. [from gei-men, a branch or shoot, Lat.] re- 
 lated. Obsolete. 
 
 GERMA'NDER, s. [germandrie, Fr.] a p'ant with yellow 
 blossoms, called also the ground-pine ; likewise a kind of 
 speedwell. 
 
 GE'RIVL-WY, a country of Europe, bounded on the W. 
 by Swisserland, France, the Belgic Provinces, and Ihe Ger- 
 man Ocean ; on the N. by Sleswick and the Baltic Sea ; on 
 the E. by Prussia, Poland, and Hungary ; on the S. by Hun- 
 gary, the Adriatic, Italy, and Swisserland : being about 640 
 miles in length, and 550 in breadth. The air is temperate 
 and wholesome, and the productions are varitms. Germany 
 contains many princes, secular and ecclesiastic, who are in- 
 dependent of each other; and there are great numbers of 
 free, imperial cities, which are so many little republics,'go- 
 verncd by their own laws, and united by a head, who has the 
 title of emperor. The prerogatives of the imperial dignity 
 were formerly much more extensive than in latter years. 
 At the close of the Saxon race, in 1024, the emperors exer- 
 cised the right of conferring all ecclesiastical benetices in 
 GeriiKiny ; of receiving their revenues during a vacancy ; of 
 succeeding to the effects of intestate ecclesiastics; of con- 
 firming or annulling the election of the popes ; of assem- 
 bling councils, and of appointing them to decide on the af- 
 fairs of the church; of conferring the title of king on their 
 vassals ; of granting vacant fiefs ; of receiving the revenues 
 of the empire; of governing Italy as its proper sovereigns; 
 of erecting free cities, and establishing fairs ; of assembling 
 the diets of^ the empire, and fixing the time oPiheir dura- 
 tion ; of coining money, and conferring the same privilege 
 on the stales of the empire ; and of a(liiiiiiisl<'ring justice 
 t/itnm the territorifs of the different states. About the year 
 ]4;i7, liowerir, the emperors were reduced to the power of 
 conferring all dignities and titles, except the privilefje of being 
 a state of the empire : of appointing once, (luring tlii'ir reign, 
 a dignitary in each chapter or religious house; of granting 
 dispensations willi res|ir(l to the ag<' of majority ; of erect- 
 ing cities, and conferring the privil.ge of coining money, 
 ot« 
 
 GER 
 
 and of calling the meetings'of the diet, and presiding in them. 
 The ejectors of the empire are 3 ecclesiastical, namely, the 
 archbishops of Treves, Cologne.and Mentz ; and 6 secular, 
 namely, the king of Prussia, as elector of Brandenburgh ; 
 the king of Great Britain, as elector of Hanover; tiie pre- 
 sent emperor, as king of Bohemia ; the elector of Saxony; 
 and the elector palatine of the Rhine. Each elector bears 
 the title of one of the principal othcers of the empire; the 
 elector of Hanover, for instance, being " aiclilrf asurer and 
 elector of the holy Roman empire. " To prevent the calami- 
 ties of a contested election, a king of the Romans has 
 often been chosen in the life-time of the emperor, on whose 
 death he succeeds to the imperial dignity as a ci: cuiiistance 
 of course. Although chief of the empire, the supreme au- 
 thority resides in the diets, which are composed of 3 col- 
 leges ; that of the electors, that of the princes, and that- of 
 tlfe imperial towns When that of the electors and that^of 
 the princes disagree, that of the towns cannot decide the 
 difference ; but they are obliged to give their consent, when 
 they are of the same opinioii. The diets have the power of 
 making peace or war, of settling general impositions, and of 
 regulating all the important aflairs of the empire. But their 
 decisions have not the force of law till the emperor gives his 
 consent. All the sovereigns of Germany have an absolute 
 authority in their own dominions, and can lay taxes, levy 
 troops, make alliances, A'c. provided they do not prejudice 
 the empire. They determine all causes definitively, unless 
 in some particular cases, in which an appeal may be made. 
 These appeals are to two courts, called the Imperial Cham 
 ber and ihe Aulic Council. Germany is divided iiito9cir- 
 cles, each of «liich comprehends several other states ; the 
 princes, prelates, and counts of which, with the deputies of 
 the imperial towns, meet together about their common af- 
 fairs. Each circle has one or two directors and a colonel ; 
 the directors have a power of convoking the assembly of 
 the states of their circle, and the colonel commands the 
 army. The 9 circles are those of Austria, Bavaria, Suabia, 
 Franconia, Upper and Lower Rhine, Westphalia, and Up- 
 per and Lower Saxony. The principal rivers are the %- 
 nube, Rhine, Elbe, Weser, Maine, and Oder. The lat)- 
 guage of Germany is a dialect of'tlie Teutonic, which suc- 
 ceeded that called the Celtic. The 3 principal religious 
 professions are the Romish, Lutheran, and Calvinistic. The 
 first prevails in the dominions of the emperor, in the eccle- 
 siastical electorates and in Bavaria ; the second in the cir- 
 cles of Upper and Lower Saxony, great part of Westphalia, 
 Franconia, Suabia, the Upper Rhine, and in most of Ihe im- 
 perial towns ; the third in the dominions of the landgrave ©f 
 Hesse-Cassel,and of some other pinices. At present, how- 
 ever, the above constitution and form of government ap- 
 pears wholly or in part annihilated, inasmuch as Francis II. 
 formerly resigned the empire of Germany, with its title, 
 crown, and regalia, on Ihefilh of August, ludfi ; and he now 
 be-.irs only the title of Francis I. emperor of Austria, which 
 he holds in his own right, it being hereditary in his family. 
 This abdication was occasioned by the CvnfedfrntioH of the 
 Ithine, which drew many of the Germanic states from their 
 allegiance; and because of the advancement of the electors 
 of Bavaria and Wirteinburg to the dignity of kings ; over 
 whom, and the elector of Baden, Francis was restrained 
 from exercising any species of authorit>, as well as over 
 their respective dominions, or the circles of Bavaria, Fran- 
 conia, and Suabia. So that at pres< nt there is no supreme 
 government oyer the empire of (iermany ; but every sepa- 
 rate state appears at present to be governed by its own laws, 
 without being amenable to any supeiior, though the empe- 
 ror Napoleanmiist beconsideri-dasli rd paramount of those 
 slates which compose the Confederal ion of the Rhine. 
 
 CERME, i. [seivncH. Lat.] a sprout or shoot ; I hat part 
 which grows and sivreads. In botany, that part of a flower 
 or plant which conlains the seed. 
 
 (iE'RMKN, s. [l.at.Ja young sprout or shoot ; a shooting 
 or sprouting seed. 
 
 To (iK RMINATE, r. v. [from %ttmm, a branch or 
 shoot, Lat.] to sprout, bud, shoot, or prow.
 
 OH I 
 
 GIB 
 
 CMiU Ml NATION, s.\fr<Tmiiiaiii>ii, Fr. trotii p;eriwii, h 
 lbi;iiKli or shoot, J.al.J Hit act of sliooling or sprouting; 
 
 (;iyi!L'\0, J. [^"''""'"""' I^at.j III (he I.afni grammar, a 
 verlial muni niilii/;,' in <•//, do, or lUiin, ami ;4ovcrnin!r casos 
 
 .iki' a v<'rh. In Kiiyhsh wc have r 
 GESTATION, s. [Uww tyixto, I 
 
 , to carry, Lai. J the ail ot' 
 Ixarin;; the Nonnj; in the uoinh. 
 
 'J\. OESTlCULATi;, v. n. [troni ^-estus, a gcslure, Lat.J 
 to make Olid gestures ; to play antic tricks. 
 
 fiiCSTlCULA'TION, s. [from o-est,is, aKcsturo, Lat.] tlio 
 thro\i iiig the I'.rms or limbs about m odd and antic postures ; 
 an ofM posture. 
 
 f JE'STURE, s. [from i>-cstus, Lat.] the postures or adilmles 
 cxvressive of a person's setitiuients ; any movement or 
 motion ol tlie liody- 
 
 To GESTURE, r. ». to accompany one's delivery with 
 action, attitude, or motion of the body. 
 
 'I'oGET, r. a. pret. ^ got, antientiy ff«< ; part. pass, gut 
 or i^otliii ; [s^-e'im, ir^«tf;;, Sax.] to procure, or acquire; to 
 obtain by force or seizure; to attain by success; to win ; to 
 possess; to beget; toaccpiiie; to gain ; lo earn by labour 
 and oaiiis; to learn. " Get hi/ heart thi- mow common and 
 Useful words." Wtitts. To put into any state ; to prevail 
 on; to draw; to betake ; to icniove by force or art. Neii- 
 terly, to arrive at any state or posture by degrees \vilh swuie 
 kind of labour or ditficiilty. To fall ; to come by accident. 
 To find the w&y ; to move ; to remove. To go, or repair to. 
 To ^et off', to sell or dispose of by some artifice or expedient. 
 To s^et ill, io force or find a passage. To become by any act 
 what one was not before. To ^c* «/f, to escape danger. To 
 e?t over, to surmount ; to conquer ; to exlricate one's self 
 from any obstacle or impediment which hinders from action, 
 or involves the mind in perplexity. To get vp, to rise from a 
 seat or a bed. 
 
 G ETFER, s. one who procures or obtains ; one who 
 begets. 
 
 GFyTTING, s. the act c)f obtaining. In commerce, gain 
 or protit. 
 
 GEWGAW, «. [gegaf, Sax.] a showy, empty trifle; a 
 bauble, or splendiil'pku tiling. 
 
 GEWGAW, a. splemlidly trifling; thou^'h showy and 
 gaud-. , yet of no value. 
 
 GHA'STFUL, (o-asifid) a. [gast aud fiille. Sax.] dreary ; 
 dismal : melaiiclioly 
 
 GHA'STLINESS, (g-««<?(«fji) s. horror appearing on the 
 countenance ; dismal paleness ; like a ghost. 
 
 GHA'STLY, {gastly) a. like a ghost ; with horror and 
 dread painted on the countenance ; dreadful ; horrible ; 
 shocking, 
 
 GHENT, a considerable city of the ci-devant Austrian 
 Flanders, containing 6 parish churches besides the cathe- 
 dral, a great many religious houses, and about 70,000 inha- 
 bitants, hut not populous in proportion to its extent, whicii 
 is so great, that Charles V. is reported to have said to the 
 French king, Francis I. " 1 have a glove," (tiie French 
 name for Ghent being Gmit, a glove,) " in which I can put 
 your whole city of Paris." The city is divided by canals 
 into 2(i islands, and over the canals there arc 3(10 bridges. 
 The streets are large, and the market-place is spacious. 
 'I'hev have flourishing manufactures of silk, woollen, linen, 
 and a great trade in corn. There is a large canal whicli 
 n-^'jsps from Ghent to Bruges, and thence to Osteiid ; and 
 anot'ner which passes to Sas de Ghent. Ghent is seated on 
 the confluence of the rivers Scheldt, Lis, Moeze, and Lieve, 
 26 miles N. W. of Brussels. Lat. 51. 3. N. Ion. 3. 49. E. 
 
 GH I'.'RGONG, a city of India, capital of the kingdom of 
 Assam, seated on a river which runs a little below into the 
 Burraiupooter, about 400 miles N. E. of Calcutta. Lat. 26. 
 '25. N. bin. !)3. 40. E. 
 
 GHK'RKIN, tgirkin — the g pronounced hard) s. [gurcke, 
 Teul.J a pickled cucumber. 
 
 CHI I'LAN, a beautiful province of Persia Proper, extend- 
 ing along the S. W. coast of the Caspian Sea, aiid supposed 
 
 to be the Hyrcania of tlif antienfs. It bas Schirvan to the 
 N. Aderbeitzan, and part of Irac-Agemi to the VV. and Me- 
 zandcran to the SE. and is about 200 miles long, and 15a 
 broad. The sea forms its boundary on <me side, and on th* 
 other are high mountains covered with various jorts of 
 fruit-trees. In the highest part of tliem are deer, bears, 
 wolves, leopards, and tigers, which last the Persians have, 
 it is said, a method of laming, and hunt with thein as witJi 
 dogs. It is extremely fei tile, producing silk, oil, wine, rice, 
 tobacco, mulberry, box, walnut trees', aud excellent fruits in 
 abundance. This province was ceded to Russia in 172.1, 
 but not formally annexed to the Russian dominions till 1780. 
 lleshd is the caiiital. 
 
 GHOST, {?-(»(J s. [gast. Sax.] the .soul of a man ; a spirit 
 or spectre seen after the death of a persiui. When joined 
 with Huhi, it implies the third Person of the Holy Trinity, 
 otherwise termed the Sj)irit, as this word likewise signifies. 
 'Vcigiie im t/ir g/iust, is to expi e ; to die ; or to yield our soul 
 into the liands of him that gave it. 
 
 (illO'STLIN ESS, (gvstlinm) s. spiritualuess ; the quality 
 relalieg to the soul. 
 
 GHO'STLY, igdsthi) a. spiritual, or relating to the soul. 
 
 (iIALALr.\.\,;t. [Ital.l earth of a bright gold colour, 
 found in the kingdom of Naples, very tine, and much valued 
 by painters. 
 
 "GIA'INiBEUX, (jamtefe) J. [jantbes, Fr.J armour for the 
 legs ; greaves. 
 
 GI'ANT, s. \gigat, Lat. getmt, Fr.J a person of uncommon 
 height of stature. 
 
 GI'ANTESS, s. a woman of more than natural height ; • 
 woman taller than tlie rest of the sex naturally are. 
 
 (il'ANTLlKE, or CH'ANTLY, «. resembling a giant ia 
 tallness ; of an enormous bulk, or exceeding great. 
 
 Gl'ANT'S CAUSEWAY, a large curious promontory ot 
 Basaltes, in Antrim in Ireland, esteemed oneof the greatest 
 natural curiosities in the world. It is on the N. coast W. of 
 Bengore Head, and about 122 miles N. of Dublin. Lat. 
 55. 20. N. Ion. 6. 50. W. 
 
 GrANTSHIP,i. the quality or character of agiaiit. 
 
 CilARO'LO, ill ornithology ,a small bird of the snipe kind, 
 witji a white tail, which is sold in the markets in Italy. 
 
 GIBliE, s. any old worn-out animal ; as a gibcat is an old 
 cat. 
 
 To GIBBER, V. n. [from jMer, accor<ling to Johnson] 
 to speak in an inarticulate or unintelligible manner. . 
 
 GI'BBERISH, (the g pronounced hard) s. cant; the 
 private language of rogues, gypsies, Arc. 
 
 GIBBET, s. [gibet, Fr.] a gallows ; or a cross post where- 
 on malefactors are executed, or hung in chains. 
 
 To GI'BBET, t'. II. to hang or expose on a gibbet; to bans 
 upon a beiini, which crosses another standing upright. 
 
 GIRBO'SI'TY, s. [gihbosite, Fr.] the quality of rising in a 
 hump, or protuberance, above the rest of a surface; a pro- 
 minence ; convexity. 
 
 (JI'BBOUS, «. [n-iAioiHs, Lat.] swelling or rising above the 
 other part of the surface ; convex ; rising in knobs. 
 
 (il'BBOUSNE^SS, *. convexity ; prominence. 
 
 To GIBE, (g soft) V. n. [gaber, old Fr.J to sneer in a con- 
 temptuous uianner; to deride; to mock; to treat with 
 scorn : to taunt. 
 
 GIUE, s. a tauntj sneer, or expression of ridicule, joined 
 with contempt. 
 
 (il'BlOR, f. a sneerer; one who ridicules or sneers ano- 
 ther; a scoH'er. 
 
 Crl'BINGLY, ad. in a conteniptuoas, ridiculing, or sneer- 
 ing manner. 
 
 GIBLETS, s. [gihht. Sax.] the efTal part of a fowl, par- 
 ticularly those of a duck or goose, which are cut oflT before 
 tiiey are roasted, consisting of the head or neck, parts of 
 the'wings, gizzard, heart, liver, and legs. 
 
 CiIRR.\'LTAR, a town of Andalusia, in Spain, near a 
 mountain of the^same name, formerly called Calpc, which, 
 with Mount Abyla, on the opposite shore of Africa, were 
 railed the Pillars of Hercules. It was formerly thought to be 
 
 39U
 
 GIG 
 
 GIN 
 
 impregnable ; but, in 1704, it was taken by the conffderato 
 fleet, commanded- by Sir George Rook. Tlic Frenth and 
 Spaniards attempted to retake it the same year, and 4 or 
 600 of them crept up the rock wliich covers tlie town, in 
 the night lime, but were driven down headlonij the next 
 morning. In 1727, the Spaniards besieged it again, and 
 they attempted to blow up the rock which they found ini- 
 
 fir?cticablc, and were at length obliged to raise the siege. 
 n the course of the American war, the Spaniards again be- 
 sieged it; but llieir ever memorable attack, on September 
 13, 1782, with floating battel ies of 212 brass cannon, <S c. 
 in ships, from 1400 to COO tons burden, ended lu a disap- 
 pointment, in the destruction of all the ships, and must of 
 the assailants in them. General F.lliot at th's time com- 
 manded the garrison. The garrison here are cooped up in 
 a ver>' narrow compass, and have no provisions but what 
 are brought from Barbary and England. The town is now 
 so strong by art and nature, as probably to bid deliance to 
 the utmost efforts of an enemy. Here are upwards of SOO 
 pieces of cannon mounted on the works, fiib-aliar con- 
 tains several streets, one of which is pr>-tlv spitciou* and 
 well paved ; the others are narrow and dirty. It lia.s also 
 3 gates. It is built at the foot of a barren rock, or craggy 
 hill, which rises about 1400 feet above the level of the sea, 
 in a peninsula, which can Iv approached oalv bv a narrow 
 passage, between the mountain and the sea. Across this 
 isthmus the Spaniards have drawn a fortified line, to pre- 
 vent the garrison from having any communication with the 
 country. The English here, exclusive of the garrison, 
 amoimt to about 2000, and the Spaniards, Portuguese, Ge- 
 noese, and Jews, to as many more. Here is one English 
 and one Spanish church, and a Jews' svnagogue. The 
 road is not safe against storms, nor convenient for refitting 
 vessels, though they may be laid on their sides for careen- 
 ing ; the harbour is formed by two moles, one of which is 
 3flio feet in length. On the summit of the ro<'k is a plain, 
 whence there is a fine prospect of the sea on earh side the 
 Strait, of Barbary, Fez, and Morocco, and of Seville and 
 Granada in Spain. The Strait of Gibraltar is about 2-t miles 
 in length, and 1.5 in breadth, and a strong current always 
 runs through it from the ocean to the Mediterranean. 
 Gibraltar is 25 miles N. of Ceuta, and 49 S. E. of Cadiz. 
 Lat. •■?«. fi. N. Ion. 5. 22. W. 
 
 Gl'BSTAFF, «. a long staff to gauge water, or to shove 
 forth a vessel into the deep. A weapon used formerly to 
 ISghl beasts upon the stage. 
 
 GIDDILY, (the ^ pron. hard) atl. the appearance of 
 external things ttiriiing round though at rest, with a swim- 
 ming in the head. Figurative, without steadiness, or fore- 
 'hoiiifht , lieedlesslv ; negligentlv. 
 
 GI DpjNF.SS, (the «• pron had) s. the state of being 
 giddv ; inability to keep its place. 
 
 GJ'DDY, (the ^ proir. hard) a. [e^ttig. Sax.] having a 
 swimming in the head, whereby external things, though at 
 rest, seem to turn round ; changeable; inconstant; unstea- 
 dy; heedless; elated too much with success or praise. 
 ^GI'DDYPACED, a. moving without regularity. 
 
 Gl.ER-EA'CiLK, s. a bird mentioned in scripture. 
 
 GIFT, (the g- pron hard) s. [^i/i;. Sax.] something be- 
 itowed on another without price or exchange; the act of 
 (^ving. When applied to the Deity,"an offering or obla- 
 tion. 
 
 GI'FTED, (the fc pron. hard) a. given or bestowed; 
 not acquired by labour. Endowed with extraordinary 
 powers. 
 
 GK;, <'the ^pron. bard)*, etymology uncertain ; a smtdl 
 top made of horn, wliich is kept spinning by whippiij^ .t 
 with atlionir: also a kind of carriage. 
 
 GKi X'N'I'IC, (last fi- pron. hard )«./ [from ^/^-m, a g'ant, 
 Lat.] resemlilinga giant ; ofanenrirmoussize. Figuratively, 
 exceedingU wicked. 
 
 GIGG. JVC. \, or JIG, s. See Jic. 
 
 To GI'GfiL'", (the ff pron. hard) r. n. \guheUn, Fl.] 
 to he hidined to laugh ; to laugh at trifles. 
 "100 
 
 GT'GGLER, (the g pron. hard) s. one who bi'rsts into 
 hiu;;hter at the least trifle; one very much inclined to 
 
 laugiiler. 
 
 Gl GLET, (the g pron. hard) s. [geagl, Sax.J a wanton, 
 lascivious girl. 
 
 To Gil. L) (the g- pron. hard) v. a. pret. gilded or /!i&; 
 \gilduii, S;ix.] !o wash over with liquid, or cover with 
 Icafgcikl. Toiidorn v. ithlust.e. To illuminate or brighten. 
 To gild over, to recommend a thing, or hide its defects l»y 
 some additional ornament. 
 
 Gi'Ll^^'M, (theg- -.ron. hard) s. one who covers the sur. 
 face of any itonv with gold ; a coin valued from one shilling 
 and sixpence to twoshillin^s ; [from gliield, Dan. geld, Teut. 
 niciie- ] 
 
 (iI'LDING, (the g pron. hard) s. gold laid or stuck on 
 anv surface, by way of ornament ; the act of covering with 
 gold. 
 
 GI'LFORD, (the ff pron. hard) a town of Down, in Ul- 
 ster, sealed on tlie river Ban. 3 miles .S. W. of Warringtown, 
 and 62 from Dublin. The nu'anciers of the river, over 
 which there is a good stone bridge of 22 arches, the rising 
 grounds surrounding it, adorned with wood, and theb'earli- 
 >a;ds in the bottom, afford altogether a prospect truly de 
 ligtiiful. Here is a chalytteate spa of good quality. 
 
 G'l.L, s. [from gvln, the tliroat, Lat. | the apertures on 
 each side of the head of a fish, which they breathe thr'^ugh 
 instead of their mouths. The red flap which hangs down 
 from the beak of a fowl, or flesiiy exciescence under the 
 chill of a man. When used in these senses the g is pro- 
 nounced hard. A liquid measure, containing the fourth 
 part of a qu;iri. A woman or female companion. In bo- 
 tany, the plant called ground-ivy. Likewise ale, wherein 
 ground-ivv has been steeped. In these senses the g is pro- 
 nounced like J. 
 
 GI'LLYFUIWER, j. corrupted from Julyflnuer, so 
 called from the month it blows in; in botany, the dianthus, 
 under which genus are included pinks, carnations, aud the 
 sweet William. 
 
 Gl'LOLO, ail i^land of Asia, with a town of the same 
 name, in the Archijtelago of the Moluccas, about 210 miles 
 in length, and 750 in circunifeience. It produces neither 
 cloves nor nutmegs, though it is included in the S.j-ice 
 Islands, but is verv fertile in rice and sago. The air is said 
 to be »erv hot and unwholesome. The inhabitants are re- 
 presented as fierce and cruel, living without laws or fixed 
 habitations. It is s> ated under the line in Ion. 128 7. E. 
 
 (iILT, (the g pron. hard) s. gold laid on any surface. 
 Finurativelv, golden show or splendour. 
 
 GILTHEA I), J. a sea fish ; also a biid. 
 
 Gl'LT TAIL, t. a worm, so called from bis yellow 
 tail, 
 
 (ilM, n. [gim, Sax.] neat ; spruce ; well dressed ; an old 
 word which seems now leviving. 
 
 fil'iMCIl ACK, *. a machine more curious than useful. 
 
 (U'MLET, (the g pron. hard) *. a borer with a kind of 
 worm or screw at the end. 
 
 GI'MMAL, i. Johiisun tb'uks this is a gradual corrup- 
 tion frtmi giiimet ri) nr giv metrical ; some little quaint devices 
 or pieces of machinery . 
 
 GI'MMER, 1. [See Gjmmal] a movement ; a part of a 
 machine ; machinerv. 
 
 (ilMP.(theg- proii. harl) .«. a kind of silk-twist or lace.. 
 
 (jlN, s. coutracted f oni engine; a trap or snare; a ma- 
 ch'iie for raising great weights ; a (lump worked bv wheels: 
 a dis: lied liquor drawn from iuniper-herries,<!tc. contracted 
 from (tenenr. 
 
 (;l\(iK'IO, a town on the coast of Coromandel, once the 
 capiUd of a kingdom of the same name. It stands on a 
 nxu'iitain, whose to|) is ilivided into three points, on each 
 of wli'ch is a castle. The great Mogul besieged it 3 years, 
 towards the close of the I7tli century, to no purpose. . It is 
 34 miles N. W. of Poiidicherry. Lat. 13. Ui. N. Ion. 7». 
 36. E. 
 
 GINGER, «• ^ivgtro, Ital.Jau aromatic root, of a yel
 
 GIR 
 
 Gf.A 
 
 low 'oloiir, and very hot and piinn;<>n( taste, used in cookery 
 as a spice ; livaixitlii'carics as a iiipdicine. 
 
 fil'NGKRIWlKAI), {fmjrrlired) s. ii kind of hipad made 
 of flour sweetened with treacle, and mixed uilli ^'in^'er and 
 aromatic seeds. 
 
 OrNCiFJlLY, ad, cantionsly ; nicely. 
 
 Gl'NGi'-RNESS, s. [»iH«jc, Sax.] caution, tenderness, 
 or slif,ditness in handling, for fear of hurting or soiling ; 
 niceness. 
 
 GfNGlVAL, (t. [from gingiva, the gum, Lat.J belonging 
 to the gums. 
 
 To GrNGLF., ti. 11. [fornicd from the sound] lo make a 
 sharp noise, applied to that made by several pieces of money 
 shook together ; to shake piecesof money or metal together, 
 so as to make them sounil. 
 
 GI'NGFjE, .«. the sound made by several pieces of money 
 or metal shook to^ellier; (lie sound made by several words 
 or periods ending with the same letters or syllables. 
 
 GINfiLYMOII), n. [from !!''«^///'»os, a kind of articula- 
 tion, and eidos, likeness, (ir.] resembling a ginglymus; ap- 
 proaching to a ginglymus. 
 
 GrNGLYMUS, s. [from giH^/ymos, Gr.J in anatomy, a 
 kind of articulation orjoint, whose motion resembles that of 
 a hinge. 
 
 GI'NNET, s. [from ^iH»!«s, Gr.] a nag, or mule, or dege- 
 nerated breed. 
 
 GI'NSRNG, s. a root brought lately into Europe. Ft is 
 of a very agreeable aromatic sniell, tliougii not verv stmng. 
 Its taste is acid and aromatic, and Inis somewhat bitter in it 
 We have it from China; and there is of it in the same lati- 
 tudes in America. 
 
 GI'PSY, i. corrupted from Fgi/plian ; a vagabond of a 
 natural particular dark complexion, who pretends to tell 
 future events by palmistry or phisioonomy- Figuratively 
 used to impiv a person of a dark complexion, or a woman 
 of great craftiness and cunning. 
 
 GI'R A FEE, in zoology, a singular quadruped, wliicli in-^ 
 habits the interior of Africa. It sometimes grows to the'' 
 height of 18 feet from the hoof to tlie end of the horns, 
 while its hind parts arc not half so high. It is of a reddish 
 white, marked with numerous like rusty spots. Its manners 
 are gentle. 
 
 GTRASOLE, ». \girasol, Fr.] the sunflower ; also the 
 opal stone. 
 
 To GIRD, fin this word and its derivatives the g is pron. 
 hard) v. a. prefer, gtrded or girt; \gird(in. Sax.] to bind 
 round ; to fasten by binding round; to invest; to clothe ; 
 to inclose ; to encircle. 
 
 GIRD, s. a twitch, or pang, alludin; to the pain or sensa- 
 tion caused by agirdledraun tiylit on a sudden. 
 
 GI'RDER, ,f. in architecture, the largest piece of timber 
 in a floor ; its ends are fastened into the summers or 
 breast-summers, and support the joists, which are framed 
 into it. 
 
 GIRDLE, (the g is pron. hard in this word and its fol- 
 lowing derivatives) s. [gi/rde!, Sa^.] any thing or bandage 
 drawn round the waist, "and tied or buckled. An inclosine 
 or circumference. The equator, a great circle surrounding 
 the world like a girdle. 
 
 To GI'RDLE, f. n. to encompass and surround as with a 
 girdle. To inclose, shut in, or environ. 
 
 CI'RDLEBELT, s. the b.lt that encircles the waist. 
 
 GI'RDLER, s. one who makes beltsor girdles. 
 
 GIRL, (in this word and its subsequent derivatives the g 
 IS pron. hard) s. a young female or woman ; applied to one 
 yvho is playful, giddy, and tlioughtless, not arrived lo years 
 of discretion, »r not acting with that reserve which a person 
 of discretion ought. 
 
 GI'RLISH, a. like a girl, or one who is not arrived to vears 
 of discretion; wanton, play fid, or giddy. 
 
 GI'RLISHLY, «d. in a wanton, plavful, giddv, or thought- 
 less manner. 
 
 GIRO'NNA, a considerable town, or city, of Catalonia, 
 
 3 F 
 
 situated on a rivulet, which falls into the Tcr, -i? iuihs N 
 E. of iiiirceloua 
 
 filKKOCK, .5. akind offish. 
 
 To GIRT, (tlieg- pron. hard) v. a. Johnson says it is an 
 im|)ro|)er word ; lo gird ; tosurrouuil, < ncircle. 
 
 Ciiiri', (the^ pron. hard) .?. a band which (joci under or 
 round a horse's belly, and fastens to tin- saddle or burdcu 
 on its back. In surgery, a circular bandage, with a bolster 
 in the middle. 
 
 GIR'IH, (g pron. hard).t, [from jfi>:rf, the verb] the band 
 by which the saddle is fiisteued upouahofac ; the circum- 
 ference or measure of a perscju's waist. 
 
 To GIRTH, (g pron. hard) v. a, to put on, or bind with, a 
 girth. 
 
 GLSBORN.rg- pron. hard) a town in the W; Ridin,-^ of 
 Yorkshire, with a market on Monday. It is GO miles W. of 
 York, and '219 N. ><'. \V. of London. 
 
 GI'SBOROUGH, ro'wiwro,- ,^ pron. hard) a town in the 
 N. Riding of Yorkshire, yvith a market on Monday. It is 
 pleasantly seated on a Hat, 4 miles from the mouth of the ri- 
 verTees ; and is of note for being the hrsl place wherealuni 
 was made, as it was formerly for its abbev. It is 22 miles 
 N. W. by W. of W hiiby, 35 S. E. by E. of Durham, and 247 
 N. by W. of London. 
 
 To GIVE, (g pr(ui. hard) ». a. preter. guve, participle 
 passive ^aeit ; [g (/oh. Sax.] to present or confer on another 
 without receiving any thing in exchange ; to transmit, com- 
 municate, or impart from one's self lo another by hand, 
 speech, or writing; to assign; to put into a person's pos- 
 session; to consign. To pay as a price or reward. To 
 expose. To allow ; to grant. To enable. To exhibit or 
 express. To give hack, to restore or return. To give ths 
 ^oW, to yield pre-eminence. To give for, to exchange one 
 thing for another. To gire cnr, to listen o. attend to what a 
 ocrsonssays. To gii'c n-ni/, \n yield without resistance, or 
 denial. To ofl'er. 1 'scd \«iih to, to addict, apply, or lia- 
 bituate. Used with ««■«(/, to make over, to transfer to ano- 
 ther. Joined to «»/, to proclaim ; piddish ; or utter ; to 
 spread a false repoit or rumour. I'scd witii np, to resign, 
 quit, yield, abandon, or deliver. Used with iw, to retreat; 
 to give way ; to go back. Used with ititn, to coi'.iply with ; 
 to assent to; to yield to. Used with "ff-', to cease. Used 
 with oi-er, to leave ; to quit; to cease from an act; to con- 
 clude lost. To give out, to cease from a contest; to yield. 
 Used with wai/ or place, to yield without resistance ; to fall 
 back or make room. Neulerly, to grow moist ; to melt; to 
 thaw. Synon. We give to our servants. Vie present to 
 princes. We o/fer to (iod. 
 
 GIVER, (the g pron. hard) t. one that lets another have 
 a thing without leceiving any thing in return. 
 
 GI'ZZARD, (the g pron. haid)s. [gTge)-ui, Lat. gesier, Fr.J 
 a strong miisctdous stomach in birds, wherein their meat, 
 by means of stones which thev swallow, is ground in pieces, 
 as in a mill. To gmwbfe in the gi::aid, is applied t) those 
 who are are dissatisfied or discoulenied. 
 
 GLA'CIA L, o. [from glacies, ice, Lat.] icy ; made of ice ; 
 frozen. 
 
 GLACIATION, s. [from glades, ice, Lat.] the act of 
 turning into ice ; ice. 
 
 GLACIERS, a name given to some extensive (ields of ice 
 in Swisserland. The Cilaciersuiav bediviflcd into twosorts; 
 the Lower, occupying llie deep valleys siinaled in the bottom 
 of the Alps, and termed, by the natives, Valle^ of Ice ; and 
 the Upper, which clothe the sunniiits anii sides of the moun- 
 tains. The Lower (ilaciers are llie inos' consi<;erable in ex- 
 tent and depth, some stretching seveial leagues in length. 
 At the higher extremity, they are boid< r.-d bv inaccessible 
 rocks, and on the other extend into cullivaterl valleys. The 
 ihieknessof the ice varies from SO to 100 leet, iind in si me 
 parts extend to upwards of fioo feet. Tliese imnu-nse tii'ld.« 
 of ice usually rest on an inclined plain; being pushed for- 
 ward by the pressure of their f)«n weight, and but weakly 
 supported bv the rugged rocks beneath, thev are intersected 
 
 401
 
 GLA 
 
 f . L A. 
 
 J>v large transverse chasms, and present the appearance of 
 walls pyramids, and other iantiibtit- shapes, observed ut ail 
 heights and at all situations, ulierever tlie detliMty ex- 
 ceeds 30 or 4U decrees. But in those parts, v.here the pla;ii 
 OQ «hieli ihey rest is nearly horizontal, the surface ol' the 
 ice is passable, beJH:; not so slippery as that of the frozen 
 ponds, or rivers; it is rough and {granulated, and is on!y 
 dangerous in deep descents. The t<-llo« iiig is a simple and 
 natural theory relative to the fornialioa of the dlaciers. An 
 immense quantity of snow is continually accumulating in the 
 elevated valleys inclosetl ^^ithinthe Alps, as v.c\i from that 
 which falls from the clouds, during nine nionlhs in the year, 
 as from the masses which are incessantly rolling from the 
 steep sides of'tlie circumjacent mountains. Part of tliis 
 snow, which is i;ot dissolved dunn^ summer, impregnated 
 with rai.i and snow-water, is frozen during winter, and forms 
 that opaque and porous ice of winch the Lower Glaciers are 
 composed. The Upper Glaciers may be subdivided into 
 those which cover the summits, and those which extend 
 along the sides of the Alps. Those which cover the summits 
 owe their origin to the snow that falls at ail seasons of the 
 year, and which remains nearly in its uriginal state, being 
 congealed into a hard substance, and not converted into ice ; 
 for in so cold a region there cannot he melted?. (|uanlily of 
 snow satiicient to impregnate with water the whole mass, 
 which renrains undissolv4d. The substance which clothes 
 the sides of the .Alps is neither pure snow, like that of the 
 summits, nor ice which forms the Lower (ilaciers, but is an 
 assemblage of both. It contains less snow than the sunnnits, 
 because tin -nmmer heat has more power to tlissolve it, and 
 because the lif|m died snow descending from above, the mass 
 is penetrated wilh a large quantity of water. It contains 
 more snow than the Lower Glaciers, because the dissolution 
 of the snow is comparatively less. Hence the ice is even 
 more porous, opaque, and less compact, than the ice of the 
 Lower Glaciers; and is of so doubtful a texture, as renders 
 it, in many parts, difhcidt to decide wliether it may be called 
 ice or frozen snow. Thus tin re is a regular gradation from 
 the snow on the summits, to the ice of the Lower Glaciers, 
 forme<l by the intermediate mixture of snow and ice, which 
 becomes more compact, aiul less i)orous, iii proportion as it 
 approaches the Lower Glaciers, until it uiiiles and assimi- 
 lates with them. 
 
 GL.'V CLS, s. [Fr.] in fortification, a sloping bank. It is 
 more especially taken for that which ranges trom the para- 
 pet of the covered way totlie levil on the side of the field. 
 
 GLAD, fl. [g/t"/, Sax.] cheerful; gay; rejoicing at some 
 gofid which has happened. Figuratively, used for any thing 
 which appears fertile, bright, or showy. 
 
 To GL.\ UDF.N, r. a. to cheer ; to affect with a sensa- 
 tion of pleasure or delight. 
 
 GLADH, s. [from g/iul, Dan.] a lawn or opening in a 
 wood; a passage through a wood made by lopping off the 
 branches of trees. 
 
 GLADIATOR, s. [Lat.] a person who used to fight with 
 a naked sword in the public shows in Rome. Figuratively, 
 a prize fighter, or sword-player. 
 
 GLA'DIOLE, s. an herb with long narrow radical leaves, 
 naked cylindrical stcLM, and purplisTi and white blossoms ; 
 the same with the (lowering rush. 
 
 GL,\'I)I,Y, nd. in a joyful manner. 
 
 GLA'DNLSS, s. a sensation of joy or delight, arising at 
 the prospect of success, or the actual possession of good. 
 
 CiLA'D.'^O.Mr., a. delighted ; pleased. 
 
 GLA'DSOMLI>Y, arf. with some sensation of delight or 
 pleasure. 
 
 (jLA'DSOMENE.SS, s. gaiety ; a slight sensation of joy 
 or delight. 
 
 GL.VIMVVN, s. a provincial term for the stinking flag. 
 
 t'jLAIRL, i. f^/«/)f, Fr.J the white of an egg ; a kind of 
 lialbert. 
 
 To GLAIIvr., v. a. [fflairer, Fr.] to varnish or smear 
 with the white of an egg, used bv bookbiiuJers. 
 402" 
 
 GLAMO'RG \NvilIRK, a county of S.Wales, bounded 
 on the N. by Carmartlienshire and I5reckr,ockshire, on the 
 E. by iMonmoutlishire, and on the S. and W. by the Bristol 
 Channel. It extends from K. to W . 4» miles, and 26 fiom 
 N. to S. It is divided into 10 hundreds, which ciiiitain I 
 eity, 8 market towns, 118 parodies, about 10,000 houses, and 
 oH,000 inhabitants. On the N. side of this county, where 
 it is mouiitaiuous, the long con'dnuance of the snow renders 
 the air sharp ; but the country being more level on the .S. 
 side, it is there milder, more pleasant, more populous, and 
 bears large crops of corn, with remaikably sweet grass ; 
 whence it has been called the Garden of Wales. Cattle 
 abound in all parts, there being fruitful valleys among the 
 mountains, that yield very good pasture. Here are also 
 lead, coal, iron, and limestone. Its principal rivers are the 
 llumiiey, which separates it from Monmouthshire, the 
 Teafe, Elwy, Nealh, Ogmore, Avon, Cledaugh, and i awy. 
 Cardiff is the principal town, and Swansea the most com- 
 mercial one ; but tiie assizes for the county are held at 
 Cow bridge. 
 
 GLANCE, J. [^/«n;z, Teul.] a sudden shoot or beam of 
 light or splendour ; a stroke or dart of light. 
 
 To GLANCE, V. n. [glanizen. Tent.] to shool a sudden 
 ray of light or splendour ; to fly oft', or to strike in a sloping 
 manner. Usetl with at, to hint at, or censure a person's 
 faults by some r)blique bints. Used with e;/f, to take a quick, 
 slight, or transient view ; to view obliquely. 
 
 (jLA'NCINGLY, ttd. in an oblique manner; tran- 
 siently. 
 
 (jL.\ND, s. [f/««j, Lat.] in anatomy, a soft spungy sub- 
 stance, which serves to separate a particular humour from 
 the blood. 
 
 GL.X'iNDKIlS, s. in farriery, a running of corrupt mat- 
 ter from the nose, differing in colour, accoidiiig to the de- 
 gre<' (d'malignitv, being while, vellow, green, or black. 
 
 GLA'NDlOf.D BRIDGE, a' town of Linc(dnsliire, with 
 a large mauid'acluie of skin-; and a considerable trade m 
 corn, coals, and tindier. It is seated on a river or navigable 
 canal, called Anclndme, or Aiicam, 23 miles N. of Lincoln, 
 and 16(i N. by W. of Lordon. iVhn kel on 1 hursday. 
 
 (iL.VNDI FERGUS, «. [from gln^s^a imt irr acorn, and 
 ftro, to bear, Lat.] bearing acorna, mast, or I'ruit like 
 acorns. 
 
 GLANDULE, *. [from glanduh, a little nut, LiU.] in 
 analiimy, a small gland ; sometimes applied, in the plural, 
 to signit\ v^ hat aie vulgarlv calletl the nhnvufts of the car 
 
 GLANDULO'.SITY, s. a col.ection ofglands. 
 
 GLA'NDULOUS, a. riVom Rlmis, a gland, Lat.] pertain- 
 ing to, situate in, or having the nature (d', thegla'nds. 
 
 To GLARE, «. H. [g/ojcH, Belg.] to shine so bright as to 
 dazzle the eyes. 
 
 ti LA H E, i. an overpowering or darzling lustre; a fierce, 
 pie.rcing lc;ok. 
 
 GLA'RKflUS, a.\f>laren.uis, Lat.] consistinj; of a viscous 
 and transparent matter like the white (dan egg. 
 
 fiLA'HING, I art. iti' glare ; fiagraiit ; enormous, applied 
 to any ver\ great crime. 
 
 GLA'RIS, or (; LARDS, one of the thirteen cantons in 
 .Swisseiland, entirely surrounded by the Alps, except to- 
 wardstheN. It has the canton of Scliweitson the \\ . and 
 the (irisonson the E. It is a cold, mountaiiious country, 
 yet attinrding cattle, diecse, butter, and a prodigious variety 
 of uncommon plants, minerals, metals, cr>stal», medicinal 
 springs, pelnfactious, and large slates. 'Jhe goveriinienl is, 
 or lately was, pirft ctly (lemocralic; every piisini, at the 
 age of sixteen ha> a Mite in tlie landsgeiniiud, or g»U( ral 
 assembly, wliich is laldannualiv in the month o! M;\\. in an 
 open plain, according to the cuslom id' the anlienl Gauls 
 and Germans, 'lliis assembly ratifies new laws, raisei con- 
 tributions, enters into alliances, declares war, and makes 
 peace. The executive power, liowcvt r, is \ e^ied ilia hiu- 
 dralh, or count il, composed of -in protestani uuiiiliers, and 
 15 Roman catholics. The landamman, or chief of the
 
 GLA 
 
 CLE 
 
 republic, is clioscn alternately from anionfj tlie protcstanls 
 ami Komanists, who live tofjrllier here in ijrcat iiarniony, 
 aiiiitably fill tofjellier the c-hicl'otHces ofsliit'e, and siuces- 
 sivfly make use oi'llie same house for their assenililies for 
 piililic worship. The population amounts to about 16 or 
 17,000 souls. 
 
 GLA'SCOW.a city of Scotland, in the county of Lanerk, 
 which, from its extent, and from the beauty and rej;n]arity 
 of its buildings, may justly be esteemed the second city in 
 the kingdom. The streets arc clean and well paved; and 
 several of them, interseclinf;each r)therat ri;^ht aiiffles, pro- 
 du<.'e a very agreeable efiect. The four principal streets 
 thus divide the city nearly into four equal parts; and the 
 different views of them, from the cross, or centre of inter- 
 section, have an air of magniticcnce. Here are a few mag- 
 nificent public buildinifs, and several charitable establish- 
 ments, particularly the Merchants' Hospital, and that of the 
 town. Here is a celebrated university ; the single college 
 belonging to which is an elegant ond commodious building. 
 The number of inhabited houses in it is upwards of 10,000, 
 and it contains near 62,000 inhabitants. A considerable 
 trade was formerly carried on here in tobacco and rum, but 
 Ubas;IJfefh lately on the decline. Their cotton manufac- 
 tures rival those of Mancliester in cheapness and elegance ; 
 and, before the late universal check to that branch of busi- 
 ness in both kingdoms, it is said that cotton goods were ma- 
 nufactured in Glasgow and its vicinity to the annual amount 
 of 2,000,000.<f sterling. A pottery is likewise carried on 
 here.that emulates.in beauty and elegance, the Staffordshire 
 ware. .Printing-types are well executed here, and the glass 
 manufactory has been very successful. Here are also manu- 
 factures of coarse earthenware, hats, stockings, gloves, 
 ropes, cordage, A'C. Glasgow has the advantage of two 
 canals, besides the jTeat canal that joins the Clyde to the 
 Forth. Its proper river, the Clyde, lias, at a great cxpence, 
 been made navigable, within the last 30 years, for vessels 
 drawing 7 feet 6 inches water. It is seated on the N. I)ank 
 of the above river, over which it has two stone bridges, 
 (one of them an elegant new one, of 7 arches, 600 feet long, 
 and 32 wide; it was completed in 1772) 10 miles S. W. of 
 Dumbarton, and 36 W. of Edinburgh. Lat. 55. 52. N. 
 Ion. 4. 2. W. 
 
 GLASS, s. [g-7<rs. Sax.] an artificial substance, made by 
 fusing or meltmg fixed salts, flinl,and sand tugetiicr with a 
 vehement fire, transparent to the sight, ductile when hot, 
 but not malleable. The manufacture of glass was known 
 very early ; but glass perfectly transpareut was reckoned so 
 valuable, tbat Nero is said to have given 60,000.it for two 
 cups with handles. When the excavations were made in 
 the antient city of Pompeii, which was buried by an erup- 
 tion of Vesuvius A., D. 79, the windows of some of the houses 
 were found glazed with a thick kind of glass, not transpa- 
 rent. In others isinglass was substituted, split into thin 
 plates. Glass windows were first used in England about 
 the year 1180. A. glass vessel of any kind, particularly a 
 cup with a foot, to drink out of; iience figuiatively, it is 
 used for that quantity of liquor w hicii such a vessel contains, 
 as a glass of wiue. A glass to view one's face in ; a per- 
 spective or glass to view distant or near objects with ; a glass 
 made use of for measuring time, by means of .sand, which 
 runs through a small aperture, and called an /turn-glass. 
 
 GLA'SSFURNACE, s. a furnace in which glass is made 
 bv liquefaction. 
 
 ■OLA^SSG^ZING, a. finical. 
 
 GLA'SSGRINDER, i. one whose trade is to grind and 
 polish glasse,'. 
 GLASSHOUSE, s.a house where glass is mauufactured. 
 
 GL.\'SSMETAL, s. glass in fusion. 
 
 GLA'SSVVORK, s. manufacture in glass. 
 
 GLA'SSWGRT, s. a plant, with spreading, jointed, her- 
 baceous stems and flowers, without blossoms, placed in the 
 clefts of the joints. It is also called saltwort and marsh 
 samphire. 
 
 GI^.\'SSY, a. resembling glass in smootliness, luMre, or 
 brighlness. 
 
 GLA'STONBURY, a pretty large and well built town of 
 Somersetshire, principally consialing of tuo sine's, in both 
 of which are many houses, either enlin i\ Ixiilt, ur I'lliiied 
 up, with stones from its abbey ; foruieily the most luagnifi- 
 cent in the world, the domains and revenue of v\l]ich vveie 
 immense It was antieutly calh il Ava'onia, or the Isle of 
 Avalon, into whieh no person whalcvei, not even a bishop 
 or prince, was allowed lo enter, without leave from the al>- 
 bot, towliom this power was granted by Canute the Dane. 
 There were 61 abbots, w ho sat among the barons in parlia- 
 ment, and governed it successively for near 600 years. 
 Richard VVithinij, the last, for refusing lo surrender his ab- 
 bey to Henry V'lH. and acknowledge his sujireniacy, was 
 condemned at Wells, and carried with two of his monks, 
 on a nurdle, to the Tor, or St. Mii^hael's Tower, a lii;^!) hill 
 in the neighbourhood, where he Was hanged in iiis robes. 
 His head was stuck up over the gate of his abliey, and l;i.s 
 body, quartered, was ex|)ose(l in like manner at Bath, 
 Wells, Bridgewater, and Ilchester. E\lensive ruins of this 
 immense range of buildings are st II remaining; but they 
 have been much diminished for the sake of the stones, as 
 every cottage hereabouts has part of a pillar, door, or win- 
 dow of this fabric; however, the curious siructuie, called 
 ihe abbot's kitchen, is yet entire, and is of a very uuusuhI 
 contrivance, being built of stone, without any coHilin,tiMe 
 material ; as are also some fragments of the church and .St. 
 Joseph's chapel. The walls lliat remain are overgrown 
 with ivy; and the aspect of the whole is, at mice, melan- 
 choly and venerable. The principal manuiiicture here i» 
 stockings. Neaily adjoining, on a high steep hill, is placed' 
 the tower of a cliurcii, the Tor above-nieiitiemed, which 
 lifts its head into the clouds, and is an object of admiration 
 to travellers, and even serves as a landmark to seamen in 
 the Bristol Channel. It is situated in a inw, marshy i oiin- 
 try, nearly encompassed with rivers, 6 nii'es S. W. of Wella, 
 and 129 W. by S. of London. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 GLAUCO'MA, s. [from glankos, greenish blue, Gr.] in 
 medicine, a disorder of the eye. 
 
 GLAVE, s. [glaive, Fr.] a broad sword. 
 
 To GLAZE, II. a. to furnish window s w itii glass ; to cover 
 with a substance resembling glass, like that with which 
 potters cover their earthenware, porcelain, Ac. To cover 
 or overlay with sonufhing shining. 
 
 GLA'ZIER, s. one w iiose trade is to make glass w indows. 
 
 GLEAD, or GLADE, s. a name used in the northern 
 parts of the kingdom for the kite. 
 
 GLEAIM, (»7rcHi) s. a sudden and transient shoot or ray 
 of splendour; lustre; brightness. 
 
 To GLEAM, (glenn) V. n. to shine with sudden and tran- 
 sient flashes ; to shine. 
 
 C;LE'AMY, (g/inmi) a. flashing; darting sudden and 
 transient flashes of light. 
 
 To GLEAN, (g/«'") I!. a.[glane>\ Fr.] to collect what ia 
 scattered by those who gather in a harvest; lo gather any 
 thing thinly scattered ; lo collect from fliffircnl autlims. 
 
 GLEAN, (g/ce/i)*- a collection made by slow degrees and' 
 laborious application. 
 
 GLE'ANI'>R, (fi7ffnfr).5 one wIk> gathers after the reap- 
 ers: one who gainers any thing slowly and laboriously. 
 
 GLIi'.'\NING, (glieniiig) s. the act of gleaning, or things 
 gleaned. 
 
 CiLEBE, .5, [^Mfl, Lat.] aclod ; turf; soil; land. In na- 
 tural histor>, a clod or piece of stone or earth, frr quently 
 containing some Mietal or mineral. In law, church-land. 
 
 CiLEBOLM, or --iLI'.'RY, a. abounding in clods. Figi^ 
 ratively, fertile, or fruitful. 
 
 GLEDE, s. a kind of fiawk. 
 
 GLEE, s. [gUgge, Sa\.]joy or mirth. 
 
 GLEED, s. [from gtudan, to glow, .Sax.] a hot glowing 
 coal ; a provincial and obsolete word. 
 
 CiLEE FUL, -». full ofjov ; gay. Not used. 
 
 GLEEK, s.\gligge, Sax.] music, or a musician. 
 
 To GLEEK, ti. a. I from gligman, Sax. J to sneer ; to uth 
 mie; to dioll upon. 
 
 403
 
 GLO 
 
 GLO 
 
 To GLEEN, I', n. pnrliaps a conuption of gieam ; to 
 sbiiiii vvitli heat or polish. 
 
 GLEET, *. the flowing or dripping ofa humour from any 
 wound. 
 
 To GLEET, V. 71. to drop slowly, or ooze with a thin hu- 
 mour. 
 
 GLEETY, a. resembling a gleet. Thin, and sanious, 
 applietl to hiimou'.s. 
 
 GLI'.N, s. [»/«««, Erse] a valley ; a dale. 
 
 GLF/NCOE, TheVai-E of', in Arj;ylesliiro, noted for 
 the militarv execution of its unsuspectnij,' inhiibitaiits, by a 
 party of Enslish soldiers, in 10;) I, in eoiiseqiience of ;in or- 
 <!er signed by king William, in council, for that purpose, 
 and c<>ntrary to the faith ofa roi al prochuuation. The 
 male part of the inhabitants had many of them been in arms 
 for the abdicated kini;, James IL 
 
 GLEW, s. [o-/iiten, Lat.J a viscid, tenacious matter, used 
 as a cement to join divers thinjjs together. The common 
 giew is made of the skins or liides of beasts; tish glew is 
 made of llienincilHginous pa-.ts ofa large lish, i'ound chiefly 
 in tile Russian sea?, and is « hat we call isinglass. 
 
 GLIIj, a. [s;l;d. Sax.] smootii ; slippery; without any 
 inc<pialities on the surface ; formed so as to be easily moved. 
 Voluble, applied to speech. Synon. An eel is so ilipperii 
 as to be ditlicult to hold. Wet weather, succeeded by a 
 frost, makes the w ay slippery. Oiling the tly of a jack makes 
 it inni f /;6. 
 
 Glibly, nif. smoothly ; without any obstacle. 
 
 GLl'BNEsS, s. smoothness; slipperiness. Volubility, or 
 easiness of miitioii, api'litd to the tongue. 
 
 To GLIDE, !'. n. [ulitlan. Sax. J to flow or pass gently, 
 smoothly, or without any tumult; to move smoothly and 
 swiftly along. 
 
 GLIDE, i. a lapse ; a sliding motion ; the act of passing 
 sniootlilv. 
 
 GLIDER, s. one tbatglides. 
 
 GLIKI', s. f^/'ir. Sax.] sneer, or scoft". Not in use. 
 
 ToGLI'.MMI'.k, V. n. \glim»iei; Dun.] to shine faintly; 
 toattord a faint light. 
 
 GLI'MMER, s. a faiut splendoi;ir, or dim light; a fossil, 
 lodged in s(>arrv and stonv bodies, so called from its shining. 
 
 GLr.\I>IEI!ING, i. an imperfect view. A faint resem- 
 blance ; a trace. 
 
 GLIMPSE, s. [from g;I>mmeH, Belg.] a weak, faint light ; 
 a sudden, or quick flasliing light. A transient lustre; a 
 short and tansitory tiew. A short fleeting enjoyment. A 
 faint resend)lance or likeness. 
 
 To GLI STEN, v. n. [glittan, Teut.J to shine with lustre or 
 splendour. 
 
 GLI'STER, f. See Clyster, which is the most proper 
 spelling. 
 
 To GLITTER, ti. n. [gUtiman, Sax.] to shine with lus- 
 tre or polish ; to gleam ; to appear pompous, specious, or 
 strikiuij. 
 
 .GLI' ITER, i. lustre; splendour; a slijning or showy 
 brightness. 
 
 ti LITTERING LY, ad. with a shining or sparkling 
 IlMitre. 
 
 TotJLOAR, fg/6c) V. a. [irlueren, Belg.] to srjuint ; to 
 look askew. 
 
 To (jLO.\T, (g/"0 I', n. perhaps a corruption of gloar ; 
 to h)ok sideways at a person ; to cast a stolen glance at a 
 person. 
 
 f JL()'B.\TED, a. [glohntns, Lat.] formed in the shape ofa 
 globe. 
 
 GLOBE, i. [o7»6»«, Lat.] a round body, havingeveiv part 
 of Its surlace eiiually distant fM)m the centre, (ilobe is 
 moie parlicidariy used for an arlilicial sphere of uu'Ial, 
 plaster, paper, or some other matter, on ^^ hose cum ex 
 surface isilrawu a msr^i, either of the earth or liraveus. The 
 jjlobe «hi(li repress uts the earth, is called the terrestrial, 
 and that which represents the heavens, thi' celestial ; the 
 formi^r i-. very useful in geography, the latter iu astronomy. 
 See the plate. 
 
 404 
 
 GLOBE-FISH, s. a kind of orbicular fish. 
 
 GL(.)'BE-I•"LO^^'ER, s. a kind of mountain crow foot. 
 
 GLOBOSE, GLOBOUS, GLOBULAR, or GLO'BU- 
 LOUS, a. [from globus, a globe, Lat.J round or spherical. 
 
 GLOBOSITY, i. [from globus, a globe, Lat.] round- 
 ness. 
 
 GLOBULATJA, ;r.[Lat.] a flosculous flower. 
 
 GLO'BULE, «. [from globus, a globe, Lat.J a small par- 
 ticle of matter, of a round or spherical form, applied to red 
 particles of the blood, Ac. 
 
 To GLOMERATE, v. a. [from glomus, a bottom of yarn, 
 or clue of tliread, Lat J to gather several parts or bodies into 
 a round bodv or sphere. 
 
 GLOiMERATiON, ,v. |froni glomus, a bottom of yarn, or 
 clue of thread, Lat.| the act of forming several parts or 
 bodies into a round bail or sphere ; a bodv formea into a 
 ball. 
 
 GLO'MEROUS, a. [from ginmus, a bottom of yarn, or 
 clue of thread, Lat.] gathered into a ball or sphere, as a ball 
 of thread. 
 
 GLOOM, s. \glovuing, Sax.l an imperfect, faint, or ob- 
 scure sight. Ei-uiatively, sullenness. 
 
 To GL(^OM, V. n. to shine obscurely ; to be darkish, 
 like the twilight. Eiguratively, to be melaucholy, dull, or 
 sullen. 
 
 GLO'OMILY, ad. dimly, without perfect light. Figura- 
 tively, stllU'lrlv. 
 
 GLO'OMISES'^, -t. want of light: duskiness; darkish- 
 ness ; dismalness. Figuratively, sulleiiuess; sadness, or 
 melancholy. 
 
 GLOOMY,", obscure; imperfectly liihleoed; having a 
 faint light ; dark or blackish. Figuratively, si. llcii ; melan- 
 choly ; sad. 
 
 GLORIED, n. illustrious; honourable. 
 
 GLORIFICATION, s. \glonficalion, Fr] the act ofgiving 
 glory, ;'itrilmliu'; honour, and reU'leraig praise. 
 
 Tofil.O'l. IFY.ii. a. [i'icin\ gloria, gloiy, and farin, to make, 
 I at.] to procure honour or praise to a person or thing; to 
 procure honour or prai.se in worship; to extol, honour, or 
 praise ; to exalt to a slate of splendour, dignity . or ;;lory. 
 
 GLO'RIOUS, a. [from gloria, glory, Lat.] in its primary 
 sense, haughty ; (uoud ; ostentatious; or boastiiigin any ad- 
 vantage. Figuratively, adorned w ith glory ; exalted to a 
 stateof splendour and dignity ; noble; illustrious. 
 
 GLO'RIOUSLY, nrf. dhistriously; nobly. 
 
 GLORY, (used by the autient poets as a word of one 
 syllable, and proiiouiiced glare) s. \gloria, Lat.J praise or 
 honour alliH)uted in adoratK.n or worship. In scriptinc, a 
 slate of iuttiable splendour and felicit\, prepared for the 
 righteous in heaven. Hmiour; praise; fame; renown. A 
 state of splendour, diijuity, and magnihcence. Lustre or 
 brighlmss. .Aciicleof rayswlich sunounds the heads of 
 saints in |iiclures. Pride; anogance ; boastfulness. Sy- 
 non. Glori/ expresses somelhing more singular than Iionovr ; 
 the one makes us underlake vohintaiily the most dilbeult 
 things ; the other leads us willingly lo the execution of 
 the most rigorous exactions. .An iuditference to glory may 
 pass uuiioticid, bul not wilh respect lo liouour. 
 
 ToGLOHY, )•. n. Iglcricr, from gloria, glory, Lal'.J to 
 boast i'.i : l<i be proud of, usimI with iu. 
 
 ToGLOSE.e. «. SeeTo (iLozK. 
 
 (iLOSS, s. \f>loie, Er.J a comment or explanation of the 
 sen-e of an aiithor. 1 "gurati^ely, a false interpretation, oi 
 specious explioation of ihe words of an author, in order to 
 serve a particubr purpose : a superfical lustre or brightness, 
 ai)pearing on the sui face of silk, or any smooth or polished 
 thing. 
 
 To GLOSS, r. 11. Igloser, Fr.] to comment, or niakt re- 
 ntal ks on the sense of an author; lo make a sly remark, or 
 give a broad hint; lo (lalliate, or uiake a thing a))pear right 
 by some specious reasoiung or interpretation. To make the 
 surface ol a thing shine; to embellish with a superficial 
 show, used with rer. 
 
 GLO'SS.ARY, s. [glossarinm, fioni glosia, a tongue, or laii.
 
 GLO 
 
 GNA 
 
 Kiiaije, Lat-l a iliitioiiary, explaining obscure and obsolete 
 Wdrds. 
 
 GLOSSATOR, or GLO'SSEIl, j. a commentator or 
 scholiast. 
 
 GIjO'SSINKSS, s. the sliiiiiiifj lustre appearing on the 
 surface of .silk, or anv polished bodies. 
 
 GLOSSO'CillAPHER, (c^lussOo-mfir) s. (from glossn, a 
 tttngiic, nmi grnp/io, to write, Gr.| a scholiast ; a comiuen- 
 ta tor. 
 
 G I^O.SSO'GRAPHY, (g^nsicigrafi/) a. [from ghssa a tonjjue, 
 and ^rap/io, to write, Gr.J the writing coiiimentaries ; the ex- 
 poiiiidintj hard and difticidt words and tern)s. 
 
 Glossy", «. having a shining and smoothly polished 
 surtaee. 
 
 GLOTTIS, *. I Lat.] the month or aperture of the larynx, 
 tlnouj;li which the air ascends and descends in rcspirinj;-, 
 servii):; fur the formation of the voice, and giving that won- 
 drifid variet\ of notes of which the voice is capaiile in 
 spinikiiii; and sin^-nng. 
 
 (.ii.OUCl'SVi'jK, (Glosfer) a large, populons, and cojisi- 
 dcrahiecity oftiioucestershire, C(>ntainin^;5 parish churches, 
 besides its antient and niagnilicent cathedral. It is \ieli 
 built, and li:',s !>een latelv iniicli improved ; its fonr principal 
 streets are greatly admired forllie regularity of tiii'ir junc- 
 tion in the centre of the town ; besides \\ hicli there are seve- 
 ral smaller ones, all well paved. Here is a good stone bridge 
 over the Severn, the Knvest down that river, with a quay, 
 wharf, and cu-toni house, (iloncester has a flourishing ma- 
 nidacture of pins, and is sealed on theE. side of the Severn, 
 where, bv its two streams, it forms the Isle of Alney, 35 
 miles N. E l>v N. of Bristol, and t06 W. bv N. of London. 
 Market on Wednesday. Fairs on April .5, July 5, Sept. 28, 
 and Nov. 28, the latter ehiettv for fat hogs. 
 
 (iLO'.l'CESTEKSHIRE, a county oi England, bounded 
 on theW. by Monmouthshire and Herefordshire; on the N. 
 by Woicestersliire ; on the E. by Warwickshire and Ox- 
 fordshire ; and on the S. by Wiltshire and Somersetshire. 
 It extends from N. E. to S. W. more than O'O miles, but is 
 not move than 2(> in breadth. It is divided into 13 hundreds, 
 which contain 1 city, 27 market-towns, 280 parishes, 1229 
 villages, about 26,7G0 houses, and 162,.'560 inhabitants. The 
 soil and ap|>earance of this county vary in different parts, 
 but the air is healthy throughout; sharp on the E. or hilly 
 part, which contains the Coteswold Hills, but mild in the 
 rich vale of .Severn, which occupies the centre. The W. 
 part, w liich is the smallest district, is varied by hill and dale, 
 and chietly occupied by (he Forest of Dean, which was 
 once full of oak trees, but the iron works have consumed a 
 great part of them. The staple commodities are cheese, 
 cyder, perry, bacon, grain, and fish, besides its manufac- 
 tories of woollen cloths, hats, leather, paper, bar iron, edge 
 tools, nails, brass, Ac. Its rivers are the Severn, the War- 
 wickshire Avon, the Lower Avon, the Wye, Thames, 
 Coin, Lech, W|-ndrush, Evenlode, Churn, Leden, Swiliale, 
 Caron, and Stour. 
 
 GLOVI'^i, .?. Iglofe, Sax.] a covering worn upon the 
 bands, either for luxury, or to keep them from the incle- 
 mency of the weather. 
 
 To G LOVE, i'. ft. to cover as with a glove. 
 
 GLO V'R, s. one who makes or sells gloves. 
 
 To GLOUT, r. n to pout; to look sullen, or discover 
 dislike and fliscontent in the countenance. A low word. 
 
 To GI^OW, (gid) V. n. [ghwnit, Sax.] to be heated so 
 as to shine without flame ; to burn with vehement heat; to 
 present or exhibit a strong bright colour. To feel a heat in 
 any part of the body. To feel a warmth of passion, or heat 
 ajisiug from the eagerness or ardour of the mind. 
 
 GLOW, (gld) s. a shining heat. VeheiTience or ardour, 
 applied to tile passions. Brightness, or ruddiness, applied 
 to colour. 
 
 GLOW-WORM, (gid-wnrm) s. an insect which a|>pears 
 luminous in the dark. The glow-worm is the wingless 
 female of a beetle insect. The male is of'a dusky liii<-, 
 wilJiout much beauty or peculiarity of markings. The female 
 
 is more like the larva, or grub of a beetle, than a perfect 
 full grown inse< t. The light, which is of a beautiful sulphur 
 colour, proceeds from the three last rings of the body. 
 
 To (iLOZI'', V. n. \i!;li:siin. Sax J to make use of soothiug 
 and tlatteringwords ill order to persuade, coax, or wheedle 
 a person. To comment or interpret ; but in this seii^ it 
 should be gluss. 
 
 (il.OZE, i. flattery; soothing words; insinuations. 
 
 GLU'CINE, s. in n)ineral(/g^ , a kind of earth found only 
 in the emerald and heryl. It is a soft white powder, wliicli 
 gives to acids a sweet taste. 
 
 GLUE, s.\gliie, Fr.] a viscous substance used to join things 
 together. See Glp;w. 
 
 To (iLUE, V. a. f«7/(er, Fr.] to join together with a vis- 
 cous substance or cement ; to hold together. Figuratively, 
 to join, or make a thing join ; to unite as it were with 
 glue. 
 
 GLU'EBOILER, s. one whose trade is to make glue. 
 
 GLl)'ER,f.oii<! who cements with glue. 
 
 (iLlJM, ff. [a low cant word, coriu|)ted from jo/owjh] sul- 
 .en ; aflectedly and obsliiiiitely grave. 
 
 To GLUT, 1'. n. [nijtliiiitif, Fr.] to swallow with little 
 chewing; to devour ; to cloy; to tdl too full ; to salu, or 
 disgust. To feast or ilelight to satiety. To bring in large 
 quantities; tooveitill, or load. To saturate, or supply with 
 as aiuch as it can dissolve, &c. 
 
 (iLUT, s. that which is gorged or swallowed in a ra- 
 venous manner. Woie tiian enough. Any tiling whi<'li 
 fills or stops up a passage by its loo great or excessive, 
 quantity. 
 
 GLUTEN, s. in chemistry, a vegetable substance, some- 
 what similar to animal gelatine. It is the gluten in wlieat- 
 flonr, which gives it tlie properly of making good bread, 
 and adhesive paste. Other grain contains a miK:li less quan- 
 tity of this luitritious substance. 
 
 GLUTINOUS, «. r(g-7i(<i««H.c, Fr.] viscous ; tenacious. 
 
 GLU"nNOUSNE.SS, «. the qualitv of being viscid. 
 
 GLUTTON, s. [gloKton, Fr.]one who indulges himself too 
 much ia eating ; one who eats to excess. A kind of small 
 bear, which inhabits the northe.rn parts of Europe, Asia, 
 aiul America, and preys upon deer. For an interesting 
 description see the Natural History of Quadrupeds, pub- 
 lished by Brightly and Childs, vol. 1. page 414. Figuratively, 
 one eager of anv thing to excess. 
 
 To GLU'lTONlZE, v. n. to eat to excess, to be luxu- 
 rious. 
 
 GLUTTONOUS, n. given toexcessin eating. 
 
 GLUTTONOUSLY, ad. after the manner of a glutton, 
 or of one that eats to excess. 
 
 (iliUTTONY, s.[glouto7mie, Fr.] excess in eating. 
 
 GLU'Y, iglu-ee) a. sticky ; viscous ; tenacious. 
 
 GLYN, s. [Ir. and Erse] a valley, or hollow between two 
 mountains. 
 
 To GNAU, orGN.ARL, («ar or 7iarl) v. n. [(rnt/rran, Sax.] 
 to growl, murmur, snarl, or grind the teeth. 
 
 GNA'RLED, MrM) a. knotty. 
 
 To GNASH, (iwi/i) V. n. \_hinschen, Belg.] to strike or 
 clash together, applied to the teeth, either on account of 
 rage, or from a sensation of excessive cold or agony. 
 
 GNAT, («rtO *■[§■"<?■'> i'ax] a small winged insect, or fly, 
 of which there are, according ts Uerhani, at least 40 distinct 
 species. In its vermicular state, it is a red maggot, and has 
 a mouth and other parts accommodated tofood; in its aure- 
 lia state, it has iro such parts, because it subsists without 
 food: but in its mature (gnat) state, its mouth is furnished 
 with a curious well-made spear, to suck out the blood of 
 othei animgls. 
 
 GNATi'LOWER,i. a flower otherwise called the bee- 
 flower. 
 
 GN ATSNAPPER, s. a bird so called because he lives by 
 catching gnats. 
 
 ToCiNAW, (»fr«) r. II. [gwigun. Sax.] to bite and tear 
 Oil liy means of the teeth: to eat or chew by degrees; to 
 bite in agony and rage. To fret, waste, or corrode.
 
 GO A 
 
 GOD 
 
 GNAWER, (tidwer) s. one who bites or tears to pieces 
 with the tei-th. 
 
 GNO MES, (iiomes) s. certain invisible people, who, ac- 
 cordiD<j to the Cabalists, inhabit the inner parts of the earth. 
 They are supposed small in stature, and the guardians of 
 quarries, mines, &c. 
 
 GNO'MON, (j'omoji) ■'. l^wmmi, from ginosko, to know, 
 Gr. because the gnomon serves to direct or luake known] 
 the hand, index, or pm of a dial. 
 
 GNOMON ICS, (numoniks) s. [from gnojTioM, the index of a 
 dial, Gr.] dialing-; or a science which teaches to tifid the 
 just proportions of shadows for the construction of all sorts 
 of sun-dials. 
 
 GNO'.STICS, (Nostiks) [gtiostiko'i, from gmosko, to know, 
 Gr.]in church history, a name whicli almost all the antient 
 heretics afJ'ected to take to express that new knowledge and 
 extraordinary li^ht to which they made pretensions ; the 
 word Gnostic, signifies a learned and enlightened person. 
 
 GNU,.?, in naturalhistorj, a very large speciesof antelope, 
 found in the South of Africa. 
 
 To GO, 1'. a. preter. I went, I have gone, participle gnne ; 
 
 Sgan, Sax.] to move step by step ; to walk ; to move slow- 
 y, opposed to rnmiing. To proceed from one to another. 
 To depart from a place. To move, or pass in any manner, 
 or to any end. To intend, or be near undertaking a thing. 
 To march in a hostile or warlike manner. To change stale 
 or opinion for better or worse. To have recourse to. To 
 tend towards death or ruin. " He is far gone." To tend to 
 any act. To be in a state of compact or partnership. "Go 
 your halves." To be regulated by any niotliod. To be 
 pregnant. " Gone with young." To reach, or be extended 
 to any degree. " No man's knowledge can go beyond his 
 experience." To contribute ; to conduce ; to concur ; to 
 fall out, or terminate ; to proceed in train or consequence ; 
 to succeed. Tog-o about, to attempt, to endeavour. To go 
 9side, to err, to deviate from the right. To ^o betu-een, to 
 interpose. To go by, to pass unnoticed. To hnd, or get in 
 the conclusion ; to observe as a rule. To go dnnn, to be 
 swallowed ; to be received. Tog-o in and out, to do the bu- 
 siness of life ; to beat liberty. To g-on/f. Iodic ; to depart 
 from a post. Tog-o oh, to proceed. To go through, lo exe- 
 cute or perform thoroughly ; to sutler, or undergo. To g-o 
 oi'cr, to peruse, or read through ; to revolt. To go after, to 
 pursue. To let go, to give a person his liberty. To g-o for, 
 to pass, to be received for. To move, or be in a state of 
 motion, applied to machines, Ac. To g-o out, to be extin- 
 guished, applied to flame, or fire. To go against the grain, 
 IS a proverbial expression, to express something extremely 
 repugnant, disagreeable, or disgustful. 
 
 GO TO, interjeet. come, come, take the right course. A 
 scornful exhortation. 
 
 GO'A, a large and well built city, on the VV. coast of Hin- 
 doostan, capital of the Portuguese settlements in India, and 
 the seat of a viceroy. It contains about 20,000 inhabitants, 
 of whom the native Portuguese amount to a very small num- 
 ber; and stands on an island of the same name, about '2-t 
 iiiiles in circumference, separated from the continent by a 
 fine river called Mandova, capable of receiving ships of the 
 greatest burden, which lie within a mile of the town. It 
 has been in (he hands of the Portuguese since the year, 
 1.510, when it was taken by general Albuquerque. Lat. 15. 
 28. N. Ion. 7.1. 45. K. 
 
 GOAD, (god) t. {gad. Sax.] a stick or pole armed with 
 a sharp point at the end, with which oxen, &c. are driven 
 forward. 
 
 ^To CJOAD, (goA) V. a. to prick or drive with a goad. 
 Fi"uralivcly, to incite, stimulate, or drive forward. 
 
 GOAL, Cg-o?) s. [from gnule, p'r.] along pole set up to 
 detern)ine the bounds of a race ; a post set up lo wliieh race- 
 horses are to run; a starting post. Figuratively, the design, 
 linal furtiosc, or end, of any measure or tinilcrlaking. 
 
 (jOAR, or (iOIlK, i. Ig-oror, IJril.] an edging sewed on 
 tlolh lo strengthen it. The warm blood of any creature, 
 {from gnr, Kril.J 
 406 
 
 GOAT, (ght) s. [gat. Sax.] a horned animal, with coarse 
 shaggy hair, remarkable for laciviousness, and a rank smell 
 when old. The goat of .Angora has hair soft and glossy Iik«» 
 silk. 
 
 GO'ATBKARD, s. a poisonous plant with compound 
 flowers, called by the couulry people, ./o//n-g'o-to-6ef/a*-noo»i, 
 on account of its shutting its flowers at noon. 
 
 GOATCH AFER, s. a kind of beetle. 
 
 GOATHERD, s. [g-of and hyrd, Sax.] one who keeps 
 goats. 
 
 GO'ATISH, (gottish) a. resembling a goat in rankness of 
 smell, or any qualitv, as lust. 
 
 GO'ATiMILKER, s. a kind of owl, so called from sucking 
 goats. 
 
 GOB, s. [g-oJe, Fr.] a small quantity, generally applied to 
 something viscous or flabby. A low word. 
 
 GOBBET, s. [gvbe, I-'r.] a uiouthiul ; as much as can be 
 swallowed at once- 
 
 To GOBBET, r. a. to swallow at once. 
 
 To GOBBLE, v. a. \gober, old Fr.] to swallow hastily, or 
 in a ravenous manner, attended with noise. 
 
 GO'BBLER, i. one who devours in a ravenous manner, 
 without chewing. 
 
 GO'BELINS, s. a species of French tapestry, so called 
 from the name of a celebrated French dyer. 
 
 GO'-BETWEEN, s. a mediator; or one who carries on a 
 design by btfinsj sent backwards and forwards with messages 
 by tlie two parties. 
 
 GOBLET, s. [gobelet, Fr.] a bowl or cup that holds a 
 larte draught. 
 
 GO'BLIN, s. [goblin, Fr.] an evil or walking spirit; an 
 elf, or fairy. 
 
 GOBY, in ichthyology, the name of a genus of fishes 
 with prickly backs. 
 
 GO-BY, V. a delusion, artifice, or stratagem. 
 
 GO'-C.ART, s. a machine going upon castors, in which 
 children are inclosed to teach them to walk. 
 
 GOD, [Gud, Sax.] the self existent, infinitely perfect, and 
 infinitely good Being, who created and preserves all things 
 that have existence ; the object of adoration and worship; 
 any person or thing which is too much the object of a per- 
 son's thoughts and labours. 
 
 To GOD, r. a. to deify, or worship as a god. Figura- 
 tively, to confer the greatest honours that can be imagined. 
 
 G0D.\'L!\1IN, a town of Surry, noted for liquorice, excel- 
 lent carrots, and peat, that burns as well as pit-coal. Here 
 is a manufactory of stockings; as also of mixed kerseys, and 
 blue ones, that are not to be matched for colour. The coun- 
 try about it is agreeably diversified with hills and gentle up- 
 lands. It is sealed on several str( ams of the river \\'ey, 
 (which abounds with yood fish, especially pike, and which 
 drives one grisl-uiill, two paper-mills, and three corn mills) 
 4 miles S. W. of Guildford, and 34 S. \V. of London, on ihe 
 road to Portsmouth. Market on ^^ednesday. 
 
 GO'DCHILI), s. an infant or person for whom one is a 
 sponsor in baptism. 
 
 GO DDAUGHTKR, (gid danter) s. a female for whom a 
 person is sponsor in baptism. 
 
 GODDESS,:?, a female deity ordivinity. 
 
 (iO'DFATHER, f. [godf^ler. Sax.] a man that is sponsor 
 for any person at baptism. 
 
 GODHEAD, ig'odhed) s. the state, condition, or nature 
 of a god. Figuratively, a deity. 
 
 (iODLESS, a. without sense of a deity ; atheistic ; irreli- 
 gious : impious. 
 
 fiO'DLIKE, a. divine; resembling God; superlatively 
 excellent. 
 
 GO'DLI NO, s. a divinity of small stature or dignity. 
 
 GODLINESS, f. duly or piety liny.iids God ; a general 
 observation of all llie duiies towards (iod. 
 
 (iO'DLY, 1. having a proper sense of our duty and obli- 
 gations to God. Figuratively, piou.s, righteous, or rcii 
 gipus. 
 
 GO'DLY, ad, in a pious and religious manner.
 
 GOL 
 
 GON 
 
 GO'DMANCHRSTER, atown, or lar^n village, of Hiiiit- 
 ingilonsliire, parted from tiii' town of lltiiitiii^rloii by tlie 
 river Odse, l)ut miited to it by a bridge and short taiistfway, 
 M'bich form a part of the post-road bi'fwteri Loiidmi and 
 Edifil)nr(i:h. It is inhabited l>y a {jreat nnmber of yeomen 
 and farmers, who are said to have extraordinary teams of 
 horses, no town in England keeping more plout;lis at work 
 than this hath done. They formerly received tile kinfjs, who 
 passed tiiaf way, with a display of their instrnraeiils of ajjri- 
 cultnre, e\liibitin>;, at one time, to James I. wticn he 
 passed throujjh it, nine score ploughs, adorned with trap- 
 pings, *c. 
 
 OO'DMOTHER, s. a woman that is sponsor for a person 
 in baptism. 
 
 GODO'LPHIN, a hill in Cornwall, fiimous for its tin 
 mines ; it lies E. of Mountsbay, and has the title of an 
 earldom. 
 
 GO'DSHIP, s. the office, rank, or character, of a god. 
 
 GO'DSON, f. one whom a person has been sponsor to in 
 baptism. 
 
 GO'DWARD, a. towards, or with respect to God. 
 
 GO'DWIT, s. a bird ^f particid.ir delicacv. 
 
 GODYELD, orGODYIKLD, or/, corrupted from God 
 shield ; a term of thanks, wherein a person wishes another 
 the protection and providence of the Deity. Not in use at 
 present. 
 
 GO'ER, s. one that moves from one place to another; ene 
 that runs ; one that has a good pace, applied to a horse. 
 One that is regular in its motions, applied to a watch or clock. 
 
 GOGET, s. in ichthyology, the sea gudgeon, or rock- 
 fish. 
 
 To GOTiGf.F., 1'. a. \soeIfrei(e, Sax.] to look asquint. 
 
 GO'GGLE-EYI'",D, a. fmrg/fg-^H, .S;)x.| sipiint-eyed ; not 
 looking straight ; or looking with the balls of the eyes turn- 
 ed contiarvwise. 
 
 GO'GGLES, .1. in surgery, instruments used for curing 
 the distortion of the eyes. 
 
 GOING, s. the act of walking or moving from one place 
 to another ; departure. 
 
 GO'LA, .5. the same with Cymatium. 
 
 GOLCONDA, a country of Hindooslan, bounded on the 
 N. by Berar, on the E. by the .5 Circars, on the S. by Mysore 
 and theCarnatic, and on the W. by Dowlataliad and Visia- 
 pour, snliject to the Nizam of the Deccan. The great rains 
 which fall in .lune, part of July, August, Se|)tember, and 
 October, swell the rivers here to a dangerous degree of 
 depth and rapidity, but render liie land exceedingly fertile, 
 especially in fruits. The inhabitants make white wine of 
 their grapes, and have yearly two crops of rice and other 
 grain. The diamond-mines here are reckoned the most con- 
 siderable in the world. The black merchants usually buy 
 parcels of <;round to search for these precious stones in. 
 Tliev sometimes fail in meetingwith aiw ; arul at others they 
 find immense riches. Thev have also mines of salt and fine 
 iron ; and manufactures of curious calicoes and chintzes. 
 Hydra bad is the capital, but the city and fortress ofGolconda 
 was formerly the residence of the kings of this country. 
 
 (tOLI), i. [S;i\.] the heaviest, most dense, most simple, 
 most fixed, of all I>odics ; neither injiired by air or fire, solu- 
 ble only by sea salt, and most easily amalgamated with silver; 
 its colour is of a shining and radiant yellow, which ditfers 
 according to its purity, or the parts it comes from. It is 
 used for jewellery, for plate, and for current coin; but for 
 these purposes it is generally alloyed. It is also used in a 
 state of solution for staining ivory and ornamental feathers 
 «fa boauf ifid pui pie red. Figuratively, money or any thing 
 very valuable. " A heartofffoW." 
 
 GO'LDRRATER, (rrpldheeter) s. one who hammers gold 
 into thin leaves, which are used by gilders. Goldbeater's 
 shin is the iutestinum rectum ofan ox or bullock, well scoured 
 an<l prei'ared, which is la d by goldbeaters between the 
 leaves of llie rii»lid while thev beat it, whereby the mem- 
 brane is reduced thin, and made fit to apply -to cuts or small 
 fresh wounds. 
 
 GOLDnoUKO -7 encompassed with gold. 
 
 GOLD CO\.ST Vl' GUINEA, a maiatune country of 
 Africa, in wliieh are more forts and facioi ies of Europeari 
 nations than ni anv oIIkt part of the coast of Af.ica. It 
 readies from the river Soera <la ('osta on the \V. to the river 
 Volla on the E. and includes several districts, in whieh aie 
 two or three towns or villages, seal IikiI -.iloiig the st a-ah'ire. 
 The whole (iold Coast is about I8'i miles in leii^cth. The 
 negro merchants here are generally virv ricli, ati'l trade 
 with Europeans in gold. The doinest c animals are bulls, 
 cows, sheep, and goats; the last ol hImiI) are iniiiuiierable, 
 and their flesh i> excellent. The beef and mutton, however, 
 are not good. Tin- principal countries are Aricobar, Axern, 
 Anta, Commenria, Fetu, Sabo, Ad^ni, Agouna, Acra, .Acaui- 
 bore, I.abadde Fanlin, Incassan, Ningo, and Sabre. 
 
 (iO'LDi')N, (I. made or consisting of gold ; gilt. Figura- 
 tively, shining; bright; splendid; yellow, or of the colour 
 of gold. Golden number, in chronology, is that which shews 
 what year of the moons cvcleany particularyear is. Gulden 
 »■"/ , in aritbnii'tic, called likewise the Ji(/e o/ <A)ef, is that 
 by which a fourth niiniber is souHht, which bears the sam« 
 proportion to the third number as the second does to the 
 first. 
 
 (JOT/DENEY, ad. in a pompous or splendid manner. 
 
 GO'EDPTNCIl, s. a singing bird, so named from his gol- 
 den colour. 
 
 GO LDFINDER, s. one who finds gold. A term ludi- 
 crously applied to one that empties jakes. 
 
 GOLDFISH, a. beautiful little' fish, originally brought 
 from China, and preserved in vases, on account of its beauti- 
 ful colours. 
 
 GO'LDHAMMER, ». a kind of bird. 
 
 GO EDINCi, s. a sort of apple. 
 
 GO'LDINS, s, in botany, the crysanthemum. 
 
 GO'EDNEY, s. a sort offish, otherwise called gilthead. 
 
 GO'LDSIZE, s. a glue of a golden colour, with which 
 painters form their letters, andgilderslay those parts of their 
 works which are to be covered with gold. 
 
 GO'EDSMITH, t. [gold and smit, Sax.] a person who 
 makes and sells golden wares. 
 
 GO'LDYLOCKS, J. a plant, the same with the sweet 
 wood crowfoot ; a kind of fern. 
 
 (iOEF, *. a game of great antiquity, peculiar to the Scots. 
 It is played with a club and balls. 
 
 GOME, J. the black and oily grease of a cart-wheel. 
 
 CiO'Mi'HOSlS, (gomfusis) s. \from gumplios, a nail or peg, 
 Gr.] in anatomy, a si>ecies of articulation, whereby one bone 
 is set into another, like a nail or peg, as the teeth within 
 the jaws. 
 
 ftO'NDAR, a town of Africa, the -.mtropolis of Abyssinia, 
 situatecl on a hill of considerable height, and containing 
 about 10,000 families in time of p; ace. The houses are 
 chiefly of clay, and the roofs thiitched in the form of cones, 
 the usual construction within the tropica! rains. On t!ie W. 
 end of the town, is the palace or king's house, which with 
 its contiguous buildings, is surrounded by a substantial 
 stone wall, 30 feet high, with battlements and a parapet, 
 by which you can go along the whole. The inhabitants are 
 of ail olive complexion, and profess Christianity. Their 
 patriarch depends upon that of Alexandria ; but they 
 appear as jealous of the European Christians, as of the 
 ISlusselmans. They have no shops, but expose their uier- 
 cliandise to sale upon mats, in a large square ; gold and 
 rock-salt form their medium of barter. The habit of the 
 better sort is made of silks and cottons, but the common 
 people wear nothing but drawers. It is 180 miles S. E. of 
 Seniiar, and near 1000 S. of Grand Cairo. Lat. 12. 34. N. 
 Ion. .37. a3. E. 
 
 GO'NDOLA, s.[gondole, Fr.] a flat boat, very long and 
 verv narrow, used upon the canals at Venice. 
 
 GONDOLI'ER, (gondoUei-) s. one who rovvs a gon- 
 dola. 
 
 GONE, (g-oii)"preter. of ffo; advanced; forward in pro. 
 gress; lost, or undone. Gone by, past, applied to motion, 
 
 40f
 
 GOO 
 
 GOS 
 
 or change of place. Lost ; departed ; consumed ; at an end ; 
 dead. 
 
 GOTSFALON, or GO'NFANON, s. [gonfanon, Fr.] an 
 ensign, or standard. 
 
 GO'NJAH, a kingdom of Africa, little known, and situat- 
 ed according to some, between the coast of Upper Guinea, 
 on the S. and Tombuclou, on theN. Its capital, Go-iijaii, is 
 '■oniputed to be H70 miles W. by S. of Cashna. Lat. 13. 20. 
 N. Ion. 4. 10. W. 
 
 GONORRHOJ'A, (gonorrhea) s. [from gonos, seminal mat- 
 ter, and ree, to flow, Gr.] in medicnie, an involuntary drip- 
 ping of the Tenereal humour. 
 
 GOOD, o. comparative iertrr, superlative ierf ; [god, Sax. 
 g-oe'/, Beig.] having such perfections as are requisite, fit, and 
 proper for the end. Wholesome ; sound ; salutary. Com- 
 plete ; full. Useful ; valuable. Legal ; confirmed ; valid ; 
 established; proved. Cheerful; gay ; not easily displeased, 
 but inclined to acts of benevolence and kindness, joined 
 T»ithanv words expressing the temper of the mind. Joined 
 to breeding, elegant, decent, lielicyle, polite; consistent with 
 the character of a gentleman, ^'inuous, and endowed with 
 all moral qualities or virtues. Kind, or benevolent. Skil- 
 ful ; ready; dexterous. Happy; prosperous. Considera- 
 ble ; not small, though not very great. "A good while ago." 
 Real; serious. "Good earnest." Piich ; of eredit. ".As 
 ^oorf as," has a kind of mgative sense, implying, no better 
 than. Companionable ; sociable. ".A. g-oo^/ fellow." "In 
 freod time," not too fast. " In good sooth," really ; seriously. 
 "^Vo make good, in perform what is performed or expected; 
 to keep, maintain, support, or supply. 
 
 GOOD, *. is divided into physical and nioial. Ph/sieal 
 good is that which tends naturally to promote our happiness, 
 benefit, advantage, or health; to increase pleasure, diminish 
 pain, or procure and continue the presence of any good, or 
 tlieabfenceofany evil. Moral good h that which is chosen 
 agreeable to the laws of reason or God, and has a tendency 
 to promote both our own happiness, and that of others. Fi- 
 guratively, prosperity. 
 
 GOOD, «rf. alv.ays joined with as; thus a^ g-oorf, implies 
 well: nut ill; no worse. 
 
 GOOD, iiilerjcet. v-iell ! riglit ! sometimes ased ironically. 
 GOOD-CONDITION I:D, a. without any ill qualities. 
 Lustv, or plump, applied to persons. 
 
 GOOD-FRI'DA Y, s a solemn fast of the Christian church, 
 in commemoration of the death of Christ. It is observed 
 on the Friday of holy, or passion week. 
 
 GOODL.ACK, iiiierjeft. O strange ! wonderfal indeed ! 
 is it possible ! say you so ! 
 
 GOO'DLINESS, s. beauty ; grace ; elegance, applied to 
 external appearance. 
 
 GOODLY, a. beautiful; graceful; applied to persons. 
 Fine, or splendid, applied to things, and particularly to 
 dress. Bulky ; swelling. Happy ; desirable. 
 GOO'DMAN, «. a rustic term of compliment ; gaffer. 
 GOODNESS, s. the fitness of a thir.g to produce any 
 particular end ; perfection ; kindness, or benevolence. 
 
 GOO'D-NOW, interject in good time ; or prithee. Some- 
 times used as a slight exclamation to express wonder. 
 
 GOODS, ». the moveables or furniture of a house: wares 
 sold in trade. 
 
 (iOO'DWILL, s. a friendly and benevolent disposition; 
 also, a consideration for coming into a shop or bui-incss 
 ready prepared. 
 
 GOO'DY, s. Johnson supposes it corrupted from good- 
 ipife ; alow term of civility used to mean persons of the fe- 
 piale sex. 
 
 GOOSE,*, plural geese; fg^o*, Sax.] a large wafer-fowl, 
 proverbialiv noted, and fi:,'uralively used for foolishness. 
 GOO'ilXAP, s. a silk peiMHi. 
 G0'0SI;KCM)T, *. the «ilcl orach. 
 GOOSEBERRY, *. a well-known fniit and shrub. 
 GO'OSKGItASS, t. a genus <il'|i!ants, of which there are 
 ten sorts found in F^nglanrl. That called clivers is cstcuincd 
 i| good antiscorbutic. 
 
 408 
 
 GO'RBKLLIED, a. lusty ; fat; having a large, protiJ)e- 
 rant, and swelling belly. 
 
 CjO'RBELLY, s. a large, protuberant, or big belly ; a 
 term of reproach for a fat person. 
 
 GOR-COCK, J. in ornithology, the red-grouse or moor- 
 game. 
 
 GOUD, s. [gourd, Fr.] an instrument ofganiiuK- 
 CiORDlAN-KNOT, r. in antiquity, a knot made with 
 the leathers, traces, or harness of the chariot ofGordju;*, 
 king of Phrygia, so very intricate, that there was no liu'ling 
 where it began or ended. The oracle hax ing dedariMJ, thai 
 he who could untie it should be master of all .Asia, Alexan- 
 der attempted, but not being able to accomplish it, cut it 
 asunder with his sword, and thus fulfilled or eluded the 
 oracle. 
 
 GORE, s. [Sax. gor, Brit.] blood eflused from the body ; 
 clotted or congealed blood. 
 
 To GORE, V. a. to stab or pierce either with a weapon, or 
 the horns of an aniiYial, so as to make a wound. 
 
 GOREE', an island on the W. coast of Africa, about 
 three quarters of a mile in length, and a quarter of a mile in 
 breadth, subject to the English. It is reck«.ned <if great im- 
 portance on account of its proximity to Cape Verd, lying 
 nearly within cannon-shot of the shore, and ils ;.-,lvantage- 
 ous situation for trade. Lat. 14. 40 N. Ion. 17. 30. W. 
 
 GOUGF,, s. [gorge, Fr.] the throat or swallow ; that 
 which is gorged or swallowed. In aichitecture, a sort of 
 concave moulding. In fortificatii.n, the entrance of a bas- 
 tion, ravelin, or other outwork. 
 
 To GORGE, e. a. [gorger, Fr.] to till up to the throat ; 
 to glut or satiate ; to swallow. 
 
 GO'RGED, «. in heraldry, the bearing of a crown, co- 
 ronet, or the like, about the neck of a lion, swan, &c. 
 Among farriers, it signifies the same as swelled ; in winch 
 sense tliey say, the legs of a horse are gorged ; the pastern 
 joint is gorged ; you must walk him out to disgnrge his 
 shoulder. 
 
 GO'RGEOUS, a. [from gorgias, old Fr. according to 
 Skinner] fine ; splenclid ; glittering. 
 
 GORGEOUSLY, ad. in a splendid, pompous, showy, o* 
 magnificent manner. 
 
 GO'RGEOUSNESS, s. splendour ; lustre ; magnificence ; 
 finery. 
 
 GO'RGET, s. the piece of armour which is worn round 
 and defends the throat. 
 
 GO'RGONS, [Gr.] so called from gorgon, a venomous 
 beast in Africa ; they were the three daugliters of Phoicus, 
 viz. Medusa, Stene, and Eur\ale ; so called from their sa- 
 vageness, because they killed at the first sight. The em- 
 blems of all sinful pleasures, which ensnare and destroy 
 men at the first sight. 
 
 (iORMAND, s. IgmrmaHd, Fr.] a person who eats 
 greedilv, and to excess. 
 
 To GORMANDIZE,!), n. to eat with greediness, and to 
 excess. 
 CiO'RMANDIZER, s. one who eats greedily. 
 (;()RSE, s. [gors. Sax.) furze or whins ; a thick, prickly 
 shrub, bearing yellow flowers. 
 
 (lO'RY, n. covered with clotted or congealed blood ; 
 bloody ; murderous. 
 
 GO'SHAWK, «. [g-M, a goose, and hasoc, a hawk. Sax.] a 
 large kind of hawk. 
 
 (iO'SLINti, .«. a young goose, not full grown. In bo- 
 tany, a catkin on nut trees and pines. 
 
 (iOSPEL, s. [gode spel, Sax.] the history of the life and 
 actions, death, resurrection, ascension, and doctrine, of 
 Jesus Christ. The word is Saxon, and of the import with 
 the Latin rvangrlimn, or the Greek enungrlion, which signi- 
 fies glad tidings or "ood news; the hisluiy of our bh'ssed 
 Saviour being the best news ever publi>lieil to mankind. 
 This history is contained in the writings (if Matthew, Mark, 
 Luke and John, who froiii thence are called llie Evangelists. 
 Figuratively, applied to signify, in divinity, the Christian 
 dispensation, and an infallible standard of truth.
 
 O O V 
 
 G HA 
 
 To OO'SPEL, V. n. [£^n<l.-pellinn, Sax.] to preach the gos- 
 pel ; lo iiistriirl as :i piif-.!. 
 
 G(.)'SPELI.ER, t. \gixhfnUere, Sax.] an evaiiKPlist <>r 
 preacher. A name of the followers of WickliH'e, wlio first 
 attempted a reformation fioni popery, given them hy the 
 papists in reproach from tneir professing to follow and 
 preach only the gospel. 
 
 G()'Sl'OR1\a l-irse tradin:; town in Hanip>>hire, situated 
 inAlverstock parish, on the W. side of Portsnumlli Har- 
 bour, (over wiiich there is a ferry,) 79 miles S. W. of Lon- 
 don. It is mostly inhabited by sailors and their wives, and 
 the warrant officers, every thin;; being much cheaper and 
 more commodious here than at Portsmouth. Tlie mouth 
 of the harbour, which is not so broad here as tlie Thames 
 is at Westminster, is secured on this side by f<iur torts, and 
 a platform of above '20 guns, level with the water. Here 
 are several docks for repairing merchant ships; and, in 
 lime of peace, packets sail every WTek from iieiice to 
 Havre de Grace, and other parts of France. Market on 
 Satuidav. 
 
 GOSSAMKR, orGO'SSAMOR,*. [g-of«>i«»i, low Lat.J 
 the down of plants; the long white cobwebs which are per- 
 ceived in the air in calm sunny weather; found by Massy 
 to proceed from a spider dwelling in fields, which emits 
 them from its podex, and leaves them to ascend in, and be 
 wafted by, the air. 
 
 <iO'SSl!', s. [god and syp. Sax.] one who is a sponsor for 
 a child at baptism. A tippling companion. 
 
 To (JO'.SSIP, >'. a. to chat ; to prate ; to spend time in 
 frivolous and insignificant discourse ; to be a pot-coni- 
 pani(ui. 
 
 GOT, the preterit, and part. pass, of Get. 
 
 GOTHEBORG, or Goth kniiurg, a fortified and com- 
 Biercial town of West (tothland, in Sweden, seated at the 
 mouth of the river Gotha, which formsan excellent harbour, 
 about t>'o furlongs wide, inclosed between two chains of 
 rocks, and near its conflux with .Violdal, 190 miles S. W. of 
 Stockholm. It is the best 'situated for foreign trade of any 
 in the kingdom, as it lies without the Sound ; and from this 
 port the ships of the Swedish East India company (esta- 
 blished in 1731) take their departure. The inhabitants are 
 eom pitted to be 20,00<>. A considerable herring fishery is 
 carried on here. Laf. 57. 42. N. Ion. 13. 10. E. 
 
 GOTH I C, <i. in general whatever relates to the Goths, 
 aigothie customs, gothic architecture; also used by some 
 to ex press what is monstrous or disproportionate in matters 
 of taste. 
 
 GOTHLAND, one of the five general divisioris of the 
 kini;dom of Sweden, containing the provinces ofOstrogo- 
 thia, Smaland, Westrogothia, Warmland, the fief of Balms, 
 Dalia, Halland, Blekinge, and the Isles of Gothland and 
 Eland. It is a pleasant and fertile countrv, and contains 
 48 towns. The Goths had kings of their own fill the yeiir 
 1132, when they were united to Sweden in the person of 
 Su< rcher. 
 
 GO'TTINGEN, a town of Calenburg, Lower Saxonv, 
 latelv subject to the elector of Hanover. Here George II. 
 founded an university, 1734, which has acquired a very dis- 
 tinguished reputation. The library, called the Bnlovcan, 
 ■which is increasing every vear, is justly reckoned or>i- of the 
 most capital in Europe. Here is also a fine observatory, a 
 phvsic garden, an anatomical theatre, and a school for liiid- 
 wifery ; together with a roval soeietv of sciences, and a 
 Toyal German society, all part of the universit" . Belong- 
 ing to it is a large sph'iidid chuich. with a peculiar pastor, 
 *nd a new and sfateK structure of stone, the g.ound floor of 
 which serves as a hall for public lect: res. 
 
 GOU'DHURST. a sm;-.ll town in Kent, 12 miles S. W. of 
 M-ttHstnne, and 44 '■^E. of London. Market on Wedui^sday. 
 
 To GO'VERN, V. a, \fromvriier, Fr.] to rule over in the 
 character of ainagistrate, parent, or other superior. To 
 rei'ul.'te ; todirert. To manage or restiain. Ingrammar, 
 *o require. '' Anio gmems\\\p acni.salive casi ." 
 
 OO'V.RNABLE, a. subject and obedieut to command, 
 lule, authoiily.or direction. 
 
 GO'VERMANf'E, I. theact of exprcising authorifv over 
 others tliat are :i;.iiiii( to ob«'\ ; governiiieiit; the niaiiage- 
 n.ent, control 'ir nutlioritv of a :,uarfliun. 
 
 GO'VERN. \N'!', s. \^um>irnniUi-, Fr.J a voinaii w i Irts 
 the care of youui; ladles ofquaiity. liie more Usu.il and 
 proper word i»?<"«T»if«. 
 
 CiO'VKRN ESS, 1. \jgvuvcrwsse, old Fr Ja female invested 
 with authouty to influence or 'ule. .\ w. I'lini v. ito lias the 
 careof instructing, or regulatii>g the conduit of liidies; the 
 teacher, instructress, or mistress, of a lady s boarding- 
 school. 
 
 GO'VERNMENT, s. [^ouvernemeiit, Fr.] the form il' 
 which justice is administered in a nation ; an < sta luhnient 
 of le!;al authority, or a>linin>st<ation of public atiairs ; regu- 
 larity ofbehaviour. Manageableness, obsMjuiousness. In 
 granmiar, the particular construction ;:n\ wind in a sen- 
 tence requires. 
 
 (iOVEKNOR, s. [gopemeiir, Fr.] one who is invested 
 with supreme authoritv in a state ; oiw who governs a place 
 with dele, iiled temporal {authority ; a tutor ; pilot ; regu- 
 lator ; manager. 
 
 G()U(iE, i. [gouge, Fr.] a chisel having a round edge, 
 for the <uttiiig of such wood as is to be rounded or 
 hollowed. 
 
 (iOL'RD, s. [gouhiirtie, Fr] a ',;!ant which creeps along 
 the earth like llie cuciiiiiber, and produces a yellow fruit of 
 the size and colour of an orange. 
 
 GO'L HDINESS, s. in farriery, a suelling in a horse's 
 leg, so called from its resembling aifouid. 
 
 (iOL'KNET, i.afi,li. 
 
 GOUT, s. [giiiitte, I'r.] in medicine, a painful kind of dis 
 ease, principally atlectmg the joints, seated in their 1 a- 
 ments, the tendons of the muscles subservient to their mo- 
 tions, and the membranes surrounding the hones. 
 
 GOLT, (iroo)s. [Fr.J a taste; relish; or flavour. 
 
 GO'UTWEED, s. an umbelliferous plant, called also 
 ash-iveed. 
 
 <iO'UTY, a. afflicted with the gout, relating to orlifving 
 the gout. 
 
 GOWN, s. [gnnnn, Ital.] a long loose upper garment 
 worn by men as an undress; a wdiiiaii's ippii gaimeut ; 
 the long loose habit worn by niuiisters of llie established 
 church, Ac. 
 
 GO'WNM.VN, s. a student at an university ; or one 
 whose proper habit is a gown. 
 
 To GRABBLE, v. n. perhaps corrupted from grapple ,- 
 to grope ; to si-ari h or feel greedily with the hands. Ac- 
 tively, to lie prostrate on the ground. 
 
 GRACE, s. [gratia, Lat.J favour or kindness. In divi- 
 nity, a favourable influence of God on the human mind; 
 virtue, or the efiecl of the divine influence ; pardon ; a 
 kindness ; a privilege or favour conferred ; elegant beha- 
 viour, or the air and appearance wherewith any thing is 
 done ; beauty, either natMal or heightened by art; an em- 
 bellishment, ornament, flower, or perfection. .A phvsical 
 virtue or power. The title of a duke, formerlv given to a 
 king, implying goodness or clemency. A short praver iisf d 
 at meals, expressive of gratitude or thank^ to the divine 
 Providence for supplying our necessities. To he in a p' r- 
 soii's good graces, is to be favouied or rsteeiued hv him. Act 
 of grace, an act of parliament foi a general and free pardon, 
 and for setting at libertv insolvent debtors. 
 
 To GRACE, r. a. to adorn, beuutif\, enibdli.sh, dignify, 
 set oft, or recommend ; tn coiifi ': an I on<jur on a person ; 
 to(!ii;nifv or raise b\ an a<t of fnvour. 
 
 GR\CED, a. beautifu. ; graceful; virtuous; regular. 
 Seldom used. 
 
 GRA'CEFUL, a. elegant; with pleasing dignity or 
 niniestv 
 
 GRACEFULLY, ad. elegantly. 
 
 (i P. A'CF FULNESS, s. elegance and dignity of maiiuer'; 
 difjiiily joi'n d \\ itli b< aiity . 
 
 GRA'CEL- ^S, a. withitut any virtue, either religious or 
 nioial ; wicked or impious. 
 3 G 409
 
 GRA 
 
 GRA 
 
 ■.] a regular progress or 
 )tlier. Order ; arrange- 
 
 GRA'CES, s. amoim canonists, is the same with provisions; 
 wliicli see. In the licatlien mythology, tliey were three 
 goildesbes, dauj^hteis of Jupifer, whose names were Agais, 
 fhalia, '.ind Euphrosviie ; ti);il i>, sliininj, flourishing, and 
 gay. They lue sometimes represented dressed, but more 
 frequently naked, li> siiew tliat whatever is truly graceful, 
 is so in itself, without the aid of exterior ornaments. They 
 
 C resided over mutual kindness and acknowledgments ; 
 estoaing liberality, eloqueuee, and wisdom, together with 
 a good grace, gaiety of disposition, and easiness of 
 maimers. 
 
 GHA'CIOUS, (^i-«/«oi«) 0. [grnoj'cHx, Fr.] merciful; be- 
 nevolent ; kind ; virtuous, or good ; acceptable ; faToured ; 
 excellent ; gracefijl, or becoming. 
 
 GU.A'CIOUSLV, {gids/iioiisli^) nrf. with kind condescen- 
 sion ; in a iileasing and favourable manner. 
 
 GUA'CIOUSNESS, (gi-as/iioKsuess) s. kind condescen- 
 sion ; a [ileasini; manner. 
 
 GRAOATIOX, s. liriadatioti, Fr. 
 advance from one degree to anotl 
 nient. 
 
 GRA'DIENT, «. [from g-rffJ/or, to walk, Lat.] walking or 
 moving bv steps. 
 
 GRA'DCJAL, a \gradmt, Fr.] proceeding or rising by 
 degrees; arlvaiicing step by step. 
 
 GUA'DUAL, s. [from ^radiis, a ladder or degree, Lat.j a 
 flight of steps. In the Romish church, a part of the mass 
 sung between the epistles and gospels. 
 
 GR.«\I3UALITY, t. a regular progression; advancing 
 hi;,'lier bv dejjrees. 
 
 GRA'DU.'\LLY, ad. by degrees; in regular progression; 
 by steps, advancing from a lower to a higher degree. 
 
 To GRA'DUATE, r.a. [from gradus, a ladder or degree, 
 Lat.] to dignify with a degree in an university ; to mark 
 with degrees in measuring. To heighten or improve. 
 
 GRA'DUATE, s. a person who has taken a degree in an 
 university. 
 
 GRADUATION, s. the division of a scale or measure 
 into decimal or other regular parts. In chymistry, a pro- 
 cess by evaporation, of bringing fluids to a certain degree 
 of consistence, in order to separate more easily the substan- 
 ces thev hold in solution. 
 
 GRAFF, or GRAFT, .s.[g)-(>/fJ', Fr.] in gardening, the 
 shoot of a tree inserted in, and becoming one with another 
 tree, nourished bv its sap. but bearing its own f nit. 
 
 To GRAFF, or GRA IT, ... a. [prefer, Fr.] to take a shoot 
 from one tree, and insert it into another in such a manner, 
 that both may unite closelx, or become one tree; to uisert 
 into a place, or body, to wlii<h it did not originallv belong. 
 
 GRA'FTER,i. one who propagates fruit, by inserting the 
 branch of one tree into that of another. 
 
 GR\'FT0N, a village of Northamptonshire, in the road 
 bet-ween Stony-Stralfird and Northampton, where there is a 
 manor-house and park, given by king Charlr's II. to the 
 duke of Grafton, from whence the title is derived. 
 
 GRAITON, (ilouceslershire, on the borders ofWorces- 
 tershire, ami on the sirle of Bredon Hill, w here, in February, 
 \'Cti, a large tract of land, nearly 10 acres in extent, slipped 
 from the side of Bredon Hill, and entirely covered several 
 pasturi' grimiids, and a considerable space of the common 
 field, at the bottom oftjie hill. 
 
 GRAIL, s. [from prile, Fr.] small particles of any kind. 
 " I/viii- down up')n the saiidv grails." Spenser. 
 
 GRAIN, J. f^7iH«ni, Lat.] a single seed of corn or other 
 fruit. Fi;;iiratively, corn. Any minute particle, or small 
 boilv. (iriiiti of nllotimiiee, some small indulgence, wliiih 
 implies a remission of rigour or severity. A weight used 
 in physic, twenty of which make one scruple ; nut in troy 
 weight, twenlv four iiu>ke a pennyweight. The directi<in 
 hi uliicli the fibres of wiioil, leather, <Vc. grow. In dying, 
 a method of communicating colours, so a >^ to make ihem 
 more lasting than in the common way. 'i'lie form of the 
 surface, with regard to smoothness, rotigliuess, or the size of 
 410 
 
 the constituent fibres or particles of a body. Figuratively 
 temper; disposition; humour or inclination. 
 
 GRAIN C'OA.ST,orPEPPEfiCoAsT,orMALAGUETTA, 
 a country of Guinea, bounded by the Sierra Leone counlry 
 on the W. and the Ivory < oast on the SE. It extends abou! 
 100 leagues along the Atlantic. The productions are peas, 
 beans, ijrourds, lemons, oranges, and a kiwi of nut, with at. 
 exceedingly tliick shell, a most delicious fruit. Tlie palin 
 wine and dates of this country are in great eetecni. Cows, 
 hogs, sheep, and goats, are also in great plenty, but what 
 constitutes its cliief wealth, is the abundance ol pcfiper, or 
 grains ofparada, it produces ; called Makiguetta by t!i^' 
 Portuguese. 
 
 GRAINED, a. rough; appearing less smooth, orwea. 
 ther-beaten. 
 
 GRAINS, s. without a singular; the husks of malt o| 
 which beer has been made. Grains of Paradise is an ludiau 
 spice. 
 
 GRA'INY, a. full of corn or seeds. 
 
 GRAME'RCY, tWei^'. contracted from grant me merey : 
 an obsolete expression of surprise. " Gramercy, sir, said 
 he." Spenser. 
 
 GRAMINIVOROUS, a. [from gramen and voro, Lat.} 
 eating or living upon grass. 
 
 GRA'MMAR, s. [grammaire, Fr.J the art which deliveri 
 the rules for speaking or writing in any language properly. 
 Fiofuratively, an expression or construction agreeable to the 
 rules of grammar; a book which delivers rules for speaking 
 or writing a language with propriety. 
 
 GR.\WMA'RIAN,i. [grammarien, Fr.] one who is skilful 
 in, or one who teaches the rules of, grammar. 
 
 GRAMM.\TICAL, a. [grammaticut, Lat.] belong n.^ !0, 
 or taught bv, grammar. 
 
 GRAMMATICALLY, ad. according to the rules of 
 grammar. 
 
 GRAMMATICA'STER, /. [Lat.] a mere verbal critic, 
 or low grammarian. 
 
 CjRA'MPIAN-HILLS, a chain of high mountains in Scotr 
 land, which run from east lowest almost the whole breadth 
 of the kingdom. They take their name fronr the Mma 
 Grmnpiiis of Tacitus, a single hill, wiieie Galgacus waited 
 the approach of -Agricola, and where a battle was fought, 
 which proved fatal to the ' aledonians. 
 
 GRA MPLE, s. a kind of crab fish. 
 
 GRA'MPOUND, a town of Cornwall, containing aboiit 
 200 inhabitants. It has a considerable manufacture of 
 gloves, and is seated on the river Fa'e, over which it has a 
 bridge, 18 miles NE. of Falmouth, and 241 \V. by S. of Lou- 
 don. A small market on Saturday. 
 
 GRA'MPUS, s. in zoologv, a cetaceous animal which 
 grows to about 25 feet in length, and is a very gient enemy 
 to the whale. 
 
 (jRA'NADA, sometimes called Upper Andalusia, a pro- 
 vince of Spain, on the Mediterranean, about 175 miles in 
 length, and from 20 to 90 in breadth. It is rather a mouii 
 tainous country ; but the soil is remarkably fertile, although 
 not well cultixatcd, and the climate is healthy and teuipc 
 rate. It produces corn, wine, oil, sugar, flax, hemp, excel- 
 lent fi nits, honey, wax, grapes, and mulberry-trees, which 
 feed a great number of silk-worms. The forests abound 
 with gall nuts, palm-trees and oaks. Its capital is Granada. 
 
 fiRA'NADA,a large city of Spain, capital of the province 
 of (iranada, containing an university and several palaces, 
 with other spleiidjd !)ublic buildings. It has inaiiufactuies 
 of silk, and is situated on two hilU, near the conllue'ice of 
 the Oro, or Darro, with the Xeuil, and is 240 miles S. of 
 Madid. Lat. .-J?. 17- N. Ion. Ij. .14. VV. 
 
 (iliANA'D.A, or Grenada, an island in the West In- 
 dies, about 2o miles in length frcmi N. to S. and 10 wide iu 
 the cent re, but gradiialK narrowing towards the extremities. 
 A ehaiii of mountains crosses it from N.toS. in the centre of 
 which is a large lake. Near the coast the soil is fertile, pro 
 ducing indigo, sugar, coffee, cocoa, cotton, and tobacco, li
 
 GkA 
 
 CRA 
 
 is finely woodcii, ami trees of all sorts, botli frmt and tim- 
 ber, except tlie cocoa-tree, llirive better liere than lliose ot' 
 the same species in tlie nei^'libourin^ islands. It is watered 
 with many rivers, three ot'wiiicli run into the sea towards the 
 E. three to the N. eight to the \V. and tive to thr S. I^. all 
 sutticient to drive su-iar-niills, and capable of becoming bar 
 hours for vessels. There is also abundance of ;;auie and 
 river-fish. In 1787, the exports of this island were 175,584 
 cwt. of sugar, 670.000 gallons of rnin, 8,800 cwt. of coflee, 
 3,700 cwt. of cocoa, %,000,00(tlbs. of cotton, and 2,800tlis. of 
 indigo, be'ides miscellaneous articles, iimountiiig in the 
 whole to upwards of (;oo,onOj£' sterling, al the London 
 
 J)rice3. It IS one of the Windward Caiibbees, and is 30 
 eagues N. W. of Tobago. The principal harbours are I'ort 
 Lewis, a very spacious one on the W. side of the island, 
 and St. Georije. It was taken bv the French in 1779, and 
 restored to the English in 17a3. Lat. about 10. 12. N. Ion. 
 60. 30. W. 
 
 GRA'N.ARY, s. [from »rrtnHm, a grain, Lat.] a storehouse 
 for threbhcd corn. 
 
 GIIA'NATF^, s. [from /rraiium, a grain, Lat.] a precious 
 stone, of a high reri eolmir, so called from the re.'^emblance 
 it bears to that of llie kernel i>t the pomegranate ; it is vul- 
 garlv named -A^nnnt. The oriental is the best. 
 
 GRAND, (7. [granilis, Lai.] great; illustrious; power- 
 ful; splendid ; noble; sublime; lofty. 
 
 GRA'NDAM, or Ci RAN DAME,' .s. a term of consan- 
 guinity, denoting the father's or mother's mother. Figura- 
 tively, an old withered or decrepit woman. 
 
 GR.A'NDCHILD, j. the son ordaughter of a person's son 
 or daughter. 
 
 GRATs'DDAUGHTER, {grmtddauter) s. the daughter of 
 a son or daughter. 
 
 GR.ANDKE*. [from grandis, grand, great, Lat.J a person 
 of rank, dignitv,or power ; one of the nobilitv. 
 
 GRA'NDKUR, s. [grandtur, Fr.] splendour, pomp, or 
 magnificence. 
 
 GRATSIDFATHER, ,. the father of a person's father or 
 mother. 
 
 GR.A'NDI'FIC, n. [from gT«Hrfis, g'eat, and /acio, to make, 
 Lat.l making great. 
 
 GRATVUINOUS, «. [from grando, hail, Lat.] full of 
 hail. 
 
 GRA'NDITY,*. [from ff>«;irfi', grand, great, Lat.] eleva- 
 tion of thought ; pomp, or magniticence of language. 
 
 GRANDMOTHER, s. the fathers sr mother's mother. 
 
 GRA'NDSIRE, *. a grandfather. In poetry, any an- 
 cestor. 
 
 GRA'ND.SON, *. the son of a person's son or daughter. 
 
 GR.\N(JE, s.]j;range, Fr.j a farm ; a barn or threshing- 
 floor ; a farm-house. 
 
 GR.\'NITE, s. [irom grnnum, a grain, Lat.] a variegated 
 stone or marble, composed of separate and verx l;i!gi> con- 
 cretions, rudely compacted together, of great barrliiess, 
 giviiig fire when struck with steel, fermenting with acids, 
 and imperfectly calcinab[e in a great fire. 
 
 GRANITOROUS, a. [from graninn, a grain, an<l vnrn, to 
 devour, Lat.] eating or living upon grain. 
 
 GRA'NN.\M, s. a corruption oi grandame ; a grandmo- 
 ther. \ low word. 
 
 To GRANT, ». a. [from garantir, Fr.] to admit a thing 
 not proved; to allow or concede; to bestow something 
 which cannot be claimed as a right. 
 
 GRANT, *. theaci of giving or bestowing a thing which 
 cannot Ix- claiiiiHd as a right ; the thing granted ; a conces- 
 sion. In law, a conve\ance iu writing of such a thing as 
 caimot pass or be conveyed by word only ; such as rents, 
 reversions, services, tit'ies, Ac. 
 
 GKA'NTABL''',, a. that may be given or yielded to ano- 
 ther, though he has no claim toil. 
 
 GRANTEE', in law, the person to whom anv grant is 
 made. 
 
 GRA'NTH.\\f, a neat populous town in Lincolnshire, 
 •oted for the steeple of its cliurcb, which terminates in a 
 
 spire, near SOO feet high, and which, by a deception of tlie 
 sight, seem to lean on one side. Her" is a good free- 
 school, where the celebrated .Sir Isaac Newton rcciiverl his 
 first education. Grantham hasa iiund)er of very goodinns, 
 being greatly resoiled loas a thoro\ighfare on the N. n.itd. 
 It is situated on the river VVitham, 24 mdes S. \V. of Boston, 
 and 110 N. of L(mdon. Market on Saturdav. 
 
 (JRA'NTOR, f. the person that yields or grants any thing 
 to another 
 
 GRA'NULARY, o. small and compact, resendding a 
 gram o seed. 
 
 To GRA'NULATE, v.n. [grannler, Fr.] to be formed 
 intosmall paiticlcsor giaiiis. Actively, to break inlo-maU 
 in.isses or grams. 
 
 GRANI'LATION, s. [from g-raniim, a grain, Lat. grnni* 
 latiim, l""r.] the act of forming iiilo small inasses reseuiLiling 
 grains. In botany, the small berries which join together, 
 nd compose a large one, as the blackberry. 
 
 GRA'NULE, s. [from granum, a grain, Lat.] a small com 
 pact particle, resembling a seed or gram of corn. 
 
 GRA'NLLOUS, a. biti of little grams. 
 
 GRAPE,.?. \g>(iiipe, Fi.j a single berry of the vine, which 
 grows in cliislers, tlie juice of which is wine. 
 
 GRA'PF.SHOT, s. in artillery, a coiiihinalion of small 
 shot, put into a thick canvass b;ig, and corded >tronglv toge- 
 ther, so as to form a kind of cylinder, whose diameter is 
 equal to that of the ball adapted to the cannon. 
 
 GRATESTON 10, s. the stone or seed contained iu the 
 
 grape 
 GR 
 describe, Gr.] appearing as if writte 
 
 GRA'PHICAL, igrafical) a. |from granho, to write or 
 ' ] " n, well formed, descril)- 
 
 ed, or delineated. 
 
 GRAPHICALLY, (graficatly) ad. well described; de- 
 scribed minutely, or in a picturesque manner. 
 
 GRA'PNEIj, s. [grapin, Fr.] a sniiill anchor belonging to 
 a little vessel; a giaii^ling iron used in a sea-fight to fasten 
 ships together. 
 
 'To GRATPLR, .■. n. [gndMcH, Be:g.]to lay fast hold on 
 a person ; to combat or engage in close fight. Actively, to 
 fasten, unite, or ji. in insepaiably. 
 
 GRAPPLE, s. a close cc:nibat, in which persons seize 
 fast hold on each other ; an iron instrument, used to fasten 
 one ship to another. 
 
 GHA'SIKR.j. SeeGRAZiKR. 
 
 To (jRASP, t'. a. [ginspnie Iial.J to lio'.d in the hand with 
 the fingers shut ; to .seizi-, orealcli ai ; to struggle, strive, 
 or ijranple. To gripe; toencroach; 'to be insatiable in tine's 
 pill suit after riches. 
 
 GRASP, i. the gripe or sei/nre of the hand ■. the act of 
 holding a thin;;; in the handwitd the lingers shut "i doabled 
 over it ; possession or hold. 
 
 (■RA'SPF'H, s. oiiewho seizes, grasps, or catches at. 
 
 GRASS, f. Igrns, Sax.] the common herbage of the 
 fields, on whitdi caille feed, of which there are several 
 species. 
 
 GRASS, of Parnassus, called Parnassia, from mount Par- 
 nassus, where it was supposed to grow ; and because the 
 cattle feed on it, il olitainefl the name of grass, tlxuigh the 
 plant has i!o resemblance to the grass kind. The sirnctiiie 
 of its five hone\-cuns are remarkable; each being a con 
 cave heart shaped substance, furnished with 13 little shafts, 
 or oil ars, set along the edge, aiid each pillar terminated by a 
 litlleglolie. 
 
 To GK ASS, r n. to produce grass. 
 
 GRA'SSHOPPEM, s. a small insect found amon^g the. 
 suiii:i:ei- grass, so named trom its hopping, for whit h it is 
 remarkably formed. 
 
 Gii\'SSIN!OSS, s. the state of abounding in grass 
 
 GR.A'SS-PLOT, ,!. a.siiiall level piece of ground lu a gar- 
 den. &c. covered w ith grass. 
 
 GRA'SSPOLV, .5. a genus of plants, the same with thi 
 lythnim of Linnt us. There are two British species. 
 
 (iRA'S.S's, a. ii'vered with,orabounding m, grass. 
 
 GK.A'SSWIl AUK, j>. a species of seaweed.
 
 G n A 
 
 O i\ A 
 
 ORATE, s. [crates, Lat.] a partition made with iron 
 bars, or wires croiainj; Piicli otiiei, plai r<l at the wiiidows 
 or Dther apertures of prisons, cloisters, or tradesmen's 
 shops; arecepta( IP witli iron bars, fiseii iu kitcbens, with- 
 in " hich fires are made. 
 
 To GRATE, V. a. [^7ntter, Fr.] to rub or wear otf the 
 particles from a^^ thiu^ by r'lbhiuj; it; to offend by any 
 thin^- harsh or vexatious; to offend tlie ear by a harsh and 
 disaifeeabie sound. 
 
 GRATEFUL, a [g-jnfi.'i, Lat. J having a due sense of 
 benefits conferred; pleasing; agreeable; delightful to the 
 senses or niiiid. 
 
 (iKATEFULLY, ad. in a manner willing; to acknow- 
 ledge, repav, and retain, a proper sense of an obligation ; 
 in ;i pleasing or agreeable manner. 
 
 GRATEFULNESS ;s. jjiatitude; the quality of being 
 agret-atile, acceptable, o atlording delijjht. 
 
 GRATER, s. [grntvir, Fr.j a kmd of coarse file, or in- 
 strument formed of till or silver, punched in holes, with 
 «ir<h soft things are rubbed to powdr. 
 
 GRATIFICATION, s. [from grains, pleasant, and >rin, 
 to make, Lat.] the act of pleasing; tbe act of complying 
 with, and answering the craving of the sensual appetites ; 
 pleasures; delight; a reward. 
 
 To GRATIFY, r. o. [from eratiis, pleasant, and facio, to 
 make, Lat.] to indulge; to please by compliance; to do a 
 tiling in order to please or delight, to require, repay, or 
 
 GRATINGLY, arf. harsblv ; offensively. 
 
 GRATIS, a(/.[r-at.] for nothing; without being paid, or 
 receivin\c anv thing in return. 
 
 GRATITUDE, s. [from ^<tM», grateful, Lat.] a virtue, 
 consisting in a due sense and outward acknowledgment 
 of a benefit received, together with a readiness to return the 
 same, or the like. 
 
 GRATUITOUS, a. [from^atis, freely, Lat.] voluntary ; 
 or granted either without asking or merit ; asserted without 
 proof 
 
 GRATUITOUSLY, ad. without claim or merit; without 
 proof 
 
 (;R ATU'ITY, X. l^atuite, Fr.J a free gift ; a present; an 
 acknowledgment. 
 
 To GR ATULATR, v. a. \grutulor, Lat.] to congratulate . 
 to dcclave joy. 
 
 G R \TULAT10N, s. [from grntuhr, tocongratulate.Lat.] 
 salutations niadn bv exprtssing jov. 
 
 GR ATULATORY, fl. expressiiis Joy for the success, 
 preferment, or good fortune, of another ; conirratulatorv. 
 
 GHAVK, s. [grrrf. Sax.] a hole du^ in the ground, 
 wherein a dead bodv is. o- is to be, buried. Grave, at the 
 end of the names of places, is from the "»ax. grirf, a grove, 
 or cave. 
 
 To (iKAVT,, r. a. prelcr. ^mrerl, particip. pass, arnren ; 
 [jp-artr. Ft. from gr'ipho, to wiile or describe, Gr.) to cut 
 figures or inscriptions with a sbarp-poin'ed tool, on any 
 hard substance or metal ; tocopy pictures or writings with 
 a sharp poiiiU d inslrunu iit, on wood, copprr, orp<>wler, 
 in order to be printed on papi-r ; to inter, entomb, or bury 
 —an obsoli'te seii'-e. 
 
 (.iW \\V,, a.\frrnre,VT. f^rntit, Lat.] solemn ; serious: of 
 a modest colour, not show v, or tawdry Not sharp or acute, 
 ajM'' 'd to kouiiil. 
 
 ( JR AVE C OTH KS, ,.«he dres, ..fa corpse. 
 
 GtlAV'"!,, s. \^rarei:l. Brig.) a kind of earth Used for 
 walks in gar(lerh>, tin; finer ('"t o'wliich is vellow, and a)!- 
 peais like a huge grilled .sand, and the coa;s»Tisa com- 
 position of flints or small pebble stones. In pin sic, a dis- 
 ras'" in the kidneys or bladder, occasioni'd bv a colleetion of 
 gr'llv inatt'T therein, whi'rebv tln' (liie mm ret-on and exi-re- 
 tion of the urine isinireded. When Ihi^ iul>stan<t' -.•roiigly 
 coheres, anil f -rms a Ir-rd mass, it i> then called the tlnne. 
 
 ToGRA'VI'Uj r. n. lo pave or covei with gravel; to 
 piizz'e. [uit to a stand, or embarrass a person with some 
 iliflicuity be cannot solve. 
 •112 
 
 GK.i Ai'.LF^S, It. w itliout a grave or toiiib. 
 
 G.HAA'ELINES, a sea poit lo»n in the depf-.rtinenf of 
 the North, not laige, but wtll forf.fied witii bastions, lialf- 
 moons, and a horn wcrk. Tlie couotry neurit is iiitersected 
 b\ canals, one of which goes to Diinkirli by Bourbourg, 
 and another passes directly to Beigues. In IG58, it was 
 taken b-. the arnn if France, to which it was afterwards 
 ceded In the peace of the I'xienees. It is seated on the 
 river Aa, 9 miles W. S. \\ . of Dunkirk. 
 
 GRA'V^EI.Y, fgrd i;i? /fe) n. [graveieux, Fr.] consisting of 
 abounding in giavel. 
 
 GRATKLY, (gyevlee) ad. m a solemn or seiious man« 
 ner; without gaudiness or show. 
 
 GRAA'LNLSS, *. semusuess ; solemnity. 
 
 GRA'VX)LENT, a.ljrravenhns, Lat. J strongly scented. 
 
 GRAVER, s. \eraveiir, Fr. | an engraver, or one who 
 copies designs witn a sharp pomwd tool oi stv le, on metals 
 or wood, to be priu'ted on paper. 'Ihe style, or sliarppointed 
 instrnmeiit, used b> an engraver. 
 
 GRA'VESEND, a town of Kent, consisting chiefly of one 
 paved and lighted street. It i» a • lace of con.ld' rablc k- 
 sort, being a common land iig-place for seamen and stran- 
 gers in their passage to London. It is coninioiily called tbe 
 corporation of Gravesend and iVIibon, these two plates hav- 
 ing been incorporated by queen Elizabeth, lii the reign of 
 Richard II. the French and S|,aniardscame upthe Thames, 
 burnt and plundered it, and carried away most of tbe peo- 
 ple ; and, by way of comp»nsation for this hiss, be granted 
 the remaining inliabitants the exclusive privilege of carrMng 
 passengers between this place and London, in la ge and 
 commodious boats, at two pence a head, or a whole boat's 
 fare at four shillings. They still enjoy this ptivileae ; but 
 the fare is now nine-pence ahead, and the beats are much 
 improved. For its better security, Henry VIII. raised a 
 blockhouse, with a platform ofguii-, to the E. of the town. 
 The "gardens round the town are so rich, that the\ not finly 
 sn|)pTy the shipping, and all the (owns for several miles 
 round, with everv art'cle of that Viiid, but great quantities, 
 and particularly of asnaiagus, rvraarkablv fine, are sent to 
 Lond<in. The chief employ iii'-ut of the labouring people is 
 the spinning of hemp, to mv»ke nets for fishing, and ropes. 
 It is situated on the Th;-me>, directly opposite to Tilbury 
 Fort, 9 miles W. N. W. of Rodiesler, and 22 S. by K. of 
 Londim. Markets on W rinesday and Saturday ; and a fish- 
 market on Simdav moijy ng. 
 
 GR.A'VES'I ONE, *. the stone that is laid over the grave ; 
 the monumental stono. 
 
 GR WI'DITY, s. \e;rati(liu, pregnant, from ^avit, heavy, 
 Lat. I the state of b<'ing with child. 
 
 (i RATING, », any piece engraved; carved work. 
 
 To GRA VITATE, v. n.[from gram, heavy, Lat.] to tend 
 to the centre. 
 
 GRAVITATION,*, the act of fending to the centre. 
 
 (iRAV'IT^', *. [(fiarifir*, from g-raj'M, heavy, Lat. graviti, 
 f'r.l weight; heaviness; the power or vrtiie, by which 
 boflies natu.allv tend towards each other, (iravity, applied 
 to the naliire of actions, denotes theii nature or quality ; 
 but, wh«Mi applied to crimes, their atrociousness. .Applied 
 to the Countenance cr behaviour, seiiousness; solemnity; 
 niajestv, or aw fulness. 
 
 (rRA'VY, *. the juice which runs from treat when not 
 over flone. 
 
 G!{AY.S, a town of Fssex, with a market on Thursday. 
 It Is seated on the side of the Thames, 34 miles E. of 
 London. 
 
 (iRAY, a. \gr(rg. Sax. gran, Dan.) white, with a mixture 
 of black. AVbiie or lioaiv with age, applied to the hair. 
 Blue, with a mixture of black; r^-sembling the colour of 
 ashes. 
 
 GU.AY, t. a gray colour ; a badger. 
 
 GUA'YBEARl), ». hgurativeh, an oid man; used io 
 C'l'ilenipt. 
 
 <iRA'YLING,i.the umber, a fish. 
 
 (jRA'YMILL, f. a mime fcr the common gromwell.
 
 G FE 
 
 (. RL 
 
 GRATNESS, s. the quality of being gray, or being lioary 
 bv aire 
 
 "GRAYN THURROCK, a town of Essex, seated on the 
 Thames, opposite Uartford, in Kent. Market on Thurs- 
 dav.' 
 
 To GRAZE, ». n.Jerassian, Sax.] to eat or feed on grass ; 
 to pnxhice grass. To brush in passing; to touch lifjhtly, 
 gpiierallv apphed to a bullet, [from graser, Fr.] Actively, 
 to tcnij. to set <attle to feed on grass. 
 
 fiR A'J^IEIl, J. one that grazes or feeds on grass. 
 
 GRA'ZiER, s. one whose trade is to feed or breed cattle 
 for fond. 
 
 GREASE, (gteere)s.\f;raissc Fr.J tlie soft part of the fat 
 of animals. In tanieiv, a swelling and gourdiness of the 
 lieels, occasioned l)y hard labour, cold, Ac. 
 
 To Cil'E.^SE. (^-reezc) v. a. to smear, anoint, or spot 
 with grease. To bribe, or corrupt with presents; a low 
 word. 
 
 CiR E'A SINE.SS, (^rrlzincss) s. oiliness or fatness. 
 
 GRE'ASY, (/rreczif)n. oily; fat; spotted or smeared willi 
 grease. Corpulent; a term ofreproai h. 
 
 GREAT, (the ea in tins woul and its derivatives has 
 something, though not enlirelv, the sound of ia — giint, 
 graittif, graitness) a. [great, >ax.] large in hulk, number, or 
 quantity. Having any quality in a high de;;ree. Long or 
 considerable, a|)plied to time or duration. Important ; 
 weighty. Chief or principal. " The great seal." S/iak. 
 High in rank, or extensive in p-jvver; illustrious, or eminent. 
 Majestic, oi grand in aspect and mien. Haughty, swelling, 
 or proud. TVi be great with, to be lamiliar or intimately ac- 
 quainted. Teeming, or with child. " A great belly." In 
 pedigree, it is added in every step of ascending consaagui- 
 aity beyond a father or grandfather, and ineverv step of d" 
 scending eonsaHguinity beyond a grandson. Thus, a great 
 grandson is the son of a person's grandson. A great grand- 
 father, the father of a person's grandfather, or the grand- 
 father of a person's father; and grrat-uncle isthe uncle of a 
 person's father. 
 
 GRE'ATBKLLIED, a. pregnant; with child. 
 
 To GRE'ATEN, v. a. to enlarge ; to make great, power- 
 ful, or rich. Not in use. 
 
 GRE;ATHEARTI:D, fl. high spirited; proud. 
 
 GRE'ATI.Y, arf. very much; in a great or high de- 
 gree ; n(d(ly ; in an illustrious manner. Courageously ; 
 bravelv. 
 
 CJRI''.'\TNF,SS, s. largeness, applied to qiiantily, size, 
 or number. High place or dignitv. A consciousness of 
 superior birth or rank. Magnanimity, nobleness. Ciran- 
 deur; state; magnificence. 
 
 CtR'<'AVES, ( greenes) .1. [grires, Fr.l armour for the legs. 
 
 GREBE, s. in ornithology, a getnis ofwater-fowls resein- 
 blin;; the divers. 
 
 GRE'CiSM, s. Ifrroecismiis, Lat.j a construction, idiom, 
 or exoress'on, peculiar to the Gieek language. 
 
 CiRE''CE, acountrv of Turkey, called by them at present 
 Romelia. It is bontu'ed en the N. Iiv Bulgaria, Servia, and 
 Dahoatia ; on the W. b\ the gulph of Venice; on the S. Iiy 
 the Mediterranean ; and on the E. bv the .Archipelago, the 
 sea of Marmora, the Black sea, the straits of the Dardanelles 
 and of Constantinople. It coniprehenrls six parts, namelv, 
 Maced'ina, Albania, Livadia, the Morea, the island of Can- 
 dia, and the isles of the Archipelago. It enjoys a temperate 
 air, is healthv, and has a fruitful soil. It was greatlv cele- 
 brated bv antienf historians, and produced a vast nuniberof 
 famous men. w !:o perfonued very great actions as soldiers, 
 as well as others, who were eminent for their parts and 
 lea'-ning ; |>articularlv AlexandertheCireat and Homer, who 
 were natives of this country. But it now groans under the 
 tyranny ipf the Turks, and is but the shadow of what it w;ts 
 fonne'l . being over-run with ignorance and baihar'sm, and 
 almost all the fine towns quite destroyed. It is inhabited 
 both b' Mali:>i!)etaiis ;;n(l (hristiaiis. 
 
 (iREECE, (corrupted from degree;], s. a flight of steps. 
 Obsolete. 
 
 Oil!" EDILY, aii. in an eager, hasty, or ravenous r.ianiiei , 
 with keen appetite. 
 
 (jRE'EDlNESS, i. \gredignes$e, Sal.] ravenousiiess ; vo- 
 racious hunger ; eagerness <if appetite or ilesire. 
 
 GRE'I DY, n. (^ )•«•(%, .""ax. J ravenous ; hungry; incited 
 with a vioicnl desire of i<)od ; eager; vehemently desirous, 
 
 (jREI'K, fl. belonging to Greece ; or, Grecian, which 
 is oftiiier used. 
 
 GItEEN, a. \griim. Tent, /frera, Belg.j having a colour 
 like that ofgiiiss; in composilioiis oi'dying and painting, 
 made by mixing bhi'; or black and yellow together. Flou- 
 rishing; fiesh; iiiidecayed. Ne«, or lately made. "A 
 green wound." I iiripe; innnatiirc ; young, alluding to 
 fruits being ficfcn betiue they are ripe. Not roasted; half 
 raw. Not dry. l';de ; sickly. 
 
 GREEN, s. the colour of grass, or tlrat \vhi( h rcscnbles 
 it. In optics, it is one of the original, simple, or primary 
 rays of light ; but in dying is caused by compounding blue 
 and yellow, Ac. -As this colour rather refreshes than iin- 
 pairs the sight, the goodness of Provi<ience is manifest in 
 causing it to be reflected from the surface of vegetables, pre- 
 ferably to any other. Figuratively, a plain covered witli 
 grass. The leaves of trees and vegetables, opposed to their 
 flowers. In cookery, used in the plural for those plants 
 which are of this colour, and eaten boiled. 
 
 GREENCLOTH, f.a board or couit of jitstice, lield iu 
 the counting-house of the king's hous<'hold, for taking ctigni- 
 zance of all matters of government and justice within the 
 king's court royal, and for correcting all the servants that 
 oftVnd. It takes its name from a greeii cloth spread over 
 the board where they sit. None of the king's servants can 
 be arrested for debt, without a warrant first obtained from 
 ihislioard. 
 
 GRE'ENEVED, a. havingeves coloured with green. 
 
 GRE'ENFINCH, s. ;. kiml of bird. 
 
 GRE;ENFISH, «. a kind of tish. 
 
 CiRI'/ENG Al-E, s.A species of plum. 
 
 CiRE'KNHOUSE, .1. a house or place in which exotics or 
 tender plants are kept from the inclemencies of our climate, 
 and furnished with, such a degree of heat as is proper to 
 make them grow. 
 
 GilE'ENISH, a. somewhat green ; tending to green. 
 
 GRET.NLAND, a country including some islands, situ 
 ated between the straits of Davis and Fiobi^her,and Iceland. 
 The northiMii limits are as yei unknown. West Greenland 
 seems to be the most N. easterly part of America. East 
 Gieeulau'l lies in a high latitude. N. of the continent of Eu- 
 rope, as does also Spitzliergen, which is .someti::!es compre- 
 hended under the general name of C;.'i'euland. Theseasoii 
 the co-.isf are annirdly visited by a great number of ships of 
 the English and other Europan nations, for the jiurpose of 
 fishing for whales. The most .-outherly point of land in West 
 Greenland, is Cape Farewell, at llie entrance of Davis's 
 Straits, in lat. .W. ."58 N. and in Ion. -12. 45. W. The 
 Greenlanders are strangers to trade, arts, and sciences. 
 They are generally short, or underthe common size, but v\el|. 
 proportioned, fat, and plump. Their clothing isinade of the 
 skins of the rein deer, the dog-fish, and of certain birds, 
 sewed together \\\\\\ the small guts of the rnHw mannus. It 
 is verv seldom that they are aJHiited with epidemical dis- 
 eases, but the scurvy is the rei;,'iiing distemper in this coun- 
 try ; their common remedy on this occasion, besides other 
 simples, is scurvv-grass. Both sexes live together in a very 
 sordid, filthy manner, in two sorts of habitations, one of 
 which serves for the winter, and the other for the suiiimer 
 sea.son. Their winter dwellings are large huts, si Idoni more 
 than two ells above the stirface of the ground ; the roof is co- 
 vered with tiirf, and the entrance isdugnarr'.w jind winding 
 under ^Touud. Tliesewintry mansions areextrcmeiy waim, 
 but stink intolerabb , fiom the number of persons generally 
 confined inthem. Theirsiimmci habitations nie light tents, 
 made of the smooth skins of the dog-fish. The occiipiitiou 
 of the men is clii<'lly fisliiogaiid hu'iliiig, for « Iiiih tin y h;ive 
 very curious tackle and tnstriimeul.'^. The boat'. In v.h.e .'1 
 
 4 1.-)
 
 GRE 
 
 GRl 
 
 the men only row out to sea, are made of very thin, i^irrow 
 boards, fastened tofrctlier with wh;d<dione, and coverod with 
 feal-skins. Only one mangoes out in one of these boats, 
 who is lialf covered, and so securely laced in, that the water 
 cannot peiielrale into the boat; tlnis equipped, lie will !inv 
 «;0 or 70 njihs in a dav, tlK)ii;;li he has but one oar, w hieh is 
 6 or 7 feet hn;^, and Hat at both ends. Their chief cnninio- 
 dities are blubber and uhali'hone, the horn of the sea- 
 nnieorn, and the skins of deer, foxes, and tlie dog lisli. 
 Tliey neitl>er use imr have any knoHJedjfe of money, but 
 they fix a certain value on iron. The oii^inal inhabitants, 
 r>n the first arrival of the .\or\\e;;ians, in Ki^.l, were savaf;es, 
 apparently of Anuriean ixtraction. Since tlienii<idle of the 
 last cert-ny, the Danes have settled several colonies along 
 tile coast, and at present claim the sovereignty of the coun- 
 try. There is a company established at < openhasen, which 
 sends 3 or 4 ships every \ear to Greenland. The animals 
 are deer, bears, foxes, wild fowls ; and, in the water, whales 
 and seals. 
 
 GKE'KNLY, ad. with a greenish colour; newly ; freshly ; 
 immaturely : wanly. 
 
 GKE'ENINKSS, j. the quality of being <jrcen ; viridity ; 
 immaturity ; unripeness ; freshness ; vigour ; new uess ; also 
 rawness, unskilfuiness, and imperfection in trade, art, 
 science, iVc. 
 
 GRE'ENOCK, a sea-port town in the county of Ttenfrew, 
 situated at the mouth of the Clyde, 18 miles \V. of Glasgow. 
 It has a considerable foreign Trade, and a share in the her- 
 ring-fkhery. The town has increased prmligiouslv within 
 the last 30 years, and is still rapidly improving. Here is a 
 sugar-house, and a rope and sail manufactory. Lat. 55. 54. 
 N. Ion. 4. 2S). W. 
 
 GKE'ENSICKNESS, i. in medicine, a disorder incident 
 to virgins, so called from the paleness with which it is 
 attended. 
 
 GRKENSWARD, or GRE'ENSWORD, t. the turf on 
 which grass grows ; a field. 
 
 GRE'KNWEI' D, s. dyer's weed. 
 
 GRE'ENWTCH, a populous town in Kent, situated on the 
 Thames, 5 miles K. of London. Markefa on Wednesday and 
 Saturday. It contains about 1.350 houses, but is principally 
 noted for its magnificent hospital for decayed seamen, its 
 beautiful pnik, and astrononiical observatory. This last is 
 situated on the summit of Flamstead Hill, from the meridian 
 of which the English reckon their longitude. 
 
 GRE'ENWOOD, *. wood considered as it appears when 
 its leaves are out. Also the name of a plant, with buttertiy- 
 shapcd yellow blossoms. 
 
 ToGRKKT, 1'. a. [grf/o«, Sax.] to address at meeting; 
 to salute in kindness or respect; to congratulate ; to wish 
 health : to send w pav compliments at a distance. 
 
 GRE'ETEIl, s. he that pays hisconipliment*; to anotlier. 
 
 GRE'KTING, s. salutation or compliment. 
 
 GREF.ZE, .V. See CiR KECK. 
 
 GREGA'KIOUS, a. [from»Tex. a flock, Lat.] assembling 
 in flocks or herds. 
 
 GRF.NA'DK, or GRENADO, ;r. \e:renade, Fr.J R hollow 
 ball of iron, ghvsi,, or potter'* eaitli, tilled with gunpowder, 
 ar>d fitted with a fusee togive it file. When the fire reaches 
 the hollow of tile ball, the case flies into pieces, wliicJi 
 greativ hurt, if ikjI kill, those thev strike. 
 
 GREN'ADl'KK, (fi'jewor/ctr)*-. \Q:rena<li<r, Fr.] a tall sol- 
 dier, armed as other soldiers, besides a pouch full (d'grena- 
 does, from whence the name isderived. Every battalionof 
 foot has a cr)uipany of grenadiers belonging to it. 
 
 GRIVNOBLI',, a large and populous citv in the depart- 
 ment of Istre. Hefoic the revoluiinn, it was the capital of 
 Dauijliiuv, the see of a bishop, and the seat of a parliament. 
 The ballier and gloves made here are highly esteemed. It 
 i.s seated on ihe river Isere, near its conflux with the Drac, 
 'J?i5 miles S, E. tif I>aris. lat. 4.'.. Vi. N. Ion. f,. 49. V.. 
 
 GRF;TNA (;IIEI:N, a villa-e of Uumfriesshir.-, near the 
 moulh of llie river Esk, and at)oiit 4 miles from Louglown, 
 ii Cumberland. It has lonj been noted as the tesorlofena- 
 414 
 
 moured couples from,England, who have at opportunity <ii 
 bein;j married here wl once, as this place is out of thejurts 
 dirtioti of the marriage act. 
 
 GKI'.UT, s. a fossile body, consisting of a congeries of 
 crystal, or sparks of spar, of the size of bay salt, and tii « 
 brown shining colour. 
 
 (iRl'.W, the preterite of Grow. 
 
 GKEY, a. S^e Gray, which is the most proper ipcl- 
 
 liu''. 
 
 GIlin'HOUND, s. [griglnmd, .Sax.] a tall fleet hound 
 that chases in sight. 
 
 GHICE, s. a little pig; a young wild boar. A step oi 
 greeze. 
 
 To (ill IDE, 1'. w. [igviV/ffjT, Ital] tociit ; to make yvay by 
 cutting— an elegant woid, though not in use. 
 
 GUIDl'-LIN, «. a colour compounded of white and red. 
 
 (>RI'DlRON,'». [grind, a gtate, Isl. and iVow] a moveable 
 fiauu- or grate of iron bars placed parallel to each other, 
 which is used to dress victuals over a fire. 
 
 (jRIEI-', (greif) s. [griff, Brit.| >oriow for something 
 which is past ; a grievance, oppression, or injury. Pain, 
 or disease. 
 
 GRIH'VANCI'>, (greh-nnce)s. that which makes a person 
 uneasv, generally applied to the actions or conduct of 
 another. 
 
 'I'o (iRlEVE, {grehe) v. a. [grever, Fr.l to afllict ; to 
 hurt ; to make a pers(.n uneasy by some unkind orofl'ensiTC 
 action ; to be sorrowful. 
 
 GlilEVlNGLY, (greiviiigly) ad. with sorrow; sorrow- 
 fully. 
 
 GRIE'VOUS, (greerum) a. [gravis, Lat,] afflictive, or 
 causing pain not easilv iorue ; causing sorrow ; expressing 
 great uneasiness. (Jre.>t, oi atiocious, applied to crimes. 
 
 GRIE'VOUSLY, (greerims/i/) ad. w:th great oftence, dis- 
 content, or ill-will ; paiutully, or so as to occasion great ui>- 
 easiness. Miserably ; vexatiously. 
 
 GRIE'VOl'SNESS, (>j»fff07/«i«s)i.sorrow ; pain; a state 
 of calamitv, oppression, or wretchedness. 
 
 GRIFPIN, or GRIFFON, t. a fabled animal, said to be 
 generated between a lion and an eagle, Ivaviug the head and 
 paws of the former, and the wings of the latter. 
 
 GRIG, s. in its primary sense signifies any thing below 
 the natural size. .A species of eels. Figuratively, a me ry, 
 active, and jocose i)erson. In botany, the common heath. 
 
 To CiRILL, V. 71. [griller, Fr.] to broil or dress meat on a 
 gridiron. 
 
 GRI'LLADE, j. any thing broiled on the gridiron. 
 
 To GRl'LLY, V. a. to harass ; to roast, or t' aze a man. 
 
 GRIM, a.[grinmia. Sax.] ha\ ing a fierce or awfully sullen 
 countenance; hideous; frightful; ugly; ill hioking. 
 
 GRIMA'CE, s. [grimace, Fr.] a distortion of the counts 
 nance from habit, atlcctalion, or insolence ; vulgarly styled 
 mahiiis: months. 
 
 (JRIM.A'LKIN, s. [gris, Fr. and ninWiJi] an appellation for 
 an old grav cat. 
 
 GRLME, s. dirt that is ingrained, or not easily washed 
 off. 
 
 To GRIME, 1). 11. to dirt so as it cannot be easily 
 washed otl". 
 
 GRIMLY, «(/. iuaterrible, hideous, or horrible manner. 
 Ill a fierce, stern, or sullen manner, applied to the looks. 
 
 GHI'MNESS, i. H look which proceeds from the fierceness 
 or sulleiiness of a pc son's disposition. 
 
 GRI'MSBY, GRIvAT, a town of Lincolnshire, containing 
 several streets of pretty good houses, and a church that looks 
 like a cathedial. It is said to be the oldest corporation in 
 England ; and had formei ly a good harbour, which has been 
 long choked up with sand. Soiue considerable improvements, 
 however, have been made in it of late, under parliamentary 
 encouragement. It is situated on the river lliimber, by 
 which it has a trade in <-oalsand salt, about .'i mile.-, from the- 
 (ierman Ocean, Sh N. I', bv I', of Lincoln, and 170 N. of 
 London. Markets on Wi-diiesdav and Saluiday 
 
 To GRIN, V. 11. [gremiinii, Sa.x.] to set the Iccth together.
 
 f ; R I 
 
 «nd withdraw the lipe, used both as a ai^ii of miith luid 
 aii^iiish. 
 
 (ilUN, s. tile act of closing tlie teeth, and wilhdiimiii}; 
 the lips from them, so as to expose tlierii to view ; tlic 
 act of shewing the teeth, used as an eflect of niiilli oi aii- 
 t;iiish. 
 
 To GRIND, I', a. prcter. and part. pass, frrmmd; 
 [grindan. Sax.] to reduce any thmf; to powder l)j attrition 
 or rubbing; tosharpenor smootli by rubbing on soinelliiiig 
 hard; to rub one against another; to harass or opiircss l)y 
 extortion. Neiiterly, to sharpen an instrument bv holdiii;,' it 
 on a round stone, which is turned about the wliile ; to move 
 a mill ; to fix the teeth close, and move them, so as to make a 
 noise. 
 
 GRI'NDER, s. one who grinds or works in a mill ; the 
 instrument of grinding. In irony, or contempt, the teeth in 
 general are called bv lliis name. 
 
 GRI'NDLESTONK, orGK!NDSTONI-:,*.thestoneon 
 wliich edge tools are sharpened. 
 
 GRI'NNKR, i. one who grins and shuts his teeth, and 
 ojjens his lips, so as to expose them. 
 
 GRl'NNINGLY, nrf. with a grinning laugh ; in agrinning 
 iiiait^ier. 
 
 GRIXSTEAD, EAST, a town of Sussex, where tlie 
 Lent assizes for the county are held. It is seated on a hill, 
 near the borders ofSurrv, 18 miles N. of Lewis, and 20 S. 
 of London. Market on Thursday ; and a great fair, on Dec. 
 II, for Welch runts, fal hogs, and other cattle. 
 
 GRIP, s. a small ditch. 
 
 To GRIRE, )'. a. [greipan, Goth.] to hold tight in the 
 band ; to squeeze with the fingers closed over. Tocatch ea- 
 gerly ; to seize, from flipper, Fr. Figuratively, tooppress ; 
 to pinch, press, or squeeze. Neuterly, to pinch the belly ; to 
 give the colic, attended with a sliarp pain in the bowels. 
 
 GRIPE, s. a grasp or seizure of the hand or paw ; a 
 squeeze, or pressure. Figuratively, oppression, extortinu, 
 or crushing nower. Affliction ; distress. In the plural, the 
 belly-ach ; tlie colic. 
 
 GRITER, «. one who oppresses the poor; an usurer; an 
 extortioner. 
 
 GRI'PINGLY, nrf. attended with a pain in the belly. 
 
 GRI'S^MBEIl, s. a corruption of ambergrise. 
 
 GRISK.i. See Greece. 
 
 GRI'SKIN,*. [from grisgin, roast meat, Ir.] the back-bone 
 of a hog. 
 
 GRl'SLY, (grizly) a.lgrUIn, Sax.] dreadful ; horrid. 
 
 GRI'SONS, a people inhabiting a district of the .Alps, 
 called by the antients Upper Rhoetia, and in alliance with 
 the Swiss. They are divided into three leagues, whicli 
 they denominate the C'aiUUe, or League of God's Hiivse, 
 formed in 1419, against the secular power of the bishop ; llio 
 Grise, or Gray League, in 1424; and the Legge of tlit Toi 
 Jurisdictions, \n\A?A\\ these, however, unite, and form one 
 republic, buthave their peculiarconstilutions, laws, and cus- 
 toms. A diet, or assembly of the three leagues, is held every 
 year, at the towns of llantz. Ooire, and Davos, alternately. 
 It consists of 6:3 deputies, and 3 chiefs. In the election of 
 these deputies, everv male of IG vears of age has a voice. 
 The count-v does not produce grain sudicieiit for the wants 
 of half the inhabitants ; the rest thev obtain from Lombard v. 
 Their principal object is the care of their sheep and cattle. 
 The country of the Grisons is about R7 miles in length, and 
 is bounded on the N. bv Swisserland, and a part of Ger- 
 ■sany : on the E. by the Tyrolese; and on the S. by Venice 
 and Milan; and on the VV. bv Swisserland. They are 
 partlv of the Church of Rome, and partlv P'otestants. 
 
 GRIST, J. fj->w«, Sax.] toll t.iken by the miller when he 
 grinds other people's corn ; corn to be ground. Figuratively, 
 a supplv of provision. To bring grist to the mill, is a figu- 
 rative and proverbial expression for producing profit or 
 gain. 
 
 GRI'STLR, s. [Sax. J in anatomy, a cartilage or fleshy 
 mbstance, very elastic, tough, and next in hardness to a 
 boae. 
 
 Gts'> 
 
 (jRl'sTLY, «. cartilaginous ; consiuting of gristle ; ?i»t- 
 ing.f lie properties of gristle. 
 
 \i\\.VV, s.\grijlta, grcvt, Sax.] bran, or the coaric T"'* 
 of meal ; oats husked, or coarsely ground ; sand ; a particle 
 of sand ; roush, hard particles. 
 
 GRrrriNES.S, ^.sandiness; the quality uf abounding r 
 grit, or little, rough, hard, and sandy particles. 
 
 CilliTT.STONE, s. a stone consisting of particles of sand 
 agglutinated together. 
 
 GRITTY, a. full of little, rough, hard, and san<5y parti- 
 cles. 
 
 C;RI7ELTN,«. a corruption ofGRiDELIN, which see. 
 
 GRI'ZZLE, s. [from g/ii, Fr.] a colour made of a niiK- 
 ture of white and black, most c()mnionly applic<l to tliat of 
 peruke-i, or the hair ; gray. 
 
 GRIZZLED, a. interspersed with black aud white hairaj 
 gray. 
 
 (iRlZZLY, a. somewhat gray. 
 
 To GROAN, (groii) V. V. [giaiian, Sax. J to brealla- with > 
 hoarse noise, in pain or agony. 
 
 GROAN, (g-»uti) i. a deep sigh, attended with a hoarse 
 noise, made by persons in pain and agony. Figuratively, any 
 hoarse, dead sound. 
 
 GROAT, (grant) s. \gront, Belg ] a silver coin, value 
 four-pence ; hence it is used fo ■ four pence, though consist- 
 ing of copper coin. 6')oa^s in the plural, [from gTOrt,Sax.| 
 signifies oats that have the hulK taken oft. 
 
 GROCER, .« [i'tom pvss, a largequanlilyj one thatbuyt 
 and sellsteas, sugar, ptiinis, Ac. A greengrocer is one that 
 buys and sells greens 
 
 GROCERY, s. the wares sold by a grocer ; such as tea, 
 suiiur, raisins, spice, Ac. 
 
 GUO'ONO, a town in the palatinate of Wilna, Lithuania, 
 and, next to U'ilna, the best in that duchy. Here is a col- 
 lege and botanical gai<len ; Slanisliius, the last, dethroned 
 king of Poland, having eslablishid here a royal academy of 
 medicine and surgery. It is a large, straggling place, con- 
 taining a mixture of houses little better than cottages, some 
 habitations in good repair, and ruined palaces, with magfjN 
 ficent galtwavs, and other remains of decayed splendour. 
 A wing yet remains of the old castle, in wbich the diets for- 
 merly assembled. The number of inhabitants is estimated 
 at 7000, many of whom are employed in manufactures -^f 
 linen, woollen, cotton, and silk. It is seated on the river 
 Niemen, 125 miles N. E. of Warsaw. Lat. 53. 28. N. Ion. 
 2t. fi. E. 
 
 (iRCXJERAM, GRO'GRAM, or GRO'GRAN. s. a sort 
 of stiifl', all silk, woven with a large woof, and a rough 
 pile. 
 
 GRO'MWELL, s. a plant, otherwise called gromill or 
 gra\ mill. 
 
 GROIN, s. that part of the body which is between the 
 belly and the thigh. 
 
 GRO'NINGEN, a large, rich, strong, and populous town, 
 w ith an univ rsity, capital of the province of the same name, 
 in the United Dutch States. It has a very commodious har- 
 bour, into which ships enter with great ease by me-ans of a 
 eaiial, whose sides are lined with large stones, on the rivers 
 Iliines and Dunster, 9 miles from the sea, and 85 N. E. of 
 Amsterdam. 
 
 GRO'NINGEN, one of the seven United Dutch Slates, 
 lioiinded on the W. by W. Friesland ; on the N. by the Ger- 
 man Ocean; on the E. by the Dollart Bay, E. Friesland, and 
 Germany; and on the S. by Overyssel. It is divided into 
 two parts, of which Groningeii and its distriut is one, arid 
 the Ommerlands form the atUef. This counlrv abounds iu 
 fine pastures, which feed a great number of large horses. 
 
 GllOOM, .». \srom Belg. I a boy, waiter, or servant J 
 one who tends or lyoks after hordes ; a man newly married^ 
 It is also applied lo the several superior ol!;cers of tlie 
 king's household, as groom of tlie chamber, groi^in of lliv. 
 stole, Ac. 
 
 GROOVE, s. a deep cavern or hollow iu a mine. A 
 chanael or hollow cut in wood.
 
 GRO 
 
 GRU 
 
 To GROOVE, V. «. to cut hollow, or in channels. 
 
 To GROPE, r. H. [g-;-n;)rtn, Sax.] to feel one's wav out in 
 case of blindness or darkness ; to Intve an imperfeet idea 
 ©fa thins; t" feci after a tiling where a person cannot see. 
 
 GliO'PKK, s. one who searches after, or endeavours to 
 find, a tli'ni; in the dark. 
 
 GROSS, c. [gros, Fr.j large, thick, or bulkv, applied to 
 size. Shanietiil. Ver\ erroneous, coarse, palpable, or un- 
 refined, applied to sentiments. Cliinisv or inelegant, ap- 
 plied to shape- Thick, applied to the consistence nf any 
 liriid. Stjpid or iluli, applied to tlie understanding. Coarse, 
 thick, fat, or hulkv, applied to the size of the body. Im- 
 pure ; foul; applied to the humours of the Iwdy. 
 
 GROSS, X. the main body or main force of an army. The 
 biiln ; Ihe whole, i he major part or bod\, applied to 
 nuni>jer, or a collection of men. In commerce, a number, 
 con>;stiiii; of twelve dozen, or otie hundred and fortv four. 
 
 GKO'S>^LY, nd. in large or coarse particles. Without 
 any snbtlet-\, art, or delicacy ; flagrantly, or palpably. 
 
 GIlO'SSNIi^SS, s. coarseness ; inelegant fatness ; want of 
 retinenient. 
 
 GROT, s. [grotte, Fr.] a cave or cavern formed and fre- 
 quented for coolness or pleasure. See Grotto. 
 
 GROTi'.'>(iUE, (gTo<e,fA) a. [grotesque, Fr.] distorted in 
 figure; UHualural; wildly formed, without any regard to 
 Mature or propriety. 
 
 GIlOTT.\ DEL CANE, a cavern near the Lake dAg- 
 nano, in Naples. From the bottom of this little cave a va- 
 pour, or incphiric air, rises, (abnut a foot in height,) which 
 IS destructive of animal life. For the amusement of travel- 
 lers, persons attend at the cave with dogs, on which they 
 perform the cruel experiment of holding their heads in the 
 vapour; after which they are convulsed in a few minutes, 
 and expire in tortures. 
 
 GRO'TTO, ,!. [grotle, Fr. grotta, Ital.] a cavern or cave 
 made for pleasure. Used sometimes, as by the Italians, from 
 whom it is derived, for a dark or horrid cavern. 
 
 GROVE, s. [giaf. Sax.] a walk formed by trees whose 
 branches meet above. 
 
 To GROVEL, V. n. [gntfde, Isl.] to lie prostrate, or with 
 one's bellv on the ground ; to creep along with one's belly 
 on the ground ; to have low, mean, or abject thoughts. 
 
 GROU.ND, s. [g-»«jirf, Sax.] the earth, considered as that 
 which supports us when walking, as opposed to air or wa- 
 ter, or as situated low ; land ; country ; region ; terr'tory ; 
 a farm, estate, or possession; the Hour or level of a place. 
 In the plural, the dregs, lees, or tli.Tt which settles at the 
 bottom of li(pvors. In painting, the tirst layer of colours, or 
 that on which the images are painted and described. The 
 fundamental cause or substance; the original principle. 
 The tirst principles, applied to knowledge or science. 
 The space occupied by an ami}, as they fight, advance, or 
 retreat. 
 
 To ( I ROUN I), V. a. to tix <ir support upon the ground ; 
 to build, found, or settle as upon a cause or tirst principle, 
 applied to opinions. To settle ill the tirst principles or ru- 
 diments of l<i>ow ledge, applied to instruction. 
 
 GROUND, the pret. and pari. pass, of (i rind. 
 
 GROUND BAIT, a bait madeofbarlev or malt boiled, 
 &c. which is thrown into the river where you intend to an- 
 gle, and binkinsf^ to the bottom, or ground; draws the tish 
 after it. 
 
 GROUND-FLOOR, s. the lower story of a house, level 
 with the external ground 
 
 (JRO'U.N'D FUR7I",, ». a plant, otherwise called (xtti- 
 whin, ami cammock. It is a species of the ononis of 
 tijnirt'iis. ^ 
 
 fiRO-UND IVY,». alehoof, or tunboof. 
 
 GROUNDLESS, o. without auy ioundation, reason, or 
 Justice. 
 
 GRO'UNDLESSLY, ad. jo an unjust manner; without 
 reason, cause, or foiindatiim. 
 
 (iRO'UNDLLS.SNESS, *. want of cause, foundation, or 
 support. 
 
 416 
 
 GROITVDLING, s. a fish that keeps at the bottom of the 
 water. Figuratively, a person of mean, grovellinij, oi vul- 
 gar thoughts. 
 
 GRO'UND-PINE, s. a plant with gaping blossoms, the 
 germander. 
 
 GROUND PLATE, *. in architecture, the outennott 
 pieces of timber lying on ir near the ground, and framed 
 into one another witli mortises and tenons. In tlu-se also 
 aru mortises made to receive the tenons of the joints, the 
 suiiimer and girders, and sometimes the trimmers for the 
 stair case and chimnev ,and the binditig.joist. 
 
 (iRO'UND PLOT, s. the ground on which any building 
 is placed. 
 
 GRO'UND-RKNT, *. rent paid for the ground on which 
 a house is nuilt. 
 
 GROX'NDSEL, s. the foot post of a door, or the timber 
 or raised paieiuent of a house next the door; a threshold. 
 Also the name of a plant with compound tlowers, of which 
 there are several soils. 
 
 GRO'UNDWORK,s. in painting, that colour or part on 
 which all the images are drawn. A foundation of a build- 
 ing. Figuratively, the fundamentals, or tirst part of an un- 
 dertaking; the rudiments or tirst principles of a scieni.e. 
 
 GROlJV, (,gro<:p)s. \g)ouppe, I'r.] in painting and sculpture, 
 an assemblage or knot of two or more tij^uies of men, &c. 
 Figurativelv.a crowd ; a cluster ; a huddle. 
 
 To GROUP, (groop) v. a. [groiipper, Fr.J ill painting, to 
 introduce several figures into one piece. 
 
 GROUSE, s.u kinil of fowl, named heatli-gaiue. 
 
 GROUT, *. [griit, Sax.] ci.arse meal or pollard ; that 
 which purges oft ; a kind nf wild apple. 
 
 To CiROW, (gvc; v. n. preter. g/rw, part. pass, erfnra ; 
 [gronan, Sax.J In increase in len,^th or extent, appliedto the 
 vegetation of^ plants. To e produced by vegetation ; to 
 increase in stature, or bulk ; to proceed or arise, as from a 
 cause; to improve; to make progress. To accrue, or be- 
 come due, appbed to the increase of interest due on money 
 lent. To adhert, or stick together. Applied to the sea by 
 niaiiners, to swell or roll. 
 
 GROWER, (groer) s. that which vegetates or increases in 
 height or bulk. 
 
 'loCiROWL, (flM' pronounced as in tioii') v. n.[grollen, 
 Flem.] to snarl ; murmur; or grumble. 
 
 GROWN, (s^/u") part. pass. ofGKow; advanced in or iiv- 
 created by growth ; covered or filled by the growth of any 
 thing; arrived at full growth or stature. 
 
 GROWTH, (ff>6'/') «■ vegetation, vei^etzMe life; increase 
 In vegetation; product, orthe thing produced ; increase in 
 nuiiiber, bulk, frequency, stature, or improvenjent 
 
 To GRUB, I', a. ]groh', Goth.] to destroy, or extirpate by 
 digging or throwing up the soli- to pull up by the routs ; 
 tw dirty one's clothes or tiesh. 
 
 GRl'B, s. in natural liist(;ry, a small worm that eats lioles 
 in bodies. In me<iicine, a white unctuous pimple, or litlte 
 tumor, arising on the iai e, chietl on the ahe of the nose. 
 
 To (jIKU'BBLE, II. «. [gTfnM«t, Teut. 1 to grope, or feel 
 in the dark. 
 
 To tiRUDGR, V. a. to envy, or view the advantages of 
 another with discontent and uneasiness; to give or take uii- 
 willinglv. Neulerly.to inuriuiir or repine. To be unwil- 
 Inij;. To wish in seen t ; a low word. 
 
 GRUlKiE, i. an ol<l miarrel. i'lgutatively, ill will ; au- 
 ger ; resi ijliiient ; envy . 
 
 (iRl'IXilNGLY, nil. nnwillinelt ; mal'^nantly. 
 
 f .1!U'"-L. ,«. \rn„fl,\ Fr.] a kind of snoonmeat or broth, 
 made of oatmeal Ix.iled in water; any kind of uiuture or 
 bioth, uia(ie by boiling iiigiedients in water. 
 
 GIU'I 1', II. [gruff, ttf\g ] sour, surly, or morose, applied 
 toUie aspect and behaviour. 
 
 (illU 1 FLY, ad. in a sour, morose, or surly manner. 
 
 Gld'lFNtSS, s. harshness of voice, or surliness of 
 hiok. 
 
 (iHUM, /r. [contracted from grutnbk] suil) or moruie, 
 applied to a person's looks.
 
 QUA 
 
 GUG 
 
 To GRU'MBLK, v. ti. jerommekn, Bclg.] lo niiirniur with 
 discontent ; to growl or snarl. To make a Imai Jt' oi laltliuj; 
 noisp, applied to lluinder. 
 
 (illU'MBLEU, s. one who nuuinurs with discoiitoiit ; a 
 discontented iieisoii. 
 
 GRU'IMBF^lNCi, i. uiminniiriii;; ihiouK'' discontent. 
 
 GRUMIi, s. [<iT(onji,v, J^at.] a thick viscid consistence of 
 a fluid, like that of the \\hile of an eH;^', >>r like clotted 
 blood. 
 
 GRU'MLY, ad. in a morose, sour, or siirlv manner. 
 
 GRU'MOUS, a. thick or clotted. 
 
 GRU'iMOUSNESS, s. the thickness of any curdled or 
 dotted litiiior. 
 
 To GRUNT, or GRr'NTLE.i'. n.\gnimo, Lat.] lo make 
 a hoarse, discontented noise, applied to a hoj;. 
 
 GRUNT, f. the noise made by a ho;;. 
 
 GRU'NTEK, s. one that |:;rnnt.s. A low word for a hog. 
 
 GRU'NTLING, *. a yonii-; ho-. 
 
 GRUS, in astronomy, the crane, a constellation in the 
 southern hemisphere. 
 
 To GRUTCil, D. ". [corrupted from grudge] for the sake 
 of rhyme ; to envy, or be uneasy at the advantage of 
 another. 
 
 GIUJTCII. ;?. malice or ill-will. 
 
 GRY, s. [Gr.] any thing of little valuo; as, the paring of 
 the nails. 
 
 GUADALOLTE, one of the Leeward Islands in the Vv'est 
 Indies, lying between Antigua and Dominica, in lat. 16. 20. 
 N. Ion. C2. 0. W. and subject to the rrench. It is about 
 260 miles in circumference, and is divided into two parts by 
 a channel, in one place 4 miles over, and navigable only for 
 canoes, called Riyiere Sale. By this strah, the sea on the 
 N. W. communicates with tiiat on the S. K. The N. W. 
 part is divided into Basseterre and Cabesterre. The S. E. 
 part is named Grandetcrre ; it does not, however, contain 
 more land than the former, but its shape is more irregular. 
 The soil is exceedingly good, and every where well watered, 
 especially in the district of Cabesterre. On the top of a 
 very lofty mountain, is a volcano, called La SouilViere, the 
 two mouths of which open into a pit of sulphur. The ne- 
 groes get brimstone here, w hich lliey afterwards purify and 
 sell. The vegetables, fruits, and trees, are much the same 
 as in the other islands, except tlie cinnamon-tree, balsam of 
 the capivi, and the. milk shrub, vvhicii yields a balsamic li- 
 quor like milk. The bees here are without stings ; their ho- 
 ney never hardens, but is always ot^the consistence of oil. In 
 177rj, the exports were 188,880 quintals of sugar, 63,029 of 
 coffee, 1438 of indigo, 1024 of cacao, and 5,193 of cotton ; 
 besides hides, and other articles, and without including the 
 barter with Martinico, and other islands. 
 
 GUAIA'CUM, J. a physical wood. It is an atfeiiuantand 
 aperient, and promotes discharge by sweat and urine. 
 
 GUANA'CO, s. a kind of camel sheep in South Ame- 
 rica. 
 
 GUARANTE'E, (gamntie) s. {guarant, Fr.] a power who 
 undertakes to see the conditions of [any league, peace, or 
 bargain, performed. 
 
 To GUA'RANTY, (gdraittee) v. a. to undertake to sec 
 the articles of any treaty kept. . .• . 
 
 To GUARD, (the u in this word and its derivatives is usu- 
 ally dropped in pronunciation, as gard, gardian, Ac.) v. a. 
 [garder, Fr.] to watch, in order to secure from or prevent a 
 surprise or sudden danger; to protect or defend ; to anti- 
 cipate or secure against objections. To adorn with lists, 
 laces, or ornaruental borders. 
 
 GUARD, s. [grtrdr, Fr.]amancr body of men employed 
 to watch, in order to defend fr(7.i danger or prevent sur- 
 prise. LTsed with »A or (v/f, a state of caution or vigilance. 
 A limitation; anticipation of an objection. An ornamental 
 hem, lace, or border. In fencing, an action or posture pro- 
 per to defend the body from the efforts of an enemy. Ad- 
 vanced guard, is a party of horse or foot which marches 
 before a corps to give notice of approaching danger. Main 
 £uard, \i that f'om uliich all the other guards are detached. 
 
 Piquet guard, is .1 number ot horse and foot alwavs in rpa 
 diness, in case of an alarm, the h(]rs'' ' — ::;;; saitdled and their 
 riders booted, (iuards, in the plural, is parlijuLirly api>lic<l 
 to those troops or companies which are kept up to guard 
 th<' kill '■ 
 
 GUA'RDER, J. one fiho protects, defends, or watches. 
 GUARDIAN, «. [giirdii')!, I'r.J one wln> has the care of 
 an orphan, or peison whose parents are dt ad ; one to whom 
 the care or preservation of any thing is comntitted. finar- 
 diaii iifthet/iiritualilies, is he to whom the spiritual jurisdic- 
 tion «t'hn\ diocese is connnill('d, during the vacancy of the 
 iCc. lie may lie cither guardian in law, <ir jurf )iws;isfr(itu.i, 
 as the archbisliop is olllie diocese within his |irovhice ; or 
 guardian by delegation, as he w honi the archbishop or vicar- 
 general dolli for the time d(.|iule. 
 
 GUARDIAN, a. [giirdicii, Fr.j performing the office of 
 a kind protector and defender. 
 GUARDIANSHIP, -. the olfice of a guardian. 
 GUA'RDLESS, a. wil limit defence. 
 GUA'RDSHIP, 3. care ; protection ; or the state of a i>er- 
 son under the disposal of guardians ; a king's sliip employed 
 in guarding the coast. 
 
 GUBERN.\"riON, .t. [from gnUnio, to steoir a vossel, to 
 govern, Lat.] the exercise of authority in protecting, pre- 
 serving, and directing; goveriinniitior supcrintendency. 
 
 GUDGEON, s. [goKJiin, Fr.] a small tisii fonn<l in brooks 
 or rivers, and easily cauglit ; whence it is used figuratively 
 for a person easily cheated. 
 
 GUELDER LAND, including Zntphen, a province of t lie 
 Dutch L^nited States, bounded on I lie N. by Overyssel, and 
 the Zuyder Zee ; on the E. by the bishopric of iMunster, and 
 the dutchy of Cleves ; on the S. by Clevesand Dutch Bra- 
 bant; and on the \V. by Zuyder Zee, Ufretcht, and Hol- 
 land. Before its invasion by the French, Gnelderland sent 
 19 deputies to the States-Gencial. Nimcguen is the 
 capital. 
 
 GUERDON, (girdon) t. \giuidon, Fr.] a recompense or 
 reward. Not in use. 
 
 GUF/RLINGUET, in zoology, a kind of squirrel (hat is 
 found in Guiana. 
 
 GUERNSEY, an island in the English Chaiuiel, near the 
 coast of France, about 30 miles in circumference, it has 
 been held subject to England since the time of the Norman 
 coiKiuest. The natives speak French, this island having 
 been formerly a part of Normandy, and being still governed 
 by the old Norman laws. The air is healthy, and the soil 
 more rich and fertile than that of .Jersey. Here is a very 
 good harbour, and on the S. side of the island, a bay capable 
 ofreceiving large vessels. They are sufficiently supplied 
 with corn and cattle, for their own use and that of the sliips; 
 wines and cyder are cheap and plentiful; there is plenty of 
 game and fowl; ;nid they catch great <iuantities of sea-fislj 
 of various kinds. The inhaliitants have a considerable trade 
 to Newfoundland and the Mediterranean. Guernsey is di- 
 vided into 10 parishes, but with only 8 churches. The con. 
 vention of the estates consists of a governor, coroners, ju- 
 rats, clergy, and constable. The staple manufactory is knit 
 stockings. Port St. Pierre is the iirincipal town. Lat. 40. 
 30. N. ion. 2. 6fi. W. 
 
 To GUESS, (the u is usually dropped in the pronunciatioD 
 of this word and its derivatives, and the g before the e pro- 
 nounced hard, as gess, Arc.) !■. a. [glnsscn, Belg.J to conjeo- 
 ture : to judge without any fixed or certain principles. 
 GUESS, «. a conjecture. 
 
 GUE'SSER, s. a conjecturer ; one [who judges without 
 certain knowledge. 
 
 GUE'SSINGLY, ad. forming ajudgmentin'a casual man- 
 ner ; uncertainly. 
 
 GU'EST, {gesi, the g pronounced hard) a. [guest, Brit.] 
 one who is entertained in the house of anotlier ; a stranger. 
 GUE'.STCHAMBER, i. chamber of entertainment. 
 To GUGGLE, v. n. [gorgoUare, Ital.] to sound, or make 
 a noise like water running out of a narrow-mouthed bottle 
 or vessel, 
 3 11 ,417
 
 cm 
 
 GUI 
 
 GUTA'N"A,anc\lensi\t' cwiirfn of Soiitli Arntiicfl, on tlie 
 coast ot'tlie Atliiiilic, lyiiis bctwcou llie liyeis Oiouoko, aiirt 
 Orelkiiia. It is iilxuit 1 100 miles in lonijtli, aiul from 300 to 
 e'X) in breadth. The French possess one part of the coast, 
 and llio Dnteh anotiier. Dnteii Guiana contains the settle- 
 ments of Surinam, Bfibice, lsse<|nibo, and Dcnierarv ; al! 
 V liicli tal\C tiieir names from dill'crent rivers. Frencli Gni- 
 ana goes by the name of K(|ihnoctial France, or Cayenne, 
 f:oni the terrilor> so called, and extends tVom the river Ala- 
 rawina to the ri^er ().\apoco S. !•',. The internal parts of tli'e 
 country are bnt little linown ; llicy are inhabited however 
 by ditierent tribes of Indians, some of wlfoni niaUe their 
 houses on trees, to be secure from the inundations of the 
 rivers. .Sii^av, cotton, silk, tobacco, Brasil wood, aloes, 
 natural balsam, oraiifjes, and citrons made into swectiiieals 
 or otherwise, are articles of commerce in this country. It 
 Jies between -2 and H degrees of N. hit. 
 
 GUrn.-\Cil", s. the reuard ormoney j^iven to aguidc. 
 
 GUl'D \N('E, .V. direction ; government. 
 
 To Gc'IDE, (the » in tliis word and its derivatives is usu- 
 ally dropt in pronuncialloii, anil ]lhe ;■■ before j'p''""- liard, 
 as !fiile,g-liliy, Ovc.)c. ". [i'l'irUr, l''r.] lo direct or shew a per- 
 son a v.ay; to jjovern, direct, instruit, regulate, or super- 
 intend by counsel, or exertion of authority. 
 
 GL'II)!'"., ,«.[:;■;(/(/<', Fr.] one who directs another in liis 
 way ; a director. 
 
 GUFDF.LES.S, «. without a guide. 
 
 GUI'DKR, «. a director; a guide. 
 
 GUII'.'NNi'^, a ci-devant province of France, very fruit- 
 ful, and producing great quantities of vine. It was about 
 160 miles in length, and K.5 in breadth, having Bourdea.ux 
 for its capital. The word 6'«/™«r is a corruption of Arjui- 
 taine, an antient country of great extent, said b\ Ca-sar to 
 be separated from the rest of fiaul by the river Ganinne. 
 
 GUILD, (sometimes pronounced giW, and sometimes 
 gild, v\ 1th the g- bard) .s. [gildsciji, Sa\.j a society, corpora- 
 tion, fraternity, or company, united together by orders and 
 laws made among themselves by (heir prince's licence. 
 Hence GuiUIhall, a place or hall belonging to a corporation, 
 wherein affairs relaling to the members in their united ca- 
 pacitv are transacted. 
 
 (iUILF, (usually pronounced, as well as its derivatives, 
 gih, with the g hard) ,«. [linillr, old l''r.] low cunning or 
 craft, wherebv a person tricks or <heats another ; deceit. 
 
 GUILEFUL, o. full of deceit: wily; fraudulent; trea- 
 cherous; secretly misdiievous ; imposing:, or over-reaching 
 a person in a crafty or fraudulent manner. 
 
 GL'I'LELI'.SS, It. >vilhi'ut any secret or concealed fraud ; 
 without any intention to deceive, cheat, or impose iipoii a 
 person by false appearance and concealed treachery. 
 
 GUILER, s. one that bitrays another into danger by de- 
 ceitful means. Not in use. 
 
 GUl'LFOliD, an antient town of Surry, noted formeily 
 for its manufactory of cloth, of which there |are still some 
 small remains. It has a number of good inns, with excellent 
 Hccoinmodations, being a great throroughfare on the road 
 from London to I'ortsmouth. The summer assizes are held 
 alternately here and at Croydon. It is seated on the decli- 
 vity of a hill, on the river Wey, which is navigable to the 
 Thames, and by vliicba great (|uantity of tind)er is carried 
 to London, not (uily from the neighbimrliood, but from Sus- 
 sex and Hampshire woods, above .30 miles ofl", 17 miles S. 
 \V. of Kingston, and 30 S. W. of London. Market (cliiefiy 
 lor corn) on Saturday. 
 
 <iUI LLOTINK, s. an instrument for beheading, introdu- 
 ced into France soon after the revolution. Innumerable nuil- 
 titudes have sulVercd death by it in that country. X similar 
 machine once existed in laiglaiid, and in .Scotland, called 
 the Maiden. The name fJiiillotine is derived from (iuillot, 
 the name of the person who brought it into use in I'aris. 
 
 GUILT, 'pronouticfid, with its derivatives, ffi/', witlr.the 
 ^liard) jt. [;;-i7/, Sax.] the stale of a person justly charged 
 with a crime; a consciousness of having done auiiss. I'i- 
 guralivelv, a crime oroH'ence. 
 418 
 
 GUI'LTILY, nrf. without innocence ; in such a mannet 
 as to be conscious of having done a crime laid to one'i 
 
 thargc. 
 
 (iUi'LTINES.S, s. the state of being guilty ; the con- 
 sciousness of having done a crime. 
 
 (iUFLTLESS, rt. free from crime; innocent; free from 
 sin or punishment. 
 
 (iUl'LTLESSLV, n^/. without guilt : innocently. 
 
 GUI'L'J'V, n. [^iV/i"-, Sax. I chargeable with having com- 
 niitle<l a crime ; wicked, or corrupt. 
 
 GUI'NEA, (pronounced gWiHi/, Avith the ft- hard ; so called 
 from (iuinea,in Africa, from vlicncetlie gold was brought 
 of \\hich tlu'y were at first formed; on uhith account they 
 likewise bore the impression of an rle|ihaiil; .«. a gold coin 
 struck and current in England. When it was first struck, it 
 was valued at tMent_\ shillings; but gold growing scarce, it 
 was advanced to tuenty-one sliillin; s and sixpence ; but is 
 now sunk to twenty-one shillings. 'I'he pound troy is cut 
 into twenty-four parts and a half, each part making a 
 guinea. 
 
 (iUl'NEA, a country of Africa, of which little is known 
 except the coast, thence called the Coast ofCiuinca. It is 
 di\ ided into the Lower and the Upper. 'I'he lower part is 
 commonly called Congo. The Upper comprehends the dis- 
 tricts of Sierra Leone ; the(nain Coast, or Malaguetta; the 
 Tooth Coast ; the Gold Coast ; the Slave Coast ; and Benin. 
 It is unhealthy for Europeans, though the natives live to a 
 considerable age. The latter in general go almost naked; 
 and are said to be an innocent, inoflensive, and hospitable 
 people, except such as have been corrupteil by the Euro- 
 peans. These have factories on the coast, and promote 
 feuds, frauds, and civil wars among the natives, by every 
 means of seduction, kidnapping, and coercion,that they may 
 get the prisoners to carry of!" as slaves. Two or three Euro- 
 pean settlements are at length formed in Guinea, under the 
 governments of Great Britain and Denmark, for tlie purpose 
 of carrying on an honest and advantageous trade with tfie 
 natives, and for iiromoting their civilization. The produc- 
 tions of this country are the variety of rich tropical fruits, 
 gums, hard woods, grain, gold, ivorv, wax, &t:. 
 
 GUFNEA, NEW, a long, narrov. island, of the South Pa- 
 cific Ocean, N. of New Holland, from which it is separated 
 by Endeavour Strait. This strait is about 10 lca:jues long 
 and .5 broad, except at the N. E. entrance, where it is con- 
 tracted by a group of islands, called the Frince of Wales's 
 Islands. New Ciuinea extends from near the e(|uator to 12 
 deg. S. lat. and from 131 to 153 deg. E. Ion. The land is 
 in general low, and covered with an astonishing luxuriance 
 of wood and herbage. Most of the trees, shrubs, and plants, 
 that are common in the South Sea Islands, are found here in 
 the greatest perfection. The inhabitants resemble the New 
 Hollanders. 
 
 (jl'l'NEAIIEN, s. a fowl, supposed to be ofGuinea. 
 
 (iUFNEAPEFPER, s. the capsicum.a plant. 
 
 GUI'NEAPIf;, (!^))im/-i>in; with the «• hard) «. a small 
 variegated anin)al, with a pig's snout, rat's ears, and without 
 a tail. 
 
 (iUISE, (pnm. "Jrc, with the ;;• hard ; the same as wtw, 
 the (/' being changed, as is common, into ff) .?. [ qn/>, Fr.] 
 appearance; looks; behaviour. iManner, custom, or prac- 
 tice. External appearance ; dress, or habit. 'I'he last sens* 
 seems to be aconiraction of'Ufs^'iiisi'. 
 
 GUITA'R, (pronounced S'''«c, with the jf hard).?. \p;/iilarn, 
 Ital.] in niusic,a stringed instrument with a neck like a vi«>- 
 lin, an oval body, and played on in the same innuner ai 
 the harp with the fingers. 
 
 (;ULES, J. [irwi'/cs Fr.l in heraldry, red. Tn the arms 
 of noblemen, it is called ruby ; in those of sovereign princes. 
 Mars; and, in engraving, is signified by drawing perix-iv 
 diciilar or straight strokes from the toi> of the c-scutclieon, to 
 the bottom. 
 
 (JLLF, or GULl'Il, ,t. [t^off", Ital. J an arm of the ocmii 
 running into the land. Figuratively, an aby.ss, or immea- 
 surable depth. A whirlpool, or sucking; eddy. Any tiling 
 insatiable.
 
 GUN 
 
 Gur 
 
 GIPI.FY, «. full of eddies, Rulfs, or whirlpools. 
 
 To GULL, t). rt. [^iiiller, Vr.] to trick; to cheat; to de- 
 ceive or defraud hy artihce. 
 
 GULL, s. a sea-bird ; a cheat, or trick ; a stupid animal ; 
 a person easilv cheated. 
 
 GU'LLCATCIlKIl, .'. niie wlio clieats; a bite; one who 
 deceives another by artiiici'. 
 
 GU'LLKll, t.-d cheat or impostor. 
 
 GU'LLKllY, f. cheat; imposture. 
 
 GU'LLET, s. [goii/cf, Fr.] the throat, passajje, or pipe 
 through which llie food passes, called by anatomists tiic 
 
 JO GU'LLY, I', n. to run with a noise, applied to water. 
 
 (iU'LLYHOLR, *. tiie h<ile where the ^flitters or kennels 
 empty themselves into tiie common seuer; !^o called from 
 the noise thev make in (heir fall. 
 
 GULO'SITY, s. [from g«/rt, the throat, Lat.] greediness ; 
 intemperance in eating ; gliillony. Not in use. 
 
 To GULP, 1'. 71. IfTdlpen, IWlg.] to s^^ allow eagerly; to 
 drink down without any intermission, or with one swallow. 
 
 <iULP, s. as nuich as can be swallowed at once. 
 
 GUiVl, s. [rjiimnti, Lat.] a vegetablejnice exsuding through 
 the pores of certain plants, and there hardening into a tena- 
 cious or sticky mass, more viscid and less friable than resins, 
 and dissolving in water. In gardening, a disease incident 
 to fruit-trees of the stone kind, being a kin<l of gangrene, 
 arising from a corrupted sap which extravas^jtes and hard- 
 ens. In anatomy, the ilesliy substance of (he mouth in 
 which the teeth grow ; generallv used in the plural. 
 
 GU'MMINESS, s. the state of a thing smeared or abound- 
 ing .with gura. 
 
 GUMMO'SITY, s. [gmn7nostis, from gummi, gum, Lat.] 
 the nature of gum ; viscidity ; gumminoss. 
 
 GU'MMY, a. consisting of gum; of the nature of gum; 
 overgrown or smeared with gum ; sticky. 
 
 GUN, s. the etymology is uncertain ; a fire-arm or wea- 
 pon which forcibly discharges a ball, shut, or other offensive 
 matter, through a cylindrical barrel, by means of gunpow- 
 der. Great guns are generally called cuniiuii, and known 
 likewise under the term ot'ordiiniicr. Small guns are such 
 as are portable, and include nuiskets, niusquetoons, car- 
 bines, blunderbusses, fowling-pieics, t'v.c. 
 
 GUN NEL, *. See G u n w a i, e. 
 
 GU'NNER, s. a person who manages, and has the charge 
 of, the artillery of a ship, &c. Gtwiurs, in the plural, are 
 officers employed in looking after, and managing the ord- 
 nance mounted on lines, batteries, or forts. 
 
 GU'NNERY, s. the science or art of shooting with guns 
 and mortars. 
 
 GU'NPOWDER, /. a composition of saltpetre, sulphur, 
 and charcoal, mixed together with spirits, and usually gra- 
 nulated which takes fire easily, and, when fired, expands 
 with great vehemence and noise, by means of its elastic 
 force. 
 
 GU'NSHOT, *. the distance to which a ball can be shot 
 oul of a gun. 
 
 GU'iVSMITH, i. one who makes and sells guns. 
 
 GU'N STOCK, s. t1i€ wood to which the barrel of a gun is 
 fixed. 
 
 GU'NSTONE, s. the shot of a cannon ; so called, because 
 at tlie first use of cannons they were loaded with stones. 
 
 GU'NTER'S CHAIN .f. an instrument made use of in 
 surveying land. 
 
 Gtf'NTER'S LINES, s. lines of numbers, first invented 
 by Mr. Edward Gunter, of great use in navigation, and other 
 ujranches of the mathematics. 
 
 GU'NTER'S QUADRANT, /. an instrument to find the 
 hour of the day, azimuth, &c. 
 
 _ GU'NTER'S SCALE, s. a large scale to resolve ques- 
 tions in plain sailing. 
 
 GU'NVvaLE, or Gunnel of a Ship, s. that piece of 
 timber which reaches on each side of the ship from the half 
 deck to the forecastle : this is called the Gunwale, whether 
 diere be guns in the ship or not. 
 
 GURGE, ». fg'urg-e/, Lat.] a whirlpool; a gulf. 
 
 GU'RGION, s. the coarser part of the meal sifted from 
 the bran. 
 
 To GU'RGLE, v. n. [gorf;ogliare, Ital.] to make a mur- 
 muring sort of noise, like water poured out of a bottle, or a 
 stream from a fountain. 
 
 fiU'RNARD, orGURNET, sAgownnl, Fr.]akind of sea- 
 fish. 
 
 To GUSH, V. 71. [gosichn, Belg.] to flow or rush out in 
 aiiirge body ; to How out in a large quantity, and with vio- 
 lence. 
 
 (iUSII, s. a siulilcn, forcible, and large flowing of water, 
 or odier lluid ; any tiling poured (lul with a sudden an(i 
 forcible eruption. 
 
 (iL'SSET, s. \g(iHssii, I'r.] any thing sewed on cloth to 
 strengthen it ; by scmpbdcsscs pcciiliinly appiied lo the tri- 
 angular pieces of cloth at the ni'ck, under tlic arms, and at ihe 
 openings of the flaps of a shirt. 
 
 fiUST, ». [from gusto, to taste, Lat.] the sense of taste; 
 the height of sensual enjoyment ; love, or liking; turn of 
 fancy ; peculiar taste or genius ; pleasure, caprice, or w him. 
 A sudden violent blast of wind, [innn gustir, Isl.] .\ sudden 
 burst of passion. 
 
 GU'STABLE, a. [from gusto, to taste, I.;it.| fit to be 
 tasted; the object of taste ; pleasant to the taslc. 
 
 (iU'STATION, X. [fromsw/o, lo ta=le, Lat.] the act of 
 tasting. 
 
 GU'.STrUL, a. very agreeable or pleasant to the taste; 
 agreeable to the mind. 
 
 (iU'STO, .V. [Ital.] the relish, flavour, or taste, which a 
 thing causes ; tlie power by which a-ny thing excites a sen- 
 sation in the palate. Liking or prejudice; applied to the 
 mind. 
 
 GU'.STY, a. windy ; stormy. 
 
 GUT, i. [huiihr, Teut.] the entrails, or the long pipe 
 reaching with many folds from the stomach to the vent, 
 through which the iibvous part of food passes and is dis- 
 cliargf (1. Figuratively, the stomach or receptacle of food ; 
 gluttony ; the inside of any thing, particularly the imve- 
 mentsofa clock or watch. 
 
 To GUT, r. rt. to take out the entrails or gnis of an ani- 
 mal. Figuratively, to plunder any thing of what it con- 
 tains. 
 
 GUTTA SERK'NA, s. [Lat.] a disease in which the 
 patient, without any apparent fault in tlie eye, is entirely 
 deprived of siglit. 
 
 GUITATED, a. [from gutta, a drop, Lat.] besprinkled 
 with drops; bedropi)ed. 
 
 GU'TTER, s. [from guttur, the throat, Lat.] a passage for 
 wafer, either on the ground, or on the roofs of buildiii.^s. 
 
 To GU'TTER, V. a. to cut or wear into sniviil elianneis 
 or hollows. 
 
 '^l"o(iU'lT'Ll'', V. rt. [from gut] to feed luxuriously or iii- 
 temperately. Actively, to swallow. A low w.-rd. 
 
 GU'lTLI-lR, J. one fond of eating; a greeoy or intem- 
 perate eater. 
 
 GUTTU'LOU.S, a. [from guttula, a small drop, Lat.] in 
 the form of a small drop. " In its gutiuluus descent." 
 Jirowtt. 
 
 GUTTURAL, s. [from guttur, the throat, Lat.] pro 
 nounced in the throat : belonging to the" ihroat. 
 
 GUTTUR ALNESS, s. the quality of being sounded in, 
 or belonging to, the lliinnt. 
 
 GUTTY, or GUTTE, «. [from -««", a drop, Lat.] in 
 heraldry, besprinkled with drops. 
 
 Gi:'T\VORT, s. a kind of herb. 
 
 GUY, s. in a ship, is a rope used for keeping off things 
 from bearing or falling against the ship's sides when they 
 are hoisted in. 
 
 To GU'ZZLE, r. n. [from g-ut or pat, whence guttlt, 
 gustle] to feed immoderately ; to swallow any liquor grce- 
 dily. 
 
 GU'ZZLER, s. an immoderate eater or drinker. 
 
 ■no
 
 li A !? 
 
 11 A D 
 
 GY'BING, i. tlic act of s)iiftiii^' any boom sJiiHioiu one 
 ide of the mast to tlic other. 
 
 GYMNA'.-'IL'M, IgijinKosion, friiin gtnntws. naked, Or. 
 because the exercises of the gymnasiiini «cre perfornicH hy 
 naked combatants] in Grecian antiquity, a place fitted for 
 performing; exercises, botli of tlie lilenii and athletic kind; 
 a sort of sc'iool, wherein philosoplicrs, rhetoricians, ami 
 the professors of ail other sciences, read their icctnres ; 
 and wrestlers, fencers, dancers, &c. exercised their various 
 talents, for the diversion of the people. 
 
 GYJ\INx\'STIC, K. [g:!/)i!iiasiihiis, i'lom gymnos, naked, (ir. 
 because the exercises of the gymnasium were performed by 
 naked combatants] something' relatingor belonging to bodily 
 exercise, such as w resfiing, ttc. 
 
 GYMX.4.'.STirALLV, ad. athletically ; fitly for stron? 
 exercise. 
 
 GY'MKIC, <T. lgi/vivil:os, from gyrmos, naked, Gr.j prac- 
 tliing such CNPrcises as relate to the bodv. 
 
 GYMNOSPE'H.MOL'S, <i. [from gynmof, naked, and 
 spenna, a seed, Gr.] having the seeds irAed. 
 
 GYNECO'CllAC^ , s. [fromg;/>ic, a woman, and kmtns, 
 power, Gr.] denotes tiie governnient of women, or tlie state 
 where women are capable of tiie supreme command. 
 
 GY'l'SlE, s. a plant with indented serrated leaves, whitish 
 blossoms, and a four-cornered stem; called also water- 
 Lorehound. 
 
 G^T.SUM, in mineralogy, a kin<! of stone ^^hieh has 
 sonietliing the appearance of alabaster, and is composed of 
 calcareous earlli am^ .suli)liureous acid. . 
 
 G\RA'TION, i. [from gijio, to turn round, Lat.] the act 
 of turning any thin? about in a circle. 
 
 G\ RE, f. [from gyro,\o turn round, Lat.] a circl; de- 
 «cribed 1h' a thing going in an orbit. 
 
 GY'IILD, a. [from gmo, to turn round, Lat.J falling in 
 rinps. " His stockings ((own gi/icdtu his ancle." S/m/t. 
 
 GYVES, s. [gevi/ii,Jivh.} fetters or chains consisting of 
 two links for the legs. 
 
 To GYVE, v.a. to fetter or shackle; to ensnare. 
 
 II. 
 
 HIS the eighth letter, and sixth consonant, in our al- 
 phabet. .Some grannnarians indeed will have it to be 
 only an aspiration or breathing; but it is most certainly a 
 distinct sound, and formed in a peculiar manner by the 
 organs of speech, at least in our language. It is pronounced 
 by a strong expiration of the breath between the lijis, 
 closing, as it were, by a gentle motion of the lower Jaw to 
 the upper, and the tongue nearly approaching the palate. 
 That it is a distinct letter, api)cars from the words cat and 
 heat, aim and /mrm, mrand /;«(;•, c//and licU, as pronounced 
 with or witho\it the /i. In P'nglish, it is scarcely ever unite 
 in the beginning of a word, especially where it precedes 
 a vowel; when it is followed by a consonant, it has no 
 sound, as in sight ; when it has c before it, it is sometimes 
 dr(»pped, the r being pronounceil hard, like a /;, as in Chrixt, 
 wKn\\ the Saxons wrote Crist, and in cclw ; but this does 
 not hold good always, tor it is pronounced in chnriti/, churvh, 
 Ac. Whenever it follows/), it it soinided together with it 
 like an /; as Philip, Ac. Among the aniients it was a 
 numeral lett<'r, signifying 200 ; and when with a mark over 
 it thus fi, 2000. In abreviatures, it it used for h(}mn, as 
 J. II. S. Jesus I/iiminiim Snivator, i. e. Jesus the Saviour of 
 mankind. 
 
 HA, inlnrject. [Lat.] an expression of wonder or surprise. 
 Winm repeatrd, an expression of laughter orjoy. 
 
 HA'BAKKUK, tin propheev of, is one of the canonical 
 Vxioks of the Old Testament. There is no mention made in 
 scripture, either of the time when this iiropliet lived, or of 
 the parents from whom he descended ; Imt according to the 
 authors of the lives of the prophets, lie Was of the tribe of 
 Simeon, and a native of Betiizair. 
 
 IIA'BKAS CO'lU'TiS, t. [I/at.J in law, a Writ wliicli a 
 rtiau may liave out of the Kinij's Uencli, to remove himself 
 
 4-Ht 
 
 th'iHier at his own expense, to answerat the barlhcre, when 
 indicted or imprisoned for a crime before justices of the 
 peace, or a franchise court, after having otlered sutiicieot 
 bad, « hieh is refused, though the case be bailable. 
 
 HA'IjEKDASHER, f . one who sells small wares, such as 
 pins, needles, &c. 
 
 HA'RERDINE, j. a dried salt cod. 
 
 HABE'RGEOX, ihuhirjon) s. [hatihergeiin, Fr.] armour 
 to cover the neck and breast; a breast-plate; a neckpiece; 
 a coast of mail. 
 
 HARILIMF.NT, s. \habilinient, Fr.] dress ; clothes. 
 
 To HABILITATE, r. n. [habilita; Fr.] to qualily or en- 
 title. Not in use. 
 
 HABILITA'TION, s. qualification. 
 
 HA'iUT, s. [habitus, Lat.] the state of any thing; as, 
 " hdhit of body." Dress or clothes. A power and ability 
 of doing any thing, acquired by frequent repetilion oftlie 
 sji.uie action. Custom; inveterate use ; or a strong inclina- 
 tion to perform any particular action. 
 
 To H \'B!'1\ f.«. to dress or clothe. 
 
 HA'BI'l'ABLE, o.[from habito, to inhaliil, Lat.] tliat is, or 
 may he dwelt in. 
 
 11 MMT.XBLI'-XlsSS, .«. the quality which renders a place 
 proper for the residence of any animal. 
 
 HA'BITANT, s. [from hnbito, to inhabit, Lat.]a dweller in 
 a placi'. 
 
 HABITATION, s. [from habito, to inhabit, Lat.] the act 
 of dwelling in a place ; a place wherein a person resides. 
 
 IlABl'TL'AL, a. \hnbitiiel, Fr.] customary; establislLcd 
 by fie!]'.ient practice and repetition. 
 
 IIABI'TL'.AL, ad. by custom; by habit or frequent 
 practice. 
 
 To HABI'TUATE, v. a. \hMtuer, Fr.J to accustom ; to 
 use one's self by frequent repetition. 
 
 HABITUDE, s. [habitudv, from habitus, habit, Lat-lrcla- 
 tion or respect. The state of a tiling witli regard to some- 
 thing else. Familiarity, converse, intimacy, followed by 
 u-itl:. Custom, hal)it, or the frequent and uninterrupted 
 practice of the same thing. 
 
 To HACK, !■. a. \h(i<-mn, Pax.J to cut or chop into small 
 pieces by fre(pient and unskilful blows. Figuratively, to 
 speak or pronounce improperlv. 
 
 H.\CK, j._ a contraction of Hackney. 
 
 H.^'CKLE, J. raw silk, or -any filmy or fibrous substaifce 
 unspun. 
 
 To HA'CKLE, V. a. to dress flax. 
 
 HA'CKNEY, s. \hacknai, Bit.]a hired horse, or a horse 
 Ictout for hire. Figuratively, any thing let for hire; one who 
 writes for hire ; any thing that is trile or used in common. 
 
 To HACKNEY, r. a. to use a thing very frequently; to 
 accustom to the road. 
 
 HAD, the preter. and part. pass, of Have. 
 
 HADDINGTON, a borough town of Scotland, capitalof 
 Haddingtonshire, or East Lothian, \\liich sends one member 
 to parliament, and has a manufacture of coarse woollen. It 
 consists of four streets, which intersect each other at right 
 anodes. The number of inhabitants is rather more than 201X). 
 It is surrounded with the seats of the nobility aiul gentry, 
 and there are the ruins of a magnificent church. .lohnKuox, 
 the celebrated reformer, was a native of this town. It is 
 seated on the river Tvne, IK miles E. of Edinburgh. 
 
 HADDINGTONSHIRE, or East Lothian, a county of 
 Scotland, Imunded on tiie W. by Eilinbnrghshire, on tlie 
 N. bv the Firth of Yorlh, on the E. by the German Ocean, 
 and on the S. by tlie county of Berwick. It is about 25 
 miles long, from L. to AV.and l.'i miles where broadest. The 
 land is in many places doubly productive, afl'onling im- 
 mense quantities of coal, \\hile ricli crops of corn are raised 
 on its surface. The southern part of' llie county, compre- 
 hending the N. side of Lammerinuir Hills, is mountainous. 
 These high grounds, however, feed vast numbers cf sheep. 
 On the sea coast are several harbours ami fishing towns ; 
 salt is made in many places, and the county iu ifeneral is 
 populous and rich.
 
 HAH 
 
 II A 1. 
 
 HA DDOCK,*.[/i(K/o<,Fr.] a>ea-fish of theeod kind, but 
 
 '•niiill. 
 
 H V'DLEY, a town of Suffolk, pretty lar^e, populous, and 
 tolt'inbly well built, but bein^' situated in a liottoui, it is 
 generally dirty. Jrargo cpiantitics of yarn are still spun her(! 
 For tlie Norwich manufacture, and tornierly it liad a consi- 
 derable woollen manufacture. It is seated on the river 
 Preston, 20 miles S. E. of Bury, and (;4 N. E. of London. 
 Considerable markets on Monday and Saturday for corn, 
 provisions, iKx. 
 
 11 K'MOKKH.\GE,.t. See Hf.rmokkiiagf.. 
 
 IlAl'T, .?. \hn-ft, Sax. hfft, Bels ] a liandle ; tiiat part of 
 any instrument t)y wliicli it is liekl ni the hand. 
 
 ilAG, s. [Jiagn, Biit.] a fury, or si)irit of a deformed or 
 terrible aspect; a witch or euehautress ; an old ugly wo- 
 man. 
 
 TolIAG, V. a. to haunt; to torment; to possess or ha- 
 rass with vain terror; to bewitch. 
 
 IIA'GARD, n. [Vr.] wild, unsociable, or untamed ; lean ; 
 Uf^ly ; russed ; deformed ; wildly disordered. 
 
 lIA'OtiAI, the tenth of the lesser prophets, was born, in 
 all probability, at Babylon, in the year of the world 34.^7, 
 from whence he returned with Zerubbabel. It was this 
 prophet who, by command from God, (I'zra v. 1, 2, &c.) 
 exhinted the Jews, after their return from tlic captivity, to 
 linish the rebuilding of the temple, which they had inter- 
 mitted for 1-t years. His remonstrances had their ctlect ; 
 aiio, (o enconrase them to proceed in tlj« work, he assured 
 tiiem from God, that the glory of this latter house should be 
 ureater than the glory of the former house ; which was ac- 
 conliugly fnllilled when Christ honoured it with his pre- 
 sence ; for, with respect to the building, this latter temple 
 wasnothin<5 in comparison of the former. 
 
 HA'GGARD,j.any thing wild or irreclaimable; a species 
 of hawk ; a hai,'. 
 
 HA'GGA15bLY,m?. deformedly; ugly; likeahag. 
 
 HA'GGKSS, i. a incssof meat, chopped suiall, inclosed 
 in a me,nibrane, and boiled. 
 
 HA'GGlSH,n. likea hag ; deformed; horrid. 
 
 To HAGGLE, v. a. [corrupted from /inch, or haclile] to 
 iiMit, chop, or mangle. Neuterly, to be tedious in a bargain, 
 cr long before setting the price. 
 
 HA'GGLF.R, s. one that cuts ; one that is slow in bar- 
 gaining. 
 
 H-AGIOfiRAPHA, s. [from o^w, holy, and ^-rnplio, to 
 write, Gr.Ja name given to a part of the books of scripture, 
 comprehending the books of Ruth, Chronicles, I'zra.'Ne- 
 hemiah, Esliier, Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastcs, Canti- 
 cles, the Lau'.eutations, and Daniel. 
 
 HAGIO'GRAPHER, (/wgUiorafer) s. [horn ag-ios, holy, 
 qnil ^raphn, to write, Gr. | an nispired writer. 
 
 IIAGUI'", (//n^)a town of the United Provinces, in Hol- 
 land, which geographers pretend is but a village, and yet it 
 may compare with the liandsouiest towns or cities in 
 Emope, with regard to its extent, the number and beauty of 
 its palaces, its streets, its agreeable walks, and its great 
 trade, especially in books. The greatest part of the houses 
 have the appearance of palaces, and there are at least 4000 
 gardens. It is seated 4 miles from the sea, and there is a 
 pavement across the Downs, with trees on each side. Tiie 
 stadtholder, or governor of the country, generally resided 
 here. It is the place where the States of the United Pro- 
 vinces assemble, and here the foreign ministers are ad- 
 mitted to audience ; and here also the supreme courts of 
 justice are held. In January ITO.'i, the French army enter- 
 ing the United States, the stadtholder and family were 
 obliged to make their escape, and the Dutch having wel- 
 comed their couqiuTOrs, an entire revolution of government 
 took place. See iloi,l..\Nn. The Dutch were induced 
 immediatelv to ioin the French in the war against frreat 
 Britain. It is 3 'miles N. W. of Delft, 8 S. W. of Leyden, 
 lON.W.of Rotterdam, and 30 S.W. of Amsterdam. Loju 
 J. 10. E. lat. &2. 4. N 
 
 HAri, !>r:''B<«)3ee(!o», expressing a sudden surprise. 
 
 HAIK, a markel low n of Scotland, in llie sliiri. of Perbic; 
 seated on the riverTiviot. 
 
 HAIL, s. [hd^el, Sax. J a concrelioM of af|ucous par'iclea, 
 or drops of rain congealed into ice. This ir.ippcus, when, 
 in tlieir passage through the inferior aii, they mcit willi ni- 
 trous partic!.es, which arc known to coutiibute greatly to 
 freezing. Tlu-ir uuignilude is owing to a fresh accession of 
 matter as they pass along. lii'iice we see the rea/in why 
 hail is so fietiuent in suiiimer, because at that time gn aire 
 quantities of nitre are exhaled from the earth, and float up 
 and down the air. 
 
 To HAIL, I-. H. to pour down hail. 
 
 HAIL, iiiinjrct. [from lioel, Sax.] a term of salutation, 
 wherein we wish health to a person. It is used at present 
 oulv in poetrv. 
 
 To H.ML," 1'. ri. \hnl<inn. Sax.] lo salute; to call to, ap. 
 plied to the manner in which siiips adflress each other. 
 
 H Al'LED, n. beaten or struck w illi hail. 
 
 IJAILSIl AM, a town in Sussex, whose market is on Sa- 
 turday ; it is 68 miles from LoikIoii. 
 
 HAI'LSIIOT, i. small shot scattered like hail. 
 
 HA'ILSTON \\ v. a particle or single ball ofbail. 
 
 HAI'LY, <i. consisting of hail. 
 
 HAI'XAULT, county of, divided into Austrian and 
 French, a late province of the Netherlands, bnunrled on the 
 N. by Flanders and Brabant ; on the 1'^. by Brabant, Namur, 
 and Liege ; on the S. by France ; and on the W. by Artoi^s 
 and French Flanders. It extends about S.^ miles from 1-1. 
 to W. and 48 from N. to S. Mons is the capital. In tlie 
 French part are included the towns of Laudrecy, QMesn()y, 
 Avesnes, Marienburg, Phillipville, Valcueieiines, Boiichain, 
 Conde, Cambray, and ?daubeiige, with their respective dis- 
 tricts ; as also several viliiiges. 
 
 H.\1R, s. [hor. Sax.] the small thin threads which grow 
 out of the skin of animals ; the hair which grows on tlie 
 head. The different colours the hair appears of in diti'erent 
 persons, and in the same person in different parts of life, are 
 owing to the nature of the finid with which it is supplied. 
 Figuratively, any thing verv small. 
 
 IIAIRBELL, or HAREBELL, s. a species of the h> a- 
 cinthus, or, as others say, of the scilla, of'Linna'us. It is 
 very common in the woods and hedges of England, and 
 flowers in May. 
 
 HA'IRBRAiNED, «. Tit should be Iiarehnined, because it 
 alluded tothe wildnessofahare) wild; irregular; inconstant. 
 
 HAIRBREADTH,*, a very small breadth; the widtii e.f 
 a hair. 
 
 HAlTtCLOTH, .t. stuft" woven of horse-hair. 
 
 HAI'lKiRASS, s. in botany, a genus of grasses, of w hie. 
 there are several species. They t'owerin July and .August. 
 
 HAIRINESS, s. the state of being covered or overgrowc 
 with hair. 
 
 HAI'RLACE, .V. a fillet or band with which women tie up 
 their'hair. 
 
 JHAI'RLESS, ff. without hair ; bald. 
 
 HAJ'RMOSS, .■.■. in botany, the polytrichum, of which 
 three arenative in England. 
 
 HAl'RY, a. overgrown or covered with hair ; consisting 
 of or resembling hair. 
 
 HA'LBERT, or UW.V^ERD, (hnnHwrt) s. [hnhharde, Fr.J 
 a long pole armed at one end w itii a battle-axe, carried by 
 Serjeants of foot and dragoons, t'^c. It was formerly named 
 the Danish axe, because borne first by them ; from them it 
 was borrowed by the Scots.Trom w liom itcame to the English, 
 and from us to the French. 
 
 IIA'LCVON, Uiahuoii) s. [Lat. from ah, the sea, Gr.] the 
 kiug-tlsher, tlius called because she was I'eported to breed 
 in the sea, and that there was always a calm during the 
 hatching time. 
 
 H.A'LCYON, (Imhi/ou) a. peaceful ;■ qnief ; undisturbed ; 
 without tumult or violence. " His- /irt/r//jn days brought 
 ■forth the arts of peace." Denlmm. 
 
 • H.VLE, 1. healthy, sound, or hearty ; of a good or fres'j 
 complexion. 
 
 - 421
 
 HAL 
 
 HAM 
 
 To HALE, (haul) V. a. [hulen, Belg. haler, Fr.] to diilg liy 
 force ; to pull violently. 
 
 HAL!'" il, (hauler) s. he who pulls or drags by force. 
 
 HA'LES-OWEN, a town iu|Shropshire, but inclu(lt'<l in 
 Worcestershire, 6 miles E. of Stourbridge. Tiieie is a 
 market on Monday. 
 
 HA'LESWOllTH, an antient and popidous town ofSuf 
 folk, noted for the plenty of linen yarn which is bought up 
 fiere, and spun by tlie women of the county. A great deal 
 of honi|) is raised about the toun. It is situated on a neck 
 of land between two branches of the river BIythe, which is 
 navigable from hence to Soulhwold for barges, that ()ass 
 throe or four times a week with corn, Ac. for the London 
 markets ; 10 miles W. of Soutluvold, and 101 N. E. of Lon- 
 don. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 HALF, (the / is often not sounded) s. plural halres ; [hinlf. 
 Sax.] one of two parts into which a thing is equally divided. 
 In composition, itsignilics imperfection. 
 
 HALF, ad. in |xirt, or ecpially. 
 
 HALF-BLOOD, «. one who has but one parent the same 
 with another person. 
 
 HA'LF-BLOODEU, s. mean; cowardly ; base-born. 
 
 HALF-MOON, y. tiie moon in iti appearance when in 
 half its increase or decrease; any thing in the figure of a 
 lialt-nioon. 
 
 HA'LFPENNY, (hapeimy ; plural halfpence, pronounced 
 liapence) s. a copper coin, of which two make a penny. It 
 received its name originally from its being the half or one 
 part of a silver penny broken into two equal pieces, which 
 was the only money we had till halfpence anil groats were 
 coined. 
 
 IlA'LF-PIKE, s. the small pike carried by officers. 
 
 HA'LF-SIGHTED, a. seeing imperfectly ; having weak 
 discerinnent. 
 
 HA LF-S\VORD,«. close fight; within half the length of 
 a sword. 
 
 HALF-WAA',orf. in the middle. ' 
 
 IIA'LF-WIT, s. a blockhead; one who vainly affects to 
 be thought a wit ; a silly fellow. 
 
 IIA'LF-WITTED, a. of dull or imperfect understanding. 
 
 HALIBUT, «■. a sort of fish. 
 
 HALIFAX, a large, poi)ulous, and flourishing town of 
 Yorkshire, seated on a branch of the river Calder, rendered 
 navigable to the Air and Ouse. The principal manufactures 
 are shalloons, tummies, duroys, nerseys, baizes, dvc. The 
 Piece Hall, or Market House, is a very elegant new struc- 
 ture of stone, in the form of an obli>iii; square, occupying 
 10,000 square yards, and containing 315 distinct rooms for 
 the lodgment of goods. The parish is about 10 miles long, 
 and from 6 to 8 broad, the vicar of which is justice of peace, 
 as vicar. The adjoining bills display on their brows, and 
 often to their simimits, marks of agriculture and manufac- 
 tures. It is 40 miles S. VV. of York, and 197 N. N. W. of 
 London. Market on Saturday. 
 
 HA'LIFAX, the principal town and seat of government 
 of Nova Scotia, a peninsula of Acadia. It is seated on the 
 W. side of Chelmcto Bay, in a healthful country, which is 
 greatly iiuproved of late years, and has the appearance of 
 fertility and cultivation, but is subject to fogs. It hasa large, 
 safe, and commodious liarbour, affording slieller to the lar- 
 gest i^eets, and an excellent naval yard for repairing ships of 
 \*ar. The town is defended by an intrenclmienl and forts 
 oftiud>er. It was founded in the year 1747, and is advan- 
 •ageously situated for the fishery. Lat. 44. 45. N. Ion. 03. 
 ^o. W. 
 
 HA LIMASS, >. the feast of All Souls. 
 
 HALI'TUOUS, a. [from haliiiu, l)reatli, vapour, Lat.] va- 
 porous ; fumous. 
 
 H\LL, (/«««//) *. r//n/, Sax. A«//f, Bclg.l a court of jus- 
 tice; a inaiKir-himse, so called, because formerly courts were 
 Ill-Id in it for tenants ; the public room of a cori>oration ; 
 the first lar;;e room on the ground-floor of a house. 
 
 HAIJ.ATION, a town of Leicestershire, no'.^d for its 
 poverty in the mi<l>l of a rich soil. It is \'i iiiilets SE. of 
 4*2 
 
 Leicester, and 00 N. by L. of London. Market on 1 ttlir*> 
 day. 
 
 ilALLELU'J.^H, *. (tliej is pron. like an i vowel, or j) 
 [from hatlelu, praise ye, and yah, the Lord, Heb.] a song of 
 liraise or thanksgiving, so called from the first word pr^ 
 fixed to psalms of praise in Hefirew. 
 
 HA'LLIARDS, s. a sea term for those ropes by which all 
 the yards of a great ship are hoisted up, except the cross- 
 jack and the sprit-sail yard, which are always slung ; but in 
 small craft the sprit-sail yard has Halliards. 
 
 HALLOO, interject, a word of encouragement or entice- 
 ment when dogs are let loose at their game. 
 
 To HA'LLOO, »'. M. \haler, Fr.J to make a cry or noise 
 after a person, alluding to that made after dogs; to chase 
 or persecute with a noise. To call or shout to. 
 
 To HALLOW, (hallo) V. a. [halgiaii, Sax.J to consecrate, 
 make holy, or dedicate to some religious use; to reverence 
 and esteem as holv. 
 
 HALLUCINATION, i. [from halhuhwr, to blunder, 
 Lat.] an error, blunder, or mistake, owing to folly. 
 
 HALM, s. (/laitm) straw ; or tlie stalks of beans and 
 peas. 
 
 HA'LMOT, orHA'LIMOT, (hafihnotc, or haulimote) s. an 
 old law-term, signifying a court baron, or a meeting of the 
 tenants of the same manor, in which difrcreiiccs between 
 them are determined ; it was likewise called Fvltanutc, or a 
 meeting of the citizens in their connnon hall. 
 
 HA'LO, s. [from halos, an area. Or.] a meteor in the form 
 of a luminous ring, appearing round the sun, moon, nr 
 stars. 
 
 HA'LSTED, or HA'LSTEAD, a town of Essex, with n. 
 consideraWe manufacture of beys and seys. It is pleasantly 
 situated on a rising ground near the river Cohie, IG miles 
 N. of Chelmsford, and 47 NE. of London. Its market on 
 Friday is noted for corn. 
 
 To HALT, ihault)i:n. \hcaliau, Sax.]tolimp, or be lame; 
 to stop in a march, applied to an army. To hesitate ; to 
 be dubious w hich of two opinions to prefer. 
 
 HALT, (hault) a. [healte, Sax.] lame or crippled. 
 
 HALT, {hault) s. the act of limping, or the manner in 
 which a person walks who is lame ; a stop in a march. 
 
 HA'Li'ER, (haiiller) s. one who limps or is lame. 
 
 H ALTER, {hauher) s. [healsire. Sax.] a rope, peculiarly 
 applied to that which is put round a criminal's neck when he 
 is to be handed. 
 
 To IIA'LFER, (/iott//(>)) V. a. to bind with a strong eord; 
 to catch ill a noose, alluding to that made in a rope with 
 which criminals are hanged. 
 
 II ALTON, or nAU'LTON,a town of Cheshire, situated 
 loftily on a hill, near a navigable canal, w hich coiiimmiicatcs 
 with all the late inland navigations, 2 miles NE. of Frods» 
 ham, and lH(i from London. Market on Saturday. 
 
 HA'LTWHIS'FLE, a considerable town of Northumber- 
 land, with an infant manufactory of baize. Its inns have 
 good acconnnodations for travellers, this town being a 
 thoroughfare in the road from Carlisle and Ilcxhaui to 
 Newcastle. It stands in a lofty situation, 37 miles \\'. lA 
 Newcastle, and 315 N. NW. of London. Market on Thurs- 
 dav. 
 
 To H.ALVE, 11. a. [from halves, plural of half] to divide 
 into two equal parts. 
 
 HAM, *. rSax.] the lowermost and hindcrmost part of 
 the thigh, adjoining to the knee, in a human creature. In 
 cookery, the thigh of a hog or bear salted and dried. Ham. 
 whether initial or final, !j> no other than tlic Saxon ham, m 
 house, farm, or villajje. 
 
 HAMADRYADS, in heathen mvlhology, certain rural 
 deities, or nymphs of the woods, wiiosc falc d(i)ended on 
 certain trees, particularly the oak, together with which they 
 were supposed to be born and to die. 
 
 To HA'MBLE, e. «. to hamstring, or cut the sinews of the 
 thigh. 
 
 H AMBUROH, one of the largest rowns in Oennany, the 
 births and burials amounting to abuut 5000 persons every
 
 II A M 
 
 II A V 
 
 year. The iiiitiiMit town itself is prolty Iar;,'e; to winch 
 tliey iiiivc ;\(l(l((l the new to«ii, ahiiosl lis l>i^' ;is tli<' f'onncr. 
 Most of Ihe houses arc new, hiiill alter the niaiiiier of the 
 IJulch, and richly fiirnished wilhin. The i>riiieipal streets 
 of theantient town have ion;; anil liroail eanals, which are 
 filled twice every '24 honrs hy the tides. 'I'liese are not 
 only nsefiil fortiadi', hul serve to keeii the houses and ihe 
 streets clean. Handjinnh is \m11 i'ortiiicd, and there is al- 
 ways a snilieient jjarrison to defend it, wilh a fine train (if 
 artillery. On the ramparts arc liaiidsoine walks, on which 
 till y taki' Ihe air in hne weather. The hur;4hers nionnt 
 pnarcl tiieniselves, and are divided into several coniiianic's. 
 Tlie streets are well lighted every nijjht, and there is a ;;iiard 
 wliich patrols allover the city. It is a place of j;reat trade ; 
 widcli they carry on with l'ortu?;al, .'^|)ain, I'rance, !',ni;land, 
 Denniark.'Norway, .Sweden, Italy, ami Itnssia. Tlie senate 
 of this town, -which acknowledijes jii) superior jnrisdietion, 
 is composed of thirty-six persons. The town is di\ ideil into 
 five parishes, and out of each are formed several colle^'cs, 
 or companies, who fake care of public atlairs, nidess there 
 is any thiriji too hij,'ii for their delcruiinatiou, and then it is 
 judged hy a sort of general assemhly. The inhahitanfs are 
 all Lutherans, and none but the English have the liherfy of 
 performinj? divine service in a chapel of f Injir own. Other 
 relij,'ion3 are tolerated at Altona, (which is a large town near 
 the harbour of ilamhuryh) except the .lews, who have no 
 syua'.;ogne. It is advantageously situated on Ihe north bank 
 of the Elbe, ■l.'i miles N. W. of Lunenburg, CO .S. of Sles- 
 wick, and .Vj N. E. of Bremen. Lon. 'J. .0.3. E. lat. i>.J. 
 4.3. .\. 
 
 II AMI'., s. [hama, Sax.] the collar by which a horse draws 
 in a waggon. 
 
 HAMILTON, a town of Scotland, in Clydesdale, with 
 the title of a duchy. It isa vei-y pretty neat town ; and near 
 it the duke of llaiiiilton has a very magnificent palace and 
 a lurge park. It is seated on the river Clyde, 11 miles .S. E. 
 ofOlasgow. 
 
 II.\'MLET, s. [)iam, Sax. and let, the diminutive termina- 
 tion] a little village. 
 
 HAMMER, s. [/lamer. Sax. hannner, Dan.] an instniment 
 consisting of an iron head and long handle, soiueliines of 
 wood, bv which any thing is forged, or nails, Ac. are driven. 
 To IIA'MMER, II. «. to beat, forge, or drive with a 
 ham me r. 
 H.\ M MERER, .c. oncwho works with ahammer. 
 H A'MMER.SMITII, a village in Middlesex, 4 miles W. of 
 London, and a liflle to the N. of the Thames. It is pretty 
 large, and full of handsome houses. 
 
 iLVMMOCK, s. [/id/naca, Sax.| a swinging bed, suspend- 
 ed by cords fixed on hooks. 
 
 IlA'MPER, s. alarge basket with a wicker cover, used 
 for carriage. 
 
 To II.VMPER, »•.«. to entangle, or to embarrass, so as 
 to hinder from flight, or the use of one's limbs or faculties ; 
 to ensnare, to inveigle ; to catch by means of some allure- 
 ments ; to perplex or harass with a variety of accusations 
 or law-suits. 
 
 HA'MPSIIIRE, Hants, or SouTHA-\iPTo\, a county 
 of England, bounded on the W. bv Dorsetshire and Wilts, 
 on tlieN. by Rerks, on the E. by Surry and Sussex, and on 
 tJie S. bv the English Channel. It extends, exchisivelv of the 
 Isle of Wi"lit, 42 miles from N. to S. and .J.S from E". to W. 
 It is divided into 39 hundreds, which contain 1 [city, 20 
 tiiarket towns, 2,03 parishes, 1002 villages, above 3(>,000 
 bouses, and about 200,000 inhabitants. It is one of the most 
 fertile counties in England. The air, in the higher parts, is 
 clear and pure ; towards the sea it is mild, and inclined to 
 imoisture. Its products are the finest corn and hops, very 
 arge Hocks of cattle and sheep, with excellent wool, bacon, 
 aoney, and timber. For the last it has been particularly fa- 
 mous, on account of its great woods, of which the principal 
 are the New Forest, and the Forest of East Bere. The prin- 
 cipal rivers are the Avon, the Test or Tese, the Itchen, and 
 dw Stour. 
 
 HA'MFSIURE, NEW, one of the rnited .States of N. 
 America, and one of the tour divisions of New England. It 
 is bounded on theW. and N. W. bv the State of ■\'eriiif)nt, 
 on theN. by Canada, on the N. E. hy the |irovince of Main, 
 on the E. by the Atlantic Ocean, and (ui the S. by Massa- 
 ehusets. It extends about lOa miles from N. to S.and from 
 10 to 70 in bieadlli, and is di\ ided into the counties i;f 
 Rock iiiglia III, Stafford, liillsborough, Cheshire, and <i ration. 
 The land near the sea is generally low, but advancing into 
 the couiilr\, it rises into hills, 'ihe air is serene and lieaith- 
 ful ; the weather not so subject to variation as in southeni 
 climes; yet in suiiiiner the heat is great, but ofshorfdura. 
 tioii, and in winter this country is intensely cold. The cit* 
 pital is I'oi tsiiioulh. 
 
 liA'.Mr.S'J'i:AD, a village of Middlesex,! miles N. N. W. 
 of London. It is sealed on the ili-clivily of a liill, on llie top 
 of which is a fine heath, reaching about a* mile every way, 
 adorned with several pretty villas, a;»d all(inling_an exten- 
 sive i)rospect of Ihe iiietroiioli'*, .mil the country all round 
 it, as faras Shooter's Hill, lUuislcad Downs, Windsor Castle, 
 iVc. Ilampstead is now crowded with good buildings, even 
 to the very sleep of the hill; but, in the reign.of lieiiry VIII. 
 it was chielly inhabited by the laundresses who washed for 
 the Londoners. 
 
 HA'MI'TON MlNCIIIXf i, a pretty large parish inGloiv- 
 cestershire, 3 miles from Tetbiiry, which has 12 hamlets be- 
 longing to it. Market on Tue^dav. 
 
 HA'MPTONCOr.KT, a town ..f i\liddlesex, famous for 
 a royal palace built by cardinal \\olsey,'who gave it lo 
 Henry VIII. In 17O.0, part of it was allotted' as the resi- 
 dence of his Serene Highness the Sladlholder of the United 
 Provinces, when compelled to leave Holland, on.the invasion 
 of the French. The buildings, gardens, and parks, to which 
 king William made many additions, are about four miles ia 
 circumference, and watered on lluee sides by the 'Fhames, 
 over which there is a bridge to Kiiigstiin. It is seated on 
 the N. side of the Thames, 1.3 miles S. W. of London. 
 
 HA'MSTER, .J. in zoology, a kind of rat which is furnish- 
 ed with remarkable pouches in its checks, and constructs a 
 granary in which it laysnp its food, not for winter, but for 
 the latter partof auUnnn, and the beginning of spring. It 
 is an inhabitant of Cicnnany. 
 
 HAMSTRlNCi, s. the tendon or sinew 'of the hum or 
 thigh. 
 
 To HA'MSTRING.j'.rt. prefer, and part. pass, hmustnw^ ; 
 to lame by cutting the tendon of the ham. 
 
 HA'NAPEU, *. [liaiKipi-iiiim, low Laf.J a treasury; the 
 exchequer. 'Jhe clerk of the liumqirr receives the fees due 
 to the King for sealing the charters and patents. 
 
 HA'NCES, *. in|a ship, the falls" of the fife-rails placed 
 on bannisters in the poop and ipiarfcr-decK, down to the 
 gangway. In architecture, the end of elliptical arches, 
 which are arches of smaller circles than the scheme, or mid.i 
 die part of the arch. 
 
 HAND, s. [/iiind, hand, Sax. Belg. and Tent.] that part of 
 the arm from the w rist to the end of Ihe fingers ; a measure 
 of four inches, generally used and applied to the height of 
 horses; part, quarter, side ; rate, price; care, necessity of 
 munaging; method of government, discipline, restraint ; a» 
 actor, workman, or soldier; the index of a clock, or that 
 which performs iheotHce of a hand or figure in pointing to 
 a particular thing. Out ii/"/i«ji'/, ipiick, sudden, or expedi- 
 tions performance. Power of performing. Manner of act- 
 ing or performing, particularly applied lo music. To hai-e a 
 haiidin,io be concerned in. .1^ haml, within reach ; ready 
 prepared ; near. In writing, a pecnhar cut; or cast of the 
 letters which distinguishes one person's writing from an la- 
 ther ; hence it is applied to signify a person's own writing, 
 or signing. "Under imi liatul and seal." In gaming, cards 
 held after every deal. JFjom hand to hand, from one to ano- 
 ther successively. Hand over hr.ad, negligently, rashly ; 
 without thought or caution. Finm hind to mouth, wilhou* 
 making any provision against a necessity. To bear in /,and, 
 lo keep Hi expectation. To i>e hand and gin c, to be very 
 
 4i3
 
 HAN 
 
 IJAN 
 
 fntiniate and familiar. IFands uff, is a vulgar pnrase, im- 
 plying forbear. 
 
 To HAND, u. a. togi\e or reach to another by the hand. 
 Figuratively, to guide ; to conthict or lead liy tlie hand ; to 
 seize ; to lay hands on; to manage with the hand ; to de- 
 liver from one to another; to transmit, or deliver down in 
 succession. 
 
 HAN D, is much used in composition for that wliich is ma- 
 nageable by the hand, as wluind-scm- ; or borne in tiie hand, 
 as a /ifoifi-basktt. 
 
 HA'NDB AHROW, s. a frame on wiiith any thing is 
 carried iiy the hands of two men without wheeling on the 
 ground. 
 
 HA'NDCJIEADTH, {hdndhrcdth) s. a space equal to the 
 breadtii of a hand. 
 
 HANDED, rt. having tlie use of either the left or right 
 hand; hand in haml ; with hands joined. 
 
 H.4'NDE]«, s. one who delivers down in a regular succes- 
 sion, used with doicn. 
 
 HA'NDFdL, s. as much as the hand can grasp or hold ; 
 a handbreadth, or four inches. A. small number or quan- 
 titv. 
 
 HA'ND-GALLOP, s. a slow easy gallop, in which the 
 hand presses the bridle, to prevent increase of speed. 
 
 HA'ND-GUN, .?. a gan wielded bv the hand. 
 
 HANDICRAFT, s. work performed by the hand. 
 
 liA'NDICRAFTSMAN', s. one whose work or business 
 is performed by the hand. 
 
 HA'NDH^Y, ad. in a skilful, dexterous, or ready manner. 
 
 HA'NDINESS, s. the quality or doing any thing in a 
 skilful and dexterous manner. 
 
 Fl,-\ NDIWORK, s. work of the hand ; product of labour. 
 
 HA'NDKERCHU^F, (pron. sometimes without the d, and 
 sometimes huiulhercht.r,) s. a piece of silk or linen, used for 
 w iping the face or nose, and for covering the neck. 
 
 ToHA'NDIJv, r. a. [hniidekn, BclgJ to touch, feel, or 
 hold in the hand ; to manage or use. Figuratively, to treat 
 of, or enlarge upon, applied to discourse. To deal in, or 
 piactisc. To deal with. 
 
 HA'NDLE, i. [Iiandle, Sax. J that part of a thing by which 
 it is held in the hand. Figuratively, any thing which may 
 discover a person's weakness, and be made use of by an 
 eiiemy to his disadvantage. 
 
 H.-V'NDM.MD, s. a maid who is in waiting, or within call; 
 a waiting-maid. 
 
 HA'NDMILL,*. a mill moved by the hand. 
 
 HA'NDS.'MLS, s. sails managed by the hand. 
 
 HANDSAW, s. a saw manageable i)y the hand. 
 
 HA'NDSF.L, s. [from hmisel, Belg.] the first act of 
 using any thing; the first parcel which is sold of any coni- 
 niodily. 
 
 To IL\'NSEL, r. II. to use or do any thing for the first 
 time. 
 
 HA'NDSOME, «. [from hnndMicn, Belg.] beautiful with 
 flignity ; graceful. Elegant, apiilicd to a i>ers<)n's manners 
 or behaviour, (ienerous or noble, applied to tiie quality of 
 action. Ready; convenient; ample; liberal. 
 
 HANDSOMELY, ad. conveniently, or dexterously; in a 
 licautiiid, neat. ele;»ant, graceful, or generous manner. 
 
 HA JNDSOAIENHSS, .■.•. beauty or phasing majesty, ap- 
 plied to the features. Cirace, applied to the behaviour. 
 Elegance or neatness, ajiplied to the manner in which any 
 thing is wrou;;ht. 
 
 HA'N'DSFIKE, J. a sort of wooden lever, for moving 
 heavy .bodies. 
 
 H.VNDVICE, s. a vice to hohl small work in. 
 
 H.'X'.VDWRITING, s. a cast or form of writing peculiar 
 to each hand. 
 
 HA'N'DY, a. prrformed or given with the hand. Ready ; 
 dexterous, or skilful ; convenient for use. 
 
 To HANG, V. a. pret(n-. and part, passive, /lamrrd, or 
 
 In/iig ; (/(ffwfl-ftH, .Sax.] to suspend on high by sotiKlhing 
 
 fastened to the upper part; to suspend or keep in the air 
 
 wjili ut lallini;. To suspend bv t!ie neck in u roi)e so as to 
 
 42-J 
 
 kill a person. To let fall downwards from any cmiu' M(»r. 
 or l)elow its natural situation, sometimes used witlj dun-n, 
 " ^^'hite lilies /nfw^ their heads." JJn/d. To adorn, by hang- 
 ing any thing upon or over, followed by vil/i. " Hi(ii<^ se- 
 veral parts of his house with trophies." .S'/k/V. Neuleriy, 
 to fall loosely ; to be suspended on high with the lower part 
 loose; to dangle ; to float ; to proceed from. "That gen- 
 tle tongue — where soft persuasion hiuifr." Prior. To be 
 supported by something raised above the ground ; to lean 
 upon. " Hiais; about my neck." S/iak. Used with mer, 
 to threaten ; to be very near, applied to danger. " \Vhile 
 the dread of popery /"("r;- uiec us." Alterb, To be burden- 
 some or troublesome; to oppress with weight, used with 
 ■upon. " In my Lucia's absence — life htnigs upon me." Addis. 
 To be compaited ; to be united ; to be of the same party ; 
 to supjiort one another mutually ; to be in suspenee. To be 
 "dependent on, used with on. " Hangs on princes' favours." 
 S/,nk. 
 
 HA'NGER, s. that by wliich any thing is supported in 
 the air, or at a distance from the ground ; a kind of short 
 sword with a single edge. 
 
 HA'NGER-ON, one who is dependent on another; one 
 who lives at another person's charge. 
 
 H.\'NGING, «. drapery, stuti's, or paper, hung or fastened 
 upon the walls of a house by way of ornament. 
 
 HA'NGING, pmt. foreboding death by a halter. "You 
 have a /ia)ig-ing, look." S/iak. Sulistantively, used for the act 
 or punishment (if pulling to death by a halter; the gallows. 
 
 HA'XdrMAN, i. the person who executes or puts cri- 
 minals to death, by hanging tkem on a gibbet or the 
 gallows. ■ 
 
 HANGTCHEOU, a city of China of the first rank, capital 
 of the province ofTchekiang. It is one of the largest and 
 richest of the empire, and is said to contain a million of 
 inhabitants. The country round produces great quantities 
 of excellent silk, in the manufacture of which (50,000 persons 
 are employed within tlie walls, without reckoning the vast 
 numbers employed in the tow ns and villages round about. 
 It is GOO miles S'. S. E. of Fekin. 
 
 HANK, s. [from Imnh, Isl.] a skein of thread, <Src. Figura- 
 tively, a tie, chetk, or iiilluence. A low word. 
 
 To HA'NKfiR, r. n. [hanhnen, Belg. | to long impa- 
 tiently for ; to have an incessant wish for. Synon. We lia-n 
 a mind for, G\ hivg fur, a present object; but linvc a mind, 
 seems attended with more knowledge and reflection ; long 
 for, nuirc opinion, and more taste; wc «"7( /«;• things far- 
 ther distant; we lanher iifttr things that more ati'ect us. 
 
 HA>'OYER, The Ei.ixtoi! ate of, compr<dieiuis, the 
 duchies of Zell, Saxe-Lawenburg, Bremen, and Lunen- 
 burg, theprincipaliticsof ('alenlulrg,^'erden, (irabcnhagt^, 
 Hoye, Obcrwald, Diepholtz, Bentlieim, cVc. The country 
 is well situated for foreign trade, lying mostly between the 
 rivers VVeserand Elbe. Its produce is timber, cattle, hogs, 
 mum, beer, minerals, (pilcksilver, vitriol, and brimstone. 
 At the lieginiiiiigof the present war, this country was taken 
 by the French. 
 
 "HANOVER, a well built, populous city, of Calenburg, 
 in' Lower Saxony, the seat of the privy-council and re- 
 gency of the electorate. It contains the elector's palace 
 (which having been destroyed by fire, was rebuilt, in 1741. 
 with great ni;igiiificence,)the stale house, a vcr\ grand struc'- 
 ture, 3 parish cliurchis, ;5 huspilals, a poor house, and about 
 12(10 houses, some of which are very large and handsome 
 buildings, flire are some valuable manufactures of lace, 
 stutts, stockings, ribbons, Ac. and a considerable trade in 
 the tanneries, and brewing a species of white beer. It is 
 situated on the river l.eina, (which divides it into two parts) 
 58 nnles S. V.. of Bremen, and MOW. of Berlin. Lat. 62. 22. 
 N. Ion. !). 44. E. 
 
 HANS TOWNS, or Han.si-atic Union, ananie iiivcn 
 to a <()ideder:, V (d'se\eral sea-i)orts ol'Europe, which form- 
 ed, at the time, the principal p;'.vt of the' c<i.iiiimrce of Eu- 
 rope. This association exIendedtVom the Noilh Seas and 
 tlio Bailie, along the whole toast ol'Europe, to Messina in
 
 HAR 
 
 HAR 
 
 tliellMediterrancan, ami included in it cities of Poland, Nor- 
 way, Oermaiiy, Holland, England, France, Spain, Portugal, 
 rnd the dift rent states of Italy. The design of this associa- 
 tion, was, at first, their common defence afpiinst the pirates, 
 v^ho were numerous in the North Seas and the Baltic ; for a 
 time thev were much encouraged by the diti'erent govcrii- 
 uients of Europe, and had considerable priviloges granted 
 them. In the year 1200, there were seventy-two cities in 
 the list of Hans Towns; and so powerful was this alliance, 
 that their ships were often hired by ditl'erent princes to assist 
 them against their enemies ; at length, they grew so formi- 
 dable, particidarly from the 14th to the 16th century, as to 
 give umbrage to several princes, who commanded all the 
 different cities within their jurisdiction to withdraw from the 
 union. This immediately separated the cities of England, 
 France, Spain, and Italy, from the Hans. These, on the 
 other hand, excluded several others, and put themselves un- 
 der the protection of the empire, making a decree that none 
 should be admitted into their society butsuch cities as stood 
 within the limits of the German empire. For awiiilc the 
 confederacy was thus continued where it had first begun, 
 but was at length reduced to Bremen, Lubeck, Ham])urgh, 
 and Dantzick, each of which cities afterwards carried on a 
 separate trade for herself. 
 
 HA'JN T, a contraction for hme not, or has not ; used in 
 common discourse.! 
 
 HAP, s. \a>ilin]), misfortune, Brit.] chance; fortuue ; or 
 that which comes to pass without design or being fore- 
 seen. 
 
 To IIAP, t'. J!, to fall out ; to come to pass without de- 
 sign or foresight. 
 
 HAP-HA'ZARD, s. chance ; accident. 
 
 KA'PAEE, the name of four of the Friendly Islands, in 
 the Pacific Ocean. They are of a similar height and ap- 
 pearance, and connected oy a reef of coral rocks, which are 
 dry at low water. The plantati.ms are very numerous and 
 extensive ; and some of the fences inclosing them run paral- 
 lel to each other, and form spacious public roads, that have 
 a beautiful effect, and would appear ornamental in countries 
 where rural conveniences have been carried to the greatest 
 perfection. These fertile, well cultivated islands, extend 
 about 19 miles. 
 
 HA'PLF.SS, a. unhappy ; unlucky ; unfortunate. 
 
 HA'PLY, ad. perhaps ; peradventure ; it may be ; by 
 chance, or mere accident. 
 
 To HA'PPKN, ti. M. to fall out; to come to pass without 
 being designed or foreseen ; to light upon or meet with by 
 chance, or mere accident, exclusive of any design. 
 
 HAPPILY, ad. in a fortunate, happy, or lucky manner; 
 with address, dexterity, or grace; without labour. In a state 
 of happiness. By chance; by accident; used instead of 
 haph/. 
 
 HATPINESS, s. a state wherein a person has all his 
 wishes satisfied, and is sensible of the higliest pleasures ; 
 good hick or fortune. 
 
 HA'PPY, n. in a state where the desires and wishes are 
 satisfied, and the greatest pleasures are enjoved ; lucky ; 
 successful ; ready ; or disposed by nature, without art or 
 Btudv. 
 
 HA'QUETON, s. a coal of mail. 
 
 HARA'NGUE, (hardn^) s. a speech ; a discourse or ora- 
 tion delirered in public. 
 
 To HARA'NGUE, {/iarang)v. n. [harnn^nfr, Fr.\ to make 
 A speech, or pronounce an oration. Actively, to address 
 by an oration, as, " he Anrmi^Herfthetroops." 
 
 HARA'NGUER, (/"»o"g-"(''') *■ an orator; a person wiio 
 pronounces a set speech ; a word conveying some idea of 
 contempt. 
 
 HA'RBINGER, ». \herhin^er, Belg.l a person who pre- 
 pares the way, or give^notice of the coming of oue that fol- 
 lows ; a precursor, or forerunner. Figuratively, a sign or 
 omen of something to come. 
 
 MA'R BOROUGH, MARKET, a town of Leicestershire, 
 •¥i\}' some manufactures of tammies and lastings. It is a 
 
 3 I 
 
 great thoroughfare on the road from Korthampton fo-Leices- 
 ter and Derby and is seated on the river Wellaiid, which 
 separates it from Northamptonshire, M miles S. .S. E. of 
 Leicester, and 83 N. N. W. of London. Market on 
 Tuesday. 
 
 MA'RROTTLK, near Rotiiiujry, a tov.n in Northum- 
 berland, \v hose market is on Tuesday. It is distant 300 miles 
 from Loudon. 
 
 HA'RBOUR, V. a. [ha-hcrg, Belg.] a lod^ng or placeof 
 entertainment and rest. A port, or station wherein ships 
 are sheltered from storms. Figuratively, an assylura, or 
 place of shelter aild security from danger. 
 
 To liA'RBOl'll, r. a. to entertain or permit a person to 
 reside. Figuratively, to cherish, favour, or entertain au 
 opinion ; to shelter, rest, or seenre from danger. 
 
 HARBOURKl?, s. one who entertains another. 
 
 IIA'RBOURLESS, «. without liari;our, lodging, entertain- 
 ment, or shelter. 
 
 HAIIBROL'GH, .?. See Harbour. 
 
 HARD, a. \lieard,^ Sax. linrd, Belg.l firm, or not easily 
 penetrated. Figuratively, diftioiilt to be understood; i;ot 
 easy to be accomplished ; painful, or dangerous. Rigorous, 
 cruel, or oppressive, applied to the manner of treatment. 
 Unfavourable; unkind. Unhappy; vexatious. Forced. 
 Powerful. Harsh ; stiff. JIard uords, sour ; rough ; re- 
 proachful. Insensible; untouched, or not to be affected. 
 " Know I am not so stupid, or so hard." Very vehement, 
 keen, and inclement, applied to the season. Unreasonable 
 and unjust. Dear, or in wliich a person cannot easily ac- 
 quire a competency, applied to the times. SyNoN. Hard 
 and/«,s<arc synonymous in the sense of (juick motion ; but 
 fust denotes quickness without force ; hard, quickness v.itli 
 violence. With respect to work, fust means expeditiously ; 
 hard, laboriously. 
 
 HARD, arf. \hardo, old Tout.] close; near. Diligently, 
 laboriously; earnestly. Uneasily; vevatiously. Fi!st or 
 nimbly, applied to motion. \Vith ditlicullT. Tempesiu- 
 ously ; boisterously ; with force or violence, applied to the 
 wind. 
 
 HA'RDBOUND, a. costive, applied to the habit of body. 
 Unfertile or barren, applied to tlie invention. 
 
 To HA'RDEN, v.n. to srow iiard or solid. Actively, to 
 make hard ; to make impudent ; to make obdurate ; to niake 
 insensible ; to make firm, or endure with constancy ; to 
 make resolute by the incessant practice of any particular 
 action. 
 
 HA'RDENER, s. one that renders any thing hard, or not 
 easily penetrated. 
 
 HARDFA'VOURED, a. having a coarseness or harshness 
 of features. 
 
 HA'RDGRASS, s. a kind of grass with male and female 
 flowers, found on the sea-coast. 
 
 HA'RDHANDED, a. coarse ; mechanic ; that has hands 
 hard with labour. 
 
 HA'RDHEAD, s. clash of heads ; manner of fighting in 
 which the combatants dash their heads together. 
 
 HARDHE'ARTED, {hard-hArted) a. cruel; inexorable; 
 merciless. 
 
 HARDHE'ARTEDNK-SS, s. the quality of being insen- 
 sible to the cries of misery, and unmoved at the sight of 
 wretchedness. 
 
 HA'RDICANUTE, was at Bruges with his mother when 
 Harold died, consulting about measures to recover the crown 
 of Wrssex; and, upon the news of his brothers death, he 
 came over into England with 40 Danish ships, and was una- 
 nimously acknowledged king of England. Immediately af- 
 ter he was crowned, lie caused the body of his brother to be 
 dug up, and flung into the Thames, which being found by- 
 some fishermen, they gave it to the Danes, who depositeti 
 it in their burial place at Lortflon, at this day called St. Cle- 
 ment's Danes. Soon alter he laid a heavy lax on the nation 
 for paving his fleet, which he sent back to Denmark. This 
 occasioned great murmuring and discontent among tliSp?o 
 pie. At Worcester the tax was opposed with the utmost 
 
 43ft
 
 flA'R 
 
 HAB. 
 
 violence, and two oF the persons emplovcd to coHecf it were 
 kiileil ; this so enraged the king, tliat lie sent the dukes of 
 Wessex and Mercia, and the earl of Northumberland, with 
 their forces, against Worcester; who after plundering the 
 city for four days, burnt it lo the ground. Hardicanute, who 
 was infamous for gluttony and drunkenness, as well as for 
 cruelly, died suddenly as he was carousing at the wedding 
 of a Danish lord at Lambeth. He died uidanientcd by all ; 
 and the English, we are told, kept the day of his deatii, .lune 
 8, as a holiday for some centuries after, by tiienanieol Hoc- 
 tide, or Hog's-tide. He died in 10-11, and in tlie third year 
 of his reign. Whiii iiini ended the monarchy of the Dauosin 
 England, after it had lasted about 2C years, but after they 
 had harassed the kingdom 240 years. In these times we 
 are told thataDane would often stab an F.Dglishman as he 
 was drinking, so that, at length, no one woulil drink in the 
 presence of a Dane, without having somebody to 4>e his 
 pledge or security ; whence, it is said, our custom of pledg- 
 ing one another took it-s rise. 
 
 HA''RDIAIEi\T, i. [Iiardiment., Fr.] courage ; bravery.' 
 Not in use. 
 
 HARDINESS, s. [liartliesse, Fr.] hardsiiip, or fatigue; 
 courage, or a disposition of uiind insensible to danger ; ef- 
 frontery ; impudence. 
 
 HA'RDLY, nrl. with difficulty and great labour ; scarcely. 
 " There is /in)v/(i/ a gentleman." Suift. Used with t/iinlt, in 
 a severe or unfavourable manner. " To tiiink hardly of our 
 laws." Hoohfi: Applied to manner of treatment, witii ri- 
 gour, oppression, severity, or harshness. " Hardly lodged." 
 Dri/d. 
 
 HA'RDMOUTHED, a. not easily governed by the rein, 
 applied to horses. 
 
 HA'RDNESS, s. applied to matter, a firm cohesion of the 
 parts, so that the whole does not easily change its figure. 
 DitTicultv to be understood. Difficulty to be performed or 
 accomplished. Scarcity or dearness, joined to <{me*. Ob- 
 duracy; profligacy. Harshness of look. Cruelly; inhuma- 
 nity; want of compassion. Keenness orsharpncss, applied 
 to weather or frost. Stinginess, or want of profit, applied to 
 the making of barrains. In painting and sculpture, stiff- 
 ness, or want of softness. 
 
 HARDS, *. l/ieordau, Sax.] the refuse or coarser parts of 
 flax. 
 
 H.A'RDSHIP, f. oppression; injury, inconvenience; 
 fatigne. 
 
 IIAT.nWARE, s. manufactures or wares made of metal. 
 
 IIA'RDWAREMAN, s. a maker or seller of wares made 
 »>f metal. 
 
 HARDY, tt. \liardi, Fr.l 'lold ; brave; strong; daring; 
 hard, or firm. 
 
 HARE, s. \hara, Sa\.J •< .-mall four-footed animal, with 
 long ears and a short tail, that moves by leniis, and is re- 
 markable for timidity, vijfilance, and fruilfulncss. The first 
 year it is called a leverH ; the second a /idm; and the third 
 a erait hare. Her cars lead the way in the chace; for with 
 one of them she listens lo t'e cry of ihedo^s, while the other 
 is stretched, like a sail, t roniote her (light. In astrono- 
 my a constellation. 
 
 To HARE, r. o. \liarier, Fr.] to frighten ; to perplex or 
 throw iiilo confusion by burrving or terrifying. 
 
 H ARERELL, «. the wild hyacinth. Sec Hairbell. 
 
 HAREBRAINED, a. See" Hairbrained. 
 
 HA'REFOOT, «. abird. An herb. 
 
 HA'RELIP, s. [because resembling the upper lip of a 
 hare] a defect in the upper lip for want of fiesli, which 
 makes it appear as if cut, and shews the teeth. 
 
 HA'RESBURY, in old recordscalled Hrytsbury, and 
 now written IlArninDRY, a village, or borough town, of 
 Wilts, with a large woollen manufacture. It was once the 
 resi(lenc(! of the empress Maude, and is situated on the 
 V/iUey, 20 miles N. W. of Salisbury, and 93 W. by S. of 
 f.ofidon. Maiket disused. 
 
 H ARF^STRONG, ». a ptant called also Log's fennel and 
 »iilphur-wort. 
 .400 
 
 flATllKR, s. a hotind used for hunting hares. 
 
 HA'RIOT, f. SeeHERioT 
 
 To HARK, t». n. to listen, or be attentive to what a peisna 
 
 says. 
 
 HARK! interject, list, or listen; be attentive to hen; 
 used on a sudden apprehension of danger, Ac. 
 
 HARL, s. \heorda, Sax.] the filaments or threads of flax; 
 any substance consisting of threads or tilamentf. 
 
 HARLECH, a mean town of Merionethshire, but Bat«- 
 rally strong, being seated on a rock, on the sea shore. It b 
 chiefly remarkable for its castle, built by Edv\ard I. which (« 
 still ahnost entire. Near it is a cataract of the Rhais Du, 
 w liich rushes down a mountain, for above 100 yards, and 
 then forms a cascade, part of an elliptical curve, to a pool 
 40 feet below. Harlech is the county town, and is 24 mrl«5 
 S. of Carnarvon, and 223 W.N. W. of London. Market 042 
 Saturday. 
 
 HARLEM, a large, rich, and handsome town, of the 
 United Provinces, in HollantI, containing about 40,000 in- 
 habitants. It is noted for its church, which is the laigest in 
 Hollaufl, and in which is a remarkable fine organ, that con- 
 sists of 8000 pipes ; the largest is 38 feet long, and 16 inches 
 in diameter, and there are 68 stops, of which the most won- 
 derful is the vox hiimana. To the S. of the town is a wood, 
 cut out into delightful walks and vistas. Here are conside- 
 rable manufactures in linen, ribands, and tapes; and they 
 export great ((uantities of beer. It is situated on the river 
 Sparen, about a league from the sea, and 10 miles W. of 
 Amsteidam. 
 
 HARLEQUIN, s. a person dressed in a motley-coloured 
 jacket and trowsers; the hero in pantomime entertainments, 
 who diverts the populace by his activity, artifices to extricate 
 himself from danger, and his seeming power in enchantmeifts 
 and metamorphoses. 
 
 HA'RLE.STON, a town of Norf<ilk, seated near the river 
 Waveny, 18 miles S. of Nuruich, and 100 N. E. of LoudoH. 
 It has a good market on Wednesday. 
 
 HAULING, EAST, a pretty, neat, genteel town of Nor- 
 folk, seated on a rivulet between Thetford and Buckeuham, 
 21 miles S. W. of Norwich, and 88 N. E. of London. lis 
 market ou Tliursdav, is chieflv for lincn-varn and linen cloth. 
 HARLOT, s.lherUUs, Bit.] a femaW'lhat is unchaste. 
 HARLOTRY, .«. an haliitual practice of unchasteness, 
 applied to a woman. Used as a term of contempt for a 
 wounni. 
 
 HARLOW, a town of Essex, chiefly noted for its annual 
 fair, on a common, about 2 miles from the town, much fre- 
 quented for horses, hogs, and cows, on Sept. 9. It is called 
 Harlow Bush Fair. It has another fair ou Nov. 8. Harlow 
 is situated on the W. side of the Rodings, about 17 miles W. 
 of Chelmsford, and 23N. E. of London. 
 
 HARM. y. [hearm. Sax.] an action by which another 
 person may receive damage in his goods, orhuil iii his per- 
 son ; mischief; hurt; orinjury. Synon. Hnmi particularly 
 relatss to any ill done a man's person or character, and is in- 
 ferioi- in degree to hurt, which includes a great degree of 
 liarm. Mischief implies ill done either lo pcrscin or property 
 with an evil intent ; ivjnr;/, a degree of hurt w ithout justice, 
 and refers either to character or propcity. Detriment uv- 
 cludes an idea of loss, and is seldom used but when speaking 
 of propertv. 
 
 To HARM, »>. a. todaniagc the goods or fortune of ano- 
 ther, or to hurt his person. 
 
 HARMA^ITAN, s. the name of a remarkable periodkal 
 wind, which blows from the interior parts of Africa towards 
 tlie Atlantic ocean. It is attended with fog, extreme dry- 
 ness, and vet great salubrity. 
 
 HARMFUL, a. hurtful; injurious; detrimental; miv 
 chievous. 
 
 HA'RMFULLY, ad. in such a manner as to produce mis- 
 chief, hurt, or damage. 
 
 HA'RMFULNESS, i. the (luality which renders a thing 
 or ^)crson detrimental to the interest, hurtful to the p«rt(*n, 
 r lujurious to the character, of another.
 
 MAR 
 
 HAR 
 
 HA'RMLESS, a. without hurt; without intonding or caus- 
 ing any ixii^cliicf; without beiiiK damaged ; iruiocent. 
 
 HA'IlMLliSSLV, ad. iunocenlly ; without malice or 
 crime. 
 
 I1A'RMLR.SSNE.SS, s. the quality of a thing or person 
 which can affect anotlicr «'ilh no ilaniage or hurt. 
 
 HARMO'NIC, or fl MIMO'NR'AL, a. \ hmnwnikos, from 
 harmozo, to agree. Or.] proportioned, or adapted to each 
 other; musical. 
 
 HARMONICA, *. a musical instrument invented by Dr. 
 Franklin, in which liie music is performed by glasses, (illed 
 with water according to the tone to he produced; liul uia- 
 diinery lias since been added, to produce the eti'ect in the 
 manner of an organ. 
 
 HARMONICS, s. that part of music which considers 
 the difterences and proportions of souiuls with respect to 
 acute and grave; in contradistinction to rythuiica and 
 inctrica. 
 
 HARMOTvilOUS, a. [/mrmotiienx, Fr.] adapted to, or 
 having the parts proportioned to, each other. In music, 
 having sounds tliat are concords to each other ; musical, or 
 affecting the ear with an agreeable sensation. 
 
 HARMO'NIOUSlvY, ad. with a just proportion of parts 
 to each otlier ; in such a manner as to delight the ear. 
 
 HARMO'NIOUSNESS, .?. that quality vhich renders 
 sounds agreeable and dtligiitfid ; proportion of parts. 
 
 To HA'RMONIZE, i. a. to agree with respect to propor- 
 tion. To make musical, or convey deligiit to the ear, ap- 
 plied to sound. 
 
 HARMONY, *. [/iarmo)iiH, from harmozo, to agree, (Jr.] 
 in music, is the agreeable result or union of several musical 
 sound* heard at one and the same time ; or the mixture of 
 divers sounds, which togeliier linve an effect agreeable to 
 the ear. Harmnni/ likewise denotes an agreement, suitable- 
 ness, union, conforiuify, t<c. Thus, in music, we sometimes 
 apply it to a single voice, wlien sonorous, clear, and soft ; 
 to a single instrument, when it yields a very agreeable sound. 
 In matters of literature, we use it for a certain agreement 
 between the several parts of a discourse. In architecture, 
 it denotes an agreeable relation between the parts of a 
 building. In painting, they speak of it both in the ordon- 
 nance and composition, an<i in tiie colours of a picture; 
 in the ordonuance, it signifies the union or connection 
 between the figures, witii respect to the subject of the 
 piece ; in the colours, it denotes the union, or agreeable 
 mixture of ditVercnt colours. 
 
 HA'RiVESS, s. [haniois, Fr.J in its primary sense, armour 
 for a horse ; the traces by which horses are fastened to car- 
 riages ot pleasure or state; that of other horses is called 
 gecr. 
 
 To HA'RNESS, u. a. to dress in armour ; to fix horses in 
 their traces ; or to put traces on a horse. 
 
 HA'ROLD, surnamed Harefoot, the son of Canute, king 
 «f England, ascended the throne upon the death of his father, 
 being supported by tiie Danes, who were resolved to stand 
 by Canute's will, by wiucii lie had left the kingdom of Eng- 
 land to Harold. lie iuimcdiatelv seized upon the treasure 
 which his father had laid up at Winchester. This enabled 
 biin to gain over several of his opposers ; and, atageiieial 
 assembly of the whole nation, held in Mercia, viz. at Oxford, 
 having got n majorlly of voices, he was proclaimed king of 
 Englan(l,Har(lieanute being then in Denmark. In the mean 
 time the West Saxons returning home, dissatisfied wilii his 
 ciioice, Ilardicaniite was, by the management of earl Ciood- 
 win, proclaimed king of Wessex, without any further inter- 
 fering with what had been done in Mercia. Bv Wessex we 
 are to unilersland all the country sunlh of the Thames, and 
 by Mercia, all north of it. In Hardic.niute's absence, Good- 
 win managed all in Wessex. Harold, seeing he could not 
 obtain his end by force of arms, enileavoured to bring him 
 over by fair means, and so managed his matters, that (uiod- 
 win on a sudden liecame his friend ; and, under pretence 
 that Hardicanute neglected to come into England, got Ha- 
 Xq\A U) be acknowledged king of Wessex with all the ease 
 
 imaginable, and now he was in reality king of all England. 
 He die<l without issue, 1039, in the 4th year of his reign. 
 He laid a lax of 8 marks on every port, towards filling out 
 16sliii)s; an<l made a law, that if any VVelsiiinan, coming 
 into I'.nglaud without leave, should be taken ou this side 
 Ofl'a's ditch, his right hand should be cut off. 
 
 HA'ROLD II. sou of earl (loodwiii, succeeded Edward 
 the Confessor, too.'), and had all the qualdicatioiii. re(piisit« 
 to the forminga great prince. He lessened the taxis, and 
 caused jusl ice to be impartially adiuinislered. The duke of 
 Normandy having long enterlaiiud thou;;liIs of sueceedin" 
 to the crown of Ell" land upon EdwartI sdealh, being moved 
 Iherelo either bv llie verbal primiise cjr will of lliat prince, 
 but much more by his own ambilinn, was enraged tiiat Ha- 
 rold, had, contrary lo his oalii, set himself up for kin;;. Rut 
 Harold now met with great uneasiness f'roui his brolherTos- 
 ton, who was endeavouring to dethrone him, and, being 
 assisted by the earl of I'landers, greatly iiilVsled the English 
 coasts. However, an army being sent against him, he was 
 obliged to return to his ships, and was driven on the < oasts 
 of Norway, and there met with what lie desired. He per- 
 suaded Ilarfigar, king of Norway, to join with him, and 
 they entered the Tyne with :M) siii|is, landed and ravaged 
 the country, and took York. IlaioM came up with them at 
 Stamford bridge on the Derweiit. They were posted on the 
 other side of the bridge, so that Harold could not come at 
 them without first making himself master of the bridge, 
 which the Norwayans bravely defeiKlcd, being encouraged 
 by one man, who alone defended the liridge for no small 
 time against the whole l')nglish army ; biil at last, he being 
 slain, after he had, as it is said, killed 10 men w ith his own 
 hands, Harold became master of the bridge, and led his array 
 over ; and now a very obstinate and bloody battle was fought 
 between two nwuierous armies, no less than 60,000 of a side, 
 which lasted from seven in the morning to tin— e in the after- 
 noon ; and at length Harold gained a cemiplete victory, 
 Harfagar and Tostoii being both slain. But Harold, whe- 
 ther to ease the people of expence, or for w liutevcr reason it 
 was, kept the spoils to himself, which raised such discontents 
 in the army, as proved detrimental to his atl'airs afterwards. 
 William, duke of Normandy, had, soon alter Edward's death, 
 sent ambassadors to Harold, requiring him to deliver up the 
 crown, and, in case of refusal, to charge him willia birachof 
 his oath, and to declare war against him. Harold returned 
 for answer, that the duke had no right to the crown, that the 
 oath was extorted from him, was therefore null and void, and 
 that he would defend his own right against all opiiosers. 
 The duke of Normandy got the pope's approlialion of his 
 design, who sent him a consecrated banner, with a golden 
 Agnus Dei, and one of St. Peter's hairs. Harold had equip- 
 ped a large fleet, and raised a numerous army, «hicli, after 
 waiting a great while for the duke, he had given orders for 
 the disbanding, just before he lieanl of Harfagar and Toston's 
 invasion. The duke landed at Pevensey, in Sussex, Sept. 
 29, 1066, and built a fort there; and then marched along the 
 shore as far as EJastings, where he built another strong fort, 
 and v^aited for the coming of the enemy. Harokl was slill 
 ill the nortli, not expecting their coming til! the spring ; but 
 as soon as he was informed of their arrival, he marched with 
 the utmost expedition to London, where the nobility came 
 ill to him, promising their assistance ; luit he found his army 
 much diminished by the losses at Stamford bridge, and mul- 
 titudes deserting through discontent. However, having 
 drawn all his forces together, he marched, and encamped 
 about st'\ en miles from the Norman army, resolving to give 
 them battle. The English spent the night in singing and ca- 
 rousing, as if sure of the victory; and the Normans, in pre- 
 paringfor the light, and praying to God for success. On 
 Oct. 17, the two armies engaged; the battle began with 
 great fury, and equal bravery on both sides. The English 
 were at first very much annoyed by the long bows of the 
 Normans, a way of fighting they harl not been iised to, 
 which put them in some disorder; but recovering thcai- 
 selves, they so warmly engaged the Normans, that they 
 
 427
 
 HAR 
 
 were foicad to give back a little, who, renewing the attack, 
 met with as vigorous a resistance as before, the Englis-h hav- 
 ing much the advantage of them with their bills,- which 
 \vere their autient weapons ; nor was it in the power 'of the 
 Normans to break theij ranks,\vhich reniaiued impenetrable, 
 till the duke thought of a stratagem, v liich was, for his men 
 to refreatas they were fightin'', as if they were about to fly. 
 This emboldened the English to press upon their retiring 
 enemy, and in their eagerness they broke their ranks ; and 
 then the Normans ffrU on the disordered Englisli, and made 
 a terrible slaughter of them. However, Harold rallinl his 
 troops, and the English killed great inimbersof theNormaiis, 
 ;.nd preserved their ranks. The battle had lasted from seven 
 ill the morning, and night now drew on, whilst victory yet 
 seemed to remain in suspense. But the duke had a inind 
 to make one push more before it was dark, to drive the Eng- 
 lish from their station. In this fatal attack Harold m as slain 
 by an arrow siiot into'his brain ; at which the English being 
 quite dismayed, betook themselves to flight, and the Nor- 
 mans obtained a complete victorj'. Thus fell the brave 
 Harold in his countiy's cause, after a turbulent reign of 9 
 iQonths and 9 days ; and with him totally ended the empire 
 of the Anglo Saxons in England, which had begun in the 
 person of Hcngist, above GOO years before. 
 
 HARP, s. \Jiearp, Sax.] a musical instrument strung with 
 wire and struck with the finger. In astronomy, the name 
 of a copstellation. 
 
 To HARP, V. n. \harper, Fr.] to play on the harp. Figura- 
 tivelj-, to touch any particular passion ; to dwell on a sub- 
 ject. 
 
 HA'RPER, s. a player on the harp. 
 
 HA'RPING.IRO>f, or HARPOON, i. [harpago, Lat.] 
 a bearded dart, with a line fastened to tlie handle, with 
 which whales or other large fish are caught. 
 
 HARPOXE'ER, or HARPOONE'ER, s. [harponeur, Fr.] 
 he that darts or throws the harpoon in whale-fishing. 
 
 HA'RPINGS, *. in a ship, properly denote the breadth at 
 the bow. Some also give the same name to the ends of the 
 bends that are fastened into the stern. 
 
 HA'RPSICHORD, s. a musical instrument of the string 
 kind, played after the same manner as an organ. It has one 
 or twosets of keys, which being fingered, move a jack, by 
 which means the strings are struck, which are stretched on 
 the table of the instrument. 
 
 HiV'RPY, s. plural harpies; \harpyia, Lat.J a poetical 
 monster, of the IJird kind, feigned tn have had the face of a 
 woman, the claws, wings, &c. of a liird, remarkable for ra- 
 paciousncss, and on that account used to signify a ravenous 
 or exceedingly covetou^person. 
 
 HA'RQUEBUSS, .?. a handgun. See Aroueeuse. 
 
 HA'RQUEBUSSIER, s. one armed with an arquebusc. 
 
 To HA'RRASS, v. a. more properly harass ; [from liaraser, 
 Fr.] to weary; to fatigue; to tire or make feeble with 
 labour and uneasiness ; to lay a country waste by continual 
 inroads. 
 
 HA'RRASS, s. waste or disturbance. 
 
 H A'RRIDAN, i. [corrupted from harkldle, Fr.] a decayed 
 strumpet. 
 
 HA'RRIER, J. a hound of excellent scent, and great ea- 
 gerness after the game. 
 
 H A'RRINGTON, Cumberland.a seaport between Work- 
 ington and Whilehaven, being 4 miles from the lormer, and 
 U from the latter port. Its principal business arises from 
 the colliers and ship-buildiiig. 
 
 H.A'RROW, (hbrru) s. [cimrrone, Fr.] a frame of timbers 
 crossing each other, set with teeth of iron, and drawn over 
 plowed and sown land, to break the clods and cover the 
 seeds with earth. 
 
 To HA'llROW, (han'6) v. a. to draw a harrow over 
 RTOund. Figuratively, to tear or rip up. To pillrtge, strip, 
 *>r lay waste. To disturb or put into alarm or commo- 
 tion. 
 
 HA'RROWER, ,t. he who harrows; a kind of hawk. 
 
 IIAHROWGATE, Yorkshire,! in the parish of Knaivs- 
 434 
 
 HAR 
 
 borough, remarkable for its mineral waters, which are vi- 
 triolic, and sulphureous. Bathing is the most general mode 
 of using them; and they are often successful in dropsical, 
 scorbutic, and gouty cases. 
 
 To HA'RRY, 1'. a. [harer, Fr.] to.disturb; to throw into 
 commotion ; to alarm or confuse ; to ruffle. 
 
 HARSH, a. [hervischc, Teut. according to Skinner] roughly 
 sour, applied to taste. Rough or disagreeable to the ear, 
 applied to sound. Crabbed, morose, or'peevish, applied to 
 the temper. Rough or rugged, applied to the touch. Uu- 
 pleasing, severe, or rigorous, applied to treatment. 
 
 HA'RSHLY, nrf. sourly, or like unripe fruit, applied to 
 taste. In a violent manner. In a crabbed, sour, or morose 
 manner. Severely, or rigorously. Rough and displeasing 
 to the ear, applied to sound. 
 
 H A'RSHNESS, 3. sourness ; roughness ; crabbedaess ; 
 moroseness. 
 
 HART, s. [heort, Sax.] a male of the deer kind, the fe- 
 male of which is a hind or roe. 
 
 H A'RTCLOVER, *■. a kind of trefoil. 
 
 HA'RTFORD, and not Hertford, (if its origin be de- 
 rived from a hart, the arms of t lie place, deer being formerly • 
 very numerous in this part of the country,) is the shire-town 
 of the county, and hundred of the same name, in England. 
 It has a market on Saturday, is seated on the river Lea, and 
 has been much more considerable than it is at present; far 
 it is much decayed since the great road was turned throHgh 
 Ware. However, it is still the place where the assizes are 
 held, and has the title of an earldom ; sends two member* 
 to parliament ; and is 21 miles N. of London. 
 
 HA'R ITORDSHIRE, an English county, 31 miles ia 
 length, and 28 in breadth ; it is bounded on the E. by Esses, 
 on the W. by Buckinghamshire, on the N. by Cambridge- 
 shire and Bedfordshire, and on the S. by Middlesex. It con- 
 tains eight market-towns, whereof only two send members 
 to parliai.ient.^namely, Hartford and St. Alban's. It abounds 
 in corn, river-fish, sheep, and fat cattle ; and'the air is good 
 alloTer the county. The principal rivers are, the Lea, the 
 Coin, and the Hunton. Hartford is the capital town. 
 
 HATiTLAND, atown in Devonshire, partly concerned 
 in the herring fishery on this coast. It is seated on the 
 Bristol Channel, near a promontory called Hartland Point, 
 28-Qiiles W. of Barnstaple, [and 218 W. by S. of London. 
 Market on Saturday. 
 
 HA'RTLEPOOL, a pretty large sea-port town of the 
 county of Durham, seated on a promontory, partly surround- 
 ed by rocks and hills, and partly by the sea. It has a safe 
 harbour, where the Newcastle and Sunderland colliers ge- 
 nerally take shelter in stress of weather. It has a consider- 
 able iisheiy on the coast, and they export a good deal of 
 coals and lime. It is 16 miles S. E. of Durham, and 2.54 N. 
 by W. of London. Its market, on Saturday, is much d«- 
 cayed. 
 
 Ha RTLEY, Northumberland, on the coast N. of Tin- 
 mouth. Here are salt, copperas, and glass-works ; and here 
 is a pretty haven, or harbour, to which a canal has been cut, 
 through a solid rock, 52 feet deep, 30 broad, anrl 900 long. 
 The exports from this place, in 1770, were 70,000 dozen of 
 bottles, 3000 tons of salt, 100 tons of copperas manufactured 
 here, and 18,000 chaldrons of coals. 
 
 HARTRO'YAL, s. a plant ; a species of buckthorn plaio- 
 tain. 
 
 HA'RTSHORN, s. in medicine, the horn of a hart, called 
 the red deer. Its salt is used as a sudorific; its spirit has 
 all the virtues of volatile alkalis ; and they arc both uised 
 for bringing people out of fits, by being applied to the nose. 
 Ilic raspings are, by boiling in w;ater, formed into jellies for 
 consumptive people ; and the bone, being calcined and 
 powdered, is used to ab.sorb acidities in the stomach, and as 
 drink, when l)(>ile<l,in diarrhcEas. 
 
 HA'RTWORT, .«. in botany, an 'mubc lliferous plant, of 
 which there arc two kinds ; found in' hedges and corn- 
 fields. 
 
 liA'RVE.ST, s.[harf<st, Sax.] the season of reaping and
 
 HAS 
 
 H /•. 'I 
 
 rilheiinn; in coin ; corn ripened, reaped, and gathered in, 
 igunUivelv, the product or reward (jI'u [icrson's labour. 
 
 JIA'UVEST-HOMK, i. tlio soii;^ suiii; by reapers at the 
 feast made for liavinsinncd the harvest. 
 
 HA'RVESTLORD, s. the bead reaperat the Iiarvest. 
 
 IIA'RVESTMAN, s. one \vl;o lalioiirs at tlie harvest. 
 
 HA'llVVICIl, a sea-port town of Essex, seated )n a tongue 
 or noint of hmd, opposite to tiic unrtcd mouths of tlie Stour 
 ann Orwell, 42 miles K. by N. of Chelmsford, and 72 N. E. 
 of London. It is not very hn'se, but is well inhalnterl and 
 frequented, and here the packet boats are stationed that 
 sail to Helvoetsluys, regularly every Wednesday and Satur- 
 day, if wind and weather do not prevent, in time of peace. 
 It has a very safe, spacious, and convenient harbour, extend- 
 ing from the sea to within 2 miles of Ipswich, and able to 
 receive ships of 100 guns all the way ; here is also a very 
 good dock-yard for building ships, with the necessary store- 
 houses, cranes, launclies, &c. The washing and undermin- 
 ing of the tides, and the fajling of}" of large pieces of cliff, 
 have made the point a peninsula, and perhaps may in time 
 make it an island. The harbour is defended by Landguard 
 Fort, built on a sandy point on the Sutlblk side of the water, 
 and other strong works. It is a place of considerable trade, 
 and many vessels are employed in the North Sea fishery. 
 Lat. 52. 0. N. Ion. 1.25. E. Markets on Tuesday and 
 Friday. 
 
 To HASH, t'. n.[h(ic!ier, Fr.| to mince, or cut into small 
 pieces. To mingle, used with k/>. 
 
 HA'SLEMEllE, a town of Surry, with a market on Tues- 
 day, chiefly for poultry. It is seated on fhe edge of the 
 county next Hampshire, and sends two members to parlia- 
 ment. This borough is governed by a constable ; and has 
 two paved streets. It is 12 miles S. W. of Guildford, and 
 42 S. W. of London. 
 
 IIA'isLET, or HA'RSLET, «. [to</«)', Fr.] the entrails of 
 H hog, consisting of the heart, liver, &c. generally applied 
 to them when inclosed in a membrane, and roasted or 
 baked. 
 
 HA'SLINGDON, or Haslingden, a small town of Lan- 
 cashire, 1-1 miles N. by W. of Manchester, and 196 N. N. 
 W. of London. Market on Wednesday. 
 
 •HASP, s. Uiccspe, Sax.] a clasp folded over a staple, and 
 fastened with a padlock ; a small iron or brass fastening 
 into a door ; a kind of hank, going into an eye or loop, used 
 for fastening shoes, neclflaces, &c. 
 
 To HASP, V. 11. io siiut with a hasp. 
 
 HA'SSOCK, s. [/i«jec/£, Teut.J a round or cylindrical mat, 
 stuffed, on which a pe»«on kneels at church. 
 
 HAST, the second \>erson singular of Have, declined 
 thus, / have, thou hast, he hath or has. 
 
 HASTE, s. \haste, Fr.] hurry , speed , the act of doing 
 a thing quickly [for want of longer time. Passion ; vehe- 
 mence. 
 
 To HASTE, or HA'STEN, v. n. {haster, Fr.] to move or 
 walk with swiftness ; to do a thing in a short time ; to be in 
 a hurry ; to quicken a person's motion, or drive to a swifter 
 pace. 
 
 HA'STENER, s. one that hastens or hurries. 
 
 •HA'STILY, ad. in a short time ; without delay ; in a 
 hurry, or rashly ; passionately. 
 
 HA'STINESS, s. speed or expedition ; a performance 
 executed in a hurry ; anger; testiness. 
 
 HA'STINGS, s. [corruptly for hastive, a French term 
 sometimes used in English for early, forward.] The hastive 
 fruits are strawberries and cherries ; we have also hastive 
 peas, &:c. 
 
 HA'STINGS, a sea-port town of Sussex, containing 2 
 churches, about 600 houses, and 3000 inhabitants. It is 
 seated between high clefts or hills, on a small stream called 
 the Bourne, which divides it into two ditl'erent parishes. 
 The chief employment of the people is fishing-. It is one of 
 the cinque- ports, and noted for being the place where Wil- 
 liam tfce Conqueror landed. Near this town, in the year 
 1066, vias fought the most memorable battle in the annals of 
 
 this country, between HaroJd 11. king of England, and Wil- 
 liani, duke of Normandy, in which tlie foriMcr lost his life 
 andlkingdom. Of the Normaiistherefillncar 15,0(iOmon, and 
 a much greater number of the Eiiglish were killed in tlie 
 pursuit. Markets on Wednesday and Saturday. It is 14 
 miles S. W. of Rye, and 61 S. E. of London. 
 
 HA'STY, «. [hastif, Fr.] moving with swiftness ; quick, or 
 speedy. Soon provoked, applied to the temper or iiumour. 
 Rash, precipitate, or undertaking without thought. Early 
 ripe. Hasty pudding, a pudding made of milk and flour, 
 or of oatmeal and water, boiled quick together. SynoN. 
 Hasti/ relates more to action or blows : pasiionate goes seldom 
 farther than words. 
 
 HAT, s. [hat, Sax. I a covering for ll>e head. In botany, 
 the upper broad part of funguses. 
 
 HA'TBAND, i. a string tied round a hat to keep the 
 crown from stretchinf^, or if too large, to make it fit the 
 head better; a piece of silk or crape worn round the crown 
 of a hat in mourning. 
 
 HATCASE, s. a slight box for a hat. 
 
 To HATCH, V. a. \hcclien, Tent.] to produce young from 
 eggs ; to quicken an egg'by sitting on it ; to produce by any 
 precedent action. Figuratively, to contrive or project. 
 
 HATCH, s. a brood procecrling from eggs ; the act of 
 excluding or producing young from the egg. Figuratively, 
 disclosure or discovery. A short or half door; an opening 
 over a door, which is closed or shut by a board moving on 
 hinges. In the plural, the doors, or openings, in a ship, by 
 which persons descend from one deck to another. To be 
 under hatches, means to be in a state of ignominy, poverty, or 
 depression. 
 
 To HA'TCHEL, v. a. [hachchn, Teut.] to beat flax, in 
 order to separate the fibrous from the brittle part. 
 
 HA'TCHEL, J. {hacJiel, Teut] the instrument with which 
 flax is beaten. 
 
 HATCH ELLER, .s. a beater of flax. 
 
 HA'TCHET, s. [hachetie, Fr.] a small axe. 
 
 HATCHET-FACE, .?. an ugly face; so called, accoid- 
 ing to .Johnson, because such an one might be hewn with' a 
 hatchet. 
 
 H.V'TCHJMENT, s. [corrupted from atchievement\ the arms 
 of a person who is dead, painted on a square board, and 
 placed with an angle downwards over the door where he 
 lived, or fixed against tlie wall of a church. 
 
 HA'TCHWA V, «. the way over or through the hatch«s of 
 a ship. 
 
 To HATE, V. a. \hati(in. Sax.] to regard as an object whicli 
 may atfect us with jiain ; or to detest on account of its 
 being evil, and repugnaiit to the laws of morality, of our 
 country, or of God. Syno?>. To ha/e implies an aversion 
 actuated by revenge ; to ahhur, an aversion to that for which 
 we have a natural antipathy ; to loathe is more applicable to 
 food; {oddest implies aversion actuated by disapproba- 
 tion. 
 
 HATE, s. an aversion in the mind from anything or per 
 son which is considered as capable, or willing, to afl'ect us 
 with pain, together with a desire of procuring the pain or 
 the uiihappiness of the person who is considered as having 
 such an intention ; detestation. 
 
 HATEFUL, a. that causes abhorrence, aversion, or de- 
 testation ; detesting, hating, or malicious. 
 
 HA'TEFULLY, «(/. in an odious or abominable manner, 
 in such a manner as to cause aversion, detestation, or lu- 
 tied. 
 
 HA'TEFULNESS, s. the quality ^^lli«•ll renders a person 
 or thing the object of hatred. 
 
 HA'TER, -T. one who has a strong aversion or ill will U< n 
 person or thing. 
 
 HA'TFiELI), a town of Hnrtfordshire, with a maiket on 
 Thursday. Here the earl of Salisbury has a handsome 
 palace, called Hatfield house. It is 19 miles N. N. W. of 
 Lendon. 
 
 HA'TFIELD-BROAD OAK, or Hatfield Regis, a 
 town of Essex, with a market on Satiirdav. It is seated or 
 
 420
 
 HAV 
 
 HAW 
 
 » branch of tlie river Lea, near a forest of the same name. 
 It is 30 miles E. N. K. of Loiuion. 
 
 HATH, tiie third person singular of Have. Halh pro- 
 ■perly belongs to the seriaus and solemn ; Afl* to tl>e familiar. 
 The syiiie may be obierved oi' dat/i and does. 
 
 HATHilllLEV, a town of Dovonshiie, with markets on 
 Tuesday and Friday. It is a small place, and has ene good 
 inn. It is 26 miles N. W. of Exeter, and 201 W. by S. of 
 London. < 
 
 HATRED, s. the thought or the pain vhicii any fiiinjj 
 present or absent is apt to produce in ns ; the aversion or 
 passion >vhich is occasioned by considering a thing as apt 
 to cause us pain, or by coTisidering a person as uilfidly en- 
 tleavonring to thwart our happiness. 
 
 To HA'TTEll, I', a. to harass, wearj', or wear out villi 
 fatigue. 
 
 HA'TTF.R, s. one who makes hafs. 
 
 H.VTTOCK, s. [iittnck, ErseJ a shock of corn. 
 
 HAVA'NXAH, a sea-port town in the island of Caba, si 
 tuafedon the N. \V. part of it, opposite Florida. The iiar- 
 hour is capable of containing commodiously 1000 %'essels, 
 without either cable or anchor. The entrance to it is by a 
 narrow ciiannel, strongly fortified with platforms, works, 
 and artillery, for at least half a mile, the length of the pas 
 sage. On the E. si(ieof the mouth of the channel is the (a 
 mous Mono Fort, mounted with 40 pieces of cannon, almost 
 level w ith the water : and on the opposite side a strong fort, 
 called the Puntal, adjoining to the town. All the ships that 
 come from the Spanisn American settlements, rendczvons 
 here on their return to Spi<in. In 1700 the town was com- 
 puted to contain 20,000 inhabitants, Spaniards, mulattoes, 
 and negroes; the niiuiber of which have been considerably 
 increased since. The houses are elegant, built of stone, and 
 some of them superbly finished ; and the churches, and other 
 public buildings, are rich and magnificent. Provisions here 
 are extravagantly dear; neither is their fresh meat of the 
 best kinds, excepting their pork. This inconvenience is 
 not owing to any defect in the soil of the island, but to the 
 indolence of the Spaniards. In 1762, the Havannah was 
 taken by an English squadron and armv, under Sir G. Po- 
 cock and lord Albemarle. The 31oro Fort was taken by 
 storm, after a siege of 29 days. Twelve men of war and 
 three frigates were tyjieii at the same time with the town. 
 I-t was restored, howerer, by the peace of 1703. Lat.23. 12. 
 N. Ion. 82. 9. \V. 
 
 HAVA'iVT, a town of Hants, containing about 500 houses. 
 It is situated l)elween Farehani and Chichester, 7 miles N. 
 E. of Portsmouth, and 64 \V. by S. of London. Market on 
 Saturday. 
 
 H AU'BERK, €. lhaiSerg, old Fr.] a coat of mail or breast- 
 plate. 
 
 To II.WE, V. a. preter. and part. pass, had; [Iialan, 
 Golh.J to find, or not to be without ; to possess ; to wear; 
 to bear or carry. It is generally used as an auxiliary word 
 in most E.iropean languages, but is particularly borrowed 
 from the Saxon. 
 
 HATEN, s. [haven, Belg.] a port, harbour, or a part of 
 the sea running up into the land, where ships may ride safe 
 fion: storms. Figuratively, a place of shelter; refuge from 
 •langer. 
 
 H.WENER, s. an overseer of a port. 
 
 H.\'VEll. s. oiif who possesses any thing. 
 
 HA'VEUFOUDWKST, a very antient town of Pem- 
 brokeshire, containing 4 parish churches, about (iOO houses, 
 and 6000 inhabitants, seated on a creek of Milford Haven, 
 call the Dongledve, over which it has a stone bridge, li> 
 miles S. by E. of St. David's, and 2:W W. by N. of London. 
 It is a large, well built handsome place, inhabited by many 
 genteel families ; and has a consi<lerable trade, with several 
 vessels belonging to it. Here is also a commodious quay, 
 for ships of bin(ien, and a custom-house. Here the assizes 
 are held, and the county jail is kept. Markets on Tuesday 
 and Saturday. 
 
 HAVERHILL, a town of Suflolk, partly iu Essex. It 
 400 
 
 has a considerable manufacture of checks, cottons, ami fus- 
 tains, and is 59 miles N. N. E. of London. Market f>n 
 Wednesday. 
 
 H.W ERS.VCK, i. in military languajre, a kind of bag, 
 made of coarse grey linen, in which the soldiers carry the^r 
 provisions on a march. 
 
 H.ALGHHAUtiH, or HAW-HAW, *. \hoeh. Sax.] a 
 dry ditch, wllo^e opposite sides decline so as to meet and 
 form an acute angle at the bottom, where it is generally de- 
 fended by rails. These ditches are much used at the extre- 
 mities of gardens, to inclose ground, without hindering the 
 prospect. 
 
 II AUGHT, (haut)a. I hunt, Fr.] proud; or insolent through 
 pride. Obsolete. 
 
 HAUGHTILY, (linutih/) ad. proudly; or prizing too 
 higlily. In an insdlrnt, arrogant, or very proud manner. 
 
 H.\UGH'I"INE-<S, f/i«K/i'jif*i:) »•. the quality of being pos- 
 sesse<l wilh too great a conceit of our own good qualities, 
 and too mean an opinion of those which belong to others. 
 
 HAUGH J'V, (hdiiti/) a. \ha:itaiiie, Fr.] insolent, or be- 
 having contemptuously tootliers, from too high an opimon 
 of ourselves. 
 
 H.\'VING, i. possession ; estate or fortune. The act or 
 state of poisesbing or enjoying. Behaviour; regularity; 
 still retained in the Scotch <lialect. 
 
 HA'VlOUl!, s. conduct, or the manner in which a per- 
 son treats another; civility; genteel address. Seldom 
 used. 
 
 To HAUL. See Hale. 
 
 H.-VUM, .1. [hcalm. Sax.] straw, or the stalks of beans or 
 peas. 
 
 HAUNCH, s. [hanchc, Fi .] the thigh; the hindermost 
 thigh of venison ; the rear; the hind part; the latter i)art. 
 
 To HAUNT, 1'. fT. [/jn»((c, Fr.] to frequent; to be much 
 about any place or person, used sometiii.-.es of one who 
 comes without being welcome. It is eminently used of ap- 
 paritions or spectres that appear, or make a noise, in any 
 particular place. 
 
 HAUNT, s. a place frequented by any person ; fre- 
 quency, or the habit of being frequently in a certain place 
 
 HAUTS'TER, s. a frequenter ; one that is often found jr. 
 any place. 
 
 H.A'VOCK, s. [hafno, Brit.] the act of plundering acountry 
 or killing its inhabitants ; devastation. 
 
 To HA'VOCK, t'. <r. to waste; to destroy; to lay waste. 
 
 HA'VRE DE GR.ACE, a large, populous, and commer- 
 cial town, in the department of the Lower Seine. The har- 
 bour here has particular advantages, as the water does not 
 begin to ebb till 3 hours after the full tide. The bason is re- 
 served for ships of war, with room and depth of water for 
 30 vessels of 00 guns. It is seated on the Engli>h Channel, 
 at the month of the river Seine, 45 miles nearly \V. of Rouen, 
 and 112 N. W. of Paris. Lat. 49. 29. N. Ion! 0. 1 1 . E. 
 
 H.\UTBOY, {hohmj) s. [hmtt and hois, Fr.] a ninsical in- 
 strument of the wind kind, shaped like a flute, except if, 
 spreading wider towards the bottom, furnished with a reed to 
 sound with, an<l deriving its name from its tone being higl'er 
 than thai nf tlie violin. In botany, applied to a large spe- 
 cii'S of >\\w\\ berries. 
 
 H.WV, .«. [/("£;■, Sax.J a sort of berry, the fruit of the 
 hawthorn. Among tiuriers, it is an excrescence resem- 
 bling a gristle, grow iii;^ under the nether eve-lid or 
 eye (d' a hor^e, which, it not timely removed, will put it 
 (jiiite out. 
 
 '1\) HAW, r. Ji. to speak slowly, with much hcsitnlion, and 
 fie(|uent interlni^sioIl5. 
 
 ll.AWK, s. {hirhi-rr, Brit.] a bird a. prey, formerly man- 
 nied, reclaimed, bred, and made use of to catch oilier bmls; 
 an etlort made in the throat, atlendid with a iioiie, to force 
 phlegm fmni thence, [from /.uc/i, i">ril.j 
 
 To IL\WK, r. II. to calcli birds uilh a hawk ; to force 
 up phlegm from the throat with a noise ; to sell any thinj, 
 by crying it in the streets, [from hmh, Teul.l 
 
 ll.\'WK.ED, «. crooked or formed like a nawk's bill.
 
 HE 
 
 II E A 
 
 HA'WKER, *. [from hock, Teuf.J onn ulio sflls wares l)y 
 CTVii'S llii'i" about streets, particularly applied to those who 
 tell newsp'.ipers. 
 
 IIA'WKNUT, X. an umbelliferous plant, callcJ also earth- 
 nut, kippeniut, jiirnut, aiul pi^^nut. 
 
 lIA'WK.SEVli, s. a herb witii f ornpouiitl flowers, distin- 
 guished from the hawkweeil by itsclially receptacle. 
 
 HA'VVKSHEAD, a town of Lancashire, situated near the 
 lake of Wiuanderniere, in a vallev, surrounded bv a woody, 
 hilly tract, 24 miles N. N. W. of laneast<^'r, and 273 N. N. 
 W. "of'Loudon. It has a market on Monday for tiie sale of 
 wool, yarn, provisions, &c. 
 
 HA'WKWEED, *. a plant, of which oxtongue is a 
 species. 
 
 HA'WSER, *. in the sea langnag:e, is a large rope or kind 
 *)f small cable, serving for various uses aboard a ship ; as, to 
 fasten the main and fore shrouds, to warp a ship as she lies 
 at anchor, and wind her up to it by a capstan. 
 
 HA'WSF.S, s. round holes in a ship, under her head, 
 through which the cables pass when she is at anchor. 
 
 HA'WTHORN, i. \ha-gthorn, Sax.] the thorn generally 
 jjrowing in hedges, and bearing haws. 
 
 HAY, s. \Jtieg, Sax.] grass mowed and dried to feed cattle 
 with. To dance the hay, is to dance round a couple of per- 
 sons w ho are dancing at the same time. 
 
 HAY, a town of Brecknockshire, seated between the rivers 
 Wyall and Dalas, on the river Hay, over which it has a 
 handsome stone bridge, of seven arches, 14 miles E. N. E. 
 of.Brecknock, and 151 W. N. W. of Loudon. Market on 
 Saturday. 
 
 HA'YDON," Northumberland, W. of Hexham. Here is 
 an antient castle, greatly in decay, formidable by its situa- 
 tion, and strikingly august from the solemnity of its ruins. 
 It appears to have been a place of considerable extent and 
 strength, and is situated on the W. side of a deep glen, on 
 the brink of a precipice, at the foot of which runs a little 
 brook. One thing remarkable here, is a stable, with an 
 arched roof of stone, w ithout any wood in its structure, even 
 tJio mangers being stone troughs. The prospect from it is 
 delightful. 
 
 HA'YMAKER. t. one employed in turning grass when 
 "ut for hay. 
 
 HAYS, s. particular nets for taking rabbits, hares, &c. 
 
 HAY'STACK, s. a large quantity of hay laid in a heap. 
 
 HA'ZARD, i. [hazard, Fr.J chance; accident; any thing 
 that happens without being foresreen or predetermined ; 
 danger, or a possibility of danger ; a game played with 
 dice. 
 
 To HA'ZARD, v. a. \hazarder, Fr.] to exp»se to chanee or 
 a possibility of danger ; to venture ; to run a risque. 
 
 HA'ZARDABLE, a. venturesome ; liable to chance. 
 
 HA'ZARDER, *. one who docs a thing without any cer- 
 tain knowledge or regard of its consequences. 
 
 HA'Z.\RDOUS, 0. [hazardeux, Fr.] dangerous ; exposed 
 tsa possibility of danger; liable to chance. 
 
 H A'ZARDOUSLY, ad. in such a manner as to be exposed 
 to danger. 
 
 To HAZE, 1). n. to be foggy, misty, or cloudy. 
 
 HAZE, s. a fog or mist. 
 
 HA'ZEL, s. [hecsel. Sax.] in botany, a tree bearing nuts. 
 
 HA'ZEL, a. consisting; of, or made of hazel. Of a light 
 brown, or the colour of hazel, applied to colour. 
 
 HA'ZELLY, a. of the colour of hazel, or light brown. 
 
 HA'ZY, a. dark ; foggy ; misty ; cloudy, applied to 
 weather. 
 
 HK, pronoun, [his genit. him accus, and dat.] This word 
 i» substituted for a person's name, in order to prevent its be- 
 ing too often repeated in a discourse, and is only applied to 
 males. Sometimes it is used without any reference to any 
 foregoing word, and then signifies all mankind collectively, 
 or any person indefinitely. " He is never poor that little 
 hath ; but he that much desires." A man, or male being. 
 Generally used io compositioB to express the male of any 
 i)>ecica. 
 
 HEAD, ''the n in this word and all its compoundi ai;J 
 dcrivalid'S, is dropped in pronunciation — as hed, hednhe, 
 hiddi/, Ac.) i. [heved, old F.ng.] the uppermost ;iart of an 
 annual, which contains the brains. Figuratively, a chief, 
 principal, or leading person, ai)plied to societies or conima- 
 nities. The faci-, front, or foremost part ofan army; htuce 
 to tarn hiud, is to attack. Resistance; as, " to make hind." 
 Spontaneous resolution. Individual. The topof iwiy thing, 
 particularly applied to such as are bigger than the other 
 parts. The surface, or lliat which rises to the surface, of 
 liquors. The upper part of a bed ; "the bed's /ira(/." The 
 blade ofan axe ; " the head slippelli from the helve." Deut. 
 Power; force; dominion. Strenglh, apiil!((l to liquors. 
 Tjie principal topics orarticles of a discoiiise. The source 
 of a stream. A crisis or piti h. In anatomy, the extre- 
 mity of a bone or a muscle. In arcliiteclurc, an oriiaMicnt 
 of carved wmk serving lor the key ofan arch or i.l.il baud. 
 In surgery, a stale of nialiirity or ripeness. " Tlic matirr 
 when come to a head." Head and ears, the whole pcrscii. 
 Head aiid shoulders, \\o]cut\\ ; unnaturally; forcedly. SynoN. 
 Head agrees best with regard to arrangement; chief, with 
 respect to subordination. We say the head of a batlal-ion 
 or ship, the chief of -a party or an undertaking. 
 
 To HEAD, V. a. to march before; to command or lead 
 an army ; to cut off a jierson's head. To fit any thing with 
 a head. To lop the tops of trees. 
 
 HE'ADACH, s. a pain in the head. • 
 
 HE'ADUAND, s. a fillet or bandage tied round the head 
 In book-binding, the head at each end of a book. 
 
 HE'ADBOROLJGII, (/«•(/ Wo) j. primarily the chief of 
 a frank-pledge ; at present a petty constable. 
 
 HE'ADDRE.SS, .«. the covering of a woman's head. 
 
 HE'ADER, s. one who heads, or puts heads to, pins of 
 nails. ■ 
 
 HE'ADINESS, s. hurry; rashness; or obstinate perse- 
 verance in one's own opinion. 
 
 HE'ADLAND, s. a promontory or cape. 
 
 HE'ADLESS, a. without a heiui ; beheaded. Without 
 chief or ruler, applied to a society or community. Obsti- 
 nate ; inconsiderate; rash; perhaps instead of /iKv/Zc.s*. 
 
 HE'ADLOiNfi, a. with the head foremost in a fall ; rash; 
 thoughtless ; without ineditatiQU ; sudden or precipitate. 
 
 HEADLONG, ad. w ith the head first or foremost ; lasldy, 
 or without thought ; hastily, or without delay. 
 
 HE'ADON, an antient town of Holdeniess, in Yorkshire, 
 seat<>d on a river that falls into the Ilundjer about two niiies 
 below, 10 miles E. of Hull, :.<iid 182 N. of London. It is 
 pleasant and well built, though little, and was formerly con- 
 siderable in merchants and shipping, but its liarbour is now 
 nearly choaked nii. Market on Saturday. 
 
 HE'ADMOULD-SHOT, s. in medicine, a disease in 
 children, wherein the sutures of the skull, paiticulaily ilie 
 coronal, ride or have their edges closed over each other. 
 As this is an irremediable disorder, nurses and parents ought 
 to be very careful how they promote it by forehead cloths, 
 and other methods, which they iguorantly make use of, as 
 they say, to close the mould. 
 
 HE'ADPIECE, {hidpeece) s. armour for the head ; a hel- 
 met. Among sempstresses, that part of a cap or bon4Kt 
 which goes over the crown of the head. Figuratively, 'in- 
 derstanding, or judgment. 
 
 HEADQUARTERS, s. the place of general rcndezvou-, 
 or lodgment for soldiers. 
 
 HEADSHIP, s. dignity ; authority ; the conditiou or state 
 of a ruler or governo'r. 
 
 HE'ADSMAN, s. an executioner ; or one who beheadb 
 malefactors. 
 
 HEADSTALL, s. part of the bridle that covers tha 
 head. 
 
 HE'ADSTONE, s. the chief stone, or that which is placet! 
 first in a corner, whether at the top, to adorn and strengthen, 
 or at the bottom, to secure and support it. A tombstone , 
 placed at the head of a grave. 
 
 HE ADSTRONG, a. obstinate ; unritly ; or not easih v 
 
 431
 
 H£A 
 
 HEA 
 
 verncd. SynoN. Prepossessed uni ophiiated, imply a mind 
 strongly prejudiced ; ohiliiiate and headstrong, an luiniiy 
 •will ; infatuated, some loss of reason, wliich occasions an in- 
 flexibility of temper or behaviour. Thus, to he prepossessed, 
 npiniated, or infatuated, is invo!uut<\ry ; to be obsiinalc, or 
 headstrong, voluntary. 
 HE'ADWARK, s. a provincial term for the corn poppy. 
 HEADY, a. rasli, or without deliberatioH ; obstinate, or 
 not to be governtd. Strong, or apt to aft'ect the head, ap- 
 plied to liquors. 
 
 ToHEAl., (heel) v. a. [Iteelen, .Sax.] to cure a person 
 who has been wounded or sick. In surgery, to unite, or 
 consolidate the lips of a wound or ulcer. Figuratively, to re- 
 concile. Neuterly to grow well, applied to wounds or 
 sores. 
 
 HE'ALER, (Jteeler) s. one who cures wounds, or removes 
 diseases. 
 
 HE'ALING, (heeling) pari, mild ; gentle ; pacilic, or ea- 
 sily reconciled, applied to the temper. Curing, applied to 
 medicine. 
 
 HEALTH, (pron. hclth; the « in this word, and all its 
 compounds and derivatives, being drojjped in pronunciation) 
 «. [from heel. Sax.] applied to the body, a proper disposition 
 of the several parts to perform their respective functions, 
 without any impediment or sensation of pain. Applied to 
 the mind, ajHst disposition of the mind and rational powers, 
 to perform their respective ofiices, without being impeded 
 by passion, or biassed by any undue influence. A cere- 
 mony used in drinking, wherein a person wishes another 
 health. 
 
 HE'ALTHFUL, a. free from pain or sickness ; that 
 may promote the dominion of reason, or advancement of 
 virtue, by stilling the violence of passion, and by lessening 
 the force of vicious habits. 
 
 HE'ALTHFULLY, ad. in such a manner as to promote 
 health. 
 
 HE'ALTHFULNESS, *. the state of being well, or en- 
 joving health ; the quality of promoting or preserving 
 he'alth. 
 
 HE'ALTHINESS, «. the state of enjoying health free 
 from anv interval of sickness. 
 
 HEALTHLESS, a. weak; sickly; infirm. 
 HEALTHSOME, «. contributing to the preservation of 
 health. 
 
 HEALTHY, a. in health ; free frorii sickness; sound. 
 HE.'\M, iheem) s. in beasts, is the same as secundiues or 
 afterbirth in women. 
 
 HEAP, {heep) s. [heap. Sax.] any collection of things 
 t-'irown upon each other ;'d crowd or multitude ; a throng ; a 
 cluster ornumber of persons assembled together. Synon. 
 Heap implies no other order in the arrangement of things 
 one upon another than that which rises by clwuce; pilera- 
 ther means things put up regularly. 
 
 To HEW, (heep) V. a. [heapian, Sax.| to throw together 
 or one upon another ; to accumulate, pile up, or acquire 
 abundantly ; to add to something else. 
 
 HE'APEK,' (helper) s. one who piles, throws, or places, 
 several tilings upon each other. 
 
 IIEAPY, a. lying in heaps. " O'er the mid pavement, 
 heapi) rubbish grows." Gaij. 
 
 To HE.\Pi, (heer) r. n. |7(;/)Ym, Sax.] to enjoy the faculty 
 by which sounds are distinguished ; to i)erceive a sound ; to 
 listen or hearken to ; to be told of or into! uied of by words. 
 Actively, to give audience ; to give a person permissu)n to 
 speak, and to attend or listen to him when speakuig. To 
 Ir)'. To acknowledge. Synon. 'Jo /iwo-, imp4ies having 
 tlie ear struck with any sound ; to hearken, means to lend 
 an ear, in order to hear. 
 
 HE'.'VllKR, (/icecer) i. one who attends to anv discourse 
 &poken by another ; one who iierceives what auollier speaks; 
 one who is informed of something, by word, whioh he does 
 noi .see. 
 
 IlE'ARINO, ('//(■(•iiHs) .v. the sense by which soimds are 
 perceived ; audicucu ; a judicial trial ; Xi.A reach of 
 
 the ear, or the distance within which sounds can be pel 
 ceived. 
 
 To HE'ARKEN, (harhen) v. n. [hearcmun. Sax.] to listen 
 attentively to what a person says. 
 
 HE'ARKENER, (/i«(/ic«ecj i. a listener, or one «lio iU- 
 tendsaud pays a regard to what is spoken by another. 
 
 HE'ARSAY, (heirsai/) s. that which a person does UJ.. 
 know for certain himself, but gathers from rumour or com- 
 mon fame. 
 
 HEARSE, (/<eric) J. a covered carriage, hung with blacl 
 cloth, &c. in which dead bodies are conveyed to the place ti 
 interment. 
 
 HEAliT, (thee in this word, as well as in all its compound., 
 and derivatives, is dropped in pronunciation ; as, hart, 
 hdrt-aeh, lirirti/, Ovc.) s. [heart, Sax.] a musculous body, situ- 
 ated on the left side of an animal, wiiich by its alternate 
 contraction and dilation, keeps up the circulation of the 
 blood, arid is considered as the cause of vital heat or mo- 
 tion. The following description of the heart is copied from 
 Paley's Natural Theology. " There is provided in the cen- 
 tral part of the body, a hollow muscle mvested with spiral 
 tubes, rtuniing in both directions. P>y the contraction ol 
 these fibres, the sides of the muscular cavities are neces- 
 sarily squeezed together, so as to force out from them any 
 fluid which they may at that time contain ; by the relaxation 
 of the same fibres," the cavities are, in their turn, dilated, 
 and, of course, prepared to admit every lluitl which may 
 be poured into them. Into these cavities are inserted the 
 great trunks, both of the arteries which carry out the blood, 
 and of the veins which bring it back." TJiis is a general 
 account of the apparatus ; and the simplest idea of its 
 action is, that by each contraction, a portion of blood is 
 forced, as by a syringe, into the arteries ; and at each «lila- 
 tion, an equal portion is received from the veins. This 
 produces, at each pulse, a motion aud change in the mass of 
 blood, to the amount of what the cavity contains, which, in 
 a full-grown human heart, is about an ounce, or two table 
 spooufulls. Each ventricle will at least contain one ounce 
 of blood. The heart contracts four thousand times in one 
 hour; from which it follows, that there passes through tltc 
 heart every hour, four tjionsand ounces, or 350lbs. of blood. 
 Now the whole mass of blood is about 2.jltis. so that a quan- 
 tity of blood, equal to the whole blood within the body, 
 passes through the heart fourteen times in one hour; 
 which is about once every four minutes. In popular and 
 scripture lan:^uage, it is taken for the seat of courage or 
 aft'ection. Figuratively, the chief or principal part; tlie 
 inner part of any thing. Passions ; anxiety ; conceru. 
 Disposition of uiind. The heart is considered as the seat of 
 tenderness ; a hard heart, therefore, is cruelty. Courage or 
 spirit, opposed to despair- or dejection. Used with get, 
 deliver, or sai/, strength of memory. The inward recesses of 
 the heart. The mind or conscience. Strength, or power 
 of producing, applied to soil. To lose one's heart, is to be 
 very mucli enau-ioured, or to fall so deeply in love, that 
 reason cannot control the aft'ection. To take to heart, is to 
 be zealous, earnest, solicitous, or grieved about any thing. 
 To find in the heart, is not to be entirely, or much averse to. 
 Heajt is often used, in composition, for the mind, soul, or 
 affection. 
 
 HK'AUT-ACH, ». sorrow; pang; anguish of mind. 
 
 HEA'iri'-HREAK, s. excessive so: row. 
 
 HEA'RT-BRI'.AKING, a. overpowering with sorrow. 
 
 HEA'UT-BIIEAKING, s. excessive or overpowering 
 grief, 
 
 HEA'RT-BUIIN, s. in medicine, a pain at the moulh of 
 the stomach, caused either by analcali oracid prevailing in 
 the stoiiiaeli. 
 
 HEA RT-BURNED, a. uneasy or discontented. 
 
 HEART-BURNING, s. See Htt.\uT nuuN. Figura- 
 tivelv, discontent : grudge; or secret enmity. 
 
 HKA'il T-Ul-AR, «. dear as ones life; sincerely and 
 highly beloved. 
 
 IIKA'RT-EASE, s. tranquilb'y ; quiet; a state of mind 
 undisturbed by any passion.
 
 H !■: A 
 
 liEB 
 
 KEA'RTFD, «. disposed or inclined. Jt is only used in 
 eotnposition ; us, hanllicnrted, inclined to crtieltv ; not to 
 beanVcted with distress, or prevailed on by iiitreiitics. 
 
 To HEA'll'l'EN, V. a. to encourage or animate a person 
 to an attempt; to rouse from a state of dejeclion ; to com- 
 fort; to improve and preserve sroiiiid fertile bv manure. 
 
 HEART FKLT, «. that afi'cctstlie mind ; tlial is sincere ; 
 felt in the conscience. 
 
 HEARTH, (/in»</i) J. [/ieffr«/(, Sax. J the ground of a chim- 
 ney, or the pavement in a chimney on v^Iiicli a tire is made, 
 or a j;rate stands. 
 
 HEA'RTILY, nrf. sincerely ; diligently ; eagerly; with a 
 vehement desire; lar;,'ely. 
 
 HEA'RT1NE?.S, <. warmth of affection; free from hypo- 
 crisy; vigour, diligence, or strength. 
 
 HE-AIITLESS, a. without courage or spirit; without 
 comfort. 
 
 HEARTLESSLY, ad. without courai^e or spirit ; faintly. 
 
 HEA'UTLESSNESS.f. wantot courage or spirit; a state 
 of dejection. 
 
 HEA'RT-PEAS, f. a plant with round seeds in form of 
 peas, of a black colour, havihg the figure of a heart of a 
 white colour upon each. 
 
 HEA RT-RENDING, a. rending the heart ; killing with 
 anguish. 
 
 HEARTSEASE, s. a kind of violet. 
 
 HEA'RT-SICK, a. under any pain, discontent, or anguish 
 of mind ; mortally ill; proceeding from and discovering 
 some dangerous hurt. 
 
 HEART.SORR, «. that which pains the mind. 
 
 HEA'RT-STRINGS, s. the tendons or nerves supposed to 
 brace the heart. Hence to affect the heart strings, is to 
 give the most exquisite pain to the body or mind. 
 
 HEART-STRUCK, a. driven to the" heart, or fixed im- 
 moveahlv in (he mind ; shocked with fear or dismay. 
 
 HEART-SWELLING, «. rankling in the mind. " Heart- 
 txveMins hate." Spenser. 
 
 HEA'RT-VVHOLE, a. without any bias on the affections. 
 In good health ; witiiout impairment of the constitution. 
 
 HEA'RTWOUNDING.a. affecting the mind with grief. 
 
 HEA'RTY, a. sincere ; undissembling ; warmor zealous ; 
 in full health ; vigorous; strong; merry. 
 
 HEAT, (Jieet) s. [/leat, Sax.] the sensation we have when 
 we are near the tire ; the cause of the sensation of heat or 
 burning, consisting in a very brisk agitation of the sensible 
 parts of the object, which produces in us that scn^sation from 
 whence we denominate the object hot ; hot weather ; the 
 state of a body which is put into a fire; the state of a thing 
 once hot; a course at a race ; or the space of ground which 
 Itorse is to run without resting; a red colour, or pimples 
 arising from t1ie warmth of weather, &c. Violence or ve- 
 hemence of passion ; the height or the most violent part 
 '>f an action or battle ; faction, contest, or the rage of 
 party. Warmth, ardour, applied either to the thoughts or 
 elocution. 
 
 To HEAT, (/iee<)». ". to make hot, or endue with a power 
 of burning ; to grow warm by fet mentation ; to ferment ; 
 to warm with vehemence of passion or desire ; to produce 
 a sensation of warmth by violent exercise. 
 
 HEATER, {Iteiter) s. a piece of iron either cast or forged, 
 of a triangular form, which, being made red-hot in the fire, 
 is made use of, by being placed in a box-iron, to smooth linen 
 with. 
 
 HEATH, {heeth) s. [h(vth, Sax.] a shrub of low stature, 
 and small leaves, wliicli are green all the year. In Latin, it 
 is called erica, from its supposed virtue of breaking the stone 
 in the bladder; and perhaps its French name 6n<v<)e is ow- 
 ing to the same supposition. Figuratively, it signifies a 
 place overgrown with the above plant, or covered with 
 shrubs of any kind. 
 
 HEATH-COCK, s. a kirge fowl that frequents heaths. 
 
 HEATHEN, (Ueeihen) s. [Iteydeu, Teut.J a pagan who 
 wo<r»hip9 false gods, and is not acquainted either with the 
 
 3 K 
 
 doctrines of the Old Testament or the Christian dispenM* 
 
 tiou ; a (icnliie. 
 
 III.A'TIIEN, (/i«?/ifn) fl. belonging to those nations that 
 are uiiac<|nainled with the doctrines contained in the Old or 
 New TcslaniiMit. 
 
 HEATHENISH, ihi-itheuish) a. practising idolatry. Fi- 
 guiiitivelv, wild ; savage; rapacious; cruel. 
 
 HEATH EN ISIILV, {/uH/miislili/) ad. atier the manner ot 
 a person who is a stranger to Scripture. 
 
 HEATHENISM,(/.(t//if«is»i) s. the worship of idols; or 
 the religion of those nations who were unacquainted with 
 Scripture. 
 
 HEATHY, <r. full of heath. 
 
 To HEAVE, (hveve) v. n. prefer, heared, part, heaved; 
 [lieajiiin. Sax.) to lift up or raise from (he ground ; to carry 
 or tiing ; to uiake a tiling rise or swell ; to elate or puff willi 
 success. N(Mit( ily, lo paiil or brealhe with pain and fre- 
 qii'Mit rising or lalling oftiie breast ; to rise with pain ; to 
 swell higher or larger; to keck ; to be squeamish, or find a 
 teii(iriuv to vomit. 
 
 IIEAVE,(/ic«'iv)*- ■' lilt <"'«'ff"'t nia'''e upwards; a rising 
 of the breast ; a strut;glc to rise. Hiaveiiff'eriiig, in scrip- 
 ture, an oH'eriiig lliat was held or lifted up in the sight of 
 the congregation. 
 
 HE.V'VEN, (/liven) s. [Iieofun, Sax. J the regions above ; 
 the sky. The habitation of blessed spirits and angels. In 
 tlie plural, applied to the liealheii gods. Figuratively, the 
 greatest degree or height ; elevation. 
 
 HEA'VENLY, (lievenlii) a. resembling heaven; elevated 
 beyond the common product ions of mankind ; perfect in 
 the highest degree ; inliabiliiig heaven. 
 
 HEA'VENLY, Uui-cnhi) ad. in a pious manner; in a 
 manner resembling that of heaven ; by the agency or influ- 
 ence of heaven. 
 
 HEAVENWARD, ad. toward heaven. 
 
 HEA'VILY, (/leni/!/) ad. with great weight. Figuratively, 
 grievously : with great affliction, dejection, or sorrow. 
 
 HE.'V'VINESS, (/laiHfM) s. weight; or that quality in a 
 body which renders it ditticult to be lifted. Applied to the 
 mind, dejection ; depression; languor; inaptitude to motion 
 or thought ; oppression. Deepness or richness of soil ; 
 Synon. Heaviness is that quality in a body which we feel 
 and distinguish by itself; ueig/it is the measure or degree 
 of that quality, which we cannot ascertain but by com- 
 parison. 
 
 HEA'VY, (lievy) a. [heafg, Sax.] not easily lifted, or 
 thrown upwards; weigliiiig much, or tending to tlie centre. 
 Sorrowful; dejected, (irievous, or oppressive. Wanting 
 briskness, or dull, applied lo the eyes ; lazy ; drowsy ; slow ; 
 sluggish ; stupid ; iooiish. Wanting fire, spirit, or the 
 ornaments of composition, applied to style. Tedious, or 
 oppressing like a burden, applied to lime. Causing a 
 sensation of \^eigilt, and not easily digestetl, applied to 
 food. Synon. Hcavi/ is more applicable to that which 
 loads the body; ueig/ui/, to that which burdens the 
 mind. 
 
 HEBDOMA'D, s. [/lebdemas, from hepla, seven, Gr.J a 
 week, or. space of time consisting of seven days. 
 
 HE'BDOiMADEL, or Hebdomadahy, [Mid(imas,from 
 fiepta, seven, Gr.] weekly ; consisting of seven days. 
 
 To HE'BET.'VTE, r. a. [from Mes, dull, Lai. J to dull ; to 
 blunt; to stupify ; to make dim. 
 
 HE'BETUDE, s. [from Mcs, dull, Lat.] dulness; blunt- 
 ness ; obtuseness; want of discernment or sagacily. 
 
 HE'BRAISM, s. [/lebraismiis, Lat. fiom helnatzo, to con- 
 form to the manners of ihe Hebrews,Gr.]ametliQ<l of expres- 
 sion, or a phrase borrowed from, or peculiar lo, the He- 
 brew. 
 
 HEBRAIST, or HEBRICIAN, *. a person skilled in 
 Hebrew. 
 
 HE'BREW, I. e. luns^va^e, s. the language in which the 
 Old Testament was originally written. There is no other 
 book in pure Hebrew, as the writings of the Rabbits aie 
 
 433
 
 nEK, 
 
 HEI 
 
 intorlaulerl wisli words of foroijin extraction. A Hebrew 
 seems lohiive liocii one nf'tlie dosrendants of Terali, so cal- 
 led fiDin ;> Hebrew word that signiiies to pass over, because 
 tiiey came from beyond the I'.uphrates. 
 
 HK'BRIDli^S, or Western Isi.Axns OF Scotland. 
 These islands lie between theoolli and 59th degrees of N. 
 lat. on the W. coast of .S-cotland, and are supposed to be 
 about 300 in number. The princifial of them are .Skye, St. 
 Kilda, Lewis and Harris, N.and S. Uist, Cauuay, Statl'a, 
 Mull. Jura, Islay, clc. 
 
 HEBRIDES, New, a group of islands in the S. Pacific 
 Ocean, situated iietueen tiic latitudes of 14. 29. and 20. 4. 
 S. and between the longitudes of 16(5. 41. and 170. 21. E. 
 The principal islands are Tierra del Kspirito,SanIo,and Ma- 
 licollo, besides several others of less note, some of « hicb are 
 from 18 to 2,5 'leagues in circumference. In general they 
 are higii and mountainous, abounding with wood and water, 
 and tlie usual productions of llie tropical islands. The 
 bread-fruit, cocoa-nuts, and plantains, are neither so good 
 nor so plentifid here as at Otaheite ; but the sugar-canes and 
 yams are not only in greater plenty, but of superior quality 
 am! much larger, some of the latter weighing 56 pounds. 
 Tlie inhabitauls are generally of a slender make, and dark 
 colour, and most of them have trizzled hair. Their canoes 
 and houses are but small, and poorly constructed ; and they 
 liave scarcely any manufacture, even for clothing. They 
 generally appear civil and hos[jitable. 
 
 H E'CATOMB, (liicatbm) s. [ironi hekaton, an hundred, Gr. 
 hecatonibe. Eat.] a sacrifice of an hundred cattle. 
 
 HECTIC, or HE'CTICAL, a. [kcktihos, from hexos, a 
 quality which cannot be easily separated from its subject, 
 Gr.] habitual ; constitutional. Hectic fever, a slow and con- 
 tinual one, ending in a consumption, and opposed to such 
 as arise from a plethora, because attended with a too lax 
 state of the excretory passages, and generally those of the 
 skin. Tronliied «itli a distempered heat. 
 
 IIE'CTOR, s. [from Hectur, the Trojan hero] a bully; a 
 blustering, noisv, and turbulent person. 
 
 To llE'CTOR, i: n. to threaten ; to treat with insolence; 
 to phiv the bullv. 
 
 HEDERA'CEOUS, «. [/i«7eraceia, from Aerfern, ivy, Lat.] 
 producing ivy. 
 
 HEDGE, s. [Iie^ge, Sax.] a fence of trees or bushes made 
 round any ground, to defend it from encroachments, or be- 
 tween the difl'erent parts of a garden, &c. When prefixed 
 ioany word, liedge denotes something mean, vile, and con- 
 feinptible. A qnichsrt hedge is that which is formed of 
 pricklv bushes or trees which take root and grow. 
 
 To HEDGE, V. a. to inclose with a fence of trees or 
 bushes. Usedwiiii i/;;, to obstruct or stop up a passage. 
 'J'o force in wit!: ditHcully ; to make way into a place already 
 full, by that way which rcijuires the least room ; but in this 
 scn>e it seems to be mistak^Mi for eilge. 
 
 HE'DGEIKXi, J. socalled from the bristles which sur- 
 round it, as it were with a iiedge ; in natural history, a four- 
 footed animal, having its back, sides, and flanks, set with 
 strong and sharp prickles, which by the help of a muscle can 
 cotitiact itself inio a globular form, and withdraw its whole 
 nnder part, head, belly, and l<'i;s, within its thicket of 
 [iricklcs. ,ln botany, a plant. The globe fish. 
 
 II EDO IvNOTE, s. a word of contempt for low and 
 mean writing. 
 
 li E'Df i KIMG, s. a young hedgehog. 
 
 IlE'Dd'ER, .1. one who makes or repairs hedges. 
 
 HE'DGI'XIOW, *. several trees planted in a line for an 
 inclosnre. 
 
 nE'D(';E-SPARROW, .5. asparrow that lives in bushes, 
 distinguished from a sparrow that builds in thatch. 
 
 II E'DGING-BILL, s. a kind of axe or hatchet, with which 
 hedges are cut. 
 
 To HEED, r. a. [/leilan, Sax.] to mind ; to hike notice of; 
 to view with care and attention. 
 
 HEED, ». \hetk, Sax. I caie; earnest application of the 
 .434 
 
 nnnd ; caution ; notice ; care to avoid ; regard or respect- 
 Jul notice ; seriousness; staidness. 
 
 HEEDFUL, n. cautious, or careful of the immediate et 
 fects or consequences of an action ; attentive, or careful in 
 taking notice or observing. 
 
 HEE'DFULLY, ad. in an attentive or cautious manner. 
 
 HEE'DFULNESS, s. caution ; attentive notice. 
 
 Hf'>E'DLESS, a. negligent; inattentive. 
 
 HEK'DLESSLY, or/, in an inattentive or careless manner. 
 
 JIEE'DLESSNES.S, s. carelessness; negligence; inat- 
 tention. 
 
 HEEL, s. [helc. Sax.] the hinder part of the foot ; any 
 thing w hich covers, or is shaped like, a heel ; hence it is 
 applied in the phrase. To be out of heel, i. e. to be very much 
 impaired, or in a declining condition. " A good man's for- 
 tune may grow out at heels." Shall. To be at the heels, is to 
 pursue closely. To lay by the heels, is to fetter, shackle, or 
 imprison. 
 
 To HEEL, V. ti. to dance by beating tlie heels on the 
 grotnid, as in jigs. To lean on one side, applied to a ship; 
 
 H EE'LER, s. a cock that strikes well with his keels. 
 
 HEELPIECE, {heilpcece) s. a piece of leather, &c. sewed 
 on the heel of a shoe, to repair what is worn away. 
 
 HEFT, «. [from heare\ a keck, or a violent eftbrt niafle to 
 discbarge something nauseous from the stomach ; the han- 
 dle of a knife, &c. of /iff/if, Sax. 
 
 HE'GIRA, «. [Arab] flight; now applied by the Arabs, 
 to signify a voluntary exile, or flight to escape persecution ; 
 to fly, or run aw ay from one's friends, relations, and country. 
 In chronology, a celebrated epocha, from whence the M»" 
 liometans compute their time; which took its origin from 
 Mahomet's flight from Mecca, on the evening of the 15th or 
 16lh of July, A. D. 622, in the reign of iieraclius, being 
 driven from thence by the magistrates, forfear his imposture 
 slioidd occasion sedition. As the yeaisof the Hegiia con- 
 sist of only 354 days, they are reduced to the Julian calen- 
 dar, by multiplying the year of the Hegira by 354, dividir»g 
 the product by 365, subtracting the intercalary days, or as 
 many times as there are four years iii the quotient, and add- 
 ing 622 to the remainder. 
 
 HEI'DELBERG, a considerable and populous town of 
 Germany, capital of the Palatinate, Lower Rhine, with a ce- 
 lebrated university. It is situated on the S. side of the 
 Neckar, over which there is a handsome bridge, in a fertile 
 country, 12 miles E. of Spire. Lat. 49. 26. N. Ion. 8. 48. E. 
 
 HEIFER, (heffer) s. [//cn/ioe, Sax.] a young cow. 
 
 HEIGH HO, (hiho)iuterjeH.a word used to express slight 
 languor and uneasiness; sometimes applied to signify a 
 joyful exultation. 
 
 HEIGHT, {hit) s. a distance or space above ground ; space 
 measured upwards. In geography, the degree of latitude. 
 A summit, ascent, or eminence. Figuratively, elevation, 
 rank, or dignity above others; the utmost degree, perfec- 
 tion, or exertion. 
 
 To HEIGHTEN, (hiten) r. a. to raise above ground, or 
 on high; to prefer, or raise to a higher post; to improve, 
 or raise to a higher degree of perfection ; to aggravate, or 
 increase any bad quality ; to adorn or make more beautiful 
 or splendid by ornaments. 
 
 HE'INOUS, (the ci in this word and its derivatives is 
 pron. like e long — henotis)tt.\haineux, Fr.] wicked in a high 
 degree; atrocious; shameful; odious. 
 
 HEINOUSLY, ac/. in a very wicked or atiocious man- 
 ner. 
 
 IIE1NOUSNESS, s. the quality which makes an action 
 exceedingly wicked. 
 
 HEIR, (the ci in this word and its derivatives, &c. is 
 pron. like c long — hrr, hirship) s. \h(rres, Lat. | in civil law, 
 one who succeeds to the whole estate of another, alter hi* 
 death, w lulbcr by right of blood or testament. In common 
 law, one who succeeds, by right of blood, to any man's 
 lauds or tenements in fee. An heir apparent is he on whom 
 the succession is so settled, tltat it c»mnut be altered without
 
 H K i 
 
 H K L 
 
 Blterinij tlie laws of sviccession. Heir prrfinnpln-r is tlie 
 neairsi relation to the prosfiif successor, \\\u>, wiiiiiKU the 
 particular willof the tcstnlor, cannot beset asich'. 
 
 To HEIR, f. a. to inherit or possess by rij;ht of inlie- 
 ritanee. 
 
 HIC'IRKSS, J. a female alio succeeds to the estate of an- 
 other cither by m ill or by blood. 
 
 HE'IRLESS, a. witliout children to succeed to an inhe- 
 ritance. 
 
 HEIRLOOM, s. a word that comprehends in it divers 
 pfeces of furniture, as the first bed, and other thiufjs, which 
 by the custom of some places have belonged to s>>me house 
 lor several <leseents. These go to the he;r ■.dnn;; wilh the 
 house by custom, and not by common law, and arc never 
 invcMloried, after the death of the owner, as clialtcls. 
 HELD, pfcter. and part. pass, of Hold. 
 HE'LE\A,.St. an island in the S. Atlantic Ocean, held 
 by the Lnjjlish East India Company. Its circniuference is 
 about 20 miles, and it has the appearance, at a distance, of 
 a rock or castle rising out of the ocean, bcin-,' only accessi- 
 ble at ono particular spot, where the town is erected, in a 
 valley at the iKittom of a bay, between two steep, dreary 
 mountains. The buildings, both public and private, are 
 plain, but neat. It has some hiph mountains, parlicularly 
 one called Diana's Peak, which is covered with woods to tlic 
 very top. There are other hills also, which bear evident 
 mai'ks of a volcanic orij,'in ; and some have hu::;e rocks of 
 lava, and a kind of half vitrified llafrs. The country, how- 
 ever, is far from being barren ; the little hills are covered 
 with rich verdure, and interspersed with fertile valleys, 
 which contain gardens, orchards, and various plantations. 
 The valleys are watered by rivulets, and the mountains, in 
 the centre of the island, are covered with v^ood. Tlie soil, 
 which covers the rocks and mountains, is, in general, a 
 rich mould, from six to ten inches deep, clothed with a variety 
 of plants and shrubs. The walks of peach-trees are loaded- 
 with fruit, which have a peculiarly rich llavour ; but the 
 other European fruit-trees and vines, which have been 
 planted here, do not succeed. Cabbages and other greens, 
 thrive extremely well, but are devoured by the caterpillars ; 
 as are the barley, and other kinds of grain, by the rats, 
 which are very numerous. The ground, for these reasons, 
 is laid out chie'fly in pastures, the verdure of which is sur- 
 prising; and the island can support 3000 head of Iheirsmall 
 eattle. They have English sheep here, and a small breed 
 of horses, with goats and rabbits. Their fowls are ring- 
 pheasants, red-legged partridges, rice-birds, pigeons, &c. 
 of some of which the breed is indigenous, but others have 
 been brought from Europe, Africa, and the East Indies. 
 The number of inhabitants on the island does not exceed 
 9000, including near .500 soldiers, and about 600 slaves, 
 who are supplied with all sorts of manufactures by the com- 
 pany's ships, in return for refreshments ; and many of the 
 slaves are employed in catching fish, which are very plenti- 
 ful. This island is situated between the continents of Africa 
 and S. America, about 1200 miles W. of the former, and 
 1800 E. of the latter. Lat. 15. 55. .S. Ion. 5. 49. W. 
 
 HE'LEN'S St. a town of the Isle of Wight, in East Me- 
 dina, which has a bay that runs a considerable way within 
 land, and- in time of war, is often the station and place of 
 rendezvous for the royal navy. It is not naw a place of 
 much consideration otherwise. 
 
 HELl'AC.^L, a. [from heliot, t]K sun, Gr.] hid by or 
 appearing by coming out of the lustre of the sun. Heliacal 
 fifing, in astronomy, is applied to a star, which after having 
 been hid by the sun's rays, rises before it, and by that means 
 becomes visible. Heliacal setlin<r, is applied to a star which 
 approaches so near to the sun, as to be hid by its rays. 
 
 HELl'ACALLY, m/.[from helios, the sun, (Jr.J in astrono- 
 my, in such a manner as to emerge from the sun's rays, and 
 become visible ; or in such a manner as to approach so 
 near to the sun as to be hid by its splendour. 
 
 HE'LICA'L, a. [from Aeii'x, a suail, Gr.] spiral; or twisting 
 like a corkscrew. 
 
 HE'LICON, .MotNT, ahill in the antient Boeotia, eon- 
 
 sccrated to Apolloand the Muses. 
 
 Ill'/LIEIL .St. the capital of'llie island of Jersey, in the 
 English Channel, on the coast of Eiancc. It is seated in St. 
 Aubin's Bay, where it has a harbour, and a stone pier ; hav- 
 ing the sea on the .S. W. and hills on the N. Another large 
 hill projects, in a iManner, over the lo«n, and has a pleasant 
 Walk, tiia* afi'ords an extensive jirospect. The little island, 
 St. Helier, about a mile in circuit, contains Elizabeth castle, 
 which is wholly occupied by the governor and garrison; it 
 is a peninsula from half flood to half ebb, during which time 
 there? is a passage, called the bridge, which is half a UHie 
 long, and formed of sand and stones. 1 1 leads to the towo, 
 which is well paved, anil has wide streets. '^I'lie inhabitants 
 are computed to be2(V)0, and in their place of worship the 
 French and English languages are used alternately. Lat. 
 49.11. N. Ion. 2. 10 \V. 
 
 HELIOCE'NTIIIC, s. [from helios, the sun, and hentron, 
 the centre, Gr.] in astronomy, applied to the place of a 
 planet, as it would appear to us iVoni the sun, if the eye 
 were tixe<l in its centre. 
 
 IIE'LIOSCOIM'',, s. [Fr. from /(c7i".t, the sim, and shopco, 
 to look, Gr.] a kind of telescope filtetl for looking at the 
 body of the sun, without hurling the eyes. 
 
 HELIOTROPE, s. [from lielias, the sun, and trepho, to 
 tinii, Gr.J the sun-flower. 
 
 liELISPHE'RIC.VL, rt. [from /le/ixand spliere] in naviga- 
 tion, applied to the rhumb line, because on the globe it winds 
 spirally round the pole, advancing continually nearer and 
 nearer towards, without terminating in it. 
 
 HE'LIX, s. [Gr. I a spiral line, or that which resembles a 
 corkscrew. 
 
 HELL, f. [Iielle, Sax.] the place wheriiu the devil and 
 wicked souls are conlined ; the wicked spirits, or inhabi- 
 tants of hell; a place of inconceivable misery. Used in 
 former times for the state of the dead. " He descended 
 info hell." Apostles' Creed. 
 
 HELL-BROTH, f. a composition boiled up for internal 
 purposes. 
 
 HE'LI^DOOMED, a. consigned to hell. 
 
 HELLEBORE, s. [//e/Wmus, Lat.J a plant, the root of 
 which was formerly used as a cathartic, but of little esteem 
 in modern practice; the Christmas-flower. 
 
 HELL-HOUND, s. [helle hund. Sax.] the fabled dog 
 which guards the infernal regions. Figurativaly, an agent 
 or emissary of the devil. 
 
 HELLENIST!, s. [IVom lidhn, a Cireok, Gr.] an idiom, 
 phrase, or manner of expression, peculiar to the Greek. 
 
 HE'LLESPONT, i. a narrow arm of the sea, betwixt En- 
 rope on the W. Asia on the E. the Propontis or sea of Mar- 
 mora northward, and the Egean sea, now called the Archi- 
 pelago, southward. It is now called the Dardanellian 
 Straits, or Straits of Gallipoli, taking its original name from 
 Helle, daughter to Athamas, king of Tiiebes, who was 
 drowned here. 
 
 HE'LLISH, a. [lielUce, Sax.1 having the tpialities of hell, 
 or the devil ; excessively wicked or malicious ; sent from 
 hell. 
 
 HELLISHLY, «d. in a veiy wicked and malicious man- 
 ner; wickedly; or like ihe devil. 
 
 HI'7LL1SHNESS, s. wickedness in excess ; any cjuality 
 inconsistent with goodness, rendering us like the devil. 
 
 HE LLWARD, ad. towards hell. 
 
 HELM, s. [lielm, Sax.] a covering formerly worn in war 
 to protect and defend the head. That part of a coat of arms 
 which bears the crest. The upper part or head of a retort, 
 in chymistry. The rudder, or board, by which the course 
 of a vessel is directed or altered, from Iielma, Sax. figura- 
 tively, a post in the administration, or the station of those 
 who conduct theafl'airsof a government. 
 
 To HELM, V. a. to move the helm, in order to guide or 
 alter the course of a vessel. Figuratively, to guide or con- 
 duct. 
 
 HELMED, a. wearing a helmet or head-piece. 
 
 43.'*
 
 II £M 
 
 HE'LMET, s.\flmiiio, Itiil.] iicoveriiiE; for the Iicad \ioni 
 formerly in battle. In botany, tlie upper pari of a gaping 
 blossom. 
 
 HKLMI'NTHIC, a. ffroHi helming, a worm, Gr.J relating 
 to wx)rnis. 
 
 HE'LMSLEY-BL^CKMORE, or HEt.MSLEY, a town 
 in the N. Riding of Yorkshire, seated on the river Rye, and 
 wliicli lias a brook running throngh if. It is composed of 
 liouses well built of stone, covered with slate. It lias a 
 considerable nuuuifietnre of cottons and linens, and isseated 
 on or near the river Rye, 22 miles N. of York, and 222 N. 
 by W. of Eoiidon. Market on Saturday. 
 
 To IllvLP, pret. Iielped, part, helped or holpen v. a. [ficl. 
 mn, Sax. hilpan, Goth. J to assist a person in order to enable 
 him to perform any thing. Figuratively, to free from pain 
 or disease. To cure; to heal. To remedy. To promote ; 
 to forward. To help up, to enable a person to raise himself 
 from the ground, who could not rise without assistance. 
 To forbear, avoid, to refrain from, followed by a participle 
 of the present tense. " I cannot help remaiking." Pope. 
 I'o carve, or band meat to a person at table. 
 
 HELP, i. [liiilpe, Belg.] assistance or aid in weakness ; 
 support in necessity; relief in distress; that which forwards 
 or promoter the person orthing which assists. A remedy, 
 followed by, or. " There is no /(<■//)/«)• it." Holder. SyNON. 
 We use the word help, in labour; surcnnr, in danger; assist, 
 m want ; reliere, \n distress. The first springs fiom good- 
 nature ; the second, from generosity ; the third, from huma- 
 nity ; llio fourth, from compassion. 
 
 HE'LPER, .«. one who enables a person to perform any- 
 thing, by lending his assistance; a supernumerary servant, 
 employed oidy occasionally ; one who supplies with any 
 thing wanted. 
 
 HELPFlir/, «. nsefid ; tha.t supplies any defect cither 
 in bodily slrcngih orinulerstanding; wholesome or salutary. 
 Promoting or advancing any end. 
 
 HE'Ll'LICSS, a. wanting power to succour one's self; 
 wanting support or assistance; not to be remedied or altered 
 for the better. 
 
 Hli'LPLi;SSLY, ad. without succour or strength to sup- 
 port one's self 
 
 Hli'LPLESSNESS, s. want of strength to succour one's 
 self. 
 
 Hls'LSINRURG, a sea-port of Sweden, situated on the 
 Sound, opposite Elsiiiore. 
 
 HKLSINGI'ORS, a sea-port of Nyland, on the N. coast 
 of the Gulf of Pinlarul. 
 
 liE'LSTONK, a town in Cornwall, with a market on Sa- 
 turday. It is well inhabited, and si-nds two members to 
 parliament ; is govcrnid by a mayor, four aldermen, a town- 
 clerk, and d( pnly recorder. Here is the largest market- 
 bouse in the county. 'I'lie iidiabilants neither pay to the 
 church nor poor, these being supported by the revenues of 
 the town, it is one of the towns appointed for the stamping 
 of tin, and bi'low the town is a tolerably good harbour, 
 where several of the tin ships take in their lading. It is 14 
 miles S. W.of ralmonlli, and 271 S. by W. of Lonilon. 
 
 HE'LTI>I{-SKE1.T1'>R, ml, in a confused maimer; in a 
 Inirry ; without any order or regularity. Skinner supposes 
 this word to be derived from heolsirr sceadii. Sax. the dark- 
 ness of bell, savshe, bcinga place of confusion. 
 
 \\V.\y\\s.\helfe, .Sax.] the handle of an axe. 
 
 IIKLVK'TIC, a. something that has a relation to tlie 
 Switzers, or inhabitants of the Swiss cantons, who were 
 aniie.pllv callerl Hihrlii. 
 
 HELVOr/l'SMJYS, a seaport of Holland, on the S. side 
 of the Island of Voorn, with tJie best harbour on the coast, 
 frefiuented by the English packet boats, in time of peace. 
 The principal )>art of the Dutch nary is laid up hen-, in a 
 spacion> basin at the endofthe harbour. It is 5 miles nearly 
 S. of the Rriel. Lat. .^1. 4.^. N. Ion. 4. 2:5. E. 
 
 HEM, f. \liem, Sax.] the edge fif a garment doubled and 
 sewed to keep it from ravelling; the noise made by a 
 iudilenctfort.or expulsion of the breath, from /i«»nmf)/, Belj;. 
 43fl 
 
 HEN 
 
 HEl\r, iiiieiject. [Lai.] a word used (o expre.s3 ao indi- 
 rect dislike or astonishment at something related. 
 
 To HIvM, I', a. to close the edge of linen by turning it 
 over, and sewing it down, in order to keep it from ravelling. 
 Figuratively, to sew any thing on the edges of cloth, &c. 
 Tohem in, to inclose, confine, or surround' on all sides. To 
 make a noise by a violent fetching or expulsion of breatlt. 
 
 H l'7M ATITE, a kind of iron ore, which is made use of in 
 burnishing. 
 
 HEM I, J. a word used in the composition of divers terms, 
 signifviug the same with demi, or semi, viz. one half. 
 
 HE'MICRANY, s. ffroni hemisys, half, and kranion, the 
 head, Gr.] in medicine, a pain which afl'ects one half of the 
 head at a time. 
 
 HE'iMICYCLE, s. [from hemxsys, half, and hyhlos, a circle, 
 Gr.] a half round. 
 
 HE'MINA, s. [from hemisys, half, Gr. because it was half 
 the sextarius] an antieut measure, now used in medicine to 
 signify about ten ounces in measure. 
 
 H1')'MIPLEGY, s. [from hemisijs, half, and /)/c«o, to strike, 
 Gr.] in medicine, a palsy, or nervous disorder which seizes 
 one side at a time. 
 
 HE'MISPHERE, {himisfere) s. [from hemisijs, half, and 
 snhaira, a globe, Gr.] one half of a globe when cut through 
 the centre, in the plane of one of its great circles. 
 
 Ht:MISpnF;HIC, or HEMISPHERICAL, {hemisTtrik, 
 or hemisfaitud) a. half round; containing half a globe. 
 
 HEMI'SMIC, i. [from hemisys, half, and stichos, a \erse, 
 Gr.l half a verse. 
 
 HEMLOCK, t. [hemloc. Sax.] in botany, a plant some- 
 times used in medicMie, and in fattening hogs, but reckoned 
 by the antieiils a deadly poison. 
 
 "HEMORRHAGE, or H^'MORRHAGY, s. [from 
 hnima, blood, and reo, to flow, Gr.] a violent flus of 
 blood. 
 
 HEMORRHOIDS, s. [from AaiMi*. blood, and »fo, to flow. 
 Gr.J the piles; the emerods. 
 
 HEMOKUHOIDAL, a. [from /lainw, blood, and reo, t» ' 
 flow, Gr.] belonging to the veins in the fundament. ' ' 
 
 HEMP, s.yiiaiiip. Sax] a plant of which cordage and 
 cloth is made; and of the seed, an oil used in medicine. 
 Hemp agrimoiuj, a plant found wild by ditches, and sides of 
 rivers. 
 
 HE'MPEN, a. consisting or made of Iiemp. 
 
 HE'MPSTKD, or Hemel Hempsted, a town of 
 Hertfordshire, seated among hills, on a branch of the river 
 Coin, called the Gade, 18 miles S. W. of Hertford, and 23 
 N. \V. of London. A very large market on Thursday. 
 Eleven pair of mills stand w ithin 4 miles of the place. 
 
 HEN^, i. [/icHHc, Sax.] the female of the common liouse- 
 cock ; joined to words to express the female of such birds 
 or fowls as have but one w ord for both sexes j as, hen- 
 sparrow. 
 
 HENBANE, s. a very poisonous plant. 
 
 HE'NBIT, s. a herb,, the same with the hedge nettle; 
 the great henbit is a kind of archangel; the lesser, the ivy- 
 leaved speedwell. 
 
 MLNCE, ad. or interject. \Jiemian, Sax.] at a distance 
 from any spot, applied to place ; therefore /cow htnce is a 
 vicious, expression, which is crept into use even amoDj; 
 good authors, as the primary sense of the word hence was ft>l^ 
 gotten. From any particular instance or period, applied to 
 time. Fortius reason; from Ihiscause; from this source. 
 " Hence may be deduced the force of exercise." Arlndh. 
 At the beginning of a sentence, it i> used as an interjection, 
 expressing sudden passion and disdain, bidding a person cjuit 
 the placei or leave ort" an action. " Henct with your little 
 ones." Shak. 
 
 HENCEFORTH, ad. \/ie„on forth, Sax.] from this rime 
 forward. 
 
 1 1 EN C EFO RW A RD, ad. [htonan forwcard. Sax.] from this 
 time ; to futurity. 
 
 H E'NCHM.^N, *.[Aynf, Sax. and man] a page; ao attto- 
 daiit. Obsolete.
 
 HEN 
 
 11 EN 
 
 To HEND, V. a. [Iiendan, Sax.] to seize or lay Iiold upon ; 
 to surrouiKl, or crowd. 
 
 H KN U K'CAGON, s. [hendehn, eleven, and ffnvr, an aii;;le, 
 Gr.] '11 geometry, a figure that Iras eleven sides, and has 
 manv aiiijies. 
 
 HE'NbRIVER, HEN-HARM, or IlETSI-HARRIER, .-. 
 a species of liawk. 
 
 lll'J'N-HKARTED, a. easily frightened; timorous ; cow- 
 ardly : lil<e a hen. 
 
 HENLEY Ul'ON THAMES, an antiont town of Ox- 
 fordshire, the inhabitants of which are generally aialslers, 
 raealnieii, hargenien, iVc. It is seated on ihe Thanics, oyer 
 which it has a lar^e, elegant, stone bridge, and ,by whii h 
 prodigious quantities of malt, corn, flour, and wood, are sent 
 to I^ndon.by barges, 24 miles S. E. of Oxford, and .35 W. 
 of London. Its markets, which arc very considerable, are 
 on Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday. 
 
 HE'NLEYIN AUi)EN, a town' in Warwickshire, situ- 
 ated near the river Arrow, 10 miles N. W. of Warwick, and 
 102 W. N. W. of London. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 HE'N-FECKED, a. figuratively, subject to, or governed 
 by, a wife. 
 
 HE'N-PvOOST, s. a place where poultry rest. 
 
 HENRY I. surnamed Reauclerc, youngest son of William 
 L ascended the throne of England while his brother Robert 
 was returning from the Holy Land. William de Rreteuil, 
 and otherlords, would have seized the crown and sceptre at 
 Winchester, with the royal treasure there deposited, alleging 
 they were obliged by oath to acknowledge Robert for king, 
 in case William died without heirs, accoixlin'; to the treaty 
 between the two brothers. There was ([uickly a great con- 
 course of people from all parts; and Henry, well knowing 
 how they stood aH'ected, drew his sword, and swore no man 
 should take possession of the crown but whom the people 
 approved. The lords hereupon retired to a room to consult 
 what was proper to be done, whilst the people, with loud 
 acclamations, made the name of Henry resound in their ears; 
 »o, fearing that the opposing the inclinations of the people 
 might bring on acivil war, they resolved that Henry should 
 succeed to tlie crown. Upon this Henry made haste to 
 London, and the next day, August 5, 1 100, w as crow iied by 
 Maurice, bishop of that see, who administered to liini the 
 Nsual oath. To secure himself on the throne, he wisely be- 
 gan his reign by reforming abuses, redressing grievances, 
 and doing many popular things, according to his late pro- 
 mise; and granted acharter of liberties, confining the royal 
 authority within its antient bonnds, renouncing the unjust 
 prerogatives the two late kings had usurped, restoring the 
 church to her former rights, and confirming the laws oi' king 
 Edward. He moreover remitted all arrears of debt to the 
 crown, and appointed a standard for weights and measures 
 throughout Ihe kingdom. In 1101 Henry recalled Anselm, 
 archbishop of Canterbury, and married Pilatilda, or Maud, 
 daughter of Malcolm, king of Scotland, by Margaret, sister 
 to Edgar Atheling ; by which means the royal tamily of the 
 Saxons was united with that of Normandy. Robert had still 
 a great party in tiie kingdom for him, and upon his landing 
 at Portsmouth was received w ithont opposition. But Henry 
 managed matters so well by means of Anselm, who was in 
 great credit with the people, that Robert's measures were 
 quitedisconcerted,and matters were accommodated between 
 them, upon condition,that, if one of the two brothers died with- 
 out issue, the survivor should succeed to his dominions ; that 
 the king should deliverup to Robert the castles in Normandy 
 that were garrisoned with English, and should pay him 3000 
 marks a year. In 1103 a contest began between the king 
 and archbishop Anselm, about the right of investiture of bi- 
 shops and abbots, and their doingnomage to the king.which 
 Henry insisted on as a prerogative derived from his ances- 
 tors ; but a council at Rome decreed, that no bishops should 
 receive investiture from laymen. This contest ran liigh, and 
 lasted several years ; at last it was compromised by Henry's 
 renouncing the right of investiture, and the pope's allowing 
 the bishops and abbots to do homage to the king for their 
 
 temporalities. And now his attention was called to another 
 atlair. Robert de Belesme, to be revenged un tiic king, 
 who had caused him to be proclaimed a traitor, I'ell upon 
 such of his subjects as had lands in Normandy. Uuke Robert 
 marched against him, but was worsted, and in the end was 
 forced to clap up a peace w ith him on dishonouiable terms ; 
 notw ithstanding which, Belesme ravaged the country ; here- 
 upon some of the chief men in Norinandy applied to the 
 k\n<' of England for relief. Henry, wanting to get tins 
 •luc-hy into his own hands, passed over into Normandy, and 
 had grcat.success in his first campaign ; but in his second, 
 Robert, perceiving his design, and hiniiig in vain sued for 
 j)cace,joined with Belesme and the rest against him, who 
 led all their forces to his assistance. Robert having a consi- 
 derable army, gave his brother battle under the walls of 
 Tinchebiay, which was besieged by Henry. The Laltle 
 lasted not long; Robert was beaten, and taken prisoner, as 
 were also Edgar Atheling, the earl of Morlaigne, -lOU 
 knights, and 1000 soldiers. Prince Edgar was set at liberty, 
 and passed the remaijider of his dayi> in I'.ngland. The earl 
 of Mortaigne was'imprisoned in the Tower of Londou, and 
 duke Robert in Carditl'e castle, in Wales, where he remained 
 to his death, which happened about twenty-six years alter. 
 The king, by this battle, w hich was fought m 1 1(»7, was mas- 
 ter of all Normandy, and returned in triumph to England, 
 where he behaved with great arrogance, and permitted any 
 abuses which lunieil to his profit. The king (bd not enjoy 
 Norinandy (piielly ; for Lewis le Gros, king of France, in- 
 vested William Crito, duke Robert's son, uitli the duchy of 
 Normanfly, and a smart war was carried on for some time ; 
 nt last, in 1120, a peace was concluded between the two 
 kings. But to return back; in 1109 the king's daughter, 
 Maud, was married t« the emperor Henry V. nhich furnish- 
 erfhim with a pretence for laying a tax of 3*. on every hide 
 of land, in order to pay her maniage portion, which rabed 
 an immense sum. About this time died that haugluy prelate 
 Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury ; the king seized on the 
 revenues of the archbishopric, and kept tlieiii five years in 
 his hands. The next year was remarkable for the lestora- 
 linn of learning at Cand)ridge, where it had for a long time 
 been tpiite neglected. In, 1112 great numbers of Flemings, 
 being obliged to leave their country by the inundation of the 
 sea, came into England, and were settled about Ros and 
 Pembroke. About this time the Welsh committed great ra- 
 vages upon the frontiers; but Henry marching agaiiist them, 
 they retired to the mountains. Some years after they com- 
 mitted the like depredations, which occasioned another in- 
 vasion of Wales, but that soon ended in a peace ; however, 
 Henry obliged them to give him hostages, and liioo head of 
 cattle, to make him amends for the charge of the war. In 
 1115 Henry got the states of Normandy to swear fealty to 
 prince William his son, then 12 years old ; and the year fill- 
 lowing he did the same in England, to sec-urc the crown to 
 his family. In 1118 queen Matilda died. A vearor two after 
 prince William his son was unfortunately drowned as he was 
 returning from Normandy, by the ship ttriking on a rock, 
 and his whole company, amounting to aljout 150, except a 
 very few who saved themselves by swimming. However, 
 the king, desirous of another son, married Adelicia,daughtfr 
 of CieottVey, earl of Louvnin ; but siic never proved with 
 child. In 1125 cardinal John deCrema, the pope's legate, 
 came over to England, to put the finishing stroke to the ce- 
 libacy of the clergy. A synod being' convened at London, 
 he got some severe canons passed against such ecclesiastics 
 as persisted in keeping their wives. The design of the court 
 of Rome, in thus contending for the single life of fhe clergy, 
 was to make them independentoft.lie civil power, and to in- 
 corporate them into a society apart, to be governed by its 
 own laws, which could not be so w eii done, whilst the clergy 
 were allowed to marry, and have children. King Heury, 
 by his seeming zeal on this article, politically got from the 
 pope a power to put it in execution ; which done, he gave 
 the pi'iests liberty to keep their wives, upon paying him a 
 sum of money for a.dispensutiosi. Tlie king having no ciiiW 
 
 4i7
 
 HEN 
 
 HEN 
 
 by his second wife, after having been married to her six 
 years, in 1127 assembled a great council, and got them to 
 acknowledge his daughter Maud, who was returned to 
 England upon the emperor's death, presumptive heir to liie 
 crown. Stephen, earl of Bulloign, who was afterwards 
 king, was the first who took the oath of allegiance to her, in 
 case Henry died without male issue. Soon after he married 
 iter to Geoffrey Plantageiiet, earl of Anjou. In 1133, he 
 caused the states of Normandy to take an oath of fealty to 
 her and prince Henry her son. King Henry went over to 
 Normandy the latter end of the summer, and died there on 
 Dec. 1, 11.33, in the 68tb year of his age, and 36th of his 
 reign. His body was brought over and buried in the abbey 
 ofiieading, which he had founded. He built several other 
 abbeys, with the priory of Dunstable, and founded the sees 
 ofEly and Carlisle. Henry was of a middle stature, and ro- 
 bust make, w ith dark biow n hair, and blue serene eyes. He 
 was facetious, fluent, and atlable to his favourites. His ca- 
 pacity, naturally good, was improved and cultivated in such 
 a manner, that he acquired the snrnau)e of Beauclerc by his 
 learning. He was cool, cautious, politic, and penetrating; 
 bis courage was unquestioned, and his fortitude invincible. 
 He was vindictive, cruel, and implacable ; inexorable to 
 offenders, rigid and severe in the execution of justice, and, 
 though temperate in his diet, a voluptuary iu his amours, 
 which produced a numerous family of illegitimate issue. His 
 Norman descent and connections with the continent inspired 
 }iim with a contempt for the English, whom he oppressed in 
 the n)ost tyrannical manner, not only by increasing the num- 
 ber of the forests, which w ere too numerous before, but also 
 by his unconscionable exactions ; in consequence of which 
 he was enabled to maintain expensive wars on the continent, 
 and was allowed to be the richest prince in Europe when be 
 died. 
 
 HENRY H. was in Normandy when king Stephen died, 
 the empress Maud his ninlher having delivered up that 
 duchy to him. He arrived in England about six weeks after 
 the late kin^ expired, and was crow ned at Westminster, Dec. 
 19, 1154, being then in the 23d year of his age. He was the 
 first of the race of the Plantagenets, and had been for some 
 time earl of Anjou, &c. by the death of his father Geoffrey 
 Plantagenet, earl of Anjou, Ac. He was also possessed of 
 Poietoii, (juicnne, and Saintonge, by virtue of his marriage 
 with Eleanor, heiress of the house of Poictiers, after Lewis 
 the V'ovHig, king of France, had divorced her. In him tlie 
 Saxon line was restored, he being descended by the mother's 
 side from the Saxon kings. The lirst acts of his reign seemed 
 to promise an liap|)y and prosperous administratiou. He in- 
 stantly disuiissrd the mercenary soldiers w ho had committed 
 the greatest disorders throughout the nation. He ordered 
 all the castles which had been erected since the death of 
 flenry I. to be dcMiiilislied, except a few which he retained 
 in his own hands for the protection of the kingdom. The 
 adulterated coin which had been struck during the reign of 
 Stephen was erii-d <l()wri, and new money struck of the right 
 value and standard. He resumed many of those benefactions 
 which had be< n madi' to churches and nionastci ies in the 
 former reigns. He gave charters to several towns, by w hich 
 the citizens claimed (heir freedom and privilegis indepen- 
 dent of any suyn'rior but himself. These eharlers were the 
 Rrouud wfirkof the I'aiglish. liberty; for thus a new order, 
 namely, the more opnleiit of the people, beg;ni to claim a 
 share in t'ne administration, as well as the nobility and 
 clergv. Thus the feuilal government was at first impaired; 
 and liberty In gan to be more equally diHused thiimghont 
 die nation. He went over to flo homage to the king of 
 France in 11.10, for the proviufcs beheld there; but the 
 ehief nu)tive of his crossing the sea was to recover Anjou 
 'iirn bis brollipr (ieoflVey. In 1107 ho marched with a 
 grent army into Wales, to revenge their ravages on tin (roii- 
 iiers; but they retired to their mountains, as usual, where, 
 having pent thcTii up for sonni time, and laid waste their 
 connlry, he granted them a peace, by one of the ai tides re- 
 Qcrvjng to hijivselftlie liberty of cutting large roads tinough 
 
 their woods, that he might more easily penetrate into their 
 country. Ju II j8 prince Richard was born, and a few days 
 after king Henry was crow ned a second time in the suburbs 
 of Liucohi. The next year the king had another son boru, 
 who was named Geoffrey ; and the same year he was crown- 
 ed again, together with his queen, at Worcester. About 
 this time his brother GeotlVey dying, he went over to France 
 to lay claim to the earldom of Nants, which he obtained, and 
 concluded a marriage between his eldest son Henry, about 
 five years old, and Alargaret, the French king's daughter, 
 w ho was not above so many niouths ; he also made a treaty 
 with Conan duke of Bretague, tor marrying the duke's daugl>- 
 ter Constance Vo Cieoffrey, Henry's third son, then but a lew 
 months old ; which marriage being celebrated five years 
 alter, Geoffrey became duke of Bretagne on his father-in- 
 law's death. Henry revived bis queen's title to Toulouse ; 
 but the king of France opposed him, upon which, in re- 
 venge, Henry ravaged his territories ; how ever, a treaty was 
 concluded without making any mention of Toulouse. The 
 war soon after broke out between the two nionarchs, upon 
 Henry's precipitating the marriage between prince Henry 
 and the daughter of Lew is, when the former was but seyen, 
 and the latter but three years old ; quickly after she was 
 brou";ht to England to be educated. Henry did this in order 
 to take possession of Gisorsfor his son, which the princess 
 was to have for her dower ; bwt this war was soon ended by 
 the mediation of pope Alexander HI. to whom both kings 
 paid a most servile submission, each alighting, and taking 
 hohl of the rein of his bridle, to conduct him to his lodgings. 
 The affairs above related detained Henry in France four 
 years, and he returned to England 1103. Peace was settled 
 abroad, but his repose was disturbed by a domestic vexation, 
 which gave him a vast deal of trouble for several years ; this 
 was the famous contest between him and Thomas Becket, 
 archbishop of Canlei bury. The pride and ambition of the 
 clergy were got to such an exorbitant height as to be detri 
 mental to the state, and prejudicial to the royal authority ; 
 they pretended '<n exemi)tion from the civil power, ami 
 Henry had come to a resolution to redress this grievance, 
 and to reduce them within some tolerable bounds. When » 
 clergyman was accused of a criijic, he was tried in the eo 
 clesiastiea-l court, from whence there was no appeal: here 
 the utmost pailiality was shewn, and the most heinous crimes 
 were only punished with degradation. The king, being re- 
 solved to relorni these abuses.thought Becket, who had been 
 his high chancellor, wonlci have been serviceable to him in 
 this good design, and made him archbishop of Canlerbury 
 for that \ery purpose. When the king first mentioned his 
 design to theaichbishop, lie vehemently opposed it ; but re- 
 s<dviiig to flo that in spite of his edoils to the contrary, 
 which he thought to do by his assistance, he convened the 
 chief lords of the kingdom, both spiritual and temporal, and 
 proposed to them a regulation, which tended to make theni 
 more subject to the civil (mwer. The temporal loids agreed 
 to these articles without any hesitation, but the bishops anil 
 abbots refused to do it without the addition of this savin;; 
 clause, " saving the rights of the clergy and church,' which 
 wasdoing nothing atall, till the king threatened lliem, and 
 then they complied ; and even Becket, alter standing out a 
 great while, consented without the saving clause. Soon af- 
 ter the king got these articles confirmed by an assend)ly ge- 
 neral, or pailianieut, which he convened at Clarendon ; and 
 here also the jnelales, through fear, complied, and the arch- 
 bishop was w ith ireat ditru ulty prevailed on by his brethren 
 to give his consent to these arliiles. When these articles 
 were sent to pope Alexander HI. tor his sanction, he [tre- 
 sently c<mdeinned them, as i)rejudieial to the church, npou 
 which Becket openly declared, that be repented of liaviug 
 promised t(j subscribe them ; and the pope absolved hiiu.anti 
 promised to stand by him. The archbishop became moie in- 
 solent than ever, and ibis contest Ix Iweeu the king and bim 
 ( ontiinicd a considerable time. In I Ki.O the king's daughtei 
 Maud was married to Henry duke of Sa\ony, from which 
 marriage descends his iircsent majesty kin;; Gcor^*;. l>:
 
 ?IRN 
 
 Jl EN 
 
 1I6C prince Julm was Imni ;'atui a lillli> aflcrllip niipross 
 Maud, iIk' luiif;'.s iiii>lln'r, of wliom so iiiiuli is said in Sle- 
 pliPMs loi^Mi, (lied iiitiie 07tli year ot'lier a^'p, and «as hu- 
 tiod at lioan, in Noiinandy. Tlie Iviii^', Imvin^ iccovcrcd 
 from a dangerous fit of illnoss, was desirous ol' passin;,' the 
 rest of his days in (piict, uliicli the pope llirealencd more 
 and more to disluil), by lliini<lrriii;,' out against liiui llic cen- 
 Sliresof tlie eluneli ; and llier<'fore ordered matters so that he 
 was thoroughly recoiieiled to Beeket, and swore to restore 
 him to his former slate, protesliii<; he lieartiiy forgave all that 
 was passed. This reconciliation was sincere enouj;h on the 
 kinj;'s side, but not so on I'xcket's. He no sooner arrived in 
 England, that) lie suspended the archbishop of ^'oilt, and 
 exeommiMiicated some other bishops who had taken part 
 with the king ai;ainst him, and proceeded to the same .lets 
 of severity against other sreat men. The bishops, thus jjut 
 under the censures, repaired to the king in Normandy, and 
 made heavy complaints against Heckct's revengeful spirit. 
 The king was so provoked at his turbulent behaviour, that he 
 spoke aloud to the following purport : " It is my great un- 
 happiness, that, anion" all my servants, there is not one who 
 dares to avenge the an'ronis 1 am receiving from a wretched 
 priest." From this time four of the king's (lomestics entered 
 into a plot against Becket's life: accordingly, coming to 
 Canterbury, tliey took an opportunity to follow him into the 
 cathedral, and advanced after him up to the allar ; where 
 they fell upon him, and split his skull with their swords, so 
 that Ills blood and brains flew a'll over the altar. This hap- 
 pened in 1171. The next year Henry sent over some forces 
 to make a conquest of Ireland; tliey had great success, and 
 Henry following with a/ormidable army, landed at Wafer- 
 ford, upon which the Irish voluntarily submitted, and Henry 
 became master of Ireland. He left Hugh Lacy there to go- 
 vern in his name, with the title of grand justiciary of Ire- 
 land, and set out for England. From l'>nglaud he went over 
 to Normandy, to meet the pope's legates, w ho were t'jere to 
 examine into Becket's murder; where, after having declared 
 his sorrow for the imprudent words he had dropped, which 
 occasioned the prelate's assassination, he was absolred, upon 
 promising to perforin all that was required of him in favour 
 of the pope and chnrcl),and to do penance at Becket's tomb, 
 which lie did upon his return into England the next year ; for, 
 landinr,' at Southampton, he proceeded directly to Canter- 
 bury, and, as soon as he ca.iie in sightof the town, he alighted, 
 pulled ofl'his boots, and walked barefoot three miles, till he 
 came to the tomb, where he submitted himself to be shame- 
 fully scourged by the prior and monks of St. Augustin. In the 
 absence of Henry, a conspiracy was formed against him by 
 his queen Eleanor, and his sons, Henry, Richard, and Geof- 
 frey- Queen Rleanor was moved to this by her extreme 
 jealausy, which had put her on dispatching Rosamond 
 Clifford, commonly called Fair Rosamond, daughter of lord 
 Clifford, the king's chief mistress. The sons wanted sove- 
 reignty. Ill short, the kinsi; was in danger of losing ail his 
 dominions in France, and William king of Scotland invaded 
 the northern part of England: however, Henry got the bet- 
 ter of all his eiieniies, and the king of Scotland was taken 
 prisoner, and obliged to do homage for tli(> kingdom of Scot- 
 fend in general, and the county of Galloway in particular, 
 and a pi'ace was restored, 1171. He now applied himself 
 to the afi'airs of government, and, about the year 1176, he 
 divided England into circuits, appointing itinerant judges 
 to go at certain times of the year, and hold the assizes, or 
 administer justice to the people ; whicn is practised at this 
 day. About the same time London-bridge began to be built 
 of stone, by Peter Coleman, a priest. The king, the pope's 
 leg;atc, and the archbishop of Canterbury, contributed to- 
 wards the work. It was finished in about 3."? years, during 
 which time the course of the Thames was turned another 
 way, by a trench cut for that purpose from Battersea to Ko- 
 therhithe. Henry, who had been all his life a slave to his 
 lust, fell in love with Alice, the daughter of Lew is of France, 
 who was put into his hands to be educated in England, and 
 vfho was designed for his son Richard ; but he detained the 
 
 vor.ng princess fioinhiiu: this disconlenled liini. Prince 
 llenry au<l prime <i(ollrey were discontented (nr want of 
 authority ; so that, in 1 18J, their desigim began to break out 
 into action, and young Henry repaired to (Juienne to stir up 
 the Gaseous to revolt ; but lie (lied of a fever, 1183. Iljs 
 brother (ieoliVey did not long survive hnii. The death of the 
 young king put a stop for some time to the tn.ubles tliat 
 were begniniiig to distract the royal family. But prince 
 Richard, who was now hi'ir to the crown, began about two 
 years afterwards to raise fresh distui I'ances in the king's 
 foreign dominions. He got the provinces to revolt, and 
 ackno\sl('dge him for their sovereign, and did homage 
 for them to I'liilip king of France. This occasioned a war 
 between the two nionarchs, and IIe:'.iv, now deserted by 
 his French subjects, was obliged at last, II Si), to make 
 lieacewith I'liilii) upon clishoiiuiualile terms. Henry died 
 July Ctli, 11S9, in the? .'j7tli year of his ;>{;e, and 33lli 
 of liis reign. He had five sons by Eleanor his quee.i, 
 of whom only Richard and John survived him. Hi^ 
 daughter Eleanor was nuirried to Alphonso king of Cas- 
 tile, and Joanna to William II. king of Sicily. Heiirv H. 
 was of the middle stature, and the most exact |)ropcrtioii ; 
 his countenance was round, fair, and ruddy; his blue eyes 
 were mild and engaging, except in a transport of passioii, 
 when they sparkled like lighti.ing, to the terror cjf the be- 
 holders. He was broad-chested, strong, muscular, and in- 
 clined to be corpulent, though he prevented the bad effect* 
 of this disposition by hard exercise and coutinual fatigue; 
 he was temperate ia his meals, even to a degree of abst<- 
 nence, and seldom or never sat down, except at supper; he 
 was eloquent, agreeable, and fircetious ; remarkably courte- 
 ous and polite; conipassionatetoall in distress; so charitable 
 that he constantly allotted one tenth part of his househohl 
 provisions to the poor; and, in a time of dearth wliicii 
 prevailed in Anjouand Le Maine, he maintained ten thou- 
 sand indigent persons, from the beginning c)f spring to the 
 end of autumn. His talents, naluially good, he liad culti- 
 vated with great assiduity, and delighted in the conversation 
 of learned men, to whom he was a generous benefactor. 
 His memory was so surprisingly teiiaceous, that he never for- 
 got a face nor a circumstance that was worth remembering. 
 ■Though superior to all his contemporaries in strength, 
 riches, true courage, and military skill, he never engaged 
 in war without reluctance ; and was so averse to bloodshed, 
 that he expressed uncommon grief at the loss of every 
 private soldier. Yet was he not exemplcd fiom human 
 frailties; his passions, naturally violent, often hurrie.d him 
 into excess; he was prone to anger, transported with the 
 lust of power, and in particular accused '■>{ incontinence. 
 However, on the whole, he was the king, the priest, the 
 father of his country, and one of the most powerful and 
 illustrious monarchs that ever flourished on the English 
 throne. 
 
 HENRY HI. succeeded his father king Jnhn ; he was 
 then in the lOthyear of hisage. As soon as Jcjhn was dead, 
 the earl of Pembroke convened the lords who had constantly 
 adhered to tliat prince,and presenting young Henry to them, 
 said, "Behold your kingl'and then ma'kingapatheticspeech 
 to them, which was applauded by the whole assembly, 
 cried out, " Henry shall be our king!" and he was crowned 
 at Gloucester, Oc:t. 2S. After the coronation, the lords chose 
 the earl of Pembroke guardian to the young king, and regent 
 of the kingdom; and then many of the confederate barons 
 began to think of making their peace with the new king. 
 Prince Lewis being obliged to raise the siege of Dover, and 
 being excommunicated by the pope's legate, contributed 
 very much to their submission. A truce was agreed for 
 four months; in the mean time Lewis wentover into France 
 for fresh forces, and in his absence many of the barons made 
 their peace wi:!i the king. On May 19, 1217, a great 
 battle was fought, in which the French army was totally 
 routed. AUtr this, Lewis met with such bad success, that 
 he was obliged to sue for peace ; and so a treaty was eott- 
 cluded on Sept. 11. whereby it was agreed, that all whc> ha<J 
 
 439
 
 II EN 
 
 HEN 
 
 side J with liiiii bliouUl be rrstored to whatever rights and 
 privileges fliov enjoyed before the troubles, and Lewis re- 
 iKunceri all manner of pretensions to Enj;land ; soon after 
 whicli he set sail for France, leaving Henry in full posses- 
 sion of llie kingdom. Affairs beinR thus happily setlled, 
 tire regent, to givt' a further satisfaclion to the minds of the 
 people, sent positive orders to all the sheriffs to see the two 
 charters of king John punctually observed ; which not hav- 
 ing ail the eii'ect he intended, he sent itinerant justices ilito 
 all the counties, to see the strict observance of them ; but, 
 to tlie great grief of the kingdom, he was taken ofl by death, 
 1219. After the death of Ihe earl of Pembroke, the govern- 
 ment, during the king's minority, was committed to the bi- 
 shop of Winchester, who was made regent; and [Hubert de 
 Berrg, who had defended Dover, was made justiciary. In 
 1221, the new building of Westmijister abbey was begun, 
 king Henry himself laying the first stone. The (same year 
 Joanna, the king's sister, was married to Alexander H. king 
 f)f Scotland, and Hubert de Berrg married to Alexand'er's 
 eldest sister. Hubert de Berrg got the ascendency with the 
 king his master over the bishop of Winchester, and so insi- 
 nuated himself into the royal favour, that he roselo an exor- 
 bitant degree of power, which he exercised in a most illegal 
 and arbitrary maimer. Tho!if;h he was in eftect prime mi- 
 nister, yet, as the bishop of Winchester, who was appointed 
 regent by the parliament, was, by his oliice, superior to him, 
 be contrived to get him removed. Lewis VIH. king of 
 France, who succeeded his father Philip, broke the peace 
 with the English, 1224, and conliscated all the territories 
 Ihey held in France. LTpon this a parliament was called, 
 and a 15th upon moveables was granted, on condition the 
 ehartersof king John were sVrictly observed for the future. 
 The king promised, but took little care to perform. With 
 the money he raised an army, and sent it to Guienne ; but 
 we do not find that it made any great progress there. In 
 1226, the parliament declared the king at age, though he was 
 not yet so old as the law required, which was twenty-one ; 
 after which he obliged all those w ho had charters to renew 
 them, in order to raise money to fill his [coffers. Hubert de 
 Berrg wholly governed him, he liaving got the king to dis- 
 tress the bishop of Winchester, and to send him lo his dio- 
 cese. The king began to lose the affections of his people. 
 What most contributed to it was his annulling, ajl of a sud- 
 den, tiie two charters of the king his father, which he had 
 solemnly swore to observe, pretending he was not bound by 
 what he had promised in his minority ; and, having spent 
 the winter in extorting, great sums of money from his sub- 
 jects, the spiing following, 1220, went over with liis army 
 into France, and returned again into England, having, 
 through his neglect, effected nothing. In 1233, the kin>; 
 demanded a subsidv of the parlianiint, for the payment of 
 his debts contracted on account of his expeditions against 
 I'" ranee ; but had the morlitiea'inu to be refused, as so ill a 
 use had been made of the money that lii'd been granted him. 
 A general odium being raised against Hubert de Berrg, the 
 king was prevailed upon to dismiss him. But the bishop of 
 Winehcsler, who w;^s now prime minister, humouring the 
 [lassioiis and inclinations of the king, accpiired an exorbitant 
 )K>W(r, .\ liieli he iiadc a worse use of than even Hubert 
 do Berrg himself, lie I'epresiiited to the king, that the ba- 
 rons wi're too poweiful, and that they wanted to make them- 
 selves iiid< i^eriilenl ; luid that the only way to repress them, 
 was tosen<l for a niniilHr of foreigners, and give tlieui the 
 \ .ares the barons held ; and accordingly he invited .over 
 great nund)ers of Poiclevins, his counlrynieii. 'ihis exaspe- 
 rated the barons; who, upon the king's summoning them to 
 parliament, instead of mcetiug according totlie summons, 
 ^e!ll deputies to him, loac(|uaint him, llial if he did not re- 
 move the bishop of Wimliesler and the I'oictevins, they 
 w<'re refoUed I,) set another piince upon th;' throne, who 
 should govern accijrdiiig to law. 'Ihe ki'tg endeavoured lo 
 reduce flieui by I'oice of arms ; but s'.>^ie of tliciii breaking 
 the confedMacv, left the rest to his resentment. The 
 rail o*' Pembroke retired into SValcs, ami being. assisted by 
 4m'i 
 
 prince Lewellyn, he routed llie royal army, and Henry it- 
 tired to Gloucester; upon which the bishop of Winchester 
 procured an order to be signed in cowncil, and sent to the 
 governors of Ireland, to plunder the estates of the eail of 
 Pembroke.promising they should have more estates for their 
 pains. This had the desired eflect ; it drew the carl over 
 thither, wherein a battle he was treacherously stabbed in the 
 back. However, by the representations of the archbistiop 
 of ("anterbury lo the king, the bishop was disgraced and sent 
 to his diocese, and his creatures turned out, and ordered to 
 give an account of their actions, and of the money that had 
 passed through their hands; but they took sanctuary in 
 churches. This was in 12^4. In 123G the bishop went t« 
 Rome, and died 1238. In 1236, king Henry married Elea- 
 nor, second daughter to Raymond earl of Provence. He 
 now gave himself wholly up to the direction of the queen's 
 relations, and other foreigners, their adherents, loading them 
 with gifts, pensions, &c. which, together with the grievances 
 occasioned by this measure, was the cause of perpetual dis- 
 putes and misunderstandings between the king and his par- 
 liaincnl, for near 30 years, and endcc| at last in a civil war, 
 called the barons' war. In 1239, the queen was delivered 
 of a prince, who was named Edward. The pope had so 
 great an ascendency, that in 1240 he non)inate<l 300 Italians 
 to the vacant benefices. In 1245, the queen was delivered 
 of another son, who was named Edmund. The court of 
 Rome continuing its exaction, the parliament, 1246, in let- 
 ters signed by the king, the bishops, and the barons laid be- 
 fore the pope tl'.eir grievances; but met with no redress. 
 About ;ihis lime died Isabella, queen dowager of England, 
 and coimtessof March ; for she married the earl of March 
 after king John's death. In 1248, the king demanded a ecw 
 subsidy from his parliament, which they refused ; and upon 
 their representing to him their grievances on account of the 
 foreigners, he dissolved them, for fear of their proceeding to 
 more vigorous measures ; and to supply his wants, hewa<». 
 forced to sell his plate and jewels, which being quickly pur- 
 chased by the citizens of London, who always pleaded 
 poverty, when the granting him any aid was in question, he, 
 in resentment, set up a fair in Westminster, to last 15 days ; 
 during which the Londoners were commanded to shut up 
 their shops ; and all fairs, that used lo be kept at that time, 
 were prohibited all over England. Henry very impoliticly 
 fell out with Simon de Montfort, who had married his sister, 
 and was made earl of Leicester: in a great passion he called 
 the earl Traitor ; upon w Inch he, in a great passion, told the 
 king, he lied, and that, if he were not a king, he would 
 make him eat his words. However, the king was obliged to 
 conceal that resentment which burned within him. The 
 barous began now to exert themselves, and in a parliament 
 held at Oxford, 1258, the confederacy was so strong against 
 the king, (the barons coming well attended and well armed) 
 that they compelled him in effect to lay; down the sovereign 
 authority, and to lodge it in 24 commissioners, 12 to be cho^ 
 sen by the king, and 12 by the barons, Simon de Montfort 
 to be their iiresident ; who drew up some articles called The 
 Provisions of Oxford, in favour of llie barons, which the king 
 and prince Edward were obliged to swear to the observance 
 of, in consequence of which the foreigners were obliged to 
 leave the kingdom. Henry got himself absolved from his 
 oath by Ihe pope; and 1261, declared it. parliament he no 
 longer looked upon himself obliged to observe these regula- 
 tions. In 1263, the war broke out between the two parties, 
 the barons having chosen the earl of Leicester for their ge- 
 neral. On May 14, 1264, was fought the famous battle of 
 Lewes, in which Ihe royal army was routed ; king Henry, 
 and his brother Richaril, king of the Romans, were taken 
 prisoners ; as were also prince Edward (who had beaten the 
 Londoners in the fir-^^t attack) and Henry son to the king of 
 the RomaNS. And now Ihe barons drew up a new plan of 
 government, which was confirmed by the parliament, which 
 met June 22. Things continued in this situation about ^ 
 year ; but prince Edward having the good fortune lo escape 
 from his confinement, raised a considerable army, and first
 
 HEN 
 
 HEN 
 
 attacked yotni^r Montrort, who was conducfing some forcps 
 lo his father, and then advancing; immediately aj;iiiiist the 
 earl, in an obstinate and bloody fight, on Aug. 4, 12(j.>, to- 
 tally routed Leicester's army, and set the king his Catlifr at 
 liberty, the earl himself aiul his son Henry being slain on the 
 spot. King Henry now eontiscated the estates of the con- 
 federate barons, and severely chastised the city of London. 
 In 1271, prince Edward having settled the affairs of the 
 kingdom, undertook an expedition to the Holy L;ind, where 
 lie signalized iiiniself by many acts of valour. Henry died 
 it Bury St. iMlnuinds, Nov. 1(5, 1272, having reigned 5G 
 vears and 20 days, age<l (M, and was interred in the abbey 
 church of Westminster, near tlic shrine of Edward tiie Con- 
 fessor, wiiicii was removed tliiliier, l'i(iy, Just as tiiechureii 
 ((he most stately then in I'Jurope) was fmisiied. He had nine 
 children, whereof only two sons, Edward and Edmund, and 
 two daughters, iVlargaretand Beatrix, survived him. Trial 
 by fire and water ordeal was by this king's command laid 
 ^ide by the judges, and soon after grew (piitc out of use. 
 Henry was of a middle size and robust make, and his coun- 
 enance had a peculiar cast ffoui his left eye-lid, which hung 
 down so faras to cover part <if'liis eye. The particulars of 
 llis character may be gathered iroiii the detail of his conduct. 
 He was certainly ai)riiice of very mean talents ; irresolute, 
 inconstant, and capricious ; proud, insolent, and arbitrary ; 
 arrogant in prosperity, and abject in adversity ; profuse, ra- 
 pacious, and choleric, though destitute of liberality, eco- 
 nomy, and courage. Vet his coutiiieiice was praise-worthy, 
 as well as his aversion to cruelty ; for he contented himself 
 with punishing the re''els in their effects, when he might 
 have glutted his revenge with their blood. He was prodi- 
 gal to excess, and therefore always in necessity. Notwith- 
 standing the great sums he levied from his subjects, and 
 though llis occasions were never so pressing, he could not 
 help squandering away his money upon worthless favourites, 
 without considering the difficulty he always found in obtain- 
 ing supplies from j)arliamciit. 
 
 HE'NRY IV. duke of Lancaster and Hereford, surnamed 
 of Bolingbroke, from his being born there, was the eldest 
 son of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, and ascended the 
 throne upon the forced resignation of Richard H. and was 
 Clowned Oct. 13, 1399. The parliament meeting the day 
 after the coronation, first passed an act of iiideninity in fa- 
 vour of those who had taken arms for the king whilst only 
 duke of Lancaster. The king also published a general par- 
 don, excepting however the murderers of the duke of (!>lou- 
 cester. The parliament also passed an act settling the suc- 
 cession in the house of Lancaster. This might not liave pro- 
 duced any ill consequence, as Mortimer earl of March and 
 his brother died without issue, had not the second son of the 
 duke of York married Anne their sister ; which at length 
 proved the source of that long and bloody contest between 
 the houses of York and Lancaster. The convocation being 
 sitting at the same time with the parliament, Henry, in order 
 to gain the clergy to his side, sent to assure them, that he 
 would maintain tlieni in all their privileges and immunities, 
 and was ready to join with them in extirpating heresy, and 
 punishing obstinate heretics. And to preserve the esteem of 
 tliereslof his subjects, he caused all the bonds which Richard 
 had extorted, as well from the city of Loudon, as from the 
 17 counties, to be brought into chancery and publicly burnt. 
 Jn the year MOO a consi)iiacy broke out against the king, 
 wkich was snpprcssud, ami the chief conspirators were put 
 to death ; aiul soon alter the iHte king was assassinated. 
 About the time of the lato corisijiraey, Owen Glendonr got 
 the Welsli to rciioui-iee their sulijcelioii to England, and to 
 own him for tlieir sovereign ; from which lime he styled 
 himself prince of Wales, aiKl maintained liis authority tlierc 
 for some years. He made a!i iiiriirsioii into Herefordshire, 
 nud took Mortimer earl of Marc li prisoner, for which king: 
 Henry was not suny. 'I hi' Icing marelicd against Glcndour; 
 but. lie alwajs retiring- to the mountains of Snowdeii, it was 
 not possiljle. to come at him. In i-l(.i|,tlie parliament eii- 
 iM'^c'i the stature of premmiire, which jfavc a great blow lo 
 
 i L 
 
 fhc jtope's power in England ; and yet an act was (>btaiiipri, 
 by the inllucnce ol the court and the intrigues r>f the ilergy, 
 this session, for the ImrniMg of heretics, occasioned by liie 
 great increase! of the WicRlillites, or Lollards. One William 
 Sawtree, a Lollard, parish-priest of .St. Osilli, in London, 
 was immedlalcly after that condennieil by the ecchsiastical 
 court ; and, being delivered over lo the secular power, was 
 burnt alive by virtue of the king's writ, (called The writ l)e 
 liari-tim eomliiirendo,) directed to the mayor and shiritt's of 
 London. In 1402, the king married .ioau of Navarre, wi- 
 dow of the duke of liretagne, b\it he had no issue by her. 
 "^riiis year tlie .Scotch invaded Eiighind twice, and were both 
 times defeated by the earl of Northumberland, and Ibriry 
 Hntspur his son. In llo.'!, a conspiracy broke out, at the 
 head of which was the earl of Nortlunnberland, wlu) was 
 disgusted at the king's refusing to let him have the ran- 
 som of the .Scotch prisoners of distinction. lie engaged 
 Owen (ilendour in it, and it was agreed to dethrone Henry, 
 and place the crown on the head of Mortimer. The king 
 marched against them, and a battle was fought near Shrews- 
 bury, where the king gained a complete victory. Another 
 conspiracy broke out, in which was embarked Hicliard 
 Scroop, archbishop of York, whom Richard 11. had raised 
 to that dignity, with several of the nobility ; but this was 
 entirely suppressed, 140S. 'J'o return to the civil govern- 
 ment; in 1400', an act was passed to secure the freedom of 
 election of members of parliament, w liicli gives room to sup- 
 liose the king had done something inconsistent with such 
 f'l'eedoin. However, he ga\e his assent to this act, for the 
 sake of a subsidy he wanted. When the demand was made, 
 the parliami!nt told him, there was no apparent necessity for 
 it ; but in order to obtain it, he kept them so long sitting, that 
 they were obliged to consent to it for their own conveni- 
 ence. He did the same in 1410, when he rejected the peti- 
 tion of the commons, for repealing or altering the late bar- 
 barous act against the Lollards; and, lo siiewliow averse he 
 was to relax any thing in this point, caused one Thomas Bad- 
 by to be burnt, who was the second who sidfered death on 
 account of Wicklitfe's opinions. In the mean lime, the prince 
 of Wales surt'ered himself lo be so much debauched by evil 
 companions, that he ;rave himself ui> to riotous and disorder- 
 ly practices ; one of his companions being arraigned for fe- 
 lony, lie resolved to be present at the trial ; and while sen- 
 tence was passing, in a great passion he struck the judge on 
 the face, w ho immediately ordered hira to be arrested, and 
 committed to the King's Bench, the prince hereupon re- 
 lenting, sufiered himself to be led (piietly (o prison. King 
 Henry died March 20, 1413, in the IGth year of his age, and 
 14th of his reign. His actions hail very little worthy or emi- 
 nent ill them ; one thing, at least, has fixed an indelible 
 stain on his memory, viz. his being the first burner of here- 
 tics. There was, in h'is reign, a dreadful plagoe in London, 
 which swept away above 30,000 persons. Ilenry hail by 
 Mai-v de Bohun, his first wife, daughter of Humphrey, earl 
 of Hereford, four sons, viz. Henry, who succeeded him; 
 Thomas, duke of Clarence; John, duke of Bedfoid ; and 
 Humphrey, duke of (iloucester ; and two daughters; 
 Blanch, married to the elector iialatine ; and I'hilippa, to 
 the king of Denmark. Henry IV. was of the miildle sta- 
 ture, well proportioned, ami perfect in all the exercises of 
 arms and cliivalrv ; his countenance wassevere rather than 
 serene ; and his disposition sour, sullen, and reserved ; he 
 possessed a great share of courage, fortitude, and penetni- 
 tion ; was naturally imperious, though he bridled his tem- 
 per with caution ; "superstitious, though without the least 
 tincture of virtue and true religion ; and meanly parsimo- 
 nious, though justly censured for want of economy, and ill- 
 judged iJiofusion. "He was tame from caution, humble from 
 fear, cruel from policy, and rapacious from indigence. He 
 rose to the throne by perfidy and treason; established his 
 authoritv in the blood of ''is subjects ; and died a penitent 
 for his sins, because he could no longer en|oy the fruits i I 
 his transgressioii. During this reign, William of Wickhauj, 
 bishop of Winciicstcr, Sii- Robert Knolles, and Uichaid 
 
 441
 
 •n vr. 
 
 Whitliii5jli.-n, iiiayiir of London, di-tui^'Liiilifd lliemsdvps for 
 (i.i;ir woiTvs of charity ;ind public fuuiidatioii. GeortVoy 
 CI;au(er and John Gowcr rendered thenist-lvt-s famous for 
 their |.o(itry, luid are lool;ed upon as t!ic fir>l reformers of 
 tbi' En;|lisli hngiiage. 
 
 HE'NRY V. sunuuiied Henry of Monmonlh, ascended 
 flip throne ui)o:) tiie death of his father, Henry IV. and was 
 pioclaimed Miiieh 20, 141;!, and crowned April;), follow- 
 in^;; after which, the iiist thiiifj lie did was to send for his 
 olil eonipaniwns, whoni he exhorted in a very p-.ithetic man- 
 iior to forsake their evil courses : and, making them hand- 
 some present^', cliarijed them at the same time, on pain of 
 his displeasure, never to come to court. He then cliose a 
 council of the greate.stand ablest of lii^ subjects, turned out 
 such jud_i(es as had abused tlieir authority, continued the de- 
 scrvin;,', ppvlieularly the chief -justice (lascoi};ne, who had 
 comni'ltcrl him for his insult in court, when prince of \Vales, 
 and filled up the places of those he had removed with per- 
 sons of the like lionour and integrity. He did also the same 
 with respect to inferior magistrates. 'J'he greatest blot in 
 his character was, his persceuling the Wicklitfites, or Lol- 
 lards. Rut that was more owing to the superstition of the 
 limes, than to his own natural temper; he often expressing 
 ;'. dislike to such proceedings. Sir .Ichn Oldcastle, baron of 
 Cobhain, who was looked upon as the chief protector of the 
 Lolla' (Is, was the first of the nobility w ho sufiered on account 
 of religion. Henry, as soon as he mounted thethroiie, began 
 to think of recovering what the English had lost in France; 
 and there being great dissentions in that kingdom, Henry 
 irad laid hold of that opportunity, and sent ambassadors to 
 demand Normandy, <^c. and all tliat had been yiehled to 
 Edivaid HL by the treaty of Bretngne. The negociations 
 went on without any hopes of an accommodation; and when 
 Henry was just going to embark, a plot was fliscovered 
 against iiis person, for which the earl of Cambridge, the lord 
 treasurer Scroop, and Thomas Grey, a privy counsel lor, were 
 executed. It is thoniiht they were bribed by Freiirh gold to 
 carry on this conspiracy. This afl'air being over, he em- 
 liarked with his troops in Aug. 141.';, hiiided on the 21st at 
 Havre dc (iraeein Normandy, and O.icn besieged and took 
 Haitleur; and, resolving to march to Calais, he crossed the 
 Somme, Oct. 9, where the Freneii army r.nder the constable 
 d'Albert, four times as nuiuerousas the English, were wait- 
 ing to give him battle, in full confidence of victory. DavivJ 
 Gam, a Welsh captain, being sent to view their situation, on 
 his return said, "there were enough to kill, enough to take 
 prisoners, and enough to run away." The king was not a little 
 pleased with this Welshman's report. Henry, afterexhorting 
 liis men to put I heir trust in God, the giver of victory, attack- 
 ed the French. The battle began at ten in the morning, and 
 lasted till five ill the afternoon, Oct. 2.1, 14 1.'>, when, by the 
 Mirprising courage ;ind conduct of the king, and the bravery 
 of his troops, the whole numerous French army, said to coii- 
 "istof more than 100,0110 men, was entirely defeated. The 
 constable d'Albert, the duke of Alcn^on, with several other 
 princes and great men, and 10,000 private men, were slain. 
 Among the iirisonevs, who were very numerous, were the 
 dukes of Orleans and Bourbon, and many persons of distinc- 
 tion. Tiie English lost only the duke of" York, and the earl 
 of Suftolk, a few knights, and 400 private men. The king 
 iuimedi.alcly returned thanks to God for the victory. This 
 v.ascalled the battle (if .\ginconrt, from a castle of that name 
 near the field of battle. The civil wars raged more tlian 
 ever in France: Henry went over in July, 1417, and made 
 great progress; and, in the beginning of the year 1419, 
 Jloiien surrendered. And now all iXormaiidy was again 
 fallen under the dominion of the Engliah, except a few cas- 
 tles, 21.'j years after it had been taken from them in the reign 
 of king.folni. Henry alsosurpris<'(l and look I'oiitoise, which 
 opened him a way to the very gates of Paris. At last a treaty 
 was concluded at 'IVoyc on May 21, 1420, whereby it was 
 z^reed.that Henry should marry the princess Catharine, that 
 lie ghonid be regent of the kingdom during king (Charles's 
 I K- (wlio being freijneiilK afllicird with fits of hinacv, waa 
 442 
 
 incapable of governing,) and that, afterliis death, tlic crown 
 of France should descend to the king of England and his 
 heirs forever. Henry hereupon espoused the princess Ca- 
 tharine, and the marriage was solemnized on the 30th of 
 Way. Ill Feb. 1421, Henry arrived in England with his 
 (luceii, w ho was crowned a few days after. The parliament, 
 which met in JNlay, granted the king a subsidy for carrying 
 on the war against the dauphin; but at the same time, in a pe- 
 tition they presented, tohl him, that the con(piest of France 
 pro^■ed the ruin of England. In June the king returned to 
 France, and forced the dauphin to raise the siege of Chartres, 
 took Dreux, and in October laid siege to Meux, wiiicii was 
 not wlioUy subjected till May following; about which time, 
 queen Calhariue arrived from England, and the two courts 
 kept the Whitsun-holidavs together at Paris in a magnificent 
 manner. Afterwards, fienry marched against the dauphin, 
 fell sick by the way, and died at ^'iiicennes, Aug. 31, 1422, 
 in the .31st year of his age, and lOlli of )iis reign. He had 
 by his (pieeii Catharine only one son, Heiiiy, born March 6, 
 1421, at Windsor. Hen-ry V. was tall and slender, with a 
 long neck, an engaging aspect, and limbs of the most ele- 
 gant turn. Heexcelledall the youth of that age in agility, 
 and the exercise of arms ; was hardy, patient, laborious, and 
 more capable of enduring cold, hunger, and fatigue,tliau any 
 individual in his army. His valour was such as no danger 
 could startle, and no difficu-lty oppose ; nor was his policy 
 inferior to his courage. He managed the dissentions amonj 
 his enemies with such address as spoke him consummate in 
 the arts of the cabinet. He fomented their jealousies, and 
 converted their mutual resentment to his own advantage. 
 Heniy possessed a self-taught genius, that blazed out at onc€ 
 without the aid of instruction or experience ; and a fund of 
 natural sagacity, that made ample amends for these defects. 
 He was chaste, temperate, modest, and devout, scrupulously 
 just in his administration, and severely exact in the disci- 
 pline of his army, upon which he knew his glorv and suc- 
 cess in a great measure depended. In a word, it raust,be 
 owned he was without an e(iual in the art of war, poiicy, 
 and {roverninent. 
 
 Hii.'NRYVI. was scarce 9 months old, when lie suc- 
 ceeded his father Henry V. Dec. C. 1422. He was imme- 
 diately proclaimed |not only king of England, but heir of 
 Fiance, pursuant to the treaty oflroye; and, upon the death 
 of Charles V. who died in less than two months after, the 
 duke of Bedford, uncle to the infant king, ordered him to be 
 proclaimed king of France, at Paris, according to the same 
 treaty ; and took upon himself the regency of that kingdom, 
 as the late king his brother had desired, when near his end. 
 On the other hand, the dauphin, as soon as he heard of his 
 father's death, caused himself to be proclaimed king of 
 I'^rance, and was crowned in November at I'oictiers. On 
 Nov. 9, the parliame;it met (when the queen sat among the 
 lords, with the royal infant in her lap) to settle the govern- 
 ment during the king's minority ; and John, duke of Bedford, 
 wasaopointed protector of the kingdom; and Thomas Bean- 
 fort jduke of Exeter, and Henry bishop of Winchester, his 
 governors. I shall pass over the transactions of the regency, 
 during theminority of theking, and shall only mention wliat 
 he was immediately concerned in. The duke of Bedford, 
 thinking it might be of service to have Henry crowned in 
 France, having been first crowned in England, on Nov. 6, 
 1429, he wetit over to Paris, and was crowned there at (he 
 end of the following year, and returned to England in Jan. 
 1432, being then 10 years old. In 1437, died Catharine of 
 France, king Henry's mother, and widowof Henry V. After 
 the death of that prince, she married Owen Tudor, a Welsh 
 gentleman; from this marriage sprung Henry earl of 
 Richmond, king of England, under the name of Henry VII. 
 In 1444, a truce was concluded at Tours between England 
 and France, which was prolonged to M49. Soon after th* 
 coiiiiiK ncementof the truce.king Henry married Margaret of 
 Anjiiu, who arrived in England 144.'> ; and she and her fa- 
 vourites managed the kingjustasthey pleased, which caused 
 great uneasiness among the people ; which Charles took tli«r
 
 ITEN 
 
 HEN 
 
 srlvanftigeof; for, upon the duke ofSoniersef, then io[;cnf, 
 refusing to give the satisfaction he demandni *;n- ToiiKrcs 
 beniK surprised by Surienne, governor of the J.ciuei- Nor- 
 mandy, for the En^lisii, 144«, whilst the truce siihsiotcd, he 
 fell upon Normandy with fnurarraicsnt once, and reduced it 
 before the end of Aug. MoO. Guicnne followed the fate of 
 Normandy, after having been in possession of ihe English 
 3(K) years ; and nothing remained to the Engiisii in 1 irj:!, (<f 
 all their vast acquisitions in France, hut only Calais and CAii- 
 enne. England was now in a distracted condition : there 
 were two parties in the court, one the dukeof Cilouceslcrs, 
 the other the cardinal of Winchester's; «itli ^^lulnl were 
 joined Kemp, archhishop of York, and Williani de la I'ole, 
 earl, and afterwards marcjuis and duke of SiifiolL 1'Iik 
 duke of Gloucester was exceedingly beloved b_\ the iieople ; 
 but the cardinal got the better of him in the council, and in 
 the king's confidence, in which the duke of Gloucester lost 
 ground every day. They first removed him from the council 
 board ; and then a parliament being sumnumed at St. Ed- 
 mundsbury, which met in 1417, the duke was arrested and 
 closely confined, under colour that he desiijncd to l.ill the 
 king and seize the crown, ihojigh nobody believed a « ord of 
 the matter. The next morning he was found dead in his 
 bed, i)eople making no doubt but he was murdered. The 
 cardinal died about a month alter, and left the woild and his 
 immense riches w ith as much reluctance as ever any one did. 
 And now the queen and Suftolk governed all in tlie king's 
 name, and none but their creatures were employed in Ihe 
 administration. The universal hatreil (d'the people against 
 tliem made the duke of York begin to think of asserting his 
 claim to the crown. In 1450, the commons so pursued the 
 duke of Suffolk, that the queen, in order to save him, found 
 herself under a necessity to have him banished ; but in his 
 passage to France, being met by an English man of w ar, the 
 captain without any ceremony ordered his head to be cut 
 off. He was succeeded in the queen's confidence by Ed- 
 luund Beaufort, duke of Somerset, almost as odious to the 
 people as Suffolk had been. The duke of Y'ork at first pro- 
 ceeded with great caution ; and, as an essay how the 
 people stood affected, he instituted one Jack Cade, under 
 the name of John Mortimer, to raise a rebellion in Kent, 
 where he drew together great numbers under pretence of 
 reforming the government; and became so strong, that he 
 cut in pieces a detachment of the king's army, and entered 
 London in triumph, the city opening her gates to him ; !>ut, 
 being deserted by his followers, he was taken and slain. 
 At length, the duke of Y^ork having concerted me;i.sures 
 with his friends, especially Richard Nevil, earl of Salisbury 
 and the carl of War-^vick, the war broke out between the 
 two houses of Lancaster and York, the former having for 
 tlieir device the red rose, and the latter the whiter rose ; 
 and whole torrents of English blood were spilt in this con- 
 test. The first battle was fought near St. Alban's, May 31, 
 14.55, when the royal army was totally routed, v\ith the loss 
 o-fSOOO men. The duke of Somerset and several other no- 
 bles and great me:i were slain, and the king liiuiseiftaken 
 prisoner. York aflecled to treat him with great respect, 
 and was appointed protector of the realm. lie left the king 
 and queen at full liberty; the consequence of '.vliich was, 
 he was dismissed from his protectorship, and, he and his 
 friends retired from coiut. After this, there was a recon- 
 ciliation between the two parties ; but, as it Mas not sin- 
 cere, the quarrel soon broke out again. In 1459, the earl 
 of Salisbury defeated the king's troops comnipjuded by lord 
 Audley, and killed 2400, together with Audley himself and 
 his pruicipal officers, at Blorclieath, in Shropshire. On 
 July 6, 1 460, the earl of March, eldest son of the duke of 
 York, gained a complete victory at Northampton, killing 
 10,000 royalists. The king was again taknn prisoner, and 
 the queen with the prince of Wales retired into Scotland. 
 And now a parliament was called, which the duke of York 
 expected would offer him the crown. Being disappointed. 
 he ucnt them a nicmorial asserting his ciaim ; but all that 
 he 7 jlii^n^ant did, was to resolve, that Henry should enjoy 
 
 tile crown during his life, after uliiili, i| should devolve eii 
 llie duke of York and bis heirs. In the mean time, th" 
 duke of ^ iirk was absolute master of the government, and 
 o( llie king's person. The (jueen had drawn together an 
 aimy of 18,000 nun ; the <luke of\'(uk marched against 
 her « ith only 6000, expetfiii^j to l.e.ioined by his sou the 
 carl of .March ; but before lu- co.uld cniue up, the duke \vaj 
 attacked by the queen's forces, near Wai<efield in York- 
 shire, Dec! .31, 1 KH), his army put to tli(.;lit, he iiin;i<lf 
 slain, and his head ii\ed upon tin; v;;llsof \'ork, «!:ere 
 the earl of Salisbury's soon ace(iiiii)anie<l it, behaving be< ii 
 taken and belunnied at I'oiitetVaet. The carl of liutlaiul, 
 till' duke's second son, about !2 years old, was taken in the 
 flight, aiul ci nelly slain by lord Cliii'oul. Notwiiiistauding 
 this discouragement, the earl of. 2*1. irch marched with his 
 army, and (lefeated Jasper Tudor, earl of Pembroke, at 
 Mortimer's cross in Herefordshire ; and though the queen 
 got the better of the earl of Warwick at Bernard siiralli, 
 near St. Alban's, and freed the king her husband, yet tiie 
 earl of March coming up with a great army, and beiiu' 
 joined by the remains of the earl olVt'arwick's, she retired 
 into the north ; and the earl entered London, as it were, in 
 triumph, and was, by the management of the earl of ^Var- 
 wick, proclaimed king, by the title of Edu aid IV. Fur the 
 C(Uiclusion, see the lii'e of king Kduard IV. Henry \]. 
 without any princely virtue or (pialitication, was totally free 
 iron) cruelty and revenge; on the contrary, he conld not, 
 without reluctance, consent to the puiiishnicnt of those ma- 
 lefactprs who were sacrificed to the jiublic safety ; and frc-' 
 quently sustained personal indignities of the grossest mil n re, 
 without discovering the least mark of resentment. He was 
 chaste, pious, compassionate, and chaiitable. In a word, 
 he wwuld have adorned a cloister, though he disgraced a 
 crown ; was rather respectable for those vices he wanted, 
 than for the virtues he possessed. He founded the college 
 of Eton, near Windsor, and King's college, in Cambridge, 
 for the reception of those scholars who had begun their stu- 
 dies at Eton. 
 
 HENRY VII. earl of Pvichmond, was the son of Edmund 
 Tudor, earl of Richmond, and of Margaret, desceiuted fn lu 
 a bastard son of John of Gaunt, duke of Laneaater, by C.i. 
 tharine Rowet or Svviuford, mistress, afterwards wife, to 
 that prince. Immediately after the victory of Bosworth, the 
 earl caused Te Deum to be sung, and his w hole army to tail 
 on their knees, to return God thanks, after which they sa- 
 luted him with uuaniuious and reiieated shouls of "Long 
 live king Henry !' from which time he took on himself the 
 st>le and authority of king. .\n extra(udinary kind of 
 distemper raged about this time in England, particularly 
 in London, called the sweating-sickness, because it threw 
 persons into a profuse sweat, and carried them olf in 2i 
 hours; but those who got over that time usually reco. 
 vered. It continued from the middle of September to tl; ^ 
 8th of October, and swept away great numbers of peo 
 pie. Two mayors and G aldermen of London died of ii 
 within 8 days. On October 30, 14S5, Henry was crowned. 
 At the same time, he appointed a band of 50 men to attend 
 him, called yeomen of the guard. 'Ihe [lai liaii;er.t met on 
 November 7, and passed an act, that the inheritance <-f the 
 crown should rest, remain, and abide in the kiuir, and the 
 heirs of his body ; and then reversed the attainders of those 
 who had taken part with the king, whilst only earl of 
 Richmond. On .January IS, 1486, he married the princess 
 Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Edward IV. to the great joy 
 of the people. On September 20, the queen was delivered 
 of a prince, who was named Arthur. Henry behaved with 
 great coldness to his queen, and on all occasions shewed 
 his great aversion to the whole York party, looking upon 
 that house to be his rivals; which partiality bred a gnat 
 deal of ill blood, and was the source of most of the trouhif s 
 which afflicted his reign. A rumour being raised, that the 
 duke of York, one of Edward's sons, was yet aiive, haiiiig 
 by some means or other escaped his uncle's cruel design, 
 the people readily ga\e into it. And tiiis „ive occasion lo 
 413
 
 l!EN 
 
 HEM 
 
 Kicharcl Simon, a priost :it Oxford, to set up one Lamlier't 
 Simwel!, a baker's son, iiiid slmleiit iiiuler him, and impose 
 him upon llm world for tlie said duke. However, a report 
 being soon S[)read tiiat the earl of Warwiek liad escaped 
 out of tlie tower, which, though false, caused great joy 
 among llie i>eoplc, .SiMuui now Judged it best to instruct 
 liis i)upil to personate that earl, and Ireland was .judged 
 the most proper place to open the first scene in ; where lie 
 was received with joy, and proclaimed, at Dublin, king of 
 England and lord of Ireland, by the name of Edward VI. 
 King Henry now confined the queen his mother-in law, 
 widow of Edward IV. to Bermondsey monastery in South- 
 wark, and seized all her estates ; ami tliereshe remained as 
 long as she lived. Another step the king took, was to sliew 
 the true earl of Warwick to the people. The duchess dow- 
 ager of Burgundy sent over into Ireland, in May 1487, 
 2000 German veterans, i)re3ently after which the sham king 
 was crowned with great solemnity. Then the new king, 
 and the German and Irish forces, came over into England. 
 King Henry fell upon ihem, June Ifi, xiear Newark-npon- 
 Trent, and to'.aily routed llieni. Siniwell was taken pri- 
 soner, with the priest his master. Henry gave Siniwell Iiis 
 life, employed liim fust about his kitchen, and then made 
 him one of his falcoiu is, in w liicli post he remained till his 
 death. And now Henry filled his coffers by confiscating 
 the estates of divers persons, under pretence of their fa- 
 vouring the late conspiracy. He thought it p.ecessary at 
 last to liave the queen crowned, which was performed on 
 November 2'), zihnost two years after the marriage. In 
 June, 1492, prince Henry was born. About this time, the 
 duchess of Burgundy began lo play off the second Simwell. 
 This was Peter Peterkin, orPerkin Warbeck, son of a con- 
 verted Jew, ofTournay, who had lived a considerable time 
 in London, who personated tli* duke of York. He was 
 ^nt to Portugal, afterwards to Ireland ; and the king of 
 France, bz-ing told the duke of York was in Ireland, sent 
 for him, lodged him in his palace, and appointed him a 
 ruard ; but when Charles was upon making peace with 
 England, he scntPerkin away. Several great men in Eng- 
 land favoured the plot, which being discovered, some of 
 them suffered death. King Henry sent Sir Edward Poyn- 
 ings to Ireland as his deputy, 1494, who holding a parlia- 
 ment, an act was passed, called Poyning's Law, whereby all 
 the statutes of England, relating to the public, were to be 
 of force in Ireland. In 149.') Perkiii endiarked for England, 
 and landing some of his men on the coast of Kent, to see 
 how the people stood affected, the Kentish men presently 
 took up arms, and cut to pieces those who were landed, ex- 
 cept about loO, who being taken prisoners, were all hanged 
 by order of the king. L'lion this, Perkin sailed back to 
 Flanders. The king, having a subsidy granted, 1497, to 
 revenge the insult of the king of Scotland, who had twice 
 invaded England the year before with Perkin, it w as raised 
 with so niucli rigour, that it caused an insurrection in Corn- 
 wall ; the malccontents marched to Blacklirath, where the 
 king attacked and totally defeated Ihrm, killing 2000 on the 
 spot. L. .Xudley their general, r lammock and Josepii, the 
 chiefs of the rebels, were taken and executed ; the rest 
 were pardoned. A peace was soon after concluded be- 
 tween the two mnnarchs. King James would not deliver 
 lip Perkin Warbeck, but houourahlv dismissed him and his 
 wife, and by their own desire sent them into Ir( land, before 
 the conclusion of the treaty. Charles VIH. kingof riaiice, 
 died in April, \\'.)H, and was succeeiled by Lewis Xlt. 
 About this time there was an insurrection in (>)rnwall, in 
 favour of Perkin AA'arbeck, who came from Ireland to head 
 the malccontents there; but his army of about fiooo men, 
 upon the news of the king's advancing, submitted them- 
 selves; who pardoned them all, except a lew ringleaders. 
 Perkin, after having been exposed in an ignominious man- 
 ner, was sent to the lower ; where ho, plotting his escane 
 logether with the earl of Warwick, was hanged ; and the 
 ■Mirl, but 24 years old, and who had been prisoner from the 
 licginninj; of this reign, was beheaded on Towcr-liill, Nov. 
 41 
 
 1499. Fn loOO, the plague raged in England, particularly 
 in London, where 30,000 died of it. In 1501, Catharine of 
 Spain was married to Arthur prince of Wales. The priiwx 
 died about .o months after his marriage, April 2, J508, in 
 the 17lh year of his age ; and some time after, the kill;; 
 created Henry his second son, prince of'Wales, who, upon 
 his father's death, succeeded to the crown. Iiri50.3, Eliza- 
 beth, Henry's queen, died. At this time, the king grievously 
 oppressed liis subjects, by means of two infamous ministers, 
 Empsonand Dudley, two lawyers. The avarice of Henry 
 put liim on, projecting the marriage of Catharine, his son 
 .'\utliur's widow, with his other son Henry, rather tlidn part 
 with that princess's dowry, which v.is 200,000 crowns of 
 gold ; and a dispensation was olitaii.ed from the pope ; so 
 Henry married his brother's widow, though the marriage 
 was not consummated till after the king came to the crown. 
 The king's eldcit daughter Margaret was about the same 
 time married to James IV. king of Scotland ; from her de- 
 scended our king James I. King Henry, finding he drew 
 near his end, granted a general pardon, and ordered by his 
 will, that his successors should make good what his niinister.s 
 had unjustly extorted from the people. He died at Rich- 
 mond, April 22, 1.509, in the .52d year of his age, and 24th 
 of his reign. Henry was tall, straight, and well-shaped, 
 though slender ; of a grave aspect and saturnine complexion ; 
 austere in address, and reserved in conversation, except 
 when he had a favourite point to carry ; and then he could 
 fawn. Hatter, and practise all the arts of insinuation. He in- 
 herited a natural fund of sagacity, which was improved by 
 study and experience ; nor was he deficient in personal 
 bravei-y, or political courage. He was cool, close, cunning, 
 dark, distrustful, and designing ; and of all the princes who 
 sat upon the English throne, the most sordid, selfish, and 
 ignoble. The nobility he excluded entirely from the admi- 
 nistration of public affairs, and employed clergymen and 
 lawyers, who, as they had no interest in the nation, and 
 depended upon his favour, w ere more obsequious to his will, 
 and ready fo concur in all his arbitrary measures. At the 
 same time it must be owned he was a wise legislator, chaste, 
 temperate, assiduous in the exercise of religious duties, da- 
 cent in his deportment, and exact in the administration of 
 justice, when his own private interest was not concerned ; 
 though he frequently used religion and justice as cloaks for 
 perfidy ^nd oppression. In this reign was built a large 
 ship of war, called the Gnat Harnj, which cost 14,000j£'. 
 Tliis was properly speaking flic first ship in the English 
 navy. Before this period, when the king wanted a fleet, 
 lie had no other expedient than to hire ships from the mer- 
 chants. 
 
 Hl'.'NKY VIH. succeeded his father Henry VIL at the 
 age of 19 years, on April 22, l.^OO, and in his person united 
 the two houses of Lancaster and York. At the boginning 
 of his reign he made an example of those two hated minis- 
 ters, Eni|)sou and Dudley; but, as it was ditlicult lo con- 
 demn them williouf straining a poiut, with so much nicety 
 had they acted their villany, though they had been con- 
 demned and sentenced to die for conspiring against the king 
 and state, an act of attainder passed at the meeting of the 
 parliamentagainst them, and thev were beheaded oiiTower- 
 iiill. The king's marriage w ifh Catharine of Arragou. relict 
 of his brother Arthur, was solemnized llie beginning of June, 
 as was the coronation of both king and queen on the 24th of 
 the same month. About this time, Eox, bishop of Winches- 
 ter, introduced to court Thomas Wolsev, a clergyman, as a 
 fit person to serve the king. Though Henry had just con- 
 cluded a new treaty of alliance with Lewis Xl I. yet he was 
 drawn into a war, under pretence of the recovery of Gui- 
 enne, by Pope Julius II. and Ferdinand the Catholic, kin/j 
 of Arragon, the (pieen's father ; though his mind was chiefly 
 bent on his pleasures, in which he was so extravagant, thai 
 he squandered away 1,HOO,000£ which his lather had with 
 so much anxiety lioarded up. This war was opposed by 
 some of the council, and one of them ex\nTssed himself fo 
 this purpose; " Let us leave off our attempts against tho
 
 HL'.y 
 
 II F.N 
 
 terra firma ; the natural siluatioii of islands seems not to sort 
 with contests of that kind ; England is alone a just einiiirc ; 
 or, when we enlarge ourselves, let it be that way we can, 
 and to which it seems, the eternal Providence has desliiiecl 
 us; and that is, by sea." By the treaty concluded 16U, 
 Henry was to send over COOO men ; and Ferdinand, for the 
 same purpose, obliged himself to furnish 500 men at arms, 
 loOOlijLjhthorse, and 4000 foot; though they never cftected 
 any thing further than giving Ferdinand an opportunity of 
 conquering Navarre, and keeping the French out of Italy. 
 Henry, though he saw how he had been imposed on, yet he 
 suffered himself to be drawn into a second league against 
 France, by the pope, the emperor Maximilian, and king 
 Ferdinand, who all had their separate views, and made us(; 
 of Henry to bring them about. Having sent tlie best part of 
 his troops over to Calais before him he arrived there on 
 June 30, 1513, and retm'ned to England in October, having 
 made a successful campaign. While Henry was aljroad, 
 James IV. of Scotland broke through all his alliances with 
 him, and invaded Northumberland with an army of (iO,0(io 
 men, taking Norham castle, and several otiier places. The 
 earl of Surry, with 2G,000 men, engaged the Scots army at 
 Flodden, September 9, and, aftera most bloody and obstinate 
 battle, in which several thousands were killed on both sides, 
 obtained a complete victory. The Scotch king was never 
 «een after the battle, so that doubtless he fell iii it. Among 
 the slain were also one Scotch archbishop, two bishops, fotur 
 abbots, and 17 barons; whereas the English lost not one 
 person of note. In 1511, Thomas Wolsey, then prime n)i- 
 nister, was made archbishop of York, and, some t'-nie after, 
 Leo X. sent him a cardinal's hat. In August, 1514, a treaty 
 of peace %vas concluded between Lewis XII. and king 
 Henry, one article of which was, the marriage of Lewis 
 with the princess Mary, which accordingly was solemnized 
 at Abbeville in October. Lewis dying in less than three 
 months afterthe marriage, about two months after the queen- 
 dowager took for her second husband Charles Brandon, duke 
 of SutFolk. On February the 11th, lolO, cfueen Catharine 
 was delivered of a princess, named Mary, who was after- 
 wards queen of England. In^l517, the sweating sickness 
 raged again in England more vTolently than at the beginning 
 of the last reign. At this time Luther liegan to write against 
 indulgences. In 1521, Edward Stafi'iud, duke of Bucking- 
 ham, was beheaded ; he was the last high consta!)le of Eng- 
 land. The same year Henry wrote a book against Luther, 
 Of the seven Sucramrnts. f\c. It was presented to pope Leo 
 X. in full consistory, who, for this service done the church, 
 bestowed on Henry and his successors the title of Defen- 
 der of the Faith. This title being afterwards confirmed 
 by parliament, the kings of England have born it ever 
 since. The same yearwa? remarkable for the invention of 
 muskets. Henry having entered into an alliance with 
 France, Wolsey (without troubling the parliament) issued 
 out orders in the king's name, for levying a sixth part upon 
 the goods and estates of the laity, and a fourth upon those 
 of the clergy. This threw the whole nation into a ferment, 
 and had like to have raised a rebellion ; upon which the 
 kin^ disavowed the orders, aiKl left the whole blame to fall 
 on the cardinal. In IfyiO, cardinal Wolsey «as arrested by 
 the earl of Northumberland, for higli treason, and died as 
 they were conducting him to London. Towaid the end of 
 the year 1.532, the king privatply married Anne Boleyn ; 
 and the next year, 1533, an act was passed, forbiddinj,' all 
 appeals to Rome, on pain or incurring a premunire. The 
 king's marriage with Boleyn was made public ; and Dr. 
 Cranmer, havmg been made archbfiihop of Canterbury, upon 
 the death of archbishop Warham, !he judgment of the con- 
 vocation of both provinces having been first obtained, pro- 
 nounced the sentence of divorce bittween king Henry and 
 Catharine of Arragon, on May 23d', and coutirnied his se- 
 cond marriage ; which done, the now queen was crowned 
 on June 1. Catharine diedinl53fi. The pope published 
 n sentence declaring Henry's marriage with Catharine good 
 wtd lawful, requiring him to take her again, and denouncing 
 
 censures in ca?p of a refusal; in return to which, wlien flic 
 parliament nu-t, llie beginning of the year 1.03*, an act was 
 
 {lassed for abolishing llic pope's power in England, with 
 *eter pence, procurations, delegations, expeditiou of bidls, 
 and dispensations coming from the court of Home. The 
 same act declared the king's marriage with ('at)iarine null 
 ami voi<l, and his marriage with !\mu- I!i>leyn valid, settling 
 the succession of the crown upon their issue. In the next 
 session the parlianu'iit confirmed the king's title of supreme 
 Head of the Church, and passed several other acts against 
 the pope. And shortly after a proclamation was issued cut 
 against giving the bishop of Rome the name of pojje, and 
 for erasing it (Uit of all hooks, that, if possible, no remem- 
 branceofit might renuiin. I'ope Clenwnt N'll. died during 
 this rupture, and was succeeded by Paul 111. In 1.>'!.0, the 
 king ordered a general visitation of the religious hou-es, 
 aiurCromwell was iippointcd visitor-general ; and shocking 
 scenes of debauchery, lewdness, and impiety, where ilise-o- 
 vered, as well as the frauds made use of in respeef to relitis 
 and images, to impose on the deluded people, which endcil 
 in their siqipression. Great quantities of these images, t<5- 
 gether with the preteiuled relics of saints, were publicly 
 burnt by the king's order; and, among the rest, the bones 
 of Thomas Becket, whose costly shrine was seized for the 
 king's use. The number of monasteries suppressed from 
 tirstto last were G43, together with 90 colleges, 2374 chan- 
 tries, 3 chapels, and 110 hospitals. Their yearly value, as 
 given in before the suppression, when the rents were low, 
 iiecuuse the tines upon the leases were high, was 152,517jC 
 but their real value was supposed to be above a million. 
 Besides this, the plate, furniture, and other eftects, were of 
 a prodigious value, which all fell into the king's hands. 
 King Henry allowed small pensions to several of the abbots, 
 monks, and nuns, sold the abbey-lands to his subjects at easy 
 rates, and applied part of the revenue of these houses to- 
 wards founding the new bishoprics of Chester, Gloucester, 
 Peterborough, Oxford, Bristol, and Westminster, which last 
 ceased to be a bishopric after its first bishop. Tlie order of 
 the knights of St. .lohn of Jerusalem was soon after entirely 
 suppressed. The king had been married to Anue Boleyn 
 but about three years, when he began to be jealous of her, 
 which ended in her ruin. At the same time he was iti love 
 with Jane Seymour, which doubtless made him more willing 
 to entertain disadvantageous thoughts of the queen ; and tlie 
 popish party might possibly take advantage of the disposi- 
 tion the king was in, to complete her destruction. How- 
 ever, she was accused of a criminal familiarity with her own 
 brotlicr, the earl of Rochford.and four of her domestics, who 
 were all executed, and, after all, the queen was beheaded 
 on the green within the tower, on May 19, 1536. The 
 very next day the king married Jane Seymour, who bore 
 him prince Edward, ins successor; but his birth cost the 
 queen his motlier her life. Queen Anne's marriage was 
 nulled on pretence of a pre-contract with the lord Percy ;_ 
 and her daughter Elizabeth, as well as Mary, the daughter of 
 Catharine, were illegitimated by act of parliament. In 15.39, 
 by the counsels of Gardiner and others of the popish party, 
 an act passed in parliament, which made it burning or hang- 
 ing for any one to deny transubstantiation, to maintain tlie 
 necessity of communion of both kinds, that it was lawful for 
 priests to marrj', that vows of chastity may be broken, that 
 private masses are unprofitable, or that auricular confession 
 is not necessary to salvation. This act wasdeservedlv called 
 the bloody act. In January 1540, the king married Anne, 
 sister to the duke of Cleves. He disliked her at first sight, 
 swearing they had brought him over a Flanders niare ; but 
 for political reasons he married her. But his aversion to her 
 continuing, begot himself divorced from lier in about six 
 months after. Cronnvell had the chief hand in this match, 
 and the king ne\ er forgave him for it, though he afterwards 
 created him earl of F.ssex. He did not enjoy this new title 
 long, for the popish party, taking ad%'flntage of tlie kinoes 
 displeasure towards him, found means to work his ruin. He 
 was accused of lii^li Iri'ason bv the duke of Norfolk, at t;\;i;» 
 
 445
 
 1 1 1: p 
 
 HilR 
 
 ei\ III |);\ili;iiiJeiit bolnri; the divoico, and lust liis licaii on ;i 
 sriidolil, .Inly "28. On Aiij;iist H, the kind's iiuirriase "illi 
 Catiidiiiie ItdWiiril was (Icclarcd xoid. Slip was accused ot' 
 lewdness and adiiheiv njniii much better evidence lluili 
 Anne Pii)le\ ii, and was condenuicd by act ot' parliament, 
 aiifl beiieaded on T(juer-iiill, February 12, 15-12. 'J'he lady 
 Rociifi)rd,one of her accomplices, who hadaccusrd licr hns- 
 l-and, the Imd fiochford, of a criminal commerce with his 
 gistcr Anne Boteyn, was beheaded with her. Deriiam, 
 Manuotk, and Culpepper, who confessed they had lain w itli 
 the queen, were also executed. The same year, 1.J42, Ire- 
 land was erected into a kiniidoni ; fVom v, hitii time our 
 kings were styled kings of Irelan<l, whereas before they had 
 •rnly the title of lords of Ireland. In .Inly 154.3, the king 
 took to his sixth wife the lady Catharine Parr, relict of Nevil 
 Lord Latimer. She was a great friend to the reformation. 
 Kiiii; H:iny having entered inio a league with the emperor 
 against France, passed over to Franci', and took Jjoulogiie, 
 Sept. 14, 16-14. 'i'liis war continued, without much success 
 on cither side, till 1.5-16, when a treaty of peace was con- 
 cluded June 7. King Henry died Jan. 29, 1547, in the 
 With year of his age, and 38ih of his reign, and was buried 
 at Windsor. He built St. James's palace in the 28th year 
 of his reign; and some time jjefore instituted the college of 
 physiciaus. Henry VIII. before he became corpulent, was 
 a prince of a goodly personage, and commanding aspect 
 rather imperious than dignified. He excelled in all the ex- 
 ercises of youth, and possessed a good understanding, which 
 was not much improved by (he nature of I'.is education. In- 
 stead of learning that philosophy which opens the mind, 
 and extends the qualities of the heart, he was confined to 
 tlie study ofgloomy and scholastic disquisitions, which served 
 to cramp the ideas, and pervert the faculties of reason, 
 qualifying him for the disputant of a cloister, rather than the 
 lawgiver of a people. In Ilie first years of his reign, his 
 pride and vanity seemed to domineer over all his oilier pas- 
 sions; though from the beginning he was impetuous, head- 
 strong, impatient of contradiction and advice. He was rash, 
 arrogant, prodigal, vain-glorious, pedantic, and superstitious. 
 He delighted in pomp and pagi'antry, the baubles of a weak 
 mind. His passions, soothed by adulation, rejected all re- 
 straint; and as he was an utter stranger to all the finer feel- 
 ings of the soul, he gratified them at the expense of justice 
 and humanity, without remorse or compunction. He wrest- 
 ed the supremacy from the bishop of Rome, i>arlly on con- 
 scientious motives, and parlly for reasons of state and con- 
 venience. He suppressed the monasteries, in order to sup- 
 ply liis extravagance with their spoils ; but he would not 
 liavo made those acrpiisitions so easily, had they not been 
 productive of advanta;re lo his nobility, and agreeable to the 
 nation in general. He wks fre(]uently at war; but tlie 
 greatest conquest he obtained was over his own parliament 
 and people. Religious disputes had divided them into two 
 factions. He was rapacious, arbitrary, fioward, fretful, and 
 so cruel, that he seemed to delight in the blood of his sub- 
 jects. He never betrayed the leastsymptoms of any tender- 
 ness in his disposition ; and seemed to live in defiance of 
 censure, whether ecclesiastical or secular ; he died in ap- 
 prehension of futurity, and was buried at Windsor with idle 
 processions and childish pageantry, which in those days 
 passed for real taste and magnificence. 
 
 HI'/N.SFI';I';T, «.tlie hedge fumitory. 
 
 HK'PAI!, in the old chymistry, the name formerly given 
 to the condjination of sulphur with alkali. Such conihina- 
 fions are now called sulplnirets. 
 
 HF.PATIC, or HEPATICAL, a. [Iqmtims, I.at. from 
 hep.ii; the liver, Gr.J belonging to, or situateil in llio liver. 
 Hiimtic tiir, is a permanently elastic fluid, of a very ilisagree- 
 able odour, somewhat like that of rotten eggs, obtained 
 from the combiriations of sulphur willi carllis, alkalies, 
 Utetals, <Vc. 
 
 IIF.PS, ,,v HIPS. J. (lie berries of the (log-rose briar. 
 
 HEPrACAT.SULAR. a. [from fiepia, seven. Gr. and 
 eipta, a cavity, T,at.] havina seren caviti«s or cells. 
 UH 
 
 HR'PI'.^GON, /. [from /K-pta, seven, aiui fi-une, an ansjW, 
 Gr.] a figure with seven sides or angli s, 
 
 HEPTAGON AL, «. [froni/nvjfn, se\ en, ami noue, an angle, 
 Gr.J having seven angles or sides. 
 
 UET'TARCnY,( /:q)ta>-l.;f) s. [from ;.£/>?«, seven, ami 
 ardio, government, Gr.] a government in which seven per- 
 sons rule independent of ciicli other. The Saxon heptarchy 
 included all England, which was divi<led into seven petty 
 kingdoms, viz. those of Kent, the South Saxons, West Saxoux, 
 East Saxons, Northumberland, East Angles, and Mercia. 
 
 HE'PTATEUCH, in Bibliography, a work con;istingof 
 seven books, more particularly the first seven books of lli« 
 Bible, (ienesis. Exodus, Leviticus, iS umbers, Deuteronomy, 
 Joshua, and Judges. 
 
 liEK, llie oblique caseof f/ip. 
 
 HEIIA'CLID.I-!, or X\k Kctmni of the HERACLlDff: into 
 l^i:!iijm,ii:i'sus,s. i;i chronology, is a famous epocha, that cojv 
 stitutes the beginning of profane liisloiy; all the time lire- 
 ceding that I'eriod being accounlt'l fabulous. This return 
 liappcncd in the year of the world 2k'j2, 1(10 years after 
 thev were expelled, and 80 after the destiuction of Troy. 
 
 HE'RALD, s. |Teut.] an officer who registers genealo- 
 gies, adjusts and paints coat-armour, and regulates funerals. 
 An ofiiccr at arms, whose business it is to fleclare war, to nro- 
 (laim peace, to marshal all the solemnity at a coroDation, 
 christening, marriage, and funeral of princes, to emblazon 
 and examiiie coais of arms, dc. I'nalds were formerly 
 held in much greater esteem than at present, and were 
 created and ehi i^tened by the king, who, pouring a gold cup 
 of wine upon their head, gave them the herald-name ; but 
 this is now done by the earl-marshal. Theycouid notarrive 
 at the dignity of IlirnUl, without having been seven years 
 pursuivant; nor <|uit the ofHce of Herald, bul to be made 
 king at arms. The three chief IJeiuhts are called Kin^ 
 at Arms, the principal of which is Gir.-lcr ; the next is called 
 Cliireitcini.v ; and the third Niirroy ; these two last arecalle^ 
 Proviiiciat Heralds. I'esidcs these, there are six other in. 
 fi'rior Heralds, viz. ^'ork, Lancaster, Somerset, Chester, 
 Richmond, and \S'indsor ; to which, on the coming of kiuR 
 George I. to the crown, a new Herald was added, styled 
 Hanover Herald; and another styled (lloncestcr Kinfr 
 at Arms. The kings at arms, the Herald';, and the four pur- 
 suivants, are a college or corporation, erected by a charter 
 granted by Richard III. by which they obtain several pri- 
 vileges, as to be free from subsidies, tolls, ami all other troiu 
 blesome offices. Figuratively, a forerunner, omen, or token 
 of something future. 
 
 Td HE'RALD, v. a. to introduce as by a herald. Not in 
 use. 
 
 HETi.ALDRY, .«. \lieranlderie, Fr.J the art of armoury 
 and blazoning, which comprehends tlic knowledge of what 
 relates to solemn cavalcades and ceremonies of coronations, 
 instalments, the creation of peers, nufitials, funerals, &c. 
 Also, whatever relates to the bearing of arms, assigning 
 those that belong to all persons, regulalJng their right 
 and precedences in point of honour, and restraining thos« 
 who have not a just claim from bearing coats of arms that do 
 not behmg to tiicm. See Blazoning, Arms, Shii:li>, 
 Bkaiunc, Jxc. 
 
 HERB, s. [herlin, Lat. Jierbe, Fr.] in botany, a plant 
 whose stalks are soft, and have nothing woody in them ; as 
 grass or hemlock. In cookery, a plant whose leaves are 
 chiefly used; as sage or mint. Syndn. A plant is any 
 vegetable production arising from seed, but seems confined 
 to such as are not very large. Iferbs are those plants whose 
 stalks are soft, and have no woody substance. 
 
 HERBACEOUS, «. [from /lerba, a herb, Lat.] belonging 
 to, or having the properties of herbs. Feeding on vege- 
 tables. 
 
 UFiRBAGE, s, [/lerbage, Fr.l .t collrc(iv»j or genera 
 term applied to severid .so.rts of herbs : glass, ur paslun'. 
 Ill law, tlio tillie and right ofpiistiirc. 
 
 HEIliiAIi. «. a book conliuiiiiij^' the n.^nics and dciielip- 
 ■fions ol plants
 
 IH 
 
 
 S^'
 
 HER 
 
 HER 
 
 HE'RBALIST, s. a person skilled in plants. 
 
 11 li'RBAKIST, s. [from heiha, an herb, Lat.] one skilled 
 ill herbs. 
 
 U E'RCELET, t. diminutivo of herb ; a small licrb. 
 
 IIKRBE'SCENT, a. |from /urb», an herb, Lat.] grouinj 
 into herbs. 
 
 ^iE'RBID, a. ffrora /lerJa, an herb, Lal.J covered «ith 
 kerbs. 
 
 II K'RBOUS, a. [from /iC)J«, an Lerb, Lat.] abounding in 
 i>£rbs. 
 
 IIE'RBULENT, a. [from heyfta, an herb, Lat.] containing 
 herbs. 
 
 IIE'RBWOMAN, *. a woman who sells herbs. 
 
 Hb7RBY, a. partaking of the nature of herbs. 
 
 HERCULA'NEUM, an antient city of Italy, near Naples, 
 totally destroyed by an eruption of Mount Vesuvius, in tiie 
 reign of the emperor Titus. In the years 1G89 and 1711, 
 upon digging in these parts, something of this city was dis- 
 covered. In 1738 fresh attempts were made, and since that 
 time a prodigious number of monuments of every kind have 
 been discovered, such as paintings, statues, bustoes, furni- 
 ture, utensils, &c. The situation was near where Portici 
 BOW stands. 
 
 HERCULE'AN, a. a term applied to that which requires 
 much strength, labour, and difficulty to perform. 
 
 HE'RCULES, the son of Jupiter by Alcmcna, born at 
 Thebes, in Boeotia. By the envy of Juno lie narrowly es- 
 caped death ; two serpents being sent to kill hiiu in his cra- 
 dle, he overcame and killed them by pulling them to pieces. 
 After having performed many extraordinary things by the 
 command of Eurystheus, he accomplished the twelve follow- 
 ing works or exploits, commonly and emphatically callevi 
 his labours : 1 . He overcame the lion of Nemaja, whose skin 
 he wore continually aflernards; for which reason painters, 
 sculptors, &c. connnonly represent him so dressed. 2. lie 
 destroyed the hydra, or monster with seven heads. 3. He 
 ccnrpiered the Erymanthean boar. 4. He caught a hind 
 with golden horns and brazen hoofs in the forest of l^artlicnia, 
 after a year's hunting. 5. He destroyed the harpies. (!. 
 He subdued the Amazons, took their queen's girdle, and 
 obliged her to marry his friend Theseus. 7. He cleansed 
 Augea's stable. 8. He overcame the Cretan bull, Fasiphae's 
 gallant, who vomited fire. 9. He killed Diomede, and his 
 horses, which he fed with men's flesh. 10. He subdued the 
 Spanish Geryon, and carried away his Hock. 11. He f ,ok 
 away the golden apples from the gniden of 1 lesperidei, and 
 killed the dragon that watched them. 12. He l)rou;;ht Cer- 
 berus with the three heads from hell. Besides iheso, he 
 conquered the centaurs, crushed Antheus to death between 
 his arms, carried the a\le-lieo of the heavens to relieve At- 
 las, A-c. After his (lp;itli he was taken into the number of 
 llie gods, and married Hebe, the goddess of Youth. The 
 antients moralize this fable tluis: By Hercules (they say) 
 the strength of reason and philosophy is meant, which sub- 
 dues and concpiers our irregular passions ; that his marriage 
 intimates, that great and noble actions are always fresh 
 blooming in the memory of all, being {ransmitted in the 
 histories of their times to the latest posterity. 
 
 HE'RCULES, in astronomy, a constellation of the nor. 
 thern hemisphere. 
 
 HE'RCULES PI LLAnS,antientIy so called, are thought 
 to be the two mountains which form the straits of (Gibraltar: 
 namely, Calpe on the side of Europe, and Avila on the side 
 of Africa. 
 
 HERD, s. \lieord. Sax.] a number or multitude of beasts, 
 generally apjilied to black -at tic ; //oc/w being aiiplicd to 
 sheep. A company of men, in coi.Vempt or detestation. 
 
 To HERD, r. «. to gather tugetlier in mulliludis, or 
 ■wmpanies, aiipiied both to mer; alid beasts ; to associate, 
 or mix in anv companv. 
 
 HE'RDGROOM, s'.-a keeper of her;!.. 
 
 HE'RDMAN, or HE'RUSMAN, s. one employed in tend- 
 
 Mi'i number of cattle. 
 
 HERE, ad. \licr, Sax. hier, Belg.] the place where a person 
 is present. 'I his place, applied ti> situation, 'i'he present 
 state, opposed to a future one. Joined with there, it iuiplisi, 
 in no certain place. " 'Tis neither /lecc i\ox tliere." Hhak. It 
 is also used in making an oti'erorattem|)t. 
 
 HEREABOUTS, ud. near this place. 
 
 HEREA'rTER,|«f/. after the present time. Used substan- 
 tively for a future state. "Points out an hereafter." Ad- 
 disoji, 
 
 HEREA'T, nrf. atthis. 
 
 HEREBY', rtrf by this; by this means. 
 
 HERE'DIT ABLl*;, rt. [from /ucrcs, an heir, Lat.] that may 
 be enjoyed by right of inheritance. 
 
 HE'REDfrAiMENT, s. [from /-«•>■«, an heir, Lat.] m 
 law, an inheritance, orestatedesceiicling by inheritance. 
 
 HERE'DrrARlLY, «d. by inbentance. 
 
 ilEIlE'DIT.'VRY, a. [from Iwres, a.n heir, Lat.] possessed 
 or claimed by right of niherifance ; desceniling by inheri- 
 tance. Hereditary diseases arc such as children derive from 
 their parents. 
 
 HE'REFORD, the capital city of Herefordshire, with 
 three markets, on \Vedhesday, Eriday, and Saturday. It 
 is pleasantly and commodiously seated among delightful 
 meadows and rich corn-tields, and is almost encompassed by 
 the Wye and two other rivers, over which are two bridges. 
 It is a large place, and had six parish thurthes, but two of 
 them were demolished in the civil wars. It had also a cas- 
 tle, which has been long destroyed. It is a bishop's see, and 
 the cathedral is a handsome structure. The chief manufac- 
 ture is gloves, many of which are sent to London. It is go- 
 verned oy a mayor, six aldermen, and a sword-bearer. Ihe 
 streets are broad and paved ; and it is 2S miles W. by N. of 
 Gloucester, and 1. "50 \V. N. ^\^ of London. It sends two 
 members to parliament. 
 
 HE'KEFOUDSHIRE, a county of England, bounded on 
 theW. by Radr.oishirc and Biecknoekshire ; on the N. by 
 Shropshire, on the E. by Gloucestershire and Worcester- 
 shire, and on the S. by Monmoutkshire, and part of Glou- 
 cestershire. It extends about 38 miles from N. to S. and 
 33 from E. to W. It is divided into ll'hundreds, whicii 
 contain I city, fi market towns, 17fi parishes, 3!»1 villages, 
 1500 houses," and about 90,000 iuhabitar.ts. The air is 
 healthy, the climate mild, the soil generally fertile, produc- 
 ing wheat, barley, oats, clover, turnips, A'c. a principal part 
 of the laud being employed in tillage; the face of the coun- 
 try is rich, beautiful and pictures(j[ue; and it abouufls with 
 wood. The Herefordshire cider is sufficiently celebrated, 
 and apples grow here in great abundance, being plentiful 
 even in the hedge-rows. The sheep are small, (atfording a 
 fine silky wool, in quality approaching to the Spanish; but 
 the superior quality of the wool not being thought adequate 
 to at(me for the smallness of the carcase, the farmers, in ge- 
 neral, are desirous of obtaining a breed larger and more- 
 profitable. The principal rivers are the Wye, Jlonnow, 
 Lug, and Frouie, all of which are well stored with fish, and 
 the sahuol), in particular, is very remarkable ; for, in other 
 parts of Eugland, they are so far out of season, after spawn- 
 ing, as to be unwholesome food, till they have lieen again at 
 sea to recover themselves ; but here they are found fat and 
 fit for the talile in all seasons. 
 
 HERP.TN, ud. in this ; in this case, sense, or respect. 
 
 HFREl'NTO.rtrf. into this. 
 
 HEREMI'TICAL, «. more properly eremitical; [from 
 ercmns, a desert, Gr.] solitary; suitable to an hermit. 
 
 HEREOF, «(7. from hence ; from this; of'this. 
 
 HKRKO'N, OT/.,upon this. 
 
 HKRE'SIARCH, (^/lerisiarh) s. [from fiairesis, a sect, and 
 nrc/ie, a head, Gr.] a leader, inventor, chief, or head, of a 
 heresy. 
 
 HE'RESY, .f. l/iairesif, Gr.j used in a good sense, it implies 
 a sect or collection of persons holding the same opinion : in 
 this sense it is used in the original. Acts xxiv. 14. In a bad 
 sense, it implies a sect or number of persons separating
 
 HER 
 
 HET 
 
 from, and opposing' the opinion of, llie c;iflioliccliuicli,and 
 ar- such culpable : in this sense it is used bv St. Paul, 1 Cor. 
 xi. 10. fial. V. -20. :nid elsewhere. 
 
 HK'RETIC, ,«. [tVom /((i//rs(>, a soet or heresv, Gr.] one 
 \\!io propagiites Ins private opinions, in opposition to that 
 of the cluireli. 
 
 HERETICAL, n. [from linircsis, a sett or heresy, Gr.] 
 confaiiiins; heresv. 
 
 HERE'TICALLY, nrf. after the m. inner of a heretic ; 
 with heresv ; contrary to the true sense of the J-criptures. 
 
 II i;t',K.TO', ml. to tiiis ; add to this. 
 
 lil'.llETOEOlll".. ml. before the present ticne ; formerly. 
 
 HEUIU^NTO', «'/. to this. 
 
 Hi;!!E\VrTH,«rf. with this. 
 
 IlE'RIOT, s. \licre!;ild. Sax.] ill law, a fine paid to the 
 lord at the death of a landholder, generally the best thing 
 in the possession of the landholder. 
 
 liE'lvlTARLE, rt. [from hwtcs, an heir, Lat.J in law, that 
 nsav be inherited. 
 
 Ill'/RITAGI'*, *. \Jicrita^-e, Fr.] an inheritance; an estate 
 descendinj; by right of inheritance ; an estate. In divinity, 
 the peculiar or cliosen people of the deitv. 
 
 H l',RMA'PHRODlTE,(/icrma/iWi/f)'.v. [from HerwcsmA 
 Apln-ddite, the Greek names of Mercur> and Venus] an ani- 
 mal in w hich both sexes are united. 
 
 HERMAPHRODrTICAL, {henmifrotUllnal) a. [from 
 Unmet and Aphrodite, the Greek names of Mercury and 
 
 ^ enus] partaking of both sexes. 
 IIERME'l 
 
 ,TIC, orllERIMETICAL, T. [from Hrrmes, the 
 Greek name of Mercury, who was iiuaginetl to be the in- 
 ventor of chymistry] chy mical. 
 
 HERMETICALLY, flf?. in a chyniical manner. A term 
 applied to the closing of the orifice of a glass tube, so as to 
 render it air-tight. Hermes, or Mercury, was f(.rmerly sup- 
 posed to have been the inventorof chymistry ; hence a tube 
 which was closed forchymical purposes, was said to be her- 
 tiirliralli/ or r/o/micflWi/ sealed. It is usually done by melting 
 the end of the tidie by nieans of a Idow-pipe, and then 
 twistini,' if with a jiair of (iliers or tongs. 
 
 HK'RMl'r, s. |from i-nnnns, a ilesert, Gr.]'a person Avho 
 lives in a desert, or at a distance from society, for the sake of 
 cojiteiiiplation or devotjon. 
 
 IJEILMITAGE, s. ' /a-imicage, Fr.J the cell, cot, or 
 dwelling of a hernnt. 
 
 IiE'RMITAGE,THE,Northumberland, nearWarkworth, 
 is the best preserved, and most entire now remaining in 
 these kingdoms. It still contains t'^ree apartments, hollow- 
 ed in the solid rock, and hanging over the river in the most 
 picturesiine mainjer imaginable, with a covering of antient 
 hoary trees, relicpies of the venerable woods in which this 
 fine solitude was endjowcred. 
 
 H KRMITIC \E, <i. like a iiermit ; suitable to a hermit. 
 
 HERMODACTVL, .5. [from //omrs, Mercury, and dnc- 
 Ujlus, a linger, (ir.] a medicinal root of a determinate anil 
 regular figure, and representing the conunon figure of a 
 heart cut in two from half an inch to an inch in length. It 
 comes from Egypt and Syria, ami was formerly used as a 
 gentle cathartic. 
 
 HERN. /. contracted from Hkhon, which see. 
 
 II I' RNIA, i. [Eat.] in medicine, any kind of rupture. 
 
 I'EliO, f.[from liero.^, Gr. and Eat.] a man eminent for 
 liravery ; a person of distinguished merit, abilities, or vir- 
 tues, the chief person in an epic poem, or in a piece of his- 
 torv painting. 
 
 HEROIC, or HERO'ICAL, «. [from Ucms, a hero, Gr. 
 herohiis, Lat.] like an hero ; performed under great disad- 
 vantages, and arguing remarkable courage and abili 
 ties. 
 
 HEROICALLY, ad. like an hero. 
 
 HEROINE, ». [Fr. heroine, from hemt, a hero, Gr.] a fe- 
 male of extraordinary virtues and bravery ; a female who is 
 Uie chief person in an epic poem, or iu u piece of history 
 IKiinting. 
 
 4-18 
 
 II E ROl.'^M, s. [hiroisme, Fr.] th(, tpialities of an hero ; 
 restrained sometimes to courage or intrepidity. 
 
 HlVROiN, s. [/lirun, Fr.] a bird with long slender legs, 
 that feeds on fish. Now commonly pronounced and writ- 
 t<:n /tent. 
 
 IIIi'RPES, .t. [from herpo, to creep, Cir. because the erup. 
 tions creep from place to p/lace] a cutaneous heat or intlani- 
 niation, divided into the herpes miliaris, which appears like 
 millet seed upon the skin, and the herpes exedcHs more cor- 
 rosive, attended with ruddy itching pustules, ^vhich in time 
 ulcerate the parts affected. 
 
 IIE'RRING, s. [Iitering, Sax.] a small salt-water fish, 
 coming in incredible shoals from Shetland, from thence to 
 Scotland, and so gradually round our island. A red-herring 
 is that vvhich is salted and dried in smoke. 
 
 HERRNHUTH, a town of Gorlitz, in Lusatia, 6 miles N. 
 of Zittau. It was founded in 1723, by the Moravian Bre- 
 thren, on lands belonging to count Zinzendorf, and it after- 
 \yards became the metropolis, and chief nursery, of the re- 
 ligious of that persuasion. 
 
 HE'RRNHUTTERS, the Moravians or United Brethren, 
 a sect of protestants. 
 
 HlCRSCHl-L, s. See Georgia M Sinus. 
 
 HEKSE, J. [See Hearse] in fortification, a lattice or 
 portcullis in form of a harrow, beset with iron spikes, 
 usually hung by a rope, to be cut dow n in case of a surprise, 
 or when the first gate is broken by a i)etard, that it may fall 
 and stop up the passage. 
 
 To H ERSE, V. a. to put into a berse. 
 
 HERSELF, the female personal pronoun, whereby a wo- 
 man is spoken of as distinguished from others of her sex. 
 
 HERTFORD. See Harti-oro. 
 
 HESITANCY, [from hasito, to hesitate, Lat.l a pause 
 from speaking or acting, arising from an inipeclimcnt of 
 speech ; doubt, or want of resolution. 
 
 To HESITATE, v. n. [luesitv, fri)m hareo, to stick, Lat.] to 
 pause, or cease from actnig or speaking for want of resolu- 
 tion ; to delay; to be in doubt; tomakeaoiihcultv. 
 
 HESITzVT'lON, *. [from Aff^Ve, to hesitate, Lat.] a pause 
 or delay arising from doubt or suspicion ; a scruple; an in- 
 termission of speech, owing to some natural impeciiment. 
 
 KE'SPER, s. [Hesperos, Gr. Hesperus, Lat.] in astronomy, 
 an appellation given to the planet Venus, when she seta 
 after the snn. 
 
 HESPE'RIDES, in antiquity, the daughter of Hesperus 
 brother of Atlas, who kept a garden full of golden apiilos, 
 guarded by a dragon ; but Hercules, having laid thedragou 
 asleep, stole away the apples. Others say, that they kep.t 
 sheep with golden fleeces, which were taken away by Her- 
 cules. 
 
 HESSE, a country of Germany, in the circle of Upper 
 Rhine, more than 80 miles in lengtli, and unequal in breadth. 
 It is surrounded by woods and mountains, in which ate 
 mines of iron and copper : in the middle are fine plains, 
 fertile in corn and pastures, and there is plenty of vines, 
 fruits and honey ; birch trees are very common, and they 
 make a sort of wine of the sap. They likewise cultivate a 
 large quantity of hops, and make excellent beer. Marble, 
 alabaster, vitriol, sulphur, lead, alum, pipe-maker's clay, 
 bole, cVc. are also found in considerable quantities ; anci 
 there are several salt springs, mineral waters, and uiediciniJ 
 baths. 
 
 IIEST, s. [hast. Sax.] the command, precept, law, or 
 order of a superior. Used only in poetry. 
 
 HETEROCLITE, s. \heter'oehtiim, Lat. from heleros, 
 another and clino, to decline, Gr.J a nonn which varies from 
 the common forms of declension, by redundancy, defect, or 
 otherwise. Figuratively, any person or thing deviating 
 from the common rule or standard. 
 
 HETEROCLITlCAL,n. deviating from the common rule. 
 
 HETERODOX, a. [from hieros, another, and dcj-o, 
 opinion, Gr.J contrary tu the established opinion, opposed to 
 arthmlox.
 
 Ill A 
 
 IIIE 
 
 ■Hr,TER,ODOX, s. [from /irtcros, another, and rloxn, 
 oi)itiioii, Gr. I a pcciiliiir opinion, un opiaiuu dillcriny from 
 the fji-neriilitv of ni:\nkiii(l. 
 
 IH'"riiU(){iI-'N IvMj, t:. [from hrteros, unother, and 
 genos, a kind, <<r.] of a (liflircnl natini-, kind, or (|nalilv. 
 
 HETEKOCiKNE'lTY,.?. \hcicv„g,-nda, Vr.] opposition of 
 natnre ; contrarietv ordilfcrcncc of qiiaiilics. 
 
 HETEKOGK'NEOUS, (the ^ in this \\m>\ and all its de- 
 rivatives is sonnded soft) a. ot a dilfercnt kind ; contrary, 
 dissimilar, or ditiereiit, in properties ornalnre. 
 
 HETEKO'SCIANS, s. [iVoni luteros, another, and skia, a 
 shadow, Gr.] in fjeo^raphy, those whose shadows, at noon 
 day, are always projeeted or directed the same way ; snch 
 are those who live in the temperate zones, the shadows of 
 iJiosc of the northern tropic falling always north. In its 
 
 {)rimarv sense, it denotes those inhabitants of the earth who 
 lave their shadows projected dili'erent ways from each 
 other: in this sense, we, who inhaljit the north temperate 
 none, are heierosciaits to those who inhabit the soutli teiupe- 
 tafe zone. 
 
 To HEW, V. a. part, hewn or heieed ; \lieawaii. Sax.] to cut 
 l>y force with an ed^'ed instrnment ; to hack; to chop; to 
 fell, form, or shape, with an axe. 
 
 HE'VVER, s. one who cuts wood or stone. A carver, in 
 facred writ. 
 
 HE'XAGON, «. [licxagone, Fr. Uovnhex, six, and gone, an 
 angle, Gr.] a fi;;ure containing six sides or angles. 
 
 HEXAGONAL, «. [fro-n Afr, six, and ^one, an angle, 
 Gr.] consisting of, or having six sides or corners. 
 
 HEXA'M ETEll, s. ffrom hex, six, and metron, a measure, 
 Gr.] a verse containing six feet. 
 
 HEXA'NGULAK, a. [from /le.r, six,Gr.andang-«/H/, acor- 
 ncr, Lat.] having six angles or corners. 
 
 HE'XAPOD, s. [from hex, six, and pom, a foot, Gr.] an 
 animal having six feet. 
 
 HEX.\'ST1CK, s. [from hex, six, and stichos, a verse, Gr.] 
 a poem consisti-iig of six lines or verses. 
 
 HE'XllAM, a town of Nortiiunibcrland, not populous, 
 with narrow streets and ill-hiiilt houses. Its niarket-phice, 
 however, near the centre of the town, is a spacious scpiare, 
 supplied by a fountain vitli water. Its present church, 
 which contains many antieiit tombs, hears consideralde 
 marks of Saxon grandeur, and it was formerly famous for an 
 abbey. On the screen, at the entrance of the choir, are 
 some strange monastic paintings, called the Dance of Death. 
 Hexham is believed to have been formerly a Roman sta- 
 tion. It is now principally noted for its manufactory of 
 tanned leather, shoes, and gloves ; and is sitiuited on a 
 small stream, called the Ilextold, near the Tyne, 22 miles 
 W. of Newcastle, and 284 N. N. VV. of London. Market on 
 Tuesday and Saturday. 
 
 HEY, interject, [from high] a word used to express sudden 
 or mutual encouragement. 
 
 HE'YDAY, iiiterj. for high day ; an expression of frolic, 
 joy, and sometimes of surprise and wonder. 
 
 llE'Y-ilO, interj. See IIeigH-HO. 
 
 HE'YDEN, and HEYDEN BRIGG, a town of Nor- 
 thumberland, with a well endowed grammar school, and a 
 fine bridge of 6 arches, over the Tyne. Market on Tues- 
 day. 
 
 HETDON, a town in the East Riding of Yorkshire, with 
 a market on Thursday. It is seated on a river which soon 
 (allsinto the Ilumber ; and wasformerly a considerable town, 
 but is now much decayed, on account of the neighbourhood 
 of Hull. It sends two members to parliament ; and is 181 
 miles N. by W. of London. 
 
 HETTESBURY, a to«u of Wiltshire, whose market is 
 disused. It sends two members to parliament, and is 93 
 wiles W. by S. of London. 
 
 HIATION, I, [from hio, to gape, Lat.] the act of gap- 
 ing. Seldom used. 
 
 HIATUS, t. [Lat.] an aperture or breach ; the opening of 
 tli« raunth by pronouncing one word ending, and another 
 beginning with a vowel. la grammar, a fault in composing, 
 
 3M 
 
 arising from the use of two words together, the former of 
 which ends, and the latter begins with, a vowel. In mami- 
 scripts, a gap or defect in the copv by time or accident. 
 
 I11I5E11NAL, a. [hiOennit, Lat.] belonging or relating to 
 the winter. 
 
 H IBI'/RNIAN, a. [from Hibemia, Lat.] belonging to Ire- 
 land. Usetl substantively for a native or inhabitant of Ire- 
 land. 
 
 lll'CCOUGH, (commonly pron. hichip) s. [hfujnei, Fr. 
 hichcn, Dan.] a convulsive, interrupted, and uneasy inoti( u 
 of the diaphragm, and jiarts adjacent, made in drawing in 
 our breath, wh<'reby the muscle, retiring impetuously down- 
 wards, impels the other parts beneath it, and isaccoui|,anie(l 
 with a sonorous explosion of the air through the mouth. 
 
 To HICCOUGH, (hU-hrip) V. n. to sob or make a noise 
 from a convulsive or spasmodic concussion of the diii- 
 I)hragm. 
 
 To III'CKUP, f. n. [a corruption of /u'ccoi'g-/iJ to make a 
 noise from a convulsion oi tfie diaphragm. 
 
 HICKWALL, or IHCKWAY, s. a kiiul of woodpecker. 
 
 ToHlDE,t). a. ytri't. hid, part. pass. /lu/, or /luWcu ; \/itdaii. 
 Sax.] to conceal, or withdraw from a person's sight or know- 
 ledge. 
 
 HIDE, s. [haude, Belg.J the skin of any brute, either r.Tw 
 or dressed ; the human skin, so called \Alien coarse, or in 
 contempt. Hide of land, was such a quantity of land as 
 might be ploughed with one plough within the compass of a 
 year, or so much as would maintain a family; some call it 
 CO, some 80, and some UiO acres. 
 
 IlI'DEBOUND, a. in farriery, applied to a horse when 
 his skin sticks so hard to his ribs and back, that it cannot I e 
 pulled or looseued. In botany, applied to trees, v.lien the 
 barkwill not give way to the growth. Harsh; reserved ; 
 untractable. Figuratively, niggardly; penurious; parsi- 
 monious. 
 
 HIDEOUS, «. [AiWeui, Fr.] affecting with fear, terror, or 
 horror ; shocking. 
 
 HIDEOUSLY, ad. in such a mariner as to frighten or 
 shock. 
 
 HKDEOUSNESS, s. that quality which renders a person 
 or thing an object of terror. 
 
 Hl'DER, s. the person that conceals himself, or with- 
 draws from sight. 
 
 To HIE, V. a. [hiegtin, Sa\.] to hasten, or go in haste. 
 Formerly it was used with the reciprocal pronouns, h.taielf, 
 &c. but is now scarce ever used except in poetry. 
 
 IH'ERARCH, (hicrark) s. [from hieros, lioly, and arcJte, 
 goverumeut, (ir.] the chi-ef o< a sacred order. 
 
 HIEUA RCHICAL, {hierarkikal) a. [(rom hieros, l;oly, and 
 arche, goveriunent, Gr.] belonging to tlie spiritual order, or 
 to ecclesiastical goveriunent. 
 
 HIERARCHY, (hierarchy) s. [from hieros, holy, and arche, 
 government, Gr.] in divinity, sacred government, or the 
 order and subortlinalion among the several ranks of angels ; 
 an ecclesiastical establishment. 
 
 HI'ERES, a cluster of small islands in the Mediterranean 
 Sea, on the coast of the department of Var. Three of them, 
 name'ly, Porquerolles, Porteros, or Port Cross, and Bagueau, 
 are inhabited, and the Isle of Titan, the largest of them, 
 is capable of cultivation. They abound with medicinal 
 plants. Between these islands and the continent is the 
 iioad or Gulf of'Hieres, an excellent and capacious pool 
 or harbour. Hieres, a town in the department of Var, 
 seated in a pleasant and fruitful country, in which are 
 found the best fruits of I" ranee ; but its harbour being 
 choked up, it is now much decayed. During j;reat pait cif 
 the winter, the verdure of the country is as fine as in the 
 spring, and, in many gardens, green peas may be gathered. 
 Near the town are large salt-works. It is situated on the 
 side of a hill, w ith a canal cut iVom the salt lakes to the se:i, 
 10 miles E. of Toulon, and 350 S. by E. of Paris. Lat. 43, 
 5. N. Ion. 6.20. E. 
 
 HIF.ROGLYPH, or HIEROGLYPHIC, (hterogh,/, «» 
 hieruglyfik) s. [from hieros, sacred and gl'/pho, to enerave «,
 
 HIG 
 
 H I r. 
 
 CRife, hecaiise originally carved on walls or obelisks! an 
 emtjlem, or picturesque representation of soiiiethinj;. This, 
 hein^ the first metiiotl of writing, was fjener;>lly undorslood 
 by every one ; Imt w hen characters were introduced instead 
 of pictures, the uieaniii"; of hieroglyphics hecame at length 
 unintelligible, and tiience gave rise to idolatry. Being 
 made use of by the Egyptian priests to keep the mysteries 
 of their religion from the knowledge of the vulgar, they were 
 thence called hierogli/pMcs, or sacred characters. 
 
 HIEROGLYTIIFC, or IIIEROGIA'PHICAL, a. ]/ncro- 
 ghjpliiqne, Fr.J emblematical ; expressive of some meaning 
 Levond what immedialelv appears. 
 
 HIKROGLY'PIHCALLY, ad. emblematically. 
 
 HIERO'GRAPHY, {hiar'ografii) s. [from hieros, holy, and 
 grnpho, to write, Gr.] holy writing. 
 
 : HIE'ROPHANT, (A«TO/"nj<0 *. [from hieros, holy, and 
 phaino, to shew, Gr.] one who teaches the rules of leligion. 
 
 To HIGGLE, ti. )i. of uncertain etymology, perhaps cor- 
 rupted from haggle ; to beat down the price of a thing in 
 a bargain ; to be long in agreeing on the price of a commo- 
 dity; to sell provisions from door to door ; this, according 
 to Johnson, seems to be the original meaning. 
 
 HI'GGLEDY-PrGGLEDY, ad. [a cant -word corrupted 
 from higgle, higglers carrying a huddle, or confused medley 
 of provisions together] in a confused or disorderly manner. 
 
 Ht'GGLER, s. one who sells provisions by retail from 
 door to door; one who buys fowls, butter, eggs, &c. in the 
 countrv, and brings them to town to sell. 
 
 HIGH, (the g/i in this word and all its derivatives and 
 compounds is mute, and |ironounced /;i;) a. [heah, Sax.Jiong 
 upwards, or the distance of the top of a thing from the 
 ground. " The ISIonument is 202 feet high. The to\Yer of 
 St. Paul's, before it was consumed by fire, was 628 feet 
 high, exclusive of a pole of copper, whereon was a cross 
 15|feet /(Jg-A." Elevated in place. Raised above the earth, 
 applied to the mind. Exalted, applied Jo rank, condition, 
 or nature. Refined or sublime, applied to thoughts or sen- 
 timents. High blood, noble ; above the vulgar. Violent, 
 loud, or tempestuous, applied to wind. Ungovernable, tur- 
 bulent.applied to the passions. Joined with time, complete, 
 full, proper, or almost elapsed. Strong, hot, warm with 
 spices, applied to food. Rccedingfrom the equator, orto- 
 wardsthe pole, applied to latitude. Capital, opposed to lit- 
 tle or petty ; as, " high treason." Dear, or costing much, 
 applied to price. High, when used in composition, has a 
 great variety o-f meanings, but generally includes the idea of 
 a great degree of anv quality. Frumhigh, from above ; from 
 a superior region ; from heaven. Onhigh,alot't; above; into 
 superior re{;ions ; info heaven. 
 
 HIGHAM-FE'RRERS, a small, but clean, dry, healthy, 
 and pleasant town of Northamptonshire, with a castle near 
 the church, the ruins of which are still visible. It is plea- 
 santlv seated on an ascent, near the river Nen, 14 miles N. 
 E. of Northampton, and (J!) N. N. W. of London. Market 
 on Satiirdav. It sends one member to parliament. 
 
 HIGH-BLOWN, n. much piifted up. 
 
 HI'GH-BORN, a. of noble extraction. 
 
 IirGH-BUILT, a. of a lofty structure; of great length 
 upwards; covered with lofty buildings. 
 
 HI'GH-COLOURED, a. having a deep or glaring co- 
 lour. 
 
 HI'GII-FED, a. pampered, or living on luxurious diet. 
 
 HrGH-FLIER, t. one that carries bis opinions to e.itra- 
 Tagance. 
 
 ilirill-FLOWN, «. elevated; proud. " High-flown 
 t.'jpes." Dcnh. Tiugid ; extravagant. " X high-Jlown liy- 
 |)t.)bole." L' Estrange. 
 
 HrGH-FLYING,7)«rt. extravagant in claims or opinions. 
 
 HIGIUiATE, a large populous hamlet, in the parishes of 
 Hornsey and Pancras, 4 miles N. by W. of London. It has 
 Its name from its high situation on the top of a hill, and a 
 gate erected there about 400years ago, to receive toll for the 
 bishop of London. Some of the public houses here have, or 
 lately had, a Urge pair of burns placed on the sign ; and when 
 400 
 
 the country people stop for refreshment, a pair of large 
 horns, fixed to thetnd of a sfaif, is brought to them, and 
 they are pressed to be sworn. If they conseuf, a kind of 
 burlesque oath is adiiiinistcreJ, that they will never ear 
 brown bread when they can get while, and other things 
 of the same kind, which is altered according to the sexes, 
 and which they repeat after the person who brings the 
 horns ; being allowed, however, to adfl to each article the 
 words " except I like the other better." Tiie whole being 
 over they must kiss the horns, and |)ay a shilling for th" 
 oath. 
 
 HI'GHLAN D, s. a place abounding in mountains. 
 
 HIGHLANDERS, a people in the N. of Scotland, whe 
 inhabit the mountainous parts, and have long been remark- 
 able for their particular dress, which some suppose to be 
 like that of the antient Romans. They are generally strong, 
 able-bodii'd men,, and made excellent soldiers. They were 
 divided into several clans, each of which had a chief or head, 
 and w hom they generally followed in case of war, or even in 
 a rebellion ; but now this subordination is taken away by act 
 of parliament, and attempts are making to introduce manu- 
 factures and trade among them. 
 
 HI'GHLY, ad. loftily, applied to place or situation. In 
 a great degree; in a proud, arrogant, or ambitious inannsr. 
 
 HIGH-METTLEi), a. proud; not easily governed,' or 
 provoked with restraint, 
 
 HIGH-MINDED, a. proud ; arrogant. 
 
 HI'GHMOST, a. (an irregular word) highest; higher in 
 situation than another. 
 
 HI'GHNESS, s. loftiness or distance from the surface of 
 the earth ; a title given to princes, formerly to kings. Dig- 
 nity of nature ; supremacy. Perfection too great to be com- 
 prehended, applied to the Deitv. 
 
 HIGH-SPIRITED, a. bold ; daring; insolent. 
 
 HIGH-PRI'NCIPLED, a. extravagant in notions of po- 
 litics. 
 
 HIUTtH-RED, a. deeply red. 
 
 mGH-STOMACHED, {ht-stomaked) a. obstinate ; easily 
 provoked ; proud. 
 
 HI'GHWATER, s. the utmost flow, the greatest swell, 
 or that state of the tide when it ceases to flow up. 
 
 HIGHWA'Y, s. a free passage tor the king's subjects, 
 and therefore called the King's highway, though tlie freehold 
 of the soil belongs to the lord of the manor, or the owner of 
 the land. Those ways that lead from one tow n to another, 
 and such as are drift or cartways, and are for all travellers 
 in great roads, or that communfcate with them, are highways 
 only ; and, as to their reparation, are under the care of sur- 
 veyors. 
 
 HI'GHWAYMAN, s. a robber that plunders on the pub- 
 lic roads. 
 
 Hl'GHWORTH, a town of Wiltshire, with a market on 
 Wednesdav. it is seated on the top of a high hill, wliich 
 stands in the middle of a rich plain, near the \'ale of White, 
 horse. It is .30 miles N. of Salisbury, and 77 W. of London. 
 
 IIIGH-WROUGHT, {la-ri,t)a. finished to great perfeo 
 tion with great pains and labour. 
 
 HILARITY, «. [from/nVflW*, gay, Lat.] gaiety ; mirth. 
 
 HI'LARY, a. ffrom Hilarhts, a Romish saint | a term 
 which begins in January, so called from the feast of St. 
 Ililarins, celebrated about that time. 
 
 IU'LDESHEIM, a pretty large city, capital of a princely 
 bishopric of Lower Saxony, about 40 miles long and ^2 wide. 
 It is situated near the Inner sea, 2G miles W. S. W. of 
 Brunswick. 
 
 lilLDING. s. a contemptible, cowardly fellow A mcau 
 or worthless woman. 
 
 HILL, s. [Iiil, Sax. J an eminence, or heap of earth lest 
 than a mountain. 
 
 HILL MO irrON, a town of War^viclishirc, seated on r 
 rivulet that comes from Creek in Northamptonshire, and falls 
 mto the Avon below Clifton, partly on a hill, and partiv ou 
 moorish ground, from whence it has its name, nor far fro.Ti 
 llugby, and 83 miles N W. of Loudon. Mirket ou Tuesday.
 
 HIP 
 
 HIS 
 
 IirUOCK, *.aliftlcmil. 
 
 HI'fJ-Y, a. full of hills , uiioqiial in the .siilT;icc. 
 Hil/r, s. [hilt, Sax.] the liaiidh? of any iiistriiiiiPiif, but pe- 
 culiiiily applied to that ol a swonl. 
 
 HlAi, ywoH. the nhliiliu'case of /if, ffrf)m /k'jh. Sax.] 1 he da- 
 tive and ablative of In: lliin and hia, \\\m\'^[\ now only ap- 
 ph'ed to males, woro fdrnu'rly iis<d as iKiitiT. 
 
 HI'Msr.l.F, /«v)7/. |/;//s47/.7i.i, Sas.l it) iIk; nominative, of 
 the same si^'iiilicai ion as /.<•, only more prn;>lialioai, and to 
 distiufiuiili the [lerson if is applied to iVoni any oilier. 
 Anionjj aiitieiit aiilliois it is used instead ai itself, "As liijjii 
 as lieav'n liimsrlf." Sliak. 
 
 IMN, s. [Ileh.] a Hebrew measuie, containing one gajlon 
 and two pints, 
 
 HINCKLEY', an aiitient to-,vn of Leierslersliiie, c.nntain- 
 iOfj 2 clnncbes, and abont 750 houses. From a hij^li ;;ioiiii(l 
 near the town, ."iO ehiiiches may be seen, besides geiillemen's 
 Keats. It was fonneily nnich larger, as the back lanes be- 
 tween the orchards appear to have been once streets. It 
 lias a considerable nianiifaclory ofsloelonvrs and tine ale. It 
 is !3 miles S. W. of Leicesl'ci/and a I N.N. W. of London. 
 A good market on Monday, and a very noted fair on Au- 
 gust 28. 
 
 HIND, a. comparative liiurln; superlative liiiulmost ; [/"/»«- 
 dan, Sax.] tliat is behind another or backward, opposed to 
 fore. 
 
 HIND, .«. [Iiinde, .Sax. J the female of a hart, sta^, or red 
 deer ; the first year she is called a rntf, llie second a hearse, 
 sometimes a bruelul's sister, and llie linrd a hinTI, A servant, 
 from hinc, Sax. A [leasanl ; a boor, fnmi hinenian. Sax. 
 lU'NDBFJ'.llY, s. ihe raspberry bramble. 
 To IH'NDFJ!, r. a.[luudriau, Sax.] to prevent; to delay; 
 to stop or impede. 
 
 IH'NDEK, 8. the comparafive of hind; that is placed 
 backwards, or in a position contrary to that of Ihe face. 
 
 HrjVDKRANCE, i. an obstruclion or inipediment ; any 
 thing which prevents a person fi;oin proceeding in what he 
 has besnii, or frojii accomplishing what he intends. 
 
 HI'NDl'.RER, s. any person or thing that prevents or 
 stops any undertaking, or retards t by ditbcnllies. 
 
 HI'iN'DERMOST, «. the supeilaiive of //i»rf; hindmosi is 
 the most proper ; the last in order, or fai-ihest oft' in situa- 
 tion. 
 
 III'NDMOST, n. tiie proper superlative oihind ; the last 
 in order ; the farthest off in situation. 
 
 HTiNDOiV, a town in Wiltshire, with amaiket onTlrnrs- 
 day. It is an antieiit boioiigh-town, and sends two members 
 to parliament. It is '20 miles nearly W. of Salisbury, and 97 
 W. S. W. of Lonilon. 
 
 HI'NDOOS, the same people with the Genloos, which 
 sec. 
 HITSIDOOSTAN. See India. 
 
 HINGE, s. a kind of joint made of iron or other metal, 
 vhich moves on a piviot, and fasteivs two piec/?s of board to- 
 
 f ether, so as they may play backwards and forwards without 
 eing separated. Doors are, by means of this mechanism, 
 hung so as to open and shut. A governing rule or principle. 
 To be put off the Idng-es, a phrase, signifying to be in a state of 
 irregulariiy or disorder. 
 
 To HINGE, t). o. to furnish with, or hang upon, hinges. 
 Figurativelv, to bend like an hinge. 
 
 HrNGII AM, a town of Norfolk, 15 miles W. of Norwich, 
 and 97. N. E. of London. Market on Saturday. 
 
 To HINT, 11. «. [inter, Fr. according to Skinner] to bring 
 to mind by sliglit mention ; to mention imperfectly ; to drop 
 a word, by which the hearer may be enabled to trace out 
 something *hich we do not mention. To allude to; to 
 toiicl.1 slightly upon. 
 
 HINT, s. a faint notice given ; a remote allusion ; an in- 
 sinuation by which a hearer may come to the knowledge 
 of a thing not expressly mentioned ; a suggestion ; an inti- 
 mation. 
 
 HIP, t, [fii/pe, Sax.J the joint or fleshy part of the thigh. 
 
 In botany, the fruit of the brier or dogrose ; from hcopa, Sax 
 
 In iiK'fliciiie, a contraction of ht/pmhortdriac. 
 'I'd nil', )). a. to sprain or shoot tlie hip. 
 l]\\',iiitnj. a word used in railing to a person, in order to 
 stop him, or bring him loward's one. 
 
 liri'i'ISH, n. a corruption of hi/pochnndriac. 
 liriTOCA'Ml'lJS, theseahorie, in zoology, a small sea- 
 animal, caught in the Mediterranean, which resemble" » 
 horse in its head, and a caterpillar in the rest of it« 
 body. 
 
 HIPPOCE'NTAUR, s. [from hippos, a liorse, and loilnnrm, 
 a centaur, Gr.] a fabulous monster, half a horse and half a 
 man. 
 ■ HITPOCRAS, s. f Fr.J a medicated wine. 
 
 Iirri'OCilA'l'ES SLEEVES, s. a woollen bag made in 
 the form of a pyramid, by joining Ihe two opposite corners 
 of as(inare piece of llaunel togetlicr; used in straining olF 
 syrups, wines, Ac. 
 
 HrPPOCiKll'F, .?. [from hippos, a horse, and gryps, a 
 griliin, Gr.J a winged horse. 
 
 lllPPOPOTAiSlUS, s. [t'rom hippos, ahorse, and potamnt, 
 a river, Gr.] in zoology, a large amphibious animal which 
 inhabits some of the African rivers, t.-.d has been seldom 
 seen bv Europeans. 
 
 MIPSHOT, 0. having the hip sprained or out of joint. 
 To HIRE, V. a. [hi/rnn,Sa\.] to procure a thing tor a cer- 
 tain time, at a pric<' agreed on ; to engage a person to work 
 a certain time, to do a particular service fora sum of money. 
 Figuratively, to bribe, or prevail on a person to do a thing 
 for the sake of money, w hir h he would not otherwise. 
 
 HIRE, s. money paid for the use of a thing, or wages paid 
 a person for labour and attendance. 
 
 Hireling, s. one w ho works tor wages. In scripture, 
 a mercenary pei;son, or one who has no other rega;;d tor him 
 whom he serves, or the things- he is entrusted with, but a 
 mere prospect of lucre. 
 
 HrilJ''.LING, a. serving for hire, mercenary, or actinj 
 merely for the sake of lucre. 
 
 HI'ilER, s. one who pays money for the use of a thing, 
 or engages the service of another by promising him wages 
 for his labour. 
 
 HIRSUTE, 17. [hij-sutus, Lat.] rough and rugged. 
 IlI.S, pron. pass, [i/s. Sax.] this word is masculine, and 
 shews that a thing belongs to the person mentioned before, 
 and was formerly used in a neutral sense instead of its. 
 
 'I'o HISS, V. «. [AmcH, Belg.] to make a noise by shutting 
 the teeth, applying the tongue to them, and breatliing 
 llirongh them, resembling the noise of a serpent ; to use with 
 the highest degree of contempt; to explode or condemn a 
 performance. 
 
 HISS, s. a noise made by breathing through the teeth 
 wnen shut; a noise made by a serpent and some other ani- 
 mals ; censure, oran expression of conlem|)t and disappro- 
 bation, shewn by hissing. 
 HIST, infer), a word used to command silence. 
 HISTO'RIAN, .V. [from historia, history, Gr.] one who 
 gives an account of facts and events. 
 
 HISTORIC, or HISTORICAL, a. [from historia, history, 
 Gr.] containing or giving an account of facts and events. 
 
 HISTORICALLY, ad. in the manner of history ; byway 
 of narrative. 
 To HISTO'RIFY, ». n. to relate or record in history. 
 HIST0R10'(JRAPHER, {historiog-rafr) s.[from historia, 
 history, and g-rapho, to write, Gr.] a professed historian, or 
 writer of history. 
 
 HISTORIO'GRAPHY^ {hislorioirrafy) s. [from hstoria, 
 history, and grapho, to write, Gr.J the art or employment of 
 an historian. 
 
 Hl'STORY,"*. [historin, from histor, a witness, Gr.] a nar- 
 ration or description of several transaciions, actions, or 
 events of a state, king, or private person, delivered in the 
 order in which they happened ; a narration or relation. lu 
 painting, it denotes a picture composed of divers hgures, oi
 
 HO A 
 
 HOB 
 
 persons, representing some liansiiftionri'iisr r'A!or''e;gni:d. 
 firuiiral Historii \i a descripti(!n of the pioihiclioiis ol iia- 
 tiiri', nhctlicv plants, Liiiin.;iU, vejxe'alilps, rivers. >,Vc. 
 
 HISTiliO'NIC, or HISTIUO^'CAL, «. [iruw h.ist'io, 
 an actor, L;\\./iisiii(iu, Fr.j Uefiliiiii^ the stage ; sii'iahle vo v. 
 pliiver ; licinimin;; to the lliealrf;; brconi'p.jj y biifloon. 
 
 HISTllIO'.N'lCALLV, «rf. after tiie n:aii:ier of a player, 
 mimic, or bufi'oon. 
 
 To HIT, V. II. [/:itte, Dan. according to Junius] to strike 
 with a blow ; to toucii a mark aimed at by a person at a dis- 
 tance ; to attain ; to roacli a point; to strike a iiilin;^ pas- 
 sion ; to monlion a person's peculiar foible, used wilii <i(f. 
 To deternnne precisely; to pitch upon with labour. Neu- 
 ferlv, to da^li, applied to two tliiii^s \vliich are made to 
 touch each other. To chance luckily ; to succeed ; to 
 li({ht on. 
 
 HIT, s. a stroke ; a hicky chance ; success owing to mere 
 accident; or a discovery made by chance. 
 
 To HITCH, f. H. [//i>i>''iH, SaN.j to be catcised as upon a 
 hook : to move by jerks ; to strike one ankie against auotiier 
 iuwalkin:;. 
 
 HITCHEL, s. [hechel. Tent.] the iiistnimcnl with wliich 
 flax is beaten and combed. See Hatchel. 
 To Hr'I'CHl'.L, V. a. to beat orcond) llax or hemp. 
 HI'TCHIN, formerly called HiTCliEND,a populous Iowt. 
 of Hertfordshire, reckoned the second in the county, fo.- 
 number of streets, houses, and inhabitants. Il is situatec' 
 near a wood called Hitch, on the rivulet Hiz, (which drive-i 
 two mills here, and runs to Ickleford,) 15 miles N. N. W. of 
 Hertford, and 34 N. W. of London. A considerable niarke": 
 for wlu'at, malt, Ac. on Tuesday. 
 
 HlTHE,or Hythf, a town in Kent, one of the Cinque 
 Ports. It had formerly 4 parishes; but its harbour having 
 been choked up, it has now but one. There is a very re- 
 markable pile of dry bones in this town, 28 feet long, Cfeet 
 l)road. and 8 hi^di ; they are preserved in a vault under the 
 church, like books in a library, and consist of several thou 
 sand heads, arms, legs, thighbones, Ac. some very gigantic; 
 and appear, bv an inscription, to be the remains oftlie Danes 
 and Britons, killed in a battle near this place, prior to the 
 Norman concpiest. It is 9 miles S. W. of Dover, and OS S. 
 E. of London. Market on Saturday. 
 
 Hl'THK, i. [Injthe, Sax.] a small port, haven, or wharf, for 
 landing goods ; hence Queen-hilhe, Laiub-hiUic, now cor- 
 ruptee! to Lambeth. 
 Hl^JUKIl, a. nearer ; towards this part. 
 HITHER, orf. \hii.hcr, Sax.] to this place, including mo- 
 tion from some other; used in opposition to (A(>/'fr. Iliiher 
 and thithey, from this place to that. To this end, design, or 
 argument ; in this sense. 
 
 HLTHRllMOST, o. superlative oi hither ; nearest to us ; 
 nearest on this side. 
 
 HITHERTO, '«/. to this time; yet; not till this time ; at 
 evei-v time till Ihe.present. 
 
 HlTHEFlWARD, or HITHERWARDS, ad. [hyther- 
 wenrd. Sax.] this way ; towards this place. 
 
 HIVE, s. [hyfe. Sax.] a small convenient house or lodging 
 for bees, wherein they liveaud form theircells. Figurative- 
 ly, the bees which are contained iu a liive ; a company. 
 
 To HIVK, V. a. to put into hives. Figuratively, to con- 
 tain as in a liive. 
 HITER, !. one who covers bees with hives. 
 IIO, or i!0'.\, iittnj. \ehi> ! Lat.] a woid used to give 
 notice of approach ; or to fix the attention of a person at a 
 tji.stauce. 
 
 HOACHE, a kind of earth used by the Chinese, in the 
 manufacture of porcelain. 
 
 HOAR, (/loi) a. [h(ir. Sax.] while; while with frost or 
 age. 
 
 HOARD, (/(ocff) •'■ [hcr'f, Sax.] money or any thing else 
 laid up in secret ; a hidden liiap or slock. 
 
 To HOARD, (/»)»•(/) V. a. to lay up store; to lay up mo- 
 uey in lieapsand in secret. Neuterlv, to make boards. 
 
 HO ARDER, {harder) t. cue that heaps up treasure, aijd 
 hides it. 
 
 HOAUrnOST, ». the congelations ofdew in frosty moriv 
 ings on the guiss. 
 
 HOARHOUND, f. a plant with the leaves and flower- 
 cup covered very tliick willi a white hoariness. 
 
 Ho ARINES.S, (h(jrii(ess)s. thcfjuality <.f appearing white; 
 whiteness occasioned by age. Figuratively, old age. 
 
 HOARSE, (Jidrse) a. [has. Sax. leersch, Belg.j having 
 the voice rou;;h with a cold, having a rough sound. 
 
 HOARSELY^ (harseli/) ad. speaking r<>ngh or harsh with 
 a cold ; wilU a rough, haish voice or sound. 
 
 HO'ARSl'ii\ESS, {/ivisci!cs.i) s. [lasnesse, Sax.] roughnes* 
 of voice, peculiarly applied to the haishuess occasioned by 
 a cold. 
 
 HO'ARY, (hdii/) a. \/.nruiid, Sax.] white, or whitish ; white 
 or grav will) age or frost. 
 
 To HOBBLE, v. ii. to /«>;>, to hvppU, lo hobble ; \hulbe. 
 len or hobleii, F>e!g.] to walk lamely or awkwardly, or with 
 frequent hitches. To move roughly, or unevenly, applied 
 to verse. 
 
 HO'BBLE, i. a rough or lame motion in walking; an 
 awkward gait. 
 
 HO'BBLlTsGLY, ad. after the manner of a person v. ho 
 is lame ; with a hyUingor awkwar<i gait. 
 
 FIOBBY, s.\holcriiiii, Tr.hifpe, (M.ih.]a species of hawk; 
 a pacing horse ; a stick hujvg wilii helis, Ac. on which chil- 
 dren get astride and ride. Figuraliveiy, a stupid (ellow. 
 
 HOBGOBLIN, s. an elf, spirit, or chief among the 
 goblins. 
 
 HO'BIT, i. a small morlarfrom six to eight inches diame- 
 ter, mounted on a carriage made gun fashion, and used for 
 annoying an enemy at a distance w ith small bombs. 
 
 HO'BNAIL, s, a nail wiili a thick strong head, so called 
 because used in shoeing a lioidiv or little horse. 
 HOBNAILED, «. covcied with hobnails. 
 HO'BNOB, «</. (moie properly H.\i!-n a b) at random; 
 at the mercy of chance; wiliioutany lule. 
 
 HOCK, s. the same witli hough ; [//«//, Sax.] the joint be- 
 tween the knee and tiie fetlock ; the fore end or quarter of 
 a flitch, or the less and bony end of a gammon of bacon. 
 Old strong beer, wine.iVc. partici.iar'.y old strong Rhenish 
 wine, so called from Hockiieim on the Maine. 
 
 HOCK-DAY, or HOCK-TLESDAY, in our antient 
 customs, the second Tues^day after Faster week, a solemn 
 festival, celebrated for manv ages in Fiig'lan-'i!, in memory of 
 the great slaughter of the Danes, in the timeof king EthreU 
 dred, they having been in that reign almost all destroyed 
 iu different parts of the kingdom, and that principally by 
 women. 
 HOCKHEr>B,i.a plant, the same with the mallows. 
 To HO'CKLE, V. a. to hamstring ; to cut the sinews near 
 the ham or hock. 
 
 HOCUS PO'CUS, s. legerdemain ; juggle; cheat ; slight 
 of hand. It may be a corruption of the words Hoc rxt .'orpus, 
 this is the body used by the Ixoman Catholics at the conse- 
 cration of the sacramental bread. 
 
 HOD, «. f/io(/, Sax.Ja kind of trough in which labourer* 
 carry mortar on their heads or shoulders to bricklayers or 
 masons. 
 
 HO'DDESDON, a considerable thoroughfare town of 
 Hartfordshire, seated near the river Lea, on the great north 
 road, 17 milcsN.of London, and 3 S. of Ware. Market on 
 Thurs-dav. 
 
 IIO'D(iE-rODOE,s. \harheporhK Fr.] a medley, or odJ 
 mixture of ingredients huddled or boiled together. 
 
 HODIE'RNAL, a. [from hodie, to.lay, Lat. J of to-day. 
 HODIMAN, J. a labouicr, or one that carries mortar In 
 a hod. 
 
 JiODM^KDO'D, it.afish. 
 
 IIO'DNE'!", a town iu Shropshire, whose market \a <li» 
 used. It is i.'i.'innlcs N. W. of London. 
 lii.E, 3. [hoitwe, Bclg. huiie, Fr.J an instrument used ij>
 
 HOL 
 
 HOL 
 
 ewttinc: or gcVapin;: tip lli<' earlli, of wliiili tlie blade is at 
 ri;;lit aiii;lps w illi llic liaii'llc. 
 
 To IKJI'/, v.a.\/wui'r, l''r. hvvutu, Belfj.J to cut PHilIi with 
 B hoc ; to weed willi a lioc ; to scrape eailii over liie roots 
 ol plunls In' nipaiis of a lioe. 
 
 HOFITCHIXXJ, a rich, conimrrcial city of China, of 
 the first rank in tlie provincL' (jf Kiiin;;Man. The best loa 
 Kroivs in the ('tivirons, and tlie japanned waic of this cily is 
 recitonid eiiiial to auv otlier in Ciiiiia. It is OiO miles S. of 
 Pekin. 
 
 MOG, s. [/nvch, Rrit.] a {jeneral name for a swine, or boar. 
 Fi^iirativi'ly, a brutish, selfish, or greedy pers(ni. '/'» bnii:^- 
 OHc'.t hogs to a Jine 7)ni -/at, iiiiplics to be disappointed, or to 
 lake a tcreat d<-al of pains for nothinij. 
 
 HOGCOTE, s. Ihe same with liocsTY, which see. 
 
 HO'(i(jlT!K!,, .t. a two-year old ewe. 
 
 HOGGISH, a. Iiaving the qnalitics of a hog; brutish; 
 groedv ; sclli^li. 
 
 HOGGISHNESS, «. the quality in which a person resem- 
 bles a hoij ; seHishliess ; <;reedini'ssor hrutvsliiiess. 
 
 HOGH, (/,<>) s. a liiil, or risini; };ronnd. Obsolete. 
 
 HO'GHEKD, *. a keeper of hr.-s. 
 
 HO'GSn l''AD, {.'■ ;i!>:erl) s. \()g- shood, Beh;.] a measure of 
 liquids conlaininicsixtv-three ^jallons; a vessel or cask con- 
 taininir si\lv-three Rations ; any larj;e cask. 
 
 HO (i STY, s. the place in which suine are confined. 
 
 HO(iUE, Cape i.A,lhe N. W. iioiut of the depart nient of 
 the Channel, IvinsR. of the isle of Alrlevney, and N. W. of 
 Cherhnrj,'. Opposite the town of Ea Ho<,Mie, in i(ii)2, the 
 lMi-,'Iish and Dutch fleet, under admiral llussel, defeated the 
 French fleet; and on the follow insj day, admiral Rooke 
 iMirnt the rrench admiral's ship, the Uoya! '^nn, with 12 more 
 men of war. I.at. 49. 4.'j. l\. Ion. 1. 57. W. 
 
 HO'GW.ASH, i. the draff which is given to, or is only fit 
 for, swine. 
 
 HOl'DEN, s. [Iioeden, Brit.J a romping, awkward, ignorant, 
 and wanton pirl. 
 
 To HOl'Dl'/N, 1). w. to romp indecently ; to beliave with 
 levitv and wantonness. 
 
 To HOISE, or HOIST, v. a. [hausser, Fr.] to lift or raise 
 up on hif;h. 
 
 H0LI5ECHE, a ^ery antient, but indifferent town, in 
 1/incolnshire, seated in a Hal araons: the (h kes, 12 miles S. of 
 Boston, and 115 N. of London. INlarketon Thursday. 
 
 To HOLD, r. a. prefer. Itclil, part. pass, held or holc'in ; 
 [hiilchn, Goth, and Sax.] to grasp in the hiind ; to gripe; to 
 retain ; to keep. Figuratively, to raaint<iin, support, or slick 
 to, an opinion. To possess or enjoy. To stop, resliain, or 
 suspend, applied either to the tongue or hand. To perse- 
 vere or continue in a design. To solemnize or celebrate. 
 " He held a feast." 1 Sam. xxv. 36. To assemble or collect 
 together. " The queen — holds her parliament." Shah. To 
 continue in any state; to retain. Toofi'er; to propose ; fo 
 form, to plan. To manage. To hold forth, in common and 
 low discourse, to preach or deliver a discourse in public. 
 To exhibitor present to a person's view. To stretcli forth 
 or from the body, applied to the arm, or any thing held in 
 the hand. 'To hold up, to raise aloft ; to sustain, to support. 
 Neuterly, to last, endure, or remain unbrtken. To stand ; 
 to be right. To stand up for ; to adhere. To be depen- 
 dent on. To derive right. To hold up, applied to the wea- 
 tber, means, it is fair. 
 
 HOLD, at the beginning of a sentence, though it has the 
 a|)pearance of an intejjection, is really nothing but the pre- 
 aeut tense of the imperative mood ; and means, forbear, 
 •top, be still. 
 
 HOLD, s. the act of seizing or keeping a thing fast in the 
 hand; a seizure or grasp ; something which may afi'ord sup- 
 port, when seised or held by the hand; a catch ; or the 
 power of seizing or keeping ; a prison, or place of custody. 
 All that part that is between the keelson and the lower deck, 
 applied to a ship. A lurking-place; the iurkiuij place or 
 den of a wild beast. A fortified place ; a fort. Figurative- 
 Jy, power ; iulluence. 
 
 HO'LDF.r^, i. one who keeps any thing in hi.^ liand by 
 shutting it; a tenant, or one who occupies lands or tene- 
 ments of anolher by base. 
 
 IIO'LDEUFO'dTH, ,?. an haranguer ; one who preaches 
 or speaks in piililic; a word of contempt. 
 
 nO'LDERNl'.SS, a division of the East Biding of York- 
 shire, remarkable for ils large lined of horned cattle and 
 liorses. It has the title of an earhhiui. 
 
 IlOJiDFAST, .T. any thing l>\ which a door is fastcncfl 
 will n put close ; a caU h ; a hoi.k. 
 
 IIO'LDIN(i, f. a teiiuif'; a farm. 
 
 HO'LDSWOHTII, or Iloi.n.sw oktiiy, a huge town of 
 Devonshire, seated hitv, eeii luo blanches of the river Ta- 
 mar, 41 miles N. N. W. of Exeter, and 215 W. by S. of Lo;i- 
 doii. Market on Saturday. 
 
 HOLE, s. \hole. Sax. hot', Belg.J a cavity that is narrow and 
 long; a den ; a cavity made with a borer; a rent or cut in 
 a garmetit. Figuiati\ely, a mean dwelling or l-.ouse ; a sub- 
 terfu;i;c ; a shift. 
 
 HO'LIDAM, s. a word in antient writers, signifying Bles- 
 sed Lady. 
 
 HO'LILY, ad. in a pious maimer. 
 
 HOLINE.SS, s. when applied to (lod, that altribule which 
 reprcscnis him as disliking and detesting all wickedness. 
 Applied to men, an absolute abhorrence to all kiiu'ls of sin, 
 and a coiiforniity fo the nature and will of (></d ; the stale of 
 being hallowed, consecrated, or sanctified; thetitlc assumed 
 bv the I'ope. 
 
 "HOLLA, inter), {hola, Fr.l a word used in calling to a 
 person at a distance or out of sight. Used substanlively by 
 Milton. "List, list! — some far-off /lo/Zn, breaks the silcot 
 air." 
 
 To HO'IjLA, v. a. Johnson says this word is now vi- 
 liously written /(«//« by the best authors; arid soinetimes 
 holloo ; to cry out with a loud voice. '• In his ear 111 holla 
 Mortimer." Shuk. " What holloing and what stir is thisT 
 Shnh. 
 
 IIO'LL.\ND, the most considerable of the Seven United 
 Provinces, Iving between the Zuvder Zee, the Nor,lh Sea, 
 Zealand and' Utrecht. It is divided into N. Holland, W. 
 Friesland, and S. Holland ; and these together make but one 
 province, whose states take the til-le of Holland and W. 
 Friesland. The Ye, a small bay, which is an extension ot 
 the Zuyder-Zee, separates, Holland fiomW. Friesland. The 
 extent is not large, being not above 180 nnles in circum- 
 ference. The land is almost every \^ here lower than the 
 sea. The water is kept out by dams and dykes, which they 
 are particularly careful of keeping in good repair, lest the 
 whole province should be laid under water. It is crossed 
 by the nioulli of the Rhine and Maese, by several small ri- 
 vers, and bya;,reat number of canals, on which they travel 
 day and night at a small expense. Properly speaking it is 
 nothing but a large meadow, and yet all things a:e in great 
 plenty, by reason of its trade; and the land serves lo feed 
 great numbers of cattle. It is so populous, that no country 
 in the world can match it of so small an extent ; the pastures 
 are so lich, that they have plenty of butter and cheese ; and 
 the seas and rivers furnish them with fish. There are 400 
 large towns, and Is> cities, which make up the states and 
 the province, and several others that have not the same pri- 
 vilege. The houses are well built, and extremely neat and 
 clean, as well in the country as in the towns. Learning has 
 flourished here, and they have both linen and woollen manu- 
 fiictures, besides their building a great number of ships. Tli« 
 Dutch formerly surpassed all other nations with regard to 
 trade, and by theirseftlenients in foreign couutries,GspecialIy 
 in the East Indies, and on the coast fifGiiinea. Thisprovinc* 
 has a court of i'lstice, which finally detci mines in all crimi- 
 nal and civil afrairs ; and its states, iu which the sovereignty 
 resided, were composed of the deputies of the nobility and 
 of the cities, besides the stadliioldcr. \Ye mii-st not confound 
 Holland, properly so called, with the republic, which com- 
 prehends the Seven United Provinces. Amsterdam is the 
 capital city. The war willi France caused a revolut'on in this 
 
 ib3
 
 HOL 
 
 HOL 
 
 «« well as The titlicr proviocps of the United States. IloIIniid 
 at first appfured iiDstih; to t-be new repiililic of France, liut 
 wever lieaitily co-opeiutetl with Ific alhed powers. The 
 iiinctioi), however, was apparently made in 1792, and the 
 French, in 1794, invaded the states, and were received with- 
 ont much opposition ; the sUidtholder and his family took 
 refuge in England ; and tue states, or re|uil>lic of Holland, 
 afterwards framed a constitution upon the French model ; 
 since which their government has untlergone various mo- 
 difications, in obedience to the dictates of France; and 
 on June 11, 1806, was erected into a monarchy' under 
 Lewis Buonaparte, brother to the emperor Napolean. They 
 joined with France in an alliance olfensive and defensive, 
 but theCapeof Good Hope, and most of their India settle- 
 ments, were taken by the English, (thoUE;h restored to them 
 at the peace,) and in October 1797, a fleet, which they had 
 destined for Brest, as was supposed, fell in with the Eng- 
 Lish fleet, commanded by admiral Duncan, who gained one 
 of the most brilliant victories on the records of naval his- 
 tory. He took no less than. nine ships of the line. 
 
 HO'LLAND, a district .of Lincolnshire, in the S. E. part 
 of the county. It is divided into Ui)per and Lower, and 
 reaches from WainsHeet to the Isle of Ely, and to the grounds 
 opposite Lynn in Norfolk. In nature, as well as appellation, 
 it resembles a province of the same name in the Netherlands. 
 It consists entirely of fens and marshes, in which are many 
 quicksairds, some in a state of nature, but others cut by num- 
 berless drains and canals, and crossed by raised causeways. 
 The lower, or southern division, is the most watery, and is 
 preserved from constant innundation by nothing but vast 
 bauks, raised on the sea-coast and rivers. It was formerly 
 impassable ; but since the fens have been drained, the lands 
 are grown more solid, and the inhabitants sow cole-seed 
 upon them to their great advantage. Through the whole 
 fenny district, the wails of the houses are generally of brick, 
 and their roofs covered with slate or tile. A stone house is 
 rarely to be seen here, and as rarely one thatched with 
 straw, but many of those of the more opulent farmers are 
 large and handsonic. The churches are, in general, spa- 
 cious, and several of them are built with excellent stone. 
 The air is reckoned unwholesome, and the water, in general, 
 is so brackish as to be unfit for internal purposes ; on which 
 account the inhabitants are obliged to make reservoirs of 
 rain water. In summer vast swarms of insects till the air, 
 and prove exceedingly otfensive. Yet, even here, industry 
 has produced eoudort and opulence, by forming excellent 
 pasture land out of swamps and bogs, and even making them 
 capable of producing large crops of corn. The fens 
 too, in their native state, are not witiiout their utility, and 
 afford various objects of curiosity to the naturalist. The 
 reeds, with which the waters of their fens are covered, make 
 the best thatch, and are annually harvested in great qnan- 
 tities for that purpose. Prodigious Hocks of geese are bred 
 aniongthe undrained fens, forming a considerable object of 
 commerce, as well for theii quills and feathers, as for the 
 bird itself, which is driven in great numbers to the London 
 markets. The principal decoys, in England, for the various 
 kinds of wild ducks, teal, widgeon, and other fowls of the 
 duuk kind, are in these parts. Wild geese, grebes, god- 
 H'its, whiiidjrels, coots, rufts, reeves, bitterns, aiul a great 
 variety of other species of water fowl, breed here in amaz- 
 ing numbers; and stares, or starlings, resort hither during 
 the winter, in myriads, to roost on the reeds, breaking them 
 down by their weight. Near Spalding is the greatest he- 
 ronry iri England, where the herons build together on Iiigh 
 trees, like rooks. , The avoset, or yelder, is found in great 
 numbers aboui Fossdyke Wash, as are also knots and dot- 
 trels. 
 
 HO'LLAND, NEW, including Van Dieman's land, ex- 
 tends from 10 to 44 deg. S. Lat. and between 110 and 
 JM of Loii. K. from London. Notsvilhstanding many na- 
 vigators had touched here in the last century, the eastern 
 part of Ibis vast tract was totally unknown till Captain Cook 
 muJc JiLs voyages, and, by fully exploring that part of the 
 4M 
 
 coast, gave his country an undoubted right (o the possession 
 of it; which accordingly has since been taken possession of 
 under the name cf Ae!t>SOTi(/i Wales. This country has n'jw 
 become an object of great conseojuence, by reason of the es- 
 tablishment of a British colony in it ; where the criminals 
 condemned to be transported are sent to pass their time of 
 servitude. Fortius purpose, on Dec. 6, 1780, orders were 
 issued by his niajesly in council for making a settlement on 
 New Holland, establishing a court of judicature in llie co- 
 lony, and other regulations necessary on the occasion, and 
 the sanction of parliament was given in 1787. Tlie first 
 squadron appointed consisted of the Sirius frigate, Captain 
 Hunter; the Supply armed tender. Lieutenant Ball; three 
 store ships, for carrying provisions and stores for two 
 years; and lastly, six transports to carry 778 convicts, ot 
 which 558 were males, with a detachment of marines in 
 each. On the 18th of'January the Supply arrived at Bo- 
 tauy-Bay, on (he coast of New South Wales, which situa- 
 tion was afterwards changed for Port Jackson, as more f;»- 
 vourable to a settlement. Subsecjuent voyages were made,, 
 and there is now a regular colony, represented to be iu a 
 very flourishing state, but after surmounting great difficul- 
 ties. The number of persons on the settlement, including 
 convicts were by the latest accounts said to be aboni 
 twelve thousand. 
 
 HO'LLAND, «. in commerce, a fine and close kind 
 of linen, so called from its being first manufactured in 
 Holland. 
 
 HOLLOW, (/loim) a. [from /wle] having the inside or 
 any part scooped out ; having a void space within, opposed 
 to solid. Noisy, or like a sountl made in some cavity. FU 
 guratively, bvpoeritical. 
 
 HO'LLOW, {hullo) s. a cavitv, or empty space ; a con- 
 cavity ; a cavern, or den; a pit, passage, or empty spate 
 in the inside of a thing. 
 
 To HOLLOW, {libllu) V. a. to scoop furrows, channels, 
 or cavities iu a thing. To shout or make a loud noise. 
 " Cqmes liullouui!>- fiom the stable," Pope. So Hriltcn by 
 neglect of etymology, instead of /toUa, says Minsan. See 
 HoT.LA. 
 
 HO'LLOWLY, (huiroli/) ad. with empty spaces with- 
 in ; with channels or vacuities. Figuratively, with insin- 
 cerity. 
 
 HO'LLOWNESS, {h'ulKnesf) s. caviiy ; the state of hav- 
 ing empty spaces ; want of sincerity ; deceit; treachery. 
 
 HO'LLY, s. a tree of which there are a great many vari- 
 eties, with variegated leaves, small white blossoms, and red 
 berries. The common holly giows naturally in woods and 
 forests in manv parts of England. 
 
 HOLLYHOCK, t. \lwlilu'c. Sax.] the rosemallow. It is 
 in every respect larger liian the common mallow. 
 
 HOLME,*, in botany, the ilex, or evergreen oak. 
 
 HOLME, a town of Cumbeiland. Sec Abbf.y-Holme. 
 
 HOLOCAUST,.?. [from holox, the whole, and hah, to burn, 
 Gr.J a burnt sacrifice. In the Jewish chinch, it was a 
 sacrifice which was all burnt tipon the altar; and of this 
 kind was the daily sacrifice. This vas done by way of 
 acknowledgment, that the person offering and all that 
 belonged to him, were the ell'ect of the divine bounty. The 
 holocaust was to be a bullock without blemish; it was 
 brought to tbetabernacleof the congregation, with the hands 
 of him that ollered it upon its I)ead ; th.enthe Levites killed 
 it, sprinkled the blood of it upon the altar, and slaying it, 
 cut it in pieces, after which it was laid upon the altar, and 
 burnt by the priest for a sweet smelling- savour vtito tin 
 Lord. 
 
 HO'LOGRAPH, (l,o!o<>-raf) [from Iwhs, the wiiole, and 
 ^raj>lio, to write. Or.] in the Scottish law, applied to u deed 
 written entirely by the granter's liand. 
 
 HO'f.PEN, "the old part.. pass, of Help. 
 
 HOLSTEIN, a duchy ofiJermany, in, the circle of Lower 
 Saxony, subject to the liing of Denmark, having the Baltic 
 on the E. the German Ocean on the W. Slrswick and the 
 Baltic on the N. aud Lunenburg, Lubeck, Huuibur^, and
 
 H O L 
 
 Ihc Elbe on tlic S. It is about 70 niilps in Icn^'lb, and 
 48 ia bioadlb, and is a pleasant coinitiy, fiiiiiriil in uiicat, 
 Darlev, oats, beans, peas, and rapo seed, and piodncin^ 
 liornt-d cattle, slioep, lanis, swine, horsos, i)(>nllry, bears, 
 and fisii, in great abnndanee ; it is also « ill scaled lor trade, 
 aiiii Ims some considerable harbours, particniarly those of 
 Ilamburg and Lubeck. There arc some imperial cities, 
 which are governed by their respective niagisliatcs, bnt 
 the religion of the whole country is Lutheran, 'i'he (Incliy 
 is divided into Holstein Gluclvstadl, subjett to the king of 
 Derniiark; and Holstein Oottorpf, subject lo the emperor 
 nf Russia. The governor, appointed by the king of Don- 
 mark, generally resides at Ghicksladt, and the regency 
 court for Hubslan Holstein is held at Keil. Tiu^ intended 
 junction l)elween the Baltic and the North Sea, will be 
 formed entirely through Holstein and the other Danish ter- 
 ritories. 
 
 HOLSTER, s. [Iiiihter, Teut.J a case for a iiorseman's 
 pistol. 
 
 HOLT, a town in Norfolk, 20 miles N. N. W. of Norwich, 
 and I2'2 N. K. of London. Market on Saturrlay. 
 
 HOLT, either at the beginning or end of the name of a 
 place, from liolt, Sax. a wood, signiiies that it is, or has been, 
 a wood ; sometimes indeed it may come from /lol, Sax. hol- 
 low, especially when the name ends in (»)i and ilnn. 
 
 HOLY, «. \M'g, Sax. J perlorming every duty of religion, 
 'and abstaining entirely from sin; set apart, consecrated, 
 or dedicated to divine uses ; pure, or without spot ; 
 sacred. 
 
 HO'LY GHOST, i. [haU^ andg-ff.rt, Sax.] the Holy Spirit, 
 or third Person in the aclorable Trinity, whose peculiar 
 ofbce, as dislinguislied from the Father and the Son, is sanc- 
 tification and inspiration. 
 
 HO'LY-THURSDAY, s. the day on which the ascension 
 of our Saviour is coauuemovated. 
 
 HO'LY-WKEK, s. [Iwlgaii and jtitcB," Sax.] the week 
 before Easter, so called because set apart by the church in a 
 peculiar manner to offices of piety and devotion, as a pre- 
 paration for the ensuing festival of Christ's resurrection. 
 
 HO'LYDAY, or HOLIDAY, s. [/lalgau and <lcrf>; Sax.] 
 a day set apart by the church for commemoration of some 
 saint, or some remarkable particular in the life of Christ ; a 
 day wherein people abstain from work, and entertain them- 
 selves with feasts, &c. a day of gaiety and joy. 
 
 HO'LYHEAD, a sea-port and cape oftl>e Isle of Angle- 
 sen, rendered considerable by being the place where pas- 
 sengers usually embark for Dublin, there being packet-boats 
 that sail for that city every day, except Tuesday, wind and 
 weather perniitt'ing. It is noted for several remains of old 
 fortifications, one of which, called Tunis Mimime>Uii»i,\s an 
 old stone wall, with a small turret on its centre ; there are 
 also some drnidical antiquities in its neighbourhood. Under 
 the mountains that overhang the town, is a laige cavern <n 
 the rock, supported by natural pillars, and called the parlia- 
 ment-house ; it is accessible only by boats, and the tide runs 
 into it. On the adjacent rocks, the herb grows of which 
 they make kelp, a fixed salt used in making glass, and in 
 alum works ; and in the neighbourhood is a large vein of 
 white fullei's earth, and another of yellow. On the Isle of 
 Skerries, 9 miles to the N. is a lighthouse. Large flocks of 
 puffins are often seen here ; they a^ll come in one night, and 
 depart in the same manner. The commodities arc butler, 
 cheese, bacon, wild-ffivvl, lobsters, crabs, oysters, razor-fish, 
 shrimps, herrings, cod-fish, whitings, sea tenches, and plenty 
 of other fish. It is, in fact, little more than a fishin;; town, 
 with three good inns, and it has a very convenieut harbour 
 for the northern trade, when taken short by contrary winds. 
 It is situated near the extremity of the island, joiueJl to the 
 N. W. part of it by a stone bridge, of one arch ; 00 miles E. 
 of Dublin, 24 nearly W. of Beaumaris, and 260 N. W. of 
 London. Lat. 53. 19. N. Ion. 4. 34. W. A small market on 
 Saturday. ' - 
 
 IIO'LV-ISLAND, or Lindisfaene, a small island on 
 the coast of Northumberland, about 6 miles S. E. of Berwick, 
 
 and one mile and a half from the nearest land, troni wht-irw, 
 at low water, [xople ride over to it. It is two ruiles and a 
 quarter hmg, and on? in breadth, and consislsof one eotiti- 
 njied plain. The soil is rocky and full of stones, for which 
 reason it is thinly peopled ; it has but one small town, or ra- 
 ther village, slaudiug onaiising ground; it consists of a 
 fevv scattered houses, chiclly inhabited by fishermen, with 
 two inns, and a church. Under the castle, wliich stands at 
 the southern point, on almost a perpendicular rock, near CO 
 feet high, there is a couniiodions bay, or harbour, defended 
 by a blocklunise. The castle is accessible only by a iiar- 
 low and v. indiu'^ i)ass, cut out of the rock, on its south- 
 ern side. 'I'lie N. and N. E. toasts of the island are formed 
 of peri-)cndicular rocks, the other sides sink, by gradual 
 slopes, to the sand. It has plentv offish and fowl, but the 
 air and soil are reckoned bad. The \V. part is left wholly 
 to the rabbits, and there is not a free on the island. 'J'lie 
 monastery, which covered near four acres, is entirely in- 
 ruins,, biit there are various fragments of the ollites re- 
 maining. It is properly a semi-island, being encompassed 
 with water at every Hood, but sand at ebb. The E. iiart, 
 which is much the broadest, is joined to the W. by a small 
 slip of land. 
 
 HO'LYWELL, a town of Flintshire, which, although in 
 great part new, is, from its vicinity to the lead mines, and 
 its considerable ur,innfactures, become the most llonrishing 
 in the county. It takes its name from the famous well, calleti 
 St. Winifred's, coscerninij which so many faltles and 8i»- 
 perstilious notions have prevailed. It is a copious stream 
 of very cold and i)ure water, bursting out of the gnmnd, y.t 
 the foot of a hill, with such iniiietuo^ily as to <listharge 21 
 tuns of water in a miinite. Over the spring there is a cha- 
 pel, built by the countess of Derby, mother of Henry VIL 
 which stands upon pillars, and on the windows are painted 
 the history of St. Winifred's life. Besides the cold bath, ce- 
 lebrated for wonderful cures, furnied at the spring head, and 
 covered with a beautiful Goliiic shrine, it is now applied lo 
 the purpose of turning several mills for the working of cop- 
 per, making brass-wire, paper, an<l snulV, and spinning cot- 
 ton. It is io miles E. of St. Asaph, and 212 N. E. ot Lon- 
 don. Market on Friday. 
 
 IIO'IMAGE, s. \liommagn, Fr. | the reverence, respect, 
 submission, or fealty, professed and performed lo a sove- 
 reign or superior; respect or submission shewn by ariy ex- 
 ternal action. 
 
 HOMAGER, s. \lw)iimager, Fr.J one who holds by ho. 
 mage of a superior lord. 
 
 Home, s. \ham. Sax. J a person's own bouse. "Figura- 
 tively, the country in wliich a person lives, or place of bis 
 constant residence. Used in composition, for any thin? 
 produced in our own country, or made within a person's 
 own house. 
 
 HOIvl E, ad. to the house wherein a person lives ; so one'^ 
 own country; fully; closely; to the utmost ; to the purpose; 
 to the point designed. Joined to a substantive, it implies 
 force, or efficacy. " The Lome thrust of a friendly sword." 
 Drtiil. 
 
 HO'MEBORN, a. natural; domestic; or of one's own 
 country. 
 
 liO'.MEBRED, fl. native ; natural; bred in a person's 
 own breast. Figuratively, rude; artless; uncultivated ; or 
 not polished bv travel. 
 
 HO'MEFELT, a. internal; felt within ; inward. 
 
 HO MELILY, ad. in a rude, rough, or mean manner. 
 
 HO'MELINESS, J. plainness; rudeness; coarseness. 
 
 HO'MELY, a. plain ; coarse ; rude, or not polished by 
 the assistance or information of foreigners. 
 
 HO'MELY, ad. in a plain manner; coarsely. 
 
 HOMELYN, *. a kind of fish. 
 
 HOME-MADE, a. made iu our own country, opposed to 
 foreigii. 
 
 HOMER, s. [Heb.]a measure among the Hebrews, cou. 
 tainin/j about three pints ; Bailey sa^ s, two bushels. 
 
 I1<./MESPU'N, a. spun or wrouglit in a private hcuse.
 
 HON 
 
 HON 
 
 not by professed niaiiufacturers. Made in one's own eoiin- 
 tiy, opposed to/('»v)g7i. Fiyiu;iti\tly, coarse ; rude; want- 
 ing: perfection orclexanee. Used substantively fora coarse, 
 rnile, unpolished, or ill bred person. 
 
 HOiMKSTAl.L, or HOMESTKAD, s. [ham and stcde, 
 Sax.] a house, or place wliere a house stood. 
 
 HOM I:\VaRD, or HO'MEWARDS, ad. towards home; 
 ortoHiards the ho\ise wherein a person constantly resides. 
 HOMICIDAL, «. murderous; bloody. 
 HOMICIDE, s. [from homo, a man, and caedo, to slay, 
 Lat. J murder. It is divided 'mlnvolunturi/, when coniniitt(>d 
 with malice ; or casmil, when <lone by accident. A mur- 
 derer ; a manslayer, from homiciilu, hat. /winicide, Fr. " Hec- 
 tor comes, the homicide, to wield his couqu'rin^ arms." 
 Drt/d. 
 
 HOMILETICAL, a. [from komihi, an assembly, Gr.] 
 Aocia', conversable. 
 
 HOM I LY, s. [from homilos, an assembly, Gr.] a plain and 
 popular discourse on some divine subject ; applied to those 
 which were composed at the Ueforniation to be read in 
 churches, in order to supply both the casual and necessary 
 defect of sermons. 
 
 HOMOGE'NEAL, or HOMOGENEOUS, (the /»■ is 
 pronounced soft) n. [from hnvtos, the same, and gcuos, knid, 
 Gr.] having the same nature or principles of thesame nature 
 or kind. 
 
 HOMOGE'NEALNESS, HOMOGENEITY, or HO- 
 MOGE'NEOUSN ESS, s. the quality of having the same 
 nature or principles. 
 
 HO'MOGENY, s. [from homes, the same, and genos, kind, 
 Gr.] likeness; or sameness of nature. 
 
 HOMOLOGATION, s. in the civil law, the act of con- 
 firming or rendering a thing more valid and solemn, by pub- 
 lication, repetition, or recognition thereof. It is derived 
 from a Greek word signifving consent or assent. 
 
 IIOMO'LOGOU.S, a. [from homos, the same, and logos, 
 speech, Gr.] having the same jjroportion. In logic, ap- 
 plied to things which agree in name, but have a ditlereih 
 nature. 
 
 HOMO'NYMOUS, a. [from homos, the same, and onoma, 
 a name, G:.] signifving several things, applied to words 
 which have several senses. 
 
 HOMONYM Y, j. [from homos, the same, and onoma, 
 a name, Cir.] equivocation : ambiguity. 
 
 HOMOTOS'OU.S, a. [from homos, the same, and lonos, 
 sound, Gr ] having the same sound. 
 
 HO.MO'i'ONY, «. [from homos, the same, and tonos, sound, 
 Gr.] sameness of sound. 
 
 HON.\N, a city of China, of the tirst rank, capital of the 
 province of Ilonan. It is situated in the centre of the 
 empire, .300 miles S. S. W. of Pekin. 
 
 HONDU'RAS, a large provinceof North America, bound 
 ed on the N. by the bay of the same name, on the E. by the 
 Mosqnitos shore, on the .S. by Nicaragua and Ciuatiinala, and 
 on the W. by Giiatiurala and Vera Paz. This country, 
 though exceedingly fertile by nature, isalmost a desert. The 
 soil, in many parts, bears Indian corn and grapes, three 
 times a year; its other produce is wheat, pease, large gourds, 
 cotton, wool, honey, wax, and provisions of all kinds. It 
 produces, injrealer abundance thanany part of America, the 
 logwood-tree, which in dying some colours is so far prefer- 
 able to any oilier material, that the consumption ofit in Eu- 
 rope is considerable, and it is become an article in commerce 
 of great value. During a long period, no European nation 
 intruded upon theSpaniards in these provinces, orattempted 
 to obtain anv sluire in this branch of trade. But after ihe 
 conaucst of Jamaica by the English, one of the tirst objects 
 of tlie settlers 0.1 that island was. the great profit arising 
 from the logwood trade, and the facility of wresting some 
 portion of it from the Spaniards. Their first attempt was 
 made at CapeOatoiiche, the N. E. promontory of Yucatan. 
 When most of the trees near this Cane were felled, they re- 
 moved to the island of Trist, in the Bay of Campeathy ; and 
 in hMrr times their principal station liait been in the Day of 
 466 
 
 Honduras. The Spaniards, alarmed at this encroachment, 
 endeavoured by ncgociation, reim)nslrauces,aud open force, 
 to prevent the English fioiii obtaining any footing on that 
 part of the American contiucuf. Rut, al'ler struggling against 
 it for more than a century, the disasters of an unsuccessful 
 warextorted from the court of Madrid, in 1763, a reluctan* 
 consent to tolerate this settlement of foreigners in the heart 
 of its territories. This privilege was contirmed by the de- 
 finitive treaty of 1783 ; by which, however, it was stipulated, 
 that nothing in this concession shoidd be considered as 
 derogating, in any respect, from the sovereignty of his 
 Catholic maivsty ; that, if Ihe English had erected any forti- 
 ticat ioiw in t lie conn try, they should be demolished, and none 
 erected in future ; and that they should coiitine themselves 
 within a certain district, lying between the rivers Wallis, or 
 Bcllize, and Rio Honda, taking the course of the said two 
 rivers for uuallerable boundaries, so as that Ihe navigation 
 of them becomnKiii !o bolli nations. Rut, by a convention 
 signed in 178G, these limits were extended ; the English 
 line, beginning from the sea, was to lake the centre of Ihe 
 river .*^ibun, or Jabon, and continue up to the source of the 
 said river ; thence fn cross, in a straight line, the interme- 
 diate land, till it intersected the river Wallis ; and by the 
 centre of the same river, the said line was to descend to the 
 point where it would meet the line already settled in 17M. 
 By this convention, moreover, the ICiiglish were not only 
 permitted to cut logwood, but mahogany, or any other kind 
 of wood, and to carry away any other produce of the coun- 
 try ; with certain exceptions, however, against the esta- 
 blishing of any plantations of sugar, cofice, Ac. and they 
 were likewise permitted, with certain reslric tions, to occupy 
 (he small island called Casina, St. George's Key, or Ca\o 
 Casina. The English settlement in this country had formerly 
 been considered as foreign ; but, in 1790, by an act of par- 
 liament, they were allowed all the privileges of a British 
 colony. The principal towns are ^'alladolid, the capital; 
 Truxillo ; Gracias aDios ; and .St. Jago. 
 
 HONE, s. a tine sort of whetstone, of different colours, 
 used for setting an edge on penknives and razors. 
 
 To HONE, I', n. [hoji^ian. Sax.] to pine or long for any 
 thing. Seldom used. 
 
 HO'NEST, rt. [hoiiestiis, from hmior, honour, Lat.] pei- 
 forming every act of justice, or fulfill ng every obligation 
 and relation in which we stand as members of society. 
 
 HONESTLY, «(/. consistent with justice ; consistent with 
 our duty. 
 
 HONESTY, t. [honcstas, from honor, honour, Lat.] good- 
 ness, which makes a person prefer his promise or duty t» 
 his passion or interest. 
 
 HO'NEWOIIT, i. an umbelliferous plant, with few floreis 
 in the rundlets. 
 
 HO'NEY, s. \hunig, Sax. /lojii'o-, Relg.| a thick, viscous, 
 fluid substance, of a whitish or jellov. isli colour, sweet t» 
 the laste, soluble in water, of a f agrant smell, secreted by 
 certain glands near the bottom of ibe petals of flowers,sncke(i 
 up by the bee in its proboscis or trunk, swallowed, and dis 
 charged again frjumthe stomach through ilsmou'h into sum* 
 of the cells of its comb ; destined for the food of the young, 
 but, in hard seasons, fed on by the bee itself. I'iguratively, 
 sweetness, or seducing alliireuients, applied toviords; used 
 as a term of tenderness and fondness. 
 
 T() HO'NEY, i: n. to make use of endearing, sweet, or 
 fond expressions. 
 
 H()'NEY-BA(i, *. the stomach which bees always fill to 
 satisfy, and to spare; vomiting up the greater part of thf. 
 lionev, to be kept against winter. 
 
 HONEYCOMB, *. [hoidg, camh. Sax.] Ihe cells of wax, 
 in which a bee stores its honey. These cells have each of 
 them six sides, and are closely fitted lo each other. It has 
 been remarked that no other geometrical hgure could have 
 been chosen for them, that Wduld have been equally capaci- 
 ous, without any loss of room, so ihat llie operation of 
 infinite wisdom is apparent even in the impression of that 
 instinct, whereby these animals are directed to fabricate 
 tlieir ceils in that particular forw and i;i no oilier ,
 
 HOO 
 
 HOP 
 
 HO'NEY-DEW, s. swcot (l?w, found early in tlie morn- 
 ing on tile leaves of liivers plants. 
 
 HO'NEV'-FLOWF.Il, *. a pl;int with a pereniHl root, 
 and of tile appearance of a sliriil». It proiluces lar^'e spikes 
 of cliocolale-coloiired tioweis in INIay, in each of which is 
 contained a lart,'C(iuanlity of hluiU sweet liquor, from whence 
 it is su|)posed to (h'rive its name. 
 
 HO'NEY-MOON, s. the (irst niontli after marria^'e, so 
 called from the fondness and tenderness which ai)pears then 
 betwcpn a married couple. 
 
 HO'NEYSIJCKLE, s. [hioiig-siwle, Sax.] in hotany, a 
 plant, so called from the s«keetneSs of its otiour ; it is like- 
 wise named the noiiuiiine. 
 
 HO'NEVLESS, a. without honey, or robbed of their ho- 
 ney, applied to bees. 
 
 HO'NIED. n. covered with lioney. Sweet, flattering, or 
 enticing, applied to wiirds. 
 
 HO'NITON, a neat, well-built, and populous town of 
 Devonshire, with a laise manufactory of broad-lace, (for- 
 nierly of serges) and an estimated exportation to London of 
 nbout five ions of butler weeUly. It is pleasantly seated 
 on the river Otter, over which it has a bridge, in the best 
 and pleasantest part of the country, abcmnding with uncom- 
 monly bcaulifid landscapes all the way to Exeter, and on the 
 greatwestern road from Loudon, IG miles E. of Exeter, and 
 150 W. by S. of Loudon. Market on Saturday. 
 
 HO'NOHARY, a. [from honor, honour, Lat.] done in or- 
 der to confer honour, or as a mark of esteem ; Gonferring 
 honour, but not gain. 
 
 HO'NOUR, (the u in this word, and all its derivatives 
 and compounds, is dropped in pronunciation ; as, li'unor, 
 /tunvrable, &c) s.\/iono> , Lat.J dignity or high rank. Repu- 
 tation ; fame. Reverence. Chastity. Dignity of mien. 
 Glory ; boast. A testimony or token of respect and esteem, 
 used after f/o. The title of a person of rank. A subject of 
 praise, (ilory. A regard to the regard and esteem of the 
 ■world. Nobleness or majesty, applied to persons. A place, 
 office, or title, which attracts esteem. Ornament and res- 
 pect. " The /(iHOiicifif liisliead." Dri/d. 
 
 To IIO'KOL'R, V. a. [from Itoiwr, honour, Lat.] to esteem 
 or respect; to entertain an inward esteem and reverence 
 for any person superior to us in any relation, and to shew it 
 l»v outward signs and sctions. 
 
 "HO'MOLIRABLE, a. [Iwnoralh, Fr.] worthy of respect, 
 or reverence ; great, or suitable to a person's dignity ; ge- 
 nerous; conferring or attracting respect and reverence; 
 without taint or reproach ; honest; e(|uitable. 
 
 HO'NOURABLENESS, s. highness of post or dignity, 
 which attracts reverence and respect ; generosity. 
 
 HO'NOURAIjLY, ad. with tokens of lionour ; in such a 
 manner as to add dignify to a person's character ; ge- 
 nerously. 
 
 HO'NOIIRER, j.one that enferticins respect and esteem 
 for another in his mind, and shews it in his actions. 
 
 HOOD, s. \l:oil. Sax. J denotes condition, quality, state, or 
 character, as in chilMood. It is sometimes taken collec- 
 tively ; and then signifies several united together, as sister- 
 hood ; i. e. a company of sisters ; Irctherhood, a fraternity of 
 several of the same profession incorporated. 
 
 HOOD, $. \Jiod, Sax.] an upper covering worn by a wo- 
 man over her cap ; any thing drawn upon the head, and co- 
 vering it; a kind of ornament worn by a graduate of an 
 universitv to shew his degree. 
 
 HO OpMANS BLIND, s. a play in which the person 
 hooded is to catch another, and tell his name, before the 
 bandage is to be removed from his eyes, now called blinds 
 tium's buff". 
 
 To HOOD-WINK, v. a. to hinder a person from seeing 
 by binding something over his eyes. 
 
 HOOF, s. [Iiof, Sax. /wef, Belg.] the hard, horny substance 
 ■»\hich covers the feet of horses, and other animals that feed 
 on grass. 
 
 HO'OFBOUND, a. applied to a horse, when his hoof 
 shrinks in at the top and at the heel, and the skill by that 
 tnoans sUrts above and grows over the hoo£ 
 
 HO'OFED, (I. having a hoof. 
 
 Il(.)OC;ilLY, a snrall, but antientcity, of Hinfloostan, in 
 Bengal. It is now nearly in rums, but possesses many ves- 
 tiges of its former greatness- In the time of the Mahome- 
 tan governiuent, it was the great mart of the export trade of 
 Bengal to Europe. It is sealed on the W. side of llie river 
 lloo-hly, 2(i miles N. of Calcutta. 
 
 HOOK, s. [/lorc, Sax. huech, liclg.] any thing bent so a? to 
 catch hold. "A shepherd's lioo/i ; a pot /joo/(." A wire 
 crooked and barbed at the point, u,-.ed in fishing. A snare 
 or trap. Any bending ins! ruineni to cut or lop with. "A 
 reaping /iOT)A." That part of a hinge which is fixed to the 
 posts of a door ; hence off tlie /louhs, implies a stale of dis- 
 order or confusion. B;/ hook or hi/ erooii, a phrase signifyiHg 
 one way or another; iJy any means, whether direct or in- 
 direct. 
 
 To HOOK, V. a. in fishing, to catch with a hook. Figu- 
 ratively, to entrap or ensnare; to draw or fasten as with a 
 hook. 
 
 HO'OKAlI, s. among the Arabs, and other nations of the 
 East, is a I'ipe of a singular and complicated construction, 
 through w liii h tobacco is smoked. 
 
 HOOKED, «. bent: crooked. 
 
 liOO'KEDNESS, s. the slate of being bent like a hook. 
 
 HOOKNO'SED, a. having a crooked aquiline nose. 
 
 HOOP, s. \liocp, Belg.] any tiling bent in a circular man- 
 ner in ortler to bind or keep tight that which it surrounds, 
 particularly casks or barrels ; wveral circles of whalebone 
 worn by women to extend their petticoats ; any thing 
 circular. 
 
 To HOOP, I', a. to put hoops on a cask or other vessel. 
 Figuratively, to clasp, encircle, or surround. 
 
 To HOOP, t'. n. \honppcr, Fr.l to shout, or make a noioa 
 by way of call or pursuit; to call to by a sho it. 
 
 HOO'PER, s.n cooper; or one that puts hoopson vessels. 
 
 noOPING-COU(ilI, (hv-uping-hoff) 3. a conir.iUive 
 kind of cough, so called from the noise with which it is at- 
 tended. 
 
 HOOTOE, in ornithology, a bird resembling a pie, and 
 ornamented with a crest w hich occasidnally \ isits our island. 
 
 To HOOT, V. n. \liu-t, Brit. J to make a noise in contempt ; 
 to cry like an owl. Actively, to drive with noise and 
 shouts. 
 
 HOOT, s. \lm(e, Fr.] a clamour, shout, or noise, made at n 
 person in contempt; the noise made by an owl. 
 
 To HOP, J). )(. |Ar;)/)«", Sax.] to jump or skip lightly ; to 
 move by leaps on one leg. 1" igurativclv, to liop or walk 
 lamely," by laying all our stress on one leg ; to move; to 
 plav. 
 
 HOP, s. a leap made with one leg ; alight or small jump, 
 generally applied to the motion of birds on the ground, or 
 the manner in w hich they move from one branch of a tree to 
 another, without extending their legs. In botany, a plant 
 whose flower is used as a bitter in brewing, to keep beer 
 from turning sour, from hop, Bc!g. 
 
 To HOP, V. a. to impreg-nate with hops; to make bitter 
 with hops. 
 
 HOPE, the station at the mouth of the river Thames, be- 
 low Gravesend. 
 
 liOPl^, s. [opa. Sax. lope, Belg.] that pleasure which arises 
 in the mind on the thought of the enjoyment of some 'rture 
 good; an expectation of some future good. Synon. Hope 
 has for its object, success in itself, ansl denotes a trust borne 
 up by some encouragement. Expect regards particularlj 
 the happy moment of event, and intimates a certainty of its 
 arriving. Thus, we hope to obtain things ; we expeet their 
 arriving. What we hope for seems to'bc morea favour or h 
 kindness ; what we expect, more a duty or obligation. Tlius, 
 we hope for favourable answers to our demands; we exptot 
 such as are agreeable to our propositions. 
 
 To HOPE, V. n. to expect a future good. 
 
 HOPEFUL, a. full of qualities which produce hope; jir**- 
 mising; full of hope or expectation of siiccss. The ia.it 
 sense, though strictly anfilogical, is s'-.idom used. 
 8 N
 
 KOR 
 
 HOR 
 
 nOTEFULLY, ad. in such a m;iiincr as to raise hope, or 
 encoura£;e an e\pecl;itii>nof some iiitiire good. 
 
 HOPEFULNESS, *. tlie quality which encourages or oc- 
 casions a pleasing expectation of success, or of some future 
 good. 
 
 KO'PELESS, a. without any expectation of future good. 
 Figuratively, desperately abandoned. 
 
 HOPER, s. one that has pleasing expectations of some 
 future icood. 
 
 HO'PINGLY, arf. with hope or confidence that nothing 
 of evil uill happen. 
 
 HO'PPER, t. one who leaps or jumps oh one leg. 
 
 HOPPER, s. so called because it is always hopping, or 
 hi agitation ; the box or open frame of wood in a mill, into 
 which the corn is put to be ground. 
 
 HORAL, or IIO'RAUY, «. [from 'wra, an hour, Gr. and 
 Lat.] relating, pointing Id, or containing, an hoin-. The 
 horarii circle , on globes, is the brass circle at the north |Kiio, 
 on which the hours are marked as on a clock. In astrono- 
 my, horn)!/ motion of a planet, is the space it moves in one 
 Lour of time. 
 
 HORDE, s. [hiorde. Sax.] a flock, company, or regiment ; 
 a clan, or company of people generally changing their situa- 
 tion. 
 
 HO'REB, a mountain of Asia, in Arabia Petra?a, westwarcl 
 of ftlount Sinai, or ratlier another eminence belonging to 
 the same mountain. At the foot of it is a monastery, where 
 a bishop of the Oreek church resides. There are two or 
 tin ee fine springs, and abiuidance of fruit trees on its sum- 
 mit, but none on that of Siiiai. 
 
 IIORI'ZOX, s. [from horizo, to r'se, Cr.] the line which 
 terminates or bounds the sight. The sensihic horizon, is the 
 circular linewi-.ich limits ilie view ; the real is that which 
 divides the globe into two equal parts. On globes, this is 
 generally the upper part of the frame on which the globe 
 rests. 
 
 HOP.TZO'NTAL, a. [horizontal, Fr.] near the horizon. 
 Parallel to the horizon ; on a level. 
 
 HORIZO'NTALLY, «./. in a direction parallel to the ho- 
 rizon ; on a level, or in a line equally distant in all its parts 
 from tlip ground, supposing the ground to be level. 
 
 HORN, *. [Ao))!, .Sas.] a hard, pointed, and callous sub- 
 stance, which grows on the heads of some animals. Figura- 
 tively, a!i instrument of v ind music, formed of the horn of 
 »ome animal. The extremities of the waxing or waning 
 moon, so called because representing the horns of a cow, or 
 from hirn. Sax. a point. The feelersof a snail, or those long 
 substances on the head of a snail, which it draws in or push- 
 es out at pleasure, imagined to be its feelers, but by modem 
 naturalists found to be a kind of telescopes, having the 
 oyes at their extremities ; hence the phrase to dratv in one's 
 liorns, for being terrified, or having one's courage damped at 
 the prospect of danger. A drinking cup made of horn. In 
 Scripture, horn is used for power, pride, or emi>irc. 
 
 HO'RNBEAM, j. a tree, \uth leaves like the elm or 
 beech-tree. 
 
 HOR NBEAK, or HO'RNFISH, s. a sort of fish. 
 
 HO'RNBLEND, in mineralogy, a kind of black or green 
 indurated bole or clay which is frequently found iu iron 
 Diines. 
 
 HORNBOOK, s. a leaf with the alphabet and Lords 
 prayer printed on it, stuck on a piece of board, and covered 
 over with horn to keep it from soiling, used for teaching 
 children their letters. 
 
 HO'RNBY, a town of Lancashire, situated on the Lon, or 
 Lune, near Westmoreland, 8 miles N. E. of Lancaster, and 
 25f> N. \V. of LondotU Market 0,1 Mor.day. 
 
 flO'RNCASTLE, a large w<'ll built town in Lincolnshire, 
 seated (ui the river Bane, .'almost surrounded by water) near 
 a navigable canal, 20 miles E. of Lincoln, and 136 N. of 
 London. Market on Saturday. 
 
 HORNDt)N ON TMK Hti.L, a town of Esfwx, situated 
 on an eminence, from which there is a beautiful and exten- 
 iivc j-rosuect, near the river Hope which soon after falls 
 
 into the Thames, 5 miles N. by E. of Tilbury Fort, and 24 
 E. of London. iVIarket on Saturday. 
 
 HORNED, a. having, or appearing as having, horns. 
 
 H01'NER,.r. one that manufactures and sells horns. 
 
 HO'PiNET, s. [hyrnelle, Fr.Ja large, strong, stinging fly, 
 whose body is long, resembling a thread, anti of a bluish ci>- 
 lour ; it makes its nest in hollow trees, which consists of 
 wood, for whicli, purpose, like the wasps, they are furnished 
 with strong-toothed jaws. 
 
 HO'RNFOOT,«. hoofed. 
 
 HO'RNOWL, J. an owl, so called from its having horns. 
 
 HO'RKPIPE, s. a jig, so called because formerly dancej 
 to a horn. 
 
 HO'RNSEA, a town in the East Riding of Yorkshire, ah 
 most surrounded by a smullarui of the ocean, which, by its 
 continual encroachments on the laud, has washed away 
 nearly a whole street ; and, it is said, that a village, once 
 standing on the N. side of the town, was wholly swallowed 
 up by it. It is 40 miles E. of York, and 1S8 N. of London. 
 Market on Monday. 
 
 HO'RNSTONE, s. a kind of blue stone. 
 
 HO'RNWORK, s. in fortification, an out-work, advancing 
 towards the field, consisting of two demi bastions, joined to 
 a curtain. 
 
 HORNY, a. made of, or resembling, horn ; hard as horn, 
 or callous. 
 
 : HORO'GRAPHY, (Jwrig-raf,/) s. \S\on\ hnra, an hour, and 
 grapho, to write, Gr. horogrnphie, Fr.] ai) account of tlte 
 Iiours. 
 
 HO'ROLOGUE, or HOROLOGY, j. \hornhginm, Lat. 
 from hnra, an hour, and lego, to tell, Gr.J an instrument that 
 tells the hour. 
 
 HOltO'METRY, s. [from hora, an hour, and metreo, to 
 measure, Gr.l the art ot measuring the hours. 
 
 HOROSCOPE, s. [from hora, an hour, and she])to7nai, to 
 see, Gr.] in astrology, the configuration of the planets at 
 the hour of a persons birth. 
 
 HORRENT, a. [from horreo, to dread, Lat.] pointing out- 
 wards; bristled with points. "Horrent arms." Milt. 
 
 HORRIBLE, a. [from horreo, to dread, Lat.] occasioning 
 horror: hideous; orlious. 
 
 HO RRl BEEN ESS, «. that quality in a person or thing 
 which affects with horror, or a strong apprehension of in- 
 stant danger, &c. a deep impression of odiousness. 
 
 HORRIBLY, ad. in sucli a manner as to raise fear awi 
 horror. 
 
 HO'RRID, a. [from horreo, to dread, Lat.] hideous ; shock- 
 ing. 
 
 HO'RIUDNE.SS, s. that quality which render's a thing 
 extremely (Klions, shocking', or dreadful. 
 
 HORRITIC, n. [from honor, horror, and facio, to make, 
 Lat.] causing honor. 
 
 HORROR, s. [from horreo, to dread, Lat.] a passion ex- 
 cited by an object which causes both a high degree of fear 
 and detestation. Figuratively, a gloom, or dreariness, 
 which affects with horror. 
 
 HORSE, i. (formerly spelt hors ; of hors. Sax.] a domestic 
 beast, used in war, draught and carriage. It is believed to 
 have been originally a native of the East and the Arabiau 
 horses are more distinguished for beauty and swiftness than 
 any others in the world. Horse, in war, the cavalry, or 
 those soldiers ni an army that fight on horseback. In manu- 
 factories, any thing used as a support ; hence a horse to dry 
 linen on. A wooden machine, w liich soldiers ride by way 
 of punishment. Among mariners, a rope fastened to the 
 arms of each yard, to support the men when handling or 
 reeving the sails. In astronomy, a constellation of the noi>- 
 thcrn hemisphere more properly called the Horse's Head. 
 ■ To HORSE, V. a. \liorsan. Sax. J to mount upon a horse 
 to carry a person, or to place a person on one's back ; to set 
 astride upon a thing. To cover a mare. 
 
 HO RSEBACK, s. the back of a horse ; the state of being 
 mounted on a horse. 
 
 110'RSEBEAN,*.asmaIl beau usua'ly given to Iiorse*. .
 
 nos 
 
 TOM 
 
 HCRSEBI.OCK, I. a block made use of to assists person 
 
 ^ nioiiiitiiiat a liorse. 
 
 HOUSEBOAT, s. a large boat used at ferries to carry 
 ■^orses ovpr flie water. 
 
 HO RSEBOY, s. a groom, or boy employed [in dressing 
 horses ; a stiiblcbov. 
 
 HOKSEBKKAKKR, .». one who tames horses, and fits 
 Ibein either tor ridiii:; or (I rawing. 
 
 HO'llSECMESNliT, or IlOnsECflESTNUT, s. a tree 
 with "digitated or fiiisfied It'aves; the flowers, which con- 
 sist of five loaves, are ol'an aiioiiialous tigure, opening with 
 two liiis; liiere are inalo and I'tiiiale upon the same spii<e ; 
 tlie female flowers are succeeded by nuts, which grow in 
 green prickly hnsks. Their whole year's shoot is commonly 
 performed in three weeks' time; after which it docs no more 
 than increase in hulk, and hecomc nioi-e firm ; and all the 
 latter part of the summer is occupied in forming and 
 strengtlieninjMhe buds for the next year's shoots." Miller. 
 
 I10RSECX)UKS1';r, «. one that runs, or keeps running, 
 horses ; a dealer in horses. 
 
 HORSE-EMMET, s. anant of alarge kind. 
 
 HO'RSEFLESH, «. the tlesh of horses. One sUlkdin 
 horsr/lesh, is a low phrase for a person skilled iu buying 
 horses. 
 
 HORSEFLY, s. a fly remarkaWefor stinging horses. 
 
 HO'RSELA UG H, {Iwrseki/f) s. a loud, violent, and some- 
 times afi'ccted laugh. 
 
 HORSELEECH, s. a great leech, which usually fastens 
 to horses when watering ; a farrier, a horse-doctor, from 
 horse and leece, Sax. w hich signifies both a leech and a per- 
 son who cures disorders. 
 
 HORSELHTER, s. a carriage hung upon poles between 
 two horses, in which the person lies at full length. 
 
 HO'RSEMAN, s. a rider, oroiie mounted on horseback; 
 one skilled in riding; one that fights on horseback, applied 
 to an armv. 
 
 HORSEMANSHIP, s." the art of riding, breaking, or 
 managing, a horse. 
 
 Hd'RSEMARTEN, s. a kind of large bee. 
 
 HO'RSEMASTKR.i. a kind of large bee. 
 
 HO'KSEMATCH, s. a race, wherein two or more horses 
 contend for superiority in swiftness. 
 
 HO'RSEM EAT, s. provender or food fit for horses. ' 
 
 HO'RSEMINT, ,9. a large coarse kind of mint. 
 
 H0;RSEMUSCLE, s. a large muscle. 
 
 HO'RSEPLAY, *. coarse, rough, or violent play. 
 
 IJORSEPOND, s. a pond for horses. 
 
 HO'RSERACE, ,t. a contest between horses for a prize. 
 
 •HORSERADISH, s. a root of a strong, poignant taste, 
 nsed in cookery for a kind of sauce, and esteemed in medi- 
 cine very diuretic. It is reckoned a species of scurvygrass 
 by botanical wi iters. 
 
 HO'RSESnOE, «. a plate of iron nailed under the hoof 
 of a horsfe. In botany, an herb, with butterfly-shaped blos- 
 soms, found in chalky bills. 
 
 HO'RSETAIL, s. a plant classed by botanists among the 
 ferns. 
 
 HO'RSEWAY, s. a broad way or road by which horses 
 may travel. 
 
 HO'RSHAM, [probably named from Horsa, brother to 
 Hengist, the Saxon] a populous town of Sussex, one of the 
 largest in the county, which has a fine church, and a well- 
 endowed free-school. It supplies great store of fine poultry 
 for the London markets. It is situated about 3 miles from 
 the road between London and Arundel, 20 miles N. N. W. 
 «jf Brighthelmstone, and 3(i nearly S. of London. Market 
 on Saturday, and a monthly market for cattle, (for which it 
 has a patent) on the last Tuesday. 
 
 HO'RTATIVE, «. [from hortor, to exhort, Lat.] an argu- 
 ment by which a person endeavours to excite another to 
 practise anv thing. 
 
 HO'RTA'TORY, a. [from hortor, to exhort, Lat. 1 encou- 
 •aging, animating, or advising to perform a thing. 
 
 HORTICULTURE. «. [from hmius, a garden, and cul- 
 iwi, cultivation, Lat-] the art of cultivating gardens. 
 
 nO'RTIILAN, a. [from hortui, a garden, Lat.] belonging 
 .,0 a garden. 
 
 IlOSA'NNA, s. save us now, or save, we beseech thee; 
 [from i/ashan^, to save, Heb.] a form of blessing, or wishing 
 a person well, used by the Jews. Thus at our Saviour's en- 
 trance into Jerusalem when the people cried out, *' Husunna 
 to the son of David!" Matt. xxi. !.">. their meaning was. 
 Lord, preserve this son of David, this king ; heap favours 
 and blessings upon him. 
 
 HOSE'A, a canonical book of the Old Testament, so 
 called from the prophet of that name, its author, who was 
 the son of Beri, and the first of the lesser pniphets ; he 
 lived in the kingdom of Samaria, and delivered his prophe- 
 cies under the reign of Jeroboam II. and his successors, 
 kings of Israel ; and under tiie reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, 
 Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judali ; to denounce the 
 divine vengeance against them, and to foretell the captivity 
 in Assyria. 
 
 HOSE, (haze) s. plur. hnsryi ; \hosa. Sax.] a stocking or co- 
 vering for the legs. Formerly used for breeches. 
 
 HO'SIER, (fiu-ier) s. one who sells stockings. 
 
 HO'SPITABLE, [from hospes, a guest, Lat.] giving enter- 
 tainment to strangers ; kind and aflable to strangers. 
 
 HOSPITABLY, ad. in such a manner as to shew kindness 
 and give entertainment to strangers. 
 
 ' HO'SPITAL, s. [from hospes, a guest, Lat.] a place built 
 for the reception of the sick, or the support of the poor. 
 
 HOSPITA'LITY, «. \hnsj>ittdiic, Fr.] the virtue exercised 
 in the entertainment of strangers. 
 
 HO'SPITALLER, s. [hospitallier, Fr.] one residing in an 
 hospital to receive either tiiepooroi strangers; a poor per- 
 son living in, or supported at, an hospital. 
 
 HO'SPODAR, s. a title borne by the princes of Walachia 
 and Moldavia, who received the investiture of their princi- 
 palities from the (irand Seignior, wiio sives lliem a vest 
 and standard ; they are under his protection, and obliged to 
 serve him, and he even sometimes deposes them; but; in 
 other respects they are absolute sovereigns within tlieir own 
 dominions. 
 
 HOST, (host) s.\hostc,'Tr.\9 person who keeps an inn. 
 An army, from hostis, Lat. an enemy. Any great number 
 or multitude. " An host of tongues." Shak. The sacrifice 
 of the mass, or the consecrated wafer, in the Ronr^h chaich, 
 from hostic, Fr. hvstia, Lat. a sacrifice, or victim offered up 
 in sacrifice. 
 
 To HOST, f. n. to put up at an inn ; to go to a public- 
 nouse for entertainment. To engage or encounter iii bat^ 
 tie. 
 
 HO'STAGE, i. [ostage, Fr.] a person given up as a pledge 
 for the security of the performance of certain conditions. 
 
 HOSTEL, or HOSTELRY, (hotel, or hotelrt,) s. [hostel, 
 hostderie, Fr.] an inn, or house where a person may meet 
 with entertainment or lodging. 
 
 HOSTESS, a. [hostesse, I>.] a woman who keeps a pub- 
 lic house or inn. 
 
 HO'S'lILE, a. [from 7wstis, an enemy, Lat.] like an ene- 
 my ; adverse ; opposite. 
 
 HOSTI'LITY, s. [hostiliti, Fr.] the practice of an open 
 enemy ; open war ; violent and vehement opposition. 
 
 HOSTLER, s. one w ho has the care of horses at an inn. 
 
 HOSTRY, s. the stable or place where horses are kept at 
 an inn. 
 
 HOT, a. [hat. Sax. and Scot.] having the power to excite 
 a sensation of heat ; made warm by fire. Figuratively, 
 lustful, or vehemently lewd. Strongly affected witii any 
 sensible quality, in allusion to hounds. Violent ; furious ; 
 ardent ; vehement, applied to action. Precipitate, or furi- 
 ously thoughtless. Highly seasoned, or afi'ecting.the palate 
 very strou'dy. . - 
 
 IIOTBED, J. in gardening, a bed niade warm fcr pro- 
 ducing of plants which would not thrive without that con- 
 trivance. 
 
 HO TBRAINED, a. furious; vehement; passionate. 
 
 HOTCOCKLES, *. a play in which one covers his eyei, 
 and guesses w ho strikes him. iUt
 
 HOT 
 
 HOT 
 
 HOTCHPOTCH,*. See Hvidge Podge. 
 
 HOTHE'ADEU, a. vehement or violent in passion ; soon 
 provoked. 
 
 IIOTHOUSE, *. a bagnio, or place to sweat or cup in. 
 A brothel or bawdy-house. A iiousc in whicii are hot -beds 
 to bring vegetables, &c. to perieclion all the \tar round. 
 
 HOTLY, «rf. with heat; «itii violence or vehe-iiience ; 
 with lewdness, lust, or lascivionsness. 
 
 HOTMOUTIIED, «. headstrong; ungovernable. 
 
 liOTNKSS, .'. that quality or state which excites a sensa- 
 tion of heat; violence or vehemence. Figuratively, wan- 
 tnnuess or lust. 
 
 IIOTSPL'R, s. a person" of violent passions, easily pro- 
 voked, obstinate and ungovernable. In botanj', a pea of 
 speedy growth. 
 
 liOTSPURFiED, a. vehement; of violent passions; 
 rash ; un.:40vernal>l('. 
 
 HOTrENTOT'i, Country OF THE, a larM region in 
 the soutliera extremity of Africa, vsliich extends N. by W. 
 along the Coast, iVom the Cape of Good Hope, beyond the 
 nio'itli of ihe Orange Pviver, and from tluit Cape, in an 
 E. N. E. direction, to the nioulh of the Great Fish River, 
 V hid) parts it from CaftVaria Proper. TJiert are no consi- 
 derable kingdoms throughout this large extent of country, 
 the whole being inhabited by ditferciit tribes, or nations, go- 
 verned by honquers, or chiefs, who live, like the Arabs, in 
 lulls, or portable houses, and remove their kraals, or villages, 
 whenever the pasture becomes too bare for the subsistence 
 of th?ir cattle, and upon the natural and violent death of an 
 inhabitant. The Hottentots of the Cape consist of a few 
 paltry and miserable hordes, who have not even the power 
 of choosing their own chief, and live, as tliey can, in dit- 
 ferentcantonsof llie colony ; but the savage Hottentots,call- 
 cd, by V, ay of deiision, the Jackal Iluttentuts, far removed 
 from the government of the Europeans, still preserve their 
 original manners. The Hottentots, in general, are as tall as 
 most Europeans, but more slender, and their hands and feet 
 are small. Their skin is of a yellowish brown hue, some- 
 what resembling that of an European who has the jaundice 
 in a high degree; but this colour is not at all observable iu 
 the whiles of the eyes. There are not such thick lips among 
 the Hottentots as among their neighbours the negroes, the 
 CalFres, and the Mozambiques. Their mouth is of the mid- 
 dling size; and they have, in genera!, the finest set of teeth 
 imaginable. Their heads are covered with hair more woolly, 
 if possible, than that of the negroes. With respect to their 
 shai)e, carri; :re, and every motion, their whole appearance 
 indicates heidlli and content. There is a volatility in their 
 manner which shews an abundant flow of spirits, or a high 
 enjoyuient of animal life ; in their intercourse with Euro- 
 peans, Ihey hardly stand still for a moment. In their mien, 
 moreover, a degree of carelessness is observable, that dis- 
 covers marks of alacrity and resolution ; qualities which, 
 upon occasion, they certainly can exhibit, as in ihuir en- 
 cwniters with lions and other wild bensts. Not oidy the 
 men, but the women also are clothed with siieep skins ; the 
 v:(v:A lieing worn outward in summer, and inward during 
 the winter. They wear one skin over their shoulders, the 
 ends of it crossing each other before, and leaving their neck 
 Imre. .Anotlier skin is fastened round their middle, and 
 readies down to their knees. They besmear their bodies 
 all over, very copiously, with fat, in wliidi there is mixed 
 up a little soot, and this is never wiped off. They likewise 
 perruiiie themselves with powder of herbs, with which they 
 powder both the head and body, rulibing it all over them, 
 (viienthey besmear themselves. Tiie odour of tiiis powder 
 is rank and aromatic, and comes nearest to that oi the poppy 
 mixed wi^h spices. Some of them adorn themselves with 
 necklaces of sin "Is. The women cover themselves "tiucli 
 more scrupulously llian the men. Tiiey seldom content 
 themselves with one covering, but almost always have two, 
 and very often three. These are made of a prepared and 
 well-greaserl skin, and are fastened about their bodies with 
 ■^ tlion^', aiioost like liie aprons of European wouicu. The 
 4fiO 
 
 outermost is always the largest, measuring from ahout si» 
 indies to a fool over. This is likewise, generally, the finest 
 and most showy, and is frequently adorned with glass beads, 
 strung ill difierent Hgures. Both the men and women gen^;- 
 rallygo bareheaded. iS'either their ears nor nose are adorned 
 with any pt'udent ornaments, as they are among other sa- 
 vages. The nose, however, is sometimes, by way ofgreatcr 
 slate, marked with a black streak of soot, or with a large 
 spot of red lead; of which latter, on their hish days and 
 holidays, they likewise put a little on their cheeks. Botli 
 sexes wear rings on their arms and legs; most of these are 
 made of thick leather straps, cut in a circular shape ; and 
 these have given rise to the almost universally received no- 
 tion, that the Hottentots wrap guts abouftheir legs, in order 
 to eat themoccasio«ally. Ringsof iron, copper, or brass, of 
 the size of a goose quill, are considered as more genteel 
 than those of leather ; but the girls are not allowed to use 
 any rings till they are marriageable. The Hottentots seMom 
 wear any shoes ; w hat they do wear, are made of undressed 
 leather, with the hairy side outward ; they are rendered soft 
 and pliable, by being beat and moistened, and are very light 
 and cool. Their habitations are some o'them of a circular, 
 and some of an oblong shape, resenibliiig a round bee-hive, 
 or a vault; the ground plot is from 18 to 24 feet in diame- 
 ter. The highest of them are so low, that it is scarcely pos- 
 sible for a middle-sized iijan to stand upright. But neither 
 the lownessof the hut, nor that of the door, \\hich is barely 
 three feet high, can be considered as any inconvenience to 
 a|Hotteiitot, w lio finds no diliiculty in stooping, andcrawlini^ 
 on all fours. The fire-place is in the middle, and Ihey sit 
 or lie round it in a circle. The low door is the only plaea 
 that admits the light, and, at the same time, the only outlet 
 that is left for the smoke. The Holtentot, inured to ittVonj 
 his infancy, sees it hover round him, without feeling ihe 
 least inconvenience arising liom it to his eyes; while, rolled 
 up like a hedge-hog, and wrapped up snug in his skin, he 
 lies at the bottom of his hut, quite at liis ease, in the midst 
 of th's cloud, except that he is now and then obliged to 
 peep out from beneath his sheep-skin, in order to stir the 
 fire, or perhaps to light his pipe, or else, sometimes, to tnrn 
 the steak he is broiling over the coals. Tho order of these 
 huts, in a kraal, or clan, is most frequently in ihe form of a 
 circle, with the doors inward ; by which means a kind u{ 
 yard is formed, where the cattle are kept at night. The 
 milk, as soon as it is taken from the cow, is ])ul to other 
 milk, which is curdled, and is kept in a leather sack, the 
 hairy side of which, being conbiiiered as Ihe cleHuest, is 
 turned inward ; so that the milk is never drank while it is 
 sweet. Among other tribes of Hottentots are tiie I'oshin- 
 Bien, or Bosliiiians, who inhabit the mountains in the interior 
 part of the country, N. K. of the Cape of Good Hope, an-l 
 arc averse to the pastoral lite. Some of their maxims are !o 
 live on hunting and plunder, and never to keep any animal 
 alive for the space of one night. On this account iJney 
 themselves are pursued, and sometimes exterminated, !hke 
 wild beasts, or taken and made slaves of. Bushes and clefts 
 in rocks serve them by turiis for dwellings. Many of them 
 are entirely naked ; but some of them cover their body with 
 Ihe skin of any sort of animal, great or small, from the slund- 
 der downward as far as it will reach, wearing it till it falls 
 off their backs in rags. Ignorant of agriculture, lliey are 
 obliged to wander over hills and dales, after certain wild 
 roots, berries, and plants, which they eat raw. Their table, 
 however, is composed of several other dishes, among which 
 arc the larvae of insects, the caterpillars from whicli biitlcp- 
 flies arc produce<i, the termites, or wliiie ants, grasshoppers, 
 snails, and spiders. With all these changes of diet, Ihe 
 Boshman is, nevertheless, fre(|uenlly in want. When caiw 
 tured as a slave, he exchanges liis meagre fare for the Inxui^ 
 of butter-milk, furmenly, or hasty pudding, and sometime,.- 
 becomes fat in a few weeks. This good living, however, 
 is soon embittered by ihe grumbling of his master and :ni*- 
 fress, and he must frequt'iitlv bear, perhaps, a few curses or 
 blows, for ue;,dect and iudoleitcc. Ditlikiug lattorr, at'd
 
 HOT 
 
 HOU 
 
 from liis corpuipnGy become less capahlo nf bearinfj it, lie 
 now pines allcr liis roiimMMiiRDiitrolkd and waiidcriu^ life, 
 wliicli he fjeneriilly endeavours to regain liy tseapirig. 
 Anollier tiihe ot'llolleiitots, near the mouth of ()ran;;e river, 
 have huts superiorlo those of the ^'eneiahly of lloltenlols ; 
 tiiev are loftier, and tlialched with ijrass ; and are furnished 
 vitii stools nuiile of tin! back-hones of the sfin'ipi's- 
 Tlieir mode of living is, in the highest degree, wretched, 
 and tliev are apparently liic tnost dirty of all lioltenlot 
 trilies. 'I heir drejs is composed of the skins of seals and 
 jackiils, the llesh of which they eat. NN'hen a grampus is 
 cast ashore, they remove llieir huts to the i)lacc, and subsist 
 upon it as long as any part of it remains; aiul, in this man- 
 ner, it sometimes idiords them SMstcnance for half a year, 
 though in a great measure decayed, and putriiied by the sun. 
 Tliey smear their skin with the oil, the odour of \\ hicli is so 
 powerful, that their approacii may i)e perceived sometime 
 before they present themselves to view. They carry their 
 water in the shells of ostrich eggs, and the bladders of seals, 
 which they shoot with arrows, the same as the other Hot- 
 tentots. Though one small hut contains the whole fandly, 
 and all are obliged to repose together, they are chaste in 
 their manners. Severe in their jurisprudence, they punish 
 murder, aiitdlery, and robbery with death. From the ob- 
 servance of dances or rojoicings at the full and ciiange of 
 the moon, they appear to be idolaters. The country pos- 
 sessed by the Dutch is of « pretty considerable extent, com- 
 prehending, not only liie large tract between Table Bay 
 and False Bay, hut that \ihich is called Hottentot Holland, 
 extending from False Bay to the Caho dos Agulhas, or Cape 
 of Needles, and the country farther E. beyond St. diristo- 
 pher's river, calledTerrade Natal. The coast of this country 
 abounds in bays and capes ; it is naturally moimtaiuous and 
 barren, but the industrious Dutch have overcome all liatural 
 liitKculties, and it not only produces a sufficiency of all the 
 necessaries of life for the inhabitants, but also of refresh- 
 ments for all the European siiips that touch here. In the in- 
 terior parts, however, the soil is astonishingly fertile and pro- 
 ductive. 1 he Dutch consider the year as divided into two 
 seasons, which they term monsoons; the wet monsoon, or 
 winter ; and thedry one, or summer. The first begins with 
 eur spring; the latter v. Iici) our summer ends. In the damp 
 season, the Cape is much subject to fogs ; and from the mid- 
 dle of the wet monsoon, it rains almost continually till sum- 
 mer; the weather is cold, raw, and unpleasant ; but never 
 ni->re rigorous ihan anlumninCiernuiuy. Water never freezes 
 to above the thickness of half a crown, and, as soon as the 
 sun appears, the ice is dissolved. The Cape is rarely visited 
 Sy thunder and lightning, excepting a litllencar the turn of 
 the seasons. Aniong the quarlrupeds of tSiis country are an- 
 telopes, which go in herds of 20 or 30,000 each ; butfaloes ; 
 girafles, or camelop2rrdalises ; the gemsbock, or chamois, a 
 species of antelope, which has remarkably long, sharp, horns, 
 and, when attacked by dogs, will sit on its hind quarters, 
 and defend itself; wild dogs, much larger than the jackal, 
 which travel in herds, and are very destructive to flocks of 
 sheep; elephants; elks; hyenas; the koedo, an animal ofa 
 mouse coloin-, ratlier larger than our deer, with thr-.e w hite 
 etripesover the back, and the male having very large twisted 
 horns; lions; jackals; tigers; panthers; the (piaclia, a spe- 
 cies of the zebra, but more tractable ; the double-horned 
 rhinoceros; horses; domestic horned cattle; common sheep; 
 and a peculiar species of sheep, which are covered with hair 
 instead of wool. The hippopotamus, or river-horse is fre- 
 quently seen here. Amongtlie birdsare vultures; ostriches, 
 whose eggs are excellent food ; and the loxia, a species of 
 gregarious birds, which builds its curious nest in the mimosa 
 tree, where it forms a kind of thatched bouse, with a regular 
 street of nests on both sides, at about two inches distance 
 from each other, and containing under its roof several hun- 
 dred, or a thousand birds. The termites, or white ants, 
 which do no injury to the wood, as in the East Indies, but 
 only to the grass, the destruction of which they occasion, by 
 raising a number of hills, which impede the progress of ve- 
 
 getation. The Hottentots eat them ; and this food is found 
 to be far from disagreeable. '1 he locusts also are cslccnu-d 
 excellent food by the Boshnians, by whom they are dried 
 and kept for use. 'J'he black, or rock scorpion, is nearly as 
 venomous here as any of the serpent tribe, of which there 
 are nuinerous kinds. There arc six species about the Cape ; 
 namely, the horned snake, about 18 inches long, the most 
 ■poisoiiousof them all; the kouse hand, or garter snake.ahout 
 the same length, dangetous to travellers, on account of re- 
 sembling the soil so mm h in colour, that it is not reailily per- 
 ceived ; the yellow snake, which differs in colour only from 
 the hooded snake of India, and being from four to eight feet 
 in length, their size, and bright yliow colour, renders it easy 
 to avoid them ; t lie pulf adder, about 40 inches in Iciiglh, so 
 called from blowing itself up to near a foot in circumference; 
 the spring adder, very dangerous, but Lot commor/, from 
 three to four feet long, andof aj.'^t black, with white spots ; 
 and the night snake, more beautiful'than any of tl.e others, 
 about 20 inches long, veiy thin, belted with black, red, aiwl 
 yellow, and when near, at night, has the appearance of fire. 
 The country of the Hottentots lies belwceu the trppic of Ca- 
 pricorn, anil no degrees S. lat.aiul is bouudcd on the W. S. 
 and 1'". by the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, and on theN. by 
 regions very little, if at all, cxjilored. 
 
 HOTAL, or OuAI.o, a kingdom of .Africa, on the banks 
 of the Senegal, extending about !)0 miles Iroin E. to VV. and 
 18 from N. to S. The soil is fertile in maize, rice, legumes, 
 indigo, tobacco, and cotton ; the meadows feed great num- 
 bers of large and small cattle, w hose flesh is excellent ; game 
 is plentiful, and birdsare in the greatest numberaud variety; 
 and the forests abound with palm trees. 
 
 HOVE, the prefer, of Hkav r. 
 
 HOTEL, s. [diminutive of li(fe, a house, Fax.] a shed 
 open at the sides, covered over head; a mean, low habita- 
 tion or cottage. 
 
 To HOVEL, V. a. to shelter in, or repair to, an hovel. 
 
 ToHO'Vi'jR, v. ". f/iiino, Brit.] to hang in t1ic air over 
 a person's head, without flying oil" one way or another; to 
 wander about one place. 
 
 HOUGH, (/"O s. [hog, Sax.J the lower part of the ihi-h 
 ofa beast. An adze or hoe. See Hoe. 
 
 To HOUGH, {lid) V. a. to hamstring; to disable; or 
 hinder from running, by cuffing the sinew or tendon if 
 the ham. In gardening, to cut or scrape up earth with an 
 hoe. This is an unusual manner of spelling, and should not 
 be imilaled. 
 
 HO'ULET, s. [hnlhtte, Fr.] a voung owl. 
 
 HO ULSWOUTHY, a town of Devonshire, situated on 
 the river Tamar, and borders of Cornuall, 12 miles S. W. 
 of Biddefoid, and 213 from London. Riarket on Satur- 
 day. 
 
 HOULT, s. [holt, Sax.] a small wood. Obsolete. " In 
 Iwnlts and shady greaves." Fairfax. 
 
 flOIJND, s. [/iiiiitl, Sax.] a dog used in liunting. 
 
 To HOUJVU, V. a. to set on, or let loose to the chase. To 
 hunt or pur.-ue. 
 
 HO UNDFISH, s.ti sort of fish. 
 
 HOUND.ST0NGUE. s. in botany, the cynoglossum, with 
 broad spear-shaped leaves, and purplish or white flo\\ers. 
 
 HO'UXSLOW, a town of Middlesex, situated on tiie 
 great western road, on a branch of the Coin, 10 miles W. of 
 London. It belongs to two parishes, tiie N. side of the 
 street to Heston, and the S. to Istworth. On its heafb, 
 which is noted for horse-races and robberies, are soDie 
 powder-mills. Market on Thursday. 
 
 HOUP, s. the puet, or lapwing. 
 
 H0U-QU.\NG, a province in the interior of China, bar- 
 ing Honan to the N. and Kiangnan and Kiangsi to the E. 
 It contains 13 cities of the first rank, and 65 of the second 
 and third, and is mostly a champaign country, watered every 
 where by brooks, lakes, and rivers. Here is plenty of wild 
 fow 1 ami cattle ; and the soil produces all sorts of grain and 
 fruits. Gold is found in the sands of the rivers; and they 
 liave iron, tifl, tutenague, wax, ;uid such an extensive variety 
 
 4Gt
 
 HOU 
 
 HOY 
 
 otifer commodities, that it is commonly called the maga- 
 1 ine of the eir.|>ire. 
 
 HOUR, s. [hcnrc, Fr. Iiora, Laf.] the twenty-fourth part of 
 a natural day, or a space of time consisting of sixty minutes ; 
 the time raarkefl by a clock ; any particular time ; a proper 
 season for tlie performance of anv thing. 
 
 HOUR-CIRCLKS, i. on the globe, are circles of longi- 
 tude drawn at tiie distanceofl5d(?grcesone from the other, 
 serving to denote the difl'erence of the time of places on the 
 earth. 
 
 HO'URGLASS, s. an instrument to measure time with, 
 by means of sand running through a small aperture out 
 of one glass into another; an^ space of time. The last sense 
 IS obsolete. 
 
 HOXTvLY, a. and ad. happening or repeated every hour ; 
 frequent. 
 
 HO'URPLATE, s. the plate on v.hich the figures of 
 the hours are painted or described, whether for a clock or 
 dial. 
 
 HOUSE, ^. \hvs. Sax. and GothJ a building wherein a 
 person or hiiunin creature dwells. Figuratively, any place 
 of abode. The manner of living or eating. A table, joined 
 to keen. " He kept a miserable house." Shah. The station 
 of a planet, astrologically considered. Family-race, descend- 
 ants, or kindred; one's family afl'airs. " Set thine house in 
 order." 2 Kings xx. 1. A body of men meeting for public 
 concerns in any dwelling, applied to the lords or commons 
 collectively considered ; when used with upper, it implies the 
 lords; and when Joined with /oKcr, the conuuons. House 
 means a dwelling distinct by itself; tenement, part of a house, 
 divided oft", fortlie use of another family. 
 
 To HOUSE, (houze) V. a. to harbour ; to give lodging in 
 a house ; tosheiter or keep under a roof. N'cuterly, to take 
 shelter; to reside or live in a building. To have a station 
 in the heavens, applied to astrology. 
 
 HO'USF.BREAKFR, i. one who forces an entrance into 
 another person's house to steal. 
 
 HO'USEBR FAKING, i. the act of entering another per- 
 son's house by force, in order to steal ; called, in law, a 
 biirffhn/. 
 
 Housedog, s. a mastiff, or dog kept in a house to se- 
 cure it from thieves. 
 
 HOUSEHOLD, s. a family living together in one dwell- 
 ing-place or house ; the management, economy, or govern- 
 ment of, a family. Used in composition to imply domestic, 
 or making part of afamilv. 
 
 HOUSEHOLDER, s.'tht- master of a %uiily. 
 
 HOUSEHOLD-STUFF,*, furniture of an house, or uten- 
 sils fit or necessary for a family. 
 
 HOUSEKEEPER, s. one who is master of a family, and 
 rentsa whole house, opposed to a lodger ; a woman-servant, 
 who has the management of a family. 
 
 HO'USEKFEFLXG, a. domestic ; fit or necessary f-^x a 
 faniilv. 
 
 HO'USEKEEPIXG, s. hospitality ; a liberal and pienti- 
 firl table ; the charge and expense attendiiii; the keeping a 
 family. 
 
 HO'USELEEK, s. a plant so called from growing on tn.- 
 walls, or outside roofj of houses. 
 
 HO'USELESS, (houseless) a. without any abode or oouse 
 fo live in. 
 
 HO'USEMAID, s. a female servant, employed in keep 
 inga house clean. 
 
 HO'USEROOiM, s. shelter, place, or entertainment lu a 
 liouse. 
 
 HOUSRSNAIL, s. a sort of snail. 
 
 HO'USESTEADS, Northumberland, near Chester and 
 Busy Gap. It is noted for the ruins of Roman altars and 
 statues, which have been dug \\\i here in great <iuanlities. 
 P'rom it is the best view of the Romnn Wall. On Chapel 
 Hill, near it, the Romans had a temple where fragments of 
 Doric capitals have been foiuid, with many broken cohuuns 
 and several altars; and in an adjoining field, remain the 
 vicihlu foundations of streets aud liuildiDgs, 
 
 HO'USEWAR^HNG, s. % feast or merry making, upon 
 
 going into a new house. 
 
 HOUSEWIFE, (pron. hnzzifi', or hdzzy) s. the mistress 
 of a family ; one skilled in the regulating of a family, and 
 practising frugality ; a kind of purse consisting of several 
 pockets above one anolher, and a book made of cloth, to 
 canv thread, silk, and needles in. 
 
 HOUSI'.WIFELV, (hizziflii) ail. after the manner of a 
 person who knows how to manage a family with order and 
 frugality. 
 
 Housewifely, {kuzzifij) a. skilled in the management 
 ofa family. 
 
 HOUSEWIFERY, {hdzzifry) s. the business or manage- 
 ment of the mistress ofa fanuly ; prudent and frugal ma- 
 nagement of the afiairs of a family. 
 
 HO'USING, (JuHizrng) s. the quantity of houses in any 
 place; cloth originally used to keep oii dirt, now added to 
 saddles as ornan.ental, from honsinnx, heuses, or houses, Fr. 
 
 HOW, rid. \hn. Sax. hoe, Belg.) tT) what degiee; in what 
 degree; in what manner ; for ^^llat reason; or from what 
 cause; by what means. Used witlu«Hc/i, it implies propor- 
 tion, relation, and correspondence. 
 
 HO'SM?E, and HOW BEIT, ad. [from how, be, and it} 
 neverthele-!s ; notwithstanding; yet; however. 
 
 HO'W DEN, a large town in the E. Riding of Yorkshire, 
 noted for being the birth-phice, or residence, of tbe histo- 
 rian Roger de Hnveden, or Howden. It gives name to a 
 small district, called Howdenshire, and is seated on tlieN. 
 side of the Ouse, not far from its confluence with the Der- 
 weiit and other large rivers, 23 miles W. of Hull, IG S. E. 
 of York, and 179 N. by W. of London. Market on Satur- 
 day. Fairs on the second Tuesday in January, the Tues- 
 day before March 25, the second Tuesday in July, and 
 October 2. 
 
 HOWDYE, [of how, do, and ?/f] in what state is your 
 health? Used as a substantive for a mere compliment of 
 civility, or an inquiry into the state ofa person's health. 
 
 HOWEVER, ru/. in whatsoever manner and degree; at 
 least; at all events; let what will happen; nevertheless; 
 notwithstanding; vet: for all that. 
 
 HO'WITZ, or HOWITZER, j. a kind of mortar mounted 
 upon a field carriage, called a gun. In howitzers, the trun- 
 nions are in the middle, and in mortars at the end. 
 
 To HOWL, (the ow is pron. as in han-) v. n. [hugleii, 
 Belg. J t«i cry, or make a noise, applied to a wolf or dog. 
 Figuratively, to uller a mournful sound or cry from deep 
 disln-ss; to pifniounee in a tone like a beast. Poetically 
 used for any noise that is loud and horrid. 
 
 HOWL, s. the cry or noise ofa wolf or dog; the cry of 
 a human being oppressed with distress, ami filled with 
 horror. 
 
 HOWSOEVER, ad. See However. 
 
 To HOX, V. a. rfroui hog. Sax.] to hamstring ; to hough. 
 Figuratively, to take niiliee of a person, so as to make hiui 
 blush or be ashamed. A low phrase, perhaps from hoxlice. 
 Sax. reproachful. 
 
 HOY, s. [hon, old Fr.] a small vessel, whose sails are nei- 
 ther square nor cross, like other ships, but mizen, so that she 
 can sail nearer the wind than another vessel can. 
 
 HOY, one of the Orkney islands, situated between th<; 
 Island of Pomona and the N. coast ofCailhness-shire. It is 
 about 11 miles long, and morethanS broad. On this island, 
 besides the great conic hill of Hoyhead, which is a sea-mark, 
 there is a stupendous rock, called the Beary, where a bird, 
 here named the layer, supposed to be a species of the pen- 
 guin, is found. It is about the size ofa small duck, remark- 
 ably fat, and esteemed a great delicacy. These birds bur. 
 row in the rabbit holes. 'Ilie person employed in taking the 
 young is usually let down by a roi)e from the top of (he pre- 
 cipice. In this island too, in a gloomy valley, is an entif" 
 stone, rjG feel long, and IH broad, called the Dwarfie Stone. 
 It is hollow within, having the form of ;. bed and pillow cut 
 in the stone ; it is supposed to have been oiicc the habitation 
 of a hermit. Lat. OS, 56. N. ion. 3. 20. W.
 
 UD 
 
 HUG 
 
 To IIOYSR, f. a. among mariners, to hale up any thing;. 
 Soc Hoist. 
 
 HU'A, oi- Kaiiua, a larffp town, the rnpital of Co<liin 
 Cliina, with a li.TiulMiiiie palace, wiiere liie iiin^ coiiiii](i:.;iy 
 resides. If is soated in a heaiitiCiil |>laiM, ami divided into 
 two parts by a lar.'^e river, 'i'lie iiilr.ihitanfs li'iitken their 
 teeth, thiijliiiiic it a sir.une to have tlieui white, like dojjs, and 
 \liey wear their nails very lonjf. 'ilieru are a few CJiriitians 
 iiere. I/,it. 17. It). N. Ion. lO.'i. 6. E. 
 
 HU'lUiUB, J. a mixed or eoid'used noise made by seve- 
 ral people tallviiiij at the same time; a tunnjit; riot, or 
 uproar. 
 
 HU'CKAB.4iCK, *. a kind or coarse linen with raised 
 figures. 
 
 JIU'CKLEBACKED, a. crooked in the shoulders ; Jiunch 
 W luinip hacked. 
 
 HU'CKt.EnONE, 1. [from hirhm, P.eli;.] the hip-hone. 
 
 HUCKSTER, or HUCKSTi-.REK, *. [from /iu<k, 'i\-ut. 
 a pedlar] a person who sells goods or wares in small quau- 
 tilies, u pedlar. Figuratively, a trickisli, mean person. 
 
 To HU'CKSTElt, V. n. to sell wares in small quantities. 
 
 HU'DDEllSElELD, a town in the West Riding of York- 
 shire, which has risen to conse(|uenco w ilhin this century. 
 If is a sort of mart for narrow cloths, fine and coarse, tirje 
 broad cloths, serges, kerseymeres, cVc. and is situated on the 
 Ca'der, amid barren moors, 2-> miles N. E. of JNIanchcster, 
 42 S. W. of York, and 189 N. N. \V. of Eoudon. Its mar- 
 ket is on Tuesday, when the cloth is ex|iose(l for sale in a 
 large liall, and nicrclmnfs and *vool-staplers attend from a 
 considerable distance. 
 
 To HL'DDLE, v. a. to dress tip close in order to dis- 
 guise; to dress in a hurry, or put one's clotlies on carelessly 
 and in hasle. Figuratively, to cover up in haste; to perlbrm 
 in a hurry; to join together in a confused and imjiroper 
 manner. Neulerly, to come in a crowd or hurry. 
 
 HUDDLE, s. a confused crowd or mixture ; a crowd as- 
 sembled togetlu'r iji a hurry ; a tumiilt. 
 
 HU'DSONS .BAY, a large bay of North America, lying 
 between 51 and fi7 degiees of N. latitude, and discovereil, 
 in 1610, by Captain Henry Hudson. Tliis intrepid mariuer, 
 in searching for a N. W. passage to the South Sea, disco- 
 vered three straits, through which he hoped to find out a 
 new way to Asia by America. He had made two voyages 
 before on the same adventure : the first in 1(;07, and the se- 
 cond in 1608. In this third and last, in Kilo, he entered the 
 itraits that lead into this new Mediterranean, the hay known 
 by his name ; and coasted a great part of it. His ardour for 
 the discovery not being abated by the dithculties he sfrtig- 
 gled with in this empire of winter, and world of frost and 
 snow, he staid here till th.c ensuing spring, and prepared, in 
 the beginning of IGM, to pursue his discoveries; but his 
 crew, who suffered equal hardships, w ithout the same spi -it 
 (o support them, mutinied, seized upon him, and seven of 
 those who were most faithful to hiui, and committed them to 
 the icy seas in an open boat. Hudson and his companions 
 were never more heard of; but the ship, and the rest of the 
 men, returned home. Otherattempts towards a discovery 
 were also made in 1612 and 1667. In 1 740, a Captain F^llis 
 wintered as far north as 57 degrees and a half; and a Cap- 
 lain Christopher attempted farther discoveries in 1761. The 
 countj-y lying round Hudson's Bay on the W. and .S. W. 
 is called New North and New South Wales. The extensive 
 peninsula to the l">. of it is called Labradore, or New Britain. 
 The entrance of the hay from the ocean, after leaving Cape 
 Farewell and Davis's Straits, is between Resolution Isles on 
 the N. and Button's Isles on the S. forming the eastern ex- 
 tremity of the straits, distinguished by the name of its first 
 discoverer. The vast countries that surround Hudson's Bay 
 itbound with animals, whose skins and furs are far superior 
 in quality to those found in less northerly regions. In 1670, 
 a charter was granted to a company, which does not consist 
 of above ten persons, for the exclusive trade to this bay, and 
 for planting the country ; and they have acted under it ever 
 (ia££ with great benefit to themselves, but little comparative 
 
 advantaff'! to the kingdom at large. Of bile yei'», however, 
 the fur trade, from the inland parts, has been carried <;n to ,i 
 niucli greater extent tliiiii it was before. This has been 
 chirily occasioned by the iulcrfereuce of iheCanada trader*, 
 who had effectually supplanto<l the company on tlie sea- 
 shore, supplying the natives «ith every convenience tor war 
 and domestic uses. This induced the couipaiiy, in 1/-73, Ik, 
 begin their iidaiid voyages, and now the Canadians froi;! 
 Caiuida, anil the I'uropcaus from Hudson's Bay, frequently 
 meet together. The servants of the company, however, inn- 
 ported principally fromtlu? Orkney Isles, having ingratiated 
 tlii'Uiselves into l\u' confidence of the natives, from their 
 prudent pr<q)er behaviour, and incorruptible honesty, havi- 
 evidently t lie advantage of trade on llnir side. 'J'hey cou- 
 se(piently export a greater rpiantity of furs (in proportion to 
 the goods imported,) and these in better preservation and 
 more vahrable. They employ 4 ships, anil al)o\it 1.10 sea- 
 men, and have several foists ; namely, Princeof Wales' Fori, 
 Churchill Kiver; York Fort, Nelson River; New Severn ; 
 and Albany ; which are all seated on the W. S. \V. side of 
 the hav. 
 
 HUDSON'S RIVER, one of the finest rivers in North 
 America, rising in a mountainous cotintry, in theN. E. part 
 of the state of New York, about halfway between ,:hc 
 Lakes Ontario and Champlain. It waters Albany and Hud- 
 son, and proceeds, in a southerly direction, almost its whole 
 course to the Atlantic Ocean, w liicli it enters at ^ ork Bay, 
 10 miles S. of New York, after a course (if 2.00 miles. The 
 tide Hows a few miles above Alliany, which is 160 miles from 
 New York. It is navigable for sloops of 70 or 80 Ions, ti» 
 Albanv, and for ships to Hudson. 
 
 liUE, s. [Iiinrc, Sax. J colour. A clainour, or les^ai pur- 
 suit after a robber, attended witlnioise ; from /ia''e Fr. Hut 
 and cry, in law, is the pursuit of a person who has committed 
 felony on the highway. 
 
 HU'EN, a fertile island of the Baltic, in the Sound, subject 
 to Sweden since the treaty of iloseliild, in t6.')8. It has 
 only one village, containing about 60 houses. This islarjd 
 was granted, by Frederick II. king of Denmark, to Tycho 
 Brahe, the celebrated astronomer, with a castle called 
 Uranienburg, erected forthe purpose of making observa- 
 tions, in which he resided upwards of 20 years. It is about 
 6 miles in circumference, and lies 14 miles N. by E. of Co- 
 penhagen. 
 
 HU'ER, s. one whose business it is t-o call out to 
 others. 
 
 HUFF, s. \heofan. Sax. lifted up ; Johnson derives it 
 from Iwien, or hove, to swell] a swell of sudden anger or 
 insolence ; a severe and insolent reprimand ; one who is 
 swelled and grown insolent with a vain opinion of his own 
 value. 
 
 To HL'FF, V. a. to swell or puff. To hector, or treat w ith 
 insolence ; to chide or reprimand with insolence or severity. 
 In gaming, to take a trick from a person w ho did not play to 
 a lead. 
 
 HU FFER, s. a boaster or bully. 
 
 HUFFISH, a. with arrogance, insolence, orbragging^ 
 
 HUFFISHLY, <id. with arrogant petidance. 
 
 HU'FFISHNESS, s. noisy bluster; insolent pride. 
 
 To HUG, V. a. \hcg-ian, Sax.] to press close in an embrace. 
 Figuratively, to fondle, or treat with tenderness ; to hold 
 fast with great affection. 
 
 HUG, «. an embrace wherein a person is held tight within 
 the arms. 
 
 HUGE, a. [/ioojq-/i, Belg.] large, applied to size, gene- 
 rallv including excess ; vast or immense. Synon. Hn^t 
 implies greatness in bulk ; vast, greatness in extent ; enur- 
 ■mous, greatness in size, even to deformity and dreadf-lness; 
 immense, uulimitted extent, even beyond expression. Thus 
 we say, a huc;e giant ; a rait tract of land ; an enormous crime ; 
 the immense expanse. 
 
 HUGELY, ad. in an extensive manner ; immensely, or 
 enormously, applied to size. Greatly; verv much ; pro'd*. 
 giously, applied to degree.
 
 HUM 
 
 HUM 
 
 HUGEN2SS, s. enormity, applied to bulk. Greatness 
 or extensiveness, ajiplied to quality or degree. 
 
 HUGGi':R-MUGO!':R, (the g- in both these words be- 
 fore e lias the hard sound) s. secrecy ; by-place. 
 
 HUGUENOTS, a name <^ivcn by way of contempt to the 
 proteslants of France. The name had its rise in the year 
 1.^60, on this occasion : At Tours, the place where they 
 were thus first denominated, the people had a notion, that 
 «i! apparition or hobgoblin, called King Hugon, strolled 
 about the streets in the night-time ; from whence, as those 
 of the reformed religion met in the night to pray, &c. they 
 called them Huguenots ; that is, the disciples of King 
 Hugon. 
 
 HU'GY, n. vast ; great; largD. 
 ' HUKE, s. Unique, Vr.] a cloak. 
 
 HULK, J. [/i»/c, Sax. h.ilcke, Relg.] the body of a ship. 
 Figuratively, any thing bu'ky and weighty. 
 
 To H iiJLK, V. a. to pull out the entrails of animals. " To 
 hulk a hare." Ainsw. 
 
 HULL, ^. [from lielan, Sax.]^thc husk or outward covering 
 of corn or any other thing. 'Ihebodyofa ship. Though 
 hulk and /;»// be now used promiscuously, Itnlk seems, ac- 
 cording to Johnson, to have been formerly applied not only 
 to the body or hull, but likewise to a whole ship of bur- 
 den. 
 
 To HULL, V. n. to float; to diive to and fro upon the 
 water without sails or rudder. " He looked, and saw the 
 ark Ik'iUow Iheflooil." Par. Lost. 
 
 HCLLjOr Kingston upon Hull, a large, closely-built, 
 well-paved, and exceeding populous town, in tiie East 
 Riding of Yorkshire, seated on a river called the Hull, which 
 pises not far from Driffield, and here enters the river Hum- 
 ber. Its commerce has been constantly increasing so much 
 oflate years, that it is now probably become the fourth port 
 in the kingdom. lis situation is extremely advantageous ; 
 for, besides its communication with the Yorkshire rivers and 
 canals, it has access also, by the Humber, (o the Trent, and 
 all its branches and communications. Hence it has the im- 
 port and export trade of many of the northern and midland 
 counties. By the late inland navigations, it has also a com- 
 munication with the liivers Mersey, Dee, Rilible, Severn, 
 Thames, Avon, &c. which navigation, including its wind- 
 ynirs, extends above 500 miles in the counties of Lincoln, 
 Nottingham, York, Lancaster, Westmoreland, Chester, Staf- 
 ford, Warwick, Leicester, Oxford, Worcester, &c. The 
 for'eign trade is chiefly to the Baltic ; but it has also a regidar 
 traffic with the southern parlsof E\irope, and with America. 
 More shipsare sent hence toGreenland, than from any other 
 port, that of Loudon excepted. The coasting trade, also, 
 for coal, corn, wool, nr.inulaclured goods, &c. is very ex- 
 tensive. The harbour is chiefly artificial, consisting of a 
 dock, the largest in the kingdom (finished in 177H) with 
 which the river comminiicates, and in which 800 ships may 
 ride safelv and conveniently. Among the public buildings 
 are, the Trinity House, for the rclief'of seamen and their 
 widows; an i>-xchange ; and a town hall. The grand stone 
 oridge over the river, to Jlolderness, was rebuilt in 1787, 
 ..nil consists of 14 arches, it is :5f; miles S. E. of York, and 
 I'S N. of London, ftlarkets on Tuesday and Saturday. 
 
 HU'LLY, i». Iiuskv, orabouwling in husks. 
 
 HU'LVER,.». holly. 
 
 To HUM, 1'. a. [/;f/mp?fln, Belg.] to make a noise, applied 
 to bees. To maKe an inarticulate noise, by forcing the 
 breath through the lips when shut. Toiiause in speaking, 
 and fill up the interval by makinga sound with the breath 
 forced through the lips w hen shut ; to sing so U>w as scarce- 
 ly to be heard. "To hum a tune." I'ope. To applaud. 
 To hum a person, is to render him ridiculous, by exercising 
 son)e frolic upon him. 
 
 HUM, t. the hoarse buzzing noise made by bees. Figu- 
 ratively, the coiifiiseil noise made by a crowd of people en- 
 gaged in discourse ; any low, roiigli noise ; a pause filled 
 up by a forcible emissioa of .breath throuj;h the lip.s aUcu 
 thuU 
 
 404 
 
 HUM, inter), a lo.w, inarticulate sound, like that of a 
 sw-arm of bees, made use of to imply* doubt and de- 
 liberation. 
 
 KU'M AN, a. [Awnwrnw, from homo, a man, Lat.| having 
 the qualities of a reasonable creature or man ; belonging lo 
 or like a man. 
 
 HUMA'NE, a. [Anrnaine, Fr.] kind ; civil; good-natured: 
 benevolent; ready to do good offices, and embracing all 
 opportunities to relieve and compassionate our fellow-cre^v- 
 tures. 
 
 HUMATS'ELY, adf in a kind, civil, compassionate, o' 
 benevolent manner. 
 
 HU'MANIST, s. [humaniste, Fr.] a person who teache*' 
 the rudiments or granmiar of languages. 
 
 HU'MANITY, s. [humanitas, from homo, a man, Lat.] th^t 
 nature of man. Mankind, or the collective body of reason, 
 able creatures. The exercise of all the social and benev«>- 
 leiit virtues. Humanities, in the plural, signifies grammar, 
 rhetoric, and poetry, known by the name of litera; humani- 
 ores, human learning; for teaching of which there are pro- 
 fessors in the university of Scotland, called Humamsts. Sy- 
 NON. Hh)h««?>// denotes a fellow feeling for the distresses 
 of a stranger; tenderness is a susceptibility of impression 
 more applicable to persons with whom we are nearly coiv- 
 nectcd. 
 
 To HU'AL4NIZE, v. a. {Immaniser, Fr.] to soften, or 
 render susceptive of the impressions of tenderness or 
 benevolence. 
 
 HU'.MANKIND, s. the race of reasonable creatures, cal- 
 led men. 
 
 HU'J\L\NLY,arf. after the manner, or according to the 
 power, of men. 
 
 HU'MBER, d river formed by the Trent, Ouse, Derwent, 
 and several other streams. It divides Yorkshire from Lin- 
 colnshire, and falls into the German Ocean near Hoi- 
 derness. 
 
 HU'INIBIRI:), s. one of the smallest birds we knovr of, so 
 called fr.om its humming sounds. 
 
 IIU'MBLE, a. [humlile, Fr.] having a modest or low 
 opinion of one's ow n abilities ; behaving with modesty, sub- 
 mission, and deference to others. Low, applied to situation 
 or rank. 
 
 To HU'MBLE, v. a. to destroy and diminish a person's 
 pride; to make less arrogant ; to make submissive; to mor- 
 tify ; to subdue ; to diminish the height of a thing. 
 
 1IUAH?LEBI';E, *. a wild bee, so called from its buzzing. 
 In botany, an herb. 
 
 HU'MBLEDON, a village in Northumberland, ncarWol- 
 ler. Here is an intrenchment called Green Castle ; and on 
 IJumbleilon I high, a circular intrenchment, with a large bar 
 row. The sides of the hill are cut into terraces, 20 feet wide, 
 formed with great exactness one above another. In the 
 plain below is a stone pillar, denoting the ground where 
 10,000 Scots, under Earl Douglas, iu the reign of Henry IV. 
 were defeated, on Holyrood Day, by Henry lord Percy, 
 and (ieorge earl of March. 
 
 lHliMBLK.MOUTHED, o.mild or meek in speech. 
 
 HU'iMULl'.NESS, s. a disposition of mind' wherein a 
 person has a low opinion of his abilities, and is submissive 
 to others. 
 
 1 1 U'M i!LEPL.\NT, s. a species of the sensitive plant. 
 
 HUMBLER, f. one who subdues either his own priile, 
 or that of others. 
 
 lUJ'.MBLES,*. the entrails of a deer. 
 
 HU'iMBLY, ad. with a proper deference and submission 
 to others ; without pride. Low, applied to situation or 
 distance from the earth. 
 
 HUMDRUM, a. [from hum and rfmne] dull; stupid: 
 not answering or taking notice when spoken to, on account 
 of stupidity. 
 
 ToIlUME'CT, or HUMECTATE, .-. n. [/iimwjo, from 
 fiumeo, .lobe moist, Lat.] to wet or moisten Not in use. 
 "The Nile aud Niger humectate the carlJi." Brown,
 
 HUM 
 
 HUN 
 
 HUMECTATION, s. [Fr. hmnccto, from humco, to be 
 moist, L;il.] tlic act ot'wettiiif^or iiioistciiiii^'. 
 
 HU'JVlERAFv, n. [i'roin Immeriis, tlie slioukler, Lat.] be- 
 longing to till- siionl(l<'r. 
 
 IIU'MEUUS, i. [L;it.] ill anatomy, is the shoulder, or up- 
 per part ot'tliearni, lictwttii llie scapula and clljow. 
 
 ilUMIClJBATION, s. I from //»;«/, on the ground, and 
 aihn, to lay, Lat.Jlhe act ol lyins on the ground. Not in use. 
 
 Illi'MiD, a. [Immidus, Lat.J moist; or iiaviug the power 
 to wet ; wet. 
 
 HUMIDITY, s. [Iiiimidite, Fr.] moisture, or. that quality 
 which a fluid has of entering the pores, or wetting other 
 bodies. 
 
 HUMILIATION, s. {hnmiUMion, Fr.] an act wherehy a 
 person voluntarily descends from a higlier degree of dignity 
 to a lower ; mortilication ; or a sense and expression of our 
 defects and unworthiuess ; abatement of pride. 
 
 HUMI'LITY, s. [Immiliti, Fr.J a disposition of mind 
 wherein a person has a low opniion of himself and his 
 advantages, is submissive to authority, and attentive to in- 
 struction. 
 
 HU'MMER, s. an applauder. Used at present as a cant- 
 word for a person who tells a plausible story to another in 
 order to gain his credit, and induce him to believe a falsity ; 
 one who tells a lie. 
 
 HU'MMOCH, an Island in the Eastern Indian Ocean, 
 about 6 miles in length. Here is a rajah, supported in his 
 authority by tlie Dutch East India Company. The natives 
 resemble the Malays, both in appearance and disposition, 
 but speak the same language as tlie inliabitants of Mindanao. 
 This island is exceedingly fertile, and produces most of the 
 tropical fruits. But the principal articles of trade witii the 
 Dutch are bees' wax and honev. It lies aliout 1.') miles S. of 
 the S. point of Mindanao. Lat. 5. 27. N. Ion. 125. 12. E. 
 
 HU'MMUMS, «. a bagnio; a sweating-house. 
 
 HUMOR, or HUMOUR, s. [from lanneo, to be moist, 
 Lat.] moisture ; any fluid body. In anatomy, the fluids in 
 au animal body, or any corrupt matter collected in a wound 
 or abscess. Temper, disposition, or the riding passion, ap- 
 plied to the mind. Passion, or the present disposition of 
 the mind. Petulance ; peevishness. Caprice ; whim. Any 
 odd medley of ideas which extort a smile, or raise a laugh ; 
 
 f)leasantry ; jocularity. A trick, habit, or practice. " I 
 ike not the /iKHimir of lying." Sliali. 
 
 HU'MORAL, n. proceeding from humours redundant in 
 the body. 
 
 HU'MORIST, s. [humoriste, Fr.] one who is greatly pleas- 
 ed or displeased with little things, and conducts his actions, 
 not by reason and the nature of tliings, but by caprice, 
 fancy, or some predominant passion. 
 
 HUMOROUS, a. full of odd or comical ideas and senti- 
 ments; capricious; wilhoutany rule but the present whim; 
 pleasant or jocular. 
 
 IIU'MOliOUSLY, ad. in a jocose or pleasant manner, 
 so as to extort a smile or raise a laugh ; with caprice or 
 whim. 
 
 HU'MOROUSNESS, s. fickleness of temper ; a disposi- 
 tion pleased or offended with trifles. 
 
 HU'MORSOME, a. easily pleased or displeased with 
 trifles ; peevish ; odd ; of a changeable disposition, or not 
 pleased long with any thing. 
 
 HU'MORSOM ELY, nd. in a peevish manner ; in such a 
 manner as to be pleased or displeased with trifles, or not to 
 be pleased with any thing long. 
 
 ToHU'MOUR, V. a. to please or soothe, by complying 
 with a per-son's ruliuij passion, or peculiar foible. Figura- 
 tively, to suit any design in such a manner to an obstacle, as 
 to make it rather an ornament than an impediment. To 
 comply with. 
 
 HUMP, s. [corrupted, perhaps, from hump\ the swelling 
 on a crooked back. 
 
 HU'MPBACK, s. a crookedliack, or a back which has a 
 kind of hump or knob sweUiug above the other parts of its 
 Borfdce. 
 
 3 O 
 
 ToHUNCH, 1'. a. [/i?«t7i, Teut.] in its primary sense, to 
 give a blow with the fist. At present it signifies to push, a* 
 wilii the elbow. 
 
 HUNCHBACKED, a. having a hump or crookcil 
 back. 
 
 HUNCHED, a. in botany, swelled out, as the under 
 part of the blossoms of the foNglove, the blossom of the ho- 
 neysuckle, the cuj) of the turnip, ilc. 
 
 llU'NDRED, «. [Iiiindnd, Sax.] a number consisting often 
 times ten. Siibslaiitively, it implies a division of a county, 
 perhaps so called from containing a hundred securities for 
 the king's peace, fiom Imudred, Siw. a liody of cnr' hundred 
 men. Likewise a measure or certain quantity of things; a 
 /iimdrid af suit, at Amsterdam, is It tons. A luuidred of deal 
 hoards consists of six-score, i. e. 120, which is likewise called 
 the Imia; liundred. 
 
 l\ U NDREDTH, a. [lumdreonteogotha, Sax.] the ordinal of 
 a hiiudred, or that which has ninety-nine placed before it. 
 HUNCt, prefer, and part, pass of Hang. 
 HU'NGARY, a kingdom of Europe, lying along the river 
 Danube, about 600 miles in length, and al)out 2,)0 in i)readlh. 
 It is bounded on the N. Ijv Pohind, on the W. by Oermany, 
 and on the E. and S. by Turkey in Europe. It comprehends 
 tiiree large provinces, namely, I'loper Hungis-ry, ^^hich is 
 bounded on the N. by Poland, on the \V. by the circle of 
 Austria, on the S. by the river IJravc, which separates it from 
 Sclavonia, and by the Danube, which parts it from Turkey 
 in Europe ; and on the E. by Wahichia and Transylvania. 
 The other parts are Transylvania and Sclavonia. The prin- 
 cipal rivers are, tiic Danube, the Save, the Drave, the 
 Tresse, the Maros, the Raab, tlieWaag, the Gran, and the 
 Zarwicse. They are so full of fish, that they give them to the 
 hogs ; but the waters are all unwholesome, except that of 
 the Danube. The air is very unhealthy, occasioned bj' 
 the lakes and bogs, insomuch that there is a sort of plague 
 visits them every three or four years, on which account it is 
 called the grave of the Germans. It abounds in all ihe ne- 
 cessaries of life, and the wine, especially that called Tcikay, 
 is excellent. There are mines of gold, silver, copper, and 
 iron; and they have such plenty of game, that hunting is 
 allowed to all. 'I'he inhabitants are well shaped, brave 
 haughty, and revengeful. Their horsemen nre called Hus- 
 sars, and their foot Heydukes. Almost all the tow ns of Huiv 
 gary have two names, the one Cierman and the other Huiv- 
 gariaii, and the language is a dialect of the Sclavonic. The 
 government is hereditary in the house of Austria, and the 
 established religion is popery, though there are a great num- 
 ber of protestants, who have here been severely persecuted; 
 but who now have toleration. No country in the world is 
 better supplied with mineral waters and baths ; and those 
 of Buda, when the Turks had it in |)ossession, were reckon- 
 ed the finest in Europe. Buda is the capital town of Lower 
 Hiingarv, and Presbuig of the Upper. 
 
 H UN GARY-WATER, s. a distilled w;ater prepared from 
 the topsorflowersof rosemary, so denominated from a queen 
 of Hungary, for whose use it was first made. 
 
 HU'NCiER, s. [Sax.] the pain felt on fasting long ; a desire 
 of food. Figuratively, any violent desire. 
 
 To HU'NGER, v. n. to feel pain on long fasting; to be 
 desirous of eating. Figuratively, to desire any thing with 
 great eagerness. 
 
 HU'NGERBIT, or HU'NGERBITTEN, a. pained or 
 worn out for want of food. 
 
 HU'NGERFORD, a town of Berkshire, with a market 
 on Wednesday ; seated on the river Kennet, in a low and 
 watery soil, aiid noted for the best trouts and craw-fish n 
 all England. It is 9 miles W. of Newbury, and Gi W. of 
 London. 
 
 HU'NGERLY, a. hungi-y ; wanting food or nourish- 
 ment. 
 
 HU'NGERLY, or HUNGRILY, ad. with a keen app*- 
 tifp, or like a person that wants food. 
 
 HUNGRED, a. pinched by want of food. " We see men 
 an huiigred love to sinell hot bread." Bacon. 
 
 -4«6
 
 HUR 
 
 HUS 
 
 IIUT'TGRY, a. feelins pain f->r want ol food ; waiitiii<^ 
 food; lean for want of food. Figuratively, not fat, fruitful, 
 or prolific. 
 
 HU'?vGRY HILL, a lofty, steep, and rocky mountain, in 
 Cork, Munster. It is at least 700 yards above the level of 
 Bantry Bay, and near its summit is a large lake, wliicli pro- 
 duces one of the tinest cataracts in I he kingdom. 
 
 HUNKS, s. [/lunskm; sordid, Isl.] a person who is covetous 
 of money, and spends very little ; a miser. 
 
 HUNMANBY, or Hunnanby, a town ia the E. Riding 
 of Yorkshire, \vitli a market on Tuesday. It is 209 miles 
 N. of London. 
 
 To HUNT, V. a. \hnntian, Sax. of himd, Sax. a hound] to 
 chase wild animals ; to pursue with dogs. Figuratively, to 
 pursue or follow close ; to follow after; to direct or manage 
 hounds in the chase. 
 
 HUNT, s. a pack of hounds. A chase after wild ani- 
 mals. Purs\iit. 
 
 HU'NTER, s. [hmita, Isl.] one who chases animals for 
 pleasure or exercise ; a dog that scents, or is used in pursu- 
 ing beasts of prey ; a swift and strong horse, (hat is tit to 
 follow the chase. 
 
 HUNTING, s. the exercise or diversion of pursuing 
 fourfooted beasts of game. With us this is chiefly perform- 
 ed with dogs, and the chases are the hart, buck, roe, hare, 
 fox, badger, and otter. 
 
 HUNTINGDON, called by the Saxon's Hunter's 
 Dow N, the county town of Huntingdonshire, has 2 churches, 
 several good inns, a handsome market-place, and a good 
 grammar-school. It was once very large, having 15 churches, 
 which, in Camden's time, were reduced to 4, and now to 2 ; 
 and it-is still a populous, trading place. It is seated on the 
 river Ouse, over which it has a handsome stone bridge, lead- 
 ing to Godmanchester, on the great N. road, 16 miles W. 
 by N. of Cambridge, and Cb N. by W. of London. Markets 
 on Monday and Saturday. 
 
 IlLfNTfNGDONSHIRE,s county of F.n.u'.and, bonndefl 
 on the W. and N. by Northamptonshire, on the N. E. and E. 
 by Cambridgeshire, and on the S. by a part of Camliridge- 
 shire and Bedfordshire. It extends 22 miles from N. to S. 
 and about 18 from E. to W. The principal rivers are the 
 Ouse and Nen. It is divided into 4 hundreds, which con- 
 tain 5 market towns, 78 parishes, 279 villages, about 8320 
 bouses, and upwards of 49,000 inhabitants. The borders 
 of the Ouse, which flows across the S. E. part, consist of 
 fertile and very beautifid meadows. The middle and west- 
 ern parts are finely varied in their surface, fertile in corn, 
 and sprinkled with woods. The whole upland part was, in 
 antient times, a forest, peculiarly adapted for hunting, 
 wdicnce the name of the county took its rise. The N. E. 
 part consists of fens, which join those of Ely ; but they are 
 drained, so as to aflx)rd rich pasturage for cattle, and even 
 large crops of corn ; and in the midst of them are shallow 
 pools, aboiuiding with tish. The largest of these is a lake of 
 considerable size, called Wliittlesea Mere. The air is good, 
 except in the fenny parts, which are aguish. Its chief com- 
 modities are corn, malt, and cheese; and tliey fatten abun- 
 dance of cattle. 
 
 IIU'NTINGHORN, s. a bugle; ahorn used to cheer the 
 bounds. 
 
 HUNTRESS, ». a woman that follows the chase, or pur- 
 sues animals for sport. 
 
 HUTs'TSMAN, *. one who diverts himself in chasing ani- 
 mals ; a person who has the direction of a chase. 
 
 HU'NTSMANSHIP, s. the qualifications of a hunter. 
 
 HyNTSPILL, a small town in Somersetshire, seated on 
 tlie river Parrot, near the sea, (t miles N. of Bridgewatcr. 
 It is IKi miles distant from London. 
 
 HU'IIULE, s. \hyrdcl. Sax.] in husbandry, frames of split 
 timber, or hazel rods interwoven, or plaited togetlicr, to 
 serve for pates, sheep-folds, or to stop a gap in a hedge. In 
 fortification, twigs of willows or osiers interwoven together, 
 sustained by strong stakes, sometimes covered with earth, 
 find used for strengthcuiug batteries, lor makiug a passage 
 4C6 
 
 over muddy ditches, for covering traverses and lodgments 
 from the stones, shot, &c. of the enemy. 
 
 HURDS, i. SeelioRDs. 
 
 To HURL, V. a. [from huorlt, Isl.] to throw, cast, or drive 
 any thing with violence. To utter with vehemence, from 
 Jmr/er, Fr. to make a hideous or howling noise. To play at 
 casting or hurling a ball. 
 
 HURL, s. tumult ; riot; commotion. 
 
 HURL-BONE, s. a bone near the middle of the buttock 
 of a horse, very easily put out of its socket by a huit or 
 stitain 
 
 HU'RLER, s. one who plays at hurling a ball. This 
 name is given to seventeen large stones set in a kind of a 
 square near St. Clare, in Cornwall, from an old tradition that 
 they a?e the bodies of men petritied for piofaning the Sab- 
 bath, by playing at hurling balls; but whoever has seen 
 Stonehcngc, or read Wormius's dissertation on the Danish 
 antiquities, would smile at the simplicity of the relaters, 
 and easily see that these stones are some funeral monu- 
 ment. 
 
 HU RLY, or HU'RLY BURLY, s. [from kurlubrelu, ineon- ' 
 sideratelv, Fr.] a tumult, uproar, or bustle. 
 
 HURRICAxN'E, or HUllRICANO, s. [hmacan, S\>an.] a 
 furious storm, arising from an opposition of several 
 winds. 
 
 HU'RRIER, s. one that hurries ; a disturber. 
 
 To HURRY, I', a. [/ifi-gian. Sax.] to drive fast ; to make a 
 person quicken his pace ; to do a thing in haste. 
 
 HURRY, sl atunudt; a confusion attended with haster 
 a hasty or violent emotion of the mind. 
 
 HURST, s. \h/rst, Sax.] a grove or thicket of trees. 
 
 HURST CASTLE, a castle in Hants, not far from Ly. 
 mington, of stone, built by Henry VIII. It is seated on the 
 extreme point of a neck of land, which shoots a mile and a 
 half into the sey, towards the Isle of Wight, from which it 
 is the siioi tost distinicc, being only two miles. In this castle 
 Ciiailes I. was contiued previoubly to his b.eing hroujilit to 
 trial. 
 
 To HURT, V. a. preter. I hurt, compound preter. 1 hart 
 hurt, part. pass, hurt ; [hi/rt. Sax.] to affect with pain ; to 
 wound ; to impair or damage. " Virtue may be assaiJ'il, 
 but never hurt." Aliltun. 
 
 HURT, .?. damage, mischief, or harm. A wound or 
 bruise, applied to the body. 
 
 HURTEt'i, s. one that does harm. 
 
 HU'IITFUL, n. mischievous ; pernicious ; afFcctinj; a per- 
 son with loss, damage, or pain. 
 
 HU'RTFULLY, ad. in a mischievous or pernicious 
 manner. 
 
 To HU'RTLE, v. a. \heurter, Fr.j to strike or clash ; to 
 meet with a shock, and encounter. Obsolete. 
 
 HU'RTLEBERRY,i. \hiort itfc,Dan.] the bilberry. 
 
 HU'RTLESS, a. without injury or doing harm ; innocent ; 
 harmless. 
 
 HU'RTLESSLY, ad. without harm. " Your neighboun 
 have found youso hiirtlessh/ strong." Sidney: 
 
 HUSBAND, s. [from hus. Sax. a house, and honda, Run. a 
 master] a man married to a woman. Figuratively, an eco- 
 nomist, or one who understands and practises frugality. A 
 farmer, or tiller of ground. 
 
 To HUSBAND, v. a. to marry, or supply with an hus- 
 band ; to manage with frugality ; to till or cultivate 
 ground. 
 
 HU'SBANDLESS, a. without a husband. 
 
 IIU'SBANDLY, nd. in afrugal or thrifty manner. 
 
 HU'SBANDINIAN, 4-. one who works its tillage. 
 
 HUSBANDRY, s. tilh-ge, or the act of cultivating land; 
 parsimony ; or a careful management of money or time ; 
 the care of a family. 
 
 HUSH, inlcrj. [formed from the sound] l)c silent. 
 
 ilUSII, a. silent, quiet, or still, generally used in a com- 
 parative sense. " As/"«/i as death." Shah. 
 
 To HUSH, 0. a. to still ; to silence; to quiet; to appease; 
 used with trp.
 
 HYD 
 
 HYE 
 
 HU'SHMONF.Y, s. money given to slide evidence/ or 
 hinder iiifoiinatiori. 
 
 UVjUK, s.Uiii/dsc/i, r>('ls.] Ilie onfmost covering of fruit 
 or corn. In holiiiiy, tlic iii;|);ilcinents vuid liiossonisolgrapes 
 are called the /iitshs ; llicy are lliin.drv, and semi-transparent 
 like cliatt'. Tlie husk consists of one or ?uore leaves called 
 valves, and when conti;;ioiis to llie other parts of the 
 flower, inclosing the chives an<l pointals, answers the pur- 
 pose of a blossom; but when placed on the outer side, and 
 inclosinfj the inner valves, as well as the chives and pointals, 
 it is called the (Mnpalenient. 
 
 To HUSK, V. a. to strip off the outward covering from 
 corn or fruit. 
 
 HU'SKEI), It. bearing: or covered with a husk or hull. 
 
 HU'SKY, a. aboundins in, or consisting of, husks. 
 
 HUSSA'HS, {huzzrirs) s. a sort of troopers, that were first 
 common in Hungary, but are now introduced into several 
 parts of Europe, and there have been some lately in the 
 English army. They may be more properly called light 
 horse, and they usually do a great deal of service. 
 
 HU'SSY, (/«("(/) s. fa corruption of huswife, used in an ill 
 «ensej a bad manager ; a bad or wanton woman. 
 
 HIJ'STINGS, 0. \hustinn; Sax.] a coint of Common Pleas 
 held before the lord-mayor and aldermen, at Guildhall, Lon- 
 don. It is the principal and highest court belonging to the 
 city of London, and existed so early as the reign of Edward 
 the Conffissor. 
 
 To HU'STLE, V. a. to shake together in confusion. 
 
 HU'SWIFE, (/iuc(/) s. [/(»«(■//; Sax.] a woman that is ei- 
 tfiera bad manager, or a person of infamous character. An 
 economist, or a woman w ho conducts the affairs of a family 
 with frugality. " The bounteous /lusnifc nature." S/iak. 
 Johnson observes that it is common to use housewife in a good 
 sense, but husnifeor hnssi/ ill a bad one. 
 
 To HUSWIFE, {husif)v. a. to manage with economy and 
 frugality. 
 
 HU'SWIFERY, (/"''ri/)-;/) s. management of household af- 
 fairs ; management of such branches of farming as fall within 
 the province of women. 
 
 HUT, s.\hvtte, Sax.] alow, mean, and poor cottage. 
 
 HUTCIi, s. [Inv(ccca, Sax. J a corn chest ; a kind of house 
 with a wired door, otherwise resembling a chest, used to 
 keep rabbits in. 
 
 HU'XING OFPiKF.,amonghshermen,aparticularmethod 
 of catching that fish by means of hooks and lines attached 
 to bladders. 
 
 To HUZZ, V. n. ffrom the sound] to buzz ; to murmur. 
 
 HUZZA', i7iteij. a shout or cry of joy. 
 
 To HUZZA', V. n. to make a shout of joy. Actively, to 
 receive with shouts of joy or acclamations. 
 
 HY'ACINTH, s. [hi/acinfhvs,hat.h;/akinfhos, Gr.] in bota- 
 ny, a flower. Among jewellers, a gem of the size of a nut- 
 meg, of various degrees of deepness and paleness, but always 
 of a deadish red, with a mixture of vellow. 
 
 HYACl'NTHINE, «. [Vit»i^/(o,s'Gr.Jmadeofliyacinths; 
 yellow, or of the colour of hyacinths. 
 
 HY'ADS, or H Y'ADES, *. [hijndes, from h/o, to rain, Gr.] 
 a constellation of seven stars ni the bull's head, the princi- 
 pal of which, called Aldebaran by the Arabs, is in the Bull's 
 left eye. They are famous, according to the antieut poets, 
 for bringing rain. 
 
 HY'ALINE,ff. [from /ii/«Zo^, glass, Gr.] glassy; cr>'stalline; 
 made of^ or resembling glass. Used substantively by 
 Milton. 
 
 HY'BRIDOUS, n.\ from h>/b)i(h, a mongrel, Lat.] begotten 
 between animals of different species. 
 
 HYDA'TIDES, s. [from hj/dor, water, Gr.J in medicine, 
 little transparent bladders of w;ater in any part of the body ; 
 most common in dropsical cases, from a distention or rup- 
 ture of the lympheducts. 
 
 H Y'DRA, s. [Lat.] a kind of water-snake, feigned to have 
 many heads, which grew again when cutoff. In astronomy, 
 a southern constellation consisting of 26 stars. 
 
 HY'DRABAD, a very large city of Hindoostan, capital 
 
 of the province of Golconda, or Hydrabad, and at this t!ni'' 
 oftlic Deccan. It is supposed to contain upwards of 100,000 
 inhabitants, and is seateij on a river that falls into the Kistna 
 270 miles N. N. W. of Madras. Lat. 17. 12. N. Ion. 78. 
 61. E. 
 
 IIY'DRAGOGUl'^S, {hydrac^^s) s. [from hydor, wafer, 
 and 0^0, to lead, Gr.] such medicines as occasion the dis- 
 charge of watery humours. 
 
 HYDRAULIC, or IIYDRAU'LICAL, a. ^elating to the 
 conveyance of wafer by pipes. 
 
 HYbRAU'LICS, s. [ixmnhydor, water, and auhs, a pipe, 
 Gr.] in its primary sense, the science of the motion of water 
 or lluids through pipes ; but at present extended not only to 
 the conducting and raising of water, the constructing of 
 engines for that purpose, but likewise the laws of the motion 
 offiuifl bodies. 
 
 HYDROCA'RBONATES, in chemistry, combinations of 
 carbon with hydrogen. Gas of this description is procured 
 from moistened charcoal by distillation. 
 
 HYDROCELE, *. [from /((/f/«r, water, and hch, a swelling, 
 Gr.J a watery rupture, situated in the scrotum or groin. 
 
 HYDROCE'PHALUS, s. [from hydor, water, and hcfdmh, 
 the head, Gr.] in medicine, a watery head, or dropsy in the 
 head. 
 
 HY'DROGEN, s. in chemistry, the basis of inflammable 
 air. Hydrogen gas is the lightest of all ponderable bodies, 
 and is therefore emploved in the filling air balloons. 
 
 HYDRO'GENATEiD, a. in chemistry compounded with 
 Hydrogen. 
 
 To HYDRO'GENIZE, v. a. in chemrstry, to combine with 
 hvdrogen. . 
 
 "HYDROGRAPHER,(/iyrWgrfl/iT)j. [from hydor, water, 
 and ^rapho, to describe, Gr.J one that makes maps or charts 
 of the sea. 
 
 HYDRO'GRAPHY, (hjdrOgrafy) s. [from hydor, water, 
 and grapho, to describe, Gr.J the art of describing or drawing 
 maps or charts of the sea. 
 
 HY'DROMANCY, f. [from hydar, water, and manteia, 
 divination, Gr.J the actor art of foretelling future events by 
 means of water. 
 
 HY DROMEL, s. [from hi/dor, water, and mcU, honey, 
 Gr.J mead or a drink made of lioney diluted with water, and 
 fermented by a long and gentle heat. 
 
 HYDRO'METER, s. [from %rfo)-, water, nn(\ nulren, to 
 measure, Gr.J an instrument to measure the gravity, cieusity, 
 velocitv and other properties of water. 
 
 HYDRO'METRY, i. [from hydor, water, md mrtrco, to 
 measure, Gr.J the act or art of measuring the gravity and 
 other properties of water. 
 
 HYDRO-OXIDES, s. inchymistry, metallic oxides com- 
 bined with water. 
 
 HYDROPHO'BIA. {hydrofbUa)s. [homhydor, water, and 
 phobos, fear, Gr.| in medicine, an aversion or dread of water; 
 a dangerous svmptom attending persons bit bv a mad dog. 
 
 HYDROPIC, or HYDRO'PlCAL, o. [hydropicns, Lat.J 
 dropsical, oraffected with dropsy. See Dropsy. 
 
 HYDROSTA'TICAL, a. [from hydor, water, and statos, 
 standing, Gr.J relating to, or taught bv, hydrostatics. 
 
 HYDROSTA'TICALLY, ad. according to hydrostatics. 
 
 HYDllOSTAI'ICS, s. [from hydor, water, and statof, 
 standing, Gr.J that part of mechanics, which considers the 
 weight or gravity of lluids, or of solid bodies immerged or 
 placed in them. 
 
 HYDROSU'LPHURETS, s. in chemistry, substances 
 formed by the combination of sulphureted hydrogen gas 
 with earths alkalis, or metallic oxides. 
 
 HYDRO'TIC, i. [from hydor, wafer, Gr.] a medicine 
 which purges water or phlegm, and causes sweating. 
 
 HY'DRUS, s. in astronomy, a constellatio** of the south- 
 ern hemisphere. 
 
 HY'EN, or HYE'NA, s. {hjene, Fr. hycnit, Lat.] a wild 
 beast of a darkish gray colour, spotted with black, resem- 
 bling a wolf, reckoned untameable, and repoi ted to iuiilate 
 a human voice in order to seduce its prey. 
 
 467
 
 HYP 
 
 HYT 
 
 HYGRO'METER, s. [fronj hi^ros, moist, and metreo, fo 
 ir.easuie, Gr.Ja niacliineor iniUuiiiciit used to measure (lie 
 degree's of moisture of the air. 
 
 HY'GPtOSCOPK, s. [from hydros, moist, and sJiopeo, to 
 see. Or.] an instrument to shew the different degrees of 
 inoisnire or dryness of li)ean'. 
 
 HYL A'RCHIC A Jj, a. [from hi/Ie, matter, and arche, govcrn- 
 nieiTt, Gr.] presiding over matter. 
 
 HY'MEN, s. [Gr.j in mythology, a fabulous divinity, sup- 
 posed to preside over marriages. He is described by tlie 
 ])uets as crowned with flowers, dressed in a yellow robe, 
 and holding a torch in his right liand, and a flame-coioured 
 Veil in his left. Figuratively, marriage. In anatomy, the 
 virginal membrane. 
 
 HYMEN E'AL, or HYMENEAN, a. [from Hymen, the 
 god of marriage, Gr.] relating or belonging to marriage. 
 Substantively, a marriage song. 
 
 HYMN, (the n is mute) s. [from hymneo, to celebrate, Gr. j 
 a religious song or ode. 
 
 To HYMN, (/(J/m)"-"- l^from In/mncn, to celebrate, Gr.] to 
 praise in songs. Neuterly, to sing religious songs in wor- 
 sliip. 
 
 HY'MNIC, a. [from hymneo, to celebrate, Gr.] relating to 
 hymns. " Breaks {hehymnic notes." Dunne. 
 
 To HYP, V. a. [contracted from hjpoclwndriae^ to dispirit, 
 or make melancholy. 
 
 HYPA'LLAGE, s. [from hypnllaUo, to change, Gr.J a 
 figure in rhetoric, wherein words change cases with each 
 other. 
 
 HYPER, s. (a word curtailed from lyperci-itic) a person 
 more critical than he need to be. " Critics I read on oiher 
 men — and In/pers upoii them." Prior. 
 
 H YPE'ilfiOLA, s [from /lyper, beyond, and hallo, to throw, 
 Gr.] in geometry, a section of a cone made by a plane, so 
 that the axis of the section inclines to the opposite leg of 
 tlie cone, which in the parabola is parallel to it, and in the 
 ellipsis intersects it. The axis of the hyperbolical section will 
 meet also with the opposite side of the cone, when pro- 
 duced above the vertex. 
 
 HVPE'RBOLE, t. [from fiyper, beyond, and bulln, to 
 throw, Gr.] a figure in rhetoric, whereby any thing is in- 
 creased or diminished beyond the exact truth ; as in the 
 following sentence. " Ke was so gaunt, the case of a llage- 
 let was a mansion for him." S/mk. 
 _ HYPERBO'LIC, or H\TERBO'LICAL, a. [h/perlolique, 
 Fr. from hyper, beyond, and hullo, to thro^v, Gr.] in geome- 
 try, belonging to, or having the properties of, an liyperbola. 
 1,1 rhetoric, extenuating or exaggerating beyond the truth. 
 
 HYPERBO'LICALLY, ad. in the form, orafterthe man 
 ncr, of an hyperbola. In rhetoric, in such a manner as to 
 extenuate or exaggerate beyond the trutlj. 
 
 HYPERBORE'AN, a. [hjpcrhorecn, Fr. from hyper, be- 
 'ond, and hnreas, the north wind, Gr.] northern. 
 
 IIYPERCRITIC, s. Uiypcrcntiipie, Fr.] a person who 
 criticises or censures with too great nicety and rigour. See 
 IIypkr. 
 
 HYPERCRITICAL, ff. critical beyond measure. 
 
 HYPE'PiMETER, s. [from /lyprr, beyond, and melron, 
 B measure, Gr.] any thing beyond or greater than the stan- 
 dard requires; any thing beyond a rule, or the usual mea- 
 sure. 
 
 H YPE'ROXYGENIZED, s. in cliymistry, a term applied 
 tx) substances which are combined with the largest possible 
 quantitv of oxygen. 
 
 H YPr.RO'XYMURIATES, ». combinations of (he largest 
 possible nortion of oxygen, with muriates of lime, \c. 
 
 IIYPEIISARCO'SIS, s. I from hjper, beyond, and sarx, 
 (lejli, (ir.] in surgery, tire growth of fungous flesh. 
 
 IlY'PllEN, {/ly'fen) s. [from hyphen, union, low Gr.] in 
 grammar and printing, a short line dra«n between syllables 
 or cot;i pound words, and shewing that they arc to be joined ; 
 83 in (roll-head, r\:er living, <S.c. 
 
 HYPNO'TIC, *. [from hypnos, sleep, Gr.] any mcdiciiic 
 liat procures or induces sleep. 
 4C» 
 
 HYPOCHO'NDRES, (hypoUNdres) s. [from hypo, um\eT, 
 and chondros, a cartilnge, Gr.] the two regions lying on eath 
 side the cartihigoeusiformis, and those of the ribs and tip of 
 the breast, one of which contains the liver, and the' other 
 the spleen. 
 
 HYPOCHO'NDRIAC, or HYTOCHONDRI'ACAL, (hy. 
 pohondriah, or hypohnndriakal) a. [froMi hypo, under, and choa- 
 dros, a cartilage, Gr.] melancholy; disordered in mind; 
 producing melancholy. The liypnchondriac passion, is a dis- 
 ease which all'ects the hypochondres, and occasions melan 
 choly, or disordered imagination, and is variously named 
 according to its situation ; v\ hen seated in the hypochon- 
 dres, arising from some disorder of the parts contained 
 therein, it is propeily called the hypochondriac passion, con- 
 tractedly the .'(!/;', the spleen, &c. and when the llatulent 
 rumblings in the intestines are considered, it is then llie 
 
 vajjonrs, 
 
 HY'TOCIST, s. \hypociste, Fr. from hypo, under, and histos, 
 the rock-rose, Gr.j in medicine, an inspissated juice, of a 
 iine shining black colour when broken, considerably hard 
 and heavy, expressed from a fruit of a plant of the same 
 unuie, and brought from the Levant. It is a strong astringent, 
 and is used in the theriaca. 
 
 HYPO'CRISY, s. [hypoerisie, Fr. from hypohiuonuii, to 
 feign, Gr.] the act of tounterfeitirig religion and virtue, iii 
 order to pass for religious and good, without being either. 
 
 HYPOCRITE, s. [Fr. from hypohrinomai, to feign, Gr.] 
 one who affects the external appearance of religion or mo- 
 rality, purely to gain the good opinion of others, without 
 benig reallv eitherdevout or moral. 
 
 HYPOCiRlTICAL, a. \{tom hypohinomai, to feign, Gr.j 
 dissembling; affected. 
 
 HYPOCRITICALLY, ad. in a dissembling insincere 
 manner. 
 
 HYPOGA'STRIC, a. [from hypo, under, and gaster, tlie 
 belly, Gr.] seated in the lower part of the belly. 
 
 HYPOGE'UM, s. [from hypo, under, and g-e, the eartfi, 
 Gr.] a name which the antient architects gave to all the 
 parts of a buiidfng that were uuder-grouud, as cellars. and 
 vaults. 
 
 IIYPO'STASIS, J. [from Jiypo, under, and istemi, to stand, 
 I. c. to subsist, Gr.] a distinct substance. In divinity, per- 
 sonality, used in speaking of the doctrine of the Holy 
 Trinity. 
 
 HYPOSTATIC A L, a.[hypostatique, Fr.] in chymistry. 
 constituting as distinct principles. In divinity, personal. 
 The hypostatical imion is the union of the human nature with 
 tlie divine. 
 
 HYPO'THENUSE, s. [hypotermse, Fr. hypo, under, and 
 texno, to extend, Gr.] the longest sitle of a right-angled trian- 
 gle, or that which subtends, or is under or opposite to, tlie 
 right angle. 
 
 HY POTHESIS, s. [from hypotithemi, to suppose. Or.] a 
 system formed on some principle not used, and laid down 
 from the imagination, to account for some phenomena ; a 
 supposition. 
 
 HYPOTHETIC, orIIYPOTHF,TICAL, a. \hypotheii,p^, 
 Fr. from hypotithemi, to suppose, (Jr.] including a supposi- 
 tion ; conditional, opposite Xo positive. 
 
 HYPOTHETICALLY', arf. upon supposition; condition- 
 ally. 
 
 HY'RAX, s. in natural liistoi-y, a genus of animals wbicli 
 bears some resemblance to the cavits. 
 
 HY'SSOP, I. \hyssopiis, I.at. hyssope, Fr.] in botany, tl»*. 
 branches were used bv the Jews to sprinkle with in purifica- 
 tions, to which the scripture allude in several places. 
 
 HYSTE'RIC, or-inSTE'RICAL, a. [from hjstera, \ht 
 womb, Gr.] troubled wilh lils; afl'ected «ilh disorders in 
 the womb, proceeding from disorders in the womb. 
 
 HYSTE'U1(.'.S, s. [from hystcra, the womb, fir.] fits of 
 women, supposed to proceed t'rom disorders in the womb i 
 medicines given to cure the hysterics. 
 
 IIYTHE. SeeHiTiiE.
 
 JAC 
 
 J AF 
 
 I & J. 
 
 IS the nintli letter, and third vowel, of llic alphabet. Its 
 sound varies; in some words it is loii^', as in /(hp, sliinc, 
 t/iine, wliieli are usually marked with c tinal, hut not always, 
 as in /'/;?■/(, miml, sign, cVc. in some short, as in thin, win, sin, 
 bid, hid, Ac. In others, it is pronotiMecd like;/, as in c<i//ie>; 
 onion, cVc. When prefixed to e, it makes a diphthong of the 
 same sound with the soft i, or ec ; thus ^'rld, yield, are spoken 
 asj'eeld, yccid ; it has the same sound in iiim-liinc, nwgaziiir, 
 ike. Suhjoined to a or c, it makes them lon;,s i\s fail, inigli, 
 (Src. No Kiislish «ord ends in /, e heiiii,' either ailded to it, 
 or else the i turned into a i/. I consonant has iiivariahly the 
 same sound with that of ^' in (rinul, srcnins, A.c. i\s jndr, jum/), 
 jerk, &c. I, as a iiHineral, stands for only one, and so many 
 units as it is repeated times, as I. II. 111. is one, two, tlire<'; 
 and when put before a higher numeral, subtracts itself, as IV. 
 four, 1\. nine, &c. but when set after it, so many are added ; 
 thus VI. is and 1, or six; VII. 6 and 2, or seven; VIII. 5 
 and3, or eif;ht. The antient Romans likewise used lO for 
 oOO, Die for 1000, lOD for 6000, CCI3,3 for 10,000, inD.T for 
 SO,000, and cccioa:;) for 100,000. Farther than this they did 
 not go in their notation, but, when necessary, repeated the 
 last number, as cccioo:), ccciOJO, for 200,000, and so on. 
 
 I, pronoun personal, [Sax.] used by a person when 
 speaking of, or describing an action to, himself. Sometimes 
 it is usecl instead of a;/, yen, or ?/« ; from ia. Sax. " /, ^ir, 
 she took them and read them inmv presence." SAak. 
 
 To JA'liBI-.R, V. n. [o«/;6fiCH,' Belg.] to talk idly, or 
 without thinking; to prate or chatter; to talk inarticulately, 
 so as not to be understood. 
 
 JA'BBF.RER, s. one who talks to© fast, or so inarticulately 
 as not to he understood. 
 
 JABIRU, s. in ornithology, a large water-bird, which 
 lias some resemblance to the crane, and inhabits South 
 America. 
 
 JACANA, s. in ornithology, a beautiful Brasilian bird, 
 which has a remarkalile membrane on its head, and is 
 somewhat like the moorhen. 
 
 JACCA, a very antient city of Arragon, capital of a 
 <5istrict, which includes near 200 towns and villages. It is 
 situated on the river Arragon, 45 miles N. by E. of 
 Saragossa. 
 
 JA'CENT, u. [from jaceo, to lie down, Lat.] lying at 
 length. 
 
 JACINTH, i. the same with the hyacinth. A gem of a 
 deep reddish yellow, approaching to a llame colour, or the 
 deepest and^er. 
 
 JACK, «. [the diminutive of John\ a general term of 
 contempt for a saucy or paltry person. " Tliese bragging 
 Jacks." Shah. The instrument with which boots are pu'iled 
 off, or spits are turned. A young pike, applied to fish. A 
 cup of waxed leather. A coat of nr.iil, fiom /acr/jfe, Fr. A 
 small bowl thrown out for a mark to bowlers. The colours 
 orensign of a ship. In music, a piece of hox fitted with a 
 quill, which, being nioved by tingerini^ the pieces of ivory, 
 moves against the wire, and souncls a spinnet, or harpsichord, 
 &c. Joined to the names of animals, when both sexes 
 are signified by one word, it implies the male, as a Jack ass. 
 
 JACKA'L, (jachiddl) s. \chariil, Fr.] in zoology, an animal 
 of the dog kind, vulgarly called the lion's provider. 
 
 JACK-A-LA'NTHORN, s. [for Jack tvith a lanthom, be- 
 caure it resembles a person going with a lanthorn and can- 
 <!lej a fiery meteor, which resembles the light of a candle at 
 ■ distance; the reflection of the siia-beams thrown by means 
 «f a looking glass iipon a wall. 
 
 JACK-A-LENT, s. a simple, sheepish fellow. 
 
 JA'CKANAPKS, s. a monkey or ape. Figuratively, a 
 coxcomb, or pert impertinent fellow. 
 
 JACKBO'OTS, i. large thick boots, used by the horse of 
 on array to defend the legs. 
 
 JACK, BY THE HEDGE, s. in botany, a species ofcrysi- 
 niiim, called also garlick, worniseed, or sauce alone. 
 
 JACKDAW, s. a blackish bud, taught lo imitate l!.* 
 iiuimin voice. 
 
 JA'CKI'/f, *. [;Vrr77«/, Fr.J a short coat; or kind of waist- 
 coat, worn by women for tlie upper part of their riding 
 dress, &c. To beat one's jacket, is lo thrash or beat a per- 
 son. ^ 
 
 JACK-KETCH, s. a name given by the vulgar to the 
 public hangman or executioner. 
 
 JACK lTJ'I)DIi\(i, .V. a person who plays tricksand other 
 pleasantries, in order to divert a mob. • 
 
 JACKSON, PORT, a large bay on the coast of New 
 .South Wales, about 12 miles N. of Cape I5aiiks, thought to 
 be the iinest harbour in the world. The capes at its entrance, 
 whieii IS less than 2 miles across, are high perpendicular 
 clitfs, and within it gradually ex])ands into a noble bason, 
 with soundings siillicient fur the largest vessels, and space to 
 accommodate, ill perfect security, agreateriuimberthan ever 
 were assembled at one station. Ships may lie iii.'ji fathoms 
 within 50 yards of the shore, and the channel, (the surface of 
 which is as smooth as a fish-pond) has mostly 15 fathoms, 
 gradually shoaling farther up. It runs, chielly in a western' 
 direction, about 1:5 miles into the cfiiintry, and contains at 
 least a huuflred small coves, formed by narrow necks of 
 land, the projections of which afl'ord complete shelter from 
 all winds. Sydney Cove lies on the S. side of the harbour, 
 betwec'.i 5and G miles from the entrance. There is an abun- 
 dance offish in the harbour, most of \\liieli are unknown in 
 England, besides oysters, cockles, and other shell fish. 
 
 .TA'COBS LADDER, s. the same with the (ireek valerian. 
 
 JA'COB'S' STAFF, s. a pilgrim's staif, so called from tlie 
 pilgrimage made to St. James at Composlella. In astrono- 
 my, a cross-staff, used for taking heights, so called iu allu- 
 sion to the ladder in Jacob's dream. 
 
 JA'COBINE :monk.s, s. the same as the Dominicans. 
 Also the name given to the party in France, w ho were most 
 zealous ill giving the revolution a turn towards republicanism, 
 and the government of terror and cruelty ; co called from 
 their assembling in a house formerly inhabited by the Ja- 
 cobine friars. 
 
 J A'COBITE, s. a name given to those w ho adhered to the 
 interests of king James II. and his family. 
 
 JACOBUS, «. an antient gold coin wcirtli 25 shillings. 
 
 JACULA'T10N,s. [fiom>e»/»)«, a dart, Lat.J the act of 
 throwing a dart, or other missive weapon. 
 
 JADF, s. [etymology doubtful] a horse of no spirit or 
 value ; a tired horse. Figuratively, a woman of bad cha- 
 racter ; generally used asa term of contempt, noting some- 
 times age; generally vice; but when apidied lo a young 
 woman, it expresses rather irony than reproach. In na- 
 tural history, a species of jasijer, of extreme hardness, of 
 a colour composed of a pale bluish gray, or ash-colour, and a 
 pale green intermixed. It is used by the Turks for handles 
 of sabres. 
 
 To JADE, V. a. to tire or make weary; to overhear, or 
 harass like a horse that is over-ridden. To ride or tyrannize 
 over. 
 
 JA'DISII, a. used with trick, mischievous, applied lo 
 the qualities of a vicious horse. Unchaste, applied to 
 women. 
 
 JA'EN, a tolerably large city of Andalusia, capital of a 
 province of the same name. It is situated on a small river, 
 which soon after runs into the Guadalquiver, .3G mile.? N. 
 of Granada, and 45 E. of Cordova, Lat. 37. S3. M-. Ion. 3. 
 40. W. 
 
 JATFA, an antient, decayed town of Asia, on the coast 
 of Palestine, formerly called Joppa. The inhabitants are 
 Turks or Arabs, with a mixture of Greeks, Maronites, and 
 Armenians. The houses are small, and surrounded with the 
 riiinsof the antient walls and towers. The antient harhoiir 
 is destroyed, but there is a good road. Here pilgrims, Ac. 
 pay for permission to visit the Holy Land. The whole coast, 
 from hence to Damietta, in Egypt, is entirely desert and 
 wild, without a single port. It is ;3S miles N. W. of Jeru- 
 salem. Lat. 31. 45. N. Ion- 35. 55. E 
 
 409
 
 /AM 
 
 To JAGG, r. a.', era raw, iVits or Iioles, Brit.] to hack or cut 
 itito slits and notcfies, iiiie the teetli of a saw. 
 
 JAGG, s. any tliiug rescmbhng the teeth of a saw ; an 
 escal'op. 
 
 JA'GGY, (the g is pron. hard) a. of an uneven surface ; 
 liavinj; extremities rescmbUrig tlie teeth of a saw. 
 
 JAGGEDNESS, (tiie g- is pron. Iiard) .'. uuevenness at 
 tlie extremity ; having its extremities resembling the teeth 
 of a saw. 
 
 JA'GHIRE OF THE Carnatic, a tract of land, in the 
 peninsula of Hindoostan, subject to the English East India 
 Company. Its extent along the Bay of Bengal, from Ma- 
 dras to Lake Pullicate on the N. to Aleraparve on the S. 
 and to Conjeveram on the W. being 108 n)iles along the 
 shore, and 47 inland, in the widest part. The term Jaghire 
 means a grant of land from the sovereign to a subject, re- 
 vokable at pleasure, but generally a life rent. It contains 
 alio [square miles, and its revenue is about 160,000je per 
 annnni. 
 
 JA'GO, St. one of the largest, most populous, best cul- 
 tivated, and most fertile of the Cape de Verd Islands, on 
 the coast of Africa. It lies about 6 leagues westward of 
 the island of Mayo, and is pbout 60 miles in circumference. 
 The people, in general, are black, or, at best, of a mixed 
 colour, except a few of the better rank. Cotton is produced 
 in such abundance in, this island, that, besides the large 
 quantities sent to Brazils, and sold by the Pcrtuguese to the 
 other European nations, the natives are, in general, clothed 
 with this manufacture. Here are vines, of which they 
 make a wine that is not contemptible ; but as they are sup- 
 plied with better by the European shipping, it has fallen 
 into disrepute. The chief fruits of the island, besides a pro- 
 fusion of plantains, are citrons, lemons, oranges, musk, and 
 water-melons ; limes, bananas, guavas, pomegranates, pom- 
 pions,quinces,custard-apples, papas, tanit.rinds, pine apples, 
 cocoa-nuts, tar apples, and sugar-canes. The animals are 
 cows, horses, asses, mules, deer, goats, hogs, civet-cats, and 
 black-faced, well-proportioned monkeys, with long tails. 
 Of the feathered kind, there are cocks, hens, ducks, Guinea 
 bens both tame and wild, parroquets, parrots, pigeons, turtle 
 doves, crab-catchers, curlews, and a great variety of others, 
 ■valuable only for their plumage. They have also some cedar 
 trees, nnd plenty of Indian corn. It is, in general, very high 
 land ; lint were it not for the continual rains in the time of 
 tlie travadoes, which render it unpleasant, and unwholesome 
 to strangers, it would be as delightful an island as any in the 
 world. The chief towns are St. Jago and Praya. Lat. 14. 
 54. N. Ion. 23. 30. VV. 
 
 JA'GO, St. a considerable town of S.America, capital of 
 Chili, with a good harbour, and a royal audience. It is 
 seated in a beautiful and fertile plain, on the river Mapo- 
 cho, which runs across it from E. to W. Here are several 
 canals, and a dyke, by means of which they water the gar- 
 dens and cool the streets. It is subject to earthquakes. 
 Lat. .34. 10. S. Ion. 71. .^.W. 
 
 JAGUAR, i. in zoology, a spotted South 'lAmerican ani- 
 mal, otherwise called the Brasilian tiger. 
 
 JAIL, i. (formerly written /««/<■,) [of g-co/, Fr.J SeeGAOL. 
 a place where criminals or debtorsare con(ine(f. 
 
 JAILBIRD, s. a person who has been confined in a pri- 
 son for some time. 
 
 JAI'LER, s. one who has the care of a prison. 
 
 JAKES, .5. of uncertain etymology; a place where per- 
 sons answer the calls of nature, and deposit their excre- 
 ments, called by the Londoners a hoiise of office. 
 
 JA'LAP, i. \ j'tlfip, Fr. jitliipiimi, low Lat.J a firm and solid 
 root of a wrinkled surface, a faintish smell, and acrid taste. 
 It is an excellent purge in all cases where serous humours 
 are to be evacuated, was not known in Europe till after the 
 discovery of America, and received its name jalajt, or jahip, 
 Srora Xahpa, a town in New Spain, near which it was dis- 
 covered. 
 
 J.\M, s. the cfyniology unknown ; a tart, or conserve of 
 fruits boiled with sugar aud water. 
 470 
 
 JAM 
 
 JAMAI'CA, an island of the West Indies, discovered by 
 Christopher Columbus, in 1494, 37 miles S. of Cuba, and !>a 
 W. of St. Domingo. It is about 190 miles in length, and 42 
 where broadest. It is of an oval figure, and grows narrower 
 from the miildlc, till it terminates in two points at tlie extre- 
 mities of the island. It contains between 4 and 5,000,000 of 
 acres, and is divided by a ridge of hills, which runs nearly 
 from E. to W. from sea to sea. Here abundance of fine ri- 
 vers take their rise, and flow frum both sides in gentle 
 streams, refreshing the valleys, as they glide along, and fur- 
 nisliing the inhabitants with sweet and cool water. They 
 are well stored with excellent fish of various kinds, not 
 known in Europe; and they have eels and crawfish in great 
 plenty, not unlike ours. None of these rivers are navigable, 
 even for barges ; but some of them are so large, that the su- 
 gars are carried upon them in canoes from the remote'plan- 
 lations fo the sea side ; others of them run underground for 
 a considerable space, particularly the Rio Corbe and the Rio 
 Pedia. The mountains; and indeed the greatest part of the 
 island, are covered with woods, whichnever lose their ver- 
 dure, but look green at all times of the year ; for here is a 
 perennial spring. There are a thousand diH'erent kinds of 
 trees .adorning the brow of every hill, irregularly mixing 
 their different branches, appearing in gay confusion, and 
 forming groves and cool retreats. Among these are the 
 lignum vita;, the cedar, and the mahogany trees. In the 
 valleys are sugar-canes, and such a variety of fruit trees, 
 as to make the country look like a paradise. But to bs»- 
 lance these advantages, there are dreadful alligators in the 
 rivers; guanoes and galliwasps in the fens and marshes; 
 and snakes, and noxious animals, in the mountains. The 
 days and nights are almost of an equal length all the 
 year round. There are two springs, or seasons, for plant- 
 ing grain, and the year is distinguished into two seasons, 
 the wet and the dry. July, August, and September, are 
 called the hurricane months, because then these dreadful 
 tempesto are most frequent, and there is lightning almost 
 every night. Not above one half of the island is cultivated, 
 all the plantations being by the sea-side. Here and there are 
 savannas, or large plains, where the original natives used to 
 plant their Indian corn, and which the Spaniards afterwards 
 made use of for breeding their cattle ; but these are novir 
 quite bare and barren. The houses are generally built low, 
 being only one story, on account of the hurricanes and eartlt- 
 quakes ; and the negroes live in huts made of reeds, which 
 hold only two or three persons. The common drink is Ma- 
 deira wine, or rum punch. The common bread, or that 
 which serves for it, is plantains, yams, and cassava-roots. 
 The yams are like potatoes, only coarser, and of a much 
 larger size; But in 1793, a great number of the bread- 
 fruit trees w ere brought here from the island of Otaheite, by 
 Captain Bligh, in the Providence frigate. The cinnainoii- 
 Ircp thrives here extremely well : the first of these trees seen 
 in that part of the world, was obtaine(j out of a Fiencli ship 
 captured by Admiral Rodney ; this yielded seeds in abutw 
 daiice, and many plants have been raised from them, which 
 prosper exceedingly in the cultivated parts of the island. 
 Hogs are plentiful, and their mutton and lamb pretty good ; 
 but the servants generally feed upon Irish salt-beef, and the 
 negroes have herrings and salt-fish. The current coin is all 
 Spanish money. The general produce of this island is sugar. 
 mm, ginger, cotton, indigo, pimento, chocolate, several 
 kinds of woods, and medicinal drugs. They have some to- 
 bacco, which is but indift'erent, and used only by the ne- 
 groes. They have no sorts of European grain ; but they 
 nave Indian corn, Guinea corn, and pease of various kinds, 
 but none like ours; with a variety of roots. Fruits are in great 
 plenty, such as Seville and China oranges,common and sweet 
 lemons.shadocks, citrons, pomegranates, mammes, soursops, 
 papas, pine-apples, star-apples, prickly pears, alicada pears, 
 melons, poinpions, guavas, and many other sorts. The ccnv 
 mon distemiiers arc, fevers, fluxes, and the dry gripes. JiV- 
 maica is divided into 3 counties, Middlesex, Surry, and 
 Coruwali, wbicU coutaiu 6 towns and 27 villajjo*. T!i«
 
 .:^!rtprf=}^'jff^n>:.-r ,«/ :^i/Ut>^ 
 
 IBATRCXAX'S BICTIOl^AMXwoTd JAIL-TBIiRID.
 
 JAM 
 
 JAM 
 
 legislature consists of a governor, appointed by tliekiriij ; a 
 ciiiintil ; anil u lioiise ofasseinlily. In 17H7, the niiiiilxr of 
 liC!,'roo.sanioiMitc(l to about a.Od.ooO, ilie wliilcs to .Mi.dOO, 
 tlie freed negroes and people of colour to 10,000, and the 
 Maroons who have been since transported to Nova Scotia) 
 to 1400. In the same year tlie exports amounted, in the 
 whole, to the;siu.)of 'i,l.'?(j,H2it'. 17.5. 3'/. sterliuij, at (he 
 current London prices, and the imports to the sum of 
 l,49(),'-!.J'i»i'. 6,5. 4f/. The princiiKil town is Kingston ; but St. 
 Jago de la Vega, or Spanish To-.vn, is tlie seat of govern- 
 ment. In Ui.05, Jamaica was taiien from the Spaniards by 
 the Knglish, under Peiui and Venables. 
 
 JAMB, s. {jamhc, a leg, Fr.] any supporter, particularly 
 applied to those on each side a door, &c. 
 
 IAMBIC, s. [ia.nhicus, Lat.] verses composed of iambic 
 feet, or a short and long syllable ; and being generally used 
 ill satirical couii)ositions, is figuratively applied to signify 
 satire. 
 
 JAMES VT. of Scotland succeeded to the English throne 
 by the name of James I. upon the death of queen Elizabeth, 
 ]Niarch24, 1603, being tiien in the 37th year of his age, and 
 having been king of Scotland ever since lie was a year old, 
 on the deposition of queen Mary his mother, who was tlie 
 (iaughterof James V. son to James IV. by Margaret eldest 
 daughter of our king Henry VII. He set out from Edin- 
 burgh April 5th, and was received with sucii extravagant 
 expressions of joy, as soon as he set foot in England, that an 
 honest Scotchman said bluntly, "This peoi>le will spoil a 
 good king;" and the king issued out a proclamation, to re- 
 strain the people from Hocking to him in sucii nunibers. On 
 the 7th of May he arrived at London, having in his journey 
 made about 200 knights ; and soon after liis arrival he made 
 niariv more, and indeed was very liberal in conferring titles 
 of all kinds. On the lOtli of iMarcli the parliament met, 
 wlien he recommended to them very strongly the union of 
 the two kingdoms of England and Scotland ; but the king's 
 partiality to his Scotch courtiers so raised the jealousy of the 
 E.'iglish that it came to nothing. The commons, on June 6, 
 presented an address to the king complaining of certain 
 grievances, representing their privileges, which they sup- 
 posed him not thoroughly acquainted with, because he had 
 interfered in the debates a bout controverted elect ions, which 
 they claimed the sole privilege of determining. But this 
 address he took so ill, that soon after he prorogued the par- 
 liament to, February. In the mean time he concluded a 
 peace with Spain. The parliament, which was to have met 
 in February, 1(J05, was further prorogued to Nov. ."i, when 
 a plot was discovered of a design to blow up the parliameiit- 
 Jiouse ; 30 barrels of gunpowder being put in a cellar, under 
 tlie lord's house, which had been hired for lliat purpose, and 
 covered over with coals, billets, and faggots. Guy Faux, 
 who was to have set fire to the train, was discovered in a 
 cloak and boots, with a dark lanthorn, tinder-box, and 
 matches in his pocket. Himself with his accomplices were 
 executed in January following ; as were not long after Old- 
 corn and Garnet,two Jesuits,for concealing and abetting the 
 plot. In 1G07, a new translation of the Bible, viz. tliat 
 now in use, was begun, and published in 1611. Matters did 
 not go very smooth between the king and the parliament in 
 1610. The commons began to complain of several griev- 
 «nees, sucli as tl'.e king's profuseness in enriching his cour- 
 tiers,especially the Scots, his regard to the Roman Catholics, 
 snd the rigorous proceedings of the high-commission court. 
 The king sent for both houses, and endeavoured to vindicate 
 tiimsetf in a speech ; in which, liowever, he used such ex- 
 travagant expressions concerning the kingly power, as were 
 more agreeable to an absolute monarchy than the English 
 constitution. During this session, Henry, the king's eldest 
 son, was created prince of Wales, as prince Charles had a 
 good while before been duke of York. Upon Henry IV. 
 king of France being stabbed by Ravaillacat the instigation 
 of the Jesuits, king James, by afresh proclamation, banished 
 all Jesuits and priests out of the kingdom, and forbad all re- 
 tusauts, that is, such as refused to take the new oatli of allc- 
 
 jfiance, to come within fen miles of the court. Ico')ert Cecil, 
 a man ol'greal abilities, iiad been prime minister tVom the be- 
 ginning of his reign ; tliongii all that whih' the king had, pro- 
 perly speaking, no particular favourite ; l)Ut in l(;ll, betook 
 into his good graces a young Scotch geiitleiiniii, oi about 20 
 years of age, whose name was I'obert Carr. He ivasa person 
 of but small parts, and no learning, but airy and gay, and of 
 a comely and graceful presence ; (puilities very lakin.; with 
 king James. The king made him a gentleman of his bed- 
 ciiamber, and sometime after treasurer of Scotland, baron 
 of Branspeth, and viscount Rochester; making hini also a 
 privy counsellor and knight of the garter ; and nothing was 
 done at court without the advice of t!ie viscount Rochester. 
 The latter end of (rie year 1(!12, Frederic V. elector pala- 
 tine, came into England to marry the princess Elizabeth, 
 the king's only daughter. On November fi this year died, 
 in the lutii year (d' his age, Henry prince of Wales, of whom 
 historians gave an extraordinary characler. Feb. .'j, \(iV.i, 
 the marriage between the elector and the princess was so- 
 lemnized, on w liich occasion there was a continued course 
 of entertainments, balls, masipierades, and other diversions, 
 at court, till April, when the illustrious i)air set out for fier- 
 many. Then; having been no parliament these fiMir years, 
 the king and his ministers were continually inventing new 
 ways to raise money, as by monopolies, benevolences, loans, 
 and other illegal methods, which occasioned great murmurs 
 and complaints. Among other expedients he sold titles ; 
 made a number of knights of Nova Scotia, each of which 
 j)aid him such a sum ; and instituted a new order of knights 
 'baronets, a sort of middle nobility between baroiis and 
 knights-bachelors, which was to be hereditary ; for whicll 
 honour each person paid 109.0.-C. But the king stili wanting 
 money, a parliament was called, which met on April 16, 
 1C14. The commons, instead of granting money first, as 
 was expected, fell presently upon grievances; such as tlie 
 ill uses made of the revenue ; the increase of papists by the 
 encouragement of thecomt, monopolies, aud levying money 
 without consent of parliament ; upon w liich grievances they 
 resolved to present an address ; but the king, not liking sucll 
 proceedings, dissolved the parliament June 7, without one 
 statute being enacted. In 1015, the king was taken with a 
 new object, George ^ illiers, which cooled his alfection for 
 his old favourite, and bis ruin was completed by the disco- 
 very of the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury. By the dis- 
 grace of Somerset, Viliiers became sole favourite. The king 
 soon created him hud Weddoii, viscount Vil-liers, and earl 
 of Buckingham. His mother though a papist, was created 
 countess of Buckingliam ; and she goveriii-ng her son as he 
 governed the king, tiie papists met with great encourage- 
 ment, and began to swarm in the kingdom. He was soou 
 after made marquis of Buckingham, aud lord high admiral, 
 though he had never been at sea, but betw een Dover and 
 Calais. The king having the most extravagant notions of his 
 prerogative, anil being wholly influenced by this vain, inex- 
 perienced, and presumptuous young man, it is no wonder 
 that the rest of this reign, like the former, w as one continued 
 scene of mismanagement. By this means two parties were 
 formed in the nation, one for the court, and the other for 
 the people. Prince Charles, now the king's only son, was 
 created prince of Wales in 1610. The king was desirous 
 of marry ins '''''n, and a negociation, which lasted several 
 years, was carried on with the court of Spain, for a taarriajje 
 between hini and the infanta, daughter of Philip HI. king 
 of Spain, during which time Gondemar, the Spanish ambas- 
 sador in England, had vast influence at court. The king^ 
 being in want of money, delivered up, to the ?tafes of the 
 United Provinces, the cautionary towns, Brill, Raminekiiis, 
 and Flushing, w liich were put into queen Elizabeth's hands, 
 as a security for the repayment of the expenses she had beeu 
 at, for 2,728,000 florins, in lien of a debt of 8,000,000, which 
 they were obliged to pay the late queen or her succesrors, 
 besides 18 years' interest for the same. In 1619, queeo 
 AnnCj the king's consort, died of a dropsy, in the 40ih year 
 of licr age. Ih 1019 the s-tatcs of Bohemfa, who were mostly 
 
 471
 
 J AM 
 
 J A M 
 
 protpstaiit?, refusing to own Ferdinand, who had been 
 electeii enipciKr, :is llieir sovereign, chose Frederic, elector 
 palatine, son-in-law to kini; James, for their kin;^, who was 
 crowned on Noveinbcr 4 followinjj. A war ensuin;;, king 
 James refused to assist his son-in-law, who in liie battle of 
 Praijfue, November 7, 1620, was totally routed by the impe- 
 rial and Piavarian troops, and forced to tly with his queen 
 and chihlien into Holland. Tiie murmurs of the people 
 about the palatinate occasioned tlie calling of a parliament, 
 whicii met January 30tli, lfi21. The king, in order to get 
 money, made as if he would have recourse to arms, if other 
 methods failed ; and the commons, that they might not seem 
 to be wanting in their zeal for what they so much desired, 
 granted him two subsides ; but afterwards, when they saw 
 no preparations making for the war, and yet more money 
 was demanded, instead of readily granting it, they drew up 
 a remonstrance about the increase of popery at home, the 
 state of the prostestant religion abroad, by the neglect uf vi- 
 gorously interposing in the defence of the palatinate, and 
 against the Spanish match. Upon this the commons drew 
 up a petition, and presented it with the remonstrance. The 
 former he received, but rejected the latter, and sent them a 
 long and angry answer to their petition, charging them with 
 usurping upon his prerogative royal, and meddling with 
 things far above their reach; and, in the end, objected to 
 their calling their privileges their antient and undoubted 
 right and inheritance, and wished they had rather acknow- 
 ledged them as derived from the grace and permission of 
 Lis ancestors and himself. Tiiis the commons would by no 
 means admit ; and, therefore, knowing the parliament was 
 going to be dissolved or prorogued, drew up a protestation 
 concerning their privileges, maintaining them to be their 
 undoubted birlh-right. The king hereupon sent for the 
 clerkof the house of commons, and commanded him to pro- 
 duce the journal-book ; whicli he having done accordingly, 
 the king with bis own hand, in full council, took the said 
 prof-estation out of the journal, declaring it to be invalid, 
 ni'.ll, void, and of no efl'ect. Soon after, he dissolved the 
 p:irliament by proclamation, and committed to prison several 
 of the members who were most active in maintaining their 
 privileges. This open opposition between the king and 
 parliament produced the two parties, who in after times 
 came to be distinguisiied by the names of Tones ami Whigs. 
 On February \i), 1G25, the parliament met, and the king, 
 apprehending that a war would.ensue on the breaking oft" 
 the Spanish malch, nuide such a speech to them, as the 
 Prince, and Buckingham, w ho now affected the patriot, de- 
 sired. They unanimously advised him to break off the 
 match, though !ht- business had been done before, and gave 
 largely forthe war. The kingdiedat Theobalds, March-27, 
 IG'25. In the beginning of this king's reign, a new othcer, 
 called nuisterof the ceremonies, was instituted for the more 
 solemn reception of ambassadors. James I. was in his sta- 
 ture of the middle size, inclined to corpulency; his fore- 
 head was high, his beard scanty, and his aspect mean. His 
 eyes, which were large and languid, he rolled about inces- 
 santly, as if in (jnesv of novelties. His tongue was so large, 
 that in speaking ordrinking he beslabbered the bystanders. 
 His knees were so weak as to bend tinder the weight of his 
 l)ody. His address was awkward, and bis ai)pearance slo- 
 venly. 'I'here was nothing dignified eillier in the composi- 
 tion of his mind or person. In the course of his reign he 
 exhibited repealed instances of his ridiculous vanity, preju- 
 dices, profusion, folly, and littleness of soul. All that we 
 cnii add in his favour is, that he was averse to cruelty and 
 injustice, very little addicted to excess, temperate in his 
 meals, kind to his subjects, and even desirous of acquir- 
 ng the love of his people, by granting that as a favour 
 *vhich theyclaimeil as a privilege. His reign, though 
 •giioble to himself, was hatipy to iiis people. They were 
 enriched by commerce, wiiich no war interrupted. They 
 felt no severe! impositions; and Ihecomiiions made conside- 
 rable progress in ascerlainiiiir the liiierties of Ihe nation. In 
 this and the preceding reign iaiglaiul prodijceU a number of 
 472 
 
 excellent poets, such as Spenser, Sidney, Shakespeare, and 
 Jouson ; while Bacon excelled in i.atiiral philosophy, aiui 
 Camden flourished as an antiquarian and historian. In the 
 14th year of this reign. Sir Hugh Middleton, a private citi- 
 zen of London, supplied part of the cily with excellent wa- 
 ter, conveyed in an aqueduct from Ware, in Hartfordsliire, 
 now known by the name of the New River. 
 
 JAMES II. "succeeded tothe throne of England, February 
 6, l()84-o, on the death of his brother Charles II. There 
 had been endeavours used to exclude him, by an act of par 
 liament, from the crown, on account of his l;eing a Roman 
 Catholic; but the king, his brother,dissolvingthe parliament, 
 prevented its passing. On April 23, 1885, the king and 
 queen were crowned. The king would aot receive the sa- 
 crament, but all the rest was done ir the prot-estant form ; 
 his priests doubtless dispensing w ith liim in this as wt?ll as in 
 the coronalion-oath. The famous Titus Oales was tried the 
 &lh and yth of May, before lord chief justice Jcft'eries, for 
 perjury, in relation to two circumstances of his evidence. 
 The w itncsses against him were almost all papists, and semi- 
 nary priests and Jesuits from St. Oiner's. He was sen- 
 tenced lo pay 1000 marks on each indictment, to be strip- 
 ped of his canonical habit, to stand twice in the pillory, and 
 five times a year afterwards as long as he lived ; to be ha- 
 prisoned for lite, and to be whipped first from Aldgate to 
 Newgale, and the very next day but one from Newgate to 
 Tyburn; which was executed with the utmost severity, so 
 that he swooned away several times. Thomas Dangerfielcl 
 was tried soon after, and sentenced to pay 600/. to stand 
 twice in the ))illory, and to be whipped in the same manner 
 asOates; which was executed, ihougli with less severity. 
 In Eiiidand, the parliament (Ihe only one in this king's reign) 
 met Way IL>, when his majesty promised to preserve the re- 
 ligious and civil ; ights of his people. The beginning of 
 king James's reign was disturbed by two invasions (one in 
 Scollanil. headed by Ihe duke of Argyle, the other in Eng- 
 land, in favour of the duke of Jlonmoulh,) the authors of 
 which were bolh taken and beheaded, the latter in England, 
 and llie former in Scotland. Judge Jefi'eries was sent down 
 into Ihe West to try Ihe prisoners; where lie boasted he 
 liad hanged more men than all the judges since William the 
 Conqueror. Now every method was taken to establish po- 
 pery. In Ireland, the privy-council was dissolved, and a 
 new one appointed, with several papists in it, who soon be- 
 came the majority. Protestant officers were cashiered, and 
 papists put in iheir room, and the army so modelled by the 
 carl of Tyrconnel, as best to suit the purpose in view. The 
 parliament, after several adjournments, met Nov. 9. The 
 king demanded a supply for keeping up his army, whicli 
 he had increased to i, 5,000 men, though the nation was in 
 l)erfect peace ; and bade them not to take exceptions that he 
 had someotheers in his army not qualified according to the 
 late tests, declaring his resolution to employ them still. Bolli 
 houses, and the whole kingdom, were surprised at this 
 spe<'ch, and Ihe opposers of the late bill of exclusion began 
 now a little to oi>en their eyes. Thecommons indeed voted 
 him a supi)ly ; hut coukfnot relish the employing popisli 
 officers in the army, contrary to the known law of the land : 
 and addressed the king against it; at which hewassomuc^i 
 offended that he prorogued the parliament, Nov. 20. Al! 
 the rest of king James's reign, till he met wilha providen- 
 tial check from the enterprise of the prince of Orange, was 
 wholly employed in measures to make himself absolute, and 
 cslahlish popery. In April, 1G8G, he wrole a letter to tlie 
 parliament of Scotlaiul, desiring then: to free his Roman Ca- 
 tholic subjects from the restraints they lay under ; and upon 
 their not complying, he dissolved Ihem. In England he "ot 
 thejudges lo declare in favourof his dispensing power. This 
 he etlected by sending for them one by one, and talking with 
 them privately in his closet, (whence the odious name of 
 closeting took its rise,) by turning out those whom he found 
 refractory, and filling their places wilh others he found 
 nunc pliable. He also new.modelh'd his council, admit- 
 ting into it the lord Arundel of Waidour, and the Jord liet
 
 JAM 
 
 J AP 
 
 lasyse wholiad I)eenl)ofli imppaclied for flie popihli plot, and 
 otlu r Roman Catliolirs, ainoiij; « lidin was fallicr IVtiT, liis 
 confessor. And now every lliini; "vas hurrying on to esta- 
 blrsli the Roniati Cl^'holic relijjion. 'Flic kinjf had an army of 
 15,(]00 men encamped on Hounslow-heath, under the earl 
 of l*'eversl)am ; and in the camp was a public cliapel, where 
 mass was said every thtv. This seemed plainly to indicate, 
 that lie intended to make use of force, if he could not bring 
 his measures to bear without it ; which put the ilev. IM-r. 
 Johnson upon publishing an address to the protestaut othcers 
 and soldiers in the army, exhorting them not to be the tools 
 of the court (<>r subverting their religion and liberties. For 
 this, af"t(;r having been solemnly degraded, he was whipped 
 from Newgate to Tyburn, stood tlirice in the pillory, and 
 fined 50(1 marks ; but this writing being dispersed in the 
 army, made such an impression, that it tended notalitlle to 
 the defection that happened in it afterward. The king's 
 zeal also put him upon sending the earl of Castlemain on a 
 solemn embassy to the pope, in order to reconcile the three 
 nations to the holy see. I?ut Innocent XI. happening to be 
 troubled with a periodical cough, which always seized him 
 vhen the earl was to have an audience, his lordship threatened 
 to depart; whereupon his holiness very complaisantly sent 
 him word, " that if he had a mind to go, he would advise him 
 to set out early in the morning, and rest at noon ; because it 
 was dangerous travelling in that country in the heat of the 
 day." In the beginning of the year 1&S7, the king sent his 
 declaration into Scotland, suspending by virtue of his sove- 
 reign authority, prerogative royal, and absolute power, all 
 laws against the catholics; and, April 4, he published the 
 Lke declaration for liberty of conscience in England, only 
 not quite in so hi^di a style. He sent mandates to admit 
 Roman Catholics mto preferments in the university of Ox- 
 ford. He did all he could to gain the members of parlia- 
 ment; but not succeeding, he dissolved them on July 2; 
 and finding such a general aversion in the nation to popery 
 and arbitrary power, he never durst venture to call another 
 parliament. On July 3, Ferdinand Dada, who had been 
 about the king's person ever since his accession, being in- 
 vested vvith the character of the pope's nuncio in England, 
 made his public entry at Windsor, with all the formality of a 
 popish procession. On January 2, 1687-8, a proclamation 
 was published, that the queen was with child, and ordering 
 a thanksgiving on that account. The king now despairing 
 of every method but force, began to augment his army and 
 fleet, and the new commissions were almost all bestowed on 
 popish officers. He afterwards ordered some entire regi- 
 ments from Ireland. On April 22, 1688, came out a second 
 declaration for liberty of conscience, which the bishops 
 were ordered to see read in all churches and chapels. Some 
 of the bishops obeyed, and it was read in a few churches, 
 when the congregations generally w ent out. But the arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury, and six other bishops, resolved not to 
 obey the order, and went and presented a petition to the 
 king against it. They were upon this, June 8, summoned 
 before the council, and, adhering to thoir petition, were sent 
 to the tower, privately, as it were, by water ; but this did 
 not hinder multitudes flocking to the water-side, desiring 
 their blessing, and applauding and encouraging their con- 
 stancy. Two days after, June 10, the queen was said to be 
 delivered of a prince (the late pretender.) On June 15, the 
 seven bishops were tried for a libel against the king and 
 government, and were acquitted ; upon which an universal 
 joy ran through the nation, and the army shouted for it in the 
 King's hearing. The king was now willing to try how far 
 he could depend upon the army. Beginning with lord 
 . Litchti eld's regiment, he ordered them to take their arms, 
 and immediately commanded such ofiicers and soldiers as 
 would not contribute to the repeal of the penal laws and test, 
 to lay them down ; which they all did, except two captains 
 and a few popish soldiers; at which he was so astonished, 
 that he stood speechless for some time, and then bade them 
 take up their arms again ; adding, with a sullen air, that lie 
 /otild not hereafter do them the honour to ask their advice. 
 
 And now he beijan to new modc.l the army, by pa?liierin» 
 prolestants, and putting papists in llieir room ; but this only 
 disgusted tlie army the more. 'Flie (leet was no lultor ilis- 
 ])osed to favour the views of the king ; for vice-admiral 
 Strickland attempting to have mass said on board his ship 
 it occasioned such a disturbance among the sailors, that they 
 were with tlithculty restrained from throw ing the priest over- 
 board. Now the nation began in earnest to think of nuana 
 for preserving their religion and liberties from being utterly 
 destroyed ; and several of the nobility and gentry going 
 abroad, waited on the priuceof Orange at the Hague. 'Flie 
 prince being invited over, as soon as the king knew it, he 
 appeared in the utmost consternation, almlishcd the commis- 
 sion for ecclesiastical affairs, took otf the bishop of London's 
 suspension, restored the city their charter; but all this came 
 too late ; it was evidently the result of necessity, not incli- 
 nation. When the king heard of the prince's landing, he 
 ordered his army, under the earl of Feversham, to rendez- 
 vous en Salisbury plain; but, finding he could not rely on 
 his army, returned to London, and on Dec. 10, at night, left 
 Whitehall in disguise, in order to go to France. At his de- 
 parture he sent a letter to the earl of Feversham to disband 
 his forces. The king, having embarked on board a small 
 vessel near Feversham, before he could sail, wasstoppeil by 
 a number of fishermen and others, w ho rifled him, and treated 
 him with great indignity, taking him for a popish priest, 
 and chaplain to Sir Edward Hales, who attended him i'n his 
 flight. A constable coining on board knew him, and be- 
 haved in a very respectful manner. The king finding he 
 was known, was desirous to be gone ; but the people brought 
 him as it were by force, to an inn in the town, where he 
 sent for the earl of Winchelsea, who prevailed with him, 
 much against his inclination, to go back to London, wlif re, 
 on Dec. 16, he arrived at Whitehall. The prince of Orange 
 having issued out a declaration for a free parliament, the 
 king, who was at Rochester, dreading the consequences of 
 it, withdrew himself privately about three in the morning, 
 with only the duke of Berwick, his natural son, and two 
 others ; he embarked, and with a favourable wind arrived at 
 AniLleteux, in France ; from whence he immediately repair- 
 ed to St. German's, where, after having lost the battle of the 
 Boyne, in Ireland, he passed his days till his death, which 
 happened in 1701. James II. was a prince in whom some 
 good qualities were rendered ineffectual by mistaken notions 
 of the prerogative, excessive bigotry to the religion.of Rome, 
 and an inflexible severity of temper. He was brave, steady, 
 resolute, diligent, upriglit, and sincere, except when warped 
 by religious considerations ; yet, even where religion was not 
 concerned, he appears to have been proud, haugiily, vindic- 
 tive, cruel, and unrelenting ; and though he approved him- 
 self an obedient and dutiful subject, he certainly became one 
 of the most intolerable sovereigns that ever reigned over a 
 free people. 
 
 JAMES'S POWDER, j. in pharmacy, a medicine muc'j 
 used in intermitting fevers. 
 
 To JA'NGLE, v. n. [jjiighr, Fr. according to Skinnei 
 to quarrel, or bicker in words; to make an unfuneable sound. 
 
 JA'NGLER, s. a quarrelsome, noisy, prattling fellow. 
 
 JA'NIZARY, s. [Turk.] an order of foot soldiers in 
 the Turkish armies, reputed the foot guards of the grand 
 seignior. 
 
 JATS'NOCK, .s. [probably a corruption of harmoch] oat 
 bread. A northern word. 
 
 JA'NTV, or JAUTSTY, a. [corruptfid from gentil, Fr.J 
 showy ; or caj'elesslv adorned. 
 
 JA'NUARY, *. [Jammriiis, Lat.] the first month of the 
 year, so named from Janus, to v\ hom it was dedicated bv the 
 ancient Romans. 
 
 JA'NpS, in mythology, a god worshipped by the Romans 
 whose temple was kept open in war, and shut in time of 
 peace. 
 
 JAPATJ, a large country in the most eastern part cf Asia, 
 with ihe title of an empire. It is composed of sevcr.-J 
 islands, in the principal orwhicli are rsiphon and SaikoiX
 
 J AS 
 
 <All 
 
 or Sacok. It was discovered by some Portuguese in 1542 
 beinjj cast upon shore by al'e.upest. The whole empire is 
 divided into seven principal coiintries, whichare subdivided 
 into 70 provinces. It is the richest country in the vorld 
 for gold, and the air and water are very good. It produces 
 a great deal of rice, which they reap in September; millet, 
 wheat, and barley, wliicli they get in May. Cedars are 
 common, and so large that they are proper for the masts of 
 ships and columns for temples. They have a large quantity 
 of porcelain, sill;, and skins; as also red pearls, «hicli are 
 not less in esteem than the white. In short, Japan is ac- 
 counted one of the best countries in Asia. The inhabitants 
 are naturally ingenious, and have a happy memory ; but 
 their raatniers are diametrically opposite tothoseof the'Euro- 
 peans. Our common drinks are cold, and theirs are all hot ; 
 we uncover the head out of respect, and they the feet ; we 
 are fond of white teeth, and tliey of black ; we get on horse- 
 back on the left side, and they on the right ; and they liave 
 a language so particular that it is understood by no other 
 nation. They value their lives so little, that when a hud 
 makes a feast, the domestics disoute who shall have the iio- 
 nour of cuttinn; open their bellies before the guests. The 
 sciences are highly esteemed among them, and they liave 
 several schools at different places. Those they study most 
 are, ariihmetic, rhetoric, poetry, liislory, and astronomy. 
 Some of theirschools at Mcaco have each 3 or 4000 scholars. 
 Tliey treat the women with a great deal of severity, and pu- 
 nish adultery with death; yet a man may take as many 
 wives as he pleases. On the other hand, brothel-houses arc 
 very frequent, and they tolerate sins against nature. Tliose 
 that have too many children make no scruple of destroying 
 some of them. The Japanese are naturally good soldiers, 
 and skilful at shooting with a bow ; however, as they inha- 
 bit nothing but islands, they are seldom at war with their 
 neighbours. They formerly carried on a trade with the 
 neighbouring countries ; but now a!l communication with 
 others is forbidden, especially with Christians, for they do 
 not look upon the Dutch to be such. The only Europeans 
 that trade with Japan are the Dutch ; and whenever their 
 ships arrive, they take auay their guns, sails, and helms,and 
 carry them on shore till Ihey are ready to relurn back. In 
 the absence of the ships, the factors are shut up in a small 
 peninsula, and are not suffered so much as to have a lighted 
 candle in their houses in the night-time. The merchandises 
 which the Dutch carry to Japan are spices, sugars, silks, 
 linen and woollen cloth, elephants' teeth, and haberdashery 
 wares; for which they receive gold, silver, cabinets, ami 
 other japanned and laccjuered ware. The Japanese have 
 neither tables, beds, nor chairs ; but they sit and lie on car- 
 pets and mats, in the manner of the Turks. 
 
 JAPA^', i. [from Japan in Asia, where this kind of work 
 was originally done] wood varnished and raised in figures, 
 painted in gold ana other colours. Figuratively, china, or 
 fine. japanned porcelain. 
 
 To JAPA'N, V. a. to varnish, or embellish with figures 
 glazed with varnish. 
 
 JAPA'NNEIl, s. one skilled in varnishing. 
 
 To JAR, V. n. [from evrre, anger, Sax.] to strike together 
 with a kinrl of short rattling ; to make a disagreeable harsh 
 tone. Figuratively, to clasli, interfere, act in opposition, or 
 be inconsistent ; to quarrel or dispute. 
 
 JAR, «. a disagreeable, harsh, initnncable sound. Figu- 
 ratively, a quarrel, or state af discord. A door left ajar, is 
 a door left half open. Also an earthen vessel. 
 
 JA'RDES, s. [Fr.] hard callous tumors in horses, a little 
 Ik;1ow the bendnigof the ham on the outside. This distem- 
 per in time will make the horse halt, and grow to painful as 
 to cause him to pine away, and become light-bellied. It is 
 rooit common to managed horses, that have been kept too 
 Biuch upon their haunclies. 
 
 JA'RGON, I. [jareoH, l''r.| inarticulate and unintelligible 
 talk ; the use of words without ideas. 
 
 JARGON E'LLE, i. a species of spear. 
 
 JA'SMJNE, ». [jasmn,Vt.] ilia commonly pron.jM#o. 
 •174 
 
 »ni;i< ; a tree with narrow spear-shaped leaves bt^ari'ig 9 
 white sweet-scented tiower. 
 
 JA'SPER, s. [Heb.] a hard stone resemblinsf the finer 
 marbles and the semi-pellucid gems. It is found in various 
 countries and of different colours, gr^en, white, red, brown 
 yellowish, bluish, and black. 
 
 JA'SSY, a u ell-fortified city of Turkey, the capital of 
 Moldavia, and residence of the hospodar of that country, 
 who is vassal o.f the grand signior. The inhabitants are 
 chiefly Greeks. It is situated on a branch of the river 
 Prulh", 200 miles E. of Otchakov. Lat. 47. 8. N. Ion. 27 
 35. E. 
 
 lATROLE PTIC, a. [from iatros, a pliysician, and ahipho 
 to anoint, Gr.J that cures by anointing. 
 
 JA'VA, an island in the Eastern Indian Ocean, generally 
 known by the name of Gre;it Java, to distinguish it from 
 Bali, by (some named the lesser Java; and is upwards of 
 600 miles in length, and from 60 to 80 in breadth. The N. 
 coast has a great many commnrlious creeks, bays, harbours, 
 and towns, with many little islands near the shore. In for- 
 aier times it had as many petty kings as there were large 
 towns; but now it has two kingdoms only ; one of which is 
 under the jurisdiction of the kiugof Mataram, and the other 
 under the king of Bantam. The inhabitants are of a brown 
 complexion, have faces rather flat, short, coal-black hair, 
 large eye-brows, and large cheeks, with small eyes. The 
 men are very robust and strong limbed ; but the women 
 are small. The men wear a piece of calico wrapt two or 
 three times round their middle ; a:rJ the women wear theia 
 from their armpits down to ih.^Ar knees ; but all other parts 
 are bare. Those living near the seaside are generally Ma- 
 hometans ; but within laad they are Gentoos, abstaining 
 from flesh of all kinds. It is a fertile island, producing sugar, 
 a-nd the various tropical fruits; and it has very high moun- 
 tains. It has likewise impassable forests and wildernesses ; 
 but the N. betHeeu Batavia and Bantam, is a very populous 
 country, full of rice-fields, and various sorts of \\ild and tame 
 animals. Here also is plenty of salt, pepper, cassia, wood 
 useful for building, gum benzoin, Ac. beside flowering trees 
 and shrubs, and most sorts of fruits proper to the climate. 
 They have also hogs, beeves, and sheep, with other tame 
 creatures ; and likewise fowl, bo!h wild and lame, iu great 
 abundance, among w liich are beautiful parroquets, peacocks 
 of an extraordinary size, Bantam fowls, Ac. In the woods 
 are large tigers, rhinoceroses, and several other animals un- 
 known in Europe ; and iu the rivers are crocodiles. The 
 air is as temperate and healthy as any part of the East In- 
 dies. The rains, which begin in November, lay the lovr 
 grounds under water, kill the insects, and continue till the 
 return of May. The coast of the island are mostly under 
 the dominion of the Dutch. Beside the native Javanese, 
 here are Chinese, Malayans, Amboynese, Topasses, Bu- 
 gassci, Timoreans, and many other people, brought from 
 distant countries by the Dutch. Java lies to the S. E. of 
 the Island of Sumatra, from which it is onlv separated by 
 the Straits of Sanda. Lat. 5. 45. to 7. 50. S. Ion. 104. 20. to 
 114. 1.5. E. 
 
 To J.\'VEL, or JABLE, ». a. to bemire; to soil over with 
 dirt through unnecessary travelling and traversing. This 
 word is still used in the north of Enfjiand. 
 
 JA'VEL, s. a wandering or dirty fellow. 
 
 J.\'VELIN, i. \jttvcUne, Fr.] a spear or half-pike, wit. 
 an iron-pointed liead; formerly used either by foot ©■ 
 horse. 
 
 JAUTs'DICE, a. \ jaimisse, Fr.la distemper from obstnio- 
 tionsof the glands of the liver, wliicli prevents the gall being 
 duly separated by them from the blood ; and sometimes, es- 
 pecially in hard drinkers, they are so indurated as never after 
 to be opened, and straiten the motion of the blood so much 
 through that viscus, as to make it divert with a force great 
 enougli into the gastric arteries, which goofl' from the he- 
 patic, to break through them, and drain into the stomach; 
 so that vomiting of blood, iu this distcmbcr, is a fatal syuip> 
 toiu.
 
 JCH 
 
 IDl 
 
 JAU'NDTCED, a. affected with the jaundice. 
 
 To JAUNT, V. n. [janter, t'r.J to waiuier about. 
 
 JAUNT, s. a ramble, flight, or excursion. 
 
 JAU'NTINESS, s. airiness ; a loose and careless air ; 
 genteelness. See Janty. 
 
 JAW, s. tiie hone in tiie month in wiiicii tiie teeth are 
 fixed. Figuratively the mouth, a term ol" contempt. 
 
 JAY, i. [so named from his cry, according to Skinnerja 
 bird about tiie size ofapif^eon, with blue Ceatlierson its wings, 
 and of a kind of liKl't bnnvn or clay colour on its breast. 
 
 J A'ZEF^, s. a precious stone of an azure or blue cokmr. 
 
 IBl'j'RIA, the antient name of Spain, as well as of Georgia 
 in Asia. 
 
 IBEX, f. in zoology, a lund of wild goat with large horns, 
 which inhabits the Alps, Pyrenees, and Carpathian moun- 
 tains. 
 
 IBIJAU, s. in ornithology, a Brasiliau bird which resem- 
 bles the goat-sucker. 
 
 I'BIS, s. a bird very useful to the Egyptians for destroy- 
 ing serpents, locusts, and caterpillars ; and, on that account 
 bad divine honours paid to it. 
 
 ICl*], s.[is, Sax.ei/se, Belg. ) water or other liquor frozen 
 by cold; sugar melted and grown hard afteruaids. Ice is 
 lighter than water in consequence of the air bubbles which 
 it contains, thus filrnishing an exception to the general law 
 of nature, that bodies become heavier as they grow colder. 
 
 To ICE, V. a. to freeze water hard ; to cover with ice or 
 concreted sugar. 
 
 rCEBERGS, *. large bodies of ice filling the valleys be- 
 tween mountains in high northern latitudes. 
 
 I'CEIIOUSE, i. a house in which ice is preserved for use 
 in the hot season. 
 
 rCELAND, a large island to theN. of Europe, about 600 
 miles in length, and 300 in breadth. For two months toge- 
 ther the sun never sets; and in the winter it never rises for 
 the same space, at least not entirely. The middle of the is- 
 land is mountainous, stony, and barren ; but in some places 
 there are excellent pastures, and the grass has a fine smell. 
 The ice, which gets hiose from the more northern country in 
 May, brings with it a large quantity of wood, and several 
 animals, such as foxes, wolves, and bears. Mount Hecia is 
 the most noted mountain, and is a volcano, whicii sometimes 
 throws out sulphureous torrents. Their houses are scatter- 
 ed about at a distance from each other, and many of them 
 are deep in the ground ; but they are mostly miserable huts, 
 covered with skins. Many of the natives profess Christian- 
 ity ; but those that live at a distance are Pagans. Some of 
 them are clothed with skins of beasts. The exports are 
 dried fish, salted mutton, beef, butter, train oil, tallow, 
 coarse jand fine jackets of Wadmal, woollen stockings and 
 gloves, red wool, sheep skins, sea-horses' teeth, fox tails of 
 several colours, feathers, and quills. The imports are iron, 
 horses' shoes, timber, meal, wine, brandy, tobacco, coarse 
 linen, and domestic utensils. The number of inhabitants is 
 about 50,000. Tlieir language is the old Runic, or Gothic, 
 the vernacular tongue of the Swedes, Danes, and Norwegi- 
 ans, before it branched into the several dialects since spoken 
 by the natives of these three kingdoms. Lat. 03. 15. to 67. 
 15. N. Ion. 16. to 25. W. 
 
 rCE-PLANT, «. a very singular and beautiful i)lant, with 
 a leaf resembling plantain, 'which is covered with silvery 
 drops. It is a native of Africa. 
 
 ICH DI'EN, s. [I serve, from the Tent, or Sax. J the motto 
 of the prince ot Wales, formerly that of John king of 
 Bohemia, on his shield, to denote that he was subservient to 
 Philip king of France, whose pay he received ; but being 
 slain by Edward the Black Prince, the son of Edward III. 
 he then assumed the motto, to denote his obedience to his 
 father ; smce which it has always been borne b" the prince 
 of Wales. 
 
 ICHNEU'MON, (iknevmon) s. [Gr.] in zoology, a kind of 
 large weasel which inhabits Egypt and other parts of .\frica, 
 and IS much valued for its killing serpents, and destroying 
 tl»€ eggs of the crocodile. They are kept iu houses and 
 
 employed as cats are in destroying rats and mice. The ich. 
 ■ncmnonfly, is a Hy which is bred in the body of cater[)illers, 
 and is so called in allusion to the report that the icliiicutnoa 
 gets down the throat of the crocodile, and eats its way 
 through the crocodile's bellv. 
 
 ICHNtyfiRAPIIY, {xkn:'.prafy)s.[hom iclmos, a footstep, 
 and g-?-ff/»/io, to describe, Cir.Jin perspective, the view of any 
 thing cut off by a plane parallel to the horizon, just at tlie 
 bottom of it. 
 
 rCIlOll, (ilwr) t. [Gr.] signifies a thin watery humour 
 like serum ; but is sometimes also used for a thicker kind, 
 flowing from ulcers, calkd also sanies. 
 
 rCHOROUS, {ilinroiis) a. [from ichor, corrupt matter, 
 Gr.] sanious : thin; undigested. 
 
 ICMTlIYO'LOCiY, {,kilui'ol<igy)s. [from ichthys, a fish.and 
 Ingos, a discourse, Cir. J the science ol fishes, or that branch 
 of zoologv whicli treats of fishes. 
 
 ICMTHYOPIIAGY, s. [from ?>/,//;//*, a fish, andpAagv, 
 to eat, Cir.] diet of fish, the practice of eating fish. 
 
 ICICLE, i. [from ire] a shoot or thread of ice, hanging 
 downfibm any high place. 
 
 rCINESS, s. the state of water grown hard by cold. 
 
 rCKWORTII, a small town of Suftolk, with a market on 
 Friday. It is a small place, and there are the ruins of an 
 antient priory, and several Roman coins have been dug up. 
 It is 2.3 miles N. W. by N. of Ipswich, and 74 N. N. E. of 
 London. 
 
 ICON, s. [from eiho, to resemble, Gr.J a picture, resem- 
 blance, portrait, or representation ; an image. 
 
 ICO'NOCLAST, i. [from eikon, an image, and hlao, to 
 break, Gr.J a breaker of images ; a name which the church 
 of Rome gives to all who reject the religious use of images. 
 
 ICONO'LOGY, s. [ico7io/airie, Fr. from eihon, an image, 
 and /o^oj, a discourse, Gr.] the science that describes the 
 figures and representations of men and heathen deities with 
 their proper attributes and appendages, as Saturn like an 
 old man with a scythe; Jupiter with a thunderbolt in his 
 hand, and an eagle by his side, &c. 
 
 ICTE'RICAL, a. [icterujuc, Fr. from ihtcros, the jaundice, 
 Gr.] affected with the jaundice. Good against the jaun- 
 dice, applied to medicines. 
 
 ICY, a. full of, or covered with ice. Figuratively, cold, 
 applied to the touch. Frosty, applied to the weather. Not 
 warm. Free from passion, applied to the mind. 
 
 I'D, contracted for / would. 
 
 IDE'A, «. [from ido, to see, Gr.l whatsoever the mind per- 
 ceives in itself, or is the inimecliate object of perception, 
 thought, or understanding; the form under whicli anything 
 appears to the mind, or the object on which' the mind is 
 employed when thinking; a notion. Synon. Idea re- 
 presents the obj«ct ; MoHg-/i< considers it; imasinatiotiiuxms 
 it; thus worked up, it becomes a notion. The first only 
 points; the second examines; the third seduces; but the 
 last draws. 
 
 IDEAL, a. mental; intellectual; existing in the mind. 
 
 IDE'ALLY, ad. mentallv ; in the mind. 
 
 IDENTIC, or IDENTICAL, «. [!A«<!i7»«,Fr.] the same ; 
 implying the same thing, or the same idea. 
 
 IDE'NTITY, s. [idcntiti, Fr.] sameness ; that by which 
 a thing is itself or Dy which it is distinguished from any 
 other. 
 
 IDES, s. [ides, Fr. idns, Lat.] a term antiently used to 
 distinguish time : it fell on the 13th of every month, except- 
 ing in March, May, July, and October, in which it is the 
 15tli, because in those months it was six days before the 
 nones, but in the others only four. 
 
 IDIO'CRASY, J. [from idios, peculiar, and hrtuis, tempe- 
 rament, Gr.[ peculiarity of constitution. 
 
 IDIOCRATICAL, a. peculiar to constitution. 
 
 IDIOCY^ s. [from idiates, an idiot, Gr.J a defect of under- 
 standing. Both idiocy and lunacy excuse from the guilt of 
 crimes. ' 
 
 IDIOM, s. [idio7ne, Fr. from idios, peculiar, Gr.] a man- 
 
 47.'>
 
 JED 
 
 JER 
 
 ner of speaking, or phrase, peculiar to any particular lan- 
 guage. 
 
 IDIOMATIC, orlDIOMA'TICAL, «. peculiar toa lan- 
 gua<;p. 
 
 IDIOTATHY, i. [from iWioj, peculiar, and pathos, a dis- 
 ease, Gr.] in physic, is a disorder of the body, not arising 
 from any preceding disease. 
 
 IDIOSY'NCRASY, «. [from idios, peculiar, syn, with, and 
 krasys, a disease, Gr.] a disposition or temper peculiar to a 
 person. 
 
 I'DIOT, s. \idiota, Lat. idiotes, Gr.J a changeling, or one 
 vlio lias not I he use of reason. 
 
 I'DIOTISAI, s. \idiofisme, Fr. from idiotes, an idiot, Gr.] 
 folly ; weakness of understanding, or want of reason. 
 
 IDLE, a. U/dcl, Sax.] lazy; averse to labour, or unem- 
 ployed, applied to persons. Useless ; vain ; ineffectual ; 
 worthless, applied to things. Trifling, or of no importance, 
 applied to narratives or discourses. jW/e formerly was used 
 to signify wicked, as in Spenser, where the wicked offers of 
 Mammon are called, " idle offers." 
 
 To IDLE, f. n. to pass time in laziness, ar without em- 
 ployment. . 
 
 I'DLEXESS, *. [(rfe/iiCM, Sax.] aversion to labour; want 
 of employment. 
 
 IDLER, s. a person who passes his time in idleness, or 
 ^vithout employment. 
 
 IDLY, nrf. lazily ; in a foolish or trifling manner ; with- 
 out care, attention, or profit. " I idiy heard." Shalt. With- 
 out effect ; in vain. . 
 
 IDOL, i. [idole, Fr. eidos, a resemblance, Gr.] an image 
 M'orshipped as a god ; a counterfeit image or resemblance; 
 hence the word doll, for a j(.iinted image played with by 
 children. A person loved or respected to adoration. "The 
 people's idol." Deuh. 
 
 IDO'LATER, s. [from eidolon, an idol, and latreyo, to wor- 
 ship, Gr.] one who pays divine worship to images, or trans- 
 fers the homage due to the Creator unto a creature. 
 
 To IDO'LATRIZE, v. a. to honour idols with divine wor- 
 »hip. 
 
 IDO'LATROUS, a. tending to idolatry, or transferring 
 the honour and worship due to God unto other things. 
 
 IDO'LATRY, s. [idolatrie, Fr. from eidolon, an idol, and 
 toreyu, to worship, Gr.]'the worship of images ; the act of 
 making any image to represent the Deity ; an inordinate 
 love or respect for any person or creature. 
 
 I'DOLIST, s. a worshipper of images or false gods ; a po- 
 etical word. " /rfo/iWand atheists." Milton. 
 
 To I'DOLIZE, V. a. to love or reverence any thing or 
 person to an'excess approaching to adoration. 
 
 ipO'NEOUS, a. [idonciis, Lat.j fit, proper, suitable, con- 
 venient. 
 
 I. E. an abbreviature for jd est, Lat. that is ; that is to 
 say. 
 
 IDYL, s. [from eidtjlUon, a little figure or representation, 
 Gr.J a short poem. 
 
 JE'ALOUS, (jiloits) a. [jahiix, Fr.] suspicious of not 
 being equally beloved by one whom one loves; suspi- 
 cious of the sincerity of a nuin ied person's aflTections ; fond ; 
 cnniloiis; or prosecuting with a kind of rivalship ; full of 
 suspicion. 
 
 JEALOUSLY, (jelously) ad. in such a manner as to be- 
 tray suspicion of the sincerity of a lover or married person ; 
 cxtremelv cautious, vigilant, or zealous. 
 
 JE'.XLOUSY, (ji lousy) s.[ jalousie, Er.] a state of mind 
 •/vherein a lover imagines himself not ecpially beloved, or a 
 luarricd person who suspects the husband or wife not faith- 
 ful f(i the marriage bed ; a suipicious fear. 
 
 JE'DBUlKili.a town of Roxburghshire, situated almost 
 III the centre of the county, on the banks of the Jed, and 
 near its confluence with the 'I'eviot, H 4 miles S. E. of Edin- 
 burgh. It contains near .'iOiio inhabitants, (including the 
 environs, which belong to the parish,) and is the seat of the 
 law courts for tue <ouMty. 
 
 JEDDO.or SfwDDo, the gccoud capital of Japan in the 
 
 476 r . r 
 
 island of Niphon,'where the Dairo, or nominal empero-, 
 resides. Tlie houses are built with earth, and boarded on 
 the outside, to prevent the rain from destroying the walls. 
 In every street is an iron gate, which'is shut up in the niglit, 
 and a kind of custom house or magazine, to put meichandi»i{ 
 in. It is 9 miles in length and 6 in breadth, and contains 
 1,000,000 inhabitants. A fire happened in 1658, which, in 
 the space of 48 hours, burut down 100,000 houses, and in 
 whicli a great number of the inhabitants perished. The em- 
 peror's palace was reduced to ashes ; but the whole is re- 
 built. The royal palace is in the middle of the town, and is 
 defended by walls, ditches, towers, and bastions. Where 
 the emperor resides are three towers, uiue stories high, each 
 covered with plates of gold ; and the hall of audience is sup- 
 ported by pillars of massy gold. Near the palace are 
 several others, where the relations of the emperor live. 
 The empress has a palace of her own, and there are 20 
 small ones for the concubines. Besides, all the vassal kings 
 haire each a palace in the city, w ith a handsome garden, and 
 stables for 2000 horses. The generality of the houses are 
 nothing but a ground floor, and rooms are parted by folding 
 screens: so that they can make the rooms larger or siualler 
 at pleasure. Jeddo is well fortified, and is seated in a plain, 
 at the bottom of an extensive gulf or bay ; and the riTer 
 which crosses it is divided into several canals. Lat. 35. 
 4G. N. Ion. 139. 30. E. 
 
 To JEER, r. n. etymology uncertain ; to scoflP; to mock ; 
 to rally ; to treat with riilicule. 
 
 JEER, s. an expression w herein a person is ridiculed and 
 rendered angrv ; a displeasingjest or scoff". 
 
 JEE'RER, i-. one who mocks or scoff's a person ; one who 
 treats another w ith ridicule and displeasingjests. 
 
 JEE'RINGLY, ad. in a scornful or coiite.'nptuous mau- 
 ner: with a sly and offensive jest. 
 
 JH'(iGET, ^. a kind of sausage. 
 
 JEHOVAH, s. the proper name of God in the Hebrew. 
 The Jews pretend that the true pronunciation of this 
 name is unknown either to men or angels, and therefore 
 in the Masorete bibles it is pointed and pronounced as if 
 Ek)liim. 
 
 JEJUNATION, s. fasting; abstaining from eating.' 
 
 JEJU'NE, a. [jejunus, Lat.] Wanting, empty, or void. 
 "Jc/ioie in spirit." Baeon. Pure, void of mixture, elemen- 
 tal. " Jejune or limpid water." Brown. Dry, unaft'ecting, 
 or void of the ornaments of rhetoric, applied to style. 
 
 JEJU'NENESS, s. penury, poverty, or want of spirit, 
 applied to bodies. Dryness, or wanting matter and embel- 
 lishments to engage the attention and please the mind, ap- 
 plied to style or literary compositions. 
 
 JE'LLY, s. See Gelly, which is the proper spelling. 
 
 JENNET. SeeGENNET. 
 
 To JE'OPARD, (pron.;f/)n)-f/, in this and other wordi 
 from the same original. See jEOPAKDY)f. a. to hazard or 
 expose to danger. Used only in divinity. 
 
 jE'Or'ARDOUS, ff. exposed to harard or danger. 
 
 JEOPARDY, ( jcpardy) s. hazard, or a state wherein a 
 person is exposed to extreme danger. 
 
 JERnO'.4, 5. in zoology, a gemis of animals whose hind 
 legs are much longer than their fore ones, bearing some re- 
 semblance to the kangaroo. 
 
 JERICHO, an antient town of Palestine, celebrated for- 
 merly for the great lunnber of palm-trees growing near it, 
 and therefore called the City of Palm Trees. At present, it 
 is only a square tower, surrouiuled with huts or tents of the 
 Arabians. Many palm-trees are yet growing here. 
 
 To JI'JJK, V. a. \gcrcccan, Sax.] lo strike with a quick and 
 violent blow. 
 
 JERK, .?. a blow given with a kind of a spring and forci- 
 ble <piickness ; a sudden spring; a quick jolt tliut shocks 
 cr stalls. 
 
 JE'RKIN, s. [cyrulhin, Sax.] a jacket, short coat, or close 
 waistcoat. I 
 
 JERSEY, an island in the English Channel, V2 miles from 
 the coast of Normandy in France, and 26 from the coait xtt
 
 JES 
 
 JEW 
 
 Brittany, subjpct to llie l'"n<;lislj. It is about 30 miles in 
 ciiciimfcioncc, ami difliciilt ol'aiccss, on account nfl lie rocUs, 
 sands, and forts, erected tiir its defeuce. It coiilaius 12 pa- 
 rishes; and lliecliiet'lowM is St. Ileiier, in the S. |iiii t oi' llic 
 island. It lies exlieinely well for trade in lime of peace, 
 and to annoy llie Krencli privateers in time of war. It is 
 well watered with rividets, and is pretty well slocked willi 
 fruit-trees. Tliey have a noted manufactory for woollen 
 stockings and caps, and are still fjoverned by tiie antient 
 Norman laws, llie courts of Iji^jlaud having no jurisdiction 
 Iiere. In 1781, a body of French troops landed on this 
 island, surprised the lieul-enant governor, and compelled 
 him to sign a capitulation; but major I'ierson, the com- 
 mander of the I'aiglish troops, refused to abide by this 
 forced capitulation, and attacked the French in llie town of 
 St. Helier. The French were compelled to surrender pri- 
 soners of war ; but the gallant major was killed in the mo- 
 ment of victory. 
 
 JE'RSKY, one of the United Provinces of N. America ; 
 bounded on the W. by Pennsyivaiu'a, on the S. by Maryland, 
 oa the N. by New York, aud on the E. by the ocean ; 'and is 
 about 140 miles in length from N. to S. and GO in breadth 
 from E. to W. The chief towns are Burliuj^ton, PertJi-Am- 
 boy, and Elizabeth-town. It is divided into E. and W. 
 Jersey; and the produce of both is Indian corn, wheat, 
 pease, beans, barley, oats, horses, black cattle, furs, and 
 pipe-staves. They send to the Caribbee islands bread, corn, 
 salt, beef, pork, and fish; and, in return, receive rum, sugar, 
 and the other i)roducc of ihose islands. To England they 
 send furs and skins ; for which they have furniture anil 
 cloths in return. 
 
 JE'RSEY, i. [from the island of Jersey, which is famous 
 for spinning of yarn, and its stocking manufacture] a tine 
 woollen yarn. 
 
 JERU'SALEM, anciently SaJem and Jehus; among the 
 Greeks and Latins it was known by the name of Soli/ma and 
 Jiic)osoli/ma, the capital of Jndea or Palestine in Asia. It 
 was a very famous city while the Jews inhabited that 
 country; and in its most flourishing state it consisted of 
 four parts, each being inclosed within itsown walls. 1. The 
 old city, which stood on Mount Zion, where king David 
 built a palace. 2. The lowercity, styled also llie Daughter 
 of Zion, as being built at'terit; where king Solomon's pa- 
 lace stood, also Herod's theatre and amphitheatre, the latter 
 capable of containing 80,000 persons. 3. The new city, 
 mostly inhabited by tradesmen and numbers of merchants, 
 and 4. Mount Moriali, w here Solomon's magnificent temple 
 stood. But all this glory has long since been laid in the 
 dust, in exact conformity to our Saviour's prophecy, parti- 
 cularly with regard to the latter, " that one stone of itshould 
 not be left upon another." It is now inhabited by Turks, 
 Arabs, Jews, and Christians. It stands on a high rock, w ilh 
 steep ascents upon every side, except to the N. It is almost 
 surrounded willi valleys encompassed with moun1ains,solhat 
 it seems to stand in the middle of an amphilhealre. It is 
 about 3 miles in circumference, and includes Mount Calvary, 
 which was formerly without the walls. On this hill is 
 erected a large structure, with a round nave, which has no 
 light but what comes throur-'i the top, like the Pantheon at 
 Rome. This is called tlieChurch of the Holy Sepulchre ; the 
 chapel of which is cut out of the rock, and lamps are kept 
 constantly burning in it. The Christian pilgrims flock here 
 from various parts, and the inhabitants accommodate them 
 with lodgings and provisions, which is their chief business, 
 and a bashaw, with a guard of janizaries, always resides 
 here to protect them from the insults of the Arabs. Jeru- 
 ralem is 112 miles S. S. W. of Damascus, and -t.'i from the 
 Mediterranean Sea. Lat..11. ."io. N. Ion. 35. 25. E. 
 
 JERU'SALEM-ARTICHOKE, s. a species ofsun-flower. 
 
 JESS, s. \gccte, Fr. getto, ItaL] short straps of leather tied 
 about the legs of a hawk, with which she is held on the 
 fist. 
 
 JE'SSAMINE, J. See Jasmine. 
 
 To JEST, V, n. [geiticulor, Lat.J to make a person merry 
 
 by pleasant and witty turns ni expression, and odd or comi- 
 cal motions of the l)0(ly ; to speak a thing one knows to 
 be false purely to divert anolher. 
 
 JEST, .V. any Ihiiig meant only to divert a persfin, or raise 
 laughter; a willy or iiointed turn of words, which diverts 
 or raises laughter; game; not earnest. 
 
 JESTER, s. one given to witty turns hi ex])ression, to 
 sarcasms, to odd aud comical pranks ; a bufionn, or oim» 
 formerly kept by great persons to divert them by his witty 
 turns or odd pranks. 
 
 JI','SL'ITS,orTnK SociETYofJESUS, a famous religions 
 order in theUouiish church, founded fiy Ignatius Eoyola, a 
 native of Guipuscoa, in Spain, who, in the year 133.S, assem- 
 bled leu of his companions at Rome, principally rhoseiioutof 
 the university of Pa I is,and made a proposal lo I hem to form a 
 new order ; when, after many fleliberatious, it wasagreed to 
 add to the three ordinary vows of chastity, iioverty, aud obe- 
 dience, a fourth, which was logo into all countries whither 
 the pope should please to send them, in order lo make con- 
 verts to the Romish church. Two years after. Pope Paul 
 111. gave them a bull, by w liich he approved this new order, 
 giving them a power to make such statutes as they shoivld 
 judge convenient ; on which, Ignatius was created general 
 of the order, which in a short time spread over all the 
 countries of the world, to which he sent his companions, 
 while he staid at Rome, from whence he governed tl»2 
 whole society. This society had rendeictl themselves so 
 obnoxious, during the last two centuries, by iheir arts and 
 intrigues, that they ha\e been suppressed in all the king- 
 doms of Europe; in England, in lW-1; Venice, in 1606; 
 Portugal, in 1759; France, in 17G4; Spain and Sicily, in 
 17(i7; and totally suppressed and abolished by pope Cle- 
 ment XIY. in 1773. 
 
 JiySUlTS-BAllK, or Peruvian bark, a well known me- 
 dicine, said to have been first brought into practise by the 
 Jesuits of Peru. 
 
 JESUITICAL, (jezuUiM) a. belonging to the Jesuits; 
 after the manner of the Jesuits; equivocal; deceitful. 
 
 JI'J'Sl'S CHRIST, the Son of God, and Saviour of man- 
 kind. Jesiis signifies a Saviour, and Vhrist, the anointed. 
 
 JET, s. [gagat, Sax.] a very beautiful fossil, of a firn; and 
 even st: nclure, a smooth surface, of a tine deep black colour, 
 with a vein resembling wood, and found in small masses 
 lodged in clay. A spout or shoot of water. 
 
 To iVJT, V. n. \jeiter, Fr.] to shoot forward, or star.d be- 
 yond the other parls ; to jut out. Figuratively, to intrude. 
 To s"sit. 
 
 JET, or JET DEALT, (jet d;;) s. [Fr.] a fountain, or coo- 
 trivance which spouts water in the air. 
 
 JE'TTY, a. made of, or as black as, jet. 
 
 JIC'WEL, s. [ /ficff/en, Belg.] in its primary sense, any 
 ornament of great value, generally applied to such as were 
 set willi precious slones; a gem or precious stone. Figura- 
 tively, applied to persons, to convey an idea of great esteem 
 and affection towards them. Jewel Office, an oftice belong- 
 ing to the crown, has the charge of weighing and fashioning 
 the king's plate, and delivering it out by warrant from the 
 lord chamberlain. The principal otlicer is the master of the 
 Jeucl Office, who has a salary of 450;£'. per annum. 
 
 JEA\ ELLER, s. one who deals in precious stones. 
 
 JEWS, s. a name derived from the patriarch Judah, an*l 
 given to the descendants of Abraham by his eldest son 
 Isaac, who for a longtime possessed the land of Palestine in 
 Asia, and are now dispersed through all the nations in the 
 world. They are tolerated in most countries, and the French 
 republic allowed them the rights of citizens. 
 
 JEWS-EARS, s. a fungus, tough and thin; and naturally, 
 while growing, of a rumpled figure, like a flat and variously 
 hollowed cup. It generally grows on the lower parts of 
 the trunks of elder-trees which are in a decaying state. 
 The common people cure themselves of sore throats with a 
 decoction of it in milk. 
 
 JEWS-STONE, s. a fossil, being the spine of a very lari^j 
 urchin petrified by lying long iu the earth; it receives lis 
 
 477
 
 JIB 
 
 ILL 
 
 name, from its being found in Syria, which was famous for 
 tJie residence of Jews. 
 
 JE'W'S-HAIIP, [of joue, Fr. a clieek, and harp, from its 
 being held against tiie ciieek]a Itind of musical instrument 
 used by the vuljjar, made of steel, held agamst the teeth, and 
 sounded by the motion of a spring, which, wlien struck by 
 the finger, vibrates aj^ainst the breath. 
 
 IF, emij. [g/f. Sax.] grantirii; or allowing a thing; upon 
 coiKlition, Or supposition. Followed by another sentence 
 that includes ojiposition, or implies whether or no; provid- 
 ed ; oriip/)n condition. 
 
 I'GNKOUS.rt. [from !o-mV, fire, Lat.] fiery; containing, 
 emitting, or having the nature of fire. 
 
 IGNIPOTENT, a. [from i^-nis, fire, andpotens, powerful, 
 LatJ presiding over fire, or powerful by means of fire. 
 
 IGNIS FA'TUUS, s. [Lat. foolish tire] a common meteor 
 seen in meadows, and other moist places, in flark nigiils, 
 caused by viscous exhalations, which, being kindled in tlie 
 air, reflect a sort of thin flame in the dark ; called, by the 
 common people, Will with the w/dsp, or Jack with the Ian- 
 thorn. 
 
 ToI'GNITE, I', a. [from is^nis, fire, Lat. | to set on fire. 
 
 JGNI'TIBLE, a. capable of being set on fire. 
 
 IGNITION, .t. [iirnitinn, Fr.] the act of kindling or set- 
 ling on fire. In clivinistry, the application of fire to metals, 
 till they become red hot, without melting. 
 
 IGNI'VOMOUS, a. [from >a,-ius, fire, and tomu, to vomit, 
 Lat.] vomiting, or casting out fire. 
 
 IGNOBLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and vohilis, 
 woble, Lat.] mean, or not belonging to the nobility, applied 
 to birth. Worthless, base, or not deserving honour, applied 
 to persons or things. 
 
 IGNOBLY, ad. in a disgraceful, mean, base, or reproach- 
 ful manner. 
 
 IGiS'OMI'NIOUS, tt. \ignominieux, Fr. ignomiiuusus, Lat.] 
 disgraceful, dishonouraSle, reproachful. 
 
 IGNOMI'NIOL'SLY, ad. in such a manner as to cause 
 loss of fame ; reproachfully. 
 
 I'GNOMIN Y, s. [ifriwnrinia, Lat.] loss of fame or honour ; 
 disgrace, shame, or reproach. 
 
 IGNOR A'MUS, s. [Lat.] in law, a word used by a grand 
 inquest, and written on the back of a bill, when they niislike 
 the evidence as defective, or not able to make good the 
 charge it contains ; hence it signifies, figuratively, a person 
 who knows nothing. 
 
 I'GNORANCE,*. [igTioj-ffjice, Fr.] want of knowledge or 
 instruction ; unskilfulrtess. In law, it is a want of know ledge 
 of the laws, whicli will not excuse a person from suffering 
 the penalty inflicted on the breach of them ; for every one.at 
 Lis peril, is obliged to know the laws of the land. An infant, 
 who is just arrived at the age of discretion, and who may 
 therefore be supposed to be ignorant of the law, is punish- 
 able for crimes ; but at the same time infants of ten(ler age, 
 who are naturally ignorant, are excused; as arc all persons 
 who are mm rnmpns mentis, as nuidmen and natural fools. 
 
 I'GNOUANT, a. [from ii>-nnro, not to know, Lat.] un- 
 learned ; illiterate ; without knowledge ; or witiiout hav- 
 ingan idea of some particular ; unaccpiainted with. 
 
 1'GNORANTLY, (ul. without knowledge, learning, or 
 design. 
 
 To IGNORE, V. a. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 nosco, to kno«', Lat.J not to know, or have an idea of, a 
 thing. 
 
 IGNO'SCIBLE, a. [from ignosco, to pardon, Lat.] pardon- 
 able, capable of pardon. 
 
 IGUA'N.\, s. m zoology, a large species of lizard, very 
 froqucTit in the AVest Indies. 
 
 J. II. S. these three letters are generally embroidered on 
 the velvet hanging of the conuniniion tables in churches, and 
 signify Jcsns lluminum Salvatvr, or, Jesus the Saviour of 
 men. 
 
 JIB, s. the foremost sail of a ship, being a large stay-sail 
 Mtended from the outer end of the bowsprit, prolonged by 
 tlie jil>-booiu toward the fore-top mast head. 
 478 
 
 JIG, *. [giga, Ital.] a light, careless, quick danre or 
 tune. 
 To JIG, V. a. to dance a quick and light dance called- » 
 
 jig- 
 
 IL, before words beginning with (, stands for in, 
 
 JILT, s. \gilia, Isl.] a woman who receives the addresses 
 of a lover, gives him hopes, and deceives him. Used in 
 contempt or reproach of any woman. 
 
 To JILT, V. a. to deceive a man by flattering his love with 
 hopes, and afterwards leaving him for another. 
 
 To JlTSGLE, )'. ?i. [either curruptcd from /n?.gZe, or for'ned 
 from the sound] to clink, or nrake a noise like money, or 
 other sounding metal flung on a stone or other hard body. 
 In poetry or style, applied to the sound formed by several 
 words or syllables which end in the same letters. 
 
 JINGLE, s. the simiul made by money or other metal 
 flung against a hard body. The sound made by words in 
 the same letters and s\ llables, applied to style. 
 
 I'LCHESTER, a town of Somersetshire, consisting of four 
 streets, with one church, and other places of worship. It is 
 a town of great antiquity, and once had sixteen churches. 
 The coiuitv.jail is kept here, but the assizes are held alter- 
 nately at Bridgewater, Wells, and Taunton. It is seated 
 on the river Ivel, 16 miles S. of Wells, and 123 W. by S. 
 of London. Market on Wednesday. 
 
 ILE, .r. SeeAiLE. 
 
 ILEUS, .«. [Lat.] in anatomy, the third and last of the 
 small guts, is situated below the navel, near the ossa ilei, 
 whence its name. Its length is various, sometimes not 
 more than 15, sometimes 20 spans or more. It begins where 
 the valves of the jejunum csase to be conspicuous, and its 
 end is w here the larger intestines begin ; at which place it 
 is, in a very singular manner, inserted into the left side of 
 the colon. 
 
 I'LFRACOMBE, a sea-port of Devonshire, has a conve- 
 nient safe harbour, formed by a good pier, projecting into 
 the Bristol Channel. The high tides here allow large ves- 
 sels to enter its basin. This port employs a number of brigs 
 and sloops, chiefly in carrying ore from Cornwall, coal from 
 Wales, and corn to Bristol. A number of fishing skifls be- 
 long to this place, which, with those of Minehead, fish on a 
 bank of the coast during the sunuuer, and carry a number 
 of soles, turbots, tVc. to the Bristol market. It is 49 miles 
 N. N. W. of Exeter, and 181 W. by S. of London. Market 
 on Saturday. 
 
 I'LIAC, a. [iliaciis, Lat.] caused by twisting in the guts ; 
 belonging to the lower belly. The iliac passion is a kind of 
 nervous colic, seated in the ileum, whereby one part of tire 
 gut enters the cavity of that part which is immediately below 
 or above it. - 
 
 ILIAD, s. the name of an antient epic poem, recording 
 the siege of Troy, or //uoh, composed by Homer. 
 
 ILK, ad. eke; also; still retained in Scotland, and da- 
 notes each. 
 
 ILL, o. [contracted from ci'iV, and retaining all its senses] 
 inconsistent with our duty, as citizens or Christians; con- 
 trary to good. .Sick or disordered. .Synon. /// is nsefl 
 with the most propriety when the licallh is not nnich im- 
 paired : sick is applicableonly when the body is greatly dis- 
 ea.sed. /// too is most proper w hen in pain only ; sich wljen 
 diseased : thus we say, he is ill of the gout ; but sich of a 
 fever. 
 
 ILL, s. an action contrary to our duty, either to God or 
 man; wickedness; a misfortune. 
 
 ILL, ad. not well or rightly. " III at ease." Drt/d. Not 
 alile. "/// able to sustain." Par. Lost. 7//, in composition, 
 whither substantive or adverb, implies defect, or .something 
 bad and improper, either in quality or condition. 
 
 ILLA'CEIIABLE, n. [from !«, a negative particle, and 
 laciro, to tear, Lai. J not to be torn. 
 
 ILLA'CHllYIMABLE, (illdltn/mahle) a. ['from in, a nega- 
 tive particle, and lachnjma, a tear, Lat.J not capable of 
 weeping. 
 
 ILLA TSE, *. [from t^Zoior, to foil upou, Lat.] the gradual
 
 ILL 
 
 1MB 
 
 or gentle entrance of one thing into anotlier ; a 'suilJcn at- 
 tack, <ira<(i(k'iit. 
 
 ILLAQIJI'IA'TION, s. [from Inr/ueus, a siinro, Lat.] tlie 
 act of catcliiiiijor ensnaring; a snare or artilice ina(ic> use 
 of to entrap or catcii. 
 
 ILLATION, s. [ilhium, from ivfrro, to infer, Lat.] an in- 
 ference or roncliision drawn from promises. 
 
 ILLA'TIViO, rt. [ilidtiim, from )■«/<)■«, to infer, Lat.] used 
 to imply an inference or eonciusion. 
 
 ILLAU'D A BLE, n. [from in, a negative particle, and laudo, 
 to praise, Lat. | mnvortliy of praise. 
 
 ILLA1J'DAIU>\', nd. in a manner ..otdeservinj; praise. 
 
 ILLL'GAIj, n. [from f/i, a negative particle, wwXUgalii, 
 lav fill, Lat.] contrary lo law. 
 
 ILFjI'IG.A'LITY, i. the quality of being unlawful, or con- 
 trary to law. 
 
 ILLE'f J k LLY, ad. in a manner contrary to law. 
 
 ILLE'tillU>!'', a. [from (;j, a negative particle, and le^o, to 
 read, Lat.] that cannot be read. 
 
 ILLEGITIMACY, s. the slate of a bastard ; the state of 
 bastardy. 
 
 ILLEGI'TTiNIATE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 legitimiis, lawfid, Lat.J unlawfully begotten ; or not begotte.n 
 in wedlock. 
 
 To ILLEGITIMATE, v. n. in law, to prove a person a 
 bastard. 
 
 ILLEGITIMATELY, ml. not begotten in wedlock. 
 
 ILLEGITIMATION, *. the state of a bastard, or of one 
 not begotten in wedlock. 
 
 ILLE'VIABLE, a. [from [/«■£/•, Fr.] what cannot be le- 
 vied, or exacted. 
 
 ILLFAVOURED, a. ugly, or deformed. 
 
 ILLI'BERAL, «. [from in, a negative particle, and libera- 
 /w, liberal, Lat.] wanting generosity or gentility. 
 
 ILLIBERA'LlTY, s. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 /i&n-a/i>, liberal, Lat.] meanness of mind; want of munifi- 
 cence. 
 
 ILLI'BERALLY, ud. in a mean, niggardly, or disingenu- 
 ous manner. 
 
 ILLICIT, a. [from in, a negative particle, and licet, it is 
 lawful, Lat. I unlawful, or contrary to any law. 
 
 ILLI'MITABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 limes, a boundary, Lat.] not to be bounded or limited. 
 
 ILLI'MITABLY, «rf. in such a manner as to be capable 
 of no bounds. 
 
 ILLI'MITED, a. [from in, a negative particle, and limes, a 
 boundary, Lat.J unbounded ; without bounds, limits, or 
 restraint. 
 
 ILLITERATE, n. [from !«, a negative particle, and /;- 
 tera, a letter, Lat.] witnout having received any improve- 
 ments by learning or instruction ; unlearned. 
 
 ILLITERATENESS, s. the state of having never receiv- 
 ed any improvements from learning. 
 
 I'LLNESS, s. any thing which is productive of inconve- 
 nieiN-e ; or destructive of our happiness, applied to things 
 natural, moral, and religious. Sickness or disorder, applied 
 to health. 
 
 ILLNATUIIE, s. a natural disposition whereby a per- 
 son is prone to do ill turns, and to thwart the happiness of 
 another, attended with a secret joy on the sight of any mis- 
 chief which befalls another, and an entire insensibility of any 
 kindness received. 
 
 IkLNATURED, a. habitually unkind, malicious, or mis- 
 cliievous. 
 
 ILLNATUREDLY, ad. in a peevish, froward, mis- 
 chievous manner. 
 
 To ILLU'DE, V. a. [illndo, from ludo, to sport, Lat.] to 
 luock : to play upon ; to jeer. 
 
 To ILLU'ME, V. a. [illuminei; Fr.j to supply with light ; 
 to brighten oradorn. 
 
 ToILLUMINATE, e.fl. [!7?«miHer, Fr.] to enlighten or 
 supply with light. Figuratively, to supply the mind with 
 H power of understanding any difficulty. 
 , ILLU'MINATION, *. [illuminatio, from Umen, light, Lat.] 
 
 the act of supplying will] light ; the cause of light ; bright- 
 ness ; splendor ; light conununicalcil to the mind by in- 
 spiration. 
 
 ILLUMINATIVE, a. [illuminatif, Fr.] having the power 
 toconnuunieate light. 
 
 1LLUMIN.\T()U, s. [Lat.J one who gives light; one 
 who explains adithcult passage in an author. 
 
 ILLL''MIN.\TRY, *. a kind of miniature painting, ani- 
 tiently uiucli practised for illuitratiiig and adornini* 
 books. 
 
 To ILLUMINE, v. a. \ilhiminer, Fr.j to enlighten or 
 make light ; to supply with lights. Figuratively, to adorn. 
 
 ILLU'.SION, s. \iUasio, from Indo, to sport, Lat.] a false 
 show of appearance ; error occasioned by a false appear- 
 ance. 
 
 ILLU'SIVEi, a. [i.llusus,itomludo, to sport, Lat.Jdece-iving 
 by false show. 
 
 "ILLU'SOP.Y, a. [illusns, from IihIo, to s.port, Lat.] fraudu- 
 lent; with an intention to deceive ; deceitful. 
 
 To ILLUSTRATE, v. a. \iUnslro, perhaps from !nstro,U) 
 purify, Lat.] to brighten with light or honour. Figuratively, 
 to explain or clear up adifliculty in an author. 
 
 ILLUSTRATION, s. [Fr. from illnstru, to illustrate, Lat.] 
 the act of rendering a ditficult passage easy to be under- 
 stood : an exposition or explanation. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIVE, «. having the quality of clearing up a 
 difficult or obscure passage in an author. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIVELY, nrf. byway of explanation. 
 
 ILLU'STRIOUS, a.[illiistris, perhaps from lusiiv, to pu- 
 rify, Lat. I noble, eminent for titles, dignity, birth, or excel- 
 lence. 
 
 ILLU'.STRIOUSLY, «rf. in a conspicuous, noble, or emi- 
 nent manner. 
 
 ILLU'STRIOUSNESS, *. eminence of rank, birth, dig- 
 nity, or good qualities. 
 
 i'LMINSTEll, a town of Somersetshire, containing about 
 300 houses. It has a considerable manufactory of narrow 
 cloths, and is situated on the river llle, in a dirly bottom, 
 among hills, 27 miles S. W. of Wells, and 137 W. by S. of 
 London. Market on Saturday. 
 
 I'LSLEY EAST, a town of Berkshire, seated in a pleasant 
 valley, between two hills, and excellent downs for feeding 
 sheep, being a fine sporting country. It is 14 miles N. W. 
 of Reading, and 53 W. of London. Market on Wednes- 
 day. 
 
 I'M, a contraction used in discourse for / am. 
 
 I'iMAGE, s. [image, Fr. imago, Lat.] the appearance of 
 any object ; an idea imprcsserl by outward objects on the 
 mind ; a representation of any thing expressed in painting, 
 sculpture, &c. most commonly applied to statues; a copy, 
 or likeness; a lively description of any thing in discourse ; 
 a picture drawn in the fancy ; a false god ; or a statue made 
 to represent, and be worshipped as, a god. 
 
 To I'MAGE, V. a. to form a representation, likeness, or 
 idea ofa thing in the mind. 
 
 I'MAGEllY, s. statues or pictures. Figuratively, re- 
 semblance. Idcas'formed purely by the imagination, whicli 
 have no originals out of the mind. 
 
 IMA'CilNABLE.ffl. [Fr.] possible to be conceived. 
 
 IMA'GINARY, «. {inmginnrie, Fr.j existing only in the 
 imagination or fancy, opposed to real. 
 
 IMAGIN ATIOis, s. [from imago, an image, Lat.] a power 
 or faculty of the soul, whereby it can join or separate the 
 ideas it has received by the senses, in such a manner as to 
 form other compound ideas, which have no resemblance ex- 
 isting out of the mind ; fancy ; the power of representing 
 things absent, a conception, image, or idea of any thing in 
 the mind ; contrivance ; a scheme. 
 
 To IM A'GINE, ». a. [imaginer, Fr.] to fancy ; to conceive. 
 Figuratively, to contrive or plot. 
 
 IM A'CilN ER, s. one w ho forms an idea in his mind. 
 
 I'MBECILE, a. [imbecilis, Lat.J wauting strength, applied 
 both to body aud mind. 
 
 470
 
 I MM 
 
 IMBECI'LiTY, s. \imbeciliti, Fr.] frailty or weakness of 
 mind or body. 
 
 'I'o IMBl'BE, V. a. [from in, in, and bibo, to drink, Lat.] to 
 drink or draw in ; to emit ii>to the mind; to drencii orsoak. 
 
 IMBrBER, J. tliat "liicli drinks in, sucks up, or absorbs. 
 
 I'MBIBl' riON, i. [Fr. from m, in, and bibo, to drink, Lat.] 
 the act ofdriiiKtiigorsuci-.'ing up moisture. 
 
 To IMBITTER, f . «. to make bitter ; to deprive of hap- 
 piness or pleasure. 
 
 To IMBODY, r. a. to cover with, or thicken to, a body ; 
 to bring to;;cther into one mass or company ;to inclose. 
 
 To EMBOLDEN, v. a. to raise to couHdence ; to encou- 
 rage ; or make bold. 
 
 To EMBOSOM, (imSuwwn) v. a. to hold on the bosom ; to 
 wrap in that part of a garment uiiich covers the bosom. Fi- 
 guratively to love with a warm atieilion and friendship. 
 
 To LMBO'W, (imbo)v.a. to arch; to make in the form of 
 anarch. 
 
 To IMRO'WER, (the ow is here pron. as in now) v. a. to 
 cover with a bower ; to cover with branches of trees. 
 
 IMBOVVMENT, s. an arch ; a vault. 
 
 I'MBRICATED, a. [from imbrex, a gutter-tile. Eat.] in 
 botany, formed in hollows, like those of a gutter-tile. 
 
 IMBRICATION, i. [from imbrc.r, a gutter-tile, Lat.] an 
 hollow iiuleuture, like that of a gutter-file. 
 
 To IW BROWN, 11. a. to make brown or dark. 
 
 To IMBRUE, V. a. to steep, soak, or wet much and long. 
 This word is also spelled Embrl'e. 
 
 To IM BRUTE, V. a. to make like a brute, in quality or 
 shape ; to become brutish. 
 
 To IMBUE, V. a. [iiiibno, Lat.] to tincture very deeply; 
 to imbibe ; to dve, or niipregnate with any liquor. 
 
 IMITABI'LrrY, s. [tVom imilor, to imitate. Eat.] the qua- 
 lity, of being imitabl^e. 
 
 I'lMITABLE, a. i^from imitor, to imitate, Lat.] worthy ot 
 being resembled or imitated ; possible to be imitated or 
 copied. 
 
 To liMITATE, 1'. n. {imitor, Lat.] to copy ; to endeavour 
 to resemble ; to counterfeit. 
 
 IMITATION, y. [from imitator, to imitate, Lat ] the act 
 of doing any thing with a view of making it like something 
 else. 
 
 IMITATIVE, a. [from imitor, to imitate, Lat.] inclined to 
 imitate ; copied from, or resembling. 
 
 IMITATOR, y. [Lat.] one who copies from, and endea- 
 vours to resemble, another. 
 
 IMMA'CtJLATIO, a. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 «u:ci//(7, a spot, Lat.] without spot, stain, or crime; pure or 
 clear. 
 
 To IMMA'N ACLE, v. a. to put in manacles ; to fetter, or 
 confine. 
 
 IMM'ANE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and hmnanus, 
 human, Lat.| vast ; prodigiously great. 
 
 IMMANENT, (i. [immanent, Fr.] intenvst* or [situated 
 within the mind. 
 
 IMMA'NITV, .?. [from in, a negative particle, and huma- 
 »ii«, humour, Lat.] Iiarbarilv ; cruelly. 
 
 l.M[\IARCE'SSIBLIy, «. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 marccscn, to fade, Lat.] unfading. 
 
 To IMM A'SK, V. a. to put in a mask ; to cover ; to dis- 
 gui'je. 
 
 IMMATE'RIAL, a. \immnt'crirl, Fr.] spiritual ; distinct 
 form, aiid not consisting of, matter; of no importance or 
 veiglit. The last sense is branded as a barbarism by 
 Johnson. 
 
 l.MMATERIA'LITy, s. incorporeity ; distinctness from 
 body or matter. 
 
 IMMATERIALLY, ad. In a manner not depending on 
 matter. 
 
 IMMATE'RIALIZED, «. freed from or void of matter 
 
 IM MATERIA LNESS, «. distinctness or freedom from 
 matter 
 
 IM.MATE'RIATE, ff. [from in, a negative .particle, and 
 tnaitria, matter, Lat.] not consisting of mailer. 
 4Ha 
 
 IMM 
 
 I.MMATQ'RE, a. [from ta, a negative particle, and iimft*. 
 '^n-;, ripe, Lat.] not ripe; not perfect; too early, or before 
 theniatural time. 
 
 IMMATU'RELY, ad. too soon ; before ripe, complete, 
 or existent. 
 
 IMMATU'RENESS, or IMMATURITY, s. unripeness. 
 
 IMMEABI'LITY, i. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 meo, to pass through, Lat.] want of power to pass or make 
 itself a passage, applied to fluids. 
 
 IMAIE'ASURABLE, (immrzurable) a. not to be mea- 
 sured ; not to be conceived. 
 
 IMIME'ASURABLY^ {immczurally) ad. beyond all com- 
 prehension or conception. 
 
 LMMECHA'NICAL, (imme^am/iar) a. not according to 
 the laws of mechanics. 
 
 IMMEDIACY, s. the quality of acting without the in- 
 tervention of any other means. 
 
 IMMEDIATE, a. [immcdiat, Fr.] in such a state with res- 
 pect to something else, as to have nothing between ; with- 
 out any thing intervening; not acting by second causes. 
 Instant, or present, applied to time. 
 
 IMMEDIATELY, ad. without the intervention of any 
 other cause or event; instantly; without delay. 
 
 I.MMEDIATENESS, s. presence applied to time. The 
 state or Quality of being without any second or iuterveuiug 
 cause. 
 
 I.MME'DICABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 medicabilis, curable. Eat.] not to be healed or cured. 
 . IMME'MORABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 memnrabilis, memorable. Eat.] not worth remembering. 
 
 IMMEMORIAL, a. [Fr. from in, a negative particle, and 
 memoriu, memory, Lat.j not within the memory of any per- 
 son living; so antient as not to be easily traced with any 
 degree of certainty. In a legal sense, a tiling is said to be of 
 time immemorial, that was before the reign of king Ed- 
 wa.rd II. 
 
 IMME'NSE, a. [Fr. from in, a negative particle, and mc- 
 tior, to measure, Lat.] unbounded ; not to be comprehend- 
 ed ; infinite. 
 
 IMME'NSITY, s. [inuncnsite, Fr. from in, a negative parti- 
 cle, and metior, to measure, Lat.] unbounded or incompre- 
 liensible greatness. 
 
 IMMENSURABI'LITY, s. impossibility of being mea- 
 sured. 
 
 LMMENSURABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, 
 and mensura, a measure. Eat.] impossible to be measured; 
 infinite. 
 
 ToIMME'RGE, it), a. [trora in, under, and mergn, to 
 plunge, Lat.] to plunge or put under water. 
 
 I.NIAIE'RSE, «. [from in, under, and mergo, to plunge, 
 Lat.] buried ; covered ; sunk deep. 
 
 To IMM E'RSE, t!. n. [from in, under, and mergo, to plunge, 
 Lat.] to put under water ; to sink deep, or cover, to plunge, 
 sink, or keep depressed. 
 
 IMME'RSION, s. [from in, under, and mergo, to plunge, 
 Lat.] the act of plunging any thing in water, or any other 
 fluid, beyond its surface ; the stale of sinking or being sunk 
 in liquor below its surface. The state of being overwhelmed, 
 apnlied to the mind. In astronomy, it is applied to a sa- 
 tellite when it begins to enter into the shadow of its pri- 
 mary ; to a star or planet, when it first disappears behind 
 the disk of the moon. " • 
 
 IMMI;TH0'1)ICAL, a. without order or method. 
 
 IMMETHODICALLY, ad. in an irregular manner. 
 
 I'MMINENT, a. [from in, over, and mancn, to remain, 
 Lat.] having over one's bead ; threatening ; near ; applied 
 always to something ill. 
 
 To IMMI'iNGLE, v. a. to mingle, mix, or unite. Seldom 
 used. 
 
 IiMMINUTION, *. [from immimw, to diminish, Lat.] di- 
 minution, derrease, lessening. 
 
 IMMISCIBILITY, s. incapacity of being minded. 
 
 IMMI'SCIBLIO, a. not capablcof being mi.\eu. A word 
 use(i by tUe authorof Clarissa.
 
 1 MP 
 
 rMp 
 
 IMMI'SSION, s. [from in, in, mid witto, to send, Lat.] tlie 
 «Ct of Sfliiliii!; ill, op|i(ist(l to iiinssicn. 
 
 ToIMMI r II. n. [tVoiii in, in, aiul mitto, |o serifl, Lat.] to 
 »eii(l ill. 
 
 To IMMI'X, r. a. to mix tosetlier ; to join or unite. 
 
 IMMIX AIU.R, ('. not to be mixed to^'etlier. 
 
 IMMOniLITV, J. nVoni in, a iif>'ative particle, and 
 tnoliilis, moveal)le, Lat.] a (lualily of body, where Ijj it is ren- 
 deii'd ineapalile ofmovniR; a state of rest. 
 
 IM.MO'DLRATK, «. [from in, a negalive particle, and 
 mode rut IIS, moderate, Lat.] excessive ; exceeding due 
 bounds. 
 
 IMMODERATELY, ad. in an excessive degree or 
 manner. 
 
 LSIMODEHATION, s.\imnwdei-titio>t, I'r.] want of keep- 
 ing toa due mean ; excess. 
 
 IMMO'DKS'r, rt. [immudcste, Fr.] unchaste, or inconsistent 
 with inodeslv ; olisci ne. 
 
 IMMODESTY, s.\immmh:<)tie, Vwlv/xnt of modesty, or 
 of regard tociiastity and decency. 
 
 ToTMMOLATR, v. a. [inww/o, from jiwla, flour mingled 
 with salt that was sprinUled upon sacrifices, Lat.] to sacri- 
 fice or kill in sacrifice. 
 
 IMMOLATION, s. [Fr. imvwlo, from mnh, flour mingled 
 wifli salt that was sprinkled npon sacrifices, Lat.] the act ot 
 sacrifici"ng or killing, as an oflering to God ; the thing offer- 
 ed in sacrifice. 
 
 IMiMOKAL, a. inconsistent with, or contrary to, the laws 
 of;iioridity ; had or unjust. 
 
 IMAlOHA'LlTY, s. an action inconsistent with our duty 
 towards men; want of virtue. 
 
 IMMO'RTAL, a. [from i/i, a negative particle, and mor- 
 talis, mortal, Lat.J not capable of dying; living for ever; 
 ne.v,er ending; perpetual. 
 
 IMMORTALITY, s. [Fr. from in, a negative particle, 
 and mortttVts, mortal, Lat.J a state which has no end ; an ex 
 emption from d«ath ; an exemption from oblivion. 
 
 To IMMORTALIZE, v. a. \iimnortaliser, Fr.] to make 
 immortal ; to perpetuate, or make the fame of a persan end- 
 less. Neuterly, to become immortal. 
 
 IMMORTALLY, ad. without death ; without ceasing or 
 ending. 
 
 IMMOVEABLE, a. not to be forced from or taken out 
 of its place; not to be shaken or affected. 
 
 IMMO'VEABLY, a. in a state not to be shaken or af- 
 fected. 
 
 IMMU'NITY, s. [immunile, Ft. imtmmis, from in, a nega- 
 tive particle, and tmmiis, & duty or tax. Lat.] discharge from 
 any dutyorobliMtion. 
 
 To IMMU'RL, II. «. [emmurer, old Fr. from in, in, and 
 murus, a wall, Lat.] to inclose within a wall ; to imprison ; 
 to confine. 
 
 IMMURE, «. awall ; inclosure. 
 
 IMMUTABI'LITY, s. [immvtahilii, Fr. from in, a negative 
 particle, and muto, to change, Lat.] fjcedom from change or 
 alteration. 
 
 IMM O'TABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and vudo, 
 to change, Lat.J not subject to change or alter. 
 
 •IMMU'TAHI Y, ad. without altering or changing; hi a 
 tnattner not subject to change or alter. 
 
 IMP, s. \inw, a shoot or sprig, Brit.] an inferior devil ; an 
 emissary of the devil. Also a son ; the offspring ; progeny. 
 To IMP, v.a. [wipio, to engraff, Brit.] to lengthen by the 
 addition of something else. 
 
 To IMPA'CT, V. a. [from in, up>on, and pan<ro, to drive, 
 Lat.J to drive or force the particles of a body closer to- 
 gether. 
 
 To IMPAIR, t>. a. [empirer, Fr."! to lessen in degree, 
 quality, quantity, or worth-; todiminish ; to injure ; to make 
 worse. Neuterly, to be lessened or worn out. " Flesh may 
 impiiir ; — but reason can repair." Spenser. 
 
 IMPA'Ill, s. a decay, or decrease ; loss of power, degree, 
 or oiifllity. Not used. 
 IMP-^'IUMliNT, i. adecay; injury; decay of strength. 
 
 To IMPA'LE, I'. «. in heraldry, is to conjoin two coats oT 
 arms pale-wise. SccEmpalk. 
 
 IMPA'LPARLE, «. [impa/puhk, Fr.J not to be felt, or 
 perceived by the touch. 
 
 IMPA'N>JKLLING, i. in law, signifies the writing down 
 or entering into a parchment, list, orschcduie, the names of 
 a jury, suinnioned by the sheriff to api)car for such public 
 services as juries are euiploveil in. 
 
 To IMPA'RADI.SE,f.fl. ti/«/'a»-«'/(>«»-c, ltal.| to render a» 
 happy as the state of paradise is supposed to be. 
 
 IMPA'RITY, *. [from inipiir, unequal, Lat.] disproportion;, 
 theexcess of twotliings compared together; oddiicss. 
 
 To IMPA'RK, v. a. to separate from a common ; to make 
 a park of; to inclose with a park. 
 
 IMPARLANCE, s. in law, is a petition in court, for a 
 day to consider or advise what aiisv\er the defendant shall 
 make to the planlilf's action, and is the eontinuaiiee of the 
 cause till another day, or a longer time given by the 
 court. 
 
 To IMPA'RT, r. a. [impi-rtio, from pnrlin, to distribute, 
 Lat ] to grant, give, or coiumuuicate a part. 
 
 IMPA'RTIAL, (impuishial) a. [impiirliiil, Fr.] just ; witlk- 
 out anv bias or undue influence. 
 
 IMPARTIA'LITY, {imparshiulilii) .1. [impimhialif-, Fr.] 
 the act of distributing justice without any bias or undue in- 
 fluence; strict justice. 
 
 IMPA'RTIALLY, (mi/xS)-j^in%) ad. in a manner free from 
 anv bias. 
 
 lMP.\'RTn'.LE, a. [impnrtihh, Fr.] that may be commu- 
 nicated or bestowed in part ; without parts. 
 
 IMPA'SSABLE, c. not to be i>ar.srd ; impervious. 
 
 IMPASSIBI'LITY, s. \impiissibtlitc, Fr.) the quality or 
 privilege of not being subject to external injury or suf- 
 ferings. 
 
 IMPA'SSIBLE, a. \impassible, Fr.] incapable of sufferinR 
 injury or pain. 
 
 IM"PA'SS1BLENESS, ». impassibility ; exemption from 
 pain. 
 
 IMPASSIONED, {impashioned) a. seized, or inflamed 
 with passion. 
 
 IMPA'STED, a. concreted as into paste. Not in use. 
 
 IMPATIENCE, (impas/ience,^ s. [impntinice, Fr.] inability 
 of suffering pain or delay without com plaint. 
 
 IMP.VTIENT, {impa shield) a. [from in, a negative particle, 
 and patiens, patient, 1-at.J not able to endure or bear dela>, 
 pain, or any other inconvenience, without complaint; vehe- 
 menllv agitated bv passion ; eager. 
 
 IMPATIENTLY, {impashiently) ad. with great intense- 
 ness, aijplication, or ardour. Wi'lh great eagerness or long- 
 ing desire. 
 
 ToIMP.^'WN, v.a. to give a person as an hostage, or a 
 thing as pledge and security, for the performance of cerlaitt 
 coaditions. 
 
 To IMPE'ACH, (pronounced in this word and its deriva- 
 tives impeech) v. a. [rmpeclin; Fr.] to hinder. In law, to 
 accuse a person of being guiltv of a crime. 
 
 IMPE'ACHABLE, a. worthy of being found fault with; 
 accusable. 
 
 IMPE'ACHER, s. an accuser, one who brings an accusa- 
 tion against anothe.r. 
 
 IMPEACHMENT, or IMPE'ACH, *. lempechement. Fr.J 
 an hindrance or obstacle. A public accusation or charge 
 of being guiltv of some crime. 
 
 To IMPE'ARL, (inv<f)7) v. a. to adorn with pearls, or 
 something resembling pearls. 
 
 IMPE'CCABILITY, s. [impcccabiliie, Fr.J exemption 
 from sin ; exemption from fadiire. 
 
 IMPE'CCABLE, ff. [impeccable, Fr.] sinless; exempt from 
 the possibility of sinifiug. 
 
 To IMPE'DE, V. a. \iini>fdin, Lat.] to hinder; to stop. 
 
 IMPEDIMENT, s. \i»ipedif), to entangle, from pes, a foot» 
 Lat.] an hindrance, obstacle, or motive, which renders the 
 performance of a thing dittieult or impossible. Synon. 
 There seems to be a gradation \n tlie words impednnertt^ 
 
 4)41
 
 I MP 
 
 IMP 
 
 obstacle, and ol.ttrnclion. The iwpe'Umeiit stays ; tllC oh.itnrle 
 resists ; the vhitniction puts an entile slop to. We say, 
 remove the impedivieni ; siirnuiuiit t'-ie olslfide; lake a«ay 
 \\\c ohsh-iiction. J'ivcn small inipi-rlimciits sometimes prove 
 Siicli obstacles as obstruct owv bi'sl oo'kavours. 
 
 To IMPE'L, V. ft. [iiiipd/o, iVoiii pcl/n, to iliivo, Lat.l to 
 drive on; to make a tiling move; to act upon with ibrce. 
 
 IMPE'LLENT, s. {impelln, from nrlln, to (hive, Laf.j a 
 power which actsiiponaiiv thing wild force. 
 
 To IMPE'ND, V. II. [fVom i», over, anil pcnden, to lian", 
 Lat.J to hang over, threaten, or be near ; generally applied 
 to some evil. 
 
 IMPENDENT; fl. [from in, over, and pendeo, to lianjj. 
 Lat.] suspended or han2;inj; over; verv near. 
 
 IMPE'NDENCE, s. the state of Laqgiiig over, or being- 
 near. 
 
 LMPENETRABI'LITY, s. [imphwt,abil,ri, Fr.] the qua- 
 lity of not being pierceable. Hardness, or a state not sus- 
 ceptible of tencfer affections, applied to the mind. 
 
 IMPETSETRABLE, a. [Fr. from in, a negative particle, 
 and peitetro, to penetrate, Lat.] not to be pierced or entered 
 by any outward force; not arlmitting to enter. Not to be 
 known or discovered, applied lo thini^s and persons. Not 
 to hemove^ or aftected, applied to the mind. 
 
 IMPENETRABLY, ad. with so much hardness .is not to 
 give entrance to any thing driven by external folce. Not 
 to be removed by instruction, ai>j)lied to defects of the un- 
 derstanding. " Impenclrabhi dull." Vupc. 
 
 IMPE'NlTENCE, or l.VlPENITENCV, j. [impcnitevcr, 
 Ir.Ja state of mind wherein a person contimtes in sin, with- 
 out anv sorrow, or sense of divine K>ve or mercy. 
 
 IMPE'NITE-NT, a. [impiiiiiciit, Fr.J not grieving or re- 
 penting of sin. 
 
 IMPE'NITENTLY, ad. without repentance, orsncwing 
 any sorrow for sin. 
 
 IMPE'NNOUS, a. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 penna, awing, Lat.J without w ings. " .■in carwigis reckoned 
 among impennmis, insects." liruwn. 
 
 I'MPERATE, a. I from impeio, to command, Lat.] done 
 with consciousness, or the direction of the will. " Imperute 
 acts." Hah. 
 
 IMPE'RATIVE, a. ^imperatif, Fr. from impero, to com- 
 mand, Lat.] commanding or expressing command. The 
 imperative mood in English is formed either with auxiliary 
 words, implying a command, request, or permission, or by 
 
 Editing the word after the verb, w hich in other moods comes 
 efore it. Thus Peter runs, is the indicative, but run Peter, 
 or let Peter >im, is the imperative. Let is prefixed only to 
 the third person singular, and to the first and third persons 
 plural ; as, let him hear ; let us regard ; let him repent. 
 
 IMPERATIVELY, ad', in a commanding stjle; autho- 
 ritativelv. 
 
 IMPERATOR, .?. [Lat.] in Roman antifiuity, a title of 
 onour conferred on victorious gener 
 afterwards confirmed by the senate. 
 
 honour conferred on victorious generals by their armies, and 
 
 Kiuity, 
 tlieira: 
 
 IMPERCEPTIBLE, «. [imperceptible, Fr.] not to be seen 
 or perceived either by the. mind, eye, or other senses ; very 
 small or minute. 
 
 IMI'ERCE'PTIBLENESS, s. the qtialily of not being per- 
 ceived'either bv the mind or senses. 
 
 IMPERCEPTIBLY, ail. iii a manner not to be perceived 
 either by tlie mind or senses. 
 
 IMPE'UFECr, a. |fromiM, a negative particle and ;)r»-- 
 feetus, ]>erfe<"t, Lat,] not quite finished ; not complete ; 
 wantirt;^ something; defective; fraH. 
 
 IMPERI-E'CTION, s. [imperfection, Fr.] a defect, failure, 
 or hiiilt, whether natural or moral. 
 
 IMPERFECTLY, ad, not fully or completely ; with de- 
 ftcfs or failure. 
 
 IMPE'KfX)RA5LR, a. [from in, a negative particle, scxl 
 iptrfiiro, to bore through, Lat.] not to be bored thnmgli. 
 
 iMPERf'ORATE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 ptrforv, to bore through, Lat.] not pierced or bored thfoui;!! ; 
 without a hole or cavity ruflnin^ tlwuugh. 
 483 
 
 IMrETlI.^L.ff. [Fr. imperinlis, from imperitor, anemperor, 
 Lat.] possessed of (be state ofan emperor or eniiiress ; higher 
 than royal, though someliines used for it. Imperinl paper, 
 is a large k'ind of fine writing paper. Imperial chamber, \\\yi 
 a sovereign court for the atlaiis of the states of riermany. 
 Imperial cities, were those which owned no other head but 
 the emperor. Imperial tliet, was an assembly or convention 
 of all the states of Ihe empire. 
 
 IMPE'RLALIST, *. a person who is subject to an em- 
 peror. 
 
 LMI'ERIOUS, a. [irnperiosiis, Lat.] commanding in an 
 fiauglitv, insolent manner ; overbearing; powerful; proud. 
 
 IMI'E'lUOUSLY,a(/. with pride of authority; in an inso- 
 lent manner. 
 
 I.MPERIOUSNESS, s. the exercise of authority; a 
 haughty, rigid, and insolent stretch of power and com- 
 mand. 
 
 IMPERISHABLE, a.[u7}paissable, Fr.] not to be destroy- 
 ed by foico, or impaired by time. 
 
 IMPE'RSONAL, c. [im/>f»<('nn^ Fr. from in, a negative 
 particle, and persona, o person, Lat. | used only in the third 
 person singular, or not having all the persons, applied lo 
 verbs. The Eiifjlish impersonal is borrowed from tlio 
 Saxon, and is expressed by it before the verb; as, // thun- 
 dered ; liiii/t tliuunide, Sax. Besides which, we sometimes 
 express this verb by one ; as, " One told me. One had better.'' 
 
 LMPE'RSONALLY, <»/. in grammar, after the manner of 
 a verb V liieh is not used in all llie persons. 
 
 IMPERTINENCE, or IMPERTINENCY, s. [i,npe,ii. 
 nence, Fr.] that which has no relation to the matter in hand ; 
 folly, or raiiililing thought ; tronblesomeness, arising trora 
 nottalkin^j to the purpose, or from intrusion ; a trille. 
 
 IMPEIITINENT, a. [impertinent, Fr.] no relation to llie 
 matter in hand; of no weight; troublesome, by inquiring 
 into things « hich do not concern a person ; foolish ; trifling. 
 Stnon. Impertinent means meddling with and intruding 
 into what no way concerns us. Impudent imiilies having no 
 shame, or wanting modesty. 6^(i/f^ means insolent and 
 abusive. 
 
 IMPERTINENT, s. a person who is troublesome by 
 inquiring info, or meddling w itb, things that do not concern 
 liim. 
 
 l.MPE'RTINENTLY, ad. without relating to the mafter 
 in hand ; in a troublesome manner, by inquiring into things 
 that do not concern one. 
 
 IMPERTRANSIBI'LIT^', s. [from in, a negative particle, 
 and pertransco, to pass through, Lat.J imposibility to be 
 passed through. 
 
 IMPERVIOUS, a. [from in, a negative particle, per, 
 through, and rio, a way, Lat.J not to be pierced or pene- 
 trated : not accessible. 
 
 IMI'EUViOrsNESS, .!. [from in, a negative pnrtid*. 
 per, through, and tin, a way, Lat.J the state or quality of 
 not admitting anv passage or entrance. 
 
 r.Ml'ETKABU^, i. [from impetro, to obtain^ Lat.] possible 
 to be obtained. 
 
 IMPETRATION, ,«. [impitration, Fr.] the act of obtain- 
 ing bv praveror entreaty. 
 
 JMPE'I'UO'SITY, s. [impituosite, Fr.J excess of slrength, 
 force, violence, or rage. 
 
 LMPI';'riJ()US, a. [from impetus, force, Tiolencc, Lat.J 
 violent ; fierce ; furious ; vehement. 
 
 IMPETL'OUSLY, «'/. in a violent or furious manner. 
 
 IMPETl'OU.SNUSS, J. violence: f'irv. 
 
 I'MPE'I US, [Lat.J the force by which n body move? in 
 anv direction after being impelled by Hnother ; a violent 
 effort. 
 
 IMPIETY, s. [impicte, Fr. from in, a negative particle, and 
 pirtnf, piety, Lat.J a state of open oppi>silion to the laws of 
 (iod, attended with a want of reverence, and neglect of ibe 
 duties of religion ; ungodliness; irrcligion. 
 
 To lMPr(i.\"ORATE, v.. a. [from i«, in, andfijNM, a 
 pledge, Lat J to pawn or plcdmi.
 
 IMP 
 
 IMH 
 
 IMPIGNORATION, s. the act of pawning or putting 
 to pledK*"- 
 
 To IMPI'NGF, V. n. [from in, upon, and pangn, to strike, 
 Lzt.J to fall or strike a);iiinst ; to clash with. 
 
 IMPINGTON, a village, 3 miles N. W. of Ca.nbriclgc, 
 rendered remarkable hy one of its inhabitants, Elizahetli 
 Woodcock, suryivinga coiitinenient of 8 days and 9 nights 
 under the snow, viz. from Saturday evening, Feb. 9, to 
 Mondav mornin;?, Feb. 18, 179U. 
 
 TolMPl'NGUATE, v. a. [from ping^is, fat, Lat.] to fat- 
 ten or make fat. 
 
 riVtPIOUS, a. [from in, in, a negative particle, and pius, 
 pious, Lat.] without devotion ; without reverence to God or 
 religious duties. 
 
 I'MPIOUSLY, ad. in a profane, wicked manner. 
 
 I'MPIOUSNE'SS, s. See Impiety. 
 
 IMPLACABILITY, *. the qiialilvofnot being appeased 
 or reconciled to a person that has oftouded us ; irrecoucile- 
 Hble enmity. 
 
 IMPLACABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 placo, to pacify, Lat.] not to be paciticd or reconciled. 
 
 IMPLA'CABLY, ad. with malice or anger; not to be 
 pacified. 
 
 To IMPLA'NT, w. a. [from in, into, and phnto, to plant, 
 Lat.j to put 2 plant into the ground. Figuratively, to es- 
 tablish or fix, applied to the mind, &c. 
 
 IMPLANl'ATION, j. [impUmiation, Fr.J the act of set- 
 ting or planting ; the act of introducing and tixiug in the 
 mind. 
 
 IMPLAU'SIBLE, a. not likely to seduce or persuade. 
 
 IMPLEMENT, s. [from implementa, implemeuts, low 
 Lat.] anv tool or instrument belonging to mechanics. 
 
 IMPtETION, s. [from impleo, to (ill up, Lat.] the act of 
 filling, or the slate of a thing that is full. 
 
 IMPLE'X,n. [from in, in, and plico, to fold, Lat.] com- 
 pltf at«d ; consisting of vorietv or cliange ; intricate. 
 
 To rJVIPLICATE, V. a. [from in, in, and vlico, to fold, 
 Lat ] to infold or involve. Figuratively, to embarrass or en- 
 taiigle bv variety. 
 
 IMPLICA'T10N,s. [from in, in, and plico, to fold, Lat.] 
 the state of a thing whose parts are kept together by bcin" 
 folded over each other, or entangled ; an inference included 
 in an argument, but not expressed. 
 
 IMPLl'CIT, a. I iniplicite, Fr. from in, in, and plico, to fold, 
 Lat.] entangled or complicated with ; tacitly comprised or 
 understood, and to be gathered only by inference ; resting 
 on another, or taken up on the authority of another, with- 
 out any. examination. 
 
 IMPLI'CITLY, ad. by inference, because included, but 
 not expressed ; without examination ; or barely on the au- 
 thority of another. 
 
 To IMPLO'RE, r. a. [from in,unto,and phj-n,\o weep, Lat.] 
 to entreat will, prayers; to ask or beg with earnestness and 
 submission. 
 
 IMPLORER, s. one that requests or entreats with ear- 
 nestness. 
 
 IMPLU'MED, a. [from in, a negative particle, and phmta, 
 a feather, Lat.] without- feathers. 
 
 IMPLU'VIOUS, a. 'from in, in, and pliwia, a shower, 
 Lat.J wet with rain. 
 
 To IMPLY', V. a. [from in, in, and pliro, to fold, Lat.] to 
 conclude as a consequence, but not in express terms. 
 
 To IMPOrSON, (impoizon) v. a. [more properly empoison, 
 from empoisonner, Fr.] to kill with poison. Figuratively, to 
 corrupter seduce. 
 
 , IMPOLITIC, or IMPOLITICAL, a. not using forecast ; 
 indiscreet. 
 
 IMPOLITICALLY, or IMPO'LITICLY, ad. without 
 art or discretion ; witliout guarding against the bad conse- 
 quence of "jn action ; imprudently. 
 
 IMPO^DEUOUS,n. void of perceptible weight. 
 
 IMPOROSITY,/. the quality of being without pores or 
 tntcr^ticei) between the parts. 
 
 IMPO'ROUS, a, free from pores or interstices between 
 Its parts. 
 
 To IMPO'RT, v.a. [from in, in, and porta, to carry, Lat.J 
 to bring goods into one country from aiiolhcr, applied to 
 commerce. Impersonally, from importer, Fr. to imply, 
 mean, or signify ; to produce as a consequence. 
 
 I'MPOR'r, f. moment, weight, or consequence; tendency. 
 Anv thing brought from abroad. 
 
 llMl'O'llTABLE, J. that may by law be brought from 
 abroad. 
 
 IMPORTANCE, t. [Fr.]lhe meaning or signification of 
 a word ; consequence, value, or moment ; a matter, subject, 
 oratl'air. 
 
 IMPORTANT, a. [im;)o)<«««, Fr.] of great weight, n»o- 
 meut, or consequence. 
 
 I.MPORTATION, s. the act or practice of importing or 
 bringing goods into one kingdom from another ; opposed 
 to exportation. 
 
 IMPO'RTER, s. one that brings in from abroad. 
 
 IMPO'RTLES.S, a. of n<i luonient or consequence. 
 
 IMPO'RTUNATE, a. [iniimrtanin, Lat.j requesting wllli 
 great earnestness and ficquency. Figuratively, not to be 
 repulsed or denied. 
 
 IMPORTUNATELY, ud. with incessant and earnest 
 reipiest. 
 
 IMPO'RTIJNATENESS, s. incessant and earnest re- 
 quest, or solicitation. 
 
 To IMPORTUNE, v. a. \iwporlHner, Fr. from importiintu, 
 importunate, Lat.] to request willi earnrsliiess and frequen- 
 cy ; to teaze or wear out with incessant and earnest re- 
 quest. 
 
 IMPORTU'NELY, ad. with earnestness and frequency ; 
 troublesomely ; unseasonably, or inipioperl> . 
 
 IMPORTUNITY, s. [importianle, Fr. from impo)-lmmt, 
 importunate, Lat.] earnest and incessant entreaty. 
 
 To IMPOSE, (the s in this word and its derivatives is 
 pronounced like z — impvzc) r. a. [imposer, Fr.J to lav on as 
 a burden ; to exact as a puuishuient ; to enjoin as a law or 
 duty ; to cheat or deceive. In llie universities, to give a 
 task as a punishment lor some aiisdcuieauor. Among prin- 
 ters, to put the pages on the stone, and fit on the chase, in 
 order to carry the form to press. 
 
 IMPO'SEABLE, a. to be enjoined as a law or rule. 
 
 IMPO'SER, s. one who couimauds ; one who lays any 
 heavy fine or duty on another ; one «ho cheats or tricks. 
 
 IMPOSITION, s. [from in, upon, and pcno, to luit, Lat.l 
 the act of laying or puttin^rany thing on aiioiii,'-. The act of 
 giving or allixing. The coumiauding thing any as a law or duty. 
 Constraint or oppression. A cheat, trick, or inipostiue. 
 Imposition vf /lands, is i religious ceremony, in which a bishop 
 lujs his hands upon Ihe liead of a person in ordination, cnn- 
 firniation, or in uttering a blessing. This also was a Jew ish 
 ceremony, introduced not by any divine authority, but by 
 custom; it being the practice of those peoi)le, vheuever 
 they prayed for any person, to lay their hands on his head. 
 Our Saviour observed the same ceremony both when he 
 conferred his blessin.g on the children, and when lie curetl 
 the sick. The apostles aUolaid hands in those upon whom 
 tliev conferred the Ilolv Ghost. 
 
 IMPOSSIBLE, «. [imposiribtc', Fr.] not to be done, at- 
 tained, or practised. 
 
 IMPOSSIBILITY, s. UmpossihiUti, Fr.] the state of being 
 impracticable, or beyomi any one's power to do ; that which 
 cannot be done. 
 
 I'MPOST, (the pron. long) s. [impost, Fr.] a toll ; custom 
 paid for goods or merchandise. Used in the plural, in ar- 
 chitecture, for that part of a pillar, in vaults and arches, on 
 which the weight or stress of the whole building bearetli. 
 
 To IMPO'STHUMATE, v. «. ti. torm an abscess ; to Ra- 
 ther, or form a cyst or bag, applied to matter. Actively, 
 to afflict with an imposthunie. 
 
 IMPOSTHUMATION, s. the act of forming an abscess 
 gathering, or cyst ; the state in which an iuiposiliume !j 
 Jforaied. 
 
 4S3
 
 IMP 
 
 IMP 
 
 IMPO'STHUME,*. a collection of matter in any part of 
 the body. 
 
 IMFO'STOR, s. \imposteur, Fr.l one who deceives or 
 clieats by assuming a false character. 
 
 I-MFO'STURE, J. [impostiirn, from impono, to impose, 
 Lat.ja cheat, committed by giriiig persons or thingsa false 
 character or appearance. 
 
 I'MPOTENCE, or I'iMPOTENCY, s. [from in, a nega- 
 tive particle, and potens, powerful, Lat.] want of power 
 »!ither of body or mind. Rage, including the idea of not 
 being able to restrain it. Incapacity to propagate. 
 
 lAlPOTENT, a. [from in, a negative particle, and p.-ilnis, 
 powerful, Lat.] not able, not having strength to perform a 
 .thing, applied to the mind, and the body ; weak; disabled 
 by nature or disease ; without a power to restrain ; without 
 virility. 
 
 I'MPOTENTLY, ad. in such a njanneras shews want of 
 power. 
 
 To IMPOTERISH, »'. a. [appanvrir, Fr.J to make poor. 
 To render unfruitful, applied to land. 
 
 DIPOV'ERISHMENT, s. want of riches ; mean and low 
 circumstances. 
 
 To IMPOUND, r. a. to shut up in a pound or pinfold ; 
 to contine or inclose in a pound. 
 
 To IMPO'WER, r. a. See EMPOWER. 
 
 IMPIIA'CTICABLE, a. [impracticable, Fr.] not to be done 
 or practised ; not to be governed or managed. 
 
 IMPRA'CTICABLENESS, j. irapossibihty of perform. 
 Ljg or practising. 
 
 To I'MPRECATE, v. a. [from in, upon, and preeor, to pray 
 eilher in a good or bad sense, Lat.] to pray for evil to be- 
 f:<ll one's self, or others ; to curse. 
 
 IMPRECA'TION, «. [from in, upon, and preeor, to pray, 
 either in a good or bad sense, Lat.] a curse. 
 
 I'MPRKCATORY, «. | from in, upon, and pteeor, to pray, 
 eitlier in a good or bad sense, Lat.] containing wishes of 
 €vil ; or curses. 
 
 To IMPPtE'GN, (the^ is mute)r. o. [from pt-egnans, preg- 
 nant, Lat.] to make fruitful, applied to women. To fill 
 with, or make fertile with any quality, applied to things. 
 
 IMPREGNABLE, a. [i/npcewaWe, Fr.] not to be stormed 
 or taken, applied to forts. Not to be shaken, moved, or 
 overcome, applied to Ihe mind. 
 
 JMPRE'GNABLY, ad. in such a manner as to defy force 
 oriioslilitv. 
 
 To IMPRE'GNATE, r. a. [from pre^imns, pregnant, Lat.] 
 to fill with young, or make fruitful, applied to animals. To 
 saturate, or fill, applied to fluids. 
 
 IMPREGNATION, i. the act of making fruitful, applied 
 to animals. The act of filling with any quality ; saturation, 
 applied to liquors. 
 
 IMPREJUDICATE, r,. [from in, a negative particle, 
 prrF, before, and jWieo,. to judge, Lat.] unprejudiced; not 
 prepossessed ; impartial. 
 
 To IMI'RE'SS, V. a. \impresmm, from in, upon, and iwi'mo, 
 to press, Lat.] to print or mark by i)res>sure. To f<>rce a 
 person to enter cither as a sailor or soldier. Figuratively, 
 to fix deep, applied to the mind. 
 
 niPKE'SS, J. a print or mark made by pressure; an ef- 
 fect; a mark of distinction, character, or stamp; the act 
 of forcin;^ into any service — now commonly ;)»>■«. 
 
 IMPIIE'SSIHLE, rt. [imprcssum, from in. upon, and prima, 
 to press, Lat.] that may be pressed ; liable to be forced into 
 the service or pressed. 
 
 IMPRESSION, t. \imprcssio, from in, upon, and prima, 
 to press, Lat. J a motion whichproduces some perception, 
 applied to the org-ans of sense,' or the mind. The act of 
 pressing one body upon another; a stamp or mark made by 
 pressure ; operation or intlueiice. 
 
 IMPRI'M IS, „d. I Lat. I first of all, or in the first place. 
 
 To IMPUINT, t'. a. 'imprimer, Lat.] to mark any sul)- 
 «tance by pressure; to stamp words on paper by means of 
 typos ill printing; to fix in the mind or memory. 
 
 To IMPIU SON, Ohe / in this and the next word i« pron. 
 4H4 
 
 like z) V, a. [emprismmer, Fr.l to confine in prison ; to coiv. 
 fine, restrain, or deprive of freedom. 
 
 IMPRISONMENT, *. [emprisomiement, Fr.] the act of 
 confining a person in prison ; the state of a person or thing 
 under confinement. 
 
 IMPROBABILITY, s. want of likelihood ; impossibility 
 of being proved. 
 
 IMPRO'BABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 prvbn, to prove or allow, Lat.] unlikely. 
 
 IMPROBABLY, ad, in such a manner as cannot be 
 provrd. 
 
 IM PROBATION, s. [Fr. from in, a negative partich-, 
 and prohu, to prove or allow, Lat.] act of disallowing. 
 
 IMPRO'RITY, s. [from in, a negative particle, and probi- 
 ias, honesty, Lat.] want of honesty. 
 
 To IMPROLl'l'lCVTE, v. a. to impreguutc ; to fecun- 
 date. 
 
 IMPRO'PER, a. [from in, a negative particle, and pro- 
 j>)-iiis, proper, Lat. J not fit or qualified ; not suited to the us« 
 it is designed for ; not just ; not accurate. 
 
 IMPllO'PEULY, ad. not fitly; unseasonabiy ; in an in- 
 accurate ninnner; iiicousisteiitly. 
 
 To lMPlU)'PlllATE,v. rt. [from proprins, one's own, Lat.] 
 toconveitany thnig public to private use; to arrogate, or 
 assume, as belonging to one's self. In cauon law, to transtier 
 the possession of a church into the hands of a layman. 
 
 IMPROPRIATION,*, [from prom-ius, one's own, Lat.] a 
 parsonage, or ecclesiastical living, the profits of which are 
 in the hands of a layman; in which case it stands distiij- 
 guished from ajiprapriation, which is where the profits of n 
 benefice are in the hands of a bishop, college, &c. though 
 these terms are now often used promiscuously. 
 
 IMPROPRIATOR, s. a layman who has 'the posses-iion 
 of the lands of the church. 
 
 IMPROPiaETY,i. [im;^>-opri>(«, Fr.] any thing which 
 is unfit for the end it is assigned, and unsuitable to the pet 
 son to whom it is applied ; an application of a word in a 
 sense inconsistent with the rules of grammar. 
 
 IMPRO'\'.\BLE, a. capable of being made better, or of 
 advanciug^from a good to a better state. 
 
 IMPRO'VABLENESS, t. capableness of being made 
 better. 
 
 IMPROTABLY, ad. in a manner tliat admits of beinf( 
 made better. 
 
 To IMPRO'VE, (the o in this word and its derivatives is 
 sounded like on ; as improoir, imprnnrrment, imj>rmner. Sec.) 
 V. a. to advance or raise a thing from a bad state to one of 
 greater perfiction ; to advance in goodness or learning. 
 
 IMPRO'YEMENT, i. the advancement or progress of 
 any thing from a good to a better state ; advancement in 
 learning. 
 
 IMPRO'^'ER, i. one who advances in learning and good- 
 ness, or makes either himself of any thing else better ; that 
 which makes anything better. 
 
 IMPROVIDENCE, i. want of caution or forethought. 
 
 IMPROTIDENT, n. rfroui in, a negative particle, and 
 pravidca, to foresee, Lat.] without any foresight or caution, 
 with respect to any future circumstance; without any r*" 
 gard to preparation foranv future calamity. 
 
 IMPRO'VIDENTLY, n'd. without care or caution. 
 
 IMPROVrSION, i. want of forethought or preparation 
 to prevent orsnpport any future calamity. 
 
 IMPRU'DENCE, s. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 prudcntia, prudence, Lat.) (he want of judgment, caution, 
 or a proper regard for our interest, ami the consequences of 
 our actions. 
 
 IMPRUDENT, <7.[Fr.] injudicious; indiscreet. 
 
 IMPUDENCE, or ITNlPUDF^NCY, s. [Fr. from in, a 
 negative i)article, and pndrt, it shames, Lat.] want of mo^ 
 desty ; the quality of doing amiss, without any regard to 
 the opinion of others, or any sense of the nature of the 
 crime. 
 
 IMPUDENT, a. [Fr. from in, a negative particle, anil 
 p:irlet, it shuuies, Lat. I not atl'octcd with shame for haviu^
 
 IN A 
 
 I N A 
 
 <]onc amiss ; persisting in a fault with boasting ; wanting; 
 
 inoijcstv. 
 
 riflPUDENTLY, ad. in a shameless manner; without 
 niodcsly. 
 
 To IMPU'GN, (tlie .?• in this word and ils derivatives is 
 mute) t'. a. [from in, ajj-.iinst, and ;"'!;-«», to fight, Lat.] to 
 attack ; to oppose or contradict an assertion. 
 
 IMPtl'G NKR, s. one who atlacKs or opposes an opinion. 
 
 IMPUrSSANCK, s. [Kr.] feeblen.ss, or want of strength. 
 
 I'MPULSE, s. [from imjullo, to impel, Lat. J llie shock or 
 force given and communicated l)y one body acting u)>on 
 anotlier; an influence, idea, or motive acting upon the 
 mind; an attack of an enemy. 
 
 IMPULSION,*. [Fr. from imi>f!/n, to impel, Lat.| the 
 action of a body in motion on another body. Influence, 
 applied to the uiiiid. 
 
 IMPU'LSIVE, ti. \impnh\f, Fr.] having the power of mov- 
 ing and acting upon. 
 
 IMPUNITY, s. \impmiiti, Fr. from in, a negative particle, 
 and punio, to punish, Lat.] freedom or exemption from pun- 
 isinnent. 
 
 IJNIPU'RE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and pimis, 
 pure, Lat.] not having tiiat sanctity, virtue, or modesty, 
 required by the laws of religion, or by tliedictates of nature. 
 Foul, muddy, ordrossy, applied to liipiors. 
 
 IMPU'RELY, ad. witii immodesty or unchastity. With 
 foulness, applied to liquors. 
 
 IMPU'RENESS, or IMPURITY, s. [from in, a negative 
 l>article, and pums, pure, Lat.] want of that regard to 
 decency, chasteness, virtue, or holiness, which our duty 
 requires; an act of unchastity. Foulness, applied to 
 liqiK>rs. 
 
 'lb IMPU'RPLE, V. a. [empomprer, Fr.j to make of a 
 purple colour. 
 
 IMPUTABLE, a. that may belaid to a person's char,<^e ; 
 accusable ; liable to be accused with a fault. 
 
 IMPUTABLFNESS, s. the quality of being imputed. 
 
 IMPUTATION, s. [immitdtiim, Fr.] the act of charging 
 H'ith ill; censure, reproach, or accusation. 
 
 IMPUTATIVE, n. that may impute. 
 
 To IMPU'TE, v.a. [from)", upon, andywi/o, .to think, or 
 consider, Lat. J to charge witli; to accuse, or attribute; to 
 reckon, as belonging toor done by a person, though performed 
 by another. 
 
 IMPUTER, s. ht that charges a person with having done 
 a thing; he who attributes the merits or actions of a person 
 to another. 
 
 IMPUTRIBLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 pulreo, to rot, Lat.] not able to putrefy ; incorruptible. 
 
 I'S, prep, [in, Lat.] applied to place, signifies where a 
 thing is; applied to time, the period then existent, or the 
 state then present. Sometimes it denotes power. " Is not 
 in man." Huhh. Tale. By, or for the sake of, used in solemn 
 entreaties. "/« the names of all the gods." S/m/i. For, ap- 
 plied to cause. " To fight iu thy defence." Shak. In that, 
 because. Inas much implies, seeing tiiat, or because. 
 
 IN, ad. within some place, opposite to withimt. Placed 
 in some particular state. After come or s;n, it denotes en- 
 trance. Close, or home, applied to fencing. In, in com- 
 position, has a negative or a privative sense, from the Latin 
 wi. Thus arrtWe denotes that which may be tilled : inaritble, 
 that which cannot be tilled ; befon? a word beginning with r, 
 it is changed intor, as irregular ; before/ into /, as illegal; 
 and into m before m, and other consonants, as immutable, 
 improbable, &c. 
 
 INABl'LITY, s. want of power sufficient for the per- 
 formance of any particular action or design. 
 
 INACCESSIBLE, a. \ inaccessible, Fr.J not to be reached ; 
 not to be come near or approached. 
 
 INACCURACY, s. want of exactness. 
 
 INA'CCURATE, a. wanting accuracy or exactness. 
 
 INA'CTION, «. \iiiaciiun, Fr.] cessation from, or forbear- 
 anct o option or labour. 
 
 iNACTIVE,«. idle la«y sluggish. 
 
 INA'CTIVELY, ad. in a lazy, sluggish manner. 
 
 INACTI'VITY, s. a state wherein a person ';eases from 
 labour or action ; idleness; rest. 
 
 INA'DF/QUA'I'E, a. [from in, a negEfive particle, ad, to, 
 and aipws, equal, Lat.] not c(pial to the purpo-^e ; dei'eclive. 
 Inailctjnate ideas are such as are but a partial' incomi)lete, 
 or imperfect representation of those archetypes to which 
 they are reterreil. 
 
 INA'DEtiUATELY, ad. defectively; imperfectly; in- 
 completely. 
 
 INADVERTENCE, or INADVI'/RTKNCY, s. [inmlver- 
 tance, Fr.] want of eare, attention, or deliberation ; an act, 
 or the etiect of, negligence or inattiMition. 
 
 INAUVE'R'l'ENT, a. without care or attention; neg- 
 ligent. 
 
 INADVERTENTLY, ad. in a careless or negligent man- 
 ner ; without attention or deliberation. 
 
 IN.VLIENABLE, a.thatcaunot be transferred or made 
 over to anotlier. 
 
 INALIME'NTAL, n. affording no nourishment. 
 
 INAMI'SSIBLE, a. [inamissib/e, t'r.] not to be lost. 
 
 INAMERAT'O, *. a rapturous lover. 
 
 IN.A'NE, a.[iniiuis, Lat.] void of matter. Used substan- 
 tivi-lv for space or extent. 
 
 INANIMATE, or IN.\'NIMATED, -r. [from i«, a nega- 
 tive particle, and a«imn, life, Lat.] void of life; not actuated 
 by a soul. 
 
 INANITION, s. [innnitinn, Fr.] emptiness; applied 
 to the vessels of an animal, when wanting their usual 
 fulness. 
 
 INA'NITY, s. [from inanis, empty, Lat.] emptiness ; space 
 void of matter. 
 
 INATPETENCY, J. [from /h, a negative particle, and 
 <r;j/)<^».(i«, appetite, Lat. J in medicine, want of stomach or 
 appetite. 
 
 INATPLICABLE, a. not proper for a particular use* 
 not having anv relation to a subject or discourse. 
 
 INAPPLICATION, s. [Fr.] want of industry in business 
 or study ; want of attention. 
 
 INA'RABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and aro. 
 to plough, Lat.] not tit to be tilled or ploughed. 
 
 To INA'RCH, V. a. in gardening, to graft by approach, 
 or to ingraft one tree with aiiotlierthatstands nearit. 
 
 INARTI'CULATE, a. [umrtieuli, Fr.l not uttered wiih 
 such distinctness that the different syllaules may be per- 
 ceived, as in human speech. 
 
 INARTICULATELY, ad. in a confused manner; so 
 as the distinct syllables cannot be perceived in the ut. 
 terance. 
 
 INARTl'CULATENES.S, :?. confusion of sounds; want 
 of distinctness in pronouncing. 
 
 INARTUT'CL4L, {inariif'is/nal) a. contrary to, or incon- 
 sistent with, the rules of art. 
 
 INARTIFI'CIALLY, {inartifishialhj) ad. v/ithoui art; m 
 a manner contrary to the rules of art. 
 
 INATTE'NTION, s. [imuiention, Fr.] want of attention ; 
 negligence. 
 
 INATTE'NTIVE, a. without regarding or considering a 
 thing heard; neglecting or disregarding any thing that is 
 spoken to us, or in our sight. 
 
 INAU'DIBLE, a jjpt to be heard ; wilhoutsound. 
 
 To INA'UfiURATH,!'. a. [fiom in, in, and m'fi")-,a Romrm 
 soothsayer, Lat. because sootiisa^ers were consulted <)n 
 such occasions] to invest in a solemn manner with any high 
 honour, particularly that of an emperor or king; to begin 
 with good omens ; to commence or begin. 
 
 INAUGURATION, s. [from ;«, in, and a.^,r, a Roman 
 soothsayer, Lat. because soothsayers were consulted on 
 such occasions.] the act of investing a person with the title 
 or honour of a king or emperor. 
 
 INAURATION, s. [from in, upon, and aurnm, gold, Lat. J 
 theact of gilding or covering with gold. ' 
 
 •INAUSPICIOUS, (tnawjipw/Houi) a. ill-ooieiied ; uirlucky; 
 unfortunate. 
 
 4t*c
 
 INC 
 
 INC 
 
 INP.f.ING, i. existing wilhiii a lliin;;: itihcronce. 
 
 INBOllN, a. l)orii witliiii ; innateil ; <iiiplanted by 
 n,tIiiro. 
 
 IM'.RE'ATHED, 'hihrrtil.cd) a. brealliod within. Fi-u- 
 ralivflv, iiispirtd, «ir riitii.sefi liy iiisiiiralinn. 
 
 1 N15I{liD, n. |> oilufti!, Iiattlifti, or jirmrated witlim. 
 
 INCA, or VNCA. a name given by llie natives of Peru 
 to tlieir kin^s, and tlie princes of 1 lie lilocid. 
 
 'I'o INCA'GE, f. rt. lo confine in a ea;;e; to coop up or 
 confine within anv narrow space. 
 
 liVCALE'SCENCi:, or INCALESCEXCY, s. [from 
 XHcalisro, to grow hot, Lat.J warmth, increasing heat. 
 
 INCANT.^TION, j. ffroiu iucauto, tocharni, Lat.] charms 
 or enchantment. 
 
 INCA'XTATORY, a. [from incanto, to charm, Lat.] deal- 
 iiiif in, or performing by, enchantment or magic. 
 
 rdNCATSTON, v. a. to unite to a canlou, or separate 
 commnnitV' 
 
 INCAPABILITY, or INCA'PABLENESS, s. natural in- 
 ability, or feebleness; a legal disqualitication. 
 
 INCA'PABLE, a. [iiicapaOle, Fr.] Mauling power to ap- 
 prehend, learn, or understand, applied to the mind. Not 
 able to receive or perform ; rendered nidit; diffinalitied by 
 law ; not subject or liable to. " Incajuilte of falsehood." 
 
 INCAPACIOUS, a. narrow ; of small extent. 
 
 To INCAPA'CFFATE, v.a. to render unable, or unfit to 
 perform anv thing. 
 
 INCAPACITY, s. [incrrpacite, Fr.] want of power of 
 mind or body; wanting any necessary ciualitication, or the 
 power of apprehending, learning, or unilei standing. 
 
 To INCA'RCEIIATE, v. a. | fiom in, in, and career, a pri- 
 son, Lat.] to imprison ; to confine a person in durance. 
 
 INCARCERATION, s. [from in, in, and career, a prison, 
 Lat.] the act of confining in prison ; tlie state of iniprisou- 
 ment. 
 
 To INCARN, V. a. [from in, in, and earo, flesh, Lat.J in 
 surgery, to cover with flesh ; to cause flesh to grow. Neu- 
 teriv to breed flesh- 
 To INCA'RNADINE, v. a. [hicamadim, pale red, Ital.J 
 to dye of a pale red orllcsh colour. Seldom used. 
 
 To INC.\'RNATE, ». «. [from in, in, and caro, flesh, Lat.] 
 to clot he or embody with flesh. 
 
 INCA'RNATE, a. I^from in, in, and caro, flesh, Lat.] 
 clothed with, or embodied in, flesh. 
 
 INCARNATION, s. (Fr.) [f'rom in, in, and caro, flesh, 
 Lat.] the act of assuming a body, applii'd in divinity to that 
 act of Christ whereby he became man. In surgery, the state 
 of breeding liesh, aiiplied to wounds. 
 
 INCA'RNATIVK, s. [mcia-naiif, Fr.] in medicine, that 
 which produces or generates flesh. 
 
 To INCA'SE, I', a. to cover, inclose, or wrap as in a 
 case. 
 
 INCAUTIOUS, (inJiHi'isliioiis) a. careless, or Iieedless. 
 
 INCAUTIOUSLY, (itihaisUiuusly) ad. without suspecting 
 deceit; unwarily; heedlessly. 
 
 INCE'NDIARY, s. [from" incendo, to set on fire, Lat. 
 t«<rjirfi«We, Fr.J one who maiiciouslv and wilfully sels towns 
 and houses cm tire. Figuratively, one who irjflames factions ; 
 one who causes commotions in a state, or promotes quarrels 
 biflween private persons. 
 
 I'NCENSE, .t. [f om incendo, to set on tire, Lat.] a lu^rfume 
 offered up in sacrilice. 
 
 To I'NCENSE, V. a. to perfume with incense. 
 
 To INCE'NSE, ti. a. to kindle or provoke the anger of a 
 person. 
 
 INCE'NSEAIENT, *. rage or anger occasioned by some 
 offence. 
 
 INCK'NSION, (i;ir«nj/iori) *. [from I'nicnJft, to set on fire, 
 Lat. I tin- act of kindling; or the state of being on fire. 
 
 INtJE'NSOR, .?. [Lat.] one who ULudlcs anger, or inflames 
 (he passic .• 
 
 I'NriuN ,ORY, /. the vessel in which incense or perfumes 
 tre tiiirf.i. 
 
 INCENTIVE, *. \ixccniivmn, an encouragement, Lat.' 
 itid 
 
 that which kindles, inflames, or provokes anger ; a motive, 
 
 eiTouragrmcnt, or spur to action. 
 
 INCENTIVE, n. actin*as a spur, motive, or encourage- 
 ment. 
 
 INCEPTION, s. [from incipio, to begin, Lat.] beginning. 
 " The iiieeji/Kin of putrefaction." Dueim. 
 
 INC'VP'I'IVE, a. [from incipio, to begin, Lat.J that implies 
 beginning. 
 
 INCE'PTOR, s. [Lat.] a beginner; one who learns hia 
 rudiment^. 
 
 INCI'.'K'iTFUDE, i. [Fr. from in, a negative particle, and 
 certiis, certain, Lat.] want of certainty. 
 
 INCE'SSANT, o. [from in, a negative particle, and ce$i9, 
 to cease, Lat.j continually ; without intermission. 
 
 INCE'SSAN'TLY, ad. without ceasing ; continually ; 
 without intermission. 
 
 INCEST, s [inccslc, Fr. from V71, a negative particle, and 
 castiis, chaste, Lat.] the crime of criminal aiul unnatural com- 
 merce with a person within the degree forbidden by the 
 law. This formerly extended to the seventh, but seems now 
 confined to the third. 
 
 INCESTUOUS, a. [incestnenx, Fr.] guilty of incest, or 
 the knowledge of a person within the degrees forbidden by 
 the law. -. 
 
 INCE'STUOUSLY, ad. in an incestuous manner ; with 
 an unnatural love. 
 
 INCH, «. \ince. Sax.] a measure supposed equal to three 
 barley-corns laid end to end ; the twelfth part of a foot; a 
 proverbial expression for a small quantity ; a critical or nice 
 point of time. " We watched you at an inch." Shah. 
 
 To INCH, V. a. to drive out, or force in, by inches. Figu- 
 rativelv, to give niggardly. 
 
 I'NCHCOLM.asmairisland in the Frith of Forth, near 
 the coast of Fife, but within the county of Edinlmrgli. Here 
 are the fine ruins of a once celebrated monastery, founded, 
 in 1123, by .Alexander I. in gratitude for his escape, when 
 driven on the island in a violent tempest, w here he was hos- 
 
 Eitably treated, for three days, by a hermit, who entertained 
 im with the milk of his cow, and a few shell-fish. It was 
 ofthe order ofSt. .Augustine, and dedicated to St. Cohimba. 
 At present, some fo\-. is that haunt l4ie antient tower, and the 
 rabbits that lodge in the mouldering soil, have full possession 
 of this neglected spot. 
 
 INCH KEITH, a desolate little island, of Edinburghshire, 
 in the Frith of Forth, lying midway between the two ports of 
 Leith and Kinghorn. Here is a ruinous fort. Theshoresof 
 both this island and Iiichcoliii are bold and rugged, exhibit- 
 ing several deep caverns, shelving clifls, and towering rocks. 
 It IS about a mile long; and on the W. side are vast strata 
 of coral and shells. Here was formerly a chapel, dedicated 
 to St. Marnock, the ruins of which are still to be seen here. 
 It has 1-20 acres of arable land, 40 of brush-wood, and near 
 300 of moor. 
 
 rNCHME.AL, s. a piece an inch Inng. 
 
 To INCHO.VTE, V. a. [inclioo, Lat.] to begin; to conv 
 nience. 
 
 INCHOATION, {inJiotUhon) s. [from ituhoo, to begin, Lat.] 
 a beginning. 
 
 INCHO ATIVK, (inlwaiirc) a. [from inchoo, to begin, Lat.] 
 noting begiiniing. 
 
 To INt'l'DE, i>. a. lincido, from e.-ido, to cut, Lat.l fo cut, 
 applie<l in nicdicine, to acids or salts. 
 
 INCIHENCE, or FNCIDENCY, j. [incidence, Fr. from 
 iiieidd, Lat. I the direction with which one body strikes, or 
 falls upon another. 
 
 INCIDENT, n. [from I'linV/o, to happen, Lat.] happening 
 without expectation or being foreseen; falling in besides 
 the main desi-iii ; happening or liable lo befall. 
 
 rNCIDlONT, s. [from inrido, to happen, Lat.] something 
 that happens besides the main design ; a casualty, or unex- 
 pected and Hidoreseen event. Synon. Incident, is most 
 applicable to casualties iu pri>ate life ; ncnt, to goYeraincut 
 and stittes.
 
 INC 
 
 INC 
 
 INCinr/NTAL, a. li;ippoiiillg willioiil lii'ii'j', fdicsrcil 
 expiclinl, or iiit('ii(i((l ; casiial. 
 
 IN(;ll)l';'N'l"ALL\ , "('. occasioiiiilly ; licsido -In- iii:iiii 
 di'sij^i ; l>v till' w:iv ; liy llii' l)yi'. 
 
 'V'< INCI'NERATr., V.a. [from ciuis, a cinder, I.;il.j lo 
 burn lo iislics. 
 
 IN('IN!:ilA'TION,*. [Fr. from cims, a cindir, Lai.] tlip 
 act ol'liuniiiis anv tiling to ashes. 
 
 INC(l!C,UMSPECTU)N,t. «aiit of caution. 
 
 INCISI'D, a. [from imntlo, lo cut, Lat.J cut, or made Iiy 
 oiittiii^'; as, "an iuci.u il w(iu\iil." 
 
 INCI'SION, «. [from ihciV/o, to cut, Lat.] a cut, or wound 
 made by a sharp iiistrumcnf, ijcncrally applied to those 
 made by asurKeon. The division of the particles of viscous 
 matter by medicines. 
 
 IN(!r.SIVI'', n. [iKr/ii/, Fr.J having the (piality of culling 
 or separating. 
 
 INd'SOli, *. [Lat.] a cutter. In anatomy, applied to one 
 of till' ti'etliin the forepart of tiie luontli. 
 
 IN(.'l'S01lV, a. \iiicisu)-i(; Fr.] Iiaving the power of cutting 
 or diiiding. 
 
 INCISURE, X. [from iuciilo, tocut, Lat.| in surgery, a 
 cut, aperture, or wound made witli a sharp iustrunient. 
 
 1N(J1 TA'TION, s. [inviti), frou) cicn, lo move, Lat.] an in- 
 centive ; ail impulse ; a motive which spuiT? a person to 
 action. 
 
 To INCITE, V. a. \inoito, from cico, to move, Lat.J to stir 
 up ; to pusli forward in a design ; to urge on ; to animate 
 or encourage. 
 
 INCITEMENT, i. a motive which urges a person to 
 action. 
 
 INCI'VIL, a. [inm-i7, Fr.] wanting the elegance of breed- 
 ing; not behaving with kindness. See Uncivil. 
 
 INCIVI'LITY, *. {inciviliti, Fr.] want of complaisance; 
 rudeness. 
 
 INCLE'MENCY, s. [iiicUmnnce, Fr. from in, a negative 
 particle, an<l dementia, mercy, Lat.] «ant of mercy, cruelty, 
 or harshness of treatment. 
 
 INCLK'MENT, «. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 tUmens, merciful, Lat.] not exercising mercy or clemency ; 
 cruel ; void of tenderness. Figuratively, severe or prodi- 
 giouslv cold, applied to seasons or climates. 
 
 INCLrNABLR, «. [from i;i<7ino, to incline, Lat.] having a 
 propensity ; willing ; having a tendency, or liable. 
 
 INCLINATION, s. [from incUno, to incline, Lat.] ten- 
 dency towards any j>oint, or the mutual tendency which 
 two or more bodies have to one another ; natural aptness or 
 fitness; disposition or propensity of the mind to any par- 
 ticular action. In navigation, the tendency or directiorj of 
 the needle or compass to the E. or W. In pharmacy, the 
 act of stooping a vessel in order to pour a liquor out free 
 from tlic dregs, called likewise decantation. In astronomy, 
 tlie inr/lnalion of a planet, is the angle that the plane of its 
 orbit makes with the plane of the ecliptic. 
 
 INCLI'NATORY, a. having the quality of tending to a 
 particular point. 
 
 INCLITNATORILY, ad. obliquely ; with a greater ten- 
 dency to one side than another; with some deviation from 
 N. oi- S. 
 
 To INCLINE, V. n. \i7ielmn, hat.] to lean; to bend ; to 
 tend towards any part. Figuratively, to be favouiably dis- 
 posed to. Actively, (o give a tendency or direction to any 
 place or state; to turn towards any thing, as desirous or at- 
 tentive ; to bend, to incun'ate. 
 
 To INCLI'P, ». a. to grasp ; to inclose ; to surround. 
 " Whate'er the ocean pales, or sky incHps." S/tak. 
 
 To INCLOrSTliR, t'. a. to shut up or confine in a clois- 
 ter or monasterv. 
 
 To INCLOSE, r. o. See Enclose. 
 
 To INCLOTJD, ». a. to darken with clouds ; to make 
 dark ; to obscure. 
 
 To INCLU'DE, V. a. [from 'in, in, and rhutln, to shut, 
 I.iat.] to inclose, or shijt in. Fiijuratircly, to imply ; to coin- 
 prehcud, or cutilaiiu 
 
 ISCLU'SIVI'", a. \inilii\i/', Fr. from i>i, in, and r/./wA/, lo 
 sluil, Lnt.| inclosed; contained; comprehended in ui.y 
 sum or nnndi:'r. 
 
 INCLl'sn I'.LV, ail. comprehendnig or reckoning ihe 
 thnig nientioM''il. 
 
 IN('<)l':MSri',NCI'", .f. [fiom ill, a n>;.'ative iiarliele^ 
 ciiti, will), and cxisto, to exist, Lat.J I he (piality of not exist- 
 ing toi;i'llier. 
 
 IVCO(i, (/'/. [contracted from inrmrniti'i an Italian word, 
 derived from I lie Latin imiis:)iit>is, unknown] in a prirale 
 manner ; in such a manner as shews that a person would not 
 be known. 
 
 INCO (ilT.SNCY, s. [inrn/riniiitia, low Lat. from 1", a ne- 
 gative parliele, and caiiilu, to thuiU, Lat.] want ot ilioughf, 
 orwant of thiidiing on the nature and conse(pnnee of our 
 actions. 
 
 INCOXilTATIVE, n. wanting the power of thinking. 
 
 INtHX.MTO, "'/. See In roc. 
 
 IiXCOllKKKNCE, or INCOIIL'RENCY, ». want of be- 
 ing connected logelher, or of dependence on each other; 
 iucoiisistence ; want ol cohesion 
 
 INCOl I F.'KF.NT, «. not following as a consequence; in- 
 consistent ; wilhout eol'.esion. 
 
 I.XCOIIE'IIEN'FLY, ail. inconsisteuflv ; inconsefpien- 
 tiallv. 
 
 INCOMBUSTmi'LITY. v. the ,,ii-,d:iy of not being cod- 
 suuied by lirt. A burnt btnly bec-ome^ incombustible when 
 it has received so much oxvgen that it can admit no ni(;re. 
 
 INCOMBUSTIBLE, n. [Fr.jnot to be consumed by fire. 
 Modern chymists reckon thirteen incombustibles, viz. nitio- 
 gen, tlie three alkalies, and thenine earths. 
 
 INCOMBU'STIBLENESS, >. the quality ot not beJui; 
 wasted or consumed by fire. 
 
 I'NCOME, s. that which an estate or post produces 
 yearly ; the produce of anv thing. 
 
 INCOMMENSURABILITY,*, the state of one thine 
 compared to another, when they cannot- both be measured 
 by any common measure, however small. 
 
 INCOiAIMENSURABLE, a. [from in, a negative parti- 
 cle, 0071, with, and mcnsnra, a measure, Lat.] not to be re- 
 duced lo, or measured bv, any common measure. 
 
 INCOMMETS;SURATE,a."[from in, a negative particle, 
 con, with, and mensitra, a measure, Lat.J not admitting a 
 comman measure ; bearing no proportion lo each other. 
 
 ToINCOMMODATE, or INCOMMODE, v. «. [from 
 in, a negative particle, and comnwdus„ convenient, Lat.J to 
 make inconvenient; to be inconvenient |to ; vexatious or 
 troublesome. 
 
 JNCOMMO'DIOUS, a. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 rommodiis, convenient, Lat.J inconvenient; vexatious or 
 troublesome. 
 
 INCOMMODIOUSLY, ad. inconveniently; not suited 
 to use or necessity ; not at ease. 
 
 INCOMMO'DlOUSNESS, s. inconvenience. 
 
 INCO.MMO'DITY, s. [incommodit'e, Fr. from in, a netralive 
 particle, and conunorfiu, convenient, Lat.J an inconvenience; 
 trouble. 
 
 INCOMMDNICABILITY, s. the quality of not beinj 
 imparted to another. 
 
 INCOMMUTSIICABLE, a. [Fr.J not to be imparted, or 
 made the common right and property of another-; not to l>e 
 expressed or explained bv words. 
 
 INCOMMU'NICABLY, ad. in a manner not to be iin- 
 parted, or to become the common quality or right ot an- 
 other ; in such a manner as cannot be expressed or ex- 
 plained. 
 
 INCOMMU'NICATING, pai-t. havinjf no commerce or 
 intercourse with another. 
 
 INCOMMU NICATIVE, a. reserved- 
 
 INCOMPACT, or INCOMPA'CTED, a. porous ; loose, 
 or not having its parts closely and strongly joined to- 
 gether. 
 
 INCOMPARABLE, a. [intemparabU, Fr.] u) cxcelle«t 
 
 437
 
 INC 
 
 INC 
 
 as act to have any thing like it ; excelU'iit beyond all com- 
 
 l^cli'ion. 
 
 LVCO'MPARAl'LY, nrf.heyoiKl cominirisonor competi- 
 tion : excelleiitlv. 
 
 INCOMPA'SSIONATE, (inciimpashrKOte)(<. void of pity 
 or tcmierness; not touciiecl or aticcted vilh the miseries of 
 anoliier. 
 
 INCOMPATIBILITY, a. [from i«, a negative particle, 
 jind competo, to agree. Lat. | the (|uahty wliich renders a 
 thing not possible to exist, or to be reconciled, with an- 
 other; inconsistency willi another. 
 
 IN'COMP.ATIBLE, a. [i,,mmi,atiblc, l-'r.] impossible to 
 subsist with sonietiiing eUe ; iuconsibtent \wth sometiiing 
 else; irreconcileabie. 
 
 iNCOMPATlBLY, ad. iiuonsiste ntlv. 
 
 INCO'MPETENCi', s. \in,;,mjuti;ic(, Fr. I inability. In 
 law, a want pf a i)roper iiualiticalion. 
 
 INCO'MPETliNl", a. not siitticient, or not pioportionale 
 to an undertaking. In civil law, not having a right or 
 qualification for tiie perfiinnancc of a thing. 
 
 IN'CO'MPETENTLY, «</. unsuitably ; in such a manner 
 as not to be proportionate to. 
 
 IXCOMPLE'TE, «. not perfect or finished. 
 
 INCOMPEETENKSS, i. imperfection; the state of a 
 thin.t^ which is not finished. 
 
 INCOMPLI'ANCE, s. obstinacy or untracfableness of 
 temper: want or refusal of compliance. 
 
 INCOMPO'SED, {iii/wiiqidsed) a. disturbed or disor- 
 dered. 
 
 INCOMPOSSIBI'LITY, s. the quality of n«t being join- 
 ed or existing together with something else; inconsistency 
 with sorjietliuig. 
 
 LVCO.MPOSSIBLE, rt. not possible at one and the same 
 time, or in one and the same subject. 
 
 INCOMPllEHENSlBrLITY, s. [iucomprehenribinu, Fr. 
 from m, a negative particle, and comprcliciuto, to compre- 
 liend, Lat.] the ouality of not being perfectly or adecpiately 
 comprehended by the mind, tiioi.-gh it may be conceived 
 imperfecliv. 
 
 INCOMPREHENSIBLE, «. FFr. from in, a negative par- 
 ticle, and compreliendn, to comprehend, Lat.] not to be fully 
 orperfectlv understood or comprehended. 
 
 INCOMPPvEHENSIBLENESS, s. the quality of not be- 
 ing comprehended. 
 
 JNCOMPREIIE'NSIBLY, o(/. in a manner not to be con- 
 ceived. "God — \%iiicompiche7isihhi infniite." Loche. 
 
 INCOMPH ESSIBILITY, «. impossibility of being press- 
 e<l or squeezed into a less space. 
 
 INCOMPRE'SSIBLE, a. [Iwampressible, Fr.] not capa- 
 I)lc of being pressed or squeezed together into a narrower 
 compass. 
 
 INCONCE'ALABLE, (m/;oHMc/«Wt) a. not to be hid, or 
 kept secret. 
 
 INCONCEIVABLE, (iHooHCfiuaWe) a. [Fr. from in, a ne- 
 gative particle, and comipio, to conceive, Lat.J not to be 
 conceived or apprehended by the mind ; that of which we 
 can form no notion or idea. 
 
 INCONCEIVABLY, linhnnsdrahly) ad. in a manner be- 
 \on<l the apprehension of the mind. 
 
 .INCONCEPTIBLE, n. not to be conceived or compre- 
 hiiidcd bv the mind. 
 
 INCO.VCLU'DKNT, a. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 cuia/iidu, to conclude, Lat.] not conclusive ; not inferring a 
 conseuueiKT. 
 
 J^,"C'ONCLU'SIVE, n. not forcing any assent to the mind, 
 or <'iiilaiiiing anv forcible evidence. 
 
 INCONCLUSIVELY, nd. without any such evidence as 
 determines the understanding. 
 
 INCONCLU'SIVENESS, t. want of strength of reason- 
 ing sufficient to prove a thing, or gain the assent of the 
 mmd. 
 
 INCONCO'CT, or INCONCO'CTED, «. Jfrom tn, a ne- 
 cative particle, and cvncotino, to digest, LaU] W surgery, not 
 ripcued or digested. 
 4H8 
 
 INCONCO'CTION, *. in medicine, tile state of being 
 crude, indigested, or unripe. 
 
 INCONCU'KRING,a. not concurring, 
 
 INCONDITE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and cim. 
 ditvs, composed, Lat.] irregular ; rude ; unpolished. 
 
 INCONDITIONAL, (inkomlishonal) a. without restric- 
 tioi', limitation, or condition. 
 
 IiN'CONDITIONATE, «. not limited; not restrained by 
 anv condition ; absolute. 
 
 iNCONI'O'RMlTY,*. incompliance with the practice of 
 others. 
 
 INCO'NGRUENCE, «. want of fitness or suitableness. 
 
 INCONGRUITY, s. [incongruiU, Fr. [from !H, a negative 
 particle, and cunr^rtms, convenient, Lat.J unsuilableness of 
 one thing to another; inconsistence; impropriety; ab- 
 surdity. 
 
 INCCNGRUOUS, n. \incongru, Fr. from in, a negative 
 particle, and congruus, convenient, Lat.] unsuitable; meon- 
 sistenl ; absurd. 
 
 INCONGRUOUSLY, ad. improperly , inconsistently ; 
 absurdlv. 
 
 INCO'NSCIONA BEE, (iuhmisImiahU) a. void of the sense 
 of good and evil ; without anv remorse of conscience. 
 
 INCO'NSEQUENT, «. [from iii, a negative pailiile, and 
 fofwez/HeM*, following, Lat.J without a just conclusion ; witlt- 
 out a regular inference. 
 
 INCONSI'DER.^BLE, a. unworthy of notice ; insignifi- 
 cant ; of no importance. 
 
 INCONSI'DERABLENESS, s. want ef merit, worth, or 
 significancy ; want of importance. 
 
 INCONSIDER ATE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 considcro, to consider, Lat.] without regarding the nature or 
 consequences of our actions ; careless; rash. 
 
 INCONSI'UERATELY, ad. in a negligent, thoughtless, 
 or careless manner. 
 
 INCONSI'DERATENESS, j. want of thought; want oi 
 regard to the consequences of our actions. 
 
 INCONSIDEIIATION, s.want of thought; rashness. 
 
 INCONSISTENCE, or INCONSISTENCY, s. such an 
 opposition between propositions, that one implies the denial 
 of the other; such contrariety of qualities that both can- 
 not subsist together ; incongruity; unsteadiness; change- 
 ableness. 
 
 INCONSISTENT, n. not to be reconciled with. So con. 
 trarv, that one implies the denial or destruction of the other, 
 applied either lo propositions or qualities. Absurd. 
 
 INCONSrSTl^NTLY, "</. absurdly; unreasonably; witll 
 selfcontradiclion. 
 
 INCONSrSTlNG, part, not consistent or compatible 
 with. 
 
 INCONSO'L.\BLE, a. [inconsolable, Fr.] not to be com- 
 forted. 
 
 INCONSONANCY, s. disagreement with itself; not 
 agreeing in sound. 
 
 INCONSPICUOUS, a. not to be seen. Not worth 
 notice, 
 
 INCOTS'STANCY, *. [from in, a neg;ilive particle, and 
 eotistuns, constant, Lat.J unsteadiness; a disposition of niiud 
 continuallv changing. 
 
 INCO'>iST.\NT, a. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 cmtstaiis, constant, Lat.] not tirni in resolution; not steady 
 in atVection ; varying in disposition, temper, or conduct ; 
 often changing. 
 
 INCONSU'.M ABLE, a. not to be wasted. 
 
 INCONSU'MPTIBLE, «. [from m, a negative particle, 
 and cnnsumn, to consume, Lat.J not utterly to be destroyed 
 or wasted by fire or iillier means. 
 
 INCONTESTABLE, a. [iucntuesiahh, Fr.] not to be 
 disputed; admitting no debate. 
 
 INCONTES IWIJEY, ad. iu so certain a manner, as not 
 to admit of doubt or dispute. 
 INCONTKU'OrS, rt. not touching; not near. 
 INCOMTINENCE, or INCO NTINENCY. *. [Irom u\
 
 INC 
 
 INC 
 
 a nepitiv* particle, apd cotuineo, to restrain, Lat.] not ab- 
 staininn; from uiilawfill dosiri-s ; lust. 
 
 INCONTINENT, «. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 cmitineo, to restrain, Lat. J unchaste, or not restraining uu- 
 lawliil desires. 
 
 INCONTINENTLY, ad. unchastely; without delay; 
 imniediatply. 
 
 INCONTIIOVE'RTIBLE, a. so plain or certain as to 
 admit of no dispute. 
 
 INCONTROVERTIBLY, nf/. in a manner so plain or 
 evident as to admit of no dispute. 
 
 INCONVENIENCE, orlNCONVE'NIENCY, *. [from 
 inconvenient, Fr.] unfitness, or unsuitahleness. Any thing 
 which causes uneasiness, or proves an hindrance or ob- 
 stacle. 
 
 INCONVE'NIENT, a. [inconvenient, Fr.] disadvantage- 
 ous; nntit; unseasonable. 
 
 INCONVENIENTLY, arf. in a mannernot fit and suita- 
 ble ; unseasonable. . 
 
 INCONVERSABLE, a. reserved; not inclined to con- 
 versation ; not atfal)le. 
 
 INCONVERTIBLE, a. not to be altered or changed. 
 
 INCONVI'NCIBLE, n. not capable of being convinced, 
 or forced to assent to the truth of a proposition, &c. 
 
 INCONVI'NCIBLY, af/.-ihcapable of being convinced. 
 
 INCO'RPORAL, rt. immaterial ; distinct from matter ; 
 distinct from body. 
 
 INCORPORA'LITY, s. [incorporalite, Fr.] not consisting 
 of body or matter. 
 
 To Incorporate, v. a. [Incorporer, Fr.] to mingle 
 different ingredients togethor ; to join togetiier inseparably ; 
 to form into a company, society, or body politic; to unite 
 OT associate. Neuterly, to unite with something else, fal- 
 lowed hyuitli, and sometimes into. 
 
 INCO'RPORATE, a. not consisting of matter or body ; 
 immaterial. United together by charter, applied to societies 
 OI communities. 
 
 INCORPORATION, s. [incorpoi-ation, Fr.] the union of 
 diflf jent ingredients ; the formation of a body politic, or the 
 uniting several persons together by charter, adoption, union, 
 GT asstyoiation. 
 
 INCORPO'REAL, ft. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 carpus, hoiy-i Lat.J not consisting of matter or body ; spiri- 
 tual. 
 
 INCORPO'REALLY, ad. without body. 
 
 INCORPORE'ITY, «. the quality of being void of, or 
 distinct from, body or matter. 
 
 INCORRE'CT, 1. not accurate or nicely finished ; imper- 
 fect ; faulty. 
 
 INCORRE'CTLY, ad. in a faulty or imperfect manner. 
 
 INCORRE'CTNESS, s. the quality of having faults that 
 are not amended ; want of exactness. 
 
 INCO'RRIGIBLEy «. [incorrigible, Fr.] bad beyond the 
 power of being made better by correction; erroneous or 
 faulty beyond hope of isistruction or amendment. 
 
 iNCO'RRlGIBLENESS, *. the quaUty of being obsti- 
 nately, bad; hopeless dep.ravity. 
 
 INCORRIGIBLY, ad. frad to sucli'a degree as to leave no 
 hopes of amendment. 
 
 INCORRUPT, or INCORRU'PTED, «. [from in, a ne- 
 gative particle, and corrumpo, to corrupt, Lat.J free from any 
 foulness or sin ; of pure and honest manners; of integrity 
 above the power of a bribe. ■ 
 
 INCORRUPTIBILITY, s.[incorrv.ptihiliti, Fr.] the qua- 
 lity of not being liable to decay or corruption. 
 
 Incorruptible, (sometimes accented on the second 
 t^^lable) a. [incorruptible, Fr.] not capable of decay or cor- 
 ruption. 
 
 IN CORRUPTION, s. [incon-nption, Fr.] a state free 
 £rom corruption or decay ; a state of integrity beyond the 
 temptation of bribes. 
 
 INCORRU'PTNESS, s. inviolable purity ; unshaken in- 
 tegrity ; unalterable honesty ; freedoaj from degaj', degene- 
 nvtion,^ or cosruption. 
 
 3 a 
 
 To INCRA'.SSATE, )>. a. [from m, and eraitut, Lat.] to 
 make thick, applird to liipiors. 
 
 INCllASSA'TION, ,!. the act of making thick; the slate 
 of growing thick, applied to fluids. 
 
 1NCRA'S.S.\TIVE, a. that wiiich has the poweror quality 
 of making thick, applied to fluids. 
 
 To INCRE'ASE, {iuhreisc) v. n.[incretco, from cresco, to 
 grow, Lat.] to grow more in number, or greater in bulk. 
 Actively, to make more or greater. 
 
 INCllE'ASE, {inhri'csii) s. the state of growing greater, 
 applied to bulk; any thing which is added to the original 
 stock; gain; produce. Synon. Thin;;sinc»<;«se by addi- 
 tion of tlie same kind ; they grow by nourishment ; thus corn 
 grows ; the harvest increases. The word grow signifies only 
 the augmentation, independent of that wliich occasions it. 
 The word increase gives us to understand, that the augmen- 
 tation iscauspdby afrc^sli (luantity which casually jonis it. 
 
 INCRE'ASER, (inhecsa) s. that which adds to the num- 
 ber or bulk of things. 
 
 INCREATED, «. not created. 
 
 INCREDIBILITY, s. [inn-edibilite,Tr.] \.he quality of 
 surpassing, or not being worthy of, belief. 
 
 INCREDIBLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 cj-frfo, to believe, Lat.] surpassing belief; not worthy of 
 belief. 
 
 INCRE'DIBLY, ad. in a manner not to be believed. 
 
 INCREDULITY, s. [inereduHti, Fr.] the quality of not 
 believing, notwithstanding suflicient proofs to demand 
 assent. 
 
 INCRE'DULOUS, a. [from ?7i, a negative particle, and 
 credo, to believe, Lat.] not believing, notwithstanding argu- 
 ments surticient to demand assent. 
 
 INCRE'DULOUSNESS, s. See Incredulity. 
 
 INCREMENT, s. [incrementum, from incresco, to increase, 
 Lat.] the act of growing greater ; the cause of growth ; 
 prooucR. 
 
 To INCRU'ST, or INCRU'STATE, v. a. [incrnsto, from 
 in, in, and crusia, a crust, Lat.] to cover with a hard substance 
 or crust; to cover over with an additional coat of marble, 
 &c. ;; 
 
 INCRU'STATED, a. See Incrusted. 
 
 INCRUSTATION, s. [Fr. incrvsto, from in, in, and 
 crusta, a crust, Lat.J the act of covering a walk, or column, 
 with a lining or coating of marble, pottery, or stucco-work. 
 
 IN CRUSTED, /lacf. in architecture, applied to walls or 
 columns covered with several pieces or slips of some pre- 
 cious marble or stone. 
 
 To I'NC URATE, v. n. [from m, upon, and cubo, to lie, 
 Lat.J to sit upon eggs. 
 
 INCUBATION, s. [from in, upon, and eiiJo, to lie, Lat.] 
 the act of sitting upon eggs to hatch them. 
 
 I'NCUBUS, i. [Lat.l in physic, a disorder, failed the 
 night-mare, in which tlie patient cannot stir himself, but 
 with the utmost dithculty ; is seized with a numbness, sense 
 of weight, with a dread of suftbcation or being squeezed to 
 death, from some body which seems to fall suddenly upon 
 him. It consists of an inflation of the nieuibrancs of the 
 stomach, which hinders the motion of the diaphra'M.), limgs, 
 pulse, and motion, attended with a sense of weight oppres- 
 sing the breast. 
 
 To INCU'LCATE, !>. a. [from in, in, and cidco, to tread, 
 Lat.] to impress on the mind by frequent admonitions ; to 
 enforce by constant and incessant repetitions. 
 
 INCULCATION, i. the act of impressing by frequent 
 admonitions. 
 
 INCU'LPABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and cul- 
 pa, a fault, Lat.J not to be found fault with ; free from 
 guilt. 
 
 INCU'LPABLY, ad. in a manner free from guilt. 
 
 INCU'LT, a. [froni '", a negative particle, and colo, to 
 cultivate, Lut.] uncultivated. 
 
 INCUMBENCY, j. the act of lying upon something ; 
 the state of keeping, or being resident on, a benefice. 
 
 INCU'MBiiNT, a, [from vi, upon, and ctmibo, to lie, lat>'. 
 
 ■180
 
 IND 
 
 IND 
 
 lesting or Iving upon ; imposed or requirtd as a 
 diitv. 
 
 INCU^MBENT, s. [from in, upon, and cnmho, to lie, 
 Lat.] iu law, oue wbo is in present possession of an ecclesias- 
 fica! benefice. 
 
 To INCUMBER, f. a. \e7ieowlrer,Yr.\ to perplex, em- 
 bairass, or hinder, l>y any impediment. 
 
 To INCU'R, t'. «. [from in, upon, or iiilo, and c«j»o, to run, 
 Lat.J to become liable to puiiisliuieiit or blame. 
 
 INCURABI'LITY, s. \incurabiliti, Ft.] impossibility of 
 being: cured. 
 
 INCURABLE, a. [incurable, Fr.] not to be removed or 
 cured bv anv medicine. 
 
 INCtJRABLENESS, s. the state or quality of not admit- 
 ting anv cure. 
 
 INCURABLY, ad. without remedy. 
 
 INCU'IITOUS, «. not considcrins a thinj; ivitli attention 
 enough to discover its latent beauties; having no desire of 
 seeing or knowing any thing new or strange. 
 
 INCU'RSION, «. [from in, upon, or into, and curro, to run, 
 Lat.] attack or assault, an inroad or invasion of a country, 
 not amounting to a conquest. 
 
 To INCU'RV ATE, v. a. [iimo'vo, from cia-mis, crooked, Lat.] 
 to bend or make crooked. 
 
 INCLTRVA'TION, s. [iururvo, from cu?-k!«, crooked, Lat.] 
 the act of bending or making crooked. An humble bowin^^ 
 of the body, applied to religious worship. 
 
 INCU'RVITY, s. [incurriis, from ctirvvi, crooked, Lat.J 
 crookedness or the state of bending inwards. 
 
 INDAGATION, s. [from inrlan-o, to setk, Lat.] a search 
 in order to discover sonietl.vug imkuown; the act of 
 tracing. 
 
 INDAGATOP, i. [Lat.j one who endeavours to find out 
 a thing bv tracing it to its origin. 
 
 To INDA'RT, v.a. to dart in; to strike in. 
 
 ToINDE'BT, (the i is mute both in this word and its de- 
 rivatives) i: a. to charge with a debt ; to put under an obli- 
 gation by conferring a favour. 
 
 INDE'BTED, pnrt. under obligation for some favour 
 received ; having received money or goods for which a per- 
 son is obliged to pay, or give an equivalent. 
 
 INDE'CENCY, s. [indecerice, Fr.] any thing unbecoming 
 \lie person who commits it ; an action unbecoming chastity 
 or good manners. 
 
 iNDE'CENT, a. [indecent, Fr.] unbecoming a person's 
 rank or character. 
 
 INDE'CENTLY, ad. in a manner unbecoming a person's 
 rank or character. 
 
 INDECIDUOUS, a. in botany, not falling offer shed- 
 ding. 
 
 INDECLI'NABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 drclim, to decline, Lat.] in grammar, not admitting any 
 nherations in its last syllables. 
 
 INDECOROUS, a. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 decorns, becoming, Lat.] not becoming. 
 
 INDECO'RUM, I Lat.] an action unbecoming the rank 
 or charac.^er of a person. 
 
 INDE'ED, nrf. really; in truth; without doubt. Above 
 conmion rate. This is to be granted that ; — a particle of 
 connection. 
 
 INDEFA'TIGABLE, ,i. [from in, a negative particle, 
 and difiilijro, to wearv, Lat.J not exhausted or wearied by 
 continual lalKtur ; labouring as if never tired. 
 
 IN'DEFAT'IG.'VBLY, ad. in such a manner as if never 
 tired by labour. 
 
 INDEFE'ASIBLE, or INDEFE'SIBLE, {indefeizibh) a. 
 not to cutoff', diifeated, or made void ; irrevocable. 
 
 IX DEFECT! BILITV, s. lhe<iuality of not being subject 
 to decay, ilefect, or failure. 
 
 INDEFECTIBLE, «. |from i«, a nemitive pj^rticle, and 
 Jefrin, to fail, Lat.] not liable to decay, defect, or failure. 
 
 INDEFE'ISIBLE, a. [indffaisibk, Fr.] See iNDEFEA- 
 
 S BLE. 
 
 480 
 
 INDEFE'NSIBLE, a. that cannot be defended, or main- 
 tained. 
 
 INDEFINITE, a. [from in, a ucga"!ive partick, and definio, 
 to limit, Lat.J not determined, settled, limited, or restrained. 
 In grammar, not limited of restrained to any particular time 
 or circumstance. 
 
 INDEFINITELY, ad. in an nndeterminate and loose 
 manner. 
 
 INDEFI'NITUDE, s. a quantify or number not limited 
 bv our understanding, but vet finite. 
 
 "lNDELrBEHATE,orINDELrBERATED,fl.[iHA7,6^rJ, 
 Fr.] not premeditated ; not done with or after due conside- 
 ration. 
 
 INDELI'BERATENESS, *. want of consideration; rash- 
 ness ; suddenness. 
 
 INDELIBLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and deleo, 
 to blot out, Lat. I not to be effaced or blotted out; not to 
 be annulled or abrogated. 
 
 INDE'LICACY, «. want of delicacy; want of elegance, 
 or a rigorous observance of decency. 
 
 INDK'LICATE, a. wanting decency. 
 
 INDEMNIFICATION, s. security against any loss or 
 penalty ; re-inibursement or repayment of loss or penaltV, 
 
 To INDE'MNIFY, v. a. to secure against loss or "pe- 
 naltv. 
 
 INDE'MNITY, s. [indejmiiti, Fr.] security; or an ex- 
 emption from punishnent. 
 
 To INDEN r, V. a. [from in, in, and dean, a tooth, Lat.J 
 to form anv thing in inequalities like a row of teeth ; to act 
 in and out like waves. Neutcrly, to contract or bargain. 
 
 INDET^IT, t. an inequality ; a dent of a waving surface 
 like that of an indenture. 
 
 INDENTA TION, *. [from in, in, and dens, a tooth, Lat.] 
 an indenture or waving in any figure. 
 
 INDE'NTURE, s. a covenant, so called because the 
 counterparts are indented or cut in and out, or in a waving 
 manner over each other. 
 
 INDEPENDENCE, or INDEPE-NDENCY, s. [inde. 
 pendence, Fr.] freedom ; a state in which a person or thing 
 is not controlled bv, or anv wavsin the power of, another. 
 
 INDEPENDENT, a. (itulependant, Lat.J not depending ; 
 not controlled. 
 
 INDEPENDENTLY, ad. without reference to, or con- 
 nection with, other things. 
 
 INDEPENDENTS, a sect of Protestants in England 
 and America ; so called from their independence on other 
 churches, and their maintaining that each cnurch, or con- 
 gregation, has a sufficient power to act and perform every 
 thing relating to religious government within itself, and is 
 no way subject or accountable to other churches, or their 
 deputies ; and therefore disallow parochial and provincial 
 subordination, and form all their congregations upon a 
 scheme of co-oidinacy. This denomination received its 
 origin about the year 1616 being regarded as a reformation 
 of tlM' Brownists. 
 
 INDESTRUCTIBLE, a. impossible to be destroyed. 
 
 INDESTRUCTIBILITY, s. the impossibility of berng 
 destroyed. The indestructibility of matter is such, that 
 though bodies are decomposed not a particle of them is 
 annihilated, but is found in some other form. 
 
 INDETERMINABLE, «. not to be fixed; not to be d«. 
 fined or settled. 
 
 INDETERMINATE. i. [inditn-mini, Fr.J unfixed ; not 
 restrained or limited to any particular time, circumstance, or 
 meaning. 
 
 INDETE'RMINATM.Y, ad. in a loose, vague, uncertaiu 
 or unsettled manner. 
 
 INDETERMINA'TION, /. want of resolution or deter- 
 mination; a state of nncertainty. 
 
 INDETE'RMINED, a. not fixed or restrained to any par- 
 ticular tiu'ie, circumstance, or meaning. 
 
 IN DEVOTION, *. [iiulivoHan, Fr.] want of ardor or 
 mi in religious worship.
 
 IND 
 
 IND 
 
 INDEVO'UT, a. [iniUvot, Fr.] not religious ; not zealous in 
 the iH'rforniaiue of rcliiiious duties. 
 
 INDEX, s. [Lat.] a discoverer or pointer out ; the table 
 containinj; the contents of a booi<, witii tlie pages « jiere they 
 may be foiin<i ; a little style, or hand, which points to the 
 hour on the globe or a clock ; a hand cut out or painted on a 
 post to direct travellers the way to any place. In tfranimar 
 and printinjj;, the figure of a band with the finger pointing, 
 used to denote some reniarkaitle passage in an autiior. In 
 arithmetic, a figure which shews the lunnber of places of an 
 absolute number of a logarithm, and of what nature it is. la 
 anatomy, the foretinger. 
 
 INDEXTE'KITY, s. want of readiness or liandiness in 
 performing a thiag. 
 
 I'NDIAN, a. [from InrUn] belonging to India. Used 
 substantively for a person born in the Indies. 
 
 I'NDIAN Arkow-root, s. a sovereign remedy for the 
 bite of wasps and the poison of the manehineel tree. The 
 Indians apply this root to extract the venom of their 
 arrows. 
 
 I'NDIAN Red, s. a species of ochre; a very fine purple 
 earth, of firm compact texture, and great weight. 
 
 INDICANT, a. [from imlico, to tell, Lat. J shewing, dis- 
 covering or pointing out. In physic, pointing out a remedy. 
 
 To INDICATE, V. a. [indicd, Lat.] to shew ; to point 
 out. 
 
 INDICATION, s.[tVora iuflico, to tell, Lat.l a mark, token, 
 sign, or symptom of something which is liidden, or not 
 plainof itself ; a discovery or information of something that 
 was not known. In medicine, a symptom discovering or 
 directing what is to be done to cure a distemper. It is of 
 four kinds; vital, preservative, curative ; and i)alliative; as 
 it directs wirat is to be done to continue life, cuttinfotf the 
 cause of an approaching distemper, curing it while it is 
 actually present, or lessening its efl'ects, or taking oft' some 
 of its svmploms before it can be wholly removed. 
 
 INDICATIVE, a. [Irom indico, to tell, Lat.l shewing, 
 discovering or pointing out. In grammar, the first mood 
 of a verb, wherein it expresses athrmation, denial, doubting, 
 or declaring. The English indicative, is formed in most of 
 hs tenses after the niannerofthe Saxons. 
 
 INDI'CATIVELY, orf. in such a manner as shews, de- 
 dares, discovers, or betokens. 
 
 I'NDICO, s. a plant, by the Americans called anil. In 
 tlie middle of the (lower is the style, which afterward be- 
 (Mmes a jointed pod, containing one cylindrical seed in one 
 partition, from which indico is made, which is used in dying 
 tor a blue colour. 
 
 To INDI'CT, (indite) il a. to charge a person with a crime, 
 by a written accusation, before a judge. 
 
 INDI'CTION, s. \indiction, Fr.] a declaration or procla- 
 mation. In chronology, the indictiun, instituted by Con- 
 stantine die Great, is properly a cycle of tributes, orderly 
 disposed, for fifteen years, and by it accounts of that kincl 
 were kept. Afterwards in memory of the great victory 
 obtained by Csnstantine over Maxcntius, 8 Cal. Oct. 312, 
 by which an entire freedom was given to Christianity, the 
 council of'Nice, for the honour of Constantine, ordained that 
 the accounts of years should be no longer kept by the Olym- 
 piads, which till that time had been done ; but that, instead 
 thereof, the indictiim should be made use of, by which to 
 reckon and date their years, which had its epocha A. D. 
 31.?, Jan. 1. 
 
 INDI'CTIMENT, (inditement) s. a bill, or an accusation 
 for an offence, exhibited unto jurors ; a bill, or declara- 
 tion, made in form of law for the benefit of the common- 
 wealth. 
 
 I'NDIA.an extensive region in Asia, which lies between 
 €B and 108 deg. E. Ion. and 8 and 3G deg. N. lat. Under 
 this name is generally understood all the countries which 
 lie S. of Tartary, and extend from the eastern frontiers of 
 Persia to the western coast of China, divided into India 
 within, and India without the Gauges. The moderns have 
 likewise included, under the denomination of the East In- 
 
 dies, the islands of Japan, with all the islands in the East'-rn 
 and Indian Oceans, nearly as far as New HollamI, and New 
 Guinea. But the name of India is most freijuentl^ applied 
 to that coimtry only, which is distinguished in Asia, as well 
 as in Europe, by the name of liiiidooslan ; and which may 
 be more strictly considered under the three grand ilivisious 
 of Iliiidoostan Proper, the Deccaii, and the Peninsula. II in- 
 doostan Proper, incluiles all tlie cdunlrics that lie to the N. 
 of the riverNerbudda, and of the soubahs of Hahar and Ben- 
 gal. The principal souhahs, or provinces, in Hindoostan 
 Proper, are Agimerc, Agra, Cashmere, Di-llii, (iuzerat, La- 
 hore, Malwa, Moultan, Oude, Rohilcund, Sindy, t\c. The 
 term Deccan, which signilits the South, has been extended 
 to the whole region that lies to tiu^ S. of Iliudooslan I'roper; 
 but in its most proper and limited sense, it means only the 
 countries situated between Hindoostan Prop<'r, the Carnatic 
 the Western Indian Sea, and Orissa ; iiaiuelv, the provincesof 
 Candeish, Dowlatabad,Visiapour, (iolcoiido, and the w estern 
 part of Bchrar. All the tract S. of the Kistiia, is generally 
 called the peninsula. The name India, by which this coun- 
 try, as far as it was known, is distinguished in the earliest 
 Greek histories, appears to be derived froui Hind, the name 
 given to it by the antient Persians, through whom the 
 knowledge of the country was transmitted to the Greeks. 
 The word Hindoostan is, indeed, entirely of Persian origin, 
 compounded of Slan, a region, and Hind, or Hindoo. 1'he 
 wholeof Hindoostan may now be said to consist of five prin- 
 cipal states, which hold as tributaries, or feudatories, some 
 numerous inferior states. These five principal states are, the 
 British; the Poonah Mahrattas; the Behiar Mahrattas; Ni- 
 zam Ally, soubahof the Deccan ; and theSeiks. The Bri- 
 tish possessions are Mysore, or the dominions of the late Tip- 
 poo Sultan, Bengal, the greater part of Hahar, part of Alla- 
 habad, part of Orissa, the Northern Circars, ajaghire in the 
 Carnatic, Baramahal, Dindigul, and some consideraliie coun- 
 tries to tlie N. and S. of Calicut, on the coast of Rlalabar, 
 with Bombay and the island of Salsette. The allies of the 
 British, who may be considered as dependent on them, are 
 the nabob of Oude ; the nabob of the Carnatic, including 
 Tanjore, Madura, Tiuevelly, and Marrawars ; the rajahs of 
 Travancore ; and the territory of Cochin, 'fhe Indian ter- 
 ritory held by England.either in direct subjection, or through 
 the intervention of dependent allies, contains more than 
 20,000,000 of inhabitants, and yields an annual revenue of 
 8,000,000?. sterling. Exclusive of the Europeans,' the inha- 
 bitantsof Hindoostan are computed atlO,OnO,Ono Mahome- 
 tans, and 100,000,000 Hindoos. The Mahometans, or Mus- 
 sulmans, whom the English commonly, but improperly, call 
 Moors, or Moormen, are represented as bearing a very bad 
 character. The Hindoos, or Gentoos, are of a black com- 
 plexion, their hair long, their persons straight, their limbs 
 neat, tlieir fingers long and tapering, and their countenances 
 open and pleasant. 'They are divided into different tribes 
 or casts. The four principal tribes are the bramins, soldiers, 
 labourers, and mechanics; and these are subdivided into a 
 multiplicity of inferior distinctions. There are bramins of 
 various degrees, who have the care of religion, or of the ad- 
 ministration of the Gentoo law, allotted to them. These 
 priests are held sacred by the Indians or Hindoos. Those 
 who engage in worldly pursuits are generally the wQrst of 
 all the Gentoos ; for, persuaded that the waters of the Ganges 
 will purify them from their sins, and exempted from tlie 
 utmost rigour of the courts of justice, (under the Gentoo go- 
 vernments,) they run into the greatest excesses. The sol- 
 diers are commonly called Rajali-poots ; that is, descendants 
 of the rajahs. They readily enter into the service of any 
 that will pay them, and follow wherever he leads. The 
 English have many battalions of them in their employ, un- 
 der the name of sepoys. The labourers include farmers, 
 and all who cultivate the land. The mechanics include mer- 
 chants, bankers, and all who follow any trade ; these again 
 are subdivided into each particular branch. Besides these, 
 there are the Parians, or Hallachores, who can'iot be called 
 a tribe, being rather the refuse or outcasts of the other tribes. 
 
 491
 
 IND 
 
 IND 
 
 Tlicy are a set of poor unhappy people, wlio are destinod 
 tij perform the most disagreeable oftices of life; bury the 
 dead, and carry away every thing that is polluted. One 
 description of these, or rather the outcasts of these outcasts, 
 the Pouliciices, r.n the Mahibar coast, are held in such abo- 
 mination, that ifuiie of them happens to touch a Hindoo of 
 asuperior tribe, the latter does norsernpfe to draw his sabre, 
 and kill him on the spot; and for so atrocious an act he is 
 not even called to an account. All the difi'erent tribes are 
 kept disfinct from each other, by insurmountable barriers ; 
 Ihev are forbidden to intermarry, to dwell together, to eat 
 with each other, or ereu to drink out of the same vessel ; 
 and ifthev transgress any of these rules, they are obliged 
 from that instant to join with the Ilallachores. The dominion 
 of religion extends here to a thousand particulars, which 
 in other countries are governetl by the eivil laws, or l)y 
 taste, custom, or faihion. Their dress, their food, the com- 
 mon intercourses of life, their marriages, and professions, 
 are all under the jurisdiction of religion. The food of the 
 Hindoos is simple, consisting chietiy of rice, ghee, (a kind 
 of imperfect butter,) milk, vegetables, and oriental spices. 
 The warrior cast may eat of the tlesh of goats, sheep, and 
 poultry ; and otlier superior cast may eat poultry and fish. 
 Their happiness consists in the solaces of domestic life.; and 
 they are taught by their religion, that matrimony is an indis- 
 pensable duty in every man, who does not entirely sepa- 
 rate himself from the world from a principle of devotion. 
 Their religion permits them to iiave several wives ; but they 
 seldom have more than one ; and their wives are distin- 
 guished by a decency of demeanor, a solicitude in their fa- 
 iu.ilies, and a fidelity to their vows, w hich might do honour 
 to human nature in the most civilized countries. The cus- 
 tom of women burning themselves on the death of their lius- 
 bands, is still practised in Hindoostan. In some parts of 
 India, as the Oarnatic, this dreadful custom is accompanied 
 with pecuhar horror. It is asserted, that they dig a pit, in 
 ■which \s deposited a large quantity of cumbustible matter, 
 which is set on fire ; and the body being let down, the vic- 
 tim throws herself into the flaming mass. In ojher places, 
 a pile is raised extremely high, and the body, with the w ife, 
 is placed upon it, and then the whole is set o)i fire. In the 
 Code of Geutoo laws, translated by N. B. Halhead, Esq. is 
 the follow ing remarkable passage concerning this practice : 
 " It is proper for a woman, after her husband's death, to 
 burn herself m the fire with his corpse. Every woman, who 
 thus burns herself, shall remain in paradise with her husband 
 threescore and fifty lacks of years, by destiny. If she can- 
 not burn, she must, in that case, preserve an inviolable chas- 
 tity ; if she remain always chaste, she goes to paradise ; and 
 if she do not preserve her chastity, siie goes to hell." Hin- 
 doostan, towards the N. is pretty temperate ; but hot to- 
 wards tlie .S. and it rains almost constantly for three months 
 in the year. Its products are rice, millet, cotton, figs, pome- 
 granates, oranges, lemons, citrons, cocoa-trees, &c. Tliere 
 are mines of gold, silver, and diamonds. Beside domestic 
 animals, here are elephants, rhinoceroses, buffaloes, lions, 
 tigers, leopards, panthers, and monkeys, with camels and 
 drome'daries. Its principal exports are sugar, indigo, salt- 
 petre, sUk, cotton, and precious stones ; and particularly 
 calicoes, diiatzes, muslins, &c. 
 
 INDIANS of North and .South America, the origi- 
 nal natives ofthese two vast continents. Of the manners of 
 th'e North American Indians, the reader may have a general 
 idea, by an account of those who inhabit tlie countries to Xhc 
 E. of the river Misisissippi. These consist of 28 ditlcreut 
 Dations ; the principal of which are the (^.herokees, the Chi- 
 casaws, the Chcsctaws, the Creeks, the Delawares, the Six 
 Nations, the Shawanese, the Hurons, the Illinois, Ac. Al- 
 lowing ab'out 700 to a nation or tribe, they will contain, in 
 all, 20,0UO people. The Indians are not born white; and 
 take a great deal of pains to darken their conn>lexion, by 
 aiiointing themselves with grtfase, and lying in the sun. 
 They also paint their face, breasts, and shoulders, of various 
 colours, but generally r.-d ; and tliiir features are ncKt, cs- 
 41/2 
 
 pccially those of the women. Tliey areof a middle sfafnrt, 
 their limbs clean and straight, and scarcely any crooked or 
 deformed person is to be found among them. In many parts 
 of their bodies they tattoo themselves, or prick in gunpow- 
 der on the skin in very pretty figures. .Sonw shave, o 
 phick the hair oti' their heads, except a patch about tlie 
 crown, which is ornamented with beautiful feathers, beqdsi, 
 wampum, and such like baubles; and except the head and 
 eyebrows, they pluck the hair with great diligence from all 
 parts of the body. Their ears are pared and stretched in a 
 thong down to their shoukkrs. Tin^y are wounil round 
 with wire, to expand them, and adorned with silver pM^ 
 dants, rings, and bells, which they likewise wear in their 
 noses. Some of them will have a large feather through the 
 cartilage of the nose ; and those who can afford it wear a 
 collar of wampum, a silver breastplate, and bracelets on the 
 arms and wrists. A bit of cloth about the middle, a shirt 
 of the English make, on which they bestow innumerable 
 broaches to adorn it, a sort of cloth boot and mockasoons, 
 which are shoes of a make peculiar to the Indians, orna. 
 niented with porcupnie quills, with a blanket or watch-coat 
 thrown over all, complete their dress at home ; but when 
 they go on expeditions, they leave their trinkets behind, 
 and mere necessaries serve them. There is little ditlerence 
 between the dress of the men and women, excepting that a 
 short petticoat, and the hair, which is exceeding black and 
 long, clubbed behind, distinguish some of the latter. They 
 are such expert marksmen, that they will kill birds flying, 
 fishes swimminj;, and wild beasts running. They are very 
 intelligent people, quick of apprehension, sudden inexecu. 
 tion, subtle in' business, exquisite in invention, and indu^ 
 trious in action. They are very hardy, bearing heat, cold, 
 hunger, and thirst, in a surprising manner ; and yet no pet>- 
 ple are more addicted to excess in eating and drinking, 
 when it is conveniently in their power. The follies, nay 
 mischief, they commit, wheH inebriated, are entirely laid k> 
 the liquor; and no one will revenge any injury (murder 
 excepted) received from one who is no more himself. Their 
 public conferences shew them to be men of genius ; and 
 they have, in a high degree, the talent of natural, or utw 
 studied eloquence. They live dispersed in small villages, 
 either in the woods, or on the banks of rivers, where tliey 
 have little plantations of Indian corn and roots, not enough 
 to supply their families half the year; and sulisist the re- 
 inaiuderof it by hunting, fishing, and fowling, and the fruits 
 of the earth, which grow spontaneously in great plenty. 
 Their huts are generally built of small logs, and covered 
 with bark, each one havnig a chimney, and a door, on which 
 they place a padlock. Tiicy mostly lie upon skins of wild 
 beasts, and sit on the ground. They have brass kettles and 
 pots to boil their food. Gourds or calabashes, cut asunder, 
 serve then) for pails, cups, and dishes. The accounts of 
 travellers concerning their religion, are various. All agree, 
 that they acknowledge one Supreme God. They adore the 
 GreatSpirit,and believe that his care is extended over them; 
 and that ' he puts good into their hearts.' They also be- 
 lieve in a future state ; that after death they shall be re- 
 moved to their friends, who have gone before them, to an 
 elysium, or paradise. Some believe that there is great virtue 
 in feastsfor the sick. For this purpose, a youu"; buck must 
 be killed and boiled, the friends and near neighbours of tlie 
 patient invited, and having first thrown tobacco on the fire, 
 and covered it up close, they all sit down in a ring, and raise 
 a lamentable cry. They iheu uncover the fire, and kindle 
 it up ; and the head of the buck is first sent about, every 
 one taking a bit, and giving a loud croak, in imitation of 
 crows. They afterward proceed to eat all the buck, maU- 
 ing a most harmonious, melancholy song ; in which straiii 
 their music is particularly excellent. Some nations abhor 
 adultery, do not approve of a phnality of wives, and are not 
 guilty of theft ; but there are other tribes that are not so 
 scruiiulous. Among the Chicasaws, a h\isband may cut off 
 tliQ nose of his wife, if guilty of adultery ; but men are al- 
 lowed greater liberty. This nation despises a thief. Auioiijt
 
 IN D 
 
 IN D 
 
 IheClicrrikcestlioynif dfl" the nose and cars oCan adulteress; 
 ffftorward her linbliaiid fjives her ii <iiscli;ir;;e. Tlicir form 
 of Durriage issticnt; Ihi^ man, hct'ori' wiliiesscs, •;i*'<'s the 
 J)vi(fe a deer's foot, iiiid slie, in return, presents hii]i «itli an 
 ear of corn, as CHihlenis of their several diiliis. 'I'lie women 
 are very slaves, in many inslanees, lo lh<' men ; in olliers, 
 they are upon an equal footin;;, deliberating; in the public as- 
 semblies, and, iii private life, iiijoyin^' llu' privilej,'f of de- 
 clarin>j their aHeetion, or payinj,' llietr addresses, lo those 
 Ihey love. Sometimes their prisoners are destineti to be 
 Tortured to death, in order to satiate the reven^^e of their 
 f'onqnerors. When the fatal sentence is intimated to them, 
 they receive it with an unaltered countenance, raise their 
 death-sons, and prepare to suffer like men. The victors as- 
 «emble as to a solemn festival, resolved to put the fortitude 
 ot" the captives to the utmost proof. A scene ensues, the 
 bare description of which is enough to chill the heart with 
 horror. The prisoners are tied naked to a slake, but so as 
 to be at liberty to move round it. All present, men, wo- 
 men, and children, iAl upon them with knives and other 
 instruments; and such is their cruel ingenuity in torturing, 
 th^it, by avoiding to touch the vital part, they often prolong 
 the scene of anguish for several days. In spite of all their 
 snff6rinp;s, the victims continue to chant their death-song 
 with a firm voice, they boast of their own exploits, they in- 
 Mdt their tormentors for their want of skill to avenge the 
 death of their friends and relations, tJiey warn them of the 
 ven^'eance that awaits I hem on account of what they are 
 now doing, and excite their ferocity by the most provoking 
 reproaches and threats. Weary, at length, with contending 
 with men, whose constancy they cannot vanquish, some 
 diief puts a period to their suftflnigs, by dispatching them 
 with his dagger or his club. The people of S. America 
 ;;Tatify their revenge in a manner somewhat diflerent, but 
 with the same unrelenting rancour. Their prisoners, after 
 meeting, at their tirst entrance, with the same rough reception 
 aa among the N. Americans, are not only exempt from in- 
 iur\, but treated with the greatest apparent kindness, feasted, 
 and caressed. But, by a refinement of cruelty, while they 
 seem studious to attach their captives to life, their doom is 
 irrevocably fixed. On an appointed day, the victorious tribe 
 assembles, the prisoner is brought forth with great solemnity, 
 he meets his lot with undaunted firmness, and is dispatched 
 vith a single blow. The moment he iiih the women seize 
 tlie body, and dress it for the feast. They besmear their chil- 
 dren with the blood, in order to kindle in their bosoms a ha- 
 tred of their enemies, and all join in feeding upon the flesh 
 with amazing greediness and exultation. The Indians of S. 
 America, immediately under the Spanish government, al- 
 though the most depressed order of men in the country 
 which belonged to tlieir ancestors, are now far from being 
 treated with that rigour and cruelty which was laid to the 
 diarge of the first conquerors of that continent. They are 
 no longer considered as slaves ; on the contrary, they are 
 reputed as freemen, and entitled to the privileges of 
 subjects. 
 
 I'NDIES WEST, the name ,<jiven to a great number of 
 islands in the Atlantic Ocean, which extend from the N. W. 
 extremity of the Bahama Islands, off the coasts of Florida, in 
 Lit. 27. -if). N. in a south-easterly direction, to the island of 
 Tobago, which is 1'20 rxiles from the coast of Terra Firma, in 
 Jl. deg. so. min. N. lat. They lie between 5t) and 86 deg. 
 W. Ion. C uha being the most western and Barbadoes the 
 most eastern of all these islands. When Christopher Colum- 
 bus discovered them, in 1492, he considered them as part of 
 those vast regions in Asia, comprehended under the ge- 
 neral name ol^ India, to reach which, by a course due W. 
 across the Allantic Ocean, had been the grand object of his 
 voyage ; and this opinion was so general, tliat Ferdinand and 
 Isabella, king aixl tpicen of Castile, (in their ratification of 
 their agreement granted to Columbus upon his return,) gave 
 tliem also the name of Indies. Even after the error which 
 gave rise to this opinion was detected, and the true position 
 uf the New World was asvtrtained, the name has remained. 
 
 and the appellation of the West Indies is still given to thoje 
 islands, and that of Indians to the inhabitants, not <uily i>f 
 llie islands, but of the twocontinenls ot Amcric.i. They are 
 likewise called the Caribbee Islands, from the aborigines of 
 the country ; and the sea in which ihi-y lie, is sometimes 
 called by modern geographers, the Arcliipi.lago of the Ca- 
 ribbecs. By the Freucli tlit y are called the (ireater and Less 
 Antilles; the (neater eomprebending Cid^a, St. Douiiiigo, 
 .latnaica, and Porto Ilieo ; and the Less, Aruha, Curaroa, 
 Bonair, M argaretta, and some others, near the coast i.f Ttrrd 
 Firma. Foreign geographers, however, are not agreed as 
 to llie meaning or application of the word, some applying it 
 to the Caribbi'e Islands in general. NaAitical men distinguish 
 them, from the dilfereiil courses taken by ships, into the Lee- 
 ward and Windward Islands. The name of the Caribbees 
 should properly be confinedto the smaller islands, which lie 
 between Porto Uico and Tobago. These were inhabiteil by 
 the Caribbees, a hardy race of men, nowise resembling their 
 feeble and timid neighbours in the larger islands. Even in 
 later times, they have made a stout resistance in defence of 
 the last territory (the island of St. Vincent) which the rapa- 
 city of their invaders had left in their possession. The reader 
 will find most of these islands tr/^afcd of sepanatelv. 
 
 INDIFFERENCE, or INDI FFERENC Y, s. [from in, a 
 negative particle, and differo, to differ, Lat.] freedom from 
 bias or influence ; impartiality, or freedom from prejudice ; 
 wantofafl'ection ; unconcernedness. 
 
 INDrFFI'lRENT, a. [from »i, a negative particle, and 
 diff'ern, to dilfer, Lat.] nut determined on either side ; uncon- 
 cerned or regardless ; not having such a dirt'erence as to 
 oblige us to determine on either side ; neither conunandeil 
 nor forbidden ; neither goorl nor bati ; passable; tolerable. 
 
 INDIFFERENTLY, ud. without distinction, or inclining 
 more to one than another ; w ithout wish, aversion, oj" emo- 
 tion ; not well ; tolerablv ; passably. 
 
 ITSIDIGENCE, or INDIGENCY, s. [from indigco, to 
 want, Lat.] want of the comfoitsoflife ; poverty. 
 
 INDIGENOUS, n. [from indn, within, and geiw, to be^reti 
 Lat.] native; originally produced or born in a country. 
 
 I'NDIGE.NT, a. [from indif^-eo, to want, Lat.J in want of 
 the comforts of life, or of money to procure tuem ; void; 
 empty ; w-anting. 
 
 INDIG EST, or Ii;piGF,'STED, a. [from in, a negative 
 particle, and dirrestus, from digern, to digest, Lat.] not sepa- 
 rated in any order; not formed or brought to nintiirily/ 
 Not well considered or methodized. Not ct-ncocttd, or 
 altered so as to be fit for nourishment. 
 
 IN DIGESTIBLE, u. not to be altered in the stomach, or 
 made fit for nourishment, applied to food. Not to be me- 
 thodized, reduced to order, or added to the iiaproyemeul* 
 of the mind, applied to ideas or sentiments. 
 
 INDIGESTION, s. [indii^estiim, Fr.] a disorder in tlie 
 stomach, whereby it is rendered incapable of altering the 
 food it cojitains, so as to make it fit for nourishment. 
 
 INPI'GETES, «. [Lat.] a name which the antient pagans 
 gave to some of their gods. 
 
 INDIGITA'TION, .«. [from diiritns, a finger, Lat.J the act 
 of pointing out or shewing, as l)y the finger. 
 
 INDl'GN, (indine) a. \indigne, Fr.] not worthy or de^ 
 serving; bringiiur indignity or disgrace. Obsolete. 
 
 INDl'GN ANT, a. [from)H,a negative particle, and digiius, 
 worthy, Lat.J inflamed at once with anger and disdain. 
 
 IN'DIGNATION, s. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 rfi)i'nH,v,wortliy, Lat.J anger joined with contempt, abliorrence 
 disdain And aversion. 
 
 INDIGNITY, i. [from ni, a negative i>article, and dignwf, 
 vportliy, Lat.J a reproachful or disgraceful action, wherein 
 the rank or characterofa person is disregarded, and receives 
 a very great injury. 
 
 1'NDIGO, «.■ SeelNDlco. 
 
 INDIRE'CT, a. [from in, a negative particle, and directus, 
 straight, Lat.J not straight or in a right line. Figuralively, 
 round about, or not coming immcdialely lo the point; not 
 fair, honest, or oyci. 
 
 'IbS
 
 IND 
 
 Vrs'D 
 
 rNDIRE'CTION, s. a round-about manner of coming fo 
 a point ; dishonest practice; a secret orobliqite artifice or 
 inlontioii to deceive. 
 
 INDIRE'CTLY, «f/. withoi'.t cominfj at once to tiie point 
 in iiand ; in an artful, oblique, or round-about manner; I'.n- 
 fairly; not in an honest manner; not rij^litiy. 
 
 IXDIRE'CTNESS, «. obliqueness ; the quality of not be- 
 injj in a straiijlit line ; unfairness. 
 
 INDISCERNIBLE, a.uot to be perceived by the eye or 
 uiiiid. 
 
 INDISCERNIBLY, ad. in a manner not to be per- 
 ceived. 
 
 INDISCERPTIBrLlTY, s. the quality of not being ca- 
 pable of having its parts separated, or of being destroyed 
 by dissolution. 
 
 INDISCERPTIBLE, «. not capable of tiaving its parts 
 separated from each other. 
 
 INDISCREET, a. \indiscret, Fr.] injudicious ; impru- 
 dent ; rash ; inconsiderate. 
 
 INDISCREE'TLY, ad. without making a proper choice ; 
 without judgment or consideration ; rashlv. 
 
 INDISCRETIONV- [indiscrition, Fr.J "weakness of con- 
 duct ; imprudence; inconsiderationor wantofjudgmenf. ■ 
 
 INDISCRI'MINATE.a. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 »fcic;i»neH, a difference, Lat.J not carrying any mark of dif- 
 ference, without making any difference or distinction. 
 
 INDISCRI'MINATELY, ad. without difference or dis- 
 tinction. 
 
 INDISPE'NSABLE, a. [mdispensable, Fr.]not to be forbom 
 or excused ; iiecessarj". 
 
 INDISPE'NSABLENESS, f. the state of a thing which 
 cannot be excused, omitted, orforborn ; necessity. 
 
 INDISPETsSABLY, ad. in such a manner as not to be 
 excused by any authority ; not to be forborn ; absolutely 
 necessary. 
 
 To INDISPO'SE, |the sin this 'word ijnd its derivatives 
 is pron. like r) v. a. [inrlisposer, Fr.] to make unfit, with/or ; 
 to make averse, wifli to ; to disorder or make unfit by dis- 
 ease. To affect with a slight disorder, applied to health. 
 To make unfavourable, with towards. 
 
 INDISPO'SEDNESS, *. a state of unfitness, or want 
 of inclination; a state of health lessened by a slight dis- 
 order. 
 
 INDISPOSITION, J. [Fr.] a tendency to sickness, or a 
 slight disorder ; want of mchnatiou ; aversion or dislike. 
 
 INDISPUTABLE, (sometimes accented, together with 
 its derivatives*, on the second syllable) a. so evident as to 
 admit no dispute or controversy. 
 
 INDISPLFTABLENESS, *. the state of being so evident 
 as not to admit of dispute ; certainty. 
 
 INDISPUTABLI, ad. in a manner so evident as not to 
 admit of dispute ; without opposition. 
 
 INDISSO'LVABLE, a. not capable of having its parts 
 separated from each other. Not to be broken ; binding for 
 cve^■, applied to bonds or contracts. 
 
 INDISSOLUBILITY, i.[mrfi>«efeWtV<,Fr.] the stale of 
 the particles of a body which cohere so closely as not to be 
 separated. 
 
 .iNDI'SSOLUBLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 dissolvo, to separate, Lat.] not fo be separated ; strongly co- 
 hering; binding; obligmg ; firm; stable; not subject to 
 change or alleration. 
 
 INDISSOLUBLENESS, s. the quality of resisting a sepa- 
 ration of its parts. 
 
 INDI'SSOLUBLY, ad. in a manner resisting all separa- 
 tion ; never ceasing to oblige. 
 
 INDISTINCT, a. [from t;j,'a negative particle, and <Us- 
 linrtiis,f\omdisti7i^\w, to distinguish, Lat. J not nuirki^d, or 
 difrcrcnl so as to be separated or discerned ; confused ; not 
 discerning exacllv. 
 
 INDLSfTI'NCTlON, t. want of distinguishing or perceiv- 
 ing the difference between things ; confusion or uncertainty. 
 
 INDISTI'NCTLY, «rf. confusedly; ijot to be perceived 
 |i<Ii)inly. 
 
 4M 
 
 INDISTINCTNESS, s. confusion ; uncertainty ; obsciv 
 rit'y. - 
 
 INDLSTU'RBANCE, s. calmness ; freedom from any vio> 
 lent emotions Tgreat tranquillitv. 
 
 To INIMTE, V. a. See To iNDirT. 
 
 INDIVIDUAL, a. [njrfmrfMe/.Fr.] separate from others 
 of the same species ; single; not to be divided. 
 
 INDIVIDUAL, s. a sini^le person. 
 
 INDIVIDUALITY, *. separate or distinct existence. 
 
 INDIVI'DUALLY, ad. without any distinction or diffe- 
 rence ; numerically ; not separably. 
 
 To INDIVI'DUATE, v. a. [from in, a negative particle, 
 and divide, to divide, Lat.] to distinguish from others of the 
 same species ; to make single ; to commuuicate to several 
 in a distinct or separate manner. 
 
 INDIVIDUATION,.?, that .which makes an individual ; 
 separate existence. 
 
 INDIVIDO'ITY, s. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 divido, to divide, Lat.] the state of being an inclividual ; the 
 state of being what one was before; separate existence. 
 
 INDIVI'NiTY, .«. want o) Godhead or divine perfection. 
 
 INDIVISIBILITY, or INDIVI'SIBLENESS, (the s in 
 these and the two following words is pronounced like z) s. 
 the state which can admit of no more division. 
 
 INDIVISIBLE, [indivisible, Fr.] not to be broken 
 into more parts ; not to be separated into smaller parts ; 
 incapable of being divided. 
 
 INDIVI'SIBLI'^S, s. in geometry, those indefinitely small 
 elements or particles into .which bodies may be ultimately 
 resolved. 
 
 INDIVrSIBLY, ad. so as it cannot be divided. 
 
 INDO'CIBLE, a. not to be taught ; not capable of receiv- 
 ing instruction. 
 
 INDOCILE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and doceo, to 
 teach, Lat.J not receiving any benefit from, or regarding, 
 instruction. 
 
 INDOCI'LITY, s.[indociliU,yr.\ the quality of disre- 
 garding or refusing instruction. 
 
 To INDOCTRINATE, i>. a. [etidoctiiner, old Fr.] to in- 
 struct, to teach. 
 
 INDOCTRINATION, s. instruction; information. 
 
 INDOLENCE, or ITSDOLENCY, j. Undolentia, Lat.] 
 freedom from pain or uneasiness ; laziness, or a state where- 
 in a person continues inaotive w ithout any regard or atten- 
 tion to any thing he sees around him. The first sense is 
 obsolete. 
 
 ITsDOLENT, a. 1 Fr.] inactive or lazy ; without any re 
 gard to w hat passes around one. 
 
 I'NDOLENTLY', ad. inactively, and without regard tp 
 auv thing around one. 
 
 To INDORSE, f. a. See To Endorse. 
 
 To INDO'W, (the mv is pronounced as in now) v. a. [iu 
 and doner, Fr.l to give a portion to. Figuratively, to enrich 
 with gifts, either of fortune or nature. See Endow. 
 
 INDRA'UGHT, (indraft) s. an opening in the laud into 
 which the sea flows. An inlet or passage mwards. 
 
 To INDRE'NCH, v. a. to soak ; to drown. 
 
 rNDRI, s. in zoology, an aninu\l of the lemur tribe, which 
 inhabits -Madagascar. It has a head like a dog, its body 
 resembles that of a monkey, it is easily tamed, has the cry 
 of an infant and is taught to hunt like a dog. 
 
 INDU'BIOUS, rt. without doubtiug or suspecting ; cer- 
 tain: i)ositive. 
 
 IN DU'BITA BLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and </«- 
 hito, to douM, Lat.] so certain or evident as to admit of w> 
 doubt or suspicion of its truth: 
 
 INDU'lUTABL Y, ad. in a manner so evident and certain 
 as to admit of no doubt. 
 
 INDU'BITATE, a. [from in, a negative particle, atut 
 didiilo, to doubt, Lat.J undoubted ; unquestion<-d. 
 
 To INDUCE, i'. a. [from in, into, auddueo, to lead, Lat.] 
 to persuade ; to prevail on. To offer by way of induction, 
 or by way of consequence drawn from several partii'ulars, 
 applied to reasoning. To inculcate or enforce by argumtut ;
 
 INE 
 
 to proiUicc as an arijuuiciit or instance. To bring into 
 view ; to inliDiliici". 
 
 INDUt'EMKNT a. ii motive which allures or persuades 
 lo any thin;,'. 
 
 INDU'CKR, .1. ii persuador ; one that intliienres. 
 
 To IXDU'CT, ti. «. [Ironi in, iiiio, and dnco, to lead, Lat.J 
 to put into actual pHsscbsion ot'a iieiieficr. 
 
 IXDU'CTION,.!. [tVoiii in, into, and ihm,, to \(w\, Lat.] 
 in lo^ic, the act of intcrrins a j^cneral proposition from seve- 
 ral particular ones ; a consiMpience drawn from several pro- 
 positions ; as, "'I'lie doctrine of the Socinians cannot he 
 proved from the gospels, it cannot he \iroved from the Acts 
 of the Aiiostles, it cannot be proved from the Epistles, nor 
 the book of Jtovelation ; therefore it cannot be proved 
 from the New Testament." W/rtts. In law, the act of ^'iv- 
 ili;j possession of a benetice to an incuiiil)ent. 
 
 INDUCTIVE, a. conlribulin^, leading, or persuasive ; 
 capable of inferring or inclndin};. 
 
 ToINDU'E, r. (I. [iiiiluo, Eat.] to invest; to comnuini- 
 cate or give a cpiality lo. Johnson observes, it is some- 
 times even by good writers, confounded with endow or 
 indinv. 
 
 To INDULGE, v. a. [indulgeo, Lat.] to gratify or grant 
 the desires of another as a favour; to favour or foster ; to 
 give indiilj^ence. 
 
 INDU'LGENCE, or INDU'LGENCY, s. [iitd,d^-n,rc, Fr.l 
 compliance with or granting; the desires and recpiests of 
 others through fondness ; forbearance, or connivance at 
 faults; a favour 'granted. In the Romish chiircii, the re- 
 uiission of punishment due to a sin, granted by the church, 
 and supposed to save the sinner from purgatory. 
 
 INDU'EGi'.NT, a. [from indulgeo, to indulge, Lat.] kind ; 
 gentle; conjplying v, ith the requests, or gralifyiug the de- 
 sires, of another, through fondness; mild, or favourable. 
 
 INDULGENTLY, ad. with kind compliance, and fond 
 gratification ; without severity or censure. 
 
 INDU'LT, or INDU'LTO,"*. [Ital. and Fr.] a special fa- 
 vour or privilege granted either to a community, or private 
 person, by the pope's bull, by which they are licensed to do 
 or obtain something contrary to the common laws. 
 
 To I'ND URATE, v. n. [imliro, from durus, hard, Lat.] to 
 grow hard. Actively, to make hard ; to harden the mnid. 
 
 INDURATION, i. the state of growing hard; the act of 
 making hard ; hardness of heart. 
 
 INDUS, a great river of II indoostan, called by the na- 
 tives Sinde or Sindeli. It is formed of al:out ten principal 
 streams, which descend from the Persian and 'i'artarian 
 mountains ; but, according to Major Rcni'.ell, the sources of 
 these streams must be far more remote than the sides of these 
 mountains. From tliecity of Attock, in about lat. 32. 27. N. 
 downward to Moultan, to the conflux of the Janeub, or 
 Cliunaub, it is commonly named the river of Attock. Below 
 the city of Moultan, it proceeds in a S. W. direction, 
 through the province of that name, and that of Sinde, en- 
 tering the Western Indian Ocean by several mouths, N. W. 
 fif the Gulf of Cutch. It is a fnie, deep, and navigable ri- 
 ver, for vessels of any burden; the different branches are 
 also most of tlicm navigable to a great extent ; its uioutli, 
 however, is so choked up with sand, that no ship can en- 
 tej- it. 
 
 INDUSTRIOUS, a. [iiidnstrivs, Lat.] active and con- 
 stant in manual labour, business, or study. 
 
 INDU'STRIOUSLY, «r?. with constant and intense ap- 
 plication of mind, or exercise of body ; with great care, di- 
 ligence, and assiduity. 
 
 TODUSTRY, s. \inditstria, Lat.] diligence ; constant ap- 
 plication of the mind, or exercise of the body. 
 
 To INE'BRIATE, v. a. \inebrio, from ehrius, drunken, Lat.] 
 to make a person drunk with strong liquors. Neuterly, to 
 grow drunk, to be intoxicated. Figuratively, to into&icate 
 ■with praise, grandeur, or success. 
 
 INEBRIATION, s. drunkenness ; intoxication. 
 
 INEFFABI'LITY. *. the quality of being hcj'oml the 
 power of language. 
 
 INE 
 
 INETFABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, afid eff'or, 
 to speak, Lat. | not to be spoken, utter^'d, or expressed. 
 
 INETFAliLY, ad. in such a manner, or in so high adc- 
 gree, as not to be expressed by words. 
 
 INEFFECTIVE, a. [in/ff'ccii/', Fr.] that can produce n« 
 effect. 
 
 INEFFE'CTUAL, «. notto have power sufficient to pro- 
 duce its proper efi'ect ; weak; without power, or operatnig 
 in vain. 
 
 INEFFECTUALLY, ad. to no purpose; without effect. 
 
 INEFFE'CTUALNESS, s. want of [)ower to produce its 
 proper effect. 
 
 INEFFICA'CIOUS, {iiteflihashinuit) a. flVorn iji, a negative 
 particle, and rffivio, to effect, Lat.] unable to produce any 
 efi'ect ; weak; feeble ; acting to no purpose. 
 
 IN E'FFICACY, s. I from in, a negative particle, ami cfficie, 
 to efi'ect, Lat.] want of power to produce an efi'ect ; the 
 cpiality of operating in vain, or to no purpose. 
 
 IN£'LEGANCE, or INE'LEGANCY, s. meanness ; want 
 of address. 
 
 INE'LEGANT, n. [from in, a negative particle, and ek- 
 gans, elegant, Lat.] not nice ; mean ; detestable. 
 
 INELOQUENI', a. [from in, a negative particle, and elo- 
 q-nens, eloquent, Lat.J not speaking with ea.'e, volubility, oi 
 the flowers of rhetoric ; not persuasive. 
 
 INEPT, a. [from in, a negative particle, and aptns, fit, 
 Lat.] unfit, or unsuitable to any end oi p\irpose ; useless ; 
 trifling; foolish. 
 
 INEPTLY, ad. in a trifling manner; unsuitably or fool- 
 ishly. 
 
 INETTITUDE, s. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 aptns, fit, Lat.J unfitness ; or unsuitableness to any purpose 
 or end. 
 
 INEQUA'LITY, s. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 equalitas, equality, Lat.] the <llii'erence between two ofmorc 
 things compared together ; <!isproportion to any oiTice, state 
 or purpose ; difference of rank or station. 
 
 INERRABI'LITY, J. the quality of not being subject to 
 error. 
 
 INETIRABLE, a. not subject to error or mistake. 
 
 INE'RRABLENESS, *. liie quality of not being liable 
 to err. 
 
 INE'RRABLY, ad. without possibility of erring ; in- 
 fallibly. 
 
 INE'RRINGLY, afZ. without error, mistake, or deviatioit 
 either from truth or right. 
 
 INE'RT, a.[iners, Lat.] dull; motionless; moving with 
 difficulty ; sluggish. 
 
 INE'ilTLY, ad. sluggislilv, or duliv. 
 
 INESCATION, i. \tio\i\esca, food, Lat.] the act of bait- 
 ing. 
 
 INE'STIMABLE, «. [from in, a negative particle, au<l 
 astinw, to value, Lat.] so valuable as not to be rated ; ex 
 ceeding any price. 
 
 INEVITABI'LITY, s. the quality of not being possible 
 to be avoided. 
 
 INE'VITABLE, «. [from in, a negative particle, e, from, 
 and vito, to avoid, Lat.] not to be escaped or avoided. 
 
 INEXCUSABLE, (the s in this and the following words is 
 pronounced like ?) a. [from in, a negative particle, ami fx- 
 cuso, to excuse, Lat.] not to be excused, or not palliable by 
 apology. 
 
 INEXCU'SABLENESS, s. enormity of crime beyond 
 forgiveness or palliation. 
 
 INEXCUSABLY, ad, to a degree ofgailt or folly beyond 
 excuse. 
 
 INEXHA'LABLE, a- that cannot be evaporated, or coh- 
 suraed in vapour. 
 
 INEXHAU'.STED, a. not emptied ; not spent. 
 
 INEXHAU STIBLE, o. not to be emptied or all drav/n 
 out ; not to be entirely spent. 
 . INEXrSTENCE, s. want of bemg or existence. 
 
 INEXrSTENT, a. not ha fing being ; not to be foond in 
 uatyte. 
 
 Aim
 
 INT 
 
 INEyXORABLE. a, ffrom in, a neratire particle, and ex. 
 cro, to getby entiTuty, Lat.] not to be 'moved by entreaty. 
 
 INEXPE'DIENCE, or rNEXPE'DIENCY, 1 want of 
 fitness or propriety ; unsuitableuess to time, place, or cir- 
 cumstance. 
 
 ' INEXPE'DIENT, a. improper, unnecessary, or not pro- 
 ductive of anv advantage. 
 
 INEXPE'RIENCE, s.[inexpinence, Fr.J want of experi- 
 ence, or sufficient itnowledge. 
 
 INEXPERIENCED, a. not having personally tried or 
 bad experience of. 
 
 INEXPE'RT, a. [from in, a negative particle, and expertus, 
 expert, Lat.] unskilful for want of custom or use. 
 
 INE'XPIABLE, a. I from in, a negative particle, and expio, 
 to expiate, Lat. J not to be atoned or made amends for ; not 
 to be pacified or reconciled by atonement. 
 
 INE'XPIABLY, ad. to a degree beyond atonement. 
 
 INEXPLEABLY, arf. [from i«, a nefjative particle, and 
 expleo, to fill up, Lat.] insatiably ; in sucha mauner as not to 
 be satisfied. Obsolete. 
 
 INE'XPLICABLE, a. [inexpliealle, Fr.J SO difficult as not 
 to be explained. 
 
 INE'XPLICABLY, ad. in a manner not to be made 
 plain. 
 
 INEXPRESSIBLE, n. not to be told, uttered, or conveyed 
 by words. 
 
 INEXPRE'SSIBLY, ad. in a manner not to be uttered or 
 conveyed by words. 
 
 INEXPU'GNABLE, n. [from in, -a negative particle, and 
 expvgno, to take by assault, Lat.] not to be taken by assault 
 or subduexl. 
 
 INEXTI'NGUISH.\BLE, a. not to be quenched, applied 
 to fire. Not to be satisfied, applied to desires. 
 
 INE'XTRICABLE, a. [inatricallc, Fr. from in, a negative 
 particle, and extvico, to extricate, Lat.) not to be disen- 
 tangled ; not to be explained or cleared from obscurity. 
 
 INEXTRICABLY, ad. in a manner not to be explained ; 
 so as not to Ije disentangled. 
 
 To INE'V E,t'. n. to inoculate, by inserting' tliebud of one 
 tree into the stock of another. 
 
 IITFALLIBI'LITY, or'iNFA'LLIBLENESS, s. [infallihi- 
 lite, Fr.] from in, a negative particle, and fallo, to deceive, 
 Lat.] the quality of not being subject to be deceived or mis- 
 taken. 
 
 I-NFA'LLIBLE, a. [iufaUiUe, Fr.] inrapable of being 
 mistaken or deceived. Certain, or never failing, applied to 
 medicin?. 
 
 INFA'LLIBLY, ad. without danger or deceit, or possi- 
 bility of being mistaken ; certainly. 
 
 To INFA'ME, V. a. [from in, a negative particle, and/(<nirt, 
 fame, Lat.l to defame; to censure publicly for the comruis- 
 sion of a crime. 
 
 I'NFAAIOUS, a. [from in, a negative particle, and/anw', 
 fame, Lat.] notorious, or publicly branded with guilt; of a 
 bad character. 
 
 I'NFAMOUSLY, ad. in such a manner as to be known to 
 be guilty of a crime or misdemeanor ; shamefully ; scan- 
 dalouslv. 
 
 ^Famousness, or TNFAMY, .t. [from w, a negative 
 particle, and/rtmn, fame, Lat.l loss ofcliaractcr by criuies ; 
 disgrace; discredit; reproacli, In law, a term which ex- 
 tends to forgery ; gross ciieats, iVc. by which a person is 
 rendered incapable of being a witness or juror, even though 
 lie is pardoned for his crimes. 
 
 I'NFANCY, s. [from in, a negative particle, and fans, 
 speaking, Lat.] the first part of life, extended by naturalists 
 to seven years, but by lawyers to twonty-one. Figuratively, 
 tlie beginning or first rise of anv thing. 
 
 INFANOTHEF, HINGFA'NGTHEFT,or INFA'NG- 
 THKOP\ s. [of IB fans;en, Sax. to catcii, and theaf. Sax. a 
 thief] in law, a privilege granted to lords of certain manors, 
 tojiidfje.any thief taken within their see. 
 
 rNFANT, s. [from in, a negative particle, and fam, 
 fpcaking, Lat.J by naturalists, a child from its birth io \U 
 406 
 
 INF 
 
 sevetitl) year, but by lawyers so called till its one-and-twcrw 
 tiefh. ^ 
 
 I'NFANT, a. not mature ; in a state of initial impci^ 
 fection. 
 
 INFA'NTA, f.rSpan.] a title of honour given to a princess 
 of the royal bloocf in Spain or Portugal. 
 
 INFA'NTE, s. [Span.J a son of the kings of Spain or 
 Portugal. 
 
 INFANTICIDE, s. [from infans, an infant, and ca-do, to 
 kill, Lat.] the slaughter or massacre of infants, applied to 
 that committed by Herod. 
 
 INFA'NTILE, a. [from infant, an infant, Lat.] beloiigiiigf 
 to the state of an infant. 
 
 I'NFANTKY, s. {iifanterie, Fr.] the foot soldiers of an 
 armv. 
 
 INFARCTION, f. [from in, in, and /arcio, to stuff, Lat.] 
 a stuffing. In medicine, a constipation. 
 
 To INFATUATE, v. a. \infatuo, from /«?«)«, foolish, Lat.] 
 to make foolish ; to deprive of understanding. 
 
 INFATUATION, *. the act of making foolish, or depri- 
 ving of understanding., 
 
 INFE'ASIBLE, {infeezible) a. not to be performed or 
 practised. 
 
 To INFECT, D. a. \in/icio, from in, in, and /ffcin, to make, 
 Lat.] to disorder by some noxious qualities ; to corrupt 
 with bad insinuations. 
 
 INFE'CTION, s. [infectio, from in, in, and /aci'e, to make, 
 Lat.] tlie communication of a disease by means of effluvia 
 or irarticles, which fly from distempered bodies, and, mix- 
 ing with the juices of others, cause the same disorders as 
 the persons had from whence they exhaled ; a plague. 
 
 INFECTIOUS, {infiks/iious) a. causing distempcFS by 
 some noxious qualitv or effluvia. 
 
 INFE'CTIOUSLY, {iiifchhiously) ad. operating by infec-. 
 tion. 
 
 INFE'CTIOUSNESS, (infeJishionsness) i. the quality of 
 communicating distempers by noxious qualities, or unwhole- 
 some effluvia. 
 
 INFECTIVE, a. having the power of causing distempers 
 by noxious qualities or vapours. 
 
 INFE'CLTND, a. [from in, a negative particle, and facui*- 
 rfits, fruitfijl. Lat.] unfruitful ; barren. 
 
 ' INFECU'NDfTY, s. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 fccciauhis, fruitful, Lat.] barrenness want of a power to pro., 
 duce its like. 
 
 INFELICITY, s.[from m,a negative particle, w\Afelicitas, 
 happiness, Lat.] a state destitute of all the comforts ami 
 plcasuresfjo render life agreeable ; unhappincss. 
 
 To INFE'R, II. a. [from in, in, into, or upon, and f<ro, to 
 bring, Lat.] in its primary sense, to bring on. In logic, to 
 draw in another proposition as true, by virtite of one already 
 laid down as true. 
 
 INFERENCE, s. {inference, Fr.] in logic, a conclusion 
 drawn from previous arguments or propositions. 
 
 INFE'RIBLE, a. deducible from propositions which went 
 before. 
 
 INFERIOR, a. lower in place, station, condition of life, 
 value, or excellency ; subordinate. Inferior, in astronomy, 
 is applied to those planets whose orbits are iiiclndcd by that 
 of olir earth, as are lliose of Mercury and Von-is. Jnfaior. 
 cnnjiiiiction of a planet is that which takes place when llu'. 
 body 18 between us and the sun, and in the same sign, de- 
 gree, Ac. of the zodiac. Such conjunctious can only hap- 
 pen to those planets that are nearer to the sun than our 
 earth is. 
 
 INFE RIOR, s. [Lat.] one in a lower rank or station tlian 
 another. 
 
 INFERIORITY, s. [i7ifaiorUi, Fr.] a lower state of dig. 
 nitv, worth, or excellence. 
 
 INFE'RNAL, ". [Fr. injernns, from infrn, below, Laf.] 
 belonging to hell. Infernal sluue, in medicine, is a very 
 powerful caustic, prepared from au evaporated solution of 
 silver, or a^stalsof ailvcr.
 
 INF 
 
 INF 
 
 INFiyRTlI-E, a. \infn-tite, Fr-] not producing or yielding 
 Biiv thins;: iitii'niiirul ; liiuifii. 
 
 iNFKltTIlJ'I'Y, i. [hifWlilit', Fr.] iinfruitfuhiess; bar- 
 renness ; H-.int of power to produce. 
 
 To INFF.'ST, I', n. J'"/"''!'", from »7i, a ncfjiilivc particle, 
 mi< I />,»(/(.?, jovial, Lat.] to harass, trouble, or i)lague. 
 
 INFKS'iTVITY, .5. want of cheerfuhiess. 
 
 IXFF.UDATION, «. [lroni/i/«/»/H, a t<.p,\iiold, low Lat.] 
 in law, the act of putting a person into possesbion of a fee or 
 Citate. 
 
 I'NFIDF,!,, s. [Iidui ill, a negative particle, an<] fidelis, 
 fiiithful, I.at.] one who rejects or will not assent to the truth 
 of revelatiiiM, or thri'reat principles of religion. 
 
 INFIDK'FITV, i. [from in, a negative particle, and fi<Mis, 
 faithful, Lat.] want of faith or reliance in Proviilence ; 
 disbelief of Cliristianitv. Treacliery, or violation of one's 
 fidelilv. 
 
 INFINITE, n. [from in, a negative particle, and /f«io, to 
 limit, Lat.] having no bounds or limits. Perfect, so as to 
 admit of no defect or addition, applied to divine attributes. 
 iDfinitely or very large, used in common discourse. 
 
 I'NFINITRLY, ad. without limits or bounds. 
 
 mFlNlTENESS, I. the quality of admitting no bounds 
 or limits. 
 
 INFINITESIMAL, ff.that is infinitely divided. 
 
 INFINITIVE, a. [from in, a negative particle, anAfinio, 
 to limit, Lat.] in grannnar, applied to a mood, which denotes 
 no precise lime, nor determines the number of persons of 
 which any thing is attirmed, but expresses things in a loose 
 indefinite manner. 
 
 INFI'NITUDE, J. any thing which has no bounds or li- 
 mits; an inconceivable number. 
 
 INFI'NITY, i. [from i«, a negative particle, and _;?nto, to 
 limit, liat.J is taken in two senses entirely diflerent, i. e. in 
 a positive and a negative one. Positive infintti/, is a quality 
 ofbeing perfect in itself or capable of receiving no addition, 
 and is properly applied to the divine attributes or essence. 
 Negative iiijitdtij, is the quality of being boundless, unlimit- 
 ed, or endless. 
 
 INFI'RM, a. [from in, a negative partitle, and firmus, 
 strong, Lat.] deprived of natural strength by 3;'e or sick- 
 ness. Irresolute, applied to the mind. Not fit to support ; 
 not solid. 
 
 INFI'RMARY, s. [infinnerie, Fr.] a place where lodging 
 and board are provifled for sick and wounded persons. 
 
 INFI'RIMITY, «. [iujiymite, Fr.] weakness of sex, age, tem- 
 per, mind, or body. 
 
 INFl'RMiN'ES-S, s. want of strength, applied to argument, 
 understanrling, or body. 
 
 ToINFTX, I'. «. [from in, in, and /go, to fasten, Lat.J to 
 drive or fasten in. 
 
 ToINFLA'iME, v, a. yti/lammo, from fiammn, a flame, 
 Lat.] to kindle or set bodies on fire. Figuratively, to excite 
 or kindle desire ; to magnify a person's faults. To provoke, 
 or irritate, applied to the passions. Neuterly, to grow hot, 
 inigry, and painful, by obstructed matter. 
 
 INFL A'MER, s. the thing or person that causes a painful 
 sensationof heat in any part of the body ; one that promotes 
 Quarrels, or sets friends at variance. 
 
 INFLAMMABILITY, *. the qii2U-t>- of cxrtxliiug fire. 
 Tlie quality of causing a painful stnsation of heat, applied to 
 obstructed matter in animal bodies. The quality of ex- 
 citing the desires, or warming the passions, applied to the 
 mind. 
 
 INFLA'MMABLE, a. [Fr.] easy to be set on fire, capable 
 of exciting the passions; or irritating the humours in an 
 animal body. Inflammable air, is that gas which has hydro- 
 gen for its basis. 
 
 INFLA'MMABLENESS, s. the qualify of easily catching 
 fire ; the quality of being easily excited or provoked. 
 
 INFLAMMATION, s. [infle'mmatio, (row fiamrna, a flame, 
 Lat.] the act of setting on flame ; the state of being in 
 (lame. In surgery, applied to that sensation of heat, aris- 
 iri;j from obstrucied blood or matter, which crowds in a 
 
 3 S 
 
 greater quanfity to any particular part, and gives itagie:>t- 
 er colour and heat, than usual. 'I'lie act of exciting any 
 passion, desire, or fervour in Ihc mind. 
 
 INl'LA'MMATOl' V, n. having the power of causing an 
 inflammation, applied lo the fluids of the body. Having h 
 tendency to alienate the minds of subjects, or cause an insur- 
 rection in a slale. 
 
 To INFLAT'1>, 1'. n. [from in, into, and/", to blow, Lat.] 
 to swell with wind ; to till or pulf up with breath. Figura- 
 tirelv, to swell, or pulf up with pride. 
 
 INFLATION, .9. [from i«, into and/o, to blow, Lat.J the 
 state of being swelled with wind. 
 
 t To INFLE'CT, i;. a. \inflecto, i'rom flecit), to bend, Lat-j to 
 bend from a straight line. To change or vary. In granv- 
 niar, tovary or alter the terminations of a word; to de- 
 cline. 
 
 INFLE'CTION, s. [inflecto, from fectn, to bend, Lat.] ti)e 
 act of bending ; tlie act of turning or changing the direc- 
 tion of motion. A modulation or change from high to low, 
 applied to the voice, 'the variation or change oftjie end- 
 ings of a word, applied to grammar. 
 
 INFLE'CTIVE, a. having the power of bending. 
 
 INFLEXIBILITY, or INFLE'XIBLENESS, .1. \infleri- 
 bilitc, Fr.] stiffness, or the quality of resisting any attempt; 
 a temper ordisposition of mind not to be altered by prayers, 
 entreaties, promises, orthreatenings. 
 
 INFLIC'XIBLE, ff. [from in, a negative particle, andjlex- 
 ibilix, flexible, Lat.] not to be bent or made crooked ; not to 
 be changed or altered ; not to be prevailed on. 
 
 INFLEXIBLY, fl(/. without any cessation or remission ; 
 without being prevailed on to change or alter. 
 
 To INFLI CTj V. a. [from injitgo, Lat.] to punish or im- 
 pose on as a punishment. 
 
 INFLl'CTER, s. he that punishes. 
 
 INF'LI'CTION, s. [from inflirro, to inflict, Lat.] the act 
 of using punishments; the punishment imposed. 
 
 INFLICTIVT., a. \injlictiie, Fr.J executed, or imposed on 
 as a punishment. 
 
 INFLUENCE, s. [injlnence, Fr.] the power'of celestial 
 bodies or stars operatnig on human minds and aft'airs ; any 
 power which acts on the mind, and biasses ordirccts it. 
 
 To INFLUENCE, v. a. to act upon so as to impel, direct, 
 or modify; to^iperate on the mind, so as to bias or direct 
 it to any particular end or action. 
 
 I'NFLUENT, a. \injlneiis, from inflno, to flow or rush in, 
 Lat. I exerting influence or impulsive power. 
 
 INFLUI^'NTIAL, a. exerting influence or power. 
 
 I'NFLUX, .?. [()i//».r/M, from ir.fim, to flow or rush in, Lat.] 
 tlie act of flowing into any thing. Infusion, applied to 
 knowledge. 
 
 INFLUXIOUS, a. influential. Not used. " The moon 
 hath an inllurimis power to make impressions upon their 
 humours. Honel. 
 
 To INFOLD, v.a. to wrap ; to surround with the arms 
 folded ov^er each other ; to embrace. 
 
 To INtO'LIATE, v. a, |froni in, in, and f<dinm, a leaf, 
 Lat.] to cover with leave*. 
 
 To INFO'RM, v. a. [infoimo, from formo, to form or in- 
 struct, Lat.] to animate; to actuate with a soul or vital 
 power; to instruct; to supply with new knowledge. I:i 
 law, to bring a charge or accusation against a person, used 
 with against, and is geworally applied to the discoveries made 
 by an accomplice. Neuterly, to giv'e intelligence or to dis- 
 cover a crime. 
 
 INFORMAL, a. in law, out of form, not in due form. 
 
 INFO'RMANT, «. [»i/<»■)H«!i^ Fr.] one who discovers or 
 gives intelligence of a crime, or other matter; one who 
 ofters- or exhibits an accusation. 
 
 INFORMATION, s.[(xom informn, to inform, Lat.] in- 
 telligence or instruction; the act cf communicating some- 
 thing unknown before. In law, it is nearly the same in the 
 crown ofbce as what in our other courts is called a declara- 
 tion. It is sometimes brought by the king, or his attorney- 
 general, or the clerk of tbc crown oflice; and at other tinx's 
 
 407
 
 ING 
 
 I>?0 
 
 by a jirivate person who informs or sues, as \vt'I\ fiir tlie 
 kins as hii;ist-'t', upon the broiich of some popular sl;iir.tf, 
 iu u liich a p<n;ilty is yivi-u to the parly w iio will sue lor it. 
 
 INFOKMEit, s. one who jjives intelligence, or connnuni- 
 cates new knowledge to the niiufl ; one who discovers the 
 crimes oroU'ences of another before a mngistrate. 
 
 INFO'RMIDABLE, «. [from i«, a negative particle, and 
 formido, to fear, Lat.] not to be feared or dreaded. 
 
 INFO'RMITY, s. [from in, a nesative particle, -indfor- 
 mit, form, Lat.Jwant of shape or fbl-ni. 
 
 INFO'ilMUUS, n. [from in, a negative particle, and/or- 
 ma, form, Lat.] shapeless ; oi'no regular form. 
 
 INFO'RTUNATK, rt. [from 2«, a negative particle, and 
 fcrtiina, fortune, Lat.] See UNFORTUNATE, which is com- 
 monly used ; not succeeding in one's designs or expecta- 
 tions; unsuccessful or unhappy. ■ .• . 
 
 To INFRA'CT, V. a. [from ni, a negative particle, and 
 franco, to break, Lat.] to break or interrupt. Not used. 
 
 INFRA'CTION, s. [from in, a negative particle, unAfran- 
 f^o, to break, Lat.] the act of breaking or violating. 
 
 INFRALAPSA'RLAN, s. one who maintains that God has 
 created a certain number of men only to be damned, without 
 allowing them the means necessary to save themselves, if 
 they would ; and the sect is thus called, because they hold 
 that God's decrees were formed infra Inpsnm, after his know- 
 ledge of the fall, and in consequence thereof; in contradis- 
 tinction to the Sapralapsariaiis. 
 
 INFRA'NGIBLE, a. not to be broken. 
 
 TNFRE'QUENCY, s. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 fieqmntia, frequency, Lat.] unconimouness ; rarity, applied 
 to things which seldom happen, or are seldom heard, seen, 
 ©r done. 
 
 INFREQUENT, «. [from in, a negative particle, and /re- 
 quens, frequent, Lat.] rare, seldom happening. 
 
 To IN FRIG I Date, v. a. [tVom in, which here serves to 
 increase the signification, aadfrigiihis, cold, Lat.] to chill 
 or make cold. Not in use. 
 
 To Infringe, v. «. \infrinqn, from fmngo, to break, 
 Lat.] to violate or break, applied to laws or contracts. To 
 destroy or hinder. 
 
 infringement, s. the act of violating or breaking 
 laws or treaties. 
 
 INFRI'NGER, s, he that acts contrary to any law or 
 treaty. 
 
 INFU'NDIBULIFORM, a. [from infundihulum, a funnel, 
 and/bram, form, Lat.] of the shape of a funnel or fun-dish. 
 
 INFU RIATE, a. [itomfurio, to enrage, Lat.] enraged ; 
 raging. 
 
 INFUSCA'TION, s. [^from infusco, to make black, Lat.] 
 tlie act of darkening or blackening. 
 
 To INFUSE, {infice) V. a. [from in, in, and fundo, to pour, 
 Lat.] to pour in. Figuratively, to instil ; to inspire ; to 
 animate; to influence, applied to the mind. In medicine, 
 to steep or soak in any liquor with a gentle heat. 
 
 INFUSIBLE, {infiizibte) a. that may be instilled, com- 
 municated, or inspired, applied to the mind. Incapable of 
 being melted or dissolved, applied to bodies. 
 
 INFUSION, i. [fromtH, in. And f undo, to pour, Lat.] the 
 act of pouring in; the act of instilling or inspiring. In phy- 
 bIc, the act ofstc.^pi:lg ingredients in any liquor with a mo- 
 derate warmth ; also the liquor made by steeping ingredi- 
 ents. 
 
 INFU'SIVE, a. having a power of animating or influ- 
 encing. 
 
 rNG.A.TIvSTONE, a town in Essex, on the road from 
 London to Harwich. It consists of one street, and is (J miles 
 S\V. of Chelmsford, and 23 N. E. of London. Market on 
 Wednesday. 
 
 INGA'tHERING, s. the act of gettinp in an harvest. 
 
 IN(iE, in the names of places, signifyinga meadow, from 
 1)1^, Sax. of the same import. 
 
 'J'o INGICMINATE, M. a. [from in, n particle wliieh here 
 serves to increase the meaning, and^emiViw, to double, Lat.] 
 to double the same thing over again ; to repeat. 
 
 INGEMIN.\TION, «. |froai in, a negative partit^e which 
 here serves to increase the meaning, and gemino, to double, 
 Lat.] the act of doubling or repeating the same thing. 
 
 ToINGE'NDER, !;. «. See Engender. 
 
 INGE'NDERER, «. he that begets. 
 
 ING EN ER ATE, or INGE'NERATED, a. [from in, 
 within, and gcnero, to beget, Lat.j bornjor bred with or witf>. 
 in a person. 
 
 INGE'NIOUS, a. [from ingev.inm, capacity, wit, Lat.]kaw> 
 ing sense to invent or execute in a skilfid manner. 
 
 lN(iE'NIOUSLY, ad. in a manner that discovers great 
 invenfion, skill, and art. 
 
 ' INGE'NIOUSNESS, s. strength of imagination to invent, 
 and dexterity to execute. 
 
 INGE'NiTE, a. [from in, within, and geno, to beget, Lat.] 
 born with one ; implanted ; or innate. 
 
 INGENUITY, s. [inghiuiti, Fr.] acuteness of mind in iiv 
 vention, and skill or art in executing. 
 
 INGE'NUOUS, «. [in"enwis, Lat. J having candour, opeiv 
 ness, or sincerity of mind ; free from dissimulation. 
 
 INGE'NUOUSLY, ad. in an open, fair, candid, and un- 
 dissembled manner. 
 
 INGE'NUOUSNESS, s. candour ; freedom from dissimu- 
 lation. 
 
 I'NG ENY, s. Ungenium, Lat.] genius, goodness of under- 
 standing, or readiness of invention. Not in use. 
 
 To INGE'ST, v. a. [from in, into, and geio, to carry, Lot.J 
 to cast or include in the stomach. 
 
 INGESTION, s. the act of casting or including in the 
 stomach. 
 
 I'NGLETON, a town in the W. riding of Y'orkshire, 8 
 miles N. \V. of Settle. 
 
 INGLO'RIOUS, a. [from in, a negative particle, and glo- 
 ria, glory, Lat J without honour, fame, or glory. 
 
 INGLO'ItlOUSLY, a(/. not reputably; dishonourably; 
 in a njean manner. 
 
 INGO'LDSTADT, a strong town of Bavaria, with an 
 university founded in 147-2. It was besieged, in ]ft32, hy 
 Gustavus Adolphns, king of Sweden, without success. It ij 
 seated on the Danube, in the midst of a morass,5 miles K. 
 E. of Newberg, and 38 N. by W. of Munich. Lat. 46. 46. 
 N. Ion. 11. 10. E. 
 
 I'NGOT, s. \lingot, Fr.J a mass of metal, generally applied 
 to gold and silver. 
 
 TolNGRATF,'t). a. to propagate trees by grafting; to 
 plant the sprig of one tree in the stock of another. To fix 
 deep or settle, applied to the mind. 
 
 INGRA'FTMENT, s. the act of insertingfhe sprig of one 
 tree into the stock of another ; the sprig ingrafted. 
 
 INGRATE, or iNGRATEFUL, a. [from in, a negativt- 
 particle, and gratus, grateful, Lat.] not acknowledging fiw 
 vouis received, or returning thanks for them. UnplcKsin? 
 or disagreeable, applied to any thing which afiects the 
 senses. 
 
 To INGRATIATE, {ingrnshiau) V. a. [from in and gratin, 
 Lat.] to creep into a person's favour. 
 
 INGRATITUDE,*, [ingmiiind,-, Fr.] the vice of being 
 insensible to favours received, and sometimes applied to the 
 retribution or returning evil for good. 
 
 INGRFVDIENT, s. [from ingrcdior, to enter, Lat.J that 
 which makes up a composition; generally applied to simples 
 in medicine. 
 
 INGRESS, s. [from ingicdior, to enter, Lat.] entrance ; 
 the act or liberty of going into a place. In astronomy, ap- 
 plied to one of the inferior i>lanets when entering upon tlic 
 sun's disk ; to the sun, when he enters i«to any sign of tJie 
 ecliptic. 
 
 INGRE'SSION, s. [from ingredior, to enter, Lat.] the act 
 ofentering. 
 
 rN(iRI A, a province of the Russian empire, wliich uow 
 forms the govcnnnent ofSt. l'erersl)urj;h. Itis l>ounde<l nn 
 the N. by tlie river Neva, and the (iulf of Finland, on the E. 
 and S. by the government of Novoj^'orod and that of Plo 
 kow, and on the W. by the Gulfoft inland and the (;ovem-
 
 INH 
 
 merits of Esdionia and Uij:a. It isabout 130 milrs kjii^jtind 
 60 broad. The Czar Peter tlie (i real wrested it (Voiii tlie 
 Swedes, and it was cdiifiriiied to liiiii by llie treaty of Ny- 
 stadt, in 1721. At tluit tinie the inliiiliiv.iiits of llie tint 
 country \\ ere a Fitinitb people, but little ditlereiit from the 
 Fins of Carelia, as to llieir laii^na^'e and inaiiners. 'I'liey 
 were called Isclinrtzi from tlie river Iscliora, wliieii runs 
 into the Neva. !ii;;ria did not retain its antient Swedi-ili 
 privileges; on llie contrary, I'eler made a present of one 
 jnirt of the Iscliortzi to certain Russian nobles ; who, on 
 Uieir side, were obliged to people the less cnltivafed can- 
 tons oflngria, with colonies of Kussians from their estates; 
 and thence it is, that we often see a village of I'ussians sur- 
 rounded by villages of Tins. Refore tiie con(|uest of this 
 country the In^rians had Lutheran preachers for every 
 canton; but numbers of them have since conformed to the 
 profession of the Greek faith. The country abounds with 
 various wild animals, particularly rein deer. 
 
 To INGRO'SS, r. a. See ENGROSS. 
 
 I'iVGUINAL, a. [Fr. fromi'ngiHJH, the groin, Lat.] btlong- 
 ing to or situated in the i;roin. 
 
 To INGULF, or INGULPH, v. a. to swallow up in a 
 deep cavfty ; to cast into a gulf or abyss. 
 
 To INGU'llGLFAlTy, v. a. [incriirgito, from gnrges, a 
 whirlpool, Lat.] to swallow down. Wants authority. 
 
 INGURGITA'TION, s. the act of swallowing* rapaci- 
 ously. 
 
 INHA'RILE, a. [inhabile, Fr. from in, a negative particle, 
 and habilis, tit, Lat.] unskilful; unready; unfit; unqua- 
 lified. 
 
 To INH ABIT, V. a. [from iu, in, and habito, to dwell. Let.] 
 to dwell in; to possess as an inhabitant. 
 
 INHABITABLE, «. capable of aflording or fit for habi- 
 tation. Not habitable; from inhabitabln. Ft. Not used in 
 the last sense. 
 
 LNHA'BITANT, s. one who dwells oriesides fora time in 
 a place. 
 
 INHABITATION, s. a house or dwelling place ; the act 
 of dwelling in a place ; the state of being inhabited. 
 
 INHA'BITER, s. one who dwells in a place. 
 
 To INHA'LE, V. a. [from in, in, and halo, to breathe, Lat.] 
 to draw in with the air or one's breath. 
 
 IKHARMO'NIOUS, a. not harmonious, musical, or of an 
 agreeable sound. 
 
 To INHE'RE, v. 71. [from in, in, and hareo, to adhere, Lat.] 
 to exist in something else. 
 
 INHE'RENT, n. [from in, in, and hareo, to adhere, Lat.] 
 OListing inseparably in something; innate, or inborn. 
 
 To INHE'RIT, V. a. \cnhcriter, Fr.] to possess by right 
 of succession from another. Figuratively, to gain posses- 
 sion ; to possess or enjoy. 
 
 INHE'RITA.BLE, a. transmissible by inheritance ; ob- 
 tainable by succession. 
 
 INHE'RITANCE, s. any thing which a person possesses 
 or succeeds to as the next of blood, or heir; possession or 
 enjoyment. The possession of what belonged to a parent, 
 or other relation, after their death. 
 
 INHE'RITOR, s. an heir, or one who succeeds to what 
 another enjoved, after his death. 
 
 INHERITRESS, or INHERITRIX, s. a \yoman who 
 succeeds to the possessions of a relation after his death. 
 
 To INHE'RSE, v. a. to inclose in a funeral monument. 
 
 INHE'SION, s. [from in, in, and /«n-eo, to adliere, Lat.] 
 the existing in something. 
 
 To INHIBIT, V. a. [from in, in, and habeo, to hold, Lat.] 
 to restrain, hinder, repress, or check, applied to power. To 
 forbid, applied to laws. 
 
 INHIBITION, s. [from iiJtibeo, to prohibit, Lat.] a pro- 
 Ilibition. In commerce, an embargo. In law, a writ from 
 a superior loan inferior court, forbidding the judge to pro. 
 Cieed in the cause depending before him. 
 
 To INHO'LD, V. a. to contain iu itself. 
 
 INHO'SPITABLE,a.aaording noefttertaiament orkind- 
 HjKS to strangers. 
 ^9 
 
 INJ 
 
 INIIO'SPITARLENESS, f. want of courtesy, kinrtnc«o, 
 or civility to strangers. 
 
 INHOSPITABLY, ad. in a maimer not kind to strangers. 
 
 INIIOSPFFALITY, s. See Imiospitablen f:ss. 
 
 INHUMAN, a. I fromiH, a negative particle, and humamis, 
 humane, Lat. J wanting the kind, benevolent, and social 
 ail'ections, which adorn and support our species; savage; 
 cruel; without compassion. 
 
 INHUMANITY, *. [in/mvianiti, Fr.] want of the kind, 
 benevolent, compassionate, and social afl'eclions ; cruellj; 
 barbarity. 
 
 INHU'MANLY, ad. in a manner incons's^'ent with kind- 
 ness, compassion, charity, or other siioial attVctions. 
 
 To INHU'MATfc:, or" 1 Nl 1 U M L, f. «. [from j«, in, and 
 /imnm, the earth, Lat.] to inter, to bury, or put under the 
 ground. 
 
 To INJE'CT, t'. a. [from jm, into, andjaci'o, to throw, Lat.] 
 to throw or dart in; to cast or throw up. In medicine, 
 to force any fluid, or other substance, into the vessels of the 
 body. 
 
 INJECTION, s. [from in, into, and judo, to throw, I^jt.] 
 the act of casting or throwing in. In medicine, any licpiors 
 made to be thrown into the body by a syringe or other 
 instrument. In surgery, the act of filling the vessels of a 
 body with wax, or other substance, to shew their shapes 
 and ramifications. 
 
 INI'MICAL, o. unfriendly; unkind; hostile. 
 
 INIMITABI'LITY, s. the quality of not being to be 
 imitated. 
 
 INI'MITABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 imitor, to imitate, Lat.] above or beyond imitation ; impus- 
 sible to be copied. 
 
 INIMITABLY, ad. in a manner not to be imitated. 
 
 To INJO'IN, v.a. {(Tominjiingo, Lat.] to command or en- 
 force by superior authority. 
 
 INIQUITOUS, a. inconsistent with justice or honesty ; 
 wicked. 
 
 \ INI'QUITY, s. [iniquitiis, from in, a negative particle, 
 and aquitas, equity, Lat.] opposition to, or breach of, 
 the laws of justice and honesty. Sin, applied to the divine 
 laws. 
 
 INITIAL, (in'ishial) a. [from initium, beginning, Lat.] 
 placed at the beginning, applied to letters. Beginning 
 or incipient; not complete or perfect; introductory to. 
 
 To INITIATE, {inishiute) v. a. [from ineo, to enter, Lat.] 
 to enter ; to instruct in the first principles of an art ; to 
 place in a new state ; to put into a new society. 
 
 INITIATE, (iiihliii(te) H.ffrom inco, to enter, Lat.] strange, 
 new, or not practised. 
 
 INITIATION, {inishidthon) f. [from ineo, to enter, Lat.] 
 the act of entering a person into any art or state. 
 
 INJU'DICABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 7i«/(fo, to judge, Lat.] not cognizable by a judge. 
 
 INJUDICIAL, (in/WiViiffO "-"ot according to the forms 
 or practice of the law. 
 
 INJUDl'CIOUS, {injiul'isMous) a. without judgment. 
 
 INJUDICIOUSLY', {injudishiously) ad. in a manner that 
 discovers weakness or want of judgment. 
 
 INJU'NCTION, i. [from injuti^o, to eiijoin, Lat.J the com- 
 mand or order of a superior. In law, it is a writ founded 
 upon an order in chancery, either to give tire plantifi' pos- 
 session, or to stay proceedings in another court. 
 
 To I'NJURE, V. a. [from in, a negative particle, and ;«», 
 right, Lat.] to hurt a person unjustly ; to wrong, or deprive 
 a person of his right ; to annoy or disturb with any inconve- 
 nience. 
 
 INJURIOUS, a. [from m, a negative particle, and j'ij*, 
 right, Lat.] unjust, or depriving a person of his right ; guilty 
 of wrong. Figuratirely, causing mischief; reproachful, 
 including the idea of "not bein^ deserved; containing 
 scandal. 
 
 INJU'RIOUSLY, ai. in such a manner as to appesr ub. 
 just; wrongfully.
 
 INN 
 
 INO 
 
 INJU'RIOUSNESS, s. tlie quality of being miscliievous, 
 oi' cnmuiilling an iiijiiiy. 
 
 INJURY, f. [from III, a negative particle, ami jns, ri^lit, 
 Lat.] a violation of the ri^'hts of another. Fijiiiriiiivcly, 
 cietriment or niisc^hief arising from want of judgment ; da- 
 rn a j;e ; scanrlalons expressions. 
 
 INJUSTICE, *. [from in, a negative particle, and /"rfZ/m, 
 jditice, Lat.J any act done against the laws or the dictates 
 of honesty. 
 
 INK, t. [encre, Fr.] a liquor with which we write on paper 
 OTparchmtnt. The following niclluid of making ink has 
 been recommended by experience, and is easily and speedily 
 practised. To a gallon of boiling water put six ounces of 
 blue galls grossly pounded, and three ounces of copperas ; 
 stir the n:i.-iture well together, and then add six ounces of 
 gum arabic pounded. After stirring the whole thoroughly, 
 leave it to settle, and the, next day strain it oif fioni the 
 dregs for use. 
 
 To INK, V. a. to black or daub with ink. 
 
 I'NKHORN, *. any vessel containing ink. 
 
 INKLE, s. a kind of narrow hllet or tape. 
 
 INKLING, s. [from inkalkn, Pielg.] a hint ; whisper ; 
 intimation. 
 
 INKM.A'KEU, s. lie who makes ink. 
 
 I'NKY, n. blotted or covered with ink ; black as ink. 
 
 I'NLAND, a. lying up a country at a distance from 
 the sea. 
 
 I'NLAND, t. the midland or inw ard parts of a country. 
 
 TOLANDER, .5. a person who live* in a country at a 
 distance from the sea. 
 
 To INLA PIDATE, v. a. [from in, in, and lapis, a stone, 
 L;tt.] to burn to stone. Neuterly, to grow or become stony. 
 
 To INLAW, V. a. to clear of outlawry orattainder. 
 
 ToINLA'Y, V. a. to diversify with substances, or woods 
 of different colours, which are let in and glued within the 
 ground of a thing ; to adorn with vaiious colours, repre- 
 senting inlaid work. 
 
 INLET, f- a passage ; a place whereby a thing may find 
 *titrance. 
 
 I'NLY, a. in the mind ; within the breast ; secret. "The 
 Mil touch of love." Shall. 
 
 INLY, ail. internally ; w ithin ; in the bosom or heart. 
 
 I'NMATE, s. in law, a lodger, or person aduiillcd to 
 dwell for money in z. person's house, passing in and out by 
 the same door. 
 
 INMOST, a. superlative of i'li ; farthest within, or re- 
 niotest from the surface. 
 
 INN, s. [Sax.] a house where travellers may meet with 
 tiitertainment and lodging for themselves, and stabling, dvc. 
 for their horses ; a place where students were boardeil and 
 taught ; hence the colleges for students in common law are 
 callexl inns ofronrt. 
 
 INN, a river of (iermany, which rises in the country of 
 the Grisons, aboul li miles S. W. of Zuls, runs in a N. E. 
 course, through 'I'yrol and 15avaria, (passing by Inspruck, 
 Ratenburg, Kuii'slcin, Branau, and other towns,) and falls 
 into the Danube near I'assaw. Also a river of thearcliducliy 
 of Austria, which runs into the Danube near Etferding. 
 
 To INN, V. a. to house or put under cover, applied to 
 husbandry. Neuterly, to put up or lo<lge at an inn. 
 
 INNA'TE, orlNN ATEI), a. [from in, in, and iiascor, to 
 be born, Lat.] inborn ; born within ; implanted. 
 
 INNATENESS, s. the ipiality of being born in a person, 
 and making a part of his nature. 
 
 INNA'VIGAIM.E, n. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 wivi^nliilis, navigable, Lat.] not to be sailed upon ; not to 
 be pa.s-sed in a siiip. 
 
 I'NNER, «. the comparative degree of in ; the superla- 
 tive is inmort, or iimirmost ; applied to the mind, internal. 
 Applied to nituatiou, more from the surface thaji the thing 
 compared. 
 
 INNERMOST, n. superlative of in, which has likewise 
 inmost; at the greatest cILslanue from the surficc or be- 
 gumijig. 
 (.00 
 
 I'NNHOLDF.R, «. a person who keeps an nin. 
 
 I'NNINCt, J. the state of a person at a game, who goes ill 
 or plays first. Inlaw, used iii the pli;ral, for lands reco- 
 vered from the sea. 
 
 I'NNKEEPER, s. one who keeps a public house, whets 
 travellers may meet with provision and lodging. 
 
 ITSINOCENCE, or I'NNOCENCY, t. [innocence, Fr. in- 
 twcentia, Lat.] a state of mind which has not been tainted by 
 the commission of any crime ; purity from any injurious ac- 
 tion ; harmlessness. 
 
 INNOCENT, rt. [from in, a negative particle, and iwcen, 
 to hurt, Lat.] harmless ; free frouj mischief; or any particular 
 
 I'NNOCENT, s. one who is free from guilt or harm. 
 Figuratively, an idiot, or one who is foolish. 
 
 I'NNOCENTLY, ad. without intending any harm or mis- 
 chief; without guilt ; with simplicity, arising from weakness 
 of understanding. 
 
 INNOCENTS' DAY, the name of a feast celebrated oa 
 the28tli day of December, in commemoration of the infaats 
 murdered by Herod. 
 
 INNOCUOUS, a. [from in, a negative particle, and noceo, 
 to hurt, Lat.J harmless in its effects. 
 
 INNOCUOUSLY, ad. without any mischievous effects. 
 
 INNO'CUOUSNESS, s. harndessness. 
 
 To INNOVATE, v. a. \innovo, from iioiiit, new, Lat.J to 
 bring in something not known before ; to alter by introducing 
 something new. 
 
 INNOVA'TION, *. [in«oi«/!on, Fr. I change arising from 
 the introduction of something unknown or not practised be- 
 fore. 
 
 INNOVATOR, s. [iimovatcur, Fr.] one that introduces 
 new customs or opinions ; one that makes alterations by in- 
 troducing novelties. 
 
 INNO'XiOUS, a. [from i>i, a negative particle, and noiius, 
 from noxa, mischief, Lat.] free from mischievous cHects ; 
 free from guilt. 
 
 INNO'XIOUSLY, ad. in such a manner so as to intend or 
 do no harm. 
 
 INNO'XIOUSNESS, s. the quality of operating without 
 producing any mischievous effects. 
 
 INNDEN'DO, s. [from iunuo, to nod, Lat.J an indirect 
 bint, or charge of a crime. 
 
 INN U'iMER ABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 vumenis, number, Lat.] so numerous us not to be counted or 
 reckoned. 
 
 INNU'MERABLY.arf. witboutnunibcr. 
 
 INNU'iMEHOUS, a. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 numerns, number, Lat.] too many to be counted. 
 
 To INOCULATE, v. a. [inocuh, from ni, in, and oculus, tlie 
 eye, Lat.J in botany, to propagate any plant by inserting 
 its bud in another stock ; to yield a bud to another stock. 
 In physic, to couMuunicate the suudl-pwx or cow-pox, by in- 
 fusing the matter of the pock taken from one person into the 
 veins of another. 
 
 INOCULATION, ^. \inoculatio, from in, ni, and oculut, tlie 
 eye, Lat.] the act of including or inserting the bud of one 
 tree in an incision ma<le in the bark of another, by which 
 means it is ma<le to bear the same fruit as the tree from which 
 the bud is taken. In medicine, the practice of coninnmi- 
 cating the small-pox or cow-pox by means of infusing tlie 
 matter of a ripened pustule into the veins of a person wla) 
 has not had that distemper. Inoculation had been practised 
 by the poorer iidiabitants of Arabia, ami even of Wales, 
 time out of mind ; but had never attracted the notice of 
 physicians till the beginning of the last century. In tlie 
 year 1717, lady Mary Wortley Montague, wife of the Er». 
 glish ambiissador at Constantinople, had her son inoculates] 
 thereat the age of fiyears ; he had but few pustides, and soon 
 recovered. In April 1721, inoculation was successfully tried 
 on seven condemned criminals in London, by permission of 
 Georg<' I. In 1722, lady Mary Wortlev Motitague, had a 
 daughter of six years old inotnilated in this island ; soon after 
 which the children of the royal faiuily, that liad nut bad llic.
 
 INR 
 
 I,\S 
 
 small pox, wrre inoculated witli success; flicn fuildw.'d 
 sonic of llie noliilirv, ;in(l the pr.iiticc soon prevailed. 
 
 INOCULATOK, .«. one who pidpajjiitcs trees, or coni- 
 niniiicHtrs the km;ill-|)ox or tow-liox liv iiioeahilioii. 
 
 INO DOKAl'l'", «. [t'roin in, a uegalivt [.article, and silur, 
 ascent, Lat.] haviny no scent. 
 
 INC)'!)01U)L'S, II. [fronu'ri, a negative particle, and iitlor, 
 a scent, l.at.| waul in;; scent ; not causing any sensation iu 
 liie orj;aiis of'sniellin^'. 
 
 1N()J''FI'7N.SIV1'., rt. giving '-o provocation or otlencc ; 
 giving no pain or terror. 
 
 INOFFK'iMSIVKl.Y, ad. in such a manner as to give no 
 ofl'ence or provocation. 
 
 INOl'rE'NSlVENF^SS, s. tiie quality of giving no pro- 
 vocation. 
 
 INOFFFCIOUS, (iniiffisliions) a. not striving to serve or 
 accomochite another. 
 
 INOTPOUTUNE, It. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 ojrjiiirtnnus, fit, Lat.] unseasonable ; inconvenient. 
 
 1\0'H1.)1NACY,.«. wantof regularity and order. 
 
 IXO'RDINATE, «. ffroui in, a negative particle, and 
 (rriltiinliis, from orilu, to order, Lat. | not under proper rules, 
 restraint, or regidatioi). 
 
 IN()'IlDINA'rFL\ , ml. in a manner subject to no order, 
 restraint, or regulation ; irregularly. 
 
 INO'RDINATENESS, *. want of being subject to rules, 
 or restraint. 
 
 INORDINATION, i. want of being reduced to order, 
 or restrained by rules. 
 
 INORGANl'CAL, n. without fit organs or instrumental 
 parts. 
 
 To INO'SCULATE, v. n. [from in, in, and osculor, to kiss, 
 Lat.] to join bv being inserted in each other. 
 
 INOSCULATION, *. the act of joining by having its 
 extremities inserted in each other. 
 
 I NQUEST, i. \inquisitio, from inqiiiro, to inquire, Lat.] a 
 judicial inquiry or examination ; search, or study. In law, 
 the trial of a cause by jurors, or a jury. 
 
 INQUI'ETUDE, s. [from in, a negative particle, and quies, 
 quiet, Lat.] a state of disturbance or an-xietude, applied to 
 the mind; want of tranquillity ; an action whereby the 
 tranquillitvof the mind is distuibed. 
 
 To INQUFNATE, v. a. [inquino, Lat.] to pollute ; to 
 
 COJTUpt. 
 
 INQUINATION, s. [froai inquinn, to defile, Lat.] cor- 
 ruption ; pollution. 
 
 INQLTR ABLE, a. that may be inquired or examined info. 
 
 To INQUIRE, V. n. [inqniro, from quaro, to seek, Lat. J 
 to ask questions for information ; to make search, or exert 
 curiosity. 
 
 INQUI'RER, s. a person who examines, or searches after 
 something unknown ; one who asks questions by way of ex- 
 amination, or in order to be informed. 
 
 INQUI'RY', s. the act of searching by questions after 
 oomething unknown ; examination. 
 
 INQUISITION, (inqu^ishon,) s. [from inqniro, to inquire, 
 Lat.] judicial inquiry. Figuratively, discussion, or search 
 nfter something unknown, applied to the mind. In law, 
 a tuanuer of proceeding in criminal causes by way of ques- 
 tion or examination. A spiritual court in Roman catholic 
 ceuntries appointed for the trial and punishment of heretics. 
 
 INQUrSITIVE, (inquizitive,) a. [from im/uiro, to inquire, 
 I-at.] inquiring in order to find out something unknown; 
 l.>usy in searching or prying into tilings ; endeavouring to 
 make discoveries. 
 
 INQUi'SlTIVELY, (inqnizitively,) ad. in a manner which 
 discovers a great desire and intense application to make dis- 
 coveries. 
 
 INQUl'SITIVENESS, (iuquizitiveness) s. the quidity of 
 prying into things unknown, or the secrets of others. 
 
 INQUrSITOR, {inqiiizitor) s. [inquisitor, Lat.] one who 
 exauiinesjudiciously, or searches into the truth of a foct or 
 opinion ; an ofiicer belonging to the Popish inquisition, 
 
 'I'o INRA'IL, f, a, to inclose with rails. 
 
 rNIlOAD, Unrcdi:) j. a suildcn or short invasion oralluck 
 upon a ciiuul'.y. 
 
 INSA'N AI'.LE, a. [frdiii ir, a negative particle, ainJ 
 taniilii/i.i, curaldc, Lat.] iiicnrablr; irremediable. 
 
 INSA'NI'",, «. [dw/HH.s-, Lai.] mad ; making mad. 
 
 IN.SA'TIAI'LI", (insii.s/niihlt) n.[froiii 111, a negative particle, 
 and .intio, to satisfy, Lat.] so greedy or covetous as no; to lie 
 satiitied. 
 
 INSA'TIARLENES.S, (insashiableness) s. the quality of not 
 being satisfied orappeased. 
 
 1NS.\'TIA1?I.Y, lid. with greediness not to be appeased. 
 
 liS'SATlA'l'E, (/«»7M/ii«/i') II. [from 7:1, a negative particle, 
 and siUio, to satisfy, Lat.] so greedy as not lo be salisliKl. 
 
 INSA'TIIRARLE, «. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 ««/«)•«, to till, Lat.] not to be tilled or glutted. 
 
 'J'o IiNSCltriiE, V. II. [from in, upon, and siribo, to write, 
 Lat.] to write on any thing, generally applied to sonii-thing 
 engraved on a nionuiiieiit, or w ritten on the outsirle of si)iiii> 
 tliiiig. To make any thing with letters; to dedicati- to a 
 person without a formal address. To draw a figure witiiiii 
 anollicr, applied to mathematics. 
 
 liS'SCRrPTIOX, i. llVuiii f/j, upon, and in?iu, to write, 
 Lat.| any sentence written on the outside of soiuetlnng, 
 or engraved on a moniiiiunl or slone ; a title; the act of 
 inscribing or dedicating a book to a person without a formal 
 address. 
 
 INSCRUTABLE, a. [horn in, a negative i)arficle, and 
 «fi-»?o/-, to examine, Lal.J initio be discovered or traced by 
 inquiry or study. 
 
 'J'o INSCU'LP, V. a. [from in, in, and sculpo, to carve or en- 
 grave, Lat.] to engrave or cut. 
 
 INSCU'LPTLRE, s. any thing engraved. 
 
 To INSE'AM, (inseini) v. a. to leave a mark in the skiu 
 after a wound is cured. 
 
 INSECT, s. [from !», in, and seen, to cut, Lat.J a species 
 of animals, so called because their bodies seem as it were cut 
 in two, and joined together only by a small ligature or nieni- 
 brane. Figuratively, any thing small or contemptible. 
 
 INSECTATOR, s. [from mscctur, to pursue, Lat.] otie 
 that persecutes (ir harasses with pursuit. 
 
 INSECTILE, a. resembling or having the nature of 
 insects. 
 
 INSECU'RE, a. Hot safe, or not protected from danger or 
 loss. 
 
 INSECU'RITY, s. the state of being exposed todaugeror 
 loss ; want of gioimds for confidence. 
 
 INSEMINA TION, s. [frem in, in, and semino, to sow, Lat. ] 
 the act of scattering seecl on ground. 
 
 INSENSATE, «. [insm.vi-, !>. insfusntn, Ifal.] without 
 thought or sensibility of present or approaching danger. 
 
 INSENSIBILITY, *. (msensibiliii, Fr.] want of a power 
 to perceive; dulness of perception, applied either to the 
 mind or body. 
 
 IN.SE'NSJBLE, a. [insensible, Fr.] not to be discovered 
 by the senses or mind ; not afiected or moved by au object 
 belonging either to the bodv or mind. 
 
 INSE'NSIBLENESS, i.'wanf of .sensation. 
 
 INSENSIBLY, ml. in a manner not to be perceived. 
 
 INSEPARABl'LITV, or L\.SEPARABLENES.S, .s. the 
 quality of being such as cannot be separated or divided. 
 
 INSE'P .ARABLE, n. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 sepere, to separate, Lat. J not to be divided ; united so as 
 not to be parted or separated. 
 
 INSEPARABLY, ad. in a manner not to be divided, 
 parted, or separated. 
 
 To INSE'RT, V. a. [from insei-o, Lat.Jto place iit or among 
 other things. 
 
 INSETiTION, s. [from insero, to insert, Lat.] the act of 
 placing in or amongst other things ; the thing placed among 
 others. 
 
 INSE'RVIENT, a. [from iw, unto, and senin, to serve, Lat. | 
 conducing or of use to promote au end. Seldom used. 
 
 To INSHELL, v.a. to hide in a shell. r>ot in use.
 
 INS 
 
 INS 
 
 To INSIST, V. a. to shut, put on board, or stow in a ship. 
 Kot in use. 
 
 To INSHRI'NE, t'. a. to inclose in a shrine or valuable 
 case. It is as often written enshine. 
 
 I'NSIDE, s. tiie inner part, opposed to the surface or out- 
 ward part. 
 
 INSIDIATOR, s. [Lat.] one who lies in wait. 
 
 INSIDIOUS, a. I from insidiee, snares or treachery, Lat.] 
 treacherous; with an intention to ensnare. 
 
 INSI'DIOUSLY, ad. in a sly or treacherous manner ; 
 with an intention to ensnare. 
 
 INSIGHT, {iusit) s.\insiclit, Belg.] knowledrje of the in- 
 vsarJ parts of any thing ; thorough skill in, or acquaintance 
 with, anv thin^. 
 
 INSlGNiriCANCE, or INSIGM'i IC.\NCY, s.[hmg. 
 nificance, Fr.] want of meaning, applied to words. Want of 
 importance, applied to tilings. 
 
 INSIGNITICANT, a. wanting meaning; conveying no 
 ideas, applied to words. Wanting weight, importance, or 
 a power of producing an eftect, applied to persons and 
 things. 
 
 INSIGNIFICANTLY, ad. without meaning; applied to 
 language. Without importance or etiect, applied to persons 
 or things. 
 
 INSINCE'RE, o. [from in, a negative particle, and smce- 
 f(«,sincere,Lat.] not what a person appears ; uot.hearty ; not 
 sound ;' corrupted. 
 
 INSINCERITY, s. want of truth or fidelity ; the vice of 
 making great professions of friendship, without observing 
 them. 
 
 ■ To INSI'NEW, V. a. to give strength ; to confirm. Not 
 fn use. 
 
 INSI'NU.ANT, a. [Fr.] having the power to gain or creep 
 into the favourof (liners. 
 
 To INSI'NU ATE, v. a. [insinuo, from in, in, and siynis, the 
 bosom, Lat.J to make a passage for, or introduce any thing 
 gently. Figuratively, to gain upon the affections of another 
 imperceptibly, and by gentle means. To instil or infuse 
 gently and imperceptibly, applied to opinions and notions. 
 Neuterly, to wheedle; to steal imperceptibly; to be convey- 
 ed insensibly. Synon. We nwi'iiwfe by cunning address ; 
 we sugsest by credit and artifice. Insinuate implies sorae- 
 tliing delicate ; sii!;gest frequently something scandalous. 
 
 INSIN CATION, s. [insinuo, from in, in, and sinus, the bo- 
 fom, Lat.] the quality of pleasing or stealing into the aflf'ec- 
 tions ; a hint, or oblique censure. 
 
 INSINU-^TIVE, a. having the power to steal on the 
 aSections. 
 
 INSINUATOR, s. [Lat.] one who drops a hint to a per- 
 son's prejudice. 
 
 INSIPID, fl. [from in, a negative particle, and sapio, to 
 have a taste, Lat.] having no taste, or not able to aftect the 
 organ of tasting ; without spirit or the qualifications neces- 
 sary to please and divert the mind. Synon. That which 
 is insipid, does not affect the taste in the least ; that w hich is 
 /Ja< does not pierce it. Tlie_^«( displeases; and the insipid 
 tires. 
 
 INSIPIDITY, or INSIPIDNESS, s. [insipiditi, Fr.l 
 want of the power of affecting the taste ; want of life and 
 spirit. 
 
 INSIPIDLY, ad. in a dull manner ; in such a manner 
 as not to affect or cause any sensation in the organ of 
 taste. 
 
 I INSrPIENCE, *: [from in, a negative particle, and lajri- 
 tntia, wisdoni, Lat.] folly ; want of understanding. 
 
 To INSrST, V. n. [from in, upon, and slain, to stand, Lat.] 
 forest or stand upon. To remain resolute, or persist in a 
 request or ilomaiid To dwell upon in a discourse. 
 
 iNSrS'FENT, «. [from in, upon, and sitta, (o stand, Lat.J 
 resting upon any thing. 
 
 INM"! IKNCY, f. I from in, a negative particle, and sitif, 
 Iht'st, I.Ht.|exen)j)tir,n frnin tliirst. 
 
 IS.SITIOS', t. [from insn-o, to insert, Lat.J the act of in- 
 serting or ingrafting one brancb into auotlM>r, 
 602 
 
 INSITURE, s. a constant course of regularity. Not iii 
 use. 
 
 To INSNA'RE, II. a. to catch in a trap, or ensnare ; to 
 inveigle, or bring into any danger or inconvenience by al- 
 lurements ; to intangle in dangers and perplexities. 
 
 INSNA'RER, s. one who catciiesany tiling in a snare ; 
 one that inveigles or biings a person into periilcxity by ar- 
 tifice. 
 
 INSO'CIABLE, (insoiAiaii^f') n. [from in, a negative parti- 
 cle, and socio, to associate, Lat.j averse to conversation ; not 
 fit for a companion ; not fit to be united or joined together. 
 
 INSOBRIETY, s. drunkenness; want of sobriety. 
 
 To I'NSOLATE, v. a. [insvlo, from sol, the sun, Lat.J to 
 drv in the sun. 
 
 Insolation, J. [Fr. insolo, from tol, the sun, Lat.] ex- 
 position to the sun. 
 
 TNSOLENCE, or I'NSOLENCY,*. [from zhjo/ctw, strange 
 or proud,. Lat.] pride exerted in treating others in a dis- 
 dainful and contemptuous manner. 
 
 I "NSOLENT, a. [from iyisolens, strange or proud, Lat.l 
 beharing w ith an uncommon degree of pride, disdain, and 
 contcni)it. 
 
 INSOLENTLY, ad. in a proud manner, attended with 
 contempt, disdain, or a total disregard of a persons supe- 
 rior. 
 
 INSO'LVABLE, a. [insolvahle, Fr.] not to be cleared up 
 or exjilained, applied to difficulties in writing. That which 
 cannot be paid, applied to debts. 
 
 INSOLUBLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and solvo, 
 to dissolve, Lat.] not to be cleared up, explained or render- 
 ed intelligible, applied to difficulties in writing. Not to l>e 
 dissolved by any fluid. Not to be separated, applied to 
 su'i»l:inf"es 
 
 INSO'LVENCY, *. the quality of not being able to pay, 
 applied to debts. 
 
 INSO'LVENT, a. [from in, a negative particle, and sohv, 
 to pay, Lat.] notable to pay. Used substantively for a man 
 that cannot nay his debts. 
 
 INSOM U'CH, conj. so that ; to such a degree that. 
 
 To INSPE'CT, V. a. [from in, into, and sprcio, to see, Lat. } 
 to look into by way of examination or superintcndance. 
 
 INSPECTION, s. [from !», into, and specin, to see, Lat.] 
 the act of examining with strictness; a narrow, close, and 
 critical survey. 
 
 INSPECTOR, s. [Lat.] one who examines or looks into 
 things, in order to discover either fa nils or beau ties; a person 
 who superintends any performance or undertaking. 
 
 To INSPHE'RE, (iiisflre) v. a. to place in an orb or 
 sphere. 
 
 INSPI'RABLE, a. that may be drawn in with the breath ; 
 that may be infused by the Deity. 
 
 INSPIR.VTION, s. in medicine, the act of drawing in 
 the breath ; the act of breathing into any thing; the infusion 
 of ideas into the mind by some superior power. 
 
 To INSPIRE, V. 11. [from ik, into, and spiro, to breathe, 
 Lat.] in medicine, to draw in the breath. Actively, to 
 breathe into; to animate; to encourage. In divinity, to 
 infuse ideas into the mind ; to impress on the fancy. 
 
 INSPl'RER, J. he that communicates ideas to the mind ; 
 he that animates or encourages. 
 
 To INSPI'SSATE, V. a. [inspisso,'{iom tpissus, thick, Lat.] 
 to make any fluid thick. 
 
 INSPI.S.SA"riON, *. the act of making anv liquid thick. ■ 
 
 I'NSPRUCK, a town of Germany, capital of the Tyrolese. 
 It is very populous, and though not large within the walls, 
 has extensive suburbs, in which are sonic considerable pa- 
 laces, churches, and convents. It is sealed in a pleasant 
 valley, on the river Inn, CO miles S. of Munich. Lat. 47. 
 10. N. Ion. 11.27. E. 
 
 INSTABILITY, s. [from «», a negative particle, and 
 slahilis, stable, Lat.] inconstancy ; fickleness ; mutability, 
 or a state subject to continual alterations and decays. 
 
 INSTA'BLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and slabilitt 
 stable, Lat.] inconstant ; changing. See LI N stab UK.. .
 
 INS 
 
 rN3 
 
 To ISSTAT.I., (instttt'it) V. a.[inttaller, Fr.J lo advance to 
 aiiv r;inl\ or ortico. 
 
 iNNTAXMFA'T, f!ts/rt«/m(?nO s. is the iiistnling or es- 
 labli^hiii;; a pi'ijoii ill some (lii;iiity; and is cliictly nieant 
 for tlio induction ot'a dean, prclknidary, or other ecclesias- 
 tical diirnitary, into the possession of his stall, or other pro- 
 per seat in tlie cathedral to whieh he helonj^'s. It is also 
 used for tlie ceremony whereby the kni^'htsof thefjarterare 
 placed in tlieir rank in the chapel of St. fieorge at Windsor, 
 nnd on many otlier occasions. It is sometimes termed In- 
 stallation. 
 
 INSTANCE, or I'NSTANCY, s. [ihstance,^ Fr.] an ear- 
 nest or ardent and importunate request or solicitation ; a mo- 
 tive or pressinfj arifumeut ; an example used to ilhisfratu and 
 enforce any doctrine ; the slate of a thing. "Inlhe tirst?/i- 
 ttance." Hale. Occasion; opportunity; act. " Ditiicult 
 i)u(fl»CM of duty." Rogers. 
 
 To INSTANCE, v. n. to produce as an example ; to 
 eonMriii or illustrate an argument. 
 
 I'NST.VNT, n. \instaiu, from in, upon, and sto, to stand, 
 Ijat.] earnestly pressing ; immediate ; without delay, or 
 nnv time intervening; (piltk. 
 
 I hSTANT, s. such a purt of duration wherein we per- 
 ceive no succession ; the present moment. In commerce, 
 the present month. 
 
 INSTANTA'NEOUS, n. [itistnntancus, low Lat. from 2)i. 
 ttaiu, immediate, Lat.] done in an instant, or without any 
 perceptible succession; with tiie utmost speed. 
 
 JNSl'ANTA'NEOUSLY, flc/. in an instant ; in an indi- 
 visible point of liLiie. • 
 
 INSTANTLY, J<(rf. \instaiile>; from instavs, immediate, 
 Lat. J immediately ; without any perceptible delay, or inter- 
 vention of time ; with ur;;ent and pressing importunity. 
 
 To INSTATE, V. a. to place in a certain rank or condi- 
 tion. To possess, or give possession. The last sense is 
 obsolete. 
 
 INSTAURATION, ». [from vistaur^ to restore, Lat.] 
 tlie act of restoring to a former state. 
 
 INSTE'AD, (itisted) prep, in the room or place ; equal 
 to. 
 
 ToINSTEE'P, ». a. to soak in any liquid or moisture. 
 To lay under water. 
 
 I'NSTEP, s. the upper part of the foot, where it joins to 
 the lej;. 
 
 To rNSTIG.\TE, v. a. [instigo, from stigo, to prick for- 
 ward, Lat.] to urge on, or provoke to the comiaissiou of a 
 crime. 
 
 INSTIGATTION, s. [!nf<!Vfliion, Fr.] the act of inciting, 
 provoking, or impelling tlie commission of something 
 evil. 
 
 •INSTIGATOR, j. [iiistigateur, Fr.] one who incites a 
 person to commit a crime. 
 
 To INSTIL, V. a. [iiisiillo, from stilla, a drop, Lat.] to pour 
 in by drops ; to infuse or insinuate any opinion or idea im- 
 perceptibly into the mind. 
 
 INSTILLATION, s. \instillaiw, from stilla, a drop, Lat.] 
 the act of pouring by drops; the act of infusing or commu- 
 nicatinij slowly ; that which is instilled or communicated. 
 
 I'NSTlNCT, *. [from instinctus, an inward motion, Lat.] 
 formerly acccuted on the last syllable ; that power which 
 acts on and impels brutes to any particular manner of con- 
 duct, supposetl necessary in its etlects, and to be given 
 them instead of reason. 
 
 INSTTOCTED, a. [from instinctus, an inward motion, 
 Lat.l impressed as an animating power or instinct. 
 
 INSTl'NCTIVE, a. operating on the mind previous to 
 eny determination of the will, or any use of reason. 
 
 INSTrNCTiVELY, ad. by instinct. 
 
 To I'NSTITUTE, v. n. [iiistitiw, from statuo, to establisli, 
 Lat.] to fix, settle, appoint, or enact, applied to laws or or- 
 ders. To instruct, or form by instruction. 
 
 I'NSTITUTE, «. [from insiituo, lo institute, Lat.| an esta- 
 blished custom or law ; a precept, maxim, or principle. 
 
 INSTITUTION, s. [from instiOw, to institute, Lat.] the 
 
 establishing a la w^r custom ; an ftstablishinent ; a posiliv* 
 law. In llie laiHin and ciiiniiion law, it signifies Ihe invest- 
 ing aclerk with tile spiritualilies of a rectory, cVc. which is 
 done by a bishop, who uses the words, " Institute you rectfir 
 of such a church, with cure of souls; receive your care and 
 mine." This makes him a complete parson as to spiritu- 
 ality but not as to temporality, which depends on Iittlialion ; 
 which see. 
 
 INSTITUTIONARY, a. containing the elements, or first 
 principles, of any science or doctrine. 
 
 I'N.STITUT1ST, rt. a writer of institutes, or explanation 
 of 'aws, or of the maxims and first principles on which any 
 system of laws or science is founch'd. 
 
 INSTITUTOR, s. [from insiituo, to institute, Lat.] one 
 who establishes any custom or doetrine ; one who instructs 
 a person in the elements or first principles of u-ny science or 
 doctrine. 
 
 To INSTO'P, V. a. to close up or stop. 
 
 To INSTUU CT, r. rt. [iiistrun, from strun, to build up, 
 Lat.J to|teach or communicate knowledge to another. In 
 law;, to model or form by previous discourse. 
 
 INSTRU'CTER, s. one who communicates knowledge, 
 er teaches. 
 
 INSl^RU'CTION, s. [from itistruo, to instruct, Lat.| the 
 art of teaching or imparting knowledge; any precept con- 
 veying knowledge; a precept or direction from a supe- 
 rior. 
 
 INSTRU'CTIVE, a. [instrnctif, Fr.] conveying know- 
 ledge. 
 
 INSTRUMENT, s. [from i-nstruo, to furnish or set in or- 
 der, Lat.] a tool used in executing any work. In music, a 
 frame of wood, Ac. so composed as to yield harmonious 
 sounds. In law, a writing containing any contract or order. 
 The agent or means by which any thing is done. 
 
 INSTRUMENTAL, «. [ini(n()HeH(«/, Fr.] conducive as a 
 means to some end. Iiistntmcnta/ miisic, is that produced by 
 an instrument, and opposed to vocal, 
 
 INSTRUMENTA'LITY, s. the action or agency of a 
 thing as a means ; the quality of acting in suhardinalion. 
 
 INSTRUME'NTALLY, ad. in the nature of an instru- 
 ment ; as a means. 
 
 INSTRUME'NTALNESS,*. the quality of conducing to 
 advance or promote an end. 
 
 INSU'FFERABLE, a. beyond the strength or patience 
 of a person lo bear ; not to be borne or allowed. 
 
 INSU'FFEHABLY, ad. to a degree beyond the possibility 
 of being endured with patience. 
 
 INSUFFI'CIENCE, or INSUFFI'CIENCY, {insxiffishien. 
 cij) s. [iiisafficience, Fr.] want of power, strength, or value 
 proportionable to any end. 
 
 INSUFFICIENT, {insuffishicnt) a. not proportionate to 
 any end, use, or purpose ; wanting abilities ; unfit. 
 
 INSUFFFCIENTLY, {inniff'ishient/i/) ad. in such a man- 
 ner as to want either ability, qualification, or skill. 
 
 INSUFFLATION, s. [from ui.upon, and suj^o, to breathe, 
 Lat.] the act of breathing upon. 
 
 INSULAR, or FNSULARLY, a. [from insula, an island, 
 Lat.] belonging to an island. 
 
 I'NSULATED, a. [from insula, an island, Lat.] in build- 
 ing, applied to any column or edifice which stands by it- 
 self. 
 
 INSU'LSE, a. [from in, a negative particle, a ifi sal, 'salt, 
 Lat.] dull ; insipid ; heavy. 
 
 I'NSULT, s. [from in, upon, and salio, to leap, Lat.] the 
 act of leaping upon any thing; an assault; an act of haugh- 
 tiness and contemptuous outrage. Synon. Affront is an 
 indignity offered in public. Insult implies an attack made 
 with insolence. Both affronts and insults may be given 
 without words ; but abuse results chietly from scurrilous 
 language. 
 
 To INSULT, u. a. [from in, upon, ;;nd sa^lr, to leap, Lat.] 
 to treat with haughtiness, contempt, and outrage, la war, 
 to assault or attack a post with open force. 
 
 503
 
 INT 
 
 INT 
 
 INSU'LTER, 5. one \ylio treats anotlicr with disdainful 
 or co'iteini>fiioiis liaiij^litinoss. 
 
 IKSU'LTINGLV, ml- confeniptuouslv ; disdaiiifiillv. 
 
 INSUPERABILITY, s. tiie quality of bciiis inviii- 
 cil)io. 
 
 INSU'PERABf.l'j, «. [from i.i, a npqiative particle, and sn- 
 pero, to excel, or coiii(uer, Lat.] not to be overcome by la- 
 bour, or surninunte<l bv study. 
 
 INSUTERABLENESS, *.' impossibility of being over- 
 cuiiie or surmounted. 
 
 INSU'PERABLY, til. in sncli a manner as not to be over- 
 come. 
 
 INSUPPORTABLE, «. [h,si,piwrtahh, Fr.J beyond the 
 strenj^thof a person to bear, applied either to the body or 
 mln(f. 
 
 INSUPPO'RTABLENESS, .«. the state of being beyond 
 a person's power to support or bear. 
 
 IXSUPPO'RTABLY, ad. to such a degree as not to be 
 endured or borne 
 
 INSU'RANCE, s. \iiss-iirancc, Fr.] security given to make 
 good the loss of ships, merchandise, &c. lost, taken, or de- 
 stroyed, or houses, &c. from fire, hi consideration of a sum of 
 money paid. 
 
 To INSU'RE, v. n. \nssiircr, Fr.] to undertake to make 
 good any thing in case it shall be lost or destroyed. 
 
 INSURMOU'NTABLE, «. {hisurmontable, Fr.] not to be 
 overcome. 
 
 INSURMOU'NTABLY, ml in such a manner as not to be 
 overcome. 
 
 INSURRATION, :?. a whispering in the ear. 
 
 INSURRE'CTION, «. [from in, against and .'loso, to rise, 
 Lat.] a seditious rising or tumult formed in opposition to 
 government. 
 
 INSUSURRATION, s. [from in, into and simurro, to whis- 
 per, Lat.] the art of whispering into something. 
 
 INTACTIBLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 tan<rn, to touch, Lat.] not perceptible to the touch. 
 
 INTA'GLIO, s. [Ital.] any tiling having figures engraved 
 on it, particularly applied to precious stones, that have the 
 heads of great men engraved on them. 
 
 INTA'NGIBLE, a. that cannot be touched. 
 
 INTA'STABLE, a. not lo be tasted ; insipid. 
 
 I'NTEGER, »■. [Lat.J the whole of any thing. In arith- 
 metic, a whole number, opposed to a fraction. 
 
 INTE'GR.^L, a. [integral, Fr.l whole or comprising all 
 its constituent parts; without defect; complete; without 
 injury. Belonging to, or consisting of, whole numbers, ap- 
 plied to arithmetic. 
 
 I'NTEGRAL, s. a whole consisting of distinct parts, each 
 of which may subsist apart. 
 
 INTEGRANT PARTS, in philosophy, the similar parts 
 of a body or parts of the same nature with the whole; as 
 filings of Iron are the integrant parts of iron, and have the 
 same nature and properties with the bar they were tiled off 
 from. 
 
 INTE'GRIT\^, s. [intrgritas, from integer, whole, Lat.] 
 purity of mind ; freedom from any undue bias or principles 
 of dishonesty ; entirencss. 
 
 INTEGUMENT, s. [from in, upon and tego, to cover, 
 Lat.] any thing which covers or envelops another. 
 
 ITS'Tl'LLECT, s. [from inlrllign, to understand, Lat.J the 
 power ofthe mind called the uniierstanding. 
 
 INT1;LLI:CTI0N. s. [from inielliov, to understand, Lat.] 
 the act of undeuslanding. 
 
 INTELLE'Cl IVE, «. \inteUectif, Fr.] having the power 
 of understanding. 
 
 lNTELLI'/CTUAF.s «• [inlrllft-tuel, Fr.] relating to, or 
 performed by, the mind or nnderslau'.ling; having the 
 po'ver of understanding ; proposed as the object of the un- 
 derstanding. " The inttUeftiiiil, system." Ciulir. 
 
 INTELLECTUAL, j. intellect ; nmlerslamling. 
 
 INTirLLlGENCE, or INIT, LLKiENCY, s. [from 
 intdliso, to understand, Lat.] a commerce or reciprocal 
 6fil 
 
 communication of things distant or secret : the undcrsfaiul- 
 ing; spirit; unbodied mind. 
 
 1NT1'V].,LRtI^NCER, s. one who sends or conveys news 
 of what is (lone in distant and secret parts. 
 
 INTE'LLIGENT, n. [from intclH^n, to understand, Lat.] 
 having the power of understaiiding;1inowing or understanct 
 in''; giving information, or communicating. 
 
 INTELLIGE'NTIAL, {intcUis:'cnshial) a. consisting of 
 mind free from body. " InteUigcntial substances." Par. 
 Lust. Exercising or proceeding from exerting the under- 
 standiuir. 
 
 INTE'LLIGIBLE, a. [from inteJll^o, to understand, |Lat.J 
 to be conceived by the understanding ; possible lo be tui- 
 derstood. . 
 
 JNTE'LLIGIRLENESS, s. the quality of being possible 
 to be understood. 
 
 INTELLIGIBLY, ad. in such a manner as to be under- 
 stood. 
 
 INTEMPERANCE, or INTEMPERANCY, s. [from w, 
 a negative particle, and lemperu, to restrain, Lat.] want of 
 governing the sensual appetites; excess in eating or 
 drinking. 
 
 INTEMPERATE, o. [from jh, a negative particle, and 
 tnnprro, to restrain, Lat.J not governed or restrained within 
 the bounds of moderation; eating, drinking, or doing any 
 thing to excess. 
 
 INTE'iMPERATELY, ad. beyond the boimds of tempe- 
 rance ; excessively. 
 
 INTE'MPERATENESS, .». want of moderation ; unsca- 
 sonablenoss, a^^pl^,ed to weather. 
 
 INTE'MPER ATURE, ,v. excess of some quality. 
 
 INTE'N ABLE, «. indefensible ; as, an hUenahle opinion; 
 an intenahlc fortress. 
 
 To INTE'N D, v.n. [intcndn, from Imido, to stvetcl), Lat.J 
 to stretch ont; to add force to, or to heighten quality. To 
 mean ; to design or propose to do a thing. 
 
 INTE'N DA NT, s. [intendmit, Fr.] an officer of live 
 higher class, who oversees any particular branch of public 
 business. 
 
 INTE'NDJIENT, s. [entendeme7it,Tr.\ intention, design^ 
 or meaning. ] ntcndimnt of crimes is in case of treft-son, 
 where the intention is proved by circumstances, and punisli- 
 able in the same manner as if put in execution : so if a per- 
 son enter a house iia the night-time, with an intent to commit 
 burglary, it is felony ; also an assault, with" an intent to 
 commit a robbery on the high^vay, is made felony, and 
 punished with transportation ; 7 Geo. II. cap. 21. 
 
 INTE'NIBLE, «. (commonly spelt intenable) that cannot 
 hold. See Intenable. 
 
 INTENSE, a. [intensus,hon\ tcndo, to stretch, Lat.] strain- 
 ed, heightened, or increased to a high degree, applied to 
 qualities. Vehement, or forcible, applied to words. Kept 
 on the stretch; anxiously attentive, applied to the mind. 
 
 INTE'NSELY, ad. to a very great degree. 
 
 INTE'NSENESS, s. the state of being increased toa high 
 degree ; force ; the state of a thing upon the stretch. 
 
 INTENSION, s. [mtnisin, from tcndo, to Stretch, Lat.J 
 the act of heightening the degree of any quality'or of forcing 
 or straining any thing, opposed to making lax, or loos- 
 ening. 
 
 INTE'NSIVE, a. stretched, increased, or heightened with 
 respect to itself. 
 
 INTENSIVE.LY, nd. to a great degree. 
 
 INTENT, a. [intrniiis, Lat.] with the mind stfongly ap. 
 plied to any object, uscil with on or upon. 
 
 INTE'N'I\ a. uicaniiig, applied to words ; a design, pur- 
 pose, or view foniu U in the mind. 
 
 INTE'N'l'lON, .V. [intniiio, from tcndo, to stretch, Lat.] 
 an act of the mind whereby it voluntarily and earni'stly fixes 
 its view on any idea, considers it on every side, and will not 
 be called oil' by the ordinary solicitation of other ideas; 
 eagerness of desire ; closeness of attention ; deep thought; 
 vehemence or ardor of wind ; design, purpose, or end.
 
 INT 
 
 INT 
 
 mTF/NTIONAL, «. [i,Uent,oncl, Fr.J done by fixed de- 
 ivgii; dcsijjned. 
 
 JNTMNTIONALLY, W. T.v design or fixed choice. 
 
 INTE'NTIVI';, a. applied so as uot to be diverted by 
 other objects. 
 
 INTE'NTIVKLY, a,!, willi close and strict application. 
 
 INTZ'NT[-Y, ad. with close alteiitiou. 
 
 INTE'NTNESS, *. the slate olbtiiis; applied so a» not to 
 be diverted or called offby other objects. 
 
 To INTF.'R, V. a. [e7Uentr, l"'r.] to put under ground or 
 
 INTKRCA'LAR, or INTERCA'LARY, a. [iMcrah, 
 from intei; between and cala, an obsolete word, to call, Lat.] 
 inserted in the calendar, in order to preserve the e(|uatioii 
 of time ; thus the 2Uth of February, inserted in tiie almanack 
 every leap-year, is calhd ■Miiiii,rc(diiiy ilaij. 
 
 Ilo INTFRCALATF, v. n. [iiiteicalcy, Fr. interca/o, from 
 iii(«r, between and calo, an obsolete word, to call, Lat.] to 
 insert an extraordinary day. 
 
 INTFRGALATION, s. [intercalo, from inter, between 
 and calo, an obsolete word to call, Lat.] the insertion of days 
 ia the calendar, in order to make up for some deficiency in 
 our reckonings of time. 
 
 To INTEHCF'OE, )'. n. [from inter, between, and cerlo, to 
 pass, Lat.J to pass or come between; to mediate, or endea- 
 vour to reconcile two purlics that are at variance. 
 
 INTERCF'DER,, *. a mediator; or one who endeavours 
 to reconcile two parties at variance. 
 
 To INTERCEPT, v. a. [iutercijiio, from inter, between 
 and capio, to take, Lat. 5o stop any person or thing in their 
 way or in motion, before I hey can reach the place intended ; 
 to prevent from being reached. 
 
 INTERCEPTION,.?, [intcrcimo, from inter, between, and 
 leapio, to take, Lat.J the act of stopping any thing in its 
 Course, and hindering it from reaching the place it other- 
 wise would ; stoppage, or obstruction. 
 
 INTERCE'S.SION, *. flVom inter, between, and cedo, to 
 pass, Lat.] the act of endeavouring to reconcile two parties 
 at variance. In scripture, the act of pleading in behalf of 
 another, peculiarly applied to Christ. Interposition or me- 
 diation in behalf of another. 
 
 INTERCE'SSOR, s. [from inter, between, and cerln, to 
 
 Eass, Lat.] a mediator ; one who interposes and pleads in 
 ehalf of another; one who endeavours to reconcile two par- 
 ties at variance. 
 
 To INTERCHA'IN, t-. a. to chain or link together. Fi- 
 gur-ativelv, to unite inriissolubly. 
 
 ToINTERCHATS'GE, v. a.to put in the place of ano- 
 ther ; to change, or give for something received of another; 
 to succeed to alternately, or by turns. 
 
 INTERCHA'NGE, s. commerce, traffic, or nmtual 
 change of commodities between two persons ; alternate 
 succession. 
 
 INTERCHANGEABLE, a. given and taken mutually; 
 following each other in alternate succession. 
 
 INTERCHANGEABLY, «</. alternately ; mutually. 
 
 INTERCHA'NGEMENT, s. the act of giving and re- 
 ceiving. 
 
 INTERCITIENT, s. [intercipicns, from i7iter, between, 
 and capio, to take, Lat.]something that intercepts, obstructs, 
 or causes a stoppaM, applied to medicines. 
 
 INTERCISION, J. [from iHie?-, between, and cado, to.cut, 
 Lat.J interruption. 
 
 To INTr RCLU'DE, *. n. [from tnier, between, and chudo, 
 to shut, '! at.] to shut from a place, or hinder from perform- 
 ing, by .oniething intercepting or intervening ; .to inter- 
 cept. 
 
 INTERCLU'SION, 1. [from inter, between, and elmido, 
 to shut, Lat.] the act of intercepting or obstructing. 
 
 K>JTERC0LUMNIATI0N, s. [from inter, between, and 
 cohinma, a pilhr Lat. 1 <he space between two pillars. 
 
 INTERCOMJilUNITY, s. a mutual communication or 
 ttommuuity ; a mutual freedom or exercise of religion ; adop- 
 tion of religious rites between two or more states. 
 
 INTERCOSTAL, «. [from int,r, between, and totta, a rib 
 Lat.] placed and situated between the ribs. 
 
 IN't'ERCOLRSE, (hUerkurse) s. [entreconn, Vt.\ com- 
 merce or mutual exchange. Communic-ation, applied to 
 places or persons. 
 
 INTERCU'RRENCE, s. passage between. 
 
 INTERCU'RRENT, n. [from inter, between, and currc, 
 to run, Lat.] running between. 
 
 To INTERDICT, v. a. [interdieo, from inter, a p.artiele 
 of refusing, and rffVo, to speak, Lat.] to forbid, applied to 
 laws, or the command ofa superior. In canon law, to for- 
 bid from enjoyiu'^comnHiniou with the church. 
 
 INTERblCl, s. an ecclesiastical censure, by which the 
 church of Rome forbids the performance of divine service in 
 a kingdom, province, town, Ac. 'I'here was also an inler- 
 diet of persons, who were deprived of the beiielit of attend- 
 ing on divine service. Particular persons were also !h^«.. 
 dieted oi' fire and water, which signifies a bauishiiient for 
 some particular olfence ; by this censure no perscii was per- 
 mitted to receive them, or allow them fire or water ; and be- 
 ing thus wholly deprived of the two necessary cleniiuts of 
 life, thev were doubtless under a kind of civil death. 
 
 INTERDI'CTION, t. [interdieo, from inter, a panicle of 
 refusing, and dico, to speak, Lat.J a law or decree which for- 
 bids any thing. 
 
 INTERDICTORY, a. containing a prohibition or for- 
 biddance. 
 
 ToI'NTERESS, or I'NTEREST, v. a. \inta-esser, Fr.J to 
 concern ; to affect ; to give a share in ; to gain the aftect ions, 
 or be very closely connected with a person's interest or 
 welfare. 
 
 INTEREST, i.[j)i^i'TtV, Fr.] concern, advantage, or in- 
 fluence over others ; share or part in any undertaking ; 
 regard to private or personal advantage or profit ; a sunv 
 paid for the use of money; a surplus of advantage or profit. 
 
 To INTE'RFERE, i'. n. [from inter, between, and ferio, 
 to strike, Lat.] to interpose, intermeddle, or become a 
 sharer in ; to ci»sh or oppose. A horse is said to interfere, 
 when the side of one of liis shoes strikes against and hurts 
 one of his fetlocks; or the hitting one leg against another, . 
 and striking, off the skin. 
 
 INTE'RFLUENT, a. [from inter, between, and fuo, to 
 flow, Lat.J flowing between. 
 
 INTERFU'LGENT, s. shining between. 
 
 INTERFU'SED, a. [from inter, between, and fnndo, to 
 pour, Lat.J poured or scattered between. 
 
 FNTERJA'CENCY, *. [from inter, between, and jacco, to 
 lie, Lat.J the act or state of lying between two objects. 
 
 INTERJA'CENT, a. [from inter, between, and jaceo, to 
 lie, Lat.J lying between. 
 
 INTER jE'CTION, s. [from inter, between, and jaceo, tn 
 throw, Lat.J in grammar, a part of speech or word, which 
 expresses some sudden emotion of the mind ; as, oh ! alas ! 
 
 I'NTERIM, «. I Lat.] the mean time; an internal ; any 
 time coming between two periods oractions expressed. 
 
 To INTER JOIN, v. a. to join mutuallv ; to intermarry. 
 
 INTETiIOR.rt. [Lat.linternal ; inmost. 
 
 INTERKNO'WLEDGE, {inti/iioledge) i. mutual know- 
 ledge. 
 
 I'o INTERLA'CE, v. a. \entrehsser, Fr.J to intermix ; to 
 weave, plait, or mix one thing within another. 
 
 INTERLATSE, j. [from inter, between, and lalor, to 
 flow, LatJ the f?ow of time betweeii any two events. 
 
 To INTERLA'RD, v. a. [ent,-elarder, Fr.l in cookery, to 
 mix meat with bacon, or fat w ith lean. To interpose, t,t 
 insert between ; or diversify bv mixture. 
 
 ToINTERLE'AVE, r. a. to biud up with blank papes 
 between each of the leaves. 
 
 To INTERLITSfE, v. a. to write between the lines of a 
 book or manuscript. 
 
 INTERLINEATION, i. the act of writing any thing be- 
 tween tiie lines of a printed book or manuscript. 
 
 To INTERLINK, f.«. to connect chains one with auetW, 
 
 3T- f'f.
 
 INT 
 
 Figuratively, to join together lite the links of a chain, wliich 
 niuliiallv connect each other. 
 
 INTERLOCUTION, s. [fVom inter, between, and hquor, 
 to speak, Lat.l dialogue, or tlie act of speaking bv turns. 
 
 INTERLOCUTOR, J. [from inter, between, and Ivqnor, 
 to speak, Lat.] the person introduced as discoursing in a 
 dialogue ; ooe that talks with another. 
 
 INTERLOCUTORY, «. consisting of a dialogue, or 
 conversation carried on by two or more persons. In law, 
 an order that does not decide the cause, but only some mat- 
 ter incident thereto, which iiappens between the beginning 
 and eii'l of a cause ; as when, in Chancel^ or Exciiequer, 
 the plaintitl' obtains an order for injimction until tlie heaving 
 of a cause; which order, not being final, is called !«<eWo- 
 cutor)/. 
 
 To INTERLOPE, v. n. [iiUer and loopen, Belg.] to run 
 between parties, and intercept tlie advantage that one would 
 gain from the other. In commerce, to intercept the trade 
 of a company ; to trathc without licence ; to forestal. 
 
 INTERLOPER, s. ojio who without licence intercepts 
 the trade of a company that lias an exclusive charter; one 
 who runs into business to which he has no right. 
 
 INTERLU'CENT, ff. [from Miter, between, and /i«:eo, to 
 shine, Lat.] shining between. 
 
 I'NTERLUDE, s. [from inter, between, and hirlo, to play, 
 Lat.] something played or performed between the acts ot a 
 tragedy or cQmedv ; a farce. 
 
 INTERLU'ENCY, s. [from inter, between, and kvo, to 
 wash, Lat.] tlie state of water which runs between any two 
 places; the interposition of water. 
 
 INTERLU'NAR, or INTERLUNARY, a. [from inter, 
 between, and Innn, tUe moon, !..at.] belonging to tlie time 
 when the moon is about to change, and become invisible. 
 
 INTERMARRIAGE, s. the act of marriage between 
 two families. 
 
 To INl'ERMA'RRY, v, n. to marry persons out of one 
 familv with some of ciTlctlfl'r. 
 
 To'INTElRME'DDLE, f. n. to concern one's self ofnci- 
 ouslv with affairs that one has no biwiiieis with. 
 
 INTERME'DDLER, *. one that othciously thrasti him- 
 self into business which he has no right or call to. 
 
 INTERME'DIAL, a. [frominter, between, and mcdius, in 
 the middle, Lat.] intervening ; lying between. 
 
 INTERME'DIATE, a. ffronrni(c-»-, between, and nmlius, 
 in the middle, Lat.] intervening; interposed ; placed iu the 
 middle between two extremities. 
 
 INTERM E DIATELY, ad. by way of intervention or 
 interposition. 
 
 INTERMENT, s. [entn-mnent, Fr.] burial ; the act of 
 Sirialor putting a corpse in llie ground. 
 
 INTERMIGRATION, *. | from i«(«-, between, and mi- 
 ^10, to remove, Lat.] the act of two or more removing from 
 one place to another, so that each of ihem occupies tiie place 
 which the other quitted. Seldom used. 
 
 LNTE'RMINABLl'., a. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 terminin,-A bjundary, Lat.] adrnitliiig no boundary or limit. 
 Lsed substantivelv for an nitinite being. 
 
 INTE'RMINATE, n. [from in, n ncgaliTe particle, and 
 terminiu, a boundary, Lat.] unbounded ; unlimited. 
 
 INTEHMINA'TION, i. Ifrom in, a negative particle, and 
 terminns, a boundary, Lat.] a threat or denouncing of punish- 
 ment against crimes. 
 
 To INTERMI'NGLE, v. a. to mix ; to mhiglt; to put 
 some tilings among otliers. 
 
 INTERMISSION, *. [from intn; between, and milto, to 
 send or put, Lat.] a pause, stop, or cessation for a time ; the 
 space between any two events ; delay ; a cessation of pain 
 or sorrow. 
 
 INTERMI'SSIVE, a. afiecting by fits, or wiUi pauses be- 
 Iween. 
 
 To INTERMIT, v. a. [from inter, between, and mitin, to 
 Bend, J-at.] to forbear any thing tor a time; to interrupt. 
 Neutcrly, to grow mild between the fits or jiaroxysuis, ap- 
 wlied to fevers. 
 
 6()6 
 
 INT 
 
 INTERMITTENT, a. [from inter, between, and miif>, 
 to send or put, Lat.] coming onlj by fits, or after some in- 
 terval. 
 
 To INTERMIX, v. a. to mingle, mix, or put soma things 
 between otllers. 
 
 INTERMI XTURE, s. a mass formed by mixing several 
 things. 
 
 INTER MU'NDANE, a. [from iH/fr, between, aii.l >nir,»- 
 dus, the world, Lat.] existing or situate between worlds, or 
 the several bodies which compose the solar system. 
 
 INTERMU'RAL, a. [from inter, between, and muras, a 
 wall, Lat.] King between walls. 
 
 INTE'RNAL, or INTE'RN, a. \intemus, from intrn, witli- 
 in, Lat.] within; in the mind ; inward. 
 
 INTERNALLY, ad. inwardly ; mentally ; iu the mind, 
 spirit, orunilerstanding. 
 
 INTERNECINE, «. [from inter, between, and Jtex, death, 
 Lat.l endeavouring mutual destruction. 
 
 INTERPELLATION, s. [from inteiyeHo, to demand, 
 Lat.] in law, a summons or call upon. 
 
 To INTE'RPOLATE, v. a. [interpoh, from 7)0/10, to dress 
 or polish, Lat.] to foist a thing into a place, by forgery, to 
 which it does not belong. 
 
 INTERPOLATION, s. something added to the original, 
 applied to manuscripts or books. 
 
 INTERPOLATOR, «. [Lat.] a person wko inserts or 
 foists forged passages into an original. 
 
 INTERPOSAL, s. the act of intervening between pei^ 
 sons ; interposition ; intervention. 
 
 To INTERPOSE, (the s in this word and its derivatives 
 is pronounced like z) v. a. [from inter, between, and pono, 
 to put, Lat.] to thrust in between two persoiM, as an obstruc- 
 tion, interruption, or inconvenience; to come between, or 
 rescue from any danger. 
 
 INTERPOSER, s. one that comes between others ; a 
 mediator. 
 
 INTERPOSITION, ,«. [from inter, between, and imm, to 
 put, Lat.] the act of iiiteiveuillginorder to picvent or pro- 
 mote a design; mediation; intervention, or the state of 
 buill^ placed between two. 
 
 To INTERPRET, i'. a. \intei-pretor, from inter, netween, 
 Lat.J to explain any difficulty in writing; to transkite ; to 
 deciplier; to give a solution ; to expound. 
 
 INTERPRETABLE,a. capable of being translated, de- 
 ciphered, or explained. 
 
 INTERPRETATION, s. \i7ii€rpretor,hom tn<er,betwecn, 
 Lat.] the act of explaining the meaning of a foreigner ui ouf 
 own language; the sense given bv a translator. 
 
 INTERPRETATIVE, a. collected by iutei-pretation. 
 
 1NTERPRET.\TIVELY', ad. as may be collected by 
 way of explanation. 
 
 INTE'KPIIETER, s. [interprcs, from inter, between, Lat.] 
 an explainer; a translator. 
 
 INTERPU'NCTION, s. [from inlei; between, and pnvgo, 
 to point, Lat.] the act of placing stops or points between 
 words. 
 
 INTERREGNUM, *. [Lat.] the time in whichathron- 
 is vacant, between the death of one prince and the accession 
 of another ; but in hereditary governments, like that of 
 Great I5ritain, there is no interregnum. 
 
 To INTERROGATE, v. a-linterrogo, from rogo, to ask, 
 Lat.] to examine by asking questions ; to ask questions. 
 SynoN. 'to interrvmte, implies authority; to inquire, cu- 
 riosity; to ask, sometliiiig more civil and respectful. 
 
 INTERROGATION, s. lintcrro^o, from rop, to ask, 
 Lat.] a question. In grammar, a point used after a que*- 
 tion, and is marked thus (?) 
 
 INTERROGATIVE, a. [intorrogaHf, Fr.] denoting a 
 question ; expressed in the form of a<iuestion. 
 
 INTERROGATIVE, s. in grammar, a pronoun used in 
 asking nuestions, as vho J ir/tat ' 
 
 INTERRO'GATIVELY, nd. vt the form of a question. 
 
 INTERROGATOR, *. one >vho aske, or exiMuities by 
 asking, questions.
 
 INT 
 
 INT 
 
 INTKUROGATORY, J. a question ; an inquiry, 
 INTERRO'GATOUY, a. containing or expressing a 
 question. 
 
 To INTER RU'PT, v. a. [hitn-n.mpo, from iinler, between, 
 and titrnpo, to break, Lat.] to liinfler tlie proccsi, motion, or 
 directionof any thins, by breaking; in upon it. To liinder 
 a person from iiuishing liis sentence by speaking to him in 
 the middle of it. To divide or separate by rupture. 
 
 INTERRU'PT, n. containing a chasm. " Setst thou wliat 
 rage transports our adversary, wliom no bound.', nor yet tiie 
 main abyss wide interrupt, can hold." Milt. 
 INTERRU'PT EDLY, ad. not without stoppEges. 
 INTERRUTTER, s. one who makes a person break off 
 in the middle of his discourse by speaking to him. 
 
 INTERRU'PTION, s. [from inter, between, and 'rumpo, 
 to break, Lat.] in its primary sense l)ut seldom used. Breach, 
 or separation between the parts by breaking ; interposi- 
 tion; Figuratively, intervention ; hindrance; or the act of 
 stoppiii"- any thing in motion. 
 
 INTERSCATULAR, a. [fronj inter, between, and srapuh, 
 the shoulder, Lat.] in anatomy, placed between the shoul- 
 ders. 
 
 To INTERSCRI'BE, v. a. [from inter, between, and scri. 
 bo, to write, Lat.] to write between. 
 
 INTERSE'CANT, a. [from inter, between, and seco, to 
 cut, Lat.lflividing any thing into parts. 
 
 To 1NTERSE*CT,"!>. a. [from inter,beiween, and seeo, to 
 cut, Lat.] to cut or cross ; to divide each other mutually. 
 Neuterly, to meet each other mutually. 
 
 INTERSECTION, s. [from inter, between, and seco, to 
 cut, Lat.] the point where lines cross each other. 
 
 To INTERSE'RT, v. a. [^froni inter, between, and sero, to 
 put, Lat.] to put in or introduce between other things. 
 INTERSE'RTION,«.alhing inserted between others. 
 To INTERSPE'RSE, v. a. [fronun^cr, among, and spergo, 
 to scatter, Lat,] to scatter among other things. 
 
 INTERSPE'RSION, *. the act of scattering among other 
 things. 
 
 INTERSTE'LLAR, a. [from inter, between, and stella, a 
 star, Lat.] intervening, or situated between the stars. 
 
 INTERSTICE, «.[from inter, between, and sto, to stand, 
 Lat.J the space between two things, or the time between 
 two events. 
 
 , INTERSTITIAL, (intcrstishial) a. containing interstices. 
 '' INTERTE'XTURE, i. [from inter, between, ami texo, to 
 weave, Lat.] the act of mingling or weaving one thing with 
 another. 
 
 To INTERTWITSTE, or INTERTWIST, v. a. to unite or 
 join by twisting one in another. 
 
 INTERVAL, s. [intervallum, from inter, between, and vallum, 
 a wall, the space between pallisadoes, intrenches, Lat.] space 
 or distance void of matter ; time between two events ; remis- 
 sion of a distemper. 
 
 To INTERVE'NE, w. n. [from inter, between, and venio, 
 to come, Lat.J to eome between. 
 
 INTERVENIENT, «. [from inter, between, and venio, to 
 come, Lat.J coming between. 
 
 INTERVENTION, i. [from inter, between, and wn/o, to 
 come, Lat.] the state of acting between persons ; the inter- 
 position of means ; the state of being interposed. 
 
 INTERVIE'VV, {intervcw, sometimes accented on the first 
 syllable) «. [entj-evue, Fr.J mutual sight, generally applied to 
 »ome formal and appointed meeting or conference. 
 
 To INTER VOLVE, v. a. [from inter, between, and 
 Volvo, to roll, Lat.J to roll between ; to involve one within 
 another. 
 
 To INTERWE'AVE, {interwe'eve) v. a. preter. interwove, 
 part. pass, interwoven, or interivuve ; to mix one thing with 
 another in weaving ; to intermingle. 
 
 INTE'STABLE, a. [from inter, between, and tester, to 
 make a wUI, LatJ in law, not qualified to make a will. 
 
 INTESTATE, a. I from inter, between, and testor, to make 
 t, will, Lat J in law, cly ing without a will, 
 INTESTINAL, a.' \intatmal, Fr.J belonging to the gut». 
 
 INTE'STINE, a. [from iutnn, inward, Lat.J internal ; in- 
 Mard; contained in the body. A|)plied to war, domes- 
 tic, or war waged by citizens "against their felhiwcitizeiis. 
 INTE'STINE, s. [from inlns, inward, Lat.J the gut or 
 bowel. Seldom used in the singular number. 
 
 TolNTHRA'L, (in«/irffii/jD. a. to enslave ; to bring under 
 difficulties. 
 
 INTHRA'LMENT, (inthraulment) s. a state of slavery. 
 To INTHRO'NE, v. a. to place on a throne ; to make a 
 king of. 
 
 I'N'riMACY, s. a state of familiarity or friendship, 
 wherein one person has always free access to another, and 
 is favoured with his sentiments witliout reserve. Synon. 
 A slight knowledge of any one constitutes aerjiuiintance. To 
 be /amiViar requires an «r(/H«!H(n(ice of some standing. In- 
 timacif supposes such an aceptaintance as is supported by 
 friendship. 
 
 I'NTIiVIATE, a. [from intus, inward, Lat.J inmost ; in- 
 ternal ; inward. Near; close; not kept at a distance ; fa- 
 miliar; conversing with, or united to, another, without re- 
 serve or restraint. 
 
 I'NTIIVIATE, ,t. [from intus, inward, Lat.] a friend who lins 
 free access, and is intrusted with the thoughts of another 
 without reserve. 
 
 To INTIMATE, v. a. [from intimo^ low, Lat.] to hint; to 
 point indirectly and obscurely. 
 
 I'NTIMATELY, ad. closely ; or without any intermix- 
 ture of parts ; with contidence. Void of reserve, applied 
 to friendship. Nearly, internally, or inseparably. 
 
 LVTIMATION, s. \iHtimution,FT.'\ an hint ; an obscure 
 or indirect declaration or direction. 
 
 i'o INTI'MIDATE, v. a. [iniimido, from timidus, fearful, 
 Lat.J to atfecl with fear ; to deprive of encouragement. 
 
 INTI'IIE, o. [entier, Fr. better written with an e at the 
 beginning, as Jonnson observes. See Entire, and all its 
 derivatives] whole ; unbroken or undiminished ; without 
 any adulteration. 
 
 I'M'TO, nrep. entrance; penetration beyond the surface, 
 or motion Deyond the outward parts, "To look into let- 
 ters." Pope. 
 
 INTO'LERABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 tolero, to bear, Lat.J not to be borne or endured, 
 
 INTO'LERABLENESS, s. the quality of a thing which is 
 not to be endured. 
 
 INTO'LER.ABLY, nd. to a degree too great for our 
 strength or patience to endure. 
 
 INTO'LERANT, «. [intoleratu, Fr,J not enduring, or 
 not able to endure. 
 
 To INTO'MB, (iutoum) V. a. to bury ; to inclose in a 
 monument. 
 
 To IISTO'NATE, v. a. \intono, from tono, to thunder, 
 Lat.] to thunder. 
 
 INTONA'TION, s. [Fr, intono, from tono, to thunder, 
 Lat.J the actof thundermg. In music, the act of sounding 
 the notes in the scale with the voice, or any other given order 
 of musical tones. Intonation may be either true or false, 
 too high or too low, too sharp or too flat ; and then this . 
 word intonation, with an epithet, must be understood con- 
 cerning the manner of performing the notes. 
 
 To INTCNE, V, n, [iutomur, Fr.] to make a slow pro- 
 tracted noise. 
 
 To INTO'RT, V. a. [intorgueo, from torqueo, to wreatlie, 
 Lat.J to twist, wreathe, or wring. 
 
 To INTO'XICATE, v. a. [tVom in, in, and toxicum, poison, 
 Lat.] to make drunk with strong liquors. Figuratively, 
 to inebriate with vice or flattery. 
 
 INTOXICATION, s. the act or state of making or being 
 drunk, 
 
 INTRACTABLE, a. [from i«, a negative particle, and 
 tractabilis, tractable, Lat,] obstinate, or not to be govern- 
 ed ; furious. 
 
 INTRA'CTABLENESS, s. obstinacy not to be subject to 
 rule ; furiousness not to be tamed. 
 
 507
 
 INT 
 
 IN V 
 
 INTRA'CTABLY, a<l. in sucli a manner as not to be 
 governed or tamed. 
 
 INTRANQUI'LLITV, s.a slate of restlessness. 
 IN.TRA'NSIVE, a. in f;'i"""'»>', a verb wliicb signifies 
 an action not conceived as liaving an eilect upon an ob- 
 ject ; as ciirro, I run. 
 
 INTRANSMUTABLE, a. nnchanjjeable to any other 
 sulistance or metal. 
 
 To INTRE'ASURE, (inlrizurc) V. tt. to lay up as in a 
 treasury 
 
 To iNTRE'NCfl, ". a. [ill and tmw/icr, Fr.] to invade 
 oreueroatli upon "lial belongs 1(> another. To ni;iik with 
 hollows like trenches. In war, to fortify with a ditch or 
 trench. 
 
 INTRE'NCH.ANT, a. not to be separated by cutting, but 
 inmiediatelv closing again. 
 
 INTRE'MCIIMENT, ;». a trench or work, which defends 
 :» post from the attacks of an enemy. 
 
 INTREPID, o. [fron) in, a negative particle, and trepidtis, 
 fearful, Lat.] not affected with fear at the prospect of 
 danger. 
 
 INTREPI'DITY, s. [intrepiditi, Fr.] a disposition of mind 
 unaffected with fear at the prospect of danger. Synon. Re- 
 tohitwu, either banishes fear or surmounts it, and is staunch 
 on all occasions. Coiirua;f is impatient to .attack, undertakes 
 boldly, and is not lessened by ditficulty. Valour acts w itii 
 vigour, gives no way to resistance, hut pursues an enterprise 
 in spite of opposition. Jh-inrri/ knows no fear; it nins 
 nobly into danger, and prefers honour to life itself. Inti-epi- 
 ditij encounters the greatest points with the utuiosl coolness, 
 and dares even pKesent death. 
 
 INTRE'PIDLY, <id. in such a inanner as to be unaifected 
 T-ith fear at the prospect of danger. 
 
 I'NTRIC.-VCY, s. the state of a thing much entangled ; 
 perplexity arising from a complication of facts. 
 
 I'NTRlCATE, «. [from intricn, to entangle, low Lat.J 
 entangled ; perplexed ; obscure or ditticult. 
 i'NTRICATELY, ad, in such a manner as to perplex. 
 I'NTRICATENESS, s. the quality of being so perplexed 
 and complicated as not to be easily explained. 
 
 INTRIGUE, (iiUries;) s. [intrigue, Er.] a plot or amour 
 carried on with great artifice by lovers. In poetry, the plot 
 of a fable, oran artful complication of circumstances which 
 embarrass the personages, and keeps the minds of the au- 
 dience in suspence, and unable to determine the event of 
 the play. 
 
 To INTRI'GUE, {intrieir) v. n. to form plots ; to carry on 
 anamour by stratagems and artifices. 
 
 INTRl'GUER, {intreetrvr, the ff pronoiniced hard) .«. one 
 who forms plots, carries on private amours with women, or 
 busies hiuiself in secret transactions. 
 
 INTRl'GUINGLY, (intrcic;i>it^ly, theg- pronounced hard) 
 ad. with artifice or secret plottinj^. 
 
 INTRI'NSIC, a. [intrinseciis, from intra, within, Lat.] in- 
 ward ; real ,- true in its own nature. 
 
 INTRl'NSICAL, [Johnson observes that this word, with 
 its derivatives, should be spelt intrinsccnl, ititrinsecaUi/, agree- 
 able to its etymology, inlrinsn-'it, inward, Lat.] a. internal; 
 »olid ; real. 
 
 INTRINSICALLY, nd. internally ; really ; in its own 
 nature. 
 
 INTRITVSICATE, a. perplexed ; entangled. " Too »t- 
 triiisiciilr to unloose." Shalt. 
 
 To INTRODU'CE, i'. a. [from intra, into, and dueo, to 
 bad, Lat.] to conduct ; to give entrance to ; to usher into 
 H place, or to a person ; to bring any thing into practice or 
 notice. 
 
 LN'ITtODU'CER, s. one who conducts or ushers into a 
 place, or to a person ; one who brings any thing into use, 
 praefice, or notice. 
 
 INTJtODU'CriON, J. [from intra into, and rfwco, to lead, 
 
 Lat.J the act of ushering or conducting into a place, or to a 
 
 person; the slate of being ushered; the act of bringing 
 
 any thing new into notice or practice ; a discourse prefixed 
 
 6(18 
 
 to a book, containing something necessary to give a trie 
 idea of the manner in which the subject is treated (rf, <Xc. 
 r INTRODU'CTIVE, «. [introduciif, Fr.J serving as a pre- 
 parative, or a means to something else. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY, (7. previous; in order to prepare, 
 orser.vingasa means to something further. 
 
 IN TROGRE'SSION, s. [from intra, into, and gradiur, to 
 go, Lat.] entrance ; theact of entering or goinjjin. 
 
 INTRO'IT, *. [intruitns, Lat.J in the liomisTi church, the 
 beginning of the mass orpublic devotions. 
 
 INTROMISSION, s. [from i"()o, into, and miito, to send, 
 Lat.] the act of sending ; the act of giving entrance or ad- 
 mission. 
 
 To INTROMIT, f. a. [from !H*(o,into, and milto, to send, 
 Lat.] to send, let, or admit in ; to allow to enter. 
 
 To INTROSPECT, v. a. [from intra, within, and specie, 
 to look, Lat.J to look into, or take a view of the inside. 
 
 IN;TR0SPE'CTI0N, J. a view of tlie inside. An inter- 
 nal view of its power or stale, applied to the mind. 
 
 INTROVE'NIENT, «. [from m^ro, within, and vorio, to 
 come, Lat.J entering or coming in. 
 
 To INTRUDE,!), n. [from in, into, and tradn, to thrust, 
 Lat.] to come in without invitation or permission ; to thrust 
 one's self rudely into company or business ; to undertake 
 a thing without being permitted, called to it, orcjualifiedforit. 
 INTRU'DER, *. one who forces himself into company 
 or affairs without permision, qualification, or being welcome. 
 INTRUSION, J. [from in, into, and trudo, to thrust, Lat.J 
 the act of forcing any person or thing into any place or 
 state ; encroachment upon any person or state ; entrance 
 without invitation or welcome. 
 
 To INTRUST, V. n. to treat with confidence ; to charge 
 with anv secret commission, or anv thing of value. 
 
 INTUITION, s. [from in, into^ and tneor, to look, Lat.] 
 the sight of any thing ; a conception, applied generally to 
 the act of the mind, whereby it has an immediate know- 
 ledge of any lliing, without any deductions of reason. 
 
 IN TU 1T1\ E, a. [from in, into, and tucnr, to look, Lat.] 
 seen by the mind immediately, without the deductions of 
 reason. Seeing, or actual sight, opposed to belief, liaving 
 the power of discovering truths immediately, without rea- 
 soning. 
 
 INTUITIVELY, ad. [intuitiyement, Fv.\hy a glance or 
 immediate application oi^tlie mind. " God sees all things 
 inlnitiveli/." Ijaher. 
 
 INTUMESCENCE, or INTU.ME'SCENCY, s. [from 
 intumcseo, to swell, Lat.J a swelling ; a tumor; the act <rt 
 state of swelling or rising above its usual height. 
 
 INTURGE'SCENCE, s. [from turgesco, to swell, Lat.] 
 swelling : the act or state of swelling. 
 
 To INTW'INE, u. a. to twist or wreathe together like 
 twine ; to twist round. 
 
 ToINVA Dl'/, f. «. [from in, into, and vado, to go. Lat.j 
 to enter into a country in a warlike manner; to attack; to 
 assail or assault ; to seize on like an enemy. "To iimadi 
 aiiolher's right. 
 
 lNVA'l)ER,.t. one wlio enters into tiie possessions or do- 
 minions of another, and attacks theni as an enemy ; one wlw 
 assails or attacks ; one w ho encroaches or intrudes. 
 
 INVALE'SCENCE, s. \ from in, a negative i)arlicle, and 
 rale.irn, to grow well in health, Lat.] want of health. 
 
 INVA'LII), rt. [fromni, a negative particle, and vaUtiut, 
 strong, Lat.J weak, applied to bodily strength. Of no forc« 
 or cogency, applied to argtiiuent. Used substantively fi)r 
 soldiers that are worn out with age, or by the casualities of 
 war, rendered unlit for further service in the field. In thii 
 sense it is pronounced like the French invaleed. 
 
 To INVA'LIDATii, v. a. to weaken; to deprive of fbroe 
 or efficacy. 
 
 INX'ALl'Dl'., .«. [Fr.] one disabled by sickness or hurts. 
 INVALI DITY, s. [intalidit'e, Fr.] want of force or co- 
 gency, applied generally to arguments. 
 
 INVALUABLE, ". of so great a value as to be above 
 conception or estiuiatiou.
 
 INV 
 
 IS'V 
 
 INVA'RIABI.E, a. [imuiialile, Fr.J not cliaiising ; witlioiit 
 
 iSiV'A'RIAni.KNKSS, a. Ilie qn;ility of beinj; always the 
 SJiiiif ; coiislarit, or without cliaii;;c. 
 
 INVVKIAIJLY, ad. without clian^'iu^s unchangeably; 
 con»lant!y. 
 
 IN\'A'SION, s. [from mvmh, to invade, Lat.] the entrance 
 or attack of an enemy on tiie |)ossessioiis or (iominioiis of 
 another; an encroachment or unlawful attack on the ri;;lit3 
 of anolher. 
 
 INVA'SIVE, a. entering like an enemy on the hounds of 
 another; encroachinfjon the riyhls'if anolher. 
 . INVE'CTIVE, ^. [from invcho, to inveigh, l/,it.]a reproach- 
 ful, censorious, or scanikllous expression, whether in w*. iting 
 or in speech. 
 
 INVE'CTIVE, a. containing a censure, scandal, satire, or 
 reproachf(d expressions. 
 
 INVE'CTIVELY, ad. in a satirical, abusive, or scan- 
 dalous manner. 
 
 To INVE'IGH, O'li'ii/) ti. a. [from i'm, against and iWio, to 
 carry, Lat.] to utter censure or reproach ; to speak bitterly 
 against. 
 
 INVE'IGH I'^R, (iiivq/cr) s. a vehement railer. 
 To INVE'IGLE, (inreeg-U^ v. n [inmn/iai c, Ital.] tO per- 
 sua,de, allure, or seduce to something bad or hurtful. 
 
 INVE'IGLER, (mref n/ej) J. a seducer, deceiver, or allurer 
 to ill. 
 To INVE'LOPE, i>. a. See Envelope. 
 To INVE'iVT, V. n. \invnitcr, Kr.] lo discover, find out, 
 or produce something unknown or not made before ; to 
 forge, or contrive contrary to trulh ; to feign, or create by 
 the fertility of the imaginalion. Synon. We i^ivent new 
 things by the force of imagination. Vie find vnt things that 
 are hidden or unknown, liy examination or study. The 
 one denotes the fVuilfulness, the other the penetration, of the 
 mind. 
 
 INVE'NTER, s. [invcntenr, Fr.^ one wlio discovers or 
 produces something new or not known before ; a person 
 who forges or asserts a falsehood. 
 
 IWE'A^TION, «. [from !"WHiV., lo invent, Lat.] tiieacfof 
 finding or producing something new ; the disiovery of 
 something hiiklen; tlie subtlety of the mind, or that exer- 
 tion of the imagination, whereby we create things that either 
 have no existence in nature, or are entirely new or unknow n ; 
 a discovery ; the thing invented ; a forgery or fiction. 
 
 INVE'NTIVE, a. [iiKciitif, Fr.J quick at contrivance; 
 ready at expedients. 
 
 INVE'NTOR, s. [Lat.] a finder out or maker of something 
 «»ew ; a framer or contriver of something ill. 
 
 INVENTO'RIALL'l', <id. in the manner of an inventory. 
 INVE'NTORY, (soinelimes accented on the first syllable) 
 I. \imentvrhim, Lat.] an account or catalogue of moveables; 
 a list or catalogue of goods. 
 
 INVE'NTRESS, «. [inrentrice, Fr.] a female who finds out 
 CM produces any thing new. 
 
 INVERA'RY, a town in Argyleshire, containing upwards 
 of 1800 inhabitants. Here are manufactures of linen and 
 woollen, as also considerable works for smelting iron by 
 means of charcoal. One ship belonging to the town is en- 
 paged in foreign trade, and about half a dozen are employed 
 in imports of meal, coals, merchants' goods, Ac. exporting 
 wool, timber, and oak bark. It is seated on the N. W. side 
 of Loch Fyne, near which is a castle, the seat of the Duke 
 ofArgyle, 75 miles N. VV. of Edinburgh, and 45 N. W. of 
 Glasgow. 
 
 INVERKEITIIING, a tov.n of Fifeshire, situated in a 
 nay of the Frith of Forth, 18 miles N. W. of Edinburgh. 
 Before the entrance of the harbour there is a large and safe 
 bay which affords excellent shelter for ships in all winds. 
 On the W. side of the harbour is a large, Dutch built vessel, 
 used as a lazaretto. Here are two commodious quays, for 
 the landing and receiving of goods; and great improve- 
 ments have been lately made to accommodate the shipping 
 Stiil farther. Several ships belong to this place, but houe 
 i>08 
 
 of any considerable burden. Some of them sail lo foreign 
 parts and tin- rest arc ihiilly ( uiployed in the coal and 
 coasting trade. SomclJme.-:, betw ecu loand 50 vessels wait 
 liere for coals, especially in lln' wiiitei season. 
 
 INVERNE'SS, a populous f!ouri^iJing town, of Scotland, 
 capital ofa county of the s.irne name, pleasantly situaird on 
 the S. hank of the river Ness, and overlooking the Frith of 
 Murray. It has a safe and couvenicnt harbour, and a good 
 deal of shii)ping. Several large buildings have Ijeeii eri.cled 
 on the N. sidi: of the town, in which a considerable manu- 
 factory of ropes and canvass is tarried on. It is a royal 
 burgh, holding its first charter from INlalcohu C'anuioie. 
 Over the river Ness is a handsome briilge, of seven arches. 
 The salmon fishery in this river is very considciable, and is 
 let to sonu' lislnuongers of London. A little to the \V. of 
 this town is the remarkable vitrihed fort, called Gia g I'ha- 
 drick; the stones, composing its walls, appear to iiave been 
 partly melted by fire. Inverness is 50 miles N. E. of Fort 
 William, and lOG N. N.W. of Edinburgh. Lat. 57. 30. N. 
 Ion. 4.6. W. 
 
 INVERNE'SS, the most extensive county of Scotland, 
 bounded on the W. by the Ocean ; on the N. by Itoss shire ; 
 on the E. by the comities of Nairne, Murray, Aberdeen, 
 and I'ertli ; and on the S. by those of Perth and Argyle. Its 
 extent from N. to S. is about 45 miles; and from E. to \\. 
 75. The nortliern part is vei'y mountainous and barren. 
 Tlie woody mountains are the luuintsof stags and roes. The 
 capercailzie is also seen sometimes among the lofty pines ; 
 the heath is possessed by wild fowl; and the lofty summits 
 by ptarmigans and Alpine hares. This county has several 
 considerable lakes; being divided, in a manner, into two 
 equal parts, by Loch Ness, Loch Oicli, Loch Locliy, and 
 Loch Eil ; all which niightbe united by a canal, that woidd 
 form a communication between the two seas. The great 
 lakes in this county are seldom or never known to freeze ; 
 nuich less are the arms of the sea, even in the most northern 
 parts ofScotlan<l, subject to be frozen in the hardest seasons ; 
 while the Texel, and many bays and great rivers in Holland 
 and GcrGinny, are covered wilh ice. The southern part of 
 the shire is also very mountainous, and is supposed to be 
 the most elevated ground in Scotland. The extensive plains 
 which surround the lakes are, in general, fertile; and the 
 high grounds feed many sheep and black cattle, the rearing 
 and selling of which is the chief trade of the inhabitants. 
 Limestone, iron ore, and some traces of ditlerent minerals, 
 have been found in this county, with beautiful rock crystals 
 of various tints ; but no mines have been worked hitherto 
 with much success. The principal river is the Spey ; but 
 there arc many others of inferior note, as the Ness, Fvers, 
 (ilass, Loeliv, iVc. The people in the high parts of the 
 country, and on the western shore, speak Ciadic or Erse, 
 but the people of fashion in Inverness, and its neighbour 
 hood, use the English language, and pronounce it with pro 
 prietv. 
 
 INVE'RSE, a. [from imtrto, to turn upside down, Lat. I 
 inverted; reciprocal; opposed to direct. It is so called 
 in proportion, when tlie fourth term is so much greater than 
 the third as the second is less than the first ; or so much 
 less than tiie third, as the second is greater than tlie 
 first. 
 
 INVERSION, s. [from inrerto, to turn upside down, Lat.] 
 change of order ortime, so that the first is last or last is first. 
 In grammar, a figure whereby the words are not placed 
 in the natural and grammatical order. 
 
 To INVERT, V. a. \im:erto, from i», a particle which here 
 strengthens the signification and verto, to lurn, Lat.j to 
 change the natural order of things or words ; to turn upside 
 down, or place in a method or order contrary to that which 
 was before ; to place the first last. 
 
 INVER'TEDLY, «r/. in an unnatural order; in such a 
 manner that the first is placed last, or the last first. 
 
 To INVE'.ST, )'. «. [from in, in, and rpj^io, to clothe, Lat.j 
 to clothe or dress; when followed by two nouns, it hath 
 with or J»» before the thing. To place in possession of a
 
 INU 
 
 rank or office. To adorn, to grace ; to inclose or surround 
 a place, so as to intercept all succours, applied to sieges. 
 
 INVE'STIENT, a. [from in, in, and restio, to clotlie, Lat.] 
 covering, clothing. " Its inveslient bliell." Woodw. 
 
 INVE'STIGABLE, a. to be searched out or traced by 
 the mind. 
 
 To INVE'STIG.\TE, v. «. [im-estlgo, from restis:ium, a 
 footstep, Lat.] to search out ; to trace or find out by rea- 
 son. ; 
 
 1 NVESTIGATION, s. [investi^o, from vestigium, a foot- 
 step, Lat.] the act of the mind, by which unknown truths 
 are traced out and discovered ; an accurate examination. 
 
 INVE'STITURE, s. \inrestiture, Ft.] the act and cere- 
 mony of conferring a right or possession of any manor, office, 
 or benefice. 
 
 INVE'STMENT,*. dress; clothes; habit. 
 INVETERACY, *. [from vetus, old, Lat.] long continu- 
 ance of any thing bad. Figuratively, obstinacy confirmed 
 by time. In physic, long continuance of an\ disease. 
 
 "INVETERATE, a. [from vetus, old, Lat.] old; long esta- 
 blished ; growfl obstinate by long continuance. 
 
 To INVETERATE, v. «."[from vetus, old, Lat.] to harden, 
 or make obstinate by long practice or continuance. 
 
 INVETERATENESS.or INVKTERA'TION,*. the act 
 of hardening or confirming by long practice and continu- 
 ance. 
 
 INVI'DIOUS, a. [from invidia, envy, Lat.] envious ; ma- 
 L'gnant. Fiaruratively, likely to promote or incur hatred. 
 
 INVIT)IOUSLY, ad. iu an envious and malignant maa- 
 ner ; in a manner likely to provoke hatred. 
 
 INVI'DIOUSNESS, s. the quality of provoking envy or 
 hatred. 
 
 To INVIGORATE, r. <7. to make strong; to inspire 
 with vigour, life, and spirit. 
 
 INVIGORATION.j. the act of invigorating; the state 
 y being invigorated. 
 
 INVINCIBLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and vinen, 
 to conquer, Lat.] not to be conquered or subdued ; not to 
 be informed or removed by instruction. 
 
 INVI'NCIBLENESS, s. the quality of not being con- 
 querable. 
 
 INVIT^ICIBLY, ad. in such a manner as not to be con- 
 quered or surmounted. 
 
 INVrOLABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and violo, 
 to violate, Lat.] not to be profaned, applied to things sacred. 
 Not to be injured. Not to be broken, applied to laws or 
 secrets. Not to be hurt. 
 INVIOLABLY, nr/. without breach or failure. 
 INVl OLATE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and rivh, 
 to violate, Lat.] unhurt, or without suffering from violence. 
 Unprofancd, applied to holy things. Unbroken, applied to 
 laws or obligations. 
 
 I'NVIOUS, n. jfroniiH, a negative particle, and via, a 
 way, Lat. I not passable ; not common or trodden. 
 
 To INVrSCATE, t'. a. \invisco, from viscus, bird-lime, 
 Lat.] to lime ; to daub with any glutinous or sticking sub- 
 
 INVISIBILITY, (the* is pronounced like z in this and 
 the two following words) .5. [invisibiliti, Fr.] the state of not 
 being seen, or not being perceptible. 
 
 INVrsiBLE,n. [fromid, anegative particle, and ii'dto, to 
 see, Lat.J not to be seen. 
 
 INVI'SIBLY, ad. in such a manner as not to be seen. 
 
 INVriA TION, s. [from invito, to invite, Lat.] the act of 
 calling or summoning; tlje act of desiring a person's com- 
 pany. 
 
 To INVI TE, V. a. [invito, Lat.] to bid or request a person 
 to come to one's house, or make one of a party ; to allure. 
 
 INVITINGLY, ad. in such a maimer as allures. 
 
 INU'NCTION, J. [from in, upon, and ««/g-ao, to anoint, 
 Lat. J the act of smearing or anointing with any fat or oily 
 substance. 
 
 INUNDATION, s. [immdn, to overflow, from unrfn, a 
 wave, Lat.] the act of flowing ; a flooU, Figuratively, a 
 610 
 
 JO K 
 
 confluence or multitude of any kind. Cowley observes, that 
 inundation implies li'ss than c'tliiffe. 
 
 To I'NVOCATE, i'. a. [from in, upon, and voeo, to call, 
 Lat 1 to call upon in prayer ; to address for assistance. 
 
 INVOCATION,*, [from in, upon, and voeo, to call, Lat.] 
 the act of calling upon in prayer j the form used in address- 
 ing any being for assistance. 
 
 I'N VOICE, «. [perhaps corrupted from the French emoy- 
 ez,oi envouer, Fr. to send] a catalogue of the freight of a 
 ship, orof'^the articles shipped on board, and consigned to 
 some person in a foreign country. 
 
 To INVO'KE, v. a. [from in, upon, and voeo, to call, Lat.] 
 to call upon, address, or pray to any superior being for 
 aid. 
 
 Tc INVO'LVE, v.a. [from >n, in,:iu(li-o/i»,to wrap,Lat.J to 
 inwrap, or cover with any thing which surrounds ; to in- 
 trust or join ; to take in or comprise ; lo catch or subject to ; 
 to blend or mingle together confusedly. Synon. Persons 
 are involved in actions or afi'airs when they are far immersed 
 in them. Affairs or actions are complicated with each other 
 by their mixture and mutual depcndeuce. 
 
 INVO'LUN'TARILY, ad. not by choice : against one's 
 will ; necessarily. 
 
 INVOLUNTARY, a. [imohmtave, Fr.] not having the 
 power of choice; necessitated; not chosen or done wii 
 linglv. • 
 
 INVOLUTION, .^ [from !/i, in, and tWro, to wrap, Lat.^ 
 the act of wrapping in a thing. Figuratively, the state ot 
 being mixed, complicated or intricate; that which is wrap- 
 ped round any thing. In algebra, the raising any quantity 
 from its root to any height or power assigned. 
 
 To INURE, V. a. [from in, in, and vro, to burn, Lat.] to 
 habituate ; to accustom ; to uiake ready, willing, and aoie, 
 by practice and custom ; it generally implies hardship or 
 labour. 
 
 INUREMENT, s. practice; habit acquired by long prac- 
 tice ; use. 
 
 To INU'RN, t>. a. to put into an urn; to buryj to put 
 into a tomb. 
 
 INU'STION, *. [from in, in, and vro, to burn, Lat.j'tlje 
 act of burning or of burning in. 
 
 INUTILE, a. [from iu, a negative particle, and tailis, use- 
 ful, Lat] useless ; unprofitable. 
 
 INUTl'LITY, s. [from t«, a negative particle, and utilit, 
 useful, Lat.] want of use or profit. 
 
 INVU'LNERABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 vulnus, a wound, Lat.] not to be wounded or hurt. 
 To INWA'LL, (:inu'aull)v. a. to inclose with awjdl. 
 rNW.\RD, a. placed at a distance from the surface, or 
 outward part. 
 
 I'NWARD, s. any thing within; generally applied to the 
 bowels, and used always in the plural number. 
 
 I'NWARDLY, ad. internally ; in the mind or heart ; pri- 
 vately; in a concave form, applied to a body bent, and op- 
 posed to any convexity or protuberance outwurdly. 
 INWARDNESS,*, intimacy ; familiarity. 
 To INWE'AVE, {inweive) v. a. pret. inn-ore, or intteiwed, 
 part. pass, intvove, or inwoven ; to mix any thing in weaving; 
 to entwine or mingle. " /niTOcfii shade." JPar. Lost. 
 
 To INWRA'P, (the w is mute) v. a. to wrap or cover 
 by liohlinga thing over. Figuratively, to [lerplex, or puzzle 
 with difficulty ; to ravish, or transport. 
 
 INWRO'UGHT, (inraut) a. wrought into the substance of 
 a thing. 
 
 ToINWRE'ATII, (i«m</-) v. a. to surround as with a 
 wreath. 
 
 JOA'NNA, or Hinzd AN,oneof the Comora Islands, be- 
 tween the N. end of Madagascarand th<- contiufiitof Africa, 
 has been governed, for the last two ctnturics, l)y a colony 
 of Arabs. The face of the country is- very picturcsciue and 
 pleasing ; lofty mountains clothed to their very summits, 
 deep and rugged valleys adorned by frequent cataracts, cas- 
 cades, woods,rocks, and rivulets, intermixed, form the diver- 
 sified kodscape. Groves are seen extending over the plaint
 
 J0» 
 
 J0I1 
 
 to the Tery edge of the sea, foriiu'd |>i iutipallv L> tljc rot oa- 
 iiut liee.s, whose long and liakcti sfrtiis Icuvf ;i ( N ;ir ntni iiii- 
 inteiniptcd passage beneath; wliilc ihcir lulled and over- 
 spreading tops form a thick shade ahove, and keep oH" Ihe 
 scorehins ■''•vs o( the sun. Lat. 12. 14. S. Ion. 1 1. 18. 11. 
 
 JOl), (./()/;) a canonical hook of the Old 'I'cslaniciil, incnl- 
 catinj; the i)ractice and virtue of patience and re.^ijj- 
 nalion. 
 
 JOT', s. of iniccrtain etynio]o;;y; a small, trifling, or ca- 
 sual piece of work ; a low, mean, mercenary, and Incretive 
 employment ; a sudden stab with a sharp-pointed instru- 
 ment. ' 
 
 To .101$, t'. n. to strike suddenly with a sliarp-poinleil in- 
 strument ; to perform small pieces of «ork. ISeuterly, to 
 deal in Ihe I'unds, or in buying and selling slocks An olliirs. 
 JO BBI'.H, .V. one who buys and sells stocks for othcrji ; 
 one v\h() does cliance-woik. 
 
 JOBHERNOWL, s. [fromjohbe, Flera. and low/, .Sax.] a 
 lo^'gerhead or blocJ<hcad. 
 
 JO'CKIiY, s. a person who rides a horse at a race ; one 
 w li'i> deals in horses. Figuratively; a cheat or bite. 
 
 To JO CKEY, )'. n. to justlc in riding. Figuratively, to 
 cheat, or trick. 
 
 JOCO SE, a. [from joeus, a joke, Lat.] merry ; given to 
 jest. 
 
 JOCO'SELY, ad. ill a merry, waggish, or jesting man- 
 ner. 
 
 JOCO'SENESS, or JOCO'SITY, s. the quality of being 
 disposed to merriment or jesting. Jucvscness is most 
 used. 
 
 JO'CULAR, a, [from jocus^ a joke, Lat.] used in jest. 
 Jesting. 
 
 JOCULA'RrrY, s. a disposition to jesting ; merriment. 
 JOCUND, «. [from jocmidiis, pleasant, Lat.] merry; gay; 
 lively ; full of mirth. 
 JOCUNDLY, ad. in a merry manner. 
 JO'EL, or THE Prophecy OF Joel, a canonicul book 
 of the Old Testament. Joel was the son of Pethuel, and the 
 second of the lesser prophets. Thestyleof this prophet is 
 Ijgurative, strong, and expressive. 
 
 To JOG, V. a. [se/iocken, Belg.] to push or shake by a 
 sudden push ; to give notice, or excite a person's attention 
 by a push. Neuterly, to move on by jolts, like those felt in 
 trotting. 
 
 JOfr, s. a push or slight shake ; a sudden interruption, by 
 B push or shake ; a IiImI given by a push. 
 
 JO'(iGEI', {jvg^-er) t. one wlio pushes another lightly ; 
 one who moves dully and heavily. 
 
 To JOGGLE, V. n. to shake, or to make a thing 
 shake. 
 
 JOHN, succeeded Richard 1. bis brother, in the throne of 
 EngL'ud Apr'l f;, ]19J. He was in France when his bro- 
 ther died; w here , baving been crowned duke of Normandy, 
 be returneft \n England Alay 2.5, and was crowned the 2slh, 
 being then 32 years of age. His marriage with Isabellajof 
 Anjon before, who bad been betrothed to Fliigh earl of 
 Marcli, ruined his affairs in France. H is passion lor her was 
 so great, that, to make her his wife, he (i'ivorGed Avisa of 
 Gloucester, under pretence of consanguinity ; and without 
 scruple broke through the engagement between Isabella and 
 the carl of March. King John had an interview with the 
 king of Scotland at Lincoln, and received his homage. 
 Whilst they were there, the body of Hugh, tishop of Lin- 
 coln, reputed a saint, being brought from London to be in- 
 terred, they both went out to meet it, and taking the coffin 
 on their shoulders, bore it for some time. But notwithstand- 
 ing this and other marks of respect shewn to the clergy, king 
 John's nomination of a person to the vacant see of Lincoln 
 •was rejected with the utmost contempt bv tiie canons of that 
 church ; which was owing to Innocent III. the then pope, 
 resolving by all methods to prevent princes from having any 
 thing to do with the election of bishops and abbots. The 
 king's ill conduct at honicand abroad caused great discon- 
 tent aoiong his subjects. Tie usurped such au absolute 
 
 power.as nuide Iheniaiprehensive thai llicir liljei lies were u, 
 danger. This alarnx-d ilie nobility, and put them upon form- 
 ing schemes lo oppose his arbitrary proceedings. Tlie I'oic- 
 fevins having revolled, ihe kinu; suuMiion<<i the barons to at- 
 tend liimat I'ortsmoulh, in ortler to | ass over with iiim info 
 France ; but ihe barons, w ho assembh (I at Leicesler.refused 
 to go orer with him, unless he \Miuld first restore them to 
 their privileges, as he had promised before his coronation. 
 The king, instead of gi\ iny them any satisl'aclion, began lo 
 lake violent measures against Iheui ; and lliey, not Ix'ing suf- 
 fici<nlly prepare tl for iheir defence, at last submiUed, and 
 came to llie king at Portsmouth ; but \\ lien they were c(.iiic, 
 he dispensed with their atlendance, upon their paying liiin 
 two marks of silver for every knight's fee. King Jolin went 
 over lo Normandy, having sent llie earl of Pendjroke tliillier 
 wllli some troops hefon' him ; and what by the arras of Philip 
 king of France, his policy and intrigues, and what by the un- 
 accountable negligence and iiuiclivity of John, the wli(;!« 
 province of Normandy was re-uniled to the crown of France, 
 in the year 1204, after it had been severed from it ,320 years, 
 during Ihe government of twelve dukes, of which king John 
 was Ihe last ; and nolhiug was left to John but the duchy of 
 (juiemie. But \\hat seemed to render Ji>hn completely hate- 
 ful lo his subjects, was Ihe murder of his nephew Arthur, 
 who, by an indiscreet ardour in his military enterprises, 
 bad fallen into Ihe hands of his uncle, and was shut up in 
 the castle <if Koueti. It was at midnight when John came in 
 a boat to the place, and ordered Ihe young prince to be 
 brought before him. Long continement, solitude, and the 
 continuance of bad fortune, had now broken this generous 
 youth's si>irit ; and perceiving that his death was meditated, 
 lie threw himself in the most imploring manner upon his 
 knees before his uncle, and begged for mercy. John was 
 too much hardened in the school of tyranny to feel any pity 
 for his wretched suppliant. Ilisyoulh, his affinity, his me- 
 rits, were all disregarded, orwere evi n obuoxii ns in a rival. 
 The barbarous tyrant, making no reply, stabbed iiijii wjih 
 his own hands ; and fastening a stone to the dead body,threiv 
 it into the Seine. This inhuman action thus rid John of ait 
 hated rival ; hut, happily for the instrwction of after princes, 
 it opened the way to his future ruin. Having in this manner 
 shewn himself the enemy of mankind, in the prosperity of 
 his reign, the whole world seemed to turn their back upon 
 bini in his distress. About this time died queen Eleanor, wi- 
 dow of Hcni;y II. and mother of John. Hubert, archbishop of 
 Canterbury, died in 1203, John de Gray, bishop of Nor- 
 wich, was, by the king's recommendation, chosen by the 
 whole fraternity, whom pope Innocent III. refused to cou- 
 firm, and ordered them to chuse cardinal Stephen Langton, 
 an Englishman then at Home, threatening them with excom- 
 munication unless they complied, which at last ihey did with 
 great reluctance; and the pope immediately confirmed the 
 election, and consecrated Langton with his own ha-nds. John, 
 imagining this to have been the act of the whole body, ex- 
 pelled all the monks of St. Austin from their monastery, and 
 banished them out of the kingdom. He wrote a sharp letter 
 to the pope, upbraiding him with his unjust proceedings,and 
 threatened to break off all intercoui'se with' Rome, unless he 
 revoked what he had done. But Innocent, bent upon carry- 
 ino; his point, laid the whole kingdom underan interdict ; the 
 effect of which was, that divine service ceased in all the 
 churches, and the sacraments ceased lobe administered, ex- 
 cept to infants and dying persons ; the churchyards shut 
 up, and the dead buried without any priest daring to assist 
 at the funerals. King John, to be even w ith tfie pope, con- 
 fiscated the estates of all the ecclesiastics wbo obeyed the in- 
 terdict ; he also ordered all the concubines of the priests, of 
 which there were many, to be shut up in prison, and would 
 not let them out without their paying large fines. And as 
 ther^e were some priests, who, in spite of the interdict, ad- 
 ministered the sacraments, the ki-ng took there under his pro- 
 tection, and ordered the magistrates to hang on the spot all 
 that should molest them ; which as soon as the pope was ii». 
 formed of, be excommunicated all such asd^bcyed ihe iiv
 
 jon 
 
 JOH 
 
 terdict, or coniplii'd wiili tlie kin;,''s orders. Tlioii;;li John 
 reuiaincd slill intiexiljli', lie «as not ^illioiil liis ('f<irs, as llic 
 people generally took ii;\rt \\illi llit |Kjpo ; :im(I llierefore, (or 
 liis lietter security, lie niised an luniy under pretence of 
 liiakin^ war upon 5coli;nid, and caused all his vassals to re- 
 new their lionia;,'c lo him. 'I'iic pope, iindin^ that the iii'er- 
 dict, whieli liail hceri in fi;ice almve a \ear, had not pro- 
 duced the eilect he deiijjnid, proceeded to eNconiuiiuiieate 
 the kini;, ihim^h the bent< nee was not puhlished till some 
 lime al'ii-i-. In the mean time John led hisarmy into Ireland, 
 H^'aiusl tliekiiigof Connauijht, \\liohad raised some distur- 
 bances liiere. At Duldin he received the homage ofahove 
 thirty petty princes ; al'terwhich, havini; taken the king of 
 Coiniaught prisoner, an end Mas put to this eommotion, and 
 the whole island remained in ohedience to the kinj;, who, be- 
 fore his departure, caused the laws and customs of England 
 to be eslal)lished in Irelaiiu. 'J'lie pope absolved John's sub- 
 jects from their allegiance, sole:;ndy deposed him, and em- 
 powered the kin;^'of France to put the sentence into execu- 
 tion, promising him remiasion from all hi-, sins, together with 
 the crown of I'.ngland. as soon as he should have dethroned 
 the tyrant. Accordingly, I'liillii) made great preparations to 
 invade England. In this crisis, I'andulph came over with 
 the cliaraeter of legate to England ; and so wrought upon the 
 king's fears, that he resigned the kingdom of England and 
 lordship of Irelaiul to the pope, and acknowledged himself 
 a vassal of the holy see. Pliillip, not« ilhstandingtho pope's 
 prohibiliou, still continued his preparations for invading 
 England, nhich the earl of Eianders opposing, he sent his 
 fleet to liis coast ; whereupon John sent a fleet under 
 tlie earl of Sali.-luiry, which totally destroyed the French 
 fleet ; and this put a stop to rhillip's designs against 
 England. And now llie discontents of the barons having 
 risen to a great height, and cardinal Langton siding with 
 them, he shewed them the charter of king Iltnry L advising 
 them to make it the ground of tiuir demands. Hereupon 
 they entered into a confederacy to stand by one another, till 
 their grievances were redressed, and their antient privileges 
 were confirmed. Upon the king's return from France, the 
 barons, liaving prepared themselves for war, in c;:se the king 
 should refuse to comply with their deniand.s in a peaceable 
 way, came in a body lo the king aboiit Christmas, and in- 
 sisted on the restitution of the laws of St. Edward. The 
 king was al'raid to give them a Hat denial, but told 'theni 
 they should have an answer at Easter ; at which time, in the 
 jeaV 1215, the great men, with above 20U0 knights, well 
 mounted and armed, besides other horse and foot, met at 
 Stand'ord, and advanceilto ineet the king at Oxford ; who, 
 being afraid to trust himself with them in conference, dis- 
 patched (he carl of Pembroke to know their demands. They 
 immediately sent back a long writing, containing the laws 
 and customs of the kingdom in the time of the Saxons; and 
 declared, if tiie king would not conlirm them, they would 
 compel him to it by seizing his castles. John, having read 
 over the articles, i'ell into a violent passion, ami swore he 
 would ncvi r comply wi'.h them ; upon which the barons 
 tliose a general knight, l'"itzwalter, giving him the title of 
 l\tarshal of the Army ol'God.aiul of the holy Church; and 
 inarching lo Ijondon, were received by the citizens, and be- 
 sieged the king in the Tower. The king sent the earl of 
 Pembroke to let tiieni know he woidd comidy with their 
 deniauds. Accordingly, both parties nueting on a day ap- 
 pointed, in a nwadovv calleil iluinivnu'de, between Stains 
 and Windsor, the king, seennngly with a good v\ill, though 
 compelled lo it by force, signed two charters, containing all 
 that the barons desired ; the one called the Charier of Li- 
 bert i<Ni, or the (; real Charter, (Magna Chart a,) and the other 
 the Charter of Forests. They were not oidy signed by the 
 king, but by all the lords spiritual and temporal, si'aled with 
 tile great sial, and conlirmi'd by the king's solemn oath. 
 But the king soon repented ofwhat he had done,and sent over 
 Ills confidants into Gerinanv, Fraiite, and Flanders, toen- 
 list men, promising theui t'le confiscated estates of his re- 
 612 
 
 hellions barons, as he called them. I le also wrote lo the pope, 
 who zealously espoused his cause, excommunicated the ba- 
 rons, annulled the charters, and absolved the king from the 
 oath he had taken to observe them. However, tlie barons 
 made light of the pope's thunderings, and seized upon Ro- 
 chester, where was a vast quantity of provisions which 
 the king had laid up. But the foreign army being arrived, 
 v.lio were very niuiieroiis, all soldiers of fortune, Johnretook 
 llochester ; and then dividing his army into two bodies, the 
 earl of Salisliury with one, ravaged the southern counties, 
 whilst the king w itii the otiier did the same by the nortlieru. 
 'J'lie barons, finding themselves not strong enough to keep 
 the field, shut themselves up in London. In this distress 
 they had recourse to a dangerous expedient ; which was, to 
 invite over Le^^is, son to the king of France, promising ta 
 place the crown on his head, if he would come with a force 
 sulficient to rescue them from the tyranny of John. Phillip 
 sent over his son with a niinierons army, notwithstanding 
 the pope's prohibition, and his 'hreatening prince Lewis 
 with excommunication, the moment he set foot on English 
 ground. That prince landed March 21, 1210, and soon made 
 himself master of the whole county of Kent, except Dover 
 castle. He then marched to London, where the barons and 
 citizens took the oaths of allegiance to him. From this time 
 he acted as sovereign. In the mean time John was in per- 
 petual motion, marching from place to place, by all means 
 avoiding coming to battle. His grief at length threw him 
 into a fever, of which he died at Newark, October IS, 
 1216, in th,51st year of his age, and ISlh of his reign, and 
 was buried in the cathedial of Worcester. John was in his 
 person taller than the middle size, of a ^oa(\ shape ami agree- 
 able countenance. With respect to his disposition, we find 
 him slothful, shallow, pioud, imperious, sudden, rash, cruel, 
 vindictive, perfidious, cowardly, libidinous, and iiiconslant ; 
 abject in adversity, arid overhearing in success ; contemned 
 and hated by his subjects, over whom he tyrannized to the 
 utmost of his power; abhorred by the clergv, whom he 
 oppressed with exactions; and despised by all the neigh- 
 bouring princes of Europe. Nevertheless it must be owned 
 that his reign is not altogether barren of laudable transac- 
 tions. He regulated the form ot the civil government in 
 the city of London, and several other places in the kingdom ; 
 lie was the first who coined sterlini; money, introduced the 
 laws of England into Ireland, and granted to the Cinque- 
 Ports those privileges of which they are still possessed. 
 
 JOHN O'GROATS HOUSi:, the rcmanis of the noted, 
 house, reckoned the most northerly dwelling in Scotland, 
 and so called from a family of the name of Groat, who for- 
 merly resided here, and to whom the village and ferry, from 
 Ihis place to the Orkneys, belonged. It is situated cue mile 
 W. of Duncansby or Uungsby Head. 
 
 JOHN, Saint, (the Evangelist) was by birth a Galilean^ 
 by trade a fisherman, as was his father Zebedee, and his 
 brother St. James, and from this occupation they were both 
 called to be discij)les and apostles of our blessed Saviour. 
 He is called the disciple whom Jesus in a particular manner 
 loved. He wrote the gospel which goes by his name, in 
 which the divinity and Ciodhcad of our Sa\i(nir is dearly 
 asserted, against the Gnostics, who began even in that early 
 age to deny it. He wrole also three epistles; the Isl, ca- 
 tholic or general; the other two addressed to difl'erent 
 persons, w.hicli liave always been very highly esteemed in 
 all ages of ihechurch. He is also, by ahnost all Ihe aniients, 
 acknowledged to be the author of the iiook ol'ihe Uevela- 
 tion, which he wrole rthile under banishment in Ihe isle of 
 Patmos; whither he was sent by Ihe tyrant nomilian, who, 
 as Tertullian w rites, had before this c(uninaiidid him, for Ids 
 strict adherence lo the Christian failli, to be thrown inio a 
 cauldron of bnrningor boiling oil ; hut from this danger i'e 
 was miraculously delivered, and lived lo return, under the 
 emperor Nerva, to Ephesus, where he died at the age of an 
 hiinilred years, and was there biiiiid. 
 
 JOHNA ITLE, J. a good sharp juicy apple.
 
 JON 
 
 JOHN'S WORT, s. in botany, an herb which is reckoned 
 useful in spitting' blood and various other disorders. 
 
 To JOIN, V. a. [jdindre, Fr.] to add oiM» thing to another; 
 to couple or combine ; to unite in concord ; to unite ; to 
 touch, or be contiguous ; to unite with in marriage, or any 
 other league ; toasso<iate ; to act in concert with. Neuter- 
 ly, to grow to; to adhere; to close; to dash; to become 
 cont'eileriite. 
 
 JOl'NEK.s. one who makes utensils by joining ditierent 
 portions of wood toi;ellier. 
 
 JO'INl^RY, s. an art whereby seyeral pieces of wood are 
 so fixed and joined together, that they seem one entire 
 piece. 
 
 JOINT, J. [/oiH<«re, Fr.] the articulation of the limbs, or 
 union of nuiveable bones m animal bodies ; an hinge, or an 
 union of diHereut substances which are let into each other, 
 so as to be capable of jiioving without breaking or separat- 
 ing ; a limb of an animal separated by a butcher from the 
 rest of a carcase ; a knot in wood. Out of joint, is applied 
 to a bone that is luxated or slipped from the socket in which 
 it is used to move ; and also to imply disonler, cojifusion, or 
 disturbance, &c. 
 
 JOINT, n. shared amonp; many. " Joint property." 
 Loche. United or parlakin;; in llie same possession; hence 
 jouit heir. Combined or acting in concert. 
 
 To JOINT, V. a. to unite in a confederacy. To form 
 many parts into one. To form in articulations, or in such a 
 manner as to move wilbiuit breaking or se[)arating. To cut 
 or divide a carcase at the joints. 
 JO'INTKD, a. having joinis ; fidl of joints or knots. 
 JOINTER, s. \n cmpenlry, a sort of plane. 
 JO'INTLY, ad. togclber, opposed to separately. In a 
 stale of union or combination, applied to the action of difl'e- 
 reiit persons or things. 
 
 JO'lNTl'ICSS, s. [iVom j'oi'idoc] a woman who holds any 
 thing in jointure. 
 
 JO IN'l". STOOL, s. a stool made by joints, or in such a 
 manner that the legs, sides, and top.joint each other. 
 
 JO'INTUUl'j, 4-. [jointure, Fr.] in law, an estate settled 
 on a «ifi', to beeujwyed after the death of her husband. 
 
 JOIST, s. I from /o(nf//c, Fr.] in architecture, a piece of 
 timber, framed into tiiegirders.on which the boards of floors 
 are laid. 
 
 To JOIST, 1'. a. to fit in the smaller beams on which the 
 boards of a floor are laid. 
 
 JOKK, J. [jonts, Lat.] a jest or witty expression that 
 causes a smile, or raises a laugh. 
 
 To JOKE, V. n. [joeor, from jocns, a joke, Lat.] to jest; or 
 to endeavour merrily to divert by words and actions; to tell 
 a pleasing fiction. 
 JO'KI')K,»-. a jester; a merry fellow. 
 JOLE, s. [qiieiile, Fr.] the face or cheek. It is seldom 
 used but in the phrase of cheek by jole. The head of a 
 fish. 
 
 ToJOLL, I', a. [from jo//, the head] to beat the head 
 against anv ihing. 
 JO'Ll.lL Y, nd. [from joNi/] in a disposition to noisy mirth. 
 JO'LLINESS, or JOLLITY, *. [from jolly] gaiety ; ele- 
 vation of spirit ; merriment ; noisy mirth. 
 
 JO'LLY, a. [ jovialis, Lat. from Jupiter or Jove, the prin- 
 cipal of the heathen gods.] gay ; merry: cheerful; full of 
 mirth and spirits. Figuratively, plump, like a person in full 
 health. 
 
 To JOLT, (jolt) V. 71. [etymology unknown] to shake or 
 shock, as a carriage in a rough road. 
 
 JOLT, (jolt) s. a shock given by a carriage travelling in 
 B rough road. 
 
 JO'LTHEAD, {jbhheail) s. a great head ; a blockhead. 
 JO'NAH, the sou of Amittai, the tifth of the smaller pro- 
 p?iets, was a Galilean, and a native of Gathhepher. 
 
 lO'NIC ORDER, s. the third of theliv^ orders of archi- 
 tccture, being a kind of mean between the robust and deli- 
 cute orders. 
 JO'NKIOPING, or JoRTFRKOPiNG,ato\vn of Sweden, 
 
 3U 
 
 JOY 
 
 capital of the province of Sraoland, and seat of the gnpcrior 
 court of justice for Gothland. The houses are chiefly of wood 
 covered with turf; for, excepting the largest towns and 
 countrv seats, few of the buildings in Sweeden are roofed 
 with tiles. They are principally covered with turf or moss ; 
 no thatching being used, as both too dear, and too danger- 
 ous in cases of (ire. In order to keep out the rain, large 
 layers of birch bark arc spread over tiie timber-work of the 
 roof, and covered with turf or moss. These turf r(jofs make 
 a singular appearance, many of them producing herbage, 
 which is occasionally cut for the use of the cattle ; and a few 
 are ornamented with flowers. The town, which contains 
 about :3CM)0 inlxibitants, and has a manufacture of arms, is 
 sealed on theS. side of the Lake Wetter, 50 miles N. \V of 
 Calmar. Lat. 67. 48. N. Ion. 14. 7. K. 
 
 JONQUI'LLK, s. ljo"</'iille, Fr.] in botany, a yellow 
 flower; a species of datt'oilil. 
 
 JORDAN, a river of I'alestine, which rises in the moun- 
 tain of Antilibanus, and running from N. toS. passes ihrongji 
 the sea of Galilee or lake of Tiberius, and empties itself into 
 the Dead .Sea. 
 
 JO'RDEN, J. [ffor and den, Sax.] a chamberpot or close- 
 stool pan. 
 
 To JO'STILE, V. a. \joustcr, Fr.] to rusii or run against a 
 person. 
 
 JO'SHUA, a canonical book of (he Old Testament, con- 
 taining the history of die wars and transactions of the person 
 whose name it bears. The whole comprehends a term of 
 seventeen, or, according to others, of twenty seven years. 
 
 JOT, J. [from the Greek letter iota\ a point ; a tittle; the 
 least quantity that can be assigned. 
 
 JO'VIAL, «. [jovialis, from Jupiter or .Tove, the largest 
 planet in the solar system,] in astrology, under the influe'nce 
 of Jupiter. Gay; airy; elated with mirth. 
 JO'VIALLY, ad. in a merry, airy, or gay manner. 
 JO'VLXLNE^S, s. the quality or state of being merry. 
 JO'URNAL, (jurnal) s. [journal, Fr.] a diary ; an ac- 
 count of a person's daily transactions ; any news-paper 
 published daily or weekly, and containing the news of every 
 day. In navigation, a book wherein is kept an account of 
 the ship's way at sea, the changes of the wind, and other oc- 
 currences. 
 
 JOURNALIST, [jiirnalist\ s. a writer of daily newi- 
 papers. 
 
 JOU[RNEY, (the o in this word and ils compounds and 
 derivatives is not pronounced, as jumei/, jumei/mav, Ac.) j. 
 [journie, Fr.] the distance travelled in a day. FigurativelT, 
 travel by land, distinguished frorj that by sea, which isstjied 
 a voyage. Passage from one place to another. 
 
 To JOURNEY, V. n. to travel or pass from one place to 
 another. 
 
 JOURNEYMAN, s. [joumie, Fr. and man] a person hired 
 to work by the day ; at present extended to signify a person 
 who works under a master. 
 
 JOURNEY>yORK, j. [jom-nie, Fr. and worh] work 
 performed for hire or wages. 
 
 JOUST, (jiM<)^. [joust, Fr.J a tilt or tournament, wherein 
 the combatants tight with spears, Ac. 
 
 To JOUST, ijust) V. a. [jouster, Fr.] to run in I he tilt. 
 JOY, s. \joye, Fr.] a delight of the mind arising from the 
 considcrationof apresent, orassured approaching possession 
 ofa future good ; the mirth or noise which arises from sui 
 cess ; gladness ; pleasure ; happiness. 
 
 To JOY, V. 71 to rejoice ; to l>e glad. Actively, to eon 
 gratnlate ; to affectwithjoy. To enjoy. 
 
 JO'YFUL, a. full of joy or pleasure ou the possession, or 
 certain expectation, of some good. 
 
 JO'YFULLY, ad. with gladness or pleasure, on account 
 of possession, or certain expectation of some future good. 
 
 JO'YFULNESS, s. the quality of receiving orfeeling plea- 
 sure on the consideration of some present, or certain expec- 
 tation of some future, good. 
 JO'YLESS, a. without joy ; deprived of pleasure ; sad. 
 JO'YOUS, a. [jmjeur, Fr.J glad ; gay ; merry j delighted.
 
 IRE 
 
 IRO 
 
 I 
 
 IPECACUA'XHA, r. in the ^Materia Modlca, is an Tn- 
 diaii loot, of wliicli ilu-re are two kinds, distinsiiisliod by 
 their colour, and bnmglit from ditlereiil places, but both pos- 
 sessing tlie same virtues, thbu^di in a difierent decree. Tlie 
 one is gray, and bro'u^dit from P<:.a ; tiie other brown, and 
 broufjht from the Brazils. The ;^ray Ipecacuanha is prefera- 
 ble to the brown, as the latter is apt to operate more roughly. 
 It is an excellent, mild, and safe emetic, a noble restriusent, 
 and the greatest of all remedies fora dysentery. 
 
 I'PSWICH, an anticnt and populous, but irregularly 
 built town of Sutlolk, seated on the river Orwell, near the 
 lace where the fresh and salt water meet, formin^^ a sort of 
 ialf-moon, or crescent, on its bank. Across the river there 
 is a bridge leading; to subui h Stoke Handet. Here are seve- 
 ral public build inijs and a custom-house, w.ith a good quay. 
 It hasdecliued, however, fidm its former consequence ; the 
 nianufaclures of broadcloth and canvass are at an end ; ami 
 its present commerce depends upon the malting and e\poi- 
 tationof corn to London, and timber to the difierent dock- 
 yards. It has a considerable coasting trade, and a small share 
 of foreign commerce, and has lately sent ships to Greenland. 
 Vessels of great burden are obliged to stop atsome distance 
 below the town. It is IS miles N. E. of Colchester, and C!) 
 N. E. of London. Markets on Tuesday and Thursday tor 
 small meat, on Wednesday and Fridav for fish, and on Si- 
 turday for provisions of all kinds. This town is noted for 
 being the birth-place of cardinal Wolsey. 
 
 IRASCIBLE, a. [from iriisciir, to be angry, Lat.] easily 
 provoked to anger ; belonging to the passions of anger. 
 
 IRE, Fr. s. [from irn, anger^Lat.J hatred arising from con- 
 sidering a thing as capable of aflecting, or having afiecied 
 )lSj with an injurv. 
 
 rilEBY or JERBY, an anticnt town of Cumberla;-,d, E. 
 of the road between Cockermouth and Wigton, and near 
 the source of the river Elen. It is 10 miles N. E. of Cocker- 
 mouth, and 299 N. N. W. of London. Market on Thuisday. 
 . I'REFUL, ff. angry ; raging. 
 
 I'REFULLY, ad. in a mariner which shews great anger. 
 • IRELAND, one of the British islands, lying to ihe W. of 
 that of Great Britain. It is bounded on the E. by St. George's 
 Channel, or the Irish sea, which separates it from England 
 and Wale's ; on the K. I'-, by a channel about 20 miles broad, 
 which separates it from Scotland ; and on every other side 
 by the ocean. It lies between Ion. .3. 43. and 10. 38. W. 
 and between lat. 51. 15. aixl ."w. 13. N. being ahont 287 
 miles in length, and 155 in breadth. It is divided into four 
 provinces, viz. Ulster on the north ; Rlunster on the soulh ; 
 Lcinster on the east ; and Connaughl on the \ve.st. 'J'luse 
 are subdivided into 32 counties, ^ iz. (barlow, Dublin, Kil- 
 dare, Kilkenny, King's County, Longford, Lowlh, IMealh, 
 Queen's County, West iNlealh, Wexford, Wicklow, in the 
 
 Brovince of Lcinster. Antrim, Armagh, Cavan, Down, 
 'onegal, Fermanah, Londonderry, Monagl^m, am! Tyrone, 
 ill the province of Ulster. Clare, Cork, Kerry, Limerick, 
 Tipperary, and Waterford, in the province of Muuiter. 
 Galway, Leitrim, Mayo, Roscommon, and Sligo, in the pro- 
 vince of Connaiighf. The air is mild and temperate, being 
 cooler in summer, and warmer in winter, than in Iviighind '; 
 though it is not so clear and pure, nor so proper for riiiening 
 corn and fruits. It is more humid than in I'ingland ; but this 
 quality is pretty much mended, and will he more so, when 
 tlie bos;s and morasses arc drained. In general, it is a fruil- 
 tul co'.nitry, well watered with lakes and rivers ; and the soil. 
 inmost parts, is very good and lerlile; even in those? [ilaces 
 where the tnjgs and morasses have been drained, there is 
 pood meadow (ground. It produces corn, homp, and Ha\, 
 in jfreat plenty ; and the herdsof cattle are so numerous, that 
 their beef and butter are exported into foreign parts; the 
 English, and foreign ships, freepiently conn; to victual in 
 Irish ports. The pi incipal riches and commodities of Ire- 
 land are, catlle, hides, wool, tallow, suet, butter, cheese, 
 wood, salt, honev, wax, furs, hemp, and more especially line 
 linen cloth, which they have brought to great 'perfediou, 
 und tlieir trade in it is vastly Increascit. ' Tli'is countrv is 
 611 
 
 exceedingly well situated for foreign trade, and has many 
 secure and commodious ba\s, creeks, and harbours, espe- 
 cially on the W. coast. Their laws ditlered but little from 
 those of England ; and the national establishment of religion 
 was the same. The members of parliament usually sat for life, 
 nnless upon the demise of the king of Great Britain; but, in 
 1768, their parliaments were made octennial. Formerly 
 tliis kingdom was entirely subordinate to that of Great Bri- 
 tain, wiiose parliament could make laws to bind the people 
 of Ireland ; and an append might be made from their courts of 
 justice to the house of lords in England ; but, in 1782, it was 
 declared, that although Ireland was an iii)|)erial ejojni, inse- 
 parably annexed to that of Britain (on which connection the 
 interest and happiness of both nations essentially depended) 
 yet the AiM^r/om of Ireland was distinct, with a parliament of 
 \*s own, and that no body of men were com pe.U-nt to make 
 laws for Ireland, except the kiii;r, lords, and commons there- 
 of. .\m\ some time after, this declaration being thought in- 
 sufficient, the British legislature, by an express act of par- 
 liament for that |)urpose, relinquished all claim of right toin- 
 tertere with the jutigmenf of the Irish courts, or io make 
 laws to bind Inland in time to come. However, in 1801, 
 an union of the two governments took place, under the 
 title of the L^nifed Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. 
 Ireland now sends 4 spiritual and 28 temporal lords, and 100 
 commoners, to meet in the imperial parliament. The lord 
 lieutenant of Ireland, as well as the council, are appointed, 
 from time to time, by the king. The native Irish are de- 
 scribed as impatient of abuse and injury, quick of appre- 
 hensi'on, implacable in resentment, ar(lent in all tlieir atf'cc- 
 tions, and remarkably hospitable. In the country there 
 "certainly remains a great deal of this amiable national charac- 
 teristic, and even in their towns formality and etiquette are 
 oflen so lost in hearty salutations, and a familiar manner of 
 address, that the stranger soon feels himself at home, .nnj 
 imagines Ihe people about him all relations. There aresoinfe 
 considerable mountains in Ireland, the chief of which aro 
 the Knock Patrick, Shew Blocmy, and Curlieu hills. Of .-iU 
 its bogs, that called the Bos; of Allen is the most consider- 
 able. The chief lakes are Lough Lean, Longh Erne, Lough 
 Neagh, and Lough Coribb ; and its princpal rivers are the 
 Shannon, Boyne, Barrow, Lift'ey, Nore, and Snir. This 
 country is said to have been formerly full of woods, but the 
 case is now' so different, that it has been found necessary to 
 plant new ones, and to give parliamentary encouragement 
 icix their preservation and increase. The mineral produc- 
 tions of this country have been little known till of lateyears', 
 the natives in general having given themselves (at least for 
 Some centuries past) little trouble about them. Ncverlhe^ 
 less, copper, lea<l, iron, and even sih er ores, have been found 
 ill the Irish mines; some vestiges of works of this sort ap- 
 pear at Clonlarf, on the edge of Dublin Bay. In the county 
 of Antrim, there is amine which consists of a mixture of 
 silver and lead, every 30lb of lead ore protlucing about a 
 pound of silver. There is another in Connanght, of the 
 same kind ; and one still richer in Wicklow. About 12 
 miles from Limerick, two mines have been discovered, one 
 of copper, and tlifc other of lead. Iron mines are dispersed 
 all over the kingdom. There are likewise quarries of marble, 
 slate, and freestone, and the earth produces, in various 
 places, coal and turf for tiring. 
 
 I'RIS, ,^. I Eat.] the rainbow. In philosophy, an appear- 
 ance of light resembling the rainbow. In bolauv, ihf 
 flower-dc luce. In anatomy, the circle round the pupil of 
 the eye, from whence it receives the appellation of black) 
 blue, iVc. according to the colour. 
 
 'io HliC, V. a. [ijrh, Isl.J to give pain, or make weary, used 
 only impersonally ; as, " It irks me." Win/;. 
 
 I'RKsOME, «. wearisome ; atl'ectiiig with pain or trou- 
 ble, i 
 I'llKSOMELY, ad. in such a manner ns to pain, weary. 
 or trouble. 
 
 1 RK.SOMENESS, J. lediousncss ; wearisoniencss. ' 
 
 ' rilON, s. \ircn, Sax.] a well-known nivtul. {rim-\i
 
 iRR 
 
 IRR 
 
 pli'iiliftilly and universally dlHiisocI tliroiijiliout nature, pcr- 
 vad'mj,' alriiost cverj tlliti)^, ami isltie cliiet"c;tiise,ot'colouriil 
 earths aiui stones. It may be delected in plants and in ani- 
 mal fluids. It is found in grp'4t niassps-, and in various states, 
 in tlie bowels of the earth in must parts of the world. Pure 
 iron is sott and ductile, and when dissolved has a sweet and 
 styptic taste, and emits a peculiar smell when rubbed 
 Jtronyly ; it is attracted by the magnet and has the pro- 
 perty of becoming' itself magnetic. It is fused with great 
 (lilficulK, but it gives tire by collision with flint. Iron is 
 one of tlie most useful substances in llie world, as every thing 
 we possess is manufactured by its means. When converted 
 into steel it is employed in various ways, especially for 
 edge-tools, all which are formed in part w ilh this metal, from 
 the ponderous pit-saw to llie finest lancet. Its oxydes are 
 3sed in painting, enamelling, dying, and in medicine. Any 
 Jnstrument or utensil made of iron ; as, a flat iron., box tVow, 
 orsmoolliing i'roH. A chain, shackle, or manacle ; as, "he 
 was put in iriiiis." In these two last senses it has a plural. 
 
 I'KON, a. made of iron ; resembling ir(U] in colour. Fi- 
 eunilively, harsh ; severe; rigid. Indissoluble; unbroken. 
 Hard ; impenetrable. 
 
 To I RON, V. a. to smooth with an iron ; to put on shac- 
 kles or irons. 
 
 IRCNICAL, s. in an ironical or sneering manner. 
 
 IRO'NICAI.LY, atl. by the use of irony. 
 
 I'RONMOiN'GER, «. one who deals in iron. 
 
 TRON-IMOULDS, s. in mineralogy, yellow lumps of 
 earth or stone found inchalii-pitsalmiii the Cliillern in Ox- 
 fordshire, and elsewhere ; being in reality a kind of pyrites, 
 or indigested iron-ore. 
 
 rilONVVOOD, s. a hard kind of wood, so ponderous as to 
 sink in water. 
 
 I'RONWORT.s. a ulantwith purplish spikes of male and 
 'cmale flowers, found on high chalky pastures and moist 
 meadows; called also burnet. 
 
 I'RONY, a. made of iron ; partaking of iron. 
 
 I'RONY, s. [eironda,\ from euiiii, a dissembler, Gr.] in 
 rhetoric, a figure wherein a person means one thing and ex- 
 presses another ; generally used as a sneer, and in com- 
 mending a person for finalities which he has not. 
 
 IRRA'DIANCK.or IRRA'DIANCY, .«. \in-mlw, from ra- 
 dins, a ray, Lat.Jthe emission of rays of light on any sub- 
 ject; a sparkling; beams of glittering light emitted or re- 
 necled. 
 
 To IRRA'DIATE, v. a. [in-adin, from radius, a ray, Lat.] 
 to brighten. To illumine, applied to the mind. To ani- 
 mate with heat or rays. To adorn with something sliin- 
 
 Irradiation, «. [In-adio, from ladlns, a ray, Lat.] the 
 act of emitting beams of light, or glittering ; the state of a 
 thing made to jjlitter. Illuminatiou, or knowledge, applied 
 to the mind. 
 
 IRRATIONAL, (i)To«7iOHa?) a. [from in, a negative parti- 
 cle, and ratio, reason, Lat.Jvoid of reason or understanding, 
 void of the powers of reason ; absurd or conliary.to rea- 
 son. 
 
 IRRATIONA'LITY, {irrnshonuhtu) s. the quality of be- 
 ing void of reason. 
 
 IRRATIONALLY, {irnUhonally) ad. in a manner incon- 
 sistent with reason : absurdly. 
 
 IRRECLAIMABLE, a. not to be altered by instruction, 
 threats, or persuasions. 
 
 IRRECONClLEABLE.rt. [iVitm^iiVmi/e, Fr.] not to be 
 appeased or made to agree. 
 
 IRRFCONCI'LEABLENESS, t. impossibility to be re- 
 conciled. 
 
 IRRKCONCrLE.\BLY, ad. in a manner not ludmitting 
 a reconciJiation. 
 
 IRRECONCl'LED, a. not atoned, orexpiated. 
 
 IRRKCO'VERABLF, a. not to be regained, restored, or 
 repaired ; not to be remedied. 
 
 IRRECO'VER ABLY, nd. in a manner beyond recovery. 
 Of i)a.si all cure or rewedv.. 
 
 IRREDU'CIBLE, a. not to be reduced. 
 
 IRREFRAGABi'LlTY, s. strungth of argument not to b« 
 refuted. 
 
 IRREFRAGABLE, «. [irrefrafrable, Fr.j not to be con- 
 futed, applied to argument. 
 
 IRRLFRA'GABLY, «(/. in such a manner as not to be 
 confuted. 
 
 IRREFUTABLE, «. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 re/iUo, to refute, Lat. J not to be overthrown or confuted. 
 
 IRRE'GULAR, «. [from in, a negative particle, and rc- 
 guta, a rule, Lat.] deviating from, or contrary to, any rule, 
 standard, custom or nature ; immethodical ; not consistent 
 with the rules of moralitv. 
 
 lUREGL'LA'UITY, s.'lirrefruhritc, Fr.] the act of deviat- 
 ing from, or doing any thing contrary to, a rule ; neglect of 
 method or order; an action done contrary to the rules of 
 ni(ir.ili!v. 
 
 IRRE'GULARLY, «(/. without observation or rule, me- 
 thod or duty. 
 
 To IRRE'GULATE, v. a. [from tn, a negative particle, 
 and rcgtila, a rule, Lat.] to make irregular ; to disturb the 
 order of time. 
 
 IRRELATIVE, n. [from in, a negative particle, and relti- 
 tiims, related, Lat.] having no reference or relation to any 
 thing ; single ; unconnected. 
 
 IRRELIGION, s. [incligioii, Fr.] contempt or want of 
 religion. 
 
 IRRELIGIOUS, a. [irriligieux, Fr.] contemning or hav- 
 ing no religion ; impious ; contrary to religion. 
 
 IRRELI'dllOUSLY, ad. in an impious manner. 
 
 IRREMEABLE, a. [from i>i, a negative particle, and re 
 mm, to return, Lat.J not to be repassed ; admitting no re- 
 turn. 
 
 IRREMEDIABLE, a. [irremediable, Fr.] admitting no 
 cure or remedy. 
 
 IRREMEDIABLY, ad. in a manner admitting no cure 
 or remedy. 
 
 IRREMI'SSIBLE, a. \irr'emissible, Fr.] not to be par- 
 doned. 
 
 IRREMl'SSIBLENESS, s. the quality of admitting no 
 pardon. 
 
 IRREMO'VEABLE, a. not to be moved, changed, or 
 aflfected. 
 
 IRRE'FARABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 rejyaro, to repair, Lat.] not to be recovered ; net to be re- 
 stored to its former state. 
 
 IRRETARABLY, ad. in such a manner as not to be re- 
 covered or restored to its former state. 
 
 IRREPLEVIABLE, a. inlaw, not to be redeemed. 
 
 IRREPREHEIsSIBLE, a. [irriprchensMe, Fr.] not to be 
 blamed. 
 
 IRREPREHE'NSIBLY, ad. in a manner not to be 
 blamed. 
 
 IRREPROACHABLE, {in-eprOchable) a. free from blame 
 or reproach. 
 
 IRREPRO'ACHABLY, {irreprichablii) ad. in a manner 
 not deserving blame or reproach. 
 
 IRREPR(5'VEABLE, a. not to be blamed or found 
 fault w ith. 
 
 IRRESISTIBI'LITY, j. the quality of being above all 
 resistynco. 
 
 IRREsI'STIBLE, a. [irresistible, Fr.] superior to all resis- 
 tance or opposition. 
 
 IRRESrSTir>LY, ad. in a 'manner not to be hindered 
 from eftecting its design or end ; in a manner not to be 
 opposed. 
 
 IRRE'SOLUBLE, «. [from in, a negative particle, and rc- 
 tolvu, to resolve, Lat.] not to be broken or dissolved. 
 
 IRRESOLUBLENESS, s. the quality of having its parts 
 not to be broken or dissolved. 
 
 IRRESOLVKULY, flrf. without any fixed, or positive 
 determination of the will. 
 
 IRRE'SOLUTE, a. [iVWWii, Fr.] not constant in purpose ;. 
 not fixed in one determination; coutinialiy \ arj ing in onus- 
 clu>itv. tli
 
 ISH 
 
 ISO 
 
 . IRRESOLUTELY, ad. without firmness of mind or de- 
 termination. 
 
 II'JIESOLUTIGN. s. \irruolntwn, Fr.] want of fixed 
 and settled determination of mind. 
 
 IllRliSPE'CTlVELY, ad. without respect to circum- 
 stances. 
 
 IIvKESPE'CTIVE, a. having no respect to persons or 
 circumstances. 
 
 IIiflETRlE'V.\BLE, (irreli-eh-abia) a. not to be recovered 
 or repaired. 
 
 IKRETRIE'V^ABLY, (inetreivahli/) ad. in a manner not 
 to be recovered or repaired. 
 
 lURE'VERENCE, s. [from in, a negative particle, and re- 
 i-ereor, to reverence, l^at.J want of veneration or respect ; a 
 state wherein a person lias not that respect paid to iiim 
 w hich is due to his rank and dijjnitv. 
 
 IRREVERENT, a. [irreverent, Fr.] not paying, express- 
 insT, or conceiving the iioma;je, veneration, or respect, due 
 to the chaK.irter ordignityof a person. 
 
 IRRE'VEREjVTLY, f«/. without due homage, respect, or 
 veneration. 
 
 litREVE'RSIBLE, a. not to be reversed, abrogated, or 
 altered. 
 
 liUlKVE'RSIBLY, nrf. in a manner not to be reversed or 
 cliaiiged. 
 
 IRREVOCABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and 
 jwoco, to recall, Lat.] not to be recalled, broiii;hl back, or 
 reversed. 
 IR.RE'VOCABLY, ml. without recovery or recall. 
 To IRRIGATE, 1-. a.\imgo, from rigo, to water, Lat.] to 
 moisten or water. 
 
 IRRIGATION, f. [iV/jo-o, from Wj^o, to water, Lat.] tlie 
 act nf Haterint,% wettinif, or moistening. 
 
 IRRIGUOOS, a.[irrig-o, from rigo, to water, Lat.] wa- 
 tery or watered. Dewy or moist. 
 
 IRRI'SION, s. [from in, at, and rideo, to laugh, Lat.] tlie 
 act of deridinnf, mocking, or laughing at another. 
 
 IRRITABLLIT^, «. that peculiar conslitulion of body, 
 which inclines a person to be easily affi'Ctod by stimulants. 
 It is often appliefi to the mind, and is evident in fretful 
 tempers. 
 
 'I'o IRRITATE, r. a. [from irrito, Lat.] to provoke to an- 
 gor; to teaze. To cause an intiammaiion, applied to 
 wounds. To heighten any quality. " A.n irritatcth cold." 
 Bacon. 
 
 IRRITATION, i. [from im/o, to provoke, Lat.] the act 
 of provoking, exasperating, or stimulating. 
 
 IRllUTTlON, s. [from irrmnpo, to break in, Lat.] the act 
 of any thing forcing an entrance ; an inroad, or forcible en- 
 try r>f an enemy into any place. 
 
 IS, the third person singular of the present tense indica- 
 tive, from the verb To Be, borrowed from is, Goth, the se- 
 cond person singular of the present tense indicative of vi- 
 sitn, Goth. Sometimes the i is left out, and expressed by au 
 apostrophe over its place ; as, "There's some." S/iak. ' 
 
 iSA'IAH, THK Prophecy oi--, a canonical book of the 
 Old 'JVslament, and the first of the four greater prophecies. 
 Me was of the blood royal, his father Amos being brother of 
 Azariah, king of Jutlah. The stvle of this piophet is noble, 
 :iul)lime, and florid, (irotius calls him the Demosthenes of 
 the Hebiews. Isaiah prophesied from the end of the reign 
 oflizziali till the time of Manasseh, tjy whose order, ac- 
 cording to the Jewish tradition, he was put to death by 
 being sawed asunder. 
 
 ISCHl A'DIC, (iV.«/fW() a. [from iscltins, one of the bones 
 of the hip, Gr.] in anatomy, a nami! given to the cn'iral veiirs, 
 called the greater and the lesser ischias. It signifies also a 
 disi-ase or p'.iiii of the hip, and is connnoiJy called srialicn. 
 ISCHU'RY, (islivry) s. ^ischourin, from isrho, to stop, and 
 oirroii, mine, Gr.] in medicine, a disorder consisting of an 
 entire suppression of urine. 
 
 ISH, \^isv, Sax.] a termination adfled to words, expresses 
 dimin-utioii, or lessening the sens(' of the word, if joiiierl In au 
 afljective ; as, bluish, lending to blue. When added In a 
 
 substantive, it implies likeness, or pifrlaking the qualities of 
 the substantive to which it is added ; as, fuuUsli, xraljiih, 
 rogmslt. When added to the name of a coiMitrv, it implies 
 something belonging to or living in it ; as Swctliili, Danish, 
 rSINGLAS:% ^. a tough, firm, and light subslauce, of a 
 whitish colour, and somewhat transparent, resenibliug glue, 
 but in some degree cleanlier. It is iiiaiie Iroui the inlestiiies 
 of a cartilaginous fish, which is a specii'S ol sturgeon, grows 
 to eighteen or twenty lectin length, and is found in the Da- 
 nube, <S.c. In medicine, it is prescribed in broths and. jel- 
 lies as an aggiutiiiant and stiengthener ; and by wine coop- 
 ers it is used in clearing wines. 
 
 rSINGLAS^ STONE, «. a fossil found in broad masses, 
 composed o'.'a multitude of extremely tiuc flakesor plates ; 
 theantieiits made their windows of it, instead of glass. It 
 is found in ?tluscovy, Persia, the island of Cyprus, in the 
 Alps and Apennines, and the mountains of Germany. 
 
 i'SLAND, {iUmd) s. \etdand, ErseJ a tract of land sur- 
 rounded by water. 
 rSL.ANDER, {iltr.ider) s. one who inhabits an island. 
 rSLAY, or I'L.^, one of tlie Western Isles of Scotland, lo 
 the S. W. of Jura, from which it is sepaiated '.y a narrow 
 strait or sound. Its greatest length is 25 miles, and its 
 breadth about IS. The principal village is Bowmore, which 
 is ill a manner a new town, and has a convenient harbour. 
 The inhabitants are between 7 and 8000. The face of the 
 country is hilly. Here are mines of copper, emery, quick- 
 silver, had ore, and black lead ; with immense stores of 
 lime-stone, marl, coral, and slull-sand for manure. S<;n!e 
 corn and tlax is raised here, and numerous droves of rattle 
 are annually exported. In this, and some of the neighbour- 
 ing islands, multitudes of adders infest the heath. On the 
 N. W. side (if tl;e island is the cave of Sai.cgmore, which is 
 a grotto, divided into a number of far-winding passages ; 
 sometimes openino; into fine expanses ; again closing, for a 
 long space, into galleries, and ibi niing a curious subterrane- 
 ous labyrinth. There are also many other caverns, the 
 haunts of numerous wild pigeons, that lodge and breed in 
 them. The goals that feed among the rocks are so wild, 
 that they are shot like deer. 
 
 ISLE, (lie) s. [ish\ Fr.] an island or country surrounded 
 by water. A long walk in a church, corrupted from nile, 
 of aisle, Fr. avvjug, it being originally only a wing, or side- 
 walk. 
 
 I'SLEVt'ORTH, a town in Middlesex, 9 miles \Y. of 
 London. It is situated on the river .Thames, opposite to 
 Uicliuiond. 
 
 rSLIP, a town of Oxfordshire, chiefly noted for the birtli 
 and baptism of Edward the Confessor. The chapel wherein 
 Edward was baptized, ata small distance N. from the cluircli, 
 was desecrated duringCromwell's usurpation,and converted 
 to the meanest uses of a farm-yard. It is built of stone, I'> 
 yards long, and 7 broad, and retains traces of ihe arches of 
 an obloiig window at the E. end. At present it has a roof 
 of thatch, and is still called the king's chapel. 'Flie manor 
 was given by Edward the Confessor to Westminster .\bbey, 
 to which it still belongs. It has also some remains of an an- 
 tient palace, said to have been kiiigElhelred s. By the Ox- 
 fordshire canal, it communicates with the late inland navi- 
 gations.- It has a good market for sheep, and is 66 miles N. 
 W. of London, on the road to Aberystu illi. 
 
 ISMAIL, a town ol Bessarabia. It was taken by storm 
 by the Rns.-.ians under (ieneral Suwarrow on the 22d of De- 
 cember, 1790; and it is said, that the long siege and the 
 capture did not cost less than 10,000 men. The mo.st atro- 
 cious part |of the transaction is, that the j;arrison, (w hose 
 firmness would have received, from a less sanguinary foe, 
 the highest applause) were massacred by the merciless con- 
 querors, to the aiiiount of, by their own account, .*iO,0(iO 
 men, and the place was abandoned to llir fin v of tlie briOal 
 soldiery. Ismail is seated on the N. side of the Danube, 
 1U» miles S. W. of Ockzakow. Lat. 46. 11. N. Ion. 29.' 
 30. E. 
 ISOCHRONAL, or ISOCHRONOUS, {isOlircial or
 
 n 
 
 irc 
 
 tSahattoiis) a. from isot, (•((iial, :iii(l v/iroiws, tiiiio, fir.] is ap- 
 I'Iji'iI III !iiuli vilir:illiiiisor» pciuliiluiii :is arv perUiriiieil iii 
 llii* s;iiilr S|i;iir (i( liiiic. 
 
 ISOPKUIMK'IIUCAr,, t. llVom I'.w.t, (•(nr.il, iinil luihm: 
 liiin, a I'iK'iiiiileri'iriT, Cir. I in ;,'i'i)mfli_v, arc sinli fi^^urcs as 
 Ikivc i>i|Mal |i(iiiiiclcrs or iirciuiirciciicps, of wliicji iIk' cir- 
 ilf IS ilic ^rcatosl. 
 
 IS()SCKI.1>, s. \isnscrlr, F'f.] applied to ii triaii;;lc wliiili 
 
 (l,l^ l"i) silll"'<'(lllili. 
 
 ISI'AIIAN.a rclchiatoilfity of Asia, and capilal ofPcr- 
 si:i, llioii;.;lit l)v ■.onii- lo !i<' llic liii'jsl tity in the I'.ast. It 
 il.iiiiU rti Ilii- niiclille of a plain, binroniided on all sides \\ illi 
 inoinil.inis, at cif^lit miles dislaiiee, which rise !;radiially in 
 liie fonii of an aiiiphillicalie. There is no river, except a 
 small one, called Scnderiit, which supplies almost all the 
 lioiiscs with water. It is 30 miles in circnmference, with 
 Well liiiilt lionses, and Ihit roofs, on wiiich they walk, eat, and 
 lie, III the fciimmer time, tor the sake of the cool air. ilerc 
 arc a f^reat iinmher of ma^nilicent palaces, and that of the 
 kin;; IS two miles and a half in circumference, 'i'liere are 
 16(1 mosi|ucs, IH(li) hir^e caravansaries, ahoiit Oflo pnh'.ic 
 hallis, a prodij^ions inimher of colfee houses, and very fine 
 liasars and streets, in which arc canals planted on each side 
 with trees. The streets are not paved, hnt always clean, 
 on account of the dryness of the an', lor il seldom rams or 
 snows here. Near this city, aliout A. I). Ki.io, was foimhl 
 a ^rcat liattle helweeii 'l'angroli|ii\, general of the Turks, 
 and Mahomet, sultan of Persia, (u ho had re vol lei I iVom the 
 ^reat caliidi of the Saracens,) in which the sultan happeninr; 
 to lireak his neck hy a (all from his horse, the kiii;,'iloni, hy 
 the agreement of holh armies, devolved to the 'I'lirkish ^'e- 
 neral. This was the hc^innin^ of the kingdom ..f the Sel- 
 jukiaii Turks in Persia, which prospered near 2(10 years, till 
 Us overthrow hy ll<iccatta, the son of King is, I he great chain 
 of 'I'arlary. It is-2f;.j miles N..K. of Husserah, 30(1 S. of the 
 Caspian sea, and HO'J S. K. orC'i'iistantinople. I.on. .^2. .V). 
 !•;. lal. ,1'. '-V). N. 
 
 I SK.M'.LITI'.S, s. the dcscrmianls'd" Israel or .lacoh, who 
 were at fubl called Hebrews, hy reason of Ahraliam, who 
 came from the other side of the Taiphrates ; and afterwards 
 Israelites, frimi Israel the father of the twelve I'alriarchs, 
 and, lasllv, Jews. 
 
 ISSI'.QUl'HO, a flnniMiing settlement of the Dutch, in 
 Ciiiiaua, S. America, contiguous to that of Dcmerary, and S 
 or 10 miles \V. of the town of Snrinnm. It is seated on the 
 river Isseipiiho, \\ liich is ahoiit ,*? leagues w ide at its mouth, 
 and runs into the Atlantic in Lat. (!. 45. N. and Ion. (i;3. -H). 
 W. lis principal proiluctions are sugar, cotlee, and cotton. 
 It has hein often taken hy the English, and restored to the 
 Dnicli, on the making of [leace. It has been again taken by 
 ihem since the conimeneiinent of the present war, and still 
 remains in their possession. 
 
 rSS U I-",, .'. I ij.wic, I'r.J the act of passing out; iiassage 
 outwards; an event, or the conseijuencc of any action. In 
 surgery, a hole made in the llesh bv incision, (or the dis- 
 charge of humours. I'rogenv, offspring. The profits grow- 
 ing from an amercement. The point of matter depending 
 <ni a suit, wdierein the parties join, and put the cause to the 
 trial of a jury. Hence, to jum i>shc, is to agree upon 
 smile particular point, on which the decision of a cause shall 
 rest. 
 
 'I'o rSSU !•', V. >i. f »sf))*, Ital.l to come or pass out at any 
 |>lac('. To proceed, applied lo offspring. To be produced 
 or gain, applied to lunds or trade. To run out in lines. 
 Actively, to send out hy authority, or judicially, used with 
 out ; this sense is liiosi common. 
 I SSUKI.I-'.SS, n. without offspring or children. 
 I'STflML'S, (isimus)s. |Lat.] in geography, is a narrow 
 neck of land tliat joins two continents, or joins a pi iiiusula 
 to the terra tirnia, and separates two seas. The most cele- 
 brated isthmuses are that ol Panama, or Darien, w liicli joins 
 North and South .America; and that of Sue/, which connects 
 Asia and Africa ; that id (.'orinth, of Crim Tarlary, ilc. 
 IT, pi on, [/lil, Sax.] ilie i.vulcr demonslrative, made use 
 
 of in speaking of things. Sometimes it is used absolutely for 
 the stale of a perso «r affair. " I low is (V .'" .S'//«/(. Some- 
 times ellipticallv for tlw ihing, matter, or affair. " //'» 
 come to pass." .''/irf/t. After neulial mmIis, it is used eiilier 
 ludicrously, or lo give n emphasis. "A molo couises il 
 on the groinid." Sprrl. 
 
 rT.\L^', a large peninsula of Kurope, liavin;^ the Alps to 
 the N. by w Inch il is separated froi.i Trance ; and il is sur- 
 rounded on all other sides by the Mediterranean sea. Il is 
 the most celebrated country in lairope, iiaviug been for- 
 merly the seat ol'ihe Komaii empire, and, till lately, ol the 
 pope. It is so line and IVuitfnl a countiy, that it is com- 
 monly called the (iardeii of Sairope. 'i'lie air is tein|ierat(; 
 and wholesome, except in the territory ol the Church, where 
 it is very different. The soil is fertile, and produces wlieat, 
 rice, wine, oil, oranges, citrons, pomegranates, all soils of 
 fruits, (lowers, honey, and silk ; and in tin- Kingdom of Na- 
 ples are cotton and sugar. The forests are full of all sorts of 
 game, and on the mountains are line paslures u liicli feed a 
 great many callle. Here are also mines of sulphur, iion, 
 several ipiarries of alabaster, jasper, ;iiiil all k^ lids of iirdible. 
 Italy is a mountainous ccmn'ry ; for besides the Alps, whicii 
 boiiiul it on the N. there are the Appennines, rnniiing (juile 
 across it from K. to W. as well as mount Vesuvius, which is 
 a volcano, and vomits llaiues ; besides several others. The 
 principal rivers arc the Po, the Tiber or Tivere, the Arno, 
 the .Aiida, and the Adige. Italy was <livideil into a great 
 iinmher of states, which differed much in cxlentand iiiiport- 
 aiicc. Between the conliuesof rrancc and Sw isserlaud, on 
 the west and north, where ihe continental dominions of liie 
 king of Sardinia, namely, Piedmont, Savoy, Montseria!, 
 part ol'ihe Milanese, and Oiieglia. 'To the north cast are 
 the terrilories of Venice. Sou'h of these were the domi- 
 nions of the emperor of Germany, namely, pari of the Mi- 
 lanese and the Mantuaii : and south of these, .Modena, Mi- 
 laiidola, and Iteggio, belonging to the duke of .Modeiia. 
 West ol lliese, the dnchies<d Parma, Placenlia, and (iuslalla. 
 'J"o the ?ontli of Parma lies the la'e republic ol (ienoa, now 
 united to Prance ; and southeast of this, that of Lucca. 
 Hence extended, along the coast of the .^Icdilerranean, the 
 grand duchy ofTuscany, now a part of Prance ; as is also 
 the ecclesiastical stale, or territory of the pope, lying N. V,. 
 and R. of 'F'uscany, between Ihe (iiilf of Venice and the 
 Mediterranean: all S. of this, is the kingdom of ."Naples, 
 with its dependent islands, of which Sicily is the principal. 
 Since the revolution in France, the greatest part of Italy N. 
 R. of the pope's dominions has been united in one goveris- 
 nient, id' which Buonaparte, emperor of Prance, ijiiow kiii»;. 
 The inhabitants have a great many good ipialities, as well as 
 bad ones: they arc polite, active, prudent, ingenious, and 
 politic; but then they arc luxurious, effeminate, addicted 
 to the most criminal pleasures, revengeful, and use all sorts 
 of artiiices to destroy their enemies, which inodnce a great 
 number of assassiiiaiions. Add to these, that they are ex- 
 tremely jealous, and keep tlicirwivcs and ilaughlers alwa\s 
 shut up, insomuch that they cannot go to cluirch wiihout 
 somebody to watch tlicm. However, llierc is no phice in 
 the world where impmity abounds, so much as in Italy; for 
 there are great numbers of brotheldiouses and conrtc/.aiis, 
 who were tolerated l-y the magistrates. The Italians have 
 been the most celebrated of all the moderns for their genius 
 and taste in architecture, painting, carving, and music, and 
 several of them have also been eminent as writers. Tiie 
 women affect yellow bair,a" did formerly their inedecessors, 
 the ladies of autient Borne, and make great use o; ; ainli 
 and washes for their hands and faces. 
 
 rrCH, s. r.^ic/ift, Sax.] in medicine, a disease which 
 overspreads tlie body with pustules, attended with an ii.i- 
 tatingseiisalion, and connuunicated by contact ; the sensa- 
 tion of uneasiness caused bv the itch, or appeased by rub- 
 bing. Kiixuratively, a constant teasing desire. 
 
 To ri'CH, e. II. to feel an uneasiness in the skin, vdiieh 
 is removed bv nddjing ; to have a long and c.nlinual desire 
 and propensity. 
 
 417
 
 JUD 
 
 •JUL 
 
 ITCHINGTON BISHOP'S, a town of Warwicksliire, 
 so called from the bishops of Lichfield and Coventry, once 
 its possessors. It is situated on the river Ichene, to the N. 
 E. of Kineton. This was antiently one of the chief towns 
 in tl)e county ; and in the reign of Henry II. was ranked 
 with the boroughs that were to contribute to tlie niarriuge 
 of that king's daushler. Market on Wednesday. 
 
 ITCHY, a. infected with tiie itch. 
 
 ITEM, s. [Lat.J a new article ; a liint or innuendo. 
 Used adverbially in wills for also. " Item, I give and be- 
 ouealh." 
 
 I'TEllANT, part, [itcro, to repeat, from ilm; a journey, 
 Lat.] repealing. 
 
 To ITI'^RA TE, r. a. [itcro, to repeat, from iter, a journey, 
 Lat.] to repeat the same thing ; to inculcate by frequent 
 mention or repetition ; to do a second time. 
 
 ITEK.A'TION, s. [itcro, to repeat, from iter, a journey, 
 Lat.] repetition or recital. 
 
 nrNKK.\>i'r, «. rr. [IVom iter, a journev, Lat.J wan- 
 dering; notspltled; travelling. 
 
 ITl'NER.ARY, s. [from iter, a journey, Lat.J a book of 
 travels. 
 
 ITI'NERARY, «. [from i>c, a journey, Lat.J travelling; 
 done on a journey. 
 
 ITS1'"/LF, ;»oH.' [hit, amlsglf. Sax.] the neutral reciprocal 
 pronoun, applied to things. 
 
 IT'riU.\, or YTTRIA, s. in mineralogv, is a peculiar 
 earth which has been found only in a black mineral fiom 
 Sweden, called gadolinite, which besides this earth contains 
 iron, manganese, lime, and silex. 
 
 JUAN FERNANDEZ, an island in the S. sea, about 12 
 miles long and (i wide. It is 3.'30 miles W. of the coast of 
 Chili, parallel with St. Jago. It is uninhabited, but having 
 a good harbour on the N. coast, called Cumberland Bay, it 
 K foimd extremelv convenient to touch at and water. Lat. 
 33. 4(». S. Ion. 83. W. 
 
 JU'BILANT, part, [from jnbHo, to shout for joy, Lat.J 
 perhaps from {Juhul, the inventor of musical instruments, 
 Oen. 4.J uttering songs of triumph. 
 
 JUBILATION,!. [from.;W')7o, to shout for joy, Lat. per- 
 haps from Juin/, the inventor of musical instruments. Gen. 4.] 
 the act of uttering songsof triiimpli, or of declaring triumph. 
 
 JU'BILEE, «. /»^7i7e, Fr. [Utim jubilu, to shout for joy, Lat. 
 perhaps from JuImI, the riveulor of nnisical instruments, 
 Cion. 4.] a public festivity ; a time of rejoicing ; a great 
 church festival celebrated at Rome, originally once every 
 hundred years, wherein the pope grants plenary indnl- 
 
 fences to all saints, especially such as visit the churches of 
 t. Peter and Paul at Rome. It was first established by 
 Boniface VIII. in I3U0. Clement VI. reduced it to 50 
 years; Urban VI. to every 25th; and Sextus IV. to every 
 23rd vear. 
 
 J UCU'NDITY, J. [fromjKCMJirfu*, pleasant, Lat.J pleasant- 
 ness, agreeableness. 
 
 To JUUA'IZE, r. n. [jiulaiser, Fr.] to conform to the man- 
 nersor customs of the jews. 
 
 JUD 1'^, or THE EPisTLi;oFjtTDF.,a canonical book of the 
 New Testament, wiitten against the heretics, who by their 
 impious doctrines anil disord<'rly lives, corrupted the faith 
 and good morals of the Christians. 
 
 JUDGE, s. [jv'ri; Kr.] one who is empowered or au- 
 thorized to hear and determine any cause or question, real 
 or personal, and presides in a court of judicature. Figura- 
 tively, one who has skill sutiicienr-to discover and prouounce 
 upon the merit of any thing. 
 
 To JUDGE, V. 11. l./iii-f/-, Fr.J to decide or determine a 
 question ; to pass sentence ; to discern or distinguish. 
 
 JU'D(iER,.t. one who forms an opinion or passes sentence. 
 
 JI'DCiES, iiooK (>v, a canonical book of the Old Tes- 
 tament, so called from relating the stale of the Israelites 
 under lln' adn)iiiistration of several illustrious persons, who 
 were called .Iwlsrs. 
 
 JU'lXiMKNT, ». [jutlfmriit, Fr.J that power of the mind 
 wljerebv we join ideas together, by athrming or denying 
 
 ■ 5ia 
 
 any thing concerning them ; the quality or power of dis- 
 cerning the propriety or impropriety of things; the right, 
 power, or act of passing sentence ; decision; opinion; seo- 
 tence passed against a criminal ; condemnation, or punish- 
 ment inflicted oy Providence for any particular crime ; the 
 distribution of justice ; the sentence passed on our actions 
 on the last dav ; the last doom. 
 
 JU'DIC.yrORY, s. [from judico, to judge, Lat.] distribu- 
 tion of justice ; a court of justice. 
 
 JUDICATURE, s. [judicature, Fr.J the power or pro- 
 vince of dispensing justice, or hearing causes and passing 
 sentence. 
 
 JU'DICI.'\L, (jmlisliial) a. [from judico, to judge, Lat.J 
 practised in the distribution of justice, or in a court of jus- 
 tice ; inflicted as a penalty ; belonging to a judge or court 
 of justice. 
 
 Judicially, {judislnally) ad. in the forms of legal jus- 
 tice ; in a court of justice ; before a judge. 
 
 JUDl'CIARY, (judis/iiai-y) a. [from judico, to judge, Lat.] 
 passing judgment upon any thing. 
 
 JUDICIOUS, ijudishioits) a. [judicieux, Fr.J prudent ; 
 wise ; skilful in any aftair. 
 
 JUDICIOUSLY, (judishionsly) ad. in a manner which 
 speaks un extensive judgment or understanding ; justly or 
 wisely. 
 
 IVES, St. a sea-port town of Cornwall, seated on a bay 
 of the same name, with about 30 ships belonging to its har- 
 bour, 8 miles N. E. of Penzance, and 277 W. by S. of Lon- 
 don. It is a corporation, and sends two members to par- 
 liament. It trades largely in pilchards and Cornish slates. 
 Markets on Wednesday and Saturday. 
 
 IVES, St. a town of Huntingdonshire, with the largest 
 market in England for cattle, except that of Smitlifield. It 
 is an antient, large, and handsome place, seated on the 
 river Ouse, over which it has a fine stone bridge, six miles 
 nearly E. of Huntingdon, and 59 N. of London. Market 
 on Monday. 
 
 JUG, J. [j"g^e, Dan. J a large drinking vessel with a long 
 neck, swellnig out towards the bottom. 
 
 To JUGGLE, 1'. n. [joa^ler, Fr.] to play trick? by slight 
 of hand ; to practise or impose on by artifice and im- 
 posture. 
 
 JU'GCiLE, i.atrick performed by slight of hand ; an im- 
 posture, fraud, or deception. 
 
 JUGGLER, s. one who practises slight of hand, or 
 performs tricks by nimble conveyance ; a cheat or im- 
 postor. 
 
 JU'CiGLINGLY, ad. in an unfair or deceitful manner. 
 
 JUGULAR, a. [from /Hr;»//()ii, the throat, Lat.J situated 
 in, or belonging to, the Hn<i;it, 
 
 rVlCA, an island of the Mediterranean, about 15 miles 
 long, and 12 wide, subject to Spain. It is inouutainons, 
 but fertile in corn, wine, and fruits ; and remarkable for 
 the great <iuantity of salt made in it. It is 60 miles .'^. 
 W. of Majorca. The capital is of the same name, seated 
 on a bay, with a good harbour. Lat. 39. 30. N. Ion. 1. 
 
 25. !•;. 
 
 JUICI', (pron. jiice, both in this word and its derivatives) 
 s. [jus, Vr.jiii/s, Belg.j the liquor, sap, or water of a plant; 
 the lliiid or moisture in animal bodies. 
 
 Jl'r(;KLESS,a. dry ; without moisture or juice. 
 
 JUrciNESS.i. plenty of juice or moisture, applied both 
 to plants and animals. 
 
 JUICY, ". moist ; full of moisture or juice. 
 
 rVINtillOE, a town in Buckinghamshire with a nianufao 
 lure of lace, (i mill's S. W. of Dunstable, and 3'i from Loil 
 iloM. Market on Monday. 
 
 .) U'J UR, or JUJUBES, f. a plant whose flower consists 
 of several leaves, which are placed circularly, and expand 
 in form of a rose ; the fruit is like a small plumb, but has 
 lillli' ilt'sli upiui Ihe stone. 
 
 To J UK.E, r. 71. [ji«/i()-, Fr.J to perch as birds do upon a 
 trie. 
 
 JU'LAP, *. [jnUp. Fr.] in pharmacy, an ajjrecable potion
 
 J UP 
 
 JUP 
 
 risuiiily ni;i(le of simple and coin|ioiiii(l ^vnftrs swoetcnrrt, 
 and iiseil .'joiiictinies as a vehicle to siuii nudiciiics as tari- 
 riol he talicii alone. 
 
 Jli'MAN VEAH, .t. is that lately used in Knjclaiul ami 
 several other c-oiiiilries, called the old year, iulrodiiccd l)y 
 Jidius Ciesar, which tor three years tof;<'lhi'r has hut .Ti-'i 
 days, hill every fourth year .'iilfi da\ s, upon account that six 
 hours and ;5G5 days was the mean solar y<Mr, and four limes 
 six hours made one natural day ; hut this, hy expirieiK e, is 
 found too much hy aliout 11 minutes; so that in aliout 13J 
 years, this account will he one <lay loo late, which oe<'asions 
 the dill'erence between tlujulian and the Gregorian account 
 of Hu" yi'ar. 
 
 JULY', s. [Jidiiif, I.iif. I the name affixed to (he sovrntli 
 month of the year from January, hy ihelloinaus, in honour 
 of Julius (^ivsar, wlii<h before iiis time was named Quinlilis, 
 or the fifth, i. r. tVoni March. 
 
 JU'iMAHT.f. [Fr.J a beast got from a mixture of n bull 
 and a mare. 
 
 To JU'iMBLI'<, »•. a. to mix in a confused and violent 
 manner together. Neuterly, to be agitated or shaKen to- 
 {jetiier. 
 
 JU'iMRLE, i. a confused mixture; a violent and confused 
 shaking. ^ 
 
 To .lUiMP, 1'. 11. ]o;nmpen, Belg.] to move forwani by 
 raising one's self from the ground uito the air; to leap; to 
 
 JTMP, .!. the act of springing or raising one's (ee,t fnun 
 the ground in the air ; a leap, or skip. Figuratively, a lucky 
 chance. .\ kind of loose or limber stays, with a moveable 
 stomacher, usually laced or tied before, from /«;,(>, I'r. 
 
 Jl'NCA'rK, s. \Juiiciirle, Vr.] a cheese-cake: anv kind 
 of delicacy ; a private or clandestine entertainn)ent ; now 
 improperly written j «"/;</. 
 
 JU'NCOUS, a. [froui jiincus, a bulrush, Lat.J full of 
 biilrnshes. 
 . JU'NCTION, f. f/n/irtio?!, Fr.] union; coalition. 
 
 JU'NCTURE, s. [t'nnn jv)iq-n, to join, Lat.] the line or part 
 in which two things arc joined together; a jo iit, joining, or 
 articulation; union. A critical point or peiiiul of tiii.e. 
 
 JUNE, s. [Jnniiis, Lat. because this moulli was dedicated 
 to Juno; or because it was appropriated to young people 
 (,junini-ibiis) as May was to old ones] the sixth montli of the 
 year frnm January. 
 '. JD'N'Oil, s. [Lat.] a person younger than another. 
 
 JU'NIIM'jK, i. [tfom JKuipcrus, Lat. I a plant which pro- 
 i(uces the berries of which gin is made. 
 
 JUNK, s. [;k«co,. Span.] a small ship used in China; pieces 
 of old cable. 
 
 JUNKET, .5. SecJuNCATE. 
 
 JUNO, in the heathen mythology, agoddess; the daugh- 
 ter of Saturn and Ops, the sister ami wife of Jupiter. 
 
 JUNTO, s, [Ital.] a company of men comliined in any 
 secret design ; a cabal. 
 
 I'VORY, s. [ifoire, Fr.] a hard, solid, firm, suh.slaiicc, of 
 a fine white colour, capable of a good polish, ami is the 
 tusks of the elephant. Adjectively, it signifies any lliitig 
 made of ivorv ; as " an ivon/ ball." 
 
 rVORY COAST, a country of Africa, on thecoastoftlie 
 Atlantic, between Cape Appolonia and Cape Palmas. The 
 chief commodities are gold, ivory, and slaves ; the former in 
 the greatest plenty. 
 
 JUPITER, or "JOVE, in the heathen mythology, tiie 
 sovereliiu god of the heathens; the son of .Saturn and Ops. 
 
 JU'PITER, «. [Lat.] in the Newtonian Astronomy, is que 
 of the superior planets. He is about 494 millions of miles from 
 the sun; and by moving at the rate of •J'Jf-itO miles every 
 hour in his orbit, completes his periodic revolution in 11 yrs. 
 .3:ad. 8h. .'j8in. 27, .:3s. but his sidereal period, or the 
 time in which he moves from one fixed starlo thesame again, 
 i's performed in 11 yrs. 31"d. 8h. 51m. 2.">, .(is. His 
 synodic revolution, or the time from one of his conjunctions 
 with the sun to the next, is finished iri 3f)Hd.2Ih. l')ui.4.js. at 
 a mean rate. His contents surpass that of all the other 
 
 planets put tngitlier, liis diameter bfin;; 11 J of the eart!i.s, 
 i>rab(Hiti)(li')l) miles, and consecpienlly he is 14Tt* times laiget 
 than our globe. His greatest apparent diameter, as seen 
 from the earth, is about 40" of a degree. 1 le turns louiid hi» 
 axis at the prodigious velocity of about 2h.j0li miles per hour 
 at his eipialor, in !lli..'j.'jni. ;!('S. and tlieK fore then- ;ire llilTt, 
 1 l-thirty-tifths of huch ilays in one of his years. 'I'hc pku <• 
 of his aphelion, auno IHiiO, was in 1 1 deg. 14' 11 " of Libia, and 
 his niu ill node in !J (leg. G' of Cancer ; the aniuial nielion of 
 the former being r2",and of the latter only 1'. His cccentri- 
 cilv is.'<of his me;in dislanee from the sun, and the eiiiiatioii 
 of his orbit ') d g.:Jt' 1". Viewed from the earth, he appeals 
 siuiietinics to move according to the order of the signs, 
 sometimes to stand still, and at other times to have a retro., 
 grade motion ; which proves that the earth is not the centre 
 of his orbit. Tli<' greatest number of days he can be retrograde 
 in a synodic revolution is 122, in which Uuu- he moves about 
 I.*; deg. contrary to the orderoftlie signs. His proportionof 
 light anil heat is .0:57 of the earth's, and density .2:i of the 
 same, ile is surrounded by faint sulistanees [laiallel toeacli 
 oilier, which astronomers have deniuiinated Leils, and in 
 wliieh so many chaugrs appear, thai ihey have been suijp.o. 
 sed to be clouds by many writers, for some of them iiave 
 been first interrupted and broken, and then have vanishe<l 
 entirely. They have sometimes 1->een observed of different 
 breadths, and afterwards have appe;; red of the same breadth. 
 Large and various spots have been seen on these belts : ai.d 
 when those parts of the belts vanish, the spots also disap- 
 pear. Four smaller planets, called stalellites, move round this 
 stupendous globe, in shorter or longer periods, as they are 
 nearer to, or further removed from, his centre ; which affords 
 a very strong argument in i'avour of the laws ofgiavity. I'he 
 first, or nearest, makes a revolution round him in ld.l8h.27ni, 
 .'i.^s. at the distance of 2f!9(!00 miles from his centre; the 
 second, at the distance of428UilO miles, in 3d. 13h. 13m; 
 42s.; the third, at the distance of 6B:300') miles, ii} 7d, 
 Sh. 42m. 33s.: and the fourth, at the distance of 12oaiOO 
 miles, in IGd. Hih. 32m. 8s. All of them, by reason of therif 
 immense distance from us, seen to keei) near their primary, 
 and their apparent motion is like that of a pendulum, going 
 alternately from their greatest distance on one side to theii) 
 greatest distance on the other, sometimes in a straight line, 
 but more freipicntiy in an diiptic curve. YS'lien a satellite 
 is in its superior semicircle, or that half of its orbit which ii 
 more distant from the earth th;ui Jupiter is, its motion ap- 
 j)e;irs to us direct, accfirding to llie order of the signs ; but 
 in its inferior semicircle its niotirm appears retrograde, and 
 both these motions seem . (juicker the nearer the satellites 
 are to the centre of their primary, slower the more distant 
 they are, and at the greatest disiancf of all they ajipear for 
 a short time to be stationary. 'J he synodical revoiulions oi" 
 the 4 satellites respectively are, id. ISh. 28m. 3fjs. — 3d. 13hv 
 17m. .Ms.— 7d. 3li. 5!)m. 36s.— and Ui"d. Uih. .3iii. 7s. 
 Theirdistauces from Jupiter in semidiameters ot'tliat planet 
 are, respectively,.'), .9fi.6 9, .494, 16, .141, and 2G, .GOO. F'ri.u 
 the four satellites, the inhabitants of Jupiter will have 
 fourdiiferent kindsof mouths ;■ the first divides his year into 
 2447, 13-fiftLenth iiarts, the 2;1 into 1213, 2.3 thirtieUi parts, 
 the third into G04, 33-sixty-first parts, and the 4lh into 258, 
 I-eighteenlh parts ; so that the whole nninber of months in 
 his year will be 4.52.9, 11-fortieths. 'J'he three first satei. 
 lites are eclipsed in every revolution, but tlin orbit of 
 the 4th is so much inclined to the piano ofJupiti'r's orbit, 
 that it escapes being eclipsed 2 years in every 6. The dura- 
 tion of a central eclipse of each of the satellites, beginning 
 with the first, is, respectively, 2h. loin. 50s. — 2h. 51m. 
 20s. — 3h.34ni. — and 4h. 4()iii. The eclipses of tliesesatelhtts 
 are of excellent use in determining the longitude of places on 
 land. Obscurations of the sun to this planci happen ahnost 
 every day, and w ith very good telescopes the circular shades 
 of the satellites have been observed to pass over certain porr 
 tioiis of his enlightened disk, in the same, manner that tli» 
 shade of our moon' passes ovef the caitli. Among tlie 
 Alchemists, Jupiter, signifies the philosophers sloliei 
 
 5Ui.
 
 JUS 
 
 IVY 
 
 Astrologers signify by it, magistrates, scholars, riches, plea- 
 sures, religion. 
 
 JU'RAt, s. [jiiraius, Lat.] a magistrate of the nature of an 
 alderman. 
 
 J U'RATOR Y, a. [jiiratoire, Fr.] by means of, or by giving, 
 an oath. 
 
 JURl'DICAL, «. [from pis, law, or right, and dico, to 
 speak, Lat.] acting iu the distribution of justice ; used in the 
 courts of justice. 
 
 JURIDICALLY, ad. with legal authority ; according to 
 forms of justice. 
 
 JURLSDICTION, s. [from pis, law, right, and dico, to 
 speak, Lat. J legal authority ; extent of power; a district 
 to which autliontv belongs. 
 
 JURlSPRU'D£NCK,*.[fiom jus, law, right, and pnidcn- 
 tia, knowledge, Lat.] the science of the law, either civil or 
 com.Dion. 
 
 JU'RIST, .s. [jwiste, Fr.J one who professes the science 
 of the law ; a civilian. 
 
 JUROR, s. [from juro, to swear, Lat.] one who serves on 
 ajury. 
 
 JURY, s. [jure, Fr.] a company of men, consisting of 
 twelve or twenlyfoiir, and sworn to deliver a truth upon 
 such evidence <is shall be laid before iheni touching the cause 
 they are to decide. The graiul jury consists ordinarily of 
 twenty-four grave and substantial gentlemen, or some of 
 them yeomen, chosen out of the whole shire by the sherift', 
 to consider of all bills of iiidiclinent preferred lo the court, 
 which they approve of by writing billa vera, or disallow, by 
 wriliiu" iiriwranms, on them. 
 
 JURYMAN, i. one who is impannelled on ajury. 
 
 JU'RYMAST, s. something set up in the room of a mast 
 lost in a fight or storm. 
 
 JUST, a. [juslt'is, Lat.J unbiassed in distribution of jus- 
 tice; honest in dealing with others ; exact, proper, accurate, 
 or ngieeyble to the standard of justice ; virtuous, or living 
 lonforniubly lo the laws of morality ; true ; well grounded ; 
 proporticuate ; regular. 
 
 JUST, ad. exactly; merely, or barely. " Jiisl enough." 
 Dn/il. Nearly, or not far irom. " Just at the point of 
 death." Temple. 
 
 JUST, s. .See Joust 
 
 JU'STICE, *. [juslicia, Lat.] the virtue whereby we 
 give every one their due, inflict punishment on those Jhat 
 deserve it, and acquit the mnoccnt altera fair trial. Figu- 
 ratively, puriiwhiiieut ; right, or the act whereby a person as- 
 serts his rights. In law, it is a pers<m deputed by the king 
 to administer justice to his subjects. Lord Chief .fuslice of 
 the King's Bench, is a lord liy his office, and chief of the rest ; 
 he determines all such pleas as concern offences committed 
 against the crown, diguily, or peace of the king. Lord 
 Chief Justice of the Comviun Pleas, is a lord by his office, and 
 formerlv did hear and determine all causes in comiiKin law ; 
 from whence arose his title. Justice if the Forest, is a lord 
 by liisotlice, and wilh his assislants deleruiines all oflences 
 witliiiithe kin;; s Iciicst, couiiiiilled against venison and vert. 
 Jiisliees of Assi:e, are such as by special commission are sent 
 into the country lo take assizes. Justices in Eyre, or itinerant 
 justices, are so called from crre, Fi. a journey, and were for- 
 merly sent by commission into dilierent couiilies lo try such 
 causes particularly as were termed pleas of the crown. 
 Justices if Cuol- Delivery, are such as are commissioned to 
 hearand drlermine all causes for which persons are cast into 
 gaol. Ju'tices if Nisi I'rtus, are the same as justices of the 
 assize, and receive their name from the common a<ljourn- 
 menl of a cause in the Common Pleas, " Nisi I'Ril'S .fasti- 
 linrii ycnirint aliens partes," i. e. Unless ihe ju>lices shall 
 come lo llidje parts before. Justices of Ihe Peace, are per- 
 sons ap(ii)inte(l by the king's comuiission lo keep Ihe peace 
 of the <(iMiity in which they reside ; an<l some <if these, who 
 Kie of superidr lauk or (pialily, are called .Imticis of the 
 Qunram ; and A'ilhoul the presi'uce or assent of these, or at 
 b-asl oni- of llieni, no business of imporlaiice can be trans- 
 acted. A Ji.stice of the Peace ought to possess an estalr of at 
 6-Jt> 
 
 least 100/. per annum in freehold or copyhold, for life, or for 
 the term of 21 years, without incumbrances ; and ii-iJuMict 
 of the Peace, not thus qualified, presume to act in that office, 
 he is liable to the penalty of 100/. 
 
 JUSTICKSHIP, s. the office, rai k, or dignity of a justice. 
 Used generally in a ludicrous sense. 
 
 JUSTICIARY, or court of justiciary, ». in Scot- 
 land, a court of supreme jurisdiction in all criminal cases. 
 The lords of justiciary likewise go circuits twice ayear in 
 the country. 
 
 JUSTIFIABLE, a. to be defended by law or reason 
 conformable to law or justice. 
 
 JUSTIFIABLFNFSS, s. the quality of being cleared 
 from an accusation ; the quality of being defensible by law 
 or reason. 
 
 JUSTIFIABLY, ad. in such a manner as to be recon- 
 ciled lo law, reason, or justice. 
 
 JUSTIFICATION, J. [Fr.] a defence, vindication, or 
 the act of clearing from an accusation of guilt ; absolution 
 from guilt ; deliverance or acquittal by pardon from sins 
 past. 
 
 JUSTIFICATOR, s. one who defends, vindicates, or 
 clears from anv charge of guilt. 
 
 JU'STl ri Kll, s. one w ho clears both from the charge and 
 punishment of sin by arguments, by imputation of merits, 
 and by pardon. 
 
 To 'JUSTIFY, V. a. [justifier, Fr.] to dear from any 
 charge of guilt ; to absolve or acquit from any accusation ; 
 to V indicate ; to free from the guilt or punishment of past 
 sin by pardon. 
 
 ToJU'STLE, v.n. [joiistei; Fr.] to encounter, clash, oi 
 run against each other. Actively, to push, drive, or force, 
 by rushing against. 
 
 JU'STLY, ad. in a manner consistent with rigid justice 
 and honesty. Figuratively, properly ; exactly ; iu due pro- 
 portion. 
 
 JU'STNESS, s. the exact conformity of things and ac- 
 tions to any law, rule, or standard ; justice, propriety, or 
 exactness. 
 
 To JUT, V. ji. to push or shoot into prominences ; to 
 stand out bryond the other parts of the surface. 
 
 JUTLAND, a large peninsula of Denmark, bounded ou 
 theS. by the Duchy of Holstcin ; and on the other sides by 
 Ihe Gernian Ocean and Baltic Sea. It is about '20(t miles in 
 length from N. lo S. and 96 in breadth from E. to W. 
 The air is «ery cold, but wholesome, and the soil is fertile 
 in corn and pastures, which feed a great number of horses, 
 beeves, and ho^s, which are sent to Germany, Holland, &c. 
 Hence Jutland is commonly called the laud of Lacuu and rye 
 bread. This was aniienlly calkd the Cimbrica Chersonesus ; 
 and is supposed to be the country whence the Anglo Saxons 
 came that conquered England. It is divided into two parts, 
 called N. and S. Jutland ; the latter being the Duchy of Sles- 
 wick. North Jutland is composed of tour general govern- 
 ments, each of which has its bishop and general governor. 
 They derive their name from the four chief cities, .'\alborg, 
 Wiliorj, Aarhuys, and Kipiu. 
 
 JUITY, s. a part of a building which stands out further 
 than Ihe rest. 
 
 JUVENILE, a. [from j«fcni>, a youth, Lat.J young, or 
 youthfid. 
 
 JUVENI'LITY, s. the state of youth ; ynuthfulness. 
 
 JUXTAI'OSI'TION, s. [from ju.ria, near to, and f><«'i/''i>, 
 position, Lat.] the stale of being placed dose to each 
 other. 
 
 rVY, s. [ijif^. Sax.] a particular plant of the evergreens, 
 that twines about trees, sticks lo wallz, or creeps on the 
 ground, lis qualities in medicine aie drying and .istriiigenr ; 
 lis berries purge upwards and downwar^l* ; and a gum,, that 
 distils from its trunk, upon being anv ways cut, is reckon, 
 ed a notable caustic, and is said to ileslioy the nils of the 
 head.
 
 KAL 
 
 KED 
 
 K. 
 
 K IS the tenth letter, and screnlli consonant of our ulplia- 
 bet. Its sound is ninth tli<> snnic with lh:il of tin- hard 
 
 o, in acre, aire, come, and of qit in ijiiestUm, qiiahc, iVc. and 
 
 has before all the vowels one invariable sonud ; as in heen, 
 
 hen, kid, kind. K is silent in the present proniinciatiun be- 
 fore ii ; as know, knife, knee, hiiave. It Hscd formerly to be 
 
 always joined uilli cat the end of words, but is at prt-sent 
 
 'ery properly omitted : I bus (or puhlick, 7nusick, aritlimetich, 
 
 lie. we write public, music, aiilkmetic, Arc. However, in 
 
 monosyllables, it is still retained ; as in mock, slack, back, 
 
 wreck, stick, Ac The Romans seldom used it, except in 
 
 piopernanies, or as a numeral. The French make no use 
 
 of it, except in proper names of men and places; \et we 
 
 meet with risk, burlcsk, in good authors, instead of risqiie, 
 burlesque. As a numeral, K denotes 200, and with a dash 
 
 over it thus k, 2.00,000. 
 KA'LENDAH, s. See Calend, or Calendar. 
 KA'LI, *. [Arab.] a plant growing on the sea coasts, whose 
 
 ashes are of great use in making glass or soap. _. ... 
 
 K.\'LMUCS, a nation of Tartars, whoinhabitlhat part of of very renriote anti(iuity, and have fur many ages m\. 
 the Russian government of Caucasus, that lies between the this peninsula. There are, at Ipreseiit, verv few id 
 river Volga, and the river Yaick (now Ural) towards the Cas- among them, the Russians having bestowed great \m\ns, 
 plan Sea; in all which immense tract there is not a house to and been very successful, in converting them to Chrislianitv. 
 bescen, as they all live in tents, and remove from one place Schools are likewise established in many of the Oslro^s* 
 to another, in quest of pasturage for their large herds of cat- where the children ofbotli the natives and Cossacks are 
 tie, consisting of horses, camels, cows, ami sheep. They instructed gratuitously in the Riiss an language. The Rns- 
 neilher sovv nor reap, nor make hay for their cattle, so that sians first discovered the country in the year 1097, and, in 
 they live without bread, or any sort of vegetable ; and in the \G'Ji), (iO Russian soldiers, with as rnituv Cossacks, pene 
 winter, their cattfe fare as other wild beasts. Their food is trated into tlie heart of the peninsula, levying a tribute cf 
 flesh, (especially that of horses) fish, wild fowl, and venison; fiirs in their progress. Their government, considered as a 
 and they have great plenty of milk, butter, and cheese ; but military one, is mild and equitable in a high (legree. The 
 mare's milk is the most esteemed among then,, and from it natives are permitted to chuse their own inagistrates, with 
 thev make a strong spirit, of which they are very fond, and ail the privileges they had ever enjoyed, who refer to the 
 winch is as clear as water. They are divided into a number governor of Kanitschatka such cases only as, from their inlri- 
 ofhoides,orclans, each under their own particular khan, and cacy or heinousuess, they do not choose to decide upon theiii- 
 all acknowledging the authority of one principal khan, who selves. Bolcheretsk is the principal place, situated on the 
 
 up an officer's tent. The small pox U as much drra<le<1 
 among the Kalmucsas the pe^tili nee among us. When any 
 of them are seized with it, they immediately break up their 
 camp and flee, leaving the sick person in one of their kib- 
 bets, or tents, with a killed sheep, p.irt of which is loasted 
 and part raw, and a jar of water, a'ld some wi.od for lire ; 
 if they recover they follow the horde, but this seldoiji hap- 
 pens, tor they mostly die for want ofattendance. In a more 
 extensive sense, however, the Kahnucs' country iueUulcs 
 botiilhe Kalmuc and Mongul Tartars, who both fornierly 
 composed but one people. The Mongiil Tartars are partly 
 indep<'ndant, and partly subject to China. 
 
 KAM, u. [Erse] crooked ; not to the purpose. "This is 
 clean kam." Shak. 
 
 KAIMT.SCIIA'TKA, a peninsula of Siberia, in the govern- 
 ment of Irkutskoi, bounded on the N. by the itrovmce of 
 Ochotsk ; on the E. and S. by the North I'acilic Ocean ; anil 
 on the W. by the sea of Ochotsk and the I'eiizinski.e (iulf. 
 It is about fJOO miles in length, and from ?A) to 200 in breadth. 
 The southern extremity is Cape Lopalka, in lal. .51. Oi. N. 
 and Ion. 156.43. E. according to captain King, who visiteil 
 thjs country in 1779. The true KanilschadaU-s are a people 
 
 lifted 
 iters 
 
 is called orthicurtikhan, or king of kings, who derives his 
 pedigree from Tamerlane. All of them, how ever, have gra- 
 dually submitted to the government of Russia, or live at pre- 
 sent under its protection. They are jiagans. They wear 
 coats of stuff, or silk, above which they wear a large, wide, 
 fur coat of sheep skins, and a cap of the same. Their cattle 
 are large, and their sheep are of the largest kind, having 
 great fat tails, weighing from 25 to 30 pounds; their ears 
 Banging down like our dogs, and, instead wf wool, they have 
 soft curled hair, so that their skins arc converted into fur 
 coats. Their horses are small, but swift, hardy, and strong ; 
 and many of them pace naturally, and trot at an incredible 
 rale. They eat the fiesh of camels, cows, and sheep, but 
 universally give the preference to that of |the horse. When 
 tijey go upon any expedition, they have no regard either to 
 bridges or boats; they no sooner come to a river than in 
 they plunge with their horses, and, sliding from their backs, 
 bold fast by the manes tiHthey get over, and then immedi- 
 ately mount again, and proceed. They live but 4 months at 
 most in the deserts, and inhabit a most pleasant country all 
 the rest of the year (when it is not overflowed) tending their 
 flocks and herds, fishiivgand hunting. When they go upon 
 an expedition, every one takes a sheep with him for his pro- 
 vision, and three horses, which he rides alternately ; and 
 when any of them fail, they kill it, and divide the flesh, put- 
 ting pieces of it under their saddles, and after riding some 
 lime upon it, they eat it without any farther preparation. 
 Their kibbets, or tents, are large, and surprisingly warm. 
 having a fire in the middle, and a hole at the top to let out the 
 smoke; they are 24 feet in diameter, and capable of being 
 enlarged or contracted at pleasure; they are all round, the 
 skies being made of a kind of checkered wicker-work, and 
 the cross sticks neatly jointed, for folding together, or ex- 
 tendinp. The kibbet withstands wind and rain well, and is 
 elected with greater ease and iu less time than we could set 
 
 a.V 
 
 S. W. coast, in lat. 62. 55. N". Ion. i56.'57. E. 
 
 KANGAROO, s. in zoology, a quadruped v\hieh is a 
 native ofNcw South Wales, but has been within a few years 
 imported into this island. It lesendjlcs the jerboa by going 
 principally on its hind fieet, which arc much longer llran 
 Its fore ones ; and the opossum tribe, in having a false belli. 
 KANTCHEOU, a city of China, of the first rank in 
 the province of Kiangsi. Its jurisdiction contains 12 cities 
 of the third order, and its soil produces the trees from 
 which distils a varnish, reckoned the best in China. It h 
 840 miles S. of Pekin. 
 
 KAOTCIIEOU, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 the province ofQuangtong. It has within ilsjurisilictioii, 
 I city of the second order, and 5 of the third. In tliis dis- 
 trict are a great number of peacocks, and several sorts of 
 birds of prey. There is also a kiud of stone, like mai ble, 
 which naturally represents lanilscapes, cascades, iVc. of 
 which they make tables, and other curious household fur- 
 niture. It is situated in a very fruitful counlrv> about 36 
 miles from the sea, and 1130 S.S. W. of Pekin. " 
 
 KASAN, capital of the government of the same nan)e, 
 contains several churches, ahnost all of which are built 
 with stone, and 11 conveuts in and near the town. It is 
 seated on the river Casanka, where it falls into the Wolga, 
 400 miles K. by N. of Moscow. 
 
 To K A W, i>. n. to make a noise like a raven, crow, or rook. 
 
 KAW, s. [from the sound] the cry of a raven, crow, or rook. 
 
 KEBLA, or KEBLAII, among the Mussulmen, deiiolr? 
 that point, or quarter, to which they turn themselves win u 
 they say their prayers. 
 
 To KECK, V. n. [kechen, Belg.] to heave the stemach; fs 
 reach at something nauseous or squeamisli. 
 
 To KE'CKLE, V. a. to defend a cable round with rope. 
 
 To KEDtiE, V. a. [Ao^Ae, a small vessel, Belg.J in pa,, 
 vigalion, to bring a ship up orUuwu a narrow, river bj ll*
 
 KKE 
 
 Kl'^N 
 
 -wiii'l, liiougL ihc tide be toiilraiv, l>y means of tht- ktil^e 
 anchor. 
 
 KE'DGER, or KEDGE ANCHOR, s. a small aiiciior 
 Tised ill a river. 
 
 KE'DLACK, s. a weed, the sarne viitli the charnock. 
 KEI'",L, s.[cccli, Sax.] a principal piece of tinibcr in a 
 ship, which is usually iirst laid on the stocks in biiildin^;. In 
 botany, a name yiven to the loweiniost petal in a butUrHy- 
 shap'd blossom, from its supposed resemblance to the keel 
 of a ship. 
 
 I'o KEF.L,v. a. [calan, Sax.] to cool, or prevent from 
 boiling over. 
 
 KEE'LI'AT, s. ffroin calfin, to cool. Sax.] a cooler, or 
 vessel, in «hich wort or other liqiinr is set to cool. 
 
 KHEL-HALI'LINCJ, s. a puMislinieiit for otfemes at soa, 
 by dragging the criminal under water on one side of the ship 
 ^uiider the feed, anfl up again on the other. 
 
 KEEL SIlA'PKD, fl. in bolnnv, applied to those pavis 
 of a (lower that are bent like the keel of a ship or boat, as 
 the pointal shaft of the pea, Ac. 
 
 KEELSON, s. that piec«- of timber in a ship wliich is 
 next to her k'ecl, and lies riglit over it next above the floor 
 timber. 
 
 KI'^EN, n. [oerip, Sax. sharp, or cutting easily, applied 
 to the edge of an instrument, and opposed to blunt. Severe, 
 piercing, or excessively cold, applieil to the winds or wea- 
 ther. Eager, vehement. Of great subtlety, a|)plie(l to the 
 understanding. Acrimonious, or afiecting with uneasiness, 
 applied to wit. 
 
 KEENLY, ad. sharply, or cutting easily; vehemently, 
 cr eagerly ; bitterly, or acrimoniously. 
 
 KEE'NNESS, ^. "the quality of being sharp, or cutting 
 easily; rigourof weather, or piercing cold ; acrimony; bit- 
 terness fif mind ; eagerness or vehemence. 
 
 To KEEP, v.a. prefer, and part. pass, kept ^ [cepan, Sax. 
 kqxn, old Belg.] to retain, preserve ; to hold for another ; 
 to copy carefully ; to observe time punclnally ; to hold ; to 
 remain in a place ; not to reveal oi jjctray a secret ; to re- 
 main unhurt; to adhere strictly; to practise or accustom 
 one's self to. " I /av/) bad hours." I'ope. To celebrate, ap- 
 plied to festivals. To observe without violation, applied to 
 promises, contracts, or laws. To maintain at one's own ex- 
 pence ; to have in the house. " Keep lodj^ers." S/ialt. Used 
 with bacJ;, to restrain.from doing an action. " Keep bach thy 
 servant — from presumptuous sins." Psa. xix. 13. To reserve. 
 Joined to villi, to be often with a person as a lover or suitor. 
 " Keeping company tcith men." Broome. To keep in, to con- 
 ceal ; to forbear telling, applied to secrets. To defend from. 
 " Keepujit the weather." Prior. " Keeps out hunger." Dryd. 
 Used with ;)aop, to walk as fast as anotlier. "Keep pace with 
 him." To /(Cf;j)iHrf(r, to suppress ; to subdue; to tyrannize 
 over, or hold in a state of base subjection. Neuierly, to re- 
 main in any state. " To keep his bed." Sliah. SyNON. Wc 
 keep that which is our own ; «e detain that which is another's. 
 We keep uhat we intend not to part with ; we detain what 
 we purpose not to restore. 
 
 KKE'FER, I. one who has prisoners comniitled to his 
 custo(fy ; one who holds any tiling for the use of another ; one 
 who has the care of parks, or the superintendence of an- 
 other. Keeper of the Great Seal, is a lord by his ofhcc, and 
 styled Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of Great Rrilain, and 
 is always one of the privy council. All grants, charters, and 
 commissions of the king under the great seal, pass through 
 the hands of the Lord Keeper; for without that seal many 
 of these grants, iVc. would be of no force; the king being, 
 in the interpretation of the law, a corpc nation, and therefore 
 passes nothing but by the great seal, which is also said to hi' 
 the pidilic faith of the kingdom, being iu the greatest esteem 
 and reputation. Keeper of llie I'riry Seal, is also a lord by 
 his ortice, through whose hands ah grants, pardons, Ac. pass, 
 before they come to the great seal ; ami eveti some things 
 pass his liands vvhich do not pass th<' great seal at all. He is 
 also one of the privy council ; his duty is to piU the seal to 
 no grant, &c. without a warrant, nor with a warrant 
 62-2 
 
 where it is against law, or incosjv.-r.Knt, but shall first ac- 
 quaint the king therewith. 
 KEEPf;i{SHlP, s. the office of a keeper. 
 KEE'PlNCi, s. in painting, denotes the representation of 
 objects in the same manner that they appear to the e\e at 
 difierent distances from it ; for which the painter should 
 have recourse to the rules of perspective. 
 KEG, s. [eaipie, Fr.] a small barn I. 
 
 KEHL, a fortress of Suabia, situated at the conflux of the 
 Kinzig into the Rhine, a mile and a half E. of Strasburg. In 
 their wars with Germany, the French have generally en- 
 deavoured to make themselves masiersof it, for the sake of 
 transporting troops across the Rhine. 
 KELL, s. See Caul. 
 
 KE'LLINGTON, or Callington, a town in Corn- 
 wall, with a woollen manufactory. It is situated on the river 
 Tamar, 12 miles S. of Launceston, and 217 W. bv S. of 
 London. It is not inferior to the best half of the Cornish 
 boniughs, f(ir wealth and buildings, having one very good 
 broad street, a market-house, and a neat church. Market 
 on Weduosiiay. 
 
 KI'.Ll', s. a salt produced from calcined seaweed. 
 KE LPWORT, J. a genus of plants, distinguished from 
 others in I he same class and order by its seed resembling a 
 snail ^ht■ll ; there are two species found iu England, viz. tile 
 prielslv glasswort, and the stonecrop. 
 
 KE'L^O, a liandsomeand populous town of Roxburgh- 
 shire, contaiuuig a large market-place, its principal, with 2 
 small streets, about 376 houses, and 4000 inhabitants. It 
 has some manufactures of flannels, linen, stockings, and 
 shoes. It is governed by a baron bailey, and 15 stent mas- 
 ters, W'ho have authority to levy fi stent, or rate, on the in- 
 habitants, for the supply of water, repairing the streets, &.c. 
 the former of whom, and 7 of the latter, are appointed by 
 the duke of Roxburirh, who is lord of the manor. Tjie ce- 
 lebrated and magnificent abbey, the ruins of which still re- 
 main, was founded by David I. in 1128. The environs of 
 it are very agreeable. From the Chalkheugh is a beautiful 
 view of the forks of the rivers, Roxburgh Hill, Springwood 
 Park, and the rieurs. From Pinnacle Hill is seen a vast ex- 
 tent of country, highly cultivated, watered by long reaches 
 of the Tweed, anil well wooded on each margin. Much 
 wheat is raised in this neighbourhood, and the fleeces of 
 the sheep are remarkably fine. Kelso has a good market 
 for corn, and is situated on the river Tweed, over which it 
 has a handsome bridge of six arches, at its conflux with the 
 'J'iviot, 20 miles S. W. of Berwick, and 42 S. S. E. of 
 Edinburgh. 
 KELSOX, «. See Keelson. 
 
 KE'LVEDON, KE'LDON, KILDAXE, or EA'STER- 
 FORD, a town cf Essex, 3 miles from Witham, and 41 from 
 Eoudoii, on the road to Colchester. 
 
 To KEJIB, V. a. [ccemhan, Sax. J to comb or disentangle 
 the hair; also, to dress fiax, hemp, Ac. 
 
 KE'iVIO, 4-. in conchology, an enormous white shell which 
 is found on tlie coast of Sumatra, frequently three or four 
 feet iu diameter. 
 
 To KEN, I', a. \cennan. Sax. kemian, Bclg.] to descry or see 
 at a distance ; to know. 
 
 KEN, s. view ; or the distance within which a person can 
 see an obiect. 
 
 KE'NUAL, also called Kirby CaNDALF, (that is, a 
 church in a valley) a handsome town of Westmoreland, 
 the largest iu the county, and much superior to .Appleby, in 
 trade, weidlli, buildings, and population. It has been long 
 noted for its woollen manufactories ; particidarly knit stock- 
 ings, a thick stuff, called cottons, for the clothing of the peo- 
 ple in the West Indies, and for sailors' jackets, and linsey- 
 woolsey. There is likewise a considerable tannery ; and 
 fish-hooks, waste silk,and wool cards,are manufactured here. 
 The mills for scouring, fulling, and friezing cloth, and for 
 cutting and rasjuug dying-wood, Ac. are. veil woftli seeing. 
 So early as the reigns of Richard II. and Meury IV. Kendal 
 was noted for its mauufactuies, special laws having been
 
 K 1^. N 
 
 KES 
 
 enaclod in tliose reigns, for tlie better reijiilatlon of the Ken- 
 dal cloths ; and such has been the spirit and indublry of the 
 inlmbitants, tliatthey have continued to flourish ever since, 
 notwithstanding the disadvantage of posscssinj,' no water- 
 carriage. Kendal is pleasantly situate<l in a valley, among 
 hills, upon the river Kent, or Kant, over which it has t«o 
 stone bridges, and one of wood, with a harbour for boats, 
 and conimunitating by aranal, wilh all the l.ili' iulaml na- 
 vigations, 46 miles S. of Cai lisle, and 200 M.N. VV. of Lou- 
 don. Market on Saturday. 
 
 KK'NNI'JL, «. \clicml, Fr.] a cot or place where dogs are 
 kept; a pack of hounds ; the hole of a fox or other beast. 
 Ttie small cavity or hollow in which water runs through a 
 street, from knincl, Belg. 
 
 To KE'NNKL, v. ». to live or lie, applied properly to dogs 
 or foxes, and contemptuously used of men. 
 
 KR'NSINli'rON, a village and royal palace iu the county 
 of Middlesex, wilh handsome gardens; two miles VV. of 
 London. 
 
 KENT, a county of England, bounded on the W. and 
 S. W. by Surry and Sussex ; on the N. by the Thames ; on 
 the E. and S. E. by the German Ocean and tlio Straits of 
 Dover; and on the S. by Sussex and the Englisii Channel. 
 From E. to VV. it is about 68 miles, and from N. to S. from 
 30 to .36. It is divided into five lathes, under each of which 
 are seteral hundreds, which contain "2 cities, Sy market 
 towns, 408 parish churches, IIHO villages, near 40,000 
 houses, and about 220,000 inhabitants. In die soil and face of 
 the country there is great diversity. The banks of the 
 Thames are low and marshy, but backed by a rangcj of chalky 
 eminences, sometimes rising to a moderate height. This 
 kind of hard chalky soil, inclining to barrenness, extends 
 to the N. E. extremity of the county, and ihencc round to 
 Dover, exhibiting its nature in the lofty white clilts, which 
 here bound the island, and produce that striking appearance 
 at sea whicii probably gave it the name of Album. The S. 
 part of Kent, called the Weald, is a flat, woody tract, of a 
 cla^ey soil; fertile, but unwholesome on account of its 
 moisture. It terminates in the great marsh of Uomiiey. 
 The midland and western districts are a happy mixture of 
 hill and vale, arable and pasture, equal in pleasantness, 
 and variety of products, toaiiy part of Eiigiand. This county 
 produces, beside the usual objects of agriculture, large (pian- 
 tilies of hops; fruit of various kinds, especially cherries 
 and apples, of which there are large orchards for the Lon- 
 don markets: madder for dying; timlier- iu the woody 
 paits; and birch twigs for brooms, which form no incon- 
 siderable article of commerce for the metropolis. The 
 country inland from Dover, consistingchiefly of open do\MH, 
 is excellent for feeding of sheep; and many bullocks are 
 fattened to an extraordinary size in Romney marsh. Its 
 manufactures are but trifling. The principal rivers, bt sides 
 the Thames, are the Medway, Darent, Stour, Cray, and 
 Rot her. Maidstone is the county town. 
 
 KENTUCKY, a country of N. America, situated in ils 
 central part, near the lat. of 38 deg. N. and 85 VV. Ion. It 
 is bounded on the N. and N. VV. by the Ohio ; on the E. by 
 A'irginia; on the S. by the Tenasscc Slate, including the 
 country of llic tapper Cherokees ; and on the VV.and S. VV. 
 bv the Mississippi and the Cherokee river. It is about 390 
 miles ill length from E. to W. and from 20 to 150 in breadth 
 from N. to S. and is at present divided into 9 counties, 7 of 
 which are Lincoln, Fayette, Bourbon, Mercer, Jelferson, 
 Nelson, and Maddison. The principal rivers arc the Ohio, 
 the Kentucky, the Licking river, the Red river, the Elk- 
 horn, Dick's river. Green river, Salt river, Cumbeiland, 
 aud the Great Kenhaway, or New river. These are all na- 
 vigable for boats almost to their souices, for the grc.itist 
 (Mirtofthe year. The soil is amazingly fertile; the inha- 
 bitants distinguish its (luality by first, second, and third 
 rate lands; and scarcely any such thing as a marsli or swamp 
 is to be fiuiud. This country has a more temperate and 
 healthy climate tli;i'.i the other settled parts of America. 
 Kentucky was purchased, by the State of Virginia, of the 
 
 Indians, in 177.5, and formed into an independent state in 
 1792. In l/.'^O, the number of hiliabitants was 73,fj77, anti 
 from its rapid increase in population, may now probably be 
 estimated at 2()0,0<)0. There are many considerable towns, 
 the principal of which are Lexington and VVasliiuglon. 
 KI'",1'T, prefer, anil part. pass, of Kekp. 
 KE'RCIIEIF, or KE'llCMIl'F, s. a head dress. 
 KEUF, s. [leurfan, Sax.] the slit sawn away between two 
 pieces of stulf. 
 
 KE'RM.VN, a province of Persia, bounded on the N. by 
 Segestan, and a part of Korasan ; on the E. by Mecraii ; on 
 the S. by the Persian Gulf; and on Ihe VV. by Farsistan. 
 The northern part is barren and nearly desert, without ri- 
 vers or brooks, and the air unhealthy. Towards the S. the 
 air is more pure and the land fertile. The (iuebres are nu- 
 merous, will) are chiefly employed in manutactuics of 
 stuffs and silk. Here are some mines of copper, had, and 
 iron; also sheep, which lose their fleeces in spring, and lic- 
 conie as naked as sucking pigs; the inhabitants drive a 
 great trade in their wool. Sirgian i< the capital. 
 
 KE'HMES, s. is a roundish body, of the bigness of a pea, 
 and of a brownish red colour, covered, when most perfect, 
 with a purplish gr^y dust. It contains a multitude of littl>> 
 distinct granules, soft, and when crushed yields a scarlet 
 juice. It is found adhering to a kind of holme-oak. In 
 Spain it is used as a cordial for lying in womin, and pre- 
 vents abortion ; it is also of great use in dying. Before 
 the last century it was understood to be a vegetable excres- 
 cence ; but we now know it to be the evtemleil IkmN. if an 
 animal parent, filled with a numerous oftspring, whicli are 
 Ihe little red granules. 
 
 KERN, s. an Irish foot-soldier; also, a hand-mill, consist- 
 ing of two pieces of stone, by Aviiich corn is ground. 
 
 KE'RNEL, s. [f)/(Hf/, a gland. Sax.] that part of a p.ut 
 which is contained in the shell ; any thing included in a iui-k 
 or skin. The seeds in pulpy fruit; the central part of any 
 thing which is covered «itli a crust, hard substance, or with 
 a concretion. Hard knobs formed in the flesh ; the glands 
 of the throat. 
 To KE'RNEL, v. n. to ripen or grow to kernels. 
 KET.NELLY, a. full of kernels; resembling kernels. 
 KERN KLVVORT, s. a species of iig-wort. 
 KE'RRY, a county of Ireland, in the province of Mitn 
 ster, bounded on the VV. by the Atlantic Ocean; on the N. 
 by the river Shannon ; on the E. by the counties of Lime 
 rick and Cork ; aud on the S. by a part of Cork and t!,e 
 Ocean. It is about 54 miles long, and from 18 to 40 broad. 
 It possesses many flne harbours, and the southern district is 
 plain and fertile ; but a large part isfullof mounlaiiis,alnio9t 
 inaccessible, so that little corn is jiroduced, and grazing is 
 more attended to. Considerable cpianiities of beef, butter, 
 hides, and tallow, are exported. It contains 84 parishes, 
 about 19,400 houses, and 107,000 inhabitants. Iron ore is 
 to be had in most of the southern baronies, and here are se- 
 veral spas, or medical springs. The principal rivers aie 
 the Blackwater, Feal, (iaieand Brick, Cash iu Mang, \a,-, 
 Flesk, Laune, Carrin, Farthin, Finny, and Koughty. T!.e 
 county town is Tialee. 
 
 KK'RSEY, s. [karsaije, Belg. rarisee, Fr.] a coarse woollen 
 maiiur,)(fure between a stuflrand a cloth. 
 
 KE.STE'VEN, one of the three divisions of Lincolnslii-e, 
 containing the western part of the county, from the middle 
 to the southern extri.niity. It possesses variety of soil ; but, 
 on the whole, though intermixed with large heaths, is a fer- 
 tile country. Part of (he fens of Lincolnshire are in this 
 district; the air of which, hoMcver, is more salubrious tli;;n 
 that of the district of Holland; and the soil, moreover, is 
 more fruitful. 
 
 KE'STREL, .s. Iqnerccnc, Fr.] a little kind of bustarti 
 hawk. 
 
 KE'SWRK, a small, hut neat and Well-bnilt town o/ 
 Cumberland, consisting of one longstreet. Ithr.s consider 
 able manufactures of woollen stiin^, iiannels, duffels, <S.c. .md 
 is pleasantly seuted in a beautiful .-.iid extensive vale, sur- 
 
 623
 
 KEY 
 
 KFD 
 
 rattniied bv liills, tliioiiyli wliich flows tlie Derwciit, 25 milts 
 N. W. by'N. of Kcmlal, and 287 N. N. W. of London. 
 Market on Saturday. 
 
 KE'SWICK, Vale of, a romantic spot, in tiie soutliern 
 part ofCumberland, lately much visited by the admirers of 
 beautiful scenes in iialure. Here is the lake of Keswick, 
 «r, more properly, the lake of Dei went-water. To the 
 N. of this romantic piece of water soars the lofty mountain 
 .Skiddaw, near the foot of which is liasinglhwaite Water. 
 To the S. are the cra;;;;y hills of Borrowdale, where the 
 eagles build their nests, and whence the Derwent derives its 
 supplies of water. 
 
 KETCH, J [cairc/iio, a barrel, Ital.] a small vessel used 
 to bring hsh to market, or as a tender to large ships. It has 
 two ma>ts, its main sail and top sail standing square as ships 
 do, and its fore-sailand jib like those of hoys. 
 
 KETTERING, a handsome, populous, trading town, in 
 Northamptonpshire, with manuf.iclures of lace, shalloons, 
 serges, tammies, Ac. in which near 2000 hands are said to 
 be employed. It has a sessions-liouse for the county, and is 
 seated on a liver that runs into the Nen, t2 railesN. E. of 
 Northampton, and 75 N. W. of London. Market on 
 Friday. 
 
 KETTLE, s. [cft!, Relg.] a vessel in which liquor and 
 meat is boiled. 'The name of pot is given to the boiler 
 that bellies out in the luidd.e, and grows uariowcr towards 
 the top; but that ot l.cltle, to the vessel whose sides are 
 straight from the bottom, or grow wider towards the top; 
 authors, however, UbC these words promiscnonslv. 
 
 KETTLEDRUM, s. a drum whose body is brass, and re- 
 sembles the shape of a kettle. 
 
 KEVV, a village of Surry, on the banks of the Thames, 
 opposite to Old Brentford, and ubout 7 miles W. by S. of 
 London. On its green is Kew-house, a royal palace, cele- 
 brated for its fine gardens, and the king's exotic garden. 
 The last has been brought to groat perfection by the intro- 
 duction of many new plants from Africa and New South 
 Wales, and is knownlhrougliout all Europe by the late Mr. 
 Alton's Hortus Kewensis. The palace was formerly the 
 seatofMr. Molineaux, secretary to the late king (George II.) 
 when prince of Wales, but afterwards !)ecamc the residence 
 of the late prince and princess of Wales, who greatly im- 
 proved both the house and gardens. His present majesty, 
 also, lias considerably enlarged the gardens, and formed a 
 junction with them and Richmond gardens. 
 KE.X, s. a provincial term for hemlock. 
 KEY, *. [cneg. Sax.] a little iron instrument, formed with 
 Loles answering to the wards of a lock, by which the bolt 
 is pushed forward or backward ; an instrument by which 
 sny thing is screwed, turned, shut, oropened. Figuratively, 
 an explanation of any thing obscure, mysterious, or difficult. 
 The parts of a musical instrument, particularly ofaspiiniet, 
 which are struck by the fingers. In music, a certain fun- 
 damental note or tone, to which the whole piece is accom- 
 modated, with w iiich it usually begins, and must always end. 
 In arc4iitecture, the last stone placed at the top of an arch. 
 In commerce, a bank raised perpendicular from the water, 
 or a wharf made use of for shipping or unloading goods. 
 See Quay. 
 
 KE'YAGE, s. money paid for laying, or loading and uiv 
 loarlinjr, goods at a key. 
 
 KEYHOLE, .«. the aperture in a door or lock through 
 which the key is pnt. 
 
 KE'VNSHAiM, (proverbially called Smoky, i.e. foggy 
 • town of Somersets.iire, the chief trade of which is malting. 
 In the neighbourhood is a <piarry, where stones arc often 
 found of a serpentine form but without the representation 
 of a head. Every year, in the spring, the river here swarms 
 with millions ot little eels, scarcely as big as goose-quills, 
 which the inhabitants catch, on the top of the water, with 
 ■Diall nets, and scouring oti' their skins by un art which 
 they have, nwke them into cakes, (reckoned here a dainty) 
 which they fry and eat. It is a great thoroughfare, on tlie 
 tower roHU between Ua(h aiid Bristol, and is seated on the 
 
 river Avon, over whiih i( has a bridge of 15 arches, (and 
 auolher bridge over the Chew) 5 miles S. E. of Bristol and 
 115 W. of London. Market on Thursday. 
 
 KE'YSTO.N Is, i. the middle or upper stone of an arch. 
 
 KIAKIN(J, a city of China, of the tirst rank in the pro- 
 vince of Tchekiang. Canals are cut through all parts of 
 the city -.".ud in all the streets there are piazzas, to walk 
 under, free from rain. There are many triumphal arcne« 
 both within and without the city, and 15 marble towers, on 
 the sides of the canal, by which all the barks pass. There 
 is scarcely a house where they do not breed silkworms. 
 It is,590 iniles S S. E. of Pekin. 
 
 KIAiS'G-NAi\, a province of China, bounded on the N. 
 by Chantong ; on the E. by the Gulph of Naiiquin ; on Ihc 
 S. by Tchekiang and Kiang-Si ; and on the W. by Hoiian 
 and Hou-Quaug. It coiitauis 14 cities of the first rank, and 
 93 of the second and third, which are very populous, and 
 of the greatest note for trade in the empire. It is the ren- 
 dezvous of all the great barks, being full of lakes, rivers, 
 and canals ; and their silks,.japanned goods, ink, and paper, 
 are in high esteem. In the cily of Changhi, only, tlu'reare 
 200,000 weavers of plain cottons and muslins. Nanking is 
 the capital. 
 
 KIANG-SI, a province of China, bounded on the N. by 
 Kiang-Nan ; on the S. bv Quantong ; on the W. by Hou- 
 Quaug ; and on the E. by Fokien and Tchekiang. The 
 mountains willi which the province is surrounded, are either 
 covered with wood, or famous for tJieir minerals, simples, 
 and medicinal plants. Its soil is very rich and fertile, l>eiliK 
 well watered by brooks, lakes, and rivers, which abound 
 with fish ; and there are mines of gold, silver, lead, iron, and 
 tin. The rice and anack here, are e\cellent ; but it is more 
 
 Earticnlarly noted for its fine porcelain, which is made at 
 .iang Teching. 
 
 KIBE, s. \hilme, Brit. J a chjlbluin, or chap in the he<Is, 
 caused by cold. 
 
 KI'BED, a. troubled with kibes or chilblains. 
 
 To KICK, ?'. a. [hiKic/ini, Teiit.] to strike with the foot. 
 
 KICK, s. a blow given with the foot. 
 
 KICKIOR, ». one who strikes with his foot. 
 
 KI'CKSHAW, «. [supposed to be corrupted from qneh/ne 
 chose, Fr.] something contemptuous, fantastical, or ridicu- 
 lous ; a dish so changed by cookery that it can scarcely be 
 known. The last sense is that which is now in use. 
 
 KTCKSEY-WICKSEY, s. a cant word, applied iu ridicule 
 and contempt to a wife. 
 
 KID, i. [/ifrf, Dan.l the young of a goat. Figuratively, 
 applied to a young child. 
 
 To KID, V. a. to bring forth kids, applied to a she-goat. 
 
 KIDDER, or KIDDIER, s. a person who carries com, 
 dead victuals, or other merchandize, up and down to sell; a 
 pork butcher. 
 
 KrDDERMINSTER,a town of Worcestershire, the prin- 
 cipal manufacturing place in the county, and long celebrated 
 for its dirtereut rnanufa<'tures of woollens, carpets, poplina, 
 crapes, bombazeens, A-c. The inhabitants are about 5800. 
 Its former trade of stuffs, however, is much declined, on ac- 
 count of the general use of cotton goods ; but its carpet ma- 
 nufactory has greatly increased ; and it is still the tirst mar- 
 ket in England for pile, or plush carpets, wbrch, for beauty 
 of colour and patterns, exceed any other. These are fr*- 
 quently called Wilton, from having been first made at that 
 town ; but, at present, by much the greater part are made 
 at Kidderminster. The silk and worsted trades have als* 
 been introduced here, and employ about 2000 hands. Tlie 
 goods go chiefly to Portugal, and their carriage has becB 
 much facilitated by the late canal communications. It is seat- 
 ed under a hill, on the river Sloiir, 14 miles S. E. of Bridgo- 
 north, and 12.5 N. W. of London. Market on Thursday. 
 
 KIDDLI'"/, or KTDEL, s. a <lam or wear in a river, with 
 a narrow cut in it, for the laying of pots or other engines to 
 '■alcli finli. They are corruptly called heltks, and are niuok 
 used in Wales and Kent.
 
 KIL 
 
 KIL 
 
 To KniNAP, ••. «. [from hiwh IJelg. a clVId] tr, stoal 
 c4iili)irii, or htiiiMii heinjjs. 
 
 Kl'DNAri'Elt, t. one who steals cliihtrcii or liuiiiiin 
 
 KI'DNKY, *. llie ctyniolos;y unknown ; in iiiuiloiiiy, 
 nre two in nunilicr, one on caL-li side; IIk y have the same 
 'liijure as kitfney-ljcans; their Icnj^lli is lour or (ive tiiifjers, 
 tlieir breadth tliree, ami tlicir liiicluicss two; It'll' rijjiit is 
 under the liver, and tlie lel'l under the spleen. 'I'lie use of 
 the kidneys is to separate the urine troin the Mood, whic li, 
 by the motion oftiie heart and arteries, is thrust into the 
 emulgent branches, which carry it to the little inlands, by 
 which the seroeity beins separated, is received by the oi i- 
 fice of the little tulirs, which fjo from the <;lands to the lul. 
 vis, and from thence it runs by the ureters into the bladder. 
 Fif^nrativtdy, race or kind, in ludicrous language. 
 
 KI'DNKYBKAN, s. a plant so named ironi its rcsem- 
 Wiiifja kidnev. 
 
 Kl'DNEY^VETf'lI, s. a plant, the same with the ladies- 
 finder, found on drv and chalkv pastures. 
 
 KIDNEYWORT, s. an herb, calle<l also navelwort, aiul 
 wall-pennywort. It has alternate leaves, with central leaf- 
 stocks; a branched stem, ami yellowish, or fjreenish white, 
 spikes of flowers. It grows on olrl walls and stony places, 
 and flowers from May to Jnlv. 
 
 KIDWE'ELY, a town of Carmarthenshire, noted for- 
 merly for the clothing trade. Here is a castle, the very 
 iarjie remains of which, extremely well preserved, shew it 
 to have been very stately and magniticent. A canal has 
 been cut from hence to some collieries at PuyllRod, about 
 4 miles distant, whence coal is brought down and exported. 
 It is situated on theOwandratli Vach, a branch of theTowy, 
 which empties itself into that river, at its efilux into the 
 British Channel, 9 miles S. of Carmarthen, and 224 W. by 
 N. of London. Market on Wednesday and Saturday. 
 Fairs on May 24, July 22, and October 29. 
 
 KILDA, St. a small island of Scotland, one of the 
 Hebrides aboutll leagues W. of North Uist. 'Jlie inhabi- 
 tants live chiefly by fishing and catching wild fowls. In llic 
 latter employment they are amazingly adventurous, being 
 let down by a rope from the summit of high, precipitous 
 rocks, where they cland)er among the rugged clifl's, in search 
 of the eggs and nests of various birds. But the more safe 
 and common method of catching these fowls is, by spread- 
 ing a large net over the face of the rock where they lodge, 
 in which great numbers are at once entangled, and lowered 
 down into a boat. St. Kilda is the most westerly island of 
 Great Britain. Lat. 6.0. 48. N. Ion. 8. 18. VV. 
 
 KILDA'RE, a county in the province of Leinster, 3.3 
 miles in length, and from 12 to 21 in breadth. It is boiuided 
 on the W. by King and Queen's County ; on the N. by 
 Meath ; on the E. by Dublin and Wicklow ; and on the .S. 
 by Carlow. It contains 11,200 houses, and about .oe.OOO 
 inhabitants, and is a line, arable, fertile, country, well wa- 
 tered hv the Barrow, Liflev, Boyne, and other rivers. 
 
 KILDA'RE, a town of Leinster, capital of a county of 
 the same name. It is chiefly supported by frequent horse- 
 races, on what is called the Curragh, (a tine plain, containing 
 ypwards of 3000 acres) and is 27 miles S. W. of Dublin. 
 
 KILDERKIN, s. [hindehn, a baby, Belg.] a small bar- 
 rel ; a liquid measure, containing two firkins, or eighteen 
 gallons, beer measure, and sixteen, ale measure. Two kil- 
 derkins make a barrel, and four an hogshead. 
 
 KILGA'RREN, a town of Pembrokeshire, seated on the 
 S. side of the river Tyvy, 30 miles N. of Pembroke, and 227 
 W. N. W. of London. Near it is a remarkable salmon leap, 
 and also large works for the fabricating of tin plates. Market 
 oo Wednestlay. 
 
 KI'LHAM, a town in the East Riding of Yorkshire, in 
 the VVoulds. It is about 4 furlongs in length, and stands in 
 a good soil for corn, 28 miles N. of Hull, and 290 N. of Lon- 
 Jon. Market on Thursday. 
 
 KILKENNY, a county of Leinster, is 3.0 miles in length 
 aud 18 in breadth, and is bounded on the W. by Tipperary, 
 
 on the N. l)y Queens Counly, on the E. by Cailow ani 
 Wexford, and on the S. by Walerforl. li c<julaius 127. 
 parishes, about 17,7.00 houses, and near 100,000 iidiabitanti.. 
 The surface is generallv level, aud liie soil ferlile, aud beiu-; 
 proper for tillage, produces corn, wool, maible, and a sp<'- 
 cies of coal, which, like eliarccjal, burns willmut smoke, is 
 very durable in burning, and, without any bl:i/e, pioducii 
 an inicouimon heat. The country abounds with line planla- 
 tions, and is, from the |)urity of the air, ( slccmed cxtienielv 
 healthful. The principal rivers are, the I'arr'uv, \iliitU 
 bounds it on the E. the Suir, which forms its southcin boun- 
 dary ; and the Nore, which crosses it from N. to S. 
 
 KILKE'NN^', a populous hading to«n of Ireland, capiiji 
 of a county of tlie same name. It has a small cathectral, 
 is one of the neatest towns in the kiugdoni, and contain* 
 about 17,000 inhabitants. 1'he borough of St. Caiiicc, or 
 Irish Town, is joined to English Town, which is the piin- 
 cipal; and both together, form one large town. 'Ihe manu- 
 factures chiefly carried on here, arc coaise woollen 
 cloths, blankets of extraordinary fine quality, and con- 
 siderable quantities of starch. The houses are decorated, 
 with a beautiful black aud while marble, dug Ui,\\\ quarries 
 t'.ear the town, and w hich is cut and polished by water. It 
 IS .jv^ated on the river Nore, over w hich it has two handsom*' 
 bridges, 2G miles N. of Waterford, 65 N. E. of Cork, anrl 
 54 S. W. (,f Dublin. Lat. .02 3G. N. Ion. 7. 18. W. 
 
 To KILL, !'. (1. [formerly \yritten qnclt, from cwcllan, Sax.j 
 to murder or deprive of life. Figuratively, to deprive of the 
 pow er of growing. 
 
 KILLALOE, a city of Clare, in Munster, seated on tli« 
 river Shannon, over which it has a bi idge of 19 arches. 
 10 miles N. of Limerick, and 80 S. W. of Dublin. Here is 
 a considerable salmon and eel fishery. 
 
 KILLAllNEY, a beautiful lake of Kerry, in Munster, 
 otherwise called Lough Lean, from its being surrounded by 
 high nuiuulains. It is properly divided into three parts, 
 called the lower, middle, and upper lakes. The norlheni, 
 or lower lake, is about 6 miles in length, and from 3 to 4 in 
 bri'adtli. The country on this and the eastern boundary, 
 is here and there diversified with gentle swells, many of 
 which afford beautiful prospects of the lake, the islands, and 
 the surrounding scenery. The S. shore is composed of 
 immense mountains, rising abruptly from the water, and 
 covered with woods of the finest timber. On Ihe side of 
 one of these mountains is O'Sullivan's Cascade, which fall* 
 into a lake with a roar that strikes the timid with awe. 
 I'lie view of this sheet of water is uncommonly fine, ap- 
 pearing as if it were descending from an arch of wood, which 
 overhangs it above 70 feet in height from the point of view. 
 Coasting along this shore aflbrds an almost endless enter- 
 tainment, every change of position presenting a new scene: 
 Ihe rocks hoUowed and worn |into a variety of forms by 
 the waves, and the trees and shrubs bursting from the pores 
 of the sapless stone, forced to assume the most uncouth 
 shapes, to adapt themselves to their fantastic situations. 
 The promontory of Mucruss, which divides Ihe upper from 
 thelower lake, isa perfect land of enchantment ; and a road 
 is carried through the centre of it, which '.'infolds all the 
 interior beauties of the place. Among the distant moun- 
 tains, Turk appears an object of magnificence ; and Man 
 gerton's more lofty, though less interesting, summit, soars 
 above the whole. The passage to the upper lake is round 
 the extremity of Mucruss, which confines it on one iidc, 
 and the approaching mountai^is on the other. Here is lliat 
 celebrated rock, called the Eagle's Nest, which produce.* 
 wonderful echoes. A french horn sounded here, raises a 
 concert superior to 100 instruments, in some situations ; arnl 
 the report of a single cannon is answered by a succession 
 of peals resembling the loudest thunder, wliieh seems to 
 travel the surrounding scenery, and die away among the dis- 
 tant mountains. The upper lake is about 4 miles in leu;.'th, 
 and from 2 to 3 in breadth ; it is abnost suirounded by 
 mountains, from which descend a number of bra liful 
 cascades. The islands in this lake are numerous, and afl'orii 
 
 .'.25
 
 KIN 
 
 N 
 
 an amazing variety of picturesque views. The c<Mjtre lake, 
 whicii conirniiiiicatcs with the upper, is snmll in cimiparison 
 witli the jolhcr two, and does not shew an eipial variety. 
 The shores, liowever, aie in many places, indented with 
 beautiFui hays, si;rround<;d with dark groves oi' trees, some 
 ofwhicii have a very pictu.'esque appearance, when viewed 
 from the water. The eastern boundary is i'oniKd by the 
 base of Mangcrton. do«n the stee|> side of which cUscends 
 a cascitde, visible for ISO yards. Tills fail of water is sup- 
 plied by a circidar lake near t!ie summit of the uiountarn, 
 call<;d tiie Devil's Punch Bowl.; which, on account of its 
 immense depth, and continual overflow of water, is con- 
 iidered as one of the ;;rcafest curiosities in Killarney. 
 KILLER, s. one wliodeprives ol life, or puts to death. 
 KILLICUA'NKIE, a noted pass of Perthshire, near the 
 junction of the Tumei with the Oarray. It is the grand en- 
 trance into the Highlands in those parts, and is formed by 
 lofty mountains impcndin"; o\er the Ciairay, which rushes 
 through in a deep, darksome, and rocky chaiuiel, overhung 
 with trees, forminija scene of horrilile grandeur. Formerly 
 this was a pass of miuh ditfiiulty and danger, a path hang- 
 ing o\'era tremendous precipice, threatened destruction to 
 the least false step of the traveller. At present, a thie road, 
 formed by the soldiery lent by <;ovcrunicnt, gives an easy 
 access to the remote Highlands; and t!ie two sides are joinci) 
 by a fine arch. 
 
 'KILLOUGH, or Port St. Anne, a town of Down in 
 Ulster, 76 miles N. by li.of Dublin. It lies N. of St. John's 
 Point; and has a good quay, from which considerable niian- 
 titles of barley are exported. Here is a profitable nianid'ac- 
 tureofsalt. At a small distance froni ti.e town, near the 
 sea isa rock, in which there is an oblong hole, whence a 
 strange noise is heard, at the ebbing and flowing of the tide 
 iomewliat resembling the sound of a huntsman's horn. At 
 the coming in of the tide whilst the waters are beating up 
 Under the rock, a c(yld air bursts from it with a mixture of 
 spray ; but as the waters retire during the ebb, there is a 
 strong draft of air sets in at the hole, to fill up to prevent 
 iJie vacuum which the retiring of the water would produce. 
 lu an open field, about a quarter of a mile from the town, 
 there isa very curious cave, about 27 yards long, which has 
 a winding passage, two feet and a half broad, with three 
 doors in it, besides the entrance leading to a circular cham- 
 ber, three yards in diameter, where there is a tine, co(>l, 
 li'mpid well. 
 
 KILLOW, or CA'LLOW, t.zn English name for a black 
 earth, of a mixture between the marbles, ochres, and clay, 
 cjommon in many parts of England, Wales, and Ireland. 
 
 KILMAilNOCK, a town of Ayrshire, containing about 
 5670 inhabitants. It is noted for its nwnufacluros of gloves, 
 carpets, stockings, night-caps, boniicts, and oilier woollen 
 g^oods, and is 1.5 miles S. W. of (JIaigow. 
 
 KI1..N, s. \ci/ln. Sax] a stove or furnace contrived for ad- 
 mitting heat, and drying or burning such tliin-s as are con- 
 tained in if. 
 'I'o KI'LNDRY, I'.rt. to dry ,n a kihi. 
 KI'MBO, n. [scliimbo, Ifal.] t.rooUed ; bent ; willi ihe arms 
 bent, and slicking out from the sides. 
 
 Kl'.MBOL'l'ON', a town of Huntingdonshire, wiili an ele- 
 "ant castle. It is 8 miles \V. S. W. of Huntingdon, and 64 
 S'. of lyindon. Market on Friday. 
 
 KIN, i. [r^HHf, Sax.] of the same family ; a relation; of 
 tlic same race. L'sed as a termination to express something 
 diniinulive; ilius mannihin, 'd little mau : miunihiu, a very 
 siiiall pin. 
 
 KINCATtDlN, a shire of Scotland, which sends two 
 members to parliament, yiz. one for the shire, and one for 
 tjie borough of Inverbervie, dc. 
 
 KIND, a. I from cyntw, .Sax. J beliavin": with civilijy to 
 others; benevolent, or filled with generargooil-w ill. 
 
 KIND, .5. [o/«iie, Sax.] race ; or class containing several 
 
 specie's. h'iii'J,\n Teutonic English, answers to £• ■.n-, and 
 
 miHotpccics; adistinction not always observed. Tin' par- 
 
 '.icular nature of a thing ; the naluraf state of a tiling. " Le- 
 
 6Jr; 
 
 vied m kind upon com." Arhuth. Nature, or particular 
 manner. Sort, used wiih in, implying by way of. " In a 
 Ai'«/ of scorn. " Bacon. Manner; way. 
 
 To KI'iNDLE, V. a. [c;/H(/t'A(ii, Sax.| to set on firt ; to 
 light, or make to burn. 1 iguratively, to excite, lo iiillinie, 
 or exasperate ; to catch tire, 'lo bring forth, appli>;d to 
 rabbits, Ac. from cenuan. Sax. 
 
 KI'NDLER, «. one that lights or' sets fire to. Figura- 
 tively, one that infiamis, or excites disturbances. 
 KI'NDLY, «'/. in a civil, good-natured manner. 
 KINDLY, n. [from the substantive] of the same nature; 
 homogenial ; suitin.; or agreeing with. lusinualiug ; mild. 
 Kl NDNESS, 4. civil behaviour ; favourable Irealnieut, oi 
 a constant and habitual practise of friendly offices, and be- 
 nevolent actions. 
 
 KINDRED, *. fc?/)i)e»f, Sax.] relation by birth or mar- 
 riage. 
 
 KINDRED, a. native; congenial; agreeing to the na 
 ture of a person or thing. 
 KINE, «. the old plural of Cow. 
 
 KI'NETON, a town in Warwickshire, held, as its name 
 imports, by the kings ofEiigland, if not before, yet certainly 
 bv Edward the Confessor, and William the CoiKpieior. 
 King John kept his court in the castle here. It is y miles 
 E. of Stratford, and 8S W. N. W. of London. Market on 
 Tuesday, chiefly for black cattle. 
 
 KliNCi, 4. \cyiic::, Sax. J a person who rules singly over a 
 people. In England, tiie king has viower of making jieace 
 and war, and calling, coiitinuing, proroguing, and dissolving 
 of parliaments ; of enforcing old laws, determining reward* 
 and punishments, pardoning ofteuders, laying embargoes on 
 .shipping, and of opening and shutting sea-ports. He is Ihe 
 ftiuntain of honour, and lias the sole power of conferring 
 dignities and titles of honour ; as creating dukes, eails, 
 barons, &c. In gaming, a cai-d with the picture of a king, 
 in w hist, next to an ace. The four kings are, David, Alex- 
 aniler, Ca;sar, and Charles, whose names are still [irinted on 
 the French cards, and are supposed to represent Ihe font 
 monarchies of the Jews, Grecki, Romans, and that of the 
 Franks under Charlemagne. King at Arms, is a principal 
 ofiicerat arm.s that has pre eminence of the socielv of he- 
 ralds; of these there are three, iiaraeil. Garter, Xoriw. 
 and Clarencieux. 
 
 KINGS, Books of, s. two canonical books of the OH 
 Testament, so called, because they contain the history of 
 the kings of Israel and Judah, from the beginning of the 
 reign of Solomon, down to the death of Jehorachin king v{ 
 Judah, who wa» carried captive iuto Babylon, coniprisii);r 
 the space of about 4ri0 years. 
 
 To KING.i'.rt. to rule asa king; to raise to the dignity 
 of a king. 
 
 KING AN, a c^ity of China of the fust rank, in the pro- 
 vince of Kiaiigsi. It is situated on the river Kan, in an un- 
 even but fertile and agreeable countrv, TSJo miles Souih of 
 Pekin.^ 
 KrNGrR.\rT, .«. the art n!' governing. 
 KI'NCiCL'P, i-. in botany, a kind of crowfoot. 
 Kl'NGDOiM, s. \cii>ie(lom. Sax.] the dtmiinion or territo- 
 ries subject to a king. Anioiig naturalists, a class or order 
 of things cr beings. Figuratively, a tract or region. Sv- 
 >?()N. i?»i/«Ve conveys aii idea cf a vast territory, compos- 
 ed of various people; whereas luntrdom implies one move 
 bounded, and intimales the unity of that natiou of which it 
 is formed. 
 
 KlNGFl'SIIi'R, s. in ornithology, a very bcaulit'ul bird, 
 which fre(]ueiits ;!ie banks of rivers and feeds upon fish. 
 
 KING (JEORGE'S SOUND, the name given by Captain 
 Cook, in 1778, to the harbour which he discovered* on tliw 
 W. coast of N. America, at file nioutli of a gveal river, in 
 jon. Via. 48. W. and hit. 4!). ;«.■ N. I'.ut the natives calli-d 
 itNootka, Ihe name nowgenfrally ado] ted by the F.nglisli. 
 Upon the sea coast the lauvi is lolerablv high and level ; but 
 within the S(Min(l, it rises into steep hilU, whi( h have an uni 
 form ap])earancc. The trees ofwhicii the woods are coi.»-
 
 KIN 
 
 KIN 
 
 nosed, ;irc tlir C;ni'.t(Ii;!ri jifiir, \'.li;(c r\ pi'rss, iiinl fun m' 
 lliii'o diIrt sDitb of pine. Jii geiKKil, llie fn^os ^row licrc 
 with j(|(mI vigour, and are of a larp;e size. AIkhiI the rocks 
 mid lioi(l< IS (il'llip woods were scon xmie straw lii-rry plants, 
 ni.d rasplii'iry, ciirianl, rdid goosiiiiTry linsltcs, all in a Hon- 
 lisliiii^r slate. The priiieipal animals seen lir-re were ra- 
 coons, martens, and sipiirnls. IJirds are far from beiiij; iiii- 
 rneroiis, and tliosc lliat are to be seen are remarlialily shy, 
 owin^', perhaps, to their liein^ conliimally harassed liy the 
 natives, who take them for food, and use their feathers as or- 
 iiaiiients. The variety of (ish is not very great here, yet they 
 are in ^jrealer (piaiitities than birds. The principal sorts are 
 the common lierrin;^, a silver-eoloiired bream, and another 
 of a liroHii colour. The stature of the natives is, in gene- 
 ral, below the common standard ; but their persons are not 
 proportioiiably slender, being usually pretty plump, though 
 not iiuisciilar. 'I'he women are, in general, of the same 
 size and proportion as the men. Their bodies are always 
 covered willi ml paint, but their faces are ornamented with 
 it variety oI'coNjuis, a black, a bright red, or a w hite colour ; 
 the last of which gives tlieiii a ghastly and horrible appear- 
 ance. They appear to be docile, courteous, and good-na- 
 tured ; but lliey are quick in resenting injuries, and as 
 quickly foi get them. A rattle and a small whistle are the 
 only instruments of music that were seen among them. 
 Tiieir houses consist of very long,biiiad planks, resting upon 
 the edges of each other, tied in dittereiit parts with withes 
 o." pine-bark. Their furniture consists principally of chests 
 aiid boxes of various sizes, piled upon each other, at the 
 sides or ends of their houses, in which are deposited their 
 fjarmenls, and whatever they deem valuable. They ha^e 
 also sipiare and oblong pails, and bowls to eat their food out 
 of, &c. From their curing their tisli in their houses, and 
 Jeaviiig the bones and fragments in heaps of filth before the 
 doors, and from their houses being without chimneys, their 
 liabitations have a strong disagreeable smell of train-oi'l, fish, 
 and smoke. 
 
 KI'NGLIKE, or KI'NGLY, a. royal ; belonging or suit- 
 able to a kin^. 
 
 KINGLY , ad. with an air of majesty ; with superior dig- 
 nity. 
 
 KING'S BENCH, s. is a court in which the king w«s 
 formerly accustomed to sit in person, and on that account 
 was moved Avitli the king's household. This was originally 
 the only court in Westminster-hall, and from this it is thought 
 that the courts of Common Pleas and the Exchequer were 
 derived. As the king in person is still presumed in law to 
 sit in this court, though only represented by his judges, it is 
 said to have supreme authority, and the proceedings in it 
 are supposed \o he coratu nobis, that is, before the king. Tliis 
 court consistsof the lord chief justice, and the other justices 
 or judges, who are invested with a sovereign jurisdiction 
 over all matters, whether of a criminal or public nature. It 
 frequently proceeds on indictments found bctoie other 
 courts, and removed by certiorari into this. Persons ille- 
 gally coi'imittcd to prison, though by the king and council, 
 or either of the houses of parliament, may be bailed in it ; 
 and in some cases even upon legal commiinienls. Writs of 
 mandamus are i.ssued by this court, for the restoring ofotH- 
 cers in corporations, <fcc. unjustly turned out, and freemen 
 wrongfully disfranchised. This court is now divided into a 
 crown side and plea side ; the one determining criminal, 
 and the other civil causes. The officers of this court, on the 
 crown side, are the clerk and secretary of the crown ; and 
 on the side of the pleas there are two chief clerks or protho- 
 uotaries,and their secretary and deputy, the custos breviuni, 
 two clerks of the papers, the clerk of the declarations, the 
 signet and sealer of the bills, the clerk of the rules, clerk of 
 the errors, aiicl the clerk of the bails; to which may be added 
 the filazers, fne marshal of the court, and the cryer. 
 
 KI'.^GSBRIDGE, a pretty town of Devonshire, consist- 
 ing of about 160 houses. It is seated at the head of a small 
 river, which falls into the sea a little below, affording a har- 
 bour for boats. Here is a bridge over the Salconib orDod- 
 
 brook. It is 11 miles SW. of Dailmonlh, and Cl« \\. b> S. 
 of London. Mai kel on Saturday. 
 
 KrN(;.SCLIlM!, a town in Hants, pleasanlly silualed oh 
 the edge of the Downs, near licrks, !> miles N.by W oMVd- 
 singsloke, and .00 S. .S. W. of London. It was once lln scil 
 of llie West Saxon kings. Market on Tues<lay. 
 
 KI.N'fi'S COINTV, a county of Ireland, in the i)rovince 
 of Leiiister, ;! 1 miles in length, and from 13 to 17 in bnailth. 
 It is bounded on the N. by W. Mealh ; on the I", by KiMaic 
 and Queen's Coiinly ; on the S. by Queen's County and Tip- 
 perary ; and on llu- W. by the river .Sliannon and a part of 
 Tipperary. The soil is various; in some iiarls it is very 
 fertile, in others not so rich nor so well inhabited as some 
 other counties. It conlains.Vi parishes, about I. ■5,.'>:3(j houses, 
 and 74. .000 inhabitants; the capital is Philipstown. 
 
 KINGS-K'VIL, s. a scrophulous distemper, in wiiicli the 
 glands are ulcerated: it derives its name Iroin a Miigar opi- 
 nion that it may be cured by the touch of a lung or crowned 
 head. 
 
 Kl'NGSHIP, J. royalty, or the state, office, and dignity 
 of a king. ^ 
 
 KI'NCiSPEAR, s. in botany, the asphodelus. 
 KrN(iSTON. SeellurL. 
 
 KINGSTON UPON THAMES, a large, populous, well- 
 built town of Surry, so called from its having lieei-i the resi- 
 dence of several of our SaNim kings, some of whom were 
 crowned here, on a stage in the market-place. The Lent 
 assizes for the county are held here. It is sealed on the 
 Thames, over which it has a wooden bridge of 22 piers and 
 20 arches, 11 miles S. W. of London. Market on Sa- 
 turday. 
 
 KLNCiSTON, orKvNETON.a pretty large,aiid well built 
 town of Herefordshire, with a good trade in narrow cloth. 
 It is seated on the river Arroiv, \.'> miles N. W. of Ileret<)rd'. 
 and 149 W. N. W. of London. Market on \\ edne^day. 
 The markets on Wednesday before Ivastcr, V\ liil^untido, 
 and Christmas, are so considerable for corn, callle, leather, 
 home-made linen, woollen cloth, and provisions, that they 
 more resemlde fairs. 
 
 KINGSTON n Li'SSEL, a town near Dorchester. lis ma- 
 nor is held by serjeanti"y, viz. to be cup bearer to the hiny 
 at the four principal feasts of tlie year. Market on Thurs- 
 day. 
 
 KI'NGSTON, a sea-port town of Jamaica, in tlie \Ve3t 
 Indies, containing about 1065 houses, besides negro-luiiS 
 and warehouses. In 1788, the number of white inhabitants 
 was 6539, of free people of colour 3280, of slaves 10,65y. 
 It is seated on the N. side of the Bay of Port Royal, on the 
 S. coast of the island. It was built after the great earth- 
 quake in 1692, and is now a large town, about a mile in 
 length, and half a mile in breadth. It is laid out into little 
 squaresand cross streets, and is a place of considerable trade 
 and opulence. Many of the houses, in the upper part of 
 the town, are very magnificent ; and the markets for tiesli, 
 turtles, fi;h, poultrv, fruits, and vegetables, are inferior to 
 none. Lat. 17. .50.' N. hin. 70. 52. W. 
 KI'xNGSTONE, s. a kind offish. 
 
 KIN(iS-YE'LLOW, s. among painters, a yellow paint 
 mafle from orpiment. 
 
 KI Nf jTCHEOU, a well-built and populous city of Chi- 
 na, of the first rank, in the province of Houtpiang. It has 
 a great trade, and is situated on the Yangtse river, in a 
 fruitful and (ileasant country, with a garrison of Tartars, to 
 whom one part of the town b£longs, 620 miles S. S. W. of 
 Pckin. 
 
 KINROSS, a town of Scotland, iu the shire of Kinross, 
 seated on the river Leveii, not farW. of Loch Leven, and 
 20 miles N. of Edinburgh. The manufactories cf this town 
 are linen and cutlery ware. 
 
 KINROSS, a shire or county of Scotland, »"nroundetI I>y 
 the shires of Perth and Fife. It is about 30 miles in circuit, 
 its length and breadth being nearly equal. 
 
 KINSA'LE, a town of Cork, in Muiister, seated on the 
 river Bandoo. It is a very populous, trading place, and 
 
 627
 
 KIR 
 
 KNA 
 
 has a deep, comiiiotlinus, and secure hurhour, 14 miles S. of 
 Cork. F.,iit b^. 41. N. Ion. 8. «H. \V. 
 
 KINSFOLK, s. Itidiii kill and /<//A] relations, or those 
 liiat are of the same family. 
 
 Kl NSM.\N, «. a man who is related to, or of the same 
 faniilv with, another. 
 
 KINSWOMAN, t. a woman of the s;uiie family with 
 allot lie r. 
 
 KIOF, or Kl'OW, a considerahle town of Poland, in a 
 palatine ofthe same name, <.h» residence of tlie fjreat duLe 
 till the l'2th centnry. It is the capital of the Russian go- 
 vernmerit of Kiof, and carries on a considerahle trade. It 
 is divided into the Old and New town, and is seated on the 
 W. si<)e ofthe river Dnieper, 180 miles N. E. of Kamanieck, 
 and :i:s.5 E. hv S. of Warsaw. Eat. 50. 30. N. Ion. 31. 51. E. 
 KIOF, KlOW, or KI'EV.SKOE, a government of the 
 Russian empire, lynij;, for the most part on the P.. or left 
 iide ofthe river Dnieper, altttmigli Kiof tlie capital is on 
 the W. It contains 11 districts. 
 
 Kri'I'EllNUT, «. a plant, the same with the pignut. 
 KrRBlLONSD.XLE, a large and well-huilt town of 
 Westmoreland, willi a woollen manufactory. It is seated 
 on the river Eon, 10 miles S. E. of Kendal, and 253 N. W. 
 of London. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 Kl'RUY MONKS, Warwicksliire, n town between Co- 
 ventrv and Lutterworth. .Market on Tuesdav. 
 
 KfRBY MOORSIDE, a town in the N. Ridin- of York- 
 shire, seated on the edge of Black Moore, near the river 
 Don, 25 miles N. of York, and 225 N. by W. of London. 
 Market on Wednesday. 
 
 KIRBY STEVEN, or Kirby Stephen, a town of 
 Westmoreland, noted for a manufactory of yarn stockings. 
 It has a good free-school, with 2 exhibitions, and is seated 
 on the W. side of the river Eden, near the hills which sepa- 
 rate this county from Yorkshire, miles S. of Appleby, and 
 S«l N. N. W.ofLofKlon. Mark.t on Friday. 
 
 KIRK, 4-. [ci/ree, Sax.] a church ; obsolete in England, 
 but still retained in Scotland. 
 
 KIRKCLDBRIGHT, a sea-port of Scotland, in the 
 ceunty of Kirkcudbright, seated at the mouth of the river 
 Dee, 'it miles S. W. of Dumfries, and 83 S. W. of Edinburgh. 
 It has a fine harbour with depth of water sutiicient to ad- 
 mit ships of any burden to come up to the town, and yet 
 has but an inconsiderable trade. The town consists of two 
 streets, which form a right angle with each other, having in 
 the centre the town house. 
 
 KIRKCUDRRIGH T, once formed, with the county of 
 W'igton, the antient province of tialloway. Kirkcudbright- 
 ihire is bounded on the N. K. by Ayrshire and Dumfries- 
 »hire ; on the S. by tiieSolway Frith and the Iriili sea ; and 
 on the W. by Wigtonshire and Avrshire. Its extent from 
 N. toS. is nearly 30 miles, and from Is. to W. about 43. 
 Here is a great plenty of fine pasture, and numerous Hocks 
 of sheep and small cattle. 
 
 KI'RKHAM, a handsome town of Lancashire, with a well- 
 pndowed free-school, for three masters. It is seated near 
 the Rlbble, by wliich it communicates with all the late 
 iula-nd navigations, 19 miles S. of Lancaster, and 22.3 N. 
 N. W. of London. It has a considerable manufactory of sail 
 cloth. Market on Tlnirsday. 
 
 KIRK-O'SWALD, a town (jf Cnniberland, with a market 
 on Thursrlay, It is 292 miles from London. 
 
 Kl RKWALL, a sea-port of Scotland, capital of Orkney, 
 the prijicipat of the islands of that name, is built upon an in- 
 l( t of the sea, on lIi' Is. side of the island. Here is the 
 »)ately cathedral of St. Magnus. It i-s 45 miles from Dungs- 
 bv llead, the nuislN. E promontory of Scotland. Lat. .08. 
 5(*. N. Ion. 2. 57. W. 
 
 KIRTLK, «. \cyrtd, .Sax. J an upper garment or gown. 
 Net in use 
 
 Kl'RTON, a town in Lincolnshire, with a Irulv magni- 
 iieeiit chMr< h. It is natcd on an i niiruiice, on the edge of 
 Limoli, ll.iilh, 2(1 mile* N. of Lincoln, and 151 N. W. oi" 
 
 London. It gives name to its hundred, in which ara 4 vil- 
 lages of the same name. Market on Saturday. 
 
 To KISS, tp. a. [cufoii, Brit.] to touch with tht lipj. Fi- 
 guratively, to treat with fondness ; to touch gently or ia a 
 loving maimer. 
 
 KiSS, ». asahite given by joining the lips. 
 
 KISSER, i. one that kisses. 
 
 KISSINGCRUST, s. the thin tender crust of bread, 
 formed where one loaf touches another in the oven. 
 
 KI'STI, one of the seven Caucasian nations, that inhabit 
 the countries between the Black Sea and the Caspian. 
 They consist of 16 diflerent districts or tribes, which are 
 often at variance with each other, and with their neighbours. 
 Their dialects appear to have no analogy with any known 
 language, and their history and origin are utterly unknown. 
 Those belonging to the districts of Wapi, Angusht, and 
 Shalkha, submitted to Russia in 1770. The Thetshan tribe 
 is so numerous and warlike, and has given the Russians so 
 much trouble, that its name is usually given by them to the 
 whole Kisti nation. The Ingushi live in villages near each 
 other, containing about 20 or 30 houses ; they are diligent 
 husbandmen, and rich in cattle. Many of their villages 
 have a stone tower, which serves, in time of war, as a retreat 
 to their women and children, and a magazine for their ef- 
 fects. These people are all armed, and have the custom of 
 wearing shields. Their religion is very simple, but has 
 some traces of Christianity. They believe in one God, 
 whom they call Daile, and, on the first day of the week, rest 
 from labour. They eat pork, and have a fast in spring, and 
 another in summer. They observe no ceremonies either at 
 births or deaths ; but they allowof polygamy, and, at certain 
 times, a sheep is sacrificed by a person who seems to be 
 considered as a kind of priest, as he is obliged to live in a 
 stato of celibacy. A singular sort of hospitality is attributed 
 to these people by major Rennel. When a guest, or stran- 
 ger, comes to lodge w ith them, one of the host's daughters 
 is obliged to receive him, touiwaddleand feed his horse, take 
 care of his baggage, prepare his dinner, pass the night with 
 him, and continue at his disposal during his stay." 
 
 KIT,*, [kitte, Belg.] a large bottle ; a small fiddle; a 
 small woocfen vessel in wliich Newcastle salmon is sent to 
 town. 
 
 KITCHEN, s. \hegin, Brit.] the room in a house where 
 the provisions are dressed. 
 
 KITCHENGARDEN, J.a garden wherein salads, ^oot^ 
 herbs, cabbages, and other esculent plants, are produced. 
 
 KITCHENMAID, i. a cook or maid who does the bu- 
 siness of the kitchen. 
 
 KITCHENSTUFF, s. the fat scummed off the pot, or 
 collected from the dripping pan. 
 
 KITCHENWENCH, *. a scullion, or maid employed to 
 clean the vessels or instruments used in cookery. 
 
 KI'TCHENWORK, j. cookery, or work "done in a 
 kitchen. 
 
 KITI""., s. \ctfta, Sax.] a bird of prey that infests farm*, 
 and steals chickens. Figuratively, a person of remarkable 
 and jnotorious rapacity. A play thing matle of paper, and 
 raised into the air by means of a long string, and runuiiig 
 against the wind. 
 
 KITESFOOT, s. a kind of plant. 
 
 KI'TFEN, .1. [huttcken, Belg.] a young cat. 
 
 To KI'TIEN, V. n. to bring foiih young cats. 
 
 KlTTIWAKls, ,t. a species of gull ; they inhabit the 
 clifl's of Flamborough head, the Bass-isle, and the rocks on 
 the east coast of .Scotland. 
 
 To KLICK, v.n. [from cheh] to make a sharp noise like 
 the links of an iron cliain beating against each other. 
 
 KI.II'SI'KIN(iER, s. in zoology, a kind of antelope, 
 that inhabits the vicinilv ofthe ('ape of (iooii Hope. 
 
 'I'd KNAB, (the k before then in this and all the follow- 
 ing words is mute) r. a. [kniijtpcn, Belg.] to take a short bite ;■ 
 to bile something brittle that makes a noise bct^teeii (h< 
 tee 111.
 
 KNK 
 
 KNO 
 
 KNACK,.?. [<•«<•«, Brit.] a toy or I)iiul)l(', which discovers 
 skill or coiitriviiiicc; arcadiihcss; ;i iicciiliiir slight or lialjitual 
 dexterity in (loin?^ any lliinij ; ii nice liick. 
 
 'I'o RSIACK, K. M. to make a sharp shrill noise like that 
 ofa s.titk w hi'ii hreakhig. 
 
 KN.\'CKKlt, 4-. a maker of small work. A rope maker. 
 KNACI, s. a knol) or hard knot in wood. 
 KNA'( Jti Y, a. kiiottVi or full of knoh.,. 
 KN.M*, s. [cnap, Brit.] an ennncnce ; a swelling pvotu- 
 Ijcrance. 
 
 To kN.\P, I', rt. f A»w;)/)ra, Rcl^'.J to bite or break short; 
 to strike so as to make a .sharp iiuibc like that of breakinjf. 
 To make a sharp noise bv a suildeii clash or breaking;. 
 KNA'PBO'lTLli, s. akind of poppy. 
 To KNA'PPLE, V. n. to break oti' with a short, sharp 
 noise. 
 
 KN A'PSACK, J. [from hnappen, Belg. to eat] the bag which 
 a soldier carries at liisback ; a bag of provisions. 
 
 KNA'PWEED, s. a se"i's of plants, of which there are 
 »<^veral species ; the bluebottle, malsellon, star-thistle, and 
 St. Barnaby's thistle, belong to this genus. 
 KNARE, s. [kiwr, Teut.l a hard knot. 
 KNA'RE.SBOROUGH, a town in the North Riding of 
 Yorkshire, containing about 500 houses. It is pleasantly 
 seated on the river N id, over which it has a stone bridge, on 
 a rugged, rough rock, 18 miles W. by N. of York, and 211 
 N. by W. of l^ondon. It is famous for 4 me<licinal springs, 
 near each other, and yetof different qualities ; the sweet spa, 
 orvitriolic well; the stinking, orsulphureousand very tletid 
 spa ; St. Mungo's well, a cold bath ; and the dropping w:ill, 
 . supposed to be the most petrifying spring in England. The 
 adjacent fields are alsonoted for liquorice. It hasa manufac- 
 . ture of linen cloth, sheeting, &c. Market on Wednesday. 
 . KN.\VE, J. [cnafa, Sax.] a boy or servant; and in tiie 
 .fitter sense, in an old translation of the Testament, in Lau- 
 derdale's library, we read, " Paul the knave of Christ," 
 where, howevei-, this word was inserted purposely. At 
 present it is used in a bad sense, to signify a sly, artful, or 
 dishonest fellow. In gaming, it is applied to a card having 
 a soldier painted on it. 
 
 KNAVERY, .!. dishonesty; tricks; low cunning; any 
 thing put to an ill use. 
 
 KN.A'VISU, a. dishonest; tricking; waggish; niis- 
 cliievous. 
 
 KN.VVISilLY, ad. in a sly, cunning, and dishonest 
 manner. 
 
 KN.V WEL, s. an herb with greenish blossoms, found on 
 •andy ground, and in coni-lields. 
 
 To Knead, (>;««/) v. «. loutdan. Sax. knedcu, Belg.] 
 to beat or mingle any substance. Seldom applied to any 
 thing but the manner of making dough fit for bakincr, by 
 often rolling it in difterent fojms, and pressing it «ilh the 
 knuckles. 
 
 KNE'ADINGTROUGH, {neixtiiifs-troff) s. a trough 
 ill which the paste of bread is worked together. 
 
 KNE'BWORTH, a town of Herts, situated on a hill, or 
 knap, (from whence it has its name,) between Hertford and 
 Hitchen. Market on Friday. 
 
 Knee, «. \cneow, Sax. knee, Belg.] the joint of the leg 
 whereby it is united to the thigh. 
 
 To KNEE,.u. a, to place the knee upon ; to entreat kneel- 
 ing. 
 KNEED, a. having knees. In botany, having joints. 
 
 ** Kne«d grass." 
 
 KNEE-DEEP, a. rising to the knees; sunk tothe knees. 
 
 KN ElvHOEM, s. a kind of herb. 
 
 KNEE-PAN, *. a little round bone about two inches 
 bioad, convex on both sides, and covered with a smooth 
 cartilage on its forcside, which serves as a pulley to the ten- 
 don of the muscles that extend the leg. 
 
 To KNEEL, K. ij. to bend the knee ; to touch the ground 
 with the knee, as a sign of subjection and supplication. 
 
 KNEETRIBUTE, j. worship or obeisance shewn by 
 fcneel'ug. " Receive froii) as kuccuibutc." Mitt. 
 
 KNELL,*. [rHi/, Br!r.] the sound of abcll niiigala Iniri.J 
 or funeral. 
 KNl'lW, the preter of K. sow. 
 
 KNIEE, s. plural knivis, it being a general rule, .Ihat 
 nouns ending in /'or/i- in the singular, luaUe the plural by 
 changing/' and /'■ into vns .- [cnif] Sax.] an instrument con- 
 sisting oCa steel blade uijli an edge on one side, and some- 
 liiiies with a sharp point, used particularly in cutting meat 
 and killing animals. 
 
 KNIGHT, (the g-A in this word and its compounds ajid de- 
 rivatives is mute, ami pronounced as if s|)elt nitr) s. [cnilil, 
 .Sax.] among the Romans, was a person of the second degree 
 of nobility, following immediately that of the senators. At 
 the ceremony of conferring this honour, he had a horse given 
 him, which was kept at the jiublic (harge, with uliicli he 
 was to serve in the wars. A'«/g■/l^ in a modern sensi-, pro- 
 perly signifies a person, who, for his virtue and prowess, is 
 by the king raised above the rank ofgenllcnien, into a higher 
 class of dignity and honour. Kniglilhood was formerly the 
 first degree of honour in thearmy, and conferred with much 
 ceremony on those who had distinguished themselves by 
 some notable exploit in arms. The ceremonies at theircre- 
 ation have been various ; the principal was a box on ihe ear, 
 and a stroke with a suord on the shoulder: they put on him 
 a shoulder-belt, a gilt sword, spurs,aiidot|iermilitary accou- 
 trements : being thus armed as a knight, he was led to Ihe 
 church. Camden describes the manner of making a knight 
 bachelor among us, which is the lowest and most auticnt 
 order of knighthood, to be thus : the person kneeling 
 was gently struck on the shouliler by the prince, and ac- 
 costed in these words ; " I'ise, and be a knight, in the 
 name of God." Knight is also nndeistood of a perstjn ad- 
 milted into any order, either purely military, or mililary 
 and religious ; as Kniglits of the Garter, of Malta, of the 
 Holv Ghost, iVc 
 
 KN|GHr-E RRANTRY, s. the practice of wandering 
 about in quest of needless encounters. 
 
 KNIGHT OF THE POST, s. an hireling evidence, or 
 one that will swear anv lliing if paid for it. 
 
 KNIGHTS OF THE SHIRE, s. in the British Polity, are 
 two knights or genllemen, who are elected by the free- 
 holders of every county to represent liicm in parliament. 
 The qualification of a knight of the shire is, to be possessed 
 of fiOO/. per ann. in a freehold estate. 
 To KNIGHT, 1'. a. to create a person a knight. 
 K.N' I'GHTHOOD,*. the rank or dignity ofa knight. 
 KNIGHTLY, ad. befilting a knight ; beseeming a 
 knight. 
 
 KNTGHTON, a fair, well-built, well frequented, town, 
 of Radnorshire, with a considerable trade. It is seated iii 
 a valley on the river Tend orTeme, which separates it from 
 Shropshire, 14 miles N. W. of Hereford, and 15.5 N. W. of 
 London. Market on Thursday. 
 
 To KNIT, V. a. preter hiit, or knitted : [cnittan, Sax.] to 
 form any texture or manufactures on wires or needles with- 
 out a loom. Figuratively, to interweave. To tie, applieil 
 to knots. To join or unite t«o persons fogeilier, applied 
 to matrimony. To join together in fVieiidslii]i. To contract 
 in wrinkles, applied tothe forehead, or eyebrows. To join 
 close, or unite. "Oursever'd navy — have /;iii< again." 
 
 KNIT, «. the texture, degree, or fineness of any thing 
 formeil bv kuilting. 
 
 KNI FFER, s. one who makes any manufacture Lj 
 knittins:. 
 
 KNITTING-NEEDLE, s. a wire with which sfockings» 
 &c. are made without a loom. 
 
 KMTTLE, .f. a string with which the mouth ofa purse 
 is gathered and closed. 
 
 KNOB, .5. [hnoop, Belg.] a protuberance; a part rising 
 bluntlv above the surface ofa thing, 
 
 KNO'BBED, ff. set with knobs or protuberances. 
 KNO'BBINESS, s. the quality of having knobs or protti- 
 beraiices. 
 KNOBBY", a. full of knobs, Fisurativclv. hard •n-, 
 
 if2i
 
 KNU 
 
 KOR 
 
 rtiibborn ; alluding to wood, which is not easily beiit, when 
 full of knots. 
 
 To KNOCK, r. n.[enucian, Sax.] to clash ; to 11? driven 
 forcibly tosjether ; tobeatala door lor admittance. Tuhturh 
 lauler, tO submit, or pay submission. Tu knock down, to fVll 
 or make a person fall, by a violent blow. To knock on the 
 kearl, to kill or destroy by a blow. 
 
 KNOCK,.!, a sudden stroke or blow ; aloud stroke made 
 at the door for entrance. 
 
 KNO CKER, s. one who makes a noise at a door to gain 
 entrance ; the liainnierlian,!iin^atadoor for persons to strike 
 with to Kain admission. 
 
 To KNOLL, (h6/.0 I'. «. Ffrom kuciq to ring; a bcl' for a 
 burial. 
 
 KNOLLES, .5. the wild turnip. 
 
 KNOP, s. [a corruption ot /(jnrj)] any tufty top. Ainf. 
 Also a kind of crowfoot. 
 
 KNOT, i. [ciwtia. Sax.] a strtn?: or cord formed in a 
 hard knob by frequent intersections not easily to be disen- 
 tangled. Figuratively, any figure formed of lines frequently 
 intersecting each other; any bond of union or association; 
 a difficulty or intricacy not easily resolved ; an intrigue, or 
 dilbcult perplexity; a cluster, or collection. In dress, a 
 ribbon worn by way of ornament on the head of a woman. 
 A hard part of wood, caused by the growing of a bough in 
 that part. 
 
 To KNOT, V. a. to lie threads or cords in such a manner 
 as to make a hard knob not easily untangled; to entangle 
 or perplex ; to nnile. 
 
 KNOTBERRIES, or KN'"OU'TBERRIES, s. the cloud- 
 berry bramble. 
 
 KNOTGRASS, s. a plant with white flowers, in naked 
 Kshorls, and trailing stems, found in wet pastures in Corn- 
 wall; also a kind of snakeweefl. The German knotgrass 
 is a species of the scleranthus of LinuKus. 
 
 KNO'TSFORi), a town in Cheshire, with a silk mill, and 
 a manufacture of shag velvets. It is seated on a rivulet 
 called B-icken, which divides it into two parts, 7 miles N. E. 
 of Nortlnvich, and 173 N. N. W. of London. Market en 
 Saturday. ' 
 
 KNOTTED, «. full of knots. 
 
 KNOTTINESS,*. the quality of abounding in knots; an 
 intricacy or ditiicidty not easily solved. 
 
 KNOTTY, a. full of knots, applied either to fh.veads or 
 tiees; hard, intricate, perplexed, difficult. 
 
 KNOUT, is the name of a punishment inflicted in Russia, 
 with a kind of whip called knout, and made of a long strap 
 (if leather prepared for this imrpose. 
 
 7\) KNOW, (the w in this word and its derivatives is 
 mute, and o pron. long)i'. a. prefer. I knew or have knonn ; 
 part. pass. Awottii; [mau-un. Sax.] to perceive with certainty; 
 to be acquainted w ith ; to be free fVoni ignorance. 
 
 KNO'WABLIC, a. possible tobe discovered orunderstood. 
 
 KNO'VyER, s. one that has knowledge or skill. 
 
 KNO'WING, a. skilful; well instructed; of extensive 
 know ledge or experience ; free from ignorance ; conscious ; 
 intelligent. 
 
 KNO'WING, s. knowledge, experience, nrinrdersfanding. 
 
 KNOWINGLY, ad. delilx'iately ; williillv ; without being- 
 
 •"knowledge, or KNO'WLEGE, {nokd-ye) s. [from 
 hi(iiv\ the perception of the agreement or disagreement of 
 our ideas, without any mixture of doubt or uncertainty ; 
 learning, or improvement of our faculties by reading; ex- 
 perience, or the acrpiiring new ideas or truths by seeing a 
 varictv of objects, and making observation upon them in our 
 own minds; acquaintance with any person or fact. 
 
 To KNl'BBLE, v. a. \kniid,r, Dan. | to beat. 
 
 knuckle, s. [cvhr/i; Sax. I the joints of the fingers 
 whi( h stick out when the hand is shut. The knee joint of 
 n calf, applied to cookery. The articulation or joints of a 
 (ilant, in botanv. 
 
 To KNL"CKLI'"i, ti. a. to put the knuckles close to the 
 mronnd. Neutcrly, to submit, used with under; 1 supno^e 
 
 530 
 
 from an odd custom of striking tliR unner side of the fabW 
 with the knuckles, the confession of an argumental defeat. 
 
 KNUCKLED, a. jointed, applied to plants. 
 
 KNUR, or KNURLE, *. [hnor, Teut.J a knot; a hard 
 substance. 
 
 KNUTSFORD. See Knotsfobd. 
 
 KOEI-TACHEOU, a province of China, one of the 
 smallest in that empire, and fidl of inaccessible mountains. 
 It is inhabited by a people who are independeiit, and w1m> 
 would never submit to the laws of the empire. However, 
 the emperor has found means to build forts therein, anil 
 garrison some of the tow ns ; but all the taxes they can rais». 
 here will not defray the expence. This province is remark- 
 able for its copper mines, and, between the mountains 
 ♦Jiere are several fruitful valleys. They have neither silk no» 
 cotton, and therefore they make their cloth of a sort of grass, 
 like hemp. Their cows, stags and wild hens are nuinerou>, 
 and the horses are the best in China. 
 
 KOLA, a town of the Russian government of Archangel, 
 and the capital of Russian Lapland. It has a good harbour 
 of the river Kola, near the bay of the same name in tbf 
 Frozen Ocean, w here is a considerable fishery for whales, 
 sea-dogs, and other fish, w hich the inhabitants cure for sale. 
 Lat. 08. .52. N. Ion. 33. 1. E. . 
 
 KOLYVAN, a government of the Russian empire 
 bounded on the N. by the government of Tobrrlsk, on tljc 
 E. by tljat of Irkutsk, and on the S. and W . by Tartary. 
 Its capital, of the same name is sealed on the Oby, 480 mil« 
 Si. S. E. of Tobolskor. This country has pjoduced silver 
 mines, which have been called thePotosi of Russia. 
 
 KO'NINGSBERG, the capital of the kingdom of Prussia, 
 with an university, and a magnificent palace, in which is a 
 hall 274 feet long, and 59 broad, without pillars to support 
 it, and a handsome library. The town house, the exchange, 
 aird the eathedral, are fine structures. The tower of the 
 castle is very high, and has 284 steps to the top, whence 
 there is an extensive prospect. There are 18 churches in 
 all, of which 14 are Lutherans, sCalvinists, and 1 is Romish. 
 Tlic number of houses is about 3800. The town is about 7 
 I'juglish mi^les in circumference, and including the garrison 
 of 7000 men, contains 60,000 inhabitants. It stands on the 
 Pregel, a navigable river, which here falls into the eastern 
 extremity of the Frisehe Haf, an inlet of the Baltic. Na 
 ships drawing more than 7 feet water can pass the bar, and 
 come up to the town ; so that lire large vessels anchor at 
 Pillan, a small town on the Baltic, whicli is the port of K«- 
 ningsberg; and the merchandise is sent up in smaller vessels. 
 On .Inne Kith, 1807, this place fell into the hands of tlw 
 French, together with vast quantities of military stores 
 (chiefly provided by England) which the allied armies O. 
 Prussia and Russia were obliged to abandon, in consequence 
 <if the defeat they had sustained on the 14th, in the battle of 
 Friedland. It was, however, restored to Prussia by tb» 
 peace of Tilsif, which was signed on the 6th .Inly following, 
 '("he trade of Koningsberg is verv considerable. It is 125 
 miles N. of Warsaw. Lat. 54. 42. N. Ion. 20. 48. E. 
 
 KO'B'ACS, a nation on the borders of Kamtschalka, fit- 
 butary to the Kussians. There are two sorts of Koriacs; 
 those who are properly called by that name have a fixed 
 residence , the others are wanderers, and are know n by the 
 appellation of Hein-deer Koriacs. Their flocks are very 
 inniierous. and they maintain them by conducting them to 
 those cantons that abonud with moss. When these pastures 
 are exhausted, they seek for others. In this mai\ner they 
 wander about incessantly, encamping under tents of skin, 
 and siqipoitiug themselves with the produce of their deer, 
 which are as serviceable for draught to the Koriacs, as the 
 dogs are lolbc Kamtschadales. Th<'ircountry isterminateil 
 to the S. by the penin^ida of Kamtschalka, and the (iulfof 
 Pengiusk ; to the E. by the Ocean ; to theN. by the country 
 of the TeliDuKchis : and to the W. by the Tungonses, tlw> 
 Lamoiits, and (he Yakouts. The numlier of fixed KoriaC* 
 scarcely exceeds, at j>resent, Olio ; and though it is not easy 
 to calculate that of the wandering Koriacs, it is imagined
 
 Kun 
 
 LAB 
 
 ffiat thcv 'lo not much stiipass tli.it ainoiiiif. Tlicir rofjiilar 
 occupation is hunt in;^' and hshiti.; ; Imt fveiy season will not 
 permit tliom to follow it. During' these intervals, shut up 
 in their profound hahilalions, tin y sleep, smoke, and f^et 
 drunk. Like the Kamtstliadales, they live upon dried tish, 
 and thellesh ami f'lt of t!ic whale anil sea-wolf. Jvein-deer 
 is their favourite disii. \ e;;etables also form a part of their 
 food; they gather in anlmnn various sorts of berries, of a 
 part of which they make themselves a refreshim; beverage, 
 and the rest is bruised to jiowder, and kneaded with the oil 
 of the whale or sea wolf. Their passion for strong liquors, 
 increased by (he ikarness of brandy, and tiie ditheully of pro- 
 curing it, has ltd them to invent a drink ccinally potent, 
 which tiiey extract from a red mushroom, known in Russia 
 as a stron;; poison, by tiie name of moukhamorr. The wan- 
 dering Koriacs have the same characteristic outlines as the 
 Kamtschadales. Among the women, particularly, there arc 
 very few who have not sunk eyes, tiat noses, and prominent 
 cJieeks. The men are almost entirely beardless, and have 
 short hair. The Koriacs acknowledge a Supreme Being, 
 tlie Creator of all things, and imaijine that the sun is his 
 throne, or palace. They address no prayer to him ; good- 
 ness, they say, is his essence ; all the good that exists in the 
 world proceeds from him, and it is impossible that he should 
 do an injurv. 'I'he principle of evil they consider as a ma- 
 lignant spirit, and, to appease his wrath, offer up, as expi- 
 ntory sacrifices, various animals newly born ; as rein-deer 
 «nd dogs, also the first-fruits of their hunting and fishing, 
 and w hatever theypossess that is most valuable. 
 
 KO.STRO'MSKOE, a goverrnnent oftlie Russian empire, 
 formerly included in that of Moscow ; it is bounded on the 
 W. by jaroslaviskoe, and on the N. by Vologadskoe. The 
 capital Koslrom, is seated on the river Kostroma, at its 
 junction w ith the Volga, 168 miles N. E. of Moscow. 
 
 KRA'KEN, s. a monstrous sea animal, of which the fol- 
 lowing description is given by Po_nloppidon, an author of 
 ffreat respectability in his Natural History of Norway : " Our 
 nshermen, (says the author,) unanimously arid invariably af- 
 firm, that when they are several miles from the land, parti- 
 cularly in the hut summer days, and by their distance, and 
 the hearings of some points of land, expect from 80 to 100 
 fathoms depth, and do not find but from twenty to thirty; 
 and more especially if tliey find a more tl'nn usind plenty of 
 cod and ling; they judge that the kraken is at the bottom ; 
 but if they hud by their lines, that the w ater in the same 
 place still shallows on them, they know he is rising to the 
 surface, and row off with the greatest expedition, ti.ll they 
 come into the usual soundings of the place ; when, lying on 
 tlieir oars, in a few minutes the monster emerges, ancl shews 
 himself sufficiently, though his whole body does not appear. 
 Its back, or upper pai.t, which seems an English mile and a 
 half in circumference (some have affirmed more) looEs at 
 first like a number of small islands surrounded with some- 
 thing that floats like sea-wceds ; at last, several bright 
 points or horns appear, which grow thicker the higher they 
 emerge, and sometimes stand up as high and large as the 
 masts of a middle-sized vessel. In a short time it slowly 
 sinks, which is thought as dangerous as its rising; as it 
 causes such a swell and whirlpool, as draws every thing 
 down with it, like tliat of Malestrom." 
 
 KRE'KYTllE, a town of Carnarvonsliire, seated on the 
 Irish Sea, near Traetli AmarverBay, 12 miles S. by E. of 
 Carnarvon, and 237 N. W. of London. Market on Wed- 
 nesday. 
 
 KU'CESHA, a largie fowTi cf Asia, in the conntvy of the 
 Lesguis, one of the seven Caucasian nations, between the 
 Black Sea and the Cirspian. Col. Ciacber, w ho wrote an ac- 
 count of these countries in 1728, gives the following de- 
 scription of this very curious place: " Kubesha is a large 
 strong town, situated on a hill, between high mountains. Its 
 inhabitants are excellent artists, and make very good fire- 
 arms, sabres, ':oats of mail, and several articles in gold and 
 silver, for exportation. They have likewise, for their ovrn 
 defence, small copper caouon, of three pounds calibre, cast 
 
 by themselves. They coin Turkish and Persian silver mo- 
 ney, and even rubles, which readily pass current, because 
 they are of the full weight and value. In their valleys they 
 have pasture and arable laud, as well as gardens; but they 
 purchase the greater part of their corn, trusting chiefly !or 
 ilieir siipi)ort to the sale of their manufactures, which are 
 niuth aihiiircd in Turkey, Persia, and the Crimea. ') hey 
 are generally in ca.sy circumstances, and arc a qilict, inoffcD- 
 sivo people,'but higli spirited and independent. Their town 
 is considered as a neutral spot, where the neighbouring 
 princes can deposit their treasures with safety. They elect 
 yearly twelve magistrates, .to whom they pay the most unli- 
 mited obedience ; and, as all the inhabitants arc on a footing 
 of the most perfect equality, each individual is sure to have, 
 in his turn, a share in the government. In the year 1723, 
 Jheir magistrates, as well as the usiiiel, or khan of the Cai- 
 Jaks, acknowledged the sovereignty of Russia, but without 
 paying any tribiile." 
 
 kUPFfl'RNICKEL, s. in niiiieralog\;, a sulphurct of 
 nickel which is generallv a compound ol nickel, arsenic, and 
 sulphuret of iron. 
 
 KU'RILES, a chain of islands, extending from the south- 
 ern extremity of Kamtschatka to .lapaii, chiefly valualle 
 for their furs, particularly that of the sea-otter. The inha- 
 bitants of t!ie neighbourhood of Lapatka, who Avere them- 
 selves called Kuriles, gave these islanders the same name, as 
 soon as they became acquainted with them. They are 22 
 in number, exclusive of the very small ones. The norlhern- 
 most island, which is called Shoomska, and the next which 
 is named Paramonsic, were first visited by the Russians in 
 1713, and at the same time brought under their dominion. 
 The others, in order, are at present made tributary, down 
 to Ooshesheer inclusive. Oosheslieer is the southermost is- 
 land the Russians have yet brought under their dominion, 
 but they trade at Ooroop, which is the eighteenth. A group 
 of islands lies to the S. W. which the Japanese c»tll Jeso ; a 
 name which they also give to the wholf chain of islands be- 
 tween Kamtschatka and Japan. The southernmost, called 
 Matniai, hath been long subnet to the Japanese, and is foj- 
 titled and gariisoried oii the side toward the continent. 
 
 Kf'RSKOI, a government of the Russian empire, for- 
 DlCriy part of that of Bielgorod. It is bounded by Orel on 
 the N. and A'oronetz on the E. Its capital, Kursk, is seated 
 on the Seni, 2 to miles S. of Moscow. 
 
 KY'NETON. See Kingston. 
 
 L. 
 
 IIS a semi-vowel, or liquid consonant, the eleventh lef- 
 ^ ter of the English alphabet. In the Saxon it v\as aspi- 
 rated, as in /i^o/. Sax. a loaf ; as it is at present by the Span- 
 iards, and by the Canibro Britons, in //««, a temple. The 
 figure of the capital Lwe borrow frwii the '^axons, which is 
 the same as that of the Romans, who likewise seem to have 
 taken theirs from the a of the (i reeks, with one of its sides 
 placed upiut the line, thus, >■ . It is pronounced by put- 
 ting the tongue to the palate, and breathing froin the throat. 
 At the end of a monosyllable it is always doubled, as '\nfnll, 
 kin, &c. but at the cn(\ of a word of two or more sy llables 
 it is written single, as in dimhtful ; as it likewise is when it 
 occurs in the mifldle of compound words ; for though we 
 write slull ■dn(\ full, when they are alone, with a //, yet, when 
 they are compounded, we leave out an / in each, as in shl/n!. 
 When it comes before e, at the end of a word, it is pronounc- 
 ed as if the e came before it. a^ in bible, feeb'e, title. As a nu- 
 meral, it stands for 50, and when aline is drawn over it, 
 thus, r, for 50,000. i. also stands for Libra, a Pound ; also 
 for Liber, a Book. 
 
 LA, interject, look! behold I see! 
 
 LA'BDANL'M,.?. a resin of the softest kind, of a stroiijj 
 and not unpleasant smell, ainromatie, but not an agreeable 
 taste. It exudes from a low-spreading shrub of the cisttis. 
 kind in Crete. 
 
 To L.\T5EF Y, V. a. to weaken ; to impair. 
 
 31,
 
 ;. AB 
 
 LA 
 
 L\']iV.L,s [fribelliDn, Lilt.] ;> small or narrow slip, sc'rl|i, 
 nr scroilofwiiJinj. Inlaw, a narrow slip of paper <ir p.ircli- 
 incnt atfixetl to a deed or urilinj;, in order to lioid the sf.d 
 uiiicli is fastened to it ; liUcviise nny paper added by ^^ay of 
 explanation oraddilion to a wiil, tailed either ^nif/ or coj/zk/. 
 In lieraldry, an addition to the anus of a youuijer brothti, 
 to distin"nisli him from llie eldest. 
 
 LABI'.NT, «. [from /dbuy, to ijlide, Lat.] falling, {jlidiiig, 
 s'ippinjj, passing away. 
 
 L.-^'BLAI,, n.\t'om labium, tbe lip, Lat.] expressed by the 
 lips, applied to letters. 
 
 LA BIATI-2D, a. [from labhim, the lip, Lat.] tormed with 
 or !Knir);;lips. 
 
 LA'BIOOENTAL, a. [from labium, the lij), and rf. ii«, a 
 tooth, Lat.] in grammar, tormed or pronounced by the co- 
 operation ofthe lips and teeth, as the /and i'. 
 
 LA'BORATOKY, s. [kboratoire, Fr.] the place where 
 a cl'.eniiit performs his operations. In an hospital, a pia^ e 
 where chemical medicines are made. In a camp, the tint 
 where the engineers or fireworkers prepare their works. 
 
 LA'BORIOUS, a. [from labor, labour, Lat.] diligent, 
 assiduous and indefatiijable ; tiresome; fatiguing. 
 LABORIOUSLY, W.with labour, toil, or fatigue. 
 LABO'RIOUSNESS, s. the quality of requiring great la- 
 bour, or eR\ising fatigue ; diligence ; assiduity. 
 
 LA'BOL'R,(the h is usually dropped in pronunciation in 
 this word and its derivatives, as labiir, Ac.) s. [labor, Lat.] 
 the act of performing something which requires an exertion 
 of strength, or tiresome perseverance ; pains ; toil ; work ; 
 exercise ; travail, or the state of pain and anguish a woman 
 is in previous to her being delivered of a child. 
 
 To LA'BOUR, V. H. [laburv, Lat.] to toil ; to exert strength 
 in the performance of any thing ; to do work, or take pains. 
 Figuratively, to move with difliculty. To be oppressed. 
 To be in a state of pain and agony previous to childbirth. 
 To prosecute with great pains. 
 
 LABOURER, *. [labum-ear, Fr.J one who is employed in 
 coarse and toilsome work ; the person who carries mortar, 
 bricks, &:c. to builders ; one who exerts much strengtii. 
 LA'BOURSOME, a. done with great exertion of strength. 
 LABRADOR, an extensive comitry to the E. of Hud- 
 son's Bay, in N. America. The climate even about Hay's 
 River, in only Lat. 57. N. is excessively cold during winter. 
 The snows begin to fall in October, and continue falling, by 
 intervals, the whole winter; and, when the frost is most 
 vigorous, in form ofthe finest sand. The ice on the rivers 
 is then eiglst feet thick ; port wine freezes in a solid mass; 
 brandy coagulates ; and the very breath fallson the blankets 
 of a bed in the form of a hoar frost. The sun rises ip the 
 shortest day at five minutes past nine, and sets five minutes 
 before three ; in the longest, it rises at three, and sets about 
 nine. The ice begins to disapiiear in May, and hot wea- 
 ther' commences al)oul the middle of .lunc, which, at times, 
 is so violent, as to scorch ihc faces of the hunters. The ani- 
 mals in these countries are, the moose-deers, stags, rein- 
 deers, bears, tigers, bufl'aloes, wolves, foxes, beavers, otters, 
 lynxes, martens, squirrels, ermines, wild cats, and hares. 
 The feathered kinds are geese, bustards, ducks, partridges, 
 and all kinds of wild fowl. Their fish are whales, morses, 
 icals, cod (ish, and a white fish i)referrable to herrings ; and, 
 .n llieir rivers and fresh waters, pike, perch, carp, and 
 trout. All the quadrupeds in these countries are clothed 
 with a close, soft, warui fur; and even the dogs and cats 
 from Britain, that have been carried into Hudson's Bay, on 
 the approach of winter have changed their appearance, 
 and aci|uired a nnich lojiger, softer, thicker coat of hair than 
 tliey originally had. In summer there is, as in other places, 
 % variety in the colour of the several animals ; when that 
 season is over, which holds only for three months, they all 
 assuini' the livery of winter, and every sort of beasts, and 
 mostoftlu'ir fowls, are of the colour of the snow : every 
 thing aniniale and inanimate is white. The cliniat<; is re- 
 markably heallln;, and few parts of the world produce bet- 
 
 633 
 
 ter furs. Tliere are several Moravian settlements on the K. 
 coast, the principal of which is Nain. 
 
 L.A'BRUS, i. iniththvology, a geimsof fishes, which hav« 
 remarkably thick pronuuent lips. 
 
 LA'BVRIN TH, *. [labi/rintlws, Gr.] a winding, mazy, awd 
 intricate walk in a gardt n. 
 
 LAC',*, [lacca, Lat.] a hard, red, brittle, transparent sub- 
 stance, paitakiug of a middle nature between that of a ^;ui;i 
 and a resin, supposed to be the comb of an insect reseml)i l>5 
 an ant; it is brought fVum Malabar, Bengal, and I'iuh, 
 and used in dyin'- sci.rlel, in painting, in making seahi g- 
 wax, cVc. There is also a white lac which is brought fi< v;i 
 the East Indies, and has a resemblance to bees' wax. L'its 
 the fijrmer it is the work of an insect. It is from the wiii!» 
 lac that till- laccicacid is extracted. 
 
 LACCIC, «. in clieiiuslry, belonging to lac. 
 LACE,*, [tfictt, I'r.l a string or lord ; a snare org:.:; 
 aplaited stnngwitli which women fasten their slays or bo- 
 4lices ; a web of tlireud, or gold mid silvti, curiouslj WCVC!', 
 and used as ornauienis in dress. 
 
 To LACE, D. a. to fasten with a plaited string runniiij; 
 through eyelet-holes ; to adorn with gold, silver, or thrt a J 
 webs, curiously wrought. Figuratively, to embellish w.;lii 
 ornaments of dillerent colours. 
 
 LA'CEMAN, i. one who deals in laee. 
 
 LA'CERABLE,fl. liable to be torn. 
 
 To LA'CER.\TE, v. a. [laccro, Lat.] to tear, rend, or 
 separate by violence. 
 
 LACERATION,*, the act of tearing orrendiug; abreaeli 
 made by tearing. 
 
 LA'CERATIVE, «. tearing ; having the power of tearinjf 
 
 LA'CERTA, in astronomy, the lizard, a constellation of 
 the northern hemisphere. 
 
 LACHE'SIS, (Lukesis) s. one of the three destinies ; lh« 
 others bein" Clothoand Atropos. 
 
 LA'CHRYMAL, {lalirt/mal) a. [Fr. from ladn-yma, a tear, 
 Lat.] producing or containing tears. 
 
 LA'CHRYMARY, Qah-ymanj) «. {iiomlachryma,A tear, 
 Lat.] containing tears. 
 
 LA'CHRYAIATORIES, {lichrymalories) s. [lachyme,- 
 toircs, Fr.] vessels in which the antients saved the tear* 
 ofsiirviving friends and relations, to the honour ofthe dead. 
 
 To LACK, V. a. yiaeclicii, to lessen, Belg.J to want ; to b* 
 without; to be deficient or wanting. 
 
 Lack, *. want ; defect ; failure ; need. Both the verb 
 and noun are almost obsolete. In India, a quantity of 
 money: A ^nc/tof rupees. 
 
 LA CKBRAIN, *.one that wants wit. 
 
 LA'CKER, *. a kind of varnish, which, when spread on « 
 white surface, appears of a golden colour. 
 
 To LA'CKER, V. a. tosmcar over with lacker. 
 
 LA'CKEY, s. [laqunis, Fr.J a foot boy. 
 
 To LA'CKEY, v. a. to attend as a servant ; to wait upon 
 as a footboy. To wait upon in a servile manner. 
 
 LACO'NIC, a. [laconiriis, Lat. from Lacenes, the Spar- 
 tans, who used few words] short ; concise; brief; expressed 
 in few words. 
 
 LACO'NIC ALLY, ad. in a brief or concise manner. 
 
 LA'CONI.SM, or LACONICISM, *. [from Lacon, a 
 Lacedaemonian, Lat. because the Lacedaemonians werr 
 accustomed to express themselves briefly.] a concise style, 
 expressing much in few words. 
 
 LA'CTAR Y, *. [fiom lac, milk, Lat.] milky ; full of juiti* 
 resembling milk. 
 
 LA'CTARY, *. [from he, milk, Lat.] a dairy house. 
 
 L.VCTATES, *. in chemistry, salts formed by the com. 
 binalion of anv base with lactic acid. 
 
 LACTATION, *. [from /ac, milk, Lat.] in medicine, tli# 
 act or time of giving suck. 
 
 LA'CTEAL, a. [from /«(•, milk, Lat.] in anatomy, conveying 
 the chvle, ajuice resembling milk. 
 
 LA'CTEAL, s. in anatomy, the vessel that conveys th«t 
 milky juice called chyle.
 
 LA M 
 
 LAM 
 
 J.\'C'rl'X>l'3, «. [fro.n !.u; milk, I.;it.J milky; I-.k'Ic;;] ; 
 C<Hivc\iii^' till' iiiilkv juii'i" ciillt'd cli\ ic. 
 
 LACl'K'.SC^KNCK s. [fnnii /"<•, milk, Liit.J IciKkiic-y to 
 lui'ii iiild 1) li(|ui>i' like milk. 
 
 J> ACrK'SCICNT, a. [from /«<■, inilk, Lilt.] producing milk 
 04- ;i uliilc juice. 
 LA'CTIC, (I. iiichymistry, beloiigiiii; to milk. 
 LACTl't'T^ROUS, rt. [from /«(', milk, iiiid/tro, to bear, 
 Lat.J in aiiiitoiiiy, coiiveyiiigor i)iiR.i;iii;j milk. 
 
 LAO, .5. [ii'iicie, Siix.] n lioy, or sliipliiiS) in familiar lan- 
 guage ami |iastoial poetry. 
 
 L\I)I)EU, s. [/ildilir, Sax] a frame made vitli two 
 wpi'inlit pieces, crossed vvilh olliers at proper distaiicos, 
 wliiili seive as slciis ; any thing by wliicli one climbs; a 
 ^railiial lise. 
 
 LAD I'',, «. [from the Sax. /«*, a pnrsins or discliarijin.;;] 
 in coiiiposilion, implies the nioiilli of a river, l)y wliitli its 
 wafers are discharged either into a ;;roat river or the sea. 
 
 ToI^AOl", II. a. prcter. and part, passive hided or /ndm ; 
 [/ilndiii. Sax. it is conunonly writlen land] to put a burden 
 npon a beast ; to biirtlen. To freight, applied to a sliip. 
 To heave out, or throw oof. 
 
 LA'DIF.Sf^lNGKR, in bolanv, the kidnev-vctch. 
 LA'UllvSMANTLE, s. in botany, a plant, of which three 
 are natives in England. 
 
 L.\I)L\'(;, s. the burden, carffo, orfrcijjht of sliips. 
 LA'DFJ'"/, s. [Idwdle, Sax.] a larjje spoon ; a vessel with 
 a loiif; handle, used to take liquor out of a pot, Ac. The 
 receptacles of a mill-wheel, into which the water falling, 
 turns it. 
 
 LA'BRONE, or jMarian Islands, islands of the N. 
 Pacific Ocean, about 1800 miles E. of Canton in China, and 
 occuiiyinj; a space of 150 leajjues in extent. They are said 
 to be \C) in number, exclusive of the small islets and rocks, 
 and contain, besides other fruits natural to the soil and cli- 
 mate, that extraordinary and us<'ful plant, the bread-fruit 
 tree, which was first discoxered here. Tli-e names o-f the 
 principal islands are Guam, Say pan, Tinian, and Kola. 
 
 LADY, s. [/ihefdig, Sax.] a won'ian of rank, the title 
 beloufjins properly to the wives of knights, and all degrees 
 above them, and to the daughters of earls ; at present used 
 ds a ceremonious or respectful expression to women that 
 Uress tolerablv. 
 
 LADY BlllD, LADY-COW, LADY-FLY, s. a small 
 round insect with wings in a sheath, which is of a reddish 
 colour spotted with black. 
 
 LADY-DAY, s. the festival of the Annunciation of the 
 Blessed Virgin, kept on the '25th of March. 
 
 LA'DY-LIKE, a. resembling a person of delicate breed- 
 ing and constitution; soft; delicate. 
 
 LA'DY-SEAF>, s. a ))lant with heart-shaped undivided 
 leaves, greenish blossoms, and red berries ; the same with 
 the black brvony. 
 LA'DYSHIP,s.thelitleofa lady. ' 
 
 LAG, a. [hifg; the end, Swed.l that is behind, at the latter 
 end, or falls short ; sluggish ; slow in motion ; last or long 
 delayed. 
 
 LAG, s. the lowest class; he that comes last or stays 
 behind. 
 
 ToL.4G, V. a. to loiter, or move slowly ; to stay behind, 
 •r not come in. 
 LA'GGER, s. a loiterer, or one who moves but slowly. 
 LAHORE, a provincein Hindoostan Propcr,often called 
 Panjab, and bounded on the W. by Cabul and Candahar, 
 on iheN. by Cachemire, on the K. and .S. E. by Sirinagur 
 and Delhi, and on the S. by Moultan. It is near 300 miles 
 in length from E. to \V. and about 100 miles from N. to S. 
 The soil is remarkably fertile, abounding in rice, corn, 
 vines, sugars, cotton, wool, and fruits of every kind. In the 
 tract between the Indus and the Behat are salt-springs, 
 wonderfully productive, and afiording fragments of rocK- 
 muh, hard enough to be formed into vessels, &c. The 
 capital of the same name is a place of high antiquity and 
 was the residence of the Mahometan conquerors before 
 
 tliey esial/liilied fhe/nselvcs in the contial parfj of (lit 
 CDUiiliv. It is ni/w the capital of the Seiks, a new power 
 wliii.-,e name even as a >etl, was hardly known till the rapid 
 deeline of the Mogul's empire, in the present c^-iiluryi 
 lii re ihey have exl<'nsive mauur<ielures of cotton cloths, 
 auil stutis of all kinds, and they make very curious carpels. 
 It is situated on the S, bank of the Rauvee, U80 miles N. by 
 W. of Delhi, and 420 E. of Candahar. Lat. 31. lO.X. Ion. 
 72. 48. i:. 
 
 LAICAL, a. \litiiins, from hos, peojilc, Gr.'\ belonging to 
 the people, oppoie<l to the clergy. 
 i-i.\\\),p(irt. prclir. n!' Lay. 
 LAIN, iitirt. prcter. of LlE. 
 
 LAIR, s. \l(ii, a wild beast or forest, Fr.l the coucli of 4 
 boar or wild beast; the daily ha! hour for deer ; aUo a shel- 
 ter for t'attle to rest in. 
 
 LAIRD, s. \hlufurd, .Sax] the lord of a manor, in tlif 
 Scottish dialect. 
 
 L\\ FY, s. \ltt(ts, Gr.J the people distinguished from the 
 clergy ; the state of a layman. 
 
 LAK!''/, i. [/ac, Fr. liiciis, Lat.] a large collection of wa- 
 ters Inclosed m some inland places. Figuratively, a small 
 plash fif water. In painting, a middle colour between ul- 
 tramarine and vernnlion. It is made of cochineal. 
 
 LA'KEWEED, j-. a plant; the same with the arsesmart. 
 LAMA, the title of an or<ler of priests among the western 
 Tartars on the frontiers of China, who are held in great 
 veneration. The g'and lama or Dalai lama is not only the 
 chief priest but king of Tliibet and is regarded as an incar- 
 nation of the Deity. 
 
 LAMB, (the h is mute) i.lSax. and Goth.] the young of 
 sheep. Inscripture, typically applied to our Lordand Sa- 
 viour, who is called \he Lamb of Gvd. 
 
 LA'MBATIVE,n. [from himbo, to lick, Lat. J to be taken 
 by licking. Substantively, a medicine taken by licking witli 
 the tongue. 
 
 LA.MBOID.AL, a. [from lamlda, a Greek letter, and 
 eidos, form, Gr.] having the form or shape of the Greek letter 
 A lambda. 
 
 LA'MBENT, a. [from lambo; to tick, Lat.] gliding about ; 
 playing about, or upon, w itliout doing any harm. 
 
 LA'MBI')TH,a village of Surry, on the Thames, opposit* 
 Westminster. By the vast increase of buildings, it is now 
 joined to the metropolis, in a direction to each of the three 
 bridges. Lambeth palace, in w hich the archbishops of Can- 
 terbury have resided ever since the year 1109, contains 
 stately and magnificcul apai tments ; its gallery is well fur- 
 nished with the portiaits of all the archbishops, and other 
 eminent personages ; and its noble library is filled with MSS. 
 of great \alue. 
 
 LA'MBKIN,*. a little lamb. 
 
 LAM BORN, a town in Berks, seated on a small river of 
 the same name, (which is remarkable for being high in the 
 sunnner and low in the winter, and falls into the Kennet 
 below Newbury,) 7 miles N. of Hungerford, and C8 W. of 
 London. Market on Friday. / 
 
 LA MBSLETTUCE,*. a species of valerian. 
 LA'M RSWOOL, s. a mixture of ale and roasted apples. 
 LAME, a. \laam, Sax. /am, Belg.] crippled or disabled in 
 the limbs ; walking in a hobhliiig manner. Figuratively, not 
 smooth, or not having its due quantity of fe<;t, applied to 
 verse. Imperfect; unsatisfactory. "A /ome excuse." 
 
 To LAME, D. o. to deprive of the use of a limb, either 
 by a blow or bv accident. 
 
 LAME'LL.^, s. ILat.J little thin plates, whereof tl-.e 
 scales or shells of fishes are composed ; also thin plates of 
 brass used in making tovsaiul nicknacks. 
 
 LA'MELLATED, a." [from lamella, a thin plate, LaLj 
 covered with thin plates or films. 
 
 LA'MELY, flrf. like a cripple ; not being able to wait 
 without hobbling; imperfectly; in a defective raatmer. 
 
 LAMENESS, s. the state of a person who cannot mak« 
 a perfect use of his legs or other iiuibs. Figuratively, iin. 
 perfection ; weakoesi. 
 
 433
 
 L A N 
 
 LAN 
 
 To LAMENT, v. a. \lamentui, Lat.] lo express sorrow for 
 ariv loss. Neuterly, to iiiourii. 
 
 LAiVlE'NT, *. sorrow expressed so as lo be heard : grief 
 uttered in couiplaiiits iuid cries. 
 
 LA'MENTABLE, a. [from iamentor, to lament, L;it.] to 
 be lamented ; cauiinj; sorrow ; mouriit'ul ; sad ; expressive 
 of sorrow; miserable, pitiful, or despicable. 
 
 LA'MENTABLV, «'/. in a manner wliicli expresses or 
 causes sorrow ; in a pitiful or despicable manner. 
 
 LAMENTA TION, s. [from Iamentor, io lamerjt, Lat.] ex- 
 jjression of sorrow ; audible j^rief. In the plural, a canon- 
 ical book of the Old Testament, written by Jereuiiali. 
 
 LAME'NTEU, j. one wIk) expresses sorrow for the Loss 
 of any person or thing in such a manner as may be heard. 
 LA'MENTINE, s. a fish called a sea-cow or manatee, 
 vliich is neaily twenty feet liin^', the head resenib'iii,' llial of 
 i» cow, and two short feet, with w hich it creeps on the shal- 
 lows and rocks to get food ; but has no fins; llic ilesli is 
 commonly eaten. 
 
 LA'M1N.\, i. [f-,at.] a thin plate, applied to substances 
 which consist of scales, or one coat laid over another. 
 
 LA'iMINATED, a. plated, applied to bodies consisting 
 cf parts resembling thin plates lying one over anolher. 
 To LAMiNL "• "• to beat soundly with a cudgel. 
 LA'MjMAS, s. [so called, according to Skinner, because 
 lambs then grow out of season ; according to Somner, from 
 loafmus, because our forefathers made an otlering of bread 
 made of new wheat on this day. Johnson supposes it nuiy 
 be corrupted from Inttermath ; and Ur. Bernard, that it is 
 likewise a corruption of latnws, a sumaicr festival] the first 
 day of August. 
 
 Lamp, «. \lampc, Fr.] a light made of oil and a wick. 
 Figuratively, any kind of light, whclher real or meta- 
 phorical. 
 
 LA'MPASS, s. \lam])as, Fr.] a lump of flesh about the size 
 •fa nutmeg, which arises in the roof of u horse's mouth be- 
 tween his teeth. 
 
 LA'MFBLACK, (IdmHitch) s. a black powder, made by 
 holding a lamp or torch under tl;e bottom of a baaon, and 
 striking the fur into some receplucle beneath with a 
 feather. 
 
 LA'MPING, a. [from lumpa, to shine, Gr.j shin'ng; spark- 
 ling. Obsolete. " Those hmiiing eyes will deign some- 
 times to look." Spenser. 
 
 L.\.MPOO'N, i. [Bailey derives it from lampoiis,'a drunken 
 song. It imports, Lrl its iln»l<, from the old French lumper ; 
 and was repeated at the end of each couplet at carousalsj 
 a personal satire, or severe censure, written purely to uiaLe 
 a |>erson uneasy. 
 To LAMPOO'N, t). a. to abuse with personal satire. 
 LAMPOO'NER, *. one who abuses with personal 
 satire. 
 
 LA'MPREY, I. \lampriye, Belg.] a well-known fish in 
 Gloucestershire, though caught in other places. It some- 
 what resembles an eel, but is of superior delicacy and lia- 
 Tour. March, April, and May, are the seasons for them. 
 LA'MPKON, ».u kind of sea-fish. 
 
 LA'NCASHIBE, a county of England, bounded on the 
 W. by the Irish .Sea, on the N. by Cumberland and \Ve>t- 
 moreland, oi» llio E. by Yorkshire, aud on the S. by (,'lie- 
 •liiro. It is 74 miles from N. to S. (including a detached 
 hundred on the north-west, called Funiess, which is sepa- 
 rated from the rest by a creek, at the head of Morecaud)e 
 Rayi and from \h to 44 in its greatest breadth. It is di- 
 vkfed into 6 bumlreds, which contain '2(\ market towns, 02 
 parishes, 8»4 villages, about 43,0(X) houses, and 2(il>,0i)i) 
 Inhabitants. The air, in general, is vi-ry healthful, the in- 
 Itabitant.'! Wt'mg to a great age. This county comprises a va- 
 riety of soil ami face of country ; but, upon the whole, it is 
 one ol those which are the least favoure<l asi to nattu'ai ail- 
 vanlages, a prof)<'of which is the antient thinness <>t its po- 
 piitution, s!i»-wr) by the very small number of parishes into 
 wliioh it is dividi'd. The buiuire<J of Furness is a wild aud 
 rM<;ged region, stored with (piantilies of iron ore aud slalv, 
 ati 
 
 and covered with a growth of underwood, ivhich is cut in 
 successio;;, and made int.; charcoal for ilie use of iron fur- 
 naces. The eastern pari of the county between the Kibble 
 and the Mersey, comprising the antient forests of Wy res- 
 dale and Bow land, is mountainous, and generally barren; 
 but the southern part of this tract between these two rivers 
 is fiat, ([uite from the sea to the commencement of the ridge 
 called Blatkstone-edge, that separates this county from Yoru- 
 shire. Much of this is a fertile country, though occasionally 
 deformed by the black lurf bogs, here called mosses, some 
 of which are of large extent, and absolutely impassable in 
 wet seasons. In the north east part of this division, are some 
 lofty hills, the most noted of which isPendle Hill. There 
 niainiug part is varied with hill, dale, and moor. The na 
 tural products of this county are of little consequence, ex- 
 cept the coal and turf with which its southern parts abound. 
 Of the former is a species, called cannel, far exceeding all 
 other, not only in making a clear fire, but for being capabl« 
 of being manufactured into candlesticks, cups, standi^he!, 
 snulf-boxes, Ac. anil of being polished, so as to represent a 
 beautiful black marble. Laneaslnre is little adapted for a 
 corn counti y , not only, in many parts, from the nature of its 
 soil, but from the remarkable wetness of its climate ; the 
 land, however, is singularly fitted for the growth of the po- 
 tatoe. All the rivers atlord salmon ; and the Mersey is visit- 
 ed by annual shoals of smelts, here called sparlings, of re- 
 markable size and flavour. As a commercial and manufac- 
 turing comity, 'Laiuashire is distinguished beyond iiir)bt 
 others in the kingdom. Its principal manufactures are linen, 
 silk, and cotton goods; fustians, counterpanes, shalloons, 
 beys, serges, tapes, small wares, hats, sail clotii, sacking, 
 pins, iron goods, cast plate glass, &:c. Of the commerce of 
 this county, it may suHice to observe, that Liverpool is no\T 
 the second port in the united kingdom. The principal 
 rivers are the Mersey, Irwell, Ribble, Lune, Leveii, Wyre, 
 Hodder, Roche, Duddon, Winster, Ken, and Caldcr, and it 
 has two considerable lakes, Winandermere, and Coniston 
 Water. Lancaster is the county town. 
 
 LANC.VSTER, the county town of Lancashire, is an an- 
 tient, well built, and improving town, containing about 
 UGO houses, and ICOO families. On the summit of a hiif 
 stands the castle, which is not antient, but large and strong, 
 and now serves both ^s the shire house and the county-gaol. 
 On the top of this castle is a square tower, called John of 
 Gaunt's Chair, where there is a fine prospect of the moiiu- 
 taini of Cumberland, and of the course of the Lune ; the 
 view towards the sea extending to the Isle of [Man. The 
 town hall is a handsome structure. Lancaster carries ou 
 some foreign trade, especially lo the West Indies, America, 
 and the Baltic. The exports are hardware, woollen goods, 
 candles, and cabinet work, for the making of which last it is 
 noted; and it has also a manufacture of sail-cloth. Ir is 
 seated on the river Lune, which here forms a port for vcsseli 
 of moderate size, anil over which it has a new stone bridge 
 of five elliptical arches, 66 miles S. of Carlisle, and 2;J5 N» 
 N. W. of London. Lat. 61. 4. N. Ion. 2. 50. W. Market* 
 on Wednesday and .'Saturday, and one on every other Wedr 
 Desday for cattle. 
 
 LANDATF, a smalltown of GJamorgansIiirc, seated nn 
 an ascent of the river Tale, nearCardiif; hut the cathe- 
 dral, a large stalely building, stands on low ground. It is a 
 place of good trade, but has no market, and is 30 miles N. 
 W. of Bristol, and IGti W. of London. 
 
 LANCE, s. [laacr, Fr. Iniuea, Lat.l a spear borne in the. 
 hand, and somewhat nsembling the half pike. 
 
 To LANCE, V. a. to pierce or cut. In surgery, to open a 
 wound with a lancet, <i:c. 
 
 LANCEPESADI',, «. [Zffiiivs/»;rrn<c, Fr.l (he oflncer under 
 the corporal: not now iu use among us. " .\rm'd like a 
 dapper lamrnt:saih." Cltmilaiiil. 
 
 LA'NCE'I, t.\lau<i:iLe, Fr.J a line small surgeon''; knife or 
 instrument, straight pointed, two edged, aud usei.' in npcu- 
 iii^ veins, <.Ve.
 
 LAN- 
 
 LAN 
 
 To LANCII.Ccorniplly written Immrh) v.n. [lancer, Fr.] to 
 Itirow like a iiivcliii. To ttart orllirow. 
 
 LAND, «. [Sax. and (iulli.] a country. Eailli, opposed 
 to Hater. The ground or smi'acc of a place. Dscd in the 
 plural for an estate consistiny; in land. I'ijjiinitively, a nation 
 ur people. 
 
 To LAND, V, a. to set on shore from a ship or other tes- 
 sol. Neuterly, to come to shore from a ship or other 
 vessel. 
 
 LA'NDRD.'d. set on shore from a ship; having a fortune 
 consistin<;in lands. 
 
 LA'NDFALL, (/oHif/"""/) s. in law, a sudden translation of 
 properly in lands l.»y. the death of a person. Among mari- 
 ners, the action of falling; in with the land. 
 
 LA'ND-FLOOl), s. an ininidation or overflowing of land. 
 LA'ND FORCES, s.forcesorsokliersused on land. 
 LA'NDHOLDER, f. one whose fortune consists in 
 land. 
 
 LA'NDJOBBER, s. one who deals in huynij? or selling; 
 lands. 
 
 LA'NDGRAVE, ,t. [landgrnff; Teut.] a German title of 
 dominion. 
 
 LANDING, or LANDING-PLACE, *. the uppeniiost 
 step of a pair of stairs, or the floor of a room you ascend 
 upon ; a place where persons come on shore from a ship or 
 boat. 
 
 LANDLADY, i. a woman who has tenants holding hu- 
 derher; the miiitressof a public house. 
 LA;NnLESS", (I. wifhoutprooertv. 
 LANDLOCKED, a. shut in"or inclosed with land. 
 LA'NDLOPER, s. \/a,td ami loope,,, Bel';.] a landninn : 
 used by seamen as ;\ term of reproach to those who pais 
 their lives on shore. 
 
 LANDLORD, s. an owner of lands and houses, who has 
 ten;inls iiniler him ; the master of a public-house. 
 
 LA'NDMARK, i. any thiny; set up to preserve and mark 
 the boundaries of lands. 
 
 LA'NDSCAPE, s. [landschapc, Belg.] the view or pros- 
 pect (if a country. In painting, a piece representing some 
 rural or champaign subject, such as hills, vales, rivers, 
 seats, &c. 
 
 LAND'S-E'ND, a promontory of Cornwall, the most wes- 
 terly point of Great Britain, and a vast aggregate of moor- 
 stone. Lat. 50. G. N. Ion. 5. 40. W. 
 LA'ND-TAX, s. a tax laid upon lands and houses. 
 LA'N D- WAITER, s. an officer of the custoni-honse, set 
 to watch goods, to prevent their being lauded without pay- 
 ing dutv. 
 
 LA'NDWARD.nrf. towards the land. 
 LANE, f. [/rtHrt, Sax.J a narrow way between hedges. In 
 cities, a narrow pasaage with houses on each side, somewhat 
 broader than ai\ alley, and not so wide as a street. 
 
 LANF/RKSHIRE) a coimty of Scotland, bounded on the 
 N. and N. E. by the counties of Duudiarton, Stirling, Lin- 
 lithgow, and Edinburgh ; on the E. by the counties of Pee- 
 bles and Dumfries ; on tlie S. by Dumfriesshire ; and on the 
 W. by the shires of Ayr and Renfrew. Its extent, from N. 
 to S. is about 10 miles, and its mean breadth about 22. The 
 southern part of this county is generally called Clydesdale. 
 The river Clyde divides this county into two equal parts, 
 called the shire ol lanerk and the baiony of Glasgow; the 
 ona hilly, heathy, and fit for pastures; and the other level, 
 and proper for corn. It abounds with coal and lime stones ; 
 lias some lead mines, and quarries of lapis lazuli. The prin- 
 cipal rivers are the Clyde, Annan, and Tweed. 
 
 LANE'RK, a borcugli town in Scotland, in the co\)nty of 
 Clydesdale, seated near the river Clyde, 9 miles S. >V. of 
 Hamihon, and -JO S Fi. of Glasgow. 
 
 LA'NCPORT, a well-freqiiented town of Somersetshire, 
 seated on a hill, on the river Parrot, which is navigable for 
 large coal-barges, Ac. to Bridgewater, 10 miles S. E. of 
 Efidgeuater, ard 12S W. by S. of London. In frosty wea- 
 ther, eils are taken in vast numbers, out of the holes in the 
 banks of its river. Market on Saturday. 
 
 LA'NGUAGE, (the u before the a, e,i, d, in thii and l!i» 
 following words, is pronounced like u- ; as lunf^ira^r., Itn- 
 guid, ld)i«-iror, \-c.) s. [hnif^n^e, Fr. lingiia, ImI.\ h set of 
 words agreed upon by any peculiar people, to (ommunicafe 
 their thoughts with ; style ; peculiar manner of expie»- 
 sion. 
 
 LA'NGUAGED, a. having various languages. " Many 
 /an^Hog-V/nations." Pope. 
 
 LA'NCiUAGE-MASTER, i. now written matter „f /«•>. 
 gna^es ; [from tniiilrcs dcs Iniigfies, Fr.] one who professes tu 
 teach languages. 
 
 L-A'NCjUI'.IJOC, a ci devant province in the S. of France, 
 bounded on the E. by the Rhone, and on the S. by Roussi- 
 loii and the Mediterranean, and on the W. by Gascony. 
 The land is, in general, very fertile in grain, fVuils, and wine. 
 Toulouse was the capital of I'liper, and Montpellier of 
 Lower Languedoc. It is now divided into 7 departments ; 
 the Ardesche, Lozere, (iard, Ilerault, Tarn, Upper Ga- 
 ronne, and Aude. 
 
 LA'NGUET, s. [laiiguette, Fr.Jany tiling cut in the form 
 of a tongue. 
 
 LANGUID, a. [from lav^uco, to languish, Lat.] wanting 
 force, strength, or spirits. Figuratively, dull ; heartless ; 
 wanting courage. 
 LA'NGUIDLY, ad. in a weak or feeble manner. 
 LA'NfjUIDNESS, .«. the cpiality or state of wantiug 
 strength, courage, or spirits. 
 
 To LANGUISH, 1. ;i. [/rt«gHfo, Lat.] to grow feeble; to 
 pine away; to lose spirits] or strength ; to lose vigour ; tu 
 be dejected, or to sink and pine under sorrow, or any slow 
 consuming passion ; to look at with melting afi'ection, soft- 
 ness, anfl tenderness. 
 
 LA'NGUISH, f. any soft, tenrler, weak, or feeble appear- 
 ance. 
 
 LA'NGUISHINGLY, «rf. wciKly ; feebly; with feeble 
 tenderness. Dully, tediously, applied to time. 
 
 LA'NGUISHMENT, s. the slate of pining either witJ* 
 some slow passion or disease ; a soft and inciting look of 
 tenderness. 
 
 LA'NCiUOR, s. [languor, Lat.] in medicine, a faintness 
 arising from want or decay of spnits. 
 
 LA'N,FAN, a city of Asia, capital of the kingdom of Laos, 
 or, at least, of the southern division. It is the usual resi- 
 dence of the king, whose palace appears like a city, from its 
 vast extent, and the number of people who inhabit it. I'lie 
 houses of the grandees are very high and elegant, well con- 
 trived and ornamented, but those of inferior condition are 
 no better than huts. The priests alone have the privilege 
 of building their houses and convents with brick or stone. 
 It is si.tuated on the W. side of the river Mecon, in lat. Hi. 
 30. N. Ion. 101. 15. E. 
 
 To LA'Nl ATE, v. a. [Imdo, Lat.] to tear in pieces ; to la- 
 cerate. 
 
 LA'NIFtCE, J. [from hnn, wool, and/mio, to make, Lat } 
 woollen manufacture. " The moth brecdeth upon clotli aMi 
 other Imiifices." Bacon. 
 
 LANIGEROUS, a. [from lanu, wool, and gero, to bear, 
 Lat. I bearing wool. 
 
 LANK, a. [lanckc, Belg.] loose; limber; 'wanting stifT- 
 ness ; not curled, but hanging straight, applied to hair. 
 Meagre; slender. Faint or lan^'uid. 
 
 LA'NKNESS, s. the quality or state of being thin, mea. 
 gre, or slender. The quality of hanging down straight witl« 
 out curls, applied to hair. 
 LA'NNKR, s. [lanie); Fr.J a species of hawk. 
 LANSQUENET, *. [Belg.] a German foot-soldier. A 
 game at cards. 
 
 LA'NTERN, (erroneously written lanthorn) s. [lanterne, 
 Fr.] a transparent case in which a candle or other light may- 
 be carrie<l abmit ; a light house, or light hung out to guide 
 ships. j\ diuh Idiiiern is a lantern lilted with a moveable 
 slider, which, bv being turned round, intercepts the light of 
 the candle. Magic lanlern, in optics, is a machine, whirl', 
 in a darkened room, reprcicuts various fiiiurcs on a huU 
 
 .'■.;t:>
 
 LAP 
 
 L A R 
 
 Lanterii jaws, a term used to express a meagre coantcuance. 
 
 LAN (J'GI NOUS, a. \ (torn lanugo, down, Lat.l downy; 
 covered with soft liair. 
 
 I^A'OS, a kingdom of Asia, bounded on tlie W. by Slam 
 aiid Ava, on ttie N. by Chin;i, on tlie E. by Tonquin and 
 Cothin China, and on tlie 8. by Cambodia. The whole re- 
 gion is crossed from N. to S. by one large river, called the 
 Mecon, into which descend an infinite number of rivulets, 
 that render the soil very fruitful, assisted by canals. Lan- 
 jnn is tlie capital. 
 
 LAP, s. \lappe, Sax.] the loose part of a garment, which 
 may be doubled at pleasure : that part of the clothes that is 
 sprea<l over the thighs as a person sits down, and will hold 
 siiy thing laid on it, without letting it roll off; that part of 
 the body which is parallel to liie seat of a chair when a per- 
 son sits down. 
 
 To LAP, V. a. to wrap or twist round any thing, used with 
 rnmiil, iv.,ox ahout ; to cover, wrap, or involve in any thing. 
 Neuterly, to bespread so as to double over. 
 
 To LAP, t). n. [lappian, Sax.] to drink by licking up with 
 the lonyue. 
 
 LA'POOG, i. a little dog, so called because indulged by 
 the ladies to lie in their laps. 
 
 L.ATFUL, J. as much as can bo contained in the lap. 
 
 LA PICIDE, s. [from lupis, a stone, and cado, to cut, Lat.] 
 a stone-cutter. 
 
 L\'P\D AMY, s.[!apidaire, Fr.] one who cuts ordeals in 
 precious stones. 
 
 i.APl'DLOUS, a. [from /«;;(>, a stone, Lat.] stony ; of the 
 nulure of- stone. 
 
 LAPIDE'SCKNCE, J. [from hpis. a stone, Lat.J a stony 
 cor.crction. 
 
 • LAPIDESCENT, a. [from /a;.w, a stone, Lat.] growing 
 or turning to stone. 
 
 LAPiOrFlC, 1. \!apit!!fif/iie, Fr.] forming stones. 
 
 LAPIDIFICATION, s. [hpklijiicatwn, Fr.J the act of 
 forming stones. 
 
 LA'Pl DIST, s. [from lapis, a stone, Lat.] one that deals ia 
 precious stones. 
 
 LA'PIS, s. [Lat.] a stone. Lapis Bonmnensis, is a par- 
 ticular species of stoue found in Bolonia, which shijiis in 
 iJie dark, l.apis Caliminaris, \\\t. otc i>( z\nc. Lapis Inf'cr- 
 nnlis, an artiiicial caustic stone. Lnpis Lazuli, or azure 
 stone, is a copper ore, so hard and compact as to lal;c a 
 high p<)li^!l, and is worked into a great variety of toys. 
 It is found ill detached lumps, of an elegant blue coidur, 
 Variegated with clouds of «liite, and veins of a siiiniug 
 ;;old colour : to it the painkrs are indebted for lluir 
 benuliful ultramarine colour, which is only a calcination 
 of it. 
 
 LAPLAND, a large country, in the N. part of Europe, 
 and in Scivmliiuivia, lying bet" reii Norway, Sweden, Hussia, 
 and the sea. It is divided into Danish, or North Lapland ; 
 Swedish, or Smitli i>apland ; and Russian or I'.ast l-.apland ; 
 It is extremely cohl, and in some places they never see the 
 iuu for three months in the year ; and the country is all cover- 
 ed will) snow the greatest part of the year. Ilhas, properly 
 speaking, neither spring nor autumn, the seasons change so 
 suddenly. The sky is generally serene, and the air healthy, 
 it being subject almost to conlinnal wind.'i. They sow no 
 corn, but have good pastures, which fatten llu-ir cattle 
 speedily. This coiHitiy ii full of loiks anil mouulaius ; and 
 llie principal animals arefoN-<'>i, martens, bears, elks, wolves, 
 I astor.-', ermines, and rein deer. The last is the most usi'ful 
 animal llir< have ; for it serves lodrawthe sledges over the 
 tnow with surprising swiftness; likewise the skin serves 
 them for clothing, and their (lesli for forxl. Their h4its are 
 made hiIIi poles, about It feet high, and ihcy bx one end 
 in the cailli in a circle, about 12 feet broad. These poles 
 meet at I lie top, and form a soi t of cone ; and the oulsides 
 are covered with the skins of rein-ilecr and rags ; lliey are 
 open al the lop. |o let out the smoke : and heie lliey pa-i 
 Iheir winter. I'liey are very pool Iv clad, and oCleii lie iipiiii 
 ihe snow. When iliey have a niiiid to change llieir liabila- 
 
 tinns, they takeaway the skins and rags, and leiuv the poles 
 standing. Their cliief merchandises are tified cod, and 
 other fish, and the skins of reindeer : they have also soute 
 furs. They are of a short stature, with a large head, broad 
 forehead, blue eyes, broad flat noses, and short, straight, 
 coarse, black hair. They are a rude, brutal sort of people, 
 though soine of tlienr have embraced Christianity, which 
 has not mended their morals. They live a great while 
 without the assistance of physicians, and their hair never 
 turns gray. Instead of bread, they make use of dried fish, 
 which they reduce to powder. They ijie very fond of spi- 
 rituous liquors, and are never sober when they can purchase 
 them. They seldom stay long in one place, but rove about 
 conliiuially, leaving the poles of their Jiuts standiu,'.', as was 
 before observed. 
 
 J.1ATPER, s. one who wriips or laps up ; one who laps 
 or licks. 
 
 LATPET, s. (a diminutive of lap) the part of a head 
 dress that hangs loose. 
 
 LAPSE, s. [lapsus, from labor, to glide, Lat.J a flow or 
 fall of water from a higher place. Figuratively, a small 
 error or mistake. In law, a benetice is said to be in lapse, 
 when the patron, who ought to present thereto in six 
 months after it is voidable, omits doing it in that time, 
 upon which the bishop or ordinary has the right of pre- 
 seiilalion. 
 
 To LAPSE, V. n. to glide slowly ; to fall by degrees. 
 "To lapse into the barbarity of the northern nations." Suifl. 
 To fail in any thing ; to slip ; to be guilty of a small or tri 
 vial fault through niadverteiicy or mistake. To lose or let 
 slip the proper time. To fall by the negligence of one pos- 
 sessor to another. "It /n",)i'ii- to the king." Ayliffe. To fall 
 from perfection, truth, or I'aitli. 
 
 LATSIDED, n. the stale of a ship built in such a mannei 
 as to have one side heavier llian the other, ami consequently 
 to retain a constant heel or Iciuieiicy luwaids the heavici 
 side, uulosswiien she is bronght upright by placing a greatej 
 quantity of llio cargo or ballast on the other side. 
 
 LA'PWING, s. a claniarous bird, so named from th« 
 length and lapping of the wings. 
 
 LA'PWORK, s. work in which one part is lapped or folded 
 over another. 
 
 LAR, a town of Persia, capital of the province ofLaristan. 
 It has a considerable manufacture of silk ; and its tenitory 
 abounds in oranges, dales, and very large tamarinds At 
 (he foot of a uiouiilain near Ihe city, is found Ihe substance 
 called uiiiiumv. Lat. 27. .'W. N. loll. 65. -4.5. E. 
 
 LA KBOARD, (/uhurrl)s. the lefi-liand side ofa ship, when 
 you slaiid with jour face towards the head ; opposed to 
 the starboard. 
 
 LA'RCENV, s. \tarcin, Fr.] Ihe felonious taking away 
 a person's goods in his absence. Great /r/ireiii/, is when the 
 goodsareabove Ihe value of I2d. Petli/ larceni/ is when tlis 
 value of Ihe goods stolen does not amount to 12(1. 
 
 LAUCH-TREE, s. [so called from Laissa, a city of Thes- 
 saly, uliere it was first known] a lofty tree, bearing leaves 
 like those of the pine, and a -nrl (d' iiiusliro(uu ov (i nil called 
 agaric. The gum of this tree is Ihe Venice lu: iitiiliiie. 
 
 LARD, .t. [lardiim, Lat ] the gicase of swine; bacon, or 
 the llesli of swine. 
 
 To LARD, V. a. {larder, Fr.] to slntf with bacon. To make 
 fat. Fi^nnalively, to mix with something else by way of 
 improvement. 
 
 LARDER, s. [tardier, old, [Fr.] the room where" meat is 
 kepi or salted. 
 LA'RDI'"RER, s. one who has Ihe charge of the larder. 
 LAT.DON, s. Er.]a bit of baeoii. 
 
 LARl'.'i, fl.al.] certain domestic gods of the RomaiMi, 
 called also Penates, shaped like mimkies, or, as others say, 
 dogs, set in some privale place of the house, (u- in llie chim- 
 ney corner, which Ihe I'aiiiily lioii'Uiicd as their protectors,, 
 and oiVered to ihrin wiiii'aiid Iraiikiiieense. 
 
 LAIU.iE, a. {larp^us, Lai.] bulky, or ofgreal diiuensions ; 
 \viile (U- extensive; liberal, abundant, or pleiiliful. In u
 
 LAS 
 
 LAT 
 
 diffusive manner, applied to style. " Debated at Urge." 
 
 Watts. 
 
 LA'RGI'^LY, ad. in a wide or extensive manner. In a 
 copious or diflusive niaiinor, applie<l to style. In a liberal 
 or bountiful manner, applied to giving. Abundantly, plen- 
 tifully, or without restraint. 
 
 LA'IIGKNESS, s. extent, bulk, or spaciousness, applied 
 to place. Greatness or elevation, applied to the mind. Ex- 
 tent or bulk, applied to things. 
 
 LA'RG loss, s. [largetse, Fr.l a present, gift, or bounty. 
 LA'llGO, s. ill music, signifies a slow movement, yet one 
 degree quicUer than Grave, and two than Adagio. 
 
 LAKIS'J'AN, a province of Persia, bounded on the N. 
 and 1'". by Kerman ; on the S. by the Persian gulf; and on 
 the W. by Farsistaii. It was formerly an mdependant 
 kingdom, under the descendants of Kosroes king of Persia. 
 The air is unwholesome, and water fit for use is very rare. 
 I'he principal trade of the inhabitants is in camels. Lar is 
 the capital. 
 LARK, i. \liiweree, Sax.] a small singing bird. 
 LA'RKSPUR, f. a llowcr, so called from its resembling 
 the spur of a lark. 
 
 LA'RMIER, s. [Fr.] in architecture, a flat, square, mas- 
 sive member of the cornice, between the cymatium and the 
 ovolo, so called from its use, which is to disperse water, and 
 cause it to fall at a distance from the wall, drop by drop, or 
 as it were by tears. 
 
 LA'RVM', s. the ghosts or spirits of wicked men, which, 
 after death, were believed to wander up and down the earth; 
 phantoms and apparitions that torment the wicked, and 
 affright good men. 
 
 LA'RVATED, a. [from /«i-iia, a mask, Lat.] masked ; aiso 
 frighted with imaginary spirits. 
 
 LA'RUM, «. [larwin, Brit.] any noise made to excite at- 
 tention, and give notice of danger ; a clock which makes a 
 Doiseat any particular hour to which its index is set. 
 
 LARYNGOTOMY, s. [from larynx, the larynx of the 
 tliroat, and teimw, to cut, Lat.] in surgery, an operation 
 where the fore part of the larynx is divided, to assist respi- 
 ration during large tumors in the upper parts, as in tne 
 quinsey. 
 
 LA'RYNX, s. [Gr.J in anatomy, the upper part of the 
 windpipe, which is one of the organs of respimtioil, as wpII 
 as the principal instrument of the voice. 
 
 LASCl'VIOUS, a. [lasciviis, Lat.] lewd ; wanton ; be- 
 having with too great liberty to the other sex ; soft ; effe- 
 minate. 
 
 LASCIVIOUSLY, ad, lewdly ; in a wanton or loose 
 manner. 
 
 LASCrVIOUSNESS, s. the quality of discovering lewd- 
 ness or lust, either in behaviour or words. 
 
 LASFI, s. [sclilairen, to strike, Bclg.] a stroke or blow 
 given with a whip, or any thing pliant and tough ; the thong 
 of a whip with which a blow is given. Figuratively, a stroke 
 of censure or reproach. 
 
 To LASH, V. a. to strike with a whip, or any thing pliant ; 
 to move with a sudden spring or jerk, used with up. To 
 beat so as to make a sharp sound, like the lash of a whip, 
 applied to the beating of waves against the shore. Among 
 mariners, to tie or fasten two things together with a rope or 
 cord. Figuratively, to scourge with satire. 
 LASHER, i. one who whips, lashes, or satirizes. 
 LASS, s. [according to Dr. Hicks, from lad, is formed 
 the feminine ladfles.i, which is contracted into lass] a girl, 
 maid, or young woman. 
 
 LASS A, or LAHASSA, otherwise called Baronthala, 
 and in D'Anvilles chart of Thibet, Tonker, is the capital of 
 the" country of (ireat Thibet, in Asia. Ir is not a large 
 city, but the houses are of stone, and are spacious and lofty. 
 About seven miles on the E. side of the city is the mountain 
 of Putala, which contains on its summit, the palace of the 
 prand lama, the hign i*nest and sovereign of Thibet. Lassa 
 IS 24 miles N. E. of the crossing place of the river .Sanpoo, 
 which is seven miles from the foot of mount Kanibalu ; and 
 
 3Z 
 
 it is 260 miles N. £. of Patna. Lat. 30. 34. N. Ian. 91 
 40. E. 
 
 LA'SSITUDE, s. [from lattus, weary, Lat.] weariness, 
 or a loss of vigour and strength by excessive labour. In 
 medicine, applied to that weariness which proceeds from 
 a distempered state, and not from exercise, which wants no 
 remedy but rest. 
 
 LAST, a. [latest, Sax.] superlative of late ; after all others ; 
 utmost. At last, at the end ; in conelusion. Next before 
 the present, as, " last week." 
 To LAST, v. n. [tertan, Sax.l to continue; to endure. 
 LAST, s. [last, .Sax.] a mould on which shoes are made. 
 A load, from last. Tent. A last of codfish, white herrings, 
 meal, and ashes for soap, is 12 barrels ; of corn or rape seed, 
 10 quarters; of gunpowder, 24 barrels, 2400lb. weight; of 
 herrings, 20 cades; of bides, 12 dozen; of leather, 20 
 dickers; of pitch or tar, 14 barrels; of wool, 12 sacks; of 
 stockfish, 100; anda/ai< of llax or feathers contains 1700lb. 
 weight. 
 
 LA'STAGE, s. [lestage, Fr.] custom paid for goods sold 
 by the last, for freightage ; or the ballast of a ship. 
 
 LA'STING, part, continuing ; durable; of a long conti- 
 nuance ; wearin" a long while. 
 LA STINGLY, ad. duiably ; perpetually. 
 LA'STLY, ad. in the last place ; at last ; in the con- 
 clusion. 
 
 LATCH, s. \letse, Belg.] the latch of a door, which is 
 moved either by a stringor handle. 
 
 To LATCH, V. a. to fasten by a latch. Figuratively, to 
 fasten or close. 
 
 LATCHES, *. in a ship, small lines like loops, fastened 
 by sewing into the bonnets and drablers of a ship, in order 
 to lace the bonnets to the courses, or the drablers to tlie 
 bonnets. 
 
 LATCHET, s. [lacet, Fr.J the string with which shoes or 
 sandals were fastened. 
 
 LATE, a. [lat, Fr.] that is longer than it should be, or 
 not so soon as expected ; last in any place, office, charac- 
 ter, or time : deceased or dead, when prefixed to a per- 
 son's name. " His late majesty, George the Second." Far ad- 
 vanced in the day or night. 
 
 LATE, ad. after long delays ; after a long time ; after its 
 proper time; not long ago. At an unseasonable hour, oi 
 far advanced in the day or night. 
 LA'TED, a. surprised by the night. 
 LATELY, ad. not long past. 
 LATENlvSS, J. any time far advanced. 
 LATENT, a. [from latee, to lie hid, Lat.J hidden ; con- 
 cealed ; secret. 
 
 LATER, a. (comparative of late) happening after a par- 
 ticular period, or after something else. 
 
 LATERAL, a. [from latus, a side, Lat.] growing out on 
 the side ; placed or acting in a direction perpendicular to 
 the horizon. 
 LATERA'LITY, s. the quality of having distinct sides. 
 LAT ERA LEY, arf. by the sides ; sidewise. 
 A L'ATERE, s. a title applied to such cardinals as are 
 the pope's counsellors in ordinary, and assistants. 
 
 LATEWARD, ad. [late and wrnrd. Sax.] somewhat late. 
 Lath, s. [latta, Sax.] in building, a long, thin, narrow 
 sHp of wood, generally nailed on the rafters of a roof, to 
 sustain the tiles or other coverings. A part of a county 
 something larger than a ty thing, and less than an hundred, 
 from lath, Saxon. 
 To LATH, V. a. to fit up with laths. 
 LATHE, i. a turner's engine, by which he turns about his 
 matter, in order to shape it with a chiseL 
 
 To LATHER, v. n. [hthran. Sax.] to torm a frothor foam ; 
 to cover with froth made by soap and water. 
 
 LA'THER, s. a foam or froth made by beating soap with 
 water. 
 
 LATIN, a. [Latinus, from Latinum, the antient name of 
 that part of Italy where Rome was built,] written or spoken 
 in the language of the antieut Romaos. 
 
 63?
 
 LA 11 
 
 LAU 
 
 LATIN, *. a translation performed in Latin, and agree- 
 able. to the rules and idioms of that tongue. 
 
 LATINISM, i. a manner of expression peculiar to the 
 Latin tongue^ • 
 
 LATINIST, s. one capable of uriling or speaking Latin 
 in its purify, and acquainted with the beauties of the authors 
 that have ^^ritten in tlial language. 
 
 LATI'NITY, s. [from Latinus, Lat.] the purity of Latin 
 st\ le. 
 
 To LATINIZE, V. a. [latiiiisei-, Fr.] to use words or 
 phrases in another language that are borrowed iVoni the 
 Latin. Neuterly, to give names a Latin termination ; to 
 make them Latin. 
 
 LATIRO'STROUS, a. [from lutus, broad, and rostrum, a 
 beak, Lat.] broad-beaked. 
 
 LATISH, «. somewhat late ; somewhat advanced in the 
 night. 
 
 LATITAT, s. [Lat. he lies hid] in law, a writ, which is- 
 sues from the King's Bench, so called from a supposition 
 that the defendant lurks or lies hid, and cannot be found in 
 the county of Middlesex, but is tied to some other county, 
 to the sheriflTwhereof this writ is directed, commanding him 
 to apprehend the defendant tiiere. Fifz. Aat. Been. 
 
 LATITUDE, s. [Iiititiiile, Fr. htitudo, Lat.j breadth or 
 width ; in bodies ol unequal dimensions, the shortest space 
 between the two extremes of its surface, or tlie measure of 
 a straight line drawn through its ends. "Provided the 
 length doth not exceed the latitude." Wutton. Room, space, 
 or extent. In astronomy, the distance of a star or planet 
 from the ecliptic, either north or south. In geography, the 
 extent of the earth or heavens measured from the equator to 
 either pole. The distance of a place from tiie equator, ei- 
 ther north or south ; or an arch of the meridian compre- 
 hended between either pole of the heavens and the horizon 
 of the place. Unrestrained or unliuiited acceptation. 
 Freedom from any settled rules. Extent or comprehension 
 of any art or science. He is out of liis latitude, a iigurative 
 expression, iuqjlying that a person is in a place he is igno- 
 rant of, or that he is handling a subject beyond his abilities 
 or comprehension. 
 
 LATITUDINA'RIAN, «. [l<ifitiidiHaire,Tt.] not confined 
 or restrained, either with respect to actions or opinions. 
 
 LATrTUDIN..VRIAN',.s. [froin/«n(iu/«, breadtli, Lat.] a 
 person not conforming to any particular opinion or stan- 
 dard. 
 
 LA'TRANT, a. [from latro, to bark, Lat.j barkuig. 
 
 IjATRI'A, s. [from hitreno, to worship, Gr.] tiie Highest 
 kind of worship ; distinguished by tlie papists from dulia, 
 or inferior worship. 
 
 LA'Tl'EN, s. [Brit.] brass; a mixture of copper and ca- 
 laminaris stone. 
 
 LATTER, a. not long done or past ; towards the last ; 
 mentioned the last in order. 
 
 LA'TTICE, a. {lutlis, Fr.] a w indow made ofstic'ks or iron 
 bars crossing each other at small distances. 
 
 To LAITICE, I'. «. to mark with cross strokes like a 
 lattice ; to mark with sticks or bars crossing each other at 
 small distances. 
 
 LA'V.\, s. a name given by the Italians to the liquid |and 
 vitrified matter discharged by Vesuvius, Etna, and other 
 volcanoes, at the time of their eruption. 
 
 LAVATION, i. [from /nw, to wash, Lat.] the act of 
 washing. 
 
 LA'V.\TORV, «. [from /flio, to wash, Lat.j in medicine, a 
 wash ; some liquid with w hich diseased parts are washed. 
 
 LAUD, s. [/«!«, Lai. J the at 1 of praising for any good, be- 
 nevolent, or noble deed. In divinity, that part of divine 
 worship which consists in i)raise. 
 
 To LALD, V. a. [lando, L\d.] to praise ; to acknowledge 
 or laentir)!! with a sense ol graliluilr. 
 
 .At DABLIi.rt. [tiom /«»(/", to praise, Lat.] worthy "-f 
 praise or commendation. 
 
 LAU DANUM, s. a medicine composed of ouiu!"!, &c. 
 und used to give easeiioiii p,iin. 
 M6 
 
 LAU'D.\RLY, ad. in a manner deserving praise. 
 
 LAU'DER, a small town of Berwickshire, but lately 
 much improved. It is seated on the Leader, 22 miles S. ^. 
 of Edinburgh. See Leadeh. 
 
 LAU'DLRDALE, a district of Berwickshire, so named 
 from the river Lauder, or Leader. 
 
 To LAVE, I', a. [luvo, Lat.] to wash or bathe in any li- 
 quid. To throw up; to lade or scoop out water; from 
 leier, Fr. Neuterly, to wash himself; to bathe. 
 
 To LAVE'ER, v. n. to change (he direction often in a 
 course. 
 
 LA'VENDER, s. Unrendnhi, from lavo, to wash, Lat.] a 
 sweet-scented plant, of which there are four species in our 
 gardens, which are propagated by planting their cuttings ia 
 lilarch, in a shady place. A spirit is distilled from it by 
 the perfumers. 
 
 LA'VENIL\M, or Lanh AM, a pretty large town of Suf- 
 folk, with a considerable manufactory of serges, shalloons, 
 seys, stutfs, and fine spuiix am. Its church, a very handsome 
 Gothic structure, with its steeple, 1:37 feet high, are reck- 
 oned the finest in the county. It has a spacious market- 
 place, encompassed with 9 streets or divisions, and is plea- 
 santly situated, in a fine healthy air, on a branch <if the ri- 
 ver Bret, from whence it rises gradually to the lop of a hill, 
 12 miles S. by E. of' Bury, and 61 N. E. of Lonilon. Mar- 
 kets on Tuesday and Thursday. 
 
 LAA ER. s. Uavoir, Fr.] a vessel to wash any thing in. 
 
 To LAUGIl,(pronounced in thisworcfand its derivatives, 
 laff') v.7i.[laclien, Teut. and Belg.] to make a huid and un- 
 interrupted noise of sudden merriment and mirth. Figura- 
 tively, to appear gay, favourable, pleasaut, or so as to cause 
 joy. Actively, to deride ; to ridicule or mock. 
 
 Laugh, s. [IMi, Sax.] an uninterrupted sound, caused 
 by any object which excites sudden mirth. 
 
 LAU'GHABLE, a. proper to be laughed at ; causing 
 laughter. " A laug;liahle w riter." Dryd. 
 
 LAU'GHER,*. a person fond of mirth, oreasily provoked 
 to laughter. 
 
 LAU'GHINGLY, ad. in a merry manner; with great 
 pkusantry or mirth. 
 
 LAUGHINGSTOCK, f. a butt; an object of contempt 
 or ridicule. 
 
 LAUGHTER, {Ufftir) s. [IJealucr, Sax.] an expression of 
 sudden mirth, occasioned by aconvulsive motion >>f the pra;- 
 cordia and muscles of the mouth and face ; a continued ex- 
 pulsion of breath, with a loud noise, and shalving of the 
 breast and sides. 
 
 LA'VINGTON, Market, a town in Wilts, with a gre-at 
 market for corn and malt, 4 miles S. of Devizes, and 84 W. 
 by S. of London. Markets on Monday and Wednesday. 
 
 L.\'V1SH, a. generous or liberal to excess ; scattered in 
 waste; profuse. Figuratively, wild or uurisliained. 
 
 To LA'VISH, V. a. to waste extravagantly , to be profuse. 
 
 LA'VISHKR, s. a prodigal or profuse person. 
 
 L.\'\'ISHLY, arf. in an extravagant or prodigal manner; 
 w itli such a degree of liberality as borders on excess and iii- 
 discretion. 
 
 LA'VlSHMENT.or LA'VISIINESS, s.an extravagant, 
 prodigal, or indiscreet wasting or giving away what belongs 
 to a person. 
 
 LAUNCE'.STON, a populous, trading town of Cornwall, 
 where the winter assizes are held. ('Ihe summer assizes 
 are held at Bodmin, in pursuance ofa late act of |)arlianient.) 
 Leiand says, it was walled in his time, and a mile in com- 
 pass. Il liail formerly a UKUiaslery, and a noble castle, be- 
 cause (if its strength called Castle Terrible, the lower part 
 of which is now made use of for the jail. It is seated on 
 the river Tamar, 2S miles N. of rivmouth, and 214 W. by 
 S. of London. Markets on Thursday and Saturday. 
 
 To L.MJNCH, V. ». [lancer, Fr.] to force out to sea. To 
 rove at large ; to expatiate. 'l"o be dilliise, applied to style. 
 Aclivelv, to push to sea. 'Fo dart from the hand. 
 
 LAU'NDRESS, «. [from Inini, a peculiar kind of linen, 
 and (/»•«.«] a woman employed in washing linen.
 
 LAX 
 
 LAZ 
 
 I.Al'NDRY, s. a room wherein liiieu is washed or 
 ironed. 
 
 LAVOLTA, s. [Ital.] an odd dance, which consisted in 
 a variety oftiirninfjsand caperin>i;s; a caper. 
 
 LAU'KEATK, a. [from laiims, a laurel, Lat.J decked with 
 laurel, crowned with laurel. A Port Laureiite, is one who is 
 in pay from the king, and makes the odes whicli are per- 
 formed before him on his birth day, and on the beginnin-; 
 of the new year. 
 
 LAUIIEA'TION, J. in the Scottish universities, the act 
 or state of having degrees conferred, as they have in some 
 of them a tiowery crown, in imitation of laurel among the 
 antients. 
 
 LAU'REL, s. [laurus, Lat.] a tree, sometimes called the 
 cherry bay. 
 
 LAU'RELED, «. crowned or adorned with laurel. 
 
 LAUSANNE, in Bern, inSwisserland, the principal town 
 »f the I'ays de Vaud, with a famous college. It contains 
 about 7000 inhabitants; but it is built upon such a steep 
 ascent, and such a rery uneven tract, that in some places, 
 the horses cannot, without great difiiculty, draw up a car- 
 riage ; the foot passengers ascend to the upper part of the 
 town by steps, from the heights of whicii the prospects are 
 very grand and extensive, comprehending the lake of 
 Geneva, the Pays de Vaud, and the ruggfd coast of Cha- 
 Mairs. The town-house and other public buildings are 
 magnificent. It is seated between three hills, in a very 
 pure and healthy air, with plenty of excellent water, and 
 every necessary of life in the greatest abundance ; one mile 
 and a half from the lake of Geneva, 30 miles N. E. of Ge- 
 neva, and 50 S. W. of Bern. 
 
 LAW, s. [laga, Sax.] a rule of action ; a precept or com- 
 mand coming from a superior authority, which an inferior 
 is bound to obey ; a judicial process; any thing obliged to 
 be done ; an invariable conformity or correspondence 
 between a cause and effect. " The /««; of nature." To ia/te 
 the law, implies to enter an action against a person. 
 
 LA'WFUL, a. agreeable to law; that may be done with- 
 out violating the precepts of superior authority, or incurring 
 any punishment. 
 
 LA W FULLY, ad. in a manner conformable to law. 
 
 LA'WKULNESS, *. legality ; allowance of law. 
 
 LA'VVGIVER, s. a legislator, or one who has authority|to 
 make laws ; a supreme magistrate. 
 
 LA'WCilVfNG, a. legislative, or enacting laws. 
 
 LAWLESS, a. unrestrained by any law; contrary to 
 law. 
 
 LA'WLESSLY, ad. in a manner contrary to law. 
 
 LA'WMAKER, j. a legislator, or one who makes laws. 
 
 LAWN, s. \lamn, Brit.] an ppen space or plain between 
 woods ; fine hnen, remarkable for being used in the sleeves 
 of a bishop's robe. 
 
 LAWRENCE, St. the largest river in North America, 
 proceeding from the Lake Ontario, from which it runs a 
 course of about 700 miles to the Atlantic Ocean. It is na- 
 vigable as far as Quebec, which is above 400 miles; but 
 beyond Montreal it is so full of shoals and rocks, that it 
 will not admit large vessels without danger. 
 
 LA!WSUIT, s. a process or action in law. 
 
 LAWYER, s. a counsellor, or one that is skilled in the 
 law. 
 
 LAX, a. [laxiis, Lat.J without restraint, or not confined. 
 N«it compact, or not having its parts strongly or closely 
 joined. Vague ; not accurate, exact, or composed with any 
 caution. In iiiedinine, loose in body, or frequently going to 
 stool ; slack, or not strained. 
 
 L.\X, i. a looseness; a diarrhoea. 
 
 LAX ATI ON, *. ffrom laxo, to loosen, Lat.] the act of 
 Ibosening or slackhig; the state of being loosened or 
 slackened. 
 
 LAXATIVE, a. [laxatif, Fr.] in medicine, having the 
 power til remove costiveness, or to make loose. 
 
 LAXATIVE, s. in medieiae,, a remedy that purges, or 
 removes costiveness. 
 
 LA'XATIVENESS, *. the quality or power of coring or 
 
 removing costiveness. 
 
 LA'XITY, s. [from laxn, to loosen, Lat.] the state of a 
 body whose parts are not strongly compacted, but may be 
 easily separated ; slackness or looseness ; o[)enness. Vague- 
 ness, applied to the difi'erent senses in which words are 
 used. 
 
 LA'XNESS, s. looseness; vagueness. In medicine, a 
 loose habit of body. 
 
 To LAY, V. a. prefer, hud, part, passive hin ; [from 
 hp;in, Icop-an, Sax.] to place along upon the ground. To 
 beat down, applied to corn or grass. To put or place. To 
 fix deep, applied to foundation. To put in any slate. 
 " /,«// asleep." Buc. To cilm, still, quiet, or allay, applied 
 to winds or storms. To set on a table, applied to food. " I 
 laid meat nnto them." llos. xi. 4. To deposit money in 
 a wager. To briiig forth egijs or young, applied to birds. 
 To apply with violence, jouied with siege. To scheme, 
 contrive, or plan, applied to plots, projects, &<: la law, 
 to exhibit or offer, joined with indictment. " Me lai/s his ik- 
 dictment in some certain county." Atterb. Used with apart 
 to reject or put away. " Lay apart all filthiness." Jamen i. 
 21. Used with before, to expose to view ; to show ; to dis- 
 play. To lay b)/, to keep or reserve for some future occa- 
 sion. " Let every one lay by him in store." 1 Cor. xvi. 2. 
 Used with down, to deposit as a pledge, equivalent, or sa 
 tisfaction, generally followed by for. To quit or resign. 
 " Laid down the sword." Black. To lie along a bed, in 
 order to sleep or repose. " I will lay vie down in peace." 
 Psalm xlviii. To lay hold of, to seize, catch, or apprehend. 
 To lay in, to keep as a reserve ; to store or treasure. " To 
 lay in timely provisions." Addis. To charge with ; to ac- 
 cuse of; to impute. " Lay the fault on us." S/iah. To lay 
 out, to spend or pay away, applied to money. To plan or 
 dispose. " The garden is laid out into a grove." Broome. 
 Used with to or mito, to charge upon, or impute. " It would 
 be laid to us." S/iak. Used with up, to confine, applied to 
 diseases. " Laid up by that disease." Temple. To reserve, 
 store, or treasure against some future time. " Fathers are 
 wont to lay up for their sons." Milt. Used with upon, to 
 impute or charge, applied to faults. "Far from tayinfr ^ 
 blot »oo« Luther." Atterb. To impose or inflict, applied to 
 punishment. " A puni-ihmcnt laid upon Eve." Locke. 
 Used with on, to strike, or beat furiously. " He lays me 
 nn." Diyd. To use or take measures. " I laid out for in- 
 telligence." 'Woodu;. 
 
 LAY, s. \ley, leng. Sax.] a row or stratum. A wager* 
 Grassy ground; a meadow ground unploughed, and kept 
 for cattle. 
 
 LA V, s. [lay, Fr. ] a song or poem. " Tun'd her soft 
 lays." Par. Lost. 
 
 L.VY, a. [laicns, Lat. from laos, people, Gr.] belonging to 
 the people w ho follow trades and secular busmess. 
 
 LAYER, s. a bed ; a row or stratum of earth, or any 
 other body spread over another. In botany, a sprig, stalk, 
 or branch of a plant, which is laid under the mould, in order 
 to take root and propagate. A hen that lays eggs. 
 
 LA'YMAN, s. one who follows any trade, and is not in 
 orders, opposed to a clergyman. In painting, an image to 
 draw by. 
 
 LA'YSTALL, s. aheap of dung. 
 
 LA'ZAR, s. [from Lazarus-, mentioned in St. Luiel a 
 person afflicted with filthy and pestilential sores and dis- 
 eases ; a leper. 
 
 LAZARE'TTO, or LAZAR-HOUSE, >. [lazaretto, Ital.] 
 an hospital, or house for the reception of the diseased. 
 
 LA'ZILY^ ad. in an idle, inactive, sluggish, or heavy 
 manner. 
 
 LAZINESS, i. .idleness; slofhfulness; sluggishness; an 
 unwillingness to apply to business or labour.. 
 
 LAZULI, *. I Ital. azure] a stone, the <;round of which is 
 blue, spotted and veined with white, anda glittering or me- 
 tallic yellow ; used much among the painters, under th« 
 uame oiultramarint^ 
 
 ssa
 
 LEA 
 
 LEA 
 
 LAZY, «. >»2tg, Tent.] a person nnwillin^, or slow and 
 tedious in working. Synon. A /azy man never goes tlirocgli 
 with an undertaking; an indolent man will undertake uotliiiig. 
 LEA, J. 'Ify, Sax/j itnplougi.ed ground. See Lay. 
 LEAD, (rhis word and its derivatives are pronounced 
 Ted) s. [loed, Sax.] one of the softest, most ductile, and most 
 heavy metals next to gold, very little subject to rust, and 
 dissolved by the weakest acids. Lead is employed to cover 
 buildings to form water-pipes, to make a great variety of 
 Tessels for economical and chemical purposes ; and in 
 refining gold and silver. Its oxydes are used for djing 
 and calico-printing; in the manufactures of glass, earthen 
 ware, and porcelain; and in the preparation of various 
 pigments. 
 To L E AD, V. a. to fit or cover with lead. 
 To LEAD, (this word and its derivatives are pronounced 
 leed, preter. hd) v. a. [ladan, Sax.] to conduct or guide by 
 holding a person's hand ; to conduct to any place; to go 
 before any body of men, as a commander ; toguide, or sliow 
 a person the method of attaining any thing. Used with on, 
 to draw on, entice, or allure. To induce or persuade by 
 lome pleasing motive. In gaming, to play first. 
 
 LE'ADEN, {Kdeiija. made of lead. Figuratively, heavy; 
 unwilling, or raoiioniess. 
 
 LE'ADFIR, {leider) s. one that goes before Xo show 
 the way to another. A captain, or commander, applied 
 to an army. One at the head of any party or faction. 
 
 LEADHILLS, a village of Lanerkshire, situated among 
 the mpuntains of Clydesdale by some said to be the highest 
 human habitation in Great Britain. Here reside many 
 hundreds of miners with their families. These miners 
 though in a great measure excluded from society by their 
 situation, not only earn a comfortable subsistence, but pay- 
 more attention to the cultivation of the mind, than many of 
 their countrymen, situated in more favourable circumstances 
 for the attainment of knowledge. They are very intelligent 
 and have provided a circulating library forthe instruction and 
 amusement of the little community belonging to the village. 
 LE'ADING, {lei(Uii^)j>nrt. principal or chief. 
 LE'ADING-STIUNGS, {leedinn-strin^s) s. strings by 
 which children are held when taught to walk. 
 
 LEAF, (pronounced leef, in this word and its deriva- 
 tives) s. plural, leaves : \Uf, Sax.] a part of a tree or plant 
 extended into length and breadth; the most extreme part 
 ot a branch, and the ornament of the twigs, consisting of a 
 verv glutiuous matter, and furnished every where with veins 
 and nerves. Its office is to subtalize and give more spirit to 
 the sap, and convey it to the buds. In books, it is a part 
 containing two pages. One side of a double or folding door ; 
 any thing beaten thin; hence /««/■ golil 
 
 the flap of^a table 
 and silver. 
 
 To LEAF, V. n. to bring leaves ; to bear leaves. 
 
 LE'AFLE'SS, <i. without leaves. 
 
 LEAFSTALK, i. the footstalk which supports the leaves, 
 but not the flowers. 
 
 LEAFY, n. full of leaves. 
 
 LEAGUE, (/ecfl) ■*• [%'«"■ F'-] a confederacy : a com- 
 bination, or an alliance entered into between princes and 
 states for their mutual aid and defence. 
 
 To LEAGUE, (leeg) V. II. to unite ; to confederate or en- 
 ter into an alliance for mutual aid and defence. 
 
 LEAGUE, (Jeeff) s. f//ff"c, Fr] a measure of length by land 
 and sea, containing about three miles. 
 
 LEAGUED, (liegid, the g pronounced hard) a. confede- 
 rated ; united by an alliance for mutual defence and aid. 
 
 LI'/AGUER, (Jei^er, the c; pronounced hard) s. \beleggo- 
 ren, Bcli;.] a siege or investment of a town. 
 
 LEAK, (frcA) .?. [fcZ/r, Belg.] a breach or hole which lets 
 water into a ship, and out of a Ijarrel or other vessel. 'J'o 
 ijiriiisr 1 leak, among mariners, is when a ship receives some 
 damage, by which water may enter. 
 
 Til J,EA K. (Ireli) V. It. to let water in or out ; to drop 
 tlirou;;!! a breach. 
 
 LE'AKA(JE, (Uih(igi) s. ilie state of a vessel that lets 
 
 610 
 
 water in or out iiirough some breach; an allowance of H 
 per cent, in the customs, to importers of wine, for waste and 
 damage it may be supposed to have received in its passage ; 
 likewise an allowance of two barrels in twenty-two made by 
 the officers of excise to brewers of ale and beer. 
 
 LE'AKV, (/<tAi/) a. full of breaches or chiiiks which let 
 water in, applied to ships ; but full of chinks which Ittwa- 
 ter out, applied to barrels. 
 
 To LEAN, (pronounced leen in this word and its deriva- 
 tives) V. n. preter. leaned, or leant. \Hlinan, Sax.] to rest 
 against; to be iii a bending posture. Figuratively, to have 
 a tendency, inclination, or propensity. 
 
 LE.'\N, (pron. leen, with its derivatives) a. ^hlcene. Sax.] 
 thin, or wanting fat or flesh. 
 
 LEAN, s. that part of flesh which is entirely musculous, 
 without any fat. 
 
 LF/ANLY, ad. wanting fat or flesh ; meagerly ; th'niv. 
 LE'ANNESS, J. want of flesh ; want of fat. Figuratively, 
 want of money. 
 
 To LEAP, (pronounced Jeep in this word and its deriva- 
 tives) f. n.\hleapan. Sax.] to jump or move forwards wi i 
 the feet close together; to rush with violence ; to throw the 
 whole body forwards by a spring from any plate, without 
 any change of the feet ; to bound or spring ; to fly or start. 
 Leap, (/cep) *. a bound or jump. A sudden or abrupt 
 tarnsition. 
 
 LEAP-FROG, «. a play wherein children leap over each 
 other. 
 
 LEAP-YE.\R, i. every fourth year, so called from its 
 leaping or advancing a day more that year than any other ; 
 so that the year has then 366, and F'ebruary 2d days. See 
 Bissextile. 
 
 To LEARN, (the a is mute in pron. this word and its de- 
 rivatives ; as Km, lemed, lerning) v. a. \leornian. Sax.] 
 to improve by instruction ; to teach ; to get intelligence ; 
 to fake example from. In many European languages the 
 same word signifies to learn and>h) teach, i. e. to gain and 
 impart knowledge. 
 
 LE'ARNED, a. having the mind improved by study and 
 instruction, by observing and reading; skilled; skilful, 
 expert; knowing. Synon. That knowledge which we can 
 reduce to practice, makes us able ; that which requires sp«- 
 culation, makes us skilful ; that which fills the memory, 
 makes us learned. Thus we say an ahle preacher or lawyer ; 
 a skilful mathematician or philosopher ; a learned historian 
 or civilian. 
 
 LE'ARNEDLY, ad. with great appearance of extensive 
 reading, deep study, and diligent observation. 
 
 LE'ARNER, s. one who is yet under the tuition of ano- 
 ther ; one who is acquiring some art or science. 
 
 LE'ARNING, s. skill in languages or sciences; skill in 
 any thing. 
 
 Lease, fpron. leesr in this word and its derivatives) *, 
 [leas. Sax.] a contract by which houses or lauds are parted 
 with orgranted to another, for a cei lain term of years. Fi- 
 guratively, any tenure or right by which a person enjoys a 
 thing. 
 
 To LF-ASE, \leeze) v. n. \lesrv, Beig,] to glean, or gather 
 corn that lies scattered after the harvest is carried in. 
 
 LE'yVSER, {lei:a) s. a gleaner ; one that gathers corn after 
 the reapers. 
 
 LEASH, (fewA) s. [Icsse, Fr. lelse^ Belg.] in hunting, throe 
 creatures of the same sort, applied to dogs, hares, cVc. Any 
 collection consisting of three iii, number ; a band wherewith 
 any thing is tied. 
 
 To LEASII, {lees/t) V. a, to bind ; to couple, or hold in a 
 string. 
 LE'ASING, (l-ezing) s. \leasr. Sax.] lies ; falsehood. 
 LEAST, {leest) n. the superlative of LlTTLK., the com- 
 parative of w hich is less ; [last. Sax. J smaller than all others ; 
 exceeding others insmalhiess. 
 
 LI'AST, (lerst) ad. in the lowest degree; less than any 
 other way. At least, or leastwise ; to say no more; to rueii- 
 tii>n only in the lowest degree.
 
 LED 
 
 LEE 
 
 LE'ASY, (lfh;i) a. flimsy; of a weak texture. Obsolete. 
 LK'ATHKll, (pion. ielher, ill tliis won! and its dcrivalives 
 and com pounds) f. \lether. Sax. lendr, Erse] the hides of 
 beasts dressed and tanned. 
 
 LE'ATHP'RCOAT, *. an apple, so called from the rough- 
 ness of its rind. 
 
 LK'ATHEllCUP, s. a plant classed by botanists among 
 the mosses. 
 
 LE'ATHERDRESSER, s. he who dresses bides and 
 makes leather. 
 
 LE'ATHERHEAD, a town hi Surry, had formerly a mar- 
 ket, which has been discontinued about too years. Mere is 
 a bridy;eover the river Mole, which having partially sunk 
 into the earth near iMicklehani, atthcfootof Box Hill, rises 
 again near this town. It is pleasantly situated on a rising 
 ground by the side of the river, in a fine, open, dry, cham- 
 paigii crtuntry, 3 miles S. W. of Epsom, and 18 S. VV. by S. 
 of London. 
 LE'ATHERN, a. made of leather. 
 LK'ATHI'.llSKLLEll, .s.oiie who sells leather. 
 LE'ATH ICRY, a. resembling leather. 
 LIjAVI'), (pronounced Iccve in this word ana its deriva- 
 tives) s. \lefe. Sax.] permission to do any thing ; allowance 
 or consent ; farewell ; adieu ; compliment or ceremony paid 
 before a person's departure. 
 
 To LEAVE, r. a. pret. / left, or have left, part, pass, left ; 
 to quit, abandon, depart from, or desert ; to appeal to, or 
 to permit without interposition. To cease to do ; to de- 
 gist. To leave out, to omit. Used with to, to bequeath by 
 will. 
 
 LEA'VED,(Zea'e(i) a. covered with ^leaves ; made with 
 folds. 
 
 LEA'VEN, (/er<?n)«. ftenin, Fr.] ferment mixed with any 
 mass to make it light, particularly used of sour dough mixed 
 in a mass of bread. Figuratively, any mixture which makes 
 a general change in a mass. 
 
 To LEAVEN, {Icveii) V. a. to ferment by something mix- 
 ed, applied particularly to that of sourdough mixed with a 
 mass of bread. Figuratively, to taint ; to corrupt, or 
 iiubue. 
 LEAVES, i. the plural of leaf. 
 
 LEAVINGS, (fccoi'is-.s).'. a remnant ; a resiilue. Relics, 
 applied to persons. Offals, applied to meat. 
 To r,F.CH, V. a. [leclirr, Fr.] to lick over. 
 LE'CHER, *. etvmologv unknown; a whorcniaster. 
 To LI'7CHER,i. ». to whore. 
 LE CHEROUS, n.' [from lec/,cr\ lewd ; lustful. 
 LE'CHEROUSLY, ad. [from leclierous] le\M!!y ; lust- 
 fully. 
 
 LECH FRY, s. [from lecher] lewdness ; lust. 
 LE'CHLADE, a town of Gloucestershire, sealed at the 
 confluence of the river Lech with the Thames, 28 miles E. 
 by S. of Gloucester, and 77 VV. by N. of Loudon. A canal 
 from the Severn joins the Thames, (which is navigable for 
 barges of 50 tons burden) near this town. A small market 
 on Tuesday. 
 
 LE'CTION, s. [from lego, to read, Lat.] a reading, a va- 
 riety in the copies of a book. 
 
 LE'CTURE, i.fFr. from lego, lo read, Lal.Jla discourse 
 upon any subject read or pronounced in public ; a sharp 
 reproof or reprimand. 
 
 To LECTURE, V. a. to instruct in a set or public dis- 
 course ; to reprimand, or reprove, in an insolent or magiste- 
 rial manner. N-euterly, to read in public ; to instruct an 
 audience by a formal explanation or discourse ; as, "Wallis 
 lectured on geometry." 
 
 LE'CTURER, s. one who publicly pronounces a discourse 
 on any subject ; a person who is chosen by a parish to 
 
 C reach in a church on a Sunday in the afternoon, and paid 
 y voluntary subscription ; a person appointed by will to 
 preach at a certain time, with a salarv for his trouble. 
 LECTURESHIP, f. the employ or office of a lecturer. 
 LED, the part. pret. of /rarf. 
 LE'DBURY, a fine, well-built town of Herefordshire, 
 
 noted for clothiers. It is seated on a navigable nin'.il, that 
 passes from (iloiiceslershire to Hereford, 13 iiuli-s K. of 
 Hereford,! nnd 12.3 VV. N. tVV. of London. Maiket on 
 Tuesday. 
 
 LED(iE, s. [leggen, to lie, Belg.J a row or layer. A ridge 
 rising above the other parts of a surface; aiiy liroiiiincnce 
 or rising part; a small narrow shelf fixed aga'iiial a wall ot 
 wainscot. 
 LE'DIIORSR, s. a sumpteror state horse. 
 LEE, *. \lie, Fr.J dregs or sediment of any liquor ; sel- 
 dom used in the singular. Among sailors, llVat imrt which 
 is opposite to the wind. A lee-shore is that on which the 
 wind blows. To be under the lee of the shore, is to be close 
 luider the weather shore. A leeward ship, is one that is not 
 fast by a wind, to make her way so good as she mii<ht. To 
 lay a ship by the lee, is to bring her so that all her sails may 
 lie against the masts and slinmds flat, and the wind to come 
 right on her broadside, so that she will make little or no 
 way. 
 
 Leech, s.'[laec, Sax.J a physician; a professor of the 
 art of healing; whence we still use cowlecch or horseleech. 
 A kind of water worm, used to draw blood in such cases 
 where the lancet might not be safe, or where it might be 
 dreaded too much by the patient. When kept in a glass 
 phial, leeches are said to aflbrd certain indications of the 
 changes of the weather. 
 
 LEE'CHCRAFT, s. the art of healing. " We leechcraft 
 learn." Davies. 
 
 LEEDS, a town in the W. Riding of Yorkshire, situated 
 in a vale which trade has rendered one of the most populous 
 spots in England. It is the principalof the clothing towns 
 in Yorkshire, and is particularly the mart for the coloured 
 and white broad cloths, of which vast quantities are sold in 
 its magnificent cloth halls. That called the Mixed-cloth 
 Hall, is a building of considerable extent, in which the 
 cloth is placed on benches, for sale, every market-day; and 
 the whole business is transacted within little more than an 
 hour, without the least noise or confusion, and with a whis- 
 per only, the laws of the market being observed here with 
 particular strictness. The White-cloth Hall, is a similar 
 building. The manufactures that supply these two halls ex- 
 tend about 10 miles to the S. 1.5 to the .S. W. and 8 to the 
 N. and VV. the mixed cloths being mostly made in the 
 neighbourhood of the river Air, aud the white cloths in that 
 of the Calder. Leeds has a manufactory of Camlets, which 
 has declined, and a flourishing one of carpets, resembling 
 those of Wilts and Scotland. Here are also mills for the 
 cutting of tobacco, and a great pottery, with several glass- 
 houses. Within 3 miles of the town are numerous collieries. 
 Of late years the town has been considerably enlarged ; and 
 some of the new parts are built, and building, in an elegant 
 style. It is situated on the river Air, by'which it communi- 
 cates with all the various ramiJications of the Grand Canal, 
 and by which, in particular, it enjoys a very considerable 
 trade in coals, from the inexhaustible stores in its neigh- 
 bonrhnod, to Yoi;k, Hull, tVc. 2-1 miles W. S. W. of York, 
 and 192 N. by VV. of London. Markets on Tuesday and 
 Saturday. 
 
 LEEK, s. \leac. Sax.] in bofany, the porrnni. 
 LEEK, a town in StaH'ordshire, noted for a manufacture 
 of buttons. By the intervention of a craggy mountain, at a 
 considerable distance westward of the town, the sun set-s 
 twice in the evening at a certain time of the year ; for after 
 it sets behind the top of the mountain, it breaks out again on 
 the northern side of it, which is steep, before it reaches the 
 horizon in its fall. In its church yard are the remains of a 
 Danish cross, now upright, and 10 feet high from the ground, 
 beneath which are three stejis. In the neighbourhood are 
 some extensive coal mines. It is situated in a barren coun- 
 try, among moorlands and rocky hills, some of which are of 
 a most surprising height, without any turf or mould upon 
 them, on the great road between Manchester, Stockport, 
 and Macclesfield, to the N. VV. and Derby, Leicester, d'c. 
 
 dtl
 
 LEG 
 
 LEI 
 
 to tho S. E. 18 miles N. of Staffi)rd, and 164 N. N. \V. of 
 London. ISlaiket on Wednesday. 
 
 LEEH, s. [Iileare, Sax.] a side-view ; the act of looking 
 askauiice, or by a stolen view. Figuratively, a laboured 
 and afl'ecfed cast of the countenance. 
 
 To LEER, r. n. to look at by turning the eye-balls to one 
 corner, or by stealing a side-view; to look at with an attect- 
 ed or dissembled cast of the countenance. 
 
 LEES, s. \lie, Fr.j dregs ; sediment ; it has seldom a sin- 
 gular. 
 
 LKET, s. a little court held within a manor, and called 
 the king's court, because it originally took its authority of 
 punishing offences from the crown, wiience it is derived to 
 inferior persons. 
 LEE'WAP. V>, a. opposite to the wind. See Lee. 
 LEFT, a. \hrviis, Lat.J that side whicli is opposite to 
 the right ; that side of an animal on which the heart is 
 situated. 
 
 LEFTHA'NDED, a. using the left baud more frequently 
 tiian flic right. 
 
 LE(i, s. [leir, Dan.] the limb by which the body is sup- 
 ported, and b\ means of which we walk, beginning fiom the 
 knee, and reaching to the foot. Figuratively, that by which 
 any thing is supported. "The /eg of a table, or chair." 
 
 LE'GACY, [from lego, to leave by will, Lat. | any thing 
 given by will. 
 
 LE'G.AL, «. [Fr. le^aHs, from le.r, law, Lat.] done or word- 
 ed a^Tceable to the laws : law f'ul. 
 
 LEGA'LITY, s. [legahti, Fr.] the quality of being agreea- 
 ble to, or consistent with, the laws. 
 
 LEG.\LLY, ad. in a manner agreeable to, or consistent 
 with, the laws. 
 
 LEGATARY, s. [legataire, Fr. from /ego, to leave by 
 will, Lat.] one who has something left him by will. 
 
 LE'GATE, *. [la^altis, from hs'i, to send, Lat.] a deputy 
 ambassador, or one commissioned to transact aflaus for an- 
 other; a commissioner deputed by the pope to transact 
 iifl'airs belonging to the holy see. 
 
 LEG.VTEE, i. [from /«go, to leave by will, Lat.] one who 
 has something left to him by will. 
 
 LE'GATINE, o. made by, or belonging to, a legate of 
 the pope. 
 
 LEGATION, s. [from /ego, to send, Lat] mission; de- 
 putation; commission; embassy; or the state of a person 
 sent and authorizefl to transact business for another. 
 
 LEGATOR, *. [from ?fgf), to leave by will, Lat.] one who 
 makes a will and bequeaths legacies. 
 
 LEGEND, s. [Iciretitla, a thing vhich ought to be read, 
 from leg-o, to read, Lat.J originally a book in the Romish 
 church, containing the lessons that were to be read in divine 
 service; from hence the word was applied to the histories 
 of the lives of saints, because chapters were read out of 
 them at matins; but as the goWc/i /I'^rarfcompiled by James 
 de Varase, about the year 12!Ki, contained in it several ridi- 
 culous and romantic stories, the «ord is now used by pro- 
 teslants to signify any incredible or inauthentic narra- 
 tive. 
 
 LE'GER, s. spelt likewise l(il(^er,lcit!ger, or leif^n- ; [from 
 letr/^ei; Bclg.] any thing that lies or remains in a place. 
 A Mge7- hook is that « liicli lies in a comptiug-house, contain- 
 ing the journal methodized in such a manner that a person 
 may, at one view, see the state of every person's accompt 
 with whom he has ilealings. 
 
 LE'fiEUDEMAIN, s. (/'■g''iWf de mnin, slight of hand, 
 Fr.J the power of deceiving the eye, by the quickness in 
 whreh a person moves his hands; a trick ; a juggle. 
 I,ETiGKD, rt. having legs ; ."•upported by legs. 
 LEGHORN, a handsome and regularly built town of 
 Italy, in the late duchy of Tuscany, kince the kingdom of 
 Etruria, with an inward and outward harbour, in the Medi- 
 ferraflf-an. TIk' (ireeks and Armenians have chijr<-hes of 
 their own, and the lurks have a mos<|ue. 'I'he Jews have 
 a fiandsoine synagogue here, as wtll as schools. 'J'hough 
 subject to heavy imposts, they are very rich, and well pro- 
 M2 
 
 tected. The inhabitants are computed at 60,000, among 
 whom are 10,000 Jews. The streets are wide and straight, 
 and almost all the houses are of the same height. There 
 are so many canals, that some have given it the titk of 
 New Venice. Near the harbour is a large buihiing, in which 
 they shut up every night the Turkish and the galley slaves. 
 At a little distance, on a single rock, forming a small island, 
 is a light house, where, every night, 30 burning lamps are 
 contained in one lantern. The air here was very uidiealtliy 
 till the marshes about it were drained. The commodities 
 imported hence by the English, in time of peace, are chiefly 
 silk, wine, and oil. In 1741, this city suffered greatly by 
 an earthquake. It is 46 miles S. W. of Florence, and' 145 N. 
 N. W. of Rome. Lat. 43. 34. N. Ion. 10. 17. E. 
 
 LE'fJiBLE, a. [from hgo, to read, Lat.] such as may be 
 read; apparent; discoverable. 
 LEGIBLY, ad. in such a manner as may be read. 
 LE'GION, s. Uegio, from lego, to select, Lat.J a body of 
 soldiers in the Roman army. It consisted both of horse and 
 foot, and contained in it both light and heavy-armed soldiers. 
 Figuratively, an army or military force ; any great num- 
 ber. 
 
 LE'GIONARY, a. [from Ic^io, a legion, Lat.] belonging 
 to a legion ; containing a legion ; containing any great or 
 indefinite number. 
 
 LEGISLATION, s. [from lex, a law.and latum, from/e>o, 
 to bear, Lat.] the act of giving laws, or the science of go- 
 vernment. 
 LEGISLATIVE, ff. giving ormakinglaws. 
 LEGISLATOR, *. [from lex, a law, and latum,irom fero, 
 to bear, Lat.] a lawgiver, or one who makes laws for any 
 community. 
 
 LIXjISLaTURE, j. [from lex, a law, and latum, from 
 fero, to bear, Lat.] the power of making, altering, or re- 
 pealing law s. 
 
 LECilTLMACY, s. the qualit.v of being born of parents 
 lawfully married ; lawfulness of birth. 
 
 LEGITIMATE, a. [legitimus, from lex, a law, Lat.] born 
 in nuirriasje. 
 
 To LEGITIMATE, v. a. [legitime!-, Fr.] to communicate 
 the rights of a person born in marriage to one that is a bas- 
 tard. Figuratively, to authorize, or make lawful. 
 LECUTIMATELY, ad. lawfullv; geiniinely. 
 LEGITIMATION, s. [legitimation, Fr.] lawfulness of 
 birth ; the quality of being born in marriage. 
 
 LE CiUME, orLEGU'MEN, *. [legumen, from lego, to ga- 
 ther, Lat.] seeds which are not reaped, but gathered by the 
 hand ; pulse, or all larger seeds in general. 
 
 LEGUMINOUS, a. [legumiueux, Fr.] belonging fo, or 
 consisting of, pulse. 
 
 LEICESTER, (Lester) the capital of Leicestershire, is 
 an antient place, and th'jugh declined from its former mag- 
 nitude, is still large and populous, but not a handsome 
 town. In the Saxon Heptarchy it was the see of a bishop, 
 and the chief city of the Mercian kingdom. It was at one 
 time a most wealthy place, and, if we may believe Mallhevv 
 Paris, had 32 parish churches. At present, it contains 5 
 churches, near one of which are the famous ruins of a Ro- 
 man wall, composed of ragstone and Roman brick, and ima- 
 gined to be a remnant of a temple of Janus, erected on ihc 
 spot 2(100 years ago. Here isalsoa Roman niilliary, (the 
 oldest known in Britain, and containing the first inscription 
 mentioned in this island,) which was found near Thurmas- 
 lon, in 1771 ; it now torms the centre of an obelisk, iii one 
 of liie principal streets, surmoinited with a lamp. 'I'he hall 
 and kilchcn of its antient castle, (a protligious building, 
 where the great duke of Lancaster held his court, who 
 added 26 acres to it, which he inclosed with a brick wall) 
 are still entire. The former is lofty and spacious, and the 
 courts of justice, at the assizes, are held in Ihem. Here is 
 alsfxine of its gateways, with a very curious arch, Ihe tc-wer 
 over which is now turned into a magazine for the count.v 
 militia. Here is a very spacious market-place, witji one jf 
 the hir^esl markets in England for corn and cattle. The
 
 LF.I 
 
 LFM 
 
 coiiil)in2; and spinning of wool info worsted, ann manntac- 
 tliriii;^ it into stocUiii^s i)y Iniincs, is llie chit f husiiicss of 
 tlie town and iioigliliourliood. In soiiie years lOd.dOOjfc'. have 
 been leliiriieil in lliose articles. Its f'liirs, wliieli are upon 
 a iarye scale, for sheep, horses tor the collar, callle, cheese, 
 iVc. are on May l'2lh, July 5th, October lOlli, and Decem- 
 ber Hlh. It is seated on the river Soar, wliicli has lately 
 been made navigable from I.eicc^ster lo Loughborough, 24 
 miles S. bv fO. of Derby, and !'!» N. N.W. of Loudon. Mar- 
 ket on Saturday, l-at 52. 38. N. Ion. 1. 8i W. 
 
 LRrClLSTEfcllllll':, a eou.ily of lai^land, bounded on 
 the N. W. and N. by Derbyshire and Notlin;,dr.iuisliire ; on 
 the K. by the counties of Lincoln and Rutlan<l ; on the S. 
 E. and S. by Northamptonshire ; and on the S. \V. by War- 
 vickshire. It extends about .38 miles from N. lo S. and as 
 many from E. to W. in the broadest part. It is divided 
 into () liundrcds, which contain 1'2 market towns, and 200 
 parishes, the air is healthy, and the soil, in -(tncral, strouij 
 and stiff, composed of clay and marl. It affords great (piau- 
 tities of rich {-razin;; land, and is peculiarly filted for ihe 
 culture of beans, for w hicli it is proverbially noted, 'i'ovvard 
 the N. W. the Bardon Hills rise to a great height; and, in 
 their neighbourhood lies Charnwood, or Charley Ftnest, a 
 rough and open tract. Farther to the N. W. are valuable 
 coal-mines. The N. E. parts feed great numbers of sliee|>, 
 vvhicli are tlie largest, and have the greatest fleeces of wool, 
 of any in England ; they are without horns, and clothed 
 with thick long flakes of soft wool, paiticularly fitted for 
 the worsted manufactures. The E. and S. E. part of the 
 county is a rich grazing tract. This county has been long 
 famous for its large black dray-horses, of which great num- 
 bers are continually sent up to London, as well as for its 
 liorned cattle and sheep, which supply the London markets 
 with the largest mutton ; and its re|>ntation has been much 
 extended by the "reat skill of the late Mr. Bakewell, of 
 Dishley, who bred every species of domestic quadrupeds 
 to the utmost perfection of form and size. The manufac- 
 ture of stockings is the principal one in this county. Its 
 chief rivers are the Avon; the Soar, anciently the Leire ; 
 tlie Wreke ; Anker; Swift; Eye; and Welland. 
 
 LEIGH, (Lee) a town of Lancashire, of little or no ac- 
 count ; for the market is almost come to nothing, and there 
 are no fairs. It is 200 miles N. W. of London. 
 
 LEIGHTON BEAUDESERT, or I5UZZARD, a large 
 town in Bedfbuliliire, seated ona branch of the Ouse, called 
 the Ouzel, o\er which it has a bridge leading into Bucking- 
 hamshire, 18 miles S. of Bedford, and 41 N. W. of London. 
 Its market on Tuesday is considerable for fat cattle; and 
 it has a great horse fair on Whit-Tuesday, especially horses 
 of the coach, and cart kind. It has other fairs, on Jan. 25. 
 July 2(5, and Oct. 24. 
 
 LE'INSTER, a province of Ireland, bounded on the 
 E. and S. by St. George's Channel, on the \V. by Con- 
 naught and Mimster, and on the N. by Ulster. It is about 
 112 miles in length, and 70 in breadth. It contains 12 
 counties, and 992 parishes. The counties are, Carlow, Dub- 
 lin, Kildarc, Kilkenny, King's County, Longford, Louth, 
 Meath, Queen's County, West Meath, Wexford, and Wick- 
 low. It is the most level and best cultivated province in 
 the kingdom ; but in the early ages was almost one conti- 
 nued forest, the remains of which are still found in the trees 
 which are dug out of the bogs. Dublin is the capital. The 
 chief rivers are the Barrow, Boyne, Lifl'ey, Neur, Urriu or 
 Slane, May, and Inny. It is, in general, well cultivated, 
 tiie air is temperate, and the soil fruitful in corn and 
 pastures. 
 
 LEIPSIC, a rich, large, strong, and celebrated town 
 of CJermany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, and in Misnia, 
 or Meissen, with a castle and a famous uuiversily. It is k 
 liandsome place, neat and regularly built, and the streets are 
 lighted in the night ; it carries on a great trade, and has a 
 right to stop and sell the merchandises designed to pass 
 through it ; and the country, 75 miles round, lias the same 
 privilt^'c. There are 3 great fairs every jc.u, at th' be- 
 
 ginning of the year, Easter.and Micliaelmas, wiiicli lastlii 
 days each. It is seated in a plain, belween the rivers Saali; 
 and Muldi', near the confluence <if the I'lcysse, the I'.Kter, 
 and the Bardr ; ;)" miles S. of \V irtindiing, 40 N. \\. of 
 Dresden, and 05 S. by E. of Magdeburg. Lou. 12. 21. V^ 
 lat.51.22. N. 
 
 LE'ISURABLE, (lezlmralle) a. [from hi.tnre'\ done at 
 leisure; done gradually, or without hurry; enjoying 
 leisure. 
 
 LI'i'lSURABLY, [r,:z/„„-M/) ud. at leisure; gradually, 
 or without hurry or tumult. 
 
 LE'ISUllE, (rezliure) e. [liiisir, I"r.] freedom from busi- 
 ness or hurry; vacant time; convenience of time. 
 
 LEISURELY, {I'cz/iuie/i/j ad. deliberately; slowly; gra- 
 dually. 
 
 LKITII, a sea-port of Scotland, in Edinburghshire, 
 seated on the Frith or Forth, 2 miles N. of Edinburgh, of 
 which city it is the port. It is a large and populous town, 
 containing nrany handsome houses; but the greater part 
 of the autient buildings are neitherelegant nor counnodious. 
 The inunbcr of inhabitants is estimated at 12,000. As the 
 town is situated on both sides of the harbour, it is divided 
 into N. and S. Leilh. The harbour is secured by a grand 
 stone pier, at the mouth of the little river, called the Water 
 ofLeith. This harbour is now greatly improved, and ac- 
 counnodated w itli an elegant draw-bridge and a good quay ; 
 and when the proposed new basin and docks are added, 
 this I'lace will become in every respect, a safe, capacious, 
 and convenient station foi trading vessels. The commerce 
 of Leith is very considerable; and the vessels employed in 
 the London trade are, in general, of a large size, and con- 
 structed with peculiar elegance. The k.rgest ships in this 
 port, however are those employed in the Greenland whale 
 fishery. Leith is well situated for the navigation of the 
 eastern seas. To' Germany, Holland, and llie Baltic, are 
 exported lead, glass ware, linen, woollen, stuffs, and a variety 
 of other goods. Whence are imported vast- quantities of 
 tindjer, oak bark, bides, linen rags, pearl ashes, flax, hemp, 
 tar, &e. From France, Spain and Portugal, are iuiporteil 
 wine, brandy, oranges, and lemons ; and from the W. Indies 
 and America, rice, indigo, rum, sugar, and logwood. Ships 
 of cmisiderable size are built at this port ; and here are 
 several extensive rope-walks. There are also floioishing 
 manufactures of bottle-glass, window-glass, and crystal; a 
 great carpet manufactory, a soap work, some iron fiirges, 
 and an ancienf hospital for disabled stamen, Lat. 56. 0. N. 
 Ion. :)7. W. 
 
 LE'ITRIM, a .county of Ireland, in the province of Con 
 naught, bounded on the N. by Donegal Bay, on the X. E. 
 by Ferman,ah, and on the S. E. bv Cavan ; oy Longford 
 on the S. Roscommon on the S. W. and Sligo on thcW. 
 It is about 42 miles long, and from G to 17 broad, is a fer- 
 tile, well-cultivated country, and, though the northern parts 
 (which however furnish food for great numbers of young 
 cattle) are mountainous, yet the southern parts are level. It 
 contains 21 parishes, but has few places of uote. Leitriin, 
 the county town, is pleasantly seated on the banks of the 
 Shannon, 80 miles N. W. of Dublin. 
 
 LE'MAN, s. [probably from Vaimani, Fr.] a sweethe rt; 
 harlot; gallant. 
 
 LI'.'SlMA, s. [lemma, a thing which is assumed from 
 hniihiino, to receive, Gr.J in niathcuiatics, a kind of postula- 
 tiou or proposition, previously assumed or laid down, to 
 reiuler an\ demonstration or problem more clear and easy. ^ 
 LEMMINfi, jr. in zoology, a kind of rat which inhaltits 
 Norway, Lanland and Sweden. They appear in vast inim- 
 bersonce about every ten years when they travel in a direct 
 line devouring all the hei bage of the country through w hicli 
 they pass. 
 
 LE'MNOS, a celebrated town and island of the Archipe- 
 lago, now called Stalimene, situated near the entrance of 
 the Dardanelles. It is about 112 miles incircumference, ac 
 cording to I'liny, who savs, that it is often shadoued by 
 Mount Atlios, though at the distance of 87 miles. Leniiios 
 
 543
 
 L v. N 
 
 KSiibifci lo llii'Tiirks, iMit tlie iiiliiihitaiitt, who arr aimnst 
 all G'riH'ks, art' very isiiliisliiciiis. 'riiolwo principHl pbct-s, 
 ■and once tiiwiis, arc Coc-liiiio, foriiu'rlv calk-d li<-|>licsli<it, 
 and Lonnii,. or Sialiinvnc, aiitit'iilly Mvrint*. Il is the see 
 of A ("iiicl* arflildsliop. Lai. -lo. .i. N. liin. -26. 2S. E. 
 
 I^E MON, s. [liiiiim, Fr.l llii- (ruil of llu- Icniiin-lree. Liii- 
 nscus plai-cs il in llie eif;lil('<'iilli si'clion <>!' Iiit second cla^•l, 
 joiiiini; ilwilli lliecilroiiaiid oran},'e. 'I'lic spicies art- three. 
 
 LE.MC)NADE, s. Honor made of watcr.su^ar, and llie 
 
 juice of leiiiniis. 
 
 LKtMS'rKK.or LEOMiNSTRR.alarjjeand populous town 
 of Hereforikliire, Iradins; consideraldy in wool, Hue wlipal, 
 ftax, sloven, Icallu'r, Uan«, iVe. and lliere are several rivers 
 in and altoiit llie lovvn, on uliieli lliry liave mills and ollur 
 machines. Il is a great thorou^lil'are lielvveen S. Wales 
 and l^ondon, and is sealeci on Ihe river Lu;;, over which il 
 lias several hrid^es, '2.i miles \V. hy N. of Worcester, and 
 137 \V. ,\. \V. of London. Market on Friday, lis fairs, 
 whiih'are noled (or horses, lilaek callle, iS.c. are on Peli. 
 13, Tuesday after Midlent Siiuday, May 13, July lu, Sepl. 
 4, and Nov. I. 
 
 LEML'K, s. in zoolo<;y, a s^nus of animals vvhicli hear 
 some resemblance lo the niDukeys, Inil diH'er from litem 
 in the lenjitliened shape of iheir heads, in the lenylh of their 
 iiind lei;s, ajid particularly in not having' their niiscliicvous 
 disposition. 
 
 To LEND, r. <i. [/(Tiinii, ."sax.] lo let a person have any 
 tllini; on tdinlilion of relurnin;; it v\lien demanded; to 
 permit a piisim to use a Ihiu^ tui condition of its bcin-j 
 restored. 
 
 LENDKR, s. one who permits another to use any tiling 
 on condition of returning it when demanded. 
 
 LESG'!'H, s.[from /f/io-, Sax.] the extent of a thins: from 
 one end to anollicr ; a certain space, portion, or extent of 
 place or time ; long continluilR'f or protraction ; reach, ex- 
 tent, or degree ; the end or latter part of any lifiieas.sigiied. 
 Al lengUi, al last. 
 
 To LE'NfiTHEN, ». «. to make longer ; to continue or 
 protract the (liualion of any thing. Sometimes used wilh 
 out by way <)f emphasis, to protract ; to extend to a longer 
 space of time. Nenterly, to grow longer; to increase in 
 length. 
 
 LENGTHWISE, flrf. according lo the length ; with the 
 end foremost. 
 
 , LE'NHA.M, a 'town of Kent, silnated on an eminence 
 near the source of the Lcn, 10 miles E. of Maidstone, and 
 47 E.S. I'), of London. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 LE'NIENT, n. [from fenin, lo mitigate, Lai.] lessening ; 
 rendering less painfulor violent. Laxative orsofleiiing, ap- 
 plied to medicine. 
 
 To LE'NIFY, V. a. [Unifier, old, Fr.] to render less pain- 
 ful or violent ; to assuage. 
 
 LE'NIS, a. [Lat.] soft or gentle. In grammar, an accent in 
 this form I'l to denote that the letter under it is not aspirated. 
 LENITIVE, a. [leitid/, Fr.J lessening any pain ; softening 
 flremollie*tit. 
 
 LENITIVE,*, any thing applied (oease pain; any thing 
 used to palliate. 
 
 LE'NITY,!. [from feHi«, to mitigate, Laf.VmildneEs; a ten- 
 derness of disposition, exercised in overlooking small faults, 
 and punishing great onc« without rigour or severity. 
 LE'NOX. Sec Oumrartonshirf.. 
 LENS, .«. ill dioptrics, a small roundish glass of the 
 fignr'.' of a lentil, generally applied to a glass thai is convex 
 on liotli sides, hut sometimes extended to signify miy opti- 
 cal glass whatever. 
 
 LKN'F, i. j/cH/Mi, the spring, Sax.] a lime M't apart for 
 ahstinenee by the church, consisting of forty <lays, which 
 receives its name from its happening in the spring. 
 
 LEKTEN, rt such as is used iil Lent ; abstinent or 
 sparing. 
 
 LENTICULAR, ^.[/eMiMH/fl/ff, Fr.] having tbe form of 
 a len«, or liurnnig glass. 
 LEN'm^'OKM, a. I from /r>u, a small round glau, and 
 
 ii44 
 
 LEP 
 
 forma, n form, Lat.j in the form of a iens ; snaped like a 
 lens. 
 
 LE'NTifiO, 1. [Lat.la freckly or scurfy eruption u|)oii 
 the skin ; such especially as is common (o women in child- 
 bearing. 
 LEN'IT<;iNOUS, a. [from loiii^o, a pimple, Lai.] scurfy. 
 LENTIL, s. [/eniille, Fr.] a idant ; called likewise 
 vetches. 
 
 LE'NTISC,*. [/i'«^>.*;(i, Lat.] a beauliftd evergreen tree, 
 which prixluces gum maslieh. 
 
 LE'N'I'OK, ^. I Lai. J tenacity, or viscosity, applied to the 
 consistence of bodies. Slowness or delay^ applied to mo- 
 tion. In UH'diciue, applied to that sizy, viscid, coagulated 
 pari of the blood, which, in malignant fevers, obstructs the 
 capillarv vessels. 
 
 LE'iN'I'OUS, a. [IriiiM, Lat.] viscous; tenacious, applied 
 to the consistence of bodies. 
 
 LEO,*, in astronomy, the lidis, the fifth of the twelvi 
 signs of the zodiac. 
 
 LEO MINOK, s. in astronomy, a constellation of the 
 northern hemisphere. 
 
 LIC'OD, s. [from the Sax.] in the composition of names, 
 implies the people ; as Ltuilffur, one of great interest with 
 the people. 
 
 LE'OF, *. [from the Sax.] in the composition of name.', 
 implies love: thus, Liufwin, is a winner of love ; Len/'sioii, 
 best-beloved. 
 
 LEON, a province of Spain, formerlv n kingdom, bounded 
 on iheN. by Asturias, on the W. by Gallicia and Portugal, 
 on the S. by Estremadnra, and on ihe E. by Old and New 
 Castile. 'J'lie soil is in general ferliic, and produces ail the 
 necessaries of life ; and the wine is tolerably good. It is 
 divided into nearly two e(|ual paits by llie river Dnero, 
 or Douro. Leon is the capital. 
 
 LEON, an antient and large city of Spain ; capital of 
 the province of that name, built by the Romans in the time 
 of (ijdba. It has llie liands(niiest cathedral in all Spain ; ia 
 which are tfif tombs of 37 kings and 1 emperor, and was 
 formerly richer and llliire populous than at present : yet 
 il now contains 8 parish churtliCs, 13 convents, 4 hospitals, 
 and about l'2,0()(> inhabitants. It is seated, between two 
 sources of the river Esta, 17i) miles N. by \V. of Madrid, 
 Lat.^2. 4.0. N. hm. .'i. 13. W. 
 
 Lt-.'ONINE, n. [ fajMiiiHs, from leo, a lion, Lat.] belonging 
 to a lion. Ill poetry, akiiid of verses, the middle of whlcli 
 always chimes or rhinies with the end ; so named from 
 J..eo, the supposed inventor ; " Ut viles jwnnm, de potibus 
 accipe ea-imm ;" or for an English example, " Willioul slop 
 or .«/"'/, down the rocky wmj." S>vtt. 
 
 LEOPARD, (ifiiaril) s. [from /«a, a lion, and juirdiis, a 
 panther, Lat.] in zoology, a swift, fierce, spotted animal, 
 nearly resembling tlie panther, but inferior in size. Il has 
 been (disened, when perfectly tamed, lo pur like a cat. 
 
 LEPA'N'FO, a considerable town of Turkey in l')urope, • 
 ill Livadia, built on a mountain, in the form of a sugar-loaf, 
 on the top of which is a castle. Near this town Don John 
 of Austria obtained a very great victory over the 'I'lirkisll 
 Heel, on October 7, 1571, in which lie look Ifil of their gal- 
 leys, and burnt or sunk 40, besides several other smaller ves- 
 sels. The number of Christians killed in this sia-Hglit 
 amounted to alK)ul ■/.'AiCt, and of the Turks lo about 20,ihmi. 
 Lat. .33 30. N. Ion. 22. 0. E. 
 
 LEPER, x. [from l(i»a, the leprosy, Lat.]a person infecled 
 with the leprosv. 
 
 LEPIIO'SITY, s. a disease wherein ihe skin scales ofL 
 Applied lo metals, the (piality of rusting, or wearing away 
 in scales. A foulness. 
 
 LI'i'PROSY, s. \lfj»-<i, Lai.] a foul disease, appearing oni 
 the skin in drv, while, scurfy scabs, or tvaleSy which cover 
 the whole body, or some part of 'it. 
 
 LEPROUS, a. [from tejira, the leprosy, Lai.] iufeckd with 
 a leprosv. 
 
 LEPU.S, .t. in a^trouomy, a coii&ticllati<m of tlie suulhcrn 
 hemisphere.
 
 LET 
 
 LEV 
 
 LERE, *. [loire, Sax.] an old word for lesson, lore, doc- 
 trine. 
 
 LK'RWICK, the chief town of the Slietland ishiiids, situ- 
 ated on the I''., side (if the Miiiiil;ind, ;is the ]>rin<i|i;d island 
 is called. It is a jjeiieral rciulezvous of the tisliiii;; busses 
 from Britain, Holland, UeninarU, and nlher parts. The 
 principal fishery, tarried on liy the iidiahilants, is lliat oiling 
 and tusk. TUey are cau"lil in the months of June and .Inly, 
 on long lines, set at the (listanee of lOor 1'2 leagues Irom all 
 land, by six-oared boats, from 2 to ;i tons burden. The 
 yearly export of thisarticle to foreign markets is, on an ave- 
 rage, 800 tons, from all the islands. Lat. GO. 20. N. km. 1. 
 30. W. 
 
 LE'SK.\RD, a town of Cornwall, gradually improved to he 
 one of the largest and best built in the countv. It contains 
 ahandsome town hall, built on stone pillars, a large church, 
 an eminent free-school, ami about 10(10 inhabitants. jAlr. 
 Norden, however, who surveyed and described this county, 
 in the reign of James 1. says, " it is a poor town, whose rnins 
 argue its pristine glory to be great." It has some consider- 
 able manufactures of leather and yarn, which last is chieHy 
 sold at Exeter. It is 49 miles W. by S. of Exeter, and 221 
 W. .by S. of London. Market on Saturday. 
 
 LESS, a negative and privative termination, [lens, Sax. J 
 joined to a substantive, it implies the absence or privation of 
 the thing expressed by that substantive ; as, thamelcss, child- 
 L'ss, fatherless, 
 
 LESS, ad. in a small degree ; in a lower degree. " This 
 opinion presents a less merry, but not less dangerous, temp- 
 tation to those in adversity." Decai/ of Piet)/. 
 
 LESS, o. the comparative degree of Utile ; [leas, San.] that 
 which on comparison is not found as big or great as the thing 
 it is compared with. 
 
 LESSEE', s, [fioro iff-te) the person to whom a lease is 
 given. 
 
 To LESSE^f, V. a. [from (>.«] todnnmisii the bulk, quan- 
 tity, or quality, of any thing. Neuterly, to grow less, shrink, 
 or contract. Synon. To ai«*e, implies a decrease in action ; 
 diminisli, a waste in substance ; decrease, a decay in moral 
 virtue ; lessen, a contraction of parts. 
 
 J^E'SSES, ? [laissies, Fr.l tiie dung of beasts, left on the 
 ground. 
 
 LE'SSON, s. [keort, Fr.] any thing read and repeated to a 
 teacher by a scholar ; a precept, or notion inculcated by 
 teaching ; a portion of scripture read in divine scj'vice ; a 
 tune pricked for a musical instrument, and taught by a mu- 
 sic-master to his pupil; a remonstrance, reprimand, or rating 
 lecture. 
 
 To LESSON, ti. a. to teach, to instruct. 
 
 LE'SSOR, s. one who lets any thing by lease. 
 
 LEST, cowj. [from /<?«<] for fear that ; in order to 'pre- 
 vent. 
 
 LE'STOFF, Laystoff, or LEosTOFF,a town of Suffolk, 
 eonsistingofabout 500 houses, indifferently built; the streets, 
 tliough pretty well paved, are narrow, and it contains about 
 Q250 inhabitants. It is seated on the sea-shore, and con- 
 cerned in the fisheries of the north sea, catching and curing 
 of cod, herring, mackerel, soles, and sprats, in which busi- 
 ness upwards of 30 boats are employed, and 70,000 barrels 
 have been sold to foreign markets, and for home consump- 
 tion. Here is also a manufactory of coarse china. It is 8 
 miles S. of Yarmouth, and 1 17 N. E. of London. INIarket on 
 Wednesday. 
 
 LESTWITHIEL, a town of Cornwall, with a market on 
 Friday. It is a corporation, and sends two members to 
 parliament. They also keep courts here belonging to the 
 stannary ; and the gaol is likewise here. It is governed 
 by a mayor, 6 capital burgesses, and 17 common council 
 men. It is seated on the river Fov, near its fall into Foy 
 Laven, 10 miles W. N. W. of Plymouth ; and 230 W. by S. 
 of London. Market on Friday. 
 
 To LET, V. a. [la:tan. Sax.] to permit, allow, or grant ; 
 ♦o put to hire; to grant a tenant. To let blood, to open a 
 vein, so as the blood may flow out. To intrust with ; to 
 
 4 A 
 
 admit. "To ht into the secret." f!pect. No. 48.1. To hi off, 
 to discharge, aii|)lied to tir<- discharge of artillery. To ob- 
 struct ; to hinder or oppose, from tcttan, .Sax. " He who 
 now teltiltt will lit, until he be taken out of the way." 2 
 Thess. ii. 7. lUt'ore the first person singular, it irni>lies reso- 
 lution, fixed pinpose, earnestness, and ardent wish. " J^t 
 »«c' die the death of llie rigliteous." Aidm/j. xxiii. 10. I'eforc 
 the first person plural, it irni)lies exhortation. " I>i<^e ; lit us 
 go." Mark. Belore the .third person singular and plural, it 
 imi)!ies permission or command. " J.et the soldiers seize 
 him." Dryd. Before a thing in the passive, it implies a 
 positive command. "i-cMhisbe done." Dryd. iNeuterly, 
 to forbear, to withhold himself. " Ferdinando — would not 
 let to counsel the king." Jim-on. 
 
 LET, s. an obstacle, hindrance, or obstruction. " Ths 
 secret lets — in public proceedings are innumerable and in- 
 evitable." Biteon. 
 
 LET, used at the end of substantives, is derived from lyet. 
 Sax. and it implies little or small. Thus owl makes on lit, a 
 little or small owl; and of eagle is formed eaglet, a small or 
 little eagle. 
 
 LI'/l'HAT^GIC, a. Uet/iargique, Fr.J sleepy ; of the nature 
 of a lethargy. 
 LI'.TIIA'ROICNESS, s. sleepiness ; drowsiness. 
 LE'THAIIGIED, a. seized with a lethargy ; laid asleep, 
 or entranced. 
 
 Ll'.TIIARGY, s. [from letlw, to forget, Gr.J a disease 
 consisting of a profound drowsiness, or sleep, from whence 
 a person cannot be easily w aked. 
 
 LE'TH E, i. [from letho, to forget, Or.] oblivion ; a state of 
 forgetfulness. 
 
 LK'TTER, s. [from let] one who permits; one who hin- 
 ders ; one who gives vent to any thing, as, a Idond-letter. 
 
 LETTER, s. [lettre, Fr.]a character either in printing or 
 writing, by which is expressed any of the simple sounds 
 of which syllables are composed ; a written message ; a 
 writing, whereby a person communicates his sentiments to 
 another at a distance ; any thing to be read ; a type with 
 which books are printed. In the plural, learning. A man 
 of letters. 
 To LETTER, v. a. to mark or stamp with letters. 
 LETTERED, a. learned ; conversant in, and improved 
 bv, reading ; marked with letters. 
 
 "LE'TTERFOL'NDER, i. one who casts the letters or 
 types used in i)rinting. 
 
 LE'TTUCl'', s. [/ffc<»fff, Lat.] a plant which derives its 
 name from the milky juice with which it abounds. 
 
 LI^'VANT, ff. [lecunt, Fr.] raising or making turbulent.- 
 Eastern. " Forth rush the levant and the ponent winds." 
 Par. Lqst. 
 
 LE'V.\NT, s. this word properly signifies the East ; but 
 it is generally used, when speaking of trade, for TuRK K Y I N 
 Asia ; comprehending Natolia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, 
 Barka, the island of Candia, and the adjacent parts. The 
 Levant Sea means the Eastern part of the Mediterra- 
 nean. 
 
 LEVATOR, s. [Lat.] a surgeon's instrument, whereby 
 the depressed parts of the skull are lifted up. In anatomy, 
 applied to those muscles which lift ud or raise the parts to 
 which tliev are fastened. 
 
 L1':UC0PHLE'GMACY, {lenlwfligmaqi) *. [from leulos, 
 white, and phhgma, a humor, Lat.] a kind of dropsy con- 
 sisting ot'a white flabby tinmn- ail over the body. 
 
 LEUCOPHLEGMATIC, (lealioftetrmdlih) «.'[from leuhos, 
 white, and phlegma, a humor, Lat.] troubled with a leuco- 
 phlegmacy, or white fla!)by tumor. 
 
 LEVEE', s. [Fr.] the time of rising. Figuratively, an as- 
 sembly of persons meeting together in a great man's house, 
 to pay him compliments at his rising. 
 
 LEVEL, a. [I'cfel, Sax.] even, or not hfving one part 
 higher than another ; in the same line with any thing else ; 
 equal in perfection or dignity. In botany, applied to the 
 branches or fruit-stalks when they grow to equal heights, so 
 
 64£>
 
 LF.W 
 
 LEY 
 
 as to form a flat surface at Ike top, as in the flowers of the 
 swet't ailli;itn. 
 
 To LKTI^L, V. a. to make even or ^vithnut any ineqna- 
 lities, applied to surface. To iiuikeof the yjnie lieight with 
 any thin^^ else ; to nuike or lay flat ; to reduce to a condition 
 ecjual to that of another. Neuterly, to aim ; to point a piece 
 of ordnance in takinijaini ; to be iii liie same direction, or 
 even uitiiamark ; toaim or niakeatlenipts. 
 
 LF/\'KL, i. a plane ; a surface without any inequalities. 
 Fijfuratively, a rate, standard, or condition. "Above my 
 ordinary /t'leif." Dryd. A state of equality. In mechanics, 
 an instrument used by masons to rci;ulate their work. A 
 rule. Tiie line of direction in which any piece of ordnance 
 is placed. 
 
 LE'^EL, (BEDFORD) a tract of fenny land, consisting 
 of about .300,000 acres, in the counties of Norfolk, SuHblk, 
 Huntiny:don, Nortlunnplou, Lincoln, Cambrid^'e, and the 
 Isle of Ely, which appear to have been dry land formerly, 
 by the ruins of houses, larye trees, tVc. that have been found 
 ill several parts. After divers expensive attempts to drain 
 these fens, in the reigns of Henry VI. and Charles I. William 
 duke of Bedford, and others, lf!49, undertook and com- 
 pleted it, so far as to bring about 100,000 acres of gocd 
 land to use. In these fens are several decoys, where asto- 
 nishing quantities of wild fowl are taken during the season. 
 One of these, not far from Ely, generally sends 3000 couple 
 weekly to London, and is let for 500/. a year. 
 LE'VELLER, s. one who makes any thing even. 
 LE'VELLING, .r. the art or act of finding a line parallel 
 to the horizou, at one or more stations, in orderto determine 
 the height of one place with respect to another, for laying 
 grounds even, regulating descents, draining morasses, con- 
 ducting water, cVc. 
 LEV ELNES.S, t. evenness or equality. 
 LEVKN. See Leaven. 
 
 LE'VER, J. [leiier, Er.] in mechanics, the second, if not 
 the first, of the mechanical powers. 
 
 LE'VEIIET, s. [licm-et^ Fr.] a young hare ni the first 
 year. 
 
 LE'VET, s. [from lever, Fr.] tho blast or sound of a 
 trumpet. 
 
 LE'VIABLE, a. [from lei"j\ that may be levied or forced 
 to be paid. 
 
 LEVl'ATHAN, s. |Heb.] the crocodile. Commentators 
 are much divided in their opinions concerning this word, 
 some making it the whale; but if we consider the descrip- 
 tion given of it in Job xli. we shall find criteria enough to 
 restrain it to the crocodile. 
 
 To LiyVKrATE, v. a. [Imtgn, from hn-is, smooth, Lat.] 
 to grind to an impalpable powder, between two stones ; to 
 mix liquors till they become smooth and iucorporateji. 
 
 LEViGA'TlON, s. the act of reducing hard bodies, such 
 as coral, into a subtile powder, by grinding them on a marble 
 stone. 
 
 LE'VITE, s. [from I.eri, Jacob's third son] one of the 
 tribe of Levi, who was by inhcritauce an inferior kind of 
 minister in the Jewish tabernacle and (cuiple, having the 
 care of the sacred utensils, and somewhat resembling in 
 degree the deacons among Christians. .\ priest; used as a 
 word of conlemiit, when applied to a Christian minister. 
 
 LEVITICAL, n. belonging to, or descended from, the Le- 
 vites ; exercised by, or confined to, the Levites. 
 
 LEVrXICUS, s. a canonical book of the Scripture, being 
 fhe third of the Pentateuch of Moses; thus called because 
 it contains princii)ally the laws and regulations relating to 
 the priesttr, the Levites, and sacrifices. 
 
 LI"VITY, f. [from /«j.v, light, Lat.] lightness, or want of 
 weight ; inconstancy, or changeableness ; unsteadiness ; 
 trillmg ['aiety; want of seriousness. 
 
 To Ll'/V Y, V. II. \lertr, Fr.] to raise or bring together, ap- 
 plied to armies. I'o raise or collect money as a lax or line. 
 Iji law, to pass ; thus to levyw line, is to pass a hue. 
 
 LE'VV, *. lip- act of raising M.en in- money. War rnised. 
 Lli'WAllDEN, a large, rich, and populous city of the 
 
 Dutch United Provinces, capital of W. Friesland. Its 
 buildings, as well private as public, are magnificent ; and it 
 lias several canals in the streets, which are a great assist- 
 ance to their trade; especially as they are continued not 
 only to the sea, but to tile most cimsiderable towns iii the 
 province. It is situated in the <piarter called Ostergow, 
 27 miles W. of Groningen, and G6 N. bv E. of Amsterdam. 
 Lat. 53. 11. N. Ion. ,<>. 42. E. 
 
 LEWD, a. [/ffHcrfe, Sax.] wicked, bad, or vicious. At 
 present it is confined to signify lustful, or being lost to all 
 sense of modesty. 
 
 LE'WDLY, 01'?. wickedly or viciously. Lustfully, the 
 last sense seems to be the only one in which it is used at 
 present. 
 
 LE'WDNESS, s. the quality of giving a loose to Insf, or 
 indulgin;/ such actions and iuclimitions as are inconsistent 
 with modesty. 
 
 LEWES, the principal town of Sussex, is a well built, 
 populous, and antient place, and is seated on the river Ouse, 
 which is navigable here for barges, 30 miles E. ofChiches- 
 ter,and4!)S. of London. It is finely situated on the de- 
 clivity of a hill, on which are the remains of an antient 
 castle, the environs of which command a beautiful view of 
 a richly varied country, scarcely to be matched in Europe. 
 It takes in the sea for .30 miles W. and an uninterrupted 
 view of Banstead Downs, which is full 40 miles. On the 
 river are several iron-works, w here cannon are cast for mer- 
 chant ships, besides other useful works of that kind. The 
 timber hereabouts is orodigiously lar^je, and the soil is the 
 richest in this part of Vln^land. Market on Snturdav. 
 
 LE'WIS, one of the most considerable of the Western 
 Islands of Scotland, which being connected by a narrow 
 isthmus with Harris, forms but one island, which is about 
 40 miles in length, aiifl 13 in its mean breadth. Like most 
 of the Scottish isles, it is greatly intersected by arms of the 
 sea. By these it may be said to be divided into five penin- 
 sulas. The country, in general, is wild, bleak, barren of 
 wood, and little fitted for cultivation ; the hills are covered 
 with heath, which atlbrd shelter for various sorts of game. 
 The lakes anil streams abound w ith salmon, large red trout, 
 Ac. The laud animals here are similar to those found in 
 the northern isles, and the fisheries on the coast are not in- 
 ferior. Stornaway is the only town in Lewis. The island 
 belongs to Ross-shire. 
 
 LEWIS D'OllE, (pronounced /«« f/'wr(')«. [Fr.J a golden 
 French coin, valued at seventeen shillings English. 
 
 LEXICO'GRAPHER, (/«//„.»,vt/«) f. [fVom lexienn, a 
 dictionary, and s^raplm, to w rite, ( ir.J a w riter or compiler of 
 dictionaries or books, wherein the etymologies and mean- 
 ings of words are explained. 
 
 LEXICOGRAPHY, {iexkiugntfij) s [from lexicon, a dic- 
 tifinary, and g-rnplw, to write, Gr.J the art or inactice of 
 writing dictionaries. 
 
 LI'/'XICON, s. [from ?e.r)i, a word, Or.] a book containing 
 the ^explanation of words; geueially confined to such as 
 contain the explanation of words in the Greek and oriental 
 languages. 
 
 LE'XINGTON, a town of N. America, capital of the 
 slate of Kentucky and county of Fayette. It stands on 
 the head of the river Eskhorn, about 4S0 miles W. S. W. of 
 Philadelphia.^ Lat. .37. .57. N. lou. 84. 43. W. 
 
 LEY, LEE, LAY, in composition of names, are deriv- 
 ed from /crtg. Sax. and sii,'iiify a lield. 
 
 LE'VDl'LN, a city of Holland, supposed to be the same 
 which Ptolemy calls Ltn^ihuuim Jiulmormn, seated in a conn- 
 try full of gardens and meadows, surrounded by ditches and 
 canals, near the aiili<'iit bed of the Rliiiie, which now looks 
 like a canal. It is about lour miles and a half in circumfe- 
 rence; and its ditches are bordered w ith rows of trees. It 
 lias eight gates, anil containsJjO islands, and i45 bridges, the 
 greatest part of whidi are made with freestone. The 
 public buildings are very handscmie. Tlu're are several 
 large hospitals, and an nniversitv, which has generally about 
 200 students, though there are but two colleges; for thcs«
 
 II B 
 
 Lie 
 
 scholars board in the town, niid liavo no dress to distin;;uish 
 tlieni. Tlie school consists of a lar^'C pih; ot'hriciv huililing, 
 three stories hit;h. Adjoining,' to the scliool is the physic- 
 garden, where the professor reads lectures in botany. The 
 library contains curious nianuscripls ; and the theatre Cor 
 anatomy is the finest in Europe. Mere are nianuraelures 
 of the hestcUjihs and sluli's in Holland, there beiiitj no less 
 than KiOOworknien employed in tlietn. It is 4 miles I'), ot 
 tliesea, loS. S. E. of Haarlem, and '20 S. W. of Amsterdam. 
 Lat. 6-2. 8 and two-thirds N. Ion. 4. 28. E. 
 
 LIA'BLE, «. [liable, I'' r.] obnoxious; subject to; not ex- 
 empt from. 
 
 Ll'.^R, s. one wlio wilfully and deliberately tells a false- 
 hood ; one who wants veracity. 
 
 LIBANU.S, the name of mountains of 'I'urkcy, in Asia, 
 which lie between I'roper Syria and Palestine, extending 
 from the Mediterranean Sea as far as Arabia. It is com- 
 posed of four inclosnresof nmuntains, which rise one upon 
 the other. The first is very fruitful; the second very bar- 
 ren ; tlie third enjoys a perpetual spring ; and the fourth is 
 always covered with snow. They were formerly famous 
 for cedar-trees, but now there are scarce any remaining. 
 Geographers distinsuish them into Libanus and Anti-Liba- 
 iius; the hitter lies on the S. 5i<le of the vallev, rising near 
 the ruins of Sidon, and ferniinales in Arabia, in lat. 3-t. 
 They are seiiarated from each other at an equal distance 
 thro'ushout, and form a ccmntry, called by the anticnts 
 Coelo Syria. 
 
 LIBA'TION, s. [from tihn, to pour out, Lat.] the act of 
 pouring wine on the ground in divine worship. Figura- 
 tively, the wineso i)oured. 
 
 LI'BEL, .?. [lihellns, a (limimifiiv, from liber, a book, Lat.] 
 a malicious aspersion in printing or writing, tending to 
 blacken the reputation of a person living, or the memory 
 of one who is dead, in order to expose him to public con- 
 tempt, hatred, or ridicule. 3 Imt. 174. 5 Hep. 126. 131. 
 Hairk. C. l\\3Iuor. 627. 
 
 To LI'BEL, !'. a. to print or pidilish any thing that shall 
 blacken the character of a person, and expose him to pub- 
 lic ridicule, contempt, or hatred ; to spread any defania- 
 torv report by writing or printing. 
 
 LIBELLER, s. one who spreads a report iu writing 
 which mav blacken a person's character. 
 
 LIBELLOUS, CI. containing some report which may 
 blacken a person's character. 
 
 LIBERAL, rt. [liberalis, from libei; free, Lat.] becoming a 
 gentleman; generous; bountiful. Liberal Arts are those 
 that polish the mind, such a.s grammar, rhetoric ; also mu- 
 sic, painting, sculpture, architecture ; in opposition to me- 
 chanieal arts. 
 
 LIBERALITY, s. [liberalitas, from liber, free, Lat. libe. 
 raliti, ¥r.^ bounty ; a generous disposition of mind, exert- 
 ing itself in giving largely. Sy NON. Liberality implies acts 
 of mere giving or spending; s:enerositi/, acts of greatness ; 
 bouiUy, acts of kindness. A liberal man gives freely ; a gc- 
 jieroiis man, nobly; and a buuiitif'nl man, charitably. Libe- 
 ralitij is a natural disposition ; g-eiiero.titi/ proceeds from ele- 
 vation of sentiment ; hmintii from religious motives. Libe- 
 rality denotes freedom of spirit ; generosity, greatness of 
 soul ; bomiti/, openness of heart.. 
 
 LI'BERALLY, ad. giving iu a large manner, or without 
 grudging. 
 
 LI'BERTINE, s. one who acts without restraint; one who 
 pays no regard to the precepts of religion. In law, a freed 
 man, or slave who is made free, from libertiniis, Lat. 
 
 LI'BERTINE, a. [lihertin, Fr.] licentious ; having no re- 
 spect to the precepts of religion. 
 
 LIBE'RTINISM, s. an opinion or practice which is in- 
 consistent with the precepts of religion. 
 ■ LIBERTY, s. [liberte, F'r. libertas, from liber, free, Lat.] 
 (he power in any agent to begin to take up any tlwught, or 
 to forbear any particular action, according to the choice of 
 the' mind, whereby it chooses to do one in preference to 
 aiiiotiier. Political liberty, is a power of actii>g agreeable to 
 
 the laws which are enacted by the consent of a people, and 
 no ways inconsistent with the natural rights of a single per- 
 son, or the good of society ; thus it si<uis to be freedom, 
 opposed to slavery or necessity. A privilege ; an exemption ; 
 an immunity; a diminution or relaxation of restraint ; a 
 leave or permission. " 1 take the liberty to consider." 
 Locla: 
 
 LIBI'DINOUS, a. [from libido, lust, Lat.] lewd ; given up 
 to lust. 
 
 LIBI'DINOUSLY, ad. lewdly ; in a wanton or unchaste 
 manner. 
 
 LI'BRA, in astronomy,' the balance, one of the twelve 
 signs of the zodiac, supposed to he thus denominated be- 
 cause, when the sun is in thissigu in the autumnal eijuinox, 
 the days and nights are of equal length as if weighed in a 
 balance. 
 
 LIBR.\'RIAN, s.[librarius, from liber, a book, Lat.] one 
 who has the care of a library. 
 
 LI'BRARY, s. [from libraire, Fr.] a large collection of 
 books, either public or private. 
 
 To LIBRATE, V. «. \libro, Lat. \ to poise, balance, or 
 counterpoise. 
 
 LIBRA'TION, « [from W70, to weigh, Lat.j the state of 
 being balauced. In astronomy, the balancing or Ircmhling 
 motion of the firmament, whereby the declination of the 
 sun, and the latitude of the stars, change i'tinu time to 
 time. The apparent irregularity of the moon, by which 
 she seems to librate, or waver about her own axis, sometimes 
 from the east to the west, and sometimes from the west to 
 the east. The libratiun of the earth, is that motion whereliy 
 it is restrained in its orbit, that its axis continues constantly 
 parallel to the axis of the world. 
 
 LIBRA'TORY, a. [from Mjo, to weigh, Lat.] balancing; 
 plaving like a balance. 
 OCE, plural of Louse. 
 
 LI'CENCE, i. [from licet, it is lawful, Lat.] contempt of 
 lawful and necessary restraint; a grant or permission; a 
 liberty or consent; a power or authority given to a person 
 to dosome lawful act. In canon or ecclesiastical law, a 
 liberty or power granted to a person to marry without pub- 
 lication of bans. Among publicans, a liberty or power 
 granted bv a justice of peace for selling beer, or wine, <S;c. 
 To LI'CENSE, f. a. \licencier, Fr.J to set at liberty ; to 
 permit a person to do something which he could not with- 
 out such ^rant. 
 
 Ll'CENSER, i. one who grants permission or liberty to 
 do a thing. 
 
 LICE'NTIATE, {lic'emJiiate) s. [licentiatiis, low Lat.] one 
 who uses licence, or makes free with the laws. A degree 
 in the Spanish universities. Among the college of physi- 
 cians, a person w ho has licence or authority given him for 
 practising physic, though not admitted a fellow of the 
 college. 
 
 To LICE'NTIATE, (licinsliiate)v. a. [licentier, Fr.] to per- 
 mit ; to authorize by licence. 
 
 LICE'NTIOUS, (the ti in this word and its derivatives is 
 pron. Iike«/i!', as licinshimis) a. [licetitia, licentiousness, Lat.] 
 not restrained by law, morality, or religion; overflowing its 
 bounds ; unconiined. " The "Tiber, whose licentious waves." 
 lioscom. 
 
 LICE'NTIOUSLY,flrf. with too much liberty or freedom ; 
 without any restraint from law or morality. 
 
 LICE'NTIOUSNESS, s. boundless liberty; contempt or 
 neglect of just restraint. 
 
 LiCII, *. [lice. Sax.] a dead carcase; hence Lichivake, or 
 the custom of watching the dead every night till the corpse 
 was buried ; Lich-gate, the gate^through which the dead are 
 carried to the grave ; Licli-Jicld, the field of the dead, a 
 city in Staffordshire, so named from Christians martyred 
 there ; Lichfowl, certain birds accounted unlucky and ill- 
 boding, as the raven, screech-owl, Ac. 
 
 LI'CHFIELD, a pretty large, neat, and well-built city of 
 Staft'ordshire, eontaining 3 parish churches, besides a catlie- 
 dial, a free-school, and 2 hospitals. It is seated in a line
 
 LIE 
 
 L! F 
 
 cliampaign country, on a little river" tliat divides it into two 
 parts, called tlie City and the Close, and which fidls into the 
 Trent 3 miles below ; comniunioatini;, however, w ilii ;ili the 
 late inland navigations, 14 miles S. E. of Stafl'ord, and 119 
 N. W. of London. Markets on Tuesday and Friday. 
 LICHEN, s. the plant called also liverwort. 
 Ll'CHOWL, s. a sort of owl, by the vulgar supposed to 
 foretell death. 
 
 To LICK, V. fi. [licean, Sax. J to touch or pass over with 
 the tongue ; to move the tongue over any thing; to lap or 
 take in by the tongue. Used with vp, to devour. "When 
 luxury has tich'fl up ai! thy pelf." Pupe. To smear, or to 
 drink up any nioisUire. "She licks up all the dirt with her 
 clothes." To beat ; a vulgar term. 
 
 LICK, s. a blow. " Ciive me a lick across the face." 
 Dryd. The act of smearing or rubbing the tongue over any 
 thing ; a low word. 
 
 LICKERISH, or LI'CKKROUS, a. \liccera, a glutton. 
 Sax.] nice in the choice of food ; eag:er; greedy ; nice, or 
 tempting the appetite. 
 
 LI'CKERISHNESS, s. gluttony ; greediness after dain- 
 ties ; niceness of palate. 
 
 ' LI'CTOR, s. [LatJ a beadle, wno in antient Rome at- 
 tended the consuls, and «as employed iu apprehending 
 criminals. 
 
 LID, s. [hlid. Sax.] a cover which shuts down close upon 
 or into a vessel ; the niembrane wliirli covers the eye wlien 
 we sleep or wink, called likewise the ei/eliil, from aita;nii 
 lied/YnuX. In botany, a cover to the tips of several of the 
 mosses, as in the bogmoss. 
 
 LIDD, a populous town of Kent, seated in Romney 
 !Marsh, 26 miles S. of Canterbury, and 71 S. E. of London. 
 Market on Thursday. 
 
 LI'DDESDALE, a county of Scotland, which is hounded 
 on the N. by Tiviotdalc, on the S. E. by Cumberland, and 
 on the S. V»'. by Annandale. 
 
 LIDNEY, a town of Gloucestershire, noted for the re- 
 mains of a large Roman encampment, with the ruins of a 
 Roman hypocaust, or bath of an ovaS form, and the foun- 
 dation? of nrany Roman buiiilings. It is seated on the W. 
 hank of llie Severn, 8 miles N. !'-. of Chepstow, 10 S. of 
 Dean, 20 S. W. of Gloucester, and 123 from London. Market 
 on Wednesday. 
 
 LIE,.?. [/(>, Fr.] a liquor impregnated with some other 
 body, such as soap or salt. 
 
 LIE, s. \li^c. Sax.] a deliberate, wilful, and criminal false- 
 hood ; a hction. See Ly e, which is the properest spelling. 
 To LI I'', V. n. (/ciig-au. Sax. liegen, Belg.J to be guilty of 
 a wilful and criminal falsehood. 
 
 To LIE, «. n. pretcr. I hi), have lain, or lien, but the last 
 Jtreter. is seldom used : [liegen, Belg.] to rest horizontally or 
 with a great inclination, upon any thing else ; to rest or 
 lean upon ; to repose or be in a bed. Tnlieby, to keep in 
 reserve ; to preserve. " Divers of which I have yet lyius; 
 bi) -me." Boyle. To be placed or siluatcd. "What tifs 
 beyond our positive idea." J.ocke. To be in a person's 
 power; to depend on a person, used with in. "Endea- 
 vour as much as );i Ihee tics." Duppu. To lie in, to be in 
 <'hiidbed. Used with on, to be imputed to. " Let il lie on 
 iny head." But wheiijoined v.ilh linnds, to be troublesoiiK! 
 or tedious. " Thosi' hours that /<i?i7"/h their /("/I'/.v." (twiiiI. 
 .LIFE, {lcef)ti. \litf, Belg. Leof, Sax.] dear or beloved. " My 
 liefetl liege." fi/nik. 
 
 LIFF, (Ire/) ud. w illingly or readily. " I had as Uef have 
 the foppery of freedom." Sludi. 
 
 LIEGIv, {hej) a. \Ji^c, Fr. and U^io, Ital.] bound by 
 some feudal tenure; subject; hence ^/cg-c»n«", a subject. 
 Sovereign. 
 
 LIEGK, Ciff/) a larnp, populous, and rich city of (rer- 
 HKiny, in the circle of Westphalia, and capital of a bishopric 
 of tlie same name. Here the river Maese is divided into 
 three branehi's, the Loose, Oorte, and Atnbleve, wliieli, af- 
 ter having pa.ssed through the streets under several bridges, 
 unite again. Here is a famous university ; the public struc- 
 
 (AH 
 
 tures are very numerous ; and on the sides of the river are 
 fine walks. This place is about 4 miles in circumference, 
 and has 150 streets, 16 gates, and 10 large suburbs. It is 
 seated on the river Maese, in v. \alley surrouadeil by hills, 
 with agreeable and fertile meadows between, 1.5 miles S. 
 W. of Maestricht, and 62 S. W. of Cologne. Lat. 30. 30. 
 N. Ion. 5. 3U. E. 
 
 LIEGE, lately a bishopric of Germany, in the circle of 
 West phalia, hounded on the N. by Brabant and G uelderland , 
 on the E. by Lindnirg, Juliers, and Luxemburg ; on the S. bv 
 Luxemburg and the department of the Ardennes; and on the 
 W. by Brabant and Namur. It is fruitful in corn and fruits, 
 and contains mines of iron, Itad, and coal, beside quarries of 
 marble. Before the late changes in the German empire, the 
 bishop, who was elected by the canons, was an absolute and 
 considerable ecclesiastical prince, having in his diocese 62 
 baronies, lit walled towns, and 400 villages. 
 
 LIEGE, {leej) s. sovereign; a superior lord. Seldom 
 usea. 
 LI'EGEM AN, (leijman) s. a subject. Not in use. 
 LIENTE'RIC, a. belonging to the lientery. 
 LIE'NTERY, «■ [from leius, smooth, slippery, and enteron, 
 a bowel, Gr.]a particular kind of looseness, wherein the 
 food passes through the guts with little or no alteration. 
 
 L'lEll, s. [from to lie,\ one that rests or lies down^ one 
 that remains conceided. 
 
 LIEU, (/eii) s. [Fr.] place; room; or stead: only used 
 with HI. 
 
 LIEUTENANCY, (liftcwmcy) s. [lieutenance, Fr.J the 
 office of a heutenant ; the bodv of lieutenants. 
 
 LIEIJTE'NANT, (///"/.'""hO*- [lieuiemmt, Fr.J a deputy, 
 or one that is conimissloned to act for anuli er in his ab- 
 sence. In war, one who holds the next rank to a captain, 
 and acts iu his stead, when absent, or iucapatitatcd by ac- 
 cidents. 
 
 LIEUTETSIANTSHIP, Qiftinantskip) ,. the rank or offic* 
 of a lieutenant. 
 
 LIFE, s. plural lives: [from lifiim. Sax.] the state where- 
 in the soul and body are united and co-operate ; the present 
 state, opposed to the future;. conduct, or the general manner 
 in which a person behaves with respect to virtue or vice ; 
 the contiimance or duration of our present state ; an exact 
 resemblance of a living form ; a state of vegetation, or 
 growing, applied to plants ; the general slate of mankind. 
 Manners. " .Vrts that pcdish life.'' Pur. Lost. Spirit ; vi- 
 gour ; vivacity. Animal beings. " Full nature swarms 
 with /i/'f." T/ionison. Also a written nairative of a persou's 
 life. 
 LI'FEBLOOD, s. the blood necessary to life. 
 LI'Fl'XilVING, a. having the power logive life. 
 LIFE(iUA'RD, s. the guard of a kings |iei'son. 
 LIFELESS, a. deprived of life ; dead. Figuratively, 
 without vigour, power, force, or spirit. "A lifeless king." 
 Prior. 
 
 Id TELESSLY, nd. without vigour or strength ; jejune; 
 frigifl, or without spirit. 
 
 Ll'l''EL!Kls, «. like a living person. 
 Lit'"!'. IMlES!']|l\ER, a popular name for the apparatus 
 invented by captain Manby in 180U, for saving the lives of 
 ship-wrecked sea-men. It consists of a shot, fre(juenlly 
 a barbed one, with an eye inserted, which is fastened by 
 means of a platted hide, to a rope, and thrown bv a small 
 mortar over the vessel which is in distress. By this means 
 a counuunieation is secureil between the vessel and the 
 shore, and either a boat or a col may he hauled to the as- 
 sistance of the persons on board the ship ; or the rope being 
 fastened round their waists, they are drawn in safety to the 
 shore. He has also invented a cot which may be sent to 
 the ship from the shore, for the removal of helpless 
 women, children, and sick and wounded persons. See the 
 plates on shipwreck. 
 
 LI'FESTRING, «. nerve ; string imagined to convey 
 life.
 
 LIG 
 
 LIK 
 
 LI'FETIMR, s. the continuance or duration of life. 
 LfFKWRAUY, n. lircd of liviii;;. 
 
 To I, I FT, f. a.\iiil]'ttt, SwcmI. loffl'r, Dan.] to r;iisp from 
 tlio ground ; to licavi; or hold on liif^h ; to riusc or elevate ; 
 to raise in esteem, fortune, di^niity. Neulerly, to hirive to 
 raise by an effort of strenjjtli. Synon. We ///i, in l;iliinK 
 any tiling up ; we ndse, in setting it upright, or placing it 
 according to some order. 
 
 LlF'l', s. the act or manner of raising any thing from the 
 ground, or holding it upwards; an efi'ort or struggle. A 
 dcnd tifl implies an etlbrt to raise something- that cannot be 
 moved with the whole force ;»aud, tiguratively, any state of 
 distress, impotence, or inability. 
 
 LITTER, s. one that raises any heavy thing trom the 
 ground ; one that raises any thing. 
 
 To \.\ii,v.n.\lcggen, Belg.] to lie. "Wild beasts li^^en 
 in wait." S/wuscr. 
 
 Ll'fi AM l'"-NT, ^. [from 7is;'>, to bind, Lat.] any thing tliat 
 ties or binds one thing lo another. In anatomy, a white, 
 tough, solid, and intlexible part of the l)ody, whose chief 
 use is to fasten the bones together which are arliculaled for 
 motion. 
 
 LIGAMI':'NTAL, or LIGAMENTOUS, a. composing, 
 or of the nature of, a ligament. 
 
 LlfiA'TlON, .t. [from %o,to bind, Lat.] the act of bind- 
 ing; the state of being bound. 
 
 L'IGATURE, s. [iVom //o-o, to bind, Lat.l any thing Itonnd 
 on as a bandage; the act of binding; the state of being 
 bound. 
 
 LICiHT, (fiif) J. [Icn/it, Sax.] that sensation occasioned 
 in the mind by the view ofbnuinous bodies ; or that property 
 in bodies, whereby they are tilted to excite those sensations 
 in lis ; a certain action ofluniiuous bodies on the medium be- 
 tween them and the eye, whereby they become visible ; a 
 state wherein bodies become visible ; rays proceeding from a 
 luminous body. Figuratively, illumination, instruct ion, or the 
 discovery of something before unknown. A point of view ; 
 a situation ; the direction in w hich the light falls. " Setting 
 them in their pro]jer lii^/its." Sped. No. 2yl. Explanation, 
 or the means of clearing up any difficult passage in writings, 
 " One part of the text could not fail to give light lo another." 
 Locke. Any thing used to give ligiit in the night-time. A 
 person of great parts and eminent abilities, famous for his 
 discoveries, and the communication of them. " One of the 
 Uglits of the age." Synon. Light is the origin or com- 
 mencement of /m'^/i<"fss; splendor \s liria;/iliiess m perfection. 
 The intention of light isonly to make objects visible ; that of 
 brightness, tomake them clearly distinguishable and known ; 
 splendor shews them to a great degree of perfection. We 
 attribute tight to the stars, brightness to the moon, and 
 tpletulor to the sun. 
 
 LIGHT, (lite) a. \leoht. Sax.] easily raised, or of small 
 weight ; not burdensome to be borne, worn, carried, or lifted 
 up. Figuratively, easy to be endured. Easy to be per- 
 formed. "The task was light." Dn/d. Active or nimble. 
 " ii'g-Zif of foot." 2 S'im. ii. 18. Slight or trilling. "A 
 light error." Boi/le. Not thick or gross. " Light bread." 
 Numb. xxi. 5. '' Light fumes." Dri/d. fiay ; airy ; trifliug ; 
 irregular; unchaste. "A light uife doth make a lieavy 
 liusbaud." Shah. Brigirt, or shining; clear. Tending to 
 white, applied to colour. " A %//^coloured clay." Woodw. 
 To LIGHT, (/<() V. a. (from light, substantive f to kindle, 
 inflame, or set on fire ; to give light to. 
 
 To LIGHT, {tit) V. n. ffi-om licht, Belg.J to fall upon or 
 meet with by chance, used with vpun. 'I'o disiuount or de- 
 scend from a horse or carriage, used with front, nff, and for- 
 merly down ; from nlighlan. Sax. " He lighted down from 
 the chariot." 2 Kings v. 21. To fall, or strike. " On 
 whomsoever it //^Aw/i." Hooker. To settle; to fix, or rest. 
 " Then as a bee tights on that and this." Dryd. 
 
 LIfiHT, nd. more properly Lightly, which see. " Shall 
 we set light hv that custom." Hooker. 
 
 To LI'GHTEN, {hien) v. n. \ltchten, Sax.J to flash, ap- 
 plied to the glare of light occasioned by the explosion of 
 
 combustible particles in the air, attended with thunder. 
 To fall or light, used with upon. " Lord, let thy mercy 
 
 lighten upon ns " Com. I'rin/. 
 
 To LI'GHTEN, (to™)!', a. flVom /<g-/if substantive] to 
 illuminate, or make things visible ; to disperse any gloom or 
 obscurity; to convey know led-ge. "Lighten our darkness, 
 we beseech thee, () Lord." Com. Pray. To make less heavy, 
 applied to buidens. 
 
 LIGHTER, (/;/t7) ^. a large heavy boat, in which shifis 
 are lightened or uidoadeil. 
 
 LrGllTElvMAN, {fitennan) s. one who owns or works a 
 lighter. 
 
 Ll'GIlTFINGERED, {lite-angered) a. nimble at convey- 
 ance ; thievish. 
 
 LI'GHTl'OOT, or l.niflTrOOTED, {litefutted) a. 
 nimble in dancing, or swift in running. 
 
 LUiHTHE'.ADED, (IHehYdcd) «. unsteady ; loose- 
 thoughtless; gi<ldy. In medicine, delirious, or disordered 
 in the mind bv disease. 
 
 LIGHTHE'ARTED, {lite-hdrted) a. gay; merry; airy; 
 cheerful. 
 
 Ll'(iHTHOUSE, (?!Ve7iTOsr) i. an hi;?h building, at the 
 top of which li:,dits are hung to guide ships at sea. 
 
 Lr(;ilTI,l'.GGED, n. nimble; swift. 
 
 LI'tiHTLKSS, (/ite/fji; rt. dark; wanting light. 
 
 LIGHTLY, (litely) ad. without pressing h-'.rd ; easily; 
 without uneasiness or affliction ; cheerfully. " Seeming to 
 hii-AV \\. lighth/." Shak. Uncliastelv; iiiiuKidestlv ; nimbly. 
 
 Ll'CiHTAilNDED, {lite-minded) a. unsettled';, unsteady; 
 full of levity. 
 
 LlfiliTNESS, {Uteness) s. want of weight ; agility or 
 nimbleness; inc<mstancy; unchastity, or levity. 
 
 LI'GHTNING, {Htening) s. [from Hghten, whence lighteTi- 
 ing, and lightjiing,"] a flash of light which accompanies thun- 
 der. The identity of lightning with the clictric lluid was 
 proved by Dr. Franklin in June 17.52 when he contrived 
 to bring down lightning from the heavens by means of an 
 electrical kite w hich he raised on the approach of a storm of 
 thunder and with the electricity thus obtained charged 
 phials, kindled spirits, and performed several other experi- 
 ments. 
 
 LKillTS, (liies) s. the lungs, or organs by which the ac- 
 tion of breathing is performed. The word is never used in 
 the singular. 
 
 LI'GHTSOME, {litesome) a. luminous; with great ap- 
 pearance of light; gay; airy. 
 
 LrGHTSO-SlENESS, (litrsomeness) s. luminousness, or 
 the quality of having much light ; cheerfulness ; levity. 
 
 LIGNA'LOES, s. \l1gu117n aloes, Lat.] aloes wood. " The 
 tressof/ieM«/ofs which the Lord hath planted." is'umbers. 
 
 Ll'GN EOUS, a. [from lignum, wood, Lat.] made of wood ; 
 resemblinij wood. 
 
 LKiNUM yi'T^, s.[Lat. the wood of life] a very hard 
 wood, called likewise ,§-""(ffc«m. 
 
 LI'GURE, .«. a precious stone, mentioned in scripture. 
 
 LIKE, a. [lie. Sax.] resembling, or having a resemblance; 
 equal ; of the same quality or quantity ; likely, or in a state 
 that gives probable expectations; but this last sense is im- 
 proper. 
 
 LIKE, s. [this substance is seldom more than the adjec- 
 tive used elliptically ; the like, ior the like thing, or like per- 
 soil] some person or thing resembling another. Near ap- 
 proach ; state like to another sty.>.-. 
 
 LIKE, ad. in the same aiancer ; in the same manner a-s. 
 " Like as a father pitieth his children. ' Psal. ciii. 13. In 
 such a manner as becomes. " (Jiiit yourselves like men." 
 1 Snm. iv. 9. Followed by enough, probable or likely. 
 " if'/ic enough it will." Shuk. 
 
 To LIKE, V. a. [liean. Sax.] to approvf of; to chuse 
 with some degree of preference ; to view with approbation, 
 love, or fondness. 
 
 LIKELIHOOD, or LIKELINESS, s. [from likely] a\^ 
 pearance orshow ; resumblauce; probability, orappearauce 
 of truth. 
 
 649
 
 LIM 
 
 LIM 
 
 LIKELY, a. such as may be liked ; such as may please by 
 their externalappearance ; probable. 
 LIKELY, ad. probably. 
 
 To Ll'KEN, V. a. to represent as bearing some resem- 
 blance ; to compare. 
 LIKENESS, t. resemblance ; one that resembles another. 
 LIKEWISE., ad. in like manner; also; too; moreover, 
 or besides. Synon". Also relates more to numberand quan- 
 tity, its proper ortite beina; to add and to augment. Liheuise 
 is used «ith more propriety ulien it refers to similitude or 
 comparison ; its particular office is, to denote the conform- 
 ity and equality of things. 
 
 LIKING, a. plump; in a state of plumpness. "Why 
 should he see your faces worse liking \" Dan. i. 10. 
 
 LI'KING, s. a state of trial, wherein a person is placed, 
 that he may see whether he likes, or is approved of. Good 
 state of body, plumpness. 
 
 LILAC, s. [Fr.] a beautiful shrub of the diandria mnno- 
 g'jnia clabs, frequeiillv cultivated in our gardens, the flowers 
 of which are uuicli aduiired for their beauty ami smell. 
 
 LI'LIED, a. adorned with lilies ; of the w hiteness of a 
 lily. 
 
 Ll'LY, s. [liliiim, Lat.J a flower somewhat resembling the 
 fleur-de-lys, but of various colours. 
 
 Ll'LY of the Vfdlei/, s. a flower consisting of one petal, 
 shaped like a bell, and divided at the top into six segments; 
 and is verv couimou iu sliadv woods. 
 
 LI'LY-LlVEaEU, n. white-livered ; cowardly. "Abase, 
 lilyliiercd, action-taking knave." >S7ifl/i. 
 
 LIMA, a city of S. America, capital of Peru, founded 
 by Francis Pizarro iu the beginning of the year 1535. It 
 has an university, and gives its nau)e to the principal au- 
 dience of Peru. The streets are handsome and straii^lit, but 
 the houses are generally oidy one story high, on account of 
 the earthquakes. However, they are pretty, and much 
 adorned, having long galleries on the front. One part of 
 the roofs is covered wilii coarse linen cloth, and the others 
 only with reeds, which is not inconvenient, because violent 
 rains are not known here ; but the rich inhabitants cover 
 theirs with fine mats, orbeautifid cotton cloths. Thereare 
 trees planted all round their houses, to keep off the heat of 
 the sun. What the houses want in height, they have in 
 length and depth ; for some of them are 2U0 feet long, and 
 proportionably broad, so that they have 10 or 12 large apart- 
 ments on the ground floor. The royal square is very hand- 
 some ; and in the middle is a fountain, of bronze, adorned 
 with the image of Eame, which spouts out water. On the 
 E. and W. sides are the public structures which are well 
 built. The river w hieli crosses Lima forms canals or s-treams, 
 which run to most of the houses, and serve to water their 
 gardens, &c. The city is about 4 miles in length, and 2 in 
 breadth, and is divided into 5 parishes. They make use of 
 mules to draw their coaches, and of these there are about 
 5000. The churches and convents are exceeding rich, and 
 divine service is performed iw them with a magnificence 
 scarcely to be imagined. The ornaments, even on common 
 days, exceed, in quantity and richness, those which nuiny 
 cities of I'urope dis|)lay on the most extraordinary occasions. 
 Lima is llie scat of the viceroy, whose odice is generally tri- 
 ennial, and contains several courts, as that of the viceroy, of 
 the archbishop, of the iuqui^iti(in, of the cousniada or com- 
 merce, and of the wills. EarllupiaUes are here very fre- 
 quent, and some have done this city a great deal of damage, 
 particularly that in \7V\, by which it was almost destroyed, 
 rile iidiabitanls are so rich, that whenthe viceroy, sent from 
 Spain in U;.S2, made his p\dilic entrance into the city, they 
 ))aycd the street he was to pass through with ingots of sil- 
 ver. It is said, that the iidrabitants are very debauched, 
 but, at the same lime, extpemely superstitions, having a 
 strong belief ill the power of charms; that about a fourth 
 part of the city consists of monks and nuns, who are not more 
 chaste than the rest ; that if any one happen to rival a monk 
 lie is ill daiigtM" of his life, for they always carry a dagger 
 under their frocks ; that the most profligate of t hem think 
 
 651) 
 
 they can alone for all their crimes, by hearing a masw, or 
 kissing the robe of St. Francis or St. Dominic ; and that 
 then they return to their former practices. Lima is advan- 
 tageously sealed on the centre of the spacious, fe*tile, and 
 delightful valley of Rimac or Lima, the whole of which 
 it commands without any ditHculty, on a small river of 
 the same name, near the sea. Lat. 12. 5. S. Ion. 76. 24. W. 
 LIMB, (//?n)i. \lim, Sax. and Scot.] a member; a joint 
 of any animal. An edge or border, used by philosophical 
 writers, from Hmbe, Fr. or limbas, Lat. " .\1 its outward 
 limh, the red and yellow." tieut. Opt. In botany the up- 
 per part of a petal, in blosson^com|)osed of more than one 
 regular petal. Thus, in the wall flower, the upper flat broad 
 part of the petals is called the limb. 
 
 To LIMH, (/»H)t\ a. to assume limbs. To tear asunder ; 
 totlismendier. 
 LI'AIBECK, s. [corrupted from alemliv] a still. 
 LI'.MIJED, (/(HiV/ja. formed with regard to limbs. "Large- 
 timb'd." Pope, 
 
 LI 'Mni;i{, a. [Ilimp, Brit.] flexible ; easily bent. 
 LIM BERN ESS, «. the quality of being easily bent. 
 LI'iMBO, s. [from liinlms. a border, Lat.] a middle state, 
 bordering on hell, in which there is neither pleasure nor 
 pain. Popularly a prison; any place of misery and con- 
 finement. 
 
 Ll'JVIBURG, atownof lheISelherlands,capitalofaduchy 
 of the same name. Here is a manufacture of woollen cloths, 
 and it is famous for its excelient cheese. Near it are many 
 quarries (d'difi'erent kinds of marble ; the precipices, moun- 
 tains, and rocks round about, are romantic : the air is 
 wholesoiiie ; and the inhabitants have hardly any diseases 
 except old age. It is seated on an agreeable mountain, 
 near the river Wese, 20 miles E. S. E. of Leige, Lat. 60. 38, 
 N. Ion.*;. .5. E. 
 
 Ll'MBURG, the duchy of, a province of the Netherlands, 
 bounded on theN. by the duchy of Julicrs ; on the E. by 
 the electorate of Cologne and duchy of Jidiers ; and on 
 the S. and W. by the territory of Liege. It is about 30 
 miles ill length, and 24 iu breadth. It contains some of 
 the best iron mines in the Netherlands; the soil is fertile 
 for corn, and it abounds iu a fine breed of cattle. 
 
 LIME, s. [lini. Sax.] any viscous substance ; particularly 
 applied to that which is laid on twigs, and catches or slicks 
 to the wings and feet of birds that touch it, hence called 
 hirdlime. In mineralogy, one of the nine primitive earths. 
 It is found in a variety of states, as chalk, marble, limestone, 
 il c. but never pure. When purified by burning, it furnishes 
 the principal material for mortar ; is employed by bleecli- 
 ers, tanners, soap-boilers, iron-masters, &c. in their several 
 manufaelnres, by farmers, as a manure, and is of some use 
 iu medicine. 
 
 LIME, s. in botany, called likewise the linden-tree ; its 
 wood is much used by carvers and Inrners. A species of 
 lemon which grows in the West Indies, from lime, Fr. 
 
 'I"o LIME,?', a. to smear with lime ; to cement or un;te 
 as with mortar. To manure ground with lime. Figuratively, 
 to entangle (U- ensnare. " Oli/(werfsoul !" SImh. 
 Ll'M EKILN, s. a kiln whore stones are burnt to lime. 
 Ll'MERICK, a city of IreUuid, iu the county of Limerick, 
 and province of Munster, about .i miles iu circumference. 
 Within a cenluiy it was reckoned the second city in the 
 kingdom ; at present it has lost its rank ; not because it 
 flourishes less, but because Cork flourishes more. It is di- 
 vided into the Irish and English town; the latter, which is 
 the most anlieut, is situated on an island, formed by the 
 river ShaniKUi, and called King's Island. It has been dis. 
 mantled about rid years, and has increased prodigiously 
 within that peri<Hl by the addition of handsome sin els ami 
 quays ; and its commerce has kept pace with its size. The 
 Inicu, woollen, and paper manufactures aie carried on here 
 to a great extent ; and theexports of beef and other ] rovi- 
 sion is considerable. It contains many hospitals, ;onic 
 handsome public structures, and about .0000 bouses. The 
 inhabitants are estimated at upwards of 40,000. The coi;iitry
 
 LIN 
 
 LIN 
 
 arounrl it is fertile and pleasant, but tiic air is rather moist. 
 Il is ;')() miles S. S. E. of Galway, 60 N. of Cork, ami D-i S. 
 W.of Diihlin.^ 
 
 LI'MKKICK, a county of Ireland, in the province of 
 Rlnnster, alioiit 40 miles in len;;lh, iitid 23 in Ineadlli, 
 bounded on the N.and N. W. by 'ri|)|)erary and Clare ; on. 
 the W. by Kerry ; on (he S. by Cork ; and on llie K. by 
 'I'iljperary. It contains 125 parisiii's, and about 170,0(10 
 inhabitants, and is a fertile and well inhabited county, 
 though the S. E. and S. W. parts are niounlainous. The 
 soil is particularly rich in pasture, the best cattle slauj^hlered 
 at Cork beiiif^sent from this c(^unty. Several rivers water 
 it, the principal of which are the Shajnion and the iMaig. 
 Ll'iM KS'I'O N 1',, s. the stone o( which lime is made. 
 LI'IVl'KWA'l'EK, «. a li(iuor made bv pouring boiling wa- 
 ter on uiislaeked lime, and rackini^it oif v\|icn settled. 
 LI'M KWOUT, .s. a kimi of pink. 
 
 LI'MIT, i. [limi-s, \^at.] a bound; a border; the utmost 
 extent of anv place or space. 
 
 To LI'iVHT, V. «. [from /»»c.?, a limit, Lat.J to confine 
 within certain bounds ; to restrain. To circumscribe, or 
 prescribe bounds to. "They tempted (iod, and limited Xlia 
 iloly One of Israel." Psnl. lxxviii.41. To restrain or con- 
 fine the sense, applied to words that liave various si^nitica- 
 tions. 
 LIMITA'NEOUS, a. belon-ins to the bounds. 
 LIMITARY, a. placed at the limits or boundaries as a 
 gfuard. " Proud //»((Va)v/ cherub." Milt. 
 
 IjIMITATION,.?. [from limes, a limit, Lat.] restriction ; 
 restraint; a certain time assigned by statute within wliich 
 an action must be brought. 
 
 LI'iMMINGTON, orLvMMiNGTON, a town of Hamp- 
 shire, about a mile from the diannclthat runs between the 
 main land and tiie Isle of Wight, has a harbour for vessels 
 of considerable burden. The chief trade is making salt. It 
 is seated on a high hill, 97 miles S. W. of London. Market 
 on Saturday. 
 
 To LIMN, V. a. \enlnminer, Fr.] to draw or paint any 
 thing ; to colour or illuminate in prints and maps ; to paint 
 in water colours, in crayons, oil colours, cvc. 
 
 LI'MNI'iR, J. [corrupted from enlnKtineur, Fr.] a painter, 
 or one who draws portraits from the life. 
 
 LI'MOGl'lS, a town in the dept. of Upper Vienne, con- 
 taining about 13,000 inhabitants. It was taken from the 
 Visigoths by the Franks, under Clovis ; after whose death 
 it came to the didies of Arpiilaine. It is seated on the river 
 Vienne, 50 miles N. N. E. Perigeux, and J 10 N. E. ofBour- 
 deaux. 
 
 LI'MOSIN, a ci-devaut province of France, divided into 
 the Upper and Lower, the former of w hicli is very cold, but 
 the latter more temperate. It is covered with forests of 
 chesnut trees, am! contains mines of lead, copper, tin, and 
 iron ; but the principal trade consists ii) cattle and horses. 
 It is now tlie dept. of Upper Vieinie, ofwnich Limoges is 
 the capital. 
 
 LI'MOUS, a. \Umosus, Lat.] mudily and slimy. 
 LIMP, a. [limpio, Itak] vajiiil, or ha\ ing no taste. 
 To LIMP, V. n. ilimpeii, Sa\.J to halt ; to walk lamely. 
 LI'MPET, .r. a tiud of shell ii.h. 
 
 LI'MPID, rt. [/i'»)/hV/'m, Lat. I clear; pure; transparent. 
 LI'MPIDNESS, s. the quality of being transparent, ap- 
 plied, to streams. 
 
 LI'MPINGLV, ad. in a lame or halting manner. 
 LIMY, a. [from ftmej containing lime. Viscous or glii- 
 tiuous. 
 
 Ll'NCHPIN, s. an iron pin that keeps the wheel on the 
 axle-tree. 
 
 LI'NCOLN, (iiji/;on) formerly called Nicol, a city, the 
 capital of Lincolnshire, is pleasantly seated on the side of 
 a hill, on the Witham, which here divides itself into tinee 
 small channels. It is much reduced from its former ex- 
 tent and splendour, (when it coutiiined 52 parish churches, 
 and was one of the most populous cities of England, accord- 
 ing to Malnisbury, and a mart for ail goods coming by land 
 
 or water:) and now consists principally of one street, ahove 
 2 miles long, well paved, and several cross and iiurallei 
 streets, well peopled. Here are some handkorue nioflern 
 buildings, but more anlii|ue ones. The Uoniaus' noithgate 
 still remains luider the name of New-port (jate. It is a 
 vast .semicircle of stones, of very large dimriisions, laid 
 witiiout mortar, and conueeled only by their uniform .-liape. 
 Upon the whole, this city has an air of antieiit greatniss, 
 arising, in a great measure, from the number of uumastic 
 ruins; most of which are now cnuverlcd into stables, out- 
 houses, iVc. '1 he cathedral, a stately (jolliic pile, one of 
 the largest in England, is its glory ; it stands on s<i loJty a 
 bill, that it may he seen 50 miles to the N. and nn to the S. 
 and is particularly admired for its interior aichilecture, 
 v.liich is in the richest and lightest Ciolhic st\le. Tiu' fa- 
 mous great bell, called Tom of Lincoln, recpiires, at least, 
 15 able men to ring it. The chief traile here is in coals 
 brought by the Trent anil Fossdyke; and oats and wool, 
 which are sent by the river Witham. Here is a small ma- 
 nufacture of camlets. It is 32 miles N. E. of Nntliiigham, 
 and 133 N. of London. Markets on Tuesday and I'liday. 
 
 LrNCOLN.SHlPE, a comity of England, boinide.l oii the 
 N. by the Ilmnber, wiiiih divides il from Yorkshire; on 
 the E. by the (icrman Ocean ; on the S. E. by (lie Wash 
 and part of .Xorfcilk ; on the S. bv Cand)ri<lgeshire and 
 Northamptonshire ; on the S. W. by Kulland ; on the VY. 
 by the counties of I^eieestcr and Nottingham ; and on the 
 N. W. by ^'(irkshirc. It is 77 miles from N. to S. and 48 
 in breadth, where widest. It is divideil info three parts, 
 namely, Holland on the S. K. Kcsteven on the S. W. anil 
 Lindscy on the N. It contains 30 hundreds, 1 city, .3.3 
 market towns, 630 parishes, and 2()0,(ioo iidiabiti.nts. Its 
 principal rivers are the Trent, liunibi-r, Wilharii, Welland, 
 Ancain, Nen, and Dun. The air is various, according to its 
 three grand divisions. The soil in many places is very rich, 
 the inkind part producing corn in great plenty, and the fens 
 cole-seed, and very rich pastures; whence their breed of 
 cattle is larger than that of aliy other county in England, 
 except Somersetshire ; their horses are also excellent, and 
 very large ; their hunting hounds and hares are peculiarly 
 noted for their eitrenie swiftness; and their sheep are not 
 only of the largest breed, but are clothed with a long thick 
 wool, peculiarly fitted for the worsted and coarse woollen 
 manufactures. 
 
 LI'NCTUS, i. [from ling-n, to lick, Lat.] a medicine, so 
 called because licked up bv the tongue. 
 LINDEN, s. [lind. Sax.] the lime-tree. 
 LENDS EY', the largest of the principal divisions of Lin- 
 colnshire, including all the cotinly that lies N. of the Wi- 
 lliam and the Eossiiyke. It is the most elevated part of the 
 county; ami tlie air is generally esteemed he.ililiy, espe- 
 cially on the western side. Towa-d theN. E. |iart is a large 
 t-ract of heatliy land, called the Wolds, the S. part of which 
 is well inliabited ; but the N. is very thin of people. Great 
 flocks of sheep are bred throughout this tract. 
 
 LINE, s. [liiiea, Lat.] quantity extended in length only 
 without breadth or thickness; any extension, considered 
 only with regard to length ; a slender string ; a thread ex 
 tended as a guide or rule ; the strin;; tiiat su>tains the hook 
 in angling; a lineament or mark in the face ; a single row 
 of letters written or printed from one margin to the other 
 rank, in an army. A work thrown up, or a breach, applied 
 to fortihcation. Extension ; a limit. In geography, tht 
 equator, or equinoctial line. In pedigree, progeny, family, 
 or relations, considered as ascending or descending, lit 
 the plural, a letter, or any composition written by an au 
 thor. "I read your /(««." 
 
 To LINE, I', a. [probably from limmi, fiax, linen, Lai. J to 
 cover on the inside. 
 LI'NEAGE, sJlinnffe, Fr.] race ; progeny ; family. 
 LINEAL, rt. [f^om linen, a line, Lat.J compose<l of Ihies 
 d-elineated. Descending directly, as the son from ihe fa- 
 ther, iVc. a4iplied to genealogy, .\llied ny direct descent, 
 LINEALLY', ad, ju a direct line, applied to pedigree. 
 
 «»1
 
 LIN 
 
 LIS 
 
 LI'NEAMENT, ». [from linen, a line, Lat.J feature ; or 
 any mark, eitlier in the face or furni, which distniguishes one 
 person from another. 
 
 LraEAR, a. [from lima, a line, Lat.] composed of lines ; 
 liaving tiie form of lines. 
 
 LIXEATION, s. [froinfiHca, a line, Lat.J a dra\ight or ap- 
 pearance of a line or lines. 
 
 LINEN, J. [from linum, flax, Lat.] cloth made of hemp or 
 flax. 
 
 LINEN, a. [from li/mm, flax, Lat.] made of linen ; rescm- 
 blinj; linen in whiteness. 
 
 LI'NEN-DRAPER, s. [from linen and draper, of (trap, Fr. 
 cloth] a person wiio sells linen. .See Draper. 
 
 LING, s. Uiiig;, Isl.j a kind of heath ; a kind of sea -fish 
 usually dried and salted, from litig-lie, Belg. 
 
 LING, the termination borrowed from the Saxons, com- 
 monly implies diminution, and is derived from hlein, Ttut. 
 little ; thiii cmrplin^, .Sax. from cntrp, Sax. a boy, implies a 
 little boy ; i!'/i"s-, is a little kitten. Sonietinu's it denotes 
 quality, and is then, accordlnj,' to Skinner, derived from 
 hnreu. Tent, to belong; thus sitchlirig, denotes the state of 
 an infant that sucks ; and hireling; the quality of a person 
 who works for hire. 
 
 To LI^vGER, V. n. [from len^; Sax.] to remain long in 
 a state of languor or pam. Figuratively, to hesitate, or be 
 in a surprise. To wait long in expectation or uncertainty ; 
 to remain long in any state as loth to leave it ; to be long in 
 producing an effect. 
 
 LINGERER, J. one who does any thing in such a manner 
 as to protract the time, ordo it as slowly as he can. 
 LIT-vGEKlNGLY, nrf. in a tedious or delaying manner. 
 LI'NGET, .«. [lino-ot, Fr. | a sn'.all mass of metal. 
 LINGO, it. [Port.] language; tongue ; or speech ; a low 
 cant word. 
 
 LINGUADE'NTAL, a. [from lingna, the tongue, and 
 dciis, a tooth, Lat.] in grammar, applied to the letters utter- 
 ed by the joint action of the tongue and teeth, as/and v. 
 
 LINGUIST, s. [from lingua, a tongue, Lat.J a person 
 skilled in languages. 
 LINGWOOD, .s. an herb. 
 
 LI'NIMENT, .s. [from linio, to anoint, Lat.J an ointment, 
 or any medicine that may be spread or smeared over a 
 sore. 
 
 LraiNG, s. [from line, the verbj the inner covering of 
 anything. 
 
 LiNiC s. [i^elenrhc, Teut.J a single ring of a cnain ; any- 
 thing doubled, or forming a loop resembling the ring^ ot 
 a chain ; any thing that connects; a chain. In reasoning, 
 a single part of a scries or chain of consequences ; a pro- 
 position. Joined to a foregoing and following proposition, 
 a scries. 
 
 To LINK, I', a. to connect or join together, as the links 
 of a chain. Figuratively, to unite in concord or friendship ; 
 to connect, generally used \\h\\ tngvthcr. 
 
 LIiNKIiOY, s. a boy that carries a torch, or link, to 
 ligtit persons in the night. 
 
 L1'NLITHC;0W, the county town of Linlithgowshire, is 
 an antient, large, regular, and well-built place, and stands 
 on a rising ground, near a lake, remarkable for bleaching. 
 H is IG miles W. of Edinburgh. 
 
 LI'NLITlKiOWSHIllE, orWK.sT Lothian, a county 
 of Scotland, bounded on the W. by Stirlingshire ; on the N. 
 )iy the I'rilh of Forth ; on the 1".. by lulinburghsliire ; and 
 oil the S. and S. W. by Lanerkshirc. It is aboiit 17 miles 
 long, and S in its mean breadth. It abounds with corn and 
 pasture, and has also plenty of coal, lime-stone, lead-ore, 
 salt, and river-fish. 
 
 Ll'NNET, i. I /mn(, Fr.J a small singingbird, about the 
 size of a sparrow, covered with brownish feathers. 
 LrNSI'',EI), ,5. corruptedfrom linlsnil; the seed of flax. 
 Ll'NSEY WOOLS ICY, rt. made of linen and wool mixed 
 together. Figuratively, vile, mean, compounded of difler- 
 cnt unsuitable parts ; mongrel. 
 662 
 
 LI'NSTOCK, s. a staflTof wood, with a match at the end, 
 used by gunners in firing cannon. 
 
 LINT, s. [from hnteitm, linen cloth, Lat.J the soft sub^ 
 stance called llax ; linen scraped into a soft woolly sub- 
 stance, used by surgeons to lav on wounds. 
 
 Ll'NTEL, s. yiinieal, Fr.J the upper part of a door frame, 
 crossing the two upright posts. 
 
 LI'NTON, a town of Cambridgeshire, 12 miles S. E. of 
 Cambridge, and 46 N. by E. of London. Market on 
 Thursday. 
 
 LION, .r. [Fr. leo, Lat.J the most majestic, bold, and mag- 
 nanimous of wild beasts. It is yilaced by naturalists at the 
 head of the cat tribe, and is a native of the interior of Af- 
 rica, and of the hotter parts of Asia. He is observed to be 
 less courageous in those countries which are pretty fully in- 
 habited than in the deserts where he seldom encounters a 
 human foe. Numerous instances are recorded of lions hav- 
 ing been tamed, and of their becoming strongly attached to 
 their keepers. A sign in the zodiac, which the sun enters 
 about July '23. 
 
 LI'ON-HE.^RTED, a. of undaunted courage, like a 
 lion. 
 
 LIP, s. [lippe, Sax.J the edge or outward part of tiie 
 month; that musculoiis pait which sluifs and covers the 
 mouth, both above and below. Figuratively, the edge of 
 any thing. To malic a lip, is to hang the lip, in anger and 
 contempt. In botany, the upper or under division of <•. 
 gaping blossom. 
 
 LITL.ABOUR, s. action of the lips, without concurrence 
 of the mind ; words w ithout sentiments. 
 
 LIPOTHYMOUS, a. [from topo.to fail, and tliymos, the 
 mind or spirit, Gr.] fainting. 
 
 LIPOTHYMY, s. [from leipo, to fail, and thjmos, the 
 mind or spirit, Gr.J in medicine, a suilden diminution or 
 failure of the animal and vital functions ; a swoon or fault- 
 ing fit. 
 LrPPED, a. having lips. 
 
 LITPITUDE, I. [from lippus, blear-eyed, Lat.J blearedness 
 of the eyes. 
 
 LIPWISDOM, t. an appearance of wisdom in discourse 
 without practice. " All is but Up wisdom which wants ex- 
 perience." Sidney. 
 
 LIQUATION, s. [from liqiio, to melt, Lat.J the act of 
 melting, capacity of being melted. 
 
 To LI'QUATE, v. «. [Hqno, Lat.] to melt or turn into 
 liquor. 
 
 LIQUEFA'CTION, f. [from liquiduf, liquid, and /aow, to 
 make, Lat.J the act of melting; the state of a body melted. 
 LIQUEFI'ABLE, c [from liquefy] capable of being 
 melted. 
 
 To LI'QUEF'Y, v. a. [from liquidus, liquid, and frtcio, to 
 make, Lat.] to melt, applied to fire. To dissolve, applied 
 to li(pior. 
 
 LIQUID, a. [from liqnen, to be moist, Lat. | fluid, or giving 
 way to the slightest touch. Soft or clear, applied to sound. 
 In grammar, pronounced without any harshness, and applied 
 to the consonants /, rn, n, and r. 
 
 Lr(jUID, J. a body which has the property of fluidity, 
 and of wetting other bodies immerged in it. Liquid suIk 
 stances are nothing more than solids converted into liquids 
 by heat, a certain increase of which would convert the li- 
 quid into vapour. 
 
 To LIQUIDATE, v. a. to clear away or lessen debts. In 
 commerce, to make bills current and payable. 
 LKiUlDi'l'Y, s. sublilty ; thinness. 
 LI'QUIDNESS, i. the quality of having its parts easily 
 put in motion, and adhering to any thing immerged. 
 
 LIXiUOR, (/i/oir) «. [liqni)r,]A\t.'] any thing liquid; ge- 
 nerally applie<l to something w liich has some inebriating or 
 intoxicating ingredients steeped in it. 
 To LI'C^IJOR, V. a. to drench or mnistm. 
 Ll'tiUORICE, t. a sweet root used in medicine. 
 LI'SBON, antientlv called Oliseppo, and by the Moors 
 Olisiboua, the capital of I'orlugul, a large, rich, and ctlo-
 
 LIT 
 
 LIT 
 
 lirat^d city, one oftlic principal in F.tirope.'A'Ith an anivrrsily. 
 The sqiiarfs, public builditigs, am) pnhicPS, wpre m;i!,'nirt- 
 eeiit ; but it was almost tol.iiiy (Icslnncd [)y an eartlKpuikp, 
 Nov. I, 1755. The new town is niiuh more handsome than 
 the t'ormer : the plan is le^'iilar; thi' streets, some of which 
 arc more than three n>ilcs in len;;tll, and the squares, are 
 tpacious, and the buiidinjjs are elejjant. 'I'he harbour will 
 contain 1000 sail of ships, which ride in the };'■<'"'«»* 
 lafety ; and the citv, biinf; viewed from the southern shore 
 of the river, aft'ords a beiuitiful prospect, as the buildiiifjs 
 gradually rise above each other, in the form of an amphi- 
 theatre. The number of ildlabilallt'^ is estimated at 270,000, 
 of which the negroes and niulatloes make a sixth part. 
 They reck<Mi here more than ^O.OiK) nouses, 40 paiish 
 churches, and 50 convents of both sexes. The patriarch, 
 who is f^enerally a cardinal, oHiciales here in greater pomp 
 than the poi)e himself; and tile rich oriiamentsof his church 
 item to lihvc absorbed several years' revenue of the Brazils. 
 It is remarkable, that the pipes of the or^'in, in the p_atri- 
 archai cluircli, are placed liori^iontally. Both the entrances 
 lo the harbour, close by the sea, are defended by two forts. 
 Lisbon .s seated on the river Tajo, 10 miles from the mouth 
 of it, r,H W. bv N. <if Seville, ami 255 S. by W. of Madrid. 
 Lat SS. 42. N. Ion. 9. 9. VV. 
 
 LISLE, {Lite) a large and handsome city in the depart- 
 ment oi the North, one of the richest and most commercial 
 in Fiance, and, before the revolution, the capilal of French 
 Flanders. It is situated in a lich, marshy soil, surrounded 
 with walls, and strongly fortified. Theciladel isoneofihe 
 bcs^t works of Vauban. They reckon 170 streets. .30 public 
 places, about 8000 houses, ami 56,000 inhabitants. The 
 public structures are, the exchaiifje, a i;eneral hospital, and 
 (before tiie revolution) 3 collejjes. Here are vari(uis sorts 
 of manufactures, but the principal trade is in camhets. It 
 is seated on the river Deule, 14 miles W. of Tournay, and 
 J30 N. of Paris. Lat. 50. 38. N. Ion. 3. 4. K. 
 
 Lr?MORli, one of the Western Ishdiidsof .S'cotland, sealed 
 at the mouth of the bay of Locbyol, in Argylesbire. It is 8 
 miles Ion;;, and 2 tiroarl, and the soil is pretty fertile. It was 
 formerly the residence of the bishops of Argvle. 
 
 LIsNE, J. a cavity; a hollow. " In the lisne of a rock." 
 JiaU. 
 
 To LISP, r. n. [/iltsp, Sax.] to speak with too frequent an 
 appl'calion of the fonfjue to the teeth or palate. 
 
 Lisp, ». the act ot speaking with too frequent application 
 of the toiiifue to the teeth or palate. 
 Lr>PKft., s. one who speaks lispingly. 
 LIST, J. [tiste, Fr.] a roll or catalogue. Inclosed ground, 
 in which tilts are run, and combats fouglil ; from /ice, Fr. 
 hence, to enter lite lists, is to contend with a person, either 
 with bodily strength, or by tlisputalion and argument. A 
 Stripe on the extremities of cloth ; a border; from licium, 
 Lat. Desire; willingness; choice, from /^/rfnn, Sax. 
 
 To LIST, «. n. [li/stan. Sax.] to choose or desire ; to be 
 disposed or inclinefl to. 
 
 To LIST, II. a. [from list, a roll] to enlist or register. 
 To retain and enrol as soldiers or sailors. To hearken to ; 
 from listen. 
 
 LI'SIT^D, a. striped ; marked with lines or streaks of 
 different colours. 
 
 LI'STFL, s. in architecture, is a small band or kind of 
 rule in the moulding; also the space between the cbannel- 
 JDM of pillars. 
 
 ■ To LI'STRN, V. n. [Mijstan, Sax.] to hearken or give atten- 
 tion to. 
 
 LISTEN KR, t. one who barkens or attends to what 
 anollier savs. 
 
 LI'STLESS, a. willioutany inclination or determination 
 to one tliingmore than another; careless; heedless. 
 LISTLESSLY, n^/. without thought or attention. 
 Ll'STLESSNESS, t. inattention; disregard; want of 
 desire. 
 
 LIT, the preterit vi light. " I lit my pipe with the pa- 
 tier." Additon, 
 
 4.P> 
 
 LITANY, #. [from Utaneyo, to beseech, Gr.] a genera, 
 supplication used in public worship to appease the wrath 
 of the deity, and to request those virtues which a person 
 wants. 
 LITCHFIELD. See Lichfield. 
 LITERAL, a. [from litera, a letter pi. learning, Lat.] ac- 
 cording lo its primary and most obvious sense, opposed t« 
 figurative. Following the letter, or word for word, applied 
 to translations. Consisting of letters. 
 LITERAL, i. primitive or I teral meaning. 
 LI'TEkALLY, «f/. accord int; to the primary and obvious 
 sense of words, opposed to figuratively. With close ad- 
 herence to tlie words or seine of an original, applied t» 
 lransbti(uis. 
 
 LITEKARY, a. [from litera, a letter pi. learning, Lat.] 
 respecting letters ; regarding learning. 
 
 LITF-IIATI, .t.jltal.] the learned. It has no singular. 
 LITIRAIURE,*. [from fitara, a letter pL learning, Lat.] 
 learning; erudition. 
 
 LITHAKGK, s. [from lithos, a stone, and arfft/rot, silver, 
 Gr.] lead vitrified either with or without copper. 
 LITHE a. [ht/ie. Sax.] pliant ; easily bent. 
 LITHENESS; s. the quality of being pliant or easily 
 bent. 
 
 EITHER, a. [from lit/ie\ soft; pliant; of little or no re- 
 sistance. Bad ; sorry ; corrupt. 
 
 LITHOMANCY, s. [from lil/ios, a stone, and manteia, 
 divination, Cir.] prediction, or the art of foretelliuj; by 
 stones. 
 
 LITHONTRIPTIC, a. [from lithos, a stone and tribo, to 
 beat small, (ir.] medicines which have the power of dissolv- 
 ing the stone in the bladder or kidneys. 
 
 LiTHOTOAilST, s. [from litliot, a stone and temno, to 
 cut, Gr.] a surgeon who extracts the stone by cutting or 
 opening the bladder. 
 
 LITHOTOMY, s. [from lithot, a stone and temno, to cut, 
 Gr.] the art or practice of cutting for the stone. 
 
 LITHUANIA', or Lit WA, a large country of Europe, be- 
 tween Poland and Russia. It is about 300 miles in lengtli, 
 and 2S0 in breadth, and is watered by several large riveri, 
 the principal of which are, the Dnieper, Dwina, Niemen, 
 Pripecz, and Bog. It is a flat country, like Poland, and tiie 
 lauds are very pr()per for tillage. The soil is not only fer- 
 tile in corn, but it produces honey, wood, pittli, and vast 
 quantities of wool. They have also excellent little horses, 
 which they never shoe, because their hoofs are very hard. 
 There are vast forests, in which are bears, wolves, elks, 
 wild oxen, lynxes, beavers, gluttons, wild cats, Ac. and 
 eaglesaiid vultures are very common. In the forests, large 
 pieces of yellow amber are frequently dug up. The country 
 abounds with Jews, who, though numerous in every other 
 part of Polainl, seem to have fixed their headquarters in 
 this duchy. " If you ask for an iiiteipreter," says Mr. 
 Coxe, " they bring you a Jew ; if you come to an inn, the 
 landlord is a Jew; if yon want post horses, a Jew procures 
 them, and a Jew drives lliem ; if you wish to puirhase, a 
 Jew is your agent; and this, perhaps, is the only countiy 
 in Europe w here Jews cultivate the ground ; in pasiing 
 through Lithuania, we frequently saw them engaged in sow- 
 ing reaping, mowing, and other works of husbandry." Tlie 
 peasants of this country are in a state of the most abject 
 vassalage. The establishment of religion has heretofore 
 been the Romish, but there were Lutherans, Calvinists, 
 Socinians. Greeks, and even Turks, as well as Jews. It 
 was formerly governed bv its own dukes, but afterwards 
 united with the kingdom of Poland ; this union was ratified 
 in the diet at VVilna, by a formal iistrunient, in the year 
 1401 ; and in I'lCO, the two countries were so united as to 
 form but one state, under one pri ice.^ It was formerlv di,- 
 vided into 9 palatinates, viz. W iliia, Tro^i, Polotsk, iVTovo. 
 gorodeck, Witepsk, Brzesk, Msczislaw, Minsk, and Livo- 
 nia. In 1772, the empress of Russia forcibly conipellett 
 ihePoles to cede to her all that part of Lil'iuania bordering 
 on liussia, iucludiug about one-Uiitd o£ ihe country, Thij 
 
 6i3
 
 LIT 
 
 LIV 
 
 *!)e crpcted into tlie government of Polotsk siiid Mohilof; 
 and, ill ITiW, in toniiinclidn with the kinj; of I'rub>.i<i, she 
 exieiiili'ii her rloiniiuon over ahiiost the whole of Lithuania. 
 WhHt iscalleil Pnissian, or Little Lithuania, about 100 miles 
 In leuijth, anil 50 in hiearllh, was seltU'il, in 1720, by 
 Fiedenck William, with Fiench, Frantoniaii, and Swiss 
 Proleslaiit-, bv whose skill and indiislry this once desolate 
 country lias been extremely well cultivated. At present it 
 is iindiT Russia. 
 
 LI'TIGANT, *. [from lis, a suit, Lat.] one engaged in a 
 lawsuit. 
 
 LITIGANT, a. [from lis, a suit, Lat.] engaged in a law- 
 «uit. 
 
 ToLITIG.ATE, n. a. [from lis, a suit, Lat.] to contest 
 in law. Neiiterlv, lo manage a suit ; to carrv on a cause. 
 LITIGATION,.?, [from /i.«, a suit, Lat.] a suit of law. 
 LriTGlOL'.S, a. \luigieiix, Fr.l quarrtlsome : wrangling; 
 fond of i;oing l-i) law ; disputable; conliovertible. 
 
 LIITGIOU.SI.Y, ttd. in a qiiairelsonie manner; in a man- 
 ner which shews a fondness of law suits. 
 
 LITI'CilOlJsNESS, s. a wrangling disposition ; a fond- 
 ness for debate or law-suits. 
 
 LITMUS, s. a sort of cheap blue paint, which is imported 
 from Holland. It is regarded by cliymists as furnishing 
 an excellent test for acids and alkalies. 
 
 LITTER,*. [Iiliet-e, Vr.] a carriage borne by horses, con- 
 tainin;; a bed ; the straw laid under animals or plants. A 
 breed of young, generally applied to those of sivine. 
 Any number of things thrown carelessly or confusedly to- 
 gether. 
 
 To LITTER, V. a. to bring forth young, applied to swine. 
 To cover with things in a confused and slovenly manner; 
 tojuopiv cattle with straw to lie on. 
 
 UTTLE, a. conipar. less, superlat. least : [li/iel. Sax.] 
 email in (piantity, quality, number, dignity, or importance. 
 LITTLE, s. a small space ; a small part or portion ; a 
 slight affair ; not much ; scarce any thing, synon. The 
 word liltle sometimes signifies only want of bigness, and at 
 other times want of greatness in every sense ; whereas tliat 
 of small IS the opposite only to bigness, and supposes some 
 kind of length. 
 LITTLE, <irf. in a small degree or quantity ; not much. 
 LITTLENE.SS, s. smallness of bulk or size ; meanness; 
 want of grandeur or dignity. 
 
 LITTORAL, a. [from lititt, the shore, Lat.] belonging to 
 the shore. 
 
 LITURGY, s. \!ltiirgie, Fr.] a form of prayers used in 
 public worship. The English litnrgii was first composed, 
 approved, and confirmed in parliaiiient, anno 1.548, the 
 utHces for the morning and evening prayer being then in the 
 same form as they stand at present, excepting that there was 
 TK) confession aiifi absolution, the othce beginning with the 
 Lord's prayer. In the communion the ten commandments 
 were omitted ; the offertory was made with bread and wine 
 mixed with water; and in the prayer for Christ's church 
 militant, thanks were given to God for his wonderful grace 
 declared in his saints, in the Blessed Virgin, the patriarchs, 
 prophets, apostles, and martyrs; and the saints departed 
 were commended to (iod'.'* mercy and peace: to this the 
 i.onsecjatorv prayer, now used, was joined as a part, only 
 with some worrls now left out, petit inning that the bread and 
 *inc might hi" to us the body and blood ol Jesus, the beloved 
 Son, <\c. Ill baptism, besides the form of the cross made on 
 the child's forehead, another was m<Hle on his breast, wilh an 
 ibjuralionof ihedevillo go out of him ; afler which the child 
 was dipped th'ee limes in the firnt, if well, but otherwise, 
 sprinkled. Besides these, some other ceremonies were 
 omitted in the ottice for the sick, as is supposed, in 1551, 
 when the form was altered at ihe solicitation of Calvin. The 
 last review ofihe liturgy was in 1661, and the la.^t aclof uni- 
 formity, enjoining th*; observance of it, is 13 and 14 of Car. 
 il can 4 
 
 iJTUUS, 1. [Lat.] in medals, the staff uiod by augurt, 
 in ibape of a binbop's crotier. 
 
 LIVADIA, formerly Achaia, a province of Turkey !n 
 Europe, bounded on the N. bv Janiia and Albania; on the 
 E. by the .'\rchipelago ; on tiie S. by the Morea; and ou 
 the W. by the Mediterranean : about 180 miles in lengtii, 
 and 35 in its mean breadth. This province <iimprthend» 
 aniient Cireece, propeily so called, which iuclu<le<i the pro- 
 vinces of Acarnania, F/tolia, Ozolffia, Locris, I'hocis, Doris, 
 Epicnemidis, Rceotia, Megara, and Ailica. In this country 
 were the celebrated moiintaiiis, Parnassus, Helicon, and 
 Cytlia;roii. The most considerable places at present, zst 
 Athens, Lepanto, and Livadia. 
 
 LIV'ADlA, an antient, large, and populous town of 
 Turkey, in the province of iliat name. It carries on a 
 considerable trade in wool, corn, and rice, with which it 
 furnishes all tireece: and is built round a luoiuitain, which 
 terniinalcs in a peak, lia\iug on it a castle. Il is situated 
 on the gulf of Lepanto, 'is miles N. of Corinth, and 72 S. 
 W.of Larissa. Lat. 38- 40. N. Ion. "iJ. 26. E. 
 
 To LIVE, (pronounced with the ! short, as in if or gift) 
 V. 71. [hifinn. Sax.] to be in a slate wherein the soul and 
 boily are united, and do operate together ; lo pass life in any 
 manner with regard to habit, good or ill, happiness or mi- 
 sery : to continue in life. Followed by wilh, to converse or 
 continue in the same house wilh another. To be supported; 
 to feed. 
 
 LIV'E, (I. (the J pron. long, as in time') quick ; tiavinglife; 
 active. Biirnin!;, or not extinguished, applied to fire. 
 
 LIVKLIHOOD, J. [from lively and liuoH] support of life; 
 luainlenance ; suthcient to supply the necessaries of life. 
 
 LI'VELILY, or LIVELY, ml. in a brisk, vigorous, and 
 active manner. With a strong resemblance, applied to de- 
 scription or painting. 
 
 LIVELINESS, f. appearance of life ; yivacity ; activity; 
 gprightliness. 
 
 LI'VI'.LONG, (ft»e/o7ig-)n. tedious ; lasting: durable. 
 
 LIVELY, #. brisk ; vigorous ; gay ; airy ; vivacious ; 
 nearly representing life. 
 
 LI'VER, (Ar«r) *. one who is alive, or cont'niies in lifo ; 
 one who lives in any particular manner with respect to 
 virtue, vice, happiness, or misery. In anatoiuv, a large aiwl 
 pretty solid mass, of a dark red colour, a liltl' inclinkig 
 to yellow, situated immediately under ihe diaphragm, partly 
 in the right hypoclmndrium, and partly in the epigastriiiin : 
 its use is to purify the mass of blood, by secreting the bilioui 
 humours it contains. In chymistry, a comoinalion of 
 mineral substances, which is supposed to have the colont 
 and general appearanceof liver, as liver of sulphur, and liter 
 of antimnny. 
 
 LIV KR COLOUR, s. a dark red colour. 
 
 LI'VERGROWN, a. having a great overgrow. livv.;. 
 
 LI'VERHEMF, *. a plant, called also hemp <.griuiony* 
 and water hemp. 
 
 LIVERPOOL, or Leverpool, a large, fioiirisliing, arl 
 populous sea-port town of Lancashire, consisting of at least 
 12,000 houses, and 80,000 inhabitants; although, so lal<; 
 as the year 156-5, it was a mere fishing hanilel, containing 
 only 138 householders and cottagers; while 12 barks, con- 
 taining 22."? Ions, and navit;ated by 75 men, made up the suii» 
 of its maritime riches, and formed the embrvo of its present 
 commercial greatness, llespectiiig the antiquities of this 
 town, hardly any thing is known with cerlainly ; the only 
 moniiiiient of the kind now standing is an old tower near 
 the lo'\er end of Water street, the remains ol' which have 
 long been used as a prison. The date of its erection is in- 
 volved in obscurity ; but it was long the resiibnce of the 
 curls of Derby. In 1644, this town, then in the hands cf 
 the comnionwealth, was besieged by prince Rupert, nephew 
 lo king Charles I. and taken, after a vigorous defence of 
 one mouth, during which they often repulsed the besi^jger* 
 with great slaughter. It was not fill the year I(>1>;), that Li- 
 verpool became a distinct parish ; for before that time,itwa« 
 only a hamh't to the parish of Walton, about 3 miles off, hav- 
 ing only a parochial chape! of ease, the present church of 
 Si. Nicholas: it is now however become, with respect to
 
 LIV 
 
 LIV 
 
 •xlcnf iif commerce, next to the metropolis ; ashy estimates 
 ^¥l^it■il liiU'c l>eeii made, it appears lliat Liverpool iiavi;;ates 
 oiie-lwelill) pail of the sliipuiii^, and lias oiie-fodrlh ot' tire 
 foreign irrtde, of Cireal Biili'iii; tliat it lias oiic-lialt' of the 
 trade of Loudon, and one sixth of the general coiiMiierce of 
 tlie kin;;d()m. The slave trade (now happily aholishedj form- 
 ed a considerable hraiichof the coninieree of lliis port, and is 
 conipnled lo have employed one foiirlh of the ships belonj;- 
 iii^lo it : that i( had hve ei^jlillis of Gnat Britain's share of 
 tins ini(piitoiis Irattic, and lliree-sevenths of that ofKurope. 
 Tlie trafle lo Ireland is very consideralile ; to "hich conntry 
 and the Isle of \Lni several pacUels, adapted for passeiiiiers, 
 ■a:l aliiiK.-'t daily ; in. my ships are also sent to the Greenland 
 whale tislierv ; the coastintf trade hence to London ( iiiploys 
 • great ' imher ; and man\ good ships have b(!i n Imilt here, 
 some (ii, .he I'last hid a trade. Liverpool commiinicales, by 
 the rivers Mersey aiul Irwel, with Manchester; and bv Ilie 
 river Weaver with I'lie heart of Cheshire, particularly the 
 salt works of Norlhwich, Middlewich, Winsford, cVc. The 
 Sankey canal facilitate-, the conve\atice of coal from Raven- 
 bead, anl the duke of Brid^ewaler's canal comiiiiinicates 
 with the Birn!iii;;hani, \V(ncesler, Statloidshire, and (irand 
 Trunk, to London. The (jeeds canal will unite Liverpool 
 and Hull ; and Ihe Ellesmere canal has conimunicaled with 
 the Dee, and is shortly expected to do so with the Seierii. 
 TJie docks of Liverpool forma prominent feature ofihe 
 town, and give this port a decided preference over most 
 Others in the kingdom : of these it lias 1.3 ; five wet docks, in 
 which the water is retained by large flood gales, and the 
 si)ips kept consiantly afloat ; three others, w liich are left dry 
 at low water, and called dry docks ; with five gravin,- docks, 
 ill which vessels are repaired : there is also a small dock for 
 the use of llie duke of BriilijeHater's tlats. The construc- 
 tion of Ihe wel docks is laborious and expensive ; that 
 called Ihe Old Dock (the first made in Liverpool,) is 200 
 yards long, ami is about 80 wide ; with tiood-^jates 2't feet 
 fligh, and 34 wide. Its site was a pnol, which, tradition 
 gays, was i'ormerlv frequented bv a bird of the cormnranl kind 
 called a liter ; and thai hence the town was called Lircrpoal, 
 and the liver adopted as its crest. The spcoikI made v as ihe 
 Salllioiise Doik, of an irregular form, but having a lenglli 
 of quay of 640 yard-, with Ihiod gales of the same dimen. 
 »ions as lliose of Ihe Old Dock. The next made was 
 George's Dock, 250 yards long and 100 broad ; with Hood- 
 gates ti^ feet higli, and .'58 wide ; at the expense of -il.OOO^. 
 To vviiich siicceeiled the King's Dock, 2yo yards long, and 
 90 bnrad ; with liood-gates i^ feet high, and 4'2 wide ; and 
 finished at the expense of2i),(ii)0.£. The List is that named the 
 Queen's Dock, 270 vards long and 1.10 broad ; with Hood- 
 gates the same as Ihe preceding ; at Ihe expense of 2.j,0il0j^. 
 Ea''li of llu'se wet docks has a master, wilh a salary of 100 
 guineas per annum, whose business is to superintend the ma- 
 iiagemeiit of the flood gates, the docking and undocking of 
 the ships at tide-lime, Ac. The docks have walch, scaven- 
 gers, aud lamps, distinct f om those of ihe town ; and the 
 sbips are secured against accident by the prohibition ot tires, 
 combustible materials, Ac. under suitable finis. Liverpool 
 has many public buildings ; among which are, the Exchange 
 or Town hall, first built in the year 1760, bill the interiorof 
 which was destroyed by tiie m 1795 ^ since which it has 
 been rebuilt in an elegant style, and is now appropriated to 
 the purpose of the judicial andother othees for the police of 
 the town ; conliguons to this are the Exchange Buildings, an 
 extensive range, newly built by subscription ; in the centre 
 of which is to be erected a monument, commemorative of the 
 victories and deal li of Ihe gallant Nelson; — the prison, so 
 large as to have at one time coiPained 2000 prisoners of 
 war; — Ihe Corn Exchange, lately erected in Brunswick- 
 street^ — lI)eCu^tolll House, ceulrally situated, but of mean 
 appearance; — Ihe Tobacco Warehouse, rented by govern- 
 nient at M\)£. per annum, and capable of containing 7000 
 hogsheads ; — the Infirmary, first opened in 1749, and receiv- 
 ing about 1600 patients annually, besides relieving a great 
 aumber of out-patients ; the two wings of this elegant struc- 
 
 ture are used as an hospital, for the mainleiiaiice of decayerf 
 seamen belotiging lo Ihe town ; cotitigiioiis to which is Ihe 
 Lunatic Hospital: — the Bliiecoal Hospital, fora30 boys ann 
 60 girls ; — the Poor House, a rieal buildiiiir; — Ihe Recovery 
 Ward, for persons iiifecled with fevers ; the Alms bouses, 
 an asylum for poverty and old age ; — Ihe Dispensaiy, lor 
 supplying Ihe attiicted poor with medicines and advice; — 
 the School for the Blind, in which ninsic, the making of 
 baskets, floor clolh, fool bears, Ac. have been successiullv 
 taught to this unfortunate class of beings ; — ihere is also all 
 instiliilion for Ihe restoring of diowiied persons, and another 
 called the Ladies' Cliaritv, for llie delivery and relief of poor 
 married women in clii'd bed.— To these may be added the 
 Theatre, in \\ illianisi'ii s Sipiare, built in 1772, at the ex- 
 pence of G00(l£. but lately colliideraUly enlarged ; — also Ihe 
 Panorama, Music Hall, and Freemaion's Hall, in Bold 
 Street. The cottee houses and newsrooms are niiuieroiis, 
 among which the Allien;ciim, Union, and especially Ihe 
 Lyceum, deservedly rank among the first public biiildiiigsol 
 ihe town. Liverpool has 12 chinches, namely, S|. Nicholas 
 or Ihe Old Church, St. Peler's, St. Georae's, St. Thomas's, 
 .'*t. Pauls St. .Anne's, St. John's. Trinity, St. James's 
 Christ Church, St. Mark's, and All Saints; some of which 
 are neat, and others elegant ; besides 4 chape. s heloiiKing 
 to the establishment, and one Scotch churcii or kirk. 
 The chapels belonging to diflerent denomiiialions of dis- 
 senters are nnmeroiis ; of these are reckoned 3 Independent 
 chapels; 2 Presliyte' iaii, or more propeily Socinian ; \ 
 Sandemanian ; 4 Baptist ; 5 Methodist ; 1 Qnaker'.s meet- 
 ing house ; wilh .'! Roman Catholic chapels, and I Jewish 
 svnagogue. Liverpool is sit..ated on the eastern bank of 
 the river Mersey, (which is rlefeiided by a foit and several 
 batteries,) and is IS miles W. of Warrington, and 204 N. W. 
 of London. Lai. 63. 22. N. Ion. -i. 30. W. INlarkels on Wed- 
 nesdav and Saturday. 
 
 LI'VI'jRWt.HiT, s. There is a very beautiful flower of this 
 name, which is called hepntua in Lat. from its resemhlinj 
 the lobes of Ihe liver ; besides which, Ihere areiwo plaufs 
 called lic/ien. Thai called ash coloured ground liverwort 
 is reckoned a great specific for curing the bile of a mail 
 dog.^ 
 
 Ll'VERY, * . [from hirer, Fr.] in. law, the act of giving 
 or taking possession ; a relea.se from a wardship ; the w ril by 
 which possession is obtained ; the state of being kept at ii 
 cerlaiii rate; clothes given to servants; any |)art?cular 
 dress, To stand at /iiwv/, applied to horses, signifies lo be 
 kept in a public stable, where they are supplied wilh food. 
 
 LrV'ERYiMAN, s. a servant who wears clot he; of a par- 
 ticular colour, which aregivpii him by ins master. In Lon- 
 don, a citizen who wears a gown at public cavalcades, amt 
 has a liberty of voting for the members that leprescnt ihe 
 cilv in parliament, iVc. 
 
 LIVES, 5. the plural of Life. 
 
 LI'VID, «. \Uvidut, Lat. J discoloured as with a blow; 
 black and blue. 
 
 LIVl'DITY, s.Uiriditi, Fr.] discolouration caused by a 
 blow ; a black and blue c(dour. 
 
 LI'VINCi, .f. support ; maintenance; livelihood; the be- 
 nefice of a clergyman. 
 
 LI'VING, a. [from Uve\ hi a state of motion or vegeta- 
 tion ; alive, or enjoying life. 
 
 LI'^INCiLY, nd. in a living stale. 
 
 LIVO'NI.'\,a province ofihe Russian empire, situated Ic 
 the E. of the giilfof Rigif, which wilh that of Estlionia. Iiaj 
 been reciprocallv claimed and possessed by the three bor- 
 tleiing powers of Russia, Sweden, and Poland ; aud, for more 
 llian two cpiiturips, was a constant source and iierpetud 
 scene of the most bloody wars. It was finally wrested from 
 Ihe Swedes by Peter the Great, and confirmed to the Ruv 
 siaiis by the peace of Nxstadt, in 1721. It now forms the 
 Russian governnienl of Riga or Livonia, of which the town 
 of Riga is the capital. It is about 260 miles from N. lo S. 
 and 150 from E. to W. The land is so fertile in corn, r\e, 
 and barley, that it is called the granary ofihe North -, aaJ it 
 
 565
 
 LLA 
 
 LOA 
 
 would prndiice a great rieal riinrf, if it were not so fuU of 
 WDodaiiiid morasses. I'iie fisii lliat aliouiid hero a re salmon, 
 carp, pdie, (lal-fisli, atid iiianv otiiers. In Ilie forests are 
 wolves, l)ears, elks, rein deers, ilags, and ii.ires. Tlie do- 
 mestic animals are very numerous ; but the sheep biara bad 
 iort of wool, resembling goat's iiair. I lire are a i;r. at innn- 
 berof forests, «hieli consist of birch trees, pines, and oaks; 
 and all the houses of the inhaltitanls are built \«ilh wood. 
 They export vast quantities of tia\, hemp, honey, wax, lea- 
 ther, liiiseed. skins, and pot ash. The czar, Peter the 
 Great, perceiving the inhabitants did not like the clianf^e of 
 soverei:;iis, compelled them loabamlon their country, and 
 drove many of them as tar as the Caspian .Sea; but beiii;; 
 persuaded io recall them, most of them perishe<l before the 
 edict was published, so that he was obliged to re-people ihtir 
 couiitrv with other nations. 
 
 LI'VUK, *. [Fr.] a French money of account, consisting 
 of 20 sols, each sol conlaininj; 12 deiiiers ; li)Jd. sterlinj;. 
 
 LlXl'Vr\L, a. [from lixivium, 1^ e, Lat J inipre>;naled 
 with salt; like a lixivium ; obtaineil bycalcinnif; vegetables. 
 Slid mixing their ashes with water ; belont;ini; to Ive. 
 
 LIXl'VI.'VTE, or LIXl'VIOUS, a. [luh-ieux, Fr.] made 
 from burnt vegetables, and extracted by lotion or v\a.->hin}j. 
 
 LIXIVIA TION, in chymistry, the solution of an alkali 
 or a salt in water, or in some other lluid in order to form a 
 li«iviuni. 
 
 LIXIVIUM, i. [Lat.l he; water impre^jnated with salts, 
 washes ; a litpior whicn has the powerof extraction. 
 
 Ll'ZAKD, s. \li:arilc, Fr.J a small creeping creature ot 
 Bgreen colour, with four legs, resenibliiiga crocodile ; there 
 are some in .Arabia a cubit long. In ."America, they are eaten 
 by the natives of Peru, as appears by Don Juan de Ulloa's 
 Travels. 
 
 LI ZARD. the most southern proisontory of England, 
 which is not above .36 miles from the Land's End in Coin- 
 wall, and 12 S. of Helston. From hence the ships usually 
 take their departure, when they are bound to the west- 
 ward. 
 LIZARDSTONE, s. a kind of stone. 
 LLAMA, «. in zoology, a species of camel-sheep, found 
 in South America. It is useful as a beast of burden, its wool 
 is employed as a material for cloth and itstlesh is an article 
 of food. 
 
 LLANBEDER, a poor town of Cardiganshire consisting 
 of only about fifty houses, but with one good iini. It is 
 
 ^^o^ 
 
 LLANIMDOVERY, a town of Carniartiiensliire, consiitt. 
 ing of about 100 lueanlv bi.ill houies. It had loinuTly » 
 castle, now of ruins, and is seated near the river lowy, 26 
 miles N. E. of Carmarthen, and 18! W. N. W. of l.,ondoo. 
 Maiket on Weduesda\ and Siitiiidav. 
 
 LLANNEIICIIVMBADD, a small town in the Isle of 
 .Anglesca. Market on Wednesday. 
 
 LLANRWST, a tr-Hii of Denbighshire, seated on the 
 river Conway, 16 miles S. W. of l)eubi;;h, and 222 N. W. of 
 London. Tiiodgh but a small place, it has a good ixarhet- 
 house, a good bridge, and a free school. Market ou 
 Tiiesilav. 
 
 LLaN I'RISSENT, an anfient town of Glamorganshire 
 sealed in a hilly pirt of the country 10 miles N. W. 
 Landatl, and l<>(i W. of Londiui. lU portreeve, or goverik- 
 ing otiicer, is sworn bv the deputy constable of the castle, 
 that stands near it. Market on Friday. 
 
 LL.\NVILL!NG,a neat, little town of Montgomeryshi-rc, 
 seated on a fiat, among Inls, near the river Cane, 15 mile* 
 N. of Montgomery, and 179 N. W. of London. Market on 
 Thursday. 
 
 LLAN^'DLOS, a to"n of Montaoniervshire, 18 inilet 
 S. W. cf Montgomery, and 180 W. N. Vv'." of London. A 
 great market for wDollfii \:im on Saturday. 
 
 LLAUCillAM, a sinall trading (own of Carmarthenshire, 
 seated on the W. side of the river Towv, at its mouth, 7 mile* 
 S. \V. of Carraai then, and 233 W. N. VV. of London. Marke^ 
 on Friday. 
 
 LL D. r/e^ifm rf«c<o)j an abbreviature, signifying doctor 
 of the civil and canon laws. 
 
 LO ! iitierjrti. [/a. Sax.] look ! See ! behold ! 
 LOACH, {loch} s. f loc/ie, Fr.] a very dainty fish ; he breed* 
 and feeds in little and clear swift brooks or rills, and live* 
 there upon ihe gravel, and in the sharpest streams ; he groM^ 
 not to be above a linger long, and no thicker than is suitk 
 able to that length; he isof tlie shape of an eel, and has a 
 beard ofwattels like a barbel; he has two tins athissidei^ 
 four at his belly, and one at his tail, dappled with many black 
 or brown spots ; his mouth barbel like under his nose. This 
 fish is usually full of eggs or spawn, and is by Ciesner, and 
 other physicians, commended for great nourishmeiit, and fo 
 be very grateful both to tlie palate and stomach of sick pep- 
 sons, and is to be tished for with a small worm, at the bot- 
 tom, for he seldom rises above the gravel. 
 
 LOAD, {lod) s. [/ilarle. Sax.] a burden; a weight, or lad- 
 ing; as much weight as any person or animal can bear. 
 
 *eated on the river Tyvy, over which it has a bridge into 
 
 Carmarthenshire, nearly 24 miles E. of Cardigan, and 197 Figuratively, any thing that depresses, applied to th« 
 
 W. N. \V. of London. Market on Saturday. mind. 
 
 LLANDILOVAUR, a town of Carmarthenshire, with a LOAD, (more properly /<wfe) *. [lode, Sax.J the leading 
 
 considerable manufacture of llanncl. It is pleasantly vein in a mine, 
 
 situated on an ascent, on the river Towy, over wiiich it has To LOAD, (lud) v. a. to put goods on board a ship, or 
 
 a good stone bridge, IG miles N. N. E. of Carmarthen, and 
 196 VV. N.W. of Loudon. About a mile S. \V. of it stands 
 Dynavour Castle, on a remarkably tine elevation, with the 
 river Towy beautifully meandering at the bottom. It has 
 been occupied by the Rices for several centuries, and is 
 now the seat of Rice, Lord Dviiavour. Market on Tuesday 
 and Saturday, and a fair on Wednesday in Whitsun Week. 
 
 LLANELLV, a town of Carmarthenshire, trading much 
 iu pitcoal. It is seated on a creek, or small sea-river, 13 
 miles S. by E. of Carmarthen, and 206 W. N. W. of London. 
 Market ou Tuesday. 
 
 LLANOADOCK, an indifferent town of Carmarthenshire 
 seated between the rivers Brane and Sawthy, which soon 
 after empty themselves into the Towy, 18 miles N. E. of 
 Carinartheii, and 185 W. N. W. of London. Market on 
 Tiiursdav. 
 
 LLANGOLLEN, a town of Denbighshire, in N. Wales 
 tesited on the river Dee, over which it has a beautiful bridge 
 of four arches, 7 miles S. of Wrexham, and 184 N. VV. of 
 Lontlon. The scenes iu the vicinity of this place arc vcrj 
 romantic and sublime, especially in approaching the lof'y 
 
 burden on a man or a beast of carriage. Figuratively, to 
 encumber or embarrass. To charge, applied to a gun, or 
 other fire-arms. To make grievous. 
 
 LOADER, {Idrkr) s. a person who puts the freight on 
 board a ship, or a burden on a man, beast, or in a carriage. 
 
 LO'ADSMAN, {loilsman) .1. [from la-rlan. Sax.] a pilot, 
 or a person that conducts into, and out of harbours. 
 
 LOA'DSTAR, s. (more properly, as written by Mande- 
 ville, Imkstar ;) from Itrrhn, Sax. to lead] the polestar, so 
 called from its leading and guiding manner. 
 
 LOADSTONE, s. [plural lurlectone, or lodivf; stone; 
 [from Iterlan, Sax. to kail, and st(me\ the magnet; a peculiar 
 rich iron ore, found in large masses, of a deep iron gray, 
 when fresh broken, and often tinged with a brownish or 
 reddish colour; it is very heavy, and is remarkable for at- 
 tracting iron, and giving it an inclination or direction to- 
 wards the north. 
 
 LOAF, {lof) s. plural loaves; [Maf ot Uf, Sax.J a masl 
 of bread baked; it is distinguished from a *«*« by its thick 
 urss. Any mass into which a body is wrought. 
 
 LOAM, {lorn) s. [/(Jim, Sax.] the common earth, cou- 
 
 '^rwyn Mountains which separate the twu counties of s';,ting of clay with a mixture of sand in it ; the black earth 
 Dtt'ibigh auri Merioneth. callea mould; a reddish earth used iu making bricks ; a kind 
 
 AM!
 
 LOC 
 
 LOD 
 
 ot moriar made of ihc best earth, by teiiii)eriiig it with wa- 
 ter, slrnH, Ac. 
 
 'I'o LOAM, 0<m) r. a. lu smear ^vilh loam, marl, or ciay ; 
 *M cover willi clay. 
 
 I.O'AMN', {lumi/)a. marly, or clayey. 
 
 !-()AN, (/("O *•]/''"'". '^ax-l ati\ tiling' U'lif ; l!ir interest, 
 preiiiiiiiii, or cKiisidcralioti (or iiioiicv lent ; rii!> tliiiij; ;;iv«'ii 
 to aiiotlicr oil condition of Ills returning' or ic|iayiiig it at a 
 certain time. 
 
 1>0 \'N(i(), a town, capital of a kin^jJom of Africa, for- 
 merly a part of <"onj;i>, liiil now indcpfiidi'Dl, anil lynij; on 
 the sea Mile; alioni -i.')l) miles in len^Mh.aiiil INS in iMraillli. 
 Tile climate is iieaily as hot as any under the ti.rrid zone, 
 and much hotter than those of Coiifjo and An;;ola, vet it is 
 liealtiiy and pleasant. 'Ilie land is sofrnitfnl, that they have 
 three ciopsof lai;;e and siirail millet a year; hesides wliich, 
 tiiey liave several sorts of peas and heans, « ith fruits, greens, 
 kmMs, lierhs and ve^etaliles; and liere is a fjreat nuinlier of 
 trees, such as palm, hanana, Ac. of the excellent fruits of 
 wliich they make a^reeahle wine, uliile others ath)rd them 
 niateriak lor clotliiiij;, as also for hnildin;;, covering; their 
 bouses, makiiii^ ships, Ac. They have hot few cattle ofany 
 sort, except j^oats. They have lio^s in fjieat plenty ; and 
 (loilltry are so extremely cheap, that six- penny worth of heads 
 will purchase f)0 of Ihe'ii. Pheasants, paitridjjes, and other 
 wild hiwl, are in still greater ahundance ; and ha dly bear 
 any price. Their principal trade consists in slaves, ele- 
 phant's teeth, copper, tin, lead, and iron. The winiien 
 cultivate the jjroumi, sow, anil {;et in the harvest. There is 
 •■i (jreat inimher of towns and villa>{es in this country, of 
 «liich little is known hut their names. '^I'he inhahitants are 
 
 iilack, and of mild and a;;reeal)le manners, hut iudnleiit. 
 J'hey are;;overned by an absolute prince, or chief, who is, 
 in some measure, worshipped as a ijod by his subjects. Tiie 
 town of Loaii;;o, in tlie centre of whit h is the royal palace, 
 a ijreat si|naie a mih' and a half in comjiass, is situated on a 
 fiver, ali()ut (i milts from the Atlantic, in lat. 4. 40. S. This 
 coiiiilry lies Letuceii 10 and lU clej;. E. Ion. and 1 and j S, 
 lal. 
 
 LOATH, (Iu'm) a, [Int/i, Sax.] unwilling; not incliiiing; 
 averse. 
 
 'J'o LOATHE, (I'nt/ie) V, a. to look on witli great disgust 
 «r abhorrence ; to see food with nauseousness or squeam- 
 ikiiness. 
 
 . LO ATM ER, (/oMei-) J. one who considers any thing with 
 abhorrence. 
 
 LO A Til ri'L, (/«<//«/)«. full of abhorrence, or hating; 
 aithorred or haled. 
 
 LO'ATHINtiLY, (IdtJiitigly) ad. in a manner that testifies 
 abhorrence or haired. 
 
 LO'ATHNESS, {Idi/mess) i. unwillingness; reluctuice ; 
 riislike. 
 
 LO'.\Tn.SO.ME, (teMiume) a. abhorred; detested; caus- 
 141" salietv, dis;;nsl, or nauseousness. 
 
 LOATIISO.MENKSS, *. the quality of raising hatred, 
 (lK!;nst, or abhorrence. 
 
 LOAVES, (Imz'^s. the plural of Loak. 
 
 LOH, s. [Inpjit, I'eut.] an heavy, dull, or stupid person. 
 I.ob's poiotd, a prison ; the stocks ; or a place of con- 
 linement. 
 
 To LOB, V. a. [[from the substantive] to let fall in a 
 riovtnish manner. 
 
 LOBBY, i.[laube, Teut.] a porch or opening before a 
 room. 
 
 LOBE, I. (Fr. lulmi, Gr.ja division or distinct part ; usu- 
 alU applied to the two parts into which the hinges are di- 
 vided, and likewise to the tip of the ear. Used in the plu- 
 ral for those divisions of a gasiied leaf which are rounded at 
 the eduesaiid stand distant from each other. 
 
 LOUSTEB, a. \liibsier. Sax. J a shell fish, which when 
 raiii^hl is blackish, but when boiled is red ; a cant-word for 
 a lout soldier. 
 
 LOBl'LE,/. asiiiall lobe. 
 
 LOCAL, a. I from /tf uf, a place, l>;it.l having the proper- 
 
 ties nf a place ; relating to |;lace ; being in a particiJ,jr 
 place ; coiilined or appropriateil to any particular place. 
 
 I.OCA'LITY, X. existence in place ; relation of I'lacc Of 
 dislaiue. 
 
 LOCALLY, nd. iviih respect to jilace. 
 LOCATIO.V,* [from /«e".«, a place, Lat.j situation wtth 
 respect to place; the act of placing; the state of bciity 
 I)iaeed. 
 
 LOOM, (/«/() .f. [Scot.] a lake. In medicine, a composition 
 of a middle consistence betueen a syrup and a soft electu- 
 ary, used in diseases of the luu^s. 
 
 L()'CHIA,(/u/>m)*. [Gr.]tlie evacuations consequent or 
 a deliverv. 
 
 LOCHMA'RRN, a town of Scotland, in the county ct 
 Anuandale, Li miles N. K. of Duiufiies. 
 
 LOCK, s. [liic. Sax.] an iuslrunient with springs and 
 bolts, used for the security of door-:, drawers, Ac. the part 
 of a snn by which hre is struck; a ipiaiility of hair oi 
 wool hanging tot;el her ; a tuft or small quantity of hay. In 
 a river, a place where the waters are conhned by tlood- 
 gates, tos«ell and increase the natural depth and force of 
 the stream, in order to render it navigable. A place where 
 thieves carry or hide stolen goods. An hospital wherf 
 none but persons atfecled with the venereal disease s^te 
 admitted. 
 
 To LOCK,»i. «. to shut or fasten the door, Ac. by tmru- 
 ing the key round in a lock. Tu lovk up, to shut up, or coij- 
 fine ; to close. Neuterly, to become fast by a lock ; to oniKe 
 by mutual insertion. 
 
 LOCKER, .r. any thing that is fastened with a lock ; a 
 drawer. 
 
 JX)CKET, f. [tiiquet, Fr.] a small lock; any catch or 
 spring to fasten a necklace, or other ornament. 
 
 LOC K R A M , i. a kind of coarse linen. 
 
 IjOCKRON, j. a kind of ranunculus. 
 
 LOCOMOTION, i. [from locus, a place, and motut, tao 
 tion, Lat.l the iiower or actionof changing place. 
 
 LOCOAlOTIVE, a. [from lucus, a place, and motttt, uio- 
 tion, Lat.j changing place ; having the power of nioviu; 
 from one place to another. 
 
 LO'CUST, s. \locnsta, Lat.l i'o animal somewhat resem- 
 bling a grasshopper, but onsiderably larger, and of • 
 brownish colour, very destructive to vegetables, moving i« 
 herds, which are headed by a particular one of the species, 
 and therefore not inelegantly compared to an army. Ac- 
 cording to the scriptures, they are verv numerous in tli"- 
 Vm%X ; and Dr. Pocock informs us, in his Travels into Egypt, 
 that they are eaten by the natives of those parts. Also a tree 
 with butterlly-shaped blossoms, fnmi winxe empalemeiil 
 arises the pointal, which afterwards becomes a hard pod 
 with one capsule, including roundish haid seeds, which are 
 surrounded with a fungous stringy substance. 
 
 LOCU TION, ». [from loqnor, to speak, Lat.] the niauner 
 of speech used in any country. 
 
 LOCUTORY, s. [from hxjuor, to speak, Lat.] a hall m 
 religious houses, appointed for the meeting of monks, liiars, 
 &c. to converse together. 
 
 LO'DDON, a town in Norfolk, 10 miles S. E. of Norwich, 
 and 1 13 N. E. of London. Market on Ft idav. 
 
 To LOD(iE, II. a.[lo^an, Sax. /og-er, Fr.1 to supply witii 
 a house to dwell in for a certain time ; to afford riv.eHing. or 
 admit a person to lie or dwell in the same house. Figura 
 tively, to place, tix, or plant. Neuterly, to take up resi- 
 dence fiir anight. 
 
 LODG K, *^ \Jogi', Fr.] a small house in a park or forest ; 
 any small house or habitation. 
 
 LO'DfiMENT, s. \liis:emeui, !■>.] accumulation, or fhi 
 ictof putting in a certain place. In fortificafion, an en- 
 campment made by an army ; tlie postession of au enemy': 
 works. 
 
 LO'DGER, «. one who lives in an apartment hired ii< 
 the house of another; one that resides any where. 
 
 LO'DCiING, ». rooms hired in the house of anotlier ! c 
 place of residence ; a place to lie in ; harbour or covert. ., 
 
 M3
 
 LOU 
 
 LON 
 
 LOFT, I. [lloft, Brit.J a floor; the highest floor in a 
 bousi" ; rooms in llip highest part ofa buildiii;;. 
 
 LO'FTILV, ad. on lii^h ; in a phic-e ai a distance from 
 llie ground upward, l-'igurativeh', jn a proud, haughty 
 Uianncr; suhiiiUL-iy. 
 
 LO'FTINFSS, s. height or distance from the ground up- 
 wards: elevation; sidjliniity ; pride or haughtiness. 
 
 LO FTY, (lo/'ti/) a. high ; at a distance from tiie ground ; 
 situated on high; suhh:iip; elevated; proud; haughty. 
 Synon. Liijii/ seems to carry witli it an idea of magnifi- 
 cence, which /I'gh does not ; thus «e say, a lofty room, the 
 lofty 1 edar ; Imt a high house, a /ugh tree. 
 
 LOG, ». [lo^gf, Belg.] a shapeless bulky piece of wood. 
 FiguraliveK, a sluggish inactive person. In Hebrew mea- 
 sure, hve-si^tlls of a pint. According to Dr. A rbuthuot, it 
 wasa liquid measure, the seventy-second part of the batii or 
 ephah.and twelfth part of the bin. lu navigation, a small 
 piece of limber, of a Iriangnlar form, having if-ad at one end 
 'to make it s\*im uprigiit in the «ater, and a line fixed to the 
 other with knots at about forty-two feet distance from each 
 other; its use is to keep account, and make an estmiate of 
 a ship's waA, by observing the length ot line unwound in half 
 a miriiite's time, the ship sailing the same number of miles 
 in an h'uir, as the knots which aje run out in half a minute. 
 
 LO'G.\l{ITHMS, i. ffVoui logos, a word, and arithmos, a 
 number, (jr.] certain artificial numbers proceeding in arith- 
 metical progression, corresponding to as many others pro- 
 ceeding in geometrical proportion, and so tilted to the na- 
 tural numbers, that if any two natural numbers are multi- 
 plied and divided by one another, the correspondent num- 
 bers answer all those conclusions by addition and subtrac- 
 tion; for instance, 
 
 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 6, 7, 8, 9, &c. 
 
 1, 2, 4, 8, U>, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, Ac. 
 Wliere the numbers above, 1 eginiiing willi(0,) and arith- 
 wietically proportional, are called lugnrithms. Those now 
 in use have tO for the common ratio. They were invented 
 by Napier, lord Marchislon, a Scotch baron, and afterwards 
 roniplcted bv Mr. Briggs, Saviliaii Professor at Oxford. 
 
 LO f '• BOOK, s. at sea, is a Ixjok ruled and columned like 
 the log board. It is used to enter the log-board's account in, 
 every <lay at noon, with the ohservatioiis then made, and 
 from hence it is corrected and enten-d into the .jcuiriials. 
 
 LO'GGATS. s. the aiilient jiaiue of a play or game now 
 called kii'J,~,rtrTs. 
 
 LOGGI-^HHEAD, s. [hggt; Belg. and head': a person 
 •hat IS stupid, and of slow apprehension ; a blockhead. To 
 fall to l(igg;erheads, or go to loggerheads, is to scuttle or 
 tight without weapniis. 
 
 LOfiGERHEADED, a. dull; stupid; slow of under- 
 ifandiiig. 
 
 LOGIC, s. [higihc, from logos, a word or wisd<jm, Gr.] the 
 art of using reason well in our inquiries iifter tiiith, and our 
 ooiiiuiunicaiion ol it toothers; a particular uielhod of rea- 
 soning. 
 
 LOfilCAL, a. hrlonging to, or taught m, logic ; skilled 
 in, or furnished with, logic. 
 
 LorrIC\LI>Y, ad. according to the rules of logic. 
 
 LOGI'CI.'VN, (/'y'is/iirtnjs. [logicien, Fr. lugihos, from logos, 
 •A word or wisdom, (ir.Ja pioi'essor of logic; a person skilleil 
 in logic. 
 
 LOGIST, »• [logista, Eat. from logos, a word or wisdom, 
 (tr. I oue skilled in computations and arilliiuetic. 
 
 LOtilS I'lC, n. See Lotiisr. in ai ithinctic, applied to 
 the doctrine of sexagesimal fractions, used by astrcmomers 
 before tin- invention of logaritlims. A curve, .so lalled fi<im 
 rts properties and uses in constructing and explaining the 
 nature of logarithms. 
 
 LO'(i-LlNE, s. See Loo. in navi,<-ation, a small line 
 iastened to a. piece of board, and having knots at certain 
 -<ilslanc''S, by which a ship's way is reckoned- 
 
 LO'GOCitlAlMI Y, t. [trom hgos, a word, and grnphn, lo 
 write, Gr.] the art of printing with whole words, instead 
 ■»f Jingle letters, aticinptcd some years ayo in Ihia country. 
 
 but disused, as bein^ more tronbiesome thaii the usual 
 
 mode. 
 
 LOGOMACHY, (%um«/.-y) ». [from logot, a word, and 
 mavhe, a tight, Gr.]a cnntenlion in worcls. 
 
 LO'CiWOOl), s. yiooghc. Belg.j a wood of a very dense 
 and fiim tex'.-.ie, brought to us in thick and veiy lar^e 
 blocks or logs, and is the heapt of the tree that produces it. 
 It is very heavy, and remarkably hard, and of a deep strong 
 red colour; has been long known to the d\ers, who use it in 
 colouring blue and black; and lately has been inliuduced 
 into medicine, whe'ein it isfound to be astringent. 
 
 LOI N, s. [Itu-yn, Brit.J the back of an animal as carveo by 
 a butcher, lu anatomy, the lower part of the spine of the 
 back. 
 
 'I'o LOI"l ER, I', n. \loterfn, Belg.] lo linger ; to make use 
 of idle and lazy delays. 
 
 EOl'TEUEK, «. one who passes his time in idleness ; one 
 who is sluggish and (lilat;iry. 
 
 To LOLL, t'. )i. to ban in an idle or lazy manner against 
 any thing. To bang out, applied to the tongue of a 
 beast. 
 
 LO'LI.ARDS, a sect of Christians that rose in Germany 
 about the beginning of the 14lb ceiiiuiy, so called fiom its 
 author Walter Lollard. Tliey rcjfclcd the mass, extreme 
 unction, aiul penances for sins. .Also a name of infamy 
 given to Wickliti and hisfdllowers, li<uii an athnity between 
 some of their tenets and those <if the Lollards, who in the 
 reigns of Edward IlL and Henry V. were accounted 
 heretics. 
 
 LO'iMO.ND, BEN, a great mountain in the N. of .<5tirnng- 
 shire, in Scotland, about 3200 feet above the level of the 
 lake, at its bottom. From this lofty mountain are seen 
 Loch Lomond, the Clyde, the Forth, Edinburgh, the eas- 
 tern coast as far as the Cheviot Fells, the Isle of Bute «nd 
 Arian, the rock of Ailsa, Ireland, the mountain of Piiiilim- 
 moii in Wales, and the Skiddow in Cumberland, and the 
 hills far besoixl it. 
 
 LOMOND, LOCH, a beautiful ami extensive lake of 
 Duuibartonsirne, which descends fr(mi the northern point 
 of lliiit country, expanding as it advances southward. It is 
 28 miles long; its breadth from 7 miles, decreasing three 
 quarters of a mile ; and, were its windings followed, its 
 circuit wiiuid he upwards of 100 miles. There are 33 islands 
 jn this hike, several of which are inhabited, and conain an- 
 tique ruins, concealed aiiionj^ luilienl yews. Others rise 
 into high, rocky dift's, the habitation of the osprey, or sea- 
 eagle. 
 
 LOMP, s. a kind of roundish fish. 
 
 LONDON, the metropolis of Great Britain, one of the 
 largest and inovf opulent cities in the worM, is mentioned 
 by'J'acitus as a coiisideiable commercial place in the reign 
 of the Roimin emperor Nero. In its most extensive view, 
 as the metropolis, it consists of The City, projierly so called, 
 the city of Westminster, which was oiu e a mde from Lon- 
 don, and the borough of Southwark ; beside thti suburbs in 
 Miildiesex aiwl Surry, within what are called the Bills of 
 Moitality. Lcuidon and Westminster are situated in Mid- 
 dlesex, on the N. side of the river Thames. .Southwark is 
 sealed on the opposite bank in Surry. The extent of the 
 whole from Linu'liouse and Deplforil to Milhank and Vaux- 
 liall, is above 7 miles ; but the greatest b'eadlh does not ex- 
 ceed 3. With respect to the government of this metro|X)li,s, 
 the city is dividi-d into 26 wards, each governed by an akiei- 
 man. From the aldermen the lord mayor is annually cho- 
 sen. 'Fliere are likewise 236 ccmimon coiincihuen, a re- 
 corder,lwo sherifi's,who are also sheriffs of Middlesex, and 
 other otHcers. Fhe government of Westminster is vesteJ 
 in the high steward, an under steward, and the high baililii 
 all chosen also by the dean and chapter. The suburbs are 
 under the jurisdiction of the magistrat)^ of M iddlesex. 
 Among the public buildings, St. Paul's cathedral, as the 
 most conspicuous, (irst claims attention. This beautiful, yet 
 modest fabric, is 22!J2 feet in circumference, and 3(>.''> ia 
 height to the lop of the cross. It is inferior lo tout iu
 
 LON 
 
 Eunipp, in maKnificenre and nohL-nrss, excrpi St. Peter's at 
 Roiiio. WV'sliiiinster Alilx'v is a ^n;i<i(! s|)iciin<Mi of (iolliic 
 srcliitrtliire, siiid to Imve hpcii foiiiiilrd l)v Sclif rt, kiiii; of" 
 the I'^iisI Saxons, n; fill). Iladu':; liccn ifc-itroycd hy liie 
 Danes, it was reltuilt by F.dw.iid llir Cdnl'insor, in lOWi. 
 Henry III. pulled down tlic Saxon pile, iUid lieijan to Imild 
 the present structme in filO. 'llie woili was carried on 
 slowly by sncteedms princes, Hiid ran liardly be said to 
 have been finished before the linir of Sit Ohrjstopliei Wren, 
 who bnill tlie two towers at llie wi st end. It is :iCM leet in 
 len^'di within the walls ; at ibe na\eit is 7'2 broad, and at 
 the cross !?».■>. The ciiapel of lleniy VII. adjoinnif;, Le- 
 land calls "The Wonner of llie Woild." Si. Stephen's, 
 Walbrook, is a small church of extpiisite beaut_v, the mas- 
 terpiece of Sir Christopher Wnn ; |'.erlia|is llaly itself can 
 produce no modern buildiii'; llial can vie with this in lasle 
 an(l proportion. l?ow church, in Cljeapsidc' ; St. Bride's, in 
 Fleet-street; St. Dun--1aii's, in the l.ast ; and St. Martin's, in 
 the fields; are, amoiifjt lie other churches, most distin>;iiished 
 for tine architecture. 'Ilie paiislies, in what are called the 
 Bills of Moriality, amount to IKi, namely, 97 within the 
 walls, 6 without the walls, 2:i out-parishes in Middlesex 
 and Surry, and 10 in the city and libeities of Westminster. 
 With respect to palaces, the niajjiiificeiiee of royalty is not 
 to be found in them. That ofSt. James's was an hospital for 
 leprous females dedicated to that s'aint. It was surrendered 
 to Henry VIII. who erected on its site ihe present palace ; 
 of which it has been observed, that notwilhslandins its mean 
 exterior, it is ihe most commodious fi.r the parade of royalty 
 of any in Europe. He likewise laid out a large piece of 
 ground adjoining into a park, and formed a canal and walks ; 
 tallin;; it, in conformity to the name of the palace, St. 
 James's Park. Charles II. enlarged and improved this spot, 
 «(loiiiin^ it with plantations of treei ; but, a few years ago. 
 It was improTed in a still more beautiful degree. The 
 Queen's Palace stands in the most favourable situation that 
 St. James's Park could furnish. It was erected by the duke 
 of Buckingham, in ITa"?, and called Buckingham House, 
 until it was purchased, in 17(il, for the rojal residence ; at 
 which time it acquired its present name. In 1776, parlia- 
 ment settled this house upon the queen, in case she should 
 survive the king. Garlfon House, the residence of the 
 Prince of Wales, the gardens extending to St. James's Park, 
 is a stately building, on which vast sums have been ex- 
 pended; but it is not yet completed. The banqueting 
 house, at Whitehall, was begun in 16 I.J), from a design by 
 Inigo Jones. It is only a small part of the vast plan oi a 
 palace, intended for llie residence rjf the British monarchs, 
 imt left incomplete. Beside the royal palaces, there are 
 many fine houses of the princes of the blood, and of the no- 
 bility and gentry. Westminster Hall, an<l some buildings 
 appendant (o it, contain the Houses of Lords and Commons, 
 and the superior courtsof justice. The great hall, inwhicli 
 are held the trials of peers, and c.'' persons impeached before 
 the lords, exceeds, in dimension, any in Europe, which is 
 not supported bv pillars. Its length is 270 feet, the breadth 
 74, and the heigiit in proportion. The Guildhall of the cily, 
 situated at the end ot King-street, Cheapside, was built in 
 1431. Its great liall is 1;"j.S feet long, 60 broad, and 58 
 high. The front ofti>is hall has been rebuilt in the Ciothic 
 style. Here the courts of King's Bench and Common Pleas 
 hold sittings at Nisi Prius: here also the city elections are 
 held, and all the business of the corporation transacted. The 
 Sessions House in the Old Bailey, in which thecriminal.s of 
 both London and Middlesex are tried ; and the County Hall 
 for Middlesex, on Clerkenwell Green, are noble structures. 
 Of the buildings appropriated to the great national othces, 
 inililary, naval, and fiscal, the most antient is the Tower of 
 London. It is surroundec' 6y a wall and ditch, which also 
 iuch)se several streets. Tne circumference is about a niile. 
 It was a palace during 500 years ; the rnonarchs, on their 
 accession to the throne, eonstautly liolding their courts in 
 this fortress : but after the accession of Queen Elizabeth, 
 itiit cuttom ceasred. The Horse Guards, an elegant iUr,C'> 
 
 LON 
 
 fure, stands opposite Ihe Banqueting House. The War Oft 
 lice is in lliis place, and lieie courts-marlial lor the army UTa- 
 held. The Ordiiaiice Otilce, for the military deparluient, •■♦. 
 in St. Margaret s street, Weslmin.sler. The .•Vdiiunilty is u 
 large structure. Ill which the higher deparlmenis cf the bu- 
 siness of llie navy is Irausacled, and llie lords of the admi- 
 ralty have houses. The Navy, Navy Pay, aad Victuiilhn;; 
 Oliicc5,are in Somerset Place, a stupendous and niagmhceut 
 siructure, built on ihe site of llie old palace, erected by the 
 first duke of Somerset, in the reiijiiof Lilward VI. It was be- 
 gun duiingthe American war,aiid was intended to bring into 
 one spot Hie most consideiable public otHces; and, although 
 not yet hnished, it already coiilaiiis, beside the ollicesaliove- 
 menlioned, the following, namely, the auditors of imprest, 
 clerk (jf llie estreats, duchy courts of Lancaster and Corn- 
 wall, hackney coach, hawkers and pedlars, horse duly, loul 
 treasurer's, remembrancer's, lollery, pipe and coinptiolhi 
 of the pipe, salt, sick and huit, signei, stagecoach duly, 
 slanip, surveyor of crown lands, tax, and wine licence of- 
 fices. The kings barge houses are comprehended in thr 
 plan, with a dwelling foi the barge master; beside houses, 
 lor Ihe treasurer, paymaster, ami (i commissioners of the 
 navy ; 3 commissioners of the victualling and their secre- 
 tary ; 1 commissioner of tlie stamps, and I of the sick and 
 hurt; with commodioiu apaitmenis in every ottice for % 
 secretary, or some otheracling otlicer, fora porter, and iheir 
 families. In the front, toward Ihe Sliaiid, which coiisistsof 
 a rich basement, supporting an excellent example of the 
 Corinthian order, and containing a principal and allic story, 
 are apartments for Ihe lUiyal Academy, and the Koyal ami 
 Antiquarian Societies. The grand entrance, by 3 lofty 
 aiches, leads into a spacious quadrangle, on each side of 
 which, to the cast and west, a strict is to he foiuied, be- 
 yond which the wings are to be carried. The front lo ihe 
 ThaTies is erected on a noble terrace, 53 feet w ide ; ajiH the 
 building, when finished, will extend 11 00 feet. This ter- 
 race, unparalleled for grandeur and beauty of view, is sup 
 ported on a rough rustic basement, adorned with a lolly ar 
 cade of 32 aiches, each 12 feet wide, and 24 high. 'Jlu 
 grand semicircular arch, in the middle of the hasenjeut, i> 
 that intended for the reception of the king's barges. The 
 Treasury, which has a noble, elevated front, is in St. James.-, 
 Park; and what is called "The Cockpit," forms a part of 
 this building, and is now the council chamber for the cabi- 
 net niiiiisters. In the city is the Royal Exchange, originally 
 built in 16G7, by Sir Thomas Gresham. Being destroyed 
 by the great fire in 1666, it was rebuilt in its prchCiit form, 
 at the expellee of 80,000j£. In each of the principal front* 
 is a pia/za, and in tlie centre an area. The height of ihe 
 builcf ng is 56 feet, and from the centre of tne soulli side 
 rises a lantern and turret 178 feet high, on the top of which 
 is a vaiie, in the form of a grasshopper, the crest of Sir Tho- 
 mas (ircsham. The inside of ihe a'ea, which is 144 feet lona, 
 and 127 broad, is surrounded by piazzas. The Bank oi 
 England, a magnificeiit buildin;^, is situated inThreadneedle- 
 slieet. The Custom House, lo the west of theTower, is n 
 large irregular pile, before w hicli ships of 350 tons can lie, 
 and discharge their cargoes. It was built in 1718, on the site 
 of a former Custom House, destroyed by fire. The excise 
 Olhce, in Broad-street, is a building of magnificent simpli- 
 city, erected in 1768, on the site of Greslram college. The 
 East India House, in Leadenhall-street, was built in 172C. 
 The original front was very confined ; but a new front, mucU 
 enlarged and improved, has been lately erected, richly fur- 
 nished in respect toexteriordecorations, architecturalorna- 
 ments, stone sculpture, &c. it has great extent in depth, and 
 contains all the offices necessary for the transacting the bu- 
 siness of a commercial company. TheSouthSea House,ia 
 Tiaeadneedle street, is a handsome building; but the Ge- 
 neral Post Office, ill Lombard street, is rather convenient 
 than splendid. Of the structures, which more particularly 
 i'<"long to the cily, the mi«t distinguished is the Mansion 
 JioHse, erected, in 1752, for the residence of the lord mayor: 
 it it magaificeut, but ponderous. The MoiHiitient is a grantl 
 
 ACtii '
 
 LON 
 
 LCN 
 
 feted Doric column, 202 feot high, erected in comraemoin- 
 tion of tiie fjreat fire in 1666. The bri(lt;cs are a <treat orna- 
 Bienf to the metropohs. Tlie most aiitirnt, London hridf^e, 
 '*'as begun in 117C, and finished in 1209. The leiiKlh of 
 it is 915 feet. 'J"he number of arches was 19, of une- 
 'jiial dimensions, and deformed bv the enormous sterlini;s, 
 and by houses on each side, «hicli oveihung in a terrific 
 Bianner. These vNere removed in 1756, »hen the up- 
 per part of the brid;ie assiuned a modern appearance : 
 but the sterhngs remain, though they so contract the 
 space between the pieis, as to occasion, at tlie ebb of 
 tide, a fail of five feet, or a number of temporary cata- 
 .•^cts, ub.ch have occasioned the loss of manv bves. 
 Westminster bri(1s»e, one of the finest in the world, was 
 built bv Labeiye, a native of Swisserlan<l. The first stone 
 «as laid in 1739, tlie last in 1747 ; but on accou ,t of the 
 ."sinking of one of the piers, the open-n;; of the bridge was 
 retarded till 1750. The whole is of roitlund stone, except 
 Jlie spandrels of the arches, which are of Furbeck. It is 
 1223 feet in length. It has i:? lar^e, and 2 small semicircn- 
 Jar arches : the centre arch is 76 fe-M wide; the otiier arches 
 on each side decreasing in width 4 fVet, RIackfriars 
 brid;;e, built by Mr. Mvlne, was besim in 1760, and coni- 
 Vleted in 1768. Its lenj;th is 995 feet ; the breadth of the 
 carriaj;e-Hav 28, and of the foot-paths 7 eacii. It con- 
 sists of 9 elliptical arches, the centie one of which is 100 
 feet wide; and both this, and the arch on each side, are 
 wider than >he celebrated Rialloat Venice ; but its decay is 
 already too visible. This noble structure is binlt of Portland 
 stone. In London are several museums. The Biitish Mu- 
 seum, which is open to the public gratis, was founded by 
 pHrliamenl in 175.S, in pursuance of the will of Sir Hans 
 Sloane, v»ho directed lii» executors to make an offer to the 
 public of his collection of natural and artificial curiosities 
 and books, for the sum of 20,00niS. and the noble building 
 called Monta>{ue House, was purchased for their reception. 
 At the same time were purchased the MSS. collected by 
 Edward Ha' ley, earl of Oxford. Here are likewise the co!- 
 lections made by Robert and John Cotton ; and lar^e sums 
 have since been voted to augment this noble repository. 
 GeorsfcII. presented toil the libraries of the kings of Eng- 
 land from the reign of Henry VII. His present majesty 
 gave it an interesting collection of tracts published in the 
 reigns of Charles I. and II. and a vaiiety of antiquities, 
 1>rouudit from Italy, were purchased I'V parliament, for 
 8410-£. in 1762. Another museum, consislin;,' of anatomical 
 )>reparat ons, and natural curiosities, collected by the late 
 Dr. William Hunter, who built a spacious edifice fir their 
 reception, in Windmill-street, Haviiiarket, is now open to 
 the pidilic, and is to continue so fcw.'JO vears from the time 
 (:f his death in 178). Also, Week's Museum, Titehborne- 
 »treet, Hav market, for curiosities in mecbanism : besides 
 several others of inferior note. Of the inns of cou't, or soci- 
 eties for the study of the law, the (irincipal are the Miildle 
 and Inner Temples, Lincoln's !nn, and Gra%'s Inn. These 
 are very spacious, and have large gaidens, which are open 
 ♦Ojthe public. The others are Clifford's Inn, Clement'-- Inn, 
 .Serjeant's Iiin, New Inn, Lvmi's Inn, Barnard's Inn, I'umi- 
 vaTs Inn, andStajile's liin. The College of Phvsici-.nis, luifor- 
 tnnatelv hidden in W'anvick-lane, was biiih bv ^ir Christo- 
 pher Wren. Sion college, near Loudon Wall, founded in 
 100:5, bv the Rev. Thomas White, is governed by a presi- 
 dent, 2 deans, ami 4 assistants ; and all the clergv within the 
 Bills of Mortality are its fellows. Here is a library fir their 
 «ise, and almshouses for 10 men and lownnien. The Sn( iety 
 for the encouragement of Arts, Maiiid'actiires, an>l (,'(un- 
 inerce, have a liandsomc house in the Adelphi. Of public 
 seminaries, the most di-tiugicshed are Westminster School, 
 St. Pauls School, the Charter House, and Mercliiiiit Tavlor's 
 School. The places of Diversion are numerous and uiagni- 
 ticeiil. Of the halls ofllie citv companies, the most (lislin- 
 guisheil in point of areliitrelure are, Sur:!eoii's Ha!!, in the 
 Old Bailey ; Goldsniith's Hall, Foster. Line : Ironmonger's 
 Hall, rencburchstrce't ; ajid I''islim..n^ei'.s Hd!, nearLoa- 
 
 don bridge. Tlie principal hospitals are Chnsl's Hospifji,, 
 near Ne« gate-street, a royal toundation, for orphans and 
 poor children: -St. Ijailholouiew's Hospital, West Smilli. 
 field, auol her roud founilation for the sick and lame: Bride- 
 well, in Blackfriars, once a royal palace, bui now a royal 
 hospital, lor the apprenticing of the industrious youth, and 
 a prismi for the dissolute ; Btthlem, in Moorfielils, an<.tlier 
 royal hosiiilal, for liiiiat cs; St. Luke's, in Old Street, also 
 for lunatics ; St. 'riiiuiias's in the Bmough, the frmrth rii\al 
 hospital, for the sick and lame ; and for the same purpose 
 are Guy's Hospital, ait.joiuing ; the London Hospital, in 
 Whitechapel-road ; the Middlesex Hospital, Berner'-street; 
 the Westminster Infirmary, Petl\ Fiance; and St. George's 
 Hospital, H\de Park Coriie . The Foundling Hosidlal, in 
 Lamb's Conduit Fielils; the Asvlum,at Lambeth, lororpliaa 
 ;;i'ls ; the Magdalen Hospital in St. George's Fields, for 
 peintent prostitutes ; the Marine Society, in Bishopsgate- 
 street ; the Smallpox Hospitals at Paucrass ; the Lock Hos- 
 pital near (irosvenor Place; the Westniiusler lying ii» 
 Hospital, and manv others for the same purpose, arc also 
 excellent institutions ; and there are many dispensaries for 
 dispensing medicines to the sick, who keep to th ir houses, 
 under the direction of a physician to each dispensary, and 
 proper assistants. The prisons are niuni'rous: the principal 
 are, Newgate, a stupendous structure ; the New Compter, 
 Gillspur-Slreet ; the Fleet Prison, for debtors ; the Ling's 
 Bencli, in St. George's Fields, for the same purpose ; and 
 a new county gaol (including a new sessions house) in 
 Soiithwark. Some of the 9<|uares and streets in the metro- 
 polis are magnificent; and many of those whiih cannot 
 boast of grandeur are long, spacious, and airy. Portland 
 Place, forms, perhaps, the most magnificent street in Ihe 
 world ; Stratford Place is truly elegant ; and the Adolphi 
 Terrace is the admiration of foreigners, for the noble view 
 which it afi'ords of Ihe river, the bridges, and otlur iiublic 
 buildings, and of the fine hills beyond Lambeth and Simtb* 
 wark. The broad stream of the Thames (lowing between 
 London and Southwark, continuallv agitated by a brisk 
 current or a rapid tide, brings constant supplies of fresh air, 
 which no buildings can intercept. The country round, 
 especially on the London side, is neaily open to some dis- 
 tance ; whence, by the action of the sun and wind on a 
 gravelly soil, it is ke|>t tolerably dry in all seasons, and 
 affords no lodnmeut forstagnant air or water. The cleanli- 
 ness '>f London, as well as its supply of water, are greatly 
 aided b\ its sitr.alion on the banks of the Thames; and the 
 New River, wiili many good springs within the city itself, 
 further coiitrilmles to Ihe abundance of that necessary ele 
 nient. All these are advantages with respect to health, in 
 which tills metropolis is exceeded, by few. Its situation, 
 with regard to the circumstance of navigation, is equally 
 well chosen; had it been (ilaced Ipwer on the Thames, ll 
 would have been annoyed by the marshes, and more liable 
 to the insults of foreign foes : had it been higher, it would 
 not have been accessible, as at present, to ships of lar^fs 
 burden. It now p'lssesses every advantage that can be 
 derived from a seaport, without its dangers, and, at the 
 same.tinie, bv means of its noble river, enjoys a very exten- 
 sive communication with the internal parts of the country, 
 which supply it with necessaries, and, in return, receive 
 from it such commodities as tliev require. With the great 
 article of fuel, London is plentiiidly snjiplied by sea from the 
 northern ( ollieries. Corn and varirms other articles are 
 with equal ease convened to it from aU the maritime parts of 
 the kingdom, and great numbers of coasting vessels are con- 
 tinuallv employed for this purpose. London, therefore, 
 unites in itself all the benefits arising from navigation ami 
 commerce, with those <'f a metropolis at which all the public 
 business of a great nation is transacted ; and is, at the same 
 time, the mercantile and political head of these kingdoms. 
 It is -ilso Ihe seat of manv considerable mamd'actures ; some 
 almost peculiar to itself, as luiiiisteriug to the demands of 
 stihtied splendour and refined luxury; others in which it par- 
 ticipates with the manufucturinjif towus i» f;»ueral; mitji
 
 LON 
 
 LOO 
 
 Wiis (lifferencf, tlial only llie fiiirr and more costly of iheir 
 Works are performed liere. 'I'lie uiosl important of its pe- 
 culiar nuiiiiifiutures is the silk weavni!;, eslab.islied in Spi- 
 taltields liy ref'uKees from France. A variety of works in 
 goltl, siiver, and jewellery; llie en^navni}; of prints; the 
 making of optical and nKitlienialicai inslrnments, are like- 
 wise princiv>iillv or solely executed here, and some of them 
 in greater periectiou than in any other country. The por- 
 ter brewery, a business of very {;reat extent, is also chiefly 
 carried on i:i London. To its port are likewise confined 
 some liianclii'S of foreij,Mi commerce, as tiie vast East India 
 Tra<le,and I'lose to Tiirliey and Hudson's Bay. Thus Lon- 
 don has risen to its present rank of the first city in Kurope 
 with respect to opulence ; and nearly, if not entirely so, as 
 to nundier of its inhabitants. It is probable, that the resi- 
 dents in London, Westminster, Southwark, and all the out- 
 parishes, do not fall short of 1,00(»,()01». London is a 
 bishop's see, and sends 4 members to parliament. To enu- 
 merate all the events by which this j^reat capital has been 
 distinguished would fjreativ exceed our limits; we shall 
 only mention, iheret'ore, the jjrcat plajjne in 1065, which 
 €Ut off 90,000 people, and llie dreadful couHa-jration in 
 1666, by which 13,000 houses were destroyed. Lat. 51. 
 31. N. Ion. (St. Paul's) 0. 5, four-sixtieths \V. from Green- 
 wich. 
 
 LONDON, NEW, a seaport of North America, in the 
 state of Connecticut, and county of the same name. Its 
 liai hour is tlie best in Comiecticut, and as good as any in tlie 
 United States, and is defended by 2 forts. It is situated on 
 the W. side of the river Thames, near its entrance into the 
 Sound, about 75 miles S. S. W. of Boston, and 100 E. N. 
 K. of .Vew Vork. Lat. 41. 25. N. Ion. 73. 10. W. 
 
 LO.\ E, a. [contracted from alone] solitary, or without in- 
 habitants : by one's self, or without company. 
 
 LO N KLINESS, t. want of inhabitants or buildings ; want 
 of company. 
 
 J-O'NELY, a. without any inhabitants or buildings; so- 
 litai.<. 
 
 H)'NENESS, s. solitude ; a place unfrequented, and void 
 «f buildings. 
 
 LONESOME, a. unfrequented ; void of company, inha- 
 t>itants, or buildini;s; dismal. 
 
 LONG, a. [&«"■, Kr.] with some continuance, applied to 
 time ; ddatory. Of great extent in leustli ; reachins; to a 
 great distance. In botany, applied to the cup empalenient 
 of a flower, vvhen it is equal in length to the tube of the 
 blossom. 
 
 LONG, nrf. to a great lengtn or space. F"or some time, or 
 a great while, applied to time. In the comparative, longer, 
 it implies a greater space, or moie time; and in the super- 
 lative, longest, the greatest space, or most time. Afier wl, 
 it implies soon. " Not Imigititer there arose " Acts \\vi. 14. 
 Followed bv as:o, at some period of lime far distant. "Spread 
 Imiga^o." Tilluts. All along, or thron^hont, when followed 
 by a substantive. " Singi'lli all niybt Ivnir." Sliak. 
 
 LONG, s. [from f^ehivj;. Sax.] bv the fault ; by the failure. 
 " All this coil is lonir of you." Sliak. This word, though 
 much disused, is purely English. 
 
 To LONG, J', n. [^v/njin-fx, to ask, Teutlto desire ear- 
 nestlv ; to wish for with a continued and anient desire. 
 
 LONGANI'MITV, (the g pron- hard) t. \lovg;ammitas, 
 Lat.] a disposition of the mind, which consists in bearing 
 offences with patience. 
 
 LO'NGBOAT, i. the longest boat belonging to a ship. 
 LONCtEVITV, (^ pron. soft) s. [from loiigtcvus, Lat.] 
 tenatli of life ; old age. 
 
 LONGFORD, a county of Ireland, in the province of 
 Leinster, about 21 i>iiles in length, and 14 in its greatest 
 breadth: bonnde'd en the W. by the river SIrainion, on the 
 E. and S. by West Meath, and on the N. and N. W. by 
 I^eitrin' and Cavan. It <!onlains 2.1 parishes, about 10,000 
 houses, and rather more than 60,000 iidiabilauls; and i? a 
 rich and pleasant co,:nIry, in general Hal, in some places 
 apt to b< ove.rUc«Mi ),", the Stiannoii, and towards the N. 
 
 4. C 
 
 niountninous. A considerable quantity of linf :i is mann.'jr, 
 fined in ibis county, aud largo unantiliesof flax arc sent to 
 oilier paits. 
 
 LO'NGFOUD, the capital of the county of Loniiford, i« 
 seated on the river Ciondni, or <,aiiimln, wiiicli (alls mio ihe 
 Shannon a few miles below, 04 miles N. W. by W. of 
 Dublin. 
 
 LONGI'MANOUS, a. \longinianiu, Lat.] having long 
 hands, (m- a long reach. 
 
 LON(ilME'!'RY, i. [hngimetrie, Fr. from loufrus, Lat. 
 and tiiitim, (ir.] the art or practice of measiiriuf; lengths. 
 LONGING, s. earnest desire ; continual wish. 
 LONGlNfiLY, or LONGLY, (the g pion. hard)*/., 
 with inossaiit wishes,-and ardent desiies. 
 
 LO'i\'(ilSH, (the g- pron. hard) a. »oiiiewhat long. 
 LON(; ISLAND, an island of the stale of New York, sr- 
 paralcd from Coiinecticul by Long Island Sound, and divided 
 into three counties. King's, Queen's, and Siillolk. It ex- 
 tends N. E. from New Ydrk about 40 miles, but is not more 
 than 28 broad on a medium. Hence aio expoited to Ihe W. 
 Indies, A-c. whale-oil, pitch, piiie-bi ards horses, ciiitle, ti;i\- 
 seed, beef, Ac. The produce of the middle and western 
 parts of Ihe island, particularly corn, is carried to .New ^ ork. 
 This island, in 1T92, contained upwards of ;Ki,OU0 iiihubi- 
 tants. 
 
 LONGITUDE, s. [Fr. imm longitude, length, Lut.] in 
 its primary significatiiai, length. In astronomy, the dls- 
 taiu'"' of a star frmii Ihe first [mint (jf Aries forward. In 
 geography, Ihe distance of a ohice from some of the tir^t 
 meridians. In navigation, the distance of a ship or plact, 
 cither E. or W. from each other. The finding the longirviie 
 at sea lias perplexed niathcmaticiaiis of all ages; aiift Ihe 
 parliament has promised a considerable reward for the in- 
 vention. 
 
 LONGITUDINAL, a. [longitudinal, Fr.] measured l»y 
 Ihe length ; lengthwise. ' 
 
 LONGNAN, a city of China, of the first rank, in the 
 province of Letchnen. It is situated on the river Moii(|ua, 
 710 milej S. W. of Pckin. 
 
 LO'NGSOME, a. tedious. Wearisome on account of its 
 length, applied lo time. 
 
 LON(iSU'lTTR!\(J, ff. patimt ; not easily provoked. 
 LONGSU'FFERING, s. patience under ofleuces; cle- 
 mency. 
 
 LO'NGTOWN, a town in Ciimliprland, is seated on il'*' 
 river Esk, near its conllucnce with the Kirksop, on I' e 
 borders of Scotland, miles N. of Carlisle, and 310 N. N. 
 W. of Loudon. Market on Thursday. 
 
 LONGWAYS, or LONGWISE, ad. in the direction .f 
 the length : leiigtbw ise. 
 LO'NfiWlNDl.D, IT. long-breathed ; tedious. 
 LONSDALE. See KiRBYLONSDALE. 
 Loo, s. \lni,i,n, Belg 1 a game of cards, wherein the 
 knave ol clubs is reckoned the highest, and seouros success 
 lo tlip persfu) VI ho has it. 
 
 LO'OBILY, f<. awkward; clumsy; clownish. 
 LOO liY, ». \llrhc, Rrit.l a cliimsv clow n. 
 LOO'E, EAST and WEST, two small fishing towns in 
 Cornwall, separated from each other by a creek, or river of- 
 the same name, over which there is a narrow stone bridge, 
 of several arches. If! miles W. of PIvmoiilli. and 2:12 W. 
 by S. of London. Each of them has a market on Satur- 
 day. The river Looe is navigable for vessels of 100 tons 
 burden. 
 
 LOt>F, s. [hfan. Sax.] Ihe part of a ship aloft w!ii< h . 
 lies before Ihe chess-trees, as far as the bulkhead of the 
 castle. 
 To LOOF, »>. a. to bring the ship close to a wind. 
 To LOOK, V. n. [loran. Sax.] to behold, to see, to view, 
 to direct the eye towards any object ; lo seem or carry an 
 air, mien, or appearance. " Louhs very sullen." liur.-rt. 
 To look after, lo attend to; lo take care of. To look fur, to 
 expect. To look into, to examine ; to sift; lo inspect closely 
 or observe narrowly. Used with y/», to respect, regBul, 
 
 .'it; I
 
 wleero, consider, view, or tliiiik. "I loolied on V\rf;i\ as a 
 •mcfiiH t, iiiHJedtic writer." Driid. To look out, to searcli 
 or seek; tu be oil the watcli. "Bound lo look out sharp." 
 (hll. 
 
 LOOK, iiiterje'-t. properly the imperative of the verb, 
 and soiiieiiuies expressed by look ye ; behold ; see ; look ; 
 observe. 
 
 LOOK, *. air of tiic face, or cast of ihc coiintc-nance ; the 
 •rtct of luokinj; or seeing; the act of directing the eye 
 towaids. 
 
 LOOKLR, *, a spectator; a beholder. Looker on, an 
 idle or iiiiconceriied spectator. 
 
 LO OKING G LASS, s. a ylass which represents the form 
 of a person bv rellectiori. 
 
 LOOM, -'• a frame in which mannfactnrcs are woven. 
 AUoa bird as bij; as a <;oose, of a dark colour, dappled with 
 white spots on the neck, back, and W'inj;s; each bather 
 I'larked nearlhe poiiit witli luo spots; tliey breed in Farr 
 Island. Grew. 
 
 'I"o I.OO.M, V. n.\lcnmaii, Sav.j to appear at sta. 
 
 LOON, i. a SOI ry fellow; asconiidrel. 
 
 LOOf", s. [from" hnpen, Belt;.] a thread or t^visf, >1c. 
 doubled in such a manner that a string or lace may bediawn 
 ihronidi it. 
 
 LO'OPRD, o. full of holes resembling loops. 
 
 LO'OPHOLE, *. an aperture in a loop; a lulc to give 
 passage. Fif,'iiratively, any shift orevasior.. 
 
 LO'OPllOLKD, a. full of holes, openings, or void 
 spaces. 
 
 LOOK D, s. [herd, Belg.] a drone. " Thou's but a lazy 
 uiord." Spc7tset\ 
 
 To LOOSE, V. a. [lesiin, .Sa\.] to unbind or niitie any 
 tiling fastened; to relax, applied to. the joints, 'i'o fice 
 from any obligation ; to let ^;o. 
 
 LOOSE, a unbound ; untied ; not rcslraiiied, liRht, or 
 confined. Wanton, or not restrained by the dictates of nut- 
 desty. Diffuse, applied to style. DiseiiKUsed from any 
 obiifjation, used with from, and sometimes of. 'I'o break 
 .'ot-if, to fjct rid of any restraint bv force. 
 
 LOOSE, /. Iibert\ ; freedom from any constraint ; indul- 
 gence, used withg^'ec 
 
 LOOSELY, ad. in a manner that is not fast or firm, ap- 
 plied to any thin^ lied. Without any union or connection, 
 irregularly, or not restrained by the rules of chastity or 
 ^irtuc. 
 
 To LO'O.SKN, V. a. to undo any thing that is tied; to be 
 made less compact or coherent. To separate ordivide ; to 
 .'fee from lestraint, or set at liberty. To remove any ob- 
 t'rucfion in goini; to stool; to cure of costivciiess. 
 
 LOOSEN KSS, *. the state of the things which are move- 
 able, and deprived of their lirmness or ti\edness. A dispo- 
 sition of mind, or a conduct, not restraineii by any principle 
 "flaw, ciiaril\ , molality, or religion, applietl to the maimers. 
 h'. pli\sif, a liabit of body wherein a person is obliged to go 
 Cilen to stool. 
 
 LOOSKS'ITIIF'E, t. in botany, a gonns of plants of which 
 (iierearesevtrulspecies ; the yellow pimpernel of the woods, 
 and the purple moneywort, belong to this genus. 
 
 LO'OVER, t. an oivening for the smoke to go out at the 
 roof (if an house. 
 
 To LOP, !'. o. to cut off the branches of trees. Figura- 
 tirelv. to cut off a part from any thing. 
 
 LOP, s. that which is cut from trees ; a flea, fioin loppn, 
 *>wed. or loiip, Scot. 
 
 LOPE, the old i)retcrit of leap. " A naked swain — lope 
 to a tree." Spenser, 
 
 LOPPED, ;>or<. n. in Imlany, appearing asif cut <iff with 
 a pair of bcissars ; the leaves of the great bindweed are 
 li'Plicd at the base ; the petals of the periwinkle arc lopped 
 n\ the end. 
 
 LO'PPEU, <. one that cuts branches from trees. 
 
 LO'(JU.VHAlL or LocnABAK, a county of .Scotland, 
 b unded on the N. by Iinerness, on the E. bv IJ.idiiioch 
 y-iid Alhol.on theS. by Lorn, ?nd on 'he W. by llic Western 
 
 Lor. 
 
 Ocean. It is a mountainous connlry, and so barren, that tt 
 does not produce corn cnou:;ii lor the inhabitants ; but '.herA 
 are large forists, a few mines of iron, and gnod pasturev. 
 The sea, the lakes, and the rivers, yield pleniy of iish. la 
 the eastern paitsare two large lakes, one <d which has the 
 same name as the county, and is 10 mdes in length, couiiiiu- 
 nicating with the Irish Sea by a long clainiel ; the <itlicr ia 
 about 10 miles long, and cumniunicates w ah it by a channel 
 it or 4 miles in length. 
 
 LOQU.\'CIOUS, (logvashioiit) a. [from loipicr, to speak, 
 l.at.j full of talk; talking to excess; soeakiug, or vocal; 
 babbling. 
 
 LOQUA'CITY, (loqitasity) s. [from laquor, tospeak, Lat.j 
 the <pialit\ ot talking to excess. 
 
 LOUD, J. [tiom ,'ilaford. Sax. a giver of bread, alluding 
 to the hospitalily of our antient nobles ; it was allerwards 
 written lafurd, and thence contracted into lord, from Idaf, 
 Sax. a loaf of bread, and furd. Sax. lo supply] a person in- 
 vested with sovereign power over olheia; a master. A 
 tyrant, orone who exerts his power to the distress of ihos« 
 that are sidijecl to him. A title of honour given to those 
 that are noble cither by birth or creation, and iinesled wMb 
 the dignity of a baron ; by courtesy, it is applied to all 
 sons ofa duke or niaiquis, the eldest sonofan eail, persons 
 in honourable ottices, and to one that has a f.e, and conse- 
 quently can claim homage of Ins tenants. In Scripture, it is 
 peculiarly applied to(iod,aud seems lobe a translation oi 
 Jeh.ovaii, the incommunicable name of (iod. in the New 
 Testament it is likew ise given to Christ, who is co equal w lih 
 the Father as touching his Godhead. 
 
 To LORD, V. n. to exercise unbounded authority ot 
 power. To behave like a tyrant, used with orer. 
 
 LOP.D HOWES GROUP, an extensive gro.ip of islands, 
 in the S. Pacific Ocean, discovered by (lapl. ilunter, in 179 1, 
 w'lo, from the mast'ieatl, could dislinclly desciy 3'2of them. 
 T'ley appeared thickly covered with wood, among whicl> 
 the cocoa-nut was very distinguishable. 'I he natnes weie 
 ofa dark copper colour; their hair tied in a knot on the 
 back of the head ; and they seemed to have some method 
 of taking off the beard, for they appeared as if clean shaved- 
 'i'hey had an ornament, consisting ofa nuudjei of fringes, 
 like an artificial beard, which they fasten between the nos« 
 and mouth, and close under the nose. To that beard hung 
 a row of teeth, which gave them the appraraiueof having 
 a mouth lower than their natural one. 'Ihcy wore a wrap, 
 per round their middle. Lat. 6. 3U. S. Ion. iroui 16^. H. t<« 
 159.37. E. 
 
 LORDING, i. a lord; used in contempt. 
 
 LO'RDLING, I. diminutive of Lrd ; a little, diminutive, 
 OT contemptible lord. 
 
 I^O'RDLINESS, i. dignity; hi^'li station. Figuratively, 
 pride or haunlitiness. 
 
 LORDLY, a. becoming a lord, in a good sense. Proud, 
 haughty, imperious, insolent, in a bad sense. Used adver- 
 bially, imperiously, proudly. 
 
 LORDSHIP, a. dominion; power; seigniorily ; doraaiu; 
 a title of honour > ivcn to a baron; a complimeatal addres* 
 lo a judge, and some other persons in office. 
 
 LORE, /. [from litran, Sax.j a lesson; doctrine, or in- 
 sfniction. 
 
 LORE'ITO, a town of Italy, in the roarqnisate of Ao- 
 cona. They pretend to shew here the Santa Casa, or houar 
 of Nazareth, in which Jesus was brought op; and say, that 
 it was carried by angels into Dalinalia, and thence lo lite 
 place where it now stands. 'Fhis house is nearly .33 feet 
 long, 13 w ide, and 18 feet inches in height, incriisted witU 
 marble, willi inside walls of biick, and some pieces o^stonr 
 intermixed. The inner part, or chapel, is very old, but it i« 
 snrroinided by a marble wall, and within is a church built ol 
 freestone. A statue, to represeni Mary, the mother of Jesiw, 
 x>ith the image of Christ, co\e:ed with diumonds, in her 
 arms, stands upon the principal altar : it is of ccdarwouij, 
 3 feet high, but the face can hardly be seen, on account of 
 Ihc >uiokc cflbe auuifruun limps aru'.;:d it She is clolli««
 
 1.0 -i 
 
 I.OU 
 
 wild (.loth <if gold, sft cff willi jowph, v\illi n Iriplp rrnwn 
 f»tl llie lieiid, ;iii<l llip liif;iiit is c'oviTi-d uilliii slinl, linldiiii^ 
 n gidlie in its hand, adnriicd ^^ illl rich jfw els. Tin' siiiic- 
 tiiiii> is perfetlly croudcd willi C2 ;^r<'nt l;iin|is ot" fjnld and 
 silver; one of the jjulderi oii<-s, wlmli was picsi'nicil hy llie 
 Hepuhlic of Venice, weighs 37 po nds : llirre are also ati- 
 ReUMaitni;; aiioiit tlie liolv ininfje, one of nnissive fjold, and 
 fwo<d'silver ; and the 'Aalls are covered willi plates of siher. 
 Christiatia, queen of Sweden, fjavo a cro«n of ;;old, worlli 
 • bove IOII,(M)(» crowtis; atiii IsalxHa. infaiila of Spain, sent 
 « f;i"'"iP"' "I'^ch cost 40,(1(10 ddiats. Lewis Xlll. of 
 France, and liis (pieen, sent two crowns of ^old, eoiielied 
 ^"■ilh diamonds. Resides these crowns, they sent an ang( I 
 of massy Silver, lioldiii!; in its hanil the ti;;nreof the danpliin, 
 of solid ^old. 'I'lie jewels id' the Floly House, however, are 
 nothin;; in < ciinparisuii with the Ireasnre, wliereihe iKnidier, 
 variety, and riclnnvss (d'llie vestments, la(nps, candleslicUs, 
 gohlets, crowns, criiiitixes, inia,;es, canieos, pearls, i^ems at' 
 i\\\ kinds, (Sc. is prodi^ions. As for the town itself, exclu- 
 sive of tlie chapel, it is neither very considerahle nor very 
 agreeahic, nor does it conlaiii above '.WO inliahitanis, who 
 tre almost all shoemakers, tadors, or selle(s of < liaplets. l,o- 
 retto is seated on a (uonntain, shout Smiles from the-Adria- 
 fic, 1(1 S. E. of Aneoiia, and 112 N. E. of Uonie. Lat. 4.'?. 
 27. N. hni. Ul. 4(1. E. 
 
 To L( )'RIC-\TE, V. a. [from loi-ica, a coat of mail, Lat. J to 
 plate over. 
 
 LO RIMERS, or LO'IU.VERS, i. lUmier, Fr.] bridle- 
 cutters ; one of the cilv companies. 
 
 LO'RIOT, j.akindofbird. 
 
 LORIS, *. in zoolofj.v a nimble little animal of the lemur 
 tribe. 
 
 LORN, the north part of Ar^yleshire, in Scotland, 
 bounded on the N. hy I^ochahar, on the K. hy Breadalliine, 
 onihe S. by the rest of Arj;jleshire, and on the W. by the 
 i>ea. 
 
 LORRA'IN, a ci dcvant province of France, abound- 
 ing in all sorts of corn, wine, hemp, tlax, rape-seed, 
 game, fish, and, in seneral, all the necessaries of life. The 
 »ir is thick and cold, but healthy, and its lake-^ abound in 
 fish. Here are tine meadows and lari;e forests, with 
 mines of iron, silver, and copper, and salt pits. The prin- 
 cipal rivers are the Maese, the Moselle, the Seille, the 
 Meurtlie, and the Saarc. Separated from Bar, it is uhoiit 
 30 ItaKues in lennlh, and '2.3 in breailth. It now forms, with 
 tlie diichv of Bar. the departments of Meuse, MeuMlic, 
 Moselle, and Vos^es. 
 
 To LO.**!-!, (looz) V. a. preter and passive lost : [leosnn. 
 Sax.] to sutler the want of any thinn a person was possessed 
 of before ; to mislay, or have any ihin4; yone, so as it can. 
 not be fotnid a<,'ain. Used with the reciprocal pronouns 
 Urmelf, A'c. to bewilder; tobe endiarrassed in an inextrica- 
 ble maimer. " Wherein the mind /nsfs itself." Lnche. To 
 possess no longer, opposed to retain. " Tliev hst their 
 trade." To miss; tobe unable to recover. "Many more 
 tre lost than killed." Clarendon. Neuterly, to be beaten at 
 any game or contest, opposed to«)>i. 
 
 LO'SE,\ liLE, (hibzHble) a. sid)ject to privation. 
 
 LOSER, (louzer) s. one that is deprived of any thing he 
 was in possession of, bv accident, fraud, gaming, or mislay- 
 ing; one that sells for le-.s than he buys. 
 
 L0"^S, *. a diminution of a person's wealth or possessions 
 by fiaud, by accideilt, by mislaying so as not to be able to 
 find a^ain, and bv selling for less than|prirne cost ; any de- 
 triment sustained ; throwing away. 
 
 LOST, part, and a. [from lose] not to be found ; not to be 
 perceived. 
 
 LOT, s. {Mot, Sax.] a die, or any thing used in determin- 
 ing a chance; a conditiim or chance, determined by lot ; des- 
 tiny, condition, circumstance, or state, assigned by Provi- 
 dence ; a portion or parcel of goods; proportion of taxes. 
 " To pav scot and lot." SvNON. Lot supposes distinctions, 
 Hiid a inelliod of decision ; we attribute to it a hidden deter- 
 nii.'iatioa, which keeps us iii doubt till the iustaut iu which it 
 
 shews itself. Dist'mif forms (Ie3i;,'ns, dis|)ositions, and conncc- 
 lions ; we Mil riliiite 1(1 il l.niiw led^^e, will, ;nid power : its vir. 
 lues are (kleiniined and iiiialleralile. /.oUletiilcs ; IJtitti.if 
 ordains. 
 
 l.OIH. rt. unwilling ; disliking. See F^OATlf. 
 
 LOTHIAN, I'.AST. See HaudingTONSHIkK. 
 
 LO'l'HIAN, MM). See Ldinburgshirk. 
 
 LOTHIAN, WI'.SI". See l.l N LITIiGf)\V.SIIIR R. 
 Lotion, (lijx/n'iii) >. \lulio, iromlavo, lo wash, Lat.) a me- 
 dicine conn'ounded of aipitous liquids, and used lo wash 
 any part wiih. 
 
 LO'Tri'ltV, J. [lollerie, Fr.] a kind of public game at 
 lia/ard, set on fool bv anlhorily, iu order to raise iiiouev fur 
 the slate, ( oiisisling of a nmiilier of blanks and prizes, which 
 are determined bv tickets put in two ofipiisile win els, and 
 drawn by difierenl persons, one of whicli contains all ihe 
 numl)ers, and the other all the blanks and prizes ; a game 
 of eliance ; sortilege. 
 
 LO'V.\Ci I'"., i. a genus of plants, of whiih two are native 
 in I', ilain, the Scotch scaparsley, and the Cornwall ba-i; 
 ifrage. 
 
 I.OUn, a. [hhid. Sax.] noisy ; striking the drum of Ihe ear 
 with great force ; clamorous; turbident. 
 
 LOL'OJ.Y, ad. with a great noise ; wilb a great exalta- 
 tion id voice ; in a clamorous or tiirbnlenl manner. 
 
 LOUDNESS, s. that quality of sound wliuh makes if to 
 be heard at a "^eat distance, and to strike the drum ot the 
 oar will) great force. 
 
 To LOVE, (ihe o in this word and its derivatives and 
 coiii|ioiinds, is pron. short) v, a. Unjinn, Sax.] to regard 
 will) great desire and atiection ; to be pleased with ; to be 
 fond of. 
 
 LOVE, s. [leaf. Sax.] the ardent desire of an object 
 which seems amiable; gallantly ; thai passion which is ex- 
 cited at the sight of any object that appears amiable and de- 
 siiable ; it is divided into two species, viz. the love of 
 friendship, and of desire ; the one between friends, fhe 
 other between lovers. When ajiplied to fhe aflicfion we 
 should have towards our Creator, it is the whole man everted 
 ill one desire. Figuratively, a lover; an object of love. 
 A kind of thin silk, of black colour, used for borders on gar- 
 ments duringa person's wearing mourning. 
 
 lAYVE-KNOT, s. a tigiire made of many fwisfings and 
 ci ciimvidiilions, to denote the inextricable ardor of a per- 
 son's artections. 
 
 LO'VELILV, orf. in such a manner as to excite love, 
 
 LOVELINESS, .'. qualifies of mind or body which ox.- 
 cilf love. 
 
 LO'V'KLV,(r. fitted to excite love. 
 
 LOVER, .V. one who has an ardent '.ifleclioii for one o 
 anoliiersex; a friend ; one who likes aii\ thiii};. 
 
 LOVESICK, n. languishing wilh love. 
 
 LO VESOME, n. lovely ; so as to excite love. Obsolete. 
 
 LO'VESUIT, i'. courtship, or the addresses of a person 
 to one whom he loves, in order to gain her aflecfion. 
 
 LOUOH, J. [Irish] a lake; a larjje inland standing wa- 
 ter ; a long bay, or part of the sea that rises up a great way 
 into the land. See LorH. 
 
 L0UGHBOUOU(iH, (Lfi/fioro) a considerable town iu 
 Leicestershire, with a coi>6ioprablc munufaclure of stock- 
 ings, and a very extensive business in the coal trade, pro- 
 duced by the new canals. It is pleasantly seated among 
 ferlile meadows, on the river Soar, which runs here alinosi 
 parallel with the Fosse, near fhe forest of Charnwood, U 
 miles N. of Leicester, and 110 N. W. by N. of London. 
 M,4rkpf on Thursday. 
 
 LO'VINO, part, kind ; afFectionate ; expressing Kindnesi 
 and atTeclion. 
 
 LO'VINGKINDNESS,*. tenderness ; favour. 
 
 LO'VINGLV, ad. in a manner that shews great love, kiad- 
 ness, and affection. 
 
 LOU'lSBURfiH, a town of N. America, capital of the 
 Island of Cape Breton, subject lo the English. If has an ex- 
 cellent harbojr, about fi miles iu lea^th, fiouj N. E. tu.S. W. 
 
 CO,'!
 
 LOU 
 
 LOW 
 
 nnd nioiettiaii liali a mile in brradtli, from N. W. to S. E. 
 Its (Mitriiutf is i>ol above 1800 feet wide, and is t'ornied liy 
 '2 small isiaiuls. In llie N. E. part is a tine careeiiiii;,' uliart', 
 to heave down, very secure from all winds. On llie oppo- 
 site side are the fisliin;,' stages, with room for 2(K;0 Niats to 
 cure tlieir fish; flie cod beiii;; reinarkalily pleiililnl here, 
 and, allliesanie time, better than any about New foiuidland. 
 '!'he fislK'fy may, in jjeneral, becontinned from April to the 
 close ol December, when the harliour btcoiiies impractica- 
 ble, being entirely frozen, so as to be walked over. Tlie 
 to'AH is about hall an Kn^lish mile in lenj,'lli, and -2 in cir- 
 Wiit, built for the most part of stone, and laid out in broad 
 and reijular streets. At a liitle distance from the fort, or 
 citadel, is a larjfe jvarade, the inside ofwliich is a line xpiMre, 
 near '200 feet every way. This island was taken by .\(i- 
 miral Boseawen and I^ieuteiianf-gfneral .\m!ier,-.t, June '27, 
 1758, and its fortiticalions since demolished. Lat. 46. 54. 
 N. Ion. ;')■). St. VV. 
 
 LOUIS D'OR, {loo-ic-d'orr) s. [Fr.] a fiolden coin in 
 France, valued at '20 shiilinus, or 24 livres. It is some- 
 limes, thoui;h improperly, spelt Lrwis D'or. 
 
 LOUISlA N.'\, a large country of N. .America, now one of 
 the United States,situaled on bolhsidesof iheMibsissippi.and 
 Douiided on the E. by Florida, on tlie S. by the (iulfof Mexi- 
 co, on the W. by New Mexico, and on the N. by Indian na- 
 tions. It is agreeably situated between iheextremes of heat 
 and colli ; its climate varying' as it extends towards the N. 
 The southern parts, lyini; witliiii the reach of the refreshintj 
 breezes from the sea, are not scorched l:ke those under the 
 same latitude in .Africa: and its northern regions are colder 
 than thi>se in Europe under the same parallels, with a whole- 
 some serene air. From the favourableness of the climate, 
 two atniual crops of liidiati corn, as well as rice, may be 
 produced ; and the soil, with little cultivation, would furnish 
 fjrain of every kind in the jjreatest abundance. 'I'he timber 
 is as tine as any in the world ; anrl the quantities of live oak, 
 ash, mulberry, walnut, cherry, cypress, and cedar, are asto- 
 nishing. The nei^hbourbood of the Mississippi, besides, 
 'urnislies the richest (ruits in great variety ; the soil is parti- 
 rularly adapted for hemp, llax, and tobacco; and indigo is 
 at this time a staple commodity, which commonly yields the 
 planter three or four cuttings a year. Whatever is rich and 
 rare in the most desirable climates in Europe seems to be 
 the spontaneous production of this delightful country. It is 
 intersected by a number of tine rivers, among which are the 
 Natchitoches, and the Adayes, or Mexicano. 
 
 To LOUNGE, I'. 71. [limderen, Belg. I to loiter ; to live in 
 an idle and lazy manner. 
 LOUNGER, s. an idler. 
 
 LOUSF,, s. plural hce: [liis, Sax.] a small insect whicii 
 breeds on the bodies ()f men or animals. The louse atlbrds 
 to the microscopic observer of the works of creation a very 
 delicate and beautiful structure of parts. It has so trans- 
 parent a shell that we arc able to discover more of what 
 passes within it than in most other creatures. In the head 
 appear two line black eyes with a horn that has five joints, 
 and is surrounded with hairs standing before each eye; 
 and from the end of tiie nose there is a pointed projectin;' 
 part, which serves as a sheath to a piecer which is judged 
 to be 700 times smaller than a hair and by which alone it 
 receives its nourishment. It has six h-gs each having five 
 joints and being terminated by two hooked claws. .See the 
 Plate. This name is likewise applied to animals that 
 resemble the former; hence we make use of the words 
 iooA-/iVf, woiidlice, ffc. 
 
 To LOUSE, {l(ruze)v.a, to hunt for lice ; to cleanse from 
 lire. 
 
 LOL'SEWORT, /. the name of a plant ; called also rattle 
 «nd cockscomb. 
 
 LOU'Sll.Y, (^louzily) ad. in a paltry, mean, base, and 
 «riirvv manner. 
 
 LOUSINESS, (/ofizin*«)». the quality of abounding inlice. 
 LOU'SY, (In'uzy) a. swarming or over run with lice. Fi- 
 giirativcly, mean ; low-born or bred ; poor. 
 604 
 
 LOUT, s. [liirte, old Dutch] a Lumpkin; a mean, s\v(b> 
 ward, stupid, and clownish fellow. 
 
 To LOUT, I), li. [hiiitan, >a\.] M bend the body by way 
 of obei»aiice : to make a bow. 
 
 LOUTH, a large and considerable town of Lincolnshire, 
 coMlaiiiing ma y lianilsome liou-es, and about 401)0 iuliabi- 
 tanis. It has a large church with a fine steeple, thought 
 by some to be as high as the spire at Granlham \^hich \t 
 288 feel high. Frotu hence there is a canal to the sea, at 
 Tilney, about 8 miles. It is situatec .. the river Lnd, 
 from v\lHiRe it lakes its •name, 28 miles N. K. of Lincoln, 
 and 148 N. of London. Markets on Wedncsdav and Sutur- 
 dav. 
 
 LOUTH, a county of Ireland, in the province of I.eiiisttr, 
 about '22 iniU'S in length, and from 9 to 14 in breadth; 
 bounded (u) tin- W. by .Monaghan and Mealli, onlhe .\. by 
 Armagh and Cailiiigford bay, on the E. by St. George'k 
 Channel, and on llieS. bv Meath, from which it is parted by 
 the river B'vne It is the smallest connlv in the kingdom, 
 but very fertile and pleasant, and contains 61 parishes, 1 K.Mli 
 houses, and about .57,700 inhabitants. Its clref lln^ns are 
 Dunilalk, Carlingford, D'ogheda, Ardce, and Dunleer. 
 
 LOUTISH, a. clownish; awkward. 
 
 LO'UTISHLY, ad. after the manner of a clown, or an 
 awkward, ill-bred person. 
 
 LOU VAIN or LOEVEN, a large city of the late Auslriao 
 Brabant, with a celebrated university. The walls of this 
 place are near 7 miles in circuiidrrence, but "ithinthejn 
 are a great many gardens and vineyards. The public 
 buildings are magnificent, and the university consisis (d 
 CO small colleges, much admired for their situation and 
 architecture, but not sumptuous. Thev formerly mad" 
 large qnauliliesof cloth here, insomuch that this city con- 
 tained at one time, 150,000 clothiers: but at present their 
 trade is generally decayed, and the place is chiefly remark- 
 able for its good beer, with whicli it serves the neiglibourinj{ 
 towns. In its castle, buili originally bv ihe Emperor 
 Arniilph, to defend the country against the Normans, and 
 called M first Loven, and afterwaids Cassar's Castle, the 
 emperor, Chailes V. and his sisters were brought up to the 
 vear 1510; and formerly the assembly of the states wa» 
 held there. It is now in ruins. It is seated on the rivei 
 Dyle, 12 miles N. N. E. of Biussels. 
 
 LOW, (/«) a. [lii^ur, Isl.J applied to situation, implies 
 comparison, and being nearer to the earth ihan something 
 else; in this sense it is opposed to Affi//. Applied to stature, 
 measuring little, and opposed to tidl. Applied to statiou 
 or condition, mean, or not above the vulgar. Applied to 
 price, not sold or purchased for much money ; cheap. Ap- 
 plied tothe mind, depressed ordejected. Applied to sound, 
 scarce audible. Applierl tostyle orsentiment, mean, ffrovel- 
 ling, vulgar, base, or dishonourable. In medicine, to make 
 use of abstinence. "To keep the body low." Low in tkr 
 world, implies, reduced, or in poor circumstances. 
 
 LOW, (/o) lid. not high, applied to situation. Cheap, 
 or of low price, applied to value. Mean or base, applied 
 to rank, circumstances, thoughts, or expressions. Ai)plied 
 to the voire, in such a tnanneras scarcely to be heard. In 
 chronology, applied to times approaching to our own. " Ii, 
 that part of the world which was first inhabited, even as lew 
 down as Abraham's time, they wandered with their flocki 
 and herds." Luche. 
 
 To LOW, (Id) V. 71. [/ilowan. Sax.] to bellow, or make a 
 noise, applied to that made by oxen, bulls, or cows. 
 
 LO'WBELL, s. [lowe denotes a tlame, in Scotland ; and 
 tnlowe, to tlame | a Kind of fowlingin Ihe night, in whicji the 
 birds are wakened by a bell, and lured bva tlame into a net. 
 LOWE, 1. [from the Sax. hleaw, oi lilatw, Goth.] signifie.>« 
 a hill, heap, tomb, or barrow, and is used in Ihe names ol 
 places. 
 
 To LO'WER, (/of)-) ti. It. to humble ; to brinj down ; ft» 
 bring lower ; to strike a flag by way of submission ; to lessc.i 
 the value or price of a thing; to make weaker by the addi- 
 tion of some weaker liquor. Figurutively, to depress at
 
 LUB 
 
 LUC 
 
 IrssPi) a pevBOiis pride. Noiitprh', (o sink : to f-ill ; ti> (jrow 
 lets. SiNON. \V(> inaKp use of the wurd /oKfr, willi re- 
 •pt'i't to llio (liniiiiisliitif; the lifif;lit <i( lliiii);s, or lo ccrtajn 
 molioiis i>t a body : Wt- /otcer h beam ; «<■ /««rr I be siii Is of 
 asbii>: we lower a buil<liiig ; «<■ /«»(■»• llic cms, llic bi'ail, 
 lire. — 'We use the expiessioii, letdoirn, »ilb rcuaifl lo lbiiii,'s 
 jnaile lo cover olliers, ami «liiib, bciii^ liftvii up, bavc iht-m 
 uncovered : We Irt down the bd of a liiiiik ; ue /et douit the 
 eye-lids ; ue lei donii llic lappets, orllie ;;(i\ni. 
 
 LO'WERMOSr, {toernwst) a (llie superlative of low, 
 ifrliicli is lliiis compared, ti>w, lower, lowermost) below ull 
 ithei s in place, circunislances, or rank. 
 LO'WKSTOFK, See Lestoff. 
 
 LO'VVLAND, (Idlaml) s. a ?ale, or plain; opposed to an 
 eminence. 
 
 JjO'VVLINESS. (h'lliness) s. a disposition of mind wherein 
 a person tiiinks huniblv of liimself; nieainiess ; want of 
 lenity. 
 
 LO'VVIyY, (loll/) ad. in an humble manner; meanly; or 
 withoni dignity. 
 
 LO'VVLY, (/"///) a. hnmble ; thinkinjj modestly of one's 
 »elf: of low rank ; mean; waiitinjj dif^nity. 
 
 LOWN, (looii) s. \loeii, Belg.] a rascal or scoundrel. 
 LO'WNKSS, (Idiiess) s. the q^ualily of beinj.; near the 
 ground, applied to situation; ot short measure, applied to 
 stature. Meainiess, applied to condtion ; want of rank or 
 dignity. Want of loflinessor sublimity, applied to thoughts 
 or style. Dejection or depression, applied to the mind. 
 
 To LOWR, (the ow is pron. as in now) v. n. to appear 
 dark, gloomy, or stormy. To be clouded, applied to the 
 aky. To frow n, or look sullen ; to appear angry, applied lo 
 the countenance. 
 
 LOWR, (the ow is pron. as in now) t. cloudiness or 
 gloominess, applied to the sky. An appearance of anger, 
 applied to the countenance. 
 
 LO'WRlNfiLY, (see preceding word) «d. with cloudiness 
 or gloominess, applied to the sky. With an appearance or 
 air of anger, applied to the countenance. 
 
 LOW>Pl'RITKD, (Id-spirited) a. dejected ; depressed ; 
 without vigour or vivacity ; dull, melancholy, gloomy. 
 
 To LOWT, {ow pronounced as in tww) ». «. to look sourly, 
 surlily, or downishlv. 
 
 LOXODRO'MIC, ,!. [from loxos, oblique, and dromos, a 
 course, Gr.] the art of oblique sailing by thejhomb, which 
 always makes an equal angle with every nieritiian ; that is, 
 when you sail neither directly under the equator, nor under 
 one and the same meridian, but across them: hence the 
 table of rhombs, or the transverse table of miles, with the 
 fables of longitudes and latitudes, by v*hich the sailor may 
 particularly tind his course, distance, latitude, or longitude, 
 IS called loxodromic. 
 
 LO'VAL, a. \loyal, Fr.J obedient or true to the duty 
 owing to a prince. Figuratively, faithful in love, or true to 
 a lover. 
 
 LOYALIST, I. one who professes an inviolable adhe- 
 rence to a Idng ; a term given to those who adhered to king 
 Charles L 
 
 LO'YALLY, ad, with inviolable adherence and fidelity to 
 a king. 
 
 LOYALTY, s. [hyaiiti, Fr.] firm and inviolable adhe- 
 rence to a prince. Figuratively, fidelity, or immoveable at- 
 tachment to a lover. 
 
 LO'ZENGE, s. [losenge, Fr.] a figure consisting of four 
 equal or parallel sides, two of whose angles are acute, and 
 the other two obtuse, the distance between the two obtuse 
 ones being equal to the length of one side. In heraldry, a 
 rhomb, orfitcureoffour equal sides, but unequal angles, re- 
 sembling a diamond on cards : in this all unmarried gentle- 
 women and widows bear their arms. In medicine, a re- 
 medy made up into small flat pieces, sometimes cut in the 
 form of a lozenge, to be held and chewed in the mouth till 
 •iissolved. 
 
 LP. a contraction for lordship. 
 
 LU'BBARD, I. [from lubb*r\ a lazy, iturdy fellow. 
 
 I.URI!F.R, J. \hdUd, A,i, Diin.jn »tiiid> drone, an idle, 
 fat, or ImlliV person. 
 
 HmKi;.RLV,«.l:,,-:y and bulky. 
 
 LU'IU'.KKLV, ml. iu an awkwarJ, la/y, and clumsy 
 niariM'i. 
 
 l.TBECK, a celibnitid sea port of Hoisteiii, in Lon»r 
 Sa\(iiiy. It is a fii'<' imperial city, aiirl was long the liciid 
 of llie fauKiiis H-.iiisi'iitic I.iagdc, wliitii w^s (oiciicd hf-re i:i 
 11(>4. it was liki'uisc the iiinsl i oiiiiuerc iai city and pov 
 erlii! repiil>lic of llic Noilli. lis llcrl set tb'.* uoriliiTi) powi r.i 
 ill dftiaiice, and rode triuiiiphaiil in the I'.all c. I'm! Lubcck 
 ntriins scarcely a sliadow ot Ms lorujer power. 'I'iie house* 
 of l.iilicik are built ad of stone, in a very antieiit stvie of 
 arciiitHcliire ; the doors beiii;,' .^o larjje as to admit carriage* 
 into llic hall, uliicli frcqiieiilK serves for a coiicli house, 
 ■^riie walls of nuiny houses bear tiii' dale of the l.^jlli century, 
 and, ut that period, no doubt, llie town was esteemed very 
 beautiCiil. The streets are, for the most part, sleep, as the. 
 cilv stands on 'lie two sides of a long hill, the eastern pari 
 extending towards the Wackeuitz, as the Westrrn «loes to 
 •vards llie Trave. Here are 1 parochial churches, besidex 
 (he cathedral. The louii-house is a su|ierl> slriulure, and 
 has several lowers. In it is a large hall called Haau.^esaal, 
 where the deputies of the Hans lowns used formerly t<i 
 meet. Mere is also a fine exihanice, built in the year 1683. 
 Tlieinhabitantsareall Lutherans, and lliereare'2l preacheri, 
 whose chief has the title of Siiperintendant. Here were for- 
 merly 4 convents : and in thai of St. John there are still 2".; 
 Protestant girls, under the goveniineiil of an abbess. That 
 of St. Mary .Maudsdeu is turned into an hospital ; that of S(. 
 Anne is made a house of correction ; aiui of llie monaslery ot 
 St. Catharine, they have made a liaiidsome colleije. In the 
 great hospital there is always a considerable nuiiiber of poor 
 men and women. Beside this, there are 14 other liospitaN, 
 1 for lunatics, a pest house, and 4 others for sick persons. 
 Lulieck is sealed at the couHuence of the rivers Tiave, 
 (which is the largest ;) ihe Steckeiiifz, another navigalih 
 stream, by which it conmiuiiicates with the Elbe ; and (be 
 Wackenilz, which issues from the lake of Ratzeburgh, and. 
 after joining theScwartau, falls into the Baltic ; by means oi 
 which several streams, long and Hat bottomed vessels pass 
 from the Baltic into the German Ocean, 14 miles S. W. ol 
 the Bailie, and 40 N. E. of Hamburgh. Traveinunde is liit 
 
 iiort of Liibeck to which it belongs, and is 12 miles N. W. 
 '-.. of that city. In 178!), 951 ships sailed from this pori. 
 Lat. M. 62. N.' Ion. 10. 44. I'.. 
 
 LUBLIN, a city of Poland, capital of a palatine of the 
 .same name, part of which is annexed to the new kingdom of 
 (iaiicia. It contains several churches and convents, ha> 
 three annual fairs, which last a month each, and are frt- 
 qiiented by great numbers of German, Greek, Armenian, 
 Turkish, Russian, Jewish, and even Arabian merchants, 
 and is situated in a very pleasant and fertile country, on 
 the little river Bystranza, with a castle built on a high rod,. 
 Ho miles S. E. of Warsaw. 
 
 LU'BRIC, a. [lulnicvs, Lat.] slippery, or so smooth ot 
 surface that things would slip off with the least sloping; 
 wanton. 
 
 To LUBRICATE, r. a. [from lubriciu, Lat.] lo uiak' 
 smooth or slippery. 
 
 To LUHRICITATE, v. a. See Lubricate. 
 
 LUBRICITY, s. \liibridti, Fr.J slipperiness or smooth- 
 ness of surface ; aptness to glide over any part, or to facili- 
 tate motion. Figuratively, uncertainty ; slippermess ; insli«- 
 bilitv. Wantonness ; lewdness. 
 
 LtJ'BRICIOUS, a. [from lubricm, Lat.] slippery ; smoolJi ; 
 uncertain. 
 
 LUBIIIFA'CTION, s. [from lubrinu, slippery, an^ Jau-. 
 to make, Lat.] the act of making smooth or slippery. 
 
 LUBRIFICATION, f. [from htbricut, slippery, and/", 
 to be made, Lat.] the act of^ rendering smooth, or so slippei.^f 
 as to render the motion easy. _ _ , 
 
 LU'CCA, a town of Italy, formerly capital of a republic o' 
 the same name. It i& about 3 Ilaiinu luUes iu ctrcuuiferencc 
 
 iint
 
 Lur 
 
 tUD 
 
 1'^ie inhal)ifants, *iin are above 40,000, are consiHciable 
 •Danufmlurf rs cf silk, and {,'(i|(l unri silver stiifts ; for this 
 rtasoii it is caiietl Lncca the Lidustrums. Tlie slitte palace is 
 d Karj;e huildiiij;, and includes the arsenal, which has arms 
 for 20,000 men. The houses are handsome, and the streets 
 broad and well paved, hut most of them are irreijular. It is 
 seated in the middle of a fruitful plain, terniinatin'.; it) plea- 
 sant eminences, near the river Serchio, 10 miles N. N. K. of 
 Pisa, 37 W. of Florence, and 155 N. by VV. of Rome. Lat. 
 4.3. 50. N. Ion. 10 .16. K. 
 
 LU'CEN T, part, [liicen, from lux, light, Lat. J bright ; 
 shilling ; flartiiig rays. 
 
 LUCEllN, one of the 1.3 cantons .f Swisserland, and 
 the most considerable of them except Zurich and Bern, 
 it is boiMiiled on the E. and S. E. by the canton of Zug, 
 ScliHeiti!, and Undervvaldeii; and on all the other sides 
 by the canton of Bern. The inhabitants, who are Uoman- 
 is!s, are under the spiritual jurisdiction of the bishop of 
 Constance. It is about 30 miles in lensfth, and 20 in its 
 mean breadth. The soil is fertile, but unequal; thesoutb- 
 ern parts are mountainous, but without glaciers ; and there 
 is a verv considciable exportation of cheese. Tlie sove- 
 reign power of this repiddic resides in the council of 100, 
 comprising the senate, or little coinicil. The foimer is the 
 nominal soveieign ; hut the power resides in the latter, 
 consisting of .36 persons, who are formed into two divisions, 
 nhicli exercise the ortice by rotation. Altliongh thegovern- 
 iiieiit appears purelv aristocratic, yet this aristocracy is re- 
 strained in divers respects ; as in the matter of nraking 
 x^aror peace, concluding trew alliances, acquiring new ter- 
 ritories, or imposirrg new taxes, the consent ofall the citizens 
 roust be obtained. The chiefs of the republic are two ma- 
 gistrales called advoyer.s. 
 
 LU CI'"I{NE, ». a plant cultivated by oirr farmers rir the 
 ma.'tuerof clover, and is the only platrt whose hay is prefer- 
 able to the saintfoin, for the fattening of cattle. 
 
 LUCIA, Sr, or .Ai.ousie, an island of the West Indies, 
 about '22 ntiles in Irrrgth. and 15 in breaillb, affording, 
 amongst other tropical productioirs, plenty of cocoa and 
 fustic. It is verv healthy, and exhibits a varielx of hills, vet 
 partly consists of very fertile plairts, fiirelv watere<l with li- 
 vulels, and fu nishf-i! with tirrrber tit for building houMsand 
 x<jiiidmills, anil often employ eil (or that piir|)Ose both by the 
 French and iMrglisli planters. It is provided wiili several 
 ifood bavs and corriiiiodious harboi.rs, the chief of which, 
 tailed the Link C'/remtg^, is reckomd the best irr all the 
 Carihbee Islarrds. In il -.ire two leriiarkiildv roirrrd an<l high 
 Blountains, s;n<l to be volcairoes, by which this island may be 
 known at a corisi<lirable <listairce. It was long coirsidered 
 :ii neutral liv the English and Fieirilr, till it was ce led to 
 Frarrce bv the peace of ITfi:). In 1777, it was (ak<'n bv the 
 Knslisir, but restored to the Frerr<h l)V the peace of 17H3. 
 This island was taken bv the E.nubsh irr the late war, (also 
 in the present, soon after its corrrmencertient,) and still 
 jenrairis in their possession ; it is aborrt 70 utiles N. N. W. of 
 Uarbadoes, and 38 .*>. W. of Martinique. Lat. 13. 25. N. 
 Ion. (iO. .'it. W. 
 
 LUCID, a. Unci'lds, from /»r, light, Lat.]sliining; bright; 
 jrlillerirtg. Fi;riiratively. transparent. " Liwid streanrs." 
 Par. /.list. Withoirt any disorder of the mirrd, applied to 
 • hose iirlervals of sense which are sometimes met with in 
 Iliad persons. 
 
 H'CI'DITY, «. splendor; brightness. 
 
 LU(,'1FI'il, s. fl.at.] in astronomv, is the bright star Ve- 
 nus, which in a morrring goes before tire sinr, and ai)pearsat 
 dav bre-.ik, and in the evening follows the sim, and is then 
 rolled I lesperirs, or the evening star, in scripture, it sig- 
 
 tlities th" ifevil. 
 
 LUCl'FEROUS, a. [from l„x, light, an.l/oo, to bring, L.:tt.] 
 Jiriirging Ight either to the eve or nrind. 
 
 LUf'rFiC, rt. [from /hj-, light, and /ac(o, to make, Lat.] 
 rti^rUiiii,' or producing lixbl. 
 
 LUCK, t, [gcLcK, Belg.J any tiling wliicli happens un. 
 
 Mr, 
 
 expectedly in a person's favour ; tortune, eiiiici gmm in 
 bad ; any event that happens without being designed Of 
 foreseen. 
 
 LUCKILY, ad. in a fortuiiate manner : by good hap. 
 
 LUCKINESS, s. the qrrality olMrirning out to a person's 
 advanlage, though undesrgned or unforeseen by himself; CR- 
 sua! happiness.. 
 
 LU'CKLI'.-'S, a. unfortunate, or unhappy. 
 
 LUCKNOW, an airlieirt city of Hirrdoosfan, capital of 
 Oud<-. It is an extensive place, but poorly built ; the 
 bouses aie chiefly of irrud, coven d with thatch, and many 
 consijt eiitirely of thatch and bairiboi's; and arc thatched 
 with leaves of the cocoa nut, palm tree, and sometimes 
 with straw. The houses of the irierchauts are of brick, 
 lot'ly ai;d strorrg, and there are some but irot many, mag- 
 nificent edifices, Sujali Di.wlah, having destroyed most of 
 the aritienl palaces, when he erected others. Lucknow 
 is6.i0 mles N. V. of Calcutta, Lat. 26. 3i. N. hm. Si. 2.5. E. 
 
 LUCKY, ff. [^eliicliig., Beig ] forlunule without any de- 
 sign, in- contrary to expectation. 
 
 LUCONIA, or Mamli a, the chief of the Philippine 
 Islairds in Asia, aboirt 4li0 miles in h'tiglh, arrd 100 in 
 breadth. The pr<iihne of this very fertile ami healthy 
 island is wax, cotton, wild cinnamon, sulphur, cocoa iruts, 
 rice, ami gold, which is found inev<ry part ; horses, buffa- 
 loes, game, 40 ditleient sorts of i)alrri trees, and all sorts of 
 fruits, both of tlu' K. and W. Indies, with some that are to 
 be fourrfl no where else. The iriliab'tants a'e composed 
 of several natiorrs, besides ^Spaniards, and tlrev all produce 
 a nrixed bleed, disliirct fionr any of the rest. The black* 
 have long hair and good featirres ; and there is one tribe who 
 tattoo iheriisi Ives, drawint; curious figures on their bodies. 
 To this island the Sparriards bring all sorts ■■fcomnrodities ; 
 such as silver frdni New Spain, Mexico, and Peru ; diamondt 
 from Gcdconda ; silks, tea, Japan and China ware, and gold 
 dust from China and Japan. The Spaniards scird hence 
 two large ships every year to Acapiilco in Mexico, with 
 merchandise, and retu.n back with silver. There is r.ii 
 inoirisilion here, but it does mil atlecl the natives and the 
 Malionietans. Nianilla is the lapital. 
 
 LU CKATIVE, «. [lucratif, Fr. from /«fn<»f, gain, Lai J 
 ga-nfiil ; profitable; bringing money. 
 
 LU'CRl'", (lulier) s. [lucrum, Lat. J gain; cinolunicnt ; 
 p'rolit ; increase of money. 
 
 LUClirFEROUS, a. ffiorn lucnnv, gain, and feio, lo 
 briu:;, Lat.l profitable ; ptdducirrg gaiir. 
 
 LUCUITIC, o. [from lucrum, gain, and /«e?o, to make, 
 Lat.] prodir<ing gam. 
 
 LU'CROU."^, ('. [from lucrum, gain, Lat.] producitrggain or 
 profit. 
 
 LUCTA'TION, i [from liirtor, to yvrestle or strive, Lat.j 
 wrestling; striviirg ; struggling. 
 
 LU'CTUOUS, fi. [from lucfus, sorrow, Lat.] sorrowful. 
 
 To LU CUBllATJ:, V. a. [lucubro, fiom /«.r, light, Lat.] to 
 watch or studv bv night. 
 
 LUCUBIIATION, s. [CoMti lucuh-n, to study by candle 
 light, Lat. J to study by candle light ; any thing composed 
 bv niaht. 
 "LUCUBRATfjRY, a. [fronWiicHJit. to study by candle- 
 light, Lat.] composed by night or caiidle-liL'bt. 
 
 LU'CULl'.NT, n. [/i/ni/cH^M, fiour/M.r, light, Lat 
 
 -at.] certain ; 
 plain ; evident. Clear. " .4nd luailent along tlic purer 
 rivers flow." Thomson. 
 
 LUDICROUS, a. \ludicer, from hidiu, play, Lat] bur- 
 Ie6(pie ; exciting laughter by its oddity or coinicalness ; 
 sportive. 
 
 LUDICROUSLY, ad. in binlesqne; sportivelv ; irv 
 a ruanrier that raises laughter by its extravagance or 
 odilit\'. 
 
 LUDICIIOUSNESS, .». the quality of being ndiculou«; 
 tbe qiialilv of exciting mirth or l.rugliter. 
 
 LUDIF!CATION,.t. [from /i.rfM, sport, and/^Tcin, to maki-, 
 Lat.j thcuci ^f iuot.kii)g or luakiuj; spoit of auother
 
 LUL 
 
 I-U'DI-OW, a large, neaf, flounsliiii',', and u oil built (own 
 of J^liropsliire Sfatcd on llic river 'I'lnic, iirnr its coiilliix 
 vritli (lie (;<)rvc, in a pleasant, fruitful, and piijud.jns ((iiinlry, 
 SU miles S. of Shrewsbury, ami 1:!« N. W. of Loudon. 
 Arlliur prineeof Wales son of Henry VII. Iielil a eourt and 
 died li<T<'; and here Henry VllI.estaliliilied thee onneilof llie 
 Mari hc!., « hose lo/d lieut<'nant U5e(l to keep Ins tourt here, 
 tilt tliev «ere disused in the rei^ni of Wdliaiii 111. who ap- 
 lU)iiite<l l«o lord lieutenants ofN. and S. W'ah's. It is a 
 •Teat lhoroui;hfare to Wales, and is nnuh resorted to l>y the 
 \Veleli youth ofhoth seNes for education. It sends two 
 ineiidpcrs to pailiaiiient. Market on Monday. 
 H'i'.S .». a pestilence or plague. 
 
 Ll'KS VI:NI:I11-:a,*. [Lat.J the foul disease; the clap. 
 I.UI'F, J. [.Scot.] the palm of the hand. 
 To LL'Fr. r. II. [Iiiuvui/er, l'r.\ at sea, to keep close to 
 llie uiiiii. See LooF. 
 
 To HJ(;, I', a. [nliiccnn. Sax.] to liale or drag ; to pull 
 with ;,'reiit violence. To lu^ out or draw n sword, in bur- 
 lesipie lan^ua;;e. 
 
 L(K>', s. a small lisii ; a land measure, containing a pole 
 or piTch ; the ear. 
 
 I^UXifi A(iR, J. [from lug] any tiling cumbrous or un- 
 wields to carry. 
 
 LL'(i(ii:RSH.'\LL, a smalltown in Wiltshire, formerly 
 the residence ot several kin};s. It is seated near the Forest 
 of Chute, in a deli"litful country 16 miles N. of Salisbury 
 and (H S. by W. of London. Market disused. 
 
 LUCiO, a city of Oalicia, chietly celnhrafed for its warm 
 medicinal springs. It contains 3 parish churches, 4 con- 
 vents, 'i hospitals, and a seminary, and is situated on tlie 
 river Mirdio, 41) miles N. of Orensc. 
 
 HJCj'U BRIOUS, a.[l„g„bre, I- v. h^nhris, Lat.] mourrful; 
 »orrowf(d. 
 
 LUKK, St. (one of the four Evangelists) a native, as is 
 generally supposed, of .Antioch, the metropolis of Syria, a 
 place retiowned for this one peeuli-.ir Iioiinur, tiiat the disci-. 
 pies of Jesus were here first called Cliristians. He was by 
 profession, as appears from the iii;'iition made of liiin by 
 ■St. Paul, a physician; and some wll have liim also to have 
 been eminent for paiiitin;; ; but of this we have no accounts 
 that can be depended upon. He becameafterwardsan inse- 
 Itaralileci'nipaniou and lellow-labourerofihe Apostle ofthe 
 tieutiles in tlie niiuislry ; all'.'ndini; him in all his travels, ac- 
 i'onipati\ in<; liiui iiihis daii^^erous voya;;etoUonie and minis- 
 tering to hiiu in his neetssilles. There arediHcrent accounts 
 vonceiniii^ the coiuit lies w lie re St. Luke afterwards proa died 
 tlie;;ospel: some say, tJiat leaving St. Paul at Rome, he re- 
 turned back into the East, and travelled tliioiif;h '^\e.\\ part 
 of if, preachinijihe ;;ospel in I'^jypt, and the parts of Lybia, 
 where heconveiled many to Christianity ; but others tliiidi 
 lie did not wholly lea\e St. Paul till the latter had tinisliid 
 llis course by martyrdom. Some a;,'ain say, that he first 
 l>reaclied the jjospel in Dalmatia and Cialafia, then in Italy 
 .tnd Macedonia, and that with ^reat diligence and success. 
 The aniients are not at all a^jreed either concerniii;,' tlie 
 time, or place, or maimer of his death; of all which smli 
 various accounts are };iven, that it would be tedious liere to 
 insert them. He is universally acknowledged to have bi-en 
 the author of theCiospel that goes under his name, and of 
 the book of I he Acts ofthe Apostles, both which he dedicate* 
 lo Theophilus, whom some writers suppose to have been a 
 person of some eminence, probably at Anlioch, converted 
 by St. I.,uke. 
 
 LIJ'KF.WARM, <i. moderately or mildly warm. Applied 
 lo Ihealfeelions, indifferent ; not ardent or zealous, 
 
 LIJKEWA'IIMLY, ad. with moderate warmth, applieil 
 (o thini,'s. With inditiercnce, applied lo llieatVections. 
 
 LLKLWARMNES.S, j. the (juality of beinjj noderately 
 tvurni, applied lo lliiiif;s. Applied to the aOeelions, indilfe- 
 rence, or want of ardor. 
 
 To LULL, r. a.[titln, Dan.] to bring on sleep by singing 
 ufsome agreeable sound ; to compose, quiet, or pacify. 
 MJ'LLABY, «, [Juhusoa vLjcrrcs tbut uufi^s tidi jfoioj t« 
 
 LV.V. 
 
 sleep hj, lij: ai;d( oiisrqneiiilv ////W,^ implies to/H//tosIe<>;k 
 a son;; maile ii,e of liy irinses to m;ike chililreii sleep. 
 
 LUiMI5.\((), i. [from /,o«//i. the loin.,, I.al.|iii medieine, 
 a name yueii to pains ;il)o!it the loins and lli<- siimI: of thf 
 back, f;eiivially precrdin;,' the tits ol u fever or an ayue. 
 
 LU iMBLIl, s. [oiluiiiii, Sax.J any thinj; useless and c umber- 
 sonie. 
 
 'I'o LU'MIiKR, II. (T. to iK.ap together m a confused man- 
 ner like iisehss ;;<jo(ls. fVeulerly, to move heavd>, a> bur- 
 dened with his o»u li .Ik. " First let Ihem run at lar-e, nor 
 /miji/w o'er the meads, nor cross the wood." /J<yrl. 
 
 LU'MIN.\l;V, J [litmiiKire, Lat.] any hoily wiiich giv; « 
 light; an\ Ihiu;^ which makes a discovers, or gives inlelli- 
 
 geiice. .Applied by wa\ of eminence to the sun or i .n, 
 
 on account of their extraordinary kistre, and lliegri al light 
 they afford us. Figuratively, a person that imikes discirvc- 
 ries and comniunicales Ihem. 
 
 LU.VIINA LION, X. [from /r-men, light, Lat,] the act of 
 emitting light. 
 
 LUMINOUS, a. [liiminriiT, Fr.] shining; giving light : 
 darling ra\s; enlighti'iied ; bright. 
 
 LU'MMF,, J. ill oriiilhologv, the name of a waterfowl ol 
 the diver kind, called liy authors colymlnis aicticiis ; coiii- 
 monabont Iceland and some parts o! 'Norway, and scarci- 
 Knoun in other parts id' the world. 
 
 LU.MP, s. \luiiii>e. Relg.J a shapeless mass; the whole ; 
 all the parts taken iogolher; the gioas. 
 
 To LUiMP, r. n. to take in the gross without regard u, 
 particulars. 
 
 LU'MPFISH, .«. a fish so named on account of iu 
 form. 
 LUMPING, <r. large ; lieavy ; great. A low word. 
 LU'MPISH, «. luMvy; gross; bulky, applied to things. 
 Dull or inactive, applied >o persons. 
 
 LU'MPISIILY, ait. ilia heavy manner, applied to thing':. 
 In astn|)id manner, applied to persons. 
 LU'^IIMSHNKSS, s- stupid or inactive heaviness. 
 LU'.MI'V, «. full of lumps, or of small eoinpaet masses. 
 LU'N.\CY, s. I IVfuii liimi, the liiooii, l,at.]a kind of fren- 
 zv u'^nally nidst violent at full moon .Madness in general, 
 though most properly applied to that species which is sub- 
 ject lo intervals of sniiiid memory or judgment. 
 
 LU'N.'Ml, or LUNARY, a. [from limn, a moon, Lat. | relat- 
 ing lo the moon ; under the dominion of Ihe moon. lu 
 cliymistry belonging to silver. Limar periodical mimttis con- 
 sist each of 27 days, 7 hours, 43 iiiinntes and 4 three fifths 
 seconds. Liinnr si/iwilical mimllis consist of 29 days, 12 
 hours, 44 minutes and 3 seconds; and liiwii- yenrst of .354 
 days, 8 hours, 48 minutes, aud 3(i seconds, or 12 synodicil 
 nionths. 
 
 LU'N.MIY, i. [from limn, the niooi!, Lat.] itioonwort. 
 LU.N'A'FKD, «. [from limn, the moon, Lat.] formed like 
 a half moon. 
 
 LUN.ATIC, n. [from linn, the moon, Lat.] mad; mad<.» 
 mad !)\ the iiitliieiice iif llie moon. 
 
 H."!'N.\'riC, s. a person that is sometimes of sound memo- 
 rv, and at other times mad ; wlio, as long as he is without 
 \.uderslaii'liiig, is, in law, said to be nun cuniiios jneiit'n. 
 
 LU.N'.\TI()N, .V. [/imnjiu)!, Fr.] ihe synodic revolution ot 
 the moon ; the juJriod or space of lime between one moon 
 and another. 
 
 L(.!NCA RTY, a town of Perthshire, about 6 mi.'es N. of 
 IV'itii. It is note<l, at presi'iit, for one of the most exten- 
 sive bleaching grounds in Sioilaiid and is signalized ju 
 Scottish history, for being the place where in the year y7t\ 
 the gallan' Ha.\ turned tlie tide of conquest in favour ol In., 
 coiiiitrynien, the Scots, in a victory obtained over Ihv 
 Danes. 
 
 LUNCH, or LUNCHEON, ». Ms oiich food as on-- a 
 hand can hold; a l.irge piece or bread ormeut; usually- 
 applied to food eaten between meals. 
 
 LUND, a town, the capital of Scania, and the trt ni m, 
 archbishop, li is ucconnlfd the mott nntieni in .Swede. r, 
 4ccoidiiij; tu an M pru>cib, ihat r^i*n vur Siitiotx, .'e.-u. 
 
 in''
 
 LUN 
 
 LUS 
 
 Christ, vias born, Lund w;is in its jjlory. Here is an univer- 
 sity touncleil liv Charles XI. tor 21 pnitVssurs, and furnislit'fl 
 with a K'""l library. The iKiiiibtr of sliiiients is about .30(1, 
 Snd of other inhabitants about 8i)0, uho have but litllo 
 trade. Here likewi.se a royal physiojjniphical soiiely m;is 
 instituted in 1776, and incorporated by the king in 1778. 
 The subjects treated of in its .Ads relate only to natural 
 history, chyinistry, and agriculture. Tin cathedral is an 
 antieut irregular building. It is 20 miles S. b E. of Lauds- 
 crona, and 225 S. VV of Stockholm. Lat. 65. 33. N. Ion. 
 13. 2G. K. 
 
 LU'NDY, an island in the nioulli of tlie British Channel, 
 near the middle, between Devonslme and Pembrokeshire. 
 It is about Smiles long, and 2 bioad, and encompassefl with 
 inaccessible rocks, so that it has but one entrance, and there 
 scarcely two persons can go a hreasf. In the N. part ot it 
 is a hi^h pyramidical rock, called the Constable. Hen- are 
 horses, kiiie, hogs, and goats, with great store of sheep and 
 rabbits; but the chief couuiiodiu is fowl, with which it 
 abounds much, their eggs being thick upon the groiuid, at 
 their season of bret rliiig. Il had once a fort and a chapel ; 
 at present the oujy iiiliabitanis area man and his family. 
 
 LUNR, s. [i'l-'im liinn, the moon, l^at.] any thing in the 
 shape of a half moon; a tit of fren;;y or lunacy; a hawks 
 'easli. In t,»etvmetrv a plane in form of a crescent or half 
 moon. 
 
 LU'N'F.NRUIUtH, a duchi' m the cirrte of Lower ^^a'tnIly, 
 which, including Zed, is sepa rated fnuu I lolstein and La wen- 
 burg on the N. by the river F.lbe ; and is bounded on the I'/, 
 bv the duchies of Brunswick and iMecklenburgh II is 
 ^bout 100 miles in hiigili,ai)d 70 in breadth. Il iswateredby 
 the riTers Aller,F,lbe, llmcna, Jelze.theOld Mark, I lie Lalie, 
 the Seeve, and other rivers ; and part of it is full of heaths 
 and forests; but, near the ri\ers, pietty fertile. It abounds 
 «ith wild hoars, which the German iiobiltly come to hunt 
 bere for their d version, al. certain seasons. It was h)ug sub- 
 ject to the elector of Hanover. Lunenbuigh is the 
 capital. 
 
 LUNETTE, t. [Fr.] in fortification, a demilime, or half 
 Moon; an enveloped countergnard or elevation of earth, 
 aiade in the middle of the ililch hel'ore the court ine, consist- 
 ing of two faces forming a re entering angle, and serving, 
 like fause bra\s. lodispi te the passage ofa ditch. 
 
 LU'NEVILLE, a town in the depaitment of Meurtlie, 
 seated ilia marshy touniry, «hicli has been drained, on the 
 river Meurthe, near its conlluence willi the \ cscuize, 12 
 miles S. Iv of N.inci. In the (ilh cenluiy it was a coutity 
 of itself, but in the 12lli it was united to Lorraiu. Its mag- 
 niticent castle, where the dukes of Lorraiu formerly kept 
 iheir court, as did afterwards king Stanislaus, is now con- 
 verted into barracks. Stanislaus founded here a military 
 bchool, a larue library, and a tine hospital. 
 
 To LUNCiF, D. a. [alloiiger, Fr.] in fencing, to make a 
 push. 
 
 LUNOE, s. in fencing, a push. 
 
 LU'NCiED, (the g- is proii hard) a. [from luniks] having 
 Inngs ; resembling the action ol the lungs in drawing and 
 rorcingout air. 
 
 LUNCiS, s. Uiw^m, .SaN.] the lights, or that part of the 
 l<ody by which the act of iJiealhing is performed. It has 
 ' !l() sinirular. 
 
 Ll''N(JWORT, f. in hotauy, a genus pf plants, of «1iich 
 iiie'C are two sorts, viz. the broad leaved, ami the sea- 
 ■Migloss. The tree iuiig\\<ut, or liverwort, is a kind of lichen, 
 found on trunks of tribes, particular'y tho^e of the oak and 
 isli, on rocks, and sometimes on heaps of stones in shady 
 ..dares. The cow's lungwort is the sauie with the great 
 chile mullein. The golileii or French lungwort is a species 
 i»Miawkwecd. 
 
 I^UNISO'LAll,a. [from lima, the moon, and soj, the sun, 
 
 feal. I compounded of the revolutions of the sun and moon. 
 
 ^ /«m*(/rtr year, is a pcrioil made by multiplying 28, the 
 
 -'ycle of the *un, bv U), the cvcic oi°thc moon, and cousLsla 
 
 of 5.32 ye?.r5, in v.hi( ii tiuie both Uiminaries return very 
 neariv to the same point. 
 
 LLJNT, s. [luiite, lielg.] the matclicord with which gun* 
 are fired. 
 
 LUPINE, s.\liipin, Fr. lupimu, Lat.] a flower of the but- 
 terfly class; the yellow species is much cultivated for its 
 sweetness, though lliey are of short duratii>n 
 
 LU'PUS, WOLF, i.n astronomy, a soulheru ronslellation, 
 joined to tlie Centaur. 
 
 LURCH, i. [lie ived by Skinner from loiircfie, Fr. a game 
 of draughts] in g.imiim, the act of winning so as that the op- 
 posite party shall have gained but little, or not above a 
 certain number. To he left intlic lurch, is to be deserted in 
 distress. 
 
 'Fo LURCH, I'. «. [loei-fn, P.elg.] to shift or play trick.'*. 
 To lie in wait. See LuRK. Actively, to win a game witb 
 great advantage; to devour, from lurcor, Lat. Figuratively, 
 to defeat or disappoint. To steal privately ; to filch, or 
 pilfer. 
 
 i-U'RCHER, s. one that watches or lies in wait to steal, or 
 to hetiay, or to entrap ; a kind of hound. 
 
 LURE, *. [/eiore, Fr] any enticement ; any thing which 
 promises advantage. 
 
 To LUR K, 1!. ". to call hack or reclaim hawks with a lure< 
 Actively, toeiiliceor atiract by something which fialleis a 
 person's hopes lU' expectations. 
 
 LU'HID, n [/iiriiliis, Lai.] glc omy or dismal. 
 
 To I 1 ItK. r. ». to lie ill wail ; to lie hidden or close. 
 
 LURKFR, /. a thief that lies iij wait for securing 
 his prev. 
 
 LU RKING PLACE, s. a hiding or secret place. 
 
 LUSA'TIA, (LHia.«//in; a teiriiory ofderniany, about 80 
 miles long and 40 wide, bounded on the N. by the Mark of 
 Brandenbiirgh ; on the E. by Silesia ; on the S. by Bohemia; 
 and on the W. by .Vleissen. Il is about 28 leagues lung and 
 15 wide, and is divided into the Upper and Lower. Upper 
 Lusatia abounds in mountains and hills, in which are found 
 many boggy and moorish tracts. The laiter, on the contrary, 
 has a great number of hue woods ; the very great heatlis 
 themselves being provided with it, even to exulieiauce. In 
 each of these mariiuisates, rye, wheat, barley, and oats, are 
 cultivated; as also much buckwheat, together with pease, 
 lentils, beans, and millet. 'File culture of flax is p etty con- 
 siderable, and ihev make some w bite ami red wine. The 
 inhabilants of Lusatia enjoy an important means of subsist- 
 ence, in the numerous and good manufactures of liiieii and 
 woollen stuffs. These flourish principally in Upper Lusatia. 
 The cloth manufactures are the oldest, having been in vogue, 
 in several towns, so early as the llJth century. There are also 
 good manufactures of hats, leather, paper, gunpowder, iron, 
 glass, wax bleaching, blai k and fine (lying, tVc. i\ c. The 
 most antieut inhabitantsof this country were iheSemnoues, 
 or Seiiones, a Suabian nation, who inhabited Upper Lusatia, 
 but, by their custom of wandering, gave place to the Wan- 
 dalers ; and these last again, by a like expedition, in the 7th 
 century, to the Sorber Wends, a Sclavonian people. At 
 present the towns are almost wholly peopled with Gerinarj 
 inhabitants, but, in the villages, a greater number of Wend* 
 than fiermans are to be met with. The principal rivers are 
 the Spree, the Black Elster, and the Pulsnitz. Upper Lil- 
 satia, formerly belonged to Bohemia. Lower Lusatia, which 
 alone, till the 15tli century, was called Li, satia, was erected 
 iiilo a marquisate, in tlie year 931. by Henry I. king of 
 (•eriiiaiiv. In the middle offlie Ifjth centurv, tliey were 
 both ceded to the elector of Saxony, in consideration of a 
 large sum of money, whiili the elector had advam ed to the 
 emperor, in his war with the Bohemians, with the single 
 condition, that the kiiigsdf Bolienii.i :,!ioiild retain the armo- 
 rial bearings. The whole country is now divided Ijetween 
 the king of Prussia and the ci-devant elector (but now king; 
 of Saxony. 
 
 LUSCIOUS, dish ions') a. [sf.mc imagine it from ddinaxt, 
 and others from liixnirio\u\ nauseating with sv^eeiucMi. Chiy-
 
 LUT 
 
 TUX 
 
 inj( by its richn^s or fatness, applied to animal food. Pleas- 
 ing ; dolislilful- 
 
 LU'SnOUSLY, (lushioiisly) ad. in so sweet or rich :i 
 maiint'r as to clov. 
 
 LU'SCIOUSKESS, (lOsIiiousness) s. the qiiiility of being so 
 sweet or lal as toiinv soon. 
 
 LU'SRRN,.*. aiyiix. 
 
 LUSH, n. of a (lark, deep, full rojoiir, opposite to pale and 
 faint. " !!i>w/H.v/iand lusly tlie j,'rass looks." S/inh. 
 
 LUSO'RIOUS, a. [liisoriits, from liulu, to play, Lat.] used 
 in plav. 
 
 LU'SORY, «.[/"■«'"•''«. f'om ?«(/o, to play, Lat.] used in 
 
 play. 
 
 LU.ST, s. [lust, Sax. and Belg.] carnal or lewd desire ; 
 any irregular or violent desire. 
 
 To LIIST, v.n. to liave an unchaste desire f<n-; to desire 
 violently. 
 
 LU'.STFUL, a. lewd; Icclierons ; libiilinous ; liavin^ 
 'tronp; and uncliastc desires ; liaviii;; violent, irre<;ular, or 
 inlemoerate desires. 
 
 LU'STFl.'LLY, ad. with sensnal concupiscence. 
 
 LUSTF ULNRSS, .«. libidinousness. 
 
 LU'STIHOOD, .?. vifTonr ; sprightliness ; bodily strength. 
 
 LUSTILY, rtrf. stoutiv or vigorously. 
 
 LU'STIN ESS, s. sturdiness ; great strength and vigour of 
 body. 
 
 LU'STr>ESS, a. not vigorous ; weak. 
 
 LO'STIIAL, a. [from Instio, to purify, Lat.] used in puri- 
 fication. 
 
 LUSTRATION, s. [from lustro, to purify, Lat.] purifica- 
 tion by water. 
 
 LU'STllK, (luster) s. [lustre, Fr.J splendour, brilliancy ; 
 radiancy ; glitlering brightness ; a sconce made of cut glass 
 for holding a colletlion of lights; eminence; renown. The 
 space of five years, iVoni lustrum, Lat. SyNON. Lustre, 
 brilliaitci/, an(1 radiiinetj, rise gradually one upon another, and 
 mark the diHerent degrees of the efl'ect of liglit Lvstre 
 seems to be jiossessed of polish only ; hrilliamij, of light ; 
 but radmnty, of (ire. Lustre shines only ; brill'iancij daz- 
 zles ; but cfff/iTOei/ glares. 
 
 LU'STRI \< !, {lutestring;) s. a shining glossy silk. 
 
 LUSTKOL'S, n. [from /«ifre| bright; shining. Obsolete. 
 
 LUSTWORT, .V. a herb. 
 
 LU'STY, a. [lutiig, Belg. stout; vigorous; healthy; 
 strong in body. 
 
 LU'TANiST, s. one who plays on the bite. 
 
 LUTA'RiOlJS, n. [from lutum, mud, clay, Lat.] living in 
 mud ; of the colour of mud. " A scaly tortoise shell of the 
 lutmiotis kind." (irrw, 
 
 LUTI'), «. [Intk, Fr.] in music, a stringed instrument. In 
 chymistry, any composition used to fasten the dillerent parts 
 of stills or alembics in distillation or sublemation, from /«- 
 turn, mud.iu' clay, Lat. 
 
 To LUTE, V. a. to close or fasten together with cement 
 or lute. 
 
 LUTHERAN, .f. a person who professes the principles 
 and doctrines of Martin Luther. 
 
 LUTHERAN, a. bthmging to Luther. 
 
 LUTHER AN ISM, s. the doctrine of Martin Luther, a 
 fuiljous reformer in the Kith century, who reduced the num- 
 ber of sacraments to tuo, viz. Baptism and the Lords 
 Supper, maintiiiniug the mass to be no sacrament, <ind ex- 
 oloding the adoialion of the host, auricular confession, me- 
 ritorious works, indulgencics, the worship ol images, the 
 fastings of the Romish church, nionastical vows, and the ce- 
 libacy of the clergy. He opposed the doctrine of free-will, 
 holding absolute predestination. 
 
 LUTON, a small dirty town of Bedfordshire, noted for its 
 maiuifac'ine of straw hats. In its church is a remarkable 
 Gothic font, ill form of a hexagon, open at tlie sides, and 
 terminating in elegant tabernacle work. It is pleasantly 
 seated among hills, on the river Lea, 20 miles S. of Bedford, 
 and .Tl N. by 'A'.of l»ndon. A corn market on Monday. 
 
 LUTTERWORTH, a lowu of Leicestershire, containing 
 
 about .360 houses and 1(500 inhabitants. Its rector, theft- 
 nioiis reformer John Wicklitl', died and was Imricd here, 
 in the year I3K.); but his bones were taken out ol his grave 
 and burnt, 40 years after, by order of the council of Con- 
 stance. The pulpit in which he preached is still preserved 
 in its church. The Roman Watling-street runs on the \\. 
 side of the town. Ills iitnaled on tiie little river Swift, 
 (into which the bones of Wicklitf were thrown, after being 
 l)iiriil)ina fertile soil, and ph-asant open country, 14 miles 
 S. of Leicester, and H8 N. N.W. of London Market on 
 Thursday. 
 
 LU'TULENT,rt. [from lutum, mud, clay, Lat.J innddv. 
 
 To LUX, or LUX ATE, v. a. [from luj-o, Lat.] to' put 
 out of joint ; to disjoint. 
 
 LUXATION, s. [from lum, to disjoint, Lat.] the act of 
 disjointing; the slipping of the head of a hone out of its 
 proprr place into another; whereby its motion is destroyed ; 
 any thing out of joint. 
 
 LUXE, s. [Fr. luxus, Lat.] luxury ; voluptuousness. Not 
 usefl. 
 
 LUXEMBURG, the Duchy of, one of the 17 Provm 
 cesoftlie Netherlands, lies in the centre of the forest of Ar- 
 dt-iines, \V. of the eltctnrate of '^Ireves, and S. of the terri- 
 tories of Liege, Limhurg, and Jiiliers. In some iilaccs it is 
 covered with mountains and woods ; but it is, in general, 
 fertile in corn and wine, and has a good breed of cattle, and 
 all sorts of game. Here are also a great nuiidter of iron 
 mines and founderies (or cannon, which last constitute its 
 greatest riches. It is watered by many small rivers, the 
 principal of which are the Ourt, theSemois, the Laas, and 
 the Cliiers, which discharge themselves into the Meuse, with 
 several others which How into the Moselle. In the \\liole 
 duchy, exclusive of the principal town, (Luxemburg,) are 
 tweniy three other small ones. Charles IV. emperor of the 
 Romans, raised the county of Luxemlmrg, in 1.3.54, .'o a 
 duchy, but dying without heirs, it came by his will to VVen- 
 zel, son to the emperor Charles IV. king of the Romans and 
 Bohemia, who, by way of mortgage, ceded to the princess 
 Elizabeth, daughter to his brother John, duke of Ciorlitz, 
 (who first married Anthony duke of Burgundy, and after- 
 wards John of Bavaria,) this duchy, in lieu of a dowry of 
 120,000 Rhenish florins, which he had promised to give 
 her. In 1444, this princess ceded all her right in the duchy 
 of Luxemburg to Philip duke of Burgundy. By the peace 
 of the Pyrenees, France obtained th? districts and towns of 
 Thionville, iMontmedy, Marville, Chevancy, Carignan, and 
 Damviiliers; and, during the late war, the whole, with 
 itscapital, which surrendered by capitulation, June 7, 1795, 
 suhmilted to the French. 
 
 LUXEMBURG, (autiently called Luci.s Bdrgum, be- 
 cause the siin was adored here, as the moon was at Arlon, 
 Jupiter at Carignan, ami Mars at Marchen-Eamine)a city of 
 the Netherlands, capital ofa duchy of the same name. The 
 city fif Luxemburg is small, but strong, as well from its si- 
 tuation as its fortihcations. Sigefroy I. count of Luxemburg, 
 biiilt a wall round it in the tenth century. The river Alitz 
 runs through it, and divides it into the Upper and Lower 
 Towns, the former almost surrounded with rocks, hut the 
 Lower seated on a plain. It is 25 miles S. W. of Treves. 
 Lat. 49. 37. N. Inn. 6. i7. E. 
 
 Li;XU'RlANCE, or LUXU'RIANCY, s. [from Unmo, 
 to grow rank, Lat.] abundance, applied to plenty. Exube- 
 rance or excess in grow ing, aiipiied to vegetables. 
 
 LUXURIANT, «. [from huurin, to grow rank, Lat.J su- 
 perfluously plenteous; growing to excess. 
 
 To LUXU RI.-\TE, II. n. [luxurior, Lat.] to grow or shoot 
 to excess. 
 
 LUXU'RIOL'S, a. [from luxuria, luxury, Lat. luxnrieia, 
 Fr.] indulging in high food or liquors; administering to 
 luxury ; lustfil, voluptuous. Enslaved to, or softened by, 
 pleasure. Luxuriant. 
 
 LUX U'R lOUSLY, ad. voluptuously. 
 
 LU'.XURV, .«. [/»aii(!Vr, Lat] a disposition of mind ad- 
 dicted to iilcasure, riot, aud superfluities; voluptuousness, 
 4 i) 5<>il
 
 LYN 
 
 LYR 
 
 lust, or lewdness; kxiiriance ; excess of growth, or plen- 
 teousness. Klegance or deliciousness, applied to food. A 
 state abouiidiiij; in siiperiliiities, or splendour of furniliire, 
 clothes, food, bnildings, c'vc. Synon. Liixuri/ implies a 
 giviiiij one's self up to pleasure; vvlupttiuusKess; an indul- 
 gence in the same to excess. 
 
 LY, a very frequent termination in names of places, ad- 
 jectives, orailveibs: in the name of a place, it is derived 
 horu lea^. Sax. a field or pasture : vhen it ends an adjective 
 or adverb, it is derived from lie/i, Sax. iiuplvini; likeness, of 
 the same nature or manner ; as beastly, or of the nature of 
 a beast. 
 LVF., s. and v. See Lie. 
 
 LYCA'NTMROPY, s. [from hjhos,^ wolf, and anlhmpns, 
 a man, Gr.] a species of madness, wherein persons imab^ine 
 themselves transformed into, and lioul like, wild beasts : 
 of this kind is that disorder which is produced by the 
 bite of a mad dog, and is by some called cynanlhnipy. 
 
 LVCB'UM, s. in antiipiity, the name of a celebrated 
 school, or academv, at Athens, where Aristotle explained 
 his philosophy. Since applied to buildings for similar in- 
 stitutions. 
 
 LY'ING, s. [fronie /(/<■ | a falsehood ; the practice of telling 
 wilfid and criminal falsehoods. 
 
 LY'ING, »n)-f. [of /i/e] speaking falsehoods wilfidlv. 
 LY'MEGKASS, s. in botany, a kind of grass, of which 
 there are three sorts native in England, viz. the sea, dog's, 
 and wood Ivmegrass. 
 
 LYME IIEGIS, a town of Dorsetshire, seated in a cavity 
 lietween two rocky hills, on the river Lyme, which rutjs 
 through it, at the head of a little inlet, ami from which it 
 takes its name. Its harboui- is formed by a noble pier, 
 called the Cobb, betlind which ships lie in safety ; and it 
 has a Newfoundland and coasting trade, but greatly on the 
 decline. It is a place of resort for sea-bathing, and is 
 remarkable for the landing of the duke of Monmouth, in 
 1685, for the execution of his ill-judi;ed design against James 
 I[. It sends two members to parliament. Lyme is 28 miles 
 E. by S. of Exeter, and 143 Vv'. by S. of London. Alarket 
 ou Friday. 
 
 LYMINGTON, See Limmington. 
 LYMPH, (h/nif) s. \himjihe, Fr. from li/mplm, water, Lat.] 
 in anatomy, a thin, transparent, colourless humour, like 
 water, secreted from the serum of the blood in all parts of 
 tiie body, returning to it again by its own ducts, called 
 li/mp/iniirs, and supposed to be the immediate matter of 
 nutrition. 
 
 LYMPHATIC, {himfutirk) s. [Itpnphatiqne, Fr.] a slen- 
 (!er^ pelhiciil tube or vessel, whose cavity is contracted at 
 unequal distances, inserted into the gland-- of the mesentery, 
 and serving to convey the lymph to the blood. 
 
 LY'.MPllEDUCT, s. [from lynipLn, water, and dtivtus, a 
 conveyance, I.at.j a vessel which conveys the lymph. 
 
 LYNN REtHS, or King's Lynn, a po|>uU)us and flou- 
 rishing town of Nctrfolk. The situation of this town, near 
 the fall of the Ouse intothesea, after having received seve- 
 ral other livers, of which some are navigable, gives it an 
 opportunity of extending its trade into eight diflercnt coun- 
 ties, by which manv considerable citii s and tow us, viz. Pe- 
 terborough, Klv, Stamford, Bedford, St. Ives, Huntingdon, 
 St. Neot's, Northampton, Cand)ridge, St. l".dmuudsbury,and 
 the N. partof I5ncks, as well as the inland parts of Norfolk 
 and Suffolk, arc supplied with heavy goods, not otdy of 
 Lome proflnce, as coals and salt from Newcastle, but also 
 of merchandise imported from abroad, especially wiiie, of 
 which two articles, viz. coals and wine, this is the greatest 
 port for importation of anv place on all the eastern coast of 
 EnglanrI, and those wherein the Lynn merchants deal more 
 largely than any town in England, except London, Bristol, 
 and Newcastle. In return for this, Lynn receives back all 
 t!)e corn which the counties just mentioned pro<luce, for 
 exportation ; and therefore sends more of it abroad than 
 any port, except Hull. 'I'he foreign trade of the merchants 
 Jiere is very considerable, especialK to Holland, Norway, 
 
 670 
 
 and the Baltic, and also to Spain bpaI Portugal, and formt'Iy 
 they drove a good trade to France, till it was turned oft, u-/ 
 treaties on one hand, and prohibitions, high duties, Ac oh 
 the other, to Soain and Portugal. The harbour is safe when 
 ships are in it, but difficult to enter, by reason of the many 
 flats and shoals in the passage : but they are well buoyed, 
 and good pilots are always ready. Its air is unwholesome 
 on account of its vicinity to the fens. The streets are nf-r- 
 row, but well paved, and it has a good market-place, and 
 a noble old town-house and exchange. It is distant 42 miles 
 from Norwich, and IOC N. by E. of London. Lat. 52. 45. 
 N. Ion. 0. 2S. E. Markets on Tuesday and Saturday. 
 
 LYNX, i. [Lat.] in zoology, an animal of the cat tribe, 
 which inhabits the v?sl forests in the North of Europe, 
 Asia, and .\nierica. It does not attack man, but is very 
 destructive to the rest of the animal creation. A division 
 of the cat tribe with short tails, as the Bay lynx, Caspian 
 lynx, c'ic. In astronomy, a constellation in ths northern 
 hemisphere. 
 
 LYONNOIS, a ei devant province of France, W. of the 
 rivers Saone and Loire, about 30 miles in length, and 17 in 
 breaiilh. It now forms, including the districts of Peaujeioij 
 and Forez, the department of the Khoue and Loire. Lyons 
 is the capital. 
 
 LYONS, a large, anticnt, and famous city, in the depart- 
 ment of Rhone and Loire, the most considerable in the 
 empire, next to paris, for beauty, commerce, and opu- 
 lence, and is seated at the confluence of the rivers llhoue 
 and Saone, by the side of two high mountains. It was 
 founded about the year 42 B. C. by the Romans, who made 
 it the centre of the commerce of the Gauls. About the year 
 It-j, it was totally destroyed by fire, but w'as rebuilt by the 
 niunilicence of Nero. Alany antiquities are still observed, 
 that evince its llouian origin. Lyons was the see of an 
 archbishop, and, before the revolution, contained about 
 160,000 inhabitants, upwards of 30,000 of wliom were em- 
 ployed in various manufactures, particularly of rich stuffs 
 of the most exquisite workmanship, in silk, gold, silver, Ac. 
 The houses in general are high and well built ; it has 6 gates 
 and 4 suburbs, and had 4 abbeys, 30 convents, 3 public 
 schools, a college of physic, an academy ofarts and sciences 
 and belles left res, a society of agriculture, and a veterinary 
 school. Such was Lyons before the fatal year 1793, when 
 the mischiefs of the revolution were poured upon this de- 
 voted city in all their horrors. In June 1793, the Lyonese 
 revolted against the national convention, and sustained, 
 w ith great bravery, an active siege of two months. But the 
 inhabitants, who were both uiuised to arms, and very ill pro- 
 vided with the means of defence, as well as the necessaries 
 of life, were obliged to surrender on the 8th of October 
 following. In the siege a great part of the city was re- 
 duced to ashes by an incessant bombardment ; and, when 
 taken, it became a prey to the merciless victors, who sa- 
 tiated their rage by barbarities for which language has no 
 name. The miserable victims, who were too numerous for 
 the individual riptration of a guillotine, were driven in 
 great nundjers, with the most savage and blasphemous cere- 
 monies, iutothe Khoiie, or Innried in'crowds to the squares- 
 to be massacred bv the more painful operation of (ire-arms 
 and artillery. It is supposed that not less than 70,000 per, 
 sons iu this unfortunate city alone were either put to death, 
 or forced into exile. Lyons is a place of very great trade, 
 which is extended not only through France, but to Italy, 
 Swisserland, and Spain ; and there are four celebrated fairs 
 every year. It derives vast advantages from llie rivers it 
 stantls upon, and is 70 miles S. by W. of Geneva, and 220 S. 
 E. of Paris. Lat. 45. 4fi. N. Ion." 4. .%. E. 
 
 LVP> \, in astronomy, a coiisteUation in the northern 
 hemisphere. 
 
 L'^'IJE, f. \Ii/re, Fr. li/r", Tat.] a harp ; the invention of 
 this ill^trum«•nt is ascihed to .lubal by Barnes, who gives us 
 the history of the varialiuiis it underwent from his time \<» 
 that of.^nacri on.
 
 MAC 
 
 MAC 
 
 LY RIC, or LYRICAL, a. rfroni hjra, a harp, Lat.] some- 
 thinir jct for, or snuiidiiiK: to, llie har|i. 
 
 LV'JdC, s. K spcfii's of poclry, coiisistii!;; of songs sot or 
 sung to llic Ivre, and was sotiieliiiiv; like our airs, odts, or 
 songs : a person wlio writes lyric poetry, odes, or son;;s. 
 
 LVRIST, s. fl'roni lifra, a liarp, Lat.] a nuibician, who 
 plays upon the lyre or harp. 
 
 LV'rclIAM.a small town of Norfolk, between E. Dere- 
 ham and Castle llisinj?. It is 24 miles W. of Norwich, and 
 y2 N. N.E. of London. Market disused. 
 
 M. 
 
 MIS tiie 12th letter, and !)lli consonant, of llie Enirlish 
 al()hal)et ; it is pronounced l>\ striking' botli lips toge- 
 ther, whereby the breath is intercepted, and strongly forced 
 throu^li the nioiilh and nostrils jointly. It is one of those 
 consonants caMcd licpiids, or half-vowels, and in En^dish 
 words never loses its sound. In the be^inninj of wor(is it 
 admits no eonson;;nt after it, except in some Greek originals, 
 nor does it follow any in that case. In some words, the 
 sound of 7i after it is lost, as in nutioim, xnlemn, rondemn, ^c. 
 As a numeral it stands for loOO, and with a dash over it, 
 thus, ji, for a thousand thousand, or a million. In contrac- 
 tions of words we find it thus, AL A. maqisttr ariiinn, master 
 of arts ; MSS. manuscripts. In physieal piescriptions, it 
 Eignifies manijiidiis, a haniltul ; and at tiie end of a recipe, 
 it means niisce, mix or mingle. 
 
 MAC, s. an Irish word, signifying a son, and frequently 
 begins surnames. 
 
 MACACO, s. in zoology, a tribe of animals otherwise 
 called lemurs. See Lemur. 
 
 MACAO, a town of China, in the province of Canton, 
 seated in an island at the entrance of the river T-.c. The Por- 
 tugese have been in possession of the town and harbour 
 since the early part of the 17lh century. The houses are 
 low, but built after the same manner as in Europe. The 
 Portuguese in this island are properly a nii\ed breed, hav- 
 ingtaken Asiatic women to their wives. Here is a Portu- 
 guese governor, as well as a Chinese mandarin. The for- 
 mernation pays a tribute of 100,000 ducats for the liberty 
 ofchusing their own magistrates, &c. The city is defended 
 by .3 forts, built upon eminences : the works are good, aixl 
 well planted with artillery. Lat. 22. 4. N. Ion. 113. 11 j. E. 
 MACAROON, .?. [macaroitc, Ilal.J a confused heap ; a 
 liuddle of several things together ; a coarse, rude, clownish 
 fellow. " 'i'o hear this macumon talk on in vain." Donne. 
 Hence Ihe ivacanmic stijle, in I'oelry, is a low style, wherein 
 the language is designedly corrupted, and consists of a 
 hodge-podge of different tongues. A kind of sweet biscuit 
 niadeof Hour, almonds, eggs, and sugar. 
 
 MACASSAR, a town and harbour on the S. W. coast 
 of the island of Celebes, capital of the kingdom of the 
 same name. The houses are all of wood, and supported by 
 thick posts to preserve them from inundations; and they 
 have ladders to ascend into them, which they draw up when 
 they have enter<'d. The roofs arc covered with very large 
 leaves, so that the rain cannot penetrate. It is seated near 
 the month ofa l;irge river, which runs through the kingdom 
 from N. to S. The kuig is in alliance w ith the Dutch. Lat. 
 5. 9. S. Ion 119. 54. E. 
 
 MACAW, s. in ornithologv, the name of a large species 
 of parrot, distin<;uished by the length of its tail. Also a 
 species of palm-tree, very common in the Caribbee Islands, 
 where the negroes-pierce the tender fruit, whence issues a 
 ideasant liquor; ^nA Ihe body of the tree ati'ords a solid 
 tindier, supposed by some to be a sort of ebony. 
 
 MACCABEES, two apocryphal books of scripture, 
 containing the hislorv of Judas and his broiliers, and Ilieir 
 wars against the Syrian kings in defence of their religion 
 and liberties, so called from Judas Mattathias, surnamed 
 Moccalirifi. 
 
 M.A'CCLRSFIELD, a large, halidsome tow nof Cheshire, 
 with manufactures of cotton, raohair, twist, hatbands, but 
 
 tons, and thread. Here are several mills, for the winding 
 of silk, and a considerable maimfaclory of mohair bultoiiiT, 
 It is seated at the edge ofa forest of the same name, near 
 the river Bollin, ."JG miles K. of Chester, and 171 N. W. o'' 
 London. Market on Monday. 
 
 M ACE, «. [from massn, a lump, Lat.] an ensign of authority 
 borne before n)agistrates, made of silver, and somelinies 
 having an open crown at the top. A kind of spice, of a 
 thin, flat, membranaceous substance, an oleaginous and 
 yellowish colour, an extremely fragrant and agre<able smell, 
 a pleasant but acrid and oily taste ; being the second cover- 
 ing of the nutmeg, and used in medicine as a carminative, 
 stomachic, and astringent. 
 MA'CEALE, s. ale spiced with mace. 
 M A'CEBEARER, s. one who carries the mace before a 
 magistrate. 
 
 M A( EDO'NIA, a province of Turkey, bounded bv Ro- 
 mania and Bulgaria on the E. the Archipelago and Thes- 
 salyontlieS. Servia and I'ldgariaxm the N. and Alba'iia 
 on the W. The air is clear, sharp, and wholesome, and the 
 soil is for the most part fertde. In Ihe inland parts are se- 
 veral uninhabited wastes. Salonochi(antieuliy Thessalouica) 
 is the most considerable town. 
 
 To MA'CI^RATF,, i>. a. [marero, Lat.J to make lean; 
 to wear away ; to mortify ; to steep a thing till it is almost 
 dissidved, either with or without iieat. 
 
 MACERATION, s.[Vr.\ the act of wasting or making 
 lean; mortification. In chymistry, the sleeping of a solid 
 bodv in a fluid in order to soften it, without iiiiprtiinatiii": 
 the fluid. I *> » 
 
 MACHIAVE'LIAN, a. according to the principles of 
 Machiavel ; craftv, siditle, cunning. 
 
 MACH I A VE'Ll ANISM, *. the doctrine or principles laid 
 down by Machiavel, in his Prince, orthe practice of politics ; 
 or doing any thing to compass a design, without any regard 
 to the peace or welfare of subjects, the dictates of honesty 
 and honour, or the precepts of religion. 
 
 MACHINAL, {maslicinul) a. [from machina, a machine, 
 Lat.] relating to machines. 
 
 To MA'CHIN.'^TE, (makhiate, or masMnate) V. a. [from 
 machina, a machine, Lat.] to plot, contrive, or devise. 
 
 M ACHINA'TION, (mahiiiAslion, or mushXiiaslwn) s. [from 
 machina, a machine, Lat.] a plot, artifice, or wicked con- 
 trivance. 
 
 MACHI'NE, (niashe'cn) s. \machiva, Lat.J a contrivance or 
 piece of workmanship, consisting of several |)arts, composed 
 with art, and made use of to produce motion, so as to save 
 either time or force ; an engine. 
 
 MACHINF/RY, (>H««/it'fKeri/] .'. anv workmanship of ava- 
 riety of parts : an engine, of which the several parts are set 
 in motion by some principle contained in itse't. In poetry, 
 that parlwhicli lliedeities, angels, or demons, peitbim. ill 
 theatrical exhibitifuis, the engnie made use of to introduce 
 persons, in a surprising manlier, on the stage; or the con- 
 trivances made use of to shift the appearance of things, so as 
 to cause astonishtnent. 
 
 MACHlNLETH.a town of Montgomeryshire, seated on 
 the river ]>iuiav, over which is a large stone bridge, wliicli 
 leads into Meriouetlishire. Here Owen (jlendour, in 1402, 
 accepted the crown of Wales, and assembled a parliament; 
 the house wherein tliev met is now standiug, divided into 
 tenements. It is 30 miles W. of Montgomery, and 198 N. 
 W. of London. Market on Mondav. 
 
 MACKFRAN, or MACKRAN, a province of Persia, 
 bounded on,lhe N. bv Segestan and Candahar, on the E. by 
 Hindoostan, on the S. by the ocean, and on the \V. by 
 Kerman. The southern part is little more than a desart 
 for GO leagues together. In the northern parts water is 
 scarce, and deep and moving sands often stop and some- 
 times overwhelm travellers in their journey. It is the 
 Gedrosia of the antienls. Kidge is the capital. 
 
 MACKEREL, .r. \mackereel, Belg.] a well-known salt- 
 wat<:r fish, commonly in season ia the months of May and 
 June. 
 
 671
 
 MAD 
 
 MAD 
 
 MA'CKEREL-BACK,*. a low word, appi'ied to a person 
 that is;illl and slender. 
 
 MACROCOSM.*, [from nwAios, great, and liosm'it, the 
 world Gr.] the great world or universe, in opposition to the 
 microcdsin, or the world ol uian. 
 
 MACKOULE, s. ill ornithology, the largest species of 
 coot. It is found in Lancashire and Scollaiid. 
 
 M.A'CUL.A, J. [Lat.]aspot. In physic, any spot on the 
 skin. 
 
 MACULA'TION, s. [from macula, a spot, Lat.] a stain ; a 
 sp-..t; a taint. " There's no macuhtiun in thy ht-art." 
 SItah. 
 
 MAD, s. Ig-em(7«rf, Sax.l disordered in the mind, or de- 
 prived ot the use of reas(;Ti. Figuratively, enraged or Lur- 
 ried away by any violent and unreasoLiahle desire. 
 
 To MAD, f. a. to deprive of reason ; to raise to such a 
 pitch of passion that a person is not under the government 
 of reason; to make furious, or eniagc. Neuleily, to run 
 mad, or become furious. 
 
 MADAGASCAR, an island King on the eastern coast of 
 Africa, about 800 miles in length, and from 120 to -ioo in 
 breadth. The inhabitants in the interior are black. Their 
 hair is long and culled, at least on the coasts ; and there are 
 some likewise of a yellowish complexion, who have neater 
 features than the rest. The island is uneven antl hilly, but 
 the face of the country is one of the most agreeable in the 
 world. It is extremely populous; yet they have no cities 
 or towns, but a great number of villages, a small distance 
 from each other. Their houses are huts, with doors so low, 
 that a boy of 12 years old cannot enter iheni without stoop- 
 ing. They have neither windows nor chimney s, and the 
 roofs are covered with reeds or leaves. Their furniture con- 
 sist of a few baskets, to put their necessaries iu, and they 
 can change their habitations when they please. There are 
 a great many petty kings, whose riches consist in cattle and 
 slaves, and they are otlen at war with each other. Great 
 quantities of iron and steel are found throughout the islaiiG ; 
 as also tbree sorts of gold. The rivers and brooks are rich 
 in various kinds of precious stones. The productions of the 
 island are, t-he raven, a kind of palm-tree known only in 
 Madagascar, the top of which is prepared and eaten like 
 the calibage palm, and of the ribs of its leaves they form 
 the walls of their liouses ; rice, barley, sugar-canes, white 
 jiepper, ginger, cocoa nuts, grapes, salfron, several kinds of 
 gums, five difterent kinds of lioney, and a variety of plants 
 unknown to Europeans. Bufialoes run in herds, and there 
 are great numbers of sheep, whose mutton is finely lasted, 
 as well as goats, kids, and other kinds of useful quadruped 
 animals, but neither elephants, tigers, lions, nor horses. 
 Large crocodiles, monkeys «ild boars, cameleons, lizards, 
 locusts, insects, birds, ami ti>.h, are numerous. The chief 
 employ meiit of the inhabitants is in building, in gold and 
 iron works, making of earthenware, spinning, weaving, 
 cordage, tishing, hunting, and mostly in agriculture. The 
 language has a great athnity with the Arabic, the Arabs hav- 
 ing made a conquest of the island about ;}00 years ago. The 
 French have frecpienlly attempted to settle here, but have 
 alwavs been driven hence. Lat. from 12. 0. to 25. 30. S. 
 Ion. from 44. 30. to ;;o. 30. E. 
 
 M.A'DAM, s. [mu ilaoif. Ft. my lady] a lerm of compli- 
 aient to women of every degree. 
 
 MA'Or.RAIN, or MA'DBRAINED, «. disordered iu 
 innid ; hot-headed. 
 MADCAP, «. a madman; a wild, hotbraiurd person. 
 To M.X'DDE.V, I'. H. to become wild, furious, or mad. 
 Activelv, to make mad; to enrage, or make furious. 
 
 M \ DDI'^ll, 4". a plant, with oval perennial leaves, sinootii 
 <ui the upper surface, and four at each joint of the stem ; 
 the lilossorns are yellow. The great bastard and crosswort 
 madder are speen-s of goosegrass. The little held niadder 
 is a species of redwort. 
 
 M A 1 ) I". ;"'"• /" ■ (. of Mark. 
 
 MADI'.l'A'C'l ION, J. [from maiho, to be raoist and /aci'w, 
 to make, Lal.| the act of making wet. 
 672 
 
 MADE'IRA, an island of the Atlantic Ocean, pnnripa'j 
 of a group called Ihe Madeiras, and subject to the Portu- 
 guese, 'llie climate is moie temperate than in the (Canaries, 
 and the soil more fertile in wine, sugar, fruits, Ac. but less 
 so in corn, though infinitely better «ateied with springs 
 and rivers. Spring and autumn reign here together, ami 
 produce flowers and fruit throughout the year. It abounds 
 in every kind of tropical and European fruits ; as oranges of 
 all sorts and dimensions, lemons of a prodigious size, bana- 
 nas, citrous, peaches, nectarines, apricots, ngs, plums, me- 
 lons, apples, and strawberries, that grow wihi in the moun- 
 tains witli astonishing profusion; grapes which are as large 
 as our common plums, and remarkable for- then' peculiar 
 flavour. The oranges ai-e of a sanguine red ; this species 
 is produced from the common ovani^e-bud, ingrafted on the 
 poMiegrauate stock. There is likewise a kind of pear found 
 here, not lugger tl/an a walnut, and very crisp. The sugar- 
 cane also is cultivated with success, though not in any con- 
 siderable quantity. The cedar-tree is found in great abun- 
 dance: it is extremely beautiful; most of the ceilings and 
 furniture at Madeira are made of that wood, which yields a 
 very flagrant smell. The dragon-tree is a native of this 
 isiiiud, as are also mastic and other gums. Flowers nursed 
 in the English greenhouses grow wild here in the fields; 
 the hedges are mostly formed of myrtles, roses, jessamine, 
 and honeysuckle, in everlasting blossom, while ihe larkspur, 
 the iieur (le-lys, the lupine, cVc. spring up spontaneously in 
 the meadows. There are very few reptiles to be seen in the 
 island; the lizard is the most common. Canary-birds and 
 goldfinches are found in the mountains; of the former, num- 
 bers are sent every year to England. But Madeira is prin- 
 cipally celebrated for its excellent wine, which, moreover, 
 keeps best in the hottest climate under the torrid zone. For 
 this reason the inhabitantj of the West India Islands, that 
 can afford it, drink little else ; and the Madeira wine that is 
 brought to England is thought to be worth little, unless it 
 has hrst made a voyajre to the E. or W. Indies. These wines 
 are of diliereiit kinds, diflering both in taste, colour, and 
 strength. The exports of th's article, and the profits on it, 
 are immense, and bring a large revenue to the king tif Por- 
 tugal. In Madeira are made the finest sweetmeats in the 
 world ; all kinds of fruits being here candied in the most ex- 
 quisite perfection. Madeira iswell watered and peopled ; the 
 inhabitants are good-natured, sober, frugal, and indolent. 
 F'unchal is the capital of this island, which isaboul l.'io miles 
 in circumference, and lies in l(j deg. W. Ion. and 33 deg. 
 N. lat. 
 
 MA'DELEY, a town in Shropshire, situated near the iron 
 bridge in Colebrook Dale, S miles N. N. W. of Bridgenorth, 
 and 147 N AV. of London. 
 
 MADEMOISELLE, *. a French appellative, given pro- 
 perly to the wives of gentlemen, but now generally to the 
 younger and unmarried women. 
 
 M A D(; ErI OWLlVr, s. an owl. 
 
 MADHOUSE, i. a house where mad people arc con- 
 
 finecl. 
 
 xM \D1D, a. I from 7;in*o, to be moist, Lat.] wet, moist, 
 damp. 
 
 MADLY, (irl. in a furious, raging, or lunatic manner. 
 
 M A'DM A N, i. a person deprived of the use of reason. 
 
 MA'DNEP, .s. a jilaiit of which there arc two sorts, one 
 called cow's iiarsnep, and the other with narrow leaves call- 
 ed the jagged niadnep. 
 
 MADNESS, i. adisoidered understanding; the state of a 
 person out of his senses; fury, wildness, or rage. 
 
 iMADllA'S, or Foitr St. (ii,ni?Gti:, called by liie na- 
 tives China PATAM, a fort and town of the peninsida of 
 Ilindoostan.on the coast of (!(Uomaiidel, built in the reign 
 of Charles II. by order of the jjiglish East India Company, 
 under the Miperiiitendenee of Sir William Langluuii; some 
 writers, however, ass'-rt, that it «as fiist settled in 1C40. 
 and afterwards enlarged in the reign of Charles II. It is 
 the principal settlement of the l•',l\gli^ll on the E. side of the 
 lieniusula, and is a fortress of very great extent, including.
 
 M A v: 
 
 M A G 
 
 williin it a regular wt-II-built city. It !*• close on Iho margin 
 of the sea, fVoiii wliicli it has a rich and htantirul iippcar- 
 HDce ; Ihe houses heing covoretl with a stucco callt'd chu- 
 liaiii, which in itself is iK'arly as compact as li'ic finest tiiar- 
 tiie, and, as it l)cars as higii a polish, is c(|uallv splendid 
 with that elegant material. There is a second city, called 
 the niaclv 'lowii, nearly 4 miles in circuit, separated from 
 Madras by the breadth of a proper esplanade only. Ma- 
 dras, in comnHin with all the Kuropean settlenjcnts on this 
 coast, has no port for shipping; the coast forming nearly a 
 straight lijie : and it is inconunoded also with a high and 
 dangerous surf. The citadel here, which was planned by 
 Mr. Robins, and is siluated in the middle of the White, or 
 lu/glish Town, is one of the best fortresses in possession of 
 llie British nation. The town is also encompassed with a 
 strong wall, of the same stone with which the citadel is built, 
 defended by batteries, bastions, half moons, and Hankers ; 
 tJie whole mounted with upwards of 201) pieces of cannon 
 iind mortars. Opposite Ihe west gate of the citadel are bar- 
 racks, and a convenient hospital for the company's soldiers ; 
 mr\ at Ihe other end oft he barracks is a mint,wlicre the com- 
 pany coin gold and silver. Madras was first settled by the 
 English in IHtd, and greatly enlarged in the reign of Charles 
 II. It was taken by the French in 1746", but restored b\ the 
 treaty of Aix la-Chapelle. I.at. 13. 5. N. Ion. SO. 30. E. 
 
 MA'DIUD, the capital of Spain, in New Castile, situated 
 on the Manzauares, the banks of which, in the environs, 
 allbrd an agreeable shade, coolness, and verdure. It was for- 
 merly an obscure place, belonging to the archbishop of To- 
 ledo ; but Ihe purity of the air engaj^ed Charles V. and liis 
 -successors, to cliuse it for their residence. It is seated in a 
 large plain, surrounded by high mountains, but lias no wall, 
 rampart, or ditch. The houses are all built with brick, and 
 the streets are long, broad, and straight, and adorned at 
 proper distances willi handsome founlaini. There arc above 
 100 lowers or steeples, in different places, which contribute 
 greatly to the embellishment of the city. The royal pabice 
 is built on an eminence, at the extremity of the city. The 
 finest square in Madrid is the Placa (NFayor, which is spa- 
 cious and regular, surrounded with 136 houses, five stories 
 liigli.and of an equal height. Every sfajje is adorned witli 
 a iiaudsome balcony, and the fronts are supported by co- 
 lumns, forming a piazza round the square. Here Ihe Jiiar- 
 ket is held, and here they had their famous bull- tights. How- 
 ever, it is observable, that the very finest houses have no 
 glass windows, they being only lattices. The Prado, which 
 is the public airing place, is shaded with regular rows of 
 poplar trees, and is watered with 2,'' fountains. Here the 
 stately .Spaniards make the most brilliant display of llieir 
 finery. Philip II. built a large and magnificent bridge over 
 the river, wljich river being exceedingly small, has occa- 
 sioned a great many jokes. The city of Madrid contains 15 
 gates, 18 parishes, 3') convents of monks, and .■?! of nuns ; 
 39 colleges, hospitals, or houses of charity, 7098 dwelling- 
 lionses, and about 100,000 inhabitants. There are four 
 academies in Madrid ; the Academy of Belles Letlres; the 
 Academv of Spanish Historical Monuments; the Academy 
 of the Fine Arts, Painting, Sculpture, and Arcliitecture ; 
 and the Academy of Medicine; which 1-ist is held in no 
 great esteem. Lat. 40. 2r>. N. Ion. 3. 32, W. 
 
 MA'DRIER, s. in war, is a thick plank, armed with iron 
 plates, having a cavity sufficient to receive the mouth of the 
 petard when charged, with which it is applied against a 
 gate, or oilier thing intended to be broken down. 
 
 MA'DUIGAL, J. [nirtf/W"-"/, Span, and Fr.] originally a 
 pastoral ; at present, a little amorous poem or song, contain- 
 ing a certain number of unequal verses, not confined either 
 to the scrupulous regularity of a sonnet, or the sublilty of an 
 epigram, but consisting of some tender and delicate, yet 
 simple thought, properly expressed. 
 
 MA'DWORT, i. a plant with purple blossoms; called 
 also small wild bugloss, great goosegrass, and Cierinan mad- 
 viort. 
 
 ilA'I'LSTROM, a >ery extraordinary and dangerous 
 
 whirlporil on the coast of Norway, in lat. (58 (leg. N. Of 
 the situation ol liiis whirlpool we have the following account 
 from Jonas Ramus: "The mountain of llelfeggeii, in I,<>- 
 foden, lies a league from the island Ver, and betwixt tlu'se 
 two runs that largcaud dreadCul stream, called .Moskoestrum, 
 from the island Moikoe, which is in the middle of it, loge 
 thcr with several circuuiiacent isle:i, as Ambaareii, halt a 
 quarterofa league northward, Illcjen, Hoehobn, Kieldholni, 
 Suarven, and 15u( klioliii. Moskoe lies about half a (luartcr 
 of a mile south of the liland of Ver, and betwixt them, these 
 tmall islanils, Oiterholm, Klimem, Sandlb-sin, and Stock- 
 holm. I'etwixl Lofoilen and Moskoe, the depth o' Ihe wa- 
 ter is between 3r) and 40 fathoms ; but on the othei side, to- 
 ward Ver, Ihe depth decreases so as not to afibrd a conve- 
 nient passage for a vessel, without the risk of splitting on the 
 rocks, which happens even in the calniesi weather. When 
 it is lloofl, the stream runs up the counlry between Lofoden 
 and .Moskoe with a boisterous rajiidity ; but Ihe roar of its 
 impetuous ebb to the sea is scar( e equalled bv the loinlest 
 and nmsl dreadful cataracts, the ni!i>e being beard several 
 leagues off, and the vortices or pits are of such extent and 
 depth, that if a ship comes within its attraction, it is inevi- 
 tably absorbed and carried down to the bottom, and there 
 beat to pieces against the rocks; anil when the water relaxe>, 
 tile fragments thereof are thrown up again. Hut these in- 
 tervals (d' triiiiquillily are only at the turn of the ebb and 
 Hood, in calm weather, and last but a quarter of an hour, 
 its violence gradually returning. When the stream is most 
 boisterous, and its fury heightened by a storm, it is dan- 
 gerous to come within a Norway mile of it ; boats, ships, and 
 yalchts having been carried away, by not guarding against it 
 before they were within its reach. It likewise happens fre- 
 quently, that w hales come loo near the stream, and are over- 
 powered by its violence, and then it is impossible todescribe 
 their bowlings and bellowings, in their fruitless struggles to 
 disengage themselves. A bear, once attempting to swim 
 from Lofoden to Moskoe, with a design of preying upon the 
 sliecii at pasture in the island, afforded the like spectacle 
 to the people; the stream caught him, anri bore him down, 
 while he roared terribly, so as to be heard on shore. Large 
 stocks of firs and pine trees, after being absorbed by the cur- 
 rent, rise again, broken and torn to such a degree as if 
 bristles grew on them. This plainly shews the bottom t« 
 consist of craggy rocks, among which they are whirled to 
 and fro. This stream is regulated by Ihe flux and reflux of 
 the sea ; it being constantly high and low water every six 
 hours. In the year Ifi45, early in the morninij of Sexage- 
 sima Sunday, it rageil with so much noise and impetuosity, 
 that on the island of Moskoe, the very stones of the houses 
 iell to the grniind." 
 
 MAESTRICHT, a large, antient town of the Netherlands, 
 formerly belonging to the duchy of Lorrain. It was after- 
 wards united totlieducliy of Brabant, although insulated in 
 Ihe bishopric of Liege. The town-house and other public 
 buildings are handsome,and the place is so well defended by 
 detached bastions, born works, cntrenchmeiitj, numerous re- 
 doubts, ravelins, a good covered way, etc. that it is justly 
 reckoned one of Ihe strongest fortresses in Eurcpe. Near it 
 are large stone quarries, in which are subterraneous passages 
 of great extent. It is seated on Ihe river Maese, which se- 
 parates it from Wyck, and with whicli it communicates by 
 a handsome bridge, I.t miles N. of Liege, and 46 E. of Brus- 
 sels. Lat. f>(). .')!. N. Ion. .5. 46. E. 
 
 MAGADOXA, or MOLDO'SCHO, the capital of s 
 kingdom of the same name in Africa, on the coast of the In- 
 dian Sea; seated near Ihe moulh of a river of ihe same 
 name with a good harbour. The country of .Magadoxa 
 extends from the river Jiiboo, near the ei|uator, to l)cyond 
 the fifth degree of N. lat. [how far it extends to the west- 
 ward is but little known. The inhabitants are mostly Ma- 
 hometans, who came and settled here in the time of theia- 
 liphs. Mixed with the u are the Bedwin Arabs, who still 
 follow their old pagan s.iperstili'ms, and a still greater num- 
 ber of Abyssinian Clinslians. Ah speak the Aiabic tongue
 
 MAG 
 
 M A (J 
 
 Ttie inl)<il>i(anfs are warlike, anil use poisoned arrows and 
 laiices. The cily of Majjarloxa is a jiiace of fjreat coiii- 
 mciee, forei;;!) merchants fVoni Aden, and other parts, ex- 
 changing eotton, silk, cloth, spices, drugs, Ac. for gold, 
 ivory, wax, and olherconiniodities. I>at.2.30. N. Ion. 44.0. K. 
 
 ?il AGAC'RI, ^. in ornithology, the name of a Brasiliau 
 bird of the st(,rk kind. 
 
 3I.A'GAZINE, {mnga:een) s. [tjwgazine, Fr.] a store- 
 house; generally applied to an arsenal, or place wherein 
 military stores are laid up; a miscellaneous pamphlet, so 
 called from a periodical miscellany, or collection of various 
 pieces, Kene:allv published monthly. 
 
 ]M.'\'GDALEN, i. a name applied to a penitent prostitute. 
 Magdalen-houses, or hospitals, are places set apart for the 
 reception of such. It is supposed, however, by some, that 
 there is not sufficient authority from the history of Mary 
 Magdalen in Scripture, to apply this epithet. 
 
 MA'GDEBUilCi, a large, well-built, and trading town of 
 LowerSaxony, capital of a duchy of t!ie same name. In the 
 cathedral is a superb mausoleum of Olho the Great. The 
 cathedral square is ornamented with large elegant houses 
 and its area is well paved. Here are different manufacto- 
 ries of cotton ami linen goods, stockings, hats, beautiful lea- 
 ther gloves, tobacco and siiutf; but the princii-al are those 
 of woollen and silk. It is happily situated fortradf, having 
 ;mi easy communicatii)n with Hamburgh by the El'e, and 
 lying on the road between Upper and Lower Germanv. It 
 was taken by storm, in 1G3I, by the imperial general Tilly, 
 i\ho burnt the town and nrassacred the inhabitants, of uhoin 
 only 800 escaped out of 40,000 ; and many young women 
 |)lung('d into the Elbe to escape violation. It is strongly 
 fortified, ha\ing, among other works, a citadel seated on 
 an island in the river Elbe, and is 52 miles W. S. W. of 
 Potsdam. Lat. 52. 11. N. Ion. U. 45. E. 
 
 iMA'GDEFiURG, a duchy in Lower Saxony, about 60 
 miles in leiiglli and 30 in breadth, lately subject to the kin^ 
 of Prussia. In 1*03, it contained 35 towns and 431 villages. 
 1 1 produces fine cattle, and the country affords several mines 
 <vf pit-coal ; and the salt-springs are so rich, that they areable 
 to supply all Germany with that commodity. 
 
 M.'\GE'LLAN, a famous strait of South America, disco- 
 vered in 1520 by Ferdinando Magellan, a Portuguese in the 
 service of S|iain. It has many safe harbours in if, with 
 narrow entrances, and vast large bays, sheltered so closely 
 on all sides by high mountains, that ships may ride safely in 
 tliem without the least anchor. The Spaniards call the 
 country to the N. of the Strait, Terra Magellanica, and 
 reckon it part of Chili. They had a fort and garrison upon 
 tlii.-; strait, but the men all perished through cold and want 
 of provisions. 
 
 MA'GGOT, s. [tnafrrod, Brit.] a sma.l kind of worm, 
 of a whitish colour, found in nuts, &c. which turns into a 
 fly. Figurativelv, a whimsey ; caprice ; an odd fancy. 
 
 MA'GGO'i'TlNESS, *•. the state of having, or abounding 
 ivitli nuiggols. 
 
 !^L\'GGOTTV, a. full of maggots. Figuratively, whimsi- 
 cal ; capricious : fantastical ; fanciful. SynoN. Funtastical 
 implies a rambling from true taste, through excess of deli- 
 cacy, or an unseasonable search after something belter. 
 Wiiimsiral nicansan affectation of singularity. By rnnffgulli/ 
 is understood a great inconstancy, or sudden change of 
 .ta^te. FaniifiU implies a certain revolution of humour, or a 
 particular vvav ol'lhinkiiig. 
 
 MA'Gi, *. [Persian! a title given to the aiitient philoso- 
 Vliers among the Persian.s, who were the chief personages 
 ill the kingdom, and iiad the whole maiiagenient of i)ublic 
 i flairs 
 
 M A'CIC, s. [mac^iais, froin Ma^iis, a Persian philosopher, 
 Lai ] in Its primary sense, the doctrine of the antient magi 
 among ihe I'erslaus; the knowledge of the secret operations 
 of the pouersof nature, or a science which teaches to pro- 
 duce surprising and extraordinary eflccls. A cornspon- 
 dei!ce vtitli I'jii spirits, by means of w hiili a person was 
 oiiXt to perfuim snr[>ribiiig things ; soictry. 
 i71 
 
 MAOIC, n. acting by (he co-operation of evil sp.rits ; 
 acting by irresistible influi-nce. 
 
 MAGICAL, a. acting or performed by secret and in- 
 visible powers, either of nature, or the ageiicy of cv.l 
 spirits. 
 
 MA'CilCALLY, ad. by the assistance or co-operation of 
 evil spirits ; according to the rules of magic, or tlie practice 
 of magicians. ^ 
 
 MA(ilCIAN, (mnjisMan)s.[mngiais, from Magus, a Per- 
 sian philosopher, Lat.] a conjuror ; necromancer; enchant- 
 er ; one skilled in magic. 
 
 MAGISTE'RIAL, a. [from magister,a master, Lat.] such 
 as becomes a nuisler ; also lofty, aiiogaul, proud, or impe- 
 rious. In chymistry, prepared chymically, or after the 
 manner of a magistery. 
 
 MAGISTEKIALLY, ad. in a proud, imperious, or inso- 
 lent manner. 
 
 MAGISTE'RIALNESS, s. the quality of ordering in a 
 proud, haughty, and insolent manner. 
 
 MAGISTEKY, s. [from 7uaguti-i; a master, Lat. J in chy- 
 mistry, a very fine powder made by solution and precipita- 
 tion. 
 
 MA'GISTRACY, s. [from magister, a master, Lat.] the 
 office or dignity of a person w ho is charged with authority 
 or government over others. 
 
 iNiA'(;iSTRATE, ,!. [from j)i"»-i>/fj-, a master, Lat.] aper- 
 son publicly invested with authority, or the governtnent of 
 others. 
 
 MA'GNA-CIIA'RTA, {MngnaKaria) s. [Lat.] the great 
 charter of the liberties and laws of Kngland : its origin may 
 be derived even from P^dward the Confessor, and was conti- 
 nued by Henry I. and his successors, Stephen, Henry II. and 
 king John; but that more particularly meant by this word 
 was granted in the ninth year of Henry HI. since which. Sir 
 Edward Coke observes, that, even in Iris days, it had been 
 confirmed above thirty times. 
 
 MAG NAN I'M ITY, s. [mngnnnimite, Fr. from magnus, 
 great, and aninms, mind, courage, Lat [greatness of s<>ul ; a 
 disposition of mind exerted in contemning dangers and dif- 
 ficulties, in scorning temptations, and despising earthly 
 pomp and splendour. 
 
 M AGXA'iS'lMOU.S, a. [from magims, great, and aniiuKS, 
 mind, courage, Lat. 1 courageous ; generous; brave. 
 
 MAGNA'NIMOUSLY, ad. with greatness of mind and 
 contempt of dangers, difhculties, pleasures, and external 
 pomp. 
 
 MAGNE'SIA, J. fti chymistry, one of the nine primitive 
 earths. It is very soft, wiiite, light earth, with little taste or 
 smell, unalterable in the fire, and almost insoluble in water. 
 It is usetid in medicine, and is employed by the manulac- 
 turers of enamels and porcelain. 
 
 MA(fNESI.-\N, fl. in chymistry, belonging to nuignesia. 
 
 MA'GNET, s. [irom ntttgnes, Lat.] the loadstone. I here 
 are also artificial nutguels which are steel or iron bar im- 
 pregnated with the magnetic virtue so as to possess all the 
 properties of the natural loatlstone. 
 
 MAGNETIC, or MAGNICTICAL, «. relating to the 
 loadstone ; having the quality of attracting bodies like the 
 loadstone. 
 
 M.AGNETISM, j. the affractive power of the loadstone ; 
 the power of attraction. Also the name given to a species 
 of (puu kery, introduced some years ago, and now fallen into 
 disrepute, in which the patient was alfecled by sympathy, 
 and thrown into fainling fits, and deliriums, with a view to 
 proinole the cure ol certain disorders. 
 
 MA(iNlKr.\r.LE, n. capable of being extolled or 
 praised. 
 
 M A(;NT TIC, or MAGNT FICAL, a. [from magnvs, great, 
 and fcicio, to make. Lat.] nole<l ; illustrious; g'"<nd, or 
 noble. 
 
 lM.\GNrFICl''N(^E, J. [from mngims, great, and ft/ci'i, to 
 make, Lat. | giaiideiir of appearance, consisting in builif«ig:8, 
 clothes, or furuilnre ; splendour. 
 
 M.\(7MTIC1''NT, a. [fioni mugvns, :'Vc;\t, and facio, *t
 
 M A ! 
 
 M A I 
 
 uuikc, Lat.J grand in appearMice ; striking tlir eye wilh an 
 a;)pi'aiancc olricliMc;-,, poiiiii, or splendour ; fond ot spleu- 
 ilour, or an apiioaniuf r of riclios. 
 
 MAGNITICEN'I'I-V, rti/. pompousiy : snliMiHidly. 
 
 MAGNI'FICO, i. [Ital. plural mag;nilu;,in\ a grandee of 
 Venice. 
 
 MAGNIFIER, .'. one that praises or extols a person. In 
 optics, a glass wliicli increases the apparent size ol any 
 object. 
 
 ToMA'(iNIFY, V. n. [from mrioimx, ^jreat, and fiicir, to 
 make, Lat.j to make fjreat ; toexlc.t will) praise ; to cmiIi ; 
 to elevate or raise liif,dier in esteein. In optics, to male a 
 thin;; a]ipi'ar lar;;er than its real apparent size. 
 
 MA'GM'l'L'DK, *. [iVoin mnp;iiiii\ <;reat, L;;t.] srealiirss, 
 applied to size, comparative bulk ; iiye. Grandeur or 
 sublimity, apjilied to Lientinirnt. 
 
 ]VI A'Gl'Yls, .«. a bird party-eolonred with bl.ul: and white, 
 sometimes tauglit to talk. Tiguratively, a person \ilio talks 
 to excess. 
 
 MAHOGANY, j. a veil-known wood, in great est>eem 
 for its beauty and durability, the produce of a species of the 
 cedar-tree, broujjht from Honduras and other parts. 
 
 JMAHO'METANISM, ,f. the system of reliL;ion broached 
 by Maiiomet and still adhered to by his followers. See 
 Alcoran. 
 
 MAHRA'TT.'VS, the name of two large states of India, 
 wliicii derive their name from Malirat, an antient province 
 of the Deccaii. They are called the I'oonah, or Western 
 Mahrattas ; and the Berar, or Eastern. Collectively, they 
 occupy all the southern part of Hindoostan Proper, v.ith a 
 large proportion of the Deccan. Malua, Candeish, \isia- 
 pour, and part of Orissa; the principal parts of Berar, tin- 
 zerat, and AH;imere ; and a small part of Dowlatabad, Agra, 
 and Allahabad, are comprised within their extensive empire, 
 which extends nearly from sea to sea, across the widest part 
 of liie peninsula ; and fr<nii the contines of Agra northward 
 to the river Kistna southward ; forming a tract of about 1000 
 miles long and 700 broad. The western state, the capital of 
 V'liich is Poonah, is divided among a number of chiefs, or 
 princes, whose obedience to the paishwa, or head, like that 
 of tile German princes to the emperor, is merely nominal at 
 any time ; and, in some cases, an opposition of interests be- 
 j;ets wars, not only between the niemberE of the empire 
 themselves, but also between the members and the head. 
 Nagponr is the capitalof the Eastern Mahrattas. Both these 
 states, with the Nizam of the Deccan, were in alliance with 
 the English Ivast India Company, in the war against liie late 
 Tippoo Sidtan, from w hose territories, on the termination 
 of the war, they have all gained great acquisitions. 
 
 MAID, orMAI'DEN, .v. [??Kr*n, Sax.J a virgin; a wo- 
 man-servant. A lish, a species of skate. 
 
 MA'IDl'iN, a. consisting of virgins ; fresh; new; unused, 
 unpolluted. 
 
 MA'IDEN, s. an edged instrument formerly used in 
 some countries, particularly Scotland, for the beheading 
 of criminals. It appears to have been revived in the ma- 
 chine used bv the French, and called the guillotine. 
 
 MAI'DENHAIR, «. in botany, a genus of the fens. The 
 great golden maidenhair is a species of the hairnioss. 
 
 Maidenhead, s. the state or condition of a maid or 
 pure virgin; virginity. Figuratively, newness ; freshness; 
 an unpolluted state. 
 
 maidenhead, antient iy South EALiNGTON',ato\vn 
 of Beiiishire, seated on the river Thames, on the great wes- 
 lern road, carrying on a sreat trade in malt, meal, and 
 timber, in their barges to London. It is 1-2 miles E. by 
 N. of Reading, and '26 W. of London. Market ou Wed- 
 nesday. 
 
 MA;iDENUP,j.anherb. 
 
 MA'IDENLY, a. like a maid ; modestly; gently ; timo- 
 rously. 
 
 AI.AIDMA'RIAN, s. a kind of dance, so called from a 
 buftbon 'dressed like ]a man, who plays tricks to the po- 
 puiace. 
 
 Ma TDS1'.|!\'ANT, .». a woman or female servant. 
 
 Ai.yiDS TONE, a considerable borough of Ivent, wliirlf 
 contains above OltOO inhabitants. It is a large place, con- 
 sisting of 4 principal streets, which intersect each other at 
 ilic market- cross, with a jail and coimfy-hall. In the antietit 
 liritons' time, it was reckoned their third chief city, having; 
 belli a station ol the Komans. By means of the Medway, it 
 enjoys a brisk trade in exporting tindjer, Ilour, apples, nuts, 
 and other coniMiodities of the county, pailicularly hops, of 
 uhich liieie are nmnerous plantations around it, as well as 
 orchards ol cherries. Here are likewise some capital paper- 
 mills, and a maiMif,;ctory of lini'n thread, originally iijtro- 
 (huidby the I'leniings. The tide flows (jiiile up to the town, 
 and brings up barges of .00 or CO tons. It is seated on the 
 river iMedway, a branch of which runs through the to«u, in 
 a very (ilenliiul country, '.) miles S. of Rochester, 20 \V. of 
 Canterbury, and 35 S. E. by Iv of London. JLirlcet on 
 'j'hursday, and another market on the second Tuesday iii 
 every month. 
 
 MAJ1':'ST1C, or MAJE'STICAL, «. august ; noble; 
 great; stately; pompous; sublime; elevated or lofty. ' 
 
 M AJlsSTlCALLY, orf. with dignity or grandeur; with 
 loftiness of style or sentiments. 
 
 MA.IESTV, .«. [majestds, from muf^mts, great, Lat.] great- 
 ness ; dignity; power or sovereignty; the title given to 
 kings and (pieens. 
 
 MAIL, s. [mmlle, Fr.] a coat of steel net-work worn for 
 defence ; any armour ; a bag or postman's bundle of 
 letters. 
 
 To MAIL,t>. a. to arm, or dress in a coat of mail; tocover 
 as with armour. 
 
 To MAIM, V. a. \meJiiiigner, ohl Fr.] to cut ofi'auy mem- 
 ber ; to hurt or wound. 
 
 MAIM, .«. the act ofcutt'og offa limb, or disabling a per- 
 son by a blow. 
 
 MAIN, a. [jj!«ffH(?, old Fr.] principal or chief; vast ; gross, 
 or containing the chief part. 
 
 MAIN, *. the gross, bulk, or greatest part. Force, from 
 nif^ncii. Sax. "With might and »no(«." Hudih. A hand at 
 dice, fiom imnus, Lat. The great sea, as distiugaishefi 
 from bays and rivers. The continent. 
 
 MAINLAND, s. the continent. 
 
 MAINLAND, ORKNEY, or POMONA, the principal 
 of the Orkney islands, is 2-1 miles lontj, and broad. I'iic 
 general appearance of the country is not very difiVrent 
 from the Mainland of Shetland. The soil, however, is nsore 
 fertile, and, in some parts, better cultivated. Kirkwall is 
 the capital. 
 
 MAINLAND, the principal of the Shetland isles, is GO 
 miles long, from N. to S. its breadth, which vanes greatly, 
 seldom exceeds G miles. The face of tlu- country exhibits 
 a prospect of black, craggy mountains, and marshy plains, 
 interspersed with some verdant spots, which appear suiooth 
 and fertile. Neither tree nor shrub is to be seen, except 
 the juniper and the heath. The mountains abound willi 
 various kinds of those animals called game. Lofty clitis, 
 impending over the sea, are the haunts of eagles, falcons, 
 and ravens. The deep caverns underneath shelter seals 
 and otters ; and to the winding ir.'.ys resort the swans, 
 geese, scarfs, and other aqir.itic birds. The seas abound 
 with tish, such as the cm], Inrbot, ai-.d haddock ; but, par- 
 ticularly, at certain seasons, with shoals of herrings of in- 
 credible extent ; and they are visited, at the same tune, by 
 whales and other fish. Lobsters, oysters, muscles, cKrc. are 
 also plentiful. The hills are covered with sheep of a small' 
 breed, and of a shaggv appearance ; but their fleece is com- 
 monly very soft, and often extremely fine. From their 
 wool stockings of a tine texture have been made, that, ai- 
 though of a large size, a pair was capable of passing through 
 a common gold ring. Their horses are of a diminutive 
 size, but remarkably strong and handsome, and are well 
 known by the name of Shelties, from the name of the coun- 
 try. Many rivulets, and considerable lakes, abound wit^i 
 salujou, trout, Ac. A mine of copper,^ and another of iron, 
 
 6;i
 
 IViAJ , 
 
 have liitelv been opened near llie S. extremity of tliis island, 
 ■fliey arc ill the liands of the Anglesey company, and are 
 s.iid to he extremely productive. There is an immense 
 store of peat, hut no coal. Lerwick is the capital. 
 
 MAITs'LY, ad. chiefly or principally; greatly or pow- 
 erful I v. 
 
 MAI'NMA^^T, s. the chief or middle mast of a ship. 
 MAI'NFERNOR, s. a person to whom one in custody is 
 delivered, upon his becoming bound for his appearance ; a 
 surety or bail. 
 
 MAlNFRlSIC, (thei. is pronounced 'ike z) s. \mnin and 
 vris, Fr.] in law, the receivin;; a person into frieiKJly cus- 
 tody, " ho otherwise must have gone to prison, on security 
 given that he shall be forthcomingat a certain time or place 
 appointed. It difi'ers from lji7, because a person is in this 
 case said to be at large from the day of his being iiiainprised 
 until the day of appearance : but where a person is bailed 
 till a certain day, he is in law always accounted to be in the 
 ward of his bailtill that time, who may, if he please, keep 
 bim nniler conHnement. 
 
 To M.M'NPRISE, v.n. to receive a person into friendly 
 oisfody, by giving security for his appearance at a certain 
 lime appointed. 
 
 iMAl'NSAlL, s. the sail of the mainmast. 
 M AI'NSHEET, s. the sheet or sail of the mainmast. 
 To MAINTAIN, i'. a. [maintenir, Fr.] to preserve or 
 keep; to defend or hold out ; to vindicate or justify ; to sup- 
 port or keep up; to supply with the conveniencies of life ; 
 to assert positively. 
 
 MALNTAINABLE, a. defensible; jtistitiable. 
 MAlNTArNF^R, *. one that supplies another with tlie 
 conveniencies of life ; one that defends a place against an 
 enemy ; one that asserts and supports any doctrine. 
 
 MAINTENANCE, f. fmnn//™™?, Fr.] a livelihood; a 
 sufficiency to supply the conveniences or necessaries of 
 life; support, protection, or defence ; continuance without 
 failure. 
 
 MAl'.VTOP, s. the top of the mainmast. 
 MA ITv lOP GALLANT-MAST, s. a mast half the length 
 ofthe niainlop-mast. 
 
 MA^Nl'OP-x^L\ST, s. a mast half the length of the 
 mainmast. 
 
 MAI'NYARD, s. the yard of (he mainmast. 
 AL\'JOR, n. [the compaiative of mn<rnns, great. Lat.] 
 greater in number, quantity, estent, equality, or dignity. 
 
 MAJOR, s. in the army, an officer above the captain, 
 and Ilie lowest field-officer. In logic, the lirst proposition 
 in a syllogism. A person who is of age to manage his own 
 alfairs; the eldest oftwo. 
 
 M.AJORATION, i. the act of making greater; increase; 
 tnlargemint. 
 
 M\.)()'RCA. an island belonging to Spain, in the Medi- 
 terranean >»ea, betuien Ivica and Minorca, the largest of 
 those anlieutly called Bdliayen, about fjO miles in liiiglh and 
 3.') in breadth. It is mountainous in the N. and \V. parts, 
 but firlile, producing corn, oil, hnney, saHVon, callle, fish, 
 rabbits, partridges, deer, wild foul, horses, iVc. 'I'lie whole 
 isUuid is encoBifiassed with wati li towers. Il is tcmpirate 
 and wholesome, but iJie excessive heat fretpuTtlv occasions 
 a scarcity. It has no considerable rivers, though there are 
 a (('■eat many tine fountains and wi Us, and si'veral good 
 har.'iours. The (iiliabitaiits are robust, lively, and good 
 sailors. The capital city bears li.e same name as the I 
 island. 
 
 MAJOR nOMO, s. |Ital.|one who occasionally holds 
 the place of the master of a house ; a master of a family. 
 
 .MAJOR-GENERAL, j. -a general oUker of the second 
 |;Hik,"ho receives the general's orders, gives them to the 
 ui.ijors of brigades, and connnands on the left when there 
 are tu o attacks at a siege. 
 
 MA.IO'RITY, s. [from major, greater, Lat.] the state of 
 being greater: the greater iinmbcr ; full age; oHice of a 
 major ; antcslry. 
 
 ilJG 
 
 MAI 
 
 MAIZF, s. Indian corn, formerly the principal gram in 
 
 many ofthe American stales. 
 
 ToNL\KF,, V. a. preler. and participle passive madt ; 
 [mncmi, Sax.| to create; to form of materials; to com- 
 pose ; to do, perform, practise, or use ; to cause to have any 
 quality, or bring into any state. To compel, or force, fol- 
 lo«ed by a verb. " Made to rise." Locke. To sell, so as 
 to gain. " He viahes five marks.' Sliak. To mal^e away, to 
 kill or destroy. " jSIahe aiini/ his brother." S/iah. To 
 transfer. " Debtors to some friends wn/.e all away." Waller. 
 To make amends, to recompense, or re.pay. To make free 
 iritk, to treat without cerejnony. To make ^ood, to maintain, 
 defeml, justify, fulfil, or accomplisii. To make light of, to 
 consider as of no importance or consequence. To make 
 love, to court. 7'o mnke merrif, to feast or partake of a jo- 
 vial entertainment. To make over, to transfer ; to settle in 
 the hands of trustees. To make of, to produce from ; to ac- 
 count, or esteem ; to clierish, or foster. What to make of, is, 
 how to understand. To make out, to clear up, explain, or 
 solve a difficulty ; to prove, or evince. To make sure of, to 
 look upon, or consider, ascertain ; to secure the possession 
 of. To make traij, to force a passage ; to introduce ; to pro- 
 ceed. " We could make little or no way." To make up, lo 
 get together; to reconcile ; to repair; to shape ; to supply ; 
 to accomplish, conclude, or complete. 
 
 ALA K F, i. form ; shape; nature. 
 
 MA'KEfSATE, s. [from make and leal, or debate] a person 
 who excites quarrels. 
 
 MAKER, s. the Creator ; one who prmluces any 
 thing ; one who sets a person or thing in an advantageous 
 state. 
 
 MA'KEPE.\CE, *. one that reconciles persons at vari- 
 ance ; a peacemaker. 
 
 M.A'KEW EIGHT, s. any thing thrown in to make up 
 weight. 
 
 MALA'CCA, called by the antients the Golden Cherso- 
 nesns, a large iieninsnla in Asia, bounded on the N. by 
 Siam ; and on all other sides by the ocean ; about 500 miles 
 in length, and from (iO to 150 in breadth. It produces few 
 conniiodities for trade, except tin and elephants' teeth ; but 
 thereare a great many excellent fruits and roots, which yield 
 good refresliment for strangers that call here. The pine- 
 apple is the i)est in the world, and the niaujoslain is a deli- 
 cious fruit, in the shape of an apple, whose skin is thifkand 
 red. The rand)ostan is ofthe size of a valunt, with a very 
 agreeable pulp ; and the durian, though it has not a pleasant 
 snudi, yet has a very tlelicious taste. They have plenty of 
 cocoa nuts, uhose shells will hold an English (piait ; besides 
 lemons, oranges, limes, sugar-canes, and mangoes. 'I'liere 
 is hut little corn, and sheep and bullocks are scarce ; but 
 l«irk, poultry, and fish, arc jirettv plentiful. The religion 
 ofthe natives is a mixture of INIahomelanism. Their lan- 
 guage is peculiaily soft, and is as common in the Indies as 
 the French is in Europe, being very easily ac<iuired, because 
 it has no iiifleciions either in nouns or verbs. The interior 
 inhabitants, who are for the most part savages, have aban- 
 doned themselves, with desperation, to the most ferocious 
 h'.iliils, taking delight in doing mischief to their neighbours. 
 Tin- Dnleli have been masters (jf ihe town id' .Malacca, situ- 
 ali.'d ontheS. \V. coast, since l(il(», when they took it from 
 the Portuguese, after a six months' siege. While in posses- 
 sion of the latter, it was famous all ovi'r India and I'.urope, 
 icing, after tloa and Oruiuz, by I'ar the richest city in the 
 Indie-,, and a great market for all the ditlerent commodities 
 prndiiced in .lapaii, CMtina, Formosa, ToiKpiin C<,cliiii- 
 Chiiia, (iium, Lucon, Aii;lio\ua, Ac. During the late war, 
 it was atl.uked and taken by the English, but was lestored 
 at th< peace. L;it. •>. !•>. N.' Ion. 1(11. fi. E. 
 
 MA'LACIII, {Malahi) a canonical book ofthe Old Tes- 
 tameiit, and the last of the twelve lesser prophets. This 
 prophet distinctly poiuti'd out the .Messiah, who was sud. 
 deiily to come to his ti'iriple, and to be introduee<l by Elij'.di 
 Ihe prophet, that is, by Jciiiii Ihe llaptist, who came in the 
 power and spirit of Elias, or Elijah.
 
 M A L I 
 
 MALM 
 
 577 
 
 MA'LACHITK, {malakitc) s. in mineralogy, a green ore 
 ot copper. It takes its name from mtitache, the leal' of the 
 mallow, Gr. which it resumhli'S in colour. 
 
 MA'LADY, s. [nialuJii!, Fr.l a disease; a disorder in the 
 boily ; sickness. 
 
 MALA'NDBUS, s. [from mul amltre, to go ill, Ital.] a 
 disease in horses, consisting of a dry seal) above the pastern. 
 
 MA'LAPEKT, a. saucy ; quick in making replies, but im- 
 pudent and saucy. 
 
 SIA'LAPEUTN'ESS, s. liveliness or quickness in making 
 replv, attended with sauciness. 
 
 JI'A'LAPERTLY, uiI. saucily. 
 
 MALA'TES, s. in chemistry, salts formed by the combina- 
 tion of any base with malic acid. 
 
 To MALAXATE, v. a. [from malasso, Gr.] to soften, or 
 make soft, any body. 
 
 MALAX A'TION, f. the act of softening. 
 
 MA'LDEN, (Mautden) antiently Camelndunum, a populous 
 town of Essex, the first Roman colony in Britain, and the seat 
 of some of the old British kings, situated near the confluence 
 of the Clielmer with the Blackwater. Vessels of 400 tons 
 burden come up to the haven to unload; the colliers, how- 
 ever, lie in deep water below the town, and the coals are 
 fetched up in lighters. Maiden carries on a considerable trade 
 in corn, coal.*!, iron, wine, brandy, rum, deals, and chalk rub- 
 bish. The custom of Borough English is kept up here. It is 
 10 miles E. of Chelmsford, and 37 N. E. of London Market 
 on Saturday. 
 
 M A'LDIVE LSLANDS, a cluster of islands, said to be 1000 
 in number, S. W. of Cape Comorin, in the Indian Sea. The 
 northernmost is in lat. 7. 6. N. Ion. 73. 4. E. The principal 
 of them, called Male, about a league and a half in circum- 
 ference, is the most fertile, and the residence of the prince; it 
 is situated nearly in the centre. These islands are small, and 
 mostly uninhabited. The inhabitants are a mixture of Arabs 
 and Indians of Malabar. They supply vessels with sails and 
 cordage, cocoa-nuts, oil, honey, dry lish, tortoise-shell, and 
 especially cowries. 
 
 MALE, a. [male, Fr.] belonging to the he-sex, opposed to 
 female. 
 
 MALE, s. the he of any species. 
 
 MALE, in composition, implies ill, and is derived from 
 male, Lat. tnale, old Fr. 
 
 MALE-ADMINISTRA'TION, s. bad conduct or manage- 
 ment of affairs. 
 
 MALECONTE'NT, s. one dissatisfied with the measures 
 of government ; a fomenter of sedition in a state. 
 
 MALECONTE'NTED, a. discontented ; dissatisfied. 
 
 MALECONTE'NTEDLY, ad. in a dissatisfied or discon- 
 tented manner. 
 
 MALECONTE'NTEDNESS, s. discontentedness ; disaffec- 
 tion to a government. 
 
 MALEDI'CTED, a. [from male, ill, and dico, to say, Lat.] 
 accursed ; execrated. 
 
 MALEDI'CTION, s. [fiom male, ill, and dico, to say, Lat.] 
 a curse ; execration ; the act of denouncing or wishing evil to 
 a person. 
 
 MALEFA'CTION, s. [fromma/e, ill, and facio, to do, Lat.] 
 a crime. Not in use. 
 
 MALEFA'CTOR, s. [from male, ill, and/ac;o, to do, Lat.] 
 an evil doer; offender against the law; criminal. 
 
 MALEPRA'Ci'ICE, s. any practice contrary to settled 
 rules or customs. 
 
 MALE'VOLENCE, s. [from ma/?, ill, and fo/o, to wish, 
 Lat.] ill-will; an inclination to hurt. 
 
 MALE'VOLENT, a. [from male, ill, and volo, to wish, Lat.] 
 ill-disposed towards another; inclined to do another a mis- 
 chief. 
 
 MALE'VOLENTLY, ad. after a manner which shews an 
 inclination to hurt. 
 
 MA'LIC, II. in chemistry, belonging to apples. The malic 
 acid is that which exists iti the juice of apples. 
 
 MA'LiCE, s. [Fr. from malus, evil, Lat.] deliberate misr 
 chief; a lung continued desire of hurling others. 
 
 MALT'CIOnS, (^malisltiousj a. [malitieux, Fr. from malus, 
 evil, Lat.] preserving a continual propensity and resolution to- 
 wards reveritre, or injuring others. 
 
 MALrCI()U.SLY, (^malhhwusly) ad. in a manner which 
 shews an habitual thirst of revenge, or a deliberate intention 
 of doing mischi'f. 
 
 IMaLI'CIOUSNESS, (ma/K/iM!iSneM)j. thequality of brood- 
 ing long upon injuries, and being obstinately bent for some 
 time to do a person a mischief. 
 
 MALI'GN, {malm) s. [from malus, evil, Lat.] ill-disposed 
 towards any one ; strongly and obstinately bent to do a person 
 mischief. In medicine, infectious, pestilential, or fatal to the 
 body. 
 
 To MALI'GN, {malln) v. a. to regard with envy or malice ; 
 to do a miochicf ; to revenge. 
 
 MALI'GN ANCY, s. malice; unfavourableness. In medi- 
 cine, a destructive tendency. 
 
 MALI'GN ANT, a. [malignarit, Fr.] envious; unfavourable; 
 malicious ; revengeful. In medicine, mortal, or endangering 
 life. 
 
 MALI'GNANTLY, ad. in a malicious or mischievous 
 manner. 
 
 MALI'GNER, {mallner) s. one who is obstinately bent to 
 do another a mischief; a person who censures in a sarcastic 
 manner. 
 
 MALI'GNITY, s. [malignile, Fr.] hnrtfulness or evilness 
 of nature ; a disposition ol)stinately bad or malicious. In 
 physic, a quality which endangers and threatens life. 
 
 MALI'GNLY, (ma//n/j/) ad. enviously; with malice or an 
 obstinate inclination to do ill. 
 
 MA'LKIN, (niui'illiin) .•:. [Iromvial, a contraction of Mart/, 
 and kin, a ditr.inutive termination] a kind of mop made of 
 clouts, with which bakers clean their ovens. Figuratively, a 
 figure made up of rags ; a dirty wench. 
 
 MALL, [maul) s. [malkvs, Lat.] a stroke or blow. " Give 
 that reverend head a mall." Hudib. A mallet. A walk 
 where they formerly used to play with malls and balls, (and 
 then pronounced mell) whence the mall in St. James's Park, 
 and Pall mall near his majesty's palace in St. James's. In this 
 last sense the word is derived from moll, Isl. a walk paved 
 with shells. 
 
 To MALL, {viatil) v. a. to beat or strike with a mall. See 
 Maul. 
 
 MA'LLARD, s. [malart, Fr.] the drake or male of the 
 species of wild ducks. 
 
 MALLEABI'LITY, s. the quality of bearing to be beaten, 
 and spreading inider the strokes of the hammer. 
 
 MA'LLEABLE, a. [rnalliahle, Fr.] capable of enduring 
 the strokes of a hammer, and being variously formed 
 thereby. 
 
 MA'LLEABLENESS, s. the quality of being hammered 
 into various forms. 
 
 To MA'LLEATE, v. a. [from malleus, a haniiuer, Lat.] to 
 hammer; to forge or shape by the hammer. 
 
 MA'LLE T, s. [malleus, Lat.] a wooden hammer. 
 
 MA'LLING, a town in Kent, with a market on Saturday 
 It is 6 miles W. of Alaidstone, and 29 E. by S. of London. 
 
 MA'LLOWS, s. [t7ia;leiee. Sax.] There are several species 
 of this plant; the sinall, dwarf, common, vervain, and musk 
 mallows, are the oidy species native in England, properly so 
 called. The sea-tree mallow, is a species of the lavetera of 
 Linnseus. 
 
 MA'LMSBURY, originally MAiDtjLPHSBrRGH, and by 
 corruption Malmsbury ; in an antient manuscript, however, 
 called Adhelmsbiri^, an ancient town in Wiltshire, which 
 drives a considerable trade in the woollen manufacture. It 
 was long famous for its abbey, which flourished in great 
 wealth, exceeding all in the county in bigness, revenues, 
 and honour. Its abbot was mitred, and sat .in parliament. 
 The memory of Aldhelm, its first abbot, the favourite of the 
 great Saxon king Athelstan, and whom he procured to be 
 canonized after his death, is still kept up by a meadow near 
 this town, called AlJhiiin's Mead. King Athelstan amply 
 endowed the abbey, granted the town large immunities, and 
 
 4£
 
 in 
 
 MALW 
 
 MANA 
 
 chose it for his burying-place ; he was buried accordingly 
 under the high altar of the church, and his monument still 
 remains in the nave of it. It is pleasantly situated on the river 
 Aron, which almost surrounds it, and over which it has six 
 bridges, 9G miles E. by N. of Bristol, and 95 W. of London. 
 Market on Saturday. 
 
 MA'LMSEY, J. [so called from Malvasta, where it is pro- 
 duced] a luscious wnie ; sack. 
 
 MA'LO, St. a sea-port in the department of llle and 
 Vilaide, on a small island, united to the main land by a narrow 
 mole or causeway, 6 or 700 yards in length ; it has a large, 
 well-frequented harbour, but difficult of access, on account of 
 the rocks that surround it, and is a rich trading place, strong 
 by nature and art towards the sea, and defended by a citadel. 
 It is 206 miles N. W. of Paris. Lat. 48. S9. N. Ion. 1. 
 S7.W. 
 
 MA'LPAS, {Maupas) a town of Cheshire, with a market 
 on Monday. It is 12 miles S. E. of Chester, and IC6 N. E. 
 of London. 
 
 MALPI/A'QUET, a village of the late Austrian Hainault, 
 famous for a dearly-purchased victory, gained Sept. 11, 1709, 
 by the allies under the duke of Marlborough and prince 
 Eugene, over the French, commanded by the marshals Villars 
 and Boufflers. The confederates took 40 colours and standards, 
 16 pieces of artillery, and a great number of prisoners. It is 
 8 miles S. E. of Mons. 
 
 MALT, {mnult) s. \inealt, Sax.] barley steeped in water till 
 it sprouts, and then dried in a kiln. 
 
 MA'LTA, (Maulta) an island of the Mediterranean, be- 
 tween Africa and Sicily, 20 miles in length, and 12 in its 
 greatest breadth. It was antiently little else than a barren 
 rock ; but such quantities of soil have been brought from 
 Africa and Sicily, that it is now become fertile. It has excellent 
 vines, lemons, fruits, cotton, plenty of honey, good pastures, 
 considerable fisheries, sea-salt, and a profitable coral fishery. 
 However, they sow but little corn, because they purchase it 
 cheap in Sicily ; and the island is deficient in wood. The 
 n\lmber of inhabitants is variously estimated at from 60 to 
 90,000, who speak a corrupt Arabic, and, in the towns, 
 Italian. After the taking of Rhodes, the emperor Charles V. 
 gave this island to the knights of St. John of Jerusalem. 
 It WHS attacked by the Turks in 156.5, who, after many 
 dreadful assaults, from the 18th of May to the 13th of 
 September, werJ obliged to abandon the enterprise, aftei' 
 having expended 78,0110 great shot, and lost about 24,0(10 
 men. The Christians lost aliout 5000 men. The whole of this 
 island is extremely well fortified. Malta was taken by Buo- 
 naparte on his way to Egypt, in 1798, but was afterwards re- 
 taken by the English, and still remains in their possession, 
 though by the articles of the late peace it was to have been 
 restored to the knights of St. John of Jerusalem. It is about 
 eo miles S. S. W. of Cape Passaro, in the island of Sicily. 
 Lat. 35. 54. N. Ion. 14. .'i4. E, 
 
 MA'LTMAX, or MA'LTSTEU, {mauUman, or maultster) 
 s. one who makes or deals in malt. 
 
 MA'LTON, {Maulloii) a town in the N. Riding of York- 
 shire, seated on the rivt-r Derwent, which was made navigable 
 to the Ousp, by an act in the 1st of Queen Anne. It is com- 
 
 Eosed of two towns, the New and the Old, and is well hiha- 
 ited. It is 18 miles N. E. of York, and 216 N. by W. of 
 London Alaikets on Tuesday and Saturday. 
 
 MALVA'CEOUS, a. [from mnlua, mallows, Lat.] relating 
 to mallows. 
 
 MALVERSATION, s. [Fr.] a mean, base, wicked, and 
 fraudulent trick or shift. 
 
 MALWA, a province of Hindoostan proper, bounded 
 on the W. by (inzerat ; on the N. by Agimere ; On the E. 
 by Allahabad and Orissa, and on the .S. by Candeish. It is 
 situated nearly under the tropic of cancer, and is one of the 
 most extensive, elevated, and highly diversified tracts in 
 Hindoostan, and is divided among the paishwah of the 
 Western Mahrattas, and two of the hiferior chiefs, Sindia 
 and Ilolkar. Ougein is the capital of Sindia, and Indore of 
 Holkar. 
 
 MAM, or MAMMA', s. [mam, mammog, mamvioys, Brit. 
 mamma, Lat.] This word is used as an addrass to a mother 
 in almost all languages, and is therefore by Skinner supposed 
 to be the language of nature, and the first word a chilcf pro* 
 nounces] a mother. 
 
 MA'MMEE-TREE, i. a tree with a rosaceous flower, which 
 afterwards becomes an almost spherical fleshy fruit, containing 
 two or three seeds, inclosed in hard rough shells. 
 
 MA'MMET, 3. [a diminutive of mam} a puppet or doll. 
 Obsolete. 
 
 MA'MMEATED, a. [from mamma, a teat, Lat.] having 
 paps or teats. 
 
 MA'MMIFORM, a. [mammiforme, Fr. from mamma, a 
 teat, and forma, form, Lat.] having the shape of a breast, pap, 
 or dug. 
 
 MA'JIMILLARY, a. {mammilla, a teat, Lat.] belonging 
 to the paps or dugs. 
 
 MA'MMOCK, s. a large, shapeless piece; an offal or frag- 
 ment of meat. 
 
 To MA'MJIOCK, V. a. to tear ; to pull into pieces in such 
 a manner as to raise squcamishi.'ess in the beholder. 
 
 MA'MMON, s. [Syr.] the god of riches. Figuratively, 
 riches. 
 
 MAMMOTH, s. in natural history, an enormous quadruped 
 which appears now to be extinct, but the bones of which are 
 found in different parts of the world. 
 
 MAN, s. plural ?nfn; [man, mon, Sax.] a human being; a 
 male opposed to a woman. A person full grown, opposed to 
 a boy. A rational creature, opposed to a oeast. Used, in a 
 loose sense, for any one. " A mmi would expect to find." 
 Addis. A moveable piece of wood, used in playing at chess 
 or draughts. A male servant, of mona, Span, a slave. A man 
 of war-, is a ship of war. 
 
 To ftlAN, V. a. to furnish, supply, or guard with men. Figu- 
 ratively, to fortify or strengthen. 
 
 MAN, an island in the Irish Sea, W. of the coast of Cum- 
 berland, about 30 miles in length, and from 8 to 15 in breadth. 
 It contains 17 parishes, called kirks, and the chief towns are 
 Ramsey, Douglas, and Peel. The soil varies in difTerent 
 tracts, yet produces more corn than is sufficient to maintain 
 the natives. The air, which is sharp and cold in winter, is 
 healthy, and the inhabitants live to a very great age. The 
 commodities of this i.sland are black cattle, wool, fine and 
 coarse linen, hides, skins, honey, tallow, and herrings. The 
 frosts here are short, and the snnw, especially in lands near 
 the sea, lies not long on the ground. Their cattle and horses 
 are small, and they have badgers, foxes, eagles, and mottled 
 hawks. Here are several quarries of stone and thin blue slate, 
 and some mines Of lead, copper, and iron. Thin oat cakes are 
 the common bread of the inhabitants. About the rocks of 
 the island breed an incredible number of all sorts of sea-fowl, 
 and especially on the Calf of Alan, an island 3 miles in circuit, 
 before the S. promontory of Man, and separated from it by a 
 chainiel 2 furlongs broad. On this little island 5000 young 
 puffins are generally taken every year. The bishop is 
 nominated by the duke of Athol, as heir of the eldest branch 
 of the Stanleys, carls of Derby ; but the sovereignty of the 
 island was purchased by the English government in 1765, 
 whereby a free trade was permitted wiih England, and an 
 entire stop put to the clandestine trade which they carried 
 On, with prodigious success, with England and Ireland. 
 He was formerly reckoned a baron, but docs not sit in the 
 house of peers, although he is allowed the highest scat in 
 the lower house of convocation. The language is a dialect 
 of the Erse. In its civil government, the island is divided 
 into six sheedings, each having its proper coroner, who is 
 intrusted with the peace of his district, and acts in the nature 
 of a sherifr. 
 
 To MA'NACLE, v. a. to chain the hands; to shackle. 
 MA'NACLF.S, .s. [mcniilcs, Fr.] chains for the hands; 
 shackles 
 
 To MA'NAGls, f. a. [mniager, I'r J to conduct or carry 
 on ; to train a horse to graceiul airs ; tc govern ; to rule or
 
 MANC 
 
 M A N E 
 
 4T9 
 
 make tractable ; to husband, or make the best of. Neuterly, 
 to Buperintciid or transact. 
 
 MA'NAGEABLE, a. easy to be used, wielded, ormoved ; 
 submitthig to government ; tractable. 
 
 MA'NAGEABI.ENESS, s. the quality of being easily used 
 or moved, or of submitting to instruction, government, or 
 authority. 
 
 MA'NAGEMENT, t. [menagemeni, Fr.] conduct ; the 
 manner of transacting or conducting any thing ; prudence. 
 SvNON. Management respects only private things trusted to 
 the care of some one, to be employed for the profit of another, 
 to whom he is to render an account. Direction relates to cer- 
 tain affairs, where a distribution, either of money, office, or 
 whatever else is committed to the care of another, to preserve 
 necessary order. Administration refers to objects of greater 
 consequence ; such as those of justice, or the finances of a 
 state. It supposes a pre-emhjence of employ, which gives 
 power, credit, and a kind of Uberty, in the department in 
 which the person is engaged. Conduct points out some know- 
 ledge and ability, with respect to things ; and a subordination, 
 with regard to persons. Government results from authority 
 and dependence, and indicates a superiority of office, with a 
 particular relation to policy. 
 
 MA'NAGER, j. one who has the direction, conduct, or go- 
 vernment of any thing or person ; a prudent or frugal 
 person. 
 
 MA'NAGERY, f. [menao-m?, Fr.] conduct; direction; the 
 manner in which any thing is transacted. Husbandry, or 
 frugality. 
 
 MANCHE, s. [Fr ] in heraldry, a sleeve. 
 
 MA'NCHESTER, (anciently a Roman station called Miin- 
 eunium) a large, populous, manufacturing town of Lancashire, 
 contahiing about 13,000 houses, and 84,000 inhal)itants. 
 Manchester has been the scene of some remarkable events ; in 
 the disputes between Charles I. and his parliament, this town, 
 taking sides with the latter, was besieged by the earl of Derby, 
 with iOOO foot, and 300 horse, having 7 pieces of cannon ; 
 however, such was the defence of the town, that the earl was 
 compelled to raise the siege, with considerable loss. It is a 
 place of great antiquity, and in the time of Camden, was 
 famous for its population, market, and manufactures of stufTs ; 
 but it is now principally conspicuous, as the centre of the 
 cotton trade, an immense business, extending, in some or other 
 of its operations, from Furness (where great cotton spinning- 
 mills have been established,) to Derby north and south, and 
 from Halifax to Liverpool, east and west. The labours of a 
 very populous neighbourhood are collected at Manchester, 
 whence they are sent to London, Liverpool, Hull, &c. These 
 consist of a great variety of cotton, silk, linen, and mixed 
 goods, fitted for every market, both at home and abroad, and 
 spreading over a great part of Europe, America, and the coast 
 of Guinea, and bringing back vast profits to the country. To 
 .such perfl'ction has the machinery for the si)inning of cotton 
 been brought here, that of one poinid of that material ,'?nO 
 hanks of yarn have been spun, each hank containing S40 yards 
 in length, making in the whole 252,000 yards, (upwards of 
 1+3 miles long !) The average number of hanks to the pound, 
 however, is supposed to be 100, and the spindles employed in 
 the whole town is stated to be 1,515,500, each producing on 
 an average, 10 hanks per week, and making an annual aggre- 
 gate of 377,111,161 miles, sufficient to form a piece of muslin, 
 five quarters wide, that would encompass the planet we in- 
 habit ! The manufacture of ticking, tapes, filleting, and other 
 small wares, of silk goods, and of hats, is also carried on at 
 Manchester ; from which various sources of wealth it has at- 
 tained greater opulence than any other trading town hi 
 England. Its buildings (especially the more modern ones) are 
 on a proportional scale of size and elegance. Its chief orna- 
 ments are, the collegiate church, a venerable pile, with a hand- 
 some tower, 8 capital bells, and a set of chimes ; having a 
 warden, four fellows, two cliaplains, and two clerks ; — conti- 
 guous to this is Chetham's Hospital, (commonly called the 
 college,) for clothing, educating, and apprenticing 80 boys ; to 
 
 which is also attached a pid)lic library, containing 15,000 
 volumes — Abo the Infirmary, Dispensary, Lunatic Hospital 
 and Asylum, LyiMg-in-IIc)S[)ital, House of Recovery for pa« 
 tieuts afllicted with fevers, and two I'oor Houses, are charities 
 highly bonoiu-able to the town, and beneficial to their objects. 
 Here is also a large prison called the New Bailey. This town 
 abounds with libraries, and literary and philosophical institu- 
 tions, some of which have attained considerable celebrity. 
 Manchester is governed by a hcadborough, (called the bo- 
 roughreeve,) and two constables chosen annually from the 
 most respectable inhabitants, by a jury impainielled by the 
 steward, at tlie Michaelmas court lee(, which is held by the 
 lord of the manor. There are here reckoned 12 churches, and 
 several chapels, of the established religion, and a great number 
 of chapels belonging to every denomination of dissenters. By 
 the river Irwell, over which it has a very antient stone bridge, 
 it has a communication with the Mersey, and all the late 
 various extensions of inland navigation. It is situated upon 
 the rivers Irk, Medlock, and Irwell, about 7 miles from the 
 junction of the latter with the Mersey, and 185 N. N. W. of 
 London. Lat 53. 26'i. N. Ion. 2. 10. W. 
 
 MA'NCHET, f. a small loaf of fine bread. 
 
 AIANCHINE'L, s. [manchinella, Span.] a tree which is a 
 native of the West Indies, and grows to the size of an oak : 
 its wood is of a beautiful grain, will polish well, and last 
 long, and is therefore much esteemed : in cutting down 
 these trees, the juice of the bark must be burnt out before the 
 work is begini ; for it will raise blisters on the skin, and 
 burn boles in linen ; and if it should fly into the eyes of the 
 labourers, they are in danger of losing their sight. The fruit 
 is of the colour and size of the golden pippin ; many Euro- 
 peans have suffered, and others lost their lives, by eating 
 it. The leaves abound with juice of the same nature ; 
 cattle never shelter themselves, and but few vegetables 
 grow, under their shade ; yet goats ear this fruit without 
 injury. 
 
 To MA'NCIPATE, u. a. [from manus, the hand, and capio, 
 to take, Lat.] to enslave, bind, or tie, used with to. Seldom 
 used. 
 
 MA'NCIPLE, s. [from mamit, the hand, and capio, to take, 
 Lat.] the steward of a society ; particularly used of the pur- 
 veyor of a college. 
 
 MA'NDAMIJS, t, [Lat. we command] a writ granted by 
 the king, usually directed to the head of a corporation, col- 
 lege, &c. commanding a thing to be done, as the restoring of 
 a deposed officer, &c. 
 
 MA'NDAHIN, s. a name given to the grandees or nobility 
 of China. There are nine orders of them, in all supposed to 
 amount to 33,000. 
 
 MANDATARY, s. [mandatuire, Fr.] he to whom the pope 
 has, by his prerogative and proper right, given a mandate for 
 his benefice. 
 
 MA'NDATE, s. [from mando, to command, Lat.] a com- 
 mand ; a commission, charge, or precept. 
 
 MANDA'TOR, s. [Lat.] a director. 
 
 MA'NDATORY, a. [from mando, to command, Lat.] con- 
 taining a command, precept, or direction. 
 
 MA'NDIBLE, a. [from mando, to chew, Lat.] that may be 
 chewed ; eatable. 
 
 MA'NDRAKE, s. [mondragore, Fr.J a plant, the flower of 
 which consists of one leaf in the shape of a bell, and is divided 
 at the top into several iiarts ; the root is said to bear a resem- 
 blance to the human form. 
 
 MA'NDREL, s. [maudrin, Fr.] a kind of wooden pulley, 
 making a part of a turner's lallie. 
 
 MANDUCA'TION, s. [from manducor, to eat or chew, 
 Lat. I eating ; chewing, or the action of the lower jaw. 
 
 MANE, J. \inaene, Belg.] the long hair which hangs down 
 on the necks of horses or other animals. 
 
 MA'NEATER, a. one that eats tiuman flesh ; a cannibal ; 
 an anthropophagite. 
 
 AlA'NEGE, s. the exercise of riding the great horie, 
 
 MA'NED, o. bnvitig a mane.
 
 S80 
 
 MAN I 
 
 MANN 
 
 MA'NES, ». [Lat.] a ghost; or that which remains of a 
 person after death. 
 
 MA'NFUL, a. bold; stout; daring. 
 
 MA'NFULLY, ad. in a bold, stout, or daring manner. 
 
 MA'NFULNESS, j. the quality of behaving in a manner 
 that shews undaunted courage and invincible resolution. 
 
 MA'NGANESE, s. in mineralogj', a brilliant metal, of a 
 dark gray colour, of considerable hardness, ajid difficult fusi- 
 bility. It is very brittle, and when in powder is attracted by 
 the magnet. It is found in Somersetshire and Devonshire, in 
 America, and in various parts of the continent. Its oxydea 
 are used in bleaching, in purifying glass, and in glazing black 
 earthenware. 
 
 MANGE, s. \viangeaison, Fr.] the itch or scab in 
 cattle. 
 
 MA'NGER, t. [mangeoire, Fr.] a p.ace or vessel in which 
 the food of cattle is contained in a stable. 
 
 MA'NGINESS, s. the quality of having the mange. 
 
 To MA'NGLE, c. a. [mangelen, Belg.] to cut and hack ; 
 to cut and tear piece-meal ; to butcher. 
 
 MA'NGLER, s. one that hacks and destroys in a rude and 
 butcherly manner. 
 
 MA'NGO, s. [mongoitan, Fr.] a fruit of the isle of Java 
 somewhat resembling a melon, brought pickled to Europe. 
 
 MA'NGY, a. infected with the mange. Scabby, applied 
 to beasts. 
 
 MA'NHATER, $. one who hates mankind ; a misan- 
 thropist. 
 
 MA'NHEIM, one of the most beautiful cities in the pala- 
 tinate of the Rhine, in the circle of the Lower Rhine. The 
 streets are all straight, and intersect each other at right angles. 
 The inhabitants are computed at 21,000. The town has three 
 grand gates, adorned with basso-relievos, very beautifully 
 executed. It is almost entirely surrounded by the Neckar 
 and the Rhine, and the country about it is flat. The palace 
 of the elector palatine is a magnificent structure, containing a 
 gallery for paintings, cabinets of antiquities and natural his- 
 tory, a library, treasury, and menage. Manheini is 6 miles 
 N. E. of Spire, and 10 W. of Heidelberg. Lat. 49. 29. N. 
 Ion. 8. 32. E. 
 
 MA'NHOOD, s. virility ; the state or condition of a man ; 
 human nature. The state of a male, opposed to womanhood 
 The state of a person full grown, opposed to childhood 
 Courage ; bravery ; resolution. 
 
 MA'NIA, s. [from mainomai, to be mad, Gr.] madness; a 
 violent delirium without a fever. 
 
 MA'NIAC, or MANI'ACAL, a. [from mania, madness, 
 Gr.] raging with madness. 
 
 MA'NICHEES, or MA'NICH^ANS, in ecclesiastical his- 
 tory, a sect of ancient heretics, who as.serted that there were 
 two principles from which all things proceeded, the first, a 
 pure and subtile matter which they called light, and which 
 they contended did nothing but good ; and the other, a gross 
 and corrupt substance which they called darkness, and, they 
 said, did nothing but evil. The latter was the god of the 
 Jews, and the former the father of Christ. They denied the 
 doctrine of the resurrection from the dead. The name of the 
 sect was taken from Manes, a Persian. 
 
 MANIFEST, a. [manZ/ci/us, Lat.] plain; open; publicly 
 known. 
 
 MA'NIFEST, s. [from manifeslus, Lat.] a declaration ; a 
 public protest ; a manifesto. 
 
 To MA'NIFEST, v. a. [from manifeslus, open, manifest, 
 Lat.] to make appear ; to make public ; to shew plainly ; to 
 discover. Synon. Manij'esl seems to convey a proof of what 
 i.s made manifest, meaning to shew inconle.stably ; jiuhlis/i de- 
 notes only a simple declaration, but general ; to jiioLlaim, is to 
 make known by a formal and legal publication. 
 
 MANIFESTA'TION, s. [Fr. from manifexlu.-, open, mani- 
 fest, Lat.) a discovery; the act of publishing or making 
 public; clear and undoubted evidence. 
 
 MANIFE'.STIULY, a. easy to be proved .or made evi- 
 dent. 
 
 MA'NIFESTLY, ad. clearly; plainly; evidently. 
 
 MA'NIFESTNESS, s. clearness of evidence; public no- 
 toriety. 
 
 MANIFE'STO, ». [Ital.] a public protestation or declara- 
 tion. 
 
 MA'NIFOLD, a. of different kinds; many in number; 
 complicated. 
 
 MA'NIFOLDLY, ad. in many respects. 
 
 MANI'GLIONS, in gunnery, two handles on the back of a 
 piece of ordnance cast after the German form. 
 
 MA'NIKIN, s. [manniken, Belg.J a little man. Not in 
 use. 
 
 MANI'LLA, a town or city, capital of the Island of Luconia, 
 as well as of the Philippine Islands, situated on a bay on 
 the S. W. coast. It contains about 3000 inhabitants, exclu- 
 sive of as many Chinese, who live in the suburbs, and about 
 as many more throughout the islands. There are 15 other 
 suburbs, inhabited by Japanese and r)ations of various mix- 
 tures. The streets are broad, but frequent earthquakes have 
 spoiled their uniformity. The citadel is in the shape of a 
 triangle, having one bastion towards the sea, another towards 
 the river, and a third at the W. point, to cover the port, 
 which is only fit for small vessels, and there are good o\it- 
 works. In 17ii9, Manilla was taken by ihe English, under 
 Rear Admiral Cornish, and Colonel Sir William Draper, and 
 to save it from destruction, it was acreed to pay a million 
 sterling for its ransom; but this agreement was ungenerously 
 disowned by the Spanish court. Lat. H. 36. N. Ion. 120. 
 51. E. 
 
 MA'NINGTUEE, a town of Essex, with a market on 
 Tuesday. It is 60 miles E. N. E. of London. 
 
 MA'NIPLE, J. [munipulus, from manus, the hand, Lat.] a 
 handful. Figuratively, a small band of soldiers. 
 
 MA'NIS, J. i:i zoology, a singular quadruped, which in its 
 manners approaches the ant-eaters, and in its general ap- 
 pearance the lizards. It is covered with sharp scales, which 
 are its defence against the most savage inhabitants of the 
 forest. 
 
 MiV'NKlLLER, s. a murderer. _ 
 
 MANKI'ND, s. the human species. 
 
 MA'NLESS, a. without men ; not manned. 
 
 MA'NLIKE, a. strong; vigorous; resembling a man full 
 grown, and in his greatest perfection. 
 
 MANLINESS, s. the appearance of a man full grown, 
 and arrived at years of discretion ; bravery ; stoutness ; dig- 
 nity. 
 
 MA'NLY, a. becoming a man ; stout; brave, or with un- 
 daunted courage and resolution. 
 
 MA'NXA, J. [man, Heb.] in sacred history, an extraordi- 
 nary kind of I'ood which was showered down by the Al- 
 mighty for the sustenance of the children of Israel when 
 passing througii the wilderness. A gum, which is a juice 
 resembling honey that is concreted into a solid form, seldom 
 so dry but it adheres more or less to the fingers in handling. 
 Its colour is whitish, yellowish, or brownish; its taste is as 
 sweet as sugar, with a sharpness that renders it very agreea- 
 ble. It is the product of two difTerent trees, but both the 
 varieties of ash. The finest mainia is that which oozes out 
 of the leaves of that tree in August. Mainia is the mildest 
 and softest of all purges, and may be given to children, 
 women with child, and to persons of the most tender consti- 
 tutions. 
 
 MA'NNER, s. [manier, Fr.] form, method, custom, habit, 
 fashion. In painting, it is a habitmle that a man acquires 
 in the principal p:uts of painting, the management of co- 
 lours, lights, and sliadows ; but the best painter is he who hag 
 no manner at all ; the good or bad rhoice he makes is called 
 gout. Mannert, the plural, imports, in poetry, the inclina- 
 tion, genius, and humour, which the poet gives to his persons, 
 and whereby he distinguishes liis characters. Also, the ge- 
 neral course of life a man leads, his morals or habits. Like- 
 wise, ceremonious behaviour ; stmlicd civility. 
 
 MA'NNERHNESS, j. the quality of behaving with civi- 
 lity or complaisance. 
 
 MA'NNEULY, a. [manierlick, Belg.] civil; complaisant;
 
 MANT 
 
 MAR 
 
 i3\ 
 
 wei] bred. Adverbially, in a civil or complaisant man- 
 ner. 
 
 MA'NNIKIN, s. See Manikin. 
 
 MA'NNISH, a. having the appearance of, or becoming, a 
 man. Figuratively, bold ; mascnline. 
 
 MA'NOR, s. [manoir, old Fr.] in common law, signifies a 
 rule or government which a man hath of such as hold land 
 within his fee. Touching the original of these inunors, it 
 seems, that, in the beginning there was a certain compass or 
 circuit of ground granted by the king to some jnen of worth, 
 for them and their heirs to dwell upon, and to exercise some 
 jurisdiction. Cowell. 
 
 MANSE, J. [mansio, from maneo, to remain, Lat.] a par- 
 sonage house ; farm and land. 
 
 MA'NSFIELD, a well built town in Nottinghamshire, 
 seated on the edge of the forest of Sherwood, is pretty 
 large, has a great trade in corn and malt, and a con- 
 siderable mainifacture of stockings. It is 12 miles N. of 
 Nottingham, and 140 N. by W. of London. Market on 
 Thursday. 
 
 Mansion, {mdnshon) s. [mansio, from maneo, to remain, 
 Lat.] a place of residence, an abode or house. In law, the 
 lord's chief dwelling-house within his fee. 
 
 MANSLA'UGHTER, (manslaiiter) t. in its primary signi- 
 fication, murder, or destruction of the human specie.'. In 
 law, the killing a person without malice prepense, as in a 
 sudden quarrel, &c. See Homicide. 
 
 MA'NSLAYER, s. one that kills another. 
 
 MANSUE'TE, (mansweit) a. [from mansuelus, Lai.] gentle, 
 tracable, good-natured. 
 
 MA'NSUETUDE, {manswetude) s. [from mansu£tus gentle, 
 Lat.] gentleness, mildness; clemency. 
 
 MA'NTEGAR, s. in zoology, the tufted ape, a species of 
 monkey. 
 
 MA'NTEL, jt. [mantel, old Fr.] work raised before a 
 chimney, to conceal it. 
 
 MANTELET, j. [Fr.] a short kind of a cloak worn by 
 women. In fortification, a kind of moveable penthouse, 
 made of pieces of timber sawed into planks, which being about 
 three inches thick, are nailed one over another to the heia;ht 
 of almost six feet; they are generally cased with tin, and se-t 
 upon little wheels ; so that in a siege they may be driven 
 before the pioneers, and serve as blinds to shelter them from 
 the enemy's small shot ; there are other manlelels covered on 
 the top wttereof the miners make use to approach the walls 
 of a town or castle. 
 
 MANTI'GER, s. a large monkey or baboon. 
 
 MA'NTLE, t. [tnaniell, Brit.] a kind of cloak, or loose cloth 
 or silk thrown over the rest of the dress, worn formerly by 
 generals, and at present used by nurses and midwives to carry 
 infants abroad in. 
 
 To MANTLE, v. a. to cloak ; to cover; to disguise. 
 
 To MA'NTLE, v. n. to spread the wing as a hawk in 
 pleasure ; to joy or revel ; to be expanded, or soread luxu- 
 riantly. To troth or ferment, applied to liquors. 
 
 MA'NTLETREE, s. in carpentry, the piece of limber 
 running across the head of the opening of a chimney, and com- 
 monly projecting I'rom the wall to hold china, &c. 
 
 MA'NTUA, a famous city of Italy, sealed on an island 
 in the midst of a hike, and is very strong by situatijn as well 
 as art, as there is no coming at it, except by two causeways 
 which cross the lake. It is very large, having S gates, i 
 collegiate churches, 21 parochial, H other churches and 
 alms-houses, 11 oratories, 40 convents and nunneries; and 
 without the city, 3 parisli churches, 2 other churches, and 7 
 convents; also a quarter for the , Tews to live in, and above 
 16,000 inhabitants. The streets are broad and straight, and 
 the houses well built. It was greatly noted for its silk, and 
 other manufactures ; but they are now inconsiderable, and 
 the air in the summer time is unwholesome. It is seated on 
 the river Mincio, and has an university; 35 miles N. E. of 
 Parma, 22 S. W. of Verona, and S20 N. by W. of Rome, lat. 
 45. 10, N. Ion. 10. SO. K 
 
 MA NTUA, {mdnti)) $. [corrupted from manleau, Fr.] a 
 woman's gown. 
 
 MA'N'i'UA-MAKER, j. (mdnW-muker) s. a person who 
 makes gowns for women. 
 
 MA'NUAL, a. [from mantis, the hand, Lat.] performed by 
 the hand ; used by the hand. 
 
 MA'NUAL, s. [Irom munus, the hand, Lat.] a small book, 
 such as may be easily carried in the hand. 
 
 MANUDU'CTION, s. [from vianus, the hand, and 
 duct), to lead, Lat.] the act of guiding or leading by the 
 hand. 
 
 MANUFA'CTORY, s. [from manus, the hand, and fvLcio, 
 to make, Lat.] a place wherein great numbers of people are 
 assimbled to work upon any particular sort of goods; a com- 
 modity, or any sort of work made by the hand. 
 
 MANUFA'CTUUE, s. [from manut, the hand, and /ono, 
 to make, I,at.J a[iy sort of work made by the hand. 
 
 To MANUFA'CTURE, v. a. [manufaclurer, Fr.] to pro- 
 duce or work upon any thing by the hands or by art. 
 
 MANUFA'CTURER, s. one who performs any thing by 
 labour of the hands ; or keeps great numbers of men to work 
 on any particular commodity. 
 
 MA'NUL, s. in zoology, an animal of the cat kind, about 
 the size of a fox, which inhabits Siberia, and preys upon the 
 smaller tjuadrupeds. 
 
 MANUMI'SSIOX, .f. [from manus, the hand, and mitto, 
 to send, Lat.] the act of giving liberty to slaves. 
 
 To MANUAll'ZE, or MANUMI'T, v. a. [from manus, 
 the hand, and ntitto, to send, Lat.] to set free or deliver from 
 slavery. 
 
 MANU'RABLE, a. capable of being rendered better by 
 cultivation. 
 
 MANU'RANCE, s. agriculture or husbandry. Not in 
 use. 
 
 To aiANU'RE, V. a. [manouvrer, Fr.] to cultivate or im- 
 prove ground by husbandry or manual labour; to dung or 
 fatten land. 
 
 MANU'RE, 3. any thing laid on lands to enrich and fatten 
 them. 
 
 MANC'REMENT, s. the improvement of land by manual 
 labour, or covering it with dung and other composts. 
 
 MANU'RER, J. a person who enriches and improves land; 
 a husbandman. 
 
 MA'NUSCRIPT, s. [from manus, the hand, and scribo, to 
 write, Lat.] a Written book or copy, generally applied to such 
 books as have never been printed. 
 
 MA'NY, a. comparat. more, superlat. most ; [manig; Sax.] 
 consisting of a great number ; numerous ; several. An inde- 
 finite number, preceded and followed hy as ; all that. "As 
 many as were willing." Exod. xxxv. 20. 
 
 MA'NY COLOURED, a. having various and different 
 colours. 
 
 MA'NYHEADED, a. having several or a great number of 
 head.s. 
 
 NA'NYTIMES, ad. often or frequently. 
 
 MAP, s. [mappu, low Lat.] a geographical picture, or a 
 projection of the globe, or part t!;ereof, on a plain surface 
 representing the forms and dimensions of the several coun- 
 tries, rivers, and seas, with the situation of cities, mountains, 
 and otiier places, according to their respective longitude and 
 latitude. 
 
 To MAP, V. a. to make a map ; to delineate a country, &c. 
 on paper, &c. 
 
 MA'PLE, s. [mapul, Sax.] a tree whose wood is used for 
 many purposes, especially for ornament. 
 
 MA'PURITO, s. ill zoology, a kind of weasel found in 
 New Spain. 
 
 To MAR, V. a, [amyrran^ Sax.] to injure; to spoil, hurt, 
 or damage. 
 
 MAR, a district of the shire of Aberdeen in Scotland, 
 bounded on the N. by the river Don on the E. by the German 
 Ocean, on the S. by the river Dee, and on the W. by Badenoch 
 and Athol.
 
 «89 
 
 MARG 
 
 MARK 
 
 MAR4NA'THA, t. [Syr.] a form of threatening, cursing, 
 and anathematizing, among tiie Jews. 
 
 MARA'SMU.S, s. [nmrasmos, from maraino, to waste, Gr.] 
 in medicine extreme wasting or consumption of the whole 
 body. 
 
 MAR.VVEDI, 3, a small Spanish copper coin worth about 
 half a farthing, English. 
 
 MARAU'i)ING, a. ranging about for plunder. 
 
 MA'RBLE, s. [niarhrc, Fr.] a kind of stone found in great 
 masses, and dug oi.it of quarries, of so hard and compact a 
 substance, and so fuie a grain, that it readily takes a beautiful 
 [lolish, and is used in statues, cliimney-pieces, &c. Small 
 round stones played with by children. Figuratively, applied 
 to a stone remarkable for scxdpture or inscription. " The 
 Arundelian marbles." 
 
 MARBLE, a. made of marble; variegated, or of different 
 colours, like marble. 
 
 To MA'RBLE, r>. a. [marhrer, Fr.] to paint with venis, 
 clouds, or different colours, in resemblance of marble. 
 
 MA'RBLED, a. something veined or clouded in imitation 
 of marble. 
 
 MA'KCASITE, s. [marcasite, Fr.] a solid hard fossil of 
 an obscurely and irregularly foliaceous structure, a bright 
 glittering appearance, and foinid in continued beds among 
 the Veins of ores, or in the fissurvs of stone. It is very fre- 
 quent in the mines of Cornwall, where the workmen call it 
 modick ; but more in Germany, where they extract vitriol 
 and sidphur from it. 
 
 MARCH, s. [from Marr, Lat.] the name of the third 
 month of the year, reckoning January as the first. Till the 
 alteration of style in \&Gi among the French, and in ITo-S in 
 England, it was esteemed the first month, and the year 
 began on the 25th day of it. IMarch is drawn in tawny, with 
 a fierce aspect, and a helmet on his head. 
 
 To MARCH, V. n. [tnarcher, Fr.] to journey, applied to 
 an army. To walk in a grave, solemn, and deliberate man- 
 ner. Actively, to put in motion, or make an army advance ; 
 to bring on in regular procession. 
 
 MARCH, s. a motion, walk, or journey of soldiers ; a 
 grave and solemn walk ; a tune pla3'ed on instruments dur- 
 ing the march or progress of an army ; signals for an army 
 to move. In the plural, borders, limits, or confines of a 
 country. 
 
 MARCHE, a ci-dcvant province of France about 55 miles 
 in length and 'JO in breadth, not very fertile in corn and 
 ■wine, but feeding a greiit number of cattle. It now prin- 
 cipally forms the department of Crcuse, and part of that of 
 Vienne. 
 
 MA'RCHER, s. [marcheur, Fr.] a president of the marches 
 or borders. 
 
 MA'RCHIONE.SS, (in pronunciation thtJ i is mute) s. the 
 wife of a marquis. 
 
 MA'RCHPANE, s. [massepane, Fr.] a kind of sweet-bread 
 or biscuit. 
 
 M.VRCID, a. [from marceo, to pine, Lat.] lean j pining. 
 Withered, applied to plants. 
 
 MA'RCOUU, s. [from marcen, to pine, Lat.] leanness; the 
 state of withering; a consumption or waste of flesh. 
 
 MARE, n. \iniire, .Sax.] the female of a horse. A kind of 
 stagnation which seems to press the stomach with a weight 
 when asleep; derived from Mara, the name of a spirit, sup- 
 posed by the northern nations to torment persons asleep ; it 
 is called the vig/il-niare. 
 
 MA'RE.SCAr>, s. [Fr.] a chief commander of an army. 
 
 MA'RKSTAII/, s. in botany, a plant with narrow leaves, 
 growing in -.vliorls round the joints, twelve or more at each 
 joint; (lowers I'qual in number to the leaves, consisting of 
 only a chive and a pointal, without blossom or empalement, 
 and a straight stem. It is found in muddy ditches and 
 pond«. 
 
 MA'RGARrre, e. [nuirparitn, Lat.] a pearl, 
 
 JVIA'KCiAlE, a sea-port of Kent, on the N. side of the 
 isle of Thatiet, within a small bay in the breach of the cliff; 
 it has ra[)idly increased of late years, by the great resort to 
 
 it for sea-bathing, tfie shore being level and covered with 
 fine sand, well adapted for that purpose. Here is .a salt- 
 water bath, which lias performed great cures in nervous and 
 paralytic cases, and numlmess in the limbs. Great quanti- 
 ties of corn are exported hence, and vessels are frequently 
 passing to and from the coast of Flanders. There are, mor- 
 over, regidar packet-boasts of 80 or 100 tons burden, to 
 and from London, some of which are elegantly fitted up. It 
 is built on an easy ascent, (the principal street being near 
 a mile in length) U miles N. of Deal, and 72 E. by S. of 
 London. 
 
 MARGE, JIA'RGENT, or MA'RGIN, s. the last is most 
 in use; [from murgo, Lat.] the border; a brink, edge, or 
 verge; the border of paper in a book, which surrounds the 
 page ; the eiif^e of a wound or sore. 
 
 MARGINAL, a. \inm-giiial, Fr.] placed or writ on the 
 blank space or border of a book. 
 
 MA'RGIN.'VTED, a. [from margo, the brink or margin, 
 Lat.] having a margin. 
 
 JIA'RGRAVE, .1. [mark and graff; Teut.] a title of sove. 
 reignty in Germany, which signihes literally a keeper of the 
 marches or borders. 
 
 MA'RIGOLD, s. a yellow flower, so called from being 
 devoted, perhaps, to the Virgin. 
 
 To MARINATE, v. a. ^mariner, Fr.] to salt fish, and 
 afterwards preserve it in oil or vinegar. 
 
 MARINE, imareen) a. [from mare, the sea, Lat.] belong- 
 ing to the sea. 
 
 JMARI'NE, (jnareiii) t. [from la marine, Fr.] sea aflfairs 
 or forces ; a soldier taken on board a ship to be employed in 
 descents on land. 
 
 JIA'RINER, s. [from mare, the sea, Lat.] a seaman or 
 sailor. 
 
 MA'RJORAM, s. [marjorana, Lat.] a fragrant plant. In 
 physic, it is attenuant and detergent, and recommended in 
 nervous cases, in diseases of the lungs, and in epileptic cases. 
 There are two species of this plant native in England. 
 
 MA'RITAL, s. [Fr. from viaritns, a husband, Lat.] belong* 
 ing or incident to a husband. 
 
 MARI'TIMAL, or MA'RITIME a. [vuiritinus, from 
 mare, the sea. Lat] performed at, or lielonging to, the sea; 
 bordering on the sea ; naval. 
 
 mark's St. Gospel, a canonical book of the Newr 
 Testament, the second of the four Gospels. St. Mark wrote 
 his Gospel at Rome, where he accompanied St. Peter, in 
 the year of Christ 4t. He suffered martyrdom at Alexan- 
 dria in Egypt in the year G8. Some assert, that his remains 
 were afteiwiirds translated with great pomp from Alexandria 
 to Venice. However, he is the tutelar saint and patron of 
 that republic, who have erected a very stately church to his 
 memory. 
 
 MARK, s. [marc, Brit, mearc, Sax.] a token by which a 
 thing is known and distinguished from another; an impres- 
 sion ; a proof or evidence; any thing which a glin or other 
 missile weapon is directed towards ; the sign by which a 
 horse's age may be discovered ; a character made by those 
 who cannot write their names. A piece of money valued at 
 13s. id. from Ptarc. Fr. A letter of mark or marque, a licence 
 given by a king or state, whereby private persons are au- 
 thorized to lit out ships, and make reprisals on the subjects of 
 another state, from marque, Fr. 
 
 To MARK, v. a. [^murquer, Fr.] to make an impressitin, 
 character, or sign, by which a thing may be known or dis- 
 tirlgui^lled IVom others ; to note, observe, or take notice of. 
 Neuterly, to observe, or take notice of; to work letters or 
 figures on linen, &c. 
 
 MARKER, s. one who makes some sign, character or im- 
 pression on a thing ; one that takes notice of a thing. 
 
 MARKET, s, [antiently written mcrcat, from mereatus, 
 Lat.] a public time or place wherein things are bought and 
 sold ; purchase or sale. Figuratively, |)rice ; rate. 
 
 To MA'RKET, v. n. to deal at market either in buying or 
 selling ; to make bargains.
 
 MARO 
 
 MARS 
 
 Sg.3 
 
 MA'RKETABLE, a. such as may be sold commonly in a 
 market. 
 
 MA'RKET-BO'SWORTH. See Bosworth. 
 
 MA'RKET-CROSS, t. a cross formerly set up where a 
 market was held. 
 
 MA'RKET-DAY, j. a day on which things are bought and 
 eold in a market. 
 
 MA'RKET-DEE'PING. See Deeping. 
 
 MA'RKET-DRA'YTON. See Drayton. 
 
 MA'RKET-HA'RBOROUGH. See IlAKBOnoucH. 
 
 MA'RKET-JEW, or RIehazion, a mean town in Corn- 
 wall, seated on a dangerous arm of the sea, called Mount's 
 Bay, 3 miles E. of Penzance, and 283 W. by S. of London. 
 Market on Thursday. 
 
 MA'RKET-MAN, s. a man that goes to the market to buy 
 or sell ; one that understands deaHiig at a market. 
 
 MA'RKET-O'VERTON, a town in Rutland, 3 miles from 
 Okeham. Market on Tuesday, if not disused. 
 
 MA'RKET-PLACE, s. a place where a market is held. 
 
 MA'RKET-PRICE, or MA'RKET-RATE, 3. the price 
 at which any thint is commordy sold in or out of a 
 market- 
 
 MA'RKET-RAI'SIN, a town in Lincolnshire, whose market 
 is on Thursday ; distant from London 151 miles. 
 
 MA'RKET-TOWN, s. a town that has the privilege of a 
 Btated market. 
 
 MA'RKMAN, or MA'RKSMAN, s. a person skilled m 
 hitting a mark. 
 
 MARL, s. [marl, Brit.] a mixture of carbonate of lime, 
 and clay, which is of great u.se in agriculture. 
 
 To MARL, V. a. to manure with marl. 
 
 To MARL, r. a. [from marline] to bind untwisted hemp 
 dipped in pitch round a cable, in order to guard it from 
 friction. 
 
 MA'RLBOROUGH, (Mdulbdrd) an antient borough of 
 Wiltshire, containing two parish churches, several commo- 
 dious inns, and about 500 houses, with broad and paved 
 streets. Mr. Camden mentions an antient custom here, viz. 
 that every freeman, at his admission, gave to the mayor a 
 couple of greyhounds, two white capons, and a white bull. 
 It is seated on the river Kennet, 43 miles E. of Bristol, and 
 7+ W. of London. Markets on Wednesday and Saturday. 
 
 MA'RLINE, s. [med'n, Sax.] a long wreath of untwisted 
 hemp, dipped in pitch, with which the ends of cables are 
 guarded, to preserve them from friction. 
 
 MA'RLINESPIKE, s. a small piece of iron, used in fasten- 
 ing ropes together, or in opening the bolt of a rope, when 
 a sail is to be sewed to it. 
 
 MA'RLOW, GREAT, a town of Buckinghamshire, seated 
 on the river Thames, over which is a bridge into Berkshire. 
 Its manufactures are, making bone lace, paper, and thimble.i, 
 and there are several corn mills on the Loddon, between this 
 town and High Wycombe. It sends two members to parliament. 
 It is 17 miles S. of Aylesbury, and 31 W. of London. Market 
 on Saturday. 
 
 MA'RLPIT, s. a pit out of which marl is dug. 
 
 MA'RLY, a. abounding with marl. 
 
 MA'RMALADE, or MA'RMALET, i. [marmalade, Fr.] a 
 confection of plums, oranges, quinces, &c. cut and boiled with 
 sugar. 
 
 MARMO'RA, or The White Sea, between Europe and 
 Asia, which communicates with the Straits of Gallipoli, and the 
 Strait of Constanlirinple. It is 90 miles in length, and 44 in 
 breadth, aiid w:is aritienlly called the Propontis. 
 
 MA'RMOSET, «. [marmonset, Fr.] a small monkey. 
 
 MA'RMOT, or MARMO'TTO, j. [Ital.] in zoology, an 
 animal which bears some resemblance both to the bear and 
 the rat. They live in companies, and make themselves habi- 
 tations on the .sides of mountains, where they pass the winter 
 months in a stale of insensibility. 
 
 MA'RONITES, in ecclesiastical history, a sect of eastern 
 Christians, whu follow the Syrian rite, and are subject to 
 tlie pope ; their principal habitation being on mount Li- 
 banu5. 
 
 MAROO'NS, a name given to those negroes who, on the 
 conquest of Jamaica in the time of Cromwell, deserted their 
 Spanish masters, and betook themselves to the mountains, 
 resolving to live in a slate of independence. This, in 1738 was 
 confirmed to them by treaty, and a distinct portion of land 
 allowed them for tliiir residence ; but as their friend-hip was 
 never sincere, a general revolt took place in 1795, whicn (by 
 the help of blood-hounds !) was quelled in the following year, 
 when (>00 of them were transported to Halifax hi North 
 America. 
 
 MARQUESAS, a group of I-lands in the South Sea, first 
 discovered by Mendana, a Spaniard, in 15!I5. They are five 
 in number, and named St. Christiana, Magdaleiia, Dominica, 
 St. Pedro, and Hood. Captain Cook lay tome time at 
 the first of these, in 1774. The natives are of a tawny 
 complexion, but look almost black, from being punctured 
 over the whole hody. They go idmo.st naked, having only 
 a small piece of cloth, perfectly resembling that made by 
 the people of Otaheile, round tlieir waist and loins. Their 
 beard and h;nr are of a fine jet 1 lac k, like those of the other 
 natives of the torrid zone. The island, though high and 
 steep, has many vallies, which widen towards the sea, and 
 are covered with hue forests to the smnniits of the interior 
 mountains. The products of these islands are bread-fruit, 
 oananas, plantains, cocoa-nuts, scarlet beans, paper-mnlbtr- 
 ries, of the bark of which their cloth is made, cansarinas, 
 with other tropical plants and tiees, and hogs and fowls. 
 They have also plenty of fish. Captain Foster says, he 
 never saw a single man deformed, or even ill-proportioned, 
 among the natives; all were strong, tall, well-limbed, and 
 active in the highest degree. Their arms were clubs and 
 spears, and their government, like that of the Society 
 Islands, monarchical. But they were not quite so cleanly as 
 the inhabitants of the Society Islands, who, in that respect, 
 surpass perhaps any other people in the world. The drink 
 of the Maiquesans is purely water, cocoa nuts being rather 
 scarce. Their music, musical instruments, dances, aiid 
 canoes, resemble those of Otaheite. Lat. 9. 55. S. Ion. 139. 
 9. W. 
 
 MA'RQUETRY, s. [marqueterie, Fr.] chequered work; 
 work inlaid with various colours. 
 
 MA'RQUIS, s. [marquis, Fr.] a title of honour next to a 
 duke. It was introduced into England by Richard III. who 
 created Robert Vere, earl of Oxford, marquis of Dublin, and 
 was only a titular dignity ; those who had the care of fron- 
 tiers, as the word imports, being styled marchers, and not 
 marquises. 
 
 MA'RQUISATE, s. [marquisat, F.] the seigniority or pro- 
 vince of a marquis. 
 
 MA'RRER, s. [from mar] one who spoils, damages, or 
 hurts any thing or person. 
 
 MA'RRIAGE, ». [viarriage, Fr.] the act or ceremony by 
 which a man and a woman are lawfully united for life. This 
 word is very often joined with others in composition, and then 
 takes the nature of an adjective. 
 
 MARRIAGEABLE, {marrljahle) a. fit for marriage; of 
 an age to be married. 
 
 MA'RRIF.U, part. a. conjugal, connubial. 
 
 MA'RKOW, (mdrro the w is mute at the end of this word 
 anil its derivatives) s. [mero, Sax.] an oleaginous or fat sub- 
 stance contained in the hollow of a bone. Figuratively, the 
 quhitessence, or best part of any thing. 
 
 MA'RROWBONE, s. any hollow bone of an animal con- 
 teining marrow. 
 
 MA'RROWFAT, s. a large kind of pea. 
 
 MA'RROWLESS, a. without marrow. 
 
 To MA'RRY, V. a. [marier, Fr.] to join a man and a 
 woman together, so that they may cohabit lawfully during 
 hfe ; to dispose of in marriage ; to take tor a husband or wife. 
 Neuterly, to enter into the state of marriage. 
 
 MARS, s. in the solar system, is one of the superior pla- 
 nets. His distance from the sun is computed to be near 145 
 millions of miles, and by proceeding at the immense rate of 
 about 55,000 miles every hour in his orbit, goes round him
 
 JBl 
 
 MARS 
 
 MART 
 
 ill 686d. 22h. ISm. 2Ts. 3-tenths, which is his periodic revo- 
 lution. He moves from one fixed star to the same again in 
 68fiJ. 23h. 30m. iSs. 3-tenths, and from aphelion to aphelion 
 in 6S6d. 23h. 57m. 57s. the former being called his sidereal, 
 the latter his anomalistic period. His synodic revnlutinn, 
 or space of time between each of his conjunctions with the 
 sun, is completed in 779d. 22h. 28m. 26s. at a mean rate. 
 His diameter is 5340 miles, and by moving at the rate of 6S0 
 miles an hour at his equator, makes a complete turn round 
 his axis in 2th. Sl^.n. 22s. which is easily deducible from dark 
 spots on his disk. His year consists of 68S 15-24ths of such 
 days. Dr. Herschel has determined the obliquity of his 
 ecliptic to be 28° 42', only 5° 14' greater than the earth's; 
 and also that his polar diameter is somewhat shorter than 
 his equatorial, the former being to the latter as 98 to 103, or 
 as 1272 to 1355. His solid contents is about 30-lOOths of 
 the earth's, and density 729-lOOOths of the same. The place 
 of his aphelion, anno i 800, was in 20° 24' 1 4 ' of Virgo, and 
 ascending node in 18° 10' of Taurus ; the motion of the former 
 being 1° 51' 40", and the latter 1° 6' 40", in 100 years. 
 The inclination of his orbit to tlie plane of the ecliptic, or 
 his greatest heliocentric latitude, is 1° 51' ; but his greatest 
 geocentric latitude, on account of his proximity to the earth, 
 amounts sometimes to 4° 45'. His eccentricity is 14,208 of 
 those parts of which the earth's distance irom the sun is 
 100,000, and the greatest equation of his orbit 10° 41' 47". 
 On account of his great eccentricity, the length of time he 
 is retrogade in a synodic revolution varies from 59 to 83 
 days, the arc of retrogradation in the former case, as the 
 planet is in perihelion, being about 10", and in the latter 
 about 19°. Besides those dark spots on his disk from which 
 the time of his rotation on his axis is determined, former 
 astronomers have taken notice of very large bright ones 
 about both his poles ; and tliese observations have now 
 been confirmed by Dr. Herschel, wlio has likewise disco- 
 vered that the centres of them are nearly in his poles, and 
 that they cover very great portions of his polar region.s. 
 His other observations concerning these spots, and other 
 peculiarities of this planet, are txpressed in the following 
 words: " The analogy bftween Mars and the earth is per- 
 haps by far the greatest in the whole solar system. Their 
 diurnal motion is nearly the same, the obliquity of their 
 respective ecliptics not very different ; of all the superior 
 planets he is by far the nearest alike l) tliat of the earth ; nor 
 will the length of the Martial year appear very difft;rent from 
 what we enjoy, when compared to the surprising jiuration of 
 the years of Jupiter, Saturn, and the Georgium .Siilus If then 
 we find that the globe we inhabit has its polar regions frozen, 
 and covered with mountains of ice and snow that only partly 
 melt when alternately exposed to the sun, I itiay well be 
 permitted to surmise, that tlie same causes may probably have 
 the same efTect on the globe of Mars; that the bright polar 
 spots are owing to tlie vivid reflection of light from frozen 
 regions ; and that the reduction ol those spots is to be ascribed 
 to their being exposed to the sun. In the year 1781, the 
 south polar spot was extremely large, which we might well 
 expect, as that pole had but lately been involved in a whole 
 twelvemonth's darkness and absence of the sun ; but in 1783, 
 I found it considerably smaller than before, and it decreased 
 continually from the 20th of May, till about the middle of 
 September, when it seemed to be at a stand. During 
 this last period the south pole had already been aliove eiglit 
 months enjoying the benefit of summer, anil still continued 
 to receive the sunbeams, though, towards the latter end, in 
 such an oblique direction as to he but little benefited by 
 them. On the other hand, in the year 1781, the north polar 
 spot, which had then been its tuelveinonth in the sunshine, 
 and was but lately returning into darkness, appeared small, 
 though undoubtedly increasing in size. " It has probably a 
 considerable atmosphere ; for, besides the permanent spots 
 on its surface, Dr. Herschel has often perceived occasional 
 changes of partial bright belts, and also once a darkish one 
 in a pretty high latitude ; alterations which we can attribute 
 to no other cause than the variable disposition of clouds and 
 
 vapours floating in the atmosphere of the planet. Among 
 chemists, it denotes iron, as supposed to be under the influ- 
 ence of that planet. With astrologers it is the producing cause 
 of wars, troubles, &c. In the heathen mythology, the god of 
 war. 
 
 MARS, MARSH, or MAS, in the names of places, are 
 derived from merse, Sax. a fen or watery place. 
 
 MARSE'ILLES, a tlourishing sea-port in the department 
 of the Mo\iths of the Rhone, formerly an episcopal see. It was 
 so celebrated in the time of the Romans, that Cicero styled it 
 the Athens of Gaul, and Pliny called it the Mistress of Educa- 
 tion. It is seated on the Jlediterranean, at the upper end of 
 a gulf, covered and defended by many small islands, and is 
 divided into tlie Old Town or the City, and the New Town. 
 The armoury here is one of the finest, and contains arms for 
 40,000 men. Here is also a large arsenal, well stored with 
 all the implements fiir building and fitting out the galleys. 
 The harbour is not deep enough for men of war. Gold and 
 silver stuffs are made liere. The inhabitants are estimated at 
 90,000. With resjiect to commerce, Marseilles has been 
 eminent, since the days of antiquity, and it is now sometimes 
 called Europe in Miniature, on account of the variety of 
 dresses and languages. In 10 49, the plague raged with great 
 violence in Marseilles, and with still greater in 1720, 1721, 
 and 1722, when it carried off 50,000 of the inhabitants. 
 During this last dreadful visitation, M. de Belfunce, (the 
 " Marseilles good bishop," celebrated by Pope) the canon 
 Bourgeret, the magistrate Moustier, and the commandant 
 Langeron, by their intrepiii and indefatigable humanity, did 
 the most signal honour to themselves and to human nature. 
 Marseilles is IS miles N. \V. of Toulon, and 302 S. by £. of 
 Paris, lat. 43. 18. N. Ion. 5. 27. E. 
 
 MARSH, s. [)7ieise, Sax.] a fen, bog, swamp, or tract o( 
 land abounding in water. 
 
 MARSH, a village of Cambridgeshire, in the isle of Ely, 
 with a market on Friday. 
 
 MA'RSHFIELD, a town of Gloucestershire, with a manu- 
 factory of broad-cloth, and a considerable trade in malt. It is 
 seated on the Cotswold hills, 12 miles E. of Bristol, and 102 
 W. of London. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 MARSHAL, s. [niareschal, Fr.] the chief officer of an 
 army. See MAiiiiSCiiAL. An oflicer who regulates com- 
 bats in the lists ; any one who regulates the rank or order at 
 a feast or other assembly ; one who puts things or persons 
 in proper order ; an harbinger, or one who goes before a 
 prince, to give notice of his coming, and prepare for his 
 reception. 
 
 To MA'RSHAL, v. a. to place in proper ranks or order; 
 to lead as an harbinger. 
 
 MA'RSHALLER, s. a person that puts things in order, 
 
 AI.VRSHALSEA, s, a prison in Southwark, belonging to 
 the marshal of the kir.g's household. 
 
 MA'RSHALSHir, j. the office of a marshal. 
 
 MARSH CrSTUS, i. the wild rosemary. 
 
 MARSH LOCK.S, s. an herb, the same with the purple 
 marsh cinque foil. 
 
 MARSHMA'I.LOWS, s. a plant with simple downy 
 leaves, and purplish while blossoms ; found in flower, in salt 
 marshes, in August. 
 
 MA'RSHMOSS, s. in bot.any, a kind of moss, of which 
 there are not less than 21 kinds native in England. 
 
 SIA'RSHWORT, i. a plant with oblong egg-shaped leaves 
 and white blossoms; called also the round-leavtd water pim- 
 pernel. 
 
 MA'RSHV, n. boggy; wet : produced in marshes. Stnon. 
 Mar.iliij lands are those that lie low, and are watery; lioggy 
 lands are those where there are many quagmires. 
 
 MART, s. [contracted fioui niiirkft] a place of public 
 traiiic, or trade. Figuratively, a bargain, whether purchase 
 or sale. Letlir$ of mint, see Mark. 
 
 To MART, V. a. to trade; to buy or sell. 
 
 MA'RTEN, or MARTKRN, s. [martc, Fr.] a large kind 
 of weasel, whose skin or fur is much valued ; a kind of 
 swallow that builds in houses, from martcUt, Fr.
 
 MARY 
 
 MARY 
 
 S8S 
 
 MAHTIAL, (jndrtha s. [martialis, from Murt, the god 
 of war, also a planet, Lat.] warlike; brave; given to war; 
 having a warlike shew ; used in war. In chyniistry, liaving 
 particles or properties of iron, from Ma's, the chynjical word 
 lor iron. Borrowing qualities from the planet Mars, applied 
 to astrology. 
 
 MA'UTIALIST, s. a warrior ; a fighter. 
 
 MA'RTINET, or MA'RTLET, s. [martinet, Fr.] a kind 
 of swallow. In heraldry, they are represented willijnl feet, 
 and used as a difference or mark of distiiictiiin fir younger 
 brothers, to put them in mind that they are to trust to the 
 wings of virtue and merit, in order to raise themselves, 
 and not to their feet, they having little land to set their 
 licet on. 
 
 MA'RTINETS, s. small lines fastened to the leetch of a 
 3ail, to bring that part of the leetch next to the yard-arm close 
 up to the yard, when the sail is to be furled. 
 
 MA'KTINGAL, *. [martingale, Vr.] a broad leather thong 
 or str.^p, fastened at one end to the girth under, the belly of 
 a horse, from whence it passes between his fore legs, and is 
 fastened at the other end to the nose-band of the bridle, to 
 hinder a horse from rearing. 
 
 MARTINI'CO, a considerable inland of the West Indies, 
 about 44 miles in length, and 120 in circumference. There 
 are 3 high mountains, with numerous hills of a conical 
 form, and several rivers and fertile valleys, but they will 
 not bear either wheat or vines ; however, the former is not 
 much wanted, for those that are born here prefer cassava to 
 wheat bread. It possesses many natural advantages, anil, in 
 particular, its harbours alford a certain shelter from the hur- 
 ricanes. It exports sugar, cocoa, cassia, ginger, cotton, in- 
 digo, chocolate, aloes, pimento, tobacco, yarn, plantains, mo- 
 lasses, preserved fruits, &c. is extremely populous, and has 
 several safi? and commodious harbours. The principal [)laces 
 are Fort Royal, Fort St. Peter, Fort Trinity, and Fort de- 
 Mouillage. In 17y4, this island was taken by the English, 
 under Sir J. Jervis and Sir C. Grey, but restored at the 
 peace. It was again taken by the English in 1 809. Fort- 
 Royal is in lat. U. 44. N. Ion. dl. 11. W. 
 
 MA'RTINMAS, s. the feast of St. Martin, Nov. llth. 
 
 MA'RTYIl, ,9. [Gr.J in its primary sense, a witness ; in 
 its second;iry sense, a witness of the truth of Christianity ; 
 bnt as the witnessing of its truth was, at first, generally at- 
 tended with persecution and death, the word is now ap- 
 plied to those only who die in attesting the truth of any 
 doctrine. 
 
 To MA'RTYR, v. a. to put to death for resolutely main- 
 taining any opinion. 
 
 MA'RTYRDOM, i. the act of putting to death for reso- 
 lutely and immoveably maintaining any opinion ; the act of 
 ei:during death, in attestation of the truth of an opinion or 
 fact. 
 
 MART YRO'LOGIST f. a writer of martyrology. 
 
 MAKl'YIlO'LOGy, j. [from martyr, a martyr, and logos, 
 a discourse Gr.J a register or catalogue of martyrs ; a history 
 of martyrs. 
 
 MA'RVEIy, s. [marveille, Fr.] a wonder ; any thing that 
 raises wonder or astonishment. 
 
 To MARVEL, v. n. to wonder or be astonished. 
 
 MA'RVELLOUS, a. [marveilleuT, Fr.] capable of exciting 
 wonder or astonishment; strange; surpassing credit. Used 
 sid)stantively, to express any thing exceeding natural power, 
 Oi)posed to jirohable. 
 
 MA'RVELLUUSLY, ad. in a strange, extraordinary, and 
 wonderful manner. 
 
 MA'RVELLOUSNESS, s. the quality which excites won- 
 der and astonishment. 
 
 MA'RY, daughter of Henry VIII. succeeded to the 
 throne of England on the death of Eilward VI. which ha|)- 
 pened July 6, 15o3. There were great struggles made at 
 first by the dukes of Northumberlanil, SnfToik, and otiiers, in 
 favour ut lady Jone Grey ; but that party being quashed, 
 Mary was crowned October 1 ; and the parliament, which 
 the court had taken care, by all manner of artifices, and evvn 
 
 violence, in managing the elections, and return^, to have at 
 their devotion, met on the 1 0th. As to the lords, though 
 they had most of them professed the Protestant religion in 
 the reign of Edward, the greatest part of them appeared 
 zealous catholics under queen Mary. This parliament im- 
 mediately repealed the divorce of the queen's mother, by 
 which they a second time declared the prhicess Elizabeth il- 
 legitimate. Then they made void all the laws concerning re- 
 ligion, restored the mass, and brought all things back to the 
 state they were in at the latter end of Henry VIII. 's reign. 
 Gardner not thinking it advisable as yet to proceed any 
 further; but the queen was impatient lo have the pope's 
 full power, and the nation re-united to the holy see. A 
 marriage being in treaty between the emperor's son, Philip 
 of Spain, and queen Mary, the house of commons addressed 
 the queen upon it ; at which being offended, she dissolved 
 the parliament. When the parliament was sitting, the con- 
 vocation decided in favour of traiisubstantiation, after a sham 
 disputation between the Protestant and Popish clergy; in 
 which the former, who were but six in the house, were run 
 down with numbers and noise, for want of argument. The 
 treaty of marriage between Philip and Mary was signed 
 January 12, 1.55 1. As soon as it was published, murmurs and 
 complaints were every where heard against it; and an in- 
 surrection soon broke out, of which the marriage was either 
 the real or the pretended cause. It was concerted between 
 the duke of Suff dk. Sir Thos. Wyatt, and Sir Peter Carew ; 
 but it was soon quelled. On Feb. 12, lady Jane Grey was 
 beheaded, behaving with the utmost resignation and forti- 
 tude, after she had seen the headless body of her husband 
 carried along by her from the same execution. And nine 
 days after the duke of Suffolk, her father, underwent the 
 same fate. In the mean time, Brent one of Wyatt's captains, 
 was hanged, with 58 of his men ; after which, 000 prisoners 
 were brought before the queen, with ropes about their 
 necks, and received their pardon. Wyatt, on his trial, ac- 
 cused the princess Elizabeth as an accomplice in his con- 
 spiracy ; but, finding he must die, he cleared her of all on 
 his second examination, as also at the place of execution. 
 However, his accusation occasioned the princess to be sent 
 to the tower, where she endured a long and severe confine- 
 ment, and was afterwards removed a prisoner to Woodstock. 
 A parliament was now to be procured, which should ap- 
 prove of the queen's intended marriage, and restore the 
 pope's authority, both of which the major part of the nation 
 was against, and a great many of those who were for the 
 Roman catholic religion thought that the pope's authority 
 was by no means necessary to the church. The parliament, 
 meeting on April 3, approved the treaty of marriage be- 
 tween the queen and Philip, vvho arrived at Southampton, 
 July 19 ; and they were married by Gardiner on the 25th, 
 Philip being 29 years old, but Jlary 3H. The same day 
 they were proclaimed king and queen of England, France, 
 and Naples, with other titles. Care was taken, by the ar- 
 ticles of marrijge, that Philip should have no s'hare in the 
 government of England. The parliament meeting again 
 Nov. 11, Pole was at last sent over, in quality of the pope's 
 legate, and arrived the 24th. He opeiud his legation l)c- 
 fore the king, queen, and both houses of parliament, telling 
 them, the design of it was to bring back the straying sheep 
 to the fold of Christ. On Nov. 29, the grand wftrk of recon- 
 ciling the kingdom to the pope was ettecled. Popery being 
 now hilly established, the spirit of it soon appeared in the 
 most violent and bloody persecution against the protestants. 
 Pole was fur reducing them by gentle means, without any 
 force or corporal punishments; but Gardiner's violent coun- 
 sels were most agreeable to tiie court, and the rest of the 
 bishops. It was therefore resolved to leave to him the 
 bus iiess of extirpdti. g heresy ; which he alterwards tr.ins- 
 f.rred to Bonner, bishop of London, who was, if possible, 
 m.iie furious and bloody than himself. The first sacrifice to 
 popish zeal and bii^otry was Hooper, who had b-'en bishop 
 of Gloucester ; and betore the end ot the year no less than 
 67 persons were burnt. The so luuch expected deliverance 
 4 F
 
 586 
 
 M ASC 
 
 of the queen, wliich had elated the Romish party to the 
 highest degree, proved only a false conception, which cast 
 them down as much. Ami king Philip, i:ow despairing of 
 issue bv his queen, whereby he hoped to have uniied the 
 monarchies of Spain and England, and growing weary of 
 her, as she was neither young nor handsome, left England 
 on Sept. 4th, to the no small mortification of the queen. Soon 
 after, Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, died. On JIarch 21, 
 1J56, Craimier was burnt, and 8j perished in the flames 
 under Bonner's management, who discovered on these occa- 
 sions more than brutal cruelty. Pole succeeded Cranmer in 
 the archbishopric of Canterbury. The following year, 79 
 protestants underwent the same fiery trial ; nor could the 
 dead escape the effects of popish malice. The bones of 
 Fagius and Bucer were dug up and burnt ai Cambridge, 
 after they had been ridiculously cited before the commis- 
 sioners to give an account of their faith. Whilst the queen 
 and court were wholly uitent upon these violent methods for 
 suppressing heresy, they suffered themselves to be seduced 
 by Spanish counsels to a rupture with France. They gained 
 a great victory over the French at St. Quintin; but at the 
 same time they lost Calais, which this nation had been in 
 possession of ever since the reign of Edward III. the duke 
 of Guise making himself master of it in the beginning of the 
 year 1558 ; as also of Guisnes, and the castle of Hames, 
 which were the only remains of the English conquests in 
 France. The loss of Calais occasioned great uneasiness and 
 murmurings among the people ; and the queen herself was 
 so sensibly touched with it, that she told those about her, 
 " That she should die ; and if they would know the cause, 
 they must dissect her after her death, and they should find 
 Calais at her heart.'' She died Nov. IT, 1.558, in the 
 forty-third year of her age, when she had reigned live 
 years, four months, and eleven days. In the four years in 
 which the persecution lasted, near 300 persons were put to 
 death, viz. one archbishop, four bishops, 21 divines, eight 
 gentlemen, 84 artificers, 100 husbandmen, servants, and 
 labourers, 26 wives, 30 widows, nine virgins, two boys, and 
 two infants; besides which, several died in prison, and many 
 ■were whipt, or otherwise cruelly treated. The characteristics 
 of Mary were bigotry and revenge ; and to this, she was 
 proud, imperious, froward, avaricious, and wholly destitute 
 of every agreeable qualification. 
 
 MAllY BOROUGH, a small borough, the county town of 
 Queen's County, in Leinster, considerable for its woollen 
 ma-iufacturcs. It is 40 miles S. S. W. of Dublin. 
 
 JI.VUVL.AN'D, one of the United States of America, 
 lying about the N. end of Chesapeak Bay, which divides 
 it hito two parts, called the eastern and western shores ; 
 boimded on the N. by Pennsylvania, on the E. by the state 
 of Delaware, on the S. E. and S. by the sea and Virginia, 
 and on the W. l)y the interior country of America. It is 
 171 miles long, and 110 broad. It is divided into 18 cnun- 
 tics, 10 of which are on the western and eiirlit on the easttrn 
 shore of the Chesapeak. The exports are wheat and tobacco, 
 which are the staple commoditic'i ; timber, hemp, flax, ami 
 barrelleil pork, there being vast luniibers of swine, which 
 run wild in the woods, feeding on the mast or nuts of vari- 
 ous kinds of trees. The number of inliabitants is about 
 260,000. The chief towns are Annapolis and Baltimore. 
 The climate of this province, which in most respects resem- 
 bled Virginia, is generally mild and agreeable. 
 
 MA'KYPOBT, a town in Cumberland, situated at the 
 mouth of the Ellen. It has SO or 90 sail of shipping, from 50 
 to SOO tons burden ; some of which sail up the Baltic fiir 
 timber, flax, iron, &'C. The coal and coasting trade and 
 ship-building are carried on pretty extensively, and lately an 
 eilensrve cotton manufactory has been erectpl. Here is a 
 furn:ice for cast iron, and one of the finest gla.".s-hnuses in the 
 British dominions. By a late survey, the number of inhabi- 
 tants amounted to 2(125. It is 7 miles N. W. of Cocker- 
 month, aiid .'i07 N. N. W. of London. Market on Friday. 
 
 MA'.SCULINE, a. [from mat, the male of any creature, 
 Lat.J male; resembling a man; bold. In grammar, the 
 
 MASS 
 
 gender appropriated to the male kind, though not always ex- 
 pressing sex. 
 
 M A'SCULINELY, ad. like a man ; boldly. 
 MA'SCULINENESS, s. the quality by which a person 
 resembles a man, applied by way of reproach to women. 
 The figure or behaviour of a man. 
 
 MASH, :[miis<:he, Belg.] the space between the threads 
 of a net, generally written mesh. Any thing mingled or 
 confused together, from mischen, Belg. A mir.ture for a 
 horse. 
 
 To JIASH, V. a. [masclier, Fr.] to beat or bruise into 
 a confused mass ; to mix water and malt together in 
 brewing. 
 
 MA'SH.\M, a town in the N. Riding of Yorkshire, with a 
 cotton manufactory. It is seated on the river Ure, 218 miles 
 from London. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 MASK, t. [masijui', Fr.] a cover over the face to disguise 
 it; a pretext, or subterfuge. A dramatic piece in a tragic 
 style, without attention either to rule or probability. 
 
 To MASK, 1'. a. [masquer, Fr.] to disguise or cover 
 with a mask. Figuratively, to cover or hide under some 
 pretence. 
 
 MA'SKED, a. covered or concealed. 
 MA'SKER, s. one who exhibits in a mask. 
 MA'SON, s. [mufon, Fr.] one who builds in stone. A 
 free or accepted mason is one who belongs to the society 
 of Free Masons, of which there have been great numbers 
 in every part of the civilized world, and are of great an- 
 tiquity. 
 
 MA'SONRY, J. [macunerie, Fr.] the craft or performance 
 of a mason. 
 
 MASO'RA, s. a term in the Jewish theology, signifying a 
 work on the Bible, performed by several learned rabbins, to 
 secure it from any alterations which might otherwise happen. 
 These rabbins are called Masorites. 
 
 MASQUERA'DE, s. [mascara, Arab.] a diversion or public 
 assembly, wherein the company is masKed and disguised ; a 
 disguise. 
 
 "To MASQUERA'DE, v. n. to go in disguise ; to assemble 
 in masks and other disguises. 
 
 MASQUERA'DER, s. a person in a mask. 
 MASS, s. [masse, Fr.J a body ; a lump ; a large quan- 
 tity ; bulk ; a vast body ; an assemblage of several things, 
 fortning one confused and distinct body ; a gross body ; 
 the general. In divinity, this word originally implied only 
 a festival, and was in this sense used in the word Chriifmas, 
 long before the introduction of the saeramont of the mass; 
 but at length it was used to signify the Eucharist, and is 
 at present appropriated to the office of public prayers, 
 used by the Romish church in the celebraliun of the 
 Eucharist. 
 
 To .MASS, V. n. to celebrate mass. Actively, to thicken ; 
 to strengthen. 
 
 MASSACHU'SETTS, one of the United States of North 
 America, bounded on (he N. by New Hampshire and V^er- 
 mont ; on the W. by New York; on the S. by Connecticut, 
 Rhode Island and the Atlantic Ocean ; and on the E. by 
 that ocean and the Bay of Massachusetts. It is 120 miles 
 long, and 50 broad; and is divided into 11 counties. It 
 produces Indian corn, flax, hemp, hops, potatoes, beans, 
 peas, fruits, &c. Iron has been found in immense quantities ; 
 as likewise copper ore, black lead, alum, slate, S;c. This 
 state owns more than one-third part of the trade and ship- 
 ping belonging to the United States. The negro trade was 
 prohibited by law in 1778. The number of inhabitants, in 
 1790, was 378,787. Here are 265 towns, the principal o( 
 which are Boston and Saljm. They have manufactures of 
 leather, linen and woollen cloth, and plenty of beef, pork, 
 fowls, and fish. 
 
 MASSACRE, t. [massacre, Fr.] the crime of killing great 
 numbers of persons without any distinetion, .mil not in a 
 condition to defend themselves ; carnage ; murder. 
 
 To MA'SSACRE, v. a. [massacrcr, Fr.] to butcher ; to de- 
 stroy great multitudes.
 
 MAT 
 
 MA'SSICOT, s. \Vr.] ceruse calcineii hy a moderate degree 
 of lire ; of this there are three sorts, arising from the ditrereiit 
 degrees applied in the operation, ir/itic riiKSsicul is of a 
 yellowish white, and is that wliich has received the least cal- 
 ciniition ; yellow matticut has received more ; anil gold-coloured 
 7iiaxsicol still more. 
 
 MA'SSINliSS, s. vvei/,dit, bullc, or .solidity. 
 MA'SSIVE, a. [wias»;/; Fr.] heavy; bulky; solid. 
 MA'SSIVENESS, i." the qiialily sf being weighty, bulky, 
 and solid. 
 
 MA'SSY, a. weighty, bulky, solid. 
 
 MAST, s. [mat, Fr. ma'.it, Sax.] the post standing upright in 
 a ship or vessel, to which the yards and sails are aftixed ; the 
 fruit of the oak or beech tree. 
 MA'STED, a. carrying a mast. 
 
 MA'STEK, s. [magiiter, Lat.] a person who has servants 
 under him ; a ruler; a chief or head ; a possessor ; the com- 
 mander of a trading vessel ; an officer on board a ship of war ; 
 a person subject to no control ; a teacher, or instructor ; a 
 young gentleman ; a title of respect ; a person eminently 
 skilled in any trade or science ; a title of dignity at the uni- 
 versities. 
 
 To MA'STER, v. a. to rule, govern, or keep in subjection ; 
 to conquer ; to perform with skill ; to overcome any difficulty, 
 or accomplish any design. 
 MA'STEUDOM, s. dominion or rule. 
 MA'STEU-HAND; s. one eminently skilled in any profes- 
 sion. 
 
 MA'STER-JEST, s. a principal jest. 
 
 MA'STERKEY, s. a key which can open many locks that 
 have (iifTerent wards. 
 
 MA'Sl'ERLESS, a. wanting a master or owner; not to b 
 governed ; unsubdued. 
 
 MA'SIERLINESS, s. eminent skill. 
 
 MA STERI.Y, a. suitable to or becoming a master; artful ; 
 showing great skill ; imperious; with the sway of a master. 
 Adverbially, with the skill of a master. 
 
 MA'STI<;KPIECE, s. a capital performance; a chief or emi- 
 nent excellence. 
 
 MA'S FERSHIP, »• dominion ; rule ; power ; a perfect work ; 
 a curious and capital performance ; skill ; knowledge ; superio- 
 rity or pre-eminence. 
 
 ArA'STER-STROKE, i. a strobe or performance that shows 
 great skill. 
 
 MA'STERWORT, s. a plant, whose root is used in medi- 
 cine. 
 
 MA'STER V, s. dominion; rule; superiority, or pre-emi- 
 nence ; skill. 
 
 MA'STFUL, o. abounding in mast or fruit, applied to the 
 oak or beech trees. 
 
 MASTICA'TION, s. [from maslico, to chew, low Lat.] the 
 act of chewing. 
 
 MA'STICATORY, s. [mastiaitoire, Fr] a medicine to be 
 chewed, but not swallowed. 
 
 MA'STICH, (mdttik) s. [mastic, Fr.J in the Materia Me- 
 dica, is a solid resin, of a pale yellowish white colour, brought 
 principally from the island of Chios, in drops and tears, as it na- 
 turally forms itself in exuding from the tree, about the big- 
 ness of a pea. It is detergent, astringent, and stomachic; 
 very good in inveterate coughs, and against spitting of 
 blood ; assists digestion, and stops vomiting. Externally, 
 it is used in plasters to the regions of the stomach and intes- 
 tines. 
 
 MA'STIFF, s. plural niastives ; for all nouns ending in J" or 
 fe in the singular, change into ves in the plural ; \maslin, Fr.l 
 a large-sized dog, generally used as a guard in houses and 
 yards. 
 
 MA'STLESS, a. without masts. 
 
 MA'STLIN, J. [from metier, Fr.] mixed corn, consisting of 
 wheat and rye. 
 
 MAT, i. \meatte. Sax.] a texture of .sedge, flags, or rushes. 
 In a ship, plats made of fine nets and thrums, to keep the 
 cordage fast. 
 
 MATH 
 
 48 T 
 
 To MAT, V. n. to cover with mats ; to twist, interweave, or 
 join together like a mat. 
 
 MA'TACIIIN, .(. [Fr.;] an old dance. 
 MA'TAI)(^iU'", s. [irialuihir. Span.] a murderer; the three 
 chief cards at quadrille, so called ii-om the advantage they have 
 over the contrary party, and wiiniing such a inunlier of pieces 
 out of the pool, which on that account are called matmlurct 
 likewise. 
 
 MATCH, s. [mcclie, Fr.] a small piece of deal dipt ill 
 brimstone ; ariy thing that catclios lire, particularly applied to 
 a kind of rope slightly twisted, and prepared to retain tire, 
 used in discharging guns, &c. A game; any mutual contest ; 
 from miichv, Gr. a tight. One equal to contest or fight with 
 another. One that suits or tallies with another, from maca 
 Sax. A marriage; one to be married. 
 
 To MATCH, V. a. to equal ; to show any thing equal or 
 like to ; to suit or proportion ; to marry, or give in marriage. 
 Neuterly, to be married ; to suit ; to tally. 
 
 MA'TCHABLE, «. suitable; resembling perfectly ; fit to 
 be joined. 
 
 MA'TCHLESS, a. without an equal; not admitting compa- 
 rison. 
 
 MA'TCHLKSSLY, ad. in a maimer not to be equalled. 
 MA'TCHELSSN£SS, ». the quality of not admitting an 
 equal, or a comparison. 
 
 MA'TCHMAKER, s. one who is instrumental to a person's 
 marriage; one who makes matches lo burn. 
 
 BIATE, s. [miiet, Belg.] a husband or wife; a compa- 
 nion, whether male or female ; the male or female of 
 animals ; one that sails in the same ship ; one that eats at the 
 same talile ; one that is the second in rank. 
 
 To MATE, V. a. to match or marry ; to be equal to. To 
 crush ; to confoun<l, from mailer, Fr. or matnr, .Span. 
 
 MAl'E'UIA-MEDICA, s. conqirehends all the substances 
 either used in medicine in their natural state, or which 
 afTonl preparations that are so ; these belonging partly 
 to the animal, partly to the vegetable, and partly to tlie 
 fossil kingdom. 
 
 MATE'RIAL, a. [matCriel, Fr. from materia, matter, Lat.] 
 consisting of matter, opposed to spiritual. Important ; mo- 
 mentous; essential. 
 
 MATE'KIALIST, s. one who denies the existence of 
 spirit. 
 
 MATERIA'LITY, s.{mutaiuUie, Fr.] corporeity ; mate- 
 rial existence, opposed to spirituality. 
 
 MATE'RIALLY, ad. in the state of matter ; essentially or 
 importantly. 
 
 MATE'RIALNESS, s. the state of consisting of matter. 
 Figuratively, the quality of behig important or essential. 
 
 JIATE'RIALS, s. not used in the singular ; [matiriaux, 
 Fr.] the substance of which any thing is made. 
 
 MATE'RIATE, or MATE'RIATED, a. [from materia, 
 matter, Lat.] consisting of matter. 
 
 JIATERIA'TION, s. from materia, matter, Lat.] the act of 
 fornung matter. 
 
 MA'i'ER'NAL, a. [from mater, mother, Lat.] motherly ; 
 becoming or belonging to a mother. 
 
 MATE'RNITY, s. [maternite, Fr.] the character or rela- 
 tion of a mother. 
 
 MA"I FELON, s. the great knapweed. 
 
 MA'TGRASS, s. the small matweed; a kind of grass. 
 
 MATHEMA'TIC, or MATHEMA'TICAL, a. [mathema, 
 learning, from mantltano, to learn, Gr,] according to the 
 rules of mathematics; belonging to mathematics. 
 
 MATHEMA'TICALLY, ad. according to the rules of ma- 
 thematics. 
 
 MA'I'HEMATI'CIAN, t. [mathemaiiciin, Fr.] a person 
 skilled in the mathematics. 
 
 MATHEMA'TICS, i. [maMema. learning, from manthano, 
 to learn, Gr.] the science which considers quantity either as 
 computable or measurable ; it is divided mla pure and Jiiixed ; 
 the pure considers quantity in the abstract, i. s. without any 
 relaiion to another ; and the mixt, as subsisting in material 
 beings, as lengtii in a road, &c.
 
 £88 
 
 MATT 
 
 MATHE'SIS, s. [from manthano, to learn, Gr.] the doctrine 
 or science of mathematics. 
 
 MATIN, o. [matine, Fr.] used in, or belonging" to, the 
 moriiinpf. 
 
 MA'TIN, s. [Fr.] the morning. In the plural, applied to 
 the prayers used at morning worship. 
 
 MATLOCK, Derbyshire, near Wirksworth, is situated on 
 the river Derwent, 17 miles N. of Derby. It has two 
 baths, whose waters are milk warm, and efficacious in 
 colicky, consumptive, and cutaneous cases. It is an ex- 
 tensive, straggling village, built in a very romantic style, 
 on the steep side of a mountain, the houses rising regu- 
 larly one above another, from the bottom to nearly the 
 summit. There are good accommodations for the numer- 
 ous company who resort to the baths; and petrifactions, 
 crystals, and other curiosities, for sale. Notwithstanding 
 the rockiness of the soil, the cliffs of the rocks produce 
 an immense number of trees, whose foliage adds greatly 
 to the beauty of the place. 
 
 MA'TRASS, s. [matias, Fr.] in chymistry, a glass vessel 
 for digestion or distillation, sometimes bellied, and sometimes 
 rising gradually taper into a conical figure ; a kind of hard bed 
 put under a softer. 
 
 MA'TRICE, s. [from mater, mother, Lat.] the womb ; a 
 mould giving form to something inclosed. 
 
 MATRICIDE, J. [from mater, mother, and cwdo, to kill, 
 Lat.] the crime of murdering a mother ; a person who kills a 
 mother. 
 
 To MATRI'CULATE, v. a. to enter as a member at an 
 university ; to enlist ; to enter into a society by setting down 
 a person's name. 
 
 MATRI'CULATE, s. a person entered in an university. 
 
 MATRICULATION, *. the act of entering a person as a 
 member of an university. 
 
 MATRIMO'NIAL, a. [Fr. from matrimonium, marriage, 
 Lat. J suitable to marriage; belonging to marriage. 
 
 MATRIMO'NIXLLY, ad. according to the manner or laws 
 of marriage. 
 
 MA'TRIMONY, s. [matrimonium, from maier, mother, 
 Lat.] marriage ; the solemn contract between a man and wo- 
 man to be faithful to each other during life ; the state of 
 a married person. 
 
 MATRIX, s, [Lat.] the womb ; a place where any thing is 
 generated or formed. 
 
 MA'TRON, s. [rnatrona, from mater, mother, Lat] an 
 elderly. lady, or old woman. 
 
 MATRO'NAL, a. [from rnatrona, a matron, Lat.] suitable 
 to a matron;. constituting a matron. 
 
 MATRONLY, a. suitable to a matron ; elderly ; an- 
 cient. 
 
 MATRO'SS, J. in the train of artillery, a soldier next below 
 a gunner, who assists in traversing, spunging. loading, and 
 firing the ginis ; they carry firelocks, and march along with 
 the store waggons, both as a guard and to assist in case of ac- 
 cidents. 
 
 MATT, s. in metallurgy, that mass of metal which sepa- 
 rates from the scoriae in smelting ores without previous roast- 
 ing. 
 
 MATTED, a. in botany, is applied to those parts of plants 
 that are thickly interwoven together ; as the fibres in turf 
 bogs. 
 
 MATTER, J. [materia, Lat.] a solid, hard, massy, impene- 
 trable, divisible, moveable, and passive substance ; the first 
 principle of natural things, from the various arrangements and 
 combinations of whose particles arise the different bodies that 
 appear in the univeise. Rody, opposed to spirit. The mate- 
 rials of which any thing is composed. A subject or thing 
 treated of. An affair or businesE. The cause of any distur- 
 liance. " What's the matter V" Shuk. Import ; consequence ; 
 moment, or importance, generally preceded by no. " No 
 matter, now 'tis past.'' Granv. The thing or object which is 
 under particular relation. 
 
 To MA'TTKH, v. n, used impersonally, to signify ; to im- 
 port, or be of importance. In surgery, to generate or pro- 
 
 MAWM 
 
 duce corruption or pus. Actively, to regard ; to look upon or 
 consider as of any impoi tance. 
 
 MATTERY, a. full of mitter, or pus, applied to wounds. 
 
 MATTHEW'S ST. GosrEL. St. Matthew wrote his 
 Gospel in Judea, at the request of those he had converted, 
 and it is thought he began it in the year 41, eiglit years 
 afcer Christ's resurrection. It was written, according to 
 the testimony of the ancients, in the Hebrew and Syriac 
 language, which was then common in Judea ; but the 
 Greek version of it, which now passes for the original, 
 is as old as the apostolical times. The most general opi- 
 nion of both ancients and moderns is, that he preached 
 and suffered martyrdom in Persia, or among the Parthians, in 
 Caramania, which then was subject to the Parthians. 
 
 MATTOCK, s. [mattuc. Sax.] a kind of toothed instru- 
 ment used to grub up trees and weeds, and to pull up 
 wood. 
 
 MA'TTRESS, s. [matras, Fr.] See Matrass. 
 
 MATURAT'ION, s. [Fr. from maiuro, to ripen, Lat.] the 
 act of ripening ; the state of growing ripe. In medicine, the 
 suppuration of excrementitious or extravasated juices into 
 matter. 
 
 M A'TURATIVE, a, [from maiuro, to ripen, Lat.] ripening, 
 or conducing to ripeness. In surgery, promoting the suppu- 
 ration of a sore. 
 
 MATU'RE, a. [vialurus, Lat.] ripe ; perfected by time ; 
 brought near to completion ; fit for execution ; well-digested ; 
 arrived at full age, or years of discretion. 
 
 To MAT'URE, v. a. [maiuro, Lat.] to ripen. 
 
 MATU'RELV, ad. ripely ; completely ; with deliberation, 
 or in a well-digested manner. 
 
 MATU'RITV, J. [from maturo, to ripen, Lat.] ripeness ; 
 completion. 
 
 MATVVEED, s. Two plants go under this name ; the 
 small matweed is a kind of grass ; the sea matwc-ed a kind of 
 reed. 
 
 MAU'DLIN, n. drunk ; intoxicated with liquor. 
 
 MAU'GRE, (»ia(tger) a. [malgre, Fr.] in spite of; notwith- 
 standing. Seldom used. 
 
 To MAUL, V. a. to beat. See Mall. 
 
 MAUND, s. [?nande, Fr.] a hand-basket. 
 
 To MAU'NDER, v. n. [maudire, Fr.] to grumble ; to mur- 
 mur. 
 
 MAU'NDERER, s. one that usesmurmuring and provoking; 
 words. 
 
 MAU'NDY-TIIU'RSDAY, s. [derived by Spelman from 
 mande, Sjx. a hand-basket, from which the king was formerly 
 accustomed to give alms to the poor] the Thursday before 
 Good Friday. 
 
 MAURITIUS. See Isle op France. 
 
 MAUSO'LEUM, s. [Lat. a name given by queen Artemisia, 
 of Caria, to a monument she erected in honour of her husband 
 MausiiUis] a pompous tomb or monument, erected in honour 
 of a person that is dead. 
 
 Maw, s. [maga, Sax.] the stomach of beasts, applied with 
 contempt to that of mankind; the craw or first stomach of 
 birds. 
 
 MAWS, St. a straggling town in Cornwall, consistine 
 of only one street, witliout a minister, or either church 
 or chapel]; yet it sends two members to the British 
 parliament. A castle was built here in the reign of Henry 
 VIIl. o|)posite that of Pendennis, for the better protec- 
 tion of Falmouth haven. It has a governor and a deputy- 
 governor, with two gunners and a platform of guns. It 
 is built under a hill, fronting the sea on the E. side of 
 Falmouth haven, 3 miles from the town, and 250 W. by S. of 
 London. 
 
 IMA'WKISH, n. [perhaps from mau'l apt to produce satiety 
 or loathing 
 
 MA'WKISHNESS, s. the quality of cloying, or producing 
 satiety and loalhhig. 
 
 MA'WMET, I. See Mammet ; a puppet or doll ; formerly 
 an idol. 
 
 MA'WM'ISH, a. foolish ; nauseous.
 
 MEAD 
 
 ME AS 
 
 i89 
 
 MA'XILLAR, or MAXILLARY, a. [itom maxilla, a jaw- 
 bone, Lilt.] belonging to the jawbmip. 
 
 MA'XIM, s. [jiiaxime, Fr. from maximum, something 
 very great, Lat.] an axiom ; a general principle ; a leading 
 truth. 
 
 MAY, an auxiliary verb, by whicli we form the English 
 potential mood ; its preter. is ?nigkt, [from 7niig, Goth.] to be 
 po.ssible; to have power. In the imperative mood, or when 
 It is at the beginning of a sentence, it implies a wi.sh that a 
 person should have sumttliing in his power. Ma^ be, used 
 adverbially, implies, perhaps, or it is possible. 
 
 MAY, s. [so called from Muia, the mother of Mercury, 
 who was sacriHced on the first day] the fifth month in the 
 year, recttoning .lannary the first. May is usually drawn 
 with a sweet and amiable coinUenance, clad in a robe of 
 white and green, embroidered with daffodils, hawthorns, and 
 blue-bottles. Figuratively, the early, gay, and most pleasant 
 part of life. 
 
 To MAY, V. n. to gather flowers on the first of May, 
 MAYBUG, s. a cliafer. 
 
 MA'YGAME, s. a diversion or sport ; the object of 
 ridicule. 
 
 MA'YLILY, s. the same with lily of the valley. 
 MA'YO, a county of Irelai'.d, in the province of Connaught, 
 48 miles in length, and 44. in breadth. It contains fi8 pirishes, 
 about 27,970 houses, and MO.OOO inhabitants, and is bounded 
 on the W. by the Atlantic ocean, on the N. and N. E. by the 
 ocean and Sligo, on the E. and S. E. by Roscommon and 
 Galway, and on the S. by Galway. The western coast is 
 mountainous, and scarcely inliabited ; but in the interior there 
 are good pastures, lakes, and rivers, with several excellent 
 harbours on the coast. Its antient capital. Mayo, is gone to 
 decay. Ballinrobe is now reckoned the chief town, but the 
 assizes are held at Castlebar. 
 
 MA'YPOLE, s. a long erect pole, round which persons 
 dance on the first day of May. 
 
 MA'YOR, s. [maer, Brit.] the chief magistrate of a city, 
 town or corporation. In London aud York, he is called 
 Lord Mayor. 
 MAYORALTY, s. the ofTice of mayor. 
 MA'Y0RE.S,S, s. the wife of a mayor. 
 MA'YWEED, s. in botany, a kind of chamomile. 
 MAZARD, s. \niusihoire, Fr.] a jaw ; a low word. 
 MAZE, J. \misssn, Belg.] a labyrinth, or place who.se pas- 
 sages are so intricate that it is not easy to get out of them. 
 Figuratively, perplexity, confusion, applied to the mind. 
 To MAZE, V, a. to perplex, bewilder, or confuse. 
 MA'ZER, \_maeser, Belg. a knot of maple] a maple cup 
 MA'ZY, a. having winding ami intricate passages; per- 
 plexed; confused. 
 
 M. A. an abbreviature lor mughler iirtium, or master of 
 arts. 
 
 M. B. an abbreviature for medicinie baccalaureus, or ba- 
 chelor of physic. 
 
 M. D. an abbreviature for medicinit doctor, or doctor of 
 physic. 
 
 ME, the oblique case of the pronoun I. It is used 
 sometimes ungrammatically for /; as meihinks, instead of 
 / think. 
 
 MEAD, {meed) s. [medd, Brit.] a drink made of honey and 
 water, called likewi.se metheghn. 
 
 MEAD, or ME'ADOW, (meed, or medS) s- [made, Sax.] 
 ground somewhat watery, not ploughed, and covered with 
 grass and flowers. 
 
 MEADOWBO'JTS, s. a plant with kidney-shaped leaves 
 and yellow blossoms; called also marsh marigold. The 
 flowers, gathered before they expand, and preserved in 
 salted vinegar, are a good substitute for capers. The juice 
 of the petals boiled with a little alluni stains paper yellow. 
 The remarkable yellowness of butter in the spring is sup- 
 posed to be caused by this plant ; but cows will not eat it 
 unless compelled by extreme hunger, and then, Boachaave 
 eays, it occasions such au inflammation that they generally 
 die. 
 
 ME'ADOWGRASS, s. the grass tnat grows jn meadows; 
 the reed meadow grass is found in marshes, and on the banks 
 of rivers. 
 
 ME'ADOWPINK, ». a name for the campion cuckoo 
 flower. 
 
 AlE'ADOWRUE, j. the thalictrnin of LiniiiEus ; the 
 mountain, lesser, and common ineadowrue, are the species 
 found in England. 
 
 ME'ADOVVSVVEET, s. in botany, the spira of Linnteus ; 
 the dropwnrt ami queen of the meadows are of this species. 
 
 ME'AGER, (mixger, with the g hard) a. [maigre, Fr.] 
 lean; wanting flesh. Tliin, poor, or hungry, applied to 
 ground. Si-non. Meager, lean. In that sense in which 
 these two words are reputed synonymous, meager signifies 
 want of flesh ; tmn, want of fat. — Meugerness supposes a 
 waste of body, owing either to a bad constitution or a scar- 
 city of food ; leanness, supposes no want of flesh, being opposed 
 only to corpulency or fatness. 
 
 ME'AGERNE.S.S, (miegerness) 3. leanness; want of flesh; 
 scantin;'ss ; smallness. 
 
 MEAK, s. a hook with a long handle. 
 
 MEAL, {meet) s [nia!e. Sax.] the act of "eating at a certain 
 tnne ; a repast ; a part or fragment ; the flour of corn. 
 
 To MEAL, {msel) v. a. \iuller, Fr.] to sprinkle, mingle, or 
 spot. 
 
 ME'ALMAN, imeilman) s. one that deals in flour or 
 ineal. 
 
 ME'ALTREE. s. in botany, the viburnum of Linn«u6» 
 the two English species are the wayfaring-tree and water- 
 elder. 
 
 MpyALY, (meely) a. having the taste or other qualities of 
 meal; besprinkled or spotted as with meal. Mealy mouthed 
 implies soft mouthed ; unable to speak through bashful- 
 ness. 
 
 MEAN, (meen) a. [maene. Sax.] wanting dignity; of low 
 birth or rank ; low-minded ; contemptible, or despicable ; 
 middle ; moderate, or without excess, from mot/en, Fr. In- 
 tervening; intermediate; coming or happening between 
 any two periods of time. In astronomy, when applied to 
 the motion of the sun, moon, or planets, signifies that which 
 would take pbce if they moved in a perfect circle, and 
 equally every day. 
 
 MEAN, {meen) i. [moyen, Fr.] inediocrity ; a middle state 
 between two extremes; a medium; an interval; any thing' 
 used to efTect an end. Method or manner ; used in the 
 plural, and by the best writers, though ungrammatically, 
 with an adjective singular. " Employed as a means of doing 
 good." Atlerhury. By all means, signifies without doubt, 
 hesitation, or fail. By no means, not in any degree or re- 
 spect ; not at all. Mj-ans are likwise used liar revenue, or 
 fortune; probably from demesnes. Mean time, or mean while, 
 signifies in the intervening time ; sometimes an adverbial 
 mode of sp "ech. 
 
 To MEAN, (meen) v. n. preter. and participle meant, pron, 
 inent ; [meenen, Belg.] to have in the mind. Actively, to 
 intend ; to design ; to hint at. 
 
 MEANDER, s. [from Mrander, a river in Phrygia, re- 
 markable for its winding course] a maze; labyrinth; a wind- 
 ing course. 
 
 MEA'NDROUS, a. having many turnhigs or windings. 
 ME'ANING, {nie'ening) s. \mr[inse or intention; the sense, 
 or thing uiiderstnod liy any expression. 
 
 ME'ANLY, {meenly) ad. moderately; in a low degree; 
 in a poor or base maimer; without wealth, dignity, or 
 respect. 
 
 ME'ANNESS, (.mienness) s. want of perfection or excel- 
 lence; defect; want of dignity, birth, or fortune; sordid- 
 ness ; lowness of mind. 
 
 MEANT, {ment) the perfect and part, passive of Mean. 
 ME'ASLED, {meizled) a. infected with the measles. 
 ME'ASLES, (meezlei) s. [messelen, Belg.] a cutaneous dis- 
 ease, cousisting in a general appearance of eruptions, not 
 tending to a suppuration, of the nature of flea-bites, which 
 com« out the fourth day after a person is taken iU, and
 
 590 
 
 M E C C 
 
 .M E D I 
 
 disappear the fourth day after their coming out ; so tliat the 
 distemper bears a near resemblance to the small pox. A 
 disease in swine, appearing in red spots upon their skin. 
 
 ]\IE'ASLY, {merdij) a. scabiied with the measles. 
 
 JIE'ASUUABLE, (mizhurable) u. such as may be mea- 
 sured or computed. Figuratively, moderate, or in small 
 quantity. 
 
 ME'ASURABLENESS, CmizhunMetiessJ s. the qualily of 
 being capal)le of measure. 
 
 ME'ASUR.^BLY, ( inizhuraUij ) ad. in such a manner as 
 may be measured ; moderately. 
 
 ME'ASURE, (nu-zhure) s. \mtmre, Fr.] that by which the 
 quantity or e.Ktiiit of any thing ij found ; the rule by which 
 any thing is adjustjd or proportioned ; proportion, or setth'd 
 quantity ; a sufficient quantity ; motion regijated by musical 
 time ; the cadence or lin.ie observed In poetry, or <lancing ; 
 syllables limited to certain numbers composing a verse ; 
 metre ; tune. To have /turd measure, is to be hardly dealt 
 by. 
 
 To ME'ASURE, (mizhure) v. a. [mesurcr, Fr] to compute 
 the quantity or extent of any thing by some settled rule. To 
 
 comprehend. " Great are tliy works, Jehovah What 
 
 thought can measure thee ?" I'ar. Lost, To adjust or propor- 
 tion ; to allot or distribute. 
 
 ME'ASURELEsS, ( inczhureless J a. not to be measured or 
 comprehended. 
 
 ME'ASUREMENT, {mcxhuremenl) i. the act of finding the 
 quantity or txtent of any thing. 
 
 jME'ASURER (niezliurer) s. one that distributes things in 
 proper quiintities. 
 
 MEAT, {meet) s. [mele, Sax] flesh to be eaten ; food in ge- 
 neral. SvNON. By meat is understood any kind of food ; 
 but Jlesli signifies only the natural composition of an ani- 
 mal. 
 
 ME'ATED, (meeteJ) a. fed ; foddered ; applied to cattle. 
 
 MEATH, a county of Ireland, in the province of Lein- 
 8ter, 30 miles from N. to S. and from 25 to 35 from E. 
 to W. bounded on the N. by Cavan and Louth, oii the 
 E. by the Irish Channel, on the S. by Kildare and Dub- 
 iiii, and on the W. by Lor.gford and West Meath. It 
 coiitans 147 parishes, about '2-i,46>i houses, and 112,400 
 souls, and is a tine champaign country, abounding with 
 corn, and fattening numerous flocks and herds. The bogs 
 are neither numerous nor extensive. Much coarse Ihien 
 is tr.ade in this county. Trim is the county town. 
 
 MEATIl, AVes:, a county of Ireland, in the province 
 of Leiuster, bounded on tJie W. by Lofigford and Ros- 
 conmion, on the N. by Longford and Cavan, on the E. 
 Iiy Jleath and KiUiar?, and on the S. by King's County. Its 
 greatest Irngih is 38 miles ; its greatest breadth 21- It con- 
 tains C2 parishes, about 13,700 honse.s, and 69,000 inha- 
 bitants; and besides Longh Ree, formed by the Shannon 
 on the western extremity, it is watered by a luimbcr of 
 other agreeable lakes ; as, the Loughs Leign, Derrivarah, 
 Iron, Ennel, Drin, and Bannean Annagh, the rivers limy, 
 Brosna, &c. Here is a great proportion of grass land, yet 
 more corn is raised than serves for the consumption of the inha- 
 bitants. 'J'he chief town is Mullingar, where the second great 
 fair in the kingdom for wool i* held. 
 
 MECCA, a city of lledjas in Arabia, seated on a barren 
 spot, in a valley, surrounded by little hills, about a day's 
 journey from the Red Sea. It has neither walls nor gates, 
 but the buildings are better here than in any other town of 
 Arabia. What chii fly supports it, is the annual resort of a 
 {(reat many thnusand pilf^rims at a certain season of the 
 year ; for, at other times, the shops are scarcely open. The in- 
 habitants are po(jr, very thin, lean, and swarthy. The hills 
 about the town are numerous; all consist of a blackish rock ; 
 and 8ome o^ them are half a mile in circunjference. The town 
 has plenty of water, and yet little garden-stufT; but there are 
 several eortsol good fruit, as grapes, melons, water-melons, 
 and cucumbers. Numbers of sheep are brought hittier to be 
 *old to the pilgrims. Mecca stands in a very hot climate, 
 and the inhabitunts usually sleep on the tops of their houses, 
 
 for the sake of coolness. Among its edifices, the most re- 
 markable is the famous Kaba, or House of God, held in high 
 veneration by the Arghars, even before the days of Mahom-t, 
 and is said to have been Abraham's house of prayer. '1 he 
 Kaba is a square tower, covered on tlie top with a piece 
 of black, gold embroidered, silk stuff. It lias 4« doors, 
 and resembles, in its form, the Royal Exchange, but is 
 nearly ten times as large. The groimd in the middle, or 
 area,' is mostly covered with gravel. There are cloisters 
 all roinid, and in the sides are cells for those that live a 
 monastic life. The arcades round the square are said to 
 be magnificent, and are illuminated with a vast number 
 of lamps, and candlesticks of gold and silver. In the Kaba is 
 a singular relic, the famous black stone said to have been 
 brought from heaven by the angel Gabriel, which every 
 Jlnssulman must kiss, or at least touch, every time he goes 
 round the Kaba. Here is also the well of Zimzen, said to 
 have been that where Hagar quenched the thirst of Uhmael. 
 Lat. 21. 45. N. Ion. 40. 55. E. 
 
 JIECHANIC, or MECHA'XICAL, (rtiekanic, or mekdni- 
 cul) a. [from merhane, art, Gr.] mean ; servile ; of mean 
 employ, constructed by the laws of mechanics ; skilled in me- 
 chanics. 
 
 MECHA'N" !C, {mckanik) s. a manufacturer, or person en- 
 gaged in handicraft emplovments. 
 
 MECHA'NICALLY, '(mekanicnllti) ad. according to the 
 laws of mechanism. 
 
 MECHA'NICALNESS, {mekunicalnest) t. agreeableness to 
 the laws of mechanism ; mean.'.ess. 
 
 MECHANICS, (mekdnics) s. [from mechune, art, Gr.J the 
 geometry of motion or a mathematical science, which shows 
 the effects of powers or moving forcts, as far as they are ap- 
 plied to engines, and demonstrate the laws of motion. 
 Mechanic powers are commoidy reckoned six, viz. \.he balance, 
 the lever, the pulley, the screw, the wtdge, the wheel, and the 
 ante. 
 
 ME'CHANISM, {mikanism) s^ action according to me- 
 chanic laws ; the construction of the parts depending on 
 each other in any engine, or complicated machine. 
 
 ME'CHLENBURG, a principality of Lower Saxony, in- 
 cluding the duchies of Schwerin and Gnstro, which are di. 
 vided into three circles, ilechlenburg, Wenden, and Star- 
 gard. It extends 135 miles in length, and 90 where 
 broadest. It abounds in corn, pastures, and game ; and is 
 well seated on tlie Baltic for foreign trade. The sovereigniy 
 of this countrj is divided between the house (jf Mechlenburg 
 Schwerin (which is the eldest branch, and has a revenue of 
 300,000 rix dollars per annum) and the house of Mechlen- 
 burg Strelitz, whose revenue amounts to about 126,000 rix 
 dollars. 
 
 MECHO'ACAN, s. [from the place] a large root, twelve or 
 fourteen inches long ; the piant which alflirds it is a spe- 
 cies of bindweed, and its stalks are angular ; the pulverized 
 root is a gentle and mild purgative. 
 
 MECO'NIUM, s. [from mekon, poppy, Gr.] expressed 
 juice of poppy ; the first excrement of chddren. 
 
 ME'D.iL s. ImiJaille, Fr.j an ancient coin ; a piece of 
 metal stamped in honour of some extraordinary action or per- 
 son. 
 
 MEDA'I.LIC, a. belonging to medals. 
 
 MEUA'LLION, i. [medaillon, Fr.J a large antique stamp 
 or medal. 
 
 MK'DALLIST, [miduillisle, Fr.] a man skilled or curious 
 in collecting medals. 
 
 To ME'UDLK,. t-. n. [middekn, Belg.] to have to do ; to 
 concern one's self about ; to interpose or hiterfere offici- 
 ously. 
 
 ME'DDLER, s. one who interposes, or busies himself with 
 things that do not concern him. 
 
 JIEDDLESOME, a. officiously interposing in affairs that 
 do not concern one ; intermeddling. 
 
 MEDIA'STINE, s. [Fr.] in anatomy, the fimbriated mem- 
 brane, romid which the guts are convolved. 
 
 To MEDIATE, v. n. [from medius, in the middle, Lat.]
 
 MEDI 
 
 MELC 
 
 Ml 
 
 tO: interpose as an equal friend between two parties ; to be be- 
 tween two. Actively, to limit by something in the middle; 
 to elleet by mediatiou. 
 
 MV/Dl ATE, u, [riiiliaf, Pr.] interposed; coming between ; 
 placed l)etween two extremes. 
 
 ME'DIATELY, ail. by a secondary, or intervening 
 cause. 
 
 ME'DIATI0N,.5. [m(v//a/io?i, Fr.] interposition or interven- 
 tion ; at'eiicy, or a power of acting between ; intercession or 
 intreaty for another. 
 
 MK'DIATOR, s. [mijiuteur, Fr.] one who acts between 
 two parties, in order to procure a reconciliation ; an interces- 
 sor for atiotlier. 
 
 MEDIA'l'O'RIAL, or MEDIA'TORY, a. belonging tea 
 mediator. 
 
 MEDIA'l'ORSHIP, s. the office of mediator. 
 
 MKDIA'TRIX, «. a female mediator. 
 
 ME'DICAL, a. [from meden, to heal, Lat.] physical ; re- 
 lating to medicine, or the art of healing. 
 
 ME'DICALLY, ail. after the manner of medicine; accord- 
 ing to the art of physic. 
 
 "ME'DICAMENT, s. [from medco, to heal, Lat.] any thing 
 used in healing ; generally applied to external remedies. 
 
 MEDICAME'NTAL, a- relatini< to medicines. 
 
 MEDICAME'NTALLY, ad. aller the manner, or with the 
 power of medicine. 
 
 To ME'DICATE, v. a. [from medeo, to heal, Lat.] to tinc- 
 ture, or impregnate by infusion of medichies. 
 
 MEDICATION, s. the act of tincturing, or impregnating 
 with medic:d ingreilienfs. 
 
 MEDI'CINABLE, a. [from medeo, to heal, Lat.] having the 
 power of physic. 
 
 MEDl'CINAL, a. at present it is accented on the second 
 syllable ; but it is used in the best authors with the accent 
 on the third or last syllable but one ; [from medicinalis, Lat.] 
 having the power of healing ; belonging to physic. 
 
 MEDICINALLY, ad. physically. 
 
 ME'DICINE, (usually pron. medsiji) s. [from medeo, to 
 htal, Lat.] physic ; any drug given to cure a disorder ; the art 
 of healing. 
 
 ME'DICK, s. a plant with yellovr flowers, called by some 
 butterjags. 
 
 MEDi'NA, a city of Hedjas, in Arabia Felix, celebrated 
 for being the burial place of Mahomet. It is of moderate 
 extent, is walled round, and has a large mosque, but nothing 
 lilie the temple of Mecca. In one comer is a place, 14 
 paces square, with great windows, and brass gates, and in 
 the middle is the tomb of Mahomet, inclosed within iron 
 rails, hung with curtains, and surrounded by a va.st number 
 of lamps. The tomb is not exposed to any, except the 40 
 etniuchs who guard il, and light the lamps. It is placed be- 
 tween two other tombs, in which rest the ashes of the two 
 first caliphs. The story of its being suspended in the air by a 
 loadstone is now well known to be a fable. Provisions are 
 broujrht to this place out of Nubia, across the Red Sea, in odd 
 sort of vessels, '.rhose sails are made of mats. It is called 
 the City of the Prophet, because here he was protected by the 
 inhabitants A-heti he iled from Mecca; and here he wa» first 
 invested with regal power. The tiine of his death was in 
 637 ; but the Mahometan epoch begms in G22, from the lime 
 of his flight. It is> seated on a sandy plain, abounding in palm 
 trees, ] 76 miles N. N. W. of Mecca. Lat. 24. 20. N. Ion. 39. 
 33. E. 
 
 ME'DIOCRITY,j. [mfdiocnVf, Fr. from mediu!:, midcUe, 
 Lat.] a small degree ; a middle rate or state ; moderation. 
 
 To ME'DITATE, v. a. [meditor, Lat.] to plan, scheme, or 
 contrive ; to think on or to revolve in the mind. Neuterly, to 
 think or contemplate with intense thought. 
 
 MEDITA'TION, .5. [from meditor, to meditate, Lat.J deep 
 thought ; intense aiiplication of the mind. 
 
 ME'DITATIVE, a. addicted to intense thought ; express- 
 ing any intention. 
 
 MEDITERKA'NE, MEDITERRA'NEAN, MEDITER- 
 HA'NEOUS, a. [from nudius, in the middle, and terra, land, 
 
 Lat.] surrounded with land ; inland, remote from the sea. "If 
 we respect the niediterraneojs momitains." liuinel. 
 
 MEDITERRA'.N'EAN, the name of the sea between Asia, 
 Africa, and Europe, communicating with the ocean by the 
 Straits of Gibraltar, and with tlie lllack Sea by the Darda- 
 nelles, the Sea of Marmora, and the Strait of Constantinople. 
 Its name, signifyin,;,i- Middle of tlin Earth, was givc-ji to it by 
 the antients, who were then acciuaiijted with little more of 
 the surface of the globe, than the regions whicli encompass 
 it. Tnere is no tide in it, or at least so small that it is 
 scarcely perceptilile. S )me have ptiz/.led themselves by 
 endeavouring to find out the cause of its keepirtg to the 
 same level ; but the eviileiit reason is its evaporation by 
 the sun, and the particles carried ofl' by the blowing of the 
 winds. 
 
 ME'DIUM, s. [Lat.] any thing that intervenes or comes be- 
 tween; the middle place or degree. In mechanical philo- 
 sophy, that space or region which a body passes in its motion 
 towards any point. In arithinetic, a munber equally distant 
 from each extreme. Any thing used in r3ti<icination, in order 
 to a conclusion ; the middle term in an argument, by which 
 propositions are coiniected. 
 
 IME'DLA.H, s. the fruit of the medlar-tree, which is not fit 
 for eating till it begins to decay. 
 
 ME'DLEY, or ME'DLY, s. a mixture; a miscellany ; a 
 confused mass. 
 
 ME'DLEY, a. mixed, confused. 
 
 MEDULLAR, or MEDULLARY, a. [medullaire, Fr.] 
 belonging to the marrow. 
 
 MEED, s. [med. Sax.] an old word for reward, recompence, 
 present, gift. 
 
 MEEK, «. [mehak, Sclav.] not easily provoked to anger, 
 bearing insidts without resentment. 
 
 MEE'KLY, ad. in a mild or gentle manner. 
 
 MEE'KNESS, J. a temper of mind not easily provoked to 
 resentment ; mildness. 
 
 MEER, a. simple; unmixed. See Mere. 
 
 MEER, t. a lake or boundary. See Mere. 
 
 MEET, a. proper; quahfied ; adapted to any use. 
 
 To MEET, V. a. prefer. / met, or have met, participle 
 niet ; [?ne/an. Sax.] to light on; to close or touch; to come 
 face to face ; to encounter ; to join another in the same place 
 from different parts ; to find. Neuterly, to encounter, or 
 come face to face ; to assemble; to join. Synon. Vfejind 
 things unknown, or which we sought after ; we meet with 
 things that are i» our way, or which jjresent themselves to us 
 unsought for. 
 
 MEETER, s. one that accosts, finds accidentally, or comes 
 up to a iierson fage to face. 
 
 MEE'TING, s. an assembly ; a congress ; the congregation 
 in a place of worship belonging to the dissenters. 
 
 MEE'TING HOUSE, s. a place where dissenters assemble 
 to worship. 
 
 MEE'TLY, ad. in a fit and proper manner. 
 
 MEE'TNESS, s. fitness or propriety. 
 
 MEGATHERIUM, in natural history, one of those animals 
 which are supposed to be extinct, but of which the bones are 
 occasionally found. 
 
 INIE'GllIM, s. [megrain, Fr.] a disorder of the head, with a 
 sensation of turning round. 
 
 JIELANCHO'LIC, {mclankolik) a. afflicted with melan- 
 choly ; fancihd, gloomy, or sad. 
 
 ME'L.ANCHOLY, (milankdly) t. [milancolie, Fr. from 
 meliis, black, and chole, bile, Gr.] a disease supposed to pro- 
 ceed from a redundance of black bile, but really arises 
 from too heavy and viscid blood. A gloomy, pensive 
 temper. 
 
 ME'LANCHOLY, {milankily) a. gloomy ; dismal ; habi- 
 ttially pensive and dejected. 
 
 MELA'SSES, or MOLA'SSES, s. the dregs or sedi- 
 ment left by the refining of sugar, and is the common 
 treacle. 
 
 MELCOMB-REGIS, a town of Dorsetshire, situated at 
 the mouth of the river SVey, and joined to Weymouth bv
 
 £92 
 
 MELT 
 
 MEND 
 
 a timber bridge, which was erected in 1770, and has a draw- 
 bridge in the middle to admit the passage of ships into the 
 western part of the harbour. It is further united to Wey- 
 mouth as a port, a corporation and a marlcet-town, and is 8 
 miles S. W. of Dorchester, and 12<) W. S. W. of London. 
 Market on Tuesday and Friday. 
 
 MELICE'RIS, {meliekeris) a. [from meli, honey, Gr.] a tu- 
 mour inclosed in a cystis or bag, consisting of matter like 
 honey, whence it derives its name. 
 
 ME'LILOT, s. [Fr.] a species of trefoil, nhich grows 
 naturally among corn in many parts of England, and is diffi- 
 cult to be separated from it. A pla-ter is made from it, which 
 is used as an emollient and digestive. 
 
 MELI'NDA, a kingdom of Africa, on the coast of Zan- 
 guebar. The capital town is of the same name, and seated 
 at the mouth of the river Quihnanci, in an agreeable plain. 
 It is a large populous place, in which the Portuguese have 
 17 churches, and 4. convents. The country |)roduces plenty 
 of rice, sugar, cocoa-nnts, and other tropical fruits. The 
 inhabitants consist of Christians and negroes, which last have 
 their own king and religion, and the luimber of both is said to 
 amount to 200,000. Lat. 3. 10. S. Ion. 39, 40 E. 
 
 To MELIORATE, v. a. [miliorer, Fr.] to make better or 
 improve. 
 
 MELIORA'TIOX, s. [milioralion, Fr.] the act of render- 
 ing a thing better. 
 
 MELIO'RITY, ». [from mclior, better, Lat.] the state of 
 being better. 
 
 ME'LKSHAM, a town of Wilts, with a considerable ma- 
 nufactory of fine broad-cloth. It is situated on the river 
 Avon, on the road between Devizes and Bath, 96 miles W. 
 of London. Market on Saturday. 
 
 MELLIFICA'TION, s. [from me!, honey, and facio, to 
 make, Lat. J the act of making honey ; production of honey. 
 
 MELLIFLUENCE, s. [from mel, honey, andjuo, to flow, 
 Lat.] a honied flow, a flow of sweetness. 
 
 MELLl'FLUENT, or MELLI'FLUOUS, a. [from mel, 
 honey, and^ao, to flow, Lat.] flowing with honey ; flowing 
 with sweetness. 
 
 ME'LLOW, (mellu) a. soft with ripeness; soft in sound. 
 Fat, applifd to ground. Figuratively, drunk. 
 
 To ME'LLOW, {melld) v. a. to ripen ; to soften by ripe- 
 ness ; to ripen by age ; to bring to maturity. Neuterly, to 
 grow ripe ; to be matured. 
 
 M'ELLOWNESS, {millSness') s. the state of fruits made 
 soft by ripeness or time ; maturity ; full jge. 
 
 MELO'DIOUS, u. sounding grateful to the ear; harmo- 
 nious ; musical. 
 
 MELO'DIOUSLY, ad. musically; harmoniously. 
 
 MELO'DIOUSNESS, s, harmoniousness ; sweetness of 
 sound. 
 
 ME'LODY, s. [from 7nel!, honey, and ode, singing, Gr.] 
 the agreeable effect of difTerent musical sounds ranged or 
 disposed in a proper succession, and caused only by one 
 single part, voice or instrument ; whence it is distinguished 
 from harmony; though both words are used in discourse 
 and writing as if they were synonymous. Music ; un agree- 
 ablfcness of sound that raises pleasure in the mind. 
 
 ME'LON, .?. [Gr. an apple] a plant which runs along the 
 ground, and produces a fruit resembling the cucumber, but 
 tar more bulky and more rich in taste. 
 
 MELPO'MENE, oneof thenine muses, to whom the in- 
 vention of tragedy is asrribe(Jj 
 
 MELRO'SS, a town in Scotlandi where there are the ruins 
 of a very fine abbey, in the comity of Merse ; seated on the 
 south side of the river Tweed, 27 miles S. from Edin- 
 burgh. 
 
 To MELT, V. a, [mellan, Sax.] to dissolve and make 
 liquid, either by fluids or heat ; to dissolve or l)reak in 
 pieces. Figuratively, to .soften to love or tenderness. Neu- 
 terly, to become lirpiid, or be made fluid. Figuratively, to 
 be softened to pity; to grow tender, mild or gentle; to be 
 dissolved. 
 
 ME'LTER, s. one that dissolves metals or other solid suU 
 stances by heat. 
 
 ME'LTINGLY, ad. in a tender or affectionate manner, 
 
 ME'LTON-MOWBRAY, a town of Leicestershire, seated 
 on, and almost encompassed with, the little river Eye, over 
 which are two handsome stone bridges. The houses are well 
 built. It is a large town, with a considerable market for pro- 
 visions, cattle, &c. It is 15 miles S. by E. of Nottingham, 
 and lOG N. by W. of London. Market on Tuesday. Fairs 
 on the first Tuesday alter January 17th ; Whitsun Tuesday ; 
 and August 21st. 
 
 ME LWEL, s. a kind offish. 
 
 ME'MBER, J. [membrum, Lat.] a limb or joint of an ani- 
 mal body ; a part of a discourse ; a iieatl ; a clause ; a single 
 person belnnginic to a society or community. 
 
 ME'MBRAX E, s. [rnemirane, Fr. memLrana, Lat.] a web 
 of several sorts of fibres interwoven togetlier, serving to wrap 
 up some p.irts in the fabric of an animal. 
 
 MEMf^RANA'CEOU.S, JMEMBRA'NEOUS, or ME'M- 
 BR.ANOUS, a. [membianeux, Fr.] consisting of mem- 
 branes. 
 
 ME'MEL, a t'lwn of Prus.sia, in Lithuania, with the finest 
 harbjur in the Baltic, and a very extensive commerce; but it 
 i.- an ill-built town, with narrow, dirty streets. It is .seated 
 OTi the N. extremity of the Curisch Haff, 72 miles N. N. E. of 
 Koriingsburg. Lat. 55. 4-fi. N. Ion. 21. 28. E. 
 
 MEME'NTO, s, [Lat.] a hint or notice to recall a thing 
 into the memory. 
 
 IMEMO'IR, s. \m(moi,'-, Fr.] an account of some transac- 
 tions written in a familiar ma.:ner ; a hint, notice, or account 
 of any thing. 
 
 MEMORABLE, a. [memoraoilis, from memini, to remem- 
 ber, Lat.] worthy to be remembered. 
 
 MEMORABLY, ad. in a manner worthy of being re- 
 membered. 
 
 MEMORA'NDUIM, s. /Lat.] a note to assist the me- 
 mory. 
 
 Memorial, a. [Fr. memorialis, from meynini, to remem- 
 ber, Lat.] preserving the memory or remembrance of a 
 thing ; contained in the memory. 
 
 MEMORIAL, s. a monument, or somethhig erected to 
 prei^erve the memory, of some great person or action ; a hint 
 to assist the memory ; the representation of a transaction, l)y 
 way of remonstrance or complaint from one prince, or his 
 ambassador, to another. 
 
 MEMO'RIALIST, s. one who makes remonstrances, or 
 sets forth any particular circumstance. 
 
 ME'MORY, s. [mejnoria, from memini, to remember, Lat. 
 minwire, Fr.] the power of reviving those ideas in our minds, 
 which have disappeared, or have been laid aside for a time ; 
 the act of recollecting things past; the time or period of a 
 person's knowledge. 
 
 MEN, the plural of Mais'; 
 
 To ME'NACE, V. a. [menacer, Fr. to threaten. 
 
 jME'NACE, s. a threat or positive assurance of mischief on 
 certain condition.s. 
 
 ME'NACEU, s. one who threatens or denounces mischief 
 to another. 
 
 MENA'GE, {metMwJe) s. [Fr.] a collection of atd- 
 mals. 
 
 ME'NAGOGIJE, .?. [(torn menes, the menses, and ii|0-o, to 
 conduct, Gr.] a medicine that promotes the flux of the 
 menses. 
 
 'I'o MEND, V. a. [emendo, Lat.] to repair or make good 
 any breach or decay ; to correct or alter ic)r the better ; to 
 help or advance; to improve or increase. Neuterly, to grow 
 better; to be changed for the butter. 
 
 MENDA'CITY, .«. [from menJax, false, Lat.] falsehood. 
 
 ME'NDER, s. oui- that repairs breaches or decays; one 
 that alteis lor the l)eltur. 
 
 ME'NDICANT, «. [from mendico, to beg, Lat.] bogging. 
 
 ME'NDICANT, «. [Fr. from mrndicn, to bi'g, Lat.] a beg- 
 gar ; a religious sect subsisting by alms acquired by beg-
 
 MENT 
 
 MEUC 
 
 tsa 
 
 MENDIPHILI.S, in old records, called Moiiiedrop, a lofty, 
 mineral tract, stretcliiiiij from K. to W. and Irom N. to S. of 
 Somersetshire, and aboundiirjf in coal, lead, and lapis calami- 
 naris. The lead is of a harder qnality than that of Derby- 
 shire, and is mostly exported, or nsed for makin),'l)nllet shot, 
 &c. The lapis calaminaris is carried to Bristol, &c. to be 
 used in the making of brass. Copper nianjjanese, bole and red 
 Ocher are also fonnd in these hills. On their summits are vast 
 heaths, covered with fern, which feed great numbers of sheep 
 and cattle, but in which, however, are some swampy flats, 
 dangerons to cross. 
 
 ME'NDLESHAM, a town of Suffolk, situated near the 
 rise of the river Deben, among deep miry roads, 18 miles E. 
 of Bury, and 8'^ N. E. of London. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 ME NIAL, (I. [from mriny or many ; vieni, Sax. or mesnif, 
 old Fr.] belonging to the njnnber of servants ; of a low or base 
 employ. 
 
 MEN I AT., s. one of the train of servants. 
 
 MENTNGES, .1. [from meiiingos, Gr.] in anatomy, the two 
 membranes' that ejivelop tin- brains, which are called the pin 
 muter, the pious mother ; and tlura maler, the hard mother ; 
 the latter being the exterior involucrum, is, from its thickness, 
 so denominated. 
 
 MENNONTTE3, a sect in the United Provinces, in 
 most respects the same with these in other places called 
 Baptists. 
 
 ME'NSTRUAL, o. [from mensif, a month, Lat] monthly ; 
 happening every month ; lasting a month ; belonging to a 
 menstruum. 
 
 MEIVSTRUOUS, a. [from mensis,a month, Lat.] having a 
 monthly flux. 
 
 ME'NSTllUUM, s. a liquor used to dissolve any thing, 
 or to extract the virtues of any ingredients by infusion or boil- 
 ing. 
 
 MENSURABTLITr, s. [mensurabiliii, Fr.] capacity of be- 
 ing measured. 
 
 ME'NSURABLE, a. [from mensura, a measure, Lat.] ca- 
 llable of being measured. 
 
 ME'NSURAL, a. [from mensura, a measure, Lat.] relating 
 to measure. 
 
 To ME'NSURATE, v. a. [from meniura, a measure, Lat.] to 
 measure or take the dimensions of any thing. 
 
 M ENSURA'TION, s. the act or practice of measuring ; the 
 dimensions or quantity founil out by means of a mea ure. 
 
 JIE'N'TAL, a. [mentale, Fr.^ existing in the mind ; belong- 
 ing to the mind ; internal. 
 
 ME'NTALLY, ad. in the mind ; in thought and medita- 
 tion. 
 
 ME'NTION, {minshon) s. [mentio, Lat.] a hint ; an ex- 
 pression in writing or speaking; a recital of a thing. 
 
 To ME'NTION, {mens/wnj v. a. [mentionner, Fr.] to ex- 
 press in words or writing. 
 
 MENTZ, a large populous city in the circle of the I^ower 
 Rhine, capital of the electorate of Mentz, with an university 
 and an archbishop's see. The arciibishop is ;;n elector and 
 archchancellor of the empire, keeper of the archives, and di- 
 rector of the general and particular assemblies. He also con- 
 vokes the electorate colleges, and is the first state of the em- 
 pire after the emperor and king. The chapter consists 
 of 5 prelates and 19 capitulars. This city is finely situated, 
 built, however, in an irregular manner, with narrow streets 
 and old-fashioned hon.ses, and containing, besides the parish 
 churches, 6 monasteries, S nunneries, and 6 hospitals. The 
 cathedral is a gloomy fabric. Here are niaiuifactures 
 of stockings and st\iffs. Many of the public buildings 
 and private houses have been destroyed, or greatly in- 
 jured, during the late v i>s. Mentz is seated on the 
 Rhine (soon after its cn;il!ucnce with the Maine) over 
 which is a bridire of bo:ls conimnnicatijifr with Cassel. It 
 is 30 miles N. ot Worms. Lat. 49. 59. N. Ion. 3. 2U. E. 
 
 MENTZ, The AiiCMBiSHOrnic or, a country of Ger- 
 many, in the circle ot t!ic Lower Rhine, and lying upon that 
 river. It is about 50 miles in length, and 20 in breadth. 
 
 a very fertile territory but considerably dispersed. In 
 the whole electoral circle are 11 cities and 21 boroughs. 
 Besides the proper archbishopric, the elector of ATcntz is 
 sovereign of the country of Eichsfeld, Eisfeld or Eii'isld, and 
 also the city and territory of Erfort. 
 
 MEPHTTIC, or MEPHTTICAL, {mefUic, or mifUkul) a. 
 [from ?nephilis, a strong smell, Lat. j ill-savoured ; stinking; 
 poisonous. Mephitic air is that which is polluted by noxioiis 
 exhalatiims. 
 
 MEQUINEZ, a city of Fez, in the empire of Morocco, 
 2G miles to the W. of Fez, seated in a pleasant plain, having a 
 very serene and clear air ; tor which reason the emperor re- 
 sides in this place in preference to Fez. It is now the 
 capital of the whole empire, to which the bashaws anu 
 alcayds resort with the tribute and presents every two 
 or three years. In the middle of the city the Jew.i have 
 a place to themselves, the gates of which are locked 
 every night ; and there is an alcayd to protect them 
 against the people, who otherwise would plunder their sub- 
 stance. It is death for them to curse, or lift up a h inii against 
 a Moor, in.somuch that the boys kick them about in the most 
 insolent maimer. They are obli(;ed to wear black clothes and 
 caps, and to pull ofl' their .shoes whenever they pass by a 
 mosque. Close by Meqninez, on the N. W. side, stands a 
 large negro town, which takes up as much ground as the city, 
 but the houses are not so high, nor so well built. The 
 inhabitants are all blacks, of a dark tawny colour ; and 
 thence the emperor recruits the soldiers fcr his court. The 
 palace stands on the S. side, and is guavded by several 
 hundreds of black eunuchs, who are cleanly dressed, and their 
 knives and scimitars covered with wro.uglit sdvcr. The 
 houses are very good, but the streets exceedingly narrow, and 
 hardly any of the windows to be seen, except little holes 
 to look out at. Tlie houses are flat at the top ; so that, 
 in many places, they can walk a great way upon thein. The 
 women live in the npjJLr apartments, and often visit each 
 other from the tops of the houses. When they go abroad, 
 they have their heads covered with their outward ga;:- 
 ment, which comes down close to their eyes ; and under- 
 neath they tie a piece of white cloth, to hide the lower 
 part of their fiices. They are quite covered all over, ex- 
 cept their legs, wi.ich are generally naked ; but within doers 
 they appear in their hair, and have only a single lilitt over 
 their foreheads. Their cust^uns and manners are much the 
 same as those of other -Maliometjns. Lat. 33. 16. N. 
 Ion. 6. 6. W. 
 
 ME'RCANTANT, i. [mercantunlt:, Ital.] a foreigner, or fo- 
 reign trader. 
 
 MERCANTILE, a. belonging to trade ; belonging to a 
 merchant ; commercial. 
 
 ME'RCENARINESS, s. a low and sordid respect to gain or 
 ucre. 
 
 MERCENARY, a. [m^rc'e»a''us, from merces, hire, Lat.] 
 acting only fur hire, or from a low, and sordid prospect of 
 gain ; hired ; sold for mnney. 
 
 ME'RCENARV, s. [mercenaire, Fr.] a hireling ; one re- 
 tained or serving for pav. 
 
 JIF.'RCER, s. [nuycicr, Ft.] one who sells silks and stuffs. 
 
 ME'UCEUY, s \mercerie, Fr.] the trade of selling silks and 
 stuffs, 
 
 MERCHANDISE, (the s in this and next word is usually 
 pronounced like z) s. [ina' cliaiidise, Fr.] traffic, commerce, or 
 trade ; wares ; ;niy thing bought or sold. 
 
 To -ME'RCHANDISE, t.. n. to trade or traffic. 
 
 BIE'RCHANT, .!. [inar-cliand, Fr.] one who trades with 
 persons in foreign countries. 
 
 ME'RCHANTABLE, a. fit or likely to be bought or 
 sold. 
 
 ME'RCHANT-MAN, J. a trading ship. 
 
 ME'KCIFUL, a. willing to pity, spare, or pardon an offence, 
 or ofT'i'.ier ; unwilling to punish. 
 
 ME'RCIFULLY, ad. with pity, or an hiclination to spare 
 an offender. 
 
 4G
 
 594 
 
 MERC 
 
 ME'RCIFULNESS, s. the quality of pitying or sparing 
 offenders, 
 
 ME'RCII.ESS, a. without cornpas^on ; cruel; severe. 
 ME'RCILESSLY, ad. b such a manner as neither to pity 
 nor spare an ofFeiider. 
 
 ME'RCILESSNESS, i. the quality of punishing without 
 pitv or parilon. 
 
 MERCU'RIAL, a. [mercurialU, from Mfrmrius, Mercury, 
 Lat.] formed under the influence of Mercury; active; 
 sprightly ; volatile. In medicine, consisting of quick- 
 silver. 
 
 MERCTTRIFICA'TION, ^. the act of mixing or incorpo- 
 rating with quicksilver. 
 
 ME'RCURY, s. [mercurius, Lat.] in the solar system, is 
 the nearest planet to the sun. It is from his proximity to the 
 Bun that he is so seldom within the sphere of our observa- 
 tion, being lost in the splendour of the solar brightness ; yet 
 he emits a very bright white light. This planet is oltener 
 seen in those parts of the world which are more southward 
 than that which we inhabit, and oftener to us than tho.se 
 which live nearer the north pnle ; for, the more oblique l.he 
 sphere is, the more parallel with the horizon is the planet's 
 path in the zodi.ic. His mean distance from the sun is 387 of 
 tliose parts of which the earth's distance is 1000, and there- 
 fore in English miles about .37 milhons. His periodic, sidereal, 
 and synodic revolutioDS are srd. 23h. Urn. 2 is. 9-lOths ; &7d. 
 22h. I5m. 37s.; and lljl. 21h. 3m. SS^s. respectively. His 
 hourly motion in its orbit is about 100,000 miles. His ro- 
 tation round his axis, and consequently the length of his day, 
 is at present unknown to us. His diameier is 3204. miles, 
 and therefore his solid contents about 7-lOOths of the earth'.s. 
 The inclination of his orbit, or his greatest heliocentric lati- 
 tude, is 7°; but his greatest geocentric latitude, on account 
 of his much greater nearness to the sim than to the earth, is 
 only about .5°. His eccentricity is 79G of those parts of 
 which the earth's distance from tlie sun is 10,000, and the 
 greatest equation of his orbit 23" 4u' VJ". The place of his 
 aphelion (1800) was in Sasittarius 14^ 31' 63", and ascends 
 ing node in 15" 58' 45' of Taurus; the anniuil motion of 
 Ih; former being 67", and of the latter 45". Being an infe- 
 rior planet, he is never seen in opposition to the sun, as he 
 never recedes from him more than about SS', ainl in some of 
 his revolutions scarcely 1H°; the former taking place when 
 he is in his aphelion, and the latter when he is in his peri- 
 helion, at the time of his greatest elongation. The number 
 of days he is retrograde in a synodic revolution is about 22, 
 in which time the arc of retrngradaiion is from 9" to 16°, 
 according to his position with respect to his pevihelion or 
 aphelion at the time. Mercury changes his phases, like the 
 moon, according to his variuus positions with regard to the 
 earth and sun ; except only, that he never appears quite 
 full, because his enliglitcned side is never tiirnecl directly to- 
 wards us, unless when he is so near the sini as to be l"St to 
 our siijht in hie beams ; and as his enli;;htened side is al- 
 ways towards the sun, it is plain that he shines not by any 
 light of his own; f.)r, if lie did, he w.iuld constantly appear 
 round. Tlie best observations of this planet are those made 
 when he is seen on the sun's disk, called his transit ; for, in 
 his inferior conjunctinn, he somelinies passes before the sini 
 like a little black spot, eclipsing a small part of the sun's body, 
 only observable with the telescope. Such plisenomeiia can 
 only happen when the planet is in or near one of his nodes, 
 at that tunc, which is about the beginning of May and No- 
 vember ; for the sun's place in the ecliptic must be the same, 
 or nearly the same, with the planet's ascending or descending 
 node. Dr. Halley has given us several periods from which 
 the times that these pha;nomena happen may be calcidatcd; 
 and as they are curious appearances which seldom occur, we 
 will note down the times of 26 that happen in 201 years, as 
 deduced from his periods, corrected by observations on the 
 several transits that have happened since the discovery of 
 telescopes. 
 
 MERC 
 
 A Table of ike several Transits, for this and the next century, 
 at the Ascending A^oA- m JVovember, AC S. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Time 
 
 of the 
 
 Middle. 
 
 Dist. 
 
 of Centreii. 
 
 .Sem'idur.l 
 
 
 DAY. 
 
 H. 
 
 M. 
 
 
 
 H. 
 
 M. 
 
 * 1802 
 
 9 at 
 
 9 
 
 14 mor. 
 
 
 
 33 N. 
 
 2 
 
 45 i 
 
 1915 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 46 mor. 
 
 8 
 
 36 N. 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 1822 
 
 S 
 
 2 
 
 5.i mor. 
 
 14 
 
 11 .S. 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 1835 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 27 aft. 
 
 6 
 
 9 S. 
 
 2 
 
 33 
 
 *• 184.8 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 59 aft. 
 
 1 
 
 53 N. 
 
 2 
 
 43t 
 
 • 1861 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 32 mor. 
 
 9 
 
 55 N. 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 • 1868 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 40 mor. 
 
 12 
 
 52 S. 
 
 1 
 
 41 
 
 1881 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 12 mor. 
 
 4 
 
 49 S. 
 
 2 
 
 37 
 
 * 1894 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 45 aft. 
 
 3 
 
 13 N. 
 
 2 
 
 41 
 
 ** 1907 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 17 noon 
 
 11 
 
 15 N. 
 
 1 
 
 59 
 
 •* 1914 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 26 noon. 
 
 11 
 
 32 S. 
 
 1 
 
 57 
 
 • 1927 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 58 mor. 
 
 3 
 
 29 S. 
 
 2 
 
 404 
 
 1910 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 30 aft. 
 
 ■ 4 
 
 33 N. 
 
 2 
 
 38 
 
 • 1953 
 
 U 
 
 .i> 
 
 3 aft. 
 
 12 
 
 36 N. 
 
 1 
 
 46 
 
 * 1960 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 11 aft. 
 
 10 
 
 12 S. 
 
 2 
 
 Si 
 
 ** 1973 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 44 mor. 
 
 2 
 
 9S. 
 
 2 
 
 42i 
 
 1986 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 17 mor. 
 
 5 
 
 53 N. 
 
 2 
 
 33J 
 
 1999 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 49 aft. 
 
 13 
 
 56 N. 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 The following Transits may be expected to take place at the Des- 
 cending Nude, in Mdi/, A'. S. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Time 
 
 ot the Middle. Dist. 
 
 ot Centres. 
 
 Sen)i(liir. 1 
 
 
 UAY. 
 
 ii. 
 
 M. 
 
 
 
 u. 
 
 M. 
 
 •• 1832 
 
 5 at 
 
 12 
 
 17 noon. 
 
 8 
 
 58 N. 
 
 8 
 
 19 
 
 * 1845 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 52 aft. 
 
 7 
 
 36 S. 
 
 3 
 
 28 
 
 * 187b 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 27 aft. 
 
 6 
 
 7 N. 
 
 3 
 
 43 
 
 * 1891 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 mor. 
 
 10 
 
 47 S. 
 
 2 
 
 5ti 
 
 * 192t 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 33 mor. 
 
 3 
 
 16 N. 
 
 3 
 
 56 
 
 *» 1937 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 9 mor. 
 
 13 
 
 3HS. 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 *« 1970 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 4,5 mor. 
 
 
 
 25 N. 
 
 4 
 
 •H 
 
 •• 2003 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 16 mor. 
 
 14 
 
 2S N. 
 
 1 
 
 39 
 
 Those transits that may be seen from begininng to end, in 
 London, are marked with two asterisks, but those that may 
 be seen only in part are marked with one. The third column 
 of the tables denotes the distance of the planet's centre from 
 tlie sun's, cither X. or S. at the time of the midiile ; and the 
 last, the semiduralion of Mercury's centre upon tire sun's disk. 
 If ynu subtract the semiduralion of any particular transit 
 noted in the table, from its middle time, the reinainder 
 will give the tiine of tl.e planet's central ingress ; and, by 
 aiiding it, you will have that of his central egress. The du- 
 ration of a central transit at the ascending node is 5h. 31m. 
 and at the other node about 8h. Im. I he duration of in- 
 gress or egress, in the former case, amounts to about IJ min, 
 and in the latter to about 3 min. M. Cassini, from the du- 
 ration of the egress of the transit of Nov. 3d. 1697, foinid 
 IMercury's apparent diameter to be about 11', from which 
 he deduced his diameter at the ntlicr node to be almost 13^ ; 
 but later, and probably more accurate observations, have de- 
 termined that the apparent diameter of this planet at the as 
 cending node does not exceed 9''. — In mythology, a deity 
 held to be the messenger of the other gods. In preside over 
 eloqueirce and trade, to be the inventor of music, the inter- 
 preter of the will of the other deities, and the son of Jupiter 
 by Mars. In chymistry, quicksilver. This metal in the 
 temperature of our atmosphere is a fluid having the appear- 
 ance of melted silver. It is the heaviest of all metals except 
 platina and golil. Mercury is used in large qinintilies lor 
 silveiing mirrors, for water gilding, for making barotneters 
 and thermometers, and in the manufacture of verinillion. It 
 has also various and important uses in medicine. In heraldry, 
 purple. In botany, a genus of plants, of which two kinds 
 are native in England ; there is also a kind of blight that 
 goes by this name. Figuratively, sprightlhicss ; a news- 
 paper ; a carrier of newspapers.
 
 MERM 
 
 MESS 
 
 69S 
 
 ME'RCY, s. \merd, Fr.] the act of passing by crimes with- 
 out punishing them; unwillingiiess to punish; the act of 
 pitying and pardoning offenders ; pardon. 
 
 ME'RCY-SEAT, *. in the Mosaic institution, was the co- 
 vering of the ark of the covenant, in wliich the tables of tlie 
 law were depositi'd; it was of gold, and at its two ends were 
 fixed the two cherubim of the same mental, which, with their 
 wings extended forwards, seemed to form a throne fur the 
 Majesty of God, who in scripture is represented as fitting 
 between the cherubim, and the ark was his footstool ; it was 
 from hence that God gave his oracles to Moses, or to the 
 high priest who consulted him. 
 
 MERE, a. Imerus, Lat.] entire; only; exclusive of all other 
 persons or things ; simple. 
 
 MERE, or MER, whether in the beginning, middle, or 
 end of the names of places, is derived from nure^ Sax. a pool 
 or lake. 
 
 MERE, .5. [mere. Sax.] a large pool or lake; a boundary. 
 
 MERE, a town of Wiltshire, seated in an angle, bonliring 
 upon Somersetshire and Dorsetshire, 'J8 miles N. W. of S.i- 
 lisbury, and 100 W. by S. of London. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 MERELY, ad. simply; oidy; barely; exclusive of any 
 other thing. 
 
 MERETRI'CIOUS, a. [fiom mere/Hi, an harlot, Lat.] 
 used by or belonging to harlots; seducing or alluring by 
 false .shews. 
 
 MERETRI'CIOUSLY, ad. after the manner of an harlot, 
 with false allurements. 
 
 MEUETRl'CIOUSNESS, the quality of using false allure- 
 ments, like those of harlots. 
 
 MERI'DlAN, s. [meridien, Fr.] noon, or mid-day. In 
 geography, a line drawn from N. to S. which th& sun crosses 
 at noon. Figuratively, the highest point of glory or power. 
 Applied to an artificial globe, the brazen circle in which the 
 globe hangs and turns. 
 
 MERI'DlAN, a. at the pohit of noon ; southern, or ex- 
 tended to the N. and S. Figuratively, raised to the highest 
 point. 
 
 MERI'DIONAL, a. [jnindioneC, Er.] southern ; situated 
 towards the S. ; lonkiiig towards the S. 
 
 MERIDIONA'LITY, s. situated in the S, ; posUlon of a 
 place so as to look towards the S. 
 
 MERI'DIONALLY, ad. with a southern aspect. 
 
 MERIO'NETH, a town in the county to which it gives 
 name, seated near the sea, 12 miles N. of Aberystwith, anil 
 10 W. of Machynleth. 
 
 MEUIO'iNETHSHIRE. a county ofN. Wales, bounded 
 on the N. by CarnarvonL<hire ;ind Denbighshire ; on the E. 
 by the latter county, anil that of Montgomery ; en the S. by 
 RIontgomery and a small part of Cardiganshire ; ?.nd on the 
 W. by the Irish Channel. It extends 36 miles from N. to S. 
 and is 31. wide in its broadest part. The soil is as bad as 
 any in Walts, biing very rocky and mountainous; however, 
 large flocks of sheep and goats, and large herds of horned 
 cattle, find pretty good pastures in the valleys. The face of 
 Ihe country is awfully and astonishingly romantic, and it is 
 well clothed with wood. The principal rivers are the Dee 
 and Dovy ; and it has a great mountain, the Cader Idris, one 
 of the highest in Wales. Merionethshire contains 5 hundreds, 
 5 market-towns, 37 parishes, 2590 houses, and 17,100 inhabi- 
 tants. Harlech is the capital. 
 
 ME'RIT, i. [^mirite, Fr.] desert; excellence; deserving 
 honour or reward. 
 
 To ME'KIT, V. a. [miriter, Fr.] to deserve ; to have a right 
 to claim somewhat, on account of one's excellencies ; to earn. 
 
 MERITO'RIOUS, a. [mcretoire, Fr.] deserving reward ; or 
 great desert. 
 
 MERITORIOUSLY, ud. in such a manner as to deserve 
 reward. 
 
 MERITO'RIOUSNESS, s. the quality of a thing, action, 
 or person, which gives them a right to approbatioii and re- 
 ward. 
 
 ME'RLIX, s. a kind of hawk. 
 
 ME'RMAID, s. [from mer, the sea and maid'] a sea-mon- 
 
 ster, supposed to have a woman's face and sluipe, but a fish's 
 tail. Several hisfances have occurred of late in which an ani- 
 mal of this descri[)tion has been stated to have been seen oflf 
 the shores of Scotland and England. 
 
 ME'RMAID'S TRUAIPET, t. a kind offish. 
 
 MERNS, or Kincaudineshire, a couniy of Scotland, 
 bouinh.'d by Alar on the N. by the German Ocean on the E. 
 by Angus on the S. and Gowry on the W. It is fruitful in 
 corn and pastures ; and the |)lace of thiefest note formerly 
 was the castle of Durjotter. 
 
 ME'RRILY, ad. in a gay, joyous, or mirthful manner. 
 
 ME'RRIMAKE, s. a festival; a meeting to be joyous. 
 
 To ME'RRIMAKE, v. a. to teast; to be merry. 
 
 ME'RRIMENT, s. gaiety ; sport that causes laughter. 
 
 ME'RRINESS, s. the quality of being cheerful, or promot- 
 ing mirth among others. 
 
 ME'RRY, o. [mirig, Sax.] full of mirth, joy, and laughter ; 
 causing laughter ; prosperous, or making cheerful. To make 
 merry, to junket, drink, and give a loose to laughter and joy 
 with a friend. 
 
 ME'RRY-A'NDREW, «. a buflToon, or person who endea- 
 vours to raise laughter in others by odd gestures and comical 
 expressions. 
 
 ME'RRY-THOUGHT, s. {mirrti thaui) a forked bone 
 on the upper part of the breast of fowls, so called because 
 pulled on eich tide by young persons, from a traditionary 
 opinion, that the person who has the longest side shall be 
 married first. 
 
 MERSE, a county of Scotland, bounded on the N. by Lo- 
 tliian, on the E. by the German Ocean, on the S. by Nor- 
 thumberland and Tiviotdale, and on the W. by Tweeddale. 
 It is very fruitful in corn and grass, and abounds with seats 
 of persons of quality. The chief place is Duuse. 
 
 ME'RSION, {merskon) s.[meriio, from mergo, to plunge, 
 Lat-] the act of sinking or plunging over-head. 
 
 MESCHED, a city of Persia, in the province of Korasan; 
 famous for the magnificent sepulchre of Iman Kisa, of the 
 family of Ali, to which the Persian devoteis resort. It is 
 seated on a mountain, in which are found fine Turkey stones, 
 120 miles S. E. of the Caspian Sea. Lat. 37. 12. N. Ion. 57. 
 90. E. 
 
 MESENTE'RIC, a. {mennurique, Fr.] belonging to the 
 mesentery. 
 
 MESE'NTERY, s. [from mems, middle and etiteron, an 
 intestine, Gr.] in anatomy, a fat membrane placed in the 
 middle of the abdomen, almost of a circular figure, with a 
 narrow production, to which the end of the c^olon and begin- 
 ning of the rectum are tied. The intestines are fastened like 
 a border on its circumference. 
 
 JIESERA'IC, a. [meseruique, Fr.] belonging to the me- 
 sentery. 
 
 MESH, s. [maesche, Belg.] the space or interstice between 
 the threads of a net. See Mash. 
 
 To MESH, V. a. to catch in a net ; to ensnare. 
 
 WE'SHY, a. made of net-work. 
 
 I\IE'SLIN, s. [from mesU-r, to mix, Fr.] mixed corn, con- 
 sisting of wheat and rye. 
 
 MESNE, {mene)s. in law, signifies him who is lord of a 
 manor, anil so hath tenants holding of him, yet himself hold- 
 ing of a superior lord. 
 
 MESOLE'UCYS, J. [from mems, middle and hukos, white, 
 Gr.] a precious stone, black with a streak of white in the 
 m'ddle. 
 
 MESOLO'GARITHiMS, f. [from mesos, middle logos, a 
 word and arilhnuit, a number, Gr.] the logarithms of the 
 cofines ai'd tangents, so denominated by Kepltr. 
 
 MESO'JIELAS, s. [fiom mcsos, middle awAmelas, black, 
 Gr.] a precious stone with a black vein parting every colour 
 in the middle 
 
 MESS, s. [mes, old Fr.] a dish ; a quantity of food sent to 
 table at once. 
 
 To MESS, 11. n. to eat or feed. 
 
 ME'SSAGE, s. [vieisiigf, Fr.] an errand; anything told 
 to another to i)e related to a third person.
 
 696 
 
 META 
 
 METH 
 
 ME'SSENGER, «. [messager, Fr.] one who is sent on an 
 errand ; one who is sent to a third person ; a person paid by 
 government to carry dispatclies relating to affairs ot state, 
 and is likewise employed by the secretary's warrants to ap- 
 prehend and keep in custody persons suspected of high-treason ; 
 a fore-runner or harbinger. 
 
 MESSI'AH, s. [Heb. the Anointed] the title given by way 
 of eminence to our Saviour, meaning the same in Hebrew as 
 Christ in the Greek, and alludes to the authority he had to 
 assume the characters of prophet, priest, king, and that of 
 Saviour of the world. 
 
 ME'SSIEURS, s. [plural of monsieur, Fr.] sirs, or gentle- 
 men. 
 
 MES.SI'NA, a city of Sicily, in the valley^'of Demona, 
 about five miles in circumference, with four large suburbs. 
 The public buildings and monasteries, which are very nu- 
 merous, are magnificent and well endowed, and it contains 
 about 20,000 inhabitants. The liarbour, who.se quay is 
 above a mile in Jength, is one of the safest in the Aiediter- 
 ranean, and in the form of a half moon. It is five miles in 
 circumference, extremely deep, and defended by a citadel 
 and other works. It is a place of great trade in silk, oil, 
 fruit, com, and excellent wine, especially since it has been 
 declared a free port. This place, in 1783, suffered much 
 by an earthquake, which shook great part of Calabria and 
 Sicily to their foundations, overturned many rich and popu- 
 lous towns, and buried thousands in their ruins. It is seated 
 on the sea-side, 101 miles E. of Palermo. Lat. 38. 10. N. 
 Ion. 15. 50. E. 
 
 AIE'SSMATE, s, one that eats at the same table. 
 
 ME'SSU.IGE, s. [messuagium, law Lat.] inlaw, a dwel- 
 ling-house, with lands adjoining. 
 
 MET, the pret. and part, of Meet. 
 
 METABA'SIS, s. [meta, from, baiiw, to go, Gr.] in rhetoric, 
 a figure by which the orator passes from one thing to 
 another. 
 
 META'BOLA, s. [from metaba/lu, to change, Gr.] in medi- 
 cine, a change of time, air, or disease. 
 
 METACA'RPAL, a. [from meta, behind, and karpos, the 
 hand, Gr.] belonging to the metacarpus. 
 
 METACARPUS, s, [from meta, behind, and karfjos, the 
 hand, Gr.] in anatomy, the wrist, or that part behijid the 
 hand and the fingers. 
 
 METAGRA'MMATISM, s. [from meia, a particle, imply- 
 ing change, and gramma, a letter, Gr.] See Anagram. 
 
 ME'TAL, «. \metallum, Lat.] in mineralogy, a hard, firm, 
 bright, opaque, fusible, substance. Most metals are both 
 malleable and ductile. The ten malleable metals are gold, 
 platina, silver, mercury, copper, iron, tin, lead, nickel, and 
 zinc. Figuratively, courage or spirit. In the last sense more 
 properly written mettle, which see. 
 
 METALK'PSIS, .5. [from vielalambano, to participate, Gr.l 
 a continuation of a trope in one word, through a succession of 
 significations. 
 
 METALLIC, or META'LLICAL, a. [metalUque, Fr.] 
 partaking, consisting of, or containing metal ; made of metal. 
 
 META'LLINE, a. impregnated will) or containing metal; 
 consisting or made of metal. 
 
 ME'TALLIST, i. a worker hi metals ; a person skilled in 
 metals. 
 
 ME'TALLOIDS, s. in chymistry, certain metallic sub- 
 stances lately discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy, the pro- 
 perties or which are little known. 
 
 ME'TALLURGIST. s. [from metallon, a metal, and trgon, 
 work, Gr.] a worker in mttals. 
 
 METALLURGY, .!. the act of working metals, and se- 
 parating them from their ores. 
 
 To METAMO'UPHOSE, {melumorfiie) v. a. [from mela, 
 a particle, implying change, and tiini iilte, shap,-, Gr.] to 
 change the form or shape of any thing ; to change into a 
 different 8lia|ii' or animal. 
 
 MKTAMO'KPIKJ.SIS, {metiimuifom) f. [from meta, a 
 particle, iiuplying change, and iii(,r}he, shape, Gr.] change 
 of thapc ; the change an animal undergoes both in its forma- 
 
 tion and growth ; the various shapes some insects assume 
 in the different stages of their existence, as the silkworm, 
 &c. 
 
 ME'TAPHOR, (metafor) t. [from meta, over, and pliero, 
 to carry, Gr.] the application of a word to an use, to which, 
 in its original import, it cannot be put ; as, he bridlei hie 
 anger; he deadem the sound; the spring awukei the flowers. 
 A metaphor is a simile comprised in a word. 
 
 METAPHORIC, or METAPHO'RICAL, {metaforik, or 
 meiafirical) a. [from mela, over, and phero, to carry, Gr.] be- 
 longing to a metaphor. Figuratively, not according to the 
 primary and literal sense. 
 
 ME'fAPHRA'SE, {metafraze) s. [from meta, a particle, 
 implying change, and p/irasis, a phrase, Gr.] a close aiid 
 verbal translation from one language into another. 
 
 METAPHRAST, (metiijrast ) s. [from meta, a particle, im- 
 plying change, and phrusis, a phrase^ Gr.] one who translates 
 literally, or word lor word, out of one language into another. 
 
 METAPHY'SIC, or METAPHY'SICAL, (_metafi/zik, or 
 melafi/zical) a. versed in metaphysics ; abstracted. 
 
 JJETAPHY'SICS, (metafyjziks) s. [from mela, above or 
 beyond, and p/ti/sis, nature, Gr.] ontology, or the science 
 which treats of being, hi the abstract, or without being con- 
 fined to any species. Some extend this word to compre- 
 hend the science of immaterial beings, which is properly 
 pneu-matic^' 
 
 MF'TAPLASM, s. [from vteta, change, and plasso, to form, 
 Gr.] in grammar, the changing or transposing a letter or 
 syllable in a word. In rhetoric, the placing of words, syl- 
 lables, or letters, contrary to the natural order. 
 
 METATA'RSUS, s. [from ?!ieta, beyond, and tarsos, the 
 tarsus, Gr.] in anatomy, that part of a human skeleton, wh ch 
 consists of five bones, and reaches from the heel to the toes, 
 containing the middle of the foot. 
 
 METAfHE'SlS, s. [from meta, a particle, implying 
 change, and thesis, position, Gr.] in grammar, the trans- 
 position of the letters or syllables of a word ; as Evandre lor 
 Evaiider. 
 
 To METE, V. a. [melon. Sax.] to measure; to reduce to 
 measure. 
 
 IMETEM PSYCHO'SIS, {metemsikosis) t. [from meta, a par- 
 ticle, implying change, and empsucho, to animate, Gr.J the 
 transmigration of souls after death to other bodies. 
 
 ME'TEOR, s. [from meleora, Gr.] a niixt, changeable, 
 moveable, and imperfect body, appearing in the atmos- 
 phere, formed out of the common elements by the action 
 of the heavenly bodies. Igneous meteors consist of fat 
 sulphureous smoke set on fire ; t'Uch as lightning, thunder, 
 falling stars, &c. Aerial or airy meteors, consist of air and 
 spirituous exhalations ; such as winds, &c. Aqueous or 
 watery meteors are composed of vapours, or watery particles, 
 condensed by cold or heat ; such are clouds, rainljows, hail, 
 or snow, &c. 
 
 METEOROLO'GICAL, a. belonging to the doctrine of 
 meteors. 
 
 METEORO'LOGIST, s. a person skilled in the nature and 
 causes of meteors. 
 
 SIETEORO'LOGY, s. [from meleora, a meteor, and logos, 
 a discourse, Gr.] the doctrine of meteors ; a discourse treat- 
 ing of the cause and nature of meteora- 
 
 ME'TER, s. a measurer. 
 
 METIIE'GLIN, s. [mcdd;/i;lyn, Brit.] a drink made of 
 honey boiled in water, to which are added ginger, cloves, 
 and mace ; alter which it is fermented with yeast and 
 bottled. 
 
 MEl lUN KS, [verb imperfect, composed of me and think] 
 I think, imagine, or .suppose. 
 
 MIC'TIIOD, 4. [viethode, Fr. from methodos, Gr.J theplacnig 
 of several things or ideas, or performing several operations, in 
 such an order as is most convenient and proper to attain some 
 end ; the inunner in which a thing is dune. 
 
 METIIO'DICAL, a.[tnelhodii/tie, Pr.iromtnelhodus, method, 
 Gr.] ranged or placed in proper or just order; pei'brming 
 things in a regular and orderly manner.
 
 MEXI 
 
 MEXI 
 
 697 
 
 METHODICALLY, ad. in a manner consistent with re- 
 gularity and order. 
 
 BIK THODISTS, s. a term formerly applied, in France 
 and otlier conutries, to certain polemic doctors, fur tlieir 
 peculiar metliod of defendiiiff popery aijainst the protestants ; 
 but wliat we now understand by it is, the sect founded 
 about the year 1729 by Mess. John ami Cliarks Wesley 
 with wliom, in 1735, was associated the celebrated Mr. 
 Whitfield. However, in 174.1, a separation took place; Mr. 
 Wesley not holding- the doctrines of predestination an<l irre- 
 sistible grace, wiiich Mr. Whitfield and his friends strenu- 
 ously snpporteil. 
 
 To METHODIZE, v. a. to regulate, or dispose in just and 
 proper order. 
 
 ME'THVVOLD, a town of Norfolk, 1,? miles N. VV. of 
 Thetfbrd, and 8G E. N. E. of liOndon. Market on Friday. 
 
 ME'TONYMV, J. [from 7?ie/u, a particle im|)lying change, 
 and onoina, a name, Gr ] in rhetoric, a figure, wherein a word 
 is used instead of another, as the effect for the cause; the 
 thing containing for the thing contained. Thus we say the 
 kettle boils, for the water contained in the kettle. 
 
 ME'TUK, ijnieter) s. \rnetruni, Lat. froin metrim, a mea- 
 sure, Gr.] a collection of words disposed in lines, of a certain 
 number of syllables, so as to appear harmonious to the ear ; 
 measure ; verse. 
 
 ME'TRICAL, a. [from metron, a measure, Gr.] confined 
 to metre ; measured or limited to a certain number of sylla 
 bles. 
 
 METRO'POLIS, s. [from meter, a mother, and polls, a 
 city, Gr.] the mother city, or chief city of any country. 
 
 METROPO'LITAN, s. [metrupotUanns, Lat.J from meter, 
 
 a mother, and mtis, a city, Gr.J a bishop of the mother 
 
 church, 
 
 bishop. 
 
 church, or of 
 
 [ IWllS, c 
 
 the chie 
 
 f church in the chief city ; an arch- 
 
 METROPO'LITAN, a. belonging to, or situated in the 
 metropolis. 
 
 METUOPOLI'TICAL, a. belonging to the chief city. 
 " ]ifetiopnhticid city.'' Raleigh. 
 
 ME'TTLK, s. [corrupted from vietui, hut not without rea- 
 son written thus, when used in a metaphorical sense] spirit ; 
 sprightliness ; courage. 
 
 ME'TI'LED, a. sprightly; courageous; full of spirits or 
 fire. 
 
 ME'TTLESOME, a. sprightly; lively; gay; courageous; 
 full of spirits ; fiery. 
 
 METTLESOMELY, ad. with sprightliness; vigour; 
 ardour, or courage. 
 
 METZ, a large town, capital of tha department of the 
 Moselle. The cathedral is one of tiie finest in Europe, and 
 the square called Cosliu, and the house of the goyernor, are 
 elegant. The Jews, about ,"5000, live in a part of the town 
 by themselves, where they have a synagogue. The sweet- 
 meats they make here are in high esteem. The inhabitants 
 are computed at 40,000, besides a numerous garrison, who 
 have noble barracks. Metz was formerly, for a long time, 
 the capital of Austrasia. It is seated at the confluence of the 
 rivers Moselle and Scille, 2j miles N. N. W. of Nanci. Lat. 
 49. 7. N. lo!i. 6. 16. E. 
 
 MEU, s. a plant ; another name for the common spigncl. 
 
 MEW. s. [/n«e, Fr.] a cage ; an inclosure; a place where- 
 in any thing is confined. 
 
 To MEW, V. a. to inclose in a cage; to shut up ; to con- 
 fine or imprison. To shod the feathers; from mae, oi muer, 
 Fr. to moidt. To make a noise like a cat ; from miauler, 
 Fr. 
 
 MEWS, s. a prince's or nobleman's stables. 
 
 ME'XICC), a city of North America, capital of the pro- 
 vhice of that name. It was a flourishing place before the 
 Spaniards entered the country, and is seated on several 
 islands in a salt-water lake, to which there is no entrance 
 but by live causeways, three of which are iibout two miles 
 in length. It formerly contained 80,000 houses, with several 
 large tenijjles full of rich idols, and three palaces where the 
 emperor of Mexico resided. Mexico was taiieu by Ferdi- 
 
 nand Cortez, in 1521, after a siege of three months. As 
 the Mexicans deft^nded themselves from street to street, it 
 was almost ruined, but afterwards rebuilt by the Spaniards. 
 It now contains about 3.5,000 houses, built of stone and 
 brick, with a suburb of 3000 houses iidiabited by the native 
 Americans, 29 churches, aad 22 monasteries and nunneries. 
 It is the usual redidence of the viceroy, whose employment 
 continues three years, and has a royal audience, an univer- 
 sity, and the tribunal of the inquisition. All the streets are 
 straight, and exactly disposed in point of regularity, and it is 
 remarkable for having neither gates, walls, nor artillery. 
 The reveime of the cathedral amounts to nearly £80,000 a 
 year, out of which the archbishop receives annually i'15,000 
 besides vast sums Uiat arise by perquisites. Mexico enjoys 
 a prodigious commerce, being the centre of all the trade 
 carried on between Spanish America and Europe, and Spa- 
 nish America and the East Indies. An incredible number 
 of horses and mules are employed in transporting goods from 
 Aca{)ulco to Vera Cruz, and from Vera Cruz to Acapulco. 
 Hither all the gold and silver is brought to be coined; here 
 the king's fifth is deposited; and all that innneiise quantity 
 of plate wrought which is annually sent to Europe. This 
 phice was overflowed by an inundation in October 1629, in 
 which 40,000 persons were drowned. This obliged the 
 Spaniards to make a great conduit through a mountain, in 
 order to empty the lake ; which being done, part of the 
 town became seated on dry land. Mexico is supplied with 
 fresh water by an aqutdnct of three miles in length. The 
 Spaniards do not make a tenth part of the inhabitants, the 
 others being negroes, mulattoes, native Americans, and a 
 mixture of them all. It is 130 miles W. by N. of Vera Cruz, 
 and 2.50 N. E. by N. of Acapidco. Lat. 19. 54, N. Ion. ^9. 
 3fi. W. 
 
 ME'XICO, or New Spain, a country of North America, 
 including, in its lurgest sense, all that extensive peninsula 
 situated betweoii Louisiana and unknown countries on the 
 N. and Terra Firnia, in South America, on the S. but the 
 audience of Mexico contains only the provinces of Mexico 
 Proper, Meducacan, Guasteca, Tlascala, Guaxaca, Tabasco, 
 and Yucatan. It is washed on the E. by the Atlantic 
 Ocean ; and on the S. and W. by the S. Sea, and is above 
 2000 miles in length, and from 60 to 600 in breadth. It is 
 divided into 23 districts or provinces, tlie principal of which 
 is that of Jlexico Proper, and contains mines of gold and 
 silver, of the l.itter of which they count above a thousand, 
 besides mines of iron, cop|)er, lead, alum, crystal, vitriol, 
 precious stones, marble. Sec. The soil produces Indian corn, 
 cabbage-trees, cocoa-nuts, vaiiellas, plantains, pine-apples, 
 cochineal, cotton, and several otlier fruits, gums, and drugs, 
 proper to tlie climate. Before the Spaniards came here, they 
 had a sort of ilogs tliat did not bark, but howled like wolves; 
 gray lions, less formidable than those of Africa; and also 
 small tigers, bears, though uncommon, elks or moose-deer, 
 pecaries, waires, beavers, opossums, arniadilloes, guanoes, 
 ilying-squirrels, racoons, crocodiles, manattes or sea-cows, 
 monkeys, parrels, macaws, pelicans, cormorants, and a great 
 vaiiety of other binls, snakes, scorpions, and other insects. 
 The Spanish clergy are very numerous, and there are a great 
 number of convents. In general, it is a mountainous country, 
 intermixed with many rich valleys; but the highest moun- 
 tains are near the coast of the South Sea, many of which are 
 volcanoes. The eastern shore is a flat, level country, fiill of 
 bogs and morasses, overflowed in the rainy season, which is 
 at the same time as our summer. This province is vastly 
 populous, and the original natives in general pass their fives 
 in easy ciicumstances. In some places, the collection of the 
 public revenues, and the excercise of the police, are deposited 
 111 the hands of their chiefs ; and among the inferior orders 
 of Indians, many are admitted to offices hi the church, army, 
 and magistracy, in all the principal Spanish towns. The re- 
 venues of the crown arise from a fifth part of the gold an<l 
 silver, and from the duties and customs, as well as from tlie 
 lands held of the crown. 
 
 ME'XICO, New, a large country of North America,
 
 598 
 
 MIDT) 
 
 bounded on the W. by the gulf of California ; its other nraits 
 are uncertain. The soil and climate are as rich, plentiful, 
 and temperate, as iiny country of America, or any other part 
 of the world. It is inhabited by a great number of people, 
 whose ranguages and customs are very different ; pome wan- 
 der about, and otherc dwell in towns and villages. The chief 
 divisions are New Mexico Proper, New Leon, New Navarre, 
 and California ; the principal Spanish colonies are St. Barbe, 
 and Santa Fe, the capital town. 
 MEZE'REON, s. in botanv, the daphne of LiiMiieus. 
 MEZZOTI'NTO, s. [Ital.'] akind of graving upon copper, 
 invented by prince flupert, which receives its name from re- 
 sembling painting, and is |)erfornied by marking the plate in 
 furrows or cross lines ; after which they are rubbed down 
 with a burnisher or scraper, according to the depth or light- 
 ness of the shades required. 
 
 MI'ASM, s. [miasmos, from miuino, to pollute, Gr.l par- 
 ticles or atoms, supposed to arise from distempered per- 
 sons, and to infect others with the same disorders at a 
 distance. 
 
 MICA, «. in natural history, a kind of stone which has a 
 spangling appeaiance like gold or silver, and consists of small 
 plates. 
 
 MICAH, in Scripture history, one of the minor prophets, 
 who was contempoiary with Isaiah, and whose prophecy, 
 foretelling the captivity of the ten tribes, and the advance- 
 ment and establishment of the Christian church, very much 
 resembles his, 
 
 MICE, the plural of Mouse. 
 
 MI'CHAELMAS, {Mikelmas) s. the festival of tlie arch- 
 angel Michael, celelirated on the 29th of September. 
 
 MI'CHAELS, St. or MI'TCHEL, a borough in Cornwall, 
 which sends two members to parliament ; distant from Lon- 
 don 249 miles. 
 
 To MICHE, {mike) v. n. to be secret, to lie hid. 
 MI'CHER, {miker) s. a lazy loiterer, who skulks about in 
 Corners and by-placts, out of sight. 
 
 Ml'CROCOSM, s. firom mikros, little, and kosvioi, the 
 world, Gr.] the little world. Man, so called by some fanciful 
 |>liilosopliers. 
 
 MIChO'GRAPHY, (viikrograM s. [from mikros, little, 
 and groplw, to describe, Gr.J the description of the parts 
 of such oljects as are visible only by means of a micros- 
 cope. 
 
 MICRO'JIETER, s. [from mikros, little, and metreo, to 
 measure, Gr.] an astronomical instrument, which, by means 
 of a very fine screw, serves to mtasure extremely small 
 distances in the heavens. 
 
 MTCROSCOPE, s. [from mikros, little, and scopeo, to be- 
 hold, Gr.] a dioptrical iiistniment, by which very small objects 
 are magnified or shewn very large. 
 
 MICKOSCOPIC, or MICROSCO'PICAL, a. made by 
 a microscope; asMsted by a microscope; resembling a mi- 
 cro-cope. 
 
 MID, a. [contracted lirom middle, Sax.] middle; equally 
 between two extremes. 
 MI'DDAY, s. noon. 
 
 Ml'DDLE, a. [middle. Sax.] in the centre; equally dis- 
 tant (rom the two extremes. Svnon. A thing is in the 
 middle, when it stands at an equal distance from the two 
 extremes : it is in the mid)l, when it stands in the centre of a 
 great manv. 
 
 MI DDLE, s. the centre, or part equally distant from two 
 extremes ; any thing lietween two extremes. 
 
 Ml DDLE-AGED, «. of a moderate age ; arrived to an 
 tqual distance between childhood .md old age. 
 
 MI'DDLEBURG, a large commercial town, capital iS the 
 itiand of Walcheren, iind of all Zealand. The sq\iares, towti- 
 house, and other pid)lic buildings, are magnificent. It con- 
 tains abous 26,000 inhabitants, has a comimniiration with the 
 sea by a canal, which will bear the largest vessels, and is 
 seated in the centre of the island, 72 miles S. W. of Amster- 
 dam. Lat. 51. 30. N. Ion. :i. H. E. 
 MI'DDLEHAM, orMI'BLAM, a town in the N. Riding 
 
 MIGH 
 
 of Yorkshire, noted for a woollen manufactory. It is seated 
 on the river Ure, 10 miles S. of Richmond and 255 N. N. W. 
 of London. Market on Monday. 
 
 MI'DDLEMOST, a. superlative of middle; most near to 
 the middle or centre. 
 
 MI'DDLESEX, a county of England, bounded on the N. 
 by Hertfordshire, on the E. by Essex, on the S. by .Surry 
 and a corner of Kent, and on the W. by Buckingham.shire. 
 It is one of the least counties in England, being only about 
 22 miles in length, and 14. in breadth, but is much the richest 
 and most populous, and pays more taxes than any ten beside. 
 It contains 7 market towns, and about 200 parishe.s, without 
 including those in London and Westminster. The air is 
 healthy ; but the soil in general being a lean gravel, it is 
 naturally a district of little fertility, though by means of the 
 vicinity to the metropolis, many parts of it are converted 
 into rich beds of manure, clothed with almost perpetual ver- 
 dure. There are still, however, very extensive tracts of un- 
 cultivated heath. Besides the Thames, the Lea, and the 
 Coin, Middlesex is watered by several small streams, one of 
 which, called the New River, is artificially brougiit from 
 Amwell, in Hert.s, for the purpose of supplyuig London with 
 water. Indeed, the whole county may be considered as a 
 demesne to the metropolis, the land being laid out in gardens, 
 pastures, and inclosures, of all sorts, for its convenience and 
 support. 
 
 MI'DDLEWICH, a large town of Cheshire, seated near 
 the conflux of the rivers Croke and Dan, and communicating 
 with all the late inland navigations. Here are two rich salt- 
 water springs, the brine of which is so strong as to produce 
 a full fourth part salt. A cotton mannfacture has been lately 
 established here. It is 24 miles E. of Chester, and 167 N. \V. 
 of London. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 MI'DDLING, a. [midlen, Sax.] of the middle rank ; of 
 moderate size, or qualities. 
 
 MIDGE, ». [miege, Sax.] a gnat. 
 
 MIDHURST, a large neat town of .Sussex, seated on a 
 hill surrounded with others, having the river Arum at the 
 bottom, 1 1 miles N. of Chichester, and 60 S. W. of Lon- 
 don. It sends two members to parliament. Market on 
 Thursday. 
 
 MI'DLAND, a. remote, or at a distance from the sea- 
 coasts ; in the midst of the land. 
 
 MI'DNIGHT, {midmt) s. the depth of night; twelve at 
 night. 
 MI DNIGHT, a. being in the middle of the night. 
 MI'DRIFF, s. [midhrife. Sax.] the diaphragm 
 BUD SEA, the Mediterranean Sea. 
 
 MIDSHIPMAN, i. a sort of under officer on board a ship, 
 whose station is on the quarter-deck ; his business is to mind 
 the braces, look out, give the word o! command from the 
 captain and superior officers, and assist on all occasions in 
 sailing the ship, and rummaging the hold. 
 MI'DST, s. the middle. 
 
 MIDST, a. [contracted from middest, tlie superlative of 
 mid] midmost; situated in the middle, or nearest to the 
 centre. 
 
 MrDSTREAM, s. the middle of the stream. 
 MIDSUMMER, s. the summer solstice, generallv reck- 
 oned to fall on tiie 24th of June ; the festival of St. John the 
 Baptist. 
 
 MI'DWAV, s. the part of a way which is equally distant 
 from the bcgiiniin;; and ending. 
 
 BIl'DWAY, u. in the middle of the way. 
 Ml'DWIFE, s. a woman who delivers women in child-bed. 
 AlI'DWlFERY, s. assistance given in child-birth; the 
 act of production; help in produchig; the trade of a 
 midwife. 
 
 M I'D WINTER, s. the winter solstice, or depth of winter, 
 reckoned to f.dl on the 21.st ol December. 
 
 MIKN, {nifcn) s, [mine. Fr.] air; look, manner. 
 MIGHT, (nul) s. [niif^/i/, S;i.\.J power ; strength ; force. 
 Ml'GHTlLY, {miiity) ad. «ith great power; powerfully; 
 with efficacy , violently ; vigorously ; in a great degree.
 
 MILF 
 
 MI'GHTINESS, (mltiness) $. the quality of possessing or 
 exercising power, greatness, or dignity; a title given to 
 princes, and formerly applied to the states of Holland. 
 
 MI'GHTY, {mlly) a. [miktig, Sax.] powerful; strong; 
 excellent, or powerful in any act. 
 
 MI'GHTY, {mUif) ud. in a great degree. " Mighty 
 tbouuhtful." Priur. Not to he used but in low language. 
 
 MIGRATION, s. [mii^alid, from migro, to remove, Lat.] 
 the act of changing pliiccs of abode. 
 
 MI'LAN, a city ol Italy, formerly capital of a duchy of the 
 same name. It was the aiiticnt capital of Lombardy, and is 
 the largest city of Italy, except Kome ; but although it is 
 thought rather to exceed Naples in size, it does not contain 
 above one half the number of inhabitants. It is seated in a 
 pleasant plain, between the river Adda and Tesin. It is 
 about 10 miles in circumference, and is called by the Italians, 
 Milan the Great. Here are 22 gates, 230 churches, 90 con- 
 vents, 100 religious fraternities, 120 schools, and about 
 250,000 inhabitants. Broad and straight streets are but few 
 in comparison to the narrow and crooked ; and the many 
 paper windows, or glass and paper panes intermixed, even 
 in the finest palaces, have a mean appearance. The gover- 
 nor's palace, or the old regency-house, is the most stately 
 and spacious. The cathedral is a grand structure, beuig 300 
 feet long, 200 broad, and 400 high. It stands in the centre 
 of the city, and, next to St. Peter's at Rome, is the largest in 
 Italy. This vast fabric is entirely built of solid white marble, 
 and is supported by 50 columns, said to be 8i feet high. The 
 4 pillars under the cupola are 28 feet in circumference. The 
 college of St. Ambro.se has a library, which, beside some 
 thousands of manuscripts, contains 45,000 printed volumes. 
 In it is an academy of painting. The most considerable 
 commerce of the inhabitants is in grain (especially rice,) cattle, 
 and cheese, which they export; and they have manufactures 
 of silk and velvet stuffs, stockings, handkerchiefs, ribbons, gold 
 and silver lace, and embroideries, woollen and linen cloths, 
 glass, and earthen ware in imitation of China. Here are 
 several rivers, and many canals. It is 65 miles N. of Genoa, 
 145 N. N. W. of Florence, and 270 N. W. of Rome. Lat. 
 45. 28. N. Ion. 9. Ifi. E. 
 
 JIl'LBORN-PORT, a borough of Somersetshire, surrounded 
 in a manner by Dorsetshire. The inhabitants are about UOO. 
 It has no market-town, though it appears in Doomsday book 
 to have had a ujarkel once, and 56 burgesses. It is seated 
 on a branch of the river Parret, 2 miles from Sherborn in 
 Dorsetshire. 
 
 MILCH, a. [milch, Teut.] giving milk. 
 
 MILD, a. [mild, Sax.J kind; tender; indulgent; com- 
 passionate; not easily provoked to anger; gentle; void of 
 acrimony ; f n e from sharpness or acidity. 
 
 MI'LDENHALL, a large populous town in Suffolk, seated 
 on the river Lark, a branch of the Ouse, with a harbour for 
 boats, 12 miles N. W. of Bury, and 69 N. N. E. of London. 
 A well-frequented market on Fiiday, especially for fish and 
 wild-fowl. 
 
 MI'l.DEW, s. [mildeawe. Sax.] a disease that happens to 
 plants, caused by a dewy moisture falling upon them, and 
 continuing, for want of the sun's heat to draw it up ; spots 
 made in linen, metals, &c. by the dampness of the air. 
 
 To MI'LDEW, V. a. to spot or infect with mildew. 
 
 MI'LDLY, ad. with tenderness and gentleness. 
 
 MI'LDNESS, s. gentleness, tenderness, or clemency, ap- 
 plied to persons. Softness or mellowness, applied to 
 taste. 
 
 MILE, s. [meil, Sax.] a common measure of roads in Eng- 
 land, containing 1760 yards, or 5280 feet. 
 
 MI'LESTONE, s. a stone set up on the road, marked with 
 the number of miles from any chief town. 
 
 MI'LFOIL, t. [from mille, a thousand, and folium a leaf, 
 Lat.] the two English species of this genus are, the spiked 
 water and verticillated water milfoil ; also the common 
 yarrow. The common and lesser hooded milfoil are species 
 of bladder-wort. 
 
 MI'LFORD, a town of PembrokeshirB; situated on the N. 
 
 MILL 
 
 6M 
 
 coast of Milford Haven, 6 n)iles W. N. W. of Pembroke, 
 and 6 S. S. W. of Haverfordwest. A new quay has been 
 lately built here, and a considerable number of new build- 
 iTigs erected, by a commercial company of quakers from 
 America. 
 
 MI'LFORD-HA'VEN, a deep inlet of the Irish Sea, on the 
 coast of Pembrokeshire, universally allowed to be the best 
 Harbour in Great Britain, and as safi; and spacious as any in 
 Europe. It has 16 deep and safe creeks, 5 bays, and 3 roads, 
 all distinguished by their several names, in which 1000 sail of 
 ships may ride in perfect security, and at sufficient distance 
 from each other. There is no danger in sailing in or out with 
 the tide, by day or night, from whatever point the wind may 
 happen to blow ; and if a ship in distress comes in, without 
 either anchor or cable, she may run on shore, on soft ooze, 
 and there lie in safety till she is refitted. The spring tide 
 rises in this h.irbour 36 ieet, so that ships may at any time be 
 laid ashore. The breadth of the entrance, between rock and 
 rock, is but 200 yards at high water, and 112 at low water. 
 One great advantage attending this harbour is, that a ship 
 may be in or out ot it in an hour's time, and in 8 or 10 hours 
 may be on the coast of Ireland, or off the Land's End ; they 
 may also get out to the W. much sooner than from either 
 Plymouth or Falmou;h. The parliament, on April 14th, 1759, 
 granted 10,000^. for fortifying this harbour, all of which was 
 expended on the fort at Neyland, which, however, still re- 
 mains unfinished. 
 
 MI'LIARV, a. [from milium, millet, Lat.] small; resem- 
 bling a millet seed. Miliary fever, in medicme, is a malig- 
 nant fever, receiving its name from the skin being then 
 sprinkled all over with little purple spots, resembling grahis 
 of millet-seed. 
 
 MI'LITANT, a. [from miles, a soloier, Lat.] fighting or 
 acting in the character of a solilier. In divinity, engaged in 
 warfare with hell and the worhl, applied to the church of 
 Christ on earth, as opposed to that which is triumphant in 
 heaven. 
 
 MI'LITARY, a. [mililaris, from miles, a soldier, Lat.] pro- 
 fessed or engaged in the life of a soldier ; belonging to the 
 army ; becoming a soldier ; warlike. 
 
 MILI'TIA, {mtlishia) s. [Lat.] the standing force of a na- 
 tion ; the inhabitants of a country trained to arms, and acting 
 in their own defence. 
 
 MILK, s. \?neek. Sax.] a white juice, liquor, or humour, 
 prepared by the Deity in the breasts of women, and dugs of 
 beasts, for the nourishment of their young ; any white fluid 
 or liquor resembling milk ; an emulsion made by almonds 
 blaiiclied, and bruised in a mortar. 
 
 To MILK, V. a. [meakian. Sax.] to draw milk from the 
 teats of a beast, or the breast of a woman, with the hand ; to 
 give suck. 
 
 MI'LKEN, a. consistint! of milk. 
 
 MILKER, i. one that draws milk from animals. 
 
 MI'LKINESS, s. the quality of a thing in which it re- 
 sembles milk. 
 
 MI'LKLIVERED, a. cowardly or timorous. " Milkliver'd 
 man." Shak. 
 
 MI'LKMAID, s. a woman employed in milking cattle. 
 
 MI'LKPAIL, s. a vessel into which cattle are milked. 
 
 MILKPO'TTAGE, s.a. kind of food made by boiling milk 
 with water and oatmeal. 
 
 Ml'LKSOP, t. a soft, effeminate, or timorous person. 
 
 MTLKTEEIH, s. in farriery, are those small teeth which 
 come forth before when a foal is about three months old, and 
 which he begins to cast about two years and a half after, in 
 the same order as they grew. 
 
 MILKWHITE, a. white as milk. 
 
 MI'LKWOMAN, a woman who sells mili. 
 
 MTLKWORT, s. a plant ; the polygala of Linnseus. 
 
 MI'LK Y, a. made of or resembling milk ; yielding milk. 
 Figuratively, soft ; gentle ; timorous. 
 
 MI'LKY-WAY, s. See Galaxy. 
 
 MILL, ». [myln, Sax.] an engine or machine, in which 
 corn or any other substance is ground ; any machine whose
 
 too 
 
 MIME 
 
 MINE 
 
 action depends on a circular motion; or a machine, wiiicb, 
 being put in motion, gives a violent impression on things. 
 
 To MILL, f. a. to divide into small particles ; to grind or 
 divide into small particles in a mill ; to beat up or make 
 chocolate froth, by putting its particles hito a circular motion 
 with a Stick rubbed between the hands ; to full, scour, and 
 cleanse woollen stuffs in a mill. In coinage, to stamp the rim 
 of money, to prevent clipping it. 
 
 MILL-COG, s. the teeth on the edges of the wheels be- 
 longing to a mill, by means of which they lock into each 
 other. 
 
 MILL-DAM, s. the mound, or bank by which water is 
 kept to a proper height for working a mill. 
 
 MILLENA'RIAN, s. [millenarius, from mille, a thousand, 
 Lat.] one who believes or expects the millennium. 
 
 M I'LLENARY, a. [mitlcnaire, Fr. from mille, a thousand, 
 Lat.] consisting of a thousand. 
 
 MI'LLENIST, s. [from mille, a thousand, Lat.] one who 
 holds the millennium. 
 
 MILLENNIUM, ». [Lat.] in divinity, the space of a 
 thousand years, which the righteous, as supposed by some, 
 shall pass with Christ upon earth, at his second coming. 
 
 MILLE'NNIAL, a. [millennium, from mille, a thousand, 
 Lat.] belonging to the millennium. 
 
 MI'LLEPEDE, s. in entomology, a well known insect, thus 
 denominated from the great number of its feet. It is useful in 
 medicine. 
 
 MILLER, s. one who looks after a mill. A fly. 
 
 MI'LLERS-THUMB, in icthyology, an English r.ame for 
 the fish called also the bull-head. 
 
 MILLE'SIMAL, a. [from mille, a thousand, Lat.] thou- 
 sandth ; consisting of thousandth parts. 
 
 MI'LLET, s. [milium, probably from mitre, a thousand, 
 Lat. on account of its producing many grains] a plant 
 brought originally from the east, which produces a very small 
 grain, used in puddings. The millet cyprus-grass is a kind of 
 bulrush. 
 
 MI'LLINER, I. [Johnfon derives this word from Milaner, 
 an inhabitant of Milan, as a Lombard is a banker] one who 
 sells ribbands, caps, and other coverings belonging to a wo- 
 man's dress. 
 
 MI'LLINERY, a." belonging to or sold by a milliner. ^Used 
 substantively, tor goods or dress sold by a milliner. 
 
 MI'LLION, s. [million, Fr. the number of an himdred 
 myriads, or ten hundred thousand. Proverbially, any very 
 great number. 
 
 MI'LLIONTH. a. the ten hundred thousandth. 
 
 MI'LLIPES, s. [Lat.] the common wood-louse, so called 
 from its numerous feet. 
 
 MILL-REE, s. [Port] a Portuguese gold coin, in value 
 
 MI'LLSTONE, j. [myletlan. Sax.] the stone of a mill by 
 which corn is ground. 
 
 MILT, s. [mildl. Sax.] in natural history, the soft roe in 
 fish, so called, because it yields a white or milky juice when 
 pressed. 
 
 MI'LTON, or Milton Abbey, an antient town in 
 Dorsetshire, chiefly noted for its abi)ey, now in ruin.s, built 
 and founded by king Athelstan. It is H miles N. E. of 
 Dorchester, and 112 W. by S. of London. Market on 
 Tuesday. 
 
 MILTON, or Mii.ton Royal, a town in Kent, formerly 
 the residence of the kings of Kent, aiid of king Alfred, who 
 had a castellated jialace here, which stood belnw the church, 
 and it is now famous for its excellent oysters. It is seated 
 on the E. Swale, a branch of the river Medway. It is 1 1. 
 miles N. E. of Maidstone, and 42 E. of London. Market on 
 Saturday. 
 
 Ml'LTfXM, a town of Kent, 1 mile E, of Gravesend, but 
 incorporated with it. King Henry, VIII. raised a bloek-house 
 and platform here for the defence of this town and Gi:ivcsend, 
 and lor the command of the river. 
 
 MIME, s. [from mimeomai, to imitate, Gr.] a bufToon, who 
 
 by mimicking the action or manner of some other person 
 endeavours to create mirth. 
 
 To MIME, V. n. to mimic the gestures or manners of 
 another, so as to cause laughter. 
 
 MI'MIC, a. [mimiius, Lat. from mimeomai, to imitate, Gr.] 
 imitatinir or copying the actions of a person, so as to render 
 them ridiculous, and to excite laughter. 
 
 MI'MIC, a. [mimicus, Lat. from mimeomai, to imitate, Gr.] 
 a person who imitates the actions or manner of another so as 
 to excite laughter. Figuratively, a servile imitator. 
 
 To MI'JMIC, V. a. to imitate the actions of another so as 
 to make them ridiculous, and to excite laughter ; to imi- 
 tate. 
 
 MI'MICAL, a. [mimicus, Lat. from mimeomai, to imitate, 
 Gr.] copying like a mimic. 
 
 MIIVIICALLY, ad. in imitation ; in a mimical manner. 
 
 MI'MICRY, s. the quality or art of assuming the air, 
 looks, manner of expression, and action, of another. 
 
 MI'MOGRAPHER, .«. [Irom mimos, a mimic, and grujjAo, 
 to write, Gr.] a writer of firces. 
 
 Ml'N.^TORY, a. [from minor, Lat.] containing threats. 
 
 To MIXCE, V. a. [mincer, Fr.] to cut into very small bits 
 or pieces ; to mention any thing scrupulously, or by a little at 
 a time ; to paUiate or extenuate. Neuterly, to walk with 
 short steps in an affected manner; to speak with effeminacy, 
 or so as to omit syllables. 
 
 MI'NCINGLY, ad. in small parts ; nOt fully; with pallia- 
 tion or extenuation. 
 
 MIND, s. [Remind, Sax.] the rational soul; the under- 
 standing ; affection ; choice ; thoughts or sentiments ; opinion ; 
 memory ; remembrance 
 
 To MIND, V. a. to take notice of, or observe; to regard; 
 to excite in the mind ; to recall to a person's mind, or revive 
 in his memory ; to admonish, from minder, Belg. Neuterly, 
 to incline or be disposed to. 
 
 MINDED, a. disposed ; inclined; affected. 
 
 MI'NDEN, a considerable trading town of Westphalia, 
 with a fertile territory of the same name, about 96 miles in 
 circumference, subject to Prussia. On a heath near this 
 town. Prince Ferdinand of Bnmswick defeated the French 
 Marshal Contades, in 1759, with the loss of 7000 men killed, 
 wounded, and prisoners. It is seated on the river Weser, 37 
 miles S. W. of Hanover. 
 
 MI'NDFUL, a. attentive; heeding; retaining in the me- 
 mory. 
 
 MI'NDFULLY, ad. attentively. 
 
 MrNDFULNESS, s. attention; heed, or regard. 
 
 MI'NDLESS, a. inattentive; regardless; inanimate; not 
 endued with a rational soul. 
 
 MINE, pronoun possessive [myn, Sax.] Mine was formerly 
 used always before a vowel ; at present, if a substan- 
 five precedes we use tnine ; but when it follows, my ; as, 
 " This is tny hook.'' Or, " This book is mine.'' Belonging 
 to me. 
 
 MINE, s. [mine, Fr.] a place or cavern in the earth con- 
 taining metals, stone, or coal ; a hollow dug under any for- 
 tification, that it may sink fur want of ."iipport, or that pow- 
 der may be lodged in it, by means of which every thing upon 
 it may be blown up. 
 
 To MINE, V. n. to dig mines; to form any hollows or 
 cavities under ground by digging. Actively, to sap ; to ruin 
 'by mines ; to destroy by secret means or slow degrees. 
 
 JIl'NEIIEAD, a town of Somersetshire, containing about 
 500 houses, and 2(100 inhaliit.Tnts. Here is a safe and com- 
 modious harbour l()r ships of large burden, formed by a pier 
 and quay, to which last a new head has been added, the beach 
 cleared, fee. It carries on a considerable trade to Irehniil and 
 the West Itidies, and is 31 miles N. of Exeter, and l(il W. by 
 S. of London. M.trket on Wednesday. 
 
 MI'NER, s. [mineur, Fr,] one that digs in caverns for 
 metals, stones, or coals ; one who is a maker of military 
 mines. 
 
 MI'NF.RAL, s. [from minerale, low, Lat.] any body dug out 
 of the earth. Though all metals are mmerali, yet ull mineralt
 
 MINI 
 
 M I N U 
 
 60 1 
 
 are not metals. Minerals, in the restrained sense, are bodies 
 that may be melted, but not malleated. 
 
 Ml'NERAL, a. consisting of bodies dug out of the earth ; 
 consisting of metalline particles. 
 
 Ml'NERALIST, s. one skilled or employed in extracting 
 ores or minerals. 
 
 MI'NERALIZERS, s. in chymistry, those substances which 
 are combined with metals in their ores; such as sulphur, 
 arsenic, oxygen, carbonic acid, itc 
 
 MINERALOGIST, s. [from minerahgie, Fr.] one who 
 writes upon minerals. 
 
 MINEKA'LOGY, s. [miiiirahgie, Fr.] the doctrine [of 
 minerals. 
 
 Ml'NERAL WATERS, s. waters which hold some metal, 
 earth, or salt, in solution. They are frequently termed me- 
 dicinal waters. 
 
 MINERVA, s. in mythology, the goddess of wisdom and 
 the arts. .She is described with the helmet on her head, 
 a spear in her right hand, and a shield in her left, and 
 was fabled to have been produced out of the head of 
 Jupiter. 
 
 MlNE'VER, i. a skin with specks o^ white. 
 
 To MI'NGLE, V. a, [mingelen, Teut.] to mix ; to join ; to 
 unite with something else; to compound. Neuterly, to be 
 mixed or united with. 
 
 MI'NGLE, s. a mixture ; a medley or confused mass. 
 
 ftll'NGLER, s. one who mixes different things together. 
 
 MINGRELIA, a province of Asia, situated along the E. 
 coast of the Black S( a. The princpality is hereditary, and 
 is governed by a prince who takes the title of Dadian, or 
 chief of justice. The tribute enacted by the Turks, is a 
 quantity of linen cloth made in the country. The face of this 
 country, its picducts, and the customs and manners of the in- 
 habitants, are similar to those of Georgia. 
 
 MI'NI.iTURE, s. [miniature, Fr.] the representation of 
 a thing in a very small size — Gay improperly uses it as an 
 adjective. 
 
 MI'NIKIN, a. [See Manikin'\ small; diminutive; used in 
 contempt. 
 
 MI'NIM, s. [from viiiiimus, the least, Lat.] a small being 
 or person. Applied in the northern countries to a very small 
 fish. ; 
 
 MI'NIMUS, «. [Lat.] a being of the least size. 
 
 MI'NION, s. [»tii>non, Fr.] a favourite or darling. Ge- 
 nerally applied to a person who has the chief place in a 
 prince's or great man's favour, on account of his servile com- 
 pliances and flattery. With printers, a small sort of printing 
 letter. 
 
 Ml'NIOUS, a. [from minium, red lead, Lat.] of the colour 
 of red lead or vermilion. 
 
 To MI'NISH, V. a. [a contraction from diminishi] to lessen; 
 to lop or impair. 
 
 MI'NISIER, s. [Lat.] any person employed .is an agent, 
 or to transact affau-s for another ; one employed by a sove- 
 reign in the adniinisiratiou of public aflfaiis; an instrument 
 or means applied to accomplish any end ; a person who per- 
 forms the public service in divine worship ; an agent from a 
 foreign power, who has not the dignity or credentials of an 
 ambassador. 
 
 To Ml'NISTER, v. a. [from minister, n servant, Lat;] to 
 serve or attend on God, the public, or a private person. 
 
 MINIS I'F/RIAL, u. attendant; acting under superior 
 authority ; sacerdotal. 
 
 MINISTE'RI ALLY, ad. in a ministerial manner. 
 
 MTNISTEHV, s. [now contracted into three syllables, as 
 ministry; from minister, a servant, Lat.] office, .service; the 
 discharge of an i fiice or performance of the orders and em- 
 ployment of aiiiither. 
 
 MINISTRAL, a. bt-long:ng to a delegate; one employed 
 by another, or a clergyman. 
 
 JMl'NIS'l RANT, (I. [miitistriiiis, nom minister, a servant, 
 Lat.] attending upon ; acting as subordinate, dependant, or 
 at command. 
 
 MINISTRA'TION, s. [miuistratio, from minister, a ser- 
 
 vant, Lat.] the office of a person commissioned by, or acting 
 at the command of, another ; attendance ; intervention ; 
 service; office; the employ of a clergyman. 
 
 MFNISTRY, s. [contracted from miniilery] olTice ; ser- 
 vice ; agency , busiiRS-^ ; iicrsuns employed in slate affairs. 
 
 Ml'NlUM, *. [Lat.] lead calcined in a reverberatory fur- 
 nace till it is of a red colour. 
 
 Ml'NNOCK, s. [perhaps from mitrnon, Fr.] a favourite, or 
 darling. J(jhrison tliinks it synonymous with minx. 
 
 MI'NNOW, s. [ineniie, Fr.] a small fresh-water fish. 
 
 MI'NOR, a. [the compaialive of parvus, little, Lat.] petty 
 or inconsiderable ; less ; smaller. 
 
 MI'NOR, s. one not arrived at full age; one under age; 
 one younger than another, when used comparatively. In 
 logic, the least term in a proposition, or the second [)roposi- 
 tion in a regular syllogism. 
 
 To MI'NOR ATE, v. a. [from minor, less, Lat.] to lessen or 
 dindfiish. 
 
 MINO'RCA, a consider dile island in the Mediterranean, 
 lying 31. miles N. E. of Majorca. It is about 30 miles in 
 length and 12 in breadth, and chiefly valuable for the ex- 
 cellent harbour of Port Mahon.' It is a mountainous coun- 
 try, with some fruitful valleys, where there are excellent 
 mule?. Rabbits are in great plenty, and here are plantations 
 of paln.-trees which bear no fruit, vines, olives, cotton, and 
 capers. The peasants are very dexterous with their slings, 
 aad command their cattle with them. The houses on the 
 island, are coni|)Uted at 300n, and the inhabitants at 27,1)00. 
 It was taken by the English in 1708, and ki'i)t by them till 
 1756, when the French took it. It was restored to the En- 
 glish by the treaty of 1763, and retaken by the Spaniards in 
 the American war, and confirmed to them by the peace of 
 nv3. Citadella is the capital, beside which there are Port 
 Mahon, Labor, and Jlercadal. 
 
 MINO'RITY, s. [minoriti, Fr.] the state of a person who 
 is under age, or not ariived to years of discretion and matu- 
 rity ; the state of being less; the smaller number, ojiiiosed to 
 majority. 
 
 Ml'NOTAUR, s. [from Minos, an antient king of Crete, 
 who was supposed to keep the Minotaur, and taurus, a bull, 
 Lat.] a monster supposed to be half man ami half beast, as 
 described by the amients. 
 
 MINSTER, s. [minitlrere, Sax.] a monastery ; a cathedral, 
 church. 
 
 Ml'NISTREL, s. [me?iestril, Si'an.] a musician; one that 
 plays upon musical instruments. 
 
 Ml'NSTKELSEY, s. instrumental mu.sic, a band or num- 
 ber of persons playing on iriusical instruments. 
 
 MINT, s. [minte, .Sax.] a plant; a place where money is 
 coined, from mint. Dan. 
 
 To MINT, f. a. (see tlie noun) to coir, or stamp money. 
 Fiiinvatively, to invent or for^e. 
 
 MI'NTAGE, s. that which is coined or stamped; the 
 dntv paid for coitnng. 
 
 iVirNTER, s. a coiner or stamper of money 
 
 Ml'NTMAN, s. one skilled in coinage. 
 
 MI'NTiM ASTER, s. a person who has the management 
 and c.ire of the coinage. Figuratively, one who invents. 
 
 JIl'NUET, s. [menuet, Fr.] a stately regular dance, 
 performed generally by two persons, consisting of a sink, 
 boree, and two straight steps: the figure resembles a ca- 
 pital Z. 
 
 Ml'NUM, in music, J. a note of slow time, two of which 
 make a semi-bref. 
 
 JIIXU'TE, a. [minutus, from mhivo, to diminish, Lat.] 
 small, eitlier in bulk or consequence; little ; slender. 
 
 MI'NUTE, s. [distinguished from the adjective by being 
 accented on the first syllable, minutum, Lat.] in geometry, 
 the (iOth part of a degree of a circle. Minutes are denoted 
 by one accent, thus (') ; as the second, or COth part of a 
 minute, is by two accents, thus (") ; and the third by three ("), 
 &c. Minnte, in time, is the 60th part of an hour. In 
 architecture, it usually denotes the 60tb, sometimes the 30th 
 
 4 H
 
 602 
 
 MISB 
 
 MISD 
 
 part of a module. In writing, it is used for a short memoir, 
 or sketch of a thiii». 
 
 To AII'NUTE, c. a. [nwiutti; Fr.] to set down in short 
 hiiits. 
 
 MI'NUTE-BOOK, s. a boolc of short hints, or memo- 
 randa. 
 
 MINUTE-GLASS, s. glass of which the sand measures a 
 minute. 
 
 MINU'TELY, ad. with great exactness ; without omission 
 of the least circumstance. 
 
 MINU'TENESS, a. excessive snialliiess; extreme accuracy 
 or circnmstantiahiess ; inconsiilerableness. 
 
 jMINX, s. a young pert, wanton, or affected girl. 
 
 MI'RACLE, i. [miraculum, from mirur, to wonder, Lat.] a 
 sensible eff.-ct, either in itself or its circumstances super- 
 iialurul ; or that which is in some respect or other beside or 
 contrary to the fixed laws of nature, and cause of common 
 providence, which not being tu be accounted for in a natural 
 way, must be ascribed to the occasional inter|)Osition of God 
 himself or some invisible intelligent agent. 
 
 MIRA'CULOU.S, a. [miraculciix, Fr.] done by miracles; 
 effected by power more than natural. 
 
 MIUACULOUSLY, ad. beyond the known powers or laws 
 of nature. 
 
 MIRACU'LOUSNESS, s. the state of being effected be- 
 yond the ordinary powers or biws of nature. 
 
 MIRE, s. [mucr, Btlg.] mud; dirt moistened with rain or 
 water. An ant ; a pismire, from mijr, Brit. 
 
 To MIRE, V. a. to daub with mud; to whelm in the 
 mud. 
 
 MI'RINESS, i. the quality of being inuddy. 
 
 MI'RROR, s. [miroir, Fr.] a looking-glass, or any thing 
 which represents objects by reflection; a pattern or exem- 
 plar, as being that on which the eye ought to be fixed to 
 transcribe its periections. In mhieralogy, a kind of trans- 
 parent stone. 
 
 MIRTH, s. [myrhde, Sax.] merriment ; gaiety: laughter; 
 a jest which excites laughter. 
 
 MIRTHFUL, a. full of jov and gaiety. 
 
 MIRTHLESS, a. .sorrowful. 
 
 MI'RY, a. deep in mud; consisting of mud. 
 
 MIS, [Sax. from mism, Goth.] is an inseparable particle, 
 and in composition denotes defect, error, deprivation, corrup- 
 tion, &c. 
 
 MISACCEPTA'TION. s. the act of taking any thing in a 
 wrong sense. 
 
 MISADVE'NTURE, s. [mesaventure, Fr.] ill-luck; bad 
 fortune. In law, manslaughter. 
 
 MISADVE'NTURED, a. unfortunate. 
 
 MISADVICE, s. wrong or mistaken advice; bad 
 counsel. 
 
 MISADVrSED, (miiaduized) ad. wrongfully counsel- 
 led. 
 
 MISATMED, a. not aimed rightly. 
 
 MISA'NTHROPISr, s. [from mis^o, to hate, and anihropos, 
 a man, Or.] a hater of mankind ; one that flies the society of 
 mankind from a principle of discontent. 
 
 MISANTHROPY, .•;. [from miseo, to hate, and anthropos, 
 a man, Gr.] the act of hating or avoiding the .society of 
 mankind. 
 
 MISAPPLICA'TION, s. an im]>roper application ; the act 
 of applying a thing to a wrong use. 
 
 To Ml.SAPPLY, V. a. to apply improperly, or to wrong 
 purposes. 
 
 To MISAPPREHE'ND, v. a. to mistake a person's mean- 
 ing ; to understand a thing in a wrong sense. 
 
 MISAPPKKHE'iNSION, j. a mistake. 
 
 To MIS'A.SCRIBE, v. a. to ascribe fdsily. 
 
 To MISASSI'GN, i;. «. to assigji erroneously. 
 
 To MISBECO'MF;, v. a. preter. mMtcame ; to be incon- 
 aistent with a person's cliaracter ; to disgrace ; to be un- 
 suitable. 
 
 MISBEGOT, or MISBEGO'TTEN, a. unlawfully be- 
 gotten. 
 
 To MISBEHA'VE, v. n. to act ill or inconsistent -with a 
 person's character. 
 MISBEHA'VED, a. ill-bred; uncivil. 
 MISBEHA'VIOUR, .s. want of decency to Others; ill- 
 conduct ; want of civility or breeding. 
 
 MISBELI'EF, {misbelief} s. an erroneous or wrong be- 
 lief. 
 
 To MISBELIE'VE, {?nisbeleefe) v. n. to distrust. 
 
 JIISBELIE'V^ER, {tnisbeteiver) s. one that holds a false 
 religion, or believes wrongly. 
 
 ■To MISCAL, (miskaul) v. a. to call by a wrong name. 
 
 To MISCA'LCULATE, v. a. to be wrong in a computatio^ 
 or reckoning ; to reckon wrong. 
 
 MISCA'RRIAGE, (miskdrridg) s. want of success; ill 
 conduct ; abortion, or the act of bringing forth before due 
 time. 
 
 To MISCA'RKY, v. n. to fail ; to fail of success in an un- 
 dertaking ; to be brought to bed befiire due time. 
 
 To iMISCA'ST, v. a. to add up or compute wrong. 
 
 AIISCELLA'XEOUS, i. [miscc-l/anens, from viiscco, to mix, 
 Lat.] mingled; consisting of different kinds. 
 
 JirsCELLAXY, s. (sometimes accented on the second 
 syllable) a book containing a collection of different piece.s, 
 sometimes containing the works of different authors. 
 
 MISCIIA'XCE, s. ill lutk; a thing happening amis.s, but 
 neither intended nor foreseen. 
 
 Ml'SCHIEF, {mischeef) s. \meschef, old Fr.] any thing 
 done to h:irm or injure another ; an ill consequence, or vex- 
 atious iiffair. 
 
 ]\II'SCHIEF-MAKER, {mischeef maker) s. one who pro- 
 motes qnarnls between others, and cause- mischief. 
 
 MI'SCHIEVOUS, {mischeevoui') a. (sometimes accented 
 on the second syllable) hurtful; injurious; .spiteful; ma- 
 licious. 
 
 MISCHIE'VOUSLY, {mische'cvously^ ad. maliciously; 
 spitefully ; hurthdlv. 
 
 MISCHIE'VOUSNESS, (mi^checvousncs) s. the quality of 
 delighting in doing harm and injury to others. 
 
 Ml'SCIBLE, a. [from vtisceo, to mix, Lat.] capable of being 
 mixed. 
 
 MISCITA'TION, s. a wrong quotation. 
 
 To MISCI'TE, V. a. to quote words of an author 
 wrong. 
 
 MISCLAI'M, s. an errotieous or mistaken claim. 
 
 MISCOMPUTA'TION, s. false reckoning. 
 
 To MISCONCEIVE, (juiikonsciive) v. a. to have a wrong 
 idea of. 
 
 MISCONCE'PTION, i. a false notion. 
 
 MISCONDUCT, s. ill behaviour. 
 
 MISCONJECTURE, s. a wrong guess. 
 
 To MISCOM.IE'CTURE, v. a. to giiess wrong. 
 
 MISCONSTRU'CTION, s. the act of ascribing a wrong 
 sense to words or actions. 
 
 To MISCO'NSTRUE, v. a. to interpret wrong. 
 
 To MISCO'UNSEL, v. a. to advise wrong. 
 
 To MISCO'UNT, V. a. [meconler, Fr.] to reckon wrong. 
 
 MI'SCREANCE, or MI'SCREANCY, s. [»ie$creance, Fr.] 
 adherence to a false religion ; false faith. 
 
 MI'SCREANT, s. [mescreanl, Fr.] in its primary sense, 
 one that holds a false faith, or btlieves in false gods. Se- 
 condarily, a vile and wickeil wretch. 
 
 MISDE'EU, s. a vile action. 
 
 To MISDEWE'AN, (misdetiicen) v. a. to behave ill. 
 
 MISDEME'ANOR, [tiiisdcmcctior) s. a slight offtnce ; 
 somethinif less than a crime. 
 
 AIISDEVO'TION, s. ndslaken piety. 
 
 To MISDO', V. a. preter. I have misdone ; to do wrong, 
 or c innnit a crime. Neuterly, to commit faults. 
 
 MISDO'KR, s. an offender. 
 
 MISUO'ING, s, offence; deviation from right. 
 
 To MISDO'UBT, {misduul) v. a. to suspect of deceit or 
 danger. 
 
 MlSDO'UBT, {miiduul) ». suspicion of crime or danger; 
 irresolution.
 
 ,M I S P 
 
 MISS 
 
 603 
 
 To MISEMPLOY, v. a, to apply to a wronir use. 
 MISEMPLO'ViMENT, s. the act of upjilyhig to an im- 
 proper use.' 
 
 MI'SKR, (niizer) s. [from m/st-r, mi-ieralilf, L;it.] formerly 
 tised for a person in wretcliedncss or calamity ; or for a base 
 and mean per-ion ; but at pn-sent to one who, though pos- 
 sessed of riches, endmes all the hardships of indigence, either 
 to increase or avoid spending them. 
 
 Mr.SEIlABLE, (mizeruliU) a. [miserabilis, from miser, 
 miserable, Lat.] unhappy ; calamitous, or wretched ; very 
 bad ; saving to excess. 
 
 Ml'SEUABLENESS, (mmerablctiess) s. the quality which 
 denominates a person wretched, or an object of pity ; exces- 
 sive parsimony. 
 
 MI'SEKABLY, {mherahli/') ad. in such a maimer as to 
 become an object of comp:ission ; desperately ; shockingly ; 
 *' MisiTably stabbed to death." Suulh. Wretchedly ; mean- 
 ly ; covetously ; or hke a miser. 
 
 MI'SEUY, (niizeri/) .v. \_miser'M, from miser, miserable, 
 I.at.] such a state of wn'Icliedness, unhappiness, or calamity, 
 as renders a person an object of compassion. 
 
 MISFORTUNE, ». want of success ; calamity; ill luck, or 
 poverty, not happening by a person's own fault. 
 
 To MISGl'VE, V. a, to suspect ; to presage something- ill ; 
 to suspect something amiss. 
 
 To MISGO'VERN, v. a. to govern ill. 
 
 MISGOVERNED, a. umler no restraint; rude; ill- 
 bred. 
 
 MISGO'VERNMENT, .1. ill administration of affairs ; ill 
 management ; irregidarity ; or immodest behaviour. 
 
 MISGUrOANCE, s. a false direction. 
 
 To MISGIU'DE, V. a. to direct wrong; to guide the wrong 
 way. 
 
 MISHA'P, {mii-hap) s. any evil that happens unex- 
 pectedly. 
 
 MI'SHMASH, s. \iiiischin, Uelg.] a hodgepodge; a low 
 word. 
 
 To MISINFER, v. a. to draw a wrong inference. 
 
 To MISINKO'RM, v. a. to deceive by false accounts. 
 
 MISINFORM A'TION, s. a false intelligence, or ac- 
 count. 
 
 To RIISIXTE'RPRET, v. a. to explain in a wrong sense. 
 
 MISINTERPRETA'TION, j. explanation in a wrong 
 sense. 
 
 To MISJO'IN. V. a. to join in an improper manner. 
 
 To MISJU'DGE, V. n. to form false opinions. Actively, 
 to mistake ; to judge ill of. 
 
 To MISLA'Y, V. a. to lay in a wrong place ; to put away 
 so as not to be able to find again. 
 
 MISLA'YER, s. one who puts things in a wrong place. 
 
 To MI'SLE. See Mizzle. 
 
 To MISLE'AD, (misleed) v. a. preter. and part. pass. 
 misled ; to guide in a wrong way ; to betray to mischief, or 
 mistake, under a pretence of guiding. 
 
 MISLE'ADER, {misleedtr) s. one who seduces or leads 
 to ill. 
 
 MI'SLETOE. See Mistletoe. 
 
 To MISMA'NAGE, v. a. to conduct or manage wrongly. 
 
 MISMA'NAGEAIENT, *■. defect of conduct or be- 
 haviour. 
 
 To MISMA'RK, v. a. to mark or distinguish wrong. 
 
 To MISMATCH, v. a. to mistake in matching. 
 
 To MISNA'ME, v. a. to call by a wrong name. 
 
 MISNO'MER, s. [Fr.] in law, the mistaking a man's name, 
 or the using of one name for another, which is the cause of 
 abatements of writs. 
 
 To MISOBSE'RVE, {misobzirue) v. a. to make a wrong 
 remark. 
 
 MISO'GAMIST, s. [horn misco, to hate, and gawios, mar- 
 riage, Gr.] one that hates marri.ige. 
 
 MISO'GYNY, .1. [from mi»f«, to hate, and gnne, a woman, 
 Gr.] the act of iiating woman kind. 
 
 To MISO'RDCR, v. a. to conduct or manage ill. 
 
 To BIISPE'L, V. a. pret. and, par}, pass, micpelt. (This 
 
 word and its derivatives, should, according to its analogy, 
 be written rtiis-spul) to spell wrong. 
 
 To JIISPE'NO, V. a. preter. and part, pa.ss. mispenl. (This 
 word should, according to its analogy, be written inis-sjiend) 
 to spend ill, waste to no purpose, or throw away. To waste 
 or decay. 
 
 MISPE'NDER, s. one who applies to a wrong purpose. 
 MISPERSUA'SION, [tuispe/swaMon) s. a wrong notion, 
 or fiilse opinion. 
 
 To MISPLA'CE, V. a. to put in a wiong place. 
 To MI.SPOINT, V. a. to set a wrong point or stop after a 
 sentence. 
 
 To AtlSPRI'SE, {iiiisprhe) V. a. sometimes it signifies to 
 mistake, from viisprendre, Fr. and sometimes to Undervalue, 
 slight, or disdain, from nu-priser, Fr. Obsolete. 
 
 MISPKI'SION, (niispri-Jion) s. scorn, slight, or contempt. 
 In common law, a neglect or oversight ; as where a person 
 is privy to some treason or felony committed by anotlier, 
 and neglects to reveal it to the king or his council, or to a 
 magistrate; but entirely conceals it. This is called Mispri- 
 sion of those crimes. In cases of Misprision of treason, the 
 ofFeiider is to be imprisoned liuring the king's pleasure, and 
 to foi efeit his goods and chattels, with the profits of his lands, 
 &c. But in 3Iis/.'rision of lelony, the ofi'eniler is only to be 
 punished with fine and imprisonment, and to remain in pri- 
 son till the fine is paid. 
 
 To ailSPROPO'UTION, v. a. to join in an unsuitable 
 proportion. 
 
 To MISQUO'TE, v. a. to cite an author's words wrong. 
 To MISRECI'TE, v. a. to quote or recite wrong. 
 To JIISUE'CKON, V. a. to reckon wrong, to compute 
 wrong. 
 
 To MISREPO'RT, v. a. to give a false account of; to give 
 an account which is both disadvantageous and false. 
 
 MISREPO'RT, s. a false account; a false and maliciou.? 
 representation. 
 
 To MISREPRESE'NT, (the last s is pron. like ;;) v. a. to 
 represent falsely. 
 
 MISREPRESENTA'TIOxNT, s. the act of wilfully represent- 
 ing a thin? otherwise than it is. 
 MISRU'LE, «. tumult; confusion. 
 
 MISS, s. [contracted from mistress] a term of compliment 
 used in addressing a young and unmarried lady. Figura- 
 tively, a prostitute. 
 
 To MISS, V. a. preter. missed, particip. pass, mist; to 
 mistake ; to fail hitting a mark ; to fail of obtaining; to dis- 
 cover something unexpectedly wanting ; to omit ; to per- 
 ceive the want of. Neiiierly, to fly wide from ; r.ot to hit a 
 mark ; to prove unsuccessful ; to fail or mistake ; to be lost or 
 wanting. 
 
 MISSAL, .?. [from missa, the mass, Lat.] the mass book. 
 To MISSEE'M, ti. n. to make a false appearance. 
 MISSEL-BIRD, in ornithology, the common English name 
 of the lareer species of thrush. 
 
 To MISSE'RVE, v. a. to serve unfaithfully. 
 To JIISSIIA'PE, V. a. part, viishaped, or niishupen ; to shape 
 or form ill ; to deform. 
 
 MrS.SILE, a. [missilis, from mitio, to send, Lat.] thrown 
 by the hand or from an engine. Striking at a distance, ap- 
 plied to weapons. 
 
 MI'SSION, (niishon) s. [missto, from tnillo, to send, Lat.] 
 commission ; the state of a person employed by another ; 
 persons sent on any account ; usually applied to those sent 
 to propagate the gospel in foreign parts. Dismission or dis- 
 charge. 
 
 Ml'SSIONARY, orlMTSSIOXER, {mishonary, or mUhrmer, 
 s. [rnissionaire, Fr.] one sent to propagate religion in foreign 
 parts. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI, a considerable river of North America, 
 which is the great channel of the waters of the Oliio, the Il- 
 linois, and their minierons branches from the E. and of the 
 Missouri and other rivers from the W. Its source is un- 
 known, but its lengih (in a southerly liirection) is supposed 
 to be npwar.ls of aodO mile^, ia ^1 its windings, to its entrance
 
 601 
 
 MISU 
 
 into the Gulf of Mexico, between the 89th and 90th degrees 
 of W. Ion. In this river, in lat. 4.4.. 30. N. are the Falls of 
 St. Antliony, where the whole river, which is more than 2.50 
 yards wide, falls perpendicularly about 30 feet. 
 
 MI'S^iIVE, a. such as may be sent ; such as are flung at a 
 distance by tlie hand, or from an engine, applied to weapons. 
 
 To JIISSPE'AK, {mispiek-) V. a. pret. viispoke, part. 
 mispoken ; to speak wrong or amiss. 
 
 MIST, s. \_mist. Sax.] a meteor, consisting of a low thin 
 cloud, or small rain, whose drops are not to be distinguished. 
 Figuratively, any thing that darkens, or obscures, applied to 
 the understanding. 
 
 To MIST, V. a. to cloud ; to cover with a steam or moist 
 vapour. 
 
 To MISTA'KE, v. a. to conceive a wrong idea of; to 
 take a thing for that which it is not, or to take one thing for 
 another. Neuterly, to err ; to form a false judgment or 
 idea. 
 
 MISTA'KE, i. the act of forming a wrong idea, or taking a 
 thing for what it is not. 
 
 MISTA'KEABLE, s. liable to be mistaken. 
 
 To be MISTA'KEN, f. n. to err, or to form a wrong 
 opinioti or judgment. 
 
 MISTA'KINGL V, ad. in such a manner as to form a wrong 
 judgment or idea. 
 
 To MISTA'TE, v. a. to state wrong; to represent in a false 
 light. 
 
 To MISTE'ACH, v. a. to teach wrong. 
 
 To MISTE'LL, v. a. to relate falsely; to reckon wrong. 
 
 To MISTE'RM, v. a. to call by a wrong name. 
 
 MI'STERY, t. [niestier, Fr.] in law, an art, trade, or oc- 
 cupation. This Word is generally, but improperly, written 
 m^itery. 
 
 To MISTHI'NK, v. a. to think ill ; to think wrong. 
 
 To MISTI'ME, V. a. to do unseasonably. 
 
 MI'STINESS, s. cloudiness; the state of being overcast, 
 applied to the sky. 
 
 MI'STIOX, (pron. as spelt.) s. [from mistus, mixed, Lat.] 
 the state of being mixed. 
 
 MI'STLETOE, MI'SLETOE, or MI'SSELTOE, s. a plant 
 of which there is only one kind in Europe, growing, not on 
 the ground, but on other trees, as the oak, apple-tree, pear- 
 tree, white thoni, &c. Some physicians ascrilJe to it great 
 virtues in the cure of the epilepsy. 
 
 MI'STLIKE, a. resembling a mist ; like a mist. 
 
 MISTOLD, the part. pass, of Mistell. 
 
 MISTOOK, the part. pass, of Mistake. 
 
 MI'STllESS. I. [maitreiie, Fr.] a woman who manages 
 a house, and keeps servants ; a woman skilled in any thing ; 
 a woman teacher; a woman who is the object of a person's 
 love, in a good sense. A prostitute ; used as an address of 
 contempt. 
 
 MISTRU'ST, s. suspicion ; diffidence. 
 
 To MISTRU'ST, v. a. to doubt. 
 
 MI.STRU'STFUL, a suspicious. 
 
 MISTRU'STFULLY, ad. in such a manner as betrays a 
 suspicion. 
 
 MISTRU'STFULNESS, j. the quality of suspecting the 
 fidelity of another. 
 
 xMISTRU'STLESS, a. confident. 
 
 Ml'STY, a. cloudy ; overcast, applied to the sky ; obscure ; 
 dark. 
 
 To MISUNDERSTA'ND, v. a. pieter. and part, misun- 
 derstood ; to take any person's meaning wrong ; to mis- 
 take. 
 
 MISUNDERSTA'NDING, s. a diflTerence, or disagreement, 
 implying that the [larlics do not understand each otlier ; an 
 error ; a false judgment or conception of the meaning of 
 words or sentences. 
 
 MI.SU'SAGK, (viixuKige) s. aliusc, or bad treatment. 
 
 To MISU'SE, {mii-uxe) v. a. {mesuser, Fr.] to treat or use 
 in an improper manner ; to abuse. 
 
 MISU'SE, s. a bad use or treatment. 
 
 MOB 
 
 MI'SY, s. a very beauteous mineral, much resembling 
 golden marcasites. 
 
 MITCHELDE'AN, a town in Gloucestershire, llC miles 
 from London, whose market is on Monday. 
 
 MITE, s. [mile, Fr.] a very small insect whicli breeds in 
 cheese. In weights, the 20th part of a grain. In Money, 
 the shird part of a farthing. Proverbially, any thing very 
 small ; a very small jiarticle or atom. ' 
 
 MI'THKIDATE, s. [Fr.] a kind of electuary; one of the 
 capital medicines of the shops, consisting of a great number 
 o( ingredients, and receiving its name from Jlithridates, king 
 of Pontus, its inventor. Also a genus of plants, of which six 
 are British species. 
 
 SIl'TIGANT, part, [from miligu, to mitigate, Lat.] lenient, 
 or lenitive. 
 
 To MITIGATE, v. a. [mitign, from mi/is, mild, Lat. 
 miti^er, Fr.] to abate, to lessen, applied to rigour or severity. 
 To soften, les.^en, or make less, applied to pain. To assuage 
 or calm, applied to the heat and turbulence of factions. 
 
 JIITIG.^TIOX, .«. [?nitigiitio, from mitigo, to mitigate, 
 Lat.] the act of lessening any punishment, severity or 
 pain. 
 
 MI'TRE, {mitirt) s. [mitre, Fr. mitni, Lat.] a round cap, 
 pointed and cleft a-tO[), with two pendants hanging down on 
 the shoulilers, worn on the head by bishops and abbots on 
 solemn occasions, and in heraldry borne as a crest by a bishop 
 and archbishop. 
 
 MITFAU, an extensive town, pretty well inhabiteil, and 
 the capital of Courland, and the residence of the duke of the 
 regency of the country. It is situated on the river Aa, in that 
 part of Courland called Semigallia, 140 miles N. N. E, of 
 Koningsberg, and 50 .S. S. W. of Riga. 
 
 MITTENS, s. [miiains, Fr.] gloves tliat cover the arinSj 
 but not the fingers. 
 
 MI'TTLMUS, s [Lat.] in law, a writ for transferrin;^ re- 
 cords from one court to another. Likewise .1 writ under the 
 hand and seal of a justice of the peace, directed to tlie gaoler 
 or keeper of a prison, for receiving and safe keeping an o.*"- 
 fender, till he be delivered by due course of law. 
 
 To MIX, t'. a. l^misschen, Belg.] to unite different bodies 
 into one mass ; to compose of diflt;reut things. 
 
 MI'XEN, s. [mixen. Sax.] a dunghill ; a laystall. 
 
 Ml'XTlOX, (pron. as spelt) 5. [niixtion, Fr.] mixture ; con- 
 fusion of one body with another. 
 
 MI'XTLY, U'l. in a mixed manner. 
 
 MI'XTURE, s. [niixlurci, from miscen, to mingle, Lat.] the 
 act of joining or adding several tliinf,'S together; the state of 
 diflerent things united or added together ; a mass or liquor 
 formed by uniting different ingredients ; any thing added or 
 mixeil. 
 
 INirZ.MAZE, s. [a cant word formed by the redujilication 
 of maze] a hibyrintli. " Through the 7ni~muze of variety of 
 opinions." Ijn'.ke. 
 
 Ml'ZZEN, i. \mezaen, Belg.] in the sea language, is a 
 particular mast or sail. The mizr-en-niusl stands in the slcrn- 
 most part of a ship. The sail which belongs to the niiz::en- 
 masl, is called the mizzen-iail ; and whenever the word mix- 
 zen is used at sea, it always means the sail. 
 
 To JII ZZLE, V. a. [from mi^t] to rain in small drops, like 
 a thick mist. 
 
 Ml'ZZY, .«. a bog ; a quagmire. 
 
 MNF.iMO'NICS, {tumouiks) s. from mnaomiii, to remember, 
 Gr.] the art of memory. 
 
 To MOAN, (mijii) v. a. [mo'iian, Sax.] to lament; dejjlore. 
 Neuterly, to slmw sorrow by the looks, a mournful tone of 
 voice, and <lisnial complaints. 
 
 MO,\N, (.iiiCm) s. lamentation, sorrow expressed bywords 
 and actions. 
 
 MO.AT, (mut) s. \motte, Fr.] a canal, or colleclioii of water, 
 which runs in a ditch or channel round a building. 
 
 To MOAT, (mut) V. a. [molter, Fr.] to surround any build- 
 ing with a canal or water, 
 
 MOB, 3. [contracte<l from mobile, Fr.] the crowd ; the
 
 MODE 
 
 MODU 
 
 60S 
 
 Vulgar ; a tumultuous rout or multitude. In dress, a woman's 
 cap. 
 
 To 3I0B, V. a. to harrass or overbear by a mob or 
 tumult. 
 
 MOBI'LE, {muhceX) s. [Fr.] the populace or vulgar ; a 
 tumultuous assembly of the common and lower order of 
 people. 
 
 MOBI'LITV, s. \m,ihilile, Fr. mohltilaa, from moveo, to 
 move, Lat.] the power of being moved. Fij.'urativily, quick- 
 ness of motion. In low lanf;iiage, the vulvar or populace. 
 Fickleness or inconstancy, applied to the mind. 
 
 MO'CH A-STONE, (mo/iu sWne) s. [from Mocha, the place 
 whence it is brought] a stone somewhat of the agute kind, of 
 a clear horny grey, with delineations or figures representing 
 mosse-, slirubs, and branches, in black, brown, and red, in the 
 substance of the stone. 
 
 To MOCK, V. II. [mnrjucr, Fi .] to deride, scoiT, or laugh at ; 
 to defeat ; to elude ; lo disappoint a person's expectations ; 
 to beguile or delude with words. Nenterly, to scoff or jest 
 at. 
 
 MOCK, s. ridicule ; a sneer ; an act of contempt ; an object 
 of ridicule ; a contemptuous imitation of mimicry, 
 
 MOCK, a. counterfeit ; false ; not real. 
 
 MO'CKABLE, a. exposed to derision. 
 
 MO'CKEK, s. one that ridicules another ; a deceiver ; an 
 impostor. 
 
 MOCKERY, s. derision; scorn; ridicule; contemptuous 
 mimicry of a person's actions or words ; sport; a vain show 
 or counterfeit appearance ; disappointment. 
 
 MOCKINfi-BIUD, 1. an American bird, which imitates the 
 notes of other birds. 
 
 MO'CKINGLV, aJ. insultingly. 
 
 MO'CKING-STOCK, s. the snlject of derision, or object of 
 ridicule. 
 
 MO'DAL, (niOJa!) II. [from mndu.^, manner or fashion, Lat.] 
 relating to the form only, opposed to essence. 
 
 jMOD.VLITY, s. an accidental differc^jce ; the quality of an 
 accident. 
 
 MO'DBUUV, a town in Devonshire, noted for fine white 
 ale. It is U miles S. W. of I'Kmouth, and 2iiS W. by S. of 
 London. Market on Thursday. 
 
 MODE, J. [mof/i/t, Lat.] form. In logic, that which can- 
 not subsist in and of itself, but is always esteemed as belong- 
 ing to, and subsisting by the help of, some substance, which) 
 fcr that reason, is called its subject. Gradation or degretj 
 " What flioi/es of sight." Mannir or method. State or ap- 
 pearance. Fashion or custom, from ■niode, Fr. 
 
 MO'DF.L, s. [modele, Fr.] a repr.'sentalion in miniature of 
 some building, ^c. a cu|iy to be nniiated ; a mould ; a stan- 
 dard by which any thiiig is measured. See Module. Sv- 
 NON. Model is used for relief, co/y, for painting. A cnpy 
 ought to be faithful; a maJtljnst. 
 
 To MO'DEL, !'. a. [modeler, Fr.] to plan ; to shape ; to form, 
 mould, or delineate. 
 
 MO'DELLER, s. a planner or schemer. 
 
 J\I0DE'NA, a city of Italy, situated between the rivers 
 Secchio and Tcnaro. It is pretty large and populous, having 
 several piazzas ; but the streets are narrow, the houses with- 
 out beauty or symmetry, and the walks low and dark. The 
 churches have little' or nothing worth notice, but the ducal 
 palace is large and splendid, and is richly furnished. The 
 picture-gallery consists of six rooms, all tilled with select 
 pieces of the most famous masters. In a chamber under the 
 cathedral is shewn the so much talked of Secchia raj/ilu. or 
 well-bucket, with iron hoops, taken in a petty war from the 
 door of one of the inhabitants of Bologna. The inhabitants 
 are said to be about 40,000. It is 22 miles N. W. of Bologna. 
 Lat. 44. 34.. N. Ion. II. IH. E. 
 
 MO'DERATE, a. [moderalus, from moderor, to moderate, 
 Lat.] temperate, or between the two extremes. Not hot, ap- 
 plied to temper. Not extra\ agant, applied to expense. Of 
 the middle rate. 
 
 To MO DERATE, v. a. [moderor, from mnderus, a due 
 
 proportion, Lat.] to keep within due bounds and limits; td 
 repress, regidate, or restrain. 
 
 MODERATELY, ad. temperately; mildly; in a middle 
 degree. 
 
 MO'DERA TENESS, s. the quality of keeping within any 
 two ( xtremes. 
 
 MODIUIATION, *. [moderatio, from moderor, to moderate, 
 Lat J the state of keeping a due mean between extremes ; 
 calnmes«, temperance, or equanimity. 
 
 AIODERA'TOR, s. {moderator, Irom moderor, to moderate, 
 L!»t.] a person or thing which calms, or keeps from flying into 
 excess ; a person who presides at a disputation, to restrain the 
 contending parties from indecency, confine them to the point 
 in qin-stion, and .'-hew the conclusiveness or inconclusiveness 
 of their ar(.'umenls and responses. 
 
 MO'DERN, (m(;Jtrr«)a. [/Hoa'trni', Fr.] late; not long done 
 or existing. 
 
 MO'DERXIS.M, J. anything formed according to the taste 
 of the present age, opposed to that of the ancients. A word 
 coined hy Dean .Swift in the following passage: *' .Scribblers 
 send us over their trash in prose and verse, with abominable 
 curtailings and quaint nioderiMms." 
 
 MO DERNS, s. those who have lived lately, opposed to the 
 ancients. 
 
 To JMO'DERNIZE, r.a to form any thing according to the 
 taste of the present age ; to translate or alter any thing ancient 
 to the present taste. 
 
 MO DERNNESS, s. novelty. 
 
 JIO'DEST, a. [mode.itc, Fr. modestut, from modus, a due 
 proportion, Lat.] humble in opinion of one's own excellencies ; 
 free from boasting ; reserved or backward in doing any thing 
 for fear of incurring censure; chaste; free from avoiding 
 every appearance of vice without being carried to excess ; 
 moderate. 
 
 MODESTLY, ad. in an humble, chaste, and moderate 
 m ujner ; without excess, forwardness, boasting, or impu- 
 dence. 
 
 MO'DESTY, ». [modestie, Fr.] a virtue which includes an 
 humble opinion of one's own abilities, an utter abhorrejice of 
 the least appearance of vice, and a fear of doing any thing 
 which either has or may incur censure; chastity. 
 
 JIO'DESTY-PIECE, s. a narrow lace or border, which 
 runs along the upper part of the stays beforej and is part of a 
 woman's tucker. 
 
 MO'DICUM, s. [Lat.] a small portion or pittance. 
 
 MODIFI'ABLE, a. capable nf receiving a difference with 
 respect to all its mode or accidents. 
 
 MODIFICA'TION, s. [modification, Vr.\ the act of giving 
 a thing new accidental diflerences of form or mode ; that 
 which gives a thing any particular manner of being. 
 
 To MO'DIFY, V. a.[modifier, Fr.] to change the form, acci- 
 lients, or qualities, of a thing. 
 
 MODI'LLON, s. [Fr.] in architecture, an ornament in the 
 cornice of Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite orders, con.sisting 
 of Utile inverted consoles or brackets ni form of cin A\ setining 
 to support the projecttire of the larmier. 
 
 MO'DISH, {modish) a. agreeable to ihe fashion or reigning 
 custoin. 
 
 MODISHLY, ad. fashionably. 
 
 ilODISHNESS, s. a strict observance of the fashion. 
 
 To MO'DULATE, v. a. [modutor, from modulus, a measure, 
 Lat.] in nmsic, to change the key, and to return to it again, 
 without giving offence to the ear. 
 
 MODULATION, s. [Fr. modulatio, from modulus, a-mea- 
 sure, Lat.] in music, the art ol keeping in, and on occasion 
 changing the k y, and returiung to it again, without 
 offence to the ear ; sound modulated ; agreeable har- 
 mony. 
 
 MODULA'TOR, s. {modular, from modulus, a measure, 
 Lat.] one that forms sounds to a certain key. 
 
 MO'DULE, s. [from modulus, a measure, Lat.] a model ; 
 an empty representation, or mere shadow. In architecture, 
 a certain measure, taken at pleasure, for regulating the
 
 606 
 
 MOLL 
 
 MONA 
 
 proportion of columns, and the symmetry or distribution of 
 the whole building. 
 
 JNIO'DUS, s. [Lat.] in law, the giving money or land to a 
 minister, instead of his tithes in kind. 
 
 MO'HAIR, s. [7)iohere, Fr.l thread or stuff made of camel's 
 or other hair. 
 
 MOHILEF, one of the il govci-nnients of the Russian 
 empire, containiiig 12 d stricts, part of Lithnanii, dismem- 
 bered from Poland, by the partition treaty of 1772. lis capital 
 is Mohilef, a populors and well-built town, seated on the 
 Duiper, 35 miles S. of Ortza, End 57 W. of itisciflaff. Lat. 
 S3. 30. N. Ion. Rl 2. E. 
 
 MOI'DERED. part. a. crazed. 
 
 MOI'DORE, s. [Port.] a Portugal g„Id coin, valued at 273. 
 sterling. 
 
 MOI'ETY, s. [moilie, Fr.] one of two equal parts ; a part 
 or portion. 
 
 To MOIL, V. a. [mouiHer, Fr.] to daub with dirt ; to fa- 
 tigue or weary. Keuterly, to lal)our in the mire; to toil, 
 drudge, or labour hard. 
 
 MOIST, a. [mohic, Fr.] wet in a small degree, so as not to 
 be liquiii ; juicy. 
 
 To MOIST, or MOISTEN, v. a. to make wet ni a small 
 degree. 
 
 MorSTENER, .?. the person or thing which moistens. 
 
 MOI'STNESS, s. the quality of being wet in a small 
 degree. 
 
 MOISTURE, s. [moiteur, Fr.] a small quantity of vrater or 
 liquid ; dampness. 
 
 MOL.'i'SSES. S-e Mfhsses. 
 
 MOLDA'VIA. a province of Turkey in Europe, bounded 
 on the X. by Poland ; 0!i the E. by Bessarabia and Budziac 
 Tartary; on the S. by Walacliia ; and on the W. by Tran- 
 sylvania, being 180 miles in its greatest length, and some- 
 what less in breadth. The principal rivers are the Pruth, 
 Moldau, Bardalach, and Sereth. The soil is rich, and it 
 abounds in gnnrl pastures, which feed a great number of 
 horses, oxen, ai;d shicp ; it also produces corn, pidse, ho- 
 ney, wax, fruits, with plenty of game, fish, add fowls. The 
 inhabitants are Christians of the Greek church. The Turks 
 oblige the hospodar, or waiwode, to pay an annual tribute, 
 and to raise a large body of troops at his own expense, in 
 lime of war. Jassy is the capital. Lat. 47. Sh N. Ion. 27. 
 5. E. 
 
 MOLD, or Moui.n, a town of Flintshire, in N. Wales, five 
 miles S. of Flint. Its market is on Wednesday, and is distant 
 from London 201 miles. 
 
 MOLE, .t. [mail, Sax.] in phvEic, a shapeless concretion of 
 extravasated blood, which grows into a kind of flesh, and is 
 called a false conception ; a natural spot on the skin, some- 
 times having hair in it ; a little animal or beast, which casts 
 up the earth in hillocks, formerly thought to be blind, but by 
 modern naturalists proved to have perfect eyes, and holes for 
 thein through the skin about the size of a pin's head. A 
 mound, dyke, or port, from moles, Lat. 
 
 MO'LECULE, s. in cliymistry, the molecides of bodies are 
 those ultiitiate |)artieles of matter winch cannot be decomposed 
 by any chemical means. 
 
 MO'LEHILL, s. an hillock thrown up by a mole. 
 
 To MOLE'ST, V. u. \ mi.leslcr, Fr. from mohslus, trnidile- 
 some, Lat.] to disturb, trouble, or vex 
 
 MOLESTATIOX, s. [fnuTi molfsfiis, troublesome, Lat.] 
 disturbance ; uneasiness caused by vexation. 
 
 MOLE'.STER, s. one who ilistu'rbs. 
 
 MO'LINISIS, s. .1 sect in (he Hnmish chinch who follow 
 the doctrines of the .Jesuit Molina, relative to stiflicient and 
 efficacious grace. Their great antagonists were the .lan- 
 scnists. 
 
 MOXLlENT, part. [mnlUens, from tiinllin, to soften, Lat.] 
 Boftening or maki r soft. 
 
 MOLLIFI'ABLE, a. capable of being softened o.' ap- 
 peased. 
 
 MOLLIFICA'TION, s. the art of making .soft. Jlitiga- 
 tion or pacification, applied to anger. 
 
 MO'LLIFIER, s. that which makes soft or calm. 
 To MO'LLIFY, ;•. a. [iwiHio, from iimllis, soft, Lat.] to 
 soften. To appease, applied to anger. To moderate, applied 
 to any thing harsh or rif;orous. 
 
 iMOLOS'sES, MOLASSES, or MELASSES, that gross, 
 yet fluid matter remaining of sugar after refining, and v.hich 
 no boiling will bring to a cojisistence more solid than that of 
 syrup ; hence called ako syrup of sugar. 
 MO'LTEN, part. pass, of JJelt. 
 M(>'LY, s. the wild garlic. 
 
 MOLYBDATES, s. in chemistry, salts formed by the com- 
 bination of any base with the molybthc acid. 
 
 MODYBDENUM, s. in mineralogy, » metal wliich is 
 fusible with diffiLully. It is employed it; Germany in 
 dying. 
 
 MOLYBDIC, a. ill chemistry, belonging to njolyb- 
 denum. 
 
 JMOLU'CCAS, or Spice Islands, a cluster of small but 
 valuable islands in the Eastern Ocean, lying mostly within 
 sight of each other. The prinfipal are Ternate, Amboyna, 
 Tydore, Machian, Timor, or JMotyr, Bachian, Bourso, ami 
 Ceram. They are situated to the E. and S. of Celebes. 
 Their coasts are rendered very dangerous by sands and 
 shelves. They produce neither corn, rice, nor cattle, ex- 
 cept goats ; but they have oranges, lemons, coarse tobacco, 
 and, above all, nutmegs, cloves, and other spices. Here are 
 parrots of extraordinary beauty, and many birds of paradjse. 
 They have large snakes which are not venomous, but very 
 dangerous lizards, or land crocodiles. The Dutch, who 
 drove out' the Spaniards and Portuguese, kept out all other 
 European nations, being jealous of their spice trade. The 
 natives are Pagans, but there are many Mahometans. All 
 the particular kings of these islands are subject to the king of 
 Ternate, who is in alliance with the Dutch. Most, if not 
 all of them, were reduced by the English in the late war, but 
 restored at the peace. 
 
 MOME, s. a dull, stupid, dronish fellow. 
 MO'JIENT, s. [ynomeiUum, from moveo, to move, Lat.] 
 consequence, importance, or weight ; force or acting 
 power; an indivisible particle of time. Svxon. Moment, 
 iiixtaii/. A moment is not long; but an imtanl is still shorter. 
 The woril moment has a signification more extended. It is 
 taken, sometimes, for time in general, and is used in a figura- 
 tive St^nse. That of instant is more contracted; it marks the 
 slio! lest duration of time, and is never used but in the literal 
 sense. 
 
 ]\IO'ME\TALLY. ad. for a moment. 
 MOMEN'TA'NEOUS, a. [from momentu?n, a moment, Lat.J 
 lastins but a moment. 
 
 MOJIEXTARY, a. done in, or lasting a moment. 
 MOMI'"NTOUS, a. [Irom mumentum, that which causes 
 motion, Lat ] cf weight, consequence, or importance. 
 
 JIO'NACHAL, {monakiil) a. [monuchalis, Lat. monadios, 
 solitary, from mmi>s, alone, Gr.] monastic ; relating to 
 monks. 
 
 MG'N .SCHISM, {mbnultsvi) a. [monnr/iisme, Tr.] the state 
 of monks; a monastic life. 
 
 MONACO, a small, but handsome town of Italy, capital 
 of a territory of the same name, with a good harbour. It is 
 very strong by nature, seated on a craggy hill, and had its own 
 prince, undei the protection ol France. Tiie rock stretches 
 out into the sea, and is S miles W. of Veiitiuiiglia, and 12 
 K. ]•;. "f Nice. Lat. 43. 48. N. Ion. 7. 3G. E. 
 
 Mt/NAI), or MO'NADE, *. [lirom monas, Gr] an invisible 
 thing. 
 
 MO'N.ACiHAN, a county of Ireland, in the province of 
 Ulster. :'.!) Hides in leiit;lh, and from 10 tn '>-() in breadth; 
 biinuil.'d on the W. by Fern;anagli ; on the N. by Tyrone ; 
 on tile E. by Armagh ; anil on the S. E. and S. by Loutli and 
 Cavan. It rniitains 19 parishes, abiiiii 21,,5V0 houses, and 
 1 18,000 ii habi ants. The soil is, in general, deep and fertile ; 
 wet and ilainp in some |)laces, and hilly in ollit rs. 'J'he linen 
 nniiiiifai tin-e flourishes ill the N. and W. parts, and is averaged 
 at 104,000/ yearly.
 
 MONI 
 
 MONO 
 
 607 
 
 MO'NAGHAN, tlie capital of the county of Mnnashan, 
 was fiirtified witli d castle iiiid lort af,'aiiist the Irish, in the 
 reiKM tif Elizabeth. It is (i2 miles N. N. W. of Dulilin. 
 
 MO'NAUCH, (^mon'irk) s. [from vtnnes, alone, and arche, 
 government, Gr.] a king; a goi'ernor invested with abso- 
 lute authority ; any thing superior to others of the same 
 kind. 
 
 MONA'UCIIAL, (^miinarkal) a. governed by a single person 
 or king ; suiting a king. 
 
 MONARCHICAL, (numarcliikat) a. [from monns, alone, 
 and arche, government, Gr.] belonging to a single ruler or 
 king. 
 
 MO'NARCH Y, {mSnarky') s. [from monos, alone, and arche, 
 government, Gr.] the government of a single i)erson ; a 
 kingdom. 
 
 MO'NASTERY, s. [mnniisterium, Lat.] a house for persons 
 to retire to on a religions account ; a convent. 
 
 MONA'STIC, or MONA'STICAL, a. [monaslkus, Lat. 
 monachos, solitary, from monos, alone, Gr.] religiously recluse ; 
 belonging to a monk. 
 
 MONA'.STICALLY, ad. after the manner of a mnnk. 
 
 MO'NDAY, {3tund<ii/) s, [mo-imndueg, Sax.] ihe second 
 day of the week, so called, because formerly dedicated to the 
 moon. 
 
 MO'NEY, (the o is pron. like u in this word and its follow- 
 ing compounds and derivatives ; as inunny, inunnexjcd, &c.) s. 
 It has properly no plural, except when money is taken fiir a 
 single piece ; but monies was formerly used for sums, [inivnui, 
 Brit.] a piece of metal stamped with some mark or image, 
 whose value is fixed by public authority. 
 
 MO'NEYBAG. s. a large purse. 
 
 MO'NEYBOX, s. a till ; a repository of readv coin. 
 
 MO'NEYCHANGEK, s. a broker in money: one who 
 changes one piece of coin for more of less value, or several 
 pieces for one of more value. 
 
 MO'iMEYED, a. rich in coin, opposed to wealth in lands. 
 
 MO'NEYLESS, n. wanting money ; pennyless. 
 
 MO'NEYMATTER, s. account of debtor and creditor. 
 
 MO'NEYSCRIVENER, s. one who raises money for 
 others. 
 
 MO'NEYSWORTH, s. something worth money; some- 
 thing that will bring money. 
 
 MO'NEY WORT, s. The bastard moneywort is a plant 
 v.'ith pale red blossoms, found in rivulets and springs ; the 
 ])urple money woj-t is a species of loosestrife. 
 
 MONGER, {munger) s. l7nangere, Sax.] a dealer or seller. 
 After the name of any commodity, it implies a person who 
 deals in it, or sells it; \.hus,Jishmoiiger is one who sells or 
 deals in fish. 
 
 MO'NGREL, {miingrel) a. [from niang, Sax.] of a mixed 
 breed. 
 
 MO'NGULS, a people who inhabit a country to the N. of 
 China. They assume to be of th^^ same original as tliose who 
 accompanied Tamerlane in the conquests of Imlia, Persia, 
 and other countries, aiid called, in most histories, jM0j.'id.s. 
 The country is very little known, exce,it th-.it part of it winch 
 the caravans pass through in travelling from Russia to China. 
 The Mongols dwell in tents, or little moveable houses, and 
 live entirely on the produce of their cattle, which are horses, 
 camels, cows, and sheep. Tney exchange ihtir commo- 
 dities for rice, sugar, tea, tol)acco, cotton cloth, and 
 several sorts of hf usehold utensils ; not knowing the use 
 of money. The religion of the Monguls of the \V. is that of 
 the Dalay-Lama, which is full of ceremonies not unlike 
 Popery. 
 
 MONI'TION, s. [monitio, from moneo, to admonish, Lat.] 
 an information or hint: instr\iction or advice. 
 
 MO'NITOR, s. [Lat.] one whn warns of faults, or informs 
 of duty; One who gives useful hints. In schools, applied to a 
 scholar commissioned by the master to take notice of the 
 behaviom- of his school-fellnws. 
 
 MO'NITORY', a. \nionilorius, from vinnco, to admonish, 
 Lat.] conveying viseful instructions or admonitions. 
 
 MO'NITOR Y, s. an admonition. Not in use. 
 
 MONK, (the o pron. like « in this and its derivatives; as 
 
 munk, vinnkish, &c.) s. [nionec, .Sax. mfjnachus, Lat. vi'machfts, 
 solitary, from tnonos, alone, Gr.] a person who retires (rom the 
 world to give himself wholly up to devotion, an<l to live in 
 abstinence and solitude. 
 MO'NKERY, s. a monastic life. 
 
 MO'NKEY, {miinkrr/) s. [from mon, a man and km, a 
 diminutive termination) an animal which much resembles the 
 human species. The monkey race consist of many different 
 species, and are divided into apes, that are destitute of a tail, 
 baboons, which have short tails and muscular bodies, monkeys, 
 whose tales are generally long, and sapajous, which have pre- 
 hensive tails. 
 
 MONKHOOD, s. the condition, state, or profession of a 
 monk. 
 MO NKISH, a. taut;ht or professed by monks. 
 MO'NKSHOOl), s. a plant. 
 
 MONKS-RHUBARB, s. a species of dock. Its roots are 
 used in medicine. 
 
 MO'NMOUTH, the county town of Monmouth.shire, plea- 
 .santly seated at the confluence of the rivers Wye, Myrniow, 
 and Frothy, which almost surround it. It is a large, hand- 
 some town, and carries on a considerable traile with Bristol 
 by the Wye. Iji its once stately castle, the remains of whitii 
 shew it to have been very strong, Henry V. from hence called 
 Henry of Monmouth, the conqueror of France, was born. It 
 is 21 miles W. by S. of Gloucester, and 128 W. by N. of 
 London. A plentiful market for corn and provisions on Sa- 
 turday. Fairs on Whitsun-Tuesday, September Ith, and 
 November 22d. 
 
 MO'NMOUTHSHIRE, a county of England, bounded on 
 the N. by Herefordshire and Brecknockshire ; on the E. by 
 Gloucestersliire ; on the S. K. by the moutli of the Severn ; 
 and on the W. by the counties of Brecknock and Glamorgan. 
 Its extent from N. to S. is about 28 miles, and from £. to 
 W. 20. It is divided into 6 hundrei's, and contains 7 market- 
 towns, 127 parishes, about S6S0 houses, and 33,960 inha- 
 bitants. The air is temperate and healthy, and the soil fruit- 
 ful, though moimtainous and woody. The hills feed sheep, 
 goats, and horned cattle, and the vallies produce plenty of 
 grass and corn. Beside the Wye, the Mymiow, and the 
 Illiyney, or Rumney, this county has almost peculiar to itself 
 the river Usk, which divides it into two unequal portions, 
 the eastern and largest part of which is a tract, fertile, on the 
 whole, in corn and pastures, and well wooded. It abounds 
 with limestone, which is burnt on the spot, for the general 
 manure of the county. The smaller western portion is 
 mountainous, and in great part unfavourable for cultivation ; 
 whence it is devoted to the feeding of sheep. It has several 
 long narrow vallies, watered by streams that fall into the 
 Bristol Channel. All the rivers above mentioned, particu- 
 larly the Wye and Usk, abo\nid with fisli, especially salmon 
 and trout. Monmouthshire was formerly reckoned one of the 
 counties of Wales ; and, from the names of its towns and 
 villages, its mountainous nigged surface, as well as its 
 situation beyoml the Wye, which seems to form a natural 
 boundary between England and Wales in this part, it cer- 
 tainly partakes most of the character of the latter country, 
 tliough since the reign of Charles II. when it was added to 
 the Oxford circuit, it has been considered as an English 
 county. 'I'lie people use the Welsh language, but the English 
 tongue is coming into use. The manufacture of this comity is 
 flannels. 
 
 MONO'CEROS, Unicorn, in astronomy, a constellation of 
 the southern hemisphere. 
 
 MONOCHOIID, {minokord) s. [from monos, alone, and 
 chorde, a string, Gr.] an instrument liaving but one string. 
 
 MONO'CULAR, or MONO'CULOUS, a. [from 7)wnos, 
 alone, Gr. and oculus, the eye, Lat.] one-eyed. 
 
 MO'NODY, i. [from monos, alone, and ode, a song, Gr.] 
 a poem or song sung by a single person, and expressive of 
 grief. 
 
 MONOEMU'GI, or Nijiaa.ma, a kingdom of Africa, 
 lying near the equator ; said to be bounded by Abysinnia
 
 608 
 
 MONS 
 
 M O N T 
 
 on the N. Mongallo, Mozambique, and other states of Zan- 
 guebar on the E., Monomotapa on the S., and Congo and 
 Angola on the W. ; but the real limits are unknown. The 
 sovereign, however, is rich and powerful, having subdued 
 most of the petty princes around. His subjects carry on a 
 commerce with Abyssinia and the eastern coasts in gold, and 
 vast quantities of ivory teeth, as elephants are very numerous 
 here, which they exchange for European and Indian commo- 
 dities. This is all we can find concerning this unknown 
 empire. 
 
 MOXO'GAMIST, s. [from mo'ins, alone, and gameo, to 
 marry, Gr.] one who disallows of second marriages. 
 
 AIOXO'GAMY, s. [from monos, alone, and gameo, to 
 marry, Gr.] marriage of one wife. 
 
 JIO'N'OGRAM, i. [from monos, alone, and gramma, a let- 
 ter, Gr.] a cypher or character compounded of several letters ; 
 a sentence in one line ; an epigram in one verse. 
 
 JIO'NOLOGUE, {mniwlug) s. [from munos, alone, and hgos, 
 a discourse. Gr.] a soliloquy. 
 
 JIOXO'MACHV, s. [Irom monns, alone, and machnmai to 
 fight, Gr.] a duel ; a single combat. 
 
 AIOXOMOTA'PA, a kingdom of Africa, boimded on the 
 N. by Monomugi ; on the E. by Sofala ; oi\ the S. by Caf- 
 raria ; and on the \V. by unknown regions. It is watered 
 by several rivers, of which Zambera is the chief. The air 
 is temperate, ami the eoil frrtile in rice and sugar-canes, 
 which last grow without cultivation. There are a ^reat many 
 ostriches and elephants, with several mines oi gold and 
 silver. The houses are built of wood, and covered with 
 plaster, but they have very few towns, of which Monomotapa 
 is the chitf. The inhabitants are negroes', and believe in 
 one God that created the world ; but admit of polygamy. 
 The Portuguese had a settlement here in 1560, but they 
 were all destroyed, or driven away soon after. It lies 
 on the sea-shore, in the southern part of Africa, be- 
 tween Lat. 1,1. 0. and 23. 0. S. and between Ion. 41. 0. and 
 56. 0. E. 
 
 MONOPE'TAT.OU.S, a. [from monos, alone, and petalon, a 
 flnwtr leaf, Gr.J in botany, having but one floWer leaf. 
 
 MOXO'POLIST, s. [from monos, alone, and po/fo, to deal, 
 Gr.] one who by engrossing or patent has the sole power of 
 vending any commodity. 
 
 To JIOXOTOLIZE, v. a. [from monos, alone, and poleo, 
 to deal, Gr.] to have the sole power of makhig or selUng any 
 commodity. 
 
 MONO POLY, J. [monopoH, Fr. from monos, alone; and 
 jioleo, to deal, Gr.] the sole privilege of making or selling any 
 thing. 
 
 HIOX'O'PTOTE, s. [from monos, alone, and ptosis, a case, 
 Gr ]• in grammar, a noun having only one case. 
 
 JIOXOPVUE'NEOUS, a. [from monns, alone, and jn/ren, 
 a kernel, Gr.] such fruits as contain only one seed or 
 ki'rnel. 
 
 JIOX'^O'STICK, {monosiik) s. [from monos, alone, and 
 tlidios, a verse, Gr.] a composition consisting of a single 
 verse. 
 
 MONOSYLLA'BICAL, a. consisting of but one syl- 
 lable. _ - 
 
 MONOSY'LLABLE, s. [from monos, alone, and syllabe, a 
 syllable, Gr.] a word only of one syllable. 
 
 MOXOSY'LLABLE, n. [from monos, alone, and si/Uahe, a 
 .syllable, Gr.J consistini; of words of one syllable. 
 
 MOXO'TOXY, .1. [from jnouos, alone, and lonos, a tone, 
 Gr.] a fault in pronunciation, wherein a loiig series of words 
 are delivered with one imvaried tone, and without any 
 cadence. 
 
 MONSO'ON, s. [monson, Fr.] a S|)ecics of trade-wind, in 
 the Indies, which for six months blows constantly the same 
 way, and the contrary way the other six months. 
 
 MO'NSTER, s. [monslrum. Eat.] a production or birth, 
 wherein the parts ililll-r Irom the general figure or form of its 
 species ; something horrible for deformity or mischief. 
 
 To MO'NSrEll. r'. a. to repnsrnt as monstrous. 
 
 MONSTKO'SITY, or MON.STUUO'SITY, s. {monstrosity 
 
 is most analagous) the state of being out of the common order 
 of nature. 
 
 MO'NSTROUS, a ^from monstrum, a monster, Lat.] de- 
 viating from the stated order of nature ; strange or wonder- 
 ful, including dislike ; irregular or enormous. " No mon- 
 strous height." Pope. Shocking hateful. " The vionstrout 
 scorn." 
 
 MO'NSTROUSLY, ad. in a manner that is out of the 
 common order of nature ; terribly j horribly ; to a great 
 degree. 
 
 MONSTROUSNESS, s. the quality whicn renders any 
 thing or action shocking, irrtguhir, or enormous. 
 
 MO'NTANT, s. [Fr.] a term in lencing. 
 
 MONTE'RO, s, [Span.] a horseman's cap. 
 
 MO'NTETH, ,v. [from the name of the inventor] a vessel 
 in which glasses are washed. 
 
 MONTGOMERY, the county town of Montgomeryshire, 
 a small neat town, with a rich soil, but little trade. The 
 reliques of its castle, which stand on a projecting ridge of a 
 great height aiid steepness!, and towards the end are quite 
 precipitous, impend in a picturesque manner over the town, 
 but are now very small. It is pleasantly seated on a rocky 
 hill, near the Severn, 26 miles S. W. by W. of Hereford, and 
 161 N. W. of London. JM.uket on Thursday. 
 
 MONTGO'MERYSHIRE,.a county of N. Wales, bounded 
 on the N. by Merionethshire and Denbighshire, on the N. E. 
 and E. by Shropsliire, on tlie S. by Radnorshire, on the S. W. 
 by Cardigaijshire, and on the \V. by part of Merionethshire. 
 It extends 33 miles from X. to S., and about 24 from E. 
 to W., arid is divided into 7 l;nndreds, which contain 6 
 maiket towns. +7 parishes, about 5,660 houses, and 33,960 
 inhabitants. The air is pleasant a;,d salubrious; and the 
 country iu general mountainous, but (ertile, (the S. S. E. 
 and N. E. parts iire extremely so, being niuch more level,) 
 and agreeably interspersed with vallics, hills, meadows, and 
 corn-tields. The hilly tracts are almost entirely sheep-walks ; 
 and the llccks, like those of Spain, are driven from distant 
 parts to feed on them (iuring summer. This county also 
 afFords mineral treasures, iiarticularly lead ; and it abounds 
 with slate and lime; but there is no coal. Its (irincipal 
 rivers are the .Severn, Vyriiew, and Taiinat, which are re- 
 maikable for their gnat variety of lish, and for salmon in 
 particular. 
 
 iMOXTH, (mnnili) s. [muna, Sax. the moon] a space of 
 time meas^ured by the revolution of the snii or moon, and 
 reckoned the 12lh part ol the year, k lunar vwntli, is the 
 space between two conjunctions of the moon with the sun, or 
 between two moons. A solar viunlli, the spiice of time wherein 
 the sun revolves through one entire sign of the ecliptic. The 
 calendar months consist unequally of thirty and thirty-one 
 days, except FLbruaiy, which in Uap- years has twenty-nine, 
 but in other years tv.enty-eight days. 
 
 MO'NTHLY, {nmntlily) a. continuing or performed in a 
 month ; happening every uionlli. 
 
 MO'NTHLY', {nnudhlii) ud. once in a month. 
 
 MON rO'IR, .■!. [Fr. 1 ju horsemanship, a stone as high as 
 the stirrups, which Italian riding-masters mount their horses 
 from, wilhont putting their foot in the stirrup. 
 
 IMOXTPE'LLIER, a large, rich, and beautiful city in the 
 department of Ileiault. Bclore the revolution, here was an 
 nnivtrsfity, with a celebrated school of' nu'dicine, founded 
 by physicians who -were exiielled from Spain iu the year 
 llt^O. The scarlet gown of that witty philo>ophir, Rabelais, 
 with which doctors of physic .■iie or were invested fere at 
 taking their degries, has long since ceased to be an original, 
 the students having, from time to lime, cut off little slips ; so 
 that the robe now, or lately used, is at least the third or 
 fourth substitute : also a botanuic garden, the first established 
 iu Europe, and an academy of sciences. The town-house 
 is reniaikable tor its halLs, which are embellished with fine 
 paintings. It has m.iny fine houses, and several stately 
 edifices, but the streets are very narrow. The number of 
 inhabitants is computed at .50,000, v\ho trade in verdegrise, 
 which is the principal manufacture; wool, wnie, aqua-vita;.
 
 MOO 
 
 MOO 
 
 Huilgaty-wafcr, ciiinainon-water, capillaire, essence of ber- 
 g.iiiiKl, It iMoiis; also iji wikiUcii car|)ets, dimities, fiislians, 
 Wuli^illi-tiK.Uiiigs. Those coiiiinodilies are sent, l>y llie canal, 
 to Cette, wliicii is llie sea port of iMoiilpellier. The air is 
 extremely liealtliy, anil a great number of persons Hock hi- 
 tiier, from all parts, to recover their lieallli. iMontptljier 
 IS pleasantly seated upon a hill, l)y the river Lez, 6 miles 
 from the Mediterranean, 27 S. W. of Nismes, and 212 S. by 
 E. of Paris. l.at. 43. 3(>i N. Ion 3. 57. K. 
 
 MONTRO'SK, a town of Ansus-sliire, containing, in 17!)0, 
 about (ilSJt inhabitants. At high water it is almost sur- 
 rounded by the sea. The harbour is a fine semicircular ba- 
 son, with a handsome stone pier; and a jjreat number of 
 trading vessels belong to this \)ort. The buildings are neat, 
 aud many ol' them in the nuxlern taste. The most remark- 
 able are the town house, the presbyterian church, anil an 
 elegant episcopal chapel. A great quantity of malt is made 
 lieie; and there are manufactures of sail-cloth, linen, co- 
 loured and white thread, brown sheeting, Osnabnrgj, and 
 cotton stockings, as also a tannery and rope-works. The 
 sahnon fisheries on the N. and S. Esk form a v;dualile branch 
 of commerce. Montrose is seated on a gentle eminence, in 
 a peninsula, formed by the estuary of .'^. Esk (over which a 
 new bridge has been lately erectedj and the German Ocean, 
 48 milesN. E. of l'',dinburgh. 
 
 MONTS'ERR.VT, a well watered fruitful island in the 
 West Indies, disi overed, in 14L>3, by Columbus, and so 
 named by him from its resendjlance to a mountain of the 
 same name in Spain. It is about 9 miles in length, and as 
 much ill breadth, and is divided into two parishes. The 
 mountains are covered with cedar, cypress, the iron-tree, 
 with other woods, and some odoriferous shrubs. As to soil, 
 animals, and commerce, Montserrat is much the same as 
 the otiur ('aribl>ee islands. It is possessed hy the English, 
 and is 30 miles S. \V. of Antigua. Lat. 16. 49. N. Ion. 62. 
 ?7. W. 
 
 MO'NUMENT, s. [monumitUinn, from nwneo, to inform, 
 Lat.] any thing by which the memory of persons or things is 
 preserved. 
 
 MONUME'NTAL, a. preserving the memory or re- 
 membrance ; belonging to a tomb raised iu honour of 
 the dead. 
 
 MOOD, /.[from modus, manner or due proportion, Lat.] 
 ill logic, the regular determination of propositions accord- 
 ing to their quantity or quality,.!, e. their universal or parti- 
 cular utHrmation or negation. In music, manner or style. 
 In grammar, the dift'erent changes a word undergoes, to 
 signify the various intentions and aft'ectious of the mind. 
 Temper of mind ; state of the mind asatfected by passion ; 
 auger ; rage ; from mod, Sax. moed, Belg. mod, Goth. An 
 habitual temper of the mind. 
 
 MOODY, e. angry, or out of humour; mental; intellec- 
 tual; belonging to the mind. 
 
 MOON, s. \mona. Sax.] iu the solar system, is a satellite or 
 secondary planet of the earth, considered as a primary one, 
 about which she revolves in an elliptic orbit, at the distance 
 of about 210,000 miles, at a mean rate. Next to the sun, she 
 is the most splendid and shining globe in the heavens ; and 
 by dissipating, in some measure, the darkness of the night, 
 subdividing the year into months, and regulating the flux 
 aud reflux of the sea, she not only becomes a pleasing, but a 
 welcome object ; aflording much for speculation to the con- 
 templative mind, and of real use to the navigator, the tra- 
 veller,andthe husbandman. Thattlie moon appears so much 
 lajgei than the other planets, is owing to her vicinity to us ; 
 for to a spectator in the sun she would be scarcely visible, 
 without the assisteuice of a telescope. Her distance is but 
 small from us, wheii compared wilh that of the other heaven- 
 ly bodies ; which is easily proved from her very great hori- 
 xoatal parallax, which amounts sometimes to 61' 2.5". If the 
 'tBoon were a body possessing native light, we should no< per- 
 oeite any diversity of appearance ; but as she shines entirely 
 by light received from the sun, and reflected bv her surface, 
 'UfoUcws, that, according to the situation of the beholder 
 
 4,1 
 
 with respect to the illuminated part, he will see more or less 
 of her reflected bcims, for only one half of a globe can be 
 enlightened at once. Hence, " liile she is making her revolu- 
 tion rouiiil the heavens, she unrlcrgoi'S great changes in her 
 appearance. In eveiy revolution of the moon about the 
 earth, she turns once r(jnud upon her axis, and thcrefoie 
 always piesents the same face to our view ; and as, durinij 
 her course round the earth, the sun enlightens successively 
 every part of her globe only once, consequently she has but 
 one day in all that time, .md lierday and night togtlher are 
 as long as our lunar month. As we see only one side of the 
 moon, we are Iherefore invisible to the inhabitants on the 
 opposite side, unless they take a journey to that side vvhich 
 is next to us, for which put pose some of them must travel 
 more than 15(10 miles. And as the earth, from one half of 
 the moon, is never seen, so, from the middle of the other 
 half, it is always seen overhead, turning round almost thirty 
 times as quick as the inoon does, 'lo her inhabitants, the 
 earth seems to be the largest body in the universe, her appa- 
 rent diameter constantly occupying from l'^ 47' 46" to 2" 2* 
 50" of the lunar celestial regions. Her periodic, sidereal, and 
 synodic revolutions,are,rebpectively,27d.7h.43ni.4s.3-5ths; 
 27d.7h. 43ni. His.; and 2()d. 12li.44m. 3s. Her diameter is 
 2171 miles; her surface about 3 40il]s of the earths ; and her 
 solid contents 1 49th of the same. The moon's apogee is not 
 lixed in any particular point of the ecliptic, but makes a 
 complete revolulioii, according to the order of the signs, in 
 3231(1. 8h. 34ui. o'Js. as measured by the ecpiinoxes, but 
 from one fixed star to the same again in 3232d. lib. 14m. 
 3l3. Her nodes also have a revolution, contrary to the or- 
 der of the signs, in 679sd. 4h. 52ni. 52s. 3 lOths, according 
 to the equinoxes, but in 680.'>d. 2h. 55m. 18s. 2 5lhs, as mea- 
 sured by the stai s. The inclination of her orbit to the eclip- 
 tic -vi'.ries from 4" 59' to 5" IT?'. It is greatest of all at those 
 new or full moons that happen at the nodes, but least of all 
 at those that happen 90" from them. The mean inclination 
 is5°8'4()". The moon's apparent diameter varies according 
 to herhorizontal parallax. Hergreatest diameter33'34' takes 
 place when she is in perigee at the time of full moon, and 
 the least 29' 25" when she is in apogee at the time of the 
 change. The moon's horizontal parallax bears a constant 
 proportion to her apparent diameter, aud may be found at 
 any time by multiplying it by 1 8248 lOUOOths." The mean 
 eccentricity of her orbit is517-10000ihsof her mean distance 
 from the earth, and the greatest equation of her orbit 7" 39'. 
 As the moon is a dark body of itself, aud has no light but 
 what she receives from the sun, it is evident that when she 
 is at the full, 'and in the ecliptic, or nearly so, the interposi- 
 tion of the earth must prevent her at that time from being 
 illuminated, causing what we usually term an eclipse of the 
 moon. But when the moon, at the time of her change, is in 
 the plane of the earth's orbit, or nearly so, her interposition 
 between us and the sun must consequently hide the sun 
 from our view, while she is in tliat position, causing what 
 we improperly call an eclipse of the sun, for it is the earth 
 that is really obscured. Eclipses of the sun, at any particu- 
 lar place, happen much more seldom thzn those of the 
 moon ; for those of the latter, on account of her real depri- 
 yation of light, are visible to every part of this globe of 
 which she is above the horizon; but those of the former, 
 on account of the smallness of the moon's body compared to 
 the earth's, are visible to those parts only between which 
 and the sun she is interposed ; so that theie may be an 
 eclipse of the sun at Edinburgh, and not the least indication 
 of one at London. If the sun at the time of tlie change be 
 within about 17" of either of the lunar nodes, there will be 
 an eclipse of the sun to some part of the earth ; and if, at 
 the time of the full, he is within about 12°, the moon will be 
 eclipsed. The greatest eclipses of the moon take place when 
 she is in one of her nodes at the time of the opposition; but' 
 the greatest eclipses of the sun in England only happen 
 when the moon has considerable north latitude, and the sun 
 at the same time above the horizon ; though, when he is po- 
 sited in one of the nodes at that time, the eclipse remains 
 
 60!)
 
 MOO 
 
 MOR 
 
 lor^rst upon the earth, wiiich is about 5h. 5tm. The long- 
 est duration of" aii eclipse of the nioou is 3li. 58rii. nearly. 
 There will he no total eclipse of the sun during the 19th 
 feutury. 'I'he t\>o next great eclipses will take place the 
 hrst on November 19ll), 1810', time of new moon at 21 minutes 
 I)ast 10 in the morning, quantity eclipsed 8j digits ; and 
 thtTsecond on Sept. 7, 18-2(), time of new moon at 45 minutes 
 past 1 in the afternoon, digits eclipsed near 11. The face 
 of the moon is greatly diversified with inequalities, and 
 parts of difierent colours, some brighter and some darker 
 than the other parts of her disk. When viewed through a 
 telescope, her face is evidently diversified with hills and val 
 leys ; and the same is also shewn by the edge or border of 
 tlie moon appearing jagged about the confines of the iHu- 
 iiiinated part of her disk, when the moon is either horned 
 ov gibbous. That the spots in the moon, which are taken 
 for mountains and valleys, are really such, is evident from 
 their shadows; for, in all situations of the moon, the ele- 
 vated parts are constantly found to cast a triangular shadow 
 HI a direction from the sun ; and, on the contrary, the cavi- 
 ties are always dark on the side ne\X the sun, and illuminated 
 on the opposite one ; v hicli is exactly conformable to what 
 we observe of hills and valleys on the earth: and, as the 
 tops of these mountains are consideral)!y elevated above the 
 otiier parts of her surface, they are illuminated when they 
 are at some distance from the confines of her enlightened'he- 
 inisphere ; from which circumstance a mean of determining 
 their heights is afforded. Tlie observations of iMr. Schroder 
 concerning the lunar mountains, are as follow : " The most 
 lofty mountain on the surface of our globe is supposed to be 
 Cliiniboraco, wliich is not iOjOOO feet in height ; but there 
 are many in the moon which are much higher; that which 
 is distinguislied by the name of Leibinitz, is not less than 
 25,000 feet. This elevation will appear more extraordinary, 
 if compared with the moon's diameter, of which it is 12! 4t lis; 
 whereas Chimboraco is not above l-1017ths of that of the 
 earth; thus considered, the lunar mountains are near five 
 times as high as any on our globe." As the nu>on has on her 
 surface mountains and valleys, in common with the earth, 
 some astronomers have discoversd a still greater similarity, 
 viz. that some of these are really volcanoes, emitting fires as 
 those of the earth do. Anappearance of this kind was dis- 
 covered some few years ago by Don Ulloa, in an eclipse of 
 the sun. It was a small bright spot like a star near the 
 margin of the moon, and which he at that time supposed 
 to be a liole or valley, with the sun's light shining through 
 it. Succeeding observations, however, have induced as- 
 tronomers to attribute appearances of this kind to the 
 eruption of volcanic lire ; and, on the 19th of April, 1787, 
 Dr. Herschel discovered three volcanoes in the dark part 
 «f the moon ; two of them seemed to be almost extinct, 
 but the third shewed an actual eruption of fire, or luminous 
 matter, resembling a small piece of burning charcoal cover- 
 ed by a very thin coat f)f while ashes; it had a degree of 
 brightness about as strong as that v^lh which such a coal 
 would be seen to glow in faint day-light. The adjacent 
 parts of the volcanic u'.ounlain seemed faintly illuminated by 
 the eruption. A similar erupt ion a pjiea red on the 4th of May, 
 178.'i. On the 7lh of March, 1794, a few minutes before 
 sight o'clock in the ev( ning, Mr. AVilkins, of Norwich, an 
 eminent architect, observed, with the naked eye, a very 
 bright snot upon the dark part of the moon : the whole time 
 lie saw It, it was a fixed, sleadv light, except the moment 
 before it disappeared, when its brightness increased; he 
 conjectures that he saw it above five minutes. The same 
 |)ha-nomen<ui was observed by Mr. T. Slretttni, in St. 
 Joliirs-sipiare, Clerkenwell, London. P/iil. Trims. 1794. 
 On the 13th of April, 179.^, and 6th of Feb. 1794, M. Pi- 
 a//.i, astronomer-royal at Palermo, observed a bright spot 
 i.pon the darlt part of the moon. .Several other astronomers 
 have ohserveil the same pha^nomenon. See Moimtrs tic 
 Jinrlin, fur 1778. Figuratively, a month. In fiutificaliob, 
 •unictliiiig resembling a crescent or half-moon ; this word ^s 
 
 610 
 
 generally used in composition, either in the last sense, or for 
 something belonging to the moon. 
 
 MOO'N-BIOAM, .s. a ray of light darting from the moon. 
 
 MOON-CALF, .t. a monster ; a false conception ; a dolt ; 
 a stupid fellow. 
 
 MOONE'YED, «. having eyes affected by the revolutions 
 of the moon. Figuratively, dimsighted ; ijurblind. 
 
 MOON-FERN, s. a plant. 
 
 MOON-FISIL *• a kind of fish, so called because the tai»- 
 fin is shaped like a half-moon, by which, and his odd-trussed 
 shape, he is sufficiently distinguished. 
 
 MOO'NLESS, a. not enlightened bv the moon. 
 
 MOO'N LlGHT,l(»no»»fi<) s. the lightafforded by the moon. 
 
 MOO'NLIGHT, {nwimlti) a. enlightened by the moon. 
 "The rnnon?)o7;f shade." Pope. 
 
 MOO'NSUINE, s. the light or lustre of the moon. In 
 burlesque, a month. 
 
 MOONSHINE, or MOONSHINY, a. [both from a 
 corruption of moonshinirs;] during the shining of the 
 moon ; bv means of niooulight. " You moonshine revellers." 
 S/ifik. 
 
 MOONSTONE, s. a kind of stone. 
 
 MOO'NSTRUCK, a. lunatic ; affected by the moon. 
 
 MOON-TREFOIL*, a plant so called on aocount of the 
 shape of its fruit. 
 
 MOO'NWORT, J. in botany, a kind of fern. 
 
 MOOR, i. [iiwer, Belg.j a marsh, fen, or tract of low 
 watery land. A negro or black ; from mnuriis, Lat. 
 
 To MOOR, V. a. \morer, Fr.] to fasten a vessel by anchors 
 or other means. Neuterly, to be fixed or stationed. 
 
 MOO'RCOCK, s. in ornithology, the red grous. 
 
 MOORHEN, f. in ornithology, the water-hen, also tbe 
 hen of the red grous. 
 
 MOO'lvlSH, n. fenny ; marshy ; waterj-. 
 
 MOO'RLAND, «. a marsh, or watery ground. 
 
 MOO RSTONE, s. a species of graiiite. 
 
 MOO'RV, 0. marshy ; fenny; watery. 
 
 MOOSE, (mo(/i)s. the large American deer. 
 
 To MOOT, V. a. l^motiun. Sax.] in law, to plead a mock 
 cause ; to state a point of law, or argue a case, by way of 
 exercise, fora degree of barrister in the inns of court, called 
 to iirguc a moot. A tnoot case, or jwint, such as may admit 
 dispute. 
 
 MOOTER, s. one that argues a moot. 
 
 MOP, s. \mnnpii, Brit.] pieces of cloth, or locks of wool, 
 fixed to a long liandle, used in washing floors. 
 
 To MOP, r. rt. to rub with a mop. 
 
 To MOPE, V. n. to be stupid ; to be drowsy, spiritless, 
 inactive, or dull. Actively, to make one spiritless or de- 
 lirious. 
 
 MOPE-E'YED, n. blind of one ere. 
 
 MO'PPl'-T, or MOTSEY, s. a doll made of rags ; a fond 
 name fora child. 
 
 MO'PUS, s. [a cant word from jno/jeja drone ; a dull or 
 inactive person. 
 
 MORAL, a. [Fr. from mores, manners, Lat.] relating to 
 the actions or conduct of life, or that which determines an 
 action to be good or virtuous ; reasoning, so as to promote 
 or instruct in virtue ; popular, or generally admitted in the 
 usual occurrences of life. A morril inipossibiliti/ is a very 
 great or insuperable difficulty, opposed to a natural im- 
 possibility. A moral ccrtainli/ or assurance implies a very 
 strong probability, and is used in contrailistinction to mathe- 
 matical i>robability. In logic, a moral nnirersalil)/ is, whcu 
 the predicate agrees to the greatest part of the particulars 
 contained under the universal sul)j('Ct. 
 
 MOn.'\L, .f. morality, or the practice of the duties of 
 life; doctrine, or instruction, drawn as a corollary from » 
 fable. 
 
 To MO'R AL, f. fi. to moralize ; to make moral rcflectionj, 
 
 MO'U ALIST, ). one who teaches the duties of life. 
 
 MOKA'LITY, .V. [mornlile, Fr. from mores, manners, Lat.^ 
 the doctrine of morals, or tbe art of livinj; well and happily; 
 ethics.
 
 MOR 
 
 ' To MO'RALIZE, v. a. [moraUsa; Fr.] to apply to the 
 conduct or regulation of our actions ; to pxpliiiii in such a 
 maimer as to convey some practical truths. Neuterly, to 
 speak or write on moral suhjects. 
 MO'RALIZKR, f. one who moralizes. 
 MO'UALF^Y, «(/. in the ethical s<insc' ; accord ijig to the 
 oouinion occurrences of life ; according to liie rules of 
 virtue. 
 
 MORALS, I. (without a singular) the practice of the du- 
 ties of life; behaviour with respect to others. 
 
 RIORA'SS, s.[munns, Er.] a feu ; a bojjor tiact of land 
 aljoundiufc in water. 
 
 MtjRA'VIA, The Marouisati; of, a province of fier- 
 nmny, surroiuided by Silesia" Bohemia, and Austria, and di- 
 tided into six circles. It is partly mountainous and woody, 
 and partly cliampaijrn, with many morasses, bof;s, and lakes ; 
 and has constantly remained annexed to tiiecrowuof IJolie- 
 Diia. It takes itsname from the river Morava, or Moraw, 
 which runs through it ; it is very fertile and populous; and 
 hence the Unitas Fratuni, or Brethren, called Moravians, 
 take their name, their doctrines having been early promul- 
 gated here. Olmutz is the capital. 
 
 MO'RBID, «. \7mrl>ii!ns, from murhus, disease, Lat.] <lis- 
 eased, opposed to heallhv. 
 
 MO'.RBIDN F.SS, «. tlie^sfate or qualify of being diseased. 
 MORBrFlCorMORBlFICAL, «. [the last word is sel- 
 dom used ; morbi/ique, Fr.] causing diseases ; injurious to 
 health. 
 
 MOR BO'S E, (nwrbuse) a. [morhostts, from morhus, disease, 
 Lat.] proceeding from disease, unhealthy. 
 
 MORDA'CrrY, s. [mordaeite, Fr. mordacitas, from 
 mnrdux, bithig, l.at.] of a biting, stinging quality. 
 
 MORDANTS, s. in chymistry, substances which have 
 achymical aflinily for particular colours; they are em- 
 ployed by dyers as a bond to unite the colour witli the cloth 
 mtended to be dved. Alum is of this class. 
 
 MO'RDICANT, a. [vwrdicmu, Fr.] biting; acrid. 
 MORDICATION, s. the act of corroding or biting. 
 MORI'^, «. the comparative of some, many, or mntli, 
 whose superlative is jnest ; greater in number, (juantity, or 
 debtee. 
 
 MORE, ad. to a greater degree. Longer, applied to 
 time. Again, or a second time. Used as a particle to form 
 the comparative degree before adejctives, which, for the 
 length of their syllables, or want of harmony, would not ad- 
 mit the addition of fr. 
 
 MORE'A, formerly called Peloponnesus a peninsula in 
 the southern part of Greece, to which it is joined by the 
 Isthmus of Corinth, lying between tlie gulfs of Lepantoand 
 Engia. It is 180 miles in length, and 130 in breadth. The 
 air is temperate, and the soil fertile, excepting the middle, 
 where there are many mountains. Its present name is said 
 to be derived from moms, a mulberry-tree, from the great 
 numberof mulberry-trees it produces. It is watered by se- 
 veral rivers, of which the Alpheus, the Vasili, Potaiiio, and 
 the Stromio are lire chief. It is divifled into four districts. 
 Thesangiac of the Morea resides at Modon. 
 
 MORI'TL, s. a plant ; likewise a species of large cherry. 
 MO'RELAND, *. [mortand, Sax.] a mountainous or hilly 
 country. 
 
 MORROTER, ad. besides or beyond what has been 
 mentioned. Synon. Farthcrmon is properly used, when 
 there is need only to add one more reason to those before 
 mentioned. Its intent is to multiply, and it has no relation 
 but to number. Moreover is in its right place, when used to 
 add a reason of a different kind to those that went before. 
 Its chief office is to add, with a particular respect to diver- 
 «ity. Besides is used with propiiety, when we would 
 strengthen, by a new reason, the force of those that were 
 sufficient of themselves. Its principal office is to enhance 
 by abundance. 
 
 "MORE'SK-WORK, s. in carving or painting, consisting 
 •f several pieces in which there is no perfect figure, but a 
 wild representatiou of birds, beasts, &c.. 
 
 MOR 
 
 MO'RETON, a town of Gloucestershire, which has a 
 market on Tuesday. It is seated on the Fosse-way, aymiles 
 E. S. K. of Worcester, and 82 VV. N. W. of London. 
 
 M0'R1:T0N HA 'MSTI;AU, a pretty large town of De- 
 vonshire, with a considerable woollen maiud'acture. It is 
 seated on a hill near Dartmoor, 14 miles S. VV. of Exeter, 
 and IH-'i W. by S. of London. A noted market for yarn on 
 Saturday. 
 
 MORI.AH, a mountain near Jerusalem in Palestine, on 
 one part of which, called Calvary, our Saviour was cri*. 
 cified. 
 
 MORl'G PAROUS, a. [morifferuj, from morigero, to ol>ey, 
 Lat.] dutiful, obedient, complaisant. 
 
 MORION,*. [Fr.] a helmet ; or armourforthe head. 
 
 MO'RKIN, 3. in huntin;^ a wild beast that has died 
 through sickness or mischance. 
 
 I MORLA'CIIIA, a mountainous country, chiefly in tlieN. 
 part of Daliiialla, the inhabitants of which are called Mor- 
 liicks.or Morlacchi, and subject to Austria. They inhabit 
 the pleasant valleys of Koter, along the river Kerlia, Celtiria, 
 Is'arenta, and aiiiong the inland mountains of Dalmatia. 
 "Friendship," savs the Abbe Fortes, "is lasting among 
 the IMorlacchi. They have even made it a kind of religious 
 point, and tie the sacred bond at the foot of tiie altar."' 
 TheSclavonian ritual contnins a particular benediction, for 
 the solemn union of two male or two female friends, in the 
 presence of the congregation. He was luesent at the union 
 of two young women, w ho were made Posestreme, in the 
 church "of- Pel ussich. "The satisfaction," he continues, 
 " that sparkled in their eyes, when the ceremony w as per- 
 formed, gavea convincing proof, that delicacy of sentiment 
 can lodge in niiiiJs not formed, or rather not corrupted, by 
 society which we call civilized. The male friends thus 
 united are called Pohrntimi, and the females Posestreme, 
 which mean half-brothers and half-sisters." 
 
 MORLAIX, a considerable sea-port in the department 
 of Finisterre, with a tide hariiour. The Notre- Dame 
 church is a singular structure, and the hospital is very 
 handsome ; the inhabitants carry on a considerable trade in 
 linen, hemp, and tobacco. It is seated on a river of the 
 same name, 30 miles N. E. of Brest. 
 
 MO'RMO, s. [Gr.] a bugbear, or something used to 
 frighten persons. 
 
 MORN, s. [marne. Sax.] the first part of the day fron» 
 sun rise to noon. Seldom used but by poets. 
 
 MO'RNING, i. [moreen, Teut.] the first part of the day 
 from the appearance of light till twelve o'clock at iwon. 
 Used in composition for any thing belouging to, or used in, 
 the morning ; as, 
 
 MORNING-GOWN, f.aloose gown worn before one is 
 
 formally dressed. 
 
 MORNING-STA'R, s. the planet Venus, so rramed when 
 she appears in the morning. 
 
 MOROCCO, an empire of Africa, comprehending a con- 
 siderable part of the antient Mauritania, bounded on the \S\ 
 by the Atlantic Ocean, on the E. by Algiers and Bilednl- 
 gerid, on the N. by the Mediterranean, and on the S. by 
 Zahara. Its greatest length is about 450 miles ; and, 
 where widest, "about 390. The territories of Morocco are 
 formed by the union of several small kingdoms, antientiy 
 limited to a single province, and perpetually at variance 
 with each other, till, at last, they were all subdued, and 
 united under one sovereign by the sharifs. The S. part of 
 the empire contains the kingdom of Suz, Tarudant, Mo- 
 rocco Proper, Tasiletz, and Segilmessa; and the N. part, 
 those of Fez, Mequinez, and Tremecen ; but the latter hav- 
 ing been conquered by the Turks of .Algiers, is now a part 
 of that regeiicv. The air of the country is very pure, and 
 pretty temperate, especially to the N. of Mount Atlas. The 
 soil, though sandy and dry on the weslHrn coast, is exceed- 
 ing fertile; the land containing within itself salts sufti- 
 cient to make it fruitful. The increase of corn is often as 
 sixty to one. The fruits, such as vines, figs, melons, apri- 
 cots, apples, pears, olives, and the prickly pear, or Barbary
 
 MOR 
 
 MOR 
 
 <ijj, the palm-tree, as well as the yiastures, are excellent, but 
 dates ripen with dilHculty; and indied the country, dtc. is 
 not properly cultivated, as two-ihirds at least of it lie 
 waste. Acorns, which taste like chesnuts, sail, and wax, 
 abound here. The hnmidily of the atmosphere is so corro- 
 sive, that it quickly covers with rust iion, steel, metals, 
 and even the keys and scissars carried in the pocket. 'J"he 
 Moors make food of the locusts; prodigious (juantilies of 
 them are brought to market, salted and dried like red her- 
 rings. The iniiabitants are Mahometans, of a tawny com- 
 plexion, robust, and very skilful iji nianagiiig a horse and 
 wielding a lance. There are two sorts of inhabitants; the 
 Arabs, who dwell in moveable villages, composed of about 
 100 tents, and the Bereberies, or Brehes, who are the an- 
 tieut inhabitants, and dwell in cities and towns. There 
 are a great number ofChristian slaves, and some merchants, 
 upon the coast, besides a multitude of Jews, who carry on 
 almost all the trade, especially by land wifn the negroes, to 
 vubora they send large caravans, who travel over vast 
 deserts, almost destitute of water. They carry with them 
 •xvoiiUen manufactures, silk, salt, &c. and, in return, have 
 slaves, gohl, and elephants' teeth. Out of the slaves the 
 emperor recruits iiis cavaliy. They also send large cara- 
 vans to Mecca every year, partly out of devotion, and 
 partly for trade, consisting of several thousand camels, 
 horses, and mules. Tiieir commorjities are woollen maiui- 
 factures,l\Iorocco leather, indigo,. cochineal, ostrich feathers, 
 salt, and wax ; in return for which Ihey have silks, musliua, 
 calicoes, coffee, and drugs. In the deserts arc lions, tigers, 
 leopards, and serpents of several kiuds. The fruits are 
 dates, figs, grapes, almonds, lemons, oranges, melons, pome- 
 granates, apples, pears, Ac. They have also flax and 
 hemp, but little timber. The naval force consists chiefly of 
 rovers, who now and then take large prizes, especially those 
 belonging to Salle. The emperor is absolute, liis will be- 
 ing a law, and he often exercises great cruelties. He can 
 bring 100,000 men into the field, half of which are foot, and 
 iialf horse ; but they are poorly armed, and know but little 
 of the art of war. 
 
 MOROCCO, the capital of the kingdom ofMorocro, 
 seated in a beautiful plain, planted with palm-trees, formctt 
 by a chain of mountains on the N. having Mount Atlas, fronT 
 which it is distant about "20 miles, on the .S. and E. Though 
 one of the capitals of the empire, (for there are three, Mo- 
 rocco, Alequinez, and Fez,) it has nothing to recommend it 
 but its great extent, and the royal palace. It is inclosed by 
 remarkably strong walls, built of tabby, the extent of whicli 
 still exists entire, and supposes a city which might contain 
 300,000 souls ; they are flanked by sduare towers, and sur- 
 rounded by a wideand deep ditch. The mosques are more 
 numerous than magnificent. The streets are narrow, dirtv, 
 and irregular, and many of the houses uninhabited, and fall- 
 ing to ruin. M. Chenier doubts whether Morocco contains 
 30,000 inhabitants, even when the court is there. The 
 Jews, who are pretty numerous here, have a separate town, 
 iralled in, and under the charge of au alcade, appointed by 
 the emperor. They have a market of their own ; and when 
 they enter the Moorish town, market, or palace, they are 
 compelled to be Iwrefooted. If has two gates, which are re- 
 gularly shut every evening at nine o'clock, after which no 
 person can enter or depart, till they are opened the next 
 morning. The palace is a very extensive and solid build- 
 ing, with gates composed of Gothic arches, embellished 
 ■witi) ornaments in the Arabian taste. XVithiii the walls are 
 various courts and gardens elegantly laid out by European 
 gardeners. Lat. 3'.. 1-2. N. Ion. 6. 4.'>. W. 
 
 MOROCCO, or MAIIROCIUIN, .«. tlw skin of a goat, 
 or some animal rrsemhling it, dressed in sumac or galls, 
 and coloured of any colour at pleasure, much used in book- 
 binding. The name is derived from the kingdom of Mo- 
 rocco, whence it is supposed the ninuncr of preparing these 
 skins was first borrowed. Wc have Morocco skins biought 
 from the Levant, Barbary, Soaiu, Flanders, and France, io 
 41 dulcrent colouri 
 <il2 
 
 MOROSE, a. [mnio.mt, Lat.] sour of temper; not easily 
 pleased and soon disgusted. 
 
 MOROSELY, nil. sourly ; peevishiy. 
 
 MORO'SI'.N'ESS, s. .sourness; peevishness. 
 
 MORO'SITY, *. [from mm-otui, sour, Lat.] sourness or 
 pcevishnes. 
 
 MO'RPETH, a town of Northumberland, seated on the 
 river Wansbeck, 28 miles N. of Durham, and 287 N. by W. 
 of London. A good nrarket on Saturday lor corn, cattle, 
 and provisions, and a very large one on Weilnesday for live 
 cattle. Fairs on Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, before 
 Whitsundav ; and the Wednesday before Jidy 22d.' 
 
 MORPHEW, (rau»/ew) s. [morpliie, Fr. morfea, Ital. [ a 
 scurf on the face. 
 
 MORRIS, or MORRIS-DANCE, s. [for Moorish, or 
 3I(>risco-dniice] a kind of dance in which the person jingles 
 bells sewed to his clothes ; practised by the Moors, and re- 
 seii.bling the Pyrrhic dance mentioned hy classic authors. 
 
 MO'RROW, {morro) s. [morgen, Sax.j the day after tl»c 
 present day. To inormw, an adverbial expression, imply, 
 ing on the day after the present. It is sometimes used as 
 a substantive. " To morrow is the time." Sped. 
 
 MORSE, s. in zoology, a large amphibious animal which 
 inhabits the northern regions and is very improperly called 
 the sea-horse. 
 
 MORSEL, s. [}norsclhis, low, Lat. from mordeo, to bite, 
 Lat.] a small piece ; a piece fit for the mouth ; a mouthful; 
 a meal ; a small tpiantity. 
 
 MO RSUUE, *. [mursura, from mordcn, to bite, Lat.] the act 
 of biting, 
 
 MORT, t. [inorlt. Fr. from mora, death, Lat.] in limiting, 
 a tune sounded at the death of game. A great <|uantily, 
 from mnrgt, Isl. great; a low word. 
 
 M O'llTA L, (T., [7«ort(i/i.s, frommocj, death, Lat.] subject to 
 death; destructive or causing death ; human, or belonging 
 to man. "Mortal taste." Par. Lost. Excessive; violent, 
 " A rnnrtal fright." Dri/d. The last sense is low. 
 
 MO'RTAL, «. amauor human being. 
 
 MORTALITY, «. subjection to death; the state of a 
 being subject to death. Figuratively, death. " Gladly would 
 I meet mortuUty my sentence." Par. Lust. Human nature. 
 " Mvrtalitr/ cannot bear it." Dri/d. 
 
 MO'RTALLY, ad. irrecoverably ; so as to be doamed to 
 death; extremely; excessively. 
 
 MORTAR, s. l/nuiiier, Fr.l a strong vessel, in whicli 
 things are pounded with a pestle. In gunnery, a short piece 
 of ordii?.nce, out of which bombs or carcasses are thrown, 
 lu architecture, a preparation of lime and sand nith water, 
 used as a cement in building walls, &c. from morltr, 
 Belg. 
 
 MO'PvTGAGE, (the t is usually not pronounced in this 
 word and its derivatives, and the last g issottj*. \mort and 
 gage., Fr. i a pledge or pawn of lauds, &.c. for money bor- 
 rowed. 
 
 To MORTGAGE, v. a. to pledge, pawn, or make over 
 to a creditor, is a security. 
 
 MOllTGAGE'E, s. the person who receives lauds, dx. 
 as a pawn for money lent. 
 
 MO'RT'GA<iE[i, s. -A person who mortgages or pawns 
 his I'.tnds, 
 
 MORTI'l TJiOUS, s. [mnrtlfer, Fr. from mors, dcalii and 
 fero. 111 bring, Lat.] deslrui live. 
 
 M0RT1F1C\;TI0N, *. [Fr. from mors, death and/anV>, 
 to make, Lat.] in surgery, a disease wherein the natural 
 juices lose their proper motion, ferment, and destroy tti« 
 texture of the pails; a gangrene; a destruction of activ« 
 qualities. The act o( keeping in a state of subjection, 
 aiiplied to the passions. Tiie act of subduing the body by 
 abstinence or hardships, in a rclijjious view, in order to 
 lessen the strength of lusts. .\ny thing or occurrence that 
 fills tlu- mind with vexation or uneasiness. . 
 
 To MOPiTlFY, v.a.[niorli/ier, Fr. from mors, death and 
 facio, to make, Lat.] to rob of the vital qualities. In, 
 pLarmacv, to destroy the active uiid essential vjualitivi^-
 
 MOS 
 
 MOS 
 
 ftjUiIiod to tlio liilliiis of quicksilver, so as to unite it witli 
 liir|)PiitiiK' orspilllc. To destroy iu.ti\o powers. To sub- 
 tliie iiiordiiiale passions; to keep tlic liody low Ijy labour 
 and abstinence, ni order lo renib'r its afleetions more com- 
 pliant to reason, and to the dictates of r(di;4ion ; to bnnibie, 
 •ie.jecf, or vex. Nenlerly, to corrupt or turn lo a yanjjrenc ; 
 to be subdued ; to die away. 
 
 MO'KTISC, (iiuirliss) s. [morlaise, Fr.] in carpentry, a 
 liole cut ill wood lor anollier piece to be let into it, and t'oriu 
 a joint. 
 
 'I"o MO'RTISE, (muriiss) v. ii. to cut or join with a 
 mortise. 
 
 MOllTiMAIN, s. [mnrtf and mniit, Fr.l in law, sucli a 
 state of possession as makes it unalienable, and iherefoie 
 said to be in dead hand, because il cannot be restored to ihc 
 donor, or to any common or temporal use; the word is -ie- 
 iierally applied to such lands as are j;iven to any religious 
 house, corporation, il-c. 
 
 _MO'RTkES,S, s. a disli composed of meats of various 
 kinds pounded toijetlier. 
 
 RIO'IJTU AI! V, .?. [tnnytiiriirc, Fr. from rnnrtiuis, dead, Lat.] 
 ill law, a ^'ifl left by a person at his dealh lo bis parish 
 cburch, in lieu of personal tithes ik ^^lected to be paid in liis 
 lifetime ; in some places a beast, or other moveable chat- 
 fei, as are, by custom, due on liie death of a person, and 
 styled by his name. 
 
 Mosaic, or mosa'IC work, *. [mowivm^, Fr.jau 
 
 assendilajje of little pieces of j^lass, marble shells, and pre- 
 cious stones of various colours, cementeit on a ground of 
 stucco, and imitating' pictures in form, natural colours, and 
 the shades used in paintiuij's. 
 
 MOSA'MBKJUE, a kin-don. of Africa, liavingQuiloa on 
 the N. the ocean on the E. the river Zainbi'^ic on the S. and 
 Monoeniusi on the \V. In 14!)7 Vasipie dr fiama landed 
 on the coast of Mosambitiue ; after a short stay he seiited 
 the town of jMosanibi(|ue, and the Porluf;iiesc have kept 
 possession of it ever since. The air is luiHlioIesome, and 
 iiothiuK but its extensive trade induces the I'ortuyueso to 
 remain here. 
 
 MOSA'MBIQUE, the capital of the above kingdom. It 
 is the same to the I'ortu^'ucse as the Cape of Good Hope is 
 to the Dutch ; for which reason there is fjenerally a s.lron)f 
 garrison, but the governor is chanjjed every three years, lis 
 trade consists of gold, elephants' teeth, and slaves. IM. 
 lo. 6. S. Ion. 40. 10. E. 
 
 MOSCIIATELL, s. Imoschatellbw, Lat.] a plant with 
 green blossoms, and reddish berries, found in woods and 
 sliad\ places, flowerin;,' in April aii<l May. 
 
 MOSCOW, one of the most aniient and conspicuous pro- 
 Trinces of Russia, formerly a ducliy, but now one of the 41 
 governments of. that vast empire. Its capital is of the 
 same name. 
 
 MO'SCOW, alarge city of the Russian empire, capital of 
 the government of Moscow, and formerly of the whole em- 
 pire. It may be considered as a town built upon the Asiatic 
 luodel, but gradually becoming more and more lOuropean; 
 exhibitnig, in its present state, « motley niiNtureof discor- 
 dant arcbitcctiirc. It is distributed nito five divisions, viz. 
 I. Kremlin ; 2. The Khitaigorod, or the Chinese Town; 
 3. The Bielgorod, or White Town; 4. .Semkiin(>;;orod ; 
 6. The Sloboda, or suburbs, which form a vast exterior 
 circle round all the other \)arls, and are invested by a low 
 rampart and ditch. These subinbs contain, besides build- 
 ings of all kinds, corn-fields, nuicli open pastuwt, and some 
 small lakes, which give rise to the Negliua. Moscow ex- 
 Ijibits an astonishing degree of extent and variety, irregula- 
 rity and contrast. The streets, in general, are very long 
 and broad. Some of them are paved ; others, particularly 
 ill the suburbs, are formed w ith trunks of trees, or are board- 
 cil w ilh planks like the floor of r. room. Wretched hovels are 
 blended with large palaces ; cottages of one story stand next 
 to the most stately mansions : many brick structures are co- 
 vered with wooden tops ; some of the wooden houses are 
 painted ; others have iron doors aiid roofs. Numerous 
 
 churcliesnppcarin every quarter, built in a peculiar stjle'o/ 
 architecture ; S(nnc with domes of copper, others of tin, gilt, 
 or painted green, and many ioi)fe.i willi wood. Moscow is 
 ccrlainlv tJie largest town in Europe ; its circumference, 
 within tlie rampart that incloses tliesuburbs, being 20 miles ; 
 but it is built in such a straggling manner, that its population 
 corresjiiinds in no degree with its extent. It has, however, 
 been pretty well ascertained; il contains, within the ram- 
 parts, .•!00,niiO souls. It isstill the most popidous city in the 
 empire, notwitliilauding iIk- residiiice of the court is at 
 Pelersburgh. 'Jhe places ol' public wiMaliipin .Moscow, in- 
 eluding chapels, amount to above 1000; of these, 4H4 are 
 public churches, ID!) of v, hich are of brick, stuccoed, or 
 whitewashed; and the others of wood, paiiiled red. Some 
 of their bells are of a stupendous size; tlicy bang in bclfrevs 
 detached from the chinch, are fixed inimoveably to the 
 beams, and are rung by a rojie lied lo the clapper. It has 
 always been esteemed here a meritorious act of religion to 
 present a church with bells ; and the piety of the donor has 
 been measured by their magnitude. Accordingly, I'orij 
 Goduniif, who gave a bell of 2S8,000 pounds to tlie catlie- 
 <Iral of Moscow, was the most pious sovereign of Russia, till 
 he was surpassed by the empress Anne, who presented a bell 
 that weighs 4.32,0(iu pouiuLs, and is the largest in the known 
 world. Among the public institutions in Moscow, is lit* 
 Foundling Hospital, endowed in 17C4, by Catharine, and 
 supported by voluntaiy contributions ; to encourage which, 
 she granted to all benefactors some valuable privileges, in 
 proportion to the extent of their liberality ; and, it is remark- 
 able, that a private merchant, named Dimidof, has expended 
 on this charity 200,ll00£. 'J'lie gardens hereabouts \ ield the 
 famous transi)arent apple, called by the Russians Naliwi,w ilh 
 variety of other fruits. Moscow is the centre of llie inlaiKl 
 commerce of Russia, particularly connecting the trade be- 
 tween Europe and Siberia. The narigalioii to this cily is 
 formed solely by the Moskva, which rises near Ru/a, and 
 fidling into llie Occa, near Coloinna, communicates, bv that 
 river, vyilli the Volga. But as the Moskva is navigahlc in 
 the spring only, upon the melting of the snows, ihe principal 
 merchandise is conveyed upon sleilges in winter. Tlie an- 
 nexed plates present a view of the Kremlin and of the 
 Divitciiy Monastery. The Kremlin is a hill which was 
 formerly surrounded by marshes on all sides. It contains a 
 royal palace, and is surrou;ided by a strong wall, 'ihe Di- 
 vilchy Monastery, or Ladies' Convent, usually contains 
 about l.io females ; but as tliey are not allowed to take the 
 veil till they have attained the age of fifty, llu're arc sel- 
 dom more llian 70 nuns, the remainder are noviciates, and 
 at liberty to nnury, to visit and receive visits in Ihe convent, 
 under the inspection ol'a mm. The gales are open all day, 
 and noviciates and their visitors pass and repass without rV- 
 slraint. Such was Moscow before the dreadful conflagra- 
 tion in 1812. This city is 4fil» miles S. E. of Pelersburgh, anri 
 1200 N. by E. of Constantinople. Lat. 05. 46i. N. Ion. 37. 
 51. E. 
 
 MOSQUE, frnfu/,) .t. \mnsMt, Turk. J a temple, wherein 
 the Mahometans perforin llieir devotion. 
 
 MOSS, s. [ineos. Sax.] though formerly supposed lo I e 
 only an excrescence produced from the earth and Irees, vet 
 it is no less a plant than those of greater magnitude, having 
 roots, (lowers, and seeds, yet cannot be [tropagated fjoni 
 seed by any art. 'i'lic tree-moss is a kind of lichen. 
 
 To ^lOSS, i-. rt. to cover with moss. 
 
 MOSSBEP.UIES, s. the fruit of the craneberry whorlle ; 
 callecl by some moor-berrics. 
 
 M O'SSI N ESS, s. the state of being covered or overgrown 
 with moss. 
 
 MOSSY, a. overgrown with moss ; covered with moss. 
 
 MOST, II. the superlative oi some, mnu>i, wvi/i. .Such 
 words as consist of many syllables, or would sound harsh 
 with the addition of !•.((, receive this word belbrc them iu Ihe 
 superlative ; as, jiilifut, invre jiili/'iil, junst pilijiil ; cuiisislin»-' 
 of the greatest number, ipiantity, or degree. 
 
 MOST, «''• ['""'■'<) Sax.J in the greatest degree. Some
 
 MOV 
 
 MOU 
 
 limes iiseJ as a substantive, and is either singular or plural, 
 t'olii'wed t)v uj\ yiid used partitively, signifies the greater 
 niinii)er, and is plural. " Mnst of tin? ehurclies." ' Addit. 
 Used witii wa,';e, it sit,'iiities the greatest v^l'oe, or advanlage, 
 and is sin<;u!ar. " M<ihes the most of wiiat lie lias." L'Es- 
 iruitge. Wlien preceded hy at, it signifii's the s;rcatest de- 
 {jreeor quantity. " Some months at the most." Buc. 
 
 MO'STIC, s. UnohUii, Tent.] a painter's stick, on which 
 he leans his hand when he paints. 
 
 MO'STIjY, («/. for tlie greatest part; generally. 
 
 MOTt",, s.\mut, Sa\.] a suiall partitle of matter; an 
 atom : any thing very small, lu law-books, it signifies 
 a court or convention, as a \vard-»«o(«, burgii moif, swaii- 
 Tfiote, Ac. 
 
 MOTH, s. [niot/i. Sax.] a small winged insect which 
 eats clothes or hangings ; a winged inset t of divers colours, 
 distinguished from a butterfly by its horns, which run taper- 
 jns from their root. 
 
 MOTHER, (the o is pron. like u in this word and its de- 
 rivatives and compounds; as muther, •mutlterhj) s. huulhor. 
 Sax.] a term of relation, denoting a w oinaii w ho has borne a 
 
 child. Used figuratively, it denotes whatever gives origin 
 to other things of the same kind : thus «e suy a Mvther- 
 chiirch, a i)/oM(?)'-tongue or language, <X.c. In niciliciue, it 
 signilies hysteric fits or passions. A familiar term of address 
 to an old woman. Also, a thick siibitaiice concrctiiijj in 
 liquors, or the scum, from madder. Brig. mud. 
 
 MOTHER, «. native; that which a person receives at 
 his birth. 
 
 MOTHER-IN-LAW, j. the mother of a husband or wife. 
 
 MOTHER OF PEARL, s. a kind of coarse pearl made of 
 the shell of such fishes asgenerale pearls. 
 
 iMOTTIER OF THYME, ^.a pluutwith trailing branches, 
 which are not so woody and hard a* those of thyme, but in 
 cverv other respect the same. 
 
 MOTHERHOOD, s. the oiKce, condition, state, or qua- 
 lity of a mother. 
 
 AIOTHERLESS, a. having no mother, orphan of a 
 mother. 
 
 MOTHERLY, a. belonging to, or becoming a mother. 
 
 MOTHERLY, «'/. after the manner of a mother. 
 
 ]M0THER-\VAT1:R.S, or MOTHERS, s: in cbymistry, 
 the liquors which are left after the crvstillizalion of anvsalts. 
 
 MOTHERWORT, s. a plant with' purplish blossoms, and 
 stem leaves spear-shaped, found amongst rubbish. \\ plant 
 called also nnigwort. 
 
 MOTHERY, n. full of dregs; having white concretious 
 appli<'d to liquors. 
 
 MOTHY, a. fiiUofmoths. 
 
 MOTION, {moshmi) s. \miilio, from moreo, to move, Lat.] 
 the act of changing place; the niannerof moving the body ; 
 gait ; change of posture, or action ; thought or tendency 
 of mind ; a proposal ; an impulse coninuinicated. Natural 
 motion is that which has its moving force or principle within 
 tJje moving body. Violent vwtion is that whose principle 
 acts from without, ythsnlute motion is thechange or alisolute 
 space hi any moving body, whose celerity is measured by; 
 tlie quantity of absolute space which the moveable body 
 runs through. Itelative motion is the change of a rela- 
 tive or vulgar space of the human body, whose celerity 
 is measured by the quantity of relative space run through. 
 
 MOTIONLESS, (Hiii«/io«/(;«) a. without motion. 
 
 MOTIVE, o. [motivnt., from moveo, to move, Lat. J causing 
 motion ; having the power to move or change place. 
 
 MOTH'E, *. [motif, Fr. from moveo, to move, Lat.] that 
 which fixes the choice, or incites to action ; a mover. 
 
 MOTLEY, a. [supposed to be corrupted from mcdleij] of 
 various colours. 
 
 MOTOR, s. [Lat.] a mover. 
 ■ MO"I"OR Y, a. I nu/torius, Lat.] causiiic motion. 
 
 MO'Tl'O, t. [ItaJ.] a seiiteuce addetf to a device, or any 
 writing. 
 
 To MOVE, (the o in this w.ord and its derivatives and 
 conipouods is i>roiiouuced like «k> ; as moiiver, moOvtablet, 
 
 6U 
 
 moufer, moiling, Sec.) i'. a. [moveo, Lat.] to put out of on« 
 place intoaiiollier ; to [nit in motion, 'i'ogive an impulse to, 
 i'o propose ; to rt commend. To persuade, or prevail on. 
 applied to the niina. To affect ; to excite teiicleiiiess, oi 
 any passion. To make angry. To put into coniinotion. 
 " All the city wus moved." Jiutli i. i). Neulerly, to go from 
 one place to another ; to walk; to forward; to nrarch as 
 an army : to ( haiige the posture of the body in ceremony. 
 
 MOVEABLE, «. ca|iable ot' heing moved, or carried 
 from one [dace to aiKMher. Changing, or not always hap-, 
 pciinig on the same day of the month oryear, applied to the 
 feasts observed by the church. 
 
 MO'VEABLl'.S, s.h has no singular : fmraWc*, Fr.] goorls 
 or furniture; distinguished from lands, 6r otlier hereditary 
 possessions. 
 
 MO V' EABLENESS, i. the quality of being possible to be 
 moved. 
 
 MO'VEABLY, ad. so as it may be moved. 
 
 INIOA'ELESS, a. unmoved ; not lo he put out of its place. 
 
 M0'\ EMEjST, f. [jHoi(i?H««<, Fr.] the manner of mov- 
 ing ; motion; any thing which moves; generally applied to 
 the parts of a Hatch, or other machine. 
 
 MO'VENT, piDt. [tiiovrns, Lat.] in motion. 
 
 MOVENT,*, that which puts any thing into motion. 
 
 MO'VER, s. the person or thing tiiat gives motioa ; some- 
 thing in motion ; a proposer. , 
 
 MOVING, part, in motion. Figuratively, pathetic, or 
 causing pity and compassion. 
 
 MOVINGLY, ad. in such a manner as to cause pity and 
 compassion. 
 
 MOULD, (the on in this word and its following deriva- 
 tives is usually pronounced like o in cold ; as tnM, moldtr, 
 moldy, &c.) s. [moegel, Swed.] a kind of concretion ou the 
 top of such things as are damp, and without motion, at pre- 
 sent discovered by microscopes to he a perfect plant. Earth 
 in which any thing grows, from mold, Sax. Matter of which 
 any thing is made; the matrix in which any thing is castor 
 shaped, from molde. Span, mmik, Fr. Cast, form, or dispo- 
 silion. The suture of the ikull, wherein the several bones 
 meet. 
 
 To MOULD, r. n. to contract concreted matter ; to 
 gather mould. Actively, to cover with mould ; to corrupt 
 by mould. 
 
 To MOULD, V. n. to form ; to shape ; to model. 
 
 MO'ULDABLE, a. capable of being formed or shaped j 
 liable to be mouldy. 
 
 MO'ULDER,*. one that shapes or fashions. 
 
 To MO'ULDER, v. »i. [nwldc. Sax.] to be turned to dust ; 
 to waste awav. Actively, to turn to dust, or crumble. 
 
 MO'ULDl'NESS, s. the stale of being mouldy, or ecu., 
 tracting a whitish concretion on account of being in a dam? 
 place. 
 
 MOULDINGS, s. ornamental cavities cut in wood or 
 stone. In architecture, the jcttiiigs or projectures beyond 
 the level ofa wall, cVc. the assemblage of which forms cor- 
 nices, door-cases, and other decorations. 
 
 MO ULDY, n. covered with a kind of white down by 
 standing in a moist place. 
 
 To MOULT, {mult) V. u. [muyten, Belg.] to shed or cliaui^e 
 feathers, applied to birds. 
 
 MOULT.\N, a province of Hindoostan Proper, hounded 
 on the N. by Lahore, on the E. by Delhi and Agimere, on 
 tlieS. byGiizerat; and on tlieW. by Persia and Caudaliar. 
 Its products are cotton, wine, sugar, opium, galls, brimstone, 
 iVc. It is, or has been subject to the Seiks ; but its capital, 
 Moultan, has been garrisoned bv the king of Candahar,. 
 ever since 17T9. 
 
 MOULTAN, one of the most aidient cities of Hindoostan, 
 capital of the province of the same iia'ne. Thevenot 
 describes it as a city of small extent, having a Hindoo 
 temple of great celebrity. He describes the river that led 
 to Moultan as having been partly choked up in his time, 
 ( Kit).')) and that this had greatly lessened its trade. He also 
 takes. notice of a particular sect of Hindoos iu this citVt
 
 MOU 
 
 MOU 
 
 called Cattp ; a fiibe, wliicli ho elsewhere expUiitis to mean 
 liajjionts, or warriors ; th;i! is the KiiHri/ trihe, whicli Iletiiiel 
 supposes to l)c liie ('idhcri^iir Ciitlici, with whom Ah'Xiuider 
 warred on tiie banks of the Malh. Moultan is seated on one 
 of the branches of the Inihis, 200 miles S. \V. of Laiiore, 
 anil tsoo miles fioni the sea by ihe course ofllie river. Lat. 
 3y. :V2. N. Ion. 70. 40. 11. 
 
 MOULTON, SOUTH, a town of Devonshire, sealed on 
 tiie rivei- Moui, 12 miles S. K. of Barnstaple, and 179 W. by 
 S. of London. Here is a ri'gnlar market on .Saturday, 
 besides two eonsiderable ones, viz. Salurday before April 
 II), and Saturday before Mieliaeliiiasd«y. 15olh N. and S. 
 Moulton are considerably engaged in the manufactories 
 oi serges, siialoons, fells &c. 
 
 MOUND, *. [miiiDlinii, to defend. Sax.] a bank, rampart, 
 or other fence of earth. In heraldry, a globe with a cross 
 apon it ; from momte, Fr. 
 
 To MOUND, ti. a. to fortify or defend with a rampart 
 ot bank of earth. 
 
 MOUNT, [mont, Fr.] a mountain, or small hill; an 
 artificial hill in a garden ; the painted paper or leather glued 
 to the sticks of a fan. 
 
 To MOUNT, V. II. \mfrnter, Fr.] to ascend, or rise up- 
 wards ; to tower, or be built to a great height ; to get on 
 horseback. To come to, when adde<l together, from amount. 
 " See to what they mount." Pope. Actively, to raise in the 
 air; to lift or force upwards; to ascend or cliud) ; to place 
 on horseback; to ornament. Tv vwimt gutiiil, to do iluty, 
 to watch at any particular place. To mount canon, to set 
 a piece on its wooden frame. 
 
 MO'UNTAlN, s. [moHta^ne, Fr. from mons, Lat.] a part of 
 the earth rising to a considerable height above its surface. 
 Mounlains are divided info primitive and secondary the 
 former containing no organic remains and being supposed 
 the most antient. Mountains are useful, not only on account 
 of the mineral treasures they contain, but also the giving 
 origin to rivers. 
 
 MO'UNTAlN, a. built on a mountain ; growing or situ- 
 ated on mountains : belonging to a mountain. 
 
 MOUNTAlNI", F,R, «. one who lives on a mountain; a 
 •avage rustic or free hooter. 
 
 MO'UNTAINET, s. a hillock, or small mountain. John- 
 son recommends this word as elegant, though not in use. 
 
 MO'UNTAINOUS, a. hilly, or full of mountains. Figu- 
 ratively, large ; huge ; in bulk as big as a uioiiMtain. 
 
 MO'UNTAlNOUSNESS, s. the quality of being full of 
 mountains. 
 
 MO'UNTAIN-PA'RSLEY, s. a kind of spignel ; an um- 
 belliferous plant. 
 
 MO'UNT.\NT, a. [moHtant, Fr.| rising or swelling up- 
 wards. • 
 
 ..IMO'UNTEBANK, s. [tnontnie in lanco, Ital.] a person 
 who vends medicines in public places, and harangues the 
 mob from a bench or stage. Figuratively, any vain pre- 
 tender. 
 
 MO UNTER, J. one that mounts. 
 . MOUNTING, *. in mechanics, is something that serves 
 to raise or set oft" a work ; — thus the frame and ils depen- 
 dencies make the mounting of a looking glass; the hilt, the 
 Mowiting of a sword ; the tust, or bull, the iiiouutiiig- of a 
 carbine', musquet, i^c 
 
 MOUNT-SO'KREL, a town in Leicestershire, so named 
 from a high mount, or solid rock, adjoining to the town, 
 (of a dusky red, or sorrel-coloured stone, extremely hard) Mid 
 which had a castleon it in the reign of Henry HI. but which 
 the country people besieged and demolished. The town 
 is built of rough stones hewn out of this rock. It is seated 
 on the river Stour, or Soare, 8 miles N. of Leicester and 
 105 N. W. bv N. of London. Market on Monday. 
 MO'UNTY, t. [montee, Fr.] the ascent of a hawk. 
 To MOURN, (the diphthong on in this word and its deri- 
 vatives is pron. like the o in /whi, as mdi-ner, mornhig, &c.) 
 V. n. [munifln, Sax.] to grieve or be sorrowful; to wear the 
 
 dress of sorrow; to preserve an appearance of grief. Ac- 
 tively, or grieve for or lament. 
 
 MOURN 10, s. [mornr, Fr.] Ihe round end of a staff; the 
 part of a lance to which the steel part is fixed, or where it 
 IS taken off. 
 
 MOURNER, i. one (hat shews grief or sorrow; one that 
 follows a funeral in black. 
 
 MOURNFUL, <(. causing sorrow ; feeling sorrow ; hav- 
 ing the appi-arance of sorrow ; dismal or expressive of grief. 
 MOURNFULLY, ad. in a sorrowful manner. 
 MO'URNFULNESS, J. sorrow; the appearance of »or. 
 row. 
 
 MO'URNING, s. sorrow; grief; a dress worn by per- 
 sons when they have lost a relation, A.c. by death. !\liinm. 
 iJiff, among the antients, was expressed by very difterent 
 signs, as by tearing llieir clothes, wearing sackcloth, laying 
 aside crowns, and the ensigns of honour, <\ c. I'lie colours 
 of the mourning dress are diflerent in different cotuitriei. 
 In Europe, the ordinarv colour for luouiTu'ng is black ; ia 
 Ciiina, it is white; in Turkey, blue or violet; in i'lthi'-pia, 
 brown; in Eg\ pt, it is yellow; and kings and cardinals 
 mourn in purple. 
 MO'URNINGLY, ad. in a sorrowful manner. 
 MOURZOOK, the capital of Fezzan, in Africa, situated 
 cti a small river, and supiilied with water from a multitude 
 of springs and wells. Reijig formerly built of stone, it still 
 n'tains the appellation of a Christian town ; and the medley 
 whicli it presents to the eye oftke vast ruins of antient 
 buildings, ami Ihe humble cottages of earth and sand that 
 form the dwellings of its present Arab inhabitants, is 
 singularly grotestjue and strange. It is surrouiuled by a 
 high wall, which enables the government to collect, at'ifs 
 three gates, a tax on all goods (provisions excepted) that are 
 brought for the supply of its people. A caravan sets out 
 annually from Mesiirata to this place; and hence, the 
 Fezzanners themselves dispatch, every year, a caravan to 
 Cashiia, and another to Bornou. Mourzook is2fi2 miles S. 
 of Mesiirata, C50 N. W. of Bornou, and 710 N. by E. of 
 Cashiia. ^ Lat. 27. 20. N. Ion. 1.5. 5. E. 
 
 MOUSE, *•. plural mice; [mus. Sax. and Lat.] a little ani- 
 nial hauntintc houses and corn (ields. 
 
 ToMOUSI'",, (mouze) v. n. to catch mice; to be sly, insi- 
 dious, or upon the catch. 
 
 MO'USEEAR, s. a genus of plants, distinguished from 
 the spurrey by its cloven petals ; the English species are 
 seven. 
 MOUSEHOLR, s. a small hole. 
 MO'l1SI'".R, s. (mouzey) one that catches mice. 
 MO'USETAIL, s. a plant with a simple stem, narrow, 
 strap shaped root leaves, and greenish blossoms; found in 
 gravellv meadows. 
 MOTSIiTR.VP, J. a snareorgin in which mice are taken. 
 MOUTH, s. [mut/i, Sax.] in anatoniv, that part of llieAice 
 which consists of the lips, gums, and the inside of Ihe cheek, 
 at which the footi is received ; an opening, or that part of a 
 vessel by wliieli it is filled or emptied ; that part of a river 
 b\ which it is entered from the sea. In botany, the upper 
 part ofllie tube of blossoms, consisiiiig of a single pctaj, as 
 borrage, iioundslongiie, deadnettle, iVc. Figurativelv, a 
 s.peaker or orator. — To muhe months, is a distortitin of the 
 features ; a wry face made in contempt. Down in the mouth, 
 implies dejected. 
 
 ToMOUTH, (the M is pron. harder in this and the next 
 word than in the substantive) v. a. to utter with a voice af- 
 fectedly big, applied to speech. To chew or grind in the 
 mouth, applieci to eating. To seize in or with the mouth ; 
 to form by the mouth. 
 
 MO'UTHED, a. having a mouth; delivered with an af- 
 fected bigness of voice. In composition, /oh? moti</ierf, im- 
 plies using abusive language; meabi-vwHthed, bashful. 
 
 MO'UTHFUL, *. as much as the mouth can contain; any 
 small quantity. 
 MO UTHLESS, a. without a woulJi. 
 
 6Id
 
 MUF 
 
 MUL 
 
 MOW, (liie oil', ki tliis and tlic next word,' is proii. as in 
 y>i(;)s. A loft or cliaiiibeiwlieic hay or corn is laid up. Hay 
 ill moK-, propel ly si<,'ni(ifs hay laid in a house. Hav in ritcl:, 
 that whieli is lioaped to;;ctlie"r in a held. 
 
 To iMOW, I', a. to Ik ap together, or put in a mow. Ncii- 
 terly, to eiitlier :lie harvest. 
 
 To MOW, (mil) i: «. prefer, morved, parlici|>le passive 
 mown ; [mawan. Sax.] to cut with a bc\ the. l''iijurati\ely, lo 
 
 \.] lo 
 eil or 
 
 RIO'W Ell, {tuber) s. one who cuts with a scythe. 
 
 RIO'XA, s. an Judian mess, used in the cure of the gout, 
 by Imniiiin it on the part aggrieved. 
 
 MOVL'i:, .f. amule. 
 
 MUCH, u. [miif/in, Span.] large, applied to quantity; 
 long, applied to time ; many, applied toiuimber. 
 
 AiUCH, ail. in a great degree ; hy far; to a certain de- 
 groe. Often or long, applied lo lime. 
 
 MUCH, f. a great deal. Mullilude, applied to number; 
 abundance, applied to quantity. .Somelliing strange, un- 
 common, or deserving notice. "It is mm// that one," Ac. 
 Jiac. To «i«ie ?)»«•/((;/', signifies to treat \\illi great respect, 
 fondness, or tenderness. Muc/i iil ane, mcdm of equal va- 
 lue; of equal inlluence. 
 
 MU'CID, a. [from mucus, filth discharged from the nose, 
 Lat.l slimy, musty. 
 
 MU'CIDNKSS, -t. sliminessor mustincss. 
 
 MU'CILAGH, [Fr. from mums, tillh discharged from the 
 nose, Lat.] a slimv or viscous matter. 
 
 MUCILAGINOUS, «. \^muci'u!>ineu.r, Fr.jslimy ; viscous. 
 Mitcilafrinous glands, are <d two sorts ; some are small, and, 
 in u manner, miliary glands; the olher sort arc conglome- 
 rated, or many glandules collected and planted one upon 
 another. 
 
 MUCILA'GINOUSNESS, s. the quality of being slimy 
 or viscous. 
 
 MUCITES, s. in chymistry, salts fcwmed by tlie combi- 
 nation of any base with the mucous acid. 
 
 MUCK, s. \tneux. Sax. J tlung usod for improving lands; 
 sny thing mean or base. As net as luucli, or to be viuvU-uet, 
 'niphes being wet with water or rain. To run a much, to 
 iltack all in the way. 
 
 To MUCK, )'. a. to dung; to maii'ire with nnick. 
 
 MU'CKENDEU, s. \mo'carlc,-i,, S|)uii.] a handkerchief. 
 
 MU'CKINESS,*. Hastiness, fillh. 
 
 MUCKSWEAT, (ihwcAjh-, () s. a profuse sweat. 
 
 MUCKWORM, s. a worm that lives in dung; a miser; 
 I curmu-dgeon. 
 
 MU'CKY,«. nasty or filthy. 
 
 MUCOUS, a. [from mucus, filth discharged from the nose, 
 l,at.] slimy or viscous. 
 
 MU'COUSNESS, s. the quality of being slimy or viscous. 
 
 MU;CRO, i.[Eal.]a point. 
 
 MU'CRONATED, «. [from Maicjo, a dagger,'Lat.] pointed. 
 
 MUCU.S, s. [Laf.j a mucilaginous liquor, separated by 
 'Iiemucoiis glands and the nostrils; it is likewise used for 
 siny other slimy liquor or moisture. 
 
 MUD, f. ]mud, Brit.] the slime, or moist earth at tlie 
 Dottoni of water; the dust or dirt of roads made wet with 
 rain or wafer. 
 
 ToMUD,w. rt. to bury in slime or mud ; to make the 
 wafcrfiml by disturbing the mud ; t(iila->li ordaub with mud. 
 
 MU'UDILY, ad. with foulness, or disturbed mud and 
 sediment. 
 
 MU'DDINESS, s. foulness caused by mud ; dregs or se- 
 diment. 
 
 ToMU'DDLI'-, f. a. to make muddy or foul ; to make 
 luilf drunk ; to cloud or slupify. 
 
 MU'1)IJV,«. soiled or daubed with mud ; dark; cloudy, 
 or drunk. 
 
 To MUDDY, ». a. to make muddy : to cloud, to disturb. 
 
 MU'DSUCKI"-U, «. a sea-fowl, with two toes joined ; so 
 called from its manner of life. 
 
 MUDWAIJ>, t. a wall built without mortar, by throwing 
 np mud, and suffering it to dry. 
 
 MU'DWEED, J. a plant common in places liable lo b« 
 flooded ; called also bastard plantain. 
 
 ToMUE, r. a. fwftc/-, Fr.] to moult or change the fe.\- 
 thcrs. 
 
 MUFF, i. [7iiuff, Swed.] a covering of hair or feathers, 
 to keen the hands warm in winter. 
 
 MLTFETE'E, s. [diminutive cf »ii;/fj a kind of short 
 muH" worn upon the wrist to keep that part of the shirt 
 clean. 
 
 MUTFIV, ,t. a kind of light cake, made of the best flour, 
 mixed with milk, iVc. 
 
 MUFFLE, .y. a semi-cylindrical utensil, resembling the 
 lilt of a boat, made of baked clay ; its use is that of a cover 
 to cupels in the assay furnace to prevent the charcoal from 
 falling upon the metal, or whatever is the subject of ex- 
 periment. 
 
 To MUFFLE, II. rt. [muffler, Fr.] to cover from the wea- 
 Iher; to blindfold ; to fasten up the mouth of a dog with 
 leathern thongs, to prevent his biting; to hide, conceal, or 
 inv(rlvc. 
 
 To MUFFLE, r. )i. [tnuffelen, Belg.] to speak inwardly; 
 to speak inarliculately. , 
 
 MUFFLER, ■«• a cover for the face; a cover made of 
 thongs, put over a dog's mouth to prevent his biting. 
 
 M UTTI, f. [Turk.] the high-priest of the Mahometan re- 
 ligion. 
 
 !\IUG, s. a vessel to drink in. 
 
 MUGCJLETO'NIAN, s. a professor of the principles of 
 Lndowic Muggleton, a journeyman tailor, who lived about 
 Ifi.57, and, wilh his associate Reeves, set up fur great pro- 
 phets, pretending to an absolute power of saving and damn- 
 ing whom they pleased; asserting that they were the two 
 last witnesses of God which should appear IJefore the end of 
 the world. 
 
 MUfjGY, «. moist ; dampish ; mouldy ; gloomy. 
 
 MU'GlENT, /)rt)•^[wl"g•i>«^, from m"g-i», to bellow, Laf.^ 
 bellowing. 
 
 MU'GWORT, i. a plant which grows naturally on banks 
 and llie sides of foot-paths, in most parts of England. 11»e 
 dried herb is used in medicine in certain nervous cases. The 
 common wormwood. 
 
 MULA'TTO, i. [Span.] a name given, in the Indies, to 
 those who are begotten by a negro man on an Indian wo- 
 man ; or an Indian man on a negro woman. '■ 
 
 MULBERRY-TREi:, s. [morberir,; Sax.] a free bearipg 
 a fruit formed somewhat like a pine apple, and affording a 
 delicious juice. 
 
 MULCT, s. [mulcia, Lat.| a fine, or sum of money, which 
 a person is sentenced lo pay. 
 
 To MULCT, V. a. \muh'i(i, Lat.] lo sentence a person to 
 pay or forfeit a sum ot money. 
 
 ^lULl', »•. [luida, Lat.] an animal generated by an ass and 
 a mare, or by a horse ar.d a she-ass. 
 
 MULETE'ER, s.[7unlriier, Fr.] one that drives mules. 
 
 MU'LIIAUSEN, an imperial city of Germanj, in Thu- 
 ringia, uniler the proteclimiof the elector of Saxony ; seated 
 in a fertile countrv, on the river Unstrulhl, 1.5 miles N. E. 
 of Eisenach, and 45 E. by S. of Cassel. Lat. 61 . 13. N. Ion. 
 lit. -I!). E. 
 
 MULHAU'SEN, a consiilerabletown of Alsace, in Ge*- 
 many. It is ihe capital of a republic which is in alliance 
 wilh ihc Swiss, and is 15 miles N. W. of Basle. Lat. 47. 
 48. N. Ion. 7. ■->!. E. 
 
 MULIE'BRITY, s. [from mulier, a woman, Lat.] woman- 
 hood ; Ihe condilion 111 a woman. 
 
 MULIER, s. [Lai.] in law, a person begotten before, 
 but born after marriage, and reckoned lawful or le> 
 gifimate. 
 
 MULL, one of the western Islands of Scotland, abonl 
 35 miles in length, and, in some places, of an ecjual brcadtli. 
 Tlicre are many good natural harbours ; but there is only 
 one village, which is called Tobermorey. The soil is un- 
 favourable for corn, being, for the most part, rocky and
 
 MUL 
 
 Darren. The mountains, however, abound witli springs, 
 and arc covered with cattle, of which a great nuinbi-r are 
 annually exported. These, with fish, and a considerable 
 quantity of kelp, are the only articles of commerce. 
 
 To MULL, V. a. [from mollio, Lat.] to soften or dispirit, 
 as wine is when heated or sweetened. " MuU'il, deaf, 
 sleepy," <S.c. SItak. To warm any liquor, but especially 
 wine, <fcc. 
 
 IVIU'LLAU, s. \nwiilcur, Fr.] a stone flat at the bottom, 
 and roundish at the fop, with which any powder is ground 
 on a marble; at present, imt>roperly called a mullet. An 
 instrument used by glass grinders. 
 
 MU'LLI'^IN, «. there are four species of Ibis plant na- 
 tive in England; the great, hoary, black, and yellow moth 
 mullein. 
 
 MU'LLET, .?. \miih-t, Fr. I a sea-fish. In heraldry, a 
 bearing in form of a flat-rowel spur, having five points. 
 
 MlJLLl'NGAR, the county-town of Wcsluualli, in Lein- 
 ster. It holds a great wool-mait, is a place of good trade, 
 and is seated on the river Foyle, 33 miles VV. of Dublin. 
 Lat. 53. 30. N. Ion. 7. .')0. \V. 
 
 MU'LLYt;RUBS,orMU'LLGRUBS,^.a twisting of the 
 guts ; a low word. 
 
 MULSF,, s. [mulsm, to make mild, Lat.] a liquor made of 
 wine, or water and honey boiled together. 
 
 MULT, a syllable useid in composition, contracted from 
 miiltiis, Lat. much. 
 
 ISIULTA'iNfiULAR, a. [from muTt}is,nyAny, and anguhis, 
 a corner, Lat.l having many angles or corners. 
 
 MULTA'NGULARLY, nrf. with nianv corners or angles. 
 
 MULTANGULAllNE.S.S,j. the quality of having many 
 angles or corners. 
 
 MULTICATSULAR, a. [from multus, many, and capsula, 
 a cell, Laf.J having many capsules or cells. 
 
 MULTICA'\'0US, «. [from ■multus, many, and cavus, hol- 
 low, Lat.] full of holes. 
 
 MULTIFA'RIOUS, a. [from muhifm-ivs, low Lat.J vari- 
 ous ; complicate; having great diversitv in itself. 
 
 MULTIFARIOUSLY, ad. in a complicate maimer. 
 
 MULTIFARIOUSNESS, s. multiplied diversity, or va- 
 rietv. 
 
 MULTIFID, or MULTITIDOUS, a. [mnltifidus, from 
 multut, many, and fitido, to split.] having many partitions ; 
 divided into many branches. 
 
 MU'LTIFORM, a. [from midtus, nuich, and forma, a shape, 
 Lat.] having various shapes, forms, or appearances. 
 
 MULTILATERAL, a. [from multus, many, and latus, a 
 side, Lat.] having many sides. 
 
 MULTINOMIAL, or MULTINO'MINAL, a. [from 
 multus, niauy, and notnen, a name, Lat.] having many 
 names. 
 
 MULTIT.'^ROUS, «. [from multus, many, and pai-io, to 
 bring forth, Lat.] bringing many at a hirlh. 
 
 MULTIPA'RTITK, a. [froni multus, many, and pffitto, to 
 divide, Lat.] divided into many parts. 
 
 MU'LTIPEDR, .V. [from multus, many, and pes, a foot, 
 L<at.jan insect with many feet ; a sow, or woodlouse. 
 
 MU LTIPLE, or MULTIPLEX, a. [Lat.] manifold. In 
 arithmetic, applied to a number which contains another se- 
 veral times; thus six is the multiple of two containing it 
 three times. 
 
 MULTIPLI'ABLE, a. [multipliablc, Fr.] capable of being 
 Dudtiplied. 
 
 MULTIPLI'ABLENESS,*. the quality of being capable 
 of being multiplied. 
 
 MULTI PLICA BLE, «. [from multiplkn, to multiply, 
 Lat.] in arithmetic, capable of being multiplied. 
 
 MULTIPLICAND, J. [multipUcandus, from mnltiplico, to 
 multiply, Lat.l the number gifen to be multiplied. 
 
 MULTl'PLICATE, n. \multiplicatus, from multiplico, to 
 multiplv, Lat.] multiplied; ctmsisting of more than one. 
 
 MULTIPLICATION, t. [multiplicatio, from multiplico, 
 to multiply, Lat.] the act of nicreasing any number by ad- 
 ding more of the same kuid. In arithmetic, the increasing 
 
 MUN 
 
 any one number by another, as often as there are units ia 
 the number by which it is increased. 
 
 MULTIPLICATCR, >. [from multiplico to multiply 
 Lat.] the number given to midtiply auotlier by. 
 
 MULTIPLI'CIOU.S, s. [from multiplex, Lat] manifold. 
 " Multipliciiius, or many." Broun. 
 
 MULTlPLrClTV', s. [multipliciti, Fr. from multiplex, ma- 
 nifold, Lat.] more than one of the same kind ; state of being 
 nianv. 
 
 To MU'l.TIPLY, V. a. [multier, Fr. from mnltiplico, Lat.j 
 to incrt'ase in nund)erl)y tlie addition or production of more 
 of the same kind ; to work a sum in multiplication. Neu- 
 tcrlv, to propagate or increase in tuunber. 
 
 MULTIPOTENT, n. [from mallui, many, and pnten», 
 powerful, Lat.] having a manifold power, or power to per- 
 form many did'ereni things. •' 
 
 MULTIPRE'SENCE, i. [from multut, mnch, TmA praxen- 
 tia, presence, Lat.] the power or act of being in several 
 places at one and the same time. 
 
 MULTI'SCIOUS, a. [i'roin, multus, many, and scio, to 
 know, Lat.] having a variety of knowledge. 
 
 MULTISI'LIQUOUS, n. [from multus, many, and sol-iqua, 
 a pod, Lat.] having many pods. In botany, applied to such 
 plants as have, after each flower, many distinct pods, or 
 seed-vessels. 
 
 MULTI'SONOUS, a. [from multus, many, and somts, a 
 sound, Lat.l having many sounds. 
 
 MULTITUDE, s.\tnultitud<), from multus, many, Lat.] a 
 great number; a crowd or throng of several persons assem- 
 bled together ; the vulgar. 
 
 MULTITU'DINOU.S, «. having the appearance of a 
 great number or multitude; manifold. 
 
 MULTIVA'GANT, or MULTIVA'GOUS, a. [from muU 
 ivs, much, and vagor, to wander, Lat.] that wanders or stays 
 much abroad. 
 
 MULTI'VIOUS, IT. [from multus, many, and via, a way, 
 Lat.] having many ways. 
 
 MULTOCULAR, a. [from multus, many, and oculus, the 
 eye, Lat.] having many eyes. 
 
 MUM, iuterj. (when pronounced, it leaves the lips closed, 
 and nuiy, on account of that circumstance, be used to com- 
 mand silence) silence ! hush ! 
 
 MUM, s. [mvmtue,'Teut.] a strong pleasant liquor, brewed 
 at Brunswick, from wheat, oats, and "round beans. 
 
 To MUMBLE, V. n. [mompelen, Belg.] to speak inwardly ; 
 to mutter; to chew in an awkward manner, for want of 
 teeth; to bite softly ; toeat with the lips closed. Actively, 
 to mutter with a low, indistinct voice. 
 
 MLT'MBLER, «. one that chews awkwardly for want of 
 teeth; one that grumbles or mutters. 
 
 MU'MBLINGLY^, nd. in an inarticulate or muttering 
 manner. 
 
 To MUMM, V. a. [from mumme, Dan.] to mask ; to frolic 
 or play tricks in masquerade. 
 
 MU'MMER, s. a masker; one who performs tricks in 
 mas<pierade. 
 
 MUMMERY, J. [mo»4en'«, Fr.] masquerade; frolic at a 
 masquerade ; foolery ; mimicry. 
 
 MU'MMY, s.fmumie, Fr.] a dead body embalmed, and 
 preserved after the Egyptian manner. In medicine, the 
 fiesli of a body that has been cudialmed, or the liquor running 
 from cnibaluicd bodies when newly prepared. Ai'iong 
 gardeners, a sort of wax used in the planting and grafting 
 of trees. To beat to mummy, is to beat so as the flesh shail 
 appear mnch bruised. 
 
 To MUMP, )i. a. [mompelen, Belg ] to nibble, bite quick, 
 or to chew with a continued motion ; to talk low and quick. 
 To go a begging, in cant language. 
 
 MU'MPP.R,*. a cant word ; a beggar. 
 
 MUMPS, «. [mompelen, Belg.] sullenness ; silent anger, or 
 discontent. In medicine, the squinancy. 
 
 ToMUNCH, v. a. [manger, Fr.] to chew by great mouth- 
 fuls. Neuterly, to chew ravenously. 
 
 617
 
 MUN 
 
 MUNCHER, *. one tliateats ereedily. 
 
 MUND, ill proper names, is derived Irom rmmdt. Sax. 
 peace ; tlius mnndbrech, is what lawyers make use of for a 
 breach of tli€ peace. Eadinund, now written Edmund, 
 sio;nifie.s happy peace ; from ead, Sax. happy, and mundt. 
 Sax. peace. 
 
 RIU'NDANE, a. [from mundut, the world, Lat.] belong- 
 ing to the world. 
 
 RIU'NDATORY, a. [from mundut, clean, Lat.] having the 
 power to cleanse. 
 
 MU'NDIC, s. a kind of niarcasite found in tin mines, and 
 so named in Cornwall. 
 
 MUNDIFICATION, t. [from miauliu, clean, and/acjo. to 
 make, Lat.J the act of cleansinfj any body from dross. 
 
 MUNDIFICATIVE, a. having the power to cleanse. 
 
 To MU'NDIFY, v. a. to cleanse, purify, or make clean. 
 
 RIUNDIVA'GANT, a. [from mundm, the world, and 
 vagor, to wander, Lat.J wanderiug through the world. 
 
 MUNDU'NGUS, *. stinking tobacco. A cant word. 
 
 To MU'NERATE, v. a. [from m«»i«*, a gift, Lat.] to re- 
 ward. 
 
 MUNERATION, s. a reward. 
 
 MU'NGREL, a. generated between animals of different 
 species; base born ; degenerate. See Mongrel. 
 
 MUNICH, (3/«)i?7;) one of the most pleasant and hand- 
 some cities in Germany, capitalof the kingdom of Bavaria, 
 and containing about 40,000 inhabitants. The houses are 
 high, and the streets large and spacious, with canals in many 
 of them. The palace of the late electors of Bavaria is a 
 stupendous structure, magnificently adorned. The cabinet 
 of curiosities, in which are 200 marble statues and busts of 
 Roman emperors, and some other antiques, mostly brought 
 from Italy, the museum, the library, and the ducal gardens, 
 attract the attention of travellers. The cathedral contains 
 25 chapels, and 30 altars ; but the two steeples, and the 
 tomb of one of the emperors, of black marble, adorned with 
 statues of bronze, are the most remarkable things belong- 
 ing to it. There are many other fine buildings, both eccle- 
 siastical and civil, in tiiis city, and the streets are straight 
 and broad. The market-place is very beautiful; and here 
 are manufactures of silk, velvet, woollen-cloth, and tapes- 
 trv. It is seated on the river Iser, 15 miles S. E. of Augs- 
 burg, and 62 S. S. W. of Ratisbon. Lat. 48. 7i N. Ion. II. 
 07. E. 
 
 MUNICIPAL, a. [from munus,a gift or right, and capio, 
 to take, Lat.J in the Roman civil law, is an epithet which 
 signifies invested with trie rights and privileges of Roman 
 citizens. Tluis ihe mimiW/yi// cities were those whose inha- 
 bitants were capable of enjoying civil offices in the city of 
 Rome. Among us, it is applied to the laws that obtain in 
 any city or province. And those are called jnmuW/ja/ otii- 
 cers, wlio are elected 1o defend the interests of cilies, to 
 maintain their rights and privileges, aud to preserve order 
 and harmony among the citizens. 
 
 MUNIFICENCE, s. [from jhuhiw, a gift, and /aria, to 
 make, Lat.] the act of givmg money and presents, or doing 
 acts of lil»prality. 
 
 MUNIFICENT, a. [from jnimiw, a gift, and /«c!o, to make, 
 Lat.J liberal ; generous. 
 
 MUNIllCENTLY, <id. liberally. 
 
 MUNIMENT, s. [from munio, to fortify, Lat.] a fortifica- 
 tion or strong hold, support or defence. 
 
 To MUNI TE, «). n. [m«rtio, Lat.] to fortify ; to strength- 
 en ; to defend. 
 
 MUNITION, s. [from munio, to fortify, Lat.] a fortifica- 
 tion, or strong hold; ammunition, or stores for carrying on 
 a war. 
 
 MU'-NNION, «. the upright post that divides the several 
 lights in a window frame. 
 
 MU'NSTER, a sovereign bishopric in Westphalia, 120 
 
 miles in length and 80 in breadth. The country is level and 
 
 fruitful, aiKlhas tine woods, lurf, i';:c. The principal rivers 
 
 ,arc the Eras, the Lippe, the Vecht.and the Berkel. It lies 
 
 «ib 
 
 MUS 
 
 E. of the Dutch States, and the counly of Bent beim, and 8, 
 of E. Friesland and Oldenburgh. 
 
 MU'NSTER, a large, rich, populous, and famous city of 
 Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, capital of the bishop- 
 ric of the same name, and of all Westphalia. The cathe- 
 dral is a stately fabric, and the houses, in general, are of 
 freestone, and well-built. It is seated on the river Aa, 70 
 miles N. by E. of Cologne, 77 S. by W. of Bremen, and 77 
 N. W. of Cassel. 
 
 MU'NSTER, one of the four provinces of Ireland; 
 bounded on theN. and N. E. by Leinster and Conuaught, 
 and on all other sides by the ocean. It is aoout 135 miles in 
 length and 120 in breadth. The chief rivers are the Suier, 
 the Audlurte, the Lee, the Bande, the Leane, and the Ca- 
 shon. There are a great many bays and harbours, and 
 many rich towns, and the air is mild and temperate. Some 
 places are mountainous, but the valleys are embellished with 
 corn-fields. The most general commodities are corn, cattle, 
 wood, wool, and fish. It contains the counties of Clare, 
 Tipperary, Waterford, Cork, Limerick, and Kerry. 
 
 MU'RAGE, 5. [from rnKjiw, a wall, Lat.] money paid for 
 keeping walls in repair. 
 
 MU'RAL, a. [from ?nuriis, a \vall, Lat.] belonging to a wall. 
 Mural crown, was an honorary reward given by the antient 
 Romans to the soldiers who first scaled the walls of aR 
 enemy's city. 
 
 MO'RCIA, a province, formerly a kingdom of Spain, on 
 the coast of the Mediterranean. It is about 62 miles in 
 length, and 58 in breadth. Its principal river is Segura. 
 The soil is dry, because it seldom rains here, and therefore 
 produces little corn or wine ; but there is plenty of oran- 
 ges, citi'ons, lemons, olives, almonds, mulberries, rice, pulse, 
 and sugar. It has also a great deal of silk. The air is very 
 healthful, and the principal town is of the same name. 
 
 MU'RCIA, a large, handsome, and populous city of Spain, 
 capital of a province of the same name. It has a superb 
 cathedral, the stairs of whose steeple are so contrived, that 
 a man may ride up to the top either on horseback or in a 
 coach. It is sealed in a plain, which abounds in tine gar- 
 dens about the city, in which are the best fruits in Spain. 
 It is seated on the river Sei;ura, 27 miles N. of Carthageiia, 
 and 212 S. E. of Madrid. Lat. 38. 2. N. Ion. 0. 36. W. 
 
 MU'RDER, «. [mort/ior, or mort/ier. Sax.] the act of wil- 
 fully and feloniously killing a person upon malice or fore- 
 thought. 
 
 'Jo MU'RDER, v. a. to kill a man wilfully, feloniously, 
 and of malice forethought ; to destroy or put'an end to» 
 
 MU liDER, inierj. an outcry when life is in danger. 
 
 MURDERER, k one who murders. 
 
 ftlU'RDERESS, s. a woman who commits murder. 
 
 MU'RDEROUS, a, guilty of murder; cruel; bloody; 
 addicted to shedding blood. 
 
 ToMURI''-, 1-. a. [from mur, Fr. or mnrus, a wall, Lat.] to 
 build a wall ; to inclose w itliin or by walls. 
 
 MURIATES, i. in cheniisti-y, salts formed by the combi- 
 nation of any base with muriatic acid. 
 
 MUIIIATIC, a. belonging to sea salt or to brine from 
 miiria, Lat. brine or pickle. 
 
 MU'llKV, a. darkish ; obscure; cloudy. 
 
 M U RM U R, s. \innrmi(r, Lat.] a low rough noise ; a com- 
 plaint not openly ex|)ressed. 
 
 To MURMUR, s. [from mnriiwr, a murmur, Lat.] to 
 make a l<iw, rough souiiil ; to grumble, or utter discontent. 
 
 MUKMURER, *. one who repiives, grumbles, or ex- 
 presses discontent by muttering, or by some indirect 
 manner. 
 
 MU lir.AIN, s. the plague in cattle. 
 
 MU'RRAVSlIIRi..,orELGiN.siiiKF.,acountyofScotland, 
 liouuded on the N. by the Frith of Murray, on the E. by 
 Bamrt'shire, on the S. by a i>oint of Al)erdeenshirc, and by 
 luvernessshire, and on the VV. by that county and Nainv 
 shire. It extends from S. W. to N. E. about .50 miles, and 
 along the coast about 20. Some parts of it are hilly ; but 
 its soil, for the greatest part, is rich, and produces wircat.
 
 MUS 
 
 y, oafs, and flnx. The principal rivcr»>re tne Spey, 
 
 ^ndhcrn, Lossie, and Nairn, all which abound in salmon. 
 The ci)iiiity-t()wn is Elgin. 
 
 MU'SCADEL, or MUSCADINE, *. \muscadel, Fr.J a 
 kind of sweet grape, sweet wine, and sweet pear. 
 
 MUSCLE, {mussle).<!. [from initsculiis, Lat.] a fleshy, fibrous^ 
 part of llie body of an animal, the organ or instrument of 
 motion. A bivalve shell (isli. 
 
 MUSCO'SITY, .f. [from »)i".vfi«f, moss, Lat. 1 mossiness. 
 
 MU'SCULAR, «. [from musctiliis, a muscle, Lat.] belonging 
 to the muscles ; performed by the muscles. 
 
 MUSCULARITY, s. the mialily which shews that a 
 tiling is of the n;iture of a muscle. 
 
 MU'SCULOUS, ff. [from imtscuhis, a muscle, Lat.J full of 
 nc.uscles; having; large and swelling muscles; brawny; 
 belonging to, or partaking of the nature of, a muscle. 
 
 MUSE, (miize) s. deep thought or study ; a close and 
 intense application of the uiiiiil lo any object. "With ad- 
 miration and deep mnse." Milt. A deity, supposed by the 
 heathens to preside over works of genius, and to aid the 
 writer in any particular branch of science, when addressed 
 to ; from 7)iiisa, Lat. The 3/itse.i were certain fabulous 
 divinities among the pagans, supposed to preside over the 
 arts and sciences. Some reckon no more than three of 
 them, viz. Mnemo, Aiede, and Melefe ; i. e. memory, sing- 
 ing, and meditation : but Homer and Hesiod reckon nine, 
 viz. Clio, which means glory ; Kuterpe, pleasing ; Thalia, 
 flourishing; Melpomene, attracting ; Terpsichore, rejoicing 
 the heart; Erato, the amiable; Polyhymnia, a multitude 
 of songs ; L'rania, the heavenly; and Calliope, sweetness 
 of voice. To Clio they attribute the invention of history ; 
 to Melpomene, tragedy ; to Thalia, comedy ; to Euterpe, 
 tlie use of the flute; to Terpsichore, the harp ; to Erato, 
 the lyre and lute ; to Calliope, heroic verse ; to Urania, 
 astrology ; and to Polyhymnia, rhetoric. 
 
 To MUSE, (m7i;rf) 11. ?i." [from Miisa; the Muses, Lat.J to 
 apply (he mind with intenseness to any subject ; to study 
 or revolve in the mind ; to be absent of mind ; to wonder. 
 
 MUsEFUL, {inu:ef'uT)tt. full of thought. 
 
 MU'SER, {muzer) s. a plodding person ; or one that thinks 
 intensely. 
 
 MU'SETTE, (iniizettc) s. [Ital. a diminutive, from musa, 
 Lat. a son".] a short air or song. 
 
 MUSE'UM, {maziiim) s. [from Miisa; the Muses, Lat.] a 
 name which originallji signified apart of the palace of .Alex- 
 andria, which took up at least one-fourth of that city. This 
 quarter was called the Museum, from its being set apart for 
 the Muses and the study of the sciences. Here wer^ lodged 
 and entertained the men of learning, who were divided into 
 many companies or colleges, according to the sciences of 
 which they were professors ; and to each of these houses or 
 colleges was allowed a handsome revenue. The foundation 
 of this establishment is attributed to Ptolemy Philadelphus, 
 who here placed his library. Hence the word Museum is 
 now applied to any place set apart as a repository for things 
 that have an immediate relation to the arts. The Museum at 
 Oxford, called Ashmolean Museum, is a noble pile of build- 
 ing erected for that purpose. And the Museuyn of the late 
 Sir Hans Sloane contains a noble and valuable collection of 
 the productjons of nature and art, and has been purchased 
 by the public for the b.enetit of the nation. 
 
 MUSHROOM, s. [muscheron, Fr.J in botany, the cham- 
 pignon. Botanists have enumerated 68 British species. 
 Figuratively, an upstart ; a person that rises to grandeur 
 ♦rom a mean and poor birth. 
 
 MUSH ROOVi STONE, s. a kind of fossil. 
 
 MUSIC, {muzicJi) s. [from Mmtsa, the Muse, Gr.] one of 
 the liberal sciences, belonging to the mathematics, which 
 considers the number, time, and tune of sounds, in order to 
 make delightful harmony : the art of singing, and playing 
 upon all sorts of musical instruments. 
 
 MU'SICAL, (mnzieal) a. [I'r. from Mousa, the Muse, Gr.] 
 harmonious ; belonging to nmsic. 
 
 619. 
 
 Mur 
 
 MU'SICALLY,(miiitAaWi/)arf. harmoniously; with sweet 
 sound. 
 
 MU'SICALNKSS, {muzikalneu) the quality of sounding 
 sweetly, harmoniously, or melodiously. 
 
 MUSl'CIAN, {muzUliian) s. \^musieieti, Fr.] one skilled in 
 harmony, or who plays on musical instruments. 
 
 MUSK, s. [muse, i'V.J a dry, light, and friable substance, 
 of a dark, blackish colour, tinged with purple ; it is a per- 
 fume of a very strong scent, and only agreeable when in a 
 very small quantity, or moderated by the mixture of some 
 other perfume. It is found in a kind of bag or tumor, which 
 grows under the bellies of a tribe of animals which are 
 called musk anin\als or .musks. They bear some resem- 
 blance to the antelopes, kut have no horns. 'Jhey are 
 gentle but extremely timid. Some of them are as large as 
 a small deer, and others do not exceed the size of a rabbit. 
 Also the grape hyacinth, or grape flower, from muscu, Lat. 
 
 MU'SKCAT, s. the animal from which musk is got. 
 
 MUSKET, s. l^ntousqvet., Fr.J a fire-arm borne on the 
 shoidder, used in war, and, before (the invention of fire- 
 locks, fired by the application of a lighted match; at pre 
 sent the word is promiscuously used for a firelock or fusee. 
 A male hawk of a small kind, from musquelto, Ital. a small 
 hawk. 
 
 MUSKETF/ER, s. a soldier who carries a musket. 
 
 MUSKETO'ON, s. [mnsi/ueton, Fr.J a fire-arm, shorter 
 and thicker than a firelock ; a blunderbuss. 
 
 MU'SKINESS, s. the quality orscent of musk. 
 
 MUSKME'LON, s. a fragrant melon. 
 
 MU'SKY, a. fragrant ; sweet scented. 
 
 MUSLIN, {muzlin) s. [mousscHue, Fr.J a fine cloth msde 
 of cotton, and imported from India, Ac. 
 
 MU'SLIN, {miizlin) a. made of muslin. 
 
 MU'SROL, s. {muserole, l''r.J the nose-band of a horse's 
 bridle. 
 
 MUSSEL, s. in natural history, a fish with two shells, of 
 a dirtv bluish colour. 
 
 MUSSULMAN, s. [Arab.] a word used by the Maho. 
 metans to signify a true believer. 
 
 MUST, ifci !»(/)c)/. [m;M««, Belg.] obliged. It is of all 
 persons and tenses, used of persons and things, and i)laced 
 before a verb. 
 
 MUST, s.Unustum, Lat.J new wine, new wort. 
 
 To MUST, t?. «. [mu-s, stinking, Brit.] to give an ill scent 
 or stink to a thing, generally applied to casks. To make 
 mouldy. Neuterlv, to contract an ill scent, applies to ves- 
 sels that are not in use ; to grow mouldy. 
 
 MUSTA'CHES, s. [mustaches, Fr.] whiskers or hair grow- 
 ing on the upper lip. 
 
 MU'STARD, s. [/«K*(rt!(7,Brit.]a plant producing a smali 
 and warm seed ; sauce made of the flower of mustard-seed 
 mixed with water, cVc. 
 
 To WU'STF.K, t'. a. [mouslerm, Relj.] to review an army ; 
 to collect or bring together. Neuterly, to assemble, in or- 
 der to form an army. 
 
 MU'STER, s. a review of an array ; a register of forces 
 mustered ; a collection. " A muster of peacocks." To past 
 muster, signifies to be allowed. This word is used in com- 
 position. 
 
 MU'STERBOOK, s. a book in which the names of the 
 soldiers are registered. 
 
 MU'.STER1MASTER, s. one whosuperintends the muster, 
 to prevent frauds. 
 
 MU'STERROLL, s. a register of forces. 
 
 M U'STILY, ad. with an ill scent. 
 
 MU'STINESS, s. darapfoulness ; a bad scent. 
 
 MU'STY, a. mouldy; spoiled with dampness ; ill scent- 
 ed ; stale, spoiled with age. Figuratively, dull ; heavy , 
 wanting activity or experience. 
 
 MUTABILITY, s. [from muto, to change, Lat.] the 
 quality of not continuing long in the same state. Incon 
 stancy or ficklness. 
 
 MU TABLE, o. [from mtrfo, to change, Lat.] changeable 
 inconstant, fickle or unsettled;
 
 MY ft 
 
 MUTABLENESS, s. the qualify of clianging «oon or 
 orien. 
 
 MUTATION,*, [from »ju<u, tocliaiige, Lat.j the act of 
 cliaii^iiis; or ultcriiig. 
 
 MUTCHKIN, t. » liquid measure used in Scotland, con- 
 taiiiin;; four gills, and is the fourth part of a Scotch pint. 
 
 M U'l'E, II. [iHuliis, Lat.] siknt ; dunib ; unable to say any 
 thing. Synon. By Jinrte, is understood incapability of 
 speech ; by sitciit, a voliuitarj forbearance. 
 
 MUTE, s. one that cannot speak. In grammar, a letter 
 which caruiot be pronounced when by itself, when before a 
 liquid, or without a vowel. B, C, D, F, G, J, K, P, Q, T, V, 
 are nnjie* in the English alphabet. 
 
 MUTELY, ml. in a silent manner; without speech. 
 
 i"o MU'TILA'l'E, !>. II. [from niiiti/iis, broken, Lat.] to 
 deprive of some esseulial part or limb. 
 
 MUTILATION, s. [Tr. from niuiil,is, broken, Lat.J the 
 loss of any essential part or lind). 
 
 MU'TINE'ER, s. a person who causes or joins in sedi- 
 tion. 
 
 MUTINOUS, n. [miUinc, Fr.] seditious; turbulent; 
 resist iuR lawful authority. 
 
 MU'TINOUSLY, ml. in a seditious nuuuier. 
 
 MU'TINOUSNESS, s. the quality of causing sedition, or 
 disobeying lawful authority. 
 
 To MUT'INY, ». ?/. [wH/i.'if)-, Fr.] to rise against or re- 
 sist persons in authority ; to move sedition. 
 
 i\!U'TlNV,». tile act of resisting lawful authority; se- 
 dition. 
 
 To MUTrEll, !'. ji. [from )«»//", Lat.] to grumble ; to 
 nuirmur. Actively, to utter discontent in an imperfect 
 manner. 
 
 M U "ITER, i. a nuirnun-; or the act of expressing dis- 
 coiiteut in a low ami almost inarticulate voice. 
 
 M U'TFEllEK, *■. one that utters discontent in a low and 
 almost inarticulate voice. 
 
 MU"lTElUN(jliY, ad. expressing discontent witli a low 
 aiul inarticulate voice. 
 
 MU'TI'ON, i. |wiwu/oH, Fr.J the llesli of slieep. In ludi- 
 crous language, a sheep. 
 
 MUTUAL, a. \mmw.s, Lat.] reciprocal; acting so as to 
 perform the same action by turns. 
 
 JVIU'TUALLV, 111. ill leturn; reciprocally. 
 
 MIJTUA'LITY, s. reciprocation ; return. 
 
 MUZZLE, s. [vnixciiu, Fr.] the mouth of any thing; a 
 f.tstcniiig of thongs, to hinder a dog or other animal from 
 biting. 
 
 To .MUZZLE, V. 11. to bring the mouth near; to mouth. 
 " The bear )H»::/f» and snu'lls to him." L'EiUmige. Active- 
 ly, to bind the moutli ; to restrain from hart. 
 
 MY, /))"«. pns\issire. When the substantive follows, we 
 use my, and v, hen it goes before, jhi'ih', as likewise in an- 
 swering a (|uesl ion ; as, "This is )»!/ book." " This book is 
 tniiir." Whose book is this ? Answ. iUine. 
 
 MYNCHEN, ^. ISax.J a nun. 
 
 MYO'ORAPIIY, {nr/of^ri'f If) s. \i\om vv/s, a muscle, and 
 griij>liii, to write, (ir.] a description of the muscles. 
 
 MYO'LOGY, »■. [(roll! iin/s, a muscle and /(/,^"s, a discourse, 
 Gr.j thedescriplion and doctrine ol the muscles. 
 
 I\l Y'Ol'S, «. I from 7111/1), to shut, and ups, the sight, Gr.J a 
 IH'Soii w ho is sliorlsighted. 
 
 MY'Ol'Y, s. I from 7ni/<>, to shut, and o/is, ihc sight, Gr.j 
 shortness of sight. 
 
 MY'UlAD, s. [from nv/riits, Gr.] the number often thou- 
 sand. Figuratively, a greiit uuinber. 
 
 MY'HMIDON, s. [Gr.Ja rullian, so named from the sol- 
 diers of Achilles. 
 
 M YI'iO'lJAl^AN, *. [in;/iohfikiws,L'd\.]a (Iricd fruit, from 
 the East Indies, having a stone, kernel, and pulp, of an aus- 
 trre and acrid taste. 
 
 MYKOl'OLIST, i. Ifrom jiivroii, an oiuliiicnf, and pnlin, 
 to deal, fir. lonewho sells ointiiirnts. 
 
 M Y KU II, (iiiif) s. [mi/ii/ia, Lat. vii/tilie, Fr.J a vegetable 
 l)roducl of the gum-resIn kind, of a reddish brown colour, 
 
 with more or less of a mixture of yellow; its taste is bitter 
 and acrid, its smell strong ; it is brought from Ethiopia, but 
 till' tree which produces it k unknown. 
 
 MY'RRIIINE, a. |h;j,)i7/i)iim, _Lat.] made of ni,\rrhii)« 
 stones, in great repute among the autient Romans, but at 
 present unknown to us. 
 
 MY'RTIFOIIM, a. [from myrtus -dwi forma, Lat.J having 
 the shape of myrtle. 
 
 MYRTLE, s. [im/iiiis, Lat. myric, Fr.] a low fragrant 
 shnib with small leaves. 
 
 MYSELF, a leciprucul pronomi, [ininst/l/e. Sax.] used by 
 a person to shew ihut a thing relates to him only, exclusive 
 of any other. 
 
 MYSORE, a kingdom in the peninsula of Hindoosfan, 
 lately subject to Tippoo Sultan. ' It includes generally, be- 
 sides Mysore Proper, the countries of Bcdnoie, Coimbet- 
 tore, Canara, Dindigul, Meritz, Soonda, Chitleidroog, Har- 
 ponelly, Sanore, Bancapour, Uoydioog, Gooty, CoiuTanore, 
 Canoul, and (^nddapali. Its extent from N. to S. is near 
 MO miles ; its breadth in the widest place (the N. part of 
 the peninsula) 330 miles, but proceeding to the S. it dimi- 
 nishes, till it ends in a |)oint. The country in general is dry, 
 rugged, moniitaiiious, and barren, insoiiuich that suste- 
 nance for men and aniiuids cannot be raised upon it, but by 
 the most peiseveiiii.; industry. See SeRI NG AP ATAM. 
 
 MY'STAfi()(iUE, {myslri"iig) s. [from mysles, a mystic, 
 and «"•", to lead, (>r. ] one w lio interprets divine mysteries; 
 one wlio keeps relics, and shews them to strangers. 
 
 MYSTE'RIARCH, {nn/.iicriiirh) s. [from mysterinn, a 
 mystery and oic/ie, government, Gr.J one who presides ovei 
 niysteiies. 
 
 "MYSTIORIOUS, a. \myslerieux, Fr.] not to be compre- 
 hended or discovered by the human understanding ; artfully 
 perplexed. 
 
 MYSTERIOUSLY, ad. in a manner not to he discovered 
 by reason, or tobecomprehciidcd by the understanding; in 
 an okscuie or perplexed manner. 
 
 MYSTI'J'RIOUSNES!'?, s. that quality which renders any 
 truth ordoctrine above the discovery of reason, or compre- 
 hension of the uudei standing. 
 
 To MY STERIZE, e. «. to explain as enigmas. 
 
 MYSTERY, s. \mysien(>ii, from myco, to initiate, Gr.J 
 in its primary sense, originally used for some sacred rite or 
 doctrine communicated only to a few chosen persons by the 
 antient priests. A truth revealed by God, which is above 
 the power of our natural reason, either to lind out, or to 
 comprehend when it is revealed. Any thing artfully made 
 difhciilt'. A trade or calling: in the last sense it should be 
 written misleri/. 
 
 mystics; orMYSTICI, a kind of religious secf,d;stiu. 
 guished by lliei- professing pure, sublime, and perfect 
 devotion, with an entire disinterested love of God, free from 
 all seltisli considerations. 
 
 AnSTir, or MYSTICAL, a. {mysticus, Lat. from myo, 
 to imitate, Gr.J obscure, emblematic^al, or including secoud 
 or secret iiieaiiiiig under the form of a picture. 
 
 MYSTICALLY, nd. in a manner which conveys some 
 secret nieaiiin;,'. 
 
 MY'SI'lLLALNESS, «. the state of conveying some secret 
 meaning 
 
 M Y'f I lOLO'GIC AL, a. [from mytlm, a fable, and hijrot, a 
 diseoursp, (ir.j relating to the application or explanation of 
 fabulous historv. 
 
 MYTIIOLOGICALLY, ad. in a wanner suitable to the 
 system of failles. 
 
 ' MYT!l()'LC)(;iS'F, v. [from myilm, a fable and h^ns, 
 a discourse, Gr.J one who explains the fables of the autient 
 heathiiis. 
 
 To !\n TIlO'LOf ;1ZE, V. v.{(\omm;ithiii, a fable and logos, 
 a discourse, (ii. j to rel.ito or explain the fibulous histoiies 
 of the llelllllens. 
 
 M\"I'1I0L()(;Y, t. I from nn/ilws, a fable and hgo$, a 
 dist'ourse, (ir.J a system of fibh'S ; an e xplaiialiiHl of ilie 
 fabhs or fabulous historv of the autient heathens. 
 
 (iUO
 
 NAL 
 
 NAN 
 
 N. 
 
 NIS a liquid consonant, and semi-vowel ; tlietbirtecutii 
 Icdor in the Englisli alpliahot, liavins an invariabio 
 sound; after mit is ahrosl lost, as in lourlemn. In llie be- 
 ginning; of words or s\llal)ies, it suffers no consonant iinnie- 
 diatelj after it ; nor any before it, except/?-, A, and s, as in 
 gnaw, hiuir, snail, &c. In composition, before an /, h, ;», 
 and m, ibc n is freijuently cban;,'ed into an m, and before an 
 /and /• into an / and r, according to tlie custom of tbe Ilo- 
 nians, as illicit, for inliciC ; itiiprcsx, ihr inpycss ; irrevcicnt, 
 for inreverent. When used for a numeral N stands for GOO, 
 and with a dash over it thus, n, for 000,000. In tiie abbre- 
 viations it is likewise used lor nmncro, or number, as No. V. 
 i.e. number 5. 
 
 N. M. (a contraction for nota lenc) mark well ; laiic no- 
 tice ; observe. 
 
 To NAB, ti. a. [yiappa, Swed.J to catch or seize unex- 
 pectedly. A low word. 
 
 NA BOB, s. the name of a viceroy or governor of one of 
 the provinces of the mogul's empire in Inilia. Vulgarly, 
 any person who has made a great fortune in India. 
 
 isA'DIR, s. [Arab.] in astronomy, is that point of the 
 heavens which is diametrically opposite to the zenilli, or 
 l)oint directly over oi" ''cads. The zenith and nadir are the 
 two |)oles of the hori«Oli 
 
 NAl'T'", s. a kind of tufted sea-bird. 
 
 NAG, s. [nag^e, Belg.] a small or young horse. In la 
 miliar language, a horse. 
 
 NAGl'OUR, the cai)ital of that part of Berar, a soubaTi 
 of the Deccan of Hindoostan, which is suliject to iMoodajce 
 Boonslah, the chief of the Eastern Mahrattas. It is a city 
 of niodi'rn dale ; but, though extensive and ponidous, is 
 poorly built ; and, excepting a small citadel of no strength, 
 is open and defenceless. It is 560 miles W. by S. of Cal- 
 cutta. I.at. 21. 8. N. Ion. 79. 46. E. 
 
 NA'IIUM, the seven! h of the twelve lesser prophets, a 
 native of Elkoshai, a little village of Galilee, the ruins of 
 which were still to be seen in the time of .St. Jerome. The 
 particular circumstances of this prophet's life are altogether 
 unknown. 
 
 NAIADS, J. [naiades, Gr. j in mythology, nymphs of the 
 fountains. . 
 
 NAIL, s. [tuFgal, Sax. mig-cl, Tent.] in anatomy, a kind of 
 JioHiy substance upon the ends of the fingers and toes; ta- 
 lons, or a horny substance at the extremity of the toes of 
 birds and beasts ; a spike of metal with a sharp point, and 
 sometimes a flat liead, used to fasten things together; a stud 
 or buss ; a measure containing two inches and a half. On 
 the nail, implies innnediately or without delay. " We wajit 
 our money nn the nail." Swift. • 
 
 ToNAIL, V. a. to fasten any thing with small spikes of 
 iron railed nails ; to stud with nails. 
 
 NA'ILEU, s. a nail-maker. 
 
 NAIRN E, a borough and sea-port town of Scotland, the 
 capital of a county of that name, seated on the Frith of Mur- 
 ray, 18 miles E. of Inverness, and 104 N. of Edinburgh. 
 
 NAIRN ESHIRE, a populous comity of Scotland, bound- 
 ed on the N. by the Frith of Murray, and inclosed on every 
 side by the counties of Inverness and Murray. Its extent 
 from N. to S. is about !'2 miles, and its breadth about ten. 
 The soil, though rocky, is fertile, and in general well cul- 
 tivated. It conta.ins several lakes, which abound in fish, 
 and some forests of firs. Nairne is the county town. . 
 
 NA'KED, a. [jincud. Sax.] without clothes or covering. 
 Fifjuralively, unarmed ; defenceless; unprovided. Plain, or 
 evident, apphed to truth. Mere ; bare ; simple ; without 
 auv additioiral circumstances. 
 
 NA'KEDLY, ail. without clothes, covering, or disguise. 
 
 NA'KEDNESS, f. the state of a jiersou without clothes or 
 covering; plainness; evidence; freedom from disguise. 
 
 NALL, s. [nKxl, Isl.J au awl made use of by collar- 
 makers. 
 
 NAME, s. [nnma. Sax. naevi, Bclg.j denotes a word 
 whereby men have agreed to express some idea ; or which 
 serves to signify a thing or subject spoken of. This the 
 grammarians usually call a noun, though their noun is not of 
 quite so great an extent as our womc. Names are either prrj- 
 per or appellative. I'roper names are those which represent 
 some individual tiling or person, so as to distinguish it from 
 all other things f)f the same species; as Cicero, which repre- 
 sents a certain orator. Appellative names are cither called 
 Christian, as those givrn in baptism, or surnames; the first 
 imposed for the ilistinctionof persons, answering the Roman 
 Prunumeii ; the second for the distinction of families, an- 
 swering to the Aimicn of the Romans, and the Patrow/mtcum 
 of the Cireeks. Figuratively, re|)utation orcharacter. Re- 
 nown ; honour or glory ; memory or remembrance. Power 
 given to a t)erson to act for another. Appearance, or an 
 assumcrl character. " In the mime of Brook." 
 
 To NAME, V. a. [nmnan. Sax.] to apply a word con- 
 stantly to distinguish a jterson or thing front others ; to men- 
 tion the word applied to any being ; to specify or distinguish 
 by menlioning the word applied to express any person or 
 idea ; to utter or mention. SynoN. We )(«>/»', to distin- 
 guisli in conversation ; we call, as for help, when wauled. 
 
 NA'MELESS, «. [narnleas, Sax.j having no word by 
 which it may be expressed ; one whose name is not known 
 or expressed. 
 
 NA'MI'JLY, ad. [ticienilivlt, nalimlicli, Belg.] particularly; 
 specially ; lo mention by name. 
 
 NA'MER, s. one that calls or knows any person or thing 
 by name. 
 
 NA'MESAKE, s. one that has the same name with ano- 
 ther. 
 
 NA'MPTWICII, a large, well-built town of Cheshire, 
 with very regular streets, and manufai lures of cotton (lately 
 established) and of shoes. It is seated on the river Weever, 
 near the Chester canal, which is finished here with a hand- 
 some broad basin, forming a kind of harbour. Here are 
 salt-springs, which lie on the banks of a fresh-water stream, 
 from which they make great quantities of fine white salt. 
 The principal dairies of Cheshi-re are about this town. It is 
 a great thoroughfare to Ireland, and is 26 miles S. E. of 
 Chester, and 162 N. W. of London. A large market on 
 Saturday, for corn, cattle, Ac. 
 
 N A'MUR, a city of the Netherlands, said to take its name 
 from an anticnt idol called Aam, supposed to be Neptune. 
 It has, or had, a very strong castle, built on the opposite side 
 of the Sambre, on a sharp rock, and defended by Fort Wil- 
 liam, and many other considerable forts, so as to be supposed 
 almost impregnable. It is seated at the confluence of the 
 Waese and Sambre, 26 miles S. W. of Liege. Lat. 50. 28. 
 N. Ion. 4. .53. E. 
 
 NA'MUR, a county of the Netherlands, one of the fen 
 catholic provinces, lying between the rivers Sandjre and 
 Maese It is pretty fertile ; has several forests, marble 
 quarries, and mines of iron, lead, and coal, and is about 30 
 miles in length, and 20 in breadlh. Nannn- is the capital. 
 
 NA'NCl, a large and handsome city, alternately capital 
 with Luneville of the department of Meurlhe. It contains 
 about .34,000 iidiabitanis, and is divided into the Old and 
 New Town, which are separated by a canal. The first, 
 though irregularly built, is rich and populous, and contains 
 the palace of the antient dukes of Lonain. The New Town, 
 whose streets are as straighl as a line, was already one of 
 the finest in Europe, before the magnificent works with 
 w hich Stanislaus I. titular king of Poland, and duke of Lor- 
 rain, enriched it. Before the revolution, it had an university, 
 an academy of sciences, and a medical college. It is 10 
 miles E. of Toul, and 20 S. of .Melz. Lat. 48. 42. N. Ion. G. 
 17. E. 
 
 N.A'NKING, or KiANGNiN,a city of China, capital of tlie 
 province of the Kiangnan, and formerly the imperial city. 
 It is the largest in China, being 17 miles in circumference, 
 and about 3 mdes distant from tlie great river Yang-tise- 
 Chianj;, from which canals are cut, so large, tiiat vessels 
 
 (?21
 
 NAP 
 
 NAR 
 
 may enter the town. Tiiis place is greatly fallen from it* 
 antient splendour; for it had a magnificent palace, not a 
 vestige of wbicli is now to be seen, as well as temples, 
 tombs of tiie emperors, and other antient monuments. A 
 third part of the city is desolate, but tlie rest is extremely 
 populous, well inhabited, and full of business. Tlie streets 
 are narrow, but handsome and well paved, and on each side 
 are shops, neatly furnished. The public buildings are mean, 
 excepta few temples, the city gates, and the, famous tower 
 of porcelain, 200 feet high, and divided into histories, by 
 projections, Recovered with green vaniislied tiles. They 
 have several manufactures in silk and wool. The number 
 of the inhabitants is said to be 1,000,000, without compre- 
 hending the garrison of 40,000 men. Here the physicians 
 have their principal academy. It is scaled near the river 
 Yantsckiang, SOOmilesS. .S. E. ofPekin. Lat. 3i. 4. 2-thirds 
 N. Ion. 118. .5.3. E. 
 
 NA'NTE.S, an antient and pretty large city in the dept. 
 of Lower Loire. It is one of the most considerable places 
 in the empire, and contains the richest merchants. The 
 bridges over the river Loire, in which are some islands, ;ire 
 almost a league in length. The suburbs are so large, that 
 they exceed the city. The inhabitants are computed at 
 80,000. Before the revolution, here was an university, a 
 society of agriculture and arts, and a school of anatomy and 
 surgery ; and merchants also had commonly, on their own 
 account, more than 120 ships for Guinea, the French West 
 India islands, Spain, and the Spanish colonies ; indeed this 
 port, in respect of the slave trade, might, before that time, 
 be considered as the Liverpool of I'lance. Vessels were 
 fitted out here for the cod-fishery in N. America ; and 
 Nantes had a considerable share in (lie commerce with the 
 United States. A great quantity of salt is made in the ter- 
 ritory of Nantes, both at tlie Bay of Bourgneuf and in the 
 salt-marshes of Guerande and Croisic. Large vessels can 
 come no higher than Paimboeuf, w hich is some miles below 
 Nantes. It is 37 miles S. W. of Angers, and 217 S.W. of 
 Baris. Lat. 47. 13. N. Ion. 1.28. W. 
 
 NA'NTCHANG, a city of China of the first rank, capital 
 of the province of Kiangsi. It is fiSS miles S. of Pekin. 
 
 NANTWICH. SeeNAMPTWicH. 
 
 N.AN YA'NG, a city of China, of the province of Honan, 
 of the first rank. It is 4f>2 miles S. S. W. of Pekin. 
 
 NANYO'NG, a city of China, of the first rank, in the 
 province of Quantong. It is 902 miles S. of Pekin. 
 
 Nap, s. [/inerppim, Sax. J a sluml)er ; short sleep; the 
 soft or downy part of woollen cloth above the surface. In 
 botanv.lhe catmint. 
 
 To NAP, V. n. to .sleep ; to be drowsy ; to be in a state of 
 seeming security. 
 
 NA'PAUL, a" province of Hindoostan Proper, bounded 
 on tiic N. W. by Sirinagur ; on the N. E. and E. by the 
 niouutainoiis ridge ofHimnialeh, by which it is separated 
 from the Tiiibet; on the S. by B.diar, and on the W. by 
 Onde and the country of the Rohillas. Catmandu.is the 
 capital. 
 
 NAPE, s. the joint of the neck behind. 
 
 NA'PHTHA, s. [Lat.] a very pure, clear, and thin 
 mineral flii!d, of the bitmniuous kind, of a very pale yellow, 
 witli a cast of brown ; it is found floating on the waters of 
 springs, and is mostly used cxierually in paralytic cases. 
 
 NAPKIN,.?, linen used at table to lay in the lap, and 
 wipe the hands. 
 
 N.\'PLI';s, a kingdom of Italy, bounded on the N. W. 
 by ihe pope's territories; on the S. and W. by the Medi- 
 terranean; and on the E. by the Adriatic. Its greatest 
 length, from N. W. to S. E. is upwards of 300 miles, and 
 from N. !•). to S. W. from i)6 to 100 ; its breadth is variously 
 estiunited at frnm!J0to.30. It is divided into 12 provinces, 
 namely. Terra di Lavora, which was the antient (Campania 
 Felix, and of which Ihe city of Naples is Ihe capital ; Prin- 
 cipato C"iteriore and Ullerlore (hillierand farlhcr;) Molise; 
 Basilicata; Calabria Citeriore and Ulteriore; Abruzzo Ci- 
 teriore and Ulteriore • Capitanata ; Terra di Bari ; ainl 
 (i-i'i 
 
 Terra di Otranta ; the last three forming the antient Apu- 
 lia (now called Puglio) on the E.'sidf. of the kingdom. — 
 The climate is extreu)ely hot in summer ; but the most dis- 
 agreeable part of ihe climate is the firoc, or S. E. wind, 
 which is very common in spring, and is still more relaxing. 
 In winter there is seldom any ice or snow, except on the 
 mountains. On account of its fertility, the country has been 
 ternied a terrestrial paradise ; it abounds with all sorts ot" 
 grain, the finest fruits, and vegetables of all kinds, with 
 rice, fiax, oil, wine, saftVon, and niaima; poultry; game, 
 and fish, are also plentiful and cheap, ll afi'ords also' alum, 
 vitriol, sulphur, rock-crystal, marble, and several sorts of 
 minerals, togetlier with fine wool and silk. Besides these 
 products, waistcoats, caps, stockings, and gloves, are also 
 made of the hair or the filaments of a shell fish, which are 
 wanner than thoseof wool, and of a beautiful glossy green. 
 The principal mountains are the Apennines, which traverse 
 it from N. to S. and the celebrated volcano, Mount Vesuvius. 
 One of the greatest inconveniences to w hich this kingdom 
 is exposed, is eartliiniakes, which the eruptions of Mount 
 Vesuvius contribute, in some measure, to prevent. The 
 established religion is the Romish ; and the clergy and con- 
 vents possess two-thirds of the whole kingdom ; but the 
 Jews are allowed to settle here. The inhaliitants of this 
 country have, at all limes, borne bat an iiidifi'erent character 
 among other nations ; gluttony is here a predominant vice, 
 while instances ofebriety are said to be comparatively rare. 
 In the female sex the passion for finery is ahnost superior lo 
 any other; and chastity is not accounted tiie characteristic 
 virtue of ihe counlry. In 1734, the Spaniaids made them- 
 selves masters of Naples and Sicily, for the Infant Don Car- 
 los, and in 1736, Ihe emperor, by a formal instrument, ceiled 
 both these kingdoms to his heirs male and female, and in 
 default thereof to his younger brolhers and sisters. How- 
 ever, in the beginning of the year 18!»6, tliis dynasty was ex- 
 pelled by the French, wiio invaded this kingdom with a 
 powerful army, with the avowed intention of transferring 
 the Neapolitan throne to a French prince. Accordingly, 
 after llie sulijugation oftlie country, which wa« principally 
 eft'ecled in the month of February, Joseph Buonaparte was 
 created kingofNaples — but resigned the kingdom to Murat, 
 the brollicr-iu law of the French emperor, in June, 1808. 
 
 NATLES, the capital of the above kingdom, is 'one of 
 the finest cities in the world, is the see of an archbishop, 
 the seat of an nniversity, and is defended by thick walls 
 which surround it, regular bastions, strong lowers, deep 
 ditches, and fortified castles. It is about 15 miles in cir- 
 cumference, and has seven large suburbs, containing toge- 
 ther 300,000 inhabitants. The palace royal is a spacious 
 and convenient building ; but the most magnificent are the 
 cathedral and the chapel of St. Januarius, where they pre- 
 tend the blood ot'lhat saint is preserved. The airof Naples 
 is serene and healthy, and Ihe.winter mild. The harbour is 
 capable of containing 600 vessels, which may ride with 
 safety. It is 108 miles S. E. of Rome. Lat^ 40. 50* N. 
 Ion. 14. 2-1. E. 
 
 N.\PLIvSS, n. worn threadbare. 
 
 NATPINESS, n. the quality of having a nap. 
 
 N.ATPY, «. frothy ; spumy ; from mip ; whence apples 
 and ale are called lamb's wool. 
 
 NA'PT.\K1NG, s.a surprise, or unexpected seizure and 
 attack. 
 
 N.'VIIBARTII, a town of Pembrokeshire, in S. Wales, 
 with a nnuket on Wednesday. It is 12 miles N. E. of 
 Pend)roke, and 222 W. by N. of London. 
 
 NAUHO'NNE, an antient city in the depart, of Aude. 
 In ihe time of the Romans, it was Ihe capital of that i>art of 
 Gaul, called (JalliaNarbonensis, some Bonnni inscriptions, 
 in dilfereut parts ol'the city, are slill visible, and Ihe canal, 
 from .Ihe river Aude, through llie t-ily, to the Mediterra- 
 nean, was cut by them. Narboinie is famous for its honey. 
 It is .0 miles from the Mediterranean, and ?5 E. by S. of 
 Toulouse. Lat. 43. 11. N. Ion. 3. (!. E. 
 
 NARCISSUS,*. [Lat.j a daflodil.
 
 NA S 
 
 NAT 
 
 NARCO'SIS, *. [from narhe, torpor, Gr.] a privation of 
 •ense.as in a palsy or by taking opium. 
 
 NARCOTIC, o. [from narhe, torpor, Gr.] procuring 
 sleep ; sf iipifying ; or causing stupefaction. 
 
 NAKCO'TICS, J. [from narke, torpor, Gr.] medicines 
 wliich talicaway the senses or stupify. 
 
 NARD, s. [from nardos, Gr. nardiis, Lat-l a fragrant oint- 
 ment called spikenard ; a sweet-scented shrub. 
 
 NA'RUABLE, a. [from nan-o, to relate, Lat.] capable of 
 being told or related. 
 
 To NARRATE, v. a. \iiarro, Lat.] to tell or relate. 
 
 NARRATION, s. [van-atio, Lat. J an account, relation, 
 Listory, or description of any action, or series ofactio?is. 
 
 NA'RRATIVL, a. [narratif, Vr.] relating ; giving an 
 account of facts as they happened ; fond of telling stories, 
 or relating things past. " Narrative old age." Pujie. 
 
 NA'RRATIVE, s. a relation ; an account or recital of a 
 fact as it happened. 
 
 NARRATIVELY, ad. by way of narrative. 
 
 N.'^RRATOR, i. \narraior, L'Ai. luirratciir, Fr.^ one that 
 relates any fact. 
 
 NA'RROW, {jwrrii) a. [jiearii. Sax.] of small breadth ; 
 containing a small distance from one extreme toaiiollirr. 
 Short, applied to time. Niggardly, or covetnus, applied to 
 the mind. Contracted ; ofcontined sentiin-jsit ; iingiMiorous. 
 Near, or within a small distance. " Miss'd so narruw." 
 Diyd. Close ; vigilant ; attentive. " Witlmorjit search." 
 
 To NA RROW, (narra) v. n. [nraruian, Sax.] to lessen 
 the breadth or width of a thing ; to shorten the space be- 
 tween any two things. 
 
 NA'RiiOWLY, {iiarr'fihi) ad. with small space between 
 the sides; of little breadth; contractedly ; without extent 
 or generosity of sentiment ; closely or attentively ; scarce- 
 ly ; in an avaricious or niggardly manner. 
 
 NA'RROWNESS, (jid^TuHCTs) s. having its extremities at 
 a small distance from each other. Want of extent or gene- 
 rosity, applied to the mind. INItanness, poverty, or a state 
 of uneasiness, applied to condition. Want of capacity, ap- 
 plied to the understanding. 
 
 NA'RWHALE, s. in zoology, a kind of whale, armed 
 with a strong liorn, whence it is called the sea-unicorn.! 
 
 NA'RVA, a townof Ingria, in Russia, in the government 
 of Revel. The houses are built of brick, stuccoed white; 
 and it has more the appearance of a German than of a Rus- 
 sian town. In the suburbs, called Ivangorod, or John's 
 Town, the stupendous remains of an antient fortress, built 
 by Ivan Vassilievitch the Great, impend, in a picturesque 
 manner, over the steep banks of the river. The principal 
 exports from it are hemp, flax, timber, and corn. Near it 
 is the celebrated spot where Charles XII. of Sweden, in his 
 12th year, gained a complete victory over the Russian army 
 m 1700. It is situated on the river Narova, 8 miles from its 
 mouth, in the Gulf of Finland, G8 miles S. W. of I'etersburgh. 
 Lat. 59. 23j. N. Ion. 28. 27. E. 
 
 NA'SAL, a. [from nasus, Lat.] belonging to the nose. In 
 grammar, pronounced through the nose. 
 
 NASICO'RNOUS, «. [from lutsus, the nose, and comu, 'a 
 horn, l^at.] having a horn on the uose. " JSarsieoruous bee- 
 tles." Broun. 
 
 NA'SSAU, a very fertile county in the W^ettciau, circle of 
 Upper Rhine, containing mines of iron, copper, and lead. 
 The princes among whom this country was divided, were, 
 Nassau Weilburg, Nassau Saarbruck Usingen, and Nas- 
 sau Saarbruck Saarbruck. The town of Nassau is seated on 
 the river Lahn, 22 miles N. W. of Mcnlz. Near it, on a 
 high mountain, facing the town, formerly stood Nassattber- 
 gra,a place of very great antiquity, and tlie original house 
 of the Nassau family, but now a fief of Treves. 
 
 NA'STILY, ad. in such a dirty, filthy, or polluted manner, 
 as to raise nauseousness. 
 
 NA'STINESS, s. the quality of being so dirty and filthy 
 as to raise nauseousness. Obscenity, grossness, applied to 
 word and ideas. 
 
 NA'STY, 0. [natt, wet, Teut.] .-aising disgust from dirt ; 
 
 nauseous; filthy. Figuiatively, obscene, or lewd, applied 
 to language. 
 
 NA'TAL, a. [naialis, from nascor, to be born, Lat. J native ; 
 relating to the time when, or place where, a peri>on was 
 born. 
 
 NATATION, s. [nntniio, Lat.] the act of swimming. 
 
 NATHLESS, ad. [nutheiess. Sax.] nevertheless ; .not- 
 withstanding; Jiot the less. " Nal/ilets, he so endur'd." 
 Par. Lost. 
 
 NATION, (nash'ati) s. \rwtio, Lat.] u considerable number 
 of people inhabiting a certain extent of ground, and under 
 the same government ; a government or kingdom. 
 Z NA"J'10NAL, (nds/iuiml) a. [nationel, Er.J public, general, 
 opposed to particular ; bigoted to one's country ; confined 
 to a particular country. 
 
 NATIONALLY, (nashYmaUy) ad. as a nation ; gene* 
 rallv. 
 
 NA'TIONALNESS, {iiaMnalness) s. reference to the 
 people in general. 
 
 N.'\TIVE, a. \iiatirus, from nascor, to he born, Lat.] pro- 
 duced by nature ; natural, opposed to artificial; agreeable 
 to nature ; belonging to the time or place of a person'* 
 bii til ; original, or that from which a thing is made origi- 
 nally. 
 
 Native, ^ . one bom in any place ; an original inhabi- 
 tant ; otl'spriiig. 
 
 NA'TIVENESS, J- the quality of being produced by na- 
 ture, opposcfl to artificial. 
 
 N A'i'i'\ ITY, J. [iintivite, Fr. from nascor, to be born, Lat.'^ 
 birth ; time, place, or manner of birth ; the state or place 
 of being produced. 
 
 NA'IO'LIA, or Anadoli, a country formerly called 
 Asia Minor; the most western part of Turkey in Asia ; it is 
 a large peninsula, extending from the river Euphrates, as 
 far as the Archipelago, the Sea of Marmora, the Darda- 
 nelles, and the straits of Constantinople, wliich separate it 
 from Europe on the W. It is bounded on the N. by the 
 Black Sea, and on the S. by the Mediterranean. In its mo- 
 dern division it comprehends the provinces of Anatolia, 
 Caraniania, Amasia, and Aladiilia. Antiently it contained 
 Bithynia, Paphlagonia, Galatia, Phrygia, ftlysia, Eoliaj 
 Ionia, Lydia, Caria, Doris, Pisidia, Lycia, and Paniphylia. 
 It is now governed by a beglerberg,',who resides at Kiutaja, 
 under whom are several sangiacks. The air is temperate 
 and wholesome, the soil, in general fertile, and the com- 
 merce considerable, particularly in carpets, leather, drugs, 
 cotton and silks. It is crossed by a chain of mountains, for- 
 merly called Taurus, from E. to"W. and watered by a great 
 number of rivers. 
 
 NATRON, *. in natural history, a brownish kind of salt 
 taken out of certain lakes in Egypt. 
 
 NATURAL, s. [iKiturcl, Vr.iiatitrnlis, from natitva, nature, 
 Lat.] produced or eflected by nature. In law, illegitimate, 
 begotten by parents not joined in wedlock. Bestowed by 
 nature, applied to the faculties of the mind. Unaffected ; 
 according to truth and reality. Proceed ing from natural 
 causes, opposed to violent ; as, " .-\ natural death." Aatu- 
 ral functions are those actions whereby the aliments are 
 changed and assimilated so as to become a part of the 
 body. Aatiiral History is a description of the iiroduc- 
 tions of the earth. Isnturnl inclinations are the tendencies 
 of onr minds towards things seemingly good. Natural p/ii- 
 losop/n/ is that which considers the powers and properties of 
 natural bodies, and their mutual actions on one another. 
 
 NATURAL, s. a person who has not the use of rea- 
 son. 
 
 NATURALISM, s. the doctrine whicJi accounts for the 
 phainomena and creation of the world from the operation of 
 nature, exclusive of a supreme intelligent Creator, separate 
 from, ami the author of, matter. 
 
 N.-VTURALIST, s. a uerson who studies and is versed in 
 the works of nature 
 
 NATURA LIZA'TION, *. the act of giving foreigners the 
 privileges oi natives. 
 
 023
 
 NAU 
 
 NE A 
 
 To NATURAI^IZI'", v. ». to adopt into a community, or 
 <n>Tsr wiili ilie privileges of native subjects; to fauiiliarize ; 
 to make oasy, as if tau};lit by nature. 
 
 NA'TUltAl^LY, ad. without instructioii, or being taught ; 
 by the impulses of unasiisted nature ; accoriliiij; to nature; 
 tt!ihout aflcctalidii ; spimlaneously. 
 
 NATUllALNESS, s. the slate (if beins given or produ- 
 ced by nuture ; conformity to truth, reahty, or the nature 
 of'hinss. 
 
 NATUIll'", s. \imtura, from nascor, to be born, Lai.] the 
 system of the world ; tlie niachint of the universe ; life as- 
 sembhige of all created beini;s. " Most beautiful thing \'.\ 
 nature." (j'lmw. A distinct siiccics orkind of being. "Iliniian 
 luUiD-e." The essential properties of a thing, or that by 
 
 wh'cli it is distinguisiied from all others. " Man par- 
 
 tici|)ating of both vaiio-es." Hair. 'I'lie established order 
 and course of material things ; tiie serios of second causes, 
 or the laws whicli God has impressed on matter. "JVly 
 end was wrought by nnhire." Slink. The constitution, or 
 an aggregate of the powers of an animal body. "A'adicf being 
 oppressed." Shr.k. The fctiim of Providence, or that 
 spiritual power ditfused ihrougliout the creation, which 
 moves ind acts in all bodies, and gives them certain pro|)cr- 
 ties. Figuratively, disposition of mind, or temper. " Whose 
 «n«Hre is so far from doing harm." Sliah. Natural affection 
 and reverence, or the principles implanted in lis by the 
 deity. " Have we not seen the sun — through violated ««- 
 ture force his way." Pope. Sort, kind, or species. " A dis- 
 pute of this nnCure." Dn/il. 
 
 NAl'U'RITY, J. the state or quality of being produced 
 by nature. 
 
 N\'VAL, a. [navalis, from »irt!'i>, a shi[), Lat.] consisting 
 of ships ; belonging to ships. 
 
 NAVA'Kl'.E, a country of Europe, and formerly a king- 
 doin, lying partly in France and partly in .Spain, and di- 
 vided intotiie Upper «ud Lower. Tlic L'pper, which belongs 
 to Spam, extends about 54 miles in length, and 45 in breadlli. 
 The air is iiioro mild, temperate, and Kholesonie,tluiu in the 
 neighbouring provinces of Spain ; and, though a mountain, 
 ous coiuitry, it is pretty fertile, aliouiuling in good corn, ex- 
 cellent wine, venison, and wild fowl, good pastures, exceed- 
 ingiy well stocked with sheep and goats ; and also in iron 
 mines. Lower Navarre is subject to France, and now 
 forms tlie department oi the Lower Pyrenees. It is separated 
 from Sfjanish Navarre by the Pyrenees, and is a mountain- 
 ous barren country, about 20 miles in length, and 12 in 
 breadth. 
 
 N-WE, .'. fnaf. Sax.] the middle part of a wl-cel, in which 
 the axle moves, and the spokes are fixed ; the middle or 
 body of a church, from iiavis, nnre, old Fr. 
 
 NA'VEL, s. [iinf'elit, or nnrtla. Sax.] a point in the mid- 
 dle of the belly, by which itdants conununicate with, and 
 before their birth are nouri^lunl by, their niotliers. Figura- 
 tively, the inward part or middle. 
 
 NAVFJXiA'Lfy, in farriery, a bruise on the top of the 
 chine of the back, behind the saddle, right against tlie navel, 
 occasioned '?ithcr by the saddle being s|)lit behind, or the 
 stufhng being wanting, or by the crupper buckle sitting 
 <lowii in that place, or some hard weight or knobs lying di- 
 rectly behind the saddle. 
 
 NA'VEI>WORT, t. a plant, called also wall-peiniywort, 
 and kidnevwort. 
 
 NA'VEW, «. a kind of cabbage, found on ditch-banks, 
 and among corn. 
 
 N.AU'i'KAOE, I. [n/iijfrn/riiim, from vavis, a ship, ail(.i 
 franirn, to break, Lat. J shipwreck. 
 
 H\\JiiW'Y,(,mut) a. {nakt. Sax.] bad ; worthless. "Thy 
 sister's wmbIiI." Shah. 
 
 NAl'filiT, (ii(o.()*. nothing. IrMproporly written noup^hl. 
 N.\U'(;MTILY, (»nu<<7(/) jorf. badlv ; viciously; wicked- 
 ly ; torruptlv. 
 
 NAU'^iiri'INESS, (itai'iiiufsi) s. [mlitinai, Sax.] dcpra- 
 Tity ; a slight degree of wickedness. 
 
 634 
 
 N.\U'GHTY, {nn{,hj)'a. bad; vicious; wicked; cof. 
 rupt. 
 
 NAVTCULAIl, n. [from navis, a ship, Lat. navienlaire, Fr.] 
 formed like a ship, applied to llie third bone in each foot, 
 situated between the astragalus and ossa cuueiforiiiia. 
 
 N.\'VIGAI5Lfi, rt. [from 7miifro, to sail, Lat. J capable of 
 being passi'd bv ships or boats. 
 
 NA V l(iA15f,KNKSS, s. the quality of being capable ta 
 be passed bv ships or boais. 
 
 To NAVIGATE, v. u. [from wnii>, a ship, Lat.] to sail J 
 to pass in a vessel. Actively, to pass over in a ship t-r 
 boat. 
 
 NAVIG A'TION, s. [Fr. from jir.vign, to sail, Lat.] the act 
 of passing by water; the art or act of conducting any 
 vessel by water from one place to another, the most co:«- 
 modious wav. 
 
 NAVIGATOR, s. [nnvif^ntenr, Fr. from nartgo, to sail, 
 Lat.] a sailor, or person who passes from one place to ano- 
 ther bv water ; one that works a ship. 
 
 N.\ VIGATOHS- ISLANDS, a cluster of Islands in the S. 
 Pacific Ocean. The inhabitants are very stont,and account- 
 ed a handsome race of men, scarcely one to be seen among 
 I hem less tiiaii six feet high, the women delicately beautiful; 
 their canoes, houses, \c. well constructed ; and they are 
 much more advanced in internal policy and order than any 
 of the islands in this ocean. They are sunoumled by a coral 
 reef; but boats may land with great safety. Lat. 14. 19. Si 
 Ion. lf!9. 0. W. 
 
 NAULAGE, s. \imiilum, from navis, a ship, Lat.) the 
 freight of passengers in a ship. 
 
 NAU'M.\CHY, s. [iin.imaeliie, Fr. from Jiauf, a sh<p, and 
 maclie, a fight. Gr. | a nu.ck sea-tight. 
 
 To NAUSEATK r. a. [nnusen, Lat. J to loathe ; to rcjecj 
 with disgust ; to aflecl with loathing. Neuterly, to grow 
 Sfiiieamish ; In turn awav w'lli disgust. 
 NArSI'OrS, a. disgiibtful sloalhsome. 
 NA U'SEOtJ'^LY, «(/. in such a manner as to cause loath- 
 ing or disgust. 
 
 NALSEOUSNESS, j. the quality which causes loathins 
 and disgust. 
 
 NAUTIC, or NAUTICAL; n.ffrom nauta, a sailor, Lat.] 
 belonging to sailing, or sailors. 
 
 NAUTILI'S, s. [Lat. I a shell fish in the Mediterranean, 
 which moves with something resembling oars and a sail. 
 
 NAVY, *. [from imiis, a ship, Lat.j a fleet or collection 
 of ships, generally applied lo men of war. 
 
 iVAY, nil.[7,a, .Sax. I a woid nsetl lo imply deji'al or re- 
 fusal. What is still more — used in amplification. "Yea, 
 when absent ; nav, wlien dead." B. Junson. 
 
 NA YLAND, orNEYLAND, a town of Suffolk, with a 
 rnanufacture of soap, bays, and says. It is seated on the 
 river Stour, which divides it from Esses, (3 miles N. of C-^i- 
 chester, 10 S. W. of Ipswich, and 50 N. E. of London. Mar- 
 kef on Friday. 
 
 NA'YWORD, J. a refusal. A by word. A watch-word. 
 
 NA'Z.'\RETH, a town of Palestine, in Syria, .Asia, famous 
 
 for being the residence of our Lord and Saviour Jesus 
 
 Christ in the early part of his life. It is greatly reduced hi 
 
 size. Lat. :i2..3o'. N. Ion. ;35. 20. E. 
 
 NA'/AKrrE,or NAZARENE, in the Old Testament, ii 
 nse<l for a person disliiiguislied and separated from fli« 
 rest, by something extraordinary, either his sanctity, dignity, 
 or vows. 
 
 ToNl'.AL, (tifcl) 1'. rt. [<)nff7n». Sax. I to temper by heat- 
 ing aiul cooling gradually. Neuterly, to be tempered by 
 fire. 
 
 NEAP, (iteep) a,[nepfioil, Sax.] low; decreasing:, applied 
 only to the tide, and sometimes used as a substantive. 
 ^'eap-liiles are those which happen when the moon is aboii*. 
 or ■24 days old. 
 
 NEAR, (neer) prep, [ner. Sax. naer, 13cljj. and Scot.] at a 
 small di.stancc from ; close to. 
 NEAR, ad. almost at hand ; not far off. After go, not to
 
 NF.C 
 
 NKO 
 
 naiil much, or not far off. " It will go near to ruin him." 
 
 Spec. 
 
 NEAR, a. not far off; advanccil towards the end ofa design 
 or undertaking; affecting; dear. " Of so great and near con- 
 cerinnent." Lr.che. Inclining to covctousness. " Ancnrnian." 
 (■• NE'AllLY, ("c''/y) ad. at no great distance; affcctingly ; 
 pressingly ; closely, used witli concern. In a niggardly 
 manner. 
 
 NK'ARNESS, {neimess) s. the tjuality of being at a small 
 distance, or almost close to, applied to situation. Alliance 
 of blood or affection, applied to relations or friends. Too 
 great care of money, applied to expense. 
 
 NEAT, (iieet) s. [Sax. ««»«, Isl. and Scot.] black cattle and 
 oxen, used collectively ; a cow or ox. 
 
 NI'JAT, {neet) a. [net, Fr.J made witi) skill and elegance, 
 but void either of splendour or dignity; cleanly. In trade, 
 pure; unadulterated; not spoiled by foreign mixtures. 
 Neat or net product, is that which is gained after all expenses 
 are paid. 
 
 NEATH, a town of Glamorganshire; seated on a river 
 of-the same name, over which is a bridge, where a number 
 of small vessels come to load coal. In the neighbourhood 
 are iron forges, extensive tin works, smelted works for 
 copper, and many coal mines. A navigable canal 12 miles 
 in length lias been lately cut from hence to the county of 
 Brecon. It is situated near tiie Bristol Channel, 32 miles 
 N. \V. of Llandaff, and 200 VV. by N. of London. Markets on 
 Wednesday and Saturday. 
 
 NE'ATHERD, (iieitherd) s. [ncathyrd, Sax.] one that keeps 
 black cattle. 
 
 NEATLY, (neitlij) ad. in a cleanly manner ; in such a 
 manner as discovers skill and elegance, free from pomp, and 
 without dignify. 
 
 NE'ATNESS, (neetncss) 3. spriiceness ; elegance, without 
 pomp, affectation, or dignity ; the quality of being free from 
 adulteration. 
 NEB, *. I neiJe, Sax ] nose ; beak; mouth. 
 NE'BULA, s. [Lat.J an appearance like a cloud in a hu- 
 man body ; a film on the eye. 
 
 NE'BULOUS, a. [from nebula, a mist, Lat.] misty; 
 cloudy. 
 
 NECESSA'RIANS, j. those who are advocates for the 
 uoctrine of philosophical necessity. 
 
 NE'CESSARIES, «. such things as a person cannot live 
 without ; things necessary for the support of life. 
 
 NE'CESSAUILY, ad. indispensably ; by inevitable con- 
 sequence. 
 
 NE'CESSARINESS, s. that quality of a thing which ren- 
 ders it such that it cannot be without it. 
 
 NE'CESSARY, a. [from necesse, necessary, Lat.] that 
 which must be indispensably done or granted ; that without 
 which a thing cannot exist; imnelled by an irresistible 
 principle ; conclusive ; followed by inevitable conse- 
 quence. 
 
 To NECE'SSITATE, v. a. [from necme, necessary, Lat.J to 
 make necessary ; to deprive of choice ; to compel by irresis- 
 tible force. 
 
 NECESSITATION, *. the act of making necessary, or 
 compelling in such a manner as cannot be resisted. 
 NECE'SSITOUS, a. oppressed with want or poverty. 
 NECE'SSITOUSNESS, s. poverty ; want of things essen- 
 tial to the support of life. 
 
 I. NECE'SSITUDE, s. [from necesse, necessary, Lat.] want ; 
 need. 
 
 NECESSITY, s. [from necesse, necessary, Lat.] irresistible 
 power ; the state of neing free from dispensation or choice ; 
 a state of poverty, or want of those things without which 
 life cannot DC supported ; irresistible force of arguments or 
 inevitable consequence. 
 
 NECK, i. [neck, Belg. hneca. Sax.] that part of the body 
 which supports the head, and is between it and the body. A 
 long, narrow part. "A neck of land." Bacon. On the neck, 
 njeans immcaiately after, from one following another 
 
 clOGClf. 
 
 4 L 
 
 NE'CKCLOTH, s. a piece of linen worn round the neet;. 
 NE'CKLACE, s. a string of beads or jewels worn by waj' 
 of ornament round a woman's uecff. 
 
 NE'CROMANCER, s. [from •ne/irus, dead and mantis, a 
 soothsayer, Gr.] one that convcfies with ghosts, or reveals 
 secret things by means of the dead ; a conjuror. 
 
 NE'CROMANCY, s. [from nekros, dead and mar.Ui, a 
 soothsayer, Gr.j the art of revealing future events by con 
 versing with the dead ; ench?.ntuient. 
 
 NE'CTAil, s. [Gr] a liijuor said to be drunk by 
 the gods, and that whoever drank of it should be iunnorlul. 
 
 NE'CTARED, a. tinged, uiiuglcd, or abounding vjith 
 nectar. 
 
 NECTA'REOUS,«. [from nektar, the drink of the gods, 
 Gr. nectnrcus, Lat.] resembling nectar ; as sweet as nectar. 
 
 NE'CTAIIINK, s. [Fr. from nchlar, the drink of the gods, 
 Gr.J a delicious fruit of the plum or peach kind. 
 
 NEi')D, s. [ncod, Sax. unud, Bclg.] a pressing difficulty ; 
 want ; distressful poverty ; want of any thing useful or ser- 
 vicfable. 
 
 To NEED, V. a. to want; to require ; to be in want of. 
 Ncutrrly, to be wanted, or necessary. 
 
 NEE'DER, s. one that wants, or cannot do without a 
 thing. 
 
 NEE'DFUL, n. necessary ; not to be done without; in- 
 disperisablv requisite. 
 
 NEE'DPULLY, nd. in such a manner as to benecessaryj 
 
 NEE'DFl LNESS, *. the quality of being necessary to au 
 effect or end. 
 
 NEEDHAM, a town of Suffolk, with some trade in Suffolk 
 blues and cloths; the poorer sort of women are employed 
 in spinning and weaving bonelacc. It is seated on the river 
 Orwell, 10 miles N. \V. of Ipswich, and 73 N. E. of Londoa, 
 Market on Wednesday. 
 
 NEE'DINESS, s. the quality of being in want of things 
 essential to the support of life. 
 
 NEEDLE, s. [nudi. Sax.] a small slender piece of steel, 
 used in sewing; the small steel bar, which points toward* 
 the north in tlie sea-compass. 
 
 NEE'DLKS, two sharp-pointed rocks at the N. W. end 
 of the Isle of Wight, so called from their sharp extremities. 
 Lat. 50. 40. N. Ion. 1. 29. W. 
 
 NEE'DLEFISH, s. a kind of sea-fish. 
 
 NEE'DLEFUL, s. as much thread as generally is used 
 with a needle. 
 
 NEEDLER, or NEE'DLEMAKER, s. a person that 
 makes needles. 
 
 NEE'DLEWORK, s. any work performed with a needle , 
 embroidery. 
 
 NEE'DLESS, «. unnecessary ; not requisite ; not wanted. 
 
 NEEDLESSLY, ffrf. without obligation or necessity. 
 
 NEE'DLESSNESS, i. the quality of being unnecessary. 
 
 NEEDS, ad. [nedes. Sax. J necessarily ; by irresistible 
 force orcompulsion ; indispensably. 
 
 NEE'DY, a. distressed by poverty; wanting the neces- 
 saries of life. 
 
 NE'ER, a contraction of Never. 
 
 To NEESE, (neeze) v. n. [riyse, Dan.] (o flischarge breath 
 violentiv, and by a convulsive motion, through the nose. 
 
 NEFA'RIOIJS, a. [from nefus, wickedness, .Lat.] exces- 
 sively wicked. In law, unlawful. 
 
 NfiGATION, s. [>ieo-ntio, from nego, to deny, Lat.] denial, 
 opposed to athrmation or assent. Refusal, opposed to 
 consent. The absence of that which does not naturally 
 belong to the thing we are speaking of, or which has uo 
 right, obligation or necessitv, to be present with it. 
 
 NE'GATIVE, a. [nesntieiis, from iie^o, to deny, Lat.] 
 denying, opposed to attirming. Implymg the absence of 
 something; having the power to withhold, though not to 
 compel. 
 
 NE'GATIVE, s. a proposition by w hich something is de- 
 nied. In graminar< a particle made use of to imply dcnii.l 
 as, not.
 
 NEl 
 
 NES 
 
 NE'GATIVELY, m!. with denial; in the form of a 
 denial. 
 
 To NEGLE'CT, r. a. [iiedigo, Lat.] to omit by careless- 
 ness ; to refuse ; to treat with scornful heedlessness ; to post- 
 pone something that should be done. 
 
 NEGLE'CT, s. \ueglectiui, from 7(fg-7ig-o, to neglect, Lat.] 
 inattention ; careless treatment, or scornful heedlessness ; 
 omission of something which ought to be done. 
 
 NEGLE'CFER, .«. one who wilfully, scornfully, or heed- 
 lessly, omits doing something which he ought to do. 
 
 NRGLE'CTFUL, rt. heedless; omitting through scorn, 
 heedlessness, or inattention. 
 
 NEGLE'CTFULLY, arl. so as to omit some duty for 
 want of attention or caution ; treating in a cold and indif- 
 ferent manner. 
 
 NE'GLIGENCE, t. [Fr. negligentiny from negligo, to neg- 
 lect, Lat.J the habit of omitting some duty by heedless^ 
 ness, or want of attention ; want of career caution. 
 
 NE'GLIGENT, a. [Fr. negligens, from negligo, to neglect, 
 Lat.J careless ; heedless ; inattentive, scornfully regardless. 
 
 NEGLIGENTLY, ad. in a careless, heedless, or unexact 
 manner. 
 
 To NEGOTL-\TE, (negisriiatc) V. n. [.tegocier, Fr. from 
 negoiium, ^business, iLat.] to carry on the trade of a mer- 
 chant ; to trartic ; to enter into treaty with a foreign state ; 
 to pass a bill or draught for money. 
 
 NEGOTIATION, {riegoihidsiwu) s. a treaty of business; 
 a treaty with a foreign state. 
 
 NEGOTIATOR, (negoshiiUor) s. Uiegotiaterr, Fr.] one 
 employed to treat with others; one that transmits or pays 
 away bills drawn on foreigners. 
 
 NEGO'TI.\TING, (?if^us//i«//ni;)par<. employed in treat- 
 ing witli others ; passing bills drawn on foreigner.?. 
 
 NEGRO, *. [Span.] a blackmoor. 
 
 NE'GROLAND, or Nigritia, a country of Africa, 
 which lies between 18 deg. W. and 1.5 deg. E. longitude, 
 and between 10 deg. and 20 deg. of N. latitude, the great 
 i-iver Niger running through it. It is bounded by Zaara, or 
 til ; Desert, on the N. by unknown countries on the E. by 
 Goiinea on theS. viud by the Atlantic Ocean on the W. 
 
 NE'GROPON']', an island of I'urkey in Europe, near 100 
 miles long, and from 8 to IG brond. It abounds exceedingly 
 in corn, wine, oil, fruits, flesh, fish, and fowls, and provi- 
 sions are very cheap. It has a Greek archbishop's see. 
 The captain-bashaw resides here, who commands tlie whole 
 island. The I'ridge reaches from the city to the continent, 
 across the Si rait of Negropont ; the irregularities of which 
 has baffled the researches of both antients and moderns, to 
 .iccount for it satisfactorily. In the first eight days of the 
 month, viz. from the 14th to the 20th, and also in the three 
 Jast days, the tide is regular both in its ebb and in its flood ; 
 out on the other days, tiie ebb and flood return 10, 11, 12, 
 1.3, and even 14 times within 24 or 26 hours. Lat. 38. 30. 
 N. Ion. 24. 8. E. 
 
 To N I'.IGH, (riey) v. n. Ikmtgah, Sax.] to make a noise like 
 a horse or mare. 
 
 NEIGH, {ney) s. the noise made by a horse. 
 
 NEI'GHBOUR, {n'qihtr) s.\npligrhur. Sax.] one whc lives 
 »ear to another ; one familiar to another ; any thing situated 
 ucar ornext to another ; intimate; confidant. In divinity, 
 one partaking of the same nature, and therefore intitled to 
 goorf offices. 
 
 To NEIGHBOUR, v.c. to adjoin to; to confide on; to 
 hC'lMaJnt with ; to make near to. 
 
 NErGI-lBOUKHOOD, {,ii;itwrlui<l)s. [yiAgchvrliach, Sax.j 
 a place situated nvar another ; the state nf being near to 
 each other ; those that live near one another. 
 
 NEIGH HOURLY, (najhml,/) ad. in the maimer of a 
 neii^hbonr ; in a social and civil iranner. 
 
 NEISSE, acity and principality of Prussian Silesia. The 
 bishop of Breslaw generally resides here, and has « magnifi- 
 cent pi.lace. The ai? is very wholesome, provisions are 
 i<iciip, and the iidiabilanfs carry on a considerable trade iu 
 
 C2C 
 
 linens and wine. It is seated on the river Neisse, 44 mile* 
 S. of Breslaw. Lat. 50. 19. N. Ion. 17. 36. E. 
 
 NEITHER, eotij. sometimes pronounced ntther, and by 
 others nether ; \nawther. Sax.] not either. Wlieii used in tlie 
 first branch of a negative sentence, it is answered by nor. — 
 " Fight neither with small %or great." 1 Kings xxii. 31. 
 Sometimes it is used as the second branch of a negative seiv 
 teuce ; as, " Ye shall not eat of it, neither shall ye couch it." 
 Gen. iii. 3. Sometimes it follows a negative at the end of a 
 sentence, and often, though not graniiilatically, yet emplia- 
 tically, after another negative. " Mcr come not to the 
 knowledge, till they come to the use of reason, nur ihev 
 neither." Locke, 
 
 N EITHER, pron. not either , cot one nor the other ; no* 
 this nor that. 
 
 NE'LSON, an English settlement in North America, on 
 theW. side of Hudson's Bay, seated on the mouth of^lhe 
 river Nelson, 600 miles N. W. of Rupert-fort, and 250 S. E, 
 of Churchill-fort. It belongs to the Hudson s Bay Coio- 
 pany. Lon. 91.5. W. lat. o7. 25. N. 
 
 NEO'PHYTR, s. [Fr. from neos, new, and phijo, to gene- 
 rate, Gr J one regenerated ; a convert. 
 
 NEOiERlC, «. [neotericus, Lat. from neos, new, Gr.] 
 modern ; novel ; late. 
 
 NEOTS, St. a town of Huntingd'onshire, with a market 
 on Thursday. It is 17 miles W. S. W. of Cambridge, and 
 51 N.N. W. of London. 
 
 NEPE'NTHE, s. [from ne, without, and penthos, sorrow, 
 Gr.] in antiquity, a magic potion or opiate, which rendered 
 persons insensible to, or made them forget all their pains 
 and grief. 
 
 NEPHEW, (iwuCTt) s. [««!)«(, Fr.] a brother or sister's son. 
 
 NEPHRITIC, {nefritic) a. [from nephros, tile groin, 3r. 
 nephriticus, Lat.] belonging to the kidneys, reins, or vessels 
 that convey the urine; troubled with the stofie; good 
 against the gravel and stone. 
 
 NETOTISM, s. [nevoti:me, Fr. from «rnos, a grandson or 
 nephew, Lat.] fondness for nf phews. This word is chiefly 
 used to express the extravagiut power given by the rulijig 
 popes to their nephews, or other relations, hi ecclesiastical 
 aflairs. 
 
 NEPTUNE, *. in mythology, the god of the sen. He was 
 the brother of Jupiter and Pluto, and the son of Saturn and 
 Ops. He is rejjresented riding upon the waves, armed with 
 a trident, and sitting in a chariot drawn by sea-horses. 
 
 NEPTUNIAN, ». iu geology, belonging to Neptune or 
 the sea. 
 
 NERVE, s. [ttervns, Lat. nerf, Fr.] in anatomy, a ronnd, 
 white, long body, like a cord, com|posed of sevei-al threads 
 or fibres, deriving its origin from the brain or spinal mar- 
 row, and distributed through all parts of the body, serving 
 as the organ of sensation or motion, and supposed by some 
 anatomists to contain a .juice called the animal spirits, or 
 seme electrical fluid, by means of which the impression of 
 objects is conveyed instantaneously to the brain, or the soul 
 resident therein. A sinew or tendon. In poetry, any thing 
 which gives strength or is essential. 
 
 NE'RVELESS, «. faint ; without strength ; weak. 
 
 NE'RVOUS, a. [from nerviis, a nerve, Lat.] well .strung ; 
 strong; vigorous; relating to the nerves ; having its seat in 
 the nerves. Having weak or disordered nerves, in medical 
 cant. 
 
 NE'SCIENCE, s. [from rw'a negative particle, ami irno, 
 to know, Lat.] ignorance ; the state of not knowing." Sat 
 down in a i)rofessed nescience." Glanvillc. 
 
 NESS, a termination, added to an adjective, by means ol 
 which it is changed to a substantive, signifying slate or qiut- 
 lity in the abstract. Thus goitdh changed '\\\\.ri goodness. 
 When used at the ends of the names of places, it is deri- 
 ved (mm ticie. Sax. ^a nose, promontory, orlieadland; as, 
 
 Inverness. 
 
 NEST, :<. [Sax.] a bed or reposilotv formed by a bird oi 
 fowl, for laying, hatching, and feeding her young in; any
 
 NEV 
 
 NEW 
 
 place where animais are prcn!uced ; the younfjofancst. A 
 receptacle or place of residence. " A »w»< of royiies." A 
 collection of drawers, lioxes, or pocl<ets, that comuiuiiicatc 
 with eacli other, or l)elotis to the same i'rame. 
 
 To NKST, V. n. to build nests. 
 
 NE'STECIG, ^. an egf; left in the nest to keep the hen 
 from forsaking it. 
 
 To NE'STLE, v. n. to settle, harbour, or lie close and 
 snuff hke birds in a nest. Actively, to iunise, as in a nest ; 
 to cr.erish, as a bin! does her young in a nest. " She like 
 his mother nestles him." C'hipmim. 
 
 NE'STLING, s. a bird just taken out of the nest. 
 
 NET, J. \net, Sax.] a texture woven or knit \\\\\\ large 
 interstices, or meshes, used as a snare for birds, fishes, &c. 
 Any tiling made with interstitial vacuities. 
 
 NETIIER, a.\jiteolher. Sax.] lower, opposed to upper; 
 situated in a lower place, or in the infernal regions. 
 
 NETHERLANDS, antiently called Bcl^ia, but since de- 
 «ominated Low Countries, or A't</;«7nMf/s, from their low si- 
 tuation, are situated between 2 and 7deg. of E. Ion. and be- 
 tween 60 deg. and 53 deg. .30. min. of N. lat. 'I'liey con- 
 sisted formerly of 17 provinces; lOof which were called the 
 Austrian and I'Vench Netherlands,and the other 7 the United 
 Provinces. They are now however entirely in the possession 
 of the French, who have formed them into departments, and 
 annexed them to France. 
 
 NETHEllMOST, a. the superlative of nether ; lowest ; 
 below any thing that it is compared with. 
 
 NE1TING, s. a piece of net-work. 
 
 NETTLE, s. [iietel. Sax.] a stinging herb. 
 
 To NE'TTLE, v. a. to sting, irritate, or provoke. 
 
 NETWORK, s. the work with which a net is made; 
 any thing made with interstices resembling the meshes of a 
 net. 
 
 NETER, ad. [nafre. Sax.] at no time, either past, 
 present, or to conie ; in no degree. " Never the ^^orse." 
 None, or not a single one. " He answered him to never a 
 word." Matt, xxvii. 14. Johnson observes that this word 
 is used in a form of speech, which though handed down 
 by the best writers, and but lately censured, is justly 
 reckoned a solecism ; as in, " He is mistaken, though never 
 so wise;"' — which should properly be expressed, " He is 
 mistaken, though ever so wise." Or else by supplying 
 the ellipsis, thus; He is mistaken, though there ne«er was 
 a person so wise." In this sense, it should be remarked, 
 it always includes a comjiarison, and is followed by so. 
 
 NEVERTHELESS, ad. notwithstanding. 
 
 NEUFCHA'^TEL. a country of Switzerland, having 
 Franche Comte on the W. Basle on the N. and Bern and 
 Friburgon the E. and S. It is about 40 miles long, and 20 
 broad. The state of Neufcha-ttel was formerly governed 
 by its own counts, the last of whom dying without issue in 
 1694, it descended to Mary of Orleans, duchess of Nemours, 
 his inly sister, who died without issue in 1703, when there 
 were 13 competitors ; but at an assembly of the states in 
 1707, tliey unani-mously chose the king of Prussia for their 
 sovereign; who governed the country by a viceroy. The air 
 is healthy and temperate, but the soil is not every where 
 slike fertile; it produces, however, a good deal of wine, 
 both white and red. The religion is Protestantism, except 
 two small villages, where that of the church of Rome is ob- 
 served. 
 
 NEUFCHATTEL, the capital of the above country, is 
 situated at the end of the lake of the same name. It is 25 
 miles ^. of Bern. Lat. 47. 5. N. Ion. 7. 0. E. 
 
 NE'VIN, or NEWIN, a v^ry poor town of Carnarvon, 
 shire, seated on the Irish Channel, opposite to Pulhelly. 
 Here Edward 1. in 1284, on the conquest of Wales, held 
 a round table, in imitation of King Arthur, and celebrated 
 it with a dauce and tournament. The concourse was 
 prodigious; not only the chief nobility of England, but 
 numbers of others from foreign parts, graced the festival 
 .with their presence. It is 20 miles S. W. of Carnarvon, and 
 940 N. W. of London Market on Saturday. 
 
 KE'VIS, an island of America, and one of the Caribbees, 
 
 divitled from the E. end of St. Christopher's by a narrow 
 channel. Himc are springs of fresh water, and a hot bath, 
 much of the same nature as those of IJalli in Eiiglaiid. It is 
 a small island, but very fruitful, and a colony of the English 
 Lon. G2 de^'. W. lat. 17. .30. N. 
 
 NEURO LOGY, s. [from neiiroK, a nerve and lof^os, a dis 
 coinse, Gr.J a description of, or discourse concerning, the 
 nerves. 
 
 NEUROTOMY, s. [from neuron, a nerve and temm, to 
 cut, Gr.] the anatomy of the nerves. 
 
 NEUTER, a. [Lat. J indili'erent ; not engaged in or ta- 
 king part with either side. In grammar, ajiplied to a noun 
 \yhich implies no sex; applied to a verb, that which signi- 
 fies neither action nor passion, but some state or conditio.ii 
 of bein^; as, I sit. 
 
 NEUTER, s. one indifterent, or not engaged in any 
 party. 
 
 NEUTRAL, 0. [Fr. from neuter, neither, Lat.J indiffer- 
 ent ; not acting; not engaged on either side ; neither good 
 norbad. In medicine, neither acid noralkaline. 
 
 NEUTRAL, s. one who does not act or engage on either 
 side. 
 
 NEUTRALITY, s. a state of indifference, of neither 
 friendship nor hostilitv; a state between good and evil. 
 NEUTRALIZE, v.' a. to render neutral. 
 NEUTRALLY, «rf. in an iudill'ereiit manner; on neither 
 side. 
 
 NEW, a. [n«o!c. Sax.] lately made or had; fresh; not 
 used ; modern ; having the effectof novelly ; not accustomed 
 or familiar ; renewed or repaired, so as to recover its first 
 state; fresh after any cessation or impediment; of no an- 
 cient extraction. Generally applied to things in the same 
 sense as yovn^ is to persons. In composition, it siguifies 
 newly, or lalelv. — " The 7if?t;-heard wound." SlteJi. 
 
 NEWARK-UPON-TRENT, a town of Nottinghamshire, 
 seated oii-the river Trent, over which is a bridgeiulo a small 
 island, made by the river. Here is a handsome and most 
 spacious niarkef-piace. They trade chiflly in corn, cattle, 
 wool, &c. and there is a considerable manufacture of maJt, 
 and a small one of sacking. It once had a magnificent 
 castle, of great importance, now in ruins. It is 20 miles N. 
 E. by E. of Nottingham, and 124 N. by W. of Loudon, on 
 the Yoik road. Market on Wednesday. 
 
 NEWBOROUGH, a sniall town of N. Wales, in the Isle 
 of Anglesey, <)nce the residence of the Princes of Wales, but 
 now principally supported by making mats with sea-reed 
 grass. It is siatecl on the river Brant, 15 miles S. W. of 
 Beaumaris, and 257 N. W. of London. Market on Tm s- 
 dav. 
 NEW-BRITAIN. See Britain. 
 
 NEWBURY, a large well frequented town in Berkshire, 
 with a handsome market-house, seated on the river Kennet, 
 on the great road between London and Bristol. It was 
 formerly eminent for the clothing manufacture, but is much 
 declined in this respect, yet many of the people are 
 employed in spinning. It is 16 miles W'. of Reading, and 
 56 W. of London. Market on Thursday. 
 
 NEWCASTLE, a small town of Carmarthenshire in S. 
 Wales, seated on the river Tyvv, 17 miles N. W. of Carmar- 
 then and 219 N. N. W. of London. Market on Friday. 
 
 NE'WCASTLE, or Nkwcastle-upon-Tyne, the lar- 
 gest and most populous town in Northumberland, situated 
 among steep hills, ou the Tyne, which is here a fine and deep 
 river; so that ships of 3 or 4 hundred tons burden, mav 
 safely come up to the town, though the large collicis are 
 stationed at Shields. It is so secure a haven, that vessels, 
 when they have passed Tynemouth-bar, are in no dai.gc-r 
 either from storms or shallows, ft is defended by Clitl'ord's 
 Fort, which effectually commands all vessels that enter the 
 river. The town may be considered as divided into two 
 
 Earts, of which Ciateshead, on the Durham side, is one; aud 
 oth were joined by a string bridge, which had stood abovi- 
 500 years. It originally consisted of 12 arches, but bv the 
 
 637
 
 N K W 
 
 NEW 
 
 •jmbariknipnt of the river fur ihe purpose of forming the 
 (juays on the N. side, they were reduced lo nine. On tliis 
 biirigewere iiouses, v\ liich, in general, stood at some dis- 
 !gnee from eaci) oilier. In 1771, a dreadful flood carried 
 awav four of these arciies, with the houses that stood upon 
 
 liiera. This part of the li 
 
 was retiuilt iu 1779. 'J'he 
 
 town rises on the K. bank of the river, where the streets 
 upon the ascent are exceerlinijly steep. Many of the houses 
 are btsilt of stone, but some of them are timber, and the rest 
 of brick. Tijroii^h this town went part of that wall which 
 extended frmi sea 'to sea, and was built bv the Tionians to 
 defend the Britons against the incursions of the Picts, after 
 all their trail^e(i youili had been drawn from the kingdom to 
 recruit the armies of their conquerors. The castle, wliicii 
 is old and ruinous, overlooks the whole town. The exchange, 
 church-houses, and otiier public buildings, are elegant ; and 
 the quay for landing goods, is long and large. Here is a 
 liall for "the surgeons, a large hospital, built by the conlribii- 
 tionof the keel men, foi- the maintenance of the poorcf their 
 fraternity; and several charitable foundations, situated in 
 llie centre of the great collieries, which have for centuries 
 supplied London, all the eastern, and most of the midland 
 and southern parts oftiit kingdom with coal. This trade 
 has been the source of great opulence to Newcastle; which, 
 besides, exports large quantities of'lead, salt, sahuon, but- 
 ter, tallow, and grindstones ; and imports wine and fruit 
 from the S. of Europe, and timber, iron, hemp, &c. from 
 the Baltic and Norway. Ships are sent hence to the Green- 
 land fishery. It also possesses manufactories of steel, ii-on, 
 and woollen cloth ; and in the town and neiglibourhood 
 are several glass-houses. The streets in the old part of 
 Newcastle are unsiglitly and narrow, (so narrow indeed are 
 some of them that the passenger in going through them, 
 may extend his hands and nearly his elbows to the opposite 
 sides.of the street, and these are called e/iaiis,)and the build- 
 ings greatly crowded together ; but some of the newer parts 
 are handsome and commodious. The suburbs are chiefly 
 inhabited by keel-men ; a rough and sturdy race, employed 
 in carrjing the coal down the river in keels, or lighters, to 
 the large ships. Newcastle was made a borough by Wil- 
 liam the Conqueror, and. the first charter which was grant- 
 ed to the townsmen for digging coal was by Henry 111. in 
 1239 ; but, in 1300, (he use of coal for fuel was prohibited 
 in London, by royal proclamation, chiefly because it injured 
 the sale of wood for fuel, great quantities of which were then 
 grow ing about that city ; but this interdiction did not long 
 continue, and we may consider coal as having been dug and 
 exported from this place for more than 400 years. Newcas- 
 tle is 14 miles N. of Durham, 94 N. of York, and 271 N. by 
 W. of.London, on the great road to Edinburgh. Biarketon 
 Tuesday and Saturday. 
 
 NE'WCASTLE, or'NEWCASXLE-UNDER-LiNE, a con- 
 siderable and well-built town in Staffordshire, with a manu- 
 factory of cloth and a large one of hats, here being an incor- 
 porated company of felt-makers. In the neighbourhood 
 are many nianuftictures of itone ware, the sale of which is 
 supposed to average annuallv lOO.OOOjg. If i-s seated on a 
 branch of the Trent, ^^ inilesN. of Staflord, and 149 N.W. 
 of London. Market on Monday. 
 
 NEAVEL, s. the compass round which the staircase is 
 carried. 
 
 NEW-E-NGtAND. See England. 
 
 NE'WENT, a town of Gloucestershire, seated on a branch 
 of the Severn, navigable for boats, 8 nfiles N. W. of Glou- 
 cester and I14W. N. VV. of London. Some valuable niines 
 of excellent coal, the beds of which aie of great magnitude, 
 liavc been lately discovered In this parish. A navigable canal 
 has been making from hence to Hereford, ftlarktt on 
 Fridav. 
 
 NEWFA'NGLr.D, n. formed with a vain love of novelty. 
 
 NEWFA'.MGLEUNESS, or NEWFA'NGLENESS, *. a 
 vain or ftHilish love of novelty. 
 
 NEWFOREST, a pHrt of Hampshire, lying on (he En- 
 glish channel, opposite to the Isle of Wight; now appro- 
 C28 
 
 priated by act of parliament for the production 'of oaks, to 
 be employed in building t'le royal navy. 
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND, a triangular island on the eastero 
 coast of N. America, remarkable for itscodfishing, between 
 47 and 52 degrees of N. kititu(le, and 54 and GO degrees of 
 W. longitude. It is bounded by .the narrow Straits of Bel- 
 lisle on the N. by the Atlantic Ocean on the E. and S. and 
 tlie Bay of St. Lawrence on tlie W. It is 350 miles in length 
 from N. to S. and 200 in breadth, at the base, from E. to W. 
 Th.ere is great plenty of venison, fish, and fowls, but very 
 little corn, fruit, or cattle ; upon which account the inhabit- 
 ants have not only their clothes and furniture, but provisions, 
 from England. 
 
 NEWHA'VEN, a small but populous town of Sussex, 
 seated at the mouth of the river Ouse. It has a little, 
 though convenient harbour, inclosed with timber p-iers, and 
 a quay on the i'J. side, and is 7 miles S. of Lewes, and 50 S. 
 of London. Market disused, 
 
 NEAVIN. See Nevin.' 
 
 NE'WLY, ad. lately ; not long ago. 
 
 NEWIMAUKET, "a town in Cambridgeshire, on the bor? 
 ders of Norfolk, consisting chiefly of one long well-built 
 street, (he N. side in Suflblk, and the S. side in Cambridge- 
 shire. It is chiefly celebrated for horse-races (its heath 
 being the finest course in England) and (he two meetings in 
 April and October, are the first in the kingdom, or, per- 
 haps the world. It is a great thoroughfare in thf road 
 from London to Norfolk, and is situated iu a healtliy air, 
 14 miles N. N. E. of Cambridge, and 60 N. by E. of Lon- 
 don. Markets on Tuesday and Thursday. 
 
 NEWMARKET, a small town of Flintshire in N. Wales, 
 4 miles N. E. of St. Asaph, and 206 N. W. of London. 
 
 NEWN, a town in Montjjomeryshire, N. Wales. See 
 Ne\vton. 
 
 N'EIVNESS, ^. freshness ; the quality of being lately 
 made, discovered, or possessed. 
 
 NE'WNHAM, a town of Gloucestershire, seated on the 
 W. side of (he Severn, over which it has a ferry. It has to 
 this day the sword of state which king John gave with their 
 charter. It is 10 miles S. W^of Gloucester, and 112 W. N. 
 W. of London. Market on Friday. 
 
 NEWPORT, a large well frequented town of-Hampshire, 
 in the Isle of Wight, with a manufacture of starch. 'It is 
 called in Latin, Medina, from whence the whole island, on 
 the E. andW. sides cfit, is called E.and W.Medina. It is 
 situated almost in the centre of the island, ou the river 
 Cowes, (which falls 7 miles telow it, into the sea, and which 
 is navigable up to the quay here for small vessels,) 6 miles 
 S. of Cowes, and 91 S. W. of London. Markets ou Wed- 
 nesday and Saturday. 
 
 NEWPORT, a town in Shropshire. I( has a handsome 
 free-school and a market-house ; and is 17 miles E. ot 
 Shrewsbury, and 140 NW. of London. Market on Satur- 
 day. 
 
 Newport, a town of Monmouthshire, seated on (lie 
 river Usk, over which is a handsome bridge. It has a good 
 harbour, whence it has its name ; and is 19 miles S. S. W. ot 
 Monmouth, and 152 W. by N. of London. Market on Sa- 
 turday. 
 
 NE'WTORT, atown of Pembrokeshire, seated at the bot- 
 tom of a high hill, on the Nevern, a tine navigable river, at 
 the bottom of a bay of the same name, 18 miles N. E. of 
 St. David's, aud 235 W. N. W. of London. Market on Sa- 
 turday. 
 
 NEWPORT, a town in Cornwall, whose market is dis- 
 used ; but it sends two members to parliament. It is 3 
 miles N. of Launceston, and 214 W. bv S. of London. 
 
 NE'WPOllT-PAGNEL, a town of Buckinghamshire, 
 seated on a small river, which' soon after falls into(heOuse. 
 It is noted for the manufacture of bone^lace, for which it is 
 a sort of staple ; and it flourishes considerably on that ac- 
 count. It is 14 miles E. N. E. of Buckingham, 15 S. S. E. 
 of Northampton, and 61 N. N. W, of London. A markcj
 
 NIC 
 
 NIG 
 
 on Wednesday for lace, and miotlier on Salurda.v for coru 
 and provisions. 
 
 NE'WllV, a considerable fovr 11 of Down, in Ulster, situ- 
 ated on tlie side of a sleep Ijill, at tiio font of ^\liicli is the 
 Newry Water, liavini; over it two Ftone bridi^es, and tliere 
 is a third bridye over a iiavi^^able canal, opoTi for vessel) of 
 70 tons burden, bv wliicli i' lias a coniiiiuuicatioii with 
 Lousli Neayli and Cailii)j;foi.l IJay. Newry is so miicii im- 
 proved in its siii|)piiiij trade, buildings, and the linen nianu- 
 iactiire, that it is now the largest town in the coiintv. It is 
 49 miJosN. of Dublin. 
 
 NEV«'8, s. willioiit a singular; fresh aeconnt of snnie- 
 thiiin; ; sometliii!si)'>t heard before ; papcis which t;ive an 
 account of the traiisactiuns of the present tiiiies, both at 
 home and abroad. 
 
 NE'WSMONd! !'U, s. one who deals in newspapers ; one 
 who makes it ills business to hear and tell news. 
 
 NEWT, ^. [Sax. supposed to be contracted from an cvct] 
 an evel ; a small lizard. They are supposed to be appro- 
 priated some to the land, and some to the water. 
 
 NEWTON, a small town of Lancashire, communicating 
 with all the late inland navigations. It is 5 miles N. of 
 Warrington, and 190 N. W. of London. Market on Satur- 
 day. Fairs on August 12, and May 17. 
 
 NE'WTON, a town of Montgomeryshire in N. Wales, 
 seated on the river Severn, trading in ifannels. It is 7 miles 
 S. W. of Montgomery, and 1G9W. N. W. of London. Mar- 
 ket on Tuesday. 
 
 NE'WTON, a town of Hampshire, in the Isle of Wislit. 
 Its creek, or haven, at high water, is able to receive vessels 
 of 500 tons burden, and affords the best security for ship- 
 pins of any in the island. It is 14 miles S. of Southampton, 
 and 93 miles W. by S. of London. Market disused. 
 
 NE'WTON-BUSHEL, a large, but meanly built town in 
 Devonshire, seated on the river Teigii, 15 miles S. by W. of 
 Exeter, and 188 W. S. W. of London. Market on Wednes- 
 day. 
 
 NEXT, a. the superlative of near ; hicxt. Sax.] nearest, 
 applied to place. Immediately succeeding, applied to or- 
 der. Nearest in degree. 
 
 NEXT, «(/. at the time or turn immediately succeeding. 
 
 NI'AS, a. \niais, Fr.] simple, silly, foolish. 
 
 NIB, s. [neb, the face. Sax. 7iMc, the bill, Belg.J the bill 
 or beak of a bird ; the point of any thing, as that of a pen. 
 
 To NIB, V. a. to cut the point of a pen. 
 
 NI'BBED, a. having a point ; having its point cut. 
 
 To NIBBLE, V. a. to bite by little at a time; to eat 
 slowly ; to bite, as a fish does the bait. Neuteily, to bite at. 
 Figuratively, to carp at or find fault with. 
 
 Nl'BBLER, s. one that bites by little ata time. 
 
 NICARAGUA, a maritime province of Mexico, having 
 Honduras on the N. (lie North Sea on tlieE. Costa Rica on 
 theS. E. and the South Sea on the S. W. It is about 400 
 miles long, and 130 broad. The air is wholesome and tem- 
 perate, and the soil fertile, producing vast quantities of 
 sugar, cochineal, and fine chocolate. 
 
 NICE, an antientaud considerable sea-port, on the con- 
 fines of Fiance and Italy, formerly capital of a county of the 
 same name, under the protection of the king of Sardi- 
 nia, but in 1792 united with the French republic. It is very 
 agreeably situated on a sharp rock, with a strong citadel, at 
 the mouth of the river Paglion, 83 .iiiles S. bv W. of Turin, 
 and 83 E. of Aix. Lat. 43. 42. N. Ion. 7. 23. E. 
 
 NICE, 0. f_nese, soft. Sax.] accurate in judgment to minute 
 exactness and culpable delicacy ; delicate ; scrupulously 
 captious ; squeamish ; refined. • 
 
 NI'CELV, ad. in such a manner as discovers the greatest 
 accuracy, delicateness, and the most scrupulous exactness. 
 
 NI'CENESS, s. the quality of being minutely exact, super- 
 fluously delicate, and excessively scrupulous, 
 
 NICETY, s. minute accuracy ot thought or performance ; 
 squcamishness ; minute observance, or critical exactness ; 
 delicate and cautious treatment ; ' effeminacy. In the plural, 
 dainties or delicacies in eatinir. 
 
 illow in vvhicli a slutnc may l>e 
 
 NICHE, s. [Fr.] 
 placed. 
 
 NICK, i. [mjVAt, the'twiiiklhi'^' of the eye, Teut.J that 
 exact point of time in whieli a tiling is iiio>t proper or C'Mi. 
 venieiit to be done ; a iiottli cut in any thing; a lucky cast; 
 a sctii:e or reckoning. 
 
 To NICK, V. a. to hit ; to touch luckily ; to perform at 
 that point of time which is luosi proper and convenient ; to 
 cut in nicks or nofcbcs ; to suit like tallies cut in notches ; 
 to defeat or cozen ; to disappoint by some trick. 
 
 NICKEL, s. in metalhirgy, is a line white metal, ductile 
 and malleable, but of ditliciilt fusion. It is attracted by 
 the magnet, and has itself the properly of attracting iron. 
 It is procureil from various parts of Germany, but is not 
 much used in this country. 
 
 NI'CKNAME, s. a name given to a person or body of 
 men in scofi'and contempt. 
 
 To NI'CKNAME, v. a. to call by some reproachful 
 name. 
 
 NICOLAITANS, in ecclesiastical history, an antientscct 
 of heretics who are condemned in the book of Revelation. 
 They are said to have holden the community of wives. 
 Whether or not they were tiie disciples of Nicolas, one of 
 the seven deacons has been much disputed. 
 
 To NICTATE, r. n. [from nicio, Lat.] to wink. 
 
 Nl'DGET, .». [iiirtiii!;, Sax. J a term with which a person 
 was formerly branded, who did not repair to the royal 
 standard in times of danger ; a coward. 
 
 NIDIFICA'l'lON, s. [nidijicuiio, from jiidus, a nest, and 
 facio, to make, Lat. J the act of building nests. 
 
 NIDIRO'SITV, J. belching, attended .with the taste of 
 undigested roast-meat. 
 
 NI'DOROUS, a. [from nidm; Lat.] resembling the snif 11 
 or taste of roasted fat. 
 
 NIDULA'TION, s. [niduhr, from nidus, a nest, Lat.] the 
 time of remaining in the nest. 
 
 NIECE, {neece) s. [I'r.J the daughter of a brother or 
 sister. 
 
 NI'GER, a river, supposed to be one of the largest in 
 Africa. Its rise and termination arc unknown ; but its 
 course is said to be from E. to W. running S. of the king, 
 dom of Caslina towards Tombucktoo, in the sands of which 
 country it is supposed to be lost. 
 
 NIGGARD, s. Uimgs:r, Isl.] a person who gives or spends 
 little, or with unwillingness. 
 
 NI'GGARD, a. sordid ; avaricious ; parsimonious ; 
 sparing. 
 
 Nl'GGARDISH, a. somewhat inclined to avarice or par- 
 simony. 
 
 NIGGARDLINESS, s. avarice. 
 
 NT'GGARDLY, 0. avaricious ; sparing; wary. 
 
 NI'GGARDLY, «rf.in a sparing or grudging manner. 
 
 NIGH, (the g-/i in this word and its following derivatives 
 is mute in pronunciation; as, 7)T, Jif?//, Sec.) prep, [ny/h, S&\.\ 
 not far from. Synon. I w ill leave It to the decision of the 
 curious, whether or no the word near is not a corruption of 
 mgher, the comparative of n/s.''- B^ tlds as it may, near, in 
 my opinion, implies a less distance than nigh. Thus I 
 should say, When we come nigli to such a place, we shall be 
 near home : The nig/ier the enemy, the nearer the danger. 
 As a farther proof of 'this, speaking of the close ties of 
 kindred, we use the word neio-, in preference tothat of in'^//, 
 as implying a less distance, or greater degree of consan- 
 guinity between the two persons. Thus, my brother's child 
 is my 7icar relation, or is nearly related to me. 
 
 NIGH, ad. at no great distance ; a place not far off. 
 
 NfGH, a. near, at no great distance. Allied closely by 
 blood, applied to kindred. 
 
 NI'GHLY.orf. nearly; within a little. 
 
 NIGHNESS, s. nearness ; proximity. 
 
 NIGHT, (this word, and its following compounds ami 
 derivatives, is pronounceil with the g-»'i mute ; as, mi, vHtty, 
 mtingale, &c.) s. [nilit. Sax.] the time when the sun is beluw 
 ourhorizoD. Much used in compoiition.
 
 NIM 
 
 ^MT 
 
 TO NIGHT, ad. this night. 
 
 NI'GHTCAP, s. cap worn in bed, or in undress. 
 
 NIGHTCEOW, s. a bird that cries in the night. 
 
 NIGHTDOG, *. a dog that hunts iu the night. Used by 
 dver-stealers. 
 
 NIGHTDRESS, s. a dress worn at night. 
 
 NIGHTED, n. blind. " ilk nightcd iik" S7,ak. Black, 
 " Cast thv wc-liicd colour off." Shnli. 
 
 M'GHTf'ARING, i. travelling in the Jiight, 
 
 NI'GHTFOUNDKRED.a. distressed lor want of know- 
 ing the way in the night. 
 
 NI'GHTHAG, s. a witch, supposed to wander in the 
 night. 
 
 NI'GHTINGALE, s. [from night, and galan, to sing. Sax.] 
 a small bird that sings in the night, and remarkable for its 
 melody ; a word of endearment. 
 
 NIGHTLY, ad. in the night ; by night ; every night, 
 
 NIGHTLY, a. done or acting by night. 
 
 NIGHTMAN, s. one who cleanses jakes, or carries away 
 their ordure by uight. 
 
 NIGHTMARE, s. See Make and Ivcubus. 
 
 NI'GHTPIECE, .-. a picture, so coloured as to be sup- 
 posed to be seen by candle-li.nht, not by day-light ; a de- 
 scription of some scene in the night. 
 
 NIGHTRAlti, «. [regl, Sax. and night] a cover thrown 
 over the dress by night to keep it clean. 
 
 NI'GHTRULE, s. a tumuli in the night. " What niglu- 
 rule now." Hhak. 
 
 NIGHTSHADE, s. [nikt semh. Sax.] a plant of two 
 kinds, one called the common, and the otlier deadly night- 
 shade. 
 
 NTGHTSHINING.a. glittering or shining by ni^ht. 
 
 NI'GHTWALKER, s. one who roves iu the night upon 
 ill designs ; a prostitute. 
 
 NI'GHTWARD, a. approaching towards night. 
 
 NrGIiTVVATCH, s. a part or lime of night distinguished 
 by a change of the walch. 
 
 "NrHILLS, orNlCHILS, inlaw, issuer which the sheriff 
 says are nothing wortli and illeviable, from the insufficiency 
 of the parties that should pay them. 
 
 NIHI'LITY, s.[nilnUte, Fr. from nihilium, nothing, Lat.] 
 nothinMcss; the slate or quality of being nothing. 
 
 NILE, a great river of Africa, which rises in the moun- 
 tains of Abyssinia, called the Mowitaiiis of the Moon, near 
 the village of Ciecsh, in lat. 10. 59. N. Ion. 36. o.5. E. In 
 some parts of this river there are rocks, whence the water 
 falls several feel, and these are called the cataracts of the 
 Nile. It overtlows regularly every year, from the 15th of 
 June to the 17l!i of September, when it begins to decrease. 
 The fertility of Egypt depends upon the overflowing^ of the 
 Nile; and they reckon it will be a bad year when it is less 
 tnan 14 cubits, and above 18 ; but that IG 's the proper 
 height ; and when this happens they make public rejoicings 
 throughout the Delta. This inundationof the Nile is caused 
 by the periodical rains which fall every year between the 
 tropics, and more particularly in Abyssinia. Off the mouth 
 ctf ttiis river, August 2, 1798, Sir Horatio (afterwards Lord) 
 Nelson, took, ordestroved, a I'rench lleet of 1.3 sail of the 
 line and 2 frigates. The British lleet consisted of thirteen 
 74-gun ships and one of 50 guns : in tlie French line of bat- 
 tle were, 1 of 120 guns, I'Orient, Adm. Bnieys, burnt and 
 blown up ; 3 of SO guns, 9 of 74, and 4 frigates. The French 
 armament was directed against Egypt, where Buonaparte 
 had previously landed with a considerable military force. 
 
 To NILE, f. «. \iiiUan, Sax.] to reject ; to refuse. 
 
 NILL, .9. the shining sparks of brass iu tryiiig and melting 
 the ore. 
 
 To NIM, V. tt. [uemen, Belg.] to take. In cant language, 
 to steal. 
 
 NI'MBLE, a. [iwmnii, tractable, Sax.] moving or acting 
 with (luiehnessor swiftness. 
 
 NTMRLENESS, t. the quality of acting or moving with 
 twifluejs or quickness. 
 
 C30 
 
 NI'MBLEWITTED, a. too quick in displaying one's own 
 wit and eloquence. 
 
 NI'MBLY, ad. in a quick, swift, or active manner. 
 
 NTMMER, f. See Nim ; a thief; a pilferer. 
 
 NI'NCOMPOOP, s, [a corruption of the Lat. non compos] 
 a fool or silly person. 
 
 NINE, n.|«i«ii, Golh.] a number consisting of one mor<> 
 than eight, or one less than ten. 
 
 NIjNEFOLD, t. nine times. 
 
 NI'NEPINS, s. a play wherein 9 pieces of wood are set 
 in a square in 3 rows, and knocked down with a bowl. . 
 
 NI'NETEEN, a. a number consisting of nine and ten 
 added together. 
 
 NINETEENTH, a. next to the eighteenth, or eighteen 
 beyond the first. 
 
 NI'NETIETH, a. the ordinal of ninety, or the tenth nine 
 times told. 
 
 NINETY, a. nine times ten. 
 
 NI'NNY, s. [uino, a child, Span.] a fool or simpleton. 
 
 NLNNYHAMMER,*. a simpleton orfool. 
 
 NINTH, a. \7ie^-otha, Sax.] an ordinal, implying that a 
 thing is the next ni rank, order, or number, beyond the 
 eighth. 
 
 ToNIP, V. n. [rij/pm, Eelg.J to pinch off with the nails; 
 to bite off with the teeth ; to cut off by slight means ; to 
 blast ; to pinch, 
 
 NIP, s. a pinch with the nails or teeth; a small cut, a 
 blast. 
 
 NTTPERS, s. an instrument to cut the nails with, some- 
 what resembling pincers. 
 
 NITPLE, s. [mjpele. Sax.] the teat, which infants, &c. take 
 into their mouths when sucKing. 
 
 NIPPLEWORT, s. a plant with yellow terminating blos- 
 soms, and slender fruit-stalks, very much branched, called 
 also dock-cresses. 
 
 NISAN, in Jewish chronology, a month of the Hebrews, 
 answering to our March, and sometimes taken from Febru- 
 ary, or April, according to the course of the moon. 
 
 NTSHNEI, NOVOGOROD, or NISHGOROD, a popu- 
 lous town of Russia, with a considerable trade, capital of 
 the government of the same name. As it was the appendage 
 and place of residence oftheantien* Russian princes, many 
 of them lie buried here. It is. seated at the confluence 
 of the Volga and Occa,220 miles E. by N. of Moscow, Lat. 
 56. IK. N. Ion. 46.30. E. 
 
 NISI PRI'US, s. [Lat.] a judicial writ, so called from the 
 first words in it, " Nisi apud talem kcmn prius rmerintj" 
 i. e. " unless the justice, to take the assizes, come to such a 
 place before that day ;" by means of which all easy pleas 
 may be tried in the country, before justices of assize : it is 
 directed to the sheriff" to cause meu to be irapannclled to 
 determine the cause there, iu order to ease the county, by 
 saving the parties, jurors, and witnesses, the charge and 
 trouble of attending at Westminster. 
 
 NIT, s. \hiiitu. Sax.] the egg of a louse or small animal. 
 
 NITENCY, J. [from 7i!«eu, to shine, Lat.] lustre ; clear 
 brightness; endeavour; spring to expand itself : " Niteucy 
 to fly wider open." Boi/lc. 
 
 ^ NI'THSDALE, a district of the county of Dumfries in 
 Scotland. 
 
 NI'TID, «. \71itidHS, from niteo, to shine, Lat.] bright ; 
 shining. " A clean and «!((>? yellow." lioi/le. 
 
 NITRATES, J. in chymist'ry, salts formed by the combi- 
 nation of any base with nitric acid. 
 
 NITRE, (niter) s. \)iit>e, Fr. nitntm, Lat.] a crystalline, 
 pellucid, and somewhat whitish substance, of an acrid, bit- 
 terish taste, impressing the sensation of a remarkable cold- 
 ness upon the tongue, and properly called saltpetre. Though., 
 by means of fire, it affords an acid spirit, yet hi its crude 
 state it contains no acidity at all. The earth from which it 
 is made, in Persia and the E. Indies, is a kind of yellowish 
 marl, found in the bare clifls on the sides of hills exposed to 
 the oortbern aad eastern winds.
 
 NOG 
 
 NITRIC, rt. in clivmistry, b^longin;; tonitre. 
 
 NI"l'H(Ki ION, s. in cliymistiy, the basis of llic nitric acid. 
 
 Nl TK{)[]S, a. [mireu.v, Fr.] iiupregnalcd with nitre ; con- 
 sisting of nitre. 
 
 Nl'TRY, rt. inipregnatetl with or consisting of nitre. 
 
 Nl Tl'Y, a. abounding in nits, or the eggs of bee. 
 
 NIVAL, a-LiiJua/", from 7iix, snow, Lat.] abounding with 
 snow. 
 
 NI'VEOUS, a. [niveus, from ?nx, snow, Lat.] snowy ; rc- 
 senibluig snow. 
 
 Nl'VERNOIS, a ci-devant province of France. It is 
 pretty fertile, contains mines of iron, and is watered by a 
 great nnmber of rivers, of which the Loire, Allier, and 
 Yonne, are the principal. It is now chiefly in tiie dcpts. of 
 Nievre and Yonne. 
 
 NIZY, s. a simpleton ; a dunce. A low word. " True 
 Clitics laugh, and bid the trilling ni~<j go read Quintilian." 
 Alton, 
 
 NO, ad. [na. Sax.] a word used to signify denial, refusal, 
 and resolution not to do or consent. Sometinies it is used 
 to confirm a former negative. " Never more this hand shall 
 combat — No, let the (irecian powers." Diylen. Some- 
 times it strengthens a negative that follows it. "No, not 
 the bow which so adorns the skies." Wnller. In a period 
 viricli consists of several negative sentences, it is placed in 
 the tirst, and is answered by «<»• in the following ones : as, 
 " No, I will not ; nor am I able, if I would." 
 
 NO, ff. not any ; none. It is generally placed in the 
 first sentence of a negative period, and answered by nor in 
 the subsetpient sentences. " No man, »«»• woman, nor 
 child, nor beast." 
 
 To NOBI'LITATE, t>. a. \(tom noUHs, noble, Lat.] to 
 make noble ; to ennoble. 
 
 NOBILITY,*, [from «eW/is, noble, Lat.] anti(iuity ana 
 dignity of family ; tlie chief persons of a kingdom, or those 
 who, by their honours and titles, are exalted above the 
 commons ; dignity ; grandeur ; greatness. 
 
 NO'BLE, a. [noUlis, from nosco, to know, Lat.] of an 
 auticnt and splendid family ; belonging to the peerage ; 
 great; worthy; illustrious; exalted; elevated; sublime; 
 magnificent ;' stately ; pompous, or becoming a noble. 
 man. " A nohle parade." Figuratively, free ; generous ; 
 liberal. 
 
 NO'BLE, i. a peer, or one of high rank. In coinage, a 
 piece of money valued at six shillings and eight-pence. 
 
 NOBLEMAN, s. one who, by birth, office, or patent, is 
 above a commoner. 
 
 NO'BLENESS, s. the quality which denominates any 
 thing or person great, worthy, generous, magnanimous, or 
 above the vulgar ; splendour of <iescent or pedigree. 
 
 NOBLE'SS, s, [noblesse, Fr.] nobility ; the collective body 
 of nobles or noblemen. 
 
 NO'BLY, erf. ofanantient family, applied to descent; 
 in a manner worthy of a person of antient birth, high 
 office, and lofty sentiments ; in a magnificent and splendid 
 raanncr. 
 
 NO'BODY, *. not any one ; noone. 
 
 NO'CENT, a. Uiocens, from noceo, to hurt, Lat.j guilty ; 
 criminal ; hurtfuf ; iBischieveus. 
 
 NOCTA'MBULO, *. |fioni nox, night, and nmbulo, to 
 walk. Lat.] one who walks in the night in his sleep. 
 
 NOCTI'DIAL, a. [from nox, night, and dies, a day, Lat.] 
 containing or consisting of a night and a day. 
 
 NOCTI'FEROUS, a. [from nvx, night, and fero, to bear, 
 Lat.] bringing night. 
 
 NOCTI'VAGANT, a. |from nox, night, and w/goi-, to wan- 
 der, LatJ wandering in the night. 
 
 NO'CTUARY, i. [from nox, night, Lat.j an account of 
 what passes by night. 
 
 ( NO'CTURN, s. [nociurmts, from nox, night, Lat.] an 
 oftice of devotion pcrf 'rmed in the night. 
 
 NOCTURNAL, «. [niKturwtt, from nox, night, Lat.] 
 nightly ; in the night. 
 
 NOM 
 
 NOCTURNAL, j. an instrument by which obscnratioiw 
 are made in the night. 
 
 - To NOD, r. )i. [«(»/, Brit. J to decline or bend down the 
 head with a quick motion ; to make a short or slight bow , 
 to bend do\vii\\ar(ls by a quick motion ; to give a sigJi by 
 bending the head downwards; to be drowsy. 
 
 NOU, s. a quick motion of the head downwards. A mo- 
 tion made with the head as a sign, or to shew assent; the 
 motion of the head in drowsiiiest- ; a slight bow. 
 
 NODATION, *. [tVowi vwUis, a knot, Lat.] the state vi 
 being knotted, oract of making knots. 
 
 NO'DDER, s. one who makes nods. 
 
 NODDLE, s. [Iinol, Sax.J llie head, used in contempt. 
 
 JVO'DDY, i. [wfl"*", Fr.]a fool, an idiot. 
 
 NODE, s. [nodus, Lat.] a knot ; a knob; a swelling on 
 a bone. In astronomy, applied to ihe two points wherehi 
 the orbits of the moon or planets intersect the ecliptic. 
 
 NODO'SITY, s. [tVom [nodus, a knot, Lat.] a complica- 
 tion, or something in the nature of a knot. 
 
 NO DOU.S, a. [from ?(o('iM, a knot, Lat.] knotty, or full of 
 knots. 
 
 NO'DULE, s. [from nodus, a knot, Lat.] a small knot. 
 
 NO'GGEN, a. hard ; lougli; harsh. " He put on a hard, 
 coarse, «M-!;cM shirt of Fendrels." Escape of Jiin^ C/tarits, 
 
 NOGGIN,^. [nossehTcMt.] a small mug. 
 
 NOISE, {noize) s. [iwise, F r.] any kind of sound, gene- 
 rally applied to that made by brutes or inanimate bodies, 
 and implying excessive loudness; an outcry, clamour, or 
 boasting and impertinent talk. 
 
 To NOISE, (noize) v. n. to sound loud, or so as-to be 
 heard at a great distance. Actively, to spread by rumour 
 or report ; ceiierallv followed bv abroad. 
 
 NOrSEFUL, {noizeful) (I. loud. 
 
 NOISELESS, {noizeless) a. silent, or without sound. 
 
 NOISINESS, (7(hj,£!)h;ss) s. loudness of sound; loud cla- 
 mour by importunity. 
 
 NOrSOME, a. [nuinso, Ital.] noxious; unwholesome; 
 ofl'ensive ; disgusting. 
 
 NOl'SOMELY', ad. with such a stench or steam as is of- 
 fensive and unwholesome. 
 
 NOl'SOMENESS, i. the quality of occasioning disgust. 
 
 NOISY, (noizi/)a. sounding loud ; clamorous. 
 
 NOLI META'NGERE, .^.[Lat.do not touch me] a can- 
 cerous swelling, exasperated by applications ; a plant of the 
 sensitive kind. 
 
 NOLITION, s. [nnlllio, from nolo, to be unwilling, fcat.J 
 the act of refusing or rciecting, opposed to volition. 
 
 NOLL, s. [linol, Sax.] a head ; a noddle. 
 
 NO'MANCY, s. [nomawe, Fr. from numni, a name, Ijat. 
 and manteia, soothsax ing, Gr.l the art of foretelling the fate 
 or fortune of a person from tlie ^letters which conip^e his 
 name. 
 
 NO'MBLES, s. the entrails of deer. 
 
 NOMENCLATOR, s. [Lat. vomeuclntcur, Fr.] one who 
 calls persons or things by their proper names. 
 
 NOMENCLATURE, *. [Fr. from nomeu, a naiw, Lat.j 
 theact of tellingthe names of persons or things ; a vocabulary 
 or dictionary. 
 
 NOMINAL, «. [from nomen, a name, Lat.] referring to 
 names rather than things ; not real ; imrcly titular. 
 
 NO'MINALLY, ad. by name ; with respect to its name ; 
 titularly. 
 
 ToNO'MlN.-\TE, v.n. [from notncn,^ name, Lat.j toname^ 
 to mention by name ; to entitle ; to set down, or a-ppoiiit 
 bv name. 
 
 "NOMINATION, s. [nominah'nu, Fr.] the act of men«on- 
 ing by name; the power of uppointiiig by name. 
 
 NOMINATIVE, s. [iiomintilif, Ft. nominativns, froiH 
 wOTjiijio, to nominate, Lat.] in grammar, the first case of all 
 <leclinable nouns, whence all the other cases aTe derived ; 
 it is placed before a verb personal, and is called by grd;>i- 
 marians the right case, in contradistiuetiuii to the others, 
 wbid) are termed oblique ones. 
 
 084
 
 NOO 
 
 NOR 
 
 NON, a'/. [Lat.] ai) inseparable paiticlo, which 5ig;iiifies, 
 whoii JDiiiid lo words, the absence or denial ofwhatlhcy 
 would iiii|ilv, il'il were not joined to them. 
 
 NONAOl'", s. inlaw, generally sii;nitics all theliniea 
 iierson continues under the age of 21 ; but, in a special 
 Sense, it is all the time a persfi is under the a};e of t4. 
 NONCE, s. [from oiicr] purpose; desiijii. Not in use. 
 NON COMPOS MENTIS, s. in law, is used to denote 
 a person's not being of a sovnid uieniory and understanding. 
 Of these persons there are lour dirtercnt kinds; an idiot, a 
 mad man, a lunatic who lias lucid intervals, and a drunkard, 
 who deprives himself of reas(ui by his own act and deed. 
 . Ill all tliese cases, exeept the last, one that is no)i compos 
 mentis shall not lose his life for felonv or murder; but the 
 (Irnnkard can have no indulgence on tl'.e account of the loss 
 of liis reason ; for, in thee^e of the law, his drunkenness 
 does not cxtf uuale, but aggravate his offence. 
 
 NONCONl-OllMIS'I', f. one who refuses to join the 
 established worship. Principally applied to protestaut dis- 
 senters. 
 
 NONCON FO'R.MITY.i. the act of refusing compliance ; 
 refusal to conform to the Ibrms used in the establisheii 
 worship. 
 
 N'ON E, s. [lie tiiip. Sax. J not one or an\ ; no. " Tis none 
 other.". Nolhiug. 
 
 NONE'NITY, s. uou-existcuce ; a thing that does not 
 exist. 
 
 NONEXISTENCE, s. the state of not existing; a thing 
 without existence. 
 
 NONJU'RING, a. [from twn not and ;ioo, to swear, Lat.] 
 oelouging to those English who will not swear allegiance 
 to the Hanoverian family. 
 
 ^'ON JUROR, s. one who iuiagnies that James II. was 
 unjustly deposed, and therefore refuses to swear allegiance 
 ti- any of the family who have succeeded him in the English 
 tiuone. 
 
 NONNATURALS, «. without a singular ; such things as, 
 being neither naturally constitutive nor destructive, do, not- 
 withstanding, both preserve and destroy in certain circum- 
 stances; these physicians call the nir, meal and ilrin/i, sltep 
 anil icalc/iiiig, motion and rest, retention and excretion, and the 
 passions of the mind. 
 
 NONPARE'IL, s. I Fr.l matchless excellence. A kind of 
 apple. A small kind of printing type, with which small 
 Bibles and Conniion Prayers are usually printed. 
 
 jVO'NPLL'S, i. ["("1 and /)/««, Lat.] u state of perplexity, 
 ui which a person cannot either do or say more. 
 
 To NO NPLUS, f. ". to confound or perplex, so that the 
 mind is at a stand, and cannot proceed, and the person can- 
 not either sjteak or do any uku e. 
 
 NONRE'SIDENCE, i. the act of not residing on an 
 ecclesiastical beneliee. 
 
 NONHESIDENT, s. one who neglects to live in liis pa- 
 ri&li, ai)plie(l to clergymen. 
 
 NONRESl'STANCE, f. the principle of not opposingthe 
 Iving in any case ; ready obedience to a superior. 
 
 NO'NSFiNSI'', s. uniiieauingor ungranimatical language; 
 tliftes, or thinjfs of no importance. 
 
 NONSENSICAL, «. without meaning. 
 ■ NONSE'NSIC ALNESS, s. the quality of having no 
 meaning. 
 NONSO'1-VKNT, s. one who cannot pav his debts. 
 NONSO'LVENT, a. who cannot pav his debts. 
 NONSOLlVnON, s. failure of explaining. 
 To NO'NSfJlT, V. II. to set aside an action at law, on ac- 
 count of some error in the plaintifi's proceedings. 
 
 NO'NSUIT, .». the dropping or renouncing of a suit or 
 action, upon the discovery of some error in the plaintiffs 
 management, or his being absent from court when called 
 upon to hear the verdict, or being not ready for trial on the 
 »uearing of Ihe jurv. 
 
 N()0^nLE,.t.'a fool; a simpleton. 
 NOOK, s. [rrnhoerli, Tcut.] a corijcr ; a covert made by 
 tn angle or iiiterscctiou. 
 
 033 
 
 NOON, s. [mm. Sax.] the middle hour of the day ; 
 twelve; the time when the sun's centre is in the meridiat:. 
 
 NOONDAY, J. mid-dav. 
 
 N'00'NDAY,rt. about noon. 
 
 NOONTIDE,*. [noH-ti,ie, Sax.] mid-dav. 
 
 NOONTlDE,«. about noon. 
 
 NOOSE, s. a running knot, which the more it is drawn 
 binds the faster ; a snare. 
 
 To NOOSE, (nooze) V. a. to tie or catch in a noose ; to 
 entrap, or ensnare. 
 
 NOotkA sound. See King Gkorgf.'s Sound. 
 
 NOPE, s. a bird called a bnlfinch or redtail. 
 
 NOR, coiij. [)i«and or, Sax.] a particle used in tiie second 
 branch of a negative proposition. In poetry, it issometiraes 
 used ill the first branch I'orneit/ier. " 1 nor love myself, jwr 
 thee." lien Jouson. 
 
 NO'RFOLK, a county of England bounded on the N. an<l 
 I'', by the German Ocean; on the W. by Cambridgeshire, 
 Lincolnshire, and the Wash, ami on the S. and S. E. bv 
 Suffolk. It extends 70 miles from E. to W. and 4U from N. 
 toS. It contains 33 hundreds, 1 city, .T2 market-towns fifiO 
 parishes, and about 270,000 inhabitants. 'I'hc face of this 
 county varies less than in most tracts of e<iual extent in 
 England. Not one hill of any considerable height is to be 
 seen in the whole county ; \ et, in most parts, its surface is 
 broken into gentle swells and depressions. At the western 
 extremity, is a considerable tract of flat fenny land; and, 
 on the east, a narrow tract of marshes runs from the sea, 
 near Yarmouth, to some distance up the connlry. Several 
 of the western hundreds from Thelford northward, are 
 open and bare, consisting of extensive heaths, the soil of 
 which is alight sand, or liungry gravel. The rest of the 
 county, in general, is arable land, varying in its degrees of 
 fertility. To the N. E. the soil is a li'dit sandy loam, 
 remarkably easy of tillage. The S. E. has a richer aiul 
 deeper soil. The middle and south abound in clay ; an<( 
 various parts yield chalk and marl. The products of Ihe 
 county vary according to the soil and situation. The 
 ligliterarable lands produce barley in great pleiily. Wheat 
 is cultivated in the stronger soils. But turnips arc more 
 generally grown here than in any other part of the kingdom, 
 and form the lia!.is of the Norfolk hiisban<lry. 'ihe peculiar 
 excellence of this culture is that the ^'ronnd never lies 
 fallow, as the tuinips serve to prepare it for corn, beside 
 fattening great numbers of cattle. Much buck-wheat is 
 also grown in the light soils, and used for feeding swine and 
 poultry. The fenny parts yield great quantities of bidter, 
 which is sent to Loudon under the name of Cambridge 
 butter. The sheep are a hardy small breed, much valued 
 for their mutton. Turke\s arc reared here to a larger size 
 than elsewhere. Rabbits are extremely numerous on the 
 sandy heaths ; and there is likewise abundance of game, 
 especially of pheasants. On the sea-coast, herrings aiitl 
 mackerel are caught in great pU'uty ; and Yarnuuitli, in 
 particular, is noted for the curing of red herrings. The air 
 of this county is sharp and |iiercing, which throws the 
 seasons more backward than in other counties under the 
 same latitude; but it is very wholesome, parlicularly in 
 the inland parts. Its piincipal rivers are the Great Ouse, 
 Neil, Little Ouse, Waveney, Yar.-, ami Uure. Norwich's 
 the capital. 
 
 NORFOLK ISLAND, an island in the S. Pacific Ocean 
 lying E. of New South Wales, and settled by a colony of 
 convicts subordinate lo that government. It is a fertile spot 
 and very hilly. Among its most valuable productions are 
 the flax plant and a very large species of pine tree. The 
 island is well supplied with streams ofgiuid water which 
 abound with verv fine eels. The settlement is formed ill 
 SvdnevRay; on the S. side of the island. Lat. 20. 30. S. 
 Ion. lOH. 12. I'-. 
 
 NORMANDY, a ci-devant province of France, on the 
 English Channel and Atlantic Ocean, about I.W miles in 
 length, 80 in brrailth, ami (ioo in circumference. Itisoix: 
 of the most fertile tracts in Krancc, and abounds iu all
 
 NOR 
 
 Its piv.diicfioiis except wine, but lliey supply tliiit defect 
 by cider, ami perry. It contains iron, copper, and a great 
 niinilicr of rivers and liaiboiirii. Tlie Normans, a people of 
 Weninark and Norway, iiaving entered France under Uoilo, 
 CliHricsllie Simple ceded tliis country to them in 912, which 
 from thi.t tmie, was called Normandy. Rollowas the first 
 duke, and held it as a ticf of the crown ofF ranee, and several 
 of his successors after him, till William, the seventh duke, 
 OJM.iuered Kngland in KJfifi, from which time it became 
 a province of England, till it was lost in the rei;^) of king 
 John, and reunited to the crown of !<' ranee ; but the Englisli 
 still keep the islands on the coast of Normandy. It now 
 forms the departments of Calvados, Eure, the Channel, 
 Orne, and Lower Seine. 
 
 ^'O'RREY, or NORRO'Y, s. the title oflbe third king at 
 arms. His jurisdiction lies on the north side of the rirer 
 Trent. 
 
 NORTH, i. [north, Sax.] one of the four cardinal points. 
 The point opposite to the sun when he is in the meridian. 
 
 NORTH, ffl. situated to the north; northern. 
 
 NORTHALLERTON, a well-built trading town in the 
 N. Riding of Yorkshire, consisting ofonly one street about 
 Iialfa mile long. It is situated in a district called Alver- 
 tousliire, on a small brook, which, a mile below, runs into 
 the river Wisk. It is 30 miles N. N. W. of York, and 223 
 N. by W. of Loudon. A good market on Wednesday for 
 cattle, corn, &c. Fairs on Jan. 2, and on St. Bartholomew's 
 day. 
 
 NORTHA'MPTON, the county town of xVorthampton- 
 sliire, seated on an eminence, gently sloping to the river 
 Nen, which is .joined here by another rivulet, and has been 
 made navigable to Lynn. It contains about 1083 houses, 
 and .5200 inhabitants. Its principal manufacture is that of 
 boots and shoes, of which many are made here, and in other 
 parts of tlie county for exportation. Some stockings and lace 
 are also made here. The horse-fairs of this place are rec- 
 koned to exceed all others in the kingdom. It is a hand- 
 some, well built town, and has a regular, spacious, market- 
 place, one of the finest in England, a good free-school, and 
 a county infirmary and gaol. Within half a mile of Nor- 
 thampton is a line Gothic structure, called Queen's Cross, 
 elected by Edward I. in memory ofliis queen Eleanor, who, 
 at the hazard of her own life, had saved his, by sucking the 
 poison from a wound which he received in the crusades. 
 This town is a great thoroughfare both in the N. and W. 
 roads, and is 50 miles W. of Cambridge, 30 S. E. of Coven- 
 try, and fiON. W. by N. of Loudon. Markets on Wednes- 
 day, Friday, and Saturday. Fairs on Feb. 20, April 15, 
 May 4, August 5, and 26, isept. 19, November 28, and De- 
 cember 19. 
 
 NORTHA'MPTONSHIRE, a county of England, bound- 
 ed on the N. W. by Leicestershire and Rutlandshire, on the 
 N. by Lincolnshire, on the E. by the counties of Cambridge, 
 Huntingdon, and Bedford, on the S. by Bucks and Oxford- 
 shire, and on the W. by that county and Warwickshire. It 
 is divided into 20 hundreds, containing a city, 13 market- 
 towns, 336 parishes, about 25,000 houses, and 150,000 inha- 
 bitants. The air of this county is very healthy, except in 
 the N. E. part near Peterborough, which being surrounded 
 and intersected by rivers, is very liable to inundations, and 
 forms the commencement of the fenny tract extending to 
 tlie Lincolnshire Washes. With this shigle exception, Nor- 
 tliar.iptonshire is, in a manner, proverbially regarded as a 
 fine and pleasant county ; an opinion, confirmed by the 
 number of seats of the people of wealth which it contains. 
 Its greatest defect is a scarcity of fuel: this is but scantily 
 supplied by its woods, which, like those in all other parts 
 of the kingdom, have been much diminished by agriculture; ; 
 and though coal is brought into this county by the rirer 
 Nen, it is at a very dear rate. Northamptonshire, however, 
 possesses soQie considerable remains of it's old forests, par- 
 ticularly those of Rockingham on the N. W. and of Safcey 
 and Wliittlebury on the S. In tins last, that fiercest of 
 British animals of prey, the wild cat, is still found. 'I'here 
 
 N OR 
 
 is but one piece of w asle ground in this county, and that h « 
 barren heath near Whitteriiig. The products of this coun- 
 ty arc, ingeneral, the same with those of other farmingcouu- 
 tries. It is,indeed, peculiarly celebrated for grazing land; that 
 tract especially, which lies from Northampton northward 
 to the Leicestershire border. Horned cattle, and other ani- 
 mals, are here fed to extraordinary sizes ; and nniny horses 
 of the large black breed are reared. Wood for the dyers is 
 cultivated in this part; but the county is not distinguished 
 for manufactures, excepting the tritliug one of bone lace. 
 The principal rivers are the Nen and Welland ; beside 
 which it is partly watered by the Oiise, Leam, Cherweil, 
 and Avon. The county-town is Northampton. 
 
 NORTH CURRY, a pretty considerable town of Somer- 
 setshire, seated on the river Tone. It is 20 miles S. W. of 
 Wells, and 13-1 W. by S. of Loudon. Markets on Tuesday 
 and Saturday. 
 
 NORTHEAST, s. [iiordest, Teut.J the point between the 
 north and the east. 
 
 NO RTHERLY, a. being towards the north. 
 
 NORTHERN, «. in the north. 
 
 NO'RTHING, J. in navigation, the ditlereiice of latitude 
 which a ship makes in sailing towards the north. 
 
 NORTHLEECH, a town of Gloucestershire. It has 
 several alms-houses, and a free grammar-school, and is seated 
 on or near, the river Leech. 25 miles K. of Gloucester, and 
 80 W. by N. of London. Market on Wednesday. 
 
 NO'IiTHSTAR, *. the polestar, or the last star in the con- 
 stellation named the Little Bear. 
 
 NO R'THOP, a town of Flintshire, with a market on Tuc* 
 day. It is 205 miles from London. 
 
 NOR'THOMBERLANp, a county of England, re- 
 ceiving its name from being situatefl to the N. of the 
 Hu'iiber. In the Saxon heptarchy it was a part of the king 
 doni of the Northumbrians, which contained not only the 
 county now called Northumberland, but also Yorkshire, 
 Lancashire, Durham, Cumberland, and Westmorland. It is 
 seated in the extremity of England next to Scotland, an<i is 
 bounded on the E. by the German Ocean, on the S. by the 
 bishopric of Durham, on the W. and S. W. by Cumberland, 
 and on the N. W. and N. by Scotland, from which it is se- 
 parated by the river Tweed. It extends about 70 miles in 
 length fromN. to S. and 50 in breadth from E. to W. and 
 contains 12 market-towns, 4C0 parishes, and 100,000 inliabi. 
 tants. The air is not so cold as might be imagined from 
 the latitude ill which it lies ; for its situation between two 
 seas, in the narrowest part of Euglr.nd, gives it the advan- 
 taf;e of having the cold moderated by the temperate breezes 
 of each ; and for this reason, the snow seldom lies long in 
 Northumberland, except on the tops of high hills ; while 
 in summer, from the same causes, excess of heat is seldom 
 experienced, and many of the inhabitants enjoy health to a 
 very great age. The soil is various ; the eastern part being 
 fruitful, having very good wheat and most sorts of corn, 
 with rich meadows on the banks of the rivers ; but the 
 ■western part is generally barren, it being mostly heathy 
 and mountainous. The S. E. parts abounds with pitcoal; 
 the S. W. angle has very rich lead mines, but very little wood. 
 This country is well watered by rivers, the principal of 
 which are the Tyne, Tweed, and Co<iuet. Alnwick is the 
 county-town ; but the largest and richest is Newcastle. 
 
 NORTHWARD, «. towards the north. 
 
 NORTHWARD, or NORTHWARDS, ad. towards the 
 north. 
 
 NORTHWE'ST, s. the point, or rhumb, in the middle 
 between the north and west. 
 
 NORTHWrCH, a town of Cheshire, seated near the ri- 
 ver Dane, is a handsome place, and chiefly noted for its 
 salt-woi-ks. Vast pits of fossil salt rock have been dug here 
 to a great depth, from which immense (juantities are raised, 
 partly to be purified on the spot by redissolving and boiling, 
 and partly to be exported in its crude state. Most of the 
 latter goes to Liverpool by the river Weeve. The clear an- 
 nual duty received by government for ChesUJre salt amouuts 
 
 033
 
 Non 
 
 NOT 
 
 to 200,000^. Nortlnvif'i is 90 miles N, E. of Chester, and 
 173 N. Vv'. of LondDU. Mnrket on Tridav. 
 
 NORTH-WIND. s. tlie «i*iid tiiat' iilows from tho 
 liortli. 
 
 NO'RTON.or Chipping-Xodtox, a town of Oxford- 
 shire, with manufactiirpsfur horse cloliiins mid harralccns, 
 It is situated on ihf threat post road betucen Worcester and 
 Oxford, 12 miles S. W. of 15aiibury, and 73 N. W. of Lon- 
 don. INlarketon Wednesday. 
 
 NO'RWAY, a kingdom in (he N. nf lunope, tlie most 
 westerly part of the antient Scandinavia. Jtis formed na- 
 turally into two neat divisions ; nanu-jy, Northern and .Soulli, 
 crn, or Proper Norway, separated from each otiier by liie 
 small Swedish province of Herndahl, Northern Norway is 
 H long and narrow slip of land, extending as far as Cai)e 
 Norlh, tlie most northeiii point of Europe, beyond 71. 0. 
 deg. N. lat. and boinided on llie W. and N. by the Northern 
 Ocean ; by Swedish and Ixiissian Lapland on the E. and by 
 Sweden on theS. It is divided into Nordland and Finmark, 
 :>nd comprehended in the government of Drontiieini. 
 S >nthern Norway i> hounded on the N.and E. by Sweden, 
 iuid on the S. ami \\, by the Northern Ocean. U is divid- 
 ed into the four <,^overnmpnls of Ajjijerhuys or Christiana, 
 Christiansand, Ceiyhen, and Dronlheim. From it3_ rocky 
 soil and northern position, Norway is not populous in pro- 
 portion to its extent. Co\e lias calculated the number of 
 inhabitants to be 750,(!00, \\ ho, like the Swiss mountaineers, 
 are exceedinsty attached to their country. The horses are 
 small, hui stronjr, active, and hardy. In Norway they have 
 a particular code, called the Norway Law, compiled by 
 Grieffelfeld, at the command of Christian V. the great Ic- 
 rislator of this country. By this law, the palladium of 
 Norway, peasants are free, a few only excei>ted, on some 
 aristocratic estates near Frcdericstadt ; and the benefits of 
 lids code are visible in the great did'erence, in their appear- 
 tince, between the free peasants in Norway and the enslaved 
 rassals of Denmark, thou;,di botli living under the same jjo- 
 vernment. The Norwegian peasants possess much spirit 
 and fire in their manner ; are frank, open, and undaunted, 
 yet not insolent ; never fawninj,','yet paying proper respect. 
 Tile country does not yield corn suthcient for its inliabi- 
 tants, but is exceedingly rich in pasture, and produces 
 much cattle. There are lar^'u fisheries on the western 
 toast, principally for the cod, the ling, and the whiting. 
 Tlie extensive, forests abound with oak and pine, and vvitli 
 the birch, «hich not only supplies fuel, but a kind of wine 
 vliicii is t>roduced by boring a hole in the trunk. Tlie ge- 
 reral exports of Noruay are tallow, butter, salt, dried fish, 
 timber, and planks, horses, and horned cattle, silvei;, alum, 
 I'russian blue, copper, and iron. Norway ahoun<ls in lakes 
 and rivers; the fornier so larH;e that they appear like inlets 
 of the sea ; but the hays are so small that they appear like 
 lakes. It was formerly {joverned by its own hereditary so- 
 vcreitcn, but is now united to the crown of Denmark. The 
 Ciipital is Chrisliauia. 
 
 NO IIWICH, an anticnt, large, and populous eitjf of Nor- 
 folk, seate<l on the river Yare, which runs through it, and is 
 navigable hence to Yannoulh, without locks. It has a stately 
 anlieiil castle, on a hill, which commands a fine view of the 
 city: this castle is the shire-house for the county, and the 
 county gaol ; the assizes for the city being held at the (inilcl- 
 liall. Norwich has a good public library, a city and couutv 
 Jiospital, a lofty market-house of free-stone, and a bridewell 
 l.uilt of flints, remarkabh- for bein;^ beautifully cut into 
 regular little s(iuarei», without any visible cement. Jt had 
 formerly 5H parochial churches, besides monasteries ; and 
 lias now 30 churches, beside the cathedral, chapels, and 
 dissenting mceting-lionses, Jt is computed that stuffs, 
 <;ucli as diiinasks, camlets, black and white crapes, to the 
 amount of 7W,<MUi£. have sometimes been manui'actured 
 here in a 3>car, Norwich has bridges over the 
 Var<-, about H,H(U) houses, and .^"(Ooo inhabitants. It is 
 •lel! supplied with provisions, ami is 40 miles N. of Ipswich, 
 
 «n<l \ou N. E. by N, of London. Markets on Wednctiday 
 and Saturday. 
 
 NOSi;, (.>io-e).i.[mo!.fe, or nasn. Rax.] that part of a human 
 body «hich is proiniiient in the middle of ilic face, and is the 
 organ of smelling, and; the cinunclorv of the brain. The 
 end of any thing which is lierfoiated or hollow, "The 
 nose of a bellows-" Scent, or the power ofdistinguishinjjor 
 discovering by the smell. " We are not oft'euded willi a 
 dog for a better iwse than his master." Collkv, To kad Im 
 thi: nose, aignities to drag by force, alluding to the manner of 
 eading a bear, by means cf a ring fixed to his nose; to 
 have BO much influence over a person as to make him <lo 
 •.vhaty;ou please. T" tlirust vnc's w>i( intv the nffain vf nii, 
 other, is to concern ourselves with the affairs ot others with- 
 out being invited, or to be officious, or a busy body. Ta 
 put one's nose eiit ofjoiiti, is to deprive its of the affections of 
 another. 
 
 NO;SEBLEED, s. a kind of herb. 
 
 NO'SRGA Y, ("u:»"-g«j/).s. a bunch of flowers. 
 
 NOSEI^ESS, («fecte) rt. without a nose; having no 
 smell, 
 
 NO'SLE, ("c'cjfc) *. Ta diminulive of now] the extremity 
 of a thing which is hollow; as, " the jwfeof a pair of bet. 
 lows." 
 
 NOSO'LOGY, s. [from nosos, a disease, and logot, a dj8» 
 course, Gr.l the doctrine of diseases, 
 
 NOSOl'OETiC, II. ffrom wsos, a disease, and poieo, to 
 make, Or.] tiroducing diseases. 
 
 NO'STOCH, s. in natural history, a remarkable substance 
 wliicli is sometimes found, and by its striking differenc« 
 from vejretable bodies, has occasioned endless conjecture. 
 It is a siibstance of an irregular figure, of a greenish brown 
 colour, and somewhat transparent. It trembles at thetouclt 
 like a. jelly, but does not taelt in the hand. It is found only 
 in the summer months, and. retains its perfect figure so long 
 as it is a moist season, but immediately dries up and wi 
 thers away when affected by the sun or wind, 
 
 NO'STHIL, >-. [nos, M. and th-rjl, a hole, Sax,] the hollow 
 or cavity of the nose. 
 
 NO'STHUM,jf. [Lat, it is our own] a medicine not mad* 
 public with respect to its ingredients. 
 
 NOT, ot(. \v.e (luht, Sax, idtt, Belg.] a particle used in de- 
 noting denial and refusal ; in a negative proposition it is 
 placed in the. 'irst branch, and is answered by siwc, Synon, 
 Not barely exfiresses lliv; negation ; uo gtreugthens, and 
 seems toatfirm it. The first often denies the thing in part 
 only, or with limitation ; the second denies it always abso. 
 lately, wholly, and without reserve. Thus we say, he ha« 
 iioMiioney ; lie has «o/ patience; ineauing hois not over- 
 burdened with either ; but when we say he has no money, 
 he has >io patience, we would bo understood to say he has 
 none at all. It is on account of this limitation that the word 
 vot is generally used in compan;^ with tliose words that 
 mark cither the degree, or (jualfty, or quantity ; sucli a« 
 much, ven/, ono, and the like, There is wi, commonly, 
 much motley to be found in the possession of men of letters, 
 The major part of those who frefjucnt divine service are 
 notverij'ilcvQut, It often happens that he, who has vot (m* 
 single penny in his pocket, is vwch happier than many rich 
 men. 
 
 NO'T.\BLE, a,[from noto, to mark or express, Lat,] won 
 thv of notice, 
 
 >JO'T.\nLENRSS, Jt. the qualify of deserving notice. 
 
 NO'TAHLY, ad, in a reraurkaljle .manner j in a manner 
 that deserves notice. 
 
 NOTA'RIAL, a, taken by a notary. 
 
 NOTARY, n, [riWnW'ij, IVom nato, to mark or express, 
 Lat.] a person or scrivener who takes notice of any particu- 
 hirs which concern the public, and framej »liort draughts of 
 contracts, obligations, charter-parties, Ac. A iwtarij jwhtit 
 is one who publicly attests deeds, in order to make thom 
 aiilhenlic in other nations, and is principally employed by 
 merchants in nutin;; or luakiiii,' a murk on such bills as ar»
 
 NOT 
 
 NOV 
 
 refused to be paid, and irj making protests on tliat ac- 
 count. 
 
 NOTATION, t. \n(ii'(tio, from nntn, to niaili or express, 
 Lot.] tiie actof (iesciibiujjauy tliiiis l),v tii,'iircsaii(l letters. 
 Inaritiimctic and algolira, the nu-lfiod how to write down 
 uumbcrs l>y figures and letters, and to declare tlieir value 
 viien so descriijed. 
 
 NOTCH, s. ynocchia, Ital.] a niciv or liollow cut in any 
 tiling. 
 
 To NOTCH, V. a. to cut info small hollows. 
 
 NOTCnWEED, ,?. the herb orache. 
 
 NOTE, s. \7w(a, Lat.J a mark or token ; a notice ; heed ; 
 reputation, fame, or character. 'I'une, applied to '.lie voicp, 
 or instrumental music. A sin;,de sound, applied to music. 
 A state of being observed ; a short hint, or minute; an ab; 
 breviation; a sliojt letter; an explanation at the bottom or 
 in the margin of a book. A ]iro!nissijri/ note is a writing 
 under a person's band, by which he engages to pay to an- 
 other, or order, a sum of money. Sy non. Acto imply a 
 shortness and precision; remarks, a choice and distinction ; 
 observations, something tarfetched and critical. 
 
 To NOTE, v.a. [from noia, a mark, Lat.] to observe ; to 
 remark; to take notice of; to set down; to mention; to 
 charge with a crime publicly. In tralHc, to have a bill wit- 
 nessed by a iiotary-i)uI)lic, that the person on whom i-t is 
 drawn refuses to accept or pay it. In music, to set down 
 the characters used to express any tunc. 
 
 NOTEBOOK, s. a memorandum book. 
 
 NOTPID, IT. remarkable ; celebrated. 
 
 NOTER, .?. one who lakes notice of any thing. 
 
 NOTHING, s.\notlniia;, Scot.] nonentity; negation of 
 being ; that which has no existence ; no other thing ; no 
 quantity or degree. 
 
 NOTflCE, s. [Fr. r.oiiiia, from noscn, to know, Lat.J a rc- 
 uiark made by attention and observation; '•heed ; regard ; 
 information or intelligence. 
 
 NOTIFICATION, i. [notification, Fr.] the act of making 
 known ; any thing ropresented by mari<s or symbolical 
 cJiaracters. 
 
 To NOTIFY, <i. «.[froni no/iw, known, and/rtci'o, to nwke 
 Lat.] to make known ; to publish. 
 
 NOTION, (itds/iun) J. f Fr. notio, from noscn, to know, Lat.J 
 .1 thought; an idea or representation of any thing in the 
 mind. 
 
 NOTIONAL, (7wslivnal) a. imaginary ; existnig only in 
 the mind or idea. 
 
 NOTIONA'LITY, {nos!wndliiij) s. an empty or groundless 
 opinion. 
 
 NOTORI'ETY, s. [iwto7-ieti, Fr.] the quality of being uni- 
 versally known, used in a bad sense. 
 
 NOTORIOUS, a. [uotoriom; from nnscn, to know, Lat.] 
 publicly known ; evident ; generallv in a bud sense. 
 
 NOTO'RIOUSLY. ad. in a public, evident, or apen 
 manner. 
 
 NOTO'RIOUSNESS, j. tlie quality of being universally 
 or generally known. 
 
 NOTTINGHAM, the county-town of Nottinghamshire, 
 fakes its naine from the Saxon, Suottengahani, or House 
 of Dens, so called from the spacious vaults dug in the 
 rock, in which the antient Britons are supposed to have 
 resided. It is pleasantly seated ou a rocky eminence, 
 above the meadows bordering the Trent ; on the highest 
 part of which stands the castle, a large, elegant, and no- 
 ble palace, belonging to the duke of Newcastle, with a 
 most extensive prospect. It is a large, populous, and hand- 
 some town, with a spacious market-place, and considered 
 as oi\e of the principal seats of the stockiiij^ manufacture, 
 particularly of the finer kinds, as those of silk and cotton. 
 It has also a manufactory of glass and coarse earthenware, 
 and a considerable trade in malt. It is remarkable for its 
 vaults or cellars, cut in the rock. It contains about 29,000 
 Inhabitants, and is 16 miles E. of Derby, and 123 N. by W. 
 of London. Markets on Wednesday and Saturday. Fairs 
 
 on Friday after January l.Tih, May 7tli, Thursday Itefore 
 Easter, and Octolier id. 
 
 NOTTINOIIA.MSIIIUE, a county of En-land, bound- 
 ed on the N. by Vorkihirc an<l Lincohiihire, on the \',. 
 by the hitter county, on the S. by Leicestershire, and 
 oil the W. by Derbyshire. Its greatest length is -13 
 miles ; its greatest breadth about 20. It is divideil into 
 8 hundreds, and contains 13 towns, \UH parishes, and 
 about 160,000 inhaliitants. The principal rivers are the 
 Trent and Idle. Almost the whole of the nii<idle ami 
 western parts of the county were foriiurly occupied 
 by the extensive forest of Sherwood, which is the only 
 royal forest N. of the Trent; but the wood has in ma- 
 ny parts been cleared, and the extent of the forcit 
 much contracted. Tin? chief products of this county are 
 corn, malt, pitcoal, of which there is great idenly ; and 
 a kind of stone somewhat like alabaster, but not so hard, 
 which, when burnt, makes a plaster harder than that of I'a- 
 ris, with which tlie inhabitants generally plaster the Moors 
 of their upper rooms, instead of boarding them. Tlieir 
 other commodities are malt, wool, li(|uorice, wood, fisli, 
 and fowl. Their manufactures chieily of consist frame-work, 
 knitting, glass, and carthen-ware. The principal town is 
 Nottingham. 
 
 NOTWHEAT, s. a kind of unbearded wheat. 
 NO'TUS, i. [Lat.] the south winil. 
 
 NOTWITHSTANDING, (•"«/• without any hinderance 
 or obstruction. " Their gratitude made them, nutwillmtantU 
 i»g his prohibition, proclaim the wonders." Die. af J'ietif, 
 Although. " Ndlu-ithstaniliiis^ it will weaken him." Adtlisun. 
 Nevcrtiieless, however. " I'hey that honour the law, are 
 mjtuithslnndinQ;\.Q know." Huolur. 
 NO'VA-SCOTLA. See Acadia. 
 
 NOVEL, a. [iiovellus, Lat. noimlle, Fr.] new ; lately made 
 or done ; unusual. In the civil law, appendant to the code, 
 and of later enaction. 
 
 NO'VEL, ^. \noHreUi.', Fr.] relation of an adventure or 
 intrigue; a romance. In jurisprudence, it is a term used 
 for tiie constitutions of several emperors, viz. Justin, Tibe- 
 rius II. Leo, and particularly Jiisliiiian : fliey were so called, 
 either for their making a great alteration in the face of the 
 antient hiw, or, because made ou new cases not yet con- 
 sidered. 
 
 NOVELIST, s. an innovator ; an asserter of something 
 new; one who writes tales called nanls. 
 
 NO'VELTY, s. fnouveaiiti, Fr.] newness ; the state of a 
 thing unknown before. 
 
 NOVE'MBER, s. [Lat.] the eleventh month of the year, 
 reckoning January tlie lirst. Xonnihtr h drawn in a gar- 
 ment of changeable green, and blacken his head. 
 
 NO'VEiVARY, *. [from in/roii, nine, Lat.] a number or 
 collection consisting of nine. 
 
 NOVE'RC.\L, n. [from noifrcn, a s* p-mother, Lat.] like 
 a step-mother. Figuratively, cruel, or wanting the tender- 
 ness of a natural mother. 
 
 NOUGHT, (naiit) s. \ne aiild, Sa\. See A^rtH|g7i<]not any 
 thing; nothing. To set at nrmg/it signifies to sliglit, disre- 
 gard, scorn. 
 
 NOVICE, s. ^fr. from novns, new, Lat.] one not ac- 
 quainted with any thing; afresh man; one in the rudi- 
 ments of any thing ; one who is entered into a religious 
 liouse, but has not taken the vow. 
 
 NOVICIATE, (nons/iiate) s. [nuviciat, Fr.] tile state of a 
 novice ; the time in w liicli the first rudiments of any science 
 are taught ; the time spent in a religious house by way of 
 trial, before taking the vow. 
 
 NOUN, s. [nnim, old, Fr. from 7wmen, a name, Lat.] a word 
 bv which anv thing, quality, or accident is expressed. 
 
 "NO'VOGOROD, once an independent republic, finally 
 reduced by Ivan Vassilivitch II. in 1570, and united to the 
 Russian empire, of which it now forms a government. It is 
 bounded on the N. by the government of Olanetz, and on 
 the S. W. by the govermiient of Pskov. The capital is -jf^ 
 tlie same iviuie
 
 NOX 
 
 NO'VOGOROD, one of the most antient cities of Russia, 
 in tlie.govertimciit of tiie same iiaiue. It was foruierly called 
 Great Novogorod, to di^triiguish it from otlier Russian 
 towns of tile same appellation. Jt was, for a long time, 
 governed by its own dukes ; and was, in fact, a republic, 
 under the jurisdiction of a nominal sovereign. It was the 
 great mart of trade between Russia and the Hanseatic cities, 
 and made the most rapid advances in opulence and popula- 
 tion. Its territory extended to theN. as far as the frontiers 
 of Livonia and Finland ; comprising great part of the pro- 
 vince of Archangel, and a large district beyond the N. W. 
 limits of Siberia. But in tlte 16th century, this independent 
 republic was obliged to submit to the arms of Ivan Vassiii- 
 vitch 1. grand duke of Russia. An enormous bell, deno- 
 minated by the inhabitants eternal, and revered by them as 
 the palladium of their liberty, was removed by their con- 
 queror from Novogorod to Moscow. It continued, never- 
 tl>eless, the largest and most commercial city in Russia, 
 aud contained at least, 400,000 people. It was first deso- 
 lated, in a manner, by the cruelties exercised here by Ivan 
 A'assilivitch II. but its splendour was not totally eclipsed 
 until the Czar Peter built Petersburgh, to which favourite 
 capital he transferred all the commerce of the Baltic that 
 had before centered here. It now contains scarce 7000 
 people ; but a vast number of churches and convents stand 
 melancholy monuments of its former magnificence. The 
 town stretches on both sides of the Volkoff, a beautiful river 
 of considerable depth and rapidity, which separates into 
 two divisions ; namely, the Trading Part and the quarter 
 of St. Sophia. Novogorod is situated near tlie lake Ilmen, 
 123 miles S. by E. of Petersburgh. Lat. 58. 20. N. Ion. 32. 
 45. E. 
 
 To NOUTiISH, (the o is ntule in pron. tliis word and its 
 derivatives ; as, luirrish, niirrisher, n'urriture, &c.) v, a. 
 \nourrir, Fr.] to increase or support by food ; to maintain ; 
 to encourage or foment : to train up or educate. Neuterly, 
 to gain nourishment. Seldom used in this last sense. 
 
 NOU'RISHABLE, a. capable of affording nourishment; 
 capable of increasing the growth, or supporting strength ; 
 capable of Iniving its growth or strength supported by 
 food. 
 
 NOU'RISHER, s. the person who supports or maintains ; 
 tlie thing which increases growth or strength. 
 
 NOU'RISHMENT, i. '\,w,irissement, Fr.) that which is 
 given or received in order to promote the growth, or sup- 
 port tlie strength of a person or thing ; nutrition ; supply of 
 necessaries. 
 
 NOU'RITURE, s. \uoueriture, Fr.] education ; insti- 
 tution. 
 
 NOW, arf. fjjii. Sax. 1 at this time ; alittle wliile ago; but. 
 When beginning several branciies of a sentence, it implies 
 tlic present time in the first, and another time in the subse- 
 quent branches. In lainiliar speech it implies the present 
 state of things. Amc and t/ieii implies at different times. 
 Synon. The doing of a thing noH- expresses the taking it in 
 hand at the very instant : inslimthi, immediatclti, and ;.')•«- 
 senlly, express a time farther and fartlier off, Inslantli/, im- 
 plies without any perceptible intervention of time ; ?;«»«;- 
 liintely means without delay ; and by presently is understood 
 soon after. 
 
 NOW,.?, tlie present moment. 
 
 NO'WADAYS, arf. in the present age. 
 
 NO'WED, «. ynoiti, Fr.] knotted ; iinvrcatlied. " Dan a 
 serpent ■iiowed." lirown. 
 
 NO'WHKRK, ad. [ji<m7/rr)-, Sax.J lint in any place. 
 
 NOWISE, «(/. [no and ui.ir, Belg.] not in any manner or 
 degree. 
 
 NO'XIOUS, a. [from nnxn, damage, Lat.] Inirlful ; destruc- 
 tive ; unwholesome. In law, guilty or liable to punish- 
 inent. 
 
 NO'XIOUSLY, ad. liurtfully ; in such a manncras to be 
 pernicious. 
 
 NOXIOUSNESS, I. the nuality of being hurtful, mis- 
 cbievcus, destructive, or uiiwliolcsomo. 
 
 C36 
 
 NUM 
 
 NO'ZLE, «.[a diminutive of nosf] the nose, snout, or end of 
 any hollow thing. See No.sle. 
 
 NUBIA, a kingdom of Africa, bounded on the N. by 
 Egypt, on the E. by the Red Sea, on the S. by Abyssinia, 
 and on the W. by Bornoii. The river Nile runs through it, 
 on the banks of which, and those of the other rivers, it v* 
 pretty fruitful, but in other places barren, sandy, and in \\nn\ 
 of water. Money is of no use iu this couutiy in the wiiy 
 of trade, it beiiigall carried ou liy "ay of exchai'.ge. The-.'r 
 bread and drink is made of a small round sitd called 
 doca, or setf. Their houses liave mud \\al!s, I^eing very low, 
 and covered with reeds. The habit (/f the rich is a vest 
 without sleeves, and they liavc no coverings for their heads, 
 legs, aud feet : others wrap a piece of linen cloth about 
 them, and the children go quite naked. They profess to 
 be INIahometans. The productions of this country- are 
 gold, elephant's teeth, civet, and sandal wood, and they 
 sell men into Egypt. The principal towns known to the 
 Europeans areDangolaand Sennar. 
 
 To NUBBLE, v. a. (oroperly knohUe) to bruise with the 
 fist. 
 
 NU'BILE, a. ^nuhilis, froin nulo, to marry, Lat.] fit for 
 marriage. 
 
 NUBIFEROUS. a. \mihifn; from nuhis, a cloud, and/ero, 
 to bare, Lat.] bringing clouds. 
 
 To NU'BILATE, v. a. [iiuhilo, from nulis, a cloud, Lat.] to 
 cloud. 
 
 NUCLEUS, s. [Lat.] in botany, the kernel or edible 
 part of a nnt, or stone-fruit ; any fruit contained witliin a 
 husk or shell. In astronomy, the body of a comet, by some 
 called its head, in contradistinction to its tail. In surgery, 
 any thing about which matter is jjathered, and closely ad- 
 heres. 
 
 NUCl'FEROUS, «. [from mix, a nut, and fero, to bear, 
 Lat. I bearing nuits. 
 
 NUDA'TION, i.[Fr. from midus, naked, Lat.] the act of 
 making bear or naked. 
 
 NUDITY, s. [iiitditi, Fr. from nudus, naked, Lat.] naked 
 parts. 
 
 NUGATION, s. [from nngor, to tritte, Lat.] the act or 
 practice of trifling. 
 
 NUGATORY «. [from ni/g-or, to trifle, Lat.] trifling; ii>. 
 significant. 
 
 NUrSANCE, (iiusance) s. [Fr.] something pernicious and 
 offensive. Any thing which annoys the neighbourhood. 
 
 To NULL, V. a. [from millvs, no one, Lat .J to annul ; to 
 deprive of efficacy or existence. To set aside, applied to 
 laws. 
 
 NULL, a. [from mdhs, no one, Lat.] void ; of no force 
 or efficacy. 
 
 NULL, s. something that has no power or meaning. The 
 marks in ciphered writings which stands for nothing, are 
 ludh. 
 
 NULLlBI'ETY,x. [fromwuHiJi, nowhere, Lat.' the state 
 of being nowhere 
 
 To Nullify, v. «. to make void ; to annihilate. 
 
 NU'LLITY, {mdliti,Y\-.'\ want offeree or efficacy ; want 
 of existence. 
 
 NUMB, {mim) a. \benu7r,ed, Sa?;.J deprived of feeling in 
 a great measure, and the jiower of motion ; producing such 
 a chilness as almost deprives of the powev of motion and 
 feeling ; torpid. 
 
 To NUMB, (hk?h) v. a. to make dull of motion and feel- 
 ing ; to deaden, or stupify. 
 
 NU'MBEDNFJSS, f. torpor; interruption of sen.sation. 
 
 ToNU'MBER, ». n. [from wionm-.t, a number, Lat.] to 
 count, reckon, or tell how many arc conlHined in any col 
 lection or sum. 
 
 NU'MliER, s. [iiomhre, Fr. numerus, Lat. J that species of 
 quantity which answers to the nuestion, Ifow many ? Any 
 particular collection of units. Many; more than one. Har- 
 mony, or proportion calculated by numbers. In poetry, a 
 verse, (ii grammar, the variation or termination of a noun, 
 by which it signifies a single one, or more than one
 
 NUR 
 
 O 
 
 NLI'MKEnEiH, s. one who coiiiils liow many single ones 
 are in anv collci-tion. 
 
 NU'MBKRLKSS, a. not to be counted; not to be ex- 
 pressed bv nmnbcrs. 
 
 NU'MIU'IRS, s. a canonical book of (be Old Teslanient, 
 wbicii receives its deMominalion from the numliiiing of the 
 families of Israel i)v iMosesaiid Aamn. 
 
 NU MFiLRS, s. [iKiiMrs, Fr.J tlieciitrails of a deer. 
 
 NU'JVIBNI'^SS, ()'«>««<•«) ■«• ll'e stale ol beiiii,', in a great 
 measure, deprived ol tiie sense of feeliii;;, and Ilic power of 
 motion. 
 
 NU'MERABLR, n. [mmin-abilis, from niimryus, a number, 
 Lilt-] capal)le of beiii^' counted, or expressed by fifjures. 
 
 NU'ftlEHAL, fi. [Fr. from immrnis.a inunber, Lai. J belong;- 
 in;' to, or coMsistiiiK of mnnbers. 
 
 NIJ'MERALLY, ml. aceordiii;; to iiundter. 
 
 NU'iMKRAHY, n. [from imnirnis, a number, Lat.J any 
 thins belon^'in^ to a certain nniidjcr. 
 
 NUMI'!U.\"I ION, s.^numrriilii), from ?ih?hi-);«, a number, 
 Lat.j tiie art of numbernig. In arilinuetic, the rule winch 
 teaches to express any nundier in (i^nires, and to read any 
 number written in figures. 
 
 NUMEllA'TOU, *. [Lat.] one that luinibcrs ; the tipper 
 figure in a vulgar fraction, which siiews how many parls the 
 integer is supposed to be divi<le<l into, as expressed by the 
 fraction ; thus in tiie fraction 3 the figure 3 is the 
 numerator. 
 
 NUMERICAL, «. I^froni nmncrns, a number, Lat. I denot- 
 ing number; belonging to number; the same in kind or 
 species, and likewise in niniiber. 
 
 NUiNIERICALLY, ad. with respect to sameness in num- 
 ber. 
 
 NU'MERIST, J. one that deals in numbers. 
 
 NUMERO'SITY, j. \nmiiernsus, from niimenis,?i number, 
 Lat.] number ; multitude ; the state of being numerous. 
 Harnwny, or agreeable flow. 
 
 NUMEROUS, a. [from >ii(nifr«^, a number, Lat.] contain- 
 ing or consisting of many. 
 
 NU'MEROUSNESS, s. the fjnality of consisting of many. 
 The quality of exciting a sensation of harmony or melody. 
 
 NU'INLMARY, n.ffroin munmns, money, Lat.] relating to 
 money. 
 
 NUMMULAR, a. [?i!ini»ii(/an'i<s, from nummits, money, 
 Lat.] relating to money. 
 
 NU'MSKULL, s. [probably from mimb, insensible, and 
 thill] a dunce, blockhead, dullard. 
 
 NU'MSKULLED, a. dull; stupid. 
 
 NUN, s. [Sax.J a female belonging to a religious house, 
 oy her vow debarred from any converse with the male sex. 
 In natural history, a kin<l of bird. 
 
 NU'NCIATURE, s. [from nuncio, to amiotmce, Lat.j the 
 office of a nuncio. 
 
 NU'NCIO, {minsldo) s. [Ital. from »m7!0!o, to announce, 
 Lilt.) a messenger; an envoy or ambassador from the 
 pope> 
 
 NUNCUPATIVE, or NUNCUPATORV, „.[n„„ci,pn- 
 tns, from mincupo, to pronounce, Lat.] publicly or solemnly 
 declared ; pronounced by words. 
 
 NUNE'ATON, a town of Warwickshire, with a manufac- 
 tory of woollen cloth. It is seated on the river Anker, 8 
 miles N. by E. of Coventry, and 9i) N. N. \V. of London. 
 Market on Saturday. 
 
 NUNNERY, s. a liouse for the reception of religions 
 females, who by vow are obliged to Imve no commerce with 
 men. 
 
 NUPTIAL, (HH;M/n'«0 a.\nuptiaUs, from mtlo, to marrj',Lat.] 
 belonging to marriage. 
 
 NUPTIALS, (nu/ishiah) s, [it has no singular, nnpticr, 
 frain miho, to marry, Lat.] marriage. 
 
 NUREMBURG,orNDKENBURG, one of the most hand- 
 some, strong, and flourishing places in Germany, capital of 
 Franconia, and a free, imperial city. It is a large place, arid 
 is two miles and 468 paces in length, and one mile and 30 
 paces in breadth, and about 6 miles in circumference. Tlie 
 
 best toys are made here, which are coinnionlv known m F.iig 
 land by t fie name of Dutch toys. Lon. li. 6.1;. hit. A'J. 
 27. N. 
 
 NURSE, s. \)wurricr, Fr.J a woman who brings up a 
 child, iir has the care of a sick person; one that l)rceils, 
 educates, or protects. " Koine, the iinrsc ol' judgiiu-nt." 
 S/mIi. 'I'he slate of bring nursed. In composition, applied 
 to any thing that supplies lood. 
 
 To NURSE, V. u. \titmtiii; Fr. or bv coiitr4ction from 
 ii(miis/i\[o brmg up a child ; to feed, keep, or maiiilaiii ; 
 to take care of a sick person ; to cherish. 
 
 NU'RSEK, J. one that nurses or takes care of an infan* 
 or sick person ; one tliat encouiagrs or foments. 
 
 NlJ'l{Si;flY, «. the act or otiice of bringing up a child, 
 or alleudiiig a sick person; that which is the object of a 
 nurse's care ; a ijlHiilation of young trees lo be traiisplantetl ; 
 the place where young people are taken care ol-; the place 
 or slate where any tiling is fostered or brought ;ip. 
 
 NU'RSLING, s. fa diminutive of nurse] one brought up 
 by a nurse ; a fondling. 
 
 NURTURE, «. [contracted from nnuri/HiT] food; diet; 
 education; institution; any thing which supports life, or 
 promotes growth. 
 
 'J'o NURTUUE, V. a. to educate or bring up. 
 
 NU'SANCE,i.so spelt in law writings. See Nuisance. 
 
 'I'o NU'STLE, V. a. to fondle or cherish. 
 
 NUT, s. [//«i(f. Sax.] the fruit of a tree, consisting of a 
 kernel covered by a hard shell; the worm of a screw. 
 
 NUTBROWhf, a. brown as, or of the colour of, a nut 
 kept long. " 
 
 NUTCRACKERS,*, an instrument used in cracking the 
 shells of nuts. 
 
 NU'TGALL, s. the excrescence of an oak. 
 
 NUTHOOK, s. a stick with a hook at the end, used in 
 pulling down the boughs of a tree to gather nuts. 
 
 NUTMEG, s. [nut, and miig:nH, Fr. | the kernel of a large 
 fruit not unlike a peach, separated from the mace, wliich 
 surrounds it. It is of a roundish oval figure, of a com- 
 pact or firm texture, furrowed in its surface, of an agreeable 
 smell and aromatic taste. The male is long and cylindrical, 
 but less aromatic than the female, wliii.li is shaped like an 
 olive. The tree resembles our pear-tree, its leaves have a 
 fragrant smell whether green or dry, and the trunk or 
 branches, when cut, produce a red liquor like, blood. 
 
 NUTRIMENT, *. [nnlHmenlum, from nutrio, to nourish, 
 Lat.] that w hicli feeds or nourishes. 
 
 NUTR!ME'NTAL,a. havingthe qualifies of food ; afford- 
 ing nourishment. 
 
 NUTRITION, s. [nnlrJtio, from nutrio, to nourish, Lat." 
 the act of supporting strength, and increasing growth. 
 
 NUTRT'l'IOUS, (niUris/iioits) a. [from nutria, to nourish, 
 Lat.] having the quality of supporting strength, or increas- 
 ing growth. 
 
 Is'U'TRlTIVE, «. [from nutrio, to nourish, Lat.] having 
 the power to nourish. 
 
 NU'TRITURE, *. the power of nourishing. Not used. 
 
 NUTSHELL, s. the hard shell or substance whicli in- 
 closes the kernel of a nut. 
 
 NU'ITREE, s. a tree that bears nuts. 
 
 To NU'ZZLE, V. a. to nurse or foster; to go with the 
 nose (low 11 like a hog. 
 
 NYLGHAU, i. ill zoology, a large animal of the antelope 
 kind. They were introduced into England in 17f!7. 
 
 NY'MPH, {nymf) s. [from uymi>liii, a bride, Gr. nijmphn, 
 Lat. I in ant lent mythology, a goddess of l he wcods, meadows, 
 or waters. In poetry, a young lady, gcuerally apjilieil to 
 one that is a virgin. 
 
 NY'MPH AL, {ny'vifal) a. belonging to nymphs. 
 
 O. 
 
 OIS the fourteenth letter, and fourth vowel of our ali)ba 
 bet. Its sound is formed by the breath fiowirignut o. 
 the mouth through the cvlindrical concavity of the tongue 
 
 637
 
 OBD 
 
 OBL 
 
 eiul round configuration oCilie lips, [t lias its proper sound 
 ill llii' words l/iode,nose, iVc. It soi'iids long in ilnine, $to)ie. 
 nliine ; and short ingot, «"', fot, shut. It is usually denoteu 
 'onj; l»y a servile <t siibjoiiicd, as iii muan, jrruan, (ir by e at 
 the end of a syllable, as /""ir. The souiul ot'o is often so 
 siiftasto recpiire itdimbie, as /jous'', rejnotif, iwi», ^e. and in 
 some words u" is proiioiiiKcd like " short, as mf.vnd, btimil, 
 tV-c. The single has the .simiid ()l'»« ill some words, as in 
 Home, icoiiiti, tiimb, luovr, leprovi, \c. and ill some words its 
 sound is dropl, as in jienjilr ; and sounds like n obscure in 
 iriiii,iiliiiii, iii(/'i\i}t, i^e. As a iiumeraj, O stands sometimes 
 foi II, and with a d.ish over il, thus o, for ll.OUO. 
 
 O, iiUeij. [O, (iotli.l of wishing', or exclamation, or a 
 sonsalioii of p:iiii. I'ifd subslaiilivcly, for a circle. " Willi- 
 ili lliis wooden O." S/ui/.-. 
 
 OAI", ((•/') i. [written likcwiscJ'/, '/c, n/)/', Bcl:,^] a cbailge- 
 liil;,'; a foolish child lelt bv the fairies; an idiot. 
 
 OA'riSH, foA.s/0«. stupid ; silly; doltish. 
 
 O.^^i'iSII.N'KSS, ((}A'.</i/i^.vv) s. stupidity ; duliicss. 
 
 OAK, {i/li) s. [ac or (re, Sax.] a well known tree, whose 
 timber is nuich used in liuildiii^'s, and (or other purposes. 
 The sea-oak is a species ofcarwccd, found on locks and 
 stones in the sea. 
 
 O.A'K.XPPLK, s. a kind of spungy excrescence on liie 
 oak. 
 
 OA'KEN, (('ihii) n. [tican. Sax.] made of oak, 
 
 OAKILNIMN, s. a sort of apple. 
 
 OAKHAM. See Okkha.m. 
 
 OA'KIIAIII'TON, or OcKiNGTOX, a lown of Devon. 
 siiire, with a manulactuie of ser^^es. It is seated on the ri- 
 ver Oke, on the road between Launceslon and Crediton, 
 21 miles W.of Kxeier, and I'Ji W. by S. of London. Mar- 
 ket on Satnril.iv. 
 
 OA KINGTON. See Ok lit ngh.'^m. 
 
 O.VKUiM, {bkinii) s. ropes untwiated, and reduced to 
 hemp, which are used toca.ilk, or stop the leaks ofships. 
 
 OAIl, (of) s. \are, Sax.] a long pole with a broad tliili end, 
 by which boats, itc. are rowed. 
 
 'To OAH, (yr) r. w. to row. Actively, to move by row- 
 iiijj, or by means -if oars. 
 
 0.\'RWEKD, J. a L;eiius of plants classed by botanists 
 amoii|;llie thongs. 'J'lie Brilish species are not fewer tliaii 
 forty-four. Tlie several species are serviceable in manuring 
 land, and animpuie fossil alkali, named kelp, may be made 
 by burning them. 
 
 0.\'l\V, n. having llic form oriiseofoars. 
 
 OA'TCAKE, .'. cake made of ihc meal of oats. 
 
 O.VrKN, (6(01)0. madeof oats or of the stalk of oats, 
 
 O.A'I'II, (o/A) s. ("//', Sax.] a solemn atfirniation, wherein 
 wc apply to God as a witness of the truth of what we say. 
 Injudicial appeals of this nature, an oath contains likewise 
 a clause, which becomes a curse, in case of wilful falsity, as 
 MC beg to be saved only in proportion to the truth ol our 
 • videiice. 
 
 OATHBREAKING, {ulh-brcahiniy) s. perjury, or the 
 violation of an oalli. 
 
 OA"l'M \',.\L, {iiiiicel) s. flour made by grinding oats. 
 
 OATS, (»(j) s. [iiltn, Sax. la kind of i)eardcd grain, of 
 •RJiich bread is nuide in some couiilries, and uscti likewise 
 lor food for horses. 
 
 OBADrAII,acaiii)uic;.l book of the Old Testaiuctit, CP ;- 
 faiiicti ill one single chaplrr. Wlien this prophet lived or 
 ;iropliesicd is wholly uncertain. 
 
 To OBDU'CE, I', n. jfroin 0//, over, and (/«f», to lead or 
 dr.TW, Lat J lo draw <)\er as a covering. 
 
 OI'.DU'K.ACV, s. iiillexiblc wickedness; impenitence; 
 h'.'.iiliK ■^s rd heart. 
 
 or.DL' R.\TI',, rt. [(\<m\ (liinis, bard, Lat. J impenitently 
 wifked; immoveably ei lie). Harsh; rugged. 
 
 OBIJU'K.VTKLY, «(.'. in a stubborn, inflexible, or impe- 
 nileiit maimer. 
 
 OBDUKATLNESS, ». stubbornness; impenitence; ob- 
 sliiijicv. 
 ODDURATION, s. hardness of heart; stubbornness. 
 U3U 
 
 OBDU'llED, a. [I'roni <li<nis, iiard, Lai. J Irardeiied ; in- 
 flexible ; impenitent. 
 
 • OBE'DI ENCE, s. [ l"r. from ubetlio, lo obey, Lat.] ilie per- 
 forinanee of the coiiimaiidsof a superior 
 
 OBEDIENT, «. \iibiiliens, from iioeilio, .0 obey, Lat.] ob- 
 se((uiousniss ; submissive to auliiorilv. 
 
 OBEDI ENTIAL, (.ibtUihis/ud) a. {obidit.aid, Fr.]accord- 
 ing to the rules of obedience. 
 
 OBE'DI ENTLV, lu/. in such a maimer a» to perform the 
 commands of a superior. 
 
 OBElS.\NCE, {(ibesnucc) .«. [Fr.] a bow, applied to a 
 man ; a courlsey, applied to a woman. 
 
 OliELISC, orOBElJSK, s.\nbtliscus,L-A\.\ a pyramid 
 very slender and high, having tour faces, lesseiiiiig gra- 
 dually upwards, till it terminates in a pcriiit, generally raised 
 as an ornament in some public place. In printing, a mark, 
 thus, +. 
 
 OBEKHATION.j. (from (/i<T/u, to wander, Lat.l the act 
 of wandering about. 
 
 OBi;SE, n. (»4ff».«, Lat. I fat ; corpulent. 
 OBESENESS, or OBESITY, 1. morbid fatness, or c.\cc> 
 sive corpulency- 
 
 'lo OBEY, V. a. [obeir, Fr. ohtdio, Lat.] to perform the 
 conniandsofa superior. 
 
 O BJ ECT, s. I from ub, before, and jaeio, to cast, Lat.] that 
 aboet which any of the senses or mind is employed ; somc- 
 lliiiig apprehended and presented to the mind by the senses 
 of imagination; the matter of an art or science, or that 
 about which it is employed. 
 
 OBJECT-GLASS, J. the glass of a telescope wliieli is 
 
 nearest the thing to be viewed, and farthest from the eye. 
 
 To OBJECT, y. a. [tibjkin, Lat. J lo oppose. To propose 
 
 scruples against any thing as not consistent with reason or 
 
 law, used with (o or ajraiiisl. 
 
 OBJ E'CTION, s. [from ob, before, and /«fi", to cast, Lat. ) 
 tlie act of placing any thing in opposition ; the act of op- 
 posin any argument, or charging with a crime; an argu- 
 ment produced in opposition to something already as- 
 serted. 
 
 OBJE'CTIVE, a. [objeclif, Fr.J belonging to or conlained 
 in the object. 
 
 OBJECTIVELY, «</. in the manner of an object; in the 
 state of opposition. 
 
 OBJECi'IVENESS, i. the state ol being an object. 
 OBJECTOR, J. one who raises dilKculties against an 
 opinion or assertion. 
 
 O'BIT, J. [a corruption froiii obiit, he died, Lat.] fimcra! 
 obsequies, or an otnce performed at the interment .of u 
 corpse. 
 
 OBITUARY, J. [oii/MnWiiHi, from nbeo, (o die, Lat.] a 
 funeral register, sometimes called minluniics, bill more Irc- 
 qucntly )iftrolo<^iet. 
 
 OBJURGA riON, ,«. [')/;;'Hi»n(iV), from ohjurgn, to rebuke, 
 Lat.] reproof; repreliension. 
 
 015L.\'TE, a. [oblaliis, from bUus, broad, Lat.) flaltod at 
 the poles, applied to a spheroi«l. " Oblnie spheroidical 
 liguie of tile earth." CJieipie. 
 
 OBL.VTION, -f. [Fr. from offho, to ofTer, Lat.] any 
 thing offered to God as a sacrilice, or an act of worship. 
 
 OBLECTATION, s. [from Mecto, to delight, Lat.] recre- 
 ation, pleasure, delight. 
 
 To O'BLKi.'VFE, v. a. [ob/igo, from lig<',to Diml, Lat.] to 
 bind by contract, kindness, or duty. 
 OBLIG.VTION, i. [«/-%», from /12-0, to bind, Lat. I tli 
 
 necessity of doing or omitting any ac'.ion in order to behai>- 
 py ; the binding power of an oath, vow, duty, or contract ; 
 an act wliieli binds lo some performance; a fiivour wliicli 
 binds a man to gratitude. Inlaw, a bond wherein is con- 
 tained a penally conditioned for the payment of nionty. 
 
 0'\\\AG.\'Vi)\{Y,a.[iibligiiioire, Fr.] binding, or haviiij; 
 the power lo enforce the performance or omission of some- 
 thing ; coercive. 
 
 ToOBLTGE, (pron. with its derivatires, nblis^e, nt ob- 
 tergc, tlic e soft) M. a, [obligo, front ligo^ lo biud, Lat.] to bind
 
 ons 
 
 or compel to Bometliiiis ! toinaec'., or lay ol-ligationj of 
 (fialitiKlp ; to please 01 {.'iHtily, 
 
 OIUvIGE'K, s, Hie pcisou 'bound by a lej;"' '•""' "'itten 
 coiitrsu't, 
 
 OBIJ'GKR,'. he wlio binds liy coiifrnct. 
 
 ORLrGlNG, part, iiitd «. Uihtif^aiif, Liit.J civil ; com- 
 plnisHDt ; Cligaciuy ; lespeett'ul, 
 
 OHLrGIlsGLV, "'/. ii) ii kind, civil, and eiij{a;;ins mun- 
 ner, 
 
 OliU'GINONESS, *. llieiniiilily of being civil, complai- 
 sant ; obligation, force. 
 
 015L10UAT10N, s. [ohHtpnif, fl shint, L;it.] doclination 
 from stiuiglitness or pi;rpcMilicul;nii\ ; obli<|uiiy. "The 
 clian{,'e made by the obliijnntidii of 1 lie eves." !\'ivtii)i, 
 
 OULI'QUK, {ohk'd) n. [olliijiuis, Liit.J i'lsliiMl ; not straight, 
 or perpendicular; indirect, Oi)U(iiic asd-nsivv, is an arc of 
 the e(juinoctial contaicu'd between the first dej,'ree of Aries, 
 p.nd that point of it vhicN rises vith the centre of the sun or 
 \\ star. OUujtu: spltcre, is that position of the globe in which 
 cfihcrof the poles are elevated less than 90 degrees. In 
 t'launnar, applied to all cases of iionns, excepting the no- 
 niinativc, 
 
 ORLl'QUELy, (ollffkli/) ad. not directly ; nor perjien- 
 tJicnlarlv, nor in a straiKht'line ; not in the direct meaninsj, 
 
 C)UU'(iUENESS, (obleclmcsi) or OBLIQUITY, s. [obli. 
 (pi'ti, Tr.J deviation from natural rectitude, from pcrpcn. 
 flicnlaritv, and from moral rectitude, 
 
 'J'o 015LlTl'UiATE, ■". ,1. [from ob, out, and Ulem, n let- 
 ter, Lai. J to eif'ace any thing written ; to wear out, destroy, 
 or etlace ti;om the memory, 
 
 OBLITEHATION, *. [hom',ob, out, and Jitera, a letter, 
 Lat.] the act erf' cll'acing any thing written, or rendering any 
 thing forgottf n, 
 
 OBLI'VION, *. ffrom plHvincor, to forget, Lat.J forgetful- 
 ness, Amnesty, or, An net nf oblivion, wherein a general 
 paidon is urociaimed for oft'ences against a state, 
 
 OBLIVIOUS, «. ffrom vbliiiscpi; to forget, Lat.] causing 
 forgelfulness, 
 
 I O'PLONG, a, [olhngut, from hngut, broad, Lat.] longer 
 than broad. 
 
 O'BLONGLY. ad. in an oblong form, 
 
 O'BLONGNESS, «. tiie quality or state of being longer 
 than broad, 
 
 O'BLOQUY, *. [from obhijiwr, to reproach, Lat, J eensori- 
 (HIS speech ; language by whioh"any person or thing is re- 
 jiresented to its di^iadvaniage j slander ; the cause of re- 
 proach, 
 
 OBMUTE'SCbNC'E, *, [obmntesco, from mutns, dumb, 
 Jjat.'l loss of speech, 
 
 OBNO'XIOUS, ((.[obnoxiiis, from »io.w, danger, Lat.] sub- 
 ject or liable to be punished ; liable, exposed, 
 
 OBNO'XIOllSLV, (III. in a state of subjection, or of be- 
 ing liable to punishment, 
 
 OBNO'XIOUSNESS.. t. the state of being subject or 
 liable to punishment, 
 
 To OBNUBILATE, v, a, \obnnbih, from wniw, a cloud, 
 l,at.] to cloud ; to make obscure, 
 
 OliOE, the same as Hauthov, which see, 
 
 OBO'LE, *• [from oto/w, a small piece of antient njoi.ey, 
 I^Bt.l in nharmacv, twelve grains. 
 
 OBRE'PTIOK, t, [obreptio, from obrtpo, to creep in, Lat.] 
 a sfeoling or creeping in- 
 
 To O'BHOGA TE, v. (I, [obrogo, fioni rof^o, to ask or pro- 
 claim, Lat,] to proclaim a contrary law for the dissolution 
 of the former- 
 
 OBSCE'NE, «• fofopif'ii'*, Lat.] immodest ! smutty ; rais- 
 ing uueliaste ideas, Oft'ensive or disgusting; inauspi- 
 cious, 
 
 OBSCETJ^El^y, ad. in an iromodeM. unchaste, or smutty 
 manner 
 
 OBSCETSIENES>», or OBSC£'Nrr\',*.r<**f;niVi,Fr.] im- 
 purity or immodesty in thought, word, or deed. 
 
 OBSCURATION, s. \i)bscnraiio, from obscunit, obscure, 
 Let,] the act of darkening or being deprived of light. 
 
 OBS 
 
 OB!^CU'RE, a. [f)lwJ7Ji.», Lat.J (lark ; ;;Uioniy ; bviDK in 
 the daik; abstruse or dillicidt, applied lourilings. rv'ot 
 noted or famous. "lie is an ft'/ic'ic |>eisoii." Ailnb. 
 
 To OllSCU'Ri'l, 1'. ". U'rum nbunrus, ( bscure, Lat.] to 
 darken ; to make loss \ ibihle. Figuratively, to render lesji. 
 easy to be understood, ap;ilie<l lo tiie mind; to eclipse tlif' 
 -eauty or(ii;;nity, applied lo rank. 
 
 OUSCLJ'Ul'.LV, ml. iii such a manner as to shew wsijit 
 01 privation of light ; in a dark or jjioomy niauner; out "f 
 sight; ilia nii;an, private in.anner; in a station neither c(\n-' 
 spicuous nor t'atiions. 
 
 OBSCURENi;S.S, or OBSCURITY, s. [olscurus, oh- 
 Ecure, Lat.] a state of darkness, or that wherein is a priva- 
 tion of light; privacy; a slate wherein a person lives iin- 
 observed or unknown. Darkness of meaning, applied to 
 
 OBSECRATION,.!. ffrom et, for, and sneer, holy, Lat.J 
 intrcaty or supplication. 
 
 O'BSEQUIES, i. [probaMy (tiim <'l:s:e(pnHm, from ohseqvor, 
 to follower obey, Lat.] I lie funeral rites, or solemnities, 
 Milton and Crashaw use it in the singular, vUiicii .lohnson 
 supposes more proper. " V\itli silent ulscipii/, and funeral 
 train," Milt. As:miist. 
 
 OBSE'QUIOUS, fl. [cbseqiiinm, 'from obscquor, to follow, 
 Lat.J obedient ; complaisant. Funeral, " Obsequious sor- 
 row.' Slink. 
 
 OBSE'QUIOUSLY, orf. obediently; with compliance. 
 
 OBSEQUIOUSNESS, s. passive obedience, or compli-' 
 ance. 
 
 OBSE'RVABLE, (theiin this and the following words 
 derived from oiieno, Lat. is usually pron. like i ,• as obzirv. 
 able, obzinaiit, cbzirving., Ac. &c.) «. reniarkable ; dpserv- 
 ing notice ; eminent. 
 
 OBSE'RVARLY.orf. in a manner u 01 thy of notice. 
 
 OBSE'RVANCE, J. [ohscri-mice, Fr.] respect ; ceremoriial 
 reverence; attentive practice ; a law or rule for practicp; 
 careful obedience ; attention ; regard ; religious rife. 
 
 OBSE'RVANT,;Mrt. attentive; diligent; watchful; obe- 
 dient; respectfuHv attentive; submissive; respectful. 
 
 OBSERVATION, s. ffrom ohserro, to observe, Lat.J tlie 
 act of taking notice of things and persons ; a remark ; an 
 animadversion; a notion gained by observing. In sea Ian- 
 guage, the act of taking the sun or any star's meridian alti- 
 tude, to find tlie latitude of a place. 
 
 OBSERVATOI^ s. one who ob^crvcs; a remarker. 
 
 OBSl'rilVATORV, s. a place built for making nstrono- 
 niical observations. 
 
 To OBSETvVE. {ob:b-ve) IK a. [observo, Lat.l to watch ; 
 to look at, to regard with attention ; to obey; to follow ; to 
 perceive by attention ; to regard or keep religiously. Nen- 
 terly, toapplywitb attention; to remark. 
 
 OBSE'in'EH, *. one who looks vigilantly or attentively at 
 persons or things ; one who remarks, looks on, or beholds ; 
 one who practises any rite, custom, or law. 
 
 OBSE'RVINGLY, «rf. with attention, heed, o> care. 
 
 CrSESSION, s.[obsessio, from olsideo, to besiege, Lat.J 
 the Act of besieging. In divinity, the first attack of Satan, 
 antecedent to possession. 
 
 OBSI'DIONAL, a. [obsidionalii, from oosidco, to besiege, 
 Lat.lbelonging to a siege. 
 
 O'BSOLETE, 0. [eo4o?ffHS, from soleo, to use, Lat. | not in 
 use; wornoutof use ; unfashionable. 
 
 OBSOLETENESS,*, the ip'-ality of being no longer used, 
 or of being out of fashion. 
 
 OBSTACLE, s. fPr.' from onstn, to oppose, Lat.J some- 
 thing which opposes the exertion of any power, cither of 
 body or mind. 
 
 OBSTETRIC, a. [from ohstetrix, a midwife, Lat.] belong- 
 ing to a midwife. 
 
 OBSTETRICA'TfON, s. [from obsietrix, a midwife, Lat.l 
 the office of a midwife. 
 
 O'BSTINACY, s. [from obstino, to be obstinate, Lat.J 
 stubbornness ; pertinacy, contumacy, persisteucy. 
 
 C3U
 
 OBT 
 
 OCC 
 
 O'BSTINATE, a. [from ohstino, to be obstinate, Lat.l re- 
 fusing to act or assent ; imuiovably resolved. 
 
 CyBSTINATELY, ad. iu sucli a manner as to remain cul- 
 pably fixed or resolute ; in such a manner as to be inflexibly 
 resolute. 
 
 O'BSTINATENESS, s. stubbornness, wilfulness, contu- 
 macv. 
 
 OBSTIPA'TrON, s. [from ohstijw, to stop up, Lat.] the 
 act of stopping! up any passage. 
 
 OBSTREPEROUS, a. [from obslie^m, to make a noise, 
 Lat. I loud ; noisy ; turbulent ; clamorous ; vociferous. 
 
 OBSTREPEROUSLY, ad. in a noisy or clamorous 
 manner. 
 
 OBSTRE'PEROUSNESS, s. loudness, clamour, turbu- 
 lence, noise.. 
 
 OBSTiirCTlON, s. [olsti-ictus, from ohstringo, to tie hard, 
 Lat.] obligation ; bond. " National obttrictiuti." Milt. 
 
 To OBSTRUCT, v. a. \ohsiriw, from oh, against, and 
 struo, to build, Lat.j to block up ; to liindcir, bar, or be in 
 the way of ; to oppose or retard. 
 
 OBSTRU'CTER, s. one who hinders or opposes. 
 
 OBSTRUCTION, j. [vhstruo, from oh, against, and struo, 
 to build, Lat.J any liinderance, difficulty, obstacle, or im- 
 pediment. In medicine, the stoppage or blocking up of 
 any canal or passage in the human body, so as to prevent 
 the flowing of any fluid through it. A heap. "To lie in 
 cold ohstruction." Shall, 
 
 OBSTRUCTIVE, a. \obttriiclif, Fr.] causing liinderance 
 or impediment. 
 
 OBSTR UCTIVE, s. any thing which hinders or impedes. 
 
 OBSTRUENT, nart. [ohstritens, from oh, against, and 
 ttruo, to build, LatJ hindering or blocking up any passage. 
 
 OBSTUPEFACTION, s. [from ohstiftfai-io, to stupify, 
 Lat.] the act of inducing stupidity, or niterruption of the 
 mental powers. 
 
 OBSTUPEFA'CTIVE, «. [from olstupefacio, to stupify, 
 Lat.] stupefying, or obstructing the vigour of the mind. 
 
 ToOBTA'IN, V. a. [uhtineo, Lat.] to gain, acquire, or pro- 
 cure ; to impetrate ; to gain by the concession or excited 
 friendship of another. Neuterly, to continue in use ; to be 
 established ; to prevail or succeed. 
 
 OBTA'INABLE, a. capable of being procured. 
 
 OBTA'INER, s. one who obtains. 
 
 To OBTE'iMPERATE, v. a. [from obtempero, to obey, Lat] 
 to obey, or be at command. 
 
 To OBTE'ND, r. a [from oh, against, and tcnrln, to stretch, 
 Lat.] to oppose ; to hold out in opposition ; to pretend ; 
 to make use of as the reason of auv thing. Seldom used. 
 
 OBTENEBRA'TION, s. [from tmebrff, darkness, Lat.] 
 darkness ;. the state of being darkened ; the act of darken- 
 ing; cloudiness. 
 
 To OBTE'ST, V. a. [from obtestor, Lat.] to beseech or im- 
 plore. 
 
 OBTESTATION, s. [from uUestor, to beseech, Lat.] the 
 act of beseeching or supplicating. 
 
 OBTRECTAl'lON, t. [Irom obirecto, to slander, Lat.] 
 slander; calumny; detraction. 
 
 To OBTRU'DE, r. «. [oblnido, from Initio, to thrust, Lat.] 
 to force into any place or state by violence or imposture ; 
 to offer with unreasonable importiuiily. 
 
 OBTRUDKR.j.one «lio obtrudes. 
 
 OBTRUSION, (ohtnizliun) s. [ohtnidu, from triido, to tlirust, 
 Lat.] tlieact of obtruding. 
 
 OBTRU'SIVE, rt. inclined to force one's self, or any thing 
 else, upon another. 
 
 To OlVVyySD, V. B.UibiHiuIo, from timdo, to beat, Lat.] 
 to blunt, (lull, (piell, or deaden. 
 
 OBTURATION, 3. [from obtmo, to stop up, Lat.J the 
 ttct of stopping up any thing , by smearing something 
 orer it. 
 
 OBTU'SANGULAR, n.[froni «J/M«it», blunt, and aiigidiit, 
 fc corner, Lit.] having angles larger than right ones. 
 
 OBTU'SE, a. [from obiundo, to bluut, Lat.l not pointed or 
 
 (J4U 
 
 sliarp, blunt. Figuratively, dull, stupiSed ; not quick j 
 obscure; not shriFl. " An oi/«se sound." 
 
 OBTU'SELY, ad. without an edge or point ; iu a dull, 
 stupid manner. 
 
 OBTU'SENESS, j.bluntness ; dulness. 
 
 OBTUSION, s. the act of dulling or blunting ; the state 
 of being made dull. 
 
 To OBVERT, V. a. [from verlo, to turn, Lat.J to turn to- 
 ward. 
 
 To OBVIATE, V. a. [from ob, against, and via, a way, 
 Lat.] to meet in tlie way ; to prevent. 
 
 O'BVIOUS, a. [from ob, against, and via, a way, Lat.] 
 meeting any thing; opposed in front to any thing. Figiv 
 rdtively, open ; exposed. "0//t'!»uj to dispute." Par. Lost, 
 Easily discovered, or plain, applied to sentiment. 
 
 0'B\'IOUSLY, ad. evidently ; plainly. 
 
 OBVIOUSNESS, s. the state of being evident, appaiont, 
 or easily discovered. 
 
 To OBU'RIBRATE, f. a. [obumho, from umbra, a shadow, 
 Lat.] to shade, cloud, or make any thing less visible. 
 
 OCCA'SION, {ohatlwu) s. [from eh, upon, and cado, to fall, 
 Lat.J an incident; opportunity ; convenience ; occurrence 
 cas\ial ; an unforeseen opportunity ; an accidental cause ; 
 casual need or exigence. 
 
 To OCCASIOI>f, {nhazjwn) v. a. to cause wilJiout design ; 
 to cause or produce; to influence. 
 
 OCCASIONAL, {oMzltoiml) n. casual: incidental; pro- 
 ducing wilhoutdesign ; produced by occasion, or incidental 
 exigence. 
 
 OCCA'SIONALLY, (o/(n'i/io;i(i%)«rf. casually, or an ac- 
 count of some unforeseen emergency. 
 
 OCCECATION, {ohstkashon) s. Uccacatio, from cacus, 
 blind, Lat.] the act of blinding or making blind. 
 
 OCCIDENT, (bksident) s. [accident, from occido, to sit, 
 Lat.] the west. Not in use. 
 
 OCCIDENTAL, {oksideiUal) t. (occidentalit, from cccido, 
 to sit, Lat.J western. 
 
 OCCI'DUOUS, (oksiduoiis) a. [occiduM, from occido, to sit, 
 Lat.] western. 
 
 OCCIPITAL, {otisipital) a. [nrcipitalis, from occiput, (l)e 
 hind part of the head, Lat.] placed ni the hinder part of the 
 head. 
 
 OCCIPUT, {ohipiit)s. [Lat.J the hinder part of the head. 
 
 OCCI'SION, {vlisislwii) s.[occisiu, from occido, to kill, Lat.] 
 the act of killing or slaying. 
 
 To OCCLU'DE, 1'. a. [from ob, which here streugtiiens 
 the signification, and c/audo, to shut, Lat.J to shut up. 
 
 OCCLU'SE, s. [from nh, which here strengthens the sig- 
 nification, and claudo, to shut, Lat.J shut up ; closed. 
 
 OCCULT, a. [from oceulto, to hide, Lat.J secret ; hidden ; 
 unknown ; undiscovcrable. 
 
 OCCULTATION, j. [from oendto, to hide, Lat.l in astro- 
 nomy, the time a star or planet is hid from our signt, when 
 eclipsed by the interposition of the body of the moon, or 
 some other planet, between it and us. 
 
 OCCU'LTNESS, s. the state of being secret, hid, or not 
 discoverable. 
 
 OCCUPANCY, *. [«ffH;>n»i*, from occupo, to occupy, I.,at.J 
 the act of taking possession. 
 
 OCCUPANT, s. [from occupo, to occupy, Lat.) one that 
 takcspossession. 
 
 To O'CCUPATE, V. a. [occupo, Lat.] to possess, hold, or 
 take up. 
 
 OCCUPATION, s.[Fr.oceupaiio, from occupo, to occupy, 
 Lat.] the act of taking possession. An employment, busi- 
 ness, trade, or calling. 
 
 O'CCUPIER, *. a possessor ; one that takes possession; 
 one who follows any employment. 
 
 To O'CCUPY, V. rt. [ncciiper, Fr. occupo, Lat.J to possess, 
 keep, or lake up ; to employ and busy ; to follow as a 
 traae or business ; to use, or expend. "All the gold tliat 
 was occupied for the work." Exod. xxxviii. Neuterly, to 
 practise or follow any business. " Occupy till 1 come." Z.uA« 
 xix. 13.
 
 OQU 
 
 ToOCCU'R, t>. n. [from vb, to, and curro, to run, Lat.] 
 to pic'soiit to llic mrniDi V or attention ; to appear in dilfer- 
 cnt places ; to meet, cliisli, or striiie against. To oi)viat<', 
 or opiKise. 
 
 OCCURRENCE, s. [occnrreiice, Fr.] an incident ; acci- 
 dental (n-ent; occasional presentation. 
 
 OCCU'RRENT, s. [dccioTens, from ocatno, to occur, Lat.] 
 any event or tiling lliat iiappens. 
 
 OCCU'RSION, s. I from «i, to, antl cuno, to run, Lat.] a 
 clabli, hurt, or blow, by the meeting- of two bodies to- 
 gether. 
 
 O'CKAN, (us/irtm) s. [ocean, Fr. occamis, Lat.] in fjeo- 
 prapliy, is that vast collection of salt and navi;;able waters, 
 ni which the Uvo continents, the first inrltiilinjt Europe, 
 Asia, and Africa, and the last America, are inclosed like 
 islands. The ocean is distinguisliod into three grand divi- 
 •ioiis. 1. The Atlantic Ocean, which divides Europe and 
 Africa from America, and is generally about 3000 niiles 
 wide. 2. "^I'lie Pacific Ocean, or South .Sea, which divides 
 America from Asia, and is generally about 10,000 miles 
 oyer ; and, 8. 'I'he Indian Ocean, which separates the In- 
 dies from Africa, and is 0000 miles over. The other seas, 
 which are called oceans, are only parts or branches of these, 
 and usually receive their names from the couulries they 
 border upon. Any innuense expanse. " The boundless 
 i>c«a« of eternity." Locke. 
 
 O'CI'^AN; l!ishmii)ii. belonging to the main sea. 
 
 OCE'LLATEO, «. [from oc«/«s, theeye, Lat.] resembling 
 the eye. 
 
 O'CELOT, s. in zoology, an animal of tlie cat kind, 
 which iuliabils Mexico, and is covered with more beautiful 
 spots than even I he leopard. 
 
 O'CfilMY, {i>kimu) s. [formed by corruption from alc]iemy\ 
 a mixed base metal. 
 
 O'CHRE, (bhei) s. [Fr. ocha, Gr.] in mineralogy, a com- 
 bination of an earlh with oxyde or carbonate of iron. 
 Ochres arc of several kinds, distinguished by their colours. 
 
 O'CHREOUS, (iikre'ius) a. consisting of ochre. 
 
 O'CHRI'^V, (6/i/e//)«. partaking of oere. 
 
 OCT/, GON, s. [from okt), eight, and ft;oma, a corner, Gr.] 
 in geometry, a figure of eight sides and angles. 
 
 OCTA'GONAL, a. having eight sides and angles. 
 
 OCTA'NGULAR, a. [from ccio, eight, and anffiihts, a 
 eorner, Lat.] having eight angles. 
 
 OCTA'NGULARNESS, s. the quality of having eight 
 angles. 
 
 OCTANT, or O'CTILE, a. [from ocio, eight, Lat.] in 
 astrology, a[)plifd to a planet in such a position with 
 respect to another, that their places arc only one-eighth 
 of a circle, or 45 degrees distant from each other. 
 
 O'CTAVE, s. [Kr. from octo, eight, Lat.] the eighth day 
 after some particular festival. In music, an eighth, or in- 
 terval- of eight sounds. 
 
 OCTA'VO, s. I Lat.] applied to a book, whose leaves are 
 eme-ei^htli of a sheet of paper. 
 
 OCTENNIAL, a. [from octo, eight, and annus, a year, 
 Lat.] happening every eighth year ; lasting eight vears. 
 
 OCTOBER, s. [Lat.J the tenth month in order from 
 January. October is drawn in a garment of yellow and 
 carnation ; upon his head a garland of oak leaves ; in 
 his right hand the sign Scorpio, in his left a basket of 
 services. 
 
 O'CTONARY, a. [from octo, eight, Lat.] belonging to the 
 number eight. 
 
 OCTONO'CULAR, a. [from octo, eight, and oculns, the 
 eye, Lat.] having eiglit eyes. " Spiders are octoiwctUm:" 
 Dcrb. 
 
 OCTOPE'TALOUS, s. [from okto, eight, and petahn, a 
 a flower leaf, Gr.J having eight flower leaves. 
 
 O'CTOSTYLE, j. |_from okto, eight, and stylos, a column, 
 Gr.] the face of a building having eight columns. 
 
 O'CTUPLE, a. [octiiplns, Lat.] eight fold. 
 
 O'CULAR, o. \octdaire, Fr. from ecitlns, an cyc, Lat.J de- 
 peuding on the eye ; kuowD by the eye. 
 
 .4N 
 
 CEC 
 
 O'CULARLY, ad. in sneh a msmncT as to be viaihle ti> 
 the eye. 
 
 O'CULATE, a. [from cckIus, an eye, Lat.] having eyes ; 
 knowing or perceiving by the eye. 
 
 0'CULIS'1\ 4-. [from och/;«, the eye, ^at.] one who pro- 
 fesses to cure the disorders of the eye. 
 
 O'CZ.AKOW, or Ocii ZAicoiF, a' town lately of Turkey in 
 Europe, but now included in New Russia, or the government 
 of Cathcrinenslaf. It is seated at the mouth of the river 
 Dnieper, opposite Kinbnrn, ISJO miles N. by E. of Coiislan- 
 tinoplc. Lat. 46'. oO. N. Ion.33. IG. E. 
 
 ODD, a. [od, Brit.] tmteven; not to be divided into 
 even numbers ; more than a round number, or the number 
 m<iitioned. Particidar ; strange; uncouth; whimsical; 
 fantastical; uncommon; lUilucky ; unlikely singular. 
 
 ODDLY, ttd. in a strange, singular, or unaccountable 
 manner ; ui such a manner as not to be divided into an even 
 number. 
 
 "O'DDNESS, s. the state of being uneven ; singularity, pe- 
 culiarity, strangeness, or uncouthuess. 
 
 ODDS, ,?. the excess of two, compared with each other; 
 advantage or superiority for oi against a thing ; a quarrel, 
 debate, dispute, or dillercnce. 
 
 ODE, s. [Gr.] a song, or poetical composition, to be 
 sung or set to music. An Ode may be either sublime or of 
 the lower strain, jocose or serious, mournful or exulting, even 
 sometimes satirical, but never epigrammatical ; and, inshort, 
 it mav consist of wit, but not of that turn which is ihe peci- 
 liar charactarisfic of an epigram. At first, indeed, the verse 
 of the ode was but of one kind ; but for the sake of pleasure, 
 and to adapt it to music, the poets so vari'cd the numbers au'i 
 feet, that their kinds are now almost innumerable. One of 
 the most considerable is the Pindaric, distinguished by its 
 boldness, and the rapidity of its flight. 
 
 O'DIHAM, a town of Ilampsliirc. It is a corporation, 
 and the place where David, king of Scotland, was kept 
 prisoner. It is siluateilon a navigable canal, from the Wye 
 an'l Thames, to Basingstoke, 21 miles N. E. of Winchester, 
 and 42 W. by S. of Lundou. Market on Saturday. 
 
 O'DIN, s. m mythology, the god of war.among the anticnt 
 inhabitants of the N. of ICurope. lie was olherwiie 
 called Woden, and the Wednesday was dedicated to his 
 honour. 
 
 O'DIOUS, ff. [odiosus, from odi, to hate, Lat. odieux, Fr.J 
 exposed to hate ; causing hate ; hateful, abominable, de- 
 testable. 
 
 ODIOUSLY, <id. hatefully, abominably, invidiously. 
 
 O'DIOUSNESS, s. the quality which renders a person or 
 thingthe object of hatred ; the state of being hated. 
 
 ODIUM,' s. [Lat.J hatred ; the quality of provoking 
 hatred. 
 
 ODONTALGIC, a. [from odon, a tooth, and algos, pain, 
 Gr.] pertaining to the toothach. 
 
 (JDORATE, a. [from odor, a scent, Lat.J scented ; having 
 a strong scent. 
 
 ODORIFEROUS, 'a. [from orfcr, a scent, and fero, to 
 bring, Lat. I giving scent ; fragrant; peifumed. 
 
 ODORIFEROUSNESS, s. sweetness of scent; fra- 
 grance. 
 
 ODOROUS, a. ["from odor, a scent, Lat.] sweet-scented ; 
 fragrant; perfumed. 
 
 Odour, s. {odor, Lat.J a scent or smell, whether good 
 or bad ; but most properly applied to a sweet one. 
 
 02, adipthong borrowed from the Greeks, (pron. like an 
 E. in the following words) but not properly belonging to our 
 lann-uage. 
 
 OECONO'iMICS, s. [from oihos, a house, and nomas, law, 
 rule Gr.J the managomout of household aflairs. • 
 
 <T^CONOMIST, s. [from oikos, a house, and nomos, law, 
 rule Gr.Jone who manages a family ; one who conducts hi» 
 affairs with prudence and discretion. 
 
 CECO'NOM Y, s. [from oikos,^ and nomot, law, rule Gr. | the 
 act of prudently mauaging affairs ; tliriftiness ; good Im*- 
 bandry. Also, the particular dispensation or order i/f 
 
 641
 
 OFF 
 
 OFF 
 
 jSiings established among the Jews aud Christians by divine 
 ailthorily. 
 
 G?.CUME'lS'ICAL, a. [oihimwene, llie wliole inhabitt'd 
 worlilj Gr.] general; respecting ihe whole habitable 
 
 fEDE'MA, *. [aidema, from cideo, to swell, Gr.] a swelling, 
 roniined by* surgeons to a white, soft, insensible tuiiior, 
 proceeding from cold and aqueous humours, such as hy- 
 dropic constitutions. 
 
 OCDE'.MATIC, or (EDCMATOUS, a. \oidema, from 
 cidfn, to swell, Gr.l appertaining to an ci'dcma. 
 
 (El'LI.AD, «. [from oeH, Fr.] a glance; wink; token 
 given by tiie eye. 
 
 O'Av!!, contracted in poetrv' for over. 
 CESO PIIAGUS, s. [from oisos, a cord or pipe, and plifgu, 
 to ear, Gr.l in anatomy the gullet, or membranous pipe or 
 passage, whereby our food is conveyed from the n.outli to 
 tiie stomach. 
 
 OF, {(iv) prep, [o/. Sax.] a particle used to express the 
 geoi'ive in Englisli, and expresses property. From. "Called 
 Corey ra o/Corcyra." Shak. Relating to; concerning. "All 
 have this sense of war." Sm(illr>ds;e. Among. " Any 
 clergyman of my own acquaintance." Swift. According to. 
 " They do o/" right belong to you." Tillois. Used with tiie 
 reciprocal pronoun, it implies power, ability, choice, or wil- 
 lingness. " (yhimself is none, by tliat eternal infinite and 
 riT\v," 'Dryd. Applied to families, beii:g born of; extrac- 
 tion. "A man of an antient tiimily." Clitr. Sometimes it 
 signifies the matter of which ;niy thing is made. "The 
 chariot was all o/' cedar. When nut before an indefinite 
 expression of time, it gives an adverbial signification. " Of 
 Lite," i. c. lately. In almost all these senses it seems to 
 have been borrowed fnim, or used in imitation of, the Latin 
 prepositions rt, ab, ahs, e.i; and de. 
 
 OFF, ad. [af, 15elg.] the chief use of this word is to con- 
 join it with the verbs, come,J}i/, looli, and take, and is gene- 
 rally opposed to OH, and then signifies separation, disuiiion, 
 breach of continuity. When applied to measure, it signifies 
 distance. " Scarcely o/F a mile." S/mk. In painting or sta- 
 luaiT, projection or relief. After go, it implies vanishing, 
 absence, or departure. Absolutely, it implies disappoint- 
 ment, defeat, or interruption, as, " Theafiair is ojf." When 
 opposed to UK, if implies in belialf or favour. When ap- 
 plied to any action, it implies change, alteration, or diver- 
 sion. Off' hand, signifies without study or premedita- 
 tion. 
 
 OVF,iiiic)j. an expression of abhorrence, or command to 
 depart. 
 
 OFF, prep, is opposed to on or vjion. At a distance, ap- 
 plied to place. " Tv,o miles o/Tthis town." Addison. 
 
 OFFAL, s. [perhaps, from offa, a coUop, of meat, Lat. 
 Skinner derives it from o/f and /«//] waste meat, or that 
 which is not eaten at table'; carrion, or coarse flesh ; refuse, 
 or that which is thrown away as of no value ; any thing of 
 no esteem ; the entrails. 
 
 OFFENCE, s. [from offcndn, to offend, Lat.] any thing 
 wiiich may cause disgust, on acc(uint of being contrary 
 to law, or the inclination of another; any thing that may 
 injure or displease. 
 
 OFFE'NCEFUL, a. causing displeasure; injurious; con- 
 trary to law. 
 
 OFFEJH CELEBS, «. without doing injury, or any thing 
 ♦hat nia"cause displeasure; iimocent, harmless, iuofl'en- 
 sive. 
 
 To OFFE'ND, V. (I. [o^tHrfo, Lat.J'to irritate, or make 
 angry; to attack; to assail; to transgress; to injure; to 
 violate. Ncuterly, to be criminal ; to provoke to anger ; to 
 lje"uil!v of a transgression of any rule. 
 
 0FFE[NDEK, s. a criminal; transgressor; one wlio has 
 done an injurv. 
 OFFK'NDilES.S, «. a female offender. 
 OFFENSIVE, a. [from o//;w/», to oll'end, Lat.] causing 
 anger, displeasing, pain, assailant; disgustful ; injurious. 
 
 OFFENSIVELY, a'l. in such a manner as to displease 
 or cause uneasiness or hatred. 
 
 OFFE'NSIVEN ESS, f. mischief ; uneasiness; injury, or 
 cause of disgust. 
 
 To OTFEiJ, I', a. [nffero, Lat. o/frir, Fr.] to present H- a 
 person ; to hold so as a person may receive. 'Jo sacrifice, 
 or immolate. To bid, applied to price. To attempt; to 
 commence. To propose. Neuterly, to be present, or to 
 present itself; to make an attempt. ' 
 
 OTFER, f. \offri; Fr.] proposal of an advantage to ano- 
 ther ; a pioposal made ; the price bid at a sale or market ; 
 attempt or endeavour; first advance. 
 
 OFFERER, s. one who makes a proposal ; one who sii- 
 crifices, or dedicates in worship. 
 
 OFFERING, s. any thing sacrificed on a religious ac- 
 count. 
 
 OFFERTORY, i. [ofihtoire, Fr.] the thing ottered ; the 
 act of offering ; the place where alms ai e offered in a 
 chnvcl). 
 
 O FFICE, s. [office, Fr. officinm, Lat.] any public charge 
 or employment ; agency; peculiar use; act of good or ill, 
 voluntarily proil'ered ; private employment ; act of worship; 
 formulary of devotions; place appropriated to particular 
 business ; a place w here business is transacted. 
 
 O'FFICER, s. [qfficier, Fr.] a man employed by the public; 
 a commander in an army ; one who has the power of appre- 
 hejiding ci imiuals, or arresting debtors. Vonmiission-Ojjictrs 
 are those appointed by the king's commission; such are all 
 from the geneial lo the cornet inclusive, thus denominated 
 in contradistinction to WnrraiitOfice^s, who are appointed 
 by thecolonel or capi^^in's warrant, as quarter-masters, Ser- 
 jeant's, corporals, and even chaplains and surgeons. Fielti- 
 Officers are such as command a w hole regiment ; as the colo- 
 nel, lictitenant-colonel, ami major. F!a<>-Officers are -adnviiih, 
 commodores, and commanders of squadrons. Genera! Offi- 
 cers are those whose command extends loa body ef forces, 
 compose(i of several regiments ; suci; are the general, lieu- 
 tenant-general, major-generals, and brigadiers. Staff-Offictrs 
 are such as, in the king's presence, hear a white staff, or 
 wand ; and at other times, at their going abroad, have it 
 carried before them by a footman bareheaded ; such are the 
 lord steward, lord-chamberlain, lord treasurer, &c. The 
 white staff is taken for a commission; and, at the king's 
 death, each of these officers breaks his staff over the hearse 
 made for the king's body, and by this means lays down his 
 conimission, and discharges his inferior officers. Suhahern- 
 Officers are all who adminisler justice in the name of sub- 
 jects ; as those w ho act under the earl-marshal, admiral, &c. 
 in the army, the subaltern officers are the lieutenants, cor- 
 nets, ensigns, Serjeants, and corporals. 
 
 OTFICEREIJ, rt. supplied with connnauflers. 
 
 OFFICIAL, (n/fiski(d) a. [Fr.] conducive towards per- 
 forming any public charge. 
 
 OFFFCIAL, (off'isliial) s. a person commissioned to judge 
 causes in an ecclesiastical court. 
 
 Ol'h'lClALTY, {ofiskiaki/) s.[n£ieialiti, Fr.J the charge 
 or post of an official. 
 
 To OFFFCIATE, (offishiale) V. n. to discharge any office, 
 generally applied to acts of worship; to perform an ofiice 
 for another. Activelv, to give in consequence of office. 
 " Merely to officiate light." Milt. 
 
 OI'FliCI NAL, a. [from officina, Lat.J among apothecaries, 
 used in shops. 
 
 OFFI'CIOUS, Qiffidiniis) a. [from nfficiam, office, duty, 
 Lat.] doing good offices, or acts of kindness, in a gooci 
 sense. Assisting or iiili r'neddling with the affairs of 
 another, without being invited or welcome ; forward, in a 
 bad sense. 
 
 OFFI'CIOUSLY, (of]ifkioiish/) ad. in such a manner as to 
 
 be too fond of assisting a jierson, or intermeddling in Ids 
 
 aflairs, without being ask<d or welcome. Kindly, or with 
 
 unaskeil kindness, in a good sense. 
 
 OFFFCIOUSNESS, (,oj/is/aoiisness) s. too great a readi
 
 OLD 
 
 OM I 
 
 ncss to assist or cblige another, coimiioiily used in ;i bad 
 sense. Service, in ;i sood sense. 
 
 OrUNG, s. in sailor's liin^'u;i!,'e, is the open sea, or far 
 from land. Wiien a ship is sailing to sea, they say, she 
 Hands for tiie Qffliig. 
 
 C)'I'"I'SI'7r, s.a spront, a shoot of a plant. 
 
 0'I''1'"SC0U111NG, s. a part rubbed otf in cleaning or 
 scoiiiiu;; ; refuse. 
 
 OFFSPRING, J. the thin? propagated or geueratea ; 
 cliildreii, descendants ; a production of any kind. 
 
 OFT, «(/. \<tft, .Sax-l fre<iuen!ly; several times; often; 
 not rarely,; not seldom. 
 
 O'FTliN, (usually pronounced as if spelt ufn)a.m the 
 comparative, iffnur, in the suiierlalive, '/toicit ; many 
 times; frequently. 
 
 OFTENTIMES, «(/. many times; more than once or 
 twice; frequently. 
 
 O F'lTIMES.W. many times; frequently. 
 
 OGIVE, orOGI'VE, iii architecture, a mouldiufif, consist- 
 ing; of a round and a hollow, almost in the form of an S. 
 
 'I'o OGLE, V. n. [oon-Zi, Belg.] to view with stolen glances, 
 in order to escape notice. 
 
 O'GLER, s. \oog-/telei; Belg.] one that views another by 
 side or stolen glances. 
 
 OGUE'SSES, s. in heraldry, cannon balls of a black co- 
 lour. 
 
 OH, itUoj. an exclamation made use of to express sorrow, 
 pain, or surprise. 
 
 OIIETERO'A, one of the Society Isles in the South Sea, 
 about 12 nuUis Ion:;, and C wide, inhabited by people of a 
 very large stature. I.at. 22. 2r;4. S. Ion. 150. 4.3. W. 
 
 ()HrO, a river of North America, which rises in the Al- 
 legany Mountains, and fails into the Mississippi in about 37 
 defines of N. latitude. 
 
 OIL, s. [virl, Sax.] a fut, unctuous, thin, and inflammable 
 juice, drawn from several bodies, either by expression or 
 distillation. 
 
 To OIL, r. a. to smear with oil. 
 
 OI'LCOLOUK, s. colour made by grinding coloured sub- 
 stances in oil. 
 
 OI'LINESS, s. greasiness ; unctuosity ; the quality ap- 
 proaching to, or like that of, oil. 
 
 OILMAN, s. one who trades in oils, pickles, tic. 
 
 OI'LS'HOP, J. a shop where oil, pickles, and other com- 
 modities, are vended. 
 
 Ol'LY, a. fat ; greasy ; resembling oil. 
 
 ToOiNT, V. (T. [from oint, Fr.] to auoiut ; to smear with 
 something greasy. 
 
 OI'NTMENT, i. a medicine made of unctuous, oily, or 
 greasy substances. 
 
 O'KEHAM, tlie county town of Rutlandshire, is pretty 
 well built, and has a free-school, and an hospital. The first 
 time any peer of the realm comes within the precinct of his 
 lordship, he forfeits a shoe from the horse he rides on to the 
 lard of the manor, unless he commutes for it w itli money. 
 It is seated in a rich valley called the Vale of Catmos, 28 
 miles S. by E. of Nottingham, and 98 N. by W. of London. 
 Market on Monday and Saturday. 
 
 O'KEINGIIAM, Okingham, or Wokingham, a 
 town of Rerksiiire, (but partly situated in Wiltshire) with a 
 small manufactory of denims, and some mills for throwing 
 silk. It is 8 miles S. E. of Reading, and 32 W. of Loudon. 
 Market on Tuesday. 
 
 O'KEH,^. See Ochre. 
 
 OLD, a. [cfiM, Sax. alt. Tent.] advanced in years, or 
 beyond the middle age of life. Of long continuance ; begun 
 long ago ; not new ; antient ; not modern ; subsisting be- 
 fore something else, opposed to last ; long practised, or ve- 
 teran. In familiar or burlesque language, more than enough ; 
 a frequent repetition of the same thing. Of old, signifies 
 long ago, or in times long past. 
 
 OLDFASHIONED, rt. made ia a form at present laid 
 aside, or not used. 
 
 O'LDNESS, J. old age ; antiquity; the quality of being 
 old, impaired by age or time. 
 
 OLEA'CJINOUS, a. [ulcngimis, from o/e<r, an olive, Lat.] 
 oilv ; unctuous. 
 OLEAGINOUSNESS, s. oilincss. 
 OLEA'NDER, /^.[ohandre, Fr.] the plant roschaj. 
 OLEO'SE, tuUtleusus, from vlen, an olive, Lat.lodv. 
 OLFA'CTORY, a. [nifactoire, Fr.J having tlie sense of 
 smelling. 
 
 OLID, or O'LIDOUS, a. \_olidiis, from (deu, an olive, Lat.] 
 stinking. 
 
 OLIGATiCIlICAL, {oligarhihd) «. [,dl^-archieus, Lat. 
 from olig-os, a few, and arche, government, Gr.] belonging to 
 an oligarchy. 
 
 OLIGARCHY, (olin-arJaj) s. [from tdigos, a few, and 
 arche, a government, Gr.J a form of govcnuuent, which 
 places the supreme power in a small number, generally u'.v 
 blcs ; aristocracy. 
 
 O'LIO, s. [fdld. Span.] a rich dish made of dilTerent sorts 
 of meat ; a medley. 
 
 O'LITORY, rt. [from oUtur, a gardener, Lat.] belonging 
 to trie kitchen garden. 
 
 OLIVA'STER, rt. [nlivastre, Fr. from ohm, an olive tree. 
 La t.l darkly-brown, tawny. '• OZ/ffls^ec and pale." Bui: 
 
 O LIVE, *.[<;/«/, Lat.]'a tree producing an oblong fruit, 
 about the size of a damascene, w liich is pickled ; it is famous 
 foritsoil, and was formerly used as an em' lem of peace. 
 
 O'LLERTON, a small town of Nottinghamshire, with a 
 market on Friday. Distant from London 138 miles. 
 
 O'LiNIUTZ, a trading town of Germany, capital of Mora- 
 via, and a circle of the same name, w ilh a colle,';e, a riding 
 academy, and a learned society. It is well built, populous, 
 and fortified, and is seated on the river Morawa, 80 miles 
 N. by E. of Vienna, and 97 S. S. E. of Brcslaw. 
 
 O'LNEY, a town of Bucks, with a considerable manufac- 
 ture of bonelacc. It is seated on the river Ouse, 12 miles 
 S. E. of Northampton, and 5« N. N. W. of Loudon. Mar- 
 ket on Monday. 
 
 OLONE'TZ, a town of Russia, famous for its mn;es of 
 iron, and its mineral water. It is situated in the govern- 
 ment of the same name, on the river Olonza, which falls 
 into the E. side of the Lake Ladoga. Lat. 61. 26. N. Ion. 
 31. 20. E. 
 
 OLONE'TZ, a government of Russia, included formerly 
 in thatof Novogorod. Here are some considerable iron 
 works. 
 
 OLY^'MFIAD, s. [from Oliimmis, a town in Greece, where 
 the Olympic games were celebrated, Gr.J in chronology', 
 the space or period of four years, whereby the Greeks rec- 
 koiwd their time. 
 
 OLY'MPUS, a mountain of Asia Minor. It is one of the 
 highest and most considerable mountains of Asia ; and its 
 summit is always covered with snow. 
 
 O'MBRE, {iimher) s. [/lombre. Span.] a game of cards 
 plaved bv three persons. 
 
 OME'GA, s. [Gr.] the last letter of the Greek alphabet. 
 In Scripture, it is an appellation given to God, who calls 
 himself the Alpha and the Omega, the beginning and the 
 end. 
 
 O'MELET, s. \omelctte, Fr.] a pancake of eggs. 
 O'MEN, s. I Lat.J any sign ^or token by which ^future 
 event may be foretold. 
 
 O'MENED, «. containing prognostics, or signs by wliicli 
 future events may be foretold. 
 
 OME'NTUM, s. [Lat.] in anatomy, the cawl that covers 
 the guts, called also reticulum, from its structure resembling 
 that of a net. 
 
 OINIER, i. [Heb.] a Hebrew measure containing about 
 three pints and a half English. 
 
 O'MER, St. a large and populous town in the aepart- 
 mentof the Straits of Calais. The hospital and college here 
 are worthy of notice. It is 135 miles N. of Paris. 
 To O'ftilNATE V. a. [from omen, a 'oken of good or bad 
 
 643
 
 ON 
 
 ONT 
 
 luck, Laf.i to foreslicw ; to prognosticate; to fore- 
 token. 
 
 .OiMINATION, t. [from onien, a token of good or bad 
 luck, Lat.ja prognostic. 
 
 O'.MINOUS, a. foresliewin? something future, raostly 
 used i[) a bad sense. Containinj; signs of somelliinjj good 
 or ill. 
 
 OMINOUSLY, ad. with -ood or bad omen. 
 
 O'MlNOUSNiOSS, *. (he quality of beto.kening some fu- 
 ture ill or good. 
 
 OMI'SSION, {omhriou) s. [omissio, Lat.] the act of for- 
 bearing to do sonietiiing that ought to be done ; a neglect 
 of duty, opposed to a commission of evil. 
 
 To OMIT, V. a. [omiltn, Lat.] to leave out ; not to men- 
 tion ; to neglect doing vthatonglit to be done. 
 
 OMITTANCE, s. forbearance. Not in use. " Omittance 
 is not quittance." Skak. 
 
 OMNIFA'RIOUS, a. [onmifarius, from onmis, all, Lat.] 
 of all kinds or varieties. 
 
 OMNIFKROUS, [from tnmtii, all, and/cro, to bear, Lat.] 
 all-bearing. 
 
 OMNTFIC, a. [from omnis, all, and facio, to make, Lat.] 
 all-creating. 
 
 O'lMNIFORM, a. [from o/miis, all, and/w>-»in, shape, Lat.J 
 of all shapes. 
 
 OMNIGENOUS, a. [from oima's, all, and p;emis, a kind, 
 Lat.] consisting of all kinds. 
 
 OAINIPA'RITY, *. [from omnis, aW, and par, equal, Lat.] 
 -general equality. 
 
 OMNITOTENCE, or OM NI'POTENC Y, s. [from omvis, 
 all, and potens, powerful, Lat.J almighty i)ower. 
 
 OMNl'POTENT, n. [tVom omiiis, ail, and potens, power- 
 ful, Lat.] all- powerfcd, almighty. 
 
 OMNIPRE'SF.NCE, j. [froiu ojn«;>, all. and presens, pre- 
 sent. Lat.] ubiquity ; unl)ounded presence. 
 
 OMNIPRF/SENT, «. present everv where; ubiquitary. 
 
 OMNI'SCIENCE, or OMNI'SCIENCY, (om/m/(i>«ff) f. 
 [from omnis, all, and scio, to know, Lat.] the knowledge of 
 all things ; infinite knowledge. 
 
 OMNI'SCIENT, (omnis/dcnt) a. [from omnis, all, and scio, 
 to know, Lat.] knowing every thing ; of infiiiite knov. ledge, 
 and all-knowing. 
 
 OMNI'SCIOUS, (otnn'ishious) a. [from omnis, all, and scio, 
 to know, LatJ knowing all things ; all knowing. 
 
 OMN I'VORO US, (I. I from omuis, all, aiid voro, to devour, 
 Lat. I all-devouring. 
 
 OMNIUM, s. [from omnis, all, Lat.| a term of finance, 
 denoting all the parliculars included in liie conlract bitweeii 
 government and the public for a loan, such as stock at 3 or 
 4 per cent, lotteiy liekets at a stipulated price, annuities for 
 a certain term, &c. 
 
 OMO PLATE, s. [from omos, the shouliicr, find plains, 
 broad, Lat.] the shoulder blade. 
 
 OMPHALOTTIC, s. [from omphah:, the navel, and 
 options, belonging to sight, Gr.] an opiic glass that is convex 
 on both sides, commonlv callfij a convex lens. 
 
 O MRAHS, the title of the great lords at the Mogul's 
 court. 
 
 O'Sfprep. [mi, Rolg. an, Tent.] upon; supported by; 
 or covere<( w ith. 'i'he subject of action. Dependance or re- 
 liance. " On God's providence." Snml/nils:e. The motive 
 oroccaaHn of any thirg. As soon as any ihiugis done. "On 
 the receipt of a letter." Dryd. Tiir period at which any thing 
 iiappens. In threats, it is put before the thing threatened, 
 and implies it will be in danger for want of <;ompliance. 
 " On thy life." Dnid. The state of any thing. " The 
 he-dv'ns »n fire." Shah. A condition of a bargain or sale. 
 *' On more easy terms." Dnjd. .Soniitiuics it is used to 
 imply distinction or opposition. "The lUioriians ci the 
 other side." KnoUes. When U5;'d by contraction before it, 
 it signifies of. •" A gamester has but a poor trade on't." 
 J.nchf. Synon. On, Upon. These two words are indiscri- 
 ini'ialrly used one for another, on all occasions ; but with 
 great impropriety. On rather signifies hj ; as, «n my vvokI, 
 
 0-U 
 
 on my honour, &c. whereas «/)o« means 17), on ilic (op of, 
 and is applied to mailer; as, upon the table, iijwn \[\f chair, 
 npiin I he liouse, dvc. 
 
 ON, firf. forward ; in succrssion or progress; without 
 ceasing; upon the body. " Her patches and jewels on.' 
 Prior. Resolution to advance, used ellipticvilly for ^'w on. 
 
 ON, inter), a word of incitement or encouragement to 
 proceed, or attack, used eliiptically instead of go oh. 
 
 ONCt'",, (uwire) at/, only one time; a single lime. Used 
 with at, the same time. In an indivisible point of lime. 
 Formerly. "My soul had once some foolisli fondnrss for 
 thee." Addis. It is lo be remarked tliat this \inrd seems 
 to be rather a noun than an adverb, when it has at before 
 it, or when it is joined with an adjective : as. At once, or 
 t/tis once. 
 
 ONE, (u-an) a. [(cne, .Sax.] single; any thing expressed 
 by an unit ; any. Used with another, belonging lo both. 
 Opposed to another, difleient. Opposed toother, one of the 
 two certain, or particular. Used viilli daij, in a past tense ; 
 otherwise it signifies some time to coMie, when used with a 
 future tense. "Shall owe day faint." Dariis. 
 
 ONE, (kuh)s. followed wiJh by one, it implies singly, or 
 a single person. "Raising one by ojic the suppliant crew." 
 Dryd. A single thing. A person. Cimcord ; agreemerrt. 
 A person of a particular character. " One that loved net 
 wisely." Shak. This word is used in thr plural, either when 
 it stands for persons indefinitely; as, "The great on<?j of the 
 world ;" or when it relates to something going before, or is 
 used instead of a noun plural ; as, "These successes are more 
 glorious — than such ruinous ones." Glane. Sometimes it is 
 used before an impersonal verb, to si"iiify any person, or 
 man ; this was by the Sa\ons expressed by mnn ; but as Dr. 
 Hickes judiciously observes, our use of this word i-s either 
 borrowed from the Italian uno, or un, Fr. "One would ima- 
 gine." Atterh. 
 
 O'NEBERRY, s. the herb paris, called also true-love. 
 
 O'NEEYED, (u-onct/cd) a. having one eve ; nionocuiar. 
 
 ONEIROCRlTIC'i. [from oj^m, a dream, and krisis, 
 judgment, Gr.] an interpreter of dreams. 
 
 ONKIROCRITICAl., a. [from onciros, a divim, and 
 h-isis, judgment, Gr.] belonging to the interpretation of 
 dreams. 
 
 ONENESS, (kojiiicss) s. unity ; the qualify of being one. 
 
 O'NERARY, a. [oncrarins, from omis, a burdei., Lat.] 
 fitted for carriage or burdens ; comprising a burden. 
 
 ONKRATION, i. I from oni«, a burden, Lat.] the uct of 
 loading. 
 
 O'NI'iROUS, a. [from rmns, a burden, Lat.J bnrdensotne. 
 Figuratively, oppressive. 
 
 iD'NGAR, a town of ICssex, with a market on Saturday. 
 It is 21 miles E. N. E. of London. 
 
 ONION, {uniiin) s. \oignon, Fr.] an aromatic strongs- 
 scented plant, with a bulbous, coated, and orbicular ro«it. 
 
 O NLY, a. from one, only, or cnclihc, whence by contrac- 
 tion oncly ; [nnlir, ^:ax.] single; without anv oilier of the 
 same kind or species ; this above all others; this williout any 
 more. Synom. Wlieii speaking of a thing we make use 
 of the word onh/, we mean there is no other of the same 
 kind ; when that of a/one, that it is not accompanied with 
 any other. 
 
 O'NLY, «'/. simply; singly; barely; thus and no other- 
 wise ; without any more. "• 
 
 OT^OMANCY, "s. [from onoma, a name, and manteia, di- 
 vination, (ir.] divination by names. 
 
 ONOftlA'N'riCAL, [from onoma, a name, and mantein, 
 divination, Gr.] belonging to divination by names. 
 
 ONSl", T. s. liie first attack or assault ; aggression ; orna' 
 mental aiqimdage. 
 
 ONSLAU<iM T, (imslavt) s. attack ; assault. Not in list;. 
 
 ONPO'LOGIST, s, (from onto, l)eings, and top;os, a di<*- 
 course, Gr.] a ineiaphysiciaii, or one who considers tlve 
 properties of being in general. 
 
 ONTOLOGY', s. [from otUa, beings, and Uigos, a dis-
 
 CPE 
 
 Ol'O 
 
 ooc.rsf, Or.] the scienceof the aftcctionsof bcinj generally; 
 nielapliysics. 
 
 ONWARD, ad. [ondwenrd, Sax.] foruani ; progressively ; 
 somewliat f'artlier. 
 
 O'NYCHA, (iimjka) s. in scripture, llie oihirif'-rnus snail 
 OT sjicll, or l!ip onyx stone. Most of the comnicniators are 
 fur the onyx, or odoriCcroiis siicll, uhiel' is like ihal of the 
 iish called i)in-piira. Tlic onyx is iishnl for in llie i'ast in 
 v/alery places where tiie spikenard •;r()\vs, which is its food, 
 aiid makes its shell so aronialic. 
 
 ONYX, s. [tir. I a s('niipillu<iil -jeni of a dark horny 
 colour, with a plate ofalihusli white, and sometimes of a 
 red : when a plale of a reddish or flesh colour lies on one or 
 l)t)th sides of the white, it is calli'd a sardonyx. 
 
 OO'AVi, I. [iiai's, wetness. Sax.] soft nnid ; mire at the 
 Iwttom of water; slime ; a soft (low or sprinij, " From his 
 first fountain and bejjinuing Doze." Prior. The liipior of a 
 tanner's vat. 
 
 To OOZE, V. n. to flow by stealth ; to run gently ; to 
 slip away. 
 
 OO'ZV, a. miry ; muddy ; slimy. 
 
 To C)1*A'CATK, v. a. [from vpacus, dark, l.at.] to darken, 
 cloud, shade, orobscnie. 
 
 OPA'CITY, s. [from opacus, dark, Lat.] cloudiness ; want 
 of transparency. 
 
 OPA'COUSi a. [from opacus, Lat.] dark ; void of light ; 
 not to he seen through. 
 
 O'PAL, .5. \oprdus, Lat.] an elegant and sinsjular stone, 
 Avhicb, on account of its opacity and softness, is scarcely to 
 l>e reckoned among the pellucid gems. It isnatnrally bright, 
 sinootb, and glossy, and displays its beauties without the 
 art of a lapidary ; in colour it resembles the finest mother-of- 
 pearl, consisting of a bluish or greyish white ; but when 
 turned ditt'ercntly to the light, reflects all the colours of the 
 raiiibow, amongst which the green, blue, and red, are par- 
 ticularly beautiful. The best stones come from the East 
 Indies. 
 
 OPA'QUE, (o;;o7;e)a. [from opacits, Lat.] dark ; having no 
 light in itself; not to be seen through. 
 
 To OPE, or O PEN, v. a. \open, Sax.] to unlock ; to un- 
 close ; to lay open ; to discover ; to divide or cause a breach, 
 by which a thing may be seen. " The cathedral church was 
 opened by an earthquake." Addis. To explain ; to disclose 
 by degrees. In law, to begin. " The openino- of your cause." 
 In anatomy, to make a" incision. Neuterly, to separate or 
 unclose ; to cease to be shut. In hunting, to bark. 
 
 OPE, or OPEN, (the e is mute in pronouncing this word 
 and its following derivatives and compounds ; as, dpu, dpner, 
 djming, &c. ope is used only by old authors, and by them 
 only in its primitive sense) a. unclosed ; not locked or shut. 
 Figuratively, plain; apparent; public; without art, disguise, 
 or reserve. Applied to the season, not cloudy or gloomy. 
 Free, unconfined, or w itiiout cover, applied to the air. Ex- 
 posed, or without defence, applied to danger or injuries. 
 Attentive, applied either to the eyes or ears, and followed 
 by unto or vpon. 
 
 OPENER, i. one that unlocks or makes open. Figura- 
 tively, one that explains or interprets; any thing that sepa- 
 rates or divides. 
 
 OPENEY'EU, a. watchful ; vigilant. 
 
 OPENHA'NDKD, n. generous, liberal, munificent. 
 
 OPENHEA'RTED, {dpnhdrted) a. generous ; candid ; 
 void of base reserve or subtletv. 
 
 OPENHE'ARTEDNESS, (opnhartedness) s. generosity, 
 liberality, munificence. 
 
 O'PEMING, s. a breath or hole, aperture. Figuratively, 
 the sight ofathingata distance; a faint, imperfect, or con- 
 fused knowledge. 
 
 O'PENLY, orf. in sight; plainly; without subterfuge, 
 reserve, or disguise. 
 
 OPENMOUTHED, a. greedy ; clamorous ; unable to 
 keep a secret. 
 
 OTENNESS, s. freedom from obscurity or ambiguity ; 
 
 clearness ; plainness ; freedom from disguise, subterfLgi.. 
 or artifice. 
 
 OPEl'A.i. |Ilal.] a poetical tale, or fiction, performci' 
 with vocal aiul nistrumental ;i!usic, and adorned with scenes, 
 machines, and <l;mcnig. 
 
 O'PEKABLE, 11. [nperor, from o/"M, work, Lat] capabl: 
 of being done. 
 
 O'PEllANT, a. \operant, Fr.] active ; having nowcr to 
 produce anv eli'cct. 
 
 ToO'PEI'iATE, I', n. [from npn , work, Lat.] load; to 
 produce an effect ; with oh, before the subject of operation. 
 
 OPEUATK)N, s. |Fr. opemtio, from opus, work, Lat.] 
 agency ; niduencc ; action ; an eflect. Figuratively, an 
 effect. Insuigery, t!i<;l part of medicine, or the art of heal- 
 ing, which depends on the use of instruments. The motions 
 or eniph)yments of an auuy. 
 
 OlMLRATIVE, 1. Iiavn? the power of acting ; effica- 
 oioiis ; active; vgorous. 
 
 OPERATOR, i, |L»t ] one that performs any act by the 
 lumd ; one that (iiodutes am cH'ect. 
 
 OPF.ROSE, n. [of'croshx, from opits, work, Lat.] labori- 
 ous ; full of Iroidile and tediousness. 
 
 OPIIKVPHAOOLIS, a. [from op/as, a serpent, and pliago, 
 to PHI, (ir.J seipi'tit fating. 
 
 Ol'tliTES, (of)iei)s. |fiom op!iis,?i serpent Cr.] marble 
 of a duskv, grrenish ground, with oblong, and usually square 
 spots ot 'i'f^i'er green. 
 
 OPFITH A LM !C, {ofthalmick) a. [from ophthalmos, the eye, 
 Gr.] heloni'ingfoilie eve. 
 
 OPHTHALMY, («/</ifl/ini/)s. [from ophthalmos, the eye. 
 Or.] a disease in the eye, being an inflammation in its 
 coats. 
 
 OTIATE, s. [from opium, Lat. a medicinal drug] a me- 
 dicine that causes sleep. 
 
 OTIATE, a. soporiferous ; causing sleep. 
 
 OPl'FI C liR, s. [cpifex, from opus, work, and facio, to make, 
 Lat.] one that performs any work ; an artist. This word is 
 not received. 
 
 OPINA'TOR, s. [Lat.] one who holds an opinion. 
 
 To OPINE, V, n. [opiitor, Lat.] to be of opinion ; to 
 guess. 
 
 OPl'NIATIVE, a. obstinate in opinions already received : 
 imagined ; not proved. 
 
 dPINlA'TOR, «. [from opinictre, Fr.]one fond of his own 
 notions ; inflexible from his ow n opinion. 
 
 OPINIATER, (npimiter) a. [Fr.] obstinate ; stubborn. 
 
 OPl'NION, s. [Fr. opinio, from opinor, to thiidi, Lat.j 
 a persuasion of^ the mind without jiroof or certain 
 knowledge ; sentiment ; judgment ; notion ; a favourable 
 judgment. 
 
 OPINIONATIVE, a. fond of notions we have already c> 
 poused or assented to ; stubborn. 
 
 OPI'NIONATIVELY, qd. stubbornlv. 
 
 OITNION ATIVENESS, /. the quality of adhering infie.v 
 ibly to preconceived notions. 
 
 OPITVIONIST, i. [opiuioniste, Fr.] a person fond or cuu- 
 ceited of his own notions. 
 
 OTIUM, s. [Lat.j a juice produced from the while g;!r- 
 den poppy, partly of a resinous, partly of a gummy kin J ; 
 its colour is a dark, brownish yellow; its smell dead, faint, 
 unpleasant; and its taste very bitterand acrid. A nioderale 
 dose makes the patient cheerful, as if he had drunk wine, 
 removes melancholy, and dissipates all sense of danger : ijut 
 an immoderate (lose brings en a kindof drutd<enness, wiiich 
 occasions sleep, and often death. 
 
 OPODELDOC, s. the name of a plaister said to oe in- 
 vented by Mindererus, thiMigh oi'len mentioned by Paracel- 
 sus. There is a popular niediciiu- of this name, used lii 
 bruises, numbness, and weakness of the joints. 
 
 OPO'PONAX, s. [Lat.j a gum resin, of a tolerably firci 
 texture, strong disagreeable smell, and an acrid and ex- 
 tremelv bitter taste. 
 
 OPORTO, or Porto, a haudsome city anJ sea-porl of 
 
 C46
 
 OPS 
 
 O U A 
 
 Douro, ill Portiiciil, with an rxccllciit Iiaibour. It is noted 
 for its strong wines, upwards of 80,000 pipes of which are 
 exported anmiaily ; whence all re<l w ines, that come from 
 Spain or Portugal to En^dancI, are called Port wines. Next 
 toLishon, it is the richest, most popidoMs, and most toni- 
 mercial town in the Uins^doni. It is sealed on the de- 
 clivity of a mountain, al)onl 3 miles from the mouth of the 
 Doiiro, and 14'! N. by E. o(-Lisbon. Lat. 41. 10. N. Ion. 8. 
 17. W. 
 
 OPO'SSUM, s. in zooloj;y, an animal luiviiig a pouch or 
 false belly, into which its youn^j ones retire for piotectinn. 
 Tliereare various species of opossums, from the size of a 
 badgertothat of a rat. 'J'hcy are most of them natives of 
 New Holland. 
 
 'I'o OPPI'GNERATK, i-. a. [opfii^neri), from ]>ig-iiics, a 
 pleilijp, Lat.l to pledge, i);i\vn, or s'vc, as asecuritv. 
 
 OPPILA'TION, s. [from op/nlo, to obstruct, Lat.] ob- 
 struction ; matter heaped together. 
 
 0'PP1L.\'J'IVE, a. [from np/n/o, to obstruct, Lat.] obstruc- 
 tive. 
 
 OPPCNENT, s. [from oppono, to oppose, Lat.] an adver- 
 sary ; antagonist. In the sclioois, one who raises objec- 
 tions to the opinions or doci riiies of another. 
 
 OPPO'NENT, «. opposite; adverse. 
 
 OPPORTU'NE, n. [opportune, Fr. opporlnnns, Lat.] sea- 
 sonable ; fit; well timed. 
 
 OPPORTUNELY, ftf/. seasonably : timely. 
 
 OPPORTUNITY, s. [onimrii(nite,l''r.] the proper season 
 for doing a thing, or rendering it successful. 
 
 To OPPO'SE, (nppjze) V. a. [from ob, against, ai.d pnno, to 
 put, Lat. I to act ag;iiiist ; to hinder or resist ; to put in op- 
 position ; to oiVer as an antagonist or rival ; to place as an 
 obstacle ; to place in front ; to raise objections in disputa- 
 tions. 
 
 OPPOSER, (oppdzer) t. one who opposes ; an antago- 
 nist ; enemy ; rival ; one w ho raises objections in a dis- 
 pute. 
 
 OPPOSITE, {inip'iiz'itc) ff. [Fr. from npponn, to oppose, 
 Lat.J placed in front j facing each other; contrary; re- 
 pugnant ; adverse. 
 
 Opposite, (uppozUe) s. an adversary ; opponent ; an- 
 tagonist; enemy. 
 
 O PPOSITELY, (cvipus'iteli/) ad. in such a position as to 
 front each other; adversely. 
 
 O'PPOSITKNESS, {6pi>ositencss) s. the quality effacing 
 or fronting ; the quality of being contrary. 
 
 OPPOSITION, (oppa-is/ion) s. [oppusi'tio, from oppono, to 
 put, Lat.] situation of facing or fronting another; resist- 
 ance; contrariety of interest, measure, or meaning. In as- 
 tronomy, applic(r to the moon when she is at the full; to 
 the planets w hen (hey are six signs distant from the sun, or 
 from one another. 
 
 To OPPRESS, 1'. rt. [opprimo, Lat.] to crush by liardsiiip, 
 or unreasonable severity ; to overpower, subdue. 
 
 OPPIIE.SSION, s. [opjyri-ssiv, from opprimo, to oppress, 
 Lat.] the act of oppressing; cruelly; severity; liariilship ; 
 calamity ; dullness of spirits, or fatigue of body. 
 
 OPPRl'y'SSIVE, n. cruel; inhuman; rigorous in exact- 
 ing; llea^v; overwhelming. 
 
 OPPRI'jSSOIi, s. I Lat.] one who harasses or afflicts an- 
 other with unreasonable severity. 
 
 OPPROBRIOUS, o. [opprobrium, from probrnm, a re- trees 
 
 iu 
 
 nroachful action, J^at.] reproachful ; scurrilous ; disgrace 
 Mil ; causing infamy. 
 
 OPPRO BRIOUSLV, ad. in a reproachful or scurrilous 
 manner. 
 
 OPPROBRIOUSNESS,i. scurrility, or rcproachfulness; 
 that which causes infamy or disgrace. 
 
 To OPPUGN, {oppun)v. a. [oppu^o, from oh, against, and 
 piu^iw, to fight, Lat.] to oppose, resist, or attack. 
 
 OPPU'GN.ANCV, s. opposition. 
 
 OPPUGN l'",R,(«/^/)77)(o) s. one that opposes or attacks. 
 
 OPSI'-M ATHY, s. I from opse, late, and naidhmui, to learn, 
 t>r.] iate education ; late eruditiou. 
 64(i 
 
 OTSON.VTION, a. [from obsonium, provisions, Lat.j ca- 
 tering, or buying provisions. 
 
 O'PTATIVE, rt. [from opio, to wish, Lat.] wisiiing. In 
 graniniar, the mood whitli exi)resses desire. 
 
 OPTIC, ff. [iiptiltos, from o]jti}»iai, to stc, Gr.] used in 
 seeing; producing sight; relating to the science of ofi- 
 tics. 
 
 OPTIC, i. [<ipiilios, (to\n opiomai, to see, Gr.] an instru- 
 ment or organ of sigiit. Jn the plural, applied to the sci- 
 ence which ex,ilaiiis tliL laws of visions. 
 
 OPTICAL, n. [opiilu,s, from opiomai, to see, Gr.J relating 
 to the science of optics. 
 
 OPTICIAN, («/)|is/(in»i) i. one who is skilled in the na 
 ture and laws of vision, or one who makes instruments t«i 
 assist the sight, or to explain the doctrine of vision. 
 
 OTTIMACY, s.[(tomopiimus, the best, Lat.] nobility; 
 the body of nobles. 
 
 O'PTlMlSJL i- [from opiimns, the best, Lat.] the doctrine 
 that the present system of things, or created beings, is the 
 best that (Jod could make. 
 
 OTTIMIST, s. [optimisie, Fr.l a person who asserts tlia 
 the present cysteni is absolutely best, and that a belter could 
 not possibly be. 
 
 OPTI'MITY, s. [from opcimus, the best, Lat.] the state o 
 being best. 
 
 OPTION, (upsfioH) s. [optio, from optt>, to wish, Lat. 
 choice ; election. 
 
 OTULENCE, orO'PULENCY, .?. [opulentia, horn ope>, 
 riches, Lat.] wealth ; riches ; affluence. 
 
 OPULENT, o. [Fr. opuleiUus, from opes, riches, Lai.] 
 rich; wealthv; affluent. 
 
 OPULENTLY, «(/. richly ; splendidly. 
 
 OK, couj. [ol/jcr, Sax.] a particle used to signify distribu- 
 tion or opposition. Sometimes it answers to eil/ier. " He 
 must eit/ier fight or die." Before else, it is redundant, or has 
 no meaning. Before ; or ever, is before. 
 
 OK, (ore) s. [Fr.]in heraldry, gold, or gold colour. It is 
 represented in engraving by small points or dots, scattered 
 all over the field or bearing. 
 
 O'RACH, s. a sort of plant. 
 
 O'RACLE, s. [oraeuluyn, Lat.] au answer supposed to be 
 given by the antient deities, about the success of a future 
 event; something delivered by supernatural wisdom; the 
 place where, or person of whom, any determinations of 
 Heaven were given ; any person or place where certain de- 
 cisions are obtained. Figuratively, one so famed for wisdom, 
 that his decisions arc held without dispute. 
 
 To O'RACLE, r. )i. to utter oracles. Not used. 
 
 ORACULAR, or ORA'CULOUS, «. utterin- oracles , 
 like an oracle; authoritative ; magisterial. 
 
 ORA'CULOUSLY, ad. in the manner of an oracle. 
 
 ORA'CULOUSNESS, s. the state or quality ofresem. 
 bling an oracle. 
 
 ORAISON,*. [Fr. oralio,froai oro, to pray, Lat. frcqucni 
 ly, but not so properly, written orison] prayer. 
 
 0'R,\L, a. [Fr. from ot, the mouth, Lat.] delivered by 
 the month ; not written 
 
 O'RALLY, ad. by montli; without a writing. 
 
 O'RANCiE, i. \ora:tp;e, Fr.] the fruit of a tree ; a colour 
 made of a yellow and red mixed together. 
 
 O'RANGERY, s.\[orauj>;erie, Fr.] a plantation of orangc- 
 
 O'RANGEMUSK, s. a species of pear. 
 
 O'RANGEWIFE, s. a woman who sells oranges. 
 
 ORA'^OiV, {oritsliim) s. [oralio, from oro, to speak, Lat.] 
 a speech according to the laws of rhetoric ; liar.ingnr. 
 
 O'RATOR, s. [IroHi oro, to speak, Lat.] a public speaker ; 
 a mau of elo(|nence. A petitioner in Chanct.y. . 
 
 OllATO'RICAL, n. rlietorical; becoming or belonging 
 to an orator. 
 
 ORATORIO, s. in the Italian music, is a sort of a sacred 
 drama of dialogues; the subjects of which arc usually taken 
 from the Scriptures, or from the lift of some saint, They
 
 ORD 
 
 ORG 
 
 nrp much usej at Rome in time of Lent, and, of l;ile ycais, 
 in Eti;,'liiii(l. 
 
 O'RATOIIY, «. [from nm, to spo;ik, Lat.] clofiufiicc; 
 rlu'loiif.il sliill ; tin; exei< ise of (•l{iiiiiciu-t'. In tlie iiouiibh 
 cinircli, ;i place set iipart purely for pr;\\ ii!/:. 
 
 Or.i>, s. \orbis, ly.tt.] a roiiiiil or biilierie;il hotly; a ecles- 
 li;:l Ijody, or plan<'t. iisnratively.a «lieel, or rollin^j hotly. 
 A eiicle; a circular path deseribetl by any of ihe celestial 
 liinlies. A pTiod, or revolntioM. A sphere of action. The 
 •'\ e, so called on account of its form, aiul its furnishing; the 
 hndy with light. "A drop serene hath queiich'd their «r4j," 
 i',ry. J.ost. 
 
 ( ) itUKD, (I. round ; circtdar ; lowiided. 
 
 OlllU'CULAll, M. [orhiailiiiri; Fr. from orhis, a circle, 
 L;il.lspherical ; round; circular. 
 
 OlUirCULAPvLY, ail. sphciicallv ; circularly. 
 
 OUBICULARNP.SS.i. the <piality of heinf; circular. 
 
 ORUrCULATED, «. Inrlnculntiis, from vrbis, a circle, 
 Lat.J nuuddcd into an (.rhit. 
 
 ORIiTi', s. [o>liile, Fr. from otbis, a circle, Lat.] the line 
 Of |)ath described by a planet in its revolution. 
 
 ORG, s. [orca, Lat.] a sort of sea- fish. 
 
 O IICHAL, s. {irkal) a stone, of whicli a blue colour 
 is made. 
 
 O'RCIL^RD, s. [oi-f^mrd, Sax,] a garden of fruit-trees. 
 
 O'RCHESTRA, or ORCHESTRE, {brkestra, or Orhcstre) 
 s. [troni orclieciniai, to dance, Gr.] in the antient theatres, 
 v.as a place in the foini of a semicircle, where the dancing 
 was performed ; and among us, the place where the niu- 
 siciaiis sit. _ 
 
 t*RD, s. in old English signifies brennnitig ; whence pro- 
 balily the proverbial phrase odds [orAJand cuds, for scraps 
 and remnants. 
 
 To ORU.A'IN, V. a. [from ordo, order, Lat] to appoint ; 
 decree ; to establish ; institute ; to commission ; to act as 
 a clergyman. 
 
 ORDAl'NER, s. one who ordains, decrees, or commis- 
 sions another to assume an office. 
 
 O'RDEAL, s. [o) (ltd, Sax.] a metliod of trying a person 
 suipected of any crime, wherein the person accused was 
 obliged to pass blindfold through a path crossed by red-hot 
 Ixirs of iron, or else swallow a certain quantity of water, or 
 plunge his arm or leg into scalding water, or be thrown into 
 cold water. The innocence of Ihe person was judged by 
 his escaping unhurt from the hot iron or water, and by his 
 body being borne up by the cold water. 
 
 O'RDER, s. [ordo, Lat. ordre, Fr.] a method or regular 
 disposition; the established manner of performing a thing; 
 the proper state, applied to the mind or body ; a preceptor 
 command; a rule ; regulargovernmenl ; b class or division 
 of the niendjers of a slate ; a religious society ; the office of 
 a clergyman. In astronomy, direct progress, opposed to 
 retrograde motion. In war, an arrangement of the parts of 
 any force, either by sea or land ; or the distance of one rank 
 or file from another. In architecture, a system of the se- 
 veral members, ornaments, and proportions of columns and 
 pilasters; or a regular arrangement of the projecting parts 
 of a building, especially of a column, so as to form one 
 beautiful whole. 
 
 To O'RDER, w. a. to regulate or conduct; to manage or 
 procure; to direct or command ; to commission ; to ordain 
 lo sacerdotal functions. Neuterly, to give command ; to 
 gi-" direction. 
 
 J'RDERER, «. one «ho regulates, reduces to method, or 
 «j sposes ill a regular manner. 
 
 CyRDERLESS, a. without order ; in a confused manner. 
 
 O'RDERLINESS, .«. regularity, methodicalness. 
 
 (TRDERLY, a. methodical, regular. 
 
 O'RDINABLE, a. [horn ordo, order, Lat.] such as may 
 be appointed. 
 
 ORDINAL, a. [ordinal, Fr.] noting order. 
 
 O'RDINAL, t. [from oi-do, order, Lat.] a rituai, a book 
 containing orders. 
 
 O'RDINANCE, i, \0rdonrutnce, Fr.J a law, rule, or pre- 
 
 script; the observance of a command ; an appointment. A 
 cannon, hut now generally written ft^r distinction ordnnnrr, 
 its derivation is nut certain. 
 
 O'RDINARILY, ad. acconiing to established orsetlit'd 
 rules ; coiMinnuly. 
 
 ORDINARY, rt. [(fl-t/iJK/ciiM, from ordn, order, Lat.] esta- 
 blished ; usual; common; mean; of low rank or value. 
 Ugly, or not liandson)e. This tirm is variously applied ; 
 thus, an andiassador or envoy in arilinuri/, is one sent to ro- 
 sidi; statedly, and for a number of years, in tlie court of 
 some foreign prince or state, to watcli o\cr the interest of 
 his own nation. It is also applii d lo several oliicers of the 
 king's household, who attend uu connnon occasions. T has 
 we say, physician in ordinari/, chaplain in ordinari/, &c. Sy- 
 NON. Though urdinury and cuhi///")! have been reputed sy- 
 nonymous in two senses, as implying fnquent use, aiid 
 meaning of little or no value, yet they are dillerent in both. 
 In the first setise, ordinarii seems best applied when the re- 
 petition of action;, is iiKiuestion; tummou, when a multitude 
 of ol)jects. In the second sense, that which is ordinary has 
 nothing to distinguish it; that which is common has nothing 
 to make it sought after. 
 
 ORDINARY, s. an established judge in ecclesiastical 
 causes; an appellation gcneially given to the bishop of a 
 diocese ; a settled establishment; an actual and constant 
 otHcc ; a regular price of a meal ; a place of eating, wliere a 
 person pays a settled price for eating. One who olficiatcs 
 as chaplain at a prison ; as, the ordinary of Newgate. 
 
 To O'RDINATE, v. a. \ordino, from ordo, order, Lat.] lo 
 appoint. 
 
 ORDINATE, a. [ordituitus, from ordo, order, Lat.] regu- 
 lar ; ntethodical. Ordinate Jignres, are such as have all their 
 sides and angles equal. 
 
 ORDINATION, s.[ordinatio, from ordo, order, Lat.]au 
 established order or tendency ; used with to. " An ordvuc 
 tion to happiness." Korris. 'fhe giving a person authority 
 to act as a clergyman. 
 
 O'RDNAXCE, i. cannon, or great guns. 
 
 ORDO'NNANCE, s. [Fr.] the disposition of figures in a 
 picture. 
 
 O'RDURE, f. [Fr.] dung ; excrements; filth. 
 
 ORE, i. [Sa.\.] a metallic earth, w hieh frequently contams 
 sulphur, arsenic, or other extraneous matters. Figuratively, 
 metal. 
 
 O'RFGILD, s. the restitution of goods or money taken 
 away by a thief by violence, if the robbery was committed 
 in the day-time. 
 
 O'RFORD, a sea-port of Suffolk, seated on the sea-coast 
 between two channels, was formerly a good tishing-town, 
 but has jost its trade. Here is a handsome church, whose 
 steeple is a good sea-mark, and near it arc the ruins of an 
 old castle, as also of a priory, St. George's chapel, and a 
 house where seamen's wives used to go to pray for the 
 safety of their husbands. It is said to have been once very 
 large, and to have had 13 churches; but it has now only 
 about 300 houses. It is 18 miles E. by N. of Ipswich, and 
 88 N. E. of London. JNIarket on Monday. 
 
 O'RGAL, J. lees of wine. 
 
 ORGAN, s. [from vrgamm,zr\y thing made for a particu- 
 lar purpose, Gr.Jsuch a part of the animal body as is capa 
 ble <>f performing some perfect actor operation; thus, tiie 
 eye is the organ of seeing : the ear, of hearing ; the nose, 
 of smelling; the tongue, of speaking, tic. In music, an in- 
 strument, consisting of pipes filled with wind, and of stops 
 touched by the hand ; from nrgne, Vr. 
 
 ORGA'NiC, orORGA'NICAL,«.[orffn.»c»s, Lat. from 
 organvn, any thing made for a particular purpose, Gr.] con. 
 sisting of various parts co-operating with each other; in- 
 strumental ; made or designed for some certain end. 
 
 ORGA'NICALLY, ad. by means of organs or instru- 
 ments ; by an organical disposition of parts. 
 
 ORGANISM, s. the structure of the several parts of auy 
 animal, i5L-c. so as to operate to a certaiu end. 
 C17
 
 ORK 
 
 ORT 
 
 ORGANIST, s. \ojgamste, Fr.] one who plays on the 
 organ. 
 
 ORGANlZA'TrON, s. [organization, Fr.l construction in 
 wbich the parts are so disposed as to be subservient to each 
 other. 
 
 To ORGANIZE, v. a. \organizer, Fr.] to constrnct so that 
 the parts shall be mutuallv subservient to each other. 
 
 ORGANLOFT, s. the loft where an organ stands and is 
 played upon. 
 
 O'RGANPIPE, s. the pipe of a musical organ. 
 
 ORGA'S-M, s. [from o>s,>io, to swell, Gr.] a sudden 
 violence, inipulrc, or appetite. 
 
 0'RGlES,s.[it has no singular; orgia, Lat.] the mad rites 
 performed to Racchus. Figuratively, any fjantit revels. 
 
 ORICHALCH, s. [oriclin/enm, Lat. from oros, a moun- 
 tain and chalcos brass, Gr.] brass. "■ Costly orichalcL" 
 Spenser. 
 
 O'RIENT, a. [oriens, from onur, to rise, Lat.] rising as the 
 sun; o-jstern ; bright; shining; glittering. 
 
 ORIENT, i. [Fr.] the east, or part where the sun first 
 appears. 
 
 ORIE'NT,\L, «. [oriental, Fr.j eastern; placed in the 
 east; proceeding from the east. 
 
 ORIENTAL,'*, an inhabitant of the eastern parts of the 
 world. 
 
 ORIE'NTALISM, s. manner of speak.'ng peculiar to those 
 who live in the east. 
 
 ORIENTA'LITV, j. the staleof rising or being in the east. 
 
 O'RIFICE, s. [I'V. ori/iei ion, from us a mouth andy««'o, 
 lo make, Lat.] any opening, hole, or perforation. 
 
 OTilGA.N, s.['ori!(nuuyn, Lat.] wild marjoram. 
 
 O'RIGIX, or ORIGINAL, s. [from <->(-», Lat.Jthe be- 
 guniing or first e.^isleuce; a foiuitain, or source, of exist- 
 ence; a copy, or that from which any thing is transcribed, 
 translated, or imitated ; in lliis sense ocig-iiin/ only is used. 
 Derivation or descent. 
 
 ORIGINAL, a. [from orign, an origin, Lat.] primitive, or 
 priniarv ; first ; pristine. 
 
 GRrCINALLV, ad. in its first state; primarily; at 
 first. 
 
 ORI'GINALNESS, i. the qualify or state of benig the first 
 or original. 
 
 OIU'GINARY, a. [originaire, Vr.\ productive, or causing 
 •existence; priiuilive. Seldom used. 
 
 To ORIGINATE, r. a. to produce as a cause; to bring 
 into existence. 
 
 ORIGINATION, s. [originatin, from origo, an origin, 
 Lat.] the act of producing as a first cause, or of bringing 
 into existence. 
 
 O'RION, s. [Gr.] asoutliern constellation in the heavens. 
 
 ORISONS, {orizons) s. [not used in the singular ; oraisen, 
 Fr. from uro, to prav, Lat. This word is accented by 
 Milton and Crashaw'on the first syllable ; by Shakspeare 
 both on tiie first and second, and by others on the second] 
 p ravers. 
 
 ORISSA, a province of the peninsula of Hindoosfan, 
 bounded by Baliar and Bengal on the N. by Berar on the 
 W. bv Goleonda on the S. and the Bay of Bengal on the E. 
 The disiricts of IMidniapour, in this province, are subject 
 to the English East India Company ; but all the rest belongs 
 to tlie Berar ISIahrattas. The soil is flat and moist, but 
 fertile, ami the heat is excessive. 
 
 OR'KNEYS, or OucADKS, a cluster of islands on the N. 
 of Scotland, from w hich they are separated by a channel, 
 20 miles in length, and G in its nearest breadth. Their num- 
 ber lias generally been reckoned .•?»), of which 2(5 are inha- 
 bited ; the rest are called holms, and are used only for pas- 
 turage. Tlie principal one, c'alled the Main Land, or Po- 
 mona, greatly exceeds the others in extent. Beyond this 
 islaiul, lo the N. E. are seen amoUj,' others, Rowsay and 
 Westra Shappinsha, and Edda, Stronsa, Sanda, and N. Ro- 
 nalsha. To the S. appear the isles of Hoy andS. Ronalsha, 
 with others of inferior note. 'I'he principal trade of these 
 i.Oands is with Lcitli, Ilauiburgh, and Bergen. The thief 
 
 am 
 
 exports are linen and woollen yarn, stockings, butter^ dried 
 fish, herrings, oils, ffiuliers, with skins of various kinds, and 
 kelp. The Orkneys contain about 2;), 000 inhabitants, who 
 are divided into3 prcsiivleries and 18 ministerics. 
 
 ORLEANOIS, a cidc^vant province of France, which, 
 with tiie Blaisois and Cliartrain, is diviiled into tlie three 
 deparluicnts of Loire and Cher, Loiret, and Eure and Loire. 
 It is divided by the river Loire into the Upper and Lower, 
 and is a very plentiful country. Orleans is the capital. 
 
 O'RLEANS, an anlieut city of France, containing about 
 40,000 inhabitants, who tradt largely in corn, brandv, and 
 wine. It is G8 miles S. S. \V. of Paris. Lat. 47. 51 one-slxtli 
 N. Ion. 2. 0. E. . 
 
 ORLEANS, NEW, a city of N. America, capital of 
 Louisiana. In 1788, seven-eighths of it weie destroyed 
 by fire ; but great progress has been since made in rebuild- 
 ing it. Here are two convents, a parish chu) ch, magazines, 
 forges, and some public buildings. The houses are clu'eflv 
 of wood on foundations of brick. It never contained above 
 1500 inhabitants and is seated in a rich fertile soil, and with 
 an excellent climate, on the E. side of the Mississippi, 54 
 miles from its mouth. Lat. 30. 2. N. Ion. S9. 53. W. 
 
 O'RLOP, s. [uverloap, Belg.] the main deck of a ship. 
 
 O'KMSKIRK, a toun of Lancashire, with a market oi\ 
 Tuesday. It contains about 2fi00 iuliabitauls, and is 13 
 miles N. of Liverpool, and 211 N.N.W. of London. 
 
 ORMUS,a small island of Asia, at the boltom of the gulf 
 of the same name, at the entrance of the Gulf of Persia. 
 Here is neither sweet water nor grass, it being a kind of salt 
 sulphureous soil. It was formerly frequented by a vast 
 numberof merchants who were extremely rich ; the houses 
 were 4000 iu number and contained 40,000 inhabitants. 
 But it is now almost deserted ; for it produces noiliiiig but 
 salt, which sometimes is two inches <leep upon the surface 
 of the earth. However, here is a commodious liarbour. 
 Lat. 27. 20. N. Ion. 56. 25. E. 
 
 O'RN A JIENT, J. [from o)««,to embellish, Lat.] embellislt. 
 ment, decoration, honour. 
 
 ORnaME'NTAL, a. serving to decorateor endiellish. 
 
 ORNAME'NTALLY, ad. in such a manner as to embellish 
 or set off. 
 
 ORNAMENTED, a. endiellislied, adorned, or set ofl^ 
 
 O'RNATE, a. [from orno, to embellish, Lat. J fine, 
 adorned. 
 
 ORNATENESS, s. fineiy. 
 
 O'RNATURE, i. decoration. 
 
 ORNI'SCOPIST, s. [froni oniis, a bird and sUpeo, to 
 inspect, Gr.] one who examines the flight of birds, in order 
 to foretell some future event. 
 
 ORNITHO LOGY, s. [from ornis, a bird and logoi, a dis- 
 course, Gr.ja discourse on birds. 
 
 O'RPHAN, (orfan) s. [orphanes, Gr.] a child wlio has 
 lost either one or both its parents. 
 
 O'RPHAN, («)/««)«. [orpltanos, Gr.] deprived either of on« 
 or both parents bv death. 
 
 ORPHANAGE, or O'RPHANISM, (orfanage, or irfa- 
 7iism)s. the state of a child who has lost eitlier one or both 
 of its parents. 
 
 O'RPHANOTROPHY, s. [from orphanos, an orphan and 
 trnpi, noinishmcnt, Gr.] an hospital lor orphans. 
 
 O'RPIMENT, s. [Fr.] a foliaceons fossil, of a fine texture, 
 remarkably heavy, and of a bright and beautiful yellow, 
 like gold, very tough, bending easily without breaking, 
 melting readily, and soon burning away ; it is used by paint- 
 ers for a gold colour. It is a combination of sulphur and 
 arsenic. 
 
 ORRERY,.!, an instrument which represents the revolu. 
 tions of heavenly bodies ; invented by Mr. George Graham, 
 and named from the earl of Orrerv, the patron of a Mr. 
 Rowley, of Lichfield, who copied Mr. Graham's inven- 
 tion. 
 
 O RRIS, s. \orrit, Lat.] a plant or flower. A kind of gold 
 or silver lace ; from orris, old Fr. 
 
 ORTHODOX, or ORTHODO'XAL, a. [froir orihot
 
 OSM 
 
 OST 
 
 right, and dnxis, doctrine, Gr.] sound in opinion or doctrine 
 
 applied to rcli'rioiis principles. 
 
 O'ilTlIODOXLl, ad. with a soundness of opinion or 
 doctriiu'. 
 
 " ORTHODOXY, s. [from ortJws, rifjlit, and doxit, doctrine, 
 Gr.] soundness 'o« doctrine or opniion in matters of re- 
 ligion. 
 
 ORTIIODROMICS, ».[froni ort/ics, right, and dromos', a 
 course, Gr.] the art of sailing in the aic of some great circle, 
 which is the shortest or strai},'hlebt distance between any 
 two points on the surface of the globe. 
 
 OilTllODROMY, s. [from (,rthos,_ right, and dromos, 
 a course, Gr.] the act of sailing in a straight course. 
 
 O'RTHOGON, s. [from ortk-s, ri^dit, and guw, au angle, 
 Gr.j a rectangled ligure. 
 
 ORTHO'GONAL, a. [oiiliogonel, Fr.J rectangular. 
 
 ORTHO'GRAPHER, (orr/<»^7■«/er^ j. [from ori/ios, right, 
 nnd grm)ho, to write, Gr.] one vvho spells according to the 
 rules of^gramniar. 
 
 ORTHOGRAPHIC, or ORTllOGRATHICAL, {ortlo- 
 grajik, ox ' orthografihnl) a. righlly spelt; relating to the 
 spelling ; delineated accoiding to the elevation, not I he 
 grouncf plot. In geography, the orilwcrrapldc pnijcelion 
 of the sphere, is a representation of the several points of 
 its surface on a plain, which cuts it in the middle, the eye 
 being supposed to be placed at an infinite distance, vertical 
 to one of its hemispheres. 
 
 ORTHOGRAPHICALLY, ad. according to the rules of 
 spelling ; according to the elevation. 
 
 ORTHO'GRAPHY, {oru'wo-rnf,/) s. [from ort/ws, right, 
 znd grapho, to write,' Gr.] that part of grammar which teaches 
 Low words should be spilt; the art of spelling. In archi- 
 tecture, the elevation of a building delineated. In geometry, 
 the art of ex pressing or drawing the foresight plan, or side, 
 of any object. lu fortification, the profile or plan of any 
 work. 
 
 ORTHOPNCE'A, (orthopnia) s. [from orthos, upright, and 
 _oi(£o, to breathe, Gr.], in medicine, a disorder in which a 
 person cannot breathe, unless he be in an upright posture. 
 
 O'RTIVE, a. [nrtivus, from orior, to rise, Lat.] relating 
 to the rising of any planet or star. 
 
 O'RTOLAN, s. [Fr.] a small bird, accounted very deli- 
 cious food. 
 
 ORTON, a town of Westmoreland, 12 miles S. W. of 
 Appleby, and 271 N. N. Y-'. of London. Market on Wed- 
 uesday. 
 
 ORTS, s.\orda, Ir.] refuse ; 3craps of meat ; mammocks. 
 
 0'RVAL,.s.[()ri(7/rt, Lat.] the herb clary. 
 
 ORVIETAN, s. [(irvhtni,!), Iial.J so called from a mounte- 
 bank at Orvieto in Italy] an antidote or medicine used to 
 prevent the effects of poison. 
 
 OSCHEOCELE, (^^Ad'isf/f) i. [from oschcnn, the private 
 parts, and lele, a tumor, Gr.] a kind of hernia, or n.pture, 
 when the intestines break into the scroiuin. 
 
 OSCILLA'TION, s. [from oscil/mn, ati imagt which was 
 hung on ropes and swung up and down in the air, in lionour 
 of some pagan deities, Lat.] the act of moving backwards 
 and forwards like a pendulum. 
 
 OSCI'LLATORV, ((.[from oscilluin, an image which was 
 hung on ropes and swung up and downin the air, in honour 
 of some pagan deities, Lat.] moving backwards and forwards 
 like a pendulum. 
 
 O'SCITANCY, s. [from oscito, to yawn, Lat.] the act of 
 yawning ; unusual sleepiness ; carelessness. 
 
 0'SCIT.\NT, a. [osntans, from oscito, to yawn, Lat.J 
 yawnin;i; unusually sleepy ; sluggish ; careless. 
 
 OSCITATION, s. rfrom oscito, to yawn, Lat.] the act of 
 pawning. F^uratively, carelessness. 
 
 OSCULATION,*, [oiculatio, (rom oifufor, to kiss, Lat.] 
 kissing. 
 
 OSIER, (pzier) s. [Fr.] a tree of the vrillow kind, grow- 
 mg by the water, the twigs of which are used in making 
 baskets. 
 
 (J'SMUND, *. a plant sometimes used in medicine. 
 
 40 
 
 O'SNABURG, a province of Westphalia, bounaed on the 
 
 N. and W. by Munster, and on the S. by the county of Ra. 
 vcnsburgh, about 40 miles in length, andiron. /G to 21 in 
 breadth. It is divided into 7 bailiuicks, and abounds iu 
 cattle and hogs, almost half of the province consisting { 
 heath lands. The chief occupation of the inhabitants is 
 spiiniing of yam, and manufacturing a coarse kind ol liiie , 
 which is con\>e.\cd by the English, Dutch, and Spaniards, 
 to Guinea and America, and ;uuiually brings into the coun- 
 try about a million of rix dollars. Osnaburg is the capital. 
 Lat. .52. Hii. N. Ion. 7. .03. E. 
 
 O'SNABUlUill.a town of Westphalia, capital of a bishop- 
 ric of the same name, with an university. The beer of lliis 
 place is highly esteemed in the other parts of Germany. 
 It is seated on the ri\er Haze, Sit miles X. E. of Munster, 
 aixl 75 W. of Hanover. Lat. 69.. 24. N. Ion. 8. 20. E. 
 
 O'SNAIiURGHS, s. a kind of coarse linen imported from 
 Germany, of which there are two kinds, the while and 
 brow n. The nuuiul'aeture of the white is well understood 
 in this country, but that of brown is still a secret. 
 
 O'SPRAY, s. tlie sea-eagle, of which it is reported, that 
 when he hovers in the air, all the fish in the «aler turn up 
 their bellies, and lie for him to choose which he pleases. 
 ll'in. 
 
 OSSICLE, s. [ossicidmit, from as, a bone, Lat.] a small 
 bone. 
 
 OSSITIC, II. [from os, a bone, and fncio, to make, Lat.J 
 having the power of turning in'to bone. 
 OSSIFICATION, i. change of fleshy parts into bones. 
 O'SSlFRACiE, j;. [from us, a bone, and frane;o, to break, 
 Lat.] a kind of eagle, so called because it breaks the bones 
 of animals, in order to come at the marrow. 
 
 To O SSIFY, V. a. [from os, a bone, and /«c!o, to make, 
 Lat.J to change into bone. 
 
 OSSrVOROUS, a. [from oj, a bone, and voro, to devour, 
 Lat. I devouring bfines. 
 
 O'SSUARY, s. [ossuarium, from os, a bone, Lat.l a charnel- 
 house ; a place w liere the bones of the dead are sept. 
 
 OST, or OUST, s. a vessel upon which hops or malt is 
 dried. 
 
 OSTE'NSIVE, a. [from osteiido, to shew, Lat.] shewing, 
 betokening. 
 
 O'STEND, a large and populous sea-port of Flanders, 
 famous for the long siege it sustained agwinst the SpaniaKk 
 from July .5lh, IfiOl, to September 22<l, 1G04, when it sur- 
 rendered by an honourable capitulation, the Spaniards 
 having lost nearly 8o,OoO men b< Ujre it. It is seated in a 
 marshy soil among a number of cauals, and almost snr 
 rounded by two of the largest of them. Ships of great 
 burden enter these canals with the tide. It is 22 miles N. 
 E. of Dunkirk. Lat. 51. 14. N. Ion. 3. I.E. 
 
 O STENT, ^. [from vstentlo, to shew often, to boast, Laf.] 
 an appearance, air, or mien ; show or token. These senses 
 are peculiar to Shakespeare. A portent or prodigy ; ac- 
 cented on the last syllable. 
 
 OSTENTA'TION, «. [from 'ostcnto, to siiew often, to 
 boast, Lat.] boast ; outward show; a display of any thing 
 shewing vanity or ambition. 
 
 OSTENTA'TIOUS, (ostcntdshimis) a. boasting ; fond of 
 shewing any thing which may give the public an advanta- 
 geous opinion of one's wealth and abilities. 
 
 OSTENTATIOUSLY, {osteutasMously) ad. shewing or 
 displaying in such a manner as declares ambition or 
 vanitj. 
 
 OSTENTATIOUSNESS, {ostmiashmtsncss) s. die act of 
 displaying with vanitv or ambition. 
 
 OSTENTATOR,".f. [oi<ra(rt<f«r, Fr. {mmostcutn, to shew 
 often, to boast, Lat.] one that displays through ambition or 
 vanity. 
 
 O.STEOCO'LLA, s. fcsteocolle, Fr. from osteon, a bone, 
 and Jsollao, to stick, Gr.J a spar generally coarse, concreted 
 with eartliy and stony matter, precipitated by water, 
 and incrusled upon sticks, stones, &:c. famous for brinj,ing 
 on callus in bones, but seldom used in modern practice. 
 
 (>li>
 
 O Til 
 
 O VL 
 
 _ O'STEOCOPE, s. [fioni osteon, a bone, and hnpto, to cut, 
 Gr.] pains in tlie hnnes, or raliier in tliu nerves mul nieiii- 
 hraiies that encoin \>ais t hem. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY, .«. [from osteon, a bone, and A;^oj, a dis- 
 course, Gr.] a discourse or description <>t" bones. 
 
 OSTi.'\RY, J. [ostittin, from os, a nioiitli, ly.it.J !!ie opening; 
 at which ariver disciiarj;es ilseilinto ihesca. 
 
 O'STLEn. SeellosTLKi;. 
 
 OSTRACISM, s. [from osii-fil-mi^ a slicll, Gr.] a manner 
 of sentence, a shell on wliicii a person's na.nie was written 
 who was acqui-tted or condennied ; a method taken by 
 the Athenians to banish such i>ersons in their slate, whose 
 great power, abilities, or merit, rendered them capable of 
 atteniptingi'.ny thin;; which r.iiylit endanger the constitution. 
 Fifrnratively, banishment, or jiublic censr.re. 
 
 OSTRACiTES, s. tlie common oyster in its fossil state; 
 a jietrified ovster. 
 
 OSTRICH, s. [aiistnrrhe, Fr.] the tallest of all birds. It 
 measures 7 or 8 feet, when it stands erect ; it is covered 
 with a kind of feathers which resemble camel's hair ; its 
 legs are lon^ and naked, and its feet have only two toes. 'J'he 
 feathers of its wini^s are in great esteem as ornaments. They 
 are hunted byway of course, for thev never flv, but use 
 their wings to assist them in running. They swallow bits of 
 iron in the same manner as other birds :do ijravel or stones, 
 to assistin digesting their food. They lay their eggs on the 
 ground, hide them under the sand, and leave them to be 
 batched by the sun. 
 
 O'SWESTRY, a very old and decayed town of Sliiop- 
 shire, with a market on Monday. It is seated at the head 
 of a small river, near the canal lietwecn the Severn and 
 ISIersey. It has some trade from V.'ales in flannels; and is 
 18 miles N \\. of Shrewsburv, and 174 N V\'. of London. 
 
 OT.\C.OUISTIC, s. {(forn'otii, tlie cars, and ahoi,-, to hear, 
 Gr.) a medicine to cure deafness; an instrument used by 
 the deaf to make them hear better. 
 
 OTAHEITK, one of the Society Islands in the S. Pacific 
 Ocean, about 90 miles in circiniiferencc, first discovered to 
 the English by captain Wallis. in 17G7, w ho called it George 
 the Third's Island. Captain Cook, in the Endeavour, came 
 hither, in 1769, to observe the transit of Venus, aixl 
 visited it twice afterwards. It consists of two peninsulas, 
 great part of which is covered with woods and forests, 
 consisting partly of briad-fruit trees, palms, cocoa-nut trees, 
 plantains, bananas, mulberries, sugar-canes, and others 
 peculiar to that climate. The people have mild features, 
 a pleasing countenance, and are gentle, good-natured and 
 hospitable. The houses of the natives consist only of a roof, 
 thatched with the long prickly leaves of the palm-nut trees, 
 ami supported by a few pillars made of the bread-fruit tree. 
 The cloth of the natives is made of tlie fibrous bark of 
 the nndberry tree, which is beaten with a kind of mallet ; 
 and a glue, made of the hibiscus esculentns, is employed 
 to make the pieces of bark cohere together. Some of these 
 pieces arc 2 or 3 yards wiile, and .W yards long. It is 
 remarkable, that though the natives of this island far excel 
 most of the Americans in the knowledge and practice of 
 thearts of ingenuity, yet they had not invented any method 
 of boiling water; and, having no vessel that could l)ear 
 the fire, they had no more idea that water could be made 
 hot, than that itcould be made solid. The only quadrupeds 
 found upon the island ai;e, hogs, domestic dogs, and rats, 
 which tlie inhaliitants sutfer to run about at pleasure, without 
 ever trying to deslrov them. Olaheite lies in about 18 deg. 
 S. lat. and l.';0 deg. W. Ion. 
 
 OTHI'JR, ;»-fc(i. [Sax.] applied to things, difTerenl, op- 
 rosed to l/iis. Applied to persons, not one's self, but some- 
 botiy else. Used with si/h, the contrary. Used with cac/i, 
 it iii:plies reciprocation. Somdinics besides, or more. The 
 n.ext. After next, it implies the third, joined with rfn/y. 
 Sodietimes it is xised elliptically for ot/ier lliiiifr, or sonictliiiig 
 ditVerenl. 
 
 OTIIERGUISE, a. [other aw] (riiise. This is often 'mis- 
 taken, and sometimes written oJ/icrflvif**] of another kind. 
 
 OTHERWISE, CiV;«;)imf)(irf.d;(rerentIy; by other means 
 or causes; in other respects. 
 
 O'TLES', a town in the \V. Riding of Yorksldre, seated 
 on the river AVherf, tnidera high, craggy ditV, 25 nnles ^^'. 
 of York, and -Jos N.N.W. of London. Maiket on Eridav. 
 
 OTUANTO, a city of Naples, capital of Terra dOtranlo, 
 is a large, handsome place, with a commodious harbour"; 
 but it has sufl'ered greatly by the pirates. It is seated on 
 the gulfof Venice, 37 miles S. IC. of r>rindisi, and CO S. E. of 
 Tarenti). Lat. 40. 20. N. Ion. 18. 35. E. 
 
 OTTl'.Il, i. [oier. Sax.] in zoology, an amphibious animal 
 that preys upon fish. It is exceedingly pernicious in 
 ponds, as it kills, not merely from necessity, but for amuse- 
 ment. Some otters have been tamed and taught to catth 
 fish for their masters. 
 
 O'lTERY, or Ottf.ry St. Mary, a town of Devon- 
 shire, seated on the snuill viver Otter, 10 miles E. of Exet«r, 
 and U12 Vi". by S. of London. .Market on Tuesday. 
 
 O'lTO.M AN, •;. an appellation given to the Turkish em- 
 pire from Othomannu'i, or Osnianlius, llie first emperor of 
 the present family, «lio died in A. D. \'f>.H. 
 
 0'\'AL,<i.[,ntitp, Fr. tioiv.oniiii, an egg, Lat.] oblong; re- 
 senibli.ng an egg when cut in two the long wa\ s. 
 
 O'VAL. J. a roundish tigme, whose lengtli is greater »l*nn 
 its breadth. 
 
 OVA'RIOUS, a. [froi*" ormn, ai. egg, Lat.] consisting 
 of eggs. 
 
 O'VARY, *. [oraire, l"r. from ovum, an egg, Lat.] that part 
 of the bcdy of an aniuial wherein the eggs are lodged, aiu} 
 impregnation is performed. 
 
 0V.\T10N,i. [from m-», to celebrate the lesser triumph, 
 Lat. J a lesser triumph among the Romans, allowed to those 
 that defeated an enemy without much bloodshed, or con 
 quered one less forniid;ililc. 
 
 G'UBAT, or OL'i!UST, s. a sort of caterpillar. 
 
 OUCH, «. a spangle or glittering ornament made of small 
 plates of gold and silver, or of Jew els. Obsolete. 
 
 OL'DK, a soubah, or province ai' llindoostan Proper, 
 subject to a nabob, whose dominions lie oii both sides of 
 the Ganges, occupying (with the exception of the district 
 of'Rampoui)all the flat country between that river and tifo 
 northern mountains, as well as the principal part of that 
 fertile tract, lying between the Ganges aiul Jumna, and 
 known by the name Dooab, to within 40 miles of the city of 
 Delhi. The dimensions ofOudeand its dependencies, are 
 estimated at ."GO miles in length from E. to \V. and in 
 breadth from LOO to 180. The capital is Lucknow. 
 
 OUDE, an antient city of Hindoostan Proper, in the 
 soubah of Onde, the remains of which are seated on tlui 
 Ganges, nearly adjoining Eyza'liad. It is said to have been 
 the first imperial city of Hindoostan, and lo have been built 
 by their hero Xrishnus. 
 
 O VEiV, s. \ofhi. Sax.] an arched cavity heated with fajj- 
 gots, and used in Ivaking. 
 
 O'VEll, ])rep. \r,fvr. Sax.] stiperior to, or above, applied 
 to excellence, dignity, authority, or place. Upon. Across, 
 or from one side to the other. " He leaped ova- the brook.' 
 Throat;!!. " All the world over." Hmmer. 
 
 O'ViiR, ml. above the top ; more than a ijuantity assigned ; 
 from side to side ; from one to another ; from a coimtry fx'- 
 yond file sea ; on the surface ; past. Torenrlorer,\s to read 
 throughout. O'er atid o'er, denotes repetition ; to excess. 
 Over nnd nhore, implies besides, or more than what was at 
 first supposed, or imnu'dialely intended. Oeer o^oinsl, op 
 posite ; or facing in front. In composition, its significations 
 are various; but it generally implies excess, more than 
 enough, or too nuuh. 
 
 To OVERARO'UND, v. n. to abound more than enough. 
 
 To OVKKA'CT, v. a. to tarry any character too far; to 
 act more than enough. 
 
 To OVERARCH, r. a. to cover with an arcli. 
 
 ToOVEllA'WE, )'. It. to keep in awe. 
 
 ToOVERIiALANCE, «. a. to weigh down or prcpon 
 derate.
 
 O V K 
 
 () V E 
 
 0\T,RnAT. \XCK, J. (.(imctliingniore llian cqiuwilont. 
 
 To ON'KUHI'l'AK (mtrban:) v. a. to bear down ; to re- 
 press, or wli'lm. 
 
 To OVI^KIU'D, r. (I. to ortcr more flian equivalent. 
 
 To OVKitlil.O'W, (uivthlu) V. a. to drive away the clouds 
 befoio {\\c wind. Neufcrlv, to he past its violence. 
 
 OVERBOARD, {uv<:rhbr(\)ad. ofTOroutof a ship. 
 
 To OVKRllU'LK, V. a. to opprcs by built. " To ovcrbulk 
 us all." Slin/i. 
 
 To 0\'rJinU'RDEN, V. a. to load with too ^veat weight. 
 
 To OVERCA'ST, V. «. to cloud, or darken; to cover; to 
 rate too hifjli. 
 
 To OVERCIIA'RGE, V. a. to oppress, cloy, or surcharge 
 with too nuieh food ; to load or crowd 1o excess ; to rate too 
 Iii'h ; to fill too full ; to load with too great a charge. 
 
 To 0^'EIlCL0'UD, u.rt. to cover with cloiuls. 
 
 To OA'ERCO ME, v. a. prefer / tn-crannc, part. pass. 
 overcome; [iwercomeii, BeV^-l to subdue, conciuer, or van- 
 quish in battle or by calamity ; to overflow. 
 
 OVERCO'IMER, s. one ttiat conquers. 
 
 To OV ERCOU'NT, v. a. to rate above the true value. 
 
 To OVKROO', V. a. to do to excess. 
 
 To 0\T>RD11E'SS, v. a. to adorn too nuicli. 
 
 To OVERDRI'VE, v. a. to drive to hard, or beyond 
 strength. 
 
 To OVERFLOW, (ovo-fiu) v. v. to be too full to be con- 
 tained within the brim ; to abound to excess. Actively, 
 to fill beyond the brini ; to deluge, drown, or cover with 
 water, t'iguratively, to overpower. 
 
 OVERFLOW, {ove>Jld) s. iniuidation • sucii a quantity as 
 flows over ; too great an abundance. 
 
 OVERFLO'WINO, {overfloiiio-) s. the net of exceeding 
 limits, applied to water. Too great a plenty or abun- 
 dance. 
 
 OVERFLO'WINGLY, {ovm-floinglif) ml in such a manner 
 as to exceed anv limits. 
 
 OVERFO'RWARDNESS, s. too great a quickness or 
 forwardness. 
 
 To OVERFRE'IGHT, v. a. prefer, overfreighted, part. 
 overfrmightj to load too heavilv. 
 
 To OVERGO', V. a. to surpass ; to excel. 
 
 To OVERGO'RGE, v. <t. to eat or swallow too much. 
 
 To OVERGRO'W, {overgnl) V. a. preter. overgrew, part. 
 p-iss. overgrown ; to cover by growth ; to raise above. Neu- 
 terlv, to grow bevond the usual standard, or natural size. 
 
 OVERGRO'WTH, {overgr,-,i/i)s. excessive growth. 
 
 To OVERHA'LE, (ovcr/idid) V. a. to spread over ; to 
 e^amine a second time. 
 
 To OVERHANG, v. a. to jut or bang over. 
 
 To OVER HA'RDEN, ». «'. to make too hard. 
 
 O'VERHE.AD, (merited) ad. ailoi'f, above; in the ceiling; 
 over a person's head. 
 
 To OVERHE'AR, {over7i!ier) v. a. tobearthose whodonot 
 intend to be heard. 
 
 To OVERHE'AT, {orerUel) v. a. to heat to excess. 
 
 To O'S'ERJO'Y, V. a. to transport ; to affect with too 
 much joy. 
 
 OVERJO'Y, s. excess of joy ; transport. 
 
 To OVERLA'DE v, a. to oppress with too heavy a bur- 
 den. 
 
 OVERLATIGF, a. larger than enough. 
 
 To OVERLAY, i'. «. to oppress with too rauch weight 
 or power; to smother with too much covering; to cloud; to 
 cover the surface ; to join by something laid over. 
 
 To OVERLE'AP, (oi'cj/tc;)) «. a. to leap over, or 
 across. 
 
 O'VERLEATHER, {overlcthcr) s. the upper leather, or 
 that part of a shoe which covers the foot. 
 
 To OVERLIVE, v. a. to live longer than another. 
 
 To OyERLQ'AD, {ovcrldd) v. a. to burden with too great 
 a load. 
 
 To OYERLOO'K, v. a. to view from a higher place; to 
 peruse; to superintend; .to review; to neglect; to 
 slight. 
 
 OVEIILOO'KER, «.(ino that sees over any thing btlow; 
 one tiiat passes bv a thing w illiout observing it. 
 
 0\'ERMA'.STEp, a. too nuuh masted. 
 
 'j'o ()VERM A'TCII, V. a. to lie too powerful ; to conquer. 
 
 ()\'l',RMA"r('H, s. one of superior power. 
 
 OVERIME'ASI'RE, ((/fCJ7«(z/(«)c) 4-. more than uiensure. 
 
 O'VER.MOST, a. highest, or 5upcri(jr to others iu da- 
 thoritv. 
 
 0\"ERMU'r,n, a. more than enough. 
 
 OVERMU'CH, ad. in too great a (le;;ree. 
 
 OVERNI'GHT, (mmui) s. (this word is used only as a 
 compound noun by Shakespeare ; hut by Addison as a noun 
 with a preposition) night before bedlinie. 
 
 To OVERN AM E, v. a. to name in a list. 
 
 OVER-OFrrClOUS, (over.ufflM<ms) a. too busy; too 
 fond of assisting; too importunate. 
 
 To OVERPASS, V. a. to pass over or across ; to overlook 
 or slight; to omit in a reckoning; to omit without receiv- 
 ing. 
 
 OVERPA'ST, part. a. gone ; past. 
 
 To OVERPA' Y, t'. a. to iiay too much. 
 
 O'^'ERFLUS, f. that whicli remains above what is suf- 
 ficient. 
 
 To OVERPOrSE, (overpoize) V. „. any weight which is 
 heavier than, or outbalances, another. 
 
 To OVERPOWER, {ow pron. as in how) v. a. to cnn(:uer, 
 or oppress by greater power. 
 
 _ ToOVERPRE'SS, t!. a. to crush or bear upon with irre- 
 sistible force. 
 
 To O^'ERPRI'ZE, V. a. to value at too high a rate. 
 
 OVER-RA'NK, a. too rank. 
 
 To OVERRATE, v. a. to rate or value too high. 
 
 To OVKRRF/ACH, {over-rcieli)_v. a. to rise above; to' 
 stretch one's self toonuichin reaching; to deceive or impose 
 upon by superior cunning. Neuterly, to bring the hinder 
 feet too far forwards, or strike the toes against the fore shoes, 
 applied to a horse. 
 
 OVERRE'ACHER, s. a cheat, a deceiver. 
 
 To O^'ERRI'PEN, v. a. to make too ripe. 
 
 ToOVE.RRO'AST, v. a. to roast too much. 
 
 To OVERRULE, v. a. to influence by superior autho- 
 rity ; to govern w ith excess of authority. In law, to su- 
 persede or reject as incompetent. 
 
 To OVERRLTN, v. a. to wander through a country by 
 force of arras; to exceed in running; to overspread or co- 
 ver all over ; to pester or harass by numbers. Neuterly, 
 to flow over ; to be more than full. 
 
 To OVERSE'IO, V. a. to superintend ; to pass by without 
 taking notice ; to omit. 
 
 OVERSE'EN,;KnY. mistaken or deceived. 
 
 OVERSE'ER, s. one who is employed to see that others 
 perform their duty ; an officer employed to collect and take 
 care of the money collected for the poor of the parish. 
 
 To OVERSET, v. a. to turn the bottom of a vessel up- 
 wards. Figuratively, to be hurried away by ;ui impetuous 
 passion. Neuterlv, to fall off its basis. 
 
 To OVERSHA'DE, v. a. to cover with any thing that 
 causes darkness. 
 
 To OVERSHA'BOW, (overshiidH} v. a. to casta shadov/ 
 over anv thing ; to shelter or protect. 
 
 To OVERSHQ'OT, f. «. to fly beyond the mark. Ac- 
 tively, to shoot beyond the mark ; to venture too far; to go 
 beyond one's abilities. 
 
 O'VERSIGHT, (oversit) s. superintendence ; a mistake 
 or error owing to inadvertence. 
 
 To OVERSKIP, w. a. to pass by leaping ; to pass over. 
 Figin-ativelv, to escape. 
 
 'i'o OVERSLE'EP, v. a. preter. and part. pass, overslept .- 
 to sleep too long. 
 
 ToOVERSLlT, v. a. to pass without doing, or takin^' 
 notice of; to neglect. 
 
 OVERSOLD, pni-t. sold at too high a price. 
 
 OVERSOON. ad. too soon. 
 
 OVERSPENT, «r wearied :fatiguedL 
 
 051
 
 OVE 
 
 OUT 
 
 To OVERSPREAD, {oversprid) t. a. to cover, spread, 
 or scatter over. 
 
 To OVERST.VND, V. u. to stand too obstinately upon 
 conditions. 
 
 To OVERSTOCK, v. a. to crowd or fill too fnll. 
 
 To OVERSTORIO, v. a. to store wiili too nmcli. 
 
 To OVERSTRA'IiSf, v. n. to stretch any i)art by making 
 too violent eftbrts. Actively, to stretch too liir. 
 
 To OVERSWAT, V. a. to over-rule; to beardown. 
 
 To OVERSWE'LL, v. a. to swell over, or rise above. 
 
 O ViORT. a. \oiwert,VT.^ open ; public; apparent. 
 
 To OVERTATCE, 1'. a. to catch in pursuit; to coiue up 
 to something going before. To tnke by surprise, f'ullov;ed 
 by in. 
 
 "To OVERTA'SK, v. a. to exact too great labour or 
 duties. 
 
 To 0VI:RTA'X, v. a. to tax toohiuhlv. 
 
 To OVERTHROW, (the w is imile in this and the two 
 following words; v. a. pret. m-rithrtn-, part, overtlmnin ; to 
 turn upside down ; to throw dow n, or demolish ; to destroy. 
 To conquer or defeat, applied to an army. 
 
 OVERTHROW, s. the state of being thrown down, or 
 tumbled upside down ; ruin ; destruction ; degradation ; a 
 defeat. 
 
 OVERTHRO'WE", s. one that beats down, ruins, or 
 defeats. 
 
 OVERTHWA'RT, rr. opposite, or over against. Crossing 
 any thing. Perverse, applied to humour. 
 
 OVERTHWA'RT, picp. across. " He laid a plank over- 
 tlmtirt the brook." 
 
 ,0^ ERTHWA'RTLY, ml. across; transversely. 
 
 OVERTHWA'RTNESS, i. posture across ; pcrversc- 
 ness. 
 
 O VERTLY, ad. openly. 
 
 OVERTOOK, preter and part. pass, of Overtakf.. 
 
 To OVERTOP, 1'. «. to raise above the top. Fi^'ura- 
 tively, to excel or surpass ; to obscure; to make of less 
 importance by superior excellence. 
 
 To OVERTR.'V'DE, v. a. to deal for more than one's stock 
 w ill carrv on. 
 
 ToOVERTRIT, v. a. to trip or walk lightly and nimbly 
 over. 
 
 OVERTURE, s.\oiiverture, Fr. | an opening or disclo- 
 sure ; a proposal; a piece of music, usually ending with a 
 fugue. 
 
 To OVERTU'RN, v. a. to throw down ; to ruin; to sub- 
 vert. Figurativelv, to overpower, surmount, or conquer. 
 
 OVERTU'RN Ei{, s. a subverfer. 
 
 'I'o OVERVALUE, f. a. to rate too high. 
 
 To OVERWATCII,i'. n. to watch too long. 
 
 ToOVERWEEN, v. n. to think too highly or arrogantly. 
 
 OVERWE'KNINGLY, «rf. w ith too much arrogance. 
 
 To OVERWEFGH, {uvcrwiy) V. a. to weigh down ; to 
 veigli more ; to preponderate. 
 
 OVERWEIGHT, {ivcncei/t) s. preponderance; thecpian- 
 l tv given aliove the neat weight. 
 
 To OVERWHELM, '>. «. to crush under something vio- 
 lent or heavy ; to look gloomy ; to beat down by force of 
 water. 
 
 OVERWHE'LlNnNGLY, ad. in such a manner as to beat 
 down and overcome, applied primarily to water, and figu- 
 ratively, to calamity or the passions. 
 
 OVERWrSE, {(wcruize) a. aft'ectcdly wise; conceited; 
 wise to afl'ectation. 
 
 OVERWROUGHT, (over-rH) a. laboured too much ; 
 wrought all over. 
 
 OVERY'SSEL, one of flio Seven United Provinces, di- 
 vided into three distinct parts, which are, the territories of 
 Tronte, Twentc, and Salland. There arc many morasses 
 in this province, and but few iuluil/itants in comparison of 
 the rest. Its greatest riches consist in turfs, which are dug 
 up here, and t>eut to the neighbouring provinces, particu- 
 larlv Hollaad. 
 
 OVILRZEA'LOUS, (nvcr-zilous) a. zealous too much. 
 Cj2 
 
 OUGHT, (aui) s. l^ax. auhit. . This word "ii iLercfcr* 
 more properly w ritteii ai(!>-/it] any thing. 
 
 OUGHT, {tint) verb inijierf. owed : was bound to pay, 
 or indebted ; to be obliged by duty ; to be ht or neces- 
 sary. 
 
 VIF0R5I, a. [from nrmn, 'au "egg, aad fi,rma, shap-*, 
 Lat. ] having the shape of an egg. 
 
 0\i PAROUS, a. [from m-mn, an egg, and ;>nn'o, to bring 
 fort!), Lat.l bringing forth eggs ; not vivaporous. 
 
 OUNCE, s.\oiwe, Fr. -mwia, Lat.J a weight, the twelfth 
 part of a pound, containing twenty pennyweights in troy- 
 weight, ill avoirdupoisc weight, the sixteenth part of a 
 pound. In zoology, au animal of the cat tribe, which inha- 
 bits Barbary, Persia, and China. It is about the size of 
 t!ie leopard, but is easily tamed, and is employed in bunt- 
 ing anteloives. 
 
 OU'NDLE, a pretty little town in Northamptonshire, 
 with a M!arket on Saturday. It is noted for a well that some- 
 times makes a drumming noise. It is seated on the river 
 Nen, 26 miles N. E. of iNorlhampton, and 83 N. by W. of 
 London. 
 
 OUPHE, {oiifl) s. {auff, Teut-l a fairy ; an imaginary be- 
 ing called a goblin. 
 
 OU'FHEN, a. elfish. " You otiplien heirs of fi.\ed destiny, 
 attend your office." •S'/irt/i. 
 
 OUR, pron. possessive, [ure, Sax.] pertaining or belonging 
 to us; ot the same country with us. When the substantive 
 goes before, we write </«)«." " Edmund, you shall be ours." 
 
 SImk. 
 
 OUkSE'LVES, reciprocal pron. the plural iii myself ; we, 
 exclusive of others. Oarself is used in the singular by 
 kings. 
 
 ()USF,, (oore)s. \pnst, Tent. | tanner's bark. 
 
 OU'SEL, (>Jo:el) s. [osh; Sax.] the blackbird. 
 
 To OUST, V. a. [ouster, vtcr, Fr.] in law, to put out, or 
 deprive of. 
 
 OUT, ad. [nt, Sax. vj/t, Belg.] not in a place, generally 
 opposed to !«. In a state of disclosure. " The leaves are 
 out." Jiac. Absent from a place or home. From an inner 
 to a more public part. Exhausted, appliec! to liquors. Dis- 
 carded by the court. Loudly, or so as to be heard, after 
 the verbs speah, read, Imifrfi, &c. Let to another, applied to 
 lands. In an error, applied to the judgment. Ataloss, ajv 
 plied to the understanding. Out at elbows, signifies torn or 
 worn in holes, applied to dress, or in a state of poverty, ap- 
 plied to condition. This word is used emphatically before 
 alas, and alter verbs signifying discovery. 
 
 OUT, inter), an expression of abhorrence, and signify- 
 ing, be gone immediately. 
 
 OUT OF, prep. Johnson observes, that o/" seems to be the 
 preposition, and oiif only to modify the sense of o/" ; from, 
 applied to produce. Not in, or excluded from, applied to 
 jjlace. Beyond, applied to power. Not in, applied to sea- 
 son. From, applied to the things or materials of which any 
 thinjj is made. From, or discbarge, applied to duty. Jii- 
 consistciit with, applied to cliara<ler. Past, without, fap- 
 plied to hope. ]5y means of, applied to cause. In coiise- 
 fiueuce of. Out if hand, implies immediately, or without 
 delay. 
 
 To OUT, i>. a. See Oust. To expel ; to deprive. 
 
 OUT, in comj)ositioii, generally implies comparison, and 
 signifies sonuthmg beyond anothcr,'or more than usual. 
 
 To OUTA'CT, V. a. to act to excess. 
 
 To OUTRA'LANCE, f. n. to overweigli; to preponde- 
 rate. 
 
 To OUTRI'D, 11. a. to bid more than another person. 
 
 OUTHl'DDER, s. one that bids more than another. 
 
 OUTBOUND, a. bound to sail to someforeign country. 
 
 To DUTBRA'VE, v. a. to btardown and disgrace by stv 
 perior courage, insolence, or show. 
 
 To OUTBRA'ZEN, r. a. to get the bettci of by impu- 
 dence. 
 
 OUTBREAK, {builnhe) s. au eruption.
 
 OU'l 
 
 To OUTBRE'ATII K, {mahmihc) v. a. (o weary by having 
 better Ijrcatli ; to expire ; to breathe out. 
 
 OUTCAST, ]>a>t. tlirowii away as refuse ; banished, ex- 
 ocllctl, exiled. 
 
 OUTCAST, s. one rejected or expelled. 
 
 To OUTCRATT, v. ». to excel in cunning. 
 
 OUTCRY, s. noise, a ci.y oi'distress, or a chimour of de- 
 estation ; public sale, auction. 
 
 ']o OUTDATE,v. «. toaiitiquate. 
 
 To OUTDO, V. a. to excel ; to perform beyond ano- 
 ther. 
 
 O'UTFR, ft. without, opposed io inner. 
 
 OUTERLY, (itl. towards I lie outside. 
 
 OlJTERMOST.rt.suiKrlative of (iHffr; farthest from the 
 middle. 
 
 To OUTFA'CE, V. n. to brave, or bear down by a 
 show of magiiaiiiniity or impudence; to stare out of coun- 
 tenance. 
 
 ToOUTFLY', V. a. to leave behind; to ^o bcvond in 
 fliRht.;-. 
 
 OUTFO'RM, s. external appearance. 
 
 To OUTFRO'WN, v. a. to overbear byfrowns ; to frown 
 down. ■ 
 
 To OUTGI'VE, v.a. to exceed another in giving. 
 
 To OUTGO', V. a. prefer. o»?He«y, participle vutn;one ; to 
 surpass or excel ; to go beyond, or leave behind ; toovei- 
 reach, to circumvent. 
 
 To OUTGRO'W, {oute;ru) v. a. to surpass in growth, or to 
 f;row too great or too old for any thing. 
 
 O'UTGUARD, s. one posted at a distance fioni the main 
 body, as u defence. 
 
 To OUTJ E'ST, V. a, to overpower by jesting. 
 
 ToOUTKNA'VE, {unilmaiw) v. n. to surpass in knavery 
 
 OUTLANDISH, «. not native; foreign; alien. 
 
 To OUTLA'ST, v. a. to exceed in duration. 
 
 OUTLAW, s. ['Uluga, Sax.J one excluded from the be- 
 nefit of the law. 
 
 To OU TLAW, I), o. to deprive of the benefits of the law, 
 
 OUTLAWRY, s. a decree by which any person is de- 
 prived of the protection of the laws, and cut off from the 
 community. 
 
 To OUTLE'AP, (oiithtp) v. a. to pass in leaping ; to start 
 beyond. 
 
 OUTLE'AP, (oi<<?««/)) /. a sally ; flight; escape. 
 
 OU'TLET, i. a passage outwards; a passage by whici 
 tiling may go out. 
 
 O'UTLINE, s. the contour or line with which any figure 
 h bounded ; an extremity. 
 
 To outlive, v. a. to live longer ; to survive. 
 
 OUiTLrVER, s. a survivor, or one thai lives longer than 
 another. 
 
 To OUTLOOK, V. n. to face down ; to hrowlieat. 
 
 To OUTLU'STRE, {ontlustcr) V. a. to surpass in lustrS or 
 brightness. 
 
 O'UTLYING, pnrticip. and a. not in the common course ; 
 removed from something else. 
 
 .To OUTM A'RCH, v. a. to leave behind in a march. 
 
 OUTMOST, n. at the greatest distance from the 
 middle. 
 
 To OUTNU'MBER, r. o. to exceed in number. 
 
 To OUTPA'CE, V. u. to leave behind in walking or 
 riding. 
 O'UTPARfSH, s. a parish lying without the walls. 
 OU'TPART, 4. a part remote from the centre or main 
 bodv. 
 
 TbOUTPOU'R, f. a. to emit ; to pour forth as in a 
 stream. 
 To OUTPRl'ZE, V. a. to exceed in the value set upon it. 
 I'o O'UTIIAGE, V. a. [oiitvager, Fr.] to injure in a vio- 
 lent, contumelious, rough, or inhuman nuinner. Neuterly, 
 to l)e guilty of excesses of turbulence and inhumanity. 
 
 O'U'TRAGE, s. an open violence or mischief committed 
 in a tumult ; a commotion. 
 OUTRA'GIOUS, a. \oxUrai^i.tux, Fr.] violent ; furious ; 
 
 OUT 
 
 turbulent; tumultuous; exceeding reason or decency; enor- 
 mous, atrocious. Johnson thinks this word should be writ- 
 ten (/»/r";5cowi, but says tlie custom is otherwise. 
 
 OUTRA'GIOUSLY,nr/. in a violent, furious, or boisterous 
 manner. 
 
 OUTRA'GIOUSNESS, J. fury; violence ; raging disor- 
 der and inhumanity. 
 
 To OUTRE'ACII, V. a. to reach beyond. 
 
 To OUTIU'OE, V. a. to leave bciiiiid in riding. 
 
 OU'TRlGliT, {out fit) ml. innnediately, or wiifiout delay ; 
 entirely ; romplelely. 
 
 OUTRODE, s. excursion. "Tiiat they might make 
 
 oiilviidcs upon the ways of Judea." 1 Maccabees. 
 
 To OUTRO'OT, t'. a. to root out. 
 
 To OUTRU'N, r. «. to leave behind in running. Figu- 
 ratively, to exceed. 
 
 ToOUTSA'IL,i'. n. to sail faster. 
 
 OUTSCAPE, .«. power of escaping. " It past our powers 
 to lift aside a log so vast, as barr'd all ovtsrane." Chapman. 
 
 To OUTSCO RN, V. a, to bear down witn scorn ; to de- 
 spise or slight- 
 To OUTSEL, V. a. to sell for more than another ; to get 
 a higher price. 
 
 To OUTSIll'NE, V. n.to excel in lustre ; to emit lustre. 
 
 To OUTSIIO'OT, V. a. to exceed iu shooting; to shoot 
 beyond. 
 
 ■OUTSIDE, s. the surface, or that part which is exposed 
 to sight ; the extreme part, or that w liich is farthest from 
 the middle; external appearance. 'J'he part not within or 
 inclosed, opposed to ))i.viV/f. Synox. Ontiidc, is the external 
 part of a thing; unpeuratui, tlic effect produced by, or the 
 "dca we form of, tlie viewof that thing. 
 
 To OUTSIT, i>. a. to sit bcvond lime. 
 
 To OUTSLEEP, J'. «. to sleep beyond. 
 
 To OUTSPE'AK, {outspech) 11. 0. to speak somewhat be- 
 yond : to exceed. 
 
 To OUTSPO'RT, V. a. to sport beyond. 
 
 To OUTSPRE'AD, {outsprid) v. a. to extend, or spread 
 out. 
 
 To OUTSTA'ND, v. a. to support or resist ; to stand 
 oeyond the proper time. Neuterly, to protuberate ; to be 
 prominent. 
 
 To OUTSTA'RE, v. a. to vanquish or exceed in staring. 
 
 O'UTSTREET, *. a street in the extrcmitiesof a town. 
 
 To OUTSTRETCH, r. o. to extend or spread out. 
 
 To OUTSTRIP, f. n. [derived by Skinner from out, and 
 sprilzci), to spout, Teut. but Johnson suggests that it might 
 have been originally ovt-irip, the s being afterwards inserted | 
 to go faster or beyond another. 
 
 To OUTSWEE'TEN, v. «. to spoil by excess of sweetness. 
 
 To OUTSWE'AB, (ontsiah-e) v. a, to overpower by 
 swearing.' 
 
 To OUT-TONGUE, {oxU-tung) v. a. to bear down by 
 noise. '■ 
 
 To OUT-TALK, {out-tm'dk) v. a. to exceed in talking. 
 
 To OUTVA'LUE, v. a. to surpass in value. 
 
 To OUTVE'NOM,!.. «. to exceeil in poison. 
 
 To OUTVI'E, v.a. to exceed or surpass. 
 
 To OUTVI'LLAIN, v. to exceed in villanv. 
 
 To OUTVOICE, V. a. to exceed in strength of voice or 
 clamour. 
 
 To OUTVOTE, f. n. to exceed in number of voters. 
 
 To OUTWA'LK, {onln-aulk) r. «. to walk faster. 
 OUTWA'LL, {ontu-aidl) s. the outward part or wall of a 
 building ; external appearance. 
 
 O'UTWARD, a. [«(«•«(>•(/, Sax.] on the surface ; exposed 
 to the sight, opposed to inward. Foreign, opposed to 'tv 
 tesline. Tending to the outparts. 
 O'UTWARD, *. external form. 
 
 OUTWARD, or 0'U1'^VARDS, ad. to foreign parts. 
 " Ontuard bound." To the outer parts. 
 
 O UT\VARDLY, nd. externally, evidently. In appei.r 
 aiice only. 
 
 C63
 
 OXF 
 
 o y E 
 
 To OUTWE'AR, (nntu-arc) v. a. to pass tediously. To last 
 loiiffer than sometliiiig else. 
 
 To OUTWEIGH, (o»^irtv/)r. a. to exceed iinvei^'lit, vuhsc, 
 /ir importance. 
 
 To OUTWIT, V. a. to cheat or deceive with superior 
 riMininij. 
 
 OUTWORK, s. that part of a fortification which is near- 
 est the enemy. 
 
 OUrWORN, part, consumed or destroyed by use. 
 
 OUTWROUGHT, {oiUi-U) part, exceeding "in efficacy 
 or art. 
 
 To OUTWORTH. v. a. to exceed in value. 
 
 To OWE, (o) V. a. [egg, aa, I owe, or I ought, Isl.] to be in- 
 debted, or obliged to pay ; to be obliged to as a cause or 
 benefactor ; to derive from a cause. 
 
 OWYHEE, the easternmost and hirge.st of the Sand- 
 wich Islands. Its greatest length is 85 miles, and its breadth 
 7'2. Part of the coast presents a very dreary prosi^cct to the 
 spectator ; the whole country appearing to have u:idergo!ic 
 a total change from the effects of some dreadful convulsion. 
 The soil, however, in many places, is exceedingly fertile ; 
 and where that is the case the inhabitants have not neglected 
 to lay it out in plantations. There are supposed to be about 
 150,000 inhabitants on this island. It was here, on Feb. 14, 
 1779, that the celebrated captain Cook fell a sacrifice to a 
 sudden impulse of revenge in the natives, with whom he 
 unfortunately had a misunderstanding or dispute. Lat. of 
 the eastern extremity, 19. 28. N. Ion. 15G. o. W. 
 
 O'WINCi, (oing) part, following as a consequence ; due 
 as a debt or duty ; nnputablc to as the agent. 
 
 OWL, or OWLET, (the o;;- )iron. as in !!oir)s. [u!e, Sax.] 
 a bird, remarkable for hiding itself all day, appearing at 
 night, and catching mice. 
 
 O'WLEH, s. a smuggler. Also a provincial name for the 
 common alder. 
 
 OWN, (oil) s. [agm, Sax. cggcv, Belg.] this word is ge- 
 nerally addetl to the pronouns possessive, my, t/u/, /lis, unr, 
 your, their, ■Aw\ implies projicrty. Sometimes it implies ac- 
 tion, to distinguish it from that of any other, and sometimes 
 is used by way of opposition, for something peculiar to a 
 pcr-on : as, it is his own, not yours. 
 
 To OWN. {oii) V. (I. to acknowledge ; to confess to be 
 one's property, or performance ; to possess, claim, or hold 
 by right. To confess, opposed to deny. To avow. 
 
 OWNER, {itiur) s. one to whom any thing belongs ; right- 
 ful possessor ; master. 
 
 OWNERStPiP, {bnersliip)s. a lawful possession 
 
 OWRE; J. [lovw, Lat.] a buflalo. 
 
 OX, s. plural cxeii ; [o.r«, Sax. ere, Dan.] the general 
 name for black cattle; projierly a castrated bull. 'I'hcre 
 are some wild oxen in rokuu!, as aUo in lord Tankerville's 
 park at Chiliingham, near Berwick upon Tweed. It is re- 
 maikab'.e, that when any one of them happens to be 
 wounded, or is grown weak through age or sickness, tlie 
 rest of the herd gore it to death. 
 
 O'XALATES, s. in chymistry, sa.ts formed by the coni- 
 binalion of any base with the oxalic acid. 
 
 OXA'LIC, n. in chymistry, belonging to sorrel. The 
 oxalic acid is found in the juice of sorrel in combination with 
 potash. 
 
 O'XEYE, s. in botaiiy, a species of the chrysanthemum of 
 LinnaDus; the grcalerdaisy. The common oxeye isa species 
 of chamomile. 
 
 ()'XF1.,Y, s. aflv troublesome to oxen. 
 
 OXFORD, I he'capitai of Oxfordshire, is seated at the 
 confluence of the Thames and Cheiwell, on an eminence 
 almost surrounded by meadows, except on the E. side. The 
 whole town, with the suburbs, is of a circular form, S miles 
 in circumference. It consists chiefly of two spacious streets, 
 which cross each other in the middle of the town. The 
 university is said to have been founded by Alfred, but is 
 generally supjioscd to have been a'seminary of learning be- 
 fore liistime, although it owed its revival and consequence 
 to his nbcral patronage, receiving from him grants of many 
 
 privileges and large revenues. About the middle of the 
 V2\U century, public lectures on the civil law were read 
 here not more than ten years after a copy of JustiHiau'K 
 Institutes had been found in Italy. In the reign of Henry 
 HI. there were said to be 1 5, ooo" scholars, if they deserx'e 
 that name, the sole object with many being only to read and 
 write, while the greatest number attained to neither, and 
 the most learned acquired only bad Latin and logic. Here 
 are 20 colleges, and 5 halls, several of which stand in the 
 streets, and give the city an air of magnificence, which re- 
 mind the traveller of the antient cities of Greece and 
 Rome. It is thought, that there is not such anoll.cr sjroup 
 of buildings, nor such another university, at this day, in the 
 world. The colleges arc provided with sutlicient revenues 
 for the maintenance of a master, fellows, and students. In 
 the balls, the students live, citiur wholly, or in i)art, at 
 theirownexpense. Among the libraries in the universitv, 
 the most distinguished is the Bodleian, founded by Thomas 
 Rodley ; those of All Souls College, Christ Church, Queen's 
 IN'ew College, St. John's, E.xeter, and Corpus Chrisli. 
 Among other public buildings, are the Tlieatre, the Asii- 
 moleaii Museum, the Clarendon Printing-House, the Rad- 
 clirte Infirmary, and a fine observatory. It is 20 milt- < S. W. 
 of Buckingham, 40 S. W. of Bedford', and 58 W. by N. of 
 London. Lat..51.45. N Ion. 1.10. W. 
 
 O'XFORDSHIRE, a county of England, 47 miles in 
 length, and 29 in breadth, bounded on the E. bv Bucking- 
 hamshire, on theW^. by Gloucestershire, on the ^. by Berk- 
 shire, and on the N. by Warwickshire and Northampton- 
 shire. It is divided into 14 hundreds, which contain one 
 city, 12 luarket-towiis, 280 parishes, 451 villages, 19,000 
 houses, and about 114,000 inhabitants. The air is sweet, 
 ruild, pleasant, and healthy, forwiiich reason it contains se- 
 veral gentlemen's seats; and the soil, thougii various, is fer- 
 tile in corn and grass, and the hills are shaded with woods. 
 It is also an agreeable sporting country, there being abun- 
 dance of game. 
 
 O'XCiANG, s. twenty acres of land. 
 
 O'XIDE, s. in chymistry, any substance co.mbinert with 
 oxygen, in a proportion not sutlicient to produce acidity. 
 
 To O'X.IDIZIO, V. a. in chymistry, to combine o.yygen 
 with a body withoutproducing acidity. 
 
 O'XIDIZEMENT, s. in chymistiy, the operation by 
 which any substance is combined with oxygen, in a degree 
 not sutlicient to produce acidity. 
 
 O'XLIP, s. the same with cowslip. 
 
 OXSTATL, {n:ist(iiin) s. a stand for oxen. 
 
 O'XTONGUE, jf. in botany, a genus of plants, nf which 
 two are British species, viz. the yellow succory, and com- 
 mon oxtongue. 
 
 O'XYCilATE, J. I^from ox;/s, sliarp, and heraiiiimni, to 
 mix, (ir.]a mixture of wafcraud viuegiir. 
 
 0'XY(iEN, 4'. in chymistry, a simple substance, com 
 posing the greatest part of water and [lart of atniosphcrie 
 air. 
 
 O'XYGENIZAL'LE, o. in chymistiT, that will combine 
 with oxygen,' and does not emit flame during the com 
 bination. 
 
 To O'XY'GIjNIZE, v. h. in chymiatiy, to acidify a sub- 
 stance bv oxygen. 
 
 O'XYGENiZEMENT, s. in chymistrj, the prodiiclior 
 of acidity by oxygen. 
 
 O'XYMEL, s. [from o.rijs, sharp, and mcli, honey, Gr.] 
 a mixture of vinegar and honey. 
 
 OXYMORON, s. [from oxi/s, sharp, and moros, foolisli 
 Gr.]a figure iniiictoric, in which an epithet of a contiai^ 
 signification is added, as, " Pni/i/li/ pleasure." 
 
 OXYRRHO'DINE, s. [fromori/s, sharp, and roiion, rose, 
 Gr.]a mixture of two parts of oil of roses with one of vinegar 
 ot roses. 
 
 O'YER, i. [old Fr. to hear] in law, heard ; thus a court 
 of oyer and terminer, is a place where causes are heard and 
 determined. 
 
 O'YES, s, \oyez, Fr. hear ye] a word used and repeated
 
 PAC 
 
 FAD 
 
 tliree limes by a public crycr in a court of justice, and in 
 delivrriijir ii jiroclniiiatioii, lo ilcnr.inil silence. 
 
 O'VS'lT.K, s. [rrstvi; Bcli;.] a slull-liiii liaviiis two sliells. 
 
 OYSTKiaVKNCll, or <.>'V.STRil\VOMAN, s. a woman, 
 wlio sells ojslers. Fijjuralively, a low, mean, and vul<;ar 
 Muinan. 
 
 OZ.li'NA, J. [from ozo, to stink, Cr.] insiirscry, is a foul 
 and nialiijnant ulcer of the nose, distinyuislied bv its stench, 
 and often accompanied with a caries of the bone.- of the 
 nose. 
 
 07n:U, *. See Osier. 
 
 PIS the liftccnth letter, and eleventh consonant of onr 
 alphabet, an(i ;s formed by a slight compression of the 
 anterior part of the lips, nsjiiilt, put, pot, and has nearly the 
 sound of i. When /' sliinds before s or /, its sound is lost ; 
 as in psiihiis, pfeiido-prDphels, Pliilemtj, ptisnii, cve. When it 
 stands before li, it linslhe sound of/'; as in physic, phi toso- 
 pht'i; p/io!-jihufiis, n\\(\ inmost oilier woids ; but in p/ithisic, 
 and soiiie Greek words, the ph is not i)r(.'nonnced. Used as 
 a numeral letter, it stood for 400, but with a dash on the top, 
 thus, p, for 100,000. Among medical writers it stands for 
 piis^il, or the eighth part of a handful, in Italian music it 
 stands for j".iho, or soft, and shews that the force of the 
 voice or inslrument is to bo lessened. P 1' implies;i!n;)inHu, 
 more soft, and 1' P V jiiaitissimo, the softest possible. P. RJ. 
 Ill astronomy, stands iDr post tnciiilicm, or afternoon. 
 
 PA'BULAll, a. [from p:il)iilnm, food for cattle, Lat.j af- 
 fording aliment or provender. 
 
 PAlU'LA'l'lON, s. [from 7)aJ"/'o», food for cattle, Lat.] 
 the act of t'eeding or procuring; provender. 
 
 P.VBULOUS, «. ffrom pohuluw, food for cattle, Lat.J af- 
 fording aliment or provender. 
 
 PA'iiULUM, s. [Lai.] ainons physicians, such parts of 
 our common food as are necessary to recruit the animal 
 fluids; as also any matter that constitutes the cause of a 
 disease. 
 
 PACA'TION, i. [from ;)rtf», to appease, Lat.J appeasing, 
 paGifyins, or assnagiuf;. 
 
 PACE, s. \p((s, Fr. I a step or single motion of the foot in 
 walkinjj. 'j'lie gait or manner of walking. Degree of 
 quickness ; hence, to lieep pace with, is to equal a person 
 either in walking or riding. A measure of five feet. In 
 the manage, it is of three kinds, viz. walk, trot, and gallop ; 
 to which may be added an amble. 
 
 To PACE, I'. Ji. to move on slowly. To move. Applied 
 to horses, to nit>ve by raising the feet on the same side to- 
 gether. Actively, to measure by steps. 
 
 PA'CED, a. having a particular gait or manner of 
 walking. 
 
 PA'CER, s. a horse that raises the two legs on the same 
 side together 
 
 PACl TIC, «. [paci/ifjue. Ft. from pax, peace, and facio, 
 to make, Lat.] mild ; making peace ; gentle; appeasing. 
 
 PACU-'ICA'TION, J. [Fr. from pax, peace, am\ fucio, to 
 make, Lat.J the act ot making peace. The act of ap- 
 peasing. 
 
 PACIFICATOR, s. [pacificatenr, Fr. from pcuc, peace, and 
 facio, to make, Lat.] a peace-maker. 
 
 PACIFICATORY.o. tending to make peace. 
 
 PACIFIC OCEAN, otherwise called the South Sea, lies 
 I)etween Asia and America, and is upwards of lo,000 miles 
 in breadtli. It had its name from the moderate weather 
 the first mariners who sailed in it met with between the 
 tropics. 
 
 PA'CIFIER, s. one who appeases. 
 
 To PA'CIFY, V. a. [from pax, peace, and ,'"rtP!o, to make, 
 Lat.] to reconcile, appease, or o.niet an augrv person. 
 
 PACK, J. [Belg. and Teut.] a large bundle of any thing 
 prepared for carriage. A bnrden or load. A certain num- 
 ber uf cards, generally 52. A number of hounds bunting 
 
 together. A number of persons united in some bad design. 
 Any greatnuniberor (pianlily. 
 
 'I'o PACK, )'. n. [pnr/tiiri, 15clg ] to bin(i up for carriage; 
 to dispatch in haste, used with '■iff ; to sort cards inicpii- 
 tously. Neuterly, to tie up gooil^ ; to remove in liastc ; lo 
 associate in I>ad designs. 
 
 PA'CKCLOTIL s. \pachleetl, Belg.] a cloth in which goods 
 are bundled or tied up. 
 
 PA'CK I'll, *. one w ho packs goods. 
 
 PA'CKET, s. \pitcipiet, Fr.J a small pack ; a mail of 
 letters. A vessel that carries a mail. A small bundle, as 
 of a mountebank's medicines. 
 
 To PA'CKET, v. a. to bind up in parcels. 
 
 PA'CKHORSE, J. a horse employed in carrying burdens 
 of goods. 
 
 PAT.KSADDLR, i. a saddle on which burdens are laid. 
 
 PACKTHREAD, (.pach thread) s. strong thread used in 
 packing or tying up parcels. 
 
 PA'CKWAX, s. the strong oponeuroscs on the sides of 
 the neck in brutes. 
 
 PACO, «. in zoology, a species of camel sheep in South 
 America, which has an exceedingly line fleece. 
 
 PACT, s. \pactum, from privs;v, to strike a bargain, Lat.J 
 a contract, l)aigain, or covenant. 
 
 PACTITIOLJS, {pnctishiaits) a. [pnitin, from fango, to 
 strike a bargain, Lat.| settled upon condition. 
 
 PAD, s. \paud. Sax.] the road ; a foot path. An easy- 
 paced horse. A robber on foot. A soft saddle; inoperly 
 a saddle or bolster stulfed will: straw. A kind of bolster 
 used by crooked people to conceal their deformity. 
 
 To PAD, V. n. to travel gently To rob on foot. To 
 make a way smooth and level. Tv conceal any deformity 
 with a kind of bolster. 
 
 PA'DA R, s. grouts ; coarse flour. 
 
 PA'DDEIl, s. one who robs on foot. 
 
 To PADDLE, V. n. Ipaioniiler, Fr.] to row ; lo.beat the 
 water as with oars ; to play with, or in the water. To 
 finger. 
 
 PA'DDLK, s. \pattle, Brit.] a short oar used by a single 
 rower in a boiit. Any thing broad like an oar. 
 
 PA'DDLER, s. one tiiat paddies. 
 
 PA'DDLE-STAFF, i. a slatl' headed with broad iron. 
 
 PA'DDOCK, s. [p((d(l:; j)i-lg. pad.i, 8ax.] a great frog, 
 or toad. A small inclosure, corrupted from pm-k, parrnck, 
 paddock. 
 
 PA DE'LION, *. [pas de lion, lion's foot, Fr. j a herb. 
 
 PA'DERBORN, a bishopric in Wc?t jthalia. It is bounded 
 by the county of Lippe on the N. and by the duchy of 
 Westphalia, and the principality of Waldcck on the S. In 
 the middle of it are high mountains, containiirg iron mines; 
 but the rest of the country is fertile in corn and pasture. 
 It is most remarkable for its bacon, or hams, and venison. 
 
 PA'DERBORN, a considerable city of Westphalia, 
 capital of a bishopric of the same name, and formerly one 
 of the Hans Towns. The rivulet Pader rises here under 
 the high altar of the cathedral. It is a celebrated university, 
 and is 37 miles S.W. of Minden, and 13. E. S. E.of Munster. 
 Lat. 51. 46. N. ion. 8. 66. E. 
 
 PA'DLOCK, f. [padde, Belg.] a lock hung on a staple to 
 fasten ?. door, box, &e. 
 
 PA'DOWPIPE, s. lion's foot, a herb. 
 
 PA'DSTOW, a town in Cornwall, is a place of some trade 
 to Ireland, Bristol, and London. The harbour is capable 
 of containing vessels of 500 tons at high water, but is of 
 dangerous access without a skilful pilot, being rocky on the 
 E. side, and barred with sea sand on the \V. The chief 
 business here, and along tl;is coast, next to the trade in 
 slate-tiles, is fishing for herrings which come up the channel 
 n October. It is 26 miles S. S. W. of Launceston, and 243 
 \V. by S..^f London. Market on Saturday. 
 
 PA'DUA, an anticnt, large and celebrated city of Italy, 
 with an university. It is capital of the Paduano, but is 
 much less considerable than it was formerly ; for great part
 
 P AI 
 
 PAL 
 
 of the circuit wilhiu tlic walls is unbuilt, and the town in ge- 
 neral so tliinly inlmbiled, that grass is seen in many places, 
 ill the iuterstices of the stones with which the streets a.e 
 paved. The liouses are built on piazzas, which, when the 
 town was well ii-.habited, and in a flourishing state, may 
 havc.had a uiaguilieent appearance; but they now rather 
 yive il a uioie gloomy air. The hall of the town-house is 
 (ineof l!ie largest in Europe, and contains the cenotaph of 
 Livy, tile historian, who was a native of Padua. The uni- 
 versity, formerly so celebrated, is now, like every thing 
 else in this city, on the decline. Here is a cloth manufac- 
 tory ; and it is said that the inhabitants of Venice wear no 
 other ciotli than what is made here. The city, however, 
 swarms with l)eg;;ars, who do not ask charity in the name of 
 God, but in the name of St. Antonio. Padua is seated on 
 the rivers Brenta and Bachiglione, in a fine plain; and is 
 about 7 miles in circumference, 22 miles W. of Venice. Lat. 
 45. 22. N. Ion. 12. 1. E. 
 
 PADUA'NO, a small province of Italy, in the territory of 
 Venice, bounded on the E. by the Dogado, on the S. by the 
 Polesino di Rovigc, on the \V. by the Veronese, and on the 
 N. by the Vicentino. Its soil is well watered, and is one of 
 the most fertile in Italy, being about 40 miles in length, and 
 "io in breadth. Pafliui is the capital town. 
 
 P^^L'AN, s. [from the songs sung to Preau or Apollo, be- 
 ginning with lo Paan] asoug of triumph. 
 
 P.'EDO-BA'PTIS.M^ s. [from mis, a cliild, and baptismos, 
 baptism, Gr.] infant baptism. Paido-baptists are those who 
 maintain that baptism should be administered to infants. 
 
 PAGAN, a. [from pn^its, Lat. a village ; the villages 
 continuing hcatlion after the cities were Christian] idola- 
 trous ; heatheuisli. 
 
 PA'GAX, s. a heathen. 
 
 PA'GANISM,.'. \/>nnanis7>ie,Fr.] heathenism. 
 
 PAGE, i. [i>"gr, I'r.Jone side of the leaf of a book. A 
 youth attending on a great person. 
 
 To PAGE, V. (I. to mark the pages of a book with figures. 
 To attend as a )>agc. 
 
 PA'GEANT, «. a statue in a public show. Any show or 
 spectacle of eulertainnienl. 
 
 PA'GEANT, n. showy ; pompous; gaudy. 
 
 To PA'GEANT, v. a. to exhibit in show ; to represent. 
 
 PAGEANTRY, s. pomp ; show. 
 
 PA'GINAL, «.[fioin paifina, Lat.] consisting of pages. 
 
 PA'GOD, s. an Indian idol, or temple. 
 
 PAID, preter. and part. pass, of Pay. 
 
 PAI'GLE, i. a name for the cowslip. 
 
 PAIL, I. Ipuliii, Span.] a vessel in which milk or water 
 is carried. 
 
 PAILFUL, s. the (piantity that a pail v ill hold. 
 
 PAIN, s. [from poena, punishment, Lat.] punishment 
 threatened. A sensation of uneasiness. Uneasiness, ap- 
 plied lo the mind. In the plural, labour; task. The 
 throes of child-birth. 
 
 ToPAIN, f. <J. to make uneasy. Used with the recipro- 
 cal pionoun, to labour hard, or to hurt in making an 
 eflbrt. 
 
 PAINFUL, «. miserable ; afflictive ; causing an uneasy 
 Bensation ; ditiieult ; laborious; industrious. 
 
 P.'M'NFULLV, u'?. with great pain, afliiction labour or 
 oiVigence, 
 
 PAI'NFUt.N ESS, ». affliction, sorrow, grief; industry. 
 
 PAI'NIM, s.\riiijen, Yy.'\ an infidel ; a pagan. 
 
 PAl'NLM, a. pagan ; heathenish. 
 
 PAl'NLESS, a. without i>ain. 
 
 PAINSTA'KLR, s. a laborious person. 
 
 PAINSTA'KING, a. labouring hard and diligently. 
 
 PAI'NSWICK, a town of Gloucestershire, has a manufac- 
 ture of white cloths for the army, and for the India and Tur- 
 key trade ; and hence is brought a stone, remarkable f'li its 
 beauty and neatness, for the pavement of Hoors. It is 7 
 niilcsS. E. of (iloucester, and loi W. by N. of London. 
 Market on Tuesday. 
 
 To PAINT, f. fl. [pdtidre, Fr.J to represent in colours. 
 
 To cover with colours. Figuratively, to describe ; to colour, 
 or diversify. Ncuterly, to lay colours on the face. 
 
 PAINT, s. colours used in representing likenesses. 
 
 PAI'NTER, s. [pcintre, Fr.] one who professes the art of 
 lepresenting things in colours. 
 
 PAI'NTING, s. the art of representing things in colours, 
 A picture. Colours laid nn. 
 
 PAI'NTURE, i. [peintme, Fr.] the art of painting. A 
 French word. 
 
 PAIR, J. [nniVe, Fr.] two things suiting one another. A 
 man and wife. Two of a sort. Two similar parts joined 
 together, and composing one thing. "A pan- of bel- 
 lows." 
 
 To PAIR, v. n. to be joined in parts. To suit or resem- 
 ble. Actively, to join in couples ; to unite as correspon- 
 dent or opposite. 
 
 PAISLEY, a large manufacturing town of Scotland, in 
 the county of Renfrew, which had formerly a celebrated 
 abbey. It is seated on the river White-Cart, three miles 
 ffom Renfrew, and six from Glasgow. The principal ma- 
 uufactnics are silk and thread gauze. 
 
 PA'LACE, s. [palais, yr.pahtium, Lat.] a house in which 
 a great person resides. A splendid house. 
 
 PALA'CIOUS, a. royal ; noble; magnificent. 
 
 PALA'NQUIN.i. a kind of covered carriage, used by 
 persons of distinction, and supported on the shoulders of 
 slaves, in the East. 
 I iPA'LATABLE, a. agreeable to the taste. 
 
 PA 'LATE, s. [palatum, Lat.] the upper part or roof of 
 the mouth. The organ of taste. In botany, the inner part 
 of the mouth of a gaping blossom. 
 
 PA'LATIC, a. belonging to the palate. 
 
 PALATINATE, a considerable provinceof Germany, di- 
 vided into the Upper and Lower. The Upper Palatinate is 
 also called the Palatinate of Bavaria ; see Bavaria. And 
 the Lower, or Palatinate of the Rhine, is (or lately was) an 
 electorate. It is bounded on the N. by the archbishoprics of 
 Mentz and Triers, on the E. by the circles of Franconia and 
 Suabia, and on the W. and S. by Alsatia. It is about 100 
 miles in length, and 70 in breadth, and consists of 13 baili- 
 wicks. The revenue of the elector is about 30O,O()0A'. a 
 year, and in the time of peace he maintains a body of about 
 6000 men. 
 
 PA'LATINE, s. [paktin, Fr.] one invested with royal 
 rights and privileges. 
 
 PA'LATINE, a. possessing royal privileges. 
 
 PALE, a. [pale,Fr.pnlli(lits, Lat.] of a white colour; not 
 high coloured ; of a faint lustre; dim. 
 
 To PALE, I', a. to make whitish or pale. • 
 
 PALE, s. [va/ii.i, Lat.] a narrow piece of wood joined 
 above and below to a cross beam, to inclose grounds. Any 
 inclosurc, ordi^trict. In heraldrv, a stake placed upright 
 from the top of the chief to the point. 
 
 To PALE IN, r. a. to inclose with pales. To encom- 
 pass. 
 
 PA'LED, a. in botany, applied to such flowers as have 
 leaves surrounding a bead or thrum; as the marigold. 
 
 PALE-EVEn, «. having dim eyes. 
 
 PALE-FA'CED, a. having the face whitish, or witliout 
 any ruddy colour. 
 
 i'A'LELV, ad. wanly, iiotruddily. 
 
 PA'LI!.N ESS, s. waiit of colour ; want of lustre. 
 
 PA'LENDAIl, s. a coasting vessel. Not in use. 
 
 PA'LEOUS, a.\{rom palea, chatt', Lat.] husky ; chaffy. 
 
 PALERMO, an antient, rich, and beautiful city of Sicily, 
 in the Val-diMazara ; situated near the extremity of a kiiiil 
 of natural amphitheatre, formed by high and rocky moun- 
 tains ; but the country that lies between the city and these 
 mountains, is one of the richest and most pleasant spots in 
 the world ; the whole appearing a magnificent garden, filled 
 w ith fruit trees of every species, and wat('rcd by clear foun- 
 tains and rivulets, that form a variety of windings through 
 this charming plain. From the singularity of this situation, 
 at McUasfiom the richness of the soil, Palermo has had
 
 PAL 
 
 PAL 
 
 many flattering epithets bestowed upon it, particularly by 
 the poets, who iiave denoniiiiated it the Conca d'Oro, the 
 CJoldeii Sliell, wliicli is at once expressive both of its situa- 
 tion and richness. It has likewise been styled Aurea Valle, 
 HortusSiciliie, (Vc. The inh;>l)ilanls ofl'aiermoare estimat- 
 ed by lii vdonc at 160,000. Two jjreat streets intersect each 
 otiier in the centre of I lie city, where they form a handsome 
 square, called the Ottangolo, adorned with elegant uniform 
 buildings. From the centre of this square is seen the 
 whole of these noble streets, and the four great gates of the 
 city which terminate them. About a mile from Palermo 
 is a celebrated convent of Capuchins, in which is a vault 
 made use of as a receptacle for the d«<td. It consists of four 
 wide passages, each ahout 40 feet in length, into which the 
 linht is admitted by windows at the ends. Along the sides 
 of these are niches, in which the bodies are set upright, 
 clothed in coarse garments, with their heads, arms, and feet 
 bare. 'J'iiey are prepared for this situation by broiling 
 them 6 or 7 months upou a grid-iron, over a slow lire, till 
 all the fat and moisture are consumed. The skin, which 
 looks like pale-coloured leather, remains entire, and the 
 character of the countenance is in some degree preserved. 
 Palermo is seated on the N. side of the island, at the bot- 
 tom of the gulf of the same name, 110 miles W. of Messina 
 162 S. by W. of Naples, and 235 S. by E. of Home. Lat. 38. 
 15.N. lon.l3. 23. E. 
 
 PALESTRICAL, a. [from pal<estra, a place for wrestling, 
 Lat. J of or belonging to wrestling.' 
 
 PA'LESTINE, a country of Turkey in Asia, so called 
 from the Philistines, who inhabited its sea-coast. It is also 
 called Judea, from the patriarch Judah ; the land of Ca- 
 naan, and the Promised Land. From its having heen the 
 scene of the birth, ministry, and death of Jesus, it has su- 
 perstitiously been denominated the Holy Land. It is 
 divided from Syria on the N. by Mount Lihanus, or Le- 
 banon ; from Arabia Deseria on the E. by the mountains 
 of Seir; and it has the deserts of Arabia Petrasa on the S. 
 and the Mediterranean on the W. It is, in general, a fertile 
 country, abounding, where cultivated, with corn, wine, and 
 oil; and it might su|)ply the neighbouring country with all 
 these, as it antiently did, were the present inhabitants 
 equally industrious. The parts about Jerusaleii!, its ca- 
 pital, are the most mountainous ;:nd rocky ; but they feci 
 numerous herds and flocks, and yield plenty of honey, 
 with excellent wine and oil ; and the valleys produce larg; 
 ciops of corn. 
 
 PALEITK, s. fFr.] a light board, with a hole, through 
 which the thumb passes, used by a limner to place his 
 colours on. 
 
 PA'LFREY, (paulfrei/) s. [palff'iiii, Brit.] a small horse 
 used by ladies ; a state horse with trapi ings. 
 
 PA'LINDROME, s. [from palm, again, and dromos, a 
 course, Gr.l a word or sentence that reads the same back- 
 wards as forwards ; as maJnm. 
 
 PALINGENE'SIA, s. [from palin, again, and f^enesis, a 
 generation, Gr.J among divines, signifies the same as re- 
 generation. Also, the migration of the soul of a defunct 
 into another body. 
 
 PALINODE, PA'LINODY, s. [from palin, again, and 
 ede, a song, Gr.] a recantation. 
 
 PALISADE, PALISA'DO, s. [palisade, Ft. palisado. 
 Span.] pales set by way of inelosure or defence. 
 
 PA LISH, a. somewhat pale or wan. 
 
 PALh,{paull) s.\pallium, Lat.] a cloak, or mantle of state. 
 An episcopal vestment, of white woollen cloth, about the 
 breadth of r border, made round and thrown over the 
 shoulders, shorn from two lambs offered by the nuns of St. 
 Agnes on the day of her feast. A covering of black velvet, 
 sometimes edged with white silk, thrown over a cotfiu when 
 carried to interment. 
 
 To PALL, (paiill) V. a. to cloak or jnvest. 
 
 To PALL, (panll) V. n. [pallii, Brit, or from pale] to grow 
 vapid or tasteless. Actively, to make insipid or vapid ; to 
 ikmp or dispirit. To impair or weaken. Toclov. 
 
 it 
 
 PALLAT)IUM, a. a security or safeguard. In antiqinfy 
 a statue of the goddess Pallas, preserved in Troy, whereon 
 the fate of the city is said to have de|)ended. 
 
 PA'LLET, s. [from paille, straw, Fr.] a small or mean licrl. 
 A small measure, formerly used by chirurgcons, froni/ia/c/fr, 
 Fr. In heraldry, a little post. 
 
 To PA'LLIATI^, t'. a. [from palliam, a cloak, Lat. J to 
 cloak, cover, or extenuate any crimt by excuses or favour- 
 able representations ; to ease without radical cure. 
 
 PA'LLIATION, s. [palliaticm, Yi.\ the act of covering or 
 extenuating a crime. An imperfect and tamporary cure. 
 
 PA'LLIATIVE, a. [paUintif, I'r.j extenuating by excuses 
 and favourable representations. 
 
 PA'LLIATIVE, s. something that extenuates a crime or 
 alleviates pain. 
 
 PA'LLID, o. \pallidus, Lat.] pale ; wan ; not high co- 
 loured. This adjective is seldom used of the face. 
 
 PALLI'LOGY, i. [from palin, again, and loi^os, a dis 
 course, Gr.] a figure hi rhetoric, in w hich the same word ". 
 repeated. 
 
 PALL-MALL, (pel-mell) s. [from pila, a ball, and 
 malleus, a mallet, Lat. p/iille vuiiUe, Fr. See Mall, and 
 MELL]a play in which a ball is struck through an iron ring 
 with a mallet. 
 
 PALM, s.^palmn, Lat. J a tree whose branches are worn 
 in token of victory. 'Jlie hand spread out, or the inside of 
 the hand. In measure, three inches. 
 
 To PALM, V. a. to conceal in the palm. To impose on, 
 used with vpo7t. To hiiii(lie. To stroke with the hand. 
 
 PA'LMER, s. a pilgrim, so called from the custom of 
 bearing brunches of pahn by those who had visited the lk.lv 
 Land. A crown encircling a deer's head. 
 
 PA'LMKRWOIIM, s. a worm covered with hair, sup. 
 posed to be so called because he wandeiS over all plants. 
 
 PALME'lTO, s. a palm-tree, with the leaves of which 
 women's hats are made. 
 
 PALMIFEllOUS, «. [from palina, a. palm, and /«■«, to 
 bear, Lat.] bearing palms. 
 
 PA'LMIPEDE, a. [irom palma, a palm, and pes, a foot, 
 Lat.J web-footed ; having the toes joined by a membrane. 
 
 PA'LMISTER, s. [See Palmistry] one who professes 
 palmistry. 
 
 PA'LMISTRY, i. I from palma, a palm, Lat.] the cheat of 
 telling fortunes by the lines of the palms. 
 
 PALM-SUNDAY, sAhe Sunday next before Easter ; so 
 called from palm-branches being strewed on the road by the 
 multitude when our Saviour made his triumphal entry into 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 PA'LMY, a. bearing palms. 
 
 PA'LMYHA, formerly, a magnificent city of Asia, in the 
 deserts of Arabia, of which Zenobia was queen, who held 
 it out a long time against the Romans, but was at length 
 taken captive, and led in triumph through the streets of 
 Rome. The stupendous ruins of this city were visited by 
 Wood and Dawkins, in 1751 ; and a splendid account of them 
 published, illustrated by plates, in 1763. This place is likewise 
 called Tadmor in the Desert. This place, called by the 
 Arabs, Tadmor in the Desert, appears to have been built 
 originally by Solomon, but the architecture of its admiretl 
 remains is probably Cjrecian, coeval with the time of the 
 Seleucida;. The present inhabitants, consisting of 30 or 
 40familes, have erected their mud cottages within the spa- 
 cious court of a magnificent temple of the sun. Palmyra 
 is situated in the midst of a large sandy plain, surrounded 
 on three sides by a long chain of mountains, 90 miles E. of 
 Damascus. Lat. 33. 20. N. Ion. 38. 60. E. 
 
 PALPABI'LITY, s. the quality of being perceivable to 
 the touch. 
 
 PA'LPABLE, «. |Fr. from palpo, to stroke with the hand, 
 Lat.] to be perceived by the touch. Gross; coarse; 
 easily detected. Plain or easily perceived. 
 
 PA'LPABLENESS, s. the quality of being perceived ny 
 the toucii. Grossoess, plainness. 
 
 657
 
 PAN 
 
 PA N 
 
 PA'LPABLY.orf. in sutlia manner as to be perteiveU by 
 
 the toiicli. Grosslv, plainlv. 
 
 PALPATION, i. [from' pnlpo, to stroke with the band, 
 Lat.J tlieact ofTi-eliiig. ' 
 
 ToPA'LPITATK, f. a.\palpito, Lat.] to beat like tbe 
 lieart ; to Hutter. 
 
 PALPITATION, s. [pnlpiuiiim, Fr.] tiit increased mo- 
 tion of the liearf, occasioned by f'rif,dit or disorder. 
 
 PA'LSGRAVE, (iMu/xgran:) s. [pallsp-af, Teut.J a count 
 or earl who has the superintendence of a pritice's palace, 
 
 PA'LSI KD, (paithied) a. afflicted with the palsy. 
 
 PA'LSY, (pinky) s. [imrnlijsis, from pnmh/o, to relax, Gr. 
 whence pamli/si/, piil/isi/, and pah-i/,] a disease, wherein tlie 
 body orsome'of its paifs lose their motion, and sometimes 
 their sensation. 
 
 To V.\'LTi:R,'(p,htln-r) V. n. [from pultron, Fr.] to 
 prevaricate; to shiftor tlodge. Actively, to squander ; to 
 trifle. 
 
 PA'LTERER, {panlttrei-) s. an insincere dealer ; a 
 shifter. 
 
 PA'LTRINESS, (pauhriness) s. meanness. 
 
 PA'LTRY,</)««/r)7/) «. [from po'tnm, Fr. a cheat] sorry ; 
 worthless; contemntible ; mean. 
 
 PA'LY.fl. pale. L'sed only in poetry. 
 
 PAM, s. [perhaps from pidmu, Lat. victory, as trump is 
 from triumph] the knave of clubs. 
 
 To PA'MPER, )■. «. Iptimberafe, Ital.J to fill with food, 
 or feed luxuriously ; to glut. 
 
 PA'MPHLET,V/)bwi//(0 s. I written by Caxton pniw/ief, 
 from pin- mi filet, Fr. by a thread] a small book not bound, 
 only stitched. 
 
 To PA'M PIILET, )'. ft. to write small books or pamphlets. 
 
 PAMPHLETR'Ell, s. a scribbler of small books. 
 
 PAN, s. [;</"«», Teut.] an earlheu vessel bioad and hoi. 
 low. The part of a mm lock that holds the p^w<ler. Any 
 hollow or cavity. "The brain ;)«»." In the heacben my- 
 tholoi:;v, the god of shepherds. 
 
 PA'NA'CEA, s. [from ;>«», all, and ahieomai, to cuie, Gr.] 
 an universal medicuie . 
 
 PaNA'DA, or PANA'DO, s. [panade, Fr.J food made 
 by boiling bread till it is in a manner dissolved in water. 
 
 P.^NAMA, a rich and haudsume town of S. America, 
 capital of an audience of the same name, with elegant 
 public buildings. The merchandise of Chili an'l Prru is 
 brought to this place particularly the gold and silver, and 
 the commodities brought from Europe. The ships unload 
 ata small island, .3 miles from this place, because the water 
 is so shalldw it will not admit the i lo come nearer. Old 
 Panama was burnt bv Iknry Morj'an, a buccaneer, and iho 
 present town is t miles distant from it, and has a more 
 advantageoussiluation. It stands on a bay of tiie same name 
 Lat. g. 48. .N. Ion. ISO. 1.5. W. 
 
 P.ANARY, II. in clivmistrv, belonging lo bread. 
 
 PA'NCAKE, s. a kinid of cake or puilding made in a fry- 
 ingpan. 
 
 PANCIIRESTA, (p<mircstn)s. [froni;w», all, and e/wfs/o*, 
 useful, Gr.J medicines that are supposed efficacious in all 
 diseases. 
 
 PANCHA'TICAL, a. [from pri", all, and hntM, to over- 
 come, Cir.] very strong, or excelling in all gymnastic 
 exercises. 
 
 PA'NCREAS, s. [from van, all, and h-eas, flesh, Gr.] the 
 
 Cart called the sweetbread ; a conglomerate gland, situated 
 et«<-en the bottom of the stomach and the vertebrie of 
 the' loins, ami allbrding a juice of great service in assisting 
 digestion. 
 PANt'REATIC, a. belonging to the pancreas. 
 P.VNDECT, s. [pnwkcta, Lat.] a treatise that compre- 
 hends tlie whole of any science. A digest of civil law, 
 
 PANDE'.MIC, a. [from pa;i,all, and demos, the people, 
 Gr.] incident to a whole people. 
 
 PA'NDEK, t. [from I'aniUmn, the pimp in the story of 
 Troiltiit dnA Cressiih, and should be written Pawlnr] a pimp, 
 a male bawd, or man that procures prostitutes ior another. 
 
 008 
 
 piece written in 
 
 To PA'NDER, v. a, to pimp. To be subservient lo lu.it « 
 passion. 
 
 PA'KDERLY, lid. pimping; pimplike, 
 
 PANUICULA'TION, *. [from pimdieulur, to yawn, I-at.J 
 the restlessness, stretching, and uneasiness, usually accom- 
 panying the cold tits of an intermitting fever. 
 
 PANE, s.lpaneau, Fr.] a square piece of glass; apiece 
 mixed in variegated works with other pieces. 
 
 PANEGY'RIC, s. \miiigijrique, Fr.] a piec 
 praise of a person or thing. 
 
 PANEGY'RIC, or PANEGY'RICAL, a. praising ; in the 
 nature of a panegyric. 
 
 PANEG Y'RIST, s. \i»ni!:ijriste, Fr.] one that writes praise ; 
 an encomiast. 
 
 PA'NEL, s. l^panellum, Lat. pav.eau, Fr.] a square or piece 
 of any matter inserted among others. A square piece in a 
 wainscot. In law, it signifies a schedule, or small roll of 
 parchment, containing the name of the jurors returned by 
 the slicriii to pass upon a trial ; so that the impannelling a 
 jury is no more than the sheriff's entering them upon a pan- 
 nel or roll. 
 
 P.\N( j, .t. [peine, Fr.,] excessive pain ; a sudden pain or 
 torture ; throes in child-bearing. 
 
 To PANG, »'. a. to torment cruelly. 
 
 P.\NGOLIN, s, in zoology, an animal of the mams 
 tribe. 
 
 PA'NIC, a, [from Pan, who is supposed to occasioH 
 groun<lless fear] violent without reason, applied to fear. 
 
 PA'iS'iCGixASS, «. in botany, the panicum ofLinuaiUs; 
 the great loose cocksfoot, and creeping panicgrass, are the 
 British species. 
 
 PA'NICLE, s. \panicula, Lat.] in botany, an assemblage 
 of flowers growing without any very regular order, upon 
 fruitstalks that are variously subdivided ; as ni the oats. It is 
 saiti to be spreading, when the partial fruitstalks diverge and 
 stand wide asunder, as in the common and reed meadow- 
 jrrass ; compact, when they stand near together, ns in the 
 sheep's fescue and purple hairgia^s A pnnicled biine/t, 
 is an assemblage of flowers partaking of the pioperties of a 
 panicle and a bunch, as in the golden rod. A vanicled 
 spihv, is an assemblage of flowers partaking of tiie pro- 
 perties of a panicle and a spike; in the wall fescufc 
 and the manured canary-grass, in which the collection 
 of florets resemble a spike in their general appearance, 
 but the Horets are furiii&lsed with fruitstalks shorter than 
 themselves. 
 
 PA'NNADE, .'. the prancing of a high-bred horse. 
 
 PA'NNEL, s. Ipailneel, Belg. pniuaii, Fr.J a kind ol 
 clumsy saddle. In falconry, the stomach of a tiawk, 
 
 PA'NNIER, s. [p/tiiicr, Fr.J a basket or wicker vessci 
 hung on the side of a horse. 
 
 PA'NOPL\', s. [from pan, all, and oplon, a weapon, Gr.j 
 complete armour. 
 
 PANSY, or P.'VNCY, s. a flower, heart's ease. 
 
 To PANT, V. n. \paiitelcr, old Fr.J to fetch the breath 
 short, when frightened or out of breath. To jday with iu 
 termission, applied to th.e wind. 'J'o wish or long for, 
 
 PANT, s. the palpitation of the heart, 
 
 P.\NTALOO'N, s. [pnntatou, Fr.J a man's garment, iu 
 which the breeches and stockings are all of a piece, 
 
 PANTIlEOLOGY.i. [from »rt»,ull, and M<;o/o^a, divinity, 
 Gr.J the w hole sum or body of ilivinity. 
 
 PANTHEON,*. [frompnHall, and theos, a god, Gr.] a 
 temple at Rome dedicated to all the gods. 
 
 PANTHER, «. [Gr.J in zoology an animal which bears 
 a near resemblance to the leopard but is superior iu 
 size* 
 
 PANTILE, s. a gutter tile, 
 
 PA'NTiNGLY, <id. with a palpitation; breathing short, 
 
 PA'NTLILR, s. Ipiwitier, Fr.J a person who keeps the 
 bread in a great family. 
 
 PA'NTOFLE,*. [p'intoufle, Fr.J a slipper. 
 
 PA'NTOMIMi'^, *. [Fr. pan all, and minuomai, to imitate,
 
 PAR 
 
 PAR 
 
 Gr.j one who can express liis nieaiiiii? by mute aclioos. 
 A farce consisting in gesture and dumb snow. A mimic. 
 
 PA'NTON, t. a slioe made to recover a narrow and hoof- 
 bound heel. 
 
 PA'NTRY, *. \paneteric, Fr.] the room in which victuals 
 are kept. 
 
 PAP, s. Ipappe, Belj;. ;)"/)", Ital. jmjnUa, Lat.l t\ie nip- 
 ple of a breast. Food made for iiifiints of bread boiled in 
 milk or water. The pulp of fruit. 
 
 PAPA', s. \h?A.pappat, Gr.] a name of fondness used by a 
 child to its father. 
 
 PA'PACY, s. [from pnpn, the pope, Lat.j liie office or 
 dignity of a pope. 
 
 PA'PAL, a. [pifxd, Fr.] l)clon;,'in|i; to the pope. 
 
 PAPA'VEROUS, a. [from pnpaocv, a poppy, Lat.] belong- 
 ing to, or resembling poppies. 
 
 PA PER, s. [paptjrus, Lat. papier, Fr.] the reed jf the 
 Nile, on which they wrote before tlic invention of paper; 
 a substance on which we write or print, nnule of linen rags 
 cround, macerated in water, and formed into thin sheets 
 by means of a sieve. A piece of paper. A single sheet 
 printed or written, usually applied to journals, or essays 
 published in single sheets. 
 
 PA'PER,ff. any thing slight or thin ; made of paper. 
 
 To PATER, v'.n. to cover or wrap in paper. To register. 
 
 PATERMAKER, s. one who makes paper. 
 
 PAPE'SCENT, B. tending towards or resembling pap. 
 
 PAPI'LIO, s. [Lat.] a moth of various colours, by some 
 called a butterfly. 
 
 PAPILIONACEOUS, a. [from papilio, a butterfly, Lat.] 
 in botany, applied to such tlowers as represent a butterfly, 
 with its wings expanded, as in the pea, broom, gorze, 
 &c. 
 
 PATILLARY, PATILLOUS, n. [^from papilla, a pap, 
 Lat.] having emulgent vessels resembling paps. 
 
 P.4TIST, s. [papiste, Fr.\ one lliat lullieres to the com- 
 munion of the pope and church of Rome. 
 
 PAPrSTICAL, a. popish ; adhering to the pope. 
 
 PA'PISTRY, J. popery; the doctrine of tlie church of 
 Rome. 
 
 PATPOUS, a. [from pappus, down, Lat.] in botany, 
 applied to seeds covered with a light thin down, as in tlie 
 dandelion, thistl«, Sec. 
 
 PATPY, n. soft; juicy. Easily divided. 
 
 PAPULO'SIT^', f. [from pappus, down, Lat.] fulness of 
 blisters or pimples. 
 
 PAR, I. [Lat.J the state of equality, or equal value. 
 
 PA'RABLE, s. [from parahalh, to compare, Gr.] a simili- 
 tude; a fable or story made use of to convey some important 
 truth, and originally borrowed from the hieroglyphic 
 characters. 
 
 PARATJOLA, s. [Lat.] in geometryj a conic section arising 
 from a cone's being cut by a plane parallel to one of its 
 sides. 
 
 PARABOLIC, or PARABOLICAL, a. [paraholique, Fr.] 
 expressed in parables, or by a simihtude. In geometry, 
 having the form or properties of a parabola. 
 
 PARABO'LICALLY, ad. bv way of parable, or simili- 
 tude. In the form of a parabola. 
 
 PARA'BOLISiVI, s. in algebra, is the division of the 
 terms of an equation, by a known quantity that is involved 
 or multiplied in the first tertn. 
 
 PARABOLOID, s. [from faraboie, a parabola, and eidos, 
 form, Gr.Ja paraboliform curve in geometry, v,l:ose ordiuates 
 are supposed to be in subtriplicate, siibquadruplicate, &c. 
 ratio ot their respective abscissre!; there is another species; 
 for if you suppose the parameter, multiplied into the square 
 of the abscissa, to be equal to the cube of the ordinate, 
 then the curve is called a semicubical paralchid. Harris. 
 
 PARACENTE'SIS, s. [from para) with and lienieo, to 
 prick, Gr.J in surgery, an operation for the dropsy, called 
 lapping. 
 
 PARACETSTRIC, PARACENTRICAL, a. [from para, 
 
 from, and kentron, the centre, Gr.] deviating from thfi 
 centre. 
 
 PARACLETE, s. [from pantknUo, to comfort, Gr. ] an 
 advocate, or comforter; generally applied to the third 
 person in the Holy Trinity. 
 
 PARADE, s. [Fr.] an ostentatious show or display. Mi- 
 litary order. A place where troops are drawn up for duty. 
 A guard, or a posture of defence. • 
 
 PA'RADIGiNI, s. [from paradilmymi, to shew near at Iiand, 
 Gr.] an example. 
 
 PA'RADISE, s. the garden of bliss in which our first 
 parents were placed. Any place which afiords exquisite 
 happiness. 
 
 PARADISl'ACAL, a. suiting, resembling, or forming pa- 
 radise. 
 
 PA'RADOX, s.^paradoxe, Fr. from pnrii, from or contrary, 
 and dnxis, teaching, Gr.] a tenet contrary to a received 
 opinion, and which at first appears absurd, but is actually 
 true. 
 
 PARADOXICAL, a. of the nature of a paradox. 
 
 PARADOXICALLY, nrf. after the manner ofa paradox. 
 
 PARADOXO'LOGY, ^. [from /wrnrfaroi, a paradox and 
 li'go, to speak, Gr.] speaking in iniradoxrs. 
 
 PAR.-\(H)'G1% s. [from pamgn, to prolong, Gr.] a figure 
 whereby a syllable or letter is added to the end ofa word; 
 as, vast, vasthi 
 
 PAlL^VGOX, s. [parnpfiiie, Ifal. ] a model ; pattern ; some- 
 thing superlatively excellent ; fellow, e(nial. 
 
 To PA'R AGON, ti. a. to compare ;' to equal. 
 
 PA'RAGRAPH, {pnragrof) s. [from para, from, and grapho, 
 to write, Gr.]a distuict part ofa discourse. In printing, a 
 mark used to signify the beginning of some otlier subject, 
 and formed thus 5. 
 
 PARAGRA PIIICALLY, {paragrdfically) ad. with distinct 
 breaks or sentences. 
 
 PAR.\GUAY, a large country of S. America, bounded ok 
 the N. by Amazonia, on the E. by Brasil, on the S. by 
 Patagonia, and on the W. by Chili and Peru. It contains 
 6 provinces ; namely, Paraguay Proper, Parana, Guaria, 
 Uraguay, Tucuinan, and La Plata, from which the whole 
 country is also called La Plata. It has numerous lakes and 
 rivers. Of the latter, the 3 principal are the Paraguay, 
 Uraguay, and Parana, the united streams of which form tlie 
 celebrated Rio-de-la-Plata. These rivers annually overflow 
 their banks; and, on their recess, leave them enriched by a 
 slime, that renders the soil extremely fertile. This vast 
 country is far from being wholly subdued, or planted by 
 the Spaniards; many parts being still unknown to them, 
 as well as to every other European nation. The principid 
 province of which we have any knowledge is that which is 
 called La Plata, toward the mouth of the river of that name. 
 This province, with all the adjacent parts, is one continued 
 plain for several hundred miles ; extremely fertile, and 
 producing cotton in great abundance, tobacco, and the 
 valuable herb called Paraguay, which is peculiar to this 
 country, and the infusion of which is drunk in all the Spanish 
 provinces ofS. America, instead of tea. They have also a 
 variety of fruits, and very rich pastures; but the country 
 has but few woods or forests. 1 he air is remarkably sweet 
 and serene. The Spaniards discovered this country, by 
 sailing up the llio-de-la-Plata in 151,5, and founded thetown 
 of Buenos Ayres, on the S. side of the river. In 1680 tlie 
 Jesuits were admitted info these fertile regions, where they 
 afterward founded, at the commencement of the I'tii 
 century, and with the permission of Philip III. the famous 
 missions of Paraguay ; which were a number of colonies, 
 each governed by two Jesuits, one of whom was rector, and 
 the other his curate. They ur.dertook not only to make 
 proselytes to the church, but to open a new source of wealth 
 to the mother country. To this end they represented, that 
 they ought to be independent of the Spanish governors ; 
 and that as the vices of the Europeans might contaminate 
 their new converts, and destroy the great objects of the 
 
 G59
 
 PAR 
 
 PAR 
 
 iTiisiions, no oflirr Spaiiiards should he perniiltcd to enter 
 the cniuilry. To lliesc terms tlie court iigreed ; they con. 
 senting to a certain capitation tax on the natives, and to 
 some otlier stipulations in favour of the ciown. In process 
 of tiuie, the Jesuits, by the most \vonderful adOiess and 
 persi.verins patience, and williout tlie 'east degree of force, 
 acquired the most al)solute dominion, both ecclesiastical 
 and civil, over the natives, whom tiiey even instructed in 
 military discipline. The tirst of tht missionaries, zealous 
 and pious men, underuent the greatest hardships; and 
 many of them were killed by the suspicious Indians, 
 before they could allure their conhdence, and convince 
 them that they wished only to'do them good. In 1757, tiie 
 kins of Spain cxchaii;jed the colonies on tlie E. shore of the 
 river Uraguay for the l'ortu;.;uese colony of St. Sacrament, 
 which caused that river to become the boinidary of the 
 resfiective possessions of the t«o crowns. This produced 
 an insurrection ot the Indians, who were defeated by the 
 Spanish governor, with the loss of -2000 of them killed. In 
 1767, the court expelled the Jesuits from S. America, and 
 the natives, in course, were put upon the same tooting 
 with the other Indians of the Spanish part of that vast 
 continent. 
 
 PARALIPSIS, s, [from pamlciplio, to pass over. Or.] a 
 Ijgure in rhetoric, wherein that thing is let pass, which never- 
 theless is intended to be iunisted on at large. 
 
 PARALLACTIC, PARALLA'CTICAL, a. belonging to 
 a parallax. 
 
 PA'RALLAX, s. [from paritlhillo, to differ, Gr.jvvith 
 astronomers, is of several knids. Diurnal purallax, is the 
 difference between the true place of a celestial body as 
 seen from the earth's centre, and its apparent one as seen 
 from her surface. It is greatest of all in the horizon, and 
 then called the horizontal parallux ; but it decreases gra- 
 dually as the body ascends above the horizon, called Us 
 parallax in altitude, till it vanishes in the zenith. The 
 parallax of a star in a vertical circle changes its place with 
 regard to the other circles of the sphere, and makes its 
 visible longitude, latitude, and right ascension, diflerent 
 from the true ones ; and hence arise what is termed 
 parallax in hrlitiide, loii^-ittalc'fir right ascetision. The diurnal 
 parallax always makes the object to appear lower than its 
 true place ; and according to the number of times (he 
 planet or star's distance from the eartli is increased, so many 
 times less will be the parallactic angle, The/M)«//«x of l/ie 
 grand orb, or the annual parallax, called by Ptolemy prosta- 
 p/iaresism-bit, and hy Copernicus, comnmtation, is the angle 
 under which the semidiameter of the earth's orbit appears, 
 when viewed from a superior planet or star. 
 
 PARALLEL, a. [from paralklos, equidistant, Gr.] ex- 
 tended in the same direction; preserving always the same 
 distance. Having the same tendency ; continuing the re- 
 semblance through several particulars ; like 
 
 PARALLELS, s. lines continuing their course, and 
 -equally distant from each other. Lhies on the globe, w hich 
 distinguish the latitude. Direction conformable to that of 
 another line. Resemblance : likeness. A compariso!). Any 
 thing resembling another. 
 
 To PA'RA LLEL, v. a. to place so as to keep the same 
 direction with, or be at the same distance from, another 
 line. To correspond to. To compare. To bear resem- 
 blance to. 
 
 PARALLELISM, <. the state of being parallel. 
 
 PARALLE'LOGRAM, s. [paralklos-, eqni-distant, and 
 gramma, a hgure, Gr.J in geometry, a right-lined quadilateral 
 ligure, whose opposite sides are parallel and equal. 
 
 P,j\RALLELOGRA'MICAL, a. having the properties of 
 a parallelogram. 
 
 PARALLELOPiFEDON. *. l.-^-ihlompede, Fr.1 a 
 solid figure contained under six parallelograms, whose op- 
 posite sides are equal and parallel. 
 
 PARALOGISM, s. [from para, from or contrary, and 
 • lego, to speak, Gr.] a false argument. 
 
 6CU 
 
 PA'RALOGY, i. [from para, from or contrary, and Ugo, • 
 to speak, Gr.J a false reasoning. 
 
 PARALYSIS, s. [from prrraii/o, to relax, Gr.J the palsv. 
 
 PAUALV'TIC, or PARALYTICAL, a. [from /j«ru/yo, 
 to relax, Gr.] affected with the palsy. 
 
 PARAMARIBO, the principal town and seat of govern- 
 ment in the province of Surinam, in South America. Ii is 
 a very flourishing and lively place, abounding in every 
 thing which can indicate wealth. The town is very ex 
 tensive and remarkably clean, and the houses, which aie 
 about 14,UU0 in number, are extremely well built. Rows of 
 orange trees, lemon, &c. are planted in the streets at the 
 dislauceof tenortwelve feet from the houses, whicii in liie 
 moulhsofWav and June,diffuse a most delicious fragrance, 
 L-it.5. 48. N. ion. 55. 11. W. 
 
 PARA'METEH, s. a constant right line in each of the 
 three conic sections, called likewise tlie /«(»* redum. 
 
 PARAMOUNT, «. [parmmnu, ol(l Fr.] having the chief, 
 or liiijhest authority. Eminent, or of the highest order. 
 
 PAH AMOUNT, i. the chief, supreme, lor<l. 
 
 PA'RAMOUR, s. [par and amour, Fr.] a lover ; a 
 mistress. 
 
 PA'RANYMPH, (parani/ynf) s. [from para, with, and 
 inpnp/ie, the biide, Gr.] a hrideman. One that countenances 
 another. 
 
 PA'RAPEGM, >. [from parapignymi, to fix, Gr.] a brazen 
 table fixed to a pillar, on wliich laws and proclamations, the 
 rising and setting of stars, and other astronomical observa- 
 tions, were forraerlv engraven. 
 
 PA'llAPET,*. [Fr,] a wall, breast high. 
 ' PARAPHERNALIA, imraf.ru,:lia) i. [Lat. from para, 
 over, and p/i«"f, <•■ dower, Gr.] goods in the w ife's disjiosal. 
 
 PARaPHIMO SIS, (parafimusii) s. [from para, niuth, and 
 phimoo, to bind, Gr.] a disease wherein the prepuce cannot 
 be drawn over the glans. 
 
 PARAPHRASE, (parafi-nze) s. [from para, about, and 
 phrazo, to speak, Gr.]' a' loose inlerprctation, wherein 
 more regard is had to an author's meaning than his 
 words. 
 
 To P,\RAPHRASE,('/)(;rrtp/i)nre) K. n. [from para, about, 
 ami phrazo, to speak, Gr.J to interpret freely, so as to give 
 the sense ofa passage, butnotthe meaning of every word. 
 
 PA'RAPHKAST, (parafrast) s. [from para, atouf, and 
 phriizo, to speak, Gr.]a lax interpreter; one «lio expound* 
 in many words, 
 
 PA RAPH RA'STIC, PaRAPHR A'STICAL, a. explained 
 in a free or loose manner ; not literal. 
 
 PARA PHRENI'TIS, {parafrenitis) s. [a secondary phren- 
 zy, Gr.] an iidlamniation of the diaphragm, accompanied 
 with a violent fever and great pain in expiration. 
 
 PARAPLEGIA, s. | from para, much, ami pUtso, to 
 strike, Gr.] a palsy whicli seizes all parts of the body, except 
 the head. 
 
 PA'RASAXG, s. a Persian measure of length. 
 
 PARASIOPE'SIS, s. [from para, much, and liopao, to 
 bo silent, Gr.] a figure in rhetoric, which signifies keeping 
 silence. 
 
 PA'RASITE, s. [Fr. from parasitos, an attendant upon 
 the priests, Gr,] a term of reproach used for a flatterer or 
 mean dependant. 
 
 PARASITIC, or PARASITICAL, a. [from parasitos, an 
 attendant upon the priests, Gr.] flattering or wheedling. 
 In botany, applied to those vegetables that do not take root 
 in the earth, but grow upon otlier plants or trees ; tlius tho 
 niisletoe is found to grow upon the apple-tree, the pear, the 
 lime, the elm, the poplar, the hawthorn, and the buckthorn, 
 but never upon the ground. 
 
 PARASOL, J. [Fr. from earn, from, Gr. and sol, the sun, 
 Lal.|H small canopy or umbrella, used lo defend the head 
 from the heat of the sun. 
 
 P.ARASYNE'XIS, s. [from pnrasynago, to gather to- 
 getlier, (}r.| in the civil law, a conventicle, or unlawful 
 meeting.
 
 P A U 
 
 PARATHE'SIS, s. [fmm vm-a, willi, atul litlicmi, to put, 
 (ir.]-a fit;uto in Kiamrnar, uliorc two or more siilistautives 
 are |>ul in llie same case. In riieloi ie, a small iiitit ola tliiiifj. 
 In piintins, ll>e matter tontaincd williin two crolcliels, 
 luarked tliiis [ ]. 
 
 'Fo I'A'ltBOIL, )'. n. [pnrhomlliir, Fr. or from part-buil] to 
 hair boil. 
 
 'i'.i I'A'HRREAK, v. v.\h>rch); Bel>(.] fo vomit. 
 
 P.V'ilC.li, s. [Lat.] Ilie iioclieal fates iii ideslinips, (lan^li- 
 ♦ers of I'.relnis and Ni>\': they are tlitvp in nnndier, vi/. 
 Clotlin, Lacliesis, anfl .Mropos ; \\liereof llie first holds tlic 
 dihtatf, the second draws the thread of luunan life, and the 
 last cnts it oft". 
 
 I'A'HClvL, ^. \p'i>-cHlle, Fr.Ja small bnndle. A part taken 
 separately. A ([iiantity or jnass. A number of persons or 
 tilings, nsed in tonleinpt. 
 
 To I'.V'ltCl'LL, !■. «. to divide info separate portions. To 
 n:aUc np nilo a mass. 
 
 PA'KCIvNER, s. in law, applied to a man's sisters or 
 daujjhters who become possessed as.joint-tenanisor co-heirs 
 ofa man's estate, by hlsdvin^ without issue male. 
 
 I'A'UCEN'ERY, .«. holding or occupying of lands by joint 
 tcnauls, oliierwise called coi)arceners. 
 
 To FAllCII, V. a. to scorch or burn slightly. To dry up, 
 Ncutoily, tol)p scorched or dried. 
 
 PA'KCHMF.NT, s. \jm>r/amiu, Fr. po-fnmena, Lat. be- 
 cause invented at Pcr^'amus] sheepskins dressed for 
 wyitiiifr, 
 
 FAllCITY, i. [/i.'OTi.'M, f,at.]frusa!itv : sparingoess. 
 
 I'All U, FA'UDALR, *. [pmilus.panluUs, Lat.Jthe leopard ; 
 ill poetry, any spotted brast. 
 
 'roFA'lllJON, 1'. n. [p'lrdonner.Tr.l to excuse an ofleil- 
 der, forfilve a crime, or remit a penalty. Pardon me, is a 
 phmse of civil denial, or slinbt apology. 
 
 PA'IIUON, s. [pnrilov, Fr.] the act of f\irgiving an of- 
 fender a crime, or of remillinjf a petrally. Forgiveness re- 
 ceived ; exemption from forgiveness. 
 
 rATxDONABLR, «. excusable, ven'al. 
 
 PA'HDONABLENIvSS, s. the quality of being possible 
 to be forgiven, venialness. 
 
 P.ATiDONABLY, ad. in such a manner as may be for- 
 given ; \euially. 
 
 I^\'RD0NEK, J. onewlio forgives. One of the fellows 
 that carried about the pope's indulitencies, and sold them to 
 such as woukl buy them, aganist \\!iom Luther incensed the 
 people of Germany, 
 
 "To PAPiE, I', n. to cut ofl' the outward coat or surface; to 
 to cut ofrestremitics bv little and little. 
 
 PAKE'CBASIS,*. [Gr.] in rhetoric, the exaggeration of 
 a crime. 
 
 P.MlEGO'PiIC, a. [from p^reo-oreo, to mitigate, Gr.] 
 liavi«g the power, in medicine, to comfort, mollify, or 
 assuage 
 
 P.^ilR'NCHYMA, (pm-eiih/ma) s. [from pmenchjn, to 
 pour forth, Gr.] a 'spongy or pory substance ; a part through 
 which llie blood is strained for its better fermentation and 
 perfection. 
 
 PARENE'SIS, i. [from paraineo, to admonish, Gr.] per- 
 suasion. 
 
 P.A'RF.NT, s. [piiiriis, from pario, to bring forth, Lat.] a 
 fi'her or mother. 
 
 PA'REKTAGE, s. [piirentage, Fr.j 'extraction ; birth; 
 condition with respect to rank pf'parents. 
 
 PARE'NTAL, ". becoming or belonging to parents. 
 
 PAREN'TA'TION.s. f y'nxH/o, to perform rights in honour 
 of the dead, Lat.] something done or said in honour of the 
 dead. 
 
 PARF.'NTHESIS, s. [from pnra, over, en, in, and tithemi, 
 to put, Gr. 1 in grammar, a sentence which may be left out 
 without spoiling the sense of the period ; in printing, marked 
 thus ( ). 
 
 P/UIRNTHE'TICAL, n. pertaining to a parenthesis. 
 
 PARE'NTrCTDE, s. [from pnnns, a (larent, and caifo, to 
 kill, Lat.] the killing a father or mother. 
 
 PAR 
 
 PA'RER, s. an instrument used to cut away the surfece. 
 
 PA'RER(iY, I. [t\on\ proii, over, aiul tcffcm, work, Gr.J 
 something unimportant or done bv the bye. 
 
 PARGET, 3. a plaisfer laid oii the roof or ceiling of a 
 room. 
 
 To PA'RGF.T, V. a. to cover with plaistcr. 
 
 PARIIF/LION, .?. [from ;)i7)«, near, and helios, the sun, 
 Gr.] a mock sun. 
 
 I'A'P. Fl'/l" A L, a. [from paries, a wall, Lat.] constitutinfj tlie 
 sides or walls. 
 
 PARING, s. the rind, or that which is pared off any 
 thing. 
 
 PATiIS, the capital of F'rance, one of the largest, hnest, 
 and most pojiulons cities of I'>urope. The river Seine, which 
 crosses it, fonnsSsmall islands, called the island of Lonvieis, 
 the Notre Dame, and the Palace, which last is the antient 
 citv of Paris. The inha!)itants are computed to be 800,000. 
 It IS '2 leagues in dianieler, and G in circumference, includ- 
 ing the suluirbs. It is supposed to contain 87.') streets, and 
 21,000 houses, among which arc many of five, six, and even 
 seven stories. There are nine principal bridges in Paris, 
 two of w hich occupy the whole breadth of the Seine ; name- 
 ly, the Pont Neuf, and the ci-devant Pont Royal. Tho 
 public fountains are very numerous, and on some of them is 
 displayed very elegant sculpture. The public places, 
 s(|u.ires, iVc. are also numerous and elegant, among which 
 may be noticed the Place-de-Lewis XV. of an octagon 
 forin, in which was an equestrian statue, in bronze, of that 
 monarch. This square, lately called the Placc-de la-Revo- 
 lution, was the fatal scene of the execution of the unfortu- 
 nate Lewis XVI. and afterwards of his unhappy consort, 
 Marie Antionelte, the former on the aist of January, and 
 the latter on the Ifitb of October, 1793. The cathedral of 
 Notre-IJamc, a Gothic structure, is one of the largest in Eu 
 rope, and contains 45 chapels. The 4 principal palaces are, 
 the Louvre, the Thuilleries, the Palais-Royal, lately called 
 le Palais d'Egalite, and the Luxemburgh. The Louvre is dis- 
 tinguished into the Old^ind New. The Old Louvre was be- 
 gun by Francis I. in l.V2,s ; and the grand gallery, 1362 feet 
 long, and 30 broad, which joins it to the Thuilleries, was be- 
 gun under Charles IX. aiid finished by Lewis XIV. who 
 likewise built, in lGfi5, the New Louvre. But it is still an un- 
 finished structure. The Thuilleries, begun in 1564 by CiHlia- 
 rine de INIedicis, continued bv Henry IV. and completed by 
 Lewis XIV. takes its name from its situation in a place in 
 wliicli were formerly many tile-kilns (tvi/eries) which, for 
 three orfourcenturics, furnished the greatest part of the files 
 u-ed in Paris. The garden of the Thuilleries, in front of the 
 palace, and on the banks of the Seine, is unquestionably the 
 finest public walk in Paris. The Palais-Royal, in the inte rior,, 
 lias been recently embellished with many beautiful buildings, 
 with shops, cofl'ee-liouscs, and a garden, which render if like 
 a perpetual fair, and one of the most pleasing walks in the 
 citv. The gardens of the palace of Luxemburgh, also form 
 a tine promenade. Before the revolution, Paris was the see 
 of an archbishop, and contained 51 parish churches, 21 pa- 
 rochial, 17 collegiate churches ; among which were 13 chap- 
 ters, 40 chapels, 3 abbeys, 22 priories, and 50 convents for 
 men, ecclesiastical and secular ; 7 abbeys, 6 priories, and 
 53 convents for women: 12 seminaries, and'16 hospitals, C 
 of which were appropriated to deserted children. Paris 
 forms, with a small district round it, one of the departments 
 of France, and is 245 miles S. E. of London, 625 N. \V. of 
 Vienna, and 630 N. E. of Madrid. Lat. 48. 50i. N. Dif. 
 ference oflongitudeof the observatories of Greenwich and 
 Paris, from niany astronomical observations, is 2. 20. the 
 latter being to the East. . 
 
 PA'RISH, s. \paraisse, Fr.j a district belonging to the 
 same church, and under the care of the same priest. 
 
 PA'RISH,n. belonging to, or having the care of, the pa- 
 rish ; maintained bv the \,arish. 
 
 PARI'SHONER," {pcr'uh<^ner) s. \paroissien, Fr.j one (hat 
 
 belongs to a parish 
 
 601
 
 TAR 
 
 PAR 
 
 PA'RITOR, s. a beadie or summoner of the courts of 
 civil law. 
 
 PA'RITY, J. \paritc, Fr.J equality ; likeness. 
 
 PARK, «. [/)ra>r»c, Sax. /wrc, Fi-.J a piece of ground in- 
 closed and stored with beasts of chace. 
 
 To PARK.r. a. to inclose as in a i)ark. 
 
 PARKGATE, asoa-portofChesliire, from whence pack- 
 et-boats regularly sail to Ireland. It is seated on the N. E. 
 coast of the river Dee, 12 miles N. W. of Chester, and 193 
 N. Vt". of IvOiidon. 
 
 PARLE, s. [from jmrhr, Fr.J conversation. The act of 
 treating bv word of mouth. 
 
 To PA'R1-.EY, V. n. I from farhr, Fr.] to treat by word of 
 mouth ; generally used in war of the treaties carried on by 
 enemies during a suspension of arms for that junpose. 
 
 PA'RLEY, s. a treaty carried on by word of mouth. To 
 heat ot sound a parleij, signilies to give the signal for a con- 
 ference, by beat of drum, or sound of trumpet. 
 
 PA'RLIAMEXT, s. [parlement, Fr.] tlie assembly of the 
 king, lords spiritual and temporal, aucl commons, for debat- 
 ing of matters touching the commouwealth, and the making 
 or correction oflavvs. 
 
 PARLIAMENTARY, a. enacted by, suiting, belonging 
 to, or performed by, the parliament. 
 
 PA'RLOUR, J. [parhir, Fr.] in monasteries, a roomwhcrc 
 the religious meet and converse. In houses, a room fur- 
 nished for reception and entertainment. 
 
 PA'RLOUS, fl. [perhaps from parhr, to speak ; but Ju- 
 nius derives it from pcrilons, used in the same sense as the 
 Latin imprulitt] keen ; sprightly ; waggish. " A parlous 
 wit." 
 
 PA'RLOl^S, a. [from pterh'ss\ incomparable ; matchless. 
 
 PA'RLOUSNESS, s. quickness; keenness. 
 
 PA'RIMA, a ci-devant duchv of Italy, which was bound 
 etl on theN. bv thePo; on the N. E. by the Mantuan ; on 
 the E. by the "duchv of Modena; on the S. by Tuscany 
 aud on the W. by the duchy of Placentia. The air is very 
 wholesome, on which account the inhabitants live to a great , 
 age. Tlie soil is very fertile in corn, wine, oil, and hemp ; 
 the pastures feed a great number of cattle, and the cheese 
 was in very high esteem. Here are inconsiderable mines of 
 copper and silver, and plenty of truffles, which many are 
 very fond of. Parma is the capital town. Lat. 44. 43. N. 
 Ion. 10. 2<ii. E. 
 
 PARMA, an antient, rich, populous, and handsome town 
 of Italy, capital of the duchy of the same name, with an 
 nniversity. It has a magnificent cathedral, and tlie largest 
 opera-house in Kuroiie, which has seats for 8000 people. 
 The dome, and the church of St. John, are painted by the 
 famous Corregio, who was a native of this place. The Don 
 Carlos, king of the Two Sicilies, carried away a li])raiy 
 from this place to Naples, which contained 18,000 volumes, 
 and a very valuable cabinet of curiosities, as also the rich 
 collection of medals. It is CO miles SE. of Cremona, and 
 CO SE. of Milan. Lat. 44. 60. N. Ion. 10. 30. E. 
 
 PA'RiMESAN, s. is a name given to a kind of cheese, 
 much esteemed among the Italians, and made at Parmesan, 
 from whence it is sent to various parts of Europe. It is 
 said to be made of skimmed milk. 
 
 PARNA'SSUS, now cajled Parnasso, a famous moun- 
 tain of Turkey in Europe, in Livadia, near the ruins of Del- 
 phos. It has two head's, one of which was forn\erly very 
 famous for being consecrated to Apollo and the Muses, and 
 the other to Bacchus. It is the liighest in Greece, and from 
 the top there is a prospect as far as Corinth. The Turks 
 call it Licaoura. 
 
 PARNA'SSUS, s. See GnAss oi- Parnassus. 
 
 PARO'CIIIAL, {par'uhial) a. \paiocliialis, from parochia, in 
 modern Latin, a parish, in antient Latin, houses and lands 
 given to ol<l captains for tiieir mainlcnaucc, Lat.] belonging 
 to a parish. 
 
 PARODY, s. [prifoclii', Fr. from para, contrary, and ode, 
 asong.tir.J a kind of writing, wherein the words of an au- 
 ihor are applied to another subject ; gcueraliy applied to 
 Cdi 
 
 tlie turning something serious into burlesque ; travesty. 
 Popular maxim; adage. 
 
 To PARODY, r. a. \parodier, Fr.J to apply the words of 
 an author to a different subject, generally in order to cause 
 pleasantry. 
 
 PAIIOE'MIA, «. [from /jarff, near to, and otW, the way, 
 Gr.] a prorerb. In rhetoric, a proverbial manner of 
 speaking. 
 
 PARO'LE, i. [Fr.J a word given by way of assuranoe> 
 A promise given by a prisoner not to go away. 
 
 PARONOMA'SIA, f. [from para, near, and oiioma, a 
 name, Gr.J in rhetoric, a figure « herein words alike in 
 sound, but of a dift'erent sense, are alluded to. 
 
 PARONY'CHIA, {parony'kia) s. [Gr.J a swelling under 
 the root of the nail of a finger; a whitlow ; a felon. 
 
 PARO'NYMOLS, a. [from para, near, and onoma, a 
 name, Gr.J resembling another word. 
 
 PAROQUET, s. [parroqitet, or peiroquet, Fr.] a small 
 parrot. 
 
 PAROTID, n. [from /wrn, near, and ota, the ears, Or.] 
 salivaiT,', so named because near the ears. 
 
 PAllOTIS, f. [from para, near, and ota, the ears, Gr.] a 
 tumor in the glandules behind and about the ears, generally 
 called the emunctories of the brain ; though, indeed, they 
 are the external fountains of the saliva of the mouth. 
 
 PAROXYSM, s. [from para, mucii,and oxijs, acute, Gr.l 
 a severe fit of a disease, in which it grows more violent and 
 dangerous. 
 
 PA'RIUCIDE, s. [Fr. from pater, a father, and cr^do, to 
 kill, Lat. J one who destroys a father. Figuratively, one who 
 invades his country, or one whom he ought particularly to 
 reverence. The murder of a father, or one to whom reve- 
 rence is due, {rom pan-icidiiim. Lat. 
 
 PARRICIDAL, or PARRI3rDI0US. a. [from^ato-, a 
 ■"ather, and ca:do, to kill, Lat.] relating to, or committing par- 
 ieide. 
 
 PARROT, s.[perro(juet, Fr.J in ornithology, a numerous 
 Iribe of birds, many species of which are very beautiful, be- 
 sides attracting attention by the exercise of speech. 
 
 To PA'ilRY, V. n. [parcr, Fr.J to put by thrusts in fenc- 
 ing ; to fence. 
 
 To PARSE, V. a. [from pars, a part, Lat.J in grammar, to 
 resolve a sentence into its different parts of speech. 
 
 PARSIMONIOUS, «. frugal; niggardly; stingy; covet- 
 ous. 
 
 PARSIMONIOUSLY', ad. in a frugal, sparing, or covet- 
 ous manner. 
 
 F^RSIMONJOUSNESS, «. a disposition of sparing or 
 saving 
 
 PARSIMONY, y. [parsimonia, from pareo, to spare, Lat.] 
 frugality ; stinginess ; covetousness. 
 
 PA'RSLEY, s. [ persli, I5rit. pvrsil, Fr.J an herb, princi- 
 pally used witli us in sauces, but supposed to be possessed 
 of diuretic powers in a considerable degree. 
 
 PA'RSLEYPIERT, «. a plant with trailing leafy stems, 
 .iau'gii! leaves divided into three lobes, and small greenish 
 vvliite blossoms; found in corn-fields and dry gravelly soils 
 ill abundance. It flowers in May. 
 
 PARSNIP, or PA'RSN EP, s. a root of a light yellow co- 
 lour. 
 
 PA'RSON, s. [derived either 'from prrsonu, a person or 
 part, because the parson otiiniiim pcrxonain in ecclesiasastiiut, 
 sustained the part of all in the church, or from parochia, a 
 parish, Lat.] a clergyman ; a parish priest. Synon. There 
 arc three ranks of chrni/mcii below that of a dignitary, viz. 
 parson, vicar, and curate. Parson, is the first; meaning a 
 lector, or he who receives the great tythes of a benefice. 
 Clergyman may imply any person ordained to serve at the 
 altar. Parsons are always priests; whereas clergymen are 
 only deacons. 
 
 PA'RSONAGE,*. the benefice of a parish. 
 
 PART. s. \part, Lat.J sonielhing taken from and less 
 than a whole; a portion ; a number. A share or concern. 
 A side or party. In the plural, qualities, power.-<, or i-.u-uU
 
 PAR 
 
 PAS 
 
 lies; regions, districts. Applied to tlie mind, ncconii>lisli- 
 mcnts. 
 
 PART, ltd. partly ; in some rupasme. 
 
 To PART, i;. <:. [purtinr. Lilt. J to divido ; to separate; to 
 keep asunder. Noulcriy, to qnil each otiicr; to taiic leave 
 of; to have share ; logo away. To set oiil, iunn i><irtir, 
 Fr. 
 
 PA'RTARLE, a. capablo ofliiiviMi; its parts soiiarated. 
 
 PA'RTACE, «. FFr.] division ; llie act ot' sharing'. A 
 word merely French. 
 
 To PARTAKE, V. n. prefer. \ pnrtnnh; part, passive, 
 prirfdken ; to share ; to have sonutliiii;;- of the property, na- 
 ture, claim, or right ; to be admitted to ; not to be excluded ; 
 lu combine, or enter intoa design. 
 
 PA RTA'K Kit, s. a sharer in any thing. .'Xn accomplice, 
 associate. 
 
 J'A'RTER, .f. one that separates or divides. 
 
 PARTE'llRE, «. [Fr.J a level division of a garden, gene- 
 rally t'mnished with flowers, iVc. 
 
 PARTIAL, (i>((rslii(il)a. [Fr. from purs, a part or party, 
 Lat.] inclined to favour one side more than anotlier. 
 
 PAR'J'lA'LrrV, {parslnri/lti/) s. [pnrlialUi, Fr.J the act of 
 favouring one partv more than another. 
 
 To P.iRTIAI.rZE, (7«(Jvs/(/«/i:e) I', u. [partiatiser, Fr.] to 
 make a person favour one side more than another. 
 
 P.VRTI ALLY, ( ))«j.$/;in//y) «rf. with favour or dislike to 
 one more than anotlier, 
 
 PARTI BI'LITV, *. divisibility ; separability. 
 
 PARTIBLE, n. \ i'tuni jHiii] capable of separability ; di- 
 visible. 
 
 PARTFCIPi^BLE, o. snch as may be shared among se- 
 veral. 
 
 PARTFCIP.\NT, «. [Fr. from pays, a part, and capio, to 
 take, Lat.l sharin'r ; having a share or part. 
 
 To PARTrC4PATE, v. «. [from pars, a part, and capio, 
 to take, Lat. pnrticijier, Fr.J to enjoy in common with others. 
 To have a part of more things than one ; to receive part or 
 share. 
 
 PARTICIPATION, s. [Fr. from pars, a part, mk\ capio, 
 to take, Lat.] the state of sharin;j or enjoying something in 
 common. Distribution or division into shares. 
 
 P.ARTICITIAL, fl. [from pars, a part, and capio, to take, 
 Lat.l havinsr the nature of a participle. 
 
 PARTICFPI.'XLLY, ad. in the sense or manner of a par- 
 ticiple. 
 
 PA'RTICIPLF, t. [participium, from pars, a part, and 
 enj)io, lotake, Lat.] a word which partakes of the nature 
 both of a verb au<l an adjective, signifying lime and action 
 like the verb, and being declinetl with cases like an adjec- 
 tive. 
 
 PA'RTICLE, s. \particale, Fr. from pars, a part, Lat. | any 
 small'part or portion of a greater substance. In grammar, 
 » word unvaried with cases, whereby the mind signities 
 what connection it gives to several atfirmations and nega- 
 tions, that it unites in one continued reasoning or nega- 
 tion. 
 
 PARTI'CULAR, a. [jMrtieuHcr, Fr.] single, or relating 
 to a single person. Any thing peculiar to, or which distin- 
 guishes a person or thing, 
 
 PARTI'CULAR, J. a single instance or point. An indi- 
 vidual or single person- A minute detail of things ciuime- 
 rated distinctly. Distinct recital. 
 
 PARTICULA'RITV, s. [particuhM, Fr.] the quality 
 which distinguishes a person or thing from others, sometimes 
 including the idea of atlectation. A distinct notice of par- 
 ticular circumstances. 
 
 To PARTI'CULARIZE.D. n.[particuhriser, Fr.Jto men- 
 tion distinctly or minutely. 
 
 PARTICDLARLY, ad. distinctly; singly. Above all 
 ottiors ; in an extraordinary manner or degree. 
 
 P.-\'liTING, s. in chyinistry, the operation of separating 
 pold from silver by means of nitrous acid, and other me- 
 diuma' 
 
 PARTISAN, or PA'PTIZAN, s. \pertmsau, Fr.] a kind 
 
 of pike or halberd. One w ho belongs to a faction ; a com- 
 niandcrof a |)arty detached from the main body upon some 
 sudden excursion. A commander's leading stall". 
 
 PAR'I'lTION, s. [from parii,,, to divide, Lat.] the act of 
 dividing; the state of being divided. .Separation; diviiion; 
 distinction. A i)art divided from the rest. That by which 
 tlift'ercnt parts or chambers are separated. The place or 
 part where separation is made. 
 
 ToPARTI'TION, 1-. a. to divide into distinct parts. 
 
 P.VRTLET, s. a name given to a hen; the original 
 signification being a rutf, or band, or covering for the 
 neck. 
 
 PA'RTLY, ad. in part ; in some measure or degree. 
 
 PATlTNEH, s. one that partakes or enjoys any thing in 
 common with another. One who is joined" in trade with 
 another. One w ho dances with anotlier. 
 
 P.\'RTNERSHIP, s. joint interest or property. The 
 union of persons in the same trade. 
 
 PARTOOK, the preterite ofl'AitTAK e. 
 
 PA'RTRIDCi E, s. [pcrtris, Rrit.] a bii d of game. 
 
 PARTL'RIENT, n. [from parinrio, to bring forth, Lat.] 
 ready or about to bring forth. 
 
 PARTUIU'TION, s. [from ;w)YHnff, to bring forfo, Lat.| 
 the state of being about to briii;^ forth. 
 
 PA'RTY, s.[parti(,l-v.] a number of persons united in 
 one common design. One of two adversaries. .\n accom- 
 plice, or one concerned in an alfair. A cause, or side. A 
 particular person. In war, a detacliment of soldiers. 
 
 PA;RTY-C0L0U red, a. has iug .lilierent colours. 
 
 PARTY-JURY, s. a jury consisting of half foreigners and 
 half natives. ^ 
 
 PA'RTY-i\lAN, s. a factious person, or abettor of a 
 party. 
 
 PA'RTY-V« ALL, a wall that scfarates one house from 
 another. 
 
 PATiVIS, s. [Fr.] a church or chmch-porch, applied to 
 the mootings in the inns of court, anrl also to that disputa- 
 tion in Oxford, called Disuutnlio in pan-is. 
 
 PA'RViTUDE, s. [from pantis, liiile, Lat.] littleness, 
 smallness, minuteness. Not used. 
 
 PA'RV1TY,j. [from parvus, little, Lat.] littleness. Not 
 used. 
 
 PA.S, (j)au) s. [Fr.] precedence; right of going fore- 
 most. 
 
 PA'SCHAL, (/)(w/cn/) w. [from pascha, the passover, Lat.] 
 relating to the Passover or Easter. 
 
 P.\SH, s. \paz, a kiss. Span.] a face. 
 
 To PASH, 1'. a. \perssen, Belg.] to strike ; to crush, 
 
 PA'SQUE-F LOWER, s. the passion-flower. Also a kind 
 of anemone. 
 
 PA'SQUIL, PA'SQUIN, PA'.SQUINADL, ... a mutilated 
 statue at Rome, in a corner of the palace of Ursini. It takes 
 its name from a cobbler of that city called Pasquin, famous 
 for his sneers and gibes on all the people that went through 
 that street. After his death, as they were digging up the 
 pavement before his shop, they found in the earth the sta- 
 tue of an anticnt gladiator, well cut, but maimed and half 
 spoiled. This they set up in the place where it was found, 
 and by common consent named it Pasipii:i. Since that time 
 all satires are attributed to that figure, and are either put 
 into his month, or pasted upon it ; and these are addressed 
 by Pasquin to Marforin, another statue at Rome. When 
 Marforio is attacked, Pasquin conies to his assistance ; and 
 it/a)/ono' assists him in his turn. 
 
 To PASS, t'. V. [passer, Fr.] to move from one place to 
 another. To make way through. To make a transition 
 from one thing to another; used with /Vom. To vanish ; to 
 be lost. To be enacted. To exist. To be eftccted. To 
 be supremely excellent. "Sir Hudibras's posiiMg- worth." 
 Underwood. To be in a tolerable state. To be spent, o< 
 intervene, applied to time. To iiccoine current, appJied to 
 money. In fencing, to thrust or make a push. In gaming, 
 to refuse playing or taking the lead. 2'o pass auay, to be 
 lost, glide ofti or vanish. To transgress, or go beyond any 
 
 603
 
 FAS 
 
 PA r 
 
 limits. Actively, to go beyond. To go llirougli ; as, " tlie 
 liorse ])assal tlie river." To spend ; to live tlirougli ; " I 
 siiotiUI pms mv time extremely ill without him." Collier. 
 To tarry hastily. To traiist'er to another proprietor. To 
 ulter ceremoniously. To put an end to. To surpass ; to 
 excel. To omit, or neglect. To enact a law. To impose 
 fraudulently. To send from one place to another ; us, pass 
 that beggar to his own parish. 7o pass away, to spend, to 
 waste. To pass hi/, to decline punishing ; to excuse, or for- 
 gi\e. Tu pass oi-'rr, to neglect or disregard. 
 
 PASS, s. in war, a narrow entrance or defile. A passage 
 or road. A permission to go or come any where. An or- 
 der by which vagrants are sent to their proper parish. In 
 fencing, a push or thrust. 
 
 FA'isSABLl", a. [piisiible, Fr.J that may be passed or tra- 
 velled ; ■ capable of being admitted. Indiflercut, thoiigh 
 not perfect. 
 
 PASSA'DO, s. [Ital. | a push or thrust. 
 
 PA'SSAGE, .«. [ptisst(s;e, Fr.J tlie act or state of a person 
 travelling. A roait. Liberty of going iu or coming out. 
 Entrance or admission to the mind. An occurrence. An 
 unsettled state. An incident. Management ; conduct. A 
 single sentence or paragraph in a book. 
 
 FASSAU', the bishopric of, a territory of Germany, in 
 Bavaria, and lies between Lower Bavaria, Austria, and I'o- 
 hemia. Its largest extent is no where above 20 niiles, and 
 lias no considerable place, except Passau the capital. 
 
 PA'SS.\U, an antient, handsome, and celebrated city of 
 <;;ermany, in Lower Bavaria. The houses are well built, 
 and the "cathedral is thought to be the finest in all Germany. 
 It is divided into four parts, namely, the town of Passau, 
 Instadt, lltzstadt,'and the quarter wherein the bishop's 
 palace is seated. It is seated at the confluence of the 
 rivers Inn and Iltz, 02 miles K. by S. of Ratisbon, and 135 
 W. of Vicuna. Lat. 48. 28. N. Ion. 13. 37. E. 
 
 PA'SSENG ER, s. a peiioii « ho is tfavciliiis inany vehicle, 
 either bv land or water. 
 
 PA'SSER, s. one that is upon the road, or passes by 
 another. 
 
 PASSIBI'LITY, s. [passibiUic, Fr.J the quality of receiving 
 impressions fioni external agents. 
 
 PA'SSIBLE, a. [passibilis, from patior, to suffer, Lat.| sus- 
 ceptible of impressions from external agents. 
 
 PASSIBLENESS,j. the quality of receiving impressions 
 from external agents. 
 
 PA'SSING, part. a. supreme, or surpassing others. Ex- 
 ceeding. 
 
 PA'S.SINGBELL, s. the bell which rings at the death of 
 a person. 
 
 PA'SSION, (the ssi, in tliislword and its derivatives and 
 compounds, is pron. like sh ; as, paslion, pashimate, Ac.) s. 
 \passio, Lat.J an efl'ect caused by an external agent. A 
 commotion of the soul, arising from the manner in which it 
 considers things as amiable or hateful. Anger, in a 
 popular and vulgar sense. Zeal, or ardor. Love. Eager 
 desire or fondness. In scripture, applied to the last 
 agonies and sufterings which closed the life of our Blessed 
 Saviour. 
 
 PA'SSION-FLOWER, t. a flower so called from an 
 imaginary resemblance it bears to the crown of thorns 
 and other instruments of the passion of our Blessed 
 Saviour. 
 
 PA'SSION-WEEK, i. the week immediately preceding 
 Easter, so called because the suflcrings and crucifixion of 
 our Blessed Saviour happened in that week. 
 
 PA'SSION ATE, uApashioni, Fr.J moved by, or expres- 
 sive of, passion. Easily moved to anger ; choleric. 
 
 PA'SSl()NATELY,"arf. with great aft'ection, commotion 
 of the mind, or anger. 
 
 PA'SSIONA'I'ENESS, s. state of being subject to passion; 
 vehemence of mind. 
 
 PA'SSIVE, o. \passif, Fr. passimis, {loxa patior, to suffer, 
 { at. 1 receiving impressions; suffering, opposed to active ; 
 
 UG4 
 
 unresisting. In grammar, applied to such veibs as signify 
 passion, or the effect of action. 
 
 PA'SS-IVELY, ad. in such a manner aj to make no re- 
 sistance. 
 
 PA'SSIVENESS, s, tne quality of receiving inipressiong 
 from external agents ; passabilily, or suffering without re- 
 sistance. 
 
 PASSrVITY, s. passiveness. An innovated word. 
 
 PA'SSOVER, s. a feast instituted among the Jews in com- 
 memoration of the slaughter of the first-born oftheEgy|> 
 tians, when tl'.e'angel passedmer the houses of the Israelites. 
 The sacrifice killed at the fegstof the passover. 
 
 PA'SSPORT, «. \passport,¥r.\a permission to pass. 
 
 PAST, part, preter. of pass; something whicli has been. 
 Spent or expired. 
 
 PAST, ;)»•<■/). beyona, applied to time or place ; out of the 
 reach of, applied to state. Above, applied to measure. 
 
 PASTE,*, \paste, Fr.J any thing ir.ixed so as to be moist 
 and viscous ; fiour and water boiled together, so as to form 
 a cement. An artificial mixture made to repsesent precious 
 stones. 
 
 To PASTE, V. a. to fasten with paste. 
 
 PA'STEBOARD, s. a thick paper, formed either of seve- 
 ral sheets pasted together by paper macerated in water ami 
 cast in moulds, or by old cordage pounded and cast into 
 forms. Ailjectivelv, made of pasteboard. 
 
 PA'STEIIN, s. I'pastiiroii, Fr.] the joint next the foot of a 
 horse. In contempt, the leg of a human creature. 
 
 PA'STIL, s. \ pastille, Fr. from pastillns, a little round' 
 ball, Lat.] a crayon for painting ; a composition of per- 
 fumes. 
 
 PA'STIME, *. a sport, diversion, oramusenient. 
 
 PA'STOR, or PA'STOUR, s. [pastor, from jmsco, to feed 
 cattle, Lat.] a shepherd. Figuratively, a clergyman. 
 
 PASTORAL, a. [pastor, from misco, to feed cattle, Lat.] 
 rural ; resembling shepherds. Figuratively, relating- to ;ji 
 clergyman, or the care of souls. 
 
 PA'STOR AL, «. a poem which contains some scene in 
 the country ; a bucolic. 
 
 PA'STRY, i. [pastissarie, Fr.J the art of making pies. 
 Pics, or baked paste. The place where pastry is made. 
 
 PA'STR V-COOK, i. a person whose trade is to make and 
 sell pies, tarts, t'ic. 
 
 PASTURABLE, a. fit for pasture. 
 
 PA'STURAGE, «. [pasturasre, Fr.] the business of feeding 
 cattle ; lands grazed by cattle ; the use of pasture. 
 
 PA'STURK, s. [Fr. vastiira, from pasco, to feed cattle, Lat.J 
 food, or the act of feeding. Ground on which grass grows, 
 and cattle arc fed. Human culture. Not used in the last 
 sense* 
 
 To PA'STURE, II. a. to place in a pasture. Neuterly, to 
 graze on the };iound. 
 
 PA'STY, i. [paste, Fr.] aoieraade of raised crust without 
 a dish. 
 
 PAT, rt.rfrom pas, Belg.] fit, proper, or exactly suitable, 
 applied either to time or place. A low word. 
 
 PAT, .«. [/w^^, a foot, Fr.] a light quick blow or tap. A 
 small lump of nialter beat into shape with the hand. 
 
 'Fo PAT, f. a. to strike slightly ; to give a slight blow 
 or lap. 
 
 PATACIIE, J.asmallship. 
 
 PATACO'ON, s. a Spanish coin worth foHr shillings and 
 eight pence English. 
 
 PATAGO'NIA, a largecountry of South America, having 
 Paraguay, on the N. the Atlantic Ocean on the E. Terra del. 
 Fucgoon the S. and Chili and the South Sea on the W. As 
 110 European nation has made any settlement on this coun- 
 try, but little is known respectiiifj it or its inhabitants. It 
 is a mountainous country, covered with siiow gn-at part of 
 <he year, and consequently excessively cold. The natives 
 live in tliatched lints, and wear no clothes, iiotwilStai'.cli?;^ 
 the rigour of the climate, except a mantle made o/ j. seal- 
 skin, or the skin of some beast, and that they throw oti' w htu
 
 PAT 
 
 P A ']' 
 
 fliey are in action. Many of tiieni iiri; of a large stature, 
 licluecn six and si'veii icct in iieiyht. 
 
 'l"o I'ATCII, i: It. Ijiitdizcr, Dan.] lo covor by scwin;; on 
 a iiii'cc. To mend in ii chiiiisy niannc-r. To niaki; up with 
 ilircds of dirtierent sorts. To liiy snuiil spots of black silk 
 on tlie face. 
 
 IWTCH, s. \pc:zn, Ilal.] a piece sewed on to cover a 
 liolo. A piece laid in, in Mosaic work, or in •■vork consisting 
 (it pieces of different colours. A small race;* of black silk 
 ■vvtnn by ladies on their faces as an ornament. A small par- 
 ticle. A parcel of land. A paltry person, siipposcd to be 
 a patch in the creation. "Tiiou scurvy /)a<(7i." Shak. The 
 last sense is obsolete. 
 
 PA'TCIIER, s. one who patches ; a botcher. 
 
 PA'TCIIWOIIK, s. work made of ditl'erent colours. 
 
 PATH, s. [probai)ly from tcte, Fr. by corruption ; or from 
 patina, Lat. a pan, in which sense we call the skull the hruin 
 /jith) the head. 
 
 PA'TED, n. headed ; used in composition ; as, lougpated, 
 or cunning ; shallou-pulcd, or foolish. 
 
 PATEFACTIO.V; «.[lrom;>«;to, to be open and/at/o, to 
 make, Lat.] act or stale of opening. 
 
 PA'TKN, s. [patina, Lat.J a plate. 
 
 PATENT, s. [pntensl i'roiw patci', to be open, Lat.] a writ 
 by which a person enjoys a rii;ht or privilcije exclusive of 
 others. 
 
 PATENT, a. [piitnis, from patio, to be open, Lat.] con- 
 tainin;; a patent or exclusive privilege. Appropriated by 
 letters patent. 
 
 PATENTEE', j. the person w lio has a letter patent. 
 
 PATER-NO'STER, s. [Lat.] the Lord's Prayer ; so called 
 from the two first words of it in the Latin. 
 
 PATE'RNAL, «. [from pater, father, Lat.] having the 
 relation or aft'ection of a father. Received by descent from 
 cue's father. 
 
 PATE'RNITV, i. \patendfe, Fr. from pater, a father, Lat.] 
 the relation of a father; fatherliood. 
 
 PATH, .'. \vuth. Sax.] a road ; track ; a passage. 
 
 PATHETIC, or PATHETICAL, a. [from pMos, a 
 passion, Gr. pat/iititjue, Fr.J affecting the passions ; moving. 
 
 PATHETICALLY, ad. in such a manner as to aft'ect the 
 passions. 
 
 PATIIETICALNESS, «. the quality of aftecting the 
 passions. 
 
 PATHICS. s. [frora paselio, to suffer, Gr.] catamites. 
 
 PATH LESS, 'a. untrodden. Without tracks or paths. 
 
 PATIiOONOMO'NIC, a. [from puthcs, a passion or 
 disease, and s;no)non, a sign, Gr.] such signs of a disease as 
 are proper and inseparable, designing the real essence or 
 nature of the disease ; not symptomatic. 
 
 PATHOLOGICAL, a. [iVom pathos, a disease, and logos, 
 a discourse, Cir ] relating to the tokens or discoverable 
 effects of a disorder. 
 
 PATHOLOGIST, j. [from pathos, a disease, and ht;os, 
 a discourse, Gr.Jouewlio treats of pathology. 
 
 PATHOLOGY, «. [from pathos, a disease, and /og-os, a 
 discourse, Gr.] is that part of medicine which relates to the 
 distempers, with their causes, difterences, and effects, inci- 
 dent to the liuiiKiu body. 
 
 PATHOPOEIA, jr. [from pathos, passion, and poico, to 
 make, (ir.] the rising of a passion. In rhetoric, a method of 
 jnoviiig the mind to anger, hatred, compassion, &c. 
 
 PATHOS, s. [from pasho, to suffer, Gr.j a <^ireek term, 
 literally signifying passion, is sometimes used for the energy 
 of a discourse, or its po«erto mo\e the passions. 
 
 .PATHWAY, s. a narrow way to be pas^ed on foot. 
 
 PATIBLE, a. rfrom patior, to sutler, Lat.] tolerable; 
 suflFerable. 
 
 PATI'BULARY, a. [paMuhire, Fr. from patibulum, the 
 gallow.s, Lat.] belonging to the gallows. 
 
 \YAT[F.l^CE,(pashence) s.lpaticntia,f\-om potior, to suffer, 
 Lat.] calmness under injuries or affronts, misery, and 
 tortures; the quality of expecting long without rage oi 
 
 Ucouteiit; long-sunering. In botanv, a species of dock, 
 
 •1 Q 
 
 PATIENT, (pfislunt) a. Ipatiiiis, from patior, to Sutfrr, 
 Lat.J enduring pain, injuries, and affronts calmly. 
 
 PA'J'IEN I', (pin/iciii) s. that wiiich receives impressions 
 from external objects. A person under the care of a physi- 
 cian, apothecary, or surgeon. 
 
 PA"1'IENTLY, (pushciith/) ad. in such a manner as to 
 be calm under reproaches, affronts, pains, distresses, or 
 tortures. 
 
 P.\"]"1NE, s. [patina, Lat.] the cover of a cnalice. 
 
 PATiMOS, at present called Patmosa, an island of the 
 Archipelago in Kuiopean Turkey. It is about 18 miles in 
 circumference. To this island St. .lohn the I'lvangelist was 
 banished by the Roman Emperor, and here he wrote the 
 Apocalypse, a manuscript of uhich the inhabitants still care- 
 fully preserve. On the top of St. John's Clrollo, the super- 
 stitious people shew a cleft in the rock, lliiough which, they 
 sav, tlie Holv Ghost conveyed his revelation to him. Lat. 
 37. 26. N. Ion. 20". 15. E. 
 
 PATNA, a city of Hindoostan Proper, capital of Bahar. 
 It is aiiextensiye and populous place, on tlie S. bank of the 
 Ganges; and is fortified in the Indian manner with a wall 
 and a small citadel. In this citadel were confined the 
 prisoners taken by Meer Cossim, nabob of I'engal, in 1704, 
 by whose order they were massacred. The buildings are 
 high, hut the streets are narrow, and far from clean. It 
 is a place of considerable trade, and is supposed to be the 
 antient Palabothra. It is 250 miles N. W. of Calcutta. 
 Lat. 25. 35. N. Ion. 85. 21. E. 
 
 PA TLY, ad. conveniently ; fitly. 
 
 PATRIARCH, ipdtriark) s. [mtriarehe, Fr. from pater, 
 father, and arche, government, Gr.] one who governs by 
 right of paternity. A father of a family. A bishop superic, 
 to archbishops. 
 
 PATRIA'RCHAL, (patriarkal) a. [patriarchal, Fr.] be- 
 longing to, or enjoved bv, i)atriaiclis. 
 
 PATRIARCHATE, or PATRIARCHSHIP, (patridrhau 
 or patriarkship) s, [patriarchal, Fr.] the office or dignily 
 of patriarch. 
 
 PATRIARCHY, {pitriarhj) *. vthe jurisdiction of a 
 patriarch ; patriarchate. 
 
 PATRICIAN, (pairishimi) a. [patricien, Fr. patririus, 
 from pater, afather, Lat.| noble, senatorial, not plebeian. 
 
 PATRICIAN, (patiishian) s. a nobieman. 
 
 PATRIMONIAL, «. possessed bv inheritance. 
 
 PATRIMO'NIALLY, ad. by inheritance. 
 
 P.VTRIMONY, J. [patrimonium, from pater, father, Lat. 
 patrimoine, Fr.] an estate possessed by inheritance. 
 
 PATRINGTON, (supposed to be the Pratorivm, of 
 Ptolemy) a town in the E. Riding of Yorkshire seated on a 
 river that runs into the Hunibcr, 20 miles E. S. E. of Hull, 
 and 191 N. of London. Market on Saturday. 
 
 PATRIOT, s. I from »«(«■«, one's own country, Lat.] one 
 who makes the good of his country the constant motive of 
 his actions or measures, without selfish views. 
 
 PATRIOTISM, /. a constant and disinterested love for 
 one's country. 
 
 To PATRO'CINATE, v. a. [patmcinor, from putronus, a 
 patron, Lat.] to defend, protect, oatronize. 
 
 PATROCINATION, *. the act of defcMding, or protect- 
 ing; the maintaining any one's cause. 
 
 PATRO'L, (patrol') s. [patrouiilc, Fr.J the act of going 
 the rounds in a garrison or camp to observe what passes, 
 and it the sentries perform their duty. The persons'who go 
 the rounds ill a garrisonor camp. 
 
 To PATRO L, (patrol) V. 71. [patroniller, Fr.J to go the 
 roundsin a camp or garrison. 
 
 PATRON, s.\patromis, from ;)«^er, fatlier, Lat.J one who 
 countenances, supports, or protects, generally a|>plied to 
 one who encourages an author. A guardian saint. An 
 advocate ordefender. One who has the gift of an ecclesias- 
 tical benefice. 
 
 PATRONAGE, .-. protection; support; guardianship of 
 saints; donation of a benefice.
 
 ? A U 
 
 PEA 
 
 PATI'vOiVAL, <t. [paifouiif, from piner, f;i;lier, Lat.] 
 giKiidiirn; ; supporting; defenflini^. 
 
 i'ATRONESS, s. ii foniiilo wliodrfciuls, ijrotects, cncou- 
 r;ij;es, or supports ; a f'eiDiilL- jfuiudiaiiaiiiut. A uoiiuinwlio 
 L;:s the gift of a heiieticc. 
 
 To PA TllON ISF,, ipatrcnhc) r. a. to ci:couragc, protect, 
 s\ipi)ort, countenance. 
 
 PATRON Y'MIC, s. [from piitfT, a father,! st. and onomn,j\ 
 ranic, Gr.] a naniegiven toa person eNpressiiig tliat of his 
 father ; for instance, Aucliiiiac/is is ihe patronymic of j-Eneas, 
 because he was the son of Anchiscs. 
 
 PATTEN, s. tiie base of a pillar. A wooden slioe with 
 an ironringat the bottom, worn uiuler the common shoe by 
 M'omen, to keep liieni from dirt, from pntin, Tr. 
 
 PATTEN MAKi;iv, .?. one who mai<es ptittens. 
 
 To PATTER, !■.». [frompn;/c, t)ie foot, Fr.] to make a 
 noise hke the(iuick steps ofHiany feet. 
 
 PATTERN, s. \i>iiiro)i, Fr. pnlrccn, Bclff.] an original to 
 be imitated or copied. A specimen or sami)le. An instance. 
 Anv thing cut out for a model. Archetype, plan. 
 
 To PATTERN, v. a. '[pntrvnnrr, Fr.J to copy ; to make 
 in imitation of something ; to serve as au example to be 
 foUoned. 
 
 PATTRINGTON. Pee Patrtngton. 
 
 PAUCILOQUV, J. [from ixmciis, a few, and lixpior, to 
 speak, Latjlitlle, and sparing speech. 
 
 PAU'CITY, *. [from 7;(t«<w, a few, Lat. j fewness ; small- 
 ness of number or quanlity. 
 
 To P AVE, f. «. I from iiaiin, to beat or ram, hat. pnier, Fr.J 
 to lay or floor with brick or stone. Figuratively, to make 
 wav for, or make a passage easy. 
 
 PA'VEMENT, s. [^froiii pmiv, to Ijeator ram, Lat.] a stone 
 fioor; stones or brit-lis laid lor a Hoor. 
 
 PA'VER, or PA'YIEK, *. one who lays a road, &c, wiih 
 stones. 
 
 PATIx\, an antient and celebrated town of i.ldan, in 
 Italy, and capital of the Pavesan, wiili a celebrated iiiiiyer- 
 sity'. It is situated in a l>eautilul plain, on the river Tesiiio, 
 17 miles S. of ^liilan. Lat. 45. 13. N. Ion. 0. \o. E. 
 
 PAM'LION, s. [vifillun, Fr.] a tent ; a turret ; a de- 
 tached building. 
 
 To PAVi'LION, V. a. to furnish wilb feiit*. To be sliel- 
 tered bv a tent. 
 
 PAUL, St. formerly named Saul, wp.s of ibe tribe of Ben- 
 jamin, a nativeof Tarsus in Cilicia, a Pharisee by profession ; 
 first a persecutor of the cluirch, and afterwards a disciple of 
 Jesus Christ, and apostle of the Gentiles,. lie was a Roman 
 c'.tizen, because Augustus liad given the frcetlom ol' Rome 
 to all the freemen of Tarsus, in consideration of their firm 
 adherence to his interests. His \)arcnt3 sent hifii early to Je- 
 rusalem, where he studied the law under (iamaliel, a famous 
 doctor. As to the nuunicr of his conversion, and his inde- 
 fatigable labours afterwards in propagating the gospel, we 
 must refer the reader to the account given of liim in tlie Jets 
 of the Apostks and his own eijistles. After St. Paul was de- 
 livered from his imprisonment at Rome, he proceeded in his 
 travels, but to what part of the world is not certain; some 
 sav he went to Spain, and others, that he passed over to 
 Britain. Hut however this be, he went a second lime to 
 Rome. Here he is made close prisoner.aiid tried lor his life 
 by IleliusCa'sareanus, whom he calls t/ic lion. This man, 
 Nero, at his departure intoCircece, had left invested with 
 cxorbitmit powers, which he exeuisc<l afier in as exorbi- 
 tant a manner. At his trial he complains of Alexander tlie 
 foppersmitFi's malice, and of being deserted by his friemis ; 
 and presenllv afler it, the secoiul epistle to Timothy was 
 written, in w hicli there arc several presages of his approach- 
 ing martyrdom. This crown he obtained the year follow- 
 ing, together with St. Peter, though not by the same kind 
 ofileath; for St. Paul, as a Koman cilizeii, could not be 
 cruciiied, and therefore was beheaded with a sword. His 
 Ledv was buried in the Ma Ostiensis, near Rome, where a 
 fctatcly church wa« built, to Uic Uouour of his memory, by 
 66ti 
 
 Conslantine the Great, which was afterwards enlarged and 
 beautified hv order of the succeeding emperors. 
 
 PAUNCli, i. [pntise, Fr. ^Jn/ica, Span, puntex, Lat.J the 
 belly, or region of the guts. 
 
 To PAUNCH, r. II. to rip up the belly, or take out the 
 entrails. 
 
 PAA'O, thr /iraroch in astronomy, a constellation of the 
 southern hemisphere. 
 
 PAUPER, J. [l''r.] ir. aw, a poor man. 
 
 PAUSE, (po»cf) s. [F.. from /WHO, to cease, Or.] a stop or 
 cessation from act ion or motion. A break, or separation b&. 
 tween the Wdrds of a discourse. A stop or intermission in 
 music. 
 
 To PAUSE, (pmizr) V. n. to stop or cease for a time. To 
 deliberate; to be intermitted. 
 
 PA'USEIi, s. he who pauses ; he who deliberates. 
 
 PAW, s. [paireu, Brit.] the fore-foot of a beast ; the Iraml 
 oi'a himian creature, in contempt. 
 
 To PAW, V. 71. to draw the fore-foot along the ground. 
 Actively, to stroke w ith the fore-foot ; to handle roughly ; 
 to fawn or Hatter. 
 
 PAAVED, a. having paws. Broadfooted. 
 
 PAWN, s. [pimil. Belg. /Mn, Fr.] pledge given as security 
 for money, &c. borrowed. The state of being pledged. A 
 common man at chess. 
 
 To PAWN, I', n. to give any thing as a security for mo. 
 ney, etc. lent. 
 
 PA'WNBROKEP,^. one who lends money upon goods. 
 
 To PAY, r. n. [ pffycr, Fr.] to discharge a deht. To ra- 
 coiiipense. To give the worth in money forany thing bought. 
 To atone; to make amends by suftcring. To beat. 
 
 PAY, s. wa;;es ; money for service. 
 
 PA'YABLE, «. ['pai/able, Fr.] due or to be paid. Possi- 
 ble to be paid. 
 
 P.A'Y-DAY, s. a day on which debts are discJiargcd, or 
 wages paid. 
 
 PA'YER.i.he that pays. 
 
 PA'YINCi, s. amiiiiK seamen, is the laying a ship orer 
 witii a coat of iiot pitcii ; and w hen this is done w ith canvass, 
 it is called parcelling. Also, when she is soiled, and the 
 soil burnt off, a new coat of tallow and soap, and one of 
 train oil, rosin, and brimstone, boiled together, is put oa her, 
 that is also called /;nv"'S'of a ship. 
 
 PA'Y^LASTER, i. one who \)avs ; one from whom wages 
 or money for goods sold are received. 
 
 PA'YPinWT, s. tlie act of discharging a debt or promises ; 
 reward ; cliaslisement. 
 
 To PA YSl'^, 1'. ji. used by Spenser for })oise ; to balance. 
 
 PA'YSER, .«. for foisvr ; one that weighs. 
 
 PEA, (pne) s, Ipuum, Lat.] u fouudish seed growing 
 in a pod. 
 
 PLACE, s. (the ca in this word and its derivatives and 
 compounds is pron. like cc ; as, peeve, i1c.)«. [poir, Fr. far, 
 Lat.] a state wherein nations are in friendship with each 
 other. A respite from war. Rest from any commotion or 
 disturbance. Reconciliation. Silence. 
 
 PEACE, inter), a word commanding silence. 
 
 PE'ACEABLE, «. free from war, tumult, or disturbance. 
 Not inclined to be (piarrclsomc or turbulent. 
 
 PE'.VCl'LVBLEiS'ESS, *. the quality of being (piiet, or dis- 
 posed to peace. 
 
 PE'ACIOABLY, «'/. without war, tumult, or disturbance. 
 
 PEACEFUL, fl. quiet. Inclined to peace. Mild. Un. 
 disturbed. 
 
 PEACEFULLY, »<!. (piietly. mildly, gently. 
 
 PE'ACEFULNESS, s. (piiet ; freedom from noise or >.i»- 
 turbanco. 
 
 PE'ACEMAKER, s. one who reconciles diflerenccs. 
 
 PE'ACE-OFFERINCi, s. among the Je\.'s, a sacrifice otfer- 
 ed for atonement and reconciliation for a crime or oti'eiice. 
 
 PEACH, (/>(•('<•/() i. [/"•■«'/'i', Fr.] a roundish fleshy fruit, co- 
 vered with a downy coat, inclosing a rough or rugged slonc. 
 
 To PEACH, (petc/i) V. H. [corrupted from iiupaachl '^ "^ 
 cuse a persou of a crime.
 
 p !■: c 
 
 PED 
 
 PE'ACIIICK, s. the chick of a iiciicock. 
 
 PIV-^C'OCK, (/ici'airli) s. a fowl rcriiarkablo fur llit beau- 
 ty of its fcallicrs, particularly those of its tail. 
 
 PIO'AIII^IN, (i)ci/ie>t) s.thp female of the peacock. 
 
 PEAK, (jHcli) s. [/icnf, Sax. ]iii/)ie, Vr.] the top of a hill 
 or CDiinciicc. Any thiiiy liavlii;; a sharp end or point. The 
 rising or projecting part of a licaLl-'Inss or cap. 
 
 To PlvAK, «. «. to look sici\ly, meagre, mean ; to sneak. 
 
 PE.\L, (lice/) s. a succession of loud sounds, as of can- 
 non, bells, tliunder, Arc. 
 
 To PEAL, r. o. to ring a peal ; to stir with agitation. 
 Ncutcrly, to play solemnly ami loud. 
 
 PEAR, (pair) s. a Ikshy fruit, more pointed towards the 
 footstalk than the apple, and h(illo\ved at the extremity like 
 a navel. Miller enumerates 84 species. 
 
 PEAllL, (jia-l) s. [perle, Fr. jierln, Span.] a gem found ia 
 (he East Indian berbcs or pearl oyster, whose value increases 
 in proportion to ils roundness. Pearls are also found in the 
 common oyster, the muscle, and other slicU-lish. In medi- 
 cine, a round speck orfdm in the eye. 
 
 PE'ARL-ASHES, a kind of fixed alkaline salt, prepared 
 chiefly in Germany, Russia, and Poland, by melting the sails 
 out of the ashes of burnt wood. 
 
 PI'j'ARLr.D, {perte(l)a. ornamented or set with pearls. 
 
 PE'ARLEAF, s. a name for the several species of winter- 
 green. 
 
 PE'ARL-WHITE, an oxyde of bismuth, which is used as 
 a cosmetic. 
 
 PE'ARLWORT, s. in botany, the sagina of Linnjeus ; of 
 wliich two are British species, viz. the great stitchwort, and 
 moss-like pink. 
 
 PE'ARLY, (peril/) a, abounding with, or containing pearls. 
 Resembling pearls. 
 
 PEARM A'lN, s. a kind of apple. 
 
 PE'ARTREE, *. the tree that bears pears. 
 
 PEA'SANT, (piraiit) s. [paisniit, Fr.J an hind ; one cni- 
 ploved in country business. 
 
 PEA'SANTRY, s. rustics or country people ; peasants. 
 
 PEA'.SCOp, (peizkod) PEA'SHELL,"(jjf«/(e.V) s. the cod 
 or shell in which pease grow. 
 
 PEASE, (peeze) s. [when mentioned as a single body or 
 grain we use pea, whose plural is peas ; but used collectively 
 for food, we use pensi', i'rom pisa, Sax.] food of peas. 
 
 PEAT, (peet) s. a kind of turf used tor fire. 
 
 PEBBLE, PEBBLESTONE, .!. a stone growing in one 
 homogeneous mass, sometimes of various colours. Popu- 
 larly, a small stone. 
 
 PE'BBLE-CRYSTAL, s. a kind of crystal of an irregular 
 shape, in form of nodules. It is found lodged in the earthy 
 strata left in a train by the water departing at the conclusion 
 
 of the deluge. IVm/lwnrd. 
 
 PE'BHLED, «. sprinkled or •abounding with nobbles. 
 
 PE'BBLY,a. full of pebbles. 
 
 PECCABILITY, J. the state of being subject to sin. 
 
 PECCABLE, a. [from pcciv, to sin, Lat. | suliject to sin. 
 
 PECCADI'LLO, .«. [Spaa peccadille, Fr.J a slight fault, 
 crime, or venial oU'eiice. 
 
 PECCANCY, i. {pcccans, from pecco, to sin, Lat.] bad 
 quality. 
 
 PECCANT, a.lpeccaus, from pecoo, to sin, Lat.] guilty; 
 criminal. In medicine, injurious to health. In law, wrong, 
 or contrary to form. 
 
 PECHBLEND, in chymistry, the mineral which contains 
 uranium, a metal that was a few years since discovered by 
 Klaphioth. 
 
 PECK, s. (he fourth part of a bushel. 
 
 To PECK, t'. a. [becmer, Fr.] to strike with tUe beak. 
 To pick up with the beak. To strike with any pointed 
 instrument. To quarrel and endeavour to expose, used 
 with at. 
 
 PECKER, s. one that pecks ; a kind of bird, called like- 
 wise a wood-pecker. 
 
 PECKLED, o. (corrupted from ipeckkd] spotted ; varied 
 with spots. 
 
 PE'CTINAL, n. [from pucteit, a comb, Lat.] Iik<' a comb. 
 
 PE'CTINATED, n. inserted into one another as combs 
 are by their teeth. 
 
 I'I'Xrn NATION, f. the state of being pectinatc^d. 
 
 Pi;'CTOUAL, n. [picloralis, from pectus, the breast, Lat. J 
 belonging to the breast. 
 
 Pi>'CT(>llAL, s. [pcctorale, from pectus, the breast, Lat.} 
 a breast-plate. 
 
 PECULA'IT., or PECULATION,*, [from peculvr, to 
 rob, Lat. J robbery of the public nioncv. 
 
 PECULATOR, s. [Lat.j a rol.bei- c'.f the public. 
 
 PECULIAR, «. [ptculiiiris, Lat.] belonging to one, ex- 
 clusive of others. 1 articidar. 
 
 PECULIAR, s. exclusive pro|)crty. A thing exempted 
 from ordinary jurisdiction. In the canon law, it signifies 
 a particular parish or church that has jurisdiction within 
 itself for granting probates of wills and administrations, ex- 
 empt from the ordinary or bishop's courts. 
 
 PECULIARITY, s. the (piality which distinguishes one 
 person or thing from another ; particularity. 
 
 PECULIARLY, ad. in a maimer not common to others ; 
 particidarly, singly. 
 
 PECUNIARY, a. [from pccimia, money, Lat.] relating to, 
 or consisting of, money. 
 
 PED, (see Pad) a small packsaddle; much less than a 
 pannel. A hamper ; a basket. 
 
 PEDAGOGICAL, rt. [from/wu, a boy, and ffg'o, to govern, 
 Gr.Tsuitedor belonging to a schoolmaster. 
 
 PEDAGOGUE, (p«/rt!^og-)s. [from /)«!.«, a boy, and af;n, 
 to govern, (t r. pcdaa;ugus, Lat.J one that teaches boys ; a^ 
 pedant; a schoolmaster. 
 
 ToPE'DAGOGUE, (pMa^on) ,.. h. [from pais, a boy, 
 and ago, to govern, Cir.] to instruct in it haughty manner. 
 
 PE'DAGOGY, (pfdiigoj;/) s.[i'rom puis, a. boy, and ago, to 
 govern, Gr.] instruction ; mastership; discipline. 
 
 PE'DAL, a. [from p<s, a foot, Lai.] belonging to a foot. 
 
 PEDALS, s. \ped(di:t, from pes, a foot, Lat.] large pipes 
 of an organ ; so called because played on by the foot. 
 
 PED.VNEOUS, a. [from pes, a foot, Lat.] going on foot. 
 
 PE'DANT, i. [peddtitfVrJ] a schoolmaster. A vain aiid 
 ostentatious smatterer of leaniing. 
 
 PEDANTIC, or PEDA'NTICAL, n. \pedantesqw!, Fr.] 
 vainly ostentatious of learning. 
 
 PEDA'NTICALLY, ad. with awkward and vain ostenta- 
 tion of learnin?. 
 
 PE'DANTRY, s. [pedanterie, Fr.] vain and awkward os- 
 tentation of learning. 
 
 To PIC'DDLE, I'. )i. (commonly written piddle) to be busy 
 about trifles. 
 
 PEDDLING, fr. trifling; um'mportant. 
 
 PEDEREP1.O, 3. [pedrcrn, Span, from piedra, a stone, with 
 which they used to charge it] a snuill cannon managed by 1 
 swivel. It is frequently written paterero. 
 
 Pedestal, s. [piedsial, Fr.] the lower member of a 
 pillar or column; basis of a statue. 
 
 PEDE'STRIOUS, «. [pedestiis, from pes, a foot, Lat.] not 
 winged ; going on foot. 
 
 PEDICLE, i. [pedieule, Fr. from pes, a foot, Lat.] the 
 footstalk; that by which a leaf or fruit is fixed to a tree. 
 
 PEDICULAR, a. [from pediculus, a louse, Lat.] having 
 the phlhiriasis, or lousy distemper. 
 
 PE'DlGREE, s. [from pcre and Hrffri, Fr.] genealogy ; 
 lineage ; account of descent. 
 
 PEDILU'VIUM, s. [from ;)f.f, a foot, and lavo, to wash, 
 Lat.] a bath for the feet. 
 
 PE'DIMENT, s.[pcdimentiim, from pes, a foot, Lat.] in ar- 
 chitecture, an ornament used to crown an ordounance, 
 finish a frontispiece, and placed over gates, doors, win 
 dows, c'vc. sometimes triangular, and sometimes circular. 
 
 PE DEAR, s. [a pettt/ dealer} one who travels the country 
 with small commodities. 
 
 PE DLARY, s. wares sold by pedlars. 
 
 PKUORA'PTISJM, .t. rfroni;;ni,«, a child, and bapti;o, iv 
 bapli/e, Gr.] infant baptism. 
 
 e>G7
 
 PEG 
 
 pr. L 
 
 PEDOBA'PTIST, s. [from pair, a cliild, and Inpiizo, to 
 baptize, Gr.] one tliat holds or priictisc-s infant bujitisni. 
 
 PEE'BLES, anaiititiil town of Scotland, and capital ofa 
 county of its own name, n/itis Tweedale, leBiarkahlo for its 
 3 cluirclies, 3 sates, 3 streets, and 3 bridfjes. Irlies on tiie 
 IS*, side of tlie river Tweed, 21 miles S. from Edinburgh, 
 and 350 N. of London. 
 
 PEE'BLESIIIKE, orTwEEDAi.F., a county of Scotland, 
 bounded on the N. by Edinbur^;lisliire; on fiie E. by Sel- 
 kirkshire; on the S. by Dumfriesshire, and on the S\'. by 
 Lanerksliire. It is 28 miles lonjj from N. to S. and above IS 
 broad. In this county there is not much arable land, its 
 liills (anions which are the rugjjed and heathy monnlainsof 
 Tweedsmuir, in the S. of tiie county) abound with sahibri- 
 oiis springs, and feed numbers of sheep and cattle. The 
 principal rivers are the Tweed, Lynne, and Yarrow. 
 
 To PEEL, 1'. a. [from pellis, a skin, Lat.J to take off the 
 peel or skin from truit. To flay. To plunder, i'rotn pili'er, 
 Vr. to rob. In this sense it should be wrote pill. 
 
 PEEL, s. [prllis, Lat.] the skin or thin rind. An instrn- 
 nient used by bakers to draw their bread, or put it into the 
 oven, from pnelle, Fr. 
 
 To PEEP, v.n. [Skinner derives this word from cphessm, 
 Belg. to lift up; Causabon ^rom (rpipeuter, a spy, (ir.j to 
 make the first appearance. To look through a crevice or 
 iiole slily, so as not to be perceived. To look cluitly and 
 curiously. 
 
 PEEP, .?. the first appearance. A slv look. 
 ' PEEPHOLE, or PEEP!NGII()LE, s. a hole through 
 which a person may sec without being seen. 
 
 PEER, s. [pi'ir, Fr. I an equal; a companion ; a fellow ; 
 a nobleman. 
 
 To PEEll, V. 11. [contracted from appettr\ to come just in 
 sij.ht. To look narrowly into. 
 
 PEE'RAGE, s. [paiii^; Fr.J the dignity ofa nobleman or 
 peer. The body ot peers. 
 
 PEE'RE.SS, j. the wife ofa peer, or a woman who has 
 a peerage in her own right. 
 
 PEE'KLESS, „. without an equal. 
 
 PEER LES.SN ESS, s. niatchlessiiess. 
 
 PEEVISH, a. easily oftended, or <:pt to be made angry. 
 Oft'cnded at trifles. 
 
 PEE'VISFiLY, ad. in such a manner as to be easily made 
 angry. 
 
 PEE'VISIINESS, s. the quality of being easily made an- 
 gry or uneasy. 
 
 PEG, i. [;)eg§7if, TeutJ a piece of wood driven into a 
 hole instead ofa nail. The pins of a musical instrument, 
 by which its strings arc strained. Tu lake a peg- lower, to de- 
 press or sink. 
 
 To PEG, r. a. to fasten with a pointed piece of wood. 
 
 PEtiA'SUS, in astronomy, the name of a constellation in 
 the northern hemisphere, figured in the form of a Hying 
 horse. 
 
 PEGU, a considerable kingdom of Asia, lying to the S. 
 E. of Bengal. It is bounded on the N. by the kingtlom of 
 Burmah ; on the W.aiul S. by the C)ccan, anil (ni (he E. by 
 the kingdmns of l.aosaud Siaiii. It has a town of the same 
 name, 70 miles w illiiii land, above 20 miles in circumference ; 
 but at present not one twentieth part is inhabited; for it 
 was 'ruined by the king of Burmali, who in 1().51 reduced 
 this, till tlit'iiiiuli-iieiHlent kingdom, to the state of a dc- 
 I)endcnl province. The products of this country are tim- 
 ber for building, eh'i.hants, elephant,-.' teeth, bees'-wax, 
 stick-lac, iron, tin, polioleuui, very line rubies, and small 
 diamonds. They have also saltpetre, and plenty of lead, of 
 which they make" their money. It is very fruitful in c(<rn, 
 roots, pulse, and fruits. The priests who are called Tala- 
 poins, observe celibacy, and eat but once a day. The city 
 of Pegu, in l(ifM», was one of the largest and most populous 
 in Asia, but being besieged in lCi92 by the kings of Aracan 
 and Tangii'.', the king was obliged to submit for want of 
 provisions. Since that time Pegu ceased to be the royal 
 city. It is still however, llic scat of the viceroy, governing 
 
 am 
 
 for the king, who resides at Ava. Lit. 18. o. N. Ion. C'O. 
 42. E. 
 
 PE'EIX, the capital city of the empire of Cliiiia, wher* 
 the emperor generally resides. It is an exact square, and 
 divided into two parts; namely, that \\hieh contains the 
 emperor's palace, which is in the New City, or Tartar City, 
 so called, because it is inhabited by Tartars, ever since they 
 conquered the empire. The other, called the Old City, is 
 inhabited by the Chinese. The gates of this city are high 
 and well arched, supporting buiKiiags of 9 stories high ; tlie 
 lowest ofwhich is for thesoldiers when they comeott guard. 
 The gates are 9 in number, a!:d before each is an open 
 space, which serves for a parade. 'I'he streets are as straight 
 as a line, most of them three miK s in length, and about 
 120 feet wide, with shops on l)oth sides; but the houses are 
 poorly built, and have only a ground floor. It is surprising 
 to see what numbers of people there are in the streets, with 
 vast numbers of horses, camels, mules, asses, waggons, carts, 
 and chairs. All the riches and merchandise of the empe- 
 ror are continually pouring into this city. There are always 
 hackney horses, and chairs in various parts, w.hich stand 
 ready to be hired for a trifle. All the great streets are 
 guarded by soldiers, who patrole night and day with swords 
 by their sides, and whips in their hands, to chastise those 
 who make any disturbance, or take them into custody. The 
 little streets have lattice-gates at their entrance iiito the 
 great streets, which are shut up at night, and guarded by 
 soldiers, who fati'eivio assemblies in the streets al that lime. 
 The emperor's palace is of vast extent, and surrounded by 
 a brick wall, with pavilions at each corner, encompassed by 
 galleries supported by columns. This city is 2o miles in 
 eircnniference, and the number of inhabitants is, at least, 
 two millions; the walls are so high, that they cover the 
 town, and are broad enough for several horsemen to ride 
 abreast; and there are strong towers a bowshot distance 
 from each other. The walls of the emperor's pala?e, in- 
 cluding that and the gardens, are about two miles in length; 
 and tiie architecture of tl;e structures entirely different 
 fronitiiatof the Europeans; they are covered with tiles of 
 a shiniiif:, beautiful yellow. The temples, and the towci-s 
 of this city, are so numerous, that it is diliicnll to count 
 them. The country about it is sandy, and not very fruit- 
 ful; vet provisions of all kinds are exceedingly plentiful, 
 they being, as well as the merchandise, brought from other 
 parts by means of canals cut from the rivers, and always 
 crowded with vessels of different sizes. 
 
 PELA GIANS, in ecclesiastical history, a sect who arose 
 about the vear 400, and denied original sin. 
 
 PE'LEW orPA'LOO lSLANDS,(so called on account of 
 the vast number of palm trees which arc seen on their coast, 
 and appear like masts of ships at a distance, jmtos in Span- 
 ish, signifying a mast) are situateil between 5 and 9 
 degrees N. latitude, and ISO and i;!(; degrees of K. lon-'i- 
 tude. They were, without doubt, fir>t discovered by the 
 Spaniards ; but there is reason to siqipose, that no Europe- 
 an ever landed upon them before the crew of the Aiitelope, 
 an English East India packet, commanded by (Captain Hen- 
 ry Wilson, was wrecked there in the night between the 9th 
 and lOlli of Aii'mst, 1783. The crew, to their unspeakable 
 comfort, found the island peopled with a race who were 
 simple in tlieir'manners, delicate in their sentiments, and 
 exceedingly friendly in their disposilioii. The natives are 
 ofa deep copi>er colour, and wear lio kind of clothing. The 
 captain's brother was deput^>d to wait upon the king; and 
 while he was before his majesty, he accid<>iilally pulled off 
 his hat, whereupon the king and the gazing spectators were 
 struck with amazement, as if they imagined (and no doubt 
 thev did) that his hat formed a part of hi.* head. They had 
 not" the least idea of the nature of powder an(j shot, and 
 were greatly astonished w hen they beheld its efl'ects. Ca|>- 
 tain Wilson, while iti the territories of the khii; of Pelew, 
 was invi'sted bv hi? majesty with the highest order of the 
 bone. The king of fhe island entertaineil so good an opinion 
 of the English, upon their deimrturc, he permitted hii
 
 P K 51 
 
 r F. N 
 
 second son, prince Lee Uno, to accniiipiiny lliPiii in their 
 viiy.ige. 'I'licyoutli ;iniv((l willi liicm in Kiii;iaml, uliere 
 III l>('ceiiil>er, 1781, he died of llie siiiiiii i)i)X. lie WMs hiiiied 
 I., jxvdheriiilhe thiiichviinl, when' a inoiiuiiiciit was erected 
 to liis tiieiiior.v at tlie charge ol' liic East India Coniiiaiiy. 
 
 PIM^K, -v. money or riches. 
 
 PiyLICAN, s. [Vr.] A l)ird, of \\hich cme species lives 
 «l)()n tisl.i, and tiie otiier on serpents and leptik's ; its leii- 
 dernessldr its yonn<> is very ieniail\al)le. In ch\ iidsfry, a 
 glass aleniiiic, witii a tnhulated caidtal, from wiiicli tMo op- 
 posite and crooked arms pass out, and enter a^aiii at the 
 swell of the vessel. The instrument is designed fur opera- 
 tions of coholiation, and is caicnialed to sa\e the tronhle 
 of l'ie<iuently lilting and unlntinj; the apparatus. It is now 
 seldom used. 
 
 PELLET, s. \pel„tc. Ft.] a little hall. A bidlet or ball. 
 
 PE'fjIjK'^rijD, ((.consisting of balls orbvdlets. 
 
 I'E LLICLl',, .«. [pelliciilii, Lat.] a thin skin A tilm which 
 gathers upon licpiors impregnated with salts or other sub- 
 stances, and evaporated by heat. 
 
 PIs'LLiTOllY OF THE WALL, s. an herb found on old 
 walls, and among rubbish. The bastard pellitory is a kind 
 of \'airow. 
 
 PELL-MELL, ad. [pcll-mek, Ft.] confusedly; in a tu- 
 nuiltuons manner. 
 
 PELLS, i. [from pellis, a skin, Lat.] clerk of the PcHs, an 
 ofiicer of ihe exchequer, who enters every teller's bill into 
 a parchment roll, tj-Mi^d pellis acceptormn, the roll of receipts ; 
 n^iid also makes another roll called jhIUs cxitmim, a roll ot the 
 di.ibnrsemeiils. 
 
 PELLU ClD, «. \pellucidus, from lucidus, light, Lat. J clear, 
 transparent. 
 
 PELLUCI'DITY, PELLU'CIDNESS, s. the (piality of 
 a body which renders it frt to be seen tiirough, and free from 
 dregf. 
 
 PELT, ^. [pelUs, Lat.] a skin or iiiue. The cpiarry of 
 an hawk torn. 
 
 To PELT, t\ ((. [from ;jo7/o)i, Tent, according to Skinner, 
 but according to ulr. Lye, contracted IVom pilUt] to strike 
 by throwing. To tiirow at 
 
 PE'LTiN(i, a. used by Sliakespeare to signify mean or 
 paltry ; pitiful. 
 
 PE'LT.MONG ICR, i. one who deals in raw hides. 
 
 PE'L\ IS, «. [Lat.] in anatomy, the lower part of the 
 body. 
 
 PE'IMRRIDGE, a town of Herefordshire, willi a market 
 on Tuesday. It is a small place, seated on the river 
 Arrow, 15 iiiiles N. W. of Hereford, and 145 W. N. W. of 
 Lojidon. 
 
 PE'MBROKE, the capital town of Pembrokeshire in S. 
 NVales, with a market on Saturday, ll is commodiously 
 seated on the innermost creek of IMilford Haven, over which 
 the>-e are two handsome bridges. It is surrounded with a 
 wait with three gates, and has a strong castle, seated on a 
 ruck. It is a corporation, with well-built houses, two 
 churches, and the title of an earhlom, spnding one member 
 to parliament. It is 10 miles S. ]L of Ilavertbrdvvest, and 
 25(1 W. bv N. of London. 
 
 PE'MBPvOKESIlIRE, the most western county of S. 
 Wales, 35 miles in length, 18 in its mean breadth, and sur- 
 rounded on all sides by the sea, except on the N. E. and E. 
 where it is bounded by Cardiganshire and Carnuulhen- 
 shire. It is divided into 7 hundreds, which contain 7 market- 
 towns, 145 parishes, about 2,300 houses, and 25,900 inha- 
 bitants. The principal rivers are the E. and W. Cledhue. 
 A great part of the country is plain, and tolerably fertile, 
 consisting of rich meadows ffhd arable |land. One part 
 alone is mountainous, extending from the coast near Fish- 
 guard, to the borders of Carmarthenshire. This, however, 
 yields good pasture for sheep, horned cattle, and goats, 
 w iih which llie country in general abounds ; as also with 
 wihl fowls of various kinds, some of which are seldom seen 
 in any other part of Britain. There is probably more rain 
 here than in any other pari of the kingdom, brought by 
 
 westerly winds from the Atlantic Ocean. The only mann. 
 facturrs of the couiily consist of a cotton mill, near 
 IlaveifonKvcst, which eniplo\s about l.iO persons ; a l"or^ff 
 at Blackpool, and ^sonie iron ^ind tin works on the Tivy. 
 The county-town is Pembroke. 
 
 PEiV,jf. [nenauii, L;it.] all instrument used in writing. A 
 (piill or feather. A small inclosuro or coop, from jhihkii. 
 Sax. 
 
 'I'o PE.N, V. a. \prmiaii. Sax.] to coop or shut up in a small 
 incJosiire. To write. 
 
 PE N.M^jff. [I'r. froinprraff, punishnicut, I.at.Jdenouncing 
 or exacting punishment. 
 
 PiyNALl'V, PKNA'LITY, s. \pcnalui. old Fr.J piiiiish- 
 nient. A forleiture. 
 
 PiyNANC!'., s. [nbiance, Fr.] ecclesiastical pnnishmenl 
 for an olfence, chiefly adjudged to the sin of fornication. 
 
 PENCE, 1)1. of fcimij, formed by contraction from 
 peiinks. 
 
 Pl'J'NCIL, s. IpemciUnm, Lat.] a'sniall brush of hairs used 
 by painters. A kind of pen made of black lead. Any in- 
 strument used in writing without ink. 
 
 To PENCIL, J. n. to paint. 
 
 PE'NDANT, s. \pciidaiit, Fr. from pcndco, to hang, Lat. J 
 a. jewel hanging loose from the car. Any thing suspended 
 by way of ornament. 
 
 PE'NDI'JNC'E, «. slopeness ; suspension. 
 
 PE .XDENCY, s. [from pcmleo, to hang, Lat.J a state of 
 suspeiice, or delay in a suit. 
 
 PENDENT, It. [from ;jc>i(/ to, to hang, Lat. wrote by some 
 pcndtiii!] hanging. Jutting over. 
 
 PENDING, n. [pnuhnt, Fr. from pciidco, to hang, Lat.j 
 depending ; undecided. 
 
 PENDULOSITY, PE'NDULOUSNESS, s. the state of 
 hanging ; suspension. 
 
 PE'NDULOUS, a. [pnirhi!i(s, from pcncho, to hang, Lat.J 
 hanging ; not supported below. 
 
 PiyNDULUM, s. [pcndii/us, from pendeo, to hang, Lat.J 
 any weight hung so as it may be easily swung backward* 
 and forwards. 
 
 PEN ETKABI'LITY, s. the quality of being capable to be 
 
 Cierccd, applied to the body ; the cjuality of being aifected 
 y motives, applied to the mind. 
 
 I'E'NETRABLE, a. [ Uompenciro, to penetrate, Lat.] such 
 as may be pierced, or may admit ofj or be affected by, moral 
 and intellectual motives. 
 
 PENETRA'LIA, J. [Lat.J interior parts. 
 
 PE'NETRANT, n. {ptncirant, Fr.] having the power to 
 pierce. 
 
 To PE'NETRATE, r. a. \pniefrn, Lat.j to pierce or 
 enter beyond the surface. To ati'ect the mind. To reach 
 the meaning. Neulcrly, to make way ; to make way by the 
 mind. 
 
 PENETR.\'TION, s. [Fr. from peuel re, to penetrate, 
 Lat.] the act of piercing or entering info a body. Entrance 
 or comprehension of any difficulty, applied to the under- 
 standing. Acutenessor sagacity. 
 
 PE'NI'jTRATIVE, a. piercing, sharp, subtle, acute, or 
 discerning. Having the power to impress the mind. 
 
 PE'NGUIN, s. [Brit.] a bird with a white head, which, 
 lliough no higher than a goose, yet oftentimes weighs 
 sixteen pounds. A fruit in the West Indies, of a sharp acid 
 flavour. 
 
 PENI'NSULA, s. [ pane, nnnost, and iii^(7ff, an island, Lat.J 
 a piece of 'laud surroiinded by water, excepting in one part, 
 by w hich it is joined to the continent. 
 
 PENf'NSKLATED, n. almost surrounded with water. 
 
 PE'NITENCR, i. [from ;m»i(ei, it repents, Lat.J repent- 
 ance ; sorrow for sin attended with aniendraent of life, 
 and change of the ail'ections. 
 
 PENITENT, a. [from panitrt, it repents, Lat.] sorrowful 
 for past sins, and resolutely amending lit'e. 
 
 PE'NITENT, s. one sorrowful for past transgressions, 
 and resolute to abstain from tlieiu for the future. 
 
 ecu
 
 ?EN 
 
 PEN 
 
 PF-N'ITE'NTIAL, (penitinshial) a. expressing sorrow for 
 past sins; enjoined as penance. 
 
 PENITE'NTIARY, (7Jfni>fHf/iiary) s. one who prescribes 
 the rules and measures of penance. One wlio does penance. 
 Tlie place where penance is enjoined. 
 
 PENITENTLY, sd. with repentance or sorrow for sin ; 
 wilh contrition. 
 
 P l^'K KNIFE, (pcnnife) s. a knife for making pens. 
 PK'NKUIDGE, a town of Staffordshire, fornierU large and 
 handsome, but now greatly reduced. It contains about 1200 
 inhabitants, and is 6 miles S. of Stafford, and 129 N. W. of 
 London. Market on Tuesday. A fair on September 2, and 
 a great horse-fair on October lOtli. 
 
 PENMAN, «. one who professes the art of writing. An 
 author or writer. 
 
 PE'NMAEN MAWR, n mountain of Carnarvonshire, 
 1545 feet high, and over-hanging the sea at so vast a height, 
 that few are able to look douii the dreadful steep. 
 
 PE'NNACHKD, a, \/Miiinclii, Pr.J ap|)lied to flo\yers, 
 when the groiuid of the natural colour of their leaves is ra- 
 diated, and diversified neatly without any confusion. 
 
 PE'NN.\NT, s.[peiwo>i, Fr.] au ensign, colours, or small 
 ftag. A"" rope for hoisting things on board. 
 
 PE'NN.ATED, a. [from pcmia, a wing, Lat.J winged ; in 
 botany, applied to those leaves which grow exactly opposite 
 to each other on the same stalk, as those of the ash, <.Vc. 
 PE'NNER, i. a writer. Willi the Scotch, a pcncase. 
 PENNILESS, «. w'thout nionev. 
 
 PENNON, s. [Fr.J a kind of standard with a long fail, 
 antiently belonging to a simple gentleman. It is opposed to 
 the banner, which was'square. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA, one of the United Provinces of N. 
 America. It is bounded on the E. by Delaware river, and 
 partly bv the ocean; on the \V. by the northern part of 
 Chesapeak-Bav, which separates it from Maryland ; on the 
 N. bv several fndian nations; and on the S. by Maryland. It 
 is well watered by the Delaware, and other navigable rivers, 
 on which large ships come up into the heart of the province. 
 This country was granted to the celebrated William Pcnn, 
 the quaker,"the son of Sir William Penn, by King Charles 
 If. in consideration of sundry debts due to him from the 
 frown. By his means the country was soon changed from 
 a wilderness to a garden, audit is now one of the most 
 fiourisliing provinces in the New World. Philadelphia is the 
 capital town. 
 
 PENNY, s.rplural/jfHfi; ; penig, .Sax.] asmaircoin,invaIue 
 fotirCirthiugs. Proverbially, a small sura ; money ingeneral. 
 PE'NNYCRESS, s. in botany, a kind of mithridate. 
 PKNNYRO'YAL, J. au lierbof a fragrant smell, used as 
 medicine in cookerv. 
 
 PE'NNYWEIGfilT,*. a weight containing 24 grains troy 
 
 weight. 
 
 PE.VNYWISE, (7. saving small sums at the hazard of greater. 
 
 PEN X Y WORT, -t. an uud)elliferous plant, called by some 
 
 white-rot. The wall pennyroyal, or kidneywort, belongs to 
 
 the cotyledon of Linnaius. 
 
 PE'NNYWORTH, j. as much as can be bought for a 
 penny. A purchase. Something bought for less than it is 
 worth. A small (juantity. 
 
 PE'NIUCE, a seaport" town of S. Wales, in the comity of 
 Glamorgan, with a market on 'i'liursday. Jt is sealed near 
 the sea, 20 miles S. of Cainiarllien, and 21!J W. of London. 
 PENRITH, or PERlTll, a large well built trading town 
 of Cumberland, with noted tan-works and some nianufac- 
 lurcsof check and cotton. It has a spacious market place, 
 au<l is a great thoroughfare on the nost-road be! ween 
 London and Cilasgow. It is seated under a hill, near the 
 river Pelerel, and ihe coiillux of the Eismot and Lowlher, 
 ISmiles E. of Carlisle, and 220 N.N. W. of London. Markets 
 on Tuesday and Saturday. Fair on Whit-'Fucsday. 
 
 PE'NRYN, a town of Cornwall, having markets on Wed- 
 nesday, Friday, and Saturday. It is situated on a creek of 
 Falmouth Haven, is a corporation, and sends 2 members to 
 rnrliamcot. This town was once saved from dcatructiou by 
 
 a companir of strolling players. According to Mr. Rymer, 
 towards the end of the IGtIi century the Spaniards were 
 landing to burn the town, just at the time the players were 
 setting Samson upon the Fliilistines,vhich performance was 
 accompanied witli a great deal of drumming and shouting, 
 insomuch that the Spaniards supposed an ambush was laid 
 for them, and therefore returned to their ships. It contains 
 about 2400 inhabitants. It is 2 miles N. N. W. of F'almouth 
 and 260 W. S. W. of London. 
 
 PENSANCE, or PENZANCK, a populous town of 
 Cornwall, seated on a creek of i>Iountsbay. It carries on a 
 considerable tiathc in shipping, and is one of the tin-coinage 
 towns. It is 12 miles E. of Senau, at the Land's V,iu\, and 
 281 W. by S. of London. Pdarket on Thursday. 
 
 FE'NSFORD, a town of Somersetshire, noted for its hats 
 and bread ; it has also a manufaetorv of cloth. It is seated 
 on the river Cliew, 7. S. S. W. of Rath, and 117 W. by S, of 
 London. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 PE'NSILE, u. \pensilis, from ■pendeo, to hang, Lat.J hang- 
 ing, suspended or supported above ground. 
 PE'NS1LENE<;S, s. the state of liaiiging. 
 PENSION, (paislioii) s. [pemioii, Fr.] an allotvance given 
 to a person without au equivalent. 
 
 To PENSION, {pcnshon) v. a. to support by an arbitrary 
 allowance. 
 
 PE'NSION.-\RY, (paifhrKwr!!) n. \pcHsivnnaire, Fr.] 
 maintained by pensions, or a siated allowance. Formerly 
 the title given to the first minister of the regency of each city 
 in the province of Holland. 
 
 PENSIONER, {pittshoiur) s. one supported by voluntary 
 allowance, from another. 
 
 PE'NSA'E, a.\peiisif, Fr.] sorrowfully thoughtful ; mourn- 
 fully serious. 
 PE'NSIVELY, ad. in a mournful and thoughtfnl manner. 
 PE'NSIVENESS, s. the quality of being mournfully 
 thoughtful. 
 PLNT, part. pass. o(Pe>i ; cooped up. 
 PENTAC ATSULAR, a. ffiom peute, five, Gr. and capsttla, 
 a cell, Lat.l having five cells orcavities. 
 
 PENTACHORD, (phitahord) s. [from penie, five, and 
 chorde, a string, Gr.] an instrument having five strings. 
 
 PENTAED-ROUS, a. [from peiUe, five, and hcdra, a side, 
 Gr.] having five sides. 
 
 PENTAGON, i [from penie, five, and gonia, an angle, 
 Gr.la mathematical hgure lia\ing live angles". 
 PENTA'(iONAL,«. having five angles. 
 PE'NTAGRAPH, f. an instrument whereby designs, 
 prints, Ac. of every kind, may be copied in any proportion, 
 without a person's being skilled in drawing. 
 
 PENTA'iMETER, s. [fiom j>eni(; fi\e, and mctreo, to 
 measure, Gr.] a Latin verse consisting of five feet. 
 
 PENTA'NGULAR, a, [i'voiu pente, five, Gr. and anguhis, a 
 corner, Lat.] five-cornered. 
 
 PENTAP.ETALOUS, a. [from pente, five, and pctehti, a 
 fiower leaf, Gr.] having five flower leaves. 
 
 PE'NTASPAST, s. [from fente, five, and spco, to draw, 
 Gr.] an engine with five pulleys. 
 
 PKNTA'STIC, s. [from pmte, five, and stichos, a verse, 
 Gr.] a composition consisting of five verses. 
 
 Pi'j'NTASTYLK/, s. [from pcntr, five, and stylus, a column, 
 Gr.] in architecture, a work in which arc five rows or 
 colunuis. 
 
 PENTATEUCH, {penlatcnh) s. [from V'^tf, five, and 
 tcuchos, a volume, Gr. J the five books of .Moses; namely. 
 Genesis, Exoiliis, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deiiteronc;my. 
 
 PK'NTECOS'lV. [from ;,vh((/,ojYoj, fiftieth, Gr.Ja feas't of 
 the Jews, so called from its being celebrated the fiftieth 
 <lay aflcr the sixteenth ofNisan. It is called by the Hebrews 
 llie feast of weeks, because kept seven weeks after the 
 Passover. It corresponds with the Christian's Whilsrintide. 
 PENTECOSTAL, a. belonging to Whitsuntide. 
 PE'NTHOUSE, s. Ifciitc, Fr. and Ao»«e] a shed liangina 
 out aslope from the main wall. 
 PENTICE, s,\ptndice, Ital. J a sloping roof; a slicd.
 
 PER 
 
 I' F. R 
 
 PENTILE, s. a tile made for covering; the sloping part of 
 (lie roof. 
 
 PENlI'LTIMA.i. \sijlMm pimtUima, Lat.] the last sjllable 
 l)i;t one. 
 
 I'ENU'MBRA, s. \pcnc, iitiiiosi, am! vwlirci, the shade, 
 Lat. |aii inipoiCect slr.iflow. In a sol.iri'clipsc, the i" 'nmdira 
 islliat flint shadovvllint fdls upon those pMits of ihe e;iitli 
 where the snn is only partially or annnlarly eclipsed. In an 
 eclipse of the moon, it is llial f.'.iril sIkiiIow on her disk 
 vliich appears for scuietiine In lore and after she is eclipsed, 
 owin^' to those parts having;- the sun only partially eclipsed 
 at that time, as seen from liie laooii. 
 
 I'l'.NU'UlOUS, 0. |tVom pininui, ivaiit, T.at.] sparing in 
 ex|)etise ; parsini()ni<jns ; scanty. 
 
 1'1-^XU'RIOUSLV, lid. in a iiii;i;arillv or sparinjj manner. 
 
 PENU'RIOUSNESS, s. the (piality of heing sparin- in 
 exiienses ; parsimony. 
 
 I'E'NURY, s. [pt'iinriii, Lat.] want ; poverty : inditrence. 
 
 J'F,NZl';NSKOl\one of the-11 uoNeriimeiitsof the lliissian 
 empire, formerly a province of Kasan ; and hounded hy 
 the government of Simhirskoe on the K. Its capital, Penza, 
 IS seated on the river Sura, where it receives the rivulet 
 Penza. Lat. 32. 35. N. Ion. 45. 45. E. 
 
 PEONY, s. Iprcnilia, Lat.] a red Howcr. 
 
 PEOPLE, {■peeph) s. \pcuple, Fr. popiilus, Lat.] a nation 
 or community. The vulvar or commonalty. Sync^n. Peii- 
 plv is so very general that it cannot l)e connected with a de- 
 terminate number ; as, for instance, four, live, or s'wpeopic ; 
 hut that oi'pi-rsoiis may. 
 
 ToPE'OPLE, (pieplc) r. n.[pe>,plci;^ Fr.] to fill with in- 
 habitants. ' 
 
 PEPA'STICS, s. [from ;)c/)«!!io, to di;^est, Gr.J medicines 
 which are good to help the rawness of the stomach, and to 
 digest crudities. 
 
 PEPPER, s. Ipiper, Lat] a warm spice, of which there are 
 several species. 
 
 To PEPPER, V. a, to sprinkle with pepper. Figura- 
 tively, to beat or mangle, either with blows or shot. 
 
 PETPERBOX,^. abo\ for holding pepper. 
 
 PEPPERCORN, s. anv thin^' of inconsiderable value. 
 
 PE'PPERMINT, s. mint eminentlv hot. 
 
 P.E'PPERWORT, ^. a plant; a kind ofdittander. 
 
 PE'PPERGRASS, s. a kind of fern; called also pepper- 
 moss and pillwort. 
 
 PETSLS, f. lfrom;)(7)<a«o, to digest, Gr.j the concoction, 
 digestion, or termentatioi.' of victuals and humours in a 
 human body. 
 
 PEPTIC, aApeplihos, Gr.] what assists in digestion. 
 
 PERACU'TE, n.lpernciitns, Lat.] very sharp. 
 
 PERADVE'NTURE, ail. Iparaoanture, Fr.] i)erliap3; by 
 chance ; may be. 
 
 To PEILVGRATE, v.n. [pn-ngro, from ;«•-, through, and 
 ngf); a Held, Lat.] to travel or wander over. 
 
 FERAGIIA'TION, s, the act of passing through any state 
 ot space. 
 
 To PERA'MBULATE, v. a. [from per, through, and mn- 
 /«f/(i, to walk, Lat.] to walkthrough; to survey by passing 
 tlnniigh, 
 
 PERAMBULATION, f. the act of passing through or 
 wandering over ; a travelling survey. 
 
 PE'RCEANT, (I. [perctiiif, Fr.] piercing, penetrating. 
 PEUCE'lVABLE,(p<)«^!(7Wc)«. that is properly anobject of 
 the sense or understanding, and may be discovered by either. 
 
 i'ERCE'IVABLY, (pereitn-abh/) ad. in such a manner as to 
 be discovered by the senses or mind. 
 
 To PERCEIVE, (pfrceiii) V. a. \pcrcevoir, Fr. from per- 
 cipio, to perceive, Lat.j to discover by means of the senses 
 or understanding. To know or observe. 
 
 PiaiCEPTIBFLlTY, j.the state of being discovered by 
 the mind or senses. The power of perceiving. 
 
 I'ERCE'PTIBLE, «. [Fr. from percipio, to perceive, Lat.J 
 si;ili as may be perceived by the mind or senses. 
 
 PERCE'PTIBLY, nd. insucn a manner as may be pcr- 
 csived by the seiweit or mind. 
 
 PERCE'PTION, s. [from penipin, to peiTcive, Lat.j 'lit 
 act, passion, or expression, whereby the minil becomes 
 conscious of any thing. The act or power of perceiving. 
 An idea or iicition. 
 
 PEJl('E'l''j'l\M', a. [from jiciciiiu, to perceive, Lat.] 
 having the power of perceiving. 
 
 PERCH, fpfivff, Lilt. W/(//c, Kr.] a fish of prey._ A mea- 
 siire containing five yaKlsand a ha'lf, t'wni perc/ta, I'r.pailica, 
 Laf. A stick on which birifs support themselves wiifcn they 
 T'0(jst. 
 
 To PERCH, r.v. [verchcr, Fr.] to sit like a bird at roost. 
 Actively, to phu e oil a perch. 
 
 PI'.RCIl A NCE, "'/. perhaiis ; prradvrnturc. 
 
 PE'llCHERS, i. Paris caiKllfs, used in I'.ngland inantient 
 times ; also the larger sort of wax candles, which were usu- 
 ally set upon the altar. 
 
 PERCrPll'.NT, ". [pircipinis, fioni percipio, to perceive, 
 Lat.] conscious of till' presence or impression of an object. 
 
 PERCI'PIKNT, >«. one that has the power of jierctivinK- 
 
 To PE'RCOLATE, r. if. [pern>ii, Lat.J to strain through. 
 
 PERCOL.\'T10N,«. the act of purifvmg bv straining. 
 
 To PERCU'SS, V. a. [from perciuio, to strike, Lat.] to 
 strike. 
 
 PEllCU'SSION, s. [pertussin, from percniio, to strike, 
 Lat.] the act of striking. A stroke. The cU'ect of souih! 
 in the ear. 
 
 Pl^RCU TIENT, {perhishicnl) a. [percvticns, from peretUia, 
 to strike, Lat ] striking, having the power to strike. 
 
 PERD1TIC>N, .'. fperiliUii, from pcrdo, to destroy or lose, 
 Lat,] destruction; death; loss or ruin. In scripiure, 
 eternal death. 
 
 PERDUE, ad. [Fr. a forlorn hope, or advanced centinelj 
 close ; in ambush. 
 
 PE'RDULOUS, a. [from perdo; to destroy or lose, Lat.] 
 lost ; throM n away. 
 
 PERDU'RABLE, s. [Fr. from pcrdum, to continue long, 
 Lat.] lasting; long continued. Not in use. 
 
 PERDURABLV, nil. in a lasting manner. 
 
 PERDURA'TlOtV, s. [from perdmo, to continue long, 
 Lat.J long continuance. 
 
 To P!'/REGUINATE, II. n. [perep;riiin, fwm pcregrihns, 
 foreign, Lat.] to travel ; to live in foreign countries. 
 
 PE'IIECtRINATION, s. fpcregriiiiitio, froitl jferegrinus, 
 foreign, Lat.] travel or abode in foreign countries. 
 
 PEREGRINE, a. [peregrinus, Lat.] foreign ; not native ; 
 not domestic. 
 
 To PERE'MPT, v. a. [perimo, Lat.] in law, to crush or 
 kill. 
 
 PERE'MPTORILY, ad. absolutely ; so as to cut oft" fur- 
 ther debate. 
 
 PEREMPTORINESS, s. positiveness that will not admit 
 of dispute or contradiction. 
 
 PERE'MPTORY,rt. [peremptorius, low Lat.] positive, so 
 as to admit of no dispute or contradiction'. 
 
 PERE'NNIAL, a. [from per, through, and annus, a year, 
 Lat.] lasting through the year ; perpetual; unceasing. 
 
 PERE'NNITY, s. [from per, tnrough, and annus, a year, 
 Lat.] the quality of lasting the year round ; perpetuity. 
 
 PE'RFECT, «. [perf'eetiis, from perfieio, to perfect, Laf.] 
 free from defect with respect to parts, composition, skill, 
 or abilities. Safe. Synon. P()/«/(o", regards properly 
 the beauty which rises from the design and construction 
 of the work ; finishins;, from the hant' and workmanship 
 of tile workman. Completion, depends on tlie waat of 
 nothing, but on the work's having every thing it should 
 have. 
 
 To PERFECT, f.n. \ perfieio, Lat.] to complete or finish 
 any thin". To supply defects. To instruct completely. 
 
 P E RFECTEK, i. one that makes perfect. 
 
 PERFECTIBI'LITY, s. a word lately introduced by some 
 writers, to express the possibility of man's arriving at per- 
 fection in this world. 
 
 PERFECTION, s. [from perf.rin, to perfect, Lat.] the 
 sta-te of enjoying every thing that belongs to a thing free 
 
 C7l
 
 PEil 
 
 PER 
 
 iroiH redundancy or (lefetf. Supreme excellence. Anat- 
 ij'fmte applied to tJio IV'iiv. 
 
 To PERFE'CTiONAT£,, .■. n. [pejftc'.ionne,; Fr.] to per- 
 fect. 
 
 I'ERFE'CTIVE.rt. conducing to complete, or to remove 
 all defects, used witii of. 
 
 PERFE'CTIVELY, a'L in such a manner as to remove all 
 .lefecfs. 
 
 I'E'RFECTLY, ad. in a manner free from defects ; totally, 
 eonipletflv ; exactlj, accurately. 
 
 PE'RFECTNES.S, s, completeness ; goodness ; virtue ; 
 siiiil. 
 
 I'ERrrpiOUS, a. {from pei; a negative particle, and 
 /ih's, fidelity, Lat.] tieaclicrous, false, guilty of violaleil 
 trust. 
 
 PERFI'DIOUSLY, mi in a inauiicr inconsistent wiili the 
 confidenee placed in one. 
 
 PERFI'DIOUSNESS, s. the quality of b.-ins perfidious. 
 
 PERFIDY, ^. [from per, a negative particle, and Jiilcs, 
 fidelity, Lat.l breach of faith. Tlie act of betray iny. 
 
 To PE'RFLATE, r. a. [from per, through, ^udjio, to blow, 
 Lat 1 to blow throu;;h. 
 
 PERFLA'TI-ON, s. the act of blowing thro^gh. 
 
 To PERFORATE, v. a. f perforo, Lat.] to pierce or bore 
 a hole with a tool. 
 
 PERFORA'TION, s. the act of piercing or boring. A 
 liole made by boring. 
 
 PERFORATOR, s. the instrument of boring. 
 
 PERFORCE, «(/. by violence; violently. 
 
 To PERFORM, v.a. [ pci-f'ormarc, Ital.] to execute, act, 
 crdo; to accomplish a design or undertaking. Neuterly, 
 to succeed in an attempt. 
 
 PERFO'RMABLE, «. practkablc; such as [may be 
 done. 
 
 PERFO'RMANCE, s. the execution of a design. The 
 completionof a promise. A work or composition. An ac- 
 tion, or something done. 
 
 PERFO'RMliR, s.oue that performs any thing, generally 
 applied to an artist who gives a specimen ofhisskillin 
 public. 
 
 To PE'RFRICATE, v. w. [from per. through, and/nco, to 
 rub, Lat.l to rub over. 
 
 PERFU'M.\TORY, a. that perfumes. 
 
 PERFUME, s. [piirfioiu; Fr.J .-.n agreeable odour com- 
 posed by art, and used to give other things a fragrant scent. 
 Tragrance. 
 
 To PEPtFU'ME, ti. a. to make a thing smell agreeably. 
 To scent. 
 
 PEPiFU'MER, s. one who makes and sells artificial 
 odours. 
 
 PERFU'NCTORILY, ad. [from perfunctoric, Lat.] in a 
 careless or negligent manner. 
 
 PERFUNCTORY, «. [from perfmctoriu!;, Lat.] careless; 
 slight ; negligent. 
 
 To PERFU'SE, (pe}fiize) r. a. [from per, through, and 
 funrlo, to pour, Lat.] to oversijreacl ; to tnieture. 
 
 PERHATS, nd. peradventure ; it may be. 
 
 PE'lUAPT, s. [Iiom /loi, about, and apto, to tic, Gr.] a 
 charm, worn to prevent or expel diseases ; an amulet. 
 
 PERlCA'RDIUivI, i. I from /)«■/, about, kardia, (he heart, 
 Cr.] a thin membrane resembling a purse, and containing 
 the heart in its cavity; its use is to contain a quantity of 
 clear water to keep the heart moist. 
 
 PERICA'RPIU.M, s. [from peri, about, and /larpot, fruit. 
 Or.] a thin membrane encompassing the fruit or grain of a 
 plant. A medicine applied to the wrist for the cure of an 
 agiie. 
 
 Pr:RICLITATION, .«. [from periclUor, to endanger, Lat.] 
 dan:;er, hazard. Trial ; experiment. 
 
 PERjCRA'NUIM, .5. [from /")^;d)out, and hauion, the 
 liead, (»r.] a lliin and nervous mendjrane, of exquisite sense, 
 which covers the cranimn <u' skidl, and envelopes all the 
 bones in the body, except tiie teeth ; for which reason it 
 isalf, ca\\&\ periosteum. 
 C72 
 
 PERI'CULOUS, a. [from perietdum, danger, Lat.J ilr.r- 
 gcrons , hazardous. Not in use. 
 
 PEKIE'HGY, s. [from peri, about, and ei-^on, a work, Gr.J 
 needless caution, or diligence in an operation. 
 
 PERIGEE', or PERIGEI'M, *. [from /;«■;, about, ann 
 ge, the eartii, Gr.] a point wherein a planet is at its nearest 
 possible distance from the earth. 
 
 PI'"R1HE'LIUA1, s. [from peri, about, and lielins, the sun. 
 Or.] that part of a planet's orbit wliereni it is nearest to the 
 sun. 
 
 PERIL,*, [peril, Fr.| a state wherein a person is exposed 
 to loss, disease, or death. A danger tiireatened. 
 
 PERILOUS, «. [perilleux; Fr.] dangerous, hazardous. 
 Smart, witty. 
 
 Pl'J'RILOUSLY, ad. in a dangerous manner. 
 
 PE'RILOUSNESS, .v. dangerousness. 
 
 PERl METER, i. [/jcni'mwrf, Fr. from ;)m, about, and 
 melreo, to measure, Gr.j the compass or sum of all the sitles 
 that bound any tigure. 
 
 PERIOD, s. \_peri, about, and odus, a way, G^r.J a space of 
 time in which the revolution of a planet is performed. A 
 stated numberof years, (lays, or hours, in wiiith things are 
 performed and repeated. The end or conclusion. The state 
 
 at which any tiling terminates. Duration. In gra !ar, a 
 
 complete sentence from one full stop to another. In jjrint- 
 ing, a pause or mark, denoting a complete sentence, 
 thus, ( . ) 
 
 PERIODIC, or PERIODICAL, a. [ph-iodi<iiie, Fr. from 
 peri, about, and cdos, a way, Gr.] making a circuit or revo- 
 lution. Happening or returning at a stated time. Relating 
 to periods or rev.jlulinns. 
 
 PERIODICALLY, nd. at stated times. 
 
 PERIOE'Cl, s. [from peri, about, and oikeo, to dwell. Or. ) 
 in geography, are such inhabitants as have the same lati- 
 tude, but opposite longitudes. Tliese have the same con;- 
 mon seasons throughout the year, and the same pha>nomena 
 of the heavenly bodies ; but when it is noon-day with tlie 
 one, it is midnight with the other, there being 12 hours be- 
 tween them in an east or west direction. 
 
 PIORIO'STEUM,*. [from peri, about, and osteon, a bone. 
 Or.] a membrane of exipiisite sense covering all the bones. 
 
 PERIPATETICS, s. [fvom peri, about, and paieo, to walk, 
 Gr. I is a name given to the disciples of Aristotle, because 
 thev used to dispute walking. 
 
 PERIPHERY, iperi/eri/) s. [from peri, around, and ;>/ie)o, 
 to carrv, Gr.] tiie circumterence of a circle. 
 
 ToPE'RIPHRASE, [/Kriyinif)''-"- Iperiph-aser, Fr.] lo 
 express by circumlocution, or many words. 
 
 PERI'PHRASIS, {perifnisis) *." [from peri, about, and 
 phrazo, to speak, Gr.] the act of expressing the sense of one 
 word by many ; as, when we say, the loss of life, for death. 
 Circumlocution. 
 
 PERIPNEU'MONY, or PERINEUMO'NIA, s. [from 
 peri, about, and pneumon, the lungs, Gr.] an inflamuiation of 
 the lungs. 
 
 PE'RISCII, s. [from /Jen, about, and sha, a shadow, Or.) 
 in geography, the inhabitants of either frigid zone, within 
 the polar circles ; where the sun, when in the summer signs, 
 moves only round about then), without setting, and conse- 
 quently their shadows, in the same day, turn lo all the points 
 of the horizon. 
 
 To PERISH, V. n. [pereo, Lat.J to die; to be destroyed. 
 Actively, to destroy, decay, or impair. Obsolete. 
 
 PE'RISH.\BLE, a. liable to perish or decay; subject to 
 short duration. 
 
 PE'i\ISIIARLE.NE.SS,i.hablcnesstodecayordcstrucfion, 
 
 PEKISTA'l/riC, a. [peristaUit/iie, Fr. from ;»W, ahouf, 
 ami sl(l/(i, to thrust Inrtli, (ir.J applied to the vermicular or 
 waveriri)? motion of the guts, by which the excrements are 
 passed downwards, and voided. 
 
 I'ERISTY'LE, s. [peristile, Vr.] a circular range of pillars, 
 or cobnnns. 
 
 PEIUSV STOLE, s. [from peri, about, and sijsuile, a fOi». 
 traction of the heart, (ir.J the pause or interval between ii.e
 
 PERN 
 
 two motions of the heart or pulse ; namely, that of the si/stole 
 or contraction of the heart, and that of the diastole or dila- 
 tation. 
 
 PERITO'NEUM, i. [(mm perileino, to stretch all round, 
 Gr.] a thin soft membrane, which incloses all the bowels in the 
 lower belly. 
 
 PERITRO'CHIUM, (peritrdhium) s. [from peri, around, 
 and trochos, a wheel, Gr.J in mechanics, denotes a wheel, or 
 circle, concentric with the base of a cylinder, and moveable to- 
 gether with it about an axis. 
 
 To PE'RJURE, V. a. [perjuro, Lat.] to swear falsely ; to 
 forswear. 
 
 PE'RJURER. f. one who swears falsely. 
 PE'RJURV, s. [from per, which has here a negative mean- 
 ing, and ^'uro, to swear, Lat.] the act of swearing falsely ; a 
 false oath. 
 
 PE'RIWIG, s. [perruque, Fr.] hair woven on thread, sow- 
 ed on a cawl, and worn by a person instead of his own 
 ha'r. 
 
 To PE'RIWIG, V. a. to dress in false hair. 
 PE'RIWINKLE.f. a small shell-fish, a kind of sea-snail. In 
 botany, a plant. See Perrywinkle. 
 
 To PERK, V. n. [from perch, Skinner] to hold up the head 
 with an affected briskness. Actively, to dress, to prank. 
 PERK, a. pert ; brisk ; airy. Obsolete. 
 PE'RMAGY, *. a little Turkish boot. 
 
 PE'RMANENCE, PE'RMANENCY, t- duration ; con- 
 sistency ; lastingness ; contiiuiance in the same state. 
 
 PE'RMANEN r, a. [from per, through, and maneo, to re- 
 main, Gr.] durable, continuing, lasting unchanged. 
 PE'RMANENTLY, ad. in a durable manner. 
 PE'RMEABLE, a. [from permeo, Lat.J such as may be 
 passed through. 
 
 PE'RMEANT, a. [permeans, from permeu, to pass through, 
 Lat.] passing through. 
 
 To PERMEATE, v. a. [permeo, Lat.] to pass through. 
 PERMEA'TION, *. the act of passing through. 
 PERMI'SCIBLE, a (from per, through, and misceo, to mix, 
 Lat.] such as may be mixed. 
 
 PERMI'SSIBLE, a. [from permitto, Lat.] what may be per- 
 mittei). 
 
 PERMI'SSION, s. [Fr. from permitto, to permit, Lat.] al- 
 lowance. Leave to do any thing. 
 
 PERMI'SSIVE, a. [from permitto, Lat.] granting or giving 
 leave ; not hindering, though not approving. 
 
 PERMI'SSIVELY, ad. by bare allowance, without hinder- 
 ance or approbation. 
 
 To PERMI'T, V. a. [permitto, Lat.] to allow, grant, or 
 suffer, without commanding, authorising, or approving ; to 
 resign. 
 
 PE'RMIT, s. a written warrant for sending goods from one 
 place to another. 
 
 PERMI'TTANCE, s. allowance. Forbearance of opposi- 
 tion. Not elegant. 
 
 PERMI'XTION, s. [from per, through, and misceo, to 
 mix, Lat.] the act of mingling ; the state of being mingled. 
 
 PE'RMSKOE, one of the 41 governments of Russia, formerly 
 a province of Kasan. It is divided into two provinces ; namely, 
 Perm, the capital of which is of the same name, seated on the 
 river Kama, where it receives the Zegochekha ; Catharinen- 
 burgh, the capital of which, of the same name, is seated not far 
 from the source of the river Issel. 
 
 PERMUTA'TION, s. [from per, which increases the mean- 
 ing, and muto, to change, Lat.J the exchange of one thing for 
 anotlitr. 
 
 To PERMUTE, v. a. [homper, which increases the mean- 
 ing, and muto, to change, Lat.J to exchange. 
 
 PERNI'CIOUS, (pernishious) a. [from perntcies, mischief, 
 Lat.] mischievous in the highest decree; destructive. Quick, 
 from pcrnix, Lat. " Part incentive reed provide, pernicious 
 with one touch to fire." Milt. 
 
 PERNPCIOUSLY, ( pernishiously ) ad. in such a manner as 
 to destroy or ruin ; mischievously. 
 
 * R 
 
 PE RS 
 
 673 
 
 PERNI'CIOUSNESS, ( pernUhiousness ) t the quality of be- 
 ing destructive. 
 
 PKRNrcn'Y, t, [from pernix, swift, Lat.] swiftness. 
 " Great swiftness or periiiciti/.'' lluij. 
 
 PEIUJRA'TION, *. [Irom per, through, and oro, to speak, 
 Lat.J the conclusion of an oration. 
 
 To PERPEND, V. a. [from perpendo, to weigh, Lat.J to 
 ponder on, or consider attentively. 
 
 PERPICNUER, f. [perpigne, Er.] a coping stone. 
 
 PERPENDI'CULAR, a. [from perpendo, to weigh, Lat.] 
 crossing any thing at right angles. Straight or upright. 
 
 PERPENDI'CULAR, f. aline crossing the horizon at right 
 angles. 
 
 PERPENDICULA'RITY, i. the state of being perpendicu- 
 lar. 
 
 PERPENDI'CULARLY, ad. in such a manner as to cut 
 another line at right angles. In the direction of a straight line 
 up and down. 
 PERPE'NSION, s. consideration. Obsolete. 
 
 To PE RPETRAT1<:, v. a. [perpetro, Lat.J to commit; to 
 act. Always in a bad sense. 
 
 PERPETRA'TION,^. the act of committing any crime. Fi- 
 guratively, a crime. 
 
 PEliPE'TUAL, [perpetuel, Fr.] never ceasing ; continual; 
 everlasting. 
 
 PERPE'TUALLY, ad. without intermission or ceasing. 
 
 To PERPE'TUATE, v. a- [perpetuo, Lat.J to make perpe- 
 tual ; to eternize ; to continue without cessation or intermission. 
 
 PERPETUA'TION, s. the act of making perpetual ; inces- 
 sant continuance. 
 
 PERPETU'lTY, s. [from perpetuut, perpetual, Lat.] dura- 
 tion without cessation. Snmething which has no end. 
 
 To PERPLE'X, V. a. [from per, thoroughly, and ptecto, to 
 twist, Lat.J to disturb with doubts, ambiguities, or difiicul- 
 ties. 
 
 PERPLE'X, a. [from per, thoroughly, and plecto, to twist, 
 Lat.] difficult; ambigutnis ; intricate. "How the soul di- 
 rects the spirits for the mutiou of the body, according to 
 the several animal exigents, is perplex in the theory." Glan- 
 vil/e. 
 
 PERPLE'XEDLY, ad. intricately ; with involution. 
 
 PERPLE'XEDNESS, s. the quality which renders the 
 judgment unable to determine. Intricacy ; anxiety of 
 mind. 
 
 PERPLEXITY, s. [from per, thoroughly, and plecto, to 
 twist, Lat.J anxiety ; entanglement; intricacy. 
 
 PE'RQUISITE, s. [from perquino, to search or demand, 
 Lat.J something above settled wages. 
 
 PE'KQUISITED, a. supplied with perquisites. 
 
 PERQUISI'TION, s. [from perquiro, to search or demand, 
 Lat.J an accurate itiquiry ; a strict and thorough search. 
 
 PE'KRY, s. [poiri, Fr.j cyder made of pears. 
 
 PERRYWINKLE, *. a plant, of which there are two Bri- 
 tish species, the less and the greater. 
 
 To PE'RSECUTE, v. a. [from persequor, to pursue, Lat.] 
 to sidyect to pains, losses, or imprisonments, on account ot 
 opinions. To pursue with malice. To trouble with importu- 
 nity. 
 
 PERSECU'TION, s. [from persequor, to pursue, Lat.J the 
 act of inflicting penalties or subjecting to punishments for opi- 
 nions. The state of being persecuted. 
 
 PE RSECUTOR, s. [persecuteur, Fr.] one who inflicts pains, 
 penalties, or losses, on account of his opinions. One who 
 harasses another with malice. 
 
 PERSK'POLI.S, supposed to be anciently the capital city of 
 Persia, properly so called. It was taken by Alexander the 
 Great, who was persuaded, when in liquor, by the courtesan 
 Thais, to set it on fire. It is thought to lie the same as what 
 is now called Kilmanar, of which there are magnificent ruins 
 now remaining. There are inscriptions, in characters, and in 
 a language that now earniot be read, and which show that this 
 place must be extremely ancient ; almost all parts of the 
 ruins are full of sculputres, representing men and beasts. It is
 
 6;i 
 
 PERS 
 
 PERS 
 
 SO miles N. E. of Schiras, and 200 S. E. of Ispahan. Lat. 30. 
 10. N. Ion. 56. 20. E. 
 
 FERSEVE'RAXCE, s. [perseverantia, Lat.] .steadiness oi 
 continuance in any purpose, design, or opinion. 
 
 PERSEVE'KANT, a. [perseTeraiis, Lat.] constant, persist- 
 ing. 
 
 To PERSEVE'RE, v. n. [persevero, Lat.] to persist in an 
 attempt ; to continue firm and resolute. 
 
 PERSEVE'RINGLY, ad. with perseverance. 
 
 PER.SEUS, in astronomy, a constellation in the northern 
 h3misphere. 
 
 PE'KSHORE, a neat old town of Worcestershire, containing 
 2 churches, and about 3000 houses. It is a considerable 
 thoroughfare in the lower road from Worcester to London, 
 and has a manufacture of stockings. It is seated on the N. 
 side of the Avon, near its junclion with the river Bow, 9 miles 
 W. N. W. of London. Markets on Tuesday and Saturday. 
 
 PE'RSIA, a large kingdom of Asia, consisting of several 
 provinces, which, at ditierent times, have had their particular 
 kino's; the inhabitants call it Iran, tor the word Persia is de- 
 rived from that part of it called Pars or Ears, of which 
 Schiras is the capital. It is bounded on the N. by Little 
 Tartarv, the Caspian Sea, Carasm or Corasai, and Great 
 Bokari'a ; on the S. by the Persian Gulph and Sea ; on 
 the W. by Turkey in A;ia ; and on the E. by Great Bokaria 
 and the empire of the Great Mogul. It is about 1224 miles 
 in length from E. to \V. and 900 in breadth from N. to S. 
 No country in the world bears a more difftjrent character than 
 this ; for in the N. and E. parts it is mountainous and cold ; 
 in the miiidle and -S. E. parts sandy and desert; in the S. 
 and W. level and extremely fertile, though for several months 
 very h:)t. The soil produces all sorts of pulse and corn, except 
 oats and rye. They have cotton in great abundance, and, 
 among other domestic animals, camels and buffaloes, and 
 their horses are very numerous. In several places naptha, 
 a sort of bitimien, rises out of the ground ; and they have 
 mines of gold, silver, iron, Turkey .-stones, and salt ; but the 
 two first of these are not worked on account of the scarcity of 
 wood. They have a great deal of cotton cloth, some pearls, 
 and a large quantity of silk, besiiles manufactures of .silk, and 
 very fine carpets. They have also all sorts of fruits, excellent 
 wine, and a great number of mulberry-trees, with the leaves 
 of which they feed the silk-worms; likewise dates, pistacliid- 
 ruts, and trees which produce manna. Tliey have large 
 flocks of sheep and goats ; the tails of the former are of a mon- 
 strous size. Witli regard to religion, they are generally 
 Mahometans. Ispahan is the capital town. 
 
 PE'RSIAX GULPH, a very lane g;ulph between Persia and 
 Arabia Felix, in Asia. Its entrance is about 30 miles over, 
 but within it is near 180 in breadth, and about 420 miles in 
 
 length. . ^ . . £ 
 
 To PERSI'ST, V. n- [from persisto, Lat.J to contniue firm 
 ai d resolute in an undertaking o^ opinion. 
 
 PERSrSTANCE, or PEKSI'STENCY, s. steadiness ; con- 
 stancy ; obstinacy ; obduracy. 
 
 PKHSI'STIVE, a. steady ; persevering. 
 
 PE'RSON, s. [persona, Lat. personne, Fr.] a thinkmg, in- 
 telligent being, that has reason or reflection, and can consider 
 itself as itself, i. e. the same thinking thing in different times or 
 places. An individual, or particular man or woman. A hu- 
 man being. A ma,i or woman. Jn person, one's self, op- 
 posed to a deputy or representative. External appearance. 
 Character. In grammar, the rjuality of the noun which modi- 
 lies a verb. 
 
 PE'RSON ABLE, «. handsome, or of good appearance. In 
 law, one who may maintahi any pica in a court of jus- 
 tice. 
 
 PE'RSONAGE, s. [pcrsonatje, Fr.] a man or woman of some 
 rank or eminence. Air, stature, external appearance. A cha- 
 racter as.svuTied or represented. 
 
 Pi:'HS(JNAL, u. [pcrsond, Fr. from pertona, a person, 
 Lat.J belonging to men or women, opposed to tilings. Pecu- 
 liar ; proper to ; relating to one's private character or ac- 
 
 tions. Present, opposed to representative. Personal estate. 
 In law, something moveable, or appendant to the person. 
 In grammar, applied to a verb which has the modifications of 
 three persons in each number. 
 
 PERSONALITY, s. the existence or individuality of any 
 one. 
 
 PE'RSONALLY, ad. in one's own person. Particularly. 
 With regard to individuality to any one. 
 
 To PE'RSONATE, v. a. [from persona, a person, Lat.] to 
 represent by a fictitious or assumed character, so as to pass 
 for another. To act or represent on the stage. To Cimn- 
 terfeit. To resemble. To describe. Obsolete in the last 
 sense. 
 
 PERSONA'TION, s. counterfeiting of another person. 
 PERSONIFICA'TION, s. prosopopoeia ; the change of 
 things to persons ; as, " Confusion heard his voice." Pur. 
 Lost. 
 
 To PERSO'NIFY', v. a. to represent things as if they were 
 persons. 
 
 PERSPE'CTIVE, s. [from per, through, and spinio, to 
 look, Lat.J a spying-glass ; a glass through which tilings are 
 viewed. The science by which things are ranged in painting 
 in their proper proportions. A view or visto. 
 
 PERSPE'CTIVE, a. optic, or relating to the science of vi- 
 sion. 
 
 PERSPICA'CIOUS, (perspikeshwiis)a . [from per, through, 
 and spicio, to look, Lat.J quick-sighted ; sharp-witted ; quick 
 of apprehension. 
 
 PERSPICA'CIOUSNESS, ( perspikSsMousness ) s. the quality 
 of perceiving or discovering quickly. 
 
 PERSPICA'CITY, s. [perspicacitS, Fr.] quickness of sight 
 or apprehension ; sagacity. 
 
 PERSPrCIENCK, (perspishience) s. [from per, through, 
 and «piCiu, to look, Lat.J the act of looking sharply, perlect 
 knowledge. 
 
 PERSPI'CIL, *. [from per, through, and spicio, to look, 
 Lat.] a glass through which things are viewed; an optic glass. 
 Little used. 
 
 PERSPICU'ITY, s. {perspicuiU, Fr.] the quality of being 
 transparent; applied to the mind, easiness to be understood or 
 comprehended. 
 
 PERSH'CUOUS, a. [from per, through, and spicio, to 
 look, Lat.J clear ; transparent ; such as may be seen through. 
 Easy to be understood. 
 
 PERSPrCUOUSLY, ad. clearly, not obscurely. 
 PERSPl'CUOaSNESS, s. the quality of being easily un- 
 derstood or seen through. 
 
 PERSPI'RABLE, a. such as may be e.Tiitted through the 
 pores of the skin. 
 
 PERSPIRA'TION, s. [from per, through, and spiro, to ex- 
 hale, Lat.] the act of emitting through the skin. 
 
 PERSPJRATIVE, a. performing the act of perspira- 
 tion. 
 
 To PERSPI'RE, V. a. [from per, through, and spiro, to ex- 
 hale, Lat.] to emit through the pores of tlie skin. To be ex- 
 creted by the skin. 
 
 To PERSTRl'NGE, v.a. [hamper, here used as a negative 
 particle, and sti-ingo, to grasp hard, Lat.] to graze upon or 
 touch slightly: to glance upon. 
 
 PERSUA'DABLE, a. such as may be persuaded. 
 To PERSUA'DE, (the u, in this and the following words, is 
 pronounced like w) v. a. [from per, tlioroughly, and suadeo, 
 to persuade, Lat.J to prevail upon, convince, or bring 
 over to any opinions by arguments. To inculcate by argu- 
 ments. 
 
 PERSUA'DER, s. one who influences by arguments. 
 PERSUA'SIBLE, ( perswazihle ) a. [from per, thoroughly, 
 and suadeo, to persuade, Lat.] to be influenced by argu- 
 ments. 
 
 PERSUA'SIBLENESS, *. the quality of being hiflucnced by 
 arguments. 
 
 PERSUA'SION, (perswazhon) s. [from per, thoroughly, 
 and tuadeo, to persuade, Lat.J the act o! inlluencnig the
 
 PERT 
 
 juilgment ami passions by arguments or motives. The state of 
 bfiii^' piTSiiailrd ; opinion. 
 
 PEK^V A'^IVE, (persia&zive) «. [ persuasif, Fr.] having 
 the power to persuaiie. 
 
 PKUSUA'SIVELY, (persw&zively) ad. in such a manner as 
 to persuade. 
 
 PKRSUA'.SIVENESS, (persw&ziveness) s. the quality of 
 influent-ing the passions. 
 
 PEIiyUA'SORY, (perswdsor;/) a. [from per, thoroughly, 
 and suadeo, to persuade, Lat.J having the power to per- 
 suade. 
 
 PERT, a. [pert, Brit, and Belg. appert, Fr.] lively and 
 Dvisk. Sancy, hold, petulant. 
 
 To PEUTA'IN, V. a. \pertineo, from tcneo, to hold, Lat.l 
 to l>eh)ng or relate to. Used with to. 
 
 PERTEHEBKA'TION, s. [from per, through, and terebro, 
 to bore, La(.] the act of boring through. 
 
 PERTERREFA'CTION, s. [from per, thoroughly, terrco, 
 to atfiight, amXfacio, to make, Lat.J the act of afTrighting 
 greatly ; a great fright. 
 
 PERTH, a very handsome town of Scotland, capital of a 
 county of the simie name, containing about 1 1,000 iidiabitants. 
 It consists, chiefly, of one wide street, well paved, but ill 
 built ; from which two others branch off, at right angles on 
 each side. B'fore the reign of .lames II. in lt37, the kings of 
 Scotland generally resided at Perth, as the metropolis of the 
 kingdom. Tlie town has greatly iiicre:ised within the last 70 
 years, carries on considerable manufactures of linen and 
 cotton, and exports large quantities of salmon. Perth is 
 agreeably seated (with a beautiful approach to it,) on the 
 western bank of the Tay, which is here crossed by an elegant 
 stone-bridge ol 9 arches (to which tlie tide comes up, the river 
 being navigable for small vessels) 38 miles N. N. W. of 
 Edinburgh, 
 
 PE'RTHSHIRE, a county of Scotland, bounded on the N. 
 by the sliirts of Inverness and Aberdeen, on the E. by Angus- 
 sl'iire and the Friih of T.iy ; on the S. E. and S. by the coun- 
 ties of Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, and Stirling ; and on the 
 \V. by Dumbartonshire aad Argyleshire. It extends about 60 
 miles from N. to S. and iq>war(ls of 50 from E. to W. The 
 northern ilistrict, called Athol, is uncommonly wild and moun- 
 tainous : the five others, viz. Briedalbane, Gourie, Monteith, 
 Slormont, and Strathern, are more champaign, and fertile in 
 corn and pasture. 
 
 PEliriN A'CIOUS, ( pertinasldous ) a- [from pertineo, to 
 hold fast or pertain, Lat.] obstinate ; stubborn ; not to be 
 convinced : constant, resolute. 
 
 PKRTINA'CIOUSLY, ( pertinashiously ) ad. obstinately ; 
 stubhornlv. 
 
 PERTINA'CIOUSNESS, (pertindsldousness ) PERTINA- 
 CITY, s. obstinacy. Stubbornness. Resolution. Con- 
 stancy. 
 
 PE'RTINACY, s. [from pertineo, to hold fast or pertain, 
 Lat.] obstinacy, steadiness, or persistency. 
 
 PE'RTINEXCE, or PE RTINENCY, s. [from pertineo, to 
 hold fast or pertain, Lat.J justness of relation to tlie matter in 
 hand ; propriety or suitableness to the purpose. 
 
 PE'RTINENT, a. [pertinens, from pertineo, to hold fast or 
 pertain, Lat.J opposite ; suitable to the purpose. Relating ; 
 regarding ; concerning. Used with to, 
 
 PE'RTINEN TLY, ad. to the purpose ; appositely. 
 
 PE'RTINENTNESS, «. the quality of suiting, or being op- 
 posite to what it is apphed to. 
 
 PERTI'NGENT, a. [pertingens, from tango, to touch, 
 Lat.J reaching to ; touching. 
 
 PE'RTIiY, ad. in a brisk, lively, saucy, or petulant man- 
 ner. 
 
 PE'RTNESS, J. brisk folly ; sauciness, petulance ; smart- 
 ness ; audacity ; petty liveliness ; sprightliness without dig- 
 nity or solidity. 
 
 PERTRA'NSIENT, a. {perlransiens, Lat.J passing over. 
 
 To PERTURB, PE'RTURBATE, v. a. (from per, 
 thoroughly, and turbo, to disturb, Lat.] to disquiet, disorder, 
 or put into confusion ; to disturb. 
 
 PERU 
 
 crs 
 
 PERTURBA'TION, s. [from per, thoroughly, and lurbo, to 
 disturb, Lat.] any thing which destroys the tranquillity, or 
 raises a commotion of the passions. Disorder ; confusion ; 
 commotion ; disturbance. 
 
 PERTURB.VTOR, s. [Lat.] one that raises commotions. 
 
 PERTU'SED, (pcrtuzed) a. [from per, through, and tando, 
 to beat, Lat.] bored ; punched ; piercid with holes. 
 
 PERTU'SION, (pertuzhonj s. [from per, through, and 
 tundo, to beat, Lat.J the act of piercing or punching. A hole 
 made by piercing. 
 
 To PERVADE, v. a. [from jwr, through, and vado, to 
 pass, Lat.] to |)ass through ; to permeate ; to pass through 
 the whole extension. " What but God pervades, ailjutts, 
 and agitates the whole." T/iom.son. 
 
 PERVA'SION,('/;(;)!)«r/io»ij s. the act of passing through. 
 
 PERV'E'RSE, a. [from jier, through, and verto, to tuni, 
 Lat ] distorted from tlie ri^ht. Obstinate in ihe wrong ; un- 
 tractal>le; petulant; vexatious; peevish. 
 
 PERVE'RS[<:LY, ad. with intent to vex. Spitefully. 
 Crossly. With [letty malignity. 
 
 PEUVE'RSENESS, s. spiteful crossness ; petulance ; 
 peevishness. 
 
 PERVERSION, s. [perversion, Fr.] the act of changing or 
 perverting to soinetliing worse. 
 
 PERVE'RSITY, s. [i'rnmper, through, and verlo, to turn, 
 L.it.J crossness ; [jcrverseness ; frowardness ; peevishness ; 
 |)etulance. 
 
 To PERVE'RT, V. a. [from per, through, and verto. to turn, 
 Lat.J to misapply or distort wilhilly from the true end, mean- 
 ing, or purpose. To turn from right to wrong ; to cor- 
 rupt. 
 
 PERVE'RTER, i. one that changes any thing from good to 
 bad, or wilfully distorts any thing from tlie riglit purpose ; a 
 corrupter. 
 
 PERVERTIBLE, a. that may be easily perverted. 
 
 PERVESTIGA'TION,. s. [from pervestigo, to trace 
 thoroughly, Lat.J diligent search or inquiry. 
 
 PEKVICACIOUS, ( pervikashious ) a. [trom pervicax, Lat.] 
 spitefully or peevi-hly obstinate; headstrong; stubborn. 
 
 PEIIVICA'CIOUSLY, (pervikdskiously) ad. with spiteful 
 obst nacy. 
 
 PERVICA'CITY,PERVICA'CIOUSNES.S,PF,'RVICACY, 
 i'. [from pervieux, obstinate, Lat.J spiteful obstinacy. 
 
 PE'RVIOUS, a. [from per, through, and via, a way, Lat.] 
 capable of l)cing passed through ; permeahle. 
 
 PE'RVIOUSNESS, s. the quality of permitting passage 
 through. 
 
 PERu', a large country of S. America, bounded on the N. 
 by Popayan, on the W. by the S. Sea, on the S. by Cliili, and 
 on the E. by a ridge of prodigious high mountains, called the 
 Cordilleras-de-Ios-Andes, being about 1500 miles in length 
 from N. to S. and 125 in breadth from E. to W. between the 
 Andes and the S. Sea ; but in other places it is much broader, 
 and, according to some, 200 miles. It never rains in this 
 country, and they hardly know what thunder and lightning 
 are, unless towards the tops of the above mountains ; all 
 the tops of these mountains are covered with snow to 
 a very great height, and there are several volcanoes, which 
 burn continually. The best houses in this country are made 
 of a sort of reeds like bamboo-canes, and covered with 
 thatch, or palni-Ieaves. Peru is inhabited by the Spaniards, 
 who conquered it, and the native Americans. These last, 
 who live among the forests, form as it were so many small 
 republics, which are directed by a Spanish priest, and by 
 their governor, assisted by other original natives, that serve 
 as officers. They have no distrust, for they leave the doors 
 of their huts always open, though they have cotton, calib- 
 ashes, and a sort of aloes, of which they make thread, 
 and several other small matters which they trade with, 
 and which might be easily stolen. They go naked, and paint 
 their bodies with a red drug, called rocu. Their skins are of 
 a red copper colour ; and they have no beards nor hair 
 on any part of their bodies, except their heads, where it is 
 black, long, and coarse. Those that are not much exposed
 
 676 
 
 PETE 
 
 PET! 
 
 to the weather are of a lighter color than the rest. They have 
 a great number of fruits, plants, ami trees, not known in Eu- 
 rope ; however, some of their physical drugs are brought 
 over, which are of excellent use, and are well known in 
 druggists' shops, particularly the Jesuit's bark, and Peru- 
 vian balsam. This country is divided into five great au- 
 diences. 
 
 PE'RUKE, s. [peruque, Fr.] a periwig, or false hair worn as 
 an ornament, or to conceal baldness. 
 
 To PE'RUKE, V. a. to dress with adscititious hair. 
 
 PE'RUKEMAKER, s. a maker of perukes; a wigmaker. 
 
 PERU'SAL, (pcriizal) s. the act of reading. 
 
 To PERU'SE, (peruze) v. a. [from per, through, and utor, 
 to use, Lat.] to read. Figuratively, to observe or examine. 
 
 PERU'SER, (peruzer) s. one that reads or examines. 
 
 PESA'DE, s. [Fr.] a motion made by a horse in raising and 
 lifting up his fore quarters, and keeping his hind legs upon the 
 ground without stirring. 
 
 PE'SSARY, s. [pessaire, Fr.] a medicine of an oblong form 
 to thrust up the uterus, &c. 
 
 PEST, s. Ipestis, Lat.] a plague ; any thing mischievous or 
 destructive. 
 
 To PE'STER, V. a. [pester, Fr.] to disturb, perplex, harass, 
 vex, turmoil, encumber. 
 
 PE'STERER, s. one that pesters or disturbs. 
 
 PE'STEROUS, a. encumbering ; cumbersome. 
 
 PE'STHOUSE, s. an hospital for persons infected with the 
 plague ; a lazaretto. _ j /• , 
 
 PESTI'FEROUS, a. [from pestis, a pestilence, and/ero, to 
 bring, Lat.] infectious like the plague. Destructive ; mis- 
 chievous ; pestilential ; maligiiaul ; contagious ; belonging to 
 
 the p'a.ue. , ■ x i 
 
 PE'STILENCE, «. [ pestilence, Fr. pestilentxa, Lat.J a con- 
 tagious distemper ; plague ; pest. 
 
 PE'STILEN'T, a [ pestilence, Lat. pestilent, Fr.J producing 
 plagues ; mischievous ; destructive. In ludicrous language, 
 u.-ed to exaggerate the meaning of another word. 
 
 PE.STILE'XTIAL, (pesiilenstual) a [pestilentiel, Fr.J 
 partaking of the nature of, or producing the plague. Conta- 
 gious ; destructive ; pernicious. 
 
 PE'STILENTLY, ad. n.ischievoiuly ; d.stiuclively. 
 
 PESTILLA'TION, s. [from pistillum, a pestle, Lat.] the 
 act of breaking or pouniliig in a 11101 tar. _ » 
 
 PE'.STLE, s- [from pinso, to bruise, Lat,] an mvtrument 
 used to pound with in a mortar. Fcstle of pork, a gammon 
 of bacon. . „ , 
 
 PET, s. [from despit, Fr. tmpetus, Lat. or petit, Fr. because 
 it signifies only a slight resentmeiuj a slight fit of anger or re- 
 sentment; a cade lamb; a house lamb. Figuratively, a 
 favorite. , , , , i i 
 
 PETAL, s. [petalum, Lat.] in botany, the colored leaves 
 which compose the flowers of plants. 
 
 PE'TALOUS, a having fimver leaves. 
 
 PE'TAR, PETA'RD, s. [petard, Fr. petardo, Ital.] an en- 
 gine of metal, shaped like a hat, charged with fine powder, 
 Severed with madrier or plank, to which it is fastened by a 
 rope running thiougli the rings or handles round its rim, and 
 is used to blow up gates, ike. u- c • .v, 1,1 
 
 PETCHE-LI, a province of China, the chiet in the whole 
 empire ; bounded on the E. by the Yellow Ssa ; on the N. by 
 the great wall ; nn the VV. by t:haii-si ; and on the S. by 
 Chang-tnng, and Honan. It contains Pekiii, the principal city 
 .n the empire on which 11-0 towns depend, besides a vast num- 
 ber of villages. All the riches of Chuia are brought into this 
 province, particularly to Pekin. . ^ -, , , 
 
 PETECHIAL, (pctihial) a. [from petechuc, Lat.] marked 
 with ptslilential .spots. 
 
 PE'TER, St. As it is not necessary to recite, we therefore 
 omit, so much of the hitory of this great apostle as is related 
 
 in 
 sai 
 
 the Gospels and the Ads, and shall only mention what is 
 id of him by profane aithors. The particulars of St. Peter's 
 life are little known, from the .ilsl year of the vul(;ar era, in 
 which the council of Jerusalem was held, till his last journey 
 to Kume, which was some time before his death. Being 
 
 soon thrown into prison, it is said he continued there nine 
 months ; at last he was crucified at Rome, in the Via Ostia, 
 with his head downwards, as he himself had desired of 
 his executioners ; this he did out of humility, as thinking it too 
 great an honor to suffer in the same m.mner as his master 
 Christ had done. His festival is celebrated with that of 
 St. Paul on the 29th of June. St. Peter died in the Sfitli year 
 of the vulgar era, after having been bishop of Rome, (as some 
 writers aflarm) 21 or 25 years. His age might be about 71 or 
 75 years. 
 
 PETERBOROUGH,!' P^terJoroJ a town or city of North- 
 amptonshire, with a bishop's see, and a market on Saturday. 
 It is not a large place ; for it has but one parish church be- 
 sides the cathedral, which was formerly a monastery, and is a 
 majestic structure. It sends two members to parliament. It 
 contains about 3,500 inhabitants, and is 38 miles S. of Boston, 
 and 7 7 N. by W. of London. 
 
 PE'TER-PENCE, an ancient levy or tax of a penny on each 
 house throughout England paid to the pope. 
 
 PETERSBURGH, a large handsome city of Russia, and in 
 Ingria, built by Peter the Great, czar, of Muscovy, in 1703, 
 and is the capital town of the whole empire. It is of prodigi- 
 ous extent, and contained not long ago 60,000 houses, great 
 and small. There are built here many palaces, a college, a 
 military school, and an exchange. Trade flourishes greatly 
 here, because it is the seat of the emperors, and because 
 foreigners have the same privileges as the natives of the place. 
 All religions are tolerated, and there are packet-boats, by 
 which iiitelligeiiee is conveyed to different places. The in- 
 habitants also carry on a trade with the Cliinese and Per- 
 sians. They have woollen and linen manufactures here, 
 paper-mills, powder-mills, places for preparing salt-petre, 
 brimstone, and laboratories for fireworks. Here are also yards 
 for making ropes, caliles, and tackling for ships ; a foundery, 
 where cannon and mortars are cast ; as also a printing-house. 
 Some streets of this city are regular and well-built ; and 
 among the most elegant structures may be reckoned the 
 great chancellor's house, that of the vice-chancellor, and some 
 others. They are mostly brick, plastered over ; and though 
 the climate is so very cold, yet they have more windows than 
 they generally have in England. There are 20 Russian 
 churches, and l Lutheran, besides those of the Calvinists, 
 Dutch, Eiighsli, and Roman Catholics ; and the nnmlier of in- 
 habitants are now reckoned at 126,7011, iniisl of whom came 
 to settle here fioiu other countries, there bring not many origi- 
 nal Russians among them. It is 355 miles N. VV. of JIoscow, 
 550 N. E. of Vienna, 525 X. E. of Coiienhagen, 300 N. E. of 
 Stockholm, and 1250 N. E. of Paris. Lat. 59. 56. N. Ion. 30. 
 19. E. 
 
 PE'TERSFIELD, a handsome town of Hampshire, with a 
 market on Saturday. It is 18 miles N. E. of Portsmouth, 
 59 S. W. of Loiidoii, ami sends two menihers to parlia- 
 ment. 
 
 PE'TERWORT, s. a plant. 
 
 PE'THERTON, NORTH, a town of Somersetshire, 8 miles 
 N. E. of Taunton, 12 N. \V. of S. Pelherton, and 140 VV. by 
 S. of London. JIarket on Saturday. 
 
 PE'THEllTON, SOUTH, a town in Somersetshire, with a 
 maiket on Tuesday. It is seated on the river Parret, 18 miles 
 S. by W. of Wells, and 131 VV. by S. of London. 
 
 PE'TIT, (petty) a. [Fr.] small, little, trivial ; iiiconsidera 
 ble. 
 
 PETI'TION, fpetwAonj «. [fiom pcto, to request, Lat] 
 rtiiuest; intreaty ; supplication. Prayer; or a single article 
 of a praver. 
 
 To PiVri'TION, (petUhon) v. a. to request, solicit, suppli- 
 cate. 
 
 PKTI'TIONARILY, ad. liy way of begging the ques- 
 tion. 
 
 PETI'TION\RY, (petUlwnartf) a. supplicatory ; contain- 
 iiig petitions or reipie-ts. 
 
 PETI'TIONEK, ( petishoncr ) s. one who petitions. 
 
 PE'l'lTORY, «. [from peto, to re<piest, I.at.J petilioiiing 
 claiming the property of any thing.
 
 PHAN 
 
 PHIL 
 
 677 
 
 PE'TRE, (pker) s. [from petra, a stone, Lat.J nitre or salt- 
 petre. 
 
 PETRE'SCENT, a. [from petra, a stone, Lat.] growing or 
 turning into stone. 
 
 PETRI FA'CTiOX, s. [from petra, a stone, and facio, to 
 malfe, Lat.] the act of chaiigiug into stone. Sometliirig made 
 of stone. 
 
 PETRIFA'CTIVE, a. [from petra, a stone, and facio, to 
 malce, Lat.] Iiaving tlie power to turn into stone. 
 
 PETRI'FIC, a. [from petra, a stone, and facio, to make, 
 Lat.] iiaving tiie power to cliange into stone. 
 
 To PE'TRIFV, V. a. [from petra, a stone, and facio, to 
 malte, Lat.] to cliange to stone. Neuterly, to become 
 stone. 
 
 PETROL, PETRO'LEUM, s. [pHrole, Fr.] a blaclt, liquid 
 bitumen, floating on the water of springs. 
 
 PE'TRON EL, s. [petrinal, Fr.] a pistol ; a small gun used 
 by horsemen. 
 
 PE'TTICOAT, (pHtiknt) s. [petty and coat} a small coat. 
 The lower part of a woman's dre.ss, which is tied round, and 
 hangs down from her waist. 
 
 PETTIFOGGER, *. [corrupted from pettivoguer, of petit 
 and vaguer, Fr.] a petty small-rate dabbler in law, who deals 
 only in trifling, vexatious, or knavish causes. 
 
 PETTIGREE, s. a shrub, called by some knee-holly, and 
 butcher's broom. 
 
 PE'TTINES.S, s. smallness. Inconsiderableness. 
 
 PETTISH, a. easily provoked to slight anger; fretful; 
 peevish. 
 
 PEXriSHNE.SS, s. the quality of being pettish. 
 
 PETTITOES, i. the feet of a sucking pig. The feet, in 
 burlesque. 
 
 PETTO, s. [Ital.] the breast. Figuratively, privacy.^ 
 
 PETTY, a. [petit, Fr.] inconsiderable; inferior; little. 
 
 PETTYMU^GUET, s. the yellow goose-grass. 
 
 PETULANCE, PETULANCY, i. [petulantia, Lat.] 
 sauciness ; peevishness; winitonnes?. 
 
 PETULANT, a. [petulans, Lat] perrerse ; saucy; 
 wanton. 
 
 PETULANTLY, acl. with petulance ; with saucy 
 pertness. 
 
 PETUNTSE, or PE'TUNSE, *. one of the two earths or 
 fossil substances of which the porcelain waro of China is made. 
 The other is termed Kaolin. 
 
 l'E"TWOUTH, a town in Sussex, with a market on 
 .Saturday, 12 miles N. E. of Ctiicester, and 47 S. W. of 
 Loudon. 
 
 PEW, s. [pwje, Bel',' ] a seat inclosed in a church. 
 
 PE'WET, *. [piewit, lielg.] a water fowl. The lapwing. 
 
 PL'WTER, s. [peauter, Belg.] an arlificial metal, made 
 of bras?, lead, and liu. Dishes and plates made of pewter. 
 Adjectively, any thing made of pewter. 
 
 PE'VVTERER, s. one that dei.ls iu things made of pewter ; 
 a smith who works in pewter. 
 
 PlI. The reader will remember that ph has the sound of/" 
 iu all the following words. 
 
 PILENOAIENON, s [from phainomai, to appear. Or.] an 
 appearance in the works of nature or the heavens. Any 
 thing that strikes by its novelty. 
 
 PHAGEDE'NA, s. [from pliaigo and edo, both signifying 
 to eat, Gr.] an ulcer where the sharpness of the humours eats 
 away the tlesh. 
 
 PHAGEDE'NIC, PllAGEDE'NOUS, a. [phagidSnique 
 Fr.] eating, corroding. 
 
 PHALa'NGER, s. in zoology, an animal of the oppossum 
 kind, which inhabits the East India islands. 
 
 PHA'LANX, s- [Lat.] a large square battalion of infantry, 
 set close to each other, with their shields joined, and pikes 
 turned cross-ways. In anatomy, the three rows of small 
 bones in the fingers. 
 
 PHA'NTASM, (fimtazm) PHANTA'SMA, (fant&zma) 
 s. [from phainomai, to apiiear, Gr.J something appearing 
 only to the imagination. 
 
 PHANTA'.STIC, PHANTA'STICAL, a. [from phainomai, 
 to appear, Gr.] See Fantastical. 
 
 PHA'NTOIVI, *. [phantomc, Fr.] a spectre or apparition. A 
 fancied vision. 
 
 PHARISA'ICAL, (I. (from the Phari.sees, a religious sect 
 among the Jews, remarkable for their hypocrisy) like a Phari- 
 see ; hypocritical ; having an external appearance of religion, 
 but inwardly vicious. 
 
 PHA'RISEES, a famous sect of the Jews, who distin- 
 guished themselves by their zeal for the traditions of the 
 elders, which they derived from the .same fountain with the 
 written word itself; pretending that both were delivered to 
 Moses on Mount Sinai, and were therefore both of equal au- 
 thority. From their rigorous observance of these traditions, 
 they looked on themselves as more holy than other men, anri 
 therefore separated themselves from those whom they 
 tliought siiniers or profane, so as not to eat or drink with 
 them ; and hence, from the Hebrew word parasli, which 
 signifies to separate, they had the name of Pharisees, or 
 Separatists. 
 
 PHARMACEUTIC, PHARMACEUTICAL, a. [from 
 pharmakon, a medicine, Gr.] relating to the knowledge or 
 art of pharmacy, or preparation of medicines. 
 
 PHAK.MACO'LOGIST, i. [from phiinnahon; a medicine, 
 ami logos, a discourse, Gr.] one who writts upon drugs. 
 
 PHAli.MACO'LOGY, 4'. [from jihurmaUon, a medicine, 
 and logos, a discourse, Gr.] the know l.dge of drugs and medi- 
 cines. 
 
 PHARMACOPOE'IA, s. [from pharmahon, a medicine, 
 ajid poieo, to make, Gr.] a dispensatory ; a book containing 
 rules lor the conipiisition of medicines. 
 
 PH ARM ACO'POI, I.ST, f. [Irum pharmakon, inedicine, 
 and poUo, to deal, Gr.] an apothecary ; one who sells medi- 
 cines. 
 
 PHA'RMACY, s. [from piMrmakon, medicine, Gr.] the art 
 of choosing, (ireparirig. and mixing medicines. 
 
 PHA'RUS, or PHARE, s. [Gr.] is a light house or a 
 pile raised near a port, where a fire is kept burning in the 
 night to guide and direct vessels near at hand. 
 
 PHARYNGO'TOJIY, s. [from pharynx, the wind-pipe, 
 and temno, to cut, Gr.] the act of making an incision into the 
 wind-pipe, used when some tumour hi the throat hinders 
 respiration. 
 
 PHA'SELS, s. [phaseoli, Lat,] French beans. 
 
 PHA'SIS, s. [from phainomai, to appear, Gr. plural phases.^ 
 the several appearances of illumination observed in the 
 planets. The several manners in which the planets appear 
 illuminated by the sun, as seen from the earth. 
 
 PHAS.M, (fazm) s,[kom |)/i«inomai, to appear, Gr.] ap- 
 pearance ; phantom. 
 
 PHE'ASANT, (fezant) s. [phasianus, Lat. from Phasis, the 
 river of Colchi.-J a kind of wild cock of exquisite taste. 
 
 PHE'ASANT-EYE, *. in botany, a plant with scarlet 
 blossoms; called also Adonis flower, red-maithes, and red- 
 morocco, found in corn-fields, and flowering in June and 
 July. 
 
 To PHEESE, (feeze.) a. [perhaps it should be written 
 fease] to curry or comb. 
 
 PHE'NICOPTER, t. [from phoinix, purple, and pteron, 
 a wing, Gr.] a kind of bird. 
 
 PHE'NIX, s, [phoenix, Lat. phoinix, Gr.] a fabulous bird, 
 of which there is supposed to be but one existing, from 
 whose a.'hes a young one is said to proceed. In astronomy, 
 a constellation in tlie southern hemisphere. 
 
 PHENOMENON, s. [phenomene, Fr. from phainomai, to 
 appear, Gr.] being naturalized it has changed its ce into an e.] 
 
 See Pu.ENOMF.NON. 
 
 PHI'AL, s. [phiala, Lat. paiole, Fr.] a small bottle of a cy- 
 lindrical form. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, the capital of Pennsylvania, and lat- 
 terly of all the United States of North America, is situated 
 on a neck of land at the confluence of the rivers Delaware 
 and Schnylkill. The length of the city from E. to W. that
 
 679 
 
 PHIL 
 
 PHLO 
 
 is, from the Delaware to tlie Schuylkill, upon the original 
 plan, is 10,300 feet, and the breadth N. and S. is 4837 feet. 
 Not two-fifths of the plot covered by the city charter, are 
 yet built u|)on. The circumference, however, of that part 
 of the. city which is built, if we include Kenshigton on the 
 N. and Southwark on the S. is about 5 miles. Jliukft Street 
 is 100 feet wide, and runs the whole length of the city from 
 river to river. Near the middle of it, it is intersected at 
 right angles by Broad Street, 100 feet wide, running nearly 
 ^ N. and S. quite across the city. Between the Delaware and 
 Broad Street, are 10 streets, nearly equidistant, running 
 parallel with Broad Street ; and between Broad Street antl 
 the Schuylkill, are 9 streets, equidistant from each other. 
 Parallel to Market Street are 8 other streets, running E. and 
 W. from river to river, and intersecting the cross streets at 
 right angles. All these streets are 50 feet wide, except 
 Arch Street, which is 66 feet wide, and all the streets which 
 run N. and S. except Broad Street, are also 50 feet wide. 
 There are 4 squares of 8 acres each, one at eacli corner 
 of the city, originally reserved for public uses ; and in the 
 centre of the city, at the intersection of Market Street and 
 Broad Street, is a square of 10 acres, reserved in like man- 
 ner, to be planted with rows of trees for public walks. Most 
 of the houses have a small garden and orcliard ; and from 
 the river are cut small canals, equally agreeable and bene- 
 ficial. The wharfs are also fine and spacious ; the ware- 
 houses large, numerous, and commodious ; and the docki 
 for ship-building well adapted to their purposes. Tiiis city 
 was founded in 1(382, by the celebrated ^Villiam Penn, a 
 Quaker, who, in 1701, granted a charter, incorporating the 
 town under the government of a mayor, recorder, 8 alder- 
 men, 12 common-council men, a sheritF, and a clerk. In 
 1792, Philadelphia contained 5000 houses, in general hand- 
 somely built of brick, and about 40,000 inhabitants. The 
 state house is a magnificent budding, erected in 1735, Phi- 
 ladelphia is 07 miles S. W. of New York, 356 S. W. of 
 Boston, and 118 N. of the entrance of the Delaware into the 
 Atlantic Ocean. Lat 39. 57. N. ion. 75. 14. \V. 
 
 PHILANDER, s. in zoology, an animal of the opossum 
 kind abcnit the size of a rat which is found in S. America. 
 
 PHILA'NTHBOPY, i. [from pliileo, to love, and anthropos, 
 a mai>, Gr.] gi.od nature; the love of mankind; general 
 benevolence. 
 
 PHILI'PPICS, s. a name given to the orations of De- 
 mosthenes against king Philip of Macedon ; being esteemed 
 the master [)iecrs of that great orator. The same term is 
 also applied to the fourteen orations of Cicero against Mark 
 Aiit^iony. Any invective declamation. 
 
 PHI'LIPPINE or MANif.LA Islands, a very large group 
 of islands in the Eastern Indian Se.i, first discovered by 
 Magellan in 1521. The air is very hot and moist, and the 
 soil fertile in rice, and many other useful vegetables and 
 fruits. The trees are always green, and there are ripe fruits 
 all the year. There are a great many wild beasts and birds, 
 quite unknown in Europe. The inhabitants are not all of 
 one original. The principal of these islands are Manilla, 
 or Leuconia, and Mindanao, whose ca]iital towns have the 
 same names. In the year 1504, Dun Louis de Velasctt, 
 viceroy of Mexico, sent Micliael Lopez Delagasi)es thither 
 with a fleet from Mexico, and a force sufficient to nn.ke a 
 conquest of these islands, which he named the PhilippiTies, 
 in honour of Philip II. then on the throne of Spain. They 
 have ever since remained subject to that crown. Lat. from 
 6. 30. to IH. 15. N. Ion. from il.3. 13. to 127. 13. R. 
 
 PHI'LIPS-NO'UTON, a town in Somertshirc, with a 
 market on Thursday. It is 7 miles S. of Bath, and 104 W. 
 of London. 
 
 PHILtJI.OtJER, s. [from phileo, to love, and logos, 
 lantnnge, (ir.] one who makes languages his chief study. 
 
 PniLOI,0'(;iCAL, a. [from pliileo, to love, and logos, 
 language, (Jr.] belonging to the study of grammar or 
 Luiguage. 
 
 PIIILOLO'GIST, I. [from phiUo, to love, and logos, 
 
 language, Gr.] a grammarian ; critic, or one that understands 
 languaije. 
 
 PHILO'LOGV, s. [(mmpMleo, to love, and /of/of, language, 
 Gr.] a science, or rather assemblage of several sciences,; 
 consisting of grammar, rhetoric, poetry, antiquities, hi-tory, 
 and criticism. It is a kind of universal literature, conversant 
 about all the sciences, their rise, progress, authors, 6iic. It 
 makes what the French call the Belles Lettres. In the uni- 
 versities it is called the Humanities. Anciently, it was only 
 a part of grammar. 
 
 PHI'LOJIEL, or PHILOMEXA, s. [Gr. and Lat.] the 
 nightingale. 
 
 PHI'LOMOT, fl. [corrupted (rom feuile mart, a dead leaf, 
 Fr.] of the colour of a dead leaf. 
 
 PHILO'SOPHEME, s. [from phileo, to love, and sopliia, 
 wisdon), Gr.] principle of reasoning; theorem. Seldom, 
 used. 
 
 PHILO'SOPHER, s. [philosophus, Lat. from phileo. to love, 
 and Sophia, wisdom, Gr.] a person who ni:ikes the nature of 
 things or moral duties his study. I'kilosoplier's stone, a stone 
 supposed by alchymists to turn every thing it touohetl into, 
 gold, 
 
 PHILOSO'PHIC, PHILOSO'PHICAL, a. [pMlosophique, 
 Fr.] belonging to a philosopher ; formed by phiiosopliy ; 
 skilled in phihisnphy. 
 
 PHILOSOPIII<J.\LLY, ad. in a philosophical manner; 
 rationallv ; wiselv. 
 
 To PHILOSOPHIZE, v. a. [from phileo, to love, and 
 Sophia, wisdom, Gr.] to moralize ; to reason like a philosoiiher ; 
 to iuq\iire into the causes of etfects. 
 
 PHILO'SOPHY, s. [philosophia, Lat. from phileo, to love, 
 and Sophia, wisdom, Gr.] the knowledge of nature and 
 morality, founded on reason and experience. An hypo- 
 thesis or system for explaining natural effects. Reason- 
 ing. 
 
 PHILOSTO'RGY, s. [from phileo, to love, and storge, 
 natural affection, Gr.] natural alFection ; the love of parents 
 towards their children. 
 
 PHILO'TIMY, s. [from phileo, to love, and time, hor.our, 
 Gr.] love of honour; ambition. 
 
 PHILO'XENi', s. [from phileo, to love, and xenos, a 
 stranger, Gr.] hospitality ; kindni's.': to strangers. 
 
 PHI'LTER, i. [from phileo, to love, Gr.] something to 
 cause love. 
 
 To PHILTER, V. a. to chatm to love. 
 
 PHIZ, orPHYZ, s. [i'rom phi/siognomy] the face, visage, or 
 countenance, ludicrously. 
 
 PHLf.BO'TOAHSr, s. [from phleps, a vein, and tetnno, to 
 cut, Gr.) one tliat opens a vein, a blood-letter. 
 
 To PHLEBOTOMIZE, v. a. [from phleps, a vein, and 
 temno, to cut, Gr.] to open a vein, or let blond. 
 
 PHLEBO'TOMY, s. [from phleps, a vein, and temno, to 
 cut, Gr] the act of openini; a vein ; or letting blood. 
 
 PHLEGJI, (JiemJ s. \phlegma, Gr. phlvgma, Fr.] tlie watery 
 humour of the blood, which is supposed to produce 
 slutrgishness. 
 
 PHLE'GMAGOGUE, (ftegmagog) s. [from phlegma, 
 phlegm, and ago, to drive, Gr.] a purge of the unlder 
 sort, supposed to evacuate plilegm, and leave the other 
 humours. 
 
 PHLEGM A'TIC, a. [phlegmatiijue, Fr. from phlegma, 
 phlegm, Gr.] abounding in water or phlegm Dull ; 
 cciUi 
 
 PHLE'GMON, s. [{torn phlcgo, to burn, Gr.] an inflamma- 
 tion ; a burning tumour. 
 
 PHLE'GMOXOUS, a. [from phlego, to burn, Gr.] iu- 
 llaiumatory ; burning. 
 
 PHLEME, 4-. [from phlebotomt/, sometimes written fleam'] 
 a pointed instn\ment placed on the vein of a horse, and 
 driven into it with a blow, in bleeding. A fleam. 
 
 PHLOGISTIC, a. in the old chemistry belonging to 
 phlogiston. 1 
 
 I'll Lot; rSTICATED, a. in the old chemistry impregnated 
 with phlogiston.
 
 PH YS 
 
 PHLOGI'STON, s. [from phlogistos, iiidammable, Gr.] 
 in the olJ cliyinistry, an imaginary sul)Stance, supposed to be 
 a comliinatioii of fire witli some oilier matter, and a con- 
 stituent part of all inflammable bodies, and of many other 
 substances. 
 
 PHCENIX. i. SeePiiENix. 
 
 PHONICS, s. [from phone, a sound, Gr.] the doctrine of 
 sounds. Acconslics. 
 
 PHONOCA'MPTIC, n. [from ;)/ione, a sound, and kampto, 
 to indect, Gr.] having the power to inflect or turn the sound, 
 and by that means to alter it. 
 
 PHO'SPHATlvS, s. in eliymistry, salts formed by the 
 rombinatioii of any base with phosphorous acid. 
 
 PHO'SPHM'KS, .s. i,i chymistry, talts ibrmed by the com- 
 bination of any base with phosphorous acid. 
 
 PHOSPilOU, PHO'sl'HOKUS, s. [from phos, the light, 
 and phero, to bring, Gr. phosphorus, Lat.] the morning star, 
 Venus, when she goes befuie the sun. A chymical sub- 
 stance, which when rubbed or exposed to the air takes 
 fire. 
 
 PHOSPHOKE SCENT, a. in chymistry, emitting light like 
 phosphorus. 
 
 PtIOSPHORIC, a. in chymistry, belonging to phos- 
 phorus. The phosphoric acid is a compound of oxygen and 
 phosphorus. 
 
 PlIOSPHO'ROUS, a. in chymistry, belonging to phos- 
 phorus. The phosphorous acid has a smaller portion of oxygen 
 than the phosphoric acid. 
 
 PHO'SPHUUETS, in chymistry substances formed by an 
 union with phosphorous acid. 
 
 PHO'SPHURETTED, part, in chymistry, combined with 
 a phosphuret. 
 
 PHllASE, ('y>«;e^ 4'. [from phrazo, to speak, Gr.] a mode 
 of speech peculiar to a language. An expression. Style. 
 
 To PHllASE, (froze) v. a. to style, call, name, or ex- 
 press. 
 
 PHRASEO'LOGY, (frazcology) s. [from ;)/i/'aiis, a phrase, 
 and lego, to speak, Gr.] style ; diction. A phrase-book. 
 
 PHRENE TIC, PHRENTIC, a. [from phreniUs, mad, 
 Gr.] frantic, delirious ; inflamed in the brain. 
 
 PHRENITIS, s. [Gr.] madness. 
 
 PHRE'NSY, (frenzy) s. \phrenesie, Fr.] madness. Often 
 written /renr?/. 
 
 PHTHA'RT'ICKS, (tharlicks)s. [from phtheiro, to corrupt, 
 Gr.] corrupting medicines. 
 
 PHTHUU'ASIS, (thiriasis) s. [from phtheir, a louse, Gr.] 
 the lousy disease. 
 
 PHTHPSICAL, (tlzikal) a. [phthisiquc, Fr. from phthisis, 
 a consumption, Gr.] coughing, consumptive. 
 
 PHTHI'SIC, ( tizik) s. [from phthisis, a consumption, Gr.] 
 a consumption. 
 
 PHTHI'SIS, (t(zis) s. [Gr.] a consumption. 
 
 PHYLA'CTERY, s. [from phyUato. to keep, Gr.] a 
 bandage on which was written some sentence from the Old 
 Testament, worn by the Jews on their wrists and fore- 
 
 PHYSIC, Cfi'izik) s. [from phjsis, nature, Gr.] This 
 word originally signified natural philosophy j but is now 
 used for the science or art of healing. Medicine. In common 
 language, a purge. In the plural, natural philosophy, 
 
 To PHY'SIC, (fi'izik) V. a. to apply medicines. 
 
 PHY'SICAL, (fi/zikal) a. [physii/ue, Fr. from physis, 
 nature, Gr.] relating to natural philosophy. Belonging to 
 medicine, or the science of healing. Medicinal, or assisting 
 health. 
 
 PHY'SICALLY, {fjzikalhj) ad. according to nature ; ac- 
 cording to the principles of natural philosophy. According 
 to the science or rules of medicine. " He that lives physically 
 must live miserably." Cheney. 
 
 PHYSrCIAN, (fyzishion) s. \physicien, Fr.] one who pre- 
 scribes remedies for any disorder. 
 
 PHYSICOTHEO'LOGY, (fyzikotheologij) *.[from physis, 
 nature, and tbeolagia, divinity, Gr.] a view of the works 
 
 PICK 
 
 679 
 
 of nature in sucli a light as to display the attributes of the 
 deity. 
 
 PIIYSIO'GNOAIER, PHYSIOGNOMIST, (fyzionomisl) 
 s.[physiouomiste, I'r. from physis, nature, and i,'')i«;«on, a rule, 
 dr.] one who judges of the temper or future Ibrtune by the 
 features of the face. 
 
 PIIYSIOGNO'MIC, or PHYSIOGNO'MICAL, a. drawn 
 from the contemplation of the features of the face; conver- 
 sant ill physiognomy. 
 
 PHYSIOGNOMY, (_/}/;;i(5H0H(^) s. [pkysinnomie, Fr. from 
 physis, nature, and gnomon, a rule, Gr.] the act of dis- 
 covering the temper, and foreknowing the fortune of a 
 person, by the features of the fcice. The face; the cast of 
 the look. 
 
 PHYSIOLO'GICAL, (fyzioliigieal) a. [from physis, nature, 
 id logos, a i" 
 nature of things. 
 
 and logos, a discourse, Gr.j relating to the knowkdge of the 
 
 , PHYSlO'LOGISr, (fyziiilogist) s. [from physit, nature, 
 and logos, a discourse, Gr.] one versed in natural philo- 
 sophy. 
 
 PHY'SIOXOGY, (fyzviloyy ) s. [from physis, nature, and 
 logos, a discourse, Gr.] the' doctrine of the constitutioii of 
 the works of nature. 
 
 PHYTI'VOROUS, a. [from pkytoii, a vegetable, and voro, 
 to devour, Gr.] that eats grass or any vegetables. 
 
 PHYTO'GUAPHY, (fytlujrnfy) s. [from phyton, a plant, 
 and grapho. to describe, (ir. a description of plants. 
 
 PHY'TO'LOGY, s. [from phyton, a plant, and logos, a 
 discourse, Gr.j the doctrine of plants; botanical dis- 
 course. 
 
 Pl'ACLE, s. [from piaculum, Lat.] an enormous crime. 
 Obsolete. 
 
 PIA'CULAR, PIA'CULOUS, a. [from piaculum, a great 
 crime, Lat. ] expiatory ; having the power to atone; such as 
 requires expiation; criminal; atrociously bad. 
 
 PlA-MA'T£K, s. [Lat.] a thin and delicate membrane, 
 which lies under the dura-mater, and covers immediately the 
 substance of the brain. 
 
 PIA'NET, s. the lesser woodpecker; the magpie. 
 
 PIA'NO, s. in music, an Italian word for soft or slow. 
 
 PIA'NO FORTE, s. [Ital] the name of a well-known in- 
 strument of music, resembling a harpsichord in its front and 
 keys, but inferior in tone. 
 
 PIASTER, s. [piastra, Ilal.] an Italian coin valued at 
 about 5s. sterling. A piece of eight. 
 
 PIA'ZZA, s. [Ital.] a walk under a roof supported by 
 pillars. 
 
 PI'CA, s. in medicine, is a deprivation of appetite, which 
 makes the patient long for what is unfit for food, and inca- 
 pable of nourishing; as chalk, coals, ashes, cinders, &c. fre- 
 quent in girls, and women with child. Also the name of a 
 particular form of printing types, of which there are two 
 sizes, usually called Fica and Small Pica. 
 
 PICARDY, a ci-devant province of France, on the Eng- 
 lish Channel. It forms the department of Somme, the 
 dt'partment of the Aisne, and part of the department of the 
 Straits of Calais. The land is in general fertile particularly 
 in corn. 
 
 PICAROO'N, s, [from picare, Ital.] a robber, plunderer, 
 marauder, pirate. 
 
 PI'CCAGE, s. [piccagium, low Lat.] money paid at fairs, 
 for breaking ground for booths. 
 
 To PICK, V. a. Ipicken, Belg.] to cull; to choose. To 
 gather industriously. To separate from any thing that is 
 u.^eless or filthy. To clean by gathering off gradually. To 
 pierce or strike with a beak or sharp instrument, from piquer, 
 Fr. To rob privately, from picare, joined to pocket. To pick 
 a hole ill one's coat, is used proverbially for seeking occasion 
 of exposing or finding fault with another. Neuterly, to eat 
 slowly, and by small morsels. To do any thing leisurely. 
 
 PICK, s. [pique, Fr.] a sharp-pointed instrument. 
 
 PI'CKAPACK, ad. ("formed, by reduplication, from vack) 
 upon one's back, or after the manner of a pack.
 
 680 
 
 PIEC 
 
 PIKE 
 
 PrCKAXE, t. an axe with a sharp point ; an axe not 
 made to cut but to pierce. 
 
 PI'CKBACK, a- [corrupted from pickpach, or pickapack] on 
 the back. 
 
 PI'CKED, a. [piqui, Ft.] sharp. 
 
 To PICKEE'R, V. a.[piccarc, Ital.] to pirate; to rob; to 
 make a flying skirmish. 
 
 PI'CKER, *. one who picks; a sharp pointed instru- 
 ment. 
 
 PI'CKEREL, s. [from pike] a small pike. 
 
 PI'CKERING, a town of the N. Ridiner of Yorkshire, 
 seated on a small brook. It is a pretty good town, and has 
 an old castle, in which they keep their courts for the hearing 
 of all causes under 40 shillings, in the district called the 
 Honour or Liberty of Pickering. It is 26 miles N. E. of 
 York, and 223 N. by W. of London. Market on Monday. 
 
 PrCKLE, s. [pekel, Belg.] any kind of salt or sour liquor 
 in which things are preserved. A thing kept in sour liquor. 
 A condition or state ; used in contempt. Pickle or pigktel, 
 is a small parcel of land inclosed with a hedge, which in some 
 countries is called a pingle. 
 
 To PI'CKLE, V. a. to preserve in salt or sour liquor. To 
 season, to imbue with any thing bad. 
 
 PI'CKLEH ERRING, s. See Jack Puddikg. A merry- 
 andrew. An arch rogue ; a buffoon ; a zany. 
 
 PrCKLOCK, s. an instrument by which locks may be 
 opened without the key. A person who opens locks without 
 a key. 
 
 PI'CKPOCKET, or PI'CKPURSE, s. one who steals any 
 thing privately out of a person's pocket or purse. 
 
 PI'CKTHANK, s. a person who is officious to curry fa- 
 vour with another by base means. 
 
 PI'CKTOOTH, s. an instrument used to clean teeth. 
 
 PICT, s. [pictus, from pingo, to paint, Lat.] a person who 
 paints. The Picts were a people who inhabited the East of 
 Scotland. 
 
 PICTO'TRAL, a. (;)iffort««, from pingo, to paint, Lat.] 
 produced by a painter. 
 
 PICTS' WALL, a famous barrier against the Picts, of 
 which some small remains are yet left. It was originally 
 built of earth by the emperor Adrian in l23, and in +30 yEtius 
 the Roman general rebuilt it of brick. It is 8 feet thick, 12 
 feet high, and about 100 miles in length. It began at the 
 entrance of Solway Frith, in Cumberland, and running by 
 Carlisle, was continued from W. to E. across the N. end of 
 the kingdom, as far as Newcastle, and ended at Tinmouth. 
 There are many Roman coins and other antiquities found 
 near it. 
 
 PI'CTURE, s. [pictura, from pingo, to paint, Lat.] a 
 resemblance of persons or things in prints or colours. 
 The science of painting. Any resemblance or representa- 
 tion. 
 
 To PrCTURE, ti. a. to represent by painting. To re- 
 present in the mind. 
 
 PICTURE'SQUE. (picturisk) a. fine; beautiful; like a 
 picture. 
 
 To PI'DDLE, V. n. [derived by Skinner from picciolo, Ital. 
 or petit. Fr. little; and Johnson supposes it comes from ped- 
 dle, which. Skinner says, signifies to deal in little things] to 
 pick at table ; to eat squeamishly ; to trille and attend to 
 small parts rather than the main. 
 
 PI'DDLER, s. one that picks a bit here and there at table; 
 one that eats squeamishly. 
 
 PIE, s. any crust baked with something in it. A mag- 
 pie or parti-cnloured bird, from pie, Fr. pica, Lat. The old 
 popish service-liook. 
 
 PI'EBALD, a. of various colours; diversified in colour. 
 
 PIECE, (peece) s. [piece, Fr.] a patch. A fragment, or 
 part of a whole. A picture. A composition or performance 
 of some artist. A single great gun, or hand-gun. A coin. 
 Applied to portions, and ending a sentence, it signifies each 
 " One ear apiece.'' More of o piece «)i(/i, implies resemblance 
 of the same kind or sort. In commerce, sometimes the 
 whole, or part of a whole. 
 
 To PIECE, (peece) v. a. to enlarge by the addition ot 
 something. To join or unite. To increase or supply some 
 defect by addition, followed by out. Neuterly, to join, to be 
 compacted. 
 
 PIE'CELESS, (peiceless) a. whole; compact; not made 
 of separate parts or pieces. 
 
 PIE'CER, (peicer) s. one who pieces. 
 
 PIE'CEMEAL, (peecemeal) a. [pice and viel, Sax.] in 
 pieces ; by piece and piece. 
 
 PI'ED, (pi-ed) a. [from pie'\ variegated, or composed of 
 different colours. 
 
 PI'EDMONT, (Peklmont) a country of Italy, having Val- 
 lois on the N. Milan and Montserrat on the E. Nice and 
 Genoa on the 3. and Dauphiny and Savoy on the W. It is 
 175 miles long, and iO broad. It contains many high moun- 
 tains, among wliich there are several rich and fruitful valleys. 
 The inhabitants are generally attached to the religion of the 
 Church of Rome, and carry on a great trade in raw silk. 
 
 PI'EDNESS, s. variegation ; diversity of colours. 
 
 PI'ELED, a. [perhaps from peeled, bald, or piled] having 
 short hair. Bald. 
 
 PI'EPOWDER COURT, s. [from pied, Fr. a foot, and 
 pouldre, Fr. dusty] a court held in fairs for redress of all 
 disorders committed therein. 
 
 PIER, (peer) s. [pierre, Fr.] the columns which support 
 the arch of a bridge. 
 
 To PIERCE, (peerce) v. a. [percer, Fr.] to penetrate or 
 enter. To affect or touch the passions. Neuterly, to make 
 way by force into or through anything; to affect severely; 
 to enter or dive. Synon. Piercing implies great strength 
 of light, and a stroke of the eye ; penetrating, great force of 
 attention and reflection. Piercing seems to be executed by 
 a sudden glance; penetrating, by making way gradually. 
 
 PIERCER, (peercer) s. an instrument used in boring holes. 
 That part by which insects make holes in bodies. 
 
 PIER'CINGLY, (peercingly) ad. in a sharp and affecting 
 manner. 
 
 PIE'RCINGNESS, (peercingness) t. the power of piercing. 
 
 PI'ETISTS, a denomination of protestants, who arose in 
 Germany in the latter part of the 17th century, and became 
 distinguished for their exemplary piety and fervent attach- 
 ment to the doctrines of the Hefi)rmation. Almost every 
 institution which is now employed for the propagation of 
 the gospel is an imitation of something- of a similar nature 
 established by the Pietists. 
 
 Pl'ETy, s. [pietas, Lat. pike, Fr.] discharge of our duty to 
 God, to our parents and country. 
 
 PIG, *. [bigge, Belg.] the young of a sow. An oblong mass 
 of lead or unforged iron. 
 
 To PIG, V. a. to farrow, or bring forth young, applied to 
 a sow. 
 
 PI'GEON, *. [pigeon, Fr.] a fowl or bird bred tamely in 
 cotes or houses, called dove-cotes. 
 
 PIGEONLIVERED, a. soft; mild; void of spleen or 
 resentment. 
 
 PI'GGIN, s. See Pig. A small vessel or hand-pail. Used 
 in the north counties. 
 
 PIGHT, (;)i<) old preter. and part. pass, of pitch; pitch- 
 ed ; delermined ; fixed. 
 
 PIGMENT, s. [pigmentum, from pingo, to paint, Lat.] co- 
 lour to lie laid on any body ; paint. 
 
 PIGMY, s. [from pggmaios, Gr.] a small nation, fabled to 
 have been (levo\ued by cranes. Figuratively, a person of low 
 stature; any thing inconsiderable. 
 
 PIGNOHA'TION, s. [from pignus, a pledge, Lat.] the 
 act o' pledging. 
 
 PI'tiNUT, s. an earth nut. 
 
 PI'tilUTUDE, s. [from piger, slothful, Lat.] laziness; 
 slntlifuliicss ; weariness. 
 
 Pl'tJSNEY, J. [from piga, a girl. Sax.] a word of fondness 
 ton /.irl. Used by Bntler lor tlie eye of a woman. 
 
 ViliK, s. [picijuc, Fr.] the longest-lived fresh- water-fish ; 
 it is siililary, melancholy, and bold A long lance used by 
 foct .M.ldiers, before the invention of bayonets, and very
 
 PILL 
 
 PINE 
 
 881 
 
 much used by the French in the beginning of the last war, 
 before they were provideci with iniisqiiets for the many thou- 
 sands that joineii their armies. A fork used in husbandry. 
 Among turners, two iron spilces or sprigs l)etween which any 
 thing is fastened. 
 
 PI'KED, a. [pique, Fr.] sharp ; ending in a ponit. 
 
 PI'KEMAN, s. a soldier armed with a piltc. 
 
 Pl'KESTAFF, s. the wooden staff or the frame of a [like. 
 
 PILA'STER, f. [;^i7«i<ie, Fr. pilastro, Ital ] in architecture, 
 a square pillar, sometimes insulated, or set within a wall, and 
 only showing a fourth or fifth part of its thickness. 
 
 PILCH, s. See Pilch ER. A kind of clout of (laiuiel, used 
 to keep infants from wetting their beds by urine. 
 
 Pl'LCHAKD, s. a tish like a herring, but .smaller. 
 
 PI'LCHEK, [from pellis, a skin, Lat.] any cout or garment 
 made of >kin or lined with fur. A furred gown. 
 
 PILE, s. [pile, Fr. pyle, Be!g.] a strong piei-e of wood, or 
 Stake driven into the ground to make a fomulation firm. A 
 heap. Any tiling heaped together to he burned. At: edi- 
 fice or building. A hair, from pilus, Lat. the nap of cloth 
 or velvet. One side of a coin ; the reverse of a cross, from 
 pila, Ital. The head of an arrow, from piliim, Lat. In the 
 plural, the hsemorrhoiils. 
 
 To PILE, I', a. to heap. To fill with something heaped. 
 
 PI'LEATED, a. [from pileus, a cap, Lat.] in the form of a 
 cover or hat. 
 
 PI'LER, s. one who accumulates. 
 
 To PI'LFEU, V. a. [pillev, Fr. or from pelf] to steal. Neu- 
 terly, to practise petty theft. 
 
 PI'LKEKER, s. one who steals petty things. 
 
 PI'LFERINGLY, ad. with petty larceny ; filchingly. 
 
 PI'LFERY, s. petty theft. 
 
 PI'LGUIM, s. [pelgrim, Belg.] one who travels on a reli. 
 gious account ; a wanderer. 
 
 To PI'LGRIM, V. 71. to wander ; to ramble. Not used. 
 
 PI'LGKIMAGE, s. [|)^/e)-iMa^e, Fr.] a journey on a reli- 
 gious account. 
 
 PILL, a small town of Somersetshire, with a road for 
 shipping at the mouth of the Avon, about 4. miles below 
 Bristol. The most beautiful and romantic views are pre- 
 sented in navigating the intervening channel. 
 
 PILL, s. [pilula, Lat. pillule, Fr.] a medicine made into a' 
 round mass like a pea. 
 
 To PILL, V. a. [piller, Fr.] to rob or plunder. To strip 
 ofF the bark, used for peel- Neuterly, to be stript away ; to 
 come off in flakes or scoria, more properly jteel. 
 
 PI'LLAGE, s. [pillac/e, Fr.] plunder. The act of plun- 
 dering. 
 
 To PI'LLAGE, ». a. to plunder ; to spoil. 
 
 PI'LLAGER, f. a plunderer; a spoiler. 
 
 PI'LLAR, s. [pilier, Brit, pilar. Span, piler, Brit, and 
 Armoric] a column. A supporter. In botany, the cylindri- 
 cal substance that supports the hat of a fungus, as in the 
 common mushroom. Also the little shaft upon which the 
 feather of downy seeds is placed, as in the dandelion. 
 
 PI'LLARED, a. supported by columns. Resembling a 
 column. 
 
 PI'LLAU, a considerable sea-port of Prussia, situated on 
 a tongue of land, which projects into the Baltic, at the en- 
 trance of the Frisch Haff, 22 miles S. W. of Koningsberg. 
 
 Pl'LLION, s. [from pillow] a soft saddle used by women 
 in riding behind a horseman. A low saddle ; a pannel ; a 
 pad. ' 
 
 PI'LLORY, s. [pillori, Fr.] a frame erected on a pillar, 
 having three holes through which the head and hands of a 
 criminal are put, when he is exposed to the public. 
 
 To Pl'LT.OUY, V. a. to expose in a pillory. 
 
 PI'LLOW, (pillo) s. [pulewe, Belg.] a bag of down or 
 feathers laid under the head when a person sleeps. 
 
 To PI'LLOW, (piltdj V. a. to rest or support any thing on a 
 pHlow. 
 
 PI'LLOWBEER, PI'LLOWCASE, j. the cover of a 
 pillow. 
 
 4 S 
 
 PI'LLWORT, s. in botany, the globular peppergrass ; a 
 kind of fern. 
 
 PILO'SITY, *. [from pilus, a hair, Lat.] hairiness. 
 
 PILOT, .- [f>ilote, Fr.] one who steers a ship. 
 
 To PI'LOT, ». a. to steer or conduct a ship. 
 
 PI'LOTAGE, s. [piliitaije, Fr.] a pilot's skill; knowledge 
 of coasts. A pilot's hire. 
 
 PILSER, s. the moth or fly that runs into a (lame. 
 
 PiME'NTO, s. [pimetit, Fr.] a kind of a spice, of a round 
 figure, called .Jamaica pi'|ipcr. 
 
 PIMP, s. [pinye, Fr.] one who provides gratifications for 
 the lusts of another. A procurer; a pander 
 
 To PIMP, t'. a. to provide gratifications for the lust of 
 another; to pander ; to jirocure. 
 
 PIMPE'RNEL, s. in botany, the anagallis of Liniiaens. 
 The British species is known by having undivided leaves, a 
 trailing stem, and red blossoms. Also a kind of speedwell, 
 with pale purple blossoms. The bastard pimpernel is the 
 centunculus of Liniia;us, found in moist sandy ground. The 
 round-leafed water-piiTipernel, or marsh-woit, is the snmolus 
 of Linnaeus, having oblong egg-shaped leaves, and white 
 blossoms. The yellow pimpernel of the woods is a species of 
 lysimachia, or loosestrife. 
 
 PI'JIPING, a. [pimple mensvh, Belg.] little, petty Worth- 
 less ; mean. 
 
 PI'MPLE, s. [pompelle, Fr.] a small red pustule. 
 
 Pl'MFLEU, a. having red pustules. 
 
 PIN, s. [espini/lc, Fr.] an instrument chiefly used by 
 women in a<ljusting their dress. Pins are made of brass 
 wire blanched. Ihey reckon 25 workmen succes^rvely 
 employed upon each pin between the drawing of the brass 
 wire and the sticking of the |)in in the paper. Any thing to 
 hold things together; a peg, a bolt. That which locks the 
 wheel to the axle, called a linch-pin ; an iron instrument 
 used in fastening bars and window shutters. The pegs of a 
 musical instrument. The centre. " The very pin of his 
 heart." S/iak. A horny induration, or inflammalion of the 
 coats of the eye. RoUing-pin, a piece of wood of a cylindri- 
 cal form, used in rolling paste. A note, strain, in low 
 language. 
 
 To PIN, c. a. to fasten with pins. To join. To confine 
 as in a pinfold, from pindan, Sax. To fasten; to make 
 fast. 
 
 PI'NC.'iSE, s. a pincushion. 
 
 PI'NCERS, s. [pincette, Fr.] an instrument consisting of 
 two legs moving on a rivet, with which nails are drawn, or 
 any thing held fast. The claws of an animal. 
 
 To PINCH, V. a. [pincer, Fr.] to squeeze between the 
 fingers or teeth. To hold hard with an instrument. To 
 squeeze till the flesh is pained or livid. To pre.-is between 
 hard bodies. To distress; to pain. To gripe; to straiten. 
 To drive to difficulties. To try thoroughly ; to squeeze out 
 what is contained. Neuterly, to spare, or be frugal. 
 
 PINCH, s. [pincon, Fr.] a painful squeeze with the fin- 
 gers, or between hard bodies. A gripe. Oppression. Diffi- 
 culty or distress. As much as can be taken between the tips 
 of the fingers. 
 
 PINCHBECK, s. in metallurgy, a mixture of five or six 
 parts of copper and one of zinc. 
 
 PI'NCUSHION, (piiicaslw7i) s. a small bag stuflTed with 
 bran or wool, in which pins are stuck. 
 
 PINDA'RIC, a. in poetry, an ode formed in imitation of 
 the manner of Pindar; which is distinguished by the boldness 
 and height of its flights ; the suddenness and surprisingness 
 of the transitions; and the seeming irregularity, wildness, 
 and enthusiasm of the whole. The only remaining part of 
 Pindar's works is a book of odes, all in praise of the victors 
 at the Olympian, Pythean, Nemeean, and Isthmian games. 
 
 Pl'NDUST, s. small particles of metal made by cutting 
 pins. 
 
 PINE, t. [from pinus, Lat.] a tree which bears seeds 
 in squamous cones. The sea-pine is a kind of oar weed. 
 
 To PINE, V. a. [pinian, SaxJ to languish or wear away
 
 682 PIPE 
 
 with any kind of misery. To languish with desire. Neu- 
 terly, to waste with grief. To grieve for, or bemoan in 
 silence. 
 
 PINE-APPLE, f. a juicy fruit of a delicious flavour, so 
 called from its resenibliiig the cone of a pine-tree. 
 
 PI'NEAL, a. [pineale, Fr.] resembling a pine-apple; an 
 epithet given by Descartes, on account of its form, to the 
 gland he imaeined to he the seat of the soul. 
 
 PINFEA'THEKED, a. having feathers resembling pins. 
 Unfledged. 
 
 PPXFULD, s. [from piniian, to shut up. Sax. and fold} 
 a place in which beasts are confined. 
 
 PI'NGLE, s. a small close; an enclosure. 
 
 PI'NGUID, a. [from pinguis, Lat.] fat; unctuous. Ob- 
 solete. 
 
 Pl'iVHOLE, s. a small hole made by a pin. 
 
 Pl'NlON, s. [pigiwn, Fr.] the joint at the extremity of a 
 win". A wing. A feather or quill. The tooth of a smaller 
 whe° 1, answering to that of a larger. Fetters or bonds for the 
 
 hands. 
 
 To PI'NION, V. a. to bird the wings or the elbows close 
 to the Eides. To shackle. To bind to. 
 
 PINK, s. [from Jiink, an eye, Belg.] a genus rif plant.s, five 
 of which are British species. An eye, generally applied to 
 a small one. Any thing supremely excellent. A reddish 
 colour, resembling that of a pink. A ship, with a round 
 Btern and bulging sides. A fi?h, called likewise minnow. 
 
 To PINK, I', a. [from pink, an eye, Belg.] to pierce with 
 small holes like eyelet-holes. Neuterly, to wink with the eyes, 
 from pinken, Belg. 
 
 PI'NMAKER, s. one who makes pins. 
 
 PI'NMONEY, s. money allowed a wife fur her private 
 expences. 
 
 PI'NN ACE, s. [pinnasse, Fr. pinnacia, Ital. pinaea. Span.] 
 a boat belonging to a ship of war. 
 
 PI'XNACLE, s. [pinnacle, Fr.] a turret, or elevation 
 above the rest of the building. A high-spiring point. 
 
 PI'NNER, s. [fi:om pinna, a feather, Lat. or pinion,] the 
 lappet of a head-dress, which hangs down loose. A pin- 
 maker. 
 
 PI'NNOCK, s. the tom-tit. 
 
 PINT, (phit) s. [pint, Sax. pinte, Fr.] in liquid measure, 
 half a quart. In medicine, a pound, or twelve ounces. 
 
 PI'NULES, s. in astronomy, the sights of an astrolabe. 
 
 PIONEE'R, i. [pionier, Fr.] a soldier employed in level- 
 ling roads, throwing up works, or sinking mines. 
 
 P TONING, s. works of pioneers. 
 
 PI'ONY, s. a large red flower, expanded io the form of a 
 rose, spelt likewise peony. 
 
 PI'OUS, a. [pius, Lat.] careful of the duties owed to God 
 and man. Religious. 
 
 I'l'OUSLY, ad. with great devotion. 
 
 PIP, s. [pj/jpe, Belg.] a defluxion, or horny pellicle, which 
 grows on the tip of the tongue in .birds and fowls, and cured 
 by |)uHing it ofT, and rubbing the part with salt. A spot on 
 cards. 
 
 To PIP, V. n. [pipio, Lat.] to chirp or cry like a bird. 
 
 PIPE, s. [j'ipe, Sax. pit, Brit.] any long hollow body or 
 tube. A tube of clay, through which the smoke of tobacco 
 is conveyed into the mouth. An instrument of hand music 
 The organs of voice and respiration, as the \vind-;)ipe. The 
 key of the voice. An nflice in the exchequer, so called 
 because the whole receipt is conveyed into it by means of 
 divers small pipes, quills, or channels, as water into a cistern. 
 A liquid measure containing two hogsheads, from peep, 
 Belg. or pipe, Fr. 
 
 To PIPE, V. B. to play on- the pipe. To have a shrill 
 sound. 
 
 PI'i'EH, t. one who plays on the pipe. 
 
 I'ri'ETliEE, s. the lilac. 
 
 PI PEUIDGE-BUSH, s. a shrub ; the same with the com- 
 mon barberry. 
 
 •PrPI'.WOUT, J. a plant. The wreathed pipewort has up- 
 right twisted stalks with seven tubes, nearly upright leaves. 
 
 PIST 
 
 and white flower-leaves. It is found m a small lake in the 
 isle of Skye, and flowers hi September. 
 
 PIPING, 4'. weak, feeble, sickly. Hot or boiling, applied 
 to water. 
 
 Pl'PKIN, i. (diminutive of pipe) a small earthen boiler. 
 
 PIPPIN, *. [from puppijnghe, Belg.] according to Skinner,' 
 a sharp apple, supposed by some to derive its name from the 
 pips or spots with which its skin is marked. 
 
 PI'QUANCY, (peekanctj )s. sharpness, tartness. 
 
 PIQUANT, (pet'/iajUj a. [piquant, Fr.] pricking; stimu- 
 lating. Sharp ; tart ; pungent ; severe. 
 
 PI'QUAN 1 LY, ad. sharply ; tartly. 
 
 PIQUE, {peek) s. [pique, Fr.] an offence taken. Ill-will. 
 Point or punctilio 
 
 To PIQUE, (peek) v. a. [piquer, Fr.] to affect with envy 
 or malice ; to put into a fret. To offend ; to irritate. U.sed 
 with the reciprocal pronouns, and followed by in or upon, to 
 value or fix reputation upon, from se piquer, Fr. 
 
 VlQVKE'REli, ( piheirei- ) s. a robber; a plunderer. 
 
 PIQUET, (peeket) s. [piquet, Fr.] a game at cards, played 
 by two persons with only 33 cards ; all the deuces, threes, 
 fours, fives, and sixes, being laid aside. In fortification, a 
 piece of wood, sharp at one end, usually shod with iron, iise<l 
 in laying out ground, and measuring its angles ; or driven 
 into the ground near the tents to tie the horses to, and like- 
 wise used to fasten the cords of tents ; whence to plant the 
 piguet, implies to encamp. In this last sense it is accenteil 
 on the first syllable, and pronounced picket. 
 
 PI'llACY, s. [peiratcs, from peira, craft, Gr.] the act of 
 robbing or committing violence on the high sea. 
 
 PrUATE, i. [Fr. pirata, L.d. p eirates, from /)«>«, craft, 
 Gr.] one who robs at sea. A person who steals, or clan- 
 destinely prints the copies of an author or bookseller. 
 
 To PI'ilATE, V. a. to publish a spurious edition, in op- 
 position to the proprietor of a book. Neuterly, to rob at 
 sea. 
 
 PIRA'TICAL, a. robbing on sea; like a pirate. 
 
 PI'SA, an anticnt, large, and handsome city of Italy, in 
 Tuscany, with an university. The town is seated on the 
 river Arno, at a small distance from the sea, in a very fertile 
 plain. That river runs through Pisa, and over it are three 
 bridges, of which that in the middle is constructed with 
 marble. This town is so far from having as many inha- 
 bitants as it can contain, that grass grows in the principal 
 streets. The cathedral is a magnificent structure, and on 
 the right side of the choir, is the leaning tower so much 
 talked of. The grand duke's palace, and the exchange, 
 are magnificent buildings, worth notice. Pisa is 10 miles 
 N. of Leghorn, 42 \V. o'f Florence, and 10 S. W. of Lucca. 
 Lat. 43 43. N. Ion. 10. 17. E. 
 
 PI'SCARY, i. a privilege of fishing. 
 
 PISCA'TION, s. [piscis, a lish, Lat.] the act or prac- 
 tice of fishing. 
 
 PISCATORY, a. [from piscis, a fish, Lat.] relating to 
 fishes. 
 
 PI'SCES, s. in astronomy, the fishes, one of the constella- 
 tions of the zodiac. 
 
 PISCIS VO'LANS, s. ill astronomy, the flying fish, a small 
 constellation in the .southern hemisphere. 
 
 PISCrVORUS, a. [from piscis, a fish, and voro, to devour, 
 Lat.] eating fish; devouring fish. 
 
 PISH, interj. a word used to express contemjit. 
 
 To PISH, V. n. to express contempt by hissing, or in- 
 articulate sound. 
 
 PI'SMIRE, s. [pisimiere, Belg.]an ant; an emmet. 
 
 To PISS, V. a. [pisser, Fr. pissen, Belg.] to emit urine. 
 
 PISS, s, urine. 
 
 Prs.S-A-BED, s. one that makes urine in bed. A yellow 
 flower growing in the grass ; called also dandelion. 
 
 Pl'SSBURNT, a. staineil as if with urine. 
 
 PISTACHIO, s. [pistaccki, Ital. pislacke, Fr.] a dry fruit, 
 of an oblong figure, pointed at each end, with a double shell 
 containing a kernel of a green colour. 
 
 PISTIL, or PoiNTAL, 1. (.Bot. Lat.] among botanists.
 
 P I T U 
 
 denotes the female organ of generatioii in plants ; it contists of 
 three parts, the fjennen, style, anil sti£>;m'a. 
 
 PISTII.LA'TION, s. [from pisdllum, a pestle, Lat.] the 
 act of poumliiig ill a mortar 
 
 PrSTOL, s. [pistole, or pisthlet, Fr.] a small hand f,'iiii. 
 
 To PI'STOL, V. a. [pisUiler, Fr.] to shoot with a iiisti>l. 
 
 PISTO'LE, s. [pistole, Fr.] a gold coin struck in Spain and 
 Italy, generally valned at ahoiit l.Js. cd. sterling. 
 
 PISTOLE'T, *. (diiniinitire ui' pi>tol) a little pistol. 
 
 PI'STON, *. [pistott, F'r.] that part of a pomp or syringe 
 on which the sucker is fixed ; an emhohis ; a sucker. 
 
 PIT, s. [pit, Sax.] a hole in the ground. Tlie grave. The 
 ground on which cocks fight. The midille and lower part 
 of a theatre, fronting the stage. Any hnllinv of the body, 
 from pis, or pcis, old Fr. Hence the armpit. A dent made 
 by the finger, or caused by the small-pox. 
 
 To PIT, V. a. to sink in hollows ; to mark with small hol- 
 lows, as by the small-pox. 
 
 PITAPAT, s. [perhaps from pas a pas, Fr. step by step, 
 or palte patte, Fr.] a flnttering motion or palpitation, appUed 
 to the heart. A light quick step. 
 
 PITCH, s. [pic, Sax.] a black gummy juice, drawn and 
 inspissated by tire from the pine-tree. JMinerid pitch is 
 petroleum hardened by an exposure to the air. Any degree 
 of height, from picts, Fr. The highest rise. Degree ; rate. 
 Size. 
 
 To PITCH, V- a. [appiccaire, Ital.] to fix upon. To 
 order regularly. To throw headlong. To smear with 
 pitch. To darken. To pave. Nenterly, to light or drop 
 from a high place. To fall headlong. To fix a choice, or 
 tent. 
 
 PrTCIlER. s. [picker, Fr.] an earthern vessel or vvaterpot. 
 An instrument to pierce the ground, in which any thing is to 
 be fixed. 
 
 prrCIlFORK, s. a fork by which corn or hay is moved. 
 
 PI'TCHINESS, i. the quality of resembling pitch; black- 
 ness ; darkness. 
 
 PI'TCHY, a. smeared with pitch ; having the qualities of 
 pitch. Black; dark; dismal. 
 
 PlTCOAL, f. coal dug out of pits. 
 
 Pl'TEOUS, a. sorrowful ; exciting pity. Tender ; com- 
 passionate. Wretched ; paltry. 
 
 PlTEOUSLY, ad. in a pitiful manner. 
 
 PI'TEOUSNESS, s. sorrowfulness ; tenderness. 
 
 PI'TFALL, s. a pit dug and covered into which a person 
 falls unexpectedly. A trap. 
 
 PITH, s. [pitte, Belg.J the soft part in the midst of wood. 
 Marrow. Strength ; force. Energy. Weight ; moment. 
 The quintessence or chief part. 
 
 PI'THILY, ad. with force and energy. 
 
 PITHINESS, s. force or energy. 
 
 PITHLESS, a. without pith, force, or energy, 
 
 PI'THY, a. consisting of pith, applied to wood ; strong or 
 energetic, applied to style. 
 
 PITIABLE, a. [pitoyable, Fr.] deserving pity. 
 
 PFTIABLENESS, s. state of deserving pity. 
 
 PITIFUL, a. moving compassion. Compassionate. Pal- 
 try ; contemptible. The last sense is most in use. 
 
 PITIFULLY, ad. in a mournful, compassionate, or con- 
 temptible manner. 
 
 PITIFULNESS, s. mercy, or compassion. Despicable- 
 ness, contemptibleness. 
 
 PITILESSLY, ad. without pity or mercy. 
 
 PITILESSNESS, s. want of compassion. 
 
 PITILESS, a. wanting pity or compassion. 
 
 PITMAN, s- one that works in a pit. 
 
 PITSAW, i. a saw used by two men, of whom one is in 
 the pit. 
 
 PITTANCE, I. Ipitance, Fr.] an allowance of meat in a 
 monastery. A small portion. 
 
 PITTENWEEM, a sea-port town of Scotland, in the 
 county of Fife, seated at the entrance of the Frith of Forth, 
 23 miles N. E. of Edinburgh. 
 
 PITUITE, s. [Fr. pituita, Lat.] phle^. 
 
 P L A I 
 
 683 
 
 PITJJ'ITOUS, n. ffiom pituita, phi -gm, Lat. pituiteux, Fr.] 
 consisting of, or (nil of, phlegm ; i)lilegniatic. 
 
 PITY, «. [pitie, Fr.] the quality of feiling or compas- 
 sionating the pains of another. A ground or object of pity. 
 In the last sen.se it has a pliual. 
 
 To I'lTY, V. a. [piloycr, Fr.] to sympathize, or feel the 
 misfortunes of another. Nenterly, to be compassionate. 
 
 PI'VOT, s. [pivot, Fr.] a pin on which any thing turns. 
 
 PIX, s. [pixis, Lai.] a clust hi wliich the consecrated 
 host is kept. A chest wherein pieces of every coin are depo- 
 sited for trial by assay-maiters. 
 
 PIZZLE, *. the gristly parts of the penis of a beast. 
 
 PLACABl'LITY, PLA'CABLENESS, s. the quality of 
 being willing or easy to be appeased. 
 
 PLA'CABLE, a. [fruin placo, to pacify, Lat.] willing or 
 possible to be appeastd 
 
 PLA'CAKD, PLACA'RT, s. [placard, Fr. plahart, 
 Belg.] a declaratio)! or manifesto. A hcence for unlawful 
 games, &c. 
 
 To PLA'CATE, ti. a. [placo, Lat.] to appease; to reconcile. 
 This word is used in Scotland. 
 
 PLACE, s. [place, F'r.] that part of space which any body 
 possesses. The relation of distance between any thing, and 
 any two or more points, considered as keeping the same 
 distance one with another. A seat or residence. A passage 
 in a book. Existence. Rank. Precedence. An office, or 
 public employment. Room. Ground. A kind of area sur- 
 rounded with houses, sometimes called a court. 
 
 To PLACE, V. a. [placer, Fr.] to put in any place, rank, or 
 condition. To fix or establish. To put out at interest, ap- 
 plied to money. 
 
 PLACE'NZA, a ci-devant duchy of Italy, having Parma 
 on the E. Milan on the N. and W. and Genoa on the S. It 
 is fertile and populous, and contains mines of iron, and some 
 salt springs- 
 
 PLACE'NZA, the see of a bishop and the seat of an univer- 
 sity. It contains about 30,000 inhabitants. Placenza is 82 
 miles N. W. of Parma. Lat. 45. 5. N. Ion. 9. 38. E. 
 
 PLA'CER, s. one that places. 
 
 PLA'CID, a. [placidus, from placeo, to please, Lat.] gentle, 
 quiet. Kind, mild. 
 
 PLACI'DITY, s. [placiditas, from placeo, to please, Lat.] 
 quietness ; mildness. 
 
 PLA'CIDLY, ad. in a gentle, kind, or mild manner. 
 
 PLA'CIT, i. [placitwn, from placeo, to please, Lat.] a 
 degree. 
 
 PLA'CKET, or PLA'QUET, *. a petticoat. 
 
 PLA'GIARISM, 3. theft, or the act of stealing the thoughts 
 or the works of an author, without owning it. 
 
 PLAGIARY, s. [from plagium, theft, Lat.] one who 
 makes use of the thoughts of an author as if they were his 
 own. 
 
 PLAGUE, (pllg) s. [plaghe, Belg. from plesso, to strike. 
 Or.] a contagious disease. A state of misery. Any thing 
 troublesome. 
 
 To PI^AGUE, (plat/) V. a. to infect with pestilence. To 
 vex, torment, or tease. 
 
 PLA'GUILY, (plugihj) ad. in such a manner as to torment 
 over much. A low word. 
 
 PLA'GUY, (plagy, g pron. hard^ a. vexatious or trouble- 
 some. A low word. 
 
 PLAICE, s. [plate. Belg.] a flat fish. 
 
 PLAID, s. [Scot.] a striped or variegated cloth. An outer 
 loose weed worn by men and women in Scotland. 
 
 PLAIN, a. [planus, Lat.] smooth ; level ; free from rigid- 
 ness. Void of ornament. Artless ; nidearned. Open ; sin- 
 cere. Evident, clear, applied to truths. Not varied by art, 
 applied to music. Jlere ; bare. 
 
 PLAIN, ad. easily discovered. Distinctly, articulately, 
 applied to pronunciation. In a simple, open, rough, but sin- 
 cere manner. 
 
 PLAIN, f. [plane, Fr.] level ground. A tool used by 
 carpenters, &c. to level boards, &c. 
 
 To PLAIN, V. a. to level; to make even.
 
 684 
 
 PLAN 
 
 PLAT 
 
 To PLAIN, K. n. [p/ainj)-e, Fr.] to lament; to wail. An 
 old word. 
 
 PLAINDE'ALING, a. acting without artifice. 
 
 PLAINDEALIN'G, s. conduct free from artifice. 
 
 PLAINLY, ad. levelly ; fiatly. Without ornament, gloss, 
 or artifice. Evidently; clearly. 
 
 PLA'INNESS, s- the quality of being smooth or level. 
 The quality of being free from ornament, deceit, or ob- 
 scurity. 
 
 PLAINT, s. [plainte, Fr.] an expression of grief- A com- 
 plaint, lamentation. 
 
 PLA'INFUL, a. complaining; ; audibly sorrowful. 
 
 PLA'INTIFF, s. [from plaintif, Fr.] one that commences 
 a suit against another. 
 
 PLA'INTIVR, a. [-plaintif, Fr.] expressive of sorrow; 
 complaining, lamenting. 
 
 PLAI'.WVORK, s. needlework without any embroidery. 
 
 PLAIT, s. (corrupted from plight, or plyght ; from ply, to 
 fold) a fold or double. 
 
 To PLAIT, V. a- to fold or double. To weave or braid. 
 To entangle, to involve. 
 
 PLAI'TER, s. he that plaits. 
 
 PLAN, s. [plan, F.] a scheme, form, or model. A plot of 
 any building, or form of any thing, laid down on paper. 
 
 To PLAN, t>. a. to scheme ; to form in design. 
 
 PLA'NARV, a. belonging to a plane. 
 
 PLA'NCHED, a. [plaiiM, Fr.] made of boards. "A 
 planched gate." Sltak. 
 
 PLA'NCHEU, i. [plancher, Fr.J a board or plank. Not 
 
 used. 
 
 PLANCHING, s. the laying the floors in a building. 
 
 PLANE, s. [from planus, Lat. Plain is used in popular 
 language, and plane, in geometry] a level surface. An instru- 
 ment used in smoothing or levelling the surface of boards ; 
 from plane, Fr. 
 
 To PLANE, V. a. [planer, Fr.] to make level. To smooth 
 with a plane. 
 
 PLA'NET, s. [planeta, Lat. from piano, to wander, Gr.] 
 a star which changes its situation in the heavens, and moves 
 m an orbit nearly circular, opposed to the comets, which 
 move in very eccentric ellipses. 
 
 PLA'NETARY, a. [planetaire, Fr.] of the nature of a 
 planet. Belonging to, or under the dominion of, a planet. 
 Produced by the planets. Erratic; wandering. 
 
 PLANE'TICAL, a. [from piano, to wander, Gr.] pertain- 
 ing to planets. 
 
 PLA'NETSTRUCK, a. blasted. 
 
 PLANIFO'LIOtrS, a. [from planus, plain, and folium, a 
 leaf, Lat.] in botany, having plain leaves, set together in 
 circular rows round a centre. 
 
 PLANl'LOQUY, i. [from planus, plain, and loquor, to 
 speak, Lat ) plain speech. 
 
 PLANIME'RICAL, a. [from planus, plain, Lat. and 
 metreo, to measure, Gr.] pertaining to the mensuration of 
 plain surfaces. 
 
 PLANI'METRY, o. [from planus, plain, Lat. and mttreo, 
 to measure, Gr.^ the mensuration of jjlain surfaces. 
 
 PLANIPE'TALOUS, «. [from planus, plaii, Lat. and 
 petalon, a flower leaf, Gr.] flat leaved, as when fne small 
 flowers are oidy hollow at the bottom, but flat unwards, as 
 In dandelion ai!d succory. 
 
 To PLA'NISH, ti. a. to beat, polish, or smootn by a 
 sammer. 
 
 PLA'NISPHERR, (pUnisfert) s. [from planus, plain, Lat. 
 and sphaira, a si)here, Gr.] a sphere projected on a plain. A 
 map of one or both hemispheres. 
 
 PLA'NITY, s. [from planus, plain, Lat- evenness, 
 plainness. 
 
 PLANK, s. [planche, Fr.] a thick, long, and strong board. 
 
 To PLANK, V. a. to cover with plank. 
 
 PLANOCO'NICAL, a. [from planus, plain, and contu, a 
 . cone, Lat.) level on one side and conical on others. 
 
 PLANOCONVEX, a. [^from planus, plain, and conveziu, 
 convex, Lat.) flat on one side und convex on the other. 
 
 PLANT, s. [planta, Lat. planie, Fr.] an organiral body, 
 produced by the earth, to which it adheres by its roots, and 
 receives its nurture from it. A sapling. 
 
 To PLANT, V. a. [planto, Lat.J to set in the earth in order 
 to grow. To procreate or generate. To place or fix. To 
 settle a country. To direct properly, applied to cannon. 
 To fill or adorn with something planted. Neuterly, to per- 
 form the act of planting. 
 
 PLAN TAGE, s. [plantago, Lat.J an herb. 
 
 PLANTA'GENET, s. m history, a surname borne by 
 many of our antient kings, the derivation of which is un- 
 certain. 
 
 PLA'NTAIN, [plaintain, Fr.] in botany, the plantago. 
 The British species are seven ; the great, hoary, ribwort, 
 marine, buckthorn, sea, and grass-leaved plantiin. The 
 bastard plantain, or mudweed, is the limo;ella of Linneeus. 
 The great water, star-headed water, creeping water, and 
 lesser water plantains, are species of thrum wort. 
 
 PLA'NTAL, a. belonging to plants. Not used. 
 
 PLA.\TATION, s. [from planto, to plant, Lat.] the act 
 or practice of planting. A place planted. A colony. Intro- 
 duction or establishment. 
 
 PL.\'NTE|{, i. [p/anfcur, Fr.] one that sets or cidtivates 
 any vegetable. One who disseminates or introiluces 
 
 PLASH, s. [plaslue, Belg. plabz, Dan.] a puddle or small 
 piece (if standing water. A branch partly cut off, and bound 
 to other branches. 
 
 To VhXSH, V. a. [plesser, Fr.] to hiterweave branches. 
 To wet by dashing water. 
 
 PLA'SHY, a. watery ; filled with puddles. 
 
 PLASM, ( plazm) s. [from plasso to form, Gr.] a matrix 
 in which anv thing is cast ; a mould. 
 
 PLA'.STER, or PLAI'STER, s. [piastre, Fr.] a substance 
 made of Unit and water, &c. with which walls are covered. 
 Plaster of Paris is the sulphurate of lime, of wliiLh the hills 
 round Paris are entirely composed. A glutinous or adhesive 
 salve, ftom emplastrum, Lat. formerly written in English 
 emplaster. 
 
 To PLA'STER, v. a. [})lastrer, Fr.] to cover with pUistcr. 
 To cover with some glutinniis substance or plaster. 
 
 PLASTERtR, s. [/j/aifcier, Fr.] one who undertakes or 
 professes plastering 
 
 PLA'STIC, a. [from plasso, to form, Gr.] having the power 
 of giving form. 
 
 PLASTOGUAPHY, (^plast6grafy)s. [horn plasso, to feign, 
 and graplio, to write, Gr.] a counterleit or false writing. 
 
 PLA S'l'RON, s. [Fr.J a piece of leather stuffed, used by 
 persons to receive the thrusts made in learning to fence. 
 
 To PLAT, V. a. to weave ; to make by texttue. 
 
 PLAT, s. properly plot; [plot, Sax.] a small piece of 
 groinid. 
 
 PLA'TA, a large, rich, and popidous town of Peru, in 
 S. America. It is the see of an archbishop. The silver 
 mines in its neighbourhood have been neglected since 
 the discovery of those of Potosi. Lat. 19. 10'. S. Ion. 63. 
 40. W. 
 
 PLA'TA, a large river of South America, that rises in the 
 province of Loz Charcas, in Peru. After crossing Para- 
 guay it tails into the Atlantic; its mouth is about 160 miles 
 wide. 
 
 PLA'TANE, [platatie, Fr. platanus, Lat.] the plane-tree. 
 
 I'LATE, s. [plate, Belg.] a piece of metal beat out into 
 breadth. Wrought .silver, from plata, Span. A small shal- 
 low vessel on wliicli meat is eaten, from plat, Fr. A term 
 also uiied by our sportsmen of the turf. 
 
 To PLATE, r. a. to cover with plates. To beat into thin 
 pieces. 
 
 PLA'TEN,.#. among printers, the flat part of the press, 
 whereby the impression is made. 
 
 PLATFORM, I. Iplat, Fr. and form] the sketch of any 
 thing delineated on a plain surface. A place laid out after 
 a model. The level place before a fortification. A scheme 
 or plan. 
 
 PLA'TIC Aspect, in astrology, is a ray of light cast
 
 PLEA 
 
 PLEN 
 
 685 
 
 from one plant to another, not exactly, but within the orbit 
 of its own litfht 
 
 PLATI'NA, s. in mineralogy, the heaviest of all metals. 
 It is nearly as white as silver, and is with difficnlty fusible, 
 though by great labour it may be rendered malleable, so as 
 to be wrought into utensils like other metals. It is found in 
 grains in a metallic state in St. Domingo and Peru. 
 
 PLATO'NIC, a. something that relates to Plato, his 
 school, philosophy, opinions, or the like. Thus, Platonic 
 love denotes a pure spiritual affection, for which Plato was 
 a great advocate, subsisting between the difTerent sexes, 
 abstracted from all carnal appetites, and regarding no other 
 object but the mind and its beauties; or, it is a sincere dis- 
 interested friendship between persons of the same sex, sub- 
 tracted from any selfish views, regarding no other object 
 than the person, if any such love or friendship has any foun- 
 dation in nature. 
 
 PLATOO'N, s. Ipeloton, Fr.] a small square body of forty 
 or fifty musketeers, drawn out of a battalion of foot, when 
 (hey form the hollow square. 
 
 PL-i'TTIUl, s. a large dish made of wood or earth. 
 
 PLA'TYPUS, s. in zoology, a very remarkable amphibi- 
 ous animal, found in New South Wales. Us mouth resem- 
 bles the bill of a duck, and its feet are webbed like those of 
 that bird. 
 
 PLAU'DIT, PLAU'DITE, s. [from plaudite, applaud ye, 
 Lat.] a demand of applause made by a ()layer when he left 
 the stage, applause. A shout. 
 
 PLAUSIBI'LITY, (plauzihility) s. [plausibiliU, Fr.] super- 
 iicial appearance of right. 
 
 PhXV'SlSLE,(plai(zible)a. [from pluudo, to applaud, I.at.] 
 such as gain approbation irom its appearing true or right ; 
 specious. 
 
 PLAU'SIBLENESS, (plauzibleness) s. the quality of ap- 
 pearing true or right. 
 
 PLAU'SIBLY, (plaiizibly) ad. in such a manner as to ap. 
 pear right. 
 
 PLAU'SIVE, (plaiizive) a. [from plaudo, to applaud, Lat.] 
 applaudible. Plausjhle. 
 
 ' To PLAY, V. n. [plegati, Sax.] to exercise in sports, plea- 
 sures or pastimes. To toy. To be dismissed from work. 'I'o 
 deceive by an assiniied cliaracter, used with upon. To game. 
 To move wantonly. To act a part in a drama. To act or 
 assume a character. To touch a musical instrument. To 
 operate. Ac'ively, to put in action or motion; as "he 
 played his eainion ;" the engines are played at a fire. To ex- 
 hibit drauKiiiciilly ; to perform. 
 
 PLAY, s. dismission (i'om work. Amusement. A dra- 
 matic peif irmauce. Game. Attion. The act of touching 
 or sounding a musical instrument. A state of agitation or 
 motion. Lilierty of aclini,' ; swing; room for motion. 
 
 PLA'YBOOK, s. a book containing dramatic composi- 
 tions. 
 
 PLA'YD VY, .f. a day hi which work is abstained from. 
 
 PLA'YEK, s. one who performs on the stage. One en- 
 gaged in gaining. An idler. A mimic. One who touches a 
 musical instriinient. 
 
 PLA'YFELLOW, J. a companion in any sport or play. 
 
 PLA'YFUL. a. fond of sport or diversion. 
 
 PLA'^'GAMF,, s. play of children. 
 
 PLA'YHOLFSE, s. a house where dramatic performances 
 are represenle'l. 
 
 PLA'YSO.M K, a. wanton ; full of levity. 
 
 PLA'YSO.MEN'ESS, i. wantonness; levity. 
 
 PLA'Yl'HLN'G, s a toy, or thing to play with. 
 
 PLA'YWIUGHT, (playwrU) s. a writer of plays. 
 
 PLEA, (plee) s. [plaid, old Fr.] the act or form of pleading. 
 Any thing uracil in defence, excuse, or vindication. 
 
 To PLEACH, {pleech) v. a. [pksser, Fr.] to bend or inter- 
 weave. Obsolete. 
 
 To PLEAD, (pleed) v. n. [ plaider, Fr.] to argue before a 
 court of justice. To speak for or against. Actively, to de- 
 fend ; to allege m favour or argument ; to oflFer as an 
 excuse. 
 
 PLE'ADABLE, {pleadable) a. capable to be alleged in 
 plea. 
 
 PLE'ADEIl, (pleeder) s. [plaideur, Fr. one who argues in 
 a court o( justice. One who speaks for or against. 
 
 PLE'ADIXG, (plerding) s. act or form of pleading. 
 
 PLE'ASANCE, (plei-zance) t. [plaisance, Fr.] gaiety or 
 merriment. Obsolete. 
 
 PLE'ASANT, (plezant) a. [from placeo, to please, Lat.] 
 giving a delight. Grateful to the senses. Good-humoured. 
 Gay, or lively. Trifling, or more apt to make a person smile 
 than to produce conviction. 
 
 PLE'ASANTLY, (plizantly) ad. in such a manner as to 
 give delight. In good humour. Lii;htly, or ludicrously. 
 
 PLE'ASANTNIiSS, {pUzantness) s. the quality which ex- 
 cites delight, gaiety, or pleasure. 
 
 PLE'ASAN rUY, {pUzaiUry) s. [plaisantcrie, Fr.] gaiety. 
 A sprightly expression ; lively talk. 
 
 To PLEASE, (plteze) v. a. [Irom placeo, to please, I^at.] 
 to delight, gratify, humour, satisly, or content. To be pleased, 
 is used to iaiply to like, or to content. To gain a|)|irohation. 
 Neuterly, to give pleasure ; to gain approbation ; to like, 
 to chiise. Synon. It is tiie air and behaviour that renders 
 pleasing ; good sense and good himiour, lliat renders agree- 
 able. 
 
 PLE'.iSER, s. one that pleases. 
 
 PLE'.^iSEMAN, {pleizeman) s. a pickthank ; an officious 
 fellow. 
 
 PLE'ASINTGLi', (pWrin^/y) ad. in such a manner as to 
 give satisfaction <ir delight. 
 
 PLK'ASIN'GNfESS, s. the quality of giving delight. 
 
 PI.E'ASUKAliLE, (plezhurable) a. affording delight. 
 
 PLhYASUUE, ( pU:hure)s. [plaisir, Fr.] the delight which 
 arises in the mind Irom contemplation, or enjoyment of some- 
 thing agreeable. Gratihcation of the passions or senses. 
 Approbation. The dictat-s of the will. Clhoice. 
 
 To PLE'ASURE, (pu-Jiure) v. a. to please or gratify. 
 An inelegant word. 
 
 PLEBE'IAN, s. [from plebs, the common people, Lat.] 
 one of the common or lower order. 
 
 PLEBETAN, a. consisting of mean people; popular. 
 Vulgar ; low. 
 
 PLEDGE, s. [pleige, Fr.] any thing given by way of se- 
 curity ; a pawn ; gage. A surety; bail; hostage. 
 
 To PLEDGE, V. a. [pleiger, Fr.] to give as a security. 
 To invite to drink, by accepting tne cup or health after 
 anotlier. 
 
 PLE'DGET, ».[p%j/ie, Belg.] a small mass of lint used 
 for wounds. 
 
 PLEI'ADS, or PLEI'ADES, s. [Gr ] in astronomy, an as- 
 semblage of seven stars in the neck of the northern constel- 
 laiiim Taurus. 
 
 PLE NARILY, ad. in a full or complete manner. 
 
 PLE'NAUY, a. [from plenus, full, Lat.] full or complete. 
 
 PI^ENILUNAKY, a. [Irom plenus, full, and luna, the 
 moon, Lat.] pertaining to the full moon. 
 
 PLE'NIPOTENCE, f. [from plenus, full, and poten*, power- 
 ful, Lat.] fulness of power. 
 
 PLENIPOTENT, a. [from plenus, full, and potent, power- 
 ful, Lat.] invested with full power. 
 
 PLENIPOTENTIARY, (^plenipothishiary) s. [from plt- 
 nus, full, and potens, powerful, Lat.] one invested with dis- 
 cretionary or full power. 
 
 PL EN 1ST, s. [from plenus, full, Lat,] one that denies a 
 vacuum, or holds that all space is occupied by matter. 
 
 PLENITUDE, s. [from plenus, full, Lat.] fulness, oppos- 
 ed to emptiness. Repletion. Abundance, or excess- 
 Completeness. 
 
 PLE'NTEOUS, a. abounding; copious; in large quan- 
 tities. Fruitful. 
 
 PLE'NTEOUSLY, ad. copiously; abundantly; exube- 
 rantly ; plentifully. 
 
 PLENTEOUSNESS, s. fruitfulness. The quality of 
 abounding.
 
 696 
 
 PLOU 
 
 PLE'NTIFUL, a. copious; abounding; in large quanti- 
 ties. Fruitful. 
 
 FLF/NTIFUI.LY, ad. in a copious or abundant manner. 
 
 PLENTIKULNESS, s. the state of being plentiful; abun- 
 dance ; fertility. 
 
 PLE'NTY, s. [from plenus, full, Lat.] a state in which 
 every want may be supplied. Fruitfulness. Johnson ob- 
 serves, that this word is sometimes useil as an adjective, but 
 improperly, as, '• If reason were as plenty as blackberries." 
 Skak. Synon. By pteiiti/ is understood enough, and some 
 little to spare ; by abundance, more than enough. 
 
 PLE'0>fAt)M, s [from pleonazo, to abound, Gr.] in rhe- 
 toric, a figure in which more words are used than are neces- 
 sary ; as, " I saw it ipilh my own eyes." 
 
 PLERO'TICS, s. [humplereo, to till up, Gr.] in medicine, 
 a kind of remedies that are healing, or that fill up the flesh ; 
 otherwise called incariiatives, and sarcotics. 
 
 PLETHORA, or PLE'THORY, s. [from plMio, to fill 
 up, Gr.] the state in which the vessels are fuller of laudable 
 blood and humours than is agreeable to a natural state of 
 health. 
 
 PLETHORE'TIC, n. PLETHO'RIC, [from ;)/e</io, to fill 
 up, Gr.] having a full habit. 
 
 PLE'Viy, s. [pleitvine, Fr.J in law, a warrant or assur- 
 ance ; a pledge. 
 
 PLEU'RA, s. [from pleura, the side, Gr.] in anatomy, a 
 smooth, robust, and tense membrane, adhering lo the ribs, 
 and to the intercostal muscles, whose structure resembles 
 two sacks, one of which surrounds one side of the thorax, 
 and the other the other side, and each of them contains one 
 of the two lobes of the lungs. 
 
 PLEURISY, s. [pleuresie, Fr. from pleura, the side, Gr.] 
 a violent pain in the side, attended with an acute fever, a 
 cough, and d fRculty of breathing. 
 
 PLEURITIC, PLEURI'TICAL, a. [from pleura, the 
 side, Gr.] diseased with a pleurisy. 
 
 PLI'ABLE, a. [pliable, Fr.] easy to be bent, or prevailed 
 npon. 
 
 PLI'ABLENESS, s. easiness to be bent. 
 
 PLI'AXCY, s. the quality of being easily bent. 
 
 PLI'ANT, o. [pliant, Fr.] bending. Easy to take a form. 
 Comp'iant, or easily persuaded. 
 
 PLI'ANTNESS, s. flexibility ; roughness. 
 
 PLl'CATURE, PLICA'TION, s. [from plico, to fold, Lat.] 
 fold; doulile- 
 
 PLI'ERS, an instrument by which any thing is held iu 
 order to bend it. 
 
 To PLIGH T, (plit) V. a. [plickten, Belg-.] to pledge, or give 
 as surety. To braid or weave, from plico, Lat. whence to 
 ply or bend, and plight, pleight, or plait, a fold. 
 
 PLIGHT, (plit) s. [pliht, Sax.] condition or state- Good 
 case. A pledge. A fold, double, plait. 
 
 PLINTH, i. [from plinthos, a brick, Gr.] in architecture 
 the square member which serves as a foundation to a base of 
 a pillar. 
 
 PLOCE, (pUla) s. [Gr.] a figure in rhetoric, in which a 
 word, by way of emphasis, is so separated, that it expresses 
 not only the thing si(?nified, but also the quality of it; as, 
 my horse is a horse indeed. 
 
 To PLOD, V. a. [ploeglien, Belg.] to labour; to toil, or 
 labour hard. To study closely and in a dull manner. 
 
 PLO'DDEK, J. a dull, heavy, and laborious man or 
 student. 
 
 PLOT, s. {plot, Sax.] a small extent of ground. A plan- 
 tation laid out. A form or plan. A conspiracy or secret 
 design formed against another, from complot, Fr. The in- 
 trigue of a play. A stratagem. Contrivance. 
 
 To PLOT, V. n. to form schemes against another. To 
 pontrivc. 
 
 PLO'TPER, J. a conspirator; contriver. 
 
 PLO'Vl'.R, s. \pluvitr, Fr.] the same with the lapwing. 
 
 PLOUGH, (plou) s. [plog. Sax. and Dan.] an instrument 
 used in husbandry, to cut liirrows in the ground to receive 
 the seed. Also a kind of plane, A name sometimes given 
 
 LUM 
 
 to the seven bright stars in the constellation of the Great 
 Bear, on account of the great resemblance to the agricultu- 
 ral instrument so called. 
 
 To PLOUGH, or PLOW, v. a. to turn up the groim3 iu 
 furrows by a plough. To cut or divide, applied to naviga- 
 tion. To tear in furrows. 
 
 PLOUGHBOY, s. a boy that follows the plough; a coarse 
 ignorant boy. 
 
 PLO'UGHER, (j)louer) s. one who plows or cultivates 
 ground. 
 
 PLOU'GHMAN, (plouman) s. one that attends or uses 
 the plough. A gross ignorant rustic. A strong laborious 
 man. 
 
 PLOU'GHSHARE, (ploihhare) s. that piece of iron which 
 immediately follows the coulter. 
 
 PLO'W.MONUAY, (ploumonday) s. the Monday after 
 Twelfth-day, when our northern ploughmen draw a plough 
 from door to door, and l>eg money to drink. 
 
 To PLUCK, V. a. [ploccian. Sax.] to pull with nimbleness 
 and force. To strip off feathers, applied to fowls. To pluck 
 up a heart or spirit, signifies to assume courage. 
 
 PLUCK, i. a quick and forcible pull. Also the heart, 
 liver, and lights, of an animal, from phighk, Erse. 
 
 PLU'CKER, s. one that plucks. 
 
 VLVG, s.[plugg, Sned. plugglie, Belg.] a stopple, or any- 
 thing driven by force into another. 
 
 To PLUG, V. a. to stop with a plug. 
 
 PLUM, s. [plum. Sax. sometimes written plumb, but im- 
 properly] a roundish fruit, whose skin is covered with a fine 
 dust or bloom, and includes a stone ; the species are 32. A 
 raisin or grape dried. In city cant, the sum of 100,000 
 poimds. 
 
 PLU'MAG E, s. [from pluma, a feather, Lat.] feathers. 
 
 PLUMB, {plum) s. [horn plumbum, lead, hat.plomb, Fr.] a 
 plummet or piece of lead let down at the end of a line. 
 
 PLUJIB, {plum) ad. straight down ; perpendicular to the 
 horizon. 
 
 To PLUMB, (pliim) v. a. to sound or search by a line 
 with a weight at its end. To regulate or measure any work 
 by a line. 
 
 PLUMBA'GO, s. in mineralogy, carburet of iron, or the 
 blacklead of commerce. 
 
 PLU'MBER, (plum'er) s. \plombier, Fr.] one who manu- 
 factures or works upon lead. 
 
 PLU'MCAKE, *. a cake with raisins in it. 
 
 PLUME, s. [plume, Fr. pluma, Lat.] the feather of a bird. 
 A set of feathers worn as an ornament. Figuratively, pride. 
 A token of honour, or prize. 
 
 To PLUME, V. a. to pick, cleanse, and adjust the fea- 
 thers. To strip off feathers, from plumer, Fr. Figuratively, 
 to strip or plunder. To place as a plume. To adorn with 
 a plume. To pride one's self in any thing. 
 
 PLU'MEALUM, f. [alumen plumosum, feathered alum, 
 Lat.] a kirjd of asbestos. 
 
 PLUMI'GEROUS, a. [from pluma, a feather, and gero, to 
 bear, Lat.] having feathers ; feathered. 
 
 PLU'MIPEDE, s. [from pluma, a feather, and pes, a foot, 
 Lat.] a fowl that has feathers on its feet. 
 
 PLU'MMET, s. [from plumb] a weight of lead on a string 
 by which depths are measured, and straitness and perpen- 
 dicularity is ilftermined. Any weight. 
 
 PLUMO'SITY, s. the state of having feathers, 
 
 PLU'MUUS, a. [from pluma, a feather, Lat.] feathery; 
 resembling: feathers. 
 
 PLUMP, a. sleek; full of flesh, somewhat fat. 
 
 PLUMP, s. a cluster; several joined in one mass. 
 
 PLUMP, ad. with a sudden fall. 
 
 To PLUMP, «. a. to fatten, swell, or make large. Neu- 
 tcrly, to fall like lead or a stone into water. 
 
 PLUMPER, i. something held in the mouth to swell out' 
 the cheiks. 
 
 PLU'MPXESS, s. the state of being fleshy, fat, or in good 
 case. 
 
 PLUMPU'DDING, »• a pudding made with plums.
 
 PL YM 
 
 P O E x\I 
 
 687 
 
 PLU'MV, a. [from pluma, a feather, Lat.] covered wit, 
 feathers. 
 
 To PI/U'NDER, ti. a. [plunderen, Belg.] to deprive a per- 
 son of his property, eitlier as an enemy in war, or as a 
 thief. 
 
 PLU'NDER, s. pillage; spoils gotten from an enemy in 
 war. 
 
 PLU'NDEUER, s. one who takes away the property of 
 another, as an enemy in war, or as a thief. 
 
 To PLUNGE, V. a. [plunger, Fi.] to force suddenly inider 
 water or in any licpior. I'o put suddenly into a difK^Tunt state. 
 Neuterly, to sink suddenly into water; to fall or rush into any 
 liazard or distress. 
 
 PLUNGE, s. the act of putting or sinking under water. 
 Difliculty ; distress. 
 
 PLUNGER, s. one that plunges ; a diver. 
 
 PLU'NKET, s. a kind of blue colour. 
 
 PLU'RAL. a. [pluralis, from pins, more, Lat.] implying 
 more than one. In grammar, a variation of a noun, by which 
 it signifies, in English and modern languages, more than 
 one. 
 
 PLU'RALIST, s. [pliiraliste, Fr.] one that holds more than 
 one ecclesiastical benelice with cure of souls. 
 
 PLUR.VLITY, i. [plarnlite, Fr.] the state of being or 
 having a greater number. A number more than one. More 
 than one ecclesiastical living. A majority. 
 
 PLU'RAI.LY, ad. m a sense implying more than one. 
 
 PLU'RIES, s. a writ issued out after two former writs that 
 had no effect. 
 
 PLUS, i. [Lat] in algebra, is a character marked thus -f-> 
 used for the sign of addition. 
 
 PLUSH, s. [peluche, Fr.] a kind of shaggy cloth or silk. 
 
 PLUTO, s. \n mythology, the god of the shades. 
 
 PLUTONIAN, a. in chymistry belonging to fire, an epithet 
 given to that theory of the earth which supposes that the pre- 
 sent appearance of the globe are to be ascribed to the agency 
 of fire. 
 
 PLU'VIAL, PLU'VIOUS, a. [from pluvia, rain, Lat.] 
 belonging to rain. 
 
 PLU'VIAL, s. [from pluvia, rain, Lat.] a priest's cope. 
 
 To PLY, V, a, Iplien, old Belg.] to work at any thing with 
 diligence and assiduity. To employ with diligence. To prac- 
 tise diligently. To solicit importunately. Neuterly, to work 
 or offer service. To go in haste. To busy one's self. To bend, 
 from plier, Fr. 
 
 PLY, f. a bent, turn, form, cast, or bias. A plait or 
 fold. 
 
 PLYMOUTH, a large and populous sea-port of Devon- 
 shire, from a mere fishing town is become one of the largest 
 in the county, and one of the chief naval magazines in the 
 kingdom, owing to its excellent port or harbour, which is 
 capable of safely containing 1000 sail. There are, properly 
 speaking, however, three harbours, viz. Catwater, Sutton 
 Pool, and Hamoaze. The first is the niouih of the Plym, 
 and affords a safe and commodious harbour for merchant 
 ships, but is seldom entered by ships of war. The second 
 is frequented by merchant ships only, and is almost sur- 
 rounded by the houses of the town. The third iidet, which 
 is the mouth of the Tamar, is the harbour for the reception 
 of the British navy. It is defended by a fort on St. Nicholas 
 Island, and other forts, mounted with near 300 guns, and 
 particularly by a citadel, called the Haw, which overlooks 
 the town, and is a good land-mark for mariners. What is 
 called The Dock, is a separate town, situated about two 
 miles up the Hamoaze, and is now nearly as large as Ply- 
 mouth itself. Here are two docks, the one wet, the other 
 dry, built in the reign of William III. and two others, which 
 have been built since, hewn out of a mine of slate, and 
 lined with Portland stone. It has a good pilchard fishery, 
 drives a considerable trade to the Straits, and to Newfound- 
 land, and is seated between the mouths of the rivers Plym 
 and Tamar, 43 miles S. W. of Exeter. It contains about 
 43,200 inhabitants and is 210 miles W. by S. of Loudon. 
 
 Lat. SO. 22. N. Ion. i. 10. W. Markets on Monday, Tuesday, 
 and Saturday. , 
 
 l'LViMl'r(JN, a populous town of Devonshire, seated on a 
 stream, which, about a mile below, runs into the river Plym, 
 5 miles E. of Plymouth, and 21b W. by S. of London. Market 
 on Saturday. 
 
 PNEUMA'TIC, PNEUMATICAL, a. [from pneuma, the 
 wind or a spirit, Gr.] moved by tlie wind; belonging to the 
 wind. 
 
 PNEUMA'TICS, t. [from pneuma, the wind or a spirit. 
 Or.] a branch of mechanics, which comprehends the doc- 
 trine or laws according to which air is condensed, 
 rarefied, or gravitates. In the schools, the doctrine of 
 spirits. 
 
 PNEUMATOCELE, s. [from pnewna, the wind, and kele, 
 a rupture, Gr.] a wind rupture in the scrotum. 
 
 PNEUMATO'LOGY, s. [from pneuma, a spirit, and logos, 
 a discourse, Gr.] the doctrine of spiritual existence. 
 
 PNEUMATOSI.S, s- [from pneuma, the wind or a spirit, 
 Gr.] the generation of animal spirits, which is performed in 
 the cortical substance of the brain. 
 
 PO, antiently Ekio.vnus, a large river of Italy, which rise* 
 at Mount Viso on the confines of Dauphiny. It runs through 
 a very extensive territory, and as it receives several smaller 
 rivers, which descend from the Alps, in its course, it freriuently 
 overflows its banks, and does a great deal of mischief: The 
 Po discharges itself into the Gulph of Venice by 4. different 
 mouths. 
 
 To POACH, (p-,ch) V. a. [from (rufs poches, Fr.] to boil 
 slightly or in the shell. To stab, kill, or pierce; from pocher. 
 to pierce, Fr. Neuterly, to steal game, from poc/ie, a 
 bag, Fr. 
 
 POACHER, (pocher J s. one who steals game. 
 PO'ACHINESS, (puchiness) s- marshiness; dampness. A 
 cant word. 
 
 PO' ACHY, (pochy) a. damp; marshy. 
 POCK, *. [pocca, Sax.] a pustule raised by the small- 
 pox. 
 
 POCKET, s. [pocca, Sax. pocket, Fr.] a small bag sewed to, 
 or worn on, the inside of clothes. 
 
 To PO'CKET, V. a. [pocheter, Fr.] to put in the pocket. 
 To pocket up, is to connive at ; to do any thing clandestinely. 
 PO'CKETBOOK, s. a book carried in the pocket, and u.sed 
 in taking minutes or memorandums. 
 
 PO^CKETGLASS, s. a portable looking-glass. 
 POCKHOLE, s. a pit or scar made by the small-pox. 
 PO'CKINESS, i. the quality of being afil'cted with the 
 pox. 
 
 PO'CKLINGTON, a town of the E. riding of Yorkshire, 
 seated on a stream which falls into the Derwent, 14 miles 
 S. E. of York, and 190 N. by \V. of London. Market on 
 Saturday. 
 
 PO^CKY, a. affected with the pox. 
 
 PO'CULENT, «. [from poculum, a cup, Lat.] fit for 
 drink. 
 
 POD. s. [from bode, boede, a little house, Belg.] according 
 to Skinner, the capsule or case of seeds. 
 
 PODA'GRA, s. [Lat. from pous, a foot, and a^ra, seizure, 
 Gr.] in medicine the gout in the feel. 
 
 PODA'GRICAL, a. [from pous, a foot, and agra, seizure, 
 Gr.] afflicted with the gout ; gouty ; relating to the 
 gout. 
 PODGE, s. a puddle ; a plash. 
 
 PODOLIA, a province of Polish Russia, S. of Volhinia 
 and the Ukraine. The river Dneister runs along the 
 southern borders, and the Bog crosses it almost entirely 
 from N. W. to S. E. It is divided into the Upper and 
 Lower, or the palatinate of Podolia, of which Kaminiecfc 
 is the capital ; and that of Bracklan-. It is a very fertile 
 country, and abounds with a fine breed of horses and horned 
 cattle. 
 
 PO'EM, t. \poema, Lat. from poieo, to make, Gr.] the work 
 or composition of a poet
 
 688 
 
 POIN 
 
 PO'ESY, *. [poetis, Lat. from poieo, to make, Gr.] the art 
 of writing in verse. A short conceit engraved on a ring, and 
 then pronounced pizy. 
 
 PO'ET, *. [poHa, Lat. from poieo, to make, Gr.] an author 
 who invents or composes in verse. 
 
 POETA'STEU, s. [Lat.] an ignorant pretender to poetry. 
 
 PO'ETESS, s- a woman who composes or writes in 
 verse. 
 
 POETIC, POE'TICAL, a. [poitique, Fr. poeticus, Lat. 
 pointikis, Gr.] expressed in verse ; having all tlie harmony of 
 numbers and fertility of invention that constitute a poet or 
 poem. 
 
 POE'TICALLY, ad. with all the harmony of numbers and 
 fertility of invention that constitute a poem or poet. 
 
 To POETIZE, V. n. [poetiser, Fr.] to write like a poet. 
 
 POETRY, s [poetria, Lat. from poieo, to make, Gr.] the 
 art of composing pieces in verse. Pieces in verse. 
 
 POrCTIEHS, or Poitiers, an antient town of France, the 
 capital of Poictou. It has four abbeys, a mint, and an univer- 
 sity famous for law. Near this town Edward the Black Prince 
 gained a decisive victory over the French, taking king John 
 and his son Philip prisoners, in 1356, whom he afterwards 
 brought over into England. It is 52 miles S. W. of Tours. 
 Lat. 46. 35. N. Ion. 0. 25. E. 
 
 POI'GNANCY, (poinanci/) s. sharpness. The power of 
 raising a biting sensation in the palate. Asperity, or the 
 power of irritating, applied to writings. 
 
 POI'GNANT, (polnant) a. [poignant, Fr] sharp, applied to 
 taste. Severe. Satirical ; keen, applied to writings. 
 
 POINT, s. [Fr. punctum, from pungo, to prick, Lat.] the 
 sharp end of any instrument. A string with a tag at the end, 
 A headland or promontory. The sting of an epigram. In 
 mathematics, ideal quantity without breadth, thickness, or ex- 
 tension, pointing out the exact termination of lines, &c. with- 
 out occupying any part of them. A moment, applied to time. 
 A part required of time or space ; a critical moment. Degree 
 or state. One of the degrees into which the horizon or mari- 
 ner's compass is divided. A particular place to which any 
 thing is directed. Respect or regard. An aim, or the act of 
 aiming or striking. The object of a person's wish or action. 
 A particular instance or example. A single position or asser- 
 tion. A note or tune. " A point of war." Shak. Point blank, 
 directly ; alluding to an arrow's being fhot to the point blank, 
 or white mark. A mark used to distinguish the divisions of a 
 discourse, thus (.) A punctilio or nicety. 
 
 To POINT, V. a. to forge or grind to a sharp end or point. 
 To direct towards an object. To direct the eye or notice. 
 To shew by directing the tinger towards an object. To direct 
 towards a place, from pointer, Fr. To distinguish words 
 or sentences by marks or stops. Neuterly, to note with 
 the finger ; to indicate, as dogs do to sportsmen ; to shew 
 distinctly. 
 
 POI'NTAL, or PI'.STIL, s. a part of a flower, comjjosed of 
 the seed-bud, the shaft, and the summit. Look into the blos- 
 som of a plum or cherry, and in tlie centre you will see the 
 ])ointal surrounded by chives or stamina. In the blossom of 
 the apple or pear, you will perceive five poinlals in the cen- 
 tre. In the dea<lnettle you will find the pointal covered by 
 the upper lip of the blossom, and forked at the top. In the 
 centre of the blossom of the white lily, the pointal stands sur- 
 rounded by six chives. The seed bnd, or germen, which is 
 the lower part of the pointal of this flower, is long, cylindri- 
 cal, and marked with six furrows. Next above this part is 
 the shaft, or style, which is long and cylindrical, and at the 
 top of the pointal is the summit or stigna, which is thick 
 and triangidar. 
 
 PO'INTED, part, sharp at tlie end. Epigrammatical, or 
 abounding in wit. 
 
 POI'NTEDLY, ad. in a pointed manner. 
 
 POI'NTEDNESS, f. sharpness; pickedness with asperity; 
 epigrammatical smartness. 
 
 POI'NTEL, *. any thing on a point 
 
 POl'NTER, t. any thing used to shew or direct with. A 
 
 POLA 
 
 dog that discovers game to sportsmen. In the plural, applied 
 to those two bright stars in the back of the Great Bear, 
 marked by Bayer alpha, and beta, whose direction is to the 
 polar star, whence their name. 
 
 POI'NTLESS, a. blunt. Dull. 
 
 POISE. See Poize. 
 
 POrsON, (polzon) s. [poison, Fr.] in medicine, an animal, 
 vegetable, or mineral body, wiiich destroys life, though taken 
 in small quantities. Venom. 
 
 To POI'SON, (poizon) v. a. to kill with any mineral, anw 
 mal, or vegetalile substance. To corrupt or taint. 
 
 POrSONER, {poizoner) s. one who poisons ; a cor« 
 rupter. 
 
 POrSONOUS, (polzonous) a, destructive, pernicious. 
 
 POI'SONOUSLY, (poizonousl)/) ad. venomously. 
 
 POISO.VOUSNESS, {poizono'us7iess) s. the quality of be- 
 ing poisonous ; ignominiously. 
 
 POITREL, J. Ipoictrel, Fr. pettorale, Ital.] armour for the 
 breast. A graving tool. 
 
 POIZE, *. [poids, Fr] weight, force, or tendency towards 
 the centre. Balance, or the state of a balance, in which both 
 scales continue even. A regulating power. 
 
 To POISE, V. a. [peser, Fr.] to balance or hold in equi- 
 librio. To counter-balance. To oppress with weight, fol- 
 lowed by down, 
 
 POI'TOU, a ci-devant province of France, on the Bay of 
 Biscay, fertile in corn and wine, aiiJ feeding a great number of 
 cattle, particularly mules. It now forms the three depart- 
 ments of Vendee, Vienne, and the Two Sevres. 
 
 POKE, s. [see Pocket] a pocket or small bag. 
 
 To POKE, D. a. [from poka, Swed.] to feel hi the dark To 
 search for any thing with a long instrument. 
 
 PO'KER, s. an iron bar to stir fires with. 
 
 PO'LACRE, s. a ship with three masts, usually navigated 
 in the Levant, and other parts of the Mediterranean. 
 
 PO'LAND, formerly a large kingdom in Europe, bounded 
 on the W. by the Baltic Sea, Branden burgh, and Silesia ; on 
 the S. by Hungary, Transylvania, and Moldavia; and on the 
 N. and E. by the dominions of Russia. The affairs of the 
 kingdom were for some years in a very distracted situation. 
 Various disturbances took place soon after the election of the 
 late king Stanislaus, in the year 17G4., and almost a civil war, 
 which was the occasion of inlroilucing tlie troops of Russia, 
 Prussia, and Austria. The partition of Pi.land was first pro- 
 jected by the king of Prussia. Polish or Western Prussia, had 
 long been an object of his ambition ; it lay between his German 
 dominions and Eastern Prussia, and, wiiilL' possessed by the 
 Poles, cut off, at their will, all communication between them. 
 By political management he brought over Russia and Austria 
 to his scheme. By the first disintmbtrment, in 1772, the por- 
 tion taken by Russia was the largest, the Austrian the most 
 populous, and the Prussian the most commercial. The popu- 
 lation of the whole amounts to near five millions of souls. 
 Western Prussia was the greatest loss to Poland, as the navi- 
 gation of the Vistula was made to depend entirely on the king 
 of Prussia. In the year 1793, a second partition took place. 
 Some attempts were made by a few patriotic noblemen to 
 deliver their country from their oppressors, and they were at 
 first successful ; but their commander, the brave Kosciusko, 
 being taken prisoner, and his arjiiy defeated, no farther efforts 
 were m.ide. Kosciusko was carried to Russia, and kept in 
 prison until tlie late emperor Paul came to the throne, when he 
 was liberated, and arrived in Englanil in 1797, from whence, 
 after a very short stay, he sailed for America. The king of 
 Poland resigned his crown at Grodno, in the year 1735. 
 After that the country underwent a farther partition, till it 
 was entirely swallowed up by the rapacity of the dividers 
 of the spoil. Poland therefore remained a country indeed, 
 but no nation ; and the imlignant Pole, in reviewing its 
 past histiiry and present state, might exclaim with a sigh, 
 " Such tilings were." — The air is generally cold, and they 
 have but little wood ; however, it is so fertile in corn in 
 many places, that it supplies Sweden and Holland with
 
 PO L I 
 
 I'OL Y 
 
 CS9 
 
 large quantities. There are extensive pastures, ami tliey have 
 a large quantity of leatlier, furs, heiiip, llax, salt-petre, honey, 
 and wax. Tliuy have also some mines of li'ad, iron, (juick- 
 silver, vitriol, and sulphnr. There are three universities at 
 Cracow, Wihia, and Posen ; two archhishoprics, and fifteen 
 bishoprics. The principal rivers are the Nieper, the Vistula, 
 the Bug, the Nienien, the Neister, and the Bog. Cracow is the 
 capital town, but Warsaw was the general residence of the king. 
 — N. B. The year 1807, eventful in political changes, effected 
 also a partial revolution in Poland, aflbrded a striking in- 
 stance of the instability of that dominion which is acquired by 
 perfidy and violence ! Prussia, the spoiler of Poland, has 
 herself severely felt the hand of retributive vengeance ; for 
 among the sacrifices which the Prussian monarch has been 
 compelled to make to the French emperor, to purchase the 
 return to his own kingdom and capital, has been the surren- 
 der of those very provinces which had been at diffirent 
 time so unjustly wrested from Poland ! These have been an- 
 nexed to the kingdom of Saxony, under the title of the duchy 
 of Warsaw. 
 
 PO'LAK, a. [from polus, the pole, Lat.] found near the 
 pole ; lying near the pole; relating to the pole. 
 POLA'IUTV, s. tendency towards the pole. 
 POLE, s. [polus, Lat. pole, Fr.] the extremity of the axis 
 of the earth ; either of the points on which the world or any of 
 the planets turn. A long staflf, from palus, Lat. A tall pi,.ce 
 of timber driven into the ground. A measure contaiiung live 
 yards and an hal'l An instrument of measuring. 
 To POLE, v.a. to furnish with poles. 
 PO'LEAXE, s. an axe fixed to a long pole. 
 PO'LECAT, J. (or Polish cat, so called iiom their abound- 
 ing in Poland) an animal of the weasel tribe. It is larger than 
 the ferret, oi a deep chocolate color, and is very destructive 
 to game. 
 
 PO'LEDAVY, s. a sort of coarse cloth. 
 POLE'AIIC, or POLE'MICAL, a. [from pole/iios, war or 
 dispute, Gr.] controversial ; relating to dispute. 
 
 POLE'MIC, s. [from polemos, war or dispute, Gr.] a dis- 
 putant. 
 
 POLE'iMOSCOPE, s. [from polemos, a battle, and sliopeo, 
 to see, Gr. from its usefulness in war] in optics, is a kind of 
 crooked or oblique perspective glass, contrived for seeing olijects 
 that do not lie directly before the eye. 
 
 PO'LESTAK, s. a star of the third magnitude, situated at 
 the extremity of the tail of the little Bear, very near the north 
 pole of the heavens ; whence its name. Figuratively, any 
 guide or director. 
 
 POLI'CE, (poleise) s. fFr.] the regulation or govern- 
 ment of a city or country, as far as it respects the inhabit- 
 ants.) 
 
 POLI'CED, (polehed) a. regulated or formed into a 
 society. 
 
 PO'LICY, s. [politeia, from polis, a city or state, Gr.] the 
 art of government as it respects foreign powers. Prudence in 
 the management of affairs ; a stratagem. A warrant for money 
 in the public funds, from polica. Span. An instrument or 
 paper signed by any single person or company to indemnify 
 from losses by sea or fire. 
 
 To POLISH, V. a- [polio, Lat. potir, Fr.] to smooth by 
 rubbhig. To make elegant or well-behaved, applied to man- 
 ners. To make perfect, complete, or elegant. Neuterly, to 
 answer to the act of polishing ; to receive a gloss. 
 
 POLISH, s. a gloss made by rubbing. Elegance applied 
 to manners. 
 
 PO'LISHABLE, a. capable of being polished. 
 PO'LISHEK, f. the person or instrument that makes 
 smooth or fjives a gloss. 
 
 POLI'TE, a. [politus, from polio, to polish, Lat.] glossy ; 
 smooth ; also neat, well-behaved, genteel. 
 
 POLITELY, ad. in an elegant or well-bred manner. 
 POLl'TENESS, s. the quality of behaving with elegant 
 conij)laisance. 
 
 4 T 
 
 PO'LITIC, a. [from polls, a city or slate, Gr.] civil ; in this 
 sense political is generally used, excepting when we say the 
 hodi/ politic. Prudent. Artlul ; cunning. 
 
 POLITICAL, «. [from polis, a city or state, Gr.] relatir]g 
 to tlic public .Mdministration (i( allairs. Cunning. 
 
 POLI'l'ICALL'i', ad. with relation to public admhiistra- 
 tion. Artfully ; piilitic;dly. 
 
 POLITICA'STEU, s. a petty ignorant pretender to 
 politics. 
 
 POLIIT'CIAN, (polithhianj s. [politicien.Tr.] one skilled 
 in government, or in the interests of the various stales of the 
 world. One of artitlce or deep contrivance. 
 
 PO'LITICS, s. liiolitique, Fr. from polis, a city or stale, 
 Gr.] the art of governing and well-regulating states. 
 
 POLITUUE, s. [Fr.J the gloss given by polishing. 
 
 PO'LITY, s. \i'roii\ polis, a city or state, Gr.] a form of go- 
 vernment ; a civil institution. 
 
 POLL, (poll) s. [pollc or pol, the top, Belg.] the head ; the 
 back part of the-head. A list of persons or heads. A fish ge- 
 nerally called a chub or clievin. 
 
 To POLL, (poll) V. a. to lop the tops of trees. To pull ofT 
 hair from the head ; to clip short. To mow or crop. To 
 plunder. To take a list or register of persons. To enter or.e'S 
 name in a list or register at an election, as a voter. 
 
 PO'LLAKD,*. a treelopped. Aclipped coin. Thechub-fish. 
 
 PO'LLEX, s. the impregnating powder cr meal on the tips 
 of the stamina of flowers. A kind of fine bran. 
 
 PO'LLEU, (poller) s. a plunderer. One that enters his name 
 as a voter at an election. 
 
 PO'LLEVIL, s. in farriery, a large swelling, inflammation, 
 or impnsthume, on the horse's poll, or nape of the neck, just 
 between the ears towards the mane. 
 
 PO'LLOCK, s. a kind of fish. 
 
 To POLLUTE, V. a. [polluo, Lat.] to render unclean, in a 
 religious sense ; to defile. To taint with guilt. To corrupt 
 bv some bad mixture. 
 'POLLU'TEDNESS, s. defilement; the state of being 
 
 polluted. 
 
 POLLUTER, *. one that pollutes. 
 
 PtJLLU'TlOM, i. [pollutio, from polluo, to defile, Lat.] 
 the act of profaning any holy thing or place by some inde- 
 cency. The state of being di-filed. 
 
 POLTROON, e. a person who is afraid of danger. A das- 
 tardly coward. 
 
 PtJ'LY, «. [polium, Lat.] an herb. 
 
 PO'LY, s. [Gr.J a prefix often found in compound words ; 
 signifying many. 
 
 P0LY.4CU'UST1C. a. [from poll/, many, and ahouo, to 
 hear, Gr.] that multiplies rv magnifies sounds. 
 
 POLY.'i'NTHOS, *. [torn pohj, many, and unthot, a 
 flower, Gr.] a plant. 
 
 POLYE'DUICAL, POLYE'DROUS, a. [from poll/, many 
 and hedia, a se:it or side, Gr.] having many sides. 
 
 POLY'GAJIIST, s. Ykompolij, many, and gnmeo, to marry, 
 Gr.] one who has more than one wife at once. 
 
 POLY'GAM Y, i. [from poly, many, and tjameo, to marry, 
 Gr.] the state of having more wives than orit at once. 
 
 POLYGLOT, a. [from poly, many, and glotta, a language, 
 Gr.] having many languages. This name is principally ap- 
 plied to Billies, which are printed in many languages, of 
 which the most noted are the Complutensian Bible, published 
 by cardinal Ximenes, in 1515, and the London Polyglot, 
 published by Dr. AVolton, in 1057. This last contains the 
 sacred scriptures in the Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Samaritan, 
 Chaldee, Syriae, Arabic, Persic and Ethiopic languages. 
 
 PO'LYtJON, s. [from poly, many, andgonia, an angle, Gr.] 
 a figure of many angles. 
 
 POLY'GON AL, a. [from poly, many, and gonia, an angle, 
 Gr.] having many angles. 
 
 PO'LYGRAM, s. [from poly, many, and grapho, to write, 
 Gr.] a figure consisting of a great number ot lines. 
 
 POLY'GRAPHY, (polj/grafy) s. from poll/, many, and
 
 690 
 
 POM A 
 
 POND 
 
 arapho, to write, Gr.] the art of writing in several unusual man- 
 neis or ciphers. 
 
 POLY'LOGY, I. [from poly, many, and lego, to speak, Gr.] 
 talkativeness. 
 
 POLY'MATnY, *. [from poly, many, anA numthano, to 
 letrn, Gr.] the ki owledge of many arts and sciences; also an 
 acquaintance with many different subjects. 
 
 POLYPE'TALOUS, «. [from poly, many, and petaloii, a 
 flower-leaf, Gr.] having many petals or flower-leaves. 
 
 POLY'PHOXISM, (polijfonizm) s. [from poly, many, and 
 phone, a voice, Gr.] multiplicity of sounds. 
 
 POI,Y'PODY, s. [from poly, many, and pons, a foot, Gr.] 
 a genus of plants; there are fourteen British species. 
 
 PO LYPUUS, a. [from poll/, many, and pous, a foot, Gr.]] 
 of the nature of a polypus ; having many feet or roots. 
 
 POLYPUS, s. [from poly, many, and pous, a foot, Gr.] 
 any thing with many roots or feet. In medicine, a tough con- 
 cretion of grumous blood, in the heart and arteries. A swell- 
 ing in the nostrils. In natural history, an animal with many 
 feet, approaching very near to a vegetable, which, when cut 
 into pieces, supplies by growth, every part with those mem- 
 bers it wants to make it a complete animal. Tlie production 
 of its young is different from the common course of nature in 
 other animals ; for the young one issues from the side of its 
 parent in the form of a small pimple, which, lengthening and 
 enlarging every hour, becomes in about two days, a perfect 
 animal, and drop^ from its nirent to shift fir itself; but be- 
 fore it does this, it has often another gnTwing from its side ; 
 and sometimes a third from it, even before the first is sepa- 
 rated from its parent. It >■- not easy to say what is the size of 
 this creature, for it can contract or extend its body from the 
 length of an inch iuut tlie thickness of a hog's bristle, to the 
 shortness of the twelfth part of an inch, with a proportionable 
 iiiorea-eof thiikness. Its boiiy is round and tubular, at one 
 end of which i-: the head, surrounded with six, eight, ten, or 
 more arms, wiih which it catches its prey, and at the other the 
 ta.l, by which it fixes itself on anything it pleases. Many 
 different species of polypuses have been discovered, all of which 
 are found in clear and slowly running waters, adhering by tlie 
 tail, to sticks, stones, and water plants. They live on small 
 insects, and are easily kept alive in glasses. 
 
 PO'LVSCOPE, f. [Ironi puly, many, and skopeo, to see, 
 Gr.] a multiplying glass. 
 
 rOLY'SPAST, s. [polyspaste, Fr.] a machine consisting of 
 many pulleys. 
 
 POLYS PE'RMOUS, a. [from poly, many, and sperma, a 
 seed, Gr.] Those plants are thus called which have more than 
 four seeds succeeding each flower, and this without any cer- 
 tain order or number. 
 
 POLY-SY'LLABIC, POLLYSYLLA'BICAL, a. [from 
 pohj, many, and syllabe, a syllable, (ir] having many sylla- 
 bles. 
 
 POLYSY'LLABLE, s. [from pohj, many, and syllabe, a 
 syllable, Gr.] a word consisting of many syllables. 
 
 POLY SY'NDETON, * [from i)o/(/, many, and syndeo, to 
 bind together, Gr.J in rhetoric, a figure by which a copulative 
 is often repeated. 
 
 POLY'THEISM, (by some accented on the penultima) s. 
 [from poly, many, and theos, a god, Gr.] the belief of many 
 gods. 
 
 PO'MACE, s. [from pomum, an apple, Lat.] the dross of 
 cyder pressings. 
 
 PO.MA'CEOUS, a. [from pomum, an apple, Lat.] consistiiJg 
 of apples. 
 
 POMADE, s. \^pomaile, Fr. pomado, Ital.] a fragrant oint- 
 ment. 
 
 PO'.MANDER, s. \pomme d'ambrc, Fr.] a sweet ball. A 
 pcrfimied ball or |)owdi r. 
 
 POMA'TU.M, *. [from pomum, an apple, Lat.] an oint- 
 ment so called from its formerly having ap|)les as one of its in- 
 gredients. 
 
 To POME, V. fi. [pommcr, Fr.] to grow to a round head 
 like an apple. 
 
 POMECI'TRON, *. a citron apple. 
 
 POMEGRA'NATE, y. [from pomum, an apple, and yra- 
 num, a grain, Lat.] a fruit so cailled from the grains or seeds 
 with which it abounds. 
 
 POMERA'NIA, a province of Germany, in the circle 
 of Upper Saxony, with the title of a duchy. It is bounded 
 on the N. by the Baltic Sea, on the E. by Prussia and 
 Poland, on the S. by the marche of Brandenburgh, and 
 on the W. by the duchy of Mecklenburgh ; one part be- 
 longing to the king of Prussia, and the other (lately) to 
 the Swedes. The air is pretty cold, but conipensate<l by the 
 fertility of the soil, which abounds in pastures and corn, 
 of which a great deal is transported into foreign countries. 
 It is a flat country, containing many lakes, woods, and 
 furests, and has several good harbours, particularly Stetiu 
 and Stralsund ; about 250 miles in lenslh, and 75 in breadth. 
 They have a custom here of eating all their flesh after it is 
 dried in the smoke. It is divided into the Hither and 
 Farther Pomerania, and the river Pene divides the late territo- 
 ries of the king of Sweden, from those of Prussia, in this duchy. 
 — N. B. After an ineffectual struggle, the Swedish monarch 
 was compelie.l to abandon the whole of his possessions in 
 Pomerania to the French ; part of which, however, has since 
 been restored. 
 
 POMl'FEROUS, a. [from pomum, an apple, and fero, to 
 beur, Lat.] in botany, applied to plants that bear a large fruit, 
 covered with a thick hanl rind. 
 
 PO'MMEL, s. [pomeau, Fr. porno, Ital.] a round ball or 
 knob. The knob that balances the blade of a sword. The 
 protuberant part of a saddle before. 
 
 To PO'MMEL, t;. a. [pommeler, to variegate, Fr.] to varie- 
 gate. To be.it with any tidng thick and bulky. To beat black 
 and blue. To punch. 
 
 POMP, J. [pompa, Lat.] splendor attending persons iu 
 high life. Grandeur. A splendid and ostentatious proces- 
 sion. 
 
 PO'MPHOLYX, Cpdmfoltx) s. [Gr. a bublile arising on 
 water,] a white, light, and very friable substance, found in 
 crusts adhering to the domes of the furnaces and to the covers 
 of the large crucibles in which brass is made, either from 
 a misture of copper and lapis calimhiaris, or of copper and 
 zinc. 
 
 PO'MPION, s. [pompon, Fr.] a pumpkin. 
 
 PO'MPIUE, s. [from pomum, an apple, and pyrum, a pear, 
 Lat.] a sort of pearmain. 
 
 PO'MPON, or POMPOO'N, s. [pompon, Fr.] an ornament 
 worn by ladies in the forepart of their hair. 
 
 PO'MPOUS, n. \pompemu, Fr.] grand ; showy ; splendid. 
 
 PO'MPOUSLY, ad- magnificently ; splendidly. 
 
 PO'MPOUSNESS, s. m.igniticence ; splendor ; sliowiness ; 
 ostentatiousness. 
 
 POND, s. a small collection of standing water- 
 To PO'NDER, V. a. [from pondus, weight, Lat.] to weigh in 
 the luind ; to consider. To think or muse. Neuterly, to think 
 or inuse upon, followed by on. 
 
 PO'NDERABLE, o. [from pondus, weight, Lat.] capable to 
 be weighed ; measurable by scales. 
 
 PONDER.VTION,*. [from pondus, weight, Lat.] the act of 
 weighing. 
 
 PO'NDERER, s. one who ponders. 
 
 PONDEUO'SITY, s. weight. The quality of being 
 heavy. 
 
 PONDEROUS, a. [from pondus, weight, Lat.] heavy, 
 weighing much. Of importance or moment. Forcible or 
 vehement. 
 
 PO'NDEROUSLY', ad. with great weight. 
 
 PO'NDEROUSNE.SS, s. the quality of weighing much. 
 
 PONDICIIE'RRY, a town of Ilindoostan, about t leagues 
 ill extent, tlie houses of which are as regularly laid out as if 
 it had all been built at once. The Kuropeans build with 
 bricks, but the Indians use only wood, in the matnier which 
 we call lath ami plaster. .In 1793, it was taken from the 
 French by the English. It is situated ou the coast of
 
 POOL 
 
 POPE 
 
 C91 
 
 Coromandel, 75 miles S. S. W. of Madras. Lat. U. SG. N. 
 loii. 79. 56. E. 
 
 PO'NENT, a. [ponente, Ital.] western. 
 
 PONIARD, s. [puiynard. Ft.] a (lagijer or short sword. 
 
 To PO'NIAUD, V. a. [puiffiiardier, Fr.] to stab with a 
 poniard. 
 
 PONK, s. (etymology unknown) a nocturnal spirit; a 
 hag. 
 
 PO'NTAGE, s. [from pons, a bridge, Lat.] duty paid for 
 the repairing of bridges. 
 
 PO'NTEFHACT, or Pomfuet, a town in tlie W. Ri.ling 
 of Yorkshire, situated in a rich soil, noted for its mirscry 
 grounds and large plantations of liquorice and sMrworts. 
 Its castle, now in ruins, has been the scene of various trayi- 
 cal events in the English history. Richard II. altcT being 
 deposed, was starved or tormented to death here ; and here 
 Anthony, earl of Rivers, and .sir Richard Grey, were mur- 
 dered by order of king Richard III. It Is 2'2 miles S. S. W. 
 of York, and 177 N. N. W. of London. A great eIiow of 
 horses begins on Feb. 5. Market on Saturday. 
 
 PONTIFF, *. [from puns, a bridge, and facto, to make, 
 Lat. because the Roman priests built and kept in repair a 
 wooden bridge] a high priest or pnpe. 
 
 PONTl'FICAL, a. [from ponlifer, a priest, Lat.] belong- 
 ing to the high-priest. Belonging to the p-pe. Figura- 
 tively, splendid ; magnificent. Bridge-building, from pons, 
 a bridge, and fucio, Lat. to niske. " By wondemus 
 art — pontifical." Par. Lost. Peculiar to Milton in the last 
 sense, and perhaps intended as a satirical pun against 
 popery. 
 
 PON'TIFICAL, s. [from pontifex, a priest, Lat.] a book of 
 ponlllical rites and ceremonies. 
 
 PONTrFICALLY, «(/• in a pontifical manner. 
 
 PONTI'FICATE, «. [from pontifex, a priest, Lat.] the 
 office and dignity of a pope. 
 
 PO'NTIFICE, «. [from pois, a bridge, and facio, to make, 
 Lat. J bridge-work; edifice of a bridge. 
 
 PONTIPOOL, or PONTYPOOL, a town of Monmouth- 
 shire, seated between two hills, on the river Avon, which 
 turns several mills for the working of Iron plates, that are 
 used there In a manufactory of j'apanned ware. It is 15 
 miles S. W. of Monmouth, and US W. by N. of London. 
 Market on Saturday. 
 
 PO'NTLEVIS, s. in horsemanship, a disorderly resisting 
 action of a horse in disobedience to his rider, in which he 
 rears up several times running, and rises up so upon his hind- 
 legs, that he is in danger of coming over. 
 
 PO'NTON, or PO'NTOON, s. [Fr.] a floatins-bridge, 
 made of two boats, placed at a distance from each otlier, 
 planked over, togetlier with the interval between them, with 
 rails on their sides, and used in passing both horses ai}d 
 cannon, &c. over a river. The boats used in making a 
 floating bridge. 
 
 PO'NY, s. [perhaps from puni/] a small horse. 
 
 POOL, s. [pvl. Sax. poel, Belg.] a lake, or large collec- 
 tion of deep and standing water. A reservoir of water sup- 
 plied by springs, and discharging the surplus by sluices. 
 
 POOL, in Montgomeryshire. See Welsh Pool. 
 
 POOL, a town of Dorsetshire, situated upon a peninsula 
 projecting Into a capacious bay, branching into many 
 creeks, and forming several islands- 1 he harbour admits 
 vessels of moderate size only ; but for them it Is viry secure. 
 Pool rose into some consequence several centuries ago, 
 when the ancient town of Wareham fell into decay. It now 
 ranks high among the seaports of England, and its trade 
 and population are rapidly increasing. The principal 
 branch of business here is the Newfoundland fishery. It 
 has also a large importation of deals from Norway, a general 
 commerce with America, and various parts of Eiuope, and 
 a fine coasting trade, particularly in corn and coal. Near 
 the mouth of the harbour is an oyster bank, from wlileh 
 vast quantities are carried, to be fattened in the creeks of 
 Essex and the Thames. It is 40 miles W. S. V,^ of Win- 
 
 chester, and 105 W. by S. of London, LaU SO. 42. N. Ioil 
 a. 0. W. 
 
 Pf)OP, s. [puppis, Lat. poitppe, Fr.] the highest or up- 
 permost part of a ship's hull or stern. 
 
 Poor, a. [puuvre, .Span, pauvre, Fr.] hi want of money 
 or the necessaries of lll'e. Applied to value, of small worth, 
 trifling Mean, contemptible, unnnfiortant, appliid to opi- 
 nion. Mean, low, abji-cl. A word of tenderness, Implying 
 a person or thing to be an object of pity and afitjction. " My 
 poor child." Wretched, unlit for any purpose. T/ic poor, 
 used collectively for the lowest order of a community, who 
 have neither riches, interest, nor power. Barren or dry, a|)- 
 lilird to .soil. Lean, starved, applied to animals. 'Wllhout 
 spirit or strength, a[)plied to liijiior. 
 
 POO'RLY, ad. without money, interest, power, or the 
 necessaiies of IKe ; with little success ; meanly. 
 
 POO'RNES.S, s. want of money, power, interest, digruly, 
 or the necessaries of life. Want of fruitfulness, applied to 
 soil. 
 
 POORSPIRl'I ED, a. mean ; cowardly. 
 
 POORSPI'RITEDNKSS, .i. meanness; cowardice. 
 
 POP, s. [poppijsma, Lat.] a small, smart, and quick 
 sound. 
 
 To POP, t'. ti. to make a small, and quick sound. To move 
 or enter with a ipiiek, sudden, and unexpected motion. 
 Actively, to put out or in slily or unexpectedly. To 
 shift. 
 
 POPE, s. [papa, Lat.] the bishop of Rome, who claims 
 sovereign power over all ecclesiastics and civil governors, 
 as being the vicegerent of God ; the innuediate successor of 
 St. Peter; endowed with infallibility, and Invested with the 
 keys of heaven and hell. A fish, likewise called a ruffe, 
 re.sembling a perch in shape, but never grows bigger than a 
 gudgeon. 
 
 POPE, the Territories of, in Italy. It is commonly called 
 the Territory of the Church, and depends upon the holy see. 
 the pope being bird both in spirituals and temporals. It is 
 about 400 miles in length on the coast of the Adriatic Sea, 
 from the kingdom of Naples to the territory of Venice It 
 Is more narrow from N. to S. being not above 80 miles in 
 breadth from the Gulpli of Venice to the Tuscan Sea. The 
 pope's territories are divided into 12 provinces, which are 
 separated by the Appinlne Mountains, some being to the 
 E. and some to the W. of them ; their names are as follow ; 
 the camjjagna di Roma, the provincia del Putumonia, the 
 duchy of Castro, the province of Orvieto, the Perughio, the 
 duchy of Speleto, the province of Sabina, the marche of 
 Ancona, the duchy of Urbino, Romagna or Rouiandiola, the 
 Bolognese, and the Ferrarese. The pope Is a sovereign 
 prince, but not content with that, pretends to be the vicar 
 of Jesus Christ upon earth. Uls ministeis of state in church 
 affairs are 70 cardinals, being the number of the 70 disciples 
 of our Saviour. These cardinals elect the p<);ic, which elec- 
 tion is determined by the plurality of voicis; but then he 
 that Is chosen must have two-thirds of the votes, for fear of a 
 schism. Formerly when the pope died, the cardinals were 
 liable to be solicited to follow the views of particular per- 
 sons, which caused the election to be put off for a long time ; 
 but they have now remedied this inconvenience, and have 
 built a palace for that purpose, called the Conclave. There, 
 fore, as soon as the pope Is dead, the cardinals are obliged to 
 repair thither immediately, and to continue shut up till they 
 have chosen another. 'I'he election of the new pope Is im- 
 mediately f<5lloweil by his coronation ; and this ceremony is 
 performed In the Lateran church, where they put a triple 
 crown on his head. The provinces which depend on the 
 holy see are governed by legates; but, besides the 12 above 
 mentioned, there Is one at Avignon in France, and another 
 at Benevento in the kingdom of Naples. There aru few 
 countries wliere the pope has not ambassailurs, who are 
 called Nuncios ; there is generally one at Vieima, Paris, 
 Lisbon, Madrid, Warsaw, Swisserlaud, Venice, Brussels, 
 and Cologne ; and these imncios are cardinals. They have
 
 G92 
 
 PO R C 
 
 ical cmiosity. The popeiloiii, however, has loiiif ceased to 
 xist in the stale above desciilied. 'Ihe successes of the 
 
 the title of Legates a Latere. The tille given to the pope 
 is His Holiness, and the cardinals have that of Eminence. 
 It has been cuinputed, that the commnn revenne which tl.e 
 pope receives amoinits to above 20 millions sterling. The 
 Roman Catliolic religion is the only one allowed ihrmii^hoiit 
 the pope's dominions. The pope's guards consist of Swiss, 
 who are all tall and robust. The soldiers who jjatrole through 
 the city every nii;ht are called Barries, and the chief Barri- 
 gello. The pope's nlaiions are called his nephews, and the 
 custom of enriching them is called nepotism. 
 
 The above account we have retained as a matter of histo. 
 rjcal 
 exi 
 
 French Republic in Italy forced the late pontiff into an ex- 
 ile, in which he ended his life. And though his successor 
 was restored to a degree of secular power by the present go- 
 vernment of France, and the Romish religion re-established 
 in that country; yet Buonaparte has since deprived the 
 pope of all his territory, because he refused to declare war 
 against England, and under a pretext that the States of the 
 church had been granted by Charlemagne for the prosperity 
 of the Roman religion, and not for the assistance of heretics ! 
 He has, however, lately (1813) been reconciled with the 
 French emperor. 
 
 PO'PEDOM, s. [pope and dom, Sax.] the office or dignity of 
 a pope. 
 
 PO'PERV, s. the mode of worship, in which the pope is ac- 
 knowledged the head of the church. 
 
 PO'PESEVE, s. the gland in the middle of the thigh, sur- 
 rounded with fat ; perhaps so called from its being as teti- 
 der as the eye, and when pierced with any instrument, attend- 
 ed with immediate death. 
 
 PO'PGUN, s. a gun made of a piece of wood bortd through, 
 which is cliarged with pellets of hemp or brown paper, and 
 played with by children. 
 
 PO'PINJAY,*. [papeyay, he]g. papai/ayo, Span.] a parrot; 
 a woodpecker. A trifling top. 
 
 PO'PISH, a. belonging to the pope or popery. 
 
 PO'PISHLY, ad. with tendency to popery ; in a popish 
 manner. 
 
 PO'PLAR, s. \populus, Lat.] a tree. 
 
 POPPY, s. [popiff, Sax.] a plant, with a reddi.sh flower, 
 which grows in the fields among corn. There are many 
 garden kinds. 
 
 PO'PULACE, PO'PULACY, s. [populace, Fr.] Ihe vulgar 
 or lowest rank of people. 
 
 PO'PULAR, a. [from popuhcs, the people, Lat.] vidgar, or 
 of the lowest order, applied to rank. Suittd to the capacity 
 of the common people. Beloved l)y, or pleasing to the 
 people. Studirus of the favour of the people. Prevailing 
 or raging among the populace; as, " a popular disteinper." 
 
 POPULA'Rl'I'Y, s. [froiTi populus, the people, Lat.] the 
 quality of being beloved by the people. 
 
 PO'PULARLY, ad- In a popular manner; according to 
 vulgar conception. 
 
 to PO'PULATE, V. n. [from populus, the people, Lat.] to 
 breed or itirrease people. 
 
 POPULA'TION, s. the state of a country, with respect to 
 the number of its inha!)itant8. 
 
 PO'PULOSITY, s. the state of abounding with people. 
 
 PO'PULOUS, a. [from populus, the people, Lat.] abounding 
 
 in peoi)le ; numerously inhabited. 
 PO'PULC 
 
 jOnSLY, ad. with much people. 
 
 PO'PULOUSNESS, s. the state of abounaing with peo- 
 ple. 
 
 PCRCELAIN. s. [porcelaine, Fr. said to be derived from 
 pour cent anneh ; because the materials for porcelain were 
 formerly lielieved by the Europeans to be matured under 
 ground 100 years] china or china ware ; a composition of a 
 middle nature, between earth and glass. Porcelain is not 
 esteemed good uidess it be very compact, quite white, ami 
 semi-transparent ; indeed it is chiefly the last quality that 
 constitutes the principal dillerence, for earthern-ware is always 
 opaque. 
 
 PORT 
 
 PORCH, s. [from portieus, a portico, Lat.] a roof support- 
 ed by pillars bef.ire a door. A portico or covered walk. 
 
 PO'RCUPINE, «. [jjorc espi, or epic, Fr. porcospino, Ital.] 
 in zoology, an animal whicli bears in its general shape some 
 resemblance to a hog, but is furnished with sharp quills, which, 
 when provoked, it discharges at his enemies. 
 
 PORE, ». [from poros, a passage, Gr.] a passage or aper- 
 ture in the skin ; any narrow passage. The sinall inter- 
 stices between the particles of matter which constitute bo- 
 dies. 
 
 To PORE, V. n. etymology doubtful; to look at with 
 great intenseness. 
 
 PO'REBLIND, a. commonly written purblind ; near 
 sighted ; short sighted. 
 
 PO'llINESS, s. the quality of abounding in pores. 
 
 PORI'STIC Method, s- [from porito, to establish. Or.] 
 in mathematics, is that wliich determines when, by what 
 means, and how many different ways, a problem may be 
 solved. 
 
 PORK, (park) s. [from porcus, a hog, Lat.] swine's flesh. 
 
 PORKER, s. a full grown hog. A pig. 
 
 PO'KKET, *. a young hog. 
 
 PO'RKLING, s. a young pig. 
 
 PO'RLOCK, a town in Simiertshire; market on Thurs- 
 day; 11 miles N. W. of Dulverton, and 108 W. of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 PORO'SITY, s. the quality of having pores. 
 
 POROUS, a. [poreux, Fr.] having small apertures or 
 interstices. 
 
 POROUSNESS, s. the quality of having pores. 
 
 PO'RPHYUE, P0'RFUYliy,(p6rfyry)s. [irom pot pliy- 
 ros, purple, Gr.] a kind of marble of a brown or red colour, 
 frequently interspersed with white spots. 
 
 PORPOISE, or PO'RPUS, s. [pore poisson, Fr.] a sea 
 animal of the dolphin tribe, which frequents the European 
 seas, and is remarkable for its fatness. It is between six 
 and seven feet long, thick in the fore parts, and gradually 
 tapering towards the tail. 
 
 PORRA'CEOUS, a. [from porraceus, Lat.] greenish. 
 
 POKRE'CTION, i. [from porriyu, to reach forth, Lat.] 
 the act of reaching forth. 
 
 PO'RRET, s. the same with the scallion. 
 
 PORRIDGE, *. [more properly porraye ; porrata, low 
 Lat. from pornim, a leek, Lat.] broth or liquor made by 
 boiling meat in water, with leeks and other herbs. 
 
 PO'RRINGER, s. a Vissel in which broth is eaten. Used 
 for a head-dress in Shakspeare's time, from its resembling a 
 porrhiger; in the same manner as a trencher or a trencher 
 cap is so called at Oxford, &c. from its resembling a tren- 
 cher. 
 
 PORT, s. [from partus, a haven, Lat.] a harbour or safe 
 station for ships. A gate, from porta, Lat. An aperture in 
 a ship, through which the guns are put out. Carriage or 
 behaviour, from portee, Fr. A kind of whie, .so called from 
 Oporto, the place where it comes from. The o is usually 
 pronounced long in this word and its following deriva- 
 tives. 
 
 lo PORT, V. a. [porto, Lat. porter, Fr.] to carry in form. 
 
 PO'RTABLE, a. [from porlo, to carry, Lat.] that nmy be 
 carried ; such as may be endured. 
 
 PO'RTABl.ENESS, s. the quality of being portable, 
 
 ro'UTAGE, s. [portaye, Fr,] the price of carriage. A 
 port-hole. 
 
 PO'RTAI,, s. [portail, Fr. portella, Ital.] a gate. The arch 
 under which a gate opens. 
 
 PO'RTANCE, s. [from porter, Fr.] mien; port; de- 
 meanor. 
 
 PO'R'l'ATlVE, a. \portatif, Fr.] that may be carried from 
 place to place. 
 
 PORTCUL'LLIS, POUTCLU'SE, s. [portecoiilisse, Fr.] 
 a machine like an harrow, hung over the gate of a city, to 
 let down to keep an enemy out. 
 
 To PORTCU'LI.IS, V. a- to bar or shut up. " Doubly 
 portcullis'd." Shak.
 
 PORT 
 
 POSI 
 
 6»3 
 
 POKTED, a, [port6, Ft.] borne ia a certain regular or 
 solemn maimer. 
 
 To PORTE'ND, v. a. [portendo, Lat.] to foreshow or fore- 
 tokeir. 
 
 PORTE'NSION, s. the act of foretokening. 
 
 PORTE'N'l", s. [porteiitum, from portetido, to foreshow, 
 Lat.] an omen or proiii(,'y foreshowing something il). 
 
 POUTE'NTOUS, a. [from portentum, an omen, Lat.] be- 
 t kenin^ somethinij ill. Monstrous. 
 
 PO'KTEK, t. \porticr, Fr. from porta, a gate, Lat.] on? 
 that has the charge of a gate. One who carries burdens, from 
 potto, Lat. to carry. A kinil of li.jnor much used in London, 
 so called because drank chiefly by porters, &c. 
 
 PO'RTEUAGE, *. money paid or due to a porter for carry- 
 ing- 
 
 PORT-FIllE, J. a paper tube about ten inches long, fdled 
 with a composition of meal powder, sulphur, and salt-petre, 
 rammed moderately hard ; used to fire guns and mortars in- 
 stead of match. 
 
 PO'RTGLAVE, s. [porter, Fr. and ylaive, Erse] a sword- 
 bearer. 
 
 PO'RLGREVE, or PO'RTGRAVE, *. formerly the principal 
 magistrate of maritime towns. The chief magistrate of 
 London was anciently called by this name, till Richard 
 L caused the city to be governed by two bailiffs ; soon 
 after which king John granted the city a mayor. Obso- 
 lete. 
 
 PO'RTHOLE, s. a hole cut like a window m a ship's side, 
 where a gun is placed. 
 
 PO'RTICO, s. I porticus, Lat.] a covered walk, whose roof 
 is supported by pillars. 
 
 PORTION, (piirslwn) s. [ portio, ?.at.] a part ; a part as- 
 signed a person ; a dividend. A fortune given to a child, or 
 paid at, before, or after marriage. 
 
 To PO'RTION, V. a. to divide among several. To endow 
 with a fortune. 
 
 PO'RTIONER, s. one that divides. 
 
 PO'RTLAND, a peninsula in Dorsetshire,3milesS. of Wey- 
 mouth, nearly 7 miles round, and exceedingly strong both by 
 nature and art. It is surrounded by inaccessible rocks, ex- 
 cept at the landing-place, where there is a strong castle, called 
 Portland Castle, built by king Henry VIII. There is but one 
 church in the island, and that stands so near the sea that it is 
 often in danger from it. The whole peninsula is little more 
 than one continued rock of white freestone, about 9,000 tons of 
 wliich are exported annually. It was first brought into repute 
 ill the reign of James I. and is now used in London, Dublin, 
 and other places, for building the finest structures. The inha- 
 bitants are about 1,300. 
 
 PO RTLINESS, s. dignity of mien or air; bulk of person- 
 age. 
 
 PO'RTLY, n. of noble mien or air. Bulky, swelling. 
 
 PO'RTMAN, s. an inhabitant or burgess, as those of the 
 cinque-ports. 
 
 PORTMA'NTEAU, (portmdntii) s. [portemanteaa, Fr.] a 
 chest or kind of bag, in which clothes are carried. 
 
 PO'RTO BE'LLU, a sea-port town of the isthmus of Pana- 
 ma, hi N. America. It is a very unhealthy place, and is chiefly 
 inhabited by llnlattoes. It was taken by admiral Vernon, in 
 174-2, who, after having demolished the fortifications, abandon- 
 ed it. Porto Bello, is 70 miles N. of Panama. Lat. 9. 33. N. 
 ion. 79. 4.0. W. 
 
 PO'RTOISE, s. hi sea language, a ship is said to ride a por- 
 toise, when she rides with her yards struck down to the 
 deck. 
 . PO'RTRAIT, s. [pourtrait, Fr-] a picture drawn from the 
 life. 
 
 To PO'TRAIT, V. a. [pourtraire, Fr.] to draw from the 
 life. Portray is most proper. 
 
 PO'IiTRAlTURE, s. [pourtraiture, Fr. a picture or re- 
 semblance drawn from the life. 
 
 To PORTRA'Y, V. a. [jpourtraire, Fr.] to paint; to adorn 
 with pictures. 
 
 PO'RTRESS, *. a female guardian of a gate. 
 
 PORT RO'YAL, a sea-port town of Jamaica, an island of 
 the West Indies. In 1()92, it was reduced from a very flourish- 
 ing condition to a heap of ruins by an earthquake. In 1702 it 
 was destroyed by fire; in 1722 by an inundatiiin of the sea ; 
 and in nil it was considerably damagid by a hurricane., 
 Port Royal is built on a small neck of land which jets out 
 several miles into the sea, and is guarded by a very strong fort, 
 which has a line of near 100 pieces of cannon, and a good garri" 
 son of soldiers. 1000 shifie may ride in the harbour with safety. 
 It is (1 miles S. K. of Kingston. Lat. 18. n. N. Ion. 76. 4.0. W. 
 
 PORTSiMOUTII, a town of flanipsliire, situated on the 
 Island of Portsea, justly considered as the most regular for- 
 tress in Britain. The least number of men continually em- 
 ployed in the rope-yard, &c. is 1000. The docks and yards 
 resemble distinct towns, &c. under a governmiiit separate 
 from the garrison. Here is also a fine arsenal for laying up the 
 cannon. The harbour is one of the Hnest in the world, as there 
 is water sufficient for the largest ships ; and is so very capaci- 
 ous, that the whole English navy m.cy ride here in safety. The 
 principal branch runs up to Fareham ; a second to Portchester J 
 and a third to Portsea Bridge. Besides these brandies, there 
 are several rilhes, or channels, where the small men of war 
 ride at their mooring*. Opposite the town is the spacious 
 roailof Spithe.id, where the men of war anchor when prepared 
 for actual service. It lias one church and two chapels, one in 
 the garrison, and one in a part of ihe town called The Common, 
 for the use of the dock. It contains about 32,200 inhabitants, 
 is 20 miles S. E. of Winchester, and 70 S. W. of London. Lat. 
 50. 47. N. Ion. 1. 1. W. Markets on Tuesday, Thursday, and 
 Saturday. 
 
 PO'RTIIGAL, the most western country of Europe, about 
 310 miles in length, and 150 in breadth. It is bounded on 
 the W. and S. by the ocean, and on the E. and N. by Spain. 
 Though Spain and Portugal are in the same climate, yet the 
 air of the latter is much more temperate than that of the 
 former, on account of the neighbourhood of the sea. Corn is 
 not very plentiful in this country, because the inhabitants are 
 not much addicted to husbandry ; for this reason they import 
 Indian corn from Africa, which is made use of by the peasants 
 instead of wheat. There are a great number of barren moun- 
 tains, and yet they have jilenty of olives, vine-yards, oranges, 
 and lemons, as also nuts, almonds, figs and raisins. They have 
 some horned cattle, whose flesh is generally lean and dry. 
 The principal rivers are, the Tagiis, the Duero or Douro, the 
 Guadiatia, the JMinho, and the Munda, or Mondego. Portugal 
 is divided into six provinces, namely, two in the middle, called 
 Estremadura and Beira ; two on the N. which are Entre 
 Minho c Douro and Tralos-Montes ; also two on the S. called 
 Alentego and Algaw. The principal business of the Portu« 
 guese is trade. The govermnent is monarchical ; but the 
 authority of the king is bounded by the fundamental 
 laws of the kingdom, for he cannot raise any more taxes 
 than were settled in 167*, nor can he appoint a successor 
 when there is any failure in the royal line. No other religion 
 is allowed here but the Roman Catholic. In 1 J80, there was a 
 failure in the royal line, and Philip II. of Spain got possession 
 of the throne ; in 1(540 there was a revolution, and John Duke 
 of Braganza obtained the crown, whose descendants enjoyed it 
 till Nov. 1807, when the French government, having decreed 
 that the House of Braganza should reign no longer, sent an 
 army to occupy the country ; on which the prince-regent, 
 with a number of his adherents, sailed to the Brazils. For the 
 subsequent events see the Outline of Ancient and Modern 
 History. Lisbon is the capital. 
 
 PO'RWIGLE, s. a tadpole or young frog not fully 
 shaped. 
 
 PO'RY, a. [poreux, Fr.] full of pores. 
 
 To POSE, (poze) v. a. [from pose, an old word, signifying 
 heaviness or stupefaction, according to Skinner] to perplex or 
 at confound with a diflSculty. 
 
 PO'SER, (p6zer) s. one that puzzles with difficulties. 
 
 PO'SITED, (pdzited) a. [fiom pono, to put, Lat.J placed. 
 
 POSITION, (pozishonj s. [positio, from pono, to put, Lat.]
 
 694. 
 
 POST 
 
 POTA 
 
 the state of being placed ; situation. A principle laid down. . 
 Advancement of any principle. In grammar, tlie state 
 of being placed before two consonants, or a double conso- 
 nant. 
 
 POSITIONAL, (pozhhUnal) a. respecting position. 
 
 PO'SITIVE, (the * in this word and its following derivatives 
 is pron. like z ; as, puzitive, pdzitively, &c.) a. [positivus, 
 Lat.] capable of being affirmed ; real; absolute. Dogmatical; 
 stubborn in opinion. Settled by arbitrary appointment. Cer- 
 tain ; assured. 
 
 PO'SITIVELY, ad. absolutely ; certainly, peremptorily. 
 
 PO'SITIVENESS, s. actualness. Confidence in opinion. 
 
 POSITI'VITY, i. confidence; stubbornness in opinion. A 
 low word. 
 
 PO'SITURE, s- [positura, from pono, to put, Lat.] tlie man- 
 ner in which any tl'.ing is placed. 
 
 PO'SNET, «. [from bassinet, Fr. according to Skinner] a 
 little basin or porringer. 
 
 POSSE, s. [Lat.] an armed power ; from posse comitatus, 
 Lat. the power of a shire. 
 
 PO'SSE COMITA'TUS, s. in law, signifies the power of the 
 county, or the aid and assistance of all the knights, gentlemen, 
 yeoman, labourers, servants, apprentices, &c. and all others 
 withhi the county that are above the age of 15, except wo- 
 men, ecclesiastical persons, and such as are decrepit and ijjfirm. 
 This is to be done when some riot is committed, a possession 
 kept upon a forcible entry, or any force of rescue used contrary 
 to the king's writ, or in opposition to the execution of jus- 
 tice. 
 
 To POSSE'SS, (the first ss in tliis word and its following de- 
 rivatives has the sound of z ; as, poz^ss, pozissor, &c) v. a. 
 [from possessus, Lat.] to have as an owner • to enjoy or occupy 
 actually. To seize or obtain. To give possession of, or com- 
 mand of any thing, with of before the thing possessed. To fill 
 with something fixed. To have power over, as an unclean 
 spirit. To aflect by intestine power. 
 
 POSSESSION, (pozhhou) s. possession, Fr. possessio, 
 Lat.] the state of having in one's hands or power. The thing 
 enjoyed by a person. 
 
 POSSESSIVE, a. having possession^ Plurally, in grammar, 
 pronouns which signify tie possession of, or inheritance in some 
 thing ; as, 7ny book, his iiouse ; in which examples my and /tw 
 are the positive pronouns. 
 
 POSSE'SSOR, s, [possessor, from possideo, to possess, Lat.] 
 an owner or proprietor ; one that has any thing in his 
 hands. 
 
 PO'SSET, s. [posca, Lat.] milk curdled with treacle, wine, 
 or any acid. 
 
 To PO'SSET, V, a. to turn or curdle milk with wine, treacle, 
 or acids. Not used. 
 
 POSSIBI'LITY, i. [possibilite, Fr.] the quality of being to 
 be done by the exertion nf power. 
 
 PO'SSIBLE, a. [possilnlis, from posstim, to be able, Lat.] 
 having the power to be done. Not incon.sistent with the na- 
 ture of thnigs. 
 
 PO'SSIBLY, ad. to be done by any power existing ; per- 
 haps. 
 
 POST, (post) 3. [paste, FrJ a hasty messenger ; one em- 
 ployed in carrying letters. A quick and expeditious manner of 
 travelling. A situation or seat, from positus, Lat. A military 
 station. Place or office. A piece of timber set up erect, from 
 poslis, Lat. 
 
 To POST, (post) V. n. [poster, Fr.] to travel with speed. 
 Actively, to fix on a post in di.sgrace. To place or fix from 
 poster, Fr. In commerce, to enter the articles on their proper 
 sides in a ledger. 
 
 PO'STAGE, s. money paid for the carriage of letters, or any 
 thing conveyed by a post. 
 
 PO'STBOY, *. one that carries letters. 
 
 To PO'STDATE, ti. a. [post, after, Lat. and date] to date 
 later or after the real time. 
 
 POSTDILU'VI AN, a. [from port, after, and dilxnium, the 
 deluge, Lat.] after the fiood. 
 
 POSTDILU'VIAN, j. [from post, after, and diluvium, the 
 deluge, Lat.] one that lived since the flood. 
 
 POSTER, (poster) s. u courier ; or one sent in haste. 
 
 POSrE'RIOR, a. [Lat.] happening, or placed after ; follow- 
 ing. Baikwanl. 
 
 POSTE'RIORS, s. [it has no singular, posteriora, Srompost, 
 after, Lat.] thi; hiiuier parts. 
 
 POSTERIORITY, s. [postirioriti, Fr.] the state of being 
 after, in tiie order of time. 
 
 POSTE'RITV, «. [/;u«(e»i<rti, from post, after, Lat.] those 
 that are born or live alter. D. scend.nits. 
 
 PO'STERX, s. [posterne, Fr. and Relg.] a small or narrowr 
 gate or iloor. 
 
 POSTEXI'STENCE, s. [from post, after, and existo, to 
 exist, Lat.] lutuie existence. 
 
 POS rHA'ClCNEY, i. a hired po.t-hor.s<-. 
 
 PO'STHA'.STE, s. hiu-ry, or haste of a post-boy. 
 
 PO'STHORSE, s- a horse stationed for the use of couri- 
 ers. 
 
 PO'STHOUSE, s. an office where letters are taken in and 
 dispatchtd. 
 
 POSTHUMOUS, a. [from post, after, and humo, to bury, 
 Lat.] doiie or published after one's death. 
 
 PO'STIC, a. [poslisus, from post, after, Lat.] backward. 
 
 PO'STIL, s. \pustilla, low Ljt.] gloss ; marginal notes. 
 
 To PO'STIL, v.a,[ixom the noun] to gloss; to illustrate 
 with martfina! notes, 
 
 POSTl'LLER, s. one who glosses or illustrates with margi- 
 nal notes. 
 
 POSTI'LLION, s. [postilion, Fr.] one who rides on the first 
 pair of sis horses belonging to a coach, in order to guide them ; 
 one who guides a post-chaise. 
 
 POSTLIMI'NIOUS, a. [from post, after, and /»«£«, a limit, 
 Lat.] done or contrived afterwards. 
 
 PO'STMASTER, s. one who has charge of public convey- 
 ance of letters. 
 
 PO'STMASTER-GENERAL, i. he who presides over the 
 posts or letter-carriers. 
 
 POSTMERIDIAN, a. [from post, after, and meridies, noon, 
 Lat.] being in the afternoon. 
 
 PO'STOFFICE, s. [post, and office} an office where letters 
 are delivered to the post ; a postliouse. 
 
 To POSTPONE, ti. a. [from post, after, and pono, to put 
 Lat ] to put ofTor delay. 
 
 POSTRI'DIAN, a [from postridie, the day following, Lat.] 
 done the next day after. 
 
 PO'STSCRIPT, s. [from post, after, and scriho, to write, 
 Lat.] a part added to, or written after, the letter. 
 
 To PO'STULATE, v. a. [postulo, Lat.] to beg or assume as 
 true, without proof. 
 
 PO'STULA'TE, *. [horn postulo, to assume, Lat.] a position 
 assumed without proof- 
 
 POSTULA'TION, s. [from postulo, to assume, Lat.] the art 
 of assuming as true without proof. 
 
 PO'STULATORY, a. assuming without proof. 
 
 PO'STURE, s. [posture, Fr.) place, or situation. The man- 
 ner in which the parts of the human body are placed. Figura- 
 tively, state or disposition. 
 
 POSTULA'TUM, s. [Lat.] a position assumed without 
 proof! 
 
 PO'STUREMASTER, s. one who teaches or practises by un- 
 common attitudes or contortions of the body. 
 
 PO'SY, (puzij) s. [cont4'actcd from poesy] the motto of a ring. 
 A bunch of (lowers. 
 
 POT, s. [pot, Fr.] a vessel in which meat is boiled. A vessel, 
 &c. to holil drink, or infuse tea in. A vessel to make 
 urine in. To go to pot, implies, to be destroyed or de- 
 voured. 
 
 To POT, ti. a. to preserve in pots ; to inclose in pots. 
 
 PO'TABLE, (potable) a. [from polo, to drink, Lat.J fit for 
 drink ; such as may be drank. 
 
 PO'TAGER, s. a porringer. 
 
 POXA'llGO, t. a West Indian pickle.
 
 POUC 
 
 P O W D 
 
 693 
 
 PO'TASH, s. [}>otasse, Fr.] in chymistry, a lixed alkali. In 
 commerce, an impure, fixed, alkaline salt, made by burning ve- 
 getables. 
 
 PO'TASIUM, i. in chymistry, a metallic substance, the 
 basis of potash, latelv discovered by Sir lluinnhrey Davy. 
 
 POTA'TION, i. [t'roni poto, to drink, Lat.J draught, drink- 
 ing-bout. 
 
 POTA'TO, s. [potadu. Spin.] a common esculent root. 
 
 PO'TBFXLIED, a. having a belly swelling out like a 
 pot. 
 
 PO'TBELLY, s. a swelling belly. 
 
 To POTCH, V. a to thrust ; to push ; to poach ; to boil 
 slightly. From poc/ier, Fi". 
 
 PoVENCY, i. [potentia, from possum, to be able, Lat.] 
 power ; efficacy ; strength. 
 
 PO TENT, a. [polcns, from passum, to be able, Lat.] power- 
 ful ; strong. Having great authority. 
 
 PO'TEXTATE, s. [pnteutat, Fr. from possum, to be able, 
 Lat.] a princi', or one enjoying sovereign power. 
 
 P01E'NTL\L, (pvttnsliial) a.[potentiaUs, from possum, 
 to lie able, Lat J e.\iating only in pussibility, not in act. Effi- 
 cacious, ))uwerfid. lii grammar, applied to that mooil 
 wliich denotes the possibility of doing a thing ; as I may 
 read. 
 
 VOTKNTIX-LITY, (potensldaliti/) POTE'NTIALNESS, 
 ( puthisliinlness ) s. possibility. 
 
 POTE'N I'LVLLY, (potinshiathj) ad. in power or possibi- 
 lity, Ojiposed to actually or positively. In efficacy, opposed to 
 actuahicss. 
 
 PO'TKNTTLY, ad. powerfully ; forcibly. 
 
 PO'TGUX, i. [corrupted from popt/un] a gun which makes a 
 small smart noise. 
 
 POTHA'NGER, s. a hook ot branch on which a pot is hung 
 over the fire. 
 
 PO'THECARY, s. a corruption of Apothec^ky. " Mo- 
 dern pothecary." Pope. 
 
 POTHER, s. a bustle, tumult, or hurry. 
 
 To POTHER, i;. n. to make a bustling and ineffi;ctual at- 
 tempt. Actively, to turmoil ; to puzzle, 
 
 PO'THERB, s. an herb fit for the pot. 
 
 PO'THOOK, s. a hook to fasten pots or kettles with. Also 
 ill-formed or scrawling letters or characters. 
 
 PO'TION, (pdsliijn) s. [potio, Lat.] a draught of physic. 
 
 POTO'SI, a Very rich town of Peru, in South America. In 
 a mountain of a conical form is the richest silver mine in the 
 world. The Spaniards have drawn many hundred sliip-loads 
 of that metal from this mountain ; but at present it is little 
 more than a shell. It still, however, brings in a considerable 
 revemie to Spain. Lat. 19. iO. S. Ion. 6t. 25. W. 
 
 POTSDAM, a town of Saxony, in Germany, 12 miles W. 
 of Berlin. It is seated on an island which is 10 miles in cir- 
 cumference, and the king of Prussia has a palace here. Lat. 
 52. 52. N. Ion. 13. -16. E. 
 
 PO'TSHERD, s. a fragment of a broken pot. 
 
 PO'TTAGE, s. [pntage, Fr.] broth, or any thing boiled for 
 food. 
 
 PO'TTER, s. [potier, Fr.] a maker of earthenware. 
 
 PO'TTERN-ORE s. an ore very easily vitrified, and used 
 by potters in glazini; their vessels. 
 
 PO'TTING, s. drinking. 
 
 POTTLE, s. [from bottle] a liquid measure containing four 
 pints. 
 
 PO'TTO, s. in zoology, an animal of the lemur tribe, 
 said to inhabit Guinea, and to heve the hardy manners of the 
 sloth. 
 
 PO'TTON, a town of Bedfordshire, well watered and plea- 
 santly situated, though in a sandy, barren soil, 12 miles E. of 
 Bedford, and 48. N. by W. of London. Market on Satur- 
 day. 
 
 POTVA'LIANT, a. made daring by exces.sive drinking. 
 
 POUCH, s. [poche, Fr.] a small bag or pocket. Figurative- 
 ly, the belly. In botany, a sort of seed-vessel resembling a 
 purse, as in honesty and sliepherd s purse- 
 To POUCH, V. a. to put in the pocket. To swallow. To 
 pout, or hang down the lip. 
 
 POVERTY, «. \pouvretf, Fr.} want of money ornecessaries. 
 Meanness, or want of ornament, apfttied to style. Synok. 
 Poverty is that situation of fur:une, opposed to riches. In 
 which we are deprived of the conviMiieTicBH of liie. Imligence 
 is a degree lower, where we want the nec'ss.'iries ; and is op- 
 posed to superfluity. Waiit seems rather to arrive by acci<teiit, 
 implies a scarcity of provision, rather than a lack of money ; 
 and is oppsed to nbundnncv. A'etrf and necessity relate less 
 to the situation of life, tiian the other three wonis, but more to 
 the relief we expect, or the remedy we seek ; with this differ- 
 ence between the two, that 7ieed seems less pressing than 
 necessity. 
 
 POULDAVIS, s. a sort of sail cloth. 
 
 POULT, s. [jioulet, Fr.] a yomig chicken or turkey. 
 
 PO'ULTEKER, s. one who sell fowls. 
 
 POULTICE, or POU'LTIVE, *• [j>ulte, Fr. pallis, Lat.] a 
 soft medicine, applied to assuage a swelling or inflammation. 
 " Foultiues allay'il pains." Temple. 
 
 POU'IjTO.V, a town of Lancashire, commodiously situa- 
 ted for trade, near the mouth of the river Wyre, just by the 
 Skippon which runs into it, and communicating also by 
 a canal with all the late inland navigations, 18 miles S. 
 W. of Lancaster, and 231 N. N. W. of London. Market on 
 Monday. 
 
 POU'LTRY, s. [from poulet, Fr.] domestic fowls. 
 
 POUNCE, s. [ponzone, Ital. acccording to Skinner] the claw 
 or talons of a bird of prey. The powder of gum sandarach, 
 used to prevent ink spreading on paper. 
 
 To POUNCE, V. a. [ptinyoiiare, Iial.] to pierce or make 
 holes. To pour or sprinkle through small interstices. To 
 seize with the talons. 
 
 POUNCED, a. furnished with claws or talons. 
 
 POUND, s.[poud, or pund, Sax. from pondo, Lat.J a weight 
 consisting in twelve ounces in troy, and sixteen ounces in 
 avoirdupoise wei!;ht. A surn consisting of twenty shillings 
 sterling. An inclosure or pri.son in which strayed beasts are 
 confined, from pindan, Sax. 
 
 To POUND, ti. a. \puiiian. Sax.] to beat to pieces with a 
 pestle. To shut up or confine strayed cattle. 
 
 POU'NDAGE, *. a certain sum deducted from every poimd 
 sterling. A payment or tax rated according to the weight of 
 the commodity. 
 
 POU'NDER, s. [pundre, Sax.] the name of a heavy large 
 pear. Any person or other thing denominated from a certain 
 number of pounds ; hence a ten-pounder. A pestle. 
 
 PUU'PICKS, s. in cookery, a mess of victuals made of veal" 
 steaks and slices of bacon. 
 
 To POUR, I), a. [supposed to be derived from the Welsh 
 bwrw] to let liquor out of a vessel. To let out or give 
 vent to. Neuterly, to flow in streams. To rush tumultu* 
 ously. 
 
 POU'RER, «. one that pours. 
 
 POUT, s. a kind offish ; a cod fish. A kind of bird. 
 
 To POUT, V. n. [bouter, Fr.] to look sullen, or express dis- 
 content by thrusting out the lips. To gape or hang promi- 
 nent. 
 
 PO'WDER, ^. [poudre, Fr.] dust ; any thing beat into 
 small particles. Gunpowder. A scented dust used for the 
 hair. 
 
 To PO'WDER, D. a. to reduce to dust, or pound small. To 
 sprinkle the hair with white or gray dust. To salt, or sprinkle 
 with salt. Neuterly, to come or attack in a violent and tumul- 
 tuous manner, used with upon. 
 
 PO'VVDERBOX, s a box in which powder for the hair is 
 kept. 
 
 POVVDERHORN, s. a horn case in which powder is kept 
 for ffuns. 
 
 PO'WDERMILL, s. the mill in which the ingredients for 
 gunpowder are ground and mingled. 
 
 PO'WDER-ROOM, s. that part of a ship in which the gun- 
 powder is kept. 
 
 PO'WDERING-TUB, s. a tub in which meat is salted. 
 
 PO'WDERWORT, $. in botany, a genus of thongs, distin- 
 guished by the fibres being simple, uniform, and like soft wool 
 or dust. There are 15 British species.
 
 6»6 
 
 PRAG 
 
 PRE A 
 
 PO'WDERY, a. [poudreux, Fr.J dusty ; friable. 
 
 PO'WER, s. \j>ouvoir, Fr.J command ; influence, or domi- 
 nion. Ability ; force. Strength. The moving force of an 
 engine. Natural strength. A faculty of the mind. Govern- 
 ment, or the right of governing. A sovereign, or one invested 
 with command or dominion. A divine or spiritual being. An 
 army, or military force. In low language, a great number, or 
 large quantity ; as, " a power of good things." Synon. 
 Power includes a particular relation to the subordinate e.xecu- 
 tion of superior orders. In the word authority, we find a 
 sufficient energy to make us perceive a right, either of civil or 
 political administration. Dominion carries with it an idea of 
 empire. 
 
 PO'WERFUL, a. invested with command or authority. 
 Efficacious ; forcible. 
 
 PO'WERFULLY, ad. in a forcible, efficacious, or mighty 
 manner. 
 
 POWERFULNESS, s. the quality of being possessed with 
 force, efficacy, or might. 
 
 PO'WERLESS, a. weak or unable to produce an 
 effi;ct. 
 
 POX, s. in medicine, a disease, under which name there are 
 several kinds ; as small-pox, cow-pox, French-pox, chicken- 
 pox, &c. 
 
 PRACTICABLE, a. [practicable, Fr.J capable of being 
 practised, performed, or assailed. 
 
 PRA'CTICABLENESS, s. possibility to be performed. 
 
 PRA'CTICABLY, ad. in such a manner as may be per- 
 formed. 
 
 PRA'CTICAL, «. \praktikos, {rom prasso, to perform, Gr.] 
 relating to action, opposed to speculative. 
 
 PllA'CTICALLY, ad. in a manner relating to action ; by 
 jiractice. 
 
 PRA'CTICALNESS, s. the quality of being the subject of 
 action. 
 
 FRA'CVICE, a. [praklikos, ho\a prasso, to perform, Gr ] 
 the habit of doing any thing. Use or custom. Dexterity ac- 
 quired by frequent action. Actual performance, distinguished 
 from theory. The exercise of any profession, especially that of 
 meiicbie. 
 
 PRA'CTIC, s. [practih&s, from prasso, to perform, Gr.] re- 
 lating to action ; not merely theoretical. Sly; artful. " His 
 practic wit, and his fair filed tongue." Shuk. 
 
 To PRA'CTISE, V. a. [practiquer, Fr. it should be remark- 
 ed that the substantive is spelt with c, as practice, and the 
 verb with an s, as in practise^ to do frequently. To reduce to 
 action, opposed to profess. To use in order to acquire habit or 
 dexterity. To exercise any profession. Neuteily, to transact 
 or negociate secretly. To try artifices. To use medical 
 methods. 
 
 PRA'CTISER, s. one that practises. 
 
 PRACTITIONER, ( practhhincr ) s. one engaged in the 
 exercise of any art or profession. One that uses tricks or 
 stratagems. One who does any thing habitually. 
 
 PR.^C0G.\1TA, s. [Lat.J tilings known before in order to 
 understand something else ; thus the structure of the human 
 body is one of the prttcognita of physic. 
 
 PRAGMATIC, PHAGMA'TICAL, a. [hom pragma, busi- 
 ness, Gr.J meddling; impertinently busy ; performing or do- 
 ing without eitlier bfiii;.' asked or welcome. 
 
 PRAGMA'TICALLV, ad- meddlingly; impertinently. 
 
 PRAGMA'TICALNESS, s. the quality ol being pragmati- 
 cal. 
 
 PRAGUE, ('Prt^j the capital of Bohemia. It contains 3 
 towns, viz. the Old, the New, and the Little Town, and is about 
 15 miles in circumference. It is very populous, and, according 
 to some liistoriaMs, it cm send iO,0(JO men into the field, with- 
 out meddlig with art fleers. There are above 100 churches 
 here, besides an incredible number of palaces. Its university 
 is frequented by a great number of students. The Jesuits had 
 a maeiiific-i ut cnlleg>' ; and the .Jews had 9 syna,i,'()gnes, till 
 they disnbli^'ed the king of Pmssia, who drove them, to the 
 number of U0,000 persons, from the town. Prague was 
 taken by itorra in November 1741, for the elector of Bavaria, 
 
 then emperor ; but marshal Belleisle was obliged to leave it m 
 December 174-y. The king of Prussia bombardeil and took the 
 city in 1744, making the garrison, consisting of 10,000 men, 
 prisoners of war ; but he was obliged to abandon it the same 
 year. In 1757, the king of Prussia again besieged it, but his 
 efforts proved ineffi-'ctiial. It is 158 nnles S. E. of Berlin, 75 
 N. E. of Ralisbon, and 235 N. W. of Viemia. Lat. aO. 5.3. N. 
 Ion. 14. 30 E. 
 
 PRAISE, (praize) s. [preis, Teut. prijs, Belg.] an acknow- 
 ledgment made of the excellency or perfection of any person or 
 action. Fame, renown, glory. A tribute of gratitude. A 
 ground or reason for recommendation. 
 
 To PRAISE, (praize) v. a. [prijscn, Belg.] to commend, 
 celebrate, applaud, or display the excellencies or merit of any 
 person or thing. To attribute honor and excellency in wor- 
 ship. Synon. We extol a person, to procure him the esteem 
 of others, or raise Ins reputation ; we praise him, to testify 
 the esteem we have for him, or to applaud him. 
 
 PRAl'SER, (prfzer) s. one that applauds or commends. 
 
 PRAISEWO'RTHY, (prSzeworthy) a. deserving commer- 
 dation, honor, or praise ; commendable. 
 
 PRAME, s. a flat-bottomed boat. 
 
 To PRANCE, V. n. [pronhen, to set one'.s self to show, 
 Belg.] to spring and bound in high metal. To ride in an osten- 
 tatious maimer. To move in a showy manner. 
 
 To PRANK, t). a. [pronken, Belg.] to dress ostentatiously, 
 or in a showy manner. 
 
 PRiVNK, s. a mad action or frolic. 
 
 To PRATE, t>. n. [pi-aten, Belg.J to talk much, and to little 
 purpose. 
 
 PRATE, s. excessive talking to little purpose. 
 
 PRA'TER, s. an idle talker ; a chatterer. 
 
 PRA'TINGLY, ad. with tittle tattle ; with loquacity. 
 
 PRA'TIQUE, {prdteeh) s. [Fr. prattica, Ital.] a licenced for 
 a master of a ship to traffic in the ports of Italy, upon a certi- 
 ficate that the place whence he came is not annoyed with any 
 infectious disorder. 
 
 To PRA'TTLE, v. n. [diminutive otprate] to talk much on 
 trifling subjects. 
 
 PRA'TTLE, s. the act of speaking much on trifling sub- 
 jects. 
 
 PRA'TTLER, s. a trifling talker ; a chatterer. 
 
 PRA'VITY, s. [from pravus, depraved, Lat.] a state where- 
 in a thing has lost its perfection. 
 
 PRAWN, s. a fish resembling a shrimp, but somewhat 
 larger, and of a difTerent colour. 
 
 To PRAY, V. n. \jprier, Fr.J to ask the Deity for something 
 wanted. To entreat in a submissive and earnest maimer. / 
 pray or beg \s sometimes used elliptically for I pray you, in a 
 slightly ceremonious manner of introducing a question. Ac- 
 tively, to ask as a supplicant ; to entreat hi a ceremonious 
 manner. 
 
 PRA'YER, [priere, Fr.] a petition or request made to 
 heaven. An entreaty, or submissive and earnest request. 
 
 PRA'YEEtBOOK, j. a book of public or private devo- 
 tions. 
 
 PRE, [prtr, Lat.J a particle which, when prefixed to 
 words derived from the Latin, makes priority of time or 
 rank. 
 
 To PREACH, (preech) v. n. [from pra, before, and dico, to 
 speak, Lat. prescher, Fr.] to pronounce a discourse on some 
 sacred subject. Actively, to deliver in a sacred speech. To 
 inculcate with earnestness and solemnity. 
 
 PRE'ACHER, (preecher) s. [precheur, Fr.] one who dis- 
 courses publicly on religious subjects ; one who inculcates any 
 thing with earnestness or vehemence. 
 
 PRE'ACHMENT, (^preechment) t. a discourse aflfectedly 
 grave or devout. 
 
 PREA'MBLE, *. [priambule, Fr.] something done by way 
 of introduction. An overture on the drum. 
 
 PREA'MBULARY, or PREA'AIULOUS, a. previous. Not 
 in use. 
 
 PREA'PPREHENION, /. an opinion formed before exami- 
 nation.
 
 PR EC 
 
 PRE'BEND, s. [preletida, Ital. originally an allowance 
 given to canons] a stipend or allowance granted in cathedral 
 churches. 
 
 PKE'BENDARV, i. [prtebendarius, Lat.] one who has a 
 prebend. 
 
 PKECA'RIOUS, a. [precarius, Lat.] uncertain. 
 
 PKEC;A'RI0USLY, ad. uncertainly by dependence; de- 
 pendently ; at the pleasure of others. 
 
 PKECA'RIOUSNESS, s. the quality of being uncertain, 
 because depending on the will of another. 
 
 PRECAU'TION, s. [precaution, Fr.] a measure or hint 
 given to prevent something. 
 
 To PRECAU'TION, v. a. [pricautioiiner, Fr.j to give 
 warning beforehand. 
 
 PRECEDA'NEOUS, a. [from prmcedo, to go before, Lat.] 
 previous ; beforehand. 
 
 To PRECE'DE, v. a. [from pra, before, and cedo, to go, 
 Lat.] to go before in order of time or place. 
 
 PKECE'DENCE, or PRECE'DENCV, s. [from prtrcedo, 
 to go before, Lat.] the act or state of going before in order of 
 time, place, or dignity Superiority. 
 
 PRECE'DENT, a. [from pracedo, to go before, Lat.] for- 
 mer ; going before. 
 
 PRE'CEDENT, s. the adjective for distinction is accented 
 on the second, and the substantive on the first syllable ; any 
 thing that is an example or rule for future times. Any 
 thing of the same kind done before. 
 
 PRECE'DENTLY, ad. beforehand. 
 
 PRECE'NTOR, s. [from pra, before, and canto, to sing, 
 Lat.] one who sings first or leads a choir. 
 
 PUE'CEPT, s. [from pra^cipio, to command or teach, 
 Lat.] a rule given by a superior ; a direction or command. 
 
 PRECE'PTIAL, a. consisting of precepts. Not in use. 
 
 PRECE'PTIVE, a. [from prcecipio, to command or teach, 
 Lat.) containing or giving rules or commands. 
 
 PRECE'PTOR, s. [from pracipio, to command or teach, 
 Lat.] one that instructs and has the care of youths. 
 
 PRECE'SSION, *. [pracessus, from pracedo, to go before, 
 Lat,] the act or state of going before. In astronomy, the 
 precession of the equinoxes is a slow motion of the two 
 points where the equator intersects the ecliptic, which are 
 found to go backwards, or contrary to the order of the signs, 
 about 50J" in a year, causing the fixed stars to appear to 
 move at the same rate towards the east, i. e. according to the 
 order of the anastrous signs. It is on this account that the 
 sidereal year is 20m. 25s. longer than that which is measured 
 by the return of the sun to either equinox ; the length of the 
 former being 365d. 6h. 9m. Us. and of the latter 365d. 5h. 
 4Sm. 454s. 
 
 PRE'CINCT, s. [from pj-ce, before, and cingo, to surround, 
 Lat.] an outward limit or boundary. A ward. 
 
 PRE'CIOUSNESS, (prhhiousness) PRECIO'SITY, (^pre- 
 shidsity) s. value ; any thing of high price. 
 
 PRE'CIUUS, (prhhius ) a. [pretiosus, from pretutm, a price 
 Lat.] valuable ; of great worth. Costly ; of great price. 
 Worthless. 
 
 PRE'CIOUS STONE, s. in mineralogy, a gem, a common 
 name for such stones as are much valued for their lustre, 
 transparency, colour, hardness, weight, and rarity. These 
 are diamonds, rubies, sapphires, topazes, emeralds, chryso- 
 lites, amelhysts, garnets, hyacinths, and beryls. 
 
 PRE'CIOUSLY, (preshiously)ad. valuably ; contemptibly. 
 
 PRE'CIPICP;, s. [fom praceps, headlong, Lat.] a head- 
 long steep; a .<.teep place from whicli a person cannot des- 
 cend without falling down headlong. 
 
 PRECI'PITANCE, PRECI'PITANCY, *. rash haste. 
 
 PRECIPITANT, a. [from prirceps, headlong, Lat.] fal- 
 ling or rushing headlong ; rashly hurried. Too hasty. 
 
 PRE'CIPITANTLY, ad. in a tumultuous manner, in 
 headlong haste. 
 
 To PRECI'PITATE, v. a. [from praceps, headlong, Lat.] 
 to throw down headlong. To hasten unexpectedly, rashly, 
 or blindly. Neuterly, to fall headlong In chymistry, to 
 fall to the bottom as a sediment. 
 
 i U 
 
 PRED 
 
 007 
 
 PRECI'PITATE, a. falling as from a steep place ; head- 
 long ; rashly, hasty. Hasty; violent. 
 
 PRECrPITATE, s. in chymistry, any matter which, 
 having been dissolved in a fluid, falls to the bottom of llie 
 vessel on the addition of some other substance, capable of 
 producing a decomposition of the compound, in consequence 
 of its attraction, either for the menstruum, or for tlie matter 
 which was before held in solution. A corrosive medicine 
 made by precipitating mercury. 
 
 PRECI'PITATELY, nd. headlong ; in blind hurry. 
 
 PRECIPITATION, s. [from praceps, headlong, Lat.] tlie 
 act of throwing down headlong or from a precipice. A 
 violent motion downwards. A rash, tunndtuous, and blind 
 haste or hurry. In chyniistiy, the act of making a thhig 
 subside as a sediment, opposed to sublimation. 
 
 PRECl'PITOUS, a. [from prir, before, and caput, the 
 head, Lat.] headlong; steep. Hasty; sudden. Rasb; 
 heady. 
 
 PRECl'SE, a. [from prtrcidu, to pare, Lat.] exact ; strict ; 
 nice, having strict and determinate limitations. Formal ; 
 finical. 
 
 PRECI'SELY, ad. exactly; nicely; accurately. With 
 superstitious form.ility ; with too much scrupulosity. 
 
 PUECrSENESS, s. the (juality of being very nice or 
 exact. 
 
 PKECrSIAN, (prec'izldan) I. one who limits or restiains 
 One nice or exact to excess. 
 
 PRE'CISION, (preclzhon) s. [pricision, Fr.j an exact limi- 
 tation. 
 
 PRECI'SIVE, a. [from pracido, to pare, Lat.] exactly 
 limiting so as to cut off all occasions for dispute. 
 
 To PRECLU'DE, v. a. [from pra, before, and claudo, to 
 shut, Lat.] to shut out, exclude or hinder, beforehand. 
 
 PRECOCIOUS, ( precoshiuus) a. [prucox, from prce, be- 
 fore, and coiiuo, to digest or ripen, Lat.] ripe before the 
 time. 
 
 PRECO'CITY, s. [from precocious\ ripeness before the 
 time. 
 
 To PRECO'GITATE, v. a. [from pra, before, and cogito, 
 to consider, Lat.] to consider or scheme beforehand. 
 
 PRECOGNITION, s. [from prce, before, and cognitio, 
 knowledge, Lat.] foreknowledge. 
 
 PRECONCE'IT, s. an opinion previously formed. 
 
 To PRECONCEIVE, v. a. to form an opinion before due 
 examination. 
 
 PRECONCE'PTION, s. an opinion formed before ex- 
 amination. 
 
 PRECO'NTRACT, s. (formerly accented on the last sylia- 
 ble) a contract made before another. 
 
 To PRECONTRA'CT, v. a. to contract or bargain be 
 forehand. 
 
 PRECU'RSE, s. [from prce, before, and curro, to run, 
 Lat. forerunning. 
 
 PRECU'RSOR, i. [from prce, before, and curro, to run, 
 Lat.] an harbinger ; a forerunner. 
 
 PREDA'CEOUS, a. [from proeda, plunder, Lat.] living by 
 prey. 
 
 PRE'DAL, a. [from prada, plunder, Lat.] robbing, plun- 
 dering. 
 
 PRE'DATORY, a. [from prceda, plunder, Lat.] plunder- 
 ing ; hungry ; ravenous ; preying. 
 
 PREDECE'SSOR. s. [prMecesseur, Fr.] one that enjoys 
 any place, or wa3 in any state before another. See An- 
 
 CtSTOU. 
 
 PREDESTINA'RIAN, *. one that holds the doctrine of 
 predestination. 
 
 To PREDESTINATE, v. a. [from prce, before, and des- 
 lino, to appoint, Lat.] to doom or appoint beforehand by an 
 irreversible decree. 
 
 PREDESriNA'TION, s. [from prce, before, and destino, 
 to appoint, Lat.] in general, signifies a decree of God, 
 whereby, from all eternity, he ordained such a concatina- 
 tion of causes as must produce every event by a kind of 
 fatal necessity, I'.nd maugre all opposition. Among
 
 69S 
 
 FREE 
 
 PRE J 
 
 Christians, it is used in a move limited sensp for a jii Igineut or 
 decree of Go:!, wheiulfy lie has resolved from all eternity, 
 to save a certain number of person?, from thence called 
 elected; so that the rest of mankind, lieing left in a state of 
 impenitence, are said to be reprobated ; a doctrine which 
 has given occasion to infinite disputes and controversies 
 among divines. 
 
 PREDESTINA'TOR, s. one that holds predestination, 
 or the prevalence of pre-established necessity. 
 To PREDE'STINE. v. a. to decree beforehand. 
 
 PREDETERMINA'TION, s. [pridHerminatioH, Fr.] tlie 
 act of determining beforehand. 
 
 To PREDETE'RMINE, v. a. to doom or confine by pre- 
 vious decree. 
 
 PRE'DIAL, «. [fromprffidJwm.. a farm, Lat.] in law, con- 
 sisting of farms. 
 
 PRE'DICABLE, a. [from praedico, to affirm, Lat.] such as 
 may b:.' affirmed i f any thing. 
 
 PRE'DICABLE, s. [{torn praedico, to affirm, Lat.] in logic, 
 a general quality which may be afiTirmcd of any thing. 
 
 PREDlCAilEN'T, 5. [praedicamentum, from praedico, to 
 affirm, Lat.] a class or order of beings or subjects ranged 
 according to their natures. A class or kind described by 
 any definitive marks. 
 
 PREDICANT, «. [praedicans, from praedico, to affirm, 
 Lat.] one that affirms any thing ; a preacher. 
 
 To PRE'DICATE, v. a, [praedico, Lat.] to affirm any thing, 
 of another thijig. 
 
 PRE'DICATE, i.rpraerficatujn, from praedico, to affirm, 
 Lat.] that which is affirmed or denied of the subject. 
 
 PREDI'CA'TION, s. [from praedico, to affirm, Lat.] the 
 act of affirming. 
 
 To PREDI'CT, V. a. [from prae, before, and dico, to tell, 
 Lat.] to teii or shew beforehand- 
 
 PREDrCTION, s. [from prae, before, and dico, to tell, 
 Lat.] a declaration of something future; prophecy. 
 
 PREDl'CTOR, s. a foreteller. 
 
 PREDlGE'STiON, (pron. as spelt) s. digestion performed 
 ton sooi>. 
 
 PREDILECTION, s. [from pr<e, before or above, and 
 diligo, to love, Lit.] preference of choice or affection. 
 
 To PREDISPO'iE, V. a. to adapt beforehand to any par- 
 ticular pnr[iose. 
 
 PREDISPUSI'TION, (predispozUhon) s. previous, adap- 
 tation to a< y certain purpose. 
 
 PREDO'.UIXANCE, PREDO'illNANCY, .v. [from 
 prce, before or above, and domino, to command, Lat.] preva- 
 lence ; superior intluence ; ascendency. 
 
 PREDOillXANT, a. [predominant, Fr.] prevalent, or 
 liaving a superior inflnence. 
 
 To PREDO'AIINATE, v. a. [from prae, before or above, 
 and domino, to coinmaml, Lat.] to prevail; to have a superior 
 influence ; to be ascend int. 
 
 To PRE-ELE'CT, v. a. to choose beforehand. 
 
 PRE-E'MINENCE, «. fy)»i-^HUHfncc, Fr.] a superior state 
 of excellence. Priority of place, power, or influence. 
 
 PRI".-£'MI\'EN'T, «. [bom prae, before or above, and 
 emineo, to be eminent, Lat.] having excellence superior to 
 others. 
 
 PRE-ETMPTION', «. [from prae, before, and eino, to pur- 
 clia>e. I-:it.] the right of purchasing before others. 
 
 To PREEN, t). a. [priiutn, Belg.] to trim the feathers. 
 
 To PRE-ENGA'GE, v. a. to engage before. 
 
 PRE-ENGAGEMENT, *. a prior or precedent obli- 
 gation. 
 
 PREE'XING, s. in naiuri! history, is tlie aclion of birds 
 dresi'ing iheir fca'.h'rs, to enable them to gliile more readily 
 through the air. For which purpose they have two glands 
 on their rump, vvhicli secrete an unctuous matter into a bag 
 that is perlorated, out of which the bird occasionally draws it 
 with ils bill. 
 
 To PRE-ESTA'BLISH, v. a. to establish or settle before- 
 hand. 
 
 PRE-ESTA'BLISHMENT, *. Bettlement beforehand. 
 
 To PPiE-EXIST, !i. n. [from prce, before, and existo, to 
 exist, Lat] to exist before. 
 
 PRE-EXrSTENCE, s. a previous st.ite of being. 
 PRE-EXISTEXT, a. [praecxistent, Fr.] existing before. 
 PRE'FACE, s. [prcf'ulio, from prae, before, and for, to 
 speak, Lat.] something used as preparatory, or introductory. 
 A discourse prefixed to a book. 
 
 To PRE'FACE, V, n. [pr/tfari, from prae, before, and J'or, 
 (0 s[)i;ak, Lat.] to say something by way of introduction. 
 .Actively, to introduce by something proemial. 
 
 PRETATORY, a. introductory. 
 
 PRE'FECT, «. [from prae, over, and facio, to make or set, 
 Lat.] a governor or commander; a superintendant. 
 
 PRE'FECTURE, j. [prefecture, Fr.} command; office of 
 government. 
 
 To PREFER, V. a. \praefero, from /»«■, before, above, 
 and fero, to bear, Lat.] to regard, esteem, or value more' 
 than another ; used with above, before, or to, before the thing 
 less esteemed. To esalt or raise in dignity. To offer so- 
 lemnly, or propose publicly. In law, to exhibit a bill or^ 
 accusation. 
 
 PRE'FERABLE, a- [preferable, Fr.] to be chosen, es- 
 teemed, or valued more than something else. 
 
 PRE'FERABLENES.S, s. the state of being preferable. 
 
 PRE'FERABLY, afi in preference; in such a manner as 
 to prefer one thin:.j to another. 
 
 PRE'FERENCE, s. [from prae, before, above, and fcro, to 
 bear, Lat.] the act of esteeming more, or choosing before' 
 another; used with to, before, over, or above, before the thing 
 less esteemed. 
 
 PRE'FERAIENT, s. advancement to a higher post or sta- 
 tion. A place of honour or profit. The act of esteeming or 
 choosing one thing rather than another. 
 
 To PRE'FIGURA TE, v- a. [from prae, befi>re, and figuro, 
 to shew (iirth, Lat.] to shew by some precedent figure or re- 
 presentation. 
 
 PREFIGDIIA'TION, s. an antecedent representation 
 
 To PREFI'GURE, v. a. [from prae, before, and Jigiiro, to 
 shew forth, Lat.] to shew by some figure or token before. 
 
 To PREFI'NE, I', a. [from prae, before, and Jinis, a limit, 
 Lat.] to limit beforehand. 
 
 To PREFIX, V. a. [from pra, before, and fgo, to fix, 
 Lat.] to appoint beforehand. To settle. To fix, place, or 
 set before another thing. 
 
 PREFI'X, s. [from pre, before, and fiyo, to fix, Lat.] some 
 particle put before a word to vary its signification. They 
 are common in the Hebrew language. 
 
 PREFI'XION, (prejihs/ion) s. [prefxion, Fr.] the act of 
 prefixing. 
 
 To PREFO'RM, v. a. to form beforehand. Not in use. 
 
 PRE'GNANCY, s. the state of being with young. Fruit- 
 fulness of invention, ap[ilied to the mind. 
 
 PRE'GNANT, a, [praegnans, hal-]^ teeming; breeding; 
 big witii young. Fruitiul ; or causing fertility. Full of con- 
 sequence. Evident ; clear. Easy to produce. Obsolete 
 in the last sense but one. 
 
 PREGUSTA'TION, i. [from jirtr, before, and gusto, to 
 taste, Lat.] the act of tasting before another. 
 
 To PRE.IU'DGE, v. a. [from from prtr, before, and judico, 
 to judge, Lat.] to determine any question beforehand, or con- 
 demn belbre examination. 
 
 ToPRE.JU'DICATE, v. a. [from prae, before, and judico, 
 to judge, Lat.] to determine beforehand to disadvantage. 
 
 PRE.IU'DICATE, a. [from prae, before, and judico, to 
 judge, Lat.] formed prejudiciously before examination. 
 
 PREJUDICA'TION, *. the act of judging without exami- 
 nation. 
 
 PRE'.IUDICE, s. [prejudicium, from prae, before, and 
 judico, to jiiilge, Lat.] a judgment or opinion, formed 
 belbre examination, cither in favour of, nr against a per- 
 son or thing ; prepossession. A mischief, damage, or de- 
 triment. 
 
 To PIJE'.IUDICE, V. a. to prepossess a person with a 
 good or bad opinion of n person or thing before he can see
 
 PR E N 
 
 PREP 
 
 C99 
 
 or examine. To be of disservice or hurt l)y means of pre- 
 conceived opinions. 
 
 PUE.JU'DICrAL, (prejudhhal) a. [prfjudivinble, Fr.] in- 
 juring or luirtiri!,' by preconceivt-d opijiiun.s ; miscliicvous ; in- 
 jurious ; opposite. 
 
 PKE'LACY, s. tlie difjnity of a person of the liighest posts 
 in the church. Episcopacy ; the order of bishops. 
 
 PKE'LATE, s. [ prwlatus, from piafero, to prefer, Lat.] a 
 clergyman of the highest order ; a bishop. 
 
 PRELA'TION, s. [prelatus, from pra-fero, to prefer, Lat.] 
 preference ; tlie setting one above the other. 
 
 PKE'LATURE, or PUE'LATURESHIP, s. [pralatura, 
 from prccftro, to prefer, Lat.] the state or dignity of a pre- 
 late. 
 
 PRELE'CTION, s. [from pro:, before, and le^o, to read, 
 Lat.] reading ; lecture. 
 
 PRELIBA'TIOM, s. (from prm, before, and libo, to taste, 
 Lat.] a tasle beforehand. 
 
 PRELI'MINARY, a. [from prce, before, and limen, a 
 threshold, Lat.] previous or introductory. 
 
 PRELI'MINARV, s. something by way of introduction. 
 
 PRE'LUDE, J. [jnHude, Fr.] some short flight of music 
 played b'-fore a fidl concert/ Something introductory, shon'- 
 ing what is to follow. 
 
 To PRELU'DI''., V. n. [from pra, before, and ludo, to play, 
 Lat.] to serve as an introduction to be previous to. 
 
 PHEHI'SIVE, a. previous ; introductory ; proemial. " The 
 clouds — prelusive, drops'' Thorn. 
 
 PRE.MATU'RE, a. [from prcc, before, and maturus, ripe, 
 Lat.] ripe too soon ; with too hasty ripeness ; too early ; too 
 soon said, believed, or done. 
 
 PUEMATU'RELV, «rf. loo early ; too soon; with too hasty 
 ripenes.i?. 
 
 PREMATURENESS, or PREMATU'RITV, s. too great 
 haste ; unseasonable earlines>'. 
 
 To PREME DITATE, v. a. [from pro; before, and meditor, 
 to meditate, Lat.] to contrive, form, or think of before- 
 hand. 
 
 PREMEDITATION, s. [from pro; before, and meditor, to 
 meditate, Lat.] the act of thinking on, or contriving before- 
 hand. 
 
 To PREME'RIT, v. a. [from pra, before, and mereo, to de- 
 serve, Lilt.] to deserve before. 
 
 PREMI'CES, s. [Fr.J fir.st fruits. 
 
 PRE'.MIER, a. [Fr.] first ; chief. 
 
 To PREl\irSE, (premize) v. a. [from prcc, before, and 
 mitto, to send or put, Lat.] to explain or lay down before- 
 hand. 
 
 PRE'JII.SES, s. [prirmissa, Lat.] propositions supposed, 
 laid down, or proved before. In law, houses, lauds, or places 
 mentioned before. 
 
 PRE'SIIUM, s. [praemium, Lat.] something given to invite 
 a loan, or make a bargain. 
 
 To PREMO'NISH, v. a. [from prne, before and moiieo, to 
 admonish, Let.] to warn bef jre. 
 
 PREMONl'TION, s. [from prae, before, and moneo, to ad- 
 monish, Lat.] a notice or warning given bef)rehind. 
 
 PREMO'XITORY, a. [from prae, before, and moneo, to ad- 
 monish, Lat.] pr.'vioiisly advising-. 
 
 To PREJIO'NSTRATE, v. a. [from prae, before, and 
 monstro, to show, Lat.] to show beforehand. 
 
 PREMUNTRE, ^in common disco;ir>e ;iccente:l on the Orst 
 syllable) j. [Lat ] a writ, whereby a penalty is incurred fen- 
 breaking some statute. A penalty incurred. A difnculty or 
 distress. 
 
 PREMUNI'TION, s. [from praemunio, to secure before- 
 hand, Lat.] an anticipation of objection. 
 
 To PUENO SIIN'ATE, v. a. [from prae, before, and nomino, 
 to name, Lat.] to forename. 
 
 PRENOMIXATION, s. [from prae, before, and nomiiio, I.0 
 jiaine, Lat.] the privilege of being named first. 
 
 PRENO'TION', s. Iprfiwtion, Fr.] foreknowledge ; pre- 
 science. 
 
 PRE'NTICE, s. [contracted from apprentice'\ one bound to a 
 
 niiistor i'l ord' r to K:irn a trade. 
 
 PREXUNCIATIOX, s. [bom TH-crnunciO, Lat.] the act of 
 tellini; before. 
 
 PUEO'CCUPANCV, ». the act of taking possession before 
 aiiotlier. 
 
 To PIIEO'CCUPATE, v. u. (from pra, before, and occupo, 
 to occupy, Lat.] to anticipate or prevei.'t. To prepossess or 
 prejudice. 
 
 PRE-OCCUPA'TIOX, s. [from pra, before, and occupo, to 
 occupy, Lat.] anticipation ; prepossession ; anticipation of ob- 
 jection. 
 
 To PREO'CCUPY, V. a. to pissess ; to occupy 'uy anticipa- 
 tioii or prejudice. 
 
 To PREO'MINATE, v. a. [from pra, before, and ominor, 
 to foretell, Lat.] to prognosticate ; to gather from omens any 
 future event. 
 
 PREOPl'NION, s, [from pro;, before and opinio, an 
 opinion, Lat.] opinijn antecedently formed ; |:-eposses- 
 sion. 
 
 To PREORDA'IN, v. a. to ordain or decree beforehand. 
 
 PREO'RDIXACE, *. antecedent decree ; first decree. Ob- 
 solete. 
 
 PREORDINA'TIOX, s. the act of preordaining. 
 
 PREPARA'TIOX, s. [from pro-, befor..', and paro, to make 
 ready, Lat.] the act oi making any thing fit for any purpose 
 beforehand. Measures taken beforehand. A ceremoni- 
 ous icLtroductiun. In medicine, any thing made by gradual 
 labour. 
 
 PREPA'RATIVE, s. that which fits bi foRii;nid, or is done 
 as means for something else. 
 
 PHEPA'1{ATIVE, tf. [pr/-paratif, Fr.] having the power of 
 q\iari'Ving or litti'iL'. 
 
 PRIOPA'KATIVELY, ad. previondy. 
 
 PKEPA'RATORY, a. [priparatoire, Fr.] necessary before. 
 Introductory to. 
 
 To PREPARE, !'. a. [from pra, before, and paro, to make 
 ready, Lat.] to fit, qualify, or make ready beforehand, for any 
 purpose. In medicine, to make by a regular process. Neu'er- 
 ly, to take prcviou;; measures ; to put things in order ; to 
 make one's self ready. 
 
 PREPE'NtSE, or PREPE'NSED, a. [from pra, before, and 
 pcndo, to consider, Lat.] in law, denotes forethought ; thus, 
 when a man is slain upon a sudden quarrel, if there was 
 malice prepense formerly between them, it makes it 
 nnuiler. 
 
 'I'o PREPOXDER, V. a. to outweigh. Obsolete. 
 
 PKEPO'XDKHAXCE, or PREPO'NDERAXCY, s. the 
 state of b.ingmore heavy, or of greater excellence, influence, 
 and importance. 
 
 To PREPO'NDERATE, -o. n. [from pra, above, and 
 pondus, weight, Lat.] to exceed in weight, influence, power, 
 or importance. Actively, to otitweigh ; to overpower by 
 weight. 
 
 PREPONDERA'TION, i. the act or state of exceeding in 
 vvL'ij^ht, power, or influence. 
 
 'i'o PREPO'SE, (prepdze) v. a. [proposer, Fr.] to [)ut be- 
 fore. 
 
 PREPOSI'TIOX, (prepozlshon) s. [froin pra, before, and 
 pono, to put, Lat.] in grammar, a particle governing a case, 
 such as, 6y, with, for, &c. 
 
 PREPO'SlTOIt, {prepozitor) s. [from pra, before, and 
 pono, to put, Lat.] a scholar appointed by the master to over- 
 f ick the rest. 
 
 To PRKPOSSE'SS, (prepozzess) v. a. to fill with an opinion 
 before examination ; to pnjudice. 
 
 PREPOS.SE'SSIOX, (prepozeshon) s. first possession. An 
 opinion conceived bef nv examination. 
 
 PREPOSTEROUS, a. [praposterus, Lat.] having that first 
 which should be last ; absurd, perverted, wrong. 
 
 PREPO'STEROUSLY, ad. in a wrong situation, absurdly. 
 
 PREPO'STEROUSNESS, t. absiirdity ; wrong order or 
 fnethod.
 
 TOO 
 
 PRES 
 
 PRES 
 
 PREPOTEKCV, s. [frompr*, above, and potentia, power, 
 
 Lat.] superior powir ; preilominance. 
 
 PRE'PUCE, s. [praputium, Lat.] the skin which corers the 
 glans. 
 
 To PREREQUIRE, r. a. to demand previously. 
 
 PRE-RE'QUISITE, a. somethini; previously necessary. 
 
 PRERO'GATIVE, s. [prerogatif, Fr.] an excKisive orpecn- 
 liar privilege. Prerogative Court, a court belonging to the 
 archbishop of Canterbury, wherein wills are proved, anil admi- 
 nistrations fjraiited that belong to the archbishop by his prero- 
 gative, and within his province. Synon. Prerogative, relates 
 to honour, and personal preference ; whereas privilege, im- 
 plies some advantage from interest or office, proceeding from 
 the grant of a prince, or the laws of a society. 
 
 PJRE'SAGE, s. [presage, Fr. praesagium, Lat.] a token by 
 which something future may be known. That state of the 
 mind in which it has a foreknowledge of something future. 
 
 To PRES.VGE, t>. a. [presager, Fr.] to forebode, or fore- 
 know ; sometimes used with of. To foretoken or show be- 
 fore. 
 
 PRESA'GEMENT, s. \praesagium, from prae, before, and 
 sagio, to perceive quickly, Lat.] forebodement, foretoken. 
 
 PRE'.SBURG, or POSEN, a free and royal city, capital of 
 Lower Hungary ; like Vienna, it has suburbs much larger, 
 and more magnificent, that itself. In this city the states of 
 Huneary have held their assemblies, since I7a3, and in the 
 cathedral the sovereign is crowned. The Lutherans form a 
 church here. Presburg is pleasantly seated at the foot of a 
 mountaui, on the D.^nibe, 32 miles E. 3. E. of Vienna. Here 
 peace between France and Au-tria was signed December the 
 2nh. IROo. Lat. +S. S. N. Ion. 17. 16. E. 
 
 PRE'SBYTEll, s. [Lat-] in the primitive Christian church, 
 was an elder, one of the second order of ecclesiastics ; the 
 other two being bishops and deacons. 
 
 PRESCYTK'RLVXS, s. a sect of Protestants, so called from 
 their nviintaining that the government of the church appointed 
 by the New Testament, was by presbyteries ; that is, by pres- 
 bVlers and ruling elders, associated for its government and disci- 
 pline. The Presbyterians afTirm, that there is no order in the 
 church, as established by Christ and his apostles, superior to 
 that of presbyters ; that all ministers being ambassadors, are 
 equal by their commission ; and the elder or preshyter, and 
 bishop, are the same in name and office ; for which they 
 allege. Acts xx. 28, &c. The only difference between them 
 and'tlie Church of England, relates to discipline and church 
 government. Their highest assembly is a sytiod, which may 
 be provincial, iiatiojiai, or oecumenical ; and they allow of 
 appeals from iiiferior to superior asseml)lies ; according to 
 Acts XV. 2, 6, 22, 23. The next assembly is composed of a 
 number of ministers and elders of a congregation, associated 
 fur governing the churches within certain bounds. This au- 
 thority thev found up in Acts xi. 30, and iv. 4, 6, &c. The 
 lowest of tiicir asstmhlies, or presbyteries, consists of the mi- 
 nisters and elders of a congregation, who have power to cite 
 before them any member, and to admonish, instruct, rebuke, 
 and su^pend him from the encharist. They have also a deacon, 
 whose office i< to take care of the poor. Their ordination is 
 by jiraver, fasting, and imposition of the hands of the presby- 
 tery. Thi3 is now the discipline of the Church of Scot- 
 land. 
 
 PRE'.SBYTERY, s. a body of elders, whether priests or lay- 
 men. The di ctrine of I'n sliyterians. 
 
 PRE'SCIEXCE, J. [prhcicnce, Fr.] the knowledge of tilings 
 or events before they happen. 
 
 PRESCIENT, a. [from prae, before, and scio, to know, 
 Lat.] prophaic ; knowing events; before they happen. 
 
 PRK'SCIOIJS, a. [from prae, before, and scio, to know, Lat.] 
 having foreknowledge, 
 
 To PRESCI'ND, 1). o. ffrom prae, before or off, and tcindo, 
 to cut, Lat.] to cut ofT; to abstract. 
 
 PRESCI'NUENT, a. [from prae, before or off, and tcindo, to 
 cut, Lat. abstracting. 
 PRE'aCOT, a pretty, large, but not populous, town of Lan- 
 
 cashire, 8 miles E. of Liverpool, and 195 N. N. W. of London. 
 Market on Tuesday. 
 
 To PRE.SCRl'BE, v. a. [from prae, over, above, with re- 
 spect to authority, and scribo, to write, Lat.] to set down au- 
 thoritatively ; to direct or command. To write a receipt for 
 a person that is sick. 
 
 PRE'SCRIPT, a. [from prae, over, above, with respect to 
 authority, and scribo, to write, Lat.J directed or laid down by 
 way of precept. 
 
 PRE'SCRIPT, *. [from prae, over, above, with respect to 
 authority, and scribo, to write, Lat.] a direction or motion laid 
 down. 
 
 PRESCRI'PTION, s. [from prae, over, above, with respect 
 to authority, and scribo, to write, Lat.] a receipt in medicine. 
 In law, it is a right or title acquired by use and time, intro- 
 duced for assuring the property of effects, in favour of persons 
 who have for a certain time had them in their possession. 
 In common law. Prescription is usually understood of a pos- 
 session from time immemorial, or beyond the memory of man ; 
 but in the civil law, and even in our common law, there are 
 prescriptions of a much shorter date. 
 
 PRE'SEANCE, s. [presiance, Fr.] priority of place in sit- 
 ting. 
 
 PRESENCE, (prizenee) s. [praesentia, from praesum, 
 to be present, Lat.] the act or state of beiug in the same place 
 with another, or in the view of a superior. Port, air, or 
 mien. Reailiness on any emergence. The person of a supe- 
 rior. 
 
 PRESENCE-CHAMBER, or PRE'SENCE-ROOM, *. the 
 room in which a great person receives company. 
 
 PIIESE'NSION, (presenshon) s. [from prae, before, and 
 sentio, to perceive, Lat.] perception beforehand. 
 
 PRE'SIONT, (prizcnt) a. [praesens, from pratsum, to be 
 present, Lat.] in the same place ; face to face ; at the same 
 time, or the time which is now. Ready on occasion. At- 
 tentive. Unforgotten. The present is used elliptically for 
 the present time, or the time now existing. At present now ; 
 or the present time, from a present, Fr. In grammar, it 
 is the first tense of a verb, expressing the present time, or 
 that something is now performing ; as, I write, or am writ- 
 ing. 
 
 i'llE'.SENT, (prezent) s. \jprisent, Fr.] a gift, or some- 
 thing i;iven wliicli a person could not claim. In the plural, 
 used tor a letter, certificate, or mandate. 
 
 To PRESENT, (prezent) v. a. [prcsetiter, Fr.] to place in 
 the pre.-ience of, or introduce to a superior. To oiler or exhi- 
 bit. To give in a ceremonious manner, used with to before 
 the person, or with before the thing. To prefer to an ecclesi- 
 astical benefice. To lay before a court of judicature as some- 
 thing deserving their notice. 
 
 PUESENTA'NEOUS, a. [praesetitanetts, from prat, above, 
 and sentio, to perceive, Lat.] quick ; ready ; immediate. 
 
 PRESENTA'TION, (prezentashon) s. presentation, Fr.] 
 the act of giving; the act of conferring a church living. A 
 benefice. 
 
 PKESENTE'E, (prezentee) s. [from prisenti, Fr.] one 
 ipresented to a benefice. 
 
 PRESE'NTER, s. one that presents. 
 
 PRESE'NTIAL, (prezSnshial) a- supposing actual pre- 
 sence. 
 
 PRESENTIA'LITY', (prezenshidlity) s. state of being pre- 
 sent. 
 
 To PRE.SE'NTIATE. (prezlnskiate) v. a. to make present 
 
 PRESENITFIC, (prezeiiti/ick) a. [from presens, present, 
 aiid/flC!o, to make, Lat.] making present. Obsolete. 
 
 PUESENTI'FICKLY, {prezentijickly) ad. in such a manner 
 as to make present. 
 
 PRESENTLY, (prizenthj) ad. without delay. Soon. 
 
 PRESENTMEN T, (prezintment) s. the act of presenting. 
 Any thing exhibited. In law, a declaration or report made by 
 the jurors or other officers, of an offence inquirable in the 
 court to which it is presented. 
 
 PRESERVA'TION, (preservathon) t. the net of keeping safe 
 from destruction, or hurt.
 
 PRES 
 
 PRKT 
 
 701 
 
 PRESE'RVATIVE, Cprezervathe) s.[pre.urvatif, Fr.] that 
 which has the power of keeping sale, or from destruction or 
 danger. 
 
 PRESE'RVE, (prez^rve) s. huh preserved whole in sugar. 
 
 To PRESE'RVE, (priierve) r. a. [praeservo, low Lat.] to 
 keep from danger, corruptinn', or destruction. 
 
 PRESKHIVER, (prczirver) s. one wiio preserves; one 
 who keeps from ruin or mischief. He who makes preserves 
 of fruit. 
 
 To PRE'SIDE, V. 71. [from prae, over, and sedeo, to sit, Lat.] 
 to he set, or have authority over — used with over. 
 
 PRF!/SIDENCY, s. li>rhideiice, Fr.] superintendence. 
 
 PRE'SIDENT, s- [from praesideo, to preside, Lat.] one 
 having authciritv or comnniiiii over others. 
 
 PRE'SIDENi'.SHIP, s. the state or condition of a person 
 who has authority over others. 
 
 PRESI'DlAL, «. [from praesidium, a garrison, I,at.] belong- 
 ing to a garrison. 
 
 To PRESS, t). a. [presser, Fr.] to .squeeze or crush hy 
 weight or force. To couslrain, or affect .strongly. To make 
 earnest. To force into military service, contracted from 
 impress. Neuterly, to act with force. To distress. To 
 go forwards towards an oljoct, notwithstanding ohstacles. To 
 urge witli vehemence or importunity. To crowd. To press 
 upon, to invade ; to push against. 
 
 PRESS, s- [pressoir, Fr.] an instrument made to squeeze 
 or press any thing very close. A crowd or throng. A 
 wooden case for clothes. A commission for forcing men 
 into military service. The printing press consists of two 
 principal parts, the body of the press, which serves to 
 give the pinch or stroke for the impression, and the carriage, 
 un which the f'>rm or set of types which have been com- 
 posed for printing is laid to undergo the same. The 
 rolling press, is a macliine used for taking off prints from 
 copper plates. There is a printing press of a new construction, 
 the invention of the late earl Stanhope. 
 
 PRE'SSBED, s. a bed so contrived as to be shut up in a 
 case. 
 
 PRE'SSGANG, s. a crew which forces men into naval 
 service. 
 
 PRE'SSINGLY, ad. in a violent manner. 
 
 PRE'S.SION, s. the act of some power, exerted with force 
 on another body. • 
 
 PRE'SSITANT, a. gravitating; heavy. Not in use. 
 
 PRE'SSMAN, !t. one who forces another into naval ser- 
 vice. One who makes the impression of print by the press ; 
 distinct from the compositor, who ranges the types. 
 
 PRE'3SM0NE;Y, s. money given to a soldier when he is 
 taken or forced into the service. 
 
 PRE'SSUKE, I. the act of squeezing or operating upon 
 by weight and force. The state of being pressed. Gravi- 
 tation, force, or weight acting upon any thing. Violence, 
 oppression, affliction, or distress. 
 " PREST, a. \prcst, or prit, Fr.J ready. Neat ; tight. 
 
 PREST, «. [prest, Fr.] a loan. 
 
 PRE'STEIGN, a town of Radnorshire, in S. Wales, seated 
 near the source of the Lug, in a rich valley. It is a large, 
 handsome, well-built town, with paved regular streets ; 
 and here the assizes are held, and the county gaol is kept. 
 The market is remarkable for barley, of which they make a 
 great deal of malt. It is 30 miles W. N. W. of Worcester, 
 and 149 W. N. W. of London. Lat. 52. 13. N. Ion. 2. 38. W. 
 
 PRESTIGATION, 3. a juggling; a deceiving. 
 
 PRE'STIGES, *. (from prastigiae, Lat.] impostures, jug- 
 gling tricks; illusions. 
 
 PRESTIGIOUS, a. deceitful, insidious, juggling. 
 
 PRE'STO, interj. [Ital.] quick ; at once. Used by jug- 
 glers. 
 
 PRE'STON, a large and handsome town of Lancashire, 
 pleasantly situated on an eminence near the river Ribble, 
 which is navigable here for small vessel.s, and communicat- 
 ing also with all the late inland navigations. It has a largie 
 market-place, the streets are open and well paved, and the 
 houses in general well built. Here is an extensive prison. 
 
 upon Howard's plan; and here arc held a court of chancery; 
 and the other offiecs of justice for the county palatine of 
 Lancaster. It is noted for the defeat of the adherents of the 
 Slnaits here, by the royal forces, in 1715. It is 21 miles S. 
 of Lancaster, and 217 N. N. W. of London. It is a corpo- 
 ration, and sends two members to parliament. The cotton 
 business is here carried on^ to a very considerable extent.— 
 Markets on Wednesday, F'riday, and Saturday. — Fairs on 
 March 27th, August 27th, and November 7th, and the first 
 Saturday after .Ian. eth. Every 20lh year, a guild or 
 jubilee is held here, which begins in the latter end of 
 August, and continues about a month. The last was held in 
 IB 02. 
 
 PRE STON PANS, a village near Edinburgh, in Scotland, 
 where general Cope was defeated by the rebels, in 1715. 
 Lnt. 55. 58. N. Ion. I. 53. W. 
 
 To PUESU'ME, (prez&me) v. a. [from prae, before, and 
 sumo, to take, Lat J to suppose, believe, or take for truth 
 before examination. To venture without olitaining leave. 
 To form confident and arrogant opinions. To make con- 
 fident or arrogant attempts. 
 
 PUESU'iMER, s. one that pre-upixises; an arrogant 
 person. 
 
 PUESU'JIPTION, {preziimshAn) s. [from prae, before, 
 and sumo, to take, Lat.] a supposition formed before ex- 
 amination. A strong, though not demonstrative argument, 
 a strong probability. Arrogance; urjreasonable confidence 
 or arrogance. 
 
 PRESU'MPTIVE, a. [prhomtif, Fr.] formed upon 
 previous suppo.sitions. Supposed ; as, the presumptive 
 heir, opposed to the heir apparent. Too confident or ar- 
 rogant. 
 
 PRESU'MPTUOUS, a. [prisomtueux, Fr] arrogant; 
 confident ; insolent. Irreverent with respect to divine 
 things. 
 
 PRESU'JIPTUOUSLY, ad. in an arrogant, confident, op 
 too daring m aimer. 
 
 PRESUPPO'SAL, {presuppizal) s. supposal previously 
 formed. 
 
 To PRESUPPOSE, (prhnppize) v. a. [prisupposer, Fr.] 
 to suppose before. 
 
 PRESUPPOSI'TION, (prestippozishon) s. [prhupposition, 
 Fr.] a supposition previously formed. 
 
 PRESURMl'SE, (presurmlze) s. a surmise previously 
 formed. 
 
 PRETE'NCE, i. [from pretendo, to pretend, Lat.] a false 
 argument grounded on vain postulates. The act of shewing 
 or alleging what is not real. Claim to notice. Claim true 
 or false. Something held out to terrify. 
 
 To PRETEND, V. a. [from prae, before, and tendo, to 
 stretch, Lat.j to hold out or stretch forward. " Lucagus, 
 to lash his horse, his left foot pretends." Dryd. To make 
 an appearance inconsistent with reality, merely to gain some 
 end. Neuterly, to put in a claim. To presume on ability ; 
 to profess presumptuously. 
 
 PRETE'NDER, s. one who lays claim to any thing. 
 
 PRETE'NDINGLY, ad. arrogantly ; presumptuously. 
 
 PRETE'NSION, (pretinshon)s. [horn pretendo, to pretend,- 
 Lat.] a claim. A fictitious show or appearance. 
 
 PRETER, a particle which is often prefixed to words 
 derived from the Latin praeter, and signifies beside. 
 
 PRETERI.MPE'RFECT a. in grammar denotes the 
 tense which signifies that a thing !.■* not perfectly past, as, 
 / was hearing. 
 
 PRETERIT, a. [from praeterren, to passs over, Lat.] 
 past. 
 
 PRETERI'TION, s. [from praeterreo, to pass over, Lat.l 
 the act of going past, or the state of being past. 
 
 PRE'TERITNESS, t. ihe state of being passed ; not pre- 
 sence ; not futurity. 
 
 PRETERLA'PSED, a- [from praeterlabor, to pass away, 
 Lat.l past and gone. 
 
 PRETERLE'GAL, a. not agreeable to law-
 
 702 
 
 PREV 
 
 PRIM 
 
 PRETERMI'SSrON, (pietermieliAn) s. [from praetermitto, 
 to pass by, Lat.] the act of omitting. 
 
 To PRETERMIT, v. a. [from praetermitto, LaL] to 
 pass by. 
 
 PRETERN.4'TURAL, a. not according to the common 
 course of nature; irregular. 
 
 PRETERNA'TDR.VLLY, ad. in a manner different from 
 the common order of nature. 
 
 PRETERNA'TUR.\LNESS, s. a manner different from 
 the order of nature. 
 
 PRETERPE'UFEC T, a. [pi-aeteritum, past, and perfectum, 
 perfect, Lat.] in grammar, an epithet given to the tense 
 which dtmtes somethjna; perfectly past ; sometimes formed 
 in the English by prefixing the auxiliary verb have, which 
 we borroweil from tlje S.ixfius. 
 
 PRETERPEUPERFECT, a. [from practeritum, ' past, 
 plusquam, more than, and perfeetum, perfect, Lat.] applied 
 to the tense which is used to .signify that a thing was past 
 before some other past time ; it is expressed in English by 
 tfie auxihary verb liad. 
 
 PRETEXT, «. [pruetextus, from praetego, to cover, Lat.] 
 a false appearance, or allegation ; pretence. 
 
 PRETIO'SITY, /^pi-eshidsity) s. [from praetium, price, 
 Lat.] preciousnes', high value. Not much used. 
 
 PRE'TOR, i. \praeior, Lat. priteur, Fr.] a Roman judge, 
 used at present fir a mayor. 
 
 PRETO'RIAN, a- [from praetor, a Roman magistrate, Lat.] 
 belonging to the pretor; judicial. 
 
 PRE'TTILY, ad. in such a manner as to raise an idea of 
 skill and neatness ; neatly ; elegandv. 
 
 PRE'TTINESS, i. the quality of"exciting an idea of neat- 
 ness and symmetry, but not of perfect beauty. 
 
 PRE'TTV, a. ['prf«o, Ita!.] neat; elegant; pleasing with- 
 out surprise. Beautiful without grandeur. Not very small, 
 nor great. 
 
 PRE'TTY, ad. in some degree. 
 
 To PREVA'IL, V. n. [from prae, over, and valeo, to pro- 
 Tail, Lat.] to conquer any resistance ; to have su|)eriot power 
 or influence, used with on, upon, orer, or against. To 
 persuade or induce by entreaty, followed by with. 
 
 PREVAI'LING, a. predominant; having great power; 
 prevalent ; efficacious. 
 
 PRE'VALENCE, or PRE'VALENCY, j. [prevalence, Fr.] 
 superiority of influence or power. 
 
 PRE'VALENF, a. [from prae, over, and valeo, to prevail, 
 Lat.] victorious ; gaining superiority ; powerful. 
 
 PRE'V'ALENTLY, ad. powe'rfully; forcibly. "The 
 ev'ning star — more prevalently bright." Prior. 
 
 To PREVA'RICATE, v.' a. [praevaricor, Lat. privari- 
 quer, Fr.] to quibble, cavil, or shuffle. 
 
 PREVARICA'TIOM, *. [from praevaricor, to prevaricate, 
 Lat.] the act of shuffling; quibbling, or cavillii g. 
 
 PREVARICA'TOR, s. [from praevaricor, to prevaricate, 
 Lat.] a caviller ; a shuffler. 
 
 To PREVE'XE, v. a. [from prae, before, and venio, to 
 come, Lat.] to hinder. 
 
 PREV^ENIENT, a. [praeveniens, from prae, before, and 
 venio, to cone, Lat.] preceding. Preventive. 
 
 To PREVE'NT, v- a. [from prae, before, and -cenio, to 
 come, Lat ] t) go before as a guide. To anticipate. To 
 preoccupy. To hinder, obviate, or obstruct. Nenterly, 
 to come bi'fore the usual time. 
 
 PREVE'KTER, s. one that hinders; one that goes 
 before. 
 
 PREVE'NTION, (previnsh'On) s. [prevention, Fr.] the act 
 of goine before, hindering, antlci()ating, or prepossessing. 
 
 PREVF.'XTK)NAL, o. tending to preventimi. 
 
 PREVE'NTIVE, a. [from prevent] tending to hinder. 
 Preservative; hindering ill, with of before the thing pre- 
 venle<l. 
 
 PREVE'NTIVE, s. a preservative; that which prevents; 
 an aiuidoti- previously taken. 
 
 PREVIOUS, a. [from prae, before, and via, a way, Lat.] 
 going before ; prior. 
 
 PRE'VIOUSLY, ad. beforehand ; antecedently. 
 PRE'VIOUSNESS, s. antecedence. 
 
 PREY, s. [praeda, Lat.] something seized by violence; 
 something to be devoured ; plunder. 
 
 To PREY, V. n. [praedor, Lat.] to feed by violence. To 
 plunder ; to rob. To corrode ; to waste. 
 
 PRE'YER, «■ a robber ; deyourer; plunderer. 
 
 PRI'APIS.M, s- [priapismus, Lat.] a preternatural tension." 
 
 PRICE, s. [prix, Fr.J equivalent given foi any thing' 
 Value. Reward. 
 
 To PRICE, V. a. to pay for ; to ask the value or price. 
 
 To PRICK, V. a. \prician, Sax.] to pierce with any thing 
 that has a sharp point. To nominate or name to any office 
 by making a hole in paper. To spur, goad, or impel. To 
 pain or pi"rce with remorse. I'o make acid, applied to 
 liquors. To mark a tune- Neuterly, to dress one's self for 
 show. To come upon the spur. 
 
 PRICK, s. [pricca. Sax.] a sharp pointed instrument. 
 A puncture or hole made with a sharp pointed instrument. 
 A renjorse of conscience; an uneasiness of the miud, occa- 
 sioned by consciousness of guilt. A spot or mark for shoot- 
 ing. The print of a hare on the ground. 
 
 PRI'CKER, i. a sharp poiirted instrument; a light horse- 
 man. Not in use in the last sense. 
 
 PRI C'KET, s. a buck in his second year. 
 
 PRI'CKLE, s. a small sharp point, like the thorn of a 
 brier. 
 
 PRrCKr,ENEP, s. in botany, an umbelliferous plant. 
 — The marine pricklenep, or sea-parsnep, is the British 
 species. 
 
 PRI'CKLINESS, s. fulness of sharp points. 
 
 PRI'CKI.Y, a. full of sharp points. 
 
 PRl'CKLYCAP, s. in botany, a kind of fungus, with awl- 
 shaped fibres on the under-surface like a hedge-hog. The 
 conmion pricklycap is found in woods, and is known by 
 having a convex, tiled, pale, flesh-coloured hat, standing 
 on a smooth pillar, and white prickles ; the five-stringed 
 pricklycap is found on dry ivy leaves, and is known by 
 having five fdjres extending from the pillar to the edge of 
 the hat. Tile former species is eaten in Italy, and is said to 
 be of a very delicate taste. 
 
 PIU'CKHIADAM, s. ia botany, the yellow stonecrop. 
 
 PRTCKPUXCH, s. a piece of' tempered steel, with 
 a round point at one end, used to make a round mark in cold 
 iron. 
 
 PRI'CKVVOOD, s. the dogberry tree, or female cornel. 
 
 PRIDE, i. [prid, or pri/d, Sax.] too high an opinion of 
 one's self, abilities, or pmlessiuns. Insolence. Lofthiess of 
 air. Ornament; splendour or show. 
 
 To PlilDE, ;;. n. to esteem too highly, used with the re- 
 ciprocal pronoun, and followed by in. 
 
 PRl'ER, s. [see Puv] one who looks too curiously or 
 narrowly into tilings. 
 
 PRIE.Sr, (the ie in this word and its following compounds 
 is pron. like ee ; as, preest, precsthj, tkc.) s. [preost. Sax.] one 
 that is trusted with the care of suids, and is in dignity above 
 a deacon. 
 
 PRIE STCRAFT, s. pious frauds, or frauds practised by 
 priests to keep the laity in subjection, and enrich them- 
 selves, 
 
 PRIE'STESS, s. a woman who officiated in the heathen 
 tem[iles. 
 
 PRIE'STHOOD, s. the office or dignity of a priest; the 
 class of nun set apirt for holy offices. 
 
 PRIE'STLINESS, s. the appearance or manner of a 
 pjiest. 
 
 PRIESTLY, a- belonging to or becoming a priest. 
 
 PRIES I'KIDUEN, a. made a tool of by priests. 
 
 ToPKIEVE, used by Upenser (or prove. 
 
 PRU;, s. a conceited, saucy, pert, pragmatical person, or 
 little fellow. 
 
 PRII.L, s. a birt or turbot. 
 
 I'RIAI, a. [contracted from primitive] precise; formal; 
 affectedly nice
 
 P II 1 M 
 
 To PUIM, t). a. to ilicli up precisely ; to form to an alT'ected 
 nicely. 
 
 PliriMACV, s. [j)i-i:nutus, from primus, first, Lat.] the 
 liiglu'St post ill tile ciiiircli. 
 
 PKIAIACjE, s- a small duty in the harhniir, or at the 
 water siili', to the n:iastor ami iiiaiiiiers of a .iliip, for the use 
 of ropes, &c. and to the iiiuriners for loadinjj and unloading a 
 vessel. 
 
 PKI'MAUILV, (id. originally ; in the first intention. In 
 the first place. 
 
 PRl'MAKINESS, s. thj state of bein^ first in act or i nten- 
 tion. 
 
 PRI'MAHY, a. [prinuirius, from primus, first, Lat.] I'lrst ; 
 original ; chief; principal. 
 
 PIH'MATE, [from primus, first, Lat.J the highest among 
 the clergy. 
 
 PRPAI ATESniP, s. the dignity or office of a primate. 
 
 PlUiME, *. [Uom primus, first, Lat.] the first part of the 
 day. The first or hist part. Youth, applied to human life. 
 The first height of perfeclion. The first canonical liniir. The 
 first part of any state. In fencing, the attitude immediately 
 after first drawing the sword. In chronology, the golden 
 number. 
 
 PRIME, a. [primus, Lat.] early, blooming. Principal ; 
 chi.;f; first; excellent; best. 
 
 To PRIME, V. a. to put in the first powder, or to put 
 powder in the pan of a gun. In painting, to lay the first 
 colours, from primer, Fr. to begin. 
 
 PJtl'MELY, ad. originally ; primarily ; in the first place ; 
 excellently ; supremely well. 
 
 PRI'MENES.S, s. the state of being first. E.xcellence. 
 
 PRIMER, s. [from primus, first, Lat.] a small prayer-book, 
 containing the alfihabet, catechism, &c. in which children are 
 first taught to read. 
 
 PRIME'RO, s. [Span.] a game at cards. 
 
 PRIMli'VAL, or PRIME'VOUS, a. [from primus, first, and 
 avum, an age, Lat.] original ; such as was at first. 
 
 PRIJII'TIAL, ( priin'isliial) a. [primitiae, from primus, 
 first, Lat-] being of the first production. 
 
 PHIMI'TIVE, a. [primitivus, from primus, first, Lat.] an- 
 cient ; original ; established from the beginning ; also, formal ; 
 aff(;ctedly solemn. In grammar, it is a root or original word 
 in a language, in contradistinction to a derivative ; thus, 
 God is d primative, ffodty derivative, and godlike a com- 
 pound. 
 
 PRI'MITIVELY, ad. originally ; at first. Primarily ; not 
 derivativelv. According to the original rule. 
 
 PRI'M1T1VENES.S, *. the state ot beii-g original ; anti- 
 quity ; conformity to autiqnity. 
 
 PKl'AINESS, affected nieeness, or formality. 
 
 PRI'JI0GEN1.\L, a. [from primus, first, and yigno, to 
 beget, Lat.] first-born ; original ; constituent ; primary ; ele- 
 mental. 
 
 PRIJIOGE'NITURE, s. [primogeniture, Fr.] the state of 
 being first-iiorn ; seniority, eldership. 
 
 PRIMO'RDIAL, 0. [Fr. from primordium, a beginning, 
 Lat.] original ; exisiting from the beginning. 
 
 PRIMO'RDIAL, 4. first principle ; origin. 
 
 PRIMO'RDIAN, s. a kind of plum. 
 
 PRIMO'RDIATE, a. [from primordium, a beginning, Lat.] 
 original ; existing from the beginning. 
 
 PRI'MROSE, [from primula vcris, the first fruits of the 
 spring, I^at.] a plant so called from its blowing early in the 
 year. There are four speciis ; viz, the common, cowslip, ox- 
 lip, and meally primrose. The first species is found in woods 
 and hedges, the second and third in pastures, and the last in 
 marshes and hogs, and uj.oii mountains in the north. The peer- 
 less primrose is the pale dafTodil. Used adjectively by Shak- 
 speare, for gay or flowei y. 
 
 PRl'MUM MOBILE, s. [Lat. the first mover] an 
 immense sphere, which, in the Ptolemaic system, was 
 snpposed to turn round the earth, as a centre, every 
 twenty-four hours, and to carry with it the sun, moon, and 
 planets. 
 
 PRIN 
 
 703 
 
 PRINCE, s. [prince, Fr. princcps, Lat.] in polity, is a per- 
 son invested wiih the supreme command of a state, indepen- 
 dent of any superior. It also denotes a person, who is sove- 
 reign ill his own territories, yet holds of some other as his su- 
 perior ; such are the princes of Germany. It also denotes the 
 issue of princes, or those of the royal family. In France, they 
 were called the princes of the blood. In'England, the kings 
 children are called sons and daughters of England ; tile 
 eliiest son is bom duke of Cornwall, and created nriiicc of 
 Wales. ' 
 
 I'KI'NCEDOM, s. the rank, estate, or power of a prince ; 
 sovereignty. 
 
 PRI'NCELINESS, s. the state, manner, or dignitv, ofa 
 prince. 
 
 PRI'NCELY, a. having the appearance of a person of high 
 birth ; of the rank of a prince. Becoming a prince ; grand ; 
 august. 
 
 PRINCE WILLIAM'S SOUND, situated on the N. W. 
 coast of America, and so called by captain Cook in 177B. The 
 men, women, and children, dress alike. Lat. 59. 3,1. N. Ion. 
 147. 0. W. 
 
 PRINCE'S FEATHER, s. the herb amaranth. 
 
 PRINCE'S METAL, *. in metallurgy, a mixed metal, 
 compounded of copper, anil a larger proportion of zinc 
 than enters into the composition either of pinchbeck or 
 brass. 
 
 PRI'NCESS, s. [princesse, Fr.] a lady having a sovereign 
 command. A king's daughter. TJie wife ofa prince. 
 
 PRl'NCIPAL, a. [Fr. from prince/w, principal, Lat.] chief; 
 of the first rate ; essential. 
 
 PRl'NCIPAL, s. a head ; chief ; one originally engaged, 
 opposed to auxiharies. A sum placed out at interest. A pre- 
 sident or governor. 
 
 PRINCIPA'LITV, s. [prineipaliti, Fr.] supreme power. 
 A prince. The country which gives title to a prince ; as, " the 
 principality of Wales." Figuratively, superiority or pre-emi- 
 nence. In the plural, among divines, one of the orders of 
 angels. 
 
 PRI'NCIPALLY, ad. above all others ; chiefly, 
 
 PRINCIPATO, a province of the kingdom of Naples, 
 divided into two parts, the Principato Ulteriore, and the 
 Principato Citeriore, that is, the Hither and Further Prin- 
 cipato. The Hither Principato is about tiO miles in length, 
 and 30 in breadth ; the soil is fertile in wine, corn, oil, and 
 saflVon ; and they have a great deal of silk, and several mine- 
 ral springs. The capital is Salerno. The Furthtr Princi- 
 pato is about 37 miles in length, and 30 in breadth. The 
 -Appenine mountains render the air cold, and the soil is not 
 very fertile, either in corn or wine, but it p}oduces 
 chesnuts and pastures in great plenty. Benevento is the capi- 
 tal. 
 
 PRINCIPIA'TION, s. [from principium, a beginning, 
 Lat.] analysis into constituent or elementary parts. Not 
 used. 
 
 PRl'NCIPLE, i. [from 7;r!Hci;)!«»i, a beyiniiing, Lat.] the 
 cause, source, or origin. That wliiih denotes a thing to be 
 what it is. In physics, that which contributes to the essence 
 of the body. In chymistry, the first and simplest parts 
 whereof natural bodies are compounded, and into which 
 they are resolveif by fire. A lundainental truth from 
 which others are deduced. The ground or motive 
 of action. A tenet or position on which morality is 
 founded. 
 
 To PRINCIPLE, V. a. to establish, fix, or inculcate any 
 tenet or opinion, as a standard in a person's iniiid. 
 
 To PRINK, V. n. \pronkcn, Bclg.J to prank or deck in a 
 gaudy manner. 
 
 To PRINT, V. a. [written prent, in the North, from prenta, 
 Ish] to make a mark by pressing one thing on another. To im- 
 press so as to leave its form. To take off any sentence, letter, 
 or the works of an author, from types in a press. 
 
 PRINT, i. a mark or form made by pressure. Pictures 
 taken by impression from wood or copper. The state of being 
 published by the printer. A formal method or manner.
 
 704 
 
 PRI V 
 
 PRI'NTER s. a person who composes, or takes impressions 
 from types, or from engraved plates, by means of a press aud 
 ink. One that takes off impressions from plates or wood on 
 linen. 
 
 PRI'NTING, s. the art of taking impressions from cha- 
 racters or figures moveable or immoveable, on paper, linen, 
 silk, &c. There are three kinds of printing ; the one 
 from moveable letters for books ; the other from copper, 
 plates for pictures ; and the last from blocks, in which the 
 representation of birds, flowers, &c. are cut for calicoes, 
 linens, &c. the 1st, called letter-press-printing ; the and, 
 rolling-press-printing ; and the last calico-printing. See 
 Stereotype. 
 
 PRI'NTLESS, a. leaving no mark or impression. 
 
 PRI'OR, a. [Lat.] before something in time or order. 
 
 PRI'OR, * [pritur, Fr.] the head of a convent, next in dig- 
 nity to an abbot. 
 
 PRl'ORESS, f. a lady who is the superior of a convent of 
 nuns. 
 
 PRIO'RITY, s. the state of being first in time or place. 
 
 PRI'ORSHIP, s. the state or dignity of a prior 
 
 PRI'ORY, *. a convent next in dignity to an abbey. 
 
 PRI'SAGE, (prizage) s. {■prise, Fr.j a custom, now called 
 butlerage, whereby the king challenges two tons of wine at 
 his own price out of every bark loaded with less than forty 
 tons of the commodity. Also, that share which belongs to 
 the khig, or admiral, out of prizes taken at sea from an 
 enemy. 
 
 PRISM, (prizm) s. [from prisma, something cut off, Gr.] 
 a glass bounded with two equal and parallel triangular ends, 
 and three plain and WLll-polished sides, which meet in three 
 parallel lines, running from the three angles of one end to the 
 three angles of the other end ; used in experiments oil light and 
 colors. 
 
 PRISMA'TIC, (prizmalik) a. \prismatique, Fr.] formed 
 like a prism. 
 
 PRISMA'TICALLY, ad. in the form of a prism. 
 
 PRI'SMOID, (prhmoid) s. [from prisma, a prism, and 
 cidos, form, Gr.] a body approaching to the form of a prism. 
 
 PRI'SON, (prhon) s. [prison, Fr.] a prison in which male- 
 factors and debtors are confined. 
 
 To PRrS(-)X, (prizon) v. a- to confine ; to captivate. 
 
 PRl'SO.N'ER, (prhuer) t. a person confined in a gaol. 
 One taken by an ejicmy. One under arrest. 
 
 PRI'SOX HOUSE, s. a gaol ; a hold in which one is con- 
 fined. 
 
 PRI'STINE, o. [pristiims, (vom prias, (ormev, Lat.] first ; 
 original ; ancient.' 
 
 PRI'THEE, familiar corruption of pray thee, or / pray 
 thee. 
 
 PRI'V'ACV, i. the state of being secret, concealed, or bid. 
 A retirement. Joint knowledge ; great familiarity ; but in 
 this sense improperly used. 
 
 PRIVA'DO, s. [Span.l a secret friend. 
 
 PRI'VATE, n. [privaius, Lat.] secret. Without company ; 
 alone. In no public station. Particular, opposed to public. 
 In private implies secretly. 
 
 PRI'VATE, s. secret message. A common soldier. 
 
 PRI VATE'ERj 5. a ship fitted out by private persons against 
 an enemy. 
 
 To PRIVATE'ER, v. a. to fit out ships against enemies at 
 the charge of private persons. 
 
 PRI'VATELV, ad. secretly ; not openly. 
 
 PRI'VATENESS, *. the quality o' being retired, or secret. 
 
 PRIVA'TION, s. [from privo, to deprive, Lat.] the re- 
 moval or destruction of any thing or quality ; as ilark- 
 ness is a privation of light. The act of degrading from an 
 office. 
 
 PRIH'ATIVE, a. [privatif, Fr. from prioo, to deprive, 
 Lat.] depriving or robbing a thing of that which belongs to 
 it. Consisting in the absence of something ; opposed to |)osi- 
 tive, 
 
 PR OC 
 
 PRIVATIVE, s. that which is the absence of somethuig ; as, 
 darkness is only the absence of light ; in which example dark- 
 nesi. >\\\i\ light are privatives. 
 
 PRI'VA TIVELY, ad. negatively. 
 
 PRI'V.'VTIVENESS, s. notatioji of absence of something 
 that should be present. 
 
 PRI'VET, s. a shrub having white blossoms and black ber- 
 ries, common in garden hedges. It flowers in May and 
 June. 
 
 PRI'VILEGE, s. [Fr. privilegium, from privus, private, 
 and lex, a law, Lat.] a peculiar advantage, immunity or 
 right. 
 
 To PRIVILEGE, ■/>, a. to invest with peculiar rights ot im- 
 munities. To exempt from taxes, &c. 
 
 PRl'VILY, ad. in a secret manner. 
 
 PRIVITY, «. [privauti, Fr.] a private communication. 
 Consciousness. In the plural, the secret parts. 
 
 PRIVY, a. [privi, Fr.] private ; assigned to secret uses. 
 Clandestine ; secret. Conscious to any thiiig. 
 
 PIU'VY, s. a place of retirement. A necessary house. 
 
 PRIZE, i. [priz, Fr.] a reward gained by conquest or any 
 performance. Plunder, from prise, Fr. 
 
 To PRIZE, V. a. \priser, Fr.] to rate, value, or esteem. 
 
 PRIZEFIGHTER, (prizefUer) s. one that fights publicly 
 for money or a reward. 
 
 PRI'ZER, s. [}>riseur, Fr.] he that prizes. 
 
 PRO, [Lat.] for; in defence. Pro and con, for and 
 against. 
 
 PROBABI'LITY, s. [from probo, to prove, Lat.] iiktli- 
 hood ; the apperance of truth ; evidence arising from the pre- 
 ponderatiou of argument ; demonstration next to moral cer- 
 tainty. 
 
 PRO'BABLE, ^. [Fr. probabilis, from probo, to prove, 
 Lat.] likely ; having better arguments brought for than against 
 it, but not certain or demonstrative. 
 
 PRO'BABLY, ad. likely ; in likelihood. 
 
 PRO'BAT, s. [Lat.] the proof of wills in the spiritual court. 
 
 PROB.VTION', s. [Fr. from probo, to prove, Lat.] proof ; 
 Evidence. A state of trial or examination. A year of noviciate 
 before being admitted to a monastic life. 
 
 PROBA'TIONARY, a. serving for trial. 
 
 PROBA'TIONER, s. one in a state of trial. A novice. 
 
 PROBA'TORY, a. [from probo, to prove, Lat.] serving for 
 trial. 
 
 PROBA'TUM EST, a Latin expression added to the end of 
 a receipt, signifying it is tried, or proved. 
 
 PR()BE, t. Ifrom 2'roJo, to prove, Lat.] a slender instru- 
 ment or wire used in searching the depth of wounds. 
 
 To PROBE, V. a. [from probo, to prove, Lat.] to try ot 
 search a wound by an instrument. 
 
 PRO'BE-SCISSARS, s. scissars which have a button at 
 the end of one of their shanks, which is thrust into a 
 wound. 
 
 PRO'BITY, J. [probiti, Fr. probitas, from probo, to ap- 
 prove, Lat.] approved honesty, sincerity, or veracity. 
 
 PRO'BLKM, i. [from proballo, to propose, Gr.] a question 
 proposed. 
 
 PROBLEMA'TICAL, a. [p;oW^maii?u«, Fr.] uncertain dis- 
 putable ; unsettled. 
 
 PROBO SCIS, s. [Lat.] the trunk or snout of an elephant ; 
 also applied to that part of any other animal which resembles 
 it. 
 
 PROCA'CIOUS, (paocishious) a. [procax, Lat.] petulant; 
 loose ; insolent ; saucy ; malapert. 
 
 PROCA'CMTY, J. petulance ; sauciness ; insolence. 
 
 PKOCATA'RCTIC, a. [from prokatarcho,\.o\^K-e\\si,Gv.] 
 forerunning ; remotely niiteccdent. 
 
 PROCAI'A'RXIS, s. [from prokat&rcho, to pre-exist. Or.] 
 the pre-existeut case of a disease, which co-operates with 
 others that are subequent, whether internal or external ; as 
 anger or heat of climate, which bring such an ill disposi- 
 tion of the juices, us occasions a fever ; the ill disposition
 
 PRO 
 
 l-RO 
 
 being the ►mmediate cause, and the bad air tlie procatarclie 
 cause. Qmncii. 
 
 FROCE'DURE, s. [procedure, Fr.J a manner of acting or 
 conduct. Process or 'bperation. 
 
 To PROCEET), V. n. [ proeedu, from pro, before a place, 
 mid cedo, to go, Lat.J to pass from one thing or place to an- 
 other. To go or march in state. To issue,' arise, or come 
 from. To be transacted. To advance, or make a progress. 
 To take eftect. To be propagated. To be produced by an 
 original cause. 
 
 PROCEE'D, t. produce or profit. Used in law and 
 commerce, but not to be imitated. 
 
 PROOEE'DER, s. one wlio goes forward ; one that makes 
 a progress. 
 
 PROCEE'DING, s. [proeedi, Fr.] progress from one thing 
 CT action to another ; procedure. 
 
 PROCE'LLOUS, a. [from pjocella, a storm, Lut.] stormy ; 
 tempestuous. 
 
 PROCE'RITY, s. [from prooerus, tall, Lat.] tallness ; 
 height of stature. 
 
 PRO'CESS, s. [from procedo, to proceed, Lat.J tendency, 
 or progressive course. Gradual progress. Course. Me- 
 thodical and gradual series. Course of law 
 
 PROCESSION, (procM/ion) *. [from proeedu, to proceed, 
 Lat.] a train marching in a ceremonious solemnity. A ca- 
 valcade. 
 
 To PROCE'SSION, {procishon) V. n. to march in proces- 
 sion or form. A low expression. 
 
 PROCE'SSIONAL, (procishSnal) a. rela-ting to proces- 
 sion. 
 
 PROCE'SSIONARY, a. consisting in procession. 
 
 PRO'CHRONISM, {prbkrenism) s. [from pro, before, and 
 chronos, time, Gr.j an error in chronology ; a dating a thing 
 before it happened. 
 
 PRO'CIDENCE, s. [from procido, to fall down, Lat.] fall 
 ing down ; dependence below its natural place. 
 
 PRO'CINCT, s. [from procingo, to prepare, Lat.] coa- 
 plete preparation ; preparation broug lit to the point of actioh. 
 
 To PROCLAIM, t'. rt. I ;))'oc/a»io, Lat. proclumcr, Fr.j to 
 denounce or publish in a solemn or legal manner. T tell 
 openlv. To out-law. 
 
 PR"OCLA'IMER, i. one that publishes by authority. 
 
 PROCLAMATION, s. [from pro, before, and clamo, to 
 call, Lat.] publication by authority ; a declaration |of the 
 King's will openlv published among the people. 
 
 PROCLIVITY, s. [from proclhis, downhill, Lat.] ten- 
 dency ; natural inclination or bias. Readiness ; proneness ; 
 propensity. 
 
 PIIOCLITOUS, a. [from proclivis, [downhill, Lat.] in- 
 clined ; tending by nature. 
 
 PROCONSUL, s. [Lat.] a Roman 'officer, who governed 
 a province with consular authority. 
 
 PROCONSULSHIP, s. the otfice of a proconsul. 
 
 To PROCRASTINATE, ti. a. [procrastmor, from er(U_, 
 to-morrow, Lat.] to defer or put ofl' from day to day. Neu- 
 terlv, to be dilatory. 
 
 PROCRASTINATION, s. [procrastinor, from eras, to 
 morrow, Lat.] the act of delaying from time to time ; dila- 
 toriness. 
 
 PROCRASTINATOR, s. one that puts off from day to 
 <lay. 
 
 PRO'CREANT, «. [procreo, from creo, to create, Lat.] pro- 
 ductive ; propagating ; pregnant. 
 
 To PROCREATE, v. a. [procreo, from creo, to create, 
 Lat.] to generate or produce. 
 
 PROCREATION, «. [;:(rocreo, from creo, to create, Lat.J 
 the act of generating or begetting. 
 
 PRO'CREATIVE, a. generative or productive, 
 
 PROCR EATOR. s. a generator or begetter. 
 
 PRO CTOR, s. [contracted from procurator, Lat.] a ma- 
 nager of another's affairs. An attorney in a spiritual court. 
 A magistrate of an university, whose business is tw see good 
 order and exercises daily performed among the students. 
 
 PROCTORSHIP, .•. the office of a proctor. 
 
 4X 
 
 ' PROCUMBENT, o. [from procumbo, to lift down, Ldt 
 lying down ; prone. 
 
 PROCURABLE, a. acquirable ; obtainable. 
 
 PROCURACY, J. the management of any thing. 
 
 PROCURATION, i. the act of getting or procuring. 
 Also an act or instrument by which a person is empowered 
 to treat, transact, receive, &c. in another person's name. 
 
 PROCURATOR, s. [Lat.J a manager, or one that trans- 
 acts business for another. 
 
 PROCURATORIAL, a. made by a proctor. 
 
 PROCU'RATORY, a. tending to procuration. 
 
 To PROCURE, V. a. [procmo, from pro, for, ami euro, to 
 take care, Lat. | to transact for another. To obtain, or ac- 
 quire. To contrive, or obtain by contrivance. To prevail 
 on Jor persuade. To contrive, or forward. Neuterly, to 
 act as a bawd or pimp. 
 
 PROCUREMENT, i. the act of procuring. 
 
 PROCURER, s. one that gains; an obtainer. A pimp. 
 
 PROCURESS, .». a bawd. 
 
 PRODIGAL, a. [jn-odigjii, from prodigo, to lavish, Lat.J 
 profeise, lavish, wasteful. 
 
 PRODIGAL, s. a waster ; a spendthrift. 
 
 PRODIGA'LITY, s. [prodigaliii, Fr.J the act of spend- 
 ing to excess ; extravagance. 
 
 PRODIGALLY, ad. profusely ; wastefully ; extrava- 
 gantly. 
 
 PRODIGIOUS, a. [from prodiginm,^ wonder, Lat.] some- 
 thing which causes wonder and astonishment. Enormous ; 
 monstrous; uncommonly great. 
 
 PRODI'GIOUSLY, ad. in such a manner as to amaze. 
 
 PRODI'GIOUSNESS, s. quality that excites admiration 
 uod wonder. 
 
 PRO'DIGY, s.[ prodige, Fr. prodiginm, Lat.] any thing 
 out of the common course of nature. Any thing which as- 
 tonishes byits greatness or novelty. 
 
 PRODITION, s. [from prvdo, to betray, Lat.*] treason ; 
 ,ref.clierv. 
 
 PRODITO'RIOUS, o. [from prodo, to betray, Lat.] traito- 
 rous ; treacherous ; perfidious. Apt to make discoveries. 
 
 To PRODUCE, V. a. [from pro, before a place, and ducn, 
 to lead, LalJ to offer to view or notice. To bring as an 
 evidence. To bear or bring forth, applied to vegetables. 
 To cause or generate. In mathematics, to prolong or length- 
 en a line. 
 
 PRODUCE, s. that which any thing- yields. Amount, 
 profit, or gain. 
 
 PRODU'CER, s. one that generates or produces. 
 
 PRODUCIBLE, a. such as may be exhibited. Such as 
 may be generated or made. 
 
 PRO'DUCT, s. [\xomproduco, to produce, Lat.] something 
 yielded by lands, vegetarbles, or money; a work or compo- 
 sition ; an effect. 
 
 PRODU'CTILE, a. which may be produced. 
 
 PRODUCTION, t. [Fr.J the act of producing. Th>,- 
 thing produced ; the fruit or product. A composition. 
 
 PRODUCTIVE, a. having the power to effect or pro- 
 duce ; fertile, generative, efficient. 
 
 PRO'EM, s. [from pro, before, and oijnc.'a song, Gr.J a 
 preface, introduction, or prelude. 
 
 PROFANATION, a. [Fr. iiomprofam, to profane, Lat.' 
 the act of applying any thing sacred to common use. Ir- 
 reverence 10 holy persons or things. 
 
 PROFA'NE, a. [profane, Fr. profanus, Lat.J irreverent ti. 
 sacred persons or things; not sacred; secular. Polluted. 
 Not purified by holy rites. 
 
 To PROFA'NE, v. a. [profano, from profamu, profane, Lat. 
 profanor, Fr.J to apply any thing sacred to common use. To be 
 irreverent to sacred persons or things. 
 
 PROFATSELY, ad. with irreverence to sacred persons or 
 things. 
 
 PROFA'NENESS, s. want of due reverence to things or 
 persons sacred. 
 
 PROFA'NER, s. a polluter ; a violater. 
 
 To PROFESS, V. a. [professer, Fr. from pro, beiore, an.i 
 
 70a
 
 f>RO 
 
 PRO 
 
 /e^foc, to confess, Lat.] to declare one's self in tlie strongest 
 terms ; to be of any opinion or religion ; to lay claim to, or 
 dt'clare one's siuU in, uny art or science. Neuterly, to de- 
 clare openly. To declare friendship. This last sense fs 
 
 not in use. , , . 
 
 PROFE'SSEDLY, r.d. according to open declaration 
 
 nrade bv himself. ,, x »• ^ . r^ -, 
 
 PROFE'SSION, (profeshin) s. "] profession, i r.J a calling 
 or employment. A declaration. The act of declaring one's 
 self of anv party or opinion. . , „• 
 
 PROFii'SSIONAL, a. relating to a particular calling or 
 profession. 
 
 PROFESSOR, i. {prefefstnr, Fr.] one \vho openly de- 
 dares himself of any opinion or party. One who publicly 
 practises or teaches an art. One who is visibly religions. 
 
 PROl E'SSORSHIP, s. the station or ofrice of a public 
 
 teacher. 
 
 To PROTFER, v. o, [from fro, before, and fcro, to brinj^, 
 Lat.] to propose or ofier. To attempt of one's own accord. 
 
 PrOTFER, i. an ot^'er made. An essay or attempt. 
 
 PROFFER ER, s. he that ofiers. 
 
 PROFE'CTION, i. [fiom pro/cio, to profit or proceed, 
 Lat.l progression ; advance. 
 
 PROFI'CIENCE, (projishience,) PROFFCIENCY, (pro- 
 fisJdency)s. [from proficio,lo profit or proceed, Lat.] profit. 
 Improveuient or advancement in any thing. 
 
 PROFi'CIENT, (^i'fi/!»/"enO s. [from projicio,\n profit or 
 proceed, Lat.] one who has made advancement in any study 
 or business. 
 
 PROFFCUOUS, a. [from proficio, to profit or proceed, 
 Lat. I advantageous ; useful. 
 
 PROFILE, f.[pro^/f, Fr.] the side face; an half face. 
 Also the piitline of any fij;ure. 
 
 PRO'FFF, i. [profit, Fr.|gain or advantage. Improve- 
 ment. , _ 
 
 To PROFIT, t'. a.[profter, Fr.] to confer benefit or 
 advantage. To improve. Neuterly, to gain advantage. 
 To make improvement. To be of use or advantage. 
 
 PKO'FITABLE, a. [profitable, Fr.| such as confers gain, 
 improvement, or advantage. Synon. P(o/.iflWe is more 
 applicable to gain; advantageous, to honour; benejlcial, to 
 liealth. ^ . 
 
 PRO PITA BLEN ESS, s. the quality of conferring gain, 
 improvement, or advantage. 
 
 PROFITABLY, ad. gainfully ; advantageously. 
 
 PROFITLESS, a. without gain or advantage. 
 
 PROFLIGATE, a. [from prufligo, to ruin, Lat.] (aban- 
 doned to vice. Lost to virtue and decency. 
 
 PRO'F'LIGATE, s. one that has lost all sense of virtue 
 and decency. 
 
 PRO FLiGATELY, id. sliamelesslv. 
 
 PRO'FLIGATEN ESS, s. the quality of being profligate. 
 
 PRO'FLUENCE,,?. progress; course. 
 
 PRO FLUENT, a. [(xom pro, before, and /ko, to flow, 
 Lat.] flowing forward. " Profiuenl stream." Milt. 
 
 PROFOU'ND, a. [profund, Fr. profundus, Lat.] deep. 
 Lowlv; humble. Intellectually deep, or not obvious to 
 tlie mind. Learned, or knowing beyond the comiuou 
 reach. 
 
 PROFOUND, «.agulpli; abyss; the main ; the sea. 
 
 PROFOUNDLY, ad. witli great reach of knowledge or 
 contrivance; dee[>lv. 
 
 PROFOUNDNESS, *. depth, applied to place or know- 
 
 ledge. , , 
 
 PROFUNDHT, s. depth of place or knowledge. 
 
 PROFUSE, u. [fiom vro, forth, and foido, to pour, Lat.] 
 Javish ; too liberal, or abounding to excess. 
 
 PROFU'SELY, cii. lavishly ; with exuberance. 
 
 PROFU'SENESS, *. lavishncss ; prodigality. 
 
 rROFUS10N,(pro/(«/imi) J. [from pro, forth, am\ fiuulo, 
 to pour, l^t.[ extravagance, or exccsi in expense. Exube- 
 rant plenty. 
 
 To PROG, r. n. to rob ; to sUaU To shift mcauly for 
 )icluaU. A low word. 
 
 PROG, t. victuals, or provisions of any kind. A lo\« 
 word. 
 
 PROGE'NITOIl, s. [Lat.] a forefather ; an ancestor ia 
 a direct line. 
 
 PROGENY, s. [proginie, old Fr. progenitt, Lat. J a race ; 
 offspring ; generation. 
 
 PROGNOSTIC, «. [from pro, before, and jtinosho, to 
 know, Gr.] beto.keniug disease or recovery before ; fore- 
 shewing. 
 
 PROGNO'STIC, s. [t>om pro, before, and ginotho, to 
 know, Gr.] the skill of foretelling diseases or their eventis. 
 A prediction. 
 
 To PROGNO'STICATE, v. a. [from pro, before, and 
 ginosko, to know, Gr.] to foretel, t'oieshew, or presage. 
 
 PROGNOSTICATION, s. [from pro, before, and §S- 
 nosko, to know, Gr.] the act of foreknowing or foreshewing ; 
 prediction ; foretoken. 
 
 PROGi\OSTICA'TOR,f. a foreteller; foreknower. 
 
 PUOGRA'MM A, s. [from /mo, before, and grapho, to 
 write, Gr.J a .letter sealed with the king's seal; also a bill 
 giving notice of something to be. transacted in a school or 
 university. 
 
 PROGRESS, J. ["from pro, forth, und gradior, to go, Lat.j 
 course ; passage. Motion forward. Intellectual improve- 
 ment. A circuit, or journey. 
 
 To PROGRESS, w. n. [progres,TT. from pro, 'forth, and 
 grndior, to go, Lat.] to move forward ; to pass. Obsolete. 
 
 PROGRESSION, {progresh&n) s. [Fr. from vro, forth, 
 and gradior, to go, Lat.] a regular and gradnal advance. 
 Motion forward. Course; passage. Intellectual improve- 
 ment. A series of numbers are said to be in aritltmrtical 
 progression, when they increase or decrease by any common 
 difference ; as for example, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, are in arithmeti- 
 cal progression, because they increase by 2, the common 
 difference. Geometrical progression, is when they increase or 
 decrease by any common ratio ; for instance, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 
 C4, are in geometrical progression, because they increase by 
 the common ratio, or multiple, 2 ; and 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, are 
 a geometrical series, because they decrease by the common 
 ratio, or divisor, 2. It is used, though improperly, in this 
 last sense. 
 
 PROGRE'SSIVE, a. [progressif, Fr.] going forward. 
 Advancing, or increasing gradually. 
 
 PROGRESSIVELY, ad. by gradual steps or regular 
 course. 
 
 PROGRE'SSI'VENESS, s. the state of moving forward. 
 
 ToPROIU'BIT, V. a. [from prohibeo, Lat. prohibei; Fr.] to 
 interdict by authority. To debar or hinder. 
 
 PROHI'BITER, s. a forbidder ; an interdicter. 
 
 PROHIBITION, ipruhilushon) s. [Fr. from prohileo, to 
 prohibit, Lat.] the act of forbidding; hinderauce ; forbid- 
 (lance. 
 
 PROHI'BITORY, -a. implying prohibition ; forbidding. 
 
 To PROJECT, r. a. [from /;>•«, forth, and jacio, to cast, 
 Lat.] to throw out, or cast forward. To exhibit or form a 
 representation. To scheme, contrive, or form in the mind, 
 from projcter, Fr. Neuterly, to jut out, or shoot forward. 
 
 PROJECT, s. [projtt, Fr.] a scheme, plan, contrivance. 
 Synon. Project IS a plan in order to execute -d design; the 
 design, is what we propose to execute. 
 
 PROJECTILE, s. such a body, as, being put into motion 
 by any particular force, continues to move with a certain 
 velocity, eitlier in a straight line, or a curve, according to 
 circumstances, such as a stone thrown from a sling, an ar- 
 row from a bow, or a ball from a gun. 
 
 PRO.JE'CTILE, a. [proiectile, Fr.] impelled forward. 
 
 PROJ E'CTION, t. the'act of shooting forwards. A plan 
 or delineation. A scheme or plan of action. In chymistry, 
 an operation, or the crisis of an operation. 
 
 PUOJE'CTOR, s. one that employs himself in forming 
 schemes or designs. (5ne that forms wild and impractica- 
 ble schemes. 
 
 PROJE'CTURE, t. [Ft. from pro, foitb, and jade, to cast, 
 Lat.] a jutting out.
 
 PRO 
 
 PRO 
 
 To PROIN, V. a. [corrupted from prune] to lop ; to cut ; 
 to trim ; to prune. 
 
 To IMIOLATE, v. a. [from prolatnm, Lat.] to speak, 
 proniniiRc, or utter. 
 
 PROLATE, a. \proratns, Lat.] oblate or flat. 
 
 PROLA'TION, (pro/di//«;() t. [prolatio, Lat.\ pronuncia- 
 tii)ii, utterance. Delay; act of deferring. 
 
 I'ROLEGO'MENA, s. [from pro, before, and lego, to 
 read, Gr.]a previous or introductory discourse. 
 
 PROLE' PS IS, s. [from pro, before, and lamhano, to fall, 
 Gr.] a form of riietoric, in which objections are anticipated; 
 viz. Thus it mn>f he nhjected, 
 
 PROLE'PTICAL, fl. | from /»?•», before, and lamhano, to 
 fall, Gr.] previous ; antecedent. In medicine, when a 
 paroxysm or tit returns sooner and sooner every time. 
 
 PROLE'PTICALLY", nrf. by way of anticipation or pre- 
 vention. 
 
 PROLETA'RIAN, a. mean ; vue ; vulgar " Proletarian 
 tvthing-mcn." Hudih. 
 
 PROLIFIC, or PROLIFI'CAL, a [from pro/es, posterity, 
 and facia to make, Lat.] fruitful ; generative ; productive. 
 
 PROLIFIC.VriON, s. generation of children, 
 ' PROLl'X, a. [prolixe, hr-prolixus, Lat-] long; tedious; 
 verbose ; circinnlocutory. 
 
 PROLIXITY, s. [prolixlte, Fr.] the quality of beiug 
 tiresome through length; tediousncss. 
 
 PROLl'X LY, ad. at great length ; tediouslv. 
 
 PROLT'XNESS, s. tediou»"ess. 
 
 PROLOCUTOR, «. [Lat.] a fore.nan, or person chosen 
 by a society to be their speaker. 
 
 "PROLOCU'TORSHIP, s. the office or dignity of a pro- 
 locutor. 
 
 PRO'LOGUE, (prolug) *. [Fr. from pro, before, and logos, 
 a discourse, Gr. prvlogus, Lat.] an introductory discourse, 
 peculiarly applied to a poem spoken before a play. 
 
 To PRO'LOGUE, {prolSg) v. a. to introduce by a formal 
 discourse. 
 
 ToPROLO'NG, t'. a. [prolonger, Fr.] to lengthen out. 
 To put off longer. To continue. 
 
 PROLONGA'TION, j. [Fr.J the act of lengthening. 
 Delay to a longer time. 
 
 PROLU'SION, (pro/!'(z/io?i)f. [from pro, before, and liuln, 
 to play, Lat] in literature, is a term applied to certain 
 pieces or compositions made previously to others, by way 
 of prelude or exercise. 
 
 PRO'MINENCY, s. [from pro, forth, and maneo, to re- 
 main, Lat.] the quality of standing out beyond the other 
 parts; protuberance; extant or jultiug-out part. 
 
 PRO'MIN ENT, a. [from pro, forth, and maneo, (o remain, 
 Lat.] standing out beyond the other parts ; protuberant ; 
 extant. 
 
 PROMI'SCUOUS, a. \promiscnus, from misceo, to mingle, 
 Lat.] mingled ; confused; without distinction. 
 
 PROMl'SCUOUSLY, ad. indiscriminately ; with a con- 
 fused mixture. 
 
 PROMISE,*, [from 7)rom!«o, to promise, Lat.] assurance 
 given of something to be done, or some benefit lo be con- 
 ferred. Figuratively, hope. 
 
 To PROMISE, ti. a. [from promitto, Lat.] to give a person 
 notice or assurance of some beuetit to be conferred. Neu- 
 terlv, to assure by a promise. 
 
 PRO'MISER, s. one who promises. 
 
 PUO'MISSORILY, ad. by way of promise. 
 
 PRO'i\IISSORY,n. [from promitto, to promise, I->af.] con- 
 taining profession of some benefit to be conferred, or of^some 
 didit to be paid. 
 
 PRO MONT, PRO'MONTORY, s. [promontoire, Fr. 
 promotitorium, Lat.j a headland, or high Isnd jutting into 
 the sea, the extremity of which, towards the sea, is called 
 a cape. 
 
 To PROMOTE, V. a. [fromp?o, before, and moveo, to 
 move, Lat.] to forward, or advance. To prefer, or exalt. 
 
 PROMOTER, s. an advancer, ; a forwarder ; aa encou- 
 rager. 
 
 PROMOTION, {prambuhUn) s. [promotion, Fr.J ailvance- 
 ment or preferment. KxaMalion. 
 
 To I'ROMO'VF^, r. a. [from pro, before, and viovto, to 
 move, Lat. J to promote; toi'orward ;toailvance. Seldom used. 
 
 PROMPT, fl. [prompt, Fr. proinplus., Lat.] quick ; ready ; 
 acute. Willing, without any new motive or incentive. 
 Ready; told down, applieil to payments 
 
 To PROMPT, V. a.\prontare, ll:d.| to help a person 
 when at a loss in repeating by art. '^io incite. To remind. 
 
 PRO'MPTER, s. one who assists a public speaker when 
 at a loss ; or who persuades or advises a person to do a thing. 
 An admonisher. 
 
 PRO'MPTITUDE, «. [prom/j/jturfe, Fr.] quickness ; rea- 
 readiness ; alacrity. 
 
 PRO'MPTLY, ad. readily ; quickly. 
 
 PRO'MPTNESS,*. readiness ; alacrity. 
 
 PRO'MPTUARY, s. \ prompt uaire, Fr. promptuarium, Lat.] 
 a storehouse, repositorv, or magazine. 
 
 To PRO.MU'LGATE, or PUOMULGE, v. a. [from pr,u 
 mulgo, to make public, Lat.J to publish ; lo make known by 
 public declaration. 
 
 PROMULGATION, «. [from promulgo, to make public, 
 Lat.J publication ; openexliibition. 
 
 PROMULG A'TOlv, s. a publisher ; an open teacher. 
 
 PROMU'LGER, s. one that publishes, or teaches openly. 
 
 PRONATOR, s. in anRtmny, a muscle of the radius olf 
 which there are two, that help to turn the palm down- 
 ward. 
 
 PRONE, fl. [promts, Lat.J bending or looking dowrv 
 wards. Lying with the face downwards. Sloping, applied 
 to place. Inclined, propense, or disposed to : generally in 
 an ill sense. 
 
 PRO'NENESS, s. the state of bending, stooping, or lying 
 with tiie face downwards. Descent. Inclination. 
 
 PRONG, s. [pronghen, to squeeze, Bclg.] the tooth of a 
 fork ; a pitchfork ; an instrument in husbandry. 
 
 PRO'NOUN, s. Ipromiin, Fr. pronoiiu'H, Lat.] a word 
 used instead of nouus or uanies ; as, /, thou, he ; we, ye, 
 they, &c. 
 
 To PRONOUNCE, t-. a. [from pro, forth, and nuncio, to 
 announce, Lat.J to speak or utter. To utter, or deliver 
 solemnly and rhetorically. To form or articulate. Neu- 
 tcrly, to speak with confidence or auihority. 
 
 PRONOUNCER, s. one who pronounces. 
 
 PRONUNCIATION, {prommscashon) s. [Fr. from pro- 
 nuncio, to pronounce, Lat.j the actor manner of uttering. 
 
 PROOF, s. in arithmetic, is a means whereby the truth 
 and justness of a calculation is examined and ascertained. 
 In law, it denotes the mediums and arguments used to 
 evince the truth of any thing ; and is twofold, viz. viim voce, 
 by living witnesses ; and a dead proof, such as that of deeds, 
 records, Ac. It also signifies trial or experiment. la 
 printing, the rough draught of a sheet when first pulled. It 
 is used also in a synonymous sense with standard. Thus we 
 called that Proof spirit which is of the standard strenglh. 
 Synon. Eiperiment relates, properly, to the truth of things : 
 TriflZ concerns, particulary, the use of things ; Proof has a 
 greater relation to the quality of things. 
 
 PROOF, a. (though used as an adjective, yet only an 
 elliptical expression for of proof) impenetrable ; able lo 
 resist. Used with to or against. 
 
 To PROP, V. a. [proppcn, Belg.J lo support by something 
 placed under or against. To hinder from falling. To sustain 
 or support. 
 
 PROP, J. [proppe, Belg.J any thing used to keep a thing 
 from falling ; a support ; a stay. 
 
 PRO'PAGABLE, «. such as may be spread ; sueh as 
 may be continued bv succession. 
 
 To PROPAGATE, v. a. [propago, Lat.j to continue or 
 spread by generation or successive production. To exlend 
 or widen. To promote. To generate. Neuterly, to have 
 offspring. 
 
 Propagation, (propegdshun) ». [Fr. prepay,, ui
 
 PRO 
 
 PRO 
 
 propagate, lyat,] continuance or diffusion by generation, or 
 iueccssivp prddiictioii. 
 
 PKOPACiATOH, s. a spreader ; a proraoier. 
 To PROPli'L, v.a. ft'roni /»•(', before, and pelh, to drive, 
 Lat.J to push or drive forward. 
 
 To PROPE'ND, V. n. [from pro, forward, am) penJco, to 
 incline, Lat.] to incline to any part ; to Lie disposed in favour 
 of any thing. 
 
 PROPENDENCY, s. inclination or tendency of desire 
 to any thing. Pre-consideratiou ; attentive . delibera- 
 tion. 
 
 PROPE'NSE, a. [frtnn pro, forward, andpendeo, to incline, 
 Lat.l incline<lor disposed applied to either good or bad. 
 
 PROPENSION, (propmy/wn) PROPENSITY, s. jFr. 
 from ;;ro, forward, and pciuleo, to incline, Lat.] disposition 
 lo any tiling cither good or bad. Tontiency. 
 
 PRO'PER, a. Ijiropie, Fr. proptiiis, Lat.] peculiar; be- 
 longing to one, so as to distinguish it from otriers. In gram- 
 mar, noting a proper name from an appellative ; as, T/iumas, 
 the proper name for a man, the appellative. Natural. Fit ; 
 adapted ; qualified. Exact; just. Elegant ; pretty. Tall 
 or lusty. One's own, joined with the possessive pronoun, 
 my, your, his, their, c'v.c. 
 
 PRO'PERLY, ad. in a fit or suitable manner. In a strict 
 sense. 
 
 PROTERNESS, s. the quality of being proper, tall, and 
 well made. 
 
 PROPERTY, i. in a general sense, is that which con- 
 stitutes or denominates a thing proper; or it is a peculiar 
 virtue orriuality which nature has bestowed on some things 
 exclusive of ail others : thus colour is a property of lis;ht ; 
 exteiisiun of body. In Law, it is used to denote that right 
 which a person has to lands or tenements, goods or chattels, 
 in no respect depending on another's courtesv. 
 
 To PROTERTY, i>. a. to invest with qualities. To %e\9 
 as belonging to. Little used in either meaning. 
 
 PROPIIA'SIS, iprofasis) s. [from pro, before and phemi 
 to speak, Gr.] an excuse ; a pretence. In medicine, a 
 foreknowledge of diseases. 
 
 PROPHECY, (pru/es7^)f.[rrwm pro, before, and f^hemi, to 
 speak, Gr. prophetie Fr. j a declaration of something future; 
 prediction. 
 . PRO PHESilERj s. one who prophesies. 
 
 To PROTHESY, {profesy) r. n. to foretell something fu- 
 ture ; to predict ; to toreteil ; to prognosticate. Neutcrly, 
 to utter predictions. In scripture language, to preach ly 
 divine inspiration. 
 
 PROPHET, (proffet) s. {^iit-opfiete, Fr. from pro, before, 
 and phani, to speak, Gr.] one who tells something future ; 
 a foreteller ; a predicter. 
 
 PROPHETESS, {prcff'etesi) s. \froph'ctesse,Vr.] a womi_ 
 who foretells future events- 
 
 PROPIIETIC. PROPHFn'ICAl^ (pro/tiiA, profUihat) a. 
 ' prnphctiqiie, Fr.J foreseeing or foretelling future events. It 
 has (/before the thing foretold. 
 
 PROPHETICALLY, (profttically^nd. with knowledge of 
 fijluritv ; in manner of a profihecy. 
 
 To PRO'PHETIZE, (prijttize^ v., n.\prophetiser,bt^ to 
 ,givc predictions. 
 
 PROPH YL \'CTIC, {profyUltik) a. ffrom pro, before, and 
 ;)//)//«sso, to keep, Gr.] preventive ; preservative. 
 
 l^ROPrNQL'lTY, 4. \propitiiiuiius, Lat.] nearness of si- 
 tuation, relation, time, or blood. 
 
 PROPl'l'IARLE, ( prnpishiahle) a. such as mav lie an- 
 peased or rendered favourable. 
 
 To PROPITIATE, (propUhiate) r. a. \propilio, Lat.] to 
 appease a person when angry or otfcnded. To render fa- 
 vourable. To conciliate. 
 
 PROPITIATION, {prn}mhiAsUon)s. [Ir. from propilio.U) 
 atone, Lat.J the act of,appeasing anger c)r resentment, '("he 
 :»t(jiiinieiit ofierin;j, or means, by which a person is rendered 
 favimrable. 
 
 I'UOPlTIATOFlY, \propishtatory) a. [from jrropitio, to 
 
 ran 
 
 atone, Lat.] having the power to appease or reconcile , 
 expiatory. 
 
 PROPITIOUS, Qpfqftshious) a. [propitius, Lat.] favou*. 
 able; kind; reconciling. 
 
 PROPITIOUSLY, nd. favourably ; kindly. 
 
 PROPITIOUSNESS, (;»«/)/4/««i.«im) *.'the quality of 
 being favouiable, kind, or reconciling. 
 
 PROPLA'SM, s. Ffrom pro, for, and j^lasso, to form, Gr.J 
 mould ; matrix. 
 
 PROPLA'STIC, J. [^from pi-o, for, and plasso,to form. Or.] 
 the art of making moulds for casting. 
 
 PROPOLIS, s. a thick, yellow, odorous substance, smell- 
 ing like storax, nearly akin to wax, but more tenacious ; 
 wherewith the bees stop up the holes and cranies of tlieir 
 hives to keep out the cold air, <S.c. 
 
 PROPONENT, s. I from propono, to propose, Lat.] one 
 that makes a proposal. One who proposes a subject for 
 disputation. 
 
 PROPORTION, (proporshun) s. [proportion, Fr. pro. 
 portio, Lat.] when two (piantities are compared one with 
 pnother, in respect of their greatness or smallness, the com- 
 parison is called ratio, reason, rate, or proportion : but when 
 more than two quantities are compared, then the comparison 
 is more usually called ihe proportion that they have to one 
 another. In arithmetic, direct proportion is when the same 
 relation subsist between the first term and the second, as be- 
 tween the third and fourth ; thus, 4 8, 5 10, are in direct 
 proportion. Inverse or reciprocal proportion, is when one 
 quantity increases in the same proportion as another dimi- 
 nishes ; thus, 5 15, 12 4, are in inverse proportion. AritI*- 
 vietical proportion, is the relation which two quantities, of 
 the same kind, bear to each other with respect to their diffe- 
 rence ; thus, 2 10, 6 13, are arithmetically proportionaL 
 -eometrical proportion, is that relation of two quantities of 
 .he same kind, which arises from considering what part the 
 one is of the other, or how ofleii it is contained in it ; thus, 
 5 45, 9 81, are geometrically proportional. Conjoincd-pro- 
 portion, is a rule in arithmetic, whereby the coin, weight, or 
 measures, of several countries, are compared together, in or- 
 der to find their value in each. Equal degree. Degrees in 
 larmony. Size ; form. 
 
 To PPOPO'RTION, (the ti is pron. like sh in this word 
 ir.d its following derivatives ; as propurshon, &c.) r. a. 
 [proportioyintr, Fr.] to adjust or equal in comparative de- 
 grees. To form with svmnietrv. 
 
 PROPO'RTIONABtE, a. adjusted or suited by compa- 
 Tative relation ; such as is fit. 
 
 PROPORT10NABLY,«rf. according to proportion ; ac- 
 cording to comparative relation. 
 
 PROPORTIONAL, a. [proportionel, Fr.J having a set- 
 tled comparative relation ; having a certain degree of 
 equality ; bearing some relation to that with which it is 
 compared. 
 
 PROPORTIONALITY, s. the quality of being propor- 
 tional. 
 
 PROPORTIONALLY, ad. ma stated degree. 
 
 PROPO'RTIONATE, a. suited, adjusted.or bearing some 
 respect to another thing in comparison. 
 
 To PROPO'RTIONATE, v. a. to adjust according to 
 settled rates to somethinselse. 
 
 PROPOlt'1'IONATENESS, x. the state of being by con»- 
 parison adjusted. 
 
 PROPOSAL, (propiiznl) s. a scheme or design offered to 
 consideration or acceptance. Offer to the mind. 
 
 To PROPOSE, (propose) V. o. [from pro, forth and pono, 
 to put, Lat.) to offer for consideration. Neutcrly, to lav 
 schemes or intend. 
 
 PPOPO'SER, s- one that ofi[ers any thins to considera- 
 tion. 
 
 PROPOSI ttON, jr. [from propono, to propose, Lat.J a 
 sentence in which any thing is attirmcd or denied, and of- 
 fered for assent or denial. An offer of terms ; orft 
 posal.
 
 PRO 
 
 PRO 
 
 PROI'OSI'TIONAL, a. consulfrec as a ^ropositinn. 
 
 To PROPOU'Nl), V. a. [fnjiii pro, ini'fi, and yuno, to 
 put, Lat.] to otter to coiisidtralioii. To propose. 
 
 PROPOt''Nl)I''.R, ^. one tliat pr;i,)«uiiils ; a proposer. 
 
 PROPlirETAIiy, s, [propriuaxri, I'r.l a possessor in 
 his own right. 
 
 PROPRI'ET.'VRY, a. belonging to a certain owner. 
 
 PROPRl'ETOR, *. \{rom priipniis, one's own, Lat.] a pcr- 
 sou that lias. an exiUisive riglit. A possessor, owner. 
 
 PROPRIETRESS, s. a female possessor in her own 
 rigiil; a mistress. 
 
 PROPRI'ETY, i. [propi-ieii, Fr. from proprius, one's own, 
 Lat.] an exclusive right. Acciracy, justness, or fitness. 
 
 PROPT, used by poetical writers instead of propped, tlie 
 participle passive ofpROP. 
 
 To PROPU'GN,(prouHH) v. a. Jiomprn, for, and pi'^w, 
 to fight, Lat.] to (letenn, justify, or viiKiicafe. 
 
 PROPUGNA'TION, s. [from pro, for, and pngiln, to 
 fight, Lat.] defence. 
 
 PROPU'GNER, «, one i*ho defends, justices, or vin- 
 dicates. 
 
 PROPU'LSION, (oropkhhon) .'. [from pi-o, forward, and 
 pello, to drive, Lat.] the act of driving forward. 
 
 PRORE, t. iprora, Lat.] tiie prow of a ship ; used in 
 poetry. 
 
 PRORpOATION, t. [Fr. from prorogo, to defer, Lat. I 
 continuation; prolongation; the iltfi-rring to a longer and 
 stated time. The interruption of die session of parliament 
 by royal authority. 
 
 To PROROGUE, ('prorapj t). «, (prorngn, Lat. J to pro- 
 tract or prolong. To put on to another time. 
 
 PRORUTTION, s. [f;om p»o, form, and jum/w, to break, 
 Lat.] the act of bursting out. 
 
 PROSA'IC, s. I prosaique, Fr. from prow,' prose, Lat.] be- 
 longing to prose. Resembling prose. 
 
 To PROSCRFBE, V. «. [pruscnbo, Lat.] to doom to de- 
 struction. To interdict. 
 
 PROSCRFBER, s. one that dooms to destruction. 
 ' FROSCRFPTION, s. [from proscriho, to proscribe, Lat.J 
 the act of writing down a person's name in a list, and post- 
 ing it in some public place with a reward for any one that 
 shall bring his head. The act of dooming the life of a 
 person to death, and his goods to contiscation. 
 
 PROSE, (prozc) s. [prose, Fr. prosa, Lat.] language not 
 confined to numbers, luuited quantity of syHables, or jingle 
 of verse. 
 
 To PRO'SECUTE, v, a. [from pro, forward, and sequor, to 
 follow, Lat.] to continue endeavours. To carry on. To 
 
 firoceed or continue in any consideration or disquisition, 
 n law, to sue criminally ; to pursue legally. 
 
 PROSECUTION, s. an endeavour to carry on. A con- 
 tinued attempt, oria continuation of an attempt. In law, 
 a suit against a person. 
 
 1 PROSECUTOR, s. one that continues his endeavours, 
 or carries on any thing. One who sues another for some 
 crime or trespass. 
 
 PRO'SEL I TE, i. [from proselytos, a stranger, Gr.J one 
 that is persuaded to change his religious or political senti- 
 Bieats. A convert. 
 
 PROSEMINATION, s. {■prosemino, from semen, seed, 
 Lat.] propagation by seed. 
 
 PROSO'DIAN, i. one skilled in metre orprosodv. 
 
 PRO'SODY, s. [from pro*, to, and ode, a song, Gr-J tliat 
 part of grammar which teaches the sound and quantity of 
 syllables, and the measures of verse. 
 
 PROSONOMA'SIA, s. [from pro*, to, and onoma, a name, 
 Gr.] a figure in rhetoric, wherein a person speaks to things 
 inanimate, as if they were living, and makes them return 
 suitable replies. Allusion to the likeness of a sound in se- 
 veral names and words. . 
 
 PROSOPOPOEIA, j.'[from jirosopon, a person, -and voieo, 
 to make or feign, Gr.] in rhetoric, a figure in which tilings 
 ■re represented as if they were persons ; personification. 
 
 PRO'SPECT, J. [from prospicio, to look forward, Lat.] a 
 
 view of sfimething di.itant. A place which affords an e3» 
 tended view. An object of view. View to something tu- 
 ture, opposed to retrixsprct. 
 
 PKOSI'E'CTIVK, «. viewing at a distance. Acting with 
 forpsi),'ht. 
 
 PROSPF/CTUS, s. [Lat.] a Latin term introduced into 
 our language, generally applied to the scheme or plan, after 
 which any undertaking is proposed to be ettcctcd or done. 
 
 To PROSPER, f. a. [from prosper, pnjsperfiiis, Lat.] to 
 make happy. Ncuterly, to be successful ; to thrive. 
 
 PROSPE,'RITY,.i. [/);o.!/ifTi7f, Fr. Uom prosper, prosper- 
 ous, Lat.] a state wheieiri things succeed according to our 
 wislies,and are productive of -.itHuence and wealtli. Syno.v, 
 What we callg'oorf/crnmp, is the eti'ect of chance; it comes 
 unexpected. Prosperit;/ is the success of conduct, and 
 comes bv degrees. 
 
 PROSPEROUS, a. [from prosj)erut, Lat.J successful ; 
 fortunate. 
 
 PR0'SPI':R0U.SLY, «rf. successfully ; fortunately. 
 
 PRO'SPEROUSNESS, s. prosperity. 
 
 PROSPI'CIENCE, {prospUliienee) s. [from prospicio, to 
 look forward, Lat.J the act of looking forward. 
 
 PROSTERNATION, s. [from prosterno, to cast down, 
 Lat.J dejection ; depression ; state of being cast down. An 
 inelegant word. 
 
 PROSTE THIS, s. [from pros, to, and tilkemi, to put, Gr.] 
 in surgery, that which fills up what is wanting, as when 
 fistulous ulcers are filled up with fiesh. 
 
 To PROSTITUTE, r. a. [from pro, forth, and statuo, to 
 ict, hdii. prostitncr, Fr.] to sell to wickedness, or expose for 
 vile purposes ; generally used of women sold to answer the 
 cravings of lust. 
 
 PROSTITUTE, *. one that will do any thing for money. 
 A public strumpet. 
 
 PROSTITUTION, s. [Fr. from prostituo, to prostitute, 
 Lat.] the act of setting or being set to sale. The life of a 
 public strumpet. 
 
 PROSTRATE, a. [from prosterno, to cast down, Lat. 
 Johnson accents it onthesecoiid syllable] lying at length; 
 lying at mercy ; lying on the ground in adoration. 
 
 To PRO'STRATFj, v. a. \ prostratus, from prostei-no, t(< 
 cast down, Lat.] to lay Hat or throw down; to fall down iu 
 adoration. 
 
 PROSTRATION, s. [from prnstemo, to cast down, Lat.J 
 the act of falling down in adoration. Dejection ; depres- 
 sion. 
 
 PRO'STY LE, «. [from ;')-o, before, and stylos, z column, 
 Lat.l a building having i)illars only in the front. 
 
 PROSY'LLOGISM, *. [from/«o, before, and syllogismes, 
 a syllogism, Gr.] the connection of two or more svllogisms, 
 in such a manner, that the conclusion of the first is tlie ma- 
 jor or minor of the following. 
 
 PROTA'SIS, s. [from proteino, to hold forth, Gr.J a maxim 
 or proposition. In the antient drama, the first part of a 
 comedy or tragedy, which explains the argument of the 
 piece. 
 
 To PROTE'CT, V. a. [from pro, for, and te^o, to cover, 
 Lat.] to defend ; to cover from anv evil ; to shield. 
 
 PROTECTION, i. [from prote'go, to protect, Lat.] a de- 
 fence, or cover from evil. A kind of pasport, whereby a 
 person is exempted from being pressed or otherwise mo- 
 lested. 
 
 PROTE'CTOR, s.[frotseteiir, Fr.J a defender, or one who 
 guards'from danger. A person formerly intrusted with the 
 care of the kingdom daring the"king's minoritv. 
 
 PROTE'CTRESS, s. \proiectriee, Fr.J a female that pro- 
 tects. 
 
 To PROTE'ND, v. a. [from pro, forth, and tendo^ to 
 stretch, Lat] to hold out or stretch forth. 
 
 PROTERVITY, *. [from protemis, froward, Lat.] petu- 
 lance ; peevishness; frowardness; coquetry; impudence; 
 rudeness. 
 
 To PROTEST, V. ti. [from pro, before, and tesior, to tes 
 tify, Lat.] to give a solemn declaratiou of one's opinion, or 
 
 7oa
 
 PRO 
 
 PRO 
 
 resolution. To note tlie non-payment of a bill of ex- 
 change, and claim payment of either of the endorsers. 
 Actively, to prove, show, or give evidence. To call as a 
 witness. 
 
 PROTEST, s. a solemn declaration of one's opinion 
 against sonietliiug, generally applied to that made by 
 peers in parliament when they disagree with a majority. 
 An instrument or writing whereby a person, on non-pay- 
 ment of a' bill of exchange by one on whom it is draw n, 
 is authorised to claim it from either of the endorsers or the 
 drawer. 
 
 PROTESTANT, a. belonging to a protestant. 
 
 PRO'TESTANT, s. [protestant, Fr.] a person who belongs 
 to the reformed religion, as delivered by those that at first 
 protested against the errors of the church of Rome. The 
 name was first given in Germany to those who adhered to the 
 doctrine of Luther ; because in 1529 they protested against 
 a decree of the emperor Charles V. 
 
 PROTESTATION, s. [protestation, Fr.] a solemn decla- 
 ration against any fact, resolution, or opinion. 
 
 PPlO'I'E STER, s. one who protests. 
 
 PROTHONO'TARSllIP, s. the otfice or dignity of (he 
 principal register. 
 
 l'KOTHO'i<OTAKY,s. [protonotaire, Fr.J the head re- 
 gister or recorder of civil actions in the courts of king's 
 bench and common pleas. 
 
 PRO TOCOL, s. [protokol, Belg. protocole, Fr.] tlic original 
 eopv of any writina 
 
 PROTOMA RITR, s. [from protos, first, and viarti/r, a 
 martyr, Gr.fthe first martyr. 
 
 PRO'TOPLAST, s. [from protot, first, zndplasso, to form, 
 Gr.] something formed first to serve as a model ; an 
 original. 
 
 PRO'TOTYPE, s. [from protos, first, and typos, a "term, 
 Gr.] an original bv which any thing is formed ; archetvpe. 
 
 To PRQTRA'CT, t.. a. [from pro, forth, and traho, to 
 draw, Lat. ] to draw out, lengthen, or delav. 
 
 PROTRA'CTER, s. one who draws out any thing to a 
 tedious length. A mathematical instrument in the shape of 
 a semicircle, used in measuring angles. An instrument in 
 surgery for extracting noxious bodies out of wounds. 
 
 PROTRACTION, «. the act of drawing into length, ot 
 delaying. In surveying, laying down the dimensions of 
 ground surveyed. ' 
 
 PROTRA'CTIVE, a. dilatory ; spinning to length. 
 
 PROTRE'PTICAL, a.; [from protrepo, to exhort, Gr.] 
 hortatory ; suasorv. • 
 
 To PROTRUDE, V. a. [from pro, forth, and trmh, to 
 thrust, Lat. J to thrust or push forwards. Neuterly, to thrust 
 itself forwards. 
 
 PROTRUSION, (protrfizfwn) s. [from pro, forth, and 
 tnido, to thrust, Lat.] the act of thrusting forward A thrust, 
 push. 
 
 PROTUBERANCE, s. [from protnln-o, to bud forth, 
 Lat.] something swelling above the other parts. Promiuence 
 tumor. 
 
 PROTirBERANT,fl.[frompio<KJero, to bud forth, Lat.] 
 swetlhig beyond the other parts ; prominent. 
 
 To pROTU'liERATE, t-. a. [from protubero, to budforth, 
 Lat.] to swell out beyond the other parts. 
 
 PROUD, a. [prude, or friU, Sax. J having too high an opi- 
 nion of one's own qualities, and too mean a one of those 
 which belong to anotlier. Lofty, splendid, magnificent. 
 Disdaining baseness. Daring, presumptuous. Lofty of 
 mien, or grand of person.^ Ostentatious. Eager for the 
 male, applied to brutes. Fungous, applied to flesh, from 
 jn-yde. Sax 
 
 i-ROU'DLY, (trf. arrogantly; ostentatiously. 
 
 To PROVE, (/MoOTe) r. a. f/rtoiw, Lat.] to confirm or 
 show by arguments or testimony. To try, bring to the test, 
 or experience. Neuterly, to be found by experiment to 
 succeed, to rii. ike trial.. 
 
 PROVE'DITOR, PRm'EDORk, *. [proreditore, Ilal.| 
 one who undcrUikcs to prucuie supplies for an aruiy. A 
 
 710 
 
 name formerly given to an officer, in Italy, wlie superav 
 tended matters relating to policy. 
 
 PROVE'NCAL, a. an epithet given to certain poets who 
 sprang up in Provence in the tenth century, and who ev. 
 celled in extempore poetry and music. 
 
 PRO'VENCE, a ci devant province of France, on the 
 Mediterranean, having Piedmont on the E. antl the Rhone 
 and the country of Venaissin, on the W. The air is very 
 various ; for near the Alps it is cold, on the sea-coast hot, 
 and in the middle temperate. In that which was called 
 Upper Provence, the soil is fertile in corn and pastures ; 
 but in the lower dry and sandy. It however produces wine, 
 oil, figs, almonds, prunes, and pomegranates, along the sea- 
 coast from Toulon to Nice. There are orange and citror>- 
 trees in the o|)en fields ; and many medicinal plants, 
 mineral-waters, and mines of several kinds. It now forms 
 the departments of Var, the Lower Alps, and the mouths 
 of the Rhone. 
 
 PRO'VENDER, s. \provende, Fr. pro'-ande, Belg.J dry food 
 for cattle. Hay and corn. 
 
 PRO'VERB, s. [proverbium, from verbum, a word, Lat.] 
 a concise witty speech, or sentence, applied on particular 
 occasions as a rule of life. An adage ; a saw. A by- 
 word. 
 
 To PPlO'^'ERB, ti. a. to inenlion as a commonly received 
 sayingLor maxim. 
 
 PROVE'RBIAL, a. [proverbial, Fr.] used as a proverb. 
 Suitable to a proverb ; comprised in a proverb. 
 
 PROVERBIALLY, ad. by way of proverb. 
 
 To PROVIDE, 1'. a. [from pro, before, and video, to see, 
 Lat.] to procure beforehand ; to get ready ; to prepare. 
 To furnish or supply, with of ox with before the thing. To 
 stipulate or make conditions. Used with against, to take 
 measures for counteracting or escaping any ill. Used with 
 for, to take care of beforehand. Provided f/iat, implies oi) 
 these terms or conditions. 
 
 PROVIDENCE, i. [Fr. from pro, before, and video, to 
 see, LatJ foresight displayed in taking measures before- 
 hand. Frugality, founded on a regard to futurity. The 
 care or interposition of the Deity, by which all things are 
 preserved. 
 
 PRO'VIDENCE, and Rhode Island, constitute one 
 of the United States of North America. Its chief town is 
 Newport. 
 
 PROVIDENT, a. [from pro, before, and video, to see, 
 Lat.) cautious, forecasting, prudent, or taking measures be- 
 forehaiifl. 
 
 PROVIDE'NTIAL, (/»or!*«s/,i«7) a. effected by, and t<? 
 be referred to, the interposition of God. 
 
 PROVIDENTIALLY, ad. by the care of Providence. 
 
 PROTIDENTLY, ad. with foresight, prudence, or fn*. 
 galily, founded on a regard to futurity. 
 
 PRO'VIDER, s. he who provides or procures. 
 
 PRO'VINCE, .1. [province, Fr. provincia, Lat.] an office 
 or business peculiar to a person. A region ; a tract. In 
 geography, a division of a kingdom or state, comprising 
 several cities and towns, &c. all under the same govern- 
 ment, and usually distinguished by the extent either of the 
 civil or ecclesiavstical jurisdiction. 
 
 PROVINCIAL, I prurinshial)a. [ pi-ovincial, Fr.] bclonf^ 
 ing to a province. Foreign; rude; unpolished. Belonging 
 only )o an archbishop's jurisdiction. 
 
 PROVINCIAL, {prurhishial) s.a spiritual governor. 
 
 To PROVl'NCIATE, {prov'mshiate) t'. a. [from prwiJMw] 
 to turn «o a province. Not in use 
 
 To PROVINE, V. n. [provigner, Fr.] to lay^ a stock or 
 
 take 
 crease. 
 
 branch of a vine iu the ground, to take root for more ii»- 
 
 PROVrSfON, {prnvizhoii) s.\Uom pro, before, and ndeo, 
 lo see, Lat. J the act of procuruig befbiehand. Measures 
 taken beforehand. Stock collected. Victuals, food, ot 
 provender. A term or condition. 
 
 PItOVrSIONAL, iprovizhoual) a. [provisionel, Fr.] pw) 
 vidtd for temporary need.
 
 PRU 
 
 PSE 
 
 PKOM'SO, (provho) s. f Lat.] a provisional caution, con- 
 dition, slipuliilioii. 
 
 IMlOVOCA'l'ION, s. [from provoeo, to provoke, Litt.J an 
 act by wliicli anger is caused. In law, an appeal to a 
 judge. 
 
 rilOVO'CATIVE, s. any thing which is supposed to 
 streJis'hen nature. Generally applied as inciting venery. 
 
 PKOVO'CATIVENESS, i. the quality of being provo- 
 cative. 
 
 To PROVOKE, V. a. [from provoko, to provoke, Lat.l 
 to rouse, awake ; to excite by ott'ence. To make angry, 
 or offend. To cause, promote, or excite. To challenge. 
 To moveorincjuce. 
 
 PROVOKEk, *. one that raises anger. Causer ; pro- 
 moter. 
 
 PItOVO'KINGLY, ad. in such a manner as to raise 
 atiger. 
 
 PRO'VOST, i. [prh'it, Fr.] the chief of any body or 
 society. The executioner in an army. 
 
 PRO'VOSTSHIP, *. the office of a provost. 
 
 PROW, {pro)s. [prom, Fr. proa, Span, prora, Lat.J the 
 head or fore part of a ship. 
 
 PRO'WESS, «. [proittsse, Fr.] bravery ; military courage. 
 
 To PROWL, V. a. (etymology uncertain) to rove over. 
 Weuterly, to \vander in seacli of prey ; to plunder. 
 
 PRO'\VLER, s. one that roves about for prey. 
 
 PRO'XIMATE, a. [from proximus, the superlative of 
 prope, near to, Lat.] next in the series or order of our ideas 
 of reasoning ; near and imuicdiate. 
 
 PRO'XiSlE, n. [from proximus, the superlative of frtpe, 
 near to, Lat.J next ; immediate. 
 
 PROXI'MITY, «. [fromproa.-!jm«, the superlative of pro/ie, 
 near to, Lat.] the state of being near. Nearness. 
 
 PROXY, s. (contracted from proairan/) the agency of 
 another. The substitution of another instead of one's 
 self. A person substituted or deputed to act instead of 
 anoflier. 
 
 PRUDE, s. [prude, Fr.J a woman affectedly nice and 
 modest. 
 
 PRU'DENCE, s. [.prudence, Fr. prudentia, Lat.] the act 
 ofsuiting words and actions according to the circumstances 
 of things, or rules of right reason. 
 
 PRUDENT, a. [pru'dent, Fr. prudens, Lat.J ordering 
 actions or words with a proper regard to their conse- 
 quences. 
 
 PRUDENTIAL, ( prudinshial) a. eligible on principles 
 of prudence. 
 
 PRUDENTLV'LITY, {prudensUdlitu) s. eligibility on 
 principles of prudence. 
 
 , PRUDETSITIALLY, ad. according to the rules of pru- 
 dence. 
 
 PRUDE'NTIALS, {prudinsMals) s. maxims of prudence 
 or practical wisdom. 
 
 PRU'DENTLY, ad. in adiscrrotor judicious manner. 
 
 PRU'DERY, s. too great an aU'ectation of uicencss or 
 modesty. 
 
 PRUDISH, a. affectedly grave or nice. 
 
 To PRUNE, V. a. (etymology unknown) to lop or free 
 frees from their superfluous branches. To clear from any 
 excrescence. Neuterly, to dress for show. A ludicrous 
 word. 
 
 PRUNE, s. [piitne, Fr. prvnwm, Lat. a dried plum. 
 
 PRUNE'LLO, J. a kind of stuff woven with a mixture of 
 silk and worsted, of w hicli clergymen's gowns are made. A 
 kind of plum, from prmwUe, Fr. 
 
 PRU'NER, i. one that crops trees. 
 
 PRUNI'FEROUS, o. [from prunum, a plum, and/cro, to 
 bear, Lat.J producing plums.,- 
 
 PRU-NINGHOOK, PRU'NINGKNIFE, f. a hook or 
 knife used in cutting off the superfluous branches of trees. 
 
 PRUR'IENCE, PRU'RIENCY, s. [from prurio, to itch, 
 Lat.] an itching, immoderate desire, or appetite to any 
 thing. 
 
 PRU'RIENT, a. [from prjirio, to itch, Laf.] itchinfT; 
 pricking. 
 
 I'll URI'GINOUS, a. [from prurio, to itch, Lat.J lending to 
 an itch. 
 
 PRUSSIA, a large (Country of Eiiro|)c, b<junded on the 
 N. by tiiciBaltic and Samogitia, on tije E. by Lithuania, or. 
 the S. by Poland, and on tlie W. Iiy I'oiiierclia ; about 180 
 miles in length, and near 100 in breadth, where broadest. 
 It is a very fertile country, producing a great deal of flax, 
 lienip, and corn ; and the sea, rivers, and lakes, supply ihctu 
 with great plenty offish. Prussia also abounds with flocks 
 and herds, and fine horses. Its chief commodities are wool, 
 honey, wax, pitch, pit-coal, hops, and buck-wheat. Here 
 is plenty of game ; as, white and common hares, elks, deer, 
 roe-bncKS, and wild boars ; but the forests are, at the same 
 time, infested with lynxes, wolves, foxes, bears, wild asses, 
 and uri, a species of buffalo. The hides of these last, which 
 are extremely thick and strong, are sold to foreigners at a 
 great price. Here is neither salt, wine, nor minerals, but 
 yellow amber (for the sake of procuring which the Romans 
 penetrated into and subdued this country) is found in great 
 quantities on the Samland shore. Thcio arc several large 
 lakes, besides the rivers Vistula, Pregel, Memel, cVc. About 
 4 months of the year are temperate, warm, and pleasant ; 
 but the autumns are often wet, and the air in winter is c(j|il, 
 piercing, and severe. The manufactures in glass, linen, 
 cloth, metals, 6cc. are rapidly increasing. Tire inhabitants 
 are a mixture of native Prussians (who appear to be genuine 
 Germans) Lithuanians, and Poles. The Teutonic order had 
 sovereignty in Prussia about 300 jears ; after wliich Prussia 
 was added to the dominion of the electoral house of Bratv 
 denburgh, and in 1704 it was raised to a kingdom by the 
 elector Frederick, who, with his own hands put the crovni 
 on his head, and an that of his consort, at Koningsburgh. 
 Prussia is divided into three parts, Samland, Nantangcn, 
 and Oberland. Koningsburgh is the capital. 
 
 PRUSSIAN BLUE, s. in painting, a pigment discovered 
 in Prussia in 1709. 
 
 PRUSSIATES, i. in chymistry, salts formed by the com- 
 bination of any base with Prussic acid. 
 
 PRU'SSIC, a. in chymisfry, belonging to Prussian blue, 
 f he Prussic acid consists of hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon. 
 It is prepared from bl-iod and other animal substances ; 
 and when united with iron, forms that beautiful colouring 
 substance called Prussian blue. 
 
 To PRY, V. a. (of unknown derivation) to peep narrowly ; 
 to search or look curiously, officiously, or impertinently ; 
 used with into. 
 
 PSALM, (silm) s. [psalnws, from psallo, to sing, Gr.] a 
 hymn or song on some holy subject. 
 
 PSA'LMIST, (sdmist) s. [psalmiste, Fr.] a writer or com- 
 poser of holy songs. 
 
 PSA'LMODY, {samodij') s. [from psalnws, a psalm, and cde, 
 a song, Gr.J tjje act or practice of singing psalms. 
 
 PSALMO'GKAPHY, {sajnogrnfy) s. [from psahnos, a 
 psalm, and grapho, to write, Gr.j the act of writing 
 psalms. ■ • 
 
 PSALMS, (sdms) s. a canonical book of the Old Testa- 
 ment, containg spiritual songs and hvnins, written by king 
 David, and others. They are called Psalms, from the Greek 
 pra//o, which signifies totonchsiieetli/, because with the voice 
 was joined the sound of musical instruments. 
 
 PSA'LTER, {saiilter) s. [psalterc. Sax. psalterion, from 
 psalmos, a psalm, Gr.] a psalm-book. 
 
 PSA'LTERY, (saiiltery) s. a kind of harp or dulcimer 
 played on with sticks. 
 
 PSEUDO, s. [from pseudos, false, Gr.] a prefix to words, 
 which signifies false, as pseudo-prophet, psewlo-patriot, a false 
 prophet, Ac. 
 
 PSEUDO'GRAPHY, (psiudigra/f/) s. [dom pteudos, false, 
 aDderapho, to write, Gr^ false writing. 
 
 PSEUDO'LOGY, s. [from pseudos, false, and ieg-o, to spaak, 
 Gr.l falsehood of speech. 
 
 711
 
 PUE 
 
 PUL 
 
 PSHAW, interj. used as an expression of contempt and 
 disregani. 
 
 PSKOF, called by foreigners P,:,ESKOF, a government 
 and a large town of Russia. The government, once 
 a republic, was formerly included in that of Novogorod. 
 The town is seated on the river Velika or Velakia, 80 miles 
 S. of Narvu, and 160 S. of Narva, and 150 S. S. W. of 
 Petersburg. Lat. 57. 58. N. Ion. 27. 52. E. 
 
 PTI'SAN, (tisan) s. [ptissaime, Fr. piisane, Gr.J a medical 
 drink madeof barley boiled with liquorice, raisins, &c. 
 
 PTY'ALISM, {ty'alistn) t. [from pttjo, to spit, Gr.J a saliva- 
 tion ; elfusion of spittle. 
 
 PTY'SMAGOGUE, s. [from pysma, spittle, and ago, to 
 drive, Gr.J a medicine which discharges spittle. 
 
 PUBERTY, s. [puLerti, Fr. pubcrtas, Lat.j the time of 
 life when the two sexes ripen to their perfect state. 
 
 PUBESCENCE, J. If rom pubesc», Lat.J the slate of ar- 
 riving at puberty. 
 
 PUBESCENT, a. Ipiibescens, Lat.J arriving at puberty. 
 
 PUBLIC, a. [pvMic, Fr. publicus, Lat.J belonging to a 
 state or nation, opposed to private. Open, notorious, or ge- 
 nerally known. Regarding not private interest, but that of 
 the co'mnuuiity, applied to persous. Open for general en- 
 tertainment, followed by liowe. 
 
 PU'BLIC, s. the general body of a state, nation, or man- 
 kind ; the people. General notice. 
 
 PUBLICAN, i. [from publicus, public, Lat.J a toll-gatherer. 
 In low language, one who keeps a public-house. 
 
 PUBLICATION, *. [from publicus, public, Lat.] the act 
 of making generally known, or of common use ; promulga- 
 tion ; edition. 
 
 PUBLICKLY, ad. in the name of the community ; openly. 
 
 PU'BLICKNESS, s. state of belonging to the community ; 
 openness : state of being generally known or public. 
 
 PUCLICK-SPI'RITED, a. having regard to the general 
 advantage above private good. 
 
 To PUBLISH, V. a. [publici; Fr. from publicus, public, Lat.J 
 to discover or make generally known. To put forth a 
 book. 
 
 PUBLISHER, s. one who makes public or generally 
 known. One who puts a book into the world. 
 
 PU'CELAGE,i. [Pr.l a state of virginity. 
 
 PUCERON, the name given by naturalists to a small 
 insect of a peculiar nature, frequently found on the young 
 branches of trees and plants, often in such clusters as wholly 
 to cover them. 
 
 PUCK, s. (perhaps the same w ith p^ig) some sprite mong 
 the fairies, common in romances. 
 
 To PUCKER, V. a. to gather into corrugations ; to con- 
 tract into folds or plications. 
 
 PU'DDER.f. See Pother. 
 
 To PU'DDER, V. 11. (see Pother) to make a tumult or 
 bustle. Actively, to perplex ; to confound. 
 
 PUDDING, i. [pw/ing-, Swed.Ja kind of food boiled in a 
 bag; or stuffed in some parts of an animal ; or baked. The 
 gut of an animal. 
 
 PU'DDING-TIME, t. dinner-time, or time to begin din- 
 ner, the pudding being formerly the first dish served up. 
 Nick of time; critical minute. 
 
 PUDDLE, s. a dirty plash of mud and water. 
 
 Ta PUDDLE, ». a. "to make muddy. 
 
 PU'DDOCK, or PU'RROCK, s. \tor paMock, or parroch] 
 a prnvincial word for a small inclosure. 
 
 PUDENCY, *. [from pudeiis Lat.] modesty ; shamefa- 
 cedncss. 
 
 PUDrClT\', t. [.from pitdct, it shames, Lat] modesty ; 
 
 cbasljjv. _ 
 
 PUDl'ClOUS, (pudisliious) a.[Uompudet, it shames, Lat.J 
 
 ehaste ; modest. 
 
 PUDU, s. in zoology, a very small species of sheep, a 
 native of the Andes, in South America. 
 
 PUERILE, a. [Fr. from mcr, a boy, Lat.J resembling 
 or bccomiug a boy or child ; childish ; boyish ; silly ; 
 
 weak. 
 
 712 
 
 PUERI'LITY, s. [pucrilite, Fr. from jmtr, a boy, Lat.J 
 boyishness ; childishness. 
 
 PUE'RPERAL, a. [from pmr, a child, and pario, I bear, 
 Lat.J belonging to childbirth, ds puerperal fever. 
 
 PUET, *. SeePEWET. 
 
 PUFF, s. \_pof, Belg.J a quick blast of breath. A small 
 blast of wind. A mushroom. Any thing light, porous, and 
 swelled with wind. An instrument used to powder bail 
 with. Anv hyperbolical or exaggerated commendation. 
 
 To PUFF, r. 7!. {boffen, Bclg.'l to swell the checks with 
 included breath. To blow with a quick blast. To blow 
 with scornfulness. To breathe thick and hard. To com- 
 mend to excess, or without reason. Actively, to inflate or 
 make swell as with the wind ; to drive with a blast of 
 breath scornfully. To raise the price of goods at an auction, 
 by inducing others to bid beyond their value. To swell 
 with pride. 
 
 PU FFER, J. one that puffs. 
 
 PUTFBALL, s. a sort of roundish fungus, opening at ttie 
 top, and full of powdery impalpable seeds. There are 15 
 English species. 
 
 PUFFIN, s. a water-fowl. A kind of fish. A fungus 
 filled with dust. 
 
 PUFFY, a. windy ; flatulent. Tumid, turgid, applied 
 to style. 
 
 PUG, s.\pic;ii, a girl, Sax.la name given to a monkey, or 
 other aniniyl, tenderly loved. A sort of Dutch dog. 
 
 PIJGH, {pull) interj. a word used to express contempt. 
 
 PU'GIL, *. [pugille, Fr.J what may be taken up between 
 the thumb and the two forefingers. 
 
 PLUiNA'CIOUS, {pii/rnasliious) a. [from pugno, to fight, 
 Lat.J fond of fighting. Quarrelsome. 
 
 PUGN.\'CITY, i. [frompiigno, to fight, Lat.] quarrelsome- 
 ness; inclination to fight. ' 
 
 PUISNE, (/)«"!/) a. [puisne, Fr.] young; petty incon- 
 siderable ; small 
 
 PUrSSANCE, s.\Fr.\ power, strength, force. 
 
 PUrSSANT, a. [Fr.J powerful, mighty, strong, forcible, 
 
 PUKE, s. a vomit, an emetic. 
 
 To PUKE, V. 11. to vomit, to spew. 
 
 PU'KER, i. a medicine causing a vomit. 
 
 PULCHRITUDE, {pulhritude)s.\(tompulcher, fair, Lat.] 
 handsomeness, grace, comeliness ; the reverse of deformity. 
 
 To PULE, f. n. [piauler, Fr.J to cry like a chicken. To 
 crv or whimper like a child. 
 
 PU'LICOSE, a. [pidicosus,'Lzt.\ abounding with fleas. 
 
 PULING, a. [from piauler, Fr.J sickly ; weakly ; crazy. 
 
 To PULL, 11. a. [pulhan. Sax. J to draw towards one with 
 continual violence. To draw forcibly. To pluck or gather, 
 applied to fruits. To tear, to reud. To draw out the en- 
 trails of a fowl. Used with doun, to subvert, ruin, or c- 
 molish. To degrade. Used with up, to eradicate, to ex- 
 tirpate. 
 
 PULL, .V. the act of pulling ; pluck; contest. 
 
 PULLEN, i. [pulain, old Fr.J poultry. 
 
 PU'LLER, s. one that pulls. 
 
 PU'LLET, «. [poulet, Fr.J a young hen. 
 
 PULLEY, i. [7)o"?i>, Fr.J a little wiicel, with a cIi.Trmel 
 round its edge, and turning round on a pivot. 
 
 To PULLULATE, v. n. \pnllulo, Lat.J to germinate, bud, 
 spring, or sprout. 
 
 PULMONARY, PULMO'NIC, a. [from pulmu, the lungs, 
 Lat.J belonging to the lungs. 
 
 PU'LMONARY, s. {pulmonaire, Fr. from puliiw, the 
 lungs, Lat.[ the herb lungwort. 
 
 PULP, s. [pulpa, F^at. pulpe, Fr.J any soft mass. TIw 
 soft or fleshy part of fruit. 
 
 PU'LPIT, s.\puli>itum, Lat.] aplace raised rti high, >\'here- 
 in a public speaker stands. The higher desk in a church, 
 from whence the minister delivers his sermons. 
 PU'LPOIJS, a. [from p"//jj soft ; pappy. 
 PU'LPOUSNLSS, s. the <)uality of being pulpous. 
 
 inrLPY,«.soft; pappv. 
 
 PULSATION, ».[from pubo, to bout, Lat.] the act ol
 
 PUN 
 
 beating or moving with quick strokes against any thing op- 
 posing. 
 
 PULSATOR, t. \hom pulso, to beat, Lat.] a striker ; a 
 beater. 
 
 PUL'SE, *. [from puho, to beat, Lat.J the beatinffortlirob- 
 biiig of tile iieart and arteries. Alternate expansion aud 
 foiitraclion. Oscillation; vibration. Leguminous plants. 
 'I'o feel one's pulse iin\)Vies, figuratively, to try to know one's 
 uiiiid. 
 
 To PULSE, ti. n. to beat like the pulse. 
 
 PU'LSION, (//u/iAoji)*- \ I'l'lsus, from pellu, to dr:ve, Lat.] 
 the act of forciiiiT or driving forward. 
 
 FU'LVERABLE, a. [from jmlvis, dust, Lat.] capable of 
 being reduced to dust. 
 
 PL'LVERIZA'TION, s. the act of reducing to powder, 
 
 pur; 
 
 To PU'NCTUI.iATE, «. «. [from puncluhm, a little spel, 
 Lat. I to mark with small spots. 
 
 PU'NCTURE, /. \punctus, from pin/^o, to prick, Lat.] a 
 hole made with a sharp-pointed instrument. 
 
 PUNDLE, s. a short and fat woman. 
 
 PU'NGAR, *. Ipagicriis, Lat.J a fish. 
 
 PUNGENCY, s. tiie power of pritkltig or eausiirg a 
 sensation of acrimony or sharpness on the tongue. Tlit 
 power of affecting the mind. 
 
 PIJ'NGENT, a. \pim^eKs, from pnngo, to prick, Lat.) 
 pricking. Affecting the tongue witli a sensation of shariv 
 ucss oracridness. 
 
 PU'NICE, s. Ijninaise, Fr.J a bug ; a wall-louse. 
 
 PUNI'CEOUS, (pnv'isheuus) a. [from ;)»ni<e».s, belonging 
 to Carthage, Lat. because the purple dye was used by th*- 
 
 ToPU'LA'ERlZE, v. a.\pdviriser, V\.] to reduce to dust Phenicians and Carthaginians in the greatest perfection) 
 
 orptuvder. 
 
 f U LVERULENCE, s. [from pulvis, dust, Lat.] dustiness 
 abundance of dust. 
 
 PU'ijVIL, J. [pntvillum, Lat.J sweet scents or odours. 
 
 To PU'LVIIj, 1'. a. to sprinkle with perfumes in powder. 
 
 PU'M A, s. in zoology a large animal of the cat tril)e which 
 
 has been called the American Lion. It is very fierec and 
 
 ravenous, but preys principally upon cattle and deer, and 
 
 seldom attacks the human species. 
 
 PU'MICE, s. \pitmcx, Lat.J the slag or cinder of some 
 . fossil brought to this state by fire. Its texture is lax, spongy, 
 fullqf little pores and cavities; it isof a pale whitish colour, 
 and is found near volcanoes. 
 PUMMEL, .f. See Pommel. 
 
 PUMP, s. [pompe, Belg. and Fr.J a machine formed o, 
 the principles of a syringe, by which water is drawn up 
 from wells, &c. A shoe with a thin turned sole, and low 
 heel. The air pump is a machine by means of which the 
 air is emptied out of vessels and a sort of vacuum created 
 in them which is destructive to animal life and is at- 
 tended with many curious effects on various bodies. See 
 Plate. 
 
 To PUMP, V. n.]piifnpen, Belg.] to work a pump. To 
 throw out or draw up water by a pump. Actively, to ex- 
 amine a person by artful interrogatories, so as to draw out 
 some secret from him. 
 PUMPER, s. the person or instrument that pumps. 
 PUMPKIN, i. a plant ; the gourd. 
 
 PUN, s. (etymology uncertain) a quibble or equivocation 
 arising from the use of a word which has two difterent 
 meanings. 
 
 To PUN, V. n. to quibble, or to use a word in ditferent 
 meanings. 
 
 To PUNCH, V. a. [poincnnner, Fr.j to make a hole by 
 driving a pointed instrument. To beat with the fist. 
 
 PUNCH, s. a pointed instrument driven by a blow to 
 Hiake Jioles. A liquor made of rum or brandy, oranges or 
 lemons, water and sugar. The buffoon or harlequin of a 
 pu|)pet show, from pnneiiulln, Ital. A short fat person. 
 
 PU'NCHEON, .t. [pvincuu, Fr.J an instrument driven to 
 make a hole or impression. A liauid measure containing 
 ei^fhtv-four gallons. 
 
 PLl'NCHEll, s. an instrument that makes a hole or im- 
 pression, when driven bv a hammer, &c. 
 
 PUNCTI LIO, s. I Ital.] a small nicety of behaviour. A 
 nice point of exactness. 
 
 PUNCTl'LIOUS «. nice; exact; too nice in trivial parts 
 of breeding. 
 
 PU'NCTO, s.\}tnncto, Span. J a nice point of ceremony. 
 Tl;e iioint in fencing. 
 
 PU'NCTUAL, a. fpoHC^Kf/, Fr.J comprised or consisting 
 ill a point. Exact ; nice ; punctilious. 
 P.uRCTUA'LITy, s. nicety ; scrupulous exactness. 
 PU'NCTUALLY, ad. nicely ; exactly ; scrupulously. 
 PU'NCTUALNESS, s. exactness ; nicety. 
 PUNCTUATION, s. [from pimctum, a point, Lat.] the 
 act of setting the stops or proper pauses to sentences. 
 
 4 Y 
 
 purple. 
 
 PU'NINESSLf. pettiness; smallness. 
 To PUNISH, V. a. [from ;«((«'», Lat.l to cliaslise; tn 
 afflict with penalties or death, for the commission of some 
 crime. 
 
 PUTS'ISHABLE, n. \punissahle, Fr.J worthy of punisliment; 
 capable of punisiinient. 
 
 PUN1SHAI5LENES.S, s. the quality of deserving or ad 
 mitting punishment. 
 PU'NlSHER.i. one who inflicts pains for a crime. 
 PUNISHMENT, s.\pimissement, Fr.J any penally or pain 
 inflicted on account of the violation of some law. 
 
 PUNITIVE, a. [from pmio, to punish, Lat.] inflicting 
 pain or punishment for the violation of sonic law. 
 
 PUNITORY, a. [from puniu, to punish, Lal.j punishing ; 
 tending to punishment. Punitory inlcresi, in civil law, '^is 
 such interest of money as- is due for delay of payment, or 
 breach of promise, itc. 
 
 PUNK, s.\pmig. Sax.] a common prostitute ; a strumpet ; 
 whore. 
 
 PU'NSTER, s. [from /mih] a quibblcr; a low «ii, ulm 
 endeavours at reinitation by using words that have a double 
 meaning. 
 To PUNT, v. 71. to play at basset or ombre. 
 PUNY, a. [;?K!i)i«, Fr.] young; inferior. Petty. 
 PU'NY, 4-. a person young au<l unexperienced. A 
 novice. 
 To PUP, V. 71. to bring forth whelps or puppies. 
 PUPIL, s. [pnpilla, Lat.jtlie apple nf the eye. A scholar, 
 or one under the care ofa tutor, from pupil/us, Lai. nr ptinille, 
 Fr. A ward, one under the care ofa giiar<liaii. 
 PUTILAGE, s. the stale ofa scholar or ward. 
 PU'PILLARY, rt. I from pupilla, a person under age 
 committed to the care of another, Lai.] pertaining toa piipd 
 or ward. 
 
 PU'PPET, s. [pmiph, Fr.J a small image ipovcd by spriihgs, 
 and imitating the gestures of an aetor. A pcisoii eiilir "ly 
 under the'direction of another. 
 
 PUTPET-SHOVV, s. a <lrama or play performed by 
 wooden-images moved by wires. 
 
 PUPPY, ». [/w7(/>ec, Fr. from piipiis, a baby, Lat. la ulielp, 
 or the issue of a female dog. A name of contempliioiis le- 
 proach, implying a person to be unworthy the name of a 
 man. 
 
 PU'RBECK, a peninsula in the S. £^ part of Dorsetshire, 
 long famous for its stone, which is i;i great demaiid bolli for 
 paving and building. Some of the finest kinds lake a good 
 polish, and are much Uicd Corchiiiuiey-pieces, hearths, vVc. 
 Tobacco-pipe clay is also t'ouiul here in great <piaiililies. 
 There are several towns in I'oriieck, the principal o,''«liieli 
 is_ Corfe Castle, already taueu notice of in its proper 
 piace. 
 PURBLIND, a. See PoRKBLivn. 
 PUTICHASABLK, a. tiiat may be pnrcliased or liouglit. 
 To PU'RCHASE, V. a. Ipuirlii'sser, Fr.J to buy for a price. 
 To obtain at any expense. In sea-language, "to draw i«. 
 *' The capslairpurcliasei apace." 
 
 713
 
 PUR 
 
 PUR 
 
 PUT.CHASE, f. [pofttrfm, old Fr.] any thing bought or 
 obtaiDed for a piict. Any thing of which possession is 
 taken any other way than by inheritance. 
 
 PU'KCHASER, t. a buyer ; one that gains any thing for 
 a price. 
 
 PURE, a. [ pirrus, Lat. piir, Fr.] unsulUed. Clear, un- 
 altered by any mixtures. Not cotniected with any thing 
 extrinsic; as,"pjtye mathematics." Void of guilt, or sin. 
 Not vitiated, applied to speech. Mere. Chaste. .Ritually 
 clean. 
 
 PURELY, arf. in a pure manner, innocently, merely. 
 
 PU'RENESS, J. the quality of being free from mixture, 
 composition, guilt, or vitious modes of speech. 
 
 PU'RFILE, s. \ pourfilte, Fr.j a kind of trimming for wo- 
 men's gowns made of tinsel and thread ; called also bobbin- 
 work. 
 
 To PU'RFLE, v.a. [pmtrfilcr, Fr.] to decorate with a 
 wrought or flowered border; to border with embroidery. 
 
 PU'RFLE, or PU'RFLEW, «. [ pourfie, Fi.] a border of 
 embroidery. 
 
 PURGA'TION, s. [from purgo, to cleanse, Lat.] the act of 
 cleansing from bad or vitious mixtures. The act of cleans- 
 ing the body downwards by medicine. The act of clearing 
 from the imputation of guilt. 
 
 PU'RGATIVE, a. Ipurg-aiif, Fr. from fnrgo, to cleanse, 
 Lat.] Iiaving the power of cleansing the body by stool. Ca- 
 thartic. 
 
 PU RGATOR Y, s. [ pm-gatoire, Fr. from purgo, to cleanse, 
 Lat.] a place where departed souls, according to the Romish 
 rhurch, are cleansed from carnal impurities before their 
 ieception into heaven. 
 
 To PURGF,, 11. a. [purger, Fr. pitrgo, Lat.] to cleanse or 
 clsar. To clear from guilt, or imputation of guilt. To 
 evacuate the body by stool. To clarify from dregs or im- 
 purities, applied to liguor. 
 
 PURGE, s. a medicine which cleanses the impurities of 
 the body by stool. 
 
 PU'RGER, s. one who clears away any thing that is 
 noxious ; a purge ; a cathartic. 
 
 PURIFICATION, s. [Fr. from puriis, pure, andfaew, to 
 make, Lat.] the act of makini; pure, or cleansing from fo- 
 reign mixtures. TJrt act of ckansiug from guilt, or bodily 
 impurities. 
 
 PU'RIFICATIVE, PURIFICATORY, a. having the 
 powej' or tendency to clear from impurities. 
 
 PU'RIFIER, s. a cleanser or refiner. 
 
 To PU'RIFY, f. o. \ purifier, Fr. from puriis, pure, arid 
 facio, to make, Lat.] to cleanse from impurity, filth, corrup- 
 tion, barbarousness, or improprieties. 
 
 PU'RIM, a solemn feast held among the Jews on the 
 fourteenth and fifteenth of March, in memory of their 
 deliveraiite from the conspiracy of Haraau by Esther. 
 
 ?\]'VAHi',s.[pmiste, Fr.] one aficctedly orsuperstitiously 
 nice in the use of words. 
 
 PURITAN, s. a name formerly given in derision to the 
 dissenters from the church of England, on account of their 
 professing to follow the pure word of God, in opposition to 
 all traditions and human constitutions. 
 
 PURITA'NICAL, «. relating to, or resembling Puritans. 
 
 PURITANISM, s. the tenets of a person who afl'ects ex- 
 traordinary' purity in religion. 
 
 PURITY, .!. [/wjiVe, Fr. from pm-in, pure, Lat.] cleanness, 
 freeness from dirt, fouhiess, guilt, unthasteness, or foreign 
 mixtures. 
 
 PURL, s. an embroidered border. A kind of medicated 
 malt liquor, in which wormwood and other bitters arc in- 
 fuspd . 
 
 To PURL, ti. n. to murmur or flow with a gentle noise. 
 Activeiv, to adorn the edges with fringes or embroidery. 
 
 PU'RLl EU, ( p&rkw) t. the borders of a forest. A border 
 or inclosure. 
 
 PURLIN.S, «. in architecture, those pieces of timber that 
 lie across the rafters on the inside, to keep tbem from sink- 
 ing ill tlu; middle of their lengtli. 
 
 To PURLUFN, V. a. etymology uncertain ; to steal, or 
 take away the property of another privately. 
 
 PURLOI'NER, s. one that takes away the property of 
 another privately. 
 
 PURPARTS, s. [pour and parti, Fr.J share; part iii 
 division. 
 
 PU'RPLE, re. [■piirpitreiis, Lat.] red tinctured with blue. 
 In poetry, red. " Purple flood." Dryden. 
 
 PU'RPLE, s. the purple colour ; a purple dress. 
 
 To PU'RPLE, V. n.[from purpur, purple, Lat.] to make of 
 a red colour mixed with blue. To make red. 
 
 PU'RPLES, s. (without a singular) spots of a livid red co- 
 lour, which break ou? in malignant fevers. A purple fever. 
 
 PURPLI.SH, a. somewhat purple. 
 
 PU'RPORT, s. Ipourporie, Fr.] the design, effect, or ten- 
 dency of a discourse or writing. 
 
 To" PU'RPORT, V. a. to show. To intend. 
 
 PU'RPO.SE, s. I propontum, from pr&pono, to propose, Lat. 
 propos, Fr.] intention or design. Effect. Consequence. 
 Example. Suitahleuess to the end intended. 
 
 To PU RPOSE, V. a. to intend, design, or resolve. Neu- 
 terly, to have an intention ; to have a design. 
 
 PU'RPOSELY,flrf. with intention or design. 
 
 FVRPRISE, {purprize) s. [poiirpris, old Fr-] a close or 
 inclosure ; also the w hole compa.ss of a manor. 
 
 To PUiUl, V. n. to murmur like a cat or leopard when 
 pleased. 
 
 PURSE, s.{ptcrs, Brit.] a bag in which money is kept. 
 
 To PURSE, V. a. to put into a purse. To gather up like 
 the mouth of a purse. 
 
 PU'RSENET, s. a net of which the mouth is drawn toge- 
 ther by a string. 
 
 PU'RSEPROUD, s. haughty on account of wealth. 
 
 PURSER, s. in a king's ship,, is an officer who has the 
 charge of the victuals, and takes care they are good, well 
 laid up, and stored. He keeps a list of the ship's company, 
 and sets down exactly the days of each man's admitttince to 
 pay. 
 
 PU'RSINESS, PU'RSIVENESS,.s. shortness of breath. 
 
 PUllSLAIN, i. [fortulaca, Lat.] in botany, the peplis of 
 LinucEus. The British species is the water-purslain, found 
 in marshes and shallow stagnant waters, and flowering in 
 September. The sea-purslain is a shrub found on the sea- 
 shore. Cows, sheep, and goats, eat it. 
 
 PURSU'ABLE, a. tit to be pursued. 
 
 PURSU'ANCE, s. the prosecution, process, or continua- 
 tion of an attempt. 
 
 PURSU'ANT, <i. done in consequence of any thing. 
 " To PURSU'E, t>. a. [pnursuirre, Fr.J to chase or follow as 
 an enemy in Older to sieze. To continue an attempt. To 
 follow as an example. To endeavour to attain. Neuterly, 
 to goon, to proceed. A French idiom. 
 
 PURSU'ER, s. one who follows with an hostile intention. 
 
 PURSUIT, {pursut) s. [poursuile, Fr.] the ai't of following 
 with hostile intention to take. An endeavour to attain. 
 A prosecution or continuation of a design. 
 
 PURSUIVANT, ipursirant) s. [Fr.] a state messenger. 
 An attendant on an herald. 
 
 PU'RSY,re. Uwmsif, Fr.]fat and short-breathed. 
 
 PU'R'I'ENAIsCE, ». [appurtinatict, Fr.J the pluck of an 
 animal. 
 
 To PURVEY, V. a. [pourrioir, Fr.] to provide with 
 conveniences. To procure. Neuterly, to buy m provisions. 
 Obsolefi' in the first sense. 
 
 PURVEYANCE,*, provisions. The act of procuring 
 provisions. 
 
 PURVEYOR, *. one ,that procures victuals..% A pimp, 
 prqcurer. 
 
 PURVIEW, (piirveu') s. [pourveu, Fr.] proviso; a pro- 
 viding clause. 
 
 PURULENCE, PU'RULENCY,x. Jjmni7««i«, from pui, 
 corrupt matter, Lat.J the generation ofniatter in a wound. 
 
 PU RULENT, a. \puniUntus, from jnu, corrupt maltei, 
 Lat.] abouoding with mutter.
 
 PUT 
 
 PYR 
 
 PUS, s. TLiit.] the matter of a well-digested sore. 
 
 To l'USH,»). a. Ipousser, Fr.J to thrust, or drive by thrust- 
 ins;. To nress forward. To enforce or drire to a con- 
 clusiou. lo importune or teaze. Neuterly, to make a 
 tbrust, effort, or attack. 
 
 PUSH, f. a thrust, an assault, an impulse. A forcible 
 effort or struggle. Exigence ; trial. A sudden emergence. 
 A pimple; a wheal ; pustule, from ;)(«<M/a, Lai. 
 
 PUSHER, *. one who pushes forward. 
 
 PUSHING, a. enterprising; vigorous. 
 
 PU'SHFIN, s. a child's play, wherein pins are pushed 
 alternately. 
 
 PUSILLANI'MITY, s. {pwilhnemiti, Fr.] want of cou- 
 rage ; meanness of spirit. 
 
 PUSILLANIMOUS, a. [pusilhnime, Fr.J void of courage. 
 Mean-spirited, or narrow-minded. 
 
 PUSlLLA'NIMOUSNESS.i. meanness of spirit. 
 
 PUSS, s. the common appellation for a cat. A sorry 
 woman. The sportsman's name for a hare. 
 
 PUSTULE, s. [from 7«(j, matter, Lat.J a small swelling 
 or tumor tilled with matter. A piuiple ; an efflorescence. 
 
 PUSTULOUS, n. abounding in pustules or pimples. 
 
 To PUT, V. a.[putier, to plant, Dan. according to JiiniusJ 
 to lay down or deposit. To place in any situation or con- 
 dition. To expose or apply to any thi:ig. To place, repose, 
 or trust. To use any action by which the state or place of 
 any thing is changed. To cause or produce. Tu put by, to 
 turn oft', divert, or thrust aside. To put down, to baflfe, re- 
 press, crush, degrade, bring into disuse, confute, or commit 
 to writing. To put forth, to propose, extend, emit, or exert. 
 To ■piU in, to interpose or drive to harbour. To put in prac- 
 tice, to use or exercise. To put off, to pull off, or lay aside ; 
 to delay or defeat by some artifice or excuse ; to pass oft' by 
 fraud ordeceit ; to procrastinate ; todiscard; toobtrudeby 
 false appearances or recommendations. To put on, ovvpon, 
 to impute or charge ; to forward or promote ; to impose or 
 inflict to assume or lake. To yut over, to refer. To put 
 ma, to place at interest ; to extinguish, applied to light or 
 sight ; to shoot like a plant ; to extend from the body ; to 
 drive from or expel ; to publish ; to disconcert. To put to, 
 to kill by ; to punish by ; to assist with. To put to it, to 
 perplex, distress, or press hard. To put vp, to pass by un- 
 revenged ; to expose to fate; to start ; to hoard; to hide. 
 Neuterly, to goor move ; to shoot or germinate. Toputin, 
 to enter a haven, to offer a claim. To put off, to leave land. 
 To put to sea, implies to set sail, or begin one's course. To 
 frut -up, to offer one's self as a candidate ; to advance or bring 
 one's self forward. To put up with, implies to bear without 
 resentment. Synon. Put seems to have a general sense ; 
 place one more limited, meaning to put orderly and in a 
 proper place. 
 
 PUT, s. an action or state of distress. A clowuish 
 ^)erson. A game at cards. A put off, implies a shift or 
 excuse. 
 
 PUTAGE, s. ^pxitain, Fr.J Hi law, a prostitution on the 
 woman s part. 
 
 PUT.\NISM, J. \ piitanis})i£, Fr.] the manner of living, 
 or trade of a prostitute ; whoredom. 
 
 PUTATIVE, a. [pututif, Fr. from pnto, to think, Lat.] 
 supposed ; reputed ; imaginary. 
 
 PUTID, a. ffrora pttteo, to stink, Lat.] mean, low, or 
 worthless. • 
 
 PUTLOGS, or PUTLOCKS, s. short pieces of timber, 
 about seven feet long, used in building scaffolds, lying at 
 right angles from the wall, and serving to bear the boards 
 on which the builders stand. 
 
 PUTRE'DINOUS, a. [from putresco, to putrefy, Lat.l 
 stinking ; rotten. " A putredinous ferment coagulates all 
 humours, as milk with rennet is turned." Flnyer. 
 
 PUTREFACTION, s. [putrefaction, Fr. from putris, 
 rotten, and facio, to make, Lat.] the state or act of growing 
 iDtten. A kind of fermentation of the intestine particles 
 of bodies, which tends to destroy their form of existence. 
 
 46 rotten. Neuterly, to grow 
 
 PUTP.EFA'CTTVE, a. [from putris, rotten, and /an'o, U 
 make, Lat.J making rotten. 
 
 To PUTllEFY, V. a. to make 
 rotten. 
 
 PUTRESCENCE, s. {hoir\ putresco, to putrefy, Lat.j the 
 state of rotting. 
 
 PUTRE'SCENT, a. \putrescens, {ton, putresco, to putrefy, 
 Lat.J growing rotten. 
 
 PUT'llID, a. \puti-idus, from putresco, to putrefy, Lat.] 
 rotten, corrupted. A putrid fever ii that ni winch the 
 humours have so little cireulatiun, that they fall into an in- 
 testine motion and piitrefv. 
 
 PUTRIDNESS, s. rottenness. 
 
 PU'TTER, s. one that stales, proposes, or places. Fol- 
 lowed by OH, an inciter or instigator. 
 
 PUTTINGSTONE, 4-. in some paits of Scotland, stones 
 are laid at the gates of groat houses, which they call putting 
 stones for trials of strength. 
 
 PUTTOCK, s. a buzzard. See Buzzard and BiT- 
 
 TEKN. 
 
 PUTTY, i. a kind of powder on which glass is ground. 
 A paste made of white lead, c^c. and linseed oil, used by 
 glaziers to fasten glass in wintlov s. The powder of calcined 
 tin is used in polishing, and giving the last gloss on iron and 
 steelworks. 
 
 To PU'ZZLE, V. a. [For postle, from pcse] to perplex or 
 confound with difliculties. To make intricate. To teaze, 
 embarrass. 
 
 PU'ZZLE, s. embarrassment ; perplexity. 
 
 PU'ZZLER, s. one who puzzles. 
 
 PVVLLHE'LLY, a town of Carnarvonshire, in North 
 Wales, G miles E. of Newin, 250 miles \V. of London ; 
 and has a good market on Wednesdays, for corn aud other 
 provisions. 
 
 PV'GARG, s. abird. 
 
 PY'GiMEAN, a. [from pygmy] like a pygmy. Belonging 
 to a pygmy. 
 
 PY'GiM Y, s. [pygnee, Fr. from pygme, a cubit, Gr.l a per 
 son belonging to a nation in Thrace, fabled to be only three 
 spans high, and to have been devoured by cranes. A dwarf, 
 or very short person. 
 
 P YLO'RUS, s. [from pyle, a door, and ourcs a keeper, Gr.^ 
 the lower orifice of the stomach. 
 
 PYRAMID, s. [from pm; fire, Gr. because fire always 
 ascends in the figure of a cone] in geometry, a solid, stand- 
 ing on a square or polygonical basis, and terminating at tht 
 top in a point. The pyramids of Egypt, the burial place of 
 their kings, are famous both for their height aud magnitude. 
 ■These surprising monuments of antiquity, which baffle 
 the researches of the deepest antiquary to fix their ongin 
 with precision, are built upon a rocky bottom, at the foot 
 of the high mountains which run along the antieut course 
 of the Nile, and separate Egypt from Lybia. Various have 
 been the conjectures how and when they were budt, yet no 
 two authors agree exactly about them ; however, this is 
 certain, that they are extremely autient, and that there is 
 no account in any author of credit, when or for what reason 
 they were founded ; most imagine they were designed for 
 tombs, though there is no discoverable entrance into two 
 of them. There are many of these edifices at a greater 
 distance in the desert, of which very little notice is taken 
 bv travellers. The principal pyramids are E. S. E. of 
 Gize, a village on the Western shore of the Nile. There 
 are 4 of them that deserve the attention of the curious; for 
 though there are 7 or 8 others in the neighbourhood, they 
 are nothing in comparison of the former: the two largest 
 pyramids are 600 feet in perpendicular height. See 
 plate. 
 
 PYRAMIDAL, PYRAMI'DICAL, «. resembling, or 
 having the form of a pyramid. 
 
 PYRAMI'DICALtY, ad. in the form of a pyramio. 
 " Thus thev rise pi/ramidicalli/." Broome. 
 
 PY'RAMIS, s. fLat. aud Gr.] a pyramid. 
 
 7V5
 
 QUA 
 
 PYRE, I. I mira, Lat.l a pile to be burnt. A funeral 
 
 pile. 
 
 PYRENE AN MOUNTAINS, or PvRENEES.mountains 
 which divide France from Spain, and extend from the Medi- 
 terranean to the Ocean, being about 212 miles in length. 
 Tliey have ditJ'erent names, accsrding to the different places 
 in which they stand. There are only 5 passages over them 
 from one country lo the other ; the 3 principal of which are 
 from St. Sehastian to St. Jean de Luz, from Pampeluna to 
 St. Jean de Luz, and from Jocgueira to Perpignan. These 
 mountains yield great quantities of timber, with abundance 
 of pitch and tar. 
 
 PYRE'TICKS, i. \ixom pyretos, a ferer, Gr.] medicines 
 which cure fevers. 
 
 PYRETO'LOGY, s. [from ppeies, a fever and Iqgos, a 
 discourse, Gr.]a treatise on fevers. 
 
 PYRITES, s. [{tovavyr, tire, Gr.] firestone. Conipoiinii 
 metallic bodies, found in detached masses, but of no de 
 terminately angular form. 
 
 FY'ROMANCY, s. [from pyr, fire, and manJ«a, divina 
 tion, Gr.] divination bv fire. 
 
 PYRO'METER, «."an instrument invented by Mr. 
 Wedgwood, for ascertaining the degrees of heat in farnaces 
 and intense tires. 
 
 PYROPHORI, s. in chymistry, compound substances 
 which heat of themselves, and take tire on the admission 
 of atmospheric air. 
 
 FY ROSOMA, s. in natnral history, a very remarkable 
 phosphoric zoophite, which is sometimes tound in the 
 Atlantic Ocean, which, when they are numerous, appears 
 iH'jminated witli their lustre. 
 
 PYROTECHNICAL, {pyrofehmkal) a. [pyrotcchmque, Fr.] 
 engaged or skilled in tireworks. 
 
 PYROTE'CHNICS, [pyrotihnihs) s. [from pyr, fire, and 
 tfchne, art, Gr.] the art of employing tire to use or pleasure; 
 the art of fireworks. 
 
 PROTE'CHNY, s. [from pyr, fire, and Uchm, art, Gr.] 
 the art of managing tire. 
 
 PYRRHONISM, s. [from Pyrrhn, the founder of the 
 sceptics] scepticism, or uni"ersal doubt. 
 
 PYX, orPY'XIS, *. [Lat.] the box in which the Romans 
 keep the host. In anatomy, the acetabaluui, or hollow of 
 tbe hip-bone. 
 
 Q. 
 
 QIS a consonant, the sixteenth letter of the English al- 
 phabet, called /««, from the French aueue, or tail, it 
 bemg as O with a tail to it. In the Gothic alphabet, it is in 
 the form of an O, with a dot in the middle. Though it had 
 a place in the Saxon alphabet, yet they generally substituted 
 cm in its room, spelling f«e/Zan, Sax. to quell or kill, in that 
 manner. The q is never sounded alone, but in conjunction 
 with «, as in quihhle, fjuarrel, quiet, quote, &c. and never 
 ends any Englisn woi-d. Asajiumeral, Q stands for 500; 
 and with a dash over it thus, q, foV 600,000. Used as an 
 abbreviate, q stands for quantity, or quantum. Thus, among 
 physicians, q. pi. is quantum placet, as much as you please ; 
 and q. ». quantum, snfliat, i. e. as much as is necessary. — 
 Q. E. D. among mathematicians, is, quod erat denumstraiuhmt, 
 i.r. which was to be demonstrated ; and Q. E. F. quod erat 
 faciendum, i. i. which was to be done. Q. D. among gram- 
 marians, is quasi dictum, u e. as if it were said, or, as who 
 should say. 
 
 QUAD,*, asort nf fish. 
 
 To QUACK, V. n. {quachtn, to cry as a goose, Belg.] to 
 cry like a duck ; in this sense it is often written quaahe, 
 lo express the sound better. To chatter loudly |and boast- 
 ingly. 
 
 QUACK, s. a persan who pretends to arts which he does 
 not understand, generally applied to ignorant pretenders in 
 pbvsic. 
 
 QUACKERY, jr. Uie praetu:* of phytic without judg- 
 ment or knowledge. 
 
 7W 
 
 QUA 
 
 QUA'CKSALVER, i. one who brags of medicines or 
 salves; a mountebank; a medicaster ; a charlatan. 
 
 QUA'DRA, J. a word used in composition from quadrant, 
 Lat. signifying four. 
 
 QUA DRAG E'SIMA, s. [from quadragesimus, ifiarfieth, 
 Lat.] is a denomination given to Lent from its consisting 
 of forty days. Hence also, the first Sunday of Lent is 
 called Quadragesima Sunday, and the preceding Sundays, 
 Qvinqtiagesima, Sexagesitiui, Septuagesima. 
 
 QUADRAGESIMAL, «. [from quadragesimui fortieth, 
 Lat.] belonging lo Lent ; used in Lent. 
 
 QUA'DRANGLE, s. [from quatiiar, four, and ai>gid\u, an 
 ringle, Lat.].a square ; a figure with four right angles. 
 
 QUADRA'NGULAR, a. square, having four right angles. 
 
 QUA'DRANT, s. [quadrans, from quatuor, four, Lat.Jthe 
 fourth part; the quarter ; a quarter of a circle. An instru- 
 ment containing the fourth part ' of a circle, with which 
 altitudes are measured. 
 
 QUADRA'NTAL, a. included in the fourth part of a 
 circle^ 
 
 QUA'DRATE, a. [qvadratut, from quatuor, four, Lat.] 
 square, or having four equal and parallel sides ; divisible 
 into four equal parts. Suited ; applicable ; used with to, 
 from quadrans, Lat. 
 
 QUA'DRATE, t. a square or surface having four equal 
 and parallel sides. In astrology, an aspect of the heavenly 
 bodies, in which they are distant 90 degrees from" each 
 other, from quadrat, Fr. 
 
 To QUA'DRATE, f. n. \juadro, from quatuor, four, Lat.] 
 to suit, or be accomodated ; followed by witlt. 
 
 QUADRATIC, a. four-square ; belonging to a square. 
 Quadratic Equations, in 'algebra, are such as retain, on the 
 unknown side, the square of the root, or the number sought; 
 and are of two sorts ; first^ simple quadratics, where the 
 square of the unknown root is equal to the absolute number 
 
 fiven ; secondly, affected quadratics, which are such as have, 
 etween the highest power of the unknown number and the 
 absolute number given, some intermediate power of the un- 
 known number. 
 
 QUA'DRATURE, s.Jmuidratura, from quatnoi; four, Lat.J 
 the act of squaring. The first and last quarters of the 
 moon. The state of being square ; a quadrate ; a square. 
 
 QUADRE'NNIAL, a. [from quatuor, four, and annus, a 
 year, Lat."" containing four years; happening every fourth 
 year. 
 
 QUAT)RIBLE, «. tliat may be squared. 
 
 QUADRI'FID, a. [from quatuor, four, audjinfiu, to split, 
 Lat.] cloven into four parts. 
 
 QUADRILATERAL, a. [from mntuor, four, and latvs, 
 aside, Lat.l having four sides. 
 
 QUADRILATERALNESS, s. the property of having 
 four right-lined sides. 
 
 QUADRI LLE, s. [Fr.J a game at cards. 
 
 QUA'DRIN, s. iqttadrinus, from quatuor, four, Lat.] a mfte; 
 a small piece of money in value about a farthing. 
 
 QUADRINO'MICAL, a. [from ^mfiior, four, and'tomrn, 
 a name, Lat.l consisting of four denominations. 
 
 QUADRIPA'RTITE, a. [from quatuar, four, and pars, 
 a part, Lat.] having four parts ; divided into four parts. 
 
 QUADRlPA'llTlTELY, ad. in a quadripartite distri- 
 bution 
 
 QUADRTPARTITION, s. a division by four, or [the 
 taking the fcwrtli part of any quantity or number. 
 
 QUADRIPHVLLOUS,?a. [from<p««<i«)r, four, I.at and 
 phyllon, aleaf, Gr.J having four leaves. 
 
 QUADRIRE'ME, t. [from quatuor, four, and temMS, ar. 
 oar, Latja galley with four banks of oars. 
 
 QUADRISYLLABLE, i. [from quatuor, four, Lat. and 
 syllable] a word of four syllables. 
 
 QUADRIVA'LVES. «. from quatuor, four and mW, doors, 
 Lat.] doors with four folds. 
 
 SJADRI'VIAL, a, [from quatuor, four, and via, a way, 
 Itaving four ways meeting iu a point.
 
 QUA 
 
 QUA 
 
 QUA'DRUPED, i. [from lywf/iwr, four, and p**, a' foot, 
 Lat.J an animal that goes on four fet-t. 
 
 QUADRUPLE, a.lquadmjjlu.i, from qttaixwr, four, Lat.] 
 foiir-fokl. 
 
 To QUADRUPLICATE, 1,'. n. [quutlnqdico, from qnaluor, 
 four, Lat.l to double twice ; to make four-fold. 
 
 QUADRUPLICATION, s._ [qmdruptico, from qwUwn; 
 four, Lat.l tlu,' taking a thins four times. 
 
 (iUADRU'Pt.Y, ltd. to a fourfold .mantity. 
 
 QUjE'RE, v. imp [Lat. I inquire ; seek. A word made use 
 of when a thing is recomnieuded to inquiry. 
 
 To QLIAFF, V. ff. lelymolo^'y uncertain] to drink; to 
 swallow iu larfjc draughts. Neuterly, to drink much. 
 
 To QIJA'F FER, v. i:. to feel out. 
 
 QUAGGA, s. in zoology, a species of wild horse, whicli 
 inhabits the South of Africa. 
 
 QUA'GGY.n. boggy ; not solid. 
 
 QUA'GM-IRE, s. [i. e. qiuihivp- viire] a bog which trembJ»» 
 Hiider one's feet ; a shaking mar^li. 
 
 QU/ML, s. [qiia^lia, Ital.] a bird of game, pernaps so 
 called ft-'om its mournful cry. 
 
 To QUAIL, V. n. \qnelen, Belg.] to languish, or grow 
 dispirited ; to fade, to'decline. Actively, to quell, cruxh, 
 depress, sink, overpower. Not used. 
 
 QUArLPIPE, s. a pipe with which fowlers allure 
 quails. 
 
 QUAINT, a. \coniptus, Lat.] nice; exact to excess. 
 Subtilly contrived, fine spun, affected. Neat, pretty. 
 
 QUAl'NTLY, nd. nicely ; exactly; artfully. 
 
 QUAI'NTNESS, s. petty elegance ; uiccty. 
 
 To QUAKE, V. V. {cicacitn, Sax.] to shake or tremble 
 with cold or fear. To shake with the least jog or mo- 
 tion. 
 
 QUAKE, s. a shudder, or trembling motion. 
 
 QUA'KEGRASS, s. a kind of grass, of which there are two 
 kinds, the small and the couinion. 
 
 QUAKERS, or FRIENDS, a religious sect who made 
 their appearance in England ai»>ut the middle of the 17th 
 century. With Christians in general ihey maintain the 
 doctrines of the Trinity, the divinity of Christ, and the 
 atonement, and the divine autlioritv'of the sacred scriptures. 
 The foundation of their system is, that God has communi- 
 cated to every man a portion of holy light, or sacred instruc- 
 tion, by the influence of his Spirit, to which if men will give 
 heed they will grow in wisdom and grace, and be made fit 
 for everlasting glory. As they believe that the aid of the 
 Spirit is most effectually sought iu silence of mind, they do 
 not so generally as other Christians celebrate their worship 
 aloud by preaching and. prayer, but wait till they deem 
 themselves moved by the Spirit of God before they enter 
 on any ministerial exercise. They do not administer 
 baptism or the Lord's Supper, and regard titles, oaths, and 
 war as unlawful. 
 
 QUALIFICATION, a. [qmlification, Fr.] that which 
 makes any person or thing tit. Anaccpmplishmeut. Abate- 
 ment ; diminution. 
 
 To QUA'LIFY, V. a. [qunlifur, h r.] to accomplish ; to 
 render tit for any thing or employment. To abate, soften, 
 or diminish. To modify; to rrgulate. 
 
 QUA'LITY, *. [qu(iliias,Uwn qiiaUs, of what kind, Lat.] 
 nature, relatively considered. A property or accident. 
 Disposition or temper. Virtue or vice. Character. Ac- 
 complishment. Rank. Nobility. Persons of high rank 
 collectively. 
 
 QUALM, {quawm) s. [cwfalm, a sudden stroke of death. 
 Sax. I a sudden tit of sickness, or sickly languor. 
 
 QUA'LMISH, {quaivniisli) a. seized with sickly languor. 
 QUaNDA'RY, s. [qu'en dirnije ? what shall I say about 
 it.' Fr. SZ;in)t«rJ a doijbt ; a state of perplexity and uncer- 
 tainty. A low word.' 
 
 QU.fiNGST,orQUAMSI, an inland province in tne S. 
 of China. It produces plenty of rice, being watered by 
 several large rivers. The southern part is a flat country, 
 skiHl well cultivated ; but the northern is full gf iLouutains 
 
 covered with treei. It contains mine? of all sorts; and 
 particularly a gold mine. They have a particular tree, of 
 whose pith they make bread ; and there arc little insects 
 which produce white wax. A prodigious number of vnkl 
 animals, curious birds, and uncommon insects are found 
 here. The capital is Qnic-lnig, or Kouei-ling. 
 
 QUANG-TONG, QUAMTUM, or CANTON, a pro- 
 vince of China.boiinded on the E. by Kiang-Si, and Fokicti ; 
 on the'S. by the Ocean ; and on the VV. by Tonquin. It 
 is diversified by valleys and mountains, and yields two crops 
 of corn in a year. It aboumis in gold, jewels, silk, |,earls, 
 tin, quicksilver, sugar, brass, iron, steel, saltpetre, ebony, 
 and several sorts of odoriferous wood ; beside fruits of 
 all sorts. They have lemons of the size of a man's head ; 
 and another sort which grows out at the trunk of tlie tree, 
 whose rind is very hard, and contains a great inimber </i 
 little cells full of an excellent yellow pulp, '^riiey have a 
 proiligious number of ducks, whose eggs they hatch is 
 ovens ; and a tree, whose wood is remarkai)ly liard and 
 heavy, and thence called iron wood. The mountains are 
 covered with a sort of ouiers, which creep along the ground, 
 and are .so lough that they make baskets, hurdles, mats, and 
 ropes of llipui. Canton is the capital. 
 
 QUANTITY, [f/Hffiid/wj, from qt:nntiis, how much, Lat.} 
 that property of a thing which answers to the question, 
 how much? that whicli can be increased or diminished. 
 In grammar, the length of time used in pronouncing a 
 syllable. 
 
 QUA'NTUM, s. (;Lat.l quantity ; or amount " The 
 qtmntum of presbvterian merit. " Swift. 
 
 QUA'RANTAIN, QUA RANLINE, s. [quara,uam, Fr.J 
 the space of forty days, which a ship's crew, coming from 
 places aflected with the plague, is obliged to observe, witJi- 
 out intercourse or commerce with others. 
 
 To QUA'RREL, r. n. [qnfrdter, Fr.] to debate, dispute, 
 or fall into variance ; to scuttle, squabble fight. 
 
 QUA'RREL, s. \quereUe, Fr.J a scuffle, petty fight, brawl, 
 contest, or dispute. A cause of dispute. Something that 
 gives right to mischief or reprisal. Objection ; ill-wiH. Au 
 arrow with a square head, from quadrdla, Ital. 
 QUA'RRELLER, s. he who quarrels. 
 QUA'RRELLOUS, a. \(juetellen.x, Vi.\ petulant; easily 
 provoked to enmitv ; quarrelsome. 
 
 QUARRELSOME, a. inclined to brawls; easily pro- 
 voked; choleric; irrascibie; petulenf. 
 
 QUARRELSOMELY, <ul. in a quarrelsome mannor ; 
 petulantly ; cholericly. 
 
 Q ARRELSOMENESS, j. petulance ; choleric- 
 ness. 
 
 QU A RRY, ». [qiiaiTt, Fr."] a square. Game flown at by 
 a hawk. A mine whence stones are dug. An arrow with 
 a iinuare head, from (piadreau, Fr. 
 'Fo QUARRY, V. n. to prey upon. A low word. 
 QUA'RRYMAN,.?. one who digs in a quarry. 
 QU.\RT, iqnmmt) s. [quart, Fr.] the fourth part of a 
 gallon. A vessel which holds the fourtii part of a gallon. 
 
 QUARTAN, J. [from (jrimitit?, fourth, Lat.J an ague iiap- 
 pening every fourth day. 
 
 QUARTA'TION, (qnatirtashmi) s. [from qvnrtus, fourth, 
 Lat.J an operation made by refiners, wherein a fourth pait 
 of gold and three parts of silver arc compounded. 
 
 QUA'RTER, (fpttim-tcr) s. \q»f.iliei; Fr.] a foorth part 
 A region of the skies, alluding to the seamen's carti, or the 
 four points in the horizon. A particular part of a toivn cr 
 country. The place where soldiers are lodged, or stationed. 
 A proper station. Mercy, or pardon of^life shewH by a 
 conqueror. A measure of eight bushels. A part of a shoe, 
 which makes up one side of the heel, and contains the strap 
 which holds the buckle. A cleft or chink in a horse's IumA 
 from top to bottom. 
 
 To QUA'RTER, {qim«.rtn)w. a. to divide into four parta. 
 To divide, or break by force. To station or lodge soldiers. 
 To divide into regions. To fieed or diet. To bear as an aj». 
 pendage to one's hereditary ai4Ui. To lodge. - 
 
 71f
 
 QUE 
 
 QUA'RTERAGE, (qvawrterajc) s. a quarterly allow- 
 Quce. 
 
 QUA'RTERDAY, (quawrterday) s. one of the days by 
 which the year is divided into four parts, and on which rents 
 are paid. 
 
 QUARTERDECK, (quaicrierdich) t. tile short upper 
 deciiof a ship. 
 
 QUARTERLY, (qitau-rtirh/) a. coiit;;iiiin!j a fourth 
 part. 
 
 QUA'RTERLY, {qnaicrteHy) ad. oiice in a quarter of a 
 year. 
 
 QUA'RTERM ASTER, {quawrtermastcr) s. one who re- 
 gulates the quarters or lodgings of soldiers. 
 
 QUA'RTERN, {quawrtem) s. a gill, or the fourth part of 
 a pint. 
 
 QUA'RTERSTAFF, (quatvrterstaff) s. a staff of defence, 
 so called from the mannerof usingit ; one hand beingpUiced 
 on the middle, and the other half way between that and 
 the end. 
 
 QUA'RTILE, (qnau^Ttile) s. an aspect of the planets when 
 they are three signs, or tW degrees, distant from each other ; 
 and is marked thus, □ 
 
 QUATiTO, {qmwrto) s. [from qiiartns, fourth, Lat.] tiie 
 size of a book in which a sheet is doubled so as to contain 
 four leaves. 
 
 QUARTZ, i. in mineralogy, a variety of siliceous earths, 
 mixed with a small portion of lime or alumine. 
 
 To QUASH, r. a. \qiiasso, Lat. quassen, Belg.j to crush ; 
 to squeeze. To subdue suddenly. To make void, or annul, 
 Neuterly, to be shaken with a noise. 
 
 QUASH, i. a pompion. 
 
 To QUA'sSATE, v. a. [from quasso, to shake, Lat.J to 
 shake or brandish. 
 
 QUASSATION, s. [from ^lasso, to shake, Lat.] a brand- 
 ishing or shaking. 
 
 QUATERNARY, *. [quaternarius, from rnahwr, four, 
 Lat.J the number four. 
 
 QUA'TERCOUSINS, (Adto-7!«re?w) fourth cousins, «hich 
 is the last degree of kindred. 
 
 QUATE'RNION, *. [qualcrnio, from quatiwr, four, Lat.] 
 the number four. 
 
 QUATRAIN, *. Iquatmin, Fr.] a stanza consisting of four 
 lines rhvniing alternately. 
 
 QUA'VER, s. a note in music, two of which make a 
 crotchet. 
 
 To QUATER, V. n. [cu-avan. Sax.] to shake the voice ; 
 to speak or sing with a tremulous voice. To shake ; to 
 vibrate. 
 
 QUAY, (key) s. \qvai, Fr.] a key, or artificial bank on a 
 sea or river, whereon goods are lauded. 
 
 QUEAN, (qweii) I. a "-vorthless woman ; a strumpet ; a 
 drab; a jade. 
 
 QUE'ASINESS, (queiziness) s. the sickness of a nauseated 
 stomach. 
 
 QUE'ASY, (queizy) a. (of uncertain etymology) sick 
 with nauseousness. Squeamish ; causing nauseousness ; 
 fastidious. 
 
 QUEBEC, the capital of Canada, in North America. 
 Almost all the houses of Canada are built of stone, and its 
 inhabitants are about 7000 in number. The English made 
 several unsuccessful attempts to reduce this place to their 
 obedience : it was taken, however, in 17.09, by general 
 Wolfe, who having received several wounds in the course 
 of the action, expirodjusl as his troops had obtained a com- 
 plete victorj. Lat. 40'. 48. N. Ion. 71. 10. W. See CapE 
 Rrkton.' 
 
 ToQUECK, V. n. to shrink ; to show pain. Obsolete. 
 
 QUEEN, s.Jcweu, Sax.] a woman invested with sove- 
 reign power. The wife of a king. A pictured card painted 
 witn the figure of a queen. 
 
 ToQUKEN,.).«..t.>pla 
 
 QUEEN OF TIHi MEA'D'OWS, i. in botany, the com- 
 
 To QUE EN, «'. n. .to play the queen. 
 
 QUEEN OF Til 
 
 inon meadowsweet. 
 
 DUEE'NBOUOUGH, {QitcaMrS) an anticnt, but poor 
 
 718 
 
 QU£ 
 
 town of Kent, in the Isle of Sheppey, sif uarrd at tne month 
 of the river Medway. The chief emplojinent of the in- 
 habitants is oyster dredging, oysters being here in great 
 plenty, and of a fine fiavour. It is 15 miles N. \V. of Can- 
 terbury, and 44 E. of London. Markets on Jlonday and 
 Thursday. 
 
 QUEIiN CHARLOTTE'S SOUND, a Sound at the N. 
 extremity of New Zealand, near Cook's Strait, lying in lat 
 41. OS. and Ion. 184. 19. E. 
 
 QUEEN'S COUNTY, a county in Irelan.l, in the pro- 
 vince of Leinster, about 25 miles square: bounded on tiie 
 N. and vV. by King's County and part of Fipperary, on the 
 E. by Kikiare and part of Carlow, and on the S. by 
 Kilkenny. It was formerly full of woods and bogs, but is 
 now much improved. It contains 50 parishes, about 
 15,000 houses, and 82,000 inhabitants. Maryborough is the 
 capital. 
 
 QUEEN'S FERRY, a town of Linlithgowshire, seated 
 on the Frith of Forth, where it is not more than 2 miles 
 wide. It is a much frequented ferry, and is 9 miles W. of 
 Edinburgh. 
 
 QUEER, o. odd; strange; particular. 
 
 QUEE'RLY, nd. particularly ; oddly. 
 
 QUEE'RNESS, s. oddness ; particularity. 
 
 QUEEST, s. f from qvcstus, 'complain;, Lat. according to 
 Skinner] a ring dove, a kind of wild pigeon. 
 
 To QUELL, V. a. [cu-ellttn, Sax.] to subdue or crush; 
 originally, to kill. Neuterly, to die. 
 
 QUE'LLER, s. one that crushes or subdues. 
 
 QUE'LQUECHOSE, {lUlhshoze) s. [Fr.] a triflle ; a kik- 
 shaw. 
 
 To QUEME, I', n. \cweman, Sax.| to please. An old 
 word. 
 
 To QUENCH, v.'a.jai-encen. Sax.] to extinguish fire, allay 
 thirst, or slillany passion or commotion. Neuterly, to cool; 
 to grow cool. 
 
 QUE'NCHABLE, a. capable of being extinguished, allay- 
 ed, or appeased. 
 
 QUE'NCHER, ,?. one that quenches ; an extinguisher. 
 
 QUENCHLESS, «. not to be extinguished. 
 
 QUE'RELE, i. \querela, from qtieroi; to romplain, Lat.] a 
 complaint to a court. 
 
 QUERENT, s. [quereiis, from qrteror, to complain, Lat.] 
 the complainant ; the plaintiff. 
 
 QUERIMO'NIOUS, a. [querimonia, from' queror, to com- 
 plain, Lat.] querulous; complaining. 
 
 QUERIMO'NIOUSLY, ad. querulously; with com- 
 plaint. 
 
 - . QUERIMO'NIOUSNESS, s. complaining temper. 
 i QUE'RIST, i. [from jtwrro, Lat.] one that asks a question; 
 an inquirer. 
 
 QUERN, s. [ctt'fom, Sax.] a handmill. 
 
 QUE'RPO, s. [corrupted from ciurpo, Span.] a close- 
 bodied coat or waistcoat. 
 
 QUl'.RRY, for EQUERRY, s. l^a.yer, Fr.J a groom 
 belonging to a prince, or one conversant in the stables of 
 a kiiiiv. 
 
 QUE'RULOUS, a. [<7Kfn(?(«, from qucior, to complain, 
 I.at.j mourning ; habitually complaining. 
 
 QllE'RULOUSLY, arf. in a complaining manner. 
 
 QUE'RULOUSNESS, *. habit or quality of complaining 
 mournfully. 
 
 QUERY, s. [from quwre, Lat.] a question or inquiry 
 which wants a solution. 
 
 To QUE'RY, V. a, to ask questions. 
 
 QUE,ST, s. [queste, Fr. from quicro, to seek, Lat.J «earcb ; 
 the act of seeking. An impannelled iury, contracted 
 from inquest. Au examination. Searcnes collectively. 
 Request. 
 
 To QU EST, V. n. [quester, Fr. j to go in search. 
 
 QU E'STANT, s. seeker ; endeavourer after. 
 
 QUESTION, (the tion is proti. as spelt in this word and 
 its following derivatives) J. [from quecro, to seek, Lat.J any 
 thing proposed to be examined, answered, or debuted. The
 
 Q U I 
 
 subject of debate. A doubt. A trial. E.xaniiiiatioii by 
 torture. 
 
 ToQUE'STION, V. n. to examine one by ciiiestions; to 
 (loiibl, or be uncerlaiu of. Neuterly, to inquire ; to debate 
 witii a person bv interrogatories. 
 
 QUE'STIONfAULE, a. liable to doubt or dispute. 
 
 QUESTIONABLENESS, i. the quality of being ques- 
 tionable. 
 
 QUE'STIONARY, a. inquiring ; asking questions. 
 
 QUE'STIONER, i. an inquirer ; an interrofjator. 
 
 QUESTIONLESS, ad. certainly ; without doubt. 
 
 QUE'STiWAN, QUE'STMONGER, s. a starter oflaw- 
 suits or prosecutions. 
 
 QUE'STRIST, s. a seeker ; a pursuer. 
 
 QUE'STUARY, a. ffVoni qnwstiis, gain, Lat.J studious of 
 profit. 
 
 QUIB, s. a sarcasm ; a bitter taunt. 
 
 QUI'BBLE, s. [from quuUihet, wiiat you please, Lat.l 
 a low conceit founded on the mere sound of words ; a pun. 
 
 To QUI'BBLE, v. n. to pun, equivocate, or play on the 
 mere sound of words. 
 
 QUI'BBEER, s. an equivocator. 
 
 QUl'BERON, a small peninsula in the dept. of Morttihan, 
 to the N. of Belleisle ; also a small island called the point of 
 Quiheron, separated from the peninsula by a channel : the 
 sea next it is called the Bay of Quiheron. It is remarkable 
 for an ill-conceived and unfortunate expedition against 
 France, of English troops and emigrants, in 1795. A ter- 
 rible slaughter was made of these last devoted men, who 
 seem, on this occasion, to have formed the forlorn hope ; 
 they were pushed foremost in attack, and left behind in 
 retreat. 
 
 QUICK, a. [pii'ir, Sax.] living, opposed to death. Swift, 
 opposed to slow. Speedy, op!)oscd to delay. Active, nim- 
 ble, or sprightly. SvNoN. When we are asiirfuoHi at work, 
 we lose no time : when cxpeditimi.i, we defer not, but finish 
 immediately : when quich, we work with activity. Idleness, 
 delay, and slowness, are the three defects opposite to these 
 three good qualities. 
 
 QUrCKLY, ad. in a nimble, speedy, or ready manner. 
 Synon. The word anickhj seems more proper to express 
 the motion with which we act ; its reverse is — slouhj. The 
 word soon respects the time when the action is performed : 
 its reverse is — late. The word speedily has a greater relation 
 to the time we employ aboat a thing ; its reverse is — long 
 time. 
 
 QUICK, s. a live animal. The living flesh, or sensible 
 parts. Not in use in the first sense. 
 
 To QUrCKEN, V. a. [cwiccaii. Sax.] to make alive. 
 To hasten. To actuate or excite. Neuterly, to become 
 alive. 
 
 QU'ICKENER, s. one who makes alive; that which ac- 
 celerates or actuates. 
 
 QUICKEN-TREE, j. the mountain ash, 
 
 QUrCKGRAS.S, s. the dog-grass. 
 
 QUI CKLIISIE, s. lime not quenched with water. 
 
 QurCKLY',nf/. speedily ; nimbly. 
 
 QUrCKNESS, s. speed ; swiftness. Activity. Sensibility. 
 Sharpness ; pungency. 
 
 QUI'CKSAND, i. amoving sand. Unsolid ground. 
 
 To QUICKSET, V. a. to set with living plants. 
 
 QUrCKSET, s. a plant set to grow. 
 
 QUI'CKSIGHTED, {quitksited) a. seeing soon ; having 
 a sharp sight. 
 
 QlilCKSIGHTEDN ESS, s. sharpness of sight. 
 
 QUrCKSILVER, orRlERCURY, s. a fluid mineral, the 
 heaviest of all known bodies next to gold, of the colour 
 of silver, and so subtile that it penetrates the parts of all 
 othei metals, renders them brittle, and partly dissolves them. 
 
 QUICKSILVERED, «. overlaid with quicksilver. 
 
 QUI'DDANY, s. [qmdden, a quince, TeutJ confection of 
 quinces made with sugar; marmalade. 
 
 QUI'DDIT, J. [from qnidlihet, what you please, Lat. 
 tjntdit, Fr.J a subtlety or equivocation. A low word. 
 
 QUI 
 
 QUI'DDITY, [qiiidmias, low, Lat.]a trifling nicctj', or caviL 
 Essence ; that which is a proper answer to the question, 
 Quidest? What is it ? 
 
 QUIE'SCENCE, s. [from quieseo, to rest, Lat.] a state ot 
 rest ; repose. 
 
 QUIESCENT, a. [from quisesco, to rest, Lat.J at rest, 
 not changing place; lying at repose. 
 
 QUI'ET, a. [from qniesco, to rest, Lat.J still ; from di!». 
 turbanco motion, passion, or strife. Smooth. Not noisy. 
 QUI'E'J, s. [qmcs, Lut.] rest, repose, tranquillity, peace, 
 security. 
 
 To QUI'ET, V. a. to calm, or make silent ; to put to rest ; 
 to pacify ; to still. 
 
 QUI'E TER, s. the person or thing that quiets. 
 QUI'ETISM,*. the doctrine of the (Juietists, a religious 
 sect which excited great attention towards the close of llic 
 17th century. They professed to love God for himself in- 
 dependent of any rewards or punishments. They believed 
 that the souls of good men may attain in this world to s 
 state of rest, in which they are, as it were, swallowed up 
 in God, and have no need of prayer, singing, or vows. 
 
 QUI'ETLY, ad. without noise, disturbance, motion, or 
 resistance. 
 
 (JUI'ETNESS, s. a state of mind free from the turbulence 
 of passiiMi. 
 QUI'ETSOME.fl. calm, still, undisturbed. 
 QUIETUDE, J. [quietitdf, Fr.] repose or tranquillity. 
 QUILL, i. {caidis, Lat.J the hard strong feather of the 
 wing, of which pens are made. A pen. The dart of a 
 porcupine. A reed on which weavers wind their threads. 
 An instrument with which musicians strike their strings. 
 
 QUl'LLWOR'T, s, in botany, the isoetes of Linnxns. 
 The British species is the mountain quillwort, of which tliere 
 are three varieties ; the long-leaved, sbort-Ieaved, and 
 flexible. 
 
 QUILT, s. [/(»/(•/(<, Belg.] a cover made by stitching one 
 
 cloth over another with some soft substance between them. 
 
 To QUILT, I', a. to stitch one cloth over another with 
 
 some soft substance between them. 
 
 QUI'NAR Y, a. [from quinqne, five, Lat.] consisting of five. 
 
 QUINCE, s. \quidden, Feut.] a fruit somewhat resembling 
 
 a pear. 
 
 To QUINCH, 'v. n. to stir ; to flounce as in resentment 
 or pain. 
 
 QUINCU'NCIAL, {qmnkunshial) a. having the form of 
 a quincunx. 
 
 QUI'NCUNX, s. [from quinqne, five, Lat.] Qinncimx order 
 is a plantation of trees, disposed originally in a square, 
 consisting of five frees, one at each corner, and a fifth in 
 the middle ; which disposition, repeated again and' again, 
 forms a regular grove, wood, or wilderness. 
 
 QUINQUAGE'SIMA, s. [Lat.] a Sunday so called, be- 
 cause it is the fiftieth day before Easter, reckoned in whole 
 numbers. Shrove Sunday. 
 
 QUINQU A'NGULAR, a. [from quinqne, five, and a^tguhts, 
 a corner, Lat.J having five comers. 
 
 QUINQUARTICULAR, a. [from qmmpie, five, and 
 erticH/i«, an article, Lat.] consisting of five articles. 
 
 QUI'NQUEFID, a. \ixovaquinqM, five, and fbtdo, to split, 
 Lat.] cloven in five. 
 
 QuINQUE'NNIAL, a. [from qninque, five, and axtms, a 
 year, Lat.l lasting five years; happening once in five years. 
 QUI'NSi, s. [corrupted from squinancy] an inflammatory 
 swelling in the throat. 
 
 QUINT, s. [qiiitit, Fr.] a sequence of five. Commonly ap- 
 plied to five cards, at the game of piquet. 
 
 QUI'NTAIN, s. \qm}Uain, Fr.J a post with a turning top. 
 SeeQuiNTiN. 
 
 QUI'NTAL, s. [q. d. ceTOale, from eentian, an hundred* 
 Lat.J an hundred pounds weight. 
 
 QUI'NTESCENCE, j. [sometimes accented on the second 
 syllable, from quintns, fifth, and essentia, an essence, Lat. f 
 in alchyma, the fifth or last and highest essence ; an extract 
 of any thing containing all its virtues. 
 
 710
 
 QUO 
 
 QUINTESSE'NTIAL, (quintenfmhiaT) a. consisting of 
 quintessence. 
 
 QUI'NTIN, s. [quintain, Fr.] an upright post, on the top 
 of which is a cross turned round on a piii, having a broad 
 board and a iieavy sandbag at eacti end ; the person piay- 
 Hig at the game used to 4trii<€ the broad board witli liis lance, 
 and endeavour to pass by before the sand-bag could strike 
 him, in its revolution, on the back. 
 
 QUINTUPLE, a. [qiciiUuplus, horn quinqiic,fi\e, Lat.] five- 
 told. 
 
 QUIP, s. [derived from whip] a sharp jest or taunt ; a 
 sarcasm ; a jeer; a joke. 
 
 To QUIP, V. a. to rally with bitter sarcasms ; to taunt ; to 
 jeer. 
 
 QUI'QUI, s. in zoology, a species of weasel which lives 
 underground in South America. 
 
 QUIRE, i. [c/i(cui; Fr.] a body of singers ; a chorus. 
 That part of a church where service is sung. A bundle of 
 paper consisting of 24 sheets, from enhier, Fr. 
 
 To QUIRE, V. n. to sing in concert. 
 
 QUI'RISTER, s. one who sings iu concert at divine ser- 
 vice ; a chorister. 
 
 QUIRK, J. elymology uncertain ; a quick stroke or sharp 
 fit. A smart taunt. An artful distinction. Subtilty ; 
 evasion. ' 
 
 To QUIT, V. a. part. pass, gmt, prefer. / have quit, or 
 qvitted ; [quitter, Fr.J to discharge an obligation of duty ; to 
 make even. To set fjee or discharge from. To perform. 
 To clear a debt. To abandon or forsake. To resign, or 
 give up. 
 
 QUITCH-GRASS, s. [cwict, Sax.l dog-grass. 
 
 QUITE, ad. [quitte, free, Fr. hence the original expres- 
 sion, quite and elean ; i. e. with a clean riddance] entirely ; 
 perfectly ; completely. 
 
 QUITO, a province of Peru, in South America. The 
 country is pretty well cultivated, and the towns and villages 
 are populous. The air is exceedingly temperate. There is 
 much o;oid in the northern parts. It is surrounded by the 
 Cordilleras de los Andes, ajid is generally reckoned about 
 400 miles long, and 200 broad. 
 
 QUlTO, a town of S. America, capital of a province of 
 the same name. It is seated in a pleasant valley !)etween 
 two chains of the Andes, on higher ground than the rest of 
 habitable Peru, beini; above 300 yards higher than the level 
 of the sea. It is a bishop's sec, and contains several convents 
 and an university. All sorts of merchandise and commodi- 
 ties are exceedingly dear, on account of the difhculty of 
 bringing them hither. Ti)e inhabitants amount to between 
 50 and (70,000. Lat. 0. 134. S. Ion. 78. 15. W. 
 
 QUITRENT, s. a small rent paid yearly in token of sub- 
 jection to the lord of the manor ; by whicli he is quit and 
 ■free from all other rents or services. 
 
 QUITS, intcTJ. a word used when any thing is repaid, or 
 the opposite parties in a game are even. 
 
 QUITTANCE, s. [quittance, Fr.J a discharge from debt 
 or obligation. A return or recompence. An acquittance. 
 
 QUI'TTER, s. a deliverer. Tlic scoria or dross of tiu. 
 Tfie matter of a sote or wound. 
 
 QUITTERI50NE, *. a hard round swelling on the coro- 
 net, between the heel and the <|uarterof a horse's foot. 
 
 QUrVERj [perhaps corrupted from couvrii>, to cover, 
 FrJ a case for'arrows. 
 
 'To QUl'VER, V. n. to quake ; to play to and fro with a 
 trembling motion. 
 
 QUrVERED, a. furnished with, or placed in, a quiver. 
 
 QUO'DLIBET, t. [Lat.] a nice point, or subtilty; a 
 quirk. 
 
 QUODLIBETA'RIAN, «. [from quodlibet,vi\\^t you please, 
 Lat. J one who talks or disputes on any subject. 
 
 QUODLIBETICAL, a. [from 7^uo(to.«, what you please, 
 Lat.] not restrained to a particular subject. 
 
 QUOI F, or COIF, s. [coeffe or coiffe, Fr.J a cap. Particu- 
 Jarlv a()|)li<'d to that wornM)y a scrjeant at law. 
 QUOlTf URE, *. [cvtffHre or coiffwt, Fr.J head-dress. 
 720 
 
 il AC 
 
 QUOIN, or COIN, s. [coin, Fr.] a corner. A wedge nse<V 
 iu raising cannon, and for keeping things firm. 
 
 QUOITS, orCOlTS, s. a game played by throwing any 
 thing from one stated point to another. 
 
 To QUOIT, 11. »i. to play at quoits; to throw from place 
 to place. Actively, to throw. 
 
 QUO'NDAM, s. [Lat.] having been formerly. A .ludi- 
 crous word. 
 
 QUORUM, .5. [from quorum, the first word in the com- 
 mission] a bench of justices ; one in a commission without 
 whom llie rest cannot act. 
 
 QUOTA, >. [from quotas, how much, Liit.J a share or pro- 
 portion. 
 
 QUOTATION, .f. the act of producing the passages of au 
 author, either to illustrate or confirm. A passage produced 
 from some author. Citation. 
 
 To QUOTE, I', a. [quoter, Fr.] to cite a passage from an 
 author. 
 
 QUO TER, s. he that quotes ; a citer. 
 
 QUOTH, v.imperf. [from cwothan, to speak or say, Sax.] 
 he says or said ; though sometimes applied to the first per- 
 son, as quoth I ; but never properly to the second. 
 
 QUOTI'DIAN, a. [from qnotus, how much, and dies, a day, 
 Lat.l happening every day ; daily. 
 
 QUOTI'DIAN, 4'. [from quotas, how much, and diet, a 
 day, Lat.l a fever that returns every day. 
 
 QVO'IIE.'ST, (quosldeiit) s. [quotient, Fr. from qtwtiet, how 
 often ! Lat.] the number which shews how often a smaller 
 number is contained in a greater, or how often the divisor is 
 contained in the dividend. 
 
 QUO-WARRA'NTO, s. is a writ which lies against a per- 
 son or corporation that usurps any franchise or liberty 
 against the king, as to have a fair, market, or the like, in 
 order to oblige the usurper to shew by w hat right or title he 
 holds or claims such franchise. 
 
 IS the seventeenth letter of the alphabet,and is called a 
 canine letter because the pronunciation of it resetidiles 
 the snarling of a cur. Its sound is uniform. In words de- 
 rived from the Greek it is followed by au h, as in rhapsody, 
 &c. Used as a numeral, R anticully stood for 80, an<i 
 dashed, thus, r, for 80,000; but the (ircek /> signified UK). 
 In the prescriptions of pliysicians, R stands for recipe, 
 or take. 
 
 To RAT. ATE, n. «. [rabattre, Fr.] ui falconry, to recover 
 a hawk to the fist again. 
 
 To HA'BBET, r. o. [rabalre, or rabotcr, Fr.] to plane or 
 cut channels in boards, so as to make them fit each other. 
 
 R.A'BBET, s. a joint made by paring two pieces of wood 
 so as to wrap over each other. 
 
 RABBI, or RABBIN, s. [from rtib, Heb.] a doctor er 
 teacher among the Jews. 
 
 RA'BBIT, s. [rohbe, robhekin, Belg.] a small animal th:U 
 burrows in warrens, esteemed (or its flesh and fur. It «as 
 not originally a native of Britain, but was imported into 
 these kiniloms from Spain. 
 
 RA'Br.LE, s. [from rubula, a wrangler, Lat.] a tumultuous 
 crowd of low people. 
 
 BABBLEMENT, *. the lowest order of people; the 
 vulgar. Not in use. 
 
 RA'BDOM.ANCY, s. [from raldos, a rod, and manteia, di- 
 vination, Gr.] See Rhabuomancy, which is the most 
 proper spelling. 
 
 RABID, (i. [from rabies, rage, Lat.J tierce or furious ; 
 bad. 
 
 RA'BINET, /. a small piece of ordnance, between a fal- 
 conet and a base. 
 
 RACCOO'N. SecRACKOON. 
 
 RACE, *. [race, Fr.] a family "ascending or descending. 
 A generation. A particular breed. A root or sprig of 
 ginger, from rayz de ^engibre. Span. A particular strength 
 or taste, applied to wire. Aa exlraordijiary force, applied
 
 RAD 
 
 to tlie uiu'erstaiMlinK. A- coiilest or course on foot or 
 Iwrsfback, from ras, Kl. 
 
 RACEHORSE, t. a horse bred to rnn ai;'.iiiist others. 
 
 RAGEMATION, s. [from uKeiims, l.ut.] cluster, like 
 that of grMjie^., 
 
 RACEMrFEROUS,n.Ifrom racemns, a chistcr.-aiid/fro, 
 to hear, Lat.J heariii^; chisters. 
 
 RACER, s. one who runs to outstrip atiotiier. A race- 
 liorse. 
 
 IIA'CHORE, a city and district of Ilindoostr.n, subject 
 to the nizam of the Deccaii. It is sealed in the country of 
 Golconda, on the S. bank of the Kistna, 70 luiies S. W. 
 of Hydrabad. 
 
 IIACINESS, *. the <|uality of being racy or strong- 
 tasted. 
 
 . . RACK, *. [rache, from raeken, to stretch, Belg.] an engine 
 used in torturing, consist irig ofa wiieei to which a person is 
 fastened with his limbs exlen(ie<l. 'J'ortureor extreuie pain. 
 Any instrument wliicli extends. A distaff. A wooden 
 grate in which hay is placed. A spirituous liquor, con- 
 tracted from Arkack. Clouds driven by the wiuil, or 
 imaginary figures in those clouds, from racke, a track, Belg. 
 A neck of mutton cut lor the table. 
 
 I To RACK, V. V. to stream like clouds driven before IIk^ 
 wind. Artivi'ly, to torment, harass, oppress by exaction. 
 To extend. To draw oH'from the Ices. 
 
 RACKET,/, a claiiering noise. ClamnurinS' or noisy 
 confused talk. The instrument with whicli a ball is struck, 
 from raifucHe, Fr. 
 
 RA'CKiNG, s. a pace ofa liorse, like an amble, except- 
 ing that its time is swifter, and its tread shorter. 
 
 RACKOO'N, s. in zoology, a North American animal 
 which bears some resemblance to the badger. Its head is 
 shaped somewlial like that of a fox, winch it also resembles 
 in itscnniiiiig. 
 \ RA'CK-RENT, s. rent raised to the \ittennost. 
 
 RA'CY, a. [perhaps from rmjz, jn root, Span.] strong- 
 tasted ; tasting of the soil. 
 . RAD, the old pret. of Ri: A n. 
 
 RAD, RED, and ROD, ditferin^only in a dialect, signify 
 counsel ; as Conrad, powerful or skilful in counsel ; Elliel- 
 red, a noble counsellor ; Uodliert, eminent for counsel. 
 
 RA'DDOCK, or RUDDOCK, s. a bird ; the redbreast. 
 
 RADIANCE, or RADIANCY, s. |(rom rudms, a ray, 
 Lat.] a sparkling lustre ; the (pialily of [darting rays ; glil- 
 tcring ; splendour. 
 
 RA'DIANT, a. I from radius, a ray, Lat.] shining; bright- 
 ly sparkling ; cmilliiig rajs. 
 
 ToRA'DlATE, v.n. [xtdio, Lat.J to dart rays ; to spar- 
 kle^; to shine. < 
 
 RA'Dl.ATE, a. (from rmhiis, a ray, Lat.] in botany, ap- 
 plied to those compound flowers in which the florets of the 
 centre diller in form from those in the circumference ; thus 
 the daisy and suntiow er are radiate flowers ; because the flo- 
 rets in tlie centre are ^11 lulmlar, but those in the circum- 
 ference nar.ow or slrapsliaped. It is aUo applied to tlia 
 summits or upper part of the pistill.i or|M)intals, when llicy 
 are placed in u circle, as in the poppy. 
 
 RA'DIATED, k. [from xtdnif, a ray, Lat.] adorned with 
 rays. 
 
 RADIATION, a. [from radha, a ray, Lat.] a beamy lus- 
 tre. Emission every way I'rom the centre. 
 
 BA'JJICAL, rt. [from radix, a root, Lat.] original. . Im- 
 planted by nature. Serving to origination. 
 
 RADICALS, a chymical term for the ElemIiNTS of 
 bodies ; wliicli see. 
 
 RADICALITV, J. origination. 
 
 RA'DICALLY, "'/. <)rii;Miallv ; primitive^. 
 
 RA'DICALNKSS, i. tlie stale of being radical. 
 
 To RA'DiCATK, ". a. | from radu; a root, Lnl.] to root ; 
 lo plant firinlv and <leeply. 
 
 RADlCA'tlON, s. [rudicatiou, Fr.] tlie act of fixing 
 
 4Z 
 
 RAG 
 
 RADICLE, *. [rndicuU, Fr. from radix, a root, Lat.J tliat 
 pan of il'c seed of a plant which becomes tlie root. 
 
 RADISH, I. [i-ffrfif, Sax.[ agardenroot. 
 
 RADIUS, #.i| Lat.J the semidiameter ofa circle. In 
 anatomy, a long slemfer bone of the arm descending witii 
 the ulna, from the elbow to the wrist. In optics, a straight 
 line full of light, or a right line illuminated. In mechanics, 
 the spoke ofa wheel. 
 
 RADNOR, NEW, a very antient town of S. Wales, iu 
 Radnorshire, formerly the county-town ; but the assizes are 
 now held at Presteign. It has one extraordinary privilege, 
 that of keeping a court of pleasTor all actions, w itiioiit bemg 
 limited to any particular sum. It is seated near tlie spring- 
 head of the river Somergill, or Hendwell, (w hich rises in the 
 Hendwell pool, and empties itscif into the Lug a little below 
 Presteign,) 24 miles N. W. of Hereford, and ir,2 W. N. W. 
 of London. Market on Thursday. The principal fair on 
 St. Lukes Day, O. S. 
 
 RADNORSHIRE, a county of S. Wales, 25 miles in 
 length, and 22 in breadth; boumled on the E. by Siiroj.- 
 shire and Herefordshire ; on 'he W. the S. W. f,nd S. by 
 Cardiganshire and Brecknockshire ; aii.l on the N. by Mont- 
 gomeryshire. It is divided into fi hundreds, which contain- 
 4inarket towns, 62 parishes, about 3l(i0 houses, and )8,9C0 
 inliabilaiits. The E. an.) S. parts of this county are tole- 
 rably level, and productive of corn ; the other [larts are rude ■ 
 and mountainous, devoted chid!" to the rearing of liorned 
 cattle, sheep, and goats. The N. W. angle is an absolute- 
 desert, and almost impassable. 
 
 To RAFF V. a. to sweep, huddle, or take in a confused , 
 manner. 
 
 To RA'F FLE, f. «. [ro;^fr, to snatch, Fr.] to cast dice 
 for a prize.. 
 
 RA FFLE, a. the determination of a person's right to a- 
 prize bv casting dice. 
 
 R.AF'F, s. [probably from rath, a boat, Lat.] a frame or- 
 float to carry goods or persons on water, made by laying or- 
 tyiug pieces ol timber together. 
 
 RAFT, part. pass, of reave or raff" ; torn ; rent. 
 
 RATTER, s.[ra/ir~, Belg. nr/h-r. Sax. J one of the piecea- 
 of timber which compose the roof of a building. 
 
 RA FTERED, a. built wilh rafters. 
 
 RAG, J. 1 perhaps from hraende, torn, Sax.] a piece of 
 cloth torn from the rest. Any tiling rent or tattered ; wor.T- 
 CHt clothes; a Igller. 
 
 RACiA.MU FKIN, s. a person clothed in rags ; a raean, 
 paltry, sorry fellow. 
 
 RAGE, s. [rarre, Fr.] riolent anger or fury. Vehemence 
 or increase of pain. Outrageous passion. 
 
 ToRAGE, f. H. to be hurried away by excessive anger.' 
 To exercise fury. 'Fo act willi mad or niigoverned fury. 
 
 RAGHFUL, ff. violent; furiouc. 
 
 RAGGED, (ifl'g-ef^) n. rent into tatters. Uneven; con-' 
 sisling of parts almost disunited. Dressed in tatters. Rug- 
 ged ; not smooth. 
 
 RAGGEDNESS, {rog-edness) ». state of being dressed in 
 tatters, or ragged. 
 
 RA'GINGLY, «'/. with vehement furjv 
 
 RA'fiM AN, /. one who deals in rags. 
 
 RAGOUT, ('n^w') *■ [Fr.J meal stewed and highly 
 seasoned. 
 
 RACJSTONE, t. a stone so named from 'is breaking in a 
 r.igged or irregular manner. The stone on which the edge 
 of a tool new ground is smoothed. 
 
 RA'GWORT, *. a plant of which there are several spe- 
 cies; a kind of groundsel. 
 
 RAGUSA, a city of Dalmatia, capital of the Ilagusan, 
 wilh a harbour. It is about 2 miles in circumference, is 
 pretty well built, and has an inaccessible mountain on the. 
 land side, and on the side of' ilie sea a strong fort. Tliis 
 place is distinguished by the tinenessof its nianufactiires.and 
 the citizens are all trailers. It is 60 miles N. W. of'Scutarii 
 Lat.42. 5«. N. Ion. 18. 10. E. 
 
 RAG U SAN, The, a small territory in Dahnatia, j»j 
 
 72X
 
 RAL 
 
 RAM 
 
 Europe, containing 4 {owtis, and a few small islands in thft 
 A^lriiilic. I'lie lai)gm.j;e in common use is the Sciavonian, 
 l,ut most of the citizt ns speak the Italian. It was formerly 
 ii'.Kier the protection of the Turks and Venetians, but now 
 forms a part of the kingdom of Italy. Ragusa is the 
 
 capital. ... . I,, f 
 
 RA'JA, «. denoting Mng, a title given ni Hindoostan, or 
 the empire of the Mogul, to princes descended from those 
 that ruled there before the conquest of the Moguls, who 
 exercise all right of sovereignty, only paying a tribute to 
 the Great Mogul, and observing the treaties by which their 
 ancestors recognized his superiority. 
 
 RAIL, s.\riegd, Teut.] a cross beam fixed at the ends in 
 two upright posts. A series of posts connected by beaiiis,by 
 which any thing is inclosed, differing from a pale, because 
 it does not rise so high above the cross-beam. A kind of 
 bird. A woman's upper garments, called likewise a 7iighi- 
 rail. 
 
 To RAIL, v.a. to inclose with rails; to range m a hue. 
 Neuterlv, to speak to or aboUt with reproachful terms, from 
 railter, Fr. or rullen, Belg. 
 
 RAi'I.ER,*. one who insults or defames by opprobrious 
 language. 
 
 RAILLERY, *. \raille?-ie, Fr.J slight and jocose satire. 
 
 RAIMENT, i. [for arraiment, from arraif] clothes, or 
 dress. 
 
 To RAIN, f. 71. [rraiffra, Sax.] to fall in drops from tLe 
 clouds. To fail bke rain. It rains, i. e. the water falls 
 from the clouds. Actively, to pour down as rain. 
 
 RAIN, s. [ren. Sax. | water fallen from the clouds in drops. 
 When the vapour of which clouds are composed becomes, 
 from causes little known to us, so condensed that it is too 
 lieavy for the air to support it, it falls down in rain hail or 
 snow. 
 
 RAI'NBOW, (raiuhd) g. a meteor in form of a party- 
 coloured semicircle, appearing in a rainy sky opposite to 
 the sun, by the nfracliou of its rays in drops of falling 
 rain. 
 
 RAI'NDEER, s. [hranas, Sax.] a deer used ia the nor- 
 thern countries for drawing sledges. Spelt also 
 Reindeer. 
 
 RAI'NINESS, s. the state of being showery. 
 
 R.AI'NY, a. showery ; wet. 
 
 To RAISE, (reze) V. n,\rnser, Dan. resa, Swed.J to lift 
 or heave from the ground. To set a thing upnglit. To iu- 
 jjrease in current value. To erect or build. To prefer or 
 •■salt. To excite, rouse, or stir up. To bring into being. 
 To call into view, applied to spirits. To utter loudly, ai>- 
 phed to the voice. To bring from death to life. Tocollect, 
 applied to monev. To give rise to. . 
 
 RAISER, {raizer) s. he that raises. 
 
 RAI'SIN, {raiziu) s. [raisin, Fr.J Jbe fruit of the vine 
 dried in the sun, or in an oven. 
 
 RAKE, s. [racc/ie, Belg. race, Sax.J an instrument with 
 teeth, used in dividing ground, or grubbing up weeds. A 
 loose, disorderly, vicious, gay, and thoughtless person, from 
 Tacuille, low rai)ble, Fr. 
 
 TdRAKE, V. a. to scrape together or clear vjith a rake. 
 To draw together by violence or extortion. To scour or 
 search with vehement desire. To heap together and 
 cover. Neuterly, to search ; to grope. To pass with 
 - iolence. 
 
 RAKER, s. one that rakes. 
 
 11A'K.'''1JELL, s.-A wild, vicious, or debanchcd person. 
 
 RA'KIi\G,a ship in the act of cannonading another on the 
 stern or head, so that the balls slr.ill scour the whole length 
 of her decks. This is frequently called rahing afore and afl, 
 being tlic same with what is called enfilading by 
 eligiireers. 
 
 KA'KISH, n. like a rake ; loose, lewd, dissolnile. 
 '■ RA'LEIGH, an antient towu of Essex, 34 tuiles E. of 
 London. 
 
 To RA'LLY, tJ. a. \raTlicr, Fr.J to reduce disordered 
 forces to order. To treat with »aUri«al mirth, or rcptoacli 
 
 722 
 
 with good humour ; to Iianter. Neuterly, to come together 
 ill a hurry. To come again into order. To exercise sat>. 
 rical merriment. 
 
 RAM, s. [ram, Sax. and Belg.] a male sheep. An instiu- 
 raent with an iron head used m battering walls. In As- 
 tronomy, the first sign of the Zodiac, which the Sun enteis 
 at the time of the vernal equinox. 
 
 To RAM, r. a. to drive with violence, alluaing to the 
 motjoa of a battering ram. To till with any thing driven 
 hard together. 
 
 To RA'MBLE, «. n. [perhaps from rami, to rove, S wed. J 
 to wander ; to rove, or go about without any fixed resolu- 
 tion, or determined place. 
 
 RA'MBLE, i. a wandering irregular excursion. ' 
 
 RA'MBLER, *. a rover; a wanderer. 
 
 RA'MBOOZE, RA'MBUSE, s. a drink made of wine, 
 ale, eggs, and sugar, in the winter; but of wine, milk, sugar, 
 and rosewater, in the summer. 
 
 RA'MEKIN, RA'MEQUINS, s. \rameqtdm, Fr.] small 
 slices of bread covered with cheese and eggs. • 
 
 RA'MENTS, s. \iromraiimitum, ashaving,Lat.] scraping ; 
 shavings. 
 
 RAMIFICATION, «. [Fr. from rmmis, a branch, and 
 /"rtcio, to make, Lui.| division or separation into branches; 
 the act of branching out. Small branches. 
 
 To RA'MIFY, v. a. \ramifier, Fr.] to separate into 
 branches. Neuterly, to be parted into branches. 
 
 RxVMILI'ES, a village in ttie late Austrian Brabant, 
 memorable for a battle fought here, May 23, N. S. 1706, 
 between the allies, under the Duke of Marlborough and the 
 Marshal d'Auvcrquerque, ami the French, under Marshal 
 Villeroy and the elector of Bavaria. The latter lost alt 
 their baggage and artillery, about 120standards,G00 officers, 
 and 6000 private soldiers, besides about 8000 killed and 
 wounded. The loss of the former did not exceed 3000 men. 
 It is 13 miles N. of Namur. 
 
 RA'MMER, i. an instrument by whicii any thing is drireii 
 hard. Tiae stick with which a charge is forced into a 
 gun. 
 
 RA'MMISH, or RAJIISH, a. rank or strong-scented. 
 
 RA'MOUS, a. [from ramus, a branch, Lat.] branchy ; 
 consisting of branches. 
 
 To RAMP, ». n. Wamper, Fr. rampare, Ital. rempen, Sax.J 
 to leap with violence. To climb, applied to plants. 
 
 RAMP, i. a leap or spring. 
 
 RA'MPANCY, s. prevalence ; exuberance. 
 
 RA'MPANT, a. {rampant, Fr. I prevailing, or breaking 
 through restraint. Frisky, rompish. In heraldry, reared 
 up in order to combat. 
 
 To RAMPART, or RA'MPIRE, f. a. to fortify with 
 ramparts. Obsolete. 
 
 RAMPART, or RA'MPIRE, 5. \rempart, Fr.J a massy 
 bank of earth, cannon-proof, raised about the Lody of a 
 place, and formed in bastions, <S:c. The wall round fortified 
 places. 
 
 R.A'MFION, $. [rampunrulas, Lat. j a plant placed by 
 Linnaeus in the first section of his fifth class. The round- 
 headed ranipion is the British species. The blossoms are 
 purple, and grow in spikes. It is found in dry pastures, 
 and on the downs in Sussex. 
 
 llA'MSi>UR\, a town (formerly a bishopric) in Wilt- 
 shire, well known in London for its fine beer. It has 
 no market. It is 46. miles E. of Bristol, and 69 W. of 
 Loudon. 
 
 RA'MSEY, a town of Huntingdonshire, formerly famous 
 for its wealthy abbey, and hence called Ramsey the Rich. 
 Part of the gate-house yet remains, with a neglected statue 
 of Ailuin, the founder, the epitaph of whose tomb is reck- 
 oned one of the oldest pieces of English sculpture extant. 
 Ailuin is therein styled kinsman of the famous king Edwar<l, 
 alderman of all England, and the miraculous founder of 
 this abbey. It is seated in the fens, among rich ground, 
 proper for tillage and pasture, and near the nu-ers oflUim- 
 scy and \VI>itlesey, which abound with fowl, and ckceUeiit
 
 RAN 
 
 RA^S 
 
 pikti aiiH eels; 12 miles N. N. E. of Huntingdon, and G8 
 N. of Loiiflon. IVhiiket on Saturday. 
 
 RA'MSKY, an ishuul of S. Wales, on tlie coast of Pern- 
 brokesliire, about 2 miles in lenfjtli, and a mile and a lialf 
 broad. Near it are several small ones, known l)y the name 
 of tlieBisliop and his Clerks. It is 4 miles W. of St. David's, 
 and 17 N. \V. of Milfordliaven. 
 
 RA'MSEY, a town on the N. E. coast of the Isle of 
 Man, with a spacious haven, in which the larfjest ships 
 may ride 0t anchor, v illi safety from all winds but tiie N. E. 
 and then they need not be embayed. Lat. 54. 18. N. Ion. 
 4. 20. W. I 
 
 RA'MSGATE, a seaport of Kent, in the Isle of Thanet, 
 where two very substantial stone piers have been lately 
 built for the security of'thc harbour, which is now capable 
 of receiving 200sail of ships. Ramsgate has some trade to 
 the Baltic, and is much resorted to as a bathing place. It 
 is 6 miles S. of Margate, and 72 E. by S. of London. Mar- 
 ket on Wednesday and Saturday. Lat. 51. 19. N. Ion. 1. 
 20. E. 
 
 R A'MSONS, s. an herb. 
 
 RAN, the prefer, of Run. 
 
 To RANCH, V. n. [corrupted from lorench] to sprain; to 
 injure by a violent tjvist. 
 
 RA'NCID, a [from racen, to be stale, Lat.] strong scent- 
 ed ; mustv. 
 
 RANCIDNESS, RANCIDITY, i. strong scent, as of old 
 oil. Mustiness. 
 
 RA'NCOROUS, «. spiteful in the highest degree. 
 
 RA'NCOROUSLY, ad. in a maliijnant manner. 
 
 RA'NCOUR, s. [lacoeur, old Fr.j hatred coutiubied ; inve- 
 terate malignity. 
 
 RAND, s. \raiul, Relg.] a border, or seam. "The randoi 
 a shoe." 
 
 RA'NDOM, s. want of direction, rule, or method ; chance, 
 hazard ; roving motion. 
 
 RA'NDOM, a. done by'chanceor without design; mov- 
 ing without direction. 
 
 RA'NFORCE, s. the rijigof a gun next the touch-hole. 
 
 RANG, preterof Ring. 
 
 To RANGE, f. a. \i-aiiger, Fr.] to place in order or rank. 
 To rove over. Neuterly, to rove at large. To be placed in 
 order. 
 
 RANGE, *. \i-angie, Fr.J a rank, or any thing placed in 
 aline. A class or order. An excursion; room for excur- 
 sion. Compass taken in by any thing excursive, extended, 
 or placed in order. The step of a ladder. A kitchen grate. 
 A beam of a coach. 
 
 RA'NGER, i. one that roves about. A dog that beats 
 the ground. An officer that looks after the game of a forest. 
 
 RANK, ffl. [»•«)!(?, Sax. J strong; growing too fast. Fruit- 
 ful ; bearing strong plants. Strong scented, from raiicidus, 
 Lat. Gross ; coarse. 
 
 RANK, «. [ra)\g, Fr.J a line of men placed abreast. A 
 row. A class, or order. Degree of dignity. High place. 
 
 To RANK, V. a. [ranger, Fr.] to place abreast. To range 
 or include in any particular class. To dispose in a regular 
 manner. Neuterly, to be ranged ; to be placed. 
 
 To RA'NKLE, v. n. to fester, or breed corruption. To 
 be inflamed, applied both to the body and mind. 
 
 RA'NKLY, ad. in a coarse or gross manner. 
 
 RA'NKNESS, i. exuberance; superfluity of growth. 
 
 R.'V'NNY', s.hnus araneits, Lat.] the shrewmouse. 
 
 To RA'NSACK, v. a. [ran, Sax. and saha, Swed.] to plun- 
 der or pillage. To search narrowly. To violate. 
 
 RA'NSOME, s. [rancan, Fr.] the price paid for redemp- 
 tion of a prisoner. It is more commonly spelled ransom. 
 
 ToRATSiSOME, or R.VNSOM, r. n."|rff7tconner, Fr.J to 
 free from punishment or captivity by money. 
 
 RA'NSOMELKSS, a. free from ransom. 
 
 RA'NSOMER, s. one who redeems. 
 
 To RANT, f. 71. [randen, to rave, Belg.J to make use of 
 pompous or high-sounding language without any propos- 
 iionable dignity of thought. 
 
 RANT, .!. high-soundmg language without proport'.onable 
 dignity of thought. 
 
 RA'NTER, s. a ranting fellow. 
 
 RA'NTirOLE, s. a wild, roving, hair-brained, rakish 
 young wench. 
 
 To RA'NTIPOLE, v. n. to run about wvldly. A low 
 word. 
 
 RATS^ULA, s. [Lat.] a soft swelling, possessing the 
 salivals under the tongue. It is made by congestion, and 
 its progress fills up the space between the jaws, and makes 
 a tumor externally under the chin. 
 
 RANUNCULUS, s. [Lat.] a flower, called likewise 
 crowfoot. 
 
 To RAP, v.n. [hrnnpan, Sax.] to strike with a Mnart and 
 quick blow. Actively, to aflcct with r/apture ; to snatch 
 away. To rap and rend, is to seize by violence. 
 
 RAP, s. a quick smart blow. 
 
 RAPACIOUS, {rapashiuns) a. [rapace, Fr. rapax, Lat.J 
 given to plunder ; seizing by violence ; ravenous ; greedy. 
 
 RAPACIOUSLY, {rapusMoushj) ad. by rapine; by vio- 
 lent robbery ; ravenously ; greedily. 
 
 RAPA'CIOUSNESS, (^rapdshiousness) s. the quality of 
 being rapacious. 
 
 RAPA'CITY, s. [rapacitns, from ragio, to snatch, Lat.J the 
 act of seizing by violence ; the exercise of plunder; raven- 
 ousness. 
 
 RAPE,.?, fja;)^, Fr. raytus, Lut.J a violent forcing of a 
 virgin or woman. In botany, the wHd iiavew ; a sort of 
 cabbage. A division of a country, sometimes meaning the 
 same as a hundred, and at other times signifying a division 
 consisting of several hundreds. The stalks of the clusters 
 of scrapes when dried, and used in making of vinegar. 
 
 RAPID, a. [rupidc, Fr. rapidus, Lat.J quick; swift; im- 
 petuous. 
 
 RAPI'DITY, s. [from rapidus, swift, Lat.J swiftness of mo- 
 tion ; celerity. 
 
 RAPIDLY, ad. swiftly ; (juickly. 
 
 RATIDNESS, s. swiftn.-ss ; celerity. 
 
 RA'PIER, «. [rapiere, Fr.J a small sworo used only in 
 thrusting. The small sword. 
 
 RA'PIER-FISH, s. ilie swordfish. 
 
 RATINE, s. [from rapio, to seize, Lat.J the act of taking 
 away the goods of another by violence. 
 
 KATPER, s. one that strikes. 
 
 RATPORT, s. [rapport, Fr.J relation ; retereuce. Not 
 used. 
 
 RAPT, s. a trance ; an ecstacy. 
 
 RA PTL'RE, s. [from rapio, to sieze, Lat.J ecstacy ; vii>. 
 lence of a pleasing passion; uncommon heat of imagination. 
 Rapidity ; haste. 
 
 RA'PTUROUS, fl. ecstatic ; transporting. 
 
 RARE, a. [rare, Fr. rarus, Lat.] uncommon, scarce. Ex- 
 cellent. Thin, opposed to dense. Thinly scattered. Raw; 
 and in this sense often pronounced rear. 
 
 RA'REESHOW, s. a show carried in a box. 
 
 RAREFACTION, {rarefahshon) s. [rarffactinn, Fr.] the 
 art of making any medium thin, or of extending the parts 
 of a thing so that they shall take up more room. 
 
 RAREFl'ABLE, a. capable of being made thinner. 
 
 ToRA'REFY', v. a. [rarijier, ¥r.[ to make more thin. 
 Neuterly, to become thin. 
 
 RARELY, ad. not often ; seldom. Finely ; nicely ; ac- 
 curately. 
 
 RARENESS, s. the quality or state of happening seldom 
 and beins uncommon. Value arising from scarcity. 
 
 RARITY, s. [rartte, Fr. raritas, Lat.J uncommonness. 
 A thing valued for its scarceness or uncommonness. Thin- 
 ness. 
 
 RA'SC.AL, s. [rascal, a lean beast, Sax.J a mean fellow ; 
 a scoundrel; a sorry wretch. 
 
 RASCALITY, *. the low mean people. VUenese ; 
 knavery. 
 
 RASCA'LLU3N, *. one of the meanest rank, 
 
 RA'SCALLY, a, mean ; worthless. 
 
 723
 
 RAT 
 
 To RASE, (Johnson says this word is written rase or ra:e ; 
 
 ■suti that he would use the former spelling when it signifies 
 
 to strike slij^htlv ; the latter when it implies to ruin) v. a. 
 
 [roier, Fr.J to skim or brush the surface. To destroy or 
 
 Jverthrow. To erase or blot out. 
 
 RA'SKN. See Market Rasen. 
 
 RASH, a. \rasch, Belg.] hasty, violent, precipitate, incon- 
 siderate. 
 
 RASH, s. [rascia, Ital.J satin. An efflorescence of red 
 spots on the skin, perhaps corrupted from rmh. 
 
 RA'SHER, s.a thin slice of bacon. 
 
 RA'SIILY, arl. in a hasty and thoughtless manner. 
 
 RA'SHNESS, s. toolish contempt of danger ; inconside- 
 rate haste ; precipitation ; temerity. 
 
 RASP, i. \raspo, Ital.] a raspberry. 
 
 To RASP, V. ». [rnspeii, Belg. rusper, Fr.] to rub to powder 
 with a very rough tile. To wear away the surface with a 
 rough file. 
 
 RASP, s. a rouo;h file. 
 
 RASPATORY, s. [mspntoir, Fr.] a surgewi's rasp. 
 
 R.VSPBERRY, s. a kind ol" berry. 
 
 RASPBERRY BUSH, s. a species of bramble, having 
 serrated leaves, white blossoms, and red berries. 
 
 RA'SURE, (See Rase) s. [from ra(lo,\o scrape, Lat.] the 
 act of scraping or shaving. A mark in writing made by 
 rubbing or scratching out a word or letter. 
 
 RAT, .5. \ratta, Belg. rat, Fr. rutta, Span.] an animal 
 larger than a mouse, that infests houses and ships. To 
 smell a rat, implies to suspect danger, or to be put on the 
 watch. 
 
 RATABLE, a. set at a certain value. 
 
 RATABLY, af/. proporlionably. 
 
 RATAFIA, {ratafee) s. a fine cordial prepared from the 
 ternels of apricots and spirits. 
 
 RATAN, s. a small Indian cane. -An instrument of 
 <:ane used by schoolmasters. A low and meaa species of 
 mahogany. 
 
 RATCH, RASH, $. in clockwork, a sort of wheel, which 
 serves to lift up the detents every hour, and thereby make 
 the clock strike. 
 
 RATE, s. [ratus, Lat. rate, old Fr.] a price fixed to any 
 thing. A settled allowance or quantity. Degree. That 
 which sets the value. The manner of doing a thing. A 
 tax imposed by a parish, &c. Rate of a ship of war, is its 
 order, degree, or distinction, as to magnitude, burden, num- 
 ber of men, and guns. 
 
 To RATE, tt. a. to value at a certain price. To tax. 
 To chide vehemently, from reita, Islandick. Neuterly, to 
 make an estimate. 
 
 RATEE'N, s. a thick woollen stuff, quilled, or woven 
 on a loom with four treddles, like serges. They are chielly 
 manufactured in France, Holland, and Italy, and are mostly 
 used as linings. 
 
 RATH, s. a hill. " Upon a rath or hill." Spen. 
 
 R.VTH, a. \rath, quickly, Sax.| early ; coming before the 
 usual time. " lialh ripe are some." Mai/. 
 
 R.\'THER, ad. (the comparative oi rath, now out of use) 
 more willingly. Preferably. In a greater <legree. More 
 properly. Especially. To have ratlier, is to prefer, or dc- 
 srire in prefereiice> 
 
 RATIFICATION, >. [ratificatvm, Fr.J the act of con- 
 firming. 
 
 RATIFIER, $. the person or thing that ratifies. 
 ' ToR.^TIFY^ r. ff. [from ratus, autlieiitic, and /aao, to 
 make, Lat.] to confirm ; to settle; to validate. 
 RATIO, <r<Uliiii}s. (Lat.] proporlion. 
 ToRATIO'CINATE, (riishidcirmtv) v. «. | / ..tiorinor, from 
 ratio, reason, LatJ to reason ; to argue. 
 
 RATIOCINATION, (rashumtnishon) s.[ratiociitatio, from 
 ratio, reason, Lat.] the act of deducing consequences from 
 premises bv the exercise of reason. 
 
 RATIO'CINATIVE, (.rashiosituuive) a. argumentative ; 
 advancing by process of discourse. 
 RATION, (the ti ia this and the following words is pron, 
 
 724 
 
 RA V 
 
 like*S; as, rtUhon, r&sltHnal, rashbnally, &:c.) s.[frrim ratio, 
 reason, Lat.j in the army, is a portion of ammunition, bread, 
 drink, and forage, distributed, to each soldier in the array, 
 for his daily subsistence, <S:c. 
 
 RATIONAL, a. [rationalis, from ratio, reason, Lat.] 
 having the use of reason. Agreeable to reason. Wise, 
 judicious. 
 
 RATIONA'LE, s. [Lat. J a reasonable account of the 
 grounds on which anything is founded. 
 
 RATIONALIST, 5. one who admits of nothing but what 
 he can account for on the principles of reason. One who 
 prefers reason to revelation. . 
 
 R.ATIONA'LITY, f. the power of reasoning. Reasooa- 
 bleness. 
 
 RATIONALLY, nrf. reasojiably ; with reason. 
 
 RA TIONALNESS, s. the state of being rational. 
 
 RATISBON, an antient and strong town of Bavaria, in 
 Germany ; it was free and imperial, and the see of a bishop. 
 In the towu-hall the general diets of the empire met. The 
 inhabitants are protestants, who, in time of peace, carry on 
 an extensive trade. It is 61 miles N. of Munich. Lat. 49. 
 0. N. Ion. 12. 11. E. 
 
 RA'TSBANE, i. poison for rats; arsenic. 
 
 RATTEEN, s. See Rateen. 
 
 To RATTLE, ». ji. [ratelen, Belg.J to make a quick noise 
 with shaking things together not very sonorous. To speak 
 eagerly and noisily. Actively, to make a tiling sound by 
 shaking; tostun with noise ; to scold. 
 
 RA'TTLE, s. a quick noise, nimbly repeated. Empty 
 and loud talk. An instrument having something included 
 in a hollow part, to cause terror or surprise. A plant. 
 
 RATTLEHEADED, {rdttleheded) a. giddy; unsteady. 
 
 RATTLESNAKE, s. a snake so called from the rattle at 
 the end of its tail. Also a kind of root used as a remedy 
 against the bite of a rattlesnake. 
 
 RATTOO'N, s. a West Indian fox. 
 
 To RAVAGE, «. a. [ravager, Fr.] to lay waste, sack, 
 spoil, plunder, pillage, ruin, ransack. 
 
 R.VVAGE, s. [ravage, Fr.] spoil or plunder. 
 
 RA'VAGER, s. a plunderer ; a spoiler. 
 
 RAU'CITY, s. \ i'rom raucus, hoarse, Lat.J hoarseness; 
 loud, rough, hoarse noise. 
 
 To RAVE, t'. H. [revcii, Belg. rever, Fr.J to be delirious 
 or talk irrationally. To burst into tits of fury like a mad 
 person. 
 
 To RA'VEL, t'. a. [ravelen, to entangle, Belg.] to ea- 
 tangle, or entwist. To unweave, or undo something wo- 
 ven. To hurry over in confusion. Neuterly, to fall into 
 perplexity or confu.sion. I'o work in perplexity ; to be busy 
 with intricacies. 
 
 RAVELIN, s. [F'r.^ in fortification, a work having two 
 faces, that compose a salient angle without any flanks. 
 
 RATEN, J. \hrafn. Sax.] a large black fowl. 
 
 To RA'VEN, {7-aven)v. a. \rafia7\. Sax.] to rob ; to devour 
 with great eagerness. Neuterly, to prey with rapacity. 
 " Benjamin shall raven, as a wolf." Gen. xlix. 27. 
 
 RA'VENGLASS, a town in Cnmberland, with a market 
 on Saturday. It is 279 miles N. N. W. of London. 
 
 RAVENNA, the capital ofRomagna, in the ecclesias- 
 tical State, Italy, is an antient town, and the see of an arch- 
 bishop. Theodoric, king of the Goths, resided here, aiifl 
 afterwards the exarchs of the Greek emperors. Ravenr^a 
 greatly decays both in beauty and trade. It is 1G2 miles N. 
 of Rome. Lat. 44. 25. N. Ion. 12. 15. E. 
 
 RA'VENOUS, (1. hungry to excess. 
 
 RA'VENOUSLY, ad. with raging voracity. 
 
 RA'VENOUSNESS,*. the quality of raging after prey; 
 furious voracity. 
 
 RAUGlIT, {ravi) the old preterite and participle 'passive 
 
 ofREACH. 
 
 R.VVIN,'*. prey; food gotten by violence; rapine; 
 voraciousness. 
 RATINE, *. in field fortification, a deep hollow, usually
 
 RE A 
 
 formed by a great flood, or long -confirmed rimning of water ; 
 frequentiy tilrifiAl.lo good ]Uirp<iscs in tlip field. 
 
 RA'VINGLY, «(/. with frenz.v ; willi distraction. 
 
 To RA'VISH, V. a. [riivir, Fr.] to violate a person's 
 chastity by force. To (ake away by violence. To delight 
 to ecstacy. 
 
 RA'VISH KR, s. he that embraces a woman by violence. 
 One who lakes any thing by force. 
 
 RA'VISH MENT, s. [ravissemmt, Fr.] the act of violating 
 cliastity by force. Excessive deliylit. Itapttire. 
 
 RAW, a. [raa, Dan. ro/i, Teiit.] not boiled or roasted. 
 Not dressed enough either by roasting or boiling. Not co- 
 vered with the skin. Bleak; chill. New; inimature. Sore. 
 Ignorant or unexperienced, applied to 4he judgment. 
 
 RA'WIJONED, o. having bones scarcely sovered with 
 flesh. 
 
 RAWHEAD, s. the name giren to a spectre. 
 
 RA'WLY, a(i. in a raw manner. Unskilfully. Newly. 
 
 R.A'WN ESS, s. the state of neither being boiled or roasted, 
 applied to food. Inexperience, applied to the judgment. 
 Hasty manner. 
 
 RAY', s. [raie, Fr. radiiti, Lat.J a beam of light or know- 
 ledge. A fish. An herb. 
 
 ■ro RAY, V. a. [rayey, Fr.] to streak ; to mark in long 
 lines. An old word, 
 
 RAZE, s. [rai/z, a root, Span.] a root of ginger. This is 
 commonly written race, but less properly. 
 
 To RAZE, or RASE, v. a. \rasHs, iVoni rado, to share, Lat.J 
 to overthrow, ruin, or demolish. To eilace. To extirpate. 
 . RA'ZOR, or RASOR, s. \rasor, from rado, to shave or 
 scrape, Lat.] an instrument used in shaving, Used in the 
 plural for the tusks of a boar. 
 
 RA'ZURE, s. [rasnre, Fr.J See RasurK. 
 
 RE, is an inseparable particle used bj the Latms, and 
 from them borrowed by us to denote iteration or backward 
 action ; as, return, to come back ; repercussion, the act of 
 driving back. • 
 
 REACCE'SS, (re-aksiss) s. a visit renewed. 
 
 To REACH, (rc'c/i) 1'. a.\r(tcan. Sax.] to touch with the 
 hand extended. To arrive at, or retain. To fetch from 
 some place distant, and give. To transfer. To penetrate 
 to. To be adequate lo._ To extend to, or spread iibroad, 
 Neuterly, to be extended afar. To make efforts to attain, 
 to penetrate." 
 
 REACH, (reech) s. the act of taking or bringing by ex- 
 tending the arm. The act of taking or touching witli the 
 arm extended. Power of attaining. Tlie limit of the un- 
 derstanding. A contrivance or artifice. Extent. 
 
 To REA'CT, V. a. to act back again. To return an action 
 or impulse. 
 
 REA'CTION, (re-ahhon) t. [reaciitm, Fr.] the action 
 whereby a thing acted upon returns the action upon the 
 agent. 
 
 READ, (refd) s.^rccd. Sax. raed, Belg.] counsel. "To 
 wicked read." Stem. Saying ; saw. Obsolete iu both 
 senses. 
 
 To READ, (reed) v. a, prefer, and part. pass, read, but 
 pronounced red ; [rad. Sax.] to peruse, or utter by the voice, 
 any thing written or printed. Figuratively, to discover by 
 marks, or learn by observation. To know perfectly ; to un- 
 derstand. Neuterly, to perform theactof perusing writing ; 
 to be studious in books ; to know by reading. 
 
 READE'PTION, (re-adipslwn) s. [from re and adeptus, 
 Lat.] recovery ; act of regaining. 
 
 ' READER, (reeder) s. one that peruses any thing written 
 or printed. One studious in books. One whose ofHce is 
 to read pravers in churches. 
 
 RE'ADiL Y, {ridihj) ad. without hesitation, hinderauce, 
 or delay. 
 
 READINESS, (r«rfi»(«M) s. (see Ready) the quality of 
 doing any thing without delay or hesitation. 
 
 RE'ADING, {reeding) s. the art of perusing words written 
 or printed. Study consisting in the perusal of books. A 
 lecture. A public recital. Variation of copies. 
 
 REA 
 
 RR'ADTNG, (Rediyig) an antient, large, well built, and 
 considerable town in I'.erKshire.'containiiig 3 |)arish churches, 
 and about 0800 inhabitants. It has been lately new-paved, 
 and lighted, and greatly improved by a county infirmary 
 and other new buildings. It had fiormerly a most magnifi- 
 cent abbey of flint-stone, founded by Henry I. the gate- 
 house of which is still pretty entire ; but a new county jail 
 has been lately erected on the spot where it stood. Its 
 chieftradc, of late years, is in malt, of which some of their 
 barges carry 1000 or 1200 quarters of malt at a time. The 
 Lent assizes and Epiphany sessions are held here. Read- 
 ing is pleasantly seated on the river Keniiet, near its con- 
 fluence with the Thames, ,37 miles S. by \V. of London. A 
 very large market on Saturday for corn, and a market for 
 cattle on JVIomlay morning. Fairs, February 2, May, 1, 
 July 25, and September 21. 
 
 READMI'SSION {re-admisknn) s. the act of admitting 
 again. 
 To READMIT, v. a. to let in again. 
 To READO'RN, t;. «. to adorn a<'ain. 
 RE'ADY, {rcdij) a. \r(td, Sax.] quick in performance. 
 Fit, or prepared. Willing ; eager. Near ; being at the 
 point. Facile ; easy ; opportune. Done witlxjiit hinder- 
 auce or hesitation. Expedite ; nimble. Adverbially, rea- 
 dily ; so as not to need delay. 
 REAFFI'RMANCE, i. second confirmation. 
 RE'AGENTS, i. inchymistry, substances which are adde<l 
 to mineral waters or other liquids, as tests to discover their 
 nature and composition. 
 
 REAL, a. \}-eel, Fr. realis, from res, a thing, Lat.] relating 
 tothings, not persons. True, opposed to fictitious; genuine. 
 In law, consisting of things immoveable, as land. 
 RE'ALCiAR, s. red arsenic or sandaracha. 
 REA'LITY, s. [rfalite, Fr.] truth, or real existence, o\<- 
 poseci to appearance. Something intrinsically important. 
 To RE'ALIZE, v. a. [rialiscr, Fr.] to bring into being or 
 act. To convert money into land, or paper currency into 
 money. 
 RE'ALLY, ad. actually ; truly. Indeed. 
 REALM, {rcl'm) s. [roiaulme, or roi/aume, Fr.] a kingdom. 
 Kinglv government. 
 R.I':"A'LTY, s. h-ealie, Jtal.] loyalty. Seldom used. 
 'REAM, {reem)s: rrame-Fr. rime, Belg] a bundle of paper 
 consisting of twenty quires. 
 
 To REA'NIMA'tE, «. a. to animate again. To restore 
 to life ; to revive. 
 To REANNE'X, v. a. to annex again. 
 To REAP, {reep) v. a.\repan, SaxJ to cut corn at harvest. 
 To gatheror obtain. Neuterly, to harvest. 
 , RE'APER, (reeper) s. one that cuts corn. 
 
 RE'APINGKOOK, {rcepinghook) s. a crooked instrument, 
 used in cutting corn. 
 
 REAR, {reer) s. [aniere, Fr.] the liindermost troop of an 
 army, or the last line of a fleet. The last class. 
 
 REAR, (repj) a. raw ; neither well roasted or soddeu. 
 Early — a provincial word. 
 
 To REAR, (rrev) c. a. foreran, Sax.] to raise up. To lift 
 up any thing fallen. To bring up from an infant state. To 
 educate or instruct. To exalt or elevate. 
 
 RE'ARWARD, (rehivard) s. the last troop. The' end ; 
 tail or train behind. The latter part. 
 
 RE'AkMOUSE, s. [hreretmis. Sax.] the leather-winged 
 bat ; more properly spelt i-eremousc. 
 
 To REASCE'ND, r. a. to climb or mount again. To go 
 up a second time. 
 
 RE'ASON, (the eas is pron. like ees, in this word and its 
 following derivatives ; as, rcezon, rcrzonable. Sec.) s. [raison, 
 Fr. ratiu, Lat.J true and clear principles. Clear and fair 
 deductions from. premises. The cause, or final cause. A 
 faculty in man, whereby he is distinguisheil from beasts, 
 consisting in deducing one proposition from another, or, in 
 finding out such intermediate ideas as may connect two dis- 
 tant ones. Right ; justice. A just account. After bring, 
 
 725
 
 REC 
 
 such measuresas arc consistent with Knmanity. " Bringing 
 Fiance torfason," Addison. 
 
 To,RE'AS'ON, 1'. n. \raisonner, Fr.] to defUice consequences 
 jiKtly from premise?/ To debute, discourse, or endeavour 
 to convince. Actively, to examine by the rules of 
 reason. , ^ , 
 
 RE'ASONABLE, a. [raisonnble, Fr.J having the faculty 
 of reasoning. Consistent with the rules of reason. Just. 
 Moderate. Tolerable. 
 
 RE'ASOXABLENESS, s. agreeableness to reason. Mo- 
 deration. T. , , , 
 
 REASONABLY, ad. agreeably to reason. Moderately. 
 '" RE'ASONER, s. [raisonnem; "Fr.j one who reasons ; an 
 arguer. 
 
 RE ASONING, s. argument. 
 
 REASONLESS, a. void of reason. 
 
 To REASSEMBLE, v. a. to collect or assemble agam. 
 
 To REASSERT, v. a. to assert anew, or a second 
 time. 
 
 To REASSU'ME, v. a. \reassumo, Lat.J to resume ; to 
 
 take again. -^ -, r r r ^ 
 
 To REASSUTIE, v. a. [rassurer, Fr.] to free from fear ; to 
 
 restore from terror. 
 
 REATE, (reel) s. a kind of long small grass that grows 
 in water, and complicates itself together. 
 
 To REAVE, (i-eei-c) V. a. [pret. rrft, rafian, Sax.J to take 
 away bv stealth or violence. , r 
 
 REBAPTIZ.VTION, s. \relaptizatioii, Fr.J renewal ot 
 baptism. „ ^ , . 
 
 To REBAPTI'ZE, v. a. [rihaptiscr, Fr.] to baptize again. 
 
 ToREBA'TE,!!.n.[rti«((re, Fr.J to blunt, to deprive of 
 
 keenness. , „. 
 
 REBATE, s. a rule in arithmetic, the same as Dis- 
 count. . ,^j,, 
 
 REBECK, J. {rehcc, Fr.] a three-stringed hddle. 
 
 REBEL, s. \rebclle, Fr. rebcllis, from belliim, war, Lat.J 
 one who opposes lawful authority. 
 
 ToREBE'L, c. ?i. [rehe/h, from belkm, war, Latjto rise 
 in opposition to lawful authority. 
 
 REBE'LLER,^. one that rebels. 
 
 REBE'LLION, s. [Fr. rebellio, from JeZ/nwi, war, Lat.J the 
 act or state of taking up arms, or otherwise opposing lawful 
 
 authority. , , , , -. 
 
 REBE'LLIOUS, a. opponent to lawful authority. 
 REBELLTOUSLY, ad. in opposition to lawful authorifr. 
 REBELLIOUSNESS, s. the quality ot being rebelli- 
 
 f o REBE'LLOW, (reUllo) v. n. to echo back a loud 
 noise. , , 
 
 REBOATION, s. [from re, which strengthens flic 
 signification, and boo, to bellow, Lat.J the retiirn of aloud 
 bellowing sound. 
 
 To REBOU'ND, v. n. [rebondir, Fr.] lo simn? back 
 again from any surface. Actively, to reverberate or beat 
 back. 
 
 REBOU'ND, t. the act of flying back after being driven 
 with force against any thing. 
 
 REBUFF, 5. [rcbuffude, Fr.] a quick and sudden resis- 
 tance or check ; repercussion.-. 
 
 To REBUTF, v. a. to beat b;u;k. To oppose with sudden 
 violence. 
 
 To REBUI'LD, (rcli/rf) v. a. to build again; to re-edify ; 
 to repair. 
 '^REBU'K ABLE, a. worthy of being found fault witii. 
 
 To REBUTvE, v. a. \rebimclwr, Fr.J to chide ; to find 
 fault with. To repress by an unexpected reproach ; to re- 
 prehend. 
 
 REBUKE. }. any chiding expression. A check; ob- 
 jiireation.' 
 ■REBU'KER.j.arcprehendcr; a chider. 
 ■''RE'BUS, s. [Lat.] a word represented by a picture. A 
 kind of riddle, in which the didi-Kut syllables of a per- 
 son or place's name arc hidden, under 'sonic' i picturesque 
 representation. 
 
 726 
 
 REC 
 
 To REBUT, V. n. [rebuter, Fr.J to retire back. Not 
 used. 
 REBUTTER, s. an answer to a rejoinder. 
 
 To RECA'LL, {rehmd) v. a. to call back ; to call again. 
 To revoke. 
 
 RECA'LL, {relidul) s. the act or power of calling back; 
 revocation. 
 
 To RECA'NT, ». a. [from re, again, and canto, to sin» 
 Lat.J to retract, or contradict what one has professed, said, 
 or done. 
 
 RECANTATION, s. the act of contradicting what a 
 person has professed, said, or done ; retraction. 
 
 RECA'NTER, s. one that recants. 
 
 To RECAPITULATE, v. a. [ricapitnhr, Fr.J to mention 
 again. To repeat asain in a distinct manner. 
 
 RECAPITULA'TION, s. [ricapitidution, Fr.) a distiiKt 
 repeating of the principal poinls,or arguments of a discourse ; 
 detail repeated. 
 
 RECAPITULATORY, a. repeating again. 
 
 ToRECA'RRY, v. a. to carry back. 
 
 To RECE'DE, v. «. to fall back ; retreat ; desist. 
 
 RECE'IPT, {res'eH) s. [fVoin recipio, to receive, Lat.J fbe 
 act of receiving. A writing acknowledging the receiving 
 of money. A physician's prescription, or direction for mak- 
 ing any thing consisting of various ingredients. Reception ; 
 admission. 
 
 RECE'IV'.ABLE, {reseevable) a. [recraoWe, Fr.] capable of 
 being received. 
 
 To RECE'lVE, (reseete) v. a. [recevoir, Fr.] to take or 
 obtain any thing as due. To take or obtain from another. 
 To admit. To take into a place or state. To conceive in 
 the mind. To entertain as a gucjt. 
 
 RECE'IVER, {res'ccver) s. in chymistry, a vessel of earth, 
 glass, &c. for receiving any distilled liquor. In pneumatics, 
 It is a glass vessel for containing the thing in which an 
 experiment in the air pump is to be made. In law, it is 
 commonly understood in a bad sense, and used for such as 
 knowingly receive stolen goods from thieves, and conceal 
 them. Receiver also signifies an officer ; of which there are 
 several kinds, denominated from the particular matters they 
 receive, tlie places where, and the persons from whom. 
 
 RE'CENCY, s. [from recens, new, Lat.J the state of being 
 lately done, or existent. 
 
 RECE'NSION, (resinshon) s. |from rccens, new, Lat.J 
 enumeration ; review. 
 
 RECENT, a. [from recejis, new, Lat.J not long existent. 
 New ; late ; fresli. 
 
 RECENTLY, ad. freshly ; newly. 
 
 RE'CENTNESS, s. the quality of being lately used, 
 made, or done : newness. 
 
 RECEPTACLE, s. \receptamhim, from recipio, to recpife, 
 Lat. I a vessel or place into which any thing is lecer^'cd. 
 In botany, the base, or seat, upon which the other parts 
 of a flower are placed ; thus, if you take a dandelion, and 
 pull oft' all the fiorots, and the common empalement, tl)e 
 round dotted surface that remains at the top of the shlk 
 is the receptacle. That part of an artichoke so much 
 esteemed for food is the receptacle. 
 
 RECE'PTARY, s. a thing received. Obsolete. 
 
 RECEPTIBI'LITY, s. [from recipio, to receive, Lat.j 
 possibility of receiving. 
 
 RECE'PTION, s.\rccpptus, from recipio, to receive, Laf.J 
 the act of receiving or entertaining opinion generally 
 admitted. The state or manner of being received or enter- 
 tained. Treatment at first coming. 
 
 RECE'PTIVE, a.\receptii.s, from recipio, to receive, Lat.J 
 having the qualitv of admitting what is communicated. 
 
 RECE'PTORY, a. \rcccptus, (wm recipio, to receive, Lat.] 
 gener^illv or popularly admitted. 
 
 RECE'SS, s. [recesses, Lat.J retirement. Departure. A 
 I>lace of retirement or secrecy. An abstract of the proceeci- 
 ings of an imperial diet, from rerez, Fr. 
 
 RECE'SSION, {recishouls. [lecessw, Lat.J the act of r*. 
 ttcating.
 
 II EC 
 
 REC 
 
 To UECnA7>TiE, v. a. \recfianscr, Fr.] to cliange 
 again. 
 
 To RECIIA'RGE, v. a. \rccfiarger, Fr.] to accuse in re- 
 turn. To attacU aj,'aiii. 
 
 RKCHK'A'V, (ivc/uel) s. anions liunfcrs a lesson played 
 on the horn wlien I lie houiKJs have lost their game, to call 
 tliem from a cunntcrscent. 
 
 RECIDI VATJ ON, s. [from re, Tt'j;n\n, and cmh, to fall.Lal.J 
 the falhnK a second lime ; a backslidin:^; relapse. 
 
 RECriilVOUS, a. [from re, again, and cailo, to fall, Lat.] 
 subject to full a^ain. 
 
 liE'CIPE, s. [Lat. from the first word of a medicinal pre- 
 scription] a medicinal prescription or receipt. 
 
 RECIPIENT, s.[r(cii)inis, from rccipio, to receive, Lat.l 
 the receiver; that to which any thin}^ is given. The vessel 
 fif an air pump, in which the subjects for the experiniL-nt 
 are included. 
 
 RECIPROCAL, a. [reciprociis, from recipio, to receive, 
 Lat. riciproiiuc, Fr.] mutual ; alternate ; returned equally on 
 (joth sides. Affecting both parties alike. Done by each to 
 each. In geometry, reciprocal proportion is, wlien, in four 
 numbers, the fourth number is so much less than the se- 
 cond, as the third is <;reater than thciirst, and vice virsn. 
 
 RECI'PROCALLY, ad. iuuiuallv; interchanseablv. 
 
 RECITROCALNESS, s. mutual return ; altcrnateness. 
 
 To RECIPROCATE, v. n. [reriprocns, from recipio, to re- 
 ceivt^, Lat.] to act mutually or alternately. 
 
 RECIPROCATION, «. the state wherein any action is 
 done mutually by each party. 
 
 RECrSlON, (resiz/ion) s. [froin re, again, and eado, to 
 cut, Lat] the act of cutting off. 
 
 RECITAL, s. the relating of a thing a second time. 
 Rehearsal ; repetition. Enumeration. 
 
 RECITATION, 5. repetition; rehearsal. 
 
 RECITATIVE, or RECITATI'VO, s. a kind of musical 
 pronunciation, wherein the ^sords are pronounced moro 
 •nusically than in common speech, and less than in a song. 
 
 To RECITE, V. a. [from re, again, and cito, to rehearse, 
 Lat. reciter, Fr.J to relate ; to rehearse ; to tell over ; to 
 enumerate. 
 , RECITER,*, he that recites. 
 
 To RECK, V. n. \t-ccan, Sax.] to care ; to heed ; to mind ; 
 to rate at much. Actively, to heed ; to care for. 
 
 RE'CKLESS, a. [reccekas, Sax.| careless ; heedless ; 
 mindless. 
 
 RE'CKLESSNESS, $. carelessness ; negligence. 
 
 To RE'CKON, (usually pron. rihti) v. a. [rcccun. Sax. rec- 
 henen, Belg.] to count or find out the number of any collec- 
 tion. To esteem, value, or account. Neuterly, to com- 
 pute. To call to punishment, used with with. To lay 
 stress, or dependence upon, used with npoti; from compter 
 iiir, Fr. 
 
 RE'CKONER, {rckner) s. one who computes ; one who 
 calculates cost. 
 
 RE'CKONING, ()c/;h(>(;;) y. a computation. An account 
 of time. Accounts of debtor and creditor. Money due 
 for entertainment at a public house. An account taken. 
 Esteem or value. A reckoning hook, is a book in which 
 money received or expended is set down. 
 
 To RECLAI'JVI, t). rt. [from j-e, again, and r/omo, to call, 
 Lat.] to reform or make l3etter. To reduce to the state de- 
 sired. To recall, or cry out against. To tame. 
 
 To RECLINE, v. a. \reclino, from clino, to bend, Lat.] to 
 lean back, or sidewise. Nculerly, to lean, Jrest, or repose. 
 
 RECLI'NE, a. \reclinis, from clino, to bend, Lat.] in a lean- 
 ing posture. 
 
 To RECLO'SE, {recluze)v. a. to close again. 
 
 To RECLU'DE, ». a. [reclaudo, from cluudo, to shut, Lat.] 
 to open. 
 
 RECLU'SE, a. [recZuCTs, from claiulo, to' shut, Lat.] shut 
 up from company. Retired. Substantively, a retired 
 l^erson. 
 RECOAGULATION, s. second coagulation. 
 liECO'GNlSANCE, (j-hhufinisuncc) s, \rccog-)Hta7ice, Fr.J 
 
 acknowledgment of a person or thing. A bad;jo. A bonil 
 of record, testifying the recvgmsvr to owe to the recognitee a 
 certain sum of money. 
 
 To RECOGNl'SE, {reco!^ni:e) v. a. [from re, again, and 
 eoffiioseo, to know, Lat.] to acknowledge; to recover and 
 avow knowledge of any person or thing. To review or ex- 
 amine judicially. 
 
 RECOGN LSE'E, (recognisce) s. the person in whose favour 
 a bond is <lrawn. 
 
 RECO'CJNISOR, {recognizor) s. cue who gives a bond 
 to another. 
 
 RECOGNITION, s. [from re, again, and cngnosco, to 
 know, Lat.] review; renewal of knowledge. Acknowledg. 
 ment ; memorial. Knowledge avowed. 
 
 To RECOIL, V. n. [reader, Fr.] to rush or bound back 
 again. To fall back ; to fail or shrink. 
 
 RECOI'L, s. the rebounding or starting back of a can- 
 non, &c. after explosion. 
 
 To RECO'IN, V. a. to coin over again. 
 
 RECOl'NAGE, s. the act of coining anew. 
 
 To RECOLLE'CT, v. u. [from re, again, and colligo, to 
 collect, Lat.] to revive in, or recover to, the memory. To 
 recover reason or resolution. To collect again. 
 
 RECOLLECTION,^, the act whereby an idea is sought 
 after by the mind, and found, and brought again to view. 
 
 RE'COLLEGTS, a congregation ol reformed Francis- 
 cans, called also Friars-minors of St. Francis. 
 
 To RECO'MFORT, e. a. to comfort or console again. 
 To give new strength. 
 
 To RECOJIME'NCE, v. a. Ireeommencer, Fr.] to begin 
 anew. 
 
 RECOMME'NCEMENT, s. a beginning a thing anew. 
 
 To RECOMME'ND, v.u. [reeonwwntier, Fi.] to praise to 
 another. To render acceptable. To describe- a person as 
 worthy of the countenance of anotlier. To commit with 
 pravers. 
 
 RECOIVLME'NDABLE, a. [rccommerulaWe, Fr.J ivortfiy 
 of recommendation or praise. 
 
 RECOMMEiNDATlON, s. the act of detailing the good 
 qualities of a person, to gain a favourable reception from 
 another. 
 
 RECOMMENDATORY, a. that recoraracnds to an- 
 other. 
 
 RECOMME'NDER, s. one who recommends. 
 
 To RECOMMIT, v. a. to commit anew. 
 
 To RECOMPA'CT, J), a. to join anew. 
 
 To RE'COMPENSE, v. a. iricampenser, Fr.J to repay, or 
 requite. To return, or give in requital. To make up by 
 something of equal value. To redeem or pay for. 
 
 RE'COSIPENSE, *. [recompense, Fr.J the act of making a 
 return, or equivalent; compensation. 
 
 RECOMPI'LEMENT, s. new compilement. 
 
 ToRECOMPO'SE, (?"6Ao»jpi'jreJ 1). «. [rccomposer, Fr.J to 
 settle, or quiet anew. To form or adjust anew. 
 
 RECOMPOSrTION,_(»'eco?n;joiii/i(;7i) s. cou)positiou rc- 
 ne\v<>d. 
 
 To RE'CONCILE, w. a. [from re, again, and concilia, to 
 conciliate, Lat.J to make a person to like, or be liked again. 
 To make consistent. To restore to favour. Synon. To 
 reconcile, supposes some dispute or disagreement. To ad. 
 just, supposes only some distance or diiference. 
 
 RECONCI'LEABLE, a. [riconaliable, Fr.] capaJUe of 
 renewed kindness. Consistent ; possible to be made coI^ 
 sistent. 
 
 RECONCI'LEABLENESS,*. consistence; possibility 
 to be reconciled. Disposition to renew love. 
 
 RECONCi'LEMENT, s. the renewal of kindness, or re- 
 storing to favour. Friendship renewed ; reconciliation. 
 
 RECONCILER, *. oue who renews friendship between 
 others. One who .discovers the consistence between pro- 
 positions. 
 
 RECONCILIATION, s. [reconciliation, Fr.] renewal of 
 friendship. Agreement of things seeming opposite. Atone- 
 ment or expiation. 
 
 7-27
 
 REC 
 
 RED 
 
 To RECONDE'XSE, v. a. to condense anew. 
 
 RECONDITE, a. [recomlttus, Lat.J abstruse ; profound ; 
 Secret* 
 
 To RECONDUCT, v. a. Ireconduire, Fr.] to conduct 
 again. 
 
 To RECONJOIN, v. a. to join anew. 
 
 To RECONQUER, v. a. [reconqucrir, Fr.] to conquer 
 again. 
 
 To RECONNOI'TRE, (recmtwUer) v. a. [reconnoitre, 
 Fr.J in war, to examine the nature and- situatioa of 
 ground &c. 
 
 To RECO'NSECRATE, v. n. to consecrate anew. 
 
 To RECONVE'NE, v. «. to assemble anew. 
 
 To RECONVET, v. a. to convey again. 
 
 To RECORD, V. a. [recordor, Lat. recorder, Fr.l to re- 
 gister any thing so as to preserve the memory of it. To 
 celebrate, or cause to be remembered in a solemn manner. 
 
 RECORD,*, (the accent of the noun is generally on the 
 first syllable, but that of the verb always on the last) a re- 
 gister or authentic memorial. 
 
 RECORDATION, s. [from re, again, and cor, the 
 heart, LatJ remembrance. Obsolete. 
 
 RECORDER, s. one who registers any event. The 
 keeper of the rolls in a city. A person chosen to assist the 
 magistrates, &c. of a city or corporation, in matters of jus- 
 tice, and proceedings in law. A kind of flute. 
 
 To RECOU'CH, V. a. to lie down again. 
 
 To RECO'VER, v. a. \rccoiivrer, Fr.] to restore from sick- 
 ness or disorder. To repair ; to rcs:ain ; to release ; to 
 reach. Neuterly, to grow well from a disease, or any evil. 
 
 RECO'VERABLE, a. capable of being cured or re- 
 gained. 
 
 RECO'VERY, s. cure. The power or act of regaining. 
 The state of a person cured. In law, the cutting off an 
 entail 
 
 To RECO'UNT, r. a. [recontcr, Fr.] to tell in a minute 
 and distinct manner. 
 
 RECOURSE, ireharce) s. \reconrs, Fr. from re, again, 
 and curro, to run, Lat.J frequent passage. A return, or new 
 attack. Application or attendance for help cr protection. 
 This last sense is most in use, the two former senses being 
 obsolete. Access. 
 
 RECO'URSEFUL, a. moving alternately, " In that re- 
 ecnirseful deep." Drai/tnn. 
 
 RE'CREANT, a.'[riniant, Fr.J cowardly, mean-spirited ; 
 crying out. or recantnig for fear. Apostate; false. 
 
 To RECREATE, v. «. [from re, again, and creo, to create, 
 Lat.] to refresh after labour. To amuse when weary. 
 Figuratively, to delight or gratify. To revive or relieve. 
 
 RECRE'ATION, *. refreshment after toil or weariness. 
 Amusement ; diversion. 
 
 RE'CREATIVE, a. refreshing; giving relief after laoour 
 or pain ; amusing; diverting. 
 , RECREATIVENESS, s. the quality of being recreative. 
 
 RECREMENT, *. rccremenlum, from recernu, to refuse, 
 Lat.] dross ; scoria; spume; superfluous or useless parts. 
 
 RECREME'NTAL.RECREMENTITIOUS, a. drossy; 
 coarse. 
 
 To RECRI'MINATE r. n. \rccriminer, Fr.] to return one 
 accusation with another. 
 
 RECRIMINATION, s. \rca-imination, Fr.J the act of re- 
 turning one accusation by another. 
 
 RECRIMINATOR, *. he that returns one charge with 
 another. 
 
 RECRUDE'SCENT, a. \rcerude»cens, from crudus, raw, 
 \ Lat.] growing painful or vii)lent again. 
 
 To RECRUIT, irekrut) v. a. \rccr-iiter, Fr.] to repair 
 any thing wasted by fresh supplies. To supply the deflci- 
 encies of an army by new men. Neuterly, to raise new 
 soldiers. 
 
 RECRU'IT, {rehrui) s. the supply of any thing wasted. 
 A new soldier. 
 
 RECTA'NGLE, *. [Fr. from rettu*. right, and anguUtt, 
 
 Tin 
 
 an angk, Lat.] an angle consisting of ninety degrees ; a riglu 
 angle. 
 
 RECTA'NGULAR, o. [from reetut, right, and anirultis, an 
 an^le, Lat.] having an angle consisting of ninety degrees; 
 riglit-angled. 
 
 RECTA'NGULARLY, ad. with right angles. 
 
 RE'CTIFIABLE, a. capable of being set right. 
 
 Rectification, s. [from rectus, right, and /ado, to 
 
 make, Lat.J the act of setting a thing right which is wrong. 
 In distillery, the act of drawing spirits a second time, in 
 order to increase their strength. 
 
 To RE'CTIFY, v. a. [from rectiis, right, and /ario, to make, 
 Lat.] to make right or reform. To increase the strength 
 of spirits bv repeated distillation. 
 
 RECTItraEAR, or RECTILTSIEOUS, a. [from recttu, 
 right, and linea, a line, Lat.] consisting of right Imes. 
 
 RE'CTITUDE, s. \rec(itude, Fr.] straightness, opposed to 
 curvity. Uprightness, or freedom from any vice or bias, 
 applied to the mind. 
 
 RECTOR, s. [Lat.] a ruler. A person or minister of in 
 unimpropriated parish. 
 
 RECTORSHIP, s. Irectorat, Fr.] the rank or office of a 
 rector. 
 
 RECTORY, s. [retorerie, Fr.] a spiritual living, con- 
 sisting of land, tythe, and other oblations, separated and 
 dedicated to God for the service of the church, and for 
 the maintenance of the minister to whose charge it is coo. 
 mittcd. 
 
 RECUBATION, s. [from recubo, to lie down, Lat.] tiie 
 act of lying or lean'uig. 
 
 RECU'MBENCY, s. [from reevmlo, to lie down, Lat.J 
 the act of lying or leaning. Rest; repose. 
 
 RECU'MBENT, a. [from recumbo, to lie down, Lat.] lying ;■ 
 leaning. 
 
 RECUTERABLE, a. [from recupero, to recover, Lat.] 
 easv to be recovered. 
 
 RECUPERATION, f. [from rempero, to recover, Lat] 
 the act of recovering. 
 
 ERCU'PERATIVE, or RECU'PERATORY, a. pertain- 
 ingto recovery. 
 
 To RECU'R, V. n. [from re, again, and citrro, to run, Lat.J 
 to come back, or revive to the mind. To have recourse to, 
 or take refuge in, from recourir, Fr. 
 
 To RECU'RE, V. a. to recover from sickness or labour. 
 Not in use. 
 
 RECU'RE, i. recovery ; remedy. 
 
 RECURRENCE, RECU'RRENCY, s. return. 
 
 RECU'RRENT, a. [recurreiis, from »-e, again, and eitrro, 
 to run, Lat.J returning from time to time. 
 
 RECURSION, (reli{irs/i(m) f. [^rccm-siis, from .'re, again, 
 and nirro, to run, Lat.J return. 
 
 RECURVATION, RECURVITY, *. [from re, again, 
 and cnrvHS, bent, Lat.] flexure backwards. 
 
 RECU'RVOUS, a. [from re, again, and cttrvus, bent, Lat.J 
 bent backward. 
 
 RECU'SANT, (rekuzant) s. [from recnsn, to refuse, Lat.] 
 one that refuses to comply with the terms of a commuuiiy 
 or society. 
 
 To RECU'SE, {rehuze) v. n. \iecuser, Fr.] to refuse. A 
 juridical word. 
 
 RECU'SSION, (rihiishon) s. [from recvtio, to beat back, 
 Lat.J the act of beating back. 
 
 RED, a. \red, Sax. rliiid, Brit.] one of the simple and 
 
 firimary colours of natural bodies, or rather of tlie ray of 
 ight. In dying, it is one of the mother colours; some 
 reckon six kinds or casts of red, viz. scarlet, crimson, half-,, 
 grain, lively, orange, and scarlet of cochineal ; hut they may 
 be reduced to the three principal drugs which give the co- 
 lours; viz. the kermcs, cochineal, and madder. 
 
 RE'DAN, RE'DENT, J. in fortification, an indented work, 
 made in form of the teeth of a saw, with saliant and c<k. 
 entering angles. 
 
 RHDARGUATION, s. [from redar^Ho, to disprove,, 
 Lat.J a disproving or rcfusiii:;.
 
 RED 
 
 REE 
 
 RE'DBERRIED SHRUB CASSIA, s. in botany, a plant. 
 It is mule anrl leriiiile in diliereiit piaiits : tiiL' iimie liatii 
 flowers consistiiii; oi'iiiiiny slaiiiina or tliiciuls, witiiout any 
 i)efa!s ; these are always sterile ; tlie iLinale plants, wliich 
 uave 110 conspicuous llower, produce spherical berries, in 
 ■niiicli are incUided nuts of ftie same forni. 
 
 RE'DIJREAST, (r'allrcst) s. a small bird, so called from 
 the colour of its breast. 
 
 To RE'DDKN, (I'cdn) v. «. to make red. Neuterly, to 
 jjrow red, or blush. 
 
 RE'DDISH, a. somewhat red. 
 
 RE'DDISHNESS, s.a. tendency to redness. 
 
 REDDI'TION, s. [from redtlo, to ansvyer or restore, Lat.] 
 restitution.^ 
 
 R E'DDITIVE, a. [from rcddo, to answer or restore, Lat.] 
 in grammar, answering to a question. 
 
 RE'DDLE, (rtkll) s. in mineralogy, an earth found in 
 Staffordshire and Derbyshire, of a line llorid red, very 
 useful to colonrmakers. It is a combination of clay and 
 the red oxyde of iron. 
 
 REDE, i. [)&'rf, Sax.] advice ; counsel. An old word. 
 
 To REDE, 1). a. {radau, Sax.] to counsel. Not in use. 
 
 To REDEEM, v. a. [from re, back, and emo, to buy, Lat.] 
 to relieve by paying a price. To recompense. To pay 
 an atonement ; to free from guilt. To free a pledge 
 by paying what money was lent on it, together with the 
 interest. 
 
 REDE'EMABLE, a. capable of redemption. 
 
 REDE'EMABLENESS.i. the state of being redeemable. 
 
 REDEEMER, s. one who ransoms or saves from guilt 
 by paying a price, or making an atonement. A term fre- 
 quently applied to our blessed Saviour. 
 
 To REDELIVER, i-. a. to deliver back. 
 
 REDELI'VERY, s. the act of delivering back. 
 
 To RF^DEMA'ND, r. a. \redemander, Fr.] to demand back. 
 
 REDEMPTION, {redtmsJwn) a. [from rcdimo, to redeem, 
 Lat.] ransom, or delivery from guilt or punishment by 
 niaknig an atonement. Purchase of God's favour by the 
 death of Christ. 
 
 REDE'MPTORY, (redcmtonj) a. [redeynptus, from redirno, 
 to redeem, Lat,] \)aid for ransom.- 
 
 RED-EYE, in ichthyology, a kind of fresh-water fish, 
 otherwise called the rudd. It is common in many of the 
 rivers of Germany and England. It is all over of an elegant 
 red, but no part of it of so deep a colour as the eyes. 
 
 REDFORD. See Retfokd. 
 
 RED-GAME, s. in ornithology, the red gitous orgor- 
 cock. 
 
 REDHIBITION, s. [from re, again, and Jiaheo, to have, 
 Lat.] in civil law, an action to make void the sale of certain 
 goods, and to oblige the seller to take them back. 
 
 RE'DHOT, a. heated so as to appear red. 
 
 REDI'NTEGIIATE, a. [redinfcgratus, from re, again, and 
 jn/<?r, whole. Lat. J restored, renewed ; made new. 
 
 REDINTEGRATION,^, renovation; restoration. Red- 
 iittef^-ration, chymists call the restoring any mixed body or 
 matter, wliose form has been destroyed, to its former nature 
 and constitution. 
 
 RE'DLEAD, (mWcrf)*. minium ; lead calcined. 
 
 REDNESS, :!. the quality of being red. 
 
 REDOLENCE, RKDOLENCY, s. sweet scent. 
 
 REDOLENT, a. [trom redoleo, tocast a scent, Lat.J sweet 
 of scent. 
 
 ToREDO'UBLE, (r,^dMe)v.a.\redunhkr,FT.'\ to repeat 
 often. To increase by frequent additions of the same quan- 
 tity. Neuterly, to become twice as much. 
 
 REDOUBT, {redout)s. [redmtte, Fr.] an outwork of a for- 
 tification ; a fortress. 
 
 REDOUBTABLE, (redmUahle) a. [rcdmitable, Fr.] terri- 
 ble to enemies ; formidable. 
 
 REDOUBTED, {redouted) a. [redouti, Fr.] awful ; for- 
 midable. 
 
 To REDOUND, t'.n. [from re, again, and utula, a wave, 
 Lat. I to be driven back again. To conduce. To result. 
 
 jiA 
 
 To REDRE'SS, c n, [redresaer, Fr.] to let right, or amend. 
 To relieve, remedy, or ease ; more properly applied to 
 things. 
 
 REDRESS, s. a relief of grievances. Reformation. 
 Remedy. 
 
 RKDRU'SSIA, or Little RtissiA,aprovinceofPoland. 
 having Upper Poland on the W. Litliuania on tlie N. Little 
 Tarlary on the E. and Moldavia, 'I'ransylvania, and part of 
 Hungary, on the S. It is about (i.'A) miles long, and 200 
 broad. It was named Red Russia from the colour ol'the 
 hajrof its iiiliaiiitants. 
 
 RE'DRU'l'II, a town of Cornwall, situated among ex- 
 tensive tin-works, 12 miles N. by E. of Hellstone, and 262 
 W. bv S. of London. Market disused. 
 
 Rt!D SEA, or Sea of Edom, (Edom signifies red) a sea 
 celebrated in anticnt history, which extends in a direction 
 from N. to S. dividing Africa from Arabia. It is separated 
 from the Mediterranean on the N. by the Istlmnis of Suez, 
 and communicates by the Strait of Babelmandel on the S. 
 with the Arabian Sea, and the Indian Ocean. In the yar 
 of the world 2513 the Israelites passed over this scu, and 
 Pharaoh, together with his host, were drowned. It is now 
 called by the Arabians the Sea of Sui.PH. 
 
 To REDSE'AR, {rcdsicr) V. n. applied to iron, whidi, 
 when too hot, breaks or cracks under the hammer. 
 
 REDSHANK,?, in ornithology, a water bird, about the 
 size of the connnon |>lover, with legs of a beautiful red. 
 
 RE'DSTART, orRE'DTAIL, s. in ornithology, a bird 
 of passage, whicli liasa very line soft note, and is remarkalile 
 for shakiiig its red tail. 
 
 RE'DSTREAK, {raktrcch) s. an apple so called from its 
 colour, preferred to all other fruit for making cyder. Cyder 
 made from 7-edstreah apples. 
 
 To REDUCE, V. a. [from re, back, and rfwo, to lead, Lat.] 
 to bring to its former state. To reform any disorder. To 
 break into small pieces. To degrade. To bring- into a 
 state of want or misery. To subdue. 
 
 REDU'CEMENT, s. the act of bringing back, subduing, 
 reforming or diminishing. 
 
 REDUCER, s. one that reduces. 
 
 REDUCIBLE, «. possible to be reduced. 
 
 REDU'CIBLENESS..s. quality of being reducible. 
 
 REDUCTION, s. [Fr.] the act of breaking into pieces, 
 or bringing mto order from a state of disorder. In arith- 
 metic, tile bringing numbersof different denominations into 
 one. In clivmistry, tiie restoration of metallic oxydes to tlieir 
 original state of metals ; which is usually affected by means 
 of charcoal and fluxes. 
 
 REDUCTIVE, a. \rcductlf, Fr.] having the power of 
 reducing. 
 
 REDU'CTIVEI Y, ad. by reduction ; bv consequence. 
 
 REDU'NDANCE, or REDU'NDANCY, s. \rcdund,mlia, 
 Lat.] a state wherein things abound to excess; superfluity ; 
 superabundance. 
 
 REDU'NDANT, a. [from re, again, and imAi, a wave, 
 Lat.] superfluous; abounding to excess. Using more words 
 or images than are useful. 
 
 REDUNDANTLY, ad. superfluously; superabundantly. 
 
 To REDUPLICATE, v. a. to double. 
 
 REDUPLICATION, J. the act of doubling. 
 
 REDU'PLICATIVE, a. [ridiiplkatif, Fr.J double. 
 
 RE'DWING, in ornithology, the name of a bird of the 
 turdus, or thrush kind, called also in some places, the wind 
 thrush or xwine pipe. 
 
 To REE, I'. «. to riddle ; to sift. 
 
 To RE-ECHO, {re-i}Jw) r. n. to echo back. 
 
 REECHY, «. (corrupted homreck) smoky ; sooty. 
 
 REED, J. \reod. Sax. ried, Teuf.] a hollow knotted stalk. 
 A small pipe. An arrow. A plant, of which four kinds 
 are natives of England, viz. the common, small, branched, 
 and sea reed. They all flower in June and July. 
 
 To RE-E'DIFY, f. a. to build again ; to rebuild. " The 
 ruin'd walls he did rcedifi/." Sjten. 
 
 REE'DEIP, a. covered with reeds. 
 
 ■?aa
 
 REF 
 
 REF 
 
 REE'DEN, a. consisting of reeds. 
 
 REE'DMACE, s. in botany, tlie typha of LintiJeiis. The 
 catstail and smaller reedmace are the British species. They 
 bear spikes of male and female flowers, and are found in 
 ditches and ponds. 
 
 REE' DY, a. aboundinf; with reeds. 
 
 RP'.EF, i. in navigation, a certain portion of a sail, com- 
 prehended between the top and bottom, with a row of eyelet- 
 holes parallel thereto. iJcc/i'ng-, is the operation of reduc- 
 ing a sail, by taking in one or more of the reefs, which is 
 performed by lines, points, or knittles. 
 
 REEK, i. [rcc. Sax. rra/if, Belg.J steam ; smoke; vapour. 
 A pile of corn or hay, usually spelt and pronounced 
 rick. 
 
 To REEK, V. n. [recan, Sax. J to smoke ; to steam ; to emit 
 vapour. 
 
 REE'KY, a. smoky ; ta^nned ; black. 
 
 REEL, s. [real, Sax. J a turning frame on which yarn is 
 wound from the spindle. 
 
 To REEL, t. n. Irullen, Belg. ragh, Swed.] a stagger ; 
 to incline first to one side and then to the other, in walk- 
 ing. 
 
 RE-ELE'CTlON,s. repeated election. 
 
 To RH)- EN ACT, v. a. to enact anew. 
 
 To RE-ENJ(7Y, v. a. to enjoy a second time. 
 
 To RE-E'NTER, v. a. to enter again ; to enter anew. 
 
 To RE-ENTHRO'iNE,i.rt. to replace on a throne. 
 
 RE-ETMTRANCE, s. the act of entering again. 
 
 REE'PHAM. SeeRp.PEHAM. 
 
 REE'R!\IOUSE,i. [heretmis, Sax.] a bat. 
 
 To RE-ESTA'BLISH, v. a. to establish again. 
 
 RE-ESTA'BLISHER, v. a. one that re-establishes. 
 
 RE-ESTABLISHMENT, s. the act of re-establishing ; 
 the state of being re-established; restauration. 
 
 To RE-EX A'MINE, ». a. to examine again. 
 
 REEVE, s. [gerefa. Sax.] the bailiff of a franchise, or 
 manor. Also tlie guardian of a church, or cliurch-warden. 
 Obsolete. 
 
 REEVE, s. in ornithology the name of a bird, the male 
 of which from the long feathers round his neck, is called the 
 Ruffe. 
 
 To REFECT, V. a. [from re, again, and facto, to make, 
 Lat. I to refresh ; to restore after hunger and fatigue. 
 Obsolete. 
 
 REFE'CTION, s. [from re, again, and /«rio, to make, Lat.J 
 refreshing after hunger and fatigue. 
 
 REEECTIVES, s. medicines which refresh and renew 
 strength. 
 
 REFECTORY, s. \rifectmre, Fr.] a room for refreshment 
 er eating. 
 
 To REFE'L, ». a. [refello, from fatio, to deceive. Lat.J to 
 refute, to repress. 
 
 To REFE'R, V. a. [from re/ero, Lat. rifiror, FrJ to 
 send or di-smiss for information or judgment. To address 
 or apply for judgment. Neuterly, to liave respect or rela- 
 tion. 
 
 REFEREE', s. one to whom any thing is submitted or 
 referred. 
 
 REFERENCE, *. relation; respect; view towards. Dis- 
 mission to another tribunal. 
 
 REFER K'NDARY, s. |from refero, to refer, Lat.J one to 
 whose decision any thing is referred. An officer in the 
 court of chancery ; "the master of requests. 
 
 To REFERME'NT, v. a. to/crment anew. 
 
 REFE'RRIBLE, a. capable of being considered as in 
 relation to something else. 
 
 To REFl'NE, V. a. \rnMner, Fr.] to clear from dross or 
 any impurities. To polish , to make elegant; to make ac- 
 curate. Neuterly, to affect nicety ; toim[<rovcin point of 
 accuracy; to grow pure. 
 
 REFf'NEM KNT, ». the act of cleansing from dross, foul- 
 ness, or impurity Improvement in elegance. Artificial 
 uractice. AMcctation of elegance. 
 
 730 
 
 REFFNER, «. one that clears from dross or impurity; 
 improver inelegance ; inventor of superfluous subtilties. 
 
 To REFIT, V, a. [refaire, Fr.J to repair ; to restore after 
 damage. 
 
 To REFLE'CT, v. n. [from re, back, and flecto, to bend, 
 Lat. rcflcclar, Fr.J to bend or throw back. Neuterly, to 
 throw back light, or an image represented in a mirror. To 
 throwback the thoughts on themselves or things past. To 
 consider attentively. To throw or bring reproach. 
 
 REFLE'CTENt, a. [from re, back, and Jiecto, to bend, 
 Lat.J bending back ; flying back. 
 
 REFLE'CTION, s. [from re, back, and flecto, to bend, 
 Lat.J the act of throwing or bending back. Any image 
 represented or reflected on a lookingglass. "Thouglit 
 employed on things past. The perception of the operation 
 of our own mind within us, as employed about the ideas 
 it has got. Attentive consideration. Censure. 
 
 REFLECTIVE, a. throwing back images ; considering 
 things past ; considering the operations of the mind. 
 "REFLE'CTOR, s. a considerer. A sort of optic glass 
 that reflects light or images. 
 
 REFLE'X, a. [from re, back, andjbvfo, to bend, Lat.J 
 directed backward. 
 
 RE FLEX, i. [from re, back, and flecto, to bend, Lat.J 
 reflection. 
 
 REFLEXIBI'LI'TY, s. the disposition of rays to be turned 
 out of a right line, in passing out of one medium into ano- 
 ther. 
 
 REFLE'XIBLE, a. [from re, back, and flecto, to bend, 
 Lat.J capable of being thrown back, or turned from their 
 nat^nal course, applied to rays of light. 
 
 REFLEXIVE, a. [from re, back, and flecto, to bend, Lat.J 
 having respect to something past; capable of reflecting. 
 
 REFLE'XIVELY, ad. in a backward direction. 
 
 REFLO'AT, {reftitt) s. ebb ; reflux. 
 
 REFLORE'.SCE,NCE, s. [from re, again, and ;W«fo, to 
 blossom, Lat.J the quality of flourishing or lilossoming 
 anew. 
 
 To REFLOU'RISH, {refl<irish)v. a. to flourish anew. 
 
 To REFLO'W, {refb)v. n.\rtfi„cr, Fr.| to flow back. 
 
 REFLUENT, (sometimes accented on the first syllable) 
 a. [refliiens, Lat.J flowing back ; running back. 
 
 REFLUX, s. [from re, back, and_/2«o,to flow, Lat.J the act 
 of flowing back. The backward course of water. 
 
 REFOCILLATION, s. [from rcfodllo, to restore, Lat.] 
 restoration of strength by refreshment. 
 
 To REFORM, v. a. [from re, again, and/ormo, form, Lat.] 
 to change from worse to better. Neuterly, to alter or 
 make a change from worse to better. 
 
 REFORM,*. [Fr.J reformation or amenoment. 
 
 REFORMATION, s. [from reformo, to reform, Lat.] the 
 act or state of change from worse to better. The change 
 of religion from the corruptions of popery, to its primitive 
 state. .Synon. Reformation signifies often the act of 
 reforming ; reform seldom any other than the effect. 
 
 REFORMER, t. one who makes a change from bad to 
 better. One who exploded the errors of popery introduced 
 into religion, and reduced it to its primitive state. 
 
 To REFRA'CT, 7'. a. [from re, back, and /r«»igff,'to break, 
 Lat. I to break the natural course of a ray ; to beat back or 
 resist. 
 
 REFR A'CTION, t. [Fr. from re, back, and franco, to 
 break, Lat.J the incurvation or change of deteruiinaticu 
 in the body moved, which happens to it whilst it enters or 
 penetrates any medium ; in dioptrics, it is the variation 
 of a ray of light froiri that right line which it would fiave 
 passed on in, had not the density of the medium turned it 
 aside. 
 
 RKFRA CTIVK, a. having t!;e power of refrHCfing. 
 
 REFRA'C.TORINESS, t. sullen obstinacy ; stubboftt- 
 ness ; perverseness. 
 
 REFRACTORY, «.[rr/>y7r/«7Ve, Fr. from re, backward, 
 and frQHgo, tr break, Lat, J obstinate ; gtubl»ora i nut
 
 KE 
 
 REG 
 
 submitting to authority or command ; contumacious. IncJiy- 
 mistry, a term appliett to earliis or metals tiiat are eillier iti- 
 fusible, or that Vequirc an extraordinary deforce of licat to 
 cJiangc or melt tliem. 
 
 KKFRA'GABLK, «.[from re, back, and /ra/ig'o, to break, 
 Lat.] perverse ; liable to be confuted. 
 
 To IIKFRA'IN, V. \u. [from re, a^^ain, and franmm, a bri- 
 dle, Lat.J to hold back ; to keep from action. Neuterly, to 
 forbear ; to abstain ; to spare. 
 
 RAFRANGIBI'LITY, i. the disposition of a ray of liffht 
 to be turned out of its natural course by passing out of one 
 medium into another. 
 
 REFRANGIBLE, a. [from re, a^ain, and/(«"fl-o, to break, 
 Lat.] capable of being turned out of its natural line, or their 
 natural course, applied to the rays of lif;ht. ^ 
 
 REFRENA'TION, J. [from >•<;, again, -AnAfrmmm, a bri- 
 dle, Lat.J the act of restraining. 
 
 To REFRE'SH, v. a.Wrfraischer, Fr. j to refresh after 
 labour, piin, or want. To repair or improve any thing im- 
 paired bv new touches. To cool ; to refrigerate. 
 
 REFRE'SHER, s. that which refreshes. 
 
 REFRESHMENT, s. relief after pain, hunger, or fatigue. 
 Figurativolv, food or rest. 
 
 REFRIGERANT, a. [»Y/Wffera«^ Fr.] cooling; mitigat- 
 ing heat. 
 
 To REFRIGERATE, v. a. [from re, again, and/ng-eo, 
 to be cool, Lat.] to cool. 
 
 REFRIGERATION, s. [from re, again, and frigen, to be 
 cool„Lat. I the act of cooling ; tlie state of being cooled. 
 
 REFRI GERATIVE, AEFRIG ERATORY, «. [from re, 
 a^ain, and frigeo, to be- cool, Lat.J cooling; having tlie 
 I>ower to cool. 
 
 REFRIGERATORY, s. that part of a distilling vessel 
 t1iat is placed about the head of a still, and tilled with water 
 to cool the condensive vapours. Any thing internally 
 cool i no;. 
 
 REFT, pret. and part. pass, of Reave ; taken, or took 
 avpay. Obsolete. 
 
 REFU'GE, s. [from re, again, and fi'gio, to flee, Lat.] 
 shelter from danger or distress. Protection. An expedi- 
 ent. 
 
 To RF/FUGE, v. a. \r,:fug-ier, Fr.] to shelter or protect. 
 
 REFUGEE', s. [refugie, Fr.) one that Hies his country 
 for shelter. This name has been more particularly given 
 to the French protestants, who were obliged to aliandon 
 their country at the revocation of tlie edict of Nantes in 
 1685. 
 
 REFU'LG ENC E, s. sparkling or bright splendor. 
 
 REFU'LGENT, a. [from re, again, and/ulgeo, to shine, 
 Lat.] bright; glittering; shining; splendid. 
 
 REFU'LG ENTLV^, ad. in a shininn; manner. 
 
 To REFU'ND, v. u. [fiom re, bacTi, and fundo, to pour, 
 Lat.] to pour back. Figuratively, to restore or repay what 
 is received. Used with the reciprocal pronoun hhmelf, to 
 reimburse. 
 
 REFUSAL, {refiizal) s. the act of denying to receive any 
 thing offered, or of granting a thing requested. The right 
 of having a thing before another; pre-emption ; option. 
 
 To REFU'SE, (rcfiize) V. a. \i-efuser, Fr.J to deny any 
 thing remiired, or oft'ered. 
 
 RETUSE, a. (the verb is accented on the second syllable, 
 but the noun on the first) unworthy of acceptance after a 
 choice is made. 
 
 RETUSE, s. that vihich is disregarded when the rest is 
 taken. 
 
 REFU'SER, {refuser) s. he who refuses. 
 
 REFUTAL, i. jTrom refuto, Lat.] the act of proving false 
 or erroneous. ' 
 
 REFUTATION,*, \refiaatio, Lat.] the act of refuting; 
 or shewiu" any thing to be false or erroneous ; refulal. 
 
 To REFUTE, «. a. [refuto, Lat.] to prove false or errone- 
 ous, applied to persons or things. 
 
 To REGAl'N, V. a. [regagner, Fr.J to gain a second time ; 
 to recover any tbiiig lost. 
 
 RE'GAL, a, [rrgalit, from rex, a king, LatJ royal ; kingly. 
 
 RE'GAL, s. [regalit, from rex, a kmg, Lat.J a musical 
 instrutuent. 
 
 REGA'LE, i. [regale, from rex, a king, Lat.] the preroga- 
 tive of a king. An entertainment given to ambassadors. 
 
 To REGA'LE, v. a. [rigaler, Fr.] to feast ; to give an 
 entertainment ; to refreili ; to gratify. 
 
 REGALEMENT, s. [rigalement, 'Fr.] refreshment ; en- 
 tertainment. 
 
 REGA'LIA, s. [from- rex, a king, Lat.] the rights and 
 prerogatives of a king ; which, according to civilians, are 
 six, viz. 1. The power of judicature. 2. The power of life 
 and death. 3. The power of peace and war. 4. A right 
 to such goods as have no owner, as waifs, estrays, <S;c. 
 6. Assessments; and G. The coinage of money. Regalia is 
 also used for the apparatus of a coronation, as the crown 
 and sceptre with tlie cross, that with the dove, the globe, 
 St. Edward's staff, the orb with the cross, four several 
 swords, &c. In church aH'airs, the rights and privileges 
 which cathedrals, etc. enjoy by the grants of kings. 
 
 REG A'LITY, s. \rcgaliias, from rex, a king, Lat.J royalty ; 
 sovereignty ; kingship. 
 
 To REGA'RD, v. a.\regarikr, Fr.J to value ; to look upou 
 as worthy of notice. To respect or mind. "To observe re- 
 ligiously. To respect or have relation to. To look to- 
 ward. 
 
 REGA'RD, s. [regard, Fr.] attention to as a matter of im- 
 portance. Respect ; esteem. Relation. Note or emi- 
 nence. Reference. Look or aspect. " With stern regard." 
 Milton. An object of sight. 
 
 REGA'RDABLE, a. observable. Worthy of notice. 
 
 REGA'RDANT, a. in heraldry, a lion, or such kind of 
 beast of prey, painted as looking behind him. 
 
 REGA'RDER, s. one that regards. 
 
 REGA'RDFUL, a. attentive ; taking notice of; observ- 
 ant ; respectful. 
 
 REGA'RUFULLY, ad. attentively ; heedfully ; respect- 
 fully. 
 
 REGA'RDLESS, a. heedless ; negligent ; not taking 
 notice. 
 
 REGA'RDLESSLY, ad. without heed. 
 
 REGA'RDLESSNESS, s. heedlessness ; negligence ; in- 
 attention. 
 
 REGA'TTA, s. a name given at Venice, to a kind of ex- 
 hibition on the water, in which the gondohers contest for 
 superiority in the art of rowing their gondolas. A splendid 
 entertainment, under this appellation, was exhibited on the 
 Thames, in 1775. 
 
 REGENCY,*, [from rf^o, to gove;rn, Lat.] authoiity; 
 government. Government administered for another. Tiie 
 district governed by a vicegerent. Those who are intrusted 
 with the government in behalf of another. 
 
 To REGE'NERATE, v. a. [from re, again, and genero, to 
 beget, Lat.J to produce anew. To renew by a change of 
 nature from a carnal to a Christian state. 
 
 REGE'NERATE, a. [from ?e, again, and ge7iero,io be- 
 get, Lat.J produced anew. Born again, or having one's na- 
 tural dispositions changed by divine grace. 
 
 REGE'NERATENESS, s. the stale of being regenerate. 
 
 REGENERATION, s. [regeneration, Fr.J new birth; 
 birth by grace from carnal anections to a Christian life. 
 
 REGENT, a. [regens, from rigo, to govern, Lat.J govern- 
 ing. Exercising authority for another. 
 
 RE'GENT, «. a governor or ruler. One invested with 
 authority for, or ruling in behalf of, another. A professor, 
 or teacher in a college or university. 
 
 RE'GENTSHIP, s. the office or'stateof a regent. 
 
 To REGE'RMINATE, v. a. [from re, again, and germinfi, 
 to bud, Lat.] to spring or bud out again. 
 
 REGERMINATION, J. [from re, again, and g-ej-mino, to 
 bud, Lat.J the act of sprouting again. 
 
 RE'GGIO, a city of Italy, capital of a duchy of the same 
 name, included in that of Modena. It was destroyed !iy 
 Alarick, and rebuilt by Charlemagne. In the cathedral a.-« 
 
 731
 
 REG 
 
 REI 
 
 many capital paintings aiul.sculp'iures ; and the town con- 
 liiiiis IG convents. The inhabitants, wlio are about 18,(X)0, 
 carry on a great trade in silk. It is 15 miles W. N. W. of 
 Ivloiiena. 
 
 1;E'GIBLE, a. governable ; manageable 
 
 llE'GICIDE, t. [from rex, a king, and cccdo, to kill, Lat.] 
 the act of murdering a king. One guilty of murdering his 
 king 
 
 HiyCJiMKN, f. [Lat.lthat regulation in diet and living, 
 suitable to the preservation or recovery of health. Rule; 
 government. „ 
 
 llE'GIMENT, (rejimeiit) s. \regiment, Fr.] a body of sol- 
 diers under one colonel. 
 
 REGIiME'NTAL, a. belonging to a regiment. Used in 
 the plural for the particular uniform by which one regiment 
 is distinguished from another..- 
 
 REGION, s. [irgio, from re^o, to govern, Lat.J a tract ok 
 land. A country. Tract of space. A part of the body. 
 riuce or rank. A division or part of the atmosphere. 
 
 JiE'GlSTER, i. fu^Wi'rc, Tt. rraistntm, Lat] an account 
 of any thing committed to writing in some book kept fof. 
 that purpose. An otiiccr who commits any account or 
 transaction to writing. In chymistry, registers are open- 
 ings in chinnieys, or other parts of chyraical furnaces, with 
 sliding doors, to regulate the quantity of atmospheric air 
 admitted to the tirc-place, or to open or shut the communi- 
 cation with the chimney at pleasure. 
 
 To UE'GISTER, v. a. [rfgistrer, Fr.] to commit to writ- 
 ing, in order to preserve from oblivion. To eurol, or set 
 down in a list. 
 
 RE'GISTRY, s. the act of inserting in a register. The 
 place where a register is kept. A series of facts recorded. 
 
 RE'GLET, *. [jfg/et, Fr.J ledge of wood exactly planed, 
 by which printers separate their lines in pages widely 
 printed. 
 
 RE'GNANT, a. [Fr.] predominant; re.gning; having 
 power ; prevalent. 
 
 To REGO'RGE, v. a. [regorger, Fr.] to vomit up. To 
 swallow back. To swallow eagerly. 
 
 To REGRA'FT, v. a. lregirffcr,'Fr.\ to graft again. 
 j To REGRA'iNT, v. a. to grant back. 
 
 To REGRATE, v. a. to shock or offend. To engross or 
 forestall, from regrntter, Fr. 
 
 REGRA'TER, *. [j<5ra«/<;>-, Fr.]aforestaller ; engrosser. 
 One who buys any wares or prov isions, and sells them again 
 in the same market, or five miles round it ; also one who 
 furl)ishes old arms, &c. to make them look new. 
 
 To REGREET, v. a. to re-salute ; to greet a second 
 lime. 
 I, UEGREE'T, s. a J-eturn or exchange of salutation. 
 
 I'd REGRE'SS, v. n. [from re, back, and gradior, to go, 
 Lat.] to go back • to i-cluin; to pass back to the former 
 state or place. 
 
 REGRF/SS, or REGRE'SSION, s. [from re, back, and 
 /^rnrfior, to go, Lat.] passage back; a return or going back. 
 The i)ower of passing back. 
 
 REGRE'T, s. \regret, Fr.] vexation; sorrow for some 
 thing past; grief; bitterness of rellection. U«ed by Prior 
 ill the plural, but without authority. 
 
 To RECillET,i>. n [rcgn-ticr, Fr.] to repent, or S^'cve at 
 sonntiiing done or past. To be uneasy at. 
 
 RECiUiyiUJON, j,..reward ; rccoiupeiiBe. 
 
 To REGUE'RDON. v. a. to reward. Both tlie noun and 
 verb arc obsolete. 
 
 RE'GULAU, It. [from rrgvhi, a rule, Lat.] conformable or 
 Jigreeable to rule or metluid. In geometry, a regular body 
 is a solid, whose surface is composed of remlm- and cqiiid 
 figures, and whose solid angles are all e(piai, and of which 
 there are five sorts, viz. 1. A pyramid comprehciided under 
 four equal and equilateral triangles. 2. A cube, whose sur- 
 face is composed of six eipial squares. 3. That which is 
 biiiindcd by eight equal and ediiilateral triangles. 4. Tiiat 
 whicli is contained under twelve erpial and c(|uilateral pen- 
 laj^oiis. 5. A body consisting of two4ity equal and cqui- 
 7J2 
 
 lateral triangles; and mathematicians demonstrate, that 
 there can be no more regular bodies than these five. Insti- 
 tuted, initiated, or educated, according to received forms of 
 discipline. Synon. We are reg-til/ir in our conduct ; we 
 are.metkoilical with respect to our affairs. 
 
 REGULAR,*, [regidier, Fr.] in the Romish church, a 
 person that professes and foHows a certain rule of religioua 
 or monastic life, and observes the three vows of poverty 
 chastity, and obedience. 
 
 REGULA'RITY, s. [regtdarite, Fr.] conformity to rule. 
 Order; method. Synon. Order &nd regu/arili/ both imply 
 a prudent disposition of things; but tiie first relates more 
 to the effect which results from such a disposition ; the lat- 
 ter, more to the power and to the model which conducts that 
 disposition. 
 
 RE'GUL.'VPXY, ad. in a manner agreeable to rule, me- 
 thod, or order. 
 
 To REGULATE, v. a. [from rcgula, a rule, Lat.] to ad- 
 lust bv rule or method ; to direct ; to manage. 
 
 RE,GULA'TION,,y. the act of regulating. 
 
 REGULATOli, s. [Lat.] one that directs or adjusts by 
 "rule or method. The part of a machine which makes tlie 
 ".motion equable. A clock made use of to adjust the niotious 
 ofothers. 
 
 RE'GULUS, s'. [Lat-T the finer and most weighty part of 
 metals, which settles at the bottom on melting. In astro- 
 nomy, a star of the first magnitude, situated in the heart of 
 the Lion, one of the Zodiacal constellations. 
 
 To REGU'RGITATE, v. a. to throw or pour back any 
 thing absorbed. Neuterly, to be poured back. 
 
 REGURGIT.4'TION, f. resorption; the act of swallow- 
 ing back. 
 
 REHABILITATION, s. in canon law, signifies the res- 
 toration of a delinquent to his former condition. 
 
 To REIIE'A R, {rehear) v. a. to hear again. 
 
 REHEA'RS.\L, {reliersal) s. recital; repetition. In mu- 
 sic and the drama, a trial or recital of any thing before the 
 representation of it publicly. 
 
 To REHE'ARSE, {rcherse) «. a. [from re/ienr] to repeat, 
 recite, or relate. To try, recite, or pronounce, as prepar»- 
 tory to. public exhibition. 
 
 To REJECT, V. a. [from re, back, and./iWo, to cast, Lat.] 
 to dismiss without compliance. To refuse, to cast off. To 
 throw aside, as useless or evil. 
 
 REJE'CTABLE, a. that may be rejected. 
 
 REJE'CTION, s. [from re, back, and jici'o, to cast, Lat.] 
 the act of casting off or throwing aside. 
 
 REl'GLE, s. \ji-egle, Fr.] a hollow cut to guide any thing ; 
 regulator. 
 
 To REIGN, (i-cin) V. n. \regiw, Lat. regner, Fr.J to enjoy 
 or exercise sovereign authority. To be predominant ; to 
 prevail. To obtain power or dominion. 
 
 REIGN, {rein) s. \^regne, Fr. regnum, Lat.] royal authority. 
 The time during which a person exercises sovereign autho- 
 rity. A kingdom or dominion. 
 
 To REIMBA'HK r. ". [rembarque}-, Fr.]to take shipping 
 again. 
 
 REIMBARKATION, s. [rembarqiiement, Fr.] the act of 
 going on shipboard again. 
 
 To REIMBO'DY, v. a. (written more frequently, but 
 less properlv, emhodii) to reiluce to a body again. 
 
 To REIMBURSE, r. «.[>•<-, in, Lat. and bourse, Fr.J to re- 
 pay ; to repair any loss or expciu'e by an equivalent. 
 
 REIMBU'R-SEMENT, s. reparation or repayment. 
 
 ToREliMI'Rf;'GN.\TE, e. «. [>-e and imj>rvg~mUe\ io hn- 
 pregnalc-iinew. 
 
 REIMPUE'SSION, (rc-imprkhim') s. a second or repeated 
 impression. 
 
 REIN, {re)i)s. \rc7u:s, Fr.] that part of a bridle which 
 extends from the horse's head to the driver's hand. Figu- 
 ratively, governuient. To give the rcini, is to remove re- 
 straint or give liberty. 
 
 To REIN, r. a. to govern by a bridle. Figuratively, to 
 restrain or coutroU
 
 REL 
 
 [lEL 
 
 REINS, s. [not iisccl lu the siiifjular ; rcncs, Lat.] tlic 
 lower and the smallest part of the back ; the kidneys. 
 
 RlilNDKEH, s. in zoology, a species of deer, which is 
 of inconceivable use to llie inliabitants of Lapland, to whom 
 it is a siibstiliito for the horse, the cow, the goat, and the 
 sheep, and is indeed their only wealtii. It is aiso found in 
 Riost of the northern regions o( F,uropc, Asia, and America. 
 
 To It KIN I'E'CT, r. a. [from re, ai^ain, and in/U-io, to infect, 
 Lat.] to infect or corrnpt again. 
 
 To JIKINFO'UCI^, V. a. [roifmccr, Fr. whence it ought 
 rati)er to be spelt j'e-t'i/'ticcej to add new force or strenglli; 
 to recruit. 
 
 REIN KO'RCEM ENT, s. a fresh supply of men, arms, &c. 
 
 To REIN.SE'UT, v. a. to insert a second time. 
 
 To REINSPI'UE, I', a. to inspire anew. 
 
 To KEIKSTA'L, (le-insiaul) v. a. to seat again. To put 
 again in possession. 
 
 To REINSTATE, v. a. to put again into possession. 
 
 To REINTEGRATE, [f. a. [♦iom re, again, and hitcp;er, 
 whole, Lat. J to renew with regard to any state or quality ; 
 to repair, to restor,e. SeeREDlNTEGRATE. 
 
 To REIN VE'ST, v. a. to invest anew. 
 
 To REJOrCE, V. n. [rijonir, Fr.] to be glad; to joy; 
 to exult ; to receive pleasure from sometJiing past ; used 
 with fur or at. Actively, to make joyful or glad ; to exhi- 
 larate : to glad. 
 
 REJ()rt:ER, s. one that rejoices. 
 
 To REJOl'N, I', a. [rejoindre, Fr.] to join again. To 
 meet one again. Neuterly, to make answer to an answer or 
 reply. 
 
 REJOI'NDER, «. \refdinihe, Fr.] an answer by the de- 
 fendant to the |ilaintifi'"s replication or reply. 
 
 REJO'LT, s. [from i-ijaillir, Fr.J shock ; succussion. 
 
 To REITERATE, v. a. [from re, again, and itero, to re- 
 peat, Lat.] to repeat again and again. 
 
 REITERA TION, *. \riita-ation. Ft. I repetition. 
 
 ToREJUDGE, «. a. to try a second time ; to review ; to 
 re-examine. 
 
 REJUVENE'SCENCY, s. [from re, again, and juvenis, 
 young, Lat.] restoration of youth. 
 
 To REKINDLE, t. a. to set on fire, or inflame again. 
 
 To RELATSE, v. n. [from re, back, and labor, to fall, 
 Lat.] to slip or fall back. To fall back into vice, error, 
 danger, &c. To fall back from a state of recovery. 
 
 RELA FSE, s. a fall into vice or error once forsaken. A 
 return to any state, especiaJJy into sickness, from a state of 
 recovery. 
 
 To RELATE, r. n, U-ehUim, from rrfero, to relate, Lat.] 
 to tell or recite. To ally, or be near to by kindred. Neu- 
 teriv, to have relation or respect. 
 
 RELATEK. s. teller ; narrator. 
 
 RELATION, s.[rclatum, from refero, to re'ate, Lat.] the 
 manner of belonging to any person or thing. Respect ; 
 reference; regard. Connection of one thing to another. 
 Kindred ; alliance of kin. A person related to another 
 by birth or marriage. A recital of facts ; a narrative. 
 
 RELATIVE, a. \i-clativiis, from refero, to relate, Lat. 
 relatif, Fr.] having relation, connection, or regard. Con- 
 sidered as belonging to and respecting something else. 
 
 RE'LATIVE, «. a person allied to another by birth or 
 marriage. In grammar, a pronoun, as u-ho, ulmm, Arc. 
 which answers to some preceding word called the ante- 
 cedent. 
 
 RE'LATIVELY, ad. not absolutely ; as it regards some- 
 thing else. 
 
 To RELAX, V. rt. [»•? /(Txo, from laxvs, loose, Lat.] to slacken 
 any thing strained. To make less rigorous. To make less 
 attentive or laborious. To ease. To loose. Neuterly, to 
 be mild, remiss, or free from rigour. 
 
 RELAXATION, s. [relaxo, from larus, loose, Lat.] 
 the act of loosening any thing stranied. The cessation 
 of restraint. Abatement of rio-our,] atteution, or ap- 
 plvcation. 
 
 RELA'V, s. [rehis, Fr.] liorsee placed iu different stage 
 on a road to relievo olhcrs. 
 
 To RELE'ASE, (release) V. a. \rijaschcr, Fr.] to free from 
 confineiiient, servitude, i)ain, obligation, or restraint. 
 
 RELI'J'ASE, (jc/mci s. \relazelu, Fr.] discha'-ge frwn jiain, 
 penalty, claim, coniiriement. or servitude. An acquittance 
 from debt. 
 
 To RELEGATE, v. a. [relego, from lego, to send, Lat. J 
 to banish ; to exile. 
 
 RELEGATION, s. [Fr. relego, from lego, io send, Lat.] 
 exile ; judicial banishment. 
 
 To HELEN F, v. 71. [relentir, Fr.] to soften, or grow less 
 rigorous, hard, or tense. To soften in temper. To give, 
 melt, or grow moist. Actively, to slacken. " Releiit his 
 pace." Spenser. To .soften or mollify. "lieleiUed tiieir re 
 bellioiis ire." Sncnser. 
 
 RELE'NTLESS, a. unpitying ; unmoved by kindness 01 
 tenderness. 
 
 RELEVANT, n. [Fr. j relieving. 
 
 RELEVAT'ION, i. [from rehvo, to lift up, Lat.] a raising 
 or lifting up. 
 
 RELIANCE, ^. trust ; dependence; confidence; repose 
 of mind. Used with an before the object of trust. 
 
 RE'LIC, «. {reliqve, Yx. from relinquo, to leave, Lat.] that 
 which remains of any thing after the rest is lost or decay- 
 ed ; generally used in the plural. The body of a person 
 after death. Any thing kept in the memory of a person 
 deceased. 
 
 RE'LICT, *. \ielictus, from relinqvo, to leave, Lat.] a 
 widow ; a woman whose husband is dead. 
 
 RELIEF, (rcleif)s. [relief, Fr.] alleviation or mitigation 
 of sorrow, pain, or distress. That which frees from 
 danger, pain, or sorrow. The dismission of a sentinel from 
 his [X)st. In law, remedy of wrengs, from rclnium, 
 Lat. The prominence of a figure in a stone, &c. The 
 recommendation of any thing by the interposition of some- 
 thing diirerent. 
 
 RELIE'VABLE, Orelehalle) a. capable of relief. 
 
 To RELIEVE, {releeve) v. a. [from relevo, Lat.J to re- 
 commend by the interposition of sonifthing of a different 
 nature. To support or assist mutually. To ease from 
 pain or sorrow. To succour or rescue from danger. To 
 give rest to a soldier, by placing another iu his post. To right 
 by law. 
 
 RELIE'VER, (relecver) s. one wlvo relieves. 
 
 RELIE'VO, (releivo) s. [Ital.] that part of a figure whicli 
 projects beyond the ground on which it is carved. It is dis- 
 tinguished into a&o, where it rises much, or after the life; 
 and basso, when it rises but liitle. 
 
 RELKiATION, i. [from re, back,and ligo, to bind, Lat.J 
 the act of binding fast, or tying back. 
 
 To RELI'GHT, (relit) v. a. to light anew. 
 
 RELIGION, (the latter i and are usually omitted in 
 pronouncing this word and its derivatives; as, relijln, 
 relijUs, 6cc.) s. [religio, Lat. religion, Fr.] that worship 
 which belongs to the Deity, when considered as our Crea- 
 tor, Preserver, and Benefactor. Any system of faith and 
 worship. Synon. i?e/jg!o)i denotes a quality of the soul 
 and disposition of the heart towards God, which prevents 
 our failino; iu any part of our duty to the Supreme Being. 
 Piety makes us acquit ourselves with greater respect and 
 zeal. />«'o/io« adds to this outwardly a serious composed 
 behaviour. 
 
 RELIGIONIST, s. a person bigoted to any religious per- 
 suasion. 
 
 RELI'GIOUS, a. [from religio, religion, Lat.] pious ; 
 disposed to the duties of religion. Teaching our duty ti>- 
 wards God. Among the Romanists, bound by the vows of 
 poverty, chastity, and obedience, and to a monastic life. 
 Figuratively, exact or strict. 
 
 RELIGIOUSLY, ad. piously ; with obedience to the 
 dictates of religion. According to the rites of religion. 
 Reverently; with veneration. Exactly; witii strict ol>. 
 servance. 
 
 733
 
 R EM 
 
 REM 
 
 RELI'GIOUSNESS, s. the quality or state of being re- 
 ligious. 
 
 To RELI'NQUISH, v. a. [/rora relirujuo, to leave, Lat.] 
 toforsake, leave, desert, quit, release, give up, forbear, or 
 depart from. 
 
 RELINQUISHMENT, i. the act of forsaking. 
 
 RELrNQUARY, s. [relicjuaire, Fr.] a shrine or casket in 
 which the relics of deceased saints are kept. 
 
 RE'LISH, s. [from relec/u-r, to lick again, Fr. according 
 to Skinner and Minshew] the effect which any thing, has 
 tin the organs of taste, generally applied to something agree- 
 anle. A small taste. Figuratively, fondness or delight 
 in any thing. Sense, or a power of perceiving. Cast ; 
 manner. 
 
 To RELISH, V. a. to give a taste to, or season any thing. 
 To have a liking to. Neuterly, to have a pleasing taste. 
 To give pleasure. To have a flavour. 
 
 RE'LISHABLE, a. gustable ; having a taste. 
 
 To RELI'VE, (re?ti)) v. n. to revive ; to live anew. 01)- 
 solete. 
 
 To RELO'VE, {relilv) v. a. to love in return. Not used. 
 
 RELU'CENT, a. \rehiccns, from /lu-, light, Lat.] shining ; 
 transparent ; pellucid. 
 
 To RELUCT, V. n. [from re, again, and luetor, to strive, 
 Lat.] to struggle again. 
 
 RELU'Cl'ANCE, RELU'CTANC^r, ». [from re, again, 
 and luetor, to strive, Lat.] unwillingness ; repugnance ; 
 struggle in opposition. 
 
 RELU'CT.\NT, a. \reluctrins, from re, again, and luetor, 
 to strive, Lat.] unwilling ; acting with repugnance. 
 
 To RELU'CTATE, v. n. [from re, again, and luetor, to 
 strive. Lat. | to resist ; to struggle against. 
 
 To RELUME, or RELUMINE, r. a. to light anew; to 
 rekindle. 
 
 To RELY', t'. n. to put trust or confidence in. To rest 
 or depend upon. Used with on or iippv. 
 ^ ToREMAI'N, D. ii~ [fromje, again, and maneo, to remain, 
 Lat.] to be left out of a greater number, or quantity. To 
 continue ; abide. To be left as not comprised. Actively, 
 to await ; to be left to. 
 
 REMAI'N, J. any thing left; relic. Residum ; Tesidue. 
 A dead body. Generally used in tlie plural. 
 
 REMAI'NDER, a. retiiaining or left. 
 
 REMAINDER, .v. what is left. A dead body ; remains. 
 
 To REMAKE, v. a. to make anew. 
 
 To REMA'NCIP.VTE, ». a. [from re, again, mamut, the 
 hand, and capio, to take, Lat.J to sell or return a commodity 
 to 'iiim who first sold it. 
 
 To REMA'ND, v. a. [IrOm re, back, and mandu, to send, 
 Lat.] to send or call back. 
 
 REMA'NENT, s. [from re, again, and maneo, to remain, 
 Lat.lthe part remaining. 
 
 REM ARK, J. [rcmarque, Fr.] an observation ; a note or 
 criticism. 
 
 To REMA'RK, 1'. a. [rcmnrrpiei; Fr.] to note ; observe : to 
 distinguish, point out, or mark. Synon. To »w««Wi implies 
 taking notice witii attention, in order to reinemlx-r ; to 
 ntiscrvc, means rather, to watch with examination by way 
 of passing our judgment. We observe in order to remark. 
 
 REMA'RKABIjE, a. [lemnrliqmblc Fr.] observable; 
 worthy of observation or notice. 
 
 REM A'RKABLENESS, s. observablcucss ; worthiness of 
 observation. 
 
 REM.VRKABLY, ad. observably ; in a manner worthy 
 of observation. 
 
 REMA'RKER, s. an observer; one that remarks. 
 
 REMICOIABLE. a. caimliJe of remedy ; cural.lr. 
 
 REMEDIATE, a. medicinal ; afl'ordittg a remedy. Ob- 
 solete. 
 
 REMF.'niLESS, a. not ailmifting cure or remedy. 
 
 RE'MEDY, s. \remethum, from mrrUo, to cure, Lat. 
 rcmt'/c, Fr.] a medicine by which any distemper is cured. 
 The cure or reujovid of any uneasiness or evil. Reparation ; 
 means of repairinj;. 
 
 734 
 
 To REM EDY, o. «. \reme(lier, Fr.] to cure or heaL To 
 remove or repair any mischief. 
 
 To REME'MBEll, v. a. [rememlrer, old Fr.] to bear any 
 thing in mind. To recall to the misd. To mentioir. To 
 remind. 
 
 REME'MBERER, *. one who remembers. 
 
 REME'MBRANCE, s. \remembranee, Fr.] the act of tl»€ 
 mind by which it recalls any idea it once had. Memory ; 
 retention in memory ; honourable memory ; recollectioa. 
 Anv token bv. which one is kept in memory. 
 
 REME'MBRANCER, s. one that reminds ; one that puis 
 in mind. An officer of the exchequer, and of the city of 
 London, who has a right to sit in the house of commons, and 
 watcii and report the proceedings as far as they respect tlie 
 city ; he also reminds the lord mayor of the days of public 
 business, &c. 
 
 To REMIGRATE, v. n. [from re, again, and vii^ro, to 
 migrate, Lat.] to remove back again. 
 
 REMIGRA TION, s. removal back again. 
 
 To REMIND, V. a. to revive in the memory. 
 
 REMINISCENCE, s. [from reminiseor, to remember, 
 Lat. 1^ recollection ; recovery of ideas. 
 
 REMINISCE'NTIAL, {reminiss'cntiaT) a. relating to re- 
 miniscence. 
 
 REMISS, a.|rcmmwi,"Laf.] wautnigvigour ; slack. Sloth- 
 ful, or careless. Negligent. 
 
 REMISSIBLE, a. admitting forgiveness. 
 
 REMI'SSION, {retnishon) s. [from remitto, to remit, Lat.| 
 abatement; relaxation; moderation. Cessation of iutense- 
 ness. Forgiveness or pardon. 
 
 REMI'SSLY, ad. in a careless, negligent, or slack 
 manner. 
 
 REMI'SSNESS, s. want of care, attention, vigour, or 
 ardour. 
 
 To REMIT, I', a. [from re, back, and miito, to send, Lat.J 
 to make less intense. To forgive a punishment, or pardon 
 a fault, from remr«je, Fr. To give up or resign. To defer; 
 to refer. To send money to a vlistant place. Neuterly, to 
 grow slack, or less violent. 
 
 REMl'TMRNT, s. the act of remitting to custody. 
 
 REMI'lTANCE, »■. the act of paying money at a distant 
 place. A sum of money sent to a distant place. 
 
 REMITTER, s. one that sends money to distant places. 
 Inlaw, where a person having two titles to lands, Ac. and 
 coming to such by the last title, and that being defective, he 
 shall be restored to, and adjudged into the land-, &c. by his 
 former more antient titles. 
 
 RE'MN.'VNT, s. [<-or!upted from remuneni'] any thing 
 that is left or remains ; residue. 
 
 REMNANT, «. remaining ; yet left. " Dedicate her 
 rcmntnit life." Prior.. 
 
 REMO'LTEN, «. melted again. 
 
 R1:M0'NSTRANCE, s. {remonstrance, Fr.] a strong re- 
 presentation of the ill consequences of anv proceeding. 
 
 To REMONS'niATE, v. a. [from re, again, an(l vi<mtn>, 
 to shew, Lat.] to shew reason against any thing in strong 
 terms. Used with ap^ainst. 
 
 REMOT.A, s. [Lat.] a let or obstacle. A kind of worm, 
 or fish, which sticks to the bottoms of ships and hinders 
 lliem ill llieir passage. 
 
 To ItEiVlORATE, r. a. [from re, again, and moror, to 
 delav, Lat.] to hinder, to delay. 
 
 RI';M()'RSE, s. [from re, again, and mortho, to gnaw, 
 Lat.] uneasiness occasioned by a consciousness of guilt. 
 Pity; teiKkrness; sympathetic sorrow ; sting of conscience. 
 
 REM()R'SI';FIJL, a. tender ; compassionate. 
 
 REMt)RSELESS, o. unpitying; cruel; savage. 
 
 RF..VjO"I'E, n. [from remtvcv, to remove, Lat.] distant, a()- 
 pliiMl to time, relation, or place; foreign. Not agreeing. 
 
 RiiMO'TELY, ad. at a distance. 
 
 RI:M()TENESS, .«. the quafity of being distant, applied 
 to relation, lime, or place. 
 
 REM()T10N,». [from rr.moreo.Ut remove, Lat.] the act 
 of removing ; the klale of being removed to a distance.
 
 REN 
 
 illiP 
 
 RKIMO'VARLE, (rcmoivnblc) a. such as may be removed. 
 
 REMO'VAL, (remooval) t. the act of putting out of any 
 post or place. Translation to another place. 
 
 To REMO'VE, \remo'ove) v. a. [from re, again, and mmeo, 
 to move, Lat.] to take away or put from its place. To place 
 at a distance. Ncuterly, to cliau};e place or abode. 
 
 REMO'VE, (rcmouve) s. chan^'c of i)lace. The act of 
 removing a chessman or draught. A step in the scale of 
 gradation. A small distance. The act of putting a horse's 
 t>4)oes upon differeut feet. " His horse wanted two remuvei." 
 
 REMO'VER, (rcmnbver) s. one who removes. 
 
 To REMO'UNT, v. a. [remonter, Fr.] to mount again. 
 
 REMU'NERAHLE, a. rewardable. 
 
 To REMU'NERATE, v. a. [from re, again, and mnnus, a 
 gift, Lat.]' to reward ; to recompense ; to repay ; to re- 
 quite. 
 
 REMUNERATION, ». a. [from re, again, and munus, a 
 gift, La^.l reward ; requital ; recompense ; repayment. 
 
 REMU'NERATIVE, a. exercised in dispensing rewards. 
 
 To REMU'RMUR, v. a. [from re, again, and murmmn, to 
 raurmur, Lat.] to utter bacK jn murmurs ; to repeat in low 
 hoarse sounds. Ncuterly, to murmur back ; to echo a low 
 hoarse sound. 
 
 RENAKD, i.rPr.lafox. 
 
 RENA'SCENT, a. [from re, again, and naseor, to be born, 
 Lat.] produced again ; rising again into being. 
 
 RENA'SCIBL 15, a. [from re, again, and naseor, to be born, 
 Lat. I possible to be produced again. 
 
 To RENAVIGATE, v. a. to sail again. 
 
 RENCO'UNTER, J. l^rcHcontre, Er.J the action of two 
 bodies that meet, or strike against each other. Clash. Op- 
 position between persons. A loose or casual engagement. 
 A sudden combat without premeditation. 
 
 To RENCOU'NTER, v. n. [renco,itrcr, Fr.] fo clash ; to 
 collide. To meet an enemy unexpectedly. To irmish 
 with another. To fight hand to hand. 
 
 To REND, V. a. pret. and part. pass, rent; [renikm^ Sax.] 
 to tear with violence ; to lacerate. 
 
 RE'NDKR, f. one that rends ; a tearer. 
 
 To RE'NDER, «. a. \rendre, Fy.\ to pay or give back. 
 To give on demand. To make. To represent. To trans- 
 late, followed by in or into. To surrender, followed by vj>. 
 To afford. 
 
 RE'NDER, i. a surrender. 
 
 RE'NDEZVOUS, (remkvooz) s. \7-eiidez-v0us, Fr.] a meet- 
 »llK, or place of meeting, appointed. 
 
 To RE'NDEZVOUS, {rindciooz) V. n. 'from remlez-vcus, 
 Fr.] to meet at a place appointed. 
 
 RENDl'TION, f. surrendering ; the act of yielding. 
 
 RENEGA'DE, or RENEGA'DO, «. \renegado. Span, re- 
 f>£gat, Fr.]one that leaves his religion on base principles ; 
 an. apostate. One who deserts to an enemy ; a revolter. 
 
 To RENE'GE, ti. a. [rcTicgo, from ncgo, to deny, Lat.J to 
 deny, to disown. 
 
 To RENE'W, v.a. [renoro, from novus, new, Lat.| to reno- 
 vate ; to restore to its former state. To begin again, or 
 repeat. In scripture, to make anew, or change to a new 
 ftate of life. 
 
 RENE'VVARLE, a. capable of being renewed. 
 ' RENE'WAL, f. the act of restoring or reducing to its 
 former state ; renovation. 
 
 RE'NFREW, a town of Scotland, and the capital of a 
 shire of the same name, with some inconsiderable manu- 
 factures of thread. The magistracy of it is composed of a 
 provost, 2 bailiffs, and 16 counsellors. It contains about 
 260 families, and is seated on theS. side of the river Clyde, 
 6 miles W. of Glasgow. 
 
 RE'NFREWSHIRE, a county of Scotland, bounded on 
 the .W. and N. by the Frith of Clyde, on the E. by Lanerk- 
 shire, and on the S. VV. by Ayrshire. The parts near the 
 Clyde are fruitful, vith some gentle uplands ; those to tlie 
 S. vV. and W. are more barren, hilly and moorisli. The con- 
 veokucy of the Clyde and Fritli, there beJng safV riding on 
 
 all the coast, has much tontributed to the improvcmcjit of 
 the country. 
 
 RENI'TENCY, s. that resistance in solid bodies, wheu 
 they t>ress upon, orare impelled against, each other. 
 
 RENI'TENT, a. \rcnitcns, Lat.] acting agaiuit any im- 
 pulse by elastic power. 
 
 RE'NNES, an antient, large, and populous tify in the 
 dept. of Isle and Vilaine, and ci-devaut capital of Rretagne. 
 containing 8 parish ciiurches besides tlie cathedral and se. 
 vcral convents. The inhabitants are computed at 3.0,00o. 
 Its streets are now broad, and as straight as a line ; but 
 they were very narrow before the fire in 1720, which lasted 
 seven days, and consumed 850 houses. The ground square, 
 in which is (he Palace of Justice, and the Hotel do-Ville, is 
 very elegant. It is seated on the river Vilaine, which divides 
 it into two parts, 58 miles N. of Nantes, and 42 S. E. of St. 
 Malo. Lat. 48. 7. N. Ion. I. sr,. VV, 
 
 RE'NNET, or RE'NNETING, t. [retneitc, Fr.j a kimi 
 of apple. 
 
 To RE'NOVATE, v. a. [renovo, from novus, new, Lat.] to 
 renew ; to restore to its first state. 
 
 RENOVATION, s. [Fr.] re^imo, from nm„s, new, Lat.J 
 the act or state of being renewed; renovation; renewal. 
 
 To RENOUNCE, v. a. [from re, back, and mmcio, to fell, 
 Lat.J to disown ; to abnegate. To quit upon oath. Sy.nun. 
 To reuonnce and resign am voluntary acts ; to ahdieate is an 
 involuntary act. Abdicate more particularly relates to a 
 throne; renounce, to matters ofreligion ; resign, to employ 
 niciits. 
 
 RENOUNCEMENT, s. act of renouncing ; renuncia- 
 tion. 
 
 KENO'VVN, s. [renommie, Fr.] praise widely spread; 
 celebrity. 
 
 TollENO'WN, v.n. [renommer, Fr.] to make famous ; 
 to celebrate. 
 
 RENO'WNED, ph>:<. a. famous; celebrated ; eminent. 
 
 RENT, s. [from rend] a hole made by tearing; a slit ; a 
 break ; a laceration. 
 
 To RENT, V. a. [from retul] to tear. 
 
 RENT, s. {rente, Fr.] revenue ; an annual payment for 
 the hire of any thing; money paid for anything held of 
 another. 
 
 To RENT, v.<i. \renter, Fr.] to hold by payisg rent. To 
 set to a tenant. 
 
 RENTABLE, a. that may be rented. 
 
 RE'NTAL, s. schedule or account of rents. 
 
 RE'NTER, s. he that holds by paying rent ; a tenant. A 
 renter warden is an officer in most of the companies of Lou- 
 don, whose business is to receive the rents or profits belong- 
 ing to the company. ' 
 
 RENVE'RSED, a. \renversi, Fr.| overturned. 
 
 To RENU'M ERATE, v. a. [fiora re, back, and numcro, 
 topav, Lat. I to pay back. 
 
 RENUNCIATION, s. [rinonciation, Fr. re,mntiat,o, 
 Lat.J the act of renouncing. 
 
 To REORDAI'N, t>. a. [riordanncr, Fr.J to ordain again, 
 on supposition of some defect. 
 
 REORDIN A'TION, s. repetition of ordination. 
 
 To REPA'CIFY, », a. to pacify again. 
 
 REPA'ID, part. pass, of Repay. 
 
 To REPA'IR, V. a. [from re, again, and jntro, to make 
 ready, Lat.J to restore after any loss or damage. To fdl up 
 anew. To amend by aniequivaleut. 
 
 REPAIR, *. reparation; supply of loss, damage, or 
 injury. 
 
 'I o REPAI'R, •. n. to go to. 
 
 REPAI'R, J. [repaire, Fr.] resort; ubode ; the act uf 
 going to a placi\ 
 
 REPAIRER, s. amcnder; restorer. 
 
 REPA'NDOUS, a. [from repandus, Lat.J bent upwards. 
 
 RE'PARAPjLE, a. [from re, again, and j>aro, to make 
 ready, Lat.J caDable of being amended, or retrieved. 
 
 RE'PARABLY, «rf. in a manner capable of remedy by 
 restoration, amendment, or supply, 
 
 736
 
 REP 
 
 REP 
 
 REPARATION, s. [from re, again and paro, to make 
 
 ready, Lat.l the act of repairing the damages made by 
 time in a building, or in any other thing. Supply of 
 what is wasted. Recompence, or amends made for an 
 injury. . 
 Rf.PA'RATIVE, J. whatever makes amends. 
 REPARTE'E, s. [repa7tie, Fr.] a smart or witty reply. 
 To REPARTE'E, v.n. to make smart replies. 
 REPARTITION, s. [rtpartUimi, Fr.] the act of dividing, 
 or sharing again. 
 
 To REPASS, V. a. [repasser, Fr.] to pass bacK or again. 
 Neuterly, to go back in the same road. 
 REPA ST, s. [re/ias, Fr.] a meal ; a refreshment. Victuals. 
 To REPA'ST, V. a. [repailre, Fr.] to feed or feast. 
 REPA'STURE, *-. entertainment. Obsolete. 
 To REPA'Y, V. a. [repayer, Fr.] to pay back in return, 
 requital, or revenge. To recompense. To reimburse. 
 
 REPA'YIMENT, s. the act of repaying. The thing re- 
 paid. 
 
 To RRPE'AL, {repiel) v. a. [rappeller, Fr.] to revoke ; 
 abrogate ; annul. 
 
 REPE AL, {repiel) s. the act of recalling from exile. Not 
 
 in use. Abroration ; revocation; abolition. 
 
 REPEALABLE, {rcpcelahli!)a. capable of being repealed. 
 
 To REPE'AT, (repiet) v. a. [from rr, again, anti peto, to 
 
 seek or ask, Lat.] to do or speak the same thing more tlian 
 
 once. 
 
 REPE' A^EDhY, {repeetedli/) ad. over and over ; more 
 than once. 
 
 REPE'ATER, (repceter) s, one that recites. A watch that 
 strikes the hours by compression of the spring. 
 
 liEPEIIAM, a town in Norfolk, trading largely in 
 Hinlt. It is seated on the river Ejne, 10 miles N. W. 
 of Norwich, and 112 N. E. of London. Market on Sa- 
 turday. 
 
 To REPEL, V. a. [from re, back, and pdlo, to drive, Lat.] 
 to drive back any thing, or an assailant. Neuterly, to act 
 with a force contrary to that which is impressed. lu 
 physic, to prevent too great an afflux of humour to any par- 
 ticular part. 
 
 REPELLENT, *. [from re, back, and pello, to drive, 
 Lat..] a remedy that has a repelling power. 
 REPE'LLER, *. one that repels. 
 
 REPE'NT, V. n. [rcpeiitir, Fr.] to think on any thing 
 past with sorrow. To express sorrow for something past. 
 To have such sorrow for sin as produces amendment of life. 
 Actively, to remember wilh sorrow. It is used with the 
 reciprocal pronoun. " .And the Lord sai(l,I willdestroy man, 
 whom I have created — for it rcpenteth me that I have made 
 them." Gen. vi. 7. 
 
 REPE'NTANCE,.f. [j-^;)fwio?)fe, Fr.] sorrow for any thiusj 
 past. Such sorrow for sm as produces amendment ; peni- 
 tence. 
 
 , REPE'NTANT, a. \repmtant, Fr.] sorrowful for what is 
 past. E,x pressing sorrow for sir.. 
 
 ToHEPE'OPLE, {rcpiepl) r. a. to stock witii people 
 anew. 
 
 To REPERCU'SS, r. a. [from re, back, and percutiu, to 
 beat, Lat.] to beat back ; to drive back. Not in use. 
 
 iiEPERCU'SSION, {repercis/um) s. [from re, back and 
 pcrni<io. to strike, Lat.] the act of driving back; rebound. 
 
 REl'ERCU'SSIVE, a.\ripcreuss>f, Fr. | having the power 
 of driving back, or causing a rebound. Repellent. Driven 
 back ; rebounding. The two last are obsolete. 
 
 REPERTITIOUS, (repertishimw:) a. [from rqietio, to 
 find, Lat.] found ; gained by tinding. 
 
 REPERTORY, s. [rcf>crloirc, Fr. from rppertorium, Lat.] 
 □ treasury; a magazine. 
 
 RE'PI'T'END, 4'. [from repeto, to repeat, Lat.] in arithme- 
 tic, that part of an infinite <ircimal fraction which is re- 
 peated ad injimlnm : Thus in the examples 'ifi(\ij, Ac. ami 
 ),i;J1313, cVc. the ,C(;fiand iL^lSlS, are the repetends ; the 
 (*>rBn;r bein^j denoaiinutcd single, because one figure only is 
 
 730 
 
 constantly repeated, and the latter compound, because hkmc 
 than one are repeated. 
 
 REPETI TION, s. [from rcpeto, to repeat, Lat.J the doing 
 the same thing more than once. The act of reciting 
 or rehearsing. Recital from memory, opposed to reacU 
 ing. 
 
 REPIA'NO,REPIE'NO, s. m mnsic, signifies full, and 
 is used to distinguish those violins in concertos, which play 
 only now and then to fill up, from those which play through 
 the whole concerto. 
 R EPIGNORA TION, s. the redeeming of a pledge. 
 To REPI'NE, t'. n. to fret, vex, grieve, or be discontent- 
 ed ; to murmur. 
 REPl'NER, s. one who frets or nnirmurs. 
 To REPLACE, V. a. [rcplacer, Fr.] to put again into the 
 same place ; to reinstate. 
 To REPLAIT, V. a. to fold one part often over another. 
 To REPLA'NT, v. a. [rqdanter, Fr.] to plant anew. 
 REPLANTA TION, s. the act of planting again. 
 To REPLENISH, r. a. [from re, again, anil plenns, full, 
 Lat.] to stock or fill. Neuterly, to regain the former fulness. 
 Obsolete. " For then the humours will not replenish so 
 soon." Baeon. 
 
 RPTLETE, a. [from reiileo, to fill, Lat.] full ; completely 
 filled. Filleft to excess ; followed by with. 
 
 REPLETION, s. [repletion, Fr.] the state of being too 
 full. 
 
 REPLETIABLE, a. [rej>leg-iabiKs, barbarous Laf.] to 
 be restored after being seized. 
 
 To REPLE'VIN, orllEPLE'yY,i'.fl.[rf^/<'^!o, low Lat.| 
 to taku back or set any thing at liberty that is seized by way 
 of security. 
 
 REPLEVIN, s. in law, is a remedy granted on a dis- 
 tress, by which the first possessor has his goods restored to 
 him again, on his giving security to the sheritFthat he will 
 pursue his action against the party restraining, and return 
 the tjoods or cattle, if the taking them should be judged 
 lawful in case of a distress for rent, the tenant must bring 
 his writ of replevin within five days, otherwise the goods are 
 to be appraised and sold. 
 
 REPLICA, REPLICATO, s. [Ifal.] in music, signifies 
 to repeat. 
 
 REPLICATION, s. [from replieo, fo answer, Lat.] an 
 answer, a reply. 
 
 To REPLY', V. n. [rcplitpier, Fr.] fo answer ; to make a 
 return to an answer. Actively, to return as an answer. 
 Used with to, as^aiiixt, or upon. 
 
 REPLY', s. [ripliqiie, Fr.] an answer, or a return to an 
 answer. 
 REPLY'ER, .«. liethat makes a return fo an answer. 
 To REPO'LISH, V. a. [repolir, Fr.] to polish again. 
 To It.EPO'RT, r. a. [reporter, FrJ to spread any thing by 
 rumour. To give account of. To give repute. To re- 
 lale. 
 
 R ET O'RT, s. rumour ; or popular fame. Public chanic- 
 teror repulatioii. An account returned ; relation. An ac 
 count of judicial cases. Sound, or loud noise. 
 REPORTER, .?. reiafer, one that gives an account. 
 REl'O'RTINGLY, ad. by common fame. 
 REPO'SAL, (rejiuzal)s. the act of reposing. 
 To REPOSE, {repoze)r. a. [from re again and pmw, fo lay, 
 Lat.] to lay to rest. To confide or trust in without any 
 suspicion, followed by vpon or in. To lodge or lay up, 
 followed by in. Neuterly, to sleep, or take one's rest. To 
 rest in confidence. 
 
 REPO'SE, {rcpoze) i. sleep; rest; quiet. Cause of rest 
 or confidence. 
 
 REPO.'SliDNESS, {repozedness) s. state of being at 
 rest. 
 
 To RRPO'SITE, (rq>nzil) v. n. [from re. again, and pono, 
 to lav, Lat.] to lav up or lodge as in a place of safety. 
 REPOSITION, (repoT/sfiov) s. the act of replacing. 
 l{EPOSlT()RY, {rqi'ozitory) s. a place wherein any thing 
 is safely laid up.
 
 REP 
 
 R EP 
 
 To RRPOSSE'SS (repoz'tss) v. a. fo poiscss again. 
 
 To UEFUEHF/ND, v. a. [IVoiii re, agMW, ••iw\ prehendn, 
 to lay hold of, Lat.] lo find fault v.-'\\ ; to chide ; to reprove. 
 To chai«;e wilh as a taiill ; iisr-d with of. 
 
 REPRKFIK'NDKU, s. a Maiiier; arcprovcr. 
 
 REPREHENSIBLE, a. [reprehensible, Fr.J worthy of 
 blaiii'' or censure ; cul|iat)le. 
 
 REFREHK'NSIBLENESS, s. blameableiicss. 
 
 REPREHENSir.LY, «rf. blameably ; culpably. 
 
 REPREHE'NSION, (repre/ii-s/wn) j.[froui rr, again, and 
 nrehendo, to lay hold of, Lat.] the act of finding fault, chiding 
 or blaming. 
 
 REPREHE'NSIVE, a. given to reproof. 
 
 To REPRESENT, (the s in this word and its following 
 derivatives is pron. like z : as, rcprezait, Ac.) v. a. \repre- 
 serito, Lat. rqiresenter, Fr. ] to exiiihit or show as if piescnt. 
 'J'o describe or show in any luirlicular character, 'i'o lill the 
 place of or personate another bv a vicarious character. 
 
 REPRESENTATION, s. [reprisnUUwu. Fr.] an image 
 or likeness of any thing. The act of siiDmir'iin' vir;iri(ii.s 
 character. A respectful declaration. ^\ imuuc cxnini- 
 tion. 
 
 UEPRESE'NTATIVE, a. [repriserUatif, Fr.J exhibiting 
 a likeness. Bearing any character by commission from 
 another. 
 
 REl'RESE'NTATIVE, .s. one exhibiting the likeness of 
 another, or exercising a vicarious »!iaracter from another. 
 That hv which anv thing is shown. 
 
 REPRESE'NTER, s. one who shows or exhibits. One 
 who bearsa vacarious character. 
 
 REPRESE'NTMENT, s. iuiage or idea proposed, as ex- 
 hibiting the likeness of something. 
 
 To REPRESS, V. a. [rcpressus, from reprimn, to repress, 
 Lat.] to crush or subdue. 
 
 REPRESSION, {reprhhon) s. [repressio, from reprimo, to 
 repress, Lat.j the act of crushing or siil'duing. 
 
 REPRE'SSlVE, a. having power to repress; acting to 
 -epress. 
 
 To RFPRIETE, (repreeve) v. a. [repreudre, Fr.] to free 
 from immediate sentence of death. To give respite. 
 
 REPRIEVE, {reprieve) s. a temporary suspension of sen- 
 tence of death. 
 
 To REPRIMA'ND, «). ft. [reprimaiider, Fr.J to reprove; 
 tochide; to reprehend ; to check. 
 
 REPRIMAND, s. \rtprimande, Fr.] reproof; reprehen- 
 sion. 
 
 To R-EPRTOT, V. a. to renew an impression. To print 
 a new edition. 
 
 REPRI'SAL, (.reprizal) s. [reprisaille, Fr.] something seized 
 as a retaliation for robbery, or damage sustained. 
 
 REPRI'SE, (reprize) s. [/eprise, F'r.] the act of taking some- 
 thing in retaliation of injury received. 
 
 To REPRO'ACH, (reprbeh) v. a. [reprocher, Fr.J to cen- 
 sure, or charge with a fault, in censorious and opprobrious 
 language. To upbraid. 
 
 REPRO'ACH, (reprvch) s. \reprocIie, Tr.] the act of find- 
 ing fault in opprobious terms. Any thing which exposes to 
 infamv or disgrace. 
 
 REPRO'ACH ABLE, {reprdehdhU) a. worthy of reproach 
 or censure. 
 
 REPRO'.'VCHFUL, {reprbchfiil) a. scurrilotjs ; opprobri- 
 ous ; disgraceful; infamous; shameful; ignominious. 
 
 R EPRO'ACHFULLY, ad. opprobriously ; ignominiously ; 
 »euirilouglv. 
 
 RE'PROBATE, a. [from reproJo, to reject, Lat.J lost to 
 virtue and grace ; abandoned ; profligate. 
 
 RE'PROBATE, i. a person lost to virtue. A profligate. 
 One abandoned to wickedness. 
 
 To RE'PROBATE. ». a. [from repr^,bo, to reject, Lat.] 
 to disallow or reject. To abandon to wickedness and eternal 
 destruction. To abandon to one's sentence without .hopes 
 of pardfiu. 
 
 RETliOBATENESS, s. the act of being reprobate. 
 
 REPR'OBATION, i. [riprobaUou, Fr.] the act ofaban- 
 
 5B 
 
 doning, or the state of being abandoned, to eternal misery. 
 A sentence of condemnation. 
 
 To REPRODUCE, v. a. \reproduire, Fr.] to produc«> 
 again; to produce anew. 
 
 REPRODUCTION, t.[riproduction, Fr.] the act of pro- 
 during anew. 
 
 REPROO'F, s. blame or reprehension spoken to a person's 
 face. Censure ; reprehension. 
 
 REI'ROA'ABLE, (reprolnaOle) a. blanieable ; culpable ; 
 worthy of reprehension. 
 
 To REPRO'VE, (rrproiivc) v. a. [repronver, Fr.] to blame , 
 to censure. To charge to the face with a fault ; to repre- 
 hend. To refute; to disprove. 
 
 REPRO'VFH, {re]ir(i!,iTr)s. one that reproves. Synov. 
 He who reprorcs another points out his faults, and blani!« 
 I'lim. He who repriiminds aflects to punish, and mortifies 
 the offender. 
 
 To REPRU'NE v. a. to prune a second time. 
 
 RE'PTILE, a. [rcpo, to creep, Lat.] creeping on the 
 ground. 
 
 ^.EPTILE, s. in natural history, are a kind of animals 
 denominated from their creeping or advancing on the belly. 
 Or i?f;;ft7ci are a genus of anim;ils and insects, which, in- 
 stead of feet, rest on one part of the body, whilst they ad- 
 vance forward with the rest. Such are earthworms, suck- 
 ers, caterpillars, &c. It is also used by botanists to 
 signify plants which creep upon the earth, unless sustained 
 by some other plant or prop ; as cucumbers, melons, the 
 vine, &:c. 
 
 REPTI'TIOUS, (repiw/iioiw) a. [from rfpo, to creep, Lat.] 
 creeping. 
 
 REPUBLIC, .«. \rcpiiUlnne, Fr. from res, a government, 
 and publieus, public, Lat.] a slate in which the power i» 
 lodged in more than one. A commonwealth. 
 
 REPUBLICAN, a. belonging to a commonwealth; pla- 
 cing the government in the people. 
 
 REPUBLICAN, s. one who holds a commonwealth, 
 without a monarch, lo be the best form of government. 
 
 REPU'DIABLK, a. tit to be rejected. 
 
 To REPUDIATE, u. rt. \ripiidio, from repvdium, a bill of 
 divorcement, Lat. ripudier, Fr.J to divorce ; to reject ; to 
 put away. 
 
 IlEPUDIA'TION, 4 [repurfifl<ion, Fr.] divorce ; a putting 
 awav ; rejection. 
 
 REPU'iGNANCE, REPU'GNANCY, \repugnance, Fr.J 
 inconsistency, or contrariety. Struggle of opposition ; re- 
 luctance. 
 
 REPUGNANT, a. [Fr. rep,igno, from ptigno, to fight, 
 Lat.l disobedient. Contrary; opposite. 
 
 REPU'GNANTLY, ml. contradictorily. 
 
 ToREPU'LLULATE, f.H. [from »c, again, zxid jmlluh, 
 to bud, Lat. repultider, Fr.] to bud again. 
 
 REPU'LSE, s. [from ;e, back, anil pello, to drive, Lat.] the 
 condition of being driven oft" from any attempt, or put aside 
 from any design ; denial ; check. 
 
 To REPULSE, v.a. [from re, back, and p«//o, to drive,, 
 Lat.J to beat back or drive off. 
 
 REPULSION, {repvUhon) s. [fioin re, back, and pello, to 
 drive, Lat.] the act or power of driving oft" from itself. In 
 chymistry, a principle whereby the particles of bodies are 
 prevented from coming into actual contact. 
 
 REPULSIVE, a. [from re, back, ai;d /x-Z/o, to drive, Lat.] 
 driving otf ; having the power to beat back or drive oft'. 
 
 To REPU'RCHASE v. a. to buy again. 
 
 REPUTABLE, a. honourable; generally esteemed; ce- 
 lebrated. 
 
 RE'PUTABLY, ad. without discredit. 
 
 REPUTATION, *. [reputation, Fr.J the general character 
 of a person. Credit; honour. 
 
 "To REPUTE, V. a. [from re, again, and pvto, to think 
 Lat. I to hold, account, or esteem ; to think. 
 
 REPUTE, *. public character: established opinion; 
 esteem. . 
 
 REPUTELESS, a. disgraceful ; disreputable. 
 
 7.17
 
 RES 
 
 ilES 
 
 RKQUE'ST, s. [refivete, Fr.] the act of asking any thiiiff of 
 aiKitlier. An entreaty ; petition. Demand ; the state of 
 bein^ desired. 
 
 To REQUEST, v. a. [requester, Fr.] to ask a favour o' 
 another. To entreat; to sohcit. 
 REQUE'STER,*. a petitioner; a solicitor. 
 To KEQUrCKEN, v. a. to reanimate. 
 RE'QUIEM, «. [Lat.] a hymn so called from its being 
 used in imploring re^t for the dead. Rest; quiet; peace, 
 Kot in use. 
 
 REQUl'RABLE, a. fit to be required. 
 To REQUIRE, II. a. [from re, again, and queero, to seek, 
 Lat.] to ask a thing as one's right. To make necessary ; to 
 need. 
 
 REQUISITE, (the s is pron. like - in this word and its 
 following derivatives ; as ra/idzite, drc.) a.[rcquisi ns, Lat. 
 necessary ; needful; not to be done without. 
 
 REQUISITE, s any thing essential or indespensabiy 
 necessary. 
 
 RE'(iUlSITELY, a<l. necessarily ; in a requisite manner. 
 RE'QUISITENESS, s. necessity ; the state of being re 
 quisite. 
 
 REQUITAL, s. a return made for any good or bad office , 
 retaliation. A reuard. 
 
 To REQUITE, r. S. \reqviter, Fr.^ to repay, or return 
 good or ill ; to recompense. 
 
 RE'REVVARD, s. the rear, or last troop of an army. 
 - To RESALU'TE, v. a. [from re, again, and saluto, to salute, 
 Lat.] to salute or greet anew. 
 
 To RESCI'ND. V. a. [from rescindo, Lat.] to cut oft'. To 
 abroeafe or annul, applied to laws. 
 
 RESCrSSION, {rcss'iskun) s. [from rescindo, to cut oft', 
 Lat.J the act of cutting ofl"; abrogation. 
 
 RESCISSORY, a.[rescissaire, Fr. rescissus, from rescindo, 
 to cut off, Lat.] having tlie power to cut off. 
 
 RESCRIPT, s. [rcscripium, from rcscribo, to write back, 
 Lat. resent, Fr.l the edict or decree of an emperor. 
 
 To RESCUE, V. a. [rescorre, old Fr.] to set free, or de- 
 liver from confinement, danger, or violence. 
 
 RESCUE, i.[rfsfosie, old Fr.J an act wherebya person is 
 delivered from violence, danger, or confinement. 
 RE'SCUER, s. one that rescues ; a deliverer. 
 RESE'ARCH, {resircli) s. {recherche, Fr.J diligent search 
 or inquiry ; scrutiny. 
 
 To RESE'ARCH, ()e«)r^)c. a. [rechercher, Fr.J to exa- 
 mine ; to inquire; to scrutinize. 
 To RESE'AT, {resiet) v. a. to seat again. 
 RESIOI'ZER, (rescezer) s. one that seizes again. 
 RESEI'ZURE, {resiezure) s, repeated seizure ; seizure a 
 second time. 
 
 RESEMBLANCE, s. \ressembjance or rcsemhlance, Fr.J 
 likeness; similitude ; representation. 
 
 To RESEMBLE, v. a. [resse/nbler or resembler, Fr. | to conv 
 pare ; to represent as like something else. To be like. 
 To RESE'ND, 1'. a. to send back again. Obsolete. 
 To RESE'NT, {rezhit) V. a. [rcssevtir, Fr.J to take well or 
 ill. To be oifended at, or return an injury. To have a due 
 sense of. 
 
 RESE'NTER, {rezenter)s. one who feels injuries deeply. 
 RESE'NTFUL, (me?i//H/)a. malignant; easily pro\()Acd 
 to anger, and long retaining it. 
 
 RESE'NTINfiLY, {re:tniin^ly)ad.whh deep sense ; with 
 strong perception; with continued anger. 
 
 REiSE'NTM EN'I", {reziiUmmt) s. \rcsscntivicut, i''r.] a 
 strong or hasty sensation of good or ill. A deep sense of 
 Jnjurv. 
 
 RESERVATION, i.[jacn)«/i<)n, Fr.] the act of conceal- 
 ing in the miud. Something kept back, or not given up. 
 Custody. 
 
 RESE'RVATORY, s. [rhervoir, Fr.J a place in which 
 sny thing is reserved or kept. 
 
 To RESERVE, (usually pron. rrzirre) f. a. [from re, 
 attain, and servo, to pie.sei\e, Lat.J to keep or save for sonic 
 oihe* time or purpose. 'I'o retain ; to keep ; to store. 
 
 RESERVE, (rezirve)s- something stored or saved against 
 some future exigence. Something concealed in the mind. 
 Exception; a prohibition. An exception in favour of a 
 person or thing. Modesty, or caution observed .in be- 
 haviour. 
 
 RI'^SI<"RVED, (rezened) a. modest, or not too free in 
 behaviour or discourse. Sullen ; close. Synon. We are 
 reserved in our words and actions ; we are modest in our de- 
 sires, our gestures, and our dress. 
 
 RESE'RVEDLY, arf. not with frankness; not with open- 
 ness ; with reserve. 
 
 RESE'RVEUNESS, {rezo-vedttess) s. the quality of keei)- 
 ing one's secret sentiments. 
 
 ilESE'H\ER, (^rezerver) s. one that reserves. 
 
 RESERVOIR, s. I Fr.J a place where any thing is stored 
 up, or collected in large quantities; reservatorv. 
 
 To RESETTLE, r. a. to settle again. 
 
 RESE1TLEMENT, j. the act of settling again. The 
 state of settliii^again. 
 
 Rl'.'SIANCE, s. in law, residence; abode; dwelling. 
 
 RE'SI ANT, «. \rcsseant, Fr.J resident; present in a place. 
 
 To RES!'Df2, V. n. [from re, again, and sedco, to sit, Lat.] 
 to dwell; to abide ; to live. To subside; to sink; to fall 
 to the bottom, tVoni reside, L.<\t. 
 
 RE'SIDENCl'y, s. [lesidenee, Fr.J the act of continuing or 
 dwelling in a place. A place of abode ; habitation ; dwet- 
 ling. Sediment, from resido, Lat. 
 
 RE'SIDE.NT, a. \(rom resideo, to remain, Lat.] dwelling 
 or having abode in any place. 
 
 RE'SlDI'iNT, s. [resident, Fr.] an agent, minister, or 
 ofticer, residing in any distant place with the dignity of a 
 public minister. 
 
 RESIDENTIARY, (7-esidens?tt(irt/) a. holding residence ; 
 attending in a journey. Substantively, a canon installed tf> 
 the privileges and profits of residence. 
 
 RESIDUAL, RESI'DIIARV, a. I from re«(feo, to remain, 
 Lat. I relating to that part which remains. 
 
 RE'SIDUE, s. \frow restdeo, to reside, Lat.J the remainder; 
 that which is left. 
 
 RESI'DUUM OF A ^iiARGE, in electricity, first disco- 
 vered by Mr. Gralatri of Germany, in 1746, is that part of 
 the charge that lay on the uncoated part of the Leyden phial, 
 which does not part with all its electricity at once ; so that 
 it is afterwards gradually diffused in the coating. In chy- 
 mistry, w hat is left in a pot or retort after the more valuable 
 part has been drawn off. Thus the sulphurate of potash which 
 remains in the pot after the distillation of nitrous acid, is 
 called the residuum. It is sometimes called the caput mortimm. 
 
 To RESI'GN, V. a. [from re, again, and signn, to sign, 
 Lat.] to give or yield up a claim or possession. To submit 
 with confidence, applied to providence. To submit wilti- 
 out opposition or resistance. 
 
 RESIGNATION, J. frf«»Tia<!07i, Fr.J tlie act of yielding 
 orsubmitling without resistance or doubt. 
 
 RESIGNEE', {resinee)s. in law, the person to whom the 
 thing is resigned. 
 
 RESI'GN ER, (reshia-) s. one that resigns. 
 RESI'GNMENT, (vp.mDnraO '■ the act of resigning. 
 RESILIENCE, RESILIENCY, «. (from re, back, and 
 salid, to leap, Lat.J the act of starting or leaping back. 
 
 RIvSI'LIENT, n. [from re, again, and saiio, to leap, Lat.^ 
 starting or springing hack. 
 
 RESl LITION, .!. [from 'c, again, and salio, to leap, Lat.^ 
 the act of springing back ; resilience. 
 
 RE'SIN, ()•«'«)•'• [rcsinr, Fr. resina, Lat.J the fat sulphu- 
 reous part of a vegetable, which will incorporate with 
 
 oil or spirit, but not an aqueous menstruum. Those vegeta- 
 ble substances that will dissolve in water are gnms, those 
 
 that will not dissolve and mix but with spirits or oil are 
 rcsitis. 
 
 RI'"/SINOUS. (rezinous) a. partaking of the nature and 
 
 properties of ri'sin. 
 
 ItESlNOUSNtSS, ' resinoutness) /. the quality ofhein^ 
 
 reiiiuuus.
 
 II ES 
 
 RES 
 
 HESIPI'SCENCE, s. [resipisceitce, Fr.j rrpcnlsince. 
 To RESIST, «.«. [from '(i/t^o, Lat. mixtn; l"r.] fo op- 
 pose, or act a)?aiiist. To liiiidcr ; to act against tlie impres- 
 sion of exiernal force. 
 
 RESISTANCP:, HESISTENCE, s. [written rtiisUmce, 
 when supposed lo be derived from tlic French, l)nt re.u4- 
 tence, when derived from rrsislau, Lat.J tiie act of resist- 
 ing ; opposition. Tiie quality of not yielding' to eNtcrnul 
 force. 
 
 RESISTini'LlTY, s.tUc quality of resistin-. 
 
 RESISTIBLE, a. that may be resisted. 
 
 RESrSTEESS, a. not to be opposed ; irresistible. 
 RESO'LVABLE, a. capable of being separated or ana- 
 lyzed. Capable of being explained. 
 
 RE'SOF^UBLE, a. [from»v, again, and snfvo, to loosen or 
 dissolve, Lat.J capable of being dissolved or nulled. 
 
 To RESO'LVE, (the * in this word and its derivatives is 
 Usually pron. like z) v. a. [from re, again, and suho, to loosen 
 or dissolve, Lat.] to inform, explain, or clear from any doubt 
 or ditticulty. To confirm or settle in any opinion or deler- 
 niinalion; used with «(. To analyze. To melt, or dissolve. 
 Ncuterly, to determine. To melt, or be dissolved. To be 
 fixed in an opinion ; used with of. 
 
 RESO'IA'E, .«. a tixed resolution ; determination. 
 
 RESOLVEDLY, ad. with firmness and constancy. 
 
 RESO'LVEONESS, s. resolution; constancy; firmness. 
 
 RESO't>VEND, s. [from re, again, and soho, to loosen or 
 dissolve, Lat.] in aritlimetic, a term in the extraction of the 
 scpiare and cube roots, Ac. siguifving the number arising 
 from increasing the remainder after subtraction. 
 
 RESOLVENT, «. [from rt, again, and sulio, to loosen or 
 dissolve, Lat.] that which has the power of causing solu- 
 tion. 
 
 RESO'LVENTS, s. medicines which dissolve and dis- 
 perse. In chymistry, liquors for the dissolving metals or 
 minerals. 
 
 R ESO'LVER, s. one that forms a first resolution. One 
 that dissolves ; one that separates parts. 
 
 RESOLUTE, a. [resola, Fr.] fixed, determined, con- 
 stant, steady, firm. 
 
 RESOLUTELY', arf. deterniinalely ; firmly; constantly; 
 steadilv. 
 
 RESOLUTE.VESS, s. determinateness; the state of be- 
 in" fi\eil in resolution. 
 
 RESOLUTION, i. fFr. from resoho, to resolve, Eat.] the 
 act of clearing from doubt or ditbculty. The actof separat- 
 ing any thing into its coiisfitueiit parts. Dissolution. A 
 fixed determination, or settled tliought. Steadiness, con- 
 stancy, firmness. The determination of a cause iu a court 
 of justice. 
 
 RESOLUTIVE, a. [resol-'tlj, Fr. from resoho, to dissolve, 
 Lat.] having the power to dissolve or relax. 
 
 RESONANCE, s. Ifromic, again, and who, to sound, Lat.] 
 sound ; re sound ; echo. 
 
 RE'SONANT, a. [resonnjis, from re, again, and sono, to 
 sound, Lat.J sounding or echoing. 
 
 To RESO RT, V. n. [rcssorttr, Fr.j to have recourse to. To 
 go publicly, or repair to. In law, to fall back. 
 
 RESORT, s. an assembly, or numerous body of men 
 meeting in the same place. Concourse. The act of visit- 
 ing. Spring or active power. Resource. 
 
 RESO'KTER, i. one that frequents or visits. 
 
 To RESOUND, V. a. |from re, again, and sonn, to sound, 
 Lat.J to echo; to sound back. To sound ; to tell so as to 
 oe heard far. To celebrate by sound. To return swinds ; 
 to sound with any noise. Neulerly, to be echoed back. 
 
 RESOU'RCE, s. {ressourre, Fr.] some new and expedient 
 means that of^'er. An expedient ; shift. 
 
 To RESPE'CT, V. a. [from ip, again, and spicio, to look, 
 Lat.] to regard, or have regard to. To consider with a low 
 degree of reverence. To have relation to. To look toward. 
 
 RESPECT, i. regard ; attention. A low degree of reve- 
 rence. Partial regard. Good will. A coDsideraticu or 
 (ifUive. Relation or regard. 
 
 RESPE'CTARLE, a. meriting respect; venerable. 
 RESPE'C'I'Ell, s. one who prefers one before- another 
 from a partial regard. 
 
 RESPECTFUL, a. paying due reverence. Ceremoni- 
 ous ; full of outward civility. 
 Ri',SPE'{yrF(ILLY', lid. with some degree of reverence. 
 Rf^SPE'CTIV !'),«. rtjaling lo particular persons or things. 
 Relative; reciprocal; particidar. 
 RKSPEtTIVELY, W. parlicidarly ; relatively. 
 RI'.SPERSION, (/r,s/)(7j/a//ij J. [from r«/jtrg-o, to sprinkle. 
 La I. j I he act of sprinkling. 
 
 RESI^IRA'TION, .t. [Fr. respiro,U(\xare, again, and wro, 
 to breathe or blow, Lat.] the act of breathing. Relief or 
 respite from laliour. 
 
 To RlLSl'I'llE, «. 71. [)-(!.!/)iVo, from (v, again, and cpiro, Xn 
 breathe or blow, Lat.] to breathe. To catch breath. To 
 rest, or take rest. 
 
 RE'SPl IE, ». \respit, l""r.] a repr:''»'e, or the suspension of 
 a ca[iil;>.l seiileiice. A pause or interval. 
 
 To UE'SPITE, r. a. to relieve by a pause or mtcrmission. 
 To suspend ordelav, from )r,t/»Vfr, r)ld Fr. 
 
 RESPLENDENCE, RESPLENDENCY, i. brightness j 
 lustre ; splendour. 
 
 RE.SPLE'NDENT, a. [from re, again, and sphudeo, to 
 shine, LatJ bright; shining. Having a beautiful lustre 
 RESl'LE'NDENTLY,«rf.«ith lustre; splendidly, t 
 To RESPOND, v.a. [rcspondeo, Lat.] to answer an argu- 
 ment. or objoclion. To correspond or suit. 
 
 RESPO'NDENT, t. \rpspondens, from respoudeo, to answer, 
 Lat] one who answers in a suit or in a set disputation. 
 
 RESPONDENTIA, s. in commerce, is a term applied 
 to money, which is borrowed, not upon the vessel, as in 
 bottomry, but upon the gooils and merchandise contained in 
 it, which must necessarily be sold or exchanged, in ihe 
 Course of a voyage ; in wliic'i case the borrower, personally, 
 is bound to answer the coulraci ; and he is said to take up 
 nnoney at respondentin. 
 
 RESPONSE, «. {rcsponmim, from respondeo, to answer, 
 Lat.J an answer or reply luiide to an objection, or argument. 
 A answer made by a cougregalion, or clerk, in divine wcr- 
 sllip, from rrspons, Fr. 
 
 RESPO'NSIBLE, a. \responsiis, from respondeo, to answer, 
 Lat.J answerable, or accountable; used with ybr. Capable 
 of discharging anv obligation. 
 
 RESPO'NSIBLESESS, s. the state of being obliged or 
 qualilicd to answer. 
 
 KESPO NSION, {responsliuii) s. [responsio, from respondeo, 
 fo answer, Lat.J 1 he act of answering. 
 
 RESPONSIVE, a. \respunsif', Fr.] answering; making 
 answer. (Correspondent ; suitable. 
 
 RESPO'NSORY, n. \rcspunsvrius, from respondeo, to an- 
 swer, Lat.] containing answer. 
 
 REST, s. \rcst. Sax. riisle, Belg.] sleep. The state of 
 death. Ces..alion from motion, disturbance, or bodily la- 
 hour. A support on which any thing leans. A place of 
 rf pose. Remainder, or what remains. 
 
 l{VJ's\\a.[qitvd reslat, Lat.J others ; those not included 
 in any proposition. 
 
 To REST, i'. n. to be asleep or dead. To cease from 
 motion, labour, or disturbance. To remain satisfied. To 
 lean upon; to be supported, followed by 'ipoii. To be left 
 or remain. Actively, to put into a state of repose or quiet. 
 To confide in ; used with itpun. 
 
 RESTA'GNANT, a. [from re, again, and »<rtg-no, to stand, 
 Lat.J remaining without flow or motion. 
 
 To KESTA'GNATE, 1'. »i. to stand without flow. 
 RESTAGNA'TION, i. the state of standing without 
 flow, course, or motion. 
 
 RESTAURATION, s. [from restauro, to restore, Lat.] 
 the act of recovering to its former slate. 
 To RE'STEM, r. a. to force back against the current. 
 RE'STF'UL, n. quiet; being at rest. 
 RESTflA'RROW, s. a plant with butlerfly-shaped bios, 
 sonis. Thcie are two British species, viz. the corn and 
 IS*)
 
 RES 
 
 RE 1 
 
 creeping resf-Iiarrow; the former is found on barren lann, 
 and goes also by the names of cammock, petty-wiiin, and 
 ground furze ; and the latter on tlie sea-coast, having red 
 or almost white blossoms. Both kinds flower in June and 
 
 KE'STIFF, RESTIVE, or RE'STY, a. [restif, Fr.j un- 
 willing to stir, comply, or go forward, generally applied to 
 ahorse. Headstrong; stubborn; froward ; obstinate. 
 
 RE'STIFFNESS, i. unwillingness ; frowardness. 
 
 RESTl NOTION, s. [from restinirm, to extinguish, Lat.J 
 tl)e act of extinguishing. 
 
 RESTITUTION, s. [from restkuo, to restore, Lat.J the 
 act of restoring any thing lost or taken away. The act of 
 recovering a former state. 
 
 RESTLESS, a. unable to sleep. Unquiet. Unsettled. 
 In continual motion or action. 
 
 RESTLESSLY, «(?. unquietly ; without rest. 
 
 RESTLESSNESS, s. a state wherein a person cannot 
 sleep, will not cease from action, oris always in inoticn. 
 
 RESTO'RABLE, n. what may be restored. 
 
 RESTORA'TION, .'. the same with Restanration ; which 
 see. The return of king Charles II. in 1G60, by way of 
 eminence, is called the Restoralion. 
 
 RESTORATIVE, a. having the power to recruit any 
 
 RESTO'RATIVE, s. a medicine that has the power of 
 recruiting the wastes of nature. 
 
 To RESTO'RE, v. a. \restauro, Laf.] to give or bring back 
 •what is lost, wasted, or .taken away. To retrieve from de- 
 cay. To recover passages, in books, from their corruption. 
 
 RESTORER, i. one that restores. 
 
 To RESTRAI'N, i-. a. [restreindre, Fr.J to withhold or keep 
 in. To hinder ; to repress; suppress; keep in awe. To 
 confine, or limit. 
 
 RESTRAI'NABLE, a. capable to be restrained. 
 
 RESTRAI'NKDLY, fld.with restraint. 
 
 RESTRAI'NER, i. one that restrains; one that with- 
 holds. 
 
 RESTRAINT, s. [restreiut, Fr.J an abridgment of liberty. 
 A prohibition ; restriction; hinderance ; repression. 
 
 RESTRI'CT, v.a. \resti-ingo, from stringo, to grasp, Lat.J 
 to limit or confine. 
 
 RESTRl'CTION, s. [Ft. from restringo, to restrict, Lat.J 
 confinement ; limitation. 
 
 RESTRICTIVE, a. expressing limitation. In physic, 
 binding or astringent. 
 
 RESTRICTIVELY, ad. with limitation. 
 
 To RESTRINGE, v. a. \restringo, Lat.] to limit ; to 
 confine. 
 
 RESTRI'NGENT, \r(Stnngens, Lat. resuingent, Fr.] pos- 
 sessing a restraining quality ; styptic ; astringent. 
 
 RE'STY, fl. (see Restif) obstinate in not complying. 
 
 To RESU'BLIME, v. a. to sublime another time. 
 
 To RESULT, I', n. [from re, back, and sdto, to leap, Lat.J 
 to fly back. To.rise as a consequence ; to be produced as 
 an effect, or flow as a consequence. 
 
 RESU'LT, i. resilience ; the act of flying back. An effect 
 flowing from the operation of any particular cause. A con- 
 sequence or inference from premises. 
 
 RESULTANCE, s. [risntianec, Fr.J the act of resulting. 
 
 RESU'M ABLE, a. capable of being taken back. 
 
 ToRESU'ME, D. ff. [from re, back, and sumo, to take, 
 Lat.] to take back what has been given or taken away. Tq 
 take again, used by Dryden with again, as " icsumc again," 
 feut improperly. To begin again any thing suspended, 
 dropped, or given over. 
 
 R l>U'iMP'n ON, ()r«;m*/,on) s. [Fr. from »-c, back, and 
 »umo, to take, Lat.J the act of resuming. 
 
 RESUMPTIVE, <i. \ from it, back, and stmw, to take, Lat. , 
 taken back. Used substantively in the plural, for medicines 
 that restore cU'caved nature. 
 
 RESIJIMN A'TION, s. [rcsvpino, from supinn, to lay fiai 
 on the back, Lut.] the act of laying on the back. 
 
 710 
 
 RESUTINE, a. [resupimis, from resiipiiio, to lay flat oti 
 the back, Lat.J laying with the face upwards. 
 
 To RKSURVKV, v. a. to review ; to survey again. 
 
 RESURRECTION, s. [Fr. from rcsurgo, to rise again, 
 Lat.J revival after death. The act of rising again ..fir 
 dealli. 
 
 RESUSCITATION, s. [from re, again, and s„^nto, t 
 excite, Lat.J the act of stirring up anew ; reviving or 
 arising again. 
 
 To RETAIL, V. a. [rttailhr, Fr.J to divide, or sell ii 
 small parcels ; to sell at second hand. 
 
 RETAUj, s. a sale consisting in small quantities. 
 
 RETAl'LER,i. one who sells by small quantities. 
 
 To RETAIN, V. a. [^retitieo, from teneo, to hold, Lat.] to 
 preserve from loss or without discharge. To keep without 
 loss. To keep in pay or hire. Neuterly, to belong to o« 
 depend on, used with to. To keeper continue. 
 
 RETAl'NER, i. a dependent ; acHierent ; hanger on, for 
 subsistence. In law, a servant who wears a person's livery, 
 but does not dwell in his house. Also the fee given to a 
 counsellor to retain bis services, and. prevent his being 
 engaged by the other party in the suit. Tiiis is frequently 
 given a long while before a trial, or when, perhaps, there 
 is only a chance that a trial may be necessary. Tlie act o. 
 keeping dependants. 
 
 To RETA'KE, i>. a. to take a<j;ain. 
 
 To RETALIATE, v. a. [from re, back, and talio, a 
 requital, Lat.J to return in kind, or like for like ; to re- 
 quite; to repay. 
 
 RETALIATION, s. the act of returning like for like. 
 
 To RETA'RD, v. a. [relardo, from tardus, slow, Lat.l to 
 hinder in motion or swiftness. To delay or put off. Neu- 
 terlv, to Slav back or delay. 
 
 RETARDATION,*, the act of hindering action in nior 
 tion. Delav. Hinderance. 
 
 RETA'nDER,:s.obstructer; binderer. 
 
 To RETCH, t'. a. [lirreean. Sax. J to force, or make an essay 
 to force something up from the stomach ; to stretch or 
 lengthen ; to gape or yawn. 
 
 RETCHLESS, n. careless ; reckless. 
 
 RETE'CTION, «. \retectus, from retego, to lay open, Lat. 
 the act of discovering to view. 
 
 RETE'NTION, s. [Fr. retentw, from rctineo, to retair.- 
 Lal.J the act of retaining, keeping to, containing, or pre- 
 serving. In medicine, that state of contraction in the 
 solids which niak-es them hold fast their contents. Rle- 
 mory, or the act of keeping those simple ideas which th 
 mind has received from sensation or reflection. Limitatior 
 or restraint. 
 
 RETENTIVE, a. \retentif, Fr. retentus, from retinto,T 
 
 ] ' ' >S the 
 in the mind. 
 
 retain, Lat.J having the power of retaining, or preserviuj; 
 
 RETE'NTIVENESS, «. the quality of retention. 
 
 RETFORD, or Rf.hfoud, East, a pretty large, well- 
 built town of Nottinifhamsliire, on the great North-road, and 
 on the east sideot'tlie river Idle, over which there is a hand- 
 some bridge. The principal trade of this place is in hops 
 and malt. The canal from Trent to Chesterfield passes 
 near this place. It contains about 2000 inhabitants, and is 
 30 miles N. of Nottingham, and 110 N. by W. of London. 
 Market on Saturday. Itcdfiml West, communicates with 
 E. Rcdford, In' a stone bridge over the Idle. 
 
 Rl^Tl'CENCK, s. [Fr. rdieentia, from taceo, to be silent, 
 Lat.J concealment bv silence. 
 
 RETICLl'', i. [from nie, a net, Lat.] a small net. 
 
 RETICULA, s. in astronumy, an instrument for measur 
 ingverv nicely the quantity of eclipses. 
 
 RETICULAR, >. [from reie, a net, Lat.J in the form o» 
 a net. 
 
 RETI'CULATED, a. \rciicuhtus,(rom rcle, a net, Lat. 
 made of net-work ; formed with meshes. 
 
 RETl FORM, (/.[from ntc, a net, and/irmn, form, Lat.. 
 Iiaving the form of a net.
 
 RET 
 
 REV 
 
 RETI'N A, ». one of the inner funics of the eye. 
 
 RK'TINUR, s. \>rU'iwc, Fr.] a tiiiinljcr altenrling on a 
 preat person ; a train. Synon. /{rlinue ImpWcidimmbcT 
 of followers ; train, lli<" same willi order. 
 
 To Rl"7rrr.K, v. n. [letinr, Fr. i to i;o to a place of pri- 
 vacy ; to willidraw from siglit. To rotreat from danger. 
 To "quit a public station, or a company. Actively, to with- 
 draw, or lake away. 
 
 RETIRE, s. a "retreat ; a place of privacy. Recessioi:; 
 retirement. Not in use. 
 
 RETI'RKD, n. secret ; private; willidrawn. 
 
 RETI'llEDNESS, s. the state of beiny free from public 
 employ, or company. Privacy. 
 
 RETIREMENT, s. the stale of one who quits a public 
 station, or a populous place. A private abode, or way of 
 life. 
 
 To RETO'RT, v. a. [from re, back, and torquco, to fw ist, 
 Lat.] to throw back. To return an argument, censure, or 
 any incivility. ']"o bend backwards. 
 
 RETORT, s. [from re, back, and torqtieo, to twist, Lat.J 
 a censure or reproach returned. In cliyniistry, a },'iass 
 vessel with a curved neck, to which the receiver is fitted. 
 
 RETO'RTER, s. one that retorts. 
 
 RETO'RTION, s. the act of retorting. 
 
 To RETO'SS, V. a. to toss back. 
 
 To RETOUCH, {retkch) V. a. \retoucher, Fr.J to improve 
 by new touches. 
 
 To RETRA'CE, v. a.{retracer, Fr.] to trace back. 
 
 To RETRA'CT, v. a, [retractus, from re, back, and traho,to 
 draw, Lat.l to recall ; to recant. To take back ; to resume. 
 Neuterlv, to withdraw concession. 
 
 RETRACTATION, i. [Fr. from rc^cacio, to retract, Lat.] 
 recantation ; change "^ opinion. 
 
 RETRACTION, s. \he act of withdrawing something 
 advanced, or changmg something done ; recantation. 
 
 RETREAT, {retr'cet)s. [retraile, Fr.] a place of privacy 
 or solitude. The act of going back to avoid a superior 
 force. A place of security. 
 
 To RETRE'AT, {retreit) v. n. to go to a private or soli- 
 tary dwelling. To take shelter. To retire from a superior 
 enemy. To quit a former place. 
 
 To RETRK'NCH, v. a. Wclrancher, Fr.] to cut off, or 
 pare avvsy. To confine or lessen, applied to expenses. 
 JVeuterlv, tolive with less expense or pomp. 
 
 RETRENCIIMKNT, s. Uetranelwmrnt, Fr. I the act of 
 lopping or paring away anv thnig superfluous, applied to 
 Vfritings. The act of lessening, applied to expense. An 
 intrenchment covered by a parapet. 
 
 To RE'TRl BUTFj, v. a. [from re, back, and tribuo, to pay, 
 Lat.l^to pav back; to recompense. 
 
 RETRIBUTION, s. [Fr. from re. back and tribuo, to 
 pay, Lat.] the act of repaying. A reiurn suitable to an 
 action. 
 
 RETRIBUTIVE, RETRrBUTORY,fl. repaying; mak- 
 ing repayment- 
 
 Retrievable, (retrecvalle) a. capable of being re- 
 trieved. 
 
 To RETRIEVE, (retrceve) v. a. [rr.(rouver,Vr.] to reco- 
 ver or restore after loss, impair, waste, or corruption. To 
 regain, or bring back. 
 
 RE'TRIMENT, s. [from retriK'-ntnni, Lat. i dross or 
 dregs. 
 
 RETROA'CTION, {retroahslwn) s. [from retro, back, and 
 ago, to drive, Lai.] the act of driving Lack. 
 
 RETRO A'CTlVl';, a. having the power to drive back. 
 
 To RETROCE'DE, v. n. [from rer*o, back-ward, and 
 eedo, to go, Lat. | to go backwards. 
 
 RETROCESSlON,()f«)ose.«/w)»)i. [from retro, backward, 
 and cedo, to go, Lat. I the act of going backwards. 
 
 RETROGRAUA'TION, s. [from retro, backwards, and 
 frradior, to go, Lat.] the act of going backward. Retro^rada- 
 tion of the nodes of the moon, is a motion of the nodes of her 
 orbit, oy which they continually move frtni east lowest, or 
 Uwn Aries to Pisces, &c. making a complete revolution in 
 
 18 common years, 228d. 4li. 62m. 62s. aceonling tollie 
 equinoxes. ReSrogru'tiitiim <f the snn, in a motion by which 
 in some situalion^ ni the torrid iioiie he stems to move back- 
 ward, or from west lo east. 
 
 RKTROf.llADE, <r. [Fr. from retro, backuards, and 
 gradior, U> go, Lai. J gniiig backv^ards. Contrary or oppo- 
 site. In astronomy, lln' planets are said to be ntnigrade^ 
 when, by their nioiion iii the Zodiac, they move backward, 
 or contrary to the order of the signs; as from the 29" of 
 Pisces to the 2B" ol' the same sign ; but this retrogradatioii 
 is only apparent, and occasioned by the observer's eye 
 being placed on the earth; fur lo an eye at the sun, the real 
 centre of the planetary motions, they will appear always 
 direct, and never either stalionarv or r<-trogradc. 
 
 To RE' IROGR.AUE, t). a. [from re^io, backwards, and 
 gradior, to go, Lat.] to go backwards. 
 
 RETRO(iRE'SblON, {rUroi^risho") s. [from retro, back- 
 wards, and gradior, logo, Lat.J the act of gonig backward. 
 
 RETKO.srECT, s. \i'vomretro, batl<, and ijticio, to look, 
 Lat.] a look cast on things behind. I'he consideration of 
 things past. 
 
 RETROSPECTION, s. the act of considering things 
 past. 
 
 RETROSPE'CTIVi; a. looking backward. 
 
 ToRKTU'ND, v. a. [from retund, Lat.] to blunt; tc 
 obtund ; to turn the edge. 
 
 To RKTURN, v. n. [rctonrncr, Fr.] to come back to the 
 same place, or stale. To go or come back. To make an- 
 swer, retort, or reply. Actively, to repay, requite ; give 
 or send back. To give account of. To transmit. Synon. 
 we are said to return what has been lent or given to us ; to 
 turrendcr what we have in pledge or charge j to restore 
 what we have taken or stolen. 
 
 RETURN, 5. the act of coming back ; retrogression; re- 
 volution; vicissitude ; repayment of money ; profit; remit- 
 tance; retribution; requital. JZciiinis, ordays in back, are 
 certain days in each term, appointed for the return of writs, 
 &c. In building, it is a side or part that falls away from 
 the foreside of any straigiit work. 
 
 RETU'RNER, s. one w ho pays or remits money. 
 
 RKVE, ^. See Reeve. 
 
 To RFVE'AL, (rcveel)v. a. [front reir/o, Lat. reveler, Fr. ( 
 to discover, to show, to disclose, to lay open. To impart 
 something from heaven. 
 
 REV'E'ALER, irencler) s. one that shows or makes 
 known ; one that discovers to view ; a discoverer. 
 
 REVEILLE, s. [Fr.J the beat of a drum in the morning, 
 to summon the soldiers. 
 
 REVEL, an opulent and well-fortified city of Russi-i 
 capital of the government of Revelskoi, formerly one of tlit- 
 Ilans Towns. The harbour is spacious and convenient, and 
 a part of the Russian fleet is usually stationed in it. It is a 
 place of considerable trade, and much frequented by English 
 and Dutch merchants. It is seated on the Gulf of Finland, 
 partly on a mountain, 144 miles N. of Riga, and 184 \V. S. 
 W. of Petersburg. Lat. 59. 26. N. Ion. 24. 44. E. 
 
 To REVEL, V. n. [derived by Skinner from revei'ler, Fr. 
 to awake ; by Mr. Lye from raveelen, Belg. to rove loosely 
 about] lo feast with loose and clamorous mirth. 
 
 REVEL, s. a public rejoicing time ; or a feast with loose 
 and noisy jollity. 
 
 To REV el, v. a. [from re, back, and rello, to pluck, Lat.] 
 to retract ; to draw back. 
 
 IIEVELATION, s. [Fr. from reveh, to reveal, Lat.J 
 discovery; particularly applied tollie discovery of sacred 
 truths from heaven. The Apocalypse of St. John, containing 
 a prophetic view of the state of the church under the gospel. 
 
 REVELLER, s. one who feasts w ith noisy jollity. 
 
 REVEL-ROUT, s. a mob ; an unlawful assembly ; rabble. 
 
 REVELRY, .?. loose noisy mirth. 
 
 To RFVE'NGE, v. a. [revancher, Fr.J to return an i.ijury. 
 To punish for injuries. 
 
 REVENGE,*, satisfaction for an injury. Sy non. Revaige 
 is an act of passion ; vengeance of justice ; injuries are 
 
 7'il
 
 REV 
 
 REW 
 
 ■eveiiged, crinifS are ai-cn^ed. The first of these procpedi 
 from liiimaii iinbecilily, the latter is properly the prerogative 
 of Gofl. 
 
 REVENGEFUL, a. addicted to return injuries; vin- 
 dictive. 
 
 KEVE'NOEFULLY, ad. vindictively. 
 
 REVE'NGEU, s. one who punishes crimes ; one who re- 
 sents injuries. 
 
 UKV^ENUE, J. [sometimes accented on the second sylla- 
 ble, from rev>imt, Fr.] niconie ; or the aunuul prolits of lands 
 or other funds. 
 
 'I'o REVE'RB, 11. 0. [from re, again, and verlero, to sti ike, 
 Lat.l to strike against ; to reverberate. Not in use. 
 
 RCVERBERANT,a.[fromJf, again, and ferAero, to strike, 
 Lat.] vesonndinr ; beating back. 
 
 ToREVE'KBERATE, v. a. [from re, again, and rahn-o, 
 to strike, Lat. J to beat back. In chymistry, to heat in a 
 fnrii'dce, where the fianie is beat from the top back on tiie 
 bottom. Mentcrlv, to be beathack ; to resound. 
 
 RIsVERBERA'TlON, f. [rcverhiration, Fr.J the act of 
 beating or driving back. 
 
 REVE'RBERATORY, a. \rhei-leratoire, Fr.J beaten or 
 driven back. In chymistry, used substantively tor a fuiiiiice 
 closely stopped at the top, so as to return the flame upon 
 the matter placed near the bottom. 
 
 To RKV'ERI'"., I', a. \recirer, Fr. from re, which increases 
 the signification, and iei™>-, to reverence, Lat.] to regard with 
 awe. To pay siil)missive respect. To venerate. 
 
 RE'VEUENCE, s. [Fr. ixom revereor. to reverence, Lat.] 
 awful regard. .An act of obeisance. Title of the clergy. 
 
 To RE'VERENCE, v. a. to look on as an object of respect 
 nd awfid regard. 
 
 HEVEKENCER, s. one who regards with reverence. 
 
 REVEREND, a. \ rivbend, Fr. from rex^ereor, to reverence, 
 Lat.] venerable ; deserving awe and respect, on account 
 of years and station. A title applied to the clergy, 
 among whom an archbishop is styled most ■ reverend, 
 a bisliop rifrlit reverend, and a private clergyman reiereml. 
 
 Rli'VERENT, a. [from reverenr, to reverence, Lat.] hum- 
 lile ; expressing awful regard anl veneration. 
 
 RF.VERE'NTIAL, {rererinshal) a. [reverentiel, Fr.] ex- 
 pressing reverence ; proceeding from awe and veneration. 
 
 REVERENTIALLY, ad. with reverence. 
 
 RE'VERENTLY, ad. respectfully ; with awe. 
 
 REVE'RER, s. one «ho venerates ; one wlio reveres. 
 
 REVERIE, or RE'VKRY, s. [n-eerie, Fr.J a state where- 
 in ideas float in the mind without any reflection or regard 
 ef the understanding. Loose musing; irregular thought. 
 Delirium ; distraction. 
 
 REVl'/RSAL, «. the act of changing a sentence. 
 
 To REVERSE, !■. a. [from re, back, and verto, to turn, 
 Lat.] to turi] upside down. To overturn. To turn back. 
 To contradict or repeal. To put one thing in the place of 
 another. Neulerly, to return. 
 
 REVE'RSE, s. change. A contrary or opposite. That 
 side-of a coin on which the bead is impressed. 
 
 REVE'RSIBLE, a. [rircrsiOlr, Fi.] capable of being re- 
 versed. 
 
 REVE'RSION, (rercrshnn) s. [rcversinn, Fr.J the stale of 
 l»ping to enjoy after the death of the present possessor. 
 .Succession, or right of succesH(,n. lieverstun of Sfiries, in 
 s'gebra, is the finding the value of the root, or unknown 
 quimlitv, v\licise powers enter the term of an infinite 
 kcries, by means of another infinite scries in which it is not 
 contained. 
 
 KEVF.'R^ION \RV, (ifi'€«//o)mj-i/') a. consisting in rever 
 Moir ; to be enjoved after the death of another. 
 
 To REVE'R T, !•. a. | from re, back, and verlo, to turn, Lat.] 
 to change; to turn to the contrary. To reverbeiate, or 
 heat back. Neuterlv, to return or fall back. 
 
 RR'VF.RY, «. See Rkverir. 
 
 To REV EST, ij. <T. [from re, again, and vritio, to clothe, 
 Ijjt.l to clothe -.igain. To reiuvcst ; to vest again in a po*. 
 tchsion or office. 
 
 742 
 
 REVE STIAllY, s. \ revest laUr, Fr.] a place where dresses 
 are reposited. 
 
 REVrCTION, {mihsiimt) s. \remctum, from re, again. and 
 tii'«, to live, Lat.] return to life. 
 
 To REVrCTUAL, {revitl) v. a. to stock with' victuals 
 again. 
 
 To REVIE'W, (reriu-) v. a. to look back. To consider 
 any thing past, or examine a second time. 'Fo see again. 
 
 Rl'JVlE'W, (rercw) s. second examination. The act of 
 surveying an army, when performing its exercise. 
 
 'J'o R£\"l LE, V. a. to reproach ; to treat with con- 
 tumely. 
 
 REVI'LE,*. reproach ; contumely; exprobation. Not 
 in use. 
 
 RE VI'LEK, s. one who reviles. 
 
 REVI'SAL, (reviztd) s. a second examination or review. 
 
 To REVrSE, (rerize) v. a. [fioiu 7e, again, and video, tr> 
 see, Lat.] 'o review ; to examine or look over a second 
 time. 
 
 REVISE, (revise) s. a second perusal or examination. 
 Among printers, a second proof of a sheet after it is 
 corrected. 
 
 REVISER, (rerher) s. [rcvisem; Fr.J an examiner ; a 
 superintendent. 
 
 i'vEVrSlON, (rev'izJion)s. [revision, Fr.J review. 
 
 To REVISIT, (revizit)v.a. [from re, again, and visito, to 
 visit, Lat.] to visit ai;ain. 
 
 REVrVA L, s. the act of restoring from a stale of languor 
 oblivion, or obscurity. 
 
 To RF,VrVE, V. n. [from re, again, and "ivo, fo live, 
 Lat.] to return to life. To recover from a state of obscurity, 
 oblivion, or lanj^uor. Actively, to bring to life again. To 
 raise from languor, insensibility, or oblivion To bring 
 back to the niemory. To quicken. In chymisiry, to re- 
 cover from a mixed state. 
 
 REVrVER, t. that which invigorates or revives. 
 
 REVIVir !CATION,f.lheactof recallingto life. 
 
 REVIVISCENCY, s. [from re, again, and vim, to live, 
 Lat. j renewal of life. 
 
 REUNION, s. [remiirm, Fr.J return to a .'state of juncture, 
 conco.'d, or cohesion. 
 
 To REUNITE, V. a. to join any thing separated. To 
 reconcile. Neuterly, to join or cohere again. 
 
 RE'VOCABLE, a. [Fr. fioni re, back, and voco, to call, 
 Lat.l that mav be recalled or repealed. 
 
 RE'VOCABLENES.S, «. the quality of being revocable. 
 
 To RhVVOCAT E, r. a. [from re, back, and voco, to ca'l, 
 Lat. I to recall ; to call back. 
 
 REVOCATION, i. [Fr. from re, back, and voco, to call, 
 Lat.] act of o'calling ; stale of being recalled; repeal; 
 reversal. 
 
 'Fo REVO'KL, I', a. [rcvorpmr, Fr. from re, back, and 
 voco, to rail, Lat.] to repeal, or reverse ; to check ; to draw 
 back. 
 
 To R E\'OLT, I., n, [rcvalter, Fr.] to fall off from om; 
 to another, including the idea of something bad or re- 
 bellions. 
 
 RKVO'LT, s.\rcvoIte, Fr.] change of sides ; gross depar- 
 ture from dutv : de-ertion. 
 
 RI'.VO'LTER, J. one who changes sides; a deserter. 
 
 To REVO EVE, V. n. [from re, again, and voho, to roll, 
 Lat.] to roll in a circle ; to perform a course in a circle. lu 
 law, to fall in a regular course of changing possessors. 
 Acti\-vly, to roll any thing round. To consider or meditate 
 u|U)n. 
 
 REVOLUTION, s. [Fr. from re, again, and who, to roll, 
 Lat.] the course of any thing which retiniis to the poir»t 
 from whence it sets out. A space measured bv any bodv 
 revolving in an orbit. A change of goverinuents, applied 
 particularly to that by which king William and queen Mart 
 acceded to the crown of England. Since 17Hi), revolutiorts 
 of governments and aniient establishments have taken place 
 in France, Holland, Italy, Switiicrland, Giruiany, &«. 
 KotatioB.
 
 JUIl 
 
 RII Y 
 
 REVU'LSION, (reinihhon) s. ["from revtUo, to pluck away, 
 Lai.] the act of drawing humours from one part of the body 
 to another. 
 
 To JIK\V.\'RD, (the a in tliis word and fts derivatives is 
 pron. hroad, like uii ; rcwaurd, rewiiurt!i;r,i\:c.) v. a. [<ifrived 
 by SItiiinor fron> re luid aicard} to give ill return ; to repay ; 
 to rec'onipciise ibrfjooij. 
 
 RFAVA'KD, s. some benefit conferred on a person for 
 doiPK v<ell. 
 
 REVVA'RDER, f. one that rewards ; one that recom- 
 penses. 
 
 RK'ZAN, or RIA'ZAN, a government of Russia, bounded 
 en tile N. I)y the sovernnunt of Viadiciriislvoi ; it was for- 
 merly a proviiue ot tlio goveiiiinent of Moscow. The 
 country is populous and fertik' in corn, and liad formerly 
 it» own princes. Kez;iii is the capital. 
 
 RHA BDOlMANCV, s. [from rahdos, a rod, and manteia, 
 divination, fir.] divination by a wand. 
 
 RIIA'PSODIST, s. [from j«/)i«, lo srw, and one, a son^f, 
 Gr.J one who writes uitliout reyular dependence of one 
 part upon another. 
 
 RHA'PSOUY, (the h after the )•, as formerly observed, is 
 nmte in this and all the followini; words ; as, reum, rt/mt, 
 ;Vc.) s. [from rnpto, to sew, and ude, a song, (ir.J any com- 
 position consisting of parts made without necessary depen- 
 dence or mutual connexion. 
 
 RHAYADERCO'W Y, a town of Radnorshire S. Wales, 
 It is situated on the river Wyre, 19 miles W. of Radnor, and 
 181 W. N. W. of Eondon. ftlarket on Wednesday. 
 
 RHEIMS, a large and antitnt city in the dept. of Marne. 
 Tlie inhabitants are computed lo be 30,000. The remains 
 of an amphitheatre, a caslle, and a triumphal arch, are 
 among the antieut monuments of the Romans. Rlieims is 
 long and narrow, and the houses are low, but llic grand 
 square is very elegant. Here are manufactures ofdaiuiel, 
 coverlets, and other woollen sUitl's ; and their gingerbread is 
 famous. It is seated in a plain, surrounded by hills, which 
 produce excellent wine, on the river W'sle, G2 miles N. of 
 Troves, and 75 E. N. E. of Paris. 
 
 RHEl'NBF.RRY, s. a plant, called also buckthorn. 
 
 RHETORIC, s. [from rhco, to speak, Gr.] the art of 
 speaking with elegance, so as to rouse or persuade. Ora- 
 torv. 
 
 RHETO'RICAL, a. [r/ittnrinis, Lat. from r/ieo, to speak, 
 Gr.] figurative ; oratorral; belonging to rhetoric. 
 
 To RHETO'RlCATE,r. «. \rheiorieo,; Lat.| to play the 
 orator by making use of figurative expressions, and address- 
 ing the passions. 
 
 RHETOR I'CIAN, (retorUhiati) s. \rlictoricicn, Fr.] one 
 who teac'ies the science of rhetoric. 
 
 RHEUM, s. [r/iciima, from tro, lo flow, Gr. r/ieume, Fr.j a 
 thin watery matter oozing through the glands, particularly 
 near the mouth. 
 
 RHEUMA'TIC, a. \rJietimn, from reo, to flow, Gr.] pro- 
 ceeding from rheum; belonging to the rheumatism. 
 
 RHEU'MATISM, s.\r/,eNma, from reo, to How, Gr.] in 
 medicine, a pain sometimes moveable, and sometimes fixed 
 on the nuiscnlar part of the body, resendjling the gout. 
 
 RHEU'MY, a. full of sharp moisture. 
 
 RHINE, a large river of Europe, which rises in the coun- 
 try of the Grisons. After crossing part of Oiermany and the 
 Netherlands, it divides into two branches, one of which 
 loses itself in the sands, and the other falls into the Merwe, 
 5 miles ofI'Dort. For a view of those astonishing cataracts, 
 the Falls of the Rhine, seethe plate. 
 
 RHINE, Lower, a circle of the empire ofGermany. It 
 extends from the circle of Suabia, which bounds it on the 
 S. to that of Westphalia, which lies to the N. To the E. is 
 the lower part of the circle of the Upper-Rhine, and that of 
 Franconja, and to the W. the upper part of Ihe circle of the 
 Upper-Rhine, Lorrain, and Luxemburg. It contains the 
 electorates of Mentz, Treves, and Cologne. The elector 
 'jf'.Mentz (s the director. 
 
 RHINE, Upper, a circle of the empire of Germany, 
 
 divided into two parts, 'he Upper and Lower. Tiie lower 
 part comprehends Ihe territories of the landgraves of llessc- 
 Cassel, Hesse-Darnistadt, and Hesse-Rhinl'cldt ; Ihe couri- 
 tie:i of Nassau, Solms, Hanaw, Isenbtirg, Seine, Wied, Win- 
 gestein, Aalzf Id, and Waldeek, with liie abbeys (if Fold 
 and llirsclilcld, and Ihe imperial towns of Fu.inclorf, Frid- 
 biirg, and Weizlar. 'I'he upper part of the circle of the 
 Upper Uliine, lies to Ihe W. of that river, and com[>rehend3 
 the liishopriis of Basle, .Strasburg, Spire, and Worms, wilii 
 llie duchy of Deux-ponts ; the counties of Spanlieini, .'•av- 
 bruck, Falkenskin, and Linenge, and the imperial towns 
 of Worms anil Spire. The directors are the bishop oi 
 Worms, and Ihe count of Spanheim. 
 
 RHINO'CEROS, s. [frinn r/dn, the nose, and hnax, a 
 horn, Gr.l ill zcxilogy, a large animal covered with ihick 
 scales, and having a horn growing out near ils nose. It : j 
 an iiihabilant of India and the Bnrman empire ; is nafuTally 
 vpiy fierce, but is capable of being tamed, and is on account 
 of its great strength and swiftness, a very formidable inha- 
 bitant of the forest. 
 
 RHODE ISLAND, one of the United Slates of N. Amr- 
 rica, bounded on the N. and 10. by Massaclinsels, on the S. 
 by Ihe Atlantic, and on the W. by Connecticut. I'hese li. 
 mils comprehend what has generally been c:illed Rhode Is- 
 land and Providence Plantations. It is as Inalthful as any 
 part of N. America. Providence and Newport are the 
 chief towns. 
 
 RHODES, an island of the Meiliterranean Sea, in Asia, 
 about 40 miles long, and 15 broad. The air is good and Ihe 
 soil fertile, but not well cultivated. It is supposed by some 
 that this island was peopled by Uodanim or Rodanim, the 
 grandson of Japliet ; but others are of opinion, that it was 
 peopled by Ihe posterity of Slieni, who dwelt on the adja- 
 cent continent, and that it received its name from the vast 
 quantity of ro.ses which grew on it. Its principal town, of 
 the same name, is slill a place of note. This island wasgrcijtly 
 famed for the fineness of ihe weather, but more for the colos- 
 sus, or image of Apollo, which was fixed at the moulh of the 
 harbour at Rhodes, so that ships sailed between the legs of 
 it. It was 70 cubits high, or, according to Sextus Enipericus, 
 80, and ils parts in proportion, few men l-ieing able to grasp 
 its thumb. It was begnn'bv Charles of Liridus, and was 
 finished by Laches; it cost about 300 talenls, and contained 
 about 720,000 pounds weight of brass. This famous statue 
 was erected about Anno Mundi 371G ; and after standing 
 60 years was thrown down by an earthquake. About 894 
 yearsafter, Mauvias, the (ilh caliph of the Saracens, sold it 
 to a. Tew, who loaded !J00 camels thcrewilli. This island 
 has been under Ihe dominion of several masters. The Apostle 
 Paul touched at this place as he went to Jerusalem, Aniio 
 Domini 60. The present inhabitants are generally Greeks, 
 w ho are verv poor, and greatly oppressed. The town of 
 Rhodes is situated in lat. 36. 2-1. N. Ion. 28.2.5. E. 
 
 RHOMBIC, ff. shaped like a rhombus. 
 
 IIHOMBOI'DAL, j. approaching in shape to a rhombus. 
 
 RHOMBOI'DES, s. [from rhcmbos, a rhomb, and nVi/,t, 
 form, Gr.] a quadrangular figure, having its opposite sides 
 and opposite angles equal. In natural history, a kind of 
 mussel-hsh ; a turbot-fish. In surgery, a pair of muscles of 
 the shoulder-blade, so called from their figure. 
 
 RHOTVIBUS, or RHOMB, s. [rhombe, Fr. rhomhos. Gr.] 
 in geometry, a quadrangular figure, having two opposite 
 angles acute, and two obtuse. 
 
 RHONE, a large river of France, rising in Mount Fonrche 
 on the conhnes of Switzerland. After a long and winding 
 course, it falls info the Mediterranean sea by several 
 mouths. 
 
 RHU'BARB, s. [rhttharhara, Lat. 1 a medicinal purgati^'e 
 root, brought from Russia and the East Indies. It possesses 
 the double virtue of a cathartic and astringent ; it readily 
 evacuates, particularly the billious humours, and afterwardj 
 gently astringesand strengthens. 
 
 KHUMB, s. \riimb de vent, Fr.j in uavigat'ion, is a verti- 
 cal circle of any gifen place, or t!ic intersection <>i »ijcfi a 
 743
 
 RIC 
 
 RIC 
 
 circle with Ihe liorizon ; i? v/hich last sense rAumJ is the 
 same witlithe point of the compass. 
 
 RHYME, «. [rlii/thmos, Gr. tlii/thnie, Fr.] an harmonious 
 succession of sounds. T!.e consonance of verses, w herein 
 the last syllable of one line has the same sound as loat of 
 another. Fi;iuratively, poetry ; a poem. Rliyme, or reason 
 is a proverbial e-xpression for number or sense. 
 
 To RHYME, V. n. to liave the same sound. To make 
 verses. 
 
 RHY'MER, orRHY'MSTER, s. one who makes rhymes; 
 a versifier. 
 
 RHYTHM, X. [rhi/thmos, Gr.] in music, is used to signify 
 a certain niiniber of pulses in any given time. 
 
 RHY'THMIC\L, a. [from rlnjt/imos, Gr.] harmonical ; 
 having proportion of one sound to another. 
 
 RIAL, or RY'AL, a Spanish silver coin, equal to about 
 sixpence three fartliings sterling. 
 
 RIB, «. \>ilbe, S;ix.]au arched l)one, sustaining the inside 
 of the thorax. Any piece of limber or other miitler used lo 
 strengthen the side of a ship. Any prominence nuinnig in 
 lines ; as, " the rib of a leaf." 
 
 RI'BALD, s. [ribanld, Fr.] a loose, rough, or brutish 
 1 person. 
 
 RIBALDRY, i- [nbauldie, Fr.] mean, lewd, brutal lan- 
 guage. 
 
 RI'BAND, s. \7-iihande, rubaii, Fr.J a fillet, or narrow slip 
 of silk worn for ornament. 
 
 RI'BBED, a. having ribs. 
 
 RI'BBLE, a river which rises in the West Riding of York- 
 shire, and, crossing Lancashire, falls into the Iribh sea below 
 Preston. 
 
 RIBBON, s. See Riband. 
 
 To Rl'BROAST, v. n. to beat soundly. A burlesque 
 word. 
 
 RIC, a. [Sax.] powerful, rich, or valiant. 
 
 RICE, s. [ori/za, Lat.] an esculent grain cultivated in 
 the Indies, of an oval figure, and covered vvilh a husk like 
 barley. 
 
 RICH, a. [riclie, Fr. rica. Sax.] abounding in money, lands, 
 or other possessions, applied to persons. Splendid, valuable, 
 sumptuous, applied to dress. Having any quality in great 
 quantities, or to a great degree. Fertile, applied to soil. 
 
 RICHARD 1. (suniamed Cccur-de-lion) Richard staid 
 above a nionlh in France, after his father Henry Il's death, 
 so well was he assured of the disposition of the people of 
 England, and that nothing would be attempted there to liis 
 prejudice; though in his father's life-time he had, or pre- 
 tended to have, some fears and jealousies on account of his 
 brother, prince John. The first thing he did was to have an 
 interview with Phillip ; when he thanked him for his late 
 liroteclion, and did homage to him for his French provinces. 
 On the 2mh of July, llSiJ, he received the ducal crown of 
 Noriiiandy at Roaii, and was girt with the ducal sword, ac- 
 cording to the custom ofinvestitnre. The first order he sent 
 to England, where he was obeyed as if he had been already 
 crowned, was to set his mother queen Eleanor at liberty, 
 who had been 16 years in confiuemeut. He also entrusted 
 her with the administration timing his absence, and empow- 
 ered lier to release w hat prisoners she pleased ; who was too 
 sensibly atfected with h?r long confinement, not to exercise 
 with pleasure this power given her by her son ; who having 
 settled his affairs in rranrc, came to London, and was 
 cro'vru'd by Bald"i;i, archhisliopof Canterbury, on Sept. 3, 
 1 189. The ceremony was disturbed by the massacre of some 
 Je\ys, who, pressing to see Ihe soleinnity, the people fell 
 fiiriouslv upon them, and killed severid of them. But tlie 
 king having caused a strict inquiry to be made, some of tlie 
 ringleaders in this barbarous action were deservedly put 
 fo death. It must be observed, that ever since the taking 
 Jerusalem by the .'^aracens, the people breathed nothing but 
 revenge against the enemies of Christ; and this made them 
 lake thisoptmrtnuity offiilliirg upon the poor Jews, though 
 lliey had no hand in that resolution inl'alestine. Theirnot 
 liciiig Christians was enough : ami the cruel example of the 
 
 7-1-1 
 
 Londoners was followed by several other great to /ns, espe. 
 rially at York, where 500 Jews, besides women and chil- 
 dren, having fled into the castle to avoid the fury of the 
 rabble, theliigh sheriff required them to deliver it up ; and 
 upon their refusal, the people drew up in a body, and at- 
 tacked the castle. The Jews offered a great sum of money 
 to go off with their lives, but, notwithstanding, the people 
 would give them no quarter. And so, rather than fall info 
 the hands of the unclrcumcised Christians, every master of 
 a family cut his wife's and children's throats first, then dis- 
 patched his servants, and ended v.iththe slaughter of him- 
 self. A new crusade for the recovery of Jerusalem from 
 the Infidels, had been resolved between Philip of France 
 and king Henry, in which Richard was to hear a part ; but 
 their private quarrels had put a stop to the undertaking. 
 And now Philip and Richard being in perfect amity, they 
 resumed the design according to both their vows. King 
 Richard's thou^^hts were wholly taken up with this afl'air 
 from his very accession; whether fiir the sake of glory or 
 religion, let the reader jrdge. As he designed to make as 
 great a figure as possible in this expedition, it was necessary 
 he should carry with him a numerous army; to maintain 
 which, he stuck at no melhods to raise money. Besides the 
 late king's treasure, amounting to above 100,000 marks, 
 which he wholly applied this way, he sold almost all the 
 crown lands, of which the bishopsaud abbotswere the chief 
 purchasers. Fur 10,000 marks he delivered up Berwick 
 and Roxborough to the king of Scotland, and discharged 
 him and his successors from the homage his father had im- 
 posed. When complaints were made to him for these mea- 
 sures, he said, he would sell London itself, could he find a 
 chapman able to purchase it. He got a power from the pope 
 to dispense w itii those who repented of their vow, as having 
 too hastily engaged in the crusade ; and as there were many 
 of this sort, he raised great sums by this means. He also 
 extorted money from the richest of his subjects, by borrow- 
 ing of those against whom he could have no handle, and 
 laying such as had any ways made themselves obnoxious, 
 under a necessity of saving themselves harmless by making 
 him presents. Whilst he vvas by these and other methods 
 heaping up money, the clergy did all they could to procure 
 him soldiers, and the army soon became very numerous. 
 Having made these extraordinary preparations for his voy- 
 age, he gave the regency, during his absence, to Long 
 champ, his high cliaiuelli'r, who wasalso bishop of Ely, and 
 the pope's legate, joining wiih him the bishop of Durham. 
 As to his brother prince John, he would not let him have 
 any share in the govermeut, for fear of giving him an op- 
 portunity lo act against him : bul, to make him easy, he in- 
 vested him w ith the earldom of Cornwall, Dorse* Somerset, 
 Nottingham, Derby, and Lancaster ; and gave iiim in mar- 
 riage Avisa, heiress of the house of (iloucester, his second 
 cousin. All things being r-etllcd, king Richard passed over 
 into France aluMit the beginning of the year 1190, and the 
 two armies of France and England, making together above 
 100,000 men, joined at Vezelai towards tlie end of June, 
 according to agreement. The two monarchs marched toge- 
 ther as far as Lyons, where parting, Phillip proceeded for, 
 Genoa, and Richard for Marseilles, to meet his lleet ; both 
 beingto join again at Messina, in Sicily, Ihe general rendez- 
 vousoftheCroises. Philip soon arrived there; but Richard, 
 (wliose Ihet had been separated by a sloira, and were some- 
 time before they joined again,) not till to\vaids the end of 
 September. Here a (piarrel soon arose between Richard 
 and Taucred, king of Sicily, who having detained the queen 
 dowager, llichard's sister, in prison, set her at liberty on his 
 arrival, and sent her lo him. But Richard uot satisfied witli 
 this, demanded the dower assigned her by William II. her 
 husband. Tanered being very backward to comply with 
 this demand, Richard seized on a castle and monastery near 
 Messina, and Taucred in return ordered matters so, that the 
 inhabitants of Messina, taking the advantage of some dis- 
 order there, expelled the English out of their citv. Richard, 
 enraged • t this, attacked the city with such fury, that \u
 
 mc 
 
 II re 
 
 became master of it the first assault. Upon tliis Tiincied 
 thoiif,'lit tit to satisfy all Ricliard's licinamls, and a treaty was 
 contkided between them. 15ut as iiolliinjf but forte had 
 broimht Tanered 1o comply, he now endeavoured to sow 
 dissention between Richard and Philip. The lallerhad al- 
 ready looked with a jealous eye on Itichard's visible supe- 
 riority, and was of hiuiself too niucli disposed to fall out 
 with him. IJotli sides beinj; exasperated, I'hilip pereiiip- 
 tord.vtlemanded of Richard to consummate his mania;,'!' with 
 the princess Alice, his sister; and Richard as peremptorily 
 refused it, saying, he could not marry a princess, by whom 
 the kin^ his father had had a son, olieriu^ to prove it by wit- 
 nesses ; and though this point, beinj^ofbo tender a nature, 
 wasdropt, yet this and some other ilispntes had so exaspe- 
 rated their minds, that they were never more fi lends. How- 
 ever, this did not hinder them from pursuin;.^ their voyage. 
 Philip set sail first about the end of March, 1191, Richard 
 stayini;; for the arrival of ICIeanor, his mother, who was bring- 
 ing aloMjf with her Bereiiifuella of Navarre, whom he had 
 espoused. They soon arrived, and Eleanor relurnini; home, 
 leaving Bereiiguella with the queen dowager of Sicily, king 
 Richard put to sea with a gallant Heet, about a I'orlnighl after 
 Philip's departure, taking the two princesses along with him. 
 This fleet met with a violent slorm between Cyprus and 
 Rhodes, which drove part of them on the coast oi Cyprus; 
 where Isaac, king of the island, a prince of a very bad 
 character, impriioned the English that had escaped the ship- 
 wreck, and seized their effects. King Richard, provoked at 
 this barbarity, ,wS soon as the scattered fleet was joined, 
 landed his nun, and attacked Isaac so furiously, that he was 
 forced to abandon the shore. The king of England pursu- 
 ing this advantage, with ease made himself master of the 
 city of Limisso ; and soon after Isaac and his only daughter 
 were made prisoners. He entreated king Richard not to 
 put him in irons; whogianted his request so far, that instead 
 of iron, he ordered him to be bound with silver fetters. The 
 conquest of tlie whole island soon followed, which Richard 
 gave some time after to Guy of Lusignan, the last king of 
 Jerusalem, whose family enjoyed it near 200 years. Before 
 Richard left Cyprus, he cnn,umniated his marriage with the 
 princess Berenguella. W liilst the king was making himself 
 famous by these great actions abroad, Longchamp, the re- 
 gent, abused his power at home to such a degree that his 
 colleague, the Bishop of Dm ham, and the six counsellors the 
 king had appointed to assist t lien;, complained to prince John, 
 and got him to join with them in orderto depose him ; which 
 they ell'ected, auif conferred the regency on thearthbisliop 
 of Roan, till the king's pleasine should be known. John 
 was glad of this opportunity of having a hand in the admi- 
 nistration, and i.m|)roved it so as to make a strong party for 
 the crown, in case bis brother died during his expedition, in 
 prejudice of his nephew Arthur, duke of Bretagne, son to 
 his elder brother Geoffrey. To return to the aflairs of Pa- 
 lestine : Aeon, or Ptolei;iais had been besieged by some 
 Christian princes a whole year. When Philip of France 
 arrived, he continued the siege, but with little success. 
 King Ricliaril arrived afterwards, and carried it on so vigo- 
 rously, that, in spite of all the attempts of the sultan Sala- 
 din to raise it, the city at length surrendered upon articles, 
 July V2, 1191. And now the Christian army expected to 
 ma'ch towards Jeiusidem ; but the dissention between the 
 two kings, vhicli broiie out afresh, occasioned chiefly by 
 Philip's envying Rxliard's gioiy, and the superiority he had 
 obtained by the number and good condition of his troops, 
 and his_ personal valour proved an obstacle to the design. 
 Philip finding himself very weak after a violent fit of sick- 
 ness, and being impatient to go and take possession of Ar- 
 tois, which was fallen to him by the death of tlie earl of 
 Flanders, quitted Palestine, and returned Iiome, leaving 
 10,000 of his men under the coiumand of the duke of Bnr- 
 glmd.y. Soon after his departure, Richard and Saladin ex- 
 hibited a spectacle of Jiorror, by putting the prisoners to 
 death each bad in his power, which were some thousands. 
 This was occasioned by Saladin's refusing to perform the ar- 
 
 ticles of the surrender of Acoi), upon which Richard is 
 thought to have begun with beheading the Turkish |)ri- 
 soiiers, and Saladin, ljy way of reprisal, did the same by his 
 Christian ca|ilives. After this, Richard resolved to b<;siege 
 Ascalon ; ami as he was marching towards it with that de- 
 sign, Saladin posted hiiiiselfadvautageously in the way, with 
 an army of yoo.OUO men. Here a great battle ensued, w hicll 
 was fought on Sept. 7, 1191. Richard attacked the Sara- 
 cens, so much superior to him in nuudier, with sucli un- 
 daunted valour and resolution, that he in the end entirely 
 defeated Iheui, having 40,000 dead on the field of battle. 
 Alter which he repaired the maratime cities of Ascalon, 
 Joppa, and Cxsarea, which Saladin had abandoned, after 
 having demolished their walls. Then he marched towards 
 Jerusalem, and in his way took the great Babylon caravan, 
 consisting of ;?000 lo.ided camels, and 1000 horses or mules, 
 and guard( d by 10,000 horse. By this capture he made 
 himself master of an inestimable booty. After wiiich he 
 continued his march towards Jerusalem, and from a hill had 
 a prospect of the city ; but want of forage obliged him to 
 put off the siege. In the mean time, the duke of Austria, 
 with the Germans, and the duke of Burgundy with the 
 rieiich, deserted him, and the Italian troops under the mar- 
 quis of Montserrat refused to serve any longer. These 
 things, together with the diminishing of his own troops by 
 sickness and battles, the fear of Philip's attacking his domi- 
 nions in his absence, and the news of w hat his brother John 
 was doing in England, made Richard resolve to return 
 home. But before his departure, he caused Henry, earl of 
 Champaign, to be elected general of the forces that were to 
 be left behind in Palestine, and concluded a truce with Sa- 
 ladin for throe years. Thus ended the famous crusado, 
 which drained l'',ngland and France of men and money, au(i 
 after all proved of but very little advantage to the eastern 
 Christians. Richard embarked for England towards the end 
 of the year 1192, and meeting with a storm, was forced cm 
 the coiist of Istria, and from thence between Aquileia and 
 Venice. Whether by mistake, or otherwise, heenleied the 
 territories of tii;' duke of .'Austria, whom he had afiVontcd at 
 the siege of Aeon, and took the road to Vienna. Though 
 he travelled in the disguise of a pilgrim, as did also his at- 
 tendants, he v^as however at last accidentally discovered to 
 the duke of Austria, and siezed at a village near Vienna. 
 The emperor Henry VI. demanded this royal prisoner of the 
 duke, who delivered him; up, upon assurance given him that 
 he should have a good share in his ransom. The news of 
 the king's impiisoumeiit quickly reached^ England, iifod 
 caused the greatest consternation among his friends, whilst 
 prince John look this opportunity to endeavour to wrest the 
 crown from his brother, but was prevented by the diligence 
 of the queen his mother, and the barons, who preserved 
 theirfidelity to their imprisoned sovereign. Finding he could 
 not make a sulHcieiit party in England, he went over to Nor- 
 niandv, and failing also in his attemitts there, he applied to 
 the king of France, and made a treaty with him. Philip, 
 glad of any pretence to embroil Richaids afl'airs, resolved 
 to sieze on the provinces he held in France. He made him- 
 self master of Gisors, Eureux, and the country of Vexin, and 
 laid siege to Roan ; but lie failed in this last attempt, beinjf 
 repidscd with great loss, and forced to abandon the siege. 
 in the mean while queen Eleanor left no stone unturned to 
 procure the liberty of the king her son, whilst Philip and 
 .lohn did all they could to prevail with the emperor to keep 
 liim stiil a prisoner. Eleanor at last had her desire, chiefly 
 by means of the Ciemian princes, who vigorously espoused 
 the cause of llie uid'ortuuate king before the emperor; and 
 so Richard was set at liberty upon paying down 100,000 
 marks of pure silver, which the queen his mother raised in 
 England for that purpose, and giving hostages for the pav- 
 me'iit of 50,000 more. The king was no sooner released, 
 but he set out with all speed for the Low Countries, and em- 
 barking at Antwerp, arrived at Sandwich, on the 20tli of 
 March, 1194, after having been absent from England four 
 years, of which he had been fifteen months a prisoiisi. 
 6 C 746
 
 RIC 
 
 RIC 
 
 AichanlwasiTceived with great tlemonstrations of joy by 
 i\\i subjects, but lie did not make any long stay in I'lii^land. 
 For liaViog reduced the few castles that were still in the 
 hands of John's adherents.and causing himself to be crowned 
 a second time, he passed over into France with a coniide- 
 rable army, to be revenged on Philip for his late insults, and 
 for encouraging the rebellion of l-.is brother John. At the 
 instance of his niother, he w as reconciled to prince John, at 
 Roan, upon his making his submission; but a ^var com- 
 menced between the two kings, the particulars of which 
 are but of small moment, neither of them gaining much ad- 
 vantage over the other. AVhilst Ricliartl was in France, a 
 great 'sedition was raised in London, by one William Fitz- 
 Osburn, commonly called Longbeard, on account of a taN, 
 which he alleged would fall wholly on the poor, with whom 
 he had gained great credit by atlecting always to appear an 
 advocate for them, 'i'he tumult could not be appeased with- 
 out the citizens taking to arms. In the end Longbeard was 
 taken and hanged, w ith nine of his accomplices. The lower 
 class of people, when he was tiead, began to revere a n)an 
 that they had not spirit to relieve. They stole his gibbet, 
 and paid it a veneration like that offered to the wood of the 
 cross. The turf on which it stood was carried away, and 
 kept as a preservative from sickness and misfortune ; and 
 had not the clergy withstood the torrent of popular supersti- 
 tion,his memory might have received honours similar to those 
 paid at the shrine of St. Thomas of Canterbury. About this 
 time lived the famous Robin Hood, and his associate Little 
 John, who with their gang are said to have infested York- 
 shire with their robberies. Some say he was of noble de- 
 scent, and was reduced to these courses by his riot and ex- 
 travagance. He never hurt any person, robbed only the 
 rich, and spared the poor. A proclamation being issued 
 against him, he fell sick at the nunnery of Berkeley, and de- 
 siriiig to be let blot)d, was betrayed, and bhd to death. 
 Hicliard, after the truce he liad made witji France, wiiglit 
 have enjoyed some repose after his nvany fatigues, if ijis 
 avarice had not put him upon an action which occasioned 
 Ills death. A gentleman of Liniosin, which was held of llio 
 duchy of Guienue, having found a treasure that had been hid 
 for some ages in his grounds, Richard pretended it belonged 
 ■to him as sovereign of the country. The gentleman would 
 have given him a part ; but finding the king was resolved to 
 have the whole, he applied for protection to Vidomer, vis- 
 count of Limoges, w ho sheltered him in the castle of Chaluz. 
 Richard marched into the Limosin, to lay siege to the castle. 
 Rut as he was taking a turn roinid in. order to view it, one 
 Bertram, an archer, let fly an arrow at him from the walls. 
 which shot him in the shoulder close to his neck. 'Die 
 w ouud, under the management of an unskilful surgeon, gan- 
 grened, so that he died of it eleven days after he received it, 
 viz. on tlie Glli of .\pril, 119tf. The castle being taken be- 
 fore he died, and the person who shot him brought before 
 him, he asked why he ilid it. The man boldly replied, it 
 was to revenge the death of his father and brother, whom the 
 king had slain, and that he was glad he had rid the world of 
 one who had done so much mischief. The dying king for- 
 gave him, and ordered him liis liberty, with a present of 100 
 shillings. But as soon as the king was (lead, Alarchal, ge- 
 neral of the Flemings, caused the miserable man to be flayed 
 alive. 'I'hiisfell king Richard, in the 10th year of his reign, 
 and 48lh of his agi'. Before he died he made his will, leav- 
 ing his kingdom an<i his other domininns to his brother John, 
 and ordered his body to be buried at I"ouleverard,at the feet 
 of the king his father, to testify his grief lor his undutiiid be- 
 haviour towards him. He left only a natural son, whose 
 name was Philip, to wjiom he gave the lordship of Cognac 
 in the duchy of (hiienne. He was certainly a prince of an 
 intrepid anil dauntless spirit, of unqueslionable valour and 
 courage, whence he was suriuuned Ceeurde Lion, or Lion's 
 Heart." If those who have written his life have not niisre- 
 jjreseuted hiin, pride, avarice, and lust, were his reigning 
 vices. - It is said, that a certain priest once took the freedom 
 W admonish him to put oH' those ill qualities, wliic^ weie 
 7^X 
 
 usually called his three daughters. The king told him he 
 had been thinking to do so, and would give the first to the 
 templars, the second to the monks, and the third to the bi- 
 shops. He imposed exorbitant taxes on his subjects, and 
 extorted laige sums ficm them by unji.stifiable methods. 
 Ihiring his whole reign, he never was above eight months in 
 Fngland, which doubtless was unhappy under his govern- 
 ment. Richard was the first king of England who bore 
 three lions passant in his arms. He ordered that weights and 
 measures should be the same all over the kingdom. It was 
 during the crusades, that the custom of wearing co;:ts of 
 arms was first introduced into Europe. The knights, ca.«eH 
 up in armour, had no way to make themselves known and 
 distinguished in battle,biit by the devices on the shields ; and 
 these were gradually adopted by their posterity and families, 
 who were proud of the pious and military enterprises of their 
 ancestors. King Richard was a passionate lover of poetry t 
 and there even remain some poetical works of his composi- 
 tion. In his reign the city of London began to assume a 
 new forut with respect to its government, to have a mayor, 
 and to be divided into several corporations or societies, now 
 termed companies. Henry Fifz-Alw in was the first mayor, 
 who continued in that othce 21 vears. 
 
 RI'CHARD II, Upon tlie death of Edward TIL his grand- 
 son Richard, son of the Black Prince, succeeded to the 
 crown. He was born at Bourdeaux, and was now about 
 11 years old. He had three uncles, who might upon spe- 
 cious pretences have disputed the succession with him ; but 
 they were so far from endeavouring to si:ppl?.nt him, that 
 they were the first to do him homage. Accordingly, oi» 
 the' IGth of July, 24 days after Edward's death,' young 
 Richard was crowned without any opposition. The truce 
 with France was expired near three months before Edward's 
 death. The king of France was making vast preparation* 
 to complete the expulsion of the English out of all the places 
 they held in France ; w hilst at the end of the last reign, and 
 at the beginning of this, the English seemed w holly uncon- 
 cerned about the war. And so, whilst five armies were 
 employed in different places to finish the work in France, 
 the French made several descents upon England, burnt 
 Hastings, Portsmouth, Dartmouth, and Plymouth, and phni- 
 dered the Isle of Wight. For this the people blamed tlie 
 king's uncles, who took upon them the administration of 
 afi'airs till the parliament should meet ; not considering that 
 they hadneither money nor forces, nor any lawful authority 
 to raise them. The parliament met iu October, and gave 
 the regency of the kingdom to the three uncles, joining with 
 tliem some bishops and lay lords. This mortihed the duke 
 of Lancaster, the eldest of the uncles, a prince of a haughty 
 temper, who had flattered himself with the hopes of being; 
 sole regent. Whilst preparations were making to guard 
 the coasts, and to oppose France, the king of Navarre put 
 Cherbourg into the hands of the English, as the duke of 
 Bretagne soon after delivered up Brest to them. These 
 places, together w ith Calais and Bourdeaux, might have been 
 of great advantage to the English, as by means of these four 
 towns they might have invaded France four several way* ; 
 but they made not a jiroper use of this advantage ; and 
 Richard, towards the end of his reign, gave up Brest and 
 Cherbourg for a very inconsiderable sum. When measures 
 weie taken in England to assist the duke of Bretagne, the 
 Fiench court, in order to divert the storm fiom llieir own 
 country, (according to their usual artihcc,) encouraged the 
 king of Scotland to make a diversion on his side. He ac- 
 cordingly broke the truce, and took Berwick by surprise; 
 but the earl of Northumberland drew together a body of 
 troops, and retook it by storm. In this siege, his son Henry 
 Percy signalized himself with such bravery and resolutJori, 
 that iie gained the surname of Hotspur. In the mean lime, 
 hostilities coulinued to be carried on in several places, be- 
 tween the French and English, without any general actiox 
 or decisive battle. Whilst the nation was involved abrooi 
 and those about their king had more regard lo their own pri- 
 vate interest than that of the public, a surprising insurrcc
 
 niG 
 
 R iC 
 
 ,flon }irrike out, vliicli lliiciili iird liie vliolc kin;;(l(.iii willi 
 destiuclidn. Tlu' svuliiiincnl h-.id imposed n poll l;;x, where- 
 by nil persons iihove 15 y<;irs old were obliged tf) pHV I2il. 
 a bead, ilie monks and oiins iiol cxcepli (I. 'J'liis kix was 
 levied vvilb '^vfjt model ;itio:i ill iiist; bid at leiifilh, lieiiig 
 f:iniied by (livers persons, wlioliav:7;;; advanced siieli a sum 
 to tbeliiti;,', wpre to Imve wbal tliey could raise by it, tliese 
 farmers and their collcelors levied the lax wilii fjreat ri^'our, 
 in order to enricli tbeniselves. One of llie colleclors hav. 
 in^t demanded of a tyler at Deptford, vliosc name was 
 VVaJlcr, from llienee tailed W'atl'ylcr, V2d. for one of bis 
 fiaiij;bters, the iallicr lefused lo pay it, allesin^' that she 
 was under the age mentioned in llieact. The insolent col- 
 lector altempling ina way not very modest to satisfy liini- 
 self ofllie Irulii oilliis, Wat took np a hammer, and knocked 
 out bis brains. 'I'he people took bis part, and promised lo 
 stand bv liim. Imniedialely the pnpiilace rose in Kent, and 
 chose Wat Tyler for their leader ; and ibey were soon fol- 
 lowed by those of Essex, under ihe conduct of .lack .Siraw. 
 To the poll-tax \verea<!(led olher grievances ; the liltlecjire 
 
 And thinking the wliole cjly wa« comir,™ on) <igain.-,f ibem, 
 Ibey immedialely thirw down llieir arms, and Ibc v.liold 
 inullitudc was soon dispersed, wiUioet ibe loss of one Jifc 
 bill Ibat of \yal 'I'yler iheir leader, 'j here w<re much the 
 same kind ot insurrections in Norfolk ntid Suliolk • but ihe 
 bishop of Norwich, pulling iiiniielf al 1 lie head' of some- 
 troops, (piickly suppressed them. Tlx.se in Ksscx bc" 
 also lo stir again; but lb ■ king niarche ' 
 defeated tlieni. Great numbers were s 
 taken and executed : 
 
 leader. He confessed, if they bad succeeded, Ib-ir inten- 
 tion was lo kill the king,,lo extirpate the nobiliiy, ami ijjc 
 clergy, except ihe Mendicant I'riars, to divide England into 
 several kingdoms, lo make Wat 'Jyler king of Kent, to abo- 
 lish all the old laws, and make new ones. 'I'hi.s form 
 iiisurrcclion was in ibe year 1.381, and difl not last 
 month from the beginning to the end. A marriage „„..„„ 
 been concluded between king Itichard and Anne of Lux- 
 emburg, sisler ol the em|;eior \\ eiiceslaiis, she arrived 
 England, and was r'-ceived wilb great 
 
 in j_sscx began 
 
 I against llicm, and 
 
 liu, andolbers were 
 
 among whom was Ja( k .Straw, their 
 
 :iiiilalik- 
 
 ibove a 
 
 ge having 
 
 |)omp and ma; 
 
 in 
 
 nifi- 
 
 taken by those at tlic helm to guard the coasts against the cence, soon after Ihe troubles were appeased. The same 
 
 French, nolwilbslanding the large sums that bad been raised year Ihe king granted a power to the bi^llclps to inn)risoii 
 
 for that purpose, the extorlion of the judges and lawyers, heretics; but the house of commons soon got it revoked, 
 
 the oppression of the nobles, tVc. These grievances being In l,?a5, the Scots, by the assistance of France, as weil as 
 
 indanied by sediliotis spirits, and, as some say, by the Ibe French themselves, were preparing again to invade 
 
 monks, w ho iboughl ibemselves aggrieved by Ihe poll tax, England. This alarmed the court, and made them so exert 
 
 the people rose in great numbers, and Wat soon found him 
 self at the head of 100,000 men. With these he maiched 
 directly for Loudon, freeing all the prisoners as he went 
 along. This formidable mob proceeded to the nlniost extra- 
 
 jud 
 
 inces : they cut off Ibe heads of those lord: 
 L'cs, and lawyers, they could lav bands on 
 
 i, gentlemen, 
 and bound 
 
 themselves, that in a little time Richard was at the head of 
 a very numerous army, some even sav, 300,000 men. 
 'Jlioughwilh this army he might have subdued .Scotland, he 
 made litlle or no use of it. Instead of pushing the Scots vi- 
 gorously, w ho would not have been able to stand before him, 
 he employed bimselfin ravaging the country about Edin! 
 
 themselves by oalli never to own for king anv whose name burgh, whilst they sli|it by him into Cumberland, and com. 
 should be Julin; which was occasioned by Iheir haired lo niilted terrible devastations. And llu/ugh he might have 
 John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, who at ' '' ' " . . .t ... 
 
 gone to the borders to negociate; 
 ing come lo Black-Heath, Vi'at 
 
 lis'tiine was intercepted them in their return, he omitted to doit, and 
 
 Scots. Be- returned ingloriously into England. It must be owned, in- 
 
 Tyler reviewed his army, deed, that marching with the greatest part of this army first 
 
 dcred Soulliuark. Shorlly afler he entered London, the 
 city mob opening the bridge gates to him, in spile of the 
 magistrates. Here this enraged rabble committed the most 
 horrid ravages, burning and plundering the houses of the 
 judges, lortls, and principal citizens. Then they seized the 
 Tower, and findirg there the archbishop of Canterbury and 
 
 and continuing their march towards London, look and plii'n- towards the southern part of this island, bc, by tlie iiilelli- 
 
 ■'--''^■- ■' ' "=' ■! • ■A..- i.„ ..,,_... 1 I .., , .1 gence which the French had of the great number of his 
 
 forces, prevented ihe invasion from Fiance, which was at 
 the same lime intended. Richard's chief favourites now 
 wercj Nevil, archbishop of York, Robert de Verre, earl of 
 Oxford, whom lie created marquis of Dublin, (the first who 
 
 hore the title of niaiquis in England.) the duke of Ireland ; 
 
 the high treasurer, they wilbouUiny ceremony or delay cut Michael de la Pole, son to a merchant in London, whom 
 
 '"■ ' ' ' ' "" ' ' ' he made earl of Siifi'olk and high chancellor ; and judtre 
 
 Tresilian. These, by humouring bis passions, got an abso- 
 lute ascendant over him. That they might engross him to 
 themselves, Ihev inspired him with jealousy of his three 
 uncles, esjiecially llie duke of Lancaster, persuading liiin 
 that beaspired lo the crown ; whilst these could not"with. 
 out indignation see persons of obscure birth or inferior rank 
 engross all the king's f\-.vour and confidence. These jea 
 lousies and animosities proved fatal to the king himself, 
 who always loved those best that flattered him most, and' 
 were for justifying whatever was agreeable to his inclina- 
 tion. These favourites were become so odious, that when 
 the king demanded a subsidy from the parliament, on ac- 
 
 ofFthe beads of both of them. The king and council were 
 exceedingly distracted and alarmed at tliese furious proceed- 
 ings, and in great perplexity what course to take to put a 
 stop to them. At last it was resolved to offer the rebels a 
 charter confirming tiie people's liberties, and a general par- 
 don ; v\bi<b those of E.ssex accepting, returned to their 
 homes. Wat T\ler still continued at the head of 00 or 
 40,000 men ; and jlie king coming to Smilbfield, sent to de- 
 sire him to come and confer with him. Wat returned a 
 haughty answer, that he would come when he Ihouglit fii. 
 lie however set forward at the head of his troops, and meet- 
 ing the king in Smitbfield, fliey had a conference togelber, 
 both on horseback. He made such extravagant demands. 
 
 that Ritcliard knew not how to answer him; and now and count of another French invasion that was threatened, in 
 
 then he would lift upbis sword, as iflie threatened llie king. 
 This insolence so enraged ^^alw(ulb, mayor of London, 
 who was by ihe king, that he struck the rebel svich a fu- 
 rious blow on the head with bis sword, as instantly killed 
 him. The rebels seeing their leader fali, were about to 
 revenge his death, when the young king, with a courage and 
 presence of mind that could hardly be expected from his 
 years, cried out aloud to them, 'My friends, will you kill 
 vour king? What, though you have lost your leader! I will 
 be your captain, follow me.' With that, turning bis horse 
 about, he (uit himself at their head, and marched to St. 
 George's Fields. The rebels, imacrining he had declared 
 for them, readily followed him. When they were come 
 thither, they piesenlly saw a great number of citi/en-; well 
 armed, whom the major had raised, marching towards them. 
 
 stead of answering his desire, they presented an address for 
 the removal of hi* favourites. Richard was exceedingly 
 enraged at ibis proceeding, and said, ' That to please the 
 parliament he would not turn out the meanest scullion in his 
 kitchen.' A few days afler, be sent to the chancellor in an 
 imperious manner to renew bis demand of the supply. But 
 the two houses unitingon tbisoecasion, peremptorily refused 
 it, unless he would first remove the favourites. Things 
 were even upon the point of coming to a rupture, when the 
 king, thinking better of the matter, complied. After which 
 the duke of Ireland's estate v; as confiscated by order of par- 
 liament, and the chancellor was obliged to restore all the 
 grants the king had made him ; w iiich done, the i)arlianient 
 appointed fourteen commissioners to manage affairs jointly 
 with the king. But so fickle and imprudent was RicharU 
 
 747
 
 il I c. 
 
 11 1 c 
 
 tiiat, as scon as the parliament broke up, lie recalled liis old 
 ministers, and caressed tlieni more than ever, who now 
 made use oi all their arts to be rtveni^eil on their enemies. 
 The duke of Gloucester, the youngest of tlie kind's uncles, 
 ^^llo had acted vigorously against them, was the chief object 
 of tlieir resentment ; whom tlioy endeavoured to get poi- 
 soned, but he escaped for that linie. The remaining part of 
 t!:!< ri'ign was nothing but coiifusion, and a series of arbi- 
 trary measures. The ministers formed a design of making 
 the king absolute, which Richard was very well pleased 
 with. 'Twas agreed that he shoulrl raise an army, to terrify 
 the duke of Gloucester, and the other lords his associates; 
 as the carls of Arundel, Warwick, Nottingham, and Derby, 
 which last was eldest son to the duke of Lancaster. Then 
 a parliament was to be called, which was to be wholly! at 
 the king's devotion, and none to be returned but such as 
 were set down in his list. For this purpose, he sent for all 
 the sheritls and .judges toNottingliam, and communicated to 
 them his design. The sheriffs refused to comply ; but the 
 judges were not so scrupulous as to what was referred to 
 ihem. Being asked whether the king un'ght not turn out 
 tlie 14 commissioners appointed by parliament, and annul 
 what other acts he pleased, they replied. That the king was 
 above the laws. And some through servile flattery, others 
 compelled by menaces, signed this opinion. The king then 
 issued out commissioners for levying an army ; but so few 
 were willing to serve him, that he was forced to desist. 
 And all he gained by this was, that by discovering his de- 
 signs, he increased more and more the hatred of the people. 
 The duke of Gloucester and the other lords, alarmed at these 
 proceedings, and knowing that the chief aim ot the court 
 was their destruction, resolved to take arms ; and, as they 
 were in great credit w ith the people, soon raised an army of 
 40,000 men. This threw the king into great perplexity, 
 but he thought the best way was to amuse them by fair pro- 
 mises, whilst the duke of Ireland went and raised an army 
 in Wales ; w hich he soon did, but lH?ing met by the earl of 
 Derby, in Oxfordshire, was defeated, anci forced to fly into 
 Ijolland. From thence he went into Loiivain, where lie 
 died about 3 years after. In his baggage, which was taken, 
 was found a letter from the king, ordering him to march 
 with all speed to London, and promising to live and die 
 with him. It w as also discovered, that he designed to make 
 up matters with France at any rate, in order to have the as- 
 sistance of that crown to reduce his subjects to obedience. 
 Richard's measures being thus defeated, he took shelter in 
 the Tower, and the lords immediately marchetl their army 
 to London. They demanded a conference with the king, 
 which, in the circumstances he was in, he durst not refuse. 
 They upbraided him with the Nottingham plot, and all his 
 other measures to destroy them, and to make himself abso- 
 lute. He seemed much aflected, and shed trars at this re- 
 monstrance ; and it was agreed, that he should meet them 
 the next day at Westminster, in order to settle with him the 
 
 fovernmont. But they were no sooner gone from the 
 'ower, than he altered his mind, and sent them word he 
 would not meet them. Hereupon they let him know, that 
 if he did not come, they would choose another king. Fright- 
 ened at this declaration, he not only came, but consented to 
 the banishment of his favourites. As to the judges, they 
 were taken otf the bench, and sent to (he Tower. The 
 parliament meet^ing in Feb. 1380, several persons were im- 
 peached of high-treason. Some were banished, and had 
 their estates contiscated. The chief.juslice. Sir llobeitTre- 
 silian, and some others, were hanged at Tyburn. After this, 
 a general pardon was passed for both parties, the king re- 
 newed his coronatifm oath, ai-d all the lords repeated tlieir 
 oaths of allegiance to him. During these transactions, the 
 '.luke of Lancaster was in Sp;:in, endeavouring to possess 
 himself of the crown of Castile, which he claimed in right 
 of his wile, eldest daughter of I'eler the Cruel. .\t his re- 
 turn, the king invrstcd him with the duchv of (Juienne, not 
 out of any aft'cction for him, hut with a view of having him 
 Bta distance. Tlnjugh matlcrs had been thus made up, tlie 
 
 -48 
 
 unhappy temper of the king soon threw all in ci.'ifuMon 
 again. Being now come of age, lie was resolved to lake 
 the government into his own hands ; when it soon appeared, 
 that he was not at all disposed to rule with moderation ac- 
 cording to the laws, but that he was fully resolved to follow 
 tiie opinions and maxims of his late favourites. His queen 
 being dead, he married Isabella, daughter of Charles \l. of 
 France, and made a dishonourable truce with that crown for 
 28 years. The dukes of Lancaster and York, seeing how 
 matters went, quitted ihecourt ; and the duke of Gloucester, 
 who had taken 1-he freedom to upbraid the king, his nephew, 
 on severj occasions, was treacherously seized, hurried over 
 to Calais, and there smothered between two feather-beds. 
 The earls of Warwick and Arundel were apprehended, and 
 sent to the Tower. The king now took more timely and 
 effectual methods to have a parliament at his devotion. He 
 changed all the sheriffs, and the magistrates of cities and 
 boroughs, and s;iff'ered none to continue in place, but such 
 as would be s>d)servient to his will. A packed parliament 
 being by such means obtained, they stuck not at sacrificing 
 to theking'sand his ministers' resentment, the first lords in 
 the kingdom. Thomas Arundel, archbishop of Caritcrbury, 
 was banished, and his estate contiscated : the earl of War- 
 wick sentenced to perpetual exile in the Isle of Man. This 
 parliament, so agreeable to Richard's mind, was adjourned 
 to Shrewsbury, though in those days the parliament usually 
 sat but one session. Here they established such maxims as 
 were destructive to liberty and the constitution. They ap- 
 proved the opinion for which Ircsilian and other judges had 
 been condemned. Accordingly the judges, who attended 
 during the session, decided, "i'liat\vlien the king proposed 
 any affair in parliament, it was high trnason to go upon any 
 other business before the king's wasdispatched." Thus tjiii 
 scandalous parliament, by humouring the king in every 
 thing, was only hastening his ruin. So many great men be- 
 ing either dead or banished, and the parliament having 
 given \hoW sanction to his arbitrary power, Richard now 
 thought himself above all restraint, and minded nothing but 
 his ease and pleasure ; whilst bis ministers, wliolly intent 
 upon their own private advantage, let the affairs of the na- 
 tion go to wreck. To shew what lengths the king and his 
 ministers went to raise money, 17 counties were condemned 
 of treason for taking arms luidertlie late duke of Gloucester, 
 notwithstanding I he general pardon; and tosave their estates 
 were forced to give blank bonds, to be filled up with wliat 
 sum the king pleased ; and every one bound himself under 
 great penalties, liy what yias inserted in these bonds, to 
 stand by the statutes of the Shrewsbury parliament. Such 
 tyiannical proceedings could not fail of making the nation 
 very uneasy. And in the midst of the general discontent, 
 a rebellion happened in Ireland, the infatuated king went 
 over in person with his troops to uucll it. He was no sooner 
 gone, but a conspiracy b<g;in to be formed in England, to 
 deprive him of his crown. The malecontents, after several 
 consultations, resolved to call in the duke of Hereford, or 
 Lancaster, who was now in Fiance ; and to that end wrote 
 to the archbishop of Canterbury, who was also there, to 
 communicate their design to him, promising to assist him to 
 tiie utmost of their power. The duke laying hold of this 
 opportunity to try his fortune, got a few ships of the duke 
 of Hretagne, and embarking with the archbishop of Canter- 
 bury, and a small number of men, set sail, and hovered some 
 time about the coast of England, to see if the people would 
 declare for iiini. As soon as it was known that lie was on 
 the coast, thev began to take arms in several places. Upon 
 this thedukeianded in July, l.ltw.nearllavcnspur, in York- 
 shire, w here he was presently joined by the carl of North- 
 umberland, and Henry Percy his son, with some troops ; 
 and the people flocked to him so from all parts, that in n 
 few days he saw Iiimselfat the lieail of ()0,000 men. The 
 duke of York, whom the king had left regent, a man not 
 much disposed for action, uud the rest of the council, here- 
 upon left London, and repaired to St. Alban's which they 
 had no tooner done, but the city declared for tlie duke.
 
 RIC 
 
 H 1 C 
 
 Soon afler, the cail of Wilisliirc, and the rest of Richard's 
 miniilcis, tliiiikiiit; llii-niselves not siife where they were, 
 left tlie (liiKo ol ^'oi l<, and retired to Bristol castle ; and the 
 duke, (iij(lin;4 it ini|i()>sil)ie to stern the torrent, willidrew to 
 hisoun house. 'I'lie dnke of Laneastcr first marched to 
 London, where tiie citizens received him with the ^;reatesl 
 tiemonstralions of Joy and afl'ection, as their saviour and de- 
 liverer. He then proceeded directly for Bristol, and layiiig 
 siege to the castle, where the ministers were retired, he- 
 canie master of it in four days ; when he caused the earl of 
 Wiltshire, and some other of Bichard's counsellors, to he 
 beheaded, to satisfy the nnillilutle, who were exceedingly 
 enrajfed ajjainaf iheni. And soon afler the duke of York, 
 Jiis uncle, came in to him. Whilst these thinfjs were doinjj, 
 the contrary winds hindered the kin^' for some weeks from 
 Ijaviii;; any news from lui^land. At last, when he was in- 
 formed of the dnke his cousin's descent, instead <.f coming 
 over himself with hrs forces, he sent the earl of Salishnry 
 before liiin to levy troops; which he did in Wales and 
 Cheshire, to the nuniher of 40,000. But liaving continued 
 in arms for some time, and the king not appearin;;, they dis- 
 persed and returned home. Soon after the kini; arrived, and 
 when he found how matters stood, and that ail the nobility 
 and people had declared against him, he was in the nlniost 
 consternation, and knew not which way to turn himself. 
 At last he w ilhdrew privately from the army, and went and 
 shut himself up in Conway castle, in Wales. The dnke of 
 Lancaster being marched to Chester, Bichard, in the extre- 
 mity he was in, thought it best to throw 'inniself upon his 
 enemy's ,<;enerosily, and even oU'ered to resign his crown, 
 provided he would spate his life, and allow him an honouri- 
 ble pension ; and then went and conferred with the dnke at 
 Flint. From hence they set out both tor London, v here 
 Richard was presently conducted to t!ie Tower; and Ihc 
 dnke having caused hmi to call a parliament, the day before 
 It met, he repaired to the Tower, with a great many lords, 
 and there Richard delivered up the crown and sceptre, 
 and signed an instrument, confessing himself unworthy and 
 unfit to govern the kingdom any longer ; whicii instrument 
 of resignation was the next day approved of in parliament. 
 They then drew up several articles of accusation against 
 him, upon which he was solemnly deposed, much in the same 
 manner as Edward IL tiad been. The throne being thus 
 vacant, the duke of Lancaster, as had been agreed, rose up 
 and claimed the crown ; and it was unanimously resolved, 
 Sept. 30, 1390, that he should he proclaimed king of Vav^- 
 land and France, and lord of Ireland ; which was done ac- 
 cordingly the same day. Thus ended the uid)appy reign of 
 Richard, in its 23d year. P'e seemed to be a prince of ge- 
 nerous inclinations in his younger years, but afterwards be- 
 ing corrupted by flattery, grew excessively full of himself; 
 most profusely expensive in pon)p, and show, and diver- 
 sions; assumim:, arbitrary, cruel, and inflexible: which 
 losing him the aftections of his subjects, in the end, IJv a sud- 
 den and surprising revolution, lost him his crown, lie, had 
 no issue by either of his two marriages. See Henry IV. 
 *"nr the account of his death. 
 
 RICHARD 111. (surnamed Crook-Back, duke of CJlou- 
 cester) was proclaimed king on the 20th of .lune, MH3, by 
 the name of Richard III. and was solemnly crowned, toge- 
 ther with his queen, on the Glh of the following month. In 
 the mean lime, he appointed the lord John Howard earl 
 marsliid, and created him dnke of Norfolk; his son Thomas 
 lloward, earl of Surrey ; Wdlianr Berkley, earl of Notting- 
 ham ; and the lord Lovel, one of hischiefconfidants, viscount 
 Lovel, on whom he likewise conferred the olfice of cham- 
 berlain. He also released from confinement the archbishop 
 of York, and the lord Stanley ; and taking doctor Morton, 
 bishop of Fly, out of the Tower, committed him to the cus- 
 tody of the duke of Buckingham, who sent him to Breck- 
 nock castle in Wales. Richard enjoyed the crown, which 
 he had obtained by such uiijusl and cruel methods, hut two 
 years and two months ; which whole time was spent by him 
 »n contriving methods to support himself on the throne ; uud 
 
 by his enemies, in plots and conspiracies to pull him dowii , 
 in which ihey al last succeeded, and at the same time de- 
 jirived him hoili of his crown and life. Ashe could not 
 think himself safe whiKt his two nephews, the yimng king, 
 and his brothi r llie dnke of York, were yi"! living, he re- 
 b<jlved on the w icked c xpeilit nt of dispalching them out of 
 the way ; which was accordingly done soon after his coro- 
 nation. 'J'helwo innocent childrtn were still in the Tower, 
 the government of which he had given to Sir Robert Brack- 
 enhury, one of his creatiuis. lie chose to be absent from 
 Loudon wlnlst the hellish design was executed, that he might 
 ')e the less suspected ; and set out with the dnke of Buck- 
 /ngham to visit s(tveral connlies. Being come to (Gloucester, 
 he sent express orders to Brackcnbnry to put the two young 
 •"linees to death. r»iatkenl>ury, more ((.nscienlious than 
 Ricliard imagined, humbly desired to be excused. Upon 
 .vhich he sent him a written order, by sir James Tyrrel, re- 
 quiring him to di'liver up to the said Tyrrel the keys and 
 government of I he Tower tor one night only. Brackenbuiy 
 ol-eyed ; and Tyrrel brought in two rutha'ns, Miles Fores't 
 and Johii Uighton, wlumi he had hired to per|ielrate the 
 horrid fact. In the dead (d' the night, when the princei 
 were asleep, they entered the chamber, and rushing upon 
 Jhem, stifled them both in their bed, and then buried tliera 
 under a little staircase. This, Tyrrel confessed, who was 
 executed in the next reign. In 1674, some bones were 
 found there, supposed to be theirs, which Charles II. caused 
 to be [lut in a marble urn, and removed to Westminster 
 Abbey. From Gloucester king Richard set out for the 
 North, to quel! some disorders in those parts ; and coming 
 to York, was crowned there a second time, in the begin- 
 ning of Sept. At the same time, he created Edward, 'hin 
 9on, prince of Wales, w ho was then ten years old. Having 
 got ndof his nei)hews, and taking measures for renewing the 
 foreign alliances, and endeavoured to make those his friends 
 whom he most suspected, by giving them considerable pests 
 and employments, particularly the ofiice of lord steward of 
 the household to the lord Stanley (who had married INIar- 
 garet, countess of Richmond, mother of the earl, who was 
 .si ill in Bretagne.) Richard now thotight himself very se- 
 CLre : but at this very time a conspiracy was forming, w bich, 
 though it proved unsuccessful at first, in the end completed 
 his ruin. The duke of Buckingham, who had been the chief 
 instrument in placing Richard on the throne, was at the 
 head of this conspiracy. He thought himself neglected by 
 Richard, or, at least, not rewarded in proporion to the ser- 
 vice he had done him. It is said, the king had broke his 
 word with him, w itli regard to some lands he had promised 
 to give him. However, he retired from court exceedingly 
 disgusted, meditating nolhing but revenge, and soon began 
 to concert measures with Morton, bishop of Ely, his prisoner 
 III Wales, how to dethrone the usurper whom he had lately 
 set np. After several conferences, and thoroughly under- 
 stTiiding one another, the scheme they fixed upon was to 
 set Henry earl of Richmond on the throne. In this project 
 they were sure of having all the friends of the house of Lan- 
 caster on their side, Henry being the only relict of that fa- 
 mily. And in order to engage the Y'orkists, it was thought 
 necessary, that Henry should promise t6 marry the princess 
 Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Edward IV. Matters being 
 thus concerted, the first step that was taken was, by a trusty 
 messenger, to acquaint the countess of Richmond wiih their 
 design; who came heartily into it, and founds means pri- 
 vately to impart it to the queen dowager, in her sanctuary, 
 who readily gave her consent that Henry should marry her 
 daughter. This done, they each of them engaged their most 
 faithful friends in the plot, and these drew in others ; which 
 indeed was no hard matter, as the usurper was universMlly 
 hated by the nation. The countess then sent two trusty 
 persons into Bretagne, to inform the earl her son of what 
 was doing in his favour, and to invite him over, llis coii- 
 ditjon there seemed not very promising tor such an under- 
 taking. But upon the duke of Bretagne's promising to assist 
 him, he sent word to the countess his mother, that he should 
 
 ?4'J
 
 nic 
 
 a I c 
 
 DC ready to come ovot in October. Though the conspirators 
 took all imaginable care to conceal themselves, yet Richard 
 had some confused intimations of a plot; and beginning to 
 suspect the dnke of Biickinshani, ordered him to court ; but 
 he peremptorily refused to come, declared a;;auist tiiekiug, 
 and took up arms, drawing together the forces he and his 
 adherents had privately listed in Wales, ai;d marched to- 
 wards the western counties, in order to join his friends who 
 were ready to rise tliere, anrl wiicre the earl of Richmond 
 designed to land. But the duke being stopped in his pas- 
 sage by a dreadfid inundation of the Severn, which lasted 
 six days, his whole army dispersed, and he being left with 
 only ojie servant, went and concealed himself in the house 
 of one Banister, to whom both he and his father had been 
 great benefactors. Nrverthelcss,upon Richard's publishing 
 a proclaninliou, ofl'eringa very great reward for ap|)rcliend- 
 ing him. he was l)ascly betrayed by Kanister to the high 
 sheriff of Shropshire, and soon after lost his head. About 
 the same time the cail of Ricinnond appeared on the coast 
 of England, and was like to have fallen into the hands of 
 his enemies ; but he luckily escaped, and sailed back to 
 Normandy, and from thence to Rretagne, to wait for a inoie 
 favourahle opportunity. In the mean time, Richard pro- 
 ceeded w ith severity against tlie conspirators, putting luany 
 of them to death, ami gave an extraordinary commission to 
 Sir Ralph Ashton for that purpose. Among others. Sir 
 \Villiam Collingburn, a Wiltshire gentleman, was hanged, 
 drawn, and quartered, for abetting the earl of Richmond's 
 project, and for writing l!ie following satirical rhyme on 
 Richard, an;.! three of his favourites. 
 
 The Cat, the Rat, and Lovel the dog, 
 Rule all England uudera hog. 
 Alludingto Catesby, Ratclift", and Lovel, who bore a dog for 
 his arms, as one of Richard's supjiorters was a "ild boar. 
 But many to escape the king's severity, tied into Bretagiie, 
 to the earl of Richmond ; among whom was Thomas Grey, 
 marquis of Dorset, son to king Edwnrd'squeen. Tiie storm 
 lieing thusin appearance blown over, king Richard thought 
 lit to call a parliament; which meetiny^ on January 23, 
 14S4, and being wholly devoted to the king, made no scru- 
 ple to declare the issue of Edward IV. illegitimate, to coii- 
 tirm Richards irregular election, and recognize his pre- 
 tended right to the crown. Then they passed an act of at- 
 tainder against the earl of Richmond, and all his adherents. 
 But it was very happy for his niolher, the countess, that no- 
 body discovered her having any hand in the plot. I'he earl 
 of Richmond had many English lords now with him, who 
 had escaped to I'retagne, after the late disappointmetit, and 
 assured him, that the nation in general were his friends ; 
 and the duke of Brdagne promised to continue his assist- 
 ance. But here he was soon in great daI^ger. For the 
 duke being grown old and infirm, his prime minister, Laii- 
 lais one of very mean extraction, now governed all in his 
 name ; and made himself so odious to the nobility, ai'd all 
 the people of Bretagne.that to support himself against them, 
 lie sought foreign assistance, and bt lii'ved lie had a good 
 opportunity of receiving it from king Richard, on condition 
 of ilcliveringthc earl ol'Richmoiul into his hands. Nothing 
 could be more agreeable to Richard, and a iiegociation was 
 actually larriedoii between this hated king, and equally 
 hated minister, for this pinpose. In the mean time, the earl 
 knew nothing of all this ; but the bishop of Ely, who had 
 made his es-ape, and, though abroad, had good spies about 
 Richard, advertised him of the danger he was in. Upon 
 which, with gicat ditbcidty, lie es( aped in disguise from 
 Frelague, ^tid repaired to the court of(Miari(s\"lll. king of 
 France, who had succeeded his father, Lewis XI. The ge- 
 nerous duke of Bretagne was angry with his minister for 
 givi-ng the earl any cause of uneasiness, and permitted all 
 the I',nglislitf> follow him ; and not long alter, Landais, for 
 all his insolent proceedings, met with his deserved reward 
 on a gihhet. The earl was very civilly treated at the court 
 of C;liarle9 VIII. who at length prondsed him some assist- 
 ance not so much out of regard to iiim, as to r.BUkt: new 
 
 ISO 
 
 troubles in England. Here also lie had the sa.. unction lo 
 sec the earl of Oxford Qome to him, who had been impri- 
 soned by Edward IV'. lu the castle of Hammes, in Picardy, 
 but had now i)revaded on the governor and garrison to de- 
 clare for the earl of Richmond. Richard had intelligence, 
 that something was also contriving against him in England, 
 but could not discover by \\hom. After some 'ime, he found 
 out, that what was carrying on in favour of the carl, was 
 chiefly grounded on his having prouiised to marry the prin- 
 cess Elizabeth. To prevent him therefore, he residved lo 
 marry her himself. In order to this, by various plausible 
 pretences, particularly by promising lo secure the crown to 
 the princess alter his death, as I lie prince of Wales was now 
 dead, and he had no other child, he so wrought on the queen 
 dowager, that she delivered her five daughleis into his 
 hands. Then he look care to get rid of Anne, his queen, 
 daughter of the great earl of W'anvick, either by causing 
 her to die with grief and vexation by his ill treatment, or 
 by actually poisoning her. She would have been more 
 pitied, if she had not married the murderer other former 
 husband, who was Edward, prince of Wales, sou to Henry 
 VI. Richard now made his addresses to the princess, his 
 niece, but found her absolutely inflexible. In the mean 
 time, as he grew every day more odious, many lords and 
 gentlemen went over to the earl of Richmond, and olt'ered 
 him their services ; others did the same to avoid being sa- 
 crificed to his suspicions ; and those who staid at home, 
 waited only for an opportunity lo declare against him. All 
 circumstances now concurring, the earl set sail from Ilar- 
 fleiir, on the 31st of July, 148;>, with only 2(l(Kl men, which 
 France had lent him together with the shiiis to transport them. 
 On tlieethof August he landed at !\Iilford-Haven,and march- 
 ing towards North-Wales, was joined by Rice ap Thomas, 
 with a considerable body of Welch troops. As the earl was of 
 Welch extract ion, that country in general readily favimredhis 
 design. In a few days he arrived at Shrewsbury, w here the 
 inhabitants readily received him, and sir George Talbot 
 brought him an aid of2ii()0 men. The lord Stanley, and his 
 brother, sir William, raised forces, as if it had been for the 
 king, but had given private assurance to the earl that they 
 would join him" at proper opportunity; which they did 
 after the two parties were engaged, and \vere by that means 
 the chief cause of the earl's success. King Richard having 
 heard of the earl's lauding, ordered allhis forces to bedrawn 
 together at Nottingham, resolving to go in person and tight 
 him. And the earl being no less desirous to decide the qiiar 
 rel w ith one blow, resolved to go and meet Richard. In his 
 march he was joined by sir Walter Hungerfold, sir Thomas 
 Bourchier, and several others, who desei ted the king. The 
 two armies met near Bosuorth in Leicestershire, and the 
 battle was fought on the 22(1 of August, 148.^. The earl of 
 Richmond wasat first in damper of being worsted, when the 
 lord Stanley joined him wilh.'MlOO men, and his brother 
 willi2000, the king's army wasonlircly routed after a fight 
 ol'two lioiirs, in which he gave signal proofs of his valour 
 and cocage. In the heat of the battle, esp\ ing the call, he 
 rode furiously to attack lnm,aiid killed sir William Braiulon, 
 the earl's standard bearer, who stood in his way, and threw 
 sir John Cheney, to the ground, who had taken the former'."! 
 place. When he saw the dav was lost, he rnslied into the 
 midst of his enemies, and was slain. It is very likely he was 
 betrayed, and that some great men, who staid ^^itll him, held 
 secret iiiteiligence with the earl of Rielinuiml. It is said, 
 that on the very morning of the battle, before it began, Ihc 
 following lines were found fixed on tiie duke of Norfolk's 
 tent door, who was slain fighting for lii< haul ; 
 Jockey of Norfolk, be not so hold ; 
 Dicky thy master is bought and sold. 
 Sir Richard RatdifVwas also slain; and the jieifidioiig 
 Calesbv, being tak( ii prisoner, was CNccuted at Leicester. 
 Thus fell king Richard, aged aliout 34 >ears, who, excepting 
 his uujustifiaMe methods to get and keep the crown, may }>n 
 reckoiied no bad king. He to<ik care to suppress vice, "and 
 promote sobriety and virtue, aud had a ^real regard to the
 
 RID 
 
 K I r. 
 
 t?>ic adniiiiislration of justice, except where Iiis i rowii was 
 concerned. Lord V'erulimi Siiys, lie Wiis in military virlue 
 approvedi'and ii good lawmaker. He founded tlie colleije 
 oi'ileraldb, and made tlieni a corporation. He was certainly 
 endowed with great parts and ahilities, which would have 
 made him a tridy great man, if ihey had been rightly ajiplicd. 
 His boundless ambition made him aspire to the crown, ;uid 
 it was for the sakeof tiiatoniy, that he was guilty of all that 
 treachery, dissimulation, and cruelty, which .justly reiideis 
 his memory detested, ilis body was found stript naked, 
 covered with blood and dirt, and in that conddion was 
 thrown across a horse, with the head hanging on one side, 
 and the legs on the other, and carried lo Leicesti-r ; where 
 it was interred, lie was the last king of the I'lantagenet 
 race, w ho had swayed the sceptre ever since Henry H. 
 
 Rl'CIlKS, s. [licliesscs, Fr.J money or possessions. A 
 splendid smnptuous appearance. 
 
 RI'CHLY, ad. in a splendid, wealthy, p.Ientcous, or 
 abundant manner. Truly; used in an ironical sense. 
 
 RICHMOND, a village in the county of Surry, with a 
 royal palace, where the kings of England formerly resided. 
 It has a very fine park, with delightful gardens, and is visited 
 by a great number out of curiosity. It is 12 milts W. of 
 London. 
 
 lirCHMOND HILL, its summit is a most delightful spot, 
 commanding a truly_ beautiful, luxuriant, ami diversified 
 prospect (deservedly celebrated by the sweet poet, " who 
 sung the seaso'is and their change," by Dr. Smollett, and by 
 other writers of genius, " sensibly alive to the beauties of 
 nature"), of the " Enchanting vale of Thames," with the 
 royal palaces, magnificent scats, glittering town'', charming 
 pleasure grounds, hills, groves, swelling lawns, meadows, 
 pasture grounds, corn-fields. Arc. &c. on its banks. Tiie 
 landscape of this favourite situation exhibits a \)icture of 
 the most elegant simplicity ; nature decorated with the great- 
 est neatness, the most exquisite embellishments of rural 
 scenery;, in short, an elysium, charming to the eye 
 with nndeseribable variety. It takes in a view, more or 
 less distant, of the city of London, of Windsor Castle, 
 Hampton Court, Highg-'te, with other parts of Middlesex 
 and Surry. 
 
 RICHiMOND, a large town in the N. Riding of York- 
 shire, containing many handsome liouses, built of free-stone, 
 with a flourishing manufactory of yarn stockings, and of 
 woollen knit caps for seamen. It is pleasantly seated on the 
 river Swale, over which it has a stone bridge, 40 miles N. 
 W. of York, and 232. N. N. W. of London. Market on 
 Saturday. 
 
 RICHMONDSHIRE, a district in the N. Riding of York- 
 shire, included in the duchy of Lancaster. It was formerly 
 a county of itself, and abounds in romantic situations. Many 
 lead mines are wrought in this district, of which Richmoncl 
 is the ciM)ital town. 
 
 RICHNESS, s. the qualify ofaboiuiding in money, pos- 
 sessions, finery, or fertility. Abundance, or perfection of 
 any quality. 
 
 RICK, s. a pile of corn or hay, regularly heaped up in an 
 open field, and sheltered from wet. A heap of corn or hay 
 piled by the gatherer. 
 
 RI'CKETS, s. [rachitis, Lat.J a distemper ni children, 
 wherein their joints grow knotty, and their limbs uneven. 
 
 RICKETY, «.disorileredwith the rickets. 
 
 RI'CKMANSWORTH, a town of Hartfordshire, with a 
 market on Saturdays. It is seated on the river Colne, Smiles 
 S. W. of St. Alban's, and 18 W. N. W. of London. 
 
 Kl'CTURE, 5. [rii'tura, Lat.] a gaping. 
 
 RID, pret. ofRlDE. 
 
 To RID, V. a. [hreddan. Sax.] to set free from danger or 
 trouble. Todestrk;>. To dispatch. 
 
 RI'DDANC K, J. deliverance from danger, incnmberance, 
 trouble, or any thing one is glad to be freied from. 
 
 RI'DDEN, participle of Rid R. 
 
 Rl'DDLE, (ridl) s. [radels. Sax. J a question or problem 
 expressed ill obscure terms, in order to try a person's wit. 
 
 Any thing puz.iiling or not easily solved ; an enigma. A 
 coarse or open sieve, froni hruldh. Sax. 
 
 To III DIJLE, {ridljv. a. lo solve or explain a riddle. To 
 sift by a coarse sieve. Neuterly, to speak obscurely. 
 
 To HIDE. t). Ji. pret. rid or rode, part, rid, or riddni ; 
 \rid(>H, Sax. J lo travel on horseback, or in a carria;;e dra«!i 
 by horses. Eigurativt ly, to travel in, or be borne by, any 
 vehicle. To manage a liorse. -To be supported in motion. 
 Actively, to manage insolently and at v\ill ; to .vit on so as to 
 be carried. 
 
 Rl'DER, s. one who is carried on a horse, or on a vehicle. 
 One who manages or breaks horses. An inserted leaf. 
 
 RIDGE, i. [/i)/:>g-. Sax. ri;;, Dan.] the top of the back. 
 The rough or sharp lop of any thing, alluding to the verte- 
 brae of the back. Cirouiid tliioun up by the plough. 'I'he 
 top of the house rising to an acute angle. Iji farriery, ridn-ei 
 of a horse's mouth are wrinkles or risings of the flesh in the 
 roof the mouth, running across from one side fd' the jaw \>t 
 the other like fleshy ridges, with interjacc;;l furrows or sink- 
 ing cavities. 
 
 To RIDGE, V. a. to form a ridge. 
 
 RI'DGEL, Rl'DGELlN, i. IrrjwHlus, vile, I-.at.] a ram tialf 
 castrated. 
 
 RIDGY, a. rising in a ridge. 
 
 RIDICULE, s. [ridicrdinn, from rideo, to laugh, I^at.j 
 wit which provokes laughter by representing any person 
 or thing in a comic odd light. Synon. Laughter in scorn 
 is the common import of ridii-nk and derision ; but the former 
 implies contemptuous merriment; the latter, sportive 
 insult. 
 
 To RI'DICULE. V. a. to expose to laughter by repre- 
 senting as odd and uncouth. 
 
 RIDICU'LER, s. he that ridicules. 
 
 RIDICULOUS, a. \ridiciiliis, from rideo, to laugh, Lat. 
 worthy of laughter. Exciting contemptuous mirth. 
 
 RIDICULOUSLY, nd. ni a nianner worthy of laughter 
 or contempt. 
 
 RIDICULOUSNESS, s. the quaiitv of being ridiculous. 
 
 RIDING, «. a district ; a division of a county. 
 
 RI'DINfJCOAT, s. a coat made to keep out weather. 
 
 RIDO'TTO, s. an entertviinnient of singing, music, &c. 
 An opera. 
 
 Z RIE, or RY'E, s. an esculent grain, which differs from 
 wheat in having a flatter, opaque, and coarser grain. 
 
 HIFE, a. [ri/fe, S^\. rijf, Belg. | prevailing ; abounding;, 
 frequent ; generally applied to ccntagious distempers. 
 
 RIFELY, ad. prevalently; abundantly. " It was rj/c/y 
 reported." KnollesTiirh. Hist. 
 
 RI'FENESS, *. prevalence; abundance. 
 
 To RIFLE, {r'lfl) V. a. [rijf'dm, Belg.] to robb ; to plunder ; 
 to pillage. 
 
 RIFLE, a. riffle guns are those whose barrels, instead of 
 being smooth in the inside, are formed with a number of 
 spiral channels, resembling female screws. The ball con- 
 sequently goes right forvvarils, without deviation or de- 
 flection. 
 
 RI'FLER, s. robber, piunderer, pillager. 
 
 RIFT, s. rfrom ?•(><?] a cleft ; a breach ; an opening. 
 
 To RIFl , r. a. to cleave or split. Neuterly, to bnrst or 
 open. To belch, from raif)-, Dan. 
 
 RIG, i. [hri,<;g, Sax.] the top of a hill falling on each side ; 
 a back ; a w bore. To run or play one's rig, is to be merry 
 upon, or ridicule. 
 
 To RFG, v. a. [from hrigg, Sax.] to dress ; to fit with 
 tackling. 
 
 Rl'GA, a large, populous, and opulent city of Russia, 
 capital of the government of Riga, or Livonia. Next to 
 Petersburgh, it is justly considered as the most commercial 
 town in the whole empire. The trade is chiefly carried on 
 by foreign merchants, who are resident in the town ; but 
 those of the Ejiglish factory enjoy the greatest share of the 
 commerce. The principal exports are corn, hemp, flax, 
 iron, timber, masts, leather, tallow. Sec. its principal im- 
 ports are, salt, cloth, silks, wine, grocery wares, and salted
 
 K'M 
 
 KiP 
 
 herrings. Wiiliin the forlitications are about 0000 iiiliabi- 
 tants, and in the suburbs 16,noo, exclusive of a i^arrisoii of 
 1000 men. Riga was fiuaUy obiisetl to subujit to Peter 
 the Great, in 1710. It is 5 miles from the nioulli of the 
 Duna, and 160 N. E. of Koningsberg. Lat. 56. 65. N. Ion. 
 24. 6. E. 
 
 RIGADO ON, s. [rigadon, Fr.] a gay brisk dance. 
 
 RIGATION, J. [rigalio, Lat. J the act of watering. 
 
 Rl'GGER, {rig-er) s. one tiuit rigs or dresses. 
 
 RIGGING, {rig-iiig)s. the sails or tatkhngofa ship. 
 
 RI'GGISH, f)/°-is/()a. wanton, whorisi). 
 
 To RIGGLE, (rigl) r. a. [properly uriggle] to move back- 
 wards and forwardsas shrinking from paui. 
 
 RIGHT, (the^/' is mute in this word and its following 
 lerivatives ; as, )■:*, rltful, &c.) a. [rigt, Sax. rec/it, Beig.J 
 proper, suitable, or becoming, opposed to wrong. True, 
 opposed to erroneous. Passing a right judgment. Iloncst 
 orjust. TIrat side of a person «hieii is opposed to the left. 
 Straight, opposed t'.> crooked. Perpendicular. 
 
 RIGHT, !«ffy. well done ; used as an expression of ap- 
 prpbution. 
 
 RIGHT, ail. in a proper, just, or true manner. In a direct 
 line. Frequently used in lilies, as right honourable, right 
 reverend. 
 
 RIGHT, «. justice. Freedom from error. Just claim, or 
 that which belongs to a person. Property or interest. A 
 privilege. The side opposite to the left. Toright.<, implies 
 straight, or in a direct line ; but after set, deliverance from 
 error. Synon. Right is the object oi justice, dtwA that 
 which is due to every one. Justice is the conformity of 
 our actions with 7-ight : it is to render and secure to every 
 one that which is iiis due. The former is, according 
 to circumstances, liable to change ; the latter is ever in- 
 variable. 
 
 To RIGHT, v.a. to do justice to, or relieve from wrong. 
 
 RIGHTEOUS, (rileuus) (I. [rihtwise, Sax. whence rig/it- 
 vise'm antient autliors, and from thence by corruption Wg/j- 
 ifoiMjjust; honest; virtuous; leading a life couformaMe to 
 the rules of nioralitv and religion. Equitable. 
 
 RIGHTEOUSLY, ad. honestly, virtuously. 
 
 RIGHTEOUSNESS, «. virtue ; goodness. Ikhaviour in 
 general agreeable to the laws of nioralily and religion. 
 
 RIGHTFUL, a. having just right of claim. Honest or 
 just. 
 
 RrGIITLY,arf. according to truth and justice; proper- 
 ly; suilablv; noterroneouslv. 
 
 RI'GHTNESS, s. conformity to truth ; rectitude. 
 
 RIGID, a. [from rigeo, to be slitf, Lai.] stitl', unpliant, or 
 not to be bent. Severe or inllexible, applied to coud'ict. 
 Sharp, cruel, stern. 
 
 RIGrUITV, s. [rigiditi, Fr.] the state of being stiff. 
 Stiffness of appearance. 
 
 RIGIDLY, i(d. in a stilf, severe, or indexible manner. 
 
 RI'GIDNESS, i. severity; inllexibility. 
 
 Rl'GOL, i. a circle. Used bv Shakespeare for a diadem. 
 
 RlXiOliOUS, «. severe ; allowing no abatement; stern. 
 Exact ; scrupulously nice. 
 
 RIGOROUSLY, ad. severely ; without tenderness or 
 mitigation. 
 
 RIGOUR, s. [n^or.from rigeo, to be stiff, Lat.] cold ; stiff- 
 ness. In medicine, a convulsive sliudderiiig, with a seiisa- 
 «ation of cold. Severity of conduct, or want of con- 
 descension and compliance. Strictness. Rage or cruelty. 
 Hardness. 
 
 RILL, s. [rividus, from rivus, a river, Lat.] a small brook 
 a little streamlet. 
 
 To RILL, f. n. to run in small streams. 
 
 RIM, s. [rima, Sax.] a border, or margin. That wliicii 
 encircles any thing. 
 
 RIM K, s. ihrim, Sax.] hoar froast. A bole or chink, from 
 Wh/'i, Lat. Not used. 
 
 To RIME, V. n. to freeze with hoarfrost. 
 
 RIMINI, an antieiit, populous, and han<lsome town oi 
 lirtly, in Romagna, with many remains of antiquity, and 
 
 76"J 
 
 very fine buildings. If is seated in a fertile plain, at (lie 
 UKjuth of the river Marecchia, on ilie gu'f ol \vnice. 
 
 RIMO'SE, a. [{com runti, a cleft, Lat.) full of clefts or 
 chinks. 
 
 RIMO'SITY, i. [from nnirt, a cleft, Lat.J the quality of 
 being full of clefts or chinks. 
 
 To III iMPLE, (ciw;;/) t). a. to pucker; to contract into 
 corrugations. 
 
 RI'.VI Y, a. steamy ; foggy ; full of frozen mist. 
 
 RIND, ((7h<0 *• ['•""'. Sax. rinde, Celg.J the bark, husk, 
 or outside covering of vegetables. 
 
 To RIND, (rind) V. 11. to stiip of it; ba.k, husk, or outside 
 coveriiig ; to decorticate. 
 
 RING, ()i«g-) i. [/iriwo-. Sax. J a circle. .\ circle of gold 
 or other metal worn as an ornament. .\ circle of metal to 
 be held by. A circle made by standing round. A circular 
 course. A number of bells harmonically tuned. A sound. 
 In ast.'onouiy, that thin, broad, opaque, circular arch, en- 
 compassing the planet Saturn. 
 
 To RING, V. a. pret. and part. pass, rtr.ig ; Uiringan, 
 Sax.] tosUike beiis or other bodies so as to make them 
 sound. 'I'o encircle. To fit or supply with rings. Nen- 
 terly, tosouiid likea hell. To make bells sound. To sound 
 or tinkle. To be tilled with a bruit or report, followed 
 
 by "f- 
 
 Rl'NG BONE, 'f. a hard callous substance growing in 
 the hollow circle of the little pastern of a horse ; it smue- 
 times goes quite round like a ring, from w hence it derives 
 its name. 
 
 RI'NGDONE, J. [)7i!HgeWH)/ie, Teut.J a kind of |}'seou. 
 
 RINGER, s. he who rin^s. 
 
 RI'NGLl'^ADER, *-. the head of a riotous croud. 
 
 RINGLET, 4'. [diminutive of n'jig-J a small ring or circle. 
 A circle. 
 
 RI'NGSTREAKED, «. marked with circular streaks. 
 
 RI'NGTaIL, *. a kind of kite with a whilish taih 
 
 RI'NGWOOD, a town of Hampshire, with a market on 
 Wednesdays. Here is a considerable manufacloiy of 
 worsted knit hose. It contains about 2300 inliabilants, 
 and is 28 miles S. \V. of Winchester, and 91 W. by S. of 
 Loudon. 
 
 Rl'NfiWORM, s. a circular tetter. 
 
 To RINSE, V. a. [rimer, Fr.] to cleanse by washing; 
 to wash the soap out of clothes. 
 
 RI'NSER, «. one who washes or rinses ; a washer. 
 
 RIOT, s. [i-iutte, old Fr. riotto, Ital.] wild and loose niirtb. 
 An uproar, or serious tumult. In law, it is, when three or 
 more persons, assembled together, commit some unlawful 
 act with force and violence, to the disturbance of the peace. 
 By Stat. 1 Geo. I. c. 5. if any persons, to the number of 
 twelve or more, unlawfully and riotously assembled, continue 
 together for an hour, after being required by a justice of the 
 )ie;ice, or other magistrate, to disperse, they shall be deemed 
 gnilly of I'elony, without beueht of clergy. To j-iin not, is 
 to act without controul or restraint. 
 
 To RIOT, V. n. [riotter, old Fr.] to abandon one's self 
 to pleasure. To feast in a luxurious manner. To raise a 
 sedition or uproar. 
 
 lU'O'l'ER, s. one who is dissipated in luxury ; one who 
 excites an uproar. 
 
 Rl'OTISE, «. dissoluteness ; luxury. Obsolete. 
 
 RlO'i'OUS.a. \riutteux, Fr.] luxurious. Wanton. Sedi- 
 tious or turbulent. 
 
 RIOTOUSLY, af7. luxuriously; with licentious luxury 
 seditioiislv ; furbnientlv. 
 
 RIOTOUSNESS, s. the state of being riotous. 
 
 To HIP, V. a. Uini/mn, Sax.] to cut asniider with a knife 
 any thing sewed, 'io tear in pieces. To take away from 
 by'laciration. Figuratively, to disclose or bring to view 
 anv thing industriously concealed. 
 
 RlPE,n.[)i/)f, Sax. ')■(//), Belg.l brought to perfection by 
 time and growth ; uiflturo. Resendiling ripe fiuit. FinishecK 
 Brought to the point i' taking hU'tA. Qualilied by grad-wl 
 improveuieut.
 
 Ill 1 
 
 il O A 
 
 To RIPE, V. n. to grow fit for use by time. To be ;\> 
 turcd. Actively, to make ripe. 
 
 Rl'l'KLY, or/, maturely ; at the proper tune. • 
 
 To HI'PRN, f. «. to become pcrt'tcl or tit for use by 
 grow 111, time, or ijradual improvement. Actively, to 
 make ripo. 
 
 RIPI'INKSS,*. tlie state of beinsj full grown; fit for use, 
 or perfect. 
 
 lU VLEV, a town of the W. riding of Yorkshire, with 
 a market on Friday. It is seated on the river Nyd, 23 mileu 
 W. N. W. of York, and 206 N. by W. of London. 
 
 III'PI'EII, J. one who rips ; one who tears. 
 
 To RI'PPLE, (/!>/) I'. «. to fret on the surface, as water 
 swiftly Minniiig. 
 
 III'I'I'ON, or RlPON, a well built town in theW. Riding' 
 of Yorkshire, with a market-place, reckoned by some the 
 finest square of the kind in England, and adorned with a 
 curious obelisk. It had once a flourishing-woollen manu- 
 facture, and is still a slaplc for wool, which iii bought up 
 here every week by the clothiers of Leeds, Wakefield, 
 Halifax, iVc. but it is most noted for its manufacture of hard- 
 ware, particularly spurs. Its magnificent church, adorned 
 with 3 Idt'ly spires, is both parochial and collegiate, (having 
 a dean and chapter, and sending a proctor to the convoca- 
 tion of the province of York) and is the oidy one that is so 
 in England, except that of Southwell in Nottinghamshire. 
 It is pleasantly situated on the river l^re, or Aire, over which 
 it has 2 slone bridges, 28 miles N. W. of York, and 222 N. 
 N. W. of I^onden. Market on Thursday. Fairs on Thurs- 
 day after June 24, Thursday after IMarcli 21, on May 12, 
 the first Thursday in June, on Holy Thur^day, and on the 
 first Thursday afier August 22, and November 22. 
 " RIPTOWKL, *. a gratuity given to tenants, after they 
 bad reaped their lord's corn. 
 
 RFSBOROUGH MONKS, a town of Buckinghamshire, 
 7 miles N. E. of Aylesbury, and 37 \V. N. W. of Loudon. 
 Market on Saturday. 
 
 To RISK, (ri-e)j). n. preter. roic, part, risen; \risan, Snx. 
 reisen, Relg.] to get up from the ground. To get up from a 
 bed, scat, or after a fill. To spring or grow up. To be 
 advanced with respect to rank or fortinie. To increase in 
 value or esteem. To swell. To amend. To come into no- 
 tice. To begin to act. To make an insurrection. To be 
 roused or excite i to action. To rise vp far, ii to undertake 
 the defence of a person ; to rise vp noainst, is to attack. To 
 elevate, applied to style or sentiment. To be revived after 
 death. Applied to the sun «hen he first appears above the 
 horizon. Synon. To change our posture IVoni recumbent; 
 to erect, is the true meai'iim; of the verb to rise : whereas, 
 to get lip, implies rather to climb. 
 
 RISE, {mc) i. the act of getting up from anv seat or from 
 the groun:i. Ascent. A pla<:e that assists a person in an 
 ascent. An eminence. The first ap|)oarance of the sun 
 above the horizon. Inrrease in any respect. Beginning or 
 original. Increase of sound. 
 
 Rl SER, {rizer) s. one that rises. 
 
 RlSIBl LITY, (rizibiliti/) s. the quality of laughing. 
 
 RISIBLE, ()7'jii?e) fl. [Fr. ri.siAi/u, from Wrfeo, to laugh, 
 Lat.] having the faculty of laughing. Ridiculous, or fit to 
 excite laui;hter. 
 
 RISK, s. [risr/ue, Fr. riesg, Span.] hazard ; peril ; danger ; 
 venture. Synon. Danger, luizvrd, risk, renture, -M imply 
 chance of harm ; but tlauger relates to the evil that may 
 happen ; hazard, risk, and venture, to the good we may lose, 
 ■wiihthii. diflercnce, that Aecurrf expresses something near ; 
 rish, something at a distance ; venture, something farther off, 
 relating; only to the possibility of events. 
 
 To RISK, I', a. \risquer, Fr.] to hazard ; to venture ; to 
 endanger. 
 
 RISK KR, i. one that risks. 
 
 RI FBOCK, s. in zoology, a species of antelope, f. mtid in 
 the interior of Africa to the North of the Cape of Good 
 Hope. 
 
 6D 
 
 RITE, s. \rit, Fr. from ritus, f^afj a solemn act of religion ; 
 an extcnxd ceremony. 
 
 RI'/I'UAL, n. \iitiirl, Fr.] <lone according to some reli 
 gions insliiulion ; solemnly ceremonious. 
 
 RITUAL, ,v. a book containing the rites or ceiemonic* 
 of divine worship. 
 
 RITUALIST, s. a stickler for ceremonies in worship; 
 one skilled ui the rites. 
 
 RI VAGE, s. [Fr.] a bank ; a coast. Obsolete. 
 
 RIVAL, f \rividis, Lat. | one «ho is in the pursuit of the 
 same thing as another. One who is a competitor with ano- 
 ther for a woman's ali'ections. One who endeavours to sur- 
 pass anolher. An'agnuist. 
 
 RI'YAL, a.\rii-iiiis,\MX.\ making the same claim. Pur- 
 suing the same object. Emulous. 
 
 To RI'V'AL, )'. «. to oppose or endeavour to gain some- ' 
 tiling attempted by anolher. To endeavour to etpial or 
 excel; to emulate. ' Neulerly, to be competitors. Obsolete 
 in this last sense. 
 
 RIVA'LITY, RIVALRY, ,«. ffiom rivalis, a rival, Lat.} 
 eninlation ; rivalship ; eompetitioii. 
 
 RI'VALSHIP, s. the stale of a person who endeavours to 
 obtain the same thing as anolher. 
 
 To RIVE, V. «. [part. »-(rt», from rjift, broken. Sax. J to 
 split ; to cleave ; to force asunder by driving in something 
 blunt. Neuterly, to be split. 
 
 To RI'VEL, j>. «. [from gerifed, corrugated, rumpled, 
 Sax.] to contract into wrinkles, or corrugations. 
 
 RIVEN, participle of RiVE. 
 
 RIVER, s.\jivierc, Fr. riviis, Lat.] a current of water 
 which Hows from its source in a channel to the sea, kc. 
 
 RI'VERHORSE, i. in natural history, the hippopotamus. 
 
 Rl'VERWEED, i. in botany, the conserva of Liunxus. 
 Foi tv-sevf n British species have been enumerated. 
 
 Rl'VET, s. a pin clenched at both ends. 
 
 To RIVET, V. u. to fasten by a pin clenched at both ends. 
 To fasten strongly. 
 
 RI'VULET, i.' [ririiliis, Lat.] a small river, brook, or 
 stream of running water. Synon. Kii'idets, and irou/u arc 
 certain species of i()««iM which are running waters; with 
 this difference, that -drivulH runs between banks; whereas 
 a i)oo/j winds its way ihiough the meadows, or by a hedge- 
 side. A rivulet is a much larger stream than a bruok. 
 We sav the rapid stream ; the clear mWei ; the gurgling 
 brool:. 
 
 RIXDO'LLAR, *. a silver coin struck in Germany, va- 
 lued at 4s. Gd. sterling. 
 
 ROACH, (rdch) f. a fresh-water fish, noted. for Its sim- 
 
 plicitv. , ,, , , 
 
 ROAD, (rdd) s. [rade, Fr.] a large path travelled by 
 carriages. A plate where ships may anchor. Excursion ; 
 journev. 
 
 To ROAM, (roin) V. n. Iromigare, Ifal.] to wander wilii- 
 out a settled purpose; to ramble; to rove. Actively, to 
 range or wander over. 
 
 RO'AMEIl, ()S»if?) s. a rambler; a rover; a wanderer; 
 
 ROAN, Iron) a. [rimen, Fr.] nf a hay, son el, or black 
 colour, with gray or white spots thickly interspersed, ap- 
 plied to horses. , , • 
 
 To ROAR, (rdr)r. n. \rciran, Sax.] to make a loud noise, 
 applied to that ofalionor other wild beast. To make a 
 great outcry in distress. To souml as the wind or sea. 1 o 
 make a great noise. » , , " < 
 
 ROAR, (rdr)s. the cry of a lion or other beast. An out- 
 cry of distress. A claraour or noise of merriment. A.iy 
 
 loud noise. 
 
 R()'-\UER, s. a noisy brutal man. 
 
 RO ARY, (ion/) s. [belter rory from ros,dew. Lat.J dew. 
 
 To ROAST, {i-ost) V. a. \ritir, Fr.] to dress meat on a 
 spit which turns round before a tire. To dress before a hre. 
 To lieai any thing violently. To rule the roast, is to govern, 
 manage, or preside. _ . . 
 
 RO'ASTING, s. a preparative operation in metallurgy . 
 
 763
 
 ROC 
 
 to dissipate the sulphur, arsenic, <.tc. with which a metal 
 ia:iy be coiiibiiied. 
 ROB, s. juice made thick. 
 
 To ROB, r. a. [roller, old Fr. rohhare. ltal.| to lake away 
 unlawfully, and by force. To be rohbid, is to lose any lliiiiii 
 by violence, or by secret llieft ; but in the active voice, to 
 rob is applied only to the takin;^ any thing away by open 
 violence; and to stmt, to the takinj; any thing a«ay by 
 secret theft. 
 
 IlO'BBER.i. one who deprives another unlawfully of his 
 prope; tv. 
 
 ROBBKRY,^. theft committed either by force or with 
 privacv. 
 
 ROBE, «. [rohbe, Fr, rabhn, Itaj.] a gown of stale, worn by 
 persons of distinction. .\ uown worn by infants. Ago«n 
 worn bv tfirls before ihe\ put on niantiif.s. 
 
 To ROBE, V. a. to clothe in a robe. To dress in a proper 
 manner. 
 
 RO'BERSMAN, RO'BERTSM AN, s. in tlie old statutes, 
 a sort of bold and stout robbers or night-thieves, said to be 
 so called from Robin Hood. 
 
 ROBSN-REDBREAST, s. a bird so named from the 
 colour of its breast. 
 
 ROBO'KEOUS, a. [i-ohoreus, from rvhor, an oak, Lat.J 
 made of oak. 
 
 ROBUST, ROBU'STIOUS, n. |TOt«s<,«, from robor, an 
 oak, Lat.] stvoni; niade. Violent- Requiring strength. 
 ROBUSTNESS, s. strenath; vigour. 
 ROCAMBOLE, .s. a kind o will garlic.^ 
 UOCIiDALE, a large populous tow n in Lancashire, situ- 
 ated in a vale on the Roche, smrounfled by hills «hich 
 abound in coals; I has flounshiuir iiianutactuiLS of lia's, 
 bays, serge?, and other woollen and cotton goods. It is j5 
 miles W. S. W. of York, and 198 N. N. VV. of London. 
 Market on Tuesdas . 
 
 ROCHE -i'fLUiM, 4-. [roclie, a rock, »r. i a purer sort of 
 aluR). 
 
 RO'CHEFORT, a sea-port town of France, u here are 
 several large magazine* of naval stores Its harboinis very 
 comnioilious aiiH inui li frequented. It is 5 miles S. E. of 
 Rochelle. Lat. Ah. .50 N hu). 0. .53. W. 
 
 ROCHELLE, a hand^om' , ricli, and celebrated town 
 in the dcpt. of Lowei Chiiitnle, with a very commodious 
 and sa lie harbour. It contains al)<>nt HiUO inhabitants. It 
 has .5 gates; tli' houses are line, ai.d suppoited by piazzas, 
 unfler which persons may walk in all weathers; and the 
 streets in geni-r: I. are as straight as a line. The inhabilimts 
 carrv on a con>ide!able trade ; especially in wines, li,an(ly, 
 sugar, salt, paper, linen, and >er;;ts. Rochelli' is seat< d on 
 the ocpaii, <>7 mile- N. b E of Nnntes, and 220 S. VV. of 
 Paris. I.at. 4fi. 9. N. Ion. I. 1 VV. 
 
 ROCHESTER, a citv of Kent, with two markets, on 
 V\'edne5da\ and Friday. It is governed b\ a mayor, 12 
 aldermen, and 12 cominon-counedmcn, and sends 2 mem- 
 bers to parliament. It v as fornicrk niucli larger than at 
 present, having now only tnie parish chureli, be^iiies the ca- 
 thedral. It consists ( hiefly of ime \n incipal street, w liich is 
 pavi'd. It has two frec-scliools, the one called the King's, 
 anil (he other the Cit\ •chool. There i- heie also an aluis- 
 honse for six poor travellers, who are snpplii il « ith a supper, 
 abed, and breakfast, and with tonrpence loci.irv \\\vnt for- 
 vard (Ml their ionriiev ; but ihev are tostav no lon;;er than 
 one night ; and it i> reiir,' kable, thai a iiiMripti<in over the 
 door intimates, llii^t " rogii<-s and proctor? are excepted." 
 Stroud is at the West cndof Ih's place, and Chatham at the 
 Kast. It contains about TOnu inhabitants and in ,3ii miles 
 N. VV. by VV. of Cauterburv, and 2'J S. E. by E. of 
 London. 
 IIO'CHET, ». a surplice. A fish. 
 
 Ro'CIIFOHl), a town i.i Essex, in a hundred of that 
 •ame with a market on Tuesday. It is 10 miles S. of AJal- 
 den, aiid :?9 from London. 
 
 ROCK. t. Tocc, Sa\.| a lasl mass of stone fixed in the 
 cwtii. Primitive rocks aie those iinincnsc masses of slnnc 
 7Cl 
 
 ROG 
 
 which contain no retrains of organic matter, and are believed 
 to have existed from the origin of nature. Figuratively a 
 rock means protection or defence. A distatj, from 7-ock, 
 Dan. or roccn, Ital. 
 
 To ROCK, )'. a. Irocquer, Fr.J to shake or move back- 
 wards and forwards. To move n. a cradle. Figuratively, 
 to lull or quiet. N( uterlv, to move to and fro in a cradle. 
 Ti, lie \i.ilenllv agitated. 
 
 ROCK-CRYSTAL, s a kind of crvstal which is supposed 
 to be formed b\ the congelation < f the lapiditic juice which 
 trickles down in the caverns of rocks. 
 ROCK HOE, ,5. a species of deer. 
 ROCKER, «. one who rocks a cradle. 
 ROCKET, s. [r'ic/ietto. Ital. J an a tdicial firework, con- 
 sisting of a cylimlrical paper, hlled wmiIi nitre, chare oal, sul- 
 phur, gunpowder, << c. which liein, fastemd to a ^tick, 
 mount.-, in the air and then bursts. In botany, a plam.the 
 buiiias of Linmeus. I'he sea rocket, the British species, is 
 known l)\ having egg-shaped pods, smooth and two edged, 
 and |iaie purple blossoms. It is found on the -ea-shoie, and 
 flowers in June. The oase rocket is a species of yellow- 
 weed, found in corn fields, and en chalk bills. Thebioad- 
 leaved rocket is tlie same with the hedge mu.slard. The 
 wall and yellow rocket are species of the sisvmbrinni of 
 Linuiviis. The w ild rocket is a sort of cabbage found on old 
 walls, and among rubbish. The winter rocket, called also 
 winter cresses, is a species of the erysimum of Linniciis. 
 
 RO'CKIXGH \I\I, a town of Xorthamplonshiie, giving 
 name to a forest formerb one of the largest and richest of 
 the kingdom, it ext^^nded near .1 miles in length aud 5 
 miles in breadth fas apoea s from a survey made in 1G41) 
 but is now dismembered into various parcels, bv the 
 interposition officios and tow ns. Rockiigham is seated on 
 the river VVelland, whii h fills into (he Nen, 12 miles S of 
 Oakham aud 84 N. by W. of Loudon. Market on Thurs- 
 dav. 
 
 . RO'CKRUBY, s. a name given by the lapidaries to the 
 garnet, .vnen of a very strong, though not deep red, with a 
 fair cast of the blue. 
 
 !U)'CKSALT,i. mineral salt. 
 
 ROCKVVORK, s. stones fixed in mortar, to resemble a 
 rock. 
 RO'( KVVORT, f. a plant, called also roekcress. 
 ROCKY, o. full of rocks. Stony. Hard, or obdurate. 
 ROD, s. [ruefle, Belg.] a long twig. Any thing long and 
 slender. A scejitre. An instrument used in measuring. 
 A measure containing sixteen feet <...d a half. A bundle of 
 twigs used in corrrcting children. Correction. 
 l;(M~>i:. prct. of RiDK. 
 
 Ri ) DOMONTA DE v j Fr. from a boastful boisterous hero 
 in Ariosto, called Rotlomonte] an empty noisy blunder; 
 brag. 
 T.. i;OI)OMONT\ DE, v. n to !nag, or boast. 
 RO ■■., i. [rn rkor, Sax.] a svecies of deer. It is the smal- 
 lest of the ileer kind known in our i limale, and is abiiosl 
 extinct exceiit in some iiarts of tlie Highlands of Scotland. 
 The eggs or spawn of fish. 
 
 R<)(iA'TU)N, s. [from rogo, to supplicate, I.-'.l.] a litany 
 or supplication. Relation Wnek, is that immediately ine- 
 cedingVVhit Sunday, and is so called from three fasts held 
 on !\londa\, Tuesday, and VVednesi'ay, named ronntwiidaiis, 
 from tluMxIiaoid riary praxiis and processions then made 
 loi ill;' fruits of tile earth; or, as a prepaialion for cclc- 
 biatiie,' Hilly Thursday. 
 
 H( >(iUE, (n)o) .9. of uncertain etymology; a wanderinjr 
 be;.'; ar. A vagiant, a va.anond A viliain or iliiel Used 
 ld,ev/i e lo <'arry the idt a of ilii^ht tenderness and waggery. 
 SyNON. liiirriie, s/<inpn; /«!</', are all pesi-lis who steal what 
 does nol beUiiig to them; with this (liliereiice, that the 
 r/gw steals in secict; he pilfers. The .v/mr/w steals by 
 finesse ; he o\er reathes. The </ii(/steals by all iiianiier of 
 means, robbing by force and viohnce 
 
 To ROG U E, (lo^-) V. ti. to play the vaj^aboncf ; lo wander. 
 To play knavish tricks.
 
 ROM 
 
 R t) 
 
 ROGUERY, (rng-try, (lie g- pron. Iiard) 3. luuivcrv .» 
 arch fricks. 
 
 l{0'(i[J\SU,{rvgis/i) a. luiavisli. 8li[;Iillv iniscliicvotis , 
 
 KO'GUISHLY, (rffg-(>/i/(/) ad. in a liiravisli manner ; wan- 
 tonly ; liki' a ro^ue. 
 
 IIO'GUISHNESS, (rogishiess) s. the (inalitips ot a ro^'iic. 
 
 To HOIST, orROrS'rKK, !'. n. \risiir, Isl.| to behave in 
 a tnrbnlenland blusterini,' maimer. 
 
 ROl'STEli, or ROISTERER, s. a turbulent or blustcr- 
 inft fellow. 
 
 To ROLL, (the o pron. long) i>. a. [router, Fr. rollen, Beljj.] 
 to move any thing by a successive application of its diller- 
 ent parts on the groun<l. To move anv thing round upon 
 its axis. To make a thing move in a circle. To wrap round 
 about. To I'orm into rotuid masses, by ruhbing on a sur- 
 face. To pour in a stream or waves. Nenterly, to move 
 or be moved by a successive apiilication of its parts on any 
 surface. To perform a periodical revohition. To run on 
 "heels. To move in a tumultuous raainier. To roll on an 
 axis 
 
 ROLL, s. the act of moving by a successive application 
 of its parts on the gronnd. Any thing rolling. A massmade 
 round, from )■"»/«/(( Fr. A round or cylindrical hodv, used 
 in breaking clods, \c. A public writing, from rotulus, Lat. 
 aliading to the antient method of rolling writings on a slick. 
 A register, catalogue, or chronicle. A kind of small Inaf 
 
 KO'LLE!!, s. in ornithology, a species of birds which 
 soiiielinips visits thiscountrv. It is about the size of t!ie 
 m;i.;pie, of a Miie colour with a black beak. 
 
 RO I.LINfi PIN, s. a round piece of wood tapering at 
 <acli end, used in making paste. 
 
 U() LLINfi PRESS, «. a press on wiiich copper-plaies 
 are p'iuted. 
 
 !>()!, LS, J. the office of Rolls in Chancery-lane, is ap- 
 point.id for the cus'odv of ihe mlljand records in Chancerv. 
 '('lie master of this ortice is the second i'<rsoii in that (luit, 
 and ill the absence of the lord chancellor he sits as judge. 
 
 RO'LLYPOOLY, J. a sort of game, in which, when a 
 ball runs in a certain place, it wins. 
 
 RO'MACiE, s. \romagw, Ital.J a tumult or bustle. 
 
 ROMA'NCE, i. fjomaHcn, Ital.J a story or narrative of 
 fictitious aflventuies. In c.nnmon speech, a lie. 
 
 To ROSIA'NCE, v. n. to lie ; to forge. 
 
 RO.MA'NCER, s. a liar ; a forger of tales. 
 
 ROMANIA, a province of Turkey in Europe, bounded 
 on the N by Bulgaria ; on the E. by the Black Sea ; on the 
 S. by the Archipelago and the Sea of Marmora ; and on the 
 W. by Macedonia and Bulgaria; being 200 miles in length, 
 and 160 in breadth. It was formerly called Thrace, and 
 is tile largest of all the piovinces the Turks possess in Eu- 
 rope. It is fruitful in corn and pastures; and there are 
 Biines of silver, lead, and alum. It is divided into three 
 great governmenti., or sangiacates ; namely, Kirkel, of 
 which Philipoli is the capital; (.'alipoli, whose capital is of 
 the same name ; and B\ zaiilium, or Byzia. or Viza, of which 
 Conslantii)o|ile i- the capital. 
 
 To RO'MANIZR, v. a. to latinize ; to fill with modes of 
 the Roman speech. 
 
 ROM "X .VTIC, a. resembling a romance. Wild ; impro- 
 bable ; faiK-iful. 
 
 ROME, a lamous city of.Europe,founded 750 years before 
 the birth of 0<iri-,t. It was formerly three times as lar^e as 
 it is at present, and is now one of the largest ami handsomest 
 cities in Europe. It has '28 !;ates, 300 towi-rs, as many 
 churches, s\ ipridges over the Tiber, and alioiit 160,000 in- 
 habitants. There are a great many UKaunnents of the an- 
 tients : such as liaths, obelisks, ampiiith aires, cirques, co- 
 lumns, mausoleums, aqueducts, fountains, ca'acombs, pagan 
 temples, and triumphal aiches : l)<side->a prodigious number 
 of fi'ne statues. The pope ha> llim- superb palaces, namely 
 that of the Vatican ; a summer house nii Mount Cavallo ; 
 and the third isihe palace of the Lateran, near tlje (hiircli 
 of St. John, wnere they crown the popes. iSt. Peter's church 
 
 r the largest in a.l Christendom ; and is encrusted within 
 liud without with marble; it is KIO feet in length, 72.0 in 
 breadth, aOO in height, and 'iUir, in circuinfcreiice ; 2;j 
 popes have died since its foundation ; and.it hascost twenty- 
 three millions of crowns. Ill the great square before this 
 church is an ohehsk i.f granile, 80 feel in heiglit without 
 the (ledctal, uhich is M2 feet high. The liliiary oflln- Va- 
 tican is the largest and most coiiiplete in Ihe uoi Id. Rnnre 
 is divided into fourteen wards callid Kioiie; and the Castle 
 ot St. .\ngelo is si.tficient to keep ihf whole cilv in awe. It 
 is built near the river Tiber, is flanked with live bastions, 
 and defended by a great numlier of eanuDii. 'J'here are a 
 great number of magni/icent palaces, the most remarkable 
 of which are those of I'arnese and Borghese. Jiuine is very 
 well supplied with water by their magnificent aqueducts 
 and fdiintaiiis ; and th<;e is plenty of all sort^of proNisicms ; 
 with a great variety of wine; but a price is set on every 
 thing by the magistrates. Paul wrote an excellent Epistle 
 to the Romans; in which, after assuring them of his reijan' 
 for them, he desciihes thi' deplorably corrupt state of all 
 men by nature, whethi-r Cieiitiles or .lews, and the impossi- 
 bility of justilication beloieCod by works of our own, Ax. 
 Rome is seated on the river Tiber, which runs through a 
 part of it, aiifl is fJ70 miles S. E. of Paris. 450 S. W. of Vi- 
 enna. 90(1 's. E. of London, 87.5 S. bv E. of Amsterdam, 625 
 S. by VV. of Cracow, 7uO N. E. of Madrid, and 750 N. W. of 
 Con^tantinople. Lon 12.45. E. lat. 41. 54. N. 
 ROMISH rt. popish. 
 
 RO'MNEY, New, a town in Kent, once a very large 
 place, containing five churches, a priory, and a hospital, 
 with a goo(l harbour; but since the, sea retired from if, in 
 the reign of Edward 1. it is much reduced. The two great 
 meetings far all ihe cinque ports are held here on the 'fues- 
 day after St. Margaret's day. It is seated on a hill, in tiie 
 middle of the maijh of the same name, 2 miles and a lialf 
 N.N. E. of Lydd, and 71 S. E. of London. r»larket on 
 Saturday. 
 
 ROMP, jf. a rude, untaught, awkward, boisterous girl, 
 fond of sport or play. Rough or rude play. 
 
 To ROMP, V. n. to play in a noisy, rude, or wanton 
 manner. 
 RO'MSEY. .SeeRuMSEY. 
 
 RO'NDEAU, {rondo) s. fFr.J an antient kind of poetry 
 consisting of thirteen verses divided into three couplets; at 
 the end of the second and third, ihe beginning of the first 
 is repeated in an equivocal sense, if possible. 
 RO'NDLE, s. [from rnuni\ a round mass. 
 RONION, J. a fat bulky woman. 
 RONT, s. an animal stinted in the growth. 
 ROOD, s. [from rod\ a measure containing the fourtk 
 part of an acre, or 50 perches, poles, or rods tquare. A 
 pole or measure of IG I'eet and an half. The cross, from 
 rode. Sax. 
 
 ROO'DLOFT, i. a gallery in the church on which re- 
 liqiie^or images were set to view. 
 
 ROOF, i. \lirof. Sax.] Ihe cover or top of a house. The 
 vaull or inside arch which covers a buikling. The palate 
 crupper part of the mouth. 
 
 To ROOF, V. a. to inclose or cover with a roof. To in- 
 close in a house. 
 ROO'FY', rt. having roofs. 
 
 ROOK, 1-. f/ooc, Sax.J a bird resembling a crow : it feeds 
 not (11 carrion, but grain. A common man at chess, from 
 rocco, flal. Figuratively, a cheat or sharper. 
 To liOOK, V. n. to rob ; to (heat. 
 RO< )'K I'lRY^, s. a nursery for rooks. 
 ROO'KY, a. inhal>it<d by rooks. 
 
 ROOM, i. [j-i/Hi, >ax. niiu, Golh.] space or extent of 
 place. Space 01 place unoccupied. Passage or space for 
 passing. Space or op|>ortunity free from (destruction. Ai 
 aparteient ill a house. Place of another ; stead. Syvon. 
 Roam is a geneial expression, and implies any divided pa^t 
 of a house. Chamber is a particular expression, and meani 
 a room appropriated to sleep. 
 
 ;£>5
 
 no3 
 
 ROO'MAGE, s. space; plitce. 
 
 ROOiMIXESS, 6, quality of extent ; 8pae8. 
 
 ROO■^lV,<I. wide; siKicious ; capatious. 
 
 ROOST, s. [/trust, Sax,] ''la* «" wtiicli a bird sit^to sleep. 
 The act of skepin;^ ; applied piimarily to fowls, and fssma- 
 ttvelv to men, , . , „ 
 
 To ROOST, I', n. \roesttn, Be!s.| to sleep as a bird. To 
 lodge, in !)uriesque, 
 
 ROOT, i. \roe(l, Belg. rul, Swed.J in botany, tliat part 
 of a plant wjiiclt rests la liie gmmul, imbibes tbe juices of 
 the earth, and tvansinils them to the plant for nutrition, 
 i'igiirativfly, the bottom or lower part. A plant whose 
 roots are t!aten. Theoritjinal, iirst cause, or ancestor. An 
 impression, or lasting effect anJ residence. In mallieniatics. 
 a quantity i!onai;iered as the basis of a higher power. In 
 grarnnia', a iirimiiive word; from whence others are derived 
 or contpoandinl. 
 
 To HOOT, t'. It, to fix the root, or strike far into the earth. 
 To turn up ilic imil), AciivTJy, to fix deep ".nd firm in the 
 earth. To impress or fi\ deeply, To pnll up by the roots ; 
 to turn up out of the ground ; used with vp. To destroy 
 entirely, eradicate, or extirpate; to banish; used with 
 out. 
 
 ROOTF.D, «. fixed firmly and deeply in the earth, or 
 8nv other place ; radicalj 
 
 ROuTV,fl, full of roots. 
 
 ROPti, 4, [»■(!/», Sax. tw;), or roop, Ikl';.] a cord, strin?r, 
 iialter, A row of things Isanging down. " A rop of 
 unions," 
 
 To ROPE, V. n. to draw out into threads, or viscous fjla- 
 llients. 
 
 RO'PEDANCKR,*, one who can dance on ropes. 
 
 ilO Pr.GHASS, ». in botan.v, the melica of Liiina-us. The 
 red ropcKrass, or purple Mi>'lic K''a»';. is the British species. 
 in the islt'of liafa diey make tins jjra-sinto ropes tbrfishing- 
 iiols, Avhich are remarkable for lasting long without rot- 
 ting. 
 
 RO'PEMAKKH, n. one whose trade is to make ropes. 
 
 RO'Pi'.llV, s, llVom rtifiel ro;;ue'6 tricks. 
 
 ROIMNESS, *. viscosity ; ^dutiiiousness. 
 
 RO I''f , II. viscous : {jhiiinous, 
 
 ROQUKLAURK, {rihelore) a. [Fr.J a long cloak used by 
 Hien. 
 
 ROl'.A'TION. >. [from ro«, dew, Laf.| a tailing of dew. 
 
 RORIO, a. [ivriitiis, l,at.] I'cwy. 
 
 ROlll I rjlOU"',«. [from ros, dew, and/ero, to bear, Lat.] 
 prodiiciiij; ilexv. 
 
 ROlU FLUENT, a, [from rot, dew, and fno, to flow, 
 Lat,] tlowiii;; with dew. 
 
 ROSAKV, (rizanj) Irnsariim, from rosa, a rose, Lat.] a 
 buncit or string of beads on which the Romanists count their 
 prayers. 
 
 RO'SCID. rt. \rosd<lvs, Lat.] dewv ; aboundins: with dew. 
 
 RO'SCOMMON, a loimly of Ireland, in the piovince 
 of Cuunaujjhl, 17 miles in leii;{th, and from'Jlo-2» in breadth; 
 hounded on llie I''., dy Lun^'ford and i'^asi Aieaili; on the 
 N. I>v '^lif,'" "'•'' I'Citrim ; on the S. b\ dalway ; and on 
 theW. b\ anoilier part of Ciabvay, and Mavo. It is a level, 
 fruiiful i'oniilr;, , an.l l»y the help of good husbandly, yielils 
 pNeeleut corn. Itconiaius ."Ml pari->heb, about I7,l-!0liousts, 
 and wd.uoit iidiabil'anis. Here ar.? book extensive bogs 
 tnd but few hills. I'lie principal town is Allilunc, but the 
 assize 10.V1I IS Hosco.-nmon. 
 
 UOSCO.MiMON, the shire-town of the county of Ros- 
 OOu'iMon, in Coiiiiauslil.fiO rniics W. Iiy N. of Dublin. 
 
 ROR, (roze) a.[rvtc, Fr. rona, (^!tt.|a (lower whose petals 
 arc plaicil circularly, and expanded in a lieauliful order ; 
 of wnirll (he species are inaiiy. 7'« */)("/' imilir the ruse, is lo 
 disclose a secret, or reveal any thing which will nol be dis- 
 covereil after\varl^^. 
 
 J'.O'^I'.. !>reter.ofRlSE. 
 
 \\{)'-<V.\'\'Y^,(ro7tnte) II. [rn.mt, Fr.J rosy; full of roses. 
 Blooiiiiii/, tlaKraiit, purph', as a rose. 
 
 KO'SEBAY, *. a shrub with wide-spreading and trailing 
 
 75(5 
 
 ROT 
 
 branches, and purplish flesli-coloured blossoms. *• 's fuauU 
 on liionrilains in the uorlii of I'.iKkHid. 
 
 R0sE-ftL\LL0W, s. a plant larjjer than the contmoii 
 mallow. 
 
 RO'SEMARY,(riJ;t».>i«)v;) J. [from j-oi, dew, ano marinut, 
 belonjfing to the scii, i,;it.ja plant. The wild rosemary, or 
 marsh cistus, found in Uirf hogs, is the British hpecies, 
 
 RO'SENXiBLt;, {raze nohle) s. au English gold Coil), ijl 
 value antiently sixteen sliillinjjs. 
 
 RO'SEW ATEU,(r(«<;»cffferja. water di-.tilled from roses. 
 
 RO'SEl", (r«f<) s ared"(oloiii for painters. 
 
 ROSICRU'SlANh, i. hermetical philoso|)hers who call 
 themselves brollnrs of the Rosy Cross, pteuin'-d to knov/ 
 all sciences, and how lo make tiic philusopher's stone 
 
 RO'SXN, (rozin) i. See RliSIS, the inosi piopt.r spelling. 
 
 To RO'SIN, in::iii) v. a. to ri'dj with rosm. 
 
 RO''^INY, (ruziny)<t. resenibliiiK rosin. 
 
 ROSS. M fine old town of Hi refoidshire, with a good 
 market for corn and cattle. Here the philautliropist John 
 Kyril (.Alexander Pope's man of Ross) hafi iiis risidence, 
 and died in 1724, aged 90, luiivevsally lamenleii. It is com- 
 modiously seated on the river Wye, an;i is 12 miles S. E. 
 of Hereford, and 115. W. by N. of London. xMarketoa 
 Tiiursday, 
 
 ROSS, a count v of Scotland, bounded on theN by Strath- 
 navern ; on the E, by Sutherland and the German Ocean; 
 on the S. by Inverness ; and on the W. by the Irish Sea. 
 It has many bays, particularly on the western coast, and 
 abounds in woods and pastures, but has liitie corn; how- 
 ever, there arc flocks of sheep, cattle, and deer. It sends 
 one member to parliament. 
 
 RO'SSEL, s. light land. 
 
 ROSTRATED. «. | from rostrum, the beak ©f a ship, Lat.] 
 adorned with beaks of a ship, 
 
 ROSTRUM, s. [Lat.] the beak of a bird or ship. A 
 scaifoldor pulpit, whence orators aiiiiently harangued. A 
 pipe which conveys liquor into the receiver in common 
 alembics. A pair of crooked scissars used in dilating wounds. 
 
 RO'sy, (.ri)zy) a, \ from ro$ii, a rose, Lat.] resembling a io.se 
 in bloom, bt aiity, or fragrance. 
 
 To ROT, i>. n. [rotan. Sax. rotten, Belg.] to putrefy, or 
 lose the cohesion of its parts. Actively, to corrupt or make 
 putrHfi. 
 
 ROT, s. a distemper among sheep, by which their lungs 
 are wasted. A putrid decay. 
 
 ROi.-i'TION, s. [from Vo<n, a wheel, Lat.] the act of 
 whirling round ; the state of being whirled round. A turn 
 or sot cess on- 
 
 ROTA'I'OU, I. [Lat.] that which gives a circular 
 motion 
 
 ROTK, s. [rotuhie. Fr.l words uttered by mere memory 
 without meaning. Memory of words without understanding 
 their meaning. 
 
 To ROTE, V. «. to fix in the memory without informing 
 the iindcrstuuding. 
 
 RO'TGUT.i. bad beer, 
 
 RO'THBURY, a town of Northumberland, whose market 
 is disconiiiiued. It is 9 miles S. W. of AInw ick, and 302 N. 
 bv W. of London. 
 
 RO'THER-NAILS, s. [corrupted from i-mlikr and nails] 
 naiU with very full heads, used in fastening the irons of 
 rudders. 
 
 RO'THERHAM, a neat town in the W. Riding of York- 
 shire with a lar^e iron manufacture, for which it was 
 famous, even in Leiaiid's time. It is seateij on (he river 
 Don, at its condux with the Itollier, ."'iles N. E. of 
 Shetheld, 31 N. of .\ottiii[,'ham, uud 160 N. by \V. of Lon- 
 don. Market on Monday, Fairs on Whitsunday and 
 December 1st. 
 
 ROTHSAY, a boroui'h town of Scotlaxid. and an- 
 tiently a royal seal, in the isle of Bute, 70 miles W. of 
 EdiiiliuiKh, 
 
 RO'T/IWEI.L, or Row |-.i.L, a town of Northampton- 
 sliirc, seated on the side of a bill, Ri miles N. N. E. of
 
 ROU 
 
 uow 
 
 Nortbampton, and 7& N. N. W. of London. Market on 
 Mouday. 
 
 HCTTlEiV, o. coirupled or putrid. Figuratively, wanting 
 firiiiiii'ss, ^oliditv, or lioncsty. Stinking. 
 
 JU)'T^l^^^h'^S, i. state of being roltcn ; putrefaction. 
 
 IHnTKKDAM, a large, strong, liaiidsonie, and rich 
 town in tlie kingdom olMolland, with ()m<' of the finest liar- 
 bours in the Netherhnuls, whieli renders it a place of groat 
 trade. It is the most toiisiderable place in Holland, for 
 largeness, beauty of its buildings, trade, and riches, next 
 to Ainslerdani. Erasmus was born in this place, and hi'; 
 statue in bronze is still to be seen, (lis seated on the river 
 Maese. 13 miles S. E. of the Hague, and 30 S. S. VV. of Am- 
 slerdam. Lon. 4 2.5. E. hit. 61. 67. N. 
 
 ROTU'ND, a. \rotimiliis, from ruta, a wheel, Lat.] round ; 
 circular ; sjiheiical. 
 
 ROTUNDlFO'LiOCJS. a. [from rotimdiis, round, and 
 folium, a leaf, Lat.] having round leaves. 
 
 iU/rUNDrrV, s. \i(iimiditas,i\omratHndus, round, Lat. | 
 the qiialitv of i)eiug roinid. 
 
 KO'l'U'NDO, s. \fotonilo, Ital.] a building of a round form, 
 both on the outnide and in the inside, such as the pantheon 
 at Home. 
 
 To ROVK, V. n. [ruff'ver, Dan] to rand)ic, wander, or 
 walk about without any parliculardetermination. Actively, 
 to wander over. 
 
 ROVER, s. a wanderer. A fickle or inconstant person. 
 A robber'or pirate. At rm-ers, without any particular aim. 
 
 ROUEN, a city, the capital of the dept. of J.iower Seine, 
 seated on the river Seine. '] he streets are nairou, crouked, 
 dirty, and consist of wooden houses. .Motwithstanding this 
 disagreeable appearance, it is one of the most opulent and 
 important places in France. It is 2 leagues and a half ni 
 circuit ; and fits 6 suburbs inclniled) is computed to contain 
 73,000 inhabitants. The public buildings are very grand 
 and elegant. The linens of Rouen, paiticularly «l)at are 
 called the Sinnimse, are much esteemed. There are also 
 manufactures of cloth, and a nianufaclorv of oil of vitriol, 
 the only one in France. The suburb oi' St. Sever, situated 
 on the other siile of the Seine, corni'iuiiicates with the city 
 by a bridge of boats, which risesaiid falls «ith the tide, and 
 is made to open so as to admit the passage of ships, it is 
 paved, and is 270 paces long. It is .50 miles S. \V. of Amiens, 
 and 70 N. W. of Paris. Lat. -19. 27. N. lon. 1. 10. E. 
 
 ROU(tE, (rooji:) s. {roiis;e, Fr.] red paint. 
 
 ROUCiH,(tliis vviird. and i's t(dloi,\iug compounds, pro- 
 nounced niff', as riiff'cust riijf'drnft, &c.) a. \1iruU, liriili^e, 
 Sax.) having inequalities on the surface, opposed to sniootli ; 
 nigged. Austere, applied to the taste. Ilarsh, applied to 
 sound. Severe, rude, or void of civility, applied to beha- 
 viour. Hard featured. Not finished or polished. Coarse. 
 Tempestuous, applied to weather. 
 
 To R0'U(iHCA.^T, r. a. to form in a careless or inele- 
 gant manner, v\ith inequalities on its surface. To form any 
 thing in its first rudiments. 
 
 ROUGHCAST, s. a rude model. K kind of plaster very 
 uneven in its surface, because mixed with pebbles, Xc. 
 
 RO'UGHDR AUGHT, s. a draught of a thing performed 
 without care or iiicetv. 
 
 To KO'UGHDR AW, v. a. to trace coarselv. 
 
 To ROU'GHEN, 1). a. to make rough. Neuterly, togrow 
 rough. 
 
 To RO'UGH-HEW, v. a. to form in a rude careless 
 manner. 
 
 RO'UGH HEW.part. a. nigged; unpolished; not nicely 
 fiiiished. 
 
 ROU'GHLY, nd. with uneven surface. Harshly ; rudely. 
 Severelv . Austerely. 
 
 KOU'GHNESS, i. inequality of surface. Austerity, or 
 astringency of taste. Harshness.of sound- Severity , or want 
 of civility or elegance of behaviour or tieatmeiit. Violence 
 of operation, applied to medicine. An unpolished or un- 
 finished state. Want of eiefance in dress or appearance. 
 
 Tempcstuousncss, applied to weallier. Cjarseness ol 
 fcati.re.s. 
 
 KOUGHT, old prcter. of REACir. Reached. 
 
 Til HOUXillWOUK, V. a. to work coarsely over without 
 the le.Tst nicelv. 
 
 ROU'NCl'A'AL, .5. a species of pea, so called from Roun- 
 cesval, a town at the foot of th; Pvrennces. 
 
 ROUND, ffl. [m(< Fr. re«rfo, Ital. rimd, Belg.] cylindri- 
 cal, cireiilar, or spherical ; orbicular. Smooth, ajiplicd to 
 the sound of periods. Not broken, applied to ntniibers. 
 (juick, applied to motion. Plain; without reserve ; follow- 
 ed by nilh. Large ; as, " a round sum." 
 
 ROUND, .1. a circle, sphere, orb. A nmdle, or step of 
 a ladder. The lime in which a thing passes tliro'jgh the 
 liands of a company, and comes back to the first. A revo- 
 lution. A discharge of nuisquetry. A walk performed by 
 an ofheerin surveying any district, from nmde, Fr. 
 
 ROUND, «(■/. every way : on all sides. In a circle or 
 revolution, from en rund, or « la roiide, Fr. in a circular man- 
 ner. Not in a direct line, followed by ahoid. 
 
 ROUND, /«•(•/). on every side of. Circularly about. All 
 over. ' 
 
 To HOUND, V. a. \rotimdn, Lat.] to surround or encircle. 
 To make circular. To raise figures to a relief. T(. move 
 alidiit any thing. To make smooth, applied to periods. 
 Neuterly, to grow to a circular form. 'I'o uhispei, from 
 rtrnryi, T cut. 
 
 ROUNDABOUT, a. ample or extensive. Indirect or 
 lo jse. A bad word. 
 
 .OU'NDI'.L, ROUNDELAY, s. [rondekt, Fr.] a kind 
 of piielry consisting of thirteen verses, eight of mhicli are of 
 one kind of rhyme, and five of anollier; it is divided into 
 three couplets, and has the begiiiiiiiigof thenrnHf/cMepeated 
 atti.e end of the second and third eouplits in an e(juiv()cal 
 sense, if possible. A round form or figure, from run- 
 delle, Vv. 
 
 ROUNDER, s. circumference ; inclosure. 
 
 ROUNDHEADS, {ronndheds) s. puiitaiis, so named from 
 their eustoiii of croniiing their hair round. 
 
 ROUNDHOUSE, «. the constables prison, in which dis- 
 orderly pe' sons, found in the street, are confined. 
 
 ROU'NDISH, a. somewhat round; approaching to 
 roundness. 
 
 ROUNDLY, ad. in a round form. Openly ; plainly. 
 BriskU . Completely ; in earnest. 
 
 ROU'NDNICSS, .«. circularity; sphericity; rotundity. 
 Smoollmess. Honesty ; openness. 
 
 To HOUSE, {rmize)v. a. [See RAISE or Ri.se] to wake 
 from rest. To excite lo thought or action. To drive a beast 
 from his lair. Neuterly, to awake from slumber. To be 
 excited to thought oraction. 
 
 ROUSE, {ruiizc) s. [riisc/t, lialf drunk, Teut.J a dose of 
 liquor rallier too large. 
 
 ROU'SlsR, (rovzei) s. one who rouses. 
 
 ROU'SSILLON, a ci-devant province of FraHce, about 
 50 miles in leiigtli, and a,') in breadth ; now forming the 
 department of the eastern Pyrenees. 
 
 ROUT, s. \rot, Relg.] a clamorous or tuiniiltuons crowd. 
 Figurativt ly, a clamour or bustle. Confusion of an army 
 defeated, from ruule, Fr. 
 
 ROUTE, s. [rontr, Fr.] a road ; a way. " Wide through 
 the furzy field their »wi(f they take." Out/. 
 
 To ROUT, r. n. to assemble in tumultuous and 
 claniorons crowds. Actively, to defeat, or disperse by de- 
 feating. 
 
 ROW, (n>) x. [rrlh, Tcut.j a rank or file ; a number of 
 things ranged in a line. 
 
 To ROW. (ro) V. n. [roiran, Sax.J to make a vessel move o« 
 the water by oars. Actively, to (Irive bv oars. 
 
 ROWEL, (c(i^ proii. as in unw) s. [rouclle, Fr.]the pointed 
 part of a spur which turns on an axis. A seton, or roll of 
 hair, silk, tVc. put into a wound to promote a discharge. 
 
 To IlO'W EL, 1'. a. to pierce through the skin, and keep a 
 wound open by a rowel. 
 
 767
 
 RUB 
 
 n u F 
 
 irOAVFXL. See H tTH w ell, 
 
 RO'VVEN, *. a fieM kept up till after Michaelmas, tbat the 
 corn li-t't on the ground uiay sprout into green. 
 
 R\)AVKK, (rder) s. one that rows. 
 
 KO'XBUKGHSIllRF., a county of Scotland, sometimes 
 calleflTevioldale. and containing the districts of Teviotdale, 
 Liddesdiile, I'usdale. and Eksdale. It is bounded on the N. 
 h\ Berwickshire, on the E. and S. bv She K,n};lisl) counties 
 ■ of iNorlhunibeiland and Cundierlanil, and on theW. by the 
 shires of Dumfries and Selkirk. From N. to S. it extends 
 near 30 miles, and pbout 18 from E. to W. The principal 
 towns are JedbiMgh, Kelso, Hauick, Melross, and Rox- 
 burgh, which last town, with its castle, is situated near the 
 Teviot, 19 miles S. W. of Berwick, and 32 S. E. of £din- 
 biir:,'h. It sends one nieiiber to parliament. 
 
 ROYAL, a. \ro,jal, Fr.] kingly; regal; belonging to, 
 or becoming a king. l''igura(iveh, noble ; illustrious. 
 
 RO'VALIST.s \royaUnte, Fr.] an adherent to a king. 
 
 To RO'YALIZK, i/a. to make royal. 
 
 ROTALLY, orf. in a kingly manner ; regally; as be- 
 comes a king. 
 
 HOYAL-OAK, in astronomy, one of the new southern 
 totistfliations. 
 
 RO'YAL, Society of England, is an academy, or 
 body of persons of eminent learning ; instituted by king 
 Ciiar es II. for the promoting of natural knowledp.'. 
 
 ivO'VALTY, J. [roi/altt\ or roijauti, Fr.] kingship; the 
 character, otiice, state, or ensigns of a king. 
 
 To ROYNE, V. a. \rvgHer, Fr.] to gnaw ; to bite. 
 
 RO'YiNlSH, a.[rogneux, Fr.] paltry, scurvy, mean. Ob- 
 solete. 
 
 ROYSTON, a large town of Hartfordshire, with a mar- 
 ket on Wediiesda\s, very considerabli' for corn. It is 20 
 miles S. I>v E. of Huntingdon, and 37 N. of Loudon. 
 
 ROYtF.LET, .t. (Fr.J a little or petty king. " ..ausmg 
 the American roytehtsXo turn homagers." Htijhn. 
 
 To RUB, V. a. \rhnbio, Brit. J to clean or smooth any 
 tiling by passing something over it. To touch so as to wear 
 off some of the surface. To touch so as to leave sometlm;g 
 of Iliat wliicli touches beliiud. To move one t)ou.\ u\i- n 
 another. Figuratively, to hinder by collision. Toreino^e 
 by friction. Used wiih down, to clean or curry. L'sed with 
 vp, lO excite or awaken. Neuterly, to fret, or wear b\ fric- 
 tion. Te get through difficulties. 
 
 RUB, s. an h'nderance orobstniclion. The act of rubbiug. 
 Inequality of ground, which hinders a bowl in its course. 
 A ditlicnity, or cause of uneasiness. 
 
 RU BBAtiE, or RUBBISH, s. \riMage is now obsolete, 
 ruins of building ; fragments of malt<r used in building. A 
 confused mass. Any thing vile or worthless. 
 
 RUBBER, s. one that passes one thing hard over the 
 surface of another. Any lliiiig used to rub with. I'wo 
 games out of three. A wlnlstone. A coarse tile. 
 
 RUBBLE STONE, «. a sloue so called from its being 
 rubbed or worn by the water. 
 
 RUBELITIO, «. in mineralogy, a kind of precious stone, 
 which derives its red colour Com Iheowile of inangan'-se. 
 
 RU'BICAiX, «. [rutnmn, Fr.] hay, sorrel, or black, wilh 
 a light gray or white on the thinks, applied to the cidour of 
 
 a horse. 
 
 RUBICUND, u. [riihleimfliis, from riiher, red, Lat. rtili- 
 tonile. Fr.) inclining to redness; blood-red. 
 
 RU BII')I>, n. of the colour of a ruliy. 
 
 RUBIFIC, a. [from ruber, red, air.l /ia/o, to make, Lat. J 
 making red. 
 
 RL'lilFORM, a. I'from ruler, red, and forma, him, Lat ] 
 il^viii,' llie form of red. 
 
 To HU'BIFY, f. (I. to make red. 
 ' UUBI'CilNOUS, fl. [fr.iiu ruJ.it;n, rust, Lat.] rusty ; 
 foul. 
 
 RUBIOUS, a. [from ruhro, to be red, Lat.| ruddy ; red. 
 Not used. 
 
 RUBRIC, s. [rnhri<iur^ Fr. rvhrien, from rnhrr, red, Lat.| 
 liiftctioiis ill tlic common pru\er and law books, so 
 
 768 
 
 termed, because originally written aiiJ printed with red 
 ink. 
 
 RUBRIC, «.r(;d. 
 
 RU'BRICATED, a. [rulricatus, from r«Jer, red, Lat.j 
 smeared with red. 
 
 RU'BY, s. [from ruler, red, Lat.] a precious stone of a 
 red colour, next in hardness to the diamond. Redness. 
 Any thing red. A red pimple. 
 
 RU'BY, a. of a red colour. 
 
 RUCTATION, J. [from ructo, to belch, Lat.J a belching 
 arising from wind and indigestion. 
 
 To RUD, tt. a. [from rutu, redness. Sax.] to make red. 
 Obsolete. 
 
 RU'DDER, s. [mrfer, Belg.J an irestruuient at the stern 
 of a vessel by which its course is governed. I'iguratively, 
 any thing that guides or governs the course. 
 
 RUDDINESS, i. the quulilv of approaching to redness. 
 
 RU'DDLE,;. [rndnt. Island.] red < arth. 
 
 RU'DDOCK,.i. [rubecuta, from ruler, red, Lat.J a kind ot 
 bird, the red-breast. 
 
 RLf DDY, a. \rndu. Sax.] pale red ; approaching to red. 
 Ofa fresh blooming colour. 
 
 RUDE, a. \rudis, Lat. rede. Sax.] rough, coarse, brutal; 
 uncivil; tunu.lluous. Boisterous, violent, turbulent. Harsh. 
 Untaught, ignorant. Unpolished. Rugged, or shapeless, 
 from rude, Fr. Artless, inelegant. Performed merely with 
 strength. 
 
 RUDELY, or/, in a coarse, brutal, violent, rough, boister- 
 ous, or unskilful manner. 
 
 RU'Df.NESS, s. want of civility, elegance, or instruction. 
 Violence. Storminess, or rigour. 
 
 RUDK'NTURE, s. [Fr.] in architecture, tiie figure ofa 
 rope or stall', sometimes plain, and sometimes carved, where- 
 with the flutiiigs of colniniis are usually /illed up. 
 
 RUDERAR Y, «. [from rudero, to heap up rubbish, Lat.J 
 belonging to rubbish 
 
 RUDER \'riON, .$. [from rudero, to Leap up rubbish, 
 Lat.] in architecture, the laying of a pavement with pebbles 
 or little sloin s. 
 
 RU DGLEY, or Hugely, a handsome, well-built, town 
 of .Statlordsliire, being a considerable thor<iughfare on the 
 'oaii from Loudon to Lancashire, and Cheshire. It is 
 siliiated on a navigable canal, near the river Trent, by 
 which it coiiiiiiuiiicates wilh all the late inland navig.il ons, 
 ■i miles N. W. of Litchfield, and 126 N. \V. of London.- 
 Market on Tuesday. 
 
 RU'DIMI'NT, i. \rudiment, Fr. rudivientvm, Lai.] the 
 first principles of a science, or education. The first 
 inaccurate and unpolished draught «r begMining of any 
 thing. 
 
 RUDIME'NTAL, o. relating to first principles; initial. 
 
 To RUE, f. n. jjcoH'^'rra, Sax.] togiieve, regret, or lament. 
 
 RUE, .V. \rue, Fr. ri:ta. Lat.] an herb. 
 
 RUEFUL, a. woeful ; sorrowful. 
 
 RUE'FULLV.nrf. mourntlillv ; sonowfully. 
 
 RU I'.'l' ULNESS, ,v. sorrowfulness ; moiiMifulnesa. 
 
 ItUI'LLE, s.\?x.\ a circle; i'.n assembly at a private 
 house Not used. 
 
 RUFF, .!. (see Ruffle) a linen ornauienf gathered and 
 foriiiei ly worn round ihe neck. A small river fish, so called 
 from the roughness of its sc.les. 
 
 miFFK, s. in ornilliojogv llie name of a small species 
 of bird, the female of which is caiied ree\e, and the 
 Ldtin niiiiie foi « hicli is avis j>ii^-na.r, or I he fighling bird. 
 
 RU'FFI.XN, ,s. |n;//'V'"", llal] a hired murderer.' .\ iniir- 
 derer, cut ihrfiat, robber, or I oisterous and mischievous 
 fello". 
 
 lUJ'FF! "N, a. brutal ; savagely bolsleroiis. 
 
 To RU'FFI A ,N, v.n. to rage, or raise tiuiiults ; to act the 
 nidian. .Vol in use. 
 
 To RUFFLE, {n',fl\ !•. a. \rwi(fclcn, to wrinkle, Belg,] to 
 coi'tiaci into wrinkles, oi make roiigii. TiMiiscoiiipose, ap- 
 plied to the tcDiper, 'J'o surprise. To throw top.eiher m
 
 RUM 
 
 11 V N 
 
 I'.isr.rdcr. To contract into plaits. Neiiterly, to grow rough 
 or lioisteroiis. To (hitler. To jar. C>b;()l('tp. 
 
 KlITFLI', (rifi) s. plailed or {jathercH liruii worn a.s an 
 ornaiiieiit on tlic wi istb.iiul, tVo. Platti il silk, or other stufi' 
 worn as an ornament at the holtoni of the slecfve of a 
 viiiiian'!) gown- A disturbance or coinmolion, apphed to the 
 uiiiiil. 
 
 1{U ITKIvHOOD, s. in faU'onry, a hood to ho worn hy a 
 hawk vvh'ii she is tirst drawn. 
 
 KU(>, t. \riigget, rou^li, Sued] a coarse nappy woollen 
 cloth. A coarse nappv coverlet used lor mean beiis. A 
 routfli woolly do;;. Nol us^'d in the last sense. 
 
 RU'GBY, a lov\n ofWarwicksh re, with a market on Sa- 
 tnrday. ft has a fieesehiol, and tour almshouses; 11 
 miles S. R. of Covenlrv, anil 85 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 RU'GGl^D, (rug-ed) a. \riign;H, Swed.J full of uneven- 
 Tiesses or ineciualilies on the siirfare ; ronf;li. Without or- 
 der. Saia;je orhrulal, applied to temper. Sloiniv oi hois- 
 teroMs, applied lo wtalher. Rou'ili or harsh, applied to 
 sound. SurK, api)lied to aspei t. Rou^jh or shaggy. 
 
 RU'GGEDNE.SS, (rug-edness) s. the quality of being 
 rough. 
 
 RU'GIV, J. a nappy cloth. 
 
 KU'tilNE, s. \riighif, Fr.] a surgeon's rasp. 
 
 RUGOSK, II [fioin )«^rt, a wrinkle, l,at.|full of wrinkles. 
 
 RUIN, J. \niina, from luo, to fall, Lat.] the (ail or 
 destriittion ot cities or hon^< s The remains of a building 
 that is demolished. Loss of happiness or fortune; destruc- 
 tion. Misriiief or bane. 
 
 To RU'IN, V. a. [i-n)nrr. Fr.] to demolish, subvert, de- 
 stro\. To deprivp( f li.-p|)ini'5sor(ortune. To impoverish. 
 Neuleilv, lo full ill Diiiis ; lo run to a state of decay and 
 desliiKlioii. Tube impo' erislied. 
 
 To UL'iN \TK, V. a. to destroy, demolish, or involve in 
 po"e,t\ and misery. Not in use. 
 
 RUiN.A'TlON, s. subversion, or destruction. " Mtv'na- 
 ii'on of tor, lis." Ca?nh. Obsolete. 
 
 RirilSEl!, J he that ruins. 
 
 RU'IN<^US, a. [from ruiiia, ruin, Lat. rui}icux, Fr.l fallen 
 to deca\ ; oernieious ; destructive. 
 
 RU'INOUSLV, ttd. in a ruinous manner ; mischievously; 
 destiucrively. 
 
 RULE, s [regvia, from rego, to govern, Lat.) govenmient, 
 empire, sway, or supreme coiiiiiand. An instruuunt ty 
 which lines are drawn. A canon or precept by wliicli th 
 ihniighls or actions are directed. Propriety or re^jukirity 
 of behaviour. SynoN. Rvie, respects properly those 
 thills that ought lo be done ; order, the manner in which 
 thinjjs sliould be done. We submit to rule ; we conform to 
 <ndcr. 
 
 To RULE, I', a. to control, lo govern with power and 
 authority. To manage. To settle as by rule. Neuterly, to 
 txenise power orauijiority in governing. 
 
 RU'LER s. a governor, or otie who has supreme authority 
 or command. .\i\ iiistniment used in drawing lines. 
 
 RUM, s. a kind of >pirits distilled froni sugar A cant 
 name for a parson. "Riistv d»\\ rums." Snifl. 
 
 To RU'iMBI.E, (rumbl) v. n. \rommelen, Belg.J to make a 
 hoarse, low, eoutiiiued noise. 
 
 rUMRLMn, i. the pei.-on or thing that rumbles. 
 
 RU'iMFORD, a great thoroughfare town in Essex, in the 
 road to Bury and Colchester. It i, a lijiiilet to llie paiish 
 of Hi.riichurch, and is 17 mil*'^ \V. S. W. of vJhelmsfo'd, 
 and 12 E. N. E. of London. Markets on M(iiid;i\ for hogs, 
 on Tuesday for sheep and lambs, and on W'eduesdas for 
 corn and provisions. 
 
 R.U'MINANT. a. [from n(m?Mo, lo chew the cud, Lat.] 
 hnvingthe propert' of chewing the cud. 
 
 To RUMINATR, v. n. [rumiurr. Fr. rvmino, Lat.] to 
 cliew the cud. To muse, or luedilate ; to think on again 
 ai:d again. Actively, lo chew over again. To meditate 
 ■>ier and over araiii. 
 
 UUMINATIaIN, s. \rmnhiati^), Lat.] the property or act 
 of dicwing the cud. Figuratively, meditation; reiflection. 
 
 To RU'MM AGE, v. a. to search, or plunder ; lo evaci.- 
 ate. Neuterly, to search places. • 
 
 RUM M EH, s. [nrmcr, Bel;;.] a large drinking cup or glass 
 with a liroad mouth. 
 
 RU MNEV,New, a small horougli in K<'nt, sending two 
 members to parliament, ai;d governed by a iiia>ot and l' 
 jurats. It consists only of one blreet, which is broad, 
 and paved with stones, and contains about lUO houses. See 
 
 RoMNKV. 
 
 RUMOUR, s. \riinwr, Lat. riwieur, Fr.] 'lying report, not 
 well established ; bruit; lame. 
 
 To RU'MOUIl, V. a. to spread a report. 
 
 RU'iMOURER. s.ii reporter ; a spreader of rews. 
 
 RUjMP, s. [)«>H/j/if;T.;ut.]the end of the back-bone ; the 
 buttocks ; tail-piece ot a bird. 
 
 To RU'MPLE, {fumpt) V. a. [roni)ye!en, Be'g. | to wrinkle or 
 disorder. 
 
 RU MPLE, (rmnpl) s. \firi/mpelle, Sax.] a pucker, or plait 
 made by negligence or carelessness. 
 
 RU'MSEY, a town in Hampshire, wilii a market on Sa- 
 turday. It is governed by a laayor, 6 aldermen, 12 bur- 
 gesses, a town-clerk, recorder, and two serjeaiits at mace. 
 Here is a large manufactory for shalloon. It is 8 miles N. 
 N. W. of Southampton, and 74 W. by i*^. of London. 
 
 To RUN, !■. .n. [yrnan, Sax. rimmii, Goth, rnincn, Bilg.] 
 to move the legs very swillly. Followed by about, to use 
 the legs in motion ; to move in a hurr\. To pass wilh a 
 quick motion. To take a course, applied to ships. '1 o 
 contend in a race. To run away, to make an esca;ie, or 
 leave unexpectedly. To stream or (tow, applied to liipiors. 
 To be liquid, or melt. To pass. To go awaj or viinish. 
 To move in any direction. To be busied upon, applied to 
 the mind, and used with on or upon. Used with over, to 
 be exuberant, or to be mentioned cursorily. To discharge 
 matter, applied to wounds. To have a general tendency. 
 Uued with after, to search, to go out of the way for. Fol- 
 lowed by in uith, to close or comply, to agree. To run 
 away with, lo hurry without deiibcrati<in. To run over, to 
 be so much as to flow over ; to be so full as to be overflow n. 
 Actively, to melt or cast ; ap|died to metals. Applied to 
 fortune; to hazard, risk, or venture. To rundown, to chase 
 till weary. Figuratively, to crush or overbear. To run 
 through, to stab or pierce with a weapon, so that the point 
 ppear on the contrary side ; to pass through. 
 
 RUN, *. the act of running. Course, molion, or direction. 
 Flow or cadence, applied to verse. Uncontrolled course or 
 humour. Long reception ; continued success. At the long 
 run, signifies the end, or at last. 
 
 RU'N.AfiATE, «. fcorriipted fr<im reiiegat, Fr.] an apos- 
 tate ; a deserter, fugitive, rebel, renegado. 
 
 RU'NAW.'W, s. one that Hies from danger; a fugitive. 
 
 BUNDLE, i. a round or step of a ladder. Sonielhing put 
 round an axis ; a peritochium. In botany, a conirio.-ition 
 of flowers, in which a numberof slender iVuit-stalks procued 
 from the sawie centre, and rise nearly to the same Iieight, so 
 as to form a regular surface at the top ; as in the hemlock, 
 carrot, and cow's parsnep. Uundles of flowers are fre- 
 quently called umbels; and the plants producing them are 
 said to be lunbelliferous plants. 
 
 RU'NDLET. s. [perhaps fiom runlet or roundlet] a sniaH 
 barrel. In botanv, the fruit-stalks which compose a riindie 
 are often divided at the top into several smaller fuil- 
 slaTks; and these smaller sets of fruitslalks are called 
 rundlets. The fruitslalks of a ruiidle and of a rundlet are 
 called spokes. The hemlock, carrot, and angelica, furnish 
 examples. 
 
 RUNG, the pret.and part. pass, of RING. 
 
 RUNIC, a. a term applied to the kmgiiage and letters of 
 the antieni Goths, Danes, and other neigiiltouring nations; 
 its derivation is uncertain. 
 
 R'U'^'N !'L, s. a rivulet ; a small brook. 
 
 RL'NNER, s. one I bat rcns. A racer. A messenger. 
 Oneemplojed by a banker or newsmonger to collect money 
 
 75J
 
 li JJ s 
 
 iii:r 
 
 or news abroad. A sbooliiig sprig. One of the stones of 
 a mill. A bird. 
 
 UL'NNF.T, s. [^erunnen, Snx.] a liquor made hr steeping 
 tlif stomach nf a cidf in hot water, and used for curdling 
 Biilk. Sonietiines, but improperl;. , spelt JOiiit/. 
 
 RU NNION, s. a pidtry scurvy wretch. 
 
 RU'NNYMF.AD, a celebiated mead, near ICghain,. in 
 Surry, vliere king John \v:is compelled to sign .Magna 
 Cliarta and Clmrta de Fvresia. See Wraysbuhy. 
 
 RUNT, i. [)•««<, in the Teutonic dialect sij;nir]es a bull or 
 row, and is used by u< in contempt for snudi cattle ; as 
 hefyl, the Welsh term for a horse, is ns?d tor a worthless 
 liorsej any animal small below the natural growth of its 
 kind. 
 
 RU'PEI"]', s. an Indian coin, value 2s. 3d. 
 
 RU PTiON, J. [riiptus, from mmpo, to break, Lat.] a 
 hreach. 
 
 RU PTURE, s. [Fr. rujilns, from rttmpo, to break, Lat.] 
 the act of breaking ; the state of a thing bursting. A 
 breach of peace, or act of hostility. An eruption of tiie 
 gut : hernia. 
 
 To RUPTURE, f. a. to break ; to burst ; to suH'er dis- 
 rui'tioH. 
 
 RU'PTURE\VORT, j.;t plant, of which the British spe- 
 cies are three, viz. the smooth, rough, and sea rupturewort. 
 Ilie first of these species is a little saltish and astringent, 
 and increases the secretions by the kidneys. Tl;e juice is 
 said to take away specks in the eyes. The least rupture- 
 wort, otherwise called allseed, is the little flax found in wet 
 gravellv soil, and flowers iii'.'\ugust. 
 
 RURAL, a. |Fr. ruralis, from rus. the country, Lat.] be- 
 longing to, existing in, or resembling the country. 
 
 RURA'LITY, RUTiALNESS, s. the quality of being 
 rural. 
 
 RURl'COLfST, s. [from )•«*, the coujitry, and coh, to 
 cultivate, Lat.] an inhabitant of the country. 
 
 RURI'GENOUS, a. [from rus, the country, and gigno, to 
 generate, Lat.] born in the country. 
 
 RUSE, (ruze) s. [Fr.] cunning ; artifice ; little stratagem ; 
 trick ; fraud ; deceit. 
 
 RUSH, s. [rise, Sax.] a plant of which there are II English 
 species properly so called. The blossoms of all the sorti 
 are brown, or approaching to blackness. The llowering 
 rush is the water gladiole, having long and uarruw root- 
 leaves, a naked cylindrical stem, and purple and while blos- 
 soms. It is found in muddy ditches, and flowers in Jinie., 
 The hare's-tail rush is a sort of cotlongrass found on bogs. 
 The least rush, called also small Plymouth rush-grass, is a 
 Rixcies of bulrush, found on wet and sandy ground. Any 
 thing proverbially worthless. 
 
 To RUSH, r. jj. [/irfosttii. Sax. J to move violently and 
 rapidly. 
 
 RUSH, s. a violent course or motion. 
 
 RU'SIIGRASS, s. a germs of the grasses^ The long-rooted 
 bastard cyperus, round black headed bogrush, brown bas- 
 tard cyperus, compressed bastard cyperus, and white flow- 
 ered rashgrass, are the British species. 
 
 RU'.SHLKiHT, (rushht) s. a candle made 'of a rush strip- 
 ped of its bark for a wick, and dipped in tallow. 
 
 RU'SIIY, «• abounding with rushes ; madeof rushei. 
 
 RUSK, s. [rise, Sax.] hard or rough bread made for store. 
 
 RU'SALA, s. a brown and light iron substance, with 
 half as much quick-lime slee[)ed in water, the Turkisli 
 women make their psilothron, to take ofl hair. 
 
 RL'SSET, a. \rousset, Fr.j of a n'ddish brown. Used oy 
 Sir Isaac IVewton for gray. Coarse, rustic, or homespun. 
 
 RUSSET, *. coarse, orecjuntry dress. 
 
 RU SSET, or RU'SSETINO, ,t. a name given to sever." 
 species of pears or apples, on account of their colour. 
 
 RU'SSIA^ (Ildsliia) the empire of, is a large country 
 partly in Asia, and partly in Europe, bounded on theN. by 
 >he Frozen Sea ; on the "S. by Great Tarlary, the C'aspiar 
 Sf-a, and IVisia ; on the K. by- the Sea of Japan, and on Int 
 V.'. by Poland Mud Sweden. There were three couatric 
 
 7«<) 
 
 that had the nameof Russia ; nJimdy, Red Russia; Whitv 
 Russia, which comprehends Litliuania ; and Black llus^ia, 
 which compreliends the government of Kaluga, Moscow, 
 Tula, Rezan, Volcdimir, and Yarojlaf; and hence his inj 
 perial majesty takes the title of emperor of all the Russias. 
 This empire, taken altogether, that is, with the conquesli 
 made in .Asia, may be likened to a square, whose sides are 
 2000 miles each. The seas of Russia are the Baltic, the 
 ^yhite Sea, the Frozen Ocean, the Black Sea, near the fron- 
 tiers of Turkey, and the Caspian Sea There are also live 
 large rivers, namely, the Mepcr, or Boristhenes, which runs 
 between Lithuania and Poland ; the Wolga, which runs 
 through the middle of the country, and falls into the Caspian 
 Sea ; the Bon, which after several turnings runs into Little 
 Tartary, and falls into the sea of Asoph ; the Dune, which 
 running northward falls into the White Sea ; and the Oby, 
 which running north falls into the Frozen Ocean. It nuiy 
 easily be conceived that a country of such vast extent must 
 lie in different climates, and that the soil must be very dif- 
 ferent. The most fertile part is near the frontiers of Poland ; 
 insomuch that the inliabitants are able to supply their neigh- 
 bours with corn ; the N. part is not only more cold, but more 
 marshy, and overrun with forests, inhabited chiefly by wild 
 beasts. Besides domestic animals, there are wild beeves, 
 rein-deer, martens, white and black foxes, weasels, ermines, 
 and sables, whose skins make the best furs in the world. In 
 Russia there aiealso large quantities of cotton and silk, with 
 which they make all sorts of stufls; the other merchandises 
 are skins, furs, Russia-leather, talc, tall6^v, hemp, Russia- 
 cloth, honey, wax, and almost all the merchandise of Chiiia, 
 India, Persia, Turkey, and some European countries. The 
 inhabitants in general are robust, well shaped, and of pretty 
 good complexions ; they are great eaters, and very fond of 
 brandy. They were formerly the most ignorant brutish 
 people in the world ; but they are making a rapid progress 
 in every social and eh gaiit improvement and refinement. 
 Their religion is that of the Greeks, and they depended for- 
 merly on the Greek pal i iarch,who resided at Constantinople. 
 The church is governed by a patriarch, and under him there 
 are four metropolitans, and eight archbishops. The emperor 
 or empress is an absolute and despotic sovereign, and all the 
 subjects are reckoned slaves. The ordinary revenue of this 
 vast empire is 20,000,000 of rubles, which is partly <lra\rn 
 from conti ibutions, partly from duties on merchandises, and 
 partly from farms. The orders of knighthood are that of 
 St. Andrew, St. Catharine, and St. Alexander Newski, which 
 arc all of late institution. Tlie punishment of their criminals 
 is very barbarous, nor have they always the privilege of a 
 fiir trial, for they extort confessions by racks and tortures, 
 lor the additions made to this empire by the partition ol 
 IVil.oid, see Poland. 
 
 Kl'ST, s. \rHst, Sax.] the red scales of iron owing to niois. 
 ture. The calx or flour of any metal. Loss of power by 
 in:ictivily. Matter bred by corruption. 
 
 To RUST, 1'. «. to have its surface corroded or tarnisheil. 
 To degenerate er grow inactive by idleness. Actively, tc 
 rruike rustv. 
 
 RUSTIC, a. \rustieus, from rus, the couiitry, Lat.] rural; 
 country. Rude or unpolite. Sa\age. Artless; sinipl* 
 Plaiir or unadorned. 
 
 RU'S'TIC, s. a clown or njijjolished countiyman. In y> 
 chilectiire, a kind of building in imitalion ofirature, parli 
 cularly when the stones irr the face of a building are hatched 
 or picked with the point of a hainnrer. 
 
 RUSTICAL, n. [riisiiciis, from rus, the couirtry, Lat.l 
 rough : savage ; uirpolitc. 
 
 HU'STICALLY, nrf. savagely; inelegantly; rudely. 
 
 To IIU'.ST1CA IE, 1). u. \_riisticor, from ms, the c(uurtry, 
 Lat.] to reside irr the country. Actively, to banish into the 
 country. 
 
 RUST'CITY, J. [riistieilas, from rus, the country, Laf.( 
 the(|ualilies of (uie who lives irr the country. Broadncsso' 
 proni.nciation ; rudeness ofiDunncrj. Rural appearanu. 
 Simplicity.
 
 \ c 
 
 RU'STINF-SS,*. the (lunlity or state of hein.s; nistj. 
 
 'I'o lUl'STI.I'',, (rustl) II. II. [hristlaii, Sax.] to iiialic a noise 
 like that oC silk, wlieii hiiisliiiiK aijaiiist any tliiii;,' ; like that 
 of iRces when blown by liic wind, or that of a licdgi; wiien 
 picrcod by a beast. 
 
 KUSTY, a. covered with rust. Impaired bv inactivity. 
 
 IIU'STYB \CK, .V. a ;,'euus of the iVriis. The f("iik<'d, hairy, 
 •and marsh rusty hack, are tlic lu;j;iisli species. The two first 
 species are I'ound in the clefts of rocks, and the latter in 
 turfboy;s. 
 
 To HUT, V. 11. [from rtU, Fr.] to liave a dcsne of cominjj 
 tojictiier, applie<i to deer. 
 
 RUT, s. (see the verb) ihc copulation of deer. A hole 
 Avorn by the track ;if a wheel, from rante, Fr. 
 
 J' iiTlilM, or Ruth Y n, a town of DenbiKlishne, \h miles 
 S. W. of liolvwell, and 20G N . W. of London. Market on 
 Monday. 
 
 RUTLAND.SIIIRE, the smallest comity of England, 15 
 miles in len^jth, ajid It in breadth. It is supposed to have 
 received its name from the red colour of the soil, which, in 
 some parts, is a sort of ruddle, staining the Ueeces of llie 
 sheep. It is bounded on the W. by Leicestershire; on the 
 N. by Nottinghamshire and Lincolnshire, and on the E. ami 
 S. E. by Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire. It contains 
 48 parishes, and two market-towns. The air is very good, 
 and the soil rich, producing excellent corn, and feeding a 
 /•real number of cattle and sheep. The principal rivers are 
 the Welland and the Gnash, or Wash. Oakham, in the fer- 
 tile vale of Catmose, is the countj town. 
 
 RUTH, {ruili) s. [from rue] mercy ; pity ; tendernessj 
 sorrow for the misery of another. Out of use. 
 
 RUTllFIJL, «. rueful; woeful; sorrowful. 
 
 RUTHFULLY, ad. woelully ; sadly. Si.i rowfully 
 
 RU'TflLESS, a. cruel ; pitiless; barbar' ai. 
 
 RUTHLESSLY, ad. cruelly ; barbarouslv. 
 
 RUTIILESSN ESS, .s. want of pity. 
 
 RU'TTIER, s. [roittiere, Fr. ] a direction of I/ie road or 
 course at sea. 
 
 RU'^LTISH, a. wanton or lecherous. 
 
 RYE, s. [rtjire. Sax.] a coarse kind of bread corn. .A 
 disease in hawks. 
 
 RYE, a town in Sussex, with two markets, on Wtd.jcs 
 day and Saturday. It is one of the cinque ports, and is 
 governed by a mayor ai.nl jurats, and semis 2 members to 
 parliament. It is 34 miles S. E. by S. of Tunbridgc, a: u 
 Oi on the same point from London. 
 
 RYE'GATE, a town in Surry, with a market-house, 
 which was formerly a chapel dedicated to Thomas a Becket. 
 The neighbourhood abounds w ilh fullers-earth and medici- 
 nal plants. It is charmingly situated in the vale of Holmes- 
 dale, 16 miles E. of Guildford, and 21 S. of London. Mar- 
 let on Tuesday, and a monthly one on Wednesday. 
 RYE'GRASS, s. a sort of grass. 
 
 SIS the eighteenth letter, and fourteenth consonant of our 
 alphabet. In the beginning of a word, * has invariably 
 its natural and genuine sound ; in the middle of it, it is 
 sometimes uttered with a stronger appulse of the tongue to 
 the palate, like z ; as, rose, prose, rosy, easier, miser, nose/, 
 resident husfj, &c. In the end of monosyllables it sometimes 
 sounds like s ; as in this, thus, &c.and sometimes like z ; as 
 ill as, lias, is, his, tVc. an<l generally where es stands in verbs 
 for eth, as gives. In some words it is silent, as in isle, viscoxim, 
 &c. At the end of words it is often doubled, whereby they 
 become hard and harsh ; as in brass, kiss, loss, mass, trespass, 
 &c. In writing or printing, the long /'is frequently used 
 at the beginning and middle of words, and the short.? at the 
 end. In abbreviations, S stands for societas, or snciits ; as 
 R. S. S. foi regicc seciclatis socitis, i. e. fellow of the roval 
 society. In medicinal prescriptions S. A. signifies secundum 
 a»-«fm, i. e. according to the rulc^of art. Used as a nume- 
 ral, S antiently denoted seven. In books of navigation, 
 
 6 £ 
 
 S. stands for south ; S. F.. for south cast ; S. W. for s(/Ut(i- 
 west, etc. 
 
 S.MJA'OTH, s. rfroin tzaba, an host or army, Heb.ja name 
 given to God in the holy scriptures, implying his ouniipo- 
 tence,or sole disposal of the events of war, and aijsolute lo- 
 vcrnment of the angelic orders. 
 
 SA'IUJATII, s. [from sabbath^ rest, Hcb. | the seventh day 
 of the week. A day appointed for religious duties, and a 
 total cessation from work, in coninieinoratinn of God's rest- 
 ing on the seventh day ; but is kept by Christians on the first 
 day of the week, in commemoration of Christ rising from 
 the dead on that day. Intermission of pain or sorro'" ; 
 lime of rest. ^ 
 
 SA'I5I5A THBREAKER, s. one that violates the sabbath, 
 by doing those things therein which arc forbidden him to 
 do in the holy scrii)lures. 
 
 SABBATICAL, a. [from mM«(/i, rest, Ileb.] resembling 
 tiie sabbath ; enjoying or bringing intermission of labour. 
 
 SABBA'TISi\l, a. \snbbatum, Lat. from sabbath, rest, Ileb.J 
 rigid observance of the sabbath superslitiously. 
 
 SA'BINE, s. \sabine, Fr. sabiua, Lat.] a plant, the same 
 with saviw. 
 
 S.A'BLE, (^sdbl) s. [zibella, Lat.] fur. In zoology, a black 
 species of weasel which inhabits the northern i>arts of 
 Asia. n<i America. Their furs are esteemed more valuable 
 tiwii tliat of any other animal. 
 
 SA'BLE, (sdbl) a. [sable, Fr.J black. Used mostly by 
 heralds and poets. 
 
 SA'BLE.STAN, a province of Persia, S. of Candahar. It 
 is a mountainous country, little known to Europeans. 
 
 S.VBLIEKE, s. [Fr.] is a piece of limber as long, but not 
 as thick, as a beam. A sand pit. 
 
 SABRE, {sdhcr')s. [sabre, Fr.] a scymetar, or swoid with 
 a convex edge ; a faulchion. 
 
 SABULO'SITY, s. [from subulum, sand, Lat.] sandiness ; 
 grittiness. 
 
 SA'BULOUS, a. [from sahdum, sand, Lat.] s:tolv of 
 gritty. 
 
 SACCA'DE, {saldiddc) s. [Fr.] a violent check given to ' 
 horse, by tightening the reins very suddenly. 
 
 SA'CCHARINE, {sukkarihe) a. [from sacehaium, sugar, 
 Lat.] possessing the taste or any otlier qualities of sugar. 
 
 SACCHOLA'CTIC, a. in cbymistry, belonging to mucii* 
 II gum. 
 
 SA CCHOLATES, s. in chymistry, salts formed by the 
 combination of any base with saccholactic acid. 
 
 S.'XCERDO'TAL, 0. 1 from sacerdos, a priest, Lat.J belong- 
 ing to priesthood ; priestly. 
 
 SA'CHEL, s. a small leather bag, used by children to 
 carry their books in. 
 
 SA'CHEM, s. a name given to a chief, or prince, among 
 the West Indians. 
 
 SACK, s. [sak, Ileb. snkkos, Gr. saccits, Lat. sac, Fr. ituh, 
 Brit, seec, Sax. saco. Port. &c. &c. It is observed of this 
 word, that it is found in almost all languages, and is there- 
 fore conceived to be antediluvian] a large bag. The mea- 
 sure of three bushels. A loose robe worn by a woman. 
 A kind of sweet wine, from see, Fr. The act of storming, 
 plundering, or pillaging a town. Pillage or pluuder, from 
 sacar, Span. 
 
 To S.'\CK,f. a. to put up in bags. To take by sterra ; 
 to plunder, pillage, lay waste, or destroy. 
 
 SA'CKBUT, s. [sacabuclie. Span, sambuca, Lat. samhiapte, 
 Fr.] a musical instrument of the wind kind, resembling a 
 trumpet in its use, but diflering from it in form and size. 
 
 SACKCLOTH,*, coarse cloth of which sacks are made, 
 formerly worn in times of public fasting and lamentation. 
 S.A'CKER, s. one that takes and pillages a town. 
 SA'CKPOSSET, i. a posset made of milk, sack, and 
 some other ingredients. 
 
 SA'CR AMENT, s. [saerement, Fr. sacroinentum, from sactr, 
 holy, and mens, mind, Lat.| an oath or any other ceremony 
 producing a strong and lasting obligation. An outward aiii 
 visible rign of an inward and spiritual grace, given unto iisi 
 
 rtri
 
 S A D 
 
 S A! 
 
 ordained by Clirist himself, and received as a pledge to as- 
 sure us of tjje reception of such grace. The cucliarist or 
 holy communion. 
 
 SACRAME'N'TAL, a. \ sacramental or sacramentel, Fr.] be- 
 longiiisrto the sacrament. 
 
 SACRAME'NTALLY, ad. after the manner of a sacra- 
 ment. 
 
 SA'CRED, 1. \sacri; Fr. sneer, Lat.J set apart for holy 
 uses. Consecrated ; holv. Inviol-tble. 
 SA'CftEDLY, oil. inviohililv ; relisiouslv. 
 SA'CRF.DNESS, .t. holiness ; sanctity. 
 SACRI'FIC, a [siierijieiis, Lat.J employed in sacrifice. 
 ■j>AORrFiCABLE, a. capable of being offered in sacri- 
 fice. 
 
 SACRIFICATOR, s. [sacrificateur, Fr. from sacer, holy, 
 ■iU(\ fiicin, to make, Lat.J saciihcer ; ofterer of sacritice. 
 
 To .SACRIFICE, V. a.\.s(ierijicer, Fr. from saccr, holy, and 
 fiicio, to make, Lat.J to oiler any thing to heaven. To de- 
 stroy or give up for the sake of somctliins else. To kill. 
 Ti> (levole with loss. Nrut('ily,to make oti'erings to God. 
 SA'CKIFICE, s. [Pr. from sneer, holy, and fneio, to make, 
 Lat.J the act of oflVriny to heaven. Any thing offered to 
 lieaven. Any thing destroyed or cjiiitied for the sake of 
 something else. Anv thing destroyed. 
 SA'CRlF!CER,j.one that sacrifices. 
 SACRIFICLAI,, (saeri/is/iial) a. performing sacrifice ; 
 belonging to sacrifices. 
 
 SA'CRILEGE, s.\Vr. from sneer, holy, and lego, to steal, 
 Lat.J the crime of taking any thing dedicated to divine wor- 
 ship, or profaning any t-hing sacred. 
 
 SACRILE'GIOI'S, a. [from saeer, holy, and l;^o, to steal, 
 Lat.J polluted with the crime of sacrilege; vioUt'ting things 
 sacred. 
 
 SACRILE'GIOUSLY, ad. profanely; in a sacrilesious 
 manner. 
 
 SA'ClllST, or SA'CRISTAN, s. [sacristniv, Fr.J one that 
 has the charge or care of the utensils or moveables of a 
 church. 
 
 SA'CRISTY, s. \sncristie, Fr.] an apartment where the 
 consecrated vessels or moveables of a church arc kept. A 
 vestry. 
 
 SAD, a. [the etymology uncertain; probably a contrac- 
 tion for snsjorrf, heavy, burdenel, overwhelmed, from To 
 »ag-, to load] full of sorrow. Melancholy; gloomy. Cirave; 
 serious. Calamitous; afflictive. Dark, applied to colour. 
 Heavy; weighty. " More tad than lump of lead." Fairy 
 Queeii. 
 
 To S.'V'DDEN, (sndn) r. a. to make sorrowful, melancholy, 
 or gloomy. To darken. To make cohesive, applied to 
 land. 
 
 SADDLE, {sad!) s. \sn(l7, .Sax. sndel, Fr. I the seat put on 
 a horse's back for a |>erson to sit on. 
 
 To SA'DDLE, {.melt) r. n. ti) cover w ith, or put on a sad- 
 dle. Figiirativelv, to load or burden. 
 
 SA'DDLEBACKEU, a. hunch-backed, applied to men. 
 Having the back low, and the head and neck raised, applied 
 to a horse. 
 
 SA'DDLER, or SA'DDLEMAKER, s. one that makes 
 luddles. 
 
 SA'DDUCEES, an heretical sect among the Jews, oppo- 
 site both in principles and every thing else to the Pharisees. 
 They were so called, say some, from Sadock, the supposed 
 founder of their sect; or according to others, from Ileb. 
 ,<,?(/(?/() a word signifying jWiV*. They held the inost ini- 
 pioi -s tenets in religion. They denied the resurrection of the 
 ilead, and even, like the I'.picureans, a future state ; affirm- 
 ing, as the olhirs did, that the human soul perished with 
 the I odv. They utterly denied the existence of angels, and 
 of all spirits except of God. 'i'liis dangerous and wicked 
 heresv, as many learned men think, was occasioned by their 
 wilfully mistaking the doctrine of their master Socha-us, 
 who used to press upon his disciples the disinterested love 
 of virtue, insisting, that men ought to serve God, not as 
 uierceiiary slave." do their masters, through fear, and Jor 
 7C2 
 
 their own advantage, but for his own sake, and for pure 
 love of virtue, without any expectation of reward. Thij 
 doctrine, harmless in itself led them to conclude, though 
 falseh, that their master had absolutely denied any state 
 of future rewards. In consequence of their other princi- 
 ples, they denied likewise the providence of God, or that he 
 concerned himself in any sense with the affair.', of men. 
 These atheistical princii)les rendered them justly odious 
 to the people. How they could deny a divine providence 
 is very unaccountable, since they rect-ived as inspired writ- 
 ings the Pentateuch, or five booksof Moses, which are one 
 continued history of the exercise of such a divine interpo- 
 sition in the affairs of the world. 
 
 SA'DLY, ad. iniserahly ; mournfully. 
 SA'DNESS, «. the state of a person in affliction. Melan- 
 choly look ; dejection of mind. Seriousness, or sedate 
 gravity. 
 
 SAFE, a. \saiif, Fr. salvus, Lat.J free from danger, hurt, or 
 loss. Secure. 
 
 .SAFE, s. a place to put victuals in free from mice, &e. a 
 pantry ; a buttery. 
 
 SAFECO'NDUCT, i. a guard through an enemy's coini- 
 try. Convoy. A pass. 
 
 SATEGUARD, s. defence or security from danger. A 
 convov. A pass, or warrant to pass. 
 SAFELY, ad. with ^safety. 
 
 SA'FENESS, s. the quality of being free from danger. 
 SA'FETY, s. freedom from danger or hurt. Cusloily, or 
 the state of heing secured from escaping. 
 
 SAFFRON, s. [sqfrnn, Fr. saphiir, Arab.] a flower or 
 plant which is 'used in medicine, and for tincturing any 
 thing yellow. SeeCROcus. 
 SA'FFRGN, a. vellow, or of the colour of saffron. 
 SA'FFRON-W ALDEN. See Walden. 
 To SAG, r. 71. to hang heavy. Actively, to load. 
 SAGACIOUS, (iafras/nous) a. [sa"a.v, I^at.J quick of 
 scent or thought. Acute in making cfiscoveries. 
 
 SAGA'ClOU.SLY, {sagdsldousli/) ad. with quick scent. 
 With acuteness of penetration. 
 
 SAGA'CIOUSNESS, (sagdshiousness) s. the quality of 
 being sagacious. 
 
 SAG.\C'ITY, s. Isagax, sagacious, Lat.J quickness of 
 scent. Acuteness of discovery, or apprehension. The fa- 
 culty by which we find out intermediate ideas, to discover 
 the connexion hetween each link of the chain, whereby the 
 extremes are held together. 
 
 SA'G.'VMORE, s. akingor supreme ruler among theln- 
 dians. The juice of some unknown plant used in medicine. 
 SAGE, s. [sauge, Yr.\ an herb used in cooking. 
 S.'VGE, a. [sage, Fr.] wise, grave, prudent, discreet. 
 SAGE, i. [sage, Fr.J a person of gravity and wisdom. 
 SA'fil'^LV, nd. gravely ; prudently. 
 .S.X'GENESS, s. wisdom ; gravity. 
 
 SACH'TTA, in ast.onomy, the Arrow or Dart, a constel- 
 lation of the northern hemisphere, near the Eagle. 
 
 SAGITTAL, (raff'»«0 a. [from sngiKn, an arrow, Lat.l 
 belonging to an arrow. In anatomy, applied to a suture of 
 the head, resembling an arrow. 
 
 SA'GIT'FARY, (s«/i7<fli7/) J. [Sagittarius, from sagilta, an 
 arrow, lyat.J a centaur. The name of one of the southeri- 
 signs of the zodiac, w liich the sun enters on the '22nd of 
 November. 
 
 SA'CiO, s. the pith of a tree called Landan, growing id 
 the Molucca Islands in the East Indies ; and is of conside 
 rable use in diet, as a restorative and nourisher. > 
 
 SA'IC, s. \saica, Ital. saiijae, Fr.] a Turkish vessel used ID 
 carrying merchandise. 
 S.'\II), pret. and part. pass. ofSAY. 
 SAIL, ,v. [ifg/. Sax. sri/l, IJclg.] a piece of canvass which 
 catches the wind, and by that means moves a vessel on the 
 water. In poetry, a wing. A ship or vessel. To sirihe 
 tail, is to lower the sail ; and used figuratively, for abatiiij; 
 of pomp or superiority. 
 ToSAlL, V. n. to move by means of sails. To pass '>?
 
 ^ AL 
 
 SAL 
 
 wator. To swim. To pass aloii^' smoothly. Actively, «o 
 pabs by means ofsails. To pass tliroiiit;li. 
 
 SA'ILI'.R, or SAILOR, s. [.laikr is most ayrocal)le toaiia- 
 In^jy, but saihr is most coiuiiioiily us»(lj a soaiiian. Sy NON. 
 .V(ii7(/>- ii5 useil with most iiroiiiiciy with respict to the com- 
 mon miMi ; or, in the sea plii;isp, tliose before the iDast. 
 &a)Hr;i agrees best witli reganl to tlie superior chiss of the 
 ship's company, such as the otiicers, i>oatswain, ^Mr.iner, &c. 
 Mariner relates more to those wlio ;;ain their livelihood at 
 sea, but who are KPnerally (heir own masters ; as fishermen. 
 We sav, an able snilor ; an expert seiiman; a bold mnrmer. 
 
 S.\'ILYAUD, i. the pole on which the sail is extended. 
 
 SAINT, s. I from sunctus, holy, Lut.] a person eminent for 
 piety and virtue. 
 
 To .SAINT, II. a. to number or reckon ainon-; the saints ; 
 •o canonize. Neuterly, to act with a shew of piety. 
 
 .S.^'INTF"!), fl. holy ; reckoned anionfr the saints. 
 
 SA'INTFOIN,orSArNFOIN, .?. fKr.] a nams of plants 
 of which there are several species, but only one, viz. the 
 cock's head saintfoin, a native of Enj;land. It has winged 
 .eaves, prickly shells containing one seed, and red blos- 
 soms. It is cultivated like clover fur feeding tattle, and 
 .:i particularly advantageous in dry hilly situations, and 
 V iialky soils. 
 
 St. JAMES' wort, s. a plant; a species of groundsel. 
 
 St. JOHN'S WORT, s. a plant. Several species of tut- 
 san fo by this name. 
 
 SA'lN'i'LY, (id. like a saint ; becoming a saint. 
 
 SA'INTONG, a ci devant province ofKrance, about C2 
 miles in length, and .''.O in breadth. The river Charente 
 nnis through the middle of it, and renders it one of the finest 
 and most fertile tracts in France, abounding in the various 
 sorts of corn and fruits ; and they make (he best salt here 
 m Eurofie. It now forms, w ith the late province of Aunis, 
 the department of Lower Charente. 
 
 S.A'INTSHIP, s. the character or qualities of a sf.int. 
 
 SAKE, s. [snc. Sax. sache, Belg.] final cause, end, or pur- 
 pose. Regard to any person or thing. 
 
 SA'KER, s. \saher originally signifies a hawk, the pieces 
 9f artillery being often denominated from birds of prey] a 
 small sort of cannon. 
 
 S.AL, s. [Lat.]salt. — Often used in pharmacy. 
 
 SALA'CIOIIS. (saldshioiis)a. [saln.r, Lat ] lustful. 
 
 SAL.\'ClOVSLY,(sa!ishioiis/!j)ad. lecherously ; lustfully. 
 
 SALA'CITY, 5.[OT/«f!(a,«, Lat.] last; lechery. 
 
 SA'LAD, i. [snWc, Fr.] herbs which are eaten raw. 
 
 SALAMANCA, an antient, large, handsome, rich, and 
 populous citv of Spain, in Leon, with a famous university, 
 consisting of 2t handsome colleges. The structure, called 
 the schools, where all sorts of sciences are tauglit, is very 
 large and curious, and is built of freestone. It is adorned 
 with magnificent church-houses, a large public square, fine 
 fountains, and every thins ^I'^p that can contribute to the 
 beauty and conniiod loudness of a city. There were formerly 
 7000 students, when the Spanish monarchy was in a flourish- 
 ing condition ; and there are now upward of 4000, from all 
 parts of the kingdom. The scholars are all clothed like 
 priests, having their heads shaved, and caps thereon. The 
 cathedral is one of the handsomest in Spain, and has a fine 
 steeple. There are also several fine convents, with cliurch- 
 liouses belonging to them, adorned v. ith images, and 
 some with curious pictures. It is seated partly in a plain, 
 and parllv on hills, and is surrounded by a wall. It 
 is accounted one of the finest cities in the kingdom. 
 The river Tornies, which washes its walls, has a bridge over 
 It 300 paces long, built by the Romans; and without the 
 walls is a fine Roman causeway. It is 37 miles S. E. of 
 Miranda, 105 S. of Leon, and 88 N. W. of Madrid. Lat. 41. 
 8. N. I0U..5. Ifi. VV. 
 
 SALAMA'NDER, s. \salamandre, Fr. sahmandra, Lat.J 
 an animal supposed to live in the fire, and imagined to be 
 very poisonous. Ambrose Parcij has a picture of the sala- 
 inaiider, with a receipt for the bite ; but there is no such 
 creature, the name being now given to a poor harmless rep- 
 
 tile. Salamander's hair, or saUimander's unul, is a kind o' 
 asbestos, or mineral flax. 
 
 SALAM.\'Nl)inNE,a. resembling a salamander. 
 
 SAL-AMMONIAC, s. in chymistry, a tlrug, supposed 
 bv the anticnls to be generated in the sanils near the tem- 
 ple of Jupiter Annnon, in Lybia, by the urine of camels, 
 but it is nov/ procured from a variety of substances. It is 
 a cond)ination ol amuKiiiia with the muriatic acid. 
 
 SA'LARY, s. \iiili(iri; Fr. salarimii, from *«/, salt, Lat. 
 because it was an allouance given to purchase victuals, of 
 which salt was an imporlaiit article] stated hire. Annual 
 or periodical pa\ment. 
 
 SALE, s. \saal, P.elg.] the act of selling. Market, nr 
 vent. Price. A public or [jroclaimcd exposition of goods 
 bv auction or at a maiket. 
 "SALEAHLE, n. fit to be sold. 
 
 SA'LEARLENESS,*. fitness for sale. 
 
 SA'LEBROL'S, a. \sakurvsiis, Lat.] rugged ; uneven. 
 
 SA'LESiVLAN, s. one who sills cluthesreadj made. One 
 who sells cattle for others. 
 
 SA'LEWORK, s. work done in a careless manner, and 
 fit only to be exposed in shops. 
 
 S.^'LIANT, a. fFr.J in heraldry, in a leapinij posture. In 
 fortification, projecting beyond the other woilcs. 
 
 SA'LIEN T, «. [from salio, to leap, Lat.J leaping ; panting, 
 springing with a swift motion. 
 
 SALIFL4BLE, a. in chemistry, capable of forming 
 salts. 
 
 SA'LINE, orSA'LINOUS, a. [saliuus, from sal, salt, Lat.] 
 saltish ; consistini? of salt. 
 
 SA'LIQUE LAW, (SiiHh) a law made in France, accorrl- 
 ing to some, by king Pluiramond ; or, according to others, 
 by Philip the Long, which rendered women incapahi: of 
 sueeceeding to the throne. 
 
 SAL'ISPjURY, {SaiilsUrri/) or New Sarum, a city, an 
 the capital of Wiltshire, containingabout 7700 inhabitants 
 with 2 markets, on Tuesday and Saturday. It is a bislioi)'s 
 see, has the title ofan earkloui, and is pleasantly situated on 
 the river Avon, that waters most of the principal streets, 
 which are large and spacious. It has several handsome 
 buildings, particularly the cathedral, which is a stately 
 handsome building with a lofty spire, and commonly said 
 to Iiave as many gates or doors as there ate months in 
 the year, as many windows as weeks, and as many pillars 
 as days. It is governed by a mayor, recorder, tVc. sends 
 2 members to parliament, and is 80 miles W. by S. of 
 London. 
 
 SALISBURY' PLAIN, in Wiltshire, extends 2.i miles K. 
 to Winchester, and 28 W. to Weymouth, and in some 
 places it is from 3.5 to 40 miles in breadth. There are so 
 many cross roads in it, and so few houses to take directions 
 from, that Thomas, the eighth earl of Pembroke, planted 
 a tree at the end of each mile stone from hence to Shaftsbury, 
 for the traveller's guide. That part of it about the city is 
 a chalky down, like East Kent. The other part.s are noted 
 f(jr feeding numerous flocks of sheep, some of « hicli contain 
 from 3000 to 5000 each, and several farmers hereabouts 
 have two or throe such flocks. By feeding (he sheep upon 
 the lands, after they are turned up with the plough, they 
 become very fruitful, and bear very good wheat and other 
 grain. In this plain, beside the famous Stonehenge, are 
 traces of many Romish and British antiquities. 
 
 SALlYiX, s. [Lat.J the fluid by which the mouth ami 
 tongue are moistened. Spittle. Any thing spit. 
 
 SALIVAL, or SA'LIVARY, a. relating to or consisting 
 of spittle. 
 
 To SA'LIV^'\TE, V. a. to evacuate the spittle. To bring 
 on a spitting bv art. 
 
 SALIVATIO.N, i. \saUvatio, from saliva, spittle, Lat 
 a secretion of spittle. The state of a person who is undei 
 cure for any venereal or scrofulous complaint, by secreting 
 spittle. 
 
 S.\L1T0US, a. ]saUiostis, from saliva, spittle, Lat.J harius 
 the nature of spittle; consisting of spittle.
 
 SAL 
 
 SAM 
 
 SALLEE', an antient town of Fez, in Africa, long noted 
 for its rovtrs, or pirates, who niai^e prizes of ail Cliristian 
 ihips tliat thcv meet, except tliere is a treaty io tiie con- 
 trary. It is 1.30 miles S. of Gibraltar. Lat. 34. 6. N. Ion. 
 €< 38 W. 
 
 S.VLLET, or SA'ELETING, *. cornipted from snlad, 
 and of the same signiticiitioii. 
 
 SA'LLOW, {sallo) s. [sali.r, Lat.] a tree of the willow 
 kind. 
 
 SA'LLOW, {sAIlS) s. [sub, black, Teut.] sickly, morbid. 
 Of a greenish yellow. 
 
 SA'LLOWJN ESS, (sdlldness) s. yellowness ; sickly paleness. 
 
 SA'LLOVvTHORN, s. a slirub, also called sea buckthorn. 
 Tlie common sallowthnrn is a kind of willow. 
 
 SA'LLV, s. sallie, Fr.] an unexpected issue or eruption 
 f-roDi a place besieged. A range or excursion. A flight, 
 applied to wit. An escape, frolic, or extravagant flight. 
 
 ToSA'LLY, r. 71. to burst out suddenly from a place be- 
 sieged. 
 
 SA'LLYPORT, s. a gate from Avhich sallies are made. 
 
 SAI^AIAGU'NDI, s. [corrupted from selon men front, Fr.] 
 accordnig to my taste ; or c' tst a mott gout] a mixture of 
 chopped meat, salmon, pickled herrings, &c. 
 
 SALMON, i. \salmo, Lat.J a large river fish. 
 
 SA'LMONTROUT, s. a trout somewhat resembling a 
 salmon. 
 
 SALONICHL formerly called Thessalonica, a sea- 
 port of Turkey in Europe, and capital of Macedonia, with 
 an archbishop's see. It is large, populous, and rich, being 
 about 10 miles in circumference. It is a place of great 
 trade, carried on principally by the Greek Christians and 
 the Jews, the former of whicli form 30 churches, and the 
 latter as many synagogues : the Turks also have a few 
 mosfjues. Tlie principal meicliundise is silk. It is sealed 
 at the bottom of a gulf of the s.niie name, partly on the top, 
 and partly on the side of a hill, near the river Varda, 50 
 miles N. ofLarissa.and 270 W. of Constantinople. Lat. 40. 
 41. N. Ion. 22. 53. E. 
 
 SA'LSAFY, or SA'LSIFY, s. a provincial term for the 
 purple goatsbeard. 
 
 SALSAMENTA'RIOUS, a. \sahamentariua, from sal, salt, 
 Lat.] belonging to salt things. 
 
 SALSOA'CID, a. [from sahus, salt, and acichts, sour, Lat.] 
 Laving a taste componnded of saltness and sourness. 
 
 SALSU'GINOUS, n. \sahiigo, bom sal, salt, Lat.] saltish ; 
 somewhat salt. 
 
 SALT, isaxdt) s. [salt, Goth, senlt. Sax. sal, Lat. sel, Fr.] 
 a well-known crystallization employed in curing meat, 
 inid for various "other purposes. In chymistry, an acid 
 combined with an alkali, an earth, or a metallic oxyde. A 
 taste or smack. Figuratively, wit, merriment. 
 
 SALT, (sank) a. having the taste of salt. Impregnated 
 orseasij»ied with salt. Lecherous, from snUir, Lat. 
 
 To SALT, {saidl) V. a. to rub with salt. To season with 
 salt. 
 
 SA'LTANT, «. [from talto, to dance, Lat.] jumping ; 
 dancin'g. 
 
 SA'LTASH, a town of Cornwall, seated on the descent 
 of a steep hill. It consists of 3 streets, which are washed 
 clean by every shower of rain. It has some trade, espe- 
 cially ii) malt, and is G miles N. W. of Plymouth, and 220 
 W. by S. of London. Market on Saturday. 
 
 S.\LTATION, s. ffiom talio, to dance, Lat.J the act of 
 dancing or jumping. Beat; palpitation. 
 
 SA'LTCAT, (sauUcat) s. a lump of salt, made at the sal- 
 terns, and given to pigeons. 
 
 SA'I/rCELLAll . s. a vessel of salt set On the table. 
 
 S.A'LTER.Csnu/'cr)*. one who sells or makes salt. 
 
 SA'LTKllN, (satiltcrii) s. a place where salt is made. 
 
 SA'LTFLEET, a sea port of Lincolnshire, 33 miles N. E. 
 of Lincoln, and 158 N. of London. .Market on Saturday. 
 
 SA'LTl I'dl, (siiuller) s. \saithicyc, Fr.] in heraldry, a bear- 
 iP'i in the form of a St. Andrew's cross. 
 
 S.VLTIbll, a, somewhat sr 
 
 7G4 
 
 SALTNl'^SS, (s(v<?/ncjs).?. having tlie taste of salt. 
 
 S.A'LTl'AX, or &A'LTnTi{saultpit)s. a pit from whence 
 salt is dug. 
 
 SALTPETRE, (saultpetei-) s. [from sal, salt, ?ii>d petra, a 
 rock, Lat.] nitre. 
 
 SA'LTSl'.'JltGII, a country of Germanv, W. of Austria.S. 
 of Upper Bavaria, and N. of Cariulliia. It is a mountainous 
 country, but pretty fertile, and contains mines of copper, sil- 
 ver, and iron. No maimer of grain is sown here, but hay of 
 a very peculiar goodness is produced in every part. Here 
 are considerable manufactures of steel and brass, as appears 
 from the astonishing number of swords, sabres, muskets, 
 cannon, &c. which arc to he seen in the armories all over the 
 eountry. It extends about 100 miles in length, and CO in 
 breadth. The principal town is of tUe same name. 
 
 SA'LTZBURGH, a large and antient town of Germany, in 
 the circle of Bavaria, capital of a territory of the same name, 
 under the arch bishop ofSaltzburgh, who is a sovereign prince. 
 It is populous, well-built, and seated on a mountain. The 
 archbishop's palace is a superb structure, has a magnificent 
 garden, adorned with statues, and planted v\ith uncommon 
 trees. This is his summer house, but that for winter con- 
 tains 163 apartments, all richly furuibhed, without reckon- 
 ing the halls and galleries. The university partly depends 
 on the beuedictine monks, who have a fine library in llieir 
 monaitery. In 1737, a separate college was built here for 
 young gentlemen. The cathedra! fi built here of freestone 
 and marble, anJ contains 5 orgaiis. Near Saltzhurg are 
 some considerable salt works. It is seated on the river 
 Saltz, 45 miles S. by W. of Passaw, and 140 \V. S. by W. of 
 Vienna. 
 
 SA'LVARILITY, s. possibility of being saved. 
 
 SA'LVABLE, a. [from salvo, to save, Lat.] possible to be 
 received toeverlastnig life. 
 
 SA'LV.ADOR, a town of Congo, capital of the county 
 of Pemba, with a large palace, where the king resides, and 
 a Portuguese bishop. It contains several churches, and 
 about 40,000 inhabitants, of whom 40C0 are vvliite. The 
 Portuguese live in a quarter by themselves. It is seated 
 on a craggy mountain, in lat. 5. 50. S. and Ion. 15. 39. E. 
 
 SA'LVAGE, s. [from stibw, io save, Lat.J money paid by 
 the owners for retaking a vessel from an enemy ; or for 
 saving goods from the danger of the sea*. 
 
 SALVATION, s. [from salio, to save, Lat.] preserva- 
 tion from eternal niiserv. Reception to a state of happiness. 
 
 S.A'LVATORY, i. [salvatuire, Fr.] a place where any 
 thing is preserved. 
 
 SALU'BRIOUS, a. [salnbris, from sahs, liealth, Lat., 
 wholesome ; ■^promoting or confirming health. 
 
 SALUBRITY, s. [saluhj-itas, from salus, health, Lat.J the 
 qualityof promoting health. 
 
 SALVE, {sav) s. [from salens, safe, Lat.] any glutinous 
 matter applied to wounds. Figuratively, help or remedy. 
 
 To SALVE, r. a. to cure with medicines. To help; t' 
 remedy. To help something by an excuse or reservation. 
 
 SALVER, s. a vessel on which glasses or other things are 
 presented to guests. 
 
 S.i^'LVO, s. [Lat. a form used in granting any thing] an ex- 
 ception, excuse, or reservation. 
 
 S.VLUTAKINESS, s. wholesomeness, or the quality of 
 I)romoting health. 
 
 SALUTARY, a. [from snhia, health, Lat.J wholesome ; 
 promoting or contributing to heallli. 
 
 SALUTATION, s. [Fr. from saluto, to salute, Lat.] the 
 act or stvie of saluting ; greeting; salute. 
 
 ToS.ALUTF, r. rt. [from .«n/i(i, health, Lat.J to pay a per 
 son a compliment, or wish them well, at meetnig. To greet; 
 to hail. To please or gratify. To kiss. 
 
 SALUTE,*, salutation ; greeting. A kiss. 
 
 SALUTER, .?.he who salutes. 
 
 SALUTIFKROUS, «. |l'ronwn/«J, health, and fho, to 
 bring, Lat.] healthful; conducive to health. 
 
 b.'VMAHCANI), or SA'MACAND, [called also Ma- 
 WARALNAHR.] siipposcd to be the M arakandiw of the
 
 SAN 
 
 SAN 
 
 anfients, a very large and well peoplo.i city <*( Asia, capilal 
 of a kiliHikiiii <)(' tilt' saiiii- iiaiiie, in llie t-oiiiilry of the 
 Usbeclt Tartars, with a laTiious acadtiiiy <>i' sciences, to 
 which the Maiionietans reiiort to sliuiy, from ail the ncioji- 
 Ijoiiring countries. Many of the lionses are built of stone, 
 j»i:d it is forfitied with strong IniluarUs of earth. It was 
 formerly the seat ofTanierlane the Great, as it no\v is of a 
 'J'artar "prince, and carries ow a great trade with Persia, 
 Ilindoostan, Chinese Tartary, tvc. The silk paper made 
 liere is in great request throughout the East. The soil 
 produces pears, apples, raisins, and melons, of an exquisite 
 taste. It is pleasantly seated on the river Sogde, 150 miles 
 E. by N. of Bokhara." Lat. ;?!). 5;). N. Ion. 03. 20. E. 
 
 S.^iVIA'lHTANS, a sect of here ticalJews, who inhabited 
 tlie country from which they derived their name. 'I'hey 
 preferred mount Gerizim to .leriisaleui, and are said to 
 bave rejected every part of the Old 'J'estument except the 
 live books of Moses. 
 
 S.'XME, 3. [samo, Cotliic, sammn, Swed.] not another; 
 i(ientical ; very ; of the like sort, kind, or degree. IVIea- 
 tioned before. 
 
 SAMENESS, s. identity; the state of being not another, 
 or not diflerent. 
 
 SA'MLiyr, s. fa diminutive of salmon ; whence salmonct, 
 or salmoiihl, and samlct\i\ small salmon. 
 
 SAMOGITlA,;!' province of Poland, by the Baltic Sea, 
 about 17u miles in length, and 125 in breadth. It is full of 
 forests and very hi^:!! mountains, which feed a great number 
 of cattle, and produce a large quantity of honey. There 
 are also very active horses, in high esteem. The inhabitants 
 are accounted clownish and honest ; and they will not allow 
 a young woman to go out in the night, without a candle in 
 her hand, and two bells at her girdle. Rossentia and 
 Wormia are the principal places. 
 
 SAMOYE'DI^S, The, once a numerous nation of Tar- 
 lary, in Asia, but now strangely dispersed. I'hey neither 
 have, nor appear ever to have had, any kind of regular 
 government. They have a large head, a flat face, high 
 cheek bones, small eyes, a Hat nose, a wide mouth, a yellow 
 complexion, large ears, straight, harsh, black hair, a short 
 neck, little or no beard, and short legs. 
 
 .SAWJ-*, s. a name given in America to a sort of bread 
 made of the maize, or Indian corn. 
 
 SA'MPliIRE, s. an umhellifcrous plant found on the sea- 
 coast. Poor people on the sea-coast eat it as a potherb, 
 and it is very generally used as a pickle. The golden 
 samphire is a species of elecampane, flowering in Anjjust. 
 The marsh samphire is the jointed glasswort. The prickly 
 samphire, or sea parsncp, is a species of the echinophora 
 ofEiiniseus. 
 
 SA'MPLE, {sampT) s. ffrora example] a specimen ; a part 
 sliewed, that judgment may be made of the whole. 
 
 SA'MPLER, i. [e.rumvlar, Lat.] a pattern of work. A 
 piece of work wrought by girls to teach them marking, &c. 
 
 SA'NABLE, a. (from smw, to cure, Lat.] curable ; 
 remediable. 
 
 SANATION, *. [from sano, to cure, Lat.] the act of 
 curing. 
 
 SA'NATIVE, a. [from s<mo, to cure, Lat.j having 1,'ie 
 power to heal or cure. 
 
 SANCTIFICA'TION, *, [sanctification, Fr.] the state o' 
 being freed, or the act of freeing, from the dominion of sin. 
 The act of making holy ; consecration. 
 
 SA'NCTIFIER, s. one that sanctities or consecrates. 
 
 To SA'NCTIFY, v. a. to free from the pollution and povvi-r 
 of sin. To free from guilt. To make holy. To secure 
 from violation. 
 
 SANCTIIMO'NIOUS, a. [snnctimonia, from sayctus, holy, 
 Lat.] having the appearance of a saint ; saintly. 
 
 SANCTIMONY, s.[sanctimo7na, from saiictus,ho\\', Lat.l 
 a scrupulous austerity ; appearance of holiness ; holiness. 
 SA'NCTION, {sanhhon) a. [from sancio, to ratify, Lat.] 
 the act which coofirms a tlbing, and makes it obligatory. 
 
 SA'NCTITUDE, «. [from taiicim, ho\y, Lat.] hoIinesB ; 
 goodness. 
 
 SA'NCTITY, ». [sunclitiis, from sanctiis, holy, Lat.] a state 
 of holiness. Cioodness; godliness; purity. An holy being; 
 angel. 
 
 SA'NCTUARY, i. \sanctiiarimn, from tanttiis, holy, Lat.] 
 a holy place. A place of refuge, or protection ; asylum. 
 Shelter or proli clion. 
 
 SAND, s. [sKiiU, Dan. and Belg.] a very small gritty 
 earth. Particles of stone not joined, or alter being 
 joined, broken to powder. A barren country covered with 
 sands. 
 
 SAXDAL, s. snndale, Fr. sandalium, Lat.] a loose shoe. 
 
 SA'NDAK.ACll, {sandurak) s, \.mndarai/i:e, Fr. suuduraca, 
 Lat. J a very beautiful native fossil, often injudiciously con- 
 founded with factitious red arsenic, and willi the red matter 
 formed by melting the common yellow orpiment. A dry 
 hard resin of a v, liitish colour, of which pounce is made. 
 The matter commonly found in a bee-hive, commonly named 
 ice.;' bread. 
 
 S.-XNDBACH, a town in Chesnire, seated on the river 
 Vi'elock. In the market-place are two square stone-crosses, 
 ac'lorned with images. It is 2(i miles E. of Chester, and Kit 
 N N. W. of London. Market on Thursdays. 
 
 SA'NDBLIND, a. atllictcd with a defect in the sight, i.. 
 wl'ich smajl particles seem continually tlying before the eyes. 
 
 SA'NDED, n. barren, covered with sand. 
 
 SANDEMA'NIANS, s. in Ecclesiastical history, mo- 
 dern set that originated in Scotland, about the year 172H, 
 and were hrst called 6'/!«sijVc.5, from John <Jlass, I heir founder: 
 afterwards by their present name, in 1755, from Mr. Robert 
 Sandeman, who wrote in tavour of their principles. Their 
 oj)iniousand practices chiefly consist in, their weekly admi- 
 nistration of the Lord's Supiier ; their love feasts, of whicli 
 every member is ren.uired to partake ; their kiss of charity 
 used on this occasion; their weekly collection before the 
 Lord's Supper for the support of the poor, and other ex- 
 penses : mutual exhortation ; abstinence f^rom blood and 
 things strangled ; washing each other's feet, which they 
 understand as a literal precept, Ac. They maintain a 
 plurality of elders, pastors, or bishops, in each church. 
 In discipline, they are very strict and severe. They are 
 not, at presfiit, a very numerous sect either in England or 
 Scotland, and difi'ei fiom the Calvanists in tiieir notions ii.f 
 faith, wliich tliev deem a simple assent, and not ajustifi/ing 
 fait|.i. 
 
 SA'NDERLING, s. a bird. 
 ' SA'NDERS, s. [saiitcihon, Lat.] a curious sort of In- 
 dian wood, of which there are three sorts, yellow, red, and 
 green. 
 
 SA'NDEVER, s. [saindever, Fr.] the recrement or scurii 
 produced in making glass. 
 
 S.'V'NDISH.n. approaching to the nature of sand ; loose. 
 
 SA NDSTONE, s. a stone that crumbles into sand. 
 
 SA'NDWICH, a sea-port town of Kent, consisting of 
 about 1500 honse-5, most of them old and built with wood, 
 though there are a few new ones built with brick and flints. 
 The members pioperlv belonging to it, as a Cinque Port, 
 are Fordwich, Deal, Walme-r, Ramsgatc, Reculver, Stonar, 
 and Sar. It was once a considerable sea-port, but it is 
 now much decayed on account of the river Stour, on which 
 it is sealed, being so choked up with sand as to admit only 
 small vessels. By these, however, it exports chiefly to the 
 London markets, corn, malt, the largest and sweetest carrots, 
 fruits, and seeds, the soil being remarkably good for all 
 sorts of garden stufl^'. It is 13 miles E. of Canterbury, a«d 
 67 E. by S. of London. Markets en Wednesday and 
 Saturday. 
 
 SA'NDWICH ISLANDS, a group of Islands in the S. 
 Sea, discovered bv captain Cook, wha gave them tile abovd 
 name in honour of the earl of Sandwicb, under w hose admi- 
 nistration they were first visited. They lie between 19 and 
 22deg. N. lat. and between 155 and i59 (leg. \V. Ion. and 
 are 12 in number, the largest of which is called O'why'hee. 
 
 705
 
 SAP 
 
 S AR 
 
 Tlie air of these islands is, in general, salubrious, and many 
 of the vegetable productions arc the same with th..se of 
 (he Society Islands. The inhabitants resemble those o' 
 O-Taheitee. 
 
 SA'NDVVORT, s. in botany, ihearenaria of Linnaeus. 
 Several species of cliickweed are in tliis ^enus. . 
 
 SA'NDY, a. abounding in, or consisting of. sand. 
 . SA'NDYX,*. a ceruse burnt till it resembles red arsenic 
 in colour ; or, red earth, prol)ably tlie red orpiment. 
 
 SANE, a. [i«"i«, Lat.] whole; heallliv ; sound. 
 
 SANG, preter. of 81NG. 
 
 SA'A'GIAC, s. a Turkish governor of a city or province. 
 
 S.VNGU I FERGUS, a. [from «(»;,■■»!*, blood, and fero, tr 
 bring, Lat.] conveying blood. 
 
 SANGUiriCA'TION, s. [from .'<a,i!!;uis, blood, and/oc/o, 
 to make, Lat.) theproduclii 11 of blood. 
 
 SA'NGUIFlf:R,s.producerofblooil. " Bitters— the best 
 jatignifiers." Floifer. 
 
 To SA'NGUirV, V. n. [from sanguis, blood and/ne/o, to 
 make. Lat.] to produce bloi.d. 
 
 SA'NGUINARY, a. [from ia«g-HU, blood, Lal.J bloody ; 
 cruel ; murderous. 
 
 SA'NGUJNE, «. [ixom sanguis, blood, Lat.J red, or like 
 Mood, applied to colour. Abounding with blood. Cheer- 
 ful, applied to temper. Warm, anient, or coufident. 
 
 SANGLU'NENESS, or SANGUI'NITY.j. ardour ; heat 
 of expectation ; contidence. 
 
 SAKGUINEOLN, «. (from rang-jiu, blood, Lat.J consti- 
 tuting blood ; abounding with blood. 
 
 S.VNHEDRIM, «. [smedrium, Lat. from syn, together, 
 and heclra, a seat, Gr.Ithe supreme comicil or court of 
 judicature among the Jews, consisting of seventy elders, 
 over whom the high priest presided. 
 
 SA'NICLE, s. \suiuch, Yx. sanicula, Lat.J an umbellife- 
 rous plant found in woods and hedges, and flowering in 
 May and June. The leaves are slightly bitter and astrin- 
 gent. The 'i orkshire sanicle is the common butterwort. 
 The juice of the leaves kills lice; and the common people 
 use it to cure the cracks or chops in cows' udders. 
 
 SA'NIES, s. [Lat.] serous putrid matter issuing from an 
 ulcer. It istliinner than pus. 
 
 SA'NMOUS, a. [from sanies, corrupt matter, Lat.J running 
 with a thin and undigested matter. , , , 
 
 S.VNITY, s. [from sanus, healthful, Lat.J health; sound- 
 ness of mind. 
 
 .SANK, pieter. of Sink. 
 
 SA'NQlJAllAll.a borough town ofScotland,in the county 
 of Nithsdale, 25 miles N. of Dumfries, and 372 from 
 London. . , . , , . 
 
 S.\P, s. [sap, Belg. sape, Sax.J the juice which ascends in, 
 and nourishes plants. 
 
 To SAP, 1'. a. Isnpper, Fr. xappaie, Ital.J to undermine ; to 
 demolish or subvert by digging under. Neuterly, to pro- 
 ceed bv digging under. 
 
 SAP-COLOLIRS, a name given to various expressed 
 vfctable juices of a viscid nature, which arc inspissated 
 by°.slow ev;>.poration for the use of painters, &c. ; sap-green, 
 gamboge, &c. are uf this class. 
 
 S\TID n. [iffpK//«, Lat.j tastefid; palatable. 
 
 SAPI'DITY, SAPl'UNESS, rt. lastef.iliiess. 
 
 SATIENCE, s. [snpietitia, from sn/)w, to know, Lat. I 
 the habit or (lisposition of mind which imports the lo e 
 of wisdom. \Vi»dom : sageness ; knowledge. 
 SA'Pl'iTNT, 1. [stipiciis, from supiv, to know, Lat.J wise or 
 
 S.VPLESS, a. [saploos, Belg.] destitute of sap, or vital 
 juice. Dry ; old ; liusky. 
 
 SATLlNCi,^. a voung tree or plant. 
 
 SaPONA'CEOLS, orSA'PONARY. a. [from sapo, soap, 
 Lat.j liaviug the qualities of soap. Soapy. 
 
 SA POP», s. [Lat.] taste ; power of aflecting or stimulating 
 
 "s.vi'OlU'FIC, a. \(rom sapor, taste, and /acio, to make, 
 Lat.J producing tasie. 
 
 '00 
 
 SAPPHIRE, (safire) s. \supphirus, Lat.J a precious stone 
 of a beautiful sky colour. 
 
 S.^PPINKSS, s. the quality of abounding in sap er 
 juice. Figuratively, defect of understanding. 
 
 SATPY, a. abounding in sap ; juicy ; succulent. Young; 
 weak or infirm. 
 
 S.\'R.\BAND, s. [sitrahande, Fr. earabnndc, Span.] a 
 musical composition, generally played very grave and se- 
 rious; also a Spanish dance. 
 
 SARACENS, the general name of people celebrated 
 some centuries ago, who came originally from the deserts of 
 Arabia; Sdirn, in their language, signifying a desert. They 
 were the first disciples of Mahomet, and within CO years af- 
 ter his death cnn(piered a considerable part of Asia, Africa, 
 and Europe. Tin y invaded France, and kept possession of 
 Spain till the year 151 1, when they were iinally expelled. 
 They also maintained a war in Palestine a long time, against 
 the Western Christians, and at length, drove them entirely 
 out of it ; but now there are no people of that name, for the 
 descendants cf those who conquered Spain are called 
 Moors. 
 
 SARAGOSSA, a city of Spain, in Arragou, «ith an 
 archbishop's see, an university, and a court of inquisition. 
 It is said to have been built by the Phoenicians ; and the 
 Romans sent a colony here in the reign of Augustus, whence 
 it had the n;uue of Ca;sar Augustus, which, by corruption, 
 has been changed into Saragossa. It is large, handsome, 
 and well built. The streets are long, broad, well-paved, 
 and very clean, and the house; froni three to six stories high. 
 It is adorned with many magnificent buildings, and they 
 reckon 17 large church houses,and 14 handsome monasteries, 
 not to mention others less considerable. The river Ebro 
 runs across the place, dividing it in two; and on it's banks 
 is a handsome quay, which serves for a public walk. Holy- 
 street is so large and broad, it may be taken for a square ; 
 and here they had their bullfights. In this street are 
 several noblemen's families, particularly that of the viceroj'. 
 The cathedral is a spacious joihic building ; but the finest 
 is that of Kuestra Signora del Pilar, seated on the side of 
 the Ebro, and is a place of the greatest resort for devotees 
 in Spain. They exhibit a Madona here, or a statue of Ma- 
 ry and the Infant, which, like the Diana of the Ephesians, 
 is said to have been miraculously obtained. It stands on a 
 marble pillar, but the place is so dark, that it cannot be 
 seen without the assistance of lamps, which are 50 in num- 
 ber. The ornaments of this image are very rich, the crown 
 being fidi of precious stones of an inestimable price; scarce 
 any thing to be seen but gold and jewels; and a vast num. 
 her of people come in pilgrimage hither. The townliouse 
 is a sumptuous structure ; in the hall are the pictures of all 
 the kings of Arragon, and in the corner of it a St. George 
 on horseback, with a dragon of white marble under him. 
 Saragossa is seated in a large plain, where the Ebro receives 
 two other rivers; and over it are two bridges, one of stone, 
 and the otlier of wood, which latter has been thought llie 
 most beautiful in Europe. It is 1.17 miles W. of Barcelona, 
 ancJ 150 N. E. of Madrid. Lat. 41. 53. N. Ion. 0. 
 28. W. 
 
 SARC.\S.M, s. \sarcasme, Fr. tarcatmut, Lat.] a keen 
 reproach ; gibe ; taunt. 
 
 SARCASTIC, or SARCASTICAL, a. satirical; taunt- 
 ing ; severe. 
 SAKCa'STICALLY, ad. tauntingly; severely. 
 .SARCENET, s. a fine tliin woven silk. 
 To SA'RCLE, (lirlJ) V. a. \sarciilum, a weeding, Lat.J to 
 weed corn. 
 
 S,AllCOCF/LE, s. [from sarh, flesh, and hcle, a tumour, 
 Gr.| a liesliy excrescence of the tesliclis. 
 
 • SARCO'LOGY, s. [from sarh, flesh, and /"ffo*, a discourse, 
 
 Gr.J is that part of anatomy which treats of the soft 
 
 parts, viz. the muscles, intestines, arteries, veins, nerves, 
 
 and lat. 
 
 SARCOMA, *. Lfrom *"'"''» ^^^^' '^'"'•J » ^eshy
 
 SAT 
 
 SAT 
 
 excrescence, growing in any part of the body, especially tiie 
 nostrils. 
 
 .SARCOPHAGOUS, (snr!ii,f,io;i.,) n. [from snik, (li-sii, 
 and phugo, to eat, (jr.] (iediii^' on lU'sli. Causljt-. 
 
 SAflCO'PHAGY, s. I from .sm-h, (Icsh, uud ;V-a-c, to eat, 
 Gr.J the practice of eatiii;,' Hesli. 
 
 SARCO'TICS, *. [from sork, tlesli, Or.] medicines which 
 fill lip ulcers with new (Icsh. Imaniativcs. 
 
 SARDl'NIA, an island of the Wediferrancan sefi, 14? 
 miles in length from N. to S. and 80 in breadth from V.. to 
 W. The soil is fertile in corn aiid wiiii', aii<l thi're -AYf. a 
 great nunih'^r of oranties, citrons, and olives. On the coast 
 is a fishery for c.ncliovics and coral, of which they send lar;;e 
 (luaiitities to Genoa and Lef;horn. Beeves and sheep arc 
 numerous, as well as horses, which are very good for lal)onr 
 and the road; it contains mines of bilve,-, lead, snlpluir, and 
 alum, and they make a jjooil deal of salt. This island lias iiii- 
 drrjjone various political revolutions. Cagliari is the ca- 
 pital. 
 
 SA'PiDONYX, ^. ffrom sardioit, a precious stone, and 
 oiii/x, i\ nail, Gr. on account of resembling a human nail in 
 its colour] a species of onyx, whereon the white lies lil.e a 
 plate, of a reddish rolonr. 
 SARK, s. \scyrk, Sax. I a shark. In Scotland, a shirt. 
 SARK, a little island lyin^' h(^tween those of Guernsey 
 and Jersey, on the coast of llie dcpt. of the Channel. 
 SARSE, s. [sns, Fr] a sieve made of fine lawn. 
 To SARSE, V. a. [snsser, Fr.] to sift ihrou^h a lawn sieve. 
 SARUIM, Old, an anfient boroii;,di of Wilts, which, 
 ihough now reduced to a single farm house, still sends two 
 members to parliament ; these are chosen by the proprietors 
 of certain adjacent lands. It once covered the summit of a 
 hi;j!i steep hill; but there is nothing now to be seen of it 
 but some small ruins of a castle, with a double intrenchment, 
 and a deep ditch. It is about a mile N. of Salisbury. 
 
 SASH, «. a belt, or silken band of net-work, worn by 
 officers by way of distinction. A window, with large panes 
 made with frames which go in grooves, and are let up and 
 down by pullies. 
 
 S.\'SSAFRAS, *. in pharmacy, is the wood of an Ame- 
 rican tree, of the laurel kind, imported in large straight 
 blocks. It is said to be warm, aperient, and corroborant, 
 and that it purifies the blood and juices ; and an infusion 
 of it, in the way of tea, is a very pleasant drink. 
 
 SASSA'RI, a city of .Sardinia, capital of the territory of 
 Lugari, and the occasional residence of the viceroy. It 
 contains near 30,000 inhabitants.'and is famous for a foun- 
 tain called Rossel, which is said to be much more magnrfi- 
 cent than the best at Rome. The inhabitants have the fol- 
 lowing proverb, Cld iion vidde Rossel, non vidde mimdo ; he 
 that has not seen Rossel, has not seen the world. Jt is 
 seated in a plain, 6 miles N. of Algher. Lat. 40. 4G. N. Ion. 
 « 39. E. 
 SAT, the prefer, of SiT._ 
 
 SA'TAN, s. [Heb.J the [prince of Iiell ; the devil ; any 
 wicked spirit. 
 
 SATA'MC, or SATATSICAL, a. [from Satan] devilish ; 
 infernal. 
 
 SATCHEL, t. ffrom saccns, a sack, Lat. See Sachel] a 
 little leathern bag used by children to carry books in. 
 
 To SATE, t'. a. [from sntis, enough, Lat.] to feed too much 
 or beyond the desires of nature ; to glut ; to satiate ; to 
 pall. 
 
 SATELLITE,*, in the plural number it is used by Pope 
 asa word of four syllables, and accented by him on the se- 
 cond syllable, [j«*e?/«, Lat.] in astronomy, a' secondary 
 planet, which moves round some primary planet as its 
 centre. 
 
 To SATIATE, (sdshiate) v. a. [from satis, enough, Lat.] 
 to satisfy; fill; pall; glut. To gratify any desire. To 
 impregnate with as much as it can receive ; to saturate. 
 SA'TI ATE, (ius/i/nf?) a. glutted ; full to satiety. 
 SATFETY, {snshcity or saseeti/) s. [saticlc^, i'V. from satis, 
 enough, Lat.l more than enough ; state of being iiallei'. 
 
 SATIN, s [stttin, Fr. sanin, Belg.] a soft, close, and shin- 
 ing silk. 
 
 S.\TIRE, *. [sntira, Lat.] a poem in which wickedness 
 and folly are censured. SynoN'. Satire is general ; a lata, 
 potm is personal; the former is commendable; the latter 
 scurrilous. 
 
 SATFRIC, or SATFRICAL, a.[saii>-ir/ue, Fr. {rom tatira, 
 a satire, Lat.] bi longing to satire. Censorious; severe in 
 reproach ; invective. 
 
 SAT'FRICALLY, flf/. with invective; with intention to 
 censure or vilify. 
 SATIHI.ST, «. one who writes satires. 
 To SATIIUZR, V. a. \satirizer, Fr. | to censure, as in a 
 satire. 
 
 S.ATISFA'CTION, s. [from satis, enough, and farin, Ut 
 make, Lat.] the act of giving comiilile or perfect pleasure. 
 'Jlic slate of being pleased. Freedom from uncertainty iir 
 srjspense. Gratification. Atonement; reconipence, or 
 antends for a crime or injury. 
 .SATlSFA'CTORILY>rf; so as to content. 
 SATISFACTORY, a. [satisfactoire, Fr.j atoning; giv- 
 ing satisfaction ; making amends. 
 
 To SATISFY, V. a. [(rom satis, enough, and/rtcio, tc make, 
 Lat.j to please to such a degree that nothing more is de- 
 sired. To feed to the full. To recompense. To convince. 
 To give .atonement or amends for an injury. Neuterly, to 
 make pavment. 
 S.V'I liAPA, s. the chief governor of a province in Persia. 
 S.ATURABLK, a. impregnable with any thing till it will 
 receive no more. 
 
 ToSATUKATE, v. a. [from.«fi«-, full, Lat.] to impreg- 
 nate till no n'o'.e can be imbibed. 
 
 SATliRA TION', in chymislry, the act of a fiuid with an- 
 other substance til! no more can be received or imbibed. A 
 fluid which holds as much of any substance as it can dis- 
 solve, is said to be saturated witli that substance. A solid 
 may in the same. way be saturated with a fluid. 
 
 SATURDA Y, s. [from sater, a Sa.\on idol, and tlttg, Sax. 
 a davl the lastdav of the week. 
 SATU'RITY, /. [from satur, full, Lat.] fulness. 
 SATURN, s. \Satiirnus, Lat. \ in the Newtonian astro- 
 nomy, is one of the superior plauets. To the naked eye 
 lie appears less bright than any other planet, (the Georgiuin 
 Sidus excepted,) on account of his great distance from us, 
 but, as seen through a good telescope, he is the most ele- 
 gantly adorned body in the system. His iiieaii distance from 
 the sun is 954,072 of those parts of which the earth's dis- 
 tance is 100,000, which is about 907,()00,(!00 English miles, 
 as deduced from the transit of Venus on June 3, 17G9. Ly 
 moving at the rate of about *23,0i.i0 miles every hour, he 
 completes his immense circuit round tiie sun in 2[;yis. 16'td 
 7h. 21m. 50s. but his sidereal revolution isl2d.7h. 1-lni. 52.^-. 
 longer. The time from one of his conjunctions with the sun, 
 as seen from the earth, lo the next, is 37ad. 2h. 8m. 8s. Ilr.. 
 diameter is 10 1-lOth as great as the earth's ; consequently 
 he contains 10.30 times as much matter. Dr. Herschel has 
 discovered that he turns round his axis at the prodigious 
 rateofaboiit 24,500 miles every hour.in loh.lGm.0.2-.')S. there- 
 fore his year containsabout -io.HOof such days, 'i'he rota- 
 tion is performed in the same way as that of the earth upon 
 heraxis. He app<ars,like tlie other superior i.lanets, to be 
 direct, retrograde, or stationary, according to his aspect with 
 the sun, as seen from the eailli ; which proves that the sun, 
 and not the earth, is the centre of bis orbit. The greatest 
 number of days he can be retrograde, in a synodic revolu- 
 tion, is 141, in which time the angle of retrogradation h 
 about 7". He does not move in the plane of the earth's orbi 
 but is inclined theielo2'^29'50', intersecting the ecliptic i, 
 two opposite points called his nodes, which, on .\ugust 21. 
 1784, were i)osited in 21" oO'S'i of Cancer and Capricorn, 
 according to iMr. Biigge's observation of the planet's pa»- 
 sage through his ilesceiiding node at that time. They move 
 65' 30" in 11)0 years. His eccentricity is 53,640, «iid greatest 
 equation of his orbit U'" 26"' iZ'. Tiie place of his aphelion, 
 
 707
 
 SAV 
 
 SAV 
 
 anno 1800, Mas in 29° 4' of Sagittarius, having a prnsressive 
 I'lotion of 1°50' / ' ill 100 years. Tliis planet, like Jupiter, 
 has parallel streaks called lielts, appareutly on liis snrface; 
 but that they are not so, is evident from their cliangeable- 
 iiess ; some suppose them to be vehicles similar to our 
 clouds, and designed for the like purposes ; but of this no- 
 thing certain can be said. Saturn, according to Dr. Hers- 
 chel, is encompassed with two concentric rings, which, 
 like the moon, are opaque, receiving their light from the 
 sun, and reftecting it on the planet. These rings are inclined 
 30° on the orbit of Saturn, intersecting it in two opposite 
 points called the nodes of the rings, which are placed in 
 about 17° of \ irgo and Pisces. The rings, in a Saturnian 
 year, are constantly carried parallel to themselves, similar 
 to the earth's axis, and consequently the sun shines on the 
 northern half for near 15 years without setting, and vice 
 versa. The rings, considered as one, being a broad circular 
 arch, having, in the opinion of Dr. Herschel, a spherical or 
 spheroidical edge, is invisible, except through very power- 
 ful telescopes, when Saturn is about its nodes, on account ot 
 its thin edge being directed to us ; but the more the planet 
 is removed from them, the more open it appears. It is the 
 most open when the planet is in 17° of Gemini and Sagit- 
 tarius. Dr. Herschel computes the diameter of the larger 
 ring to he 204,883 miles, and the distance of the two rings 
 3838 miles. The rings are equally distant from Saturn on 
 evt-ry sidi', and the outer one has a revolution round its axis 
 ifl lOh. 32m. 15s. 2 otiis. Bui these rings are notthe only light 
 reflected on ihi- planet in the absence of the sun ; he has 
 likewise 7 satellites, or moons, constantly moving round 
 Jiira as their centre, so that there is no part of this huge 
 planet but is couiiantly enlightened by one or more of these 
 moons. They all move so nearly in the plane of the rings, 
 the fifth excepted, that the difference cannot be perceived 
 by our best telescopes. M. Cassini places the node of the 
 fifth satellite in .58. 5° upon the orbit of its primary. From 
 the discovery of Herschel that the satellites of Jupiter move 
 round their axes in the time they move lound their pi imary, 
 we may infer that those of Saturn have the like motion. — 
 The periodical revolutions and distances of these satellites 
 from the body of Saturn, expressed in semidiaraeters of that 
 planet, and in miles, are as below : 
 
 
 
 Distances in 
 
 
 I Sat. 
 
 Periods. 
 
 Semi- 
 
 
 Diam. 
 
 
 
 diam- 
 
 Miles. 
 
 ofOrbit 
 
 1 
 
 U 2!/i 18' 27" 
 
 fti 
 
 176,000 
 
 1' 27 
 
 i 
 
 2 17 41 22 
 
 54 
 
 221,000 
 
 1 .52 
 
 3 
 
 4 12 23 11 
 
 8 
 
 322,000 
 
 2 36 
 
 t 
 
 15 22 41 13 
 
 18 
 
 724,000 
 
 6 14 
 
 5 
 
 79 7 53 42 
 
 64 
 
 2,172,000 
 
 17 25 
 
 6 
 
 1 8 53 9 
 
 3* 
 
 14.3,000 
 
 1 14 
 
 7 
 
 22 37 23 
 
 i n 
 
 114,000 
 
 .57 
 
 Among astrologers, an inlortune. In chymistry, it is an 
 appellation given to lead. In heraldry, it denotes the black 
 colours in blazoning the arms of sovereign ])riuces. 
 
 SAFU'RNIAN, ff. [satuniiiis, Lai.] golden; happy; be- 
 longing to the planet Saturn. 
 
 SATURNINE, a. ]sitiurnmi(s, Lat.] gloomy, grave, or 
 melancholy; siipiioseil to be born under the influence of 
 the planet Saturn. 
 
 S.\TYR, s. [sKti/nit, Lat. J in heathen mythology, was 
 a fabulous kind of di'iiii-god, or rural deitv, of the antieiit 
 Romans, represented with goat's feet, and sharp prieked- 
 op cars. 
 
 SATY'RION, s. \siil>/rium, Lat.] in botany, a genus of 
 plants, of which there are five British species. It is also 
 called orchis. 
 
 SXyAaVj, a. [sama^e, Fr.] wild or uneallivated. Un- 
 tamed, or cruel. Untaught, barbarous, uncivilized. 
 
 SA'VAGE, *. a person who is neither taught nor civil- 
 ized. 
 
 7(Vi 
 
 To SAT-^GE, V. a. 1o make wild or savage. ^' Sacoj^'d 
 by woe." Thorn. 
 
 SAVAGELY, ad. barbarously ; cruelly. 
 SA V^VGKN ESS, s. barbarousness ; cruelty. 
 SAV.\''''N.\, s. [Span.j an open meadow without wood; 
 pasture {-round, in America. 
 
 SAUCZ, s. \saucc, Vr J any liquid or other thing eateii 
 with food to improve itstaste. Tosene one the same sauce, is 
 to return one injury by another. 
 
 To S.VUCE, 1'. a. to accompany fViod with something to 
 give it a higher relish. To gratify the palate. To intermix 
 with something good or bad. 
 S.'^U'CEBOX, s. an impertinent, impudent fellow. 
 SAU'CEPAN, s. a small skillet ust;d in making sauces, A-c. 
 SALi'CER, s. [sauciere, Fr.] a small platter on which a 
 tea-cup stands. 
 
 SAUCILY, (kZ. impudently ; in a saucy manner; petu- 
 lantly ; impertinently. 
 
 SAU'CINESS, J. impudence ; petulance; impertinence. 
 SAU'CISSE, or SAU'SAGE, s. in the military, is a long 
 train of powder, sewed up in a roll of pitched cloth, about 
 two inches in diameter, serving to set fire to mines. 
 
 SAUCrSSON, s. [Fr] in fortification, fiiggots made of 
 large boughs of trees hound together. Tlioy are commonly 
 used to cover men, to make epauhnents, traverses, or breast- 
 works in ditches full of water, to render the way firm for 
 carriages. 
 
 SAU'CY, a. [perhaps best derived from salsus, Lat.] pert ; 
 contemptuous of superiors; impertinent; letulant; iusolent. 
 To S.AVE, 1). a. \saiivcr, Fr. saho, from sali^us, safe, Lat.] 
 to preserve or rescue from danger, destruction, or eternal 
 misery. To reserve or lay by money. To preTent from spend- 
 ing. To spare or excuse. To salve ; to reconcile. To save one's 
 tide, is to embark just time enough to accomplish a voyage 
 before the tide turns ; and, figuratively, to take, embrace, 
 or not lose an opi)oitunity. Neuterly, to be cheap. 
 SAVE, ad. [imperative of save \ except ; not including. 
 S.^'VEALL, (sdveaid) s. a small pan fixed in a candlestick 
 to burn the ends of candles. 
 
 SA'VI''R, f. a rescuer; one who lays up and grows rich. 
 One who escapes loss, though without gain. An economist. 
 SAVIN, s. \saviii, Fr.] an herb, a species of juniper. In 
 medicine, it is famous as an hysteric and attenuant. 
 
 SA'VING, a. frugal ; laying by money, and refraining 
 from expense. Adverbially, with exception or favour o^ 
 SA'VING, s. the act of avoiding expense. .Any thing pre- 
 served from being expen*led. An exception in favour of. 
 SA'VI\(iLY, arf. with parsimony. 
 
 S.V'ViOL'i!, s. [saiiieur, Vr.] the title given to our Blessed 
 Lord, who, by bis death and suflerings, has made a propi- 
 tiation for the sins of mankind, and saves those that believt 
 in him, from eternal misery. Redeemer. 
 
 To SAUNTER, i". «. [aller a la sainte tei-re, i. e. to go to the 
 holy land ; alluding to those persons who wandered about 
 begging charity, under pretence of going to the holy land ; 
 or rather from sans terrc, l'"r. without any settled home] to 
 wander about in an idle manner; to linger; to loiter. 
 
 SAVOR Y, t. a plant ; the leaves are a warm aromatic, of 
 a grateful smell, ami a penetrating pungiMit taste. 
 
 SA'VOUR.i. [seveur, Fr.| a scent or odour. Figuratively, 
 a taste. 
 
 To SA'VOUR, t'. M. [samurer, Fr.] to have any particular 
 scent or taste. To betoken or have an appearance of some- 
 thing. Actively, to like ; to relish or take pleasure in. To 
 give a taste of". 
 
 SAVOURY, a. [savoureiix, Fr.] pleasing to the smell ; 
 relishing ; flavorous ; piquant. 
 
 S.\'VOY, i. a sort of coalwort, so called as being brought 
 from Savoy into England. 
 
 SA'VOY,a ci-devant duchy of Europe, now forming the 
 department of IMont-Blanc. In 1792, this country wa» 
 over-run by the French, and, in the vanie year, it was tie- 
 creed by the national convention that it should be an 84ti» 
 departniont of France, by the name of Mont Blanc.
 
 SCAB 
 
 S C A M 
 
 769 
 
 SAU'SAGE, or SAU'CIDGE, s. [.iauc)sse, Fr.] a wcllkriowii 
 fooi], made commonly of pork or veul, anil sometimes of tjeef 
 minced very small, with salt and spice, and' pnt into a gut, 
 and sometimes only rolled in flour. 
 SAW, the preter of See. 
 
 .SAW, s. [siiira, or iigr, .Sax. sriwc, D m.J an instrnmcnt with 
 teeth, used to cut wooii or metal, &c. A saying ; a sentence; 
 a proverb ; an adage, from sag/ie, Belg. 
 
 To SAW, V, II. participle sawed orysuum ; to cut timber or 
 other materials with a saw. 
 
 SA'WDUST, .5. dnst made by the attrition of the saw. 
 SA'WPIT, s. a pit over which timber is laid to he sawn. 
 SA'WER, or SA'WVER, s. one who cuts timber with a saw. 
 SA'WWORT, i. a plant, of which there are three Enj^dish 
 species, viz.. the dyer's mountain, and corn sawwort. This 
 genus is distinguished from the tliistle by its hairy recrp- 
 tacle, disti;iide<t cup, and thorny scales. The first species 
 is used by dyers to give a yellow colour to coarse woollen 
 cloths. 
 
 S V'XIFK.VGE, .V. [from snxum, a stone, and frango, to 
 break, Lat.] from the virtue which has been ascrilied to it from 
 the cure of the gravel and stone.] in botany, a plant. Tiiere 
 are two species, the alternate-leaved, and common golden 
 saxifrage. The I)lossoms ol both species are a bright yellow, 
 rnd flower in April. The former species is found in shady 
 V onds near rills of water, and the latter in watery lanes. The 
 Cornwall saxifrage is the tigusticinn of Linna;us, an umbelli- 
 fi.riais iiiant flowering in July. The English marsh saxifrage 
 is the knotty s[iurrey. The meadow saxifrage is a species of 
 harestrong. The white saxifrage is a kind of sengreeu found 
 on dry ground, and flowering in May. 
 
 SA'X.MUNUHAM, a town of Suffolk, containing about 
 ■(00 pretty good houses, but the streets are not paved. It has 
 no particular manufacture, and is situated between Wood- 
 bridge and Yoxford in the rood to Halesworth, 19 miles N. E. 
 of Ipswich, and 89 miles N. E. of London. Market on 
 Thurs<lay. 
 
 SA'XONY. If considered in its largest sense, as including 
 tile Upper and Lower Saxony, it is bounded oirthe N. by the 
 Baltic sea, Denmark, and the German ocean ; on the E, by 
 Poland and Silesia, and on the S. by Bohemia, Franconia, and 
 Hesse Cassel, and on the W. by Westphalia. It lies betv/een 
 lat 50. and 55. deg. N. and between longitude 8 and 19 deg. 
 E. Saxonj' duchy, to which the electorate is annexed, is 
 hounded on the N. by the duchies of Magdeburg and Bruns- 
 wick, tl'.e principality of Halberstadt and electorate of Brau- 
 denburgh, on the E. by Silesia, and part of Bohemia and Fran- 
 conia, and on the W. by the landgravate of Hesse. Its capital 
 is Wirtemberg ; but the elector usually resides at Dresden. — 
 N. B. In July 1607, the elector of Saxony was raised to tlie 
 dignity of kijig by the French em[.>eror ; who also annexed to 
 his dominions the provinces of Poland lately belonging to 
 Prussia, under the title of the Duchy of Warsaw. 
 
 To SAY, V. a. preter said,; [scegan, Sax. teggen, Belg.] to 
 speak, tell, or utter words. To allege or affirm. Neuterljr, 
 to speak. In poetry, this word is elegantly used in the impe- 
 rative, to introduce a question. 
 
 SAY. s. [saga. Sax.] a speech. A sample, contracted from 
 atsny. A trial by a sample. A kind of silk, from soic, Fr. a 
 kind of woollen stuff. 
 
 SA'YING, s. an expression ; words : opinion delivered 
 sententiously ; a saw, or adage. 
 
 SCAB, s. [sciibies, from scaho, to scratch, Lat.] a hard crust 
 of matter covering a wound or sore. The itcli or mai;ge in 
 horses. A paltry person, or one who is loathsome on account 
 of his appearance. 
 
 SCA'BBARD, s [schap, Tent.] the sheath of a sword. 
 SCA BBED, or SCA'BBY, a. covered with scabs. Paltry ; 
 n'orthless, 
 
 SCA'BBINESS, s. the quality of being scabby. 
 SCA'BIOUS, s. a plant with blue blossoms, and naked 
 fruitstalks, found on lieaths and hilly pastures. Bees are 
 
 very fond of the flowers. The lesser field scabious is the 
 feathered devilsbit. 
 
 SCA'BIOUS, u. [.s.-ii/jioius, from scabu, to Scratch, Lat.] 
 leprous, itcliy, scabby. 
 
 SCA'BUOUS, a. [icabrcux, Fr. sciilier, Lat ] rougii ; rugged; 
 harsh ; unmus cal. 
 
 SCAD, s. a kind of fish, supposed to be the same with the 
 shad. 
 
 .SCA'I''FOLD, .r. [eschiifiul, Fr. schnvol, from sc/mwen, to 
 show, Belg.] an nccasion.'d gallery or stage, raised either for 
 shows, executions, or si)rctators. Frames of timber erected 
 on the sides of a building for the worknvjn to st^nd on. 
 
 SCA'FFOLDAGE, or SCA'FFOLDING, s. a frame or stage 
 erected for a particular occasion. A building cvected hi a 
 slight manner. 
 
 SCAGIJO'LA, s. is an imitation of marble of any sort. It 
 is laid on brick in the maimer of stucco, and worked off with 
 iron t.iols. The p^uitlieon, in Oxford-street, had all its 
 columns formed of this material. 
 
 SCALA'DE, or SCALA'DO, s. [scuhul,-, Fr. scalada, Span. 
 Iron) scala, a ladder, Lat.] a furious assault made on a place 
 by ladders raised against the walks. 
 
 SCALAUY, a. [from saila, a ladder, Lat.] proceeding by 
 stops like tho.se of a ladder. 
 
 To SCALD, (skauld) v. a. [scaUure, Ital.] to ii jure the skin 
 by boiling water. 
 
 SCALD, {skauld) s. a kind of local leprosy, in which the 
 head is covered with a scurf or scab. 
 
 SCALD, {ikauld) a, mean ; paltrv ; sorry. 
 SCALE, s. [scde,^ Sax. skal, Isl'.J a balance or vessel iu 
 which things are weighed, suspended on a beam. The sign 
 Libra in the zodiac. The small slulls or crusts which lie over 
 each other, and make tlie coats of fi.slies. A lamina or Ihiii 
 plate which ari.ses on metals. A ladder or means of a.<i.-ent, 
 from scala, Lat. Tiie act of storming by ladders. A rL'gular 
 gradation or series which rises gradiicilly liigli.. r. A ruler used 
 in measuring pro|)ortions. Tlie series of musical proportion. 
 Any thing marked at equal distances. 
 
 To SCALE, V. a. [scalare, Ital. from sca!a, a ladder, Lat.] 
 to mount or climb iiy ladders. To weiyh, measure, or 
 compare. To take off a thin plate or lamina. To strip off 
 .scales. To pare off a surface. Neuterly, to )>col off iu thin 
 pieces 
 
 SCA'LED, a. squamous ; having scales like fi.shes ; 
 scaly. 
 
 SCALE'NE, or SCALE'XU.M, .?. [scah-mim, from sm/a, a 
 ladder, Lat. .scalene, Fr.] a geometrical figure which has its 
 three siiles unequal to each otiier. 
 
 SCALINESS, .V. the state of b-iug scaly. 
 SCALE, {skuull) s. [skulladur, bald, Ijl.] leprosy; 
 baldness. 
 
 SCA'LLION, s. [scahiynu, Ital.] a kind of onion. 
 SCA'LIjOP, jj. [esciillup, Fr.] a lish with a hollow and pec- 
 tinated shell. The sliell of a scallop fish. Any thing drest in 
 a scallop shell. 
 
 To SCA'LLOP, V. a. to cut or mark on the eilges with 
 waving lines. To dress any thing in a scallop shell. 
 
 SCALP, s. [sculiio, Ital.J the sknll, cranium, or bone that 
 incloses the brain. The skin which covers the top of the 
 head. 
 
 To SCALP, i>. a. to cut off tiie skin which covers the 
 head. 
 
 SCA'LPEL, s. [Fr. scalpellum, diminutive of scalprum, a 
 knife, Lat.] a kind of kiiifi; chiefly used in dissections and sur- 
 gical operation,'. 
 
 SCA'LY, a. covered with scales. 
 
 To SCA'AJBI.E, (ikeinbl) v. n. to be turbulent or ra- 
 pacious. To scramble or get by struggling with others. 
 To shift in an awkward manner. Actively, to mangle or 
 maul. 
 
 SCA'MBLER, s. [Scottish] an intruder upon a person's 
 generosity or table. 
 
 5F
 
 SCAR 
 
 770 
 
 SCA:\IMO'NIA'rE, a. niuJe vvitli scammony. ^ 
 
 SCA'JIMOXY 1. [saimmoiiium. Lat. scammoiice, ^T.\ a 
 
 concreted" I esinous juice, m>dev, fVi;.l>le, ii^l.t, ol a grayish 
 
 l.rown cMour, and disagrecaUie odour. It flovvs upon luci- 
 
 siou of llii; root of a kind of ccin-olvuh.s that grows ill 
 
 To SC'^'Ml'ER, i: n. [scham/.ure, Ital. schampen, Btlg.] to 
 flv with speed and fear. To n:arcii wit!i eagerness. 
 
 'To SCAN V. a [scav.do, Lat. ^candre, lir.] to prove a 
 verse by ex?.niin:ng its feet. To e.xamiiie in a nice and curious 
 
 " '.SCA'''NnAL s [from skanduhm, a stumbling-block, Gr. 
 scau-Mc; Fi .] an olil-nce given by the faults of others. A 
 rnroaehful and hilamous aspersion; infamy. t>can<hilam 
 ■nLnatum, in law, is a .iefa.natory speech or writing tc the 
 i.iury of a person of dignity; for whidr a writ that 
 bt'ars the saliie name is granted for the recovery of 
 
 "to^SCA'NDAL, v. a. to treat opprobriously ; to charge 
 
 falsely with faults. , j , 
 
 To' SCA'ND^I.IZIE, V. a. [scaiulalitio, from skandulon, a 
 stumbling-block, Gr. >aindali~^er, Fr.] to oflTend by some 
 action supposed criminal. To reproach, defame, or dis- 
 
 ^'"sCA'iVD ALDUS, u. [.canduhux, Fr.] giving public offence. 
 
 Infamous ; reproachful ; shameful ; opprobrious ; disgraceful ; 
 
 "'sci'MJALOUSLY, ad. shamefully: censoriously; op- 
 
 ''^CA'NDALOUSNESS, s. the quality of giving public 
 
 ° SCA'NSIOX, {ikdiislwn) s. [icamio, from scando, to scan. 
 Lat.l the act.or rracliceofscaumnga verse. 
 
 To SCANT, V. ,1. [.■.kimner, to spare, Dan.J to limit, 
 straiten, or keep within narrow bounds. , 
 
 SCANT a. wary ; p.irii.uonious. Scarce, less than what is 
 
 requisil e. 
 
 SCANT. aJ. scarcely ; hardly. Obsolete. 
 
 SCA'NnLY,»(i. niggardly; sparingly; narrowly. 
 
 SCANTINESS, i. narrouiiess ; want of space, amplitude, 
 quantity, or of greatness. 
 
 SCA'NTLET, s. a small pattern or quantity. 
 
 SCA'NTLING, s. [cschanlillon, Fr.J a small quantity cut 
 as a pattern ; a size or measure. A small piece, proportion, 
 
 or quantilv. . , 
 
 SCA'NTLY, ad. harulv, scarcely, narrowly, penunously. 
 
 SCA'NTNESS, «. narrowness; meanness; smallness. 
 
 SCA'NTY, a. narrow; small; short of its proper quantity. 
 Poor; snaring; niggardly. t . , „ 
 
 To SCATK, V. a [contracted from escape] to shun or tly. 
 Neuterlv, to get away from danger. 
 
 SCAl'K s. fhght from danger. A means ot escape; an 
 evasion. A freak or start, owing to inadvertence. An act ot 
 
 vice or lewdness. ... , . u- i, 
 
 SCAPE-GOAT, in the Jewish antiqinties, the goat which 
 was set at liberty on the day of solemn ejpiation. For the 
 ceremonies on this occasion, see Lev. xvi. 5, fi. 
 
 SCATKMENT, s. in clockwork, a general term lor the 
 manner of communicating the impulse of the wheels to the 
 pendulum. 
 
 SCAPULA, s. [Lat.l the shoulder-blade. 
 S('A'PUL\U, or SCA'PULAUY, a. [from l«//J(/(o, the 
 Bhouider-blade, Lat.] relating or belonging to the shoulders 
 
 SCAR, s. [tsc/ior, Fr. eschara, Gr.] the seam or mark ot a 
 wouiiil, after it is lured. 
 
 To SCAR, V. a. to mark as with a sore or wound. 
 SCA'RAB, 4'. [scar(d<(e, Fr. tcarab<eus, Vdt.] a beetle ; an 
 insect w itli sheathed wings. t , v 
 
 SCA'UAMOUCH s. [escarmoucUe, Fr.J a bnlloon m a 
 motley dress, ,. , 
 
 SCA'RBOHOUGH, a large town of the N. Uuinig nl 
 Yorkshire, seated on a steep rock near which are such 
 craggy clifis that it is almost inaccessible on every side. 
 On the top of «hi. rock is a large green plain, with a little 
 
 S C A V 
 
 well of fresh water, springing out of the roek. It is greatly 
 fivtnieiited on account of its mineral waters, called the Scar- 
 borough Spa, and also for sea bathing; on which account 
 it is iiaieh improved ill the number ai.d beauty of its build- 
 in-«. The spring was under the cliff, part ot which tell 
 down in December 1737, and the water v;as lost ; but, m 
 flearin-' awav the ruins, in order to lebuiM the whart, it 
 was recovered, to the great joy of the town. Here are as- 
 semblies and balls, in the same manner as at lunbridge. 
 Scarborough l:as a good harbour, possesses a considerable 
 shinning trade, is much engaged in the fisheries, and is the 
 best pon for vessels to take to, in stress of weather, between 
 Newcastle and the Humber. It is 3i; mile.s N. L. by E. o 
 York, and 237 N. of London. Market on Thursday and 
 
 Saturday. , , , i . 
 
 SCARCE, «. [scaiso, Ital. sch.ers, Belg.] hard to be met 
 with; rare; not plentiful or common. 
 
 SCARCE, or .SCA'RCELY. ad. with difliculty ; hardly; 
 
 scantly. ,, » 
 
 SCA'RCENESS, or SC.VRCITY, .v. penury ; smalhiess of 
 
 quantity. Rarity ; unc.mimonness ; infrequency. 
 
 To SCARE, V. a. [s.uiaiv, Ital. according to SkinnerJ 
 
 to fright; to terrify; to aiTfriglit ; to strike with sudden 
 
 SCA'RECROW, s. an image or clapper used to frighten 
 birds. Any thing to raise terror. 
 
 SCARF, s. [csc/iarfe, Fr.] any ornament that hangs loose oir 
 the shoulders. 
 
 To SCARF, ti. a. to throw loosely on. To dress in ai:y 
 
 loose garment. r i i i .i 
 
 SCA'RFSKIN, s. the out\v^-d skin ot the body ; the 
 cuticle ; the epidermis. ' t t . i 
 
 SCARIFIC.VTION, s. [Fr. from s.ori/ico, to scari.y, Lat.J 
 an operation wherein several incisions are made in the skiu 
 by a lancet or some such instrument. 
 
 SCA'RIFIER, s. he who scarifies. An instrument by 
 which scarilicatioiis are made. 
 
 ToSCA'RlFY, v.a. \i'vom skatiphus, a pointed n.istrument, 
 Gr. scaiifico, Lat. scariJiLr, Fr.] to let blood, by making several 
 incisioTis in the skin, as in cupping. 
 
 SCA'RLET, s. [escarUUe, Fr. scurhdo, Ital.J a beautiful 
 bright red, but not shining Cloth dyed scarlet. 
 
 SCA'RLEf, u. 0= asj.irletcof.ur. 
 
 SCARP, s. [cscurre, Fr.] the slope on that sale of a ditch 
 which is next to a fortilied place, and looks towards the 
 
 "^SCATCH, s. [fsc^che, Fr.] a kind of horse-bit for bridles. 
 In the plural, stilts used to walk in dirty places, from 
 
 chaises, Fr. ,,.,,, i ■ i r i 
 
 SC\TE s. Ukidor, Swed. skul, Ul.j a kiiiil of wooden 
 
 shoe ' having a plate of steel underneath, used in moving 
 
 on ice. A lish of the species of thornback, from sr/iiu/'j*, 
 
 Lat 
 
 To SCATE, r. n. to move on the ice by means of scales. 
 
 To SCATH, V. n. [sceallmn, or sciiihan, Sax.] to waste, hurt, 
 damace, or destroy. Seldom lued. . . - r 
 
 SCATH, s. [sccut/i, Sax.] waste; damage; loss; mischief. 
 
 Obsolete. u i i ..., 
 
 To SCA'TTER v. a. [scateran, Sax. schutleren, Belg.J to 
 throw loosely about ; to sprinkle. To dissipate or dis- 
 perse. To spread ihmly. Neuterly, to be dispersed or dis- 
 
 ^''sCA'TTERLING, s. a vagabond ; one who has no fixed 
 
 ^SCATU'RIENT, a. Waturient, Lat.] springing as a foun- 
 
 SCATURI'GINOUS, a. [from tcaturigo, a fountain, Lat.] 
 abounding in springs or f luutams. t i i „ 
 
 SCAVAGE ? a toll or custom antienlly e-tacted by 
 m.ayors, sheriffs, and bailiffs of cities and towns corporate, of 
 merchant-strangers, for wares exposed an. otered to sale 
 within their lil-?rties; which was prohibited by 19 lien. VII. 
 but the city of London still retains th.s custom.
 
 SCHI 
 
 SCA'VENGEU, s. [from scauun, to sweep. Sax.] a petty 
 officer who is to see that the streets are liept clean. 
 
 SCE'NP;RY, 'si-tneiii) X. the appearance of place or things. 
 The reprcseiitatiijii of a place in which an action is performed. 
 A collection of scenes nscil in a play-house. 
 
 SCENE, (.vera) s. [skene, Gr. Serena, Lat. scene, Fr.l the 
 staffe ; the dramatic theatre. The general appearance ot any 
 action ; display ; lepresentation ; series. A part of a play, 
 generally applied to so much as passes between the same per- 
 sons in the same place. The place represented by the stage. 
 A jjicture or hanging on the stage, relative to some place or 
 building, adapted to the play. 
 
 SCENIC, (secnilc) u. [sc'cniqus, Fr.] dramatic ; theatrical. 
 
 SCENOGKA'PHICAl,, (seanogrdfikal) a. [skene, a scene, 
 and grapho. to describe, Gr. ] drawn in pers|)ective. 
 
 SCF.NOGH.V'PIIICALLV, aJ. in perspective. 
 
 SCENO'trRAPHY, {senogriij;/) s. [from skene, a scene, and 
 grapho, to de.scribe, Gr.] the art of perspective. 
 
 SCENT, (sen!) s. [h'om senlir, Fr.] the power or sense of 
 Etnelling. Chase followed by the smell. 
 
 To SCENE, (srn/) «. u. [sc/i/j>, Fr.] to smell ; to perceive 
 any thing by the nose, or organ of smelling. To perfume or 
 communicate odours. 
 
 SCE'PTIC, u. See Skeptic 
 
 SCE'PTRE, {s'eple') s. [sceplncm, Lst. skeplron, Gr. scepl?e, 
 Fr.] a royal slafl" borne in the hand by kings, &c. as a mark 
 of their sovereignty. 
 
 SCE'PTRED, {sip/red) <i. bearing a sceptre. 
 
 SCHA'FFHAUSEN, a small protestant canton of Switzer- 
 land with a capital of the same name. 
 
 SCHE'DLTLK, {scdule) s. [sclieduh, from scheda, a scroll, 
 Lat.] a small scroll, or inventory. A scroll annexed to a will 
 or other writing, containing something not mentioned in the 
 main writing. 
 
 SCHE'MATISM, {skimaiism) s. [from skema, a form or 
 habit, Gr.] combhiation of tlie aspects of heavenly bodies. 
 Particular form or disposition of a thing 
 
 SCHE'MATIST, {sk'cmatist) s. a projector ; one given to 
 forming schemes ; a contriver. 
 
 SCHEME, {skeem) s. [from skema, a form or habit, Gr.] 
 a plan, system, or design, wherein several things are brought 
 into one view. A project, draught, contrivance. Any lineal 
 or tnathematical diagram ; combination of the heavenly 
 bodies. 
 
 SCHE'MER, s. a contriver; a projector. 
 
 SCHE'SIS, (s/rfyi.s) s. [Gr.] habit of the body. A figure in 
 rhetoric, whereby a certain alFection or inclination of the oppo- 
 nent.is feigned on purpose to be answered. 
 
 SCHIRAS. a large and famous town of Persia, capital of 
 Farsistan. It i.s 3 miles in length fnim E. to W. but not so 
 much in breadth. It ia seated at the N. W. end of a spacious 
 plahi, surrounded by very high hills, under one of which 
 the town st.nid.-'. The houses are built of bricks dried in 
 the sini ; tlie roofs are llat and terraced. There are Ij 
 handsome mosquts, tiled with stones of a bluish gree:i 
 colour, and lined within with black polisheil marble. There 
 are many large and beautiful gardens, surrour.ded by walls 
 It feet high, and t thick. Tiiey contain various kinds of 
 very fine 'trees, with fruits almost cf every kind, bei-ide 
 various I eaiuiful flowers. The wines of Schiras are not inly 
 the best in Peri-ia, but, some think, in the whole world. The 
 ruins of the famous palace at Persept lis are ,50 miles to the 
 N. E. of this place. It is 22j miles S. of I.^pahan. Lat. •29. 
 40. N. Ion. .56. 40. E. 
 
 SCHIRVAN, a province of Persia which abour.ds in game. 
 The nihabitarits use butraloes, (which they feed wilh fenu- 
 greek) instead of horses, and make them draw in the same 
 manner. Seamachie is the capital. 
 
 SCIU'RIUIOUS, (skirraus) a. [from skirrhos, Gr.] consist- 
 ing of a hard in,sensil)le tuirior. 
 
 SCHI'RRIIUS, {skirrus) s. [from skirhos, Gr.] a hardened 
 gland-. 
 
 SCHISM, (.lizm) s. [from schizo,J.o divide, Gr.] a criminal 
 separation nr ihvision in religion.. 
 
 SCIN 
 
 771 
 
 SCHISMA'TICAL, {shmatlkal) u. [from schizo, to divide 
 Gr.] inclining to or practising schism 
 
 SCIIISMA'TU', (sizmalik) j. ffrom schizo, to divide, Gi".] 
 one who separates himsi-lf from the Christian cliurch 
 without assigning any just cause. A separatist ; a 
 sectary. 
 
 ToSCHI'SMATIZE, (slzmulixc) v. a. to be guilty of the 
 crime of schism. < 
 
 SCHO'LAR, {skolar) s. one who receives instruction from 
 a master; a disciple. A man of letters. A pedant. 
 
 SCHO'LARsHIP, (v/.»/uri7i(/i) .(. Icarniiii.' ; knowledge ac- 
 quired by education at school, university, itc. by the study of 
 authors!, or converse wilh people of genius and letters. An 
 exhibition or pension allowed a schol.ar or student. 
 
 SCHOLA'STIC, (skuldslik) s. \sc/iulaslic!is, from schula, a 
 .school, Lat.] practised in the schools ; acquired at, or belilting 
 a school 
 
 SCHOLA'STICALLY, ad. according to the niceties or me- 
 thods of the schools. 
 
 SCHO'LIAST, {skMiusi) s. [s:!wl/aste, Fr.] a writer, or 
 author of explrinatory notes. 
 
 SCHO'LION, or SCHOTJUxM, {skUion, or skolinm) s. 
 [from schulc, a school, Gr. scholium Lat.] a note or explana- 
 tion. 
 
 SCHOOL, (skunl) s. [schohr, Lat. J a house where persons 
 are instructed in any science or art. A state of education. 
 A particular system iif doctriiie. Form of theology succeeding 
 the .age of the primitive fathers. 
 
 To SCHOOL, {skool) V. a. to instruct or teach. To teach 
 with superioriry ; to tutor. 
 
 SCHOO'r.lJOY, s. a boy that goes to .school. 
 
 SCIlOaLFELLOW, s. one breil in ihe same school. 
 
 SCHOO'LMAX, {sknulmiin) s. one versed in the niceties and 
 subtleties of academical disputation ; a person skUled in school 
 divinity. 
 
 SCHOO LMASTER, (^skoblmasltr) s. one who presides and 
 teaches in a school. 
 
 SCHOO'LMISTRESS, ». a woman who governs a 
 school. 
 
 SCIA'GRAPHY, ». [sciagmphie, Fr. from skia, a shadow, 
 and grap'.o, to describe, Gr.] in ;irchitectin'», the profile or 
 section of a building, to shew the inside thereof' In astronomy 
 the art of finding the hour of the day or night by the shadow 
 of the sini i^r moon. 
 
 SCIA'TIC, or SCIA'TICA, (the »-i in this and the following 
 words is pron. always like si) s. [^scialicii, L,:\t. Siialiijne, Fr. ] 
 the gout in the hip. 
 
 SCIA'TICA L, u. afllicting the hip. 
 
 SCI'EXCE, s. [Fr. from scio, to know, Lat.] a clear ana 
 certain knowledge, grounded on demonstraliun and self- 
 evident [irinciplts. A system of any branch o( knowledge, 
 com[ireheuding the doctrine, reason, and theory, without any 
 imniediate.application of it to practice. Knowledge. One of 
 the seven liberal arts, viz. grammar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic, 
 music, geiimctry, astronomy. 
 
 SCIE'NTIAL, (siiiishial) a. producing certainty or know- 
 ledue. Obsolete. 
 
 SCIENTIFIC, or .SCIENTI'FICAL, «. [from scienlia, 
 knowledge, and /f/c/o, to make, Lat.] producing certainty or 
 demonstrative knowledge. 
 
 SCIENTIFICALLY, ud. so as to proiluce knowledge. 
 
 SCI'LLY, a cluster of islands and lotks, lying to the W. 
 of Cornwall, dangerous for siranuLMs to sail near without a 
 good pilot, there h.iving been often ships wrecked upon 
 them ; and particularly, Sir Cloudesley Shovel, with lour 
 men of war, were cast away here in the night of Oct. 22, 
 1707; where there were not only a great number of com- 
 mon sailors, but people of distinction lost. St. Mary's is the 
 largest and most culiivated, containing more inhabitants 
 than all the rest put together, and who are also tlie 
 richest 
 
 SCl'MITAR, s. see Cimeter. 
 
 To SCI'NTILLATE, v. n. [scintiUo, LafJ to sparkle; to 
 emit sparks. *
 
 ITS 
 
 SCOO 
 
 SCOT 
 
 SCINTII-LA'TIOX, s. [scintiUation, Fr. scMilhUio, Lat.] 
 the act of sparkling; sparks emitted. The act of twiiikhiig, 
 applied to the stars. 
 
 SCrOLIST, s. [scifitui, diminutive, from srlus, skilful, Lat.] 
 one who knows many things supei ficially ; a smatterer in sci- 
 ence or literaturi.'. 
 
 SCI'OLOUS, a [Crom sciohis, dimi-uitive, fro:ii scius, skilful, 
 Lat.] superficially knowing. 
 
 SCrON, s. [scion, Fr.] a small twig taken from one tree (o 
 be ingrafted iiit') ai. other. 
 
 SCI'RE-FA'CIAS, .». [thou shalt cause to know, L:it.] in 
 law, a writ whereby a person is called on to shew cause why a 
 judg.nent passed should not be put in execution. This writ is 
 not granted before a year and a day is passed after the judg- 
 ment is given. 
 
 SCI'S.S.\RS, i. [written varinujly, accorditig to the word 
 whence it is supprsed to be derived ; tho.se who deduce it from 
 inciilo, or cado, to cut, Lat. write ci.mrs ; those that derive it 
 from scindu, to divide, write scusms; ajid others again write 
 cixars, cizars, or scissarx, from ciseaux, Fr.] a small pair of 
 blades with a sharp edge moving on a rivet, and usei.1 tor cut- 
 ting paper, cloth, &c. Always u-scd in the plural. 
 
 S'Cr.SSlLE, a. [Fr. icissi/i<:, from scinilti, to divide, LaU] 
 capable of being cut or divided by a sh.irp eilge. 
 
 SC^^'SION, [sis/ion) s. [Fr. sciaio, froui sciitJo, to diride, 
 Lai.] the act of cutting. 
 
 SCrSSUKE, J. [scissum, from scmdo, to divide, Lat.] a 
 breach, rupture, fissure, crack, or rent. 
 
 SCL.WO'NIA, a country of Europe, between the rivers 
 Save, the Drave, and the Datuilie. It is divided into six 
 counties, viz. Posfga, Zahrab, Creis, Warasden, Zreim, arid 
 VValpon, and bt longs to the house of Austria. It was for- 
 merly called a kingdom ; a^id is vei-y narrow, not being above 
 73 miles in br. adth ; but it is 300 in length, from the frontiers 
 of .iustrij to Cc Igrade. The eastern part is called Italzia, and 
 the inhabitants Ratzians. These form a particidar nation, and 
 are of the Gre^jk church. The language of Sclavonia is the 
 mother of four others, namely, those of Hungary, Bohemia, 
 Poland, and Russia. 
 
 SCLERO'TIC, [sklerulik) a. [skleios, Gr.] hard; generally 
 applied to one of the tunics or coats of the eye. 
 
 SCLERO'TICS, {skleiutiks) s. [from skleroo, to harden, Gr.] 
 medicines which harden and consolidate the parts they are ap- 
 plied to. 
 
 To SCOAT, (skot) or SCOTCH, v. a. to stop a wheel by 
 putting a stone or piece of wood under it. 
 
 To .SCOFF, V. n. [schojipen, Belg.] to ridicule with insolence. 
 To treat with contemptuous and reproachful language, used 
 with at. 
 
 SCOFF, s. derision ; ridicule ; expression of scorn. 
 
 SCO'FFEK, s. one who ridicules, or derides another with in- 
 solence, contumely, or sauciness, 
 
 SCO'FFINGLY, iid, in contempt; in ridicule. 
 
 To SCOLD, (.9/cuU) V. 71. [scholden, Belg.] to quarrel with 
 or chide in a vehement, clamorous, and rude manner ; to 
 brawl. 
 
 SCOLD, (skijid) s. a clamorous quarrelsome woman. 
 
 SCO'LLOP, s. See Scallop. 
 
 SCOLOPE'NDRA, s. a venomous insect having many legs. 
 An herb. 
 
 SCONCE, s. [sckantz, Teut.] a fort or bulwark. Figu- 
 ratively, the head. A candlestick, which moves on a rivet, 
 and is fixed against a wall. A line. A low word in the last 
 sense. 
 
 To SCONCE, V. a. [according to Skinner, from sconce, a 
 head ; it signilying to fix a fine on any oni's heail] to fiiie, or 
 make a person pay a sum of money lor a fault. A pedantic 
 word usi'd in the university. 
 
 SCOXE, or ScuooN, a royal palace, and town of Scot- 
 land, in the county of Perth. It is the place where the 
 kings of Scotland were usually crowned, and is 4.0 miles N. 
 of Edinburgh. 
 
 SCHOO'.NTR, ». a small vessel with two masts. 
 
 SCOOP, ». [ichiiepe, Belg.] a kind of large ladle, used to 
 
 throw out liquor. An instrument m.ade of bone, and used In 
 eating the pulp of an apple, &ic. A sweep or stroke. " At 
 one fell scoap." Shak. 
 
 To SCOOP, V. a. [tchoepen, Belg.] to get by means of a 
 scoop. To lade out. To empty or carry off in a hollow in- 
 strument. To cut hollow or deep. 
 
 SCOOTER, X. one who scoops. A. water-fowl. 
 
 SCOPE, s. [sc-o/ii/.?, Lat.J the object of a person's actions or 
 designs. An aim, intention, or drut. The final end. Room, 
 or space. Liberty or freedom from restraint. Licence. An 
 act of riot. Quantity extended. Used only in the three first 
 senses. 
 
 SCO'FULOUS, a. [from scnpiuus, a rock, Lat.] abounding in 
 rocks. 
 
 SCOKBU'TIC, or SCORBU'TICAL, a. ycofbulique, Fr. 
 from sciirbii/us, Lat ] afflicted with the scurvy. 
 
 SCORBU'TICALLY, ad. with tendency to the scurvy; in 
 the scurvy. 
 
 To SCORCH, V. a. [scorched, Sax.] to change the colour of 
 any thing by heat. To bur'j sujierficially. To burn. To 
 parch. Neuterly, to be burnt on the outside. To be dried 
 up. 
 
 SCORE, 3. [skom, Is).] a notcii cut with an edged instru- 
 ment. A line drawn. All account kept by notches cut in 
 wood, or by lines drawn by chalk. A debt. An account of 
 something pa>t. Part of a debt. A reason or motive. Sake. 
 Twenty ; proljably because twenty being a round number, was 
 distinguisiied on tallies by a long score. A song in score, is 
 that which is written inidLr tlie musical notes. 
 
 To SCORE, v. a. to set down as a debt. To impute or 
 charge. To mark by a line. 
 
 SCO'RIA, s. [Lat.] dross ; recrement. 
 
 SCO'RIOUS, a. [from scoria, dross, Lat.] drossy. 
 
 To SCORN, V. u. [^chirnen, Belg. escomei , Fr.J to despise, 
 slight, contemn, vilKy, deride, disdain. Neuterly, to scoff", or 
 treat with contemptuous language, used with at. 
 
 SCORN, s. [escorne, old Fr.] an act of contumely and con- 
 tempt; slight; scoff; derision. To luu^h to sconi, to deride 
 as contemptible. 
 
 SCO'RNER, «. one who treats a person or thing with con- 
 tempt or ridicule; a despiser ; a scoffir. 
 
 SCO'RNFUL, a. di.-dainlul, insolent; lookhig upon or treat- 
 ing with contem|)t ; acting in defiance. 
 
 SCO'RNFULLV, ad. contemptuously; insolently. 
 
 SCO'RPION, s. [scorpion, Fr. Scorpio, Lat.] a reptile resem- 
 bling a lobster, but his tail emis in a point, and has a very 
 venomous sting. One of the signs of the Zodiac, which the 
 sun enters about October 21. 
 
 SCO'RPIONGRASS, s. a plant of which the mou.se-ear is 
 the British species. It is generally fatal to sheep. 
 
 SCOT, s. [e'col, Fr.] shot; p.iyment. Scot and lot, what is 
 due from a person as a paris.hioner, iS:c. Scot J'ree, denotes a 
 person being excuseti paying his share to his reckoning, or 
 being remitted some punishment. 
 
 SCOTLAND, the kingdom of, is the N. part of the iyhlnd 
 of Great Britain, wliich is now united to England, and both 
 together make but one n:ition. It is boumli'd rii cM sides by 
 the ocean, except the S. where it is scpjirated Ironi ICngland 
 by the river Tweed ; towards the E, by Cheviot hills and the 
 river Esk, and Solway Fiith towarda the W. It is generally 
 reckoned 3011 miles in length, from Aldrrminitii-luad, near 
 the isle of Mull, to Biichaness, and 250 in breadth where it 
 is broadest. Ursides the main land, there are ;iOO islands 
 belonging to Scotland, .some of whiih are very coiisiderai)le. 
 These are called the Western Islands, the Orkneys, and the 
 Shetlanil islan is. The air is generally v\ hof'some, though 
 colder tli„ii that of Kngkiinl ; but it is piuiliid by the winds, 
 which are pretty strong and (reipieiit. In the norilkrii part 
 the days in siniimer are very long. Here are many licli and 
 fruitful plains, though what is called the Hi:.lilands is hill of 
 mountains and heaths. They do not want wheat, but the 
 grain mostly cultivated is oats, as it will grow in the niouii- 
 tuinuus parts. The productions of Scotland are much the 
 same as in England, though not in so great plenty. They
 
 SCHA 
 
 scnT 
 
 ?73 
 
 nave mines of several sorts, particularly of lead, witli quar- 
 ries of free-stoiie for buildiiiy ; so that tlie |)riiicipal towns 
 are constructed witl. notliiiig elsr. They liave mines of very 
 good coal, great quantities of which are liniught to London, 
 and is known hy the name of Scotch coal. The fisheries in 
 the anrrounding seas are of great nalional importance, and 
 will become a real source of wi alth to the nation, when in- 
 creasing commerce shall enable tlie inhabitants to form roads, 
 erect villages, and open canals in the remote parts of the 
 country. Scotland was an independent kingdom till .James 
 VI. was called to the throne of England ; and in the reign of 
 queen Ainie, one of his successors, both kiiiiidoms were 
 united under the name of Great Britain. .Sixteen peers are 
 _ elected to represent the nobility, and 45 commoners, to re- 
 present the counties and boroughs, in tlie same parliament 
 with tliat of England. Thire are five universijies in Scot- 
 land, viz. St. Andrew's, Glasgow, Edinburgh, New Aberdeen, 
 and Old Aberdeen. Scotland is divided into 34 comities, and 
 Edinburgh is the capital. The establshed religion is the Pres- 
 byterian. 
 
 SCOTLAND, NEW. See Acadia. 
 To SCOTCH. V. a. to cut, or make slight marks with an 
 edgeil instrument. 
 
 SCOTCH, s. slight cut ; a shallow incision. 
 SCOTCH COLLOPS, or SCOTCHED COLLOPS, s. 
 [from scotch] small pieces of veal cut across with a knife. 
 
 SCOT'OMY, s. [skn/Oma, from ikotos, dark, Gr.] a dizzi- 
 ness or swimming in the hrad, causing dimness of sight. 
 
 SCO'VEL, 1. [scopa, Lat.] a sort of mop for sweeping ovens ; 
 a maulkin. 
 
 SCOUNDREL, s. [scondaruola, Ital.] a mean rascal ; alow 
 petty villain; a person of base principles and actions. 
 
 To SCOUR, V. a. [skurer, Dan. schturen, Belg.] to rub a 
 surface hard with any thing- tough in order to cleanse it. To 
 remove by scouring. To cleanse, bleach, whiten. To clear 
 from enemies or obstacle?. In pyhsic, to purge violently. To 
 pass swiftly over, ap[)litd to the motions of animals. Neuterly, 
 to rini with great swiftness; to scamper; to perform the 
 office of cleaning household utensils. 
 
 SCOTJRER, s. one who cleans by rubbing ; one who runs 
 swiftly ; a purge. 
 
 SCOURGE, (scurje) s, [ escourgie, Fr.] an instrument made 
 of several cords or thongs used to strike offenders with; a 
 whip ; a lash. Figuratively, vindictive affliction. One that 
 afflicts, harasses, or destroys, A whip for a top. 
 
 To SCOURGE, (scurje) v. a. to lash with a whip. To pu- 
 nish or chastise. 
 
 SCO'URGER, (scfnjer) s, one that chastises ; a punisher- 
 SCOUT, i. [escout, Fr.] one who is sent privily to observe 
 the motions of an enemy. An advice-boat. A person em- 
 ployed on errands in a college. 
 
 To SCOUT, V. n. to go out in 'order to make secret obser- 
 vations on the motions of an enemy. 
 
 To SCOWL, {oiv pron. as in liow) v. n. \_scyUan, to squint, 
 Sax.] to frown ; to look angiy, or sullen ; to pout. 
 SCOWL, s. a look of gloom or discontent. 
 SCO'WLINGLY, ad. sullenly. 
 
 To SCRA'BBLE, {skraiil) v. n. \krabbclen, Belg.] to paw 
 or scratch with the hands. To climb by the hands. To 
 scramble. 
 
 SCRAGG, s. [scraghe, Belg.] any thing lean or thin. 
 SCRA'GGED, {skrd^-ed) a. [corrupted from cragged] 
 rough ; full of protuberances or asperities. 
 
 SCRA'tiGY, {skrd:>-i/) a. lean ; thin ; rough or rugged. 
 To SCRA'iMBLE, (skidmbl) v. n. [see Scrabble] to strug- 
 gle so as to catch or seize any thitig with the hands be- 
 fore another. To climb by the help of the hands, used with 
 up. 
 
 SCRA'MBLE, (shumbl) s. an easy struggle for any thing, 
 in which one endeavours to seize before another. The act of 
 climbing by the help of the hands. 
 
 SCRA'AIBLER, e. one that scrambles ; one that climbs by 
 the help of the hands. 
 
 To SCRANCII, V. a. [schranl-tr, Bulg.J to grind somethhig 
 crackling or brittle between the teeth. 
 
 SCRA'NNFL, a. grating by the sound ; vile, worthless. 
 SCRAP, s. a small piece; a bit, fragment, or crumb. 
 To SCRAPE, V, a. [screopun, Sax. sc/ixi/ieit. Belg.] to take 
 off the surface by the action of a sharp instrument. To erase 
 or tak'j off by the motion of an edged instnnnent held pcr- 
 pendicidar. To collect or gather by great pains, care, 
 and penurious means. To scra/ie ucquainlnnce, is to curry 
 favour or insinuate into familiarity. Neuterly, to make a harsh 
 iioise. To play badly on a fiddle. To make an awkward 
 bo"'. 
 
 SCRAPE, s. [skrap, Swed.J perplexity ; difficulty ; distress. 
 A bow. A low wonl. 
 
 SCRA'PER, 5. an edged instrument used to scrape with. 
 A thin iron at a door, on which a person cleans his shoes. A 
 miser. A bad plaj'er on the fiddle. 
 
 To SCRA rCH, V. a. [kratzi'n, Beli;.] to mark or tear wilh 
 slight, uneven, ragged cuts. To tear with the nail.-. 
 To wound slightly. To wound with any thing keen which 
 leaves a mark or fine on the skin. T.> write or draw awk- 
 wardly. 
 
 SCRATCH, i. a ragged and shallow cut. A wound 
 given by the nails. A .slight wound. A peruke easily combed 
 out. 
 
 SCRA'TCHER, s. he that scratches. 
 
 SCRATCHES, .«. cracked ulcers or scabs in a horse's 
 foot. 
 
 SCRATCHINGLY, ad. with the action of scratching. 
 SCRAW, s. [Irish and Erse] surface or scurf. 
 To SCRAWL, V. a. to draw cr mark in an irregular and 
 awkward manner. Neuterly, to write ill. 
 
 SCRAWL, s. writing performed in an awkward and unskil- 
 ful manner. 
 
 SCRA'WLER, s. a clumsy inelegant writer. 
 SCRAY, s. a bird, the same with the sea-swallow. 
 SCRE'ABLE, a. [from ncreo, to hauk, Lat.] that may be 
 spit out. 
 
 To SCREAK, (skreek) v. n. [skrige, Dan.] to make a shrill 
 or hoarse noise like that of a person terrified, or like that of a 
 rusty hinge. To creak. 
 
 SCREAK, {skreek) s. [skrjge, Dan.] a shrill noise mane 
 by a person at the sight of something terrifying. See 
 Screech. 
 
 To SCREAM, {skreem) v. n. [/ircman. Sax.] to cry out with 
 a shrill voice in terror or agony. 
 
 SCREAM, (skreem) s. a shrill loud cry maile by a person 
 in terror or pain. 
 
 To SCREECH, v. n. [see Screak, serakia, to cry, Isl.] to 
 utter a loud shrill cry, when in terror or agony. 
 
 SCREECH,*, cry of horror and anguish; harsh horrid 
 cry. 
 
 SCREECHOWL, s. an owl that hoots in the night, 
 and whose voice is said to betoken danger, misery, and 
 death. 
 
 SCREEN, s. [escran, Fr.] any thing that affords shelter or 
 concealment, or is used to exclude cold or light. A riddle to 
 sift sand, &c. 
 
 To SCREEN, V. a. to shelter, hide, or conceal ; followed by 
 fiom. To sift ; to riddle, from cerno, crevi, Lat. 
 
 SCREW, s. \scroeve, Belg. escrou, Fr.] one of the inechani- 
 cal powers, which is defined a right cylinder cut into a fur- 
 rowed spiral ; of this there are two kinds, the male and fe- 
 male ; the former being cut convex, so that its threads rise 
 outwards ; but the latter chainielled on its concave side, so as 
 to receive the former. 
 
 To SCREW, V. a. to turn by, or fasten with a screw. To 
 deform by contortions, apphed to the face. To squeeze or 
 press. To extort ; to oppress. 
 
 To SCRI'BBLE, {skr'M) v. n. [scribiHo, diminutive, from 
 scribo, to write, Lat.] to write in a careless and incorrect man- 
 ner. Actively, to fill with careless writing. 
 
 SCRI'BBLE, (skribl) s. careless or worthless writing.
 
 TH 
 
 SCUF 
 
 SCUT 
 
 SCRITiBLEU, s. a petty author; an a\ithor of no merit. 
 
 SCRIBE, s. [Fr. scriba, from scribo, to write, Lat.j a writer. 
 A publii; notary. In .scriptme, a person skilled in the 
 Jewish law, and employed in transcriijing it for t2ie use of 
 others. 
 
 SCRI'MEU, f. [escrinieur, Fr.J used Iiy Shalcesjieare for a 
 gladiator. 
 
 SCKIN'E, s. [scriniu:)!, Lat.] a eofTer or chest ; a place 
 where writings or curiosities arc deposited. 
 
 SCRIP, s. Ukrceppii, Isl.] a small bai,', budget, or satchel. 
 A schedule, a small paper, or writing, trom scriplo. l^at. 
 
 SCRrPTURAL, a. contained in the Old and Ne w Testa- 
 ment ; biblical. 
 
 SCRl'PTURE, s. [scriptura, from scribo, to write, Lat.] 
 writing. The Bible, or system of divine truth>' con- 
 tained in the Old or New Testament, so nam«i by way o! 
 eminence. 
 
 SCRI'VENER, i. [scrivano, Lat.] one who draws con- 
 tracts or deals in conveyancing, or placing money at in- 
 terest. 
 
 SCRO'FDLA, s. [from scrqfa, an old sow, Lat.l the kind's 
 
 evil. 
 
 SCRO'FULOUS, a. diseased with the king's evil. 
 
 SCROLL, (skroll) s. [etymology doubtful] a writing rolled 
 up into a cylindrical shape. 
 
 SCROTOCE'LE, s. [from scrotum, private parts, Lat. and 
 ktle, a tumor, Gr.] a rupture of the scrotum. 
 
 SCRO'TUM, s. [Lat.] the bag wherein the testicles of the 
 male are contained, composed of two membranes, exclusive 
 of a scarf-.skin. 
 
 To SCRUB, I', a. [schrobben, Belg.] to rub li;\rd with some- 
 thing coarse. 
 
 SCRUB, s. a mean or base person. Any thing mean or des- 
 picable A worn-out broom. 
 
 SCRU'BBED, or SCRUBBY, a. [scrubet, Dan.] mean; 
 dirty ; vile; worthless ; sorry. 
 
 SCRUPLE, (shrupl) s. [scrupule, Fr. from scrupulus, a little 
 stone, Lat.] a doubt, difliculty, or perplexity, which the mind 
 cannot easily resolve. In medicine, a weight, containing 20 
 grains. Proverbially, any small quantity. 
 
 To SCRU'PLE, (skriifil) v. n. to doubt or hesitate. 
 
 SCRU'PLER, s. one that hesitates ; a doubter. 
 
 SCRU'PULOSITY, s. nice or excessive caution or doubt- 
 fulness. Fear of acting in any thing which may chance to 
 give offence, or may contradict some precept ; tenderness of 
 conscience. 
 
 SCKU'PULOUS, a. [scrupukvx, Fr. scrupulosus, from scru- 
 pulus, a scruple, Lat.] afraid to do or comply for fear of vo- 
 lating any precept, or of hazarding any loss or danger. Nice. 
 Careful; cautions. _ 
 
 SCRU'PLOUSLY, ad. carefully ; nicely ; anxiously. 
 
 SCRU'PULOUSNESS, the state of being scrupulous. 
 
 To SCRUSE, V. a. to squeeze ; to crowd. 
 
 SCRU'TABLE, a. [from scrutor, to inquire, Lat.] discover- 
 able by inquiry. 
 
 SCRUT.^'TION, s. \scrutatio,hom scrutor, to inquire, Lat.] 
 search : examination ; inqcury. 
 
 SCRUTA'TOR, or SCRUl'IXEE'R, «. [from scrutor, to in- 
 quire, Lat.] ail inquirer; a searcher; an examiner. 
 
 To SCRU'TINIZE, or SCRU'TINY. v. a. to search or ex- 
 amine with exactness. 
 
 SCIIU'TINOUS, a. captious; full of inquiries. A word 
 little used. 
 
 SCRU'TINY, «. [scrutin, Fr.]a nice, exact, and scrupulous 
 .search, examination, or inquiry. 
 
 SCRUTOl'RK, [scrutoire, from scriloire, or escritoire, Fr.] 
 a case containing drawers for writings 
 
 To SCUD, V. n. [tkuttii, Swed.] to run or fly away in a hurry, 
 or with precipitation. 
 
 ToSCU'DDLE, (sldull) v. 71. See Scutti.r 
 
 SCU'FFLI'-, (s/''i/7) s. [derived by Skinner front skuj/le] a 
 confused tumult or liroil. 
 
 To SCU'l'FLE, (iki'i/l) v. n. to fight in a confused and tu- 
 multuous manner. 
 
 To SCULK, v. a. [scuUce, Dan.] to lurk or lie close in 
 hiding-places. 
 
 SCU'LKER, s. alurker; one who conceals himself through 
 shame or mischief. 
 
 SCULL, s. [skntu, the skull of an animal, Isl.] the bone 
 which defends and includes the brain. A small boat. One 
 who rows in a small boat. A great number or shoal of 
 fish. 
 
 SCtl'LLCAP, s. a head-piece; night cap. 
 
 SCU'LLER, s. [skirito, a vessel, Isl.] a boat which has but 
 one rower; a cock-boat. One who rows a small boat. 
 
 SCU'LLERY, s. [escueille, a dish, Fr.] a place where kit- 
 chen utensils, as kettles, dishes, &c. are cleaned and kept. 
 
 SCULLION, .5. [esi-ucUle, a dish, Fr.] one who washes the 
 dishes, and does the other drudgery of a kitchen. 
 
 To SCULP, V. a. [sculptu, Lat. sculper, Fr.] to carve ; to en- 
 grave. OI)solete. 
 
 SCU'LPTILE, a. [from sculpto, to engrave or carve, Lat,] 
 made by carving. 
 
 SCULPTOR, s. [from sculpto, to engrave or carve, Lat. 
 sciilpt'jur, Fr ] one who cuts or carves wood or stone. 
 
 SCU'LPTURE, s. [Fr. sculplura, from sculpo, to engrave or 
 carve, Lat.] the act of cutting wood or stone; carved wood; 
 the art of engraving on co|)per. 
 
 SCUM, s. [schiii/m, Belg. escume, Fr. skum, Dan. schiuma, 
 Ital.] the froth which rises 0:1 the top of any liquor ; the dross, 
 refuse, or that part of filth which swims on the top of any li- 
 quor in fusion. 
 
 To SCUJI, V. n. to take off the filth which rises to the top 
 of any liquor when boiling; commonly written skim. 
 
 SCUMMER, s. [escumoir, Fr.] a vessel or instrument with 
 which filth, &c. is taken from the top of any liquor; commonly 
 written skimmer. 
 
 SCU'PPERHOLES, s. [sckoepen, Belg.] small holes on 
 the deck of a vessel, through which water is carried into 
 t!ie sea. The leathers over those holes are called scupper- 
 len/htrs, and the nails with which they are fastened scupper- 
 vail'!. 
 
 SCURF, s. \scurj. Sax. skurff] D.in.] a kind of dry miliary 
 scab ; a soil or filth sticking on the surface. 
 
 SCU'RFINESS, .c. the state of being scurfy. 
 
 SCU'RRIL, a. [from scurra, a buffoon, Lat.] low; mean ; 
 abusive; lewdly jocular ; grossly opprobrious. 
 
 SCURRI'LITY, s. [scunililc, Fr. from scurra, a buffoon, 
 Lat.] reproach expre.'^sed in gross terms. 
 
 SCU'llRILOUS, n. [from scurra, a buffoon, Lat.] using 
 low, mean, and vile reproaches; grossly opprobrious; lewd- 
 ly jocose. 
 
 SCU'RRILOUSLY, od. with gross reproach; with low 
 biiffiionery. 
 
 SCU'RVY, s. (see Scukf) a distemper wherein red itching 
 blotches, ar.J sometimes livid ones, appear on the skin. 
 
 SCU'RVY, a. covered with scabs ; affected with the scur- 
 vy. Vile; base. 
 
 .SCU'RVY-GUASH, i. a plant .so called from its virtue. 
 There are many species. The Scotch scurvy-grass is the sea 
 bindweed. 
 
 SCUT, s. [sliolf, Is!.] a tail ; applied to such animals whose 
 tails are very short, as a hare. 
 
 SCU'TA(iE, s. [from scutum, a shield, Lat.] a tax imposed 
 ancientlv for furnishing the king's army with men. 
 
 SCU'TCIIEON, s. [si/ccioiie, Ital.] the shield or bearing of 
 a family, in heraldry. See Escutcheon. 
 
 SCUTELLA'TED, a. [from sculella, a trencher, Lat.] di- 
 vided into small surfaces. 
 
 .SCU'TI FORM, (I. [from scutum, a shield, am\ forma, a form, 
 Lat.] sha|Kil like a shield. 
 
 SCU'TTLE, {ikial) s. [scutell, Celt.] a wiile shallow vessel, 
 so called from a dish or [ilatter which it resembles. A dust 
 basket. A small grate. A quick pace ; an allected hurry in 
 walking, from scud. In a ship, ttie small holes cut for pas- 
 sage from one deck to another, or the windows cut in cabins 
 for the sake of light. Also, tlie name of a sea-li«h. 
 
 To SCU'TTLE, {skbtl) v. n. to run with an afilcted hurry.
 
 SEAM 
 
 SEBA 
 
 77S 
 
 SCY'LLA, rocks in the Kaio di Jlessina. TIil'.sc were ex- 
 ceedingly dangerous to mariners ; Init by a dreadful carth- 
 qnidce, in 178.'i, wliicii proved fatal to iiriiiy places in the 
 neighbiiurhood, th.ey are said to have been destroyed. 
 SCVTHE, s- an instrument for mowiii},' gras;*, &c. 
 SEA, (the eu in tins word and its followiii(j compiniiid.", is 
 pron. like ee, as in si;r) s. is Irequently used for that vast tract 
 of waters enconipassiuf; the whole eurth ; hut it is more pro- 
 perly a part or division of tliose waters, and is better defined a 
 lesser assemblage of water, which lies before, anil washes the 
 coast of some particular covnitries, from whence it is gene- 
 rail denominated ; as, the Irish Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, 
 the Arabian Sea, &c. Figuratively, any thing aijitated, or in 
 commotion. 
 
 SK'ABAR, s. the sea swallow. 
 
 SE'AIiHEACH, s. irruption of the sea by breaking the 
 bank?. 
 
 SE'A BREEZE, s. a wind blowinfj from the sea. 
 
 SE'jV(,!ABBAGE, s. the same with the .sea colewort. 
 
 SE'ACALF, t. the seal, so called from its making a noise 
 like a calf. 
 
 SE'ACAKP, s. a spotted fish that lives among stones and 
 rock^-. 
 
 SE'ACHART, {leikari) s. a map on which the coasts of the 
 sea are delineated. 
 
 SE'AtXJAL, {seiliiill) s. a coal so called because conveyed 
 hy the sea ; pit coal. 
 
 SI'.'A COAST, [see'id.il) s. ashore; or land which borders 
 on the sea. 
 
 SE'A COMPASS, s. the card and needle by which mariners 
 steer tlwir vessels. 
 
 SE'ACOW, J. the manatee, a cetaceous animal, about 15 
 feet long, and 7 or 8 in circumference. 
 
 SE'AFAKEH. s. one that travels by sea ; a mariner 
 
 SE'AI'^AKIXG, a. used to tli.c sea ; travelling by sea. 
 
 SE'AFEN'NEL, .5. a plant, the .same with samphire. 
 
 SE'AKIGHT, {.sei/lt) s. a battle fought on the sea. 
 
 SE'AFORD, in Sussex, one of the cinque ports, and sends 
 two members to parliament ■ distant from London 39 
 miles. 
 
 SE'AGRASS, 5. a plant with an undivided stem, alternate 
 leaves, and flowers on fruitstalks. It is found in salt-water 
 ditches, and flowers in August. 
 
 SE'AC.REEN, a. resembling the colour of the distant 
 sea. 
 
 SE'AGULL, s. a water fowl. 
 
 SE'AHEDGHOG, s. a land of sea shell-fish. 
 
 SE'AHOG, s. the porpus. 
 
 SE'AHOLLY, s. a plant called also eryngo. 
 
 SEAL, {seel) s. [stk; or seo!, Sax. setl, Dan.] the sea-calf. 
 An instrument on which, a coat of arms, &c. are carved, 
 used in fastening of letters, and affixed to writings as a 
 testimony, Irom si^e/, SdX. 'J'he impression of a seal in 
 wax, or on a wafer. Act of confirmation. The Grcut Si ul 
 it that whereliy all patents, commissions, warrants, &c. 
 coming from the kiiig, are sealed. The Privy Seat is that 
 usually first set to grants that are to pass the Great 
 Seal, 
 
 To SEAL, (seel) v. a, to close, or fasten. To confirm or 
 attest with a seal. To ratify. To shut or close up, followed 
 by vp. To mark with a stamp. Neuterly, to fix. a .seal fol- 
 lowed by untu. 
 
 SE'ALER, {seiler) s. he that seals. 
 
 SE'ALIXGWAX, (seclingwax) s. a composition used in 
 fastening or closing letters. 
 
 SEA LIOX, s. in zoology, a large animal of the seal 
 kind. 
 
 Seam, {seem) s. [.seam, Sax.] the edge of cloth where two 
 pieces are joined together. The juncture of the planks in a 
 ship. A cicatrix or .scar. A measure. Tallow, grease, 
 hog's lard, from se?ite. Sax. In botany, the line formed by 
 the union of the valves of a secdvcssel, as in the pea. 
 
 To SEAJI, {seetri) v. a. to join the edges of two pieces 
 
 of cloth, or to fasten the edges of two pieces of timber together. 
 To mark with a scar. 
 
 Sf7AMA.Nl, s. [pinr. seamen] a s-iilor. 
 
 SE'AMARK, .s. a point or mark in the sea, which mariners 
 make use of to direct their course by. 
 
 SE'AMLESS, (sfcm/fxi) a. having no visible joining or 
 seam. 
 
 SE'AMSTRESS, {stinisircas) s. \_si:anit:atre, Sax.] a woman 
 who lives by .sewing. 
 
 SEAN', {scm) s. [sfj-ne. Sax,] a very large net, used to 
 catch lish in the sea, niaiie like a dra.ir-net, but sometimea 
 without a curd, 200 f;iihoms in length, and from 2 to G 
 fathoms in dc[)th. Sometimes written seine or sainc. 
 
 SE'APANTHER, ,9. a fish like a lamprey. 
 
 SE'Al'IKCE, {seipueee) s. a picture lejircsenting a prospect 
 of the sea. 
 
 SE APOKT, s. a harbour. 
 
 SEAR, (scrr) a. [scurian, to dry, Sax.] dry ; not green. 
 
 To SEAR, {seer) v, a. [scarian, Sax.] to burn or cauterize. 
 
 To SEARCE, (.i(.rie) v. u. [sasser, Fr.] to sift finely. 
 
 SEARCE, {.terse) s. a fine sieve; a bolter. 
 
 To SEARCH, {sere/:) v. a. [eherchcr, Fr.] to examine 
 into ; to explore ; to looK througli ; to try. To inquire ; to 
 .ceek after something lost, hid, or unknown. In surgery, 
 to probe. Used with out, to find by seeking. Neuterly, 
 to make inquiry ; to try to find, followed by for, or 
 njter^ 
 
 SEARCH, {si'rch) s. inquiry; examination; quest; pur- 
 suit ; act of seeking. 
 
 SE'ARL'HER, {s'l cher) s. ii>qinrer; examiner; one who 
 peeks after any tiling hid or uidcnuwn. An officer in London, 
 who e::aniines tlie bodies of tlie dead, in order to detect any 
 violence. 
 
 .SF/AllCr.OTIi, {seireloth) s. [sarelath, .Sax.] a plaster. 
 
 SE'ASHELI., J. a .«hell found on the shore. 
 
 SE'ASnOIlE, .!. the coast of tlie sea. 
 
 SE'ASICK, a. sick on board a vessel at sea; a disorder 
 attending people at thL'ir first going to sea. 
 
 SE'ASIDE, s. the edge of the sea. 
 
 SE'ASON, {sec;xn) s. [.saison, Fr.] one of the four parts 
 of the year. A particular time or period of time. A fit time. 
 A small space of time. Tl;at which gives a relish to 
 food. 
 
 To SE'ASON, (sh-M'in) T. a. [ustaisoniier, Fr.] to mix food 
 with any thing that gives it a high relish. To give a relish to. 
 To fit for any use by time or habit. Neuterly, to become fit 
 for any purfiose. 
 
 SE'ASONABLE, {seezunahle) a. done at a proper lime ; 
 convenient or proper with respect to time ; opportune. 
 
 SE'ASONABLENESS, {seizdnableness, s. propriety with 
 respect to time. 
 
 SEASONABLY, ad. properly with respect to time. 
 
 SE'aSONER, {seKOner) s. one who seasons, or that which 
 gives a rehsh to any thing. 
 
 SE'ASONING, {seizonivg) s. that which is added to any 
 thing to qualify it, or give it a relish. 
 
 SE'ASUUGEON, f. a surgeon employed on board a 
 sliip. 
 
 SEAT, {seei) s. [sell, old Tent.] n chair, bench, or any 
 thing which supports a person when sitting. A chair of 
 state ; throne ; tribunal. Figuratively, a post of authority. 
 Residence, siansion, or abode. Situation. 
 
 To SEAT, {seet) v. a. to place on a seat. To place in a 
 post of authority. To fix or settle in any place, lo place 
 in a firm manner, or to fix. 
 
 SE'ATERM, s. a word need by sailors. 
 
 SE'ATOX, a sea port town in Scotland, and an ancient seal 
 of the earl ot Wintoii, in the county of Lothian, seated on the 
 frith of Forth, 9 miles E. of Edinburgh. 
 
 SE'A WARD, {seewarii) a. towards the sea. 
 
 SEBACIC, a. in chymistry, belonging to animal fat or 
 tallow. 
 
 SEBASTIAN, St. a large and handsome city of Brasilj
 
 77G 
 
 SECR 
 
 SEC IT 
 
 ill S. Amurica, ca|iital of the province of Rio Jancirfi, ami 
 seated at tlie mouth of the river of that name, which forms 
 a very extensive and commodious harbour. The city is large, 
 well-built, and populous, but ill-situated for the health of the 
 inhabitants; standing upon low ground, which was for- 
 merly swampy, and surrounded by hills of vast height, 
 which exclude the beneht of the refreshing sea and land 
 breezes; so that it is, of course, sufTocatingly hot, and un- 
 healthy, in the summer. The difTerent mechanics carry on 
 their business in distinct parts of the town ; particular streets 
 being set apart for particular trades. On the S- side of a 
 spacious square is the palace of the vicerov. Lat. 22. SI. S. 
 Ion. 43. 11. W. 
 
 SE BATES, in chymi.stry, salts formed by the combination 
 of any base with sebacic acid. 
 
 SE'CANT, s. [from seco to cut, Lat.] in geometry, the 
 right line drawn from the centre of a circle, cutting and meet- 
 ing with another line called the tangent without it. 
 
 To SECE'DE, V. n. [secedo, from seorsum, apart, and cedo, 
 to go, Lat.] to withdraw or refuse associating in an afTair. 
 
 SECE'DER, s. one wlio shews his disapprobation by with- 
 drawing. 
 
 To SECE'RN, V. a. [sfcerno, Lat.] to separate finer from 
 grosser matter. To make the separations of juices in the 
 body. 
 
 SECE'SSION, (sescsfion) s. [secedo, from seorsum, a part, 
 and cedo, to go, Lat.] the act of departing. The act of with- 
 drawing from councils or actions. 
 
 To SECLU'DE, v. a. [sedudo, from seoraum, a part, and 
 claudo, to shut, Lat.] to confine from; to shut up from; to 
 shut out or exclude. 
 
 SECLU'SION, {secluzlion) s. the act of confining. 
 
 SE'COND, s. [secundus, Lat. It is observable, that the 
 English, Goths, and Saxons, have no ordinal of two, as the 
 Latins likewise have none of dtio. What the Latins called 
 secundus, from sequor, the French and English call second, the 
 Goths anthar, or anihara, and the Saxons se other, or crj'teru, 
 i. e. the other, or that which is after] the next in order to the 
 first; inferior; next in value or dignity. 
 
 SE'COND, s. [second, Fr.] one who accompanies another 
 in a duel, to direct or defiiiui him. One who supports 
 or maintains. The sixtieth part of a minute, marked 
 thus ["]. 
 
 To SE'COND, v.u. to support or maintain. To follow in 
 the next place. 
 
 SE'CONDARILY, ad. in the second degree or order. 
 
 SE'CONDAKY, a. [from secundus, second, Lat.] not the 
 chief, not the primary or first. Acting by commission. A 
 secondary fever, is that whicli arises after a crisis. A secon- 
 dary planet, in astronomy, is a smaller planet moving roinid a 
 larger one. 
 
 SE'CONDARY, s. a delegate; a deputy. 
 
 SE'COND-HAND, s. possession of a thing which has been 
 enjoyed by another before. 
 
 SE'(X)ND-HANI), a. applied to knowledge, implicit, or 
 borrowed from anotlier. Applied to dress, worn or laid aside 
 by another. At sicoud liuiid, implies in imitation ; borrowed, 
 or transmitted, opposed to primarily, or originally. 
 
 SE'CONDLY, nd. in the second place. 
 
 SE'COND-RATE, s. the second in order, dignity, or value. 
 Used adjectively, for one of the second order. 
 
 SE'COND-SIGiri", {second sit) s. the power of seeing 
 things future, said to be posses.sed by some of the Scotch 
 islanders. 
 
 SE'COND-SKJIITED, (sh-oml sited) a. having the power 
 of seeing tilings fiiture, or at a distance. 
 
 SE'CKECY, .?. privacy; the state of being concealed, or 
 hidden. Solitude; retirement. The quality of preserving 
 firom discovery. Close silence ; fidelity to a secret. 
 
 SE'CRET, a. [secret, Fr. sccrelus, Lat.] unrevealed, con- 
 ccahd, kept hidden, or undiscovered. Unseen. Faithful in 
 keeping a secret, or any thing from discovery. Unknown. 
 Privy. 
 
 SECRET, 3. isccrct, Fr. secretum, Lat.] something kept 
 
 fioni public notice, or knowledge. A thing unknown. Privacy; 
 secrecy. 
 
 SF/CRETARISHIP, s. the office of a secretary. 
 
 SECRETARY, j. [secretaire, Fr.] one entrusted with 
 the management of public business. One who writes for 
 another. 
 
 To SECRE'TE, v. a. [secretum, from sectrno, Lat.] to put 
 aside, or hide. In the animal economy, to separate. 
 
 SECUE'TION, (sekrishon) s. [secretio, from sccerno, to 
 separate, Lat.] in medicine, the act of separating the various 
 fluids of the body. The fluid separated. 
 
 SE'CRETIST, s. a dealer in secrets. 
 
 SECUETITl'OUS, {sekretUhious) a. parted by animal 
 secretion. 
 
 SE'CRETLY, ad. in such a manner as not to be publicly 
 known ; later. tlv ; privately. 
 
 SE'CRETNESS, 3. the 'quality of being hid, or of keeping 
 a secret. 
 
 SECRE'TORY, a. [secretus, from secerno, to separate, Lat.] 
 performing the office of separating the fluids. 
 
 SECT, ». [secte, Fr. secta, Lat.] a body of men following 
 some particular master, or adopting some peculiar tenet. 
 
 SE'CTARY, s. [sectaire, Fr.] one who refuses to comply 
 with the public establishment, and joins with others of an opi- 
 nion contrary to it. A follower ; a pupil. 
 
 SECTA'TOR, s. [Lat. J an imitator; a disciple; a fol- 
 lower. 
 
 SE'CTION, (sekshon) s. [Fr. sectio, from seco, to cut, Lat.] 
 in general, denotes a part of a divided thing, or the division 
 itself. Such are the divisions of a chapter; called also para- 
 graphs and articles: the mark of a section is §. In geometry, 
 it denotes a side or surface of a body or figure cut by another; 
 or the place where lines, planes, &c. cut each other. In 
 architecture, the section of a building is the same with its 
 profile ; or a delineation of its height? and depths raised on 
 a plane, as if the fabric were cut asunder to discover its 
 inside. 
 
 SE'CTOR, s. [sectevr, Fr.] in geometry, is an instrument 
 made of wood or metal, with a joint, and sometimes a piece 
 to turn out to make a true square, with lines of sines, tan- 
 gents, secants, equal parts, rhombs, polygons, hours, lati- 
 tudes, metals, and solids. It is gent-rally used in all tlio 
 practical parts of the mathematics, and particularly con- 
 trived for navigation, surveying, astronomy, dialing, and 
 projection of the sphere. All the lines of the sector can 
 be accommodated to any radius, which is done by taking 
 ort' all divisions parallehvise, and not ltnglhwi.''e ; the 
 ground of which practice is this, that parallels to the 
 base of any plain triangle bear the same proportion to it 
 as the parts ol the legs above the parallel do to tlic whole 
 legs. 
 
 SE'CULAR, s. [secularis, from seculum, an age, Lat. seen- 
 Her, Fr.] relating to the affairs of the (iresent world, opi>oseil 
 to spiiilual or liuly. Belonging to the laity. Happening 
 once in a century ; from seculum, I,at, an age. Sctului /,riest, 
 is a person not Ijound by the rules of any monastic society ; 
 opposed to regular. Secular games, in anti<iuity, were solemn 
 games held among the Romans, once in 100 years, and lasted 
 three days. 
 
 SECIILA'RITY, ^. worldliness, or attention to the things 
 of the present life. 
 
 To SICCULAUIZE, v.a.[sccidariser, Fr.] to convert from 
 holy to common use. 
 
 SF'CUI.ARXESS, .«. worldliness. 
 
 SE'CUNDINE, s. [scundir, Lat.] the after-birth, or mem- 
 brane in which a foetus is wrapjied. 
 
 SECU'Rl'., a. [securus, Lat.] free from fear, terror, or dan- 
 ger. Careless tlirough confidence of being out of danger. 
 Safe. 
 
 To SECU'RE, V. a. to ascertain ; to make certain, to put 
 out of hazard. To make safe, or |)lace out of the reach of 
 danger. To insure. To make safe or fast. 
 
 SECU'KELY, ad. without (ear; carelessly. 
 
 SECU'RITY, ». [securiti, Fr. securitas, from securus, secure,
 
 SEED 
 
 Lat.] the state of being free from fear or dnnger. Want of 
 care from too great a confidence of safety. Any thing 
 given as a pledge. A person l)Ound for another. Safety : 
 cert.iinty. 
 
 SEDA'N, s. [[)erhaps from scden, to calm, Lat.] a I<iiid of 
 carriage, conveyed hy means ot poles hy two uien ; a 
 chair. 
 
 SEDA'TE, a. [scJatus, from sedeo, to sit, Lat.] traii()\iil ; 
 calm ; unrnffleil ; serene ; quiet ; midisturbed ; composed. 
 
 SEDA'TELV, aJ. calmly; without disturbance. 
 
 .SEDA'TENESS, «. a disposition of mind free from distur- 
 bance; calmness; serenity. 
 
 SE'DENTAUINESS, s. the state of being sedentary. 
 
 SE'UENTAllY, a. [.ledi-nlaire, Fr. seUenlarius, from secleo, 
 to sit, Lat.] passed in sitting still or without motion and ac- 
 tioii. Inactive or singgisli. 
 
 SEDGE, s. [s<rcg. Sax.] a narrow flag ; a growth of (lags. 
 In botany, the carex of Liimceus. The male and female 
 tlowers are in separate spikes. There are 29 British 
 species. 
 
 SE'DGY, a. overgrown with narrow flags. 
 
 SE'DIMENT, s. [Fr. ^edimentum, from sedeo, to sit, Lat.] 
 that which settles at the bottom. Synon. Dregs are 
 gross ; a sediment is fine. After the drega are taken away, 
 there will frequently remain a sediment. We say, the dref^s 
 of wine and of melted tallow ; but the sediment of urine or 
 of water. 
 
 SEDl'TION, {sedishdii) s. [Fr. seditio, from seorsum, apart, 
 and itio, going, Lat. because the ancient Romans used to re- 
 tire from the city when they made a sedition] a tumult; in- 
 .surrection. A tumultuous assembly in order to subvert an 
 established government. 
 
 SEDITIOUS, {scdishioiis) t. [seditieux, Fr. sedilioius, from 
 tedifio, sedition, Lat.] turbulent ; tumultuously factious. 
 
 SEDITIOUSLY, ad, tumidtuously ; with factious turbu- 
 lence. 
 
 SEDITIOUSNESS, ». turbulence; disposition to sedi- 
 tion. 
 
 To SEDU'CE, V. a. [seduco, Lat,] to draw aside from the 
 right ; to mislead ; to tempt ; to debauch ; to deprave ; to 
 deceive. 
 
 SEDU'CEMENT, ». means used to draw from the right. 
 
 SEDU'CER, s. a tempter ; a corrupter. 
 
 SEDU'CIBLE, a. corruptible ; capable of being drawn 
 aside from the right. 
 
 SEDU'CTION, J. [Fr. from seduco, to lead aside, Lat.] the 
 act of drawing aside from the right. 
 
 SEDU'LITY, s. [from sedulus, assiduous, Lat.] assiduity ; 
 iaboriousness ; industry ; intenseness of endeavour ; appli- 
 cation. 
 
 SEDULOUS, a. [ledufas, Lat.] assiduous; ambitions; di- 
 ligent ; laborious. 
 
 SE'DULOUSLY, ad. diligently; industriously; labo- 
 riously. 
 
 SE'DULOUSNESS, j. industry ; diligence ; assiduity. 
 
 SEE, t. [sedes, from sedeo, to sit, Lat.] the seat or diocese of 
 an archbishop. 
 
 To SEE, f. a. preter. /sou;, part. pass, seen; [$eon, Sax. 
 sien, Belg. ] to perceive by the eye. . To discover ; to descry. 
 To attend. To observe ; to find. Neuterly, to have the 
 sense of sight. To discern, so as to be free from deceit, fol- 
 lowed liy through, or into. To inquire. To be attentive. To 
 scheme ; to contrive. Synon. Objects tliat have some du- 
 ration, or that shew themselves, are seen ; those that pass by 
 quickly, or are hidden in some measure from the eyes, are 
 only perceived. We see the face, and by that perceive the dis- 
 position of the hearL 
 
 SEE, interj. the imperative of see, originally ; observe ! be- 
 hold ! lo ! look ! 
 
 SEED, 1. {seed, Dan. seed. Sax. and Belg] a deciduous 
 part of a vegetable, containing the rudiments of a new plant. 
 It consists of the heart, the seed- lobes, the eye, and the 
 seed coat. It is sometimes crowned with the cup of the 
 flower ; and sometimes it i« "'inired with a feather, or with 
 
 SEGM 
 
 777 
 
 a thin expanded membrane, which enables the wind to wafl 
 it abroad. An original or first princi|>le. Progeny, race, or 
 oflTspring. 
 
 To SEED, V. n. to produce seed. 
 
 SEE'DBUD, .S-. the lower part of a pointal or pistil. It is 
 the rudiment of the endjryo fiiiit. 
 
 SEE DCAKE, i. a cake interspersed with warm aromatic 
 seerls. 
 
 SEE'DCOAT, s. the proper coat of a seed, which falls olF 
 spontaneously. 
 
 SEE'DLING, «. a young plant raised from seed. 
 
 SEE'DLOBES, s. the perishable part of a seed, designed to 
 afford nourishment to the young plant when it first begins to 
 expand. A bean, after being soaked in water or moist earth, 
 easily parts with its external skin, and divides into two [larts 
 called the seedlulies. 
 
 SEE'DPEARL, t. small grains of pearl. 
 
 SEE'DPLOT, s. the ground on which plants are raised 
 from seed, to be al'terwards transplanted. 
 
 SEE'DTIME, s. the season of sowing. 
 
 SEE'DVESSEL, s. a vessel to contain the seed. Among 
 plants it is of several kinds; viz. a capsule, as in the poppy; 
 a pod, as in the gilliflower ; a shell, as in the pea ; an air-bag, 
 as in the bladder sena ; pulpy, including a nut or atone, as iu 
 the cherry ; an apple ; a berry, as in the blackberry ; a cone, 
 as in the fir. 
 
 SEE'DY, a. abounding with seed. 
 
 SEE'ING, s. perception by the eyes. Sight ; vision. 
 
 SEE'ING, or SEE'ING THAT, ad. since ; it being so that. 
 
 To SEEK, V. a. pret. and part. pass, sought; {secan 
 Sax.] to look or search for. To endeavour to gahi or find 
 To jiursue by secret machinations. Neuterly, to make 
 search, or inquiry. To endeavour after. To nnike the 
 object of pursuit, followed by after. To seek, is an adver- 
 bial expression, implying at a loss, or without the expedients 
 or experience. 
 
 SEE'KER, t. one that seeks or inquires. 
 
 To SEEL, V. n.[sceUer, Fr.] in falconry, to close the eyes. 
 Neuterly, applied to vessels, to lean on on side, from xijllan. 
 Sax. 
 
 SEE'LY, a. lucky. Foolish ; simple silly. 
 
 'lo SEEM, T. n. [zieinen, Teut.] to lnok alike, appear, or 
 have the appearance of. It seems, signities that there is ap- 
 pearance only, without reality ; and at other times is synony- 
 mous toJorjooM. SvNos. ,Vcf « difFers from a/;/^i«r, in that 
 tlie former relates, in my opinion, m re to tlie eye ; the latter 
 more to tlie imagination. 
 
 SEE'MER, I. one that carries an appearance. 
 
 SEE'MING, s. external or lair appearance. Ojiinion. 
 
 SEE'MINGLY, att. in appearance; in show ; in semblaTice. 
 
 SEE'MLINESS, comeliness; grace of appearance; de- 
 cency ; beauty ; handsomeness ; grace. 
 
 SEE'ilLY, a. [soomelight, Dau-] decent; becoming; pro- 
 per ; graceful ; tit. 
 
 SEE'iMLY, ad. in a decent manner ; in a proper manner. 
 
 SEEN, a. skilled ; versed. " Well sce/i in music." Shak. 
 
 SEEN, part. pass, of Sbe. 
 
 SE'ER, [see-er) $• one who perceives objects by the sight. 
 One who can foresee future events ; a prophet. 
 
 To SEE'SAW, V. a. to move with reciprocating motion. 
 
 SEE'SAW, ,v. a reciprocating motion. 
 
 To SEE'TH, V. a. pret. I sod or seethed, part. pass, sodden; 
 [seudan, Sax.] to prepare by hot or boiling water. To boil, or 
 decoct in hot water. To steep in hot water till all its virtues 
 are lost. Neuterly, to boil or be hot. 
 
 SEE'TH ER, s. a boiler; a pot. 
 
 SEGESTAN, a province of Persia. The country is, 
 in general, mountainous ; the plains are barren, covered 
 with a fine sand, which is sometimes raised by the wind 
 in such a degree, as to overwhelm whole caravans, and 
 the valleys are the only habitable parts. Zereng is the 
 capital. 
 
 SE'GMENT, f. [Fr, segmtntum, from seco, to cut, Lat.] a 
 5 G
 
 SELB 
 
 SELV 
 
 figure ioiita!neJ between a chord anJ an arch of the circle, or 
 so much of the circle as is cut off by that chord. 
 
 SE'GNITY, J. [from Kgnuj, slothful, Lat.] sluggishness; 
 inactivity. 
 
 SEGOVIA, an autient, lar^e, rich, populous, and hand- 
 some city of Spain, in Old Cds^tile. Here the best cloth in 
 Spain is male f.oni the fine Spaui.sh woiil so much esteemed 
 ill other ci.'uutries. This is one part of their trade, and 
 another is very fine paper. The cathedral stands on one 
 side of the great square, and contains the statue of Mary in 
 massy silver. I'he castle, or alcazar is seated in the hiifliest 
 part of the town, is covered wiih lead, and has 16 room.< 
 very richly ad rued with tape^t^y, a ureal deal of gilding, anil 
 Vfiy fine ornaments of marble and porphyry. The royal 
 chapel is magnificently gilded, and embellished witli very 
 fine paintings. Tlie most remarkable structure is the Mint, 
 seated in a v.illey, surrounded by a river, in wdiicli are 
 mills employed in coining, and by which every thing ii done 
 almo.-.t instuntaneiusly. The aqueduct is a work of the Kn. 
 mans, and seives to' bring water into the town; it is 3000 
 paces in length, and supported by 177 arehes of a pronigions 
 height, consisiing of two row.-s, one placed above the other. It 
 is seated on a moinitain between two hills, near the river 
 Arayada, 45 miles N. W. of Madrid, and 67 E. by S. of Sala- 
 manca. Lilt. 41.0. \. Ion. 3. 48. W. 
 
 To SEGKEU.\'TE, c. u. [from seorsum, apart and, greJ, a 
 flnck, Lat.] to set apart , to separate from others. 
 / SEi-.UEG.VTIOX, s. [Fr. from seorsum, apart, and grfx, a 
 tlock. Lat] se|)aratiiig frum others. 
 
 SE IGNIOK, or SK'IGNIOUR, {seenior) s. [seigneur, Fr.] 
 a lord. Grimd Seignior, the title of the emperor of the 
 Turks. 
 
 SE'IGNORY, {sieniory) s. [seigneurie.Ft.'i a lordship; a 
 territory ; dominion. 
 
 SEIKS, THE, a numerous nation of Hindostan Proper, 
 consisting of several small independent states, that have 
 formed a kind of federal union. They possess the whole 
 of Lahore, the principal part of Moultan, and the \V. part of 
 Delhi. This tract extends about 400 miles from N. W. to 
 S. E. anil is from 150 to 200 broad, in general, although, in 
 the part between Attock and Behker, (that is along tlie 
 Indus) the sxtent cannot be less than 320. Their capital is 
 Lahore. We know but little concerninc tlie state of iheir go- 
 Ternment, but it is represented as being mild. In their mode 
 of making war, they are unqiiestinnabiy savage and cruel. 
 Their army consists' almost entirely of horse, of which 
 they are said to be able to bring at least 100,000 into the 
 field. The Seiks, like the Hindoos, molest not others in 
 matters of faith, and require only a conformity in certain signs 
 and ceremonies ; but, unlike the Hindoos, they aJmit pro- 
 selytes ; although those from among the Jlahometans are the 
 least esteemed. 
 
 SEINE, s. see Sean. 
 
 To SEIZE, {seexe) v. a. [snisir, Fr.] to take possession of; 
 to lay hold on by a sudden eti'ort ; to L'rasp ; to fasten on. To 
 take forcible possession of by law. To have in one's posses- 
 sion. Neuterly, to fix one's grasp on any thing. 
 
 SE'IZIN, (seizen) s. [saiaine, Fr.] the act of taking posses- 
 sion. Any thing possessed. A law term. 
 
 SEl'ZURE, ((sehure) .i. the act of seizing. The thing 
 seized. Possession. The act of taking l()rcible possession 
 of. 
 
 SE'LAH, .1. a Hebrew word, found 74 times in the 
 Hebrew text of the book of Psalms, and thrice in Habak- 
 knk. Tlierc are various coiijccturos a^; to its signification ; 
 but as the .lews generally put Selult, Jiti'ix. so id if, at the 
 end of their epitaphs and books, we make no doubt but 
 i.Vf/a/i intimates the end or a pause, and that tliis is its proper 
 sigiiificatinii. 
 
 SE'LBY, a town in the W. Hiding of Yorkshire, with a 
 market on Monday. It is seated on the river Ouse, on which 
 small vessels pass to York, and is a place of some trade, 1^ 
 miles S. of York, and 176 N. by W. of Loudon. 
 
 SE'LDOM, ad. [supposed to be contracted from seld<tn, or 
 seld. Sax. rare] not frequent or often ; rarely. 
 
 To SELE'CT, V. a. [selectum, from seligo, Lat.] to chuse by 
 way of preference from others. 
 
 SELE'CT, a. chosen, or cullid out, from others on account 
 of superior excellence. 
 
 SELE'CTION, (selelishon) s. [seltclio, from seligo, to choose 
 out, Lat.] the act of choosing; choice. 
 
 SELE'CTOil, s. one that selects. 
 
 SELEN'l'TES, or the JIoon-stone, s. [from sclene, the 
 moiin, Gr.] a stone found, it is said, in Arabia, wherein is a 
 white, which increas^-S and decreases wilh the moon. Also, 
 the Aluscovy talc, so called by some from an opinion 
 that its brightness increases and decreases with the 
 moon. 
 
 SELENOGKA'PIHC, or SELENOGllAPHICAL, a. per- 
 taining t.o the dcscriptiim of the mooiu 
 
 SELENOGRAPHY, (selem'jgrafy) s. [from selene, the 
 moon, and graplio, to describe, Gr.] a description of the 
 moon. 
 
 SELF, pron. plural se/ufs; [stlt, SfZ/l-, Belg.] when used as 
 an adjective it signifies very or identical. " 'I'hat self way.'' 
 Sliak. It is frequently united to the personal pronouns, and 
 to the neutral pronoun it, and then implies a reci|)rocation, 
 and is compounded not only with adjectives and substantives, 
 but when united with my, liim, and ihem, though contrary to 
 analogy, is used as a nominative. 
 
 SE'LFHEAL, s. a plant with oblong egg-shaped leaves, 
 and blue, purplish, or white blossoms, found in pastures, and 
 flowering in August. 
 
 SE'LFISH, a. attentive to one's own hiterest, with abso- 
 lute disregard to others. Mercenary ; sordid ; ungene- 
 rous. 
 
 SELFISHLY, ad. with regard only to one's own interest; 
 without love of others. 
 
 SE'LFISHNESS, s. attention to one's own interest, without 
 any regard to others. Self-love. 
 
 SE'LKSAME, a. the very same. 
 
 SE'LKIRK, the county town of Selkirkshire, containing 
 aliout 1000 inhabitants in the town, besides 700 in the 
 country part of the parish. Here is a manufacture of boot.l 
 and shoes, which has been long established, and another of 
 inkle. Some trophies brought away from Flodderi p^ield, 
 by the citizens of Selkirk, have survived the rust of time, or 
 the eflfects of negligence, and are still preserved here. It 
 is seated on the river Kttrick, 'io miles S. S. E. of Edin- 
 bure:h. 
 
 SELKIRKSHIRE, a county of Scotland, bounded on the 
 N. by Edinburghshire and Berwickshire, on the K, by 
 Roxburghshire, on the S. by Dumfriesshire, and on the W. 
 by Peebleshire. It is about 21. miles long, and from 8 to 15 
 wide. It is a hilly country, yielding pasture to innumerable 
 flocks of sheep and black rattle, but the valleys beer good 
 crops of hay and corn. The rivers abound wilh fisli, and 
 the woods with game ami birds, both of song and of prey. 
 The principal rivers are the Tweed, the Ettrick, the Yarrow, 
 and the Gala. 
 
 SELL, J. [selle, Fr.] a saddle. In building, it is of two 
 kinds, viz. grounJ-seU, which denotes the lower piece of tim- 
 ber, and that on which the whole superstructure is raised ; 
 and the irindotv-tell, called also window-soil, is the bottom 
 piece in a window frame. 
 
 To SELL. II. a. pret. and part. pass, snld ,• [syllan, Sax.] fo 
 dispose of any thing for money. To vend. Neuterly, to carry 
 on trade. 
 
 SE'LLANDF.HS, s, are chops or mangy sores in the 
 bending of a horse's houghs, as the malanders are in the 
 knees, 
 
 SE'LLER, s. the person that .sells; a vender. 
 
 SE'LVAtrE, s. [according to Skinner, from siihdge, be- 
 cause it saves the cloth] the edge of cloth, either linen or 
 woollen. 
 
 SELVES, plural ofSLLF.
 
 SEND 
 
 SENS 
 
 779 
 
 SE'MBLANCE, i- [semblance, Fr.] likeness ; resemblance. 
 Appearance, show. 
 
 SE'MEN, t. [Lat.] the seed of animals or vegetaljles. 
 
 SE'MI, s. [Lat.] a word used in composition, and signifying 
 half. 
 
 SE'MIBKEF, s. tsemibreve, Fr.] a note in music compre- 
 hending the space of two minims, or four crotchets. 
 
 SEMI'CIKCLE, {semiiird) s. [from s-mi, half, and circutus, 
 a circle, Lat.J a half round ; part of a circle divided by the 
 diameter. 
 
 SEMICI'RCULAR, a. half round. 
 
 SE'MICOLON, i. [from semi, half, L^t. and Won, a colon, 
 Gr.] a point made thus (;) to note a greater pause than that 
 of a comma. 
 
 SEMIDIA'METER, i. [from semi, half, and diameter, Lat.] 
 half the line which, drawn through the centre of a circle, di- 
 vides it into two equal parts. 
 
 SE'MIDOUBLE, s. in the Romish breviary, such offices and 
 feasts as are celebrated with less solemnity than the double 
 ones, but yet with more than the single ones. 
 
 SEMIFLU'ID, a. imperfectly fluid. 
 
 SEMILU'NAR, SEMILUNARY, a. Isemilunaire, Fr.] re- 
 sembling in form a half moon. 
 
 SEMIMETAL, s. in mineralogy, are metallic fossils, heavy, 
 opaque, of a bright glittering surface, not malleable : as <]uick- 
 silver, antimony, cobalt, the arsenics, bismuth, zinc, with its 
 ore calamine: to these may be added the seniimetallic recre- 
 ments, tutty and pampholyx. 
 
 SE'MINAL, a. [from semen, seed, Lat.] belonging to seed. 
 Contained in the seed ; radical. 
 
 SEMINA'LITY, .?. [from semen, seed, Lat.] the nature of 
 6eed. The power of being produced. 
 
 SE'MINARY, s. [(•■mimtre, Fr. from semen, seed. Lat.] the 
 ground on which any thnig is sown. 'Ihe spot or original 
 stock whence any thing is brought. A place of education. 
 
 SEMINA'TION, s. [from srmen, seed, Lat.] the act of sow- 
 ing. The act of shedding or dispersing the plants. 
 
 SEMINJ'FIC, or SEA'UNI'FICAL, n. [from semen, seed, 
 and facto, to make, Lat.] productive of seed. 
 
 SEMIPE'DAL, 0. [from semi, half, and pes, a foot, Lat.] 
 containing half a (but. 
 
 SEMIQUA'VER, s. in music, a note containing half the 
 quantity of the ouaver. 
 
 SEAIISPHE'lUCAL, (semisfeiikal) a. belonging to half a 
 sphere. 
 
 .SEMITE'RTIAN, {semttirshian) s. an ague compounded of 
 a tertian and a quotiiiian. 
 
 SE'MIVOWiEL, s. a consonant which makes an imperfect 
 sound, or does not require a total occlusion of the mouth. 
 These are /", /, m, n, r, s, x, z. 
 
 SEMPITE'RNAL, a. [sempiternd, Fr. from semper, al- 
 ways, and c/urnus, eternal, Lat.T continual; perpetual; with- 
 out end. 
 
 SE'MPSTRESS, s. {seamestre. Sax.] see Seamstress. 
 
 SE'NA, or SE'NNA, s. is a shrub, the leaves of which are 
 purchased for their purgative virtue. 
 
 SE'NAN, a city of China of the first rank, in the province of 
 Koeitcheou, 815 miles S. S. W. of Pekin. It is surrounded 
 on all sides by mountains, and the inhabitants hold little com- 
 munication with the rest of the Chinese. 
 
 SE'NARY, a. {sLuarius, Lat] consisting of six ; belonging 
 to the number six. 
 
 SE'NATE, s. [ienat, Fr. senalus, Lat.] an assembly of coun- 
 sellors, or of men met together to enact laws, and debate on 
 matters which respect the state. 
 
 SE'NATEHOUSE, s. a place where a public council 
 meets. 
 
 SE'NATOR, s. [Lat.] one that sits in public council. 
 
 SENATORIAL, or .SENATO'RIAN, a. [sinalorial, Fr. 
 senatoriwi, Lat.] belonging to the senate. 
 
 To SEND, V. a, pret. and part. pass. sen< ; [sendan, Sjx. 
 tenden, Belg.] to dispatch from one place to :niother. To 
 commission by authority to go and act. To emit, to pro- 
 duce. To inflict. ' lo grant as from a distant place. To 
 
 diffu.'-e; to prop.igate. To I 't fly, cast, or shoot. Neiiterly, 
 to deliver up or dispatch a message. Followed by J«r, to de- 
 sire by message a person to come ; to cause to be brought by 
 another. 
 
 SE'N'EG.V, or Seni.c-.al, a kingdom of Africa, in Xe- 
 groland, seated on a river of the same name, formerly very 
 considerab'e, but now reduc-d into a very narrow compass. 
 The French had a fort and lactory in an island at the moutli 
 of this river, and were entire masters of the gum trade. It 
 is called Fort Louis, was taken by the English on the first of 
 May, 1758, and ceded to Great Britain by the peace of 
 1763. 
 
 SENE'SCENCE, s. [from senex, old, Lat.J the state of 
 growing old. 
 
 SE'NESCHAL, (seneska!) s. [sem'-iiui!, Fr.] a person who 
 formerly had the care of entertainments in great houses ; a 
 steward ; a major domo.^ 
 
 SE'NGREEX, s. in botany, the saxifraga of Linnaeus. 
 
 SE'NILE, a. [senilis, from senex, old, Lat.] belonging to old 
 age. 
 
 SE'NIOR, s. [Lat.] one older than, or born before another. 
 An aged person. 
 
 SENIO'RITY. s. the quality of being born before another ; 
 priority of birth. 
 
 SE'5fNA, 3. [send, Lat.] a medicinal tree. 
 
 SE'NNAR, a large town of Africa in Nnbia, capital of a 
 kingdom of tlie same name, which lies on the liaiiks of the 
 Nile, between Egypt and Abyssinia. It is 5 miles in circum- 
 ference, and very populous, containing near 100,OU0 inhabi- 
 tants. Tlie houses are all one slory high, flat-roofjd, and 
 very ill built, but the suburbs contain only cottages, co- 
 vered with reeds. 'I he king's pahice is surrounded by high 
 walls, of bricks dried in the sun, but is only a confused 
 heap of buildings. The heats are excessivi', and in the 
 rainy season the air is extremely unwholesome. Their 
 commodities are elephants' teeth, tamarinds, civet, tobacco, 
 and gold-dust. There is a market every day in the week, 
 in the middle of the town, where they sell all sorts of provi- 
 sions and goods. They have also a market near the king's 
 palace, where slaves are sold ; the females sit on one side, 
 and the males on another, and the Egyptian merchants buy 
 great mmibers of ihem every year. Their religion is Ma- 
 hometanism. They are an ignorant, superstitious, and yet 
 a cunning sort of people. 'I'he women who can adbrd it, 
 have slight garments of silk, and wear rings of various me- 
 tals on their hair, arms, legs, ears, and fingers. Their legs 
 are naked, and they have only a single sole fastened to their 
 feet with striiigs. Other women and girls have clothes 
 wrapped round them from the waist to the knees. The 
 men go almost naked. The merchandi.se required at Sennar 
 are spices, paper, brass, hardware, glass-beads, and a black 
 drug, with which they colour their eyelids and eyebrows. 
 A few merchants here travel to Suaquen on the Red Sea, 
 whence they go to Arabia Felix with .their commodities, and 
 bring those of the East Indies back. It is seated on an emi- 
 nence near the river Nile. 
 
 SE'NNIGHT, (sennit) s. [contracted from sctennight] a 
 week. 
 
 SENSA'TION, s. [sensation, Fr.] perception by the 
 senses. 
 
 SENSE, s. [sens, Fr. sensus, from sentio, to perceive, Lat.] 
 is a faculty of the sold whereby it perceives external ob- 
 jects, by means of the impressions they make on certain or- 
 gans of the body. These organs of sen.sation are commonly 
 reckoned five, viz. the eye, whereby we see objects; the ear, 
 which enables us to hear Si'unds ; the nose, by which we 
 receive t!ie ideas of ditferent smells ; the palate, by which 
 we judge of tastes ; and the cutis, or skin, -which enables us 
 to teel the difTerent Ibrms, hardness, or softness of bodies. 
 Fig\iratively, apprehension, applied to the mind, trnder- 
 st.^iiding. Reason, or rea.sonabIe meaning. Opinion. Con- 
 fciousness. Moral perception. Meaning. 
 
 SE'NSELESS, a. void of life, |) -rception, reason, under- 
 standing or pity.
 
 780 
 
 SEP A 
 
 SEQU 
 
 SE'XSELESSLY, ad. in a senseless manner. 
 
 SENSIBI'LITY, i. \sensibilite, Fr.] quickness of sensation 
 or perception. 
 
 SE'NSIBLE, (scnsibt) a. [Fr. sensililis, from tenlio, to per- 
 ceive, Lat.] having tlie power of perceiving by the senses. 
 Affected liy good or ill, by arguments or pity. Reasonable 
 or judicious 
 
 SE'NSIBLY, ad. perceptibly to the senses ; judiciously. 
 
 SE'NSITIVE, a. [sensi/if, Fr.] having sense or perception. 
 
 SE'NSITIVE PLANT, s. among botanists, a species of 
 plant, the leaves and flowers of which contract themselves 
 ivlieri touched, as if sensible of the contact ; but expand and 
 flourish again a^ soon as the hand is removed. 
 
 .SENSO'RIUM, or SENSORY, s. [from senlio, to per 
 ceive, Lat.] that part where the senses transmit their notices 
 or perceptions to the mind. The seat of sense. An organ of 
 .sensation. 
 
 .SE'NS.UAL, a. [sensuel, Fr.] consisting in, or depending on, 
 sense. Pleasing to the senses. Carnal, opposed to spiritual. 
 Devoted to sense ; lewd ; luxurious. 
 
 SE'NSUALIST, s. a carnal person; one devoted to corpo- 
 real pleasures. 
 
 SENSUA'LITY, s. [sensualite, Fr.] the quality of being 
 lewd, or devoted to corporeal plea-^ures. 
 
 To .SE'NSUALIZE, v. a. to plunge in sensual pleasures, or 
 to subject the mind to the senses. 
 
 SE'NSUOUS, a. tender; pathetic. Not in use. 
 
 SENT, the participle passive of Send. 
 
 SE'NTENCE, .v. {sentence, Fr. sententia, Lat ' the de- 
 cision of a judge ; doom. A moral instruction or maxim, 
 delivered in few words. A .short paragraph ; a period in 
 writing. 
 
 To SE'NTENCE, v. n. [senimckr, Fr.] to pass the last 
 jiidameiit. Ti> condemn. 
 
 SENTE'NTIUUS, {senlenMous) a. [senlentieiix, Fr.] 
 abounding with short jjeriods, or moral maxims. 
 
 SENTE'NTUJUSLY, ad. in short sentences. 
 
 SENTENTIOUSNESS, {sentenshiousness) s. the quality of 
 abounding in pith-y sentences ; brevity with strength. 
 
 SE'NTF.RY, s. [commonly written and pronounced tentry, 
 corrupted from senlinel] one sent to march in a garrison or 
 the outlines of an army. 
 
 SE'NTIMENT, s. [sentiment, Fr.] thought, opinion, or no- 
 tion. Sense considered distinctly from language ; a striking 
 sentence in a composition. 
 
 SENTIJIE'Nl AL, a. a word lately introduced into com- 
 mon use, but without any precise meaning. Those who 
 use it appear to understand by it, that affecting turn of 
 thought which is peculiar to works of fancy, and where there 
 is a display of the pathetic, as in the graver scenes of comedy, 
 or of novels. 
 
 SE'NTINEL, s. [setitinelk, Fr.] a soldier who watches to 
 prevent surprise. 
 
 SE'NTKY, s. [contracted from sentinel] see Sentery. 
 
 SEPAHABI'LITY, s. the quality of admitting its parts to 
 be brnken or disunited. 
 
 SE'PARABLE, n. [Fr. from separo, to separate, Lat.] 
 capable of having the union of its parts broken, or disjoined ; 
 possible tn be disjoined from something. 
 
 To SEPARATE, v. a. [sepuio, Lat.] to break or divide 
 the parts from each other. To disunite. To sever from 
 the rest. To .set apart ; to segregate. To withdraw ; 
 used with from. . Neuterly, to part from or quit ; to be dis- 
 united. 
 
 SE'I'ARATF., a. [from separo, to separate, Lat.] divided 
 from the rest. Disunited from the other parts. Disengaged 
 ur .fbstnicled. 
 
 .s Iv PA 1! Al'F.I.Y, nri. apart; singly; distinctly. 
 
 SKPAl'.ATENKSS, s. the state of being separate. 
 
 SKPAUA'TIOX, ». IFr. from separo, to feparatc, Lat.] 
 the ;» t of breaking the union between parts. Disjunction ; 
 disnnicni. Divorce, applied to marriage, or a state 
 «lier.-in ihi two parties do not live together. Chymical 
 analysis. 
 
 SE'PARATIST, i. one who quits the cotnmunion of the 
 
 church ; a schismatic , a seceder. 
 
 SE'PARATORY, a. used in separation. 
 
 SE'PIMENT, !. Itepimentum, from sepio, to fence, Lat.] a 
 hedge ; a fence. 
 
 SEPOSI'TION, (sepotishon) s. [from seorsum, apart, and 
 pono, to put, Lat.] the act ot^ setting aside or apart ; segre- 
 gation. 
 
 SEPT, s. [from teptum, a fold, Lat.] a clan, race, tribe, 
 generation. 
 
 SEPTE'MBER, s. |Lat.] the ninth month of the year; the 
 seventh from March. He is drawn with a merry and cheerful 
 countenance, in a purble robe. 
 
 SEPTENARY, a. [.leptenarius, from seplem, seven, Lat.] 
 consisting of seven. Substantively, the number seven. 
 
 SEPTENNIAL, a. [leptennis, from septem, seven, Lat.] 
 lasting seven years. Happening once in seven years. 
 
 SEPTE'NTRION, s. [septentrio, from teptem, seven, Lat.] 
 a constellation of seven stars, called likewise Charles's Wain, 
 situated near the north pole. In cosmography, it signifies 
 the same with north; and hence septentrional is applied to 
 any thing belonging to the north, as sevtentrional signs, 
 parallels, &c. 
 
 SEPTFOIL, «. the upright tormentil. See Tormentil. 
 
 SEPTIC, or SE'PTICAL, a. [from sepo, to putrefy, Gr.] 
 in medicine, having the power to produce or increase putre- 
 faction. 
 
 SEPTUAGE'NARY, a. [sepltiaginaire, Fr. from septua- 
 ginta, seventy, Lat.] consisting of seventy. 
 
 SE'PTUAGESIiMA, s. the third ■ Sunday before the 
 first Sunday in Lent ; so called because about 70 days before 
 Easter. 
 
 SE'PTUAGINT, s. [from septuoginla, seventy, Lat.] the 
 ancient Greek versijn of the Old Testament so called 
 from the supposition that it was the work of seventy-two in» 
 terpreters. 
 
 SEPTUPLE, a. [septuples, Lat ] seven times as much. 
 
 SEPU'LCHRAL, (sepulkral) a. [scpukral, Fr. from lepelio, 
 to bury, Lat.] belonging to a fimeral or the grave. 
 
 SE'PULCHRE, {sepulker) s. [sepulchre, Fr. sepulchrum, 
 from sepelio, to bury, Lat] the cavity in which a dead body 
 is interred. A grave or tomb. 
 
 To SE'PULCHRE, {sepulker) v. a. [accented on the second 
 syllable by Sliakespeare and Milton ; but by Johnson and 
 Prior on tiie first] to bury ; to entomb ; to inter. 
 
 SETULTURE, s. [Fr. sepultura, from sepelio, to bury, Lat.] 
 burial ; interment. 
 
 SEQUA'CIOUS, {sequdshious) s. [seguax, from sequor, to 
 follow, Lat.] following, attendant; ductile, pliant. 
 
 SEQUEL, s. [sequela, from sequor, to follow, Lat.] the 
 conclusion, or succeeding part. An event. A consequence, 
 or inference, 
 
 SE'QUENCE, s. [from sequor, to follow, Lat.] order of 
 succession. Series ; arrangement. In gaming, cards which 
 follow one another on the same suit, as 3, i, S, or king, queen, 
 knave, &r. 
 
 SE'QUENT, a. [sequent, from sequor, to follow, Lat.] fol- 
 lowing ; consequential ; succeeding. 
 
 To SEQUE'STER, v. a. lsi:questrer, Fr.] to separate from 
 the society of others lor the sake of privacy. To put aside 
 or remove. To withdraw. To deprive the owner of the use, 
 property, or possession. 
 
 To .SEQUESTRATE, v. n. to separate from company. 
 
 Sl'QUESTRATION, s [Fr. from sequesirn, to sequestrate, 
 Lat.] separation; retirement. Disvmion; disjunction. In 
 connnon law, it is ?eltiiig aside the thing in controversy 
 from tile possession of both the parties that contend for it. 
 It is alo a kind of extiiit or execution for ilebt, in the case 
 of a beneficed clergyman, of the profits of his living, di- 
 rected to the chunli-wanlens, to receive the same, to satisfy 
 the judgment. In civil law, it is used in various .senses; 
 and it is also used to signify the gathering up the fruits of 
 a vacant benefice, for the use of the next incumbent of the 
 church.
 
 S E U M 
 
 SESQ 
 
 raj 
 
 SKQUESTRA'TOR, s. one who takes from a man the profit 
 of his possessions. 
 
 SERAGLIO, {sirdliu) s. a Persian woril siKiiifyiiip the 
 palace of a prince or lord ; in which sense the houses of tlie 
 ambassaiiors of England, France, &c. are, at Constantinople, 
 called Seraglios. But the term Sn'aglio is used, by way of 
 eminence, for the palace of the grand seignior at Constan- 
 tinople, where he keeps his court, in which his concubines 
 are lodged, and where the youths are trained up for the prin- 
 cipal posts of the empire. Figuratively, a house of lewd 
 women. 
 
 SE'RAPH, (seraf) s. [in the plur. Seraphim, seraph, from 
 taraph, to burn, because they are & flaming fire, Heb] one of 
 the orders of angels. 
 
 SERAPHIC, or SEUA'PHICAL, (seraficat) a. [siraphique, 
 Fr.] angelic, or like a seraph. 
 
 .SE'RAPHIM, s. [plural of »cra/jA, Heb.] angels of one of 
 the heavenly orders. 
 
 SERASQUI'ER, s. a generalissimo, or commander in chief 
 of the Turkish forces in Europe. 
 
 SERE, a. \^searian, to dry. Sax.] dry or weathered. 
 
 SERENA'DE, s. [Fr. sereiiatu, Ital. whence serenate in 
 Jlilton, from serenus, Lat. because practised mostly in fair 
 weather] music or songs with which lovers entertain their 
 mistresses in the night. 
 
 To SEUENA'DK, v. a. to entertain wilh music in the 
 pight. 
 
 SERENE, n. [serein, Fr. sercnus, I, at.] calm, placid, quiet; 
 tranquil, even of mind, unruflled, without any disturbance. 
 Without clouds or rain, applied to the weather. Also a title 
 of hoiiour given to several princes, and to the jjrincipal magis- 
 trates of a republic. 
 
 SERE'N ELY, ad. calmly ; cooly ; quietly. 
 
 SERENITY, SEUENENE,S.S, J. calmness; peace; even- 
 lie'^s of temper; coolness of mind; tranquillity. 
 
 SERGE, (s«7-g«) s. [serge, Fr.] a kind of woollen cloth. 
 
 SE'RGEANT, {sdrjeant) s. [sergent, Fr. sergenle, Ital.] 
 an officer who attends on, or executes the orders of, magis- 
 trate.'. It is the highest degree taken at the coinmon law, 
 as that of doctor is of the civil law; the court of common 
 pleas is allowed them to plead in by themselves ; liut they 
 are not restrained from pleading in ai:y other court. In 
 the army, a Serjeant is an inferior officer in a company 
 of foot, or troop of dragoons. A title given to some of 
 the king's servants, as sergeant cliirurgeon, sergeant painter, 
 &c. 
 
 SE'IIIES, s. [Lat.] ,m order wherein things regularly follow 
 and are connected with each other. A course or succes- 
 sion. 
 
 SERINGAPA'TAM, a city of Hindoostan, lately capital 
 of the kingdom of Mysore. It is situated in an island of the 
 river Cauvery. This island is a beautiful spot, containing 
 elegant buildings, squares, groves, and gardens. The mau- 
 soleum of Hyder Ali is one of the most magnificent objects 
 in this place : it is situated on the S. angle of the island, 
 near an elegant palace of ihe late Tippcio Sultan's, aiitl 
 is surrounded by a grove of beautiful cypress trees. It 
 is 230 miles W. S. W. of Madras. Lat. lii. 31. IN. Ion. 76. 
 46. E. 
 
 SE'RIOUS, a. [serius, Lat] grave ; solemn ; not volatile ; 
 opposed to levity. Importaiit, weighty; in earnest; op- 
 posed to trifling. Synon. We are staid, through discre- 
 tion and custom ; grave, through humour and cotistitu- 
 tion ; serious, through taste and affectation. Levity is the 
 reverse of being staid; vivacity of gravity; wantomiess of 
 seriousness. 
 
 SE'RIOUSLY, ad. gravely ; solemnly ; in earnest ; with- 
 out levity. 
 
 SE'IllOUSNESS, I. gravity ; solemnity ; earnest atten- 
 tion. 
 
 SERMOCINA'TION, J. [sermocinatio, from sermo, a speech, 
 Lat.] the act or practice of holding long discourse. 
 
 SERMON, s. IFr. sermo, Lat.] a discourse written or 
 spoken on some text for the instruction of the people. 
 
 SERO'SITY, «. [.sirviilc, F>. a thin or watery part of the 
 blood. 
 
 SE'ROUS, a. [sereux, Fr. fioin serum, whey, Lat.] thin or 
 watery. Adapted to the sermn. 
 
 SE'RPENT, s. [Fr. ser/,en.t, from scrpo, to creep, Lat.] an 
 ofTensive animal that has neither wings nor leet, and moves 
 on the ground like a worm. An instrument of nuisic. In 
 astronomy, a constellation in the northern hemisphere. 
 
 SE'RPENTARIUS, in astronomy, a constellation of the 
 northern heniis|ihere. 
 
 SE'KI'ENTINE, n. [from serpens, a serpent, Lat] resem- 
 bling a serpent ; winding like a serpent. 
 
 SERPI'GIXOUS, a. diseased with a ser|>igo. 
 
 Sr.KPI'GO, s. [Lat.] a tetter; a species of herpes: which 
 see. 
 
 SERRATE, or SE'RRATED, s. [from aerra, a saw, Lat.] 
 having indentures or jags, like the teeth of a saw. 
 
 SF.RUA'TIOX, s. [from serra, a saw, Lat.] formation in 
 the shape of a saw. 
 
 SERRA'TURE, s. indenture like the teeth of a saw. 
 
 To SE'URY, V. a. serrer, Fr.] to press or drive close to- 
 gether. 
 
 SE'RVAL, in zoology, the mountain cat, an animal that is 
 found in India. 
 
 Sli UVANT, s. [Fr. servus, from servo, to serve, Lat.] one 
 who is hire<l and obedient to another. A word of civility, 
 implying a readiness of doing good to another. 
 
 'I'o S1;R\'E, v. a. [servio, Lat.] to attend. To obey. To 
 supply with food. To bring in. To- do business for another 
 for hire. To supply with any thing. To obey as a sol- 
 dier. To promote. To comply. To satisfy. To stand 
 instead of any thing to one, followed by for. To requite. 
 In divinity, to worship. Neuterly, to act as a servant. To 
 be in subjection. To atterid. To act in war. To produce 
 the enil desired. To suit. To conduce. To officiate or 
 minister. 
 
 SE'RVIA, a province of European Turkey, having Hun- 
 gary on the N., Balgaria on the E., Bosnia on the'W., and 
 Albania and Macedonia on the S. It is about 190 miles 
 loi}g, and 95 broad. It is fertile and populous. Belgrade is 
 the principal town. 
 
 SERVICE, s. [Fr. servilium, from servio, to serve, Lat.] 
 business done for hire. The attendance of a servajit. Place; 
 ofiiice of a servant. Attendance on a superior. A protession 
 of respect, intimating a being ready to assist, or acknowledge 
 subjection. Oliedience. Employment. Alililary duty. Pur- 
 pose ; use. Advantage. Favour. The public office of de- 
 votion. A course or order of dishes. A paper of sweet-meats. 
 In botany, a ki)id of hawthorn. Also the mountain-ash or 
 quicken-tree. 
 
 SE'RVICEABLE.n. [servissable, oUVr.] profitable; useful. 
 Active ; ddigent ; officiou.s. 
 
 SERVILE, a. [servit, Fr. sermlis, from servio, to serve, 
 Lat.] slavish; meanly submissive, fawning, or cringing; de- 
 pendent, mean. 
 
 SE'RVILELY, ad. meanly; slavishly. 
 
 SE'RVILENESS, or SEKVI'LITY, s. base or mean sub- 
 mission and subjection. The condition of a slave. 
 
 SE'RVITOR, s. [servHeur, Fr.] a servant. A student in 
 the university of Oxford, who attends on another for his main- 
 tenance and education. See Sizek. 
 
 SE'RVITUDE, J. [Fr. servitus, from servio, to serve, Lat.] 
 the state of a slave. Service. Servants collectively. Svnon. 
 The state of a hired servant is servitude ; that of one manci- 
 pated, slavery ; the one is voluntary, the other involuntary. 
 The former is in some measure honourable; the latter con- 
 temptible. 
 
 SE'RUM, s. [Lat.] the thin or watery part of any fluid. 
 
 SE'SQUI, «. a word used in composition, borrowed from 
 the Latin, and signifying one and a half. 
 
 SE'SQUIALTER, or SESQUIA'LTERAL, a. [sesguialler, 
 Lat.] in geometry, is a ratio where one quantity or num- 
 ber contains another once and half as much more, as 6 
 and 9.
 
 789 
 
 SETT 
 
 SEVE 
 
 SE'SQUIPLICATE, a. in mathematics, Is the proportion 
 one quantity or number has to another, in the ratio of one 
 and a half to one. 
 
 SESS, (for assiss) s. a rate, tax, cess charged. 
 SE'SSION, (scshdn) s. [Ft. sessio, from tedeo, to sit, Lat.] 
 the act of sitting. An assembly of magistrates, or senators. 
 The time or space during which an assembly sits without in- 
 termission. A meeting of justices. 
 
 SE'STERCE, s. [seslerce, Fr. seatertium, Lat.J among the 
 Romans, a sum about 8/. \t. 5\d. sterling. 
 
 To SET, v. a. pret. and part. pass, sett; [seltan, Sax; setlen, 
 Belg.] to place or put in any situation, condition, or posture. 
 To regulate, or adjust by some rule. To fix as motionless. 
 To suit or fit to music. To plant. To reduce from a frac- 
 tured or dislocated state. To intersperse, or mark. To fix ; 
 to determine. To place in view, to exhibit as an oLject, 
 used with before. To take at play. To value, estimate, or 
 rate; to reject or remit for ihe present, used with i;y. To 
 fix in metal. To predetermine, or settle. To bring to an 
 edge, by rubbing on a hone. Used with a;j;ainst, to oppose, 
 or to alienate a person's affection from another. Tu set apart, 
 to neglect for a season, or reserve for some particular pur- 
 pose. Used with aside, to reject, abrogate, or omit for the 
 present. To set down, to mention in writing, or to register ; 
 to fix, or establish ; to fix on a resolve. To iet off", to de- 
 corate, or recommend. To set forth, to display, explain, 
 place in order, or show. Used with on, or upon, to incite, 
 or animate ; to attack, or assault ; to employ in an afTair. 
 To set out, to begin a discourse or journey, to adorn or 
 embellish ; to raise, or equip, applied to fleets or armies ; to 
 show, display, recommend, or prove. To set up, to supply 
 " ilh money for carrying on trade at first ; to raise or exaft 
 in power or dignity ; to establish or fix ; to advance, or 
 purpose. Neuterly, to go below the horizon, applied to the 
 sun, &c. To be fixed. To be extinguished, or unable to 
 sec, applied to the eyes. To fit music to words. To begin 
 a journey. To plant. To catch birds by a dog, that lies 
 down and discovers them. Used with about, to fall to; to 
 begin. Used with in, to become settled in a particular state. 
 Used with on, or vpon, to begin a journey or enterprize. 
 Used with ovt, to have beginning ; to begin a journey or 
 course ; to begin the world. To set to, to apply one's self 
 to. 7o set uv, to begin a trade openly ; to profess pub- 
 licly. 
 
 SET, part, regular ; not loose or careless ; made to con- 
 form to some rule. 
 
 SET, s. a number of things suiting each other, and neces- 
 sary to form a whole. The apparent fell of the sun, &c. below 
 the horizon. Any thing put into the ground for growth. A 
 wager at dice. A game ; a sufficient number of persons to 
 play a game. 
 
 SETA'CEOUS, (setdsheous) a. [from seta, a bristle, Lat.] 
 bristly ; set with, or consisting of strong hairs. 
 
 SETCHEOU, a city of China, of the first rank, in the pro- 
 vince of Koetcheou. 
 
 SETCHEUN, a province of China, having Chensi on the N., 
 and the kingdom of Thibet and other countries on the W. It 
 is famous for its rhubarb, and the root fou-lin, which the 
 Chinese introduce into all their prescriptions. 
 
 SETON, s. [Fr. from seta, a bristle, Lat.] in surgery, the 
 state of a wound when the skin is taken up by a needle, and 
 kept open by a twist of hair or silk, that the humours may 
 vent themselves. Among farriers, a rowel. 
 
 SETTE'E, s, [setol. Sax.] a large long seat with a 
 back. 
 
 SETTERWORT, s. a kind of hellebore. The dried leaves 
 are frequently given to children to destroy worms ; but tliey 
 ought to be used sparingly. 
 
 SETTING DOG, v. a dog taught to find game, and shew 
 it bv lying down near it. 
 
 SEi'l'LE, (aell) t. [tetnt, Sax.] a seat, or bench. 
 To SETl J,E, {fill.) V. a. to place in a ceriain or safe 
 siate after calamity, < r disturbance. To fix in any place 
 or way of life. To free from ambiguity or doubt. To i'.r, 
 
 and make certain or unchangeable. To free from change of 
 opinion. To make close. To fix inse|)arably or strongly, used 
 wi'.h upon. To make the dregs or sediments of Uqiior iall to 
 the bottom. To put into a state of calmness, lo people a 
 country. Neuterly, to sink and continue at the bottom ; to 
 subside. To fix one's abode. To chuse or fix a method of 
 life. To rest or grow calm. To make a jointure for a wife. 
 To contract. 
 
 SE'TTLE, a neat town on the W. Riding of Yorkshire, 
 seated on the river Ribble, over which it has a stone bridge, 
 at the foot of the hills which part tliis county from Lancashire, 
 CO miles N. N. W. of York, and 231 N- N. W. of London. A 
 weekly market on Tuesday, and one on every other Alondity 
 fur cattle. 
 
 •SE'TTLEMENT, J. the act of settling. The act of giving 
 possession. A jointure granted a wife. The dregs of liquors. 
 A place where a colony is established. Act of forsaking a 
 roving for a domestic ai:d regular life. 
 
 SE'VEN, a. [seofun, Sax.] consisting of four and three. 
 SE'VENFOLD, o. [seofon, saldie. Sax.] repeated or folded 
 seven times; septuple. Adverbially, in the proportion of seven 
 to one. 
 
 SE'VENNIGHT, (commonly pron. sennit) s. \teven and 
 nighf} a week ; the time from one day of the week to the next 
 day of the same denomination preceding or following. It hap- 
 pened on Monday was sevennight, that is, on the Monday before 
 last Monday. It will be done on Monday sevennigkt, that is, 
 on the Jl'Tondai^ after next Monday. 
 
 SE'VENOAKS, or Sennock, a town of Kent, with a 
 market on Saturday. It is 6 miles N. W. of Tunbrige, and 
 23 S. E. I)v S. of London. 
 
 SE'VENSCOllE, .«. seven times 20, or 140. 
 SE'VENTEEN, a. [seofantyne. Sax.] seven and ten. 
 SEVENTEE'NTII, a. [leojonteot/ia. Sax.] the ordinal of 
 seventeen ; the next after the .sixteenth. 
 
 SE'VENTH, a. [seofontlia, Sax.] the next in order to the 
 sixth. Contaiiung one part in seven. Seventh day, used by 
 the Quakers for Saturday ; and observed by the Jews as a 
 sabbath. T.'ie seventh Month, used by the Quakers for July. 
 
 SE'VENTHLY, ad. in the seventh place ; an ordinal 
 adverb. 
 
 SEVENTIETH, a. [handseofautigotha, Sax.] the tentl. 
 seven times repeated ; tlie seventh part of the tenth part of 
 any thing. 
 
 SE'VENTY, a. [knndseofontig. Sax.] seven times ten. 
 To SE'VER, t>. a. [sevrer, Fr.] to part from the rest by 
 force. To distinguish, separate, or put into different orders 
 or places. To keep distinct or apart. Neuterly, to make a 
 separation or distinction, followed by between. 
 
 SE'VERAL, a. different ; distinct from one another. 
 Divers ; many, generally applied to any number more than 
 two. Particular, or single. Appropriate. 
 
 SE'VERAL, s. a state of separation. Each particular taken 
 singly ; generally used in the |)lural. Any inclosed or separate 
 place. Inclosed grounds. 
 
 SE'V^ERALLY, u<i. distinctly ; particularly ; separately. 
 SEVERANCE, i. separation ; partition. 
 SEVERE, a. \severe, Fr. severus, Lat.J apt to blame, or 
 punish ; rigorous ; cruel ; sharp, rigid, austere ; harsh, strict, 
 morose, censorious, hard, inexorable; painful, afflictive; con- 
 cise ; grave, sober, sedate. 
 
 SEVE'RELY, ad. painfiilly ; ferociously ; strictly. 
 SEVE'lUTY, s. [seviriti, Fr. sevcrttas, trom severus, severe. 
 Lat.J the (ju ility ot being tevere. Svnon. iSVwtjVi/ shews 
 it.'-eli chiefly in the manner of thinking and judging ; it con- 
 demns readily, and admits of no txi'use. Rigour is .seen par- 
 ticularly in the mode of punishing; it pardons nothing, nor 
 lightens the stroke. 
 
 SE'VERN, a river of England, which ri.ses near Plynlim- 
 mcui-Hill, ill Montgomeryshire, when faking n north-east- 
 erly direction it enters Shropshire. It is navigable in its 
 whole course through this county, enters Worcestershire, 
 and niiis through its whole length. In its course it wa- 
 ters Welsli Pool, Shiewsbury, Rridgeiiorth, Worcester,
 
 S H A D 
 
 SHAM 
 
 783 
 
 Tewkesbury, Gloucester; and entering the sea, its mouth is 
 called the Biistol Channel. A communication between this 
 river and the Thames, the Trent, the Dee, the Mersey, and 
 other rivers, has been lately opened by a number of different 
 canals. 
 
 SEVILLE, the capital of Andalusia, in Spain, is very large 
 and populous. It is the seat of an university, where the pro- 
 fessors have handsome salaries. The neighbourhood of Seville 
 is exceedingly fertile in corn, wine, and oil. It is 212 miles 
 S. by \V. of Madrid. I,at. 37. 32. N. Ion. 5. 22. W. 
 
 SKVOCA'TION, s. [from scorsum, a part, and voco, to call, 
 Lat.] the act of calling asirle. 
 
 To SEW, {su) V. a. l^uo, Lat.] to join or work with threads 
 drawn through by a needle. To drain a pond of its fish. 
 Neuterly, to woik with a needle and thread. 
 
 SE'U'ER, s. [a'iseour, old Fr.] an officer who serves up a 
 ftast. A passage for water to run through; now corruptee) to 
 and pronounced shore, but derived from issue, or issuer. One 
 that uses a needle, and then pronounced sOer. 
 
 SEX, .5. [sexe, Fr. sexus, Lat.] that property by which any 
 species is distinguished into male and female. Woman-kind, 
 by way of emphasis. 
 
 SEX, from the Lat. is used in composition, and signifies 
 si^i. 
 
 SEXAGENARY, a [from texagintu, sixty, Lat.] aged 
 sixty years. 
 
 SlEXAGE'SIMA, i. [Lat.] the second Sunday before Lent; 
 so called because about the (JOth day before Easter. 
 
 SEXE'NNIAL, a. [from sex, six, and annus, a year, Lat.] 
 lasting six years ; happening once in six years. 
 
 SE'XTAIN, s. [sexluns, from sex, six, Lat.] a stanza of six 
 Ihies. 
 
 SE'XTANT, s. in mathematics, denotes the sixth part of 
 a circle, or an arch comprehending sixty degrees. Also an 
 astronomical instrument made like a quadrant, excepting that 
 its limb comprehends only sixty degrees. In astronomy, a 
 constellation of the southern hemisphere- 
 
 SE'XTILE, a. [sextilis, from sex, six, Lat.] is a position or 
 aspect of two planets, when 60 degrees distant, or at the dis- 
 tance of two signs from one another. 
 
 SE'XTON, s. [corrupted from sacristan] an under officer 
 who digs graves ; sometimes applied to the person who opens 
 pews in a church. 
 
 SEXTU'PLE, {sextupl) a, [textuplut, from sec, six, Lat.] six- 
 fold. 
 
 SE'XUAL, a. of or belonging to a sex. The Sexual St/stem, 
 in botany, is that system which is founded on a discovery, that 
 there is in vegetables, as well as in animals, a distinction of the 
 sexes. 
 SHA'BBINESS, s. meanness ; paltriness. 
 SHA'BBY, a. [shaupy, Boh.] mean, with respect to dr s- ; 
 paltry. A low word. 
 
 To SHA'CKLE, {shAkl) v. a. [shaeckelen, Belg.] to chain, 
 fetter, bind, or deprive of liberty. 
 
 SHA'CKLES, {shakh) s. not used in the singular; yhaee- 
 hels, Belg.] chains for prisoners; fetters; gyves. 
 
 SHAD, s. a sea-fish of the herring kind, called also the 
 mother of herrings. In Great Britain, the Severn affords it in 
 highest perfection. 
 
 SHADE, s. [schade, Belg.] the darkness made by inter- 
 cepting the light; obscurity. A place where the rays of 
 the sun are excluded. Any thing which intercepts the 
 light. Screen. Shelter. The parts of a picture painted 
 with dark colours. A colour, or gradation of light. The 
 figure formed by the interception of light. A spirit ; a 
 ghost. 
 
 To SHADE, V. a. to intercept the light ; to shelter or hide ; 
 to cover or screen ; to mark with different gradations of 
 colours ; to paint in dark colours. 
 
 SHA'DINESS, £. the state of being shady. 
 
 SHA'DOW, {shade) s. [eschaduwe, Belg.] the representation 
 
 of a body by its intercepting the light. Darkness. Shelter 
 
 formed by intercepting the light or heat. An obscure or dark 
 
 place. The dark part of a picture. A ghost, spirit, or shade. 
 
 An imperfect or faint representation. Favour or protec- 
 tion. Inseparable companion. A type, or mystical repre- 
 sentation. 
 
 To SHA'DOW, {iliadu) v. a. to intercept the light. To 
 cloud or darken. To conceal, hide, or screen. To protect. 
 To mark with various gradations of colour or light. To paint 
 in dark colours. To represent imperfectly or typically. To 
 make cool or gently gloomy by tlie interception of light or 
 heal. 
 
 SHA'DOW V, (shddoee) a. gloomy ; dark ; opaque. Typi- 
 cal ; faintly representative. Unsubstantial. 
 
 SHA'DY, a. full of shade free from the glare of light, or 
 sultriness of heat. 
 
 SHAFT, 4. [sceafl. Sax.] an arrow. A narrow, deep, and 
 perpendicular pit, from sliuft, Belg. Any thing straight, as 
 the spire of a steeple, &c. The funnel of a chimney. In 
 botany, a part of the pointal standing upon the seedbud, and 
 supporting the summit. It is also called the style. 
 
 SHA'FTSBUUY, a town of Dorsetshire. It had formerly 
 ten parish churches, but now only three. The houses are of 
 free stone; and it is a good thoroughfare, governed by a 
 mayor, and sends two members to parliament. It has a 
 market on Saturday, very considerable for corn and cattle, 
 and is 19 miles W. by S. of Salisbury, and 100 W. by S. of 
 London. 
 
 SHAG, s. [sceacga, Sax.] a kind of cloth or stuff, with a 
 long rough pile of wool or hair; rough woolly hair. 
 
 SHAGGED, or SHAGGY, {shdg-ed, or shdgee,) a. rug- 
 gedly hairy ; rough ; rugged. 
 
 SHAGREEN, s. [chagrin, Fr.] the skin of a fish remark- 
 ably rough. 
 
 To SHAGREE'N, v. a. [chagriner, Fr.] to irritate, to pro- 
 voke. Chagrin is the most proper spelling. 
 
 To SHAKE, v.a. preter. shook, part. pass, shaken, or shook ; 
 [sceacan, Sax. shecken, Belg.] to put into a vibratirjg motion ; 
 to move with quick returns backwards and forwards. To make 
 to totter or tremble. To throw down or off by a violent action. 
 To drive from a resolution, or make afraid. To shake hands, 
 is to pay compliments at meeting, or to take leave. To shake 
 off} to rid one's self from ; to free from or divest. Neuterlv, 
 to tremble, or to be put into a tremulous motion ; to be in 
 terror; to totter. Svnon. S/iake and tremble both imply 
 being agitated with a vibratory motion ; bwt arising from dif- 
 ferent causes. The first is more applicable to a tremulous 
 motion occasioned by cold ; the latter to a like motion occa- 
 sioned by fear. The verb shake is often used in the active 
 sense; the verb tremble never. 
 
 SHAKE, s. concus.sion. A tottering or tremulous motion. 
 SHA'KER, s. the person or thing that shakes. 
 SHALL, V. deject, [from shall, Goth, or sceal. Sax.] as this 
 is by foreigners confounded with wM, the future from willun. 
 Sax., it shoidd be observed, that will implies resolution to Jo 
 something at a future time, and shall, a command that such a 
 thing must be done, if used in the second or third person ; but 
 if \ised in the first person, it generally denotes a less degree of 
 positiveness than will. 
 SHALLOON, s. a light woollen stuff. 
 SHA'LLOP, s. [chaloupe, Fr.] a small boat; a small light 
 vessel. 
 
 SHAXLOW, {shdllo) a, supposed to be compounded of shoal 
 and low ; not deep, or at a small distance from the surface. 
 Not very knowing or wise, applied to the understanding. J^ot 
 deep, applied to sound. 
 
 SHA'LLOW, {^shdllij) s. a place wherein the water is not 
 deep, or the bottom of a channel is not a great distance from 
 the surface of the water; a shoal ; a shelf; a sandbank. 
 SHA'LLOWBRAINED, a. foolish; trifling; empty, 
 SHALLOWNESS, (^shdllonesss) s. want of depth, thought, 
 or understandmg. 
 
 SHALO'T. See Eschalot. 
 
 SHALT, the second person of shall, which is thus declined ; 
 I shall, thou Shalt, he shall. See Shall. 
 
 To SHAM, V. n. [from shammi, Brit.] to trick ; to cheat;
 
 r84 
 
 S H A 1. 
 
 SHEA 
 
 to delude by false pretences. To obtrude by fraud or folly. 
 A low word. 
 
 SHAM, s. a fraud or trick. The act of putting on the ap- 
 pearance of what a person is not. An imposture. A shirt or 
 sleeve worn over another to hide the dirt. 
 
 SHAM, a. false; counterfeit; pretended. 
 
 SHA'MBLES, {shdmblz) s. [schamael, Belg.] a place where 
 cattle are killed, or meat is exposed to sale; a butchery. 
 
 SHA'MBLING, a. (see Scambling) moving in an awkward 
 manner. A bad word. 
 
 SHAME, J. \sceam, Sax.] an uneasiness arising in the 
 mind from the consciousness of having done something 
 that may wound one's reputation or bring disgrace. The 
 cause of shame. Regard for one's reputation. Reproach, 
 ignominy, disgrace, dishonour. Bashfulness ; shamefaced- 
 uess. 
 
 To SHAME, V. a. to make a person ashamed by con- 
 vincing him that he has done something which will forfeit him 
 the esteem of others, or ruin his reputation. To disgrace ; to 
 dishonour. Neuterly, to be ashamed. 
 
 SHA'MEFACED, a. easily blushing ; easily put out of 
 countenance ; bashful. 
 
 SHAMEFA'CEDLY, ad. modestly ; bashfully. 
 
 SHAMEFA'CEDNESS, s. the quality of being too fearful 
 of losing the esteem of others, or doing something that 
 may give them a bad opinion. Modesty, timidity, bash- 
 fuhiess. 
 
 SHA'MEFUL, a. such as ought to make a person blush. 
 Infamous, dispraceful, ignominious, reproachful. 
 
 SHA'MEFULLY, ad. ignominiously ; infamously ; re- 
 proachfully. 
 
 SHA'MELESS, a. wanting shame, or blushing at 
 nothing. Regardless of the esteem or opinion of others. 
 Impudent, frontless, infamous, reproachful, ignominious, dis- 
 graceful. 
 
 SHA'MELESSNESS, s. impudence; immodesty. 
 
 SHA'MMER, s. a counterfeit or impostor. A low word. 
 
 SHA'MOIS, {shamoy) s. [chamois, Fr.] a kind of wild goat. 
 
 SHA'iMOY, or SHA'.MMY Leather, s. See Chamoi.s. 
 
 SHA'MROCK, s. [Jr.] a kind of three-leaved grass. 
 
 SHANK, s. [sceancii. Sax.] the middle joint of the leg. The 
 bone of tl'.e leg. The long part of any instrument. 
 
 SHA'NSCRIT, j. the original language of the Hhidoos, in 
 whicli their Shattah, which contains the religion of the Bramins, 
 is written. 
 
 To SHAPE, 15. a. preter. shaped, part. pass, shaped or 
 chiipen ; [scyp/ipan. Sax. scheppen, Belg.] to form or mould in 
 a particular figure. To adjust. To image or conceive. 
 
 SHAPE, s. the form or figiire of any thing. The make of 
 the body. A form, or a being of a particular form. An idea 
 or pattern. 
 
 SHA'PELESS, a. wanting regularity or symmetry. 
 
 SHA'PEI.I.VESS, f. beauty or proportion of form. 
 
 SHA'PELY, a. well made or formed. 
 
 SHARD, t [schaerde. Trisick] a fragment or piece of a 
 broken parthrn vessel. A plant. A fish. 
 
 SIIA'KDED, o. inhabiting shards. " The sAarded beetle." 
 Shuk. 
 
 To .SHAKE, n. a. [acenran, sci/ran. Sax.] to divide or part 
 among many. To partake with others. To cut or separate. 
 Neuterly. to have a part. 
 
 .SHARE, s. a portion, part, or dividend. The blade of a 
 plough that cuts tiie ground, from sciur, .Sax. 
 
 SHA'KKR, s. a divider; one who participates anything 
 with otliers. 
 
 SHARK, .!. a ravenous fish, which will sever a man in two 
 at a bite. A sly greedy fellow. Trick ; fraud ; petty rapine. 
 A low word in the two last senses. 
 
 To SHARK, V. n. In pick up hastily or slily. Neuterly, to 
 cheat ; to trick ; to play the petty thief. A low word. 
 
 SHARP, a. \scearp. Sax. scherp, Belg.] having a keen 
 edge, or an acute point. Witty, ingenious, or inventive, 
 applied to the mind. Quick, applied to bearing, seeing, or 
 understanditig. Sour, anplied to taste. Shrill, appUed to 
 
 sound. Severe or cruel, applied to season or disposition. 
 Painful. Fierce, applied to contest. Attentive, or vigilant, 
 followed by look out. Subtile. Hard. Lean. Keen, ap- 
 plied to appetite. Svnon. Sharp, sour, and acid, ex- 
 press different degrees of sourness. The first implies 
 sourness without astringency. Sour implies in its idea 
 little or no acrimony. By acid is understood a corrosive 
 sour. 
 
 SHARP, J. an acute sound. A pointed weapon. 
 
 To SHARP, V. a. to make keen. Neuterly, to play 
 thievish tricks. 
 
 To .SHARPEN, V. a. to make sharp or pointed. To 
 make q\iick, applied to the understanding. To increase the 
 appetite. To make shrill or sour. 
 
 SHA'RPER, s. a person who deprives others of their pro- 
 perty by fraud. 
 
 SHA'UPLY, ad. smartly ; keenly ; acutely. 
 
 SHARPNESS, s. the quality of cutting or piercing easily. 
 Sourness, applied to tasSe. Severity, applied to language or 
 treatment. Painfulness. Quickness of apprehension, applied 
 to the mind or senses. 
 
 SHA'RP-SET, a. hungry. Eagerly or vehemently de- 
 sirous. 
 
 SHARP-SIGHTED, a. having quick sight. 
 
 SHARP-VISAGED, a. having a thin or lank counte- 
 nance. 
 
 To SHATTER, v. a. [n-hetten, Belg.] to break into many 
 pieces. Neuterly, to lie broken into fragments. 
 
 SHATTER, s. a fragment of a broken thing. 
 
 SHA'TTERBRAINED, or SHA'fTERPATED, a. crazy- 
 headed ; inattentive ; not consistent. A low word. 
 
 To SHAVE, V. a. pret. shaved, part. pass, shaven or shaved; 
 [tceafan. Sax.] to cut hair with a razor. To cut close. To 
 skim by passing lightly over. To cut in thin slices. To stiip 
 or oppress by extortion ; to pillage. 
 
 SHAVEGRASS, i. a kind of horsetail. 
 
 SHA'VER, J. one that practises the art of shaving. One 
 closely attentive to his own interest. A robber. 
 
 SHA'VING, s. any thin piece pared off from any body. 
 
 SHAW, s. [schowe. Btlg.] a thicket or small wood. 
 
 SHA'FOWL, s. an artificial bird made for fowlers to 
 shoot at. 
 
 SHAWL, s. a well known part of the female dress, 
 worn over the neck and shoulders. The most valuable 
 come from the East Indies, and are commonly said to be 
 made of camels' hair, but in fact from the wool of the Thibet 
 sheep. 
 
 SHA'WM, s. [schuwme, Teut.] a hautboy, or cornet. It is 
 also written schulm. 
 
 SHE, pron. in the ol.lique case, her ; [seo. Sax.] the pro- 
 noun demonstrative of the feminine gender, alluding to some 
 woman niei;tioned before, and sometimes used absolutely for a 
 female or woman. The female of any species. 
 
 SHEAF, {sheef) s. plural sheaves ; [sccaf,Sax.schonf, Belg.] 
 com tied in a bundle after reaping. Any bundle or collection 
 of things tied together. 
 
 To SHEAR, {shier) v. a. prefer, shore or sheared, part, 
 pass, shore; [sceuraa, seyren. Sax.] to cut by two blades 
 moving on a rivet. To c\it by interception. 
 
 SMEAR, or SHEARS, {sheers) s. seldom used in the -sin- 
 gular ; [sreilra, Sax.] an insu ument to cut, consisting of two 
 blades moving on a rivet, between which the thing to be cut 
 is placed ; distinguished from scissars, because larger. A year, 
 ap[)lic(l to the age nf a sheep. 
 
 SIIK'AREK, (</uvii)) s. one that clips with shogrs, parti- 
 cularly one that shears sheep. 
 
 SHE'ARWATER, s. a fowl,. 
 
 SHEATH, {shecth) s. [sc(ethe, Sn\.] the case of any thing. 
 The scabbard of a weapon. In botany, a species of ernpale- 
 ment, exemplified in the dafToilil, snowdrop, iris, iS:c. 
 
 To SHEATH, or SHEATHE, (shecihe) v. ,i. [schcethan. 
 Sax.] to put in a case or scabbard. To obtund any acrid 
 particles. To defend or preserve by an outward case or 
 covering. To fit with a sheath.
 
 SHEF 
 
 SHEP 
 
 785 
 
 SHE'ATHWINGED, a. having hard cases which are folded 
 over the wings, as in the l)eetle. 
 
 To SUED, V. a. [.icedan, Sax.] to ponr out or spill ; to 
 scatter, or let fall. Nenterly, to let fall its parts. 
 
 SHED, a. (supposed to be corrupted from shade) a light 
 covering-or pent-hoiise. In composition it implies effusion or 
 spilling ; as " bloodshed." 
 
 SHE'DDER, ,5. a spillcr ; one who sheds. 
 
 SHEEN, or SIIEE'NY, a. glittering ; showy ; bright. Not 
 in use. 
 
 SHEEN, i. brightness ; splendour. Ob.solete. 
 
 SHEEP, s. plural also sheep ; [sceap. Sax.] the animal who'e 
 hide is coveitcl with wool, and whose flesh is called mutton. 
 There are very remarkable varieties of sheep, some having no 
 horns, others having thrte, four, or five, and .some enormous 
 tails, laden with fat. Figuratively, an ignorant and silly 
 person. 
 
 SHEE'PCOT, s. a small inclosure for sheep. 
 
 SHEE'PFOLD, s. [sceapafold, Sax.] an inclosure for 
 sheep. 
 
 SHEE'PHOOK, s. a hook fastened to a pole, used by shep- 
 herds. 
 
 SHEE'PISH, a. bashful ; over-modest ; timorously and 
 meanly diffident. 
 
 SHEE'PISHNESS, a. bashfuhiess ; mean and timorous 
 diffidence. 
 
 SHEE'PSHEARING, s. the time, or feast made, when sheep 
 are sheared. 
 
 SHEE'P'S EYE, i. a modest or diffident look ca.'-t by lovers 
 at each other 
 
 SHEE'PWASH, a town of Devonshire, whose market is 
 disused. It is 12 miles S. of Biddeford, and 200 W. by S. of 
 London. 
 
 SHEER, a. [scyr, Sax.] pure ; clear ; unmingled. 
 
 SHEER, ad. clean ; quick ; at once. Little used. 
 
 To SHEAR, V. a. see Shear. Nenterly, lo shear off", to 
 Steal or slip away. 
 
 SHEE'RNESS, a fort in Kent, seated on the point where 
 the river Jledway falls into the Thames. It was built by 
 king Charles II. after the insult ol the Dutch, who burnt the 
 men of war at Chatham. The buildings belonging to it, in 
 which the officers lodge, make a neat little town ; and there 
 is also a yard and a dock, a chapel, and a chaplain. It is 46 
 miles E. of London. 
 
 SHEET, s. [sccat, Sax.] a broad or large piece of linen. 
 The linen of a bed. In a ship, the ropes bent to the clews of 
 the sails. Figuratively, the canvass of the sail. As much 
 paper as is made in one body. Any thing expanded. 
 
 To SHEET, V. a. to supply or fiu-nish with sheets. To 
 cover as with a sheet. 
 
 SHEE'T-ANCHOR, {sh'tet-ankor) s. the largest anchor in a 
 ship. 
 
 SHE'FFIELD, a large, thriving, and populous town, in 
 the W. Riding of Yorkshire, long celebrated for its various 
 hardware manufactories, which consist particularly of steel 
 cutlery wares, plated goods, and various tools. It has been 
 a staple for knives or whittles, and files, above UOO years. 
 It is reputed to excel Birmingham in this sort of wares ; as 
 that does this town in locks, hinges, nails, and polished steel. 
 Hei-e are about 600 master cutlers, incorporated by the style 
 of the Cutlers of Hallamshire, of which this is reckoned the 
 chief town. By the Don, which is navigable within 5 miles 
 of the town, it receives iron from Hull, a' d conveys thither 
 its manufactures for exportation, which are not confineil to 
 the town, but extend several miles over the country, em- 
 ploying not less than 40,000 persons. Its neighbourhood 
 abounds with coal, and there are some mines of alum. Here 
 are also lead-works and a silk-mill. It is in a hilly situation, 
 and is chiefly supplieil with water by pipes from the high 
 ground. A new market-place has hein erected here by the 
 duke of Norfolk, on a commodious plan of shambles, strongly 
 inclosed ; and a large and elegant inlirmary has also been 
 completed. In the old parts of the town the streets are 
 narrow ; the new parts, however, are more commodious ; 
 
 and the surrounding country affords a rich and I)eautiful 
 variety of landscape. It contains about .'J2,000 inhabitants, 
 and is seated on the rivers Don and Sheaf, 34 miles N. of 
 Derby, and 1()2N. W. by N. of London. A large market 
 on Tuesday, particularly for corn. Fairs on Tuesday after 
 Trinity Sunday and November 28th. 
 
 SHEFFORI), or Shki.foro, a town of Bedfordshire, with 
 a market on Friday. It is 9 miles S. of Bedford, and 64. N. 
 by W. of London. 
 
 SHF/FNAL, or Shifnai., a town of Shropsiiire, with a 
 market on Friday. It is 9 iriiles N. of Bridgenorth, and 139 
 N. W. of London. 
 
 SlIE'KEL, s. [Heb.] a Jewi.-ih coin valued at 2s. 6d. ster- 
 ling. 
 
 .SHELF, .'. plur. shelves ; [seylf, Sax.] a board placed edge- 
 ways against a wall on a supportir, sothat any thing may be 
 placed on it. A sandbank or shallow part of the sea ; a rock 
 under shallow water. 
 
 SHE'LFY, a. full of hidden rocks or banks ; full of danger- 
 otis shallows. 
 
 SHELL, s. [schellc, Belg.] the hard covering or external 
 crust of any thing. The hard covering in whicii fish, snails, 
 &c, are lodged. In butany, a snrt of seed-vessel with two 
 valves, wherein the seeds are fixed to one seam only ; as in 
 the pea, vetch, &c. The outer part of a house. The covering 
 of an egg. The external part. A kind of rough coffin in 
 which dead boilies are laid till that in which they are to be in- 
 terred is finished. 
 
 To SHELL, V. a. to take out of the shell ; to st;ip of 
 the shell. Nenterly, to fall off' as broken shells ; to cast the 
 shell. 
 
 SHE'LLFISH, s. a fish invested with a hard covering ; 
 either testaceous, as oysters ; or crustaceous, as lobsters. 
 
 SHE'LL Y, a. abounding with, or consisting of shells. 
 
 SHE LTEll, s. [according to Skinner, from shell, but ac- 
 cording to Davies from scijhl, Sax. a shield] a cover from ex- 
 ternal injury or violence. A protector ; defender. The state 
 of being protected ; security, defence. 
 
 To SHE'LTER, v. a. to cover, defend, or protect from 
 external violence. To harbour. To betake to a cover, fol- 
 lowed by under. To conceal. Nenterly, to make use of a 
 shelter ; to give shelter. 
 
 SHE'LTIE, s. the name of a small but strong kind of hor.se, 
 fomid in the island of Zealand, commonly called Shetland, 
 situated on the N. of Scotland. In the country, the price of 
 one of these horses is about a guinea. 
 
 .SHE'LVING, a. slnping ; inclining; having declivity. 
 
 SHE'LVY, a. shallow; rocky; full of banks. 
 
 To SHEND, V. a. preter. and part. pass, shenl ; [scendan. 
 Sax. scheiiden, Belg.] to run, spoil, disgrace, or blame. To 
 overpou'er, snr|iass. 
 
 SHEPHERD, s. [sccupah^ d, Sax.] one who tends sheep. 
 Figuratively, a minister. 
 
 SHE'P HERD ESS, s. a woman that tends sheep. 
 
 SHE'PH EKD"S NEEDLE, s. an unbelliferous plant. There 
 are three British species, viz. venus comb, the common cher- 
 vil, and the small hemlock chervil. 
 
 SHETHERD'S POUCH, or SHE'PHERD'S PURSE, s. a 
 plant with inversely heart-shaped seed-vessels, and the root- 
 leaves with winged clefts. It is a kind of mithridate, found 
 among rubbish, by road sides, on walls, and in corn fields, and 
 flowers from M-irch to .Tune. 
 
 SHE'PHERD'S ROD, s. teasel, of which plant it is a 
 species. 
 
 SHE'PPE"Y, an island in the county of Kent, divided from 
 the other part of it by a narrow channel. It lies at the mouth 
 of the river Aledway, and contains or.e town, called Queen- 
 borough. 
 
 SHE'PTON MALLET, a town of Somersetshire, contain- 
 ing, with its populous parish, above 500 hou.ses and 9000 
 inhabitaius, but the streets are very narrow, steep, and irre- 
 gular. It has a fl lurishing niatnifacture of second cloths, the 
 principal material of which is fine English wool. In this, 
 at presejit, about 4O0O hands are daily employed ; besides 
 S H
 
 785 
 
 S HIF 
 
 SHOA 
 
 vliicli, there is a fonsic!eral)le manufacture of knit stockings. 
 It is situated among hills, well watered with rivulets for the 
 clothier's business, 17 miles S. W. of Bath, and 115 W. of 
 London. Market on Friday. 
 
 SHE'RBET, .s. [sharbat, Arab.] the juice of lemons or 
 oran?es mixed v.ith water and sugar. Lemonade. 
 
 SHE'RBORNT, an anlient, large, and well inhabited town 
 of Dorsetshire, containing' about 2000 inhabitants. It has a 
 conviderable manufacture of silk throwing;, as also of buttons, 
 bone lace, and haberdashery wares, and had formerly a s^reat 
 trade in medley cloth. It is very pleasantly seated and 
 watered by the river Parrot, which divides it into two parts, 
 40 miles W. by S. of Salisbury, and 116 W. by S. of London. 
 Alavkets on Thursday and Saturday. 
 
 SHE'RBUUN, a populous, well inhabited town, in the W. 
 Ruling of Yorkshire, noted for its free-school, as also for its 
 orchards of a fine plum for preserving, called wine sour, which 
 cannot be cultivated in any other place, and for its cherry or- 
 chards. A very hij;h raised Roman way runs from hence to 
 Aberford, which is four miles distant. It is situated at the 
 conllux of the Wherse and Ouse, with a harbour for barges, 
 14- miles S. W. of York, and 191 N. by W. of London. 
 Jlarket on Saturday. 
 
 SHK'RIFF, s. plur. shrieves ; [sryregerefa. Sax.] an offi- 
 cer of a county, who is to see the king's orders executed ; to 
 jmpannel juries , bring causes and criminals to trial, 
 &c. 
 
 SHE'RIFFALTY, SHE'RIFFDOM, SHE'RIFFSHIP, or 
 SHE'RIl-'FWICK, s. the ofiTice or jurisdidion of a sheriff. 
 
 SHE'RRIES, or SHE'RRY, s. [from Xeres, a town of An- 
 dalusia in Spain] a kind of Spani-h v/ine. 
 
 SHE'TLAND, the general name of about tO islands, "which 
 lie about 100 miles N. N. E. of Caithnesshirc, bt-tween 59. 
 HG. and 61. 11. N. lat. The names of the principal are Main- 
 land, Yell, Unst, and Fula or Thule. In all these islands the 
 Aurora Borealis, or Mtrrij Dancers, as they are called by the 
 iiihaliitants, are very remarkable. They are the constant at- 
 tendants of clear evenings, and prove great reliefs amid the 
 gloom of the long winter nights. According to the state of 
 the iitmosphere, they differ in colours. They often assune the 
 colour of blood, aiid terrify the gazing spectators with the 
 dread of war, pestilence, and famine. Shetland, witJi Orkney, 
 fnims one of tlie comities of Scotland. 
 
 SHEW. See Show. 
 
 SlilDE, s. [from sceadan, to divide, Sax.] a board ; a cut- 
 ting. 
 
 SHIELD, (sheeld) s. [srylH, Sax ] a buckler ; a broad 
 piece of defensive armour held on the left arm to ward off 
 darts or blows. Defence or protection. A protector. lu 
 heraldry, the scutcheon on which the bearings of an armoury 
 are placed. 
 
 To SHIELD {sheeld) v. a. [scyldan, Sax.] to cover with a 
 shield. Figuratively, to deft-nd ; to secure. 
 
 SHIELDS, or Sheals, S. and N. are two sea-port towns, 
 one in the county of Durham, and the other in Northumber- 
 land. They are remarkable for being the mart where .ships 
 take in their loading of coals, and where they miike large quan- 
 tities of salt. They are seated on each side of the mouth of 
 the rivtr Tyne, 10 miles E. of Newcastle, and 2b2 N. by W. 
 of London. Market on Wednesday. 
 
 To .SHIFT, V. n. to change place. To change or give place 
 to something else. To change clothes, especially linen. To 
 find some expedient for subsistence or safety. To practise 
 indirect methods. Actively, to change or .alter. Followed by 
 away, to send a person away by some ex])e(licnt. To cliai\ge 
 the position of a thing. To change clothes, or dress in fresh 
 ones. Used with nff', to defer or put away by some expe- 
 dient. 
 
 SHIFT, s. an expedient in order to free one'.^ self from a 
 pressing nece8.<ity. A mean expedient, or last resource. An 
 evasion or artifice. A linen garment «orn by women next 
 their bodies. 
 
 SHI'FTEU, ». a sly artful fellow. 
 
 SHI'FTLESS, a. wanting expedients; wanting means lo act 
 or live. 
 
 SHI'LLING, s. [from scild. Sax. because of the shield 
 thereon] a silver coin in value 12 pence, or the twentieth part 
 of a pound sterling. There were none coined till ISOl, and 
 these Stow calls groats ; but Fabian mentions them under 
 their proper name, 34 Hen. VIII. 
 
 SIIILL-I-SIIALL-I, ad. [a corrupt reduplication of shall 
 /?J in a hesitating manner ; in suspense. 
 
 .SHI'LY, ad. not familiarly; not frankly. 
 
 .SHIN, s. [.teiua. Sax.] the forepart of the leg. 
 
 To SHINE, V. n. pret. I shone, or have shone, and sometimes 
 / shined, or have shiited ; [.mnan. Sax.] to glisten ; to emit light 
 or brightness. To appear gloss/. To be gay, beautiful, con- 
 spicuous, or eminent. Followed by upon, to shew favour, or 
 be propitious. To enlighten. 
 
 SHINE, s. splendour or brightness ; fair wtatlier. 
 
 SHl'NESS, s. the quality of being unwilling to be 
 familiar. 
 
 SHI'NGLES, (shiigls) s. wants the .singular; cingulum, 
 Lat.] a herpes consisting of pusttdes breaking out in various 
 parts of the body, which it surrounds like a belt. Small pieces 
 of wood in form like a wedge, used in covering roofs instead 
 of tiles, ftom schindel, Teut. 
 
 SHI'NY, a. bright; splendid; luminous. 
 
 SHIP, a termination used in composition, borrowed from 
 the S.ix. scip, scyp, or schap, Belg.] at\d. signifies office or em- 
 ployment. 
 
 SHIP, s. [scip. Sax. schippen, Belg.] a general name for all 
 great vessels with sails, fit for navigation on the sea ; but, in 
 sea language, the term is more narticularly applied to a vessel 
 furnished with three masts, each of which is composed of a 
 lower-mast, top-mast, and top-gallant-mast, with the usual 
 machinery thereto belonging. 
 
 To SHIP, V. a. to put into, or transport in, a ship. 
 
 SHl'PBOARD, s. the plank of a ship. Seldom used but 
 adverbially, as a ship board, or on ship hoard, i. e. within a 
 ship. 
 
 SHI'PMASTER, s. the master of a ship. 
 
 SHI'PMONEY, s. an imposition which was antiently 
 charged upon the ports, towns, cities, and counties, by writs 
 :ommonly called sliip-'vrits. It was revived by Charles I. btit 
 was afterwards declared to be contrary to the laws and sta- 
 tutes of the realm. 
 
 SHI'PTON, or Shii-ston, a town in Worcestershire, though 
 surrounded "ay Warwickshire. It is 14 miles W. of Banbury, 
 and 83 N. W. of London. Market on Friday. 
 
 SHITWRECK, s. the destruction of ships by rocks, shal- 
 lows, shelves, &■'. The parts of a shattered ship. Destruc- 
 tion or miscarriage. 
 
 To SHI'P WRECK, V. a. to destroy by dashing on rocks or 
 shelves. To reduce to a deplorable condition. 
 
 .SHl'PWRIGHT, (shiprlt) s. a builder of ships. 
 
 SHIRE, s. [ifiV, Irom sciran, to divide. Sax.] a division of 
 a kingdom ; a covmty ; a part of the kingdom under the 
 sherirf; 
 
 SHIKT, .t. [sliiert, D.in] the under Imen garment of a man. 
 
 To SHIRT, V. a. to cover or clothe with a shirt. 
 
 SHl'TTIM, orSHITTAH, s. [Heb.] a kind of precious 
 world, hard, tough, smooth, without knots, growing in 
 Arabia, and mentioned in the Pentateuch. 
 
 SHIVE, s. [sihyve, Belg.] a slice of bread ; a thick splinter 
 cut oH' from the main substance. 
 
 To SrirVEK, V. n. \schaiLren, Teut. J to quake or shudder 
 as with colli or fear. To fall at once into many parts, from 
 schyve, Hilg. a slice. Actively, to break by one act into many 
 pieces ; to shatter. 
 
 SHI'VEK, s. a fragment of a thing broken into many 
 pieces. 
 
 SHOAD, {.ihlid) s. among miners, denotes a train of metallic 
 stones, nerving in the discovery of mines. 
 
 SHOAL, (.shnl) ,v. \scole. Sax.] a throng, crowd, or multi- 
 tude. A sandbank, or shallow place.
 
 SifOR 
 
 SHOW 
 
 78 r 
 
 To SHOAL, (shol) V. n. to throng or crowd together. To 
 be shallow ; to bucome shallow. 
 
 SHOAL, (sAti/) a. shallow ; ohstriicteil with banks. 
 SHO'ALY, (»/!,%) a. full of shoals. 
 
 SHOCK, s. [choc, Fr. from schocken, Belg.] the force with 
 which two bodies moving in contrary directions meet. Ex- 
 ternal violence or concussion. The conflict of armies. An 
 offence, or impri'.vsion of disgust. A pile of six sheaves of corn, 
 from schucke, old Uelg. A rough dog ; a short head of hair, 
 from shafT. 
 
 To SHOCK, V. a. [schocken, Belg. see Shake] to shake by 
 vidlence. To otFend or disgust. Neuterly, to be offensive. 
 To build up piles of sheaves. 
 
 SHOD, for shned, the preter. and part. pass, of Shoe. 
 SHOE, s. plural shoes, formerly shoon; [scco, Sax, schoe, 
 Belg.] a cover for the font. 
 
 To SHOE, II. a. preter. and part. pass, shod ; to fit with, or 
 put on, a shoe. To cover at the bottom. 
 
 SHOE'MAKER, s. one whose profession is to make 
 shoes. 
 
 To SHOG, V. a. see Shake or Shock. 
 SHONE, the preter. and part. pass, of Shine. 
 SHOOK, the preter. of Shake. 
 
 To SHOOT, r. a. preter. / shut, part. pass, shot, or shot- 
 ten ; [sceolan. Sax.] to discharge any thing so as to make it 
 fly with speed and violence. To discharge from a bow or 
 gun. To let off. To hit with any thing discharged from a 
 bow or gun. To sprout or grow, applied to vegetables. To 
 emit or dart. To tit to each other. To push forward. To 
 pass through with speed. Neuterly, to be emitted. To 
 germinate. To protubernte, or stick out, followed by out. 
 To become any thing suddenly, used with up. To move 
 along swiftly. To be affected with a quick and intermitting 
 pain. 
 
 SHOOT, s. the act or impression of any thing discharged 
 from a bow, &c. The act of hitting or endeavouring^ to hit 
 with something discharged from a bow or gun. A branch is- 
 «jii}g from the main stock, from schuten, Belg. 
 HHOO'TER, s. an archer ; a gunner. 
 
 SHOP, s. \sceop, a magazine, Sax.] a place where any 
 thing is sold. A room in which manufactures are carried 
 on. 
 
 SHO'PKEEPER, s. a trader who sells in a shop ; not a 
 merchant, who only deals by wholesale, 
 
 SHOPLIFTER, s. one who under pretence of buying goods 
 in a shop, takes an opportunity to steal them ; if to the 
 amount of five shillinffs, it is a capital crime, by an act passed 
 in the reign of King William HL 
 .SHO'PSIAN, t. a petty trader. 
 
 SHORE, s. [.(fore. Sax.] the coast or land which borders on 
 the sea. A drain, properly spelt sewer. The support of a 
 building ; a buttress ; from schoOren, to prop, Belg. 
 
 To SHORE, I), a. [schooren, Belg.] to prop, or support from 
 falling; followed by vp. 
 
 SHO'REHAM, a populous town of Sussex, chiefly noted 
 for shipbudding, having a tide harbour for vessels of consi- 
 derable burden, which is not safe, as the sands are frequently 
 shiftinsj. It cpnmiands the mouth of the river Adur, com- 
 moidy called New Shoreham, to distinguish it from the Old, 
 which lies near it, and is now much decayed. It is 16 miles 
 N. N. W. of Newhaven, and 55 S. by \V. of London. Mar- 
 ket on .Saturday. 
 
 SHO'UELIXG, s. the felt or skin of a sheep shorn. 
 SHORN, part. pass, of Shear. 
 
 SHORT, u. [sceorl. Sax.] measuring littl", opnn?ed to 
 long. Not long in space or extent. Of small contiiniance. 
 Repeated by quick returns. Not equal to a person's merits 
 and excellencies. Defective; scanty, wanting. Not able to 
 attain an end, after/o//. Not long distant, or coming soon. 
 Quick or unexpected. Not going so far as was intended. 
 Narrow. Brittle. 
 
 SHORT, s. a concise or summary account. 
 
 SHORT, ail. (used only in composition) not long. 
 
 To SHORTEN, v. a. to deprive of length, applied to 
 
 space or time. To contract or abbreviate. To hinder from 
 going nn. To cut off; to defeat. To lop. 
 
 SHO'lirilANl), s. a method of writing 30 as to save time 
 and p.iper. 
 
 SHO'KTLIVED, <t. not living or lasthig long. 
 SHO'UTI.Y, ad. quickly; briefly. 
 
 SHO RTXESS, s. the quality ol' bein;; short, either in lime 
 or space, lirevity; concisejiess. Delicieiicc; imperfection. 
 SUO'RTRIliS, s. (seldom used in the .singular) the ribs be- 
 low the sternun. 
 
 SHORTSIGHTED, {slvrtiltrhteil) a. unable to see far. 
 SHORTSIGHTEDN EsS, s. (h;fect of sight occasioned by 
 the convexity of the eyes. Figuralively, intellectual dark- 
 ness. 
 
 SHO'RTWINDED, a. asthmatic. 
 SHOT, the preter. and part. pass. of. Shoot. 
 SHOT, s. [scliul, Belg.] the act of shooting. Any thing dis- 
 chargeil irom a gun. A ginbule of Iciul used in charging fire- 
 arms. A sum charged, or a reckoning, from escol, Fr. 
 SHO'ITEN, a. without roe ; having ejectod its S|)awn. 
 To SHOVE, V. a. \icuyven, Belg. scufun, Sax.] to push by 
 main strength. To drive a ve.ssel by means of a pole thrust 
 hard afiainst the bottomof the water. To push or rush against. 
 Neuterly, to push before one. To row in a boat by means of 
 a pole thrust against the bottom of a river. 
 SHOVE, s. tlie act of shoving ; a push. 
 SHOVEL, .!. [scojl, S.1X. ic/io(;^e/, iielg.] an instrument with 
 a broad blade raised on the tdge.i, and a long handle, used in 
 throwing coals on a fire, &c. 
 
 To SIIO'VEL, V. a. to throw or hei^.p with a shovel. To 
 gather in great quantities. 
 
 SHO'VELCOARD, i. a long board on which pieces of metal 
 are pushed towards a mark. 
 
 SHOVELLKR, a bird; the spoonbill. 
 SHOULD, {sliiiJ) V. n. [iCuJe, Belg. sceoldan, Siji. It is 
 thus declined, / should, thou .iliouldest, he should. Like the 
 Saxon, Ic sceold, thu scelldest, he nceu/dj this is a kind of aux- 
 iliary verb, used in the conjunctive mood, and generally im- 
 plies business or duty: as, •' I should fjo," i. e. it is my busi- 
 ness (ir duty to go. When prtceded by if, it implies chance : 
 as, " If 1 should go," i. e. if it happen that I go. 
 
 SHOULDER, s, [scholder, Belg.] the joint which connects 
 the arm to the body. In butcher's meat, the upper part of 
 the fore letr. A rising part or prominence. 
 
 To SHOU'LDER, v. a. to pu.sh with violence and insolence. 
 To put upon the shoulder. 
 
 SHOU'LDERBLADE, s. the blade-bone to which the arm 
 is connected ; the scapula. 
 
 To SHOUT, V. n. [etymology unknown] to cry aloud in 
 triumph, joy, or exhortation. 
 
 SHOUl, t. aloud and vehement cry of joy, tiiumph, or 
 exhortation. 
 
 SHOUTER, s. he who shouts. 
 
 To SHOW, {sho) V. a. [|iretcr. shoiued and shown, part, 
 pass, shown. Johnson observes, that this word is frequently 
 written i7if!«; but since it is always pionounced. and often 
 written shoio, which is also favoured by its radix scoiuen, 
 Bel^'. he thinks it best to adjust the ortiiograpiiy to the pro- 
 nunciation] to produce to the sight or view. 'I'o prove, or 
 give a proof. To publish or proclaim, followed by forth. To 
 make known. To offer; to afford. 'I'o direct, or point out 
 the way. To explain, teach, or tell. Neuterly, to appear, 
 to have the appearance ; to be in appearance. 
 
 SHOW, {s)io) s. some spectacle, or something remarkable, 
 exposed to view for money. A superficial or mere external 
 appearance. An ostent.itious display. An object attracting 
 attention or notice. A splendid appearance. Likeness. Spe- 
 ciousness. 
 
 SHO'WBREAD, or SHE'WBREAD, j. the loaves of bread 
 among the Jews, that the priest of the week placed every sab- 
 bath-day on the golden table, covered with leaves of gold, 
 and twelve in number. 
 
 SHOWER, (tlie oi« in this word and the two following is 
 pron. as in now") s. [scheure, Belg,] a moderate or violent
 
 T68 
 
 SHKI 
 
 fall of rain. Any thing descending thick. Any profusion, or 
 liberal distribution. 
 
 To SHO'WER, V. a. to wet with rain. To pour down, lo 
 distribute liberally or profusely. Neuterly, to be rainy. 
 SHO'WERY, o. rainy. 
 
 SHO'WI-SH, (stos/i) a- gaudy ; splendid; ostentatious. 
 SHOWN, preter. pait. pass, of Show. 
 SHO'WY, a. ostentatious. 
 SHRANK, preter. of Shuink. 
 
 To shred, v. a. preter. shred; {screaJan, Sax.] to cut into 
 small or thin pieces, commonly usea of clc th or herbs. 
 SHKED, s. a small piece cut off. A fragment. 
 SHREW, s Ihomtchrtyen, to clamour, Teut.] a peevish, 
 turbulent, clamorous, vexatious, spiteful, malignant woman. 
 
 SHREWD, o. [contracted from xhrewed] having the quali- 
 ties of a shrew ; malicious : mischievous ; trouhlefome. 
 Cunning ; arch ; subtle ; maliciously sly. Bad. Painful, 
 pinching. 
 
 SHRE'WDLY, ad. mischievously ; vexatiously ; with 
 strong snspii'ion. 
 
 SHRE'WDNESS, s. sly cunning ; archness. Tetulance. 
 SHREWISH, n. possesing the qualities of a shrew. 
 SHREWMOUSE, s. [scrcawa, Sax.] a small animal with a 
 long nose, bearing some resemblance to a mouse in its general 
 appearance, I ut belonging to a very difTerent tribe. Hence 
 some derive shrew. 
 
 SHREWSBURY, a large and flourishing town of Shrop- 
 shire, capital of that county, so called from the Saxon wonl 
 Serobbesberig, which signifies a town built on a woody hill. 
 It is well built, well liglited, and well pavid, and crntains 
 about 2000 houses, and 12,000 inhabitants. It is the ihef 
 mart for a coarse kind of woollen cli.tli made in Jlontgome- 
 ryshirc, called Welsh webs, which are brought up in all parts 
 of the country, as much as come lo about XIOOO a week, 
 and dressed here, whence they are sent for cxportition, 
 principally to America and Holland. Jluih of the Welsh 
 flannel is also bought at Welshpool by the dr^p^TS of this 
 place, which is indeed a common mart fcr all sorts of Welsh 
 commodities. It is also famous for its excellent brawn, 
 which is sent to various parts, of the kingdom. One great 
 ornament of this town is the quarry, one of the finest prome- 
 nades in England. It takes in 20 acres, is shailed with a 
 double row of lime-trees, Hnd has a fine double alcove in the 
 centre, with seat?. About 20 vessels are constantly employed 
 on the river .Severn, between Shrewsbury, Gloucester, and 
 Bristol. It is beautifully situaleil in a sort of horseshoe, formed 
 by the river Severn, 36 miles W. of Lichfield, and 154. N. W. 
 of London. La(. 52 43. N. Ion. 2. 41. W. JIarkets for 
 corn, cattle, and provisions, on Wednesday and Saturday ; 
 and on Thursday for Welsh cottons, friezes, and ilannels. 
 Fairs, on Saturday after March 15 ; Wednesday after Easter 
 week ; Wednesday before Holy Thursday ; July 3 ; August 
 12; October 2; and December 12. 
 
 To SHRIEK, {shreeic) v.n. [skrieger, Dan.] to cry out with 
 anguish, or terror ; to scream. See Screak. 
 
 SHRIEK, s. [skriefT, Dan. scriccio, Ital.] a loud cry caused 
 by anguish or terror. 
 
 SHRIFT, s. [serifi, Sax.] confession made to a priest. 
 Obsolete. 
 
 SHRILL, [probably formed from the sound] sounding with 
 a piercing and tremulous noise. 
 
 To SH RILL, V. 71. to sound sharp and quick. 
 SHRI'LUNESS, s. the quality of being shrill. 
 SHRIMI', s. [scrymjie, Dan.] a small crustaceous ver- 
 miculated lish. A liliie wrinkled man, or dwarf, in con- 
 tempt. 
 
 SHRINE, i. [sfWn, Sax. from scriniwrn, a casket, Lat.l a 
 case in which something sacred is deposited. Used poetically 
 for an altar. 
 
 To SHRINK. V. n. preter. shrunk, or shrank, participle 
 shrunk, or s/iruiikeit ; [scrincan. Sax.] to contract into less 
 room ; to shrivel from loss of moisture. To withdraw or fall 
 back, in order to avoid danger. Actively, to lessen the mea- 
 sure of a tiling by contracting it. 
 
 SrtUT 
 
 SHRINK, s. corrugation ; contraction of the body into less 
 compass, from fear or horror. 
 
 SHRl'NKER, s. one that shrinks. 
 
 To SHRIVE, V. a. pref. shrove ; [scrlfan. Sax,] to hear at 
 confession. To confess a person. Not in use. 
 
 To SHRIVEL V. n. [schrompelen, Belg.] to contract itself 
 into wrinkles. Actively, to make a thing contract into 
 wrinkles, used with vp. 
 
 SHRI'VER, .«. a confessor. Not in use. 
 
 SHRO'l'SHIRE, an English county, 48 miles in length, 
 and 28 in breadth ; bounded by Cheshire on the N. Den- 
 bighshire and jMontgnmeryshire on the W. Herefordshire on 
 the S. and StafTordshire on the E. It contains 170 parishes, 
 and 16 niaiket towns, 5 of which send members to parlia- 
 ment, which, with two for the county, make 12 in all. The 
 principal rivers are, the Severn, which runs through the 
 midst of the county, the Terne, the Clun, and the Rea, with 
 several other small streams. The W. and S. parts are moun- 
 tainous, but the E. anil N, more plain and level ; however, 
 the soil is pretty fertile every where, yielding corn and pas- 
 tures, besides pit-coal, iron, and other commodities. 
 The air is sharp on the tops of the hills and mountains, but 
 in the lower parts temperate enough. Shrewsbury is the 
 capital. 
 
 SHROUD, .s..[.«r«(/, S.1X.] a cover or shelter, A winding 
 sheet, or dre-s of a dead person. Ropts turned as ladders 
 finm the sii'e* of the shi[) to the topmasts- 
 
 To SHROUD, B. u. to dress in a shmud ; to shelter from 
 danger; to cover, hide, or conceal. To defend or protect, 
 Neuterly. to harbour or take shelter. 
 
 SHROVE, preter. of Shkive. 
 
 SHRO'VETIDE, or SHROVETU'ESDAY, s. [from 
 shrove, preter. of shrive, to confess, and ^iiie or Tuesday] the 
 lime of confession ; the day before A.sh-Weduesday, or Lent, 
 in whicli anciently persons went to confession. 
 
 SHRUB, s. [seribbe. Sax.] a bush or small tree, A liquor 
 made of or^ni^e juice, spirits, and sugar. 
 
 SIIRU'BBY.a. full of shrubs; bushy. 
 
 To SHRUG, V. n. [ahricken, to tremble, Belg.] to express 
 horror or dissatisfaction by moving the shoulders towards 
 the head. Actively, to contract or draw upwards, followed 
 by the shoulders. 
 
 SHRUG, s. a motion of the shoulders upwards to express 
 horror or dissatisfaction. 
 
 SHRUNK, the pret. and part. pass, of Shrink. 
 
 To SHU'DDER, r. n. [schudderen, Belg.] to quake with 
 fear or aversion. 
 
 To SHU'FFLE, {shujl) v. a. [syfeling, a bustle or tumult, 
 Sax.] to throw into disorder, so that one thing may take 
 place of an<jj.her ; to remove or put by with some artifice ; 
 to change the position of canls with respect to each other ; 
 to shake or get rid of by struggling, used with off'; to form 
 in a confused and clandestine manner, used with vp. Neu- 
 terly, to put a pack of cards into new order ; to practise 
 mean tricks, frain's, or evasions; to struggle, to shilt ; to 
 move with an awkward gait, or with the ti;et drawn along 
 the ground. 
 
 SHU'FFLE, {shujl) s. the act of disordering things, or 
 moving them so as to make them take place of each other; a 
 trick or artifice. 
 
 SHU'FFLER, s. he who plays tricks, or shuffles. 
 
 SIIU'FFLINGLY, nd. with irregular gait. 
 
 To SHUN, V. a. [ascunian. S:\-s..] to avoid; to endeavour to 
 escape; to decline; to eschew. Svnon. We shun those 
 persons whom we would not .see, or by whom we would not 
 be seen ; we avoid doing things that are disagreeable to us ; 
 we Jly both persons and things wdiich we fear and dread. 
 Shun is generally applied to persons : dread lo things 
 
 To SlIUT, V. u. preter. and part. pass, shut; [schulten, 
 Belg. scillen. Sax.] to put together so that nothing can get 
 in Of out, opposed to open. To inclose or conline. lobar 
 or exclude. To draw tlie eyelid close over the eye. To 
 contract, applied to the hand. U.sed with out, to exclude 
 or deny admission. Used with u/i, to confine ; to conclude.
 
 SIBK 
 
 SIDE 
 
 789 
 
 Nptiterly, to be closed ; to close itself. " Flowers open in 
 the (lav, and clme at night." 
 
 SHUT, part. a. rid; clear; free. "To get jAu^ of him. 
 L'Estrnni{e. 
 
 .SHUT, s. the act of closin'g. A small dnor or cover. 
 
 SHU'TTEU, s. one that closes any thing that stood open. 
 A door or board by which windows are secnred in the 
 night. 
 
 SHU'TTLE, {shiitll) s. [sh-iitul, Isl.] tlie itistrnment with 
 which a weaver shoots the cross threads of his work. 
 
 .SHU'TTLECOCK, s. [spelt likewise sliitl/,:mck: Johnson 
 supposes it may properly l)e ciiiled slmltl-xoylf, i. e. a cork 
 driven to ami fro like a weaver's shuttle] a cork stuck wilh 
 feathers, and driven on high with a battledore. 
 
 SHY, a [sc/ioiie, IJelg. schifn, Ital.J reserved; coy; not 
 willing tu be acquainted or familiar. Cautious ; chary. 
 Keeping at a distance, and unwillhig to approach. Suspi- 
 cious ; jealous. 
 
 SIAM, a kingdom of Asia, bounded on the N. E. by that 
 of Laos ; on the E. by Cambodia ; on the S. by a gulf of 
 the same name, and on the W. by the bay of Bengal. It is 
 550 miles in length, and 250 in breadth, though in some 
 places not above SO. It is divided into the Higher and Lower, 
 and the soil produces plenty of rice, cotton, and a variety 
 of fruits different from those in Europe. The animals are 
 also particular to those parts of the world. The French 
 authors have extolled it as the finest and richest country 
 in the world. The in'iabitants, both men and women, go 
 almost naked, except the wealthy, who wear rich garments 
 for ostentation. The king shews hiinself but once a year 
 to the common people. He is proprietor of all the lands 
 - in the country, and no one can buy any merchandise till 
 he has the choice of them. He generally keeps a numerous 
 army, amoni; which are 1000 elephants. It is a flat country, 
 which, in the rainy season, is overflowed ; for which reason, 
 most of the houses are built on pillars, and they have no 
 communication for some months but by boats. There are 
 mines of gold, silver, tin, and copper, and they have plenty of 
 pepper, aloes, benjamin, and musk. The women are the 
 only merchants in buying goods, the men being generally 
 maintained by the industry of their wives. The Europeans 
 that come there to trade, it is said, eenerally take wives for 
 the time they stay, who are not less in esteem when the men 
 are gone. The mandarins, that is, the principal men who 
 daily attend the palace, are 3000 in numbtr, and are whipt 
 very severely, with split rattans, for the least fault. Even the 
 women are not exempted from this punishment; and they 
 are so far from being ashamed of it, that they expose their 
 backs as they yo along the streets, to show what they have 
 imdergone, thinking it an honour to be taken notice of by 
 so great a king. The inhabitants have large foreheads, 
 little noses, plump lips, and black sparkling eyes. Both 
 sexfes go bareheaded, and the men are of an olive colour, 
 with little beards ; but the women arc of a straw com- 
 plexion, and some have their cheeks a little red. They 
 have abundance of wild animals hi the woods, as elephants, 
 rhinocerosses, leopards, and tygers. Their tame cattle 
 are beeves, buffaloes, and hogs, of which they have plenty 
 about their farms. Beside which, there are large and dan- 
 gerous crocodiles, and serpents 20 feet long. Their tem- 
 ples and priests are very numerous ; the latter are distin- 
 guished from the laity by an orange-coloured garment, 
 and they keep their heads, beards, and eye-brows, close 
 shaved. They have schools for the education of their 
 children, and there is scarcely any among them but what 
 can read and write. Odlam, Juthia, or Juda, is the 
 capital. 
 
 SI'BBALD, s. [siibaldia, Lat] a plant with yellow blos- 
 soms, called also bastard cinquefoil, fomid on Benlomond. la 
 mountain on the borders of Lochlomond in Scotland It 
 flowers in July and August. 
 
 SIBE'RIA, a Large co\mtry, comprehending the most 
 northern part of the Russian empire in Asia. It is bounded 
 on the E. by the Ocean, on the S. by Great Tartary ; on the 
 
 W. by Russia ; and on the N. by the Frozen Ocean. It is 
 about 2000 miles in length from E. to W. and 750 in breadth 
 from N. to S. Hither the Ru>:sian emperors send the great 
 men of their court into exile that have displeased them, as 
 ivell as all other persons of whom they would purge the cen- 
 tre of their dominions. The S. part is a very i^nod country, 
 proilucing all the necessaries of life ; but the N. part is ex- 
 tremely colli, almost uncultivated, and thin of people. The 
 [irincipal riches of Siberia consist of fine skins and furs. 
 Toliolski is the capital town, where the viceroy resides. The 
 inliabitaiUs are of three sorts, Pagans, or the natives of the 
 coinitry, Mahometans, and Muscovites. 
 
 SI'BILAN'T, s. [from sihilu, to hiss, Lat.] hissing. 
 
 SIBILA'TIONf, s. [from sihilit, to hiss, Lat.) a hissing 
 sound. 
 
 SI'BYLS, in Pagan history, were certain women said to 
 have been endowed with a prophetic spirit, and to have 
 delivered oracles, foreshewing the fates and revolutions of 
 "kinsdoms. 
 
 SrCAMORE, J. [s/camorus, Lat.] a tree called aljo greater 
 maple. It has leaves with five lobes, which are unequally 
 serrated, and yellowish green flowers in bunches. The wood 
 is soft and very white, and is made into bowls, trenchers, &c. 
 It is found in hedges, flowering Iti May and June. 
 
 To SrCCATE, (Si7.-aa/e) «. «, [s/era, Lat.] to dry. 
 
 SICCATION, {xikkdshon) s. tlie act of drying 
 
 SICCI'FIC, (siksijik) a. (from siccus, dry, and facio, to 
 make, Lat.] arid ; causing dryness. 
 
 SrCCITY, (si'ksity) s. [iiccilns, from siccus, dry, Lat.] dry- 
 ness ; aridity ; want of moisture. 
 
 SrCE, s. [six, Fr.] the ninnber six at dice. 
 
 SICILY, an island in the Mediterranean Sea, almost in 
 the form of a triangle, bounded by the sea, and separated 
 from the kingdom of Naples by a narrow streight, called the 
 Faro ; and as Messina is seated on it, it is called the Faro 
 di .Messina. This is about 5 miles in breadth, and in it are 
 the famous shelves called Scylla and Charybdis, so much 
 eel brated by the Latin poets ; and which were of late years 
 totally removed by a terrible earthquake in those parts. 
 The two kingdoms of Naples and Sicily are under the same 
 climate, and the productions are much the same ; only Sicily 
 abounils much more in corn. It is said to contain one mil- 
 lion of inhabitant.s, who in general have a very bad charac- 
 ter. IJon Carlos became king of the Two Sicilies in 1736. 
 in coiisequence of the Treaty of Vienna ; but the king of 
 Spain dying in 1760, he succeeded to that crown, and his 
 third sou, Ferdinand, became king of the A wo Sicilies. 
 The seat of government is at Palermo. Mount ^Etna, now 
 called Gibello, tlie famous volcano, is in Val di Demona. It 
 is about 165 miles in length, and 112 in breadth; and its 
 produce not already mentioned, is wine, oil, silk, and excel- 
 lent fruits. 
 
 SICK, a. [sieck, Belg. seoc, Sax.] deprived of health ; af- 
 flicted with disease. Disordered in the stomach, or squeamish. 
 Corrupted. Disgusted. 
 
 To SICKEN, V. a. to destroy health ; to make sick. 
 To impair ; to weaken. Neuterly, to grow sick ; to be 
 diseased. To be filled to disgust, or loathing. To decay; to 
 languish. 
 
 SrCKLE, (sift/) s. [iickel, Belg. sicol, Sax.] the instrument 
 with which corn is cut. A reaping-hook. 
 
 SrCKLEWORT, s. the mountain bugle ; a plant. 
 
 SrCKLINESS, i. disposition to sickness ; habitual sick- 
 ness, or disease. 
 
 SrCKLY, a, diseased, infirm, not healthy; faint, some- 
 what disordered, languid, weak. 
 
 SI'CKNESS, s. [sencnesse, Sax.] the state ot being infirm in 
 health : disea.se ; malady. Squeamishness, or disorder in the 
 organs oi u:gestion. 
 
 SIDE, i. [side. Sax.] siji/e, Belg.] the part of animals where 
 the ribs arc placed. Any part of a body opp ised to another 
 pait; the right or left. A margin, verge, or edge. Situation.. 
 Halt of any thing ; party: interest; sect; faction. 
 
 SIDE, a. oblique, opposed to dhect; lateral.
 
 700 
 
 SIGN 
 
 SILE 
 
 To SIDE, .!' a. to join with any party; followed by with. 
 SI'DEBOAUI), {ddchord) .<. a table on which plate and 
 other conveniences are placed by the sitte of that at which the 
 guests sit. 
 
 il'DEGOX, i. a box on one side of the theatre. 
 Sl'DEFLV, s. an insect proceeding from a rough whitish 
 matter, in the intestinnm rectmn of horses. 
 
 SI'DELONG, «. lateral ; oblique ; not in front ; not di- 
 rect. Adverbially, laterally ; obliquely , on the side ; not in 
 opposition. 
 
 .SI'DERAL, or SIDE'REAL, a. [from sijus, a star or con- 
 stellation, Lat.] starry; astral. Alea.snrcd by the stars. 
 
 .SIDEIi.VTION, s. [Fr. sideror, to be planet struck, from 
 tidus, a planet, f „it.] sudden mortification ; a blast ; or a 
 siidden deprivation of sense. See Sydeiiation. 
 
 SI'DERITE, s. iti chymistry, a combination of iron and 
 phosphorus, which Bergman supposed to be a new metal. 
 Sl'DESADDLE, s. a woman's seat on horseback. 
 SI'DESMAN, s, an assistant to a church warden. 
 SI'DEWAVS, or Sl'DEWISE, ad. on one side; obliquely ; 
 indirectly ; laterally. 
 
 .SI'DMOUTH, a sea-port town in Devonshire. It is a 
 small fishing town, seated on the sea-shore, and was for- 
 merly pretty considerable, before its harbonr was choked 
 u[). It is 159 itiiles \V. by S. of London. Market on Sa- 
 turday. 
 
 SIEGE, {seeje) s. [siege, Fr.] the act of besetting a fortified 
 place. Any continued endeavour to gain possession. Throne; 
 seat. Obsolete in the last sense. 
 
 To SIEGE, (^seeje) v. a. [sieger, Fr.] to lay siege. Not in 
 use. 
 
 SIE'NNA, a celebrated city of Italy, the see of an arch- 
 bi-shop, and the seat of an university. The Italian lansjnage 
 is taught here with great purity. It is 105 miles N. by W, of 
 Rome. Lat. 43. 10. N. Ion. 11. 12. E. 
 
 SIERRA LEONE, a large aud fruitful country on the W. 
 coast of Africa, so named, according to some authors, by 
 the Portuguese, on account of the mountahjs on this coast 
 abounding with a great number of lions. Some extend its 
 limits from the Grain Coast on the S. E. to Cape Verga or 
 Vega on the N. W. that is, between 7 and 10 deg. N. lat. 
 Others, however, confine the country between Cape Verga 
 and Cape Tagrin. Also a large river in Africa, which de- 
 rives its name from the above country, and in the vicinity of 
 which the benevolent Sierra Leone company has estalilished 
 its company. 
 
 SIEVE, (s(») s. an instrument used in separating small 
 particles from gros.ser, consistiug of a piece of lawn, hair, 
 or Cyprus, strained and fastened to a hoop; a searce ; a 
 bolter. 
 
 To SIFT, V. a. [siftan, Sax. siften, Belg.] to separate by a 
 sieve. To pass through a sieve. To separate or part. Fi- 
 gurativelv, to try, to examine, to scrutinize, to scan. 
 SI'FTER, I. he who silts. 
 
 SIG, used in compounds, is derived from sig, victory, Sax. 
 Thus Siffward implies a victorious preserver. 
 
 To SIGH, (si) V. n. \sican, or ticetlun, Sax.] to breathe so 
 as to be heard, when oppressed with sorrow : to suspire. 
 Actively, to lament. Not used in the last sense. 
 
 SIGH, (,iO t. a violent breathing which may be heard, when 
 oppresseil with grief. .Su.spiration. 
 
 SIGHT, (3'it) s. [tich/, Belg.] the perception of objects 
 by the eye. The act of seeing or beholding; vision. Open 
 view, or a situation in which nothing obstructs the eye. 
 Notice or knowledge. The eye. An aperture to look 
 through. A show, spectacle, or something remarkable to be 
 seen. 
 
 SI'GHTLESS, (tltless) a. blind. OfTcnsive to the eye; un- 
 pleasing to look at. 
 
 SI'GllTLY, {sUly) a. pleasing to the eye; striking to the 
 view. 
 
 SI'GIL, I, [ligillum, Lat.] a seal ; signature. 
 SKiN, (jrjn) t. [siifne, Fr. signum, Lat.] a token of any 
 thing; that by which any thing is shown; indication. A 
 
 wonder or miracle. A picture or board hung out on the 
 outside of a tradesman's house A memorial. One of the 
 twelve constellations of the zodiac. A mark. A symbol, or 
 type. The subscription of a person's name. " Sign manual." 
 Synon. The sign makes known, and is sometimes natural. 
 The signal gives notice, and is always arbitrary. The ap- 
 pearances of the face, are commoidy the signs of what passes 
 m the heart. The hoisting a flag in one ship is a signal to 
 the other. 
 
 To SIGN, (iirt) V. a. [signo, Lat.] to mark. To ratify by 
 subscribing one's name, from signer, Fr. to betoken, or re- 
 pre.sent typically. 
 
 SI'GNAL, s. [signal, Fr.] notice given by some token. A 
 sign that gives notice. 
 
 SIGNAL, a. [signal, Fr.] remarkable; eminent; con- 
 spicuous. 
 
 To SI'GNALIZE, v. a. [signaler, Fr-] to make eminent or 
 remarkable ; to celebrate ; to render illustrious. 
 
 SI'GNALLY, ad. remarkably ; memor^ibly ; eminently. 
 SI'GNATURE, s. [Fr. si^natura, from signo to mark, 
 Lat.] a sign or mark impressed on a thing; a stamp. A mark 
 on any matter, particidarly plants, by which their medicinal 
 use is pointed out. A proof or evidence. Subscription, or the 
 signing of a person's name. Among printers, some letter 
 placed at the bottom of the first page of a sheet, to dititinguish 
 it from the other sheets in the same book. They are usually 
 placed in alphabetical order. 
 SIGNER, s. one that si:,ns. 
 
 SIGNET, s. [signette, Fr.] a seal, peculiarly applied to the 
 seal manual of a king. 
 
 SIGNI'FICANCE, er SIGNI'FICANCY, s. the power of 
 signifying; meaning. Force; energy. Importance; moment; 
 consequence. 
 
 SIGNl'FICANT, a. [Fr. froin signum, a sign, anCi facio, to 
 make, Lat. J expressive of something else. Standing as a sign 
 of something. Forcible in conveying the meaning intended. 
 Important. 
 
 SIGNI'FICANTLY, ad. with force of expression. 
 SIGNIFICA'TION, s. [Fr. from signum, a sign, and facto, 
 to m;ike, Liit.] the act of making known, or conveying ideas 
 by signs. A meaning expressed by a sign or word. 
 
 SIGNI'FICATIVE, a. [signijiaitij, Fr.] betokening by an 
 external siu'ii. F)rcible; einphatic ; strongly expressive. 
 SIGXI'FICATORY, a. that signifies or betokens. 
 To SI'GXIFY, V. a. [aignifier, Fr. from signum, a sign, and 
 facio, to make, Lat.] to declare by soine token or sign. To 
 mean ; to express. To import, or weigh, when used inter- 
 rogatively. To make known ; to ratify. Nenterly, to ex- 
 press a meaning with force. 
 
 Sl'GNIORY, s. [seignorin, Ital,] See Seigniory. 
 SI'GNPOST, s. that upon which a sign hangs. 
 SI'LENCE, s. [Fr. from silen, to be silent, Lat.] a state 
 wherein nothing is perceived by the ear. The act or state of 
 refraining from speaking. Stillness. Taciturnity ; quietness. 
 Secrecy. 
 
 To SI'LENCE, V. a. to still ; to oblige to refrain from 
 speaking. 
 
 SI'LENCE, inter). 'Ml authoritative restraint of speech. 
 SILENT, a. [from sileo, to be silent, Lat.] mute; not 
 speaking. Not talkative. Still or without noise. Not 
 mentioninn-. 
 
 SI'LEN ILY, (Iti. without speech or noise ; without men- 
 tion ; nnitely. 
 
 SILE'SIA, a province in Germany; with the title of a 
 duchy. It is bounded on the N. by the marqnisate of Bran- 
 denburg, and Poland ; on the S. bv Moravia and Hinigary, 
 on the E. by Poland ; and on the \V. by the Lower Lusatia, 
 and noheniia. It is about 27 !■ miles in length, and 100 in 
 breadth ; ami some geographers, preteiul that there are 100 
 cities, .'i.iy towns, R63 cdstlvs, iOOO gentlemen's houses, and 
 ■1I,()I8 vill.iues. Part of this country v.as ceded to the king of 
 Prussia in UVi, by the treaty of Breslaw. 
 
 SI'LEX, s. in chymistry, stone or flint, one of the prinia- 
 tive earths, in which is included all the varieties of precious 
 stones.
 
 SIMP 
 
 SILl'CEOUS, a. in chymiatry, belonging to Silex. 
 SILI'CIOUS, {silishiims) a. [from cilicium, liair cloth, Lat] 
 made of hair. Cilldnns is the most proper spelling. 
 
 SILI'CULOSE, a. [from silicula, a husk, Lat.] husky; full 
 of husks. 
 
 SILl'GINOSE, a. [siliginosua, from siligo, a kind of wheat, 
 yielding a very fine flour, Lat] made of fine wheat. 
 
 SI'LIQUAV, s. [Lat.] among gold refiners, a carat, of 
 which six make a scruple. In botany, the seedvessels, pod, 
 husk, or shell of plants that are of the poise kind. 
 
 SI'LIQUOSE, or SILl'QUOUS, a. [iiliquosus, from siliqua, 
 a husk or pod, Lat.l having a pod or capsula. 
 
 SILK, s. [sfo/c. Sax.] a fine thread spun by a butterfly. A 
 maiuifacture made of the silkworm's thread. 
 
 SI'LKEN, a. made ofsilk. Dressed in sUk, Figuratively, 
 soft or tender. 
 
 SI'LKMERCER, s. a dealer in silk. 
 
 SI'LKWORiM, s. the worm that spins silk. 
 
 SI'LKY, a. made of silk. Soft ; pliant. 
 
 SILL, s. [sj/l, Sax. sueil, Fr. sutle, Belg.] the timber or stone 
 at the foot of a door ; a threshold. 
 
 SI'LLABUB, s. curds made by milking on vinegar, cyder, 
 wine, &c. 
 
 SI'LLINESS, s. foolishness ; simplicity; harmless folly. 
 
 SILLY, a. [selig, Teut. according to Skinner] harmless ; 
 inoffensive ; innocent ; plain ; artless. Weak ; helpless. 
 ■Simple ; foolish ; witless. 
 
 SI'LLYHOW, ». the membrane that covers the head of the 
 foetus. 
 
 SILT, I. mud; slime. 
 
 SI'LVAN, (I. [from silva, a wood, Lat.] full of woods; 
 woody. 
 
 SI'LVER. s. [Belg. senlfer, Sax.] a white, shining, hard 
 metal, next in weight to gold. Any thing of a soft or whit- 
 ish splendour. Coin or money maile of silver. The silver 
 mines exhibited in the plate are some of the richest in the 
 world. 
 
 SI'LVER, a. white like silver; having a pale lustre; made 
 of silver ; soft of voice. 
 
 To SI'LVER, V. a. to cover the surface with silver. To 
 adorn with a whittish or mild lustre. To cover with some- 
 thing white and shining. 
 
 SI'LVERLING, s. a silver coin. 
 
 Sl'LVERSMITH, s. one that works in silver- 
 
 SI'LVERWEED.i. th.- wild tansey. 
 
 SI'LVERY, a. besprinkled with silver. 
 
 SI'MAR, J. \simiirre, Fr.] a woman's roving. 
 
 SI'MILAR, a. [nmiliire, Fr. from similis, Lat.] homogene- 
 ous ; having one part liUe another. Resembling; like. 
 
 SI.VULA'RITY, s. likeness; resemblance. 
 
 SI'MILE, J. [from simile, Lat.] a comparison by which any 
 thing is explained or aggrandized. 
 
 SIMILITUDE, a. [Fr. simHitudo, from slmiKs, like, Lat.] 
 likeness; re.semblance. A comparison, or simile. 
 
 SI'MITAR, s. See Cimetee. 
 
 To SI'MMER, V. n. formerly spelt aimber ; [formed from 
 the sound] to boil gently. To boil with a gentle hissing. 
 
 SI'MNEL, s. [simnellus, low, Lat.) a kind of cake made of 
 sugar, flour, plums, saffron, &c. 
 
 SIMO'NIAC, s. [simoniaque, Fr. from Simon Magus] one 
 that buys or sells preferments in the church. 
 
 SIMON I'ACAL, a. guilty of simony, or of buying and 
 selling livings in the church. 
 
 SI'MONY, J. \simonie, Fr. simonia, Lat.] the crime of 
 buying and selling church preferments, derived from Simon 
 Magus, who is mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles, as 
 having ofTered to purchase the power of working muracles for 
 money. 
 
 To SI'MPER, V. n. [perhaps from simmer, as it seems to 
 imitate the dimph^s of water gently boiling] to smile ; generally 
 applied to foolish smihng. 
 
 SI'MPER, s. a smile, generally applied to a foolish 
 one. 
 
 Sl'MPLE, {si inpl) a, [simplex, Lat.] plain; sincere; with- 
 
 SIND 
 
 791 
 
 out design or artifice ; unskilled ; harmless. Uncompounded 
 not complicated. Single ; only one. Hilly. 
 
 Sl'MPLE, {.simpl) s. [simple, Fr.] a single ingredient ; a 
 drug. Popularly u^ed for an herb. 
 
 To Sl'MPLE, (simpl) v. n. to gather herbs. 
 
 SI'MPLENESS, {simpUess) 3. the quality of being with- 
 out art, experience, or composition. 
 
 SI'MPLER, J. an herbarist. 
 
 SI'MPLETON, (simpUun) s. a silly, harmless, and inex- 
 perienced person. 
 
 SIMPLI'CI TY, a. [simpliciti, Fr. simplicitat, from simplex, 
 cimple, Lat.] freedom frpm art, artifice, cuiniing, fraud. 
 Plainness. Singleness. Weakness ; silliness. 
 
 To SI'MPLIFY, v. a. to unravel what is complicated; to 
 reduce to simple and few principles; to retrench what is 
 superfluous in a book, speech, or case. 
 
 .SFMPLIST, ». one skilled in simples. 
 
 SIMPLY, ad. artlessly; without addition; merely; fool- 
 ishly. 
 
 SI'MULAR, s. [from timulo, to pretend, Lat.] a counter- 
 feiter. 
 
 To SI'MULATE, v. a. [simulo, from similis, like, Lat.] to 
 dissemble or feign. 
 
 SIMULA'TION, s. [Fr. from simulo, to pretend, Lat.] 
 the act or voice of pretending something to be, which is 
 not. 
 
 SIMULTA'NEOUS, a. [from simul, together, Lat.] acting 
 together ; existing at the same time ; co-existent. 
 
 SIN, ,!. [syn, Sax.] any act which is contrary to the laws of 
 God. Figuratively, an habitual negligence of religion. Used 
 by Shakespeare for a man enormously wicked. 
 
 To SIN, V. n. [singian. Sax.] to act contrary to the laws of 
 God, and to neglect the rites and laws of religion. 
 
 SI'NAI, a mountain of Arabia Petrcea, in Asia. It stands 
 on the S. corner of the bosom of the Red Sea, adjoining to 
 Horeb, about 260 miles eastward of Cairo, in Egypt. From 
 the top of this mount God proclaimed his law to the Hebrews 
 out of the midst of terrible flames of fire ; and here Moses had 
 almost immediate fellowship with God; hence the place was 
 called the Mount of God ; and here he .spake to Elijah, I 
 Kings xix. It is also called by the Arabs Gibel AIou.sa. 
 I. e. Moses' Mount. Lat. 29. 2. N. Ion. 31. 15. E. 
 
 SI'NAPISM, s. [from sinape, mustard, Gr.] a medicine of 
 mustard to raise blisters, &c. 
 
 SINCE, ad. [sithe. Sax.] it being true ; because that ; from 
 the time that ; ago ; before this. Used as a preposition, after 
 that time. 
 
 SI'NCERE, a. [sincere, Fr. sincerus, Lat.] unhurt. Faith- 
 ful. Pure ; uncorrupted. Honest ; ingenuous. 
 
 SINCE'RELY, ad. honestly ; without hypocrisy ; with 
 uprightness of heart. 
 
 SINCE'RITY, or SINCE'RENESS, s. [sinceriti, Fr. 
 sinceritas, from sincerus, sincere, Lat.] freedom from hy- 
 pocrisy or dissimulation. Faithfuhiess ; integrity; honesty; 
 ingeimousness. 
 
 SI'NCIPUT, J. [Lat.] in anatomy, is the forepart of the head, 
 reaching from the forehead to the coronal suture. 
 
 SI'NDON, s. [Lat.] in surgery, is a little round piece 
 of silk, linen, or lint, usfid in dressing a wound after tre- 
 panning. 
 
 SINDY, a province of Hindoostan Proper, bounded on 
 the W. by Makran, a province of Persia ; on the N. by the 
 territories, of the king of Candahar ; on the N. E. by those 
 of the Seiks ; on the E. by a sandy desert, and on the S. E. 
 by Cutch. It extends along the course of the river Sinde, 
 or Indus, from its mouth, to Behker, or Bhakor, on the 
 frontiers of Moultan. Reckoned that way, it is 300 miles 
 long ; and its breadth, in its wildest part, is about 1 60. In 
 many particulars of soil and climate, and in the general ap- 
 pearance of the surface, Sindy resembles Egj-pt ; the lower 
 part of it being composed of rich vegetable mould, and ex- 
 tended into a wide dell ; while the upper part of it is a 
 narrow slip of country, confined on one side by a ridge of 
 mountains, and on the other by a sandy desert, the liver
 
 792 
 
 SING 
 
 Indus, equal at least to the Nile, wiiidiiiff through the midst 
 of this level valley, and annually overflowiug it. During 
 great part of the S. W. monsoon, or our summer quarter, 
 which is the rainy season hi most other parts of India, the 
 atmosphere is here generally clouded ; out no rain falls, 
 except very near the sea. Indeed, very few showers fall 
 during the whole year; and, at a time when Hamilton 
 visited Tatta, no rain had fallen for 3 years before. Owing 
 to this, and the neighbourhood of the sandy deserts, which 
 bound it on the E. and on the N. W. the heats are so violent, 
 and the winds from those quarters so pernicious, that the 
 houses are contrived so as to be occasionally ventilated by 
 means of apertures on the tops of them, resembling the 
 funnels of small chimneys. Few countries are more un- 
 wholesome to European constitutions, particularly the lower 
 part of the dell. The prince of this province is a Maho- 
 metan, tributary to the king of Candahar. He resides at 
 Hydrabad, although Tatta is the capital. The inland parts 
 of Sindy, produce saltpetre, salammoniac, borax, bezoar, 
 lapis-Iazuli, aiid raw silk. They have also manufactures of 
 cotton and silk of various kinds; and they make fine cabinets 
 inlaid with ivory and finely lackered. They also export great 
 quantities of butter, clarified and wrapt up in duppas, made of 
 the hides of cattle. 
 
 SINE, s. Uinus. Lat.] in geometry a line drawn from one 
 end of an arch perpendicularly on the diameter drawn from the 
 other end ; or it is half the chord of twice the arch. 
 
 SINE, used in composition, is borrowed from the Latin, 
 and signifies without. 
 
 SI'NECURE, s. [sine and cura, Lat.] an office where a 
 person is entitled to a revenue witliout trouble. 
 
 SI'NEW, I. [senwe, Sax.] a tendon or ligametit by which 
 the joints are moved ; a muscle or nerve. Fignratively, that 
 which gives strength or stipport. 
 
 SI'NEWE.SHRUNK, a. in farriery, applied to a hor.se 
 when he has been over-ridden, and so fatigued that he be- 
 comes gaunt bellied, by a stiffness and contraction of the two 
 sinews which are under his belly. 
 
 SI'NEWY, a. consisting of sinews or nerves. Figuratively, 
 strong, nervous, forcible. 
 
 .SrNFUIj, n. [sinJuHe, Sax.] contrary to any divine com- 
 mand. Wicked ; impious ; uiisanctified ; ungodly ; irreli- 
 gious. 
 
 SI'NFULLY, ad. impiously; wickedly. 
 
 SI'NFULNESS, s. wickedness ; impiety. 
 
 To SING, V. n. preter. jang, or sung, part pass, sung; 
 [singan. Sax. singia, Isl. singheri) Belg.] to utter in a melodi- 
 ous or musical manner. Figuratively, to relate poetically. 
 Actively, to mention or relate in poetry. To celebrate or 
 praise. To pronounce in a musical manner. 
 
 SINGANFOU, or SINGAN, a city of China of the first 
 rank, capital of the province of Chensi. Next to Pekiu this is 
 the largest and most populous, and commercial city of China, 
 and was for several ages the seat of the Chinese emperors. 
 They breed up mules here it} great numbers, and send them to 
 Pekin. Lat. 34. 46. N. Ion. 108. 13. E. 
 
 To SINGE, (,si»Je) v. a. [tacngan. Sax. senghen, Belg.] to 
 scorch, or burn in a slight or superficial manner. 
 
 SrNGP.K, (g hard) s. one whose profession is to sing. 
 
 SI'NGINGMASTER, s. one who teaches to sing. 
 
 SI'NGLE, [xingi) a. [singulun, Lat.] f.ot more than one ; 
 only one. Particular or individual. Not compounded. 
 Alone, or without any companion. Unmarried. Not dou- 
 ble, applied to flowers. Pure or uncorrupt; not double- 
 minded ; simple. That in which one alone is opposed to 
 one. 
 
 To SI'NGLE, {fingl) v. a. to choose out from among others, 
 used with oul. To take alone. To separate; to with- 
 draw. 
 
 SI'NGLENF.SS, (shiglness) s. simplicity ; sincerity. 
 
 SI'NGLY, rill, individually; only; by himself. 
 
 SI'NGULAK, a. [singn/icr, Fr. singularis, Lat.] repre- 
 Benting only one determinate thing or person. Particular; 
 
 SIPH 
 
 unexampled. Different from others. In grammar, denoting 
 oidy one ; not phiral. 
 
 SINGULA'RITY, s. [smgnlarile, Fr.] some character or 
 quality by which a person is, or affects to be, distinguished 
 from others. An oddity. A curiosity. 
 
 To Sl'NGULARlZE, v. a. Isingvlariser , Fr. to make par- 
 ticular, or singular. 
 
 SI'NGULARLY, ad. particidarly; in a manner not com- 
 mon to others. 
 
 SI'NISTER, a. [sinister, Lat.] left; being on the left hand. 
 Figuratively, bad; unlucky; perverse; inauspicious; 
 unfair. 
 
 To SINK, V. n. preter. / sunk, formerly, / sunk, part, 
 pass, sunk or sunken; [sencan. Sax. seriken, Teut.J to de- 
 scend iii any fluid or liquor. To fall gradually. To enter 
 or penetrate into any thing. To grow less, with respect to 
 height or depth. Figuratively, to be overwhelmed, used 
 with bentath or under. To decline; to tend to ruin. To 
 be received or impressed deeply, used with duwn. To fall 
 into a state of rest or indolence. Actively, to force under 
 water, and render incapable of floating or swimming. To 
 make deep by digging. To depress ; to degrade. To di- 
 minish in quantity or value. To crush or overbear. To 
 make to decline. To suppress, conceal, or convert to one's 
 use by fraud ; applied to money. 
 
 SINK, s. [sine, Sax.] a drain or jakes. Any place where 
 filth or corrii|)tion is suffered to collect. 
 
 SI'NKING FUND, s. is a provision made by parliament 
 consisting of the surplusages of other funds, inteitded to be 
 appropriated to the payment of the national debt; on the 
 credit of which very large sums have been borrowed for 
 public uses. 
 
 SI'NLESS, a. free froin sin. 
 
 SI'NLESSNESS, i. exemption from sin. 
 
 SI'NNER, *. one at enmity with God ; one not truly or 
 religiously good. An offender; a criminal. 
 
 SI'NOFFERING, s. an expiation or sacrifice for sin. 
 
 SINOPER, or SI'NOPLE, s. a species of earth ; ruddle. 
 
 To Sl'NUATE, V. a. [sinuo, from sinus, bending, Lat.] to 
 bend in and out. 
 
 SINUA'TION, s. a bending in and out. 
 
 SI'NUOUS, a. \jiinucHX. Fr.] bending in and out. 
 
 SI'NUS, s. [Lat.] a iiay of the sea. In surgery, a hollow 
 passage under the flesh. Any fold or opening. 
 
 SrON, or ZiON, a fainous mountain of Judea, situated on 
 the S. side of Jerusalem. 
 
 SION, an autient town of Swisserland, capital of the 
 Vallais. It is situated near the Rhone, at the foot of three 
 insulated rocks, that rise immediately from the plain. The 
 highest, called Tourbillon, supports the old, ruinous, and 
 deserted episcopal palace. On the .second, denominated 
 Valeria, are the remains of the old cathedral, and a k\v 
 bouses belonging to the canons. On Mayoria, the tliird 
 rock, stands the present episcopal palace, an edifice of 
 stone, built in 1547; the apartments furnished with great 
 plainness and simplicity. Sion was formerly the capital 
 of the Seduni, who inhabited this part of the country in the 
 time of Julius Ciesar ; and some Roman inscriptions still 
 remain to attest its antiquity. Its bishop is a prince of the 
 empire. It is 50 miles E. of Geneva. Lat. 4a. 6. N. Ion. 7. 
 12. E. 
 
 To SIP, V. a. [sipnn, Sax. sippen, Belg.] to drink by small 
 draughts wherein the lips do but just touch the vessel. To 
 drink in small quantities. Neuterly, to sup or drink a very 
 small quantity. 
 
 SIP, s. a small draught or mouthful. 
 
 SI'PPEU, s one tliat sips. 
 
 SI'PPKT, s. a little sop. 
 
 SI'PHON, (s'fiin) s. [Gr.] a crooked tube or pipe, h.iving 
 one leg lunger ihati the other, and used in drawing liquors out 
 of vessels. 
 
 SIK, s. [Ji/r, Brit, sire, Fr.] a title of respect, used where 
 we ceremoniously give another the prefereni-c. The title o. 
 a knight or baronet ; and generally added to the word loin,
 
 SITT 
 
 SKIE 
 
 7»S 
 
 when applied to beef, because that joint was once knighted by 
 one of our kmga in a fit of good humour. 
 
 SIKE, J. [sire, Ft.] in poetry, a father ; and also in that 
 sense applied to beasts. A complimental address to a great 
 personaije. 
 
 SI'UEN, s. [Lat.] an imaginary monster, supposed to have 
 a human face and a bird's body which enticed men by its 
 sinjfing, and devoured them. Any aUuring woman. 
 
 srilHIND, a very antient city of Hindoostan Proper, in 
 the province of Delhi. Condamine says, that the art of 
 weaving silk was brought back to Constantinople, in the 16th 
 century, by the monks who returned from Sirhind (or Serinde, 
 according to him :) for, although the art was brought into 
 Europe under the Roman emperors, it had again been lost 
 during the confusioni that attended the subversion of the 
 western empire. Procopius, also, takes notice, that in the 
 time of Justinian (the 6th cefitury) silk was brought from 
 Seriiida, a country in India. Sirhind is 195 miles N. W. of 
 Delhi. Lat. 39. 55. N. Ion. 75. 15. E. 
 
 SIHIA'SIS, «. [Gr.] aTi inflammation of the brain and its 
 membrane, through an excessive heat of the sun. 
 
 SI'RIUS, s. [Lat ] the dog-star. 
 
 SI'RRAH, s. [contracted from Sir and ah, according to 
 Minshew] a word conveying reproach and insult. 
 
 SI'RUP, or SY'RUP, s. [Arab.] any vegetable juice boiled 
 to a consistence with sugar. 
 
 SI'RUPY, a re,>.embling sirup. 
 
 SrSKlN, s. a green fish. 
 
 SI'STER, s. [sweoster. Sax.] a woman born of the same 
 parents with another person. Figuratively, a woman of the 
 same kind, manners, sentiments, persuasion, or employment. 
 Sister-in-law is a husband's or wife's sister. 
 
 SrSTERHOOD, s. the office or duty of a sister. A niim- 
 her of women of the same order. 
 
 Sl'STERLY, a. like or becoming a s'ster, 
 
 To SIT, v.n. preter. I sat ; \stttan, .Sax. silan, Goth, setlen, 
 Belg.] to occupy a seat ; to rest upon the buttocks. To be in 
 a state of rest. To rest or press as a burden. To settle or 
 abide. To be adjusted, or to suit. To brood, or incubate, 
 applied to birds. To be placed at a table. To be as a mem- 
 ber in any solemn assembly. To be placed in order to be 
 painted. To sit down, to rest , to settle ; to begin a siege. 
 To lit up, to change a lying posture for a sitting one ; to 
 watch, or refrain from going to bed. Actively, to keep the 
 seat upon. Followed by a reciprocal pronoun, to place on a 
 seat. 
 
 Sl'TE, s. [situs, Lat.] situation ; local position. 
 
 SI'TFAST, $. in farriery, a hard knob growing under the 
 saddle. 
 
 SITH, ad. {sithe, Sax.] since ; seeing that. O'usolete. 
 
 SITHE, J. [sit/ie, Sax.] this word being variously spelt, 
 Johnson prefers this as the most simple, and most agreeable 
 to etymology] a crooked, blade joined to a pole, and used in 
 mowing. Scythe. 
 
 SI'TfENBUllN, nr Sittingbourn, a town in Kent, 
 which being a great thoroughfare on the road from Roches- 
 ter to Canterb>n-y, has many convenient irnis. At one of 
 these, viz. the Red Lion, a gentleman of the name of Nor- 
 wood treated king Henry V. and his retiiuie, on his return 
 from France, when wine was but 2d. a quart, and every 
 thing else was so cheep in proportion, that the whole 
 entertainment cost but 9s. 9d. It is 11 miles S. E. of 
 Rochester, and 40 E. by S. of London, in the road to Can- 
 terbury. 
 
 Sl'TTER, s. one that sits. A bird that broods. 
 
 SI'TTING, s. the act or posture of sitting on a seat. A 
 time at which one exhibits himself to a painter. A meeting of 
 an assembly. A time during which one sits without rising. 
 Incubation, 
 
 SITTING, t. (part, of Sit) in botany, applied to the leaves 
 of plants, when tliey have no leaf-stalk, as in the spear-mint 
 and hound's tongue ; to flowers, when they have no fruit- 
 ttalks, as in the mezereon. 
 
 SI'TUATE, a. [from situs, Lat.] placed with respect to any 
 thing else. Placed. 
 
 SITUA'TION, «. [situation, Fr.] position or place with 
 respect to something else. Condition or state. 
 
 SIX, a. [six. Sax. and Fr.] twice three ; the next in order, 
 after live. To he at sixes and sevens, is to be in a state of dis- 
 order, confusion and danger. 
 
 SrXPENCE, «. a silver coin valued at half a shilling, or 
 as many pence as its name expresses. 
 
 Sl'X.SCORE, a. six times twenty ; or 120. 
 
 SIXTEE'N, a. [sixlyne, Sax.] six and ten. 
 
 SIXTEE'N TH, a, [tixteutha. Sax.] the ordinal of sixteen, 
 or the sixth after the tcrnth. 
 
 .SIXTH, a. [iiita, Sax.] the ordinal of six, or the next in 
 order after the fifth. 
 
 SIXTHLY, ad. in the sixth place. 
 
 SrXTlETH, a. [sixteogolha, Sax.] the ordinal of sixty, the 
 sixth ten times repeated. 
 
 SrXTY, a. [sixli<>; Sax.] six times ten. 
 
 SIZE, «. [Juhnson supposes it should be else, from incisa, 
 Lat. or fri'm nssi.ie, Fr.] the bulk of a body cmisidered as 
 compared with that of another ; proportion ; bigness. A 
 settled qu;nitity or allowance. Any viscous or glutinous 
 substance, from sisa, Ital. 
 
 To SIZK, V. a. to arrange or place accorditig to bidk. To 
 settle, or adjust. To besmear with any viscous or glutinous 
 subst:ince. 
 
 Sl'ZER, s. an inferior scholar in Canibridge, synonymous 
 to a servitor at Oxford. 
 
 SI'ZERS, s. see Scissars., 
 
 Sl'ZY, a. viscous or glulini)u.«. 
 
 SKAIN, or SKEIN, t. [escaigne, Fr.] a knot of thread or 
 silk. 
 
 To SKAIT, II, 71. to slide on the ice with scates. 
 
 SKATE, t. [ickudJa, Sax.] a flat sea-fish. A kind of shoe, 
 armed with iron, and used in sliding on the ice ; wiitteii also, 
 Skait. 
 
 SKEAN, or SKEEN, s. [Ir. and Erse.] a short sword or 
 knife ; a dagger. 
 
 SKE'LEl'ON, .■!. [skeletcs, dry, Gr,] in anatomy, an a.s- 
 semblage of all tiie bones of an animal cleared from their 
 flesh, and disposed in their natural situation. An assem- 
 blage or compages of the principal parts. 
 
 SKEP, s. [scephen, to draw. Sax.] a sort of basket, narrow 
 at the botloni, and wide at the top, to fetch corn in. 
 Witii the Scotch, the repositories where the bees lay their 
 honey. 
 
 SKE'PTICK, or' SCE'PTIC, s. [from skeptomai, to de- 
 liberate, Gr.] one who doubts or pretends to doubt of every 
 thing. 
 
 SKE'PTICAL, or SCETTICAL, a. [from skeptomai, to 
 deliberate, Gr,] belonging to a sceptic ; pretending to doubt 
 of every thing. 
 
 SKEPTICISM, SCE'PTICISM, s. \scepticisme, Fr.] a 
 pretence or profession of doubting of every thing ; pyrrho- 
 nisni. 
 
 SKETCH, I. [schedula, Lat.] an outline or ouigh draught ; 
 a first plan. 
 
 To SKETCH, I/, a. to trace the outlines of a picture. To 
 lay down a rough draught or plan. 
 
 SKE'WER, s. [skere, Dan.] a wooden or iron pin, used to 
 keep meat in form. 
 
 To SKE'WER, V. ^. to sustain with skewers. 
 
 SKIE, or Sky, an island in Scotland, and one of the 
 largest of the Western Islands. It is CO miles in length, and 
 20 in breadth, and divided from the comities of Ros.s and 
 Inverness, by a narrow channel, 35 miles in length, and 10 
 in breadth. It is cut into a great number of gulphs and 
 promontories, and there are seven high mountains near each 
 other, in the middle of the island. "The valleys are fruitful in 
 pastures, and produce plenty of barley and oats. The sea 
 about it is full of fish, particularly cod and ling; and there 
 are surprising shoals of herrings in the season, 
 S 1
 
 794 
 
 SL AI 
 
 SL EE 
 
 FKIFF, !. [esquife, Fr. tcapha, Lat.] a small light lioat. 
 SKI'LFUL, a. knowing; possessing any art; dexterous; 
 able ; exTierienced. 
 
 SKILFULLY, ad. with skill ; dexterously. 
 SKILL. J. [skil, Isl.] knowledge, readiness or practice in 
 any art ; dexterity ; artfulness. Any particular art. 
 
 SKI'LLED, o. knowing; dexterous; acquainted will). 
 
 SKI'LLET, ». [escueUtte, Fr.] a small kettle or boiler. - 
 
 To SKIM, I', a. see Scum. 
 
 SKI'MBLE-SKAMBLE, a. wild; wandering. A cant 
 word. 
 
 SKIN, i. [skind, Dan.] the natural covering of the flesh. 
 
 To SKIN, V. a. to flay or strip tlie skin olf. To cover with 
 skin. To cover the surface, used with over. 
 
 SKINK, s. [scene, Sax.] any thing potable. Pottage. 
 
 To SKINK, V. n. [scencan, Sax.] to serve drink. Ob- 
 solete, 
 
 SKI'NNY, a. consisting only of .skin ; thin; lean. 
 
 To SKIP, V. n. [squHtire, Ital.] to fetch quick bounds or 
 leaps ; to leap up or pass by quick leaps ; to leap for joy. To 
 pass without notice. Actively, to miss or pass. 
 
 SKIP, J. a light leap or bound. 
 
 SKI'PJACK, ». an upstart. 
 
 SKI'PPER, s. [ichipper, Belg.] the master of a Dutch ship. 
 
 SKI'PTON, a handsome town in the W. Riding of York- 
 shire, seated near the river Aire, but almost hid among the 
 liiUs, in that rough, rocky country called Craven, 41 miles 
 S. by E. of Richmond, and 231 N. by W. of London. Lat. 
 53. 55. N. Ion. 1. 49. Ws 
 
 SKI'KMISH, s. [from ys and carm, the shout of war, Brit.] 
 a slight engagement, less than a pitched battle. A contest , 
 contention. 
 
 To SKl'RMISH, V. n. [escarmoucher, Fr.] to fight in small 
 parties without coming to a general engagement. 
 
 To SKIRRE, (sA-!>) v. a. [perhaps from scir, p\ire, clean. 
 Sax.] to scour; to traverse or ramble in order to clear. 
 Neuterly, to scud ; to scour ; to run in haste 
 
 SKIRT, s. [kiorte, Swed.] that part of a garment which 
 hangs loose below the waist. The edge of a garment. An 
 edge, border, margin, extreme part. 
 
 To SKIRT, V, a. 10 border or run along the edge. 
 
 SKI'TITSH, a. [ski/c, Dan. schew, Belg.] shy, or easily 
 frighted. Wanton ; volatile. Changeable ; fickle. Hasty, 
 precipitate. 
 
 SKONCE, t. see Sconcf. 
 
 SKREEN, J. see Scueen. 
 
 SKUE, a- (the etymology is uncertaui) sidelong ; oblique. 
 
 SKULL, t. [tkwia, Isl.l see Soull. 
 
 SKTi', s. [sky, Dan.] the region of the clouds. The hea- 
 vens. The weather ; the climate. 
 
 SKY'LARK, s. a lark that mounts and sings. 
 
 .SKY'LIGHT, {skyUl) s. a window which lets light in 
 through the ceiling. 
 
 SLAB, s. a puddle. A plane of stone. " A marble slab." 
 An outside sapfiy plank. 
 
 To SLA'BBEU, v. n. [slabberen, Belg.] to drivel; to let the 
 spittle fall out of the mouth. To shed or spill. 
 
 SLA'BBY, a. viscous; thick. Wet; floody; plashy. 
 
 SLACK, a. [sliiec. Sax. slaken, Isl.] loose, or not drawn 
 tight. Remiss, careless, or not diligent. Slow, applied to 
 motion. Weak, or not holding fast. 
 
 To SLACK, or SLA'CKEN, v. n. to be remiss or negli- 
 gent. To fall to pieces, or crumble into particles. To grow 
 loose. To languish ; to fail. To abate. Actively, to loosen. 
 To remit. To ea-se ; to mitigate. To relieve or unbend, ap- 
 plied to the mind. To reduce to particles. To withhold. 
 To repress. To neglect. 
 
 SLACK, ». a coal broken into small parts ; small coal. 
 
 Sl^'(,'KLY, ad. loosely ; negligently ; not closely. 
 
 SLA'CKNESS, s. want of tightness, attention, tendency, or 
 force. Slowness. 
 
 SLAC;, f. the dross of metal. 
 
 SLA IDBURN, s. a village in the W. Riding of Yorkshire, 
 6 miles W. by N. of Gisburn. 
 
 SLAIN, part. pass, of Slav. 
 
 To SLAKE, V. a. [according to Skmner, from slack ; biit 
 rather from slock, Isl. to extinguish or quench] to quench or 
 ertinugish. To temper with water. To allay. Neuterly, to 
 grow less tight. To be extinguished. 
 
 To SLAAI, V. a. [sclilagen, Belg.] to slaughter or crush. To 
 fling a door to with violence. A low word. 
 
 To SLA'NDER, v. a. [from eulaundrie, Fr.] to speak ill 
 of another falsely ; to belie. 
 
 SLA'NDER, I. a false, invectivf reproach. A disgrace. 
 Disreputation ; ill name. 
 
 SLA'NDEROUS, a. calumnious ; uttering reproachful 
 falsehoods. 
 
 SLA'NDEROUSLY, ad. calumniously ; with false re- 
 proach. 
 
 SLANG, preter. of Slinc. 
 
 SLANT, or SLATSITING, a. [perhaps from slanghe, a 
 serpent, Belg.] oblique ; not perpendicular ; not direct ; 
 skue. 
 
 SLAP, «. [schlap, Teut.] a blow with the band open, or 
 something flat. 
 
 To SLAP, V. a. to strike with a slap. 
 
 To SLASH, V. a. [slasa, to strike, Isl.] to cut ; to wound 
 with long cuts. To lash; to whip. Neuterly to strike at 
 random with a sword. 
 
 SLASH, .1. a cut or wound. A cut in cloth. 
 
 SLATE, s. [perhaps from esclate, a tile, Fr.] a gray fos- 
 sile stone, which easily slits into thin pieces, and is used to 
 cover houses, or to write on. 
 
 To SLATE, V. a. to cover a roof with slate. 
 
 SLA'TER, s. one who covers with slates or tiles. 
 
 SLA'TTERN, i. [sluctti, Swed.] a woman who is negligent 
 and slovenly in her dress. 
 
 SLAVE, s. [esclave. Fr. It is said to have its original from 
 the Stuvi or Sclavuntans, subdued and sold by the Venetians] 
 one taken prisoner in war, or bought and obliged to serve a 
 person during life. A bondman ; a bondmaid. 
 
 To .SLAVE, V. n. to drudge ; to moil ; to toil. 
 
 SLAVER, ». [sliej'ii, Isl. taliva, Lat.] spittle running from 
 the mouth ; ilrivel. 
 
 To SLAVER, V. n. [see SlaIiDEr] to be smeared with 
 spittle. To let spittle drop from tne mouth; to drivel. 
 Actively, to smear with spittle. 
 
 SLA VERY, s. the condition of a person who has lost his 
 liberty. Servitude; bondage. 
 
 SLAU'GHTER, (the ^'/i is mute in this word and its de- 
 rivatives) X. [ojisliiu^ht, Sax.] destruction by the sword, 
 including the idea of nuiltitude. JMassacre ; butchery ; 
 carnage. 
 
 To SLAU'GHTER, ». a. to massacre; to kill ; to slay. 
 
 SLAU'GHTERHOUSE, s. the house in which beasts arc 
 killed for the butcher. 
 
 SLA'UGIITEKOUS, a. destructive; murderous. 
 
 SLA'VISII, a, uieaii ; bas<; ; servile : dependent. 
 
 To SLAV, V. a. preter. sleu', part. pass, slam; [sUart, Sax. 
 slahan, Goth.] to kill ; to put to death; to butcher. 
 
 SLEA'FORD, a town in Lincolnsliire, with a market on 
 Monday. It is a large well-built place, well inhabited. It 
 is 115 miles N. of London. 
 
 SLEA'ZY, {sleHy) a. [slilh, Sax.] weak, or wanting sub- 
 stance. 
 
 SLED, s. ftted, Dan. sledde, Belg.] a carriage drawn with- 
 out wheels. 
 
 SLEDGE, s. \sleeg. Sax. slefiaia, Isl] a large lieavy ham- 
 mer. A caniage without wheels, or with very small ones ; 
 more properly sled. 
 
 SLEEK, a. [slet/ch, Belg.] smooth ; glossy ; nitiU ; po- 
 lished. 
 
 To SLEEK, V. a. to comb smooth and even. To render 
 soft, smooth, or glossy. 
 
 SLEEKLY, ad. smoothly ; glossily. 
 
 To SLEEP, V. n. preter. and part. pass, slept ; [steeiian, 
 .Sax. slepen Goth, slaepcn, Belg.J to take one's rest, by a 
 suspension of all the faculties of the 
 
 miiid. To rest or be
 
 SLia 
 
 SLOP 
 
 T9B 
 
 motionless. To live without care or tlibught, followed by 
 oter. To be inatteiuive. Kiguratiyely, to lie deail. 
 
 SLEEP, s. [fit/i, Sax.] tliiit state wherein the body seems 
 perfectly at rest, and I'xteriiul objects act on the organs of 
 sense, without exciting their usual sensatiorjs. 
 
 SLEE'PINESS, s. drowsiness; disposition to sleep; in- 
 ability to keep awake. 
 
 SLEE'PLESS, a. without sleeping ; wanting sleep. 
 
 SLEE'PY, a. drowsy, or disposed to sleep. Not awake. 
 Causing sleep ; soporiferou.s ; narcotic ; somniferous. 
 
 SLEET, s. [perhaps from s/el, Dan.] small hail or snow 
 fixlliug in single particles, intermixed with rain. 
 
 To SLEET, V. 7J. to snow in small particles, intermixed 
 with rain. 
 
 SLEEVE, .!. [slif, Sax.] that part of a garment which 
 covers the arms. A knot or skain. " The raveli'd sleeve of 
 •care." iShak. To laugh in one's sleeve, is to laugh at another 
 unknown to him ; from sleeve, Belg. a cover. To hang on 
 one's sleeve, is to be dependent. A fish. 
 
 SLEE'VELESS, a. wanting sleeves ; without sleeves. 
 "Wanting propriety ; unrea.siinable ; groundless ; foolish. 
 
 SLEIGHT, (sW) s. [s/agd, cunning, Isl.] an artful trick. 
 Stei/r/d of hand, the tricks or dexterity of a juggler. 
 
 SLE'NDER, a. [sihide?-, Belg.] thin, or small in circum- 
 ference." Small in the waist. .Slight; not bulky or strong. 
 Small, or sparing ; less than enough. 
 
 SLE'NDERLY, ad. without bulk ; slightly ; meanly. 
 
 SLE'NDEliNE.SS, *. thinness; slightness; want of bulk 
 or strength. Want of plenty. 
 
 SLEPT, the preter. of SLtEP. 
 
 SLE'SWICK, the duchy of, or S. Jutland, is about 100 
 miles long, and fiO broad. It is bounded on the N. by N. 
 Jutland ; on the E. by the Baltic Sea ; on the S. by Holstein ; 
 and on the W. by the Ocean. It contains 14 cities, 17 
 towns, 13 castles, 278 pari.shes, 1480 villages, 162 farms, 
 116 water mills, and 106 gentlemen's seats. It is a plea- 
 sant, fertile, populous country, and belongs to the king of 
 Denmark. 
 
 SLEW, preter. of Slay. 
 
 To SLEy, V. n. to part or twist into threads. 
 
 To SLICE, 1'. n. [slttan, Sax.] to cut into flat pieces, or 
 parts. To cut or divide. 
 
 SLICE, s. [slite. Sax.] a broad piece cut off. _A broad 
 head fixed in a handle ; a peel ; a spatula. 
 
 SLID, preter. of Sudk. 
 
 To SLIDE, V. n. preter. slid, part. pass, slidden ; [slidan. 
 Sax. slijden, Belg.] to pass along smoothly ; to slip ; to glide. 
 To move without lifting up the feet. To pass unnoticed. 
 To pass inadvertently, to pass insensibly from good to bad. 
 Actively, to put imperceptibly, used with in. 
 
 SLIDE, s. a smooth and easy passage. A smooth path 
 worn on the ice by sliding. A slow even course. 
 
 .SLI'DER, s. he that slides. 
 
 SLIGHT, {silt) a. [slicht, Belg.] small; inconsiderable; 
 worthless. Weak ; not cogent ; not important. Foolish. 
 Negligent. Flimsy ; thin. 
 
 SLIGHT, {sin) s. contempt ; neglect ; act of scorn. An 
 artifice. Sleight. 
 
 To SLIGHT, (.!?;7) V. a. to neglect or contemn ; to disre- 
 gard. To treat or perform carelessly. To throw; to fling. 
 To demolish ; to overthrow, froin slighten, Belg. 
 
 SLI'GHTLY, flrf. negligently ; scornfully; weakly. 
 
 SLI'GHTNESS, {shlmss) s. weakness. Negligence. 
 
 SLI'GO, a county of Ireland in the province of Connaught, 
 about 32 miles in length, and 29 in its greatest breadth ; 
 hounded on the W. by Mayo ; on the N. and N. W. by the 
 ■ Atlantic ; on the E. by Leitrim ; on the S. E. S. and S. W. 
 by Roscommon and Mayo. It contains 39 parishes, about 
 11,500 houses, and 60,000 inhabitants. Sligo is theoaly town 
 of consequence. There are. however, some considerable 
 Tillages, in which the linen manufacture floiu-ishes. The soil 
 is in some parts good, in others coarse, and towards the 
 coast, bnggy. 
 
 SLI'GO, a town, the capital of the county of tlie same 
 
 name, is seated on a river that runs into a bay of the same 
 name, navigable for vessels of 1200 tons, up to the quays. It 
 has a considerable trade; the number of houses in 1788 was 
 916, and the number of inhabitants about «000. It is 26 
 miles N. N. E. of Killala, and 94 N. N. W. of Dublin. 
 
 SLI'LY, ad. cunningly ; with subtle covetou?ness. 
 
 SLIM, a. slender; thii. A cant word. 
 
 SLIME, I. [slim, Sax. slimm, Belg.] viscous mire ; any 
 glutinous substance. 
 
 SLI'MINESS, s. viscosity; glutinous matter. 
 
 SLI'MY, o. viscous; glutinous. Overspread with slime. 
 
 SLING, s. [slingan. Sax. sl'mgen, Belg.] a kind of weapon 
 made with a strap and two strings, by which a body is cast 
 at a distance, by jerking it and loosing one of the strings. A 
 bandage worn to support a broken limb. An utensil for 
 carrying casks, &c. A strnke or blow. 
 
 To SLING, V. a. to throw by a sling. To hang loosely by 
 a string. To move or rais'e by meai>s of a rope and crane. 
 
 To SLINK, V. n. preter. slunk; [slinsan, to creep. Sax.] 
 to sneak, or steal out of the way. Actively, to miscarry of. 
 A low word. 
 
 To SLIP, V. n. [sitpan, Sax. slippen, Belg.] to slide ; not to 
 tread firm. To move or lly unexpectedly out ot its place. 
 To slide ; to glide. To move slily or im)ierceived ; to 
 slink. To fall into a fault or error. To creep by over-o;j;ht. 
 To escape the memory. Actively to convey secretly. To 
 lose by negligence. To escape from ; to leave slily. To sepa- 
 rate twigs from a tree by tearing them off. To let loose. 
 To throw off any restraint. To pass over negligently. 
 
 SLIP, s. the act of sliiiping; a false step. An error or 
 mistake. A twig torn from the main stock. A leash or 
 string hi wliich a dog is held. An escape. A long narrow 
 piece. A narrow gallery on the sides of the theatre. Among 
 shipbuilders, a place lying with a gradual descent on the 
 banks of a river, convenient for ship-building. 
 
 SH'PBOARD, ». a board sliding in gioove.s. 
 
 SLI'PKNOT, s. a bow knot; a knot easily untied. 
 
 SLI'PPER, i. a shoe, sometimes without a hind quarter. 
 In botany, the cypripedii;m of Linnaeus. The British species 
 is called the ladies-slipper. 
 
 SLI'PPERINESS, s. tlie state or quality of being 
 slippery. 
 
 SLI'PPERy. a. [slipur, Sax. tliperig, SwecL] smooth, glib ; 
 not affording firm footing. Hard to hold or keep ; lubricous. 
 Uiicertain. Fickle. Unchaste. 
 
 To SLIT, V. a. preter. and part. pass, slit, and slltted ; 
 [slilan. Sax.] to cut lengthwise. 
 
 SLIT, s. [slit. Sax.] a long cut, or narrow opening. 
 
 To SLIVE, or SLl'VER, {sliver) v. a. [s/if an, Sax.] to 
 split; to divide longwise; to tear off lengthwise. 
 
 SLl'VER, {silver) >. a slit ; a large piece cut off. 
 
 SLO'BBER, s. See Slabber. 
 
 To SLOCK, V. n. [slacken, Swed.] to slack ; to quench. 
 
 SLOE, s. [sla. Sax. slaae, Dan.] the fruit of^ the black- 
 thorn. 
 
 SLO'ETREE, s. a shrub, called also blackthorn, and scrags. 
 The wood is hard and tough, and is formed into teeth for 
 rakes, and walking-sticks. The fruit bruised and put into 
 wine gives it a beautiful red colour, and a pleasant sub-acid 
 roughness. An infusion of a handful of the flowers is a safe 
 and easy purge. Letters written upon linen and woollen with 
 the juice of the fruit will not wash out. The fruit is not ripe 
 till October or November. 
 
 SLOOP, s. a small ship with one mast. 
 
 To SLOP, o. a. to drink grossly and greedily. To spill or 
 waste liquor idly. 
 
 SLOP, s. [slop, Sax.] a pair of trowsers or open breeches. 
 Mean and vile liquor of any kind. 
 
 SLOPE, a. [slap, lax, Belg. according to Skinner] oblique; 
 declivous ; acclivous ; applied to any rising surface, accord-< 
 iiig to the angle it makes with the plane of the horizon. 
 
 SLOPE, J. an oblique direction, or declining surface. 
 
 To SLOPE, V. a. to form or shape obliquely. Neutetly,;to 
 decline, or tend to declivity.
 
 796 
 
 SLUR 
 
 SMEL 
 
 SLO'PENESS, «. obliquity ; declivity. 
 
 SLO'PPY, a. See Slop. Miiv ; wet ; slabby. 
 
 To SLOT, V. a. [slughen, Belg.] to strike or clash hard. 
 
 SLOT, s. [sM, Is!.] the tr.ick of a deer. 
 
 SLOTH, s. [$!<rwln. Sax ] slowness ; tardiness. Idleness ; 
 laziness. In zoology, a Smith American animal, which 
 moves so slowly as scarcely to travel a bow shot in IS days. 
 SvNO.v. Sloth and laziness are voluntary ; with this dif- 
 ference, that iluth impli s litter inactivity, and alisolute 
 aversion to worif ; laziness, an inclination, but a fear of 
 trouble and fatigue; whereas sluggisluiess is often involun- 
 tary, proceeding sometimes from constitution, and is dis- 
 covered by its dull, heavy method of acting. Industry is 
 the reverse of tlutli ; activity, of laxinest ; expedition, of 
 sluggishness. 
 
 SLO'THHFUL, a. idle, lazy, sluggish, inactive, indolent, 
 dull of motion. 
 
 SLO'THFULNESS, ». idleness; laziness; inactivity. 
 
 SLOUCH, s. formerly spelt sloach ; [sli^, stupid, Dan.] 
 a downcast look. A person who has an ungainly, heavy, 
 clownish look. 
 
 To SLOUCH, V. n. to have a downcast clownish look. 
 
 SLO'VEN, s. [tjs/i/vn, nasty, shabby, Brit, slnef, Belg.] a 
 man who has no regard to neatness or cleanness of dress. 
 
 SLOVENLINESS, s. indecent negligence of dress ; neg- 
 lect of cleanliness. 
 
 SLO'VENLY, a. negligent of dress, neatness, or cleanli- 
 nnss. 
 
 SLO'VENLY, ad. in a coarse inelegant manner. 
 
 SLOUGH, {stuff) s. [slog, Sax.] a deep miry place; a hole 
 full of dirt. The skin which a serpent has cast off. The 
 foul part of a sore. 
 
 SLOU'GHY, o. miry ; boggy ; muddy. 
 
 SLOW, (j/o) a. [slaw, or sleaw, Sax.] wanting swiftness, 
 applied to motion. Late, applied to time. Dull, or inactive. 
 Not easily provoked. In composition, it has the sense of an 
 adverb. 
 
 SLO'WLY, nrf. not speedily ; not soon ; sluggishly. 
 
 SLO'WNESS, s. want of velocity; dulness to admit con- 
 viction ; dilatoriness; deliberation. 
 
 SLO'W-WORAI, t. [slawi/rm. Sax.] tlie blind worm ; a 
 email viper, whose sting is venomous, but scarcely mortal. 
 
 To SLU'BBER, v. a. [perhaps from lubber, or slobber] to 
 JO any thing in an imperfect or lazy manner, or with idle 
 hurry. To stain or daub. To cover in a coarse manner. 
 
 SLUDGE, s. mire, or dirt mixed with water. 
 
 SLUG, s. [slug, a glutton, Dan.] an idle, heavy, sleepy, and 
 lazy person ; a drone. An obstruction. A slow creeping 
 anaii. An oval or cylindrical piece of metal shot from a gun, 
 from slecg, Sai. a hammerhead. 
 
 To SLUG, V. n. to be lazy ; to move slowly ; to play the 
 drone. 
 
 SLU'GGARD, {slug-ard) s. an idler; a person too much 
 given, to slee-p and laziness ; a drone. 
 
 SLUGGISH, (_sli,g-ish) a. dull; lazy; drowsy; slothful; 
 slow; insijiiil ; idle; inert; inactive. 
 
 SLU'GGISHNE.SS, (sliig-ishness) s. sloth; laziness; dul- 
 ness ; inertness ; inactivity. 
 
 SLUICE, {sluce) s, .luyse, Belg. sclusa, Ital.] a Watergate; 
 floodgate ; vent for water that is pent up. 
 
 To SLUICE, (tluce) V. a. to let out by floodgates. To 
 wet with a large quantity of water. 
 
 SLU'ICY, a. (idling in streams as from a sluice or flood- 
 gate. " Sluicy rain." l)ryd. 
 
 To SLUMBER, v. n. [ilumeran. Sax. tluymeren, Belg.J to 
 sleep slightly or imperfectly. Figuratively, to be in a state 
 of negligence. Actively, to lay to sleep. To stun ; to 
 stupify. 
 
 SLU'MBER, i. light and imperfect sleep. 
 
 SLUNG, the preter. and part. pass, of Slino. 
 
 SLUNK, the prefer, and part. pass, of Si.ink. 
 
 To SLUU, V. a. [sloorig, nasty, Belg.J to sully ; to daub ; 
 to soil ; to contaminate ; to besjiatler. To pass lightly ; to 
 baulk or roiss. To cheat ; to trick. 
 
 SLUR, t. a faint reproach ; a disgrace ; a slight. 
 
 SLUT, I. [sloddt, Belg.] a woman who regards neither 
 cleanliness or decency in dress or business. A slattern ; a 
 nasty, dirty drab. 
 
 SLY, a. [i/i/A. deceitful. Sax.] secretly insidious, or mali* 
 cious ; meanly artful. Crafty ; cunning ; subtle. 
 
 SLY'NESS, s- the quality of being designingly artful. 
 See Sliness. 
 
 To SMACK, V. n. [imackan, Sax. smtcken, Belg.] to have 
 a taste. To make a noise by the sudden separation of the 
 lips after having pressed them strongly together. To kiss so 
 as so be heard. Actively, to make to emit a quick and 
 smart noise. 
 
 SMACK, ». [smaeck, Belg.] a taste, or savour. A small 
 quantity. A loud kiss. A smart and sharp noise. A small 
 ship, from snacca, Sai. or sneckra, Isl. 
 
 SMALL, (the a is pron. broad in this word and its follow- 
 ing compounds; as smaall) a. [small. Sax. »,mI, Belg.] little 
 in size, quantity, quality, importance, or value. Slender, 
 minute, petty. Weak, not strong. 
 
 SMA'LLAGE, s. ill botany, a plant, whose root, in me- 
 dicine, is one of the great openers. It is very good in gross 
 constitutions and infractions of the lungs, especially if eat 
 with oil and mustard; it may be agreeably mixed with 
 salads. 
 
 SMA'LLCOAL, j. little wood coals used in lighting 
 fires, &c. 
 
 SMA'LLCRAFT, s. a little vessel below the rank of a 
 ship. 
 
 SMALLNESS, s, littleness; want of bulk or strength. 
 
 SMALLPOX, J. a contagious disease, consisting of a 
 general eruption of pustules tending to suppuration, and ac« 
 companied with a fever. 
 
 SJIALT, s. a beautiful blue substance, produced from two 
 parts of zaffre being fused with three parts common salt, and 
 one part potash. 
 
 SMA'RAGDINE, a. [smaragdinus, Lat.] made of eme- 
 rald. 
 
 SMA'RDFN, a town in Kent, by the Medway, S miles 
 S. of Lenham, 10 miles S. E. of Maidstone, and 46 S. E. of 
 London. Market on Friday. 
 
 SMART, t. [smert, Belg. smaria, Swed.] a quick, sharp, 
 and pungent pain, applied both to the body and mind. 
 
 To SAI ART, V. n. [smerten, Belg. smeorlan. Sax.] to feel a 
 quick and lively pain, either of body or mind. 
 
 SMART, a. causing a harp pain ; pungent. Quick ; viva- 
 cious, vigorous, lively, active, sharp. Brisk ; witty ; acute. 
 
 SSIART, s. a person affecting briskness and vivacity. A 
 cant word. 
 
 SMA'RTLY, arf. sharply; briskly; wittily. 
 
 SMARTNESS, s. the quality of being smart ; quickness; 
 vigour. 
 
 SMATCH, s. [corrupted from imack] a taste, twang, tinc- 
 ture. Also a bird. 
 
 To SMA'TTEK, v. it. to have a slight taste, or superficial 
 knowledge. To t;ilk ignorantly or superficially. 
 
 SMA'TTER, s. imperfect or superficial knowledge. 
 
 SMA'TTERER, s. one who has a slight or superficial 
 knowledge. 
 
 To SJIEAR, (imeer) v. n. [smeran, Sax. smeeren, Belg.] to 
 spread with any thing viscous or adhesive. To soil; to 
 besmear ; to contamin ite. 
 
 SMEGMA'TIC, J. [from smegma, soap. Or.] soapy; de- 
 tersive. 
 
 To SMELL. V. n. to affect the nostrils ; to have a parti- 
 cular scent; to have a particular tincture of any quality ; 
 to practise the act of smelling ; to exercise sagacity. Ac- 
 tively, to deceive or discover by the nose; to find out by 
 mental sagacity. 
 
 SMELL, s. the sense of which the nose is the organ. 
 Scent ; power of atfecting the nose. 
 
 SME'LLEH, s. one who smells. 
 
 SMELT, the preter. and part. pass, of Shill.
 
 SMOO 
 
 SNAK 
 
 797 
 
 To SMELT, V. a. [smellen, Belg. tmalta, Isl.] to melt ore, 
 BO as to extract thu metal. 
 
 SMELT, s. a saiall fish of a very beautiful form and colour, 
 and esteemed a delicacy. It is common iti our seas, and in the 
 northern parts of Europe. 
 
 SME'LTER, s. one who melts ore. 
 
 To SMEHK, or SMIKK, r.a. [smercian, Sax.] to smile; 
 to look cheerfully, or wantonly. 
 
 SMI'CKET, s. a woman's shift. 
 
 To SMILE, V. n. [smuykn, lielg.] to look pleasant. To 
 express slight or disdain. To look with an eye of 
 favour. 
 
 SMILE, s. a look of pleasure or kindness ; a slight contrac* 
 tion of the face. 
 
 To SMIRCH, r. i. to cloud ; to dusk ; to soil. 
 
 To SMIRK, V. a. to look alTecledly soft or kind. 
 
 To SMITE, V. a. [pret. smole, part. pass, smil, or smitten; 
 smitan, Sax. imijttn, Belg.j to strike ; to kill ; to afflict ; to 
 blast; to affect with any passion ; to destroy ; to chasten, 
 Neuterly, to strike. " The knees unite together." Nahum. 
 
 SMl'TER, s. one who smites. 
 
 SMITH, s. [smith, Sax. smeth, Teut. smid, Belg.] one who 
 forges with a hammer ; one who works in metals. A person 
 who makes or effects any thing. 
 
 SMl'THERY, or SMITHY, j. [smithiheySax..] the shop of 
 a smith. 
 
 SMI'TTRN, part. pass, of Smite. 
 
 SMOCK, s. [smoc, Sax.] the under linen garment of a wo- 
 man. Used ludicrously for any thing belonging particularly 
 to a woman. 
 
 SMO'CKFACED, a. pale-faced; having an efTeminate 
 face. 
 
 SMOKE, or SMOAK, [smooch, Belg. smec, or trnoec, Sax.] 
 the sooty or blackish cluud which ascends from any thing 
 burning. 
 
 To SMOKE, V. n. to emit a dark cloud, exhalation, or va- 
 pour by heat. Figuratively, to burn or ()e khidled. To move 
 with such rapidity as to raise dust or smoke. To use tobacco 
 in a pipe. To suffer ; to be punished. Actively, to scent by, 
 or dry in, smoke. To smell or find out. To sneer, or ridicule 
 to one's face 
 
 SMO'KY, a emitting or having the appearance of 
 smoke. 
 
 3M0LENSK0, a city of Russia, capital of the govern- 
 ment of the same name. It is perhaps one of the most 
 extraordinary cities in the world, is situated on the banks of 
 the Dnieper, and extends over two mountains and the valley 
 between them. It is surroinided by walls 30 feet high and 
 15 thick ; the lower part of them is built of stone, the 
 upper of brick and their circumference is four miles and 
 three quarters. They are surmounted by towers three 
 stories high, placed at the angles, between which are others 
 of a smaller size; and in the plain, the walls are surrounded 
 by a deep ditch. The houses are mostly of wood, and little 
 better than cottages ; they are only of one story, except a 
 few scattered I ere and there, which are dignified with the 
 title of palaces. The city is divided through its whole 
 length by one straight, paved street, the others are cir- 
 cular, atid floored with planks. The cathedral stands on an 
 eminence, where there is a view of the whole city. The 
 alternate rising and sinking of the whIIs from the hiequality 
 of the ground, their Gothic architecture, and grotesque 
 towers, the stetplei rising above the trees, which conceal 
 the houses from the sight, the gardens, meadows, and corn- 
 fields, within the walls, all together form one of the most 
 singular, picturesque, and varied prospects. Notwithstand- 
 ing its extent, it contains only about 4000 inhabitants, and 
 has no manutactutes, but carries on, with Dantzic, Riga, 
 and the Ukraine, a pretty considerable traffic in linen, heoipj 
 honey, wax, leather, furs, &c. It is 197 miles N. E. or 
 Novogrodeck, and 230 N. of Kiow. Lat. 54. 50. N. Ion, 31. 
 82. E. 
 
 SMOOTH, a, [imoelh, Sax.] even on the surface ; level. 
 Flowing ; soft ; sleek. Glossy. Equal. Without any 
 
 bounds or jerks, applied to motion. Mild, courteous, 
 adulatory, affable, soothinif. Svnon. That which is not 
 rough is smooth ; that which is free from either hollows or 
 risings is level. 
 
 To SMOOTH, V. a. to level, or make even on the surface. 
 To free from obstructions. To free from harshness, applied to 
 sound. To work into a soft uniform mass. To palliate or 
 soften, applied to excuse. To calm or mollify. To case To 
 flatter ; to soften with blandishments. 
 
 SMOOTHLY, ad. evenly ; not roughly. Readily. 
 
 SMOOTHNESS, *. evenness on the surface; softness of 
 speech. 
 
 SMOTE, prefer, of Smite. 
 
 To SMO'IHER, ». a. [trnoren, Sax.] to stiffocate by smoke, 
 by the exclusion of air, or by the oppression of something 
 which hinders a person from breathing. Figuratively, to sup- 
 press. Neuterly, to smoke without vent. To be suppressed 
 or kept close. 
 
 SMO'THER, J. a great vapour, smoke, or thick dust. 
 
 SMOU'LDERING, or SMOU'LDRY, part. a. [smoel, hot, 
 Belg.] burning and smoking for want of vent. 
 
 SMUG, a. [smuch, dress, Belg.] nice ; spruce; dressed with 
 affected nicents!,.but without elegance. 
 
 To SMUGGLE, {smUgl) v. a. [smockden, Belg.] to import 
 or export goods without paying the customs. 
 
 SAIU'GGLER, s. one who imports or exports goods without 
 payhjg the customs. 
 
 SMUT, s, [smtlta, Sax. tmetle, Belg.] a spot made with 
 soot or coal. Blackness gathered ou corn ; mildew. Immo- 
 dest language ; obscenity. 
 
 To SMUT, V. a. to stain or matk with soot or coal. To 
 tahit with mildew. Neuterly, to gather snuit. 
 
 To SMUTCH, V. a. to biflcken with smoke. 
 
 SMU TTINESS, s. soil from smoke. Obsceneness. 
 
 SMU'TTY, a. black with smoke or coal; tainted with mil- 
 dew ; obscene, immodest. 
 
 SMYRNA, a sea port town of N.itolia, in Asiatic Turkey,, 
 and one of the largest and richest places of the Levant. It 
 was built by the Eohans, and was a famous city as early as 
 the time of Homer, A. M. 3000. About the time of our 
 Saviour's birth, it was one of the most wealthy and populous 
 cities in Lesser Asia ; nor, except Ephesus, was any more 
 honoured and favoured by the Romans. 'The commodities 
 brought here for exportation are, thread made of goat's hair, 
 silk, cotton yarn, cotton in bags, and various kinds of drugs, 
 and all .-orts of carpets. A Christian church was planted here 
 very early ; and whatever persecution they suffered from Jews 
 or Gentiles, they maintained the Christian faith with such 
 exactness, that in the divine epistle sent them by John, there 
 is not a sentence of reproof but of praise and direction. Rev. ii. 
 8, 9, 10 ; and ever suice, Christianity has continued in this 
 place. It is the see of 3 bishops, one Greek, the other Latin,, 
 and the third Armenian. This city is about t miles hi cir- 
 cumference. It it 183 miles W. by S. of Constantinople. 
 Lat. 38. 28. N. Ion. 27. 25. E. 
 
 SNACK, s. [from snatch} a share ; a portion. 
 
 SNA'f FLE, (snafl) s. Itnavel, the nose, Belg.] a bridle 
 which crosses the nose. 
 
 SNAG, ». a jag, or sharp protuberance. A tooth left by it- 
 self, or standing out beyond the rest. 
 
 SNAIL, s. [snoe^el, Sax. tnegel, Belg.] a slimy, slow, creep- 
 ing animal, of which there are two sorts, the naked and the 
 shelled. Figuratively, a slow or sluggish person ; a drone. 
 
 SNAI'LSHELL, s. in botany, the medicago of Linnieus. 
 There are three British species. The genus has derived its 
 name from the curious construction of its seedvessel. 
 
 SNAITH, a town in the W. Riding of Yorkshire, with a 
 market on Friday. It is a small town, and seated on the river 
 Air. It is 169 miles N. by W. of London. 
 
 SNAKE, J. [snake, Belg. snaca, Sax.] is a harmless animal, 
 and might be kept tame in houses to desuoy vermin. Its flesh 
 is restorative, like that of the viper. 
 
 SNA'KEWEED, s. the polygonum of Linnseus. There 
 are ten British species All the species flower iu the eum-
 
 798 
 
 SNIT 
 
 SOAK 
 
 mer months. The pepper stiakeweed is said to cure little ap- 
 thous ulcers in the mouth, and to dye wool yellow. 
 
 SNA'KY, a. serpentine ; haring serpents. 
 
 To SNAP, I', a. to break at once, or to break short. To 
 strike with a sharp sound. To bite. To catch suddenly and 
 unexpectedly. To treat with sharp language, from snap/ien, 
 Belg. Neuterly, to be brittle, to break short, or fall asunder. 
 To make an effort to bite with eaijerness. 
 
 SNAP, s. the act of breaking short. A greedy person. A 
 quick eager bite. A morsel or bite. A catch ; a theft. 
 
 SNA'PDRAGON, a. a genus of plants of which there 
 are two species ; the greater and the less. They flower in 
 June and August. A kind of play. in which brandy is set 
 oh fire, and raisins thrown into it, which those who are 
 unused to the sport are afraid to take out; but which may be 
 safely snatched by a quick motion, and ptit blazing into 
 the mouth, which being closed, the fire is at once extin- 
 guished. 
 
 SNA'PPISH, a. peevish ; sharp in reply ; eager to bite. 
 
 SXA'PSACK, s. [snappsack, Swed:] a soldier's bag. 
 
 SNARE, ». [snare, Dan. snara, Swed. and Isl. snoor, Belg] 
 any thing set to catch an animal. Any thing by which a per- 
 son is entrapped, or brought unwarily hito danger. A trap; 
 a net; a gin. 
 
 ToSNARE, n. a. to entrap; to entangle. 
 
 To SNARL, V. n. [snarren, Belg.] to growl, applied to the 
 noise made by an angry animal ; to gnar or gnari. Figura- 
 tively, to speak rougldy or in sharp h.i guage. 
 
 To SNATCH, V. n. \suacken, Belg.] to seize any thing has- 
 tily. To transport or carry suddenly. Neuterly, to bite or 
 catch at something eagerly. 
 
 SNATCH, s. a hasty and eager catch or seizure. A short 
 fit of vigorous action. A small or broken part. A short fit 
 of action. A sniffling answer. 
 
 SNA'TCHER, s. one that snatches. 
 
 To SNEAK, {sneek) v. n. [snican. Sax. tnige, Dan.] to 
 creep, slily ; to come or go as if afraid to be seen. To behave 
 in a mean and servile manner ; to crouch ; to truckle. 
 
 SNEA'KKR, {sneeker) s. a small vessel of drink. 
 
 SNEAKING, (iHciVung) pari. a. servile; mean. Covetous, 
 niggardly. 
 
 To SNEAF, {sneep) v. a. [a corruption of snip, or snap, to 
 reprimand] to reprimand or check. To nip. 
 
 SNEAP, {snecp) s. a check or reprimand. 
 
 To SNEER, V. n. [properly derived from the same root as 
 snore, 01 snor(] to show contempt by an oblique look. To in- 
 sinuate contempt by covert expressions. To praise in a jeering 
 manner. To show awkward mirth. 
 
 SNEER, s. an expression of ludicrous scorn. A look of 
 contemptuous ridicule. 
 
 To .SNEEZE, v.a. [niesan,SaZ: niejen, Belg.] to expel wind 
 forcibly ard audibly through the nose. 
 
 SNEE'ZEWORT, s. a sort of yarrow, called also goose- 
 tongue, and bastard pellitory. Tlie plant is so named from the 
 powdered leaves exciting sneezing. 
 
 SNET, s. among hmiters, the fat of a deer. 
 
 SNE'TSHAJI, a town of Norfolk, seated on an inlet 
 of the sea. Ul miles N. by E. of London. Market on 
 Friday. 
 
 To SNIB, V, a. [snihhc, Dan.] to check, nip, or reprimand. 
 ' SNICK AND SNEE, «. a combat with knives. 
 
 To SNI'CKEU, or SNI'GGER, v. n. to laugh silly or con- 
 temptuously ; to laugh in one's sleeve. 
 
 To SNIFF, or SNl'FFLE, «. n. \tniffa, Swed.] to draw the 
 breath audibly up the nose ; to SmilFup. 
 
 To SNl'GGLE, («»ia'0 v. n. to catch eels in their holes by 
 means of a hook baited and tii d to a conl. 
 
 To SNIP, V. a. [snippcn, Belg.] to cut at once with scissars. 
 
 SNIP, s. a cut made with scissars. A smull shred. A 
 share. 
 
 SNIPE, J. [saeppe, Teut. tnite, Sax.] a small fen fojvl with a 
 lone bill. Figuratively, a fool or IiIih kh<'ud. 
 
 SNI'I'SNAP, *. tart dialogue. A cant word. 
 
 To SNITE, V. a. [sni/lan. Sax.] to blow the nose. 
 
 SNI'VEL, s. [itrmel, or inevel, Teut.] the viscous humotir 
 
 of the nose ; snot. 
 
 To SNIVEL, ti. n. to run at the nose. Figuratively, to cry 
 like a child. 
 
 To SNORE, V. 71. [tnorcken, Belg.] to breathe audibly 
 through the nose in sleep. 
 
 SNORE, s. [snora, Sax.] an hard and audible breathing 
 through the iio>e in sleep. 
 
 To SNORT, V. n. [snorckeri, Belg.] to breathe short and 
 audibly through the nose like a high-mettled horse. 
 
 SNOT, s. [ snot, Beig. snote. Sax.] the viscous humour of 
 the nose. 
 
 SNO'TTY, a. abounding with the muc\is of the nose. 
 
 SNOUT, s. {snuyt, Belg.] the nose of a hog, Stc. The 
 nose of a man, in contempt. The noset or end of any open 
 pipe. 
 
 SNOW, {snii) s. \snaw. Sax. inee, Belg.] a meteor formed in 
 the middle region of the air of vapours raised by the sun, &c. 
 whose parts are there congealed, and returned to the earth in 
 white flihkes. 
 
 To SNOW, (jna) V. n. [inawan, Sax.] to fall into white 
 flakes. 
 
 SNO'WBALL, s. a round lump of congelated snow. 
 
 SNO WDEN, a famous mountain in Carnarvonshire, in N. 
 Wales, which occupies the centre of the county. On the top 
 there are bogs, and two lakes that abound with fish, particu- 
 larly the char and the guinard. Its height, reckoning from 
 the quay of Carnarvon'' to its highest peak, is S568 feet. 
 From the summit may be seen a part of Ireland, of Scot- 
 land, and of Cumberland, Lancashire, Cheshire, and all 
 North Wales, the Irish and British seaa, and a vast number 
 of lakes. 
 
 SNOWDROP, s. a plant with bulbous roots, found wild 
 near Cirencester, in Gloucestershire, and plentifully at the foot 
 of Malvern hills, Worcestershire. It becomes double in gar- 
 dens, and flowers from February to April. 
 
 SNO'WY, {sno-i/) a. abounding with snow. White as 
 snow. 
 
 SNUB, [snebbe, a nose, Belg.] a jag or knot in wood. A 
 check or reprimand. 
 
 To SNUB, see Smb. 
 
 To SNUDGE, V. n. [sniper, Dan.] to lie idle, close, or 
 snug. 
 
 SNUFF, [snuf snot, Belg.] that part of the wick of a 
 candle which is burnt black, and becomes useless. A can(ile 
 almost burnt out. Resentment expressed by snuffing. To- 
 bacco groufid to powder, and taken up the nose. 
 
 To SNUFF, V. a. [snvffin, Belg.] to draw up the nose to- 
 gether with the breath. To scent. To crop the wick of a 
 candle. Neuterly, to snort, or draw the breath by tlie 
 nose. To show contempt by drawing the breatli audibly up 
 the nose. 
 
 SNUFFBOX, s. a box in which snufTis carried. 
 
 SNU'FFER,». one who snuff. 
 
 SNU'FFERS, s. an instrument with whicli the wick of a 
 burning candle is clipped. 
 
 To SNU'FFLE, (s'luj/) v. n. [smijfelen, Belg.] to speak 
 through the nose; to bnallie hard ihrongh the nose. 
 
 SNU'FFLER, s. one who speaks through the Jiose. 
 
 To SNUG, V. n. [snigxr, Bt-lg.] to lie close ; to snudge. 
 
 SNUG, II. close, or free from inconver.ience or notice, 
 Slily or insidiously cIospj 
 
 To SNU'GGLE, {snii^l) «. n. to lie close together; to lie 
 warm. 
 
 SO, ad. [sn, Teut. too, Belg.] when answering to asy in like 
 maimer. In such a degree or manner. Thus. For this 
 cause or reason. When answered by as, on these terms, or 
 on thi:-- condiiion. Provided that. When used as an abrupt 
 beginning of a sentence, it implies well. So much us, implies 
 how nuich soever. So so, implies indifferently; also an ei^ 
 clamation alter soniediing done or umilteil. So then, implies 
 thereliire. 
 
 To SOAK, {sOk) V. n. [socian, Snx.l to lie some time steep- 
 ed in niuis'.ure. To enter by degrees into the pores. TO
 
 so CI 
 
 SOFT 
 
 m 
 
 drink iiitemperately. Actively, to steep; to keep in water till 
 the mnisture penetrates ; to drench to macerate. 
 
 SOAP, (su/j) .5. [sa/K, Sax. tapo, I^at.] a siihstance uaed in 
 washing, m.idu ol' lixivium of vegetable alkaline ashes and 
 some unctuous sniistancc. 
 
 SO'AI'BOILKU, s. one who makes soap. 
 
 SO'APWOUT, s. a plant, called also hruisewort. The 
 Germans use it instead of sasaparilla in venereal com- 
 plaints. 
 
 To SOAR, (s'tr) V. n. [sorar?, Ital.l to fly or mount aloft 
 without any visible motion of the wiiig3. To mount or rise 
 high. To mount intellectually ; to be ambitious; to write or 
 speak in a sublime style. 
 
 SOAR, s. a towering flight. 
 
 To SOB, V. n. \seol), roniplaining, Sax.] to fetch a convul- 
 sive sigh ; to heave audibly with i:onvulsive sorrow. 
 
 SOB, s, a convulsive sigh caused by sorrow obstructing the 
 respiratioii. 
 
 SO'BER, a. \aubre, Fr. sohrius, Lat.] temperate, or not in- 
 toxicated with liquor.i. Not overpowered by drink. Free 
 from any inordinate passion. S.-rious or grave. Synon. A 
 man may be sober, and not temperate ; temperate, and yet not 
 abstemious. In lliat sense in which these words are reputed 
 synonymous, sobriety im|jlies present freedom from the power 
 of strong liquiir ; ^cm/wrn/ire, signifies moderation in drinking; 
 and by abstemiousness is miderstood a refrauiing from all sorts 
 of liquors that may intoxicate. 
 
 To SO'KF.R, II. a. tn cure or free from drunkenness. 
 
 SO'BKRLY, aJ. temperately ; moderately ; calmly. 
 
 SO'BERN KSS, or SOBRI'ETY, s. [sobrieti, Fr.] temperance 
 in drink. Freedom from any inordhiate passion. Coolness, 
 Seriousness ; gravity. 
 
 SO'CCAt.E, {sbl:ye) s. [from sue, a ploughshare, Fr.] is an 
 antient tenure, by which lands were held on condition of 
 ploughing the lord's lands, and doing the operations of hus- 
 bandry, at their own cli Jvges. 
 
 SO'CIABLE, {soahiuble) a. [Fr. sociabilis, from sociits, a com- 
 panion, Lat.] fit to be joined together. Friendly j conversible. 
 Inclined to and lit fir companv. 
 
 SO'CIABLENESS, {sbsbia'blencsi) s. the qualify of being 
 afiable; freedom of conversation; good fellowship, 
 
 SO'CIABLY. ad. conversibly ; as a companion. 
 
 SO'CIAL, (tusbiiU) a. [socia/is, from sociui, a comi>anion, 
 Lat.] relating lo society. Fit for company or conversation. 
 Si'NON. 5oc;a/ relates more to a Cliristiaii-like disposition; 
 snrialile, more to a familiar one. Humanity, benevolence, 
 beneficence, friendship, &c. are the social virtue.'' ; good- 
 nature, good humour, &c. are the qualities that render 
 sociable. 
 
 SOCIETY, s. [snciele, Fr. societds, from socius, a compa- 
 nion, Lat.] the union of many in one common interest. Several 
 persons united together by rules in one common interest; 
 community. Company ; converse. Partnership ; union on 
 equal terms. 
 
 SOCI'ETY ISLES, a cluster of isles, discovered by cap- 
 tain Cook, in 1769, and so named by him, because they lie 
 contiguous to each other. They are situated between the 
 latitudes of 16. 10. and 16. 25. S. and between the lon- 
 gitudes of 150. 57. and 152. W. They are six in number; 
 namely, Huaheine, Ulietea, Otaha, Bolabola, Maroua, 
 and Toobaee. The soil, productions, people, their language, 
 religion, customs, and rrianners, are nearly the same as at 
 Otaheite. 
 
 SOCI'NIANS, a sect of heretics, so called from their 
 founder Fauslus Socinus, a native of Sienna, in Italy; who 
 about the year 1574 began openly to declare against the 
 Catholic Faith, and taught, 1. That the eternal Father was 
 the only God ; t'at the Word was no more than an expres- 
 sion ot the Godhead, and had not existed from all eternity ; 
 and that Jesus Christ was God no otherwise than by his su- 
 periority over all creatures, which were put into subjection 
 to him by the Father. 2. That Jesus Christ was not a Me- 
 diator between God and man, but sent into the world to 
 serve as a pattern for their conduct ; and that he ascended. 
 
 up to heaven only a.i it were to take a journey thithor. 3. 
 That the pu'iislmient of hell will last but tor u certain tiuie, 
 after which the body and tioul will be destroyed. And i. That 
 it is not lawful for princes to make war. 
 
 SOCK, s. [soce, .Sax. soccut, Lat. socke, Belg.) something put 
 in a shoe between the sole and the fool. Tlie tJrue of tht an- 
 cient comedians. Poetically, comedy. 
 
 SO'CKET, s. [souchettt, Fr.] any hollow pipe ; gene- 
 rally a|)plied to the hollow part of a canillestick. The 
 hollow that contains the eye. A cavity in which any thing 
 is inserted. 
 
 SO'CKETCHISEL, s. a stronger sort of chisel. 
 
 SO'CLE, or ZO CLE, s. in architecture, is a flat square 
 member, under the bases of Uddestals of statues, vases, &c. 
 which serves as a foot or stamf. 
 
 SOCOTO'RA, a pojiulous fruitful island in the Arabian saa, 
 about 30 miles in hiigth, and 20 in breadth. Itn produce con- 
 sists in fine aloes, frankincen.sn, ainbergrease, dragon's bloed, 
 rice, dates, and coral. Lat. 12. 15. N. Ion. 54. E. 
 
 SOD, s. [sued, Belg.] a turf or clod. 
 
 SOD, preter. SiiEriit. 
 
 SODA, a. [Lat.] in medicine, is the heat of the stomach, 
 a troublesome distemper, commonly called the heartburn. In 
 chymistry, an alkali, the basis of sea salt. 
 
 SODA'LI I Y, s. [sodulilas, Lat.] a fellowship ; a fraternity. 
 
 SO'DBURY, a town hi Gloucestershire, with a market on 
 Thursday, which is large for corn and cheese. It is 112 miles 
 W. of London. 
 
 SO'DDE.V, part, pas.s. of .Seethe. 
 
 To SO DER, or SOLDER, u. a. [sonder, Fr. but generally 
 spelt solder, and then derived from suldare, Ital. or Jc/»Jo, Lat.] 
 to cement or join by met il. 
 
 SO'DER, or SOLDER, s. metal used in johiing things 
 together. 
 
 SO'DIUM, s. in chymistry, a metallic substance obtamed 
 from soda. 
 
 SO'DOJI, formerly a city of Asia, situated on a plain, now 
 under water, in wliat is called the Dead Sea, or Lake Asphai- 
 tites, ill .Tudea. 
 
 SO'DO.MY, s. a .sin of the flesh against nature; so called 
 because committed by the inhabitants of Sodom. 
 
 SO'DOR, a little village in ColumbkiU, one of the western 
 Isles of Scotland, near that of JIull. It was loimerly a bishoj>'.s 
 see, which comprehended all the islands, together with the 
 Isle of Man, for which reason the fiisliop is still called the 
 bishop of Sodor and Man. 
 
 SOEVER, aJ. at all ; any; generally used in composition 
 with some pronoun or adverb. 
 
 SOFA, «. [Arab.] a spKiidid seat covered with carpets. 
 
 SOFALA, or Cefala, a kingdom of Africa, lying on 
 the coast of Mozambique, near Zaiiguebar. It is bounded 
 on the N. by Monopotopa ; on the E. by the Mosambique 
 sea ; on the S. by the kingdom of Sabia, and on the W. by 
 that of ]\Ianica. It contains mines of gold and iron, and 
 a great number of elephants. Honey here is in such plenty, 
 that a part of it lies neglected. It is governed by a king, 
 tributary to the Portuguese, who built a fort at the princi- 
 pal town, which is of the same name, and of great hnportance 
 for their trade to the East Indies. It is seated in a small 
 island, near the mouth of a river. Lat. 20. 20. S. Ion. 3,5. 
 40. E. 
 
 SOFI'A, or Sophia, a commercial, populous, and well built 
 city of Turkey, in Europe, capital of Bulgaria, originally 
 built by the emperor Justinian, on the ruins of the antient Sar- 
 dica. The streets, however, are narrow, uneven, and dirty. 
 It is 164 miles W. N. W. of Adrianople. 
 
 SOFT, a. [soft. Sax. iofl, Belg.] easily yielding lo the touch, 
 opposed to hard. Sumptuous or delicate, applied to dress. 
 Ductile; yielding j facile. Alild; meek; tender; placid; 
 kind. Timorous. Easy or gentle, applied to motion. Effe- 
 minately nice. Delicate. Weak; simple. Smooth; flowing. 
 Gentle ; low ; not loud. Complaisant. 
 
 SOFT, interj. stop ! hold ! not so fast J 
 
 To SO'FTEN, V. a. to make soft; to nsake less hard
 
 «00 
 
 SOLE 
 
 SOLS 
 
 To mollify, compose, or make lesi angry or fierce. To 
 affect with pity. To make lees liarsh. Neuterly, to grow 
 less hard, lesb cruel, or less obstinate. To yield to any 
 impression. 
 
 SCFTGRASS, t. in botany, the hiilcus of Linnaeus. Male, 
 female, and hermaphrodite flowers, grow on the same plant. 
 
 SO'FTL Y, ad. without hardness ; nor forcibly ; not loud- 
 ly ; gently ; tenderly ; mildly. 
 
 SO'FTNER, 3. that which makes soft. One who pal- 
 liates. 
 
 SO'FTNESS, s. the quality of being soft. Mildness; 
 civility ; gentleness. Pusillanimity. Easiness to be af- 
 fected. 
 
 SO'HAM, or Soham-momks, a town of Cambridgeshire, 
 which has a market on Saturday. It is seated on a fen of the 
 same name, near Soham Meer, which takes up 1000 acres of 
 land. It is 70 miles N. by E. of London. 
 
 SOHO' interj. a form of calling at a distance. 
 
 To SOIL, D. a. [silian, Sax. soelen, old Teut. soutller, Fr.] 
 to make dirty ; to stain ; to pollute ; to sully ; to foul. To 
 dung; to manure. 
 
 SOIL, s. dirt or foulnes. Ground, or earth considered with 
 respect to its qualities for growth. A country or land. Dung ; 
 compost ; manure. 
 
 SOlSSONS, an antient, large, and considerable city in 
 the dept. of Aisne. It contains about 12,000 inhabitants, 
 and is a bishop's see. The environs are beautiful, but the 
 streets are narrow, and the houses ill-built. It is seated in a 
 very pleasant and fertile valley, on the river Aisne, 3o miles 
 W. by N. of Kheims, and 60 N. E. of Paris. Lat. +9. 23. N. 
 Ion. S. 21. E. 
 
 To SO'JOURN, {sojourn) v. n. [sejourner, Fr.J to dwell in 
 a foreign country for a time. 
 
 SO'JOURNER, J. a temporary dweller. 
 
 SOL, s. in music, is the fifth note of the gamut. In astro- 
 nomy, agtrulogy, &c. it is the sun. In chemistry, gold is thus 
 called, from an opinion that this metal is in a [)articular man- 
 ner under the influence of the sun. In heraldry, it denotes, Or, 
 the golden colour in the arras of princes. 
 
 SOL, or SOU, s. is a Freiich cohi made up of copper mixed 
 with a little silver. 
 
 To SO'LACE, V. a. [from solatium, Lat.] to comfort, or 
 make a person li'ss .sensible of calamity. Neuterly, to take 
 comfort. Obsolete in this last sense. 
 
 SO'LACE, J. [solatium, Lat.] comfort; succour; relief; 
 consolation. Any thing which renders a person less sensible 
 of calamity. 
 
 SOLA'NDER, s. [soulandres, Fr.] a disease in horses. 
 
 SO'LAR, or SO'LARY, a. [suluire, Fr. Solaris, from sol, the 
 gun, Lat.] being of, or belonging to the sun ; measured by the 
 sun. 
 
 SO'LAR-SYSTEM, s. in astronomy, a collective term for 
 the sun with the planets and comets which revolve round 
 him. 
 
 SOLD, preter. Sell. 
 
 SO'LDAN, «. See Sultan. 
 
 To SOLDER, t>. a. See Sodeb. 
 
 SO'LDlEli, t. [soliJarius, low Lat.] a person who serves 
 under a commander in an army, originally hired to fight for 
 pay ; a warrior. 
 
 SO'LDIERY s. the body of soldiers. 
 
 SOLE, s, [solum, Lat.] the bottom of the foot. Figurativer 
 ly, the foot. That part of the shoe which rests on tlie ground. 
 Aflat fish. 
 
 To SOLE, V. a. to put a new sole on a shoe. 
 
 SOLE, a. [solus, Lat.] single ; only. In law, not married, 
 
 SO'LECISM, f. [solaikismos, from .50/01, the na.ne of a peo- 
 ple who spoke very bad Greek, Gr.] an impropriety in lan- 
 guage by the mis.ipplication of words. SvNON. A barbarism 
 may be in one word; a solecism must be of more. 
 
 SO'LELY, ad. singly ; only. 
 
 SO'LE.MN, {toleni)a. [solemnis, Lat.] grave; awful; per- 
 formed with reverence and pravily. 
 
 SOLE'MNITY, or SO'LEJINE§S, 3. [solemniti, Fr.] a 
 
 religious, grave, or awful ceremony or procession. Gravity. 
 Awful grandeur. Affected gravity. 
 
 SOLEMNIZA'TION, s. the act of celebrating. 
 
 To SO'LEMNIZE, v. a. [sokmnitsr, Fr.J to perform the 
 ceremonies of any particular rite. To celebrate. 
 
 SO'LEMNLY, ad. with formal gravity ; with religious se- 
 riousness. 
 
 SOLE'URE, a canton of Switzerland, bounded on the N. 
 by the canton and bishopric of Basle or Bazle ; on the E. and 
 S. by the canton of Berne ; anil on the W. by the same, and 
 the territories of the bishopric of Basle. It is 35 miles in length 
 from N. to S. 25 in breadth from E. to W. and contains 12 
 bailiwicks. The inhabitants are Roman Catholics, and the 
 country abounds in all the necessaries of life. 
 
 SOL-FA-ING, in music, the naming and pronouncing of 
 the several notes of a song, by the syllables sol, J'u, la, &c. ill 
 learning to sing it. It is now in disuse, as a perplexing mode 
 of learning. 
 
 To SOLICIT, V. a. [solicito, Lat.] to ask with great impor- 
 tunity. To excite. To attempt or try to obtain. To implore. 
 To disturb, or disquiet. 
 
 SOLICITATION, s. importunity ; invitation ; excite- 
 ment. 
 
 SOLI'CITOR, s. a petitioner for another. In law, a per- 
 son who does in Chancery the busiiiesj which is done by at- 
 tornies in other courts. Solicitor general is a great oflScer of 
 the law, next to the Attorney General, and holds his office by 
 patent ; has the management of the king's affairs, and has fees 
 for pleading, besides otliers arising by patents, &c. 
 
 SOLI'CrrOUS, a. [soltcHus, Lat.] anxious, careful, or con- 
 cerned; used with about ; and sometimes with for or of be- 
 fore the thing which causes anxiety ; but for is most proper 
 before something which is to be obtained. 
 
 SOLI'CITOU.SLY, ad. anxiously ; carefully. 
 
 SOLI'CITUDE, s. [xoli^■itudo, from solicito, to disquiet, 
 Lat,] anxiety ; trouble. 
 
 SU'LID, a. [soltde, Fr. solidus, Lat.] firm ; having its parts 
 so closely coiniecteil, as not to slip or give way on pressure, 
 opposed to fluid. Compact, or full of matter, opposed to hol- 
 low. Strong, opposed to weak. Real or true, opposed to 
 fallacious. Gross, opposed to light. Solids, m anatomy, &c. 
 denote the contingent parts of the human body ; being a con- 
 geries of pipes or vessels, which contain a liquor. 
 
 SU'LID s. a thing whose parts will not give way to any 
 slight impression. In geometry, the third species of magnitude, 
 containing length, bre.idth and depth. 
 
 SOLI'DITY, or SO'LIDNESS, t. [solidile, Fr. solidilas, 
 from solidus, solid, Lat.] a property of matter whereby it ex- 
 cludes other bodies from the place which it possesses itself. 
 Firmness; density; hardness; compactness. Truth; 
 certainty. 
 
 SOL I'LOQUY, *. [from solus, alone, and /oyiior, to speak, 
 Lat.] a discourse held in solitude, or by a person who utters 
 his thoughts in words, though no one is prekiiit. 
 
 SOLITAIRE,*. [si,litaii-e, Fr.] a recluse or hermit. An 
 ornament lor the neck. 
 
 SO'LITARILY, ad. with loneliness; without company. 
 
 SOLITARY, a. [solitaire, Fr. solitarius, from I lus, alone, 
 Lat.J living alone. Remote from company ; retired. Single. 
 Gloomy ; dismal. 
 
 SO'LITUDE, s. [Fr. solitudo, from solus, alone, Lat.] the 
 state of a per.son who Is at a distance from company. A place 
 remote from company, or any popidous city. 
 
 SO'LLAR, s. [solarium, low Lat.] a garret. 
 
 SO'LO, «• [Ital.] a tune sung by a single person, or played 
 by a single instrument. 
 
 SOLO.MON'S SEAL, s. a species of bellwort with white 
 funnel-shaped blossoms, and alternate leaves embr.icing the 
 stem. The sweet smelling Solomon's seal is found in fissureH 
 of rocks in Yorkshire, flowering in May and .June. 
 
 SO'LSTICE, s. [solstice, Fr. tolstilium, from sol, the sim, 
 and ito, to stand, Lat.] in astronomy, is lh:it time, when the 
 gun is at his greatest distance from the iquator ; thus called, 
 because he then appears to stand still, and not to change hi*
 
 SOM 
 
 SOR 
 
 dislniice from the equator for sonic time. The Suhtices mc two 
 in each year; one in tlie summer, ami the other in the winter. 
 Ilie summer Sohtict; is when the sun seems to describe the 
 tropic of Cancer, which is on June 21, when he makes llie 
 longest (lay ; the winter Solstice iswhen llic sun enters tlic 
 first degree, or seems to describe tlie tropic of Capricorn, 
 whicli is on December 21, when he makes the shortest 
 dav.. 
 
 Solstitial, {soUtiMai) a. \sohticiai, Fr.j belonging 
 
 to tlie solstice ; happening at the solstice. 
 
 SOLUBLE, a. [suliMis, from suhn, to tlissolve, Lat.] 
 capable of having its parts separated or dissolved. 
 
 SOLUBI'LITY, s, capable of bein;^ separated or 
 dissolved. 
 
 To SOLVE, V. a. \toho, Lat.] to clear or explain any thing 
 ditticult. 
 SOLVENCY, f. ability to pay. 
 
 SOLVENT, a. [from solvo, to dissolve or pay, Lat. J hav- 
 ing the power to cause diesolution. Able to pay debts 
 contracted. 
 
 SOLU'TION, (solushon) s. [Fr. tolutio, from soh'o, to 
 dissolve, Lat.] the act of explaining any thing ditiicidt. The 
 act of separating or dissolving. Any thing whose parts are 
 separated or dissolved. 
 
 SOLYIIULL, a small town in Warwickshire, 6 miles W. 
 of Coventry, and 107 N. W. of London. Market, tlisused. 
 SOMATO'LOGY, s. [from soma, a body, and logos, a 
 d iscowsp, Gr.j the doctrine of bodies. 
 
 SOME, (the o in this w*ird and its derivatives is pron. 
 short) a. {saam, Belg.J is used in composition after adjec- 
 tives, and implies quality or property of any thing. 
 
 SOME, a. [i(iTO,Sax. and Dan. «"»),Teut. sumo, Goth.] more 
 or less, useil indeterm.'nately. Certain persons. One, or 
 any. 
 SO'MEBODY, s. a person. A person of dignity. 
 SO'.MEHOW, ad. one way or another ; 1 know not 
 how. 
 
 SO'MERSAULT, or SOMERSET, s. [sommer, a beam, 
 and sault, Fr. a leap. Somerset is only a corruption] a leap 
 by which a person flings himself from or over a beam, and 
 turns over his head at the same lime. 
 
 SOMERSETSHIRE, a county of England, bounded on 
 the N. VV. by the Bristol Channel ; on the N. by Glouces- 
 tershire, from which it is divided by the Avon; on the E. 
 by Wiltshire, on the S. E. by Dorsetshire, and on the S. W. 
 by Devonshire. Its length, from N. E. to S. W. is about 65 
 miles, and its breadth from E, to W. between 30 and 40. 
 It is divided into 40 hundreds, which contain 3 cities, 33 
 market-towns, 482 parishes, about 56,000 houses,and 300,000 
 inhabitants. The air, in the lower grounds, is universally 
 mild, and generally wholesome. The principal rivers are 
 llie Parret, Ivel, Chew, Axe, Thone, Brent, Exe, Frome, 
 and Avon. The Mendip hills afford abundance of coal and 
 minerals ; and Chedder is celebrated for its cheeses. The 
 best goose feathers for oeds corae from the Somerset marshes; 
 the unfeeling inhabitants, however, often pluck the poor 
 birds while yet living. Red and yellow ochre are found 
 here, and cyder is a common product of this county ; it has 
 also a considerable share in the manufacture of tine cloths, 
 druggets, shalloons, knit stockings, &c. 
 
 SOMERTON, a town of Somersetshire, formerly a con- 
 siderable place, from which the county took its name. It 
 i»,at present pretty large, and the market considerable for 
 corn, provision, sheep, and cattle. It is 13 miles S. of Wells, 
 and 123 W. by S. of London. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 SOMETHING, s. [sumtliin^, Sax.] more than nothing. 
 A part. More or less. Adverbially, in some degree. 
 SOMETIME, arf. formerly ; once. At some period. 
 SOMETIMES, arf. now ami then; at particular times. 
 SO'MEWHAT, ad. in some degree. Substantively, 
 something ; a part greater or less. 
 SO'M EWHERE, ad. in some place or other. 
 SOMNA'MBULI, s. |Lat.] persons who walk in their 
 Jcen. 
 
 5K 
 
 SOMNI'FERGUS, a. [from sommi*, sleep, and fero, (o 
 bring, Lat. I causing sleep ; soporific; narcotic. 
 
 SOMNOLENCY, t. [from somnus, sleep, Lat.] sleepi- 
 ness. 
 
 SON, {s'lin) s. [sima. Sax. tohn, Teut. ton, Swed. Itiie, Belg.J 
 a niyle child. A native. 
 SO'.\-IN-LAW, s. a man married to one's daughter. 
 SONATA, s. [Ital.j a tunc iiilcnde<l to lie performed by 
 instruments only, and in which, as in the cantata, the com- 
 poser docs not confine himself 10 any general rides of coud- 
 terpoinr, but gives a more free scope to his genius. 
 
 SON(i, *. [from ^cjiwi^cn, Sax.J any words set to music. 
 A poem, llie notes ot birds. I'oetry. An eld tong, is 
 proverbial for a trifle. 
 SONGSTER, i. a singer. 
 
 SO'NNET, f. [ionne/, Fr.j a poem contained in fourteen 
 verses, having two stanzas of four verses, and two of three 
 verses each, the eight first being all in two rhymes, and the 
 last containing something strikingly beautiful. It is 
 supposed to be invented by Petrarch. Also, a small 
 poem. 
 
 SONORI'FIC, a. [from snmrus, sounding and facio, to 
 make, Lat.] giving or producing sound. 
 
 SO NOROL'S, a. [sonoie, Fr. soniims, from tonus, a sound, 
 Lat.] loud sounding ; roaring ; noisy ; r.::ignificent of 
 sound. 
 SO'NOROUSNESS,.j. the quality of giving sound. 
 SOON, lid. [sona. Sax. Sims, Goth, saen, Belg.J shortly 
 after any assigned time. Early, opposed to late, ileadily. 
 As soon as, at the very time or instant. 
 
 SOOT, {suf)s.[sot, Sax. soet, Isl. satt, Belg.] smoke fixed 
 and detained in a cliimiiev. 
 SOOTH, .?. [soth, Sax.] truth ; reality. Obsolete. 
 To SOOTH, or SOOTHE, v. a. [sfsothian, Sax.j to flat- 
 ter; to please with blandishments. To soften ; to mollify ; 
 to calm ; toasswage ; to alleviate. To gratify ; to please. 
 To SOOTHSAY, i'. n. (see Sooth, the noiin) to foretell ; 
 to predict. 
 
 SOOTHSAYER, t. one who foretells future events; a 
 predicfer; a progiioslicator. 
 SOOTINESS, s. the quality of being sooty. 
 SOOTY, a. consisting ofl or daubed with, soot ; produ- 
 cing soot. Black ; dark ; dusky. 
 
 SOP, J. [son, Sax. sopa. Span, toppe, Belg.] bread steeped 
 in liquor or dripping. 
 
 SOPH, (i<y') i. a young student who has been two years at 
 the utiis'ersity. 
 
 SOPHI, (suji) s. [Pers.J the emperor, of Persia, implying 
 wise, sage ; a philosopher. 
 
 SO PHISM, (siifism) s. [sophistmis, Lat. from snp/iia, wis- 
 dom, Gr.J an argument which carries the appearance of 
 truth, but leads a person into error ; sophistry. 
 
 SOPHISTER, s. \sopliiste, Fr. sophiiie, Lat. from snphia, 
 wisdom, Gr.] a disputant fallaciously subtle; an artful but 
 insidious logician. 
 
 SOPHISTICAL, (soristllial) a. partaking of the nature 
 of sophism ; fallaciously subtle; logically deceitful. 
 
 To SOPHI'STICATE, {sn/htiltate) v. a^\soplnsti<juer, Ft.] 
 to corrupt oradulterate. 
 SOPHISTRY, (i6/!ji^)-j/') f. fallacious ratiocination. 
 SOPORIFIC, or SOPOKl'FEROUS, a. [from sopor, 
 sleep, or facio, to make, fero, to bring, Lat.J in medicine, 
 capable of procuring sleep. 
 
 SOPOROUS, SLEEPY, or DROWSY DISEASES, are 
 the coma, lethargy, and cams. 
 
 SORCERER,^. Isoicier, Fr.] a conjurer; a magician; 
 an enchanter. 
 SO'RCERESS, s. a female magician ; an enchanti-ess. 
 SORCERY, s. magic ; enchantment ; witchcraft ; eon- . 
 juration ; charms. 
 
 SORD, s. [from stfard\ turf ; grassy ground. 
 SORDES,*. [Lat.] foulness; dregs. 
 SORDET, or SORDINE, *. [lourdin*, Fr. toraina, Itat] 
 
 801
 
 sou 
 
 ROU 
 
 a small pipe put into the mouth of a trumpet, to make it 
 sound lower or siirillcr. 
 
 SORDID, a. Isorduliis. from sordfs, filth, Lat.J foul; 
 press ; filthy ; airty. ., Mean ; base ; vile ; covetous ; 
 iiit'S'iiriliy. 
 
 SO'RDIDNESS, «. meanness ; uastincss. 
 
 SORE, J. [sin; Sax. sanr, Dan. J a place wnicli is tender, 
 painful, and lias the skin otl"; an ulcer. A fiillowdeer four 
 years old. " The buck is called the first year a fuvn ; the 
 ^ecoud, a nrichet ; the third, a sorcl ; and the fourth a sore." 
 S/iaL 
 
 SORE, a. painful when touched. Easily vexed. Afflic- 
 tively vehement. 
 
 SORE, nd, [soer, Belg.J with painful vehemence, with 
 great reluctance or afflictive violence. 
 
 .SO'REL, s. a male fallow-deer three years old. Also a 
 salail herb ; and a colour amon^r horses. 
 
 SO'RELY, ad. with a great detjree of pain or distress. 
 With vehemence dangerous or afFiictive, 
 
 SO'RIONESS, s. tenderness of a hurt. 
 
 SORITES, s. [Gr.J properly an heap. In logic, it is a 
 species of reasoning, in \\hich a great number of piopo- 
 silions are linked together. 
 
 SO'RRAGE, s. the blades of green wheat or bariey. 
 
 SO'RRANCE, «. amoni; farriers, any disease in horses. 
 
 .SORREL, i. Isurel, Ft.] a species of dock. 
 
 SORRILY, «d. meanly ; wretchedly ; despicably. 
 
 SO'RR-OW, {s!'ituj s. \sorg, Dan.J uneasiness or srief 
 arising from some good lost. Sadness. 
 
 To SORROW, (lorn")) v.ii. [snrgian, Sax. saurian, Goth. | 
 to gne\e or be afflicted for the loss of some good. Sy non. 
 We are iorj-u for the misfortunes of another ; we rejoref his 
 absence. Ihe former is the efiect of pity; the other of 
 attachment. Grief occasions our sorrow ; repentance ex- 
 cites our regret. 
 
 SOT.ROWFUL, (sirrd/id) a, grieving for some good past ; 
 n:ournfii! ; sad. 
 
 SO'RRY, a. |j.aW^, Sax.J grieved for sometliing past. Vile, 
 mean, paltry, wortliless, vexatious, from sam; filth, Isl. 
 
 SORT, s [sorte, Fr.Ja kind, species, or class. A rank or 
 degree. A degree of any qualify. 
 
 To SORT, t). a. [from svrtior, to draw lots, Lat.J to sepa- 
 rate into distinct species, cla'sses, ranks, or orders. To con- 
 join or put together, followed by u-ith. To reduce to order 
 from a state of confusion. To choose ; to cull ; to select. 
 Neuterly, to be joined with others of the same species, fol- 
 lowed by uith. To terniiirate, fromwrtfc, Fr. 
 
 SORTILEGE, s. [Fr. from sors, a lot, and hs:o, to choose, 
 Lai. J a species ofdivnration performed by sortes or lots. 
 
 SO'RTMENT, s. the act of sei.avating into distinct kinds 
 or species, or of producing from state of disorder into one 
 of order. A parcel sorttd or distributed. 
 
 To SOSS, V. n. to sit lazily, or fall at once in a chair. 
 
 SOT, s. [sot. Sax. Fr. and Bvlg. | a stupid person ; a block- 
 head ; a dolt. A person stupifit^l by drinking. 
 
 SOTTISH, a. dull ; stupid ; senseless. 
 
 SOTEREIGN, {soi-enn) a. [suiiccrnin, Fr.] supreme, or 
 having no superior in power. Supreihcly efficacirius. 
 
 SOVEREIGN, (suvtreii) s. a supreme ruler. 
 
 SO'VEREIGNTY, (suvercnty) s. [sonvei-aineie, Fr.J supre- 
 macy ; liif/hest place, power, or excellence. 
 
 SOLKiH, (su/)s. [from sous, Fr.la drain under ground. 
 
 .SOUGHT, <iaii<) the preter. and part. pass. ofSsKK. 
 
 SOUL, (sul) s. [saucJ, Sax. satl, Dan. .«»«/, Isl. «W, Belg.] 
 the immaterial suhstaiicewhich animates our bodies. Various 
 have been the opinions ofmanconceriiiiig the substance of 
 (he Imniansoul. The Epicureans thought it a subtile air, com- 
 posed of atoms or primitive corpuscles. The Stoics main- 
 tained it was a flame, or portion of heavenly light. Tlio Car- 
 tesians made thinking the essence of the soul. Ofhers hold 
 that rnan is endowed with three kinds of soul, viz. the ration- 
 al, which is purely spiritual, and infused by the immediate in- 
 spiration of God ; the irrational.'orsensitivevvliicli bring com- 
 mon to man and brut<'s, is supposed to be formed of the cic- 
 
 mentsjand the vegetative soul, or principle ofgrowtli and nu- 
 trition, as Ihe first is of Understanding, and the second of 
 animal life. A vital and active principle. Spirit or 
 essence. Inward power. A person. Spirit ; fire ; grau- 
 deurofmind. 
 
 SOUND, a. [stmd, Sax.] hc!\lthy ; not morbid ; not hurt ; 
 hearty. Right, applied to knowledge. Stout, strong. Fast 
 or profound, applied to sleep. 
 
 SOUND, s. [fmid, Sax.] a shallow sea which may be 
 sounded. A probe used by surgeons to examine what is out 
 of the reach of their fingers. A perception raised in the soul 
 by means of air put into motion, and vibrating on the drum 
 of the ear, from sou, Fr. or sonus, Lat. The cuttlefish. 
 
 SOUND, a strait between Sweden and Denmark, through 
 which ships usually sail from the Ocean intt. the Baltic sea. 
 It is about 4 miles broad, and here the Danes take toll of all 
 merchant ships that pass into the Baltic. 
 
 ToSOUND,r. a. to search with a plummet. To try or 
 examine. To cause to make a noise ; to play on. To be- 
 token or direct by a sound. To celebrate by sound. Neil- 
 terly, to make a noise. To excite an idea by likeness of 
 sound. To try with the sounding line. 
 
 SOU'NDLY, «r/. heartilv ; righilv. Fast, applied to sleep. 
 
 SOUNDNESS, s. health ; truth; solidity ; strength. 
 
 SOUP, {soop) s. [soiipe, Fr.l a strong decoction of fleih. 
 
 SOUR, n. \sur, Brit, and Sax.] acid ; sharp to the taste ; 
 austere; pungent. Peevish, or crabbed of temper; morose; 
 severe. Painful or disagreeable. Expressive of dislike, 
 applied to the countenance. Substantively, an acid sub- 
 stance. 
 
 To SOUR, ». ff. to make sharp to the taste. To make 
 harsh. To make \iiieasy, or less pleasing. Ncnterly, to 
 turn so as to taste sharp. Ti> grow peevish. 
 
 SOURCE, (sS)-^f) J. [ioi/cff, Fr.] a spring. An 'original; 
 first cause. A first producer. 
 
 SOU'RDET, s. [from somd, Fr.] the little pipe of a 
 trumpet. 
 
 SOURNESS, «. acidity; austercness of taste or temper. 
 
 SOUSE, i. [,mH/c, salt, Belg] pickle made of salt. Any 
 thing parboiled and kept in salt. Pickle. 
 
 To SOUSE, V. a. to parboil and preserve in salt pickle. 
 To throw into the water, 'i'o strike with sudden violence. 
 Neuterlv, to dart like a bird on itsprev. 
 ^ SOUTCHEOU, a city of the first rank, in the province of 
 Kiangnan, in China, beautifully and agreeably situated on 
 a river which communicates with the lake Tai. It is ex- 
 tolled by the Chinese as an earthly paradise, for the de. 
 lightfuliiess of the adjacent country, iVc. The brocades 
 and embroidery made here are highly esteemed. 
 
 SOUTH, n. meridional ; southern. 
 
 SOUTH, s. \std/i. Sax. suyd, Belg. sud, Fr.] that point of 
 the heavens diametrically opposite to the north. Tlie wind 
 which blows from the south. Adverbially, towards or 
 from the south. South-east is the point between the E. 
 and S. 
 
 SOUTH AL, a town of Middlesex, with a market on Wed- 
 nesday. It isfii miles from London. 
 
 SOUTH A iM, a town. of Warwickshire, with a market on 
 Monday. It is seateif in a«fcrtile soil, and has a considera- 
 ble market tor cattle. It is 8 miles S. K. of Warwick, and 
 «3N. W. of London.-, 
 
 SOUTHA'MPTO.N, a large and handsome town of 
 Hampshire, pleasantly situated on a fine inlet of the sea, 
 called Trissanton Bay, or Southampton Water. 'I'his inlet 
 is navigable almost to the head for vessels of considerable 
 burden ; and the -two pri'iicipal rivers that flow into it (the 
 Itohen and the Test or Tese) admit .small crafts some way 
 up the country. The town is situated between these two 
 rivers. It was formerly a port of great commerce, and 
 still possesses a trade in French and Port wines ; having a 
 
 f articular connect ion,.morcover, with Guernsey and Jersey. 
 I is a fashionable place of resort for sen-bathing; and it 
 was on this boach that the Danish king Canute gave that 
 striking reproof to his flattering courtiers; when the
 
 SPA 
 
 SPA 
 
 disobedient tide washed liis.feet. Two miles from this town 
 is Woodmiils, where tiiere is a very curious nKinnfixlory of 
 sliip-bhicks. Soiitlianipton is 12 miles S. of Wineiiester, 
 ami 73 W. S. W. of l.umlon. Markets on Tuesday, Thurs- 
 dav. and Saturday. 
 
 SDUTIIEllLY, «. Ijiug towards the south; not abso- 
 lutely southern. 
 
 SOUTHERN, rt. lying towards the south ; coming from 
 the south ; bolony;iii<{ to the south. 
 
 SOUTHERNWOOD, s. ia botany, the artcmisia of Lin- 
 nxus. There are four British species. The common worm- 
 wood is a species of it. 
 
 SOUTHING, *. in astronomy, applied 1o the moon, 
 stars, or planets, when they are in the meddian, or due 
 south. 
 
 SOUTHWARD, ad. towards the south. Used substan- 
 tively, for the southern re;;ions ; as, " Countries arc more 
 fruitful to the soiUlncmd." Ilnlris;/!, 
 
 SOUTHWARK, a town of Surry, which may be consi- 
 dered as part of the metropolis, being sealed on the opposite 
 side of the Thames, ami uiuler the jurisdiction of tlie lord 
 mayor, who is its bailirt", with a steward and deputy bailitf 
 under him. It is also one of the city wards, named Bridge 
 Ward Without, and an aklorman is chosen to govern it. It 
 is called the linrim^h by way of distinction, and is a large 
 and populous place, participating considerably in the com- 
 merce of Lonvlon. The bishop of Winchester liad formerly 
 a palace here, with a park; when tiiere were IS brothels 
 alon^thc BanUsjde, licensed by that prelate, under certain 
 regulations contirmed by parliament. The prostitutes kept 
 here were coinmoidy called WincliesUt- s-eesc. It is divided 
 into two parts, the Borough Liberty, governed by the lord 
 mayor; and the Clink, or Manor of Soulliwark, under the 
 jurisdiction of the bishop of Winchester, who, by his stew- 
 ard, keeps a coiut-leet and a court of record on the Bank- 
 side. A court of conscience is established here, as well as 
 ill London. Soulliwark contains (i parishes, a new Romisii 
 chapel, many places of worship for the Dissenters of various 
 denominations ; several charitable foundations, particularly 
 those two noble endowments, St. Thomas's Hospital, 'and 
 Guy's Hospital ; together with the Magdalen Hospital ; the 
 Asylum for female orphans ; the Freemason's School, a 
 lately erected building, for the same purpose ; the Philan- 
 thropic Reform, Ac. Beside the King's Bench and 
 Marshalsea prisons, and the county Bri<lewcll, a new 
 county-gaol, with a session house adjoining, has been lately 
 built.' 
 
 SOU'THWELL, an aniienf town of Nottinghamshire, 
 10 miles i\. E. of Nottingham, and 139 N. W. by N. of Lon- 
 don. Mark'et on Saturday. 
 
 SOUTH\VEST,.i.tlie point between the S. and W. 
 
 SOUTHWOLD, a seaport of SuHolk, is seated on a 
 pleasapt clifl", near a tine bay, and has a hari)our to the S. 
 with the river BK the, and a drawbridge on llie west. Here 
 a much-esteemed salt is made, and it has an exportation 
 ofcorn. It is almost surnuuiiled by water, especially at 
 every high tide. It is commonly called Sow i.i; or So i,E, 
 and its bay is named Soi.KBAY. Soulhwold is '20 miles 
 S. of Yarmouth, and 104 S. E. of London. Market on 
 Tliursilay. 
 
 SOW, (ilie 010 is pron. as in iiou)s.\i female pig or hog. 
 An oblong niuss, applied to lead. 
 
 To SOW, (it) V. «. part. pass, sown ; Isnirau, Sax.] to 
 scatter seed <m tiic ground for growth. Figuratively, to 
 spread or propagate. To besprinkle. 
 
 ToSOWCE, V. a. see Sousi;, 
 
 SpWF.Il, s. ascatterer of seed ; a promoter; a breeder. 
 
 To SOWI., f. a. to'pull bv the cars. 
 
 SOWN, isim) participle of Sow. 
 
 SO'WTHlSTi^E, *. in botany, the sonchus of Linnasns. 
 Tiiere are four British species, viz. the marsh, iield, com- 
 mon, and blue, sowthistle. The blossoms of the three first 
 species are yellow. 
 
 SPA, a town of Germany in the circle of Westphalia. It 
 
 contains ahnutOOO houses, aud is famous for iU mineral wa- 
 ters known all over Europe. It is 17 miles S. E. of Liege. 
 Lon. 5. 60. E. lat. 60. 3a. N. 
 
 SPACE, s. {spaiium, Lat.] ihe distance between any two 
 bodies or points. Quantity, applied to time. 
 
 Sl'A'CIOUS, {spasliiotis) a. [^siiucieux, Ft. spatiostu, Lat.l 
 wide; containiima great deal of room or space. 
 
 SPA'CIOUSNESS, «. roominess ; wide extension. 
 
 SPADE, i. [spad, Sax. spade, Isl. and Belg.J a broati 
 shovel used in digging. A deer thr.ec years old. In cards, 
 wherein the four suits represent the four stales in a kingdom, 
 the nobility were represented by the ends of lances or spikes. 
 The Spaniards, however, represent them by the espudus, 
 i. e. swords instead of spikes, and our ignorance of the de- 
 sign of the inventor, as well as of the Spanish language, has 
 occasioned our representing the points of this suit broader, 
 and calling ihcm by the name a( spades. 
 
 SPADILLE, s. fFr.] at ombre and quadrille, the ace of 
 spades. 
 
 SPA'GYRIST, s. [coined by Paracelsus, from spa/ier, a 
 searcher, Teut.] a chymist. Ad.jcctively, chymical. 
 
 SPAIN, a considerable kingdom of Europe, bounded on 
 the N. by the Bay of Biscay ; on iheN. E. by llie Pyrcneaii 
 mountains, which separate it from France ; and on llie E. S. 
 and S. E. by the Mediterranean, and the Straits of Gibral- 
 tar ; on the S. W. by the Atlantic ; and on the W. by Por- 
 tugal aud the Atlantic. It isabout 700 miles in Icnglli, and 
 500 in breadth. It contains the provinces of Old and New 
 Castile, Andalusia, Arragon, Estraniadura, Galicia, Leon, 
 Catalonia, Granada, Valeucia, Biscay, the Astnrias, Murcia, 
 and Upper Navarre ; some of which have been separate 
 kingdoms. Theair of Spainis dry and serene, except dur- 
 ing the equinoctial rains, but excessively hot in the southern 
 provinces, in summer. Tin; vast mountains, however, that 
 run through Spain, are very beneficial lo the inhabitants, by 
 the refreshing breezes that come from them in the southern- 
 most parts, though those in the N. and N. E. are in the winter 
 extremely cold. The soil is verv fertile ; but there are large 
 tracts of uncultivated ground. The produce of the country 
 is fine wheat, barley, saffron, exquisite honey, silk, salt- 
 petre, salt, barillas, (a species of pot-ash) and even sugar- 
 canes. It produces the richest and most delicious fruits that 
 are to be found in France and Italy ; oranges, lemons, prunes, 
 citrons, almonds, .raisins, figs, dates, pomegranates, olives, 
 &c. Their wines are deservedly in high esteem. Wolves 
 are the chief beasts of prey that infest Spain. The wild 
 bulls, which are caught in Andalusia, have so much ferocity, 
 that their bull fights were formerly the most magnificent 
 spectacle the court of Spain could exhibit; this barbarous 
 amusement, however, is now, in part, exploded. Theirdo- 
 mestic animals are horses that are remarkably swift, mules, 
 horned cattle, (which are but few,) sheep, &c. The wool ot 
 the latter is superior to any in Europe ; the best is that of 
 Old Castile. In Biscay, there are little hogs, which the la-, 
 dies are so fond of, that they carry them about like lapdogs. 
 Spain abounds in minerals and metals, cornelian, agate, ja- 
 cinth, loadstones, turquois-stones, quieksilver, copper, lead, 
 sulphur, alum, calamine, crystal, marbles of several kinds, 
 porphyry, the finest jasper ; aud even diamonds, emeralds, 
 and amethysts are found here. Antienlly it was celebrated 
 for gold and silver mines, but since the discovery of Ame- 
 rica at least, no attention has been paid to them. The prin- 
 cipal rivers are the Douro, Tajo, Guadiana, Guadalquiver, 
 Ebro, GuaUhdaviar, and Segura. Spain, v hich in the times 
 of the Goths and Moors, contained between 20 and 30 rail- 
 lions of people, is now but thinly inhabited ; to which various 
 causes have contributed, as, the expulsion of the Moors, the 
 emigrations to the colonics, the vast nun)!)ers and celibacy 
 of the clergy, and the indolence of the natives. It is is sup- 
 posed to coiUain, at present, about 7,500,000 inhabitauts. 
 Tlie greatest part of Ihe necessary artisans are French, as 
 the natives disdain lo stoop to handicraft trades. The per- 
 sons of the Spaniards in general are tall, their complexions 
 !v;arthyj and their countenances expressive. The women
 
 SPA 
 
 arc ainall and slender, and, in general, possess little of that 
 beauty which reig;ns in theirnovelsand romances. The es- 
 tablished religion of Sp:iiii is popery, and here the iiiqnisi- 
 tion (first conim-cnted in 1477; once rcijined in all its hor- 
 rors. Spain has 44 episcopal sees, and '24 universities. It 
 «as once the most free, hut is now one of the most despotic 
 kingdoms in Europe. They had once their cortes, or par- 
 liaments, which had great privileges ; but though not abso- 
 lutely abolished, they have little or no part in the govern- 
 ment. Besides the king's territories in Europe, he possesses 
 the best part of America, and is master of nianv rich islands 
 in the South Seas; and particularly the Philippines, from 
 whence they import the rich merchandises of the East in- 
 dies. He also possesses several places in Africa, particu- 
 larly Ceuta and Oran. The heir to the crown is always 
 called Prince of Asturias. Madrid is the capital. — k sur- 
 prising revolution, liowever, has lately taken place in this 
 country, eflected by the.interference of the French iMnperor. 
 vho has placed his brother Joseph Buonaparte on the throne 
 of the antient royal family ofSpain. For an account of the 
 events of the war occasioned by this usurpation, the reader is 
 desired to consult the chronology at the end of tliis work, 
 from the year 1807. 
 
 SPALDING, a neat populous town of Holland, in Lin- 
 colnshire, chiefly surromided by gardeners' grounds. From 
 its neatness, and the canals in the streets, it resembles a 
 Dutch town, and vessels of .50 or 00 tons, carrying coals, 
 corn. Ax. come up here with the tide. IVluch hemp and 
 flax is grown in the neighbourhood. It is seated on the 
 river Welland, 20 miles N. bv E. by Polerborough, and V4 
 N. of London. Market on Tuesday. See Holland. 
 
 SPALT, or SPELT, s. a white, scaly, shining stone, fre- 
 quently used to promote the fusion of metals. 
 
 SPAN, s. [span, Sax. and 15clg. smnna, Ital.] the space 
 measured from the end of the thumb to that of the little 
 finger extended ; nine inches. Any short duration. 
 
 To SPAN, f. 0.- to measure by the hand extended. 
 
 SPAN, preter. of Spin. 
 
 SPANG, s. [spangc, Belg.J a cluster of shining bodies. 
 
 SPA'NGLE, {spangl)s.[span^e,a buckle, a locket. Tent.] 
 a small thin plate or boss of^shining metal. Any thing spark- 
 ling or shining. 
 
 To SPA'NCiLE, (^spangl) V. a. to besprinkle \\ith span- 
 gles. 
 
 SPA'NIEL, s. [e.ipa^neul, Fr.] a dog used for sport in the 
 field or in water, remarkable for its sagacity and tractable- 
 ness. Figuratively, a servile person. 
 
 SPA;NISH flies, s. See CANTnARinF.s. 
 
 SPA'NNEI', s. the lock of a fusee or carabine. 
 
 SP.AR, s. in natural history, is a class of fossils, not in- 
 Jammable nor soluble in water ; when pure, pellucid and 
 colourless, emulating the appearance of crystal, but waiit- 
 Ji)g its distinguished characlers ; composed of plane and 
 equable plates, not flexible nor elastic ; not giving fire with 
 steel ; readily calcining in a smalt fire, and fermenting vio- 
 lently with acids, and wholly soluble in them. A small 
 beam, or bar of a gate. 
 
 To SPAR, r. ff. \sparran. Sax. J to shut close or bar. Neu- 
 f erly, to fight so as to ward of! blows. 
 
 SPARABLES, s. [from sparrun, to fasten. Sax.] small 
 nails. 
 
 SPA'RAOU.S, J. ^aspnrepiis, Lat. | a plant with yellowish 
 green blossoms and icd berries. It is also called sperage. 
 
 To SPARE, t. a. \xparan. Sax. spnrmi, 15elg.] to use in a 
 fruj;a! manner so as to avoid waste and profusion. To save 
 from any particular use. Todowilhout. 'I'o omit ; to for- 
 bear. To remit a degree of putiisliment ; to shew mercy. 
 To prant or allow. To forbear to impose on. Ncuterly, 
 to live frugally. To forbear. To foigive. 
 
 .•^PARE, (I. scanty. Superfluous. 'Thin of flesh. 
 
 SPA'IJEPvIHS, I. ribs cut aviay from the body, and hav- 
 ing on them spare or little flesh ; as a sparcrib of pork. 
 
 SPARGEFA'CTION, #, [from spargo, Lat.] the act of 
 fprinklnig. 
 
 804 
 
 SPE 
 
 SPA'RING, c. scarce. Parsimonions; not liberal. 
 
 SPARK, J. [j/)fa)T«, Sax. tparhe, lielg.] a small particle 
 of fire, or shining substance. A lively, showy, and gay per- 
 son ; a lover. 
 
 SP.X'IllvlSII, a. airy ; showy ; fine. A low word. 
 
 SPA'RKLE, («;)«)•*/) i. a small particle of fire. A parti- 
 cle of light emitted from a shining or hiuiinous body. 
 
 To SPA'RKLE, (s^aiA/) f. 7j. to emit sjjurks of light or 
 fire. To shine or glider. 
 
 SPA'JIROW, s. [spearwa, Sax.] the name of a genus of 
 birds.' The house sparrow is very common in this country. 
 There are also the lurl^c sparrow and the twrf sparrow. 
 
 SPA'RROWIIAWK, 1. the female of the musket-hawk. 
 
 SPAS.M, s. [spnsmii, from */mo, to draw, (ir. spastue, Fr.j a 
 convulsive or involuuhiiy contraction of any part. 
 
 SPASMODIC, n. \spa.tmmlirjue, Fr.] convulsive. 
 
 SPAT, preter. ofSi'lT. 
 
 .SPAT,*, the spawn c>f shell fish. 
 
 To SPA'TIATE, (i/)fl.v/(in^f) f. t!.[spatior, Lat.] to rove; 
 fo range ; to ramble. Not used. 
 
 To SPA'TTEU, V. a. [fpnttim. .*Sax.] to besprinkle with 
 dirt or any thing ofiensive. To defame. Neuterly, to 
 make a noise in spitting, as when any thing nauseous is re- 
 ceived at the mouth. 
 
 SPAITERDASHES, f. coverings for the legs to keep 
 out wet, and buttoned at the sides. 
 
 SPA"rULA, i. [spiithuh, Lat.] an instrument used by 
 apothecaries in spreading plaisters and stirring medicines. 
 A spattle or slice. 
 
 SPA'VIN, s. \spavano, Ital.] a bony excrescence grow ing 
 on the inside of a horse's hough, not far from the elbow, 
 which is first as tender as gristle, but grows hard by 
 degrees. 
 
 To SPAWL, V. n. \sperthan, Sax.J to throw moisture out of 
 the mouth ; to spit. 
 
 SPAWL, s. [tprul, Sax.] spittle or moisture thrown out 
 of the inoutli. 
 
 SPAWN, s. [spene, or spmne, Belg.l the eggs of fish or 
 frogs. Used in contempt for any oflspring. 
 
 To SPAWN, V. a. to produce as fishes do their eggs. To 
 bring forth. Ncuterly, to issue like eggs from fish. Used 
 in contempt, to issue. 
 
 To SPA V, V. rt. [from spnrlo, a gelding, Lat.] to castrate, 
 or render a female beast unfit for procreation. 
 
 To SPl'IAK, {sprelt)v.B. (ireter. spake, or spoke, part, pass, 
 tpoken ; [spccan. Sax.] to utter or express one's thoughts by 
 articulate sounds or words. To defend or accuse, used 
 with ybr or against. To harangue. To give sound, applied 
 to wind instruments. Followed by villi, to address, or con- 
 verse with. Actively, to utter by the voice ; to pronounc*. ■ 
 To proclaim or celebrate. To address or accost. 
 
 SPE'.\KER, (tpeiker) s. one who speaks. Speaker of tlie 
 Houte (if Commons, is a member 'chosen by the house, and 
 approved by the king; and who is, as it were, the common 
 moiithof the rest. Speakei- oj the House of Peers, is usually 
 the Lord Chancellor, or Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of 
 England. 
 
 SPEAR, (tpecr) s. lf])erc, Sax. and Belg.] a long weapon 
 armed with a sharp point of metal, and used in thrusting or 
 lancing. A lance with prongs to kill fish. 
 , SPEARMINT, s. u species of mint. 
 
 SPE'A RWORT, s. a species of crowfoot. There art two 
 kinds, the less and the greater. 
 
 SPECIAL, {spcshinl) a. [Fr. speriaUs, from species, a kind, 
 Lat. I noting a sort or .species. Particular; peculiar. Ex- 
 traordinary ; uncommon, designed for a particular purpose. 
 Chief in excellence. In law, it denotes that matter in evi- 
 dence w liich is alleged specially, or does not come into the 
 general issue. 
 
 SPECl A'LITY, or SPE'CIALT Y, (tpesliinlifv or tpUhia/ty) 
 t. \tpieiaHte, Fr.] particularity. It is also used in law, for a 
 bond, bill, or olhcr deed or in.strument, executed under tlie 
 liami and seal of (he parties tliereto. 
 
 SPECIES, (i/iffAiez) f. [Lat.| a wrt; a subdivision ofi
 
 srE 
 
 Kf nctal (cini called a gomis ; comnior. iiaturp,or iilea, n^rM- 
 11);^ to several iiidiviiliial l)ciiij,'s ; ii diiss or single order of 
 beiiiifs; tliiis, liorsc agrees to Jiitcephalus, Chance, or Votr. 
 All idcii. Money or eoiii. 
 
 SPECIFIC, or SPECIFICAL, «. Ispin/!,,,,,; Fr.] in phi- 
 losopliy, is that which is peculiar to any tiling, and distiii- 
 guislies it from all others. In medicine, applied to a remedy 
 whose virtue and effect is peculiarly adapted to some cer- 
 tain, disease, inadequate thereto, and exerts its whole force 
 immediately thereon. Siiicijic (Jravit}/ \il\iat liy which one 
 body is heavier than anollicr of the sr.ine dimensions, and is 
 always as the oiiaiitity of matter under that dimension. 
 
 SPECIFICALLY, ail. in such a manner as to constitute a 
 species ; aecordin^jto the nature of the species. 
 
 To SPFCrFlC.\TK, v. «. to distinguish hy the properties 
 which make a Ihin^' (o be of a particular species, or adapted 
 to a particular iiurpose. 
 
 Sl'ECiriCA'TION.i. [siHci/ictttion, Fr.] distinct notation ; 
 determination by a peculiar mark. A particular men- 
 tion. 
 
 To SPE'CIFV, V. a. [specifier, Fr.] to mention ; to distin- 
 guish.l)y some particiilar'mark or dinerence. 
 
 SPECIMEN, s. [Lat.] a sample ; a pattern; model; 
 essay; liial; proof. 
 
 SPE'CIOUS, {si>hhious)«. \specinsus, from specio, to behold, 
 Lat.] showy, or pleasing to the view. Plausible, though 
 not strictly right. 
 
 SPECK, »■. [tpecec, Sax.] a stain, spot, or discoloration. 
 
 To SPKCK, f. n. to spot; tostain; to blot. 
 
 SPECKLE, {spcclil) s. a little spot ; a small speck. 
 
 To SPECKLE, {sperkl) 1-. a. to mark with small spots. 
 
 SPE'CTACLE, s. [from n/ierto, to behold, Lat.J any thing 
 tliat attracts the sight by its being remarkable ; a show ; a 
 gazingstock ; an object of sight. In tlie plural, glasses 
 worn to assist llie sight, said to have been invented about 
 the year 1300. 
 
 SPECTATOR, *. [from specto, to belicld, Lat- |a looker 
 on ; a beholder. 
 
 SPE'CTRE, (spthter) s. [Fr. spectrum, from specio, to 
 behold, Lat.] an apparition ; phantom; ghost; vision. 
 
 SPE'CULAH, n.\speci(laris, from specio, to behold, Lat.] 
 Laving the qualities of a mirror or looking-glass. 
 
 To SPE'CULATE, v. n. [specular, Fr. from specio,io behold, 
 Lat.] to meditate ; to contemplate. Actively, to consider 
 attentively. To revolve or contrive in the mind. 
 
 SPECULATION, s. [spicuhition, Fr.J the act ofcontem- 
 plating any thing in the mind. A train of thoughts formed 
 in the mind. A scheme formed only in the mind, not re. 
 duced to practice. Contemplation ; meditation. 
 
 SPECULATIVE, «. ' [spiculaiif, Fr.] contemplative. 
 Theoretical ; ideal ; not practical ; notional. 
 
 SPE'CULUM, s. [Lat.J a looking-glass ; a mirror. 
 
 SPED, part. pass, of Speed. 
 
 SPEECH, *. [space. Sax.] the power of expressing our 
 tlioughts or ideas by audible words. Words, or language. 
 Talk. Harangue ; or oration. 
 
 SPEECHLESS, a, mute; dttrab; deprived of the power 
 of speech. 
 
 ToSPEED, «•. n. [pret. and part. pass, sped and speeded; 
 tpoeden, Belg.J to make haste ; to move quick or fast. To 
 succeed. To grow rich, from tpedian, Sax. To fare well 
 or ill. Actively, to dispatch or finish in haste. To hasten. 
 To promote, quicken, or assist. To make prosperous. 
 
 SPEED, s. [spoed, Belg.J quickness. Haste ; celerity ; 
 dispatch. The course or pace of a horse. Success. 
 
 SPEE'DILY, ad. with haste ; quick Iv. 
 
 SPEE'DWELL, *. the veronica of Linnsus. There are 
 several British species. 
 
 SPEE'DY, a. quick ; nimble ; swift. 
 
 SPELL, s. \spel, a word, Sax.] a charm consisting of some 
 peculiar ivords of occult power. A turn ofwork. 
 
 To SPELL, t>. u. preter. and pari. pass, spelled or spelt ; 
 ftpelkn, Sax.J to write with proper letters. To read by nam- 
 uig tlie several letters of which a word is composed, and 
 
 SPI 
 
 sounding every syllable separately. To charm. Kcuterlv.to 
 form words of letters. To read, 'j'o pronounce the svllalili* 
 ofa word separately, i)> iianiiiig tlie h'llcrs wiiicli compose 
 them, without being able to pronounce the whole word at 
 once. 
 
 SPELTER, s. the same gs Zinc ; which see. 
 
 'i'o SI'1:ND, f. a. [spritdiiii, Sax. speiidere, Ilal.] to consume 
 or lay out. To sqiiaiuler. 'I"o expend; to bestow as ex- 
 pense. To waste, wear out, or exhaust. To jiass ; lo ciu- 
 jiloy. To fatigue. Neuleily, lo make expense. To be 
 lost orwastofl. To be employed in any use. 
 
 SPE'NDTinUFT, .?. one that is profuse in lii^ expenses ; 
 a lavislier; a prodigal; k waster. 
 
 SPERM, s. [spevma, Lat. speniic, Fr.] the seed. 
 
 SPEliM.A(;fyri, .«. ILat. tioin sperma, semen, and Ae/oi, a 
 whale, Gr. corriiptedly proiioMiiceil parmnxiii^] an oily 
 substance extracted from the brains of a parlicular species 
 of whale (called catodaii, having teeth only in the under jaw j 
 and well purified. 
 
 SPEUMA'J'IC, or SPERMATICAL, a. [spn-matie/uc, 
 Fr. spermii, seed, Gr^ relating to the seed. Seminal. 
 
 SPEKMATOCE'LE, i. [from sperma, seed, and hcle, a 
 tumour, Gr.] in surgery, is a rupture caused bv distention 
 of the seminal vessels, whereby the semen falls into the 
 scrotum. 
 
 To SPERSE, V. a. [sparsum, from spargo, Lat.] to disperse ; 
 to scatter. Obsolete. 
 
 To SPET, V. a. [from sptt, Scot.J to bring or pour abun- 
 dantly. 
 
 To SPEW, V. a. [spewan. Sax. spcuen, Bclg.] lo eject or 
 cast from the stomach through the mouth ; to vomit. 'l'igiir:i- 
 tively, to eject or cast forth, Neuterly, to void at the 
 mniilh. 
 
 To SPHA'CELATE, Ufacehitr) V. a. to aftect with a 
 gangrene. Neuterlv, tomortilV. 
 
 SPHA'CELUS, \ifacelns) s'. [from splmkelus, Gr.] a 
 gani;reiie ; a mortification. 
 
 Sl'IlERE, (sfere) s.[splicre, Fr. sphecra, Lat.] is a solid con- 
 tained under one uniform round surface, such as would be 
 formed by a revolution ofa circle about a diameter thereof, 
 as an axis. In astronomy, it is that concave orb or expanse 
 which vests our globe, and in which the heavenly bodies 
 appear to be fixed, and at an equal distance from the eye. An 
 orbit or circuit of motion or action. Province; the'extent 
 or compass ofa person's knowledije. 
 
 SPHE'RIC, or SPHERICAL, {sfh-ih or sfiril.al) a. 
 round; globular. Relating to the orbs of the planets. 
 
 SPHE'RICS, {tferihs) s. is that part of geometrj- which 
 treats of the position and mensuration of arches of circles, 
 described on the surfaces ofa sphere. 
 
 SPHE'ROID, s. [from sphnira, a globe, and eidns, form, 
 Gr.] a solid approacliiiig to the figure ofa sphere, though 
 notexactiv round, but oblong. 
 
 SPHEROI'DICAL, a. having the form ofa spheroid 
 
 SPHE'RULE,(i/Vc«/(>) I. [tpliwnda, Lat. | a small globe. 
 
 SPHINX, s. [Gr.J a figure of a monster of that name, 
 famed among the antients, and now mostly used as an 
 ornament in gardens, terraces, &:c. It is represented with 
 the head and breast* ofa woman, the wings ofa bird, the 
 claws of a lion and the rest of the body like a dog or 
 lion. 
 
 SPICE, s. [espicts, Fr.J a vegetable that is fragrant to the 
 smell, and pungent or hot to the taste, used in seasoning or 
 sauces. A small quantity. 
 
 To SPICE, V. a. to season with spices. 
 
 SPI'CEilY, s. commodity of spices ; repository of 
 spices. 
 
 SPI'CEWORT, I. the sweet-smelling flag, or calamus, 
 found in rivulets and marshes. 
 
 SPICK AND SPAN, n. [a proverbial expression, which 
 seems borrowed from s/iiecata dela spawia, Ital. i. e. snatch- 
 ed from the hand. Johnson says span new is used by Chau- 
 cer, and comes from spntman. Sax. to stretch. Span netc, he 
 adds, is therefore originally used of cloUi new stretclied, or 
 
 805
 
 SPI 
 
 S PI 
 
 stretcheil at the clothiers, ani spic and sp.rm, newly extended 
 on the spikes or tenters ; and that it is but a low expression] 
 quite new; just made ; never used. 
 
 SPICO'SITY, s. ffrom spica, an ear of corn, Lat.] the 
 quality of being spiked like ears of corn. 
 
 SPICY, a. producing spice ; aromatic. 
 
 SPI'DER, s. an animal whilse eyes are placed in clusters 
 on the back part of its thorax, who spins a web, and preys 
 on flies. 
 
 SPI'GNEL, s. an umbelliferous plant. There are two 
 British species ; viz. the mountain and common s|)if,'nel. 
 
 SFl'GO ?, s. [spijcltei; Belg.J.a pin or peg which is fixed 
 to a faucet. 
 
 SPIKE, s. [spica, Lat. J an ear of corn. A lon^ nail, or 
 a piece of iron, or wood, sharpened at the top, and resem- 
 bling an ear of corn. In botany, a composition of flowers 
 placed alternately on each side of a common simple fruit- 
 stalk, and not standing upon little fruitstalks ; as in the agri- 
 mony, great mullein, &c. 
 
 To SPIKE, V. a. to fasten with, long nails ; to set with 
 spikes. In the military, to drive a spike into the touch- 
 hole of a cannon, and thereby to render it useless. 
 
 SPI'KENARD, s. [from spicanardi, Lat.] a sweet-smelling 
 plant. The. English species is called the great flcabane. 
 
 SPI'KESTALK, ^. a long rough receptacle, upon which 
 the flowers composing a s^)ike are placed. 
 
 SPILL, s. [spijlen, Belg. a small shiver of wood, or thin 
 bar of iron. .\ small quantity of money. 
 
 To SPILL, V. a.Jspillan, Sax. spillen, Belg. spilla, Isl.] to 
 shed or sealter. To destroy or damage; to corrupt. To 
 throw away. To pour on the grouncl. Neuterly, to be 
 lavish. To be shed, or lost by being shed. 
 
 SPI'LSBY, a town in Lincolnshire, seated on the side 
 of a hill, 17 miles N. of Boston, (to which a turnpike road 
 leads from it) and 132 N. by E. of London. Market on 
 Saturday. 
 
 To SPIN, t). a, preter. spun or span, part spun ; \sphmnn. 
 Sax. spiiinen, Belg.] to form yarn into threads by drawing it 
 out and twisting it. Figuratively, to protract or draw out. 
 To draw out into a tedious length. To put into a turning 
 motion. Neuterly, to exercise the art of spinning. To 
 stream out into a small thread or current, from spingare, Ital. 
 To move round like a spindle. 
 
 SPI'NACH, or SPINAGE, s. \sj>inaehia, Lat.l a well 
 known plant, cultivated for the table, and esteemed laxative, 
 diuretic, and cooling. 
 
 SPINAL, «. [from spina, the chine bone of the back, 
 Lat.l belonging to the back bone. 
 
 SPI'NDLE, {spin<U)s. [spiiull or spindel, Sax.] the pin by 
 which flax is formed or twisted into a thread, and on which 
 it is wound. Any thing slender, in contempt. A shrub, 
 called also gatteridge tree. 
 
 SPI'NDLESHANKED, a. having very slender legs. 
 
 SPINE, i.[j';>m«, Lat.l the back bone. 
 
 SPI'NEL, s. a kind of mineral. 
 
 SPINET, s. [espinette, Fr.J a musical instrument with keys, 
 of the same nature as an harpsichord. 
 
 SPINI'FEROUS, a. [from spivM, a thorn, and/evo, to bear, 
 I^atJ bearing thorns. 
 
 SPTONER, J. one skilled in spinning. A garden spider 
 with longiointed legs. 
 
 SPINOSISM, s. the doctrine of Spinoza, or Atheism and 
 Pantheism proposed after his manner, who was born a Jew 
 at Amsterdam. The chief articles in his system are such as 
 these : That there is but one substance in nature, and that 
 this only substance is endued with an infinite variety of at- 
 tributes, amongst which arc extension and cogitation ; that 
 all the bodies in the universe are moditicatious of this 
 stibstance, considered as extended ; and that all the souls 
 of men are modifications of the same substance, consideied 
 as cogitative ; that God is a necessary and iniinilely i)er- 
 fect Beini,', and is the cause of all things that cxi^t, but 
 not a different Being from tbein ; that there is but one 
 Deing and one nature, and that tbis nature produces 
 
 8Q6 
 
 within itself, by an immanent act, all those which we call 
 creatures ; and that this Being is at the same time both 
 agent and patient, etlicie'nt cause and subject, but that he 
 I)rodnces nothing but modifications of himself. Thus is the 
 Deity made the sole agent as well as patient in all evil, botli 
 physical and moral ; a doctrine fraught with more impietiet 
 than all the heathen poets have published concerning their 
 Jupiter, Venus, Bacchus, A.c. 
 
 SPINOUS, or SPI'NY, a. [from rpina, a thorn, Lat.] 
 thorny ; prickly ; briery. Difficult ; troublesome ; per- 
 plexed. 
 
 SPI'NSTER, J. a woman who spins. In law, a njaid or 
 virgin, or a young woman unmarried. 
 
 SPI'R.'VCLE, {spirakl) s. \'spiracn!nm, from spiro, to breathe, 
 LatJ a breathing hole or vent. A small aperture.- 
 
 SPIRAL, a. [spirals, Fr. from spita, a circle, Lat.] curve ; 
 winding; circularly involved. 
 
 SPI'RALLY, arl. in a spiral form. 
 
 SPIRE, t. [spira, Lat. Ital. and Swed.) a curve line ; a 
 curl or (wist ; a wreath. A round pyramid ; a steeple. The 
 top or summit. Any thing growing more and more taper 
 from the bottom to the top. 
 
 SPIRE, the ci-devant bishopric of, a territory of Ger- 
 many, in the circle of the Upper Rhine, 30 miles in length, 
 and 30 in breadth where broadest, and divi((ed into two 
 parts by the Rhine. It is a fertile country, and Spire is the 
 capital. 
 
 SPI'IIIT, s. [spiritus, from spiro, to breathe, Lat.l breath ; 
 wind in motion. A substance wherein thinking, doubting, 
 and a power of moving itself, subsists. The soul. An ap- 
 parition. An habitual disposition, of mind. Genius ; 
 vigour of mind. The mind or imagination. An eager 
 desire. That which gives vigour and cheerfulness; Like- 
 ness or essential qualities. An inflammable and intoxicating 
 liquor, produced by distillation. 
 
 To SPIRIT, V. a. to actuate, animate, or excite. To 
 draw or entice, used with atcay. 
 
 SPI'RITED, a. lively ; full of fire or vigour ; vivacious ; 
 sprightly ; animated. 
 
 SPIRITLESS, «. dejected ; wanting vigour or fire ; de- 
 pressed ; lifeless. 
 
 SPIRITUAL, a. [s}>irituel, Fr.] belonging to spirit as 
 distinguished from matter ; immaterial. Belonging to the 
 mind or understanding ; mental; intellectual; refined. Re- 
 lating only to heavenly things, opposed to temporal. 
 Spiritual Courts, in law, are such as have jurisdiction 
 in matrimonial causes, probate of wills, granting adminis- 
 tration ; as, also, in regard to tithes, and in cases of defama- 
 tion, &c. 
 
 SPIRITUALITY, s. incorporcity ; intellectual nature ; 
 that w hich belongs to any one as an ecclesiastic. 
 
 To SPI'RITUALIZE, r. a. [spiritualiscr, Fr.J to allegtv 
 rize, or convert the common objects of sense into subjects 
 of pious meditations and spiritual allusions. 
 
 SPI'RITU.M.LY, ad. without corporeal grossness ; with 
 attention to things purely intellectual. 
 
 SPI'RITUOUS, a. refined ; defecated ; approaching to 
 spirit. Fierce ; ardent; fine. Lively ; gay ; airy. 
 
 To SPIRT, I', ti. to spring out by intervals ; to spring out 
 in a sudden stream. Actively, to throw out in a jet. 
 
 SPl'RY, a. pyramidal. Wreathen ; curled; spiral. 
 
 SPI'SSITUDE, s. [spifsitudo. Lat.] grossiwss ; thickness. 
 
 SPIT, s. [spit, Belg.Ja long piece of iron on which meat 
 is roasted. A depth of earth which may be pierced at once 
 by a spade. In low discourse, a sword. 
 
 "To SPIT, J).' a. preter. spat, part. pass, epit or fitted, 
 [from the noun] to put on a spit, or to pierce with a spit. 
 Neuterly, to sling or eject spittle from the mouth, from tpw- 
 tan, S;\\.spi/tter,Dan. 
 
 SPITAL, s. [corrupted from hotpitttl\ an hospital or cha- 
 ritable foundation. 
 
 To Si'ITCHCOCK, t>. o. to roast an eel previously cut in 
 piccen. 
 
 SPITE, t. [spijt, Belg.J malice ; rancour ; malignity j
 
 SPO 
 
 8P0 
 
 bate niiilcvolence ; ill will ; on habitual desire and endea- 
 vour to do ill to nnotlier. Spite uf, or in spitc^of, notwith- 
 standi;!/?; in defiance of. 
 
 TojSPlTE, «. «. to lliwart uialifjnunlly ; to vex; to treat 
 maliciouslv ; tonjistliief. Toenraye or till with spile. 
 
 SPl'THliAI), a spacious road tor sliipping, between I'orls- 
 nioutli and the Isle of Wi^lit, where the royal navy coni- 
 nionly rendezvous in lime of war. 
 
 SPITEFUL, a. malicious ; malignant. 
 
 SPITEFULNESS, s. malice; nuilignity. 
 
 SPl'Tl'EU, s. one who puts niei;t on the spit. One who 
 spits with hisnioiilh. A young deer. 
 
 SPITTLE, (,spUl) s. IsjHctlian, Siix.] the moisture of tlie 
 mouth. An hospital ; corrupted from */'/(«/. 
 
 SPITZBE'UGEN, or East Greenland, the most 
 northern country in Europe, consistinsc of i\n inland, or islands, 
 situated between Greenland to the W. and Nova/embla to 
 the E. The coast is beset with craggy mountains, and in 
 the months of June, July, and August, the siui never sets ; 
 for the rest of the year it is hardly seen at all. In the valleys 
 are large white bears, white foxes, and some curious birds 
 and plants. The inland parts are uninhabited, and the coasts 
 are only frequented for the purpose of catching whales. 
 Lat. 76. 30. to 79. 40. N. Ion. 6. to IG. E, 
 
 SPLANCHNO'LOGY, {sp!auhnolog;y) s. [from splanclma, 
 the bowels, and logos, a discourse, Gr.J a treatise or descrip- 
 tion of liie bowels. 
 
 To SPLASH, II. 0. \j>Jaska, Swed.] to daub with snud or 
 dirt in great quantities. 
 
 SPLA'YFOOT, a. having the foot turned inwards. 
 
 SPLEEN, i. [iplen, Lat.] a soft spungy viscus, situated 
 in the left'hypochondrium above the kidney ; supposed to 
 be the seat of anger and melancholy. Ill humour. A fit of 
 »nger. Melancholy ; hvpocliondrieal vapours. Spile. 
 
 SPLEE'NWORt, s. akind of fern. 
 
 SPLE'NDID, a. Uplendidus, from sphndeo, to sliine/ Lat.J 
 bright; shining; snowy; pompous; magniticent ; sump- 
 tuous ; s|)4endid ; glossy. 
 
 SPLE'NDOUR, s. [from nfileiuho, to shine, Lat. ipleiideur, 
 Fr.] lustre ; the quality or power of shining, ftlagnificence; 
 pomp. 
 
 SPLENETIC, a. [sjylenitiqm, Fr.] troubled with the 
 ■spleen. Peevish ; fretful ; hypochondriac. 
 
 To SPLICE, v. a. [splissleii, Belg.] to join the two ends of 
 8 rope together without a knot. 
 
 SPLINTER, or SPLINT, j. among farriers, Is a callous, 
 insensible excrescence, breeding on, the shank-bone of 
 horses, 
 
 SPLI'NTER, or SPLINT, s. [splinter, Belg.] a fragment 
 of any thing broken with violence; a thin piece of wood. 
 
 To SPLIT, V. a. pret. and part. pass, split ; [splitten, Belg. J 
 to divide lengthwise ; to rive ; to cleave, lo part in two. 
 To dash or break against a rock. To break into discord. 
 Neuterlv, to crack or burst asunder. To burst with laugh- 
 ter. To l)e broken against rocks. 
 
 SPLUTTER, «. bustle ; tumult. A low word. 
 
 SPO'DIUM, s. in pharmacy, is one of the foulest recre- 
 ments of copper. 
 
 To Sl'OlL, ». a. [ipoUo, Lat.] to rob or take awav by 
 force. To plunder. To corrupt or render useless. Neu- 
 terly, to be guilty of plundering ; to grow corrupt or 
 useless. 
 
 SPOIL, s. \spolium, Lat.J^any thing taken by violence ; 
 plunder ; "pillage ; booty. "Robbery ; waste. Corruption ; 
 eauseof corruption. Thecastoff skinof a serpent. 
 
 SPpKE, s. \spaca. Sax. speiehe, Teut.l the bar of a wheel 
 which passes from the nave to the felly. In botany, the 
 fruitstalk of tlpwers collected into rundles. 
 
 SPOKE, preter.of Speak. 
 
 SPOKEN, part. pass, of Speak. 
 
 SPOKESMAN, s. one who speaks for another. 
 
 SPOLETO, an antient, liandsome, and populous town 
 of Italy, in Pope's territory, capital of a duchy of the same 
 uamc It was fornierlv a large place, but m 17t)3, sufTcrcd 
 
 greatly by an earthquake, and t& now thin of people, j'liere 
 are the ruini of an an)|ihithoatre, a triumphal arch, and an 
 aqueduct. It is st-iited partly on the side of a hill, and partly 
 rn a plain, in a country noted for good wine, near the river 
 Tessiiio, 30 mill's E. of Orvicto, and 56. N. of Rome. 
 
 To SPOLIATE, r. fl. [spulio, Lat. J lo rob ; to plunder. 
 
 SPOLIATION, s. [Fr. from .^yolio, to plunder, Lat.J the 
 act of robbery or privation. 
 
 SPO'KDEE, *. [Fr. spondwvs, Lat.] a foot of two long 
 syllables, as in ilniiniis, Lat. or»n*7to, Gr. 
 
 ST'O'NDVLE, *. |.'7<u)w/v/«.s, (ir.Jajoint in the spine. 
 
 SPONGE, (spuuj) s. \spuiigin, Lat.] a soft porous sub- 
 stance remarkable for sucking up waler. I'yrutcclmical 
 spuiigcs are uia<le of the large fungous excrescences growing 
 on old oiilis, ashes, tir, \c. which being boiled in common 
 water, then dried and well beaten, are put into a strong ley 
 prepared wilh saltpetre, and ajjain diied in an oven. 
 These make the black match or tinder brought from Ger- 
 many, used to receive and sustain the fire struck from flint 
 and steel. 
 
 To SPONGE, {spu7ij) V. n, to suck up as a sponge. To 
 gain by mean arts. Actively, to wet cloth with a sponge. 
 To scour great guns when discharged, before they are 
 charged anew. 
 
 SPO'NGI'^R, (i;)SH;er)s. one that meanly depends upon 
 others for subsistence. 
 
 SPO'NGINESS, ^.'softness, and fulness of cavities, like 
 a sponge. 
 
 SPONGY, a.' soft resembling a spoiigq ; soaked or full, 
 .like a sponge. 
 
 SPONS.^L, \sponsalis, from spoiisn, a bride, Lat.] relating 
 to marriage; hymeneal; connubial; nuptial; matrimonial; 
 bridal. 
 
 SPONSOR, s. [Lat.] one who makes a promise or gives 
 security for another. A surety. 
 
 SPONTANEITY, or SPONTA'NEOUSNKSS, t.[spoH. 
 niiti, Fr.] the quality of doing or acting free from any im- 
 pulse or necessity ; voluntariness. 
 
 SPONTA'NEOUS, a. [t.'-oni spojite, of one's own accord, 
 Lat.] acting of itself without coinpulsiou or restraint ; vo- 
 
 SPONTA'NEOUSLY, ad. voluntarily ; of its own ac- 
 cord. 
 
 SPOOL, s. \s]>oM, Belg. spuhl, Teut.] a small piece of 
 cane or reed with a knot at each end to wind yarn upon ; a 
 quill. 
 
 SPOON, s. \spae)i, Belg. spone, Dan. spnonn, Isl.jau instru- 
 ment, concave at one end, and having a handle, used in 
 taking up and eating liquids. 
 
 SPOONBILL, s. a bird, called also shoveller. 
 
 SPOONFUL, s. as much as a spoon will contain. 
 
 SPOO'NMEAT, s. a liquid food, or such as is eaten with 
 a spoon. 
 
 SPOO'NWORT, s. scurvygrass. 
 
 SPORADIC Diseases, s. [sporadikss, Gr.J among phy- 
 sicians, are such as seize particular persons at any time 
 or season, and in any place ; in which sense they are distin- 
 guished from epidemical and endemic diseases. 
 
 SPORT, s. [spott, Isl.J play ; game ; diversion ; frolic. 
 A mock ; mockery. Field diversions, as fowling ; hunting. 
 
 To SPORT, J), a. tonlay; to divert. To represent in 
 play. Neuterly, to play ; to frolic ; to wanton. To 
 trifle. 
 
 SPORTSMAN, s. one who delights in hunting or other 
 field diversions. 
 
 SPO'RTULE, s,[sportula,{iom sporta, a basket, Lat.] an 
 alms ; a dole. 
 
 SPOT, s. [spotte, Flem. speite, Dan.] a blot ; a stain 
 either on the skin or other substance ; blemish. .Disgrace ; 
 reproach. A s'maU extent of ground. Any particular 
 place. Upon the spot, implies, imfuediately, or without 
 changing place. 
 
 To SPOT, V. a. to stain ; to maculate- ; to blot. To wurl; 
 so as to resemble spots. To corrupt, disgrace, or taint. 
 
 ti07
 
 SPR 
 
 SQU 
 
 SPOTLKSS.rt. free from spots or vice. Pure ; untainted ; 
 imniaciilate. 
 
 SPOTFY, a. full of spots. " SpoHrj "lobe." Milt. 
 
 SPOUSAL, {tpovzal) a. nuptial, or belonging to a wed- 
 ding; spousal. 
 
 SPOUSAL, (spm'iza!) s. [espousailfes, Fr.J marriage ; 
 nuptials ; matrimony. 
 
 SPOUSE, (jpoHre)^. [espouse, Fr. sponsus or sponsa, Lat.] 
 one joined to another in marriage ; a husband or wife. 
 
 SPOUT, s. [spuyt, Belg.] a pipe or mouth of a vessel out 
 of which any thing is poured. Water spont, is a mass of water 
 collected between a cloud and the surface of the sea, in the 
 shape of a pillar or spout of water ; very dangerous to ships, 
 unless it can be dispersed or broken by the shot of great 
 guns. ; 
 
 To SPOUT, V. «. [fpovten, Belg.J to spring out in a sud- 
 den stream ; to issue as from a spout. Actively, to throw 
 out water in a stream or jet ; to pour with violence, or in a 
 collected body, as from a spout. 
 
 To SPRAIN, V. a. [corrupted from strain\ to stretch the 
 -igaments of a joint so as to render the use of it painful. 
 
 SPRAIN, s. a violent contortion or extension of the liga- 
 ments of a joint, without dislocation. 
 
 SPRANC;, preter. of Spring. 
 
 SPRAT, sAsprot, Belg.J a small sea-fish. 
 
 To SPRAWL, V. n. \spradle, Dan. spartehn, Belg.] to 
 struggle as in the convulsions of death. To tumble about 
 «ith odd contortions of the limbs. 
 
 SPRAY, s. the extremity of a branch. The foam of the 
 sea, commonly written ^/j/^/. See Sprout. 
 
 To SPREAD, {spre'T) V. a. [spreadan. Sax. spreijden, 
 Belg.J to extend, to stretch, to expand, or make a thing 
 take up a large space ; to cover or smear over ; to publish 
 or divulge, followed by abroad ^ to ditluse. Neuterly, to 
 extand or expand itself. 
 
 SPRE'ADER, s. he ihat spreads. 
 
 SPRIG, s. [yshrig, Brit.] a small branch ; a spray ; a twig. 
 Sprin£r crystal, or rock crystal, (a term used by lapidaries,) 
 is found in perpendicular fissures, in form of an hexangular 
 column, adhering at one end to the stone, and near the other 
 lessening gradually, till it terminates in a point. 
 
 SPRIGHT, {sp'r'u) s. [antientiy written sprete, or spryte, 
 and as it is a contraction o( spirit, should be spelt f/Jri/eJ a 
 spectre, ghost, apparition, shade, soul, spirit. 
 
 SPRIGHTLINESS, {sprit/inets) s. liveliness ; vivacity ; 
 gaiety ; briskness. 
 
 SPRIGHTLY, (sri^tfy) a. full of spirit; gay; brisk: 
 lively; vivacious; spirited; animated. 
 
 To SPRING, V. n. preter. sprang or /prvn^, part. pass. 
 iprung ; [springan. Sax. spy-ingeii, Belg.J to arise or grow out 
 of the groumi, followed by vp ; to proceed from ancestors; 
 to issue or proceed, as from seed ; to issue forth ; to appear ; 
 to leap or bound ; to force one's way ; to fly with elastic 
 force ; to proceed as from a ground,cause,or reason ; to raise 
 from a covert ; to issue from a fountain or source ; to shoot 
 or move with speed. Actively, to start or rouse game. To 
 discharge, applied to a mine. To contrive as a sudden 
 expedient. To make by starting a plank. 
 ' SPRING,*, one of llie four 5easons,iuimediately succeed- 
 ing winter, in which vegetables grow. A piece of tempered 
 steel, useful in machines to put them in motion. Any elastic 
 force Any active power. A leap. A fountain or source, 
 whence waters issue. A rise ; beginning. A gin ; a noose, 
 which being fastened to an elastic wire, catches any 
 thing. 
 
 .SPRINGER, «. in zoology, an animal of the antelope kind, 
 inhabiting the southern parts of Africa, towards the cape of 
 Good Hope. 
 
 SPRINGINESS, t. the fjualities of bodies returning to 
 Ihcir former shape or dimensions, which they Iwd lost by 
 violence or compression ; elasticity. 
 
 SPRINGIN(i OF A MAST, s. in sea language, is when 
 it cracks, but is not quite broken m any part of it ; as the 
 pvlners, Irauuds, &c. 
 806 
 
 SPRI'NGTIDE, /. an high tide, or tide about the new and 
 fidl moon, which flows highest, ebbs lowest, and runs 
 swiftest. 
 
 To SPRINKLE, (tprlnkl)t: a. [sprinhekn, Belg.J to scat- 
 ter in drops or small masses ; to wet by sprinkling; to be 
 sprinkle. ^ Neuterly, to let tall or scatter in drops. 
 
 SPRI'NKLING, s. the act of throwing water upon any 
 tiling in drops. 
 
 SPHITK, *. see Spright. 
 
 SPRITSAIL, ». the sail which belongs to the bollsprit 
 mast. 
 
 ToSPROUT, ti.n. [j/)rMy««i, Belg, spryttan, Sai.J to grow 
 or shoot ; to germinate ; to spring ; to shoot into ramifica- 
 tions. 
 
 SPROUT, s. a shoot of a vegetable. In the plural, young 
 coleworts. 
 
 SPRUCE, s. a kind of fir, of which there are two sorts, 
 the white and black. Spnicebeer, beer tinctured with the 
 branches of fir. 
 
 SPRUCE, a. nice, trim, neat without elegance. 
 
 To SPRUCE, i>. H. to dress with affected neatness. 
 
 SPRU'CENESS, s. neatness in dress without elegance. 
 
 SPRUNG, preter. and part. pass, of Spring. 
 
 SPRUNT, s. any thing that is short, and will not easily 
 bend. 
 
 SPUD, /.a short knife. 
 
 To SPUME, V. n. [spiono, Lat.J to froth or foam . 
 
 SPUME, *. \spwna, Lat.] froth; foam; scum of gold or 
 silver. 
 
 SPUN, preter. and part. pass, of Spix. 
 
 SPUNGK, i. see Sponge. 
 
 SPU'NGINGHOUSE, s. a house or place that bailiffs take 
 persons to after an arrest, where they are kept till they agree 
 witli the creditor, or are removed to a closer confine- 
 ment. 
 
 SPUNK, or SPONK, s. rotten wood ; touchwood. 
 
 .SPUR, s.[spura, Sax. spore, Dan. Isl. and Belg.J a sharp- 
 pointed intrunient worn by a rider on his heel, whereby 
 ne pricks his horse to quicken his pace. The sharp points 
 growing on the legs of a fowl. Figuratively, an incitement, 
 instigation, or any thing that aiiickens. A weapon for a 
 fighting cock. A snag, or any thing standing out. 
 
 To SPUR, V. a. to prick ©r quicken by a spur. To insti- 
 gate ; fo excite, hasten, incite, compel, or push forward. 
 
 SPURGE, s. in botany, the euphorbia of Linnaeus. There 
 are twelve species. 
 
 SPU'RIOUS, a. ^spuriiis, Lat.J counterfeit ; not genuine 
 orauthentic. Illegitimate, ornot lawfidly begotten. 
 
 SPU'BIOUSNESS, s. th* quality of being false or coun- 
 terfeit. 
 
 To SPURN, 1'. a. [sponian. Sax.] to kick, drive, or strike 
 with the foot ; to reject with contempt or scorn. 
 
 SPURN, s. a kick ; insolent and contemptuous treat- 
 ment. 
 
 SPU'RREY, 5. the spergula of Linnaeus. There are three 
 British species, viz. the corn and small spurrcy, and Lnglisli 
 marsh saxifrage. 
 
 SPURRIER, s. one who makes spurs. 
 
 SPUTATION, *. [from sputum, saliva, Lat.] tbe act of 
 spitting. 
 
 To SPUTTER, f. n. \sputo, Lat.J to emit or cast out mois 
 ture by small flying drops; to speak in a hurry and indis- 
 tinctly ; fo fly out in small particles with some noise ; to 
 throw out spittle by hasty speech. Actively, to throw out 
 with noise and hesitation. 
 
 SPY, *. [spie, Belg.J one set to watch the conduct or mo- 
 tions of another, especially what passes in an enemy's army 
 or camp. 
 
 To SPY, V. a. to discover at a distance by tlie eye ; to 
 discover by nice examination, or artifice. Neuterly, to look 
 into or examine nicely. 
 
 SQUAB, a. unfeathered. Fat, thick, and stout; awk- 
 wardly bulky.
 
 SQUAB, f. akiiid of sofa orcouch ; a stuff, d cusliion. In 
 cooker>;, a cliickeii, &c. so yoiiii;; as scarcely fit to he catetj. 
 
 To SQUAB, V. «. to (ill! down plimip or Hat. 
 
 To SQUA'BBLK, {squdbl) v. n. [kiat/la, Swctl.] tocjuarrel, 
 wrangle, or fiyht. 
 
 SQUA'BBLE, {squabl) s. a low quarrel, or brawl. 
 
 SQUABBLER, i. a quarrelsome fellow; a brawler. 
 
 SQUA'BPIE, s. a pie made of several infjroiiients. 
 
 SQUA'DRON, *. \sqiiaih;w, ltal.|iii tlie iiiililaryart, a 
 body of horse whose miiiilicr of men is not fixed ; but is 
 usually from one to two hundred. In tlie navy, a division or 
 part of a fleet, eommandrd by a vioe-adniiral or commodore. 
 
 SQUALID, fl.[j(/H(r/irf»s, Lat.] foul; nasty; lillliy. 
 
 To SQUALL, (nfiuaidl) r. n. [sqiiain, Swed.J to scream 
 like a woman or child atlVi;,diti'd. 
 
 SQUALI.., (sqiiawll) s.a loud scream ; a sudden gust or 
 ttorni of wmd or rain. 
 
 SQUA'LOR, i. [Lat.l nastiness; grossness ; coarseness. 
 
 SQUA'MEOUS, or SQUA'MOUS, a. [squamms, from 
 squama, a scale, Lat.] scaly ; having the resemblance of 
 scales ; covered with scales. 
 
 To SQUA'NDER, ». n. [versc/iwerulen, Tent.] to scatter 
 lavishly; to throw away in idle prodigality; to speud pro- 
 fusely. To scatter; to dissipate; to disperse. 
 
 SQUA'N'DERER, J. a spendthrift; a waster. 
 
 SQUARE, a. '7;.»g !«()■, Brit.] having four equal sides at 
 right angles. Cornered; having angles of whatever eon- 
 tent; as three-square, five square, Ac. Parallel. Strong 
 or well set. Exact, equal, honest. Square ckalivg, is ho- 
 nest, just, and equal dealing. Square root ai any number is 
 that which multiplied by itself produces the square, as 2 is 
 tlie square root of 1, because twice 2 is 4 ; and likewise 4 is 
 tlie square root of 16, because four times 4 is 16. 
 
 SQU.MIE, s. [squailra, Lat.] a figure having four equal 
 sides and angles ; an area, or place of four sides surrounded 
 witli buildino^s ; regularity, rule, Justness of workmanship ; 
 level ; equality; the contents of an angle. In astrology, it 
 is when any two planets are 90 degrees distant from each 
 other. In arithmetic, the product of a number multiplied 
 into itself. 
 
 To SQU.\RE, V. a. to form with four sides and right an- 
 gles ; to reduce to a square ; to measure, adjust, regulate, or 
 shape. To accommodate or tit. In astrology, to be in 
 quartile aspect with. Neuterly, to suit or agree with, used 
 with to or with, 
 ..SQUASH,*. SeeQiiASH. 
 
 To SQUAT, t'. n. [fiuattare, Ital.] to sit cowering, or close 
 to the ground. 
 
 SQUAT, a. close to the ground ; silting on the ground 
 with the iegs doubled inider the body. Short and thick. 
 
 SQUAT, i. among miners, is a small bed of ore less va- 
 luable than a vein or lode, as reaching only a little way. 
 
 To SQUEAK, (ifj'fK'^*) v.n. [sqwalia, Swed.] to set up a 
 sudden dolorous cry ; to cry out with pain; to cry out or 
 speak with a shrill voice; to discover any thing through fear 
 or pain. 
 „ SQUEAK, (squeeh) s. a shrill quick cry ; a cry of pain. 
 
 SQUE'AKER, (squeekcr) s. a person or instrument that 
 makes a shrill or grating noise. 
 
 To SQUEAL, {squeel) r. n. [scfwala, S*ved.] to cry with a 
 shrill sharp noise; to cry with pain. Synon. Squeak 
 seems a short sudden cry ; squeal, a cry continued. 
 
 SQUE'AMISH, {squiemiih) a. [for quatvmish, oi qualmish, 
 from qxialm] easily ciisgusted ; having the stomach easily 
 turned ; nice ; fastidious. 
 
 SQUE'AMISHNESS, {squiemishuss) s. the quality of hav- 
 ing a nice, delicate, and weak stomach. 
 
 To SQUEEZE, f. a. [ouiVati, Sax.] to press hard, or crush 
 between two substances ; to crush, to oppress, to harass by 
 extortion. Neuterly, to pass by compression; to force way 
 through close bodies. 
 
 SQUEEZE, $. the act of pressing hard; compression; 
 pressure. 
 
 SQUELCH, s. a heavy fall. A low word. 
 
 5 L 
 
 STA 
 
 SQUIB, s. \schieben, to push forward, Teuf. | a quill filled 
 with gunpowder, cVc. Any petty fellow. A falsehood. 
 
 SQUILL, v. the scilla of Lunia;us. There are three sp» 
 ciesj; the vernal star, autuninal'star, and harebell hyacinth ; 
 the last of which has been but lately introduced into (his 
 genus, under the name ot scilla itutam : — blossoms blue. A 
 fish ; an insect. 
 
 SQUl'NANCY, s. [squinaiieie, Fr. squhtantia, Ital.] a swel- 
 ling and inflammation of the throat, wiiich hinders swallow- 
 ing, and often stops the breath ; thequinsev. 
 
 SQUI'NANCYWORT, s. a kind of woodroof. The roots 
 are used in Sweden to dve red. 
 
 SQUINT, a. \smiinte, Bclg.] looking with the eyes directed 
 different ways ; looking obliquely, awry, suspiciously. 
 
 To SQUINT, V a. to turn the eye obliquely. Neuterly, to 
 look obliquely, or with the eves turned ditlerent ways. 
 
 SQUIRE,*. SeeEsguiRE. 
 
 SQUIRREL, s. [McK7■Hf^/, l'"r. sciurus, Lat. ia small animal 
 living in woods, and remaikable for its agility in leaping 
 from tree tn tree. 
 
 To SQUIRT, V. a. to throw out through a pip^ in a quick 
 stream. 
 
 SQUIRT, *. an instrument by which a quick stream is 
 formed ; a small quick stream. 
 
 To ST.\B, v.». [stavcn, old Belg.] to pierce with a point- 
 ed instrument; to wound mischievously, or mortally. 
 
 STAB, s. a woinui given with a poiuled instrument ; a 
 slv mischief, a dark injury ; a stroke, a blow. 
 
 'STABILITY, s.[stnUliti, Fr. stabtliias, from sto, to stand, 
 Lat.] strength ; firmness ; steaduiess ; fixedness ; firm- 
 ness of resolution. 
 
 STA'BLE, «. [stabilis, from sto, to stand, Lat.J fixed; 
 steady ; strong. 
 
 STA'BLE, (stdU) s. [stabuhim, from ito, to stand, Lat.] a 
 house for beasts, especially horses. 
 
 STA'BLESTAND, s. in law, is one of the four evidences 
 or presumptions whereby a man is convinced to intend the 
 stealing of the king's deer in the forest ; and this is when a 
 man is found at his standing in the forest, with a cross-bow 
 bent, ready to shoot at any deer ; or with a long bow ; or 
 else standing close by a tree with greyhounds in a leash 
 readv to slip. 
 
 To .ST.VBLISH, v. a. See Establish. 
 
 STACK, s. [stacca, Ital.] a large quantity of hay, corn, or 
 wood, heaped together ; several chimneys or funnels 
 standing together. 
 
 To STACK, V. a. to pile up wood, hay, Ac. 
 
 STA'CTE, s. [stacte, urstttcta, Lat.] an aromatic; the gum 
 that distils from the tree that produces myrrh. 
 
 STA'DTHOLDER, s. [staih and huuden, Belg.] formerly 
 the title of the chief magistrate of the united provinces of 
 Holland. 
 
 STAFF,*, plur. staves; [staff', Dan. sfaf,ljelg. staf. Sax.] 
 a stick which supports a person in walking, or which is used 
 as a weapon ; a club ; a support, a prop ; a stick used as a 
 badge of authority ; a stick to which a tiag or colours are 
 fastened. A stanza. 
 
 STATFORD, the county town of Staffordshire, contain- 
 ing two churches, and about 40(i0 inhabitants. It has a free- 
 school, and a fine square market-place, in « hich is a hand- 
 some county-hall, and under it the market-house. The 
 streets are large, and many of the houses are handsomely 
 built. The town has greatly inci eased of late, both in popu- 
 lation and wealth, by the manufacture of cloth and shoes. 
 A county infirmary was finished here in 1772. It is situated 
 in a plain on the river Sow, near a navigable canal, which 
 extends through several counties, 12 miles N. \V. of Lich- 
 field, and 135 N. W. of London. Market on Saturday. 
 
 STA'FFORDSfliHE, a countv of England, bounded on 
 the W. by Shropshire and Cheshire, an(^ on the N. E. and 
 E. by Derbyshire, and on the S. E. and S. by Warwickshire 
 and Worcestershire. It extends in length about 54 miles, 
 and in breadth from 1^ to 36. It is said to be divided into* 
 hundreds, which contain 1 city, 21 towns, 181 parishes, tJ7i!i
 
 ST A 
 
 STA 
 
 Tillages, aliout 2.3,740 houses, and 142,440 inhabitants. The 
 principal rivers ;ire the Trent, Dove, Sow, Churnet, Stour, 
 Penk, and Manifold. The air is reckoned pleasant, mild, 
 and wholegoaie. The middle and southern parts are level 
 and plain, and the soil is good and rich ; the N. are hilly, 
 and full of heaths and moors. The county, at large, con- 
 tains about 780,000 acres, of which 600,000 are in a state of 
 cultivation. Staffordshire is famous for its potteries, its in- 
 land navigations, and its founderies, blast furnaces, slitting 
 mills, and various other branches of the iron trade. The 
 mines of coals, copper, lead, and iron ore, are rich and ex- 
 tensive ; those of coal are supposed to occupy a space of 
 50,000 acres. There are also numerous quarries or stone, 
 alabaster, and limestone. 
 
 STAG, t. the male red deer; the male of the hind. 
 
 STAG v., s. \esta^e, Fr. I a lloor raised on which any sli«)4r 
 is exhibited ; a place where any thing is transacted ; apart 
 of a journey which is undertaken without iiitermission. 
 
 STA'GECOACH, (stajcmch) t. a coach which passes and 
 repasses to and from the same places. 
 
 STA'GEPLA V, s. a theatrical enttrtsinment 
 
 STA'GEPLAYER, s. one who represents actions on the 
 stage. 
 
 STA'GER, «. a player; one who has long acted on the 
 staefe of life ; an old practitioner. 
 
 STA'GGARD, {stag-ai-d) s. a stag or male red deer, four 
 years old. 
 
 To STA'GGER, {stag-er) v. n. \staggeren, Belg.J to reel ; 
 or be unable to walk or stand steadily ; to faint or give way ; 
 to hesitate, or be in doubt. Actively, to make a person reel ; 
 to shock ; to make less confident or steady. 
 
 STA'GGERS, (stagers) s. the colic or apoplexy in 
 horses. 
 
 STA'GMA, *. in chymistry, juices or plants mixed to- 
 gether in order to distillation. 
 
 STA'GN ANT, a. [from stagnnm, a pool, Lat.] motionless ; 
 «tili; not running: not agitated. 
 
 To STA'GNATE, v. »i. [from stadium, a pool, Lat.] to stop 
 its course ; to be without motion. 
 
 STAGN A'TION, s. stoppage of course ; cessation of mo- 
 tion, or fluency. 
 
 STAID, pari. a. sober; sedate; grave; 'regular; com- 
 posed. 
 
 STAI'DNESS, s. freedom from levity ; soberness ; com- 
 poscdness ; gravity ; prudence ; sedateness ; regularity. 
 
 To STAIN, t>. a. fystaenio, Brit.] to blot, spot, or spoil 
 colour ; to disgrace. 
 
 STAIN, i. a spot or discoloration; adisgrace; areproach; 
 shame ; ignominy ; blot. 
 
 STAI'N ER, J. one that stains or blots ; a dyer. 
 
 STAINES, a town of Middlesex, seated on the river 
 Thames, over which is an elegant new stone bridge, of three 
 rlliptic arches. At some distance above the bridge, at 
 Colu-Ditch, is what is called Loiidon-Mark-Stone, which is 
 the anlient boundary to the jurisdiction of the city of Lon- 
 don on the Thames, and bears the date of 1280. Staines is 
 17 miles W. by S. of London. Market on Friday. 
 
 STAl'NING, a. spotting or discolouring. 
 
 STAIR, s.\itrrgar, Sax.]»tcps by which we ascend from 
 the bottom to the upper part of any buildings; a tiight 
 of steps. 
 
 STAI'RCASE, that part of a building which contains the 
 stairs. 
 
 STAKE, t. [stnceh, Bclg. stnca. Sax.] a post or stronjt 
 •tick fastened in the ground ; any thing placed as a pali- 
 sade ; any thing pledged or wagered ; the state of being 
 pledged or hazarded ; a small anvil. 
 
 To STAKE V. a. to fasten or support with pieces of tim- 
 ber set upright. To wager, pledge, or hazard. 
 
 STALA'CTICAL, a. [stalahtihoi, from ttalao, to] drop, 
 Gr.l resembling an icicle. 
 
 STALACTl'Til^, t. in natural history, are crystalline 
 k{>arii,(oiracd intoobloug, conical, round, orirregular bodies, 
 
 610 
 
 cornposed of various crusts, and usually hanging in ton 
 o( icicles from the roofs of grottos, cVc. 
 
 STA'LBRID(;E, a town of Dorselshire, remarkable for 
 a manufacture of stockings. Here is an antient cross, 21 
 feet high, on a base of 8 feet. It is 20 miles N. by V.. o 
 Dorchester, and IIIW. by S. of London. Market on 
 Tuesday. 
 
 STALE, a. [rf«//e, Belg.] old ;' kept long; itnpaired by 
 time. 
 
 STALE, s. [from sfir/rtn, to steal. Sax.] a prostitute; urine; 
 old beer ; an allureuienl. 
 
 To STALE, V. n. to wear out, or make old. Neuterly, to 
 make water. Not in use. 
 
 STA'LENESS, f. the quality of being of an old date, or 
 of not being fresh. 
 
 To STA LK, {stmilh) V. n. Utealcan, Sax.] to walk in a proud 
 manner ; to walk loftily. To walk behind a stalkinghor»e 
 or cover. 
 
 STALK, {staulh)s. a proud and lofty step; the stem of a 
 a plant, corn, a quill, &c. 
 
 STA'LKINGHORSE, (stadlhingkorse) i. a horse either 
 real or fictitious, made use of by fowlers to shelter them- 
 selves from the sight of the game ; a person employed as a 
 tool : a pretence ; a mask. 
 
 STA'LKY, a. hard like a stalk. 
 
 STALL, {stan!l)s. [stal, Be\^. steal,' Sax. Italia, Ital.] a crib 
 in which an ox is fed ; a bench, &c. where any thing is ex- 
 posed to sale ; a small house or shed, in which certain trades 
 are carried on, from stall, Swed. or stal, Armorick. The 
 seat of a dignified clergyman in a choir. 
 
 To STALL, (staull) V. a. to keep in a stall or stable. To 
 invest, used for iiulaJl. Neuterly, to kennel ; to dwell. 
 
 STA'LLAGE, (staullaje) s. money paid for keeping a stall 
 in a fair or market. 
 
 STA'LLION, I. [ysdalwyn, old Brit.] a stone horse kept 
 for covering mares. 
 
 STA'MFORD, a large, populous, rich, and compact town 
 of Lincolnshire, formerly much more considerale than at 
 present, as at one time it contained 14 churches, which in 
 Camden's time were reduced to 7, and at present to 5. It is 
 an antient place, and had, formerly, ax some say, an univer- 
 sity, or at least 2 colleges, called Black Hall and Brazen 
 Nose. Some remains of these are still visible, and particu- 
 larly the gate of the last, on which there is a brazen nose 
 and a ring through it. Most of the houses are covered with 
 slate ; and here are some large neat inns, which, indeed, 
 have all the appearance of palaces. Its trade is chietly in 
 malt, sea-coals, and free-stone. 'I'he custom of Borough 
 English prevails here. It is seated on the river Welland, 
 which is navigable here for barges, 96 miles N. N. W. of 
 Hunlijigdon, and 85 N. by \V. of London. Markets on 
 Monday and Friday. 
 
 STA'MINA, s. [Lat. | the first principles of any thing ; 
 the solids of a human body. In botany, the little fine threutiii 
 which grow round the style or styles, within the tlqwers of 
 plants, and bear the apices or tips on their extremities. 
 
 STAMI'NEOUS.fl. [from stumen, a thread, Lat.] thrc.idy ; 
 filaceous; appearing as full of threads. Among botanists, 
 flowers which want the fine coloured leaves called petala, 
 and consist only of the stylus and stamina, and thence called 
 imperfect. 
 
 STA'MMEL, *. in low language, a large flouncing mare ; 
 a rude bouncing wench. A species of red colour. 
 
 To S'I"A'MMER, >'. »». \stammeren, Belg.J to speak with 
 great ditliculty and hesitation ; to have an impediment in 
 the speech ; to stut. 
 
 STAMMERER, s. one who faulters in speaking. 
 
 To STAMP, V. a. [stampeii, Belg. stamper, Dan. J to strike 
 by forcing the foot hastily downwards ; to beat as in a mor- 
 tar ; to impress with some mark or figure ; to coin. Neu- 
 tcrlv,to strike the foot suddenly downward. 
 
 .STAMP, .t. [eslampe, Fr. stampa, Ital.] any instrnraentby 
 which an impression is made ; a murk or impression made L>«
 
 STA 
 
 STA 
 
 itntnping ; a picture cut in wood, &c. for marking ; autho- 
 ritv ; make, cast, form. 
 
 To STANCH, V. a. \estancher, Fr.J to stop blood, or liinder 
 from running. Neutcriy, tostop. 
 
 STANCH, a. sound, or not letting out, applied t") vessels. 
 Firm, trusty, determined hearty, sound of principle. Strong; 
 uot to be broken. 
 
 sTa'NCHION, s. [estaiieo7i, Fr.] in building, a stay ; a 
 support; an iron bar in a window. 
 
 STA'NCHNESS, s. firmness ; the quality of being trusty, 
 or of sound principle. 
 
 To STAND, v.n. preter. I stood, or have stood ,- [standan, 
 Got-h. and Sax.] to be upon the feet ; to be placed ; to re- 
 main in a place ; to remain in the present state ; to remain 
 undemolished, or not thrown down; to become or remain 
 erect ; to slop, halt, or cease ; to oiferas a candidate ; to be 
 without action ; to stop. To statut ai^-aiiist, to resist or oppose. 
 To stand by, to support or defend ; to be present only as a 
 spectator ; to repose on, or confide in. To stand/or, to pro- 
 pose one's self as a candidate; to profess to support. To 
 stand off, to keep at a distance ; to refuse compliance ; to 
 decline intimacy or friendship. To stand out, to continue 
 firm in a resolution ; to deny compliance ; to be prominent. 
 To stand to, to ply ; to persevere or continue any action; 
 to remain fixed in a purpose ; to abide by a contract or as- 
 sertion. To stand np, to rise from sitting ; to rise up in or- 
 der to gain notice, to make a party. To stand viwn, to con- 
 cern ; to interest ; to value ; to insist. Actively, to sustain 
 without yielding; to abide; to keep or maintain; used with 
 ground. 
 
 .STAND, s. a station or place where one waits stand- 
 ing ; rank or post ; a stop or bait; an interruption or in- 
 termission ; the highest mark or degree beyond which a 
 thing cannot proceed ; difficulty, perplexity ; a frame or 
 table on which vessels are placed. 
 
 STA'NDARD, s. [extendart, Fr.J an ensign, particularly 
 that of the cavalry ; that which is of undoubted authority, 
 and the test of other things of the same kind ; something 
 tried by the proper test ; a standing stem or tree; a settled 
 rate. In botany, the upright petal of a butterfly-shaped 
 blossom. That large inversely heart-shaped petal in the 
 flowcr'of the gorse, or furze, is the standard. It is peculiarly 
 large in the pea. It is called by Linna-us vexillum. 
 
 STA'NDBEARER, s. one who bears a J standard or 
 ensign. 
 
 ST.\'NDER, I. one who stands. A stander hy, a mere 
 spectator ; one present. 
 
 STA'NDING, a. settled or lotig-established ; lasting; 
 motionless; stagnant ; placed on feet. 
 
 STA'NDING, s. continuance in any post, place, or station; 
 power to stand; rank ; condition ; candidalesliip. 
 
 STA'NDISH, s. a case for pens and ink. 
 
 STA'NDON, a town in Hertfordshire, 3 miles N. of 
 Hertford, and 17. N. of London. Market on Friday. 
 
 STANHOPE, a small town in Weresdale, Durham, 20 
 miles S. S. W. of Durham, and 264 N. by W. of London. 
 It has a spacious park, in which the Scotch army encamped 
 when they were besieged, or rather straitened, by Edward 
 III. Market disused. 
 
 STA'NLEY, a town in Gloucestershire, 12 miles S. of 
 Gloucester, and 104 W. by N. of London. Market on 
 Saturday. 
 
 STA'NNARY, a. [from ttannum, tin, Lat.] relating to tiu- 
 works. 
 
 STA'NTON, a small town in Lincolnshire, 16 miles 
 E. N. E. of Lincoln, and 146 N. of London. Market on 
 Monday. 
 
 STANZA, s. [Ital.l a verse in a poem consisting of more 
 than two lines. 
 
 STA'PLE, {st&pl) s, \stapel, Belg.] primarily signifies a 
 public place or market, whither merchants are obliged to 
 bring their goods to be bought by the people. The staple 
 commodities of this kingdom are said to be wool, leather, 
 Kool-felts, lead, tin, butter, cheese, doth, &cv 
 
 STA'PLE, («<o/>0 «. settled; established in commerce; 
 according to the laws of commerce. 
 
 STA'PLE, (stajil) s. Istiipul, Sax.] a loo|)of iron, Ac. a bar 
 of iron, &c. bent and driven into wood at bull,, cud:;. 
 
 STAR, s. [simrra, Sax. slirre, lUlg ] a general name fo» 
 all heavenly bodies, which, like so nmny brilliant studs, are 
 dispersed ihrougli the wliolc lioavrns. 'Jhe stars are dis- 
 tinguished, from the piKenomena of their motions, <.Vc. into 
 fixed and erratic or wandering stars ; these last are again 
 dislinguishetl into the greater luminaries, viz. the sun and 
 moon ; the planets or waudiring stars, properly so called ; 
 and the comets. As to the fixed stars, or simply stars, they 
 are so called because they seem to be fixed, or perfectly at 
 rest, and consequently appear always at the same distance 
 from each other. Various have been the conjectures con- 
 cerning the nature of the fix,-d stars: but that which supposes 
 them to be suns enlightening other worlds appears to be the 
 best founded, from the following considerations : That they 
 are at immense distances from our earth is evident from their 
 almost insensible parallax, which is too minute to be accu- 
 rately ascertained, amounting to no more than a very few 
 seconds ; whence the distance of the nearest, by trigonome- 
 try, is found to be, at the least, some hundreds of times hr- 
 ther removed from us than Saturn. That their respective 
 magnitudes are amazingly great is demonstrable from their 
 being visible at such a vast distance; and that they shine hy 
 their own, and nut a borrowed light, is manifest from their 
 great lustre at such an immense distance from our luminary 
 of day : for if you compare the faint light of Saturn with the 
 brilliancy of Sirius, (which is a great number of times more 
 distant from the sun than the former,) we shall be convinced 
 (hat our sun is not the source of light to the latter. Their ap- 
 
 Careiit diameters are not as great as was foriaerly thought, 
 eing found not to exceed a second of a degree ; which may 
 be easily proved from their almost instantaneous disappear- 
 ance behind the disk of the moon at the time of an occulta- 
 tion, their whole body emerging in less than two seconds, 
 whereas the moon employs tliat time in moving over 1" of a 
 degree. Their re-appearance from behind the moon has also 
 been observed to be equally quick. Now, to suppose a star, 
 of not more than a second in its visible diameter, (yet by its 
 radiancy appearing to the naked eye much larger,) to be il- 
 luminated by the sun, when removed at such an amazing dis- 
 tance from him, is the greatest absurdity. Fallinfr Stars in 
 meteorology, are fiery meteors, which dart through the sky 
 in form of stars ; being occasioned by a nitro-sulphureous 
 matter, the common cause of all such meteors. .Mso, the 
 pole-star. A mark. An asterisk used by printers. In he- 
 raldry, it is a charge frequently borne on the shield, and 
 the honourable ordinaries, in tigiiie of a star. It is also a 
 badge of honour worn by the Knights of the Garter, Bath, 
 and Thistle. 
 
 STA'RAPPLE, s, a globular or olive-shaped soft fleshy 
 fruit, inclosing a stone of the same shape. This plant 
 grows in the warmest parts of America, where the fruit is 
 eaten by way of desert. It grows to the height of thirty or 
 forty feet. 
 
 STAR OF BETHLEHEM, «. in botany, the ornithoga- 
 lum of Linnaeus. Three of the species are natives of England, 
 viz. the yellow, spiked, and common. They all flower in 
 May. 
 
 STARBOARD, {stirhbrd) s. [steorhord. Sax.] the right 
 hand side of a ship. 
 
 STARCH, s. \sturt, stiff, Teut,J a kind of paste made 
 of the flour of wheat or potatoes, with which linen ij 
 stiffened. 
 
 STARCH, a. [stare, Teut.] stiff ; formal ; precise. 
 
 To STARCH, V. u. to stiffen withstarch. 
 
 STARCHED, a. stitiencd with starch ; stiff; precise, or 
 formal. 
 
 To STARE, v. n. \starian. Sax. sterren, Belg.] to look with 
 fixed eyes; to look steadily with wonder, impudence, con- 
 tidcQce, stupidity, or horror. To start in the face, signifies 
 
 8U
 
 STA 
 
 STE 
 
 to hptiiKlenialily eviHent. To stand out prominent. SynoN. 
 To iij'-e, implies lookinfj at with wonder and impudence ; 
 to £o;f, looking at with wonder and respect. Sturiiig iias 
 ahvavs been considered as a breach of good manners. 
 
 STARK, s. a fixed or impudent look. 
 
 STAHTISH, i. a fish branching out into several points, 
 resembling a star. 
 
 STA'RGAZKR, s. in contemptuous language, an astrono- 
 mer or astro!o<,'er. 
 
 STA'R{JRASS, *. in botany, the callitriche of Linnaeus. 
 There two British species, the vernal and autumnal. 
 
 STA'R.JELLY, s. among botanists, a kind of thong, 
 of uliich there are IG species. Some of the species have a 
 near atiinitv to the fungus. 
 
 STARK," n. [.t^«-c, or«?RiT, Sax.i<«-fA, Belg.Jstiff; strong; 
 rugged. Mere ; plain ; sinipfe ; gross. Ample. Adver- 
 bially, it is used to augment the signification of a word ; as, 
 Herk mnd, mad in the highest degree. 
 
 STARK, s. a starling. 
 
 STA'RLIUH'l', {surtit) s. the light or lustre of the 
 
 STARLIGHT, (starUt) a. lighted by the stars. 
 
 STA'RLING,«. [5<an7«i?, Sax.i a bird about the size of 
 tlie common blackbird, reniarkably docile, and may be made 
 to imitate the human voice. 
 
 STA'RRA', a. decorated with stars ; resembling stars ; 
 consisting of stars. 
 
 To START, V. n. \startzen, Teut.J to feel or give ari invo- 
 luntary sliriiik, twitch, or motion, on the apprehension of 
 danger. Togo out of the way ; to deviate. To shrink •, 
 to winch. To rise suddenly, used generally with np. To 
 set out in any course or pursuit. Actively, to alarm or 
 disturb suddenly ; to make fly ; to discover ; to put sud- 
 tJenlv out of its place. 
 
 START, .V. a sudden twitch or motion of terror ; a sudden 
 excitement to action ; a sally or unexpected flight ; a quick 
 spring or motion; a sudden" fit, or intermitted action. To 
 fret tlieslart, is to begin before another. 
 
 STARTING, i. among jockeys, the setting out of the 
 horses at the beginning of a heal. Among brewers, the 
 putting new beer or ale to that whicli is decayed, in order 
 to revive it; or the filling empty butts with beer. 
 
 STA'RTl P, s. among botanists, a genus of thongs, of 
 which there an; .36 species. 
 
 To STA RTLIiL, {stiirtl) v. n. to shrink ; to move on a sud- 
 den apprt-heiision of danger. Actively, to frighten; to 
 shock or iniiiress with sudden apprehension of danger. To 
 make to deviate ; to deter. 
 
 STA 11 TLP^, (t'ortO s.a sudden shock; alarm; sudden 
 impression of terror. 
 
 To STARVE, v.n.\stcarfan, Sax.j to perish with hunger 
 or cold ; to suffer extreme poverty. Actively, to kill with 
 hunger or cold ; to deprive of force or vigour ; to subdue by 
 famine. 
 
 STA'RVi^LING, s. any animal that is both thin and weak 
 for want of food. Adjectively, hungry ; lean; pininj;. 
 
 STA'RWORT, s. the aster of Linnxus. The sea-star- 
 wort is the British species. 
 
 STATE, s. [status, Lat.] condition; circumstances of 
 nature or fortune ; the settled meaning or tenor; tlie coni- 
 niunity or pid>lic ; a government ; rank or quality ; solemn 
 ]>omp or grandeur ; a seat of dignity ; a canopy ; the chief 
 persons in an administration. Compounded witii other 
 words, it signifies public, or relating togoverinnent. 
 
 To STATK, v. a. [eonstater, Fr.j to settle or regulate ; to 
 represent with all its circumstances. 
 
 STAT Eli NESS, s. grandeur of appearance or mien; 
 proud behaviour; affected dignity. 
 
 STATELY, a. pompous ; majestic ; grand ; august ; lofty ; 
 elevated ; magnificent; elated in mien or sentiment. 
 
 STATEN ISLAND, a barren craggy inland, near Terra 
 del Fucgo, in S. America. Lat. 0■^. 20. S. Ion- (H. 30. W. 
 
 .STATEN ISLAND, an island forming the county of 
 Richraond, in New York, North America. It is about 12 
 
 miles loiig, and 6 broad. July 8, 177e, the king's troop 
 made good their laiiding here, aud^ drove the provincittls 
 from the island. Lat. 40. 31. N. loji. 74. 23. W. 
 
 ST.^TES (i 1;N I'RAL, s. an assembly of the deputies of 
 the several United Provinces. 
 
 STATESMAN, *. one versed or concerned in the arts of 
 government ; a politician. 
 
 STATIC, or STATICAL, a. relating to the science of 
 weighing. 
 
 S TA TICKS, i. \statike, {iota istenit to stand, Gr.] «he 
 science which considers the weight o-f bodies, or the mo- 
 tion of bodies arising from gravity. 
 
 Sr.VTION, {itdshuii) s. [Fr. staiio, from sto, to stand, Lat.J 
 the act of standing; a state of rest ; a place or post : situa- 
 tion ; diaracter; employment; rank or condition of life. 
 
 To STATION, {stds/iuit) v. a. to set in a. certain 'raiik, 
 post, or place. 
 
 STATIONARY, (i^aaAHHffr?/) a. fixed; not progressive. 
 Applied to the planets, when they have no apparent mo- 
 tion. 
 
 ST.ATIONER, (stasJiuner) f. one who sells paper; for- 
 merly applied to booksellers on account of the stands or 
 stations in which they exposed their books. 
 
 ST.^TI'STICAL, n. [from slate, I a word lately applied to 
 those descriptions of a country, or any part, which give the 
 present or actual state of it. 
 
 STATUARY, s. [staiuaire, Fr.J the art of carving images; 
 a carver of images. 
 
 STATUE, s. [Fr. statiia, fiomsto, to stand, Lat.] a carved 
 or cast image. 
 
 STATURE, .«. [Fr. statvra, Trom sto, to stand, Lat.] the 
 height of an animal. 
 
 STATUTE, s. \statut, Fr. from statuoj to establish, Lat.] 
 an edict of a legislator; a law ; an act of parliament. 
 
 To STAVE, V. a. [from staff, in the plural star-es] to break 
 barrels in pieces; to push off as with a stafi'; topouroutby 
 breaking the case. Neuterly, to fight with staves. 
 STAVES, the plural of Staff. 
 STA'VTjSACRE, s. a plant called also larkspur. 
 To ST.\Y, V. n, \sfaen, Belg.] to continue in a place, or 
 in the same state ; to wait; to stop or stand still. Used 
 with on or upon, to rest or confide in. Actively, to stop, to 
 repress ; to delay, to obstruct ; to keep from departing. To 
 prop, used with on or wp; from Miayec, Fr. Synon. The 
 common idea of stay and remain is a cessation of progression. 
 Their difference consists iu this ; that to stai/ seims to have 
 less dnnttion than remain. 
 
 STAY, s. continuance in the same place ; a stand orstop ; 
 a fixed state ; a prop or support. Among mariners, ropes 
 which support tlie masts, and keep them from falling. In 
 the plural, a whalebone covering worn by women, and 
 laced behind. 
 
 STA'YLACE, s. a lace with which womeq fasten their 
 boddice. 
 .STA YEDNESS, s. see Staidnkss. 
 STA'YMAKER, s. amaker of women's stays. 
 STEAD, (steH) s. Isted, Sax.] a place, room, or post, oc- 
 cupied by another. After stand, use ; help, or service. 
 Compounded with lieil, the frame on which it stands. Stead 
 or sted, in the names of places, comes from sled, or ttyd. 
 Sax. a place ; but if it be situated on a river, from stada, Isl, 
 statlie, Sax. a shore or station for ships. 
 
 To STE.4D, {tteif) V. a. to help, assist, advantage, support. 
 Obsolete. 
 
 STEADILY, (sti!dily) ad. without tottering, shaking, or 
 altering; without irregularity or variation. 
 
 STE'ADINESS, (stcdiness)s. the quality of not being easily 
 moved or disconcerted ; cotisistent, unvaried conduct ; 
 constancy, firmness. 
 
 STE'ADY', (.«<('/!/) n. [.v/fc/'n-, Sax.j firm; constant; regu- 
 lar. Among sailors, keeping the ship constant in her 
 course. 
 
 STEAK, (staik) s. [stijch, a piece, Isl. Sax. and ErseJ a 
 piece of meat to be fried or broiled ; a coUop. 
 
 812
 
 3TE 
 
 STE 
 
 ToSTKAh, (jieei) v. n. \\reter. stole, part, pass, ft aim ; 
 [ttefan, Sax. steleii, Hcli;.] to take iiw-iiy wliat is atiother's 
 priTatoly to gain or fifi.'t't in a secret or impertcptihle 
 maimer ; to lliieve ; to purloin. Neuterly, to witliclrnw 
 secretly ; to be guilty of taking what is another's, without 
 his knowledge or notice. 
 
 STF/ALER, s. one who steals ; a thief. 
 
 STRALTH, (stilt/i) a. the act of taking what belongs to 
 another without his knowledge or notice; theft; the thinjf 
 stolen.. By stealth, signifies secretly, and is sonietiuics used 
 in a good sense. 
 
 STIOAM, (steem) s. [rfewf, Sax.] the Vapour arising; from 
 any boilin;.j or hot licpior. 
 
 To STEAIM, (v<«7h)i'. "• [sleninn, Sax.] to smoke or va- 
 pour ; to send up vapours, applied to hot liquors. 
 
 STKi'AMINl'>S, {stccniinrxs) s. emission of vapour. 
 
 STF/ATITl'-S, i. a kind of stone, composed of silex, iron, 
 and unignesia. Also called French chalk, Spanish chalk, 
 and soap rock. ' 
 
 STEATO'M.4, *. [Gr.] matter in a wen composed of 
 fat. 
 
 STF/DFAST, a. fast in a place; firm in resolution; 
 Constant. 
 
 .STE,'DFASTLY. nrl. firmly; resolutely. 
 
 STE'DFASTNliSS, i. conslaney; firmness; resolution. 
 
 STEED, *.[«W«, Sax. I a horse for state or war. 
 
 STEEL, s. [staej, l'>( I;;, slii/, Sax.] iron pm ified in the fire 
 with other inijredients, which render it white, and its grain 
 closer and finer. Figuratively, weapons or aiuiour In 
 medicine, chalybeate remedies. Proverbially, any thing 
 hard. 
 
 STEAL.rt. made of steel. 
 
 To STEEL, t'. n. to point or edge with steel; to make 
 hard, firm, or insensible. 
 
 STEE'LY, a. made of steel ; Iiard ; firm. 
 
 STEELYARD, s. a kind of balance for weighing. 
 
 STEEP, a. \ste(ip, Sax.] difficult and dangerous to ascend 
 or descend, because with very little slant. 
 
 STEEP, s. a precipice ; an ascent almost perpendicular. 
 
 To STEEP, V. a. [stippen, Belg.] to soak long in liquor; 
 to macerate ; todip; to imbue. 
 
 STEE'PLE, {steepl) s. [sieopel, or sti/pel. Sax.] by steeple, 
 tpire, and ton-ei; are meant a high builduig raised above the 
 main edifice ; but steeple is more general; ipue and tower 
 more particular. Steeple implies the turret of a church, be it 
 in what form soever. By spire is understood a steeple rising 
 taper to the lop. By toucr is implied a square steeple. Spire 
 and tower, then, are certain kinds o{ steeples. The steeple of 
 St. Thomas's church, Liverpool, is a spire ; that of St Mark's, 
 a tower. Steeple and spire are never applied but to churches. 
 Tvu-er is often made use of with respect to other large edifices. 
 
 STKEPINESS, s. declivity ; great descent, 
 
 STEER, s. [stier, Belg. stijre, steor, or siiore. Sax.] a young 
 bullock. 
 
 To STEER, V. a. [stieren, Belg. steoran, or styran. Sax. J to 
 director guide in its passage. Neuterly, to direct a course 
 at sea. 
 
 STEE'RAGE, s. the act of guiding a vessel in its course ; 
 Ihi . rt'hich guides any thing in its course ; the stern or hinder 
 part of a ship. 
 
 STEERSMAN, or STEE'RSMATF,, s. one that steers or 
 Euides a vessel in its course ; a pilot ; one who chiefly con- 
 ducts the aflairs of a state. 
 
 STEGANO'GRAPHIST, /. [from steganos, secret, and 
 grajiho, to write, Gr.] he who practises the art of secret 
 writing. 
 
 STEGANO'GRAPHY, (tteganigraf,/) s. [from stegmws, 
 secret, and g'i'«/>Ao, to write, Gr.j the art of secret writing 
 by characters or cyphers known only to persons that cor- 
 respond with each other. 
 
 STEGNO'SIS, s. [from stegno, to cover, Gr.] a stopping 
 up the pores of the body. 
 
 STEGNO'TICS, s. [from stegno, to cover, Gr.] binding 
 medicines, or such as produce costiveness. 
 
 STE'f.LAR, 3. [from i<ctti, a star, Lat.J relating to tht 
 stars; fall of stars.; astral; starry. 
 
 STE'LLATl';, a. [siitlutHS, fi(,ui .ifW/a, a star, Lwt. J marked 
 with spots like stars, hi botany, plants having their leaves 
 growing on the stalks at certain distances, in the form of a 
 star. 
 
 S'J'ELLI'ONATE, *. fj/fWoHn/, Fr.] from .?<e?/!o, a knave, 
 Lat.J in law, a kin<l of crime which is committed by a de- 
 ceittul selling a thing (or otherwise than it really is; as if a 
 man should sell that for his own estate which is the property 
 of another. 
 
 STEM, s. \stcmmn, Lat.] a stalk or twig._ A family ; ge- 
 neration ; pedigree; genealogy; race. The prow or fore- 
 part of a ship, from ,s(am(«c)i, Swed. 
 
 To STEM, V. a. \stiunma, Isl.] to oppose a current ; to 
 check; to keep back. 
 
 STENCH, s. [from stevcan, S;!x.] a stink ; a bad smeH, 
 Dryden has used it for a good smell. " Clouds of sav'ry 
 steneh involve the sky. " 
 
 To STENCH, i>. a. lo scent with a bad smell. To stop ; 
 to hinder to flow ; corruptrdly \\;v stanch. 
 
 STENOGRAPHY, (stnwg-rafy) s. | from stenns, secret, 
 and ^ca/j/io, to write, Gr.] the art of writing in secret 
 characters ; brachvgraiihy. 
 
 STENTOROPHO'NIC, a. [from Suutor, the Homerical 
 herald, whose voice was as loud as that of fifty men, and 
 phone, a voice, Gr.J loudly siieakin.i; or soiniding. 
 
 To S_TF,P, ti. 71. \stappen, lielg. siMppnn, Sax.j to move by 
 a single change or motion of the foot ; to advance su(klerdy ; 
 to trace backwards or forwards in the mind ; to take a short 
 walk ; to walk gravely, slowly, or resolutely. 
 
 STEP, s. [stap, Belg. st(Tp, Sax.] motion by moving one 
 foot before another; a stair ; round of a ladder ; the space 
 passed by a single remove of the foot, progression ; act oif 
 advancing ; a small space ; the print of a foot ; gait, man- 
 ner of walking ; action, or instance of conduct. In the plu- 
 ral, passage, or walk. 
 
 STEP, ni composition, signifies one related to another 
 only by marriage ; from siiup. Sax. of stepan. Sax. to de- 
 prive, or make an orphan; hence we meet with the words 
 step-da^ighter, or stepson, as well as step mother ; that is, a 
 daughter or son that are orphans, or have lost their own 
 mother ; and a person who' by marriage is the niother of 
 another that was an orphan, or had lost his or her mother 
 by death. 
 
 STETHEN, earlof BuUoign, son to the carl of Blois, by 
 Adela, the Conqueror's fourthdaughtcr, thougli he had lakeii 
 the oath of allegiance to Maud, daughter of Henry l.in case 
 he died without male issue, found means to supplant her, 
 and to get the crown placed upon his own head. Ashe 
 lived with the king his uncle in England, his good qualities 
 gained him his afiection to a high degree ; so that he took 
 pleasure in heaping favours on him, never imagining that he 
 would attempt to set himself up in prejudice of his daughter. 
 However, alter prince William's death, Stephen, by the as- 
 sistance of his brother Henry, bishop of Winchester, begao 
 to take measures to secure the crown to himself, but so se- 
 cretly, that the king his uncle suspected nothing of the de- 
 sign. Being in Normandy with king Henry in his last ill- 
 ness, as soon as the king was dead he came over himself to 
 forward his project by his presence. The bishop of Win- 
 chester had already gained over the archlfishop of Canter- 
 bury and the bishop of Salisbury ; and these three prelates 
 had influence enough over all the rest of the clergy to 
 bring them to declare for Stephen. This did the business, 
 and so much the easier, as Maud was out of the kingdom ; 
 and such of the barons as were not of Stephen's party, seeing 
 the bent of the clergy, durst not oppose tlie design. And 
 so Stephen was declared king, and crowned 24 days after 
 Henry's death, being 31 years old, 1135: and the bishops 
 and nobles did not stick to break the oaih they had thrice 
 taken lo Maud. In order to gain this important point, Ste- 
 phen had been obliged to promise great things to the clergy 
 and people, and that he would graut them more privilege., 
 
 813
 
 STB 
 
 than ever tbey enjoyod under the Norman kin^s. And as 
 he was not without' liis fears from Maud and Geoffrey her 
 husband, to secure the nftections of his subjects, he, soon 
 after his coronation, convened a Reneral assembly at Oxford, 
 in wliich he signed a charter, acluiowledging his being 
 elected king bv tl'e ilerijy and people ; confirming all the 
 liberties, privileges, and iinuuiiiities of the church, and con- 
 senting that all ecclesiastical causes and persons should be 
 tried by the clergy ; promising not to meddle in any manner 
 with the temporalities of vacant bishoprics.or estates belong- 
 ing to ecclesiastics; abolishing all the game laws enacted 
 s.nce the conquest, and all the forest laws ; and reviving 
 tne antient Saxon laws. He moreover abolished Danegelt, 
 which had been taken awav by Edward the Confessor, but 
 restored by the Norman kings. The king, to humour the 
 barons, and thinking thereby to be the better secured from 
 any attempts of the empress Maud, or any foreign mvaders, 
 permitted thcni to fortify their castles, and to build others 
 upon their estates ; so that in a little time there were above 
 iOOO fortified castles mi the kingdoTi. Stephen began his 
 reign in peace ; but the fair scene was soon changed to a 
 most furious and bloody civil war, which overspread all parts 
 of tlic nation, and continued almost through his whole reign. 
 In 1137, the \Yel,sh made an irruption on the frontiers, and 
 carried off a considerable booty ; and in a battle near Cardi- 
 gan, the king's troops were beaten, and above 3000 slain on 
 tlie spot. At the same time David, king of Scotland, in- 
 vaded the northern counties of England, took Carlisle and 
 Newcastle, and advanced as far as Durham. Stephen march- 
 ed against him with a very numerous army ; but this war 
 was soon ended in a treaty of peace. It broke out again, 
 indeed, more than once, the Scotch king taking advantage of 
 the confusion in England to renew his incursion ; but being 
 defeated in a great battle by Thurstan, archbishop of York, 
 and king Slepben,after having reduced his rebellious barons, 
 inarching into the North to chastise that momirch for his late 
 insult, David, not caring to run the hazard of another battle, 
 sued for peace; and Stephen thought fit to agree lo it. 
 Robert, earl of Gloucester, natural brother to the empress, 
 was at the head of the discontented barons who revolted, 
 because the king had not rewarded them as they thought 
 Ihey deserved for plating him on the throne. The earl, 
 thinking matters ripe, went over to acquaint the empress, 
 and wrote an abusive letter to Stephen, upbraiding him for 
 the breach of his oath to Maud, and for drawing him into 
 the same crime. To this he added a manifesto, wherein he 
 treated the king as an usuri.er, and declared war against 
 liini. Stephen, without returning him any answer, confis- 
 cated his estate. The empress's party gained ground ex- 
 ceedingly ; the earl of Gloucester came over, and got posses- 
 sion of^ristol, and the revolt of the barons was like to have 
 been general; so that Maud was invited over, whom they 
 promised to own as their sovereign. But Stephen supported 
 nimselfwith such undaunted courage and resolution, that he 
 crushed thisdangeroas insurrection for the present, and the 
 «arl of Gloucester had no other way to take but to go and 
 press the empress to come over, in order to put new life into 
 her party. Tlie bishops, knowing how much the king was 
 obliged to them for his crown, extended their power to such 
 a degree, amassed such immense wealth, and became so ex- 
 cessively proud and haughty, that the king grew jealous of 
 thcra,and resolved, but impoliticly.considering his situation, 
 to humble them, and took vigorous metliods for that pur- 
 pose, seizing the castle's and treasures of several who had 
 rendered themselves most obnoxious. This brought almost 
 the whole clergy upon his back ; and even his brother the 
 bishop of Winchester tu'rncd against him, under pretence of 
 standing up for the rights of tlie church. By this means a 
 storm was raised, which, with some intermission, continued 
 for several years. For the clergy's faction became so strong, 
 that most o"f the lav lords came orer to them, and the people 
 generally every where deserted the king, and declared for 
 llie empress ; so that none stuck to him but only a few of 
 the barous, his foreign favourites, and his army of Flcmiogs, 
 814 
 
 STE 
 
 Brefon.e, *c. which served biin faithfully, though they were 
 but ill paid. AtthisfavourablejuucturetheenipressMaud, 
 with l>;r brother the earl of Gloucester, came over in the 
 yeisr 1139, from which time a cruel civil war ensued. King 
 Stephen, in the midst of all, behaved with the greatest reso- 
 lution, i)itrepidity,tinnness, and constancy of mind, by which 
 m cans he at least weathered the raging storm ; but not willi- 
 oiil being first brought as low as it is possible to conceive a 
 sovereign prince to be. For after several other sieges, in 
 1140, the ear! of Gloucester came so suddenly upon him, us 
 he was besiegin.'j Lincoln, that a battle could not be avoided. 
 Both sides i'uught with equal bravery for some time, but at 
 last the royal anny was totally routed and put to flight. 'The 
 king was left almost <slone, and on foot, in the field of battle, 
 :uid defi'iided himself with amazing valour even to the last 
 extremity. His battle-axe was broke by the force of his 
 blows, aiid afterwards his sword, scarce any thing but the 
 hilt remaining in his hand ; when he was knocked down on 
 tiis knees with a stone, and a knight ran in, seized him by 
 the helmet, and presented his sword to his throat, threaten- 
 ing to kill him if he would not surrender ; which he still re- 
 fused to do to any but the earl of Gloucester, who conduct- 
 ing him to the empress, she ordered him to be confined in 
 Bristol castle, where, after he had been some time, he was 
 even laid in irons. Never did any one bid fairer for the 
 crown than the empress Maud did at this time. All Eng- 
 land descrtei! the imprisoned king, except London and the 
 couniy of Kent, where he had still some friends, by the 
 means of ihe queen his spouse, Eustace, his son, and William 
 d'Ypres his favourite. The earl of Anjou at the same time 
 got Normandy to acknowledge Maud for their sovereign. 
 Thus Stephen's afl'airs seemed every wliere desperate ; and 
 the more so, as the empress, by promising the bishop of 
 Winchester, then legate, the disposal of all church prefer- 
 ments, had gained him over to her party, who a little before 
 had turned against her, and espoused the interest of tht kin;' 
 his brother. But now this treacherous prelate having called 
 a council at Winchester, by his private intrigues with the 
 clergy, got them to choose Maud for their queen, and pro- 
 ceeded so far as to excommunicate all who adhered to the 
 king. The Londoners at least giving way to the times, 
 thought it expedient to declare for the empress, and prepa- 
 laticms were even making for her coronation. But her 
 haughty, imperious, and disobliging temperj with which she 
 treated persons of all ranks, soon undid all again. She re- 
 fused the Londoners the only thing they petitioned for, and 
 which her father had promised, viz. to revive the laws of 
 king Edward ; which impolitic conduct drew upon her the 
 ill-will of the citizens. She even disobliged the bishop of 
 Winchester, by haughtily denying hisreciuest to confirm to 
 his nephew Eustace the titles of earl of Mortagne and Bou- 
 logne. The consequence was, that he became her utter 
 enemy, and as he had set her up, resolved now to use his 
 utmost etl'orts to pull her down, lie first by his emissaries 
 got the Londoners to declare against her, and even brought 
 them into a plot to seize her person, which she iiarrowhr 
 escaped, and leaving the cily in a great fVight, put herself 
 at the head of her troops, attended by the earl of Gloucester, 
 and marched to Winchester in order to seize the legate, but 
 in vain. He slipt out at a gate on the other side of the 
 town, and went and drew his friends together. The Kentish 
 men having joined the Londoners, Stephen's queen, prince 
 Eustace, and William d'Ypres, headed them, and marched 
 witJi all expedition to Winchester, wliere the empress had 
 scarce time to get into the castle. Here she was besieged, 
 but found means to march out with her troops, which were 
 closely pursued by the king's, w hilst the rest of the army was 
 advancing to surround them. In the pursuit, tht earl of 
 (iluucester, intent on saving the empress, was himself taken 
 prisoner, and conducted to Rochester. Tliit procured king 
 Stephen his liberty ; for Maud, who had a great afl'ectiou 
 for the earl her brother, and could not well do without him, 
 was obliged to exchange him tor the king. Soon after tht. 
 Icijate called a council at Westniiaster, where be cxcouiuiu-
 
 STE 
 
 ST! 
 
 ntcateil all Maud's adliercnts, as before he hint 11io?e of Hie 
 king Ills brother. Tlius Stephen regiiincil his !il>ir(y, 1141w 
 Hut tlie war between liiin and M;uul continued for several 
 years, during which t lie em press's a tlairs visibly dec lined; till 
 at last the brave earl of Gloucester beinf; dead, she despair- 
 ing of standing her ground nmcli longer, iihoul the year 1147 
 retired to Normandy, and left Stephen once more master of 
 the whole kingdom. lie then endeavonreil to secure the 
 crown after liisdeath to his son Kustace, and even to get him 
 crowned beforehand, but did not succeed in the attempt. 
 After the departure of Maud, king Stephen was contriving 
 liow to repair the mischiefs the kingdom had suH'ered by so 
 iuuga war. But he soon found a new rival in prince Henry, 
 theeldcstson of Maud, who waslGyearsold,and of an enter- 
 prising genius. Having prepared matters, he laniled in Eng- 
 land with a considerable force, in 1152, and was immediately 
 joined by several barons, who put into his hands 30 fortified 
 castles. And now a second civil war, asfurioiisusthetirst, was 
 like to break out, and the two armies were jitst upon the point 
 of engaging; when by the good otticesof some of the nol)ility 
 on each side, in a conference between the king and Henry 
 on the opposite banks of the river Thames, near Walling- 
 ford, a truce was agreed upon; which being several times 
 renewed, at last ended in a treaty of peace, (which was fa- 
 cilitated by prince Eustace's death,) by wliicli Stephen was 
 to enjoy the crown during life, and after his death Henry 
 was to succeed him as his lawful heir. Soon after, Stephen 
 performed the ceremony of adopting the young prince. 
 Thus peace was restored, to the universal joy of the nation, 
 and Stephen again applied himself to repair the miseries the 
 war had occasioned ; but death put a stop to his generous 
 designs, which took him out of the world eleven months 
 after the treaty with Henry, viz. on October 25th, 1164, in the 
 60tli year of his age, and 19th of his reign. He was buried 
 in the abbey of Feversham, which lie had founded, near 
 queen Maud his wife, only daughter and heir to the earl of 
 Boulogne, and Eustace his son, who both died 1 153. Stephen 
 was a prince of great courage, fortitude, and activity ; and 
 might have reigned with the approbation of his people, bad 
 lie not been harassed by the ell'orts of a powerful competitor, 
 which obliged him to take such measures for his safety as 
 were inconsistent with the dictates of honour, which indeed 
 iiis ambition prompted him to forego in his first endeavours 
 to ascend the throne. His necessities afterwards compelled 
 him to infringe the charter of privileges he granted at his 
 accession ; and he was instigated by his Jealousy and resent- 
 ment, to commit the most flagrant outrages against gratitude 
 and sound policy. His vices as a king seem to have been 
 the effects of the troubles in which he was involved ; for, as 
 a man, he was brave, open, and liberal, and during the short 
 calm that succeeded the tempests of his reign, he made a 
 progress through the kingdom, published an edict to restrain 
 all rapine and violence, and disbanded the foreign merce- 
 naries who had preyed so long upon his people. But his 
 character has been roughly handled, on account of the little 
 regard he expressed for the clergy, aud his usurpation of the 
 throne from the immediate heirof blood. 
 
 STERCORA'CEOUS, a. [from sterais, dung, Lat.] be- 
 longiiig to dung; partaking of the nature of dnng. 
 
 STERCORA'TION, t. [from stercus, dung, Lat.J the act 
 of dunging ; the act of manuring with dung. 
 
 STEREO'GRAPHY, {stcreigrafthy) s. [itf^-eos, solid, and 
 grapho, to describe, Gr.J the art of representing solids on a 
 plane. 
 
 STEREO'METRY, s. [from itereos, solid, and metreo, to 
 measure, Gr.J a science teaching to measure solid bodies, 
 or to find their solid contents. 
 
 STEREOTOM Y, J. [from stereos, solid, and temno. to cut, 
 Gr.] the art or act of cutting solids, or making sections 
 thereof, as walls or other members in the prohles of archi- 
 tecture. 
 
 STEREOTYPE Printing, s. [surtos, solid, and typos, 
 a type, Gr.] the art of printing books from pages cast in 
 solid platei, instead of being composed of single moveable 
 
 letters, Tins art, though known in Great Britain from tnt 
 year 1725, owes its revival and iinprovenient, in the presetit 
 century, to the industry and in|,'enuity of earl Stanhope 
 But as plates admit of little or no alteration or correction 
 the art is chiefly applicable to works of great and constau' 
 sale, as Bibles, prajer-books, &c. 
 
 STE'RIL, a. [stii-ile, Fr. tterilii, Lat.] barren, orprodutinjt 
 neither fiuit nor children. 
 
 STERILITY, s. [slirUite, Fr. from sterilis, barren, Lat.' 
 barrenness ; or want of power to produce fruit or offspriiij;. 
 
 STE'ULING, a. [from Ensttrlinfrs, originally employed in 
 coinage] an epithet by which genuine English money is 
 discriminated, having twenty shillings English to the pound 
 Genuine ; having passed the test. 
 
 STE'RLING, i. English coin ; standard money or rate. 
 
 STERN, a. r.«<i/rH, Sax.] severe in look <••■ manners; tru- 
 culent. Harsh ; cruel ; unrelenting. Afflictive ; severe ; 
 sour ; morose. 
 
 STERN, s. \steor. Sax. J the hind part of a ship; the 
 binder part of any thing ; direction. 
 
 STE'UNLY, ad. severely ; morosely. 
 
 STE'HNNI'^SS, s. severity in lofik or manners. 
 
 STE'RNON,.s.,[Gr.] the breast bone. 
 
 STERN UTA 'I ION, i. [from stenivto, to sneeze often, 
 Lat.J a convulsive shaking of the nerves and muscles, oc- 
 casioned by an irritation of those in the nostrils ; the act of 
 sneezing. 
 
 STERNUTATIVE, or STERNUTATORY, a. provok- 
 ing sneezing. 
 
 STETIN, Old, a handsome and well fortified sea-port 
 town of Upper Saxony, capital of Prussian Pomerania; con- 
 taining about 20,OUO inhabitants. Here is a court of admi- 
 ralty, a chamber of commerce, a college of physicians, a 
 board of health, &c- In time of peace, it has a considerable 
 trade with England, Holland, France, Spain, Denmark, 
 Sweden, Dantzick, Lubeck, Hamburgli, &c. It has also 
 a dock for building of ships. It is seated on the river 
 Oder, which divides it into four parts, 74 miles W. of New 
 Stetiu, and 70 N. by E. of Berlin. Lat. 63. 35. N. Ion. 14. 
 
 STE'VENAGE, a town of Hertfordshire, with a market 
 on Wednesday. It is a good thoroughfare place, containing 
 several inns, 12 miles N. N. W. of Hartford, and 31 N. by 
 W. of London. 
 
 To STliW, *. fl. [estnte); Er.] to seethe any thin" with a 
 slow heat, and a small quantity of liquor. Neuterly, to be- 
 seethed in a small moist heat. 
 
 STEW, s. \estiive, Fr. stnfa, Ital. estufa, Span.] a bagnio : 
 a hothouse; a brothel; a bawdy house. A storepond or 
 lisbpond. 
 
 STEWARD, s. [stiivard, Sax.] one who manages the afioirs 
 of another, particularly with respect to money. 
 
 STEWARDSHIP, s. the ofliceof a steward. 
 
 STEY'NING, a town in Sussex, with a market on Wed 
 nesday. It is seated under the downs, and sends two mem- 
 bers to parliament. It is 15 miles W. of Lewes, and 51 S. 
 by W. of London. 
 
 .STI'BI AL, o. [from stiliian, Lat.] antimonial. " Stibial ot 
 eruginons sulphur." Harvey. 
 
 STICK, i. [sticca, Sax. stow, Ital. steel, Belg.J a [thin and 
 longish piece of wood ; a walking staff. 
 
 To STICK, V. a. pret. and part. pass, stuck ; [stican. Sax.] 
 to fa.'len on so that it may remain or adhere without falling 
 ort". To stab or pierce with a pointed instrument, from sti- 
 cimt. Sax. or steken, Belg. Neuterly, to adhere to without 
 falling off; to be inseparable : to remain in the memory ; to 
 stop in its passage ; to be constant to ; to hesitate ; used 
 with at ; to be perplexed. To stick out, to be prominent with 
 deformity; to refuse compliance. 
 
 To STICKLE, (siikl) v. n. to take part 'with one side or 
 another ; to contend with obstinacy ; to trim ; to play fast 
 and loose between opposites. 
 
 STFCKLEBACH, s. a small fish found in great quautin* 
 
 816
 
 STI 
 
 in tlie fens ot Lincolnshire, and some of the rivers flowing 
 frotri them, also in new-dug ditches. 
 
 STICKLER, s. one that is busy in public affairs; one 
 wliois zealoiis in llie cause he espouses; a sidesman to a 
 fencer; asecond to a duellist ; a.judge of? combat. 
 
 STICKY, a. fastening itself to any thing it touches ; ad- 
 hesive ; viscous; glutinous. 
 
 STIFF, it. [stif Dan. stif, Sax. st,,r, Swed. stijf, Belg.] 
 not easy to be bent, or put out of form by the touch ; 
 rigid; inflexible; not easily subdued ; obstinate; formal; 
 hardy; strong; stubborn; pertinacious; rigorous; harsh; 
 constrained. 
 
 To STIFFEN, ». a. \stifian, SaxJ to make stiff, or hard 
 to be bent ; to make obstinate, inflexible, rigid, unpliant, 
 hard. Neuterly, togrow stiff or rigid ; to become unpliant ; 
 to grow hard ; to grow obstinate. 
 
 STITFLY, ad. in a stubborn, obstinate, inflexible manner. 
 
 STIFFNE'CKED, a. obstinate ; stubborn ; coutu- 
 niarious. 
 
 STIFFNESS, s. hardness ; rigidity. Tension. Obsti- 
 nacy ; stubbornness. 
 
 To STIFLE, istifl) v. a. \estoufer, Fr. | to smother for want 
 of air, to sufibcate ; to keep in ; to extinguish ; to suppress 
 or conceal. 
 
 STI'GMA, s. [Lat.] a brand with a hot iron ; a mark of 
 infamy. lu .botany, the upper part of the pointal. See 
 Summit. 
 
 To STI'GMATIZE, v. a. friig-ww/.tec, Fr.] to mark with 
 a bra.nd ; to disgrace ; to mark with infamy or reproach. 
 
 STILE, f. [stigele. Sax. J a set of steps by which a person 
 may pass from one inclosure to another ; a pin in a sun-dial 
 which formsthe shadow, from stile, Fr. See Style. 
 
 STILETTO, s. [Ital.J a small dagger, of which the blade 
 is not edged, but round, with a sharp point. 
 
 To STILL, V. a. [slillan, Sax. sttlkn, Relg.] to silence ; to 
 make silent : to quiet or appease ; to calm. 
 
 STILL, a. [stil, Belg.] silent without noise, quiet, calm ; 
 motiiiuless. 
 
 STILL, f. a state of calmness and silence ; a vessci used 
 in distilling ; an alembic. 
 
 STILL, arf. \stille, Sax.] to this time inclusive; neverthe- 
 less ; continually ; after that. 
 \To STILL, V. a. see DisTi l. 
 
 _ STl'LLATOR Y, s. au alembic ; a vessel in which distilla- 
 tion is performed. The room where stills are placed. 
 
 STILLBORN, a. dead born. 
 
 STI'LLICIDE, s. [from ttdla, a drop, and cadu, to fall, 
 LatJ a succession of drops. 
 
 STlLLICipiOUS, «. falling in drops. 
 
 STI'LLNESS, s. the state of being free from motion or 
 noise; calmness; quiet; silence; taciturnity. 
 
 STI'LTS, s. Utyltor, Sued.] sticks willi straps, in which 
 bovs put their feet, and raise themselves to walk in. 
 
 ToSTI'MULATE, v. a. [siimuh, Lai.] to prick or goad; 
 to incline to action by some forci-ble motive. In physic, 
 to excite a quick sensation, and h derivation towards the 
 part. 
 
 STIMULATION, s, \itimidailo, Lat.] the act of in- 
 citing -to act'on; excitement; the act of inciting a quick 
 sensation. 
 
 To STING, V. a. prcter. siun/r, part. pass, sians^ and 
 stung ; [stitif-au. Sax. J to pierce or prick with a pointed dart 
 infecte(fwith venom ; to infuse venom into ; to put to great 
 pain or torture. 
 
 STING, s. a sharp and venomous point with which 
 «ome animals are armed; anything that gives pain; the 
 last verse ofou epigram, conveying some sliarp or pointed 
 thounht. 
 
 S'lI'NGrNESS, (theg- pron. likej) «. covetousness ; nig- 
 ^ar/lliHcss ; avarice. 
 
 STI'NGO, s. [from tlie sharpness of ih taste] old strong 
 beer. A caul word 
 
 SITNGV, (the g pron. like j) a, covetous ; loth to give or 
 lead. 
 
 Ui8 
 
 STI 
 
 To STINK, prefer. sia)Ji or ttunh ; \stiucT:cn, Belg. stiiiim 
 SaxJ to be putrefied, and cause a bad scent. 
 
 STiNK, s. an oft'ensive smell. 
 
 STI'NK.'^RD, s. a stinking nasty fellow. 
 
 STI'NKl'OT, s. an artificial composition offensive to the 
 smell." 
 
 To STINT, f. a. [stytita, Swed. stunta, Isl.J to bound ; to 
 limit ; to restrain ; to stop ; to give sparingly, or conhne to 
 short allowance. 
 
 STINT, s. limit ; bound ; restraint. A proportion as- 
 signed. 
 
 STIPEND, [rtj/jptif/iHJH, Lat.] wages or settled pay. 
 
 STIPENDIARY, s. \stipendiaire, Fr.] one who performs 
 any service for a settled payment. 
 
 STIPENDIARY, a. [from stipendium, wages, Lat.] re- 
 ceiving salaries ; performing any service for a staterf 
 price. 
 
 STIPTIC, orSTI'PTICAL, a. see Styptic. 
 
 To STITULATE, v. v. [from stipidor, Laf.J to settle or 
 make a bargain on certain terms; to contract; to covenant. 
 
 STIPULATION, s. [Fr.from stipulur, to contract. Lat.] 
 an agreement ; a covenant ; a bargain. 
 
 To STIR, (usually pron. stiir) v. a. \stirian, Sax.] to move 
 or remove from its place ; to incite ; to instigate; to agitate, 
 or put the parts of a fluid in motion, by keeping something 
 continually moving between them. To stir itp, to put in ac- 
 tion, to incite or provoke. Neuterly, to move one's self ; to 
 be in motion ; to rise out of bed. 
 
 STIR, {stiir) s. \sti(r, a battle, Run.] a tumult, bustle, or 
 putlic commotion; agitation, conflictnig passion. 
 
 STITIIA, a province of Germany, in the circle of .Austria, 
 with the title of a duchy. It is bounded on the N. by the 
 archduchy of Austria ; on the E. by Hungary ; on the S. by 
 Carniola ; and on the W. by Carinthia, and the archbishop, 
 ric of Saitzburg ; being 185 miles in length, and 17 in 
 breadth. It is said to contain 22 cities, 95 towns, 338 cas- 
 tles, 15 convents, and 200,000 inhabitants. Thoun^h it is a 
 mountainous country, yet there is a great dealof l.ind fit for 
 tillage, and the soil is so good that the iuhabitanls never are 
 in want of corn. It contains mines of very good iron, 
 whence the arms made here are in great esteem. The wo- 
 men differ greatly from the Austrians, and are very plain 
 and downright. They have all swellings on their throats, 
 called bronchoceles. The men are also very simple, and are 
 very zealous worshippers of the Virgin Mary. They delight 
 to sit at home, in the chimney corner, never troubling their 
 heads about foreign aflairs. The chief town is Gratz. 
 
 STI'RIOUS, a. [from stiria, an icicle, Lat.] hanging in 
 drops like icicles. 
 
 STI'RLING, an anticnt town of Scotland, the capital of 
 Stirlingshire. It is seated on the S. side of the Frith of 
 Forth, on a hill, which, rising from the E. terminates abrupriv 
 in a steep rock. On this rock is au anticnt castle, which 
 was often the residence of the kings of Scotland. The out- 
 side of the palace, which is now converted into barracks, is 
 richly and curiously adorned with various grotesque fi;jurcs. 
 From the castle is a fine view of the windings of the I-orth, 
 which are so numerous, that the distance from Stirling to 
 AUoa is above 20 miles bv water, although only four by 
 land. The church of Stirling is a magnificent Gothic struc- 
 ture, which serves tor two separate places of worship. In 
 this town and its neighbourhood are flourishing manufac- 
 tures of carpets, as also of coarse shalloons and cottons ; but 
 that of tartans is on the decline. Stirling is conimodiously 
 seated, being a pass between the N. and S. parts of Scotland, 
 but with such a diflicult navigation of its river that only 
 small vessels can come up to the town. It is 30 miles N'. 
 W. of Edinburgh. 
 
 STI'RLING.SIIIRE, a county of Scotland, bounded onfhc 
 N. and N. E. by Pcrtlishirc and Clackmannanshire, on the 
 E, bv the Frith of Forth, and the county of Linlithgow, on 
 the S. by Lanorkshire, and <>u the W. by Dumbartonshire. 
 It is about 3^« miles in length, 8 or i) in its general breadth, 
 and not more than 13 in its greatest. The S. parts ar»
 
 STO 
 
 mountainous, but (lie parts about the Forth are fertile, and 
 abound in coals. The principal rivers arc the Forth, (wliuli 
 receives a great number of smaller streams) Carron, and 
 Avon; besides whicli, tlie new canal from filasijow runs 
 through this county to the Carrou mouth. The principal 
 towns are Stirling and Falkirk. 
 
 STrRIlER, «. one who is in motion; one who puts m 
 motion ; an instigator. A stirrer up, an inciter. 
 
 STI'RIIUP, s. [stirap, or sti^rrrrp, Sax.] an iv :; 'i';op hung, 
 by a strap, assisting an horseman in mounting his horse, and 
 ill sitting on the saddle. 
 
 To STITCH, V. a. [si.kkc, Dan. stidien, Belg.] to sew on 
 with the needle; to join l).v sewing. To stitch up, to mend 
 something rent. Neiiterly, to perform neetlle-work. 
 
 STiTCil, s. a single pass of a needle and thread through 
 any thiiig; a sharp pin, from siicifin. Sax. 
 
 STITCHWORT, s. a genus of- plants, of «hieh there are 
 three species, vix. the broad-leaved, greater, and lesser 
 stitchwort. Tjic blossoms are white. 
 , STITHY, s. \stith, h:\i(l. Sax. J an anvil. 
 
 To STIVE, V. a. [said to be of the same original as stcir\ 
 to stuff up close; to make hot and sultry for want of 
 
 SIT'VER, *. [Belg.] a Dutch coin about the value of a 
 halfpenny. 
 
 STO'.\KER, {stbkcr) J. one who look after fires, and keeps 
 thoni up. 
 
 STOCCA'DO, («'y/fa('o) s. [from stocco,^ rapier, Ital.J a 
 thrust with the rai)ier. 
 
 STOCK, s. \stocli., Belg. stoc. Sax. J tiie trunk or body of 
 a plant or tree ; a log ; a pors.iii remarkably stupid ; the han- 
 dle of any thing; the frame on whieh a ship is supported 
 while building; a close neckcloth ; a XMd, lineage, family, 
 ancestry; the fund with ^liieli a person carries on trade ; 
 goods employed in trade; (pianlity, store ; a fiuid establish- 
 ed by the governiiionf. 
 
 To STOCK, r. «, to store to lay in stock; to P«t i" t'l^" 
 stocks. 
 
 STO'CKBRIDGE, a town of Hfmpshire, chiefly noted 
 for wlicelwrights and carpenters. It has some good inns, 
 being a considerable thoroughfare im the S. W. road from 
 London, and is.9 miles N. \V. of Winchester, 1.0 E. of Sa- 
 lisbury, and 66 W. S. W. of London. Market on Thursday. 
 Fairs on Holy Thursday, July loth, and October 7th, for all 
 cattle, especially sheep. 
 STO'CKDON'K, ^. the ring-dove. 
 
 STOCKFISH, s. dried cod, so called from its hard- 
 ness. 
 STO'CKGILLYFLOWF,R, .t. a garden plant. 
 STOCKHOLM, the capita! of Sweilr-n, in a situation re- 
 markable for its romantic Scenery: It is very long and ir- 
 regular, being built on seven small rocky islands, from one 
 of which the city takes its name, (between the Baltic and 
 the Malar lake) besides which, it contains two peninsulas. 
 Between these several parts of the city a connnnnication is 
 formed by means of brirlges. A variety of contrasted and 
 beautiful views are formed by nnmerons rocks of granite, 
 rising boldly from the surface of ihe water, partly bare and 
 craggy, and partly dotted with houses, or feathered with 
 wood. The harbour is an inlet of the Baltic ; 'he water, of 
 a blackish colour, is of such depth, that ships of the largest 
 burden can approach the quay. At the extremity of the 
 harbour, several streets rise one above another, in the form 
 of an amphitheatre ; and the palace, a magnificent building, 
 crowns the summit. The arsenal contains many cnrio.«ties, 
 among which are an imniense number of standards, and 
 other military trophies, taken from the Imperialists, Poles, 
 Russians, and Danes. Except in the subiubs, where some 
 houses arc of wood, painted red, the buildings are mostly of 
 stone, or brick, stuccoed white, and built on p.il'es. A royal 
 Academy of Sciences was instituted here in 1741; here is 
 also a RoyalAcademy ofPainting and Sculpture. In Stock- 
 holm are manufactures of glass, china, woollen, silk, linen, 
 &c. The inhabitants are cslimuted at fiO.ono. The court 
 
 6M 
 
 STO 
 
 formerly resided at Upsal, but rcmoved.here in the last ceo- 
 tury. it is 300 miles N. I'",, of Copenhagen, 025 N. W. of 
 Vienna, 626 W. of Moscow, 7.00 N. K. of Paris, 900 N. E. 
 of fvondon, and 1200 N. W. of Canstantinople. Lon. 19. m. 
 E. lat. 59. '20. N. 
 stocking;, s. the covering of the leg. 
 •ST.O'CKJOBB1'-R,i. a low mercenary wretch, who gets 
 money by buying and selling in the funds. 
 STO'CKLOCK, s. a lock fixed in wood. 
 ..STOCKPORT, a town of Cheshire, seated on the river 
 Mersey, over which it has a bridge lha"t leads into Lan- 
 cashire, andconnected with the late extensive inland navi- 
 gations, 7 miles S. E. of Manchester, and 179 N. N. W. of 
 London. Standing on uneven ground.it is generally ill built, 
 but. is, however, a town of good entertainment. Its popu- 
 lation Hnctnales from 16 to 20,000 inhabitants, according to 
 the state of its manufactories, which are very considerable, 
 and ineliuh? the business of cotton and printed goods, with a 
 tew sjlk mills, and a share of hat-aiaking for the London 
 niiirket. Market on Friday. 
 
 S'J'OCKS, s. (common without the singular) among ship- 
 carpenters, is a frame of lindjer to build ships ujion. Also, 
 a wooden machine, to confine the legs of otlenders, by «ay 
 of punishment. 
 STOCKS'lTLL, «(/. as motionless as a log. 
 STOCKTON, a clean, well-built, and well-paved town 
 of Durham, containing a handsome town-hall, a spacious 
 market-place,excellent inclosed shambles for butchers'meat, 
 and about .1400 inhabitants ; v, ith mannfacturesof sail cloth, 
 corduroys, thicksets, and other articles in cotton, and of linen 
 damasks, in which last branch some considerable improve- 
 ments have been made here. The ships built at this place 
 are admired for their beauty and strength ; abundance of 
 fine salmon is caught in the river, and carried to York, 
 Leeds, &c. Stockton is a iiiember port of Newca^^tle, and 
 is seated on a point of bnd bko an is!i<n.^, abon.t 8 iiiilc'<; from 
 the German Ocean, and on tlie river Tees, over v fiich it 
 iiasa tine stone bridge of 5 elliptical arches, 22 miles S. E. 
 iiy E. of Durham, and liQ N. of London. Markets on 
 Wednesday and Saturday. 
 
 STO'ICK, .V. a follower of the sect ofZeno. This sect 
 received its name from stoa Gr. a porch, because Zeno taugiit 
 ills disciples in a common porch of the city of Athens. They 
 lield the doctrine of the neutrality of external things. 
 
 STOKE, or .STOACK, in the names of places, comes 
 from stncce. Sax. the stock or body of a tree. 
 
 STOKEGOMER, a town of Somersetshire, whose market 
 is disused. It is 26 miles W. of Wells, and 152 W. by S. of 
 London. 
 
 STO'KESLEY, a town in the N. Riding of Yorkshire, 
 consisting chiefly of one well-built street, about half a mile 
 Ion". It is seated in a fruitful tract, called Allertoiishire, 
 watered by the river Wisk, near the source of the Tees, 
 among several other small streams, a few miles E. of Varum, 
 .■?G N.°of York, and a37 N. by W. of London. A very good 
 market on Saturday, and a large fair for horned cattle, horses, 
 and linen, on the Saturday before Trinity Sunday. 
 
 STOLE, s. \stoht, Lat.| a long vest or robe. Gnmm af the 
 stole, is the head ofticer belonging to the king's bed- 
 chandier. 
 STOLE, preter. of Steal. 
 STO'LEN, part. pass. ofSxEAL. 
 
 STOLl'DITY, s. \stolidite, Fr. from stolidus, foolish, Lat.J 
 foolishness; want of sense ; stupidity; folly. 
 
 S'I'O'MACH, (stomak) s. [stomachu, Lat. estomach, i'r.J 
 that part of the body in which the food Isdigested ; appetite, 
 hunger or desire of food ; inclination, anger; suUenness, or 
 resentment ; haughtiness or pride. 
 
 To STO'MACH, {stemtth.)v. n. \stomaelwr, Lat.J to resent ; 
 to remember with anger and malignity. Neuterly. to be 
 angry. 
 
 STO'M.ACHER, J. an ornamental covering worn by w-> 
 men in the front of theit stays. 
 
 ei7
 
 STO 
 
 STO 
 
 STOMA'CHIC, or STOMA'CHICA"L, ^stomahlk, or 
 ilvmahihal) a. relating to tire stomach ; good for tlie 
 stoinacli. 
 
 STO.MA'CHICS, (ttomaktla:) t. [from stoinachus, tile 
 Stomach, L;tt.J mediciiies'lliat streiigtlieu the stomach, and 
 cause an appetite. 
 
 STONE, a town of Staffordshire with commodious inns, 
 seated on the river Trent, by wliicli it communicates with 
 all the •;re;it inland navijrations, 7 miles N. of Stafford, and 
 noN. \V. of London. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 STONE, J. [itoi, Sax. stainc, Goth, tteen, Belg.] a jem or 
 precious stone ; the hard covering of the kernel of a fruit ; 
 a funeral monument. In natural history, stones are defined 
 to be essentially compound fossils, not soluble in water or oil, 
 not iit all ductile ; of which there are various sorts. In me- 
 dicine, it is a stony or terrestrial concretion in any of the 
 urinary passages, which occasions a difficulty in making wa- 
 ter, and a pain in the small of the back, or about the os 
 pubis. .SVo;!(? also denotes a certain quantity or weight. A 
 stone of meat is 8 pounds ; of wool, 14 pounds; ho-rsenian's 
 weight, 14 pounds. To leave no stone unturned, is to do every 
 tiling tiiat can be done towards the success of an undertak- 
 ing. iSfo!/c is also used by way of exaggeration ; as, " stone 
 dead." ■ 
 
 .STONE, a. made of stone. 
 
 To STONE, I-. a. to hit or kill with stones ; to harden. 
 
 STONEBREAK, the English saxifrage. 
 
 STO'NECR AY, a distemper in hawks. 
 
 STONECROP, s. in botany, the sedum of Linnaeus. 
 There are two species, the orpine and round-leaved. They 
 are found on walls, and Hower in July and August. 
 
 STONECUTTER, s. one whose trade is to hew stones. 
 
 STO'NEFERN, J. a plant. 
 
 STONEFLY,j.an insect. 
 
 STO'NEFRUIT, *. fruit of which the seed is covered with 
 a hard shell enveloped in a pulp. 
 
 STONE-H.A'VEN, or Stonehivk, a fishing town of 
 Scotland, in tlie shire of Mearns, with a good harbour, se- 
 cured by a stone-pier. It is 17 miles S. of Aberdeen, andtJQ 
 N. of Edinburgh. 
 
 STOTSEHAWK, i. a sort of hawk. 
 
 STO'NEHENGE, a remarkable monument of antiquity, 
 situated on Salisbury Plain. It stands on the summit of a hill, 
 which rises with a very gentle ascent ; and consists of stones 
 of enormous size, placed upon one another in a circular form : 
 many of which are really stupendous, and cannot fail of fil- 
 ing the beholder with surprise and admiration. All the 
 stones added together make Just 140. One, at the upper 
 end, which is fallen down, and broken in half, measures, ac- 
 cording to Dr. Hales, 3.5 f-et in length, 7 in breadth, and, at 
 a medium, 3 aiirra half in tlrckoess. The stones are sup- 
 posed to have been brought from the Grey Weathers, upon 
 Marlborough Downs, but the dithciilty in bringing them hi- 
 ther, and especially in laying them one upon another, is in- 
 conceivable, as no mechanical powers now known are suf- 
 ficient to raise those that lie across to their present extraor- 
 dinary situation. It is supposed to have been a temple be- 
 longing to the aiitient Druids. Stonehenge is2miles W. of 
 Aniesburv, and fi N. N. W. of Salisbury. 
 
 STO'NEHORSE, s. a horse not castrated. 
 
 STO'NEIjY, a town of Warwickshire, situated on the N. 
 bank of the Sow, near its confluence with the Avon, 4 miles 
 S. of Coventry, and 88 N. N. \V. of London, Market on 
 TInirsdav. 
 
 STO'NEPIT, ». a quarrv ; a pit where sfone is dug. 
 
 SrO'NEWOllT, J. a plant with (he chiv<- and pointal in 
 separate flowers. There are five British species. 
 
 STO'NY, a. made or full of stones ; iKird ; unrelenliiig. 
 
 STONY STRATFORD, a town of Buckinghamshire, 
 witli a market on Friday. It is a good thoroughfare town, 
 contains two parish churches, and lias several :;(io<l inns ; l.s 
 oiiles N. NV. of Dunstable, and .03 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 STOOD, the preter ofSTAND. 
 
 STOOK, t. a shock of com, containing twelve sheaves. 
 
 818 
 
 STOOL, s. [stol. Sax. stal, Belg. stoh, Goth. | « seat witft 
 out a back : evacuation by purging medicines. 
 
 STOO'MiNG OF WTNE, *. isthe putting bags of herbj 
 or other ingredients into it. 
 
 To STOOP, ti. «. [stmjpen, Belg. stiipian. Sax.] to bend 
 downwards or forwards. Figuratively, to yield or submit. 
 To condescend. To descend. 
 
 .STOOP, s. the act of stooping. A vessel of liquor, from 
 stoope, Belg. 
 
 To STOP, V. a. [stopj}en, Belg.] to hinder in moving or 
 action; to regulate musical strings with the fingers ; to put 
 an end to motion or action ; to close any aperfi:!^ ; to sup- 
 press ; to impede ; to put the points to several branches 
 of a sentence in writing; to refuse. Ncuterly, to cease 
 from motion or action; to refuse payment, or become a 
 bankrupt. 
 
 STOP, s. a delay ; a stay ; ahinderanceor obstruction of 
 action or motion ; interruplion ; obstacle; impediment; a 
 point used in dividing sentences; regulation of musical 
 chords or strings. 
 
 STO'PP.\GE, s. the act of stopping; the state of being 
 stopped. 
 
 STOTPLE, (stCp!) s. something by which the mouth of a 
 boltle or vessel is stopijed. 
 
 STO'RAX, s. [sfyrax, Lat.] a plant ; a resinous and odo- 
 riferous gum. 
 
 STORE, s. [stiW, much, Run.] plenty, or a large number or 
 quantity ; provisions ; a stock laid by or reserved ; maga- 
 zine, a storehouse. 
 
 To STORE, V. a. to supply or furnish in large quantities 
 for a future time ; to lay up or hoard. 
 
 STO'RGE, (the ^ pron. hard J s. [from sicrgo, to love, Gr. j 
 instinct or natural aft'ection, which most animals have for 
 their young. 
 
 STORK, s. [store, Sax.] a bird of passage, famous for 
 the regularity of its departure. Its beak and legs are long 
 and red ; it feeds upon serpents, frogs, and insects : its plu- 
 mage would be quite white, were not the extremity of its 
 '•vings, and also some part of its head and thighs, black : it 
 sits for thirty days, and lays but four eggs : they go away ia 
 the middle of August, anci return in spring. 
 
 STORM, s. \storm, Sax. and Belg. ystorm, Brit, siorma, 
 ItalJ a tempest, a violent agitation of the wind ; a commo- 
 tion in the elements ; a violent assault on a fortified place; 
 violence of passion, misery, or distress ; sedition, popular 
 tumult ; tumultuous force. 
 
 To STORM, )i. a. to attack by open force. Ncuterly, to 
 raise tempests ; to rage ; to liime, to be loudly angry. 
 
 STO'IlMY, a. tempestuous, boisterous ; violent ; pas- 
 sionate. 
 
 STO'RNWAY, a town of Scotland, in the isle of Lewis, 
 and one of the Western Islands. It has a harbour called 
 Loch Stornwav, on the east side of the island. 
 
 .STO'llTFORD, a town of Hartfordshire, with a market 
 on Thursday. It is called by some. Bishop's Stortford, and 
 is 1-2 miles N. E. of Hartford^ and 30 N. of London. 
 
 STORY, s. [storie, Belg. stoer, Sax. kisiuria, G r. J a history ; 
 an account of things past, generally applied to a relation of 
 trifling and fictitious things. A lloor, or flight of rooms, 
 from star, a place. Sax. 
 
 To STO IIY, t'. a. to relate any transaction either real or 
 fictitious ; to range one under another. 
 
 STORYTELLER, «. one who relates tales in conversa- 
 tion ; an historian, in contempt. 
 
 STOVE, i. [stnvc, Belg. stujfoa, Sax.] a hot-fiouse or room 
 ni;<,de warm l)y art ; a place in which fire is made. 
 
 To STOUND, ti. n. [stiinde, I grieved, Isl.J to be in pain or 
 sorrow. Used by Spenser for stunned, 
 
 STOUN D, ». sorrow ; astonishment: hour; season. 
 
 STOURBRIDGE, a well-built town of Worcestershire, 
 noted for its considerable glass and iron-works, (here beioi; 
 about It) glass-houses, in which are made drinking-glassti, 
 bottles, <i c.) and has also a mauufactory of cloth, and eip»-
 
 S Tit 
 
 eially fine frieze. It is 22 miles N. of Worcester, and 125 
 N. W. of London. 
 
 STOUKBHIDGK, or Sturbich, the name of a field 
 neer Cambridge, noted for its famous fiiir, kept annually on 
 the 18tli of September, and contuiues a fortnight. A great 
 many tradesmsn go tliitlier from l^ondcm, as well as from 
 other parts ; and the coniiuodities arc horses, hops, iron, 
 wool, leather, cheese, an<i many other things. 
 
 STOUT, a. [stmit, IJelg.l strong ; brave ; courageous ; 
 intrepid; lusty; firm, or able to bear a great weight ; bold; 
 pertinacious. 
 
 STOU'TLY, «/. lustily : boldlv ; obstinately. 
 
 STOUTNESS, .t. bod dy strength; bravery; intrepidity; 
 Boldness ; fortitude ; obstinacy ; stubbornness. 
 
 STOW, (S/o) a town of Gloucestershire, with a market 
 on Thursday. Some call it Stow on the Would, and it is 
 not only sealed on a bleak hill, but it is destitute of wood 
 and water. It is 8 miles S. by W. of Camden, and 81 W. by 
 N. of London. 
 
 To STOW, (sta) V. a. \stowen, Belg.] to lay up ; to put in a 
 a proper place; to reposit in order. 
 
 STOWAGE, («(o-a;'e) jt. money paid for laying up goods ; 
 the place where goods are laid up or reposited. 
 
 STOWE, in the names of places, is derived from stor, a 
 place. Sax. 
 
 STO'WEY, a town of Somersetshire, 22 miles W. of 
 Wells, and 145 W. by S. of London. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 STO'WMARKET, a large, handsome town of Sufl'olk, so 
 called to distinguished it from towns of the same name, in 
 other parts of this country. It is seated between the 
 branches of the rivers dipping and Orwell, has a large 
 manufactory of woollen stuffs, and its cherries are thought 
 be the finest in England. It is 12 miles N. W. of Ipswich, 
 and 75 N. N. E. of London. Market on Thursday. 
 
 STRA'BISM, s. [stralismf, Fr. strabismus, Lat.J a squint- 
 ing ; a distortion of the eves. 
 
 r.o STRA'DDLE, (strddl) v. «. [from stritk] to stand or 
 walk with the feet at a wide distance from each other. 
 
 To STRA'GGLE, {slrdgl) v. u. [perhaps from stramiare, 
 Ital.] to wander without any direction, to ramble, to rove ; 
 to forsake company ; to exidierate, to shoot too far. 
 
 STRAGGLER, j. a wanderer ; a rover ; one who ram- 
 bles without any settled direction. 
 
 STRAIGHT) (the gh is mute in this and the following 
 words ; when this word is opposed to crooked, it shonld 
 be written straight ; but when opposed to broad or wide, 
 »<rai>) o. not crooked. Narrow; close. Tense; tight. 
 
 STRAIGHT, ad. [strach, Belg.] immediately ; without 
 delay ; directly ; straightwavs. 
 
 To STRAIGHTEN, v. a." to reduce from a crooked to a 
 straight figure or shape. 
 
 STRAI'GHTNESS, «. the quality of being not crooked ; 
 rectitude. 
 
 STRAI'GHTWAY, or STRAI'GHTWAYS, ad. imme- 
 diately. 
 
 To STRAIN, V. a. [estreiiKlre, Fr.] to squeeze, or force 
 liquor through by squeezing ; to filter ; to weaken by 
 overstretching ; to put to its utmost strength ; to squeeze 
 in an embrace ; to pull or force tight ; to constrain. 
 Neuterly, to make violent efforts ; to be filtered by com- 
 pression. 
 
 STRAIN, *. a weakness caused by stretching a ligament 
 loo much ; style or manner of speaking ; song or sound. 
 Race, generation, descent, from sireiige, Sax. Rank ; turn ; 
 tendency ; hereditary or natural disposition ; manner of 
 speech or action. 
 
 STRA'IiNER, *. an instrumeat used in clearing liquors 
 from foulness by filtration. 
 
 STRAIT, a \esiroit, Fr.J narrow, opposed to iwde ; close, 
 intimate; rigorous; difficult; distressful. 
 
 STRAIT, s. a narrow passage of the sea, whereby two 
 parts of the ocean are united ; distress or difficulty. 
 
 To STRAIT, t>. a. to reduce to difficulties. 
 
 To STRAITEN, v. a. to make narrow ; to contract, to 
 
 STR 
 
 confine; to make tight; tostrettb; to deprive of necesgaty 
 room ; to distress, or perplex. 
 
 .STRAITLY, ad. narrowly ; strictly ; rigorously. 
 
 STRAlTNESS, f. narrowness ; dithcuily ; siiictness, ri- 
 gour; distress; scarcity, "ant. 
 
 STRAlvE, s. a long mark ; a streak. See Sth R ak. 
 
 STRA LSUND, a sea port l'>wn of Upper Saxony, capi- 
 tal ofSwedibh Poinerania. It was very sUoiig, b.iiig so sur- 
 rounded by ihesea, and llic lake Fiancen, that il is only ac- 
 cessible by bridges, anil had lusides viTy goo(J liiiiificatioiu. 
 The harbour is separated iVom the Isle of Kugen by a nar- 
 row Ltrait. It W3t> the resilience of the king's governor- 
 general, and the place where the vvar-olfice was kept, and 
 the states held their nu-etiiigs. But on August 21, lbU7, 
 the Swedes were driven out of this town, and the island a(t 
 joining, bv the French ; but which were al'tcrwai(li rcstorecL 
 It is 40 miles IS'. E. of Gustrow. Lat. 54. 47. N. Ion. 13. 
 28. E. 
 
 STRAND, s. \striind. Sax. sliande, Belg. tlrend, Isl.] the 
 land w hich borders on the sea or a river ; a bank or sliore. 
 Also, the twist of a rope. 
 
 To STR AND, v. a. to drive or force upon the shallows or 
 shore. 
 
 STRANGE, a. [estrange, Fr.] foreign ; remold ; not 
 domestic ; unacquainted ; wonderful ; .odd, irregular, 
 uncommon ; ankuown ; uncounnonly good or bad ; sur- 
 urising. 
 
 .STRANGE, interj. used as an expression of wonder or 
 surprise. 
 
 STRATsGELY, ad. with some relation to foreigners ; 
 wonderfidlv ; with a degree ofifislike. 
 
 STR.\'NGENESS, i. foreignness ; uncommunlcative- 
 ness ; shyness ;, uncouthness ; mutual dislil* ; wonder- 
 fulness. 
 
 STRANGER, s. [estrauger, Fr.j a foreigner; one of 
 another country ; one with whom we have uu acquaintance ; 
 a guest. 
 
 To STRA'NGLF>, («(»■«"»■/) v. a. [stmngulo, Lat.] to 
 choak ; to suffocate ; to throttle; to kill by hinderuig a 
 person from breathing; to hinder from birth or appcarauce ; 
 to suppress. 
 
 STRA'NGLER, f. he that strangles. 
 
 STRANGLES, {strangh) s. [it has uo smgularj a dis- 
 ease in horses, attended with a running at the nose ; the 
 glanders. 
 
 STRANGULATION, s. suffocation ; the act of strang- 
 ling. 
 
 STRANGURY, or STRA'NGUARY, s. [from stranx.a 
 drop, and ourov, urine, Gr. strangitrie, Fr.] a disease w herein 
 a person is forcibly inclined to make urine, but cannot do it, 
 uidpss drop bv drop, and then with great pain. 
 
 STRANRA'VER, town of Scotland, in the shire of 
 tialloway, Omiles N. W.of Glenluce, ami 121 W. of Edin- 
 burgh. 
 
 STRAP, s. \strnppe, P,u\g. stroppu, Ital.] a narrow slip of 
 cloth or leather. Among surseons, it is a kind of band to 
 stretch out members in setting broken or disjointed bones. 
 Among mariners, it is a rope spliced about a block, with an 
 eye to fasten it. 
 
 STRAPPA'DO, s. [Ital.] a kind of rack, the criminal 
 being drawn up on high, with his arms tied backwards. 
 Chastisement by blows. 
 
 STRATPING, a. of a large bulk oi size, applied to men 
 or women; lusty; joUv; stately. 
 
 STRASBURG, a ci'tv of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Lower Rhine. It is situated at the confluence of the 
 rivers 111 and Brusch, over the former of which there are 8 
 bridges of communication. The bridge over the Rhine is 
 of wood, and 3900 feet in length. It is supported in the 
 middle by an island, on which is a strong fortification. The 
 inhabitants, exclusive of the garrison, are estimated at 
 60,000. Here are 6 gates, and 200 streets, which, in gene- 
 ral, are narrow ; but the great street, and two others , are 
 regular and handsome ; aud the public buildings are eleaant.
 
 STR 
 
 STR 
 
 III the Cflthedral is a clock, of admirable mecliaiiisra, wliicli 
 ehcv/s the motions of the constellations, the revolutions of 
 the sun and moon, the days of the week, the hours, &c. 
 Anotiier curiosity in this cathedral is its pyraniidical tower, 
 uniting, in its workniansliip, delicacy with solidity. It is 
 549 feet high, and is ascended hy 036 steps. It is 255 miles 
 E. of Paris. Lat.48. 35. N. lor.."?. 51. E. 
 
 STRATA, «. [p\m-a\ of sttalmn, Lat.] beds or layers of 
 different kinds of earlli. 
 
 STRA'TAGEM, *. [from stratos, an army and ago, to 
 lead, Gr.] an artifice or trick by whitii an enemy is deceived 
 in war; a trick by which some advantage is gained. 
 
 STRA'TFOllO-UPON-AVON, a town ofWarwickshire, 
 «eated on the river Avon, which is navigable to the town in 
 barges, and over which it has a haiuisome stone bridge, 
 with 13 great and 6 small arches, and a long causeway at 
 the W. end of it, walled on both sides. It is memorable as 
 the birth-place of Shakespeare, who was buried here in 
 1616, and whose monument stands near the furthermost cor- 
 ner of the church. It has a considerable trade in corn and 
 raall, of which last it makes abundance, and is 8 miles S. \V. 
 of Warwick, and 94 N. W. of London. Market on Thurs- 
 day. 
 
 STRATHI'v A'VER, the most northern county of Scotlan !, 
 bounded on the N. by llie ocean ; on the K. by Caithness ; 
 on the S. by Sutherland ; and o.i the \\. partly by Roos, a;id 
 partly bv the ocean. 
 
 To STRA'TIFV, i-. a. [from stianwi, Lat.] to range in 
 beds or lavers. 
 
 STR ATOCRACY, i. Istratos, an army, and eruins, gc. ct ii- 
 ment, Gr.J military governoicnt ; a state governed by the 
 army. 
 
 STR ATTON, a town of Cornwall, seated between two 
 rivulets, which here unit<-, and fall into the sea al a siiikU 
 distance. It is 18 miles N. W. of Launceslon, and 2C1 W. 
 bv S. of London. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 "S]T..ATL'M,.s. [Lat.] a bed or layerof different kin Is of 
 earth. 
 
 STRAW, s. \streoii>, Sax.] the stalk of corn after it is 
 thrashed ; anv thing proverbially worthless. 
 
 STRAWBKIIRY, *. a well-known fruit. In botan/, the 
 fragaria of Linuxus. Tiiereare two British species, v'z.tiie 
 wood and barren strawberry. They have white flowers 
 coining out in April. 
 
 .S'li;A;\M5i:RRY-TREr,, f. the arbutus of Linniens. 
 There are three English specii's, viz. the common, moun- 
 tain, and pereiniial. The hjst species is common in our 
 gurdeiis on account of tke beautiful appearance of its 
 fruit. •■ 
 .STRA'WCOLOUREI), «. of a light yellow. 
 SI RA'WY, a. made of straw ; consisting of straw. 
 S TR.A'i', «• •' I'east that has strayed or wandered (rom its 
 pasture or owner; act of wandering or going astray. 
 
 To STRAY, V. n. [stioe, to scatter, Dan. J to rove; to wan- 
 der ; to rove without any certain direction ; togoout of the 
 way beyond proper bounds; togoas'iay. Figuratively, to 
 err ; to deviate from the right. 
 
 .STREAK, {stmeli) s. [i/Ji/.r, Relg. strict; Sax. sliicia, 
 Ital.] a line of colour or hue ditl'ereiit from that of the 
 gron;id. 
 
 To STREAK, {sfreeh)v. a. to mark with a line of dillerent 
 colour from that of the ground ; to variegate in colours; to 
 stripe ; lo da|>ple. 
 
 SFRIOAKINKSS, (xlrffhincss) s. the (jnality of being full 
 of lines of ditierent colours. 
 
 STRE'AKY, <;ilrcihij)n. ab(iun<liiig vvitli streaks; striped; 
 diver.Mtied by various colours. 
 
 Si kr. AM, (»'(•«>»«) 1). n. [.t^cdim. Sax.] ruiming valer ; a 
 current ; any thing issuing in a current from a head or 
 souice. 
 
 To STREX.W, {ttrtem) v. n. \xlrii/ma, Isl.] to flow or run 
 like wat^r from a fountain or aperture ; to be over- 
 flown 
 STEE'AMER, (streimer) t. uii ensign ; a flag ; a i>cniiou ; 
 
 any tiling flowing loosely from a stock, as the pennon of o 
 
 ship. 
 
 STRE'.'VMY, a. abounding in running water ; flowing 
 with a current. 
 
 STREET, s. \streFt, Sax. and Belg.] a paved way, or wide 
 passage, between two rows of houses ; a public way or 
 place. 
 
 STREETWALKER, s. a prostitute who walks the streets 
 to entice the unwary and lewd. 
 
 STRENGTH, j.[ri)ew»-M, Sax.] force, vigour, or power of 
 body or n;iiid ; the quality of liquors which rendei.s them in- 
 toxicating ; support; an armament. Synon. Slrcng-t/: is 
 chiefly owing to the construction of the muscles. A little 
 man is often strovger than a greater. I'ubustnrss carries 
 withitan idea of lustiness, is less s'lbject to infirmities, and 
 much owing to constitution. A short man may ho rolust. 
 By stout we understand tall and strong made. A little man, 
 though never so strong, cannot be called stout. By stuiily 
 we mean rfoK<, with a degree of hardiness. 
 
 To STRE'NGTHEN, v. a. to invigorate ; to fortify ; to 
 make strong; to confirm or establish; to fix in resolution. 
 Neuterlv, to grow strong ; to increase in strength. 
 
 STRE'NGTHENER,^. that which gives strength; that 
 which makes strong. In medicine, stietig'thencrs-A<id to the 
 bulk and firmness of the solids ; cordials iwe sucli as drive 
 on the vital actions ; but these such as confirm the 
 
 'STRE'NUOUS, a. [strovms, Lat.] I>i-,ive, bold, ^•aliant, 
 active, vigorous ; zealous or vehement in any cause. 
 
 ST.'lR'N'UOUSLY, ad. vigorously; actively; zealouslv. 
 
 STilEPEROUS, a. [from lii-epo, to make a noise, Laf.j 
 hoarse ; noisy ; jarring. 
 
 STRESS, s. [stccc, violence. Sax.] importance ; violence ; 
 force ; dependence. To !ui/ a iiiess iqwn, to rest or rely on ; 
 to lay an emphasis o" any particular uord or sentence. 
 
 To STRETCH, r. a. [stremn, Sax. itrechn, Bcl.g | to 
 spread out lengthw ise with force ; to elongate ; to strain to 
 the utmost. Neuterly, to be extended ; to bear being ex- 
 tended without breaking; logo beyond the truth. 
 
 STRETCH, s. extension, reach, or the state of occupying 
 more space ; effort, struggle, the utmost extent or latilude.of 
 meaning ; utmost reach of power. 
 
 STRETCHER, s. any thing used for extension. The 
 timber against which the rower plants his feet. 
 
 STRE'TTOX-CIIURCH, a town in Shropshire, witli a 
 market on Thursday. Distant 153 miles from London. 
 
 ToSTRF-W, CO. prefer, and part. yiAa. slruu-n, strawn ; 
 \strawuu, Goth.] to spread by scattering ; to scatter 
 loosely. 
 
 STRIDE, s. [Lat.] in natural history, tl.*e small channels 
 in the shells of cockles and scallops. 
 
 STRIATE, or STRIATED, «. formed into cliainiels. 
 
 STI'I'ATURE, s. disposition of stria". 
 
 S'J RI CKLE, STRICKLESS, or S'J'RITCIIEL, s. a thing 
 used to strike the over-measure of corn, cVc. 
 
 STRICT, a. [slrictus, Lat.] rigorously exact, nice, accu- 
 rate ; severe ; confined ; tiglit ; tense. 
 
 .STRI'CTl.Y, Of/, severely ; closely, exactly. 
 
 STRICTNESS, ^.carefulness ; exactness ; severity ; close- 
 ness ; tightness. 
 
 STRI'CT'URE, s. [from strictjira, a spark, Lat.J a spark 
 from red-hot iron. A stroke; touch. Contraction. Criti- 
 cal reuiaik. 
 
 STRIDE, ,«.]»7»Wc, Sax.] a long step. 
 
 To STRIDE, r. )/. prefer, strorle, or strid, part. pass. 
 styiililni ; to Walk or ])ass with lon^3te[)s; to stand or ri(1« 
 with one leg on each side of any thing. 
 
 STRI'DENT, «. [struUns,Ldi.\ noisy ; gnashing with tlic 
 teeth. 
 
 STKIDULOUS, a. \ttrididM, Lat.] cracking ; screaking; 
 making a small noise. 
 
 STRIFE, J. [from strive] a contest wherein persons mutu- 
 ally strive to hurt or get the better of each otiier; discord; 
 couteutiuu ; quarrel ; opposition of nature.
 
 STR 
 
 STR 
 
 To STRIKE, V. a. proter. strucli^ or Hrooh, part. 'pass. 
 ttriirh or strirhai ; [astrimii. Sax. stiichcn, Tent. strither, 1 )an. J 
 to liit with violence. To dash, used with on. 'J'ostauip, or 
 impress a resfiidilatice. 'I'o ad'cet ; to ahirm. To punish, 
 or afflict. To lower, or let down, .ipplied to saiU, Ha.ns, &c. 
 W'itii u», to cause to sound, or produce hv music. To make, 
 applied to bargains. L'jcd will) off] to erase from a rcclson- 
 ins or account ; to separate by a blow or any sudden action. 
 Used without, to produce by a sudden and violent stroke or 
 action; tobrinjj to lit;lit ; toform by a (piick ettbrt ; to blot 
 oreflace. Neuterly, to make a blow. To collide ; lo clash. 
 To act upon by a blow, or sound by the hammer, applied lo 
 clocks. To make an attack. To be stranded, or dashed upon 
 a shallow. To force its way with a (piick and sudden eH'ort. 
 To strike in uith, to conform or comply. 
 
 STRIKI'], s. a nieasuie coutaining two bushels. 
 
 STIirKEBLOCK, s. a plane tlioiler than the jointer, hav- 
 ing its sole made exactly liat and .straight, and is used- for the 
 shooting of a short joint. 
 
 STHlKliVG, /;«»■/. ai/. ancctins ; surprisinij ; remarkable. 
 
 STliING, i. \iitring. Sax. sirens;, Teut. and Dan. striii^liv, 
 Belg.] a slender rope ; thread ; line. 1 he chord of a mu- 
 sical instrument. A fibre. A nerve ; a leiidon. A set of 
 things fixed on a line. A scries of propositions or argu- 
 ments. To have two strings to one's liov, is to lia\'e two 
 vifiws or expedients, or to have a double advaiita^'c or 
 security. 
 
 To STRING, I', a. preter. and part. pass, strunn- ; to fur- 
 nish with strings ; to file on a siring, or pierce throii^di wilii 
 a string; to stretch or make tight ; to put a stringed instru- 
 ment in tune. To make tense. 
 
 STRI'NGED, a. having strings ; produced by strings. 
 
 STRI'NGRNT, (llies' proii. sofl)«. contracting ; biiKling. 
 
 STRI'NGHALT, s. '{string- and /»'//] in farnery, is a 
 sudden twitching and snatching up of the hinder leg of a 
 horse much higher than the other, or an iuvoluntarv or 
 convulsive motion of the muscles that extend or bend the 
 hough. 
 
 STRI'NGINESS, (theg-pron. hard)«. the quality of being 
 full of strings, threails, or fibres. 
 
 STRINGY, a. filons ; consisting of small threads ; fila- 
 uientous. 
 
 To' STRIP, «. «. [bestripte, stript. Sax.] to make naked ; 
 to deprive of dress or covering; lo deprive; to pillage, to 
 plunder, to rob; to peel, or decorticate. 
 
 STRIP, s. a narrow shred. 
 
 STRIFE, s.[stiepe, Piclg.J a lineary variation of C'oiour ; 
 a shred of a diflercnt colour ; a weal, or mark made in the 
 skin by a blow ; a blow, a lash. 
 
 To STRIPE, V, II. istrepen, Belg.] to variegate with lines 
 of dift'erent colours. 
 
 .STRI'PEI), «. distinguished bylines of difl'ercnt colours. 
 
 STRPPUNCi, «. a young person ; a youth. 
 
 To.STRlVl'"-, I'. 71. prefer, strove, part. pass, striven ; [stre- 
 ven, Belg.] to struggle, to labour, or to make a vigorous 
 effort; to struggle or contend in opposition to another ; to 
 vie, to emulate, to be comparable to, or to contend in ex- 
 cellence. 
 
 STRl'VER, i. one wholabours or contends. 
 
 STR1X,J'. [Lat.] the screech-owl. A hag ; fairy; goblin. 
 
 STROK.K, s. [from strooh, preter. of strike\ a blow, a 
 knock ; a sudden act of one body upon another ; a siidden 
 disease or atHiclion ; the touch of a pencil ; an effect sud- 
 denly produced ; a soun<l of the clock ; a Miasterly elfort ; 
 power, etiicacy ; a gentle smoothing or rubbing of the 
 liand. 
 
 To STROKE, V. a. [strncan. Sax.] to rub gently one way 
 with the hand by way of kindness; to soothe ; to cajole ; to 
 flatter ; to wheedle. 
 
 To STROLL, {strble) V. n. to rove ; to wander ; to ramble ; 
 lo be a vagrant or vagabond. 
 
 STRO'LLER, s. a vagrant ; a vagabond. 
 
 STRONG, a. \strans. Sax.] having great strength of body 
 M mind ; vigorous ; fortified ; valid ; able to malie a luug 
 
 and stout rcsislence ; healthy; energetic; powerful; co- 
 gent ; acting forcibly on the mind ; eager, ardent, zealous; 
 having any quality in a great degree. Intoxicating, ai)plied 
 to liquors. Deep, applied to colour. Hard of digestion, 
 or high seasoned, applied to food. Not easily conquered, 
 ajiplied to habits, firm, or not easily broken. 
 
 S'PUO'NtiLY, ad. lustily ; stoutly ;" forcibly ; powerfully; 
 firmly ; eagerly. 
 
 .STRO'NSA, one of the Orkney Isles, about fj miles long, 
 and almost as broad, so indented with bays, that there is no 
 part of the island above one mile distant from the sea. The 
 shores produce great quantities of tang, or sea-weed, fit for 
 the kelp manufacture. The number of inhabitants is about 
 yOf). Lat. oH. 59. N. 
 
 STRO'NTI.AN, s. m mineralogy, a primitive earth found 
 in a mineral, which is brought from the lead mine of Stron- 
 tian, in Argyleshiee. 
 
 STROPHE, {strof'ee) s. [from strepho, to turn, Gr.] the 
 first of the three divisions of a (ireek lyric poem. A 
 stanza. 
 
 STROUD, a town of Gloucestershire, seated on tlie 
 Stroud, asmall stream, the properties of which are said to 
 be peculiarly adapted to the dv'iig of scarlets. 1-or this 
 reason, its banks are crowded with the houses of clothiers ; 
 and the rivulet being itself inconsiderable, a navigable 
 canal accompanies its progress to the Severn. This canal 
 iias been lately extended to join the 'i'hauies at Lechlivde. 
 Seel'HAMEsI Stroud is li miles S. E. of (iloucester, 
 and 102 \V. by N. of London. Wai ket on Fri<iay. 
 
 STRUCTURE, s. [structure, Vr. striictnra, Lat.] t!:e act of 
 building ; the manner in which the parts of any budding, 
 fabric, edifice, or machine, are joined together; a buiMing; 
 form, make, construction. 
 
 To .S'PRU'GGLE, (stidg-l) V. n. (the etymology uncer- 
 tain) to labour ; to strive hard, or make strong eHorts to 
 reform or obtain a thing ; to contend or make a stroiuj 
 opposition against ; to be in agonies, distiGss, or ditfi- 
 culties. 
 
 STRU'GGLE, (sti-ugl) s. a violent method maile to over- 
 come any difiiculty or resistance; an agony ; c<>utest ; tu- 
 multuous distress or difHculty. 
 
 STRUM A, s. [Lat.] a glandular swelling ; the king's evil ; 
 a scrofula. 
 
 .STRU'iMOUS, n. having a swelling in the glands ; or re- 
 lating to a swelling in the glands. 
 
 STRU'AIPET,^. [perhaps from, t<H;,'v'im, Lat.] a con>nioii 
 prostitute; a whore ; a harlot. 
 
 To S'PRU T, f. n. [striisscn, Teut.] to walk with an air of 
 pride and dignity; to swell ; to protnberate. 
 
 STRUT, s. a gait or walk of affected grandeur. 
 
 STUART, (Cm ARLES.)See Charles I. Chariest, was 
 a princcofamiddlingstature, rol>u3t,and well proportioned. 
 His hair was of a dark colour, his forehead high, his con;- 
 plexion pale, his visage long, and his aspect melancholy. 
 Heexcelledin riding, andother manly exercises; he iidie- 
 rited a good understanding from nature, and had cultivated 
 it with great assiduity. His perception was clear and acute, 
 his judgment solid and decisive: he possessed a refined 
 taste for the liberal arts, and was a munificent patron to those 
 who excelled in painting, sculpture, music, and architec- 
 t-ire. In his private morals, he was altogether unblemished 
 and exemplaiy. Charles, by his queen Henrietta, daughter 
 of Henry IV. of France, had four sons and five daughten; ; 
 namely, Charles James, who died in the cradle ; Charles, 
 Prince of Wales, by whom he was succeeded ; James, Duke 
 of York; Henrv, Duke of Gloucester, who died after the 
 Restoration; Mary, who espoused William of Nassau, Prince 
 of Orange, bv whom she was left a widow ; Eliiabeth, con- 
 fined by the regicides in Carisbrook Castle, where she died 
 of grief ; Anne and Catharine, who died in their infancy ; 
 and Henrietta Maria, who was carried in her infancy by the 
 Countess of Dalkeith into France, where she married Philip, 
 Duke of Anjou and Orleans, brotherfo Louis XIV. During 
 the peaceable period of this reign, the commerce of Englair' 
 
 8>1
 
 ST« 
 
 3TU 
 
 mcrpaseil consiflerably to ihe East Indies, Guinea, Spain, 
 and Turkey. The colony of New England became popu- 
 li)u<i ; for great numbers of Pnrilans lied thither, in conse- 
 quence of being severely tre;ited by Laud and the high- 
 church party. The Catholics afterwards, in order to avoid 
 the same kind of persecution from the Puritans, resorted to 
 America, and settled in the colony of Maryland. 
 
 STL'ART, (Charles.) See Chari.es II. Charles II. 
 was in his person tall and swarthy, and his countenance 
 marked withstrouij harsh lineaniciils. His penetration was 
 deep, his ju(l{;ment clear, his understaiidin^j extensive, his 
 conversation lively and entertaining, and lie possessed the 
 talent of wit and ridicule. He was easy of access, polite, 
 and affable ; yet these good qualities were more than over- 
 balanced by liis weakness anil defects. He was a scoffer at 
 reliRion, and a libertine in morals ; careless, indolent, pro- 
 fuse, abandoned to effeminate pleasure, incapable of any 
 nolile enterprise, a stranger to manly friendship and grati- 
 tude, deaf to the voice of honour, blind to the allurements 
 of glory, and, in a word, wholly destitute of every active 
 virtue. Being himself unprincipled, he believed mankind 
 v.ere false, perfidious, aiid interested ; and therefore he 
 practised dissimulation for his own convenience. He was 
 strongly attached to the French manners, government, and 
 monarch ; and was dissatisfied with his o^n limited prero- 
 gative. The majority of his own suiyects he despised or 
 liated, as hypocrites, fanatics, and republicans, who had per- 
 secuted his father and himself, and sought the destruction of 
 the monarchy. In these sentiments he could not be sup- 
 posed to pursue the interest of the nation; on the contrary, 
 he seemed to think that his own safety was incompatible 
 with the honour and advantage of his people. Trade and 
 manufactures, however, flourished more in this reign than at 
 any other xra of the English monarchy. Industry was 
 crowned with success, and the people in general lived in 
 ease and affluence. In the reign of Charles II. the arts and 
 sciences were cultivated with good success, though they 
 were very little encouraged by the sovereign. In this period 
 flourished the immortal Newton, whose discoveries in nature 
 will reflect eternal lustre on the nation that gave him birth ; 
 the learned Stillingfleet ; the elegant, the rational Tillotson ; 
 besides many other excellent divines, such asTennison, Pa- 
 trick, Lloyd, and Burnet, wlio distinguished himself by his 
 History of the Reformation. The practice of medicine was 
 greatly improved by the judicious Sydenham. The witty 
 •loggrelist Butler, contributed taorc ilian any other person, 
 by his poem of Hudibras, to bring fanaticism into contempt. 
 The king admired this production, yet left the author to die 
 in obscurity. Dryden shone unrivalled in poetry ; but was 
 vicious and incorrect, from the depravity of the public taste, 
 and the hurry in which he was obliged to write for subsist- 
 ence. Otway's tragedies are celebrated above all others, 
 for warmth and patlietic tenderness. He lived utterly neg- 
 lected, and died of hiniger. Even the courtiers of this reign 
 were inspired with literary ambition. The duke of Buck- 
 ingham acquired some reputation by writing llie Rehearsal, 
 to ridicule the false taste and absurdities of the dramatic 
 writers. Rochester rendered himself famous for poignancy 
 of satire and impurity. Whycherly displayed the genius of 
 true comedy, though rude and licentious. The carls of Dor- 
 set, Roscommon, and Mulgrave, wrote with ease, spirit, and 
 negligence. Halifax possessed refined talents. The. writings 
 of Sir William Temple are entertaining and instructive. 
 
 STU'ART, (.\nne.) See Anne. Anne Stuart, tinecn of 
 Great Britain, was in her person of the middle size, well pro- 
 portioned. Her hair was of a dark brown colour, her coni- 
 plixion ruddy, her features were regular, her coinitenance 
 was rather round than oval, and her aspect more comely 
 than majestic. Her voice was clear and melodious, and her 
 presence engafjing. Her capacity was naturally good, but 
 not much cultivated by learning ; nor did she cNliibit any 
 Marks ol extraordinary gcuiii*. or personal amiiilioii. She 
 was a pattern of conjugal aU'eclion and fidelity, a tender 
 •niither, a warns friend, an indulgent mistress, a nuiniticcnt 
 
 8-22 
 
 patron a mild and merciful princess, during whose rci^pj 
 no subject's blood was slie<l for treason. She was zealousljr 
 attached to the church of England, from conviction 'rather 
 than from prepossession, unatt'cctedly pious, just, charitable, 
 and compassionate. She felt a mother's fondness for her 
 people, by whom she was universally beloved wit'li a warmth 
 of afl'ection, which even the prejudice of party could not 
 abate. In a word, if she w ere not the greatest, she was cer- 
 tainly one of the best and most unblemished sovereigns that 
 ever sal upon the throne of England. 
 
 S'i'UB, s. Isivbbe, Dan. sith. Sax. stoli, Belg.] a thick short 
 stock of a tree when the rest is cut off; a block. ;• log. 
 
 To STUB, r. a. to root up ; to extirpate ; to torce up. 
 
 STUBBLE, (stM) *• [fsionble, b't.\ the short straw left 
 after the corn is reaped. 
 
 STU'BBORN, n. obstinate, or not to be moved by threats 
 or persuasions ; harsh ; perverse ; inflexible ; contuma- 
 cious ; rough; rugged; stiff'; generally including the idea 
 of something bad. 
 
 STL BBORNLY, ad. obstinately, inflexibly. 
 
 STUBBORNNESS, i. obstinateness ; pcrverseness ; in- 
 flexibility ; contumacy. 
 
 STU'BN.^IL, s. a nail broken oft' ; a short thick nail. 
 
 STU'CCO, f. f Ital.J a kind of tine plaster used iu a ceiling 
 or wall. 
 
 STUD, s. [shirlii, Sax. J a post or stake ; a large-headed nail 
 used for ornament ; a knob, or other ornamental protube- 
 rance; an ornamental fastenin<j worn in the wristband of 
 a shirt. A collection of breeding horses and mares, from 
 siod, Isl. a stallion. 
 
 To STUD, V. a. to adorn with studs or shining knobs. 
 
 STU'DENT, 4-. [from studeits, Lat. I a person given to books ; 
 a scholar ; a bookish man. In the University of Oxford, an 
 exhibitioner, or scholar on the foundation of Christ church. 
 
 STU'DIED, a. learned ; produced by meditation or deep 
 thinking. 
 
 STU'DIOUS, a. [stiidieitx, Fr. studium, study, Lat.J much 
 given to study; contemplative; earnest for ; regardful; 
 attentive; diligent; biisv. 
 
 STUDIOUSLY, «d. diligently ; carefully. 
 
 STUDIO USN ESS, i. the quality of being much addicted 
 to study. 
 
 STU'DY, s. [stutliimi, Lat.] an intense application of the 
 mind to books or learning; meditation ; deep cogitation ; 
 attention ; contrivance. Anapartment set apart for reading 
 and meditating. 
 
 To STUDY, V. n. [stiideo, Lat. | to think upon with in- 
 tense application, or to endeavour diligently. 'To medi- 
 tate ; to muse. Actively, to apply the mind to with 
 intense thought, or consider with attention. To learn 
 by application. Synon. To sludj^ implies an uniform 
 applici'.t.'on in search of knowledge; to /rain, implies that 
 application with success. W'c studi/ to learn ; and /(•«i;i by 
 dint ot'stndi/. 
 
 S'l'l^ri'', »■. [stiiffe, Belg.] any matter or body. Materials 
 of which any thing is composed. Essence or elemental part. 
 Furniture; goods. Any mixture or medicine. Cloth or 
 texture of any kind, especially that of the vvoollen sort. A 
 matter or thing, generally used in contempt. 
 
 To STUFF, v.n. to (ill or cram very full with any thing ; 
 to fill so as to occasion uneasiness ; to (ill or cram meat with 
 seasoning; loforin bvstiitling. Neuterly, to feed gluttonously. 
 
 STU'FFINU, s. that liy which any "thing is filled ; high- 
 seasoned ingredients which are put into meat. 
 
 .STI'KE, or STUCK, f. Istnc, Fr. see Stitco] a fine 
 plaster made of lime and marble finely powdered, commonly 
 called Plaster of Paris, with which walls are covered, and 
 wrought ill figures resembling carvings. 
 
 STlJl/Il LOt^LTLNCl',, t. (from stidtns, foolish, and loqiieit- 
 /m, talk, Lai. 1 idle and foolisli talk ; chitchat. 
 
 STU.VI, .«. [.vdini, Swod. perhaps corrupted from tniistmn, 
 Lat.J wine not fermented; new wine ; wine revived by a 
 new feriiipnlation. 
 
 To STU'M BLE, (^limbl) v, n. [perhups from tvmH*\ H
 
 STU 
 
 SUB 
 
 trip in walking;. Figuratively, to slij) or err. To strike 
 against, or light on by chance, used with on or iipo». Ac- 
 tively, to obstruct, or offend. 
 
 STU'MBLK, {stiinibl) s. a trip in walking; a blunder; 
 error ; failure. 
 
 STUM IJLER, s. one who stumbles. 
 
 STU'MBLlNGliLOCK, or SlUMBLINGSTONE, s. a 
 eausc of stumbling, or error; offence. 
 
 .STU M 1*, i. [iiiim/jf, , Dan. sivmpc, Belg.J a small part of 
 a tree remaining in tlie groinul alter the trunk and branches 
 are lopped away ; a part of a tooth remaining in the j^unis 
 after the other part is broken off; the part ol^ny body re- 
 maining after the rest is taken away. * 
 
 To STUN, t). a. \sliivan, Sax.| to confound or impair hear- 
 ing with an exceeding loud noise. To make a person sense- 
 less or dizzy by a blow on the head. 
 
 STUN(i,"the preter. and part. pass, of Sting. 
 
 STUNK, thepreler. of Stink. 
 
 To .STUNT, V. a. Isliinta, Isl.J to hinder from growlli. 
 
 STUPK, s. [sliipa, Lat.] cloth, linen, or flax, dipped in 
 warm meflitated liquors, and applied lo a hurt or wound. 
 
 To STUPK, V. a. to foment or apply warm Hainiels dip- 
 ped in medicated liquors-to a huri. 
 
 .STUPKFA'CTION, s. [Fr. fvom stujwn, to be senseless, 
 and/ot»«, to make, Lat J astate of mind wherein a i)erson is 
 insensible to threats or persuasions, and seems to liave lost 
 every sign of contrivance or attention ; insensiljiliiy ; 
 stupidity ; dulness ; sluggishness of mind ; heaviness ; 
 follv. 
 
 S'TUPEFA'CTIVR, rt. causing insensibility ; dulling; ob- 
 struetirie the senses; opiate; narcotic. 
 
 STUPE'NDOUS, n. istd/ieiidoiis, Lat.] prodigious; won- 
 derful : astonishing ; amazing. 
 
 STUPID, n. [stupide Fr. stiipidus, Lat.] wanting sensi- 
 bility, apprehension, qr understanding ; dull; insensible; 
 senseless ; torpid ; heavy ; blockish. 
 
 STUPI'Dl'l Y, i. [stKiiiditi,. Fr.J dulness, senselessness, 
 want of comprehension. 
 
 STUTIDLY, ad. dully ; without apprehension. 
 
 STUPIFIER,i.thatwhich causes stupidity. 
 
 To STU'PIFY, V. n. [from stujyeo, to be senseless, and 
 facio, to make, Ilat.] to deprive of sensibility, sagacity, or 
 activitv ; to make stupid ; to dull. 
 
 STU'POR, s. [Lat. J a deprivation or suspension of the 
 senses; heaviness; numbness, torpilude. 
 
 STUPRATION, s. [siupraiio, Lat.] the act of deflowering 
 a woman ; a rape ; violation ; delloration. 
 
 STURBICH. See STOUKiiRiiic.E. 
 
 STU'RDILY, ad. stoutlv ; obstinately ; resolutely. 
 
 STU'RDINESS, s. brutal strength ; stoutness ; obstinacy ; 
 hardiness. 
 
 STU'RDY, a.\estoiirdl, Fr.] hardy; stout; strong; able 
 to bear great •toil, and to make a vigorous resistance; ob- 
 stinate ; brutal ; bold. 
 
 STU'RGEON, s. a fish of a large size and fine taste, 
 which is caught sometimes in the Thames, but mostly im- 
 ported in a cured state from the Baltic, and from America. 
 Those caught in the Thames, are, by antient custom, pre- 
 •ented to his majesty. 
 
 STim'K, s. [i<tfrc."Sax. j a voungox or heifer. 
 
 STURMINSTER, or STOURMINSTER, a town in 
 Dorsetshire, seated on the river Stour, over which is a 
 handsome stone bridge. It is 20 miles N. E. of Dorchester, 
 and 111 \V by S. of London. Market on Thursday. 
 
 ToSTUT, or STUTTER, r. n.{stutten, to hinder, Beig.T 
 to speak with hesitation, difficulty, or frequent repetition of 
 the same svllable or letter of a word ; to stammer. 
 
 STUTtER, or STUTTERER, s. one that speaks with 
 hesitation ; a stammerer. 
 
 STUTGaRD, a citv of Suabia, capital of the new king- 
 dom of \Virtemberg. Thu streets are narrow in the town, 
 and the houses "eneralty of wood ; but there are fine houses, 
 and wide straigli't streets, in one o'f the suburbs. Here are 
 Xb» king's palace ; an orphan house, with rich cabinets of 
 
 curiosities, and handsome gardens ; an academy of painting, 
 sculpture, and architecture, established in 1701 ; and manu- 
 factures of stuffs, silk stockings, and ribbons. It is sealed 
 on the Nafenbach, near the river Ncckar, 40 miles N. W. 
 ofUlm. 
 
 STY, s. [stige, Sax.J a small inclosure in which hogs arc 
 kept. 
 
 To STY, V. a. to shut up in a sty. Neuterly, to soar ; to 
 ascend. 
 
 STYE, or STITIIE, s. a disorder of the eyelids, being 
 a small incisted tumor, about the bigness of a barley- 
 corn. 
 
 STY'GIAN, (theg- pron. soh)a.\stygiut, Lat.j belonging 
 to the river Styx. Infernal ; hellisli. 
 
 .STYLE, 4-. is a word of various significations, originally 
 deduced from stylos, Gr. a kind of bodkin, wherewith the an- 
 tients wrote on plates of lead, or wax. In dialing, it de- 
 notes the gnomon or cock of a dial. In botany, it is a part 
 of the pistil, or pointal, of plants, called also the shaft. It.is 
 peculiarly distinguishable in the crown imperial, lily, &c. 
 Some plants have pist ilia without any styles, as in tfie ra- 
 nunculus. In literature, it is a particular manner of ex- 
 pressing one's thoughts, agreeable to the rules of syntax. 
 Ill jurisprudence, it is the particular form or manner of pro- 
 cecdiii'' in each court of judicature, agreeable to the rules 
 and orders established therein. Jn music, it denotes a man- 
 ner of playing, singing or composing, peculiar to the musi- 
 cian who plavs, sings, orcouiposes. 
 To Style, v. a. to call, term, or name. 
 ST\'TT1C, a. [usually written, siiptir: from stypho, tn 
 bind, Gr.] astringent; peculiarly applied to such medicine* 
 as stop bleeding. 
 
 STYX, s. a poisonous fountain of Arcadia, by the poets 
 feigned to be a river of hell, by which the gods swore ; and 
 if any one broke his oath, or swore falsely, he was banished 
 from heaven, and deprived of nectar for 100 years. 
 
 SUA'BIA, a circle of Geniia.nj, bounded on the N. by the 
 circle of Fraiiconia, and the palatinate of the Rhine ; on the 
 W. by the circle of the Lower Rliine and A Isace ; on the S. 
 by Swisserlaiid and the Tyrolese ; and on the E. b/ 
 Bavaria. 
 
 SUA'SIA'E, (sums-iu) a. [from suadeo, to persuade, Lat. J 
 having the power to persuade. 
 
 SUA'SORY, (smtzory) a. [from suadeo, to persuade,, Lat. J 
 having a teudency to |)ersuade. 
 
 SUA'\'ITY, (swdvity) s. \svavilc, Vr. from suavis, sweet, 
 Lat.] sweetness, pleasantness, either to ihe corporeal or 
 mental taste. 
 
 SUB, in composition, is borrowe.d from the Latin, and 
 implies a subordinate or inferior degree. 
 
 .SUBA'CID, fl. [from sub, almost, and atidits, sour, Lat. J 
 sour in a small degree. 
 SUBA'CRID, a. sharp and pungent in a small degree. 
 SUBA'CTION, s. |MiWg-», to subdue, Lat.] the act of 
 subduing or reducing to any state. 
 
 To SUB.AXUTATE, v. a. \subagito, Lat.] to solicit ; lo 
 have commerce with a woman. 
 
 SUBA'LPINE, a. [from cti6, under, and Alpes, the Al;s, 
 Lat.J living or growing near the mountains called the 
 Alps. 
 
 SUBA'LTERN, s. [subahenie, Fr.] an inferior ; a subor- 
 dinate. A non-commissioned oHicer in tlie army, as a ser- 
 geant, a corporal, &c. 
 
 SUBALTE'RNATE, a. placed under another ; succeed- 
 ing bv turns ; successive ; alternate. 
 
 SUBAQti.VNEOUS, a. [from sub, under, and 071*1, ihe 
 wafer, Lat.] living under the water. 
 
 SUBCHA'NTOR, .*■. an under-chantor ; an oiiicei who 
 officiates for a chantor in his absence. 
 
 SUBCLA'VIAN, n. [from sub, under, and ctavis, llie colUrr- 
 bone, Lat.] is applied to an> thing under the armpit or 
 shoulder, whether artery, nerve, vein, or muscle. 
 
 SUBCONSTELLATION, 1. in astroiioniy, a lesser cwi- 
 stellatiou foriiung a part of a greater. 
 
 82:1
 
 SUB 
 
 ' Sr.lC'vJTVNROUS, a. lyiiis under the skiii. 
 
 SUI5UR ACOX,.?. [from sub, under, and rliaconiis, a deacon, 
 L;i'.i 'ir ihe Uoniibli cliurcli llie deacon's servant. 
 
 SURni'w\N, J. [from .viii!', uiider, nnd decar.us, a dean, Lat.] 
 a di^^uified clergyman, next to llie ilean. 
 
 SUBDIVCUPLK, a. [from tab, and (hK->iphis, tenfold, Lat.] 
 containing; one part in ten. 
 
 To SUIJOE'LEGATE, i'. n. to substitute or appoint. 
 SUBDITI'TIO'US, (i«i'iaij/iiouj; a. [from siMo, to substi- 
 tute, Lat.J foisted ; forged. 
 
 To SUBDIVI'DR, I', a. [from sub, (knotin;? inferiority, 
 and Uii'ido, to divide, Lat.] to divide a part into stiil lesser 
 parts. 
 SUBDIVISION, i. Ihe act of subdividing. 
 SU'-BDOLOU.S, o. \sidjdnlus, from dolit.i, craft, Lat.] sub- 
 tle ; crafty ; deceitful ; cumiing ; slv. 
 
 To SUBDU'CE, V. a. [from sub, u;ider, and f.'uco, to lead, 
 Lat.] to subtract ; to deduce. 
 
 To SUBDU'CT, V. a. [from sub, under, and d.:co, to lead, 
 Lat.] to vvithdravv, or take away. In arillimetic, to sub- 
 tract. 
 
 .SUBDU'CTION, i. arithmetical subtraction; the act of 
 taking awav. 
 
 To SUBDU'E, V. a. [from siA, under, and du, to put, Lat.] 
 to overpower; to conquer; to crush ; to oppress ; to bring 
 under ; to tame. 
 
 SUBDU'ER, i. a conciucror; one that reduces or brings 
 under ; a tamer. 
 SUBDU'L'UCATE, a. containing one part ot two. 
 SUBER-VTES, s. m diymistry, salts formed by tlie coni- 
 binati-on of any base with tlie suberic acid. 
 
 SUBERIC, a. in chvmistrv, belonging to cork. 
 SUBFUiMIG A'TION, *. [from sub, under, and/i/nijVo, to 
 imoak, Lat.] a ceremony used by sorcerers to drive away 
 evil spirits bv burning incense. 
 
 SUBJA'CENT, a. \ixomsub, under, and>oo, to lie, Lat.] 
 iving under. 
 
 ' To SUBJE'CT, V. a. [from sub, under, and jacen, to put, 
 Lat.] to put under ; to reduce to submission; to enslave; 
 to make liable or obnoxious ; to make subservient. 
 
 SU'BJECT, o. ffiom suh, under, and ./acio, to put, Lat.] 
 placed, situated, nving or serving under; liable or ob- 
 noxious; that on 'which any action or thought is exer- 
 cised. 
 
 SU'BJECT, s. [suiet Fr.] one who lives under the do- 
 minion of another ; that on which any action or thought 
 is employed ; that in which any thing inheres. In gram- 
 mar, the nomiuative case is called the subject of the 
 verb. 
 
 SUBJE'CTION, s. [sxil, under, and jacio, to put, Lat.J 
 obedience to a superior; dependence; slavery. 
 
 SUBJECTIVE, a. relating not to the object, but to the 
 Kubject. . , , ,. 
 
 SUBINGRE'SSION, f. [from sub, privately, and gredior, 
 to enter, Lat. I secret entrance. 
 
 To SUBJOi'N, V. a. [from sub, under, andjioi^o, to jom, 
 Lat.jto add at the end ; to annex. 
 
 SUBIT'ANEOUS, a. [subkaneus, from suhitus, sudden, Lat.] 
 sudden ; hastv. 
 
 To SUBJUGATE, v. a. [from sub, under, and jh^uto, a 
 voke, Lat.] to bring under the yoke; to subdue; to en- 
 slave. . , . 
 
 SUBJUGATION, s. the act of subduing, or a stale of 
 slavery. 
 
 SUBJU'KCTION, I. [from sub, under, and (hhco, to .|oui, 
 Lat.] the sta»e of being subjoined ; the act of subjoining. 
 
 SUliJU'NCTlVE, (/. j^from sub, under, aiid./""gv), to join, 
 Lat.J 5ubioine<l or added to something else. In grammar, 
 a mood wherein the signilicaticm of a verb is relative to 
 that of some other w iiicb iiovs before it. 
 
 SUBL.VrSARV.orSUBLAl'SA RIAN, <T.[lrom»Ki,after, 
 and liiiisus, the fall, La!.| done after the (all ol man. 
 
 SUBLA'l'ION. s. [.udilnil , froui mstulh, to lake away, 
 Lul.] the act of taUiiig away. 
 
 S UB 
 
 an imperfect dis'o 
 iVom sub, under, and Ino, ta 
 
 SUBLAXATION^ i. in anatonr 
 cation. 
 
 To SUBLEV.\TE, v. a. 
 raise, Lal.l to raise, succour, urease. 
 
 SUBLEVATiON, s. the act of assisting, easnig, or lift- 
 ing up. 
 
 To SUBLIMATE, v. a. [from sublimh, high, Lat.] in chy- 
 mistry, to raise by the force of tire. Figuratively, to exalt, 
 elevate, heighten. 
 
 SUBLIMATE, s. any tiling raised by fire in a retort. 
 QuieUiiiver raised in a retort. 
 
 SUBLIMATION, j. in cbymistry, in the condensing and 
 collecting in a solid form, by means of vessels aptly con- 
 structed, ll.e fumes of bodies raised from them by Ihe appli- 
 cation of a proper heat. Elevation, exaltation"; the act of 
 heightening or improving. 
 
 SUBLI'.VI!',, n. |.«Kt//mu, Lat.] high in place excellence, 
 or nature; elevated in thought or style; lofty, liaughty, 
 lirtiud. SvNON. Sublime and great, considered as they re- 
 late to language, irirut seems to have more relation to the 
 learning (U- the nature of the subjects treated of; and sublime, 
 to have more relation to the spirit and manner in w liich the 
 subjects are treated. 
 
 SURLi'M E, s. [suhUme, Fr.] a grand or lofty style, arising 
 from nobleness of thought, magnificence of words, and the 
 harmonious lively turn of the phrase. 
 
 To SLBI^I'ME, V. a. IsubUmn; Fr.] to raise by a chymical 
 fire, to raise on higli ; to exalt, iieigliten, or improve. Neu- 
 terlv, to rise in a chyniical vessel bv the force of (ire. 
 SliBLl'iMELY, ad. loftilv ; grandly. 
 SUBLliMlTV, «. [i"<'/("i'V<, Fr. from sublimis, high, Lat.] 
 height of place, thought, or style; height of nature; ex- 
 cellence. 
 
 .'^l BLl'NGUAL, a. [fronin(5, under, and liugiin, a tongue, 
 Lat. I placed under the tongue. 
 
 .SUBLUNAR, or SU'LUNAKY, a. [from sub, under, ana 
 lu:iii, the moon, Lat.] situate beneath the moon ; terrestrial ; 
 earthly ; mundane. 
 
 SU'BMARINE, «. [from sub, under, and 7r.are, the sea, 
 Lat.J King or acting under the sea. 
 
 To SUBME'RGE, v. a. [ stibmeigcr, Fr. from sub, under, 
 and ntfrgo, to sink, Lat.J to put or plunge under water; to 
 drown. 
 
 SUBME'RSION, (submersfion) s. |Fr. from xuh, under, and 
 meigp, to siiik, Lat.] the act of plunging or dipping under 
 water; sinking; drowning. 
 
 SUBMI'SS, a. \siihjnissus, Lat.] humble, or confessing in- 
 feriority ; submissive ; obsequious. 
 
 SUBMl'SSION, (suhniixtlmii) s. [from sub, under, and mitto, 
 to luit, Lat.] surrender; acknowledgment of inferiority, 
 guiltiness, error, or power to command ; obedience ; obse- 
 quiousness. 
 
 .SUBM'l.SSIVE, a. humble ; meek ; respectful ; obse- 
 quious. 
 
 SLB.MI'SSIVELY, ad. humbly; viilli confession of in- 
 feriority. 
 
 .'^I'B.MI'.SSIVENESS, i. humility, confession of fault or 
 inferioritv. 
 
 To SU!)M1T, >.'. n. [from ^'/i, under, and mitto, to put, 
 Lat. I to let down or sink ; to acknowledge, subject, resign, 
 or yield any thing to the authority, cotnmands, direction, 
 or judgment of another. Neuterly, to be subiect to as an 
 inferior ; to yield. 
 
 SUBMU'LTIRLE, s. in arithmetic, thatnumber or quan- 
 t-lty which is contained in another number a certain number 
 of times exactly: thus ;j is the suhmulti/ik of 21, as bein^ 
 contained in it seven times exactly. 
 
 To SUBNE'RVATE,t>. «. to cut the sinews of the leg to 
 hamstring. 
 
 SUBORDINATE, a. [from sub, under, nnd ordi-.j, to 
 range, Lat.J inferior in older, nature, dignity, or power; 
 descending in a regular series i>t i;ra<lation. 
 
 To SUBORDINATE, .•. a. [lr(.m..u/<, under, and onhno, 
 to range, l.at.J to raiigc or place underan other. Nut in use.
 
 SUB 
 
 SUB 
 
 SUnO'RDINATKF.Y.wi. in aseries rrgularlv descending. 
 
 SUliORDlNA'TlON, s. \suburdimuitm, Fr.J dependence 
 of persons with respect to cacli otlier ; a series regularly 
 dcscendinsf. 
 
 ToSUBO'RN, V. «. [."itoivto, Lat.1 to procure privately, 
 by secret fraiul, or hy silent and indirect means; generally 
 applied to procuring or instructinf( false evidence. 
 
 SL'IJOKNA'I'ION, s. [siihornation, Fr.] the act of pro- 
 ciirinj} or ii^slructinj; a person to give false evidence, or do 
 a bad action. 
 
 SUBO'RNER, s. one that procures a bad action to be 
 done. 
 
 SUBPOE'NA, (suliphta) s. [from tub, under, and poena, a 
 penalty, Lat.Ja writ coiMinandin-; a person's appearance in a 
 court under a penalty ; a snniuious. 
 
 To SUBPOE'NA, {sulipcnu) v. a. to summon a person to 
 appear before a court. A law term. 
 
 SUBRE'CTOR, f. the rector's vicegerent. 
 
 SUBREPTITIOUS, {mbreptishiou,) a. see SURREPTI- 
 TIOCS. 
 
 SUBRI'GUOUS, a. [from suh, somewhat, and ri'o'o, to 
 wafer, Lat.] wet ; moist; waterv undcrnculli. 
 
 ToSU'BROGATK, v. a. [from iuirogo, Lat.] to substitute 
 or put in the place of another. 
 
 SU'BSALTS, i. in chvmistry, salts with less acid than is 
 sufficient to neutralize their radicles. 
 
 To SUBSCRIBE, ». a. [from sub, under, and scribo, to 
 write, Lat.J to give consent to or attest by writing one's 
 name. Neuterly, to give consent ; to promote an under- 
 taking, by paying in 'a certain sum of money. 
 
 SUBSClll'Bl'.R, J. one that subscribes or contributes. 
 
 S,UBSCRrPTION,4-.[from fiib, under, and scnbo, to write. 
 Lat.] the act of attesting a writing by signing one's name ; 
 the undertaking to advance the government money upon 
 certain conditions, or giving money to charitable uses. 
 
 SU'BSEQUENT, (t. [Fr. from sub, after, and sequvr, to 
 follow, Latl following in order of time; future. 
 
 To SUBSE RVE, V. «. [from sub, luider, and servio, to 
 serve, Lat.J to serve in a subordinate or instrumenlal 
 manner. 
 
 SUBSE'RVIENCY, or SUBSERVIENCE, s. subjection 
 to the control or command of another; instrumental fitness 
 or use. 
 
 SUB'SE'RVIENT, a. [from ii.i, under, and servio, to 
 serve, Lat.] assisting to the accomi)lishment of a purpose or 
 design ; subordinate. 
 
 ToSUBSI'DE, V, a. [from sulsido, Lat.] to sink; to tend 
 towards the bottom or downwards. 
 
 SU BSIDIARY, a. [from sulsidium, help, Lat.] helping ; 
 aiding ; assisting ; brought in aid. 
 
 SU'BSIDY, s. \subsidium, Lat.] an aid given iu money to- 
 wards carrying on the public aflairs of a nation. 
 
 To SUBSI'GN, V. a. [from sub, under, and sigJio, to sign, 
 Lat] to sign under. 
 
 To SUBSrST, e. n. \siibsisto, Lat.J to continue or retain 
 the present state, nature, or properties ; to have means of 
 living or maintenance ; to inhere ; to have existence. Sv- 
 MON. We say of qualities, forms, actions, motions, and of all 
 tJieir different relations, that they arc ; we say of matter, 
 spirit, bodies, and all real beings, that they exist ; we say of 
 states, works, aft'airs, laws, and all establishments, which are 
 neither destroyed nor changed, that they siil>si!t. 
 
 SUBSrSTENCE, s. \t)ibsistente, Fr.J real being; compe- 
 tency, or sufficiency to support life. 
 
 SOBSI'STENT, a. [from substo, to exist, Lat.] having real 
 being ; inherent. 
 
 SUBSTAN'CE,». [Fr. from futoo, to exist, Lat.J being; 
 something which has iexi*tence,and supports accidents. The 
 essential part. Something real, opposed to imaginary. 
 Bodv : bodily nature. Wealth ; means of life. 
 
 SUBSTA'NTIAL, (siAstaiishial) s. [iKi.sMH<ie/, Fr. sub- 
 sUnilialis, Lat.J real ; true ; solid ; bulky, corporeal, ma- 
 fjeiial; stout^ strong; moderately wealthy; responsibie. 
 
 SN 
 
 SUBSTANTIALITY, s. the state of existence ; cor- 
 poreity. 
 
 SUBSTA'NTIALS, #. (without singular) essential parts. 
 
 SU'BSTANTIVE, t. \tHhs{a,Uif, Fr. tuhstantivum, from 
 jiiJito, to exist, Lat.] a noun or word applied to signify any 
 thing that is the object of our senses or imagination, stripped 
 of its qualities, ana making sense when joined with a vcrijor 
 adjective. 
 
 SUBSTA'NTIVE, a. [from subsin, to exist, Lat.] solid ; 
 betokening Existence. Not used in the first sense. 
 
 'Fo SUBSTITUTE,!.. «. [from sub, for, and statuo, to put, 
 LatJ^to put instead, or in the place of another. 
 
 Substitute, i. [j"toiV"<, I'V.Jone placed and acting 
 bv delegated power instead ot another. 
 
 To SUBSTRA'CT, or SUBTRACT, ... a. [sovstraire, Fr. 
 from snbtiiiho, Lat.] to takeaway a part from the whole. In 
 arithmetic, t4ie rule of finding the ditl'erence between f«o 
 numbers by taking away the less from the greater, and set- 
 ting down what remains. 
 
 SUB.STRA'CTION, or SUBTRACTION, j. [souftmction, 
 Fr. from subtra/w, to take away, Lat.] the act of taking away 
 pyrt from the whole. Subtraction is the most propel 
 spelling'. 
 
 SUBSTRUCTION, s. [substmctio, from suh, under, and 
 struo, to build, Lat.J the lower part of the foundation of a 
 house ; underbiiiUbng. 
 
 SUBS'FV'LAR, «. [from sub, under, and stylus, a style, 
 Lat.J in dialing, an epithet given to a right line, whereon 
 the gnomon or style of a dial is erected at right angles willi 
 the plane. 
 
 SUBSULTIVE, or SUBSULTORY, a. [subsuJtus, from 
 salio, to leap, Lat.] leaping ; bounding ; moving by starts. 
 
 To SUB'I END, t'. n. [from sub, under, and tendo, to ex- 
 tend, LatJ to extend under. 
 
 SU'BTER, (borrowed from the Latin) signifies, in compo- 
 sition, under. 
 
 SUBTERFLUENT, or SUBTE'RFLUOUS, a. [from 
 subter, under, and Jliu>, to flow, Lat.J running or flowing 
 under. 
 
 SUBTERFUGE,*. [Fr. from suiter, privately, and fugio, 
 to flee, Lat.J a shift, evasion, or trick, by which a person 
 endeavours to extricate.himself from a ditliculty. 
 
 SUBTERRA'NEAN.orSUBTk-RRA'NEOUS, a. [from 
 sub, under, and terra, the earth, Lat.J placed under ground ; 
 lying under the surface of the earth. 
 
 SUBTILE, a. sometimes written raif/f, and pronounced 
 sutl ; [subtile, Fr. subtilis, Lat.J thin ; nice, delicate, fine ; 
 piercing, acute ; cunning, subdolous, deceitful ; refined, or 
 so acute as hardly to be comprehended. When it signifies 
 cunning or crafty, it is generally spelt subtle. 
 
 SUBTI'LELY, ad. finely, not grossly ; craftily, cunningly. 
 
 SUBTILIZATION, s. [subtilisatiou, Fr.J fhe"act of rare- 
 fying, or making any thing so volatile as to rise in steam or 
 vapours ; refinement, superfluous acuteness. 
 
 ToSO'BTILIZE,!.. a. \subtiliser, Fr.J to rarefy, or make 
 thin ; to refine, or spin into useless niceties. Neuterly, to 
 talk or treat with too much refinement. 
 
 SU'BTILTY, i. \tubtiliti, Fr.J thiniiess, fineness ; the 
 quality of being much rarefied, or consisting of very small 
 and penetrating particles ; nicety ; refinement ; too much 
 acuteness ; cunning artifice, slyness. 
 
 SU'BTLE, {st'itl) a. [see SudttleJ sly ; artful or cunning. 
 
 SU'BTLY, isiithj) ad. cunningly ; artfully ; slyly ; nicely, 
 delicately. 
 
 To SUBTRA'CT, ... a. sec Svbstract. 
 
 SUBTRACTION, s. in arithmetic, a rule by which 
 a less sum is taken from a greater, to find the remainder. 
 
 SUBTRAHEND, a. [from subtraho, to subtract, Lat.J in 
 arithraet.ic, the lesser number which is to be taken out of 
 the greater. 
 
 SU'BTRIPLE, n. [Fr. from sub, and triplus, three-fold, 
 Lat.J containing a third or one part in three. 
 
 SUBVENTA NE(>US,[»u6voi/(inew, frora»en<u/, the wind. 
 Lat.J addle ; windy. 
 
 i)3&
 
 sue 
 
 SUE 
 
 To SUBVERSE, ». a. ffrom subverlor, to overturn, Lat.] 
 to overturn, demolish, destroy, subvert. 
 
 SUBVK RSION, {mbi-ersho7i) 1. 1 Fr. from siihiertor, to over- 
 lurii, Lat.] the act of overthrowing ; destruction ; ruin ; 
 demolition ; overthrow. 
 
 SUBVERSIVE, a. having tendency ;to werturn, used 
 with of. 
 
 To SUBVEUT, i>. a. [suhverfo, Lat.] to overtlirow, over- 
 turn, destroy, or turn upside down ; to coriupt or con- 
 found. 
 
 SUBVE'RTER, s. an overthrower ; a destroyer. 
 
 SUBURB, s. [from sub, under, and vrbs, a city, Lat.] 
 a collection of buildings witiiout Ihe walls of a city; the 
 confines; the outpart ; the environs. 
 
 SUBURBAN ITY, i. jfrom sid, under, and vrbs, a city, 
 Lat.J the neighbourliood of them that dwell without a 
 city. 
 
 SUBU'RB.^N, f. [frommt, under, and urbs, a city, Lat.J 
 one that lives in the city- 
 
 SUBURBAN, n. [froni sub, under, and urbs, a city, Lat.] 
 belonging to the suburbs. 
 
 SUCCEDA'NEOUS, a. ffrom svcceih, to succeed, Lat.J 
 EUppK'ing the place of soiiiclliing else. 
 
 SUCCEDA'NEUM, s. [Lat.J that which is put to serve 
 in place of something else. 
 
 SUCCE'DENT, «. ffrom succcdn, to succeed, Lat.J suc- 
 ceeding ; following after. 
 
 To S UCCEE D, v.v.\ from sub, after, and cedo, to go, Lat. 
 succeder, Fr.] to follow alter or in order. To come into the 
 place of one who is dead, or h-.is qiiilled. To fall out or 
 terminate according to one's wish. To ol)tain one's wish. 
 To go under cover. Actively, to foU'iw after ; to pros- 
 per, or make a thing terminate according to a person's 
 wish. 
 
 SUCCEE'DER, i. one that succeeds ; one who comes into 
 the place of another. 
 
 SUCCESS, s. [siicccs, Fr. sticcessus, from snccedo, to suc- 
 ceed, Lat.] a prosperous event, when used without an 
 epithet. The termination of an aflair whether happily or 
 unhappily. 
 
 SUCCK'SSFUL,n. fortunate ; prosperous; lucky. 
 
 SUCCESSFULLY, ad. fortunately ; hickily ; pros- 
 perously. 
 
 SUCCE'SSFULNESS.i. the quality o/ being fortunate or 
 prosperous in an undertaking . series ',ot good fortune; de- 
 sired event ; happy conclusion. 
 
 SU'CCE'SSION, (sulcs'es/uin) s. [Fr. succesio, from succedo, 
 to succeed, Lat.J a series or order in w hicli one person or 
 t'jing follows another ; consecution. A lineage. 
 
 SUCCESSIVE, a. [succcssif, Fr.] following in order ira- 
 mediatelv after another person or thing ; consecutive. 
 
 SUCCESSIVELY, ad. in uuinterruptcd order ; one after 
 another. 
 
 SUCCESSOR, s. (successeur, Fr. from snccedo, to succeed, 
 Lat.] one that immediately follows another in any possession 
 or post. 
 
 SUCCITSfATES, s. in chyniistry, salts formed by the com- 
 bination of any base with tlie succinic acid. 
 
 SUCCINIC, a. in chymistry, belonging to amber. 
 
 SUCCrNCT, u.{VT.tuccinrtus, irom siiiffo, to gird, Lat. | 
 in its primary sense, tucked or girded up ; having the 
 clothes drawn and fastened up to disengage the legs. Figu- 
 ratively, short, conciie, brief, comprehensive. 
 
 SUCCINCTLY, ad. brietlv ; conciselv. 
 
 SUCCI'NCTNE.S.S,J. brevity; conciseness. 
 
 SUCCORY, 1. [eichofium, Lat.J in botany, the crepis of 
 Linnaeus. It is a plant with compound (lowers. The stink- 
 ing, smooth, and rou'di succory, are the British species. 
 This genus is nearly allied to the hawkweed. 
 
 "To SU'CCOUR, V. a. [from ntb, under, and curro, to run, 
 Lat.] to help, relieve, or assist in danger, difficulty, or 
 distress. 
 
 SUCCOUR. *.r«foiir#, Fr.) aid or relief afforded in dif- 
 
 82fi 
 
 fieulty or distress. The person who aids or relicTes another 
 in distress. 
 
 SU'CCOURER, s. a lielper, an assistant, a reliever, 
 
 SU'CCULENT, a. [sKcculeiu, Fr. succulmtus, Lat.J moist , 
 abounding in juice ; juicv. 
 
 To SUCCUMB, V. a. (from sub, under, and cubo, to lay, 
 hat. SHccontber, Yv.] to fall down, sink, cr fall under; to 
 yield. Not in use. 
 
 SUCCUSSATION, s. [from siicauio, to shake, Lat.] a trot 
 of a horse, &c. made by hfting one loot before, and the cross 
 foot Ijehind. 
 
 SUCCU'SSION, (sukkuslien) s. ffrom svcentio, to shake, 
 Lat.J the act of shaking or joltin<f ; a jolt or shake given 
 by a carriage. In niedicine, a shaking of the nerves pro- 
 cured by strong, stimulating, and sternutatory medicines. 
 
 SUCH, prOTi. [stvilc. Sax. sulk, Belg. sidleihs, Cioth.J when 
 answered by as, like, or of the same kind. ^Vl:cn used with- 
 out <!.', of the same nature with ihiit wliiili is mentioned in 
 the sentence before. Particular or certain. 
 
 To SUCK, V, a. \sucan, S:ix. surcn-, Fr.] to draw by rare- 
 fying the air ; to draw in by the niouth ; to draw milk from 
 the in-east by the mouth ; to draw with the milk ; toenipty ; 
 to drain. Neuterly, to draw by rarefying the air ; to draw 
 the breast ; to draw, to ind}ibe.' 
 
 SUCK, s, the act of sucking ; milk given by females frora 
 the breast. 
 
 SU'CKER, s. [suceiir, Fr.] any thing that draws by rare- 
 fying the air ; the embolus or piston of a ptinip ; a yourtg 
 twig shooting from the stock, so called from the supposition 
 of its depriving the trunk of its moisture ; a pipe through 
 which anv thing is sucked. 
 
 To SUCKLE, {suhl) v.a. to bring up a child by milk 
 sucked from the breast. 
 
 SUCKLING, s. a young creature yet fed by the pap. 
 
 SUCTION, (s!'//i.«//oii)*. [s^iifciuii, Fr] the act of sucking. 
 
 SU'DATORY, s. [from sudv, to sweat, Lat.] a hothouse 
 or sweating bath. 
 
 SU'DBURY, an antient town of Suffolk, containing 3 large 
 haudsome churches. Its other buildings are pretty good, 
 but the streets are remiiikably dirty in bad weather. It was 
 oue of the first seats of the Flemings, who were brought over 
 by Edward III. to teach the Engltsli the art of manufacturing 
 their own wool. It became, in consequence, very populous 
 and opulent. Its trade is now diverted, in great part, into 
 other channels ; however, many kinds of Ihin stufls are still 
 made here, such as seys, perpetuanas, bunting for ship's co- 
 lours, burial crapes, Ac. The river was made navigable 
 from this place to Maningtree many years ago. It is seated 
 on the N. side of the river Slour, by which it is almost sur- 
 rounded, and over which it has a handsome bridge leading 
 into Essex, 14 miles S. S. E. of St. Edinundsbury, and 56 K. 
 E. of London. Market on Saturday. 
 
 SU'DDEN, n. {soiidttin, Fr. soden., Sax.] happening with- 
 out any expectation or notice given before-hand. On or vf 
 asudileji, is sooner than we expected, without any notice be- 
 forehand. 
 
 SU'DDENLY, a^?. unexpectedly ; liastily; quickly. 
 
 SUDDENNESS, a. quickness; hastiness; unexpected 
 presence. 
 
 SUDORITIC, a. [stulorifique, from stidor, sweat, and facio, 
 to make, Lat j^provoking or causing sweat. 
 
 SUDORI'flCS, s. medicines that cause sweating. 
 
 SUDS, s. it has no singular; [from teoden, to seethe, Sax.] 
 water in which soap is dissolved. To be in (he tuds, is to be 
 involved in some dilficulty. 
 
 To SUE, II. a. [stiiver, Fr.] to prosecute by law ; to gain 
 by legal procedijre. In falconry, to clean the beak, as a 
 hawk. Neuterly, to beg, intreat, or petition, with humilHy 
 and earnestness. 
 
 SUT.T, «.[»««*, old Fr.] bard fat, particularly that about 
 the kidneys. 
 
 SUT.TY.n. consisting of suet; resembling suet. 
 
 SUEZ, anticntly Berenice, a town of Egypt, seated •!
 
 SUF 
 
 SUL 
 
 theN.end of the W-gulfof llie Red Sea, called tlic Gulf of 
 Suez, with a harbour. This yulf is separated from tlie Me- 
 diterruneun, by an isthmus, 120 miles over, which joins Asia 
 to Africa. Tlic town is without water, which comes from 
 tlie wells of Naha (carried by Arabians) on the other side of 
 the gulf, and without almost all the other necessaries of life. 
 FibJi is the only article of provisions plentiful here. It is very 
 much crowded with people, when the Turkish galleys arrive 
 there. However, at other times, it is very tliinly inhabited, 
 and the harbour is tooshahow to admit ships of great burden. 
 The commerce of Suezwith Cairo is carried on only by means 
 of caravans, but several vessels sail annually between this 
 port and Jidda. It issilualed in a sandy country, the ground 
 around being all one bed of rock, slightly covered with sand, 
 (plants, trees, gardens, and fields, being entirely unknown,) 
 CO miles E. S. E. of Cairo. Lat. 30. 2. N, Ion. 32. 
 4a. _E. 
 
 ToSU'FFER, V. a. [suffero, Lat. souffrir, Fr.J to bear or 
 undergo with a sense of pain; to endure or support without 
 resistance or sinking under ; to allow or permit without re- 
 fusal or resistance ; to pass through, or be afl'ected by. Neu- 
 terly, to undergo pain, punishment, injury, or inconveni- 
 ence. 
 
 SUTFERABLE, n. such as may be endured or permitted ; 
 tolerable. 
 
 SU'FFERABLY, ad. tolerably ; so as to be endured. 
 
 SUTFERANCE, s. \soiiffrunic, Fr.J pain, inconvenience, 
 misery ; patience or moderation ; permission ; allowance. 
 
 SU FFERER, s. one who endures pain or inconvenience ; 
 niie who allows or permits. 
 
 SUTFERING, s. pain endured. 
 
 ToSUFFI'CE, V. n. \sufficio, Lat. J to be enough or equal 
 to the end or purpose. Actively, to atford, to supply enough ; 
 to satisfy. 
 
 SUFFI'CIENCY, (suffi'thiency) s. [from s<:fficw, Lat.] the 
 state of being equal or adequate to the end proposed ; a qua- 
 litication ; supply equal to want ; competence. 
 
 SUFFrCIENT, (suffishieiu) «. [suffitkns, Lat.] enough ; 
 able ; capable. 
 
 SUFFI'CIENTLy. {suffishieutly) ad. fully ; satisfac- 
 torily. 
 
 To SUFFLATE, v. a. [from svfflo, to blow up, Lat.] to 
 puff or blow up. 
 
 SUFFLATION, j. [from suffln, to blow up, Lat.] the act 
 of blowing up with wind ; swelling. 
 
 To SUFFOCATE, »>. «. [w/l/w/mr, Fr. s#oco, Lat.] to 
 dioak by exclusion or interception of air. 
 
 SUFFOCATION, s. [Fr. from *»//uco, to siiiolher, Lat.J 
 stoppage of the breath ; the state of smothering or choak- 
 jng tor want of air. 
 
 SUFFOLK, an English county, 50 miles in length, and 
 S5in breadth; bounded on the W. by Cambridgeshire; on 
 IheN. by Norfolk; on the S. by Essex; and on the E. by 
 tlie German Ocean. It contains 575 parishes, 28 market- 
 towns, and sends 16 members to parliament. The air is 
 generally wholesome, but the soil is various ; on the sea- 
 coast it is sandy, and there are several small hills, which 
 yield hemp, pease, and rye. The inland parts are clayey, 
 and more full of trees. The borders towards Essex are fit 
 for pastures,and the N. W. produces corn of all sorts. There 
 are manufactures of several kinds, paiticularly all sorts of 
 broad cloth, stutfs, and coarse linen. The principal rivers 
 are, the Little Ouse, the Waveney, the Stour, the Breton, the 
 Ojwel or Gippe, the Deben, the Ore, and the Blyth. Ips- 
 wich and St. Edmundsbury are the principal towns. 
 
 SU FFRAG AN, s, | from suffra^or, to vote, Lat.] a bishop 
 considered as subject to an archbishop. 
 
 SU'FFRAGE, i. [Fr. from suffiagor, to vote, Lat.] a vole 
 or voice given to determine a controversy, or matter in 
 dispute. 
 
 SUFFRA'GINOUS, a. [from sufrago, the hough, Lat.J 
 belongingto the knee-joint of beasts. 
 
 To SUFFU'MIGATE, ». a. [from sub, under, and/wmigo, 
 to stnoke, Lat.J to smoke uoderneatb. 
 
 SUFFUMICiATION, *. [Fr. from fuh, under, Rnd/umic^n, 
 to smoke, Lat.] a smoking or fuming underneath operation 
 of fumes or smoke raistd Ijy luat. In physic, lliecoiivej in; 
 into the body the smoke of a decoction of roots, herbs, 
 flowers, &c. for diseases of the bowels, fundament, or 
 womb. 
 
 To SUPFU'SE, Uuffiize) f. a. [from snfjfimdo, to s])read 
 over, Lat.] to spread over with some lluid or expansive body, 
 such as vapour or tincture. 
 
 SUFFUSION, (siifi'ii:/ii:ii) s. theact of pouring or spread- 
 ing upon ; a spreading of humours in the body ; a disease ie 
 the eye called a web. 
 
 SU'CtAR, (s!iu"ar) s. [siine, Fr.l the native salt of thesu- 
 gar-cane, made by expression and evaporation. Any thing 
 proverbially sweet. A cliymical dry crystallization. 
 
 To SU'G.\R, {s/ivgiir) V. a. to sweeten, or impregnate 
 with sugar. 
 
 SUGARCATS^DY, s. sugar candied or crystallized. 
 
 SU'GARY, (i//i'/^a)v^)rt. tasting of sugar ; sweet. 
 
 To SUGGE'ST, {stij-jist)v. a. [from siis!!;ero, to suggest, 
 Lat.] to hint insinuate, orintimate ; to tell privately. 
 
 .SUGGE'STEl", s. one that suggests ; one that reminds 
 another. 
 
 SUGGE'STION, (sujjesti/m) s. [Fr. from suf^cro, to 
 suggest, Lat.J a secret hint, information, insinuation, inti- 
 mation, or notification. 
 
 SUGILLATION, (ji;//7Ks/,o>.) [from sugillo, to make 
 black, Lat.J in medicine, is an extravasation of blood in the 
 coats of the eye, which at first appears of a reddish colour, 
 and afterwards livid and black. 
 
 SUICIDE, s. |Fr. from sui, of one's self, and cado, to kill, 
 Lat.] the crime of destroying one's self ; self-murder; one 
 who destroys himself ; a self-murderer ; a felode se. 
 
 SUIT, {sut) s. [.ndti;, Fr.J a set or number of things cor- 
 responding to each other ; clothes consisting of coat, waist- 
 coat, and breeches ; a regular order or serie.-) ; consecution. 
 Out of suits, is having no correspondence. A retinue, or 
 number of attendants. A petition ; a courtship. In law, 
 the instance of a cause oi action, whether real or personal ; 
 or the cause itself deduced in judgment. Suit of court, or 
 suit-se)-vke, is an attendance the tenant owes to his lord's 
 court; roi<-coi'en««(, agreement by a person _to do service in 
 the court of the lord ; si.it custom is, where one and his 
 ancestors or predecessors have owed suit time out of 
 mind 
 
 To SUIT, (sut) r. a. to fit to adapt to something else ; to 
 dress or clothe. Neuterly, to agree, to accord, used with to 
 or wit/t, 
 
 SUITABLE, {siitabT) a. agreeable to ; matching ; fitting ; 
 becoming. 
 
 SUITABLENESS, s. frtness ; agreeableness. 
 
 SUITABLY, afZ. agreeably to ; according to. 
 
 SUI'TER, or SUITOR, {sider or sutor) s. one that makes 
 a petition, or courts another ; a suppliant ; a wooer. 
 
 SUKOTYRO, s. in zoology a large animal bearing a 
 slight resemblance to the elephant said to inhabit the island 
 of Java. 
 
 SU'LCATED, a. [from sulcus, a ditch, Lat.J furrowed. 
 
 SU'LLEN, a. (the etymology uncertain) gloomilv angry ; 
 discontented; malignant; mischievous; heavy; dull; sor- 
 rowful ; gloomy ; dark ; dismal ; cloudy ; obstinate ; per- 
 verse ; intractable. 
 
 SU'LLENLY, ad. discontentedly ; morosely ; gloomily ; 
 intractably ; mischievously ; malignantly. 
 
 SU'LLENNKSS, i. gloominess ; moroseness; stubborn- 
 ness; intractability; malignity. 
 
 To SU'LLY, V. a. [soiiiller, Fr.J to soil or spoil the colour 
 with any thing dirty. 
 
 SULPHATES, /. in chymistry, salts formed by the c:a»- 
 bination of any base with the sulpliuric acid. 
 
 SULPHITES, s. in chymistry, salts formed by the CHobi* 
 nation of anv base with the sulphurous acid. 
 
 SU'LPHUR, {sulfur) s. [Lat. I in mttural history, u a 
 genus of fossils, defined to be ary, solid, but friable fossil 
 
 827 .
 
 SUM 
 
 SUN 
 
 I)ntti»s ; meltinij with a small lie;\t, wheu fired in llie open 
 air; burning almost wholly away uitli a IjIuc flaiiit ai)d 
 noxious vapour; and endued «iili an electric power, and 
 not dissoluWeiii acids 
 
 SULPHUREOUS, dt SULPHUROUS, (f«?/'«ra«, orsul 
 funis) o. [f'roin siili>/inr, sulphur, Lat.] containing brimstone ; 
 liaving the mialilies of brimstone ; made of brnnstone, 
 
 SULPHL'KETS, «. in tliymistry, combinations of alkalies, 
 or metals with sulphur. 
 
 SULPHUIll'J'TTED, a. in chymistry, a substance is said 
 to be sulphuretted when it is combined with sulphur. 
 Thus we say sulphuretted hydrogen, tVc. 
 
 SULPHU'RIC, a. in chvmistrv, belonsing to sulphur. 
 SULPIIURWORT, J. a plant", the same \vith the fennel- 
 leaved harestrong or peucedauum. 
 SULTAN, s. [Arab.] the Turkish emperor. 
 SULTA.'NA, or SULTANESS, s. the queen of an eastern 
 emperor.- 
 
 SD'LTANIN, J. a Turkish gold coin worth about eight 
 shillings English. 
 SU'LTANRY, i. an eastern empire 
 SULTRINESS, s. excessive heat. 
 
 SULTRY, a. hot and close ; ln.t without any current of 
 wind ; hot and cloudy ; suffocating with heat ; sweltry. 
 
 SUM, s. [siK/iWfl, Lat.| the whole of any thing; a quan- 
 tity of money. An abridgement, compendium, sunimary, or 
 abstract of the whole, from somnw, Fr. The amount o-r 
 result of any icasouing or calculation ; the height, com- 
 pletion. 
 
 To SUM, I', a. \sommer, Fr.] to compute or collect par- 
 ticulars into a total, used witliK/j; to comprise or collect 
 in a narrow compass. In falconry, to have feathers full 
 grown. 
 
 SU'M.\Cn, s. is a rank-smelling shrub, that bears a black 
 berry ; used by curriers in dressing of leather. 
 
 SUMA'TRA, a large island of the Indian Ocean, having 
 Malacca on the N. and N. E. Borneo on the E. and Java 
 on the S. E. It is divided into two equal parts by the equa- 
 tor, extending near 6 degrees to the N. W. and about the 
 same space to the S. W. of that line. It is 1000 miles long, 
 »nd 150 broad. The Europeans trade with the inhabitanis 
 chieUv for pepper. Both the English and Dutch have seve- 
 ral colonies and settlements here. The chief of the British 
 are those of Bencoolen and Fort-Marlborough, on the West- 
 coast; from which the East-India company import more pep- 
 per than they do from any other country in India. Hence 
 also are brought great quantities of the best walking-canes. 
 The natives are of a very swarthy complexion, but not black. 
 The coasts are in the possession of Mahometan princes, of 
 whom the king of .Achcn, at the N. end of the isla-nd, is 
 the most considerable. The inland country is subject to 
 Pagan princes, who have but little correspondence with fo- 
 reigners. 
 SU'MLESS, a. not to be computed. 
 SUMMARILY, ad. briefly; concisely. 
 SU'MMARY, a. fswmmrtiVf, l"r.] short, brief, concise, or 
 compendious. 
 
 SU'MM.'VRY, s. [soimnaiie, Fr.] an abridgement which 
 containsthe substance oi' (he whole in a small compass. 
 
 SUMMER, >. [smner. Sax. somcr, Belg.] popularly, tlie 
 season of the year when the sun is about the tropic of Can- 
 cer, and its heat is most predominant. With astronomers, 
 one of the four seasons of the year, commencing, with those 
 that lire in the north temperate zone, when the sun enters 
 Cancer, and ending when he quits Virgo; but with those 
 that live in the south temperate zone, begimiing when the 
 sun enters Capricorn, and endinj; when he leaves Pisces. 
 Tiie principal beams of a floor ; fr()in/);oiii«nmjn)/a, Lat. 
 
 To SUMMER, V. H. to pass the summer. Actively, to 
 Keep warm. 
 
 SUMMIT, i. [from summus, the highest, Lai. J the top or 
 utmost height ; the apex. In botanv, the upper part of 
 the pistil, or poinlal, in (lowers, whicli receives the pollen 
 or (lust from the anlherx of the stamina, to fertilize the 
 
 82B 
 
 seed-bud. It is of different forms in different flowcis; 
 being either simple, as in speedwell ; conical, as in bladder- 
 wort ; cloven, as in viper-grass; notched at the end, as in 
 lungwort ; globular, as in primrose, &c. &c. 
 
 To SU'MMON, V. a. I from sub, under, and motteo, to ad- 
 monish, Laf.] to call, admouish, or cite with authority, 
 to appear. Figuratively, to excite, raise, call, or rouse, used 
 with tip. 
 
 SUiSlMONER, *. a person who cites or calls to appear 
 before a court, or at a particular place. 
 
 SUMMONS, s. a call, admonition, or citation from autho- 
 rity to appear. 
 
 SUMMUM BO'NUM, i. [Lat.J the cliiefest good ; that 
 enjoyment which a persoli most desires as the greatest 
 felicity. 
 
 SU'MPTER, *. [tommier, Fr.] a horse that carries clotlies 
 or furniture. 
 
 SU'MPTION, (sfimshijii) s. [from tunw, to lake, Lat.] the 
 act of taking. Not in use. 
 
 SU'MPTUARY, a. \ from siitnptus, expense, Lat.] re- 
 lating to expense, especially that of dress. Sumptuarif 
 !au-s, are laws made to restrain excess in diet, apparel, or 
 furniture. 
 
 SUMPTUOUS, a. [from sumptus, expense, Lat.J costly ; 
 expensive ; splendid. 
 
 SUMPTUOUSLY, ad. splendidly; magnificently ; ex- 
 pensively. 
 
 .SUMPTUOUSNESS, J. splendidness; costliness; mag- 
 nificence ; expensiveness. 
 
 SUN, J. \siiii7w, Goth, sunna or snnne, Sax. son, Belg.J in 
 the Newtonian astronomy, is that bright limiinary in the 
 centreof our system which is the source of light and heat to 
 all the planets, satellites, and comets, belonging thereto. 
 His magnitude is immensely great, being (according to the 
 Lest computation) not less than 883,000 miles in diameter: 
 and, consequently, more than a million of times larger than 
 our globe ; a bulk so prodigious, that if all the planets and 
 satellites of our system were united in one, it would scarcely 
 make a globe of the 400th i)artofhis solid contents. Though 
 he appears to the naked eye so extremely bright and splen- 
 did, yel, when viewed through a telescope, he is seen with 
 dark spots on his surface, which are changeable, and often 
 vary their figure ; and sometimes they are so large that they 
 may be seen by the naked eye, with the interposition only 
 of a smoked glass. They move from west to east, from 
 which his rotation round his axis has been discovered to be 
 performed in 25(1. I4h. His apparent diameter varies from 
 32' 39" to 31' 33" according as the earth is in perihelio or 
 aphelio at the time. — There is great variety in the magni- 
 tude of the solar spots; thedilVerence is chiefly in superficial 
 extent of length and Ineadth ; their depth or thickness is 
 very small : some have been so large, as by computation to 
 be capable of covering the continents of Asia and Africa ; 
 nay, the whole surface of the earth, or even five times its 
 surliire. The number of spots on the sun is very uncertain ; 
 sometimes there area great many, sometimes very few, and 
 sometimes none at all. Scheiner made obiservalions on the 
 sun from 16lltol(>29; and says he never found his disk free 
 from spots, excepting a few days in December, 1624. At 
 other ti.iies he frequently saw 20, 30, and in 1025, he was 
 able to count 40 spots on the sun at a time. In an interval 
 afterwards of 20 years, from lOoO to 1070, scarce any spots 
 were to be seen ; and after that lime some years have fur- 
 nished a great number of spots, and others none at all. From 
 these pli(cnomeiia it is evi(lent that the spots are not endow- 
 ed with any permanency. Ilevelius observed one that arose 
 and vanished in Hi or 17 hours ; nor has any been observed 
 to continue longer than Todays, which was the duration of 
 one in 1070. Those spots that are formed gradually, are gra- 
 dually dissolved ; while those that arise suddenly, are for the 
 most part suddenly dissolved. When a spot disappears, that 
 part where it was genera lly becomes brighter than the rest of 
 the sun, and continues so ior several days; on tlw other band,
 
 SUN 
 
 SUF 
 
 those lirislit parts (called fanil<t, as t!ic otiieis are called 
 tniiciilir) sornetiines turn to spots. 
 
 SU'NI5EAM,«. a ray oCllie sim. 
 
 SUNBURNT, <i. tanned !>> llie smi. 
 
 SU'NCLAD, p«)<. n. clotlied in radiance; hri;;ht ; sliiii- 
 in;/. 
 
 SU'NDA ISf.F.S, a Rrnup of islands in the Indian Ocean; 
 tlic chiet'of which are IJorneo, Sumatra, and Java. 
 
 SU'NDA Y, s. the first (hi.v of the week, dedicated hy the 
 heathens to the sun, and by Christians u-.ed as their sabbath, 
 becanseour bh'ssed Saviour rose on that day. 
 
 To SUN 1)1-11!, V. a. [syiuhiun, Sax.] to part, separate, or 
 divide. //( simrter, is, in two. 
 
 SU'NDKKLAND, a seaport in the county of Durham, 
 seated at the mouth of the river Wear, where it empties 
 itself into the (ierman Ocean, it is a populous, thriviiiij, 
 well-built town. Its inhabitants are osliuialed at .'iO,0(l(i. 
 Coal is the staple commodity, of which •2Sit,000 chaldrons, 
 Newcastle measure, are exported annually. In one year, 
 (1791) 4905 vessels cleared coastways, and 703 oversea, in 
 all 5f)08. (ilass, bottles, lime, salt, grindstones, coperas, 
 and pottery-ware, are also exporied. It has a iiandsome 
 church a large and eleo;ant cliapel ot' case, a neat and large 
 chapel for the IMethodists, five Dissenters' inecling hon;:es, 
 an hospital for old .•seamen or their widows, another for 
 eight poor women, a dispensary, and other public bnildin{js. 
 Fora long time the navigation of this port was considerably 
 uiipeded, from the want of a sutticieut depth of water, to 
 adnit ships of any considerable bunlen to put to sea with 
 their whole lading; to remedy which, sucii vessels were 
 obliged to fake |Kirt of their cargo in the open road ; by 
 which the keel men, who bringdown the coals, were often 
 exposed, in sudden storms, to danger, by venturing out to 
 sea with the remainder of their lading; to obviate which 
 inconvenience, and the danger to which the vessels are 
 there often exposeil, many of llie largest ships belonging to 
 this port were obliged to take in their hiding at Shields. 
 But this inconvenience is now very much remedied, by 
 recent improvements in the harbour, and particularly the 
 adilition of a north, pier, by which the ebbinj; tide gains 
 greater force to scour the sand which forms a bar at the 
 entrance of the harbour; the tide now flows 10 feet, and 
 admits vessels of 300an(l 400 tons burden. A bridge, has 
 been lately erected across the river Wear, and is thought to 
 be the greatest curiosity of its kind in the «orld. It is not 
 less remarkable for its prodigious height and extreme span, 
 than for the peculiarity of its construction, being formed 
 of small segments of cast iron, joined in such a manner as 
 to form a complete arch, the span of which is 23(3 feet, and 
 will admit of vessels sailing under it of 400 tons burden, 
 by only striking their top-gallant masts. The iidiabilants, 
 whose sid)sistence depends entirely upon the coal trade, 
 particularly the casters, who are employed in loading the 
 ships, are often exposed to great vicissitude, especially in 
 severe winters, when most of the sliips are laid up, or when 
 the river is frozen over, and navigation consequently inter- 
 rupted. But it is observable, that the keel-men of lliis port 
 have a comfortable appearance, and are, in general, an 
 Btldelic, healthy, decent body of men. It is 13 miles N. E. 
 of Dnrhani, and 264 N. by W. of London. Market on 
 Friday. 
 
 SU'NDEW, s. in botany, the droscra of Linnteus. This 
 genus contains five stamina and five pistilla within the blos- 
 som. The essential character of thcgeiuis consists in the 
 capsule of cue cell opening at the top with five valves. 
 There are two species, which diHer only in the shape of the 
 leaves, the one having round, and the otjier oblong 
 leaves. 
 
 SU'NDIAL, ». a marked plate on which the shadow of the 
 gnomon or style caused by the sun points the hour. 
 
 SU'NDRY, (I. \sunder, Sax.] several, various; more than 
 ene. 
 
 SU'NFLOWER, *. an elegant garden plant. The little 
 S'lnflower is the cistushelianlhenmm of Linna;u3. 
 
 SUNO, !lic prefer, and part. pass, of SiNO. 
 
 SUNK, pret<r. and part. pass, of Sink. 
 
 SU'NNV, a. bright, irscnibling the sun; exposed to the 
 sun ; coloured bv the sun. 
 
 SUNIUSE, orSU'NIlISiNG, t. the morning; tlic first 
 appearance of the sun. The east. 
 
 SUNSET, s. the evcuiut; ; the close of tlie day. The 
 Avest. 
 
 SUNSHINE, or SU'NSHIN Y, o. bright with the sun; 
 bright like the sun. 
 
 SU'NSHINE, s. action of the sun ; place where the lustre 
 or heat of the sun is powerfid. 
 
 To SUP, t;. rt. [sitpan. Sax. serpen, BeJg. tuper. Norm.] to 
 sip; to drink by mouthfuls; to drink by a little at a time ; 
 to take with a spoon. Neuferly, to eat the evening uieal 
 or supper; from sauper, Fr. 
 
 SUF, J. a small draught ; a mouthfid of liquor. 
 
 SUPER, in composition, is derived from the Latin, ami 
 signifies more than another; more than enough; on ot 
 flowin-; over the top. 
 
 SU'PERABLE, {stipcrahl) a. [from tnpcm, to excel, oi 
 conquer, Lat.] that reay be overcome or surpassed , 
 cuii(|uerable. 
 
 To SUPERABO'UND, i'. a. to be superfluous; to be 
 overmuch ; to be exuberant. 
 
 SUPEilABU'NDANCE, s. excess; superfluity; great 
 plenty. 
 
 SUP1;RABU|NDANT, o. being more than enough. 
 
 To SUPERADD, r. «. [fVoni siij<cr, over and adiln, to add, 
 Lat.] to add over and above ; to join to any thing, so as to 
 make it more. 
 
 To SUPERA'NNUATF,, r. a. [from super, over ar.a 
 anmis, a year, Lat.] to impair or disqualify by age or lengti; 
 of time. 
 
 SUPERA'NNUATED, a. worn out with age ; grown o:t 
 of date. 
 
 SUPERB, a. \s11pe7hc, Fr. st:pcrbiit, Lat.] grand; pom- 
 pons; lofty; proud; aUjjust ; magnificent ; stately. 
 
 SUPI'.'RBLY, ml. in a.snperb manner. 
 
 SUPERCARGO, s. an olhcer in a ship «lio has the ma- 
 nagement of its trathc. 
 
 SUPERCELE'STIAL, a. iilaced above the firmament. 
 
 SUPERCI'LIOUS, a. [from s>,pnc>lh,7», pride, Lat.J 
 haughty; dictatorial: despotic; overbearing; disdainful; 
 contemptuous; dogmatical; arbitrary ; arrogant. 
 
 SUPERCILIOUSLY, «rf. haughtily ; dogmatically ; cou- 
 temptuouslv. 
 
 SUPERE'MINENCE, orSUPETlEMlNENCY, s. [from 
 supcr,o\er, and eminco, to be euiinent. Lat.] the quality of 
 exceeding in cniinence above others though eminent ; un- 
 common degi'ee of eminence or excellence. 
 
 SUPERE'iMINENT, «. [from super, over, and eminen, to 
 be eminent, Lat.J greatly excelling ; emiiniiit in a high 
 degree. 
 
 To SUPERE'ROCiATE, v. n. [from super, overaiid erogo, 
 to make a law, Lat.J to do more than a person is by duty 
 obliged. 
 
 SLfPEREROGA'TION, s. the performance of more than 
 one is obliged to do by dutv. 
 
 SUPERE rogatory; a. performed beyond the strict 
 demamkof duty. 
 
 SUPER EXCELLENT, a. excellent, beyond common. 
 
 SU'PERFICE, i. [superficies, Fr. .f»;)«yi'«>s, Lat.] the out- 
 side, surface, superficies. 
 
 SUPERFI'CIAL, {super flshinl) a. \ sMperfkiel, Fr.] lying 
 en, or not reaching below, the surface ; shallow ; coiitrived 
 to cover something else; not profound; smattering; not 
 deeply learned. 
 
 SUPERFrCIALLY, {supe'fishialhj) ad. slightly ; im- 
 perfectly. 
 
 SUPERFI'CIALNESS, (tupcrftshialness) s. position on the 
 surface ; imperfecfness ; slightuess ; !iballu'.viies>j ; sligJit 
 knowledge ; show wiJbout substance. 
 
 820
 
 SUP 
 
 SUP 
 
 SUTERFICIES, {sdperfuhiez) t. fLat.J the outside, surface, 
 Kuperfire. 
 
 SUPERFINE, a. eminently or extraordinarily fine. 
 
 SUPERFLU'lTY, t. \svpe^uiti, Fr.J more than enough ; 
 plfnty bevond use or necessity ; excess. 
 
 SUPERFLUOUS, a. [(tom'sHper, over, and/«o, to flow, 
 Lat. I ove/much ; more than enough; needless; unneces- 
 sary; exuberant; supervacaneous. 
 
 SUPERFLUOUSLY, oii. unnecessarily ; needlessly; in 
 an extravagant manner. 
 
 SUPERFLUOUSNESS, s. the state of being superfluous. 
 
 To SUPERINDU'CE, v. a. [from super, over, and induco, 
 to induce, Lat.] to brinj; in as an addition to something else; 
 to bring in as not originally belonging to that on which it 
 was brought; lo lav upon; to cover ; todravvover. 
 
 To SUPER LNTE'N D, r. a. 1o oversee, overlook ; to su- 
 pervise or take care of others that are inferior ; to have the 
 chief maiiaeenient or direction of anv thing. 
 
 SUPERINTENDENCE, or SUPERINTETSIDENCY, 
 s. the act of taking care of the interests and concerns of 
 others. 
 
 SUPERINTENDENT, or SUPERINTENDANT, j. 
 [from sttper, over, and inlendo, to insoect, Lat.| one who 
 rules, governs, or manages. 
 
 SUPERIOR, ^. onr more excellent or dignified than 
 anotiier. 
 
 • SUPE'RIOR, a. \iuferieur, Fr. superior, Lat.] higher ; 
 above another in excellence, dignity, or any other quality. 
 Free from emotion or concern ; unconquered. Upper, ap- 
 plied to situation. In astronomy, applied to the planets of 
 our system which are farther from the sun than our earth is, 
 as Mars, Jupiter, Satuni.aud the Georgian ; applied also to 
 that conjunction of an inferior planet which is made when 
 the planet is on the opposite side of the sun to that on which 
 the earth is. In botany, applied to the cup or blossom, when 
 they are situated above the seedbud, as in the honeysuckle, 
 currant, and campanula. 
 
 SUPERIORITY, s. [superiorite, Fr.] pre-enunence ; 
 the a,uality of being greater or higher than aeother in any 
 respect. 
 
 SUPE'RLATIV E, ff. [siipcrlalif, Fr. from superfero, to excel, 
 Lat.] implying or expressing the highest degree. In English 
 grammar, the superlative degree of rtdjcctives that consist of 
 many syllables is m;i(ie bv prefixing most before them ; but 
 in those which consist of fewer sy.lables, it is formed by 
 ehan({in{r tlieendintc, or adding «s< to it. 
 
 SUPE'RLATIVELY, ad. most excellently ; most emi- 
 uentlv ; in the highest degree, either good or bad. 
 
 SUPE'RL \TIV EN ESS, s. the quality of being most emi- 
 nent or excellent, or in the highest degree. 
 
 SUPERLU'NAR, a. [from super, above, and luna, the 
 moon, Lat.] not sublunary ; not of this world ; placed above 
 the moon. 
 
 SUPE'RNAT,, a. [supernus, Lat. J placed above ; relating 
 to heavenly things ; celestial. 
 
 SUPERNATANT, a. [from sxtper, above, and no, to 
 twim, Lat.] swimming above. 
 
 SUPERNATURAL, a. [from tuptr, above, and nafura, 
 nature, Lat.] beyond or above the powers of nature. 
 
 SUPERNATURALLY, ad. in a manner above the course 
 or power of natur..e. 
 
 SUPERNUMERARY, a. \stipernumeraire, Fr.] above a 
 settled, necessarv, usual, or a round number. 
 
 SUPERREFLECTION, *. reflection of an image re- 
 flected. 
 
 SUPER-SALTS, salts with an excess of acid, as the super- 
 tartrate of potash. 
 
 ToSUPERSCRlBE, V. o. \iiom super, upon, and jcriio, to 
 write, Lat.] to write upontthc top or outside. 
 
 SUPER^CRI'ITION, s. [from super, upon, and scriho, to 
 write, Lat.] the act of writing or any thing written, on tlie 
 top or outside. 
 
 To SUPERSE'DE, ». 'a. [from superscdeo, Laf.J to qiake 
 void, erset atide by superior force or authority. 
 
 630 
 
 SUPERSEDEAS, /. [Lat.] in law, a writ to stay the doing 
 of that which otherwise mis;ht be done. 
 
 SUPERSTITION, {superstishon) s. [Fr. from supeistkio, 
 Lat. J the observance of unnecessary and uncoiiinirnded 
 ritei and practices in religion ; religion without morality 
 or practise of social virtue; false religion, or reverence of 
 objects that are not fit for worship ; too great nioety, fears, 
 or scrupulousness ; extravagant devotion, or religion wrong 
 directed or conducted. 
 
 SUPERSTITIOUS, {superstislnous) a. [s^ipeistitieux, Fr. 
 fjipeislitiustts, Lat.] addictefl to superstition ; full of idle fan- 
 cies, scruples, and ceremonies, in things that are indiflerent 
 or unnecessary ; scrupulous, or too exact. 
 
 SUPERSTITIOUSLY, (*"/)*rs«is/<i'<i«/y) ad. bigotedly ; 
 scrupulously ; in a superstitious manner. 
 
 To SUPERSTRUCT, v. a. [from super, upon, and sirve, 
 to build, Lat.Tto build upon anv thing. 
 
 SUPERSTRUCTURE, J. thatuhich is raised or built 
 upon something else. 
 
 SUPER-SULPHURETTED, part, in rhymistry, com- 
 bined with a large portion of sulphur. 
 
 SUPERVACATSiEOUS, «. [from i-<per, above, and laemts, 
 empty, Lat. J superfluous; unnecessary; needless; serving 
 to no purpose. 
 
 To SUPERVE'NE, v. «. [from simer, upon, and venio, 
 to come, Lat.] to come in as a foreign addition, used 
 with lo. 
 
 SUPERVE'NIENT, a. [from super, upon, and venio, to 
 come, Lat.J added ; additional. 
 
 SUPERVENTION, J. the act of supervening. 
 
 To SUPERVISE, (supejvize) v. a. [from super, over, and 
 tirfeo, to see, Lat.] to overlook ; to oversee ; to superintend, 
 
 SUPERVI'SOR, («ip«Tiior) f. an overseer ; an inspec- 
 tor; a surveyor; a superintendant ; one that has the care 
 of others under him. 
 
 To SUPERVrVE, V. n. [from super, over, and vivo, to 
 live, Lat ]lo live longer; to outlive ; to overlive. 
 
 SUPI'NE, a. [supimis, Lat.J lying with the foce upward, 
 apposed to prone. Figuratively, negligent; careless; in- 
 attentive; indolent; thoughtless; drowsy; idle. 
 
 SU'PINR, i. [supiit, Fr. supinum, Lat.] a part of a con- 
 jugation of a verb, of the like sense or ctfect with the rn- 
 finitive mood, without either number or person. In Latin, 
 tliey end in «m and « ; that in mn signifies action, and that 
 in u implies passion ; as am«<n»i, Lat. to love; amatu, Lat. 
 to be loved. 
 
 SUPl'NELY, ad. with the face upward ; drowsily ; 
 thoughtlessly jjndolently. 
 
 SUPINENESS, *. posture with the face upward ; ncgii. 
 gence ; carelessness ; inattention ; sloth ; indolence. 
 
 To SUPPE'DITATE, v. a. Isuppedito, Lat.J to find supply, 
 or furnish. 
 
 SUTPER, s. \sovper, Fr.] the last meal at night. 
 
 SU'PPERLESS, a. going without supper; fasting at 
 niiiht. 
 
 To SUPPLA'N r, ». a. \supplaHter, Fr. from stih, under, and 
 planta, the sole of the foot, Lat. | to trip up the heels; to 
 displace or turn out by stratagem i to overpower, force 
 away, or displace. 
 
 SUPPLA'NTER, s. one who supplants or displaces. 
 
 SUPPLE, (s«pO n.[«oH/)fc, Fr.] easy to be bent; pliant, 
 flexible; bending without breaking ; yielding, opposed to 
 obstinate. .Flattering or fawning. 
 
 To SUTFLE,(f)i/)0 V. a. to make pliant, soft, flexib'e, 
 compliant. Neuterly, to grow soft or pliant. 
 
 SUPPLEMENT, *.[Fr. from tuppko, to supply, Lat.] an 
 addition or ap£tidage.made to any thing to supply its defect* 
 or omissions. 
 
 SUTPLENLSS, (suplness) s. pliantness ; flexibility ; ea- 
 sily yielding ; flattery ; readiness in compliance ; facility. 
 
 SUPPLETORY, a. [from *«/)/>/«o, to supply, Lat.] serving 
 to supply some imperfoci ion or deficiency. Substantively, 
 that which is to fill up deficiencies. 
 
 SUPPLIANT, a. \suppliant,_ Fr.] supplicating, beKe«b«
 
 SUP 
 
 5 UR 
 
 tag, requesting in an hunibie manner. Siihsfontivcly, an 
 liunii>le petitioner ; a submissive bej,'i;;ir. 
 
 SU'PPLICANT, ». one tliat enliciits viilii great submis- 
 sion ; an luiinble petitioner. 
 
 To SU'PF[-ICATK, J'. «. [»K/>/i/i'f5, Lat.] to petition; to 
 intreat in a very humble .'uiid submissive manner; to im- 
 plore. 
 
 SUPPLICATION, s. [svpiilU-atum, Fr.] a petition de- 
 liyercd in an bumble manner ; enticaty. 'inat part of 
 divine worship wherein we humbly ask Cor sometilinff. 
 
 SUPPLl'KR,^. one that provides ur (iirnisheg. 
 
 To SUPPLY', ti. a. fj.ii/(y)/co,Laf. supplier, Fr.] tO fill up, 
 any deticiency ; to give or afford soniething wanted ; to 
 relieve any want ; to (ill any vacancy, or serve instead of; 
 toisive or furniih ; to accomodate. 
 
 SUPPLY', J. [;)/«;■«/ i»/)/)//«J relief of want; cure of de- 
 ficiencies; aid. Tn t^rnjit the supplies, is to provide the ne- 
 cessary money for the support of government. In war, 
 furnishing an army with recruits of men, provisions, &c. 
 
 To SUPi'OIlT, !). a. \ supporter, Fr.] to sustain, bear, or 
 prop up ; to bear any thing painful without being over- 
 come, to endure ; to prevent from fainting or swooning. 
 
 SUl'PO'RT, s. \snjjpiirt, Pr.J the act or power of sustain- 
 ing or keepinjj from tailing ; a prop, or sustaining power. 
 The necessaries of life ; maintenance; supply. Synox. 
 The luttress fortities ; it ia H\ed close, to resist the impulsion 
 of other bodies, 'ilie sujiport bears, by being placed be- 
 neath a thing to prevent its falling under a weight. The 
 pr»p assists, and its general use is to strengthen. A w all is 
 frequently made stronger by buttresses ; an arch is supported 
 by columns ; a house, when in danger of falling, is kept up 
 
 SUPP'O'RTABLE, «. [supportahle, Fr.] tolerable ; that 
 may be endured or sutl'ered. 
 
 SUPPORTABLY, «rf. so as may be borne ; tolerably. 
 SUPPO'IlTLRj s. one that niaint;iins, support's, or assists 
 another; maintainer, comforter, defender, sustainer. In 
 architecture, a post or pillar, that supports part of a build- 
 ing. In heraldry, a beast, bird, &c. drawn standing on each 
 »ide of the escutcheon, and seems to support it. 
 
 SUPPO'SABLE, (suppozahle) a. capable of being laid down 
 without proof ; oradvanccdby way of argument; that may 
 be supposed or imagined. 
 
 SUPPOSAL, {su-ppuzal) s. \ from suppose] position with- 
 out proof ; imagination; supposition. 
 
 To SUPPO SI'l, {suppose) V, a. [supposer, Fr. suj'pono, l^at.J 
 to lay down vuithout proof; to advance by way of argu- 
 ment without provH.g ; to admit without proof ; to imagine 
 or believe without examination ; to require or imply as pre- 
 vious to itself. 
 
 SUPPOSI'TION, (suppozisJton) s. Isuppositimi, Fr.] an 
 hypothesis, position, or supposal, laid down, but not 
 proved. 
 
 SUPPOSITITIOUS, (suppositishiom) a. [siipposititius, 
 Lat.J not genuine ; artfully or fraudulently substituted 
 iH the room or character of something genuine and au- 
 thentic. 
 
 SUPPOSITI'TIOUSLY, {svppozitishiously) ad. counter- 
 feitlv ; spiiriousiv. 
 
 SUPPO'SITORY, s. [suppositoire, Fr.] a kind of solid 
 elyster. 
 
 To SUPPRE'SS, V. a. [from sub, under, vnA prima, to press, 
 Lat.J to crush, overpower, subdue, overwhelm, or reduce 
 from a state of activity or commotion To conceal; to 
 keep private ; to hinder publication. 
 
 SUPPRE'SSION, (suppreslwn) s. [Fr. from sub, under, and 
 prima, to press, Lat.] the act of putting a stop to ; conceal- 
 ment; obstruction; a stoppage, ditHculty, or hindcrance. 
 To SUTPURATE, v. a. [suppurer, Fr.] to generate, or 
 form pus or matter. To ripen; to digest. 
 
 SUPPURATION, s. [suppuration, .Fr.] a ripening of an 
 imposthume or boil, generating pus or matter ; the matter 
 »uppurated. 
 
 SUPPURGA'TION, s. the too frequent use of purpVip 
 medicine.^. 
 
 8UPPUTATI0N, *. [tuppuiatiu, from pxtto, to think, Lat.J 
 a reckoning, calculation, accoinil, computation. 
 
 To SUPPUTF., t'. «. \snppiilo, Croiii puto, to think, Lat.J to 
 calculate; to reckon ; to compute. 
 
 SUPRA, in composition, borrowed from the Latin, sig- 
 nifies above or before. 
 
 SI'PRALAP.SA'IUAN, ». [from supra, before, and lupyin, 
 the fall, Lat.] one who holds that (Jod, without regard to 
 tile good or evil works of nraiikind, passed his eternal 
 decree of election and reprobation before the fall of Adam. 
 SUPRl'/MACY, *. highest place ; hiijhost authority ; 
 the state of being superior in ecclesiastical as well as civil 
 matters. 
 
 SUPRE'ME, «f. [supremut, Lat.] highest in dignity,' au- 
 thority, nr excellence. It should be observed, that supreme 
 is applied only to intellectual or political dignity, and supe- 
 rior to ihaf of place or local elevation. 
 
 SUPRE'MKLY', flf/. most excellently ; most eminently; 
 in the hifjhest degree. 
 
 SUR, in composition, is borrowed from the French and 
 signifies upon, or over and above. 
 
 SURA, s. [Lat.] in anatomy, the lesser bone of the calf 
 of the leg. 
 
 SURAL, a. [from sura, the calt of the leg, Lat.], being in 
 the calf of the leg. " The sural artery." Wiscmuu, 
 SU'RANCE, s. warrant ; security ; assurance. 
 SURAT, a seaport of the Deccanof Hindooslan, said to 
 have 200,000 inhabitants. Its trade is now very consider- 
 able; and in this city are as nixiny diH'crent professions of 
 religion as in Amsterdam ; for besides Jews and Christiana, 
 there are Mahometans of several sects, and many sorts of 
 Gentoos. The surrounding country is fertile, except 
 towards the sea, which is sandy and barren. Before the 
 English East India Coijipany obtained possession of Bom- 
 bay, the presidency of tlieir affairs on the coast of Malabar, 
 was held at Surat ; and they had a tiictory establishccl 
 there. Even after the presidency was transferred to 
 Bombay, the factory was continued. 'J"be Great Mogul 
 had then an otiicer here, who was stiled hii admiral, and 
 received a revenue called the tanka, of the annual value of 
 three lacks of rupees, arising from the rents of atijacent 
 lands, and the taxes levied at Surat. The East India 
 Company in 1759, fitted out an armament, which dispos- 
 sessed the admiral of the castle ; and, soon after, the pos- 
 session of this castle was confirmed to them by the court of 
 Delhi. They obtained, moreover, the appointment to the 
 post of admiral, and were constituted receivers of the tanka 
 by which their authority in this place became Eupreme. 
 Surat is situated on the confines of Gnzerat, about 20 miles 
 up the river Taptv, and 177 N. of Bombay. 
 
 To SURBA'TE, v. a. [solbatir, Fr.J to bruise the fe«t witb 
 travelling. To fatigue ; to harass. 
 
 To SURCE'ASE, (siirceese) v. n. [sur and cesser, Fr.J to 
 be at an end ; to stop, to cease ; to be no longer in being, 
 use, or in motion ; to leave off; to refrain. Actively, to 
 stop ; to put an end to. Obsolete in the actire sense. 
 
 SURCHA'RGE, «. [surcharge, Fr.J too heavy a burden ; 
 an overload ; cliarije upon charge ; more than cau be well 
 borne. 
 
 To SURCHA'RGE, v. a. [surehnrfrer, Fr.] to overload, or 
 load with more than a person or thing can bear; to over- 
 charge ; to overburden. 
 SURCHA'RGER, s. one that overburdens. 
 SURCI'NGLE. s. [from sur, Fr. and cin^Jum, a girdle, 
 Lat.] a girth with which a burden is bound on a horse ; the 
 girdle or band of a cassock. 
 
 SU'RCLE, (siirU) s. [from turaibu, Lat.] a shoot or twig^ 
 a sucker. 
 
 SU'RCOAT, (sirkot) t. a coat to be worn over the other 
 clothes ; a great coat ; an outward garment. 
 
 SURCULATION, s. [from surcuku, a shoot, Lat.] (he 
 av:t of pruning or lopping trees. 
 
 «.31
 
 SUR 
 
 SU R 
 
 SU'RCULOUS, a. [from tttrculus, a shoot, Lat.] fiiH of 
 ehoots or sprigs, 
 
 SURD, a. [surrfB.?, Lat. i deaf; void of understanding; 
 ■^ot perceived by tiie ear ; unheard ; not expressed by any 
 term. A mrd root, in mathematics, is a square, cubic, or 
 any other root, which cannot be perfectly extracted out of 
 a rational number. Surds, in geometry, are lines which 
 have not any common measure with the rational line 
 given. 
 
 SU'RDITY, s. [siirdite. Ft. from surdus, deaf, Lat.] deaf- 
 ness ; dulness; stupidity. 
 
 SURE, a.\seii>e, Fr.] certain, or not subject either to fail 
 or deceire ; cimtident beyond doubt ; safe from doubt oi 
 danger ; firm, stable, not liable to decay or failure. To be 
 Mure, is used adverbially for certainly. 
 
 SUREFOOTED, o, treading firmly, not subject to 
 stumbling. • 
 
 SU'RELY, ar/. certainly ; undoubtedly; without doubt ; 
 firmly ; ivitiiout hazard. 
 
 SU'RF.NMsSS. s. certainty ; firmness; faithfulness. 
 
 SU'RETISHU", s. [from surety] the state or otiice of one 
 that is bound for another. 
 
 SU'RETY, «. \surete, Fr.] certainty or freedom from 
 failure, tjoubt, or mistake ; support ; evidence ; confirma- 
 tion ; security against loss or damage; one that gives se- 
 curity or is bound for another ; bondsman, bail, hostage. 
 
 SU'RFACE, s. [sur and face, Fr.] the outside, superficies, 
 supcrfice. 
 
 To SURFEIT, (surfrt) V. a. [from sxir and faire, Fr.J to 
 feed with excessive meat or drink, so as to cause sickness ; 
 to cram overmuch. Neuterly, to be fed to sickness or 
 satiety. 
 
 SURFEIT, (siirftt) s. sickness arising from feeding or 
 drinking to excess. 
 
 SU'RJ'EITER, ».one who riots ; a glutton. 
 
 SURGE, s. [from surgo, to arise, Lat.j a swelling sea ; 
 a wave rolling above the general surface of the water ; a 
 billow. 
 
 To SURGE, V. n. [from surgo, to rise, Lat] to swell or 
 roll in waves. 
 
 SURGEON, see Chirurceon, of which it is a cor- 
 ruption. 
 
 SU'RGERY, s. [cliiritrs^a, Lat. from cheir, the hand, and 
 ergao, to operate. Or.) an art that teaches the cure of dis- 
 eases by manual operations ; a room set apart for keeping 
 the instruments of, and' performing operations by, a 
 siirgeon. 
 
 SU'RGY, a. rising in billows. " The surgjj mai;.. ' 
 Pope. 
 
 SURINAM, a Country of South. Amcrica,,in Guiana, 
 bounded on the N. by the Atlantic Ocean, on the E. by the 
 river Marawina, on the S. by a country of Indians, and on 
 the W. by the river Corentvu. It is about \.'A) miles in 
 length, and 60 in breath, anil abounds in fruits, tish, game, 
 and singular animals ot different kinds. The soil is, in ge- 
 neral, extremely fertile, particularly in those parts which are 
 cultivated by European industry, producing sugar, cotton, 
 tobacco, indigo, cocoa, gums, wood for living, Ac. The 
 woods are full of monkeys, and there are likewise tigers, 
 with parrots, scorpions, serpents of an amazing size, and a 
 great variety of insects. 1 he rivers abound with alligators, 
 and in Surinam is found that wonderful fish, the torpedo. 
 The Whites, or Europeans, in Surinam, who reside princi- 
 pally in Paramaribo, tlie chief town, are computed at about 
 ')000; including the garrison and the negroes, at about 
 75,000. In 1674, this settlement, which had been partly 
 planted by the English, was ceded to the Dutch by king 
 Charles ll. in exchange for the province of New York. It is 
 now.in possession of the Englisli. 
 
 SU'RLILY,arf. morosely ; crabbedly; aogrily ; inasurly 
 manner. 
 
 SU'RLINESS, «. sourness of disposition ; moroseness. 
 
 SU'RLY, B. [from tur, sour. Sax.] sour, morose, or silently 
 angry; roHghi uncivil. 
 
 832 
 
 To SURMI'SE, (,turmize) v. a. [siirmiser, Fr.J to sus- 
 pect, or imagine without certain knowledge, or sufficient 
 grounds. 
 
 SURMI'SE, (surmize)*, \surmite, Fr.] an imperfect no- 
 tion ; suspicion ; imagination not supported by knowledge. 
 Synon. ^i«niiie is imagination in general without sus- 
 picion; sitspicion is imagmation of isome ill without proof. 
 The former is often used in respect to things good in 
 themselves ; the latter, never but with regard to things" that 
 are ill. 
 
 To SURMOUTS^T, V. a. Uurmonter, Fr.] to rise above ; 
 to conquer ; to overcome. To surpass or exceed. 
 
 SURMOUNTER,i. one that rises above another. 
 
 SU'RN.4ME, i. \surnom, Fr.J the name which a person 
 takes from his family. 
 
 To SURNAME, v. a. [surnommer, Fr.J to name by an ap- 
 pellation added to the original one. 
 
 To SURPA'SS, ti. a. [surpasser, Fr.J to excel, exceed, or 
 go beyond another in excellence. 
 
 SURPASSING, part, excellent in a high degree. 
 
 SURPLICE, f. [sttrpetis, or svrplis, Fr.] the white gar- 
 ment which the clergy wear when they read prayers, or ad- 
 minister the sacrament. 
 
 SURPLUS, or SURPLUSAGE, s. [sur and phs, Fr.] 
 what is more or remains after use and necessity is satisfied. 
 Supernumerary part ; overplus ; remainder. 
 
 SURPRl'SAL, or SURPRISE, (sujynza/, or surprize) s. 
 [surprise, Fr.] the act of taking, or the state of being taken, 
 unawares ; a sudden confusion or perplexity. 
 
 To SURPRI'SE, (sitrprhe)v.a. [from sunpris, Fr.] to take 
 or fall upon unawares or unexpectedly ; to' astonisii, per- 
 plex, or confuse by something wonderful or unexpected ; to 
 lead into an error. 
 
 SURPRI'SING, (surprising) part. a. wonderful ; strange ; 
 raising wonder or concern. 
 
 SURPRI'SINGLY'', «<i. to a degree that raises wonder; 
 in a manner that raises wonder. 
 
 To SURRENDER, t-. a. [surrmdrc, old Fr.l to yield or 
 deliver up to an enemy ; to resign or quit. Neuterly, to 
 yield or give up to the power of an adversary. 
 
 SURRENDER, or SURRE'NDRY, s. theact of yielding 
 or resigning to another. 
 
 SURRE'PTION, (surrepshon) s. [from surreptus, Lat.J the 
 act of taking unawares ; a surprise. 
 
 SURREPTITIOUS, (*H>»e/)<ij/»ouj) n. [surreptilius, Lat.] 
 done, acquired, or produced by stealth, fraud, or artifice. 
 
 S URREPTI' n OUSLY, (surreptishiousli/) ad. fraudulently ; 
 falsely. 
 
 To"SURROGATE, v. a.[surrogo, Lat.J to put into the 
 placpof another ; to depute. 
 
 SURROGATE, s. a deputy, or one that officiates for 
 another ; a delegate ; a substitute. 
 
 To SURROU'ND, v. a. [snrrouder, Fr.] to inclose or eft- 
 compass on all sides ; to environ. 
 
 SU'RRY, a county of England, bounded on the N. by 
 Middlesex and a point of Buckinghamshire, on the E. by 
 Kent, on the S'. by Sussex, and on the W. by Hampshire 
 and Berks. Its greatest length is about 39 miles, and its 
 breadth 26. It is divided into 13 hundreds, which contain 
 11 market towns (including Southwark) 140 parishes, 650 
 villages and hamlets, and about 35,000 houses. It is a 
 healthy, pleasant country, and the value of estates in it has 
 advanced of late years beyond any other part of England. 
 The soil is very different in the extreme parts from tnat in 
 the middle ; whence it has been compared to a coarse c|oth 
 with a fine border : for the edge of the county on all sidea 
 has a rich soil, extremely fruitful in corn and grass, particu- 
 larly in Holmcsdale, and on the N. and W. parts toward tlie 
 Thames ; but it is far otherwise in the .heart of the county, 
 where arc wide tracts of sandy ground and barren heatti, 
 and in some places are long ridges of hills, with warrens of 
 rabbits, and parks for deer. This county produces corn, 
 box-wood, walnuts, hops, and fuller's earth ; and near Dark- 
 ing grows a wild black cherry, of which a very pleasant
 
 sus 
 
 SWA 
 
 S' 
 
 wine IS made, little inferior to French claret. The manu- 
 factures in starch, toliiieco, giiiii)()«(ler, |>a|)er, vii)C[;ar, ca 
 lico priuting, uax hii-iuliin", &<■. are considerable. The 
 principal rivers besides tin- TliaiiK ;>(whic li is ihe boundary 
 of this county on the N.) aie the Mole, \Ve\, VV^ndlc. and 
 Loddon. The Lent assizes are held al Kin;;slon, and Ihe 
 summer asiaizes al (iMildford and Croxdon alii'rnatelv. 
 
 SUUSO'LID, # ill Algebra, the timrtli ni(dti|>iication or 
 power of any iiinnl>er whatever taken as ihe lool. Suisuliil 
 iruljlem, in nialheinatics, thalvihuh cannot be resolved but 
 IV curves of a higher ir.itiire llian a conic section. 
 
 SURTOt/T, (turtuit) s. LFr. | a large coat worn over all the 
 other clothing. 
 
 To SURVEY, V. a. [surveoir, old, Fr.] to overlook or 
 view as fionia hij;herplace ; tooversee; to view as examin- 
 ing ; to look into the strength or condition of buitdnigs ; to 
 nieasufe land. 
 
 SUHVICYING, t. the art of nieasurin-i the superficial 
 contei.ts of lands, grounds, tields, &c. by the help of proper 
 instruments. 
 
 SURVK'YOR, «. one who measures land, buildings, or 
 work done l>y a builder, Ac. in order to ascertain the value ; 
 an overseer ; one that oversees or superintends any laige 
 undertaking ; an ofticer of the excise. 
 
 SUUVE'YORSHIP, f. Uie office of a surveyor. 
 
 St'KVI'VANCE, s. an outli^ill- another. 
 
 To SURVrVii, 11. 71. [siirvin-f, Fr. from supir, aDove and 
 vivo, to live, Lat.J to live longer thun auotner; to remain 
 alive. Actively, to outlive. 
 
 SURVl'VKR, orSUItVrVOR, s. one that outlives, or 
 lives longer than, another. 
 
 SURVrVORSHIP, s. the state, condition, or circum- 
 stances of a survivor. 
 
 S[JSCF;PT1BL!\ a. [susceptMe, Fr.J capable of admitting 
 or receivMig anv impression. 
 
 SUSCETTIBLKNESS or M'SCEPTIBI'LITY, s. the 
 quality of being capable to admit or receive any impression 
 or form. 
 
 SUsCETTION, {susse/uhijii) s. f from suseipio, to lake, Lat.] 
 tbe acl of taking. 
 
 SUSCI PiENCV, «. reception ; admissiim. 
 
 To SU'SCITATE. r. a. [susrilo. Eat.] to quicken ; to 
 fouse; to excite ; to provoke ; lo stir up; to incite. 
 
 SUSCITAl'ION,!. [smcuatiuii, Fr.J the act of quicken- 
 ing or exeiting. 
 
 To SUSPK.'Cl', ti. a. \siisiiirio, Lat.] to i(na;,'ine some- 
 thing unknown with a degree . if fear and jealousy ; to ima- 
 gine or think guilty or bad willidiif proof; lo hold as uncer- 
 tain Neulerty, to imagine a person guilty of some crime 
 without proof. 
 
 SU.SPE'C PFUL, «. ready to mistrust ; full of jealousy or 
 (uspicion. 
 
 'l"o SUSPE'ND. V. «. ]siispeiulre. Fr. SHspendo, Lat.] to 
 bang; lo make to hang bv aii\ thing; lo make de eiKirnt 
 upon: to interrupt or slop ; delay : lo debar from the 
 «xecution of an office for a certain lime. 
 
 SUSPENDED, /)«!•/. fl hung by an\ thing; debarred from 
 exercising an othce, or receiving the salary, for a certain 
 tiro'', or durioii pleasure. 
 
 SUSPE'N^E, s. \sns))eus. Fr.J uncertainly ; irresoln- 
 tJoij. The acl of wiili holding the deteiniinalion oJ'th<- jiidg- 
 Bient ; deprivation for a tune ; a stop in the mi'lsi of' two 
 0PI><>siles. 
 
 SUSPE'VSION, (mispensliun) t. [Fr. from mspctido, lo sM6- 
 ^nd, l.al.] Ihe acl ol maklu:; to liaii:; or ibpt'iid on anv 
 Ihiug ; Jhe acl of delax n ; intertuplion The afi of willi 
 kolding Ihe deler-.iiiiialiiiii nf th» jud;;uienl ; the stale ufa 
 person who is deprived of an exeicise of an office fur a 
 time. 
 
 SU^PI'CION, imspit/iHn) s. [sitipicwn, Tr. suspicii)^ Lat.J 
 the act of imaginin;^ ill willnml proi>f : jealousy ; dislnisl; 
 ditildt-uee. 
 
 SUSPICIOU'', (»'««/'isAioi«) «. \siisiiicinxns. from snspicio, to 
 tiupect, Lat J incltued lo imagiue ill tviihout pioot, used la 
 
 & O 
 
 a bad sense. Liable to suspicion, or e'^ixR reason to 
 imagine Ui. 
 
 SUSPICIOUSLY, {sutpUhiouily) ad. distrustfully ; jea- 
 loubly. 
 
 SUSPPCIOUSNESS, {suspUhioutnett) t. jealounv ; di^ 
 tiu^l. 
 
 SUSPl'R AL, s Isoiipiriiil, Fr.) a conveyance of water under 
 gri.uiwl ; a vent, or bieathnig hole ; a/iair hole. 
 
 SUSi'lRA"! lOS,s. ]siis/,iralio, from i"h, under and spiin, 
 to fjieallie L^l.J sigh; act of telcliing the brealli deep. 
 
 To SU.^PI'RE, V. n. [suspiru, Liil. I to sigh, or fetch the 
 breath deep. 
 
 .SUSSEX, an Engliih countv 80 miles in length, and 24 
 inbreadlh ; bouirled on llie S. (>y llie British channel ; on 
 the \V. oy ilamp.'ihire ; on the N. by Siriy ; and on the E. 
 by KiHt. It (Oiilaiiis 312 parishes, I / inarkel-lovMi^, ;iijd 
 sends 2(1 iiiembers to parliament. 'Ihe air is otien ihn k and 
 fogt;\, bill not nil. Ii..le,i,me, unless it be in the lov\ marshy 
 lands. The soil in ihe mid. He i.s ri« li and fruitful, «hich 
 rciiderslhe loadsdeep and dntv in the vMiiter. 1 1 is more 
 Woody towards Kent, and lias several iron mines. The sea- 
 coast is liigli and chalky, being called Ihe D.wns, but the 
 sea-.-.lMire i., full of banks of saiidsand rocks. 'l"he cliief rivers 
 aie the Aiunand llie Piollur, besides some sm.ll slMains 
 which tad into the sea. Chichesler is the capital town. It 
 gives title of earl to Ihe Y'elvtrlon liiinilv. 
 
 ToSUSTA'IN, V. a [siiiistemr, Fr. susttneo, from sub, under ■ 
 and teneo, to hold, Lat.] lo bear, prop, or hi. Id up ; to 
 suppoit or keep from sinking under evil ; lo hel, , idieve, 
 or assist ; to niairitain or keep; to bear without yielding • 
 toeiidure; to sutler. ' 
 
 SU'SIENANCE, * [souslenaiicf, Fr.] nourishment ; main- 
 tenance ; food ; aii\ thing lli.it supports nature. 
 
 SUSTKNT.yi ION, s. [f r. bom siuttnuo, to sustain, Lat.J 
 support from falling. Alaintenance. 
 
 'lo SUSU'KK.\'!'E, v.n. [susxrro, Lat.J to whisper or 
 speak low. 
 
 SUSUURATtON,*. Ihe act of whispering, or speaking 
 low ; a vihisper. 
 
 SL TK, *. [suit, Fr.] sort. " They are not of one svte." 
 Hook, 
 
 SUTHERLAND, a shire of Scotland, bounded on the E. 
 by the (ieniian Ocean ; on the S. b\ the shire of Hoes ; and 
 on Ihe W. and i\. by Sliathnaver and Caithness. It i, a 
 mountainous country, and sends one inemlier to pailia- 
 menl. 
 
 SUTLER, s. [iudler, Teut. sneteler, Belg.] one who sells 
 liqiiorsaiid piovisioiis in a caiiip, barracks, or garrison 
 
 SUTTON CO'LFIKLD, a small to«ii of Warwickshire 
 24 miles N. W. of VVai wick, and 111 N. W. of London! 
 Maiket on Monday. 
 
 SUl'URE, s. [t'f. fro n sua, to sew, Lat.] a particular 
 manlier of sewing w.iunds In aiialoiiiy, a p;r. '^Liuar ai iicu- 
 (at ion of bones, Hheirui thev lock into eacii uUiei, line uie 
 teelli oft«o sa^'^s as ill ill. head. 
 
 SWAii, (n. is pmn. broad in iliis word, aijd its two follow- 
 ing derivatives) s. [swaub, Swed.] a kind of mop used in uasJi- 
 1:1^ Hours. 
 
 'I'd SWAB, V. a. [swehban. Sax. See the noun] lo clean 
 will) a liiop. 
 
 SWA'BBER. s. a person wlio cleans or washes the Jeck of 
 a ship. A s ,. woid. 
 
 To ,SVy ADDLE (suiifl!) V. «. f.iKvrfn.,, .Sax.J lo swatJie, 
 or 'Uiid ill clothes, geneialK used Im llie ilress of new btnu 
 iiit.iiils. t"'i"ii.aiiv-l\ , Id liial li'- cud -el. 
 
 SWA'Di>Ll\(.B\M), S\V \'i)l)LlN(,CI.()l M or 
 
 SVV.\'1)|)LIN(jCL0UT, J clolli wrapped round a new- 
 born cliiid. 
 
 SW \( iH \M, a lart-e. well l.init town 'fNoriolk. sealed 
 on a h !l, ;54 miles N. N. E. cil .Newmarket, and 'M N. E. o*' 
 LouiIou. Minket ruj .*satui(la> . 
 
 Til SW ^(i, ti. «. [;«, r.,;, 1^1.] to s.nl^. or iijn^ dow.i 
 by its weight; to waddle, orshake lioui side to side. 
 
 833
 
 S Vi A 
 
 SWE 
 
 Ti, :>',VA(_i!:l, r. cf. [from a.wioaov] to ease; to mitigate ; to 
 ii.t'icii : to ap.)',-.i5e ; to assuage. 
 
 To SWA'GGEI!, (itt'ag er) i: n. [siirq-an. Sax.] to blus- 
 ter, or be noisily proud ^lutl insolent ; to bully ; to boast ; to 
 hector; to donii r^er ; to crack ; to vaunt. 
 
 SWA'GGEREll, {swagerer) s. a blusterer ; anoisy, proud, 
 and insolent person- 
 
 SWAIN, s. \su:ein. Sax. and Run.J a young man ; a coun- 
 try person or shepherd ; a hind ; a peasant. 
 
 SWAINMOTE, s. \swainmutiis, law Lat.J aoomt touch- 
 ing matters of the forests, kept by the charter of llie forest 
 thrice in the year. This court of stcaoimofeis as incident to 
 a forest, as the court of piepowder is to a fair. 'I he suaiii 
 moti isa court of freehcdders within the foiest. 
 
 To SWALE, or S\V£AL, {siceel) v. a. [s,ce}nn, to kindle, 
 Sax. 1 to waste, or blaze away ; to'niclt. 
 
 SW.A'LLET, s. among the tin-uiiuers, water breaking in 
 upon them at their work. 
 
 To SWA'LLOVV, (n. pron. broad, as in all) v. a. \^sioelgan, 
 S-A\. swet^en, Belg.J totake downtiie throat ; to receive with- 
 out examination ; to absorb or suck in; to engulf ; to de- 
 vour; to be lost in any tiling. To engross, used with up. 
 Synon. Swallow Andgiilp are more nearly synonymous in 
 tiie literal than the figurative sense ; yet, even in that, they 
 will admit of some distinction. We pilp, in order to swallim: 
 
 This, however, is not the only difference. By swalloniitfr^ 
 we understand taking down the throat simply; by ff"//'/"ff, 
 we mean sucking down eagerly, or without interniisiinn. 
 — With respect to eating, simlloiving carries in its idea 
 tiie act of clienini^ ; sculping does not. — In the figurative 
 sense, o«//.<iJig- rather implies a difficulty in swallowinpr. 
 
 SWALLOW, {a. pron. broad) s. the throat ; the gullet; 
 a bird of passage, well known; a whirlpool; a gulf; a 
 vortex. 
 
 SWA'LLOWTAIL, s. the shining willow. 
 
 SWA'LLOWWORT, s. asclepia ; a plant. 
 
 SWAM, preter. of Sw im. 
 
 SWAMP, {a. pron. brood) s. \stviimme, Belg. sunmms, 
 Goth, swam. Sax. snamm, I»l. suomp, Dan. swamp, Swcd.| a 
 bog, or marshy place, so called in America; a fen. 
 
 SWAMPY, B.aboundini; with s\' amps or bogs. 
 
 SWAN, («. pron. broad) s. \stvan, Sax. swaeti, Belg. siian, 
 Dan.] a large water fowl, with a long neck, and remarkably 
 white excepting when it is young. 
 
 SWA'NSEY, orABF.RTAw, a large, clean, well-built, 
 and populous town of Cilamort,'aiisliire, containing an old 
 castle, "2 churches, and about 4(IU houses, with broad, paved 
 streets. It exports gieat (Uiantities of coals to Ireland and 
 the southern coast of England ; it has also great correspmi- 
 dence with Bristol and Worcester for grocery, and other 
 shop goods. Here are potteries, and coiiaideialJe works 
 for the smelting of copper and lead ore. Many ships have 
 been built here, and it is resorted to for sea hatliing. It is 
 situated on a bay of the Bristol Channel, to which it gives 
 name, at the mouth of the river 'I'awy, whicii here forms a 
 good harbour, 24 titles W. N. W. of Cowbridge, and 305 W. 
 of Loudon. Markets on Wednesday and Saturday. 
 
 SWA'NSKIN, s. a kind of soft flannel. 
 
 SWAP, «(/. \afl siiipn, Isl.] hastily ; at once. A low word. 
 
 To SW VP, ti. a. See Syvop. 
 
 SWMII), (n pron. broad; s. [sward, Swed.] the skin of 
 bacon. The surface of the ground. 
 
 SWARM, (« pron. broad) *•. \sii-mrm. Sax. swerm, Belg.] 
 a great body or number of bees, or other aiiimals ; a crowd; 
 a muliitude. 
 
 To SW.\ll.M, f. n. [swearman, Sa\. swermen, Belg.J to rise 
 in a body, to quit the hive, applieil to bees. To appear 
 in multitudes; to be thronged; to be over-crowded, or 
 over run. 
 
 SWAirr, or SWARTH. (ihf n pron. broad in this word, 
 und its two following derivatives) «. \swtttrt. Sax. swart, 
 Bcl,^.] blackish ; dusky ; (larkiy brouii ; tawny; jjlooniy, 
 or uialignanl. 
 
 8»4 
 
 SWA'RTHINESS, f. blackishness ; tawniness ; gloomi- 
 ness. 
 SWATtTHY, a. dark of complexion; black; tawny. 
 To SWASH, V. n. to make a great clutter or noise. A 
 cant word. 
 
 SWATH, s. [swade, Belg.] a line of grass cut down by a 
 mower; acoiiliuued quantity. A baud or fillet, from sitei«n, 
 to bind. Sax. 
 
 To SWATHE, V. a. [suedan. Sax.] to bind, as a child is, 
 with bands or rollers. 
 
 To SWA Y, ''. a. [schwebcn, to move, Teut.] to move in the 
 hand; to wield or manage by the hand with ease ; to bias, or 
 force more to one side than the other ; to govern ; to rule ; 
 to overpower; to iniluence. Neiiterly, to hang heavy; 
 to be draMn by weight; to have weight or intluence ; to 
 govern. 
 
 SWAY, X. the swing or sweep of a weapon ; any thing 
 moving with l^ulk and power; power, rule, or dominion; 
 influence or direction. 
 
 To SWIOAR, (swrrr) v. ji. preter. swore or sware, part, 
 pass sworn ; \swarnii, Goth, swerian. Sax. swceren, Belg.J to 
 call some superior power to witness the tiutii of what a per- 
 son says ; to dei lare, promise, or ;ji\e in evidence on oath ; 
 to make use of the name of God profanely. Actively, 
 to put to an oath ; to declare on oath ; to obtest by 
 an oath. 
 
 SWE'ARER, (swrrer) s. one who profanes the name of 
 God ; one who wantonly, and in common discourse, makes 
 use of oaths 
 
 SWEAT, (swct) s. \swecif, Sax. sweet, Belg.J a sensible 
 moisture, issuing out of the pores of animals; labour; toil; 
 drndgerv ; evaporation of moisture ; exudation. 
 
 To SWE-\T, (swct) V. n. prefer, stict or swatted, part, 
 pass, swcaten ; to have the skin covered with moisture by 
 heat, labour, or medicines. Figuratively, to toil or labour 
 hard ; to emit moisture. Actively, to emit as sweat. 
 
 SWEATER, X. one that sweats, or makes to sweat. 
 
 SWE'ATINESS, {swetiuess) s. the quality of abounding 
 with sweat. 
 
 SWE'ATY, (."(■;%) n. covered with sweat; wet withsvfeat; 
 consisting of sweat ; toilsome; laborious. 
 
 SWE'DEN, a large kingdom in the N. part of Europe ; 
 Imuiided on the N. by Danish Lapland, and the ocean ; on 
 theS. by the Baltic sea, and the Gulf of Finland ; anil on 
 the W. by Norway, the Sound, and the Categate ; being 
 about soo miles in length, from N. to S. and 350 in breadtli 
 f'om E. to W. It is divided into Proper Sweden, Gothland, 
 Northland, Finland, and Lapland. It was antiently called 
 Sca"ndinavia, or at least it is [lart of the country of that name. 
 We may easily conceive that the climate is not every 
 where the same ; for on the side of Muscovy, the longest 
 day is 18 hours, 36 minutes ; but farther towards the N. and 
 near the Pole, there is continual day and contmual night for 
 several weeks successively. In the jirovince in which Stock- 
 holm is seated, the spring and autumn is scarce to be per- 
 ceived, for the winter continues 9 months, and the summer 
 during the remaining three. In winter the cold is excessive, 
 and in summer the heat is almost insupportable, the air bein^ 
 serene at that time. Notwithstanding this the Swedes liT« 
 a long while ; and it is not uni'omnion to see ten people at 
 the same table, whose ages make up KKIO years. Those 
 places that are fit for cultivation have scarce a foot of good 
 earth ; for below it is all gravel ; for which reason they till 
 the ground with a single ox, and one servant may readily 
 manage the plough. All their rocks are quite covered with 
 flowers in'the summertime, and their gardens have plenty of 
 fruits. The trees are earlv in blossoininc, because the soil is 
 fat anil sulphureous, which contributes greatly to the vegeta- 
 tion of plants ; but yet the apples, pears, cherries, apricots, 
 melons, and grapes, have not so good a taste as in the more 
 southern countries. Theirdomeslicanim.ilsaie liorses,cows, 
 hogs, goats, sheep. With regard to the wild beasts, there 
 are bears, wolves, ,foxes, wild cats, and squirrels. Thct«
 
 S WE 
 
 SW I 
 
 are also elks and rein deer. Tliov have plenty of partridges, 
 woodccicks, falcons, dvc. Tlie silver mines are 200 v<ird3 in 
 depth ; anil lli(iiif;li lliey are riel), ycl llie penple who work 
 tliein have scant- wherewilli lo subsist, when liie kind's du- 
 ties are paid. The mines of copper are cxceedinKlv ;;ood, 
 tliou}{h not soprodiicliveas formerly ; likewise lli'-iroii mines 
 yield a great deal of iron. The mcrchiindises, which the 
 iSwfdfs supply forei^jners with, are hoards, gnnpowder, 
 leather, iron, copper, tallow, skins, pitch, rosin, masts, and 
 ell sorts of wooden utensils ; and on the contrary, they are 
 oblifjed to pnrchase salt, brandy, wine. Inn n cloth, sliitls, to- 
 bacco, sni^ar, spice, anfl paper. The iidiabit;ints are of a 
 robnsi con>tit(ilion, and able to sustain the liaide>t labour. 
 They arc mneh more polished than uli;)t they were ; and 
 have several public schools and colleges, whore arts and sci- 
 ences are tauijht Their houses are generallv of wood, with 
 very lillleart in their construction. The roofs are coveied 
 with liiif on v\ lilch llieir goats often feed. There is no coun- 
 try in the woild where the women do so nnich work ; for 
 they till ihe ground, thrash the corn, and row ihe boats on 
 the sea. Siveden w:is formrrly an elective monarch> , and af- 
 terwards the most limited one in Kniope, till August 'i), 1772, 
 when, by a very extraordinary revolution, the late king 
 gained the most essential ro\al prerogatives, without, how- 
 ever, being an absolute monarch. This nrjiice was assassi- 
 nated March IG, 1792, leaving his son Gustaviis heir, and 
 his briithcr, the duke of Sudermania lej'ent of the kingilom : 
 but early in 1809 (iustavus was deposed, and the duke of 
 Sudermania chosen king on Ihe ."ith of June following. How- 
 ever, the succession has now devolved on a Frenchman ! Bcr- 
 nadotte, pnnce of Ponle Corvo, having been cho^m crown 
 prince bv the iliel, on June 26, 1810, in Ihe room of Au- 
 g^l^lellbe g, who died siidilenlv while reviewing' hi-, troops. 
 The inhabitants are comouted at .3,000,000. The established 
 religion is the Lullieran, and it is said thev will nut tolerate 
 an\ o;hi r in the kingdom. Thev have 1 a'chbishop, and 7 bi- 
 shops besides*) siiperintendants. The capital isStockliidm. 
 To SVVI'. KP, e. «. preter. •nid part. pass, swept ; \sirapiin, 
 Sa\.l to clean or drive awav uith a broom or besom ; to trail 
 
 or rise into arrogance ; to be exasperated. Actively, to 
 cause lorise, or to niak;; tumid ; to aggravate or heighten 
 to raise lo arrogance. ' 
 
 .SWKl.L. .V. an increase of bulk. 
 
 SWK'LLING, s. a tumor; any thing grown bigger by 
 extension. 
 
 ToSWK'LTF^R, !) «. [perhaps corrupted from tiiltri/] to 
 be pained, or liiade uneasy, by heal. Actively, to parch, or 
 dry up with heal. 
 
 SWKLTRY,fl. sultry ; suffocflling with heat. 
 
 SWKPT, participle and t)ret(r. of-^WKEP. 
 
 To S\VI-;i{VE, 1-. ?(. \sweri)eii. Sax. and Belg.] to wander, 
 to rove ; to deviate or depart from lule, custom, reason, or 
 diitv : to ply or bend. 
 
 SWIFF, n. [swifi, Sax.] moving far in a short time; 
 speerlv ; quick ; nimble ; rea<l\ ; Heel ; rapid. 
 
 SWIFT, .1. a bird like a swallow ; a martin. 
 
 SWIFTLV, lul. quickly ; speedily ; n-mbly ; rapidly; 
 ncellv; ivith celerity ; with velocilv ; with dispatch. 
 
 SWI'KTNI'SS, ». velocity ; nimbleiiess ; quickness ; dis- 
 patch ; celerity; rapidity ; speed. 
 
 ToSWKi, i>. « [.vvig-n, lsl.[ to drink by large draughts. 
 
 To SWIl.L, «>. a.\nv>lfrrni,Sii\.] to drink in a luxurious and 
 gross maimer ; to wash or drench ; to inebriate. 
 
 .SWILL, i.clr-nk immoderately oi luxuriously poured down. 
 
 SWILLRH.s a luxurious drinker. 
 
 To SWUM, 1-. 71 preter. simm, swirm, or snum ; [swimman. 
 Sax. iKwnmeH, Belg J lo float or move on llie water without 
 sinl4ing; lo be convex ed bv the stream ; to move on or in 
 the water by ihe action of the limbs ; to be floated ; to flow 
 ill am thing, or lo have abundance; lo be di/zv, <.r have 
 a sensation of a fwimming or vertigo in the head; lo glide 
 or flow with an easy or smooth motion. Acli^ely, to pass 
 by sw'mmi ng. 
 
 SWliVlM,*. the bladder of fishes, bv which they are sup- 
 ported in the water. 
 
 .S\yrMMEF{, i. one who swims. In farriery, the sirim-- 
 mer is situated in the fore legs of a horse, above the knees, 
 andupon the inside, and almost u|ioii the back [la ts of the 
 
 along ihe ground : tocarry with pomp ; lo pass over with himl-legs, a little below the hams : this part is without hair. 
 
 qiiickii'Ss; toriibover; to strike with a longslroke. Neu- 
 terlv to pass with violence or swiftness ; to pass with pomp 
 ora Houiiig train ; to pass with an equal motion ; toinoie 
 wiih a long stroke or reach. 
 
 SW'-)KP .«. ihe act of clean'ng wilh a broom or besom ; 
 iho coiimassof any violent or cont nu-d motion ; violent de- 
 struc'ion : the direction of aiiv motion not rectilinear. 
 
 SWEL'PlR.s one who sweeps. 
 
 SW EF/PI NO'S, .«. that wh cli 'is swept awav. 
 
 SWE •'!", o. [i»rtc. Six.] (leasing lo anv of the senses ; 
 of an agreeable taste, as sugar, Ai-. fragrant to the smell. 
 Figuratively, cliar-'iing, graielul, or pje-ising ; soil ; mild; 
 gentle; not s.dt ; ii"l s-uir ; not stale Kiiiil, ori-ood, ap- 
 plie(! t<i temi'i-r. Tnlieswert nimii^ to be amoroiisb find of. 
 
 SW •:R'TBRF'\D, (snfethred)s. 'he pancreas of the calf. 
 
 SWFETB!}! vR,^. ;, hagr-n shrub. 
 
 .SWEE'rCI'CFLY, s. a ida t called also mvrrhus. 
 
 ToSWE ''T''.N, 1). 1. to make svveet, mild, kind less pain- 
 ful, iiioie graielul, or more delicate ; lo palliate ; to recon- 
 cile ; lo e liilc-eaP-. Neiilerlv , lo grow sweet. 
 
 SWEE'' ENER, «. one that palliates; that which con- 
 tempera les :<-ii nil lilies. 
 
 SW 'E' i'H \UT, (suret/iurl) ,t. a siiiior, lover, or mistress. 
 
 SW-'K-'Ti-iH 1 s mei\lia! swee'. 
 
 SWEE'TLY, wl na si.\eet manner; wiih sweetness. 
 
 SW'- ET.Vi '•' \T, (.>ti'f(/;«fpf)i. f nil preserved 'ii sugar. 
 
 SWEETNESS, s ilie quality of being sweet in any o( its 
 »ense<. 
 
 SWEETWl'LI.! \M, *. a garden plant. The wild cliild- 
 Jcg sweelw illiam is a specie- o( (liiiii. 
 
 SW El WM.I.OW, *. the Di.t-h .uvrlle. or .rale. 
 
 To SW .'I.L, V. II \y,\'t. pass, my Hen ; \suellmi. Sax. stiel 
 lev. R' I- j lo glow !ii!iger b\ exleusmn f ; aris ; to t;io» 
 turgid; lotuinefj; to piotuberate ; lu look big; to be elated. 
 
 and resembles a piece of lianl dr\ born. 
 
 SWI M.Vll.XGLY, ad. smoothly ; prosperously. A low 
 word. 
 
 SWINDON, a town of Wiltshire, seated at the top of a 
 hill, near a rich vale, 28 miles N. of .Salisburv, and 83 W. of 
 London. Ma ket on iVIondav. 
 
 SWINE, J. \swin. Sax. swi/n, Belg.J a hog or pig , a num- 
 ber of ho.^s, either sows or Ijoais. 
 
 SWJNEFLEET, a town in ihe W. Riding of Yorkshire, 
 sealed on the Ouse, lo the E. of Snath. Market on 
 Thii sdav. 
 
 SWI NEF1'"RD, s. a keeper or feeder of swine. 
 
 SW IN •• K l'0.\,a louii of *itaftordsliire, seated in the part 
 of Ihe couulv most fiee from waters, mines, and woods, a 
 l'i;l" to Ihe W.of Mcme. Market and fair disused. 
 
 S\Vr\E^TONl>", s. in nrneralo,;\, a sort of ictid stone, 
 coiiipoiiMili <l of siili)huraiid carbonate ot lime. 
 
 To '«WIN(i, r. rt pieter. sKido-, siim,^-; [swingan. Sax.} 
 to make a llnog that is suspended niov.^ InK-kwanlo and lor 
 wards; to vhirliound in the ai ; lo wave loosely Neu- 
 te'lv to wavetoatxi f'lo, hanging looseU ; lo vibrate. 
 
 SW1\(;, s. the motion i>f an ilim- hanging loose v ; a 
 line oil vvliieh ail) thing hangs li.ose; the infiiienre .ir force 
 ofa boilx pu) into motion ; acourse, or unrestiained liberty, 
 
 «)r lepilefleV 
 
 To SWlNd''", (g soft) V. It. [s.inn<raii, Sax.] to whip ; lo 
 penish ; ((. Iiaslinarfe. 
 
 SWI'Nfil^G.f;^- si^fi)". great or huge. .\ low word. 
 
 To SWI N(iL''',, (.lu-iiig'l) V. H. lo dangle ; lo wave hang- 
 in_ ; li s\v n- m pleasuie 
 
 SWI'NTSH, n. like a swine; hoggish; ti'lhv ; nasty; slii- 
 pid ; !;io-s ; brutish. 
 
 SWi\K .-. [iwii/e, ^ax] lab', 11- ; drudgery. Obsolete. 
 
 SWITCH,*, a small tk-.xibie tuig.
 
 s W O 
 
 S YM 
 
 To SWITCH, »•. «• to lash with a switcli ; to jerk. 
 SWi'TZEULAND, or Swisserlan D, a la r^'c country 
 ol' ^i-'.irope; houiulod on ihe 1.. bv the Tyrol, on tlie \V. by 
 the FruiicheCuiii|ilP ; oiilheN. bv Suntgaw, tl.e Black Fo- 
 rt st, a!Ul a purJ ol Suabia ; yiid on Ihe S. l),v Savoy, the Mi- 
 iKUfse, and the lale Venetian provinces of Berganiasco and 
 Bnsciano. It is. about 22'; miles in length, and 83 in breadth, 
 ami separated iVoin the adjacent eounlriesbv lilijh niou.itivins, 
 most of \vhic'i are covered with snow. 'I'here are a great 
 mimber ol'laiics and nve.s, and some very ferldo plains, 
 which plentiiaily atlord the necessaries of life. It is divided 
 into 13 cantons, uitlioul coiiirrehending their allies.naiuely, 
 Liicern, Uri, Schweitz, I'liderwald, Zug, Iriburi;, "'oleure, 
 uliicli are Catholics. The Protestant cantons arc Znrich- 
 Berne, Basle, and Schaffhaiisen. Glaris and Appenzel' con- 
 lain both reli^doiis. Abont the year 1300, the emperor Albei c 
 appinnted tluui an Austrian governor, one Griesler, who, 
 in the wantonness ol tyranny, ordered the natives to reve- 
 rence h!^ hat -.et uptnia pole ; which being w itii a proper spi- 
 rit refused by one William Tell, a noted marksman with a 
 crossbow, he «as sentenced to be hanged, if he did not, at a 
 certain distance. shoot an apple from the head of his own son. 
 Tell hit the apple ivith one of two short arrows, or bolts, 
 v\liich he had provided; and, being asked what the other 
 was intended for, he answered, " for the tyrant's heart, if] 
 iiad killed my son." lie was ordered to prison, but esca|)ed, 
 and, with some others.brought about a revolution, VNhicli pro- 
 tlaced the several independent states of the Helvetic nation. 
 'J'he niountaiiis of .Swil/er!and, commoidy called the Alps, 
 are a long chain of mountains, which begin at the Mediterra- 
 nean sea, and e.xtend to the Adriatic; and if it were possible 
 for a man to travel from one to the other, his journey would 
 be about 500 miles. 'I'he principal lakes are those of Con- 
 stance, Geneva, Lncern, Zurich, and Neuf Chatel. The most 
 conslderabie riiers are the Rhine, the Rhone, the Aar, the 
 Rues, and the Inn. The principal riches of Sw itzerland con- 
 sist of excellent pastures, in wnich lluy breed and fatten their 
 catile. The inhabitants ate all strong robust men, tor which 
 reason they have been generally chosen by seveial nations for 
 the inditary service. The women are tolerably handsome, 
 have many good qualities.and are generally very industrious. 
 The peasants retain their old manner ofdress.andare content 
 to live upon mdk, butter.and cheese. The manufactures of 
 Switzerland are coiis:der;d)ie in linen, silk, cotton,and wool- 
 len, ieailier, hats, gloves, paper, pottery, chicks, watches, 
 hardware, toy s.dtc. besides which they export bulter,cheese, 
 cattle, sheep, horses, and some wine. The imports are priii- 
 ■ cipallv grain, hemp, lia\, wine, salt, and soiuf manufactures, 
 'i.lie inhabitants wre estMuuled at 2,000,000. 
 
 SW I V'l.L, I. something fixed in another body so as lo 
 turH round in it , a small cannon mounted on ships so as to 
 pciiit aiiv «ay. 
 
 .SWO'iiBKU, s. four cards at whist, which are entitled to 
 slakes. See Swab p. I'll. 
 
 SVVO'LLKN, or SWXM.N, part. pass, of Swell. 
 
 To SWOO.N, I'. M |"iH»rt«)i, Sax.] lo sutler a sus|)ension 
 'if ih()n;;lii and M'lisation; to faint or fall into a (it. 
 
 S\VO()N, ». [swaiif^, Sax.J a fainting fit; a lipothymy ; a 
 C iicope. 
 
 To SWOOP, I', a. [perhaps formed from the sound | to 
 fiill or dait at once on its prey ; lo prey upon, tu catch 
 up. 
 
 SWOOP, 1. a fidlofa birdof prey upon his quarry. 
 
 To SW()P, I', a. fits derivation uncertain ' to give one 
 ihiiii if. exchange for auolher; lo truck; lo barter. 
 
 .SVv ORI), C^wrrf; s. [swemil, Sax. mreril, Belg. | a weapon 
 with a sharp point worn by the side, and .ised in ctinibals 
 hand to hand ; deslinctJon by war; vengeance or justice ; 
 an rnilili III ,it authority. 
 
 SWO KDl'.l'.AKl.K, (.ioiiH>rrer)s. an ofliccrwlio carriesa 
 iwjird of slate lufore a prince or magistrate. 
 
 .SWOKUKISII, (..Koiilfiili) s. a sea-tisli, having a bone 5 
 feel !on:i issuing from its head, with teeth on both 8ides, at 
 Ihe end of the upper jaw. 
 
 SWOR DGR ASS, s. a kind of sedge; 
 
 SWOH''-, the prefer, of Swear. 
 
 SWUM, the ureter, of Swim. 
 
 SY'CAMl.\!;, or SY'CAMORK,s.see SrCAMORE. 
 
 SY'COi'H \NT, {sfjhofant) s. [from lykos, a fig, and pfiairu), 
 to discover, Gr. sycup/mnta, Lat.jan appellation given by the 
 anient Athenians to those who gave iiit'ormatioii of the 
 exportation of tigs, contraiy to la« ; and be.nce it is still 
 used in general for all informers, parasites, flatterers, 
 cheats, A c. 
 
 fiYCO\'U:\'STlC, (mjhfifnntih) a. [from sykophantei, Zl 
 sycophant, Gr.] parasitical ; Haltering. 
 ■ lo SY'COPHANTISE, Uy'hofaniise) v. n. to play the flat- 
 terer. 
 
 SYDEBATION, t. [sideratio, Lat.] a blasting with ex- 
 cessive heat or drought ; a corruption of the solid parts or 
 bones of -.Ml an mal See SideratimN. 
 
 SVl)'' ROSE. a. [siiderosiu, Lat.] planet-struck. 
 
 Sil.l.ABIC, or SVLLABICAL, a. \s>il!abiijue, Fr. sijlla- 
 bii-tis, Lat.] relating lo, or consisting of, syllables. 
 
 SV'LLABLK, s. [from stjUabe, an assemblage, Gr.] a part 
 of a word, consisting of one or more letters pronounced 
 together; aiiv thing proverbially concise. 
 
 S^ 'LI.ABl'B, «. a compound drink, very fashionable in 
 summer, made oi'whileor red wine and sugar, into which 
 milk is poured lioni a machine called a wooden cow, or 
 nidked from the real cow. It is more properly spelt 
 si//aintb. 
 
 SY'I.EAPL'S, *. [Lat. syllnhos, Gr.] an abstract; a com- 
 iieiidiiui cxinl.iining lb; heads of a discoui>e. 
 
 SYJjLKFSI^, *. [Gr.] a figu-e in grammar, where two 
 noniin. live cases singular, of different persons, are joined to 
 a verb j lural. 
 
 SY'l/Lf)GISM, (jg- soft)j. [from *yn, together, and logat, 
 a proposition, (.it.syllogismiis, Lat. tijllugisme, Fr.] an aigu- 
 nunt consisting oi three proposition^, the conclusion of 
 which necessarily follows foul the two pinnises. 
 
 SVLLOCil'STlCM . fl (fioiii f(/N, together, AiiAloges,* 
 proposition, Gr. syl/ugul.cus, Lat.j belonging to syllogisms; 
 consisting of svllogisiiis. 
 
 SYLLOGISTICALLY, ad. in Ihe form of a svllogism. 
 
 To SYLLOGIZK. v. a. [from syn, togethei, and lagot, a 
 proposition, Gr syllogiier, Fr.] to leas'-n by syUo^isui. 
 
 SYLPHS, (sy//V) i. a sort of fairy nymphs. 
 
 SYLVAN, e. [»2//urti««, Lat.] woody ; shady; belongiag 
 to woods, or forests. 
 
 SY'MBOL, *. [from syndiolon, a mark, Gr. symholum, Lat. 
 sym ole, Fr.] an abstract or compendiuui • a comprehensive 
 form ; a type, or that which comprehends, in its figure, 
 a representation of something else. 
 
 SYMBO'HCAL, a. | from symbnlon^ a mark, Gr. rym- 
 biiUcin, Lai J belonging to, or of the nature of, a symbol"; 
 ravslical; representative. 
 
 SY.M BOLICA LEY, arf. typically ; by representation. 
 
 SYiMBO'.lZA'TION, J. representation; resemblance. 
 
 To sVMBOLFZE, v. a. [symbol I ser, Fr.] to make repre- 
 sentative of soinelhing. Neuleily, lo have something in 
 common with another, bv representative qualities. 
 
 SYM \1 ETHICAL, a. proportionate. 
 
 SY'MlMI'yi R\, *. [from syn, with, and metreo, to measure, 
 (ir. si/mitrie, Fr. symmetria, Lat.] proportion ; harmony of 
 
 '"sY'MPATHE'Tir, or SYMPATHETICAL, o. aflfected 
 
 with what hat>peiis to another ; haviin; mutual sensmion. 
 
 To S\'MPATMIZE, ... «. \si/mpatliiier, Fr.] to feel willi 
 another: lo feel fiiiitually ; followed by u<il/i. 
 
 SVMP.-KTIl Y, s. [trorn syn, with, and pathos, feeling-, Gr. 
 sympathie.Vt. synipatlna, Lat.] the quality of being affected 
 widi Ihe < alau'iiiii s, pains, joys, or affections, of aiiotlier; 
 fellow feeling; mutual seiisibilily. 
 
 SYMPHO'NIOLS, (iyuifumoHt)a.\vi.xnwm)\i»; agreeing 
 in !>oun<l. 
 
 SY'MFHON Y, {sy'mfony) s. [*>irf/M/>ii>, Fr. fioiii fj/n, wUb,
 
 S\ N 
 
 S\ Z 
 
 ami phone, a sound, Gr. symphome, Fr.] a consonanrc, or 
 conceit of sevpiiil sounds toy;otlier on llif ear ; iKirinony. 
 
 SYMPHYSIS, (si/nifi/sis) s. [(Jr.j in ;in;iti)iiiy, one of the 
 Kind of junctures, or articniation of the l)onpji ; particularly 
 of those hones which in yoiinn children are distinct, but after 
 some years nnite and consolidate into one bone. 
 
 SYMPO'SIAC, a. I from «vni/««i«>i, a least, Gr.J relating to 
 inerry-inakings ; happening where company is drinking 
 toj{elher. 
 
 SYMPTOM, *. [si/mptoma, from si/n, tofjelher, and pipto, 
 toiiappen. Gr. ii/miiiitme, l''r. Isonietlun,, lia|>penin<{ toiJether 
 with soinetliin<; else ; a siyn or token ; an appearance in a 
 <lisease HJneh shews its qnalily or naliire. 
 
 SYMPTOMA'TICAI,, a. [.«/<«/)^"H«, from syn, together, 
 and piuto, to happen, (ir. syntplniniitKiiii^ Fr.J tending; to 
 discover, or bclon^;iiiK to, symptoms ; liappeninj; con. 
 currently, or occasionally. 
 
 SYN.'E'RI'/MS, «. [from synainsis, contraction, Gr. | a 
 figure iu graniurar which puts two syllables or vowels into 
 one. 
 
 SY'NAGOGUR, {njnago^) s. [from si/nairo, to assemble, 
 Gr. si/7iii^o^itc. Fr. si/na^i-s,'i'> lat | an as->eii]|>ly ot Je«s lo 
 worship ; tlic place wh'-ie llie Jews use to assemble to read, 
 aild to hear the holy books read. 
 
 SYNAl.tE'l'H A, {syvaltfii') s. [si/n'ifoiphe, Gr. iti/e'lruplia, 
 Lat.j a coiitraclion of a syllabi- in Latin verse, by joining 
 toff.elhcr two vowels ni tlie scanninf;, or coiling oft" the end- 
 in;; vowel ; as ill' f^ri, f r illr effo. 
 
 SYNAKTHROSIS, s. [foniiv/H, with, and art/»-o«,a joint, 
 Gr.] a close conjunction of lw o bones 
 
 SYNA'XIS, «. [from .syiiiis;n to assemble, Gr.] a congrega- 
 tion; the sacrament of the Lord's Supper. 
 
 SYNCHRO NICAL, (synhunihd) a. [from syn, together, 
 and e/(roHo», time, Or.] happening together at the sanie tune; 
 concnipora y. 
 
 SYNCHRONISM, (si/iJirorizm) t. \sifnchronisme, Fr. from 
 syn. together, and cAioim*, time, Gr.] conciorence ot several 
 reuiaikable transactions happening at the ;anie time. 
 
 SY'NCHRONOUS, <r. [from syn, together, and chronos, 
 time, Gr.] happening at ihe same lime. 
 
 To SYNCOPATE, V. a. to cut or takeaway ; to shorten. 
 Nenterly, to swoon. 
 
 SYNC OPE, (ty'nkupee) [from syn, whicli strengthens the 
 sigiiitii'alioii.aud hnpto,U^ cut,(ir. syiiriipe, Li\\. syniopi', Fr.] 
 a tigiire in grainniar, whereby (uie or more letters are 
 taken out r4 a word. In physic, a sudden fainting or 
 swooiiiiiu. 
 
 SY'N l3lC, s. an otfif er of great power and authority in fo- 
 reign cilies and universlte^' ; he is a censor, a comptroller, a 
 btir,jeis, a recorder, and, in some cites, the chief magis- 
 trate. 
 
 'I'o SYNDICATE, v. n. [from s;fn, with, and dike, judg- 
 ment, Gr.] to judge; to pass judgment on; to censure. 
 Not much used. 
 
 SY'NDKO^iE, (syndromee) s. \ from syn, with, and drotnos, 
 a race, Gr.j concurrence of sjniploms uidicating a disease ; 
 soncunent action. 
 
 SYNE'CDOt'HE, (sj^Ulidckcc) s. {L-dt. from synckdt:- 
 elionuci, to take together, Gr. syneciloque. Fr.] a figure in 
 rhetoric, whereby the whole is taken for a part, or a part 
 for the whole. 
 
 SYNECDO'CHICAL, a. expressed by a synecdoche; im- 
 plying a synecdoche. 
 
 "SYNN KURO'SIS, i. [from syn, with, and nenron, a nerve, 
 Gr.lthe connexion made by alii^anu-nt. 
 
 SY'NOD, s. [fiom syn, tojjelher, and odus, away, (Jr. 
 $^twdiis, Lat. syniiile, Fr.] an assembly of cl('ig\ men, ;;eneriilly 
 prownciul. (See Convocation.) The conjunction ofthe 
 lieavenlv bodies. 
 
 SYNODIC, or SYNODICAL, «. lsynoiIi<j>ie, Fr.] re- 
 lating to a svnod ; tr;\nsactod in a synod. In astronomy, 
 applied to the time betwixt one conjunction of any planet 
 with Ihe sun tothe next, as, ex gr. 29d. 12h. 44ni. .^s. is called 
 a svnttdicai mouth, because it takes that time to bring t!ie sun 
 
 and moon to a conjunction ; and 1 15d. 2lh. ."Jm. 22s. is oalleii 
 ai//n«rf'.«/revoluti<ui of Mercury, because tbatspace of time 
 occurs l)i'lwi\l an uiiirior or superior conjunction of that 
 piaiiet vviili the sun. Il is also applied to the time ihat any 
 twoci'li'aiiai Oodic:. lake in coming lo the saiiie relative p»- 
 sition as aieu (roni the eailii. 
 
 SYNO'NYMA, s. [from eyn, together, and onoma, a name , 
 Gr.j names or words vihicli signify the same thi..g. 
 
 SYNO'NYMOUS, a. [from syn, lo;4eth'r, and mwnui, a 
 name, Gr.J expressing the same thing or idea by tUtlcrent 
 words. 
 
 SYN'ONYMY, .?. [from syn, together, and enoma, a name, 
 Gr.] the quality of expressing by difle'cnt words the same 
 tiling. 
 
 SS'NO'PSIS, *. [from syn, together, aiKi optirmai, io see, 
 Gr.] a aeneral view ; all the parts broii^ht und'.r one vievr; 
 a syllabus ; a compendiuia. 
 
 SYNOPTICAL, tt. [from *jfn, together, and optomai, to 
 see, (ivJ jifordlng a view of nuinv parts iil (uice. 
 
 SYNTACTICAL, a. conj^.lned ; lilted to each other; 
 (elating to the construction of speecli. 
 
 S\ NTAX, or SVN rA\I>, i. [Lai. from syn, together, 
 ww\ tnsso,\o order, (ir. synlnxr, Fr.J a system ; a namber of 
 things joined logellier ; Ibat part of grammar which teaches 
 the construction of words. 
 
 SYNTHESIS, s. [from syn, together, and tilhemi. to put, 
 Gr. synl.'iesis. Lal.J the act of joining, opposed to analysts, 
 
 SYN I'H K'TIC, a. [from syn, together, and lithemi, to put, 
 Gr. syulhetique, Ir.] joining together; compounding; con- 
 ne tive ; conjoiui.ig ; uniting. 
 ."-> PUON, s. see SiPHON. 
 
 SVRACL'sh, an anlienl and famous city of Sicily, in the 
 V al diNoto.w itii a tine huge harbour. Il was almost ruined 
 by aiicarllupiake in 1093. It is very adxantageousiy seated 
 ni'iir the sea, 72 miles S. b^ W. of Messina, and 110 S. E. 
 of Palermo. Lat. 37. 5. N. loii. 15. 30. F. 
 
 .SY'KI A, a province of Turkey in Asia, bounded on the 
 N. by Diarbeck and Nalolia ; on Ihe E. by Diarbcck and the 
 Deserts of Arabia, (which last also bound it on the S.)aud on 
 the VV. (ly the Woditerraiiean. It abounds in oil, com, salt, 
 and diflerent sorts ot fruits, as well as pease, beans, and all 
 kinds of pulse and garden stutt; it aft'oids, also, the sugar- 
 cane, iniligo, silk, wine, the cotton and tobacco plant, with a 
 multitude of other useful and agreeable productions. Syria 
 isdivided into five governments, or pachalics; Aleppo, Tri- 
 poli, Damascus, .Acre, and Palestine. 
 
 SY'RINGK, s. [syrinx, Gr. and, Lat.J a pipe or lostftw 
 ment through which any thing is squirted. 
 ■Jo SY'RINGE, V. a. to spout or wash by a syringe. 
 SYRINGUTOMY', s. (fron^ syrinx, a pipe, atid tenuw, 
 to cut, Gr.J in surgery the opereiiion of culling fistulas or 
 hollow sores. 
 
 SY'RTIS, s. [Lat. and, Gr.J a quicksand ; a bog. " A 
 bog y siirtis." Milton. 
 
 SY'RtlP, s. Uyrnpus, Lat.] a composition made of the 
 piice of herbs flowers, or fruits, boiled with sugar to a thick 
 consistence. 
 
 SYSTEM, s. [from syn, together, and istemi, to stand, 
 Gr. systftna, Lat. systenu, Fr.J a combination of many things 
 operating together; a scheme which reduces many things 
 to a regular dependence, or co-operation ; the whole of any 
 doctrine, whose several parts are bound together, follow, or 
 depend on each other. 
 
 SYSTEM VTIC, or SYSTEMATICAL, a [frottj systema, 
 a system, Gr. systhnatiqur, Fr.] regular ; methodical; b«- 
 ini; according to some system. 
 SYSTEM ATICALLY,«rf. in the form of a system. . 
 SY'.STOLE, (sy'sttilee) s. [from st/stelh, to contract, Gr.j 
 t.ie contraction of the heart. In grammar, the ihortejimg 
 of a long syllable. 
 
 SY'ZYGY, * [from syn, with, and z'ns;nyo, to join, Gr.J 
 in astronoiny.is a term equal by used for the conjunction:aiMl 
 opposition of a planet with the sun. In graiimuir, it is 
 the couplingofdifferent feet togetherin averse, lii auatoiuy, 
 
 837
 
 1 Alt 
 
 TAl 
 
 it is a psir of nerve? thatronrey sense from the brain lothc 
 rest ol tlie body. 
 
 TIS tlie niiiptecntll letter and fifteenth consonant of our 
 alpiiabft, llie soiiiift wlieieof is formed by a siroir.; ex- 
 pu'siiin nf the tjrfii'ii lliroiiyli tiie mouth, upon a stidili'n 
 drauMi;; hacli of llie tongue from the forepjrt of the pal;rl(', 
 with the lips at llie sajiic lime open. Its proper sound is that 
 ill till, lei/, rot, put. When it lonies before i, (oIloHed by a 
 vowel, it is S(. milled like s, a>, in nation, motion, At. extept 
 when preceded by », as in C^iristiun, (/nfstwit, Ac. When A 
 comes after il, it s'ves a two fold sound; one clearand acute, 
 as in (/(/", t/iitf, Ac. the oilier more obtuse and obscure, as 
 iu thnn, those, there, Ac. \mon^ the anlieuts, T, as a liu- 
 nieral, stood fur KiO; and willi a dash over it, thus f, for 
 160,001). In music, T stands for tutti, all losreiher. 
 
 TA'DAKD, or TABKRD, s.[tah„rd, Fr.J a govMi reach- 
 ing no farther than ihe middle r)f llie leg ; a kind of jacket, 
 or sleeveless coat ; a herald's coat. 
 
 TA'BBY.J. [tabu, Fr tabi, Ital.jakiiid of rich silk, which 
 having' passed under llie calender, is made to reHcet the i aj s 
 of lijjht diftereiitiv and Havin<;ly ihereon. 
 
 TA'MBY, a. brindled or varied with lift'erent colours. 
 To TABBY, f. a. lo pass silk, Ac. under the .aleiider, to 
 giveila represenlation of ivaves, like that of tabby. 
 
 TABEFAC DON, s. [from laheo, to waste, and facia, to 
 Blake, Lat.] a consuming or wasting away ; decay ; con- 
 sum pt Ion 
 
 To TA BEFY, ». ". [from taheo, to tvasle, aid facia, to 
 make, l.at.] to waste awav ; to pine, or consumi'. 
 
 T.ABE'LLIO, s. \tabellian, Fr.] a scrivener; a notary 
 public. 
 
 TA'BRRDER, s. one who wears a short gown ; applied 
 at Oxford to a servitor of Queen's Collese. 
 
 TA'BKRNACLE, s. |Fr. tahtriincii/nm, from talienia, a 
 booth, l^t j a temporary habitation, or a casual dvvellin; ; 
 a sacred idace, or |dace of worship. In the Romish church, 
 it little vessel in w hicli the sacrament is put on the altar. 
 ToT\BKRNACLF, t>. «. to house ; to eiuhnne. 
 T.^ BF> D()R*i.\'L.S, s. [Lai.] a consumption Iu the mar- 
 row of the back- bone. 
 
 TA'BID, a. [tubule, Fr. from tabeo, to waste, Lat.| wasted 
 by d sease ; consuniplive. 
 
 T.\'BL.\TUKF, t. painting on walls, or ceilin;;j. In 
 anatomy, a division or parting; of (he scud bones. 
 
 TA'BLK, s. [inhlr. Fr. tabula, Lat.| ;oiv Hal or l.-vel sur- 
 face ; a board supported bv feet, and u^ed for nkuls : per- 
 sonssittiiij and partaking of an entertainment : i.wf. cu- • n 
 terlaiiiMienl ; a tablet, or sur^'ace on whirli any thing is 
 written, or engnived. A picture, from tableau, Fr. The 
 palm of the hand. Draughts. An imlcx ; s nopsis ; cata- 
 logue; syllabus. To turn the table, signifies o change the 
 condition or r<irtune of two conteiding p-i.rlies : a niela- 
 plior taken from the vicissitudes of fortune at gatuiii:; tables. 
 To TA'BLE, I', n. to board ; lo live at aiiolher's table. 
 Aclivelv, lo make a talalogue, or set down. 
 
 TA'Bf^KBKFR, s. beer used at meals: small-beer. 
 T.A'BLEBOOK, «. a book on which any ihing i» written 
 wiihoiit ink. 
 Ta;BLE LOTH, s. a cloth spread oa the table. 
 TA'BI.ER, J. one who boarils. 
 
 TA'BL''^T, s. a small level surface ; a niedichie of a square 
 ?i> Ml ; a surface writleii or |)ainte(l im. 
 
 T.A'BOR ». [talioiir, old Fr. ] a small dnim beaten w illi one 
 gtirk to ;iccompaiiy a pi|>e. 
 
 To TAT.Oll, v.'n. \taborer, ohi, Fr.] to strike lightly and 
 
 ' T^AlioUllINK, or 'FA'BOUUET, 3. [labourite, Fr.] a 
 tabor ; a ^mall dnuii. 
 
 TA liKKT, J. a labor, used iu scripture. 
 
 TABULAR, «. (from tabula, a table, Lat.] set down iu 
 the form of tables ; formed iiilaiuiiiu: j set insipiarcs. 
 
 S38 
 
 ToTA'BULATE, V. a. to reduce to a table orsyoopsif. 
 To shape with a Hat surface. 
 
 T.\CHE, s. [from tacV aiiy thing taken hold of; a catch : 
 a loop ; a button. 
 
 ■l'ACHYGRAPHY(<«AygT(7/}/)«.[from t-icAy*, swift, and 
 grunho, to write, Gr.J the art of swift writing. 
 
 lAClT, a. [tacite, Fr. tacitiis, from t«r», to be silent, 
 Lat. I silent ; implied ; though not expressed. 
 TACITLY, «rf. sileinlv. 
 
 TACITURNITY, *. [lacitumite, Fr. tacitnrnitets, from 
 taceo, to be silent, Lat.] habitual silence ; secrecy ; a silent 
 humour. 
 
 To TACK, V. a. [tttcher, Fi.) to fasten to anv thing ; to 
 sew slightly ; lo join or stitch icgetlier. Neuterly, to turn 
 a ship. 
 
 T.4CK, s. a small nail. Tack about, in sea language, is 
 the acl of turning ships at sea. To hold tack, i. e. to last or 
 hold out. 
 
 TA'CCLE, s. [lacel, Brit.] an arrow ; weapons, or instni- 
 nienls of action. The ropes of a ship, irom tatckel, Bidg. a 
 rope. 
 
 'I'A'CKLING, *. rope*, or furniture of a mast; furniture 
 for siiori or action. 
 
 TA'CTIC, or I'A'CTICAL.n. [tal:t,lws, (mm tasso, to ar- 
 range. (Jr.] relating to the art of war, or marsliall'.i; a:i army. 
 TACTIC'^, ». [tnhtihos, f oiiwnjso, lo arrange, Or.] the 
 an of ranging men in the field of bailie. 
 
 TACTILE, a. |Fr. tiiclilis, fr.uii tango, to touch, Lat.] 
 capable of being lom lied or tell ; tangible. 
 
 I'A'CTION, (takshtiu) s. \h'v. tnctio. from tango, to touch, 
 Lai.) the act of touching, seldom used by philosophical 
 writers. 
 
 i .A UCASTER, a town in the W. Riding of Yorkshire, 
 notefl for the great plenis ol limestone dug up near it ; and 
 there is a large stone biidge over the \\\>\ Wliarl. Il is 9 
 miles S. VV. of York, and I88N. by VV. of London. Mai ket 
 on Thursday. 
 
 '! A'Dl'OI.E, i. [from '«(?, a load, anfl po la, a \ owns, one, 
 ''iv.l a \(iu'r 'lapeless fro:.; or load, coiisisling only of a 
 bodv and a tail. 
 TA'EN, a contraction of Taken. 
 
 T.^i'M.\, i. the Tapk wobm, a genus of worm of an 
 obloii!' form, composed of joints or arliculaiions, like 
 the links of a chain, and frequently grows several ells in 
 length. 
 
 'FA FFF.TA, s. [taffetas, Fr. taffetar. Span.] a kind ol 
 smooth silken maniifactuie, av'tig a remarkabry glossy sur- 
 face. 
 
 '\\\G,s.[tng the point of a lace, Isl.) a point of metal 
 fastened to ihe eii'lofa string ; any tiling paltry and mean. 
 To r\fi. I- II lotix ni'ial lo the eiiil o) a lace ; lo hang 
 one ''ill" to another. To i"'n * llo > <l li\ together. 
 T\'(rRA(i, s a moll of the lowest sort. 
 'I \'(iT ML, .» a worm with a tail of another colour. 
 T.ML, s. \t<igl. Sax] llii' loiiy siib-tanee which \nngs 
 d AMI from the vertabriv i>f 01 animal ; the train ofa biidor 
 ti^li : the lowe' oarl ; any tl'in^ liaiigin.; Ion;; ; a calkin ; the 
 hinder part Those ra\s which dart f 0111 a comet towards 
 that part of llie heaven-. diieclK opjiosed lo the sun. In 
 law. a limited fee, opposed lo a feesiiniile. Horse tail -.imoug 
 theTurks, is the • iisigii or Hag under whi< h tliev make war. 
 'i o turn tail, is lo l\\ oi i iin a' av. 
 TAIL' I), «. fioii'sliol with a tail. 
 
 T AI'LL \(rlv » |tiom tiiil'cr, Fi.J a pie»e cut out of the 
 whole; a sIkiic of a man's substaiue paid as Irlbuie. In 
 \.i\\. .1 loll <u lax. 
 
 '\' \ I'l <ii; Liilli'tir Fr 1 our who makes dollies. 
 TAINF,, a sea port of -irotlioid. in die sliire iif llosi, 
 seated on the Frith of Dornotk, and 182 miles from Ldiu« 
 biugli. 
 
 To TA L\T, i>. «. [temdre, Fr.| to imbue or ini>|)regnate 
 w ih am thing; lo staiii; lo infect or <-orriipl. iNeuterly, 
 
 lo be iufectell. 
 
 TAINT, s. \teinte, Fr.J a tincture, slaiu, or corruption^
 
 TAL 
 
 r A M 
 
 Ifn nalnral history, a spider of a red colour, and sosma^ tliat 
 ten of the largest will hardly oulweiffh a grain. 
 
 TAII'INfi, two cities of Chiiui «l the first rank, one in 
 'QuariKsi, 11 75 miles S. S.W.of fekin, and th< other is siln;ited 
 On the Yan^;tse river, in Kiangnan, f>'ir> miles S. of I'tiiiii. 
 ToTAKK, 1'. «. preter. took, part. pass. Inltrn, soinetinics 
 Voiik ; \ta/ta, Isl.l to receive what is otl'ered ; to seize what is 
 not given ; to catch by surprise or ai tilice ; to seize or make 
 prisoner; to understand in any particular sense or manner; 
 to exact ; to get, have, or appropriate ; to practise; to use 
 or employ ; to hiast or iid'ect ; to Judge in favour of; to close 
 in, or comply with ; to receive into the niiiui ; to convey, 
 carry, or transport ; to endure, to hear; to leap or jump 
 over*; to seize with a transitory impulse ; to produce ; to 
 seize as a disease; to swallow as a uiedicine ; to captivate, 
 delight, or engage with pleasure ; to receive uith good or 
 ill will ; to use as an oath or expression ; to allow or admit ; 
 to ciunprise or comprehend. To suppose or imagine, fol- 
 lowed by it. To hire, followed hy /umse. Used with awai/, 
 to deprive of ; to set aside or remove. To take cme, to Be 
 careful, cautions, solicitous for, or superintend. To take 
 down, to suppress, reduce, or swallow. Followed by from, 
 to derogate or detract ; to deprive of. To take heed, to be 
 cautious. Used with /i("f(/<«, to attend. To take in, to com- 
 prise, comprehend, admit, win, receive, or impose upon. 
 Used with in hand, to undertake. To take notice, to observe. 
 Followed by oaih, to swear. Used with off', to invalidate, 
 destroy, withhold, withdraw, swallow, purchase, copy, find 
 place for, or remove. To take part, to share or participate. 
 Used with place, to prevail or have effect. Used with np, to 
 borrow upon credit or interest, applied to money ; to enffatje 
 with ; to assume ; to begin ; to engross ; to have final re- 
 course to; to seize or arrest ; to admit ; to reprimand ; to 
 lift ; to occupy. Used with vpon, to appropriate to ; to ad- 
 mit to be imputed to; to claim authority. Neulerly, to 
 t)lease, or be approved of; to have its intended, or natural 
 ' ft'ect ; to catch. Used with after, to learn of, resemble, 
 >r imitate. Used with on, to be violently affected with 
 vjrrow or sickness ; to claim a character. Used with to, 
 i apply to, or be fbnd^of ; to betake or have recourse to. 
 sed with up, to stop. Used with tip with, to be contented 
 / satisfied with ; to lodge or dwell. Used with with, to 
 lease. SyNON. We fa/ie what is given us; we reef iVe what 
 s sent us; we accept what is ottered us. To accept, implies 
 always consent and approbation ; to receive, does not ; ta 
 take, excludes only refusal. 
 TA KElsr, part. pass, of Take. 
 TAKING, s. seizure or distress. 
 TA'LBOT, s. a hound, so eallerj bcirausc boiiie by the 
 hoase of Talbot in tlieir ajms. 
 
 TALC, s. (a Droad) in natural history, a class of fossil 
 bodies, composed of broad, flat, and smooth laminae, or 
 A)rates, laid evenly and regularly on one another ; easily 
 -issile, according to the size of these plates, but not at all so 
 :n any otherdirection; flexible and elastic ; bright, shining, 
 and transparent ; not giving tire with steel, not fermenting 
 with acid menstrua, and sustaining the force of a violent fire 
 without calcining. 
 
 TALK, «. \tale. Sax.] a story, generally applied to a 
 
 short narrative of some trifling and fabulous circumstance ; 
 
 a narrative delivered by words. A number reckoned ; a 
 
 reckoning, from taJan, to count. Sax. An information or 
 
 disclosureof any thing secret. Synon. Tale, novel, romance, 
 
 story, each imply a small history, or an entertaining relation 
 
 of adventures. The first three are supposed to be fabulous, 
 
 and made public ; whereas the last may be either true or 
 
 jigned, and told either in print, or by word- of mouth ; but 
 
 s they carry ideas peculiar to themselves, it is mv business 
 
 o point them out. By the word tale, then, is meant a short, 
 
 cut dressed up narrative of some single adventure ; novel 
 
 signifies an amusing history, made np of many adventures, 
 
 and carried on through one or more volumes. By romance 
 
 is understood a collection of wild adventures, in love and 
 
 war. Xrt/« ought to be well related ; imvels. well invented 
 romances, well caried on ; stories, well told. 
 
 TA'l^liBKAKF.R, ^. one who gives intelli;;ence through 
 ofliciousness or m;iliciousncss. 
 
 TA'I.KBI'.ARINti, «. the act of informing ; officious or 
 mab.;ii;inl intelligence. 
 
 TALK NT, ,v. \tuliniiiyn, Lat.J a weight, or sum of mo- 
 ney, nilVi'ring indifl'ereut iia'l ions and nges ; a faculty, a power, 
 or gift of nat'ire ; ((uality or nature. .Synon. Talent Mxdge- 
 nins arc both born with is, ,iiid are a happy disposition of 
 nature, by which wc are iiualified for some peculiar employ- 
 nii'iit; but /nomw seems to be more internal, and possessed 
 of the powers of iiiventioti ; talent, mote external, and ca- 
 pable of execution, 'tlais we have a (genius tor poetry and 
 painting; but -a talent for speaking and writing. Talents, 
 cwnsidered as svudiiynious with qualities, difi'er from them in 
 this — that qualities form the character of persons ; tnlenti are 
 their ornaments. The former may be used either in a good 
 or bad sense ; but we cannot apply the latter in any other 
 than a g(Jod one. Our r/iialities render us either beloved or 
 despised. Our talents make our company coveted. 
 
 TALES, s. in law, is a word used for a supuly of mrii 
 impaiineled on a jury ; or, upon appearance, being chal- 
 lenged for the plaintifi' or defendant as not suflicient ; ii: 
 which case the judge grants a supply to be made, by the 
 siierift', of some persons present. 
 
 TA'LIO, s. a species of punishment in the Mosaic law, 
 whereby an evil is returned similar to that committed against 
 us by another ; hence those expressions, " eye for eye, and 
 tooth for tooth." 
 TALISMAN, s. a magical character, 
 TALISMA'NIC, «. magical. 
 
 To TALK, (rt broad in this word and its derivatives ; as, 
 tanlk') V. n. [tuelen, Belg.J to converse ; to speak imperti- 
 nently ; to give account ; to reason or confer with another. 
 Talk, i. familiar s|iee<li; riimonr; the subject of con- 
 versation. Among the writers of Indian transactions, it is 
 used for .1 conference. 
 TA LKATIVE, a. full of prate ; much given to talk. 
 TALKATIVENESS, s. the quality of being forvtard t'J 
 speak, or much given to talking ; loquacity ; garrulity. 
 TALKER, s. one who talks ; a loquacious pers'in. 
 T \LL, (rt prou. broad; as, tauH) a. [tal, Brit.j'long, or 
 hi;rli in stature ; lofty. 
 'I'A'LLAGE, s. \taillage, Fr.J impost ; excise. 
 TA'LLINGTON, a town adjoining to Dorchester. It 
 hvisone church, and about 200 houses, with several streets, 
 wliien art hii ad, but badly paved, and some not at all. 
 TA'LLNESS, (n broad) s. height of stature ; loftiness. 
 TALLOW, {tdllii) s. \talge, Dan.J the grease or fat of 
 animals. 
 
 TA'LLOWCHANDLER, j. one who makes candles of 
 tallow, not of wax. 
 
 TALLY, ,?. [from <«i7/e)-, to cut, Fr.J a stick notched or 
 cut along with another, and used formerly to keep accounts 
 by : any thing made to suit another. 
 
 To TA'LLY, v. a. to tit, suit, or cut out for any thing ; to 
 mark upon a tally. Neuterly, to he fitted ; to conform. 
 
 TA'LLY'MAN, «. one who sells clothes to be pa,d for by 
 the week or month. 
 
 TALMUD, or THA'LMUD, s. the book containing the 
 Jewish traditions, and rabbinical explanations of the law. 
 
 TA'LON, *. [talon, Fr.] the claw of a bird of prey. In 
 architecture, a kind of moulding, which consists of a cyma- 
 tium, crowned with a square fillet. 
 
 TALUS, or TA'LUT, *. in architecture, is the incliui- 
 tion or slope of a work. 
 
 TA'M AR, a river of "England, which runs from N. to S. 
 and divides Cornwall from Devonshire. 
 
 TAMARIND, .?. [tamanndas, Lat. tamnrin, Fr.] a kind of 
 Indian fruit, of an agreeable acid taste, and esteemed good 
 to (pu'iich thirst. 
 T.\'ALARISK, s. \tSm^rice, Lat.J a shrub, willi a rod
 
 TAN 
 
 TAR 
 
 bark ami leaves, like heath. The wood and leaves are used 
 in niefliciiieas aslriiigents. 
 
 TAMBOUR, t. a species of embroidery, made by a ma- 
 chine of lliiit name. 
 
 TAMBOURIN, s. [Fr.] an instrumeit >i music; also 
 the name of a lively dance, i erformed on th? French 
 slsi^e. 
 
 TAME, a. [tami. Sax. taem, Belg. tarn, Dan. J gentle of 
 disposition: domeslic, oi>|ii>se<l to wild; crushed, Dubdued, 
 dejected ; spiritless or heartless. SvNON. 7««c animals 
 are made so, partly b> the art or itidustry of man ; f;entle 
 animals are naturall> so. 
 
 To TAME, V. a. \temean. Sax. tammen, Belg.] to reduce 
 from wildness ; to subdue or conquer. 
 
 T.AME, a town in Oxfordshire, sealed on a rivulet of the 
 same name. Here is a famous free-s<hool, and a small 
 hospital. It is 12 miles E. of Oxford, and 45 VV. !jy IS', of 
 London. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 T.\'ME.'\BLE, a. susceptive of taming. 
 
 TA'MKLY,orf. gently ; meanly; dejectedly. 
 
 TA'MI'JNESS, s. the opposite of wihluess ; gentleness of 
 disposition ; dejrctedness; want of spirit or courage. 
 
 TA'MER, s. a conqueror ; a subduer. 
 
 TA'MINY, s. a woollen stuff. 
 
 TA'MKIN, or TA'MFION, t. the stopple ®f a great 
 gun. 
 
 TA'MMY, s. a kind of transparent stuftj used to grace 
 the outlines of drawings or paintings. 
 
 To TAMPER, *. a. [derived by Skinner from lempero, 
 I^t.] to be otticious in the use of medicines ; to meddle, or 
 have to do with, without know ledge or necessity ; to prac- 
 tise with, or enfleaveur to seduce. 
 
 TAMWORTH, an aniient, large, well built town of 
 Staft'ordsliire, witli one part. viz. the E. in Warwickshire, 
 formerly tl>e royal seat of the Mercian kings. It has a con- 
 siderable trade in narrow cloths, and oilier manufactures, 
 and is noted for good ale. It is 8 miles S. R. of Lichheld, 
 and lie N. W. of London. Market on .Saturday. 
 
 To TAN,r. a. [tannen, Belg. <«tt>io, Fr.] to impregnate lea- 
 ther with bark. To make brown by heal, applied to the 
 
 SUII. 
 
 TAN, *. the bark of the oak-tree, beaten small, and used 
 (o t;;ii leather. 
 
 TANG, s.\tancrhe, acrid, Belg.] a strong taste left in the 
 uinutli ; relish or taste. 
 
 To TAiN(i, r. «. [u'^d instead fiftwang\ to ring with 
 
 TANGENT, (^ si.ft) s. [taugeiU, Tr. langnis, Lai.] in 
 Irigonometry, is a right line perpendic ularly raised on the 
 extremity of a radius, and whic h touche.ia cir(Je so as not 
 to cut it ; hut yet intersects another line without the circle 
 called a secant that is drawn from the centre, and which ci.ts 
 the arc lo which it is a tangent. 
 
 TANGIBI'LITY, («-soft)»- the quality of being perceived 
 by the touch, or of bein:; felt. 
 
 TA NGIBLE,(,i>- soft) a. [from tango, Lat.] perceptible by 
 the touch. 
 
 ToT\'N<>LK, ». «. see ISNTANGI.E. 
 
 TA'.NGLE, s. a knot of tilings interwoven in one 
 another. 
 
 TA'NISTRY, i. an antifnt custom in Ireland, whiih or- 
 dains that an adull is lo be prefer, cd loa minor ; as an imcte 
 lo a iieplirw. Lili<'wi>e, a custoiu whrreby a chiifiaiii, or 
 iaiiist, nas land^ only f irfif*-, as bii!i:c onlv elected tliep to. 
 
 'T.'\N.I()'KI'" a coiintiy on the coast of Corom.-indel, in 
 chitted ill llie Cariiatic, about !<A nines in i-n. ih, iiiiil oO 
 in breiidlli. It is Witlered bv the river Cauver\, a.'icl is 
 governed b\ a r.ijah,who pavs an annual subsidy ofUiO.OUOjt, 
 to the En..li8h East India Co, H{)»ny. '1 lie capital is ol llie 
 same name. 
 
 TANK, «. [<an/;M<r, Fr.] a large<'ibtc-ip or lia.son ; a little 
 ^o', or i>i.iid. 
 
 TA',\1\\U0, s. \tiiiicai)il, \r. tatiijHiund, Fr. taiikaerd, 
 Itnlg.] uilriukiiig veksel wilh H««t>cr iiioving on a binge. 
 
 TANNER, i. one that tans and prepares bidfs for 
 use. 
 
 TA'NPIT, s. a pit where leather it inipregimtcd with 
 bark. 
 
 TA'NQUAM, s- an university word for one that is fit 
 company for a fellow. 
 
 TA'NSY, i. f<anace<u»n, Lat.| a plant wilb doid>le-winged, 
 jagged, serrated leaves, and yellow blossoms. It is fouid 
 in noweruo high pastures iu August. That called the wild 
 tansy is a sort of cinquefoil. 
 
 TANTALlUM, i.iii cliymistry, a metaliately discovered 
 iu an ore fiom Swedish Lapland. 
 
 To TA'MT.^LIZE, v. a. [from Tantitliu, who was con- 
 demned to starve and die with ihirst amoui; fruits and water 
 which he could not touch] lo toiment by the prospect of 
 pleasures whii h caiiuot be reached. 
 
 TANTAMOUNT, s. [Fr.J of equal value; an equiva- 
 lent. 
 
 To TAP, «i. a. [tappen, Belg. tapper, Fr.J to touch or strike 
 genlly ; to pierce oi broach a vessel. 
 
 1 .'\P, i. a gentle blow ; a pipe through which liquor ij 
 drawn from a vessel. Also the liquor let out. 
 
 TAPE, s. [ ta-ppan. Sax.] linen wove in narrow slips, and 
 used for fillets or bands. 
 
 T.'^'PER, *. [taper, Sax.] a wax candle ; a light. 
 
 TATER, a. growing gradually narrower fiom the bottCMn 
 totlietop; conical; i'>rami<lical. 
 
 To TA'PER, f. n. to grow smaller t(>wards the bottojn 
 orlop. 
 
 T.4TEWORM, t. a species of worm breeding in the hu- 
 man body, of a broad and short shape, an linked togellier 
 as one wiirin, Ihciugh in realiU many d slinct ones. 
 
 TAPESTRY,*. Itaprsterie, Fr.J cloth woven w ith forms 
 of liunian creatures, beasts, &c, used for hangings, and 
 sometimes tor carpets. 
 
 TA PET, s. [tiipetia, Lat.jivorked or figured stuff. 
 
 TAPIR, i. Ill zoology, an amphibious animal shaped 
 somewhat like a hog, of the size of a heifer lia'f a year old, 
 aud having a long nose which leseir.bles the proboscis of an 
 eleplianl. It inhabits the solitary v< mxls, uiaishes, rivers, 
 and lakes ofSouth America, aud lias beeuialled theelephant 
 of the new worlfl. 
 
 TAPPlN(j, s. in general, is the act of piercing a hole in 
 a vessel in ord'r to draw ofl the liquor In ag'ieult.ire, it 
 is the making an lucision in the bark of a tree, and letting 
 out the juice. In surgery, it is an operation for discharging 
 the \\ater in a dropsy. 
 
 TA'PROOT, s. the priiui; alstem of the root. 
 
 TA'PS'I ER, s. one who draws beer at a public house. 
 
 TAR, .5. 1 tui If, ISelg tare, Sd\. lie e. Din.] liquid piUli, 
 or the tnrpenline of liie fir tree exlractei: b\ hre. Mineral, 
 tar, is a kind of bilumen of whiili there are so<iie springs 
 in the neighbourhood of Shrewsbury. Figuratively, a 
 sailor. 
 
 To TA R, v. a. to smear with tar : to leaze or provoke. 
 
 TARANTULA,*. (Iiall a kind of spider whose bite is 
 falsely said lo bi' cured only bv iiuisic. 
 
 TAKDiGRA nC'US.a. |fioiii tarrhs slow, and gratliii, ^ 
 s(' p, Lat] ii.oiiiig slowly. ' 7'i'nrfig)u//,-)/ij, animal." Hnmn. 
 
 I'A'I DILY, ad. slowlv ; lazily ; slollitullv ; s iiggishly. 
 
 T A'KDI N!'>S, *. si n;;;!- hi I ess ; slii« ness : laziness. 
 
 'I'A'RDITY, *. [taiditas, froui tojrfiu, slow . Lat. J slow- 
 ness 
 
 T\'RDY, a. \tardtis, Lat. iar^if. Fr.j slow applied to 
 motion. Sln;,%;i5li, i>r unwilling lb act or move ; dilatory. 
 Unwary. Criminal. The two last meanings are in a low 
 sense. 
 
 T\RE, i.\tefrtn, to consume, Belg. according to Skin- 
 ner' a weed which gio«s . uioufr corn, "si-e ViSTrHES. 
 
 l.-\RE, I. JFi.] the >veiglit of any thing containing a 
 coniiiiodilv ; an allowaiKc made loi llie weight oJ the box, 
 cbesl.Ac. in which an\ commodity is cunU'ued. 
 
 TAKF., prcttr of Te.a «. 
 
 M»
 
 TAR 
 
 TARR'NTO, antiently Tabrntum, a city and sra- 
 port of Olranlo, in Naples, conliiinin'; itlxnH 18,0(10 iriliii- 
 . bitaiits. The liarlioiir, wliicli «as once oxcellent, is new 
 choked up, anil uill onlv admil tisliin^' lioaia. It is silu^ilcil 
 on a peniii'>ul;i, in .i lia\ to »hieli it <{ivps name, (jo miles 
 W. N. W. of Otranto, and 147 iieiirK K. of Naples. 
 
 TAIUiK, or TA K<iKT, (? soft) s. Itaar^ett, iMse, tnri>-ii, 
 Sax. /«•§■«, Tr.l a kinti of luicklei less than a ^Inelil, «oim for 
 drfenceon the left arm. In holaiiy. a kin<l of tlower in Die 
 genus lichen, that is circular and convex, like a china 
 sauciT. 
 
 TARGF.TI'KR,*. one armed wilha target. 
 TA'R(;U.V1, j. fHi-lj.] a paraphrase on the Pentateuch, 
 or live hooks of Mosrs. xvritltn in the Chaldee lani;iia;;e. 
 
 TA'RIFK, s. [larif, Fi.] a hook of customs ; a hook of 
 rates agreed on helween princes or states, ascertaining the 
 duties to he laid ujion tlifii respective merchandiies wlien 
 imported into their dominions. 
 
 Tarn, ». [liom, Isl.ja hog; a fen ; a marsh; a pool ; a 
 quagmire. 
 
 To TA'KNISII, t'. a. [ternir. Fr.] to siillv ; to soil ; to di- 
 minish lirit;litiiiss. Neiiterlv. to lose brightness. 
 
 T\'RPA\VI,INf;, s. a hempen cloth smeared with tar; 
 a sailor, in ronlem|it. 
 
 TA'Rl'ORLF.Y, a town in Cheshire, ten miles east of 
 Chester. Market on Thiirsdav. 
 
 TA'R II AC ''".,«. a coarse sort of plaster, or mortar, dura hie 
 in the wet, and chieflr ns'-d to line basons, cisterns, wells, 
 and other rese voirs of water. 
 
 T \'RR AGON, s. a plant called also herb dra-on. 
 TA'I!RA(;()N'\, ananiirni sea port of .Sjiain in Catalo- 
 nia, with an university. It was huill hv the Phcriiicians, 
 and was accounted ver' powei f .1 in the time of the Riunaiis. 
 Tliere are nian\ grand monuments of aiili(|uil\ here. Ii is 
 neither so lar_'e nor, so populous as it was fonnerlv ; for 
 though there is rocMii for 2000 lious-s within the walls, wh ch 
 were built Ir the Moors, there is not above oOO, which are 
 all built with large square stones. It carries on a great 
 trade, ^nd is siated on a hill, on 'he Mediteiraneaii, in a 
 countrv ahoiiniliiig in riMii. wine, oil, ami flix. It is S.") miles 
 N. E. of Torio«a, and 220 K. hv N. of Madrid. Lat. 41. 5. 
 N- Ion. I I.*?. K. 
 
 TA'RRIRR, *. (/cne. fr. !he earth, whence i* should be 
 wrilteiw«rii>rj a small di-g used in tuin'ing a fox or otter, 
 ill their holes. SeeTEBRlEU. One who tarrvs or slays. 
 T \'f!RI.\(J, a small town in '>ii~spx, with a market on 
 Saiio-dav. It is 17 miles \V. of Brighthelnistono, and ,^7 S. 
 «if London. 
 
 To TA'RRY, V. «. to stay ; to rontiniie in a iilace ; to de- 
 lav, or In- Ion/ in coming. .'XctiveK, to wait for. 
 TA'RSF.I., J. a kin.lof hawk. 
 
 T\'R^I R, *. in zoolotrv, iin animal of lh(> lemur kind, 
 with llie bind legs very long. 
 
 TX'KSllS, s. f/am«, (ii. /«rj<>. Fr.] Ihe space helwixf the 
 lower end iiftlie focil boo'iiif the h'-, inid the liei;in. 
 niiigofthe ti*e long hones ihcl ar'' 'oiii.d wi li, and bear 
 U|>, the loi's ; It cimip ises seven hones, and the three ossa 
 CU'.ieifonnia 
 
 T'vHI", i \tarte, Fr.tiiitn, Ital. taart, Dan J a small pie of 
 fruit 
 
 Tf^'RTANK, ». fFr. tartnmi, Ttnl-I a vessel with one mast, 
 and ii ill fe conered sad, usid in the Mediterranean. 
 T>RTLV,nrf. soutK ; shan'b 
 
 T.A'RTNE''*, *■ ihe qualit- of being sour to the taste ; 
 sharpuess, or poignainx in soeeeh. 
 
 TVRT\R, /. \tai>re, Kr j in natural bisorv and i har- 
 macy. is a hard and almost ^to^^ senaratioo f'oiii a vegi table 
 June, after Jevmeniali n. The common ' i la' i- the pio 
 duce of vniie, biing found in laige iiKisses a.'lbiring to llie 
 botioiusand sides of (.isks inwhich ili.it liq' or has been long 
 kept . but w.lliout sinell. and of a siiha' id taste. 
 
 TAUT \'KK \\, a. rf.,,.;, tmtn,.,^, hell, l..il.| hellish. 
 TARTAR' OLS.'IA'KTAlU-US. fl. Ifom tartnrus, heU, 
 Lat.] cvBtistiDg uf oi couluiuiUg tartar; hellish. 
 
 TAT 
 
 TA'RTARIC, a.^ inchymistiy, belonging to tartar. 
 
 To '^1 A'R T^ KIZK, «. a. to iiiip?i:;iiutc with tartar. 
 
 'rA'RTAHY. aioii'itry ol ,A<i:i, wlin h, l,ik< n m pk ntniiiM 
 limits, reaches from the F.asteni O, can to ih,- C'aspi;!!, Sea, 
 and from Co I ea, China, Hindoostan, and Persia, to fiuvsia 
 and Sibeiia. It is generallv eonsidiied under llire giaii.t 
 divisions; nanieU, ('.astern, VVe,lern, and liideii.'i'i<triit 
 Tartarv. Theditfereni tribes win. h inlKibit Eastern Tartary 
 Here forni.iK called Moiigul T:'rlars, a warlike nation, 
 who, on one hand, ' oiiqiiered Hindoostan, tinder Jengliis 
 Khan, and on the other, siibiliied China in tiie t.Tili rentniv, 
 and reigned therefor lOOyears, till ibey were expeled in the 
 year l;«)8. Chinese Tartarv (- liich is sepatatrd from China 
 by a great wall about T.'^iO miles in extent; is divided into 
 two parts. Eastern and Western. The greatest pan .d' this 
 country either bilongsto the emoeror of Cliina. is til., lary 
 to him, or is under his protection. The Chinese empire has 
 been lately extended in Tatlaiv, In the ceh hiated conquest 
 of ihekingdotiiof the Elutlis, made in I'.'iii, \\\ the aims of 
 the emperor Kt n Long Independent Tartarv includes all 
 the country between Chinese Tai larv and the Caspi:in Sea, 
 and conlaiiis Turkestan, (ireal and Little Riikharr, Tii co- 
 mania, Cliarasni, Thibet, and some coiintiies inhabited by 
 the Uzbeks and Kalmucks. Western Tartarv includes the 
 remainder ; most or all of uhi.li has been conquered bv the 
 Russians. In general, the Tartars are a robust people, have 
 a good constitution, and are capable of undergoing liard- 
 shios. Thev have broad faces, short chins, Iarg7' whiskers, 
 and noses even with their faces. Thev are dexterous iri 
 handling their sabres, and ^hooting with bov^s and arrows. 
 The men have no other business than tlial of goini: to war' 
 and the women take ca.e of domestic atlairs. They are 
 Pa-ans ; ant the< have a pontiff called Dali Lama. 
 
 TARTRATES, /. im hvmist'v, salts formed by the com- 
 bination of anv base with the acid of tartar. 
 
 TASK, s. [lasc/if, Fr. I soinethiiig which is ordered To he 
 done by anotlier : an emplov ment or buswiess. Tu tuke to 
 task, is to eprove, examine rigiilK, or reprimand. 
 
 To TASK, V. a. [inseii, Brit.] to order or command some- 
 thing to he ilone. 
 
 TA'SKER, or TASKMASTER. ,. one who imposes 
 tasks. 
 
 TA'S'sKL, f. \tasse, Fr.T an ornamental bnuili of silk, 
 Ac. hanging at the end of a siring ; also a male hawk ; an 
 
 hel h. 
 
 TA'SSES, s. armour for the thighs. 
 
 To TASTE, ». a. \tu.Uer. to trv, Fr.] to perceive or distin- 
 guish In the palate : to trv bv the month ; to eat in small 
 quantities ; to relish or approve; to feel or have a periep- 
 tion of Neuierlv, to trv In the palate: to distinguish by 
 the mind ; to fv the reli.sh ofanv th ng ; to have peiceplioii 
 of: toenjov sparingly ; to convey to the orgnns of taste ; 
 to iiffei ! I he organs of taste. 
 
 TASTE, *. the act of I ying hv the mouth; the sense by 
 vvh'ch 'hr lehsh ofanv thing is received on the palate. Fi- 
 giirativ.lv, disi-erniuent or relish, aiqihVd to the mind ; an 
 essav or I' iai ; a siii.dl portion given as a specimen. 
 
 TA'S ""EFIIE, a. high-relished : savour.. 
 
 TV'STELFSS, n. causing no sensation on the palate;: 
 insliiid : h.iving .lo perception of symmetry, eleganee, or. 
 decorum. 
 
 T.V'.STl'R. s. one who takes the first essav of food. 
 
 To ATPKR, V. a. \t(jtieinii, Sax.] to tear ; to rend ; to 
 make ragged. 
 
 T>"!T"R, s. a r-A'j ; a fragment of anv tliinortorn. 
 
 TA'Tri^l!|)''M VLI()N..5 a'-ag-.-.l f.llow. 
 
 TAT! En's H > I.L, a small Iovmi of Lincolnshire, seated 
 on the river Bane, He,ir Is rnnll em e Mi'h llie William, 
 in afennv connlrv. It is 20 uides S. E. .d" Lincoln, 12 n! 
 W. of B"^loii, and 127 N. of LMii'hiii. Market on Friday. 
 
 To TATTL", V. n. Ua'.fien. Sav.] to use manv words 
 with little "eanin.;; totalk vvillumi moderation ordi»rreli«n. 
 
 T\TTLF. s. piate : tr'fl ng talk ; idle chat. 
 
 TATTLER, J. au idle talker ; a prjler. 
 
 84t
 
 I'AW 
 
 i-'t 
 
 TAT'l'OO', J. the beat of a tirum by wliicli soldlefs are 
 called to their quarters. 
 
 TATTO'WlS'G, *. ill modern history, a name given at 
 Olaheite to the operation of slaiiiiii^ the hodv "ith a black 
 toinposition in various forms, vvliich the ialiabitanls esteem 
 a great beauty. 
 
 TA'VERN, ■*. \taverne, Fr.] a house where wine is 
 sold. 
 
 TAUGHT, (<(riO preter. and part, passive ofTEACH. 
 
 '1"A'V1ST0CK, an antient, large, and well built town of 
 Devonshire. It was once a flourishing place, fainous'for its 
 stately uiilred abbey, where books were forinerl_\ printed 
 in the Saxon language, and a school erected to teach it ; it 
 is now divided into tenements. It is a stanajy toun, has a 
 chalybeate mineral water, and is situated on the river Tavy, 
 orTave, 32 miles W. by S. of'Exeter, and 199 W. by S. of 
 London. It gives the title of marquis to the eldest son of 
 the duke of Bedford. Market on Saturday. 
 
 To TAUNT, V. a. [tamleii, to siiew teelh, Bclg.J to re- 
 proach, insult, or treat w ith insolent contumely and upbraid- 
 ing ; to exprobate. 
 
 TAUNT, J. an insult ; scoff; ridicule; sarcasm ; reproach. 
 Among mariners, a ship is said to be taunt masted when her 
 masts are too tall for her. 
 
 TAU'N ri''.H, i. a reproacher; an insultcr. 
 
 TAU'NI'ING, a. reviling; scornful; railing; contume- 
 lious; scoffing. 
 
 TAUNTliNGLY, nd. scornfully; in an imperious and 
 proud manner; scotiingly ; contumeliously. 
 
 TAU'NTON, an antient town of Somersetshire, \\iiieli. 
 In point of size, buildings, and respectability of iubabilanls, 
 (about 5800) may vie with many cities. It has long been 
 ihe principal seat of the manufacture of coarse woollen 
 goods, such as serges, corduroys, sagathies, druggets, shal 
 loous.&c. though somewhat decayed of late years. The elec- 
 tion of members of parliament here is very singular; every 
 pot-walloper, i. e. inhabitant that dresses his own \ ictuals, is 
 entitled to vote ; so that the inmates, or lodgers, to q;ialify 
 tiieiiiselves, a bttle before the election comes on, make a tire 
 in the street, and there boil their victuals. It is seated on llit 
 river Tlione, which is navigable hence to the Panel, aial so 
 to Bridgewater, 31 miles N. E. of Exeter, and 1-41 W. by 
 S. of London. Large markets on Wednesday and Satui- 
 day. 
 
 T.'\ URICO'RNT)US,«.[from taiirus and coniH, Lat] having 
 horns resembling a bull's. 
 
 TW'RIFORM, a.[tain-iformU, Lat.J having the shape of 
 a bull. 
 
 TAU'RIS, orTEBRls, supposed to be the antient Rcba- 
 tana, the capital of Aderbeitzan, in Persia, and is now infe- 
 rior only to Ispahan. Tauris contains about 400,000 inha- 
 bitants who carry on a great trade in cotton, cloth, sdks, 
 ^old and silver brocades, turbans, and shagreen leather. It 
 is 320 miles N. \V. of Ispahan. Lat. 38. 18.'N. Ion. 47. 
 50. E. 
 
 TAURUS, a great chain of mountains in Asia, which 
 begin at the eastern part of Little Caramania, and extend 
 very far into India. In diHerent places they have ditierent 
 names. 
 
 TA U'RUS, >. in astronomy, the Bull ; the second sign of 
 the zodiac, which the sun enters on the 20tli day of 
 April. 
 
 ,, rAUTOl.,0'GICAL, «. [tautohsrique, Fr.J repeating the 
 same thing. 
 
 TA UTO'LOGI.ST, t. [from tauUn, the same thing, and 
 ftfri), lospeak, Gr. la tedious repeater. 
 
 TAUTO'LOGY, a. [from taiUon, the same thing, and Irffo, 
 to speak, Cir.] the repetition of the same woril ofleii : 
 soimtinics applied to the repetition of the same sense in 
 dilliTeiil words. 
 
 To TAW, I', a. [lawian, Sax.} to dress white or alum 
 ieallicr. 
 
 T.\W, s. a round marble beautifully coloured, used in 
 plav. 
 
 «4>.» 
 
 'J- E A 
 
 TAAVDJIINESS, s. tinsel finery^ 
 
 TA'WDRY, a. meanly showy ; fine without gv^ce<orieI»»- 
 gance. .Substantively, a slight ornament. 
 
 TA'WNINESS, s. a brown or yellowish colour, causeli'by 
 the heat of the sun. 
 
 TAWNY, «. I'taiie or tawii, Fr.J yellow like'things'taniied ; 
 sunburnt ; swarlhy-coloured. 
 
 TAX, s. {tare, 6elg. and Fr.] a tribute imposed ; an WX- 
 cise. A elrarge or censure, troin tnro, Lat. 
 
 To TAX, 1-. >t.\l(rxer, I'r.J to load with excise or imposts. 
 To charge or accuse of some fault ; ushI w ith '/ or tvith be- 
 fore the fault, from (a.ro, Lat. ' 
 
 TAXA'rK)N, s. [taxation, Fr. taxritio, Lat.] the act of 
 loading with taxes. Accusation ; scandal. 
 
 TA'XER, 4-. he \\\[o taxes. 
 
 TAY'LI, or TALI, a city of China, of the lirst rank, in 
 the province of Yunnan. It is the principal place where 
 they make curious tables, and other ornaments of tine 
 lliarble, naturally beautified with diflFerent colours, in the 
 form of mountains, flowers, trees and rivers. Tayli has 
 under its jurisdiction 4 cities of the second rank and 3 of 
 the third. It is 1205 milesS. W. of Pekin. 
 
 TAYTONG, or TAITONti, a city of China, of Ihe first 
 rank, in the province of Chansi, with a very large jiirisdie- 
 tion extending over 4 great cities of the second rank, and 7 
 of the third. Lapis lazuli is obtained in great plenty here, 
 and there is a kind of jasper wliiili is transparent, and as 
 whiteas agate. Porphyry, marldf, and jasper of all colours 
 are very pb'nliful, and here is also a great commerce in 
 skins. The neighbouring mounlaius abound with a variety 
 of simples and medicinal herbs, which the botanists gatlur 
 with great care. Taytong is very well fortified, according 
 to the manner of the Chinese and has generally a very strong 
 garrison. It is situated in a mountainous country, exposed 
 to the incursions of the Tartars, and surrounded, in -ii 
 manner, by the great wall, which lias forts from place to 
 place, 155 miles SV. of Pekin. 
 
 TCHANGTCHA, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 the province of HoiKpiang. It is situated on the Heng 
 livei, 742 miles S. of Pekin. 
 
 TCliANGTCHEOU, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 the pio> iiiee of Kokien 950 miles S. .4 Pekin. 
 
 TCHANGTCHEOU, acily of China, of the first rank, 
 in the province of Kiangiian, 625 miles S. S. E. of 
 Pekin. 
 
 TCHANTE, a city of China, of the first rank, in 'the 
 province of Honan. It contains in its district one city 6f 
 the second rank, and six of the third. It is remarkable for 
 a fish touiiil in its riveis resembling a crocodile tlie fat of 
 which is of such a singular nature, that when once s<l On 
 fire, it cannot be extinguished. It is 255 miles S. S. W. of 
 Pekin. 
 
 TCHEKIANG.a maritime provhice of China, W' of the 
 sea, S. and S. I'",, of the province of Kiangnan, and iV. of Mie 
 province of Fokieii. Tlie principal trade co:Kist> in silk 
 stuffs, which imleed, is immense. Whole pkiiiis niav be 
 seen covered with dnai^f imilberry trees, whicii the Chfiiese 
 purposely check in their growth as the leaves • f llie siiiatler 
 trees procure the best silks. This province likewise 
 produces the tallow tree, a Sjiecies of laushiuons, wliicli 
 are transported to ail parts of the empire, excellent hams, 
 and small gold fish. 
 
 TCHERNKiOVSKOE, a government of Russia, ' for- 
 merly a part of the Ukraine ; bounded on the N. by 
 Mogilevskoe and on Ihe VV. by I olmid. lis capital 
 Tcheriiigov, is seated on ihcvinlit shore of the Desna, a44 
 miles S. S. W. of Moscow. 
 
 TEA. (tee) s. [Chin, t/ie, Fr.] the leaf of a shrub grnwirtg 
 in several proviiices.ol China; the liquor made by 'itifusirig 
 tea in boiling water. 
 
 To TEACH, f<e<c/i)v. «., [pret. and part, passive «(i»»-^ir ,• 
 tfTcan, Sax. I to instruct or ini'orm ; to deliver any thing to 
 be learned; to lell, or give intelligence. Neuterly; to per- 
 form the otiice of an iiisliuctOr. SVNO'^. Tnleeeh iswnty t'>
 
 TEF 
 
 give lessoiia; to leitm is to give lessons willisucucss : both 
 wortis relate rnoiofo those tl»iut;s tliiitare proper to tullivate 
 the iiiiiid, iiiid form -.i ijoud ediuatioii ; (or \> liicU reason ihey 
 are lilted with piopncly, when the arts ami scieiiecs are in 
 ques,lii)n. To iuslriicl has a creator relation to that «liicli is 
 iiselul ill the ci>ndiiel i.|' life, and success <;fatt'»ir». It is 
 Iherefoie in its proper plate, when speakiny; of any lUntg 
 thai c(ii!e( rn^ either our duly or our interest. 
 
 Tl. ACM A 151, l<',, (<«'<■/(»*/)«. capable of being taught or 
 inslMicted ; docile. 
 
 TK'A€H\BLENRSS, ,, docilitv : capacity to 1; am. 
 
 TEACH i'.U, J. an instructor; a pr<'ceptor ; one who de- 
 livers doctrines to the peojile; a preacher. 
 
 TEA(iLIE, (7V^)4. a conleiiiptuousnaineforaulrishnian. 
 
 Ti'AK, (>eel) s. [leeliii^/t, Beljj.Ja small wiUI fowl, the piost 
 elegant aiul valuable o( iheduck kind. 
 
 Ti'.AM (li-em)s. \lenui, the team of a carriage, Lat. tt/me, 
 a yoke, Sax. la ininilier of horses, oseii, or other beaits, 
 draMinj; the same tarriasieat once ; any nnniber passing in 
 aline. 
 
 'I'EMv, (tier) s.\lea); Sa\. tame, Dan.) the water wiiich 
 flows (V'ini tUe eyes ; jam moisture trickling in drops. 
 
 'I'EAK, (/(»(•)*. [IViini the verbl a rent or lissure. 
 
 To'IKXK, (((■/■<) r. n. preler. ««)•«, formerly, tare^ part, 
 pass, lorn ; \ttiyait. Sax. tara, Swed.j to pull into pieces or 
 tatters; to v\onml wiili the nail, or any sliarfi pointed instru 
 inent drawn alon;^ ; to break, divide, or shatter, by vio 
 lence ; to pluck vloli'utly ; to take away bv sudden force. 
 N( uicrlv, toi'uiiii', i;»ve, or rant, like a laadman ; from tieren, 
 Bels. ■, ... 
 
 1 oTI' ASE, {leeze) a. a. [tiesan, Sax.] to coiisb or unravel 
 wool or flax ; loscrallh cloth !.• ievel the nap ; to torment 
 t)r vex with assiduous impertinrnop. 
 
 TIVA-SEH, .« any person ort.ijnr 'bat torments by inces- 
 sant iniportnnilv. 
 
 TEAT, (tert) s. \leion, Fr. tetU j5)it. til, S;-,x. title, JJeltf ] 
 tlieduiiofa beast ; antientU, tb<'pap<ifa \\oiiia;i. 
 
 TK'AZEL, or TK'ASI-L t a plant culiivateil iiaiticularly 
 in the VV. of En-land, the luatls of v.liichare ofsin;;ulai use 
 in raisin;; the nap upon woolen i loth. Tlie leaves, dried an<l 
 jfiven in infusion aiesc viceyble in cases olflatuleiicv. 
 
 TE'CHNlCAL,(<-'A«(AaO a. [from tec/,ue, an art, Gr.J be- 
 lon)ini<; to the arts. 
 
 TECHNO'LOfiV, [tekniilogii) s. [from irclmc, an art. ami 
 Jog-OS, a diseoiirs", Gr.]a description of the mechanic arts. 
 
 TE'CHY,(f«(/ii/) a. irritable; peevish; fretful. 
 
 TKCTO'MC, a. [ti'liionilios, from tenclio, to build, Gr] 
 bflonsint; to buiklinif. 
 
 To TED, V. a. [teatlan, to prepare, Sax.] to lay f{rass 
 n»wiv mown into rows. 
 
 TH'DDEH, or TETHER, s. \t,Mer, Bel^.] a rope l.v 
 viiich a Jiorse is tied in the Held to prevent his pasturint; loo 
 widely. Figuratively, any thin;; bv which a person is re- 
 strained. 
 
 TEDE[JM, i. [we praise thee, O God !Ja hvmii of tiianks- 
 givinjr, used in the clunch upon ordinary as well as soleiiui 
 occasions, so called (Voni the two first words in the Latin. 
 
 TEDIOUS, «. [from frrr/iimi, Lat.] occasionint; weariness 
 and trmib e liv cimtinuiinee or length. Slow, dilatory. 
 
 TF'DIOUSI.Y, nd. in a slow aiul irksome manner. 
 
 TE'DIOU^NES-^. s. that which renders anv thing disa- 
 greeable bv the too long time spent in performing it. 
 
 To TEEM, ». II. ]tenm. olVsprin^', Sax.] to bring younj ; 
 to be pre;,'iiant. FigurativeU, to be full or charged with, 
 like an animal that is pregnant. Actively, to bring forth 
 or produce. 
 
 TEE'M ER, s. one that brinies young. 
 
 TFE'MING. jjart. a. fruitful ; pregnant. 
 
 TEEN, t. sorrow ; grief. 
 
 TEENS, J [fromfi/K, Sax.] the vrars which are reckoned 
 by the termination o{ teen ; -as thirleen, fourteen, Ace, 
 
 TEETH, the pluiid ofTooTH. 
 
 To TEE I'H, e, 11. fo breed leelli. 
 
 TEFFLlS.or'TiFrLiSi a town of Asia, in Georgia} Piw 
 
 TKM 
 
 of the seven nations between the Black Scaand the Caspian. 
 It is the capital of that country, the place of residence of 
 its ,sovereit;n, and is called by the inhabitauts T/iilit- 
 Ciiliar, (warm town) from the warm baths in its neigh- 
 bourhood. Tlrough its circumference does not exceecl 2 
 I'^nglish miles, it contains 20,0lKt inhabitants, of which inore 
 than half are, Ariu'-niaiis; the reiiiainiler are princi[):'lly 
 (•eorgians, with some Tartars. All the bouses are of »toiic, 
 wilh fiat roofs, which serve, according to the custom of 
 the East, as walks for the women. Thi'V are neatly built; 
 the rooms are wainscotied, and the floors spread witli 
 carnets. The streets seldom exceed seven feet in breadth; 
 and 'Oinc aie so narrow as scarcely toallowroom for a man 
 on horseback: they are conse(iuenily very filthy. The 
 Ainieniatis have esiablished in this town all the manufac- 
 tures carried <hi by their countrymen in Persia : the most 
 fl::ini lung is that of printed linens. Tcftlis is seated on 
 the river Kur, at the \'i ot of a :iiountain, 126 miles W. of 
 Te-ki. |,at. 41.69 N. Ion.65. 3. E. 
 
 'FR'GAN, a city of China <f the first rank, in the province 
 of lloutiuang. In the territory of this place are a sort of 
 worms, bieh make white wax like that of bees. Lat. 31. 
 ai. N. loi;. 112. 31. E. 
 
 TE'GU.MENT, s. \tegimcntum, Lat.] a cover or outward 
 part. 
 
 To TEH HP"., r. 71. [from the sound] to laugh ; to titter. 
 
 TI'"r(iN MOUTH, a sea-port of Devonshire, reckoned part 
 of the port of Exeter. It has no market, but sendssome ves- 
 sels to the Newfoundland ri.hcry, and employs several in the 
 coasting trade, especially in carrying t(d)acco pipe clay to 
 Liverpool, whence are brought back coal, salt, earthen- 
 wares, Ac. It has a tide harbour, and is seated at the month 
 of the river Teign, 12 niile% S. of Exeter, and 181 \V. by 
 S. of London. A well frequented fair on September 29th. 
 
 TE'lL TIH'K, s. the same with the lime or linden-tree. 
 
 'VVAS'Y.ltiiit) s.\ifi:iie, Fr,] colour; t«,iicli of the pencil. 
 
 TEL \MON, or ,\ TEAS, s. is a name given to those 
 figures or iialf figures of men, soconiiiKiuly xavA instead of 
 columns or pilastt rs, to support any nieiiiber in architecture, 
 
 TE'L.AliY, a. [from tela, a web, Lat.] spinning webs. 
 " T(»/(7;i/ spiders." Briiiin. 
 
 TELEGRAPH, s. [from tele, afar off, and grapho, to 
 write, (ir.] an instrument lately invented by the French, 
 w liich, by exhibiting the requisite letters or characters, and 
 rc|ieating iheni Iroiii one convenient eminence to another, 
 serves to transmit short dispatches of news with great speed 
 and coMPctiiess. 
 
 TE'LESCOFE, «. [Fr. from tele, afar off, and j*opfo, to 
 view, Gr,] a long lube titled with glasses, through which 
 distant objects are viewed. 
 
 TKLESr.O'PlC,\L, a. belonging to a telescope ; seeing 
 at a distaiue. 
 
 To TELL, 1'. preter. and part, passive tuld ; \telhn, 
 Sa\.tc//en. Belg. /o/en, Dan.] to utter or express by words; 
 to rela eoi' speak; to leach or inform ; to discover; to count 
 or number; to make excuses, " Never <f// me." S/inh. Neu- 
 terly , to give an account ; to make report. To tell on, is to 
 infTrm of. 
 
 TK/LLER, *. an ofticer in the exchequer employed in re- 
 ceiving and paving all the monies on the king's account. 
 Thev a'P fiMir in number. A relater ; a niimberer. 
 
 TE'LL-'^LE, s, one wh.i gives informarion of what ano- 
 ther savs or does, eitlier through officioiisness or malice. 
 
 TELLU'KIUM, i, in cliyinislrv, a new metal discovered 
 bv Klaprolb, in a oarlicular kind of gold ore. 
 
 "Tl^'MERA'RIOUS, n. \timeraire, Fr. temerarius, Lat.J 
 rash; lien-lv ; careless; heedless. 
 
 TEM ivI'lTY, s.[Hmh-!iC, Fr. temerilas, Lat.] unreasonable 
 contempt of danger; rashness. 
 
 To TE'MPER, t>. a. ]trmperer, Fr. tcmpern, Lat.] to mix 
 so as one part may qualify or set the other out to advantage ; 
 to mix or mingle ; to accomodate ; to soften, soothe, or 
 assuage ; to form or reduce 8i«taU to a proper degree ttf- 
 hardness, 
 
 843
 
 TEM 
 
 T E N 
 
 TE'lAli'l^n, «. a due <Tiid just mixture of contrary qualities; 
 the middle course; disposilioii of mind ; constitution of 
 hody ; calmness ; the stutjc of iiardiiess to wliicli any metal 
 IS reduced. 
 
 TEMPERAMENT, s. .tmperament, Fr. temperamentmn, 
 Lat.] state with respect to the predominance of anv quality ; 
 due mixture ofopposites ; tiic habitude or natural constitu- 
 tion of the body. Tlie tpm/jenHn- of steel and iron, is the ren- 
 dering them either inoie compact and hard, or soft and pli- 
 ant, according as the diHerenl uses for \vhich they are wanted 
 may require. 
 TEMPEHAME'N rAL, a. constitutional. 
 TEMPERANCE, s. tempermice, Fv.'temperantia, Lat. | 
 moderation in eating and drintiing; restraint of affections or 
 passions ; patience. 
 
 TE'MPERATE, n. [temperatits, Lat.| abstaining from ex- 
 cess in eating or tirinknig ; moderate in degree of any qua- 
 lity or pas-ion. 
 
 TEMPERATELY, ad. moderately ; calmly ; without 
 gluttony or luxury. 
 
 TEMPERATENESS, s. freedom from excesses. Calm- 
 ness ; coolness ; moderateness. 
 
 TEMPERATURE, .5. [Fr. from Umptratma, Lat.] con- 
 stitution of nature; defjree of any qualities; due balance 
 of contra' ieties ; freedom from any predominant passion. 
 It is chiefly applied to the degree of heat which is diffused 
 thn.'unh the atmosphere. 
 
 TEMPEST, s. [lempestas, hat ]\eTy great violence of the 
 uind, whose several degrees are — a breath; a breeze; a 
 lilast; a gale; a gust ; a squall; a storm; a tempest; a hur- 
 1 icane. A continual >torni at sea. Any violent cnniMiotion. 
 Synon". By temffst is understood an exceeding great 
 violence of the wind ; hy storm, a commotion of the ele- 
 ments. The latter is used to denote any violence of 
 weather ; as a storm of hail, Ac. but the former implies a 
 terrible violence of the wind. //H/Wfajie is used to denote 
 the greatest fiuy of a tempest. 
 To TE'MPEST, t^ a. to disturb as by a tempest. 
 TEMPESrrVITY, J. [tempestivitas, from temput, time, 
 Lat.] seasonableness. 
 
 TEMPESTUOUS, a. [tempest,ievx, Fr.J stormy; dis- 
 turbed by furious blasts of wind, or violent rage of passions ; 
 turbulent. 
 
 TEMPESTUOUSLY, orf. furiously ; outrageously; bois- 
 terously. 
 
 TEMPE'STUOUSNESS, s. storminess ; outrageousness ; 
 boisterousness. 
 
 TE'MPLAR, .T. a student in the law. Also, a certain 
 order of knijrhts, instituted at Jerusalem about the year 1118. 
 At first there were but 9 of them , but in a short tmie they 
 increased to .300 in their convent at Jerusalem. They took 
 the name of Knights Templars, because their first house stood 
 near the temple dedicated to our Saviour at Jerusalem. 
 After having perfortned many great exploits against the in- 
 fidels, they be< ame rich aiui powerful all over Europe ; but 
 tlie>, abusing their wealtli and credit, (ell into many dis- 
 orders and irregularities ; for which they were prosecuted 
 in Kram e, Italy, and Spain ; and at last the pope, l)y his bull 
 of the 22(1 of May, l.'U2, pronounced the extinction of the 
 w hole order, and their united slates lo the order of St. John 
 of Jerusalem. 
 
 TB'VlPLE, s. \tempU, Fr templiim, Lat.] a place set apart 
 for religious worship. In th-' plural, the upper part of the 
 sides of ilir heail ; fruiii tetiiporii Lat. 
 
 TI'/MPLET, s. a piece of timber placed under the girders 
 of a building. 
 
 TE'MPOR \L, a. [Fr. temporalis, from tempus. time, Lat.] 
 measured by time, opposed to eternal. Secular, opposed 
 to ecclesiastical. Confined to our present existence in this 
 worid, opposed to spiiitual. Placed at the temples, or up- 
 per part of the head. 
 
 TEMPORALITY, or TEMPORALS, .». the laity, op- 
 cosed to the clergy. Secular possessions, opposed to those 
 »ielouging ,to the church. 
 
 «44 
 
 TEMPORALLY, ad. with respect to this life. 
 
 TEMPORARY, a. ffroin tempus, lime, Lat.j lasting only 
 a limited time. 
 
 ToTE'MPORIZE, v. n. [t^mporiser, Fr.J to delay, or put 
 of! to another time. 
 
 TE[MPOIUZER, s. one that complies with times and 
 occasions ; a trimmer. 
 
 To TEMPT, t'. a. [<TOfo, hH. tenter, Fr.] to endeavour to 
 seduce o\- draw a person to do ill, by presenting some plea- 
 sure to the mind : to provoke ; to solicit ; to try. 
 
 TEMPTATION, s. [tentati,m, Fr.] the act of endea- 
 vouring to draw to the commission of ill, by otlering .some 
 seeming advantage ; an enticement ; the state of a person 
 solicited hy the appearance of present pleasures or advan- 
 tages to the commission of some crime Or fault. 
 
 TEMPTER, *. one who seduces or entices to the coto^ 
 mission of any ill ; the devil, who tempted our Saviour. 
 
 TE'MULENCY, i. ytemuhntta, Lat.] inebriation ; drunk- 
 enness. 
 
 TEN, a. \tyn, .Sax. tien, Belg.] twice five, or nine and one. 
 A proverbial number. 
 
 TE'NABLI'j, a. [tenable, Fr.] such as may be maintained 
 or held against oppositions or attacks. 
 
 TENACIOUS, (tendshious) u. [tenux, from tenee, to hold, 
 Lat.] grasping hard ; unwilling to part with. Retentive, 
 or not forgetful, applied to the memory. (Cohesive ; ad- 
 hesi\e. Close fisted ; meanly parsimonious. 
 
 TEN A CIOUSLY, {tenashioushj) ad. closely ; obstinately ; 
 niggardly. 
 
 TEN A'CIOUSNF.SS, {tendshiousness) t. unwillingness ta 
 quit, lei go. or part with. 
 
 TEN.'\'CITY, s. [tenncite, Fr. tenaeitas, from tetieo, to hold, 
 Lat.] stiftuess of opinion ; niggardliness. Among physicians, 
 that property in viscous substances by which they adhere 
 together. 
 
 TENAI'LLR, s. [Fr.] in fortification, is a kind of outwork 
 resembling a. horn-work, but generally somewhat diflerent. 
 
 TE'NANT, s. [tenant, Ir.] one that holds of another ; 
 one that dwells in the house of another for rent; one who 
 reiiides. 
 
 TE'lVANTABLE, a. fit to be dwelt in. 
 
 TE'NBURY, a lov\n in Worccstersliire, with a market 
 on Tuesday. It is seated on the river Teme, which divides 
 Worcestershire from Shropshire, 19 miles W. by N. of Wor- 
 cester, and 133 N. W. by W. of Loudon. 
 
 Tfi'NBY, a sea port of Pembrokeshire, in S. Wales, 
 10 miles E. of Pend)roke, and 233 W. of London. Markets 
 on Wednesday and Saturday. 
 
 TKNCH, si[tiiiee. Sax. tinea, Lat.j a fresh-water fish. 
 
 To TEND, V. a. [contracted from atlend\ to watch ; to 
 accompany, guard, attend ; to be attentive to. Neuterly, 
 to wait or expect ; to move towards a certain point or 
 place ; to contribute ; to be directed to any end or pur- 
 pose ; to aim at, from ten.dre, Fr. to attend as something in. 
 separable. 
 
 TENDENCE, or TENDENCY, i. direction or coui;se 
 towards any place or object ; drift or aim towards any in- 
 ference or result. 
 
 TK'NDER, a. [tendre, Fr.] easily impressed, injured, or 
 pained ; delicate or effeminate ; exciting benevolence or 
 sympathy ; compassionate ; susceptible of soft passions ; 
 amorous or lascivious; expressive of love ; young; careful 
 not to hurt. 
 
 To TI'.'NDEIl, t!. a. [tendre, Fr.] to offer, or present for 
 acceptance ; to hold or esteem : to regard with care or ten- 
 derness. The la>it sense seems obsolete. 
 
 TE'NDER, s. an offer or presentation of any thing tor 
 acceptance; regard, or kind concern; a small ship attend- 
 ing on a larger. 
 
 TENDER HEARTED, «. easily affected with the dis- 
 tress of others. 
 
 TF'NDEIM.y, ad. gently ; softly ; kindly ; in an affec- 
 tionate and delicate manner. 
 
 TE'NDERNESS, s. [ttndrcsse Fr J susceptibility of iri«
 
 T E N 
 
 I F. R 
 
 piessioiis ; softness; delicacy; indulgence; kindness; scrn- 
 puloiisiiess of conscicnco ; susceptibility of the softer pas- 
 sions ; easiness of benig; liiirl ; soreness. 
 
 TE'NDiNOUS, a. [tendineux, Fr.j full of tendons; 
 sinewy. 
 
 TE'NDON, s. \ttni(lo, Lat.j a sinew ; a ligature by which 
 the joints arc moved. 
 
 TENDRIL, s. \tcndrillon, Fr.] a spiral shoot or string, by 
 moans of which sonic plants support themselves against the 
 ailjacenl bodies. It is well kno\'vn in the pea and vine. 
 
 TE'NKBR^, orTE'NEBUKS, s. a service in the Romish 
 church, on Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday before 
 F^asler, in commemoration of Christ's agony in the garden. 
 
 TENEBRO'sn y, s. [tenebrosiis,hom (cHoi/tr, darkness, 
 Lat.l obscurity ; darkness ; gloom. 
 
 TE'NEBROUS, a. \t<ntOiasiis, from tenehrcr, darUness, 
 Lat.l dark ; obscure ; gloomy. 
 
 TENEMENT, s. [tenement, Fr.] properly signifies a 
 house ; but in a larger sense it is taken for any house, lands, 
 rent, or other thing which a person holds of another. 
 
 TENERITI'', one of the Canarv Islands, in Africa, about 
 45 miles long, and 20 broad, ll abounds in wine, ditlerent 
 sorts of fruits, cattle, au<l ;;ame. The air and climate are 
 healthful. Here is a niounlain, which, actordius to Dr. 
 Heberden, is 16,390 feet jbove ihe level of the sea, called 
 the Peak of Teuerift, and which may be seen 120 miles oft' 
 on a clear day. The principal town is Laguna. Latitude 
 of the Peak 28° 15' .38" N. Ion. IG" 45' .3.3' W. 
 
 TENE'SMUS, s. 'Lat.l a violent inclination to go to stool, 
 without being able to evacuate. 
 
 TENET, or TE'NENT,*. [from tenet, he holds, Lat.] an 
 opinion, position, principle, (logma, doctrine. 
 
 TENFOLD, a. ten times increased. 
 
 TE'NNIS, s. [supposed by Skinner to be derived from 
 tenez, stop, Fr. used by the French when they hit the ball] 
 a play in which a ball is struck by a racket. 
 
 TE'NON, «. [Fr.] the end of one piece of timber cut to 
 b.e fitted in another. 
 
 TE'NOR, ». [tcTwr, Lat. teneur, Fr.] continuity of state ; 
 general currency ; sense contained, or the general course 
 and drift of a discourse. In music, the mean or middle part, 
 between the treble and the bass. In law, the substance, or 
 true intent and meaning of a writing. 
 
 TENSE, a.[lensus, Lat.] stretched ; not lax. 
 
 TENSE, (TiME)t.|<em/w, Fr. from tempus, time, Lat.] in 
 grammar, is an inflexion of verbs, whereby ihey are made to 
 signify or distinguish circumstance of time, in what they 
 athrui. There are only three simple tenses oi- times : the 
 present, as //one ; the preterit, as I have loved; and the 
 future, / sImU, or will love. 
 
 TE'NSENESS, f. contraction ; tension ; the opposite to 
 laxity. 
 
 TE'NSIBLE, or TE'NSILE, a. [tensus, from tendo, to 
 stretch, Lat.] capable of being extended. 
 
 TE'NSION, Uenshnn) x. [Fr. from teiido, to stretch, Lat.] 
 the act oi'stTetchiiig, or state of being stretched. 
 
 TE'NSURE, s. the act of stretching, or state of being 
 stretched. 
 
 TENT s. \terae, Fr.] a temporary lodging-place for a 
 soldier, formed of canvass stretched upon poles ; a pavilion ; 
 a roll of lint put into a sore. A species of «ine (if a deep 
 red, imported from Gallicia in Spain ; from vino tinto. 
 Span. 
 
 To TE^^^, ». a. to put a roll of lint into a sore. Figura- 
 livelv, to search to the qaick. 
 
 TENTA'TION, *. \te7Uati0n, Fr. tmtacio, Lat] trial ; 
 temptation. 
 
 TE'NTATIVp;, a. attempting ; essaying ; trying. 
 
 TE'NTCHEOU, a city of China, of the first rank, in the 
 province of Chantong. It is built on the sea-shore, and 
 has a convenient harbour, and a strong garrison, wilhalleet 
 of ships to guard llie gulf. 
 
 TE'NTER, s. [tentus, fiom tendn^ to stretch, Lat.] a hook 
 
 on which any thing is slr;'!( lied. To hi: on tlifteiiteis, is lobe 
 on the stretch ; to he in suspense, or hi dilficulties. 
 
 TE'NIEUDEN, a town <if Kent, 24 niijes S. \V. of Can- 
 terbury, and /Jf) E. by S. of London. A market on Fri.lay 
 forcal'le an<l pedlar's ware. 
 
 'J'ENTIl.a. l^raMn, Sav.J ihe next after iheiiinlli; the 
 ordinal of ten. Substantively tin- t<Mitli part ; tithe. 'Ihe 
 Teitlli.sure that yearly portion whichall ecclesiastical livings 
 pav to the kiufj. 
 
 'rEN'rilLY, ml. in the tenth jilace. 
 
 TENTl'GINOUS, a. [from tenti^o, a. suffnoss, Lat.] stifT; 
 stretched. 
 
 TENUITY, s. [tinuiti, Fr. tenuitas, Lat.J thinness ; «len- 
 derness ; exility ; iiiiiiuleiH'ss. 
 
 TE'NUOUS, a.\tenuit, Lat.] thin; small ; minute ; sleij- 
 der ; exile. 
 
 TE'NURR, s. [Fr. from tnito, to Imld, Lat.] the manner 
 wlierj by tenements are holden of their lords. 
 
 TEPEFA'CTION, i. rtrinu tepeo, to be warm, and /«cio, 
 to make, Lat.jtheact of licating or making warm. 
 
 TF'PITj, n. itciiirlnx, Lat.| liikewaim. 
 
 TEPi'DrrY, v. lukewarmness. 
 
 TI'^POR, s. [Lat.] gentle heat ; lukewarmness. 
 
 Ti'lRATO'LOfi Y. J. [from terata, prodigies, and In^os, a 
 discourse, Gr] bombast ; aft'eclation of suhlimily. 
 
 TERCE, i. [tierces Fr.] a vessel conlainii;; the third part 
 of aluitl 01 pipe, or fortv-two wine gallons. 
 
 TKREUrNTHINATE, or TEREBI'NTHINE, >. \t4ri. 
 benthiw, Fr. terebenthinus, Lat.] consisting of turpentine ; 
 mixed with turpentine. 
 
 'I'oTE'REBRATE, V. a. [lerebro, Lat.\ to bore; to per- 
 forate ; to pierce. 
 
 TEREBRATION, *. the act of boring or piercing. 
 
 ToTKRGIVERSATE, (g soft)... a. [from terg„m, the 
 back, and verso, to turn, Lat.J to shuffle ; to quibble ; or 
 evade. 
 
 TERGIVERSATION, (g soft) s. the act of shuffling or 
 quibbling in an argument ; shift; subterfuge; evasion; 
 fickleness. 
 
 TERM, *. fterme, Fr. terminvs, Lat.] a limit or boundary ; 
 a word by which any thing is expressed ; a condition; a 
 limited time, or the time lor which any thing lasts. In law, 
 the time in which the tribunals are open to all that list to 
 complain of wrong, or to seek their right by course of law ; 
 the rest of the year is called vacation. Of these ^crm* there 
 are four in every year, during which matters of justice are 
 dispatched ; one is called Hilary term, which begins the 
 twenty-third of January, or, if that be Sunday, the next day 
 following, and ends the twenty first of February ; another is 
 called Easter /frm, which begins eighteen days after Easter, 
 and ends the Monday next after Ascension-day ; the third is 
 Trinity term, beginning the Friday next after Trinity Sun- 
 day, and ending the Wednesday fortnight after ; thefouitli 
 is Michaelmas <«m, beginning tlie sixth of November, or, if 
 that be Sunday, the next day after, and ending the lueiity- 
 cighth of November- In the Univcii-ity, that space of time 
 when the schools are opened, and the exercises for degrees 
 are performed, the intervals between which are called 
 vacations. 
 
 To TERM, V. a. to call or name. 
 
 TE'RMAGANT, n. [from <;/>■ and ?»«£■«», Sax.J turbulent ; 
 tumultuous; scolding; quarrel-onie ; fuiious. 
 
 TE'RM \GANT, s. a scold ; a brawling tnrliulent woman. 
 
 TE'RMINABLE, a. limitable ; that wlniits of hoiinds. 
 
 To TE'RM IN ATE, v. a. [terminer, Fr. termiiio. from te>-- 
 ininns, a limit, Lat.] to bound, limit, or put an em! to. 
 Neuterly, to be limited, or end. To attain its end, u-ed 
 with in. . 
 
 TERMINATION, i. \terminatio, from terymnus. a limit, 
 Lat I the act of limiting or hounding : a bound or limit'; 
 an end or conclusion. In grammar, the end of a «ord. 
 
 'lERMrNTHUS, s. \urmintlws, (;r.]a tumor. 
 
 TERPSrCHORE, {tnysicoree\ ,v. [Gr,] one of the nine 
 Muses to whom is attributed the invention of dancinsf. 
 
 R15
 
 T l') R 
 
 TES 
 
 TE'RRA, <ti the EakTu, a. [I,af.] in Ihe Coiicniioaii sys- 
 tem, is tli»" third phiiiet in order t'lotn the sun. It is removed 
 at the immense distiince of ;il)oiit PO millions of miles from 
 that iiiniinary, aiT.i revolves roiuid him in UWJcl. 5li. -tfclm. 45^s. 
 which is lier tropical period ; hiit her sidereal and anomalis- 
 tic revolutions are,3(»d. Oh.Onr. 1 Is. one-tifth, and 3C5d(ili. 
 I5m.20js respectively. Her diajiieler is about 7964 miles, 
 and circumference 25,020; hut, if seen from the .Sun, she 
 would appear nnder an angle of only 17", as is sufficiently 
 manifest from the two Iraiisils of \'cnus in 1761, and 176;). 
 She turns round her axis in 2.3li. .""iSm. 4s. hut the natural day 
 or tliat caused by the sun, is 24 hours at a mean rate. The 
 place of her aphelion, anno 1800, was in 9" 32' 39" of Ca- 
 pricorn, having a progressive motion of about 1*^ 49' 10" in 
 160 years. .She has no nodes, her annual path, called the 
 Ecliptic, being the slaiulard by which the deviation of the 
 other planets therefrom are measured. The eccentricity of 
 her orbit is 168 out of 10,000 of those parts into which lier 
 distance from the Sun is supposed to be divided ; and the 
 «quationof her orbit 1° 6.5' 52". She hasalsoa satellite or 
 utuon revolving round her; for particulars of which, see 
 Moon. — That the Ikirth is not at rest in the centre of llie 
 universe, as many have imagined, having all the celestial 
 bodies moving round her every day, or thereabouts, may b<' 
 proved from their vast distance, and also conseipient su|ierior 
 magnitude. (See Stab.) The great distance of the Sun 
 fron. the Karth is so evidfjnt, as hardly to need any demon- 
 siralion; for it i; ui-.iilieniatically certain, from the two 
 transits already nienl:oned, that the parallax of the Sun does 
 not much (if at all)exceed 8s. six tenllis. Norcan the deter- 
 mination ot so small an angle be sidyect to any material error 
 from the method by which it was asceitained ; for it neces- 
 sarily follows from the duration of the transit of 1769 being 
 observed to be 23m. lOs. shorter at Otalieite than it was at 
 Wardhus. Now it is not analogous to any thing we know 
 in nature, that a liody so much larger than the Earth, and at 
 such a vast distance, as the sun necessarily must be from the 
 snudlness of his parallax, should revolve round the Karth in 
 24 hours ; which must he the case, if he moves round her 
 at all, for his motion can only be either apparent or real. 
 But without adiHitling the earth's annual motion, the dd- 
 ferent phvenoraena of the celestial bodies cannot be account- 
 ed for in any credible manner; for how much more reiisr.n- 
 able is it to allow that the stationary and retrograde appear- 
 ances of the planets are only caused by the Karth's aiuuial 
 motion, (especially when, allowing such a motion, they can 
 be mathematically demonstrated to move round the .Sun in 
 orbits nearly circular,) than to suppose that the Sun, accom- 
 panied with the planets as satellites moving round him, and 
 these planets again with their respective satellites moving 
 round their pi imaries in staled periods, should all l>e carried 
 round the Earth in the course of about a day ! 'Ilmt the 
 Earth turns round her axisiscouse(pienl upon the admission 
 of her annual motion ; but we will otter an argument in its 
 favour drawn from the daily pha-urimena of the fixed stars. 
 It is known that they c(in>tanllv keep the same relative po- 
 sitions with respect to each othi r, which is a presiunptive 
 argument in favourof llieir being-fi\ed b idies. They more- 
 over all appear to make a compl'le circuit round the north 
 and south poles of the heavens every 23li. .'56m. 4s. which is 
 preciselj the time which the Karth takes in moving round 
 )ier axis, if she has any such motion at all. But what adds 
 the last degree of certainty to the above arguments is, that 
 the north and south pob s of the Karth are exact'y directed 
 tothi- norlliand south poles of the heavens, (he equator of 
 the Karlli to Ihi' I'ipiatorof the llea^ens, the circles of lati- 
 tude and longitude on t!)e Earth to their corresponding ones 
 In the heavens, Ac. <\c. f(u' a proof of which take the fol- 
 Kiwing olscrvation of astrononirtrs, thiit the iMindier of dc- 
 j«rocsand minutesa lixed star is from either pole (d' the hea- 
 vens, so many digreciand ininute.s precisely mint be the si- 
 liialionof that place fromeillicr oole of llieterracpieousglohe 
 fliroujh the /"uilli of wliich the siiid star will every day 
 ptbi 'i'hercfore tlie Kartb has an annual motion, and like- 
 tiM 
 
 wise revolves round her "xis. Q.. E. 1). 7 ■ rm Firmn, liv 
 g<?OiCrapby, is sometimes u.sed for a contim ol, Lu contra- 
 distinction to islands. I'nic nunlna, or dumnnta, anionj; 
 chymists, ii that earthy part, or thick drossy matter, that 
 remains alter the distillation ol a mineral bodv. 
 
 TET.RACE, or TERRAS, i.l<e>Taf«, Er. ierrttno, Ita!.] a 
 bank or walk of elevated earth covered with gravel or grass; 
 the <iat roof of a house. 
 
 TKRK.'EFILIUS, (.SON of the earth,) j. a student of 
 the university of Oxford, appointed, in public acts, to 
 make .jesting and satirical speeches against the members 
 thereof. 
 
 TE'URA 1)1'"K FUKGO, the appellation of several islands 
 at the southern extremity of America They received their 
 name from a volcano in the largest of them. T buy are bar^i 
 rcn and mountainous. 
 
 TE'KIIA ElUiMA, Nf.w Castile, or Castile del 
 Oro, a vast extent of country in South Amerita, extending 
 almost from the equator to 12. 18. N. lal. and from6l. 20. to 
 80. \V. Ion. It is divided into the follow iug large districts, 
 whicbare sid)drvided into smaller jurisdictions; 'TerraFirraa 
 Pro|)er, orl^arien, Carthagena, St. Martl.a, Itiodela Hacha, 
 Venezida, Caraccas, New Granada, Faria, I'opayan, Quito, 
 and Crtinana. It is subject to Spain. 
 
 'JERK AQUEOUS, o. [from trim, the earth, and aqua, 
 water, Lat.J consisting of laud and water. 
 
 IKRRIvBLUE, t. Iterreuiid bku. Fr.J a slight, loose, frv- 
 able kind of lapis arnienus. 
 TERRK N V,, a. ffroni terra, the earth, Lat.] earthy. 
 TKKlll/STKIAL, n. [ten-eitris, from terra, the earth, 
 Lat.J earthly ; belonging to the earth ; earthy. 
 TR'HRKAT.RTl, 1. [Fr.J a sorr of earth. " 
 1 E'RRIBLE, (/. [Fr. terribilis, from terreo, to terrify, Lat.J 
 <lreadful; frightful; formidable; violent or great so as to 
 offend. 
 
 Tl'2 RRIBLI'.NESS, «. frighttuhiess ; dreadfulness ; formi- 
 dahli'iiess. 
 
 'ir.niUHLY, ad. dreadfully; frightfully ; formidably; 
 violenllv. 
 
 'FiyilRII'.R, .'. [Fr.J a dog that follows hi» game under 
 ground ; a survey or register of land. An auger, a wimble 
 or borer, from terehro, to bore, Lat. 
 
 ■^rK.RlU'FIC, a. [from terror, fear, and fncio, to make, 
 Lat.J cau>ing terror ; dreadful. 
 
 To TE'URI FY, v. a. [from teiror, fear, and facia, to make, 
 Lai.jtoatiect vwth terror, to make afraid ; to frigliten. 
 
 TE'RRITORY, f. [>e)WfoiVf, Fr.J in geography, aii exient 
 or compass of land, within the bounds, or belonging to the 
 jurisdiction, of any state, city, or other division of a 
 couiilrv. 
 
 TE'RROR, s. [terror, from teiren, to terrify, Lat. terreur, 
 Fr.J fear caused by the sight or appieheiision of some dan- 
 gerous object ; the cause of for. 
 
 TFRSI'-, a. [irrsus, from Uro, to wear, Lat.J smooth, ap- 
 plied to surface. Harmoniously elegant without ponipous- 
 ness, applied to stv le. 
 
 TK'R'T'IAN, (tcrsliian) s. [tertiatta, from, tertiut, the third, 
 Lat.J an ague intermitliug two days and having one fit on 
 the third. 
 
 TK'SSELLATKD, a. [IVom tessella, a small stjnare, I.at.1 
 variegated by squares. TisseUatril partmeuis aie nrade or 
 curious square marble, bricks, or tiles, called teiseltr, from 
 their resembling dice. 
 
 TKST, s. [trsla. Ital] the cupel by which refiners try 
 their metals. Kigurativ( Iv, trial (jr examination ; the means 
 of trial ; that w itii w liich any llirng is comparetl as a stand- 
 ard ; jiidi^inenl or disliuclion. Test oc/ is a statute, 25 Car. 
 II. cap. 2. which requires all officers, civil and military, to 
 take the oaths and test, viz. the s;icrament according to the 
 rites and ceremonies of the <hui<h of Knglaud ; ftir the ueg- 
 lect w hereof a person ex<cuting any otllcc mentioned in that 
 statute foifeils M{\£. 
 
 TESTA CEOUS, «. {from UMa, a shell, L»t.J cowigtim; or
 
 r 7. T 
 
 THA 
 
 mwtle of sliell ; having eontiiuious shells, opjiOocd Jo 
 
 CIIISlHCCOUS. 
 
 TIVSTAM T/NT. *. f Fr. testiwifntiim, from tcstor, to testify, 
 1,;(t.]is an act of tlic last will of a person, wlierehy lie 
 <li!»posesofliis estate, <tc. There are two soils of wills, one 
 in writiiis, and one in \M)r(ls, which is called a Nuncupa- 
 tive Will; hut t'liis is not fjood incase of lands, which are 
 only devisahle l>y u testament in writin;f, executed in the 
 life^tinieof the testator. It is likewise the name of each of 
 the volumes of Holv Scriiiture. 
 
 TESTA MI'/N'rAllY, «. \teslammtaire, Fr. lestamentarins, 
 from trotiir, to testify, Lat.] Iielonjjing to a will or testament ; 
 heing in the manner of a testauient ; given hy, or contained 
 in, a will. 
 
 IT/ii'i'ATE, a. [from tesinr, to testify, Lat.J having made 
 a will. 
 
 TESTATOR, s. \testMenr, Fr. from testor, to testify, Lat.] 
 a man wlio uiaUt ,~ or leaves a will. 
 
 'J'l'.STA'TlUX,.'. a woman who leaves a will. 
 
 TK'S1"I']R, s. [teste, or the, Fr. this coin beinpf probably 
 distinguished by the head stamped upon it] a silver coin va- 
 lued at six-pence. The head or cover of a bed. 
 
 TE'STICLE, t. [testicnliis, Lat.] in anatomv, a double 
 part in male animals, serving for generation. The testicles 
 are two in number, of an oval or egg-like figure, and are 
 contained in a peculiar bag, called the scrotum. 
 
 TESTICULAR, a. belonging to the testicles. 
 
 To TESTIFY, V. 11. [from testis, an evidence, and faeio, 
 to make, Lat. | to witness, prove, or give evidence. Actively, 
 to witness or give evidence of any point. 
 
 TE'STILY, «</. pccvishlv ; fretfully; morosely. 
 
 TESTIMONIAL, s. |Fr. teslimuuium, from testor, to tes- 
 tify, Lat.J a writing wherein a person's character is sup. 
 ported by those who subscribe it, and which is produced by 
 a person in his own favour. 
 
 TE'STIMONV, s. Itestimnnimn, from testor, to testify, Lat.] 
 evidence or proof ; an open attestation or profession. 
 
 Tril'STINESS, s. peevishness; tretfulness; moroteness. 
 
 TESTY, a. [tcatie, Fr.] fretful ; inclined to anger ; 
 peevish. 
 
 TE'TRURY, a pretty good town of Gloucestershire, with 
 a handsome market-house, and a considerable tiade : the 
 niaiket is large for corn, cattle, cheese, malt, yarn, wool, 
 and provisions. It is 25 miles E. N. E. of Bristol, and 99 
 W. of London. Market on Wednooday. 
 
 I'ETCHY, a. a corruption o( lesti/ or touchy. 
 
 '1 ETE A TETI\ s. [Fr.] cheek by .jowl ;7ace to face ; 
 close and familiar converse or correspondence. 
 
 TE'THER, .?. see Tedder. 
 
 TLTRAGON, «. [from tetra, four, and agon, a corner, 
 Or.J in geometry, a general name for any four-sided 
 (igure — as, a square, paralleirram, rhombus, or trapezium. 
 
 TETUA'GONAL, a. [fioui tetra, lour,, and agon, a corner, 
 Gr.] four so'iare. 
 
 TETRAPETALOUS, «. [from «eira. four, and prtahn, 
 ■i flower leaf, Gr.] consisting of four petals or flower- 
 icave.i. 
 
 TE'TRARfH, [titrark) s. [from tetra, four, and nrc/,e, 
 government, Gr. tctrarclm, Lat. tdrarque, Fr.] a person 
 governiu'.; th»^ fourth part of a province. 
 
 TI'VTR \RCHY, ttetmrl/y) s. [from tetra, four, and arc/ie, 
 government, Gr.l (he jurisdittion of a letrarch. 
 
 TETRA'STICK. s. ftVom tetra, four, and ttiehot, averse, 
 Grjanepijjraii: comoosed of four verses. 
 
 TEril A'S TY LE, s. [from tetra, four, and stylos, a column, 
 Gr.J in architecture, a building witli four columns both in 
 front and rear. 
 
 TETRl'Cri'Y, s. [teirinias, from tetrieus, surly, Lat.] 
 surliness ofcountenance ; severity ; harshness. 
 
 TE'TRICIOUS, a. \tetrivus, Lat.] froward, perverse, 
 sour. 
 
 TE'TTER, s. [<e(«r. Sax.] a scab, ringworm, scurf. 
 
 TE'TUAN, a town of Fez, in Africa. The dress of both 
 «e\es here is much alike. The shops in the oity are very 
 
 small, being without doors ; and the owner, when be ^lat 
 opened the shutlers, jumps in, and sits oro£s-l<gg<^«n jk 
 counter, the goods being di:*posed in drawers round about 
 him, and all the customers stand in the street. .Ship* 
 from Gibraltar come to victual here. It is lOK.iuibfs N. by 
 W. of Fez, and 28 S. E. of laiigiers. Lat. 36. 27. N. lou. i, 
 
 ati. w. 
 
 TEUTONIC, «. sr)mething belonging to the Teutons, aft 
 antient people of (ierniany, inhabiting chiefly akin^ tl^ 
 coasts of the German ocean. Thus, the Teutonic tanj^wipe is 
 the antieni liinguat;e of Germany, which is ranked a|iioi:g tllC 
 mother toiigiR's. The Teutonic in now called the German or 
 JJutch, and is distiiignished into Uppei and Lower. U'be.Up- 
 per has2 notable dialects. 1. The Scandian, Danish, or (Xir- 
 iiaps Gothic ; to which belong tlie languages spoken in Den- 
 mark, Norway, Sweden, and Iceland. 2. The Saxon, tp 
 which belong the several languages of the English, .Scott, 
 Frisian, and those on the N. of the Elbe. To the Lower be- 
 long the Low Dutch, Flemish, &c. spoken iu the Nether- 
 lands. 
 
 TE'WKESBURY, a pretty large, beautiful, and populo,i|s 
 town of Gloucestershire, long celebrated for its mustard, 
 but, at present, its principal manufacture is that of cotton 
 stockings. It is pleasantly seated at the confluence 4jf 
 tlie Severn and Avon, 10 miles N. of (jloucester, and 102 
 ^\ . N. W. of London. Market on Wednesday and Saturday. 
 
 TEX EL, a town of the United Provinces, inN. Ilollana, 
 al ihe mouth of the Zuvder-Zee, with a good harbour. ,It 
 is -rilled in an island, which is separated from the continent 
 of Holland by a narrow channel, through which most of tl»e 
 ships pass that are bound to Amsterdam. Lat. 5.3. ^8. N. 
 Ion 4. 51. E. 
 
 'YVJL'V,s.\texte,¥r.textus, Lat.] that on which a eom- 
 nient is made or written ; asenteuceof Scripture, so called 
 because written in antient manuscripts in lext, or a (argijc 
 hand than the notes, which were written in small characters. 
 
 'I'E'XTILE, a. [Fr. lextiUs, Uom (<'.ro, to weave, Lat.J 
 woven : capabW of being wove. 
 
 TEXTHINE, a.\textri)ui, from te.ro, to weave,- Lat,], ^p» 
 lating to weaving. " 'I'ertrine art." Derham. 
 
 TE'XTUARIST, or TEXTUARY, j. \te<vtuaire, ,Vf.],* 
 divine well skilled in the original language of scripture. 
 
 TE'XT'IRE, s. [lextura, fiom te.w, to weave, Lat.J the^a^i 
 of weaving with respect to form, matter, or stuff; ,di»pQ» 
 sition or combination of parts. 
 
 THA'LIA, i. one of the nine Muses, to whooi.the poeti 
 ascribe the invention of geometry and husbandry. 
 
 THAME. See Tame. 
 
 THAMES, (Te>ns) a large navigable river of England^ 
 which rises in Cotswould hills, in Gloucestershire. After 
 receiving several smaller streams in its passage, it falls iut<< 
 the British Channel. It has its name from the conjunction of 
 the Thaine and Isis. On its banks, London, the metropolii- 
 of the British empire, is situated. 
 
 THAN, ad. [tlianne, Sax.] a particle used after a compa-" 
 rative adjective, and placed before the thing compared. 
 
 THASIE, i. \thegn. Sax.] an old title of houour, equiva. 
 lent to that of a baron. 1 
 
 THA'NET, an island of the county of Kent, surrounded by 
 the sea, except on the N. E. side, where it is bounded by tM 
 branches of Ihe river Stour, now inconsiderable to wlial they 
 were formerly. It contains several villages, and the seat 
 port towns of Margate and Rams^'ate. It has the title of iwi 
 earldom. 
 
 To thank, v. a. [thanhen, Teur. tlianman. Sax.] to ac- 
 knowledge and express obligations for favours received, n 
 
 THANKFUL, a. \tlianr/„l, Sax.J grateful; ready to ao» 
 knowledge a favour or obligation. ■ 
 
 TH.VNKFULLY. «rf. gratefully ; in a manner that ac- 
 knowledges a favour received. 
 
 THA'NKFULNESS, «. acknowledgment of aifavour «.■- 
 ccived ; gratitude. 
 
 TH.VNKLESS.n. unthankful ; ungrateful, N )t dcseiV: 
 ini^, or not likely to give thanks.
 
 Tn E 
 
 TH F, 
 
 THA'NKr-ESSNESS, *. failure to acknowledge good re- 
 ceivt'd ; iii^rvitinidc. 
 
 TH AN KOrFtRlNG, J. offering paid In acknowledgment 
 ofniercv. 
 
 i fJ \\KS, s. seldom used in (he singular; [thankaa. Sax. J 
 a verbal ;nUii(i\vled^int-nt of a favour received ; distin- 
 guished tr<»ti gt iititiirle, which is a deep sense of a favour re- 
 ceived, and a strong uulination to lepay, or an actual repay- 
 Bieiit of it. 
 
 THANKS(iTVlNG, s.lhat part of divine worship wherein 
 we acknowled^je ln-nftils received. 
 
 'J'H \'NK\V011TH V, It. deserving gralitu(ie; meritorious. 
 
 THAT, pnm. [lhatn, Golh. t/iaet.Sii\.\ Ihv other, opposed 
 to Ms ; which, «li.Mi applied to soinclhiiig •joing liefore , 
 
 who, applied to some person mentioned liefore S elinies 
 
 it is used inslead of a whole sentence going before, lo save 
 a repetitio'i of the same words. Followed hy is, such as. 
 That winch. The tiling What was then. Sometimes it is 
 Ksed to express eminence. When tins and tliat ri-lale to 
 foregoing words, this is leferred to the latter, and that lo 
 the foi-rner. In that, is an a Iverbial expression for — as 
 being. 
 
 TH.\T, eow;. because. Sometimes it is used to express 
 a consequence, indication, or final end. 
 
 THATCt^j. [(/'«cf, straw, Sax. J straw, Arc. laid as a 
 covering on the lop of a Imuse. 
 
 To THATCH, v. a. [t/imaim. Sax.] (o cover a roof «illi 
 straw, reeds, <Sc. 
 
 rHA'TCHER, s. <ne whose trade is to cover houses 
 
 WJlli straw. , r , ■ r 
 
 To TH \W, ti. n. [t/iHicmi, Sax. I to melt alter being lio- 
 xen. Actively, to melt any tiling frozen. 
 
 TH \W, s lupiefMctionof aii\ tliiiii cimgealed. 
 
 TH \ XTl'D, a town of '-.ssex, seated near the source of 
 ', the Clieliner, -an miles N. W. of Chelmsford, and 43 N. F,. 
 'of Limdon. .M.I kel on Friday. 
 
 THE, nr<!c/e. ['/e, Bel-;.] the a' tide denoting a particular 
 thin"-. When it is used bdorp an adjeclive, it signifies col- 
 lection or inanv : as, <Af ^mid ; the rit^hteo)4S : it generally 
 occurs before nouns in the iihiral niimlier. In verse, wlieii 
 it comes before a vowel, the e is someliines cut off. "Th' 
 adorning the." CuwIpi/. Bcfoie a participle of the present 
 tense, it^sheus that it is used as a sulislaiilive. When it 
 comes before c.'/if)-, the A and e are both sometimes cut off; 
 
 as, t' iither. ,11 ■ ■ I 
 
 THE'\T1NI''S, is a religious order, in the Komisli church, 
 so c;il!e(l fioin their principal founder, J-din Peter Carafla ; 
 then bishop of 'Flicate, orChleli, intlie kingdom of Naples, 
 and afterwards pope, under the irame of P.iiil IV. 
 
 THE'ATIIK, (thialer) s. \thiatie. Vr. theatrum, Lat.) a 
 plav house; a |)lace rising bv steps like a stage. 
 
 TIIEATKIC. or THEX'TlilCAL, «. becoming a play- 
 house ; belon^iini; to the stage. 
 
 THRBAID, a large co.uitrv of Upper Egypt, reaching 
 from Fhim to I he Red Sea. It is Ihe least (ertile, and the 
 tiiinnest of peo|)le.of any province in Ki;ypl, being lull of 
 deserls, and celebrated tor the releat of a gr<al iiiiiiibcr of 
 ChrLsli'iMs «lio lived here in a solitary niHniier. It is now 
 iniuilfited by Arabs, great enemies lo the 'Furks, and thieves 
 
 bv profts,iiin. ^ V • . 
 
 THKRho, fno\\ Thiva, or Srinkts,) ;tn antient and ce. 
 lebraled town of Greece, inl.ivadi.i, with a bisliop'ssee. It 
 was formerb ver\ l.rge, and vet is three miles in circumfe- 
 rence, bill f-.cll of ruins. It ciuitains 4 or 5(H»0 inhab'laiils, 
 who are h If Turks aii<l half Ciiristians. It is no- famous for 
 « fine soM of >v|iile cla' , of hIwcIi ihev make bowls for |)ipes 
 after the 'Fiirkisli lash on. 'Fhe\ are luver biiiiit, lint dry 
 uatinalb , and be<i.me ;is bard as a sloiie. It is 'iS miles W. 
 IS W. of Athens, andSyoS. W. of Conshiiil,no|.le. 
 
 THF-F,, the obliipie case siii:;tilar of 7'/i»ii ; fioni the, ^.<x. 
 llie olilioice <ase of M", Sax. 
 
 THEF'F. ». the act of feloniously and iiiihiu fully taking 
 «wav auolUer person's goods ; stealing ; the lliiiig stolen. 
 ^ IMS 
 
 THEFT-BOTE,*, in law, the abetting a thief, by receiT- 
 ing the goods that be steals. 
 
 THEIR, {there) jtron. [theora, Sax. J of them ; in their po*. 
 session; belonging to flieni. TAcirs is used when any thing 
 comes between the possessive and the substantive. 
 
 THEM, the oblique case of tltey ; from him, dative plural 
 of /if. Sax. 
 
 THEME, s. [Fr. thema, Gr.] a subject on which a person 
 speaks or writes ; a short essay on any .subject; the original 
 word whence others are derived. 
 
 THKMSE'LVES, ;;ron. [the plural of Aim and telf\ these 
 very persons. 
 
 THEN, ad. [than, Goth, and Sax. dan, Belg.| at that 
 time ; afterwards, or immediately after any ait on men- 
 tioned ; therefore, or for this reason ; in that case. Nnw mid 
 then, at one time and another. That time, when used 
 afler<i//. 
 
 THENCE, ait. from that place or time; for that rea$on< 
 
 TH NCEFO'RTH, ad. from that time. It should not be 
 used with finm. 
 
 TH'' .\CEK.)'IIWARD, orf on from tb:it time. 
 
 THEOCRACY, J. [thencratie, Fr from Theot. God, and 
 kratin, goveriiiiient, (ir.^ government iniiiiediately superin- 
 tended bv (iod. 
 
 THEOCRATICAL, a. [thiucratique, Fr.J relating to a 
 governmenl adminislereil by Cioit. 
 
 THEO'DOi.lT!'., .«. an instrument used in surveying land, 
 and lakiiig heights and distances. 
 
 THE()i,<)(il -.N, or THEO'LOGIST, *. Itheolo^ieti, Fr. 
 from Thei's. (iod, and logos, a discourse, Gr.] a professor of 
 dinniiv ; a'diviiie. 
 
 I HIAHX) ii\C\L. a. \thenlos:in,s. La t. from Tlieot. God, 
 and lo^os, a discourse, Gr.J belonging to the science of 
 divinity. 
 
 'FIlEoLO'GIC.AM-Y, arf. according lo the principles of 
 Iheolosv . 
 
 THEOLOGY, *. \the,drgie. Fr. fiom Thcos, God, and 
 /o^oj, a discourse, Gr. i divinity ; a science ^^llich teaches 
 the knowledge of God aiidclivine things. 
 
 THEONIANCV, *. [from 77/™, God, and vmiiteia, 
 divination, Gr.] a kind of divination by calling on llie name 
 of God. 
 
 TIIEO'RBO, s. tiorb; Ital. tuorbe, Fr.] a large lute used 
 in plaviii'; a ihoroiii^h bass. 
 
 THEOREM, s [thioriiiie, Fr. from theoreo, to contem- 
 plate, Gr.] a proposition laid down as an acknowledged 
 truth. 
 
 FH EORETIC M., TH FOR ETIC, or THEO'RIC A 1 , m. 
 
 Ithioiitii/iie or thcnriqiie, Fr. from theiiri-o, to cunteuiplate, 
 Gr. I li'loiiijiiig to theory ; specidative. 
 
 THE'ORIST.i. one wlin forms or inainlains a particular 
 theory, one skilled in spei uliillon. 
 
 TH ''.'ORY, *. [thiiirie, Fi.l'ioiii theoreo to contemplate, 
 iir.theuna, Lat ]speculalloii, opposed lo piatlice ; system, 
 plan, s< he'iie. 
 
 I'HER.APEl'TlCa \tliiriipeiitiqiie, Fr. from Mtropiio, to 
 cure, (jr. I cnralive ; seiiative ; leacniiig the cure of 
 diseases. 
 
 THERE, orf. \thar, Sax. thai, Goth, der, Dan. I in lliat 
 place, opposed ti^ here ; an exclaiiiiitioii ilirccling somelhiiig 
 a' a distance. At ilie beyimiiiig of a sentence, it generally 
 causes the nominative c.ise lo be placed alter Ihi- verb, 
 and is borrowed Irom i7 i/ a, Fr. In composition, it niear^ 
 
 Mr// 
 
 TllEREAROl' !', or THE RKABOL'FS, «rf. ,wnr ihsi. 
 plac/'. niMiibei, ipiii (it\ , or slate ; i ou/-eiiiiiig lliat malier. 
 IHEKEA F'FKR.arf. after that ; according to that; ac- 
 c/irdiUidv. 
 
 'l'I|i:i!EA'T, nrf ai that ; on that account ; at thai place. 
 
 'I'HERI'.BY', iirf. l/y means of thai ; in conscgueiue oi 
 lh;i'. 
 
 rilKREFORE, /»//. for ilwt ; for this ; for this reason; 
 coiiscipii'iillv ; inicli/iii tor this. 
 
 THEUEl'llOM, arf.from that . from this.
 
 TH I 
 
 r(lF.RF,!'N,*'Z. inlliiit; in this. 
 TIlKilKlNTO, «rf. into tliiil. 
 Tin.Kl.OF.nrf of lliiit; oftliis. 
 
 tiii:hi:i;<), .,r thekiun ro, no. to that. 
 
 TIIIIKEU I'O'N, uil. upon ilmt ; in consequence of 
 thiit. 
 
 THr.REWI rH, ad. WwU tliJl : ininic.liiitelv. 
 
 THi:i{ I WITHAL, «(/. ever ;ind al.ove ; with that; at 
 the same liiiie. 
 
 TIIEKIA'CA, or TIjERlACE, s. treacle : any medicine 
 against poisdii, or tlie bites of venomous animals. 
 
 THE'RM.E, s. [Lat.J aititicial hot baths ninch used by 
 the KonuiMs. 
 
 THKRMOI.AMP, <. a hinip which burns by means of 
 intlammablt' air. 
 
 TIIEH.MOMETKR. i. \thermi,mttrie, Fr. from thermo", 
 heat, aii(i mrtnm. a measure, Gr.J an instrument tor nieaju <- 
 inj{ the heat of iiir or a-iv matter. 
 
 THEH.MOAllVrRICAL, a. [from thermoii, heat, 3t,d 
 melron, a nieasuie, Cir. | relaliiij; to the measure of heat. 
 
 TflESE, {rheez ) prou. [phiral. of T/iis] when opposed to 
 those, these rehites to the persons or thinffs last nienlxmed, 
 and tlinse to Iik' first. 
 
 THE'.Sl.S, .(-.ffioin tithemi, to pnt or suppose, Gr. I a posi- 
 
 ' '. - . . ao' 
 
 to be deticlfd by lofjicai arijumenlation. 
 
 tion; a subject to dispute upon; a proposition advanced 
 
 THE'SPIS, the name of the supposed inventor oT tragedy, 
 who llotirished bbii years before Clirist. 
 
 TUKTFORD, a town in Norfolk, s.ated on the Little 
 Ouse, where the Lent assizes for the county are kept. 'I he 
 river, which here divides Sullolk frnui Norfolk, »•. navigable 
 froiM Lynn Rrjjis ; and a ji<un\ deal of wool condting is 
 carried on lier<'. It is 30 miles .S. S. Iv of King's-Lynn, 
 and 80 N. E. of Loinlon. Market on Saturday. 
 
 TilElJRGY, (/;■ soft) i. [from TAfiif, Ciod. and er/^-ao, to 
 >(VOrk, (jr.] the power of doing supernatural things by lawful 
 means, as hy prayer to God. 
 
 'J'HEY, ill the oblique case thon; the I'lural oi he or 
 the. 
 
 THrBET. or Tanoxt, a kiiii;(loni of Chinese Tartary, 
 ID Asia, h;iviu^ China on the E. .Ava on llie S. Mogulstan 
 on the W.aiid Calmuc Tartary on iheN. tl is ivided into 
 two parts, Tan^jul Pro er and Thibet ; the jatter is the pa- 
 trimony of Dal.ii Daiiia, the soveieign pontiO of the Tartars. 
 He is reverenced as a god, he nn supposed to know the 
 secrets ot the heart. lie s.d.iles nobody, Unf . ven S'lvereign? ; 
 he only uls his haiiil on their heads, .uid tliev imagine their 
 sins are blotted nut. 
 
 THICK, «. [ihtvce. Sax. i/iietur, isl.]the opposite of thin ; 
 jross or dense. ( Jreat in cireuiiifeienee, opposed to slender. 
 Mnddv, or not liaosnan nt, a|>plied to liquors. Frequent, or 
 in quirk suet essioii. CI ise, or crowded. Coarse. Without 
 arti< ulaleness, applieil lo sp'-ei h. 
 
 THICK, .«. that pail or time when a lliing is thickest. 
 Thick ««(/</»'«, iHiiw iihst.iiidiuji an\ obstavles or inconve- 
 niences T/iick nud tlireefiild, many. 
 
 To TIH'l KKN 1'. a. to make thick or close ; to condense ; 
 to stienj;then ; to make close or n nieroMs. Neu<erly, lo 
 gniw ihi( k, dense, muddv, close, or nuiin irou.s. 
 
 THI'CKi-r, s. \thivcetti,^A\.\ a cUise knot, or tuft of 
 trees; a cl('»e wi>od orcopp'ce. 
 
 THICKLY, lid. closely ; dee4)ly ; in "reat quantiiv. 
 
 THICKNESS, .5. the opposile of thinness; closeness; 
 largeness in ciirumlVritice ; coarseness; density. 
 
 THICKS KT, «. close planted. 
 
 THIEF, {Umf) s fiduial thieves; theif. Sax.] one who 
 privately takes awav ihe p opeitv of aiiollier; an excres- 
 cence ill the siiuti of a caiid e, which, if neglected, would 
 »oon consume it. 
 
 To TH lEVK, (ikeere) v. ti. to lake away Ihe property of 
 another unlawfully. 
 
 TillE'V Ei\,)[ , (tlvsivery) a. tlie practice of stealing; the 
 thin;; stolen. 
 
 6 Q 
 
 THl 
 
 THIE'VISFI, {t/teevish) a. given to Stealing; piactis'ng 
 theft ; sly ; si cret. 
 
 'I'HIE'VISHLY, {theevishly) ad. in a thieving manner; like 
 
 a thief 
 
 THIE'VISHNI'SS, {theivishness) «. a disposition or inclina- 
 
 tiou to siealinif ; habit id stealing. 
 
 THIGH, (Mi) J (</»■<//,, Sax] all that part of the human 
 frame bitw iii ihe bullocks ami tin- Knee. 
 
 THILL, s. [ihillc, a piece of timber cut, .Sax.] ihe shafts or 
 arni.s <)■ Wood between whuh a hoise is placed in a car' lage ; 
 hence l/iill or thiller hiirse, the horse that yoes between the 
 shafts. 
 
 THIMPjLE, s. [Minshew supposed it corrupted from 
 thimii) btlly.\ inelal cover placed on ihe tip i>f the mid finder 
 to presiMve it Ironi the needle whin sewing. 
 
 TH I iM E, ifime, s. See Th Y M E. 
 
 THIN, a. [lliDin, Sax] the contrary to thick ; rare, op- 
 posed to dense ; not (lose; separated by lar;4e inlerstices ;- 
 small, applieil to sound; lean* or shin; not coarse; not 
 abe.unil ng. .Adverbially not thitkly. 
 
 To THIN, V a. to make thin or rare , to make less close 
 orniimeious ; to attenuate. 
 
 THINK, wun. [theiii, Goth, thiv. Sax.] belonging to or 
 relating lo lliee. It is used for thy, when the'substantive 
 is divided from it ; as this shareis thine, for this is thy share. 
 It is placed before a word beginning with a vo\\el. 
 
 THING, i' fMiJig-, Sax. rfiHff, Relg.] whatever is. Some- 
 times opposefl to a iierson,il signifies an inanimate substance. 
 When applied to persons, it implies vontempt and pity. 
 
 To THINK I). II. preter. thviight ; Uhenceau, '»ax. thank- 
 gaii, Goth.] to consider any thing in the mind ; to reason ; 
 tojiidge or conelude ; to intend; tomedilale. To recollect 
 or (diserve, used with vpim. Actively, to entertain in the 
 mind, conceive, or imagine. To think much of, is to grudge. 
 Tothinkscirrnfdly of, is to disdain. .SvNON. We Mini qui- 
 etly and orderlv, to be thoroughly acquainted with our ob- 
 ject. We study with inquietude, and v<ithoiit order, to 
 attain our wisnes. We muse deeply, to pass the time 
 agreeably. 
 
 THINKER, i. one who thinks deeply. 
 
 THINKING,*, imagination ; cogitation; judgment. 
 
 THI'NLV, ad. not thickly ; poorly, leanly, applied to the 
 appearance of a person. 
 
 THI'N.N l;SS, 5. the quality of not beins; gross; Ihe quality 
 of not being of a good substance, applied to cloth, &c. 
 teniiitx ; paucity ; scarceness. 
 
 THIT)NVILLE, a considerable town in the department 
 of Moselle, once the residence of the kings of Anstrasia. It 
 is advaulagiousK sen ted on the river Moselle, ovei which it 
 has a biidge, defended by a horn-work ; and is 14 miles 
 N. of Metz, and 195 N.N. E. of Paris. Lat. 49. 21 J. N. 
 Ion. 6. ^^^h■ E. 
 
 THIKD. n. [Ihrithiha, Sax.] the next afler the second. 
 Used as a subslaiilive, it implies the third part ; the sixtieth 
 part of a second. 
 
 THrHDIi()ROrGH,j.annni|prcoiistaL!e. 
 
 THrnnLY, ad. ill the third place. 
 
 To THIRL, »'. rt. f//j»7((/H, Sax.] to pierce ; to perforate. 
 It is MOW pronounced and wiitleii tl.iill. 
 
 THIRSK, orTiti!t:sK, a t<'wn in the N. Riding of York- 
 shire, with a market on Monday. It is a small place, for- 
 merly noted for its strong castle, and it iiov. smdi, I » o niem- 
 bns t.. 1 aril^nient. It is 20 miles N. W. of York and irtJO 
 N. by W. of London. 
 
 THIRST, s. [thyrst, Sa*.] the pain suffered for want of 
 drink. I igioatiyely, an eager or vehement desire. 
 
 To THIRST, V. 71. Hhyr-'tan, Sax.) to be iineasv for want 
 of drink. Figuratively, to have a vehement desire, followed 
 hy after. , 
 
 TH rR^'lIi.Y, ad. wanting moisture. 
 
 THTRSTINESS, s. a strong desire to drink ; want of 
 moistuie : drvness. 
 
 THl'RS'l \,a.\thurstig. Sax.] dry ; troubled with drought; 
 ■vchcDieutiy dcsiiou.s. 
 
 S48
 
 T H <J 
 
 THn 
 
 1 HIHTE'EN, «. \theotine, ?ax.] rtie-mmibet immetlhrteiy 
 full':"ii'u twelve : ifi) ami linee. 
 
 T!J!RT!7K.NTH, «. llie ordinal of lliirtecn. 
 
 TIM'UTIEni. (I. ilieoKlinitluCtliiriy. 
 
 THl'ilTV.f.'. tliiKf tfii. 
 
 TilJS, iiioii. \i!ii.i, Siix.] that wliidi is now present, or 
 mentionen. Atltr Lut, t!ie next ;im1 no niovf. Followed iiy 
 a word denotiiiij time, the liisl p.ist. h is often muioM d So 
 ihtt, whith, when (hev rs-liT to ;\ fbrnier sentence, rt?'s le- 
 iatPs to ilie latter, inid M^if follie first nieniiier. 
 
 THi'STLK, 4', [tliistel Siix.| in hotmn, the carri:ius of 
 Lir>i!«;i!s. It isi h yenos of pliiiils willi com pom id flowers, 
 "(1is.li!)suished fVoni the others h\ ils Oitt hairy ri • nuttle. 
 'fhtife lire lOBrili^ti species, idl of\\hich flower in jiun- <.nH 
 Juiv. St. Barnaby's ihiMle is a species of iem:iuiea with 
 veJiow l)ioss<^ms, fioweriiifc in Julv, and found isi lied;;* s. 
 'Order of the Tfiutlc. or of St. J;i(/mc, a n'ililiiry order of 
 UniHhJl'ood ill Scotiiind, the rise and instihitioii whereof is 
 Vaiioiislv related. 'Ciie chief and princi|ial ensign i? a pold 
 collar composed of ihisllcs and sprigs of nie, iiileilinked 
 %villi amnlets of gold, liaviii;; pendent thereunto the iiiiaj;e 
 of St. Andrew, vsiih his cross, and the motto, Nemo iw. im- 
 pmu I'nressit. 
 
 THi'STI.Y, 0. overgrown with tliislles. 
 
 THITHER, nrf.[<A!«7(er, Sax.] to that place; to that end 
 or poini. 
 
 THlTHIsRWARD, ad. toward that place. 
 
 TliLI'PSIS,*. (from r/-'i7'e, to press, Gr.| is a compression 
 of the stomach from food, which is offensive only by its 
 quaiilily ; or from a conflux of iinmours, void of acrimony, 
 into that part. 
 
 THO', contracted forTHOCGH. 
 
 THO'MAS, St. ai; island of AlVic?., lyinf! in 0. 19. N. lat. 
 and C. 424. E. Ion. It was disco\< red in 1460, and heloiigs 
 to the PortiiKucsc. It is almost round, and isaboui30 miles 
 in ciiciiinfereiice. 
 
 THOMAS, St. an island of the West lnd)fs, fhe princi- 
 pa1df the "Virf ;n islands, alu iil 18 miles in circlimfercncp. 
 Tt abounds with millet, manioc, i olatoes, and most sorts of 
 tViiils and horiiaue, es()eciallv simar mid lobarco. It belongs 
 to llie Dutch. l.al. IS. -i?. N.!oii.6'. 52. \V. 
 
 '1'HONG, i. \t/iiciii,g. Sax 1 a strap or string of leather. 
 
 THOll, «. in niythold'ry, an idol of the antient Saxons, 
 ivhich was worshipped on the Tliinsilav 
 
 Thorax «. \Gr. thmax, Lai.l the chest ; or that part 
 ef an animal body beginning at the neck bone, and ending 
 ax The diaphi;!^'"' 
 
 'niORA'ClC, a. [from thorax, Lat.] belonging to llie 
 1)reast. 
 
 TliO'RAL, n. [from thorut, Lat.J relafin;; to the bed. 
 *' ?'/;r')-«/M'oaration. ' AiiUffc. 
 
 THOliN; a cit\ of W. stern Prussia, formerly Hansealie, 
 tlie chief citv of Polish Prussia, »lrou^lv foi lifted, and of 
 pretty ^ood trade. Its soap ami ^'inserbread are in j;reat 
 request, and great quantities of them are exported, in 
 179:!. the Prussian lioops took possession of Thorn, after 
 which lime it i\as ann«'xed to the dominions of that king. 
 It i- seated on the riv. r Vistula, over which is a remarkable 
 brid're, 70 miles S. of Danizick. 
 
 THO'RN APPLE, the datura of Einnaens. A plant with 
 an npri;;ht ei;^' shaped Ihorny seed vi'ssel, e-^ii sliapeil in- 
 dented leaves and white blossoms. It is common amongst 
 rulibi'll about Li'lldoii. 
 
 'PllOilN, «• U/i' >•«, Sax.] a ijvickly tree ; a prickle growing 
 on iIk- tb<. II l)u,h: an\ thinj; Irouble-nme. 
 
 THO'KNRACK, ,«. a species of \\\v ra\fi-h, prickly on 
 ihe back, which freq.'ients Ih" sor>dy shores of this country, 
 and is very voracious, fee<lin!{ lipoiiall sorts of fish, parlicu- 
 larlv hell iin,'s and sand eels. 
 
 , i'llO'KNRrilY, atowii of filonceslershiie, seated near 
 flic Seven, yi miles S, \V. of (iloucesler, ami 121 W. of 
 I^ondoii. It is a mu'^ortowti, and has a market on 
 Saturday. 
 
 'IIIORNE, a popubuis and improving town in tlie W. 
 
 860 
 
 Riding n.' Yorkshire. The marsh lands, or tnrf-moor fens, 
 to the K. and N. 1'". of lliis town, have been lately inclosed. 
 TIk' marshes also have been drained, ami the ground much 
 sunk, by u cut. Id miles in leii^jth, from this place lo (iowlc, 
 or Ciowld Hall. It is situated on the river Don, 31 miles 
 S. of Yorli, and l(i-2N. of London. MaiKel <ni Wednesday. 
 
 THO'RIVEY, a toAin in Cainbridgejliiie, wilii a market 
 on Siiturdav. It is 4 miles E. of Kly, and S7 from London. 
 
 THORNY, it. full o! thorns or prickles. Eiguralively, 
 perideMeil ; vexatious. 
 
 THO'HOUtiTJ, (th!ir'o) prep, the word through extended 
 into two syllabtes. 
 
 THOJtOL'fiH, (ihoru) ad. [this is always written with 
 two s\llables, bn! llie preposition sonielimes in one, as 
 ;'or)»^7i I complete ; passing in at one side, and beyond the 
 olli'-r. 
 
 THO'ROUGHFAR l\ (<//&» S/are) s. a passage without any 
 
 1 HO'ROUGHLY, ad. completely ; fullv. 
 
 'J'HOROUCHWAX, s. in botany, the bnpleurnm of Liri- 
 nteiis. It is an umbelliferous plant. There aie two British 
 species. 
 
 THORP, THR OP, TH REP, TRKP, or TROP, in the 
 names of places, are derived from thm-p,a village, Sax. 
 
 THOSk, pron. see These. 
 
 THOU, prvn. [thti, Sax. dii, Beig.l when we speak to onr 
 equals or Miperiors, we say iion, like the French : but in our 
 addresses and devotions, we generally use thou. The second 
 pronoun personal. 
 
 THOlXiH, (t/w) vmj. \lhanh, Goth, theah. Sax.] notwhh- 
 staiiding thai ; altho: gh. As M«)(^/i, implies, as if. At the 
 end of a sentence, it denotes however, or vet. 
 
 THOLGHT, U/wH?) .«. the act of thiiiking; an image 
 tornied in the mind ; sentiment ; reflection ; opinion; de- 
 sign ; serious consideration. Solicitude, care. " Hawis 
 ■was put in trouble, and died with ihimght and anguish." 
 Bnrov. Ol'solete in this last sense. 
 
 THOrGHT,ilie prete .Slid part. pass, of Think. 
 
 THO'Ut^HTFliL, {tha,,if„l) a. pensive, full of thought ; 
 givenlo medilafion : anxious, solicitous. 
 
 THOUGHTFULLY. Uhavtf„ll<i) ad. in a pensive and 
 flioii:jlitful manner: with solicitude. 
 
 THO'UGHTFULN ES^, (thavif„lness) s. deep meditationj 
 fulness of refection. Solicitude, anxiety. 
 
 TH0U(;H IL'I'NS, a. airy ; negligeii'i ; stupid. 
 
 THO'USAND, a. [t/iii.'nid, Sax. I consisting of ten hun- 
 dred. Substanli\rly, the number ten hundred. Prover- 
 biallv, a great number 
 
 THOUSANDTH, s. the ordinal of a thousand. 
 
 THUALL,or THRA'I.UOINL «• [(/»!«•/, Sax.] bondage, or 
 a state of slaveiv or confimiiienl. 
 
 THR\'PSTON, a small to«n of Northamptonshire, 
 sealed on the river Nen, 7 miles N. of Higha in- Ferrers, and 
 7.5 "N. N. W. of London. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 'I'o THKA'SH, 1. ".sometimes written t/itrsh ; [tharsrtm. 
 Sax.) to beat ccnii oul of ihe chaff ; to beat or drub. 'Nen- 
 terb . to labour, or drudge. 
 
 THRA'SHER. s. one who thrashes corn. 
 
 THRAVL, or 'PHRF.AVE oi- cok-n, s. [thitrf. Sax.] 9* 
 sheaves, or 4 slmcks, each containing t; shetives. In some 
 counties tliev reckon two shocks to the thrave, and 12 
 sh' I' es to each shock. 
 
 THR I". AD, (thrid) s. \ihr(p<l. Sax. J a small line of flax 
 twisleil ; anv thing contrived in a course, or unfform tenor; 
 the main drift or design ofa discourse, 'fhread, <pr filament ; 
 in botany, is a part of a stamen or clii\e, ^upportiug the 
 anther or tip. 
 
 To I'll READ, (rtr^rf) V. a. to p;»ss through withafhreiid; 
 
 to pierce 
 
 THR!A'DI5\RE, (thrcdbure) a. worn to lite naked 
 Ihri'ads : having no nap; worn out. 
 
 'PHRl'.A'DMOSS, ,t. ill botany, fhe brviim of LinnieiVb 
 The species under this genus are very ntnneioiis. 
 
 THREAT, {Jhrit) .V. the act of denouncing ili ; a mona«e>
 
 T II II 
 
 THW 
 
 To THREAT, or TIIREATEN, (thm or ihrilen) v. a. 
 f^) eat is used only in poetry ; It/imt/uin, S.ix.] to assure a 
 
 Eerson of, or denounce, lulure evil ; to endeavour to terrify 
 y denounein^r ill ; to meniice. 
 
 THREA'TENF.R, «. a nienacer, one that threatens. 
 
 THUlvA'TlsNINCi, s. a nieuaei- ; a deiiuuciation of evil. 
 
 THHEK, a. |,A>7t',Sax.]lvvo and one. 
 
 THREE FOIJ), «. [ilacofnaU, .Sax.] thrice repeated ; 
 consisting of three. 
 
 THREESCORE, a. sixty : three times twenty. 
 
 To THRESH, I.. «. seeTii RA.SH. 
 
 THRESHER, t. one that threshes corn. 
 
 THRE'SHOLD, .r. [thescwutd, Sax. I the ground or step 
 tinder a door ; entrance ; '^wXe ; door. 
 
 THREW, preter. ofTuRow. 
 
 THRICE, ad. [l/irig, Sax. J three times. Sonieti'nes set 
 before an adjective to express the superlative degree, or aui- 
 plilicalion. 
 
 To THIRD, f. a. [corrupted from iliread] to slide through 
 a narrow paasafje. 
 
 THRIFT, s. [from thrive] profit ; state of prospering; 
 tlie state of acquirinKUiore : frugality. In botany, the sta- 
 ticeof LinuKUs. There are three British species ; the sea, 
 lavender, and matted thrift. This genus contains five 
 chives and five poituals within its blossom, and may be dis- 
 tinguished from the other genera in the same class and 
 orcfer by one small roundish seed being only contained in 
 
 THRI TTILY, ad. sparingly ; frugally. 
 
 THRFETINESS, s. frugality ; managing with economy ; 
 sparingnes'i. 
 
 THRl'I'T'Y, a. frugal ; managing with prudence ; spar- 
 ing; well-husbanded. 
 
 To THRILL, t'. rt. \tht/rliun. Sax.] to pierce or bore ; to 
 penetrate ; to drill ; to affect with a piercing sensation. 
 Neiiterly,tohave theqiialily of piercing; to pierce or wound 
 the ear with a sharp sound ; to feel or pass with a sharp 
 tingling sensation. 
 
 To Thrive, v. n. preter. throve, part, pass, thriven ; 
 \throa, to increase, Isl. J to prosper, to increase ; to advauce 
 many thing desired. 
 
 THRlVFR.i. one that prospers; •'>nethat grows rich. 
 
 THRIVING, a. prosperous. 
 
 THRI'VINGLY. ad. prosperously. 
 
 fHRO' a contraetio") of Through. 
 HROAT, {throt) s. \throte or throta. Sax.] the fore part 
 of the uerk, or passage for food and breath ; the main road 
 of any place. 
 
 THROA TWORT, «. a plant. 
 
 T<« THROB, V. n. to heave at the breast with sorrow; to 
 beat or palpitate. 
 
 THROB, s. a heave, or beat of palpitation. 
 
 THROE, a. [from iloovinu, to suffer, Sax.| the pain and 
 anguish attending the V>ringing of a child into the world ; 
 anv gr»»at agony ; the final and mortal struggle. 
 
 THRONE, s. [thvoms. Or. thrnnns, Lat.] a chair of state, 
 richly adorned, and covered with a canopy, for emperors, 
 kings, princes, &c. to sit on at all times of public cere- 
 monies. 
 
 THRONG, s. lihran^, from thringhan, to press, Sax.] a 
 erowd ; a multitude pressing against each other. 
 
 To THRONG, v. n to crowd ; to swarm. Actively, to 
 iucouimode with crowds. 
 
 THRO'NGING,(i5- hard)o.crowding; gathering together 
 in great numbers. 
 
 THHO'STLE, *, [th-rstle, S;,x.| the thrush. 
 
 THRO'TTLE, s. [^rm\^thvmt^\W wind pipe. 
 
 To THHO'rrLE.r. a. to choak ; to siiHocate; to kill by 
 sloviping tin- lireath ; to st'inv.'le ; to stitle. 
 
 THROVE, preler. of T KtVK. 
 
 THROUGH, (ilroo) prep [thurh. Sax. J from one end or 
 extri ''lii-, 'ollie r'lie: : l>y nieiiii;- of. 
 
 THROUGH, {throo) ad. from one end, or side, to the 
 ettier. 
 
 THUOIJ'GHLY, n(f. [it is commonly wrilten tUi,:oi:rrhJy 
 from //((')o»n/i| completelv ; entirely ; siucerelv. 
 
 TllROUCillOUT, {ihroo-'out) prep, quite through; en- 
 tirelv. 
 
 THROUGHOUT, ad. in every part ; every where. 
 
 To THROW, llliro) V. a. pret. titrnv, part. pass, t/iroicn ; 
 [thriiirnii,'S-j\ | to fling or cast to a distance ; to toss, or put 
 away wilh violence, haste, or negligence ; to lay down care- 
 lessly, or in haste; to cast ; to oiiiit ; to venture at dice; to 
 spread in haste ; to reject. 7'o throw awmj, to \iyiv or spend 
 profusely ; to reject. Used wilh by, lo reject, or lay aside 
 as useless. U.sed with dmiii, to overturn. Used wilh off, 
 to expel, ri-ject, or renounce. Used with nut, to c\ert ; In 
 distance or leave behind ; to eject ; lo emit. Used willi 
 up, lo resign angrily ; to emit or bring up. Neuierly, lo 
 perform the act of casting ; to cast dice. Used with about, 
 to lr\ expedients. 
 
 THROW, «/(;o) J. a cast ; a cast of dice ; the space to 
 which any thing is thrown ; aiiefibrtor violent sal!} ; stroke; 
 blow ; throe. 
 
 THRO WER, s. one that throws. 
 
 THRt)WSTER, {tlirbster) s. a twister of silk or thread. 
 
 THRUM, f. [ihraiim, the end of any thing, Isl. J the cuds 
 of weavers' threads ; any coarse yarn. 
 
 To THRUM, V. a. to grate ; to play coarsely. 
 
 THRUSH, f. \thrisc, .Sax.] a small singing bird. In me- 
 dicine, small round ulcerations, which a|i|>ei:r in llie moiilh, 
 and by degrees affect every part of the alimentary duct, ex- 
 cept the thick cuts. 
 
 To THRUST, ji. fl. [<n(«'to, Lat,] to push anv thing into 
 matter, or between close bodies ; to pusli or drive wilh vifi- 
 lence ; to stab; to obtrude. To compress, used with <(/?«- 
 ther. Neuterly, to attack with a pointed weapon ; lo 
 squeeze into ; to throng. 
 
 THRUST, J. a push ; assault; hostile attack with a point- 
 ed weapon. 
 
 THUMB, {thum)s. \thnmu. Sax.] ihat short strong finger 
 which grows on that part of the hand towards the body. 
 
 To THUMB, V. 71. lo handle awkwardly. 
 
 THUMP, s.[tlu)mbo, Ilal.] a hard heavy blow given wilh 
 something blunt. 
 
 To THUMP, t). a. to beat with dull heavy blows. Neu- 
 terlv, to fall or strike with a dull heavy blow. 
 
 THU'MPING, a. beating ; great, huge, big. 
 
 THU'NDER, s. [thundir, *ax. dnmlcr, Swed. I a loud noise 
 or rattling, accompanied by lightning ; any loud noise, or 
 tumultuous violence. 
 
 ToTHU'NDEJl, v. n. to make that loud and terrible 
 noise altpudiug b;;htiiing. Actively, loemit with noise and 
 terror ; to publish anv denunciation or threat. 
 
 THUNDERBOLT, s. lightning ; ecclesiastical fulmi- 
 nation. 
 
 THUNDERCLAP, i. an explosion of thunder. 
 
 THLT'NDERKR, i. the power that llmnders. A name 
 given bv the headiens to Ju|>iter their principal deily. 
 
 THU'NDERSHOWER.s. rain accompanied wilh thunder. 
 
 ToTHU'NDERSTRlKE, v. a. part. pass. tImnd.rKtrack ■ 
 to blast, or hint wilh lightning; lo terrify or amaze by some 
 unexpected ev< nt. 
 
 THURIFICA'TION, i. [from thus, frankincense, and 
 faiio. Lat. J the act of fuming with incense : the act of burn- 
 ing incense. 
 
 THURSDAY, s. the fifth dav of the Christian week, and 
 the sixth ofth.- Jews ; so called from Thor, an idol wofsbip- 
 ped bv tlie Saxons I'u.H Teuton-' on this day. S- me suppose 
 thai the Supreme Deitv mms worshipped under ihis name. 
 
 THUS, «(/. [thus, Saxi] in this planner; to this degree or 
 quantity. 
 
 To THWACK, f. «. [i/KuryTH, S;ix.| to st- ike with some- 
 thini; blunt au'I heavy ; to brat heartily ; to belabour ; to 
 ban;' ; to liirasli. 
 
 THWACK, s. a blow given wilh someihing bluirt and 
 
 heavy.
 
 T IG 
 
 TIM 
 
 TinVART, (a pron. broad) a. [tlnn/t; Sax.J cross ; trans- 
 verse ; perverse ; inconveiiieut ; luisthievous. 
 
 To THWART, r. a. to cross ; to do any thing in opposi- 
 tion to another. Neuterly, to be in oppositiim to. 
 
 THY, pron. [thin. Sax.] of, lelonging or rehiting to, thee. 
 It is placed before a word beginning witii a consonant. 
 See Thine. 
 
 THYJNIK, {time) s. [thym, Fr. tlnjtmis, Lat.] a genus of 
 plants of which tlicrc ar* two British species, viz. the com- 
 mon thvnie and wild basd. 
 
 THV'RSUS, s. [V.r.\ the upright stalk or stem of an 
 bcrb. Also, a lance or spear, «rapt in vine leaves, where- 
 with Bacchus is said to have armed himself and his soldiers, 
 to deceive the Indians, and make them expect no 
 hostilities. 
 
 Tl'AU, orTIA'RA, s. [tiara, Lat. tiare, Fr.] a diadem, 
 or dress for the head. The pope's triple crown. 
 To TIC!''-, I', a. contracted from Entice. 
 TICK, s. [perhaps contracted from ticket, a tally on which 
 debts are scored] score or trust ; the lice of dogs or sheep, 
 from tiqiie, Fr. to teque, Bela. The linen case which holds 
 the feathers or flocks of a bed- 
 To TICK, t'. /.. to lake on credit, or on trust ; to run in 
 debt ; to trust, or give credit. 
 
 TICKU..L, a town in the VV. Hiding of Yorkshire, o 
 miles S. of Doncaster, and 155 N by W. of Londnn. 
 
 Tl'CKI'.N, or TICKING, t. a kind of strong linen used 
 for bedding. 
 
 TI'CKl-yr, t. a token of any right or claim, at the tlelivery 
 of which a<lmission is granted, or the claim ackno" Icdgcd. 
 To TICKLE, V. a. [tiltllo, Lai. J to create a titillation, or 
 'telling sensation and lau;;liter, accompanied with pleasure 
 and pain by slight touches ; to please by slight gratifications. 
 Neuterly, to feel a titillation, or a sensation which causes 
 laughter. 
 
 TI'CKLISH, a. sensible to titillation; easy tickled when 
 scarce touched ; tottering ; dilhcult, or nice ; uncertain ; 
 infixed. 
 
 TID, a. [<j(fW*r, Sax.] tender; soft; nice. 
 TIDES, s.'[tyd. Sax. tijd, Belg. and Isl.] two periodical 
 motions of the waters of the sea, called the flux and reflux, 
 or the flow and ebb. The cause of the tides is the attraction 
 of the sun and moon, but chiefly the latter; the waters of 
 the immense ocean, forgetful, as it were, of their natural 
 rest, move and roll in tides, obsequious to the strong and at- 
 tractive power of.'the moon, and weaker influence of the 
 sun. 
 
 TI'DESMAN, s. a tidewater, or custom house ofhcer, put 
 on board sJiips to prevent smuggling, or defrauding the king 
 of his duties. 
 
 Tl'DKWAITER, «. an officer who watches the landing of 
 goods at the custom-house. 
 
 Tl'DESNVELL, a !own in Derbyshire, with a market on 
 Wednesday. Its siluatiiui is low, and is so called from a 
 well that is said toebb and flow. It is but anonlinary place, 
 but lias a handsome eliurcli, and a free-school. It is 22 
 miles N. \V. ol Dcrl)v, arul U!0 N. N. W. of'London. 
 TIDILY, W. upatlv; readily. 
 Tl'IllNI'.SS, s. nealucss; readim-ss. 
 Tl'piNCiS, ->■- 1 fi(.m iiditii, to luiiipin, Sax.] news ; account 
 •jfsometliuig tliat li;!s l.apptiwd. 
 
 TI'DY, a. [<"/', isl.J si'asiinable; neat; ready. 
 i"o TIK, II. «. [turn. Sax.] lo bind ; to fasten with a knot. 
 Used with «/>, to confine or obstru' t. To oblige or con- 
 stmin. 
 
 Tie, t. a fastening made by a knot; a bond or obliga- 
 tior.. 
 
 TIKRCE, «. seeTF.ROE. 
 
 TlTF, ». liipior; drink; a quantity of liquor for drinking ; 
 u fit of pi-evishness ; a pet. A low word. 
 
 TKil,, -v. iu an bileclure, the shaft of a column from the 
 estriii;;d lo lli<- capital. 
 
 Tlii i;il, '^ li.ird; *. [(igre, Fr. tigris, Lat.] a large, very 
 b62 
 
 fierce, and very beautiful animal of the cat kind, whicli 
 abounds in the East Indies. 
 
 TIGH'I", (tit) a. [dicht, Belg.J close, or stretched bard, 
 opposed to loose. Cleanly dressed ; something less tiiaa 
 neat. Not leakv, applied to casks or vessels. 
 To TI'CtHTEN, v. a. to straiten ; to make close. 
 TICtHTLY, ad. closely ; not loosely ; neatly. 
 TIXjHTiN KSS, {tnness) s. closeness ; neatness. 
 TI (iRESS, s. the femaleofthe tiger. 
 TIKE, i. a cur or small dog. " Bobtail tike." Shak. 
 TILBL'UY, EAST, a village in Esse\, situated car the 
 moulli of the Thames, to the E. of Tilbury Fort. It is 
 supposed to be the place where the emperor Claudius cross- 
 ed the I'hanies, in piirsuif of the Britons. In this paiishis 
 a firlil, called Cave Field, in which is a horizontal passage 
 to one of 1 he spacious caverns in the neighbouring parish 
 ofChiidwell. Of these Camden has given a sketch in his 
 Biitaiuiia ; and he describes them as in a chalk clift, luilt 
 very artificially of stone, to the lieiglit of tin fatliomg. 
 Deihaiii nxasiired three of llic most considerable of t!um, 
 and found tin- depth ol'one nl'llit>iii lo be 50 feet, of another 
 TOfeet, and of llie Ihiid 80 feet. 'Hieir origin is too remote 
 for iiives: igatmu. Tiliury Fort, Ej-sex, situated in Ihe parish, 
 of West Tilbuiv, opposite Giaveseiid, 28 miles E. by S. of 
 Loudon. 
 
 TILK, s. [li^e. Sax. teg-el, Belg.] thin plates of baked clay, 
 used in covering houses. 
 To TILE, v.a. to cover with files; to cover as tiles. 
 TILED, a. Ill botany, one leaf or scale partly coveringi 
 another like the tiles on a house, exemplified in the enipale- 
 menl of the dandelion and burdock. 
 
 TILER, J. one whose trade is to cover hoiiiies witil 
 tiles. 
 TI'LING, *. the roof covered with tiles. 
 TILL, J. a money box or drawer. 
 
 TILL, pre]) [<(7,"Sax.] to lli'e time of Tilt now, is to the 
 present time ; tilt then, to that time. 
 TILL, covj. to the time that; to the degree that. 
 To TILL, f. a. [tijlian. Sax.] to plough oi manure the 
 ground. 
 
 TI'LLAGE, s. the act of plonghing.and manuring land, to 
 make it produce corn ; liusbandiv ; agriculture. 
 
 TTLLER, i. a strong piece of iimbtr fastened to a ship's 
 rudder, by whicli it is moved ; a young tree left to grow till 
 it is fit to fell. A husbandman; a ploughman. A till ; a 
 small drawer. 
 TILLS, s. a sort of pulse. 
 
 TI'LSIT, a large, rich, and commercial town of Lithuania 
 containing 600 houses, and 7(X)0 inhabitants. It consists 
 chiefly of two long streets, of a proportionable breadth, and 
 a coniiguous suburb called the Libeitv. It is seated on the 
 rever Memcl, 50 miles N. K. from Konigsberg. This town 
 lias lately become famous for the familiar conferences held 
 here by the emperors of France and Russia ; which ended 
 in a treatv of peace (known bv the name of the Treaty of 
 Tilsil) signed Julv G, 1807. 
 
 TILT, s. [ti/ld, <nx.] a tent ; liny covering over Ihe head ; 
 the covering "ol a boal or carriage; a military game, in whicli 
 the combatants tliiust at each other with lances ;' a 
 thrust. 
 
 To TILT, i». H. to fill or lean on one side. To run in 
 tilts; to fight with rapiers; to rush as in a combat. Ac- 
 tirelv, to stoop, hid. I, or force on one side. To turn so as 
 to runout. To co\er like the tilt of a lioat To carry, or 
 point, as in tills. 
 TIfTll, .1. husbandry ; manure ; eultnre. 
 Tl'SlBI-R,* \tiiwbniiii,*\it build. Sax.] wood fit forbuild- 
 inji ; man trunk of a tree; materials, ironically. 
 TIM I5HI' L, -$. [tiimpnnitm, Lat.] a nnisieal instrument. 
 'riiME, s. \ti/iii, Eisf, t>/m(j Sax.] duration considered as se.t 
 out b' cei lain periods, aiii. measured by certain epochas ; 
 measure of (hiialioii ; inter\al , season or proper time ; life ; 
 eaily season ; Ihe hour of child-birth ; the repetition of; .y 
 tiling ; musical measure.
 
 Tlf 
 
 TIT 
 
 To TIME, w. a. to bring or do at a proper season : to illot 
 a certain space for the accnmplishing a thing ; to measure 
 liarmonically. 
 
 TI'MIOLY.rtf/. seasonably ; opportnnely ; early; soon. 
 
 TI'JVllD, n.\limitie, Fr. iimidtis, from timeo, to fear, l^at. ' 
 foiirful ; wanting cdiiiase ; timorous; cowardly. 
 
 TlMI'DITY, ». [timirlite, Fr. tinnditas, from timeo, to fear, 
 Lai.] want of courage ; foarfuliioss ; cowardlini'ss. 
 
 'ITMORO'IS, n. [from timeo, to fear, Lat.J too much af- 
 T«Tlp(l witli fear ; fearf'ni. 
 
 TI'WOKOUSLY, ad. tVaifiillv ; with much fear. 
 
 TI'MOROUSNKSS. See Timidity. 
 
 TIMOTHY GRASS, *. I so calird (Vom Mr. Timntliy 
 Ihinson, who first brought the seeds of it frotn Virglniii] a 
 Siiocies of grass cultivated \n F-nscland, in low, dain|) ;;r<niiids, 
 near London, ;iud in Hi'iefonlsliiic, r>erksl!ire,and XoitolU. 
 It grows to the height of three or four feet, and ri'seuibU'S 
 wheal or ryp. All cattle are very fond of it. Sonic think 
 it a nalivp of this country, and that Mr. Hanson only 
 ciirritd it from Virginia to IV. Carolina, where it'obtaincd 
 its name. 
 
 Tin, s. [ten, Belg.J a whitish metal, sofler, less clastic, 
 and less sonorous, than any other metal, excepting lead. The 
 principal mines of it are in CmMuall. 
 
 TI'NC/VL, s. in chjraistry, tlie commercial name of crud' 
 borav. 
 
 TINCT, ». [t'cint, Fr.] a colour stain, or spot. 
 
 TI'NCTURR, i. \tinctin-n, fr^Tll tiuiro, to slain, Lat. | colour, 
 superadded b\ something; an imtierfect srnattciing of 
 an art or science. In chymistry, a dissolution <>! the 
 more refined and volatile parts of a body in a proper nien- 
 strnum. 
 
 To TIKCTURE. 11. a. to imbue or impregnate with some 
 colour or taste ; to imbue the mind. 
 
 TI'NDER,*. [tiindre, or tendre, Sax.| linen cloth burnt to 
 ashes, used in catching the sparkles made bv striking a flint 
 and steel together. 
 
 TI'NDRRBOX, s. a box for holding tinder. 
 
 TINE, J. [tiiine. Isl] the tooth of a harrow; the spik« of 
 a fork ; trouble, distress. 
 
 To TING, or TINK, v. n. [tinnio, Lat.J to make a sharp 
 ihrill noise. 
 
 To ITNG K, V. a. [f!t«r--,, Lat.J to impregnate or imbue with 
 a colour or taste ; ti) stain. 
 
 TrNGL.\.SS, *. bismuth ; a serai-roetal, smooth, and re- 
 sembling tin. 
 
 1\> TI NGLK, t'. n. Uiii^elen, Belg.] to perceive a con- 
 tinued sound in the ear; to feel a sharp quick pain, or 
 pleasure. 
 
 TI'iS'KER, ». a person who mends old copper and brazen 
 vessels. 
 
 To TI'NKLE, II. n. [tinter, Fr.] to make a sharp quick 
 noise ; to clink. 
 
 TI'NMAN, ». one who manufactures and sells wares made 
 of tin, or iron tinned over. 
 
 TI NMOUTH, a sea port of Northumberland, seated at 
 the mouth of the river Tyne, 9 miles E. of Newcastle. It 
 has a large and stately castle, seated on a very high rock, 
 inaccessible on the sea-side, and well mounted with cannon. 
 There are dangerous rocks about it called the Black Mid- 
 dins; but to guide the ships by night, there are light- 
 houses set up, and maiitained by the Trinity-House. Here 
 are several salt works, but the principal article of trade is 
 coals. 
 
 TTOSEL, s. [etincelle, Fr.l a kind of shining cloth ; any 
 thina showy, but of small value. 
 
 TINT, t. \teivte,Fr. tinta, Ital.j a dye, or colour. 
 
 TINY,' a. [tynrf, Dan.] httle; small; puny. Used in 
 burlesque. 
 
 TIP, s. [tip, Belg.] the top, end, or point. In botany, 
 apartof a stamen or chive, fixed up^in the thread, and con- 
 taining the dust. In dog's mercury, it has one cell, in helle- 
 bore two, in orchis three, in fritillary four, &c. This part 
 
 of the stamen is called by Linnaeus, anthem, or the flower, 
 byway o' eminence ; but by earlier hotanials. -.qHx. 
 
 To Til* V. u. to cover the head or cxtremitv ; lo strii.e 
 liglillv, to lap. 
 
 TirPERA'RV, a countv oflrc'and, in the province of 
 Muuster, alxuit .02 fliiles in Itugtli, luid from 12 'o ;l! in 
 brciidtli ; bruiiidedon the N. E. .lud N. \\. bv Kiti^j's County 
 and CiiihvaN ; oir the K. by Queen's ( on; tv iflid K lkeiin\'; 
 on till' S. by Vaterlordand a part of Liiiiericli ; and on the 
 W. by (iiilwHy, Clare, and Limerick. It isgenei»ll\ fertile. 
 It coiitaiiib 1-17 pari.ihes, 30,700, houses, and about' \m,imt 
 iuhabilants. The rivet Suir runs through all tlie length of 
 it, from N. to .S. I)rsid«s which, there iire abundance of 
 smaller r!\ers and I'rooks, on v hieh ne:ir ."jO boulling mills 
 aie cuokd, a much greater nuiidier than is found in anv 
 other county. The principal productions are cattle, sheep, 
 butter, ;ind flour. The most considerable places arc Clou- 
 iiiel, \ihicli IS die county tonn, Caslicl, and Carrick. 
 
 Tl'Pi'ET, s. [tappet. Sax. J something worn about the 
 neck. 
 
 ToTI'PI'LE, V. n. [i>-pfl, a <liig, old Teuf.l to drink to ex- 
 cess. Act^\ely, todiiiik «ith luxury or excess. 
 
 TlTPLi^ll, s. a sottish drunkard ; an iille drtniken 
 fellow. 
 
 TI'PSTAFF, J. anoflicer witha sfafTtipped with metal, 
 and who takes into custody such persons as ate committed 
 by the court, or by a .judge ; the staff itself so tipt. 
 
 TII'SY, a.drunk. 
 
 TIPTOE, s. the end of the toe, 
 
 TIRE, or Tli'^R, i. r<i"/r, Belg.J rank or row. A head- 
 dress. Furniture ; apparatus. In the sea language, it is ;t 
 row of cannon placed upon a ship's side, either above, upon 
 deck, or below, distinguished by the epithets of the upper 
 or lower lire. 
 
 To TIRE, ti. tt. [tirinn. Sax.] lo make wearv, Or to fatigue r 
 to harass. To dress the head. To teaze intolerably. 
 
 TrREDNl'"S.S, s. weariness ; state of being tired. 
 
 TI'RESOME, a. wearisome, tedious, fatiguing. 
 
 TIREWOMAN, s. a woman whose business is to mai.e 
 dresses for the head. 
 
 TIROL, or Uppkr Austria, a country of Germanv, in 
 the circle of Austria, and part of the hereditary dominions 
 of that house. It is about 150 miles in lengtli," and 190 jti 
 breadth, and contains 12 towns, and 10 villages, w hich have 
 markets. There are agreat many mountains in this country. 
 and yet it produces as much eorn and wine as the inhabitants 
 have occasion for. They have rich mines of gold, silver, 
 lead, and several species of precious stones. Here are also 
 profitable salt pits, and medicinal springs and hot baths. It 
 IS bounded on the N. by Bavaria, on the E. bv Carintliia 
 and Saltzbnrg, on the S. by part of the late territory of Ve- 
 nice, and on the W. by Swisserland and the country of the 
 Grisons. Inspruck is^ the capital. By the late changes on 
 the continent, this country is now annexed to the new king- 
 dom of Bavaria. 
 
 TI'SSUE, s. [tissxte, Fr.J cloth interwoven with gold or 
 silver, or figured colours. 
 
 TiT, s. a small horse ; a woman. Used in corlempt. 
 
 TITANIUM, s. in chymistry, a metal which has been 
 lately discovered in a grayish black sand, found in the vale 
 of Menachan, in Cornwall. 
 
 TITHABLE, a. liable to pay tithes ; chargeable to the 
 tenths or tithes payable to the clergy. 
 
 TITHE, or TYTHK, j.[«eot/ia, tenth. Sax.] the tenth part 
 of aH fruits, drc. a revenue payable to the clergy. A small 
 part or n/irtion. 
 
 To TITHK, V. a. [teothian. Sax.] to tax with the payment 
 of the tenth part ; to pay the tenth part. 
 
 TiTHER, s. one who gathers tithes. 
 
 Tl'THING, s. the number or company of ten men, with 
 their families, knit together in a societvi all of them being 
 bound to the king for the peaceable and good behaviour (4 
 each of their society ; of these companies there was one 
 chief person, who from his ofRce was called tithin^i mau 
 
 8J3
 
 to B 
 
 TOL 
 
 TITILLATFON, J. ii iilcasm;,' sensation frtviu the gctifle 
 touch of some paris ; n tRkliiifj. 
 TI TLARK, s. a bird. 
 
 TI'TLK., t. [titttlus, Lat.l a jjeiieialhead comprising parti- 
 culars ; iin appellation of lioiiour ; a name ; the first page of 
 a book, explaining its subject, likewise called titlepage ; a 
 claim of right ; an inscription. 
 
 To TITLE, r. «. to name ; to enrroble ; to entitle. 
 TITMOUSK, or Til , s. a small sort of bird. 
 To TITTER, r. ». to laugb with restraint, or softly; to 
 giggle bv fits. 
 TITTLE, *. [/It, Tent.] a point or dot ; a participle. 
 TI'TTLE TAT"rLE, s. iille talk ; mere prate ; gossiping ; 
 empty gabble. 
 f , TITULAR, a. Uitulaire, Fr.] enjoying the title ; nominal. 
 i TITULARITY, s. the state of being liliilar. 
 
 TIVERTON, a borough of Devonshire, with a market on 
 Tuesday. It is seated on the river Ex, over which is a hand- 
 some stone bridge. It has suffered greatly by fire, having 
 been almost burnt down several times, particularly in June 
 1713, when 200 of the best bouses were destroyed. It is 
 now built in a more elegant taste, and they have a new 
 church erected by subscription. It has been noted for 
 its great woollen manufacture, and is 14 miles N. N. E. of 
 Exeter, and 161 W. bv S. of Loudon. 
 TIVIOTDALE. See Roxburghshire. 
 TO, ad. \tu. Sax. te, Belg.i when it comes before a verb, 
 or between two verbs, it is a sign of the infinitive ntood, and 
 implies that the second is the object of the first, and noti-s 
 the intention. After an adjective, it denotes its object. 
 Sometimes it notes futmity, or something to be done, and is 
 preceded by ttill. To andagain, or to andfro, implies back- 
 ward and forward. 
 
 TO, T^rep. opposed Xofronn, notes motion towards. Some- 
 times it implies address, atteution, addition, state, or place 
 whither any one goes, opposition, amount, proportion, pos- 
 session, perception, accord or fitting, the subject of atfirma- 
 tion ; in comparison of; as far as. After an adjective, it 
 denotes the object. Before /are, presence. After a verb, 
 it denotes its object. Sometimes it implies the degree. Be- 
 fore rfa?/, like the Saxon, it imiilies the present day ; before 
 morrow, the day next after the present ; before mght, the ap- 
 proaching or present night. 
 
 TOAD, {tod) s. \tude, Sax. J an animal resembling a frog, 
 and reckoned venomous. 
 TO'ADI'ISH, s. a kind of sea-fish. 
 
 TO'ADFLAX, s. in botany, the antirrhinum of Linnseiis. 
 The species under this genus are numerous. 
 
 TO'ADGRASS, t. the bastard chickweed. There is only 
 «ne species known. 
 
 TO'ADSTONE, «. a concretion supposed to be found in 
 the head of a toad. 
 TOADSTOOL, s. a plant like a mushroom. 
 To TO.AST, (/ds<) »•■ "• I'o*''"", from tvrreo, Lat.) to drv, 
 tir make brown by buldnig before a fire ; to mime a health 
 fo be drank. 
 
 TOAS r, itdai) s. bread dried and made brown before the 
 fire; a celebrated beautv, whose health is often drank. 
 TO'ASTI'.R, ». one who toasts. 
 
 TOBA'CCO, .'■ a native (>f the East and West Indies, and 
 pariicularly the inland otTobago, wlienceit wasfirst brought 
 to England bv Sir Francis Drake, in 1.^5. 
 
 TOBA'CCOMSTj' j. a manufacturer and seller of to- 
 bacco. 
 
 TOBA'G(),orTABA(;o, the most southward of the islands 
 in the West Indies, and the most eastwaril except Barbadoes. 
 It is about 32 miles|long from S. W. to N. 1",. and about u 
 broad. The cli|4iate is far mo:e temperate than coidd be ex- 
 pecte-l from its' situation so near the equator. It is fruitful 
 and well watered, and the sea is stored with excellent <isli, 
 particularly turtle of every kind, and mullets of a most deli- 
 cious taste, »iili (ither kinds unknown in England. ,Lat. 
 II. 10. N. Ion. fit), .^o. W. 
 TOBOLSKl a government of Russia, which compic- 
 
 liends a considerable part rf Slbcrki, exteuding from Ion. 7fi 
 30. fo 12». 30. E. ami froin bi. 55. to '». N. Tobolsk, u, 
 the cipital. Lat. 58. 12. N. Ion. 68. 19. E. 
 
 TOC.AT, a large and handsome city of Turkey in Asia, 
 in Natolia, capital of a province of the same name. The 
 houses are handsomely built, and for the most part two 
 stories high. It makes a very odd appearance, and is in the 
 form of an amphitheatre. There are two rugged perpen- 
 dicular rocks of marble, with an old castle upon each. The 
 streets are pretty »ell paved, which is an uncommon tbinj^ 
 in these parts. There are so many streams, that each house 
 has a fountain, and yet they were not able to extinguish a 
 fire which once happened there. There are about 20,000 
 Turkish families, 4000 Armenian families, and 400 families 
 of Greeks. Beside the silk of this country, thev uiKMufac- 
 ture eight or ten loads of that of Persia, and make it into 
 sewing-silk. Their chief trade is in copper vessels, such as 
 kettles, drinking-cups, lanterns, and candlesticks. They 
 also prepare a great deal of vfllow Turkey leather. Tocat 
 may be considered as the centre of trade in Natolia ; for 
 the caravans comehiiher from several parts. Its territory 
 abounds in fruit and e\cellent wine, and it is 180 miles W. 
 of Erzerum, 283 N. of Aleppo, and 250 from Constantinople. 
 Lat. .19. .55. N. Ion. 35. 55. E. 
 
 TOD, a. [totte /laar, a lock of hair. Tent.] a bush or thick 
 shade. Applied to wool, twenlv-eight pounds weight. 
 
 TO'DDINGTON, a town in Bedfordshire, 33 miles from 
 London. Market on Saturday. 
 
 TOE, ).[ta, Sax. teen, Belg.] the extreme divisions of the 
 feet, answering to tne fingers of the hand. 
 
 TOFT, s. a grove of ti ees ; a place where a messuage or 
 house stood. 
 
 TO'GA, s. [Latjin the Roman antiquity, was a wide 
 woollen gown, or mantle, which seems fo have been of a 
 ^cmicircularfonn, without sleeves ; and used only upon oc- 
 casions of appearing in public. 
 
 TOGK'THER, ad. [tngiethere, Sax.] in company; in the 
 same place or time ; without infermihsion ; in concert, or 
 continuity. Together with, in union or mixture with. 
 
 To TOIL, r. n. [t%lian, !>ax. tuyUn, Belg ] to labour. Ac- 
 tively, to work at ; to weary or overlabour. 
 
 TOIL, s. labour ; fatigue. Any net or snare woveo, ot 
 nresbed, fsom teile, Fr. 
 
 TOI'LET, s.Uoillette, Fr.] a dressing-table. 
 
 TOI'LSOMK, a laborious; making weary. 
 
 TOISE, s. [Fr.] a French measure containing six feet in 
 lenutb, orafathom. 
 
 TO'KA YWINK.*. a wine in great estimation for its taste 
 and flavour, which <lerives its name from the town or vil- 
 lajfe inHiuigary where it is produced. 
 
 TO'KEN^*. 'tei/rh"!!, Belg. taku, .Sax. taihis, Golh.ja sign 
 or mark : amemoiisil of friendship. 
 
 TOLD, prefer, ai.d part. pass, of Tell. 
 
 To TOLE, t. a. to draw by degrees ; to train. 
 
 T<)LED(), an anttent town of New Castile, in Spain, 
 of which it was formerly the capital. It is Ihc see of an 
 ari'hhisliop, the seat of a faiiions university, and has several 
 maniifaetoties of silk a-ud wool. Toledo is 37 miles S. of 
 Madrid. Lat 30. .'SO. N. Ion. ^. 20. W. 
 
 TO'LERABLE, n. [Fr. tolerahiUs, fnmi tollero, to endure. 
 Lat.] that may be endured or supported ; passable, but not 
 excellent. 
 
 T()'LERARI.ENE.SS, t. the slate of being tolerable. 
 
 TO'LKRABLY, ad. supporlablv ; passably. 
 
 TO'LFRANCE, /. [luUrance, fr.] the power or act of 
 enduring or suffering. 
 
 ToTO'l.KRATK, r n.f'inlero, Lilt, tolern; Vr.] to sutler 
 ov allow wi'lioul opposition ; to sud'er. .SvNfiN. We <(//». 
 >ff/f a tiling, when having sulHcieut pouer, .uid knowing it, 
 we do not hinder it. Wetiiff'eril, by raakuig no opposiiion, 
 but seeming either not to know it, or not to liave the power 
 of preventing it. We peittrit it, when we authorise it by 
 formal consent. ToUrate and ruffh arc never used but wiib
 
 T-ON 
 
 T iV- 
 
 Tfsf^r^ tr> tjHfl rtimjjf!, or sticli m me Jictievc so ; wliereas 
 fn-r.tmi leMcs I'illit'r toffrxxt or hMi. 
 
 'i Ol.Ki'.A' riON. s. [tiil/ffntiu, from ti/fkro, to eiulure, 
 l.;(t.l iri iiiallpis of ifli^'KHi, is cilJu'r civil or ecclt'siasliciil. 
 Villi Uilei-dlivn is an iwiniiiilv sinl s»frtj jjraoteH by tlif 
 st«l-e to f very Bed lliifl d'jcs not tuaiiiliiiii doclriiifs iiii oij- 
 sisleiit wifh llie piililfo ^Wine; aud efflf\iasiU-al loleriiUmi 
 is tlif iiliowiiDcf \<hi(li the cliuvch grauls to ils mciiibtis 
 loditleriii ci'ilaiii o|)iiiions not dpcined fiindaiTicntal. 
 
 TOLL, (toll) s\t<>ri, Brit, and Sa\.J in law, donotcs a (ax 
 or custom paid for patssage, or tlie liberty of seUitij; goods in 
 "i market or fair. 
 
 To T(>!.L, (o Imtf) V. n. to pay or take money for ttie 
 jjassa^o of u;'""'s <M'. Activclv., lo rin^j a bell. To talie 
 aw-ay. Obsolete in the last sense. 
 
 TO'LLBOOrjl, i. d place where taxes are paid. ^A pri- 
 son. Townboiisc. 
 
 TO-LLCtATHE^EI?, s. one ^^ho takes toll. 
 
 TOLU', a seaport of Terra Firiiia, in the go-vernnient "<i 
 Cartbaffeiia. hi the environs is found the celelirated balsam 
 to which it ^ives name, bein? pro<biced IVom a tree like a 
 ■pine It is 80 nnles S. of Carthagena. 
 
 TOM I?, (toom) s. \tomhe or tomliecni, Fr.] a nionument in 
 which the dead are inclosed. 
 
 TOMBAC, « an artificial metalcomposedof copper with 
 a slit;hl mixliire (d'zinc. 
 
 TOlMBU'CTOL^a populous kinsdoni of Africa, in Negro- 
 land, represented as lyini; on the S. E. of the desert of Sa- 
 hara, and W. of the empire of Cashna. Mere are {jrei't 
 numbers of weavers of cotton cloth ; and hither the Euro- 
 pean nverchan;liie is brought by caravans IVoin Tripoli, Bar- 
 bary.&c. and excliansed for ivory, slaves, senna, gold dust, 
 dates, and oslrich feathers. The king has a guard of 3(100 
 borsemeu, armed with bows and poisoned arrows, besides 
 ■foot soldiers, who wear shields and swords. He {generally 
 rides on an elephant. I'he city of the same name is seated 
 near the river Ni;;er, in lat. 19. 59. N. Ion. 0. 8. E. 
 
 TOME, «. |Fr.| a volume or book 
 
 TOMF.NTUM, *. amonj; botanists, the downy mutter 
 wliicii grows on the leaves of some plants. 
 
 TO'MTIT.j. thetilmouse; a bird. 
 
 TON, s. [tonne, Fr.] see TuN. 
 
 TON, or TUN, in the names of places, are derived from 
 rf«j|, a hill. Sax. and si^nities a town, because towns were 
 "*t>rmerly built on (liese eminences. Some indeed, but erro- 
 •leously, derive it from tun, a hedge or wall. Sax. 
 
 TONE, s. [ion, Fr. tmms, Lat.] a note, sound, accent, or 
 ' hine : elasticity. 
 
 TONG, ,«. [sec To?fGS, though h is -sometimes written 
 tougne ; yet, (Johnson says,) as its office is to catch the 
 'hold, it seems derived from the same oti'.;inal, and should be 
 spelt in he same manner as, Timgs]the catch of a buckle. 
 
 TONGS, s. fit has no singular. taii»; S'rfx. and Belg.J an 
 instrument bv which hold is taken ofativ thing. 
 
 TONGUE, (<u»^)«.[<ong-/ie, Belg. tiiHg', Sax.] the primary 
 organ of taste and speech; language; soeech ; tfuency of 
 ■words; a small point. To hold oue'ston^w, is to be silent. 
 Synon. Toiu^iie appears lo me to be more particularor pro- 
 vincial than latigiiage, which is more general or national. 
 Thus, I would sav, the vulgar iojig-w, the Yorkshire tongue ; 
 but (he French Irtnguage, the Spanish laii'>-ii«ge. 
 
 To TON(iUE, (tmi^) V. n. to talk or prate. Actively, to 
 chide, to scolil. 
 
 TO'NCiUEfjESS, (Jungless) a. having no tongue: un- 
 named : not spoken of. 
 
 TO'NGUETIED, «. having an impediment of speech; 
 unable to spcak.freelv. from whatever cause. 
 
 TO'NIC, or TO NICAL, a. [touique, Fr.] giving tone or 
 strength, applied to certain raeaicines; being extended or 
 elastic. 
 
 TO'NNAGK, «. SeeTuNNAGE. 
 
 TO'NNINGEN, a town of .Denmark, in Sleswick, capital 
 of a territory of (he same name. It is seated on a peniiUula 
 
 formed by the river Eydcr, near the G^roinn OcfHn, with n 
 commodious harbour, 2.5 miles S. W. of Sjeswi'-k. 
 
 'J'O'NQUIN, a kin;<doni of Asia having Vr.uan in China 
 on the N. Cauton and the Bay of 't'onquin on the E. Cochiri- 
 Chinaon (he S. and Laos on theW. 11 is about 1200 ijiiles 
 long, and .OOO liroad. It is exo ediu^dy po|iulons, and the in- 
 haliilan(s trade laigely, and are very rich; but they are so 
 ad<lic(cd to gaming, lliat when they have lost all they will 
 stake their wives and children. Their religion i.s Paganism. 
 
 'i'O'NSILS, s. \ti>nsille. Vs. l<msill<e, Lai.] iiiana(ouiy, two 
 remarkable glands situated on each side of the niontli, near 
 the uvula, and coninionlv called almon<ls of the ears, from 
 their resendiliiig almoncis. 
 
 TONSURE, s. \tonsnye, Fr. tonsitra, La>J\ the act of shav- 
 ing or clipping the hair ; the state ot being shorw or 
 shaved. 
 
 TO'KTINE, s. annuities on survivorship. The name is de- 
 rived from an Italian, named Tonti, who is said to havefirrt 
 formed the scheme of these hie auiiuilie-i. >Liny of them 
 "lave been proposed to the public of late years in thi« 
 coiinlry. 
 
 Too, erf. [to, Sax.j over and above ; overrauch ; Biore 
 than enoiigh, or excess ; likewise ; also. 
 
 TOOK, the preter. and part. pass, of '1'akk. 
 
 TOOL, «. [tool. Sax ] any instrument u,,ed by the hand ; 
 a hire! ng, or one servilely at the comiivuxl of another. 
 
 'I'OOTH, J. [plur. /cri/i'; totli, Sax.] a lilile very hard and 
 smooth bone, ft.xed in a propersoekel in the |aus,in llie man- 
 ner ofa nail, and serving to eliew or niaslieale tlie fond ; a 
 blade-bone or prong of any bifid instrument ; the dcntellated 
 or prominent part of a wheel, which catches the correspon- 
 dent part of another. Figuratively, taste. Tooth and rutil, 
 implies with one's utmost violence. To tlie teeth, in open op- 
 position or to a person's face. In spite of the teeth, notwith- 
 stiindiug threats, or ? person's utmost opposition. To catt 
 ■in the teeth, is to mention by way of reproach. 
 
 TOO'T\l.\CH, (toi>thakc)s. a'paiii in the teeth. 
 
 TOO THDRAWER, s. one who extracts painful teeth. 
 
 TOOTHLESS,./, having no teeth. 
 
 TOOTHPICK. orTOOTHPlCKER, s. an instrument 
 to cleanse teeth from any thing sticking between them. 
 
 TOOTHSOME, «. pleasant ; agreeable to the taste. 
 
 TOOTHWORT, n. in botany, the lathrsea of LiniwBUS. 
 riie scaled tootiiHort is the British species. 
 
 TOP, s. [ti)/)/), Brit, top. Sax. Belg. and Dan J the apex, 
 or highest part; the surface; the u(niost degree or rank ; 
 the head ofa pkiii( ; a plaything used by children. Adjec- 
 ti*ely, it implies l\ ing on the lop. 
 
 To TOl*, e.-M. to rise or be eminent ; toexcel; todoone's 
 best. .Actively, to cover on the top; to rise above; to 
 surpass; tociop; to perfoNn with excellence. 
 
 TO'PAZ, .V. [topase, Fr.J a precious stoue of n g«ld 
 colour. 
 
 TOPCLIFF, B town in the N. Riding of Yorkshire, 2t 
 miles N. of York, and 810 of London, on the great uortlierH 
 road, with several good inns for the entertaiument of tra- 
 vellers It has no market. 
 
 To TOPE, r. -«. [toper, Fr.J to drink bard, or to«xcass 
 
 TO'PER, s. one who drinks hard ; a sot. 
 
 TO P-GALLANT, s. the higlie^t ^ail in a ship. 
 
 TOPHA'CI-OUS, (,i»fisfieous) a. I from topkiis, Lat.] stojir, 
 saiidv, or gravelly. 
 
 TO'PHEAVY, «. Iiaviiig the upper part of any thing 
 heavier (ban the lower. 
 
 TOPH FT, .!. f Heb.] a scriptural name for hell. 
 
 TO'PHUS, {tifm) s. [tophus, Lat.] in medicine, dot 
 notes a clialky or stony concretion in any part of tlie body,' 
 as the bladder, kidneys, Ac. 
 
 TOPIC, s. [from topns, a place, Gr.] a general head to 
 which other things are referred ; a subject ; things jjenerally 
 applied externally to a particular part. 
 
 TOPICAL, a. I^from topos, a place. Or.] retating to some 
 genernl head ; local, or confined to some particular place. 
 Inmedieine, applied to « i»articular part. " ■
 
 TOR 
 
 TOU 
 
 TO'PKNOT, *. a knot worn by wonif n '■in tlie lop of (he 
 
 head. 
 
 TO P"M AST, s. the second division of a mast, or that part 
 whicii sl;infls [letween the upper and lower pieces. 
 
 TOP()(iRAPHKlt, (tvpigrnfer) s. ffroin topos, a place, 
 and s^rapho, ti' descrilie, Or.] one that describes a particular 
 knif;iloiii, couiitrv, or place. 
 
 TOPOGU A rHlCA L. (t;wig>afil<nl) a. [from top„s. a place, 
 and gtnfilin, lodcscrihr, (ir J beluni;iiig to topography. 
 
 TOPO'GRAPHY, itopografjf) s. [from topos, a place, and 
 grapho, to describe, Gr.] the description of a particular 
 plan-, kingdom, or couiilry. 
 
 TOPPING, a. noted ; "wealthy. A low word. 
 
 TO'PPINGLY, orf. prosperously ; eminent'y. Obsolete. 
 
 ToTOPPLE, r. n to tall forward ; to tumble dowu. 
 
 TO PSAIL, s. the second sail. 
 
 TO'PSH.^M, a toHu in Devonshire, seated on the river 
 Exnioutb, 5 miles S. E of Exelcr, of which il is the port or 
 liaven. the rivir havin<; been choked up desi{;nedly. Il is 
 170 measured miles from London. Market on Saturday. 
 
 TOPSY-TrRVi", flrf with !he bottom upwards. 
 
 TOR, i. [.Sh.ii.] a tower; a turret; a high pointed rock 
 or hill : whence in the composition of some names, it im- 
 plies a rock or hill. 
 
 TORCH, >. [tiiiclie, Fr. torcia, Itai.! a waxlight bigger than 
 a candle : a Hanibeau. 
 
 TORCH LIGHT, J. a light kindled to supply the want of 
 the sun. 
 
 TORE, preter. of Tear. 
 
 TORE, >. iu arciiilecture, a large round moulding, used 
 in the bases of columns. 
 
 To TORMENT, v. a. \toiirmenter, Fr.] to put to pain; 
 to excruciate ; to teaze ; to vex with importunity ; to 
 agitate. 
 
 TORMENT,*, a lasting pain ; misery, anguish, torture. 
 
 TORME'NTIL, *. a genus of plants of which there are two 
 species, the a\» ight and ci ee ping. The root of the tirst spe- 
 cies, called also seplfoil, is used in several counties to tan 
 leather, and farmers tind them very etiicacious in the dysen- 
 teries of cattle. 
 
 TORME NTING, o. torturing ; putting to great pain ; 
 leazing with great importunitv ; excruciating. 
 
 TORiVl E'NTOR, *. one that torments ; any thing that 
 causes pain. 
 
 TORN, |iart. pass, of Tear. 
 
 TOR-NA'DO, J. [Span.| a hurricane; awnirlwind. 
 
 TORPE'DO, the Cramp or Numb fish, s. {tnrpedo, 
 
 from !<irpeo, to be nuililj, Lnl.| tin- most ?iiigiiliir p'upeity 
 ofvvhic'i is, that when out of ihe water il ati'i its the han(l, 
 orotnerpart that tout Ins il, with a seir-atioii iniidi like Ihe 
 cramp ; the sliotk is instantaneous, and re-emlilcs that 
 given by oleclricity, only that the etlecl la.^ts longer ; but 
 whin it is dead, it is esleti safVly. 
 
 TO'RPEKI.Y, a small town in Cheshire, where the she- 
 rift^stoui ns and courts an held. I Is church is chieriv i ptiiaik- 
 able (or the waste of g'pod marble in moiuimciilal vanil' . 
 Il is a great llKjroiiglif.irc ini the ro;id to Clwstcr, aiul is 
 seatft'l oil a gentle disceiil, 9 niilfs S. ,S. K. of Cluster. It 
 was foriiierly a borough, and had a market on Tuesflav, now 
 dJMised. 
 
 TO'RPID, ]torpidiu, from torpeo, to be niinib, Lat.j 
 numbpfl, deprived of motion or sensation : sluggi-h. 
 
 TORPOR, J. [Lat.J <lidnes3 of sensation ; iiiabilitv to 
 move. 
 
 TORREFA'CTION, s. [torreo, to be hot, ami /arm, to 
 Biake, Lai.) the act of scorching, or roasting any thing before 
 the fire. 
 
 TO RIU'JNT , ». [<wrfH«, Vr. torrens, Lat.] in geography, 
 A temporary stream of water falling sii<ldeiily iVon) mountains 
 whereon llir-re have been ;.'icat rains, or an extraordinary 
 llia» nfsi.ow. 
 
 TO'KKH), (1. [inrriile, Fr. trom lurrro, to parch, I.,al.j 
 iHiruiiii hot : paiched <ir scorched. 
 
 'JOKIUN<i'rON,a tuwuof Devvnsliire, with.a market on 
 
 Saturday. There is a stone bridge of four arches oTer tb* 
 river Towridge, and it is 11 miles S. by W. of Barnstaple, 
 and 192 W. by S. of London. 
 
 TORSE, s. in heraldry, a wreath. 
 
 TO'RSEL, s. any thing in a twisted form. v 
 
 TO'RSION, {torshon) s. [torsio, from torfueo, to writhe, 
 Lat. [the act of writhing, twisting, turniiif;, or winding. 
 
 TORT, j. [F'r.J in law, signities wrong or injury. 
 
 TO'R'PILI.E, n. [toniks, Lat.J twisted ; wreafhad. 
 
 TO'RTOISK, j. [tortu, fr.j an amphibious animal, co- 
 \ered with a strong shell. A form into which the antient 
 soldiers formed themsrbes, by bending down and holding 
 their bucklers over their heads, so that no darts could hurl 
 them. 
 
 TORTO'L.A, an island of the West indies, belonging to 
 the English, and the principal of the Virgin Islands. It is 
 about 18 miles long from E. lo W. and 7 in ils greatest 
 breadth. It produces e\(ellenl cotton, sugar, and rum. Lat. 
 18. .30. N. Ion. G3. 40. \V. 
 
 TORTUCi.A, an i»land of the West Indies, near the N. 
 coast of Ihe island of Hispaniola. It is about 80 miles. in 
 circumference, and has a very safe harbour, but ditlicult of 
 access. Lat. 20. 10. N.Ion.75. 10. \V. 
 
 TORTUOSITY, ». wreath ; flexure. 
 
 TTD'UTLOU.*^, n. \torUinsvs, from torquto, to writhe, Lat. 
 tortiitux, Fr.] winding, turning in and out. 
 
 'lORTURE, s [toititre, Fr. inrtiiro, Lat.J pain ; anguish; 
 a state of lasting torment inflicted either as a punishment, or 
 to extort confession. 
 
 ToTORTURi", v.a. [tortnm, Lat.] to punish with tor- 
 ture ; to excruciate ; totoinunt; to keep on the stretch. 
 
 TO'R I'URER, i. a lormentor; one that tortures. 
 
 TO'RVITY, *. [tnniius, Lat.J sourness ; a stern, severe 
 counJenance. Not used. 
 
 TORVOUS, a. \tn,t„s, T,at.J sour of aspect. Not used. 
 
 TO RY, i. ill the English history, one who adheres to the 
 anlienl consliliilion olthe state, and the apostolical hierar- 
 chy of the Church of England ; opposed lo a whig. 
 
 To'VO.SS, r. a. pret. and part. pass, tost ; \tttxsen, Belg.] 
 to throw or cast with the hand ; to impel or throw with vio- 
 lence ; lo Ifl w itii a sudden and violent iiKilioii ; to agitale ; 
 to make restless ; lo tumble over. NeulerK,lobe in violent 
 agitation. L'sed with up. lo Hing coin in the air in gamuig. 
 
 TOSSEL, i. see Fassel. 
 
 TOSSER, *. one who ill ows ; one who tlings or writhes. 
 
 TO TAL, a I Fr. totalis, from tutus, llie whole, Lat. I whole 
 or complete ; containing all the parts taken tO{!etner, or 
 un'Jivid.ed. 
 
 'FOTA'Lrr"^ , i. \totn!iti. Fr.] any thing entile or undi- 
 vided- tliewliole: a '-urn total. 
 
 TOTALLY, nrf wliolU ; entirely; completely; fully. 
 
 T0TH!;R, co!itia( led for t/ie rl/in: 
 
 'I'O'T.NESS, a town in Dexoiishire, distant fiom F-cndon 
 IfiO measured miles, and sends two members to parliament. 
 TIk- marKei..i:oe oiiTiiesdav and Salurdav. 
 
 ToTO'TTFR, 1'. H. [^'/eiew, lo sla;;ger, Belg.] to shake 
 so as lo be ill diifiger of fHljiiig ; lo sta^^ger. 
 
 TO'I'IERING, TOTTERY, TOFTY, a. [the first word. 
 is onlv used I iea<ly to fall ; feeble; weak. 
 
 TOL'CAN, s. in oriiilliolo;,'y, a bird, furnished with a 
 ver\ lai;;eliill. luastri iioiny, a constellalionoi the southern 
 heiiiis|>liepe. 
 
 To TOUCH, Cf«''/0 '•• a.\tn,ir/ier, Fr.J to reach with any 
 thing so that there be no snace between the thing \\\\h 
 which Me reach and that which is reached ; lo come lo, 
 or allaiu. To try, applicfl lo nie'als. Toafiect, move, or 
 melt. To mark out or delineate. To sti ike or sound, ap- 
 plied to nuisic. To act ii|)on or im|iel. 'Fo treat of in a 
 slight inunner. To infect in a slight degree. To touch up, to 
 repair or improve. Nenterlv, lo cohere ; to join clo^e to- 
 gether. I'sid willing loeoi'K' t", or stay at, u place. Used 
 with ori, to mention in a slight manner. Usvd with on or 
 tijw-i, ;o arrive at, or sloo a short time; t< lijjht upou ifi 
 meiititi iiUiuirics.
 
 rou 
 
 T U A 
 
 TOUCH, (<u(/j, .«. ivach of ;iny thin? so that there is no 
 »p<!C<-' hctwfcii llic thin;; rcnliiMH. iirKt the thin;; ii-achcd ; 
 the Sfiisc (iCIWIin;; ; thi- ;ut of lontliin^ ; r\iiMiin;itiiiii of 
 liR'Iiili h\ ;i stone ; ii te»t hy «lii< h itnv thin;; is tried ; proof; 
 power of excitin;; the ;iH'i(tions ; the act of the hand on a 
 InUiieal iiistrninent ; arteilion ; a hint ; a !>h;;hl eisav ; a 
 ati'okc in pwinlin;; ; feature ; a gentle lap ; wipe ; a (il of a 
 disease; exaet perfornianee. 
 
 '1'<.)'LV'H-Il<)|,i:, {fuvlt hull) s. the hole through which 
 Uie tire IS lonveveil to the powder in a ^nn. 
 
 'I'OL'CIIING, (/«e/(/Hn)/i)r/». fonternin;; ; with respect, 
 relation, or ie;;ard to. 
 
 TOTJClllNG, (iuMiitr) a. Ivin? so close that no space 
 mav he hetweeii ; aHi eloi;; ; pallietic ; inovin;;. 
 
 TOUCHSTONE, (tuchsi<„:()s. a black glossy stone, by 
 which Kold and silver are tried ; anv test. 
 
 TOUCHWOOD, s. rotten wood used to catch the fire 
 struck from the fiint. 
 
 TOUCHY, fl. See rECHY. 
 
 TOUGH, (ttiff') u.\U)h, Sax.] not breaking when bent; 
 slilf, or not easily hent. Not easily bitten or chewed, ap- 
 plied (o food ; visc<pns : clammy ; ropy. 
 
 TOUGHNESS, U'uffiicss) s. the ((uality of not hcin^r easily 
 beut ; hard to be bit or chewed. Viscosity; tenacity; glii- 
 tinousriess. 
 
 TOdLON, a celeI)ratod city and seaport of France, and 
 the chief town of the dept. of Var. Before the revolution, 
 it was tlic see of a bishop, and besides the cathedral, and 
 other parishes, contained 9 convents, a seminary, and a col- 
 lege. It is (liviiled into tlie Old Quarter and the New Quar- 
 ter. The harbour, respectin;; these two quarters, is dislni- 
 guished likewise by the names of the Old Port or the Mer- 
 chant I'oit, and the New Port. In the fri>nt of the latter is 
 a rope-house, built wholly ot freestone, 620 (eet in length, 
 with three arched walks, in which as many parlies of rope- 
 makers may work at the same lime ; and above is a place for 
 the pre|)aratio!i of hemp. The Ion;; sail-room, llie dock- 
 yards, llie basins, cannon foundery, armoury, working houses 
 for blacksmiths, joiners, lariuiiteis, locksmiths, carvers, <!to. 
 are all very exiensive and well contrived. The inhabitants 
 i*ere induced to surrender this cilv in trust to the English, 
 in Sejitember, 1793; but the consecpiences were dreadful ; 
 — Their new friends, in al)0Ut tlrrec months, were driven out 
 of the place with such precipilaliuii, that of ;ll shi|)s of the 
 line, foMiiil at T<mloii, 13 were left behind, S> only being' 
 burneil there, airl 1 at Leghorn; and {lord Hood had pre- 
 viously sent to llrest and Uochlort willi republican S''amen, 
 whom he was afiaid to trust. Napolean RouiHtparte, now 
 emperor of the French, tirst <tisliiiguishe<l himself in this 
 siege, at which he served as officer of artillery ! The inha- 
 bitants a'e com|Miled at 80,000. Toulon is situated on a 
 bay of the Mediterranean, 27 miles S. E. of .\'k, and 388 
 S. E. of Paris. Lat. 43. 7. N. Ion.6. .^5. K. 
 
 rO'ULOUS''", a city in the dept. of Upper (iamniie, the 
 largest citv in France, next to Paris and Lvons, although its 
 population beaii Bopi,)portioii to its e\t<iit ; containing only 
 about fiO. 000 inhabitants. It is 12.5 miles S. E. of Boiir(b-aux, 
 and .^')6 S. I)v \V. of L'aris. Lai. 43. 3(5. N. Ion. i. 27. E. 
 
 TOUPKT, (r.«/.et)*. [Fr.] an artificial curl of hair; the 
 hair l^hlchg|■ons oi, tin- foiehead turned back- 
 
 TOUR, s \tonr, Fr.] a ramble, or roving journey ; a turn, 
 or revolution. 
 
 UXO 
 
 .fdie 
 
 river Loire runs through the miifdie. Il is 5« miles in length, 
 and 55 in bieailth, ami is watered liV several rivers, very 
 commodious for trade, and is, in general so pleasant ami 
 fertile a country, that il is called the Garden of France. It 
 now forni'j the department of Ind re and Loire, of which 
 Toios is lh.° capital. 
 
 TOUR VI A LIN, in natural lilstor\ , a kind of stone, which 
 is remarkable for its electrical qiialitv. 
 
 TO'URN \.MK\'l', s. \tomnRmeHliim, low Lat. J a till; 
 joiislinu': a military diversion; a mock encounter. 
 
 TO'URNAY, a baodsutue and considerable town «f 
 
 S>i\ 
 
 IDF 
 
 ich 
 
 Flanders, and capital of the Touriiaysis, is a large trading 
 place, with seveial tine nianufaclories, and particularly 
 famous (or good stockings. The cathedral, and ihe abbey 
 of St. Martin, are very mag'Uificent. It is seated on the 
 river Scheldt, wliicli divides it into two parts, ihat arc united 
 bv a bridge, 14 miles S. E. of Lisle, ;)0 S. W. of Ghent, and 
 \?j-> N. bv I'., of Paris. Lat. 50. 33. N. Ion. .3. 2^;. E. 
 
 TO'UKNIQUI'T, s. I Fr.] in surgery, an instrument made 
 of rollers, compresses, screws, Ac. for compressing any 
 wounded part, so as to stop ha'niorrhages. 
 
 TOL'llS,aii anlieiit, large, handsome, rich, and consider- 
 able city, capital of the dept. of Iiidre and Loire. It 
 is advantageously sealed on the Loire, and near the 
 Cher. Over the former is one of the finest bri<lges in 
 I''uro|)e, consisting of 15 elliptical arches, eaih 75 feet 
 diameter; three of these were carried away by the breakin, 
 lip of ill* in 1789. This bridge is termi?r,ited in a line wli: 
 crosses the whole cily, by a street 2-100 U et long, foot-pave- 
 liients<m each side ; and lined willi line buildings recently 
 erected. Under the ministry of cardinal Richelieu, no lesg 
 than 27,tWO persons were here employed in the silk manufac- 
 ture ; but, at present, the whole number of inhabitants is 
 not more than 33,000. The red wines made here are nuch 
 esteemed. Tours is 127 miles S. \V. of Paris. 
 
 TOW, {to) s. [tow, Sax.] lla\ or hemp beaten and combed 
 into a filamentous sidistance. 
 
 ToTOW, {to) V. a. \teon, tco/ii,n. Sax.] to draw by a rope i 
 the water. 
 
 TO'WAGE, {tdns;e) s. [lounge, Fr.] money paid to the 
 owner of ground near a river for the liberty of lowing a ves- 
 sel, or lothe ownerof the horses employed in towing. 
 
 'lOWA'UD, or TOWARD-;, yrep.' [toward, Sax.] in a 
 direction, or near to ; with respect to, or relating; with 
 local or ideal tendency to; nearly, little less than. 
 
 TOWARD, or TOWARDS, ad. near; in a state of 
 preparation. 
 
 TOWARD, a. ready to do or learn; tractable. 
 
 TO'WARDLY.arf. readiK : orderly. 
 
 TOVVARULINKSS, or TOWARDNESS, r. docility; 
 compliance. 
 
 TOAVCESTER,asmall townof Northamptonshire, seated 
 on a small river, 32 miles S. E. of Coventry, and (M N. W. of 
 London. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 TO WEL. {ow proii. as in now) s. \touaiHe, Fr. toimglio, 
 Ital.j a cloth used for wiping the liauds. 
 
 TOWER, (oMiin this and the Hdlowing words pron as 
 in how) s. [tor. Sax. tour Fr. torre, I tab] a high building 
 raised above Ihe body of an edifice; a fortress or citadel. 
 
 To TOWER, V. n. lo soar ; to Hy, or rise high. 
 
 TOWERING, a. soaring, rising, or flying high. 
 
 TO AVERY, u. adorned or guarded with towers. 
 
 TOWN, s \tim. Sax. ttit/ti, Bidg.] a collection of houses 
 larger than a village, and less ihan a city; any number ot 
 houses to which belongs a regular market ; the people of a 
 capital. Town tnik, means the common prattle of a place. 
 
 TOWNCLERK, s. an officer who manages the public 
 business of a place. 
 
 TOWNSH'P. s .the extent of a town's jurisdiction. 
 
 TOXO'PHOLITE, «. [from toxon, a bow, and />/ii7<?o, to 
 love, Cir. I a modern name given lo archers. 
 
 TOY, .«. [i'xomUyen. to dress with many ornaments, Belg.] 
 a thing of no v^sliie ; a play-thing; folly ; play, or amorous 
 dalliance ; wild fancy. 
 
 To 'I'OV, V. n. to play ; to sport or dally amorously. 
 
 TOYSHOP, s. a shop where toys and little nice manu- 
 facturis a'f sold. 
 
 To 'r07E, 1'. n. to draw out : lo pull asunder as is done 
 in cardiii.". wool to make it softer and fit for siiinning. 
 
 TRACE, s. [truce, Fr. truccia, Ilal.J a mark left bv any 
 thing passing : a footstep; remains. Harness for beasts of 
 draught, from tirnser, Fr. 
 
 To TR.ACE, V. a. [tracer, Fr.]to follow by means of marln 
 left, or f lotsteps ; to mark out ; to walk over 
 TRACER, *. one who traces. 
 
 867
 
 TRA 
 
 TR A 
 
 TRACHE'A, *. in anatomy, tlie wind pipe, a tube, or 
 caual, eKteiuliii^ from tlie iiiuutli to the liiij;;s. 
 
 TRACK, J. I trac, old Fi.] a mark lift by the foot, the 
 wheels of a carriage, or otherwise ; a roail or beaten path. 
 SyNON. Treck is more fjeiierai than fuvtitep ; the former 
 implying any mark left on the way of wiiatever passed ; 
 whereas the latter is confined to liie print ot'tlii iiuuian feet. 
 
 To TRACK, V. a. to follow by tiie footsteps, or marks 
 left in the way. 
 
 TRA'CKLESS, a. untrodden ; luurked with no foot- 
 
 . TRACT, s. [tractus, Lat.J in geography, is an extent of 
 ground or a portion of the earth's surLicc. A ri'_;ion. In 
 matters of literature it denotes a small treatiie, or writlcii 
 discourse upon any subject. 
 
 TRA'CTABLE, a. [iiaciabilis,fioo^ triictn,',o manage, Lat.] 
 capable of being goveined or managed; docile; obsequious; 
 comphant. Such as mav be handled. 
 
 TRA'CTABLKNKSS, s. gentleness of disposilion ; the 
 (juaiity of beinj; easily nianaged or governed. 
 
 TRADE, J. \trattu, Ital.] the exchange of goods for mo- 
 ney or other commodities. Bubiiiess or employ carritd on 
 iii a shop, opposed to the liberal arts, or learned professions. 
 The instruments of any business. Custom; habit. 
 
 ToTR.ADE, i'. n. to trattic or exchange goods for money 
 or other commodities; to act merely for money. Actively, 
 loexchanije or sell in commerce. 
 
 . TRA'DER, f. one engaged in merchaudise or commerce. 
 Any small vessel that trades from port to port. 
 
 TRA'DESM.AiS', s. one who buys and sells by retail ; a 
 mechanic. 
 
 TRADE-WIND, i. a wind between the tropics, which 
 blows for a certain time to one pnint. A monsoon. 
 
 TRADITION, s. [Fr. traditw, from trtidu, to deliver, 
 Lat.] among ecclesiastical writers, denotes certain regula- 
 tions regarding the riles, ceremonies, Ac. of leligion, which 
 are said to be iiauded down from the days of the a|.ostles to 
 the present time. 7\adilion is distinguished iulo written, 
 whereof there are some traces in the writings of the iiitient 
 fathers; and unwritten, whereof no mention is niaJe in the 
 writings of the first ages of Christianity. 
 
 TRADI'TIONAE, a. delivered by tradition. 
 
 TRADIT'lONALLY", ad. by transmission from age to 
 age. 
 
 . To TRADUCE, v. a. [tiaduco, Lat.] to represent as 
 .blameable ; to calumniate ; to decry; to defame. To pro- 
 pagate or increase by deriving one from another. 
 
 TRADU'CIBLE, a. such as may be derived. 
 
 TR.^DU'CING, a. calumniating; slandering; defaming. 
 
 TKADU'CTION, s. [traduction, Fr. traduclw, Lat.J tha 
 ^itnslating one language into another ; derivation ; trans- 
 (kiiission ; conveyance ; transition ; defamation. 
 
 TRAFALGAR, a cape or promontory, in -Andalusia, at 
 the entrance of the Straits of Gibraltar, 3(i miles E. S. I'j. of 
 JCadiz. Lat. 36.8. iV. ion. C 8. W.— On the 21st of October, 
 "180.5, the combined fleets of France and Spain, consisting of 
 33 sail of the line, commanded by admirals Villeneuve anil 
 firavifia, were defeated oH' this cape, with the loss of 19 of 
 their ships, taken or destroyed, by an English fleet of 27 
 \ta,\\ of the line, under Lord Nelson ; u lio being killed in the 
 ■j^ngagenient, closed, by this last grand achievement, a life of 
 unexam|)le(l naval success. 
 
 TRA'i'FIC, s. \triijic, Fr.| large trade, or exchange of 
 commodities; the subject of tra<le. .Synon. Traffii- was 
 formerly Used of foreign commerce in distinction from 
 trade. 
 
 To TIIATFIC, I', n. [trnfiiiiitr, Fr.] to carry on trade. 
 . TRA'KFICKIsR,.. a trader; a merchant.' 
 ) TRAXiAC.ANTU, [tn'/^atnntlinm, Lat.) a fjuni exuding 
 from the incision of the root or tiunk of a plant k> 
 ^.^led. 
 
 TRAGE'L).r.-\N, /. [trn^wJus, Lat.J a writer or actor of 
 traiV'dies. 
 
 TKA'GpUY, s- \tyatradia, Lat. tragcdit, Fr.J a dramatic 
 «i8 
 
 poem representing'some serious action. Fi'gUratiTcly, any 
 miujrnfirl or dreadful event. 
 
 lilA'GIC, or TRAGICAL, a [tragiq»t, Fr. tragian, 
 Lat. J relating to tragedy ; mournful or dreadful. '« 
 
 'rR.A'(iI COMEDY, s. [trii^i cvmidie, Fr.j a dramatic 
 representation, partly tragedy, and paitly comedy. ' 
 
 To T R.\IL, t'. a. [tmifier, Fr.] to lunit by tliet/ack; t* 
 draw along the ground : to draw or trace. To drag, from 
 treirlen, Belg. Neulerly, to be drawn out iir length. 
 
 TIt.ML, i. the scent or marks kit on the ground by ani 
 animal that is hunted; any thing drawn out in length, or 
 dragging on the ground ; any thing drawn behind ill long 
 umfijlations. 
 
 TR.'MLINrj, n. hanging or dragging on the ground. 
 
 To TRAIN,*, a. [ti-aiiier, Fr.J to tiravv along ; to draw 
 or entice ; to draw by artifice or stratagem. Used with on; 
 to'draw from one act to another by persuasion. Used witii 
 vp, to breed, educate, or teach by degrees. 
 
 TR.'MN, s. [train, Vi\\ an artiliee used to entice ; the 
 tail.of a bird ; the part of agov\n that sweeps behind along 
 the ground ; a series, process, or method ; a retinue, or 
 number of followers ; ;; procession ; the line of powd':? 
 which reaches to a mine. A train of artillery, is the cannon 
 accompanying an army. 
 
 TRAl'NOlL, s. oii drawn by coction from the fat of 
 whales. 
 
 ToTR.MPSE, t'. a. to walk in a careless'or sluttish manner.. 
 A low word. 
 
 TRAIT, .f. [Fr.] a stroke or touch. 
 
 TRAI"IOn,i. [traitre, Fr.] one who betrays anv tiust. 
 
 IRAITOROUS, a. treacherous ; perfidious ; faith- 
 less. 
 
 TRAITOROUSLY, orf.pcrfidioush; trcaeherousiv. 
 
 THALATITIOUSLY, ad. metaphorically ; not literally. 
 " Written language is tr/iliititioush/ so called." Holder. 
 
 TRALEE', the shire town ot Kerry, in .Munster. Consi- 
 derable quanti.ies of herrings are take.u in the bav. It is 
 144 miles S. \V. of Dublin. 
 
 TRA LOS iMONTE'^, a province of Forfngal, beyond 
 tlie mountain*, with regard to the other provinces of this 
 kingdom, whence it has its name. It is hounded on the 
 N. by Galicia, on the VV. by Enlre-Douro eiMinho, and 
 Reira ; and on the S. by Beira, and a part of LeonT It is 
 lertde in wine and oil, and abounds in cattle. The river 
 Doiiro divides it into two parts, and Miranda is the 
 capital. J 
 
 TRA'MEL, or TRA'MMEL, s. \ir«mail, Fr.] a net i« 
 which birds or fish are caught ; a net of any kind; a kind 
 of shackles in which Liirsas^irt laui.'-ht to pace. 
 
 To TlLVMM-'.'iL, V. a. to catch or intercept ; used 
 with up. 
 
 To TR \'MPLE, ti. u. I tramvf, Dan.l to tread under foot 
 with pride, insolence, or contempt. Neulerly, to' tread ib 
 contempt used with uH, or i';>o«. 
 
 TRA'MPLER, s. one that tramples. 
 
 TRANCE, s. [Johnson proposes writing if travtr. to ' 
 agree in etymology with tmuse, Fr. trannitus, from trannec^ 
 to pass over, Lat.J a state .if the soul, «herein it is vvrajit 
 into visions of future or distant things, and the body seems 
 insensible. .'. 
 
 TRA'NQUIL, a. \*raHt]uille, Fr. tranquiltnt:, Lat.J (luiet; 
 uniljsturbed ; peaceful. 
 
 TRANQUILLITY, s. [trunqinllitc, Fr. tyanrpdHitas, Lat.] 
 calmness; stillness; an undislinlied stateofmind. SvNoN. 
 'J'niiifjiiillilu, pnice, t/uiit, i-n/m, whether applied to the sou), 
 to a republic, or anv partietdar society, e(|iially e\|o-ess a si- 
 tuation exempt from trouble and molestation. The lirsf, 
 however, relates to that within one's self,' and in llu' tijuc 
 present, independent of any other relations ; /)'««■»•, to tlii 
 situation with regard to enemies, who have the power to 
 produce an alteration ; fpiiet, with respect to time past or 
 future, as succeeding or preceding a situation troubled. 
 Tranqnillili/, means snmoljiiiess, ami does not, like peace and 
 rti/m, imply previous per<urbation. M'cuce is ':r'|iiised to
 
 TRA 
 
 J'R A 
 
 SMIT jrtf?!*, to stortii ; tranquiilltii, ia agitation; VinA quitt, 
 io roniiiintioh. 
 
 TRANS, ill composition, is l>ormwt'd from the Lcitiii, and 
 signifies over, btvoiid, ihron^li, or tluinsjc ofstiile or place. 
 • ToTHANSA'C'l', t). «. I from trnnsnctiis, Lvil.J lo c<in- 
 dlict or iiiniui;;e anv Ireiily or iiftViir ; ti> peiibrni orc;irrvon. 
 ' 'ITlANSA'C'riON, f. \lrniisac!itm, t'r.J iieyociatioii ; iiia- 
 BftffOmeMI ; any l>^l^ille^s<■ilnie(^ on. 
 
 TRANSANIM A'TION, i. rCroiii OvT/M, a particle of re 
 jl, Lat.l conveyance of tiie soul 
 
 froiMone Ixiilv to Wliiilller 
 
 irioviiij;, and ntiimn, tlie soul 
 
 To T|! -W'SCR'NU, v.a. [from irnus, beyond, ani\ scaiidi, 
 toclinili, Lat.l to pass; to overpass, excel, or surpass ; lo 
 Stirinnnnt, oiildo. 
 
 'I'KANSCI'.'NDRNOV, a. [from trant, beyond, and 
 sciDiilii, lo clinii), Lat.] exccllciK-y ; snperciiiiiu'iice o( olliers 
 in any ffoi'd quality or perfection. Exa<;gei'alion ; elevation 
 bevoMcl iiiitli. 
 
 TI{.\NS€KT^DRNT, ff. [from trnnt, beyond, and sca7uto, 
 to climb, Lat tiansrendnnt, Kr. j excellent ; supremely ex- 
 cellent ; snrpassin<;. 
 
 TI!.\NS(;K'M)|:\TLY,<»<?. excellently; supereminently. 
 
 To TltAN->CRl'lJK, V. n. [from trans, over, and scrib», to 
 Wrile, L;il. I 111 lopv ; to write fiomaii example. 
 
 TU XNS !!? P>ER,«. one «iio writes froma copy. 
 
 TRA'N.Sr.K! IT, j. [from tnois, over, and scriho, lo write, 
 Lat.] a; v'jiv ; anv tliioi; wriileii from :iii orij^jnial. 
 
 TRANSCIU'PTION, J | Fr. from <!w«, ov.-r, and *eWK 
 to write I, a 1. 1 1 lie Mct of transcriliin;; or copvins. 
 _ TRAN'^CURSION, (traiishfitslmti) s. [from ^»rt»j, a par- 
 ticle of removin^r, and ciorn, to run, Lai. J passinj; lliroui,'li ; 
 the act of rnnninij or passiiiK from one place to another : 
 ramble; extraordinary deviation. 
 
 To T" A'NSKRR, f. a \ tinns/eier, Fr. from trans, over, and 
 fero, lo brin^;, Lat.] to make over from one to another; to 
 traii-iport or r-move. 
 
 TRA'N.SKKR, s. in commerce, &c. is an act whereby a 
 person surrenders his rij;ht, interest, or propert' , in any 
 thinjj, movralile or iiiini(ivv;ible, to another. It is chieHy 
 used for the siirniii^ and n:;ikin;; over shares in tile slocks, 
 or pnhlie fund*, to sn<-li .i.^ piiichasc them of the proinielors. 
 
 TRANSFIGURATION, s. [from tr,ws, a panicle of 
 change, and /rffiii-ff, a tig'nre, Lat.J chan;.;e of form oi appear- 
 aiice ; the state of a person or Ihiii^ whose appearance is 
 remarkahly altered. IVansl'oniiiifinn. 
 
 To TRAN^FLGURE, v. •,. jfrom irans, a particle of 
 ehanse, and /i^"rii, a figure, Lat.] lo trynsform; lo chan;,'C 
 form or an|>e;iri'nce. 
 
 TR A NSFFGURED, a. having the form or afipeaiance 
 chaiLwd. 
 
 To TR AN.SFl'X, I', a [from irnns, thrnugh, an-l fig-o, to 
 fix, (.Hi.] to iiieree tliron^h. 
 
 To TRANSFO'iiM, v. a. [trnmfvrmn; Fr. from trane, a 
 particle of c!ian(;e, a rid /ernm, a form, Lat.jlo cli iiije the 
 external form ; to c hin^e into some other form. Nenterly, 
 to he niefaniornluwerl. or chaiiL'ed inloanotlier iorai. 
 
 TRAN^^FORMATION, J. |Fr. frmntifws, a pa'licle of 
 cha^i^e, aiid/«;mo, a form, Lat.| the act ot changing from one 
 forii) into anoihev 
 
 To TR ANSh'U"^''', Umnsfuze) ji. n. [from trniis, a iiarticle 
 of reniovinff, and fnnrln, to pour. Lat.J to pour out of one into 
 another. 
 
 TR \NSFr''-;TO\, (tnivsfuThfm)). [Fr. from trim, a par- 
 iticle of reniovin;;, and/imrfo, to pour, Lat.] the act of pouring 
 t)nt of one vessi"l in'o aiioth'-r. Anionic anatoinists the art 
 ef conveviiig ihe Mood of one animal into another. 
 
 ToTR A ,'S(. RF.'SS, IV a. [trnii.i^esser. Fr. from trans, 
 over, 1M\(I ^ra'lifir, lo st -p, Lat.l to \ya^s over or lieM>nd ; to 
 ■»iol.ile oi" hrewk. Neiiieclv. lo ofl'end l)v violalin" a law. 
 
 TRAVSGRR'S><!ON,«r"n.vo-m'««) s. | Fr. from t,a„s. 
 ever, and pnirlwr. lo step, L;il [a hrevuh or violation of a law 
 TOr corMiiiancliiienI ; ot}"en<'e, crime, fault. 
 
 TRANSGRESSOR,*. fLat.] a hi»l.reaker; an offender. 
 
 TRANSIENT, o, [<>a;i««»i, fiom tram, over, and «;, to 
 
 Ko, Lat.l soon )ia»t or passing ; of short continuance ; ino- 
 nieiilarv ; not iajliii^'. 
 'l'll\'NSIEN ILV, ad. slightly ; by the bye ; in passage. 
 Tl! '\NSIL\'A'MA, a counlry of ICuropV, formerly an- 
 nexed to llnnyarv ; hounded on the N. hy Hungar\, I'oiaiid, 
 and Mr)ldavia ; on the K. hy Moldavia ; on Ihe S. hy Wala- 
 chia and the hannat ofTemesviar ; and on the \V. hy Hun- 
 gary. It is surrounded on all parts hy high iiiountains, 
 \ihich, ho«evei, are not harren,and tin" air is lieallhier Ihuu 
 that of lluiigar\. The inhal'ilanls have a suthciency of ctirn 
 anil uiru-, and there are ric'i mines of gold, silver, lead, 
 copper, <pii< ksilver, and alum. It has undergone vaiious 
 revolutions, Iml, since I72'2, has been hereditary lo the house 
 of Austria. Tiie iniialnlants are a mixture of Romanists, 
 Ltiiheraiis, (lalvinisis, Socinians, Armenians, (jreeks, and 
 Mahometans; tov\liichnniy he addeil Jews and Ciugars, 
 who live in tents, ami lead a vagaliond hfe like gipsies. Its 
 form is nearlv oval ; about 4oo miles in circumference. The 
 principality is governed in the name of the prince and nobi- 
 lity, by the diet, ^^llich meets at Hermaiistadt, hv summons 
 tioni the prince ; Ihe government being w/iolly difl'erent from 
 that of IfnuL'arv. 
 
 'I'RA'XSIT, *. \trausitut, from trans, over, and eo, to go, 
 Lat.] in astroninny, applii d loan inferior planet, when in 
 its inferior conjunction it passes o\ei the suns disk like a 
 black round spot. Also ai)plied to the moon when she 
 inrdtes a near appulse to any |>lauet or fixed »lar, but not 
 .so as to hide it from our view, it then being termed an oc- 
 cullalion. 
 
 TRANSn'ION, .5. [Fr. transitio, from trans, over, and 
 ro, logo, Lat.] removal, passage, change; the act of passing 
 from one subject lo another. 
 
 TR.A'NSniV I'., a. UiuHsilirns, from trans, over, and eo, 
 to go, Lat.] having the power of passing In grammar, 
 appMed to verbs which signify any action having an effect 
 on sfuiie objerf. 
 
 TR X'NSITORY, a. \transitoire, Fr. trnnsitorivi, from trans, 
 over, and eo. to go, Ijt.j continuing but fin- asliorf time. 
 
 To TR A NSLATE, D. n.\\'\rt\n trims, o\cr, and /nfwin, to 
 carrv, Lat.j lo Iran-port or' remove irom one place or post 
 to another; lo transfer or convey ; to change ; loinlerpiet, 
 or give I be sense oTany book or seiileiice in aiioti'.er lan- 
 guage. To e\ I lain ; used in a low colhxpiial sense. 
 
 TR ^NSLA'TION, *■. | Kr. fnmi iruns, over, and Iniiim, to 
 cany, Lat.] the act of Iraitsferring or removing a thing 
 from (uie place to another ; we sav the tramlatinn of a 
 bishop, a council, a seal of ju«tice, Ac. It is also used for 
 the version of a hook or writing, out of one language iuio 
 another. Sy NON. Translation relates lo the turning into 
 modern languat;es ; versiw, into aniienl. The English 
 Rd)le is a Iranslatiun. The Latin and Greek Bibles are 
 ver.'^wns. 
 
 TR \NSLATOR, s. [from trans, over, and latum, to carry, 
 Lat.] one that turns anv ihin,' in'o aiiolher language. 
 
 Tt!ANSL(JC!D, or TRANsLU'CEN'P, a. (tiom frsn.-, 
 fhroush, and Inreo, to shine, Lat.J lrauspar''nt ; diaplmnons'; 
 clear : gi^'n^' i .assage to lit'lit. 
 
 TR ANSM A'RINR, a. [from Irnns, over, and marp. the 
 sea, Lat ] Iving on the other side of the sea; coming fr(nn 
 parts be>ond Ihe sea ; nllrainarine. 
 
 To TRA'iS'SViKiRATE, r. «. [fiom /7-on^, over, and?n)^To, 
 to renu)ve, Lat.l lo pass from one country or place to 
 another. 
 
 TRANSMIGRATION, i. [Fr. from trans, over, and 
 migrn, to remove. Lat.] the removal or translalion of a 
 V hole (leoide frgm mie coiiutrv lo another, hv the po.^er 
 of a COD iierer. Also the passag" of a soul out of one Imdj 
 into an<"''or. 
 
 TR.\ Mf'SSARLK, n. car-able of being coiiveved. 
 TIlANS.Vi! SSION, i!rri!ismli/iiiu) s [from trans, a par^icic 
 of removing, ;md vitlo, lo senil, Lat.j ilie Hel of conveying 
 frcm one i)lace to another, or delivering. from one person -to 
 another. 
 
 8M)
 
 r R A 
 
 TR A 
 
 To TitANSMl.'T, ti. «. [from trans, a par'.iflcof rcmovinj;, 
 ati(! viiiti), til bend, Liit.J to semi or (lelivi:r down from one 
 person, place, or ;i;je, to another. 
 
 IKANSMITTKH, ,t. one tliat transmits. 
 
 TRANSM U'T.A BLE, «. [ fioni iransmutn, to change, Lat.J 
 Ciipablc of bein^ tlianged Iroiii one nature or substance to 
 another. 
 
 TRANSMUTATION, s. [from trausmuto, to change, 
 Lat.] the act of cliangiti^' one nature or substance to another. 
 Nature, Sir Isaac Newton observes, seems delighted with 
 transmutation. Gross bodies and light, he suspects, may 
 be niutu'dlly transmuted into each ether ; and adds, that 
 all bodies receive llieir active force from the viarlicles of 
 light which enter theii composition. Earth, by laat, be- 
 comes fire; and, by cold, is converted into ea;th again ; 
 dense bodies, by fermentation, are raised ink) various kinds 
 of air ; and that air, by fermentation, also reverts into gross 
 bodies. All bodies, beasts, fishes, insects, plants, &c. with 
 all their various parts, grow and increase out of water, and 
 fcqueous and salnic tinctures, and by putrefaction all of 
 tliem return into water, or any aqueous liquor, again. 
 Farther, water, exposed a while to the open air, puts on a 
 tincture, which in process of time has a sediinent and a 
 spirit, and, before putrefaction, yields nourislunent both 
 lor animals and vegetid^les. In alchymy, it denotes the 
 art of changing or exalting imperfect metals into gold or 
 siKer. 
 
 To TRANSMUTE, v. n. [from transinuto, to change, 
 Lat.j to change one substance or matter into another. 
 
 'I'KA'NSOAl, i. [trans, over, Lat.J in building, a beam 
 going across or athwart. The vane of the cross stafl". 
 
 TRANSPA'RENCY, *. [traiisparenee, Fr. from trans, 
 through, and pareo, to appear, Lat.] that quality of a body 
 which renders it easy to be seen through; clearness; 
 translucence ; diaphaneity. 
 
 TRANSPA'RENT, a. [transparent, Fr.] that may be seen 
 through; clear; pervious, or giving passage to light ; trans- 
 lucent; pellucid; diaphanous. 
 
 TRA^ISPIRA'TION, j. [Fr. from trans, through, and 
 smro, to breathe, Lat.] emission of vapours. Entrance and 
 aischarge of air through the pores of the skin. 
 
 To TRANSPI'RE, v. a. [transpirer, Fr.J to emit in va 
 pour. Neuterly, to be emitted in vapours ; to escape from 
 secrecy ; to notice. 
 
 To TRANSPLA'NT, v. a. [transplanter, Fr. from trans, a 
 particle of removing, and jiluntn, to plant, Lat.] to remove 
 and plant in a new place. To rrniore. 
 
 TRANSPLANTA'TION,*. [o«H.s;>M«fario;i, Fr.J the act 
 of removing from one place to another ; removal. 
 
 TRANSPLANTER, s. one tliat transplants. 
 
 To TR.ANSPO'RT, v. a. transporter, Er. from tratts, over, 
 and porto, to carry, Lat.) to carry or convey by carriage 
 from one place to another ; to carry into banishment ; to 
 hnrrv bv violence of passion ; to put into ecstasv. 
 
 TRA'NSPOUT, i.[transport, Fr.| a violent hurry of pas- 
 sion ; ecstasy ; a rapture, a sally ; a ship employe<l to carry 
 soldiers, ammunition, or warlike stores, from one place to 
 another. Carriage ; convevance. 
 
 TRANSPORTABLE, a." capable of being moved from 
 one place to another. 
 
 TRANSPORTATION, j. carriage from one place to 
 another ; banishment for crimes. Ecstatic violence of 
 pa'ision. 
 
 TRANSPORTER, s. one that transports. 
 
 To TRANSPOSE, (<r«n4/)uie) t). a. [transpnscr, Fr. from 
 trans, a particle of change, and pofio, to^put, Lat.] to put 
 each in the place of the other. To put out of place. 
 
 TRANSPOSITION, (Iranspozh/ion) s. [trimspositivu, 
 FrJ the act ofchaniiing tl'e order or place of things. 
 
 ToTRANSUB.STA'NTIATE, {trantnbstanltatr) v. a. [tran- 
 tnhstantier, Fr. from trans, a particle of chan;;e, and siilstan- 
 tia, siit)stan<-e, Lat.J to rliange to another. 
 
 TRANSUBSTANTI ATION, {transubslanshiishon) s. [Fr. 
 from trmu, a particle ol ciiange, and substantia, substance. 
 
 Lat.] in theology, the conversion or cliange of the tubstancc 
 of the bread and wine, in the Eucharist, into the body aai 
 blood of Jesus Christ, which the Romish church hold i» 
 wrouj;ht by the consecration of the priest. 
 
 TRANSUDATION, *. the act of passing in sweat, or 
 perspirable vapour, through anv integument. 
 
 To TRANSUDE, v. n. [from <raii», through, and trido, 
 to sweat, Lut.] to pass through in vapour, or moisture ; tt* 
 perspire. 
 
 TRA'NSVERSE, a. [(wmtransversia, Lat.] being in a cro»g 
 direction. 
 
 TRANSVERSELY, arf. in a cross direction. 
 
 TRAP, i. \trappe. Sax. trape, Fr.]a snare set to catcU 
 thieves or vermin ; an ambush ; a stratagem to catch, or be- 
 tray unawares ; a play with a ball and sticks. 
 
 To TRAP, II. a. [trappan. Sax.] see to EntKAP. 
 
 TR.\PD0OR. s. a door which opens and shuts unex- 
 pectedly. 
 
 TRAPES, J. an idle, sluttish, slatternly wench. 
 
 TRA PE ZIUM, *. [from trapeza, a table, Gr.] in geometry, 
 is a iilanc (iuiire contained under four unequal right angles. 
 
 TRAPEZOID, «. [from trapezivti,a trapezium, audeidus, 
 form, Gr.] an irregular figure whose four sides are not 
 parallel. 
 
 TRA PPINGS, s. [derived by Minshew from rfja;?, elotli, 
 Fr. I ornaments belonging to a saddle ; dress; embellish- 
 ment; external and trifling decoration. 
 
 TRASH, s. \tros, Isl.] any thing worthless or unwhole- 
 some; dross; ilregs. A worthless person. 
 
 To TRASH, I', a. to lop, crop ; to crush, or humble. 
 
 To TRA' v.. ML, {traiel) v. n. [travailler, Fr.] to labour 
 Iiard ; to be in labour ; to be in throes of child-birth. 
 
 TR.A'\'.\IL, {trayel)s. hard labour; the anguish of child- 
 birth. 
 
 'J'RAVANCt)RE, a province of the peninsula of Hin- 
 doostan, extending along the coast of Malabar from Cape 
 Comorin to 10. 15. N. lat. and bounded on the N. by 
 Mysore, and on the E. by the Carnalic. It is subject to 
 a rajah, who is an ally of the Eiij^libh East India Company. 
 
 To TRAVEL, r. 71. to make journeys, applied both to sea 
 and land, tliounh we sometimes use it in opposition to vot/age, 
 a word in our language appropriated to tlie sea. To labour ; 
 to toil. To pass, go, move. To make journeys of curiosity. 
 Actively, to pass: to journey o\er. 
 
 TRA'VRL, s. journey ; act of passing from place to place. 
 Used in the plural, for the account of occurrences of a jour- 
 ney into foreign parts. 
 
 TRA'VELLER, s. [tmtailleur, Fr.j one who goes a jour- 
 ney ; a wayfarer; one who visits foreign countries. 
 
 TflATELLER'S JOY, s. a plant called also virgin's 
 bower, and great white climber. 
 
 To TRA'VF.RSE, v. a. [traverser, Fr.] t^i cross or lay 
 athwart ; to thwart, or oppose ; to oppose so as to ainiiil ; 
 to cross or wander over ; to survey. Neuterly, to use a pos- 
 ture of opposition in teui ing. 
 
 TRAVERSE, orTRANSVERSE, a. [tnnrrsf, Fr. trans- 
 verstis, Lat.] in ijeneral, denotes something that •;(M!,alhwart 
 another ; that is, crosses and cuts it obliquely. Ibiice, to 
 traverse a piece of ordnance, among gunners, signifii;s to 
 turn or point it which way one pleases upon the platform. 
 In navigation, it is a compound course wherein several ilif- 
 feient successive courses and distancesare known. In law, 
 it denotes the denial of sonic matter of fact alleged to be 
 done in a declaration or pleadings. 
 
 TR A'VEST Y, «. [from traeestir, to disguise one's sell, t r.] 
 hence travesli/ is ap\died to the disfiguring of an author, 
 or the translating him into a style and manner ddfeient 
 from his own; or the turning a serious subjeit into bur- 
 les<iue. 
 
 'I RAUM ATIC, s. [from trauma, a wound, Gr.J a mcdiciu* 
 good for the cure of wounds. 
 
 TRAUM.-VTIC, n. [Irom trauma, a wound, Gf.jbciongin 
 to the cure of wounds^; vulnerary.
 
 TRE 
 
 TRE 
 
 TRAY, I. fSweil.J a shallow wooden trougli in wliiuh 
 oitat or Ikli is carried. 
 
 TRK'ACIIKROUS, (<r^<-/«r«M)a. guilty of deserting or 
 bi'lriiviny; ; perfidious; faithless. 
 
 Tlil'/ACIIKKOUSLY, {trec/ierounly) ad. perfidiously ; 
 clandestinely ; faithlessly- 
 
 TKEACHEROUSNESS, *. the quality of being treache- 
 rous; pertidioiisiiess. 
 
 'I'HK'ACflEKY, (trechery) s. [irichcrie, Fr.J breach of 
 ftiith ; perfidy. 
 
 TRE'ACLE, (<»mW) J. [triade, Fr.] a medicine composed 
 of nany ingredients ; the spume of sii;,Mr; molosses. 
 
 To TREAD, {hed) v. n. pret. Iroil, part. pa*s. trodden; 
 \tredan. Sax. tredeti, Bclg.'l to set the <iiot ; to trample, in 
 scorn or uialice ; to walk with pomp. 'I'ocopidale, applied 
 to birds. Actively, to walk upon; to press under foot; to 
 crush underfoot; to trample in contempt or hatred. 
 
 TREAD, {tiM) s. a step with the foot ; way, track, or 
 path ; the cock's part iii an egg. 
 
 TREADER, s. he who treads. 
 
 TRE'ADLE, {iredl) s- the part of an engine worked with 
 the feet. The sperm of the cock. 
 
 TRE'A.SON, (treizon) s. [ira/tison, Fr.] in general signi- 
 fies the act of betraying; but is more particularly used for 
 the act or crime of infidelity to one's law ful sovereign. The 
 lawyers divide it into hi/^/i trcnson and petli/ treason. The 
 first is an oHence against tlie security of the knig or kingdom, 
 which is again divided into various branches. Petty trea- 
 son is, where a servant kills his master, a wife her husband, 
 or a secular or religions person kills his prelate or superior, 
 to whom he owes faith and obedience ; and aiders and abet- 
 tors, as well as procnreis, are within the act. 
 
 TRE'ASONABLE, {treizmmbte) a. traitorous; liable to 
 be construed or interpreted treason. 
 
 TREASURE, {trizlmre) s. [trisor, Fr.J wealth or ricUes 
 hoarded up or accuundated. 
 
 To TRE'ASURE, {trezhm-e) v. a. to hoard, accumulate, 
 or amass. 
 
 TRE'ASURER, {trizlmrer) s, [triiorier, Fr.] an officer to 
 whom the treasure of a prince or corporation ii committed, 
 to be kept and duly disposed of. Loid Hi^h Treasurfr ig 
 first commissioner of the Treasury, has under his charge and 
 direction all the king's revenue, which is kept in the Ex- 
 chequer. He hoUls his place during the king's pleasure, 
 and is instituted by the delivery of a while start to him ; and 
 has a check on all the officers employed in collecting the 
 king's revenue. But this office is now in commission. Five 
 commissioners are appointed, the first of which is called 
 First Lord nf the Treasury, and unless he be a peer, is also 
 Chancellor of the Exchequer, There is likewise tne Treasm-er 
 of the king's household, of the king's navy, of the king's 
 chamber, and of the wardrobe. Most corporations have 
 Treasurers ; as has likewise every county. 
 
 TREASURSHIP.i. the office or dignity of a treasurer. 
 
 TRE'.ASURY, (trezhinj) s. \trisnrerie, Fr.] a place in 
 which riches or money are laid up or accumulated. 
 
 To TREAT, {treet) v. a. \traiter, Fr.J to negociate ; to 
 settle. To discourse on, used with on or vpon ,- from tracto, 
 Lat. To use. To manage, handle, carry on. To entertain 
 freely. Neuterly, to discourse or discuss, from trahtian. Sax. 
 To carry on » treaty or uegociation ; to come to terms of 
 accommodation To entertain a person at a feast. 
 
 TREAT, (treet) s. an entertainment given ; soraething 
 given at an entertainment. 
 
 TRE'ATISE, (trtiiisc) s. a set discourse or written tract 
 on any subject. 
 
 TRE'AfMENT ^treitment) s. [iraitemcnt, Fr.J usage ; 
 manner of usage, whether good or bad. 
 
 TRE'ATY, {treety) s. \traile, Fr.J a covenant between 
 two or more nations; or the several articles and conditions 
 stipulated and agreed upon between sovereign powers. 
 
 TRE'BKOiS'D, orTK APEZOND, a sironij town of Jcnith, 
 in Asiatic Turkey, the see of a (ireek archbishop. It is 440 
 miles E. of Constantinople. Lat. •lO. 45. N. Ion. 40. -'A. E. 
 
 TRE'BLE, (f. \tr>ple, Fr. triplex, from tret, three, LaCj 
 threefold; triple. In music, sharp, applied to sound. 
 
 To TRfrBLK, V. a. [tn/ilcr, Fr.J to niultiply by three; t« 
 make thrice as much. iSeuterly, to hetonic threefold. 
 
 TRJ->E, s. [tree, Dan. trie, Ishj the first and largest of tlie 
 vegetable kind.consistingof a single trunk, out of which spring 
 branches and leaves. Figuratively, any thing branched 
 out. 
 
 TREE'MOSS, s. among botanist j, a sort of lichen. 
 
 TRE'FOIL, or CI.O'VER, s. [ir^Jle, Fr.J is a plant greatly 
 esteemed by the farmers, for the great improvement it makes 
 upon land, the goodness of its hay, and the value of its 
 seed. The sour trefoil is what is also called cockowbread. 
 
 TREGA'NNON, or TstKGARUoN, a town of Cardigan- 
 shire in S. Wales, seated on thi' river Tivcy, is a corpora- 
 tion, and has a handsome church. It is 15 miles S. E. of 
 Aberistwith, and 2UC W. by N. of London. Maiket on 
 Thursday. 
 
 TIIEGONY, a decayed town of Cornwall, seated off a 
 creek by Faluionth Haven, having only about l.OO iKmses 
 poorly built. It is 41 miles NV. by S. of I'l^ mouth, and 24,1 
 W. by S. of London. An inconsiderable market on Satur- 
 day. 
 
 TRELLIS, s. [Fr.J a structure of iron, wood, crosier, the 
 parts crossing each other like a lattice. 
 
 TRE'LLISED, a. wrought in the manner of a lattice ox 
 grate. 
 
 '^Fo TRE'MBLE, t-. n. [trembler, Fr.J to shake or shiver 
 with fear or cold ; to quiver. 
 
 TRE'MBLING, *. shaking or shivering with fearor c^ld ; 
 tottering, quivering, quavering. 
 
 TREMENDOUS, n. \tremendus, from (rfmo, to tremble, 
 Lat.] aflectiug with, or causing fearor dread; horrible; 
 astonishingly terrible. 
 
 TREMOLITE, s. a preparation of calcined brass whicif 
 displays light upon the slightest friction. 
 
 TRE'MOR, ,5. [Lat.] a state of shaking or treinbling^: 
 quivering or vibrating motion. 
 
 TRE'.NlULOUS, a. [tremiilus, from trcmo, to tremble, Lat.J 
 quavering; shaking; vibratory; trembling ;^ quiveinig; 
 fearful. 
 
 TRFN, s. a fish-spear. 
 
 To TRENCH, v. a. [irancher, Fr.] to cut ; to ctil or di;; 
 into pits or trenches. 
 
 TRENCH, ,s. [traHche, Fr.J a pit or ditch. In fuilifica- 
 fion, earth thrown up to defend soldiers iu their approaclies, 
 or to guard a camp. 
 
 FR ENCI lAN'l', a. [Fr.J cutting ; sharp. 
 
 'I'RE'NCHER, *. [trenchoir, Fr.J a piece of wood ; ai> 
 utensil; a talile; food; a square cap worn by sludenls at 
 the universities. 
 
 'FRE'NCHERFLY, s. one that haunts tables; a para- 
 site. 
 
 To TREND, V. >t. to tend ; to incline to any particnkr 
 direction. 
 
 TK E'NDLE, *. [trcndel, Sax.Janv thing turned round. 
 
 TRENT, an antient, handsonu' populous, and considera- 
 ble city of Germany, in the 'Frentino, formerly a fVi e 
 imperial city, and famous for a council held here, wliivii 
 began in 1645, and ended in I6<i:?. It is seated at the foot 
 of the Alps, in a pleasant fertile vaMey, on the river Adige, 
 67 miles N. W. of Venice, and 'JGO N. W. of Rome. Lat. 
 46. 8. N. Ion. 11.27. E. 
 
 TRENT, a large river in England, rnnnmg a course of 
 near 200 miles. It rises in Staffordshire, issuing from three 
 several springs between Congleton and Leek. Flowing S. 
 through Staftbrdshire, aud having received the Tame, it 
 takes a N. E. direction, and enters Derbyshire, after its 
 junction with the Dove, just crossing the southern angle 
 of that county, and forming for a short space, its separa- 
 tion from the counties of Lincoln and Nottingham, it enters 
 the latter county at its S. W. extremity, and tin are crossjog 
 obliquely to the E. coasts along its whole eastern side, 
 forming, torard the N. pnrt, the boundary between that 
 
 «il
 
 jMtiiity ajilii Lii*colnshirt, a corner of which it crosses, and 
 tliiii f;il!s into His fiiiiiiber beiow Gainsborous;!). Fiirailej 
 vilh the cour.'?« of this riv(>r riiiss a canal.forniiii!,' a jiiinlioii 
 between ■ it aiid Ihe Mersey, aixi ioining it al VVilrlen. It 
 '\s'alars:e navigable river tbrotigb the whole of Nott)iif,'tKi«i- 
 shire but b;is ibe inGoiiveniente of being subject to great 
 ■and fieqilprit floods. 
 
 TRl-'J'A'N, s. [tif/jnii, !>.] an instrnment by vvbicb round 
 pieces arc cut out of the skull. A snare. Thissignilicutioii 
 of tile \M>nl is said by Skinner to derive its origin from 
 Trepan I, a pari of Sicily, \\hi're«ur ships being insidiously 
 invited in the reij^n of yMceii Hlizabeth, were unjiisliy 
 delained. 
 
 To TKEPA'N, V. a. \trifMmner, Fr.] to perforate witli llie 
 trepan : to catch ; to ei)>nare. 
 
 TRR'PIllNIi, s. a small trepan ; a smaller instninient of 
 perforation manaaed by one hand. 
 
 TRI'VPID, a. [from tiepulu, lo tremble, Lat.J trembliiii,' 
 ^jnakinij for fear. 
 
 TKI'PIDATION, i. [Fr. from trenulo, to tremble, Lat.J 
 state of shaking or trembling ; slate ot terror. 
 
 To TRE'SFASS, I'. H. [trf.i/iasser, Fr.j to transgress or of 
 fend; used «ilh on ot against, to enter a person's ground 
 unlawfully. 
 
 TRE SPASS, s. [ti-espnss, Fr.] transgression ; ofFeucc ; un- 
 lawf(il entrance on another's ground. 
 
 ri{ESFASSI^|{. s. a tr;insi;ressor ; one that injures ano- 
 ther; one v\ho unlawfully enters on another's gKOUud. 
 
 TRESSED, a. \ tresis, Fr.] knotted or curled. 
 
 TRESSES,*. I It luis no singular; tresse, Fr.J locks or 
 curls of hsir hanging do« 11 loosely. 
 ■ TUESTEE, » [tiesUnii, Fr.] a moveable frame thai sup- 
 ports anv ihing; a three legged stool. 
 
 TR I'T, s. \perhaj).i, (ram tritiis, worn, Lat.J in commerce, 
 
 an allowance made for the waste or dirt that may be 
 lixed witii any commodity, which is always four pounds in 
 one hundred and four pounds weight. 
 
 TREVES, or Triers, the electorate of, a province in 
 'Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine; bounded on 
 the N. by the electorate of Cologne ; on the E. by Wetera- 
 via; on the S. by the Palatine of the Rhine and Lorrain ; 
 and on the W. by Lnxeiuburg. It is about one hundred 
 miles ill length; but the breadth is very different. It is full 
 of moiintains and forests; and its inhabitants have suffered 
 ereaily in I he wars with France. However, near the rivers 
 Rhine and Moselle I he soil is fniilfiil, abounding in corn and 
 wine ; and it is more populous thereabouts than in other 
 parts. Treves is the capital. 
 
 TRE'VET, «. \ihnef'et. Sax.] any thing standing on three 
 feet. 
 
 'i'REVISO, or TREVIG.I.O, a large and antient city of 
 Italy, ciipilal of Trevisano. It had formerly an university, 
 uhichuas Iranvfevred to Padua. It contains a great number 
 ot litimlsoiiie biidilings, being the residence of many aristo- 
 cratic families; is of iiietly large extent, and seated on the 
 river Silis, 30 miles N. W. of Venice. Lat. ■ib. 44. N. Ion. 
 12. 25. E. 
 
 TIIEY, s. \tres, Lat. trots, Fr.] three; the three odds at 
 cards and dice. 
 
 »TKIAD, s. I triade, Fr, trias^ from trts, three, Lat.] three 
 united. 
 
 TRIAL, J. a test or examination ; experience ; an evpe- 
 rimrnt ; a temptation or test of virtue ; the stale of being 
 tried. In law, it is the examination of a cause, civil or 
 criminal, according to live laws of ihe land, before a proper 
 judge. 
 
 Till'ANGLK, #. fFr. iriuuf^tliim, from treg, three, and 
 nn^ulmn, a rorner, l,.il.] a figure with three sides and three 
 -corners. In aslroiioiny two constellations one in the 
 '1>0'-lhern nnil the other in the soulheni heuiisphrre. 
 
 TUIA'Nf i'UI.AR, n. |from lr«.i, three, ami an^ilnm, a 
 render. Eat. I having three corners ; having the form of a 
 ■|vian.'<!»'. 
 
 'J'R'I IH'", t. lii-ilvf, I.ut^ in flntiquity, was • w>l»ii. 
 
 TRI 
 
 quantity or nnniher of persons, when a divistoa was ma 1<: of 
 a city or peopif into quarters or districts. 
 
 'FRIBULA'l'ION, *. [trthnlation, Fr.] persecution, dis- 
 tress, vexation, trouble, afHictioii. 
 
 'I RIRU'NAL, *. \trHninnl, Lat. and Fr.] in general de- 
 notes the seal of a judge. The «ord is Latin, and takes it* 
 name from the seat where the Tribune of the Rouiaii pi^ople 
 was placed toadminister justice. A court ofj slice. 
 
 TiU'iiUNE, J. among the antient Romans was a niagis- 
 trale chosen out of the commons to prol^ ct thvni against 
 the oppression of the great, and to defend the liherly of the 
 people against the attempts of the senate ami cuisuls. 
 
 TRI'IiUTARY, a. llribntaire, Fr. from trihito, to pHV, Lat.] 
 paying taxes or tribute ; subject; subordinate; paid in 
 tribute. 
 
 TRIBUTARY, s. onexvho pays a stated sum in ackno\V!- 
 ledgnient of subjection. 
 
 TRIBUTE, s. [tribnt, Fr. fiom trilrun, to pay, Lat J a tax 
 or impost which one prince or stale is obliied to pay to 
 another, as a token of dependence, or in virtue of a treaty, 
 and as a purchase of peace. Subjection. 
 
 'ITvICE, s. [Johnson supposes it to be corrupted from 
 trait, Fr.]a short time, or an instant. 
 
 TUi. E'N.NIAI^ ff.[from tricevi, thirty, and amiuf,ayear 
 Lai I belonging to the term of thirty years. 
 
 TRICItO'FO.M Y, «. [from trtis, three and temno, to cut 
 Gr. I di\ isioii into three parts. 
 
 'I'RICK, s. [trecit, Relg.] a sly fraud or artifice ; a juggle 
 1 lift of cards; a vicious practice. 
 
 To THICK, V. a. [tricher, Fr.] to cheat, inipoH> on, oi 
 defraud. To dress, adorn, or knot, from tiica, low, Lat. a 
 knot of hair. To perform by sleight of hand; to juggle. 
 Neuterlv, to live by fraud. 
 
 TRI'CK: R,,s. see TUIGGEK. 
 
 TlirCKINTj, a. cheating ; crafty; deceitful. 
 
 TRI'CKINGLY, fflrf. in acheating fraudulent, and deceit- 
 ful manner. 
 
 To TRI'CKLE, V. n. to run down in drops ; to trill in a 
 slender stream. 
 
 TRI'CKSTI'.R, s. one who clieats or defrauds; a waly 
 and dec'illul person. 
 
 TRICKSY, <r. preltv. Obsolete. 
 
 TRl'DEN'l', s. [Fr. from tres three and tlnis,a tooth. Lat.] 
 an attribute of Neptune ; being a Kiml of sceptre which 
 the painters and poets put into the liand.s of that god, 
 in form of a spear or fork, with three teeth ; whence the 
 word. 
 
 TIU'DING, s. \lrithinga. Sax.] the third iiartof a counly. 
 This division is only used in Yorkshire, where the teim is 
 corrupted into Riding. 
 
 TIU'DING iMOTl'J, s. a court leet ; the court l»el! for a 
 friding. 
 
 TRi'DUAN, a. [front tres, three, and dws, a day, Tal.J last- 
 ing three days ; happening every third day. 
 
 TRIE'.NNIAL, «. [from tres, three, and mmw, a yoar, 
 Lat.] lasting three years ; happening everv third \ear. .^ 
 
 TRI'ER, s. one who tries experiuii'nlallv ; h^ I hat exa- 
 mines indicially ; one who brings to the lest. 
 
 TiilES'F, a sea poll town of Cainiola, silu^ttcd on tlic 
 side of a hill, extending to the Adriatic. It is 8 miles N. 
 N. E. of Cabo-dlstiia. Lai. 4.5 .5ri N. Ion. M. 4. E. 
 
 TRIFI D, a. \irifidiis, from Ires, tin le, and>Wu, to separate, 
 Lat.] ciil orseparated into three parts. 
 
 To TRIFLE, r. )i. [iriifehn. B.lg.] lo act or talk wilti.- 
 out any weight, dignity, or impoitance. To mock ; to pl^ 
 the fool, followed by v:ilh. To be of no importance. Ac- 
 tively, lo make of no importance. Obaoiele in this last 
 sense. 
 
 TRI'i'LE s.a thing of no weight, value, or imnorlanrc. 
 
 TRIFLI'.K, .«.[/> !/</'/«)■, Belg.] one who ads with levity; 
 one that talks with lolly 
 
 'FRIFLINfi. n. wanliiiLr worth ; iiiiii'iporlant. 
 
 TRIFO'LlA'FE, a. |froni/Jw, three, aud ./i-itjun, a leaf, 
 Lat.} haying thiccJleaws.
 
 TRl 
 
 THI 
 
 ' ^TRt'FORM, a. [from tres, three, and /</rm«, a form, Lat.] 
 li:iviii>; lliree sliupps or forms. 
 
 To 'I'llKi, V. a. \tritker, IJ;in.] to stop a wheel ; to set a 
 uiark to stiiiid at in plavin;; al miie-pins, <^-c. 
 
 rRI'GA.MY', s. [from treis, three, -Aud ganws, matrimony, 
 GrJ the crime of having three hushanili or wi^es. 
 
 TPil(J(jEK, (tii^ei)s. [/((n-MC, Fr. accnnlinn to Junius] 
 a catch to hohl the wheel of a carriii;5e on steep ground; 
 (he catch hv whicii a mnslict is disrii;iri;e(l. 
 
 XillCiLVPHS, (irigliifs) s. in architiit'iire, a sort of or- 
 naments repeated at equal intervals in tl\c Doric frize. 
 
 TRI'GOiV, s. [from trcis, liiree, and o^to, an anj,'lr, Gr.] 
 a tnanf;le. In astrolo;;y, it denotes the same with Tiu N E ; 
 >»iiirii see. 
 
 TRIGONOMETRY, s. [from trigonon, a triangle, and 
 vteiixt), to measure, Gr.J tlie art of measuring triangles. 
 . TIllGONOMl/TRlC Al., n. pertaining to Irigonouictry. 
 
 Trilateral, «. [tiom ties, three, and latiis, a side, 
 Lat. 1 having; tlnee sities. 
 
 TRILL, s. [trilii), Itai.] a ipiaver, or 'treinuloii/iiesa of 
 
 PlUiic. 
 
 To TRILL, t'. lu to quaver ; to trickle, or fall down iu 
 drops. 
 
 TRI'LLION, s. ten hundred thousand billions, or the pro- 
 duct of a million multiplied by a million, agaiu multiplied 
 by a million. 
 
 TRIM, o. \getri/mmeth, completed, Sax.] nice ; well- 
 dressed ; snug. 
 
 To TRIM, V. a. [triniman, to build, Sax.] to fit out, or 
 adorn; to shave ; to adjust; to balance a vessel. Neuterly, 
 to flocUiale between two parties; to balance. 
 
 IRIM, f. dress. Tritn of a ship is her best posture, pro- 
 portion of ballast, hanging of her masts, &c. for sadinif. 
 
 TRI'MMER, «. one who changes sides; a turn-coat ; a 
 piece of wood framed at a right an^le to the joints, against 
 the vvavs fo'- chimneys, and well-holes of stairs. 
 
 TRIMMINGS, s. ornaments to set off clothes, &c. 
 
 TRI'MiVESS, i. neatness in dress ; spniceiiess. 
 
 TRINE,*. [Fr. Irinus, from tres, three, Lat.] in astrology, 
 the aspect or situation of one star in regard to another, 
 when they are distant 1-20 degrees: it is nojed with this 
 character A . 
 
 To TRI iN E, II. a. to put in a trine aspect. 
 
 TilIN(i, a town in Hartfordshire, 27 miles W- of Hart- 
 ford, and 31 W. N. W. of London. Alarket oa Friday. 
 
 TRINIDA'D, an island in the West Indies, of aquailran- 
 gtilar form, separated from Paria, in Terra Firma, by a strait 
 about 8 n\iles over. The soil is generally fruitful. It is up- 
 wards of 70 miles in length, and from 6 to 30 in breadth ; and 
 was discovered by Columbus in 14U8. The English have 
 possession of it. 
 
 TRIMTA'RIANS, s. those who are orthodox, and be- 
 lieve in the' Trinity ;. those who do not, being called An- 
 iilriniturians. 
 
 , TRINITY, ^s. ((Wm^e, Fr. irinitas, from <r«, three, Lat.] 
 the ineffable mvsterv of three persons in the Godhead. 
 
 TRrNITY.HOUSE.f. akind t>f college in Deptford, be- 
 longing to a company or corporation of seamen, who, by tlie 
 king's charter) have powerto take cognizance of those per- 
 sons who destroy sea-marks ; and to take careof otherthings 
 belonging to navigation. 
 
 TRI'NITY-SUNDAY, .s. the Sunday after Whitsunday. 
 . TRI'NKET, «. atov ; a gew-gaw ; a plaything. 
 
 TRINO'CTIAL, {trinOltsliial) a. [from tres, three, and 7wx, 
 a night, Lat.J consisting, or having the continuance, of three 
 nights. 
 
 TRINO'MIAL, a. [from tres, three, and nomen, a name, 
 ■Lat.] having three natnes. 
 
 TRl'O, s. in music, a part of a concert whereiri three pcr- 
 lons sing; or more properly, a musical composition, con- 
 sisting of three parts. 
 
 TRl'QURS, i. in law, are such persons as are chosen by 
 the court to^.\rfmiiie whether a.cli(lU,e));4f, njade,tollie whole 
 ivannel of jurors, or any part of them, b ■ ju^t or n^t. 
 
 To TRIP, p. a.\inpj>en, Belg.J to supplant; to throw 
 down by striking the feet from tlie yround with a sud.ieM 
 blow, used with 1/;). To calcli or detect. Neuleriv, to lull 
 by slipping the feet ; to fail, err, or be deficient ; to tumble; 
 to run on tip toe, or lightly ; to lake a shoit voyage. 
 
 'I'lUP, s. a stroke by which a person's Iieels a;e kicked 
 up ; a stumblv ; a mistake or fuilure ; a short voyage or 
 journey ; a jaunt. 
 
 TRIPA'Ri !TE. <«.[Fr. from trei, three, and part, a part, 
 Lat.] something divided into threfe parts, or wade by three 
 parties. 
 
 TRIPARTITION, J. theact of .1 viding by three. 
 
 TRIPE, i. \tri}te, Fr. trippa, Ital. and Si;an.] the entrails 
 of a bullock properly dressed. 
 
 TRIPET.ALOUS, a. [ireia, three, and petalon, a flower- 
 leaf, Gr. ] consisting of three flower leaves. 
 
 TRIPHTHONG, {triflhong) s. [.'»ei*, three, and phthonge, 
 sound, Gr.J in grunnnar, three vowels making but on« 
 sound. 
 
 TRIPLE, V. a. [Fr. triplex, from tres, three, Lat.] three- 
 fold. 
 
 To TRl'i'LE, r. a. [triplico, from tres, three, Lat.] to make 
 three-fold ; to treble ; to make thrice as much, or as 
 many. 
 
 TRITLKT, s. three of a kind; three verses ending in the 
 same rhvme. 
 
 TRr^'LICATE, a. ItripUcaius, from tres, three, Lat.J 
 three tVild, or thrice as much. Triplirate ratio, is the ratio 
 whicli cubes bear to one another. See ClBE. 
 
 TRIPLICATION, s. Uriplicatio, from tres, three, Lat.J 
 the actof making thrcerfold, or taking any quantity or num- 
 ber three times. 
 
 TRIPLI'CITY, s. \tripheiti, Fr.l the quality of being 
 three-fold, or treble. Among astrologers, a division of the 
 signs according to the number of elements to each division 
 coiisi.iling of three signs. • 
 
 TRI'PLY, nd. in a three-fold manner. 
 
 TRIPMADAM, i. anherb. 
 
 TRI POD, s. [from tres, three, and pes, a foot, Lat.f in 
 antiquity, a famed sacred Seat or stool, supported by three 
 feet, whereon the priests and sibyls were placed to render 
 oracles. 
 
 TRIPOLI, a country of Barbarv, on the Meditenaneao, 
 E. ofTimisand Biledulgerid, and W. of Barca. It is about 
 GOO miles from E. to W. but the breadth is variouis, fiom 120 
 to 250 miles. It is governed by a dey. The capital is of 
 the same name. Lat. 32. 54. N. Ion. 13. 21. E. 
 
 TRI'POLY, s. in natural history, the name of an earthy 
 substance, much used by lapidaries to polish stone?; it i» 
 produced in Germany, Saxony, and France. 
 
 TRIPP ER, s. one who trips. 
 
 TRI'PPING, c. quick; nimble; stambbng ; fatdtcriii^. 
 Figurativelv, deviating from the rules ofchastitv. 
 
 TRI'PTOTE, s. [triptoion, Lat. from treis, three, and 
 ptosis, a case, Gr. I a noun used in three cases. 
 
 TRIPU'DIARY, rt. performed by dancing. ? 
 
 TRIPUDIATION, j. [from tngurlium, Lat.J the act of 
 dancing. 
 
 TRIRE'ME, s. \tres, three, and remur, an oar, Lat.J a 
 galley having three rows of oars on each side. 
 
 TRISE'CTION, s. [from trts, three, and seco, to cot, Lat.] 
 divided into three equal parts. The trisectioa of an angle 
 is of the desiderata of geometry. 
 
 TRISYLLABLE, s. [from'«»«, three, and s^llabm, a 
 syllabic, Lat.ja word consisting of three syllables. 
 
 TRITE, a. 1 <ri<i«, from (fro, to wear out, Lat.J worn out; 
 stale; common; threadbare. 
 
 TRITENESS,*, commonness ; staleness. 
 
 TRITHE'ISTS. s. [from treis, three, and Theot.a god, 
 Gr.] heretics holding three distinct Godheads. 
 
 TRITON, s. [Lat.] in poetry, a M-a denii-god, held by the 
 
 autientstobe anoffitjeror trumpeter of Neptune, atte.idiiig 
 
 on him, and carrying his orders from sea til sea The poets 
 
 'ropicsent hiui aa half.mart, Ivalf-IJsh, (erntinaling .iu^ 'a 
 
 ' 8fi3
 
 TR t) 
 
 TRO 
 
 dolphin's tail, bfaring in one ifKiiid a sen-shell, which serves 
 ••( a trumpet. 
 
 'I'UrTORlUM.s. ill chyriiislry, a vessel used for the se- 
 paration of two tlviiils whicli iire ol ditl'ercnt densities. 
 The suuie openuioii may be pertorniid by a cominoii 
 f innel. 
 
 ToTKITURATE, v. a.[tri!iiier, Fr.] to DulverifC ; to 
 reiluce t'l ;i powder; to levigiite. 
 
 TRITURATION, a. [tritmntidn, Fr.] in pharmacy, the 
 act of reducing a suliil body into puAvder; Icvigation ; pul- 
 verization. 
 
 TRIVKT. «. seeTRF.VET." 
 
 TRIVIAL, a. {trivial, Fr. triviaUi, Laf.J worthless; tri- 
 flirit:; of no wei^dit or inipoitance: vul;,';u ; vile. 
 
 TRIVIALLY, ml. in a mean, worthless, or trifling man- 
 ner ; vidf,".ulv : inconsiderably ; li^ditly. 
 
 TRI'VIALNESS, «. -meanness ; wortlilessness ; trifling- 
 ness ; unimportance. 
 
 TRIUMPH, {trimnf) s. \tfiii7npltus, Lat.J in Roman an- 
 tiquity, was a public and solemn honour conferred by the 
 Romans on a victorious general, by allowing him a magnifi- 
 cent entry into tlic cilv. Victory; conquest. 
 
 ToTRrUMPIl, (tiiiinif) V. n. [triumpho, Laf.] to cele- 
 hrate a victory with pomp or joy ; to obtain a victory. To 
 triumph over, to insult on account of some advantage gained. 
 
 TRIUMPHAL, (<ii!imyii/) a. [triumphalis, Lat.] belong- 
 MiK to a triumph. 
 
 TRIU'.M PH ANT, a. ffriiimp^aiij, from /n'i(OTp/iKJ, a triumph, 
 Lat.] celebrating a victory ; victorious. 
 
 TRIUMPHANTLY, «(/. in a triumphant manner; vic- 
 toriously. 
 
 TRIUMVIR, s. [Lat.J one of the three persons who 
 govern absolutely, and with equal authority, in a state ; 
 chiefly applied to the Roman government. 
 
 TR1U'.MVIR.\TE, s. [from trei, three, and rir, a man, 
 Lat.J an absolute government administered by three per- 
 sons, with equal authority ; such was that of Fompey, 
 Cffsar, and Crassus, at Rome. 
 
 TRrUNE, a. [from trts, three, and mms, one, Lat.] three 
 and one at the same time, used only to express the trinity 
 of persons in the Godhead. 
 
 TROCHANTERS, s. [trochanteres, from treclie, to run, 
 Gr.| two processes of the thigh bone, called roeator major 
 and nit;ir;r, in which the tendons of many muscles terminate. 
 
 TROCHE, s. in pharmacy, a form of medicine, made to 
 be held in the mouth to dissolve gradually, frequently called 
 lozenges, from their shape. 
 
 TRO'(^HEE, {trbkee) s. [trochtriis, Lat. trochaios, from 
 trce/io, to run, Gr.J in grammar, a fool iii Greek and Latin 
 poetry, consisting of t«o syllables, the first long, and the 
 second short, as in the word c/iuriis. 
 
 TROCHINOS, *. the branches on a deer's head. 
 
 TRO'CHLEA, {tvMea) s. |fioin trochelia, Gr.J one of the 
 meclianical powers, commonly c.dled a pulley. 
 
 TROCHUS, (trbhus) s. [Lai. trochos, from trecho, to run, 
 Grjfi wheel; any thing round. 
 
 TRODK, preler. of Tread. 
 
 TROfiLOOVTE, s. \{rr,m trogh, a cavern, and rfyo, to 
 enter, (ir. J one who inhabits caves of the earth. 
 
 'Fo TR()LL, (o pron. long) f. n. {truUen, Belg.] to roll, or 
 move circularly. Neuteriy, to nvove or run round; to fish 
 for pike with a rod which has a pulley lowards llie bottom. 
 
 TROLLOP, «. a slallernlv looseuonian. SccTrulL. 
 
 TRO M BON E, *. in Italian music, a sack but. 
 
 TRO NAGE, s. an antient customary toll paid for wcigh- 
 iii;: wool. 
 
 TROOP, $. \tri>ii}ie, Fr. troppn, Ilal. tronpe, Belg. trap, 
 Sii'''l.| a sir.all body of horse or dragoons, A company. 
 
 To TROOP, v.'n. to flock or gather logellier ; to march 
 oft dr run away. 
 
 IROO'l'ER, ». adra,'{oon ; a soldier that fights on horsc- 
 bacK. 
 
 T'ROFE, J. ] Fr. tropiis, Lat. tropes, from trrpo, to change, 
 <.■»»•, i »« rhetoric a figure, whereby a word is removed from 
 
 Its first and natural signification, and applied with advant*^ 
 to another thing which it does not originally mean ; as, God 
 is my rock. 
 
 TROTHY, (Iruffi) s. \trriplnxnm, Lat. trvpaion, from trope, 
 th-e flight of an enemy, (ir J among the aiitients, vas a pile 
 or heap ofarms of a vanquishril enemy, raised by the con- 
 queror on the most eminent pait of the fitld of bailie. 
 j'nip/iii-vionci/ deDotesa duty paid annually by house keeperi, 
 or llieir landlords, for defraying the exptjnse of the military 
 furnitiirtt of the militia. 
 
 TROTICAL, a. rhetorically changed from its original 
 meaning. Placed near, or belonging to, ihe tropic. 
 
 TROPICS, i. [iropikoi, from irepo, to turn, Gr.J in astro- 
 nomy and geography, are two circles supposed to be drawn 
 on each side of the equinoctial, and parallel thereto. That 
 on the north side of the line is called the tropic of Cancer, 
 and the southern tropic has the name of Capricorn, as 
 passing through the beginning of those signs : they are 
 distant from the equinoctial 23° 28'. 
 
 TROPOLO'CilCAL, a. [from trnpos, a trope, and logot, a 
 discourse, Gr.J belonging to tropology. 
 
 TROPOLOGY, s. [from tropos, a trope, and logos, a 
 discourse, Gr.J a discourse delivered in tropes or figure*. 
 
 TRO'SSERS, i. Itrnvsses, Fr. | used by Shakespeare for 
 breeches, or hose. " In your strait trossers." 
 
 ^oTRO'T,v. n.\t70tter, Fr. t rotten, Belg.] to move with 
 a high jolting pace ; to walk fast. 
 
 TROT, s. [trot, Fr.] the jolting high pace of a horse. In 
 low language, a sorrv old woman. 
 
 TROTH, s. [tronth, old Eng. J truth ; faith ; fidelity, 
 
 TRO'ITEU, s. one who trots ; the foot of a sheep. 
 
 To TROUBLE, (trubl) v. a. {troubles; Fr.j to disturb, 
 perplex; to afflict, grieve, distress, or make uneasy. 
 
 TROUBLE, (#»6i/) J. [fro7,ble, Fr.] perplexity ;distress; 
 affliction ; uneasiness ; molestation ; vexation. 
 
 TROU'BLER, ». a disturber ; a confonnder. 
 
 TROUBLESOME, (trdblsome) a. causing molestation; 
 vexatrous ; afflictive; uneasy; tiresome; burdensome; 
 teasing. 
 
 TROU'BLESOMENESS, *. vexatiousness ; importunity ; 
 linseasonablenejs. 
 
 TRO"'BLOUS,' fl. tumultuous; confused ; disordered. 
 
 TRO'VER, s. ]trouver, Fr.] in law, is an action that lies 
 against one, who, having found another's goods, refuses to 
 deliver them upon demand. 
 
 TROUGH, (trqf) s. \troff, fro//. Sax. trorh, Belg.] any 
 vessel ofgreater length than breadth, having th"- upper side 
 open. Trough of a sea, among mariners, the holhjw between 
 two V, aves. 
 
 To TROUL, V. »i. [troHen, to roll, Belg.] to move or utter 
 volubly. 
 
 To Trounce, D. c. to punish by an indictment or in- 
 formation. 
 
 TROUSE, or TROUSERS, (tro&zers) s. [trousse, Fr. 
 trinsh, ErseJ the long loose breeches worn by sailors. 
 
 TROUT, s. \truht Sax.] the name of several species of 
 salmon 
 
 To TRC5W, (trd) V. n. [troe, Dan.J lo think or imagine ; 
 to c'lnceive. 
 
 'I'KOW, itderj Jfor J trow, or trow you] an exclamation of 
 iiiqcrv 
 
 TRO'WBRIDGn,, n town of Wiltshire, seated on a hill, 
 and is a place remarkable for clothiers. It is 2.') miles S. 
 \V. of Marlborough, and 9H W. of London. Market on 
 Saturday. 
 
 'Fl! OAVEL, (ou) pron. as in how) s. [truelle, Fr.] a tool used 
 by masons and bricklayers for spreading mortar. 
 
 'I'ROY, was an auticnl and tamous city of Asia, near the 
 Archipelago, and at the foot of mtiunt Ida. It is well known 
 for its ten year's siege. 
 
 TROYK'i, an antient, large, rich, and handsome city in 
 the dept. of Aulie, surrounded with fine meadows. As the 
 sloue in ils neighbourhood is loo lender lo be employed in 
 building, almost all the houstes are of wood ; wliiclt> never
 
 /Rt) 
 
 Jhcless, do not produce an fffect less ploasing to the eye. 
 Among the ohjfcts of curiosity are St. Stephen's, the princi- 
 pal church, the puhhc hhrary of the late Cordeliers, and 
 file castle in wliicli tlieantient counts of Champagne residejl. 
 Its commerce, once very tlourisliing, now consists only in 
 some linens, dimities, fustians, waxchan<llcrY, candles, and 
 wine. It is seated on the river Seine, 30 miles ii. N. E. of 
 Sens, and 90 E. S. E. of Paris. Lat. 4H. 13. N. Ion. 4. 
 10. E. 
 
 TROY-WEIOHT, i. a weight of 12 ounces fo the pound, 
 used in weighing gold, silver, jewels, drugs, &c. 
 
 TRLfANT, s. UreuwenU, a vagabond, Belg.] one who 
 wanders ahnul idly, and neglects his duty and business. 
 Tophy the iriiant, is to be absent from school without leave. 
 
 TRUCE, s. [<n(/?-«, low Lat. J denotes a suspension of 
 arms, or a cessation of hostilities between two armies, in 
 order to settle articles of peace, bury thcd^^ad, or the like. 
 
 TRUCIDA'TION, ». \trucidatin, from trucido, to murder, 
 Lat.] carnage ; butchery ; slaughter. 
 
 To TRUCK, V. n.[troqiier, IV.] to give one commodity or 
 thing in exchange for another; to barter; to swop. 
 
 TRUCK, s. exchange. Wooden wheels for carnages of 
 cannon, from troohns,-A wheel, Gr. 
 
 TRUCKLE, s. a little running wheel. 
 
 To TRUCKLE, r.n. to submit or yield; to creep or 
 buckle to. 
 
 TRU'CULENT, a. [tmculentiis, Lat. I stern, tierce, or cruel. 
 ' To TRUDGE, v. n. \triiggiola>e, Ital.] to travel or jog on 
 heavily. 
 
 TRUE, a. !/n/i™,'or treowa, Sax.] agreeing with fact, or 
 the nature of things. Genuine, opposed to counterfeit. 
 Faithful, exact, honest, veracious, rightful. 
 
 TRUELOVE, s. the herb Paris, called also oneberry. 
 There is but one species known. 
 
 TRU'ENESS.s. sincerity: faithfulness. 
 
 TRUEPENNY, s. a familiar expression for an honest 
 fellow. 
 
 TRUTFLE, s. \trufle, Fr.] a kind of a subterraneous 
 vegetable producti(m, not unlike mushrooms, being a genus 
 of fungi, wliich grow under the surface of the earth. 
 
 TRULL, s. Itriilla, Ital-.] a low, mean prostitute; a va- 
 grant whore. 
 
 TRULY, (K^.fiiithfullv; sincerely: exactly; indeed. 
 
 TRUMP, s. \trnmiJe, Belg. and old Fr. trnmha, Ital.] a 
 trumpet. A card of the same sort of that which is turned 
 wp; which will win any card of another sort, and is there- 
 fore derived from, and used formerly to be written, tiiumph. 
 To put to tkcirmnns, is, to reduce to great exliemities, or to 
 to he put to tin; last expedient. 
 
 ToTRUMP, f.n.to win with a trump card. Totrumpvp, 
 to devise, forge, cheat, from trompcr, Fr. 
 
 TRUMPERY, s. useless and ostentatious show;'paItry 
 stutf; falsehood; empty talk; trifles. 
 
 TRU'MPET, s. [ti-nmpette, Fr.'and Belg.] a musical in- 
 strument, the most noble of all the portable ones of the kind. 
 JITarine trumpet, is a musical instrument with one string, 
 which being struck with a hair bow, sounds like a trunnpet. 
 Speaking trumpet, is a long large tube, made of tin, perfectly 
 Btniight, with a large aperture, and carries the voice to a 
 very" great distance. .Figuratively, one who sounds a 
 trumpet. 
 
 TRUMPETER,*, one who blows or sounds a trurapet; 
 one who proclaims, publishes, or denounces. A fish. 
 
 TRU'NCATED, o. [triiwdtus, from trunco, to cut short, 
 Lat.] cnt short at the point ; deprived of a limb; maiioed. , 
 
 TRUNC.VTION, s. the act of lopping or maiming. 
 
 TRITNCHEON, s. [troncmi, Fr.] a short stalT or cudgel ; 
 a staff borne by a general officer ; a thick short worm bred 
 in the maws of horses. 
 
 TRU'NCHEONEER, *. one armed with a truncheon. 
 
 To TRUNDLE, «. n. [from tratdl, a bowl. Sax. J to. roll ; 
 to bowl along. 
 
 TRUNK, J. [tnmcut, Lat. trone, Fr.] denotes 'the stump 
 0( bK>dy of a trce„ between its braD«hes and the ground. In 
 
 TUB 
 
 botany, the main body o^ a tree or plant. It is either a 
 stem, as in mui^t plants; a stalk, as in the narcissus; a 
 straw, as in grasses; or a pillar, as in the funguses. lit 
 anatomy, it is the bus.to of a human body, exclusive of tlie 
 head and limbs. It is also the main body of an artery or 
 vein. Also, a chest covered witii leather. A wooden pipe 
 to convey water. The proboscis of an elephant. 
 
 TRUNNIONS,*. \triigHuns, Fr.] the knobs of a gun, by 
 which it is supporletl on its carriage. 
 
 TRU IK), a town in Cornwall, with regular streets, a Iar"e 
 market house, and a spacious old church. It has the hencnt 
 of the coinage of tin, and the lord warden of the staiuiaries 
 holds his parliament here. Its chief business is in >hipping 
 tin and coi)per ore. It is seated at the head of the river 
 I'ale, with a large commodious wharf or quay, for vessels n? 
 about ion tons burden, 1 1 miles N. of Falmouth, and 2.00 W. 
 by S, of London. Well-frequented markets on Wednesday 
 aiHl Saturday. 
 
 THU'SION, {truzhm) s. ffrom trudo, to thrust, Lat.J the 
 act of tlirunting or pushing. 
 
 TRUSS, s. [((■ows.se, Fr.J a bundle, or certain quantity of 
 hay or straw. Among florists, it signifies many flowers 
 growing together on the head of a stalk. Also, the bandage 
 or ligature, wherewith to keep the parts, in those who nave 
 hernias or ruptures. 
 
 To TRUSS, V. a. \trousser, Fr.] to pack up close together; 
 to fit a fowl for the spit. 
 
 TRU.ST, I. [traiist, Run.] confidence ; reliance on ano- 
 ther ; confident opinion of any event; credit; something 
 committed to a person's charge. 
 
 To TRUST, V. V. to place confidence in ; to believe ; to 
 let a person have a commodity without present money ; to 
 commit to a person's care. Neuterly, to be confident of 
 something future ; to rely upon ; to expect, followed by to. 
 
 TRUSTEE', J. one to whom any thing is made over or 
 bequeathed for the use and benefit of another ; a guardian. 
 
 TRUSTER, s. one who trusts. 
 
 TRU'STIN ESS, i. faithfulness; fidelity; honesty. 
 
 TRU'STY, a. fit to be relied on, or confided in ; honest; 
 faithful. Stout, strong. 
 
 TRUTH,*, [treowtha. Sax.] a term used in opposition fa 
 falselwod, and applied to the propositions which answer, or 
 accord, to the nature or reality of the thing, whereof some- 
 thing u affirmed or denied, it/ora/ /rH</t consists in speak- 
 ing things according to the persuasionof our minds. Meta- 
 phifsicalox transcendfjita! trut/i, is nothing but the real exist- 
 ence of things conformable to the ideas which we have an- 
 nexed to their names. Exactness ; conformity to rule. 
 Realitv. 
 
 TRUTINATION, *. [from truti7ia, a balance, Lat.] the 
 art of weighing; examination by the scale. 
 
 To TRY, r. a. [trier, Fr.] to examine or make an expfu 
 riment of ; to experience ; toessay; tocxamine asajudge ; 
 to bring before a court of justice ; to bring to a decision^ 
 followed bv oa< ; to bring to the test; to attempt. Neuterly, 
 to endeavour. 
 
 TRY'AL,*. see Trial. 
 
 TSCHUTSKI, a country situated on the N. E. extremity 
 of Asia, near the N. W. coast of America, being bounded 
 by the Anadir on the S. The attention of the natives, like 
 that of the wandering Koriacs, is confined chiefly to thehr 
 deer, with which their country abounds. They are ahardy 
 race of people, and are formidable neighbours to the Koriac* 
 of both nations, who often experience their depredatioiis. 
 The Russians have long endeavoured to bring them under 
 their dominion ; and though they have lost a great number 
 of men, in their ditl'erent expeditions to accomplish this pur- 
 pose, they have never been able to effect it. Lat. 66. 6. N» 
 Ion. 168.41. W.. 
 
 TUAM, in the county of GaVway, ii> Gonnaiight, was 
 once a city, but is now reduced to a small village. It is 30 
 miles N. N. E. of Galway, 25 W. S. W. of Roscommon, and 
 93W. of Dublin. 
 
 TUB, *. [tiibix^ or tobbe, Belg.J a large open ves-sel %#
 
 TUF 
 
 TUN 
 
 w-ood. In comtnerce, it is an indctemiiiiate qinntily of 
 measure; tllU!^, a liib of tea contains about 60tbs. and a tub 
 ot (.■amplior from 5() to 80 tos. 
 
 TUBE, s. \txtbe, Fr. tubus, Lat.J in general denotes a pipe, 
 conduit, or canal; a cylinder, hollow within-side, either of 
 Kad, iron, wood, ;,dass, or other matter, for the air, or some 
 other fluid, to liave a tree passage or conveyance through. 
 It is sometimes used. for a telescope, or, more properly, for 
 that part tliereof into which the lenses are fitted, a(nd by 
 which they are directed and used. 
 
 TL' BEilCLE, s. \tuhircule, Fr. from tuhcr, a fimgus, Lat.] 
 a small swelling or exscrescence on the body ; a pimple. 
 In botany, it is a kind of round, turgid roof, in form of a 
 knob or turnip. Tlie plants which produce such roots are 
 lience denominated tnbemse or tuberous plants. 
 
 TU'BEKOOT, s. the colcliicum of Linnaeus. The English 
 species is the meadow safiron. 
 
 TU'BEKOUS, fl. [lubiTeuse, Fr. from tuber, a finger, Lat.] 
 full of knots, bunches, or branches. 
 
 TUBEllO'SITY, s. \tnbrrositc, Fr. from tuber, a fungus, 
 Lat.] knottincss ; a protuberance of some parts of the 
 body. 
 
 TU'BULAR, a. [from tubus, a pipe, Lat.] long and hollow ; 
 reseml.'iing a pipe. 
 
 TUBULATED, «. inchymisfry, having a hole at the top 
 applied chiefly to retorts. " 
 
 TU BULE, s. [from tubus, a pipe, Lat.] a small pipe, or 
 fistular body. 
 
 TUCK, «. [tweea, a knife, Brit. J a long narrow sword ; a 
 kind of net with a narrow mesh. 
 
 To tuck, v. n. [trueken, to press. Tent.] used with i/p, 
 to crush together, or binder from spreading ; to turn am! 
 fasten clothes up, to make.them shorter. Used with in, to 
 force the bedclothes between the bed and bedbtead, to keep 
 out the air. 
 
 TUCKER, s. a border ofliuen or lace on the bosom of a 
 shift ; a fuller of cloth. 
 
 TUDDIXGTOX, or TODDINGTON, a small town of 
 Bedfordshire, with a small market, almost disused. It is 
 6 miles N. W.of Dinistable, and 35 N. W. of London. 
 
 T\ ER, a government of Russia, once coniprised in the 
 governnieutof Novogorod. The number of inhabitants in 
 this district has of late increased very mucii. '1 he cotitilry 
 produces abundantly, wheal, rye, barley, oats, buckulieaf, 
 hemp, flav.and all kinds of vegetables. Its foiesis y ielil oak, 
 birch, alder, poplar, mnuntain-ash, pine, fir,juniper, Ac. 
 
 TVF.U, a consiilerable commercial town of Russia, 
 capital of the government of the same name, and sealod 
 at the confluence of the Tvcrza and the Volga, along 
 which are convey(<i all the goods and inerchandize sent 
 by «ater from Siberia, and the southern provinces toward 
 Petersburg. It is divided into the old and new town ; the 
 former, situated on the opposite side of the Volga, consists 
 almost entirely of woollen cottages; the latter having been 
 destroyed by a dreadful conflagration in 17G3, has been 
 much improved in being rebuilt. Here is an ecclesiastical 
 seminary, which admits (iuo students. \n,\T7(J, the empress 
 founded a school for f)\c instruction of 21)0 burghers 
 children ; and, in 177U, an academy was also opened in this 
 town, for the education of the young nobility of the 
 province, at the charge of the same imperial patroness. 
 It admits 12(i students, who are instructed in foreign 
 languages, arithmetic, geography, fortification, tactics, 
 nt-liiral phiiosopbv, music, riding, dancing, Ac. Tver is 
 W) miles N. N. W. of Moscow. Lat. ;i(i. 7. N. Ion. 36. 
 6. R. 
 
 TUF;SDAY, s.\tuesdn^, Sax.] the third day of the week. 
 Jt has its name from Tuesco, an idol of the Saxons, wor- 
 khipped on this day ; liupposed to be the Mars of the 
 honiaii!!. 
 
 TUFT, *. \tuffe, Fr.J a bunch of feathers ; the crest of a 
 liird ; a tliicket of trees, or the bushy part of them ; a lock 
 
 TUFTA TFETV. 5. a villous kind of silk. 
 
 TU^FT'ED, ff. growing in tufts or clusters. 
 To TUCi, r. o. \teignn or teogan. Sax.] to pull with Con. 
 tinued violence or strength ; to pluck. Neuterly, to pu«: 
 hard; to labour; to struggle. 
 
 TUG, s. the act of pulling with the utmost and continued 
 effort. 
 TU'GGER,.r. one that tugs or pulls hard. 
 TUISCO, in mythology an idol of the antient Saxons to 
 whom they dedicated Tuesday, 
 
 TUITION, {tuition) s. [tuitio, from tucor, to keep, Lat.J 
 the care of a guardian or tutor. 
 
 TULA, a city of Russia, capital of a government, and 
 containing, according to Busching, 144 churches and con- 
 vents. It has some manufactures of fire arms and leather, 
 and is situated on the Upha, 112 miles S. of Moscow. 
 
 TUTIF, s. [tulipe, Fr. tu/ipa, Lat.] a beautiful vvell known 
 flower of various colours. 
 
 To TU'MBLE, v. n. [tommelcn, Eelg. iomlmlare, Ital.J to 
 fall suddeidy on the ground ; to fall down; to fall in great 
 fjuantities tumultuously ; to pl;iy tricks by putting the body 
 into different postures; to roll about. Actively, to tura 
 over; to throw about by way of examination; to throw 
 down by chance or violence. To throw down. 
 TU'MBLE, i. a fall. 
 
 TU'MBLEH, s. o.ie who puts his body into different pos- 
 tures, and pcrforcs feats of activity; a species of pigeon; 
 a drinking vessel. 
 
 TU'MBREL, s. I iomlereau, Fr.] a dungcart; a ducking- 
 stool. 
 
 TUMEFACTION, s. [Fr. from tumeo, to swell, Lat.] a 
 swellin?. • 
 
 To TU'IMEFY, t'. a. [from tumeo, to swell, Lat. tuvufier, 
 Fr.] to sw-ll, to nuike to swell. 
 
 TU'iMlD, fl. Uumidns, from tumeo, to swell, Lat.] swollen ; 
 puffed up. Affectedly lofty, applied to style. 
 
 TU'MOR, s. [Lat.] a disease in which the parts lose their 
 natural statety a great increase of their size ; a swelling or 
 swell. Figuratively, affected pomp or greatness. 
 
 TU'.MOROUS, a. swelling, protuberant; vainly pom- 
 pous ; falsely magnificent. 
 
 TUMULA'TION, s. [iromiumuhs, a hillock, Lat.] the 
 act of entombing, burying, or intering. 
 
 TUMULOSE, a. ffroni <«««/««, a hillock, Lat.] full of 
 hills. 
 
 TUMULO'SITY, s. [from tumulus, a hillock, Lat.] hilli- 
 nesg. 
 
 'J'U'MULT, ^. [tumulte, Fr. tunnUus, Lat.] a turbulent and 
 clamourous concourse of people ; a riot ; a rabble ; a con- 
 fused liiirrv ; uproar ; bustle. 
 
 TUMULTUOUS, a. [tumultueux, Fr.] gathering in a 
 confused andnoisy manner; turbulent ; disorderly ; riotous; 
 seditious. 
 
 TUMULTUOUSLY, ad. by act of the multitude ; with 
 confusion and violence. 
 
 TUN, J. \tunne, Sax. tonne, Belg. and Fr.] a large vessel 
 or cask of an oblong form, and biggest in the middle. Also, 
 a vessel for liquid mcHSurc, containing 262 gallons, or two 
 hogsheads. Also, a weight of2000tb. Also, a cubic s|)ace 
 in a ship, supposed to contain a ton. Also, 40 solid feet of 
 round timber, and 5;i of siiuaro. 
 To TUN, f . a. to put into casks ; to barrel. 
 TU'NABLK, n. "capable of being put in tune, or made 
 harmonious ; musical. 
 
 TUNBRIDCiE, a town of Kent, consisting of houses 
 mostly ill-built and the streets are but indifl'erently paved. 
 Here is a famous free-school, founded by a native of the 
 town, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Tniibridge is 
 seated on the river Tun, one of the five little streams of the 
 Medwav, over each of .which is a stone bridge, 14 miles S. 
 S. W. of Maidstone, and .^0 S. E. by S. of London. Market 
 on Friday. About .5 miles S. of Tunbridgc are Tnnbriflj»e 
 Wells, much resorted to in summer on account of ill 
 chalybeate waters.
 
 - UR 
 
 TUR 
 
 TU'NDISII, s. a tnnner. . 
 
 TUNE, s. \U)on, HiJk. ton, SweH. tnono^ Ital. tonoa, I.at.] 
 Jn music, that property of sounds wliere by they coiiii' under 
 the relation of acute and grave to one another. Sound ; 
 liarniony, concert of parts. To he in tune, is to he in a state 
 proper for use, exercise, or any particular purpose. 
 
 To TUN 1'), V. a. to put in a state wiierein conconis may 
 he sounded ; to sing iiarnioniously. In low language, to 
 beat. Neuterly, to form one sound to another; to utter 
 nith the voice inarticulate harmony. 
 
 TU'NEFUL, a. musical ; harmonious. 
 
 TU'N I'XESS, «. unharmonious ; unmusical. 
 
 TU'NKR. s. one who tunes. 
 
 ' TU'NGSTATES, s. in chymistry, salts formed by the 
 combination of any base with tun, ' lic acid. 
 
 TU'Nf iSTEN, s. in mineralogy, is a heavy metal, pro- 
 cured from a mineral found in Sweden, and from an ore 
 called wolfram, found in our county of Cornwall, in Ger- 
 niany, &c. but its properties are not much known, neillicr 
 is it brought into any use here. 
 
 TU'NfiS'l'IC, a. inchvniistrv, belonging to tungsten. 
 ■ TU'NIIOOF, s. a plaiit called also ground ivy.. 
 ■ TU'NIC, i. \tiiiii(juc, Fr. tunica. Eat.] a kind of waist- 
 ecat, or under garment, worn by the Romans. Aho, a vest, 
 a sort of sleeveless coat. , 
 
 TU'NIC, s. Itiinicnla, Lat.J a thin membranous coat or 
 sliin covermg any part of the body ; a little coat ; inte- 
 gument. 
 
 TUNIS, a kingdom of Africa, having the Mediterranean 
 Sea and Tripoli on the N. E. several Arab tribes on the E. 
 and Algiers and Esab on the W. It is about 300 miles long, 
 and 230 broad. Tunis is a pretty feilile country, hut it 
 abounds with scvenil kinds of wild beasts. It i, now little 
 more than a re|)ublic. Tunis is the capital. Lat. 3G. 42. 
 N. Ion. 10. m. K. 
 
 TU'NNAGE, s. the contents of a vessel measured by the 
 tun ; a tax laid on a tun burden of merchandise. 
 
 TU'NN EL, s. the passage for smoke in a chimney ; a pipe 
 with a conical or globular head, with which liijuor is poured 
 into a cask, or bottle; a net resembling a funnel to caicli 
 birds. 
 
 TU'NNY, s. [tonnen, Ital. i%mH**, Lat.] a sea-fish. 
 
 TUP, *. a ram. 
 ' To TUP, V. n. to biift like a ram. Actively, to copulate. 
 
 tU'RBAN, TU'RHAND, orTU'RHANT, ;s. [Turk.] the 
 cover of linen, &c. worn on the head by the Turks. 
 
 TTJ'RBANED, a. wearing a turban. 
 
 TU'RBARY, f. in law, ground where turf is digged. 
 Common of turbary, is .a right of digging turf on the lord'a 
 waste. 
 
 TU'RRID, a. \turlidus, from turho, to trouble, Lat.| thick 
 or muddy. 
 ; TU'RRIDNESS, s. niuddiness ; thickness. 
 
 TU'RBINATED, a. [inrbinntns, from turho, any tiling 
 which turns round, Lat.J twisted, spiral. In botany, of a 
 conical figure. 
 
 TU'RBITH MI'NERAL, s. among chymists, a yellow 
 precipitate of mercury. 
 . TU'RBOT, s. [lio-bot, Fr. and Belg.] a delicious sea-fish. 
 
 TURBULENCE, or TU'RBULENCY, s. [Vr. imMeutia, 
 from turbo, to trouble, Lat.J a tumult, or confusion ; the 
 fault of not being easily governed. 
 
 TU'RBULENT, a. [Fr. turbuknius, from turho, to trouble, 
 Lat.] boisterous ; tumultuous; not to be governed. 
 
 .TU'RBULENTLY, fld. tumnltuouslv; violently. 
 
 TURF, s. [tyrf. Sax. torf, Belg. and Swed.J the green 
 surface of the ground; a blackish sulphureous earth, used 
 MS fuel. A gentleman of tite turf, is one who is fond of 
 >acing or coursing. 
 
 TU'RFINESS, .t. the state of abounding in'turf. 
 
 TU'RFY, «. full of tiirf. 
 
 TURGESCENCE TURGE'SCENCY, /. the act of 
 zwclling:, or the state of being swoUcn. 
 
 TIJ'RGID.TU'RGENT, «. [from tmgeo, ia swell, Lat.] 
 swelling ; bloated ; vainly piniipous. • 
 
 TU'RIN, an anlicnt flourishing cily, and capital of I'ied- 
 niont, where the king of Sardinia Ibrnierly resiil<;d. It is a 
 very handsome place, but the air is unhealthy in ll'.e autumn 
 and in winter, on account of the thick fons. The houses are 
 liandbomc, and all built of the wiine lieiglit. 'i'uriu is well 
 Ibrtiiicd, and is charmingly sealed at ihcl'uotofa nidunlain, 
 «l miles N. W. of Genoa, 72 S. W. of Milan, and SM) N. VV. 
 ef H<jnie._ Lat. 4.''). 4. N. Ion. 7. 40. E. 
 
 'I'URKE'STAN, orTuRAN, a country of Asia, bounded 
 on the N. by deserts, on the E. by Kalmuc Tartary, on the 
 S. by Bukharia, au!l on the W. by Charasm, near ;j(iO miles 
 in length, and not much less ni breadth. It is divided 
 between two 'Fartar khans, or chiefs; one of whom residlnj; 
 at Taschk-.int, possesses the eastern part ; the oilier, « ho 
 possesses the western part, resides at 'l'urke!>t;in or Tar«z, 
 situated on a small river that runs into the Sir, in lat. 44. •4j. 
 N. and Ion. fil*. 13. E. 'Fhe latter is generally called the 
 khan of the Kar;ikalp;icks. In a kirge sense, I'urkestau in- 
 cludes all the country between Russia, ISukharia, the Cas- 
 pian Sea, and Chniese Tartary, extendjjig not less than 700 
 miles from )•',. to W. and 350 from N. to S. 
 
 T(!'J!Kf.Y,«.aweli known fowl. 
 
 TURKEY, a vei-y larj,-i> einpiic, cTityiiding to p^rt of Eu- 
 rope, Asia, and Afric;i, and is ihoughl to be the greatest in 
 the world. Some afiirin it is 2000 miles in length, from E. 
 to W. and 1750 from N. to S. Turkey in Europe is divided 
 by the mountains of Castagnas into N. and S. The N. part 
 comprehends Wallachia, Moldavia, Bessarabia, Croatia, 
 Bosnia, Dalmatia, Servia, Bulgaria, and Romania, or Ru- 
 melia. Tlie S. part contains antient Greece, in which are 
 seven large provinces, called Albania, Epirns, Macedonia, 
 Janna, Livadia, the Morea, and the islands of the Archipe- 
 lago. Turkey in Asia comprehends five large parts, namely, 
 Natolia, Georgia,Turcomania, Diarheck, Suristan, and Syria : 
 some reckon Arabia and Armenia, but these parts have little 
 dependence on the Grand Seignior. In Africa, they possesi 
 Egypt, and a small part of Abyssinia in Barbary ; there are 
 also other countries in Asia and Europe, which they are not 
 masters of alone, but conjointly with other princes ; and Con- 
 stantinople is the capital of all Turkey. The grand Seignior 
 is absolute master of all the goods and possessions of his sub- 
 jects, insomuch that they are no better than slaves ; but he 
 seldom extends this power to those that live a private lile. 
 The Turks have always very numerous armies on foot, the 
 chief of which are the Janissaries. The religion of the Turks 
 has great affinity to that of the Jews; for they believe in one 
 Gcd, and that his great prophet .is Mahomet, as the Jew* 
 affirme<l Moses to be. 
 
 TU'RKOIS, s. \iurquoise, Fr.] a blue stone numbered 
 among the meaner precious stones, now discovered to be a 
 bone impregnated with cupreous particles. 
 
 TURMERIC, s. an Indian root \\hicli makes a yellow ilre, 
 
 TURMOIL, *. trouble; harassing uneasiness ; affliction; 
 tumult. 
 
 To TURMOIL, t). a. to harass with tunuitt or commo- 
 tion ; to keep unipiiet. 
 
 To TURN, V. a. [turnnn. Sax. torno, Lat.J to put into a 
 circular motion, or move round ; to change sides, or put that 
 uppermost which was undermost ; to change place, posture, 
 fortune, or party ; to bring the inside outwards; to form, or 
 transform ; to translate ; M change with respect toafiection, 
 inclination, or regard. 7'o turn the stomach, to cause nau- 
 seousness. To make giddy, followed by htad. To direct to 
 or from any point or purpose. To apply, or have recourse 
 to, followed by to. To turn one's hack, is to fly ; to disregard. 
 Followed by upon, to reverse or alter. Us-ed with nhout, to 
 revolve or consider. To turn away, to dL^niissordiscard ; to 
 avert. Totum hack, to return to the person wiio gave, sent, 
 or sold ; to d'uble the contrary vay. Used with off, to dis- 
 inits; to resign ; to deflect. 7'o 6e<iirn«/ o/T", to advance lo 
 'tni(|jc bcyoud ; to exceed. Used with ovei\, lo transfer i ^ 
 
 ass
 
 T UT 
 
 tliTow off a ladder ; to examine one leafof abook after ano- 
 ther ; to refer. Neiiterly, to move round ; to dian^'c the 
 posture quickly, so as to face, used with vfion. To lie 
 c!!an£;ed or altered. To grow sour, applied to liquors. To 
 grow giddy. Used with away, to deviate from a proper 
 course ; to recoil. Used with off, to divert one's course. 
 
 TURN, J. the act of turning ; the act of coming back to 
 t'le same place ; a winding path ; a walk to and fro ; change 
 or alteration ; occasion; an act ofkindness or malice ; time 
 at ■vvliic!) any thing is to be done, or wherein persons punc- 
 tually succeed each other ; convenience ; form, cast, shape ; 
 or manner; bent; inclination; the manner in which the 
 words of a sentence are expressed. B>i (hchj, signifies al- 
 ternately, or one after another. 
 
 TU'RNCOAT, {tunikot) s. one who forsakes his party or 
 principles for those which are opposite ; a renegado. 
 
 TURNER, s. [tonrneur, Fr.] one who turns vessels, or 
 utensils, in woodornietal ; one whosells turnery wares. 
 
 TU'RNING, J. a winding ; a deviation to the right or left 
 fioin a main road or street; flexure ; meander. 
 
 TU RNIP, s. a white esculent root. 
 
 TU'RNKEY, s. the doorkeeper of a gaol. 
 
 TU'RNPIKK, *. agate set up across a road, and kept by 
 sn ofHcer, for the purpose of taking toll of travellers, wag- 
 goners, coaches, &c. for mending the roads. 
 
 TURNSOL, s. the sunflower. 
 
 TU'RNSTILE, j.. a turnpike in a foot path. 
 
 TU'RPENTINE, i. [tarpentina,\\A\.\ a transparent resin, 
 flowing either naturally, or by incision, from several unctuous 
 trees, as the larch, pine, &c. - 
 
 TU'RFITUDE, i.JFr. turpitudo, from iurpij, base, Lat.] 
 essential deformity of thoughts, words, or actions ; inherent 
 vileness ; baseness'; filthiness. 
 ■ TURQUOISE, ■«. [Fr.]seeTuRKOisE. 
 
 TU RREL, s. a tool used by coopers. 
 
 TURRET, i. \hims, Lat.] a small eminence raised above 
 the body of a building; a little tower. 
 
 TU'RRETED, «. formed like a tower ; rising like a tower. 
 
 TURTLE, s. {turtle. Sax. J a sea-tortoise, well known for 
 its delicious food. A dove, f^nied for its kind disposition 
 anil chastity, called likewise iHrt/erfoi'c. 
 
 TU'SCAN ORDER, s. in architecture, so called because 
 invented in Tuscany. It is the simplest and most massive of 
 Uir five orders. 
 
 TUSCAN \', formerly a sovereign state of Italy, situated 
 between the iNlediterranean, the pope's territories, the Mo- 
 denese, and the state of Lucca. It is about 160 miles in 
 length, and 80 in breadth, exchisive of some parts distributed 
 in the territories of Modena, Lutca, and Cienoa. It is wa- 
 tered by several rivers, of which the Arno is the chief. 
 ^lauy parts of it are fruitful in corn and wine, and produce 
 plenty of citrons, oranges, lemons, \)omegrauates, olives, and 
 .■>thcr fruits. Florence is the ca\)ital; which see. 
 
 TUSH I hucrject. a word used to express contempt. 
 • TUSK, s. [toishtti, old Frisick] the fangs or long t^^eth of 
 C boar, &c. 
 
 TUSKED. orTU'SKY, a. furnished with tusks. 
 
 TU'SSUCK, s. diuiinulive of tuz ; a tuft of grass or 
 t«ig5. 
 
 To TU'STLE, V. rt. to bustle or strive ; to tumble or 
 futHe. 
 
 TUT, inter), a word used to command silence, and ex- 
 press contempt. 
 
 TU'TBURY, a fwvn of StaflfBrdshire. It had a large 
 enstle, which stood on an alabaster hill, and was demolished 
 by Henry III. but several of the towers, and a small part 
 of the wall, still remain, afl'ordiivg a prosj>cct to the E. oyer 
 the rivers Dove and Trent, as far as Nottingham, beside 
 inany other extensive prospects. It is 15 miles E. of 
 Slaffirrd, and Hit N. 1". of Loudon. 
 
 TUTELAGE, s. \tnleltt, from tuenr, to keep, Lat.j protec- 
 tion ; guardianship- the. time during which an infant is 
 Uiuler guardians. 
 
 TUTELAE, or TUTELARY, a. [mihAc, from tvivr, to 
 
 em 
 
 TWi 
 
 keep. Lot.] having the 'guardianship, or particular defence 
 and proteclionof any person or thing. 
 
 TUTENAG, orTUTANAG, a. ajiame given in India 
 to the semimelal zinc ; also a white metallic compound 
 brought from China, which is the l>est imitation of silver yet 
 discovered. 
 
 TUTOR, s. {tutmr, Fr. tutor, from tueor, to keep, Lat.j 
 one who has the care of another's learning. 
 
 To TUTOR, V. a. to instruct ; to teach. 
 
 TUTORAGE, s. the authority or government of a tutor. 
 
 TUTORESS, s. a female instructor ; a governess. 
 
 TUTSAN, s. the hypericum of Linnieus. This is the 
 only British genus that is to be found in the 18th class of 
 Linnaeiis's arrangement of plants. There are many species. 
 
 TU'TTY, s. [tiit/ue, Fr.] a recrement of mixed nietals, in 
 which lapis calaminaris, or zinc in its iHetalline form, is .an 
 ingredient. 
 
 TU'XFORD, a town of Nottinghamshire, 13 miles N. hj 
 W. of Newark, and 133 N. by W. of London. Market on 
 Monday. 
 
 TUZ, s. a lock or tuft of hair. 
 
 TWAIN, a. \t,rirni. Sax.] two. 
 
 To TWANG, V. n. to sound with a quick sbarp noise. 
 Activelv, to make to sound sharply. 
 
 TW.\NG,f. a disagreeable souiid ; an afTected modula- 
 tion of Jhe Toice. 
 
 ToT'.VANK, t). ■«. properly twang; to make to sound. 
 
 'TWAS, contracted fr^im It inis. 
 
 ToTWA''lTLE, V. a.\scliit<itzm. Tout.] to prate. 
 
 TWA'YBLADE, s. in botany, the ophrys of Linnaeus; 
 There are several species. 
 
 To TWi'^ \(i, or TWEAK, Uu-eeg, or twcek) v. a. \twacken, 
 Tent.] to pi.ich or squeeze between the fingers. 
 
 TWEAGUE, or TWEAK, {tweeg, or tweeh)s. perplexity; 
 ludicrous <listrcss. 
 
 TWEE'DDALE, a shire in Scotland, called also the 
 county of Feebles ; bounded on the N. by Lothian ; on th<; 
 E. by Mers and Tiviotdale ; on liic .S. by Aunandale; and 
 on the W. by Clydesdale. The principal town is Peebles, 
 23 miles S. of Ijdiuburgh. 
 
 To TWEEDLE, v. a. to handle lightly. 
 
 TWEE'ZERS, s. [etui, Fr.J nippers or pincers, used in 
 pulling ofl' hairs. 
 
 TWELFTH, a. \twelfta, Sax.] the secoiid after the tenth ; 
 the ordinal of twelve. 
 
 TWELFTH-DAY, s. the festival of epiphany, or mani- 
 festation of Christ (o the Gentiles, so called as being the 
 twelfth day, exclusive, from the Nativity, or Christmas- 
 dav. 
 
 TWELVE, a. \tu-elf. Sax.] two and ten. 
 
 TWELVEMONTH, J. tfie space of a year, according to 
 the calendar months. 
 
 TWELVEPENCE, s. a shilling. 
 
 TWENTIETH, a. [twent^gotha, Sax.J.next to the nine- 
 teenth ; the ordinal of twenty. 
 
 TWE'NTY, a. [ttreiitis;, Sax".] twice ten. 
 
 TWI'BILL, s. [twy for two, and bill\ an iron tool used by 
 pavers. 
 
 TWICF-, ad. [twees, Belg.] two times ; doubly. 
 
 TWIG, s. [twig, or twigga. Sax. iwi/g, Belg.] a small shoot 
 of a branch. 
 
 TWILIGHT, (,t,i-il't) s. [twelicht, Belg.] is that light, 
 whether in the morning before sun-rise, or in the evening 
 after sun-set, supposed to begin and end when the least stars 
 that can be seen by the naked eye cease or begin to appear. 
 An obscure light ; an uncertain view. Adiectively, seen or 
 done by twilight ; not clearly or brightly illuminated. 
 
 TWIN, s. [/KiJin, Sax.] a child born at the same time and 
 birth with aiii>tlier. In the pUifal, a zodiacal sign. 
 
 To TWINE, B. a. [tunuan. Sax. twt/nm, Belg.] to wind 
 thread round any substance ; to encircle ; to twist so as to 
 unite or t'orm into one body. Neuterly, to wind, or form 
 windings; tocouvolvc; to unite by interpositioii ofpartBt
 
 TYP 
 
 VAC 
 
 TWTNR, J. a twislod thread ; a (wist ; an embrace form- 
 ed liv Uvistiiifj round any part; cord; striii;^. 
 
 I'o TWINCiK, V. a. [iteitiqen, 'IViit. twiiigr, D:;!).] to tor- 
 ment with a sudden and sliort pain ; to pincli ; to tweak. 
 
 TVV1NC;E, f. a sliort, sudden, bliar[) pain; a pinch; a 
 tweak. 
 
 T\VI'N(JI^\VORT, <. agenns of plants called hy Linnicus 
 carlina. The wdd carline thistle i.'s the liritibh species. 
 
 To 'I'Ul'NKI-k, ti. ?i. [iwinclian, .Sax.] to sparkle, or 
 siiine with intermitted lijjlit ; to open anil slnit the eye alter- 
 nately. 
 
 TWINKLE, or TVVrNKLI.NG, s. a sparklinj,' iuter- 
 mittinfj li. lit : a motion of the i-ye. 
 
 To TWIRL, r. «. [from u Inn'] \o iuvii or force round. 
 Neuterly, to revolve with a (juick niolimi. 
 
 TWIUL, J. circular motion, rolation. Tuisl; convolu- 
 tion. 
 
 To 'J'WLST, V. a. [licislcn, Bclg.] to form hy ttiiriins 
 round ; to form by complication ; to wreathe orencircle hy 
 sometliin;;; to contort, to writhe; to weave ''r (orm hy 
 turning round, so that the parts shall unite together; to in- 
 siiuuite; to unite. Neuterly, to he contorted; to be con- 
 vclved. 
 
 TWIST, «. the act of turning round several things so as 
 to unite them ; any thivg nnide by winding two things toge- 
 ther a cord ; a writhe ; contortion. 
 
 TWi'SriiR, J. one wlio twists ; aropemaker; the instru- 
 ment of twisting. 
 
 To TWri', «. a. [edivilnn, Sax.] to reproach or mention 
 to a person by way of sneer; to llout; to hit in the 
 teeth. 
 
 To TWITCH, V. a. [twiaian, Sax.J to pull or pluck with a 
 quick motion ; to snatch. 
 
 TWITCH, s. a quick or sudden pull ; a painful contrac- 
 tion of the hhres._ 
 
 TWITCFIGIIASS, i. a weed. 
 
 TgTV\ ITTER, ». «. to make a sharp, intermitting, and 
 tremulous noise ; to be art'ected with a strong or sudden in- 
 clination, followed by tvuard. 
 
 TWIT TLK,*. any motion or disorder of passion, as vio- 
 lent laughing, or fretting. 
 
 TWl'TTLETWATTLE, s. tattle ; gabble. A very low 
 word. 
 
 'TWIXT, a contraction of Ret wiXT. 
 
 TWO,(;wo)o.[<in(, Sax.]a nuinbv-r composed of one added 
 to one. This word is often used in composition. 
 
 TWOFOLD, {tiHifiM) a. double the number, or twice the 
 quantity. Adverbially, doubly. 
 
 TWC'IIANDED, (tooliaiukU) a. large; bulky; enormous 
 for magnitude. 
 
 To I Y IJ, I', rt. see Ti e. 
 
 TYE, 3. a knot ; a bond or obligation. 
 
 TY'GER,*. see Tiger. 
 
 TYKE, s. a dog, or one as contemptible as a dog. 
 
 TY'MRAL,^. [Fr.] a kind ot kettle-drum. 
 
 TYMUORELLA, s. a ducking stool. 
 
 TY'MP.\N, *. [tt/miHinuiH, Lat.] a tymbal or drum. 
 Among anatomists, the drum of the ear, a thin, dry, trans- 
 parent, nervous nienibrane, of the most exquisite sense, and 
 the instnimeiit of hearing, 
 
 TY'iMI'.ANUiM, s. [Lat.] a drum. Among mechanics, a 
 sort of wheel placed on an axis, on the top of which are 
 levers, for the more easy turning the axis about to raise the 
 weipht. 
 
 TY'MPANY, s. [from tympanum, Lat. J in medicine, a 
 flatulent tumor or swelling of the belly, very hard, equable, 
 I'jid permanent, whereby the skin is stretched so tight, that, 
 wlien struck, it gives a sound like that of a drum. 
 
 '|^''iN Y, o. [written likewise tiny] small. 
 
 TYPL, s.\type, Fr. typus, Lat.] a copy, model, image, or 
 resemblance. Among divines, it isasymbol, sign, or figure 
 if something to come. .'Vinong printers, a printing 
 letter. 
 
 TY'PIIODES, (ly'fofirt) s. [ (ir.j a continual bnniing feycr, 
 proceeding from an inllanimation of the bowels. 
 
 TYPllOAl A'Nl A, (/i^omniufl; s. [from ly/i/ias, smoke, and 
 rmnia, madness, Gr.] a delirium, or phrenzy, with a 
 lethargy. 
 
 TYPIION, (<i//«>i) *. fGr.]a hurricane; a violent whirl- 
 wind ; a fiery meteor. 
 
 TY'PIC, or TY'PICAL, a. \lypii]ite, Fr. tipiicm, Lat. from 
 typos, a type, Gr.J represented by some symbol or 
 hieroglyphic. 
 
 'I'V'I'IC ALLY, «f/. inatypical manner. 
 
 i o TY'l'l FY, ti. a. to express bj some symbol, action, or 
 liieroglyphie. 
 
 TYPOG R APHEIl, (lyptigmfer) s. \itomtypos, a type, ap.d 
 griiplw, to write, (jr.| a printer. 
 
 TYPOCiRA'PHlCAL, (typogrd/ikal) a. [from typns, a type, 
 and flrn/</i», to write, Gr.] bel'.iiging to typografy, or tlie 
 art of printing; emblematical ; figuratively. 
 
 TYPOGRAPHY, itypograty) s. [from I'ypos, a type, and 
 graplto, to describe, (if. | the art ot pciiitiug. 
 
 TYRA.'NNIC, or TYRANNICAL, «. Ityramiique, Fr. 
 /i/)-nHjiiciM, Lat. from (yra/jdoi, a tyrant, (ir.J ciuel; oppres- 
 sive; imperious; acting like a tvrant ; despotic. 
 
 TY'KA'NNICALLY, aU. in llle manner of a tyrant. 
 
 TYRA'NNICIDE, s. [from tynmnus, a tyrant, and cado, 
 to kill, Lat.] the act of killing a tyrant. 
 
 To TYRANNISE, I), n. [tyranniscr, Fr. from iyrannoi,a, 
 tyrant, Gr.J to governor act in an imperious and rigorous 
 manner, like a tyrant. 
 
 TY'RANNOOS, a. tyrannical; despotic; arbitrarily se- 
 vere. Not in use. 
 
 TY'RANNY', s. [tyrannis, Lat. from lyrannos, a tyrant, 
 Gr.J the acting without regard to the laws, ri'dits, or pro- 
 perties of the people ; outrageous cruelly and oppression ; 
 rifjorous command ; severity; inclemency. 
 
 TY'RANT, s. [tyran, Fr. tyruimus, Lat. tyrannos, Gr.J 
 among the antients, denoted simply a king or nnmarch. 
 But the ill use made of it by several of ihat charact'er, altei ed 
 the import of the word, and tyrant now carries the idoa of an 
 unjust and cruel prince. 
 
 TYRIA'SIS, s. the leprosy. 
 
 TY'RO, -1. [(i>0, Lat.] a novice; one in his rudiments; a 
 young scholar. 
 
 TYRO'NE, a county of Ulster, in Ireland, having Lou- 
 donderry on the N. Armagh and Lough Neagh on the E. 
 Fermanagh on the S. and Donnegal on the W. It is 4f« 
 miles long, and 37 broad. It contains 35 parishes, and 
 about 28,700 inhabitants. Tyrone has 4 boroughs, and 
 sends 10 members to parliament. The liiieu manufactory 
 is estimated at 257,4443e. yearly. 
 
 u&v. 
 
 UIS the twentieth letter of the English alphabet. The 
 sound is short in burst, curst, run, siw, culi. In some 
 words, it is rather acute than long; as in brute, flute, acute, 
 &c. It is generally long in polysyllables; •ds'mnrt>on,usage, 
 secure, curious, iVc. but in some words it is obscure; as iu 
 nature, venture, 
 
 V, the consonant, has its sound uniform, and is never 
 acute. It is placed before all the vowels ; as in vary, tenal, 
 voice, vow, vulture. Though the letters u and v had always 
 two sounds, they had only the form of « till the beginning of 
 the fourth century, when the other form was introduced, it 
 being inconvenient to express two sounds by the same letter. 
 The letters /and uscem to have a similar sound, but are 
 widely djtferent, as may be observed in the words hmf'e and 
 knives,life,?in(\lives, belief, 2M<\ believe, &c. In numerals, V 
 stands forfive, and with a dash thus, v, for 5000. 
 
 VA'CANC Y', s. an empty space ; vacuity ; a chasm ; time 
 of listlessncss, or emptiness of thought. Leisure or relaxation, 
 from vacances, Fr. State of a post or employment when it in 
 unsupplied.
 
 VAX 
 
 VAL 
 
 VACANT, n. \vata-Ht, Fr. ■vaeoHS, Lat] empty ; having 
 nothing ill it ; free from crowds, obstacles, or incumbrance ; 
 having no possessor or incumbent ; being at leisure, or dis- 
 engaged ; void of thought. 
 
 To VACATE, r. 71. [vaco, Lat.j to make void or vacant ; 
 to defeat ; to annul. 
 
 ■VACATED, a. made void or vacant ; defeated ; annullea. 
 
 VACA'TION, s. |Fr. vaco, to be at leisure, Lat. J in coni- 
 nion law, all that time wliicli passes between term and term. 
 Anidiig civiliiins, the time from the death of the last incum- 
 )>eiit till the benelice is supplied by another. Leisure or 
 fref'dom from business, trouble, or perplexity. 
 
 VA'CCAUY, {viihari/) s. [from vacca, a cow, Lat.] a cow- 
 lionse ; a cow-pasture. - 
 
 VACCINE INOCULATION, a modern discovery in 
 medicine, whereby the matter of a pustular eruption on the 
 udder and tents of a cow, is found to jiroduce a regular 
 disease in tlie human frame, which renders it unsusceptible 
 of tliesmal!-|iox. It was long known to those employed in 
 dairies, but was first brought into public notice by doctor 
 .Tenner, of Berkley, in 1708, and promises to bean inestima- 
 ble blessing to mankind. The following comparative view 
 of the natural smallpox, the inoculated small pox, and the 
 inoculated cow-pox, has been published by the Uoyal Jcn- 
 
 iierian lustitutinu, in London. Nattkal Small-pox, 
 
 — a contagious disease, for the most part violent, loathsome, 
 and dangerous ; of which it is computed that one in twelve 
 of the human race perishes. In London 3000 ainiir.illy ; in 
 the United Kingdom 40,000 ! Inoculated Sm all-pox, 
 also contagious; for the most part mild, but someliuies vio- 
 lent and loathsome ; of which one in 300 is said to die. In 
 London, about one in 100. 'liie inoculation of the small- 
 pox having been but partially adopted, has been the means 
 of spreading the infection, and thus increased the general 
 mortality. Inocl lat ED Cow-pox,— «(/< ewN/ffgioK-s; and, 
 when properly conducted, iniiformly mild, inoliensive, sel- 
 dom painful, iiever fatal, and an infallible preventive of 
 the small-pox ; besides which, there is no medicine recpii- 
 red, no consequent deformity or disfiguration, and no super- 
 venient disease. 
 
 To VAC1'LL\TK, v. n. [i-adlh, Lat.] to reel ; to shake ; 
 to totter ; to .'.':ij.'ger. 
 
 VACILL.XTION, *. [Fr. vaciUatia, from vacillo, to stagger, 
 Lat.] the act of staggering or shaking ; irresolution ; incon- 
 stancy ; fluctuation. 
 
 VACUITY, i. {vaciiitc, Fr. racuUns, from vacuus, empty, 
 Lat.] the state of being unoccupied by boily ; space void of 
 body; want of substance ; inanity. 
 
 VA'CUOIIS, a. \vnnius, Lat.] cniiilv, void. 
 
 VA'CUUM, *, |Lat.] space not occupied by matter. 
 
 To VADE, V. n. [t'fu/«, Lat.] to decay ; to fade ; to vanish ; 
 to pass away. Obsolete. 
 
 VAGABOND, ii. [vjfralmnd, Fr.J wandering about, or 
 having no seltle<l habitation ; vagrant. 
 
 VAGABOND, a. {vnriihiiiiil, Fr.] a person that wanders 
 about, and has no selUo.l habitation. 
 
 VAG.\'liY,-.s. [i'«»H.s, from wigxt-, to wander, Lat.] a wild 
 freak or frolic : cajirice. 
 
 VAGINOl'E'NNOUS, a. [from v'iQ;ma, a sheath, and 
 p-nna, a wing, Lat.] sheath-wingcd-; having Ihewiiigs cover- 
 e,l with liard cases. 
 
 VAGRaNCY, s. a state of wan-lering ; nnsetllcd course 
 of life. 
 
 \'A'(;R.\NT, a. \ras;aut, Fr.J wandering; vagabond; 
 having no place of residence. 
 
 VA'CiiiANT, s. one \\\\\i -has no settled place of abode ; 
 a stroller; a slui<ly beggar; one tiiat moves from place to 
 place, williout any visible way of living; a vagabond. 
 
 V.\GUE,ftai;}2- [Tr. villus, from I'/^w, to wander, Lat.j 
 wardering ; vagrant or vauabond ; having lie settled place; 
 vnnxod ; unsettled ; liidefi^iile. 
 
 V.AIL, s. \voile, Vr. this wold is at present written veil, 
 Unn. velum, Lat. and the v< rli iti the same manner, from 
 votn l,,-!!. yet as the old manner of writing it sh"'"s ii might 
 
 «70 
 
 have been borrowed originally from the Fr. it may still be 
 continued] a curtain or cover thrown over any thing to con- 
 ceal it ; a part of a dress by which the face is covered. 
 Used in the plural, to signify profits that accrue to othceri 
 and servants, exclusive of a salary and wages. 
 
 To VAIL, V. a. [loilfr, Fr.] to cover, 'lo lower, let fall, 
 or pull off, by way of compliment. Neuterlv, lo siiew 
 respect by yielding or submitting. To fall; to let sink for 
 fear, &c. SeeV^ElL. 
 
 VAIN, a. \rain, Vr. %amis, Lat.| without eflect ; having 
 no s'ubslance or reality ; proud of little things ; ostentatious; 
 idle or worthless ; false. In vain, to no purpose or end ; 
 without eflect. NVhen used in composition, it implies os- 
 tentatious. 
 
 V.AINGLO'RY, ». [fona^fona, Lat.] pride above merit; 
 empty pride. 
 
 VAI'NLY, ad. uselessly ; to no purpose ; proudly ; ar- 
 rogantly. 
 
 VAI'NNFSS,^. emptiness ; pride; falsehood. 
 
 VA'LAN'CK, s. [according to Skinner from Valencia, 
 whence they were brought] the fringes- of drapery hanging 
 round the tester and head of a bed. 
 
 VALE, s. \val, Fr. vallis, Lat."] a low ground lying be. 
 tween two hills ; a valley ; a dale. 
 
 VALEDICTION, *. [from vale, farewell, and dico, to say 
 Lat.] the speech made at (larting; the bickling farewell, 
 
 VALE'NCE, an anticnt, considerable, and populous city 
 in the dept. of Drome, seated on the left bank of the Rhone. 
 'Fhe greatest part of tlie public places, and many private 
 houses, are adorned with fountains. Viilence is 30 niilej 
 N. by E. of Viviers, and 335 S. by E. of Paris. Lat. 44. 6S 
 N. Ion. 4.52. E. 
 
 VALE'iVCIA a province of Spain, formerly a hingdora ; 
 bounded on the E. and S. by the Mediterranean; on the 
 N. by Catalonia and Arragon, and on the \V. by New 
 Castile and Miircia. It is about 1G2 miles in length, and C4 
 in breadth, and is the most pop-lous and pleasant country 
 in Spain; for here they enjoy always a perpetual spring. 
 It is watered by a great number of streams, which render 
 it fertile in all the necessaries of life, especially fruits and 
 wine. There are very rugged mountains, in which are 
 wines of gold, silver, and alum. 'J'he inhabitants are very 
 civil, but much more gay than in other parts of'Spain. 
 
 VALENCIA, a city of Spain, capital of the province ol 
 the same name. It is a large (dace, containing alicuit 12,000 
 houses within the walls, besiiles those in the suburbs, and 
 in the pleasure gardens round about it, which amount to 
 much the same number. It has an nniversily, founded in 
 1492. It was taken from the Moors in the lliirteenth cen- 
 tury, who were all obliged to leave it. The city is very hand- 
 some and pleasant, and adorned villi very fine structures, 
 'i'he cathedral has a steeple 130 feet high, and one side of 
 the choir isincrusted with alabaster, and adorned with very 
 line antient paintings. The high altar is co\ered with 
 silver, and lighted with 14 silver lamps. The university 
 consists of several colleges. The palace of the viceroy,, 
 that of Ciuta, the monastery of St. Jerome, and the ex- 
 change are all fine buildings. It has several good nianufac- 
 torie? of cloth and silk, carried on with great induslry and 
 success ; for even the very children are em|doyed in 
 spinning silk. There are several remains of aniiiiui'v, and 
 it is pleasantly seated on the river Giiadalvii.over^wh.icli 
 are five bridges. It is .W miles from the sea, m;ies .NJ. 
 bv E. of Murcia, IfiO S. W. of Barcelona, and 130 E. S. E. of 
 Madrid. Lat. .TO. 23. N. Ion. 10. E. 
 
 VALENCIE'NNES, a city of Hain,nult, in France, in the 
 department of the North. It contains about 2o,(KI0 inhabi- 
 tant';. In 1703, it surrendered lo the allied arniv, command- 
 ed by the (liiKe of ^'ork, after a severe .^iege. It is situated' 
 oil the r'verSi heldl, which divides it into two parts, 17 miles 
 N. E. of Cambrav, and 120 N. E. by N. of Paris. Lat. 60. 
 21. N. Ion 3. 32. E. 
 
 VALEN TINE, J. a sweetheart chosen on St. Valentinu'fl 
 day.
 
 VAL 
 
 VAR 
 
 VAI.RNTI'NIANS, s. a sect of lierctics, so caile/I from 
 Vi«Unliiius,tlicir founder, in the 1 Itli cciilury, ami a braiith 
 of tin; (Jniislics. 
 
 V A 1, Eli IAN, s. \va!eriniw, Fi'.l a s<''iiis of plants placed 
 liy I.iiina'iisiii tiu' first .sect ion of fiisllMKl class. The marsh, 
 wild, and ii-tliKC valerian, arc the lirilish species. 'I'iie 
 (jreek valerian is the connnon Jacob's ladder. 
 
 V'A'l.irr, v. I Fr.J a vvailin^ servant. Vnlct de chambrt, 
 one who wails on a iiohUinan or i;enlleniun in his bed- 
 chanilier, and dresses and undresses him. 
 
 VALKI TA, .f. a city oi Malia, and tlie ca|>ilal of (hat 
 island, hnilt in LOW!, I).v the yrand master Fiederick Jolni de 
 Vaietla. It has the liappiest sanation iin':;f,'inalile, and is 
 >vonderiidlystionij hy nature and art. Number of inliabi- 
 tanlsalionl •21)01). 
 
 V'ALiyf yOlNA'RI.AN, J. a sickly person ; one who fan- 
 cies himself ill. 
 
 VALKTUDINA'P.IAN, VALF-TUDINARV, >t. [fVom 
 i'«/(7»rfo, sickness, Lat.] sickly ; weakly ; inlirni in health. 
 
 VALinU'DlNARY, s. an iidirniary oi hospital fc 'he 
 sick. 
 
 VA'LIANT, J. |i'«i7fenr, Fr.J brave ; stout; courageous; 
 intrepid. 
 
 V'.V'LIANTLY, "f^ bravely ; courageously. 
 
 V.\'l,I."iN T.N'ESS, s. bravery ; couraye ; stoutness; in- 
 trcpiilily ; valour. 
 
 VALID, a. [rnliilc, Fr. valiiliis, from la/to, to prevail, Lat.J 
 strung', powerful, eliicaciuus, prevalent, applied lo thiti]L;s. 
 Conclusive, weighty, having force, prevalent, applied to 
 arsiument. 
 
 \ A Li' DVTY, s. [valicUie, Fr.] force; power; strcngtli ; 
 certainty. 
 
 V.VLLADO'LID, a city of Leon, capital of a principality 
 of the same name, with a university. It is embeli;!,hed with 
 handsome bnildin^-s, larije pnlilic squares and fountains, 
 and conlains 1 1,000 iiouscs willi line lonitaiid broad streets. 
 It is seated near the Douio, oi miles S. W. of Burgos, and 
 95 N. by W. of Madrid. 
 
 V A'l.LANCY, s. a iarye wig that shades tlic face. 
 V.V'LJjFA', s. [vallce, Fr. vallis, Lat.] low ground lying 
 
 between hills. See Vale. 
 
 VA'I-OilOUS, (I. brave ; ivaliant; courageous; stout; 
 ini-i-pid. 
 
 UaLOROUSLY, ad. in a vahirous manner. 
 
 VA'LOROUSNf'^SS, s. bravery ; courage ; intrepidity. 
 
 V.X'LOUR, s. \v<dm\ Lat. ruknr, Fr.] courage ; bravery • 
 streiii,'th ; prowess; puissance; stoutness. 
 
 VA'LUARLE, «. [valuahle, Fr.J being of great price or 
 worth ; precious; deserving esteem or regard; estim«ble. 
 
 VA'LUARLFNESS.f. price or worth ; esteem. 
 
 VALUA'TION, s. price or value put upon a thing ; ap- 
 praisement. 
 
 VA'LUE, i. \valiie, Fr.] price ; worth ; price equal to the 
 worth of a thing; esteem; rate. Synon. I'fi'»e rises from 
 the intrinsic goodness of things ; m;oj(/i from the estimation 
 of them. 
 
 To VA'LUE, I', a. [valoir, Fr. | to rate at a certain price ; 
 to have in high esteem ; to appraise or estimate ; to be 
 worth. 
 
 VA'LURR, s. one who values. 
 
 VALVE, .?. [ua/ua, Lat. I a folding door ; any thing that 
 onens and shuts over the mouth of a vessel. In botany, tt';e 
 difterent pieces that compose a capsule -. thus in Jacob's lad- 
 der, daH'o(!il, and hyacinth, there are three valves ; in thorn- 
 apple four; and in loosestrife ten. Also appliedtothe petals 
 and empalements that constitute the liowersoVgrasses; thus 
 in the common meadow-grass, the empalement is adry chaflfy 
 liusk, composed of two valves, and the blossom is composed 
 of two other valves. Applied also to the several projectinjf 
 substances which frequently close to the mouth of the tube of 
 a blossom, as in the blossoms of borrage and Jacob's ladder, 
 where the tube is closed by five such substances. In ana- 
 tomy, a membrane which opens certain vessels to admit the 
 blood, aud shuts to prevent' its returning. 
 
 VAIVIP, t. tlie upper leather of a shoe. 
 To V.\M1', 11. o. to piece an old thing wilh «omefi)ii|g 
 new ; to repair any thing old or decayed, in order lo nialie 
 it pass for new. 
 
 V.-V'i\lFIUK, f. in zooloey, a large species of bat, inlia- 
 biling several of the African and South Sea islands. 
 
 VAN, i'. [from uvmit, before, Fr.] the front or first liiie of 
 an army. Any thing spr( ad wide, by which a \iind is 
 raised . a fan, from ran, Fr. or ?•««»".«, Lat. A wing. 
 To VAN.i- «■ \viniiiiT, Fr-] to winnow corn. Not in use. 
 • VA'NCOURIER, (luH/iio-ncr) i. |(u««(coHMcr, Fr-J a har- 
 binger ; a precursor. 
 
 VANE, !■ \vinme, Belg.] a plate hung on a pin so as to turn 
 vvith the wind ; a weatircrcock. Vaiies, aniong mariners, 
 are the sighls made to slide upon such instruments as are 
 used for taking observations at sea. 
 
 VA'NtiUAllU, s. [iivuiil garde, Fr.J the front or first line 
 ofan army ; the van. 
 
 VANILLA, s- [i-iimlle, Fr.] the fruit of a plant which 
 grows in the bay of Campeachy, Cartliageua, Hoiidiiraj, 
 Ac. and is used here as an ingredient in chocolate, to which 
 it gives a peccdiar Havour. 
 
 To VA NISli, 1'. a. [vunesco, Lat.J to disappear ; to come 
 lo nought ; to be lost. 
 
 VA'MTY, s. \raiiUc,l'x.vanitnx, Lat.| emptiness ; inanity ; 
 uncertainty; fruitless desire or endeavour; falsehood; 
 vain pursuit ; an object of petty pride ; ostentation. 
 
 To VANQUISH, ». n. [xHtina-e, Fr.J to conquer, to sub- 
 due, confute, overcome. 
 
 VANQUISHER, i. a conqueror ; aiubduer. 
 VA'NTAGE, i Jfrom arfi'anfaoej gain ; superiority, op- 
 portunity 
 
 VA'NTBRASS, s. [avnnt brass, Fr.l armour for llie arm. 
 VA'PID, a. [rnpidiis, Lat.]d.„cl or flat, applied lo liquors ; 
 palled ; spiritless ; mawkish. 
 
 VAPFDITY, or VA'FIDNE&S, s. [from vajmLs, Lat.J 
 deadness; flatness; mawkishness. 
 
 V'APORARY, s. [vaporarium, from )"/»«■, an exjialaiioii, 
 Lat.] a stove or hot-house ; a stew or bagnio. Among phy- 
 sicians, a decoction of herbs poured hot into a vessel, su 
 that the patient sitting over it may receive the fumes. 
 
 VA PORATION, s. [t'«/)«7n<io, from vajior, an exhalation, 
 Lat.J the act of emitting fumes or vapours. 
 
 VAPORITKflOUS, a. [from rn/wc, an exhalation, and 
 fero, to carry, Lat.J producing or causing vapours. 
 
 V.APOROUS, a. \vaporenx, Fr.] lull of vapours; fumy; 
 full of vain imaginations ; windy; llattileiit. 
 
 VAPOUR, *. firt/)o>-, l^at. rapeur, F'r.J the small particles 
 of a lluid, which being separated by heat, ascend into the 
 air; a wind ; a steam ; a fume ; a vain imagin;ition. In the 
 plural, a disease caused by flatulencies ; disordered or hy- 
 pochoivdriacal aft'ections in women, synouomous to the 
 spleen in men. 
 
 To V.\'POUR, t>. n. [vaporo, from vapor, an es:haIation, 
 Jjat.J to fly off in fume. Figuratively, to bully or brag. 
 Actively, to effuse or scatter in fumes or vapour. 
 
 VA'RL'\BLI'"., a. [Fr. variabilis, from vario, to diversify, 
 Lat.] changeable ; not long the same ; inconsiaot ; fickle ; 
 mutabJe. 
 
 VA'RLABLENESS, s. changeableness; levity; incoa 
 stancy ; mutability. 
 VARIABLY, nrf. changeably ; uncertainly. 
 VA'RIANCE, s. [from Vary] dirference ; discord ; dis- 
 sention ; disagreement. In law, an alteratiuu of something 
 formerly laid in a plea. 
 
 /ARIA'TION, s. [Fr- variatin, from vario, to diversHy, 
 Lit-] change ; difference; mutation- Variation of the cor.i. 
 pais, deviation of the magnetic needle from the true north. 
 SvNON- Successive changes in the same subject, make 
 V iriativn ; a multitude of diti'erent objects form vaiiely. 
 Thus we say, variation oi inwc ; rariciij of colours- 
 
 V A'RICOUS, a. [varicosHs, Lat-J diseased with dilatation. 
 To VARIEG.ATE, c. a. [from raricsratns. School, Lat. ' 
 to stain with difl'ereut colours ; to diverbifv.
 
 UBB 
 
 VATIIEGATED, a. streaked or diversified with different 
 CClours. 
 
 VARIEGATION, «. the quality of being beautified or 
 diversitied with several colours. 
 
 V ARI'ETY, t. [varieti, I'r. varietas, from vaj-io, to diversify, 
 Lat. J change; iutermixtureofditferent things ; dift'erence; 
 variation ; diversity. 
 
 VA'KI-FORM, n." ffrom varius, div<?rs, and /onna, form, 
 Lat.J being of divers shapes or forms. 
 
 VA'RIOUS, a.\varius, Lat.] diH'erent; cliansoable ; un- 
 like each other; marked with difl'erent colours; immerous; 
 uianifold. 
 
 VA'RIOUSLY, ad. differentlv. 
 
 VA'RIOUSNESS, *. diversity ; changcablencss. 
 
 VA'RLET, s. \varlet, old Fr.J anticntly a servant, but at 
 present used as a term of reproacli, to convey tlie idea of a 
 worthless person ; a scoundrel ; a rascal. 
 
 VA'RNISH, s. [vciuis, Fr. veruix, Lat.] matter laid on 
 wood, metal, &c. to make them shine. Figuralively, a co- 
 ver or palliation of a crime, &c. 
 
 To VA'RNISH, v. a. [trniiV, Fr.]to cover with something: 
 shining; to conceal a defect with somcthinj; ornamental or 
 rhetorical ; to palliate. 
 
 VA'RNISH EH, s. one whose trade is to varnish ; a dis- 
 guiser; anadorner. 
 
 To VA'RY, r. a. [rano, Lat. varier, Fr.1 to change ; to 
 make of difl'crcnt kinds; to diversify. Neutcrly, to be 
 changeable; to appear in different forms ; to be diftercnt 
 from cacli other ; to alter; to deviate; to be at variance. 
 
 VA'SC'ULAR, a. [from rasciJmii, Lat.] full of vessels. 
 
 VASCULI'FEROUS, a. [from rasculum, a vessel, an(l/««, 
 to bear, Lat.] in botany, an epithet given to those plants 
 which have, besides the common calyx, a peculiar vessel to 
 contain the seed. 
 
 VASE, t. Ivase, Fr. i'(ri,-Lat.] a vessel ; generally applied - 
 to one designed for show rather than use. 
 
 VA'SSAL, s. [vassal, Fr. vassalh, Ital.] one holding by 
 the will of a superior; a subject or dependant; a servant 
 suljiect to the will of another. A slave. 
 
 VA'SSALACiE, i. liaMe/ao-«, Fr.] the state ofbeingsul- 
 ject to the willofanotlier ; dependence; subjection. 
 
 VAST, a.lvasle, Fr. vastus, Lat] great or large ; generallv 
 applied to any thing enormonsly great. 
 
 VA'STLY,«(/. largely; greatly. 
 
 VA'STNESS, s. enormous greatness; immensity. 
 
 ■'VAT, or FAT, s. \i-at, Bclg./«/, Sax.] a vessel tor holding 
 wine, beer, &c. in the time ol their preparation. 
 
 VA'TICIDE, J. [from vatts, a prophet, and ccBilo, to kill, 
 Ijat.] a murderer of prophets. 
 
 To VATrClN.\TE, v. ». [vaiicinor, from vates, a prophet, 
 Lat.] to prophesy. 
 
 VaTICINA'TION, s. \vaticinatto, from vates, a prophet, 
 Lat.] the act of prophesying, diviiiihg, and foretelling. 
 
 VAVASOUR, f. I r«i(««ic, I'r.] aniienlly a person next 
 in rank to a baron ; one subject to a superior lord, but has 
 others holding under him. 
 
 VAULT, t. \vrm/ie, Fr. roha, Ital.] a continued arch; 
 a cellar, so called, because arched generally on the top ; a 
 fave ; a cavern ; a repository tor the dead under a church. 
 A leap, from voliiger, Fr. 
 
 To VAULT, V. a. [router, Fr.] to arch, or shape like an 
 aich ; to cover with an arch. Neutcrly, to leap, jump, or 
 shew postures, from vuUip;er, Fr. voUefr^iarc, Ital. 
 
 VAULTED, a. arelud ; concave. 
 
 VAU'LTER, *. a leaper ; a juniper ; a tumbler. 
 
 To VAUNT, V. a. [vanter, Fr.J to boast ; to display in an 
 ostentatious manner'; to brag ; to swagger. Neutcrly, to 
 talk with ostentation ; to make vaiu show; to boast. 
 
 VAUNT. 1. a brag or boast. 
 
 VAL NXeU, s. a boaster; a maii.given, to vain ostenta- 
 tion. 
 
 VAU'NIINT.LY, flrf. boastingly; braggingly. 
 UBERLINGEN, a free ;md imperial city ofSuabia, in \V. 
 FurslenbcTg. 1'h<: iuhabilauls carry uu a great trade iu 
 b7.1 
 
 VEN 
 
 corn, wliich they send to Swisserland ; and not far hence 
 are very famous" baths. It is seated on a high rock, near 
 the lake of Constance, 12 miles N. of Constance. Lat. 47. 
 60. N. Ion. 9. 10. E. 
 
 U'BERTY, «. |iromui«(, fatness, Lat.] fertility ; abuD- 
 dance. .- , , 
 
 U'BEROUS.a. [from uber, fatness, Lat.] plentiful; fer. 
 tile. 
 
 UBICATION, or UBIETY, t. [from ubi, where, Lat.J 
 residence or situation in ^ place. 
 
 UBIQUITA'RIAN, s. [from uU^i^, every where, Lat.J 
 one who holds that Christ's bodv is every where present. 
 
 UBrQlJKJ'ARY, rt. [from vbuiw!, Lat.J omnipresent. 
 
 UBrQUIl'Y, s.[ubiqiiiti, Fr.J omnipresence. 
 
 U'DDER, s.[u,U,; .Sax. and Belg.] the dug of a cow or 
 other large heast. 
 
 U'DUERED, n. furnished with udders. 
 
 VEAL, (vptl) [red, a calf, old Fr.] the flesh of a calf. 
 
 VE'CTION, or VECFITA'TION, s. [from veetito, t«> 
 carrv, Lat.J the act of carrving or being carried. 
 
 'Fo VE1;R, v. 71. [virer, old Fr. J to turn about. Actively, 
 to let out ; to turn ; to change. 
 
 VEGETABLE, s. [rcs;(table, Fr.] an organized body, 
 consisting of varituis pans, taking in its nourishment usually 
 by a root, and increasing its dimensions by growth ; a 
 plant. , . 
 
 A^E'GETA BLE, a. [vegeiabilis, Lat.] having the nature of a 
 plant; belongiiir 'o a plant. 
 
 To VEGETATE, v. n. [vegeio, Lat.] to grow; to shoot 
 
 VEGETA'TION, s. [figitation, Fr.] growth ; increase 
 of bulk, parts, and dimensions, applied to trees, plants, 
 shrubs, Xc. 
 
 VEGETATIVE, s. [vi^itatif, Fr.] producing growth, or 
 causing to grow. . 
 
 VKGETE, a.[rigitus, Lat.] vigorous ; active: f.pnglilly. 
 
 VE'HE.MENCE, or VE'HEMENCY, s. [viIumeHce,\i. 
 tehemeiitia, Lwt.] violence; ardour; vigour. 
 
 VEHEMENT, a.\rMment, Vx.velwmens, Lat.J Violent ; 
 eager ; fervent ; forcible ; ardent. 
 
 VE'HEMKNTLY, «rf. forcibly ; pathetically. 
 
 ■^'F'HICLE, s. [rchicule, Fr. rehiculnm, from velio, to carry, 
 Lat. I that in which anv thing is carried, conveyed, or used 
 as a means of washing down anv thing to be swallowed. 
 
 ^o VElL,i'.«. [rein, Lat. sec Vail] to cover the face With 
 anv thing; to cover or hide. 
 
 VEIL, J. [vilum, Lat.] a cover used to conceal the face ; a 
 cover, or disguise. 
 
 VF-IN, s. [veiiic, Fr. retin, Lat.] a vessel which convev-s 
 the blood from the arteries back to the heart; a hollow or 
 cavity ;' the course of metal or mineral in a mine ; tendency, 
 or turn of mind ; the time when any inclination is strongest; 
 humour, or temper; current; streak, variegation, as the 
 veiits of marble. 
 
 VEINED, orTEl'NY, a. full of veins; streaked; va- 
 riegated. . , , . 
 
 V^ELLE'ITY, s. Ircllaic, Fr.J the lowest degree of desire. 
 
 To VE'LLIC ATE, v. a. [vellico, Lat.] to twitch ; to pluck ; 
 to stimulate. . • , 
 
 VELLICA'TION, s. [relHcatw, from vellico, to twitch, Lat.] 
 a twitching. Plurallv, among physicians, certain con- 
 vulsions that afl'ect the libies of the muscles. 
 
 VE'LLUM, s. [rilin, Fr.J the skin of a calf dressed.for 
 writing; the finest sort of pHrchmi'ut. 
 
 VELOCITY, »• \i-i!""lc, Fr. relocitas, from tr/-ur, swiM, 
 Lat.J si>eed ; quickness of speech ; swiftness. 
 
 VELVET, s. [veluto, Ital.] a kind ol silk manufacture 
 with a short pile or fur upon it. Adjectively, made of vel- 
 vet ; soft ; delicate. 
 
 VE'LVETLI'.AF, s. in botany, the lavatera. The Eng 
 lish species is also called sea-tree mallow. 
 
 VENAL, a. I Fr. ve7ialis, from imro, to be sold, Lat.]capa. 
 ble of being bought or \)urchascd ; mercenary ; prostltaU; ;. 
 coulaiucd in the vcius^
 
 V EN 
 
 V EN 
 
 VT'.NA'LrrV, s. [renaliii, Fr.| a disposition tliat renders 
 t person rea.U lo flaltcr, or agree to any thing for gain; 
 proilitiilioii ; nicrci'uariiic'ss. 
 
 Vr.NA'I'lON. f. [from wCTior, to hunt, Lat. J the exercise or 
 praclice of huiiiiii^. 
 
 To VEND, V. a. [from vexde, Lat.] to sell, to offer for 
 •ale. 
 
 VRNDF.E', s. in law, tiie person to whom any thing is 
 •old. 
 
 VK'NDER, s. \vend<:ur, Fr.] in law, a seHer. 
 
 VE'NDIRI/E, a.[veiidibilis, from vendii,\o sell, Lat.j sale- 
 able ; mill kt'lalile. 
 
 VENDITION,*, [vcvdkw, (rem vmd<>, to se'l, Lat.J the 
 act of selling or ilisi)osing of anv cormiiodily ; a sale. 
 
 Vl'^NEE'KING, J. among joiners, the laying tliiii slices 
 of wooil over others of less value; a kind of inla\iiig, or 
 marqiiclry. 
 
 VENEKI'CIAli, a. [from venrninn, poison, and/aci'o, to 
 make. (,al.] acting by poisiiri ; hewitching. 
 
 VE'NEVIOUS, a. [from venemtm, poison, Lat.] full of 
 poison; poi^oiiiins. 
 
 VENENI'I'EROUS, </. [from ventnum, poison, and /«o, 
 to hear, Lai Jl)eariiig poi^m. 
 
 VE'NKItABLE, a. Yr veiierabili<:, from venernr, to ve- 
 nerate, Lai.] lo lie regarded with awe or reverence. 
 
 VK.'.NEK \BI.V, ad. in a manner that excites reverence. 
 
 To VE'NEKATE, v. a. \vaierti; Fr. venerar, Lat.] to re- 
 gard with awe or reverence. 
 
 VENERATION,*. [Fr. veneratio, from venerar, to vene- 
 rate, Laujgreat respect : reverence. 
 
 VENI'"KEAL, a. Ivenrreiis, from Vemts, the goddess of 
 love, L;il.| relating to love. Consisting of copper, called 
 ttnut hv clivmi>ts. 
 
 VKNE'REOUS, a. [renet-eus, from Venus, the goddess of 
 love, Lat.j lil)idini>u«; lu.>tfnl. 
 
 VE'N''KY, ,». reiierie, Fr.| hunting ; lasciviousness. 
 
 VI'.NivSi"7CTION,*. [fnjm vena, a vein, and »efo, to cut, 
 Lai ] 'he act of letting hlood. 
 
 To VE.MJE, V. a. [i«igier, Fr ] to punish; to avenge. 
 Seldom iiseil 
 
 VE'NGEANCE, *. Iven^eance, Fr ] punishment, or penal 
 retrihntion ; avengeinent. To do wit/t a vengeance, is to do 
 mnth vehemenfe. 
 
 VF,'NGI'rUL, a. vindictive ; retributive. 
 
 VENIABLE, or VENIAL, fl. [from v.mia. pardon, Lat.] 
 pardonable; permitted, or allowed ; excusable. 
 
 VE'NICE, the republic of, a connlrv of Italy, which com- 
 prehends I'oditeen provinces, namely, the Doga<lo, the Pa- 
 auano, the Viceiitino, llie Veronese, the Brescian(y, iheBer. 
 goniasco, the Creniasco, the Polesinodi Kovigo, the Mar- 
 ca-Trevigiano, tilt Feltrinn, the Bellunese, the Cadorino- 
 Friuli, and Istria. The government of the republic cf Ve- 
 ■ice is aristocratic, for none can have any share in it but the 
 Bohles. The chief magistrate has the title of Doge, and is 
 elected by a plurality of voices, and keeps his dignity for 
 life. His olfice is to give aii.ilience to all ambassadors; to 
 marrv the Adriatic sea in the name of the republic, on Holy 
 Thursday ; topi<'side in all assemblies of the stale ; to have 
 an eye overall the members of the magistracy ; and to no- 
 minate to all ihe beiietices annexed to the church of St. 
 Mark. On rhe other hand, he is to determine nothing wilh- 
 out the consent ofihe council; he is not lo open any letter 
 addressed to the republic, or that comes from the republic; 
 he is ;)ot to receive anv present ; he is not to leave the city 
 without peruiiision<if the states ; he is not to chuse an as- 
 •istani ; and he is never to resign his dignity. In short, he 
 is a prisoner in the city, and out of it he is no more than a 
 private person. As to religion, the Venetians ate Roman 
 Calhol'rs.and yet they tolerate the (ireeks, Turks, Persians, 
 but not the Protestants. The head of the clergy is Ihe 
 Patriarch of Venice, who must be a noble Venetian, and is 
 dected by the senate. In times of peace, the Venetians ge- 
 nerally knep an army of 16,000 regular troops, and 10,000 
 militia. Oh tbe tea they have always a small fleet, com- 
 
 6T 
 
 posed of a few men of war, frigates, an.l galleys. Such 
 
 was the state of Venice, during her iudepeiidence ; but in 
 1798 ihisconiitiy was overrun by the F'rench, anil afierwardt 
 ceded mostly to the House of \usiria. However, Ihe wai 
 of 1805 brouglil it again under Ihe ildminion of France, aud 
 it is now in< luded in Buonaparte's ki^igdom of Italy. 
 
 VENICE, Ihe capital of Ihe above republic, is one of 
 the most considerable places in the world. It is the sve of 
 a patriarch, and the seal of an university. According to the 
 hisloiians, Venice stands <ni 72 >inall ivlaiids in the gul|(h of 
 Venice. As there is no pa^iinj, thruugh this cilv in carriages, 
 the inhabitants make use of a kind of boats called gondolas, 
 T here are above 50(1 b idges over the canals, the most faiiiout 
 ol' vtiiieh is that called thi' lliallo. It is built of white mar- 
 ble, and has but one arch, in » hich its principal Ik aulv con- 
 sists, and isiJOfeet from one extremity lo Ihe other. There 
 are ISO palaces, the finest of which is that of the D<ige, 
 fronting St. Mark's Place. The cathedral church is that of 
 St. Mak, in which they pretend lo keep the body of St. 
 Mark the Evangelist. It is gloomy within, but its walU 
 are of marble; ami ihc pillars of the f out encrusted with 
 jasper and porphyry. There is also a library, in which are 
 a nnmber of Greek maiuiscripts, but none of them above 
 500 \ ears <dd. Here are about 170,(100 iiJiabitauIs. Venice 
 is212 miles N. of Rome, and 300 N. bv W. oINaplcs. Lat. 
 46.27. NJon. 12. 8. E. 
 
 VE'iVISON, {vbizon) s. \vejittison, Fr. from tenor, to liuilt^ 
 Lat.] the lleshof deer ; game or beasts of chase. 
 
 VE'NOM, *. \vemn, Fr.] poison. 
 
 VENOMOUS, n, p(ii>onous ; mischievous ; malignant. 
 
 VICNO\mUSLY, ad. po'smioiisly ; malignantly. 
 
 VE'NOM OUSNKSS, *. poisonousness ; malignity. 
 
 VE'NOUS, a. [venosus, from vena, a vein, Lat.] full of 
 veins. 
 
 VENT, s. [fente, Fr.] a small aperture or hole, by which 
 any vapour transpires ; passage from secrecy to public no- 
 tice ; passage ; di>charge. Sale, from vtrnte, Fr. 
 
 To Vl'",Ni\ 1'. a. [renier, Fr.] to let out at a small hole or 
 aperture : to give way to, or free from restiaint ; lo utter; 
 to pnblish ; to sell ; to carry lo sale. 
 
 VENTER,*. [Lat.] in analomv, any cavity of the body, 
 but particularly the alidomen. In law, a womb, or mother. 
 
 VE'NTIDUCT, *. [from venins, the \\h\ti, aud ductus, » 
 passage, Lat.j a passage for the wiu(t. 
 
 To VF/NTIL.ATE, v. tt.\ventito, from ventus, the wind, 
 Lat.j to fan with the wind ; to wiiuiow ; to examine or dis- 
 cuss anv controxerled point. 
 
 VE.NJ ' ILATION, *. [ventilatio, from ventiu, the wind, 
 Lat.j the act of fanning, or gathering wind ; the art of win- 
 nowing ciirii; refrigeration. 
 
 VKNTILA'TOR, *. [from re»<«*, the wind, Lat.] an in- 
 strument invetited by the Kev. Dr. Hale, to extract foul, 
 and lo suppjv fresh air. 
 
 V ENTO'SITY, *. [tJcn<o*«*, from vetUus, the wind, Lat.] 
 windiiiess. 
 
 VE'NTRICLE, s. Irentrimle, Fr. ventriailus, from tenter, 
 the bellv, Lat.] the stomach ; auy small cavity, puiticularly 
 tliose of the heart. 
 
 VRiNTRl LOCiUIST, *.[frnm venter, the belly, and /«y«or. 
 to speak, Lat.] one who speaks in such a manner that the 
 sound seems to issue from his belly. 
 
 VE'NTURi'', *. [avcntnre, Fr.] hazard ; an undertaking of 
 chance and danger; hap: chance; a slake. At a venture, 
 is at hazard ; without coMsidoralinn or premeditation. 
 
 To VENTURE, v. n. to dare ; to run a hazard. Used 
 with at, on, or upon, to engage in an attempt without any 
 prospect or certainty of security. Actively, to expo&e lo 
 liazard ; to put or sen<l on a venture. 
 
 VK'N TURKR, *. one who ventures. 
 
 VENTURESOME, a. bold; daring. 
 
 Vi'.'NTURESO.ViELV, «f/. in a bold or daring manner. 
 
 VENTUROUS, a. fearless; daring; bold; apt to run 
 hazards. 
 
 VE'NUS, /. [Lat.] in llie Copernican system, is one ef 
 
 87.-)
 
 VEN 
 
 VER 
 
 the inferior planets, and (he second in order from the sub. 
 To the naked eve she is lli-e most beautiful and ipleiidid of 
 all the cplej,tial liodies. hem;,' sometimes so bright as to cast 
 a faint sllad«^^ of an objccl, and not uncomnioidy seen in the 
 day lime. She iimves inuiid the snn in an orbit ver> neaily 
 circular, the diameter of "liich is about 136 millions ot miles, 
 in 2'24d. Ifili. 41m. 32 2 .'jlh-,. called her tropical revolution ; 
 Iiul lier si ereal, aiiom^ilKlic, and s> noil ic periods are, 224d. 
 16li. 49m. 12 7 tlllh>. 221(1. I7h. 4m. 28 I 51 lis. and .08:5d. 
 22h. 7m. 6s. respeclivi-lv. Her mayuiluile is Ufaily eiiual 
 totlie earlh's. She liiriis rouiiil her axis, accordiii;; to Mr. 
 Schr.ieler, in about 23h. 21m. her year containing; 2.30 
 I9-2lsls, of such (lav s. The inclination ofherorbil to the 
 ecliptic, or her <;realesl heliocentric latitude, is 3" 23 21)"; 
 but her^reatesl possible i^eocentric latitude, on account of 
 her nearness to the earth, ainoiinls to 9'^ i, beinj; Kf'atest 
 of all in those inferiiu' coiijiuictions that happen v^hen the 
 planet is Oil" from her node>, the earth beiii<; al the same 
 time in her perihelion. 'Ihe idiice of her descemliii:^ imde 
 at tile time of her lraii-.it over ihe sun's disli in 17fit, was 
 found to be ill 14" 3i' 52" of Gemini ; and at llie transit of 
 1769, 14" 3.V 3(5" of the same si^^n ; from >ihich it appears, 
 that her nodes have an annual niolion of about 2S" ; bul M. 
 de la Laiide, from probably more accurate elements, has 
 fixed It at 31". The place of her aphelion, anno 17;'>lt, was 
 ins" l:V of Aipiarius, having a progressive motion of about 
 4" 10' ill 100 \ ears. 'I'ue eccentricity of her orbit is 61 out 
 of 10,01 i>, of those parts into uhiih the earlh's ilistance 
 from Ihe sun is supposed to be divided, and the equation 
 »f her orbit 4S' 30". When viewed through a telescope, 
 she is rarely seen to shine with a full face, bul has phases 
 , and chan;;es just like those of ihe moon, bein-; increasiii":, 
 ' - decreasinij, horned, gibbous, <S.c. her illnniinated part 
 bein.; constantly turned towards ihe sun, or directed to- 
 wards the east when she is a morning star, and towards 
 the west uhen an eveninjj star. This planet, (m account 
 of her movinu; in an orbit between the sun and Ihe earth, 
 is neverseen in opposition lolhe tormer, and never recedes 
 from him more than 47" i, called her greatest possible elon- 
 gation. Ill her inferior semicircle she appears to move con- 
 trary to Ihe order of the si^ns ; the leufjth of whi.ch r< tio- 
 gradalion is from 42 to 44 davs, accoidinj; to her situation 
 with respect to her perihelion or aphelion at the time ; the 
 qiiaiitilv of Ihe arc moved in both cases amountini; to about 
 '6'*. .Mr. Schroeter has discovered ineipialities on her sur- 
 face similartn our uiouiitains, and also that she is favoured 
 with a Iwili'ilil for some time after the sun sets lo anv par- 
 ticular part of her ;;lolie, and before he rises to the same ; 
 from wliich an indisputable argument of her having an at- 
 UHisphere is <ledured. See Phil. Trans. 179.'i. She some- 
 times in her inferior conjunction transits or passes over Ihe 
 cun like a roiinil black s|>ot, ecliiisiiig a part ot his disk visi- 
 ble lo the naked eye. But this appearance is sovery rare, 
 (sometimes not once, ami never more than twice, in a hiin- 
 lired \eais,) and < f so great utility in delermiiiili;,' the solar 
 parallax, Ib.il it has eni;ai;e'' the curiosity and attention of 
 most aslronomersot the las' eiitury. Several were sent to 
 various parts of the globe lo observe those famous ones of 
 1701 and 17'iO; the re>iilt of which was, that the sun's pa- 
 rallax is about K'J. .If Vi'iius moved in an orbit roinid the 
 itim ciiincideut with the plane of the earlh's oi bit, she would 
 traverse the »>ilar disk eveiy synodic revoluliim; bul this not 
 being Ihe case, she tau only cross it in two opposite points 
 called -her nodes, very near either of which (not more than 
 loj) she must iiecessarib be. at the tiiin' of her iiifi-rior eon- 
 Junction, for such a phenomenon to take place; so that we 
 wed not wonderal the great rarilv of such appearances. — 
 There will only happen three such phenomena before the 
 year2004 inclusive ; ihe limes of which we will note down, 
 together with the distance of Ihe planet's and sun's centres 
 at Ihe iniddh' (d'llie transit, as deduced fnun Dr. Halley's pe- 
 riods, con ecled from accurate observations upon the two last 
 trnnsils. The (irsi id these will lake place at the ascending 
 Mo4t on the 0th of December, 1874 ; the middle of whicii 
 
 874 
 
 will be at about 4h. (lOi. in the morniog, the planet bein; 
 then 13' 2" to Ihenoith of ihe sun's centre: the second also 
 happens at the ascending node on the 6lh of December, 
 IU82; the middle being at abimt 5h. I3iu. in the evening, 
 the planet having then 12' so.lh latitude. TUc third and 
 last weshall note happens at the descendirg node on the 
 8th of June, 2III14, the middle being at about Oh. 30m. in 
 the nKuning, and the distance of the centres 9'9', the planet 
 being lo the south. Her apparent diameter, at the time of 
 iier transit, is .so large as to take almost 20' in enleiing her 
 whole body on the sun'silisk ; being found lo beaboul 58". 
 'I'he longest (liiiatiou <if a central transit of Venus at botK 
 nodes is 7h. 50m. according lo Dr. Halley. In the heathen 
 mythology, the godiltss of love and beauty. In chyniistry, 
 copper metal. In heraldry, the ^reeii colour in the arms of 
 sovereign princes. 
 
 VF,1!.\'CITY, s U-errtcite, Fr. from verax, Lat.] truth ; 
 consisleiicv of words with fads; or consislency of deed* 
 with words. 
 
 VI'.liH, s \vrfbe, Fr. rerbnm, Lat. J a pait of speech signi- 
 fying existence, with action or passion. 
 
 Vl'VKIiAL, a. \Vx. I erbalis, (inm verbtim, a word, I.at.| 
 spoken, opposed to written ; oial; consisting only in words; 
 literal, or havilii; woiil for word. 
 
 VKUR.A'I J'I'Y, .s. meie baie words. 
 
 V l-.l! BA 'I'l M, ml. ( Lat.] \uHd for word. 
 
 To VK'HBLUA'i'i-., V. a. [ifi '<•)(/, Lat.] to beat or sirilie. 
 
 VEHBL'^A'TION, s. miinaho, Lat. yeiboiitwn, Fr.j 
 tile a<l of beating or strikiii;; : bloHs ; l.'i'alin^'. 
 
 VER BOS I'",, n. Ircr'osus, from lertMm, a word, Lat. J abound- 
 ing O' le<lious with words ; prolix; wordy. 
 
 VEItBO'SlTV, f. [if»ioj,i/£, Fr.J e.xuberaiice of words; 
 much prattle. 
 
 VL'RDANT, (7. [ifn'f/o)ii, Lat. J green. 
 
 VE'RDF.GHEASE, or VE'RDEGUISE, s. [vert de grit, 
 Fr.j a green poisonous substance made of the rust of copper 
 or biass, used by painters as a green colour. 
 
 V EH DI'/LI.O, J. a touchstone for trying niefals. 
 VIVHDKHER, <|r VE'liDI'.ROU, i [verdier, Fr.j a judi- 
 cial officer of the king's forest. 
 
 VERDICT, s. ffrciin vemm, true, and diclvyn, a word, 
 Lat.] the determination of a jury on any cause ; a decision; 
 judi:meiit : opinion. 
 
 VERDriT.R, ». chalk made green. 
 
 VF.UDl.liE. s. [i'0(/i(j-e, Fr.] green colour. 
 
 VERECUND, n. [vneiimdus, Lat.] modest ; bashful. 
 
 VERCil'., s. \verf>e. Fr. verf^n, Lat. J a rod, or something in 
 thai lorm, carried before a person in ottice. The brink, 
 edge, or utmost border; Irom t'»'go, Lat. Inlaw, iberoiiv 
 pass about the king's court, bounding the jurisiliclion of tbc 
 lord's sleHiird, and ihe coroner of the king's lionse. 
 
 To Vf.UCil',, V. n. fufijfo, Lai.] to tend or bei;d down- 
 wards, used «ith feicnrf/i. 
 
 VE'RCiER.i. a lipslafl to ajmlge; an officer who carriei 
 a rod lift " it h silver before a bishop, a dean, <K('. 
 
 VF.RI'DICAL, (1. (from virus, true, and (/ice, to speak, 
 Lat] speaking Irulh. 
 
 To VERIFICA'I'I'V v. a. [from verut, true, and facio, t» 
 make, Lat.] to prove a thing lo be true. 
 
 V EKI FICA'TIO.N, s.\x<.>iii<ntwn, Fr.] Ihe act of proving 
 athiiiL', or making good an assertion. 
 
 VERll'IF.R. s. one who assuresa thing to betrue. 
 To VIVUIFV, 1'. ji. [rtii/ic;-, Fr.]lo prove true, or justify, 
 VI'/RILV, nd. ill lintli: iiideed : assuredly ; ceitainly. 
 VI'.RI^l'MILAU, or VERISIMILOUS, a. ffdm wnir, 
 true, and s;>ni7/.5, like, Lat. J probable; likely. "VerinmiUm 
 
 VEKIsiMI LITUDE. or VKRISIMFLITY, i. [from vtnu, 
 true, and siviilis, hke, Lat.] probability: likelihood; r»- 
 semblinee of Irnlh. 
 
 VE'RITV, s. [vn-ili, Fr. Veritas, from wrii*, true, Lat.] 
 truth; consonance to the realitv of Ibings. 
 
 VE'RJUICE, (. frer;'ui, Fr.] the juice of uutipe grapes, or 
 crab apples.
 
 VER 
 
 VRRM/CE'LLT, s. frtal.] long sipnfler pieces, \lko small 
 t»oriiik, iii;i()e willi flour, e>{i;s, clie"'=«', sugar, and isaflron, 
 
 Blltl IIM'll ill -Klips. 
 
 Vl'lKMi CULAIl, n. [from r«nn'j, a worm, Lnl.) aclinij 
 likp a worm ; conliiiurd from one part of llie body to tlie 
 othrr. 
 
 VRRMrCUI-ATKD, a. \termiciilatiis, from vermis, a 
 worm, Lat.] inl-.iid ; wrojglit will) clieqiier-work, or pieces 
 ©f various ciiloiirs. 
 
 VRIJMICULATION, s. [from vermis, a worm, Lat.] the 
 breediiii; »'Oims. Continuation of molioii from one part 
 to anollier. In physic, a griping of the guts occasioned by 
 worms. 
 
 VE'RMICULE, *. [vermkuliis, froinvfrmis, a worm, Lat.] 
 a liill'" worm. 
 
 V I'RiVlI CL'LOUS, a. [vermiculosus, from vermis, a worm, 
 Lat.lf-illof ijriihs. 
 
 Vi')'KMll()KM, a. [from vermis, a worm, aadfvrma, form, 
 Lat] slijpt-rl like a worm. 
 
 VE'RVIIFUOK, s. [from vermis, a worm, and fugia, to 
 flee, Laf.l vi medicine ih.it distrovsor expels woriiis. 
 
 VKR^Il'LION, s. \vermtUun, i't.] a lively, brisk, red 
 colour. • 
 
 V Eli .VI IN, t. [uerminc, from vermis, a worm, Lat.] a col- 
 lective name including all kinds ot little animals or insects 
 which are hurtful or t oiililesome to men, lieasis, fruits, ttc. 
 as vvorui', tlii's, lice, fleas, caterpillars, rats, mice, Ac. 
 
 VKRMI PAROUS, a [from m;-hi!>, a worm, and paria, to 
 brin^'forlli, Lat. 1 lireediHtj veiiiiin. 
 
 VIOKMI'V'OROU.S, (I. [from iw-m/j, a worm, and roro, 
 to devour, l,af.] devouring or feeding; on w<iriiis. 
 
 VK'RMONT, one <.f the United States of America. It is 
 seated in the hack seitlemrnls. Ihc inhabitants and 
 formers of this state were emigrants from New Ilaiiipshirc 
 and New York. Vermont »as erected into a slate in April 
 178-2. 
 
 VEHN.A'CULAR, a.[vemiiiyid»s, from verna, a slave born 
 in the house, Lat.] of one's own connlr* ; natural : native. 
 
 VK RN AL, n. \vermis, fnuii wr, the spring. Lat. J helon:;ing 
 to the spring. Vernal equninx, in aslionoiiiy, is the time 
 when the sun crosses the eqninuctial line in the spring, about 
 the 2l.'>t of March, making llie nights aiul days of an equal 
 length. 
 
 VE'RNALGR.AS.S, *. in botany, a species of anlhoxan- 
 tlllim. It noesalso by the name of spring-grass 
 
 VI'lRNl'LITY, s. \r rinlitas, Uom verna, a slave bom in 
 the house. Lat. [servile tlatlering bchavimir. 
 
 VERONA, a largp, aiitient, imd famous town of Italy, 
 in the lepublic of Venice, and capilal of the Veronese, 
 with an academv. The streets are neither clean nor 
 straight ; but there is a handsome place railed the Piazza- 
 d'Ariiii, in which is a marble slalue, representing the re- 
 public of Venice. The bishop and governor of the town 
 liave siipeib palaces, but not so iiiagniticent as that of the 
 count MaHei. The lownhouse and the opera house are fine 
 btiildmgs ; but the most remarkable slriicturo in this citv 
 istlip antieiit amphillieaire built by tr.e Konians, in which 
 there are 44 rows of seals, or ben<dies, of white marble, 
 whi<h will convenientiv hold about 2.5,000 persons. It is 
 seated on the river Adige, on w liicii Ihev trans[iorl merchan- 
 dise to Venice. This river divides it into two parts, which 
 communicate bv two handsome bridges. It is 17 milep 
 N. E. of Mantua', and 62 .S. VV. of Venice. Lat. 45. 26. N. 
 k)n. 11.24. E. 
 
 VEUO'NIC.A, /. a portrait of the face of our Saviour on 
 a haiu'kpii hief. 
 
 VK'RR I;- L, FERRULE, s. a ferrule ; a little brass, or 
 Kon 'inu', fixed round the end of a cane, or handle of a tool. 
 
 V l''ri'<.\rLLES, a town in the deiit. of Seine and Oise, 
 12 miles S. \V. of Paris. Louis XIV. built a magniticent 
 palace here, which was the usual residence of the kings of 
 Fiance. The gardens, with the park, are 6 miles in circum- 
 ference, and surrounded by walls. 
 
 VE'iiSATlLE, a, Lfroni verse, to turn ofteu, Lat.] cliange- 
 
 VES 
 
 able ; variable ; mutable ; easily applied to a new task; 
 that may be tiiined round. 
 
 VERSK, s. [vers, h'r. versus, from vertn, to turn, Lat.] a 
 line consisting of a certain succession of souncls, and a 
 number <d svllablcs. A section, or a paragraph of a book, 
 from verset, Fr. poetry. 
 
 To be V E'RSEI), v. n. [from tertor, Lat.] to be skilled in, 
 or acquainted with 
 
 V ERSI FIC.A TION, s. [ Fr. from verstts, a verse, andfaeia, 
 to niake, Lal.l Iheact or practice of making verses. 
 
 VE'R.SI HKK, s. one llial make verses ; a paltry rhymer. 
 
 To VK'RSIFV, V. n. [versi/ier, Fr. from versus, a verse, 
 and/flcio, to make, Lat.] to make verses. Actively, to relate 
 in verso. 
 
 VI'/KSION, (ve)sli0n)s. [Fr. versio, from verto, to tun. 
 Lal.]change; traiislalKin ; clianjje of direction. 
 
 VERT,*, \vert, Fr.j any thing that bears a green leaf. 
 In heraldrv , a green colour. 
 
 VE'RTEBRAL, a. [from lertvbrtt, Lat.] relating to the 
 joints of the spine. 
 
 yE'RIT.URE, f. [eeWeJra, Lat. in the plural vertebnr] » 
 joint in the spine. Used in the pluial for the backbone, con- 
 sisting of 24 pieces. 
 
 VERTEX, s. [Lat. J the zenith or point over llie bead ; 
 the top of any thing. 
 
 VERTICAL, a. [vertical, Fr.] placed in the zenith, or 
 over llie head ; placed periiciidiciilar to the horizon. 
 
 VEKTlCALLY,<;rf. in lliezeniih. 
 
 VERTICI'LLATE, a. [verl<ci//nti(s, from rcr/n, lo turn, 
 Lat.] in botativ. an eiiilhef given to those plants, whose 
 flowers are iiiterniixed with small leaves, growing in a kind 
 ot "hoHs about llie joints of the stalks. 
 
 VERTl CITV, s. [from veito, to turn, Lnt] rotation ; cir- 
 ciimvidution ; power of liirniiig. 
 
 VKRM'GINOUS, a. [verligiuosvt, from verto, to turn, Lat.I 
 giddv ; rotatory. 
 
 VERTKiO, f. [Lat.] giddiness, or a disease wherein ob- 
 jects, though fixed, appear to turn round, attended with a 
 fear of falling-, anil dimness of sight ; a dizziness. 
 
 VERVAIN, i. [wrreiwe, Fr. Der4«i«, Lai] a plant called 
 also sim pier's joy. 
 
 VE'RY, a. [lonyor verai, Fr. renis, r,at.| true ; real ; the 
 same, or identical, ll is used to denote things emphaticallv, 
 or eminently ; as, " In a seeing a^je the venj knowledge of 
 former times passes but for ignorance in a better dress." 
 Siiiit/i. Adverbially, in a great degree. 
 
 VE'.SJCA, s. [Lat.I in analomv, a bladder ; any membra- 
 nous siibsta'ce in which a fluid is contained. 
 
 To VE'SICATE, V. a. [from vesica, a blister, Laf.j to 
 blister. 
 
 VESICATORY, j. [from resira, a blister, Lat. J a medicine 
 which raises blisters in the skin. 
 
 VE'SICLE, {vesihl) s. [from vesica, a blister, Lat.] a little 
 bhiflder. 
 
 VE'SPKR, s. [Lat.] the evening star; the evening. 
 
 VESPERS, s. [from vespej; Lat.J in the Roman chuicb, 
 cveniiii; pravers. 
 
 VESPERTl LIO, s. a name of the bat, as it appears oniy 
 in the evening. 
 
 VT^SSEL, s. \vasselle, Fr.| am thing in which liquors, or 
 other things, are put ; a part of an animal body which con- 
 tains any particular Huid ; any vehicle by which things are 
 con>'eved on the water. 
 
 VE'SSETS,,f. a kind of cloth. 
 
 VESSrCNON, s. among horsemen, a windgall or soff 
 swellinifon the inside and outside of a horse's hoof. 
 
 VI'..ST, s. [veste, Fr. vestis, Laf. | a garment. 
 
 To VEST, D. a. [vestio, Lat.] to dress; to make possessor 
 of; lo put into possession. 
 
 VIO'STAU f. [from i estalis, Lnt.] a virgin consecrated to 
 Veslit. Fitfiiratively, a purevii,;in. 
 
 VESTIBULE, s. [vestibulv^i, Lat.] the porch or firsi «» 
 trance of a lK>u$e.
 
 ViC 
 
 VIE 
 
 VIs'STIGF, 4. \vestie;e, Vr. vestigium, Lat.] a footstep or 
 mark liy «hirh any ihiiisi iii;i\ he liHced. 
 
 VI'',S'1'MKNT, / [vestimnitiim, Lat.] a yaiincnf. 
 
 VK'nTKV, s. Ivestinira, Kr. vesliarium, Lat.] a room in a 
 chiircti, «liereiua tniiiisler puts on Ills surplice, or stays 
 till it is tinit'lo perform liis fuiution ; an assembly of liie 
 heads itH\w parish. Vestry Clerk is an oHicer who keeps the 
 Bccountsiif ilie parish. 
 
 VR'STUKR, s. [rcstnra, Ttal.J a garment or robe ; dress. 
 
 VE-^UA'IUS, a lar;;e volcano of Naples, in Italy. Seven 
 ©r ei;;lit dreadful ernptions are reckoned to have happened 
 before the lei^n of Ani,'iistus, and about 14 since his lime, 
 which have done considerable dania;;e to tiie adjacent conn- 
 try, besides the dieadful earlhquakts occasioned by its sub- 
 terraneous (ires. The last eruption look place in 1805, in 
 which it is said 20,00li persons perished. It is 7 miles S. E. 
 of Naplf-s. Lat. 40. 52. N. Ion. 14. 30. E. 
 
 VliTCH, s. [vicia, Lat. j chick peas ; a kind of pulse; 
 tares. 
 
 VI'VTCHCAP, J. among botanists, a kind of tlionff. 
 
 VI'VTCII Y, a. made of vetches ; abounding in vetches. 
 
 VRTKRAN.a. \veteranys, (vom ietus,o\d, Lat. J long prac- 
 tised ill war; long experienced. 
 
 Vl'.TEKAN, s. {reteraniis, from vrtiis, old, Lat.] an old 
 soldier ; one lonu' experienced or practised in any thing. 
 
 VE'ri'.HrNARY, t. a name applied to medicines admi- 
 oialereil in diseases of cattle. 
 
 To V EX, V. a. [vexo, Lat.] to make uneasy or angry ; to 
 torment; to harass : to disturb. 
 
 VEXATION, J. fFr from rexo. to vex, Lat.] the act of 
 troubling, orstateof being troubled ; the cause of trouble or 
 oneasiaess. 
 
 VEXATIOUS, a. afflictive ; troublesome; teasing. 
 
 VEXATIOLNLV, orf. troublesomely ; uneasily. 
 
 VEXA'TIOUSNES^, s. tnmblesoineness; uneasiness. 
 
 VK'XER, 1. one who vexes. 
 
 U'FECULME, a town of Devonshire, 5 miles S. W. o 
 Weliiiiglon. With a market on Wednesday. 
 
 UG LINESS, s. deforniilv ; ihequality of being disagree- 
 able to the si;ilit, or void ofbeautv ; moral depravity. 
 
 U'(iLY, a. deformed ; oftensive to the sight ; void oi 
 beauty. 
 
 VIAL,.?. [phi(!!>; Gr.J a small bottle. 
 
 VI'aND, *. \viitnde. Ir.] food ; meat dressed. 
 
 VL\1 KA,a town of Russia, capital ofa government of flie 
 same n;;me, sealed on the river Viatka, 100 miles N. ol 
 Casan. Lat..'>7. 26. N. Ion. 54. 1.5. E. 
 
 VIATICUM,*. [Lat.] provisions for a journey. In the 
 Komish church, the last othce performed to fit a person for 
 death. 
 
 To VI'BRATE, t'. a. [v>br», Lat.] to brandish, or move 
 toaiid frowitli a quick motion; to make to quiver. Neu- 
 terlv, to plav up and down, or to and fro, alternately ; to 
 quiver; to swini;. 
 
 VIBRATION,*, h'ibration, Fr.l the act of moving to and 
 fro, or upwards aiid dnwiiwards, alternately. 
 
 VICAR, J [victijrt, Vr. from vix, the turn or place of ano- 
 ther, Lat. I one who possesses an appropriated or impropri- 
 Bted biuetice ; one who performs the dutv of another. 
 
 VrC A R \GK, s. the cure or benefice ofa vicar. 
 
 VICA'RIOUS, (I. \vicnriiis, from n.r, the turn or place of 
 another, l.at. I deputed ; delegated ; acting by commission. 
 
 VICXRSHIP, i.tlHotbce ofa vicar. 
 
 VICK, s.[vice, ir. vitiiim, Lat.j an action contrary to the 
 laws of virtue ; a fault ; the fool, or piincbiiiello of old 
 shows. A kirvd of small iron oress used in holding any thing 
 fast, anil movini; by screwi, from ri/ij, H'd;;. Gripe ; grasp. 
 Vire, in composition, is derived I'roiii the Latin, and signifies 
 one wlio act« instevid ofa superior or is the second in coin. 
 ■land ; a?. Vice ChancMvr, one who governs an university 
 un'br tlu' eliaiK-rllor. 
 
 VICEGE'KEN'I". /. a deputy ; a lieutenant. 
 
 VrCENARY, o.[frora viceni., twenty, Lat.] belonging to 
 tucoty. 
 
 876 
 
 VICI'VNZY, a large and flourishing town of Italy, in the 
 republic of Venice, and capital of Vicenliiio, with a bishop's 
 see. It is adorned with several palaces, and has a fine 
 square, with piazzas under the houses. There are several 
 other squares, and (iiie church houses. It is, in general, 
 an agreeable place. There is an academy, whose Hieiiiben 
 meet in the Olympic theatre, a masterpiece ofwoikinao. 
 ship by Palladio. I'l is seated between the rivers Bachji;- 
 lione and Rerone, and two mountains, in a ferlile pUio, 
 13 miles N. VV. of Padua. 31 W of Venice, and 135 N. of 
 Rome. I,al. 45. 26. N. Ion. 11. 43. E. 
 
 VrCEROY, s. \viceroi, Fr. | one who governs in place «# 
 a king wiih regal aulhontv. 
 
 VICEROYALTV, *. ihedignity ofa viceroy. 
 
 VICTNITY, *. [nnitiMi, from vicitms, near, Lat.] near- 
 ness; neighbourhood. 
 
 VI nous, (r/'jAiow) a. committing actions contrai-y to 
 virtue ; addicted to vice. 
 
 VrCIOU'>N !■ SS, (:vicimtsness) s. wickedness; faultiness. 
 
 VICISSITUDE, i. ( f" r. vidssiludo, from vicitsim, by turtu, 
 Lat. I regular change, wherein things return in successioa; 
 revolution. 
 
 VICTIM, s Irictime, Fr. victimn, Lat.] a sacrifice; some- 
 thing slain in sacrifice : somelliing destroyed. 
 
 Vl't TOR,*. [Lat. It is observed that this word is gene- 
 rally followed by over, or at, and rarely by of] a conqueroii 
 one who gains the advantage in any contest. 
 
 VICTORIOUS, a. [mctorieiix, Fr.] having obtained 
 conijiiest, or tlie advantage ; producing or betokening 
 conijiiest. 
 
 VICTORIOUSLY, ad. successfully ; triuiuphanllv. 
 
 VIC rORlOUSNESS, t. the slate or quality of being vie 
 torious. 
 
 VICTORY,*, [victoria, from titneo, to conquer, Lat.] coi*. 
 quest ; success in any contest ; triumph. 
 
 '^'ITTH E>>'*, s. a female who conquers. 
 
 To yrCTUAL, (vitl) V. «. to furnish with provisions. 
 
 VICTUALS, (vUtz)s. [victuailiet, Fr.J meat; foud ; atu- 
 tenance. 
 
 VICTUALLER, (vitler) t. a publican: «>ne who fu«. 
 nishes or provides provisions ; a ship that carries piovisioM 
 for a fleet. 
 
 VI CUGNA, *. in zoology, a kind of camel sheep, foun4 
 in South America. 
 
 VIDAME, *, in France, the judge ofa bishop's secular 
 iuris(licti(Hi. 
 
 VIDELICET.aif. [Lat.] to wit- that is: usually writtea 
 oontractedly Ihiis. OTz. 
 
 VtDU'lTY, *. [i'irf«i/o*, trom rirfiw, a widow, Lar.| widow- 
 hood ; the stale ofa woman who has buried her Imshand. 
 
 To VIE, ». a. (the etymology uncertain) to show or prac- 
 tise ill opposition or competition. Neuteily, to contest for 
 superiority. To emulate, followed by «iM. 
 
 VIENNA, the capital of the ciicle of Austria, in Gcr- 
 nianv, and of the whole Austrian empire, where the emperor 
 resides. The city itself is not large, and contains about 
 60,1)00 inhabilanls, being limited by a very strong forlitica- 
 tion: but the suburbs and town together are said tocontaio 
 above 300,000. The striets, in general, are narrow, and in 
 part crooked, and the houses built high ; but some of the 
 public buildings are magnilicent. No houses without the 
 walls are allowed to be built nearer the glacis than 600 
 yards; so that there i» a circular field of that breadth ali 
 round Ihe town, wliilli has a beautiful and salutary effect. 
 Vienna contains 50 churches or chapels, and 21 convents. 
 Provisions are brought here in great pleiifv and variety. 
 Here isa sort of harbour on Ihe Danube, wljtre theie are 
 magazines of naval stores ; and ships have been fitted out to 
 serve oil tliat river auainst the Turks. The manufactures of 
 this city are numerous, and Ihe trade extensive. Vienna i« 
 sealed at the place where llie river Vieii falls into the Da- 
 nube. This capital was twice inetVeclnally besieged by ;h- 
 'I'nrks, viz. in 15H()aiul IC»3, in which laller ve^ir the sieg» 
 was raised by John Sobieski, the king of' Poland, who
 
 VIL 
 
 VIO 
 
 totally defealed the Turkish army hfforc llie walls of this 
 place ; Imt in the present century, it lias lieen twite taken by 
 the Freiicli ; tirst.oii Nov. 12, 1805, Hillionl oppiibiliou ; anj 
 at;aiii uii May l:J, Ibilit, after a sliort resistance. l<alitii(le 
 of the ohservalorv of Vienna 46" U' 36"" N. Ion. 16'' 21' 64" 
 E. frtiin ( > reenw icli. 
 
 V.L'NNE, a very antient and considerable city in the 
 dept. (if Isere. It is sealed on the lell bank of the Itlione, 
 over which it had fornicrly a (jood bridfje, <kf \\liicli only 
 •onie piers remain, tinil reniler the navigation diiii^erons. 
 Its commerce consists in «ines, silk, and cutlery, "hieli 
 last is hi^lily esteemed. Near Vieiine, on the banks o( the 
 Rhone, are nrodnced the excellent w nies of Cole llotie, in a 
 soil where the )ii''I"'i Js the nam ■ imports, is alniosl parched 
 up by the snii ; and, a little further, to the left, are yrown 
 the iainons hermitage wines, so calleil, because a hermit 
 had his grotto there. Viernie is 15 miles S. of Lyons, and 
 26.') S. R.ofParis. Lat. 45. 31. N. Ion. 4. 55. E. 
 
 To VI RW, (vew)». a. [from vcii, Fr.] to survey, or look 
 on by way of examination or cut iosity ; tu look at ; to 
 see. 
 
 VIEW, (rew) s. a prospect ; si^dil ; survey ; the reach of 
 sisjiil : iippearance or show; exhibition, or display to the 
 mind: inlenlion or desijjn ; ptospecl of [nterest. SyNON. 
 View amA prospect, in my opinion, ditler in this; that the 
 foriner implies a si{{lil more extensive than the latter. 
 
 Vr(;iL, *. Ivigile, Fr. vigT/iu, Lat. J a wauli, or devotion 
 paid to s'.Miils v^lllle other persons are generally at rest; the 
 fjst kept before a holidav. 
 
 VI'fML^NCi;, or VIGILANCY, ». [Fr. from vigilo, to 
 watch, Lat. I forbearance of sleep; watclifiihiess. 
 
 VrtilLAN r, a. [Fr. from vigilo, to watch, Lat 1 watch- 
 ful ; circiinisiiect ; iitlenlivi. 
 
 VICilLANTLY, «(/. walclifiillv ; circumspectly. 
 
 VKjN I'ITTE, s. [Fr.j the iionrisli or ornament placed at 
 the betjiiininx' of a book, preface, or dedication, u.siiaily 
 printed upon the sheet alter the letter press has been work- 
 ed otf. 
 
 VrCiO, a town of Spain, in Galicia, with a );ood harbour, 
 »eat«'<l oil the Atlantic ocean, 12 miles N. N. W. of Tay, 
 and 200 W. N. W. of Madrid- Lat. 42. 13. N, Ion. 8. 
 33. W. 
 
 VI'GOROUS, a. [vigoreux, Fr. from vigeo, to be strong, 
 Lat.J full of strength and life; stout; lively; strong; 
 •oergetic. 
 
 VKiOKOUSLY, ad. forcibly; without weakness. 
 
 VKiOKOUSNKSS, s. force ; strength. 
 
 VrGOUR, 1. [from vigeo, to be strong, Lat.] strength, 
 force, or power of body or mind ; energy. 
 
 VILE, a. [vil, Fr. rtViV, Lat. j base ; mean ; despicable; 
 wieked ; sordid ; worthless. Synon. Uselessness, and lit- 
 tle or no value, make a thing vile. Defect and loss of me- 
 rit, render it bad. A vile man is contemptible ; a bad man 
 i« condemnable. In speaking of useful things, as stuffs, 
 linen, Ac. the word vile rises on thatof 6arf. 
 
 VILELY, arf. basely ; meanly; shamefully. 
 
 Vl'LKNES^,*. meanness; baseness; wickedness. 
 
 To VI'LIFY. 11. a. to debase; to defame, or endeavour to 
 make contemptible. 
 
 VI LL, s. [ville, Fr. villa, Lat.] a village, or a small collec- 
 tion of houses. Little in use. 
 
 VI'LL.A, t. I Lat] a country seat. 
 
 Vl'LL.AGE, i. [villa/re, Fr.] a small coHection of houses 
 io the country, less than a town. 
 
 VI'LL AG ER, s. an inliMbitant of a village. 
 
 VILLAIN, s. [vitain, Pr.] a bondman, or servant ; one 
 who holds of another by base tenure ; a wicked and base 
 wretch. 
 
 VI'LLANAGR, j. the state of a villain ; base servitude. 
 Infamv ; baseness. 
 
 To VI'LLANIZI'', V. a. to debase, to degrade, to defame. 
 
 VI'LLANOUS, a. base; vile ; wicked ; sorry ; used some- 
 hmes to heiijhlen the idea of any thing low and base. 
 
 VILLANOUSLY.aA wickedly ; basely. 
 
 VI'LLANY, t. wickedness ; baseness ; depravity. 
 VTLLI, t, [Lat. I ni anatomy, are the tame as fibres ; and 
 in botany, small hairs like the grain of plush or shag, willi 
 wliK h. as a kind of excrescence, some trees ilo abound. 
 
 VILLOUS, a. [vtllosm, from villus, hair, Lat.) rough; 
 shaggx. 
 
 VIMl'NEOUS, a. Pfrom vimeti, a twig, Lat.J made of 
 tw igs. 
 
 VINCENT, St. one of the Caribbce islands, in America, 
 about 20 miles long, and as much broad ll was ceded to 
 the English in IJCS. Lat. 13. 10 N. Ion. 61. 2(j. W. 
 
 VINCIULE, (t. [vituibilis, from vi/icu, to conquer, Laf.l 
 coiKjiieraMe; that may he o'.orcome. 
 
 VlNCTUilE, s. [viwtura, from vincio, to bind, Lat.] ;: 
 binding. 
 
 VI'iNCLLUM, «• [L;it.j in mathematics, is a character 
 in form of a line or stroke drawn over a factor, divisor, or 
 dividend, when compounded of several letters or quantities, 
 to connect llicrn and shew they are to be mnllipl ied, or di - 
 vided, &c. together by the other term. Thus d x a -f- b — c, 
 shews that riislo be mullipliid into o-j-A — r. 
 
 To Vl'NDICATE, v.a. \viu<lim, Lat.J to justify from any 
 charge or accusation eflecliiallv ; to revenge ; to avenge. 
 
 VINDICATION, s. [vi,i(licatio7i, Fr. viiidicatio, Lat.J de- 
 fence ; apology ; justification; assertion. 
 
 VINDICATIVE, or Vindictive, -.given to revenge; 
 revengeful. 
 
 VINDICATOR, /. one who justifies from a charge or 
 accusation; a defender ; an assertor. 
 
 VINDIC TIVENESS, s. revengefulness. 
 
 VINE, J. \vinen, Lat.J the plant which bears the grape. 
 
 VI'NEFRETTER, «. a worm that cats vine-leaves. 
 
 VI'NEGAR, s. [viiiaigre, Fr.] wine or other liquots 
 grown sour; any thing sour. 
 
 VI'NEYAUD, «. [u)iHg-«a;(/, Sax.] a ground planted with 
 vines. 
 
 VI'NOUS, a. [from t«nu»n, wine, Lat.] having the qiialitiV< 
 of or resi'iiibling wine. 
 
 VrNT.\(iE, «. the season for making wine ; produce of 
 wine for the year. 
 
 VI'NT.AGEIl, *. one who gathers the vintage. 
 
 VI'NTNI'iR, s. [from viitum, wine, Lai.] one who selli 
 wine; a tavern keeper. 
 
 VIOL, s. [violle, Fr. viola, Ital.J a stringed inetrument of 
 music. 
 
 V IOLA'CEOU,S, a. [violaceus, Lat.] resembling violets. 
 
 To VrOLATE, V. a. [violo, Lat.] to injure or hurt; to 
 infringe ; to break any thing veneraule ; to injure by irreve- 
 rence ; to ravish ; to deflower. 
 
 VIOLATION, s. [uolaiio, Lat.] infringement, or injury 
 of something sacred ; a rape ; the act of deflowering. 
 
 VIOLATOR, s. Iviulatvr, Lat.J one who infringes or 
 injures some'hing sacred ; a ravislier. 
 
 VrOLENCE, s. [nu/i->icff, Fr. riu/irii/ia, Lat.J force; unjust 
 application of slrenglh; assault; murder; vehemence; 
 outrage; injury; ravishment. 
 
 VIOLENT, o. [violent, Fr. vielentut, Lat.] forcible ; act 
 ing with force or great strength ; producecl by force ; not 
 natural; not voluntarv ; murderous. 
 
 VrOLE.VTLY, arf." forcibly ; vehemently. 
 
 VrOLET, 3. [violette, Fr.J a plant with a polvpelaloui 
 anomalous llower, somewhat resembling the butterfly-shaped 
 flower ; for its two iipiier petals represent the standard, the 
 two side ones the wings; but the hiwer one, which ends in 
 a tail, resembles the iris. Out of the empalenient arises thi- 
 poinlal, which becomes a three-cornered fruit opening into 
 three parts, and full of roundish seeds. There are niDCSi**- 
 cies, according to Miller. 
 
 VIOLET, a. purple. 
 
 VrOLIN, f. [violin, Fr.J a fiddle; a musical instrumeut 
 well known. 
 
 VIOLONCE'LLO,;!. [Ital] a small bass violin, half Ih^ 
 size of the common buss violin, aud its strings half as ihi^^k, 
 ami half as lung. 
 
 an
 
 V 1 s 
 
 Vri'KR, s. ]vfpfre, Fr. vipern, Lat.] a poisonous reptile of 
 ll)fsrr))enl liiiul ; auy lliiiii; iiiisi liievofis. 
 
 VI'PI'.ROl'S, a. [I'ijitreiis Lal,| Ijt'loii^iii^ In a viper. 
 yrPl-^IUiRAS>, s. a phiiil, callnl hUo vi|ipr'> IiuijIkss. 
 
 VIKAGO, J. [Lilt. J ;i leiiiale VMirnDi; a masculine wo- 
 man. 
 
 VrRK.LAY, i [virelntj, or rirelai, Ff.] a sort of little an- 
 llerit Kreiitli iioeiii, lliul conflated mily of two rhymes and 
 short ver.Nes. willj slops. 
 
 VJ'RR.N'r, 1. [vifeiis, Lat.] fjreeii ; not faded. 
 VlltCiE, s. [virga, Lai. J a (lean's niacc. 
 
 Vl'RGlN, s. [virgn, Lai.) II mai<l ; a woman wlio has had 
 no carnal ciMiiinerce wild man ; any tiling not used or soiled. 
 A si;;ii of llie zodiac, wliicli ihe sun tnters in August. 
 
 \'l'l;GIN, a. maidi'iily ; helnn^'in}; to a vir^'in. 
 
 VIK(ilNAL, s. (fjeiie allv used in ilie plural) a musical 
 in.-lriiment, so called because used liy youn^ ladies. 
 
 VIIUilNIA, oneofllic United Stales of S'orlli America, 
 bounded on the S by North Carolina ; on llie W. In Keii- 
 tiicky ; on the N. W. by the Ohio; on ihe N. by Pennsyl- 
 vania and Maryland ; and on the E. by Maryland, llie Che- 
 sapeak, and the Ailantic. It is about .300 miles from E. t« 
 W. and ISO fnmi N. lo S. The pricipal livers are James, 
 York, Happahaniioc, I'oldinac, Koamike, and Kanliaway 
 Great and Lillle, all which a e bdl (d'convenienl and safe 
 harbours. The richest lands lie near Ihe branches of ihe ri- 
 vers, and ahoinid with various so^ts of limber, surprisinfjiy 
 larj»e. 'Jhe princi|ial [iroduce of V'iri;inia is tt>bacco, wheat, 
 and Indian corn ; b il ihe cnlMire of tcdiacco has nincli de- 
 clined of late, ill favour of that of wheat. Virfjinia is di- 
 vided inio 82 counties, ami has but few towns of conse- 
 quence ; ihe prim i|ial are VVMIiamsburi;li, Norfolk, .'\lex- 
 andria, and Richmond. The number <if inhaliitanis is about 
 600,1)00. Thev have mamil'aclnres of clolli, iron, and lead; 
 but a;;ri(ullure is the principal einplovmenl. 
 
 VlPiGlNirV, i. \yir:riiiitf, Fr. rir^iiiit'is, from f! o 
 viriiin, Lat.] Ihe slate of a woman Ihat has nol knoan man 
 
 VIKI'UITV, s ff OMi ririrhs, greeii. La'.] ijreeiines^. 
 
 VTRILE, a. [vii-it, Fr. vinlis, from vir, a man, Lat.] be- 
 loni;iiii; to, or becMuiini; a man. 
 
 VIRI LITY, s. [vinlite, vv. virilitas, from viV, a man, Lat.] 
 manhood : poweiof procreation. 
 
 VIR UAL, a [virtiiel, Fr.J having the efficacy, thou;;h 
 not Ihe sensible or inaterial part. 
 
 VIHTllALLY, ad. in efTei t, tliou!;h not materially. 
 
 VIRTUE, s. [nrtiis, Lat] a habit of acliiu a;,'reeable 
 to the rules <d' mcualitv, which improves and [lerlects the 
 possessor; moral goodness ; moral excellence : a medicinal 
 «pialily or etticvicv ; po»er; e.xcellence; the ihini order of 
 jnj;el3 ill Ihe cele^li.*l hierarchy. Cardinal Virtues, amoni,' 
 moralists, are prudence, temperance, justice, and fortitude. 
 
 VlirrU I'.LESS. a. vsantin^ virtue ; deprived of virtue ; 
 uol hiiviui,' ethcacv 
 
 VIRTUO'SO, s. [Ital.Janian skilled in antique and natu- 
 ral cariosities, painini^', slaluary, and arcl'ileclure ; a per- 
 son employed in quauil and curious, ralher than useful 
 studies. 
 
 Vl'RTUOUS, a. \virtiiosiis, from lirtiis, virtue, Lnl. 
 moraUy j;oo(l ; chaste ; clKcacious ; having mediciua 
 qualities. 
 
 Vri'.TUOUSLY, ad. in a virtuous manner ; according to 
 the rules (d virtue. 
 
 VTRTUOUSNESS, j. the state or character of being vir- 
 tuous. 
 
 VI'KULENCE,orVrRU1J',NCY,f acrimony of temper; 
 iiialiiiiiitv ; bitterness ; mental poison. 
 
 Vl'RULENT, a. [viriilriitiis, from fini.t, poison, Lat.] 
 txlisonous ; venomous. Poisoned in mind ; biiier ; ma- 
 lignant. 
 
 VIRULENTLY, arf. mali^'nantlv ; with bitterness. 
 
 VI'.SAGE, (iiiin/Tf) i. [ii.vaf^r, Fr.] the countenance, face, 
 «r look. 
 
 Vl'SCERA, t. [I-at.] the entrails or bov>els. 
 
 «78 
 
 VIT 
 
 Vr.SCERAL, or VISCEROUS. a. belonging to the 
 bowels. 
 
 lo VISCERATE, v. a. [from inscera, the bowels, Lat.] t« 
 
 embowel, to lake onl ihe bowels 
 
 VISCID, a. \viscidiix, Lal.| yiuliiious: tenacious. 
 
 VISCI'DI rV,or VNCO'SITV, s. [riscnsite, Fr.] clammi- 
 ness ; a ^'luisli or slickini; qualily ; glutiiiousness ; iinacity; 
 ripeiie-s ; >;hilin(uis substance. 
 
 VrSCOUN'P, (riroinu) s. [rirom^e, Fr.J an order or dig- 
 nify next loaneail: il was aii anlient title {li:. sberifl',) 
 but a inodern one as a dii;nily, being never nieiilioned as 
 such before till' rei^-n of Henry VI. 
 
 VI'-SCOUNTESS, (ricvwitess) s. the wife of a viscount. 
 
 VISCOUS, a. \viscosiis, Lat.] sticky; glutinous; teiia- 
 
 VISHNEl VOLOTCHOK, a town of Russia, in ihegovern- 
 mentofTver. It is sealed <ui the river Zna, and is one of 
 the imperial villages eiitranclii>ed bv the late emp ess It 
 is remarkable for its canal, which, by uniting Ihe Tvertza 
 and the Masta, connecis the inland navigation between 
 the Ca^pia^ and the Baltic. The ihabilanls, raised from 
 the si-lualioii of slaves to Ihat of freemen, seem to have 
 shaken off their former indolence, and lo be awakened to 
 a sense of their coiuinerciai advantai;es. The town is di- 
 vided iulo regular si eels. A II the buildings are of wood, 
 exce|il the court rdjuslice erected al the charge of tin- em- 
 press, and a few brick houses. It is 60 miles N.W. of Tver. 
 Lat .57. 2.3. N. Ion. 3.5. E. 
 
 VISIBlLirY, (riziliUihj) s. [ri.nhilitc, Fr. from v'dco, to 
 see. Lit] ihe qualilv of being s<'en ; conspicuonsness. 
 
 VISIBLE, (liriWeji. [Fr. i>isil/ilis, from lideo, to see, Lat.' 
 perieptible by the eve. Apparent; open; conspicuous. 
 
 Vi'SIBLY, {vizibttf) ad. in such a manner as to be seen or 
 perceived. 
 
 Vr.SION, (vizlioii) s. [Fr. vi/rin, from viden, to see, Lat. J 
 sight; the acl or facnlly of seeing ; a supernatural aj>pear- 
 aiice ; specire ; phantom. Synon. Vniim passes in- 
 wardly in the mind, and is either supernatural, or onlv an 
 action of the imagination, in which laller sense it is the 
 same with dream ; an afipttrition vlrikes the senses ■>utwar(Hy, 
 and is supoosed lo bean external object. 
 
 VISIONARY, (i'(r/inna)//)(i. iuiat,inary ; affected by plian- 
 toms, or iniagiuarv impressions. Substantively, one »lios« 
 imaginaliun is disturbed. 
 
 To VI SIT, (vtzii) V. a. [tisiter, Fr. risito, from vidro, to see, 
 Lat.] logo to see. In scripinic. to send good or evil in re- 
 ward or punishment. To take a survey or inspection tif, a» 
 a bishop. 
 
 VISIT, (rizii) s. Ivisite, Fr.] the act of going to see another. 
 
 VISITA' I'lON, {vizit,ishon)s. [Fr.from Video, lo see, Lat.} 
 the acl of visiting ; idijecls of visits ; the survey or inspec- 
 tion performed by a bishop in his diocese, to examine into 
 the state of the church; any calamity attlicting a nation; 
 a conimnniralion of divii!.e love. 
 
 VISITOR, (rizitor) s. \visiteiir, Fr. | one wlio conies to 
 seeannlher; one appointed to visit a iiHuiastery or religion* 
 hon-ie ; one who relieves the evils of any society. 
 
 VrsoN, s. in zoology, a k'lid of oiler. 
 
 VrSOK, 1. (ibotigh vvrilten likewise I'Morv/, visnr, vizard, 
 nnd vizor, Johnson prefers visur, because both nearest to 
 I'isns, Lat. and concurring v\iih visage, w kindred word; 
 visirre. Fr.janiaNk used lo <lisfinure or disguise. 
 
 VrST\, i. [llal.] a view, or prosi)ect through a wood, 
 &c. an avenue. 
 
 W^i] \\,, (ii:u/r!)n. \visuel, Fr.] used in sight ; belong- 
 ing or conducive ti> sight. 
 
 VIT.M,, n. |ii/ff/i.«, from vi^a, life, Lat.] contributing lo, 
 necessary to, or containing life ; being the seat of life ; es- 
 sential. 
 
 VITALITY..*, f I. «e7)fa.c, from rita, life, Lat.] Ihe propertjr 
 or power (dsHbsistnii; in life. 
 
 VI TM.LY.orf. in such a manner as to give life. 
 
 VITA LS, *. (witiKiul a singular) parts necessary or essco- 
 tial to Jife.
 
 tlK P 
 
 To VITIATE, (iijiAinte) V. a. \vitio, fnim vitium, vice, 
 Lai. I III corrupl, dfltn^e, oi sp<vil. 
 
 Vl'l'l A"rK)N,(rii/ii»»7i»;() *. the :i<t of dibiisin^', spoiling, 
 •r (lelliiHeriii;;; de piiHiilion ; comii'tidii 
 
 To VITILI TKiATK, v. n. [from vitj.isus, vicious, -.inH 
 litigo, to cuiileiid, Liil.] to delratl ; lociivd; to coiileiid 
 iu l>nv. 
 
 VI riOUS. n. See Vicious. 
 
 Vj'IKKoOs, a. It'roni ri«r»m, glass, Lat.J glass ; resein- 
 MiiiS ;;l;iss : coiiiislriif; of^hiss. 
 
 Viri{iriC\TK)N,i. [I'r. from vitnim, gliiss, and fario, 
 to iiiaki', Lai. I llie acl of'iurniiig any lliiiig lo glass by llie 
 iloi(<- of ti <■. 
 
 To VITRIFY, II. n. fti7)-i'/fcr, I"r. from vitnim, glass, and 
 faeio, to make, Lat.] to turn to ylass. Neulcrly, lo become 
 glass. 
 
 VI'I'IUOL, J. \ritrio/. Fr.J a kind of niinoral salt. 
 
 Vr I'KIOLATED, part, m cliymisliy, impregnaled with 
 
 VlflUO'LlC, or VITRIOLOUS, a. [i.iVno%Kf, Fr.] re- 
 senililiiii vilridl ; coiilainiiig vllrioi. 
 
 Vri'ULINE, o.[from vitulits.a ca\(, Lai. J of, or belonging 
 
 VlTDPLRATlON, s. [from vitnpero, to blame, Lat.] 
 blame ; censure. 
 
 VIV A'CK^US, (ciiof/iiow*) a. [vii>fl.r, from vivo, to live, 
 Lai.] long lived ; spriglitlv ; active ; gav ; lively. 
 
 VIVA C10USNES.S, (ri.d.hs/nnnmess) ;>r VIVA'CITY, s. 
 
 tyivacite, Fr. lyivncitas, from vivo, lo live, Lat. J sprighlliiiess ; 
 ivelin.<'ss ; briskness ; loiigcvily. 
 
 VrVENCY, s. [from iti'u, lo live, Lat.] manner of sup- 
 parlirig or conlinuing life, or vegelalion. 
 
 VIVRS, s. [Fr.J a distemppr among liorses, much like the 
 stranL;lis : with this dift'ereuce, llial for llie most part the 
 »tran:;les happens lo colts and voung liorses while lliey are at 
 grass, by feeding with their heads downwards ; by which 
 means llie swelling inclines more lo llie jaws; but llietiif* 
 happens lo horses at any age or time, and is more particu- 
 Urlv situated in the glands and kernels under the ears. 
 
 VrVIl), a. [viiidus, from vivo, to live, Lat.] lively ; quick ; 
 Slrikiiii;. 
 
 VrVMULY, ltd. with quickness ; wilh strength. 
 VrVI DNF.SS, «. liveliness ; briskness; vigour. 
 To VI VI FIC.VTB, V. a. [from vivus, alive, and facto, to 
 nwke, Lat. J to ouicken or give life. In cliymislry, lo re- 
 cover from such a change of lorin as seems to destroy the 
 essenlial propertie';. 
 
 Vi VI Fl CATION, s. [i ivification, Fr.] the act of enliven- 
 ing or quirkening. 
 
 To VIVIFY, V. a. [xivi/ier, Fr.] to quicken or enliven ; 
 to animate. 
 
 VIV'IPAROL^S, a. [from vivus, alive, and pnrio, to bring 
 forlli, Lat.] bringing forth its young alive ; opposed lo 
 ei^ijMroiis. In botany, applied to stems or stalks producing 
 liull)s lli.it are capable of vegetation. In loolhwort and 
 star of betiilehem, they are found at the base of the 
 leaves: in small bistort, on the lower part of the spike ; in 
 »ome species of garlic, at the origin of the rundic of flow- 
 ers ; and on the spikes of some of the grasses, as in the cat's- 
 tail canarv. ' 
 
 VIXEN, f. [Skinner derives it from bitin, and that from 
 hitehin, a snarling bitch | a woman who is both subtle and 
 abu ive • a froward child. 
 
 VIZ, (the contraction of cirfe/!«<, Lat.J to wit ; that is. 
 VIZARD, i. see Visor. 
 
 VIZIER, i. properly wazir ; the prime minister of the 
 Turki.«h empire. 
 
 U'K II A IN, a large conntrv of Europe, lying on the borders 
 ofTurkey in Europe, Poland, Russia, and Little Tartary. lis 
 name properly signies a fmntiey. But the whole of Iha 
 Ukrain, on both sides of the Dnieper, now belongs to 
 Russia, and forms a part of the government of Ekateri- 
 uoslav. The principal town is Kiof. Lat. &0. 27. N. loo. 
 lU. 97. E. 
 
 U'LCER.J. [ulcere, Ir. vkiis, Liit.l in snidery, a solution 
 of ihe sod pans of llie uii iii;il, li g<;'l er w Ih tin- »l-.iii, pro- 
 duced l)\ some inleinal cause, an iull;iiiiiiiallini, ab.icess, or 
 acriinonioiis humour : u sole of some conliiiuaiice : not a 
 new oniid. 
 
 To U'LCKRATI'"., v. «.\nUero, from ti/eii«, au ulcer, Lat.j 
 to allr < I Willi soics <ir ulcers. 
 
 ULCF.R.XTION, J. | Fr. ulceratio, from i//™«, an ulcer. 
 Lat.j Ihe act of breaking out in sores or ulcers; ulcer; 
 gore.. 
 
 UTCEROtJS, a [nicerosut, from ulaii, an ulcer, Lat.] be- 
 longing lo or full of sores or uli ei s. 
 
 ULI'<'I.NOUS, (.g soil) a. [uliginetui, from m%o, mud. 
 La?. I slimy ; muddy. 
 
 U LLAGE, s. in gauging, so inucJi of a cask, or other vev 
 sel, as it wants of being full. 
 
 UL.VI, an imperial town ofSuabia, Ih Germany. The in- 
 habitants are proleslanis, and carry on a great trade. There 
 is a good college in this city ; and in the calhedral, which if. 
 a very lofty structure, are (JO copper vessels lull ol water, 
 ready for the extinguishing of hre. There is a handsome 
 brnlge over the Danube, which greatl> favours llie trade of 
 the iiihabilants in linen, fustians, hardware, and wool. The 
 elector of Bavaria became master of it in 11(12 by a strata- 
 gem ; but, ill 1704, the French being vanquished at the bat- 
 lleof Aochslrl, llie Bavarians surrendered il by capitulation. 
 Here the Austrian general Mack, with an army of .IS.IXIO 
 men, capitulated lolhe French emperor Napolean, without a 
 battle, on the 20th of October 180.0, and were sent prisoners 
 into France. Ulm is 47 miles S. E. of Slulgard. Lat. 4t(. 
 24. N. Ion. 9. 63. K. 
 
 (J'L'^TER, a province of Ireland, Iiaving St. George's 
 Channel on the E. the Northern Ocean on llie N. the Allan- 
 tic Ocean on the W. Leiusler on the S. and Connaught ou 
 the S. W. It is about 116 miles long, and 100 broad. Ul- 
 ster abounds with lakes, and is generally fertile. 
 
 ULTERIOR, a. ILat.] farlher. 
 
 LTLTI.MATE, a. [from idtimus, last, Lat.] intended a* aii 
 end ; last in a tainof coiiseiiinnces ; Hiial ; last. 
 
 ULTIMATELY, ad. in the last consequence. 
 
 U'LTRAMAKINE, a. [from vltra, beyond, and mar,, 
 the sea, Lat.j from beyond sea ; being beyond sea ; foreign ; 
 transmarine. 
 
 ULTRAMARINE, *. among painters, the finest sort 
 of blue colour, produced from the calcination of lapu 
 laziili. 
 
 ULTRONEOUS, a. [from ultra, Lat.] spontaneous; vo- 
 lunlarv. 
 
 U LVKRSTON, called bv the country people OusTON. 
 a town of Lancashire, in the hundred of Furness. This town 
 is Ihe port of Furness, filling out some ships for the coasting 
 trade. The principal inns are kepi by the guides, who re- 
 gularly pass to and from Lancaster three limes a week. It ix 
 sealed at the bottom of immense hills, between the branches 
 of the Duddon, near its mouth, 18 miles N. N. W. of 
 Lancaster, and 200 N. N. W. of London. Market oh 
 Thiirsdav. 
 
 ULULATION, *. [from W«/», Lat.] the act of howling 
 like a do2 or wolf. 
 
 UMBELLIFEROUS, a. in botany, applied to tha«> 
 plants that are gathered into umbels or rundles. Sec 
 
 RUNDLE. 
 
 U'MBICLS, ». among botanists, the round tufts or heads 
 of certain plants set thick togelher, and all of the saai« 
 height. 
 
 UMBER, orU'MBRE, t. a kind of dry dusky-coloujc^l 
 earth, which, dilutetl with water, serve-s to make a dark 
 brown colour, called a hair-coh>ur. A fish. 
 
 UMBI'LIC.A L, a. [from umbilitut, the navel, Lat.] pertain- 
 ing lo Ihe navel. 
 
 UMBRAGE, $. [from umlira, a shadow, Lat ] a sliade ; 
 a skreen oftrees; a shadow; rcientiDeat, offence, sutpiviuti 
 of injury. 
 
 879
 
 UN A 
 
 UNC 
 
 UMBRA'GEOUS, a. [omhagieux, Fr.] shady ; yielding 
 
 UMBRA GEOUSNESS, ,. sliadiness. 
 
 UMBRELLA, i. [from umbra, a »li'ddow, Lat.J a skreen 
 from I he sun or rain ; a fan ; a shade. 
 
 UMPIRAGE, f. Ihe power of deciding a controversy; 
 the power of an umpire; arhitraliim. 
 
 U'MFIRE, s. [derived liv Minsliew and Skinner from 7m 
 ptre, a falher, Fr.J an arbitrator ; one chosen to decide a 
 dispute. 
 
 UN, in composition, implies negation, contrariety, and 
 dissohition, or tiie not beinj;so and so, to^elher «ilh the de 
 -stroying of sonietliin^ alreadx done. Uefore adjectives, it 
 aiynifies, not, or a iie.'^iition of their quality ; and before verbs, 
 it implies, that sonielhin-; is denied or deslro\ed wliieli lias 
 been done or said before. This particle is borro«ed from 
 the Goths and Saxons, who used it in the sajne sense ; and 
 is almo't placed at will before an adjective or verb. All 
 the instances of this kiiiil of conipo>ilion it is ihouKht unne- 
 eessarv to insert ; but we have collected a number sutlicieut 
 to explain it. 
 
 UNABA'SFIED, a. not confounded ; not ashamed. 
 
 UN.\BLI'"., a. waulinj; ability ; weak; impotent. 
 
 U.\ ABSOLVED, a. not freed ; not acquitted. 
 
 UNACCEPTABLE, «. unpleasing ; disagreeable; not 
 •welcome. 
 
 UNACCE'PTED, a. not received. 
 
 UNACCOUNTABLE, a. inexplicable; unreasonable: 
 siot to be accounted for; irregular; not to be controlled. 
 
 UNACCOU'NTABLENESS, t. unseasonableiie»s ; in- 
 tricacv. 
 
 UNACCOUIvITABLY, a. sfrangelv. 
 
 UNaCCU'sTOMED, a. not used ; not habituated ; 
 unusual. 
 
 UNACQUAINTED, a. ignorant; not knowing 
 
 UNA'CTIVE, a. idle; sluggish; without employment; 
 not brisk ; not busy ; having noetiicacy. 
 
 UNADVTSED, "a. rash; wiihout thinking or deliberat- 
 ing ; imprudent; indiscreet. 
 
 UNA I FK'CTED, u. free from affectation ; real ; natural ; 
 open; candid: siiuere; not luentallt touched. 
 
 UNAFFECTEDLY, ad. really ; without any attempt to 
 produce -false appearances. 
 
 UNAFFE'CTIN(i, a. not interesting; not touching the 
 passions; not pathetic. 
 
 UN.AI'DED, ". unassisted ; not helped. 
 
 UNA'LI KN.ABLE, a. not to be made over to another ; not 
 M-ansferiable. 
 
 U'N ALTERA BLE, «. fixed ; settled ; not to be altered ; 
 •inchanseMblr ; inimulable. 
 
 UN A'LTI'.RABI-Y, ad. unchangeably ; immutably. 
 
 UNALTERED, a. not changed ; unchangeable. 
 
 UNA'MI \BLE, a. (lisat'reeablc ; not to be desired. 
 
 UNANI'.VIITY, s. [itiianimite, Fr. from u»«.i, one, and 
 nnima, mind, Lat.J concord ; agreement ; conformity, or 
 iliii<in of sentiinents. 
 
 UN V'NIMOL'S, a. of one mind , agreeing in opinion. 
 
 UNA'NIMOUSLY. ad. with one mind. 
 
 UNA'NSVVEllABLE, a. that carniot be denied or an- 
 swered ; not to be lel'uled. 
 
 UNA'NSWERKD, a. not confuted; not opposed by a 
 replv. 
 
 UNAPPRO'ACHABLE, a. not to be come near; inac 
 *e»<ililc. 
 
 UNA'UMED, a. withnuf defence, or armour ; disarmed. 
 
 UNA SKED, a. not reipiirfd ; not sought. 
 
 UNASSISTED, <f.not helped. 
 
 UNATTPATN ABLl'",«. nol lo be come at, or obtained. 
 
 UNATTE'MPTi;D,a. never tried at ; not assayed. 
 
 UNATTENDED, a. having no attendants; unaccom- 
 panied, forsaken. 
 
 DN.AVOl'DARLE, a. not to be prevrnled ; iuevJiable. 
 
 UNAVOIDAlfLV, a,L inevitably. 
 
 UNAAVA'RE, or UNAWA'RES, ad. unexpected ; not 
 looke<l fur : suddenly. 
 
 'I'o UNBA'R, v.a. to remove the bolt of a door; to nn. 
 boll. 
 
 UNBECO'.VIING, n. not consistent with decency and 
 good manners ; inHecorous, indecent ; unsuitable. 
 
 UNBELIEF, s. incredulity ; irreligion. 
 
 UNBELIE'VEK, t. an infidel ; one that denies the truth 
 of the Christian reli;;ion either in theory or practice. 
 
 UNBI)LI E'VINti, a. dithcult to be convinced ; incredi^- 
 'ous ; diffident ; intiilel. 
 
 To UNBE'ND, ». o. to loosen or slacken: to relax; to 
 remit ; to ea-e ; to refresh the mind. 'I'o unhtnd amble, ii, 
 among mariners, ti> taue it from the anchor 
 
 UN BENEVOLENT, a. unfiiendly ; unkind. 
 
 UNBEWAI'LED, a. unlamenled. 
 
 UNBI AsSED, a. unprejudiced ; impartial. 
 
 UNBI'D, or UNBIDDEN, a. not desired; uninvited; 
 spont-ctneous ; iinconiinanded. 
 
 UNBLA ME.ABLE, «. innocent; irreproachable; iacul- 
 pahle. 
 
 UNBLA'MEABLY, ed. without taint orfault. 
 
 UNBO'RN, a. not >et bo-n ; future. 
 
 To UNBOLT, I', a. to set open ; to unbar. 
 
 To UNBO'SOM, t>. n. to lay open one's mind; to 
 disclose. 
 
 UNBOU'ND.a. loose; wanting a cover, used of books. 
 
 UNBOUNDED, a. iinr.estrained ; having no hounds; 
 unliniilen ; infinite; interminable. 
 
 UNBURIED, a. not interred; not honoured with the 
 rites of liiTieral. 
 
 To UNBU'TTON, v. a. to loose any thing buttoned. 
 
 UNCAiNONICAL, a. not agreeing with the canons of 
 he church. 
 
 To UNCA'SE, V. a. to take out of a case; to skin; to 
 Hav. 
 
 Uncertain, a. [iucn-taiv, Fr.l doubtful. Unsettled. 
 
 UNCERTAINTY, *. doubtfulness; contingency; sumc- 
 tliiiii; nnkiiiiwn. 
 
 UNCI) A N(;E \BLE, a. immutable. 
 
 11NCHA'N(;I-;aBLY. ad. without chan-.e. 
 
 UNCHARITABLE, a. void of charity. 
 
 U.NCFIARITABLY, nd in a manner contrary to charilT. 
 
 L'NCIIa'STE, a lewd, libidinous; nol tdiiliiieiit. 
 
 UNCL'\L, (uiis/dal ) a. an epithet uivi n l.y aiiliqiiarie* 
 to certain l.irgesized letters, antieiitls Used in inscription* 
 and epit-iidis. 
 
 UNCrRCUMCLSF.n. o. not circumcised. 
 
 UNCIHCUMClSJON.i.omissionofcircumcisIon. .Stal« 
 of not being circumcised. 
 
 UNCrVlL, a. I Fr. from in, a negative particle and civilit, 
 civil, Lat.J impolite; nol agreeable to the rules of couv- 
 plaisance. 
 
 U'NCLE, (i.ihl) s. [encle, Fr.J the father or mother's 
 brother. 
 
 UNCLF,'AN,(ii«A/«'n)a. foul ; lecherous; pnlluled. 
 
 UNCLE'ANNESS, *. want of cleanliness ; lewdness; in- 
 contifienc e. 
 
 UNCLO'UDED. a. free from clouds; not obscured. 
 
 UNCO'.MFORTABLE, a. aflording no comfort ; gloomy; 
 melancholy. 
 
 UNCO'NiMON, a. not nsual; not frequent. 
 
 UNCONCE'RNED, a. having no interest ; not unxioD*. 
 
 UNCONDK/MNKD, a. not condemned. 
 
 UNCO.NNE'CTED, a. not coheient, lax ; loose; vague. 
 
 UNCO'NSCIOUS, a. haviui; no mental percepi ion ; nii- 
 acqnainled : unknowing. 
 
 UNCO.N'SUMED, a. not wasted; not destroyed by any 
 y^astiii!.' power. 
 
 UNCO.\VE'RTED,a. not persuaded of the truth, or uot 
 conformed lo the rules of Christianity. 
 
 To UNCOVER. V. a. to strip of a covering; to deprivt 
 of clothes ; to sti ip off the roof ; to shew openly.
 
 UND 
 
 U N 1 
 
 UNCO'UTII, itmholilh) u.\uncuth, Sax.] odil ; strange; 
 Bmisiial ; iinaccuslfMiicd. 
 
 UNCO'ljTIlNlvSS, (Hji/i»o(/iH«,M) J. oddiiess ; straiifjoncss. 
 U'NC riON, (tinlts/ion) s. \omtiait, l-'r.| llie act i)( aili)ir)t- 
 inc, or riil)l)iiiK willi oil orotlior latly nuiltcr. In malic is of 
 religion, it is used tor I he cliaiaclcrs cont'cned on sacred 
 thins/s, liy aiioinlinj; llicni uilli oil. ''I'lie llcl)re\vs aiioinled 
 both iliiir kinf;s and liij^li priesls at llie c<'rciiiony of llicir 
 inaugnialion. The vnitinn of kin^s is supposed to he a ce- 
 remony inlioducrd very lalidy luiiniii; Chrislian princes. In 
 the aiiticnl Clhrislian church, uiiclion always accompanied 
 baptism anil confirmation. Kttmiie nnctmn, or anointing 
 persons in the article of dealli, was also praclised by llie 
 auticnt Christians, in compliance with the precept of St. 
 James, chap. v. It. And the Uomisli ciuirch have ad- 
 vanced it to the di;;iiity of a sacrament. 
 
 U'NC'I'l'OUS, a. \iiiicti<ci(.r, Vi.] fit ; clammy; oilv. 
 UNCULI'lVATED. fl. Ifromwi, a lU'native"^ i)article, and 
 «oZo, to cull ivale, l^al.] uiilillcd ; rot improved; unpolite; 
 not civilized ; not instrucled. 
 
 UNCUSTOMED, a. not having paid the duties to the 
 king:. 
 
 UNDAUNTED, «. not frli,ditenpd ; firm ; resolute. 
 UNDAl]'N1'l''.[)NE*^S, .9. intrepidity ; courage. 
 UN l)K. CAfiON, f. I from uiidccim, eleven, Lat. and gone, 
 an anyle. (ir.] a figure of eleven sides and auKl'"'- 
 
 To UNDECKl'VE, r. a. to free from the influence of a 
 fallacv. 
 
 UNDRNl'ABLE, a. such as cannot lie denied. 
 U'NDEK, prrp. \unda)-, Goth, uiidrr. Sax.] ill a slate of 
 subjection to ; beneath; below; in the slate of; in a less 
 degree than ; with the show or appearance of; in a slate 
 of oppresaioii or depression by ; in a state of jirolection ; in 
 a state ofsubordination ; fur less Ihan; attested by. 
 
 L'NDI'.it, f«/. in a state of subieclion. Eess, opposed to 
 over ov more. Inferior; subordinate; in the last sense it is 
 jfenerallv used in composition. 
 
 UNDEKBE'AHEU, J. in funerals, those that sustain the 
 weight of the body, distinct from those who are bearers of 
 ceremony, and oiilv hold up the pall. 
 
 UNDEUCLE'RK. s. a clerk under the principal clerk. 
 To UNDERGO', «. a. to sutler ; to sustain ; to pass 
 tlirongh. 
 
 UNDERHAND, nrf. in a secret and clandestine manner. 
 , UNDERHAND, a. secret ; clandestine. 
 ■ U'NDEHLlN(i, i. an inferior agent ; a mean person. 
 
 To UNDERMINE, v. a. to make hollow underneath ; to 
 circumveni ; to supplant. 
 
 UNDERMl'NER, s. he that saps; a clandestine enemy. 
 U'NDEKMOS T, a. lowest in stale, condition, or place. 
 UNIJERNE'ATH,(i»»/<r;ii,;//0«rf. below ; beneath. 
 U'NDERPLOT, .s. in dramatic poetry, a by-plot, a sub- 
 ordinate intrigue; a claudesline scheme. 
 To UNDEI! RATE, v. a. to undervalue. 
 ToUNDERSE'LL, v. a. to sell for less than the worth; 
 to defeat bv selling cheaper. 
 
 UNDKHSIil'/RlKF, i. the deputy of the sherif}'. 
 To UNDERSTA'ND, v. «. prefer. v,„krstoi„l ,- [««(/«-. 
 tttmdan, Sax.] to have a perfect knowledge, or proper idea 
 of; to comprehend or conceive. Nenlerlv, to be informed. 
 UNDERS'EA'NDING, s. that power' of the mind by 
 Mfhicli we arrive at a proper idea or judgment of things ; 
 knowledge, judgment; correspondence; skill; terms of 
 communication. 
 
 To UNDEUTA'KE, v. a. i)ret. undertook, part. pass. 
 widertnhen ; to attempt; to engage in ; to engage with ; or 
 attack. Neuterly, to assume any business or province; to 
 venture ; to promise or warrant, after dare. 
 
 UNDI'.KTA'KER, i. a manager of some project or affair; 
 a person v ho provides the necessaries for a burial. 
 
 UNDI')KT.\'KING, s. a design formed ; eiUerprize ; at- 
 tempt; engauement. 
 UNDERTRE'ASURER,*. an officer subordinate to the 
 
 6U 
 
 treasurer, who is to chest up the king's treasure, and see it 
 carried lo llie treasury. 
 
 'I'd UNDEIIN'A'LUE, r. a. to value less than a thing if 
 W'orlli. 
 U.VDERVA'F.UER.s. one who esteems lightlv. 
 UNDERVVE'NT, the preler. <if Undergo. 
 L".N DI'.RWOED, a canton ofSwilzerhmd, having Litcern 
 and the Lake of the Four Canlons on the N. Ur on ;lie E. 
 Hem on the S. and Lucerii on the W. It is about 25 miles 
 long, and 17 broad. 
 
 U'NDERVVOOD, s. any wood that is not reckoned tim- 
 ber ; coppice. 
 
 To UNDERWORK, v. «. to work cheaper; to labour 
 less than enough ; lo supplant. 
 
 To UN DI'.'lWRrTI'^, V. a. to write under something else. 
 UNDERW'llI' 1 1'>R, s. in commerce, one who undertakes 
 to insure goods, ships, Ac. tor a stipulated premium. 
 
 UNDKSE'RVED.fl. not merited; not incurred by fault. 
 UNDESlXiNING, {undesniing) a.wtW meaning; iioncst ; 
 sincere ; guiltless. 
 
 UNDl A PHANOUS, a. not pellucid ; not transparent. 
 UNDI'SCIFLINED, a. not reduced to order ; not train- 
 ed ; not taught. 
 
 UNDIVIDED, «. unbroken ; whole; not parted. 
 To UNDO', V. a. prefer, undid, part. pass, undone; to 
 ruin; to destroy ; to hiose ; to unravel ; to change. 
 UNDO UBTiiDLY, ad. without doubt. 
 UN IJKESS, s. a loose or negligent dress. 
 UNDUE, 1. not right; not agreeable to duty. 
 To UNDULATE, i>. n. [undu/a, from unda, a wave, Lat.^ 
 lo make to roll like waves ; to drive backward aiui forward. 
 Neiiterlv, to plav as waves in curls. 
 UNDULATION, s. [mid:,laiiun, Kr.J a waving motion. 
 UNDI'TIFUL, or UNDUTEOUS, a. disobedient; 
 rebellious; behaving with irreverence; not performing 
 duty. 
 
 UNDU'TIFULNE.SS, t. disobedience ; behaviour iiw 
 consistent with the respect we owe our superiors or 
 parents. 
 
 L'NE'ASINESS, (uneiziness) s. inconvenience; tiou'jle ; 
 discpiiet ; perplexity. 
 
 UNE'ASY, a. painful ; disturbed ; peevish. 
 X'NF.QUAL, II. not equal ; not even ; disproportionate. 
 UNE'QUALLED, a. ^unparalleled ; unrivalled in ex- 
 cellence. 
 
 UNERRING, a. committing no mistake ;^ incapable of 
 error. 
 
 UNE'VEN, n. not even ; not level ; not equal. 
 UNF-XA'MFLED, n. not known by any precedent. 
 UNEXCEPTIONABLE, {uncxsepshonable) a. irreproacw- 
 able; not liable to objection. 
 
 UNEXPI'.'CTED, «. not thought on ; sudden; not pro- 
 vided against. 
 
 UNFAIR, a. not lioncst ; disingenuous. 
 UNFAl'THEUL, <i. perfidious; treacherous; impious. 
 UNFI'' IGN l''.l),a. not feigned ; not hypocritical ; sincere. 
 UNFEI'GNEDLY, ad. without hypocrisy ; sincerely.' 
 To UNFOLD, V. a. to expand ; to spread ; to display ; 
 to wpep ; lo explain ; to tell ; discover ; reveal. 
 
 UNFREQUENTED, a. rarely visited; rarely entered. 
 UNtJO'DLl.NESS, s. wickedness ; neglect of (icd. 
 UNGODLY, a. negligent of God andhislaws; impious; 
 vricked : irreligious. 
 
 U'N(iUENT, s. [from nng-uo, to anoint, Lat. J ointment. 
 UNHAPPY, a. miserable ; distressed; calaniitous. 
 UNHO'LY, n. profane ; impious; wicked 
 UNHURT, a. free from harm. 
 
 L'NT, in composition, is borrowed from the Latin, and 
 implies one, or single ; as unicorn, a beast with a single 
 horn ; from unn9, one, and cornu, a horn, Lat. 
 
 U'NICORN, J. [from uniis, one, and cornu, a horn, Lat... 
 a beast that has only one horn ; likewise a bird. 
 
 U'NIFORM, n. [from U7(i/j, one, andy()r)>a, a form, l-is!.] 
 regular; even ; having all forms alike.
 
 UNI 
 
 voc 
 
 U'NIFORM, *. dress peculiar to the different corps of an 
 arinv. 
 
 UNIFO'RMITY, *. \7tm/i>rm)te, Fr.] even tenor ; confor- 
 mity ; asreement in all ils parts; llic same sbape and 
 fashion. 
 
 U'NJF-ORMLY, ad. regularly ; after one manner. 
 
 UNINFO'RMKD, a. untaiis;lit ; not instructed. 
 
 UMNHABITKD, «. havini; no dwellers. 
 
 U'NION, s. [Fr. uiiio, from vniis, one, Jyat.J the act ofjoin- 
 ing two or more, so as to maUe tiieni one; concord ; con- 
 junction. In an ecclesiastical sense, it denotes a combining 
 or consolidating two churches into one. In a moic eminent 
 sense, it sijjnities the act whereby the two separate govern- 
 ments of Great Britain and Ireland were incorporated into 
 one, under the title of the United Kingdom of Great 
 Britain and Ireland, which was effected in the year 1801. 
 
 UNISON, «. [from ?m»j, one, and somis, a somul, Lat.| a 
 string that is in the same sonud with another; a single 
 unvaried note. 
 
 U'NIT, s. \unitas, from imns, one, Lat.] one; that which 
 Iras the first place in vulgar arithmetic. 
 
 UNITA'RIAN, I. a lieretic who denies the unity of the 
 Godhead in three Persons; a Socinian. 
 
 To UNITE,!', a. [»»«), from luiw, one, Lat.] to join so as 
 to make one ; to make to agree ; to join. Neuterly, to con- 
 cur; to coalesce ; to grow into one. 
 
 UNFIXD PRO'VINCES, usually called Holland, are 
 situated between 61. -20. and ,o3. 20. N. lat. and 3 and 7 
 degrees E. Ion. being about 139 miles in length, and nearly 
 the same in breadth. This country was formerly divided 
 into seven provinces, viz. Zealand, Holland, Utrecht, Gucl- 
 derland including Zutphen, Overyssel, Friesland, and Gro- 
 ningen, exclusive of the islands Texel, Mielanil, Sclielling, 
 Ameland, &c. at the entrance of the ZuyderZee. It has of 
 late been divided into eight departments, (including Dutcli 
 Brabant,) each of which are subdivided into districts, and 
 have their primary assemblies. They are as fulluw. 1. 
 The departmentoftbeSchcldtand Meuse, comprehends the 
 western part of Dutch Bra-nint, the islands in the southern 
 part of the province of Ilolland, the whole of the province 
 of Zealand, and Untcli Flanders. The chief town is Mid- 
 dleburgh, in the island of Walcheren. 2. The department 
 of the Uommel, is composed iif the eastern part of Dutch 
 Brabant, the island of Betuwe formed by the Rhine and the 
 Wahal, the island of Bommel formed by the Meuse and the 
 Wahal, and a part of the south of Holland, as far north as 
 Gorcum. The chief town is Boisle-Duc. 3. The depart- 
 ment of Delft, comprehends the greater part of the middle 
 of the province of Holland. Tiie chief town is the Hague. 
 4. Ttie department of Amstel, is composed of .\msterdam 
 and its environs. The chief town is Amsterdam, on the ri- 
 ver Amstel. 5. The deparlmejit of the "^Fexel, comprehends 
 the north of the province of Hoi land, the districts of Haerlem 
 and of Leydeu, and the islands Texel, Vlieland, and Schel- 
 ling. The chief town is Alkmaer. C. The department of 
 the Rhine, is composed of the country of Zutplun, the 
 quarter of Wetuve, nearly the whole of the province of 
 Utrecht, and part of the province of II<illan<l. The chief 
 town is Arnheim on the Rhine. 7. The department of 
 Old-Yssel, comprehends the province of Over-YsscI, the 
 northern part of Guelderlaml, and the middle of the country 
 ofDrenth. The chief town is Zwoll. H. 'I'he department 
 of the Ems, is composed of the provinces of Friesland and 
 Groiiiugen. It has ils name from its vicinity to the river 
 F.nr') on the borders of (iermany. The clii( f town is Leu- 
 arden. 'Fhe priRci|)al rivers of Holland, are, the K bine, the 
 Waal, the Y.ssel, the Leek, and (he .Maes. The soil of Hol- 
 land is marshy, and a great part covered with water and ice 
 iu the winter; insomuch, that in the spring they are forced 
 to drain off the water, in order that the laud may be left dry. 
 Theair is grossand uidieallhv, on account of the exhalations. 
 The water is generally bad, and their (ires are commcmly 
 made of peat, whith they dig out of the spongy land. The 
 •.umernus canals which are cut to drain the laud, are very 
 8U2 
 
 commodious for travelling from one place to another m 
 boats; and in winter they slide from one place to another 
 with incredible swiftness, by means of skates, iu wiiich ex- 
 ercisethe wome;i areas skilful as the men. The inhabitants 
 are robust, laborious, patient, free, open, affable, and plea- 
 sant in conversation. A Dutchman is naturally phleg- 
 matic, and slow to anger; but when heated is not easily 
 appeased. The principal virtue of this nation is Irugality. 
 Is. B. These provinces are now united to the French 
 empire. 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. See America. ', 
 
 UNITER, s. the person or thing that unites. 
 
 UNITY, 4'. [uititnit, from mm}, one, Lat.] the state of 
 being but one; concord; conjunction; uniformity. 
 
 UNIVERSAL, rt. [troiu universus, all, Lat.] general; 
 catholic; extending to all; total; whole; conip.rising all 
 particjdars. 
 
 UiXlVERSA'LITY, s. [nniversaliti, Fr.] not particularity; 
 extension to the whole. 
 
 U'NIVEllSI'J, J. [itnivers, Fr. from nniverstis, all, Lat.] the 
 whole svstem of created being and things. 
 
 UNIVEHSITY, s. [imtversiti, Fr. from univeisus, all, Lat.J 
 a collection of colleges, where all the liberal arts are 
 taui;lit. 
 
 UNTVOCAL, a. [from imus, one, and vox, a voice, Lat.] 
 liaving but one meaning; regular; certain; not equivocal. 
 
 UNJU'.ST, a.\iv/iiste, Fr. from in, a negative particle, and 
 Justus, iust, Lat. I iniquitous ; contrary to justice. 
 
 To UNKE'NNEL, f. «. in hunting, to drive or force from 
 a hole or retreat. 
 
 UNKIND, a. not benevolent ; not favourable. 
 
 UNKl'NDNESS,*. malignity; ill will. 
 
 I'NKNO'WN, a not known ; greater than is imagined. 
 
 To UNLA'CE,!!. n. to undo a lace. To tmlace a conci/, iti 
 carving, is to cut it up. 
 
 U.NLA'WFUL, n. contrary to law ; illegal. 
 
 UNLE'AVICNED, a. not fermented, or leavened. 
 
 UNI.E'SS, cojij. exce|)t; if not. 
 
 UNLU'CKY, a. unfortunate; ill-omened; inauspicious. 
 
 UN M E'RCl FUL, «. cruel ; exorbitant; severe. 
 
 UNMI'NDFUL, a. not heedful ; negligent. 
 
 To UNIVIOO'R, V. ft. among mariners, to weigh anchor, 
 in order to put to sea. 
 
 UNNECESSARY, ft. needless; useless. 
 
 UNPARALLELED, a. not matched, not to be matched ; 
 havinir no e(pial. 
 
 U.N PRECEDENT ED, a. not justifiable by any example. 
 
 INPROTITABLE, «. useless; serving no purpose. 
 
 UNRECLArMIsp, a. not reformed ; unturned. In fal- 
 coiirv, untamed ; wild. 
 
 UNRIGHTEOUS. (imr^eoHj) a. wicked ; sinful; unjmf. 
 
 UNRFGIITEOUSNESS, s. wickedness ; injustice. 
 
 UNSA'VOURV, a, tasteless ; fetid j disgusting; ilU 
 tasted. 
 
 U.VSE'ARCHABLE, a. inscrutable; not to he explored. 
 
 UNSE'ASON ABLE, (unstezonnUe) a. not suitable to time, 
 or occasion; unfit; untimely ; ill-timed ; late ; as, »<»ic«ioi«. 
 able time of night. 
 
 UNSEEMLY, a. unbecoming; indecent. Adverbialljr. 
 indecently ; unbecomingly. 
 
 UNSKl'LFUL, a. waniing art or knowledge. 
 
 UNSTE'ADY, (mmt'cdy) n. inconstant; variable. 
 
 UNTHA'NKFUL, a. ungrateful. 
 
 UNTIL, ad. to the time that; to the place that; to th« 
 degree that. Used as a preposition, it signifies to; ■a% 
 " 1(11/(7 the day of the captivity." 
 
 U'NTO, prf/i. See 'Fo. 
 
 To UNTRU'.SS,.r. <?. to ungird or untie. 
 
 UNWARY, rt. imprudent; hasty; incautious; heed- 
 less. 
 
 UNWHO'LFSOMR,rt. insalubrious: tainted; corrupt. 
 
 UNWORTHY, n. wanting merit; not adequate ; uiibs- 
 coiniiigi mean. 
 
 VOCABULARY,/. \vocabulai>t, Fr. »«cai\i..'anH;n, froa
 
 VOL 
 
 VOW 
 
 MX, a voice, Lat.] ;i hook containin;j a collection of words 
 with their exiiHi -.ilious ; a word Ixxik ; a lexicon. 
 
 VOCAL, a. fIV. I'oralis, from for, a voice, Lat. J having 
 itinico; uttered or sounded liy the voi(e. 
 
 VOCA'TION, I Tr. fioiii fufo, to ciill, Laf.]a summons ; a 
 trade, employment; the secret calliii',' of God to any 
 particiil;ir (vtliee. 
 
 VO'CATIVR, s. [fromuoco, to call, Lat.| in sriii'i'iiiir. tiiat 
 case of a noun «liich we use when we call orspeai^ to a person. 
 
 VOCIFERATION, s. [from fox, a voice, and fern, to 
 carry, Lat. J clanioiir; outcry. 
 
 VO(iUF^, ('■";;■) s. [I' r.] fashion ; mode ; fjeneral custom. 
 
 VOICK, J. [icf, Lat.] a sound produced in the throat and 
 mouth of an animal, hy which he i-onimiinicates his ideas ; a 
 vote: sutira^c; [opinion. In !,'rauimar,a circuinslance in verbs, 
 whereby they are ilistinijuished into active, passive, Ac. 
 
 VOID, a. [^Luiide, !•>.] empty, vacant ; conlainin^,' nothing' ; 
 vain or inetleclual; null ; vacuous ; unsiipiilied, or having 
 no possessor ; destitute of substance ; unreal. 
 
 VOID, i. empty space ; vacancy; vacuum. 
 
 To VOID, V. a.\imider, Fr.] to ipiit or leave empty; to 
 vacate ; !o emit or pour out ; to annul or nullify. 
 
 VOl'DI'.R, a basket or trough in which meat and other 
 things are carried from table. 
 
 VOl'TURR, .9. 1'Fr. | carriage. Out of use. 
 
 VOLANT, «. [Fr. vulans, iiom volo, to ily, Lat.] flying or 
 passins; through c'heair; nimble. 
 
 VO'l/ATILL, ff. [volatilis, from v»lo, to fly, Lat.] (lying or 
 passhig ihrougii the air Spirituous, ordissipating in the air, 
 Itomvulatile, Fr. IJvclv, tickle. 
 
 VOI^ATILIZATION, J. the act of making volatile. 
 
 VOLCA'NO, s. fital.j See Vulcano. 
 
 VOLE, i. \vok, Fr.] in gaming, a stake wherein a person 
 plays alone, ; nd undertakes to win all the tricks. 
 
 VO'LGA, I he largest river in F>uiope, which has its source 
 in two small lakes, in the goveriiuient of Pleskof, in Russia, 
 about 80 m'les W. of Tver. It begins to be navigable a 
 few miles above that town. It is considerably augmented 
 bere by the junction of the 'Yvevza, which is a broader, 
 deeper, ^nd more rapid river, liy means of the Tverza, 
 a coniinunicalion is made between the Volga and the 
 Neva , or, in other words, between the Caspian and the 
 Baltic. This great river waters some of the finest pro- 
 vinces in the Russian empire, passes by Yarotlaf, Kostroma, 
 Nishmei Novogorod, Casan, Simbirsk, and Saratof ; entering 
 the Caspian Sea, by several nioulhs, below Astracan. 
 
 VOLHINIA, a palatinate of Polaiid, about .'JOO miles in 
 length, and 150 in breadth. It consists chiefly of plains 
 watered by a great number of rivers. Luck is the capital. 
 
 VOLITION,*, [from m/o, to will, Lat. I the act of willing; 
 inclination ; the power of choice exerted. 
 
 VO'LLEY, s. [rofe, Fr.] a discharge or flight of shot ; 
 a burst ; emission of many at a time. 
 
 VOLODI.MIR, or Vladimir, a government of the Rus- 
 sian empire, formerly a province of Moscow. The soil is 
 extremely fertile, and in the forests are innumerable swarms 
 of bees. The capital is of the same name. 
 
 VOLODIMlR, or VLADiMlR.a town of Russia, capital 
 of the government of the same name, and sealed on the 
 river Kliasma. It was once the metropolis of the empire, 
 and is 110 miles E. by N. of Moscow. Lat. 55. 58. N. Ion. 
 41. 25. E. 
 
 VOLOGDA, formerly the largest of all the Russian 
 European governments, as it contained the provinces of 
 Vologda, Archangel, and Veliki-Ustiug. It is now divided 
 into the two provinces of Vologda and Veliki-Ustiug, and 
 is a marshy country, full of forests, lakes, and rivers, and 
 noted lor its fine wool. 
 
 VOLT, or VOLTE, *. in the menage, a round or circular 
 tread ; or a gait of two treads, made by a horse going side- 
 ways round a centre. 
 
 VOLURI'LITY, s. ^yohtUhte, Fr. voltibilitas, from volvo, 
 to roll, Lat.] the act o rolling ; aptness to roll; activity of 
 *«a(ue ; fluency of speech ; mutability. 
 
 VO'UIRLE, n. \vo/iihilis, from I'oltn, to roll, Lat.] formed 
 soas to rcili easily ; rolling. Fluent of speech. 'Ninil.le, 
 active, apphed to the tongue. 
 
 VOLliME, f. [I'dliimnt, from voho, to roll, Lat.| some- 
 thing rolled up; as much as is rolh-d or convolved at once. 
 A book, alluding to the anlient nielhod of rolling ujanii- 
 scripts on a slafl, liom iu/i(Hie, Fr. SyNon. A f«/i<me may 
 conta'ii many hmihs. A ImoJi may make many volmiies. The 
 biudiiij', t)roperly, distinguishes llie tolumet ; and the di- 
 vision n.Vihe work, theioo/ij. 
 
 V'^OLWiVI INUlJS, «. consisting of many volumes; con- 
 sisting of manv complications : copious, ditlusive. 
 
 VOLUNTARILY, ad. willingly ; freely; without com- 
 pulsion ; sp'inlaiii'ouslv. 
 
 VOLUNTA KINLS'S, s. willingness. 
 
 VO'LUN'k ARV, «. [imliintair^, Kr. xohintaritis, from tola, 
 to will, Lat.] ilone by a motion of the will ; free from com- 
 piilsiciit; willinir; acting liy choice. 
 
 VO LUNT.\ HY, 4'. a volunteer ; a piece of music plaved at 
 will, without an«,- settled rule; generally applied to the jjieces 
 pJaved at chiin It between the psalms and the first lesson. 
 
 VOLUNTEE'fi, s. a soldier who enters of his own accord, 
 or serves wilhoul !>ay. 
 
 VOLU'IT'UARY, s [roluptuaire, Fr. voluptnarius, from 
 vohiyitns, pleasure, I.al.] a man given up to pleasureand luxury. 
 
 VOLU'PTUOUS, a. \voliiiytneux, Fr. votuptiioms, from 
 voluptus, pleasure, L;st.] given to excess of pleasure; sen- 
 sual ; luxurious, 
 
 VOLUTTUOUSLY, ad. luxuriously ; with indulgence 
 of excessive pleasure. 
 
 \'0LUTTUOL'SNESS, *. Inxuriousness; addictedness to 
 excess of pleasure. 
 
 VOLU Tl\ s. [Fr.l a member of a column representing 
 a spiral scroll. 
 
 VOMICA, s. [Lat.] an rncysted tnmor in the lungs. 
 
 To VOiMJT, V. n. [vvmo, Lat.] to discharge fmm the 
 stomach by the nuuith ; to throw up with violence. Ac- 
 tively, to throw up from thi^ stomacli. 
 
 VOMIT, s. the matter thrown up from the stomach : as 
 emetic medicine. 
 
 VORACIOUS, (vorasliious) a. \vorace, Fr. vorax, from voro 
 to devour, Lat. J greedy; ravenous; immodera'telv eager 
 after fond. " " 
 
 VORACIOUSNESS, or VORA'CITY, ^r. [voracite. Fr.l 
 greediness ; gluttony ; ravenoiisness. 
 
 VORONETZ, one of the 41- governments of Russia, the 
 capital of which, of the same name, is seated on the rivex 
 Voronetz, below its junction with ihe Don, 217 miles S. by 
 E- of Moscow. 
 
 VO'RTEX, s. Fin the plural vifrtiecs, from verto, to turn 
 round, Lat.] any tiling whirled round. In meteorology, a 
 yvhirlvvind, or a sudden and rapid motion of the air in"cir- 
 cles ; also au eddv, or whirlpool. 
 
 V O I .A!l\ , s. one devoted, as by a vow, to any particular 
 religion or opii>ion, &c. a v<itarist ; one devoted to any 
 pcKsoii. A(ljectively, consequent to a vow. 
 
 VOTE, s.\rofum, from foMo, to vow or wish, Lat. J a voice 
 or suffrage. 
 
 To VOTE, r. a. to chnse by sufl^rage ; to determine by 
 suffrage ; to give by vote or suffrage. 
 
 yO' TER, «. one who has Ihe right of giving his vote. 
 
 vOTIVE, a. [volivus, from voveo, to vow or wish, Lat. I 
 given by vow. 
 
 To VOUCH, V. a. \voticfier. Norm.] to call to witness • 
 to attest ; maintain, or support. Neuterly, to bear wilnesa' 
 or give testimony. ' 
 
 yOU'CHER,*. one who gives witness to any thing ; any 
 thing used in evidence, or as a proof; a document. 
 
 To VOUCHS\TE, (voiic/isa/e) I. It. to permit any thing 
 to be done without danger ; to condescend. The first 
 sense is seldom used. Neuterly, to deign, condescend, yield. 
 
 VOW, (the o^^I pron. as in now) t. [r<»i., Fr. fo/«ni,'Lat.5 
 any promise made to a divine power ; a solemn promise ge: 
 nerally relating to matrimony.
 
 UPW 
 
 USB 
 
 To YOW, v.a. [rouer, Fr. vovfo, Lat.] to give or dedicate 
 to a religious use by soieniii promise. Neuterly, to wake 
 vovs, or solemn promises, or fleclaralions. 
 
 VO'WEL, s. [voyelle, Fr. J a letter «liith forms a complete 
 sonrifl liy ilsclf. 
 
 VOY.AGE, J. [roi/affe, Fr.] any distance passed, or to be 
 passed, by water ; distinnuislied (rom any distance travelled 
 by land, which is then called a jouruiy ; the practice of 
 travellinjr. 
 
 UP, flrf. [up. Sax. op, Beig. and Dan.l aloft, on hii»li, op- 
 posed to rfoic/i ; ontot bed, or arisen fioni a seat; in a state 
 of preferment, cliniliini;, innurreclion, or beiii^; erected or 
 built; from younijer to eliler years. l'i> andduun, here and 
 there; dispcrsedly ; backward and forward. Vp to, to an 
 equal height with ; adequately t'>. Up uith signifies the 
 raising any thing tostrike with. 
 
 \]r,viterj. is used to exhort a person to rise from a seat 
 or bed ; or to rouse him lo action. 
 
 \]P, piep. from a lower to a higher part, opposed to dou-n. 
 This word is often used in composition, in almost all the 
 senses produced ni the adverb or preposition. 
 
 To UPBRAI'L), V. a. [<ip<rehri-'>'ht:>.. Sa^.] to charge con. 
 ftmptuously with any thing disgrjceful ; to mention by 
 way of reproach ; to repio;:ch v iih ha.V!ng received 
 lavours. 
 
 UPP>RAT DER, s. a reproacher. 
 
 UPH.VVEN, a village in Wiltshire, 10 miles S. by W. of 
 Marlliorough. 
 
 UPff K'f^O, preter. and part, passive of Uphold. 
 
 To UPUO'LO, V. a. to elevate ; to support or maintain. 
 
 UPHOLSTERER, s. one who deals in household fur- 
 nitnre. 
 
 UTLAND, s. a high ground. Adjectively, higher in 
 situation. 
 
 UPMOST, a. [an irregular superlative of 7(pJ highest; top- 
 most. 
 
 UPON, prep, {upon. Sax.] on the top or outside ; put 
 over the body, as clothes, Ac. in consequence of; by ; af- 
 ter; in consideration of; according to ; by inference from ; 
 on pain of; in a state of view. Sometimes it denotes reli- 
 at.ce, trust, or situation over or near. 
 
 UPPER, a. I comparative from np, superlative iippermost'\ 
 higher in place or power ; superior. 
 
 UPPlNGHA.M, a town of Rutlandshire, seated on an 
 eminence. It is a pretiv, compact, well-built place, with 
 a good free school, and an hospital : 6 miles S. of Oakham, 
 and 90 X. bv W. of London, ftlarket on Wednesday. 
 
 U'PJilGHT, (i'f/friO «. straight; perpendicular; etect; 
 honest, wilhont the least bias to the contiarv ; sincere ; just. 
 
 Ll'RI'GHTLY, flrf. perpendicidarly to the horizon. Fi- 
 guralivelv, honcstiv ; without deviation fioni the right. 
 
 UPRIGHTNESS, {iiiyntne.ts^, s. slraightiiess ; perpendi- 
 cidar erection ; honesty ; sincerity ; justness. 
 
 UPROAR, s. fornurly wrilteii iipmre ; [iiproei; Belg.] 
 tumult ; dislurbance ; eoiifusion ; riot ; bustle. 
 
 UPSAL, a town of Upland, in Sweden. It is the see of 
 an archbishop, anil the seat of an university. The arch 
 bishop is [)riniate of Sweden, and cc)ll^ecrates the king in his 
 «,athe(lral. It is ,3,) miles N. W. of Stockholm, Lat. .')!). .02. 
 N. Ion. 17.42. !■',. — Here the celebrated naturalist, Linn-.eus, 
 resided, and had an extensive botanical garden ; and here 
 iie ended his valuable life, Jan. 10, 177s, aged 71. 
 
 U'PSUOT, s. the issue, end, or success of an under- 
 taking. 
 
 U'P.SIDEDOWN,an adverbial form of speech, signil'ying 
 with total reveiseun'ut ; in com|ili'le disorder ; topsy-turvy. 
 
 IJ'PS'l'ART, s. one who has suddenly rose from meanness 
 and nlncnrily to riehi'saiid opidence. 
 
 U'PTO.N, a town of Worcestershire, 11 miles S. of 
 Worcester, and 109 W. N. W. of London. Market on 
 Tlinisflav. 
 
 irPWARD, or UPWARDS ad. towards an higher place; 
 towards heaven, or any source. More than, applied to 
 quantity or uumhei 
 
 884 
 
 URA'N'A, s.[Gr. urama, or w-anie, Lat.J one of the nine 
 
 muses, said to preside over astronomy. 
 
 URliA'NlTY, s. \i(rbaiiiti, Fr. urbanitas, from «»-ft.«, a city, 
 Lat. I civility; politeness; elegance; courtesy! com- 
 plaisance; facetiousness ; merriment. 
 
 U'RBIKO, a city of Italy, capital of the duchy of Urbino, 
 containing a ducal palace, a university or academy, (one 
 of the most antient iu Italy) a noble college, several churches 
 and 10" convents, 'i'he palace was built Ly Duke Frederick, 
 who furnished it with many antient statues of marble and 
 bronze, excellent paintings, and a library of curious and 
 rare books. The library was conveyed to Rome by Pope 
 Alexander Vll. The houses are well bi.ili,and great quan- 
 tities of fine earllu'ii ware are madi; here. It is situated on 
 a hill, at liie union of the two rivers, near the head of tiie 
 Foglio, 18 miles S. of Riniliii, and 120 N. E. of Rome. 
 
 URCHIN, j\ \lieurenolnn, Armoric] a hedge-hog. Applied 
 lo a child in slight anger, or contempt. 
 
 U'RETEilS, (eureten) s. [frosn ouim, to make water, Gr.] 
 nuMid^raueous vessels which convey the urine from the reins 
 to the bladder. 
 
 URETHRA. (eiiriiKra,^,. [!irp?re, Fr. from oureo, to make 
 water, Gr.] the passage ihrougli which the urine is dis- 
 charged from the bladder. 
 
 To URGE, V. a. [lo-geo, Lat.] to incite ; to push ; to pro- 
 voke ; to iirportune; to pr-^ss s to enforce; to offer by 
 wav ofohjeetiou. Neuterly, to press forward. 
 
 U'lUjENCY, s. pressure ofdithculty or necessity. 
 
 U RGENT, «. [urgent, Fr. vrgeus, Lat.] cogent : pressing : 
 violent; importunate. 
 
 U'RI, the niosf southern canton in Switzerland, having 
 Sw ilz and the Lake of the Fmir Cantons on the N. the coun- 
 try of the Cirisoiisaud Glaris on the E. Italy on the S. and 
 Underwald and part of Bern on the W. It is about 30 
 miles in length, and 12 iu breadth, and full of dreadful 
 mountains, among which is the celebrated mount St. Go- 
 thard. Altdorf is the principal town. 
 
 U'RIM, (c!i;i«()s-["eli. light] Dr. Newton supposes t»!iis 
 name given only tosignifv the clearness and certainly of the 
 divine answers obtained by the priest consulting Ciod witU 
 his breastplate on, in opj'osition to those of the heathen, 
 which were generally amhiguoas and enigmatical. 
 
 U'RINAL, {n'lriiKil) s. [nri>ial, Fr.l a glass vessel used by 
 sick people to make water in. 
 
 URINARY, n. lelating to tli'j urine. 
 
 U'RIN E, (cuiiiie) s. \iiriii:', i'r. tniua, Lat.] the waterwliich 
 passes through the urethra from 'ho bladder. 
 
 To U'RINE, V. II. [utiiier, Fr. j Jo make water. 
 
 URN,i. fwrwe, Fr. urnu, Lat.] any vessel haviuE; its mouth 
 narrower than the bodv ; a water pot i the vessel iu which 
 the remains of the dead, after being burnt, were antiently 
 deposited. 
 
 UROMANCY, (euromancy) s. I from ouron, urine, and 
 mimtcia, divination, Gr.] a divining or guessing at the cause 
 ofa disease by urine. 
 
 U'RSA-M A'JOR, s. [Lat.J the greater Bear ; a northern 
 constellati(Ui, c(Uisistiug of l(i5 stars ; of uliieli number the 
 three bright ones that form the tail, and the four principal 
 ones of the body iu form of a trapezium, go by the names 
 of Cliailes's wain, the plough, and the chariotof David. 
 
 U'RSA-MlNOR,i. [Lat.J the lesser Puar; a northern eot>- 
 stellation, ciuisistius' of 12 stars. At the tip of the lad is 
 fixed the pole star, which is distant only 1* 4.0' 3£>" from tlic 
 north pole of the heavens. 
 
 US, the oblique case of Wk. 
 
 USAGE, (et'iznn-f) s. [vsnc^e, Fr.J treatment » practice long 
 continued ; nuinners ; custuni. 
 
 U'SANCl'], {riizuitce) s. \iisi! '.ce, Fr.] use; interest paid 
 for the use of money. In commerce, applied to the time 
 generally given for the paymcntof a bill uf exchange, which 
 dilfers in difl'eient countries. 
 
 U'SBEC TARTARY, a vast coimfry of Western Tartary. 
 bounded on the N. by the country of the Kalmues ; on 
 the E. by Thibet ; on the S. by iiindonstau i and un the
 
 USL' 
 
 U V IJ 
 
 W. by Persia and the Caspian Sea. These Tartars, like 
 
 tlieir neiyliljoiirs, are at present divided into several tribes, 
 {{DVenied li_v llioir respective Uliiiiis, or primes : but (or- 
 nicilv they were under one s()veiei;,'n, and were acciiuntcd 
 tbe must powerful of all llie Tartarian nations, "^riieir priii- 
 cii'al khans pride lliemselves in bcin;^ ilesccnded ironi 
 Tamer lane, whose birlli-plaee was the anlicnl ijlv ot'Saniar- 
 caiul, i;j miles S. W. of IJokli.na, the present capital of the 
 country. The Usbees, in llieir persons, are said lo have 
 fairer complexions and neater features llian the Kahnucs. 
 'J'heir reli;,'ious profe^sion is Mahinnetanism ; and ihey 
 (liti'er, in fjenerai, very lillle from Ihe people of the norlh- 
 crn provinces of ilindooslan. That connlry is supplied 
 hence wilh the most serviceable horses, camels, and oilier 
 cattle. 
 
 USI'l, (euse) s. \usiis, from iitor, to use, Lat.] the act of em- 
 ploying; any tiling to any particular purpose ; qualiiy niiich 
 makes a thin;; proper for any puriio^e ; need, or ci cas:on ; 
 practice, habit ; !-.dvantai;e; convenience, or lidpj usayc ; 
 a custom i nionev paid for interest. 
 
 To USt,, (euse)v. a. \iisn-, Fr. >«Mi, from ritor, tc use, i.at.] 
 to employ lo any particular purpose ; lo accusl.-ni ; lo 
 treat ; to practise. Neuterly, to be wout ; to be accus- 
 tomed. 
 
 USEFUL, (eusr/id) a. convenient, profitable, or condu- 
 cive to any end. 
 
 U'SEFULLY, nd. in such a manner as to help forvvurd 
 some end. 
 
 U'SEFULNF.SS, (msefulness) s. profitableness; conveni- 
 ency ; the (pialily of assisting in any end. 
 
 U'SEIjESS, a. answerinf; no purpose ; serving no end. 
 
 U'SELESSLY, ad. without the quality of answcririj; any 
 purpose. 
 
 U'SEEESSNESS, *. unfitness to any end. 
 
 XJ'SER, 5. one who uses. 
 
 U'SHER, s. [hntfsier, Fr.J one who is employed in in- 
 troducing stran;,'ers, or in preparing the way before any 
 great person i a harbinger ; a person employed by liie heaJ- 
 masterof a scliool to teach for him. 
 
 To USHER, V. a. to introduce. 
 
 USK, or UsKE, a town of Mogmoufhslilre, 12 miles S. 
 \V. of Monmouth, and 1-10 \V. by N. of London. Market on 
 Monday. 
 
 USQUEBA'UOH, uiskebaw) s. fan Irish and Erse word, 
 which signifies the water of life.] It is a eompoundiil dis- 
 tilled spirit, being drawn on aromatics ; and the Irish sort 
 is particularly distinguished forits pleasantand mild flavour. 
 The Highland sort is somewhat hotter ; and, by corruption, 
 in Seoltish they call it irhishji. 
 
 U'STION, s. [Fr. nstiis, from vro, to burn, Lat.] in sur- 
 gery, the act of burning. The state of being burneci. 
 
 To U'STUL.\TK, v. a. to burn or sear. 
 
 U'STUi/.\TION, n. in cluniistry, the roasting of ores, 
 to separate the arsenic, sulphur, and w hatever else is of 
 a volatile nature, that is connected with, and mineralizes 
 the metal. V.'lien the matter is preserved which Hies oil', 
 the process is called sublimation i but when this matter is 
 neglected, the- operation is called ustulation. 
 
 U'SUAL, (eiizual) a. [nsuel, Fr.] common; customary) 
 frequently occurring. 
 
 D'SUALLV, nrf. commonly ; frequently; customarily. 
 
 USUFflU'CT, (eiisiifrdct) s. [from usus, use, and fnirfus, 
 fruit, Lat.] the temporary use or enjoyment of any thing, 
 without power to alienate. 
 
 U'SURER, (_e{iziire7-)s. \nsurier, Fr. from vtoi; to use, Lat.] 
 one who lends money out at interest, vulgarly applied to 
 one who takes exorbitant interest. 
 
 To USU'RP, (eiiz{irp)v. a. fjisiir/wr, Fr. vsurpn, from ntnr, 
 to use, Lat. I to seize or take possession of by force, and 
 contrary to right ; to possess without right. 
 
 USU11P.\TI0N, {ei:zm-pashon) s. [Fr. from usvrpo, to 
 
 usurp, Lat.] the act of wrongfully taking or possessing what 
 belongi to another. 
 
 USU'RPER, J. one who seizes tliat to which he has no 
 right^ 
 
 USURY, (euzttry) s. \nsure, Fr. utura, from utor, to use, 
 Lat.] money paid lur interest ; demand of exorbitant 
 interest. 
 
 L'TE'NSIL, {eutinsiij t. [vtensile, Fr. from utor, to use, 
 Lat.] an instrument used in an house, kitchen, or trade. 
 
 U'TIOR I N E, a. I nterin, Fr. uUrinus, from uterus, ihe womb, 
 Lat. J bilonging to the womb. 
 
 UTEUliS, i'. [Lat.] the womb.^ 
 
 UTILITY, (eiUility) s. \eiUililc, Fr. vtilitas, from h<o), lo 
 use, Lat.] usefulness ; proiit ; advantage; couvtnience. 
 
 U'TiMOS'l, n. [utiiiicil. Sax. J exireuie ; in the liighest 
 degree. Used substantively for the most that can be con- 
 ceived or done. 
 
 UTO'XETER, orUTTOXETER, (Uxeter) a large town 
 of .S^af^'ordshire, seated on a rising ground, near the river 
 Dove, among excellent pastures lor feeding and breeding 
 cattle, lis market is the );reatest in this part of England, 
 lor corn, cattle, hogs, sheep, butter, and cheese. It is 13 
 miles N. E. of Statlord, and 136 N. N. W. of Loudon. 
 Maiket on Wednesday. 
 
 U'FKECHT, one of the ci-devant United Provinces of the 
 Netherlands, afterwards a part of the kingdom of Holland, 
 Suit now nnileil to the French empire. It has the Zuy- 
 <ier Zee and part of Holland on Ihe N. Veliive and (juelde-r- 
 iand on Ihe E. Belau o;i Ihe S. and Holland on tlie W. It 
 is about 30 miles long and 20 broad, and is very healthful 
 and fertile. 
 
 UTRECHT, the capital of liie above province, is strongly 
 fortified, and is the seat of an university. Here the union 
 of Ihe Seven United Provinces was begun Jan. 22, 157y ; 
 iind here a peace was concluded between France, England. 
 I'orlugal, Prussia, Savoy, and HolUnd, March 30,1713. It 
 is 18 miles S. E. of Amsterdam. Lat. 52. 5. N. Ion. 5. 
 14. E. 
 
 U'TTER, a. [ulla; Sax.] situated on the outside, out of 
 any place; extreme, excessive, utmost; entire; complete. 
 
 To UTFER, V. a. to speak, pronounce, or express by 
 the voice ; to disclose ; to sell or expose to sale ; to 
 disperse. 
 
 U'TTER \NCE, s. the manner or power of speaking. 
 
 U'TTEUER, s. one who pronounces; a divulger ; a di»- 
 closer. 
 
 UTTERLY, arf. fully; completely; perfectly. 
 
 U'TTlsRMOST, a. in the highest degree ; most remote. 
 Suii<tantively, the greatest. 
 
 UVEA, (eiivm) s. in anatomy, is the third or outermost 
 coat of the eye. 
 
 VULCAN, in myMiology, the god of fire. 
 
 VULCA'NO, s. [Ital.] a burning mountain that emits 
 flame, smoke, and ashes ; volcano. 
 
 VU'HiAR, s. [vulgaire, Tr. vulgaris., fiomvulgus, the com. 
 nion people, Lat.] suiting to, or practised amoug, the com- 
 mon people ; venacular, national, mean, low. 
 
 VU'LG.AH, i. [t'v/o-aiVe, Fr.] the common peojile. 
 
 VULGARLY, ad. commonly ; ill the ordinary manner ( 
 among the common people. 
 
 VULGATE, i. is a very aniient Latin translation ( f Mie 
 Bible, and Ihe only one tlie church of Rome acknowledge* 
 authentic. I; ,;hs translated almost word forword from th« 
 Greek Sepluagint. 
 
 VULNERABLE, a. [Fr. from ttUnut, a wound, Lat.J 
 capable of receiving wounds. 
 
 VU LNER.'\RY', a.\i"dne>-aire, Yr.vuhierarhis, from vulnvt, 
 a wound, LatJ useful in the cure of wounds. 
 
 VU LTURE, s. [vultur, Lat.] a large bird of prey remark- 
 able for voracity. 
 
 U'VUL.-\, {eiimda)s. [umi/a, Lat.] a round, soft, .spongeom 
 body, suspended from the palate, near the foramina of the 
 nostrils, perpendicularly over the glottis. Its use is to break 
 tlie force of the cold air, aiid prevent its euteiing too preci- 
 pitately into the lungs. 
 
 8*4
 
 W AI 
 
 WAL 
 
 U'XBRIDGI':, a town of Middlesex, 15 miles W. of 
 IvOiidoii. Maiket oil Tiiiirsday. 
 
 UXORIOUS, a. [fioin uxor, a wife, Lat.J submissively 
 fond of a wife; iufected wilii a connubial dotage. 
 
 w. 
 
 WIS the twenty first letter of our alpliabet, and is 
 compounded, as its name implies, of l«o Vs. 'I'iie 
 Hebrews. (VieeUs, and Uomaiis, bad it not ; it is peculiar to 
 tlie nortliein nations, tiie Teutons, Saxons, Britons, Ac. It 
 is not used by tbe Italians, rrcncli, Spaniards, nor Portu- 
 guese, except in proper names, and olber terms borrowed 
 from lanuua}<es in wbicb it is originally used, and even then 
 it is soiuiilod like single v. Tli:s leller is of an anibigueus 
 nalHre, being a consonant at tbe beginning of words, and a 
 vowel at llie end. ll may sland before all tbe vowels ex- 
 cept w, as in teaser, welt, wife, worship; and follows the 
 vowels, n, f, u, and unites wiib tlieni into a kind of double 
 vowel, or diphiliong, as in Inir, crew, cow, &c. It also goes 
 before r, and follows s. and tli, as in vroiig, swift, tlnmrt ; 
 it likewise goes before li, lliougli in reality it is sounded after 
 it, as in winj, when, where, iihat, <S.c. In some woids it is 
 «bscuie, as in stow, shadow, widow ; and in otbers it is silent, 
 as in wroii<r, write, <Src. 
 
 To VVA'lJBLli, v.n. to shake, or move from side to side. 
 A very low word. 
 
 WAD. i. \weod, bay, Sax.] a bundle of straw thrust close 
 together. Black lead, of wbicb pencils, cVc. are made. 
 
 WA'DDING, s. [wad, or vad. Isl.J a kind of soft st-ifT 
 loosely woven, usi^d forslulbng llie sides ot'men's coats, and 
 between the two coverings of cbiaks. In gunnery, the -la- 
 per, tiax, Ac. rammed into a gun lo keep tbe bullet from 
 rollini; out, and close lo the powder. 
 
 To \VA'i)DLE, 11. w. [tca^iilieleii, Belg.] toxyalkuneveniy ; 
 to shake from side to side in walking, like a duck. 
 
 ToWADB, t'. n. [from vaditm, Lat.] to walk through 
 Haters. Figuratively, to pass with dirticulty and labour. 
 
 W'A I) i; BRIDGE.' See Warebridge. 
 
 WAD HOOK, s. in gunnery, is a rod willi an iron screw 
 at the end lo draw the wadding, when the loading is to (je 
 dta" n onl of a gun. 
 
 WA'i'l'dl, *. \wafel, Belg.) a lliincake; dried paste used 
 in closing letters. Among Romanists, consecrated bread 
 iu the eucbarist. 
 
 To WAFT, V. a. [perhaps from Wave] to carry through 
 iJieairor on the water; lo beckon. Neuterly, !o tloat. 
 
 WrtFT. .s. a floating body ; the motion of a streamer, t^-c. 
 given visa signal or means of informal ion. 
 
 To W/\G, V. a. \xragmn. Sax. ivngfren, Belg.] lo move or 
 »J)«ke lightly. Neulerly, to be moved or go ; to be in (juiok 
 or ludicrous motion. 
 
 WA(i, s. [i/ff'fivm, to cheat, Sax.] any one archly merry or 
 tudicronsly niiscbievous. 
 
 To WAfiE, *'. «. to attempt. To set to hire. To hire 
 for pav. To make or carry on, followed by war. 
 
 WA'(JKR, «. a bet ; or any thing deposiied as a stake. 
 
 WAGES, J. [seldom used in the singular ; uegann wagn 
 Teul 1 money paid for service. Singularly, pledge, gage 
 geruriiv. 
 
 WA'GGERY, (wnfr.eri/) s. mischievous merriment; wan- 
 ionntss; ludicrous mischievousiie»s. 
 
 WA'(iGlsn, (wagish) a. knavishly or mischievously 
 fiierry ; frolicksome. 
 
 To WA'(jGLE, V. 71. [wagghelen, Teuf.] to move from 
 »s..c side to another; to waddle. 
 
 WA'tKiON, or WAXiON, t. [woegm. Sax. wneghens, 
 Belg.] a lieavv carriage going on fiuir wheels ; a wain. 
 
 WA (i(iO.N EK, oi WA'GONER, s. [woegheacr, Belg.]onc 
 that drives, a waggon. 
 
 WAfi'lAIE, s. in oriiilhologv, a genus of birds thus 
 denominated from a tremulous molioii of llie tail. 
 
 WAll'S, *. [sometimes written wrif, or weft] in law, 
 <|irxKl»,u tbief l»eiiig puritucd, leaves bcLuul, and are forfeited 
 
 to the king, or lord of the manor; also, strays, or strayed 
 cattle claimed by nobody, which becomes the proiierly oi 
 the lord of the manor. 
 
 To WAlL, V. n. Igiialare, Ital.] to moan; to hmi'iit ; to 
 bewail. Neulerly, lo ( xprens sorrow ; to grieve audibly. 
 
 WAILING, «. lamentation ; moan; audible sorrow. 
 
 WAIN, «. a contraclion of Waggon ; which see. 
 
 W.M'NFLEET, a well-compacted town of Lincolnshire, 
 with an excellent free-school, 15 miles N. E. of Boston, ant. 
 127 N. by E. of London. JMarket on Saturday. 
 
 WAIN ROPE, s. a large cord with which the load is tied 
 on the waggon; a carl-rope. 
 
 WA IN SCOT, s. [ivageschot, Belg.] the wooden covering 
 laid over a wall wiihin the house. 
 
 To WAl'NSCOT, )) a. \weagenscotten, Belg.] to line Of 
 coyer walls with boards; to line. 
 
 VVAIR, s. a piece of timber two yards long and afoot 
 broad. 
 
 WAIST, s. [gicase, from gwaseu, to press or bind, Brit.J 
 the smallest part of the body; the part below the ribs; 
 the middle deck or floor of a ship between poop and 
 prow. 
 
 W.M'S I'CO.XT, s. an inner coat ; a short close coat with 
 out sleeves worn by men, reaching to ihe waitt. 
 
 To WAIT,!), a. \u-achten, Belg. J to expect, or stay for, 
 toallend; to attend as a consequence of somelhing. Neu- 
 lerly, to expect, or sland in expectation of. Used with on 
 or upon, loan end as a servant. To slay till a person comes, 
 used w \t\\for. 
 
 W.\IT, i. an ambush ; as, to lay wait, to lie in wait. A 
 musician paid for alteniliiigon processions in a town. 
 
 W.-MTER, .f. an altendant ; a piece of plate or wood, 
 on which glasses, cVc. are presented. 
 
 To W.\KE, r. a. [wecciii7i. Sax. wecken, Belg.j to rouM 
 from sleep ; loe.xcite lo action ; lo bring again to life. Neu- 
 lerly, lo watch ; to he roused from sleep orsupineness, from 
 wakan, (iolli. waci/in. Sax. or waeckeit, Belg. 
 
 WAKE, s. llie feast kept in commemoration of the dedi- 
 calion ofa church, so called because formerly kept by watch- 
 ing all night ; vigils. 
 
 WA'KEFIELD, a large, well-built, town, in the W. 
 Riding of Yorkshire, sealed on the river Calder, which has 
 been made navigable liillier from Castleforlh, and from 
 hence lo I'.land and Halifax. The principal trade is in white 
 cloths and lammies. It is '28 miles S. W. of York, and 182 
 N. N. W. of London. Market on Thursday and Friday ; 
 the latter for woollen cloth, 
 
 WA'Kl'.EUL, a. not inclinable to sleep; vigilant. 
 
 To WA'KI')N, V. n. lo cease from sleep. Actively, to 
 rouse from sleep or supineness; to produce, to cvcite. 
 
 WA'KEROBIN, s. the cuckow|.int ; a plant. 
 
 WAL.A CI1I.'\, a province of Hungary, but siibjecr t» 
 Turkey, having Moldavia and Transylvania, on Ihe N. the 
 river Danube on the E. and S. and Transylvania mi the 
 W. It is SiS miles long, and 125 broad. It was ceded to 
 the Turks in 1739. 
 
 WALDEN, or Waldon, commonly called Sai'fro.w 
 Waldkn. It is governed by a mayor, 12 aldermen, anil a 
 recorder. A great deal of mall is made here. It is a? miles 
 N. \V. by N. of Chelmsford, and 42 N. by E. of London. 
 Market on Saturday. 
 
 WALE, s. \wel, a web. Sax. J a rising part in the surface cf 
 cloth. 
 
 WALES, a principality in the W. of England, compre- 
 hending 12 counties; namely, Anglesey, Cainarvoiishire, 
 Den'biglisliire,E|intshire, Merionethshire, and Monlgrunery- 
 sliire, in North Wales; Brecknockshire, Cardiganshire, Caer- 
 marlliensliiM', Cilaniorganshire, Pembrokeshire, and Radnor- 
 shire, in Sonlh \Val<-s. It was incorporaled willi England 
 in LOItK, and sends 24 members to the British house of com- 
 mons. I'he western part is bounded'by St. (ieorge's chan- 
 nel and the Irish seal on ihe S. by the Bristol channel; on 
 Ihe N. by the Irish sea: and on the E. by the counties of 
 Chetitcr, Sulo[>, Hereford, and Monmouth. It coutaiui 761
 
 W A L 
 
 WAR 
 
 p.Tiilies, and 68 market towns. Tlic cojintry is very moun- 
 iaiiitius and pleiilil'iil. In lluir liills arc ritli lead ami coal 
 mines, willi quarries of tree stone. The uionnlaiiis in this 
 country are reckoned e(|ual in inMi;iit, if nol lii^jlier llian 
 Jtny in Brrtain. Siiowden and l^lininnnion are llie most ce- 
 iel>*ated. The former is 1210 vards in hei^iht. Tljey are 
 s l)rave hfispilahle people, and were never concpu'red hy 
 the Sa\(nis. Their last pi ince, Llwollin ap (irithlh, lost liis 
 .ife in defence of his country, wlien Kdv\ard l.coiuiueied it 
 in I28.'J. Since wliose rcii'n, his (|ueen heingliere delivered 
 of a son, the kinf,'S eldest son has been styled Prince of 
 Wales, and a large revenue oul of lliis counlrv appropriated 
 •o the principality. Arnoufj the aniient Weisii was an or- 
 orderofmen called hards, who composed son;;s relalin;; ihe 
 actions of their illustrious men. The last of these, named 
 Taliesin, lived ahout the middle of ihe .Olli century, and 
 many of his verses are still extant. Kdward 1. when he 
 contpiered Wales, caused all iheir bards to lie put to death. 
 Wales has produced many learneil men in the several parts 
 of literature ; and, indeed, llieir fjenius may he put on a 
 level with that of the best of their neiijhboi.rs. It is watered 
 with many rivers, of which the principal are the Dee, Wye, 
 Usk, Conway, Cluyde, andTwy. The principal towns must 
 be sought for uaider the names of Ihe counties. 
 
 *» * Xhf reader it detirerl to rcmemher, that in the subsequent 
 words, when the wa is foUuxced by two consmumts, the a is pro- 
 nnumed broad, lihe an ; as, waulk, waull, waurd, wauter, 
 wanrm, waurn, waurp, waur, waurrant. 
 
 To Vf A I jK, (waiilh) V. a. \u>crtlca)t, to roll, Sax. I to move 
 l>y leisurely steps, by placing the feet alternately before 
 each other; to be in motion ; to act in sleep ; to come or 
 go ; to act on any oct-dsion, or in any particular manner ; 
 to ran^e ; to move about ; to move off. Neulerly, to 
 pass through on foot ; to lead out for the sake of exercise 
 or air. 
 
 WALK, s. the act of moving on foot ; gait, step, or man- 
 ner of moving ; the distance to which a person goes on foot ; 
 au avenue set with trees; a way, or road; the slowest or 
 least raised pace of a horse. 
 
 WA'LKER, s. one that walks. 
 
 WALL, s. [wal, Brit, ualle, Belg.] a pile of brick or stone 
 regularly cemented with mortar ; the sides of a building; 
 works built for defence. 'J'o lake the wall, is to take tiie up- 
 per place. To give the wall, is to yield, or acknowledge 
 one's inferiority. 
 
 To WAF^L, «. a. to inclose or defend by a wall. 
 
 WA'LLLT, s. [weallian, to travel, Sax.] a bag in which 
 a traveller carries liis necessaries ; a knapsack ; a budget; a 
 protuberance or swelling. 
 
 WA'LLEYE, J. adisease in the crystalline humour of ihe 
 eye ; the glaucoma. 
 
 WALLE'YED, a. having white eyes. 
 
 W.^'LLFLOWER, *. in botany, the clieirantbus; there 
 are two British species, ihe yellow and marine. Cultivatiou 
 
 E reduces numerous varieties of the first species, but none 
 avf so agreeable a scent as the wild one. 
 
 WA'lXlNGFORD, a town in Berkshire, on the river 
 Thames. It is a corporation, sends two members to parlia- 
 ment, has a free-school, and a handsome market-house. It 
 is 14 miles W. of Reading, and 45 W. of London. JIarket 
 •n Tuesday and Friday. 
 
 To WA'LLOP, v.n. [wealan. Sax.] to boil. 
 
 WA'LL LOUSE, i. an insect; a bug. 
 
 To WA LLOW, (wallo) V. n. [walwian, Sax.] to move in a 
 heavy or clumsy manner ; to welter ; to roll in mire, or any 
 thing tillhv ; to live in a state of tilth or gross vice. 
 
 WALLRUE,^. anherb. 
 
 WA'LLWORT, s. the dwarf-elder, or danewort. 
 
 WA'LNUT, {waulnut) s. \iiahiot, Belg.J a large nut well 
 known. The tree bearing walnuts. 
 
 WA'LRUS, s. in zoology, a kind of large amphibious 
 animals, inhabiting the regions lying near the north pole. 
 
 WA'LSALL, atowoof Staftbrdshire, 15 wiles S. ol' Staf- 
 
 ford, and 118 N. W. of London. Market on Tuesday and 
 
 w'a'LSHAM, north, a town in Norfolk, 14 miles from 
 Norwich, and 123 from Loudon. Market on Tu-'sdHy. 
 
 WA'LSlN(illA.M, a toHii in Norfolk, seated near thn 
 sea, "27 miles N. W. of Norwich, and 1 l(j N. N. li. of London. 
 Market on Friday. 
 
 WAL Til AM on the WOULD, a town in Leicestershire, 
 19 miles N E. of Leicester, and 110 N. by W. of l>ondon. 
 Market on Thursday. 
 
 WALTllAM, a iown in Hampshire, R miles S. S. W. of 
 Winchester, and 65 W. by .S. of London. .Market on 
 Friday. 
 
 WA'LTHAM ABBEY, a town in Essex, 12 miles N. l»y 
 E. fiofli Loudon. Mirket on Tuesday. 
 
 '!'o WA'MBLE, (uamlilj V. II. [weiriniekn, Belg.] to roll 
 with sickness or squeamisliiiess, applied to the slomach. 
 
 NVAN, a. [tcumi, Sax.] pale; sickly; having a languid 
 look. 
 
 WAND, s. [vaand, Dan.] a small stick or twig ; a long 
 rod ; a slalTof ottice. A charming rod. 
 
 To WA'N'DER, i'. n. [waiulnan, .Sax. J to rove ; to move 
 or go about without any certain course or settlement ; to 
 deviate; to ramble ; logo astray. Actively, to travel ov«r 
 without anv certain course. 
 
 WANDERER, s. a rover ; a rambler. 
 
 WA'NDFRINCJ, s. uucertain peregrination ; aberration : 
 mistaken wav ; uncertainly. 
 
 To WANE, V. 11. [See Wan ; wanian, to grow less, Sax.j 
 to decrease or grow less, applied to the moon. To decline ; 
 to sink ; to diminish. 
 
 Wan 10, s. the decrease of the moon ; decline ; diminu- 
 tion ; declension. 
 
 WA'NNESS, .5. paleness ; languor. 
 
 To Want, v. a. {umiia. Sax.] to be without, or Stand 
 in need of, something fit or necessary; to be defective, or 
 fall short ; to wish for, or desire ; to lack. Neuterly, to ba 
 defective in any particidar; to fail; to be missed; uottob* 
 ha<l ; to be improperly absent. 
 
 WANT, f. need or necessity ; deficiency; the state of 
 not having; poverty; indigence. A mole, from wanrf, Sax. 
 
 WA'NTAG!';, a town of Berkshire, 12 miles S. by W. of 
 Oxford, aiidsaW. of London. Market on Saturday. 
 
 WA'NION, rt. [Minshew and Junius derive it fromtma* 
 and one, i. e. a man or woman that wants one of the other 
 sex] lascivious ; libidinous ; lustful ; gay ; frolicsome ; 
 loose ; sportive; airy ; superfluousor luxuriant; licentious'- 
 dissolute ; unrestrained ; luxurious. 
 
 To Wanton, v. n. U> behave in a lascivious or gay 
 manner ; to revel ; to move nimbly and irregularly. 
 
 WA'iNTONLY, ad. lasciviously; frolicsomely; spor- 
 tively ; carelessly. 
 
 Wantonness, s. lasciviousness ; sportiveness ; li- 
 centiousness. 
 
 WATENTAKK, s. [woepnn. Sax. and takel a hundred, s» 
 called from a meeting, wherein a hundred men, who were 
 under their earlder-man, assembled and touched his oi; eacli 
 other's weapons, in token of their fidelity and allegiance. 
 
 WAR, (wavr) s. \uerre, old Belg.] the exercise of vio- 
 lence under sovereign command against such as wilJistand 
 or oppose. Poetically, the instruments of war; an army ; 
 forces ; the professioii of a soldier ; act or tlalc of opiM>si- 
 tion ; hostility. 
 
 To WAR, r. a. to oppose an armed enemy by the cofli- 
 mand of a sovereign ; used with on, or upon, against, or wiA. 
 Neulerlv, to be in a state of hostility. 
 
 To WARBLE, v. a. [werve/en, to twirl or turn round. 
 Teut.] to quaver in singing ; to modulate; t^o slug out like 
 birds. Neuterly, to be quavered ; to be uttered melodioiisly ; 
 to sing. 
 
 Ward, used at the end of words in composition, imphe* 
 the tendency ordireclion ot any motion, and is derived from 
 ueerd. Sax. or uairth G«tll. 
 
 987
 
 WAR 
 
 W A h 
 
 To WARD, V. a. [irearrlim. Sax.] to guard or watch ; !o 
 defend or protect, folliiweil l>v /Vom. To force otf. The 
 <irst sense is seldom used. Kmilerly, to act with a weapon 
 upon the defensive ; to he vii;il;int ; to keep guard. 
 
 W.AHD, i. llie district ordivision of a town, from wnrdn, 
 law Lat. Confinement. An apartment in an hospital or 
 prison. The part of a lock which hijiders its heinjj un- 
 locked by anv hut the proper key. .'\n orolian under jjuar- 
 dianship The state of a person under a guardian. The 
 act ofgua'dinjj. (iiiard hy a weapon in fencing, (jarrison. 
 WA KDE.N, s. [u-neyrlen, Beli:.l a keeper ; a guardian ; 
 a chief othcer. Lmtl Wnr/lmi of the Cuir/ne Ports, is the go- 
 \ernor of lliese liavens, havii^y: tlie aiilliniity of an admiral, 
 and issuing writs in his own name. Warden iif the Mint, an 
 olficer who receives liie hullion. pays for it, and has ihe su- 
 perinlenrlence o"" the oilier officers. 
 
 VVA'PiDEK, «. one who keeps vvatch ; a guard ; a trun- 
 cheon by which an officer of arms forbade fight. Wiirders of 
 the Tower of Loiirinn, a detachment of the yeomen of the 
 guard, who wait at the gales to take an account of persons 
 coming inio (he Tower, and to altend state prisoners. 
 
 WA'RD.MOTE, s. [vipdrd and jnnt. Sax.] a meeting ; a 
 court held in every ward in the city of London, for choosing 
 <d}icers, and doing other business of the ward. 
 
 W'A'RDROBE, s. [t^-nrdcrohe, Fr.J a room where clotlies 
 are kein. 
 
 WAH l\ a. tlie same with avmre ; which see. 
 WARE, prefer, of Wear, more frequently written 
 Wore. 
 
 WAUR, J. [n-nere, P.elg.] something exposed to be sold. 
 WARK, a town of Ilarlfordshire, particularly note<l fortlie 
 'New Ri\e!', which l)eginsto be cut not far from thence, and 
 bi inifs wMtiT to l^oiuhjii for the service of that city. It is 20 
 miles .V. nf London. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 W.A'RI'diRIDGIC, or W.ADF.BRlDGK.'a town in Corn- 
 wall, 20 miles W. of Launceston, and 242 W. by S. of .Lou- 
 don. Market on Saturday. 
 
 WA'l'vEHAM, a town of Dorsetshire, antiently a very 
 large place, and had several churches, now reduced to three ; 
 it also had a wall and a cajtie. Its harbour is now choaked 
 up; however, it still sends two members ro parliament, and 
 w 23 miles !•'. of Dorchester, and 114 W. by 8. of London. 
 Markel on Saturday. 
 WATiRIIOLSR, «. a storehouse of merchandise. 
 WARFARE, .5 [ware a!)d farcii. Sax.] a slate of enmity ; 
 a state of war and opposilioii ; militarv service or life. 
 To WA RFARE,«.7i. to lead a military hfe. 
 Warily, n^/. prudently ; cautiously; circumspectly. 
 WA'RINESS, s. prudence; circiunspection ; cautious- 
 ness; timorous scrupulousness. 
 
 W.MJK, .t. fused at the end of words] biiildingor work. ' 
 WARKWORTH, a village in Norlhumherlaud, Hve miles 
 S. E. of Alnwick, seated on I he river Cocket, with a castle, 
 in ■.\hicli IS a chapel cutout of a ro(k. 
 
 WA'RLIKE, 1. [irarlice. Sax.] belonging to the military 
 art ; martial ; valiant ; stout. 
 
 WA'RLOCK. s. WA'RLUCK, t. [wcrlog, an e\i\ spirit, 
 .Sax.] a male witch ; a wizaard. 
 
 W.MOL a. lirnrm, Golli. and Belg. wearm. Sax.] heated 
 III a small degree. Figuralivelv, zealous, ardent, violent, 
 furious, passionate, fanciful, entliusiaslie, busy in action. 
 
 To W'AR.VI, J), a. \wearim<iii. Sax.) lo heat gently ; to free 
 from cold ; to make vehement, or ati'ect with any passion ; 
 to heat nii'itallv. 
 
 WARMINfjPAN, .«. a covered brass pan for warming a 
 bed bv means of hot coals. 
 
 WA'RMINSTER, a pretly large fraling town in Wilt- 
 illlire, seated at the springhead of the river Willvborne, 22 
 miles N. W. of Salisbury, and 97 W. by S. of London. 
 Markel on 'Saturday. 
 WA";'. .MLY, (id. with gentle heat; eagerly ; ardently. 
 \V \'RiL!^'",SS, *. [tta;«i«, Tcut.] heat ; passion; fervour 
 of ndu'r. 
 VV ARSITH, *. gentle heat. Figuratively, zeal, or ardour. 
 
 K8ii 
 
 To WARN, V. a. Ywearitrn, Belg. verr.iati, Sax. vnrrut, 
 Swed. J to caution aj^aiust any ill or danger ; lo yive nolic<! 
 of some future ill ; to admonish, or put in miiul of soiiietliillg 
 to be performed, ort'orlxuue. 
 
 WA'RNING, s. a notice given beforehand of some evil O' 
 danger, or of theconse(|ueuct of anv action. 
 
 WARP, J. \neiirp, Sa\. tuerp, Bclg.| the thread wliicU 
 crosses the wool in weaving. 
 
 To WARF, V. n. [tcerpeu, Belg.] lo change in form oi 
 position by weather or time; to lurn awrv. .Actively, lo 
 contract or shrivel ; to turn aside from the Uue diredion, or 
 from juslice. Among mariners, to haul a ship lo a parlicik- 
 lar place, by a rope fastened to an anchor, against the tide 
 or wiiirf. 
 
 To \V.\'RRAI\T, V. a. [^aranlir, Fr.] to support, main 
 tain, or allesl ; to give authority to ; to .justify ; to exempt • 
 tosecure; to privilege ; lo declare upon surety. 
 
 W.VlUiAN'J", s. a writ conferring some right or autlio- 
 rity, or giviugaii othcer of justice ihe power of delaiinng or 
 arresting ; a coiiin:ission by which a person is juslificd ; at- 
 testation ; right, h'gality. 
 
 WA'RKAi\TABLE,"«. that may be justified or main- 
 tained ; defensible ; justifiable. 
 
 WA'RRANTRY, qr WARRANTY, s. in law, a co- 
 venant entered into by the seller lo make good ihe bargain 
 against all persons and demands; uulhoiitv, justificatory 
 manlale ; security. 
 
 W.\'RRI'',N, *. [waerande, Belg.] a kind of park, or i.l- 
 closurefor rabbits, hares, pheasants, partridges, Ac. 
 
 AVATJUNGTON, a large, neat, populous, and rich, 
 though aiilieiii-built town of Lancashire, with large manu- 
 factories of sail cloth, sacking, huckabacks, pins, iVc. (ilass- 
 houses ar. J copper-smelling furnaces are likewiseeslablishcd 
 here. It is sealed on ihe Mersey, over which it has a tint 
 stone bridge, leading niio Cheshire, on the great mad from 
 London toCarlisle, 18 miles E. of Liverpool, and Is.'} IN. N. 
 W of London. A ransidcrable market on Wednesday. 
 WA'RRIOR,.?. a soldier; a military man. 
 WA'RSAW, a large and populous city of I'olaud, a;:il 
 capital of .Mazovia, sui"(uinded with walls and ditches, autl 
 defended by a fort. It contains a inagnifKent palace, where 
 the king resided; besidi <; wliicli, [here is another, which 
 goes bv ihe name of Casim;r. It is oivided into the Old and 
 New Town, to which may be added the suburbs id Cracow 
 and Praga, boih very well built. Il was looked upon as the 
 capital of Poland, because the residence of llic kings, the 
 place where tiiey were elected, and ^lierc ihe diets met. 
 It is seated al ihe end of large open fields, on ihe river Viv 
 tula, KiO miles S. F.. of Danlzic, 112 N. by !'•. of Cracow, 
 aiifl .■?UI) N. \''j. of Vienna. In its last siege In the Russians, 
 in 1794, it is compute(l llial ."311,(10(1 Poles perished eillier by 
 the sword, or in the flames, the suburb of Praga having beca 
 nearly reduced lo ashes bv the merciless Russians, leu hours 
 aflerall resistance ha<l ceased. It was till lately subiect to 
 Prussia : but according to llie treaty of Tilsit, of Jidy G, 
 lS;i7, this city, wilh llie resl of Polish Prussia, was eieclecj 
 into a duchv.and ceded lo ihe king of Saxony. Lon. 2L li. 
 E. I a 1,. 02. 14. N. 
 
 W A'RF, ,s. Itvenrt, Sax. werle, Belg.] a horny exctescenc* 
 or small protuberance, growing on the hands or olliei 
 parts. 
 WARTY, n. grown over wilh warts. 
 WARWICK, ( ll«(TiWO Ihe capital town of Warwicti 
 shire, sealed on a rock near the river Avon, and all the pas- 
 sages to il are cut ihnuigh ihc rock ; nor is there aiiv way 
 logo to this place but over a water. It was foilified witb 
 a wall, which is now in ruins; but it has still a slnuig and 
 slalelv caslle, the seat of (ireville Earl Brook, liid l^arl of 
 Warwick. It is a large corporation, contaioj two parislt- 
 churches, and in that of Si. Mar>j are several handsome 
 tombs. The houses are well built, and the town piiiicipaHl^ 
 consists of one regular built street, at each end of which is 
 an anlienl gale. The assizes and general quarter session'* 
 are held here. It is r.dorucd with & HQod fiee-scbool oni} a
 
 WAT 
 
 >IVAl 
 
 warket-linusr. It has also a noted liospitHi railed St. James's, 
 for twelve «leca\ed j;enllenipn, who have eai-h *v.en'y 
 pnuntUa year, and llie cliaplain fifty. It is well iiiliabitect, 
 Wljoysa gdO'l trade, sends two nieiiihers to parliament, and 
 is 39 miles N. K. of'Gloneesler, loj S. W. of Coventry, and 
 91 N. W. of Londt)n. Marliel <m .Saliirdav. 
 
 \VA'U\yiCK^IIIRK, (WarricUnre) an English countv, 
 47 miles in Ifo^tli, and 27 in breadth; houmli'd on the W. 
 by Worcestershire: on the S. by Oxford and Gloiicesler- 
 »uije ; oil the Iv by Northampton and Lcicestershie ; on the 
 N. ti) Slart'ordshire. Il conlains 158 parishes, 17 niarkel 
 towiK, and sends six nienibi-rs lo pai jiami'iit. The air is 
 mild and healthful, and the soil fertile, pto<lii('in^ < orii and 
 pastures, particularly in the .S. pan, called the Vale of Ri'd 
 Horse. The coniniort-ilii-s are iiuicli the same as iii other 
 counties; and it has iron mines. Warwick is the shire 
 tow 11. 
 
 W A'RY, a. \waT, Sax. J cautious, or faking care of do- 
 ing aii\ ihiiif; amis" ; prudent; ciiciini.s|-ecl. 
 
 WAS, the preler. of To Be. 
 
 To WASH, If. a. \tiassc/ien, Rol;;. ua.icnn, Sax.| to cleanse 
 by ruliiiiiif; « ilh water, <X c. to moisten ; ti> colnnr b\ wash- 
 infi. Neultrlj, to pertorm the act of cleaiisinfj-wilh wa- 
 ter, <Kc 
 
 WASH, s a marsh, a fen, a bo<r, a qiiai;mire ; a liqnor 
 used to beautify ; a superficial slain or colmir ; the liquor 
 
 tiven hoj{>, Ac. the act of cleansilif; the linen of a family 
 y niblrin tliciii when wetted ; the linen washed at once. 
 
 WA'SlllN(iTOl\, a city of N. America, now the metro- 
 polis of the United Stales. It is sealed at the jnnclionoflhe 
 rivers Foldinac and the Eastern Branch, eMeiidin;; about 4 
 miles lip each, iiuhidinj; a tiact of territory scarcely to he 
 exceeded, in point of convenience, salubrity, and beauty, by 
 any in the woihl. It is divided into squares or };iand divi- 
 sions, by streets running due N. and S and K. and W. each 
 of wliK h leading streets are 160 feet wide, in-lufiing a pave- 
 ment of 10 fiet, and a giavel walk of ,30 feet planted with 
 trees on each side. The riverTiher, which is the principal 
 stream tiiat passes through the city, is collected in a grand 
 reservoir beside the capitiil, (or hou-e fi^r the legislative bo- 
 dies) whence il is carried in pipes to ditt'erent parts; while 
 its surplus \<aler falls down in beautiful cascades, through 
 the public gaidens, into a canal. It is KM) miles S. W. of 
 Philaiblphia. I. at. .38. 5.1. N. I.ui. 77. 16. W. 
 
 WASl', s. iK-easp, Sax.] a stinging insect, something re- 
 sembling a bee, but of a brighter yellow on the bod\ . 
 
 WA'SI'ISH, (I. easily provoked; peevish; malignant; 
 irritable; fretful; humouvsome ; spiteful; venimious. 
 
 WA'SSEL, or WASSAIF., s. [iVom wctsha-l, your health, 
 Sax.] a liipior made of roasted apples, sugar, and ale; a 
 driiikii::^ bunt. 
 
 To W.\STE, V. a. [tcoesten, IJelg.] to consume gradu- 
 ally, oi diminish : to sqi:aiider; to (leslroy or desolate; to 
 spend wilhoul p ofit or advantage. Neulerly, to dwindle ; 
 to be in a slate of consumption. 
 
 WASTT., a. destroyed or ruined ; desolate or unculti- 
 vated ; superHiious; lost for want of occupiers ; wculblcss; 
 of iKi Use. Waste houh. in commerce, is that in which arti- 
 cles are entered promiscuously as they occur, wilhoul regaid 
 to debtor or creditor. 
 
 WASTE, ^. want<ui or luxurious consumption; loss: the 
 act of sqiiauderiiig; desolate, uncultivated, or unoccupied 
 groinid. 
 
 WA'STEFQL, a. destructive; ruinous; lavish; prodi- 
 gal ; dcsdlale ; :incultivated. 
 
 WA'STER, *. one that consumes dissolutely and extra- 
 vasrantK ; a squanderer: a vain consumer. 
 
 WaTCH, *. [fivrcff, .Sa\.| foibearance of sleep ; aften- 
 dai'ce without sleeping : attenlioii ; guard : a watchman, or 
 person sit as a guard , the ofhce of a guard in the night ; a 
 period of the ni:;ht ; a machine showiiigihe time, and usur 
 i»ilv worn in the pocket. Anions; mariners, it is the space 
 »)f f'liir li(|urs. during which one half of llie crew keep on 
 dick, biid are then relieved by tbc other. 
 
 6 X 
 
 To WATCH, e. ti. \wttcian. Sax] to keep awake ; 1* 
 ktepj;uard; to look with expeclaliiui, attention, or cautious 
 obse/valion with intent to seize. Acli»ely, lo^uard.or have 
 in cuslodv ; to observe secretly, or in ambush, in order lo 
 prev.-nl, detect, or betray ; lo lend, applied lo callle. 
 
 WAT'CHLll, f. one who sits up. A diligent overlooker 
 or observer. 
 
 WATCH ET, a. \tcaced, weak. Sax. J blue; or pal* 
 blue. 
 
 WATCH ET, a town of Somersetshire, sealed on tb» 
 Bristol Channel, at the nioiilh of a (iretly good harbour, 
 frequented by coal ships. Il is i4 miles N.W. of Bridge- 
 water, and 153 W. bv S. of Loudon. Market on Satur- 
 day. 
 
 NVATCHFUL, a. vigilant ; cautious; attentive. 
 
 WATCHFULNESS, *. vigilance ; cautious regard ; 
 heed. 
 
 WATCH HOUSE, $. the place where the watch is set. 
 
 WATCH MAKEK, s. one whose trade is to make 
 watches. 
 
 WATCHMAN, s. a guard ; a sentinel ; one set to keep 
 ward. 
 
 WA'TCHTOWER, f. a tower on which a sentinel was 
 pl;i( cd for llie sake of prospect. 
 
 To VVA"1 I' R, {uaiiier) v. a. to irrigate; to moisten; to 
 supply wilh water; to diversify as wilh waves, applied to 
 calendering. Neuteil\, to shed moisture ; to get or take in 
 water; to be used in supplying water. The iiwulh vatrrf, 
 im[>lies that a person longs, or has a vehement desire for 
 something. 
 
 V\ A'TER, (wnuter) s. [waeter, Belg. witter. Sax.] a flui<J, 
 Volatile and void of savour or taste, consisting of small, 
 smooth, liaid. porous, splieiic al particles, of equal diameters, 
 sliding easily over o!)e another's surfaces, and wellin){ the 
 tiling; imnierged into it ; one of the four elements; the sea, 
 opposed lo land ; urine : any Huid made of, or resembling 
 water; the histie of a diamond. Tu hold wattr, is used for 
 being sound and light. 
 
 WATERCOLOURS, s. Painters make colours into a 
 soft consistence wi h water; these they call watercolourt, 
 
 W\T"I RFALL, J. a cataract ; a cascade. 
 
 WA TFRFI.Afi, i. tie water flower de-hice. 
 
 WATERFORD. a c<miity of Ireland, having Cork on the 
 W. Tipperary and Kilkenriv on the N. and Wexford <hi the 
 E. It contains 11U,U0C inhabitants, and is tolerably 
 fertile. 
 
 WATFRFOPD, the capital of the above county, is a sea- 
 port town, and ilic.seeofa bishop. It has an excellent hai- 
 iiour, and an e» tensive tiade ; 76 miles S. of D. blin. 
 
 WATERFOWL, i. fowls that live or get their food »c 
 water. M^ 
 
 W.ATERGRUEL,^^oiI made with oatmeal boiled ib 
 
 WATERLILY, *. inlBany, the nymphaea. There art 
 two species the white anrf the yellow. 
 
 WA'TFRM.AN, s. a ferrvman; a boatman. 
 
 WA'I'EKMARK, .s. the utmost limit of the rise of the 
 flood. 
 
 WATER MILL, s. a mill turned by wafer. 
 
 WATERMOSS, #. in botany, the funtinalis; a sort of 
 moss. 
 
 WATEHPEPPER, i. a plant, the same with the arse- 
 iinart or lakeweed. 
 
 WATI'RPINE, ». in botany, the elaline. It is called 
 also waleiwort. 
 
 WAT' H RAT, s. a rat that makes holes io banks. 
 
 WATERSOLDIER, J. in botany, the stiatiot.s. The 
 common wateisolilier is the British species. It is a verv 
 elegant aquatic, fnuinl in slow streams and ditches, called 
 also water aloe, and freshwater soldier. 
 
 WAnERWOllK, *. artificial spouts of water; any hy- 
 draulic performance. 
 
 WAT'I;RY, (uoufery) a. aqueous : liquid; insipid; taste- 
 less; vapid ; wet; cousUtJiig of water ; relating to waS«r. 
 
 8tj»
 
 W£A 
 
 WEB 
 
 WATrORD, a town of Hertfordshire, SMted on <he 
 river Colli, 7 miles S. I>v W. of Sr. Alban's, and 14 N. W. of 
 Lon'Icii. MiirUet iii Tliursday. 
 
 WA'TLINGTON, a town in Oxfordshire, sealed under 
 Cliillcrn Hills, on a sniull l>riMik, wliicli, with the continued 
 liiljje, >livides this county from Biickiiij;hanisliire. It is 14 
 miles S. E. of Oxford, and 4G SV. of London. Market on 
 Saturdav. 
 
 'l"o WA'TTLE, V. a. [from watelas, twigs, Sax.] to bind 
 will), ortiirm bv platting; twigs. 
 
 WaTTI.F, «. [from Iht: verb] a hurdle. Tl\e barbs, or 
 loose red Hesli that haiijjs below a cock's bill ; from wughclcu, 
 to shakp, Ti'ut. 
 
 Wa'ITON, a town of Norfolk, 21 miles S. W. of Nor- 
 wich, and 91 N. N. E. oC London. Market on Wednesday. 
 
 WAVE, s. Iwaegh, Brig. J water lisin;; in sHelliiij;s above 
 the level of the surface ; a billow ; a line beiidiiii: in and 
 out alternately ; nnevenncss ; fliiclnation ; inequality. 
 
 To WAVE, D. n to play loosclv ; to float ; to be moved 
 asasi;inal; to fluctuate. Actively, to raise into inequali- 
 ties i to move looselv , or to and fro ; to beckon ; to put aside, 
 or decline tor the present ; to waft, or remove any tliin<,' 
 tiuaiini;. 
 
 To WA'VER, V. n. [wrtfian. Sax.] to play or move loosely 
 to and fro. Applied to the mind, to be unsettled, unde- 
 termined, or to fluctuate between difterent opinions. 
 
 To WAWL, V. 71. [from wa, >;rief. Sax.] to cry, howl, or 
 make a loud cry expressive of distress, used in contempt. 
 
 WAX, i. [w^exe, ha\. nex, Dirn. wachs, Bel<i.] ihe thick 
 tenacious matter of which bees form their cells; any tena- 
 cious matter, such as is used in fastening letters, Ac. 
 
 To WAX, I', a. to smear, rub, cover, or join with wax. 
 
 To WAX, V. n. [weaxan. Sax. uae/tsett. Tent.] to increase 
 in bulk, height, or age : to grow ; to pass into any state ; 
 to become. 
 
 W.A'XCH.\NDLF.R, ». a maker of wax-candles. 
 
 WAX EN, a. made of »ax. 
 
 WAY, s. [mit^. Sax. «'«>A, Belg. 1 a path which leads to 
 anyplace. The len;;th of a journey. Course. Advance- 
 ment notwithstanding obstacles, used with malte. Access. 
 Pjssa:;e or roimi to pass. Sphere of observaliou. Metlu;]. 
 Intermediate step. Retreat or submission, alter give. 'I en- 
 dency to any meaning or act. Melluul or custom peculiar 
 to a person. By the way, implies without necessary connec- 
 tion with what precedes. To go or come one's way, or ways, 
 is to come or go wilii<iui further delay. No way, or ways, 
 is sometimes used instead of wise. " No ways a match." 
 Swift. SyNON. WayK much more extensive and general 
 th.iu rnad, and implies the passage from place to place, whe- 
 ther throuiih the high road or not Road is much more li- 
 mited and particular, ami means the beaten way of travel. 
 It-rs from one city ortcwn to another. 
 
 WA'VEaRING, a. travelling ; being on a journey. 
 
 WAVMILL. SceWEYHii.L. 
 
 To WAYLA'Y, V. a. to watch in order to seize ; to beset 
 Sv ambush. 
 
 W.A'YWARD, n. fira and weard. Sax.) froward, or per- 
 ▼erse : vexatious: nuirose ; peevish. 
 
 \VE, pron. the plural of I. used w hen we mention or speak 
 of one nr more persons in conjunction with ourselves ; bor- 
 rowed fiiim tec, Sax. or trfi*'. Goth. 
 
 WEAK,(tef<'A)a. \wacc. Sax. werk, Relg.J void of strength 
 or IkiiIiIi ; feeble ; not strolls i infirm ; pliant: soft : not 
 s\'-4}i: not powerful) unforlilied. Scarce audible, or low, 
 applied to sound. Wanting spirit, discernment, or caution, 
 ipplird ti) the mind. Not well supported by argument. 
 
 T<> WEAKEN, (nwfin) v. a. to deprive of strength) to 
 del'ilit^te ) to enfeeble. 
 
 WEAKLY, ad. feebly) faintly i withn.it efficacy) in- 
 discrpf tlv. Ailjeclively, not strong i not healthy. 
 
 WEAKNESS, {wtiknest) s. iii(irmity) unlieallhfulness i 
 feebleness: defect) failing) want of strength, ability, judg- 
 ■i»-iit. resolution, or support. 
 
 WE AKSIDE, {wtiluuit) ,. foible > deficience ; infirmity. 
 
 eoo 
 
 WEAL, (uw*f) t. \v:tJttn, Sax. J happiness or prosperity! 
 
 a state) a republic) public interest or policy. 
 
 WEAL, {wiel)s. [waltn, .Sax.] the mark left bv a stripe. 
 
 WEALD, WALD, or WALT, in composition, signify k 
 wood or grove, and are borrowed from u;faM, Sax. 
 
 WEALTH, (wMi) s. [from uWw//, rich, Sax.] richer 
 whether c(Misisliiig in money or goods. 
 
 WE'ALTHY, a. rich ; opulent ; abundant. 
 
 T<) W I'".aN, (ween) v. a. \71e71an. Sax.] to keep a child from 
 sucking that lias hecii brought up by Ihe breast » to wrib- 
 draw from any habit or desire. 
 
 WEAPON, (ttfepii or wipn) s.\weapon. Sax] any instru- 
 ment bv which anol her may be hurt, or one be delended. 
 
 To WEAK, (Kffjf) e. o. pret. uure, pait. pass, kxt/i ; [tee- 
 ran, Sa\.] to waste, or cousuuie wiili use or lime. To con- 
 sume or spend tediously, used with away, and applied to 
 time. To hear or carry appendant to the body. '1 o exhi- 
 bit in appearance. To aflect by degrees. Used with ovt. 
 to harass, fatigue, or desimy. jSieuterly, to be wasted witk 
 time ort.!se ; to pass bv degrees ; to be lediouslv spent. 
 
 WEAR, WEIk, or WEEK, {ware) s. [ttcpr, a fen. Sax. 
 war, a mound. Tent.] a dam to sliiit up or raise the water. 
 From the verb, the ail of wearing; the thin,"' worn. In tlie 
 two last senses llie first oilliography is onl\ used. 
 
 WEARINESS, (weeiiiiess) s. the qualiiy of being tired, 
 fatiy:iied,or iuciimmoded; fatigue; impatience) tediousness.. 
 
 Wl'; AUHOME, a. troublesome ; tedious. 
 
 WE'AKISOMENESS, s. the quality of tiring; the state 
 of being easily tired. 
 
 W'l'.'AKV, {weiry) a. [from waeren, to be tired, Belg.l 
 tired; fatigueil ; wearisome; tiresome; impatient. 
 
 To WE'ARY, (tceiry) v. a. to tire: to fatigue; to in 
 commoile ; to harass; to make impatient. 
 
 WE'.\SAND, s. \waseii. Sax.] the windpipe. 
 
 WEASEL J. \weset, Sax. and Belg.J a small animal that 
 eats com, and kills mice. 
 
 WEATIlEU,(K«Mcf)». [KWfr,Sax.] the state of the ak 
 with respect either lo heal or cold, wet or dryness ; tempest, 
 storm. 
 
 To WE'ATHER, (wftl,er) r. a. lo pass with difficulty ) tft 
 expose In the air. I'Ollowcd by a puijit, lo gain a point 
 against the wind ; to accomplish against opposition. Use<* 
 with out, to f iiduie so as to surmount. 
 
 WI'rATHlsKBI'.ATI'.N, (KfM«-4ef<en) a. harassed by, or 
 seasoned to, hard v\ealher. 
 
 W E'ATHEKBY. See Wetherby. 
 
 Wl/A TIll'.RCOCK, (wet/ierrovk) s. an artificial cock, or 
 plate set on a spire, which shews the point whence Ihe wind 
 blows; an\ thing fickle or inconstant. In botauy.a speciea 
 of the im pa liens of Linnaeus, withfruitstalks supporting many 
 yellow ilowers, and eijg-shaped leaves. The capsule, wfien 
 ripe, ui)on being touched has the singular prooerty of throw- 
 ing out its seed w lib c<msiderable force. 1 his plant goe» 
 also by Ihe names of quick-in-tlie hand, touch me not, ancf 
 balsamiue. It is found in moist shady places, aiKl on l\m 
 banks ofri<ultts, and flouersin August. 
 
 WE'A I'll ElKiAGE, (withcrgaje) s. any thing that show* 
 the weather. At sea, a ship is said lo have Ihe w^eat/ierga^ 
 that is to the windward of another. 
 
 W EATll ERGLASS, s. a glass that shews the weight of 
 the air ; a baromeler. 
 
 WEA'THERWISE, (t«Me>ii>i«) n. skilled in foretelling 
 the change of the weather. Substantively, a nieteoiO' 
 legist. 
 
 To WEAVE, (weeve) v. a. pret. wove or weaved ; part. 
 pass. «'«i'm or weaitd ; [wi-f'nn. Sax. wntn, Belg.] lo forsn 
 any slufl in a loom with a sliiittle ) lo unite or form, by in- 
 serting one part into another. Neuterly, to work with a 
 loom 
 
 WE'AVER, (wetiifr) t. one who makes woollen or line* 
 cloth. 
 
 WEB, s. [webbn. Sax.] anv thing woven i a tissue or fen- 
 lure formed of threads mleiwoven with each other ) a kind 
 of film that hinders tbe ticbi ; a cataract i a su&usion.
 
 WEL 
 
 WEPFOOTED. «. Iiaving films between the toes, ap. 
 
 pliffl lo ";it. r fo«l. 
 
 WF/lil.Y. Sec WKOBtY. 
 
 To WF.I), V. a. \wrHian, Sax.] to marry ; to take for hus- 
 band or wife ; to join in njarria^'e ; to unite indissoiiiUly, 
 or for a Ions <'ontiniiatiep : to unite by luve or fondness. 
 Nenterlv, tocnnlrai t nialrinxmy. 
 
 Wr/DOINC;, i. the n?arria;,'e rcremnny ; a marriaj;e. 
 WK|)(iE, *. [ttfff^e, Rel^;. veg(;e, Dan.] one of the me- 
 chanical powers, c<insistiii^ of a liody with a silirii p eflge, 
 contiiMially firowinj; thicker, and used in ch'aviny timber. A 
 mass o( iiiil;d. Any Ihingin form of a wed^e. 
 
 To VVI.;D(;K_ „\ a. to fastf'ii or force together with 
 wcdjjes ; lo stop t)r >lrailen with wedges; to cleave with 
 Wei1i;e>. To (i\ as a wedye. 
 
 WEDLOCK, s. \ufd and hic, marriage and gift, Sax.] 
 matrinioTiv ; niarria^je ; nnntials. 
 
 VVR'DN l'',>DA \ , s. \woilnisiln(^. Sax. from Wadhi, or Odin, 
 an idol, ireii.ulni/, Isll llie fonrlli da\ in the week. 
 
 WKK. n. |„ffi,,^, Beln. |li!lle ; Sfnall. 
 
 WI'/I'D, s. [ifrod, tares, .Sax.l a noxious or rank herb 
 growinu' spoiilaneonsly. A garment, cloak, or habit, from 
 wceda. Sax. waed, Bi'l-;. 
 
 To \V ERD, r. n. to clear from or remove noxious fdants. 
 Figuratively, to free from anj thins noxious, or fioni an ill 
 babii -..to root out. 
 
 WEI'l'DKIl, s.cine that takes away any thinj; noxious. 
 
 MJER'OY, o. cimsislinsof or aboundin;; with weeds. 
 
 W F.EK, s \n'rke, Bel^.] the spare of seven days. 
 
 WE'/KDA V", s. any common day on uhich work is done, 
 opposfd 111 Sunday. 
 
 WEEKLY, (I. happening, produced, or done once a 
 week. .Advc' bially, once a v\eek. 
 
 WKEL s. {u'xl. Sax. J a whirlpool ; a snare for fish, made 
 of willow- iwi^s; peihaps from Willow. 
 
 To W EEN, i». a. ftt-enon. Sax. waenen, Belg.J lo think, 
 imaijinp, <ir fancy. Obsolete. 
 
 To WI'^EP, V. n. preler. and part. pass, wept or neej>fd; 
 \wenpnn. Sax.] to express sorrow by tears ; lo shed tears. 
 Activeiy, lo bewail or lament with tears ; to bemoan ; to 
 shed nioislnve; to abound wilh wet. 
 
 WE EPKU, «. one « ho sheds tears; a mourner. Awhile 
 border worn on the sleeve of a man's black coat for first 
 inournins. 
 
 To WEET, ti. n. pret. wnt or wote ; \iLilon, Sax. weten, 
 Bel::.] to know ; to be intornied. Seldom used. 
 
 WI'.E'VII^, s. [icerel, Teul.] a small black worm that de- 
 Strovscorn and meal ; a smb. 
 
 VVEE7", s. ffi-iiniiw. Fr.] aiiv thins "trassb";? without an 
 owner. The woof of cloth, from vefia. Six. 
 
 To Wr.KiH, (.wny) V. a. [weijhen, Bels.| to find the 
 weiaht of :iu\ tliiuL' b\ balance, or scales ; to equal in WHi-iht; 
 to pav, all'it, or lake by Wfishl. Applied to an aiiclmr, to 
 take up. To exam ne or balance in the mind. Fullowed 
 by dtni'H, to overbalance, or exo-pd in weii;ht or importance ; 
 to overburden or depress, applied lo ditficidties. Nculeilv, 
 lo coiitiiii in weisbt. To raise the anchor. To sink bv its 
 own wei:.'ht. To be looked on as important, to deterniine 
 the jiidirment. followed bv jci A. 
 
 WEI'G H KB, ». he « ho w-ishs. 
 
 WEIGHT, (ttwO *. \triht. Sax.] quantitv fo.ind by ba- 
 lanciiii; 'n scales ; a mass bv wliich other bodies aro exa- 
 niineri in -icales ; a ponderonsor heavy mass ; il'.npiabt' by 
 which bodies lend toxiards the centre ; pressure ; biir.len; 
 iniportancp, power, influence, or elhracv. SyNON. Weie;ht 
 implies prevalence, Ihonyh small : i»//t(fHe(? seems to Imve 
 ■ more force ; swnii is more absolute. Siiperioritv of rank 
 ard reason gives the first Atlachinent to persons contri- 
 butes miub to the second. The art offindms out and taking 
 adv.tnta'e pf iheweakness of men forms the latter. 
 
 WFJ(iFITY, (vaitii) a. heavy; ponderous; eflicacions; 
 fnomenti.ii- ; iuuiortant. 
 
 WKLCHPOOI., a t(.\«n of Montsomervshire, in N. 
 Wales, seated on Ihe river Severn, in a rich vale. It is the 
 
 WEL 
 
 iarsest and best built cnrporalinn in the county, and lias a 
 
 very s'lod trade. The castle, now i ailed Povv is Castle,buill 
 of a reddish stone, isa larye stately .siruclure. ll is l','^ 
 uiile.s N. W. of London. Market on Monday. 
 
 WE'l.COiVlK, {I. Uvtlcmne, >i\\. wnl/iom, liels. 1 received 
 wilh sladlle^s, kindness, or care ; pleasing, or tonlcrrinx 
 pleasure, by being pieseiit. 
 
 \Vi;'LC()MI'., s. the ceremony paid to a visitant at iiis first 
 appearance; kind reception of a iieu <<iiiier. 
 
 To \V I-, LCO.M E, V. a. lo receive wilh kindness. 
 
 'I'o WELD, v.tt. lo beat one mass into another. To ueld, 
 is used by Spenser foi 7'o uield. 
 
 WE'LDON, (iRKA T, a lou'ii in Northamptonshire, with 
 a handsome market bouse, and a sessions cluiniber o»er it. 
 It is situated in Ki)ckiiigliaui Foiest,8G miles fr<;in London. 
 Market on Wednesday. 
 
 WI'.LFaIIE,^. happiness ; success; prosperity. 
 
 WiyLlvIN, s. rfiom weken, clouds. Sax.] the sky ; the 
 visible regions of the air. Adjei lively, sky colourerl. 
 
 WELL,*, [velle, Sax. i a spring or fountain ; a deep nar- 
 row pit of water; the cavity in vvhich stairsaie placed. 
 
 WI'.LL, a. not sick ; happy; convenient; proper; being 
 in favour ; recovered from any sickness or niisforliine. 
 
 WELL, ad.[wcll. Sax. wel, Belg.] in heallh; not ill ; in 
 a skilful, proper, sutficienl, or sood mannor; favouiablv ; 
 conveniently ; pleasinglv. As welt as, used conjiiiiclively, 
 implies together with. Welhiig^h, signifies ni'arly, or almost. 
 'J his word is used in coiuposilion lo express any thing right, 
 proper, laudable, handsome, or free (rom defect, ll is also 
 used when something isadinilled as ihe ground for a conclu- 
 sion ; as, " Well, by ihis author's confession, a number supe- 
 rior are for the succession in the house of Hanover." Stvi/t. 
 " Well, lel'sawai." Shak. 
 
 WF.'LlvADAY, interject, alas. 
 
 WELLBE'I.NG, i. hapjtiness ; prosperity. 
 
 WELLBKE'D, «. polite; elegant of manners or be- 
 haviimr. 
 
 WELLINGBOROUGH, a town of Northamptonshire, 
 seated on the ascent of a hill, and on Ihe western bank of 
 Ihe river Nen. ll isa large, well inhabited place, has a con- 
 si<leral)le trade in the manufacture of lace. It is reckoned 
 the second town ill the couiitv, and is 12 miles N. E. of 
 Northampton, and 6a N. by W. of London. Market on 
 Wednesdav. , 
 
 WELLINGTON, a town of Shropshire, seated n^ar 
 Wteskin Hill, 12 miles I'i. of Shrewsbury, and 152 N. W. 
 of London. Market on Thursdav. 
 
 WELLINGTON, a io»n of Somersetshire, seated on Ihe 
 liver Foiie, lo miles N. E. of Exeter, and 147 W. by S. of 
 Lruidon. Market oiiTluirsdav 
 
 Wh;'LLOW, a Iovmi in Somersetshire, 5 miles S. of Bath. 
 Market on Thursday 
 
 WELLS, a sea port town in Norfolk, sealed in the north- 
 ern part of ihe county, ll has a large church, and a qua- 
 ker's nieeling. This town has a considerable corn tiade. 
 It is 118 miles N. N. E. of London. Market on Saturday. 
 WELI>*<, a city of Simiersel-hire, sealed at the fool of a 
 hill, and has its name from the wel's and springs about it ; 
 and though it is but a sui.dl city, it is »'ell inhabited, and is a 
 bishop's see, |os.-llicr with Bath. The pubic and |)ri\ate 
 buildings are ver\ good; ami the cathedral in particular a 
 stalelv pde, whose Iroiitispieie at the W. end is ailorned 
 will) images and carving. The bishop's pala-je is like a 
 castle, being Mirrounded with walls and a mole; the Louses 
 ofllie prebendaries a e handsome, and the inarkel hou-)e is 
 a fine structure, suppmled by pillars. This city sends two 
 members to parliauieiit, and is governed by a iiiaNorand 
 other officers. It is IJO miles W. of London. Mar .et on 
 Wednesdav and '»alurdav. 
 
 WE'LLSPRIN(i, .s. [wcellgespi-ig. Sax.] a fountain ; a 
 spriiii:. 
 
 W ELT. s. a border, guard, or edging. 
 
 To W E LTER, «-. H. [weheren. Belt'.] to roil in wale'-, mite, 
 blood, or any iiith; lo nailuu. 
 
 801
 
 WES 
 
 WHE 
 
 WEM, /. fSax.]a spot ; a blemish ; a scar. 
 
 WKM.a Io«u in Shropshir*-, seated on tiie livei RndHen, 
 near its simrce. It is a small place, l>ut tlie market is lari;e 
 fi)r caille and provisions. It is 9 miles N. otSbrewabury, 
 »lid 164 N. W. of London. 
 
 WI'.N, t. [Sax.] a Uesliy or callous excresceoce growing 
 oa d flerent pans of the i)ody. 
 
 WENCH, /. Iwencle, Sax. J a young woman. A prosti- 
 tute. 
 
 WI'VNCHKR, s. a fornicator; a whoremasfer. 
 
 To Wl-'.ND, V. n. [pret. went; wendan. Sax.] to go and 
 pass to and from. Its pret. wetit is now only in use. 
 
 WK'NDOVER, a t<)«n in Bucknifjhamsliire, 7 miles S. K. 
 cf Aylesbury, and 35 VV. by N. of London. Market on 
 Thursday. 
 
 WEN LOCK, a (own in Shropshire, 12 miles S. E. of 
 Shrewsbury, and 147 N. W. of London. Market on Mon- 
 day. 
 
 WEOBLY, an antient town in Herefordshire, which had 
 « pretiv good trade formerly, but it is now principally re- 
 moved to Keyiilon. It is 8 miles N. W. of Hereford, and 
 141 W. N. W. of London. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 WKUl',, the plural of Was, the preler-imperfect of Be ; 
 from wceren, plural of teas, the imperfect of itoii, Sax. Like- 
 wise the imperic'ct sin;!ular and plural of llie optative, po- 
 tential, and subjunctive moods of (he same verb. 
 
 WERTH, WEORTII, or WYIUH, in (he names of 
 places, signifies farm, court, or village, from weorthig, 
 !>ax. 
 
 WEST, s. [«•«/, Sax. and Belg.] that point of the heavens 
 where tiie sun s-.-ts «lien in either of (lie equinoxes. 
 
 WEST, a. beinif toward, or coming (Von), the region of 
 the fiettMii; sun when in (lie e<|uino\. 
 
 WESTBURY, a pre!(v good town of Wiltshire, 26 miles 
 "V. VV. of Salisiiury, ai-.d 101 W. of London. It has a market 
 Friday <'<in:ideiab|p for corn 
 
 WE>iTl'"RLY, u. lending or being toward the west. 
 
 vVE'STERN, ff. being in the west, or towards the part 
 *hpre the sun sels. 
 
 WES T LOO'E, a corporation in Cornwall, which sends 
 two members to parliament, and is distant from London 232 
 miles. See ICast i.ooe. 
 
 WE'ST.MINSTKR, a city of Middlesex, the residence of 
 the monarchs of Gnat Britain, the seat of the parliament, 
 and of the high courts of justice, and constituting, with 
 London and Soulhwark, with which it is so united as to 
 appear onecitv, the metropolis of the British empire. Tuere 
 is no bishop, but a dean and chapter belonging to the ab- 
 bey; the former of which is always bishop of Rochester. 
 They have the a|vpointment of the high sherift' and high 
 bailiff, and, \\\\\\ the liberty, send two members to parlia- 
 ment. See London. 
 
 WE'STMORELAND, an En-lish county, 40 miles in 
 length, and «1 in breadth ; bounded on ihe N. W. by Cum- 
 berland; on the W. and S. by Lancashire ; and on tlic E. 
 by Yorkshire. It contains 2(j parishes, eight market towns, 
 and sends 4 members to parliament. The air is very sharp 
 •lid cold ; but healthy to those whose c(mstilutions are able 
 to bear it. I( is a mountainous country, two of whose ridges 
 cross (he county, and run towards the sea totheS. W. where 
 a bay of i( washes (his coun(y. There are some valleys 
 fruilful in corn and pas(u>'es; and (he hills serve to feed a 
 preat number of sheep. The principal rivers are (he Eden, 
 tlie Ken, the Loan, the Eamon, (he Tees, Ihe Lowtlier, the 
 Huima, the Winstar, the Lavennet beck, and the Blinkern- 
 b«cli. There are also four noted meers or lakes called 
 XJIIe»-water, Broadwater, Horns water, and Winander- 
 ■leer. The principal town is Appleby, hut Kendal is the 
 Jioif crnsiderahle for size, trade, and population. 
 
 WLSTPH A'LIA, one of (he circlesof Germany ; bounded 
 •n the E. by the circle of Lower Saxony ; on (he S. by Ihe 
 Es«e, We»(erwald,and (he Rhine ; on (he W. by Ihe United 
 l^rovinces ; and on the N. by the German Sea. Tli« air is 
 ^id ; but the toil produces pastures and some corn, ttiougb 
 
 mn 
 
 there arc a great many marshes. The horses are large, and 
 the hogs in high esteem, especially (he hams, known by \\'.t 
 name of VVey|.|i;i|ia hams. The print ipal rivers are (lie 
 Weser, the Embs, (he Lippe, and (he Rouer. It contain* 
 several sovereignties, but has no capital. Muiister is (he 
 most considerable town. This country gives name (oa isew- 
 ly erected kingdom in Germany, under (he government of 
 Jerome Biionai>arte, agreeable to the treaty of Tilsit. 
 
 VVE'.STRAM. or WESTERHAM, a (own of Ken(, seated 
 on (he river Darent, which rises from 9 springs near th.'s 
 town. It is 14 miles N. W. of Tunbriilge, and 22 S. S. h. 
 of London. Market on Wednesday. 
 
 WE'STWARD, <w/. fttiwiiirard, Sax. I toward the west 
 
 VVET, a. [woet, Sax.J moist ; rainy ; huuiid : having som* 
 moisture adhering. 
 
 WET, «. water; moisture; rain; humidity. 
 
 To \\ ET, V. a. lo make moist ; to plunge or soak in anj 
 liquor; to drench with drink. 
 
 WETHER, f. |iuerf«-, Sax. and Belg.] a castrated ram. 
 
 WETHERBY, or VVeatherby, a town in (he VV. Rid- 
 ing of Yorkshire, sealed oil ijie river Wharf, 14 miles 
 W. of York, and 192 N. by U. of London. Market on 
 Thursday. 
 
 WETNESS, *. the state of being wet ; moisture : 
 humidity. 
 
 To W l''.X, tj. a. [properly wax J to grow ; to increase. 
 
 WF.'XFORL), a ciuuity of Muuster, in Ireland, liavin<; 
 Wicklow on the N. Ihe Ocean <ui the E. and S. and W.iter- 
 ford on the W. It is about 38 miles long, and 24 broad. 
 Wevford is a fruitful county, contains 8 boroughs, and sends 
 8 members to parliament. 
 
 WEXFORD, the capital of the above county, is a sea- 
 port town, and a place of considerable trade. I'he inhabi- 
 tants are alKuil DCtuu. It is 63 miles S. of Dublin. Lat. 52. 
 18. N.lon.6. 3. W. 
 
 WE'YMOliTH. See Melco.mbe Regis. 
 
 WE'ZAND, or WE'ASAND, s. the wind pipe. 
 
 WII.ALK, t. \hwale. Sax.] in zoology, a Iribe of large sea 
 animals of which there are several species. The common 
 whale has no teelh, but in their place arecerlain black horny 
 Haky substances which are called whale bone and used for 
 various purposes. The whale sometimes grows to the length of 
 lUO feet. It is valued chiefly for the oil which is (iroduced 
 by its blubber or fat, (hiuigh (he tlesh is eaten by several 
 savage nations. I( brings forth its young alive and suckle* 
 them like a lanil animal. 
 
 WHARF, i. [wk'irf. Sued, werf, Belg.j a bank from 
 which vessels are laden or unladen. 
 
 WHA'RFACiE, t. money paid for landing or shippinj; 
 goods at a wiiarf. 
 
 WHA'RFINGER, s. the owner of a wharf; one employed 
 in shipping and landing goods. 
 
 WHAT, pron. I /ittflpr. Sax. «.■"(, Belg.] that which; which 
 part; which of seveial. Used to introduce a question, it 
 asks (he nature of a thing. What time, at the (ime when. 
 Wlint day, on (he day when. It is used adverbially for part- 
 ly, wilh a degree of emphasis; as, "The year bet'ore he 
 had so used the matter, (hat what by force, what by polii y. be 
 had taken from (he Christians ('iir(v .small castles." KnoUt4. 
 
 WHA TE'VER, or WHATSOEVER, pron. being one or 
 another, either generically, specifically, or numerically; aU 
 that : (he whole (h-tt. 
 
 WHEAT, {wheel) i. [Itweate, Sax.] the grain of wbick 
 bread is generally made. 
 
 WHE'ATEAR,(tt7i«/Mr)«. a small bird, very delicate. 
 
 WH''/ATEN, (wheeteri) a. made of wheat. 
 
 Tu WHEEDLE, v. a. to entice by soft words ; to flattert 
 to persuade by kind words. 
 
 WHEEL, /. |/mW, Sax. witl, Belg.j a circular body that 
 turns round upon an axis ; a circular body ; a carriage with 
 wheels ; an instrument ot spinning ; an instrument on w hick 
 criminals are tortured ; rotation ; revolution ; cooipas* 
 about. 
 
 To WHEEL, V, n. to moTe oa wheels, or turo on a ceolff t
 
 WHI 
 
 Will 
 
 « tuni ; to revolve; to fetch ucoinpiisi. Aclivply, to put 
 Int.) a (in iiliir toiirsp. 
 
 WIlKKLBAKKOW'.i.aciirria^.'iliiviii forward by two 
 baiiill<-.->, iiikI iKtvini; Itiit <i single wlit'el. 
 
 'W\i\\.Ki.\\{U(.ili'\\ {whrehilj s. one wlio iir.iKos vvliecls. 
 
 ToWHKI'.ZK, V. ii.[/iKe<i.uiu. Sax.) lo I>iimI|ic «i1|i noise. 
 
 To VVHKI.M, V. a. [awlii/J'crn. >iix. ui/mn, l>.l,J lo cover 
 
 willi sonifllmif; "liiili cuinii.t lie ItitoHii oil'; lo limy ; to 
 
 tbiow upon soiiietlnii;4 ;>o Ub lo cover or IniiN II ; lu turn liie 
 
 open sifle of a vessel <lo«n»iiril>. 
 
 WIII'.LP, s. [«e//), lielj;.] llie >oun^' ofH (loy:, or l)ea»t of 
 prf \ ; a i>u|)\)V. A son or yi'Unt; iniin, in conteinpl. 
 
 To WHI'.LI', V. H. lo ljri:ig forlli joung ; applit^d gene, 
 rallv lo lieasts of piey. 
 
 WHEN, ad. [u/ian, Ciolh ] at the lime; at «liat particular 
 time: alter the Unie thai. U»i.(l inlerioi^alivcl;, at »liat 
 time ? W/mi as, signifies at the inne «hen. 
 
 WHRNCE, ad. [formed from WhIiRK, inthe s;iiiie man- 
 ner as lienre from /iere\ frttin what plate, person, or cause ; 
 froniv\hich premises; from u hat source. Sometimes /rom 
 is Used with it, linl verv im|>roperlv. 
 
 WllKNlVVEll.or WHENSOK VKIl,arf. at whatsoever 
 time. 
 
 WHERI'I, ad. [Iiwitr, Sax. warr, Bel-i.] at which or what 
 place : at the place in which. Any where, at any place. 
 
 WHKKEA'S, urf. when on the contrary ; but on the coii- 
 trarv : notwithstatidini;. 
 WflRKKBY', nrf. I.y ^^hich. 
 
 WnR'KEFOKK, «(/. for which reastm. For what reason. 
 WHERI VER, ad. at whatsoever place. 
 "WHKRI'XVE,™^/. of which. 
 WHEKESOIVVER, ad. in what place soever. 
 WHEHEIPO N, ad. upon which. 
 
 To WHE'HRJ'^IT, D. a. lorrupted Srom ferret ; to hurry; 
 to troidde or teaze. A low word. 
 
 W HE'ltK Y, i. a lifjht small boat used on rivers. 
 WHEUWKL, or Wharwell, a village in Hampshire, 
 3 miles K. of Andover. 
 
 To WHE'I', V. a. {wtttan. Sax. wetten, Belg.] to sharpen 
 any instrument by rubbing it on a hone, iVc. To give an 
 edse, or make angry. 
 
 Whet, a. the act of giving an edge ; any thing that pro- 
 motes apnelileor hunger. 
 
 WHETHER, ad. \hwctthtr. Sax.] used in a disjunctive 
 proposition or question, to set one part of the sentence in 
 opposition to the other, and to athrm or deny, even lliough 
 the other part do not hold good. 
 WH K'TH I'.R, mon. w hicli of the two. 
 WHE'I'STONE, J. a stone on which anything is sharp- 
 ened li\ rubbing. 
 
 WHE'TTEK, ». one who whets or sharpens. 
 WHEY, 1. \we>i, Belg. /iwrrs^. Sax.] the thin serous part of 
 milk, separated from the curds. It is frequently used of any 
 thini; while or thin. 
 
 WHICH, pron. \hwl/c, Sax.] a word used in narratives to 
 express things named before, in order to avoid tlie repetition 
 of'the same things ; formerly applied lo persons likewise, as 
 way be seen by the tirst sentence in the Lord's Prayer in 
 English, " Our Father winch art in Heaven," but at present 
 diaused in that sense. This word if likewise used as a de- 
 monstrative and interrogative. "Take which you will. — 
 Which is the mant" It sometimes has vihote in the genitive 
 ease. 
 WHIFF. I. [chwyth, Brit.] a blast, or puff of wind. 
 To WHITFLE, v. n. to move as if driven to and fro by 
 the wind ; lo play on the fife. 
 
 WHITFLER, I. one that blows strongl^lf ; one that plays 
 on the fife; a meretrifler; a pitiful, mean, sorry fellow;" a 
 young freeman who attends the companies of Ix)ndon on the 
 Ix)Td-inayor's day. 
 
 WHIG,*. [Auw, Sax.] whey. A party formerly oppo- 
 site to the court. Burnet takes the true original of this word 
 to be owinc to.the Wiggamorti, or carriers, ia Scotland, 
 
 who were cont'actediv calh d wiggt, leceiving their nara 
 honi whigfrnii, a word ihev used in ill iving llieir noises. 
 WHr(;Gl.SiM,i. the tenets and |iracticeol the Whiijv ] 
 WHILE, ». [fiiriiie.ly wrillen quhile, from ra;«V/, (lO.it.'j 
 time ; a sji^ue of time. 
 
 WHILE, WHILKS, or WHILST, arf.(//u>(7e. Sax.] dur.Bn 
 the time thai ; as Ion;; as; at the Mime time that. 
 
 WHILOM, ad. [/luilom. once on a lime. Sax. J some lime 
 ago; formerly; once; of old. (Uisolele. 
 
 WHLVl, J. a freak, caprice, or odd fancy ; a conceit. 
 To WHIMPER, ('. n. [wim7ntren, Teul.] to cry without 
 making am lou'l noise. 
 
 WHIMSICAL, (uhimzihul) a. capricious ; oddly fanciful; 
 fantastical ; freakish. 
 WIII'MSY, iuliinny) s. an odd fancy or caprice. 
 WHIN, i.[vliuyn, Brit.] a Hcli-kiiowii shrub, called gorse, 
 or furze. 
 
 To WHINE, V. n. f«ia;(!«ji, Sax. weenen, Bel«. cwyno, Brit.j 
 to lament in a low voice ; to coinplain atlccttdlj ; to ur^'T 
 out anv .sound ; to make a |i|aiiilive noise. 
 
 WHINE, s. a plaintive noise ; mean orafl'ected complaint. 
 
 To WHINNY, V. >i. to make a noise like a horse or colt. 
 
 WIII'NV \RD, i.a sword, in conleiiipt. 
 
 To WHIP, V. a. [hweopan, Sa\. vhijtpen, Belf;.] to strife* 
 
 with any thing tough and flexible ; to sew slightly ; to lasb 
 
 willi sarcasm; totlrive or correct with lashes; t.i take any 
 
 thing suddenly or nimbly. Neiiterly, to move nimbly. " Tfc» 
 
 one whi)i.< up a tree." L' Estrange. 
 
 WH I P, s. [hweofi, Sax.] an instrument of correction tou)()i 
 and pliant. 
 WHIPCORD, i. a cord of which lashes are made. 
 WHIPHAND, J. the advantage over another. 
 WHI'PPEK.i one who ininishes with whipping. 
 WIU'PSTAFF. t. on shipboard, a piece of wood fattened 
 to the helm, which the steersman holds in his hand to mov« 
 the helm and turn the ship. 
 
 WHI PS I ER, s. a nimble fellow. A prating insignificant 
 fellow : an upstart ; a sharper. 
 
 To WHIRL, V. a. [hwijrfaii. Sax.] to turn round rapidi/. 
 Nciiteilv, to run round swiltly. 
 
 WHIRL, X. a quick and violent circular rnolion ; gyratioa; 
 quick rotalion : an\ thing moved with rapid rotation. 
 WHI'RLKilG, s. a lov which children spin round. 
 WHIRI.PIT. or WHI'RLPOOL, s. [hwyrfyole, .Sax.lt 
 place in the water where it moves circularfv, and draws 
 every thing that comes near it into its centre ; a vortex. 
 VVHIRLWIND, s.astormy wind moving circularly. 
 WHISK, i. [from ttiWieH, to wipe, Teut.] a small haad- 
 besom or brush. 
 
 To WHISK, »'. a. \u'ischen, to wipe, Teut.] to clean with 
 a whisk ; to move nimbly. 
 
 WHISKER, s. the haiigrowing on the upper lip so lou^ 
 as to be curled ; the muslachio. 
 
 WHISKING, n. gnat ; swinging. " .\ whisking lie." 
 WHl'SKY,*. a term sitrnifving «'a/#r, and applied in thf 
 highlands and islands of Scotland, and in Ireland, to strong; 
 water or distilled liquor. The spirit drank in the North ig 
 drawn from barley. Also a kind of one Uorse chaise. 
 
 To WHISPER, ». n. [whisperen, Belg.] to speak so low 
 to a person as not to be heard by another. Actively, t» 
 speak to in a low voice ; to susurrate ; to prompt secretly. 
 WHI'SPER, s. a low soft voice ; susurration. 
 WHIST, a. interject, and rerb. When used as a verb, k 
 implies, are silent ; " The wild waves whist.' Shahs. When 
 used as an adjective, still, or silent; "The winds with 
 wonder twAij/,— smoothly the waters kiss'd." Milton. Used 
 as an interjection, be still or attentive. 
 
 WHIST, s. a game at cards, so called, from its requiring 
 silence and deep attention. 
 
 To WHISTLE, V. n. [hvistUm, Sax.] to form a kind o' 
 musical sound by contracting the lips together, so as to leave 
 a small round aperture between them ; to make a sound wil>i 
 a small wind instrument,; to sound shrilL Actively, to m 
 by a whistle.
 
 WHI 
 
 WHY 
 
 "WHI'STLE, ». [hvittie. Sax.J sound made by the tnodula- 
 lioii of tlie mouth. A small wind iiistrunirnt. A sound made 
 <)y a small wind instrument. The iiioulh. A call, such-sis 
 »portsnien use to their do;;s. The noise ofwinds. 
 
 WUrSTLKK, s. one who whistles. 
 
 WHIT, s. [wild, a thing, Sax.] a point, or jot ; the least 
 perceplihle qiianlilv ; a tittle. 
 
 yVHlTBY, a wefl-built town in the N. Riding of York- 
 «hire, comiiiiidiously sealed near the month of the river Ksk, 
 46 miles N. iv by I'), of York, and 2J2 N. of London. It 
 is a considerable sea-port, building many ships for the coal- 
 ^rade. On December 24, 1*87, at niidniKht, by the shrink- 
 ing of pari of the clil}, near the sea, an esplanade, 300 
 yards long, and 80 in breadlli, on which a regular street had 
 been buiit, since the \ear 1761, was overturned and over- 
 wlielmed. Market on Saturdav. 
 
 WlllTCllL'RCH, a town of Hampshire, consisting prm- 
 «;ipally of one slieet, lately much enlar;;ed and beaulihed, 
 and contains about 3U0 houses. Jiere is an exclusive ma- 
 nufacture of paper, for the sole use of the bank of iMuland, 
 long vested in the lauidy of Porlliall. The siliialion is low. 
 It is 24 miles N. E. of Salisbury, ar.d 36 W. by S. ot Lon- 
 don. Market on Friday. 
 
 WHI'ICHUKCH, a large and populous town ofShrop. 
 shire, 20 m.les N. oi' Shrewsbury, and 161 N. W. ol Lon- 
 «lon. Market on Friday. 
 
 WlllTlv a. \lnvit, Sax. ttiV, Belg.] having such an appear- 
 ance as is toriueil fr^nu a mixture ot coloured ravs of light ; 
 •nowy ; palf, liavirg the colour of le;ir ; pure or unspoiled ; 
 •Hiioceijl. Gray »illi age. .Subslanlively, any thing «liile. 
 The albiigineous part of an egg. The white pari of the 
 
 To WHITE, or WHITEN, ». a. to make while, or like 
 snovv in colour. 
 
 WHITKHAVEX, a large, populous, rich, and improv- 
 ing I'i'Aii of Cuiiilii-rlaud, wiiha good artificial harlHuir, 
 defended by a long pier.conUiiniiigaboiit Ki.OOO iiili;ibiiaiits, 
 and eniploN iug alio\e SOO ships. T he working of the coal 
 wines iiirms llie |iriuci|ial businessof ihe place These are 
 sniik to the iiei'lh of 1^0 talhoms. and carried to a vast 
 -*iislance under the sea, uliere vessels of large burden ride 
 *X anchor. By lliete a great part of Ireland, and olher 
 places, arc tiip|dicd with coal, tiom «hich the propiielur, 
 lord Lonsdale, derive-! a revenue ot kIiouI ICOOOjC. a Near. 
 4t is '3 miles S. W. (d" Cockernioulb, and 296 N. VV. of 
 I.*nd(in. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 WIII'TELEAD, .?. a kind of powder, made hy taking 
 sheet lead, and culling it iiilo long ami iiarrov\ >lips, « Inch 
 are made up iiilo rcilU, but so that a small distance may re- 
 inaiii belwcen every spiral revolution. These rolls are put 
 into earlhen pols, so ordered llial ihe lead may not sink 
 4lowiialiove half wav, or some small luatler moie, in them : 
 lliese pols |ja>e > acli ol lliem very kirarp viiicijiir in liic bot- 
 lom, so lull as almost lo Kuidi the lead. When llie vinegar 
 •lid lead have bolh been put inlollie pot, il is covered up 
 <;lo^.e, and so lell for a cerlain lime; in which space llie 
 corrosive fiiiiies of the viiirgar »iil reduce llic surlacc of Ihe 
 Jeaii iiilo a mere v\|iile <alx, which lliev sepaale b\ kno( k- 
 ttl( il w 111 a hammer There are two sons of this sold at 
 tJu' coliuir shops; ilie one called ceruse, which is the most 
 pure part, and ill- olher is called while lead. 
 
 Willi ELK-\THER, t. a lough sort of leather dressed 
 litilh ahiin. 
 
 WnrrKMEAT, s. food made of milk. 
 
 Will I'I'.M'.SS, J. purity ; ileanness; paleness. 
 
 WIliTl'.i'UF, s a kin.roffood. 
 
 WIllI'l'.S, s. a disea-e arising from a laxness of Ihe 
 glaudsoflhe uterus, and acold piliiiloiis blood. 
 
 WIHTE'l'HOiiN, M. a very coiuiuoii species of haw- 
 tii rii. 
 
 WII'"! r.WASH, *. a wash to make the skin seem fair. 
 A kiii'l of I 'pii/l piaster with which uallsare »liiteiied. 
 
 Ill WHITEWASH, V. «. to wash walls while with a kind 
 of pUi.iter made of lime. 
 tlU4 
 
 WHITEWINE. s, a sort of wine produced frora Xm 
 
 white grapes. 
 
 WHi'THER, arf. \hwyder, Sax.] used interrogatively, to 
 what place? Used relatively, to which place; to what 
 place, absolutely. To uhat degree ? 
 
 WHITING, *.a smalll sea tish. A soft chalk. 
 
 WHITISH, a. someihing white. 
 
 WHITLOW, {wliiilo) s. [from hwit, Sax. and loup, Isi. 
 a wolf, Skinner.j a swelling with a while head, arising either 
 between the X\<o skins, or the periosteum and the bone, 
 Ihe first is called mild, and the last malignant. 
 
 WHITLOW GR.AS'-, f. in botany, the draba of Linnaaiis. 
 There art 3 British species; the early, speedwell leaved, and 
 wrealheii-pudded. The hrst species is one of the eailiest 
 tloHering plants we have nalive in Britain. The rue-leaved 
 sengreen goes also In the i.ameof v\hillowgrass. 
 
 WHI'I STi',R..s a whileiier or blanclier 1 t liuen. 
 
 WHITSUN'llDK, *. \tihite i)m\ Sunday] so called, be- 
 cause the converts newly baplized appeaiTd from Easier lo 
 Whilsuiilide in while. The feasi ot I'entecosl. 
 
 WHITILISEA. See UiTLtSEA. 
 
 VVHlTi LE, s. ,/iui/tel, Sax.j a knite ; a white dress for 
 a wdiiiaii. Not us<(l m the last sense. 
 
 To WHIZ, V. II. [from the sound] lo make a noise like hot 
 iron pill iulo water, or a ball Hying in the air. 
 
 WHO, {/luu) pnn \liua. Sax. uic Belg.] a word used to 
 imply relaliuii, siibjiituled in llie nxun ot a proper name, 
 and alwa\s applied I o persons, lii llie oblique cases, if 
 makes uliom ; b.it xilwse isolten used in llie genitive of ihij 
 word, as well as of uld h. Il is generally used in asking 
 a question, is the same in holh numbers, and when used in 
 the ol)li(|ue cases it is pLiCcd belore a veil). " He is the 
 wnnulwm I suw."' "From tvhum lliis {\\ji\\\ holds the due 
 of biilli.' aiiali. " He was ihe man lo u/iom I gave it." 
 In qui slions, it is set sometimes before the proposilion by 
 winch it isgoverned. " MViomdid you go vitfi !' 
 
 WliOl') V Kit, (h(iveier) prun. any one, without limitation. 
 
 WHOLE, a. \/itel, Bel^.] all; coutaiiinig every one j 
 un I II ill led or unini paired ; free of any wmind or disease. 
 
 WHOLE., .s. all ihe pai Is ol w hich a thing is composed ; 
 the loUilily ; a regular cotnbinalion. 
 
 W IIO'LFISALE, s. a sale in large quantities, or in tb* 
 lump Ailjeclivi Iv, bu\ iug or selling in thcluiuii. 
 
 WHO'LliSO.M E, ". l/iecUom, Belg. /le^/ivrw, Teul.] sound. 
 Oilliodox, or agreeable lo sciipture, applied to (loctrine. 
 Ciuilnluiling to or preserving health ; salutary; conducive 
 lo happiness. 
 
 WHO'LESOMENESS, *. qualily of conducing to health; 
 sahibiilv ; coiiducneiiess lo good. 
 
 WIUVLLV,"'/. e:iliiel.\ ; ciniplelely. 
 
 WHOM, {hiiiiiu) ibe oblique case of who, both in tht 
 singular and pliiial iiiniibers. 
 
 WIlOOl', .V. See Hoop. 
 
 WIK)ltF., {hbie)s. hi.r. Sax. hoere, Belg.] a woman wh© 
 graiils iincliasle favours lo nten ; a stiumpet; ahailot; a 
 prosliliite ; an adlilleress. 
 
 To WHOIll'., {Imic)v. n. to converse iinchastely with the 
 olliri sex. 
 
 WHOREDOM, (/lorednm) s. the act of conversing un- 
 chaslelv w ilh Ihe i- iIht s>x. 
 
 WHOREMASTER, or WIIO'REMONG I'R v. one who 
 keeps wlii>re«, or coiiversis unlawfully with a fc:nicatress. 
 
 WIIORISH, n. niichasle; iiuontineiii. 
 
 W IIOItLS, .5. in bolanv, apphed ti) llie branches, leaves, 
 or tioHcrs, of Irees or pl.iiils, when lliev grow round their 
 respective sleiiis, as the brain lies of llie fir, the leaves of 
 the l.idie-' bed>lr,'w, and ihe llowersof ihe deadiiellle. 
 
 WIIO'R riJ'., *' a^hriib, the saiiu'wilh llir bilheriy bush. 
 WHO-SI'",, (/loori'^lhe genitive of Who oi Which.' 
 WHO'SO, <u- WHOSOE'\ER, (/wi.so, or hooiwver) pron, 
 an>, wiihoiil rcstiiclion. 
 
 Will UT, s. a wliorileberry ; a bilberry. 
 WHY, ad (/«i, Sax] for what iiasoii} nserl inlerr-ipB 
 lively. Tui wliah rcasoa, or whul reusun.-usiil lelcttiveij'
 
 Wl D 
 
 W 1 L 
 
 't is some tiiuM used eniiilmlically. " Whence is lllis ? tf/iy 
 from lliiit cssciilial siiitiiMciiess wliicli old-dit-ncp hits lo ilie 
 reh'linti wliicli is between a riilioiiai ciealiiro and liis Cie- 
 »t»)r.' Suulh. 
 
 VVI, ill tlip composilimis of names, si;^i)i(ies liuly ; thus, 
 viliert si^'iiilips (Hii- fniiiinit Cor lioluit'iis, tioiii u>i, lioly, and 
 ktiii/il. illiisliiniis or splriidid, (iolli. 
 
 Wl RUIi(i one ot llip 41 ^'ovcrnineiits of Russia, boin;; 
 the province lakd\ calli'd llnsslan I'lnlaiid, wliich was coiii- 
 [irised in (,'arelia. Itfoiiiierlv belonged to llie SvM'des, and 
 was ci'ded to the Russians, partly m llie peace of Nysladt, 
 in 17'2I, and partly by llie treaty of Alio, in I'll. Tins 
 [irovnice ri-laiiK most of its anlieiit privileges, with sonn; 
 oecasional inoditit-alions, vvliicli have bi'en iiecessai d\ iiilro- 
 Jmed inider the new {,'overnnierit. Besides pastures, Ihe 
 eoniilry produces r\e, oats, and barley, but not suHicient 
 f;>r llie inhalntants. 
 
 VVIC, or WICH, in the names of places, signifies either 
 a villa;;e, caslle, or bay made by the winding banks ol a ri- 
 ver. from wic, Sa\. 
 
 WICK, i. fwroc/!, Sax. Wiethe, IJei^ ] the substance round 
 whi(di is applied Ihe tallow of a torch or candle. 
 
 WICK, a borouili and sea port town ot Scolland, in the 
 sliire of Cailhness, seated on Ihe German Ocean, 16 miles 
 5>. of Diini;sby-Mead. 
 
 WrCKKD, a. Iivin!> in habitual confrarietv to the laws of 
 (lod ; given to vice ; flafjilious ; cursed ; baneful ; periii 
 cioiis ; unjust ; prolliijale. 
 
 WI'CKRDLY, ar/. criminally ; corruptly; badly. 
 
 WrCKEDNKSS, t. corruption of manners ; guilt ; 
 
 moral ill. 
 
 WrCKKR, a. ftiotgireti, Bel/.lmade of small twigs. 
 
 Wl'CKET, i. [Belg. wiclied, V,nt.] a small door in a gate, 
 or hole in a door ; a small gate. 
 
 WICKHAM-MARKK r, a town of.SnfTolk. whose market 
 is <lisMsed. It is sealed on the river Deben, 4 miles fiom 
 Woodbridge, on the road to Yarinoutb, and 82 from 
 l.oivlon. 
 
 WrCKLOW, !) ronnty of Leinster, in Ireland, having 
 Duhlin on the N. W. Ihe Irish Channel on Ihe E. Wexford 
 un the S. and Calheilough on Ihe W. It is about 33 miles 
 long, and 20 broad. It contains 4 boroughs, anil sends ten 
 iiieiiibers to parliament. 
 
 WrCKLOW, the capital of a county of the same name. 
 Ml Ireland ; stated on l1ie sea side, with a narrow harbour, 
 «t the irioulh of the river Leitrim. If is remarkable for 
 having (he best ale in the kingdom, which, with other pro- 
 visions sent to Dublin, forms Ihe princijuil part of its trade. 
 About a mileard a half to Ihe S. E. is WicklowHeud, on 
 «vhivh there are two light-houses. It is 24 miles S. of 
 Dublin. 
 
 •V rCKWA re; a town of Gloucestershire, 17 miles N. E. 
 of Bristol, and 111 W. of London. Market on Monday. 
 
 WIDE, a. [wide. Sax.] broad; having a great space in- 
 «Uided between the sides. Figuratively, remote, deviating. 
 
 Wl DE, ad. at a distance : with great extent. 
 
 WrUELY, aU. with great extent each way ; remotely ; 
 Snr. 
 
 To WI'DEN, V. a. to increase extent from the sides ; to 
 ejttend. Nenterly, to grow wide ; to extend itself. 
 
 WI'DEN KSS, *. extension in breadth. 
 
 WI'DGEON,*. a water-fowl, not unlike a wild duck, but 
 ■ot so large. 
 
 Wi'DOW, (widn) s. \widtca, Sax. weddw, Brit, weduwe, 
 Belg. 1 a woman whose husband is dead. 
 
 To WI'DOW, {xvidd) V. a. to deprive of a husband ; to 
 •trip of any thing good ; to endow with a widow-right. 
 
 WIDOWER, (widder) s. one who has lost his wife. 
 
 WIDOWHOOD, (a*(to/ioo(i) s. the state of a widow; 
 Mtate sc'tled on a widow. 
 
 WI'DOVVHUNTER, /. one who courts widows fjr a 
 jointure. 
 
 WI'DOWTAIL, s. a plant, the same with the spurge 
 oKve ; a kind of mezereou. 
 
 WIDTH, I. breadth ; extension from one side t.-)»lie other. 
 
 To Wil'ILD, {ivteldj I', a. \ueahlait. Sax.] lo iiiaiiiij^c ex, 
 use uiilioiil obs' ruction, as being not loo liea.iy. 
 Wliyi.DV, a. inaniiyeidjie. 
 
 Wl I'diy, a. (-ice Wifty I made of wire ; drawn inti' 
 wire Wi.'l, or ninisl, from wmr, a pool. Sax. , 
 
 WIl'K, .5. plural tejVe» ; \wif, S,i\ tviff", Belg] a wnniaa! 
 that lias a liiisband ; a married woman. 
 
 Wl(i, Used in Ihe end of names, signifies war, or hero, 
 from I'i^, .Sax. 
 
 WUi, *. [coiilracU'd from Pkrriw'Ig] a covering madf 
 of ban lor llie bead ; a kind of cake, called likewiM' a linii. 
 
 WIG A N, a large well liuill I own of Laiicasliii^, i'- illi ma 
 mdacliiresof collons, ru;^s, blaiikels, Imeii, and witli pil.;o:i! 
 and iron works. That elei;anl species of coal, calk <l Cnnnti, 
 is f'lund in plenlv and gr> at perfeclioii in its nei;;lilioiii liuod. 
 Wigan is pleasantly siliiated on a small stream, ralb-i Doii^. 
 las, wliii li is made navigable lo llie 'liblde, and is joined by, 
 a canal from Lancaslcr, .3il miles .S. of Lmuasler, and 107 
 IS. N. W . <if London. Markets on Monday and Fi iday. 
 
 U l(Jirr,(H':0 I'lf <>'. purl of llie coiiiily of Hants, anC, 
 separated fiom it by a narrow chamud, is about 20 mile*. 
 Ion,', and 12 broad. It consists of good arable and pastur«. 
 grounds, hills and vallevs, woods and champaign, and is. 
 eipial to anv part of I'ingtaiid of the same dimensions, either, 
 in llie trnilfulness of the soil, or pleasantness of situation. 
 The cliief town is Newport. 
 
 \^■|(iH'!', {ult)s. \ui/it. Sax.] a being, ti person. Obsolete. 
 
 W KiHT, in thecomposilion of names, is bormwed frnin 
 the Saxons, and signifies strong, nimble, or liislv. 
 
 WIGHTON, (Wi^n-i) a small town in the E." Ridin? of. 
 Yorkshire, seated at the spring head of the river Skelller, 16 
 miles W. bv S. of York, and Iy2 N. by W. of London. 
 Market on Wednesday. 
 
 WI'GTON, a lillle town of Cumberland, .seatoil nmon;,' 
 the moors, I-.; miles S VV. of Caifisle, and 304 N. M. W. of 
 London. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 Wl'GTOWN, a b<irougli and sea port town of Scotland, 
 in the sliiie of Galawav ; seat^-d at the moulh of ihe rive: 
 Cree, 95 miles S. W. of iMlitiburgh, on a bay of the Irii'i 
 channel, with a good harbour. The shire of Wigtown senifs 
 one member lo parliament. 
 
 WILD, a. [wild, .Sax. and Belg.] not tame : furious or 
 fierce ; savage, uncivilized ; licentious. Propagated by ii.i- 
 liire, opposed locullivated. Desert, opposed to inhabited. 
 Without art or elegance. Merely imaginary. UngoverK- 
 able. Turbulent. Inconstant. Strangely ; uncouth. 
 
 WILD, s. a desert, or tract not cultivated or inhabitciF. 
 
 To Wl'LDER, V. a. to lose or puzzle in a pathless or lu. 
 trirate place. 
 
 Wl'LDEKNESS, s. a desert, or place uninhabited, or uu 
 cultivated. Milton uses this word for wildnest. " The 
 paths and bow'rs — our joint hands will keep from witdn- 
 ness." Par. Lost. In scripture, it is applied lo any liac t 
 but thinly inhabited. In gardening, a grove of tretj *•' 
 shrnbs pl.Tnted in walks, meadows, labyrijiths, &c. 
 
 WrLDP'lIlK, i. a composition of inflammable mat^iiab, 
 easv to take fire, but hard to be extinguished. 
 
 WI'LDCJOOSE-CHASK, s. a fruitless pursuit. 
 
 WILDING, s. a wild sour apple. 
 
 WILDLY, orf. without cultivation ; with disorder ; Lwii- 
 lesslv ; capriciously ; irregularly ; without judgment. 
 
 WI'LDNESS, s. the stale of a desert and uncultivated 
 place ; rudeness ; fierceness or discomposure, applied to 
 the looks of a person ; levity of behaviour ; irregt^larity ; 
 inordinate vivacity : alienation of mind. 
 
 WILE,*, [wile, Sax. u)iel, Isl.ja deceit, stratagem, cua> 
 ning or siv trick ; a fraud ; artful practice. 
 
 WI'LFUL, a. [from wilt and J'idl] stubborn ; contuina- 
 cious ; perverse; inflexible; not hearkening to reason c: 
 persuasion ; done or sufl'ered by design. " Who for tti 
 wilful crime are banished hence." Milton. 
 
 WILFULLY, fld.obstioalely ; stubbornly.
 
 WIL 
 
 WILFULNESS, i. gttibborness ; contumacy ; perverse- 
 ness : obstinacy. 
 
 AVrilLY.od." by stratagem ; fraudulently. 
 
 AVf'LlNESS, *. cunniuK ; nuilc. 
 
 WILL, t. [tcilU, S;ix ] that active power which the 
 mitxl has to orih-r thecori>iideralion ofanv idea, or inrhear- 
 inslo consider ii, delenniiiiiis it to <lo or forbear any action, 
 or prefer one before another; choice; coiiiiiiand; inclina- 
 tion ; desire; deleriniiialion ; discretion ; disposition. An 
 instrument bv which a person disposes of his property 
 after death. "Coinponnded with good, it siijnities favour, 
 kindness, or right intention ; but compounded with ill, 
 malice. 
 
 yfWjjuitk attisp, or JACK with a Iniithoi-n, a hery me- 
 teor, or exhalation, or a round figure, in liisjness like the 
 liame of a candle; sometiines Itio.ider, and like a bundle ot 
 twi(4S set on tire. They ^'cnerally appear in summer, and 
 Et the beuinnins of aniumii. 
 
 To WILL, t). a. [will'.in, Sax.l to bend our soids to llie 
 bavine; or doin^ what appears to be ijood ; to coniuTand in 
 sj pnsi'ive maimer; lodirect; toorder. It iscommoiilv used 
 as an auxiliary verb to express the future tense, and is dis- 
 tinxiiishecl from shall, which ijenerally implies acfuiimiind in 
 the seconil or third persons, hot lo/// only foretels or liiiils 
 that something is about to happen which depends on a per- 
 son's free clioice. Auaiii, shall m the tirst person simply 
 expresses a future action or event, but w>ll promises or 
 tlirentens. 
 
 Wl'LLL aii.1 VILLL in the composition ot names, s'sni- 
 fies in:iiiv,aiid is borrowed from llie Sjxoiis. Thus, Williel- 
 mts, Wilham, from u'lW, many, and whelm, a helmet, or de- 
 feme forlhe head, si^nitiesa protector,<ir defenderof many. 
 
 Wl'LLIAM I. (siirnaiiied the Bastard, or tiie Conqueror) 
 ivas the seventh duke of Nonnandv from Rollo the first duke, 
 who made ai attempt noon En-jland in the rei;;n of kin^' 
 Alfred. Ills father duke Robert, brother to duke Richard 
 the third, was never married ; but being charmed with the 
 Kiacefiil mien of a \ouni; woman, named Arlolta, (whence 
 It is said c.ime the word harlot) a skinner's daughter, as he 
 saw her daiicinii with other countrv girls, he took her for 
 bis mistress, and by her had this William. Duke R(d)ert, 
 about seven years after, taUiuf il ill his head lofjooii a pil- 
 grimaire to Jerusalem, before his departure caused the states 
 of Nonnandv to acUnowled;;e his vonn;,' son for his sncces- 
 »or ; and, dvini; in his jcMiriiev, William accordingly suc- 
 ceeded him in 1035, beini; then about nine years of a^'e. 
 He met wiih a ^reat deal of tionhle during his minority, 
 from several pretenders to the dukedimi, as well as from 
 the king of Fra ce, wlio wauled to tret it into his own hands; 
 bid bv his vigour and conduct, and the viisdom of those in 
 the administration. Iw got tin' lietler (d'all his enemies, and 
 estalili-.hed hiul^eU'firmK in ihe po-isession of his sovereign 
 aii'lioritv. And, in all prohaliililv, he iiiighl have passed 
 the rest i>f his da\ sin peace, if his amhilion ha<i not put him 
 upon making new acquisitions. His having an eye to the 
 crown of F,n:4land, it is verv likeU , was what brouid't him 
 over hither to make a visit to kin;; Ldward, Ins cousin, who 
 had no children, and who then, it is generally thought, pro- 
 mised him to make a will in his fa\our. However, from 
 this time h" began to look upon himself as having a cl-.iim, 
 inch as it was, to be Ldward's successor; and seemed le- 
 S(dved, if all other m'lhods failed, loaccomolish his design 
 bv force of arms. How he did this, sj e the life of Ha KOI, n, 
 and his success in the uiemoral>le haltle of Ha^tings, hy 
 which he in a manner did his liusiness at once. The tirst 
 thing lie did after the baltle of Hastings, was to lav seige to 
 Dover, in order to secure his retreat in case of iiccessitv, 
 and to have a ])lace triuu whence he mii;ht easily send for 
 supplies from Normandv. Tin- conslernaliou it was in, made 
 it <oon surrender ; which havnig oidered to beiiiore sliongly 
 forlitied, anil s|)eiit siuiie ilavs there to forward the work, 
 he marclied with his victorious army for London. In the 
 moan lime, the city of London was intlieulino«l confusion, 
 toiue belli); fur ouc tbinj{, and some for aiioliirr ; uur could 
 KM 
 
 WIL 
 
 they by any means a^ree in their opinions. Among nthjr 
 projects, some were for placing Eugar Athelji g on the 
 throne, and the earls l'".dwin and Morcar. who had rcti ed 
 to London after the hattle of Hastings, were at the head of 
 this party. But all they could do, was to pie>ail on rlie 
 citizens io shut their gates against Wi.l am, till lliey could 
 fix on some resoliilioii. The duke b\ this lime wa< lonie to 
 .'>outhwark,and there encamped, and lay some ilays, expect- 
 ing the voluntary submission of London ; hut, on the cofi- 
 Irary, Edwin and Morcar, took this oppoi tiinilv to stir up 
 the citizens to iii.tke a salK upon the Normans ; wh cTi they 
 did, but it was easily repulsed, 'i'his made the duke sinsl- 
 ble, it was necessary to take more rigorous methods ; and, as 
 a siege, which niighl lia\e lasted a great while, would have 
 been very inconvcnieir in his present circumstances he re- 
 solved to lav hold (d' the consternation Ihe city was then in- 
 to sulidue tlieni In terror rather than by lorce. 'I'o this end 
 he posteil himself at Walliiigford; and sent out iletathmi ntl 
 to plunder the countrv near London, to frighten the citi- 
 zens, and tociit them oti from piovisions : and, at the same 
 timt, burnt Southwark to the ground. '1 he two carls above- 
 mentioned still laboured hard for Edgar, and the im.joiiiy of 
 the people weie on their siile ; but their iiieasi,rcs were 
 broken by the cleigv then in Londiui, and the two archbi- 
 shops at their head who were for submitting to the <luke, 
 and liarl formed a strong partv among the citizens for that 
 purpose ; so that Eriwin and Morcar, timliiig lliex could iiol 
 prevail, relirryl into Ihe North; and immcdialety after, the 
 twi> archbishops, with the bishop of Winchester, and Edgar 
 himself, went over lollie duke, who was ill. n at Berkham- 
 stcad ; and llieir example '.^as si.(ui followed by a great 
 many persons ol'dislinction. i5ut the L(Uidoiiers being still 
 unresolved, llieduke drew nearer the cil\, as if wilh a de- 
 sign to be^iege it ; uiion which the magisliales, despairing 
 of being able to defend it in the midst id' the present confu- 
 sion, went out and met him, and ptesented him with the 
 keys of the gales. And then, after holding a consultation 
 wilh the prelates aiiH nobles, who had helm e so bin ill id, they 
 v\ailed on him in a hod\, and made him an oHer of the 
 crown. .After an aft'ecled hesitation, he accepted the crown 
 as their gift. William was crowned at Lomhn <m Christ- 
 mas-dav, having hist caused a fort to be built, v liicli he gar- 
 risoned will) Normans, because he si ill siispet led I he citizens. 
 He then solemnly swore. " To protect Ihe church and its nii- 
 " nisleis, to govern the nation with eq.itv, to enad just 
 " laws, and cause them to be duly obsened, and to fo bid 
 " all rapines and unjust judgments." What was most sur- 
 prising, ani( ^aved William niiich trouble, which in all ap- 
 pearance he had still logo through, was, that assoor. as il was 
 known that he had been crowned al London, he was inline- 
 diateb , w ilhoiit aii\ oppositi-^n.acluiow ledged king Ibrimgh- 
 oul the whole inlion. 'William, a few da\s after his coro- 
 nation, returned from London to Barking, where iiihliiludes 
 came and subiiiitted to him, and among the rest Edwin and 
 Morcar. He received them in the most (a\ourable manner, 
 a>sured them of his protection, and in tiieir |)reMiice gave 
 prince Edgar large possessions, who was so beloved b\ the 
 
 Fngl'>h, that he was generally called Engl I's Darling. 
 
 Soon after he laid the foundation of a church and monastery 
 in the place where Harold was slain, anil oideied lliat llie 
 monastery, w hen hnished, should be called Bailie Abbey. Ill 
 Ihe beginning of his government, he iiseil great modcraliori 
 towards Ihe English, and expressed a lender ngaril for 
 them ; and Ihe thre» first monlhsofhis reigii passed o their 
 great silisfaclion. But this shoit time of Iranquillilv and 
 imiliial coidideiice was followed by jealousy, mistrust, and 
 severity on the king's side, and frequent revolts and commo- 
 lions oil the people's ; in which, whether Ihe king was most 
 to blame or the people, cannot easily be <li terniineil.by rea- 
 son of the partialitv of writers on each side, according a» 
 Ihev stood affected. This, however, is certain, that ihe 
 English were ill treated by this king, thai he shewed gre»t 
 parliality to the Normans, and r-iled the natives wilh a dei»- 
 polic sway, exercising manv acts of severity upon iiu'iii,iuii
 
 WIL 
 
 treating tliom, fo all intents and purposes, as a conquerod 
 people. I is certain also, lliiit there were many revolts, 
 anil attempts to shake otl the Ndiniaii yoke ; hut they all 
 proved inetlcctiial, and served only lor a handle to yet 
 t'reater aels ol" severity. The i)e!,'inninj; of the \ear 10(;7 
 I ins William, without any other vl^ihle reason than lo dis- 
 play his new srandcnr amoii^'liis old suhjeels, went over to 
 Normandy, taking with liini sncli Kiiglish lor<ls as he most 
 suspected, to prevent any tiiinif being done to his prejudice 
 ill liisal)senee : for which reason also he plaetd strong i;ar- 
 risons of Normans in ; II the taslles. His brolherOilo, hi- 
 sti.>p of IJayenx, and William 1" itz Oshorn, were entrusted 
 vitli the government of the ki!if;doni ; and these sticking 
 at no methods to enrich themselves, exceedingly oppressed 
 the English. The Kentish men at this time atlern|iled to re- 
 cover their iiherty, and called to their assistance Eustace, 
 earl ot lloloign, who, failing in his project of siuprising 
 Dover castle, retiied to his ships, and left the Kentish men 
 to the mercy of the rej,^ents. I'.dric Forester, an I'nglisli 
 lord, also took np arms in Herefordshire, and cruelly treated 
 all the Nornians th.it fell into his hands. 'I'his hastened the 
 king's return to England, who, instead of pnnishinij the 
 regents, approved of their conduct, to the no small discon- 
 tent and morlilication of the English. In KlGH, he revived 
 the tax (oruierly called Danegeld, which was levied upon 
 the poor I'liglish with all imaginable rigour. And now in- 
 surrections and revolts followed in abundance. The inha- 
 bitants of Exeter refusing to take the oath to the king, and 
 to admit a Norman garrison, William was prepariiij; to be- 
 siege it in form ; and the citizens had no other course to take 
 but to implore liis mercy. At the earnest entreaties of the 
 clergy lie pardoned tlit in, how much soever in his own mind 
 lie was against it; and, to keep them in order for the future, 
 lie caused a castle to be built in the city, and garrisoned 
 willl Normans. The king sent commissioners into all parts, 
 to inquire w ho had sided with Harold, and to confiscate 
 their estates, lulu in and Morcar, provoked at this treat- 
 ment of llhe English, revolted, and having raised an army, 
 inere reinforced by Rlelhwin, king of Wales, with a good 
 liambcr of troops. J?ut the king marching willi all expedi- 
 tion against them, with a great superiority of forces, broke 
 ail their moasiires ; upon which the two earls submitted, and 
 \vere*pardoned. But this act of seeming clemency to the 
 leaders in the rebellion lost all its effect, by his severely pu- 
 nishing oiliers who were less guilty ; nay, he caused several 
 V ho had no hand in the rev(dt lo be sliut up in prison; 
 vhicli spread a terror through the nation ; as did also his 
 l.'Uilding castles in divers places, which, it was easy to per- 
 ceive, were desigiicrl to overawe the English. 'J'liere 
 were, indeed, as may well be sui)posed, great animosities 
 lietween them and the Normans ; the latter behaving to- 
 vards the i'.nglisli much as the Danes formerly did, and be- 
 ing countenanced in their insults by the king, whilst the 
 coinpiainls of the English were not at all regarded. The 
 conseqnrnce was, that many murders were committed on 
 Liotli sides, and an edict was publisiied purely in favour of 
 the N^ormans. )»iorcar and sei^eral other lords, mistrusting 
 the sincerity of the king's behaviour towards them, retired 
 into Scotland, and prevailed upon prince Edgar to go along 
 with theiii, with his mother and sisters. The king of Scot- 
 land receivetl them with all due respect, and married Mar- 
 garet, Edgar's eldest sister, from v\hom descended Matildn, 
 grandmother of king Henry U. in whom the if^.val families 
 of the Saxons and Normans were united. '1 honjjh king 
 William was pleased at these lords leaving the kingdom, 
 where they had so great an influence, yet perceiving hereby 
 how the English stood aft'ected, he proceeded to greater acts 
 of severity, resolving bv humbling them to secure himself 
 from theii- resentment. With this view, it is said, he forbade 
 them to have any lights in their houses after eight o'clock at 
 liitdit, ordering a bell to be rung at that hour, which was 
 called the Cnrfew, Irom romre feu, i. c. cover fire ; at the 
 Sound of which they <vcre obliged, uudcr severe penalties, 
 lo put out their iires auU catidlcs. It must be owned, iiuleed, 
 
 that this affair of the Curfew is not supported by ar.y com- 
 petent authority. Hut this is certain, that after the Northum- 
 berland malecontents had called in the Danes, whose g.pe- 
 ral, Osboni, the king of Denmark's brother, king William 
 bidied by large presents to go off, he shewed no mercy 
 towards the English ; but after having, lor a terror to the 
 rest, ravaged the whole country between York and Durham, 
 so as not lo leave a house standing, be removed all the Eng- 
 lish f'roiii their posts, tookauay their estates, seized upon all 
 the hefs of the crown, and gave them to the Normans, froiu 
 whom are descended many of the great families at this day 
 in England. The clergy expected great things from the 
 king, and therefore were the most forward to submit- to him, 
 aflerthe battle ofHaslings: but they were disappointed ; for 
 W'llham now put the church lands upon the same footing 
 with the rest, obliging them to furnish a certain number of 
 men ior his wars, though by the charter of the Saxons tlitv 
 were exempted from all military service. He (piarteieii 
 his troops 111)011 the monasteries, and obliged the monks to 
 supply them with necessaries. He moreover seized upon 
 the money and plate in the religious houses, under pretence 
 that the rebels had concealed their valuable efiecls there; 
 and deposed several bishops and abbots that he did not like, 
 putting Normans or other foreigners in their room. In 1071, 
 a great number of n.ilecontents betook themselves to llie 
 isle of Ely, strongly fortified it, and chose IJereward, one of 
 the bravest soldiers in the kingdom, for their leader. ']"hc 
 king was very much alarmed at tliis proceeding, and marcK 
 ing in all haste, blocked the rebels np in the isle. Thet 
 were so well fortified iliat he could not come at them, aiu'I 
 had so good a store of provisions, that a long time would be 
 required to starve them out. And so having continued the 
 siege, or blockade, for a great while to no purpose, he be- 
 thought himself of an expedient, which did his business ef- 
 fectually ; which was, to seize on the manors belonging lo 
 the monastery, which were without the limits of the isle. 
 Upon this the abbot and monks, in order to recover their 
 possessions, delivered up the isle, and all that were in it, into 
 the hands of the king. Hereward alone escaped : as to the 
 rest, some had their eyes put out, or their hands cut off, and 
 others were thrown into different prisons ; among the rest, 
 Egelrick, bishop of Durham, who had been so bold as to ex- 
 communicate the king, was starved to death in prison. The 
 king of Scotland had taken the opportunity of the troubles 
 in England, to invade the northern counties, which he ravag- 
 ed in a cruel manner. But as soon as the affair of Ely >vas 
 over, king William marched against him. The Scotch king 
 hereupon retired into Scotland, but William followed liim 
 thither. He not being willing to hazard a battle in his own 
 country, offered to accomodate matters by a treaty; wliicli 
 William agreed to, and obliged the Scotch king to do him 
 homage. In 1073, Philip, king of France, being jealous of 
 the greatness of king William, on a sudden invaded Nor- 
 mandy without any declaration of war ; upon which William 
 went "over with a great army, with which he retook Mans, 
 and the whole provinceof Maine ; and Philip soon growing 
 weary of the' war, concluded a peace with king William. 
 Prince Edgar, sbout this time, came to the king out of Scot- 
 land, implored his pardon, and submitted. The king receiv- 
 ed him very graciously, and gave him an allowance of a 
 pound of silver a day. From this time he continued in obe- 
 dience, and gave the king no farther disturbance. During 
 the king's absence, some disgusted Norman lords fornied'a 
 conspiracy to depose him, and prevent his return, and drew 
 earl Waltheoff, the only I'^nglish lord the king retained in 
 his favour, into the plot. But he soon repenting, went over 
 and discovered it to the king before it came to any head, im- 
 plorifigat the same time his pardon, which the king readily 
 granted. Notwithstanding which, soon after his return, the 
 earl was apprehended, beheaded, and buried under the »caf. 
 fold. And many of the innocent English, who were not at 
 all concerned in the conspiracy, were severely punished, -.ui 
 well as the guilty Normans. King William nofi enjoyed 
 some tranq^uilUtyi but iu the year 1077 more work wiis'«iu
 
 WIL 
 
 onl for bini abroad. For his eldest son Robert, instignted by 
 the king of France, rebelled against him in Normandv, and 
 endeavoured to make himself master of that duchy. William 
 went over, and his son persisted in his opposition, and in the 
 heat of, an engagement v.ounded him in the arm without 
 knowing him, and dismounted him. But when he knew it 
 was his father, he alighted, set him upon his own horse, and 
 submitted entirely to his mercy. William brought him with 
 liim into England, and in the year 1080, sent him against the 
 Scots, who had renewed their incursions. But this war also 
 ended in a treaiy between the two nations, and there was 
 nothing remarkable in this expedition but Robert's founding 
 the town of Newcastle-upon-Tyne ; about which time also 
 king William built the famous tower of London, to be a 
 check upon the citizens, whom he all along suspected. Let 
 us now see, in few words, how William manai.'ed his domes- 
 tic atiairs in time of peace. He did all be could to introduce 
 the Norman language into England, caused the Saxon laws 
 to be translated into Norman, and published his own laws in 
 that tongue, and commanded it to be taught in all schools. 
 The eflect was, that in common use, a third language was 
 by degrees introduced, which was neither English nor Nor- 
 man, but a mixture of both. He erected new courts of jus- 
 tice, before unknown to ihe English, and very incommodious 
 to them, and ordered all law proceedings there to be in the 
 Norman tongue. He had an immense revenue; and that 
 he might know what every man was to pay him o\it of his 
 estate and etlects, he ordered a general survey to be made, 
 not only of his own lands, but of all the lands in England ; 
 as also what every man was worth in money, slock of cat- 
 tle, Ac. all which were set down in a book called Dunm's- 
 day booh, which to this day is preserved in the Exchequer. 
 As he was very fond of hunting, he dispeopled the country 
 in Hampshire for above thirty miles in compass, demolished 
 both churches and houses, to make a forest for his diversion, 
 ■which was called New Forest. In short, all his actions sa- 
 voured of a most arbitrary and absolute prince. William 
 having enjoyed a tranquillity of several years, every one 
 Ihouglit he would have ended his days in peace. But all on 
 a sudden he makes vast preparations, goes over to Norman- 
 dy, and enters upon a fierce war against France. A truce 
 spon ensued, which was broke by an unlucky jest of king 
 l^hilip. William being grown very fat and unwieldy, was 
 
 ?assing through a course of physic, when one coming to 
 hilip from Roan, he asked him, " Whether the king of 
 England was delivered yet of his great belly?" Wilham 
 being told of this, was so enraged, that he sent him word, 
 that as soon as he was up, he would ofl'er in the church of 
 Notre Dame, at Paris, fen thousand lancets by way of wax- 
 lights. Accordingly, he reuewed the war witli the utmost 
 fury, but it occasioned his death. For having made great 
 ravages, and besieged and took Mantes, he ordered it to be 
 burnt to the ground ; and in his return to Roan, having 
 bruised the rim of his belly against his saddle, he fell into a 
 fever, which carried himott'on thetJth of September, 10S7, 
 in the sixty-first year of his age, after having reigned in 
 Normandy twenty-two years, and twenty one in England. 
 He was buried in the Abbey church at Caen, which he him- 
 self had founded. It is remarkable that his death was no 
 sooner known, than his son Henry snatched his legacy out 
 ol the Treasury ; the noblemen returned to their castles ; au(l 
 the domestics, having robbed the household, ran away. Wil- 
 liam's coura^fe and policy are not to be questioned, and it is 
 certain that lie was indefatigable in executing whatever he 
 designed. When he lay on his deathbed, he seemed to 
 reflect seriously on his past actions, and to view them in a 
 difl'erent light from what he had done in the time of his 
 health and vigour. He ordered great sums of money to be 
 given to the poor, and to the churches, particularly for re- 
 buililin;' those he had burnt at Mantes. Then ordering his 
 ciiief olticers to stand about his bed, he made a long ha- 
 rangue to them, weak as he was. Wherein he talked much 
 ol the reputation he bad acquired by his military achieve- 
 ments. Vet he could not help owning, he had unjustly 
 
 WIL 
 
 usurped the crown of England, and was guilty o.r all tfio 
 blood spilt on that occasion. And though, he said, he durst 
 not bequeath a crown which of right was none of his, but 
 left it to the disposal of God ; yet he recommended \Villiam, 
 his second surviving son, for his su(xe;isor, and did all in hi* 
 povyer to secure the crown to him. He had three other soii^ 
 besides William, by his wife Matilda, daughter to the ''Hrl of 
 Flanders. To Roi)ert, the eldest, he gave the duchy ol Ni^r- 
 niaridy. Richard was killed by a slag in New i'orest. ''Jo 
 his youngest son Henry he becpiealhed an annuity of TjiiW) 
 marks. He had also six daughters by the same NlatiUla ; 
 Cecily, abbess of Caen ; Constance, married to the duke <if 
 Rretaign ; Adeliza, promised to Harold when he was in 
 Normandy, died young; Adela, married to the cailof Blois; 
 Gundred, to William Warren, earl of .Surry ; and Agatha, 
 espoused to Alphoiiso king of Galicia. From the transac- 
 tions of William's reign, he appears to have been a piincc of 
 great courage, capacity, and ambition ; politic, cruel, vin- 
 dictive,and rapacious; stern and haughty in his deportment ; 
 reserved and jealous in bis disposilion. He was fond <,f 
 glory, and, though parsimonious in his hmiseholil, delighted 
 in pomp and ostentation. Though sudden and inipeiuous 
 in his enterprises, he was cool, deliberate, and iii(lefatit;able, 
 in times of danger and dithcully. His aspect w.i, nobly se- 
 vere and imperious, his stature tall and portly, his constitu- 
 tion robust, and the composition of his bones and muscles sj 
 strong, that there was hardly a man of that age «ho could 
 bend his bow, or handle his arms. 
 
 WI'LLL'^M IE surnamed liufus, during his father's last 
 illness in Normandy, was concerting measures in England to 
 secure his succession to the crown. Though it was the 
 Conqueror's desire that he shoulii succeed him, yet there 
 was great danger of a party being formed against him in fa- 
 vour of his elder brother Robert. But as Robert was out of 
 the kingdom, William with the more ease accomplished his 
 designs ; and by the management of Lanfranc, archbishop of 
 Canterbury, who had great interest among the people, both 
 English and Normans, and h.ui gained over the leading lords 
 ofboth nations.and by the favourof Eudo the high treasurer, 
 he ascended the throne, and was crowned 18 davs after his 
 felher's death, Sept. 27, 1()S7. He was surnaiiied Rufns, 
 from his being red-haired, and was now thirty years okf. 
 He was remarkable for no good quality but his courage, 
 which, however, for the most part, was more like the fierce- 
 ness of a wild beast than the bravery of a hero. He was 
 very ill-natured, and a perfect brute in his bi>Jia\iour; was 
 wholly indifferent as to relTgion, and had no regard for ho- 
 nour or honesty. He was greedy of nionev, but it was to 
 squander it away upon idle expences. In fine, lie had 
 all his father's vices without his virtues ; and historians 
 agree in representing him as bad a prince as e\er sat on 
 the English throne. These historians were indeed monks 
 and ecclesiastics, who might be prejudiced against him fur 
 his sei;«ing the revenues of the church. However, as scarce 
 any action of his life deserves commendation, their repre- 
 sentations seem to be but too well founded. In ICfSS, a for- 
 midable conspiracy was set up against him bv his uncle Odo, 
 l>ishop of Bayeux. The design was to depose \\ illiam, and 
 set Robert on the throne. Several Norman lords and bishops 
 joining in the plot, and many of the English also being pre- 
 vailed on to favour it, when they thought matters were ripe, 
 they invited Robert to come over, who promised soon to be 
 with tlif m. The conspirators then fortified themselves in 
 several places, and William seemed to be in a most danger- 
 out situation. But Robert's indolence and dilatory temper, 
 who did not come over with his forces as was t'xpected, 
 gave him time to extricate himself out of this danger. Ho 
 first gained over the Fnglisli, then he fitted out a lleet, and 
 marched against Odo, and the other rebels, with an army of 
 Englisl)inen,took Pevensev, Rocliesler,an<l Durham, and the 
 olhfr places, where thi-y had shut themselves up, broke all 
 their measures, and entirely dispelled the threatening storm. 
 Though William was indebted to the English for liavnig by 
 theirmeans crushed tit* conspiracy , and though he bad .iia<K
 
 WIL 
 
 them matij fair promises, yet it was no sooner over, but he 
 ln'giiti to oppress tiifiii even worse lliaii liiii Catlier IkkI done. 
 \Vniiaiii seized upon the vacant bencliccs, and after he had 
 stripped ihein of every thin;; lie could turn iiilo money, he 
 sold them to llie iiifjliest bidder. He seized upon the tem- 
 poralities of llie see of Canterbury, and kept them in his 
 hands four years, and did the same by all the other bishop- 
 ries that beeaine vacant in his reign. Soon after, William, 
 to be rcveufjrd on hit brother Robert for the late conspiracy, 
 and perhaps from a desire ofenjoyinif all liis father's domi- 
 nions, invaded Normandy, and made himself master of seve- 
 ral places. Kdberl implored aid of the kin;; of France, who 
 came to his asistance ; but William having' found means to 
 bribe him, he retired withonl doinf; any tliiiiK, and William 
 proceeded to take more places, and bribeil some of the 
 LurKhers of lloan to undertake the delivering it into his 
 liands. liut pi iiiee 1 Jcnry joining his brother Robert, saved 
 it ; for entering the city on a sudden, he seized the chief of 
 the conspirators, and threxv him headlong from a tower ; 
 which bold stroke not only preserved the capital, but, in 
 effect, all Niirmandy. William soon after, lit 1091, was 
 oblijjed to strike up a peace with duke Robert, on this con- 
 dition, anionir otliers, I'hat upon either of the brothers dying 
 without heirs, the survivor should succeed to all his domi- 
 nions. Whilst William was in Normandy, Malcolm, king 
 of Scotland, made an incursion into Northumberland, and 
 William at his return resolved to reveiifje this insult. He 
 artfully induced his brother Robert to come over and accom- 
 pany him in tliisexpedition, fearing heshouhl in his absence 
 seiie on tlmse castles in Normandy that he held by the late 
 treaty. His army suffered greatly by several disasters in 
 Scotkiiid ; but Malcolm, fearing the ill consequences of a 
 war in bis own country, sent William proposals for an ac- 
 comniiidation, which were readily accepted, and the Scotch 
 king obliged himself to pay the same homage to the king of 
 Kiigland he had formerly done. But Robert, perceiving he 
 was only amused by his brother, to draw liini into this ex- 
 pedition, returned home greatly disgusted. The king con- 
 tinued his arbitrary proceedings, and oppresssed his subjects, 
 Normans as well as Knglish, more and more every day, w hich 
 made them all wish for his death, as the oidy remedy to the 
 evils they groaned under. And now they thought their 
 wishes were going to be accomplished ; for, in 1093, a dan- 
 gerous disteni per seized him at Gloucester, so that he himself 
 fhouglit his end approaching; and the fear of death made 
 him resolve, if he ever recovered, to reform all that hard been 
 amiss in his government ; being recovered of his illness, he 
 presently forgot all his good resolutions, returned to his 
 courses, retracted, as far as was in his power, the good or- 
 ders he had given in his sickness, and even increased abuses 
 of government, instead ot correcting thera. In 109-1, we 
 again find king W'illiam at war with his brother Robert in 
 Normandy, \\\tr>, as William had not performed his part of 
 the late tieatv, seemed resolved to take from him the places 
 he held theie. Being assisted by the kin<i of France, he 
 gained se\eral advantages over William, who at last had 
 recourse to his old artifice, and bribed the French king once 
 more to draw off his forces. In order to raise money, he 
 sent orders into England for levying •20,00<1 men, and to im- 
 press such as were of some substance, and did not care to 
 leave their f miilies. When they were just going to embark, 
 they «ere discharged, upon paying ten shillings a man, 
 which they readily did, and bv this artifice William raised 
 10,0001. Robert now, in all likelihood, would have lost all 
 his dominions, if the king had not been obliged to return on a 
 sudden to repress the Welsh, who were ravaging Shropshire 
 and Cheshire. At his approach, they retired among the 
 mountains and inaccessible places, and William pursuing 
 them too far, lost more of his men than he destroye<l of the 
 enemy's ; and all iie could do was, to build the castle of 
 Montgomery, which nad been demolished. In 1096, the 
 project of the iioly war was set on foot by pope Urban 11. in 
 vhich so many princes of Chrislendora engayod. The (ie- 
 i(t^n of it was to teeover the Holy Land out of the )taad» of 
 
 WIL 
 
 the Saracens. The badge of those whrt went to it was a red 
 cross wrouglit in their garments, whence they were termed 
 Groises, and the exi)wlition the Crusade. Robert duke of 
 Normandy was one of the princes wIuj engaged in it; and 
 to defray the expences of his undertaking, he mortgaged his 
 duchy to his brother the king of England, for a sum of mo- 
 ney, which William raised on his subjects bv the most op. 
 prcssive methods imaginable. In 1098, William rebuilt 
 London bridge, raised a new wall round the Tower, and 
 erected the famous Hall at Westminster, which, though so 
 large, he found fault with, and said it was scarce biff enough 
 for a king's bed chamber. The raising money lor these 
 works was a great oppression on the subjects. Being hunt- 
 ing one day in New Forest, he was accidentally, or other- 
 wise, shot with an arrow into the heart, by Walter 'Tyrrel, 
 a French knight, as he was, seemingly at least, shooting at a 
 deer; and diopt down dead immediately. Thus fell Wil- 
 liam, surnamed Rufus, from his red hair and florid complex- 
 ion, after he had lived four and forty years, and reigned near 
 thirteen, during which he oppressed his people in every 
 form of tyranny and insult. He was equally void of lear* 
 ing, principle, and humanity ; haughty, passionate, brutal, 
 profligate, and ungrateful'; a scoft'er at religion; a sceurge 
 to the clergy ; vain-glorious, talkative, rapacious, lavish, and 
 dissolute, aiid an inveterate enemy to the English, ihoug^i he 
 owed his crown to their valour and fidelity, when the Nor- 
 man loTds intended to expel him from the throne. In re- 
 turn for this instance of their loyalty, he took all opportuni- 
 ties to fleece and enslave them ; and at one time imprisoned 
 fifty of the best families in the kingdom, on pretence of kill- 
 ing his deer : so that they were compelled to purchase their 
 liberty at the expence of all their wealth ; though not before 
 they had undergone the fiery ordeal. He lived in a scandsi*- 
 lous commerce with prostitutes, professing his contempt for 
 marriage ; and having no legitimate issue, the crown devolv- 
 ed to his brother Henry. He was buried at Winchester, 
 where his tomb, somewhat raised from the ground, remains 
 to this day. In his reign a great inundation of the sea over- 
 flowed the coast of Kent, and covered the lands formerly be- 
 longing to earl Goodwin. These are now called the Good- 
 win Sands, so dangerous to ships. 
 
 WILLIAM III. of England, and prince of Orange and 
 Nassau, born Nov. 14, 1650, had for his godfathersthc States 
 of Holland and of Zealand, the cities of Delf, Leyden, and 
 Amsterdam. The States finding themselvesat liberty, by the 
 death of William II. resolved to remedy the inconveniences 
 which might happen from a single governor. They ap. 
 pointed a general assembly to meet, in which it was re- 
 solved. That since the couiitry was now without a governor 
 by the death of the prince, the choice of all officers and ma- 
 gistrates, for the time to come, should be in the disposal of 
 the cities ; and that not only the ordinary soldiers, but even 
 the guards of the deceased prince, should take an oath of 
 fidelity to the States of Holland : this was unanimouslv car- 
 ried. "The conduct of Messrs. de Wit being very much dis- 
 approved, the prince was in 167*2, declared general of the 
 army of the States. .\t that time they were in a most dis- 
 tressed condition. The French carrying all before them, he 
 immediately repaired to the army. The frontier towns and 
 garrisons in the province of Holland fell every day iuto the 
 hands of the enemv, which caused insurrections. Dort first 
 led the wav, and was followed by other cities. The conse- 
 quence was, that the prince was declared, in a full assembly 
 of the States, stadtholder, captain, and admiral general of all 
 their forces, as well bv sea as by land ; and they gave him all 
 the power, dignity, and authoritv, which his ancestors of 
 glorious memory had ever enjoyed, and things then took a 
 more prosperous turn : not long after, the two de Wits, the 
 greatenemiesof the House of Orange, were torn to pieces 
 by the people. In 16%-^ he took the strong town of Naerden. 
 and by his courage and conduct obliged the French to quit 
 Utrecht, and several considerable places where tiiey had 
 garrisons. As an acknowledgment of bis service*, the 
 States confirmed him in the office of Btadlholder. aad enlaile J
 
 W 1 L 
 
 VVIL 
 
 tliis dis'ii'y I'pon the lieirs of his body horn in lawful wod- 
 luck, ill an iiistriiiiu'iit, ilaled February 2, 1674. The same 
 day ihe^italei of Zealand cont'erieii the same administration 
 upon his lii^hness, and declared him ihiet' nobleman ot'th'jir 
 province. Soon after lie uent to Ltreclit, and made some 
 regulations in the f^overnment of that province ; and the 
 foliowin;^ proposition bein^ made, '\\hetherit were ad- 
 visable to confer the charge of governor-general, captain, 
 and admiral-general of the province, upon his highness, and 
 his heirs male, lawfully begotten I they all, iiemitte contrudi- 
 ceii'e, approved the motion, and conferred that dignity upon 
 bis highness. Soon after he engaged the French at Senef, 
 where he gained great honour by hii courage and conduetj 
 and obtained a victory after a most bloody engugernent. In 
 1675, as an acknowledgment of his great services, the 
 turghers of the duchy of Giielders conferred on him the ho- 
 nour of being hereditary governor of that province ; and he 
 reformed several abuses which had got footing during tlie 
 enemy s usurpation there. On October 17, 1C77, the prince 
 embarked for England, and arrived at Norwich the lOlh. 
 OnNoveniber 4, which was his highncss'.s birth-day, he was 
 married to the princess Mary, eldest daughter of the duke of 
 York. In August, 1G78, lie attacked and defeated the duke 
 ofLnxeniburgli in his quarters, near Die abbey of St. Dennis. 
 In the heat of the action, the prince advanced so far, that he 
 was in great danger of being lost, had not Mons. Puwerkerk 
 come seasonably to jiis relief, and killed an otiicer that was 
 just going to tire a pistol at him. On June 29ili, l(i84, a 
 treaty was signed at the Hague, which put an end to military 
 operations. In 1688, king James II. of England having 
 conducted his affairs in such a manner as apparently threat- 
 ened the civil and religious hbcrties of the nation, a great 
 iii&ny persons of eminence and interest in the kingdom, both 
 clergy and laity, deemed it expedient to invite over the 
 
 i>rince of Orange. Several of them waited on him at the 
 lague for that purpose ; and the States' general having re- 
 solved to assist him, great preparations were made for his 
 expedition. On October Uilii, he took his leave of the 
 States, and on the 19fh sailed with 50 men of war, 25 fri- 
 gates, as many fireships, near 400 victuallers and transports, 
 Laving about 1-4,000 land forces, accompanied by many of 
 the English nobility and gentry ; but was forced hack by a 
 storm. He put to sea again, November 1, and landed the 
 SihatTorbay, and was soon. joined by many of the nobility. 
 Me advanced towards London ; and king James quitting the 
 kingdolii, he was invited to London. In the mean time the 
 lords took upon them the governineiit of the kingdom, and 
 agreii! to address the prince of Orange to take upon him the 
 administration of all public affairs till a convention should 
 meet. The convention of loriis and commons met, January 22, 
 1688-9, and after some warm debates, voted, tkat the prince 
 a|id princess of Orange should he king and queen. The 
 princess arrived February 12, and the nextday both houses 
 •vaited on them, and made a solemn offer of the crown, 
 wliicli was accepted by the prince in the name of himself 
 «nd his wife, and the same day they were proclaimed king 
 andq'ieen by the names of William and Alary ; such was 
 tha necessity of the times. The lirsl thing king \Vi!liani 
 did, after he hail settled his privy-council, was giving the 
 loyal assent, on February 23, to a bill that had passed both 
 houses, 'to remove and prevent all questions and disputes 
 ' concerning the. assembling and settling this present par- 
 ' iianienl.' By which act the convention, which had placed 
 the crown on the prince and princess of Orange, was 
 changed into a parliament. From the beginning of llie reign 
 of king William and queen Mary, there was a party in the 
 nation who disliked the new scltlement, and were in conti- 
 nual plots to overturn it, anil lo restore the late king James. 
 The king, by the advice of the conmioiis, and being strongly 
 solicite<l to it by his allies, declared vvar against F'rance., 
 The kinj; and queen were solemnly crowned by the bishop 
 of Lon(i()n, on April II, M'lHi). The parliament, at the 
 king's desire, had passed an act, ' for taking away the tax 
 called hearth-niuiiey,' which received the royal assent on 
 
 yoo 
 
 April24lh. On July 24, the princess Anneof Denmark was 
 delivered of a prince, named William, whom his majesty 
 created duke of filouccster. 'I he king passed the hill t 
 rights and accosion, on December 10, agreeable to the <1 •- 
 cla ration of rigiits when their majesties accepted the crow i, 
 with the addition of a remaikabie clause, for excluding pa- 
 pists, and persons inarrying papists, for ever from inlieritiuij 
 the crown ot England. The revolution in Scotland quickly 
 followed that in England. And an act was presently passed 
 for settling the crown upon the king and queen oi England ; 
 pursuant to wiiich, their majesties were proclaimed king 
 and queen of Scotland, on April U, the day of their c(no- 
 mitioii in Englan<l. Then the earl of Arg>le and otlier 
 commissioners were sent to make a solemn lender of the 
 crown to their majesties, in the name of liie estates and 
 kingdom ot Scotland ; which was done on May 11. In the 
 mean time, the duke of Gordon, a papist, still held the castle 
 of Kdiiihurgh for the late king ; but a vigorous siege obliged 
 him to surrender it on June 13, ujion conditions that he and 
 the garrison should have their lives, liberties, and fortunes 
 secured. And the earl of Dundee being slain in battle, and 
 the forces he had raised in the Highlands dwindling away by 
 degrees, an<l being at length entirely suppressed, their ma- 
 jesties remained aiterwards in the peaceable possession of 
 the crown of Scotland. In Ireland, ryrconnel liacj secured 
 the most important places of that kingdom, and used such 
 violence against the proiestants, that ih.ey were forced ro 
 retire to their brethren in the north ; who seix.ing on Kil- 
 inore, Cqleraine, Inniskilling, and Londonderry, declared 
 for king Vv'iliiani and queen Alary. The late infatuated kiiij; 
 James now sailed from Brest with some French troops, and 
 landed at Kinsale on tiie 12tli of March, U~88 t). jlavini; 
 taken Coleraine and Kilmore after a slout resistance, he 
 laid siege to Londonderry, on April 20; from whence, a 
 fewdaysafler, he departed to meet his parliament at Dublin, 
 where lie passed an act to attaint between 2 and 3000 pio- 
 testant lords, ladies, clergymen, and gentUnien, of higlv- 
 treason. In the mean time the siege of Londonderry wa.s 
 carried on with the utmost efforts, and the garrison under 
 Mr. George Walker, a clergyman, and major Baker, held 
 out with the most surprising resolution, though reduced to 
 the necessity of feeding upon horse llesh, dogs, cats, rats, and 
 mice, tallow, starch, dried and salted hides, anil all kinds of 
 ort'al ; till major general Kirk ariiviug with sotaesliips laden 
 with provisions, which, after a long delay, he ai i.;st found 
 means, with difficulty, to convey into the town, the besiegers 
 on July 31, thought tit to raise the siege. The garrison of 
 Inuiskilling, at the same lime, did .wonders; particularly 
 the day before the siege of Derry was raised, they advanced 
 near 20 miles ti meet about GUOO Irish, and deicated them, 
 killing and drowning near. 'jDOO, though iheinselvos were not 
 above 2000, and had but about 20 killed and 50 wounded. 
 King William having paiiseil an act for putting the adniiui.s- 
 tralion into liie hands of the queen whenever he should he 
 out of the i\iiig<lum, in June, 1600', landed with a gallant 
 army in Ireland, and on July 1, fought the ever' memorable 
 battle of the Tjoyne, wherein, llnnigh h<' had the misfortuiiB 
 to lose the brave duke of Schomberg, Ihcn !i2 r; ars old, yet 
 he gained a complete victory over the Frein h and Irish 
 
 army, and obliged 
 
 ■ James to retire to Dublin, and rjiakc 
 
 all the haste he could back to France. King William, Ihe 
 following Sunday, entered Dublin in triumph, and went to 
 St. Patrick's church to return thanks to Ciod for his victory ; 
 and arriving in England tin? beginning of September, he 
 sent the earl of iNlarlborough to carry on the reduction of 
 Ireland ; who took Cork and Kinsale with such exiicdition, 
 that he was again at Kensington on October 2K. The ne.xt 
 year, 1691, the intrepid F.iiglish, under the br.ive general 
 Giiickle and other valiant commanders, made theinsc Ires 
 masters of Baltimore, with incredible braM'ry i)assed the 
 Shannon amidst the (ire (d'.the enemy, and look .\lhlone, and 
 fought the glorious battle cd'Aghnm on July 12. wherein 
 40110 Irish and their general St. I\utli were slain ; which was 
 soon Ibllowed by Ihenurrender of Galloway, and lastly, that
 
 VVIL 
 
 of I.iniorifk in Octolier (wliorc Tvironiu'I died, as it were 
 of grief", (iti Au;,Mist 14,) by vvliic li iiii ijid wiis put to tlie 
 iiibili w;ir, and ;dl Ireland was reduced to the obedience of 
 kin;; William and (iiieen iSIary. In Krisilaiid, the liing 
 dissolved the convention pailiaiiierit, on I'eliiuary (J, KiH'.l-'.H), 
 6ii,l « new parliament met on March 20. In the mean lime, 
 liie Flench kin^ was pushiu:? his eon^iuests in the Nelher- 
 laiidi and oilier parts, wliicii made it necessary for kin^ 
 William to '^o over to llie famous con^'icss at the Ila^ne, in 
 flu- l)i';,'innin^ of the year lli[)\, in (wder lo animate the 
 confederate princes and stales. The French were so far 
 before hand with tht! allies, that they took the stroni; city of 
 ftloiis this y<'ar, and Nainnr in the year followin;;; after 
 vhicli was i'oii;,dit the hattlo of SlecnkirU, (kiii^; William 
 commanding the coMfcilerate army himself, as he did every 
 year {Jurin;; the war,) in which, thoni;!i the French remained 
 masters of the Held of Inittle, yel kiin^- William so bravely 
 disputed the victory, tiial they had scarcely any tiling else to 
 boast of, the loss beinjj nearly eipial on both sides. The 
 kiiiy' was no sooner ,','one abroad in IfiDl, but the Jacobites, 
 resumed their favourite scheme, in concert with France, for 
 i.«;storin;; llie lat<? kin-j; .fames. But the vigilance of (pieen 
 Mary and the g.ivt:r!i lenl ajjaiii disconcerted their mea- 
 sures. The parliament meeting; towards the end of iheyear, 
 passed a bill for the frequent calling and meeting of parlia- 
 nienls, commonly called the Triennial Hill ; but the king;, by 
 the advice of his ministers, refused his assent ; as he did 
 also the next year to a bill toucliini,' free and impartial pro- 
 ceedings ill pailiamciit, being in the nature of what is now 
 fialied a I'lace bill ; which so disi)leascd the commons, that 
 (hey resiilved, that whoever advised the kii:g not to give 
 the royal assent to that act, was an enemy to their majesties 
 and the kingdom. Iiowever, the parliament insisting upon 
 the Triennial Hill, he thouglit tit to puss it in l(i'J-i, which 
 gave a general satisfaction. Our loss at sea was this year 
 very cousidcraliic. For the whole Brest rieet, on June 16, 
 fell upon Sir George llooke's sfimulron, w liicli had a lleet of 
 near 100 merchant ships, bound for the Straits, under its 
 convoy, \\hilstit was separated from the main fleet, viiiich 
 should have ("onvoyed it out of danger, and took, burnt, or 
 sunk fourof the greatest Smyrna-ships, three Dutch men of 
 war, and o.'ie English, and near 80 other merchant ships. 
 Our lioi.ionr at sea was in a great measuie retrieved this 
 year. The king relumed on November t). On December 
 2h, qneei! Mary diedofuie small-pox, to the inexpressible 
 grief of llio nation. She was king James's eldest daughter, 
 and died in the 2.jd year of her age, having reigned near 
 six years jointly with the king her husband. On March 5, 
 she was most solemnly and magnificenlly interred in Henry 
 VHth's chapel. In the beginning of the year 1G95, the 
 parliament made a strict iii(]uiiy into several abuses and 
 corruptions. In this session also, the bad ?1ale of the silver 
 coin was first taken into consideration, which by clipping 
 and adulterating had been reduced near half in value, lo the 
 great^delriment of trade and embarrassment of the public 
 revenue. The remedying of this grievance was not per- 
 fected till (he next parliament, w hen all tlie silver money 
 was ordeied to be called in and, recoined, and the loss to be 
 borne by the pidilic. This gave rise to I'ixciieiiuer-biils, or ■ 
 paper-money, which were no sooner set on foot, but the 
 scandalous practice of false indorsement began ; for which 
 Mr. Chailes Duncomb and Mr- Knight were cxp<'l!ed the 
 house, ami committed to the Tower, and Ptir. Burton to 
 Newgate. Hills were ordered to be bnniglit in to pnnisii 
 them, which passed the commons, but were thrown out by 
 the lords, who being equally divided upon Duncomb's bill, 
 the duke of Leeds gave the casting vote for rejecting it. 
 In i6'J.'>, the English lleet, under lord Berkeley, spread 
 terror along the coast of France, bombarded St. Ivlaloes, 
 ami some olhertowns; and it return, Villeroy, by the French 
 king's order, bombarded Brussels. On the 12th of January, 
 a double plot was about that lime discovered, to assassinate 
 the king and invade the kingdom. Many of the late king 
 James's emissaries came over from France, and held consul- 
 
 WI L 
 
 (atlr.ns with pajiists and Jacobites licre, Iiow lo miird( - kinz 
 Williaiii; and after several debates on the lime, pla( . , aii'i 
 manner of putting their horriil design in execution, they at 
 last agreed lo assassinate his majesty in his coach, on some 
 day in February, }(i'.)C>-H, in a lane between I5renlf()rd and 
 Turnliam (irecn, as he returned from hunting. l)Ut happily 
 the wholi' plot was discovered by Mr. I'endegrass, the very 
 night befoie it was to be execule<l ; which wascoufiriind by 
 Mr. de la Hue, another of the plotters, and aflerwards by 
 captain i'orler, and others of them, who came in upon the 
 proclamation tor apprehending the conspirators. At Ihe 
 same time there was to be an invasion from France, for 
 which purpose king James was come loCalais, and the 
 troops, artillery, and stores, we're immediately ordered to be 
 einbarked ; but by the news of the assassination plot having 
 miscarried, and the speedy sending a formidable lleet 
 under admiral l!nss( 1, this other i)art of the design was frus- 
 fraled ; and Calais was not long after bombarded by the 
 1-lnglish. When the parliament met, December 3, 1(J.'J6, 
 the king told theui in his si)eecli, that consi(!lering the cir- 
 cumstances of alfairs abroaii, it was his opinion, ihat Fji;jland 
 could not be safe without a land force ; which clause the 
 commons did not like, as if it were designed to recommeml 
 a standing army in time of peace. And so after long debates 
 they resolved. That all the land forces raised since Septem- 
 ber 2!>, lOHO, should be paid and disbanded. Yet, to show 
 their alfection to his majesty, they resolved, on December 
 20, That 700,00()ie. per aiiiuim be granted to him for llie 
 support of the civil list. The parliament continued sitliiuj 
 till July 5, IcyB, and then was prorogued, and two days 
 afterwards dissolved. In this session the new East-India 
 company was established, the merchants having agreed lo 
 advance 2,00n,000£. to government at 8 per cent. 'I he old 
 company otiercd lo raise 700,000/€'. at 4 percent. ; but this 
 was rejected ; though they were afterwards continued a cor- 
 poration, and the two companies united. On December 6, 
 1698, the new parliament met, in which, though the kin;; 
 expressed his desire of having a good body of land force-v 
 kept up, yet the commons resolved, that all the land forcLa, 
 exceeding 7000 for England, and 12,000 for Ii eland, (ail his 
 majesty's natiual born subjects,) should be forthwith paid 
 and disbanded. This made the king very uneasy ; iiut u hen 
 he saw the parliament in earnest, he complied with a goorl 
 grace. He would fain have kept his Dutch guards that 
 came over with liini at first ; but not being able to move the 
 parliament, he with complaisance submilted, and sent iiieni 
 away ; which gave great satisfaction to liis people. In June, 
 1099, tile king went over to Holland and returned in Octo- 
 ber. The parliament met on Nov. Hi, and in this session 
 weregreatdebates about the Irish ibrfeited estates, resumiiisj 
 the grants which the king had niadeof several of tiiem to his 
 ministers. and favourites, and applying alt to the use of the 
 public. The commons, in April, 1700, to carry their point, 
 lacked the liill of resumption to the land tax bill; which 
 occasioned great heals between the two houses, the lords 
 making amendments which the commons would not agree 
 to; when the king, fearing tlie consequences, sent a private 
 message to the lords to pass the bill without any amend- 
 ments, and on April II, prorogued the parliament. The 
 king went over again to Holland in July this year; and on 
 the 29lh, nnlrjppily for I'.ngland, died that hopet'id younij 
 prince the duke of iUloucester, son to their royal highnesses 
 ihe prince ami princess of- Denmark, being about ten years 
 old. The king of Spain dviiig towards the end of this year, 
 the duke of Anjou was declared king of Spain by the Frcncll 
 king his grandfather. And the F^rench, at llu- same time, 
 overrunning the Spanish Netherlands, bolh king William 
 and the states were obliged to own tlie duke of .Vnjou's 
 title, in order to gain time. Ijis majesty, soon after his 
 return, dissolved the parbament ; and at the same time, to 
 please those now dislingnished by the name of the Churcli- 
 party, made some alterations in his miiiislry. The new par- 
 liament meeting in I'ebruaiy, 1700-1, the commons chose 
 Ilobeil ilarlev, Fsq. their speaker. The king in liis speed; 
 
 901
 
 WIL 
 
 WIM 
 
 on [he death of tlieduUeof Gloucester, having recommended 
 totliem a fiirlher provision for the siiccessioii of the protes- 
 tanl line, after him and the princess, both hotises came into 
 it ; anil on Jiniel2, 17U1, his majesly passed t!ie famous act 
 for the further limitation of the crown, and better securing 
 the rights and hberlies of the subjects; whereby the crown 
 was fiirtlier Hmited to the princess Sophia, electoress dowa- 
 ger of Hanover, and her protestanl heirs. She was grand- 
 daughter to iiitig James I. by his daughter Klizabeth, queen 
 of Bohemia, and grandmotlier to his late majesty king 
 George II. His majesty went again to Holland in July, 
 where iie made a speech in the assembly of the States, on 
 the posture of affairs in Europe ; which had a good effect. 
 The English nation was now divided into parties, for and 
 against a war, the old and new ministry, and the Ilouse of 
 Commons, (which had occasioned the famous Kentish peti- 
 tion, and Legion letter, in which the last commons were 
 treated with great scurrility, and even menaces.) But the 
 death ofthe late king James, on Sept. 5. at .St. Germain's, 
 and the French king's declaring thereupon the pretended 
 prince of Wales king of these realms, gave a new turn to 
 people's minds, and made them all unite in a firm adherence 
 to his majesty, and the utmost abhorrence of the indignity 
 put upon him and the nation by the French king. His ma- 
 jesty returned about theend of October, and having dissolved 
 tlie parliament, called another to meet December .30. The 
 commons again chose Mr. Harley their speaker, and the 
 king made a most excellent speech to both houses on the 
 
 1)resent posture of affairs, the late insolent step ofthe French 
 ling, the dangers that threatened Europe, by his placing his 
 grandson on the throne ofSpain, and the alliances he had 
 made for obviating those dangers ; to which both houses 
 returned the most satisfactory addresses. And soon after, 
 the commons addressed his majesty, that it might be an ar- 
 ticle in the several treaties of.alliance. That no peace should 
 be made witb France, till his majesly and the nation have 
 reparation for the indignity oft'ered by the French -king, in 
 declaring the pretended prince of Wales king of En-jland, 
 Scotland, and Ireland. Thej' then voted 40,000 land forces, 
 and as many for the sea-service. In the midst of these vi- 
 gorous resolutions, the king, who had been declining in his 
 health for some time, on February 21,1701-2, fell from liis 
 horse, as he was hunting, and broke his right collar-bone; 
 which, joined with his former indisposition, held him in 
 a languishing state till the 8th of March, when, with great 
 composedness and resignation, he expired. During his 
 hllness, the royal assent was given by commission to an act 
 for attainting the pretended prince ofWalesof high treason ; 
 and another for the further security of his majesty's person, 
 and (he succession ofthe crown in the protestant line, Ax. 
 Thus died the heroic king William III. in Ihe5ad year of his 
 age, having reigned thirteen years, three weeks, and two 
 days. Williaui III. was in his person ofthe middle stature, 
 atiiinbody, ■.\m\ delicate constitution, subject to an asthma 
 and continual cough from his infancy. He had an aquiline 
 nose, sparkling eyes, a large forehead, and a grave solenni 
 aspect. He was very sparing of speech; his conversation 
 xvas (iiy, and his manner disgusting, except in battle, when 
 his deportment was free, spirited, and animating. In cou- 
 rage, fortitude, and eq\ianimity, he rivalled the most eminent 
 warriors of anlii|uity ; and his nalura'l sagacity made amends 
 forthe defects in'his education, which had not been properly 
 superintended. He was religious, temperate, generally just 
 and sincere, a stranger to violent transports of passion, and 
 mi^lit have passed f^)r one of the best princes of the age in 
 which he lived, had he never ascended the ihrone'of Great 
 Britain. But the distinguishing criterion of his character was 
 ambition. To this he sacri(ice<l. the punctilios of honour and 
 decorum, iii deposing hii o\f n falhor-in law and uncle ; and 
 this he gratifi'-d at Ih'rexpence ofilie nation that raised him 
 to sovereign aulliority. lie aspired to the honour of acting 
 as niiinire in all (he contests of Europe ; and lh<' second ob- 
 ject ol his atlentioii w-.n, the prosperity of that country to 
 wjiiuh he owed Ins birth and extraction. Whether he really 
 
 thought the interests of Ihe continentandGreat Britain wor« 
 inseparable, or sought only to drag England into the confe- 
 deracy as a convenient ally, certain it is, he involved these 
 kingdoms in foreign connexions, which has ever since been 
 productive of incalculable evils. In order to establish Ihia 
 favourite point, he scrupled not to employ all the engines of 
 corruption, by which tlie morals ofthe nation were totally 
 debauched. He procured a parliamentary sanction for a 
 standing army, which now seems to be interwoven with the 
 constitution. He introduced the pernicious practice of bor- 
 rowing upon remote funds ; an expedient that necessarily 
 liatched a brood of usurers, brokers, and stock jobbers, to 
 prey upon Ihe vitals of their country. He entailed upon the 
 nation a growing debt, and a system of politics big with 
 misery, despair, and destruction. To sum up his character 
 ill a few words : W'illiam was a fatalist in religion, Mndefa'li. 
 gable in war, enterprising in politics, dead to all the warm 
 and generous emotions of the human heart, a cold relation, 
 an indifferent husband, a disagreeable man, an ungracious 
 prince, and an imperious sovereign. 
 
 WI'LLING, a. inclined, or not averse to cto a thing ; con- 
 senting ; desirous ; iaTOurable ; pleased ; ready or cou- 
 descending ; chosen. 
 
 WI'LLlNtiLY, ad. without dislike ; tvithout reliiclance. 
 
 WI'LLINGN IvSS, *. freetlom fioui reluctance ; ready 
 compliance; consent. 
 
 AVrLLOUGHBY, a town of Warwickshire, seated on 
 the canal, near tlie conllux of the Leanie and Avon, E. of 
 Leinington Hastings. It is 14 miles S. E. of Coventry, and 
 77 N. \\'.()f London. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 WTLLOW, s. [welie, Sax. gifiloi., Brit.] tlie salix of Lin- 
 naeus. There are many species. Bees are very fond of the 
 flowers of all the species. 
 
 WrLLOWIIEIlB, s. in botany, the cpilobium. There 
 are seven British species, all of which flower in the summer. 
 
 WI'LLOWWEED,;?. a plant. 
 
 WI'LNA, a large, rich, populous, and trading town of 
 Lithuania, in a palatinate of the same nan:e, with an univer- 
 sity. The houses arc all built of wood, and different nations 
 come hither to trade. It is seated at the conflui-nce of 
 the rivers Vilia and Wilna, 12 miles E. bv S. of Troki, and 
 215 iV. W. of Warsaw. Lat. 54. 41. N. Ion. 25. 3,3. E. 
 
 Wl'LTON, a town in AViltshire, seated at the conflux 
 of theWdley and Nadder, isanantient place, formerly the 
 chief of the county. It has a famous manufnctory of 
 carpets, and another of thin woollen stuffs. It is 7 miles 
 N.. W. of Salisbury, and 85 W. by S. of London. Market on 
 W'e;lnesday. 
 
 WI'LTSHIRE, an English county, 52 miles in length, and 
 .34 in breadth; hounded on the W. by Somersetshire: on the 
 N. by Gloucestershire ; on the E- by Berkshire and Hamp- 
 shire ; and on the S. by Dorsetshire and Hampshire; behig 
 54 uiiles ill length, and 33 in breadth. It contains 301 pa- 
 rishes, 21 market towns, and sends 34 members to parlia- 
 ment, 'i'lie principal rivers are the Willey, the Adder, the 
 two Avons, the 'I'eiiis, the Kennel, the Duril, the Njfdder, 
 and the Were. The air is generally good, though sharp 
 upon the hills and downs in winter, but milder in the vah'S 
 and bottoms. I'he N. part is hilly, the S. level, and the 
 middle full of downs, intermixed %vith bottoms, wherein are 
 rich meadows and ccnn-liehls. There are several towns in 
 it noted for the woollen nianufactuie. Here is a fanioiis 
 trench, which runs from E. to W. and is visible for iiuinv 
 miles. The common people will have it to be the woik nf 
 the devil, but it was probably the boundary of the W. 
 .Saxou monarchy. Salisbury is tlie principal town. 
 
 WILY, (i(j/yj a. fiiU of stratagem ; siy ; cunning; artful; 
 tricking. 
 
 ^V I'M BI-.E, s. \iilmj>el, Belg. from vicnuhn, to borej an in* 
 slriinie[it with which holes are liored. 
 
 Wl'.VIBORN MiNSTF.u, a town of Dorsetshire, with a 
 noble church, built as a cathedral, f<irmerlv collegiate, and 
 the only onr in the county in wIhcIi cathedral service is per- 
 formed, 'ihe eustef n lower, and part of the church, are
 
 WIf> 
 
 Wl N 
 
 Saxon. It is ser.tecl bclvvfen tlie rivrr Sir)iir niul Allen, C, 
 lliiirs N. of I'oolu, and 101 S. W. of Loiidoii. i\larkcl on 
 I'Viilay. 
 
 WrMlUll'".L, s. ill oinitliolosv, a small kind of curlew. 
 
 Wr^lONDHA.M, or Wimhiam, a town of Norfolk, 
 noted for stockings, wooden spoons, and s|iiiiilles. It is 
 Smiles S. W. of Norwich, and 100 N. Ji. by N. of London. 
 Market on Friday. 
 
 Wl'MI'LE.i'. [iriiimple, Fr.] a hood or veil. A plant. 
 
 WIN, used in llie compound names of men, si(;nilies war, 
 sIreiiHlli, Ac. from «/», Sax. Smnelimcs it iini)lies popula- 
 rity, hMUK'inna, dear or beloved, Sax. And in the names 
 ul' jilaces, denotes a battle fought there. 
 
 ToWIN, D. a. pref. and part. pass, won; [triana, Sax. 
 winiieu, Belg.] to gain by compiest ; to gain the victory iti a 
 contest organic ; togaiii something withheld ; to obtain or 
 overpower by superior charms^or persuasions. Ncnterly, to 
 gain the victory or advantage. Used witli npou, to intiuence 
 gain ground or favour, or to overpower. 
 
 WI'NBORN, or Wi.NnouKNE. See Wimbokn IMin- 
 
 STKK. 
 
 In botiiny, a plaut tkat twists 
 
 .Tiiy thing is turned ruund. 
 itself round others. 
 
 Wl'NUERMEKt;.\V.VrRU,orWiNANi)KR-MKiti-,tl.e 
 
 most extensive lake in Kngland, lying between Westmore- 
 land and Lancashire, and exhibiting a very great variety of 
 beantidil jirospects. It is about 15 miles in length from N, 
 to S. but ill no part broader than a mile. Opposite E.xle- 
 frig-f'rag, it is 222 feet deep. 
 
 Wl'NDFALL, lii'iud/hull) s. fruit blown down from a 
 tree; a tree bloHii down. An unexpected legacy. 
 
 VVrNU(iALLS, ,. in farriery, soft, yiehling", flatulent 
 tumors or bladders, full of corrupt jelly, which grow uporj 
 each side of the fetlock joints, and are so |)_aiiiful in hot wea- 
 ther and hard ways, that they makea horseto halt, 'lliey arc 
 caused by violent straining, or by horses standing on a 
 sloping floor, or from extreme labour and heat, orljy blows. 
 
 Wl'NDING, {iritulittfr) s. Ivmdut; Isl.] any crooked or 
 bending path ; flexure ; meander. 
 
 WINDINGSHLET, {tcindwgs/icet) s. a sheet in which 
 the dead are wrapped. 
 
 W INDLASS, or Wl NDLACE, s. a handle by which a 
 
 WI'NCAUTON.or WiNCAUNTON, a town in Somerset- rope or lace is wound round a cylinder ; a handle by uhicli 
 shire, $4 miles S. of Bath, and lOS W. bv S. of London, a wheel or any thing is turned. 
 Market on Wednesilay. ' 
 
 ui instrument held in 
 1 windlass. 
 
 JarKet o 
 
 To WINCE, V. n. [^irinfro, Brit.] to kick with pain. 
 To kick in order to throw olf a rider, applied to beasts of 
 carriage. 
 
 WINCH, s. [^■HincJia; to twist, Fr , 
 tiic baud, by which a wlierl is turned round ; 
 
 ToWlNCil, r. 1. See \V'incr. 
 
 WrNCMlCOMB, a large town in Gloucesleibhirc, IG miles 
 N. E. of Cilouccsler, and 'J3 \\. N. W. of London. Market 
 on Saturday. 
 
 WrNCIIELSE.'^,a town in Sussex. It isan aniient place, 
 at least the old town, which was swallowed up by the ocean 
 in 12.50. It had 18 parish churches, now reduced to one; 
 and is G7 miles S. E. ot London. Market on Saturday. 
 
 WTNCIIESTER, a city of Hampshire, it has six parish 
 churches, besides the cathedral, which is a large and beauti- 
 ful structure, and in which are interred several Saxon kings 
 and queens. The other remarkable buildings are, the 
 bislio|)'s palace, the hall where the assizes are kept, and the 
 college or school, which last is without the walls. King 
 Cljarfei II. appointed Sir Christopher Wren to build a royal 
 palace here, but did not live to see it finished. It is 21 miles 
 N. W. of Chichester, and 62 W. by N. of London. Markets 
 on Wednesday and .Saturday. 
 
 WIND, («t»rf) s. lu-inil. Sax. and T?elg.] a sensible mo- 
 tion of the air ; the direction of the air to any point ; breath; 
 any thing insignificant, particularly applied to threats. 
 "WiudofajV// threats." Pa>: Lust. Tu take, or have the 
 wind of, signifies to have the ascendency or advantage of. 
 To take uind, applied to secrets, implies their being dis- 
 closed or made public. 
 
 To WIND, {wi7ui) V. a. pretcr. and part. \)ais. wmmd ; 
 [wmdan, Sax. wniden, Uelg.] to blow or sound by the breath ; 
 to turn round, to twist. After f«r«, to regidate in its course. 
 " To turn and wind a fiery Pegasus." Shahs. To manage 
 by shifts or expedients ; to follow by the scent ; to change 
 or alter; to enfold, entwist, or encircle. Used with out, to 
 extricate from any dithculty. To ivind up, to bring to a small 
 compass ; to raise by means of a winch or key ; to raise by 
 degrees ; to put in order by a certain end or regular action. 
 To straiten a string by turning that on which it is rolled ; 
 to put in order for regular action. Neuterly, to alter or 
 change ; to turn or twist round ; to move round ; to move in 
 croolied lines ; from leWer, Isl. crooked. To be extricated 
 from anv diflicultv or perplexity, followed by out of. 
 
 WINDBERRY, i. the same with the bilberry. 
 Wl'NDBOUND, (u,jnrf4«uH(r) a. hindered from sailing by 
 contrary winds. 
 
 Wl'NDEGG, s. an egg not impregnated ; an egg that does 
 not contain the principles of life. 
 WINDEE, {uiitdei-ys. an instrument or person by wlrich 
 
 Wl'NDLi',, 4. a spindle. 
 WI'ND.VIILL, t. a mill turned by the wind. 
 WI'NDOW, {wkiidti) s. [viiidiie, Dan.] an aperture in a 
 building, by which the light and air are let into a room. 
 The frame of glass, &c. that covers the aperture. 
 
 To WINDOW, Ijvindu) V. a. to furnish with windows; 
 to place at a window. To break into openings. 
 
 WINDPIPE, {windpipe) s. the aperture through which 
 we breathe ; the weasand, or wezand. 
 
 WINDSOR, a town of Berkshire, pleasantly seated on 
 the banks of the Thames, in a healthful air, and is a hand- 
 some, large, and well inhabited place ; but chiefly famous 
 iiir its magnificent castle, which is a royal palace, and where 
 the ceremony ot installing the knights of the (iarter is per- 
 formed ill the chapel ; and St. George's hall, which is paved 
 with marble, is one ofthe finest rooms in Europe. Windsor 
 sends two members to parliament, and is 22 miles W. of Lon- 
 don. Market on Saturday. 
 
 Wl'NDWARD, (uindward) ad. towards the wind. 
 WINDY, {iviiidi/) a. consisting of wind ; next the wind ; 
 empty, airy, or having no solidity; tempestuous, molested 
 with the wind ; puffy; flatulent. 
 
 WINE, s. [wiH, iSax.] a liijuor made of the. juice of the 
 gratie fermented ; liquor made by fermentation of vegetables. 
 WING, s. \u-inop, Dan.] that part of a bird by which it 
 flies; flight; a fan to winnow. In botany, the angle formed 
 between the stem and leaves of a plant ; also a term given to 
 the two lateral petals of a butterfiy-shaped blossom. Those 
 two oblong blunt petals situated on each side of the[standard 
 in the flower ofthe gorze, or whin, are the wings, lii war, 
 the two extreme bodies on the sides of an army. Any side- 
 piece. The two detached sides of a building. 
 
 To WINCt, ti. a. to furnish with wings; to enable to fly ; 
 to supply an army with sidebod'ies. Neuterly, to pass by 
 flight ; .io exert tiie power of flying. 
 
 SvrXGED, a. furnished with wings ; swift, rapid. In bo- 
 tany, applied to a leaf-stalk, when flattish, with a thin mem- 
 brane or leafy border on each side ; to a leaf, when an undi- 
 vided leafstalk hath many little leaves growing from each 
 side, as in Jacob's ladder, bladder sena, ash, and pea ; to 
 shoots, when they strike out from the sides like the 
 plumage along the sides of a quill, as in several species of 
 feather moss. 
 
 Wr^NCijSHELL, *. the shell that covers the wings of 
 insects. 
 
 ToWINK,»'. n. [itjinclten, Belg.] to shut the eye ; to hint, 
 or direct by the motion ofthe eyelids. Figuratively, to pass 
 by a fault without taking notice of it ; to connive ; to seem 
 not to ?ee ; to tolerate. 
 
 WINK, s. the act of closing the eye ; a hint given by the 
 motion of the eye. ^ 
 
 903
 
 WIS 
 
 WIT 
 
 AVI'NNER, *. the person tliat wins. 
 
 WINNINfj, part, attractive; cliarining ; overpowering 
 
 tiy ijcgaiice of address and bcliavioitr. 
 
 VV rNNlN(», s. Ilie siii;i won ataiiy name. 
 To \VI NNOW, {n'lnnu) v. a. [tviiidrian, Sax.] to sepa- 
 rate by means of w ind ; to separate fjraiii from tiie chaff; to 
 fan, <tr beat as with wings. " iVinnous the buxom air." 
 Par. Lust. Figuratively, to sift, examine, or separate. 
 Nfiderlv, to part corn from cliaff. 
 \\ J'NN'OVV lill,.s. he wiio w innows. 
 WI'NSLOW, a town in Bucliinghamsiiire, 7 miles N. W. 
 of Aylesbury, and 50 W. N. W. of London. Marliet on 
 Tuesday. 
 
 Ui'NSTliR, a town of Dcrbvshire, near rich mines of 
 lead, 5 miles N. \V. of Derby, and I.V2 N. N. W. of London. 
 It has no market, but a meeting for the sale of provisions on 
 Salur^iay. 
 
 WLNTER, s. [wilder, .Sax. Dan. 'I'cut. and Relg.J the 
 cold season of the year. Winter sv!slice, is the time when 
 tiie sim enters the tropic of Capricorn, making the sliortest 
 day, which now is December 21. 
 
 To W rXTER, V. 71. to pass the winter. Actively, to (i^ed 
 in the winter. 
 
 WI'NTErvGRREN, .«. a plant with spcar-sliaped leaves, 
 and white blossoms on long fruit stalks. It is loinid in woods 
 and lii-allis, and flowers ni June. 'J'lie ilillerent species of 
 peail-leaf L'o also by the name of winlersjiecn. 
 
 \\'!'NTEKLV, a. such as is suitable to winter; of a w iutrv 
 kind. 
 
 \yri\TRY, a. brumal ; suitable to winter. 
 I'o WIPE, »,'. n. [u-iiiait, Sax.] to rub softly, to clpanse by 
 rubliini; softly ; to strike ofj'gentlv ; to clear away ; to cheat 
 or di fraud. Used with out, to efl'ace. 
 
 \\ IFE, i. the act of cleansing ; a blow or stroke ; a gibe ; 
 aj/'er; a sarcasm. A bird. 
 
 WIRE,*, \virer, to draw round, Fr. according toSkiinier] 
 metal drawn into slender threads. 
 
 '!"o WIREDRAW, v. a. to tlrawmefal into wire ; todra;? 
 out into length ; to draw liy art or violence. 
 Wl'KF.DRAWER, s. one who spins wire. 
 Wi'llKSWORTU, a large populous town in Derbyshire, 
 seated in a valley, near the spring-head of the river Ercles- 
 born, remarkable for having the greatest lead market in 
 England. It is 8 miles N. by W. of Derby, and 139 N. N. 
 W. of London. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 To WIS, V. a. prct. and part. i)ass. wist ; [wi/seii, ISelg. 
 uisscn, Teul.] to know. 
 
 WTSBE.VCH, a town of Cambridgeshire, seated in a 
 funny part of the county, in the Isle of Ely, between two 
 rivers. It is a well liuilt town, possessing a considerable 
 trade jn the export of corn, and of oil pressed from seeds 
 at mills in its neighbourhood. Only barges can come u|) 
 its river, large vessels stojiping G miles below;. It is 18 
 miles N. of Ely, and Hi) N, by E. of London. Market on 
 Saturday. 
 
 WISDOM, (nizflom) t. [ntsdom, Sax. wisdom, Dan.] a 
 higher and more refined notion of things, immeiliately pre. 
 sented to the mind, as it were, by intuition, w ilhout the as- 
 sistance of ratiocination. In a moral sense, it signifies pru- 
 dence or discretion. Synon. Wisdom makes us act and 
 speak properly. iVWrmr preven ts on rspeakuig or acting im- 
 properly. The former is more knowiiig; the latter more wary. 
 WISE, (K/ip)«. [iL-is, Sax. ?(ii.v, Relg. and Dan. J skillul in 
 finding out the best ends, and the best means of attaining 
 ihcm ; grave, or betokening wisdom ; sapient; dexterous; 
 kkilful; skilled in hidden irts. 
 
 WISE, (ir'i:i-) s. [u'ise, Sax. u-i/se, Relg. weise. Tent.] man- 
 lier; way of being oracling. This word in the modern 
 dialect is corrupted into Ways. 
 
 WrSF.ACllK, {wt:i alter) s. lifise-^i^her, a soothsayer, Relg.] 
 a person of dull apprehension, or pretending to wisdom with- 
 out reason ; a fool ; a dunce. 
 
 WI'Si'.LY, ad. judiciously ; priulently. 
 
 'Jo WISH, V. n. \wisiittii, Sax. J to have a strong and 
 
 longing desire f©r tiie existence or possession of any t1ii;if». 
 Used with irell, to be dis\i'.)sed or inclined. Actively, to 
 desire or lung for any future or absent good ; to recommend 
 by wishing; to iuiprecate ; to ask. 
 
 WISH, i. a longin^j desire ; the thing desired ; desire ex 
 pressed. 
 WISHFUL, «. longing ; expressive of longing. 
 WrSKET, s. a vessel made with twigs, rushes, &c. 
 woven together ; a sort of basket. Synon. WW.fns gene- 
 rally applied to those that have handles at the ends, as (lis- 
 tinguished from basket, which has an arched one over the 
 middle. 
 
 W ISP, s. [n-isp, Swed. and old Belg.] a small bundle of hay 
 or straw. 
 
 WISTFUL, a. attentive ; earnest ; full of thought ; 
 grave. 
 
 WrSTON, a town of Pembrokesiiiie, in S. Wales, Vi 
 miles N. of Pembroke, and 2:35 W. N W. of l.,ondon. 
 Market on Saturday. 
 
 To WIT, V. 71. [uitan. Sax.] to know. Obsolete, except 
 in the phrase to nit, that is to say. 
 
 WIT, i. [e;cuit. Sax.] a faculty or operation of the mind, 
 according to Mr. Locke, coii-.isting in assembling those 
 ideas with quickness ami variety that have any resemblance 
 or congmity, and thereby nialiing pleasant pictures and vi. 
 sions agreeable to the mind. Sentiments produced by 
 quickness of fancy, and raising pleasure in the mind. Jndg- 
 niciit ; genius; sense. A maii of genius ; a man of fancy. 
 Jn the plural, a state wherein the understanding is sound ; a 
 souiiil mind. Conlrivanee ; stratagem ; power of ex- 
 pedients. 
 
 WITCH, s. [wiccc. Sax.] a woman that practises un- 
 lawful arts, or one that has a familiar spirit. Spenser uses 
 the word fora winiling sinuous bank. 
 
 WITCHCRAFT, s.a kind of sorcery practised by some 
 men and women, who sell themselves to the devil to enable 
 them to do mischief. 
 
 WITH, prep, [with. Sax. I by, applied to note t!ie cause, 
 instrumcht, or means by which any thing is done. Ufion. 
 " Such arguments had invincible force uitli those Pagan phi- 
 losophers who became Christians." Addison. Sometimes it 
 denotes union, conjunction, or society. " I'here is no living 
 with Xhee." Tutler. Souictimes it signifies mixture. " I'ut 
 a little vinegar uilh oil." Sometime:? it denotes compari- 
 son. "Can blazing carbuncles jcjM her compare ?' Sandys. 
 Sometimes it implies opposition orflgainst. " Tiie niar(|ciis 
 of Granby fought uilh the French." A.'nongst. " Interest 
 is her name with men below." Drijd. 'I'ogether, or insepa- 
 rably. " With her they llourish'd, — and with her they die." 
 Pope. Followed by tlu(t or tliis, immediately after. " Witft 
 that tlie god his darling phantom calls." O'arlh. With, in 
 composition, generally signifies opposition or privation. 
 
 WITH.\'L, (within'il) ((ff. along with the rest; likewise; 
 at the same time. Sometimes used instead ot'irith. " W'hat 
 God loves and delights in, and is pleased withal." TiUal. 
 
 WI'FHAM, a town in Essex, governed by a high bailifl", 
 Ac. and has one church, which is an antient (iotliic struc- 
 ture. This town is 8 miles E. of Chelmsford, and 37 E. N. 
 E. of London. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 'I'o WITH DRAW, r. a. to take back or deprive of; )i» 
 estrange; to alienate; to call away, orniake to letiie. Neii- 
 terlv, to retire, or retreat. 
 
 Wl'TilE, ^. a willow twig. A band, properly, a band of 
 twigs ; from witthe, a baud. Sax. 
 
 ToW'ITHEK,v, n. to f.ulc or grow sapless ; to dry up. 
 Figuratively, to waste or pine away ; to want or lose. Ac- 
 tively, to make to fade, shrink or decay, for want of moisture. 
 Synon. Wither rises upon the sense of yrirf,. A faded 
 flower may recover ; but that w liicli is withered cannot. 
 
 WFTHF.RS oi' A llousK, .«. is lliejuncture of the slioul- 
 dei-bmie at llie bottom of the neck and mane, towards the 
 upi>er part of the sliould<'r. 
 
 To WITMIKi'El), 11. «. to refrain, Lold back, or kcap 
 from action ; to keep back or refuse.
 
 WOK 
 
 WOO 
 
 V rrm N, prep, [wit/iiiuian, SHX.'in tlie inner part of. 
 Williiii tlie c(>iij|>ais, or iiul Ix'yoiid, iipplii'd to place, time, 
 or lliiii:;s. 
 
 VVri'MrN. ad. ill the inner parts; in the soul or mind. 
 
 MTIHOUT, prep. [withiUnn, Sax.] not willi; not with- 
 in: in H stale of iiliseiice Iruni ; in tlu- !>lal<- of nol liaviii<;; 
 on llie outside; hejuiid; not williiii tiie compass of; with 
 cxeiiiplion from. 
 
 Wd'HOU'T, 0(7. on the outside ; out of'doors ; externally. 
 
 WITHOUT, nnjitnct. unless ; if not; except. 
 
 To WlTMSTA'Sl-), f. «. Ipreter. withstood; tvit/istandian, 
 Sex I to oppose, resi'1, or contest u ith ; to act aj;aiust. 
 
 WI'I'HVVIND.f. the convol^^llu^; a herb. 
 
 WTTLIN(i, s. [a dimiiiulive of Wit) a person who 
 pretends to '>\itand humour; a man ofpert> smartness. 
 
 WI'TN I'.iSS, i\ |K'i7«e.s*e, Sax.] a testimony; attestation; 
 a person who^iies liisevidriice or lesliimuiy for or against 
 a tiling. W'M a wi/iiess, implies etiectually, or to a hi{<h 
 and exliavan:iiit deuiee. 
 
 'I'o VVl'TNRSS, V. a. to attest; to siiliscrihe one's name 
 tea writing, in oirjei to aiiest its being authentic. Neu- 
 lerl\, to t,'ive or bear testimony. 
 
 Wl'TNLSv it:lerjict. an exclamation used at the begin- 
 ning t>f a seiiti Mce, to imply that a particular person or 
 thin^ are evidences of the tiiilh of any as^e^tion. 
 
 Wl I'NEY, a populous town in t)xf'oriUliire, noted for its 
 manufacture of the tiuest blankets, and olhertliick xioollens, 
 called bearskins and keise\s. It is 8 in les N. W. of 
 Oxfotd, and 64 W. N. W. of London. Market on Thurs- 
 day. 
 
 Wl rTI''NA'GF,MOT, i. amon<; our Saxon ancestors, a 
 term literally si^nilyinij a council, or assembly ofsatjes, or 
 wise men ; applied to tlie great council ot the land, in latter 
 davs called a Pailiameiit. 
 
 Wr rilCISV;, s. a mean attempt at wit. 
 
 WlTTINIvSS, s. the qu.dity ot beiii^- witty. 
 
 Wl'TTINGLV, ad [fnnn uiiau, to know, Sax.] know- 
 lii{;lv, by de>ign, or with deliberation. 
 
 VVfTl'OL, s. [wiltol, from uilan, to k-now, Sax ] a per- 
 son who knows his wife to be frail, but connives at it; a 
 fomented cuckold. 
 
 WITTY, a. judicious; ingenious; full of imagination ; 
 sarcastic ; taunting ; scotiing. 
 
 To WIV1>, V. a. to inarrv. Seldoni used. 
 
 WIVES, the phiral of Wife. 
 
 WlVLI'',SCOiMB, atowii in Somersetshire. 20 miles N. N. 
 K. of Exeter, and 155 W. by S. of London. Market on 
 Th.usday. 
 
 WI'ZAUD,, s. [from u'liiflri, Belg.] formerly used for a 
 person of extensive knowledge; at present used only in a 
 nad sense, and applied to a conjuror, inchanter, or war- 
 lock. 
 
 WOAD, s. [wad. Sax.] a plant with scolloped root- 
 /eaves, arrowsliaped stem leaves, oblong pods, and yellow 
 blossoms. With the juice of this plant the autient Britons 
 painted their bodies, to render themselves more terrible to 
 their enemies. It is found in corn fields, and under hedge*, 
 and is much used bv dyers for its blue colour. 
 
 WO'BURN. or WooBt' RN.atown in Bedfoidshire,seafed 
 on the high road from London to Northampton ; and was for- 
 merlv famous for its abbey, which now belongs «o the duke 
 of Bedlord, and is his country seat. It has also a free-school, 
 and a charilyscliool, founded by a duke of Bedford. Mcar 
 it is found great plenty of fuller's-earlh. It is 12 miles S. of 
 Bedford, and 42 N. N. W. of London. Market on Friday. 
 WOE, or WO, s. [wa. Sax.] grief; calamity ; sorrrow ; 
 misery ; a slate of misery. It is often used as a denuncia- 
 tion of calamity, or as a curse. 
 
 WO'EFUL, «. full of sorrow ; causing excessive grief; 
 calamitous ; atRictive , mournful ; petty ; wretched ; 
 sorry. 
 WO'EFULLY, ad. sorrowfully ; mournfully ; wretcnedly. 
 W()EF11LNE.SS, *. misery ; calamity. 
 WOICLNGHAM. Sec OKSiNiiUAM. 
 
 6 Z 
 
 WOLD, in the compound names of places signifies a plain 
 open counlry, froui ua/il, >a\. a plain having no woods. 
 
 WO 1.1'", {ivulj)s. \wt)tl\ Bi Ig waif. Sax.] ill zoology, a fierce 
 and cru>d aoimal of tlie dog kind, wliich is found in e^ery 
 country in Europe except the British isles. They were 
 expelled fr<mi l''.iiglaiid about I2U1, f'lom Scotland in 1680, 
 and from Ireland ill 1710. 
 
 WO'LFDOG, s. a dog of a very large breed, kept gene- 
 rallv to guard sheep. 
 
 WO'LKISII, {wulJUh) a. ravenous; cruel; resembling a 
 wolf in qii^jlities. 
 
 WCVLFRAM, s. a mineral of a black or brown shining 
 colour, in appearance resembling the ore of tin, and gene- 
 rally loiind in tin mines. 
 
 WO'EFSBANE,*. a poisonous plant ; aconite. 
 
 WO'LFSCLAW, *. the common clubuioss. 
 
 WO'L. SMiLlv, s. an herb. 
 
 WO'LLEH, a town in Norlbumberland, much resorted to, 
 in the summer mouths by invalids, to driirk goat's whey and 
 milk. It is 14 miles S. of Berwick. Market on 'fhur*- 
 
 WOIAI'.RIIAMPTON. See Woolverhampton. 
 
 WOLVF.HI.N E, s. in zoology, a very strong animal of (he 
 bear kind, about the size of a wolf, which inhabits tlie 
 northern reiiioiis of America. 
 
 WOLSIN(;ilAM, a town in the county ofDurliMm, m a 
 country abounding in coal and lead mines. It is situated 
 on the road betweein Barnaid-Caslle and C arlisle, lli miles 
 S. W. of Durham, and 259 N. W. by N. of London. It has 
 no market. 
 
 VVO'MAN, («umnn) J. [in the plural women, pron. ttHm- 
 men, wifmnn, Sa.x | the female of the human lace; a female 
 attending more parliciilarly on a lady. 
 
 To WO Al ANISE, (ttuHiaiiire) V. a. to soften, to effemi- 
 nate, to emasculate. Not used. 
 
 WO'MANl'H, (wUmaiiis/i) a. efieminate. 
 
 WO.MANKIND, (wumanhind) s. the female sex. Tb« 
 race of women. 
 
 WO'MANLY, a. becoming or suiting a woman; femi- 
 nine. 
 
 WOMB, (.ti'oom) s. \wamb. Sax. wamha, Goth, wamb. Is!.' 
 the place of conception ; the place whence any thing is pro- 
 duced. Any cavity. 
 
 To WON, V. It. [u-o en, Teut.] to dwell, to live, to have 
 abode, or reside. Obsolete. 
 
 To WO'NDI'.R, {uiittder) v. n. [wotider, Belg. wnndrian. 
 Sax.] to be atfecled or aslonished at the presence of some- 
 thing very strange or surprising. 
 
 WO'NDKR, iwiinder) s. \u mder, Belg. wundor. Sax. I 
 any thing which causes surprise by its strangeness ; surprise 
 caused by something unusual, or unexpected ; admiration; 
 amazement ; asliuiishment used with at. 
 
 WONDERFUL, (uunderful) a. admirable; astonishing' 
 marvellous; surprising ; strange; amazing. 
 
 WONDERFULLY, ad. ia a wonderful mann^; to a 
 wondertul degree. 
 
 WO'NUERSTRUCK, a. amazed. 
 
 WONDROUS, {tiioidroiis) s. so strange as te cause as- 
 tonishment ; admirable; maivellous; surprising; strange. 
 
 To WC^NT, or "^I'o be WONT, i>. «. \wuniait, Sax.J to be 
 accustomed or used ; to use. 
 
 WO'N'T, («()«/) a contraction oiwillnot. 
 
 WONTED, a. usual ; accustomed. 
 
 To WOO', V. a. lottv/oW, couited. Sax ] Jo court ; or to en- 
 deavour to gain the atiectionsofa person as a lover ; to invite 
 with earnestness and kindness. To importune. " 1 woo to 
 heartily even song." Milt. Neuterly, to court ; to make love. 
 
 WOOD, s. \wudc, Sax. woud, Belg.] a large and thick 
 plantation oft rees; the solid substance w hereof the branches 
 or trunk of a tree consist, when stripped of the baik; timber. 
 
 WOODBINE, s. the honeysuckle. 
 
 WOODBRIDGE, a town in Suffolk, seated on the rivrr 
 Deben with very safe and deep water, but the bar is 
 ditiicultauduucertaio. A coDsidcruble corn trade kjcar.'ici^
 
 W O R 
 
 oo luTP, anit it is fiimous for refining suit. It is siliinto<! 
 aimiil 6 miles froni Sf;i, 7 N. N. E. ot I i)s\vicli, and '?() N. I'i. 
 ©f Loivl'iii. Miiiketoii Wfiliiesdav. 
 
 WOO'OCOCK, s. ywoditcuc, Sa\.| a well known wild 
 fo«i, soiiirwiiiil sniallpr than ihe paririd;;e, and on the back 
 ofa III u'k, ffiey, or leildisli liiown (.(lioMi-. 
 
 VVOOOI-'N. «. [a Saxnn teriuinaiicn!] made of wood ; 
 ligiii'iiii--. Fi;,'nralivi-lv, iliiiiuv, or awkward. 
 
 WOOnFRF/rrKJl' * an insect. 
 
 W()()'DI-ANI), i. ^roi...id covered with trees ; woods. 
 
 \V0()'IJL.\!;K, s. a sort ot'nielodioiis wild lark. 
 
 WOO'DLOUSE, f. the uiilepes; a sort of'sniall insect. 
 
 "vVOOUMAiV, s. one whose trade is to fell timber ; a 
 jpnrlsMiaii : a hunler. 
 
 WOOnVYMPH.f.a fabled goddess of the woods. 
 
 WOOUNOTE, i. wild oriiative mnsic. " Waibie his 
 
 toondnotfs Vi\<.\," Mi't. 
 
 W'OO'DOI-KEHING, J. wood burnt on an altar. 
 W()OI)PEClvRR,5. asiirl of bird. 
 WOO'Dl'KiEON.i. the woodccdver; a wild pigeon. 
 WOD'UHOOF, s. a plant ot which there are two spe- 
 cies, Viz. ihe-'Uect wooilioof, and s(|iiiiianc> wort. 
 
 VVOO'D-OIIKEL, s. a t;pniis of phinls conlainins two spe- 
 cies, the acelons aiid yellow flo>vered. The first species 
 uor-1 iJ.i'.v hv the names of cnckovv bread and sonr trefoil. 
 " WOODSTOCK,;; ooroiiKhni (Kf--d-Jlire -liieflv noted 
 forRli'idieMM hiime. a fi e pal.fce. bndl lo iierpefiLlte the inn. 
 morv of the viclories obtained by the duke of Marlborongli, 
 over ihe French and Bavarians, and particniarly that of Ang. 
 S, 1704. It was erected at ihe |)ublic expense, and is one of 
 the nolileat scats in I'.nrope. The town is about iialf a mile 
 frons the palace, having several i;ood i.TOs ; ami a manufac- 
 ture of steei chains for watches, and evcellent gloves. It 
 is 8 miles N. N. W. of Oxford, and 62 VV. N. VV. of London. 
 Maviiet on Tuesday. 
 
 WOO'DY, a. abounding in wood or trees; consisting of 
 timber: ligneous; relalini to woods ; svlvaii. 
 WOOER, s. one w ho courts a woman. 
 WOOF, .5. \wifta. Sax. but .fi>hi)SOJi derives it from v>nre\ 
 the cross thieadsshot by a weaver with a shullle, between 
 ■lui across those of ihe v.arp. Tenluie, clolh. 
 
 WOOL, s. [itii/, Sa\.] the covering or tieece of sheep. 
 Fignralirely, any downy, short, thick hair. " Woo/ of bat, 
 end tongue of dog." Sliak. 
 W'OOX.LEN, (I. consisting of wool ; made of wool. 
 WOO'LLEiV, *. cloth made of wool. 
 WOO'LLER. .See Wallkr. 
 
 WOOLLY, «. clothed with wool; consisting of wool; 
 resembling woo!. 
 
 \VOOLI'lT. S;'eWui,piT. 
 
 W'OO'LVERflAMPTON, or Wolverhampton, a 
 large town in Slaflbrdshire, which has an antient collegiate 
 cburch, annexed lo liie deanery of Windsor, as also a free- 
 SLchool, well endowed, and a market-house. It is chiefly 
 noted for its iron maiinfactorv, consisting of locks, hinges, 
 buckles, cork-screws, &c. It is very populous, governed 
 bv two constables, and the streets are for the most part 
 Vroad. It is 1.3 miles S. of Slalibrd, and 124 N. W. of Lon- 
 don. Market on Wednesday. 
 
 WOO'LWlCll, a town in Kent, sealed on the river Thames, 
 and of great note for ils tine docks an<l \ arils, where men of 
 war are built, as also for its vast magazines of great guns, 
 mortars, bombs, cannon balls, powder, and other warlike 
 stores. It has an academy, where Ihe mathematics are 
 t;]ur^ht, and young officers inslrucled in the military art. For 
 komeyears past, two or three hulks have been moored otTthis 
 town, for the reception of convicts, to the number sometimes 
 •f 4tiO. It is H miles E. of London. Market on Friday. 
 
 WO'RCF.STER, (usually pron. Wuster)* city and the ca- 
 pital of Worccslrrshire, seat'd on the river Severn, over 
 wbii h is a beautiful stone bridge, erected in 1770. The prin- 
 c-i()al manufactures are of horse hair clolh, broad clolh, 
 uJoves, and elegant china ware. Here are !J parish churches, 
 i jramaiar schools, 7 hospituLs, an iii(irmar>, a "aicr-house, 
 
 SMI6 
 
 WOR 
 
 and a well contrived qmy. On September .^d, I6ul, kinjf 
 CIvarles II. at llie head ofa Scolcli army, was (lefValeil in ana 
 near Ibis cily, and ihe vanquishtd were ahno>l all el her kill- 
 ed or taken prisoners, and s<ild lo Ihe Aniei uaii plaulat-ioos. 
 It is no miles VV. N. W. of London. Markeis on iMonda», 
 Weilnesday, and Friday ; and a consideiabb- hop market on 
 Salurdav. Fairs on the eve of Palm Sunda'v, the Saturday 
 after Easter, August 15rh. and Seplemlier IDlh. 
 
 WO'KCESTKI!SHIHK,Ciriij.'fr.s/»r«) an I'.nglish county, 
 bounded on the E. by Warwickshire ; on the S. b\ Glonce*- 
 tersliire : on tin- W. by Herefordshire; and on the N. by 
 Slattordshireaofl Shropshire; being about .3.0 miles in lenglli, 
 and 27 in breailth. It contains 152 parishes, 12 uiaiket- 
 towus and sends 9 members to parliament. The principal 
 rivers areth' Sevrrn, the Avon, theSalwarp, the Teem, and 
 the Siour. The air is very healthy, and the soil in ihe vales 
 and meadov\s \^\ rich, producing corn and pasture; whde 
 several of the bills feed large flocks of sheep, Tb;' chief com- 
 modities of this county are corn, hops, wool, cloth, cheese, 
 cyder, perry, and very flue salt. Thecbief town is Worcester. 
 WOKD, (ward) s. ficorrf. Sax. woorit, Beig J an articulate 
 souM'l of Ihe voice, by which some idea is conveyed to ih? 
 mind of aniither ; a single part of speech, or any collection of 
 lellcrs thai conveys an idea ; a short disconise ; promise; to- 
 ken. Figuratively, language After mnhe, contest. After 
 keep, -A promise. After i^i'if, a signal. Aflei 4)!)'^, an acconat 
 or message. In Scripture, iheGos^pel dispensation. The.So 
 CQiid Person in the ever adorable Trinity. SvNON. A word 
 isa single prt;rn;''sprtfh ; 'sgeiieraL and deiermiued bv lu*. 
 Term isa particular cast of language; owes ils formation U» 
 the subject, and ils excellence to its suilableness. Ex/iiession 
 is a certain mo<le of speech, arises from ihonght, and is more 
 or less beautdnl, according to its particular lurri. The purity 
 of language depends upon ils words ; the precision, upott 
 its terms ; and brilli.incy, upon its expressitms. 
 To WORD, V. a. lo express in proper words. 
 ^V O'RHy , (wiirdi/) aAwordin^, Sax.] abounding in words, 
 or making use of more than what are necessary ; verbose; 
 loquacious. 
 
 WOKE, preter. ofW'E.^R. 
 
 To WOIllv, (vurii) V. n. prefer, and part, pas.i. iforkc^t 
 or wrought ; \ueorcnii, .Sax. tccrA^H, Belg.' to labour, (o t<ul, 
 to travad ; to be in action or motion ; to act as a m.ninfictn- 
 rer. To ferment, applied to liquors. To operal'", or iia*« 
 effect ; to obtain by assiduity ; to act as on an object. 
 To refine, used witti up to. To be tossed or agitated as if ii« 
 a fermentation. "Confused with aioi-AiJi^ sands and rolling 
 waves." Addis. Actively, to make by degrees, or continual 
 application of strength ; to perform ; to labour or nianufae- 
 ture ; to produce by action; to bring by action into any 
 state. " >KorAj itself clear." Addis. To embroider, or per^ 
 form by the needle. To manage or direct, applied toshifrt. 
 Used with out, to effect by continual lalmur; lo eiase, or 
 efface. Used with up, to raise, excite, or provoke. 
 
 WORK, (tt'iir/;) *. [weorc, .Sax. werk, Belg.] constant ap- 
 plication of strength or mind ; labour or employ ; toil ; a 
 stale of labour; a bungling attempt ; any thing made by live 
 needle, or any manual art ; an action or deed. Operation. 
 To fro to work with, is to manage or treat. To set on work, 
 to employ, engage, or excite to action. 
 WORKER, J. one that works. 
 
 WORKHOUSE, *. a place where indigent, vagrant, and 
 idle people, are set to work, anrl maintained with clotliinz, 
 diet, \c. 
 
 WO'RKINGDA Y, .t. a day on which labour is permitted, 
 opposed to Ihe sabbath. 
 
 WO'RKINfJTON, a sea port of Cumberland, «enter< on 
 the S. side of Ihe river Derwent, near it.? nu)ulh. TSe 
 luimbi'r of shipping employed here (chiefly in the coal trade) 
 is about 100. A little up the river there arc extensive iron 
 works, and a fine salmon fishery. VVorkington is 7 mile* 
 W. of Cockeriuuulb, and 311 N. NV. of London. Maj-ket 
 on Wednesday.
 
 won 
 
 WRE 
 
 WORKMAN, ». an artificer; a maker of any tiling.; am 
 (Ira* wDrks iinv tra'e. 
 
 WO'KK. MAN SHIP, («*)Am/rw4/ii» «. manufacture; the 
 
 fkii! of '.I worker ; the arl of Morkiii);. 
 
 WO'HKSOP, a town in Noltinf;liaiiishirc, 146 miles N. 
 by \V. of London. Market fm WeHi esday. 
 
 WOltl.D. (tvur/fl) s. [world. Sax.] the whole svstem of 
 created thin;;*, accordinff to Locke ; the earth. FolloHinff 
 this, ihe present stale of existence. A secniar life ; the 
 pleasnreti and interests w hich steid away the soni fr< in (iod ; 
 thepiiMic; universal empire ; tionliie o' life ; course of life; 
 a ijreat niultitiide ; mankind. In the tvorld, implies, txislins, 
 in liein;;, or possilile. For all the worlil, exactly. Wiirld 
 wi'iioDt end, sijiiiities tlir(Ui^;lioiit eleriiitv, or time uilhout 
 Old ; from llie .Saxon, wherein «'»rH;;eiierally si;;ni(iesiJme. 
 SyNON. Wiirld properly sixnilies one Jjlolie, as the earth. 
 In a more limited sense, it conveys only the idea of one 
 iiiii;;i( lieiiijj or lliin;;, tlioiijjli ^'eiieral, ;is liie world of qua- 
 drupeds, llip religions world, the philosophic world, Ac. 
 iJtii verse h used when we speak of the wliide svstem of cre- 
 ated heiii^s and thiims, thou^ih in a more restricted sense it 
 means the w hole of this ea Ih taken together. 
 
 WOrtl.Dl.INI'.SS, (wiirldlwesi) s. a state wherein a per- 
 »on pursues his present, to the iie<;lect of his future and 
 eternal interest. Covclonsness ; avarice; desire offjain. 
 
 WORLDLING, (it'i(?W/iH^) s. a person entirely guided 
 liy views of ^ain. 
 
 WO'ltLULY, (uiirldh/) a. secniar ; relatins to this life, 
 in coiilradistiiictioii to ih;'t whi( h is to come ; bent entirely 
 upon 1 Ins worlil ; human ; comnuui ; helnnjjiu!; to the world. 
 
 W0I;LDLV, nd. with rejaiicn to the present life. 
 
 WO K. M, fHuim) i \iriiriii. Belg. «7/)/H, Sax.j an annular 
 creepiiij; .inimal, lired in the earth, or in the body ; a gun- 
 screw. Fi^nialivelv, toniieiit or pain. 
 
 To WOR.M, (;(«/7h) u. n. to work slowly and secretly. 
 Acliveh, Id d i\e li\ slow and secret means. 
 
 WO l{.M l-',A TEN, «. t;nav\ed hy worms ; old, worthless. 
 
 W(>K MS, iiu autieul, larye, an<i famous city of (ieriiiany, 
 ill the palatinate ofllie Uliine, witha hishop's see, whose 
 bishop i* a sovereign prince of the empire. It is a free and 
 jnipi rial citv, and is noted for its excellent wine. It is 
 seated on the western hanks of the Rhrue, '.^.o miles N. \V. 
 oflleidelliurs, 20 S. E. of Mrntz, and 32 S. W. of Fiaiick- 
 foft. I at. 4!(. 32. N. Ion. 8. 29. E. 
 
 VVORVISEED, ». a fienus of plants of which there arc 
 scveial species. The hedge-mustard and winter-cress are 
 
 amniii.' ihe S|iei ies. 
 
 WO'|{M TUB, s. a chymical vessel with a pewter worm 
 fixed ill Ike inside, and ihe inlrnnediate space filled with 
 water. Its use is to cool liquors during; disi dial ion. 
 
 WOI'MWOOF), s. a species of soulhernwood, common 
 Ijy roadsides and amoiif;st rubliish, an<l Howers in August. 
 
 WO'il M V, (wurnit/) a. aboiinilinj; in worms. 
 
 WORN. (h»)'i) part. pass. cfWEAR. 
 
 Tt> WO'HKY, V. a. [wiirigeu, Sax. J to tear, mangle, or 
 thal'.e like beasts of prey. Fignraliveiy, to teaze, to harass, 
 or persecute brutally or inhninanly. 
 
 WORSE, (wiiisf) a. [the ciuiiparative degree of BAD, 
 tiius irreyularly compared, bnd, worse, worst ; whs, Sax.] 
 f1:at which, on cuniparison, appears to have less good qua- 
 lities than anotlirr. 
 
 To V\ OIL^E, (worse) v. a. to put to disadvanlaue. 
 
 WO'IISIIIP, J. \weorthsci/pe,^A\.] eminence ; excellence; 
 dignity which requires reverence and respect; a character 
 oJ.lionour ; adoration; religious act of reverence ; the title 
 »f a justice of peace ; honour; civil deference ; respect. 
 
 To WORSHIP, i>. a. to adore or pay divine honours to ; 
 Ic honour, or treat with great reverence. Neuterly, to per- 
 torm acts of devotion. 
 
 WO'RSHIPFUL, a. claiming respect by any character 
 or dignity. 
 
 VyO'RSHlPPER, s. an adorer; one that worihip.s. 
 
 To WORST, {niirsC) v. a. to defeat ; to overthrow. 
 
 WOilST, #. tlie utiiiDst height or degree of any thin^ ili 
 
 WO'B.STED, {wUrsted) s. [from W'orsted, a town in Nor- 
 folk famous lor the woollen mauiifactiirej thread made ol 
 wr.ol, such as stockings are nnde of. 
 
 WORSTED, a town in Norfolk, noted for being file 
 place where worsteds were first made. It is 12 miles N. 
 of Norwich, and 120 N. E. of LoikIoii. Market on Sufurday. 
 WORT, (irtirt) s. [wort, Belg. wert. Sax.] originally a ge- 
 neral name for a herb, but at present apjiropriatii! to » 
 plant of the cabbage kind. New beer, either unleriueutcd 
 or fermenting ; from h)/rt. Sax. 
 
 WORTH, (wiirtli) s. [weerth. Sax.] price or value ; ex- 
 cellence ; virtue; imporlauce ; valuable quality. 
 
 WORTH, iwiirth) a. equal in price or value to; deserv- 
 ing of ; equal in possessions lo. 
 
 To WORTH, or WOUTH, v. n. [wevrtlimt. Sax.] to (w. 
 This woid is (Wily used in the pliiase wo: wori/i. " Wo« 
 worth the dav." Ezih. xxx. 2, 
 
 WtVllTflLNlvSS, f. desert, inerit, excellence, dignity. 
 
 WORTHLESS, {worthless) a. having no value, vile, iiase. 
 Of bad principles, applied lo persons. 
 
 WORTHY, (wurthji) a. deserving, used with rf. Vali* 
 able: suitable; meritorious. 
 
 WO'RTHY, {wiirlhij) s. a person of eminent qiialitiei, 
 parlicularlv valour, ami deserving esteem. 
 
 To WOT, V. n. [witon. Sax. whence wect, to know] to 
 know or lie aware of. Obsolete. 
 
 WO';iTO\ BASSET, or Wooton Bassf.t. a town in 
 Wiltshire, sealed near a large jiark, not tar from the forest 
 of Bredon, and sends two meinbeis to p;irliauient. It is ."^l* 
 miles N. by W. of Salisburv, and 8!>W. of'Loudon. -Maiket 
 on Fridav. 
 
 WOTTON UNDER-EDGE, a town in Gloucestershire, 
 pleasantiv seated under the hills, vvilli a woollen manufac- 
 ture. Il is20 miles N. E. of Bristol, and 108 W. N. W. of 
 Lomloii. Market on Friday. 
 
 Would, (H«f/) the preter. ofWiLI., used as an aiixi. 
 liaiy verb lo express ihe optative and subiuiictive moods. 
 
 WO'l) I.DI.\G, (wilding) s. an iiK-liuation or flesire. 
 "The wonldiogs of the spirit." HtimitiunU. Propensity, 
 primary purpose or intention. 
 
 WOUND, s. [witnd, Sax. uimde, Belg.] in surgery, a vio- 
 lent solution ofllie continuity of the soft external parts of 
 the bodv, iir.ide bv some iiislriiitienf. 
 
 To WOUiVD, !' ff. to hurl by violence or accident. 
 
 WOUND, pieler. and part, passive ot VVlND. 
 
 WO'UNDWOR'I', Ihe common goldenrod. 
 
 *»»The reader will please to remember, lliat the it' b.?fofe 
 }■ in the lollowiiio- words isalv.avs )»«??. 
 
 W|{.\r.K,,v. [wrach, l^(■\■y.wrt^cce, Sax.] see WrIlCK. 
 
 WUA(iBY, a town of Lincolnshire, 8 miles N. E. of 
 Lincoln. Market (Ui Thuisdav. 
 
 To WR.^'NCiLE, V. ti. [wrntighcseur, Relg. 3finsfiew] to 
 dispute or quarrel in a peevish or perverse manner. 
 
 WR A'NGLIv s. a quarrel ; a perverse dispute. 
 
 WR A'NCiLEK, s. a perverse, peevish, dispulalivc person. 
 
 To WR \P, r. a. pret. and pari. pass, wropped or wrapt ; 
 [wreffler, Dan.] to roll together in folds ; to coinidicate ; to 
 cover with something roiled, or thrown round ; to involve ; 
 to comprise ; to contain. Used with i'/>, to cover, hide, or 
 conceal To transport or |uit in ecslasv. 
 
 WRATPER, f. one who wraps ; any thing used as a cover. 
 
 WRASSE, s. in ichthyology, the name of a tisli, other- 
 wise called the sea tench ami the old w ife. It abounds on 
 the shores of Wales ami Cornwall. 
 
 WRATH, s. [wcfli'/i, Sax.] anger excited to a high degree 
 by some !;re:»i oti'ence ; fury ; rage. 
 
 WRATHFUL, a. angry ; furious; raging. 
 
 To WRE.AK, (rreh) v. a. [wra;cnn. Sax.] to revenge. 
 " Anoliier's wrongs to wreak upon thyself." Spensir. T 
 execute anv violent desi;;n. 
 
 WRE.^K, {reck) s. revenge; pass oin ; vengeance. Ob- 
 solete.. 
 
 WREATH, (reeth)s. [wreath, Sax. any thing curled or 
 twisted.; a garland or cbaplet. 
 
 007
 
 WKl 
 
 WYM 
 
 To WRKATHE, (reethe) r. a. |pieter. wrcatlied, part. 
 pass, urentherl i>r urfntlien] to cm I ; to twist ; to convolve; 
 to iiitprwPHve or eiilwiiic in one iinotlier . fo encircle with, 
 or snrronnil liUea lisirlHnd. NeiilerU, lo be interwoven. 
 
 WRE'ATHY.fl. spiral; curled; twisted. 
 
 WRI'.CK, i. JK'nfiTe, a miseralile person, Sax. vrrache, 
 a sliip broken, Rel;;.] the destruction ol'a sliip by winris or 
 rocks. Fifjuralively, dissoliiliun by violence; ruin; de- 
 siruction. 
 
 To WRECK, V. n. to destroy by rushing un rocks or sands. 
 To ruiti Neulerly, lo sorter wreck. 
 
 WREN, s. [wrennu. Sax.] a bird, the smallest known in 
 this conntrv.and vers common in Derbyshire. 
 
 To WRENCH, r. fl. [w'MwgoM, Sax. uren^/ien, Bely;.] to 
 pull bv riolence i to wrest i to force ; tospiain; lodislort. 
 
 Wrench, .s. a violent i>nll or twist ; a sprain. 
 
 To wrest, V u. [wnestan, Sax.] lo twist by violence • 
 to extort by violence ; to writhe : to distort ; to force; to 
 applv a word to an unconnnoii meaning, as it were with 
 violence to its common acceptatio.i. 
 
 To WRI'/STLE, V. 71. to strn^ale with a person in order 
 lo throw him down. Figuratively, lo coniend, to strufjule 
 with ;;reat force, in order to surmount some opposition, fol- 
 lowed bv with. 
 
 WRK'S fLI'.R, t. one who wreslles, or contends in 
 wrestlim;. 
 
 WRETCH, i. \v'rceen. Sax.] a person in extreme misery ; 
 a person of no worth or merit. Used sometimes by way of 
 ironical pi.y, slit;hl,or couliinpt 
 
 WRK'TCHEI), ffl. miserable; atflictive : calamitous: un- 
 happy; unfortunate; pitdul : despicable; worthless: 
 pallrv : sorrv ; lialefid ; conemplible. 
 
 WR ETCH EDN E'^S, s. misery ; imliappjne.ss ) ufflicLion 
 piiifnluHss ; d''sp:ca''!eness. 
 
 W KE .KH \iVl, a toK" in Denbii;hshire, the most popu- 
 lous in all N. VVales. Wrexham is of Saxon orij;in, and re- 
 tains the lan;{nai;e and api)earance of an English town. It 
 has an antienl (jothic church, whose loft v sleei)le, for cu- 
 rious architecture, is reckoned one of the finest in l'.U)iland. 
 Here is a considerable maiud'actory of Welsh flannel, and a 
 large cannon fonndery. It is seated on a river which falls 
 into the Dee, in a conntrv aft'oidins; plentv of lead, 1 1 miles 
 S. S. W. of Chester, and I7() N. W. of London. Fairs on 
 March 23d, Holv Thursdav, June Ctli, and September 19th. 
 Markets on Monday and 'I'hursday. 
 
 To WRICiGEE, V. n. \wncraii. Sax. riiprirefcn, Bel<j.] to 
 move to and fro with short twists. Actively, to put in a 
 quick reciprocating motion ; lo search ; to insiunute. 
 
 WRIGHT, (lit) s. [wrilittt, Belg. or wyrlUa, Sax.] a work- 
 man ; a maker ; an artificer ; a manufucturer ; generally 
 applied lo one that works in wood. 
 
 To W'RINCi, 17. n. preter. and part. pass, wrin^ed and 
 Krmifr ; [nrin^Mi, Sax.] lo twist or turn roiuid with violence ; 
 to writhe ; to force tuoisture out of a thins by twisting il ; to 
 squeeze ; to pinch ; to distort ; to torture ; lo persecute 
 with extortion Ncnterlv, lo writhe with ansjuish. 
 
 WRrNKLI'"., t. [wrimlc, Sax. wHukel, Relg.J a corruga- 
 tion ; a furrow of the skin or face « any roughness or un- 
 tvcnness. 
 
 To WRI'NKLE, V. a. [wrinclian. Sax.] to corrugate or 
 entilract the skin into furrows ; to make uneven or rough. 
 
 Wt.l'NTON, a pretty good town in Somersetshire, seated 
 stnongthe Meiidip Hills, 9 miles N. of \Vell>-, and V2r> W.of 
 London. It is remarkable for being the birth-place of Mr. 
 I.tMike. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 WRIST, s. [wyrst. Sax.] that part by which the hand^joins 
 to the arm. 
 
 WIU'.STBAND, I. the band at th? extremity of a shirt or 
 •bift sleeve. 
 
 WRIT,*, any thing written ; Scripture i the foregoing 
 •cnse is used wiien s|)eaking of the Bible. In hiw, it signi- 
 fies the king's precept in wrilin^ uflcr seal, issuing out of 
 *onie court, directed tolhesIierifT, or other otficer, and com- 
 m»adiu^ Mmctliiiig to be done in relation to a suit cractioa. 
 
 9US 
 
 WRIT, the prefer, of Write. 
 
 WIU'TATIV'E, a. fond of, or inclined lo, write. John- 
 son very justly censures this woril, ol Pope's coining;, as uu- 
 woFlliv i>t lieiut; imitated. 
 
 I'o WUITE, t'. «. |iret. writ or unite, pari. pass, tprit- 
 ten, wrote, or writ ; [ivrilnn. Sax. | lo form letters, or expicM 
 by a pen ; loeii!(ia\e ; lo nnpicss : lo produce, as an anlhor. 
 Neulerly, to ccHi>-ey one's idras b\ letters formeil wiiha pen* 
 to compose. To lell in books. To senil b-llcrs. 
 
 WKITER, *. one who wriies ; an anlhor. 
 
 'loWRIT'U'', I, o. [)i>ri<//nn. Sax.] to distort ; lo twist with 
 viidence ; tiv wiest; lo twist. Neulerly, lo be convolved 
 with agoitv or torture. 
 
 WP'TING, s. Ihe act of forming letters, wokIs, &c. 
 with 1 pen; a paper conlaining writuig ; any legal instra- 
 ment ; a i oniposure ; a book. 
 
 WKI'TENCiMASrER. s. one who leaches to write. 
 
 WRI'ITEN, participle pass, of Write. 
 
 WliO.NG, s. |hi(th^//c, Sax.) any thing done knowingly, 
 I 'villi a design to injure anoliier; an action iiiconsisleDt 
 w. 1 moial lectiliiile ; an error ; delriment. 
 
 WRONG, a. ini;on-.isleiil with morality, propriety, or 
 truth ; im|>ro,pet' until ; uiisuilable. 
 
 To WR()N(i,w. o. to deprive a person of his due; to injurf. 
 
 WRO N(iFL''L,a. injurious ; iinjiist. 
 
 WRO'NCiHIv^lJ, or WRONGHEA DED, {ronghida^ 
 a. obstinate ; having a perverse underslainiing. 
 
 WRONGLY, or WRONti, ad. amiss ; unjustly. 
 
 WROTE, preter.and pailiciide passive o White. 
 
 WROTH. 0. [wrad. Sax.] augr\|; irritated; very mucti 
 provoked bv some offence. 
 
 WROTHAM, a town in Kent, 11 miles N. W. by W. of 
 Maidbloiie, and 44 S. E. by E. of London. Market oo 
 Tiicsilav. 
 
 WROL'GHT, Ml) preter. and part. pass, of WoRKt 
 [wrogt. Sax.] performed. Prevailed upon, or influenced, 
 used wilh vpon. Operated ; filrmed ; excited or produced 
 b\ degrees: produced ; caused; effected; used in labour. 
 
 WROXE'l'ER, a town of Shropshire, 5 mih-s from 
 Shrewsbury, on the banks of the Severn. Il was knovrn 
 to the Romans : is said to have been built by the Briton% 
 was 3 miles in circumference, and is supposed to have tui- 
 fered dilapidation from the Saxons. Traces of a bridgt 
 over Ihe river are yet discernable, when the water is low. . 
 
 WRUNG, preter. and part. pass, of Wring. 
 
 WRY, a. [from Writhe] crooked j distorted: pervert 
 ed : wrested ; wrung. 
 
 To WRY, V. n. to be contorted or writhed ; to devial*. 
 Actively, to distort ; lo make to deviate. 
 
 WRV'NI'CK, i. thetorquilla; a bird. 
 
 WU'LPIT, or WooLPiT, a town in Suffolk, in the road 
 between linry and Ipswich. H miles from the former, 17 N. 
 W. of the latter and 75 N. E. of London. Market on 
 Thursdav. 
 
 WURFEMBURG, aduchy ofSnabia, in Germanv, hat- 
 ing Meniz, Franconia, and the Rhne, on the N. Oeting. 
 Borgan, and Ulm, on the E. HoenZollern. Fursteiiburg, and 
 Ilolieiiburg, on liie S. and Baden and the Black Forest on the 
 W. It is about 65 miles long, and as much broad. The soil- 
 is toleralily fertile. — In the Har with Austria, in 1805, the 
 diike of VVurleinburgh was Ihe forced ally of Buonaparte: 
 wbo.however.aflerlbepcaceofPresburg, rewarded him with 
 an increase of territory and the regal dignity. His spouse 
 was the iirincess royal of England. — Stntgard is the capilaL 
 
 WU'RTZBURG, a bishopric of Franconia, about 7« 
 miles in length, and 58 in breadth, divided into 60 bailiwicks. 
 The soil is verv fertile, and produces more corn and wint 
 than the inhabitants can consume. 
 
 WYCOMB. See CiiiPPiNcWvcOMB. 
 
 WYE, a town in Kent, sealed on the river Stour, 10 miles 
 S. of Canterbury, and 56 S. E. of London. Murket «ft 
 Thursdav. 
 
 WYMONDHA&l. See WiMOMDUAM. .
 
 YAR 
 
 YEA 
 
 X. 
 
 XIS the twenf y-second letter of oiir alphahct.and a dou- 
 ble consonant. Noillier the Hehn-ws nor antient 
 Cireeks used it, l)ut expressed it by its coiiiiionant parts cs. 
 Neither have (he Italians this letter, but express it by ss. X 
 begins no word in llie Kii^lisli laufjuage, but siicli as are of 
 Greek original, and we (tud it in few «oids li'it vvliat are of 
 Latin derivation, as perii/ir, reflixian, dejliaion, axle, \c. 
 We often express this soinid by sin};le letti-rs ; as in backs, 
 irracks, iiech, &c. by hs, in brooks, by eahs, rocks ; by cc, in 
 access, aeiulejit, by ct, in action, unction, Ac. The I'lnjjlish 
 and French pro'iouiue it csorks. In Numerals, it expnsses 
 10, and as such seems to be made of two V'£ placed one 
 over tlie other. Wlien a dash is over it, thus, x, it signifies 
 10,000. 
 
 XEBEC, s. a small three nutsted vessel, navigated in the 
 Mediterranean sea, and on the coasts of Spain, Portugal, 
 and Uarbary. 
 
 XEKIF, J. atitle given to a prince, or cliief governor, of 
 Barbaiv. 
 
 XEliOCOLLY'RIUM, t. \xeros, dry, and kollyrion, a kind 
 of ointment, dr.] a dry plaster tor sort eyes. 
 
 XEllO'PHAGY, {zerofi'gi/) s.[{Hm\ xeros, dry and p/i«g-o, 
 to eat, Gr.] the eating of dry meals, a sort ot last among 
 the primitive Christians. 
 
 XIPllOrDES, (zi/oi(/«)j. ffroni iip/ic*, asword, and«rfoj, 
 from, Gr.] in anatomv, the name of a cartilage at the botlorn 
 of the sternum, or Lreastbune, and so called from its re- 
 uembling the point of a sword. 
 
 X V'STIJS, ». [Gr ] in architecture, a long spacious portico, 
 wherein the athletse, such as gladiators, wrestlers, &c. 
 exercised. 
 
 YIS the twenty-third letter of our alphabet ; its sound is 
 formed by e> pressing the breath with a sudden expan- 
 »ion of ihe lips, from ihat configuration by which we express 
 the vowel u. It is one of the ambiKenal letters, being a con- 
 sonant in the beginning of words, and placed before all vow- 
 els, as ill f/arrf, youth, York, <Vc. but before no consonant. 
 At the end of word* it is a vowel, and is substituted for the 
 sound of i, as in try, fry, cry, ivc. In the m.ddle of words it 
 is not used sofreqiienlly as i, unless in those derived from Ihe 
 Greek, as in chyle, empyreal, type, &c. although it is admit- 
 ted inip some pure Kiiglisii words, as in dyme;, crying, prytng, 
 Sec. Y was much used by Ihe Saxons, whence it is found 
 for i in our English writers. Y is al^o a numeral, signifying 
 130, and with a dash over it 150,000. 
 
 YACHT, YATCH, or YA ICHT, (ynvt) s. a small ship, 
 jfenerally used in conveying state passengers. 
 
 YAM, i. a plant cultivated by the inhabit.ints of the Ame- 
 rican ialands, for feeding their negroes, and the white people 
 make puddings of the roots, wbeu ground to a sort of 
 flour. 
 
 YANGTCHEOU, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 Uie province of Kiangnan. It is extremely populous, chiefly 
 by the sale and distribution of salt, that is made on the 
 adjoining sea coasts, carries on a great trade in all manner 
 of Chinese works, and is situated on the Great or Royal 
 Canal, which extends from the Takiang north'wards to ihe 
 liver Koaiigho, or the Yellow River, 486 miles S. S. E. of 
 fekin. 
 
 YAONGaN, a city of China, of the first rank, in the 
 |irovince of Yunnan. It contains only two towns, but has 
 a considerable territorv. The adjoining forests produce 
 abundance of musk. >fear the city is a well of salt water, 
 from which they make very white salt. It is 1176 miles S. 
 W. of Peking. 
 
 YARD, jr. [geard. Sax.] inclosed ground belonging to a 
 bouse ; a measure contaiuin^ three feel, settled by Heury I. 
 
 froin ilic length of his own arm. Long pieces of fit.ibeJ 
 filled across llie iiiasl^, and used <is sjpp<irts tor sails. 
 
 VA'I!I)WaM), s. a measure of a yard. 
 
 YAH I'., a. It^canre, Sax.] ready ; eager ; dexterous. 
 " You shall find mryare.' Shnh. Nut in use. 
 
 YA'I{ MOUTH, (iRKAT, a ci/nsiderablo sea-port ofNor- 
 folk, sealed on the iiver Y;ire. by means of winch it has the 
 export and import tiadeof Xorwieh, and various olaces in 
 Norfolk and Siifiolk ; 2'<; null's K. of Norwich, and 124 N. E. 
 of LoikIoii. Its foreign iraile (in liiiii' of peace) is chiefly to 
 the Bailie, Holland, Portugal, and ilie Meililerraiiean. It 
 also sends ships to llie Greenland fiilu-ry. 'ihe home fish- 
 ing IS carried on al two seasons, thai for niackarel in May 
 and .lune, and thai for herrings in Ucl(d)( r and November. 
 Of the.'.*' last, .W.OOO barreU are griieially taken and cured 
 ill one year. Yai nioiilh is iniu h fieqi.enled in ihe seasonal 
 a place for ?ea-batliing. The town coiisisl.i of about I60*i 
 hinises, and there ate a few prelly wide streets, and a spa- 
 cious market |)lace. A lofly steeple here serves as a land- 
 mark for those at sea ; but which ever way it is viewed it 
 appears crooked. Oft the monlh of the harbcuir is a baf; 
 whit h prevents the entry of ships of large burden ; and the 
 roaiK E. of llie town, wilhiiillie dangerous sands and bank* 
 of the offing, are nuu h fre(nieiiled, though noted for 
 fiequent shipwrecks. Market on Wednesday and Satur- 
 day. 
 
 YA'RMOUTH, a boroiigh and seaport of the Isle of 
 Wight, seated on Ihe N. W.pa'loflhe island, 8 miles N. 
 N. W. of Newport, and 99 S. \V. of London. Market on 
 Friday. 
 
 YARN, s. \gear7i, Sax.] wool spun into threads ; woollen 
 thread. 
 
 To YARR, t>. n. to growl or snarl like a dog. 
 
 YA'RROW, s. a plant, of which there are two specie*, 
 Tiz. the bastard pellilory, and milfoil. 
 
 YA'RUM, or YARMJa town in the N. Riding of York- 
 shire, seated on the river Teese, over which there is a hind- 
 some stone bridge, :i6 miles N. of York, and 245 N. by W. 
 of London. Market on Thursday. 
 
 Yawl, i. a boat or small vessel belonging to a ship. 
 
 To YAWN, t'. n. fgwHon, Sax.] to gape; to open wide; 
 to express longing by gaping. 
 
 YAWN, J. the act" of gaping ; oscitation. 
 
 YA'WNING, a. sleepy ; slumbering; drowsy. 
 
 YAWS, .J. a common distemper in Ciuinea, and hot cli- 
 mates, which sailors call the pox. In seadanguage, a skip 
 makes yaws when she does not steer steady- 
 
 YA'XLEY, a town in Huntingdonshire. It is 14 mile* 
 N.of Huntingdon, and 77 N- by W. of London. Marketeii 
 Tuesday. 
 
 YCLEPED, o. fpart. pass, of r?«/>e, to call, from clepan. 
 Sax. 1 called; named; termed; deiuiminaled. 
 
 YE, pi-on. the nominative pluial of Thou, used when 
 speaking to more than one person. 
 
 YEA, (yay) ad. [ea or ^ea, Sax.j yes; truly. It is some- 
 times used eiiiphalically tor, not only so ; but rnore than so. 
 " From these Philippinaeare brought costly spices, yea, aud 
 gold loo " Abbott. 
 
 To YEAN, {yeen) v. n. {eanian. Sax.] to bring forth young, 
 applied to sheep. 
 
 YE'ANHN(>, (yeenUne)s. Ihe voung of sheep. 
 
 Y'EAR, iyeer) s. \gear, Sax.1 a system, or circle of several 
 months, or a space of lime measured by the revolution of 
 some celestial bodv in its o'-bit. A solar year consists of 
 365 davs, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 45J seconds. A lunar 
 year is less than \hi solar, by II days, and consists exactly 
 of 354 davs, 8 hours, 48 minutes, aiyl 36 seconds, and >i 
 Ihe year iiow used by the Turks. The riril year, is that 
 which each nation has contrived to compute time by, ana 
 generally consists of whole davs; the common ciril yw 
 consists of .305 days, and the Bissextile, or leap year, con- 
 sists of ."iBG dav^, aiid has one day more than the comwon, 
 v=z. Felirnarv "JH, w hicli is called the iBteriuilary day. 
 Yi''.'.\\iLl'SiJ,{i/ierliiii;) t. a beaat a year old.
 
 YET 
 
 yoR 
 
 IfE'ARLY, {yeerly) a. Iiapppninj every year; lasting a 
 year. Ailverfiialh , once a year ; annually. 
 
 I'o YI'lAKN, (y'ei-n) V. a. [sojhoh, S.ix.j lo feel a stronfj 
 jynii'alliv, attcclioii, or leiiflcrness ; lo l)f aH'e'ted with in 
 tern il uneasiness, .■\ctively, to jjrieve ; to vex; lo attect 
 vvilli svnipalhv. "It «oulil yeai-n your heart to see it." 
 Sliak. The last sense is obsolete. 
 
 YEAST, (yeest) s. \gcst, Sax.J Ihe foam of beer in a state 
 of fei inenlatlon ; t)arin. 
 
 Y'ELK, s. [t\om gealewe, yellow, .Sax.] the yellow part of 
 an ejji ; cominonlv pionounced, ami olteii wrillen i/o/A. 
 
 To YELL, V. H. [i/le, Isl.J lo make a horrible cry through 
 sorrow or af;ony. 
 
 YELL, s. A cry expressive of horror. 
 
 YELLOW, (i/etloj a. [gketeiiwe, Bels;. ^eahwe. Sax. gial- 
 i), llrtl.] ot'a bright colom reseinlilni^ ;;"lfl- 
 
 YE'LLOWl'^Yl'), 1. a plant with a naked divided stem, 
 anil veliow lijossiini^. It is also called small svvine's succory. 
 
 YELLOWiUMMEK,*. a l.ird. 
 
 VIVLLOWI.SM, a. aiiproacliiiif,' to yellow. 
 
 YE LLO'WN |'',SS, (yil!i>iiess)s. llie qiiiililvof bein^yellow. 
 
 YELLOW'S, s. a disease in liorses. When ihe ijali pipe 
 IS st()pped np, lliat mailer hIiii h should be turned lo f<all is 
 carried back inio ihe blood, and linclures it with \elliiH ; so 
 that ihe e\es, inside of I he lips, slaver, and all ihe par Is of I lie 
 Iiorse that are capable of shewing; llie colour, appear vellow. 
 
 YELI^OWWEED, s. a -jenns of [ilanls of wlii.-ii there 
 are iwo British species, viz. the wild woad, or dyer's weed, 
 tfud base ro( ket. 
 
 To VEl.P, t'. ji. [gealpan. Sax.] lo bark or make a noise 
 like a hound in pnrsul of its prev. 
 
 YENTCHEOU, a city of China, of the first rank, in the 
 province of I'chekiang. 
 
 YE'OMaN, (yenian) s. ihe highest degree among the ple- 
 beians ot England, next in order to llie j;enlry. Veonien are 
 properly freeholders, and uselheiro»n \v.ni\. Also, a Mle of 
 olhce in ihe kind's honsehi>ld, between an usher and a f^'rooin. 
 Yeumen ef the guards, are foot-fjuards ihal allend ihe kind's 
 person, dressfd afler ihe niannerof Henry ihe Eifjiilh's time. 
 
 VE'()M'\NRY,'^f/nn«r?/) J. I he collective body of yeomen. 
 
 VICO'\'IL, or Evil, a town in Somersetshire, sealed on 
 >he river l>el, 4 miles S. <d' Ilchcsler, ;ind 12.3 W. by S. of 
 Lonilon. Ilsre is a manulaclure of leather {jioves. Mar- 
 '5ct on Friday for corn, thees'\ hemp, f.-w, and provisions. 
 
 To YLUK, V. a. [See JerkJ lo move or throw out with 
 'A S[>rini. 
 
 VEKK, s. a sprin;; or quick motion. 
 
 JO YEKN, f. a. See Yeakn. 
 
 YES, ad. \gise, Sax.] a lerni used to imply consent, assent, 
 f>r allirniation, o|)])')3e(! lo ;io. ll is also used emphatically, 
 for<ven so; not nnlv so, but more. " Yes, you despise the 
 »)iiin to liiioks conlin'rl.' Vnpc. 
 
 YESTEK, a.\ghistcr, liel;^.] bein^ on the day preceding 
 llie presenl. " Whom yester sun beheld." Dryd. Seldom 
 used, unless in coniposilion. 
 
 YESIEUDAY, *■ Igntimdae;, Sax.] the day last past ; 
 llie day imniedialcly preceding the present. Adverbially, 
 on the d.iv last paNt. 
 
 VE'srEllNiGUT.j. the night la«t past. Adverbially, 
 Oil the e.i-lil last past. 
 
 Y\-.'V,cutij.\g>)l, or g-<^/. Sax.] neverlheless ; notwithslaiid- 
 1I1J! ; however. " Yet lliese imperfections being balanced 
 by t;rertt virtues.' Dryd. 
 
 YET, ud. bi side ; over and above ; more than has been 
 mcnliou'd. "This furnishes us "illi yet onr more reason." 
 Mtieib. Slill; wilhoul any idleialion. " While ihey were 
 yj beallieiis." Addis. Once more. "Yet, yet, a moment." 
 Pupe. L\ed wilh a nfjjalive before il, al litis lime, or so 
 soon. " riialcs beiii;; asked when a man should marry, saifl, 
 YoHii({ men nol yet, old men nol al ah." Baeim. At least ; 
 )iilli»rlo. Il (leuiiles increase or ext<'Msion lo ihe sense of the 
 >»oi(ls lo which il is joined. It is used as a kind of emphatical 
 *ddilion to a ne;;alive, iuiporliui; even; after all. "If any 
 •Diia neglect his duty, his fault must not be ascribed lo 
 
 910 
 
 to the rule appcrnled, neilher^nf to ibe whole church.* 
 Whitgift. 
 
 YEW, s. a tree that grows naturally in England, and is of 
 great use to form hedges for ihe shelter ofexolic planls. It 
 grows best in a nmisl loamv snil, and bears Iransplanling 
 even H hen r, Id. The wood is converted into bows, axle- 
 trees, spoons, cups, cogs for mill wheels, and floodgates for 
 fishponds, which haidly ever decay. 
 
 To V I ELD, (yee/dj v. a. \ge!da)i, lo pay. Sax.] to produce ; 
 to afibril ; lo give as a due ; lo allow. " 1 yield il just." 
 Milt. Used with up, to resign or surrender. iVeulerly, to 
 submit as conquered ; lo comply ; to admit or allow ; to give 
 place lo as an inferior in excellence, or any other quality. 
 
 Yl I'.'LDEU, s. one who yiehls. 
 
 YOKE., s. lyeoc, Sax.J ll;e bandage placed on the neck of 
 adr^ughl hoise. Figuralivelv ,a mark of servitude; bondage. 
 Slavery, A link, chain, or bond. A couple or pair. A 
 piece of wood placed on the slmnlders, by means of which 
 two pails are carried al once. Yoke of Iniul, in ouranlient 
 customs, was so much land as two oxen could plough in a day. 
 
 To YOKE, V. a. lo faslen lo a carriage by a yoke. To 
 join or couple wilh anollier. " Cassius, yoyt nre ynhed with 
 a lamb." Slmh. To inslave or subdue. " He yokel/i your 
 rebellions necks." S/iak. 
 
 YOKEFELLOW, or YOKEMATE, s. a companion in 
 iabi'iir. " 1 o/;»/i!//( «i in arms." S/tak. A mate; fellow. 
 
 YOLK, s- S.-e Yelk. 
 
 YON, YOND, YONUEH, <ifl. and o. [g-eond, Sax.J at a 
 
 distance uilliiii x iew . 
 
 YOIIE, or Ok YOUE.nf/. [g-mo-nrn. Sax. | long; of old lime, 
 or lomj ago. " He lialh pnlluied ofl (and yore." Spenser. 
 
 YOKIx, a city of Yorkshire, of which il is capital, wilh 
 an archbishop's see. Il is sealed on ihe river Ouse, and is 
 generally counted the second cily in I'.ngland, ihousjli now 
 surpassed in weallh and populalion bs many of Ihe more 
 modern trading towns. Il is cerlainlya veiy anlienl place, 
 anil has undergone various revobiions; but is slill a large 
 bcaiilifiil cily, adorned wilh many tine buildings, both public 
 aiifl piivale ; is very popnlnus, and iiihabiiid by genlry and 
 wealthy lradesm<-n. Il cnniains aboul 30 parish t hiiiches 
 and cl I a pels, besides its calhedial.or miiislei, which is a most 
 magniticeni stniclure. It is divided by the river into tv^o 
 parts, which are uniled by a sUili ly stone bridge of live 
 arches. Tlie eastern pari is most populous, the houses sland- 
 ing thicker, ainl ihe slnets being narrower. 1 1 iskurrounded 
 ty a strong wall, <>n wliidi are many turrets, or watch- 
 houses ; and there are four gates, and (ive posterns. Il is a 
 city and counlv of itself, enjoys large privileges, sends two 
 members lo pa; liannnt, and has Ihe lille of a duchy. It is 
 governed by a hud mayor, li aldermen, and other olficers ; 
 and ils county cont;iins OG villages and handels. Il is 66 
 miles S. by E. ofDinham, 81 E. of Lanca<ier, and 190 N. by 
 W. of London. Markels on Tuesday, 'riiursday, and Sa- 
 turdav. 
 
 YORKSHIRE, an English counlv, bounded on ihe E. by 
 the Oerman Ocean ; m\ ihe N- by the connly of Durham; 
 on the W. by Weslmoreland and lancasliire ; and on the S. 
 by Deibvshire, Nollinghamshire, and Lincolnshire. It is 
 the la' gesi counlv in England, lieiiiL; 90 miles in length, from 
 E. to W. and 80 in brearllh from N. lo >. 1| contains 563 
 parishes. 60 market towns, and semis :?0 members lo parlia- 
 ment. The principal rivi rs are lip- Tees, thai divides ihis 
 county from Dii'ham; Ihe Swale, the Y'oure, the Nyde, ihe 
 Ouse.'lhe Waf, the Are, the C'dder, the DerwenI, the 
 Dun, and the Hull ; besides the great river Huniber, which 
 is made up ofiiiaiiv rivers. The an is in general temperate, 
 but pretty cold on the tops of the hills, and on ihe holders ot 
 Durham. The soil in some places is very fruitful, in some 
 barren, gravelly, and sionv, an ■ in oilieis moorish, miry, and 
 fennv. Il is divided into three Hidings, ihe Noilh, West, 
 and East ; besides which there in a fo rib divis on, called 
 liichmondshire, as also (jevelan , C aven, and Holderness, 
 which are all included in the ihrei' Hidings. In so extensiv* 
 a couotv (he roductioiis aiust be various, as well as tk*
 
 YUN 
 
 ZA It 
 
 mBMufactiiros ; anfl lliere are mines ot'jjon, lead, and coal. 
 York i^ Ilie |)iiiK-ii>iil |iliice. 
 
 ^■()iM\, Ni:\v, oiu' (if the Uiiilcd [isovinrrs of Norlli 
 AiiuMici. It is lioiiiidrd on tin' K. Iiv iMa>s;i<iiiiselfs Bay ; 
 oil liif N. liv CuiKida ; on llw S. Itv New .Icisev ; and <>n 
 tlie W. Iiy Dcliiware Kiwr. Il |)r()<hic<> en m, aboiinils in 
 valili', and ll■a^a ^'odd lured <it' lioises ; and llie iiilialjilanis 
 are uiueli eniplnycd Ml fislieries. 'I'liev espoit a j;reat deal 
 of dried anil salted fiaJi to I'iiirope ; as also Joy-wood, Irain- 
 Oll, and wlialebonr. 
 
 VOiiK, New, a rity of N. America, capital of the aliove 
 state. It is seated at llie S. \V. piiiiil of an island, at the 
 confluence of Hudson and Kast Rivers, and is about four 
 miles ni circMuderence. The situation is both healthy anfl 
 pleasant. Surrouniled on all sides by water, it is refreshed 
 by cool liree/es in summer, and the air in winter is more 
 temperate tlian in other plai rs under the same parallel. 
 York isljiid is l.'j miles in len:;lh,and hardly one in breadlli. 
 Kxtept that of Rhode Isianil, the harbour of New York, 
 (whitii admits ships of any burden, )is the best of the United 
 ?>lates. A few houses here are built after the oKl Dutch 
 manner, but tlio l:liii,dish taste ha* prevailed almost a century. 
 in tiMie of peace, mine commercial business is done here 
 flian in any other port ni tlie United States. The number of 
 •iihabitants is generallv reckoned to be about 50,000. Lat. 
 40 43. ,\. Ion. 74. 5. VV. 
 
 VO rCHKOU, a city of China, of llie first rank, in the 
 province of Hnuqnans, situated on theTontin;; Lake, and on 
 the Y<)^J;tse river, C/.imilesS. ofi'ekin. 
 
 YOU, (i/t'i) proii. {ijo'c, the accusative plural of thu, thou. 
 Sax ] This word is used when we speak to more than one; 
 but by custom lijs been applied, by way of ceremony, even 
 Aviien we address a sin;,de person. It is sometimes used in. 
 • lefinitely for any person, in the same sense as on, Fr. " But 
 as i/oH conic near it, ijiu see nollimg but a lon^ heap of 
 hcavv disjointed clods." Addixor... 
 
 YOU'GMAI.L, a considerairle town of Ireland, in the 
 county of Cork. It has vi very coiimodions harbour, arid a 
 tine, well.del'ended quav. It rs sealed at the mouth of the 
 liver niacluvater, ^^ miles N. by E. of Cork. 
 
 YOUNG, ('/"«3') s. \iie(»i<r, S:\\.j(iiig, lielj;.] not born many 
 years; beinj in the first part of life rii,'nratively, ignorant, 
 unexperienced. .Applied to vefjetables. newly grown. 
 
 YOUN(J, (//w/ij) .t. llie offspring of animals collectively. 
 
 YOU'N(itSlI, a. somewhat \onns;. 
 
 "VOU'NCiSTr.K, or YOU'NKKll, (ytinker) s. [the first 
 word is only used] a young person ; a word of contempt. 
 
 YOUR, {ijuff) pruu. [eoirer, Sax. J beion;(ing to you. It 
 sterns to be ratlier the genitive plural of //witer, from /^e, you, 
 Sax. and on liiat account i. seldom used but when we speak 
 to inore than one, unless when vve compliment a person; 
 and in that sense it is that we add the s final, a sign of the 
 iTetjilive singular, more pa; ticniarly so when the substantive 
 :;oes before, or is understood. " 'Tis managed by an abler 
 hand than ^»i(A." Dn/rl. " It is i/i''''' '" '■"•m^'iii'-" Pope. 
 
 YOURSF.'LF, (i/uisilf) pron. [from yrjjtr and seff] you, 
 exclusive <if ativ other. 
 
 YOUTH, (i/fdh) s. [ijeiigiit/i, Sax.] that part of life which 
 i» between childhood and manliood, generailv reckoned fioin 
 14 to 28; adolescence; a young man. Y'oung men, used 
 collectively. 
 
 YOUTHFUL, (_VKf/(/ii/)c(. young ; suitable to youth ; vi- 
 gorous ; plavful. 
 
 YUCK, s. Ijochni, Belg.] the itch. 
 
 YULI'I, s. \!/eiil, geul, ox yehul, Sax."" tlie time of Christmas, 
 «!• Christntas tide. 
 
 YUNNAN, a province of China, S. of Setchuen and 
 Thibet. It contains 3! cities of the first rank, and 55 in the 
 second and third, and is wril watered with rivers and lakes, 
 which render it very fruitful. Gold is very often found in 
 the sands of the rivers, and probabh there are mines of the 
 »ame metal in tlie niountains of the eastern part. There 
 are also copper mines, several sorts of precious stones, 
 beside musk, benjamin, lapis lazuli, aiid very lioe marble, 
 
 some of which Is p.iinled of divers colours. They have a!w 
 excellenl'horses, v/liiih are strong and vigorous, liul low ; a$ 
 also virv small deir, which are kept for eir amusement. 
 
 YUNNAN, a cilv ui China, of tlie liis! rank, capital bf 
 a province of the same name, ll is 1 \iyi miles S. S. \V. of 
 Pekin. 
 
 YU'NNING. a city of China, of the first rank, in tl.v 
 province of Monan. It is 430 miles S. of Pekin. 
 
 YUX,.?. fi/tux, Sax.] the hiccouj-h. It is sometimes pro- 
 nounced yej:. 
 
 'TT IS the twenfy-fonrlh letter, and nineteenth cansonanf of 
 £^ our alphabet; the sound of which is formed hy a motion 
 of the tongue from the palate downwards and upwards to it 
 again, with a shnltinj^nid opening of the teeth at the sanic 
 time. This letter son in is like the hard J, though some reckon 
 it a double consonant, having the sound of tls ; but to this 
 others ol>ject, since wv (d'ten double it, as in puzzle, muzzlv, 
 t^iizzle, Ac. Among the antients, Z was a numeral, signi- 
 fying 2000, and, with a dash over it, thus, z, il signified 20150 
 times 2000, or four iiMlliuns. It is placed before all vowels, 
 as in zaiii/, zeal, zi7ic, zodiac. Ziinich ; but before none of tht 
 consiuiants, except /, as in nuzzle, (puzzle, <ltc. 
 
 ZACHARIAH, or ZECHARI'aH, a c?..or,ie!il bonk of 
 the Old Testament, containing the prediclie.is ofZechariah, 
 t!ie son of Rarachiali, and grandson of Idiio. He is the ele- 
 venth of the twelve lesser prophets. He entered upon the 
 pioplictic oftice Jl the same time with Haggai, t. e. about 
 627 years before the Christian aera,and «as sent to the Jews 
 upon the same message, to reprove them for their backward 
 ness in erecting the Icniple, and restoring divine worship ; 
 but especially for the disorder of their lives and manner:, 
 which could not but derive a curse upon them. 'I'his pro- 
 phet is the hmgesland mostobscnreof all the lesser prophets, 
 nis stvie being interrupted, and without connexion. 
 
 ZA'FFER, ZA FFAR, ZATFIR, or ZA'FFRK, >. in chj- 
 mistry, the name of a blue substance, of the hardness of 
 stone, and gewerallv sujiposed to be a native fossil ; but 
 really is a preparation of cobalt, i. e. the calx of that mineral 
 mixed with powrlered Hints, and wetted with water. 
 
 Z.AHA'RA, or The Desert, a vast country of AfVica, 
 stretching from near the .Atlantic Ocean on the \V. to Barca 
 anrl Nubia on the E. and from Biledulgerid on the N. toNt- 
 gritia and the river Senegal on the S. It comprehends a 
 space of about COO miles from N. to S. and l.iOO f^rom W. to 
 E. The inhabitants are a mixture of wandering nations, 
 proceeding from Arabs, Moors, Porlugucie, refugees, &c. 
 subject to a number of petty piinees. 1 he commodities are 
 camels, horned < attic, horses, dates, the fat and feathers of 
 ostriches, and the gum Senegal. 
 
 ZANGUEBA R, a country of Africa little known, .situ- 
 ated on the eastern coast, between lat. 2. 0. N. and 18. «l. 
 S. The inhabitants are partly of the Romish faith, and Ma- 
 hometans, but mostly I'agans. The Portuguese trade vvitii 
 the natives for slaves, ivory, gold, ostrich feathers, furs, wax, 
 and drugs. 
 
 Z ANTE, an island on the coast of the Morea in the Me- 
 diterranean sea. It is about 24 miles long, and 12 broad, is 
 a verv fertile spot, and is noted for producing currants. 
 
 ZA'NV, *. a person who endeavours by odd gestures and 
 expressions to excite laughter; a merry-aridrew, or buffoon. 
 ZA'R.A, an aniient and consiilerable city of Venice, in 
 Dahnatia, capital of a county of the same name, with a har- 
 bour. It is seated in a idain, upon a small peninsula, joined 
 to the continent by an isthmus of about 25 paces in bieadth. 
 On the side of the citadel it is verv well fortified. Near 
 the church, which the Greeks call St. Helia, are two hand- 
 some fluted columns of the Corinthian order, supposed In 
 have been nart of the temple of J'jno. This place was 
 formerly much more considerable tha" at present, the cir- 
 cumference of the walls being now but two miles and the 
 number of the iuUabitaiila uut above 600U. There are very 
 
 911
 
 ZEM 
 
 ZON 
 
 f'ne pain!in;;s in the diurili dime by llie best masters ; and 
 the> prrlfiid to have llie body ot Smieoii, bii>ii|>hl from 
 Ju(1ea, aiul kept in a shrine, wiih aciAslal lictore Jl. Zara 
 is sealed on Ihe Gulf of Venue, SO nides S. W. uf Jaiiza, 
 and 160 S K. of Venice. Lat.44.30. N. Ion. 16 6 |v 
 
 ZA'KNICH, s. a sohd subslante in whieh orjiinient is 
 found, ltappr()•d^■he^ tolhf nature oforpunenl, but without 
 itshislreand fubated lextuie. 1 he coinnion kinds uf;''r»ir/i 
 arc sreeii and si How. 
 
 ZKAL, (zeel) s. [2e/os, Or. zelus, Lat.J a passionate ardour 
 sr afteelioii furanv thmu, person, or cause. 
 
 ZK'ALAND, loniieily one of Ihe Seven United Provinces 
 of the Neihei lands, hut now a part of ihe empire of I'rance, 
 is separated by the >ea on the N. from the isles of"^. Hi Hand ; 
 by tile Scheldt on the I'., from Rrahaiit ; b\ the Honl from 
 Flanders; and on the \V. it is bounded by the German Ocean. 
 Itcomprehi nd^ 8 islands, ."Jot wliiih are pretty lai;;e. Their 
 aanics are Walclierrii, Schoweii, S. IJevelanil, N. Beveland, 
 •Tolen, Dovelaiid, Wollenlike, and St. Philip. Theie are 
 llkeHise 6 or 7 others, of little importance. 'J'he inhabitants 
 defend themselves from the encioachnients of the sea by 
 their d[kes, which, at the bolloiii, are Kcneially 26 Gennan 
 ells in breadth, and are so wide at lop, that two carriajjes 
 may pass abreast In Uiy.U tides and stormy weather, the 
 waves, however, often force a passage, and even tiow over 
 them. The inhabilaiils in j^eiuial are estreniely wealthy, 
 beiiij; niai"lained by their t leiitifid tisheries, and trade with 
 Jorei;,'ii nations. Tlie soil is fruitful in these islands, but thk 
 air unhealthy lor strangers, llii)u;^li not for the natives. 
 
 ZK'ALA.N U, N E\v lies belwern 34 and 4Sdej;rees south 
 latitude, and belween 166 and lSOde;;rees east longitude. 
 It consists of two lar^e islands, separaied by a strait, about 
 5 leafjues broad, called Cook's Straits. The inhabitants are 
 robust, of a dark complexion, fierce, and warlike. 
 
 ZE'ALAND, an island ofDenmaik, in ihe Baltic, almost 
 of a round foini, ami about 7U0 miles in circumference. It 
 is bounded on the N. by the !^caKt;pr<'i'k : <"i 'be E. princi- 
 pally by the Sound ; on the S. by the Baltic ; and on the W. 
 by the Great bell. The coast is much intersected with lar;;e 
 bays; and within the countrv are several lakes, which, to- 
 gether with the rivers, abound in (ish. In most parts is 
 jdenty of wood, except towards the centre of the island, 
 wliere liirf is generally useil for fuel. It is the largest of the 
 isles ofDenmaik, and exceidin;ily fertile; producing nMun 
 of all sorts, and in yreal pliiil\, and abounding willi e\cel- 
 lent pasture. It is particulaily famous for its In eeil of horses. 
 Copeiiliai^eii, the cagiilal of Ueninark, is seated on the 
 east shore of this island, in lat. 65. 41. N. and Ion. V2. 
 36. K. 
 
 ZKAfyOT, (zelnt) t. [from zeloi, zeal, Gr] one tiiat 
 espouses any cause with a fjreat ardour or passion ; a bigot ; 
 generally used in dispraise. 
 
 ZiyALOUS, {zelous) a, espousing any cause with pas- 
 sion. 
 
 ZK'ALOUSLY, ad. with passionate ardour. 
 
 ZE'UR.A, s. llie wild ass, an e\lreinely beautiful animal, 
 transversely striated, or parlscolnured, and about the size of 
 u comiiion ass; it is a native of many parts of the I'.ast. 
 
 ZL,'CHI>i, (zekin)s. [fioiu ZecHa, in Venice, wheie the 
 «iinl is setlle'l for coinage] a yold coin worth about nine 
 »liillin:is sterling. 
 
 Zl'.D, s. the name of the letter z. Fiiiiirativcly, a crooked 
 person, formed like llie Utter Z. A worthless insignificant 
 person. 
 
 Zl'iDOAHY, s. \zt(liM!)re, Fr.] a spicy plant, somewhat 
 like giiii,'er in its leaves, bnl ot a sweet scent. 
 
 ZI'/.VIBI.A, Nova, a large island". King in the Northern 
 Ocean to the N. wf I'ii5sia, fioiii which it is separated by 
 the Sirail of Waigale, almnt 6(10 miles in length, and from 
 Ion to 200 in breadth. It "asliist disroveriil b\ the Piig- 
 lisli in l.'j.Oa. lis inhaliilaiils areihietly wild biasis, parti- 
 tulailv vihitefnxrs, bears, elks, reindeer, and labbits; jet 
 a frw human beings have been seen here at times. Lat, 71. 
 Ui 7b. N . Ion. 63. 46. to 7S. 19. E. 
 i>\2 
 
 /END, s. a booR containing the religion of the Magian*, 
 or worshlpiiers of tire, v^ ho were disciplts of the famous Zo^ 
 roaster. This book was lomposed by Zoioaster dur.ng hl» 
 retirement in a i ave, about 626 years before Christ. ;inil coQ. 
 lained all the preteufled rew lations of that impostor. 
 
 ZI'.N IC, i. in zoology, an animal of the weasel kiml, which 
 is striped like a zebra, an inhabits the south of Africa. 
 
 ZE'NnH, s. [Arab.) the point ui the heavens directlv 
 over one's head, opposite to the iSadir. 
 
 ZIPIIAM'AH, a canonical book of ihe Old Testament, 
 conlainiiiL' the piedictions of Zephaidah the son ofCushi, 
 and grandson of Gedaliah; being the ninth of the twelve 
 lesser prophets He prophesied in the time of king Josiah, 
 about 626 before Christ, a litile after the capliv'fy of the ten 
 liibes, and before that ofJudah; so that he was not con- 
 tcmiiorary with Jeremiah 
 
 ZE'PHYIl.or ZK'PHVRUS, f. \zeph,rus, Lat.J the west 
 wind ; poetically auplied to any calm, soil, or gentle 
 wind. 
 
 ZEPvO, s. the point from which the scale of a tliernionieter 
 is graduated. Thus Celsius's and Reaiimiir's theruunneter* 
 have their zero at the freezing point, w hile the thi rmomeler 
 of Falireiilieil has its zeio at that point at which it standi) 
 when imiuerseil in a inivticre id' snow and coinmnn salt. 
 
 ZI'IST, s. the peel of an mange squeezeu into wine ; ft 
 relish or tasle sni>eradiled to any thing. The woody thick 
 skill quartering the kernel of a walnut. 
 
 To ZEST, f. a. Ill heighten by an additional relish. 
 ZE'I K'TIC Mftiioo, s. [from zeteo, to seek, Gr.]in ma- 
 thematics, the method made use of to investigate or solve a 
 problem. 
 
 ZEU GMA, s. [from zmgmjo, to join, Gr.] a figure in 
 rhetoric, wherein an adject ne or verb, which agrees with 
 the next word, is likewise applied to one or many more 
 riniote. 
 
 ZIBET, s. in zoology, an anwiial which nearly resemble* 
 the civet cat, and inhaliits the Indian Isles. 
 ZI NGIUEU, or Zl'NZIBEU, s. [zigiUr, Lat ] ginger. 
 ZINK, or ZINC, J. a \ert remarkable fossil substance, 
 reseuililing bismuth, but of a blue colour, and is really the la 
 pis calaminaris, and has the same etlects on copper, by turu- 
 itig it into brass 
 
 ZOCLE, f. in architecture, a small sort of stand or pe- 
 destal, being a low square piece or member, serving to sup- 
 port a liiisl, sUitue. or the like, that needs to be raised ; also 
 a low sipiare nieniber serving to support a column instead of 
 a pedestal, base, or plinth. 
 
 ZO'DI.AC, s. [from zonii, an animal, Gr. zodiaciis, Lat ] in 
 astronomy, is a broad circle, whose middle is the ecli|itic, 
 and Its extreme two circles parallel ihereto, at such a dis- 
 tance from it, as to bound or comprehend the excursions of 
 the moon and pl.iiiets. It is divided into twelve poitions, 
 called signs, and those divisions or signs are denominated 
 from the coiislellatn'iis which antientlv possessed eaidi part ; 
 but the Zodiac being immoveable, and the stars having a 
 niotioii from west to east, those constellations no longer cor- 
 respond to their proper signs, whence arises what we call 
 the precession of the eijuinoxes. 
 
 ZONE,.?, [from z<»ie,;i girdle, (ir. loim.Lat.] in geoiirapliy, 
 isa division ot the teriai|ueou< globe wi h respect to thedil 
 ferent degrees of In at or ( old fnund in the difierent parts 
 thereof. The laitli is divided into live uneitual parts called 
 zoni's, viz. the toirid, two temperate, and two frigid. The 
 to I rid zone coiiiprelieudsall tho-e pats of the earth that lie 
 within the two tropics, the breadth beini; 46'-^ .^6'; the north 
 ti'inperale is buunded b\ theaictic circle on the north, and 
 the tropic of Cancer on the south, being 4."!^ 4' in breadth. 
 The soulli teiiiiieiaieextendsfroni the tropic .if Capricorn on 
 the north, to the antarctic <iri le on ihe south, and is exactly 
 of the same breadth with the former. I he iiorlh fiigld take* 
 in alllliosi' \)ait.^ ol tin- eartlicom|iiehenileii within I he a relic 
 ciri le, liaving the north pole on the centre, and is 46" 5tf 
 in diuiueter. The- south frigid comprehends an equal por-
 
 ZUG 
 
 ZZ 
 
 tionof tlie cartli wiili (lie former, having the south pole in 
 tlic centne. A {;ir<llc ; circuit; circiinit'treiice. 
 
 ZOOCillAl'llEK, Uoosrnfrr) s. [from zo,m, an animal, 
 and p;i-ttj)lio, to ilfscribo, Gr.] one who describes llie nature, 
 properties, and forms of animals. 
 
 ,ZO()'GIlAI'IlY, fon"^ )y;///) i. f from zmm, an animal, and 
 g-ran/itt, to describe, Or.] a ilesc;, ption of the forms, nature, 
 and properties, of animals. "We are thereby conducted 
 into zoopirapliy." Grew. 
 
 ZOO'JjOCi Y, {zmtogif) s. [from zoon, an animal, and hgos, a 
 disconrse, Gr.J the science of animals. Artedi observes, tliat 
 this makes one cf the three kin^sdomsj as they are called, of 
 natural history ; the vegetable and mineral being tiie two 
 others :_ in these, however, there is this diiference made by 
 writers, that while ve;;ctal)les and minerals are treated of 
 together, as all of a piece in each, the subjects of Zoolug'i/ 
 are divided ; and it is made to compose, as it were, several 
 kingdoms. The subjects of it are accordingly divided ioito 
 six several families. 1. The airy quadrupeds. 2. The birds. 
 3. I'he amphibious animals, such as serpents, lizards, frogs, 
 and tortoises. 4. The fishes. 6. The insects. And (i. 
 Those lowest orders of animated beings, the"zoophytes. 
 . ZOO'Pf 1 YTF, {zuofuc) s. [from zomi, an ani{nal, and phjlon, 
 a plant, Gr.J a vegetable or plant which partakes both of 
 the nature of plants and animals. 
 
 ZOO PHORIC, {zwfarilt) a. [from zoon, an animal, and 
 p/icio, to bear, Gr.] bearinj^ an animal. A zvo/ilioric vuhtnm, 
 m arcliitecture, is that which bears or supports the figure of 
 an animal. 
 
 ZOO'^IIOROUS, (zooforus) s. [from -non, an animal, and 
 nhero, to bear, Gr.J the frieze of a cohnnn, or that part 
 w liicli is between the ^architrave and cornice ; so called 
 from the ornaments, resembling animals, carved upon it. 
 
 ZOOTOAIIST, «. [from zoon, an animal, and teiiino, to 
 cut, Gr.l a person who diss<'cts animals. 
 
 ZOOTOMY, s. [from zoon, an animal, and teinno, to cut, 
 Gr.] the dissection of the body of beasts ; called likewise 
 comi>r{rat.ii!e'7(natomi/. 
 
 ZOUi'LLA, *. in zoology, an animal of the weasel kind, 
 which has a very strong scent, and inhabits_ South America. 
 
 ZUG, one of the cantons of Swisserlan'd ; bounded on 
 E. and N. by that of Zurielr; on the W. by that of Luccrn, 
 and the free provinces ; and on the S. by that of Schwitz. 
 The inhabitants are Roman Catholics, and it is divided into 
 three parts, one of which is the town of Zug, and the others 
 the villages about' it, which comprehends the assemblies. 
 
 namely, I^ar, Menfzie, and Val Kgeric. The govennnent 
 of this canton was democratic, and the sovereignty belonged 
 to the town of Zug, and to llie communities wltliout- it, 
 though this place had a particular magistrate. 
 
 ZlJl'NGUANS, a branch ot,tlie anlient Christian reform- 
 ers, or Protestants, so called from their author Huldric Zuiri- 
 glius, a divine of Swisserland, who soon after Luther had de- 
 clared against the church of Rome, and being thin minister 
 of the church of Zurich, fell in wiih him, and preached 
 openly against indulgencies, the mass, the celibacy of the 
 clergy, ^c. but dift'ered from Luther about the Eucharist. 
 
 ZU'illCII, the canton of, is one of the 13 cantons of 
 Swisserland, and the first in rank, being about 00 miles in 
 length, and 30 in breadth. It is bounded on the N. by the 
 llhine, w liich separates it from the canton of Schatl-hausen ; 
 on the S. by that of Schwifz ; on the E. by Thurgaw and the 
 coiuity of Tockenburg ; and on the W. by the canton of Zug, 
 and the free provinces. The soil is fertile in corn, produces 
 all sorts of fruits, and there are some vineyards, as well as 
 rich pastures. The canton is well peopled, the inhabitants 
 are very laborious, and have a famous manufactory in crapes. 
 They w ere the first that embraced the Ileformation, and the 
 famous reformer Zuinglius was born here. 
 
 ZY'GOMA, s. [from zev^nno, to join, Gr.J in anatomy, 
 is a bone of the head, otherwise called os Jugale, being no 
 single bone, but an union or assemblage of two processes, 
 or eminences of bones ; the one from the os tetnporis, the 
 olijer from the os mala : these processes are hence termed 
 the zygomatic processes, and the suture that joins them to- 
 gether is denominated the zvgomatic suture. 
 
 ZYGOiM/.TIC, «.[see Zygoma. | 
 
 ZYMO'l\lA,i. [Gr.] any thing which promotes or causes 
 fermentation. 
 
 ZYMOSI'METER, $. [from zymosis, fermentation, and 
 metreo, to measure, Gr.J an instrument proposed by the in- 
 genious naturalist Swammerdam, to measure the degree of 
 fermentation occasioned by the mixture of diflerent matters, 
 and the degree of heat which those matters acquire in fer- 
 menting ; as also, the heat or temperature of the blood of 
 animals. 
 
 ZYTHO'GALA, s. [hom zythos, beer, ■aud gala, milk, Gr.j 
 a beer posset, a drink recommended by Sydenham to be 
 taken after a vomit. 
 
 Z. Z. a character made use of by the antient physicians to 
 signify myrrh, aud by the moderns to signify ginger. 
 
 ftA 
 
 013
 
 AN 
 
 OUTLINE 
 
 OP 
 
 ANTIENT AND MODERN HISTORY ; 
 
 Including a chronological series of remarkable events, discoveries, and invent io7is, 
 
 from the creation to the present time. 
 
 Before Christ. 
 
 4004, rrMIli Creation of the World, according to arch- 
 X bishop Usher, on Sunday, October 23, and in the 
 year befofe the vulgarsraof the birth of Christ, as 
 given in the Hebrew text, 4004 ; in the LXX. 
 5872; in the Samaritan, 4700 ; of the Juhan 
 period, 710. Adam and Eve were created on 
 Friday, October 28 ; they are placed in Paradise, 
 but are soon tempted and fall ; sentence is 
 . passed upon them by God, wlio encourages them 
 
 at the same time with the promise of tlie seed of 
 tiie woman ; they are banished Paradise. 
 Abel is murdered by Cain, because his sacrifice was 
 
 more acceptable to God. 
 Euoco for his piety is translated to heaven. 
 The deluge 
 
 The Tower of Sabel is built about this time, by Noah's 
 posterity, in the valley of Shinar, upon which God 
 miraculously confounds their language, and thus 
 disperses them into different nations. 
 The itingdom of Egypt begins under Misraim the son 
 of Ham, which lasted for 1663 years, according to 
 Constantin Manasses, which is down to the 
 conquest of Cambyses, in 625 before Christ. 
 The kingdom of Sicyon established, according to 
 Evtsebius, 1313 years before the first Olympiad. 
 Little is known of this kingdom but the names of 
 their kings ; they end about the begii,uing of the 
 eleventh century, viz. 1089, fifteen years after the 
 return of the Heraclida; into Peloponnesus. 
 3059, The kingdom of Assyria begins under Ninus, son of 
 
 Belus. '^ ' 
 
 1996, Abram, the patriarch, born at Ur, m Chaldea; died 
 
 1821, aged 175. 
 1922, Cliedorlaomer, king of Elam, subdues the five kings 
 
 ^ of Sodom, Gomorrali, Adma, Zeboiim, and Zoar. 
 Wil, The covenant of God made with Abram when he 
 leaves llaran to <;o into Canaan, on the loth of 
 Abib, on Wednesaay, May 4, which begins the 438 
 
 3017, 
 2:549, 
 2247, 
 
 3188, 
 
 2089, 
 
 years of sojournrng. Abram and Lot 50 into Egypt 
 for famine, and return the next yeaf; when they 
 separate, the one to Sodom, and the other to 
 Hebron. 
 
 1897, The covenant is renewed by God with Abram, in 
 memorial of which circumcision is instituted, and 
 bis name changed to Abraham ; the cities o« 
 Sodom, &c. are destroyed for tlieir wickedness by 
 fire from Heaven ; Lot, with his wife and two 
 daughters, leave Sodom beforehand, being warned ; 
 his wife looking back is turned into a pillar of salt. 
 
 1871, The faith of Abraham is proved in offering to sacrifice 
 his son Isaac, who was then (it is supposed) twenty- 
 five years old. 
 
 1S66, The kuigdom of Argos begins under Inachus, 1080 
 years before the first Olympiad ; Isaac being 40 
 years old, marries Rebecca the daughter of Be tbuel 
 the Syrian. 
 
 1836, Esau and Jacob are born to Isaac by Rebecca after 
 above nineteen years barrenness. 
 
 1759, Jacob, having received his father's blessing, goes to 
 Haran to his uncle Laban, aud marries his two 
 daughters. 
 Dinah, Jacob's daughter is ravished by Shechem ; he 
 and all his people are treacherously put to death 
 after the third day of circumcision, by Simeon 
 and Levi. 
 Joseph is sold into Egypt by bis brethren. 
 Josepli interprets Pharaoh's dreams, and is promoted. 
 
 The seven years of plenty begin. 
 Jacob on his death-bed adopts Munasseh and Epliraim, 
 the two sons of Joseph ; and, collecting all his 
 children, blesses tliem, and foretcis many things, 
 particularly the coming of the Messiah; he died 
 aged 147, having resided seventeen years ih 
 Egypt. 
 
 1635, Joseph foretells the egrtss 01 the Israelites from 
 Egypt; and dies, aged 110, having been prefect uf 
 
 1731, 
 
 1728, 
 1715, 
 
 1689,
 
 OUTLINE OF ANTIENT AND MODERN HISTORr." 
 
 Ejjypt for eiglity years. His death concludes the 
 Book of Genesis, which contains a periou of" 2369 
 years. 
 1582, Tlie chronology of the Arundelian inarl>les begins 
 iiere, when they suppose Cecrops came into Attica, 
 \vhicii is twentv-six years earlier than the date 
 given by Castor, jn EuseLius. 
 i5"4 Aaron born; and the year after, Pharaoli pubhshes 
 an edict for drowning all the male children of the 
 Israelites. 
 1571, Moses born, and lliree months after exposed among 
 the flags on the banks of the river, where he is 
 found by Thermutis, Pliaraoli's daugliter, who 
 adopts and educates him in all the learning of the 
 Egyptians. 
 1656, Cecrops brings a colony of Saltcs from Egypt iito 
 Attica, and begins the kingdom of Athens 780 
 years before the first Olympiad. 
 1546, Scamander coraes from Crete into Phrygia, and begin<, 
 
 the kingdom of Troy. 
 1631, Moses being forty years of age, visits the Israelites 
 bis brethren ; and, observing their oppression, 
 kills an Egyptian, whom he found smiling a 
 Hebrew, and then flies into Rlidian, where he 
 continued forty years, and married' Zipporah the 
 daughter of Jethro. 
 1493, Cadmus carried the Phoenician letters into Greece, 
 
 and built the citadel of Thebes. 
 140J, Moses performs a number ot miracles in Egypt, and 
 departs from that kingdom, together with 000,000 
 Israelites, besides children, which corapietc'l the 
 430 years of sojourning. Tliey miraculously pass 
 tlirougri the Red sea, and come to the desert of 
 - Sinai, where Moses received from God, and delivers 
 to the people, tlie Ten Comniandaienis, and the 
 otiiei laws, and sets up the tabernacle, and in it 
 the ark of the covenant. 
 1485, The first ship that appeared in Greece, and was 
 brought from Egypt by Danaus, surnamed Arniais, 
 who was then expelled by his brother jligyplus. 
 The ship arrived ac Lindus, in Rhodes; he brought 
 with him his fifty daughters ; introduced the in- 
 vention of pumps into Cireece ; and, ten years 
 arter, viz. in 1475, got possession of the kingdom 
 of A rgos. 
 -453, The first Olympic games celebrated in Elis by the 
 Idaei Daetyli, fit'ty years after the deluge of 
 Dfjcalion. 
 1452, The five books of Moses are written in the land of 
 Moab, where he dies the year follow i^ig, .iged I'iO. 
 ".451, The Israelites, under Joshua, pass the river Jordan, 
 and enter Canaan. Jericho is taken by Joshua, 
 and after that tiie city of Ai; he makes a treaty 
 with Gibeou, and defeats the five kings of the 
 Amorites, while the sun and moon stood still. 
 The Israelites began to till the lands they had con- 
 quered, so that the period of the sabbatical years 
 commences (rem this autumn. 
 14CG, Minos gives laws to the Cretans, and acquires agreat 
 maritime power. Iron isfound by theldici Dacljli 
 from the accidental burning of the woods of iMount 
 Ida in Crete. 
 1390, The tribe ofP.enjamin almost totally destroyed by 
 the other eleven tribes, for their cruel usage of 
 tiie wife ofa Leviie ; it happened while Phiuehas 
 was high-priest. 
 1556, The Eleusinian mysteries first introduced at Athens 
 
 by l''umolpiis the son of Musceus. 
 1326, Thf Isthmian games first iiisliluted by Sisyphus, 
 king of Corinth, 15 years after the rape of Gany- 
 mede. 
 I2<;3, The Argonautic expedition under Jason and his 
 companions through the Euxine sea to Colchis for 
 
 l>16 
 
 the Golden Fleece, being 79 years before the iakinz 
 ofTrov. 
 
 1250, The city of Tyre built. 
 
 1245, Gideon, the fourth .judge of Israel, routs the 
 Rlidianites with only 300 men, and slew their two 
 kings Zeba and Zaimunua; he is oft'ered the king- 
 dom of Israel, which he refuses. The land had 
 rest in the fortieth year after the rest given by 
 Deborah, and 200 years after that of Joshua. 
 
 1236, Upon tJideon's death, Abinielech, his natural son, 
 murders bis 69 brothers upon one stone, and makes 
 himself king of Israel for three years. 
 
 123b, Carlhage founded by the Tyrians. 
 
 1184, Troy taken and burnt by the Greeks on the night 
 between the 11th and 12!h of June, being the 23d 
 and 2tlh of TharTelion, according to the marbles, 
 and 408 years before the first Olympiad. Accord- 
 ing to Apollodorus, jEneasset sail in the beginning 
 of autumn for Thrace, where he wintered. 
 
 1152, The city of Alba-longa is built by Ascanius king of the 
 Latins. 
 
 1124, Thebes built by the Bcetians. 
 
 1095, The Israelites ask for a king, which is granted ihem, 
 though will) Ciod's displeasure; and Saul is 
 anointed by Samuel to be their king. 
 
 1088, Here ends the kingdom of Sicyon ; Cliaridemus the 
 last king. 
 
 1070, The kingdom of Athens ends in Codru.s, upon which 
 they are governed by archons. 
 
 1055, Saul consults the witch of Endor; and is defeated 
 soon after by the Philistines upon mount Gilboa. 
 Three of his sons are slain, upon which he kills 
 himself. 
 
 1048, Jerusalem taken by David from the Jebusites, and 
 made the seat of his,!;ingdom. 
 
 1023, Absalom rebels against David, and takes Jerusalem ; 
 but is afterwards defeated and killed by Joab. 
 
 1012, Solomon begins the building of the temple 4S0 years 
 after the going out from Egypt. 
 
 932, Solomon finishes the building of his palace, which, 
 will) that of the temple, employed liini 20 years. 
 
 975, The division of the kingdom of Judah and Israel. 
 Jeroboam sets up two golden calves, one at Dan, 
 and the other at Bethel, to prevent his subjects 
 going to worship at Jerusalem. 
 
 971, Jerusalem taken and plundered by Shishak, king of 
 
 926, Lycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver, is born 150 years 
 " before the first Olympiad. 
 
 P07, Homer wrote his poems and ilourished about this 
 time, according to the nuirbles. Jericho rebuilt by 
 Pliel the Pieihelite about this time. Ahab is killtd 
 by the Syrians in the battle of Ramoth Gilead, 
 according to the prophecy oflNlicaiah; upon this 
 the Moai)ites revolt, having been tributary from the 
 days of king David. 
 
 900, The "end of the kingdom of Assyria by the conquest 
 and death of Sardauapalus, is placed here by Justin 
 and others. 
 
 896, Elijah the prophet is taken up into heaven. 
 
 884, Lycurgus, after ten year's tra-elhug, establishes his 
 body of laws in Lacedemon. Iphitus, Lycurgus, 
 and Gleosthenes, restore the Olympic games at 
 Elis, which was 108 years before' what is vulgarly 
 called the first Olympiad. 
 
 SCO, Phidoti, king of Argos, invented scales and measures, 
 and coined silver, at /Egiua. The city of Carthage 
 enlarged bv queen Dido about this lime. 
 
 839, The army of Hazael, king oi'Syria, desolatcsgrcat part 
 
 of the kingdom of Judah. 
 814, The kingdom of Maceihui begins, and continues (MC 
 
 years till the battle of Pydna. 
 800, Joiiah the prophet lived.
 
 OUTLINE OF ANTIENT AND MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 797, Tlie kiiiRilom of I^ydia begins, unci coiiliiiues 249 
 
 yp;iis ; Anlysiis tlipir first lung. 
 775, C(>r«lms coikiik.is in tlie twenty <;i^;ht Olyiiipiiul, front 470, 
 
 their institntion by Ipliitus, thon;;li vul^jariy tiiilcd 
 
 the first Olympiad ; which was celebrated on July 
 
 2;5, according to Scaliger. 4G5, 
 
 764, Micali the prophet lived. The decfMiiiial arclions 
 
 begin at Alliens, Cliarops boiny the first. Nuuiilor; 4S8, 
 
 the sixleciitli king of the Latins. 
 753, Tlie aMa of the iniilding of Home begins, according to 
 
 Varro, April2(), or I'itli of tlie calends of May. 
 750, The rape of the Sabine virgins. Taiius, king of the 
 
 Sabines, died 742. 451, 
 
 747, The u'raof Nabonassar begins, Feb. 2(5. 
 74J, Tlie first Messcnian war begins, and continues ICt 4i3, 
 
 years ; which ends by the takingof ltlionie,'by which 43i, 
 
 lliey become vassals to the Laccdeiiionians. 
 721. Samaria taken after .3 years' siege, and the kingdom ol 
 
 Israel finished by Saliiianasar, king of Assyria. The 430, 
 
 first eclipse of the moon on record, according to 
 
 I'loiemy, March 19, three hours twenty miiiules 
 
 bel'ore midnight. 
 717, Tyre is besieged in vain for 5 years by Saluianasar king 
 
 of Assyria. 4IG, 
 
 710, Sennacherib's army destroyed by an angel in one 
 
 night, to the amount of 186,000 men. 414, 
 
 696, Isaiah the prophet is put to death by Manasscs, bcJn^ 413, 
 
 cut asunder by a saw. 
 685,jThe second Messenian war begins, they rebelling 406, 
 
 against the Lacedcmoniaus, and continues 14 
 
 years. 
 684, The government of Athens un'ler annual archons 404, 
 
 begins, Creon being the first. 
 071, Ira taken by the Lacedemonians after a siege of 11 
 
 years, which finishes the second Messcnian war, 401, 
 
 when the Messenians are expelled Peloponnesus. 
 658, Byzantium built about this time. 
 631, Tile Fidenates and Sabines rebel against the Romans, 
 
 which war continue* bv intervals for about 50 400, 
 
 years. 395, 
 
 623, Draco establishes liis law at Athens. 
 610, riiaraoh Necho began about this time the famous canal 
 
 between the Nile and the Red sea. 394, 
 
 606, Nineveh destroyed by Cyaxerxes and N3bopo!assar. 
 696, The Scythians expelled from the Upper Asia by Cyax- 
 
 aies, king of Media, after 28 years' possession. 
 587, The city of .Jerusalem taken by Nebuchadnezzar, after 
 
 a siege of 18 mouths, June 9. 390, 
 
 572, Tyre taken by Nebuchadnezzar, after a siege of 13 
 
 years. 
 548, Croesus conquered by Cyrus, which finishes the king- 387, 
 
 doniofLydia. , 
 
 638, The kingdom of Babylon finished, that city being 
 
 taken by Cyrus. Darius is made viceroy. 371, 
 
 536, Cyrus gives an edict for the return of the Jews, and 
 
 the rebuilding of the temple, whose foundations 
 
 were begun on the second montli of the second year 370, 
 
 after their return. 
 62.5, Canibyses, kin^ of Persia, conquers Egypt. 363, 
 
 515, The temple of Jerusalem rebuilt, March 10, and the 
 
 passover celebrated, April 18. 
 609, The consular government begins at Rome, Tarquin 354, 
 
 being expelled, with his whole family, on the filh 
 
 of the calends of March, or Feb. 24, being the 
 
 7-e^-ifi(giHm of their calendar. 361, 
 
 604, Sardis taken and burnt by the Athenians, which gave 
 
 occasion to the Persian invasion of Greece. 3;50, 
 
 498, The first dictator created at Rome, who was Lartius- 343, 
 490, The Persians defeated by Miltiades in the battle of 
 
 Marathon, Sept. 2S. 
 480, The Persians defeated in the sea-fight at Salamis, 
 
 Oct. 28. 340, 
 
 479, The Persians, under Mardonius, defeated at Platsea 
 
 f)V Pausanias, Sept 22 ; on the same day was fougb.t 
 
 the bailie of Mycale. 
 Ciiiion, the Athenian general, defeats the I'ersiaii 
 
 fleet at Cyprus, and again the land-army near the 
 
 river Isurymedon, in P;iniphy!ia. 
 The third Messenian war with the Lacedemonians 
 
 begins, and conliiiues 10 years. 
 Ezra is sent from ISabyion to Jerusalem wilh the cap- 
 tive Jews, and the vessels of gold and silver, iVc. by 
 
 Artaxerxes, in ihe seventh year of his reign, being 
 
 70 weeks of years, or 490 years before the crucilixiou 
 
 of our Saviour. 
 The <leccmvir3 created at Rome, and the laws of the 
 
 12 tables compiled and ratified. 
 The c<'nsors first created at Rome. 
 The Peloponnesian war begins. May 7, by an attempt 
 
 ofthe Hcetians to surprise Piatiea, and coutinues 
 
 near 27 years. 
 The History ofthe Old Testn^icVf finishes about this 
 
 time. A plague at Alliens for 5 years. 'I'lic La. 
 
 cedemonian ambassadors are arrested by Si fades, 
 
 king of Tlirace, and afterwards put to death by the 
 
 Athenians. 
 The scene ofthe Pelojionnosian war is changed to Si- 
 cily. The agrarian law first moved in Rome. 
 Kgvpt revolts from the Persians. 
 An eclipse of the moon on Aug. 27, which so frightened 
 
 Nicias, that he lost the Athenian army in Sicily. 
 The Athenian fleet, consisling of 180 ships, are totally 
 
 defeated at Q^gospotamos, Dec. 13, by Lysander, 
 
 the Lacedemonian general. ' 
 Athens taken bv Lysander, April 24, which finished 
 
 the Peloponnesian war. Athens is governed by 30 
 
 t\ rants. 
 Cyrus the Younger is killed in an expedition against 
 "his brother Arlaxerxes. Retreat of the 10,000 
 
 Greeks. The thirty tyrants are expelled Athens 
 
 bv Thrasvbulus. 
 Socrates is put to death by the Athenians. 
 An alliance ofthe Athenians.Thebans, Corinthians, and 
 
 Argifes, against the Lacedemonian*, which began 
 
 the Corinthian war. 
 Seafight at Cnidus a few days before the solar eclipse, 
 
 August 14 ; when the Lacedemonians, under 
 
 Lysliudcr, were de.'Valed by Conon. The allies 
 
 were defeated a few days after at Coronea, by 
 
 Agesilaus. 
 Batile of Allia, July 17, in which the Romans are 
 
 defeated by the Gauls, and the city of Rome taken 
 
 and burnt. Camillus, the Roman dictator. 
 The peace of Antalcidas, between the Persians and 
 
 Lacedemonians, by which the Greek cities in Asia 
 
 were made tributary to the former. 
 The battle of Lcuctra, July 8, in which the Lacedemo- 
 nians are defeated by the Thebans under 
 
 Epaminondas. 
 The Messenians return info Peloponnesus after £. 
 
 banishment of about 300 years. 
 The battle of Mantinea gained over the Lacedemonians 
 
 by Epaminondas, who dies of a wound received 
 
 in it. . , 
 
 Dion put to death bv the Zacynthian mercenaries, and 
 
 Syracuse is governed by a succession of short-lived 
 
 tyrants for 7 \ ears. 
 The Sidonians, being besieged by the Persian army, 
 
 burn tlie city and themselves to death. 
 Egypt is conquered bv Oclius, king of Persia. 
 The war between the Romans and Samnites begins, 
 
 and continues 71 years. Timoleon recovers Syracuse 
 
 to its liberty, banishes Dionxisvus to Corinth, ami 
 
 settles a democracv. 
 The Carthaginians defeated, by Timoleoii, m a grot 
 battle near Agrigentum, June 13. 
 917
 
 OUTLINE OF ANTIENT AND MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 338, The battle of Cbaeronea, Aug. 2, in which the Athe- 
 nians and Thebans were defeated by Philip. De- 
 mosthenes the orator banished Athens in 325, re- 
 called in 323, and died in 322, aged 60. 
 
 33;i, Alexander the Great enters Greece about Sept. 9, 
 obliges the Athenians to Isubmit, and destroys the 
 cily of Thebes, leaving only Pindar the poet's house; 
 almost all the inhabitants were either killed or en- 
 slaved. 
 
 334, Tlie battle on the river Granicus, in Phr>-gia, gained 
 by Alexander over Darius, May 22. Apelles of Cos, 
 the painter. 
 
 3.33, The second battle gained by Alexander, at Issus, in 
 October. Callistlienes, the philosopher. 
 
 »"2, Tyre taken by Alexander, Aug. 20, after a siege of 7 
 months. 
 
 331, The third and last battle of Arbela, gained by Alexan- 
 der over the Persians, Oct. 2, being 11 days after 
 a total eclipseof the moon, on Sept. 21. 
 
 327, Alexander's expedition into India against Porus. 
 
 323, Alexander dies, April 21. His empire is divided into 
 four kingdoms, two of which were unsettled for the 
 first 12 years. The Lamianwar between the Athe- 
 nians and Antipater. 
 
 317, Syracuse, and soon after all Sicily, usurped by Aga- 
 thocles. 
 
 312, The Romans begin the Hetruscan war. Scleucus 
 Nicator takes Babylon, from which begins the a!ra 
 of the Selucida\ 
 
 30(5, The title of king is first assumed by the successors of 
 Alexander. 
 
 290, Athens taken by Demetrius Poliorcetes, after a year's 
 siege. 
 
 285, Dionysius beg;in his astronomical aera on Monday, 
 June 2Gth, being the first who found the exact solar 
 year to consist of 365 days, 5 hours, an(l_49 minutes. 
 
 284, The Septuagint translation of the Old Testament is 
 thought to have been made about this time. Tlie 
 pharos of Alexandria built. 
 
 272, The Samnites and Tarentines defeated by the Rom.ins, 
 which concludes the two wars, the first baying lasted 
 71 and the latter 10 years. 
 
 269, The first coining of silver at Rome, under the consul- 
 ship of Fabius Fictor and Gulo, five years before 
 the first Punic war. 
 
 20;, f he first Punic war begins, and continues 23 years. 
 Tiie chronology of the Arundelian marbles com- 
 posed. 
 
 261, The Romans first concerned themselves in naval 
 2 flairs. 
 
 260, The Carthaginians defeated at sea by Duilius, who had 
 the first naval triumph in November. 
 
 2-OG, Regulus, the Roman general, is defeated and taken 
 piisoiier Ijy llie Carllraginians under Xantliippns. 
 
 249, The seafight of! Drcpanum, in Sicily, wliero the 
 Romans, under Claudius Pulcher, are totally de- 
 feated by the Carthaginians under Adiierbal. 
 
 242, The Carthaginians defeated by Lutatius, the Roman 
 general, at the Isles of jEgates, which finishes tlie 
 first Punic war. 
 
 235, The temple of Janus shut the first time after Nunia. 
 
 231, The first divorce at Rome by Sp. Carvilius. Sardinia 
 and Corsica subdued by the Romans. 
 
 225, The (iauls enter Italy, but jJie defeated in Etruria by 
 L. TEmilius, the Roman consul. 
 
 224, The Colossus of Rhodes thrown down by an earth- 
 quake. 
 
 220, Thtt social war in Greece between the ,T.tolians and 
 the Ach.ens begins, and continues .1 years. 
 
 219, Sagnntum taken and destroyed by ilanriihal. 
 
 "18, The second Punic war begins with Ihwrnilial's passing 
 the Alps, and continues I" years. The Roimuis de- 
 feated at Ticinuin and Trebia. 
 
 217, The Romans defeated by Hannibal at the lake of 
 
 Thrasymene. Artabanus, king of Partbia. 
 216, The Romans totally defeated in the battle of Cannae, 
 
 in Apulia, Aug. 2. according to their erroneous 
 
 calendar, but about May 21 of the Julian year. 
 207, Asdrubal, having entered Italy with a large army to 
 
 reinforce Hannibal, is defeated and kNled by Clau- 
 
 dins Nero. 
 302, The battle of Zama, in Africa, wkere Hannibal is totally 
 
 defeated by Scipio. 
 201, The Carthaginians have a peace granted them on very 
 
 ignominious terms, which finishes the second Punic 
 
 war. 
 200, The first Macedonian war begins, and continues neai 
 
 4 years, till the battle of Cynoscephal?e. 
 192. The war of Antiochus the Great with the Romans be 
 
 gins, and continues 3 years. 
 190, The first Roman army enter Asia under L. C. Scipio, 
 
 and totally defeat* Antiochus in the. battle of Mag- 
 nesia inLydia. 
 187, Antiochus the Great is defeated and killed in Media 
 
 after plundering the temple of Jupiter Belus in 
 
 Klymais. 
 171, Ptolemy's generals defeated by Antiochus in a battle 
 
 between Pelusiiim and mount Casias. The seconc. 
 
 Macedonian war begins. 
 170, Antiochus Epiphanes takes Jerusalem, and two yeara 
 
 after pollutes the temple with sacrifices of swine, 
 
 and carries oft' 1800 talents to Antioch. 
 168, The battle of Pydna, June 22, in which Perseus, king 
 
 of Macedon, is totally defeated by P. ^^imilius, the 
 
 Roman general. This terminates tlie kingdom of 
 
 Macedon. 
 163, The government of Judea, under the Hasmonean 
 
 family, or Maccabees, begins, and continues 126 
 
 years. 
 162, Ilipparchus begins his astronomical obser^'ations at 
 
 Rhodes, which he continues for 34 years. 
 159, Time measured at Rome by water, invented by Scipio 
 
 Nasica, 134 years after the introduction of sun-dials. 
 149, The third Punic war begins, and continues 3 years. 
 
 Prusias, king of Bithynia, is put to death by his 
 
 son Nicomedes, surnamed Philopater, who reigned 
 
 59 years. 
 147, The Romans make war against the Achrcans, which 
 
 is finished by Mumniius the following ycai. 
 146, Carthage destroyed by P. Scipio, and <;orinth by L. 
 
 Mmuniius, who brought from thence the first fin. 
 
 paintings to Rome. 
 Ill, The war of Nnmantia begins, and continues 8 years. 
 138, The Roman army, under ISlancinus, consisting o 
 
 30,000 men, are ignominiously defeated by 4000 Nu- 
 
 mantines. 
 136, Scipio AfVicaniis, with Sp. Mumniius and Metellus, 
 
 made the famous embassy into Egypt, Syria, and 
 
 Greece. 
 l;;5. The history of the Apocrypha ends. The Servile war 
 
 begins in Sicily, and continues 3 years. 
 133, Numantia taken . and destroyed by Scipio. The 
 kingdom of Pergamus annexed to the Roman eui 
 
 pire. 
 123, Carthage rebuilt by order of the Roman senate. 
 116, Cleopatra assumes the government of Egypt. 
 1 1 1, The Jiigurthine war begins, and continues 5 years. 
 110, The famous sumptuary law, called Lex Licinia, mad' 
 
 at Rome, by which the expense of eating for eaci 
 
 day was limiteil. 
 109, The Teutoues and Cimbri begin their attack on tlie 
 
 Roman empire, which continues s years. Jugnrllia, 
 
 the king of Numidia, (h'feated in two bailies by 
 
 Metellus. Ptolemy I.atliurns is defeated, and Sa 
 
 niaria taken by John H\reanus. 
 105, Ca-pio and Manilius ignominiously defeated by tbe 
 
 »I8
 
 OUTLINE OF ANTIENT AND MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 Teutotips, &c. on tlie banks of the Rhone, in which 
 80,000 llonians are killed. 
 
 ma. Tile Teulones defeated by Marius in two great battles 
 at Afiir.e Sextioe, now Aix in I'rovencc. 
 
 101, Marius and Catullus defeat the Cimbri as they were 
 endeavouring to enter Italy tlirouj;li Noricum, 
 now Ihe Tyrol. It is said that 120,000 were killed, 
 and (iO.OOO taken prisoners. 
 
 99, Lusilania conquered by the Romans, under Dolabella. 
 
 91, The Social or Marsic war begins, which continues 3 
 years, and is finished by Scylla in 88. 
 
 89, The Mitliridalic war begiiis, and continues 2G years. 
 
 88, The Civil war between Marius and Scylla begins, add 
 continues G years. 
 
 79, Sylia resigns the dictatorship, after holding it 3 years, 
 and dies tiie year after. 
 
 73, The Servile war begins under Spartacus. 
 
 71, Spartacus is defeated and killed by CrassusandPompey, 
 which finishes the Servile war. 
 
 C% Luculluidefeats the two kings MithridatesandTigrancs, 
 in a great battle in Armenia, Ihe day before the nones 
 of December, and then tzkes Tigranocerta, with all 
 the royal treasures. 
 
 86, Mithridates is defeated by Pompey in a night-battle in 
 the Upper Armenia. Crete is conquered by Mftellus, 
 after a war of two years, and reduced to a Roman 
 province. 
 
 85, The rtign of the Seleucidce ends in Syria, which is re- 
 duced by Pompey to a Roman province. 
 
 63, The Catiline conspiracy detected by Cicero, in Oc- 
 tober, and defeated by Antony, about Ihe middle of 
 December. Jerusalem is taken by Pompey, who 
 restores Hyrcanus. Mithridates kills himself. 
 
 00, The first triumvirate between Pompey, Cajsar, and 
 CrassiiJ. 
 
 i)&, Caesar passes the Rhine, and defeats the Germans, 
 and soon after makes his first expedition into Britain. 
 
 53, Crassius h killed, and his army cut to pieces by the 
 Parthians, under Surenas, at Sinuaca in Mesopota- 
 mia, June 9. 
 
 50, The Civil war properly begins on the 22d of October, 
 
 when the Senate ordered Csesar to disband his army. 
 Ca;sar besieges Pompey in Bruudusium, Dec. 26. 
 
 49, Pompey sails from Brundusium, Jan. 3, and Ciesar 
 enters it on the 4th, and comes to Rome about 
 the 19lh. He besieges Marseilles in the spring, de- 
 feats Ponipey's lieutenants in Spain in the summer, 
 returns to Rome jn September, and passes into 
 Epirus, Oct. 15. 
 
 48, The battle of Pharsalia, May 12. 
 
 47, The war of Alexandria, that city being taken by Jidius 
 Ca^sar. 
 
 46, The war in Africa, iu which Cato kills himself at Utica, 
 Feb. 5. 
 
 44, Caesar killed in the senate-house, aged 56. 
 
 43, The second triumvirate, between Octavius, Antony, 
 and Lepidus, began Nov. 27. Cicero put to death, 
 Dec. 7. 
 
 42, Cassius and Brutus defeated at Pliilippi in two battles, 
 having an interval of 20 days, the last being fought 
 about the end of October. 
 
 41, The short Pernsian war, in which Antony's brother 
 Lucius is overpowered by Octavius. 
 
 40, Jerusalem is tyrannically occupied by Autigonu«, as- 
 sisted by llie Partliians. 
 
 37, Jerusalem is taken by Socius and Herod, Jan. 1, and 
 Antigonus is soon after put to death, which finislies 
 the Hasnioncaa family, 126 years after Judas Mac- 
 cabeus. 
 
 51, The battle of Actiuni, fought Sept. 2, in which Antony 
 
 and Cleopatra are totally defeated ; from which time 
 
 the Roman emperors properly begin. 
 30, Egypt reduced to a Roman province. 
 «7, Octavius, by a decree of the senate, of Jan. 13, obtains 
 
 the title of Augustus C'A>3ar, and an hlisolutc e\cmp 
 tion from the laws, and is properly the first Roman 
 emperor. 
 
 25, Coin first used in Britain. 
 
 8, Rome at this time is .50 miles in circumfc^rencc, and con- 
 tains 4(i.'l,000 men fit to bear arms. The le;iiple of 
 Janus is shut by Augustus as an emblem of universal 
 i)eace, and 
 JESUS CHRIST, isbornabout theclose of IhelOOOth yearof 
 the world, i. e. 4 years before the vulgar Christian ;era. 
 8, He disputes with the doctors in the temple ; 
 
 26, And is baptized in the wilderness by John the Baptist. 
 33, His death, resurrection, and ascension, is fixed in this 
 
 year by Blair, Playfair, &c. though others, with less 
 probability, place it in 29. 
 36, St. Paul converted. 
 
 39, St. Matthew writes his Gospel. Pontius Pilate kills 
 
 himself. 
 
 40, The name of Christians first given at Antioch to the fol- 
 
 lowers of Christ. 
 
 4,3, Claudius Caesar's expedition into Britain. 
 
 44, St. Mark writes his Goepel. 
 
 49, London is founded by the Romans; .168, surrounded 
 by ditto with a wall, some parts of which ai'e still ob- 
 servable. 
 
 61, Caractacus, the British king, is carried in chains to 
 
 Rome. 
 
 62, The council of the apostles at Jerusalem. 
 
 65, St. Luke writes his Gospel. 
 
 69, The emperor Nero puts bis mother and brotheis to 
 
 death. Persecutes the Druids in Britain. 
 
 61, Boadicea, the British queen, defeats the Romans ; but 
 
 is conquered soon after by Suetonius, governor of 
 Britain. 
 
 62, St. Paul is sent in bonds to Rome ; writes his Epistles 
 
 between 51 and 66. 
 
 63, The Acts of the Apostles written. Christianity is sup- 
 
 posed to be introduced into Britain by St. Paul, or 
 some of his disciples, about this time. 
 
 64, Rome set on fire, ami burned for six days ; upon wliicli 
 
 began (under NeroJ the first persecution against the 
 Christians. 
 
 66, The first Jewish war begins in May. 
 
 67, St. Peter and St. Paul put to death. 
 
 70, Whilst the factious Jews are destroying one another 
 
 with mutual fury, Titus, the Roman general, takes 
 Jenisale.".!, Sept. 8, which is razed to the ground, au J 
 the plough made to pass over it. 
 
 ?3, The philosophersexpelled Rome. 
 
 85, Julius Agricola, governor of South Britain, to protect 
 the civilised Britons from the incursions of the Cale- 
 donians, builds a line of forts between the rivers Forth 
 and Clyde ; defeats the Caledonians, under (i alcagus, 
 on the Grampian hills; and first sails round Britain, 
 which he discovers to be an island. 
 
 95, The second persecution against the Christians begins 
 
 about November, and continues near a year till the 
 death of Domitia'i. 
 
 96, St. John the evangelist wrote his Revelation ; his Gos- 
 
 pel in 97. 
 
 103, Dacia reduced by Trajan to a Roman province. 
 
 107, The third persecution' against the Christians. 
 
 918, The fourth persecution against the Christians. 
 
 121, The Caledonians reconquer from the Romans all the 
 southern part of Scotland; upon which the em- 
 peror Adrian builds a wall between Newcastle aiul 
 Carlisle ; but this also proving ineficctual, Pollius 
 Urbicus, the Roman gcpeial, about the year 134, 
 repairs Agricola's forts, which he joins by a wall 4 
 yards thick. 
 
 l.Tl, Tiie Jews rel)c1, an<l begin a second war. 
 
 135, The second Jewish war ends, when they were all 
 banished Judea. 
 
 139, Justin writes his first apology for the Christians. 
 
 ai9
 
 OUTLINE OF ANTICKT AND MODERN HISl'ORY. 
 
 145, 
 
 183, 
 
 202, 
 
 209, 
 
 217, 
 222, 
 
 22G, 
 
 235, 
 250, 
 
 262, 
 
 2.57, 
 
 2(;u, 
 
 272 
 
 hi', 
 
 28G, 
 201, 
 
 30.1, 
 
 3<)H, 
 a 13, 
 
 325, 
 
 328, 
 
 363, 
 3<34, 
 
 400, 
 404, 
 
 40C, 
 
 409, 
 410, 
 412, 
 413, 
 414, 
 430, 
 
 Antoninus Pins defeats the Moors, and afterwards the 
 Germans and Dacians. 
 
 A violent war in Britain ended by Marcelhis, the British 
 governor. 
 
 Tiie fifth persecution ag:ainst the Christians begins 
 about April, and continues two years. 
 
 Severus builds his wail across Britain from the Frith 
 of Forth. 
 
 The Septuagiut found in a cask. 
 
 About this time the Roman empire begins to snik 
 under its own weight. 
 
 The formidable power of the Parthians, which spread 
 from liiiiia to the frontiers of Syria, is subverted by 
 Ardsliir, or (as he is usually calleti) Arlaxerxes, the 
 founder of a new dynasty, which under the name of 
 Sassar.ides, governed Persia 4U() years till the inva- 
 sion of the Arabs. 
 
 The sixth persecution against the Christians. 
 
 Tiic barbarians begin their irruptions. The sevenlh 
 persecution against the Christians. 
 
 The Goths have annual tribute not to molest the 
 empire. 
 
 The eighth persecution against the Christians. 
 
 Valerianus, the Roman emperor, is taken prisoner by 
 Sapor king of Persia, and flayed alive. 
 
 The ninth persecution against the Christians. 
 
 Silk first brought from India; the manufactory of it 
 introduced into Europe by some monks, 551 ; first 
 worn by the clergy in England, 1534. 
 
 The Pcoman empire is attacked by nortliern nations, 
 and several provinces are usurped by tyrants. 
 
 Two eniperors and two Caesars, -(iz. Diodesian, 
 Maximian, Galerius, and Cons'antius, march to 
 defend the four quarters of the empire. 
 
 The tenth persecution begins at Niconiedia, Feb. 23. 
 
 Constanline the Great begins his reign, Jidy 25. 
 
 Cardinals first began. 
 
 The tenth persecution ends by an edict of Constan- 
 tino, who favours the Christians, June 13, and, in 
 32.?, gives full liberty to their religioi). 
 
 TJie first general council at Nice began June la, and 
 ended Aug. 25, when 318 fathers attended, against 
 Arius,the founder of Arianism, where was composed 
 the famous Nicene Cretd, wliicli we attribute to 
 them. 
 
 Constantine removes the seat of empire from Rome 
 to Byzantium which is thereafter called Constan- 
 tinople; 331, orders all the Heathen temples to be 
 destroyed; and <lies May 22, 3:57. 
 
 The Roman emperor Julian, suriiamed the Apostate, 
 endeavours in vain to rebuild the temple of 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 The Roman empire is divided into the eastern (Con- 
 stantinople the capital) and western, (of whicli 
 Rome continued to be the capital,) each being now 
 under the government of difl'iMent emperors. 
 
 Bells invented by Paulinus, of Campagnia. 
 
 The kingdom of Caledonia, or Scotland, revives under 
 Fergus. 
 
 The Vandals, Alans, and Sucvi, spread info France 
 and Spain, by a concession of Uonorius, emperor of 
 the West. 
 
 The Siievi begin their kingdom over a part of Spain; 
 Hermerick their first king. 
 
 Rome taken and plundered by Alaric, king of tlie 
 Visigoths, Aug. 21. 
 
 The Vandais begin their kingdom in Spain, under 
 Gunderic. 
 
 The kingdom of the Burgundians begins in Alsace, 
 under (iunditar. 
 
 The Visigoths begin the kingdom of Toulouse, uiuler 
 Wallia. 
 
 The kingdom of the French begins upon the Lower 
 Rliine, under Piia'amond. 
 020 
 
 420, The Romans, reduced to extremities at liome, wiili- 
 
 (haw their troops from liritain, and never rcluin; 
 
 sidvising the Britous to arm in their own delViice, 
 
 and to trust to their own valour. 
 4S'J, (ienseric takes Carthage, and begins the kingdom of 
 
 the Vandals in Africa, Oct. U). 
 
 446, The Britons, now left to themselves, are greaiiy 
 
 harassed by the Scots and Picls, upon whiili they 
 make their complaints to the Romans, (wliiili they 
 entitle tlie groens of the Britons,) but receive no 
 assistance irom that quarter. 
 
 447, Atlila (surnanied the Scourge of God) with his Iluns 
 
 lavages the Roman empire. 
 
 449, Vorti-fcrn, king of the Britons, invites the Saxons into 
 Britain, against the Scots and Picts. 
 
 455, The Saxons, having repulsed the Scots and Picts, in- 
 vite over more of their countrymen, and begin to 
 establish themselves in Kent, under llcngist. Rome 
 taken by Gcnseric in July. 
 
 476, The western empire is finished by Odoacer, king of the 
 Heruli, 523 years after the battle of Pharsalia ; 
 upon the ruins of which several new states arise in 
 Italy and other parts, consisting of (ioths, Vandals, 
 Huns, and other barbarians, under whom literature 
 is extinguished, and the works of the learned are 
 destroyed. 
 
 493, The kiugdcmi of Italy passes from the Ileruli to the 
 Ostrogoths by the taking of Ravciuia, Feb. 27, after 
 a siege of near 3 years. This kingdmn continued 
 till its overthrow by Narses, the Roman general, 
 on Feb. 10, 554, who was governor of the country 
 for 15 years. 
 
 4CG, Clovis, king of France, baptized, and Christianity 
 began in that kingdom. 
 
 .508, Prince Arthur befiins his reign over the Britons. 
 
 516, The computing of time by the Christian ;era is intro- 
 duced by Dionysius the monk. 
 
 519, Prince Arthur defeated at Charford, by Cerdic, who 
 begins the Saxon kingdom of Wesscx. 
 
 557, A terrible plague all over Europe, Asia, and Africa, 
 which continues near 50 years. 
 
 568, The kingdom of the Lom!>ards begins under A Iboinus. 
 
 6G9, Exarchs are sent to Ravenna, by the eastern emperors, 
 against the Lombards. 
 
 580, Latin ceased to be spoken about this time in Italy. 
 
 683, The Suevi in Spain conquered by the Visigoths, which 
 finishes that kingdom. 
 
 59G, Augustin, the monk, comes into England with 40 
 monks. 
 
 GOG, Here begins the power of the popes, by the coneession 
 of Phocas, emperor of the east. Mahomet, the 
 false prophet, retires to his cave, where he composed 
 his Koran. 
 
 622, Mahomet, the false prophet, on July 1G, flies from 
 iNIecca to Medina, in Arabia, in the 45th year of his 
 age, and 10th of his ministry, where he laid the 
 foundation of the Saracen empire, and from whom 
 the Mahometan princes to this day claim their 
 descent. His followers compute their time from 
 this a^ra, which in Arabic is called Ilegira, i. e. 
 The Flight. 
 
 637, Jerusalem is taken by the Saracens, or followers of 
 Mahomet. 
 
 640, Alexandria in Egypt 'is taken by ditto, and the grand 
 library there burnt by order of Omar, their c^if or 
 prince. 
 
 CG4, f ilass invented in England by Bonalt a monk. 
 
 673 Constantinople inelVectually besieged by the Saracens 
 for 7 years. 
 
 68.5, TlieBri'ons, after a brave struggle of near 1.50 years, 
 are totally expelled by the Saxons, and driven into 
 Wales and Cornwall. 
 
 709, Ina, king of Wesscx, publishes about tltis time his lawi. 
 of the Saxous.
 
 OUTLINE OF ANTIENT AND MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 71f?, Tlie Saracpns conquer Spain, Sept. ;5. 
 
 717, Consfsinlinoplt iniirectually btsitj;t>(J a second time, 
 
 by the Saracens. 
 72Cj, Tlie controversy about ima-ies begins, and causes 
 
 many insurrections in the eastern empire. 
 737, Ina, kingof Wessex, begins the tax of I'eter-Pence for 
 
 for tlie support of a college at Rome. 
 732, The Saracens (b^feated by Charles Martcl between 
 
 Tours and Foictiers in October. 
 736, Leo Isauricus, the eastern emperor, destroys all the 
 
 images in his dominions, and persecutes the monks. 
 746, A dreadful pestilence over Europe and Asia for 3 
 ; years. 
 
 748, The computing of years fr»im the birth of Christ began 
 
 to be used in_ history. 
 
 749, Tlie race of Abfias become califs of the Saracens, and 
 
 encourage learning. 
 752, The exarchs of Ravenna conquerd by the Lombards, 
 after having continued 183 years. 
 
 755, Commencement of the Pope's temporal dominion. 
 
 756, The Saracens in Spain, revolting from tlu." house of 
 
 Abbas, begin the kingdom of Cordulja. 
 7SZ, The Saracens, after having conquered Palestine, Syria, 
 
 both Armenias, almost all Asia Minor, Persia, India, 
 
 Egypt, Numidia, all Barbary, even to the river 
 
 Niger, Portugal, Spain, and several islands of the 
 
 Mediterranean, build Bagilad, which is made the 
 
 capital for the califs of the house of Abbas, and 
 
 cease from their incursions and ravages, engaging 
 
 only (for the most part) in common wars like other 
 
 nations. 
 774, Pavia taken by Charlemagne, which finishes the king. 
 
 doms of the Lombards, after it had lasted 20(1 years. 
 800, Charlemagne, king of France, begins the empire of 
 
 Germany, Dec. 25, which is afterwards called the 
 
 western empire. 
 828, Constantinople, a third time, ineftectually besieged by 
 
 the Saracens, under Thomas the Slave. 
 838, The Saracens of Spain take possession of Crete, and 
 
 give it the name of Candia. 
 826, Harold, king of Denmark, dethroned by his subjects 
 
 for being a Christian. 
 828, Egbert, kiiigof Wessex, unites the Saxon heptarchy by 
 
 the name of England. 
 838, The Scots and Picts have a decisive battle, in which 
 
 the former prevail, and both kingdoms are united by 
 
 Kenneth, which begins the second period of the 
 
 Scottisli history. 
 S67, The Danes begin their ravages in England. 
 868, Egypt becomes independent of the Saracen califs of 
 
 Bagdad, under Ahmed, the Saracen governor. 
 872, Clocks first brought to Constantinople from Venice. 
 
 The battle of Wilton, in which Alfred is defeated 
 
 by the Danes. 
 878, Alfred the Great, after subduing the 'Danish invaders, 
 
 (against whom he fought 56 battles by sea and land,) 
 
 composes his body of laws ; divides England into 
 
 rounties, hundreds,' and tilhings ; in 890 erects 
 
 county-courts, having founded the university of 
 
 Oxford in 886. 
 8f9, The kingdom of Aries begins, and continues 46 years, 
 
 when it becomes a part ot the kingdom of Burgundy. 
 915, The university of Cambridge founded. 
 936, The Saracen empire is divided, by usurpation, into 7 
 
 kingdoms. 
 912, The eastern emperors take possession of Naples. 
 9611, Nicephorus Phocas, who was afterwards emperor of 
 
 the east, recovers Candia from the Saracens. 
 964, The kingtiom of Italy conquered by Otlio, and united 
 
 to Germany. 
 969, The race of Abbas lose Egypt, it being seized by the 
 
 Fatiniides, who build Grand Cairo. 
 975, Popi' Boniface VII. is deposed and banished for hi& 
 
 crinjes. 
 
 6B 
 
 979, Coronation oatli first used in England. Juries first 
 instituted in England. 
 
 991, The figures in arilliuK'lic arc brought into Eiir')|)e l)y 
 the Saracens from Arabia. Letters of the alphabet 
 were hitherto used. 
 
 996, Otho 111. makes the empire of Germany elective. 
 
 ;w9, Boleslaus, first king of Poland. 
 
 1000, Paper made of cotton rags was in use, that of linen 
 rags in 11*0; the manidactory inlroduted into 
 England at Dartford, l.'j«8. 
 
 1005, All the old churches are rei)uilt about this time in a 
 new manner ofarchitecture. 
 
 1009, A civil war among the Saracens of Spain, whicli con- 
 tinues til) 1091, when they become tributary to the 
 .Saracens of Africa. 
 
 1015, Cliildren forbidden by law to be sold by their parents 
 in lOngland. 
 
 1017, Canute, king of Denmark, gets possession of England. 
 
 1031, Romanus II. emperor of the east, drives the Saracens 
 
 out of Syria. 
 
 1032, The kingdom of Aries, or Burgundy, l)equeathed to 
 
 Conrad II. emperor of Germany by Rodolph. 
 1035, The kingdoms of Castile and Arragon begin under 
 Ferdinand the Gfcat, and Ramitrus. 
 
 1040, The Danes, after several engagements with various 
 
 success, are about this time driven out of Scotland, 
 and never return again in a hostile manner. 
 
 1041, The Saxon line restored under Edward the C.'iifessor. 
 
 1042, The Turks fa nation of adventurers from Tartary, 
 
 serving hitherto in the armies of contending 
 princes) become forniitlable, and take possession 
 of Persia. Knolles fixes this event in 10:J0. 
 
 1054, Leo IX. the first pope that kept np an army. 
 
 1057, Malcolm HI. king of Scotland, kills the tyrant Mac- 
 beth atDunsinane, and marries the princess Mar- 
 garet, sisler to Edgar Atheling. 
 
 1068, Robert Guiseard, the Norman, drives the Saracens 
 out of Sicily. ' 
 
 1065, The Turks take Jerusalem from the Saracens. 
 
 1066, The conquest of England by William, (sumamed the 
 
 Bastard,) duke of Normandy, in the battle of 
 Hastings, Oct. 14, where Harold is slain. 
 
 1070, Vi^illiam introduces the feudal law. Musical notes 
 invented. 
 
 1076, Henry IV. emperor of 'Germany, and the pope, 
 quarrel about the nomination of the German 
 bishops. Henry, in penance, walks barefooted 
 to pope Gregory VII. towards the end of January, 
 1077. Justices of the peace first appointed in 
 England. 
 
 1080, Doomsday book began, to be compiled by order of 
 William I. from a survey of all the estates in 
 England, and finished in 1086. The tower of Lon- 
 don built by ditto, to curb his English subjects ; 
 numbers of whom flv to Scotland, where they intro- 
 duce the Saxon or English language, are protected 
 by Malcolm, and have lands given them. 
 
 1085, Toledo taken from the Saracens by Alphonso VE. 
 king of Castile. 
 
 1091, Tlie Saracens in Spain call in Joseph king! of Mo- 
 rocco, who thus gets possession of all their do- 
 minions in Spain. 
 
 1096, The first crusade to the Holy Land is begun under 
 several Christian princes, to drive the infidels froitt 
 Jerusalem, \vhich they take on July 1.5, 1099. 
 
 1110, Edgar Atheling, the last of the Saxon princes, dies 
 in England, where he had been permitted to reside 
 as a subject. 
 
 1118, The order of Knights Templars instituted to de- 
 fend the sepulchre at Jerusalem, and to protect 
 Christian strangers. 
 
 1139, Alphonso defeats five Saracen kings at Ouriqnes, 
 takes Lisbon, and is proclaimed king of Portugaii 
 
 921:
 
 OUTLINE OF ANTIENT AND MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 1163, London bridge, consisting of 19 small arches first 1310, 
 
 Luiit oFsloiie. 
 1172, Henry II. king of England, fakes possession of Ire 1314, 
 
 land ; wliicli, from tliat period, was governed by 
 
 an English viceroy, or lord lientenant. 
 1176, England is divided by Henry info six circuits, and 
 
 justice is dispensed by itinerant judges. 
 
 1180, Glass windows began to be used in private houses in 1320, 
 
 England. 
 
 1181, The laws of England are digested about this time 1336, 
 
 by Glauville. 
 1192, The battle of Ascalon, in Judea, in which Richard, 
 
 king of England, defeats Saladin's army, consisting 1337, 
 
 of 300,000 combatants. 
 1194, Dieu et mon Droit first used as a motto by kingRichard, 1340, 
 
 on a victory over the French. 
 1196, Henry VI. emperor of Germany, takes full possession 1344, 
 
 of Naples and Sicily. 
 1200, Chimnies were not known in England. Surnames 1346, 
 
 now began to be used first among the nobility. 
 1204, Constantinople taken by the French and Venetians, 
 
 July 20. Normandy is conquered and reunited to 
 
 France, after about 300 years' separation. 
 1208, London incorporated, and obtained their first charter 1349, 
 
 for electing their lord Mayor and other magistrates 
 
 from king John. 
 1215, Magna Charfa is signed by king John, and the barons 1352, 
 
 of England. Court of Common Pleas established. 1354, 
 1227, The Tartars, a new race of heroes under Gingis-Klian, 1356, 
 
 emerge from the northern parts of Asia, overrun 1357, 
 
 all the Saracen empire ; and, in imitation of former 1358, 
 
 conquerors, carry death and desolation wherever 
 
 they march. 1362, 
 
 1233, The Inquisition, begun in 1204, is now trusted to the 
 
 Dominicans. Tlie houses of London and other 
 
 cities in England, France, and Germany, still 
 
 thatched with straw. 1369, 
 
 1250, Malek Al Salek, sultan of Egypt, detlironed and slain 
 
 by the Mamalucs, or Mamlouks, who governed 
 
 Egypt 267 yeijrs, till the invasion of Selim I. em- 1377, 
 
 peror of the Turks. 137a, 
 
 1253, The famous astronomical tables are composed by 
 
 Alphonso XL king of Castile. 1386, 
 
 1258, The Tartars take Bagdad, which finishes the empire of 
 
 the Saracens. 1.391, 
 
 : 261, The Greek emperors recover Constantinople from 1395, 
 
 the French in July. 
 1264, The Commons of Eng.and first summoned to par- 1399, 
 
 liament about this time. 
 1273, The empire of the present Austrian family begins in 
 
 Germany. 
 1281, The famous city of Kufaiii taken from the Greeks by 1402, 
 
 Ortogrul, the father of Ottoman. This is the first 
 
 conquest, mentioned in history, of the Ottoman 
 
 Turks over the Christians. 1410, 
 
 1-282, Lewellyn, prince of Wales, defeated and killed by 1440, 
 
 Edward I. who unites that principality to England. 
 
 1284, Edward 11. born at Carnarvon, is the first prince of 
 
 Wales. 1444, 
 
 1285, Alexander III. king of Scotland, dies, and that king- 
 
 dom is disputvd by 12 candidates, who submit their 1446, 
 
 claims to the arbitration of Ed ward.kingof England. 
 1293, There is a regidar succession of English parliament* 1453, 
 
 from this Vf ar. 
 1298, The present Turkish empire begins in Rithynia, under 
 
 Ottoman. Silver hafled knives, spoons, and cups, 1460, 
 
 a great juxury. Tallow candles so great a luxury, 1485, 
 
 that splinters of wood were used for lights. Wine 
 
 sold by the apothecaries as a cordial. 
 1302, T|ie mariner's comnass invented, or improved, by 
 
 riavio. 
 l.';07. The beginning of the Swiss cantons. 
 1308, The popes remove to Avignon, where they continue 
 
 for 70 years. 
 
 &U2 
 
 Tho knights of St. John take Rhodes, and settle there. 
 Lincoln's Iini Society established. 
 
 The battle of Bannockburn between Edward II. and 
 Robert Bruce, which establishes the latter on the 
 throne of Scollanil, July 25. The cardinals set 
 fire to the conclave, and separate. A vacancy in 
 the papal chair for 2 years. 
 
 Gold first coined in Christendom ; 1344, ditto io 
 England. 
 
 Two Brabant weavers settle at York, which, says 
 Edward III. may prove of great benefit to us aud 
 our subjects. 
 
 The first comet whose course is described with astro- 
 nomical exactness. 
 
 Gunpowder and guns first invented by Swarfs, a monk 
 of Cologn. 
 
 The first creation to titles by Patents used by Ed- 
 ward IIJ. 
 
 Edward III. had 4 pieces of cannon, which gained 
 him the battle of Cressy, Aug. 26. Bombs and 
 mortars were invented. Oil painting first made 
 use of by John Vaneck. Heral's college instituted 
 in England. 
 
 The order of the Garter instituted in England by 
 Edward III. altered in 1567, and consists of 26 
 knights. 
 
 The Turks first enter Europe. 
 
 The money in Scotland till now the same as in England. 
 
 The battle of Poictiers, Sept. 19. 
 
 Coals first brought to London. 
 
 Anns of England and France first quartered by Ed- 
 ward III. 
 
 The law pleadings in England changed from Frencli 
 to English, as a favour of Edward III. to his people. 
 The military order of the Janizaries established 
 among the Turks. 
 
 John Wicklift'e, an Englishman, begins to call in 
 question the doctrines of the chur-h of Rome 
 about this time, whose followers are called Lollards. 
 
 The popes return from Avignon to Rome, Jan. 1'. 
 
 The schism of double popes, which continuesSS years, 
 till the council of Constance begins. 
 
 A company of linen weavers from the Netherlands 
 established in London. Windsor Castle built. 
 
 Cards invented in France for the king's aunisement. 
 
 Sigisuiund, king of Hungary, defeated by Bajazet 1. 
 king of -the Turks, atNicopolis, Sept. 28. 
 
 Westminster Abbey rebuilt and enlarged. West- 
 minster Hall, ditto. Order of the Bath instituted 
 at the coronation of Henry IV. renewed in 1725; 
 consisting of 38 knights. 
 
 The great battle of Angoria, in which Bajazet I. king 
 of the Turks, is taken prisoner by Tamerlane, 
 July 28. 
 
 (iuildhall, London, built. 
 
 Printing invented by L. Coster, at Ilarlacm, in Hol- 
 land ; br()ught into Eiiglaud by W. Ca.\ton, a 
 mercer of London, 1471. 
 
 The battle of Varna gained by the Turks over Ladis- 
 laus, kingof Hungry, Nov. !0. 
 
 The sea breaks in at Dort, and drowns 100,000 people, 
 April 17. 
 
 Constantinople taken by the Turks, May 29, under 
 Mahomet H. their first emperor. 1 his finishes 
 the Roman empire of the east. 
 
 Engraving and etching on copper invented. 
 
 Richard HI. king of England, and last ol the Plan- 
 tagenets, is defeated and killed at iIm- battle of 
 Boswortil, Aug. 22, by Henrv (Tudor) Vll. which 
 putsanend to the civil wars between Ijie houses of 
 York and Lancaster, after a contest of 30 years. 
 Henry establishes 50 yeomen wf the guards, the 
 first standing array.
 
 OUTLINE OF ANTIENT AND MODCIIN HISTORY. 
 
 148J. Maps and sca-cliart's first broiiglit to England hy 
 Barlli. Coliitiibiis. 
 
 H9l, William Groccyn introduces the study of tlie firoek 
 language into England. Tlie Moors, liillicito a 
 formidable enemy to Ilie native Spaniards, are en- 
 tirely sulxined by Ferdinand, anil become sLd)jccts 
 to that prince on certain conditions, \\liicli arc ill 
 observed by the Spaniards, uliose clergy use the 
 Inquisition in all its tortures; and, in March, 1010, 
 near one million of 'the Moors are driven from 
 Spain to the opposite coast of Africa, whence they 
 originally came. 
 
 1494, America lirst discovered by Columbus, a Genoese, in 
 the service of Spain. Algebra tirst known in Europe. 
 
 1497, The Portuguese tirst sail to the East Indies by the 
 Cape of (iood Hope. South America discovered 
 by Aniericus Vespusius, from whom it has its name. 
 
 1409, North America, ditto, for Henry Vll. by Cabot, a 
 Venetian. 
 
 1500, Maximilian I. divides the empire o( Gerraany into six 
 circles, and adds four more in iol2. 
 
 ].M)5, Shillings first coined in England. 
 
 1509, Gardening introduced info England f'ro'in the Nether- 
 lands, whenee vegetables were before imported. 
 
 1517, Martin Luther began the Reformation. Cairo taken 
 
 from the Mamalukes, their sovereign Tumambey 
 deposed and slain, and Egypt reduced into aTurk- 
 ish province, bySelim I. 
 
 1518, Magellan, in the service of Spain, first discovered the 
 
 straits of that name in South America. -^ 
 
 '620, Henry VIII. for his writings in favour of Popery, re- 
 ceives the title of Defender of the Faith from his 
 Holiness. 
 
 1522, The isle of Rhodes taken by the Turks from the 
 
 Knights of St. John, Dec. 25. 
 1629, The name of Protestant takes its rise from the Re- 
 formed protesting- a'^n'iml thechurcli of Rome, at 
 the diet at Spires, in Germany. 
 
 1534, The Reformation takes place in England, March 30, 
 under Henry VIII. 
 
 1637, Religious houses dissolved by ditto. 
 
 15^9, The first English edition of the Bible authorized ; the 
 present translation finished in ICll. About this 
 time cannon began to be used in ships. 
 
 1340, Society oftlie Jesuits established, Sept. 27. 
 
 1343, Silk stockings first worn by the French king ; first 
 worn ill England by queen Elizaljeth, 1501 ; the 
 steel frame for weaving invented by the Rev. Mr. 
 Lee, of John's college, Cambridge, 1589. Pins 
 first used in England, before which time the ladies 
 used skewers. 
 
 1544, Good lands let in England at one shilling per acre. 
 
 1545, The famous council of Trent begins, and continues 18 
 
 years. 
 1547, First law in England establishing the interest of 
 money, and at 10 per cent. 
 
 1549, Lord-lieuteiiants of counties instituted in England. 
 
 1550, Horse guards instituted in England. 
 
 15.35, The Russian company established in England. 
 
 1563, Knives first made in England. 
 
 15(>9, Royal Exchaage first built. 
 
 1571, The island ofCyi)rus taken by the Turks. The famous 
 
 victory over tlie Turks at Lepanto, Oct. 7. 
 J.'iTi, The great massacre of Protestants at Paris, Aug. 24. 
 1579, The Dutch shake ofl' the Spanish yoke, and the re- 
 
 piiblx of Holland begins, Jan. 22. English East 
 
 Imlia company incorporated ; estab]islied IGOO. 
 
 Turkey company incorporated. 
 1680, Sir Francis Drake returns from his voyage round the 
 
 world, being the first English circumnavigator. 
 
 Parochial registers first appointed in England. , 
 
 The kingdom of Portugal seized by Philip II. of 
 
 Spam, Sept. 12. 
 
 1582, Pope Gregory XIII. introduces the New Style in 
 
 Italy ; the 5tli of October being counted the 15lli. 
 
 158.3, Tobacco first brought from Virginia into Iwiglaiid. 
 
 1587, Mary, (|ueeii of Scots, beheaded, Feb. 8, after 18 
 
 years imprisonment. 
 
 1588, Henry IV. passes the edict of Nantes, tolerating the 
 
 Protestants. The Spanish Armada destroyeil, 
 July 27. 
 
 1589, Coaches first introduced into England; hackney act, 
 
 1093 ; increased to 1000 in 1770. 
 
 1590, Band of Pensioners instituted in England. 
 
 1.597, Watches first brought into Engkuid from Germaiv- 
 
 1002, Decimal arithmetic invented at Uriiges. 
 
 1003, (iiieen Elizabeth (the last of the Tudors) dies, and 
 
 nominates James VI. of Scotland (and first of Ilie 
 Stuarts) as her successor ; which unites both king- 
 doms under the name of Great Britain. 
 1005, The Gunpowder Plot discovered at W'.'Stminster , 
 being a project of the Roman Catholics to blow >_:p 
 the king and both houses of parliament. 
 1000, Oaths of allegiance first administered in England, 
 lOUii, Galileo, ofFlorence, first discovers the satellites abojt 
 the planet Jupiter, by the telescope, then just in- 
 vented in Holland. 
 
 1010, Henry IV. is murdered at Paris, by Ravailfac, a priest. 
 
 1011, Baronets first created 111 England by James I. May 22. 
 1625, The island of Barbadoes, the first English settlement 
 
 in the \Vest Indies, is planted. 
 
 1640, The massacre in Ireland, when 40,000 English Pr6- 
 festants were killed. The independency of Portugal 
 recovered by John, duke of Braganza, Dec. 1. 
 
 1642, King Charles I. impeaches five members, who had 
 opposed his arbitrary measures, which begins the 
 civil war in England. 
 
 1649, Charles I. (aged 49) beheaded at Whitehall, Jan. 30. 
 
 1063, Cromwell assumes the protectorship. 
 
 1658, Cromwell dies, Sept. 3, and is succeeded in the pra. 
 tectorship by his son Richard. 
 
 IcMtO, After an interregnum of 4137 days. King Charles n„ 
 is restored by Monck, commander of the army 
 May 20. 
 
 1602, The Roval Society established at London, July 15, 
 by Charles II. 
 
 1665, The plague rages in London, and carries off 68,000 
 persons. 
 
 1000, The great fire of London, begun Sept. 2, and con- 
 tinued 3 days, in which were destroyed 13,000 
 houses, and 400 streets. Tea first used in England, 
 
 1008, St. James's park planted, and made a thoroughfare 
 for public use, by Charles II. 
 
 1669, Canea, the capital ofCandia, taken from the Venetians 
 by the Turks, Sept. 0, alter 23 years' siege. 
 
 1672, The Poles deliver up Cameniec, with 48 towns and 
 villaKcs in the territory of Cameniec, to Mahomet 
 IV. the Turkish sultan. This is the last victory 
 by which any advantage accrued to the Ottoman 
 Turks, or any province wasanDe.\ed to iheant;ent 
 bounds of their empire. 
 
 1G78, The habeas corpus act passed. 
 
 1680, A great comet appeared, and from its nearness to 
 the earth alarmed the inhabitants. It continued 
 visible from Nov. 3, to March 9. 
 
 1688, The revolution in Great Britain begins Nov. 3. Kng 
 
 James II. abdicates, and retires to France, Dec. 23, 
 
 1689, King William HI. and queen Mary II. are pro- 
 
 claimed, Feb. 13. The land-tax passed in England. 
 The toleration act passed in ditto. Several bishops 
 are deprived for not taking the oath tokingWdhani. 
 
 1690, The battle of the Boyne, gained by William lil. ever 
 
 James in Ireland, July 1. 
 
 1692, The English and Dutch fleet, commanded by ndmira." 
 
 Russel, defeat the French fleet off La Ho«;ue, 
 May 19. 
 
 1693, Bayonets at the end of loaded musket.s, first used tij
 
 OUTLINE OF ANTIENT AND MODliRN HISTORY. 
 
 tlie French against the confederates in the battle 1757, 
 ot Turin. Bank [of EnKJand established by king 
 Wilham. The iirst public lottery was drawn the 1759, 
 same year. 
 
 1694, Queen Mary II. dies at the age of 33, and William 
 
 reigns alone. Stamp duties instituted in England. 1760, 
 
 1697, CiiarlesXII. of Sweden, begins his reign. 
 
 1700, Tlie] Dutch and Protestants of Germany introduce 
 
 the New Style, by omitting the last 11 days of 
 February. 
 
 1701, Prussia erected into a kingdom, under Frederic, 
 
 Jan. 18. Society for the propagation of the Gos- 
 pel in forei:;n parts established. 
 1704, Gibraltar taken from the Spaniards, ' by ad- 
 miral Rooke, .luly 24. The batlle of Blenheim, 
 won by the duke of Marlborough'and allies against 
 liie French, Aug. 2. 
 
 1706, The battle of Ramiiies, won by Marlborough and the 
 
 allies,' May 12. The treaty Union betwixt England 
 and Scotland, signed July 22. 
 
 1707, The first British parliament. 
 
 1708, Sardinia erected into a kingdom, and 'given to the 
 
 duke of Savoy 
 1710, The cathedral cliurch of St. Paul, London, rebuilt 
 by Sir Christopher Wren, in 37, years, at one mil- 
 lion expense, by a duty on coals. 
 
 1713, The peace of Utrecht, signed March 30. 
 
 1714, Interest reduced to five percent. 
 
 1715, Lewis XIV. dies Aug. 21, and is succeeded by his 
 
 great grandson, Lewis XV. The rebellion of Scot- 
 land begins in September, under the ea.*-! of Mar, 
 in favour of the Pretender. The action of Slieria"- 
 muir, and the surrender of Preston, both on Nov. 
 13, when the rebels disperse. 
 
 1716, The Pretender married to tlie princess Sobieski, 
 
 grand-daughter of John Sobieski, late king of 
 
 Poland. An act passed for septennial parliaments. 
 1720, The jSauth-sea scheme in England, begun April 7, 
 
 was at its height at the end of June, and quite 
 
 sunk about Sept. 29. 
 1727, Inoculation first tried on criminals with succ^s:,. 
 
 Russia, formerly a dnkedom, is now established as 
 
 an empire. 
 1732, Kouli Khan usurps the Persian throne, conquers the 
 
 Mogul empire, and returns with £231 millions 
 
 sterling. 
 
 1738, Westminster bridge is begun; finished in 1750, at the 1775, 
 
 expenceof iS389,000 defrayed by parliament. 
 
 1739, Ijctters of Marque issued out in Britain 
 
 against Spain, July 21, and war declared, Oct. 23. 
 
 1743, The battle of Dettingen, won by the English and 
 
 allies in favour of the queen of Hungary, June '■€• 1776, 
 
 1744, War declared against France, March 31. Commo- 
 
 <lore Anson returns from his voyage round the 
 world. 
 
 1745, The allies lose the battle of Fontenoy, April 30. The 
 
 rebellion breaks out in Scotland, in July. The 
 battle of Preston Pans, Sept. 21. 1777, 
 
 1746, The Pretender's army defeated by the duke of Cum- 
 
 berland, at Culloden, April 16. 
 1748, The peace of Aix-laChapelle, Oct. 7, by whichares- 
 
 tituti<>n of all places, taken during, the war, was to 1778, A 
 be made on all sides. 
 
 1740, The [interest of the British funds reduced jto three 
 
 percent. 
 1751, Frederic, prince of Waigg^ father to his preseii'- 
 
 majesty, died. 
 1762, Tlie New Style introduced into Great Britain, the 3d 
 
 of Septeml)er being counted the 14th. 
 1753, The British Museum erected at Montague-house. 
 IT.'j.O, Lisbon destroyed by an earthqirakc. 
 1756, 146 Englishmen are confined in the bla?'' bole at 1780, 
 
 Calcutta, in the East Indies, by order of the Nabob, 
 
 aud 123 found dead the next murning. 
 934 
 
 1762, 
 
 1763, 
 
 1764, 
 
 1765, 
 
 1766, 
 
 1767, 
 
 1768, 
 1772, 
 
 1768, 
 
 1774, 
 
 Daniien attempted to assassinate the French king, 
 Jan. 5. 
 
 The Jesuits expelled Portugal, Sept. 8. General 
 Wolte is killed in the bailie of Quebec, which is 
 gained by the English, Sept. 18. 
 
 King George II. dies, Oct. 25, in the 77fn jear of 
 his age, and is succeeded by his present majesty, 
 George 111. who, on Sept. 22, 1761, niairied the 
 princess Cliarlotte of Mecklenburgh Sirelitz. 
 Blackfriars bri'lge, consisting of 9 arches, begun; 
 finished in 1770, at the expense of it,V2,S40 to be 
 discharged by a toll. Toll taken oil, 1785. 
 
 War declared by Portugal against Spain, May 23. 
 Peter 111. emperor of Russia, is deposed, 
 imprisoned, and murdered. 
 
 The definitive treaty ot Peace between Gjeat J3ritain, 
 France, SpiiuvandPoTtiHtalr c-rnicluded al Tarts, 
 Feb. 10. The Jesuits ex-iielled France. 
 
 Tlie parliament granted lOjOOUjg. to Mr. Harrison, 
 for his discovery of the longitude by his time- 
 piece. 
 
 An act passed annexing the sovereignty of the Isle of 
 Alan to the crown of Great Britain. 
 
 The American stamp act repealtd. March 18. The 
 Jesuits.expelled Bohemia and Dtnmark. 
 
 The Jesuits expelled Spain, Genoa, and Venice, 
 April 2. 
 
 The Jesuits expelled Naples, Malta, and Parma. 
 
 Poland dismembered by the emperor of Russia, the 
 king ot Prussia, and the house of Austria. Ihe 
 king of Sweden changes the constitution of that 
 kingdom, Aug. 19. 
 
 The war between the Russians and Turks (which 
 began in 1773) proves disgraceful to the hitler, 
 who lose the Islands in the 'Archipelago, and by 
 the seaare every where unsuccessful, 'i'he society 
 of Jesuits suppressed by the Pope's bull of 
 Aug. 25. 
 
 Peace proclaimed' between the Russians and Turks. 
 The British parliament having passed an act, lay- 
 ing a duty of 3d per pound upon all teas imported 
 into America, tlie colonists, considering this as a 
 grievance, deny the right of the British parliament 
 to tax them. Deputies from the several American 
 colonies meet at Philadelphia, as the first general 
 Congress, Sept. 5. 
 
 The first action happened in America between the 
 king's troops and the provincials at Lexington, 
 April 19. A bloody action, at Bunker's Hill, 
 between the royal troops and the Americans, 
 June 17. 
 
 The Congress declare the American colonies free 
 and independent states, July 4. The Americans 
 are driven from Long Island, New York, in August, 
 witli great loss; and the city of New York is 
 afterwards taken possession of by the king's 
 troops. 
 
 General Howe takes possession of Philadelphia, Oct. 
 3. Lieutenant-general Burgoyne is obliged to 
 surrender his army at Saratoga, in Canada, to the 
 American generals. Gates and Arnold, Oct. 17. 
 treaty of alliance concluded at Paris between the 
 French king and the American colonies, in which 
 their independence is acknowledged by the court 
 of France, Feb. 6. Philadelphia evacuated by the 
 British, June 18. An engagement fought oil' Brest 
 between the English Fleet, under the command of 
 admiral Ke|)\)el, and the French fleet, under the 
 command of the conntd' Orvilliere, July 27. 
 Pondicherry surrenders to the aims of Great 
 Britain, Oct. 17. 
 
 Adiii'iral Rodney takes 22 sail of Spanish ships, Jan. 8. 
 'i'he same admiral ajso engages a Spanish lleet, 
 under the couimanci of Don Juan de Langari^
 
 OUTLINE OF ANTIENT AND MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 near'Cape St. Vincent, and takes 5 ships of the 
 line, one more being driven on siiore, and another 
 blown up, .Ian. Mi. The I'loteslant Association, 
 to the nunihcr ol 50,00(», f;o np to tiie house of 
 commons, with llieir petition for the repeal of an 
 act passed in favour of the i'apists, June 2. That 
 event followed by the most daring riots, in the 
 city of London, and in Soulhvvark, for several 
 successive days, in which some Popish chapels 
 are destroyed, toj^ether with the prisons of 
 Newgate, the Kiiiy's llench, the Tleet, several 
 private houses, iVc. 'J'hese alarmin;^ riots are at 
 len^rth suppressed by the interposition of the 
 military, and many of the rii-tcrs tried and executed 
 for felojiy. Five Enf;lish Last Indiamen, and titty 
 En;,disli merchant ships bound for the West 
 Indies, taken by the combined fleets oi France 
 and Spain, Aug. y. Karl Cornwallis obtains a signal 
 victory over general (iates, near Camden, in 
 South Carolina, in which above liiDO prisoners 
 are taken, Au;;. 16. Major Andre, adjutant- 
 general to the Britisli army. Iiaiv;,'ed as a spy at 
 Tappan, in the province of New Vork, Oct. 2. 
 A declaration of hostilities publislied against 
 Holland, Dec. 20. 
 
 1781, The Dutch island of St. Eustatia taken by admiral 
 Rodney and general Vau<i;han, Feb. 3. Retaken 
 by the French, Nov. 27. 'i'he new planelGcorginm 
 Sidus drscovercd by Mr. llerschel, March 13. 
 The islarid of Tobago taken by the French, June 
 2. A bloody engagement fought between an 
 English squadron, uwder admiral Parker, and a 
 Dutch squadron, under admiral Zontman, off the 
 Dogger-bank, Aug. 5. Earl Cornwallis, with a 
 considerable British army, snrrendered to the 
 American and French troops, under general Wash- 
 ington and count K,ochambeau, at York-town, iu 
 Virghiia, Oct. 19. 
 
 1783t Trincomale, in the island of Ceylon, taken by admiral 
 Hughes, Jan. 11. Minorca surrendeicij to the 
 arms of the king of Spain, Feb. 5. Tlic bouse of 
 commons address the king against any further pro- 
 secution of olTensive war on the coiilinent of North 
 America, March 4. Ad-miral Rodney obtains a 
 signal victory 'over the French fleet under the 
 command of count de Grasse. ne^r Dominica, in 
 the West Indies, April 12. The French took and 
 destroyed the forts and settlements in Hudson's 
 Bay, Aug. 24. The Spaniards defeated in their 
 grand attack on Gibraltar, Sept. 13. Treaty con- 
 cluded betwixt the republic of Holland and the 
 United States of America, Oct. 8. Provisioiuil 
 articles of peace signed at Paris between the British 
 and the American commissioners, by which the 
 Thirteen united American colonies are acknow- 
 ledged by his Britainiic majesty to be free, 
 sovereign, and independent states, Nov. 30. 
 
 1783, Preliminary articles of peace between his Britannic 
 
 majesty and the kings of France an<l Spain, si'^ned 
 at Versailles, Jan. 20. Tiie order of St. Patrick 
 instituted, Feb. 5. Three earthquakes in Calabria 
 Ulterior and Sicily, destroying a great number of 
 towns and inhabitauts, Feb.5, 7, and28. Annistice 
 between Great Britain and Holland, Feb. 10. A 
 volcanic eruption in Iceland surpassing any one 
 recorded in history ; the lava spouted up in three 
 places to the height of two miles perpendicular, 
 and continued thus for two months ; during which 
 time it covered a tract of 3(;00 square miles of 
 ground, iu some places more than 100 feet deep. 
 Katification of the definitive treaty of peace 
 between Great Britain, France, Spain, and the 
 United States of America, Sept. 3. 
 
 1784, T'lie ^rea.t seal stolen from the lord chancellor's 
 
 liouse, in Great Osmond Street, March 2-1. The 
 definitive treaty of peace between Great Britain 
 and HollaiKl, Nlay 21. Tlie memory of Handel 
 comineniorated by a grand jubilee at Westminster 
 abbey, the 2f)tli. (Continued annually for decayed 
 musicians, etc.) 
 
 1786, 471,nooȣ.'. 3 per cent, stock transferred to the land- 
 
 graie of Hesse, for Hessian soldiers lost in tn-'' 
 American war.at 3(ij€. per man, Nov. 21. 
 
 1787, Mr. Burke, at the bar of tin- liouse of lords, in the 
 
 name of all the commons of Cireat Britain, 
 impeached Warren Hastings, late governor-general 
 of Bengal, of high crimes and misiienieanors. 
 May 21. 
 
 1788, A war breaks out batween the Turks, the Russians, 
 
 and the Germans. In the early part of October, 
 the first symptoms a|)peared of a severe disorder 
 ■which atliicted our gracious sovereign. On Nov. 
 C, they were very alarming, and on the 13tli a form 
 of prayer for Ins recovery was ordered by the privy 
 coin]cil. 
 
 1789, A gene-ral thanksgiving for the king's recovery, who 
 
 attended the service at St. Paul's, with a great- 
 procession, April 2;$. llevolulion in France, the 
 ilastile destroy, d, and the arbitrary government 
 abolished, July 14. 
 1791, Dreadful riots ai Birmingham, in consequence of 
 some gentlemen meeting to commemorate the 
 Frencli revolution, July 14. 
 792, Assassination of the king of Sweden, by Ankerstroow, 
 March 16. Peace made by Lord Cornwallis, with 
 Tippoo Sultan, in the East Indies ; the sultan 
 ceding half his territory, au<l rleliveriiig up his two 
 sons as hostages, the IQtii. The French declared 
 war against the emperor, April 20. The king of 
 Poland compelled by Russia to restore the old 
 constitution, July 23. The king of Prussia joined 
 the emperor of Germany against France, the26tli. 
 Insurrection in Paris, which ended in a massacre 
 of the king's guards, and the imprisonment of the 
 royal family, Aug. 10. A terrible niassacre, iu 
 Paris, of persons suspected or imp-risoned, to the 
 amount of more than 12U0, Sept. 3. 
 
 1793, Lewis XVI. king of Fiance, beheaded, Jan. 21. 
 
 The French nation declared war against England 
 and Holland, Feb. I. Lord Grenville and Count 
 Wornnzow signed a convention at London, en 
 behalf of his Britannic majesty and the empress of 
 Russia, in which their majesties agreed to employ 
 their respective forces in carrying on the war 
 against France, March 1.5. Treaties were also 
 entered upon with the king of Sardinia, and the 
 prince of Hesse Cassel. The queen of France 
 beheaded, Oct. 16. 
 
 1794, Lord Howe defeated the French grand fleet, sunk 2, 
 
 burnt 1, and brought 6 ships of the line safe into 
 Portsmouth harbour, June 1. 'J"he Corsicans 
 acknowledge George III. as king of Corsica, and 
 accept a new constitution, the 21st. A dreadful 
 tire near Ratcliffe cross, by which 600 houses were 
 consumed ; the loss computed at l,0O0,O00jg'. 
 sterling, July 24. Treaty of amity and oiiiraerce 
 with America, signed at St. James's Nov. lO. 
 1796, In consequence of the rapid progress of the French 
 arms in Holland, the princess of Orange, the 
 hereditary princess, and her infant sou, arrived 
 at Yarmouth, Jan. 19 ( the hereditary prince 
 himself, with his father, the stadtholder, landed 
 at Harwich, the 20th. The prince of Wales married 
 to the princess Caroline of BrunswicJc, April S. 
 Warren Hastings, Esq. late governor general of 
 Bengal, was acquitted by the house of lords, after 
 a trial which commenced on Feb. 12, 1788, diiTiii* 
 which the court actually sat 149 days, the 26tit 
 
 'J2i>
 
 OUTLIS'E OF AX'TFGNT AND MODERN HrSTORY. 
 
 fn«itrreclionsof the poor in various parts of p 
 
 laml, ill conscciiieiieeoflhe lii^'li price otprovisio , 
 
 bri^iul beiiiijat Is. 3(1. tiie qiiaitern loaf, April, Ma? 
 
 A fire at Copeiiiiaseii, which burnt down nearly 
 
 one-fourth part of that city, June 9. Admiral 
 
 ,orcl Bridport gained a victory over the French 
 
 fleet near L'Orient, and captured 3 ships of the 
 
 line, the 23d. The l^ins dani;erously assaulted in 
 
 his state-coach, on his way to the parliament-house, 
 
 Oct. 29. JSOO, 
 
 i706. The king again daringly assaulted with stones, &-c. 
 in his carriage on his way from the theatre, Feb. 1. 
 The king of Poland was compelled to sign the ab- 
 dication and resignation of his kingdom, March. 
 Sir Ralph Abercrombie took St. Lucia, May 25. A 
 large Dutch fleet surrendered to admiral Elphin- 
 stone, consisting of three ships of the line, five 
 frigates and sloops, and a store-ship, at the entrance 
 of Saldanha bay, near the Cape of Good Hope, 
 Aug. 16. General Washington resigned the pre- 
 cedency of America, the 17t!), and was succeeded 
 by iNIr. Adams. Spain declared war against Great 
 Britain, Oct. 10. Catherine II. empressof Russia, 
 died, Nov. 17. Corsica evacuated by tiie English, 
 Nov. The French fleet attempted to land troops 
 at Bantry Bay, Ireland, but were frustrated by ad- 
 verse winds, Dec. 24. 
 
 1797, A famous victory gained by admiral Sir John Jervis 1801 
 over the Spanish fleet off Cape St. Vincent, Feb. 
 16, iu consequence of which the admiral was cre- 
 ated earl St. Vincent. The French landed at 
 Fishguard in Wales, Feb. 22. An alarming mutiny 
 throughout the fleet at Spithead, April 15. Another 
 
 feneral mu-tiny broke out in the fleet at Sheerness, 
 !av 12. The Princess Royal of England married 
 to the prince of Wirtemberg, the ISlh. Parker, 
 the chief leader in the mutiny, executed, June 30. 
 Admiral Duncan defeated the Dutch fleet, of which 
 be captured nine ships of the line, Oct. 12, aCu 
 was created a viscount. A general thanksgiving 
 fos the great naval victories of lords Howe, St. 
 Vincent, and Duncan ; the king and both houses 
 of parliament going in grand procession to St. 
 
 Pa' I ^; n..,-. ]0!li. 
 
 V7!)», Rebellion broke out in tlie south of Ireland, April 2. 
 The British troops, under general Coote, destroy 
 the sluices on tj>e canal between Bruges and 
 Osfc.nd- bill are afterwards compelled tocapitulate 
 to the French, May 20. O'Coigley executed at 1802, 
 Maidstone for high treason, June 7. Accounts 1803, 
 received of llie defeat of the Irish rebels, near 
 Gore'sbridge, in which above 1000 were killed, 
 July!. The glorious victory off the Nile achieved 
 by admiral, afterwards baron Nelson, in which he 
 took 9 ships of the line from the French, burnt 2, 1- 
 &c. August 1. The French landed in Killala bay, 
 Ireland, the 24th. OtHcial accounts received of 
 the victory of Sir J. B. Warren over »he French 
 fleet otf Ireland, in which the Iloche of SO guns, 
 and 3 frigates, were captured, Oct. 20. The king 
 of Sardinia forced by the French to sign a renun- 
 ciation of his throne, Dec. 9. The king and queen 
 of Naples arrive at Palermo, having; fled from 1804, 
 Naples on llie approach of the French, the 28th„ 
 
 770ii, Naples taken by the French, January 2t. Suwarrow's 
 successi's against the French, April 27, 28. Jime 19. 
 and Aug. 15. Seringapafi.m taken, Tippoo Saib 
 killed. May 1. General Massenasucc -ssful against 
 the Austrians, 25 28. M.issena defeated by the 
 archduke Charles, June 5. Duke d'Angoulesme 
 married to ihe princess-royal of Franc'e at Mittai/. 
 the Otii. Karl Ilowc died, aged 72, August .'>. 
 Pope Pius VI. dies at V^alence, in h^s 82d \ ear, the W06, 
 imili. Surinam taken from the Diiieli. the SOd. 
 93/; 
 
 Dutch fleet taken by admira. Mitchel, the 2Sth, 
 Buonaparte arrives in France from Egypt, Oct. IG. 
 He changes the governmeut of the republic, and 
 is appointed first consul, Nov. 10. General Wash- 
 ington died, the lolh. Secret expedition aganist 
 Holland, commanded by the duke of Yoik, when 
 the whole of the Dutch fleet surrendered without 
 the loss of a man. Great scarcity of corn this year, 
 and soup-shops established. 
 
 Buonaparte makes overtures for peace to the British 
 government, which are rejected, Jan. 1-17. Battle 
 ofNovi, the 8th. George Stevens died, the 22d. 
 Cardinal Gregorio Barnaba Chioramonte elected 
 pope at Venice; he takes the name of Pius VII. 
 Feb. 14. General Suwarrow died, April 2. Battle 
 ofStockach, May 4. Hadfield shoots at the king 
 at Drury-lane piayliouse ; he is tried, and acquitted 
 as insane, the 15th. Sir F. Bulltrdied, June 6. 
 Great battle of Marengo, the 14th. Kleber as- 
 sassinated in Egypt, ibid. First stone of the wet- 
 dock, at the Isle of Dogs, laid, July 12. Unsuc- 
 cessful attempt of the English upon Ferrol, in 
 Spain, Aug. 25. Malta taken by the English, 
 Sept. 5. Conspiracies to kill Buonaparte, Oct. 10, 
 and Dec. 24. Embargo laid by Russia upon British 
 ships, Sept. 10, and Nov. 27. Russia, Sweden, and 
 Denmark, unite against England. 
 
 Union between Great Britian and Ireland takes place, 
 Jan.!. Lavater Died at Berne, th.e 3rd. liie first 
 parliament opthe United kingdom of GreatBritain 
 and Ireland met, the 22d. Peace signed between 
 the French republic and the emperor of Germany, 
 atl.uiicvillc.i' il>.9. The English ministry changed 
 and Mr. Piit retires in March. Victory over the 
 French in Egypt, March 2l, in which Sir R. Aber- 
 crombie received a wound, which he survived but 
 a few days. Bread Is. lO d. the quartern loaf. 
 Paul I. emperor of Russia, died, the 23rd, and is 
 succeeded by Alexander. Peace between France 
 and Naples, the 28th. The Danes take possession 
 of Hamburg, the 29th. Sir Hyde Parker and 
 lord Nelson pass the sound, and, after destroying 
 the fleet at Copenhagen, make a Peace with the 
 Danes, April 2. Conquest of Egypt completed 
 by general Hutchinson, July. Lord Nelson's un- 
 successful attempts on the flotilla at Boulogne, 
 Aug. C, and I5. Preliminaries of peace signed 
 with France, Oct. I. ,;' _ . ' 
 
 Secret jealousies between England and France. 
 
 Governor Wall executed for the murder of a sergefnj 
 in the island of Goree, after a delay of 19 year.s. 
 Colonel Despard and others executed for high 
 treason, Feb. War declared by Great Britain 
 against France, May 16. St. Lucia taken by the 
 English, June 20, and Tobago on the 301 ii. Insur- 
 rection in Dublin, and murder of lord Kilwarden, 
 July 23. Hanover taken by the French. French 
 army at cape Francois, in St. Domingo, capitulate 
 with the Blacks for the evacuation of the island, 
 Nov. 19, and afterwards submit to an English 
 squadron, with their sliips of war and merchant- 
 men, the 30tli. 
 
 His majesty's illness, Feb. March. A French 
 squadron in tiie F.ast Indies, under admiiiil Eiiiois, 
 beatort'by the English East India fleet, Feb. 15. 
 Buonaparte proclaimed emperor of llie Gauls, 
 May 20, winch finishes the republic of France, 
 after it liad conlinned 41.36 days, only one day less 
 than llie diuationof the conimonweallh in England, 
 that immediately followed the decapitation of 
 Charles I. Coronation of Buonaparte by the 
 pope, at Paris, as emperor of the (iauls, Dec. 2. 
 
 The FreiKJi emperor assumes the title of king of 
 Italy, May. Lord i\Ielvillc impeached for miitap-
 
 OUTLINE or ANTIENT AND MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 plying the piil)lic money, while frpasurfir of the 
 PJiivy. l?;itlic between the I'nfilish tleet, iiiuier 
 admiral Caldcr, and the comhined fleets of France 
 and Spain, in whieh the latter lost two ships, July 
 22(1 ; after whicli the English admiral was recalled, 
 tried by court-nnulial, and diMiiissed thu service. 
 Ca'amitous carllKiMaUesin the S.of Italy. July 'id, 
 followed by an eruption of mount Vesuvius, Au},^ 
 12, in which 2(),()()() persons perished. Austria and 
 llussia unite a^'ainst .France, August. Death of 
 Marrpiis Cornwallis in India, Oct. 5, aged CG. 
 Austrian army, under general Mack, surrender at 
 Ulm to Buonaparte, the 20th. Masseiia suceessfid 
 in Italy against the archduke Charles, Oct. Nov. 
 Victory over the combined Heels of France and 
 Spain, from Cadiz, off Cape Trafalgar, by the 
 English fleet, under Lord Nelson, who fell in the 
 engagement ; the allies losing 19 sail of the line, 
 and tlie French admiral and two Spanish admirals 
 t<iken, Oct. 21. Four French ships, (part ot the 
 combined fleet escaped from the battle of Tra- 
 falgar,) taken by Sir R. Sfrachan, Nov. 3. French 
 enter Vienna, the 12th. The English invade Han- 
 over, and Sir Sydney Smith fails in an attack on 
 the Boulogne flotilla, Nov. King of Sweden de- 
 clares against France. British and Russian army 
 of l.'j.OOO men received by the Neapolitans, in vio- 
 lation of a treaty just concluded with France, Nov. 
 20. Battle of Austcrlitz, in which the allied armies 
 of Austria and Russia, commanded by their 
 respect^t'e sovereigns, were completely overthrown 
 by the Ftnncli army nnder the emperor Napolean, 
 Dec. 2. This decisive victory followed by a peace 
 between France and Austria, concluded' at Pres- 
 burg in Hungary, the 27th. Bavaria and Wirtem- 
 berg erected into kingdoms by the favour of Buona- 
 parte ; and other great changes in Germany. 
 l8iH3, Funeral of lord Nelson, and grand procession to St. 
 Paul's, .Tan. 9. Cape of (jood Hope taken by 
 general Baird and ailmiral Sir Home Popliam, the 
 10th. Death of Mr. Pitt, the 23(1. in his 47th year. 
 New ministry appointed, in which Mr. Fox and 
 most of his friends are included, Feb. General 
 Picton tried for the torture of Louisa Calderon in 
 the island of Trinidad, and found guilty, Feb. 
 French subjugate Naples ; the English and Russian 
 array, and the royal family, retreating to Sicily. 
 Admiral Duckworth defeats a French squadron 
 near St. Domingo, take 3 ships of the line, and 
 destroys two, Feb. 6. Two French ships, (under 
 admiral Liuois,) having for a long time preyed upon 
 our East India trade, captured by Sir J. B. Warren, 
 March 13. The king of Prussia shuts the ports of 
 the North against the English, 2Kth ; takes de- 
 finitive possession of Hanover, April 1. Faiibargo 
 laid on Prussian vessels in British ports, the 5th. 
 Hostilities between the Swedes and Prussians on 
 the taking possession of Hanover by the latter, 
 the 23d. Violent discontents in America at the 
 conduct of British crnizers to their merchantmen. 
 Proclamation of the President of the United States, 
 on the 3d. of May, for the apprehending of the 
 captain of the English ship Leander, by a sliot I'roin 
 whioh John Pearce, an American sailor, was killed, 
 near the harbour of New York, April 26. Orders 
 issued to capture and destroy all Prussian vessels. 
 May 2!). Louis Bounaparte proclaimed king of 
 Holland, June 11. Lord Melville acquitted of the 
 impeachment preferred against him by the house 
 of Commons for the fraudulent application of 
 the public money while treasurer of the navy, the 
 12th. War formally declared in London against 
 Prussia, the l4th. Buenos Ayres taken from the 
 Spaniards by Sir Home Pophani, the 28th. The 
 
 magazine of Malta blown up, containing370 barrels 
 of gunpowder, and 1000 shells, and destroying or 
 wounding about lOlio persons, July IS. The em- 
 peror of Austria, Francis II. made a formal resig- 
 nation of the high oliice of emperor of (iermany, 
 Aug. 7. Buenos Ayres retaken, the I2lh, after aii 
 attack of 3 days. Death of the Right Hon. Charles 
 James Fox, Sept. 13. Sir Sanniel Hood took four 
 French ships heavy laden with troops, 11)6 2.0111. 
 Great battle of Jena, in which the French took 
 from the Prussians 200 pieces of cannon, 30 stand- 
 ards, and 28,000 prisone-rs, Oct. 14. 'I'he Turks 
 declare war against the Russians, Die. 30. 
 1807, The Dutch island of Curacoa surrendered to a 
 scpiadron of 4 British frigates, Jan. 1. flie J?ritish 
 troops, under the command of brigadier-general 
 Auchmuty, take possession of the town and citadel 
 of Monte Video, Feb. 3. The battle oJ Prussian 
 Eyiau, the islli. A l.ritish squadron, under the 
 command ol J. T. Duckworth, fails. in an attempt 
 to force the Porte to makepeace with his Britannic 
 majesty, March 1. Alexandria, in Egypt, taken 
 from the Turks by major-general Eraser, the 21st. 
 The English defeated at Rosetta, with the loss of 
 407 men, the.'ilst. Mutiny at Malta, began April 
 4, and ended on the night of the 12lh, when the 
 mutineers blew themselves up by setting tire to a 
 large magazine consisting of between 4 and 500 
 barrels of gunpowder. The English again defeated 
 in Egypt with the loss of about 1100 in killed and 
 ■wounded, the I9th. Chudleigh, a market town of 
 Devonshire, consisting ofabout 200 houses, entirely 
 consumed (7 houses and the churcii exci-pted) 
 without the loss of a human life, the 22d The 
 British parliament dissolved, the 27tli. Agreeable 
 loan act of parliament, no slave-ships are to clear 
 out of British ports after IMay 1. Insurrection in 
 Tinkey ; deposition and murder of their emperor 
 Selim HI. May. Dantzic surrendered to the 
 French, May 26. Mustap.ha IV. ascends the throne 
 of Turkey, the 2yth. The great battle of Fried, 
 land between the Russians and French, in which 
 the former were completely overthrown with the 
 lossof 80 pieces of cannon, and 17,000 men killed, 
 the l4th. The loss of the Russian army, in the 
 different actions at Spanden on the Sth, Deppen on 
 tlie 6th, (iiitstadt on the 8th, Heilsburg on the 
 loth, and Friedland on the 14th, amounts to 60,000 
 men in killed, wounded, and prisoners, 120 pieces 
 of cannon, and 7 standards. The French enter 
 Koningsberg, the 16th. An araiisfice concluded 
 between the Russians and French, the 22d. En- 
 gagement between the English shipof war Leopard, 
 and the American frigate Chesapeake, on account 
 of the refusal of the latter to be searched for sea- 
 men who had deserted the pjritish service, ibid. 
 Treaty of Tilsit, according to which llie Prussians 
 gave up all their possessions between the Rhine and 
 the I'.lbe, and also all their Polish dominions, (o 
 the disposal of Napolean, July 6. British attack 
 on Buenos Ayres, under lieutenant-general White- 
 locke, in which they were repulsed, ibid. All South 
 America to be evacuated in two months from July 
 17. The republic of Ragusa annexed to the king- 
 dom of Italy, Aug. 14th. The British troops land 
 without opposition on the island of Zealand, before 
 Copenhagen, the 16th. The Swedes evacuate 
 Stralsund, the 2lst. An armistice concluded be- 
 tween the Russians and Turks, the 21th. The 
 garrison of Copeidiagen capitulate to the British 
 troops, after a severe bombardment of 3 days, 
 Sept. 6. The capitulation ratified, the 7th, agree 
 able to which the Danish fleet, consisting of 17 
 ships of the line, 12 frigates, &c. is to be delirereJ 
 
 a27
 
 OUTLINE OF AxNTIENT AND MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 up to the English, and Zealand to be evacuated 
 by the Brilisli in 6 weeixs. Alexandria evacuated 
 by the En^'lish, the 2-2H. Portugal shuts her ports 
 against tlie English, Oct. 20. The Russians de- 
 clare war against England, the -aetli. The English 
 government declares France in a state of blockade, 
 Njv. il. Declaration of the French govenuuent 
 that the house of Braganza shall reign no longer, 
 ibid. The prince regent of Portugal sails from 
 Lisbon for the Brazils, the 29th. The French 
 enter Lisbon, ibid. Etruria delivered up by Spain 
 to France, the 10th. French imperial decrees of 
 Nov. 23, Dec. 17, and 26, 1807, Jan. 11, 1808, &c. 
 restricting the commerce of neutral powers. Jerorae 
 Buonaparte issues his proclamation on his accession 
 to the throne of Westphalia, Dec. 17. Th* English 
 declare war against Russia, the 18th. Anenibargo 
 laid bv Congress on all vessels of the United States, 
 the 22d. 
 
 lOOQ, Pops? Pius \T. protests against the demands of the 
 Fren,.!), Feb. 2. Frederic VII. proclaimed king 
 fo Denmark, March 16. The duke of Berg enters 
 IVladrid witn a French array, April 24. Insurrec- 
 tion in Madrid, May 2. The king and princes of 
 the house of Bourbon cede their rights to the throne 
 of Spain, 5th to tiie lOlli. The pope's territories 
 annexed to the kingdom of Italy, 21st. Joseph 
 Buonaparte declared king of Spain, June 6. A 
 French squadron at Cadiz surrenders to the 
 Spaniards, 14th. Prince Miirat proclaimed king 
 of the two Sicilies, Aug. 1. Defeat of the French 
 in Portugal by Sir A. VVellesley, 21st. Convention 
 of Cintra, by which the French, &c. evacuate 
 Portugal, 30th. Meetings of the emperors of 
 France and Paissia at Erfurth, Sept. 27. Buonaparte 
 leaves Paris for Spain, 30th. The French re-enter 
 Madrid, Dec. 4. General Moore's army obliged 
 to retreat from the interior of Spain. 
 
 180y, General Moore's army attacked at Corunna by the 
 French, who were repulsed ; but general Moore 
 killed, and in the evening the remains of the array 
 hastily embark, Jan. 16. Charges brought against 
 the duke of York by col. Wardcl, 27. The king 
 of Sweden deposed by his subjects, March 13. 
 War between France and Austria, April 9. The 
 Austrians defeated at Abersberg, Landshut, Ech- 
 inuhl, and Ratisbon, with great loss, 20th to 23d. 
 The French enter Vienna, May I3tli. The French 
 army, in an attack upon the Austrians, in imminent 
 danger by the destruction of the Itridges over the 
 Danube, 21st. The French cross the Danube, and 
 carry the Austrian eBtrenchments, July 4th and 
 6th ; defeat their army at Wagram, and oblige the 
 
 Archduke Charles fo sue for a truce, which is gra.it 
 ed, 12th. Battle of Talavera, in wliich the French 
 are repulsed, but llie British ami Spanish armies 
 retreat a few days after, 21st. The latter end of 
 this month a British expedition of 100,000 land and 
 sea forces, commanded by the ear! of Chatham, sail 
 to the coast of Holland. The British government 
 refusing to ratify the engagements oftheir ambas- 
 sador, Mr. Erskine, with America, the President 
 renews the ponintercourse act, Aug. 9. Flusiiing 
 surrenders, 15th. The beginning of Sept. the 
 British expedition returns from Holland, without 
 accomplishing its objects. Lord Castlereagh and 
 Mr. Canning, two of the privy council, fight a'duel, 
 21sf. His majesty entering on the fiftieth >;ear of 
 his reign, Ihedav was observed as a national jubilee, 
 Oct. 26. ■ 
 
 1810, The spire of St. Nicholas's church, Liverpool, fell, 
 
 and killed and maimed several 'persons, Sunday, 
 Jan. 11. Buonaparte dissolves his marriage with 
 Josephine, Jan. 14. Married to Maria Louisa, 
 archduchess of Austria, .April 1. His decree for 
 annexing Holland to France, July 9. Bernadotte 
 nominated crown prince of Sweden, .August 18. 
 Parliament met, and his majesty's indisposition 
 announced, Nov. 1. ' 
 
 1811, Prince of Wales appointed regent, Feb. 6. French 
 
 begin their retreat from Portugai,,Maich 5. Buo- 
 naparte a son born, (king of Rome) March 23. 
 Cieneral Beresford defeats Soult at .Albuera, May 
 16. Lord Wellington repulses Massena's army 
 before Almeida, May 5. The French garrison 
 evacuate Almeida, May 11. French take Tarra- 
 gona by Storm, June 28> Batavia taken by the 
 English, Aug. 8. Suchet defeated general Blake, 
 and redirced the town and fortress of Sagentuin, 
 Oct. 25. "General Girard surprised and defeated 
 by Gen. Hill, Oct. 28. Dreadful murder of Mr. 
 Marr and family at Ilatcliffe Highway, Dec. .S. 
 IMurder of Mr. Williamson and family at Ratclifle 
 Highway, Dec. 20. 
 
 1812, Blake defeated and Valentia taken by Suchet, Jan. 9. 
 
 The king of Sicily abdicates his throne, Jan. 16. 
 Lord Wellington takes Ciudad.Rodrij;o by storm, 
 Jan. 19. Lord Wellington takes Badajoz by storm, 
 April 6. Mr. Perceval shot by Bellingham, May 
 12. Bellingham executed before Newgate, May 13. 
 General Hill defeats'the French at Almarez, May 
 19. The British orders in council revoked, Juno 
 24. Peace between England Russia, and Sweden, 
 July 18. Lord Wellington defeats Marmont, July 
 27. Lord Wellington enters Madrid, Aug. It. 
 
 FINIS. 
 
 Jiriqhtly and Glalds, printert, Bvnc[mfj
 
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