', ^;,'i.-.-,' .;r-.y,..-,<.^-x
»A?
v/ia3AiNn-3\\v ^iojiiVDjo^' '^iojnv>jo>^
'^
jj.OFCAllFOS'^
'^<?Aav!iari :
^.OFCAIIFOP^
^>i;OFCAllFO%
'^<?Aavagn# '^^^Aavaaiii^
^lOSANCElfjv.
o
3 vr ^
%a3AINfl3l\V^
■3^
irvjjO'
^AllIBRARYOc.
■^1 <r^i
Nli l.^<S>^,
=0
^OJITVOJO'^
.^Wt■^I^JlVERS/A
^lOSANCFlfjv
^J313DNVS01^
"^aaAiNdJftV
^lllBRARYO/;^ ^tllBRARYQr
%oi\mi<ii^
\oi\mi^'^
iAIN,l]\W
'^% ^OFCAllFOff^
t ^
--uxmami'^
■' ^1
^.,
.^WEUNIVER5•/A
5"
^lOSANCElfj-^
CO
v/ja3AiNn]ftV*
^OFCAIIFOS"^
^OFCAIIFO/?^
CD
^OAbvaain^ -iGAavaaiii^
Or
)i
.viffiA^mrr.
g^^i
.vvT- ^^ ^UIBRARYQ^;^
Al^tUNIVERS/A
^lOSANCElfj-^
o
<rj]3Msm^ '^^/smm-i^
DO
: T<
4.0FCA11FOP-'.
2 =
^(?AavaaiH\'^'^ ^OAavaaiH'^
C3
^lOSANCElfj^
<rji3%v<;m^ ^aiAiNnmv
V/iaaAINilJit
;Ni^'
•aOSANCElfj>
^5^l•LiBRARYQ<
,-?
^tllBRARYQc
^tfOJIWOJO'^
A\MIBf?A(tY/?/
Atirnpiv
i I
%.
■'&A(lVllyll■i\•^'
AV^EUNivER.T//, v\tnvAN'r,f[/;ry,
'\m";i\'
\INI1-3\\V
vinvAvcri/:
^
A\TI
:nrTA!!rn;?<..
%{^:
-<
■'^ i
WVSDr
uorr.'
o
^.^* »-..§ ^.-'» ^.^
^Oi-CAilfO/?^
^<?Aavaani^'^
^OFCAllFOff^
^^AavaaiiiN^'
^WF rNIVFR.V//>, ^lOSANCElfj>
"^^/^a^AINllJftV^
• \\r lA'ivrp-
i^^')l s
:ns,wr,fifj-
1 n v7 S
i^^
-<
S5
^TiUDNVSOl^ %83AINnmV
o.^ ^^
^.!/OJnVD-J(..
'^\ ^OfCAllfORV
?
.^WEUNIVER%
^rjlJDNVSOV^^
vvlOSANCElfXx
■v/sa]MNn-3Wv
^.of-CAiiFo;;>f.
^<?Aavaan-iY^ ^<?Aav)i;
. V in^;:!
% ^MlOSANCftfjv,
'^
11^^ "^/ya^AiNn-jftv*
-yi O
^lllBRARYi?/'
Mi
.-\;QFCAllfO%,
^^tllBRARY(?/-
^-^OJITOJO'*^
^OFCAllFOMto
^MfUNIVEB5/A
>-
.^WEUNIVERJ/A
11^ %aMiNn-3ftV^
^<?Aava8iii'^
^^Aavaaii'i'^
%
o
?3
^fSiaDNVSOV"^
''^/iajAiNamv'
■%a3AiNn-3i\v*
'''faodiivj-jo^
^OFCAllF0ff,(
^<?Aavaaiii'x^'
^(?/^ ^tllBRARYQ<
5MEUNIVER%
v^lOSANCElf/^
^nwmm^ ^/iaaAiNnmv"
^:^l•llBRARYQc
^^tllBRARY(?/-
33
.^\^E•UNIVER%
% ^OFCAllFOff^
fi
# ^(?Aavaaii#
.§
.\rtEUNIVERy/A
<ri]]ONVSoi^
AjclOSANCFlfjv.
"^/iaJAiNn-Jwv^
^OF'CAltF0%
oc _
on
^OFCAIIFOP^ ^^ME•UNIVERJ•/^
•>&AavaaiH^ ■^<?AavaaiH'<^ ^riijoNvsoi^
^lOSAf
% A>;lOSANCElf/^ ^^l■llBRARY(9/^ -^lllBRARYQc
\^ '^/ya3AiNn-3\\v'
^^mnm-i^'^ %oi\mi^'^
A\\EUNlVERy//,
<fJ13D,NVS0\^
^lOSANCElfj-^
%a3AINn-3WV^
^IIIBRARYO/;
<.
^<!/0JllV0JO'^ ■^<!/ojm
^>:lOSANCE[fXx
"^AaaAiNdJiw^
^OF-CAIIFO/?^
>&Aavaai]i'^
^OFCAllFOff^
,\VEUNIVERJ'/A
^OAavaan-i^ ^-TinoNvsoi^'^
^lOSANCElfj-^
■>■
"^/iajAiNn-awv^
^OFCAIIFO%
if
'0^^ ^xNtllBRARYQ^
■" ■3;
10^ ^<!/0JllVJJO"^
^WEUNIVERj•/A
<ri130NVS0V"<"
% ^0FCAIIF0% .\WEDNIVERJ//,
^lOSANCElfjVx
%a3AINn-3WV^
^lOS-ANCElfj-^
^IIIBRARYQ^ ^lllBRARYO/r
ii
%jiivjjo^ '^wjnvjjo'^
.«\,0FCAIIF0% ,-;;OFCALlF0%
^'^
<^
i ii
j-aiM."
1^1^^
NATHAN.CCLIi;
■^..
s
{
i
'}
■}
>
7
I
r-^
* ;^?^ft(ff^„,„^ s^^T^li^^m:-
■ Jui.i^jhi-,/ f.y J^J<yn/urMey.Jti.:-
^'^^-m'
BARCLAY'S
UNIVERSAL DICTIONARY
CONTAINING
AN EXPLANATION OF DIFFICULT WORDS AND TECHNICAL TERMS,
ALGEBRA,
ANATOMY,
ARCHITECTUEE,
AUITHMETIC,
ASTRONOMY,
ROTA NY,
CHEMISTRY,
DIALLING,
DIVINITY,
GARDENING,
GEOGRAPHY,
GEOMETRY,
GRAMMAR,
GUNNERY,
HERALDRY,
HIEROGLYPHICS,
WHETHER IN
HISTORY,
HUSBANDRY,
HYDRAULICS,
HYDROSTATICS,
LAW,
LOGIC,
MATHEMATICS,
MECHANICS,
MILITARY ART,
MUSIC,
NATUHAI. HISTORY,
NAVIGAIION,
OPTICS,
PAINTING,
PERSPECTIVE,
PHIOLSOPHY,
PNEDMATICS,
POETRY,
PRINTING,
RllETOItTC,
SCULPTURE,
SURGERY,
SURVEYING,
TRIGONOMETI!
A PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY,
IN WHICH THE PROPER SOUNDS OF ENGLISH WORDS ARE SO GIVEN, THAT BOTH NATIVES AND
FOREIGNERS MAY ACQUIRE A JUST PRONUNCIATION:
LIKEWISE
The Originofeach fVord; withits different Memings omisionally iUustraled ly Authoi ities, properly accented, and follnwcd by initial Letters drnoliii^
the Part of Speech to midch it is appropriuled ; the Differences pointed out between Words esteemed Symnymom ;
AN EPITOME OF THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND,
ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY UNDER EVERY SOVEREIGNS NAME;
A DESCRIPTION OF
THE VARIOUS STATES, PROVINCES, AND CHIEF TOWNS OF THE KNOWN WORLD;
A STATEMENT OF THE
^ttt^ antj ©iDisionij of tije (2ribni»t(an dtWvti) ;
Together with a brief History of the Propliets and Apostles; an Account of the Comities, Cities, and Marltet Towns in Great Britai;i,
with their Distances from London ; and a Collection of our most Common Proverbs.
TO WHICH ARE ADDED,
A CHRONOLOGICAL SERIES OF REMARKABLE EVENTS,
FROM THE CIIEATION OF THE WORLD TO THE PRESEKT PERIOi) ;
A SKETCH OF THE CONSTITUTION, GOVERNMENT, AND TRADE OF GREAT BRITAIN
WITH A
BRIEF LIST OF SOME OF THE MOST EMINENT MEN OF LEARNING AND GENIUS;
TO WHICH AEE PREFIXED,
a dl?r« ^Jnquirg into tfie ^ntiqufta of betters y
A SHORT ESSAY ON IKE OBIGIN AND ANTIQUITY OF THE ENGLISH TONGUF, ; AND AN KASIf INTRODIJCTION TO
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
BY THE REV. JAMES BARCLAY.
A NEir JND IMPROVED EDITION.
Hon&on :
PUBLISHED BY J m'gOWAN, GREAT WINDMILL STREET,
HAYMARKET
s
I
2)5.3 u.
BARCLAY 8 DICTIONARY,
ENLARGED AND IMPROVED.
N. B. In this edition, *. stands for substan-
tive, a. for adjective, ad. for adverb, v. for
verb, V. a. for verb active, v. n. for verb
neuter, part, for participle, prep, for prepo.
sition, ^c.
FREE INQUIRY
INTO THk
ORIGIN AND ANTIQUITY OF LETTERS.
BTTHB
•^^
ABBOT ANSELM,
Member of the Royal Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres at Paris. *
■y^.«v#s#-.#>«-^»-.^s<v^^.»s»s«>^^^>#v»^^«v»-^^sr.*>#'^-<v^
NOTWITHSTANDING it would be a concern of no
small importance, to be capable of riglitly informing
you, at what particular time the art of writing, or use of let-
ters, was first found out ; \et I must ingenuously acknow-
ledge ray insufficiency to resolve so abstruse, so mysterious
a secret. ■ All that I shall pretend to is, to collect, out of
various conjectures, those opinions on so critical a topic, to
which some of the most learned and judicious antiquarians
have paid a more than ordinary deference and.regard.
Nothing doubtless could be ot greater service ; nothing
could possibly be more entertaining to human life, than an
ability of recollecting what was past, and of giving an esta-
blished being, as it were, to the sentiments of the soul, by
virtue whereof, we might transmit theii down to the latest
posterity, without«the least variation.
This, one would imagine, indeed, nature might have
prompted mankind to have accomplished ; and yet, it must
be allowed, it was ao arduous task, a discovery of the last
importance.
We are sensiUe, however, as profound as the secret was,
it has been found out ; and it is self-evident, that custom,
from its being first brought to light, not only received, but
established and confirmed it.
Such authors as give the least antiquity at all to the in-
vention of letters, ascribe the honour of it to Moses. Others,
however, will not admit that it could ever possibly be disco-
vered by any human penetration, by any dint of lliought,
how profound, how deep soever; and for that reason give
God alone the glory of it ; and peren)ptcrily insist, that the
knowledge of letters had never been found out to the final
dissolution of all things, had not the Alaiighty condescended
to have written the decalogue, or ten commandments, on
two tables of stone, with his own right hand, in which was
interspersed (as they very shrewdly observe) all the letters in
general of the Hebrew alphabet, »he teth only excepted.
And on what reasons that conjecture is grounded, we shall
remark by the bye ; though we cannot allow them to be
conclusive
Thus far we will admit, indeed, that the art of letters
was known only by a tew,an(l but very little practised before
the law was delivered to Moses upon Mount Sinai ; and we
will farther admit, that divers nations have bi en, time imme-
morial, without it ; and this has been the main, if not the sole
occasion of those confused and absurd accounts that we find
not only in the antient stories of those nations, but in the
religion and genealogies of their gods.
These concessions, however, are no convnicing evidence,
that the art of letters was altogether unknown, that Moses
had no manuscripts, no historical memoirs in his custody,
which had been preserved, as an invaluable treasure, with
the utmost care and circumspection, in the families of his
predecessors.
Now those who peremptorily assert, that the art of letters
was a human, and not a divine invention, and that we are
indebted to the superior knowledge and profound penetra-
tion of Moses for that inestimable blessing, produce the fol-
lowing arguments to strengthen their con.iecture.
Moses, 'say they, never quotes any book prior to his law;
that not the least hint is given either of letters, or the art
of writing in such places, where, had it been discovered at
all, due notice had doubtless been taken of it ; and again,
that ifthe commemoration offormergreatand heroic actions
had been preserved, such memoirs, or historical account'*
could liave been transmitted to their descendants no other
wise than by word of moulh ; or, in other terms, by orai
tradition.
How plausible, or how convincing soever, this argument
may possibly be to the abettors of that opinion, 1 shall not
take upon me lo determine ; yet there are some very eminent
and learned antiquarians, who strenuously oppose it; and •»•
a
iv
ON THE ANTIQUITY OF LETTERS.
list that Moses himself lias qiiolcil a hook anterior to his own
Fentateiicli ; for in the xxi. cli;iiiterof liis hook of Numbers,
(after having eivcn a snccinct iRcoiiiit of the several places
where the children of Israel had pitched their tents in the
wilderness, which was before Moab,) he proceeds thus :
" Wherefore, it is siid in the Rook of the Wars of the Lord,
what he did in the Red Sea, and in the brooks of Arnon and
at the stream of the brooks ihat <;oeth down to the dwelling
of Ar, an<l lietli tipoii ilie border of Moab."
Now, though it must be grantcil, that many of the most
judicious literati are much divided in their opinions concer-
ning that treatise, as beins a work, of which but very few have
the least transient idea ; vet St. Austin ima^'iiie--, in his com-
mentaries on llie book of Numbers, that it was not theconipo-
sition eilherof any patriarch or prophet, but written by those
very nations llieni5elvcs that had been conquered by their
enemies, and looked upon that war so fatal to them, as to
deserve the title that it bore. And then ihatgreat author goes
on, and tells us, that when Moses makes mention of that l)r>ok
he bestows no greater authority upon it, than St. I'aiil has
given to a Grecian poet, when he had quoted a short passage
from his W(nks ; this however, notwilhslanding the gloss that
is put upon it, is in our humble opinion, n self evident proof,
tJiat treatise was written long before the birth of .Moses.
Furthermore, those who insist, that we are indebted to
Moses for the invention of letter*, pretend, that not the least
notice is taken of this art, in divers circilinstanCes of such
moment and importance, as that, had there bteii any prior
knowledge of it, it is higlilv prol)able they would have been
committed to writing. When .•Muahaui, say they, sent Eli-
ezer into ^lesopnlamia.to settle and adjust the marriage arti-
cles Ijetween Isaac and Ilebekah, not one line was written ;
no eredenlials had that failhful servant to show from his mas-
ter, even on so solemn an occasion. Again, say these ad-
vocates for Moses, when Isaac had those wells dug up,
which the Philistines had filled with earth and stones ; we
have no other account of that remarkable occurrence than
this, that after they were opened bv his orders, he gave them
the same names that his fallier had done before hinj. Again,
say they, when the patriarch Jacob had erected, at Belh-el,
the stone which he had made use of as a pillow, in comme-
moration iif his vision in that place, there is not llie least
iccouiit <if any inscription having been made upon il.
Once more, when Joseph's Firelhren, say they, went down
into l'.gvpt,as we hnd it recorded in the xlii. chapter of Ge-
nesis ; and when Joseph sent (or his dearly beloved brother
Benjamin, as we (iud that affectionate circumstance told in
tile xliii. chapter of the same book, not a word was wrilten
pither from the son to the father, jr rice vi-rxa, on so momen-
tous an occasion. And. from this presumption, the admirers
of Moses infer, that letters, or the use of writing, was not
known in those days ; but, with submission, (hose plausible
arguiiienis seem to me lobe no wavs conclusive.
Job lived, il is iiuiversallv allowed, long before iVfoses had
any existence ; and his hislory must, in all probability, have
been written long before Moses composeil his Pentateuch.
Some, h.>w<!ver, il -iiv that the last conjecture is just; for
ifthat had bi-en matter of fact, say ihey, jNIoses would never
l«ve omilli'd such an illustrious exam pie of patience to thein-
cessa'it murmurs and coinplaiiitsofhis discontented Israelites;
nay, farther, it is imagined, that Job laboured under his se-
vere alHielioMS, even at ihal very time, when the Israelites
were nn'h'r F.gvptiau liondagi' ; fiu- there is not so much as
<me word mentioned eilherof the law or of the prophets, in
the long dialogues which passed helweeii Job and his most
miserable comforters, styled his friends; neither is there,
indeed, Ih ■ li'a->t hint conc'Mning the one or the other,
throughout til.' longcmfcrenci- which (iod Almighty voiich-
y.)fed lohiild wi htlial iiio,t itpriglil.lhonglulislressed prince.
To ill" abovr alh'gation our ri'plv is this ; It would he very
presumptiMus to fix the lime when (hat hislory was wrilten,
or by wliofii ; tliough it be received as canonical, and coiisc-
qiieiilly as composed by divine iHspiriition. For it is mere
,:>Nijec{ur«,aiid iiothiii{; more, tliutiiouie aitcribe it to Mo6rs i
some again to the prophet Isaian ; and others with more pro-
babilil) of king Solomon, who, it is well known, was thorough-
ly versed in dialogical discoveries and prudential maxims.
It is universally allowed, likewise, that he was master of
the most sublime poetry, and no stranger to the style of the
Arabians, as may rationally be presumed from his conversa-
tion with the queen of Sheba.
It cannot, 1 ihink, be fairly denied, however, but that Job
was acquainted with the art of writing, or the use of let-
ters and the various nielhods, that in histime were made use
of ill engraving on both lead and stone: — for in the xix.
chapter of that hook is the following very remarkable expos-
tulation ; " Oh that my words were now wrilten ! Oh that
" they were printed in a book! That they were graven with
" an iron pen and lead in the rock forever!"
Now he could not, doubtless, have talked in this style, or
expressed himself in such direct terms, had the use of letters,
or the art of ivriting, been absolutely unknown in his days.
But to proceed : — The knowledge of this art must needs
be very aiilient; since the apostle St. Jude takes particular
notice oflhc book of Knocli, «ho was the seventh patriarch
alter Adam, and prophesied of these, says the inspired pen-
man, that is to say, of those false teachers, againstwhom he
had before pronounced his anathema, in the Illhverse;
" Woe ! uiilo them, says he ; for they have gone in the way of
" Cain, and ran greedily after the errorof Balaam for reward,
" and perished in ihegain-saying of Core." And after this,
he quotes the full&wiiig very remarkable passage from the
Book of Kiioch, in the Mth, 15th, and 16th verses; " And
" I'lnoch also, the seventh from Adam, prophesied of these ;
" saying, Bihold ! the Lord cometli wiih ten thousand of his
" saints, to execute judgment upon all, and to convince all
" that are ungodly among them, of all their ungodly deeds,
" « liicli they have ungodly committed, and of all their hard
" speeches, which ungodly sinners have spoken against him.
" These are murmurers, complainers, walking after their
" own lusts; and their month speaking great swelling words,
" having men's persons in admiration, because of advantage. '
And Tertullian is of opinion that the book of Enoch was ei-
ther preserved in the ark, or restored by Noah, who was
perfectly well acquaiii(e;l with the contents of it.
Now "though we are ready to acknowledge that the book
of Enoch, thus quoted by St. Jude, is not canonical ; yet we
humbly conceive, it is a proof sufficient for our present pur-
pose ; "since it is agreed, that not only that book, but divers
others, cited in the Book of Kings, were not received either
by the Jews or Christians [as St. Austin assures us] as cano-
nical, for no other reason, but because they were so very an-
tieiit; because many faults might probably have crept into
them tliroii!;h ihe succession of ages. And lastly, because we
cannot be satisfactorily assured, that they were the authentic
works of those holy men whose names they bear.
As thisbook in particular,lio\vever, as wellasdivers others,
are quoted by the inspir-il penmen of the sacred scripture*,
it cannot fairly be denie<l, but that they nre very old ; ai ..
from thence we conceive, il may justly be conciuifed, that
the use ot letters, or the art of writing was well known
before the publication of I he Pentateuch by Moses.
J osephus assures us, that we are beholden to the children of
Selli for the science of astrology ; and because Adam had
given them previous notice, that the world wnnlil in time he
dissolved by water ami fire, they were so solicitous lest their
favourile science should he lost, before men might havesiitfi-
cieiit lime to become maslersof it, thai they were determined
to erect two columns or pillars, one of brick, and the other
of stone, on each of which the learning they lia(lac(|iiire(l was
accurately engraven ; that in case the deluge should destroy
the former,tlie latter, however,miglii possibly stand itsground,
and transmit to posterity those useful and imporlaiit articles,
which they ha<l inscribed upon it with such unwearied dili-
gence and ap|ilicatioii. And to this aLCount Joxephiis adds,
that ill his time one of those pillars was actually to be seen
in Syria.
Tiiuu;;h there are some learned men, who deny this to be
ON THE ANTIliUITY OF LETTERS.
VII
matter of fact because if is vor>' uncertain vvliellier tlieclnl-
liren of Sclli were ever iiiliiihitanls of I'lilcsliiic.or not ; >ct it
proves tliiis far, lliat, even from that lime llic ail of ciii^iav-
ing, or iiiseriplioii, was in some measure luiouii ; iIiouhIi
not carried lo tliat pitcli of fierfcction, it cillrrv\arJs was,
ill the land of F.fjypt.
Vo»sius proposes tile following slirewd question : It llie
use of fellers, <ir llie art of Nvriliii^', savs lie, iiad not l)een
known belbrc tlie dcealnj^'ue was delivered to Moses, ^liieli
way coul<l the Israelites have read the law, as they were
obfil^fd lodo liy divine command.
Tli'ise «lio insist lliat iloses was the first inventor of let-
ters, ar;,'uefioin wlial St. Austin asserts, that iMoses appointed
masters lo loath Ihein.
But we freely appeal hereto (he impartial and unprejudiced
reader, whether such a weak answer as that, is sutlicienlly
convineins against Vossiiis' inquiry ? and whether those
masters, wiioin St. Austin supposes only to be appointed by
Moses, i)e any proof at all, lluit there were no suth ihinjis as
characters, nor any such art as that of w riling', l>no',\ n before
tlie two tables of sto'ie were eii^r;;ved by the linger of God ;
or indeed, befviic Moses himself was born ?
And foiasnuicli as all the people were obliged, not only to
read the l.nv, but lo transcribe it likewise, a great many
masters must inevitably be wanted for the instruct ion of every
man, as ihi-y are, evi'ii at this day, absolutely necessary to
qualify nuiukind fi(r ihe most easy sciences, and for suth
ntlairo as are of the least moment and importauce.
All that can be said in short, amounts to no more tlian
ibis : namely, Tliat the use of letters was but very little
known amongst a nation, whose principal employment was
Lusbandry, and who were unacquainted with any other pro-
fession than that of a shepherd.
It is an established Motion amongst the Greeks, that they
are indebted lothe Phceniciansfor their know ledge of letters.
Heredotus assures ns, that the lonians gave the title of
Diphtheria to all their books, because they were written
upon goat-skius; and that they called all letters Phtenician,
because it was a received opinion amongst lliem, that one
Cadmus had brousht thein out of the country of PhcBnicia.
And here we cannot forbear introducing the subsequent beau-
tiful passage, extracted from Lucaiis' Pharsaiia :
" Phoenices, pn'mi, /(im(P *i cieilitur, aiisi
" Mansitriim nidi Ims vocem sigHarf fy'iris ;
" lioniiiinvjiumini'n.i Memphis roiitrrprc hihins
** Nnvfrat ; et saxis ttntinm vohwresqite fvvaijue
" Sculptaqiie scrvuhant magicas ammalia linguas."
Thus accurately paraphrased by the late iiigrniou}
Mr. P.owe:
1' Plu^iiciarts first, if antient fame be true,
" The sacred mystery of 'etters knew ;
'* They first, by sound, by various lines design'd,
" Express'd the meaning of tlie thinking mind ;
" The pow'r of words by figures rude convey 'd,
" And useful science everlasting made."
From this passage it is evident, that the Egyptians, long
before the common way of writing was found out, were ac-
rustomed to inscribe upon rocks the figures of a great variety
of brutes, a dumb sort of language, to which arbitrary meau.
ings were ascribed.
Moreover, Quintus Curlius, having occasion to expatiate
on the celebrated city of Tyre, assures us that the Pheenici-
«ns were the first inventors of Letters, and the first 'hat ever
eominunicated the knowledge of them to others.
However, whether thai be absolutely tiict or not, it must
bo allowc<l, that letters wore very aniioiit among them, for
Tully peremptorily insists, that (Jreece bad I'oets before Ho-
lder ; and Eusebius gives us a long catalogue or list of hii-
tieiit aulhois, whuse works were never Iraiisiiiiltrd down to
lis i such, ('It iijstiiiice, as Linus, I'bilaiiioii, 'i hauiirus, Am-
pliion, Oi plans, M usa,'us, Epimenides, ami divers others too
tedious lii'ic to enumerate.
Those letters, which Cadmus had taught the Greeks, were
carried, as is supposed, into Italy by one Evauder, an Arca-
dian. And thereniHin I'etrus (Jrluiius, who Hdinisiicd in the
year l.^tM, and was impil to one I'oliliaiiiis, in his poems on
education; and l.ibhis Giialdus, who lived in the. I.'itli
century, and Vossius likowise, quote the following verses
which were found in i-.n old manuscript ; namely,
" Prinvis Hebraas Moies exaravit Literal ;
" Mciilc P'itriiiies sagiici contMeriinl Allicas ;
" Quas Latiiti sci iiititumus cdidit JSiaiclratu."
That is lo say, Moses was the inventor of the Hebrew
cliaraclers ;
'J'I'.e !'li(cnicians taught the Greeks their letters ;
And Nicoslrala (who was tlie mother of Evauder) was the
first that introfliiced them amongst the Italians.
We are a.'sured likewise, by Pliny, that Cadmus bestowcrl
sixleen letters, or characters, upon the Greeks; ihat the
antient Ionic letters, bore a near resemblance to those made
use of by the riirenicians, and that those Ionic characters
were nearly the same willi those made use oi bv the Lalins.
.And.Scahger.in iiis Critical Heuiarkson Eusebius, pereuip.
torily asserts, that the Assyrian and I'lifenician letters bear
a very near affinity lo the Samaritan tliaracleis, which were
made use of by the Jews in general, before the Babylonish
captivity.
P.ut be that as it may, we may boldly assert, that the
knowledge of letters was very aniieiil in Egypt. If we may
credit Diodorns Siculus, he iells us, that the Egyptians laid
claim to that grand, that important invention, which some
insist was beyond the power of man to contrive (as we have
hinted before ;) but then they themselves ackiiow ledge, that
it was long after they had made use of living animals lo ex-
press their thoughts.
That the art of writing was very antient amongst them, is
very evident ; for Tacitus informs us, that one Germanicus
paid a visit lo antient Thebes, where inconteslible marks of
Its former grandeur and opulency were even then to be read
in Egyptian characters.engraved on obelisks for that purpose.
On them were inscribed the several important articles here
iinder-nieiitioned : namely, first, the tribute which was an-
nually paid by the inhabitants; secondly, the weight of
their gold and silver; thirdly, the number of their horses
and their arms; fourthly, the ivory and perfumes that were
pecuHarly devoted to the ser-'iceof their temples; a4»d last-
ly, the taxes or imposts that were laid on all kinds of grain
in particular, and on every commodity in general, either
imported or exported.
It must be confessed, that he could not read them himself,
but they were explained to him by an antient priest ; for,
according to Diodorus Sicnius, none but the Egyptian priests
could interpret such inscriptions.
Now all this is, in our humble op.nio.n, a proof, beyoml all
contradiction, of the great antiquity of the use of letteis
and_ the art ofinscriptions.
To conclude : We are assured by Valerius Maximus, that
Pythagoras, when he visited Egypt, made himself master of
their cbaracters, by the instruction of more Egyptian priests
than one; and that having consulted several books, which
were intrusted to their care, he found the history of a great
number of aj;es comprehended in thetn.
A SHORT E8SAY
ON THE
OrJ"-iii and Antiquity of the English Tongue ;
ANJJ
Its Superior Excellence to any other Modern Language.
As all languages in general have their infancy, their
nonage, and their state of perfection, like the polite
arts and sciences, to the knowledge whereof we attain in
process of time, and by slow degrees ; so by the same
slow and almost imperceptible gradations, they lose their
pristine beauties ; they fade, they droop, they decay, till at
len^tli they sink into perpetual oblivion.
Ihis is a truth too self evident to be denied; for the Go-
thic language, to whicii the English tongue owes its exis-
tence, is now no more, and altogether unknowns and the
Saxon, which succeeded it, is grown so obsolete, so darkly
expressed and hard to be understood ! that only a few of
our British Virtuosi, whose taste or genius naturally leads
them to make their researciies into the Arcana of antiquity,
can form the least adequate idea of its beauties.
However, notwitiistanding we natives of England owe our
mothcr-toiifriie to the Goths ; yet the antient Britons, our
truly heroic ancestors, wiio were first possessed of these
happj Inlands, spoke a language widely different from ours,
before thev were conquered by Juliits Cwsar, being a people
we now call the Wuhh, and may with propriety enough, be
looked upon by us as the Aborii^ino of Britain; since C.TIS AR
himself acknowledges in the hflh hook of his universally ad-
mired commoUaries, " that they were the inhabitants of its
interior parts:" and the languajje, which was first spokct
there, had a quite difTereiit origin from ours; though from
whence it had its source we confess ourselves at a loss tc
determine.
•No sooner, however, had Casar and the liomans in general
abandoned the British islanils, but our ancestors, in their
distress, gave an invitation to the <Va^o)i< to aid and assist
them, against the .S^cefs and J'uls, who had not only greatly
Imrassed and pecplejted them, but had actually in7aded
their country.
By tlie assistance of the Saxmu, it is true, those enemies,
whose too frequent incursions they so much dreaded, were
totally defeated i but then, soon af'ter that glorious conquest
was gained, those false friends, whom they so highlv respert-
cd and caressed, played the ungratefnl parti and not only
turned their arms upon their benefactors, but were so suc-
cessful intheirtreacherousproceedings.thattheunconquered
part of those Britons was reduced to the necessity of flying;
to the mountains of Wales for shelter and protection, inso-
much that the Welsh language was no longer understood in
these our British islands; and the Saxon oiily universally
prevailed.
It is.morally impossible to trace out the form of that lan-
guage, when it was first introduced into England, that is to
say, so far back as the year 450 ; for at that time, the Saxons
were a people so barbarous, so illiterate, and artless, that
some of our antiquarians have much doubted whether they
ever had any established alphabet for the instruction of
their youth. Neither have we any just grounds to imagine,
that they ever made any considerable proficiency in the
study of the arts and sciences, till an hundred and thirty
years afterwards; at which time St. y!i«/in came amongst
them with the praise-worthy view of prevailing on them, if
possible, to embrace the Christian faith ; and met with suc-
cess beyond his warmest expectations.
After this their happy conversion, indeed, they began to
apply their minds to study, and by slow degrees improved
themselves in polite literature; insomuch, that about one
hundred and thirty years afterwards, one bishop Eadfrule.
wlio .vas at that time universally admired for liisunaHecled
piety ana sanctity of manners, wrote a well received corti-
eut n the inspired writings of the four most holy eimt.
Xelists.
In the year 871, Alfred the Grfi/t came to the crown of
England, when the Danes were in the very heart of his
doniinidiis, and all the sea ports were filled with their fleets.
After ilivers battles with various success, finding himself at
last overpowered by nund)ers, he was reiUued to the ne-
cessity of dismissing his very attendants; and having com-
niitted his wife and children to the care of some of his
most loving and loyal subjects, he went in disguise to the
little i47«;i(/ of Athelnei/, in the county of Somerstt, and tilers
lived concealed for »om« vears.
A SHORT ESSAY ON THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
Durinj;; that long interregnum, as he wag not only one of
the greatest and most pious princes upon earth, but the best
gcholar of the age in wliith he lived ; it is a received oni-
niou and in all probability it was fact, that he translated llie
ilaxun llomiliea in that rural recess, arid composed divers
Other books of devotion for the religious imnrovcment of
ii'.s subjects, which were soon published after his happy re-
storation, though not with his majesty's name prefixed,
III the year UOO we are informed, that a translation of
the Gospels made its first appearance ; but by whom the
elaborate and praise-worthy undertaking was accomplished
the learned and judicious antiquarian, to whom we are in-
debted for our most essential remarks, has not informed
us.
In the year lOfiC, the Saxnn government ended by a very
rcmarkal)le battle between Harold the second, and William
the Bastard, then duke of Norma iidi/, in which no less than
sixty tltousaiid of the British were slain. Upon this total
defeat, the antient inhabitants of the island withdrew into
Wales, w here they preferred barren mountains with the pos-
session of liberty, to the most fertile plains of England.
Soon after this revolution, the Saxon language began to
lose its antient form, and grow out of repute ; and, by slow
degrees, to exhibit some traces of the English language, as
It now stands ; notwithstanding, but a very icw Norman
words were adopted for near an hundred years after the
COIIGUOSt.
About the year 11.30, several compositions both in prose
and verse made their appearance in public ; upon the pe-
rusal whereof, notwithstanding the language was greatly
altered, both in its construction and terminations, y«t it
still; with propriety enough, might be termed the Saxon
tongne.
In the 13th century, however, a sort of language, partly
Saxon, and partly English, was introduced ; at which time
the Miscellaneous NVriiings of one Robert of Gloucester were
held in high esteem.
Among many other fugitive pieces, he inserted a poetical
encomium on king Alfred, which at that tim* was received
with universal applause.
In the 14lh century, one Sir John Mandeville, who was a
very learned gentleman, and an able and experienced his-
torian, obliged the public with an accurate and elaborate
account of his own travels.
Hitherto our language was widely difTerent from that now
spoken at present ; two great poets, however, flourished in
this century, namely Sir John Gowe-r and Jcoffiy Chancer,
Though the former published some few poetical pieces first ;
vet the latter is for the most part styled t!ie/rt</if)' of all the
English Bards that succeeded him. If the account given of
him by Leland may be relied on. " He was not only a very
facetious poet, but an acute logician, a preat philosopher, a
profound mathematician, and a pious divine ;" but how that
last part of his character may be fully vindicated, I shall
not presume to determine; since there are too many of his
tales, which though facetious and entertaining, are not, in
my humble opinion, over instructive; since some of them
can scarcely be read without a blush. And the late lord
Roscommon has made the following very just observation,
namely,
' Lnmodest words admit of no defence ;
" For want of decency is want of sense."
In 1468, one Caxton brought the art of pnntmg into
England, and (amongst other books) published one, intitled
Recuyel (^ the Historijcs of Troy.
About two and twenty years afterwards ho published a
translation of the Bohc of Entndns, composed by Vi/rgle. —
The preface or introduction to which plainly shews, that the
readers in those days were highly disgusted with the inno.
vations which were then made in the English hmgnage.
About the yci-.r 1.500, the celel>r;ited Sir Thomas Moore
made a ilourisliiiig .figure in the Ev^lish court ; and bv many
authors has l>een highly applauded, as the politest and mo%t
accurate writer of the age in which he lived.
In the year 1&68, Thomas SackviUe, then earl of Dorset,
publishecf several fugitive pieces, and was universally ad-
mired, not only for the elegance of his style but the beauty
of his compositions.
In 1573, one Ralph Lever, published a treatise mtitled,
the .Art of Reason ; and not long after him the celebrated Sir
Philip Sidney wrote his Arcadia which is universally allowed
to be the most entertaining and instructive novel that ever
appeared in public at that time. He likewise published
an accurate Translation of Philip lorfl Jflornat/ du PUe-
lis Mo»7;/V unanswerable defence of the Truth of the Christian
Religion; which, in his time, met with the universal appro-
bation of the public, which it justly deserved.
About the jear 1.509, that is to say, in the beginning tif
king Henry tlie Vll's reign, one William Tindnl published
a translation of the New Testament ; but soon alter one Cuth-
bert Tonstul, then bishop of London, sent a very severe pro-
hibition of it to the archdeacons of his diocese, with his
reasons annexed.
In the 17th century, however. Sir Francis Bacon was tlie
first author, whose style was capable of entertaining and
instructing I he readers of I he present age. To him succeeded
Milton, Waller, Algernon Sydney, lord Clarendon Ax. Sec.
who made great improrements upon his style. We are
indebted, however, to .Mr. Dryden, Addnon, Biidgell, Steele,
Swift, and Pope, for the inimitable beauties with which our
language shines at present; and by whom 1 humbly con-
ceive. It was carried to its acme, or utmost pitch of per
fection.
To conclude: as the present undertaking is immediately
calculated for the service of such English riiulers as arc
supposed to be unlettered, and not so happy as to have had
the oenefits and advantages of a very liberal education; it
would be foreign to our purpose to embellish this short
tsiay with any antient quotations, to shew the gradual im
provements of English unthors in their style, according to
the state of our language at their respective periods.
Having thus said all we think absolutely iiecessary, and
consistent with our intended brevity, we shall proceed to
the last topic proposed 5 namely the excellency of the
English language.
Now its beauties are most conspicious in the four particular
articles here undermentioned ; that is to say, it is free and
easy ; and, in short, more sweet and harmonious, and by
consequence preferable to any living language whatsoever.
Its freedom and facility, in the first place is demonstra-
ble, sinee it is in a great measure exempt from that multi-
plicity of cases and flexions, which clog or encumber almost
all others, and render them for that reason extremely intri-
cate, dillicult and abstruse. Our adjectives being all invari-
able, make the concordance with their subsianiiies remark-
ably plain and easy : the English pronouns, likewise are
not' half so confused and perplexed as either those of the
Latin or the French. And scarce any thing can more easily
be conquered than the conjugation of English verbs: Be-
sides, our language is hiirdened with no such thing as i'er4j
reciprocal, which render the French tongue in particular very
dark and obscure i and very often discourage foreigners
from the study of it.
To illustrate its copiousness, very little need to be .said.
Since it is too manifest and self evident to be denied ; for be-
sides the antient />«<fA, which Ute English retain in \he Saxon
monosyllables ; the literati, of England, like so many indus-
trious bees, havecollecteil the quiulcssence of divers foreign
languages, and rejected their refuse or dross ! by which artful
management, and their assiduity, they have improved their
mother-tongue to that prodigious degree, that all such
foreigners as have an adequate idea of the genius of it, arc
perfectly charmed to observe, fhat neither their own, nor
any other language whatsoever, can stand in competitioii
with it ; and at the same time, to find a great variety of then
own terms so happily transplanted and blended \\<\h it thai
A SHORT ESSAY ON THE ENGLISH TONGUl
(hey seem to thrive better in Enghnd than in their own na-
tive soil.
And whereasthe Prexf/i is to muihliniited and constrained,
nod tiiroiigli its over-niceness is }jro«n in some measure
harren, spiritless, and insipid; the £'ng-/(*A, on the other hand,
is become prodigiously copious inid luxuriant through its
innate power of making such cmnpounds and derivative! as
are ver>- comprehensive, emphalical, and proper to eon-
tract any expression into a narrow compass; it must be
allowed, that neither the Greek itself, nor the Latin, can
compound or join many words together in a more agreeable
manner, which is one uf the most shiuiug beauties that any
language can possibly boast of. In a word, there is no
sentiment or thought that can be expressed in a greater flow
o<vvords, or with more propriety and a better grace, than in
file Euglith tongue.
As to its energy or significance, there is scarce any
variety that any other nation can boast of, but what the
Enghih has almost with equal happiness made its own. With
what propriety has the celebrated lord Bacon taught us to
speak all the terms of art in our mother-tongue, which was
looked upon ae impracticable, till we saw it actually carried
into execution ] What inimitable pieces of oratory or
clocutien of our own growth, have we seen published within.
these few years! and what collection of poems bears a-
more sublime sense, is more manly and majestic, more strong
and nervous, than w hat has been exhibited to the public by
those universally admired poets, Mr. Milton, Mr. Addison,
and Mr. Popet
As to its harmony and sweetness, il must be confessed
that the Italian abounds with vowels, as the Dutch does with
consonants, which renders the first too etieminate, and the
last too rugged and uncouth ; whereas the English has,
through a happy intermixture, the advantage of them both.
We cannot but allow that the Italian language is peculiarly
delicate, soft,and pleasing to the ear; but then it glides along
like a purling stream. The French, doubtless, is very nice
and courtly, but then it has too much in it that savours of
effeminacy and aftectation. The Spanish, it is true, is very
solemn and majestic; but it is too apt to be stormy and
tempestuous, and carries a kind of terror along with it.
The German is very manly indeed, but it is harsh and
unpollte ; whereas the English, by judiciously borrowing a
little here and a little there, from each of tliem,glvesstrength
of consonants to the Italian, the full and perfect sound of
»yllables to the /■VrucA, the variety of terminations with much
gentleraccents to the S/ianish, and dissolves the Dutch conso-
,iants with greater facility and ease.
Now what can possibly be wanting to the perfection of
tKat language, where substance and solidity combine with
pleasure ; where copiousness unites with ilelicacy, beauty,
with majesty, and expeditlor. with gravity and sedateness !
Ajid 5UCH doubtlrsi js the. exposition of the En^is^^
That all these advantages are inherent in our mother-
tongue, all foreigners in general are become at length highly
convinced ; and notwithstanding indeed, in former days,
they spoke of it with an airof indifterenceat least, and look-
ed upon it with an eye of contempt ; yet as those groundless
prejudices are now removed, they stand in admiration at
the sound of it.
The principal objections that some hyper-critics haveurged
against it, are these two : namely, its being a language com-
pounded of divers others; and its being subject and liable to
frequent variations. The former however, is so very natu-
ral to alt languages in general, that we have never heard
hitherto of any one entirely free from It, the Hebrew only ex-
cepted, as some say ; but whether that be real fact or not, wa
ingenuously acknowledge out Inabllily to determine. — ^I'hc
Latin language has a great mixture of ihat which was spo-
ken by the Greeksand Goths ; the French Is a composition of
Latin, Dutch, and the antient Ga/Zir ; the S/innish of Latin
principally, with some spice or smattering of the Gothic and
Morisco ; and the fre)-m«H itself, though by some perempto-
rily Insisted upon to be an original, has some savour of the
Roman empire, and its neighbouring nations.
As to its being subject to various changes and mutations,
the object is allogclher as groundless as ihe former; for
t is universally allowed, that all languages, as well as
kingdoms, have their infancy and age, their perfection and
decay.
I shall now conclude this succinct account, this transient
view only of the excellency of our mother.longue, with the
observationsof two very judicious critics, who, though mas-
ters of divers languages, hold our English tongue in tlie high-
est veneration.
*' As the English language (says Ihe first) is at this pre-
" sent juncture arrived at so great a pitch of perfection, is so
" very copious and expressive, by the accession of the life
" and spirit of divers other tongues w ith which it is blended,
" it were greatly to be wished, that a stop might be put
" to that boundless practice of naturalizing foreign words,
"of which the JIS«g7i«/i seem too extravagantly fond; and
" that for the future all neological and factitious terms
" should be laid aside, except some few that might possibly
" be introduced wIMi judgment and precaution."
" Was the English nation, (says the last) but contented
" with making Improvements on iliat grain which they liiive
" already, without over-stocking themselves by Importation
" from foreign ports, and putting their language in a per-
'■ petual ferment, it would contribute greatly to its future
" credlfand reputation."
And to confess Ingenuously, it isotir humble opinion, that
there is already as much in it, as is any ways useful or neces-
sary ; and as much, in a word, as the Englithsoil is capable
of beariog.
THE
COMPENDIOUS BRITISH GRAMMARIAN,
OR
AN EASY INTRODUCTION
TO THE
STUDY OF THE ENGLISH TONGUE.
GRAMMAR is the art of expressing our thoughts justly,
with a due accent in the pronunciation, and with all
the true and proper letters of each word in writing, ac-
cordinj,' to the practice of those who are universally allowed
to be tlie best judges in that language which we propose to
study, be it what it will.
To speak English therefore, is to explain our sentiments
reciprocally to eacli other, in the Em^lish Ungua^e, by those
signs which the learned have invented for that great and
important purpose ; and we tind by experience, thatsounds
and the voice are the fittest and most convenient of any ;
but because such sounds are too transient, and pass away
too soon ; other signs have been found out, and so contrived
as to render them, not only more permanent and lasting, but
more capable of striking the eye ; and these are the marks,
or characters in writing, called by the Greeks grammata, a
terra to which that of grammar owes it derivation.
There are two things principally to be considered in these
signs; namely, what they are, in the first place, in their
nature as charactprs ; and in the next, their true meaning or
signification ; that is, the manner in which they are made
use of by mankind, in order to convey their ideas with as
much ease and freedom as possible, one to another.
Some divide grammar into four parts only ; namely,
letters, syllables, words, and sentences ; and this division,
in my humble opinion, is not only the shortest, but the most
easy and natural ; and comprehends, in reality, every thing
tliat can possibly be produced on the subject.
In the first place, then, we shall treat as briefly as possible
of letters*
Of Letters
A LETTER IS a mark, or character, which denotes a
simple and uncompounded, though an articulate sound;
for such as are inarticulate, for instance, the roaring of a
8ion, the beat of a drum, the purling of a stream, or the
melodious notes of the nightingale, are altogether impossi-
ble to be expressed by the characters, or marks whatsoever.
Notwithstanding the English alphabet is, for the most
part, said to consist of twenty-four letters only 5 and for this
reason, because i and j and also « and v, were some centu-
ries ago, expressed by the self-same characters ; yet'as the
fa and <ie«,for.the generality termed i and u consonant, are
b
now quite different in regard to theirsound, as well as form,
they may, with great propriety, be termed two distinct
letters; and for that reason, there are six-aud-tweiity letters
niade use of in the English tongue. These, however, diffei
in their form, according to the various types in which they
are printed, as will manifestly appear by the following
ALPHABET.
No.
Roman.
Old Engl.
Italic.
Their
Powers or
Sounds.
I.
A a
9 a
A a
a
IL
B b
2B b
B b
bee
II L
C c
CE c
C c
see
IV.
V.
D d
E e
D D
D d
E e
dee
ee
VL
F f
(S e
F f
ef
VII.
G g
H n
JF f
G »■
ghPc
VIIL
<S
H h
altch
IX.
I i
^\>
J I
i
X.
XL
J J
K 'k
31 •
31 j
in 6
D. I
J J
K k
t
XIL
L 1
L I
el
XIII.
M in
M m
em
XIV
N n
N Ji
^n
XV.
SQ m
xyi.
P P
ra n
P p
pee
XVIL
Q q
£D
Q q
ku
XVIiL
R r
19 p
a q
d
R r
ar
XIX.
S s
S s
6=s
XX.
T t
T t
tee
XXI.
U u
U u
yu
XX.*..
V V
V V
vee
XXllL
W w
■^ t
W w
double yu
XXiV.'
X X
C3 u
X X
gx
XXV.
Y y
aj t)
y y
wy
XXVL
Z z
catD
Z z
zed
St
AN EASY INTKODUCTION' TO THE STUD\ OF THE ENGLISH TONGlTE.
The preceding letters, marks, or characters, in regard
fo tlieir respective powers or sounds, are divided into vowels
and consonants.
A rowel is a letter, tliat denotes a full and perfect somd
o^' itself, without the least aid, or assistance of any other
letter whatsoever.
As to the number of them, they are, in the opinion of the
most accurate grainiiiarians, only five ; namely, a, e, i, o,
and II.
The vowels i and w, indeed, sometimes are made use of as
consonants, but then tliey change their form ; as for
instance, the i is convei ted into jod or >j ; as in tlie words
■\usl, jelly, juice : i/out/i, years, yestcidity, &c. and the B into i£e ;
as in virtue, lice, vaniti/, <!fcc.
r, however, when' it has the same sound or powei asi ;
and it, when it is substituted in the room or stead of u;
i. e. when any of Iheni follow a vowel in any syllable or
word, they may, with propriety enough, be termed assistant,
or casual vowels ; but, on the other hand, when they precede
a vowel, though thev i.ever change their form, are actually
consonants, and used as such.
As 10 the Kseof l!ie prececdin^ vowels, they are intended
to make either syllables or words ; for neither the one nor
the otiier can !)e formed xvithout ihem.
Each distinct vov.el frequently constitutes a syllable ; as
in the following words ; a-mmcinent, c-veiU, i-itwge, i-live, and
Uni-fi', &c.
Moreover, the article A, the proftoun /, and the interjec-
tion O, are perfect words, as well as vowels ; and the two
last are always printed in capitals. ,
Before we "proceed any farther, however, it will be highly
requisite to take the various powers or sounds of each vowel
into i)arlicular consideration.
It is to be observed, that all the vowels, in steneral, have
not only two dislui'-t sounds, namely, a long and short one,
but sonic of them more; that sometimes they absolutely
lose their sound : and their powers, at other times, are very
inipertect and obs-eurt; and sometimes again they borrow
Kouuds of one another.
Of the powers or sounds of the voivel A.
To begin then regularly with the vowel a, which has four
distinct sounds.
In all monosyllables, or wor'lsof one syllable, where a is
the first and e"tlie last vowel, the former is always long ; as
in liale, fate, mate, dec.
B-ut when the syllable ends with a single consonant, the
vowel a is always short ; as inirttt, md'l, fi^luil, &c.
. It is observable that the vowel a is the easiest to be pro.
nounced ; ajid is the tirst and the last sound that is uttered ;
the former is a Ion;;, and the latter o open ; as in 'he interjec-
tion nh I which we sliall take the liberty to illustrate by the
following distich :
A, A, the infant in the cradle cries;
But when grown'old, he sighs out ah ! and dies.
A retains this open sound, when it precedes the conso-
nants ft. If, or Im ; as in aft, liAft, shaft; cilf, half ; psalm,
balm, dec. The sound of n is open likewise in words ending
in atu-e ,- as dunce, prr'nici; advance ; which are sounded dahnce,
prahnce, adrnhiice, cVc. as also in the two following words,
fii-iher, Ihi^hier, which are sounded or pronounced, y'rjAf/irr,
Uflir, &c.
And lastly, a is broad, ami sounds like the diphthong a'l
111 monosyllables ending in It ; a^ in uall, tall, &x. or in Id or
It ; as in scald, linld^ mall, sail, tVc.
A retains this broail sound when it casually occurs be-
tw»eii the consonants v and i- ; or between iv and t, as in the
riotds icar, water, which are pronounced uaui, waiter.
Ii^ tlie proniiiicialion or divers wurds, the sound of a ia
eilliiT Idl.illy lust, or jil least very oliscurc ; us in diamatid,
piirliamcnl _ captain, cluiplain, &c. wLicli arc prououuvcd
di-memd, parh-ment, cap-tin, ehdp-lin ; and in measure, treasttrt,
pleasare, which are sounded mezhur, trezhur, plezhur ; and
marriage, carriage, <XC. which are souuded marridge, cm--
ridge.
In the improper diphthong aa, which freqiiently occurs
in proper names, the sound of one of tbem is lost ; as in
Isaac, Balaam, Canaan, &c. which are pronounced Isac,
lidlam, Canan.
There are but very few words iu the English language,
that end in a, except the following monosyllables, flea, pea,
sea, tea, &c. and then the sound of it is entirely lost ; as it is
likewise in all words where the vowels e or o precede it ; as
in heat, meat, which ai>e sounded heet, meet ; and throat, coat,
boat, pronounced as 6 long, viz. throte, cote, bote.
Iu most words, however, where the sound of a is final,
the vowel i/ is added to it to make it a diphthong ; as in the
words day,'play, uuy, &c. and then the a is always long.
In the proper names, however, where « is final, no y i«
added, and the a retains its sound ; as in Phrygit, Pamphylia,
Cappadocia, &c.
In the words wan, want, wanton, wallow, watch, swan, &c. it
assumes the sound of v, and is pronounced as such ; namely,
wim. Hunt, &c.
There are divers other cursory remarks on the letter «,
that might properly be here introduced ; but for brevity's
sake, I shall refer the reader to the Dictionary annexed.
Of the potvers or sounds of the vowel ^.
E, for the most part, has a short sound, when one or moi*
consonants follow it in the same syllable ; as in the words
following, viz. hem, gem, hen, wJiiii, fli sh,frisli, &c. If, how-
ever, e be final, or joined with either of 1 he vowels, a, i, or o,
it is then long; as for instance in the following monosylla-
bles, he, she, vje, me, mire, here, beast, least, feast ; shield, yield,
field ; deceit, etc.
-E", when final, loses its sound in the following: words, eiike,
lake, awake, fursdhe. Sec. and only serves to lengthen the
sound of the preceding vowel. £ final, however, in the
following monosyllables, is short, and an exception to the
general ride, viz. ciime, siime, iine, diiae, Tmce, dunce, Ac.
£" loses its sound in many words, where the vowel a imme-
diately foUows it ; as in the monosyllables liearth, heart. Sec,
which are pronounced hHrth, 'tiirt.
And lastly, the vowel e assumes the sound of u long, in the
word swear, which is pronounced iwire.
Of the powers or sounds of the vowel I.
Tlie vowel i is always short, when !, m, n, orp, imuindiiite-
ly follow it ; as for instance ; htll, will, gill ; imp, pimp, hi/t,
U'tiih, lip, hip, &c.
} I, however, has a long sound before such words as end in
gh, ght, gii. Id, nd , as in sigh, nigh, sight, r.ight, sign, resigv,
child, mild, mind, find, hind, &c.
I is altogether lost, when the vowel e immediately foUoV?
it ; as in field, shieldy isc. which are sounded /ct/d, shccld, &-c.
and if not perfectly lost, its sound is very obscure in th«
words evil, devil, civil.
In the words borrowed from the French, the vowel i as-
sumes the sound of c, as in machine, magazine, which are
sounded mashfen, miignzein. It assumes likewise the sound of
II, in fir, stir, <S.c.
In the words i'c»i!inn, business. Arc. the vowel «, if not alto-
gether lost, is very obscure, and is souiiilcd nnzim, hizrttss.
M. Ji. As there sue no words in the r.iigliali laiiguag«
that end iiii, the assistant vowel »/ is always made use of to
supply its place, be the number of syllables more or less; ns
for instance, in monosyllables, as tni/,ihy, flii, &c. in dissjila-
hies, as in city, mercy, pity, iSrc. in trisyllables, ns in ghrify,
justify, digiiifi/, <Vc. and polysyllables, as in oOstniat^ti/, ftna-
bly, 7Mathcmalically,^c.
y is likewise made use of in the room » r si«i»d cr >. biith
in the first syllable and tlie last of such words a« arc dcrivuJ
AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE ENGLISH TONGUE.
Xlll
from the Greek ; as in the words hypocrisy, tympalhy, sym-
phony^ &.C,
As also in the first, second, or last syllable of propel
names ; as in Phrygia, Pamphylia, Esijpt, <S:c. ,
Vis once more made iiseof insteaifot i in sucli iPai^tiJcs,
whose verbs end my ; as injiyins:, from tlie verb fi v, o-yi.t^,
from tlie verb cry ; and sanctifying, from the vcrC sane-
afy, A-c.
This y, however, when it begins a syllable, or word, an:
precedes a vowel, is always accounted a consonant.
Of the powert or sounds of the
The vowel o sounds long before U, Id, It, st, ana rJ; as in
the l'ollo«iin; words, poll, tvU, cold, bold, bolt, cbh, ghost, host,
ford, sicerd, dtc. but short in all such monosyllables as end
in a single consonant, as hit, lot, n'6t, pot, Xf, on, rod, Jvc.
The sound of o, thou3;h not absolutely lost, indeed, is very
obscure, in, the following words ; hacan, capon, mutton, ghi-
tnn, button, &'C,
In several words it loses its own sound, and assumes that
of the vowel « ; as in once, which is pronounced wunce ; son,
done, sounded s'lin, diai ; come and comfort, pronounced dim,
and cumfort, conduit, sounded ctindit, &c.
Note. The vowel o has seld am the privilege of concluding
words ; but the assistant vowel wis made use of to conver'
it intoa diplithong; as in the monosyllables, blow, crow, flow,
grow know, &<;.
Of the powers or sound) of the vowel U.
The vowel u has always a Ion? sound, before a single
consonant, in words of more syllables than one ; as in u-ttit,
u-nity,u-7iion, Ac. but if the word be a monosyllable, and a
single consonant iramediatply follows it ; as in giin, si^cn, niin,
jUit dUsl, crust, &c. then tlie power or sound ot it is sliort.
When the vowel « iramedinfoly follows the consonant g,
rt not only loses its own sound, but contributes towards the
hardening of the preceding ktter ; as for instance, in the
words guilt, guest, guard, guardian, &c. which are pronounced
gilt, gest, gard, gdrdian.
In some words, particularly Ihe verb bnry, with all itsdc-
rivatives, the vov.el u assumes the sound of the vowel c, and
is pronounced berry.
Asnoneof the "preceding vowels, (the e only excepted)
have the free liberty of concluding words ; so very few words
end with the vowel «. Thou and you are the only two
English words; and the French terms beati, lieu, and adieu,
which we have, as it were, adopted, are the only instances
of this kind that can be produced ; except, indeed, the
word jet d' eau, a water spout, may be added to the num-
ber.
For the generality, therefore, in such words, where the
sound of" is final, the vowel ^ is either added to it, as in the
words blue, true, rue, &c. or-else the improper dipthong ew
is substituted in its room or stead ; as! in the words :'oiIowing
*i2. crew, blew, drew, &c. whicii are pronounced, cm, blu,
dru. ■
Mote. The assistant vowel w, is frequently made use of
instead of the v, at the end of a syllable or word ; as in
pow-er,flow-cr, tow-er, dower, &c. or in the words, ^au',^e«;,
fiow, &c. in which case, the w is then an assistant vowel, and
forms a dipthhong ; and when added to the improper diph-
thong; i>, it forms a triphthong, as in the word view.
Nate likewise. That the letter w, when it precedes a yoweJ,
or the letter h, is always accounted a consonant, asv.in the
words U-6U, well, will.
Of the diphthongs, or double vowels.
A diphtliong, or double vowel, is the union, meeting, or
coalition of two vowels into one and the same syllable.
And these, for the generality, are divided into proper aiid
improper.
The
As may be illustrated by the following words ;
Ai, in frail, pair, fair ; which are sounded only as a long,
WX.frale, pare,Jare.
Ay, in day, play, way, pronounced likewise only asi long,
viz. da, pla, ua.
Note. At is written in the beginning and middle oFwords i
but «w always at the end ; excejit in the' Hord oye, w!ien
used "by way of answer, instead of i/fs.
An, as in author, autumn, avgurt, A c.
Aw, as in oit7, lawful, lawyer, dec.
Note. Au may begin a word, but never ends one ; and
for that reason niv is substituted in ils stead, when linal.
Ee, as in u-?id, sled, indeed, &c. like e lung.
Oi, as ill oil, voice, rejoice, &c.
Ou, as in hoy, joy, cloy, <S.'C.
Note. Oiisfor the most part used at the beginning of
words, but oy at the end.
Oo, as in good, wood, stood, &c.
Sometimes, however, it changes its sound to o long, as in
door, floor, sounded dbre,flore ; and sometimes to u short, us
in blood,jiood, pronounced bliid Jiiid.
On, as in cloud, shroud, aioJd, Ac.
But sometimes it is sounded as o long, as in soul, co)t.
troul, A'c.
Ow, as in blow, flow, crow, &-C
Note. The above are called proper diphthongs s because
both the vowel* are sounded in them ; but when a propci
diphthong loses its natural swuid, and changes to any othet
simple sound of some one single vowel, it becomes an im
proper diphthong.
The improper diphthongs arc these that follow, viz- ae, sa
eo,eu,ew, ei,ie, oa,ui, and if ; "hich are so calleit, because
the sound of one of the two only is distinclly heard ; and lor
the most part, it is the last tliat is lost ; and these may be
illustrated by the words following, viz.
Ae, as in Mneas, JEgypt, JEtna, ^Etkcr, Ciesar, &c. but as ae
is no English diphthong, the words abLi\e a rewritten for the
most part with single e ; as Eneas, Egypt, Bum, Etl.cr, and
Cesar, and are always long.
Ea, as in peace, cease, incriase, &c. where^ the ca is sounded
like i long, or the diphthong it.
Eo, as in lcupard,jeopardyi people, &c. proiiOUncec! lepard,
jepardy, pceple,
Eu, as in eunuch, rheum, rheubarh, &c. sounded cuntich, rum,
rubarh,
Eu; as in dew, crew, hncw, &c. pronounced du, cru,hni.
Ei, as in receive, &c. sounded as ce. viz. receeve Ac.
Jc, as injield, shield, 6cc. sounded feeld, sheeld, Ac.
Oa, as in coat, boat, throat, &c. which are pronounced as
long, viz. cut, hot, throt.
Vi, as in guilt, built, quilt, &c. sounded as J short, viz. gilt,
bilt. quilt ; and as a long, in;Hice,/)'iiiV, &c.
Oe, as in Oedipus, sounded Edipus, and Oetione and acononyj,
pronounced as e long, viz. Enone, economy. But in English
words, as o long, as in toe, doe, foe, Ac. pronounced, to,
do^o.
To these may be added ew, and ue ; as in threv, drew,
knew, pronounced as w long, viz. thru, dru, Aim ; and due,
sue, spue, Sec. sounded in the same manner, du, su, j/iu.
Of THRIPTHONGS.
When three vowels meet together in one and. the same, it
is called a thripthrong. Of these there are very few occur in
the Enijlish tongue; however, we have the following, viz.
queen, quaint, quail, eyes, and news ; as for the words l.teem,
sounded ho, as o long, as beaux, pronounced boze (from whence
our wordienu/^ is derived;) je( rf' eau, sounded ;c< do; tica,
and adieu, sounded as u long, lu and arfu ; are properlv
French terms, and only adopted.
x\y.
AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO TllE STUDY OF THE ENGLISH TONOuB.
Of CONSONANTS.
A consonant is a letter that can never bo pronounced
without the addition of a vowel f)el'ore or after it; as i is
sounded lee ; c, see ; f, </, and m, emm, <S.-c.
The consonants, as they stand in order, are these that
follow, in number twentv-one, namely,
b, c, d, f, g, ii.j, ^, i, 111, n, p, 1, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z.
In liie pronunciation of these consonants, tliere is no
Sreat difficulty ; because other nations agree with Us, and
sound them the same way.
There are several ot the above consonants, however,
«>l;ich, though very differentia their forms, i)ear a near atH-
nity to each otiier, in regard to their respective powers or
sounds. These, for instance, are as follow :
b J b t c, U, ) f, v, ^ K ^ h, I. f z
and ' and i q, and > and j and > m, n, i and
p. > t. ' X. 5 ph. ' J. Jandr. < s
And this method of teacliiugtiiem to children, I conceive,
to be the easiest and tiie best.
Printers have of late years made use of divers coinl)incd
letters ; as for instance," fc for ae, and a; force; fl, tf, ti, lb,
and ffi ; as also of tiie following abbreviations, namely, i" for
and, and ^ c. for and so forth, or for the rest.
Note. The above consonants are divided into mutes, and
semi or half-vowels ; the former are b, c. d, g, ,l. \), q, t, v,
and are thus named, because they cannot be pronounccii
without the addition of a vowel, as bee, see, dee, cVc. The
semivowels are f, 1, m, n, r, s, x, z, which arc so tailed, be-
cause they vield an imperfect sound of themselves, ys some
ii.^ist ; to" rue liowever, this seems to be a mistake ; since
they cannot be pronounced at all, unless some vowel be pre-
fixed ; as for instance, ef, el, em, Ac.
Four of these semivowels, riz, 1, m, n, r, are for the sene-
rality termed liquids; because they flow very smoothly in
a syllable after a ratite ; as in class, smeJl, niiat, brass ; but
they cannot be sounded before a mute if a vowel foUaws,
These consonants once more are distinifuished into single
and double. The former, as b, c, d, &c. have but one siiu-
pje sound ; w, x, and z, however, are complex consonants,
and have manifestly the sound of two or more single ones in
one ; thus w is a compound of w, x is compounded of eet,
and 2 is sounded as ds.
The following letters, though apparently two, are allowed
to be but one single mark or character, vi:. ch, gb, ph, sh,
th. and wh.
We shall now proceed methodically to their respective
powers or sounds.
Of the power m- sound of the consmuint B.
This consonant has one invariable sound i though in some
few words, indeed, its sound is absolutely lost ; as in the
word bdellimn, whicli is pronounced del/ium. It is mtite in
words where t inimediatdy follows; as in debts and debtors,
which are sounded '/(fj, fAf/wcj ; it is silent likewise when
it follows the letter m ; as in climb, sounded edtm ; lamb,
fcrnMrn, pronounced bim, bimkiii. \ni\ thumb, plumb, dumb,
sounded as u short, viz. th'um, pliim, rltim ; and as long, in
tiie word cumb, which is sounded earn.
The consonant b likewise is frequently made use of before
the liquids I and r, as in llw word.s black, blood, bloom, ike. and
in bread, breast, bride, broad, brute, ScC.
Of the powert or sovtult of the consonant C awl Cll.
The genuine and natural sound of this consonant is hard,
like that of A; and is always pronounced as such, when it
precedes the vowels a, o, andu ; as in cnre, calf, carl ; comb,
cold, each ; ciiril, curl, curie, &C.
It is hard likewise when it precedes the liquids / or r, as
in cloeh, cloud, class, \c. or oach, crew, crust, A'C.
' Wh"!! this letter «, bowcver, precedes the vowels, e, i, or y ;
or IS made use of before an apostrophe (') j that is to say,
where that mark is substituted in l!ic room or stead of the
vowel e, it is always sounded soft : as for instance, in tli«
words eerem(rny, ciiron, cyder; and in plae'd, frrac'd, rte-
favd, iVc.
In the words Acehamn, and Cis, or Kish, though the one
precedes the vowel e, anil the other an i, they are exceptions
tu the general rule ; and are sounded hard like k.
When the letter] c is written immediately after the letter s,
it is, for the most part, entirely mute or lost ; as in the words
scene, scion, science, sceptre, &c. Sonictinies, however, it is
pronounced hard, like k, as in scarce, seeptic, sculd, 'scurri-
lous, &c.
C loses its sound, whenever it- precedes /:, as in back, ci-ach,
pack, fjuack, tVc.
This letter c might very well be omitted, could theetymo*
logy of words be equally well preserved without it.
Cll boini; (as we have hinted before) only one letter, though
two marks or chi'racters, is sounded like /;, in most foreign
worils, as in chymist, chyle, chuler, Ac. as also in such proper
names as occur in the sacred scriptures, us in Baruch, Ma.
laehi, Archesilavs, &c. When the syllable arch conies before
a vowel, it is sounded hard, like ark ; as in architeet and arch.
angel; but if a consonant immediately follows it, then it
retains its original soft sound, or thatof a»<cA ; as for instance,
archdeacon, arcklishop, dec,
Ch retains likewise its original soft sound in the words
church, chill, child, charm, chair, iltc. and in some proper
names, as in cherubim, Rachael, Charles, &c.
In divers words immediately derived from the French, ch
is sounded soft, like sh ; as for instance, in chaise, champaign,
chevalier, chafrrin, chapuehin, machine, Ac,
Ch is sometimes, though corruptly, sounded like qu ; as io
choir and chorister, w hich are vulgarly called quire and jwm-
ter ; though tiie proper sound of them is that of k, and they
ought to be pronounced ^orVand korister, as the word chonii,
from whence they are derived, is sounded horus.
Of the power or sowul of the consonant D.
D, like J, has but one invariab|e sound ; as in the word*
diamond, dye, did, Arc. and is frequently used before the
liquid r ; as in drnto, dress, drink, drove, drub, Ac. as also be-
fore the double consonant n<, as in dwarf, dwell, dwindle, Ac
When the termination ed is abbreviated, and an apostro.
phe O substituted in the room or stead of the c, it is convert-
ed into the letter t, to which, as we have before hinted, it
bears a near alRnity i as will appear in the follow ing instance,
thougli this mode of spelling is not now much in use ;
Burned, burnt; blessed, blest ; Jossed, tost ; crossed, crost.
Of the paicers or sounds of the consonant F.
The letter F, as we have before observed, bears a near allU
nity to the letters ph and v ; as evidently appears from the
word;(^io/, which is sounded rial ; as also in the particle of,
as, " Ocorgeih^ third, king c/(that is en) Great Dritain ; and
phlegm is pronounced^i7».
Of the powers or sounds of the Utters G and Gh,
The consonant g', is always sounded hard before the vow-
els a, o, and « ; as in the words game, gale, f^arter; goote,gos.
lin, gospel ; gut, gun, guzzle ; but when it precedes the vowels
e, i, or V, it has, for the most part, a soft sound, like the con-
sonant j'; as in the words geiuler, genitive, geiule; gin, ginger,
giant ; and in the word gipsy.
There are some exceptions, however, to this general rule,
for it is pronounced hard in tlie wnuh geese, get, gelding gild,
gimp, gitnbt, Ac. It is hard likewise in such proper nani«s
as arc derived from the Hebrew language; zs Cletk$tmat,t,
(ieba, Sec. and in soraeEnglisb proper names ; as in (filmmi,
Gibson, Gilbert, &c.
AN EASY INTaODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THR ENGLISH TONGUE.
XV
in
glast,
It h always liiin!, likewise, wlien it precedes tne letter // ;
Ui in tilt word ^ '/«!', <Vc.
G losi.'s its sound when it precedes eillier tlie letters m or n,
in tile same syllable ; as in phlts;m, '-.i^ni, &c. It loses its
round wlicn it precedes «, at llio bcsinniiig of a word ; as in
rnttt, f^iw, !;nash,\\\\\c\\nv<) soiunied mil, ninr, nfis/i. ilhh
Tost in the middle and at the end of divers words : as in
might, sight, nis;ht, flis;ht, which are sounded m'ltc, site, nite,
ftiie ; as also in though, through, (Iniigh, which are pronounced
lliO, thru, tlo ; and sigh, nigh, high, are sounded si, tn, hi.
(ihwX the end of some words is pronounced m (f ; as i
rough, tough, enough, whicli are sonndcil ruff', tuff, eniiff.
(t is often used before the liquids/ and r ; as in
filaim, gloom, &c. Grass, grave, green, grind, Ac.
Of the power or sound of tfie consoiiant II.
The letter /i is a note of aspiration, which intimates that
the vowel immediately following is to be pronounced with a
peculiar strength ; as in the words hat, help, hill, house,
hunt, &:c.
AVe. It seldom begins any syllable, except the first; and
for the most part is uttered with a full emission of the
breath.
However, it loses its sound when the letters r immediate-
ly precedes it ; as in rheuhnrb, rheum, rhine, rhenish, rhetorician,
&c. As also its sound is lost at the end of '.vords t as in Jeho-
vah, Messiah, Guliah, Ac.
Of the powers or sounds of the consonant J.
This consonant has always an uniform sound, like the soft
g, and is put before vowels only ; as in Jach, jest, jilt. Mm,
Jimc,&c, This letter, like the preceding one of c, might
very well be omitted, could the etymology of words be duly
preserved without it ; as in the words jocund, jovial, joy, eja-
evktion, &c.
Of the powers or sounds of the consonant K.
This letter h, when it precedes either the vowel c on, hds
tlie sound of hard c, where, according to the analogy of the
English, the e would be soft ; as in the words cellar, cistern^
&c. The h, however, has always a hard sound w hen it be-
gins a word, and precedes a vowel ; as in the words keys,
keep, kept ; hill, kind, kite, &:c. but when /; precedes the letter
n, its sound is either lost, or at least very obiicure ; as in the
words knot, knob, knowledge, &c, and totally lost when it fol-
lows e ; as in the words back, crack lack, &c.
Note. The letter k is never used double in any word what-
ever ; but in the middle of words c always precedes it ; as in
tickle, Jichle, pickle, &c. in order to shorten the vowel be-
fore it.
Of the powers or sounds of the consonant L..
The letter /, lias the sarae sound in English, as it has iu
other languages.
In monosyllables ending in /. anotiier is for the most part
added to it ; as in all, full, call, &:c. in order to give a kind
of force to the preceduig vowel ; but in words of more syh
iablcs than one ending in /, such / is always single ; as in
cniil, civil, evil, &c. Critical, whimsical, political. See.
Sometimes the sound of this letter / is almost lost ; as in
the words calf, halft and their plurals, calves, hahes ; as also
in eouhd, would, should ; talk, walk, chalk ; psalm, calm, quaint,
&c.
This / being a liquid, will follow almost any of the conso-
nants ; but will stand before none of them ; as for instance
blood, tlowj,jioad, gloom, plumb, slay, slevi, sly, slow, slut, &c.
The sound of / is always'dlstnictly heard where the I is
final ; as in excel, cancel, counsel, (Src. but in words ending
with le ; as table, fable, cable, sable, &c, the sound of it is 00-
Kure or weak, and the final e almost mute.
Of the powers or sounds of the consonant M.
This let tor m has an unvaried sound* asiii man,men,mine,
moan, moon, tVc.
It suffers no olliercnnsonant but the nfo follow if, in the
brginning of a word or syllalile ; as for instance, amnesty,
solvmnity ; and in tlie name of the ^VecA muse, called 3Ine-
molyne.
If cither the letter b or n, follows it at the end of a word ■•
the sound of that b or n is always lost; as in thumb, plumb,
aiUumn, solemn, &c.
Of the powers or sounds of the consonant N.
This n, like m, has always an uniform sound ; as in name,
neat, night, note, nitt, t^'C.
In the l>eginning of words or syllables, it admits of the
letters §■, A, and i, sometimes before its but no consonant
whatever after it ; as for instanc?, gnat, gnaw, gnomon ;
knave, knife, knot, humiedge, SiC. and snuke, snail, snow, snuff,
&c.
When n follows m, and closes a word, it is always either
inute, or very obscure ; as in atUnmn, solemn, condemn,
hymn, &c.
Of the powers and sounds of the consonant P and Ph.
The letter p (as we liave hinted before) bears a near affi-
nity with b, and has a uniform sound ; as for example, pai?(,
peal, pile, pool, pond, purse, Ac. and the letters ph bear a near
afhuity to the letters f and v ; as in Philip, sounded filip ;
Phi/iii-iipher, pronounced filusifer ; ami phial, sounded vial.
When p precedes anoilier consonant in the beginnmg 6t
words, its sound is always either lost or very obscure ; as in
the words psnbn, ps/ihnisi, psalter, Ptolomy, psuedoprophet,
phthisic, ptisun, psi/chulog/i, \c.
Vi'henp immediately follows m in the middle of words, it
is then perfectly quiescent ; as in the v/ords empty, eontrnpt,
attempt, exempt, &c..
Of the powers enr sounds of the cmuonant Q or Cu.
Q is always followed by the vowel n, iu all other languages
as well as the English. By some it is accounted a super-
fluous letter, as being nothing more than cu.
Ill words of ii«»-/iVi extraction its sound is generally soft :
as in ipoihc, t/nell, quill, quote, &c. but in sucli words as are
derived from the French, it bears the sound of A, or hard c ;
as in liquor, liquorish, conqueror, masquerade, &c.
Note. The letter 7 never ends a woril, but the diphthong
ue is added to it ; as in the words antique, olliqite, &c. whioh
are sounded antike or anteek, obllke or obleeki and risipie,
which is pronounced risk.
Of the pawers or sounds of the conscmant R and Rh.
This letter has the same harsh sound in English, as in
other languages. The Saxons, at the beginning of words,
used to put I lie letter h before it. In words derived from
the Greek, the letter h immediately follows it both at the be-
ginning and end of words ; as for instance, rhetoric, rhinoce-
ros, rhyme, rheum, rhapsody ; and the word myrrh.
When words end in re, as in /ire,[v)ire, hire, desire ; they are
all sounded as ur short ; iiSjiur,wiur, hiur^ desiur.
Of the powers or soundsjfthe consmwni S anj Sh.
The letter « has a variable sound. Sometimes it has a
hissing or soft sound ; an(l at others a hard sound, like that
ofz.. As for instance, it has the former at the beginning of
words, as in steal, stale, stole, stool, A'c. shame, shell, shine, ilume,
thm, &c. And the latter, in substantives of the plural num-
ber ending with s, as in trees, sees, beet, eyjt, fiier, pies, <iv
*n.
AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO THE STLDY OF THE ENGLISH TONGUE.
And in the third person singular of verbs ; as, he oTshe reads,
bleedi, mcceeds, &c. It has likewise a strong sound in the
nionosyllables this, yes, thus, us ; his, ours, pours, &c. When
words end in sion, and a \'owel precedes the j, it is sounded
bard like s, as in confusion, delusion, occasion, invasion, division,
&c. Butif a consonant precedes Jj'on, it sounds like jA ; as
in diversion, immersion, conversion, Arc. This distinction is
regularly marked throughout the Dictionary.
It sounds' like s likewise, where e (inal follows*; as in
tvise, rise, advise, &c. rose, prose, pause, applause. Sec. and this
variation is distinguished throughout the Dictionarj-. But
its usual ending is in ss, as in grass, mass, chss, pass, Sic.
Once more, it has the sound of = when s occurs in the
mid Jle of words ; ViS in desert, present, prison, wisdom, advcr-
tisement ; another variation which is carefully marked. But
ifthe* be doubled, it assumes the hissing souud; asiji assume,
as'rrt, assign, &:c.
In some words, however, where the singles occurs in the
middle of them, the s is quiescent ; as in viscount, island, isle,
JUile, Carlisle, and in demesne, &ci all which variations are
legularly marked.
0/ the powers or sounds of the consonant T and Th.
T has its proper sound in most words where it either be-
gins or ends them ; as iu tame, ten, time, tone, tunc ; mat, met,
tat, set, sit, sot ; glut.
When the letter f, however, precedes the vowel i, and an-
other immediately follows it, ttie syllable ti is always sound-
ed like sh ; as in vexation, inclination, contemplation,' meditation,
&c. and this variation is carefully distinguished through-
out the Dictionary.
But when a consonant precedes the t, it retains its own
natural sound ; as in fast, feast, Jht, frost, first, &c.
Th has nearly the hard sound of d in the words following,
viz. then, thence, there, thus, thy, thine, Ihee, them, fhote, it.
As also, iii all words' jvhere the th occurs between two
vowels; as in whether, v hither, weather, spther, rather, &c.
It has a hard sound likewise when it either begins or ends
a word ; as in thought, thirst, third, thunder ; death, breath,
width, worth, &c. but when e final follows th, it softens the
sound of it ; as from the substantive breath, the verb to breathe,
from cloth, to clothe ; from wreath, io wreathe, &c.
Of the powers or sounds of the consonant V. •
This consonant (as we have observed before) bears a vei-y
near atfinity to the letters /"and ph.
I'his consonant v is placed before no other consonant, but
before all the Towels in general ; as in the words vale, rest,
ricf, voice, volume, vulture, <Scc.
Note. Both its shape and sound are as distant from the
vowel », as any two o»Jier letters in the alphal;et.|
Ofthi povtrfi or sounds of the consonants W, 9nd Wh.
Though the letter w, or double o, where it is used instead
of the vowel «, is undoubtedly a vowel itself; yet it is at
limes indisputably a consonant ; and for this reason, be-
cause it will precede any of the vowels without the le<ist
hesitation or difficulty in the utterance or expression of in
as in war, wind, world, wor^t, &c.
When the vowel o immediately follows the letters wh, the
sound of the w is altogeth'er mute or quiescent ; as in the
following words, whore, whorish, whoredom, whose, and whole-
some.
7. It is lost likewise when the liquid r immediately follows
it ; as in wrath, ivretch, wrist, wrong, &c.
In most English words, however, wh has a peculiar sound,
as if the h was placed before it ; as in the words where, wheji.
wheyice, whale, white, whist, whilst, &:c.
Of the powers or sounds (f the consonant X.
This letter a- begins no word in the English tongue, and
but very few in any other language.
It begins, however, some proper names ; as Xenophon,
Xanthns, Xmitippe, &c.
In English words, some one of the vowels always precedes
it ; as in ax or axe, axle, excellent, example, ox oxen, d-c.
As^also in several English proper names, as in Axbridge, in
Somersetshire ; Axminstcr, in Devonshire, and £ieter its ca-
pital ; Oxford, in the county so called, Ac.
Tfote, This letter i is a double consonant, and contains in
it the sound of cj, or l<s.
Of the powers or sounds of the conscmant Y.
Though this letter, when it follows a consonant, is doubt-
less a vowel; as in the Words twenty, thirty, forty, &c. yet,
when it precedes a vowel or diphthong, it is converted into
a consonant, notwithstanding it never changes it form.
It may be observed of this consonant y, as it was above of
the consonant w, that it precedes most of the vowels without
the least hesitation or difficulty in the utterance or expression
of it ; as in the following words, yard, yarn, year, yeoman,
you, youth, youthful, <Src.
Of tfie powers or sounds of the consonani Z.
This a is a double consonant (as we have hinted before)
and contains in it the sound oi' ds, or rather * hard.
It begins very few words, except what are derived from
foreign languiges ; as Zany, zest, zeal, zcalmts, zone, zodiac,
and zenith.
The sound of it, in short, is expressed in its name, izzard t
or t hard ; aud this letter is never placed before a conso.
nant.
is'ote. The preceding cursory remarks on the EtjjjJJsh Al-
phabet are peculiarly calculated for th^ aid and assistance
of young, unlettered students ; but Such ?s aie rpgre ad-
vatu;ed in years, may be fartlier instructed and improved by
a diligent inspection of the succeeding Dictionahy.
PART II.
OF SPELLING,
OR THE DIVISION OF SYLLABLES.
THE art of spelling consists in writing correctly, or
naming the several letters whereof any syllable or
word is, according to the established custom, properly com-
posed.
A syllable is an articulate sound, wliicli is formed of any
one vowel, or more letters included intlic English alphabet.
As for instance ;
n-nii tij, eve.-ry, ivory, o-live, u-nit.
Sometimes a syllable is composed of two vowels united,
or a diphthong : as in Mnchs, a- canom;/, Oedipus, A-c. It
must be remembered, however, that liit'se are Latin and
Greek syllables or diphthongs, and are expressed in Eng-
lish (as we have before hinted) by the vowel (e) only; as
Jiiteas, economy, ICpidus,
Sometimes, a^^ain, it consists of one vowel," or double
vowel, and one consonant ; is in am, or an ; aid or paid ;
sometimes of a dipiilhong atone, as uu-tlwr, aii^tumn, &c. Or
sometimes of one vowel, and two or more consonants ; as in
nit, egg, ink, old, acts, eggs, &C.
Note. No number of consonants can be pronounced arti-
culately, without the aid or assistance of one or more of the
vowels.
A word, for the generality, is composed of as many syl-
lables as tiiere are either vowels, or double vowels found
in it.
No syllable can consist of more letters than eight ; and
there are very few that will admit of that number.
Note. All tfnrds, which express the name, action, quality,
or mode of any thing, are nothing more than an assemblage
of letters snd syllables.
Some words, therefore, if they consist of one syllable
only, arc termed monosyllabU ; as in just, good, ^reat, &c. If
of two syllables, as in justice, /goodness, greatness, Ax. they are
cMcd dissyllables ; it'of three, as in a-mi-ty, enmi-ty, en-vi-
ous, iSrc. they are termed trisyllables ; and all such words as
consist of four or more lyllnblei, are distinguished by the name
of polysyllables.
Note. Moreover, as no monosyllable will admit of more
letters than eight; so no English words will admit of more
tyllables than eight.
Once more observe, that all words are either simple or
compound ; as, pious, impious ; holy, wt-hoty ; active, in-active.
Sec, All the rules for the division of each, must be such
as are derived either from the analogy of all languages in
general, or from the established custom of pronouncing any
one language in particular.
The general rules, therefore, for spelling English words
correctly, are these that follow ; and as there is no general
rule without some exceptions, more or less ; such exceptions
arc best attained by an habitual use or practice.
The first then that occurs is this : namely, when a con-
Mnant comes between two vowels, it must be joined, for
the most part, with the last ; as for instance, iu a-lmn-dance,
*-ipiity, i-m't-gine, o-pit-leM, tt-ni-ty, &c.
If, however, the letter r happens to fall between two
vowels, it is then an exception, and must be joined to the
first; as in the words ex-ampk; ex-amine, ex-eeute, cx-istenct
ox en, vix en, bo.r rs, Ax.
Such consonants as precede either the liquids /or r, when
the vowel r imriiodiutely follows, ciin never be divided ; as
in n ble, ta-ble, fa-hle, tri-flle, mi-tre, ni tre, A'c.
This rule, howevi-r, seems to be iiichided in that of initial
consonants, bccau>e bl, Jl, and ir, can begin words i but if
two consonants come to^jetlier which cainiot be^in words,
then they must be divided ; and one must be joined to (he
first vowel, and the other to the latter; as for instance, in
injustice, impiety, infi-vity, tern pie, trn-der, Ac.
All double consonants must be divided t as in platter,
mat-ier, letter, fitter, glil ter, bit-ter, cot ton, rot ten, fiut-ter,
mnt-ter, &c.
Nor must two consonants be parted, as can begin word*
in spelling t and of these there iire no less than tliirty-four
in number; as will more plainly appear by the catalo^'ue, or
table of them, as is particularly specified in the following,
namely,
Bl.
Br.
Ch.
CI.
Cr.
Dr.
Dw.
Fl.
Fr.
Gh.
Gl.
Gn.
Gr.
Kn.
Ph.
PI.
Pr.
Ps.
Ft.
Rh.
Sc.
Sh.
Sk.
SI.
Sm.
Sn.
Sp.
Sq.
St.
Sw.
Th.
Tr.
Tw.
Wh.
yz<
f Black, bleed, blind, blot, blue, i-e.
Bread, breast, brick, brook, brush, ^r.
Chance, check, child, choice, church, Ac,
Claw, clerk, clift", clock, club, ^c
Crape, cream, crime, crow, crust, Si-e.
Dralte, dread, drink, drop, drunk, Sfc.
Dwarf, dwelling, dwindle, tfc.
Flame, flea, flight, floor, flute, ^r.
Frail, fresh, friend, frost, fruit, 4'',
Gho^t, Ghittern, .^r.
Glass, glebs, glimpse, gloss, glue, ir.
Gnat, gnaw, gnomon, ^c
Grass, green, grist, (jross, grudge, ^c.
Knake, knee, knife, knob, knurl, ic.
Phases, pheasant, phial, phrcnix, Ac.
Place, pleasure, plight, plot, plumb, A-c,
Praise, press, priest, proof, prude, f,e.
Psalm, psalter, pseudo, psora, ^-c.
Ptarmics, ptoron, ptisan, Ptolemaic, SiC,
Rhapsody, rheum, rhime, rhinoceras, rhumb, {e.
Scar, scene, sceptre, science, scolf, scorn, scum, ie.
Shaft, sheaf, shirt, share, shutter, shy, ^c.
Skate, sketch, skiff, skue, sky, i-c.
Slave, sleep, sling, sloe, slut, ^c.
Smack, smelt, smile, smoke, smut, ij-c.
Snake, sneer, snipe, snow, snutF. .5'c.
Spade, spear, spire, spoon, spunge, (ic..
Squall, squeak, squib, squint, squire, ^c.
Staff, star, steed, stick, stork, stump, style, ^
Swan, sweat, swine, sword, A-c.
Thank, theft, thief, thought, thus, «-r.
Trance, trench, tripe, trope, troop. Ire
Twang, tweag, twig, twist, two, Src
.What, where, when, whist, whose, i«.
xvfii, AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE ENGLISH TONGUE.
ADDITIONAL RULES
To <bcM add the fi)Uowing words, \raich begin with tlir*e
consonants s as tor instance.
Cbr. I
rhr.
Sch.
Scr.
Sht.
Skr.
SplA
Spl.
Sft.
Str.
Tfir.
Thw.
and
Phth.
Chrism, chrisoms, Clirtst, Christian, Christmas.
clvroiuatic, chronic, chrisaUs, chryst*!. ffc.
Phrase, phrensy, pbrenitic> Phocion, and Phry-
gia, ^c.
Schedule, scheme, schism, school, scholar, Ar.
Scrag, scraps, screen, scribe, scroll, scrab, J"*-
Shrew, shrewe, shrine, shroud, shrub, Sre,
Skream, skrew, ffc.
Sphere, spherics, sphincter, sphinx, S^c.
Splay, spleen, splice, split, splinter, St.
Sprain, sprat, spread, spring, sprout, spruce, ^c
Straw, stream, strike, stroke, struggle, ^c.
Thrall,thread,thrice, through, throne, thsush, 5c,
Thwack, thwart, <Sc. — And the two following
KO)-iU, beginning with four consonants) viz.
Phthisic, mid Phthisical.
Note, Any single consonant in the alphabet may end a
xnrd (the (/ and v only excepted) the former of which as-
sumes to it the diphlliong wc silent to close it ; as in aiUuine,
oblique, ^-c. and the latter assumes e silent, as iu glove, love,
dove, ffc.
Note. Some words end with two consonants, others with
three, and some with four. As for instance.
Words ending with two consonants ; as in
Plmnh, dumb, thumb, hluck, fiocit, loci;, tee.
Words ending with three consonants ; as in
Wench, tench, wrench, wrinht, night, Jight, ^-f.
And words ending with four consonants ; as 'n
Eighth, weights, stieights, length, strength, ^c.
Noti. As the monosyllables, which are numerous, are the
springs (if 1 maybe allowed the expression) or roots of the
English languages the art of spelling correctly principally
consists in the knowledge of their several powers or
sounds.
To be observed in the DjviSION (/S'itLABI.F.S.
L All grammatical endings, commonly called !t»'rinina
tions, must be separated in spcUinj ; as for instance> in tlve
following verbs.
To eharm — charm^h, cdst, ctl, tng ; and in the substantiv*
—charm-er ; and in the adverb — charm-ingly.
To abound — abound-eth, est, ed, ing ; and in the adjective —
ahund-aiit- ; in the substantive — abujul-anee ; and the adverb
—abundantly, ffC,
n. When two vowels come together, and both of them
are distinctly sounded ; that is, wlven they are not diph-
thongs, they must be separated in the spelling of them ; as
for instance, in the words co-ejaa/, co-eternal, co-essential, crea-
tor, usual, mutual, ^c, . . .
As also in proper names, namely, f\o-ah, Si-na-i, Si-la^e, irt.
And lastly, all compound words must, in spellini;, be
resolved into their simple, or component words ; as in uit-
to, up-OH, not-with-stand-ing, never-the-less, fic.
Note. In some polysyllables or words of several syllables
the sound ot shial, is expressed sometimes by (iial) as in
the words es-sen-tial, nvp-tial, par-tial, mar-tial, t^c. and it
others by (cial) as in com^mer-cial, pre-jttrdi-cial, ar-ti-fi-cial,
4c.
Such polysyllables likewise as end in (tian) or {cian) have
the sound of (shian) as in Egyp-tian, Gre-cian, ^c. .
Some polysyllables, agaiV?, ending in (tiatc) or (date)
have the sound of (shiute) as in-gra-tiate, de-pre-ciate, Si-c,
Some polysyllables, moreover, ending in (scieiu) (cient) or
(tient) assume the sound of (shient) as in om-ni-scient, pro-
fi-cient, pa-tient, 5 c.
And to conclude, many words, ending in (tion) (sion)
are sounded as (shun) as in vex-a-tion, con-ver-sion, con-fu-sion,
4c. All these distinctions, however, are marked as thty
occur in the DiCTioN/»RY.
PART III.
OF WORDS.
JT'ROIM mere articulate sounds, that is, from the various
manner of writing or pronouncing Ictteis and syllables,
which were the subject niatti-r ot the two preceding parts;
we 'IihII now, accoiding to our plan at IVrst laid down, pro-
ceed to an account nftiords.
And in order to denote the diversity of our sentiments;
oT.in ither terms, to convey our ideas to one another either
in vWttng or speaking, divers kinds of v. ords must nnavoid-
ahly he used to answer that important end • and these, by
moiX grnmmajians, arc called the eight parts of speech as
foUows, naniefy.
Noun, • Adverb,
Pronoun, Conjunction,
Verb, Preposition,
Participle, Interjection.
These eight parts however, for brevity's s.ike, may with
propriety enough be reduced, as they are distinguished
throughout the Dictionary hereto adjoined to these four only ;
namely, nouns suhslantiic, nouns ailjccitvc, wrbs, and partictet;
for all pronouns, or, as they are termed by some, adnouns, are
nothing more than certain commodious names, or «(»■<{»,
7t Licit arc substituted in the room either of substantii-es or
AN LAS\ INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE ENGLISH TONGUE.
XIK
tidjectivet, in order to prevent a <lisa;rccablo reprtitioii of
tlie forejcoins jtamcs or nouns ; and all jmrtici/ihs are no
more tlian Aliat may, with proprioly, l>e trrnied verbid ail-
jectiDes; and forasmuch as the four last mentioned pnrla are
too inconsiderable, in my humble opinion, to deserve such
a distinct separation or division, they n)ay all very naturally
and properly be included under the genera! term of parti-
cUt.
Before we enter, however, upon this our new division,
thus purposely abbreviated ; it will, we ima^'ine, be hi^ihly
necessary to make some few previous remarks on those
little Words, which we chuse to call articles, rather than par-
ticles, (thou;;!) both may be proper) which, in our mother
tongve, are certain kinds of limitations prefixed to our nouns
or names ; and these are no more than two in number ;
namely, a, or an, and the.
^«, "indeed, is the original Snxnn article, has an indefinite,
or unlimited sense, and is in reality, as ninch an adjeicice as
the pronoun one, with reijard to more ; and so indeed is & ;
as for instance, a scholar, an artist ; that is to say, some one
scholar, some one artist in general.
Note. A or an is only used in the singular number, but
the in both.
Note. The article a is always used, when a consonant, or
an aspirate h, immediately follows; as, a king, a queen ; a
hound, a horse, a hare, &c. But an is always substituted in
the room or stead of a, when a vowel follows it, or an h
that is not aspirated ; as in the words an emmet, an elephant,
en ox, an ass ; an hirh, an hour, an heir, Ac.
Note likewise, where « and an are used in (he singular
nxmfter, there is no article at all made use of in ihe plural ;
as " These are well-built houses; Those are sweet-scented
herbs," &c.
The article (the) however, is frequently made use of both
in the singular and plural; as, the hour, the hours, tlieday,the
dngs, the month, the months, &c.
Sometimes, indeed, it is not used. And first, it is never
prefixed to proper riames ; as John, William, Thomas, &c;
nor, in the second place, to virtues, or vices ; as love, honour,
honesty, injustice, anger, hatred, &c. nor, in the third, to me-
tals or minerals ; as tin, copper, brass, silver, gold, &c. nor is
it, in the last place, used before such words wherein the
mere existence of any thing is only implied ; as for instanr:e,
" This is not water, but wine ; That is not ale, but small
beer," &c.
After these cursory hints, it will be incumbent on us to
distinguish words into their respective kinds, or classes ; and
afterwards take the accidents of each into our consider-
ation, which in every language is the essential part of
grammar.
Words, then, are properly referred to faux kinds, or classes,
namely. I, Noun suhstantires. 2. Noun adjectives. 3. Verbs,
or affirmations, and lastly, particles.
Of these we shall treat in their proper order. And
fint.
Of nouns sulstantivg and adjective,
A substantive is the name of the thing itself; ns, aking, a
queen, a horse, a dog ; a chair, a table, a looking glass, &c.
An adjective is a ivord which expresses the particular qua-
lities, or properties, of the thing first mentioned ; as
great, smalt, black, white, fair, brown, fat, lean, wise, Jnolish.
&c.
In order, therefore, to discover which are substantives and
which ^re mljcctives ; I must consider whether the thing
mentioned be plain and intelligible of itself; or whether it
wants some additional word to make it so i Thus if I say,
" 1 saw yesterday the king, the queen, the lord-mayor; an
ox, a stai;, a horse," A'c. the sense is complete, and 1 am
clearly understood ; but if I say, " 1 visited an amiable, a
prudent, a beautiful, a deformed," &c. ray meaning is dark
and iinintelligiblr ; 'so that some substantive must be put to
if. such as man, unman, hoy, girl, Arc. without which it will
never be sense, or rightly understood.
Subitantives are di^tinijnished into proper and common.
The former belongs to some individual, or particular per-
son, or thing; as Thomas, William, Mary, Susan, &c. the
Thames, the Ilumber, the Severn, &c. IjnMon, Oxford, Cam-
bridge, &c. The latter belongs to all of (he particular, spe-
cies ; as man, woman, horse, hound, river, city, mountain, pro-
vince, kingdom, Ike.
As proper names of men, women, or children, denote
persons ; so those which we make use of to denote the three-
fold distinctions of persons are in a peculiar manner ex-
pressed, and called (as we have before hinted) either pro-
iwuns or adneuns ; and those are difterent, according as the
persons of whom we speak are one only, or more than one ;
or in other terms, of the singular or plural manber.
If I speak of mi/icZ/'oiily, then the pronoun is /,- if I «peak
of others as well as niysdf, the pronoun is wc.
In case 1 speak directly to any one person, that is called
the second person ; and the pronoun in that case, is thou; but
if I speak mimediatcly to more persons than one, l\ie pro-
noun h ye; if however, I speak of apfriojt or Mz'no-, that i?
termed the third person, and the prniwun, if it be of one
male, it is he; if ol one female, it is she; if the thing spoken
of be neither male nor female, but a thing inanimate, t. e.
of the neuter gender, then We use the word iV. In the
plural number, indeed, if wc speak of pcrsoyis or tilings, we
use the word tkey, be \hegender what it will.
Of the tnanner of making singulars plurals.
For the generality, singulars are made plurals by addini;
only an s, as hand, hands; cock, cocks; bird, birds; noun,
7iou>is ; verb, ve7-bs, Ac.
When the singular, however, ends in ce, se, zt, x, ss, ch, sh,
or ec, when sounded soft like je, we must add either s or <»,
and make an additional syllable; :'.s in place, or placet ;
horse, horses ; maie, mazes ; box, boxes ; fox, foxes ; lass,
lasses; glass, glasses; church, churches; watch, watches;
wish, wishes ; bush, bushes; page, pages; age, aget, &c.
And nouns, ending in y make (ies) in the plural, as in body,
iodies ; glory, glories ; ruby, rubies, f^c.
Frequently the plural is formed by the termination (ett,)
as in man, men ; womtn, womai ; chick, chicken ; brother, bri-
thren, &c.
Those names, again, which end their singulars in cither/,
or/«, form their plural by (ves,) as half, halves ; thief, thieves ;
ca^'j'calves ; loaf, loaves ; wife, wives ; knife, knives, dec.
In the English tongue, however, the manner of forming
the plural is very irregular ; for there are many words which
can be reducedto no rule at all ; as will manifestly appear
from the following catalogue or table,
Sing,
Die
Child
Ox
Mouse
' In many words there is no difference in regard to number;
as in sheep, deer, fern, hose, s:rin£, A'C.
Some words again admit of no singidar number i as for in-
stance.
riur.
iS'm^.
Plnr.
Dice
Brother
Brethren
Children
Louse
Lice
Oxen
Goose
Geese
Mice
Penny
Pence, &c.
Snuffers
Sf issars
Breeches
Wages
Tongs
Lungs
Bellows
.Ashes, Sec.
Others, on the other hand, admit of no plural manitri ai
for instance, the names of
Virtues, asjustuu omdenee, goodntis, &C.
AN EAS'X INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE ENGLISH TONGUS.
Vicos, as envy, nmlicr, revenge, &c.
Corn, as tihent, outs, biir/i'ji, Ac.
Herbs, as t/ii/me, ?w, roSfinnri/, S:c.
Countries, as Eiig;lanil, Scollund, France, &c.
Cities, as Londun Yorli, £1 iatol, c*tc.
Towns, as Leues, I'itiymns;, Arundel, &C.
Rivers, as 'J'/iai;ies, Trent, Ilnmber, \c.
In the English Tuiis:iie, moreover, the disliiiclion offrenrters
is shewn lij diftercul uuuU : as in
M-rsciil.
Fein.
Boy
Girl
Man
Woman
Buar
Son-
Stas
Hind
Nepliew
Niece
J^orii
Ladv
AVizarrl
Witdi
Master
Mistress
Ram
Ewe
Jllascit!.
King
Brother
Lafl
Buck
Bull
Cock
Uncle
Father
Fern.
Queen
Sister
Lass
Doe
Cow
Hen
Aunt
Mother
Some mascitJiiienoiius, however, make the faninine by the
addition of (ess) as in the words hereaud«' mentioned,
Mascul.
Fern.
Mascul.
Fern.
Actor
Actress
Poet
Poetess
Doctor
Doctress
Heir
Heiress
Governor
Governess
Duke
Duchess, &c
And some in (ix) as executor, executrix, administrator, nd-
ininistriitrix, &c.
Most nottus have six cases, viz.
The Nominative I Accusative
fienitive I Vocative
Dative i Ablative.
Tlie nominative case is that in which we barely mention
the thintf, whether animate or inanimate ; aiu! is l<nown by
tlie particle, or article, tlie, or a ; as, the king, or a king ; ilie
queen, or a queen ; a, or the horse ; nn ox, or the ox ; the house,
the stable, the yard, &c.
The genitive case denotes possession or properly, and is
«listingiiisiied by the particle of, or by an apostrophe, (') as
for instance, " The integrity of Job, or Jfob's intei;rity.
The proclamation of the king, or, the king's proclama-
tion."
The dative case denotes the gift of somelliing, or some-
thing dune toa person or thing; and isknown by the p.irlicle
(to), as for instance; " To pay the tribute of adoration to
Uie Almighty. To pay taxes to the public collectors. To
turn rebels to the government, <ic."
The accusative case immediately follows the vcrh, and is the
subject of its affirmation; as, "I worship no God, but
one ; I read no book, but the Bible ; Yesterday, I wrote a
letter to my father. This day, tire king made a most gra-
cious speech to both houses of parliament," &c.
The vocative ease is that which calls upon a person or
thi'jig, and is known by the exclamatory particle (O), As,
" 1 appeal to you, O citizens, whether w hat I have said, be
tcuf or false! times! O maimers ! O Lord God! O
most merciful Father !" &c.
The aldative case is known by the {i>\\omn^prej>ositions, viz.
ill, uith, through, for, from, by, or than, etc.
All which cases are hereunder expressed in both num-
bers
The prnnonns or mlnouns, assume a different form in all the
cases after the nominative, both singular and plural; as IS
evident, and clearly demonstrated by the scheme be-
low, vt^.
Nom. I
Sin£
Singular.
A or the King,
ol the King,
to the King,
the King,
O King,
From, by, or ,
wita tbe
King
Plural.
The Kings,
of the Kings,
to the Kings,
the Kings,
O Kings,
I'rom, by, or > i^- ,„
with the >^'"S^'
fien.
Dat.
. Ace.
Voc.
Abl.
of ms
to me
me
O me
from or
by me
Noin. We
Gen.
Dat.
Plur. Ace.
Voc.
Abl.
of us
to us
us
from or
by us
Thou
of thee
to thee
thee
thou
from or
by thee
Ye
of you
to you
you
Oye
from or
by you
He
of him
to him
him
from or
by him
They
if them
to them
them
from or
by them.
She
of her
to hct
her
from or
by her
V"
The pronoun adjective, wliich denotes our property of
posses5ion, are in each person in tlie nominative case before
the noun, my, thy, his, in \\\e singular vumher, ■anA in the
plural, our, your, their; as fOr instance, " oiy horse, thy
horse," Ac. But »«;/ and thy are changed into tnine and thine,
when they come after the noun; and add s to tiie plurals,
above mentioned; as, " That liorse of mine, that mare of
thine," &c. "These tenements of ours; those farms of
yours," Ac.
The ivterrogatives who, for a person, and what, for a thing,
make whom, after the verb; and in every case but the nomi-
native and the genitive plural, whose.
The indicative pratwuni, this and that, in the lingular, make
tfiese and those in the plural ; the first whereof has reference
to sometliing near, or present ; and the other, to such things
as are eitlier at some considerable distance, though in sight,
or actually absent.
In nouns adjective, or names of quality, there are three de-
grees of comparison, namely, the simple, or pnsiVw degrees s as,
sweet, sharp; swift, slant ; iof}, hard; blacli, white, ix. In tliii
degree the quality is mentioned, but nothing more. The
comparative dtgree is formed by adding the termination (er)
to the positive; as, sweeter, sharper; swifter, slower, softer,
Itarder ; blacker, whiter, Vr. the third, or last degree o{ compa-
1-ison, is termed the superlative ; where we express the highest
degree imaginable ; and this is done by the termination (est)
as sweetest, sharpest ; swiftest, slowest ; sojlest, hardest ; blackest,
whitest, A;c. ■
In the comparison of adjectives, however, there is great ir-
regularity ; and the different degrees are so-metimes ex-
pressed by so many different words, a$, bad, icoyse, worst}
good, better, best ; little, less, least.
We frequently, again, make comparisonshy using the terms
wore, and most ; as more glorious, most glorious ; more inngni-
Jiceut, most magnificent, Ac.
Note. These words more and most are generally used
where the adjecttveh a polysyllable, or a word of three or
more syllables ; but in monosyllables, or dissyllables,' the teiini-
nations er and est, as above specified, arc principally used.
There is one thing more to be observed in regard to
n'ljectivcs, and that is, that many of them are converted
into substantives ; as for instance, we say a general, for a
general commander; a particular, for a particufar article.
Sometimes, again, adjectives are used adverbially ; at €»■
ceeding great, mighty strong, prodigious high, 5 e.
Of verbs, or words ; otherwise termed affirmationi,
A verb or word, whicli (if we may be indulged the expres-
sion) is the soul, or most essential part of a sentence, is a
Eart of speech that is conjugated with nwod and teme, and
etokeiis citll$r doing, tuff'ering, O' tting.
AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE ENGLISH TONGUE.
XKl
Of these rrrbs or affinnations liicro are eight different sorts,
which are distiiiKuislied as lien'uiider written, viz.
Active
Passive
Neuter
Substantive
Auxiliary
lle^iilar
Irregular, and
Impersonal.
1. Aa active verb is that whieh expresses an action that
passes on another subject or object ; as tor instance, " I
adore the Alnii{;hty ; I honour tiie kin^ ; I abhor a hvpo-
crite." &c.
2. A passive verb is that which expressclh hearing, or
suffering ; as, " 1 am honoured, beloved, feared, hated,"
&c.
3. A nevter verb is such a word as expresses an action
which has no particular object whereon to fall ; as, " I
sleep, I dream, I stanil still, 1 run, Ac.
4. A substantive vtrh, is such a word as expresses the leins;
or snbstance which the mind forms to itself, or supposes to
be in the object, wliether it actually be or not i as / am,
thoxtart, he is, &c.
5. An auxilmry verb is such a one that serves in the conju-
gation of both active and passive verbs, as am, was, liave, had,
&c.
6. A regular verb is such a one as is conjugated after some
one particular manner or rule.
7. An irregular verb is such a one as has something singu-
lar in its termination, or the formation of its lenses. And,
8. An impersonal verb is such a one as has only the third
person ; as, it rains, it snows, it freezes, it thaws, it thunders,
it Hirhtens, &c.
Note. Were all verbs regular, and formed their positive
jiarticiple by (ed) there would be very little trouble or ditfi-
cidty to the learners, in acquiring a tolerable idea soon of
the English grammar ; but there is scarce any language
that is more irregular than ours, in forming the passive parti-
ciples ; and this renders the acquisition of them very trou-
blesome to foreigners.
Asverif are thus distinguished, \\k accidents to them are
the four following, namely ; person, number, mood, and
tense.
By the_/f)-s(, we mean only thosp particular terminations,
whereby the person, either acting or suffering, in each number
is denoted ; as, I sing, thou singcst, he or she singelh, &c.
As to the second, (namely number,) that, in all verbs, follows
in course ; for the agent <n patient nnist be one or more: the
plural, however, in the English language, is expressed
entirely by Ihose personal adnouns, we, ye, and they.
As to the third, that is to say, the moods ; or in other
terms, the modes, or manner of speaking, are four only i
namely, the indicative, the imperative, the subjunctive, and the
in/initive.
The /irst indicates the action only, and nothing more,
without any regard to the modes, or manner in which it is
done ; as, " I pipe, you dance, or thou dancest ; he or she
ings, they talk, langh, or sing," &c.
The second, or the imperative, intreats, exhorts, or com-
mands. As "Fear God ; honour the king; love your
Neighbours as yourselves," &c.
The std>junctive mood is that, wherein the verb either de-
pends on, or is subjoined to, some ether verb in \he sentence.
As, " You will meet with applause, if you follow a virtuous
course of life ; If you will be intemperate, and indulge your
appetites without control, you will severely repent the
consequences, sooner or later."
Tihe infinitive mood in that in which the action of the verb is
expressed in an indetinite or unlimited manner; as to pipe,
to dance, to play, &c.
Some, indeed, add to these the optative and potential
moodt. The latter is known by the particles mat/, might,
tan, could, would, should, ^c. As, " I may write, if I will ;
you might improve, if you would ; he can sing, if he
pleases." &c.
As to the optative mood', it is the same as the subjunctive, or
potential, with the addition only of the exclamatory particle
O .' whereby we testify our inclination, wish, or desire to
do any thing. As," O! lliat I may, mi^lil, or could, be
master of Ibe I'^ii^jlish, Latin, or rroiich laruiiiatT'^s.' Ac.
If is iiiani('L>t, li'^wevcr, that all the ]\iigb^h words are
expressed by little auxiliary or siibscrvi.iil /mrticlcs, and
not by an> different <c;w(».'(/()H.t of the principal iw4 itself
as is usually (biue in iiio^l ollur languages.
As to the tenxes of verbs, we mj'an by that grammatical
term, the several times wherein tli'^ir respective actions are
pel formed ; and of these there are, properly ^l>ealling, three
only ; that is to say, the ^«f«'>i', the P'ist, and the future, or
time to come. As, for instance, " I love, ! bate ;" or, " I
do love, I do hate ; I loved, or hated ; or, did love or hate ;"
and, "I shall or will love, or hate."
The preter tense, however, or the time past, is, for the
generality, subdivided in three; luinicly, Xha prefer imperfect,
which denotes the liiue past, but not actually finished ; as
" 1 was writing a letter to my f'allier, but was hindered in
completing it; the prcter-jurfcct, which denotes the time
absolutely past ; " I sent a messenger to my sister three
hours ago;" and the prttcr-plupcrfcct, which denotes the
time past, before the time of some other past action; as, " 1
had heard that tin- king of Prussia had gained an entire
conepiest over the Austrians, some time before the publica-
tion of it in the gazelle."
From whence it is manifest, as we hinted before, that the
ie:isps, or times, are not formed in the English language by
different tcrmiiiations of the verb itself, as it is in most others,
but by the aid and assistance of the auxiliary verbs do, did ;
have had ; shall and will.
Of the method made use of to know whether a word be a verb oi' not.
Suppose the words to be sit, siatul, walk, Sec. place some
personal pronoun before them, and lliey will be goo.il sense,
if they are in reality verbs ; as, •' I sit, you stand, or thou
standest ; they walk ;" but otherwise nonsense.
To distinguish a verb active from another verb, place the
particles do, or did, before it ; and if it be sense, it will be
an actix<e verb ; as, " I do walk, 1 did work, I do make," A:c. •
To distinguish a verb passive from another vprb, place tke
particles am, art, or are, before the participle ending in (cd,)
and in case it be good sense, it will be a passive verb ; as,
loved, hated, hurried, iiinl ; " I am loved ; thou art hated ;
he is hurried i we, \e, or tiiey, are tired."
When it is in the siibjunctiic mood, ihe auxiliary word, lie,
must be used ; as, " If I be weary, I cannot sleep ; if 1 fio
hurried, I cannot w rite," &c.
Of PARTICIPLES.
A participle is aii adjective formed of a verb ; and has that
denomination, I'lom its taking part of a iioim, .is gender, cast,
and decknsion ; anil part ol a verb, as tense, or time, and
Tignijicatwn ; and part of botli, as number audjigure.
Of PARTICLES. I
These afe generally distinguished by the four- fast parts
of speech, called adverb, conjunction, preposition, and inter-
jection.
As these, however, are foo incojisiderable, in my opinion,
to be made distinct /)«)<* of speech, I shall include them all
nnder the general t>cnoniination of particles ; and shall dis-
miss this head with the few following cursory remarks on
each.
As to adverbs, they are a kind of words which are joined in
a sentence to the noun, or verb, in order to shew the particu-
(;ir circumstance of their respective siguiGeations.
Of those there are four kinds. And
i. All such as express the manner or quality. And these
are formed of adjectives, by the addition only of the particle
(lit,) as for instance, from prudent comes prudenth/ ; from
^loic com«s slowly ; aud troiji qnich tomes quitlUy, And
X\1I.
AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE ENG''SH TONGUE.
that these are nothm? more than a species ofnoims adjective,
is plainly manifest, not only from their sense or si:;iiiHca-
tion, but from their admission likewise of des-rees <f com/ia-
risoii ; as, prudently, more prudentltj, most pnideritli/ ; sluu/i/,
more slowly, or slowlier, most slowly or slnwliest ; and qiikhly,
fltdcklier. Or tnore qttick, quichliest, or most quick.
9. The second sort are those of time ; as for example,
now
presently
yesterday
lately
seldom
daily
never
always, &c.
3. The next sort uretlwse of place ; as for instance,
here
there
within
without
upwards
downwards
hither
thither
hence
thence
above
below, &c.
The fourth and last sort are tJwse of number or order ; as
once,
twice,
thrice,
finally,
and
tirst,
second I J',
thirdly,
lastly, &c.
Of those particles which grammarians, for the generality,
term conjuncttous.
Of these there are various sorts. As for instance.
1. Copulatives,
2. Disjunctives,
3. Conccssives,
Of the first sort,
or the second,
Of the third,
Ofthe fourth,
Of the fifth,
Ofthe sixth.
4. Illatives,
5. Conditionals,
6. Expletives, &c.
and, with, for, by, &c.
or, either, nor, neither, &c.
yet, tho', allho', albeit, &c.
seeing, since, therefore, wherefore,
if, provided, always, nevertheless,
yes, indeed, forsooth, &c.
Of those pmticles which grammarians, for the most part,
term prepositions ; or, in other words, such particles as aro
prefixed to nouns in order to point oat the case, slate, or
jrtoion, wherein they are respectively used.
Of these likewise there are various sorts ; asfor example ;
the two articles <i or an, and the. To these add
of
by
about
at
till or
to
from
after
between
until
ill
than
a{;aiiist
beyond
toward n
villi
above
amonfj or
amongst
on or
upon
toward
>r wittiin > A'C
•s witiiouf)
eC'
Of I hose particles which g-)V(m;M(r)v.a)ij usually term interii
lions, which are but few in number, and make the sinall<
liart of the JEllgli^h language, or indeed, of aiiy othei
language whatsoever.
Of these last there are two sorls, v>i.
Swlitary and
Passive
Social ami
Active.
The former are so distinguished from their being used
when we are alone, and the result of pain, sorrow, or any
other token of surprise or admiration; and sometimes are
marks of our displeasure and resentment : and these are,
Heigh! hem! ah! alas! oh! pish! fie! pho!&c.
The latter are these,
Ho! Iiolo! hush! hist! hark! and ha, ha, he! to express
laughter, or a superior degree of pleasure.
To conclude. Notwithstanding these particles are calle^t
little words, and used for the several purposes above parti-
cularly expressed, and notwithstanding we have mentioned
them as too inconsiderable to be termed distinct parts of
speech, yet it must be acknowledged, at the same time, that
they are vords ofthe last importance, and that the beauty
and elegance of a discourse, in a great measure, depend
upon a judicious use of them ; for notwithstanding it is no
difficult task merely to point out a thing or action, yet to
give a particular description of it, and to set it in the
fairest and most advantageous point of light, requires mor»
qrt and judgment in the use of the above particles, than most
people would, without mature reflection, ever imagine.
PART IV.
OF SENTENCES.
A SENTENCE is either limpli or compound.
1'hc former (according to the grammatical idea ofthe
term) is a period, or set of words, in which some perfect sense,
or sentiment of the mind is fully comprehended ; as " Jesus
wept — Christ died — Vice is odious — Virtue is a beauty." &c.
Tlie examples above produced are called simple sentences,
ts being nothing more than noun substantives or names in the
■io»iimi(it>; case, and proper verbs or affirmations joined to
them ; without which they could never be understood. '
A tompoxtnd ttntmce is, were two or more simple sententei
are joined together by proper particles ; as, "There is a
time to pipe, and a time to dance ; a time to work, and a
time to play."
Of the concord between the substantive «n</ the verb.
The noun suhsta7itive, or 7iame, is the thing or person, that
either is, does, or suffers . and this, for the most pait is set
before the verb ; as for instance, "William is fast asleep:
Thomas is awake ; 1 am at work ; you are at play ; lie or
AN EASV INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF TIJE ENGLUH TON'GirE.
X\lll.
ihe IS gone to market ; we, ve, or they are jjoing n fishing,"
&c.
This nile. Iiowover, is inverted in the four spvorjl raspS
hereunder particiiliirly niciitiDiicd i viz. Who h ijiiesiion is
asked; When any wurd of coiiiniand is given; When a
sentence is condilii)n;d ; and when the particle (there)
er (its) precedes Uic nj/irmation.
In tiie first place, wc say, '' ConUI ever William be so
careless ? Could anv servants be more insolent 1 Docs
tlie tea-kettle boil? Is supper ready, &c.
In llie second case, that is to say, in point of any positive
command: as, "Mind your business; Read your book;
Hold your tongue, " cVc.
Where the sentence is conditional, tve express ourselves
thus; " Had 1 bee.) appiciienslve <»/ the man's insincerity,
I would never have trusted him with a sniliinii- Were I a
man of fortune, I would advance all my poor rcid ions,"
A:c.
In the last place, we say, "There was a committee of the
bank of England sat yesterday. There was a great debate in
the house of pa.'ll.nient this morning. It was the husband,
not the wife, that was found guilty. It was a mare, not a
liorse, that won the race."
Though a noun or narr.e is, for Ihe most part, tlie«o?ni7i«/!V'e
rase to the verb ; yet this rule is not always observed ; for,
in the first place, a verb or affirmation, put into ihe infinitive
nuod, is sonictinies siibstilnted instead of a »ioii» or «a?ne ,•
as for instance, " To laugh at church is very indecent.
To speak disrespectlully of a benefactor, is most shamefully
ungrateful. To die forthe good of one's country, is a truly
heroic action," <S.'c.
Sometimes, again, a whole sentence is made use of as the
noimnative case to the jerb ; as for instance, " A hearty zeal,
and an ardent inclinalio i, to serve our great Creator, is our
best fence against all mistakes of impoitance in points of
religion," &c.
Now the general rule for finding out the nominative case
to the verb, is, to ask the question, who, or uhat? And the
word that answers to who or ichal is, does, or svffers, is the
nominative case. As in the preceeding questions. What is
very indecent? To whistle at cliuich. What is most
shaaiefullv ungrateful? To speak disrespectfully of a bene-
factor. VVhat is our best fence ? A hearty zeal, &c.
Again, / */«"-. You dance. He plui/s. We, ye, or they
work. Here ask the question, " Who sings, dances, plays, vr
works?" " I, ynu," (!i:c.
Here it is to be observed, that the verb n.iist always agree
with the substantive noun or name, in number aiul person ;
as / love, thuH hmsst, he loveth, or loves ; we, ye, or they love.
Here, we must not say, / loves, or we loves, &c.
When two substantives of the singular number precede the
rerb, then the verb must be in the plural; as for instance,
" My brother John and my sister Mary were at Ihe play
last night," (not tra.«.) "My father and I were at dinner
together at Guild-liall last lord mayor's day," (not was.)
" The lord mayor and his lady were to be at St. Paul's
this morning," (not is)&c.
Note. If a collective nouti, that is to say, a tinme, which
expresses a great number of persons, though itself be
singular, precedes the verb, the verb must be in the plural
number ; as, "The mob were very outrageous in the streets
last niglit, (not uas.) Never mind what the vulgar say or
do," (not says or docs.) " The English army arc now in
Germany, (liot is)&c.
Of the concord between tfte substantive and the adjective.
In the English tongue, when we apply an adjective to a
nd)stantive, we make no distinction (as grammarians do in
Latin) of case, gmder, or number ; for we say, a modest man ;
an insolent woman; an aff'pcled fop ; or, in X\\e plural ; modest
tntn ; insolent women ; aff'ectedfops, &c.
Note. The pronoun this, in the singular number, makes these
in tUe plural ; as, "Tliis hat is mine; but these two are
yours. This chair is broken, but these are whole and
sound."
Again, the pronoun that, in the singtdar number, makes
those in the plural ; as, " "filial pair of gloves in the windniv
are yours, but those on the table are mine. 'I'lr.U blKer
tankard is my landlord's, but those silver candlesticks were
borrowed," <Vc.
JVote, once more, that the English ndjectit'e, for the most
part, indeed, precedes the «K^j/rt/i/irc; as, a delightful pros-
pect ; a new built house ; a pacing horse, diC. but there arc
some exceptions to this ;;eiieral ru.'o.
And, in the first |)lace, the adjective is frequently parted
from the snbstnnlire, when a verb intervenes; as, "Truly
brave and heroic is the man who dies in tlie defence of his
country. Very richly and gaily drest are the ladies when
they go to court. Infallibly true are all the doctrines of the
sacred scriptures," &c.
Sometimes, a..;ain, the flfZ/cf^i'ic follows t}ic substantive, when
the a.tiele (the) comes between ; as, " Ocorye the third,
king of O.iat Britain, &c. Lewis the tiftecnth, king of
France, &c.
The (K//eo<i»c follows the substantive in the following gram-
matical expression ; as, a verb active; a vei b passive ; a verb
neuter, &c.
T'o conclnde ; adjectives, as we hare hinted before, are
often made use of as substantives ; as, the general, for the
general commander ; the subalterns, for the inferior offices. All,
for nil men ; some, for sotne men ; and others, for other men.
As for instance, "All were found guilty of hi.jh treason;
some were beheaded, and others hun;,' up at Tyburn."
Of the concord between the relative and tlie antecedent.
A relative sentence h njie that has in it the relative adjective
who or which ; as, "This is the lady who shone at Bath.
That is the happy man who is the lady's bridegroom. This
is the unlucky horse which threw me into the river. Tiiat
is the ship which brought me home safe fVoni Holland," &c.
The relative must always be of the same uurnlicr and
person, as the antecedent; as, "Thrice happy is he who is
beloved by his Maker. Unspeakably uuhajjpy are they
whe die in their sins."
Sometimes, indeed, the rc/er/iwe is suppressed ; as, " This
islheman I am intiiiilelv obliged to; for, toMlinni/am
obliged. That is the lady I love beyond my life ; for, whom
/ lire," &C.
There are divers /fg-io'e* made use of in some sentences ;
but, as they rather belong to the art o( rhetoric, than that of
grammar, we shall purposely decline saving any thing about
ihein ; as being, in some measure, foreign to our presefit
purpose.
Of PUNCTUATION.
Of sentences, both single and compound are formed periods,
which as they cannot consist of less than two members, so
they should not have more than four; for dissertations
where the;>e;)Wi are long, are attended not only «ith great
difficulty to the person «ho delivers them, Inif with confu-
sion and reluctance to those who hear them. And for that
reason, they seldom meet « ith favour and applanse.
As the members, therefore, of a complete period are four;
so they are distinguished by four several marhs, which are
commonly called points or stoj.s; that is to say, the comma,
marked thus (,) the semicolou, thus (;) the eolim, thus (=) and
the period, full point, or slop, marked thus (.) And the
reason that those distinctions are thus made, is this s be-
cause no jWio/e penW is to be pronounced in one breath, but
requires more or less pauses, -di the iwture of the subject
requires.
The first marA, or comma, is used when we make so small
a pause, as whilst only we can tell one ; 'and is made use of,
for the most part, in order to distinguish particular names
and things ; as the names of the four most holy evangelists.
XXIV.
AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE ENGLISH TONGUE.
Matthew, Mnrh, Luke, and John. The four seasons of the
year, viz. Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter; the twelve
months, as, Jami'iry, February, March, &c. and the three
divisions of virtue ; namelv, the. human, social, and divine,"
&c.
The second 7narh, or semicolon, is made use of lo denote a
pause whilst we can tell two, and is most frequent, next to
the comma : this is affixed to such parts of a iteriod, as have
o'-ieoruiore commas in them, and contain only a part ot (he
declaration of the subject ; as in the following period ; " If
they be tempted, they resist; if molested, tliey sutler it.
gatiently; if praised, they humble themselves ; and attri-
ute it to the Almighty."
The third 7iuirh, or colon, makes three times the pavse of a
comma ; and is made use of to such parts of a sentence or
period only, vberp.in the sense or assertion, is perfectly
linished, as for example, " In the beginning, God created
the heavens and the earth: and the earth was without form,
and void : and darkness was upon the face of the deep."
And here, the reader may observe, that the subject of the
period chft'ers, where the two colons are regularly placed.
A full-point ov stop, is placed no where but at the end of a
period; that is to say, when the whole declaration upon
any particular topic, "whether lon^' or short, is perfectly
finished.
Besides these, however, there are divers other notes, cha-
racters, or marks, made use of in the orthography of most
hmgmqes, as well as the English ; and which frequently
occur. And these are,
First, A note of interrogation, marked thus (?)
Secondly, A note of admiration, marked thus (!)
Tile former is always made use of wiicn any question is
asked. As, " Who is there'? Where are you going?
Wlien will you return .' W hat o'clock is it T &c.
The latter is made use of indeed, not only in cases of
admiration, but exclamation likewise, as, " for shame !
Was the like overseen ! Wasever age so corrupt! O times !
O maimers ! O heaven !" &c.
An accent, marked thus (') denotes \\a\. syllahle in a word,
whereon the stress of the voice is to be laid ; as, to torment
(fke Kerb) to distinguish it from the substantive, which is
accented on the first syllable, thus, tbrmerit.
An apostrophe, marked thus (') denotes that there are two
words contracted into one ; as, /'//, for / will; you mayn't,
{or you may not ; hesha'nt, {or he shall not, &c.
It is used likewise in the genitive case of nouns, by way of
contraction J as, God's glory, {or the glory of dod ; Job's inte-
grity, for the integrity of Job, &c.
An asterism or asterisk, marked thus (*) aud an obelisk,
marked thus (t) are used for references to some note, either
in the margin or the_/bo< of the page.
A paragraph marked thus (IT) and a section marked thus (5)
are frequently used, but more particularly in the sacreil
scriptures, when a new subject or section is bejjuii.
A quotation, which is generally marked thus (") that is,
two commas inverted ; is used, lo denote some passage
extracted from some author, worthy of the leader's particu-
lar notice.
A hyphen, marked thus (-) is used for the separation of
compound words ; as, Christmas-day^ Lady-day, mal-coutents,
water-mill, &C.
A parenthesis, marked thus () or a crotchet, marked tlnis []
is made use of to include an expression in the midst of a
sentence, of a different import; as in the following text ;
" For to theirpouerd bear record) they were nilling ;" where
the sense of the sentence is complete witliout the words so
included.
A dialysis, marked thus (..) when placed over two vowels,
denotes" that they are not a diphthong, but two distinct
syllables.
An Index, marked thus {(^) points to some particular
passage, that is of more importance, and more remarkable
than ordinary.
Besides these, there are divers other characters or marks,
made use of by way of abbreviation, by tradesmen, mathemati-
cians, astronomers, physicians, &c. which are needless here,
we humbly conceive, to be particularly specified.
Having said thus much concerning points or stops, we
come now to the use of capital letters, which are to be used
only, first, in the beginning ofuoirf*, and never in the middle.
Secondly, after a period or ful.-stop, either inprose or verse.
Thirdly, at the beginning of all proper names ; as of men,
women, countries, cities, rivers, &c. Fourthly, at the beginniDg
of every word relating to the dt^ity ; such as Ootf, Jestis Christ,
&c. And lastly, the pronoun /, and the exclamatory O,
must always be capital letters.
Note. All books are printed either in Roman eliaractert or
types, the black letter or the Italic ; but the two last are now
very sparingly used.
THE CONCLUSION.
0/ Prott and Verse, an also of the variety of Styles peculiar tj
tome Authors.
WHATEVER we speak or write, is either naturally in
pm>se, (.1 artificially in vei-sc.
The .rti'mer, being the common and general way, is a
Haturatand proper connection of words thrown into perfect
sentences, without being confined by any poetical measures,
ill ooppsilion to verse.
Tht" latter consists in a number of words which have a
certain cadence, and determined measure ; the like b'-ing
also reiterated in the course of a pnnn, in opposition lo prose.
Or in other terms, verses are a particular method of deliver-
ing our thoughts, either without or with an harmonious
rhyme; which rAi/me consists in a certain proportion of/ert
or syllables, in each verse or line, and a conformity of soud '
at tiie close of several verses.
O/ STYLES.
A iltfle Cin any language) is nothing more, than a particular
mannJ rol (It liveringa man's thoughts in writitig, agreeable
to the rules o( syntax.
Now sti/les arc as various as men's faces, or voices.; n»>d
every one has a styie that is proper and peculiar to hioiMlf.
AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE ENGLISH TONGUE.
H»)\vevor, the style oiiijlil always to l)e adiiptcd to llic sub-
ject : and bt'i>illici/j/«in, vwdcrutc, or siihhin^.
Till- t'nst is tluit wliicll is iit'ltii (-.illid llio luv or n'lnple ;
or, in other leirns, the ordinnri/ x\w\ fmniliar style; which
reijuires litlle or no ornament, hill lh.it of a natural or
connnon expression; and this is proper for anv epistolary
corresixtiidencc, dialo^'iies, and sucii hooks as arc calcu-
lated for the insfruclioii of youth in any of the arts and
tcicncta.
By a moderate style, or in other terms, an erjunhlc or in'er-
tnediate sli/le, I mean (hat which keeps a niedimu hctwixt
the plain mnl siihii7nc ; is that which goes sonpetliiiif> beyond
the o«f, but aims not at the loftiness of the vt.'irr. y\iid this
is properly used for narratives, chronicles, histories, and
annals.
The sniilime style is that which consists in pompons words
and sentences ; which, by its noble boldness, attracts, er
rather commands the attention of the hearer, and extorts
cdmiration and applause, even from such as are unwilling;
to give it. It is adorned with abundance of rheturicul
figures, artfully introduced to move the passions. In a word,
hthmiders, as it wpre, and lightens. For winch reason this is
peculiarly used in tragedies, orations, and other persuasory
discourses on subjects of the highest importance.
'( There are two other styles, which, without any impro-
priety, may be termed the two extremes ; namely the
Lnconie and Asiatic styles
The former ( so called from Lacmiia, a city of the Lacede-
monians, where it was used to an afi'octation or excess) is a
concise style that comprehends a great deal T)f matter in a
narrow compass.
The latter (so called from the people of Asia, who
afiected to icrite and speah in the florid n-rvf) is a style I lint is
redundant and prolix ; or where abundance of words are
made use of to express but a little matter.
There is another style, indeed, called ilie dry or jejune
fti/le, which is destitute of all ornament and spirit ; and this
I niiafjine,biit few afiect, and no one would reronimeud.
Havinfr thus given my young readers a trapsicnt idea of
the various styles which ihcy will probably iiiret with in the
prosecution of their studies; I might here not only naturally,
but pertinently enough, lay dow.n some select rules for their
observance, in their future practice of the ait if cnmpusition,
but as remff>-Ai of that kind are of no immediate concern j
and as brevity, consistent with perspicuity, is professedly
aimed at throughout the vhole of this present midertnliiu^,
I shall close this Compendious English Grammar, with a few
f;enerat instructions {or reading 7\n(:\ speaking our mother-tongue
justly; or in other terms, with elegance, propriety, and
a jjood grace ; as being an accomplishment more immedi-
ately requisite, and aconcern ofthe lastiniportance.
In order, therefore, that the young reader may attain so
laudable a qualification, he must havean adecjuate idea of,
and perfectly understand, the several articles hereunder
particularly mentioned.
And, in the first place, he must have a competent notion
of the nature and groundwork of arcmting his icords. As
this, however, is a concern of no small importance, so it is
uot to be attained any otherwise than by an assiduous care,
and daily practice. And for that reason, the judicious
compiler of the Dictionary annexed has been peculiarly
careful in this respect, in order to prevent a vicious pronun-
ciation. And it is further evident, that the \ cry same word
is frequently a noun and a verb likewise ; and that the sense
of it is to be determined only by the diOc-rent accent or sti-est
of the voice that is put upon it; for if it be a noun or name
only, the accent must be laid on \bc_first syllable ; but when
it is an affirmation or verb, and signifies action, the stress of
the voice raust be placed on the last ; as will more fully
appear by the short table hereafter written.
ThcTABLi:.
Nouns.
A'b-sent
Cement
Fer-ment
Object
Kecord
Verbs.
To ab-sent
To ce-ment
To fer ment
'J"o ob ject
To re cord
Nouns
Ac-cent
Con-vert
In cense
Pre sent
Subject
Verbs.
Toac-ci'Mt
To convert
To in-censc
To pre-sent
To sub-ject
Here we must observe, that aa the above dissijll'ihlcs have
sometimes an «<•«■«( on the /;>*<, a7id sometimes on the last ;
so in trissyllables, or w<)r<l' consisting ni three syllabUs, the
accent or stress of the voice lies sometimes on the fimt, some-
times on the second, -And often on the last ; as will appear by
the follo" iiig tal>les. '1 hough, in this case, it is true, the
accent makes noaltcralion in the sense, as it does above.
TABLE I.
Accent on the first.
A'-va-rice
Boun-li-fui
Ch;i;ri-Iy
Di-li-gence
E'-ne-niy
Fa-mi-ly
Gra-li-tude
Har-mo-ny
I'-mi-tate
Kna-ve-ry
Li-ber-ty
Accent on the firsf
M6-des-ty
IV;ir-ra-tive
(>'-mi-iious
l'a-ra-dis€
Qua-li-ly
Kj-vu-le"t
Se-cre-sy
Tem-pe-ratice
Va-ni-ty
Wil-der-tiess
Yes-ter-day.
TABLE n.
Accent on the second.
A bijn dance
Bra va do
Ca the dral
De ni6 lish
Em ploy ment
Fa na tic
Gi gsin tic
Im perfect
Accent on the second.
La CO nic
Ma jes tic
No veui ber .
Og to ber
Pre cep lor
Re mem ber
Sep tern ber
To bac CO
TABLE in.
Accent on the third.
Appre bend
Briga dier
Ca va lier
Disap pear
E ver more
Cira na dier
Here to fore
In cor rect
Accent on the third.
Mis ap ply'
O ver come
Perse v6re
Re coin m^iid
Sii per fi'ne
Un be lit f
V'o lun leer
Yes ter night.
Note, most polysyllables, or words of four or more syllables,
have sometimes tuo and sometimes three accents; iis fur
instance, in a'r-bitra-tor, be-ne-fac-tor, com'-nien-ti-tor,
miilti-pli-ca-tor, traii-sub-staii-ti-!i-tion.
Note likewise, ihc doidde accent, marked thus (") is used to
denote, that a certain letter, in many syllables, though
wrote but once is sounded as if it were double, or wrote
twice ; as in the words ii'-ni-mal, e'-le-ment, 6' ra-.cle, &c.
And unless a feadcr or speaker be very careful in this
particular, his expression ordelivery will prove not only
vicious, but harsh and disagreeable to those who listen ty
his discourse.
And as the business of accenting aright is thus requisite in
prost f it is much utore so in poeir-j.
AN EASV iNTRODUCTION TO THE VTVDY OF THE EN'GLISH TON'GUE.
Tt is in this, iiuteed, tliat their specific difference princi-
pally coi:«isls in lilc English tongue; i'or m\ English trrse,
for tl\e mos; part, is nolliing more than h line of ten feet,
each consisting of a short ami a long syllable, alternately
tlirongliout, asin Ihc following '/ii«icA ;
Immodest u'ords admit of no defence;
For want nfdicenri/ is u lint of sinse.
This distinction, indeed, of short and long sijllahles in
Latin poetiy, is called qnnntily ; but m Evglisli poiiry, it is
nothing more than what we call accent in ]nose.
Here, however, it is to be observed, that there is a kind
of /lannonii of nntes and sormds in prose as well as verse, which
depends on the quantity of expression, as to long and short,
lund and Ion', grave and aetUe ; in much the same manner as
there isinmiuic itself, which is nothing but 2l just modulation
of sounds, abstracted from verbal. And it must be allowed,
that a notion of the ground of haiinony, and a musical ear,
are, in a great measure, necessary to enable him that cither
reads or speaks, to deliver himself with propriety and a
good grace.
In the art of rending and speaking justly, there is another
article of great importanee to be well observed ; namely,
'hat v;hic!i "raminariims usually call emphasis ; that is to say,
the pronunciation of some particuhr words with a peculiar
energy and strength of expression; for according as thi«
emphasis is placed on the several words which compose il,
the sense may be capable of quite different significaiions.
And from what we have here advanced, we may observe,
l-.ow highly requisite it is to avoid, with the utmost precau-
tion, that vicious manner of delivery or utterance, common<
ly called a monotony; that is to say, such an even and
invariable <ujie of the voice, which neither rises nor falls ;
and consequently wherein no such thing as accent, quantity,
or emphasis, can possibly be ; by which disagreeable manner
of pronunciation, scarce any sense can be made of what
such a miserable orator either reads or speaks. In a word,
without a proper accent or emphasis the diction is lifeless,
unaffecting and insipid ; and nothing can possibly be more
irksome to a judicious ear.
To conclude : there is no possibiiiiy of any person's read-
ing justly, or speaking with propriety, unless he be a perfect
master of the subjett on which he presumes to harangue ;
for if the full force and true sense of each v^ord and sen-
tence be not thoroughly understood ; it cannot, of course,
be expressed with a proper emphasis and accent. And, in a
word, to descant upon any topic without having a compe-
tent knowledge of it, is presumption to tlte last degree, if
not f >l!y in tiie abstract.
OF THE
CONSTITUTION,
Oovemment^ and Trade^
OF
ENGLAND.
ONE of the most useful branches of knowledge/and of
which no Briton should be ignorant, is that of the
eonstitution of his native country. This is absolutely
necessary in a nation where all are politicians, and where
all are governed only by those laws which they, or their
fathers, either personally, or by their representatives, were
instrumental in forming.
The government of England was founded on principles
of liberty ; its constitution is the work of a brave and wise
people, who, considering that all power was derived from
them, and was to be subservient to their happiness, com-
mitted it into the hands of the three states, who were to be
a mutual support, and a mutual check to each other, and
et so ordered, that the interest of each is best promoted,
ly each confi-ning itself within its proper bounds.
The king, who is here invested with the highest preroga-
tive, has all the honours, and all the splendor of majesty,
and is only limitted where power might become tyranny,
and where he might be capable of injuriug either himself or
his pe.ople; By this means, we reap all the advantages,
without any of the evils of a monarchial government. " A
king (says a noble author) has a divine right to govern well.
A divine right to govern ill, is an absuraity ; and to assert
it is blasphemy." The king of England has the power of
doing good in its fullest extent. This is the only power
that can give him true dignity and distinguished honour ;
(?»rit is not the least diminution to his glory, that he is con-
fined from doing what would tarnish his reputation, and
d
I
render him infamous to posterity ; on the contrary, this ia
a circumstance that renders him truly great, and raises him
above all the tyrants of the earth ; " Our king (say» a
modern patriot) in the trust and dignity of his office, tran-
scends all other kings and emperors on the globe, as far as
we excel all other subjects in liberty, so that he may not
unjustly be called a King of kings, whilst most of the
mighty monarchs of other nations are no more than the
masters of some herds of slaves." The king of England
receives all his honour, power, and authority from the laws ,
and therefore, at his mounting the throne, lie binds hiaiself
by a solemn oath to make them the rule of his conduct, and
before he receives one oath of allegiance, is obliged \»
swear to observe the great charter of the English liberties,
and thus, at his coronation, renews the original compact
between the king and his subjects. He then becomes the
head of the state, the supreme earthly governor, and is
himself subject to none but God and the laws, to which
he is as much bound to pay obedience as the meanest
subject. Though he has not the power of making laws,
yet no law can be enacted without his consent ; and though
the execution of them is always entrusted to his care, .•ie
cannot seize the property of the most inconsiderable man
in his dominions, except it be forfeited by law. On (lie
contrary, the subject may, without the least danger, sue ha
sovereign, or those who act in his name, and under lirs
authority ; hs may do this in open court, where the king
may be cast, and be obliged to pay damages to hi« subject.
KXVlIi.
OF THE CONSTITUTION, GOVERNMENT, AND TRADE, OF ENGLAND.
He cannot take away the liberty of tlie least individual,
unless he has by some illegal act forfeiled his right to
Tiberly ; or except when the state is in danger,- and the
representatives of the people think the public safety makes
it necessary that he should have the power of confining
Eersons, aud seizing their papers on a suspicion of guilt ;
ut this power is always given him only for a limited
time. The king has a right to pardon, but neither he nor
the judges, to whom he delegates his authority, can con-
<!enin a man as criminal, except he be tirst found guilty by
twelve men wlio must be his peers or his equals. Tliat the
judges may not be intluenced by the king, or his raiiiislrrs,
to misrepresent the case to the jury, they have their
salaries for life, and not during the pleasure of the sove-
reign. Neither can the king take away, or endanger the
life of any subject without trial, and the persons being first
chargeable with a capital crime, as treason, murder, felony,
or some other act injurious to society ; nor can any subject
be deprived of his liberty for the highest crime, till some
propjof his guilt be given, upon oath, before a magistrate;
all he has then a right to insist upon being brought, the
first opportimity, to a fair trial, or to be restored to liberty
on giving^tifVicient bail for liis appearance. If a man is
charged vviili a capital offence, he niust not undergo the
ignominy of being tried for his life, till the evidences of his
guilt are laid before the grand jury of the town or county in
which the fiict is alleged to be committed, and not with-
out twelve of them agreeing to tind the bill of indictment
against him. If they do this, he is to stand his trial before
twelveotlier men, whose opinion is difinitive. In some cases,
the man (who is always supposed innocent till there is
sufhcient proof of his guilt) is allowed a copy of his indict-
ment, in order to help him to make his defence. He is
also furnished with the pannel, or list of the jury, who are
liis true and proper judges, that ho may learn their charac-
ters, and discover whether tliey want abilities, or whether
they are prejudiced against him. He may, in open court,
peremptorily object to twenty of the number,* and to as
many more as he can give any reason for their not being
admitted his judges, till at last twelve unexceptionable
men, the neighbours of the party accused, or living near
the place where the supposed fact was committed, are
sworn, to give a true verdict according to the evidence
produced in court. By clfallenginf; the jury, the prisoner
prevents all possibility of bribery, or the influence of any
superior power ; by their living near the place where the fact
was committed, thev are supposed to be men who know the
prisonerscourseof life.and the credit of the evidence. These
only are the judges, from whose sentence the prisoner is to
expect life or death ; and upon their integrity and under-
standing, the lives of all that are brought in danger ultimately
depend, and from their judgment there lies no appeal; they
are therefore to be all of one mind, and after lliey have
fully heard the evidence, are to be confined without meat,t
drink, or candle, till they are unanimous in acquitting or
condemning the prisoner. Every juryman is, therefore.
* The party may challenge thirty-five in case of treason,
and twenty in case of felony, without shewing any cause
•nd as many more as he can assign cause against.
+ Some have hef'n tiued for having fruit in their pockets
when they were withdrawn to consider of their verdict,
though Ihf^' did not eat it. I Leon. Di/cr. 137.
I " Some jurymen (says Mr. Clare, in his En^^lish liberties)
nay be apt to say, that if we do not find as the judge directs,
we may come into trouble, the judge may fine us, Arc. I
•nswer, no judge dares offer any such thing ; you are tl>e
proper judges of the matters before you, and your souls
are at stake ; you ouglit to act freely, and are not boiuid,
though the court demand it, to give the reason why you
brnig it in thus or thus ; for you of the grand jurv are
swArn Ic the contrary, viz, t« keep secret your fellow*'
invested with a solemn and awful trust. If he, without
evidence, submits his opinion to that of any of the other
.jury, or yields in complaisance to the opinion of the judge ;
ifhe neglect to examine with the utmost case; if he ques-
tion the veracity of the witnesses, who may be of an
infamous character ! or, after the most impartial hearing,
lias the least doubt upon his mind, and yet joins in con-
demning the person accused, he will wound his own con-
science, and bring upon himself the complicated guilt of
perjury and murder. The freedom of Englishmen consists
in its being out of the power of thejudgej on the bench to
injure them, for declaring a man innocent nhora he wislies
to be brought in guilty'. Was not this tiie case, juries
would be useless ; so far from being judges themselves,
they would only be the tools of another, whose province it
is not to guide, but to give a sanction to tlieir determination.
Tyranny might triumph over the liberties and lives of the
subject, and the judge on the bench be the minister of the
prince's vengeance.
These are the glorious privileges we enjoy above any
other nation upon earth. Juries have always b$en consi-
dereil as giving the most effectual check to tyranny; for in
a nation like this, where a king can do nothing aoa^nst law,
they are a security that he shall never make the laws, by a
bad administration, the mstrument of cruelty and oppres-
sion; was it not for thejuries, the advice given by Father
Paul in his Maxims of the Republic of Venice niijilit take
effect in its fullest latitude. "When the offence is com-
mitted by a nobleman against a subject, (says he) l«t all
ways be tried to justify him ; and if that is not possible to
be done, let him be chastised with greater noise than
damage. If it be a subject that has aft'ronted a nobleman,
let him be punished with the utmost severity, that the
subjects may not get too great a custom of laying their
hands on the IHitrician Orders." In short, where it not for
juries, a corrupt nobleman might, whenever he pleased,
act the tyrant, while tlie judge would have that power
which is now denied to our kings. But b\ our happy con-
stitution, which breathes nothing but liberty and equity, all
imaginary indulgence is allowed to the meanest as well as
the greatest. When a prisoner is brought to take his trial,
lie is freed from all bonds ; and though the judges arc
supposed to be counsel for the prisoner, yet, as lie may be
inczpable of vindicating his own cause, other counsel^ are
allowed him ; he may try the validity and legality of the
indictment, and may set it aside, if it be contrary to law.
Nothing is wanting to clear up the cause of innocence, and
to prevent the sufferer from sinking under the power of
corrupt judges, and the oppression of the great. The
racks and tortures that are cruelly made use of in other
parts of Europe, to make a man accuse himself, are here
unknown, and none punished without conviction, but he
who refuses to plead in his own defence.
But, after all this, does the king lose any part of his real
dignity, by not having the power to interfere, to rob and
murder at pleasure 1 No; his honour results from the safety
council and your o.wn ; and you of the petty jury are no
way obliged to declare your motives, for it may not be con-
venient. In queen Elizabeth's days a man was arraj^ed
for murder before justice Anderson i the evidence was' so
strong, that eleven of the twelve were presently for lindiiv?
him guilty t the twelfth man refused, and kept tliein soirio^j
that they were ready to starve, and at last made tlicnitom-
ply with him, and bring in the prisoner not guilty. The
judge, who had several times admonished him to join with
nis fellows, being surprized, sent for liim, and discoursed
with him privately, to whom, upon a promise of indemnity,
heat last owned, ihnf he himself was the man that did tfie
murder, and the ])risoner was innocciU, and that he vns
resolved itot to add perjury and a second murder to tha
firit.'
OF THE CONSTllXmON, GOVEIIKMENT, AND TRADK, OF r:NGLAND.
XX IB.
of liit subject*, and (lie god like p(tvver of dilTusing only
happiness, by a strict oljsoiv;iiice oCllie laws, iinil iii some-
times softeninij the riynur of tlieni with mercy. The royal
prerogative coiisisis in the rij,'ht of declaring war and
makitis peace I in ;^ivi!i.i; his assent to such new laws as he
apurefiends will he for the good of his suhjecls, and witli-
hoidin;; it, when he believes that they will be hnrlful ; he
i» invested with the power of assemblinjj, adjourning, pro-
roguing, and dissolving the houses ot parlianieni, and
consequently of putting a stop to the consultations of both,
when lie believes they are actinfr consistent with the ri^dits
of each other, and the good ol the commniiily. He has
the liberty of coinitig money. He is the fountain of honour ;
but though he gives nobility, their independence is secured
by his not having it in his power to take it away. He has
the right of commanding the army, and the militia is under
iiis cojitroul. His person is sacred; and a subject, for a
single act of treason, not only loses his life, but his heir* are
deprived of his estate. He is allowed a privy conneil to
assist him with their advice, and the persons of those
lOenibers of which this council is composed, are also sacred.
He has the supreme power in all causes, ecclesiastical as
well as civil, by which the clergy arc divested of all domi-
nion over the conscience, which is wisely left to him to
whom it properly belongs— to that God, who alone can
search the heart ; and by this means persecution is pre-
vented, and religious liberty secured.
In every kingdom, and in every stale, there are always
Versons distinguished by birth, riches, and honours;
ndvantages which give them such a considerable weight in.
tlie government, that were they to be confounded with (he
multitude, they would have no interest in supporting liber-
ty ; for as most of the popular resolutions would be made
to their prejudice, the public liberty would be llieir slavery.
The share ihey are therefore allowed in the legislature,
is in proportion to the interest they have in the state; or
from hence it is they form a body of iiobles, that has aright
to put a stop to the enterprises of tiie people, to counter-
balance the right which the people enjoy, of putting a stop
to their cner&arhmenls.
Tlie legislative power is coinniitted to these two bodies,
to that of the nobles, and that of the representatives of the
Seople, each of which have separate views and interests,
•ut here there is this essential ditrerence ; for while indi-
viduals who compose the house of commons enjoy tlieir
power but for a limited time, and can only be restored by
new powen given them by their constituents, the privileges
enjoyed by the members of the house of lords are in their
own nature hereditary. And this is the more necessary,
as their high prerogatives render them subject to popular
envy, and consequently their privileges must, in a free state,
be always in danger. The only disadvantage that can
possibly arise from this is, that as their power is hereditary,
they might be tempted to pursue their own interest to the
prejudice of the public; and therefore to prevent this,
where they might receive the greatest pecuniary advantages
from being corrupt, as in the case of granting supplies, they
have only the power of refusing, while the commons alone
have that enacting.
The great, we have already said, are always exposed to
popular envy ; and therefore, were tliey to be judged by
tlie people, ihey might be in the greatest danger from theii
iudges; they would then want the privilege of being tried
Dv their peers, a privilege enjoyed by the meanest subject.
They are therefore not to be tried by the ordinary courts
of judicature, but by that part of the legislature of which
each is a member. As all human compositions must be
ficfectivc, and the best laws in some instances too severe ;
and as the national judges are mere passive beings, incapa-
ble of niodciating either the force or rigour of the laws,
this part of the legislature is here, as well as in the former
rase, a necessary tribunal, to whom it belongs to moderate
the law. In iheir decisions, they give not their opinions
upon oath ; but each laying his nght hand upon his heart,
{fives his verdict upon llie single testimony of hit hontmr.
Thus are the lords invested with every outward mark of
dignity, and witii all the privileges necessary to maintain
their rank iu all its splcnilor ; aiul yet are so liwi'ted, iha*
they have not the power to encroach upon the rights and
liberties of the inferior subjects.
But while the privileges of the lords are preserved, and
other wise purposes answered by their bavin:,- a share of the
legislative power, the privileges of all inferior persons arc
secured by every man's having, either in person or by his
representative, a share in the legislature, by which means
no laws can be enacted or repealed, without the consent of
the representatives of 'Jic majority of the nation. Thus
the liberties of the commons are as strongly secured a» the
royal prerogatives, or as the privileges of the lords. 'I'lie
commons are the guardians of the public liberty ; they are
the deputies sent up from all quarters to make such laws as
shall best promote the hiterest of the whole collective body.
And though ihey have not the power of examining the
meanest subject upon oa(h, yet they can search into th«
conduct of the highest peer in the realm, and, in the name
of the people, impeach the favourite orminister of the king.
They can call thcjiidges to an account for the mabadminis-
tration of their office, and bring all those to justice who
make an ill use of their power. Thus the commons are the
grand jury of the nation ; but as it would be improper thitf
those who are impeached in so high a court sliould be tried
by a.lower, which might be intimidated and over-awed by
the power of the commons, therefore to preserve the
dignity of the peers, and the security of the subject, those
whom they impeach are tried by the lords, whose superior
dignity sets them above all infbience, and who have neither
the same interests nor the same passions.
Thus our happy constitution consists of three states, eacli
of which has separate privileges, each is a check upon ibd
other, and yet each is c(iually dependent. The first, which
is the executive power, has the privilege of assembling,
Rdjourntng, proroguing, and dissolving the two legislative
bodies : because these ;irc supposed to have no will, except
when they are assembled ; and when they were assembled, if
they had the right to prorogue themselves, they might never
be prorogued ; they might encroach on the executive
power ; they might become despotic, and even one of these
might destroy the liberties of the other. But as the
executive power might make an ill use of this privilege,
by never assembling the legislative, it is rendered dependent
on these bodies, by their holding the sinews of government
in their hands, and the granting the necessary supplies only
from year to year. The king, indeed, has a power to raise
what forces he pleases ; but the representatives of the
people, who grant the supplies, can only determine what
number he shall be enabled to pay.
But while the representatives of the people liavc thus the
important charge of watching over the preservation of our
liberties, our trade, and our property, what care ought every
county, city, and borough to take, to chuse such only as
are qualified for performing this important task; forchusuig
such whose inte;jrity will render them superior to the
temptation of a bribe, whose wisdom is capable of managing
our interests, and whose greatness of sohI will make them
think that ihey can never do too much for their country,
and for their consliluents. He who parts with his vote,
and for a lucrative or selfish consideration, is instrumeatal
in chusiug one whom his conscience disapproves, and
w'ho is unqualified or corrupt, is a fool and a matlmnH ;
is unworthy the name of a freeman, since he, as much
as is in his power, sells himself and his country, ami
can never have tlie least reason to complain, if he
should live to see this liappv constitution overturned,
and our liberty and all our privileges destroyed.
Having thus ffivcn a view of the Briiisit cnntiitiition, in
general, we shall now present the reader Cby way of supple-
ment to it) with a geiieial sketch of the governmcnl and
trade of England. The n-adcr will find tome few parlic»v>
«tx.
OP THE CONSTirUTTOX, GOVERNMENT. AND TRADE, OF ENGLAND.
lars respecting our courts of justice, and ecclesiastical
- overninnit, intersiiersed under ditterent heads in different
parts of ilie Dictionary. It was tlioujjlit, liowever, that
the very few repetitions it may occasion, will be amply
eompeiisaled by the comprehensive but complete view this
sketch will afford the young reader of the internal govern-
ment of these kingdoms.
Of the Ecdciiastical Government andCourt)
The convocation formerly, at feast, had the principal
part of the ecclesiastical government; fortius is a national
synod of the clergy assembled together, to consider of the
state of the church, and to call those to an account who
have broached new opinions, inconsistent with the doc-
trines of the church of England. But in a late reign, they
having been tliought to proceed with too great severity
against the delinquents of this kind, they have not been
permitted to sit any long time since. However they are
calleil together at the same time as the parliament, by the
authority of the king, who directs his writs to the arch-
bishop of each province to summon all bishops, deans,
archdeacons, tVc. to meet at a certain time and place.
The convocation consists of one proctor sent from each
cathedral and collegiate churth, and two from the body of
the inferior clergy of each diocese. The upper house in
the province of Canterbury consist of the archbishop, who
is president, and twenty-two bishops; and the lower house
is.composed of all the deans, archdeacons, and proctors,
as above; in all, one hundred and sixty-six. The arch-
bishop of York may likewise hold a convocation at the
same time.
King Henry the Vllth's chapel at Westminster is gene-
rally the place of meeting for the province of Canterbury ;
and York for the province of Y'ork. The first business of
the lower house is to chuse a prolocutor, who is presented
to the upper house by two of the members; one of tliem
making a speech in J-atin, and the prolocutor another ; to
Avhich the archbishop returns an answer in the same
language.
Under these two archbishops there are twenty-fonr
bishops ; that is, twenty-one in the province of Canterbury,
and three in the province of York. These have all the title
of lords, on nccount of the baronies annexed to the
bishoprics and they take place of all oilier barons, as well
in parliament as ill oilier assemblies. The first of these is
the bishop of London, who is dean of ihe episcopal church
uflhat provincei the next is Durham, and then AVinchestcr;
but all the rest take place according to the seniority of
their consecrations.
The business of a bisho]), according to his episcopal order,
is to ordain priests and deacons, to consecrate churches
and burying places, and to administer the rites and ceremo-
nies of conhiination.
I'he jurisdiclion of a bishop relates to the probation of
wills ; to granl admiuistralion of goods to such as die intes-
tate, to lake caie of perishable goods wlun no one will
adminslcr; to collate lieHclices ; to grant inslilutions to
livings; to deAnd the libirlies of the church ; ami to visit
I'.is own diocese once in three ycais. Besides llicsc, there
arc many other particulars which our room will not permit
us to mention.
Tlie court of arches is the most antieut consistory of the
province of Canterbury, and all appeals in church matters
are directed to tliiscourt. The processes run in the name
of the judgi', wlio is called dean of the arches; and flic
advocates who plead in this court must be doctors of the
ci»il jaw. The court of audience has the same aulhoritv
as this, and the archbishop's chancery was formerly ioineil
U> this. The prerogative court is that wherein wills are
proved, ant! adininistrulion taken out.
The court of peculiars, relating tu certain parishcSt haVc
n jurisdiction among themselves for the prouatc of wills;
And Itierefere are e;ieiupt froiu the bishop's courts. The
see of Canterbury has no less than fifty-seven of theM
peculiars.
The court of delegates is so called, because it consists of
commoners delegated or appointed by the royal commis-
sion ; but it is no standing court.
Besides these, every bishop has a court of his own, which
is held in the cathedral of his diocese, and is called the
consistory court. Likewise, every archdeacon has his court,
as well as the dean and chapter of every cathedral.
Of the Parliament of Great Britain,
This atigust body consist of two houses, one of which is
called the house of lords, and the other the house of com-
mons. Before the union, the house of lords consisted of the
spiritual and temporal peers of England ; and the house of
commons of St.? knights, burgesses, and citizens. But
since the union, there are sixteen peers of Scotland added
to Ihe house of lords, ami 46 commoners of the house of
commons. The first of these are chosen before the sitting
of every new parliament, by the peers of Scotland, out of
their own body.
The design of parliaments is to maintain the constitution,
to support the dignity of the crown, and to keep inviolable
the privileges of the people. They are also to raise subsi-
dies, to make laws, and to redress all public grievances.
The power of calling a parliament, and of adjourning and
prorognins; the same, is entirely lodged in the sovereign.
The sitting of the parliament is appointed by the king's
proclamation, with the advice of the privy council ; and
in cliusinga new one, writs are issued out by the lord chan-
cellor to the lords to appear at the time and place appointed.
Writs are also sent to the sherifi''s of every county, com-
manding them to summon the electors, to chuse as many
knights, citizens, and burgesses, in their respective counties,
as are to sit in the house of commons. The writs for
Scotland are directed to the privy council, for summoning
the 16 peers, and for electing 46 members.
No judge, sheriff, or clergyman, can be elected ; and
no gentleman can be elected for a county unless he has
600A"'. a year ; nor for a city or borough, unless he has
300£. a year. FornlCllv parliaments met.at different places
in the kingdom ; but oflule they assemble at Westminster,
at w hat was formerly called St. Slcplirn's chapel.
When the king comes to parliament, file nsher of the
lilack rod is ordered to call the commons up to the flOMKo
of lords, where they stand without the bar, and the king
ccmmands them, by the lord chancellor, to chuse one of
the members for their speaker, and to present him such a
day. The choice being made by a majority of votes, at
the day appointed he is presented to the king in the house
of lords, between two members, for his approbation. The
lord chancellor, or keeper for the time being, is always
speaker for the house of peers. Since the reformatitm, no
Roman Catholic can sit in either house, till he lias first
taken the oaths.
Though the number of the house of commons is so great,
yet .100 are commonly reckoned a full house ; and there
can be no business done if there are less than forty. At
the first meeting of the iiarliamenf, they always appoint
standing grand committees, for privileges, elections, griev-
ances, trade, and religion.
The chief business of the parliament is to revive and
ahrogatc old laws, and to make new ones ; but whenever a
new law is proposed, it must be first put in w riling, and then
it is called a lii^l ; but the commons have only the power
of introducing moneybills. Before any bill can pass into a
law, it must be read three several times in each house,
except a bill of indemnity, which requires only once reading.
The leave of the house must be olitained to bring in any
private bill, and the house must be acipiaintcd with the
substance of it, cither by motion, or petition. After it has
been read the first time, the speaker recites an abstract of
the bill, and puts the question, w hcthcr it shall be read a
OF THE CONSTITUTION. COVIA NMENT. AND lUADK OF EKOLAN.>. xxxi
jfcond time or not. But if a bill corncs from the house of
lords, so imicli favour and respect is sliewn, that if it be
spoken against in the tirst reiidins, liie speaker puts the
•jueslioii for the second reading' before it is rejected, ifthal
slioiild be tlie case. Bills are seldom rend twice the firs'
day, iMiless upon very extraordinary occasions, and rcf)iiir
the utmost expedition. Upon the second reading, if none
speak a^fainst the bill, and several for it, the speaker may
I»ut tlie ([nestion for engrossing it.
When debates arise upon the second rcadiii"?, and they
are over, the house conniionly calls for committing the bill
lo the committee of the whole house, or to a select commit-
tee. Sometimes it may happen, the bill may be recommitted
before the speaker puts the question for engrossing. After
a bill lias been engrossed, it is to be read a third lime, in
order to hare it passed. But when any debate happens,
after it is over, the speaker holds the bill in his hand and
says, " As many as are of opinion that this billjahould
pass4 say i/es, and as many as are of the contrary opinion,
say »i»." Upon whicn ne informs the house, whether the
tfen's or no's have it. But wlien the thing is doubtful, two
tellers are appointed for each side, one to number ihe ijoa's,
and the other the no's ; however, the question is first put,
which of these shall go out of the house, and this is called
dividing the house. After the inindicriug them is over, the
tclJ-Ts declare to the speaker the luiniber of 7/e«'jand no's ;
upon which all leturn to their places. If the no's have it,
the bill is said to pass in the negative. I5ut if it passes in
Ihe aftirmative, they order it to be sent lo the house of lords
for their concuirence.
When a bill is sent by Ihe lords to the commons, they
send none of (heir meiuhers, but only masters in chancery,
who deliver the bill to the speaker. When there is a dis-
agreement in Ihe houses about a bill, a conference is de-
ti'anded, which is held in the painted chamber. In votinir
in Ihe house of lords, they begin with the lowest baron, and
so proceed to the highest peer ; who each for himself says
content, or not cuuteiit ; and if the voices are equal, tlie
negative carries it. After an adjournment of either house,
they may resume the business they were upon, but after a
prorogation they cannot, ft^r then the session is ended.
Every one knows, that afler a di_ssolution of the old parlia
Blent, a new one must be elected, in the manner mentioned
above.
Of the Courts of Jm-tive.
The courts of justice, sitting at Westminster, are open
four times a year ; that is, at Easter, Trinity, Michaelmas,
and Hilary terms. There are four courts, namely the
court of chancery, king's bench, couiniou pleas, and the
court of exchequer; not to mention that of the duchy of
Lancaster, because that only lake cognizance of alflhe
causes relating to the revenue of this fluchv, which has
been long annexed to ihe crown ; the chief judge of this
court is called the chancellor of this duchy.
The court ofciiancery is a court ol equi'tv, and designed
to relieve Ihe subject against cheats, breaches of trust, and
other oppressions, to temper the rigour of the law. How-
ever, the remedy has often proved worse than the disease,
on account ot the lenijlh of time before the cause has been
delBrmincd. The chief judge is the lord chancellor, or
lord keeper; and the form of proceeding is by bills,
answers, and decrees ; and the witnesses are examined in
private ; however, it must be observed, that ihe decrees of
this Court are only binding to the persons of those con-
cerned in tliem ; for they do not aflect their lands and
goods s and consequeillly, if a man refuse to comply with
the terms, they can do nothing more to him than seiid him
to prison. This court is not like olliers, which have no
power except in term-time ; for this is always open • and
If a man be sent to prison, the lord chancellor, in any vaca-
tion, can grant a habeas corpus, if he sees there isreason
«o to do. He may also at the^e times grant prohibitions.
The liu'd chancellor has twelve assistants, called masters
in chatieery, whose business it is lo take alHdavits, or
depositions upon oath, coiiceniing any matter for which an
oath is required by the rules of the c^>Mrt; and they have
no oHice in chancery lane. They alao examine accompls
depending on Ibis court, of wliicli they make their report
in writing. Besides these, there are several masters extra-
ordinary, lo take alHdavits in the country.
The master of Ihe rolls is Ihe principal of the twelve, and
he has the custody of all charters, customs, commissions,
deeds, and recognizances; which being made on rolls of
parclinieiit gave occasion lo his name, and the repository
of theiu is c;dled the rollss here all the rolls are kept since
the begiup.iug of liie reign of Kichard 111. This is a great
olhcer, and usually hears causes in chancery, when the
chancellor himself is absent. He keeps a court'at the rolls,
where he hears and determines causes Ihat come there
before him; he has the gift of liie bix clerks' oliiccs, and
those possessed of them are next in degree to the masters
in chancery. Their business is to enroll patents, commis-
sions, licences, pardons, and other inslruuunts that pass
liie great seal. When Ihe master of Ihe rolls sits in the
house of lords, his place is next the lord chief justice o»
Eu;^lituil, upon the second wool sack. Besi^Ics what is said
above, the court ofciiancery has the power of sending out
coniuiibsioiis for charitable uses, and enquiring inlo al? the
frauds and abuses vvhich have been commited in Ilie
disposal of all charities ihroughout the kiiidom, and cau
oblige the trustees to perform their trust, according to the
intent oftlie respective donors. Under ihe six clerks there
were formerly sixty, but now there are. ninety ; and th<'se,
uitli their under-clerks, perform the business of their othce!
'I'lie court of hing's bench is Ihe highest tHJurt in En»-
lanil, in common law, except Ihe house of lords in parlia-
nient. All pleas are brought into this court between tlie
king and the subject, sucli as treasons, felonies, breach of
|>eace, and any kind of oppression, 'fhis court has also the
power lo examine and correct Ihe errors of the judges and
justices of England, in their judgments and proceedings;
this not only in pleas of the crown, but in those that are
really personal and mixed, except only in the exchefjuer.
There are four judges belonging to this court, the chief
whereof is styled Ihe lord chief justice of the king's bench ;
and according to an act of parliament lately passed, all
judges are to hold their places, notHithstandii'ig the demise
of the crown, but with the same restriction as foimerly ;
that is, while they do nothing lo occasion the forfeiture "of
their places. None can be a judge in this court except a
Serjeant at law. All matters of fact, relating either to civil
or criminal causes, are determined in the court of king's
bench by a jury.
The court of comiaon pleas is so called, because the
pleas usually here debuted are between subject and subject.
None but serjeanls at law may plead in this court; and
here al'l civil causes real and personal are Ubiially tried, and
real actions are pleadable in no other court. Likewise, no
fines can he levied, or recoveries sutVered, except in this
court at Westminster, at a judge's chamber, at the assizes,
or by a special commission out of chancery. Tliere ore
four judges also belonging to this court, the 'first of wliom
is called lord chief justice of the common pleas.
The court of exchequer consists of two courts, one of
which tries causes according lo law, and the other accord-
ing'lo equity. The court ot equity is held in the excjienner
chamber, before the lord treasurer, Ihe chancellor of the
exchequer, Ihe lord chief bar<ui, and the three barons of
the exchequer; besides a cursitor baron. But Ihe Iwo
first sit very seldom, and the Hve last almost always. Jiere
are tried all causes relating lo the king's revenue^ namely
such as relate to accompls, disbursements, customs, aiiri
hnes imposed. All judicial proceedings according to law
are only before the harons ; but the court of equiety is held
as above.
There areassiacj aud sessions held hi the difl'ercnt couii-
01 THE CONSTITUTION, GOVERNMENT, AND TRADE, OF ENGL.\.^D.
ties of England, for the more easy distribution of justice. ,
and the assizes are courts kept twice a year. The twelve,
judges are commissioned by the kins for this purpose, and
Iliis they call going the circuit. At tiiese assizes all t;ivil
;ind criminal causes may be determined; tlie first i» called
Lent assizes, soon after Hilary term > and llie other called
ilip.summer assizes, after Trinity term. There are six of
these circuits, besides those in Wales, in which principality
two distinct judges are appointed ; anil Uitli in England
and Wales all causes arc determined by a jury. The jury
is chosen by the sherirt"of the counly, and they are only
di.'ected in points of law by the judges.
The commitment ol nialefactors is generally made by a
justice of the peace, who examines wilnesses to the fact
upon oath. If the evidence is plain, he makes a mittimus,
and sends the malefactor to the county goal wliere he con-
tinues till the next assizes or sessions.
There are justices of the peace in every county, designed
to keep the peace thereof ; and such of them that the king
is supposed to have greater confidence in, are called justices
of the quorum ; because in their dedinius there are these
word--, quorum A. H. untim esse rolumus ; the meaning o *'
wiiicli is, that no business of conseqncnce must be transact-
ed, unless with the concurrence of one of these. Their
office is to call hetore them, examine, and commit to prison,
all thieves, murderers, vagabonds, and all disturbers of the
peace, of what kind soever.
The quarter sessions are so called from the meeting of
t!ie justices every quarter of a year, at the shire or chi ?f
town in their respective counties, where tliey iiave the
pov. er of trying all criminal causes in the same manner as
at the assizes, though they commonly confine themselves
to facts of a lesser degree of guilt.
There is a sheriff appointed for the execution of tlie law
in every county, except Westmoreland and Durham who
is nominated by the king every Michaelmas term. Ili.
office is to execute the king's mandates, and all writs
directed to him out of the king's courls. He also impanels
juries to bring causes and criminals to trial, and is to take
rare that the sentences both in civil and criminal affairs
be duly executed. He appoints an under-sheriff, stewards
of courts, bailiffs of hundreds, constables, and jailors, and
has many men in rich liveries, to attend upon him on horse-
back at the reception of the judges, and during the assizes.
The office of high-constable, petty-constable, lieadbo-
rough, or tliird-borough, is to execute the warrants and
orders of the justice of the peace ; but the high-constable
oiJy disperses them upon some occasions to the petty-con-
stables.
Every city and corporation in England may chuse their
own magistrates, which may be either a mayor, or a bailiff,
v«ith aliicrmen, comnion-counciimen, or capital burgesses;
and these regulate all affairs wiiich immediately belong to
their respective corporations. Likewise, some cities have
counties, and a power of trying all malefactors taking in their
counties; but this is seldom inidcrtaken without the assist-
ance of one or more of the twelve judges. Some of these
office during their magistracy arc justices of the peace;
these are commonly (he mayor and an alderman, or two ;
but they cannot exercise their power out of their own
liberties.
The lord-lieutenants and deptify-lieulonanfs had former-
y a more considerable power and influence than they have
at present, and they are chosen by the king himself out of
the principal peers of this kingdom. Their business was to
arm, array, and form companies, troops, and regiments ;
and the rncn so raised were called the militia. Rut tliis
having been seldom done of late, on account of the stand-
ing forces kept continuallv in pay, these forces became in
a great meaturo useless. However, it having been foinid
n«ccssury, luring our last war with France, to have a militia
properly re(;ulatc<l and disripllned, for the defence of the
ountry against all foreign invasions, an act of parliament
vas made, by which they are put under new regulation*,
and in consequence whereof a new malilia has been actually
raised iu most parts of the kingdom. The officers are to
be men of fortune, and the private men to be raised by
ballotting; but these last are to be changed cver.\ three
years. This has put the kingdom into such a state of
defence, that we can now venture to send our regular forccu
abroati upon any emer_i:e;if occasion ; and it is not impro-
bable but these last, in times of peace, will become entire-
ly useless.
Besides the courts already mentioned, there are court-
leets, and court-barons, which properly belong to liie lords
of the manors, who appoint stewards to hold them in their
name. The first is a court of record, it being reputed the
king's court, because its authority is derived from the
crown. It is kept twice a year, and in it enquiry may be
made of riots, and other criminal matters; but all gi-cat
offences must he certified to the justices of assize.
A court baron is incident to every manor, though the
other is not so, and is so called from "the lord of the nianor,
who was antiently styled baron ; all tenants belonging to
, the manor are suninioned to this court ; here pari of them
are sworn for a jury, and here the steward sits as judge.
The jury is directed to enquire after the disease of copy-
holders and free holders, and to bring in their next heir,
and also of the encroachments of any tenant. Likewise
here they make orders and laws among themselves, with a
penalty for transgressors, payable to the lord of the manor.
There are also sheriffs, courts, and hundred courts, held
every month in all parts of England, where small causes aie
determined. A court of conscieirce has been long hehl in
London, for recovery of small debts under forty shillings;
there has been some erected in Westminster, and other out
parts about London ; as also in several towns in the coun-
try, and it is thought, from time to time they will be erected
eVsewhere. 'I'he officers called bailiffs of the hundred, and
o'llier bailiffs and serjeanfs, are appointed by the sheriff to
execute writs, to restrain goods, and to summon to tlie
county sessions and assizes.
Of Trade and Nuvigalien.
Navigation in this kingdom wa* fcrmerly greatly neglected
to w hat it is at present, notwithstanding its vast advantage ;
fur it enables the inhabitants of the couiifry where it fiou-
rislies to export what they Jjave, and to import what they
iiave not. While we were' strangers to navigatiim, our
country was thin of people, because we lived as it were
upon the main stock. VVe had, indeed, a few sfnple com-
modities, and a very few manufactures, which w-re sold to
foreigners at their own rate; but when navigation began to
flourish, and we had vessels of our own, the face of affairs
soon began to change; and we brought home the product
of their countriesat a small expence, in comparison to what
lliey cost us formerly ; we likewise disposed of our own
couiiiiodities at much higher rates.
At present a trade is carried on to the Turkish dominions
• and the Levant, by the Turkey Company, and the commo-
dities we semi to those parts are lead, iron, broad cloth, and
long ells ; not to mention French and Lisbon sugars, as well
as bullion. We take in return great aiianlities of law silk,
which serves for making stockings, galloons, gold and silver
lace ; and it is also proper for the warp of any kind of silk,
SVe import also grogram,yarn, dying stuff's of various kinds,
drugs, soap, leather, cotton, friiils, and oil.
To Italy, we carry tin, lead, pilchards, herrings, salmon,
cod, and various kinds of East-India goods ; besides some
of our own manufactures, such as broadcloth, long ells,
bays, druggets, camblets, leather, and other things. W>
import from thence wine, oil, soa|-., olives, dying-slnffs, at
well as silk, raw, thrown, and wrought.
We send to Spain nuich the same kind of commoditi
to Italy, nianv of which are exported from thcnct? to
OF THE CONSTITUTION, GOVERNMENT. AND TRADE, OP ENGLAND.
xzxiii.
colonies in America. In return we have oil, fruits, wool,
rochineal, and other drugs i and in times of peace, gold
and silver, in specie or bullion.
The king;dom of Portugal takes from us almost all kinds of
our commodities; we take from thence wine, oil, salt, and
fruits.
In times of peace we export to France tin, lead, corn,
and almost every other article of commerce, agreeable to a
late commercial treaty between Great Britain and that
country.
We send to Flanders tin, lead, iron wares, sugar, tobacco,
serges, tiannel, and a few stufts, for which we receive tine
laces, linen, tapes, inkles, and othergoodsof that kind.
We send to Germany tin, lead, tobacco, su^'ar, ginger,
woollen manufactures of every kind, as well as all sorts of
East-India goods. In return, we have from thence tin
plates, linen, and several other things.
With Denmaik and Norway we have very little trade,
except for a few coarse woollen goods ; for which reason
we are forced to pay for most things we have of them. We
have also a decaying trade with Sweden, for they buy little
of us, and we purchase of them copper, iron, and naval
stores.
We send to Russia, tin, lead, coarse cloths, long ells,
worsted stuffs, and a great quantity of tobacco ' and <"»
import from thence tallow, furs, iron, pot-ashes, hemp, fla«,
linen, coarse Russia cloth, and leather ; this trade is carried
on by a particular company, in a manner very beneticial to
this kitigdora.
To Holland we send almost all sortsof commodities, a«d
manufactured goods, whether of our own, or imported from
abroad; aud from thence we receive vast quantities of
linen, tapes, inkles, whale-fins, all sorts of spices, and vari-
ous kinds of dying-stuffs.
The African trade is of great advantage, for we not only
send many of our own and the East-India manufactures, for
tl>e purchase of slaves, but we supply our several plantations
with the last; aud we also have from thence gold-dust, red
wood, ivory, palm-oil, malagueto, gum-seneca, and many
other valuable commodities.
The East- India trade is of very great consequence to thj«
nation, and there have been several hot disputes about it,
relating to its advantage or disadvantage ; however, it is
certain they purchase their goods at a very low rate, which
are sold extremely high.
Our trade to America, notwithstanding they have gained
their independence, is still very considerable ; and it is
probable, that the Americans will continue to trade with us,
as there is no market in Europe to which they can carry
th«'r conimod'ties with such a ccrtaintv of sale.
BARCLAYS
ENGLISH DICTIONARY,
ENLARGED AND IMPROVED.
ABA
A IS Ihc first letter of the alphabet in aU known lan-
guages, except the Ethiopic, in which it is the ihii .
tecnth. In our language it is one of the five vowels, and
lias three different sounas ; the broad sound: as, o//, wall;
the open, as /a(/ier, rather ; the slender a is peculiar to the
English, and is to be found in place, face, waste. When
placed before nouns of the singular number, it denotes one,
as, a man, i.e. one man; or signifies something indefinite,
as, a man may pass this way, that is, «"// man. Before a
word beginnnig with a vowel, we write an, as an ox, and
likewise nefore an h silent, as an herb ; but when the h is
sounded, we then write a, as a horse. Before a participle
it denotes some action not yet finished ; as, I am n walking.
Formerly it was a contraction of «<. Sometimes it signifies
to. It has likewise a peculiar sigiiificatiou, implying cacli ;
at, he gains a hundred pounds a year. In abbreviations,
with a stroke over it thut a it stands for 5000 among the
Romans. With logicians, it denotes an universal atitirma-
livc proposition. Among merchants, if set alone after a
bill of exchange, it signifies accepted, and is used by Ihcni
to distinguish their sets of acconipts instead of a figure ;
thus. A, B, C, are instead of 1, 2, 3. a, or au, is used by
physicians instead of ona, and signifies that the proportions
of the ingredients to which it refers are to be equal. In
abbreviatioiw it stands likewise for ^Irt/nm, or Arts, as A. B.
artiuni baccalaureus, or bachelor of arls ; when applied to
tniie, for ««no ; A. C. ante Christum, before Christ; A.M.
anno mundi, the year of the world ; A. D. Anno Domini,
the year of our Lord. A, in music, is that note which lies
between the 2d and .^d line in the treble ; or upon the top,
or 5th line, in the bass. ABP. is an abbreviation of ^4)t/i-
bishop.
AH, in the scripture chronology, is the fifth niontli of 'he
Jewish ecclesiastical year, and answers to tlie moon of
July. Ab, prefixed to tiie names of places in Engi;ind ge-
nerally denotes that they belonged to some Abbey as
Abingdon.
ABA'CK, o(/. a sea te;ni, signifying the situalion of the
sails wlien the surfaces are tiatled against the liJiisis by the
force of tiie wind.
A'BACUS, s. [Lat.] a counlinglable, anciently used in
calculations. In Architecture, the uppei'niost member of a
column, which serves as a sort of Clowning both to the ca-
pital and cohunn.
ABA'FT, /)/!. \ulmflan, Sax.] townrd the stern.
ASALIENA'TION, s. {aUlienatio, Lat.] an alienation, or
estrangement from.
To AHXISDON, !•. a. \ab<rnda)t\>er, Fr.] to forsake utte'Iv ;
to cast off; to give up oih?'s self wholly to any jjrevaiiiiig
ABB
passion or vice. To alandnn, is more applicable to things;
leaie, to person. He was under a necessity of uhandnmtig
his possessions, and compelled to have his IViends. To for-
sake, implies in resentment or dislike ; to r.etinqnish, (juitting
any claim ; to desert, leaving me.iiily or treacherously. To
quit, implies the breaking off' from, and may be either volun-
tarv or involinitary.
AOAIiTiCULA'TION, *-. [from ah and nrticalus, Lat.]
a good construction of the bones, whereby they are apt to
nrove easily and strongly ; such as in the arms, hands, thighs,
feet, &c.
To ABA'SE, v.a. [ahaisser, Fr.] to lower, bring down, or
Iiumble.
ABASED, a. humbled ; brought down. In heraldry, it
means, when the tip of the vol or » iiiM of an eagle are turn-
ed downwards towards the point of the shield.
ABASEMENT, s. the state of being brought low ; the
act of bringing low ; depression.
To ABASH, v.a. [perhaps from ahaisser, Fr.] to affect
with sudden shame, or confusion ; to dash. The passive 's
followed by the particles at ox of.
To ABATE, 1'. a. [ahatire, Fr.] to make or grow less ; to
diminish or decrease. These words are nearly synouymoiis.
To abate, implies a decrease in action ; dimimsh, a wasle in
substance; rffcrfnif, a decay in moral virtue; lessen, a con-
traction of parts.
ABATE'LEMENT, j. in commerce, a term used for a
proliibilion of trade to all French merchants in the potts
of llie Levant, wiio will not sland to their bargains, or who
refuse fo pay their debts.
ABA'lT,i\lENT, s. [almtement, Fr.] in general, signifies
the lessening or (liuiiiiisliing something. In lieialdiy, it is
somelhiug added to a coat of arms, in order to lessen its true
(ligiiily, and point out some defect or stain in the ciuiracler
of the person who bears it. In law, it is the reiecling a
suit, for some fault disc.ivercd, either in llie malkr or pro-
cess, upon wliicli a plea in abatement is grounded ; and if
ihe eNception to llie writ or declaralion is proved, llie plaint
aliates or ceases, and the process must begin anew. Among
Iraiiers, it is llie same as rebate or discount.
ABATIS, s. in Fortification, a range of large trees laid
side by side, with their liouglis outivards, to hinder the ap,-
pidaclirs of an enemy.
.\'BBA, s. a .Syriac word, signifying ^nf/if)-. It is still
given by Eastern christians as a title \'i their bishops.
A'BEiACY, s.[ahiatia, Lat.] the rights and privileges of an
abbot.
A'B RE, (ffMi).c. formerly the same with .M)bot, bvt io a
modern sense, the name of a description of persons ii*
abE,
uctors, companions, &c. and
le iliiirtli, and sometiiues in
rnmr, vl.o act as. tutors 'j^.j,
are bome'.imes provided fo>^
llie state. ^ >ssofnuns.
A'l'Bl-^^-^. «• a S"^ Lat.] a nionastciy, or convent ; a
A'BBl'A, «• .L''Jj''persons. ^'o tiriii;>- an ahliei) to a grange,
liousi' ot .'■'■''SJSse, to bring a noUle to nine-pence. VVe
;i proverbial^ndtliiift. At the dissohition of the abbeys
;ipply it tender king Henry VIll. no less than 190 were
in fciiKlir of between 2(K)I. and :jj,OiH)l. yearly revenue,
it a medium, amounted to •2,8o;3,00nl. per annum ;
^liiense sum in those davs !
/BBEY-HOLM, {dh>>i/-/inme) in Cnnil)erland. The mar-
(Ket on Saturdav. Distance from London 29.') miles.
A'BBEY-MI'LTON, Dorsetslure ; 11 > miles from Lon-
don.
ABBOT, s. [ahbnd. Sax.] the chief ruler of a monastery,
or abbey, of the male kind. At tost tliey were laymen, and
sabject to the bisliop" and ordinary pasiors, their monaste-
ries being built in remote and solitary I'laces. They were
by degree." allowed to have a priest of their oau body, who
was the nhhut.
ABBOTS BROMLEY, a town in Staffordshire, six miles
E. of Stafford, and 129 N.W. of London. It has a market
on Tuesdav.
A'BBOTSBUBY, a town in Dorsetshire, 10 miles from
Dorchester, and 12S miles from London. It is noted for a
large swannerv. Thursday is ils market day.
To ABBRE'VLVTE, v. a. to abstract from,' shorten, or re-
duce to a less compass.
ABBREMATION, s. a contraction or abridgment of a
word or passage, bv leaving out part of the letters, or sub-
stituting other marks or characteis in the room of v.orus.
A BBREVLATURE, .t. the same with «W)ra'iffttVm.
ABBUTTALS, s. [ahb,iin, cor. Lat.] ni Law, the huttings
•rboundings of lands, shewing on what other lands they
are bounded.
To ABDICATE, v. a. [abdico Lat.] to give up a right ;
to resign ; to lay dow n an otlice.
ABDIC \ TION, .'. the act of abdicating ; resignation.
.\'BDOMEN, .t. [Lat.] a cavity commonly called the
lower venter, or belly : it contains the stomach, guts, liver,
spleen, bladder, and is w ithin lined with a membrane called
the peritonieum. The lower part is called the hypogas-
trium ; the foremost part is divided into the epigastrium,
the right and k'ft hypochondria, and the navel ; it is bound-
ed above by the cartilago ensiformis and the diaphrajjm,
sideways by the short or lower ribs, and behind by the ver-
tebra' of the loins, the bones of the coxendix, that of the
pubes, and OS sacrum. It is covered with several nuiscles,
from whose alternate relaxations and contractions, in respi-
ration, digestion is forwarded, and the due motion of all the
parts therein contained promoted, both for secretion and
oxpulsion.
To ABDU'CE, t'. a. [„b<!,u-o, Lat.] to draw to a different
part ; to withdraw one part fromanothi'r.
.\BE'D,«rf. rfrom a foriit, and bed] in bed.
.A'REL-TREE, a species of poplar, \viiich thrives rapidly
in boggy soils, and is usel'ul for wainscoting rooms, and for
turnery ware..
.A'BER, an old British word, signifying the fall <>f a lesser
water into a greater, as of a brook into a ri\er, and a river
into the sea; alsoihe moulli of a river, from whejice several
rivers, and towns buill at or near llieir mouth, derive their
names, as Abri-rnnway, Aberdeen, Abirs;avfii)r,i,\i:. .
ABERA'VON, a town of (.laniorgansliire, in Wales, that
liad a market, which is now disused, ll is seated at the
mouth of tlie river Avon, I'J miles S. W. of Cowbridge, and
Ift.^W. of London.
ABI'.RHtUyTHIC, or AnF.KBROTiior, a town of Scot-
laiiil, ii. tiie shire of .\ngus, seated on the river Tay. It
fiad a ru-.iiasli-ry, which was denu>lished at the time of the
Kcforn~.;iric.n ; but there are yet magnifi<i'nl rnins to be seen.
There arc two churches, ouc of which is kdf ruined. It
has a pretty good harbour, advantageous for trade, and
stands on a fertile plain. It is 1.5 miles N. E. of St. An-
drew s, and 40 N. N. E. of Edinbingh.
ABEKCO'NWAY, a town of Carnarvonshire, pleasantly
situated on the declivity of a hill, w itli a fine prospect over
the river Conway. It has a good harbour, and fornierlT
carried on a considerable trade. Here is a magnificent
castle, one of the most beautiful striictnres of the kind iii
Wales; it was built originally by the earl of Chester in the
reign of William the Conqueror, was destroyed in the
reign of king Stephen, and after^vards rebuilt by order of
Edward 1. Aberconway is 18 miles W. N. W. of Denbigh,
l_2 from Bangor, and 2-36 W. N. W. of London. Market on
Friday.
ABERDEETSI, the capita! of Aberdeenshire, is the third
city in Scotland for trade, extent, and beaub,-. It i.s formed
of the old and new towns ; the former, wliicii is about a mile
N. of the new, is situated on the Don, over which there is
a lofty Gothic bridge of one arch, resting at each extremity
on two rocks; the latter is on the Dee, over which there is
a bridge of seven arches. Its university, consisting of
King's College in the Old Town, and Marischal College in
the New, has produced many learned men. The manufac-
tures are stock nigs, cottons, thread, ..Vc. which they export;
together with excellent salmon, oatmeal, pickled pork, Ac.
The inhabitants, including the Old Tow n, are estimated at
36,000. .\ strong pier, foiiiiing an excellent harbour for
vessels of moderate size, was erected here some years aw,
on the N. side of the harbour of New Aberdeen. This
pier is 1200 feet in length, and gradually increases in thick-
ness and height as it approaches to the sea, where the head,
or rounding, is 60 feet in diameter at the base, and the
perpendicular elevation is 38 feet. To the S. of the bar,
they iiave now a depth of 17 fathom at low water ; and at
the harbour mouth from 8 to 9 fathom, where they had for-
meriv but a few feet. Aberdeen is 84 miles N. E. of Edin-
biiigli. Lat. 57. 6. N. Ion. 1. 40. W.
A'BERFORD, a small town in the west ridiu" of York-
shire, noted for piii-niaking. It stands on tne Roman
causeway ; 16 miles from York, and 184 from London.
Market on Wednesday.
A'BERFRAW, a village in Angelsev, where the princes
of North Wales formerly resided. It is 263 miles from
London.
ABERG.WE'NNY, a large populous town in Monmouth-
shire, noted for flannels ; it has u market on Tuesday, and
is 143 miles distant from London.
ABERI'STWYTH, a town in Cardiganshire, 30 miles
from Cardigan, and 303 from Loudon ; has a great market
on Monday.
ABE'RRANCE, s. [from alerro, Lat.] a deviation from
the right way ; an error.
ABE'RRANT, ;)«)<■ [nimaHj, Lat.] wandering frcvn Uie
right or known wav.
ABERRATION, a. [abcrvatio, Lat.] the act of ileviating
from the common track. In Astronomy, an npparent change
of place in the fixed star.s, which arises from the motion of
the earth, combined with the motion of light.
ToABERUNCATE, r. a. [iirc,u,u», Lat.] to pull up by
the roots.
To ABET, V. a. [hftati. Sax.] to push forwar<i another;
to support him in his designs by connivance, eiKouragc-
ment.orhelp
ABE'1\MENT, s. the act of abetting.
ABETTER, or ABEITOR, s. he that abcis ; the sup-
porter or encouiager of another.
To ABHOR, 1!. (I. [ah/wrxv, Lat.] to hate with acri-
monv ; to loathe ; to abominate.
ABHORRENCE, or ABIlORirENCY,.^. the act ofab-
horring ; detestation; the disposition to abhor ; hatred.
.M5HORRENT, n, struck with abhorrence. Contraiif
to, foreign, inconsistent with ; used with /rom or <o.
ARHO'RRER,*. abater, detester.
A'BIB, s. [Hcb. an ear of corn] the Jawish name of Iho
ABO
ABO
fir<rt month of tlieir erclcsiiistrcal voar, 'afterwards railed
Nisaii. It answerfd to tlio latter [lart of March and the he-
girii)iiii; of April.
'I o ABl'DK, f. n. [oltiilian. Sax. J to dwell in a place ; not
to teinove ; to dwell; to hear or support the consequences
ofa thiu^'; to Ix'ar without aversion.
.'VBI'Dr.K.s. the person that abidis or dwells in a place.
.AHJECT, ". [from 'iIiJixIks, Lat.J low, mean, beggarly,
'i'liese words are suiony iiKius.
To AI?.ll'7C'i\ I'. ". [(il'Jicid, Lat.] to throw away.
AB.IF.'CTION, .«. nieaonesi of luiud ; servility ; baseness.
A'l'JECri^V, "</. meanly; basely; coiiteniptibly.
AIU'LITY, 6'. [idm/. Sax.] eapaeity or power to do any
thing. Capacitii lias more relation to the knowledge u{
things ; nOility to tlieir aiiplieatioii. The one is aecpiired by
study ; the other by practice. A\ hen it has the plural nuin-
her, ttljililif.i, it signities the faculties or powers of the mind,
and then it is sjnouyuious with iiiifniidti/, </i'iv>)iiss, parts.
Jii^eniiihj relates more to the invention ol things; clei-micss
to the manner of executing them ; aIntUi/ to the actiud cxe.
cution of them ; and jxirts to the disccriunent.
A'J5IN(il)0N, a to\ni in Berkshire, sends one Burgess to
parliament; is 7 miles from Oxford, and 3ti from London.
Markets on MtMidav and Tridav.
ABINTESTATE, a. [ah. and mte.'ilatiis, Lat.] in the Civil
Law, applied to one who dii's without making his will.
ABJUKA'TION, .?. the oath taken for renouncing, dis
claiming, and dein ing the Pretender to have any manner of
right to the throne of these kingdoms. In our old custODts,
it implied a voluntary banishment of a man's self from the
kingdom for ever, which in some cases was admitted for
criminals, instead of putting them to death, provided they
could shelter themselves in a church. Also the solemn re-
cantation of some doctiine, as wicked and heretical.
ToAB.IU'KE, 1'. (I. [attjiini, Lat.] to swear not to do
something ; to recant, or abnegate, a position upon oath.
.MiLACTA'TION, *■. [from ahUwto, Lat.] the weanin;; a
child from the breast; also what gardners call n<f/ii"g- Ay
approach.
ABLAQUEATION, s. [ahhqiwutio, Lat.] is opening tiie
ground about the roots of the trees ; an operation which
the gardeners vaW hnrinn- nf trrcs.
ABLATION. .V. [Matin, Lat.] the act of taking awav.
A'BLATIVE, ,r. [ahlatirax, I^it.] ill Latin (j.auiiuar," is the
sixth case, and is o|)posed to the (iati\e ; the latter express-
ing the act of giving; and the former, Iliat of taking awav.
A'BLE, a. [ahal. Sax.] endued with, or having power suf-
ficient. Metaphorically, great po\\ers arising from know-
ledge or wealth.
.•\15LEG.\T10N, s. [ahh-gatio, Lat.] the act of sending
abroad.
A'BLEl'SY, ,«. [ahhpsia, Gr.] want of sight.
To A'BLOCATE, e. a. [ahhica, Lai.] to let out to hire.
A'BLUtNTS, s. [from abhw, Lat.] w:lli physicians, urc
diluting medicines.
ABLIJTION, s. [nhlatio, Lat.] signifies tlio washing or
purifv ing something with water. A ceremony in use among
the jiuients, and consis'ed in washing the body before k.a-
criticing, or even euteraig their temples; and still pr.idixd
by the Mahometans. In the church of Rome, a >iiuill quan-
tity of wini' and water, which the commuiiieants formerly
took to wash down and promote the digestion of the host.
Among Chemists and Apothecaries, it is used for v\asliiiig
away the sapeiabupflant salts of any bodv : an operation
fjiey call edulcoralion. See the uord. Physicians use it
for washi-ng the external parts of the body bv baths ; or by
cleansinij the bowels with thin diluting li(piids.
.\BNLOATION, s. [ahncgutio, Lat.] denial, renuncia-
lioii.
A RNOD VTION, s. [almofhtin, Lat.] ni gardening, the
Iiruiiing, paring, or cutting away knobs, knots, or any other
exeresci iices, fioin tix-es.
\'BO, the capital of Swedish Einlind ; built chiefly of
wood, lAiinttd red ; is a university, bishops ste, and good
port; 140 miles N. E. of Stockholm. Lat.CO. 27. N. Lon.
2-J. 1 H. E.
ABOARD, arl. [a Lord, Fr.] in a ship.
ABO'DE, a. place of residence ; coiiliiniance in a place.
ABO'DEMENT, *■. a secret antieii)ation of somethinj:
futme.
To AI>0'LISH, t'. n. [abo!en, Lat.] to repeal, destroy, and
utterlv erase anv thing, so that no part of it remains.
ABOLISHMENT, s. the act of abolishing.
ABOLl'TION, i. [alinlitw, Lat.] in Law, denotes ihe re-
])ealiiig any law or statute; also the inohibiting some cus-
tom. Usage, or ceremonv, that had been long established.
ABO.MINAP.LE, «. [almmiaaliilis, Lat.] that e.xcites Iior-
ror, joined with aversion and detestatimi. In conversation,
this word is used to convey an idea of something supei.
lative.
ABO'MINABLENE.SS, f.the quality which renders any
thing odious.
ABOMINABLY, «i!. extremely, superlatively, in an ill
sense, and a word of low language.
To ABOMINATE, )>. n. [abominw, Lat.] to abhor, de-
test, or have an extreme aversion to.
ABOMINATION, s. an object causing extreme aver-
sion. When used with the auxiliary verb to have, followed
by the particiiile ;«, to reckon, or look upon as an object of
detestation.
ABOKI GINES, f. [Lat.] the primitive inhabitants of a
country.
ABORTION, s. [abortin, Lat.] a miscarriage, or the ex
elusion of a child from the womb before the due time of
delivery ; in irrational animals, it is termed slinking or cast-
ing tlirir young. In gardening, the word signifies sucli
iruit.i as are produced too early.
ABO UTIVE, «. [aborliims, Lat.] that is brought forth be
fore its ti'ue. Figuratively, any thing or design which mis-
carries, is frustrated, or comes io nothing.
ABORTIVELY, ud, hern before due time ; immaturely,
unliuiely.
ABO VE, ;»L'n. [hufan, Sax.] higher in place or position ;
before nouns ot time, it denotes more, or longer than. Fi-
guratively, it signifies superiority, or higher in rank, power,
or excellence ; likewise beyond or move than.
ABOVE, «'/. [this is distinguished from the prep, by
the mai.iier in which it is used, because that is followed by
nouns, but tins is not; and has a relaticni not to the words
whuh picd-de, but those which follow it] a high place;
and, liiMualivelv, the heavens. In allusion to the method of
writing .meieiillv on scrolls, it denotes bifure.
A lU >l. M IK, otherwise called BiKKK, orRiKE, and in
Ficiuh Bkoi 1 F.KK.S, a small town of Egypt, King in the
<leseil belwi (11 .Mexamli ia and Rfisetta. It is ihe ancient
Canopus, and was lormerly an island, according to Pliny,
Stralio, A c. wliK h its present lo<ai appearance, from the
low grounds around it, renders very credible. The nek,
on hIiu lithe town is built, aHoids a convenient road for
siitl>ping. It is situated near one of the mouths o.' the Nile,
15 miles E. of Alexandria. See N i L i:.
'Fo ABOUND, e. II. [abaailii, Lat.] when used with the
partiiles ta or tnth, to nave an excessive great number, or
(juantily of any thing ; when used withoul the iiarticles, to
increase prodigiously, to be great in number, plenty, or
excess.
ABOUT, pre/), when applied to time or place, it denotes
near, or within coni|)ass of; and when used before words
implving measure. Its most simple acceptation is that of
round, surrounding, or cncircliii'', according to the Saxon,
whence it ij derived. Figuratively, annexed, or appendant
to a person, as clothes, I've, concerning of, relating to.
.ABOL'"!", ail. Ill eiicnmference, or compass. " Two yards
about." Merrii W. Wnirh. Figurativclv, .he longest way, in
opposition to the shortest, alluding to ttiediiTerenre between
the eiicinnference and diameter of a circle. When j"ined
with g", it signifies from place to place, or eveiy wiiere.
^" lie went about doinj good." Ads. When ; it lived trt
ABS
ABS
other verbs, it implies t'lat the action or flung affirmed will
soon happen ; as, " uhont to iiglit." Wiien I'ollouing tiie
verb to he, it denotes being enjjaged, or employed in :
" Wliaf are you ahciitl"
ABOUT" ad. [about, to an eml, Fr.] a certain point, pe-
riod, or state : "Ke lias biuuglu almnt liis purposes ;" i. e.
he has accomplished them. When joined with come, it im-
plies the thing arrived at a certain state or point. '■ Wlien
the time was co/ne aioi/t." 1 ^«ni. i. 20. VViien joined with
e", it implies preparation, or design. " \\ liy go ye about to
kill me 7" Juhn vii. 19. In familiar discourse we say, to
*' come about A man;" i. e. tocircum\tnt h:m.
ABRACAU.\'BR.4, a magical word, whicli has bern
used bv crediitous persons as a charm tor the ague. To
have this effect the word mnst be written on paper, and
repeated, omitting each time the last letter in the former,
so that the Vv hole may make a' sort of inverted cone,' in
whicli there is this property, that, whichever way the letters
are taken they make the same word as is found in the first
line.
To ABRA'DE, v, a. [abiado, Lat.] to rub off, or waste by
degrees.
ABRA'UM, s. a species of red clav, used in England by
tlhe cabinet makers, to give a red cofonr to new mahogany
wood. It is found in the Isle ©f Wight, also in Germany
and Italv.
ABREAST, flf/. [breast. Sax.] side by side ; in such a po-
sition tliat the breasts may bear against tiie same line.
To ABRIDGE, v. a. [abreger, Fr.] to sliort<'n in words, so
as to retain tiie substance ; to express a tiling in fewer
words. Figuratively, to diminish, lessen, or cut short.
Followed by the particles/;o)n or c/', to deprive.
-•VBRI'DGM.ENT, s. [abrigemait, Vr.] the contraction of
a larger work into fewer words, and less compass; a lessen-
ing or diminution, in a secondary sense.
ABR-0'ACH, ad. running out, in allusion to liquor, which
is broached ox tapped ; to be in such a position that the li-
quor may easily run out. Figuratively, to undertake with
a sure prospect of success.
ABlip'AD, ad. [a and hud. Sax.] without confinement,
at large, out of the house, in a foreign couiitiT ; in all di-
rections : fioin without, in opposition to within.
To A'l>ROG.\TE, v. a. [abrogo, Lat.] to take away from
a law its force ; to repeal ; to annul ; to abolish ; to revoke.
Abrogate and repea/nre terms rather to be used with respect
tol;:ws; abolish, with regard to customs ; annul and revoke,
to jirivate contracts.
ABROGATION, s. [abrogatio, Lat.] the act of repeal-
ing, or the repeal of a law, used in opposition to rogation ;
distinguished frem derogation, which implies the annulling
only prt'^ of a law ; suhi-ogKtion, which denotes the adding
«t clause; fVom obrogntinn, which implies the limiting or
restraining it ; from dispensutiov, which sets it aside only
in a particular instance ; and Uom anliquation, which is the
refusing to puss a law.
ABRUPT, part, or a. [ahruptus, Lat.] craggy, broken;
sudden, unexpected, without the customary preparations;
unconnected, when applied to compositions.
ABRU'FFION, s. [abrnjjtio,L;i\.\ breaking off, separa-
tion.
ABRUPTLY, ad. in a hasty, unexpected, rude manner.
ABRU PTNESS, .?. a hasty, tuiexpected, unceremonious
manner; 'suddenness, the state of unconnectedncss, rugged-
jress, cragtjiness.
ABSCESS, I. [ahscessus, Lat.] a cavity .containing pus or
matter, so called, because the parts which were joined are
now separated ; one part recedes from another, to make way
for the collected matter.
'J'o .^BSCl'ND, f. n. [abscindo, Lat.] to cut off. Not often
ased.
ABSCI'S.SA, s. fF^t.] part of the diameter of a conic sec-
tion, intercepted between the vertex and a semiordinate.
ABSCISSION, .f. [ahscissio, Lat.] the act of cutting off,
the state of being cut off.
To ABSCOTS'D, «. n. [absnondo, Lat.] to keep one's self'*
from tiie view or know ledge of the public ; to hide ; applied
to those who fly from tlie commerce of mankind, to escape
the law, whether on account of debt or criminal actions.
A'BSENCE, s. [ubsenfia, Lat.] distance, which renders
a person incapable of seeing and conversing witli another;
used in opposition to presence : figuratively, inattention to
the present object ; because a person in t^at state resem-
bles mie who is distant. It is used with tlie particle /com,
which limits its signification.
ABSENT, a. [absens, Lat.] at a distance from, out of tlie
sight and hearing of a person. Figuiatively, iliattentive to,
or regardless of something preseirt.
To ABSENT, ti. a. to withdraw, or decline tlie presence
of a person or thing.
ABSENTEE', s. in Law, he that is absent from his sta-
tion, or country ; most generally applied to the Irish refu-
gees.
" ABSI'NTHimi, s. [Lat.] wormwood. A plant whose
leaves and flowers have a very bitter taste, and a very strong
smell. It is not used by |>liysicians.
To ABSOLVE, v. a. [ahsoU-o, Lat.] to acquit of a crime,
to free from an engagement or promise ; to pardon, ui al-
lusion to the absoliitinn of a priest ; to perfect, accomplish,
or complete, applied to time.
A'BSOLUTE, a. [absotatus, Lat.] perfect, comolcte, with-
out conditions ; independent, without restraint or limita-
tion.
A'BSOLUTELY, ad. completely ; without relation ;
without limits or dependence.
ABSOLUTENESS, *. completeness ; freedom from (de-
pendence or limits ; despoticism.
ABSOLUTION, s. [absolntio, Lat.] in common law, a full
acquittal of a person, by some final sentence ; a temporal
discharge lor some farther attendance upon a mesne pro-
cess : in ecclesiastical law, a juridical act, whereby a priest
pronounces a pardon for sins to such as repent.
ABSONANT, 7)ai<. [absonans, Lat.] sounding harshly.
To ABSORB, ti. a. [prefer, absorbed, part, prefer, absorbed
or ahsorpt, from ahsorbeo, Lat.] to suck up.
ABSO'RBENT, s. [absorbens, Lat.] in physic, medicines
which dry up redundant humours, whether applied inter-
nally or externally ; likewise the lacteals, vhich absorb the
chyie ; the cutaneous vessels which admit the water in
baths or fomentations ; or those vessels which open into
the cavities of the body, and imbibing the extravasated
juices, convey them to the circulating blood.
To ABSTAIN, V. a. [abstuieo, Lat.J to forbear, to refrain
from, or decline any gratification.
ABSTE'MIOUS, a. [uhstemius, Lat.] temperate in the
enjoyment of sensual giatihcations. Figuratively, the cause
of temperance. Sometimes used substantivelj;, for those
wlio practise the virtue of temperance.
ABSTE'iM10l!SLY, ad. temperately ; soberly.
ABSTEMIOUSNESS, i. the quality of being temperate,
or declininsr tiie gratifying of our sensual appetites.
To ABSTE'RGE, v. a. [abstergo, Lat.] to wipe clean, to
cleanse : used mostly by medical writers.
AB.STE'RGENT, a. [abstergens, Lat.] oiidued with a
cleansing quality. In Medicine, it signifies medicines which
resolve concretions, as soap, iVc.
AT.STINENCE, or A'BSTINENCY, i. [abstine^itia, Lat.]
in a general sense, the refraining from any thing to which
we have a propensity ; used with the particle from. In a
more limited sense, fasting, or the forbearance of necessary
food : distinguished from temperance, as that implies a
moderate use of food, but this a total avoiding of it for a
time.
To ABSTRA'CT, v. a. [abstraho, Lat.] to take one tiling
from anoOier. Figuratively, to seiiarate, followed by the
particle /rom : used absolutely, the exercise of the faculty
offlie mind, named abstraction; or separating ideas from
one another. When applied to writings, to reduce theif
substance lo less compass.
ABU
AC A
A'RSTRACT, a. [ithstructii.t, L;\\.] srparatci! Cunn
?nmt"tliin,-; else ; jff.iierally iivpliod to llie openitioiis of the
iiiitiij. Abstract Icniis, ;'io those which si^iiity llie iiiocle
oiiiu.ility of a l>eilis. without Hiiy rc^nTd to tlic subject in
Aviiich it inhoies ; it i.< usod witii llie (laiticle /)(;/«. ^46-
ftnut tiiit/ieiMtics, those brunches wliich consider tlie quan-
tity, without restriction to any particuiiir .species of it. Ab-
stract nitmiem, are assemblajjes of units, considered in
tiieinselves, wltliont being applied to any subject.
A'BSTllACT, s. a compendious view of a treatise, more
superficial tlian an al)ricl;;n\ei\t. Fi^'urativcly, applied to
Cersons, those wlio compreiiend all the qualities, good or
ud, to be found in the species.
AP,STR.\'C'VPA), jxirt. separated, refined, or abstruse ;
a disposition of mind wherel)y a person is inattentive to ex-
ternal objects, tliouj;li present.
.A4J.STH.VCTEDLY, «'i(. wilhiibstraction; simply ; sepa-
rately from all oonlnigentcircninstances.
AB.STilA'CriON, s. [abstractin, Lat.] all Operation or
faculty of the mind, whereby we .separate things that are in
themselves inseparable, in order to consider them apart, iii-
depciidant of one another ; whereas precision separates
thiugs distinct in themselves, in order to prevent the con-
fusion which arises from a jumble of ideas. Sometimes it
is used for the exercise of this faculty. The state of being
inattentive to external objects, or absence of mind. In
pliarniacy, the drawing olf or exhaling a menstruum from
tlie subject it was intended to resolve.
ABSTRA'CTLY, «</. simply, separately.
ABSTRU'Sf', a. [abstrusiis, Lat.] obscure, dark, not easy
to be understood ; deep, hidden, or far removed from the
common apprehensions or ways of conceiving.
AR,STHU'SELY, ad. obscurely, not plainly.
AB.STRU;SENESS, or ABSTRU'.SITY, s. ditTiculty, dark-
ness, obscurity, hard to be understood or comprehended.
ABSURD, a. [nbsurdiis, Lat.] not agreeable to reason,
or common sense, or that thwarts, or goes contrary to, the
common notions and apprehensions of men ; inconsistent,
contrary to reason.
ABSU'RDITY, or ABSU'RDNESS, s. [ahsm-ditas, Lat.]
a contradiction to common sense ; an inconsistence with
reason.
ABSURDLY, nd. improperly, unreasonably.
ABUNDANCE, s. [abondunce, Fr.] great plenty; a great
many ; vast numbers, as abimdame of people ; a great
quantity ; more than sutiicieiit.
ABU'NDANT, ff. [n6K)ir/ff«s, Lat.] plentil'ul ; exuberant;
numerous; well stored with ; replete, or abounding. Abnn-
dnnt number, is a number the sum of whose aliquot parts is
greater than the number itself. Tlius the alicpiot i)arts of
12, being 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 ; they make, wken added toge-
ther, 16.
ABUNDANTLY', «r/. ampiv, liberally.
A'BURY, or A'VEBURY, in Wiltshire near Marlboroiigli
Downs ; noted for the stupendous remains of a Druidical
temple, like Stonehenge.
To ABU'SE, (abciize) v. a. {nbutnr, Lat.] to make a bad
use of; to impose iipon, or deceive ; to treat rudely.
ABU'SE, s. the ill or improper use of a thing ; a vicious
practice or bad custom ; unjust censure ; carnal knowledge,
either with or without violence.
ABU'SFR, {abi'fizer) s. the person who makes an ill use
of any thhig. An impostor, seducer, ravisher; one who
makes use oif reproachful language, or is guilty of rudeness
towards another.
ABUSIVE, a. [abusivus, Lat. J insolent; ofiensive ; inju-
rious.
ABU'.SIVELY, ad. reproachfully.
ABU'SIVENESS, *. the use of reproachful language; or
the exercise of rude and unmerited incivility.
To ABUT, or ABUTT, v. n. [<dumiir, Fr.] to terminate,
iiound. or border upon another place f^"- -'!ii/ig.
.•\I5UTMENT, s. that which ab' .- < ^ borders upon ano-
ilier.
ABY'.'-'^, .5. I'if'ifssiis, lat.] a l)0llondi;.ss pit orRnK, or
any prodigious deep wliere no bottom can be foiiiwt, or is
supposed to have no bottom ; a vast untalJioiuable dei'lh d;
waters; the vast collectiim of waters bup;sosed to be inclos-
ed in the bowels of tlie earth. Among divines, it is often
used to signify hell. In a figurative sense, that in whicli
anv thing is lost.
ABY.v;i NIA, called also HiGHr.R ExitiopiA, and !.y
the .Arabians, Al.HAi5A.sii, a very ancient kingdom or em-
pire in .Africa. It is bounded on the N. by Nubia, on the F..
by the Red Sea and Adel, on the S. and \V. by Ajan, Alab i,
(iiijgiro, and (joraiii ; lies between G and 20 degrees N. lai.
ami between 20 and 44 E. Ion. It is about 000 indes Ion j
and 80O broad, and contains 378,000 .square miles. The
mountains are very high here, and scattered all over the
country : in some parts they are so steep, that the inhabitant.^
ascend them by ladder?;, and draw up the cattle with ropes ;
among these theNile and the Niger have their source ; and
here, as in Egypt, they have their periodical iniindation.s,
wliich greatly fertilize llii' plains. The thunder and light-
ning here are sometimes tr( mendous, and the winds no les.<
dreadful, overturning the houses, and tearing up trees by
tiie roots ; and the rain comes down like torrents. Their
rainy season holds for near six months, during our summer
months, and is succeeded by an equal period of cloudle.ss
sky. Gold, silver, and copper mines, are found here; tbe
vegetables are various ; tlie animals are, the lion, leopard,
elephant, rhinoceros, dromedary, camel, stag, horse, cow,
goat, sheep, monkeys, &c. with a great variety of birds, as
the ostrich, eagles, vultures, storks, &c. and in the rivers
are found the crocodile and the hippopotamus. The com-
plexions of the inhabitants are copper-coloured, olive,
and black ; their religion seems to be a mixture of Judaism
and the profession of the Greek cluircb ; their language is
the Ethiopic, which bears a great aliinity to the Arabic.
The emperor or king is called Negus ; and he has com-
monly been taken for Prestor John. Ilis authorit-y is al)-
solute. The habit of persons of quality is a silken ve.it,
with a sort of scarf; but the common people wear nothing
but a pair of drawers.
AC, AK, or AKE, at the beginning or ending of a name
of a town or place, is the Saxon word ac, which signifies an
oak; a'i Avion is as much as to say Oak-town, and Atistiu's
ac, Austin's oak; and as for the names ot persons of the
same liivm, they are for the most part derived from the
places of their birth, or some achievements there.
ACAC!IA,.«. [Lat.] in Botany, Egyptian thorn, or binding
bean-tree. The Acacia, styled Vera, i. e. true, is the tree
from whose branches exudes the Gum Arabic, and from
whence the Succus Acacise, or Juice of Acacia, is drawn.
AC.\DE'iMIC, or ACADF/MICK, .?. in a large sense,
signifies a member of an university or school, w here lan-
guages and other branches of polite education are taught ;
ill a stricter sense, a philosopher who follow ed the doctrine
of Socrates and Plato as to the uncertainty of knowledge,
and the incompreheusibilitv of triiib.
ACADE'MIC, or ACADE'JMICK, a. [academicus, Lat.]
belonging to the aeademv.
ACADEMI'OIAN, or' ACADE'MIAN, s. a name used
for m,-iiibers of modern Academies, or instituted societies
of learned men.
AC,\'DEMY, s. [acadcmia, Lat.] It was originally a pub-
lic place planted w ith trees at Athens, so called from one
Academics, who presented it. A place where learned men
met to confer upon discoveries already made in the sci-
ences, or to tiy experiments for their fuither improvcnienr.
It is sometimes used for a college, or university ; a place
viliere persons are taught the liberal arts and sciences, Ac.
It is also used for a particular society of ingenious persons,
established for the improvement of learning, cVc. and for a
sort of collegiate school or seminan, where young person*
are instructed in a private way, in the liberal arts and
sciences.
AC.\'DIA, or Nova Scotia, or New Scotland, one of l!ie
ACC
ACC
Britis!i Colonies in Noitli America, sitiiateii betwfcii 41 aim
51 (Jeijrefsof N. lut. and Ijttwecn 63 "and 7U (l(!<i(e> tit' \V.
lull, it is boiiiulfcil by tlie river St. Laureiiee and tin- At-
lantic Ocean oil the east, and by the bay ot rniidy and tbe
seas of .Xcacba on tliebOiilii, and by Canada and llie I nited
f'roviiR-cs on the west. The Fiencii ee<le<l it to tlie laii;lisli
l)y the peace of rtie< lit, who have planted a colony there.
It is a ven,' fruitful country, and art'or<ls plenty of i^anie. lu
17S4 it was divided into two governments, one of which is
called New Brunswick.
ACAPU'LCO, in Mexico, an inconsiderable town, con-
sisting of only 2 or 300 thatched cottajjes ; unless at the an-
nual fair, which lasts about 30 days, when it snddejily be-
comes a popidoiis city, crowdeil with the richest commodi-
ties of India, biDii-iit by t!ie .Manilla j^'alleon ; the treasures
ofl'eru, broujjht liy the annual ship fr<pni Lima; and all
sorts of European ^'oods, broujjht over land from Vera Cruz.
Acapulco is seated on a commodious and excellent bay, in
the South Sea, and has a harbour free and open for ships of
any burden ; the bot, indeed, on all the western coast of
Spanish America. Lat. 17. 2-2. N. Ion. 102. 20. W.
-ACA'RA, a fresh water fiah ; a native of Brazil, which
resembles the perch, but is much smaller and very delicate
food.
AC.-\R.\'AY.A, a Brazilian sea fish, which is three feet
lon!^, resembles a carp, and is eaten bolh fresh and salted.
,ACAR.-\MU'CU, a very remarkable tish which inhabits
file western ocean, and some other seas. It is about eiL;ht
inches Ion;, and ihne broad. In the fore part of its mouth,
which is very small, there are sharp Iriani^ular teeth bolh
above and below. On each side, just below the eyes there
are two squarish lissiires, which serve instead of jjills ;
and on the lid^jeof the back just behind the eyes, there is
placed a line slender pointed horn, about three inches
lony.
ACARAPITA'MBA, a Brazilian sea fish resembling the
mullet.
ACARAPII'CU, a Brazilian fresh water fish about eish-
treii inches loiig.which has lips wliich it can hide or disjjlay
at pleasure.
ACARACKA, the name of two species o American
fislies, one of which is called the old-wife, and is fie(|uently
preserved in the cabinets of I In- curious. The upper jaw
liaso;i 1 ach side four sharii thorns i;iowin;i from it, and the
lower two very lari;e and sharp ones bending; downwards,
and in shape and struetiue re'^emblin;; a cock's spur, and
from liiese runs up a row of small thorns to the eye.
.\C.A'IUJS, a kind of vernuii which lod^'cs iu the skin and
excites itchin}».
To.\CCK.I)F>, r. 71. [ucceria, \.-it.] to come to, to draw
near to, to enter into, or to add one's self to something al-
ready supposed to lake place.
'I'o ACCE'LliR,.'\Ti:. I'. «. [areehrn, Lat.] to hasten, to
(■]uic|tcn, (o spur on with superadded motion and e.spedi-
tiun.
ACCLLF.RATIOX, s. the act of fpiickenins motion, &c.
With philosophers, a continual increase of \elocity in any
licavy bodies, teiuiin^' towards the centre of llie earth by
the force of i;ravity. With the ancient astronomers, a leini
used in respect to the fi\ed stars, which si^niliedjhe diller-
ciiee between the revolution of the pilmniii mobile aiul Ihe
unlar revolution : it was computed at 3 nniiules and 6(i se-
conds.
To ACCE'ND, I', n. [accendo, Lat.] to set on fiic.
/ACCK'NSION, s. [(irceiisii), Lat.] in philosopiiy, the kin-
dlin:;or<;eltin;,'aiiy natural body on lire.
A'CCENT, s. [ueceiiiiis, Lat.] the rising' or falliie; of the
voice; a tone and iivjinu r of proniincialion contracted
from the country in which a in rson was bred, or residtd a
considerable time. With rhetoricians, a tone or inodula-
lion of the voice, used sometimes toclcnole the intention of
Ihe speak<'r, with re^'aid to energy or force, :ind expressive
nf the senliiiiPiiIs and passiorns. Graic Accent, is this mark
(') ovw a vowel, to ii»ew that the voice is Vo be depresicd.
4i
Acute Accent, is this mark (') over a vowel, to shew that tli<»
voice is to be raised. Circumjii:t Acnnt, is this mark ( * )
over a vowel in (Vreek, and points out a kind of undulatioji
in the voice. The Long Accent, shews that the voice is t<»
dwell upon the vowel, and is expiess(<i thus f - j. The S/imt
Accent (in Grammar) shews that tlie time of pronouncing
oiiijhl to be short, and is marked lhus("). The two last,
however, come properly under the head Quatititi/, and not
Accent. In Music, it is a certain undulation or warbliii;; of
the voice, to express the passions either naturally or artifi-
cially.
To ACCR'NT, V. a. [from acccntns, Lat.] to mark with an
accent ; to pronounce v\ itll regard to the accents.
To ACCENTUATE, v. a. [„cccntne,; Er.] to place the
proper accents in reading, speaking, or writing', ou the
vowels or syllables of any word.
ACCENTUATION, s. a pronouncing or marking a word,
so as to lay a stress of the voice on the right word or sylla-
ble.
To ACCEPT, V. n. [accipio, Lat.] to receive favourably or
kiiully ; to take with particular approbation : used either
with or without the (larticle nf.
ACCE'PT.MU.E, ff. [acef/)(fli/f, Fr.] that may be fevoura-
bly or kindlv received ; agreeable.
ACCEPTABLY, art. in an acceptable manner.
ACCE'PTANCE, s. [acceptance, Fr.] an acceiiting or re-
ceiving favourably or kindly ; sometimes the meaning or
manner of taking a word with the accent promiscuously on
the first or second syllable. In law, it is the tacit agree-
ment to some act done by another before, which might
have been avoided, if such agreenieiit or acceptance had
not been made. In commerce, it is the subscribing or
signing an inland bill of exchange, which makes the person
debtor i'or the sum of its contents, ami obliges him to dis-
charge it at the time which it nieiitioiis.
ACCEP'l'A'FlON, «. [acccptiiiion, Fr.J the received mean-
ing of a word, or the sense iu which it IS usually taken; re-
ception of any person or thing, either agreeably or not;
particular regard as to acccptablenessand manner ofrecep.
lion.
.ACCEPTER, i. in commerce, the person who accepts
a bill by signing it, and therefore obliges himself to pay tlie
contents when due.
.ACCESS, s. [accessits, Lat.] admittance, approach, or
passage to a place or jierson ; licence or means to appioacli
any thing; accession to any thing; the return or fit of an
ague or other distemper.
ACCESSIBLE, a. [accessihilis, Lat.] that may be ap-
proached, reached, or come to. It is used with the particie
to before the object. Accexsihlc heip'it, is either that wliicli
may be measured mechanically, b> appKiiig a moasnie to
it ; or else it is a height whose base can lie approached to,
and from thence a length measured on the giouwd.
ACCESSION, i. [iiccesxii}, Lat.] addition or increa.se ,•
tlle act whereby a thing is superadditl to anothiM' ; ji>iiiiii^
one's self to any thing else, coming to, as the coming of a
king to the crown. In physic, the beginning of a paiox-
vsm.
.VCCESSORY, or A'CCE.SSARY, .«. in < ivil law, anv~
thing that of right belongs tiv dcpeiids on another, allhoiigh
it be separated i'rom it ; as if tiles be taken iVoiii an bouse 1<>
be laid on again, they are an accessan/, if the house be to be
sold. By slatute, a person who commands, advises, or
conceals an otli-iider, j^uilly of felony by statute. In coiii-
111(111 law, a person guilty of fclmy, though not ])riiicipally,
as by advice, coniinand, concealment; and this may be i I-
ther before or after the fact.
A'CCID1''N(.'I', i. [iiaiileniiii, Lat. J a lilllc book, coiitain-
ingllieliist priiicijdes of the I-alin tongue.
.■\ (^('ini'.N'F, s. [fioi'ii accidins, Lat.]a casualty orclrjiuv;
a colli ingeiit efl'ect, or sonu thing produced casualK, or
without any foreknowledge or destination of it in the agent
that ]iroducid it, <u' to whom it happens. A thing is also
Ifcquciitly btilcd an accident in itferciitc to its caui/c, oj m
ACC
ACC
l«Hst to our l<now!tiifft of it; ami by lliis an en'ect either
casually iiroiluccd', or wliicli appears to have hreu so to us is
foiiiiminlv understood. Ill ^raiiiiiiar, the iinipcrly of
Wolds, iiicli a:, their ttivisioii into siib.-taujivcs, and adjec-
tives, tiieir declensions, eases, iMinii)ersand •,'enders of nouns;
the eonjii^atiuns, mood's, tenses, numbers, persons, Ac. of
verbs. In plivsie it is analoi;()us tollie word symptom. In
heraldic, accidents are additions, notes, or m:iiit^j in a coat
of arinoiir which are not necessary to it, sueii as :dialemenls
and ditlerence.s ; and in astroloijY, tlie most exlraoriiinary
occurrences in the course of a man's life.
ACCIl)E'N']'AI,, a. [iiccidcnudix, Li\t.] pertaining to 'uvi-
dcnts, happeiiin;^ l)v chance.
ACCIDK'N'I'ALLY, a<l. casually ; forluilously.
ACCl'DKMIS, a.[uecidiitx, Lat.] slothful.
ACCI'DITY, s. [ncciilita.':, Lat.l slothfiiliiess.
ACCl'NCT, "• [accinctiis, Lat.J ijirded, prepared, ready.
ACCrPIENT, part. [«ce;));ms, Lat.J receiving. Substan-
tively, u receiver.
ACCLAMA'l'lO;^, s. [acrhmnlin, Lat.] a shouting for
jov ; expressing applause, esteem, or approbation.
ACCLl'VITY, s. [acelivitas, Lat.] the ascent of a hill ;
and among geometers, the slope of a line or plane inclining
to the horizon upwards.
ACCLl'VOU.S, a. [acclivns, Lat.] rising upwards with a
sloiie.
To ACCLO'Y, V. a. to crowd, to overfil ; to surfeit or
satiate.
ACCLOTD, part, with farriers, denotes a horse being
pricked in shoeing.
To ACCOI'L, V. n. to bustle, crowd, or be in a huny.
See Coil.
A'CCOLENT, s. [aetolem, Lat.] he who inhabits near, or
a borderer on any place.
ACCO'MODABLE, a. [accommodabiUs, Lat.] that may be
fitted to another thing, in its primary signification ; in its
secondary, that may be reconciled to, is consistent with, or
may be applied to.
To ACCOiMMODATE, f. a. [accommodo, Lat.] to pro-
vide orfurnish with conveniences ; to agree, compose, make
up, or adjust a matter in dispute ; to adapt, fit, or apply
one matter or thing to another.
ACCO'MMODATE, «. [accommodatus, Lat.] when used
with the particle/or, it denotes convenient or proper ; with
the particle to, it implies suitable.
ACCO iMMODATELY, ad. suitably : fitly.
ACCOMMODATION,*. [<7Cfommorf(»<io. Lat.] an adapt-
ing, fitting, adjusting. Arc. the composing or putting an end
to a dirt'erence, quarrel, <!tc. Convenience.
ACCO'MPANIM.ENT, s.the adding of one thing to ano-
ther by way of ornament. In herald n, the mantlings, .sup-
porters, <S.'c. In music, the instrumental part playing or
moving while the voice is singiiig.
To ACCO'MPANY, v. a. [accompairner, Fr.] to go or
come with, to wait on, to keep company with ; to join or
unite with. To accompany a voice, i. e. to play to it with pro-
per instruments.
ACCO'MPLICE, J. [complice, Fr.] one who has a hand
ia a matter, or who is privy to the same crime or design with
ari'-'ther.
To ACCO'MPLISH, «. a. [accompli,; Fr.] to complete;
to fulfil ; to execute or bring a matter or thing to perfec-
tion ; to complete a period of time ; to obtain or acquire.
A person well accomplished, one who has extraordinaiy parts,
and has acquired great accomplishments in learning.
ACCOMPLISHMENT, s. the perfecting, ending, fulfil-
ling, or achieving of any matter or thing entirely or com-
pletely. Also an acquirement in learning, arts, sciences, or
good behaviour.
ACCO MPT, (acount) s. [cnmpte, Fr.] all computations
made arithmetically. In Comiuerce, all those books in
whie'h morcliants and otiier traders register their transac-
tions. Merchants' Accompts, are those which are kept by
double entry. Accompt in Compaui/, is between two mer
chants or traders, wherein the transactions rektive to thetr
paiiiiership are registered. Accompi in Jinnh; \s a fund
depobilcd eillicr at somi' banker's, or the IJank, by traders,
as running cash, to be employed in the payment of bills.
Accdinpt «/' Sales, is an infornration given hy one mcrcluint
to •diiolhcr, or by a factor to liis principal, of the disposal,
net proceeds, Ac. of goods sent for the proper account of
the sender or senders who consigned the .same.
ACCO'MP'J'ANT, (ahliiinlaiil ) s. [accomplant, Fr.] one wh(>
is not only well skilled in casting upacconii>ls, but ia book-
kee|>ing.
ACCO'MPTANTSHIP, {ahutmtantship') s. the qualifica-
tions necessary for an accomptarit.
Al-CO'KO, s. [ncrord, Fr.] agreemetit orcompact; agree-
nwnt of mind ; mutual harmony or symmetry. Sclf-raotioti ;
as, "It opened of its own accord." In common law, agree-
nu'ut belu<'eii several persons or parties to make satisfaction
for an ati'ront or trespass conniiilted «>ne agaiii-it another.
In nuisic, it is the production, mixture, and relations, of
two sounds, of v-hicii the one is grave, the other acute.
To ACCORD, '•. 71. [lucorder, Fr.] to agree; to hang
together. Actively, to tune two or more instruments, so as.
they shall sound tiie same note wiien touched by the hand
or bow ; to iiarinonize.
ACCORDANCE, s. friendship, conformity, consistence,
or agreement with.
ACCO'RDING, ;)?•(•/). agreeable to ; in proportion; witb
regard to.
ACCORDINGLY, ad. conformably; consistently. lu
the beginning of a sentence it refers to what went Deforc,
and implies a deduction from it.
ACCO'RPORATED, part, [accorporaius, Lat.] joined or
put to; embodied.
To ACCOST, V. a. [accoster, Fr.] to make or come up to
a person, and .speak to liim.
ACCO'UNT, s. a computation of the number of certanj
things ; a reckoning. The total or result of computation ;
Mtimation of value; rank, dignify, or distinction ; regard,
consideration, for the .sake of: as, " Semprouius gives no
thanks on this account." Reason or cause ; narrative or re-
lation ; opinion or belief ; review or examination ; expla-
nation, or assignment of causes; the reasons of any thing
collected ; profit, gain, or advantage. In a law sense, a
particular detail or enumeration delivered to a court or
judge, cVe. of what a man has received or expended for ano-
tiler, in the management of his afl'airs. Also, in common
law, a writ or action tlial lies against a man, who bv his
office is obliged to give an account to another (as a bailiff to
his master) and refuses to do it. Lpou iw account, or by no
means. Vpoit all accounts. By all means. In every res-
pect.
To ACCOU'NT, !i. a. to compile ; in the passive voice,
<o be reckoned or esteemed. With the particle /nr, it de-
notes to explain by assigning the cause and reasons. \Vith
the particle to, it implies to be charged, ai^plied, appropri-
ated, or assigned to. With the particle of, to estimate, or
to be valued. Lastly, to be imputed.
ACCOU'NTABLE, n. liable to give an account, answer-
able.
ACCOU'NTANT, s. an officer appointed to keep >r make
up the accounts of a company, office, or court. lheAc-_
countant general is an officer belonging to the court of
chanceiT, appointed by parliament \o rec<'ivc all money
lodged in court, and to convey it to the bank of En-
gland.
To ACCOUPLE, V. a. [accovplcr, Fr.] to link or join to-
gether.
To ACCOUTRE, v. a. [accoutrer, Fr.] to dress, attire,
trim, espcciallv with warlike accoutrements.
ACCOUTREMENT, s. dress; equipage, furniture, or
habiliments of war ; ornaments.
ACCRETION,*, [accrctio. Lat.] the act of growing to
another, so as io augment it. With naturalists, au addition
uf matter to any bodv externally ; but it is frequently ap.
7
ACE
ACI
plied fo tlie increase of such bodies as are v> itliaul life ; and
Jt is nlso called apposition.
ACCRETIVE, c. [from accretio, Lat.] that liy ^^iiich
grwviii is iiicrtased ; tliat by which vc^elatioir is aug-
iiierilr-d.
A'CCRINGTON, a populous viliasie r.oar Blackbuvn,
l,aiicashire. Messr>. Pcr-!s and Co. cany on a very exten-
sive cotton maiuitactory here, in spinuinuf, ucavint;,' bleach-
ing and printing ; supposed to be the most extensive of
the kind in tiie kingdom.
To ACCRO'ACH, !•. a. [accrochcr, Yr.1 a law term, to
encroach, to draw awav another's property.
ACCROACHMENT, s. the act of encroaching the pro-
perly of another.
To ACCRUE, ?'. 7!. \accroitre, Fr.] to be increased, or
added to. In a Commercial sense, to arise or proceed
from.
ACCUSATION, i. [from ffco?i4o, Lat.'l a posture of the
body between sitting and lying. It was tiie table-posture of
(he Greeks and Romans.
ACCU'MBENT, a. \accumhet>.'!, Lat.] leaning.
To ACCUMULATE, v. a. [accmmdo, Lat.] to heap on or
pile one thing upon another ; to gather or amass together
m great quantities.
ACCUMULATION, s. [accnmvlatio, Lat.] repeated ac-
quisitions and additions ; an amassing ; the state of a thing
amassed.
ACCU']VIULATI\'E, a. that which increases, or that
which is added to; additional.
ACCU'MULATOR, s. he that accumulates; a gatherer
or heaper together.
A'CCUR.'VCY, or A'CCLTIATENESS, s. [acciiraiio, Lat.]
exactness, justness, or nicety.
A'CCURATE, II. \accm-atus, Lat.] done with care ; exact
cither as to persons or things.
ACCURATELY, ad. exactly ; nicely.
To ACCUTtSE, V. a. to blast or load with a curse ; to
doom to destruction ; to imprecate curses upon.
ACCU'RSED, /)«)■?. lying under a curse, or excommuni-
rated ; execrable; that which deserves execration.
ACCU'SABLE, ;)«»■<. [accnsaUlis, Lat.] that which is liable
lo be found fault with, censured, or blamed.
ACCUS.\TION, «. the charging with some defect or
crime. In law, the preferring a criminal action against any
one before a judge.
ACCU'SATIVE, a. [acciistttiviis, Lat.] a case in grammar
•which denotes the relation of the noun or pronoun, on
which the action of the verb terminates. In English gram-
mar it is called the objective case, and is easily distinguished
' in the pronouiii- ; but in the substantives there is no diflVr-
<»nce but that the nominative precedes and the accusal ive
follows the verb. In L^inand Greek it is the fourth case.
ACCU'SAT0R,Y, a. [acaisatoriiis, Lat.] of or belonging lo
accusation.
To ACCU'SE, {akiuze) v. a. [aeniso, Lat.] to charge with
a crime; to inform against, indict, or impeach; to censure.
If has Ihe particle «/', and sometimes /er, before the matter
of censure or aceu>sation.
ACCU'SER, (nkenzcr) t. the pcrson who accuses.
To ACCUSTOM, v. a. [accoutumer, Fr.] to inure or. use
one's self to any thing. It has the particle to before tlie
thing accnstomed to.
ACCU'STOMABLE, part, that which a person has prac-
tised or been used to for a continuance.
ACCU'STOMABLY, ACCU'STOftlARILY, ad. accord-
ing to use or custom.
-ACCU'.STO'MARY, a. commonly practised, customarj',
usually done •
ACCU'STOMED, a. according to custom; frequent;
usual.
ACE, X. a single point or speck on cards or dice. Figu-
i-itively, the least qu;uitity, or the smallest distance, i. e.
within Aniree of it.
ACK'1*HALI. rfrom a ami icphak, Gr.] certain ecclesins-
H
tics so called, who. making profession 'of extreme poverty
would not acknowledge any chief, whether layman or ec-
clesiastic ; also certain sects which refused to admit the ati-
thorilv of the councils of Ephcsus and Chalcedoii.
ACETIIALOUS, u.iakephatus, Gr.) without a head'; figu-
rativelv. without chief or leader.
ACERB, a. \acorbiis, Lat.] that has a compound taste, con-
sisting of sour and astringent, such as most unripe fruits
'aCERBI-TUDE, or ACERBITY, s. the rough sour taste
of uhripe fruit ; severity of temper, roughness of manners.
.'VCLRO'SE, o. [acei-osas, \ja\.\ chaliy ; luU of, or mixed
wiShclmtt".
To ACE'RVATE, i-. a. [acervo, Lat.] to raise up in heaps.
ACE'SCENT, (I. [acoscnis, Lat.] tending to sourness.
ACE TATES, in clicinistry, salts formed by the combina-
tion of any base with the acetic acid.
ACETIC, «. in cheuiisti-j-, derived from an acetate as^the
acelic acid.
ACETOUS, a. [from ffceiMjn, Lat.] having the nature of
vinegar. The acetous acid is principally obtained from
saccharine liquors which have undergone the vinous fermen-
tation.
ACETUiSI, i. [Lat.] vinegar in general ; any sharp li-
quor, as spirit of salt, nitre, vitriol, Arc.
ACHA'I.A, (akrda) now Li\'adia, a province of Turkey ia
Europe, V. hich formerly contained t!ie celebrated cities of
Athens and Thebes, the oracle of Dclphos, and several
other remarkable places. Also a district in Rcioponnrsus.
ACHE, («/<£') s. \ace. Sax.] a continual pain or smart ii:- any
part of the body. With farriers, a disease in horses, caus-
ing^a nimibness in the joints.
To .ACHE, (ake) r. n. to be aftected with pain.
ACHERON, (akeroii) a river of Epirus, over yvhich the
poets feigned departed souls were ferried. Alsii a stinking
fen or lake in the Terra di Lavora of Naples, between Cunia
and Miseno, named Tenebroso Palus by Virgil, on account
of the blackness of the waters. Figuratively, it is used for
the state of departed souls, or the grave.
To ACHIEVE, r. a. [achever, Fr.] to finish; to accom-
plish; to perform some notable exploit with success; lo
gain or procure.
ACHI'EVEiMENT, .5. the finishing of a notable action ;
the ensigns armorial of a farjiily.
ACHIEVER, s. he who acquires, or obtains, or performs
some great exploit.
A'CHING, *. pain ; uneasiness.
ACHROMATIC, a. [from n privative and chroma colour,
Gr.] want of colour. Achromatic telescopes are contrived
to remedv ihe aberrations in cnloms.
ACHliO'NICAL, a. [from aknox highest, and kh.t night,
Gr.] a term used in astronomy, signifying the rising of a
star when the sunsets, oi'the setting of a star when the sun
rises; in which cases the star is said lo rise or set achroni-
cally.
ACID, a. [acidiis, Lat.] sour, sharp.
ACIDITY, or A'Cl'DXESS, .5. [aeiditas, Lat.] keenness,
sharpness ; that taste which acid or sharp bodies leave in
the mouth. With chemists, the acidili/ or keenness of any
liquor ihat consists in sharp particles of sails dissolved, and
put info a violent motion by means of fire.
ACIDS, .«. all things that affect the organs of taste with a
pungent sourness. 'I'he chemists, however, call all substan-
ces acids that change'jhe blue, green,and purple juices of
vegetables to red, and combine with alkalies, earths, or me-
tallic oxides, so as to form those compounds called salts.
Thcv are distinguished into two classes : the first compre-
hending those which .'are formed of not more Uiaii two
priiicii)los, and the second composed of a greater numjier.
They me compounds of oxygen v.ith' certain .substances,
and their names terminate with »> or mts according to the"
<|iiantifies of oxygen with which tiicy are <i)nibined. Tlnia
sulphuric acid contains more .oxygen, and of touise le>s
cuphur ihun sulphuious acid.
ACQ
ACrnULATFT), a. applied to mcaiclnes that have been
mixed or tiiicli.ir»<i witli -so""' :itid.
ACl'DDI.r-^, s. ii term applied bv the modeni chemists to
the uatural eoinbiiiatioii of some acids v/ith a quantity of
pol.ish. _ ,
To ACKNOWLEDGE, v. ir. to confess or own; to be
gratefiil or thnnkf-il for any benefit ; to own or profess a
former acqiiainlance with a person; to approve.
ACKNO'WLEDGMENT, ,v. concession of any tiling;
tliaiikfidiiess, gratitude; confession of a fault; belief, at-
teiiiied with open profession. It supposes a question asked,
wlieieas confession savours a little of self-accusation. We
acknotvledgi: vihai we had un incliiialion to conceal : we con.
/c,«.5tlial wliicii we were blameable in doing.
A'CME,*. [Gr.] witli physicians, is used to denote the
third degree or lieiglit of ilisteinpers, of which many have
Jour periods. 1. Thearche, or be-^nnnin,!,'. 2. Anabasis, or
growth. 3. The acme, when the distemper is at the height.
4. The paracme, or declension of the disease.
A CO'EOTHIST, s. [from nliolom/ws, a companion Gr.]
cerlain young persons among the ancient Christians who at-
tached tliemselves to tlie company of tiic bishops. In the
Roman church, one of the lowest order, whose business it is
to prepare the elements, light tiie church, &c. The same
term differently derived was applied to stoics, and other
persons who were immoveable in their resolutions.
A'COLYTE, s. the same with acoiotiiist.
A'CONITE, s. [aco)iitiim, Lat.] properly the herb wolfs-
bane ; but commonly used in poetical language for poison
in general.
A'CGRN, s. [acorn, Sax.] the fruit or seed of the oak.
ACOU'CHY, an animal of the cavy kind, much resem-
bling the agoviti. It is a native of South America.
ACOUSTIC, «. [from altouo to hear, Gr.] that belongs to
the organ of hearing. Acoustic nerve in anatomy, the same
as auditory nerve.
ACOU'S'TICS, s. the doctrine of sounds. Either histru-
meiits or medicines that help the sense of liearing.
To ACQUAI'NT, v. n. [accomter, Fr.] to inform ; to be
accustomed, or be habituated to ; to know perfectly ; to make
one's self agreeable to, to insinuate one's self into tiie fa-
vour of; to acquire a perfect and intimate knowledge of.
ACQUAl'NTANCE, s. [aceointance, Fr.] applied both
to persons and things, and followed by the particle with.
Application productive of knowledge ; personal knowledge
arising from familiarity ; an intimate friendship and al-
liance ; a familiar and constant companion. W'thout the
preposition, something to wliicli one lias been accustomed,
when applied to tilings; ap[ilied to persons, a slight or su-
perficial knowledge.
ACQUAINTED, part, informed ; accustomed or habi-
tuated ; familiar, or having perfect know ledge of; when
followed by the particle with, it signifies perfect knowledge
by application.
'I'o ACQUIE'SCE, 1). 11. [acqniexco, Lat.] to yield to, to
comply with, to rest satisfied with, used with tiie particle
in.
_ ACQUIB'SCENCE, s. a tacit consent, submission, or
yieldiiig to ; approbation, exchidingall ie|)iniiig.
ACQUI'RABLE, a. tliat may be acquired or obtained ;
attainable.
To ACQUmE, V. a. [acqiiiro, Lat.] to attain, to purchase
by one's labour.
ACQUIRER, .1. a gainer.
ACQUl'I'.EMENT, s. gain ; attainment.
ACQUISITION, s. [acquisitio, lat.] an obtahiing, the
thing obtained.
ACQUI'SITIVE, tt. [acqiiisitiviis, Lat.] that is acquired,
or gained.
A'CQUIST, s. [from acquivir, Fr.] additional increase,
something acqiiired or gained ; acquisition. In law, goods
not held by descent or inheritance, but obtained by pur-
thase. In politics, something gained by conquest.
. .To ACQUIT, V. a. \acqxdna; Fr.] to discharge or free
ACT
from ; to clear from guilt, not to condemn, with nf or Jrom,
before the crime ; to discharge from any obligation.
ACQUITMENT,or ACCiUrrrAL",*. in law, a setting
free from the suspicion of guilt, or an ofience ; also a te-
nant's discharge from or by a mesne landlord, from doing
service to, or being disturbed in, his possession by any su-
perior lord, or paramount.
ACQUITTANCE, s. a discharge or release given m
writing for a sum of money, or other duty paid op done ;
the writing itself.'
.■V'CRA, Acre, orS-r.-lFAK d' Acre, a sea-port of Pa-
lestine, called ill scripture Acclio, and by the Greeks Plo
lemais; it undevweiit, in the time of the crusades, many
sieges, as well by the Christians as Saracens ; and lately,
it has successfully sustained a memor.ilile siege against Bo-
naparte. The bay, or harbour, which extends in a semi-
circle of 3 leagues as far as Mount Carmel, is open Ui the
N. W. winds ; yet the norl is reckoned one of the best, and
the town is one of tne principal ones upon this dreai-y
coast. It was here that our king Edward I. when prince,
receiving a wound from a poisoned arrow, was cured" by his
wife Eleanor, who sucked out the poison. The Armenians
and European merchants have their respective places of
worship here, and carry on a pretty profitable trade with
the Arabs. It is 28 miles S. of Tyre. Lat. 32. 30. N. Ion.
35. 24. E.
A'CRE, s. [trcre. Sax.] a measure of land containing forty
perches in length, and four in breadth ; or four tfaousanii
eight hundred and forty square yards. Such is, in general,
the English acre. The French acre, or «^^Jc;t^ is one-fourth
more ; the Welch acre, commonly two English ones; the
Irish, one acre, two roods, and 19 perches Endisli. The
number of acres in England, has been computed at 46 mil-
lions and 80,000. The territory of the United States of
America, according to calculations made by order of Con-
gress, contains .5i;!) millions of acres, exclusive of water,
which is computed at .01 millions more.
A'CHID, a. [ncridax, Lat.] lasting hot and sour.
ACIIIMO'NIOUS, «. abounding with sharp or corrosive
particles, when applied to things. Figuratively, sharp and
austere, applied to behaviour.
A'CRIMONY, s. [acrinionia, Lat.] sharpness, tartness,
corrosive quality ; severity of disposition ; sharpness of
temper.
A'CRITUDE, s. [acritudo, Lat.] a quality in a body,
which aflfects the taste with a sensation of rough, pungent,
and hottish sour.
ACROAMATICAL, a. [from ah-oanmai, to hear, Gr.]
profound, abstruse, belonging to some secret doctrine. Se-
veral of the ancient philosophers had certain doctrines
which they taught publicly, and otiiers which they commu-
nicated 1o theif most intimate disciples only.
A'CRO.SPIRE, s. [from ahms highest, and speiro to sow,
Gr.] a shoot or sprout from the end of seeds before they are
sown.
A'CROSPIRED, part, and «. having sprouts.
ACROSS, ad. [Ske Cross] crosswis-, thwartivise.
ACROSTIC, s. [from nh-os higliest, and stichos a verse,
Gr.] a poftical composition, the iiiilial letters of which
when added together, form a particular name.
ACROTERIA, s. [from ahro!:, (ir.j in architecture: 1.
little pedestals, commonly without bases, placed at the mid-
dle and both extremes of frontispieces or pediments, which
serve to support statutes. 2. Those sharp pinnacles, or
spiry battlements, standing in ranks about flat buildings,
with rails and balusters. 3. The figures, whether of stone
or metals, which are placed as ornaments, or crownings, on
the tops of temples and other edifices.
To ACT, i.| <(. ingo, Lat.] to be active, to exert one's
active powers ; to exercise its active powers; to perform
its proper functions; to perform the functions of life ; to
be excited to action ; to perforin, in allusion to the thea
tre ; to counterfeit, in allusion to the office of a player ; to
be impelled, forced, or incited to or by action; to exeit
3
ACT
ACU
action, or pi oduce efFects u pon a subject ; to actuate, or be
ilicitrd to actiou ; to perform a character in a play.
ACT, s. [ictiim, Lat.J a deed, a performance; a part in
a play ; the power of producing an etfect; a de-ed, or de-
cree of parliament, or other court of judicature. In P)iy-
wics, an elTective applicatiou of some power or faculty.
^yith metapliysicians, that by which a beiug is in real ac-
tion. In law, au instrument or otlier matter in writing, to
declare or justify the truth of a thing : in which seuie re-
cords, decrees, sentences, reports, certificates, &c. are call-
ed acts. Matters of fact, transmitted to posterity in certain
authentic books and memoirs. At the universitj' of Ox-
ford, the time when degrees are taken. The woril act sig-
nifies something done which is remarkable. The word ec-
tinn is applicable indiflerently to every thing we do, whe-
ther common or extranrdinaiy. An elegant speaker will
net say a i^irluous act, but an act of virtue ; whereas to say
17 tirtno^is action, is proper and elegant. Act of failli, in the
"uquisition, is a solemn day held by the inquisitors, for the
fmnishmentof such as they declare heretics, and the abso-
ution of the innocent accused, called by them auto da fc.
A'CTIAN, a. belonging to Aetium. Action games, games
instituted according to some by Augustus, in memory of
the victory obtained over Anthony, near the promontory
and city of Aetium ; tliough others say, that Augustus only
restored them. Action years, or Actiac xn\, in chronology,
a series of years beginning from the conquest of Egypt, oy
Octevius, called also the a^ra of Augustus.
ACTI'NI A, a genus of sea animals of a cylindrical shape,
and variable figure. Their mouth is placed at one of the
extremities of the body, and furnished with many tentacu-
la like those of insects, which are constantly in motion, and
with which they catch their food. They lodge in the ca-
vities of rocks on the coasts of the American islands.
A'CTION, I. [actio, Lat.] the exerting or employing any
active powers in opposition to rest ; something done or per-
formed, a deed; power, influence, agency, or operation.
In metaphysics, the exercise of an abili^, which a being has
to begin or determine a particular train of thought or mo-
tion. In ethics, the voluntary motion of a reasonable crea-
ture. In painting, or sculpture, the posture or attitude ex-
pressive of the passion tlie painter or carver would convey
to the mind of a spectator. In horsemanship, the action of
the mouth, the motion of the tongue and champing on tlie
bit, which is discovered by an abundance of white foam,
and is a token of mettle. With orators, actors, Ac. it is
the acconiDiodating the person, voices, and gesture, to the
subject. In poety, an event or scries of occurrences, mutu-
ally connected and depending on each other, either real or
maginarv, which makes llie subject of a dramatic or epic
poem. In law, a legal demand of, or the form of, a suit
given by law, for the recovery of a person's right. Actions
are either criminal or civil. Criminal are such as liave
judgment of death. Under this head arc included, 1st,
Actions penal, which lie for some penalty, corporal or pe-
cuniary. 2. Actions upon the statute, brought on breach
of any statute, and which did not lie before as au occa-
sion of perjury. 3. Actions popular, given on breach of
.^ome penal statute, for which any person has a right to sue.
Ill the plural number, actions, in commerce, imply the move-
able effects; thus, a merchant's creditors have seized upon
all his actions, i. e. theyhave seized upon all the debts ow-
ing to him. Action upon the case, in law, a general nction
given for redress of wir . g^> done without violence, and not
provided against by a kiw. Action on the case of words, is
where a perswn is injured in his rcjjutation by words raa-
licioujlv spoken. Action of a writ, ill law, is when it is
pleadei) tliat the plaintiff has no caiisi- to have it brought,
thout-h he may have an.aherfor the same.
A'CTIONABLE, a. [action and nhl. Sax.] in a law sense,
that admits an action to be brought against it; punishable,
blainrable, or culpable.
ACTIVE, «. [«ofiiiu^ Lat. I that has the powei of acting,
35 opposed to passive ; busy in acting, as oj'poscd to idle;
10
practical, not merely speculative, or in theory; nifiibJ-%
quick, apt, or forward to act. Active principles, in chemis-
try, are spirit, oil, and salt ; so named, because when their
p.frts are brisljly in motion, they cause action in other bo-
dies. Active verbs, are such as not oidy signify doing,
or acting, but have also nouns following them, to be the
subject of the action. Thus, to love, to teach, are verbs
active ; because we can say, to Ime a thing, to teach a man.
Verbs neuter also denote an action, but cannot have a noun
following them. Such are, to steep, to go, &c. In medicine,
it implies such a dose as operates quick and with some
force, as emetics, cathartics, and cordiaU.
A'CTIVELY, ad. busily ; nimbly, lu an active signifi-
cation, as, " The word is used actircly."
ACTIVITY, *. propensity, readiness, nimbleness to da
a thing. Applied both to persons and things, a power of
acting, oj>eration, influence, continual exertion of tlie ac-
tive powers, in opposition to indolence.
A'CTON BURNEL, Shropshire, 8 miles from Shrews-
bury ; so named from the Burnels, who fomjerly had a cas-
tle in it. A parliament was held here in Liie reign of king
Edward I. wherein a statute, called the Statute ftlerchant,
was made for the assurance of debts. Tlie lords sat in the
castle, and the commons in a barn, which is yet standing.
A grcftt part also of the castle, a very magnificent structure,
still remains, its walls being cKfeedingly strong, and adorned
with tine battlements, and rows of windows curiously
carved.
A'CTOR, s. [actor, Lat.] he that does any thing; he that
practises, in opposition to theory. A player.
A'CTRESS, J. iactrice, Tr.] a woman who personates a
character on the stage. A female who performs any
thing.
ACTS, /. in dramatic poetry, the divi»ions or principal
parts of a play.
A'CTU.^L, a. [actnel, Fr.] that includes or implies action;
really in act, not merely in speculation.
ACTUA'LITY, s. the power of exerting action, or ope-
rating; activitv; reality, or certainty.
ACTUALLY, ad. in effect ; really. '
A'CTUALNESS, s. a quality which denotes the reality
of the operation, existence, or truth of a thing.
A'CTIIARY, s. [actuarius, Lat.} in law, tlie register or
clerk who compiles tlie minutes of the proceedings of a
court, particularly the clerk that registers the acts and pro-
ceedings of the convocation.
To A'CTUATE, v. «. [from ago, Lat.] to excite to ac-
tion, to move, to quicken.
To A'CUATE, V. a. [acno, Lat.] to sharpen. '
ACULEATE, a. laculcatta, Lat.] prickly; that termi-
nates in a sharp point.
ACU'MEN, i. [Lat.] sharpness; applied either to ma-
terial objects, or til* faculties of the miud.
ACU'.M1N,\TED, pari, [acnminatus, Lat.] sharp-pointed.
ACUPU'NCTURE, a method of curing many diseases bv
pricking several j>arts of the bodv with a needle ; much
practised by the inhabitants of Cbina and Japan, and not
unknown to the ancients.
.\CL*TE, a. [acutiis, Lat." sharp-pointed, sharp-witted,
subtle, ingenious, vigorous in operation or efliect. Ante,
in geometry, that which termiuates in a sharp poinJ. Acute
anjrlc, that which is less than ninety degrees. Acvtc-anglcd
trianff/c, that whose three angles are acute. Acutc-nnguta%-
suctions of a cone, the same as an ellipsis. Acute, in music,
shrill, sharp, or high in respect of some other note, opposed
to grave. Acute, in grammar, an accent which teaches to
raise or sharpen the voice, and is written thus ('). In
physic, applied to diseases, are those that arc very violent,
and terminate in a few davs.
ACU'I'ELY, ad. sharply.
_ ACUTENESS, s. sharpness, applied to malte r. .Saga-
rity, or quickness ol discernment. Capacity of distinguish-
ing, or reeeiving impressions. Vehement, productive of *
speedy crisis iu a disease. Shrillness, applied to sound.
AOD
AD, at tlic brftiniiiiii; of English proper names, sifjnifio*
the same whh nd or a juiU kiUMii^st tlic Latins. Si> A<l.<toii
signifits at or near some stinie ; AJhill, at or near some fiill.
A'DA(-iE, s. [aiOininw, Luti] a maxim or principle re-
ceived as .selt'-eviileiil. A proverbial savins'.
AOA'fJlO, s. [Iliii.] slow, grave, solemn. In music, a
slow luovement or tiinf ; when it is repeated twite, as lula-
giu), inlii^iiy it iinplieii a very slow motion or niovemer\J.
A'DAMANT, s. [adamns; Lat.] a stone imatrined of im-
peiietrablf liardnes.s. The cliamond, the loadstone.- Figu-
ratively, somcthiDf; that has any strong attraction.
ADAMA'NTlNRi a. [adamantinns, Lat.] made of aila-
Diant ; endued with the properties of adamant, not to be
broken.
A'l)\5llTF-S, a sect of heretics, who imitated the nak<'d-
ness of Adam duiinjc his residence in Paradise, and con-
temned marriaKc, because lie is not said to have known
Eve before the fall.
AftAM'S-Al'PLE, s. in anatomy, a prominent part of
the throat.
To .\DATT, e. n. [adapto, Lat.] to fit one thing to ano-
ther, to proportion ; to make one thing correspond with
another, to suit.
ADAPTATION, *. the art of fittinp; one thing to ano-
ther; or the fitness, suitableness, or correspondence of one
tiling with another.
AD.\'FriON, s. the aet of fitting, or suitableness.
A'DAR, in scripture chronology the twelfth month ol
the Jewish ecclesiastical year. It contains only twenty-nine
days, and answers to the moon of February ; so that itBOUie-
times extends to March.
To .4DD, V. a. [rtddo, Lat.] to increase bv joining some-
thing uew ; to enlarge, to aggrandize. To perform the
operation of joining one number toamther.
A'DDABLE, or ADDIBLE, part, [from addo, Lat.] that
may be added.
A'DRER, s. [(tetter, Sax.] the kind of serpent commonly
called the viper.
A'DDER'S-GRASS, or A pDER\S-TONGUE, s. a plant
without any flower ; its fruit isoblong, and of an oval shape.
It is esteemed a vulnerary, and applied internally or exter-
nally ; the juice of it is given for internal wounds, and the
ointment that is made of it is applied to those that are ex-
ternal.
A DDER'S-WORT, «. an herb, so named on account of
its virtue, real or supposed, of curing the bite of serpents.
.\'DDICIi, or ADZE, *. [I'roiu. adese. Sax.] a cooper's
instrument to chop or cut with.
To ADDICT, V. «. [addicn, Lat.] to give up one's self
wholly to a thing ; to apply one's mind wholly to it. It is
mostly used in a bad sense.
ADDI'T.VMENT, s. [ndditamentam, Lat.] a thing added,
or addition.
ADDITION, s. [additio, Lat.] the act of adding or
yjiiiLugone thing to another, in order to increase its quan-
tity or dimensions; the thing which is added ; increase;
interpolation, or the corrupting of writings, or tenets, by
inserting something' new or spurious. In arithmetic, one
ot the tive prijjcipai rules. In law, a title given to a man.
besides his christian, or surname, implying his estate, de-
gree, occupation, age, or place of residence.
ADDITIONAL, «. that is added ; that increases. With
respect to arguments, a greater number, or more forcible
ones.
A'DDLE, a. [from nrlel, Sax.] empty, rotten ; commonly
said of ej^gs that produce no cnicks, though laid under the
liMi ; and hence it is applied to a brain that produces no-
thing.
To .ADDRESS, i'. n. [addresser, Fr.] to prepare for use;
>o make ready, to prepare one's self for any action ;
to present a petition to; to make application to a person ;
to direct one's speech to a person, or body of men.
ADDRE'SS, s. [addresse, Fr.] an application in order
to persuade; the suit or application of alover; beliavicur,
ADJ
or genteel carriaw ; quickness of undcrstandinjf, prescnct
ot iiiind ; an apiJjcation from an inferior to a superior: the
direction of a Iclle., or the metho.l in which a person is
direct(-d to.
ADDRESSER, s. the pjerson wlio carries the petition
and delivers the address.
ADDD'CENT, pari-, [nddua-us, Lnt.] that which draws
to, or closes, rii anat-on.y, appliiil to muscles that bring
forward, close, or draw together, the parts of the body to
which they are fixed".
A'DEL, a fruitful province in Africa, called also Zeilali,
from a rich trailing town of that name, seated near the Re.d
.Sea. In the centre of the country is .Adela, where the king
resides ; and there is another place of note, called liarbora,
near the sea-coast, an ancient town, of s.inie trade. This
country stretches along the S. coast of the .'strait of Babel-
maiidel, near to the Red Sea. It wasfornrerly a part of
Abvssinia.
AOE'MPTION, s. among civilians, is the privation or
evocation of some donation or favour.
ADE'PT, s. [from adrfitus, Lat.] one that understands all
the secrets of his art, originally appropriated to chemists,
b'-it now applied to persons of any protrssion.
ADE'P'r, a. thoroughly skilled in any thing ; well versed
inanv matter.
A'DEt^U-'VTE, a. [adeqiuitns, Lat.] equal or proportion-
ate to ; full, perfect, proper, sole, and entire.
A'DEQU.\TENESS, s. equality, perfect resemblance ;
justness of correspondence, exactness of proportion.
ADE'SSENARII, s. those wh9 hold the corporeal pie-
sence of Christ at the sacrament, but in a manner diftrrcnl
from the papists.
To ADHE'RE, v. a. [adharee, Lat.l t(> stick to, like any
glutinous matter. Figuratively, to Hold together, .join, or
unite with. To persist in, or remain firm to a part<y, per-
son, or opinion.
ADHERENCE, or ADHERENCY, ;r. the qua.ity f.f
stickinjj to, strong'attachinent, steady perseverance.
ADHE'RENT, part, or a. cliii>[ing or sticking to. In
logic, something added, or not essential to a thing.
ADHE'RENT, s. one who is firmly attached to any per-
son, party, or opinion.
ADHI^'RER, s. one who is tenacious of any tenet, or
firmly attached to any person, party, or profession.
ADHESION, s. [adiiasio, Lat.] the act of cleaving or
sticking to. Adhesion, to a natural body is ifsed, and ndkc-
rencc to a party ; but sometimes promiscuously.
ADHE'SIVFv, ri. remaining closely attached ; sticking,
or keepin"! to withoutanv deviation.
ADJ.VCENCY; s. [from adjaceo, Lat.] stat< of lying
near to; the thing itself so lying.
AD.IA'CENT, part, or a. [adjneens, Lat.] lying near or
bordering upon ; contii^uou-^, or touching each f.lher.
ADI.VPHORIS'FS,5. [adinph.'roi indittereiit. Or.] the fol-
lowers of Milacthon, who in tiie fiftieiilh ct'iilury wasi dis-
posed to give up several points to the catholics for the sake
of peace.
A DJECTIVE, *. [adjectirum, Lat.] a word which de-
notes tl>e qualities of a subject, as a s'reat minister; the
wortl gT«aJ is an adjective, as denoting only the qualities
of the minister. It derives its name from its being joined
or added to another word, either expressed or understood,
in order to limit the sense.
A DJECTIVELY, ml. af^er the manner of an adjective^
ADIEU' lid. [Fr.] farewel. (iod be with yon.
To ADJOIN, V. a. [adJHiigo, Lit.] to join, to unite to,
to add to ; also, to be contiguous to, to lie so near a? l«
touch or join to.
To .-XDJOU RN, »■. a. [luljoumer, Fr.] to appoint a day
to put oft" to another time ; used chietiy of juridical pra-
ceedin"s, and the meeting of parliament.
ADJOyRNMENT,*. the putting oH a court or mekimg,
and appointing it to be kept at another time or place.
A'DIPOUS, a. [adipofitt, Lat.] fat, greasy.
ADM
A D SI
A'DIT, i. [fiditM, Lat.] a passage, or entry ; the shaft or
ciiliaiUf iiiti) a mine.
ADI'TION, *. [iiditio, Lat.] a going or coining nigh
to.
To ADJU'DGE, «'. n. [adjudien, Lat.l to give judgment or
<en!«'iici' in a court of justice, with to b.-lbre the person; to
BWcird, to sentence ; simply, to determine or judge.
To AD.M"DICATE, v. a. \ncljudico, Lat.] to determine any
claim at law ; to give or assign tlie right of something con-
tnneriod tixme jf theclaimanti.
ADJUUICA'TION, ».[«</;»f;(faao, Lat.] tlie act of judg-
ing, or giving to a person hy a judicial sentence.
.A DJONCT, n. VlwA s.[adjvnctiLnt, Lat.] something united,
but not essential ; one joined to another, as a companion,
or assistant. In philosopliy, something added to a thing
not essentially belonging to it : a mode that may be separat-
ed from its subject. Adjuncts, in grammar and rhetoric, are
adjectives or epithets added io enlarge or augment the
ener^- of a discourse.
ADJUNCTION, s. [ndj'inrtio, Lat.] the act of joining
tliin'.{s together ; or stale of a tiling joined.
.ADJUNCTIVE, s. [fiom adjunctivus, Lat.] he that joins;
that which is joined.
ADJURA'TION, *. [flrf;Wff«io, Lat.] the form of an oath
taken by any person ; or an oath administered to any per-
son, whereby he is under a necessity of speaking the truth
without disguise.
To ADJU'HE, V. a. [nrljiiro, Lat.] to bind a person to do
or not do any thin;T^ under the penalty f.f a dreadful curie.
To entreat earnestly by the most pathetic topic. To swear
by. To oblige a person to declare the truth upon oath.
ToADJU'.ST, »•. a.[adjiisii-r, Ft.] to make consistent, to
regulate. To settle, to reduce to a standard, or criterion.
To reconcile.
ADJD'STMEST, s.[adjiistement, Fr.] a just description,
an explication and obviation of difficulties in a subject.
A just disposition of i)arts, wherein they conspire to pro-
mote and assist each others motion.
A'DJUT.\NT, s. [from adjutans, Lat.] in the military
art, an helper, or assistant. INIore particularly an officer
in tlie army who assists a superior, particularly the major,
in distributing the pay, and overseeing the pimishment of
the inferior men. Adjutant General, is one who attends the
General, assists in council, and carries the orders from one
part of the army to the other.
A'DJUTOR, s. [Lat.] a helper; one who gives assis-
tance.
ADJUTRIX, s. [Lat.[ a female helper, or a woman who
assists.
ADLEGATION, s.-a right claimed by the States of
the German Empire of adjoining plenipotentiaries, in pub-
lic treaties and negociations, to those of the emperor.
.AD>IEA'SUREiMENT, .«. the measining or finding the
dimensions and quantity of a thing by the application of a
standard or rule. Inlaw, a writ brought against such as
usurp more than their due.
ADMENSUR.VTION, .v. [from ad and mensura, Lat.]
the act of tietcrmining or fincling out the length and other
iiimensions, by a standard, rule, or measure.
To ADMl NISTER, v. a. [mlministro, Lat.] to aflord, in-
cluding the idea of help or service : to give. In politics,
to manage, or conduct the affairs of government, iiicludiui;
tlie idea of subordination. In judicial courts, to tender or
api)ly to a person to take his oath. " To ndminister an
oath." In church government, to perform the office of a
minister, or priest, in giving the elements of bread and wine,
Ac. in the sacrament. "To administer the sacrament."
In physic, to dispense medicines, prescribe and apply re-
medies. "Administering physic." To be sub.servient to ;
to contribute to ; with ihc particle to. In law, to take pos-
session of the goods and chattels of a person dying with-
viA will, to give in an inventorv thereof on r)ath at the com-
mons, aijd oblige one's self to be accoiuitable for them.
To ADMI NISTRATE, v. a. [adminiitro, Lat.] to apply
or make use of. " Inwardly administrated." A term pecu-
liar to phvsic.
ADMINISTRATION, s. [administratio, Lat.] the act of
enforcing, or applying, or giving sentence according to
the sense of a law. The discharge of one of the chief
offices of state, which respects the direction of public af-
fairs. The active or executive part of government. Those
V ho are entrusted with the care of public afi'airs. The due
discharge of an office. The performance of the necessary
rites, the act of distributing bread and w ine, Ac. in the eu-
charist. In law, the act or state of a person, who takes
charge of the effects of one dying intestate, and is account-
able for them, when thereto required. The bishop of the
diocese, where the party dies, is to grant administration ;
but if the deceased has goods in several dioceses, termed in
law boimiwuMlia, it must then be granted by the archbi-
shop in the prerogative court. The persons to whom admi-
nistration may be granted, are, 1st, to the husband, of his
wife's goods and chattels ; 2d, to the w ife, of the husband's ;
but in default of either of these, 3dlv, to the children of
either sex ; in case there be none, 4thlv, to the father and
mother ; after them, othly, to a brother or sister of the
whole or half blood ; in default of these, Gthly, to the next
of kin, as imcle, aunt, or cousin ; and for want of all these,
7thly, to any other person at the discretion of the ordinary,
ike. Administration cum testamento timiexo, (vt ith a testament
or will annexed) in law, is where an executor refuses to
prove a will, and on that account, administration with the
will annexed to it, is granted to the next of kin.
ADMLNLSTRATIVE, a. that aids, supports, or assists.
ADMINISTRA TOR, s. [Lat.l the person who officiates as
a minister or priest in a cnurcn. He that lias tlie chief
management of national affairs. In law, he who has the
goods of a man dying w itliout will committed to his charge
and is accountable for them, when reauired by the ordi-
nary. The office of administrator is the same as that of
executor, with regard to the burial, discharging funeral ex-
penses, and payment of the debts, Ac. of the deceased ;
but as this power is communicated by administration, he
can do nothing before that is grantefl.
ADMINI.STRATORSHIP, s. the office of administrator.
ADMINISTRATRIX, s. [Lat.] a female who has the
foods and chattels of a person dying intestate committed to
er charge.
A'DMIRABLE, a. [admirabilis, Lat.] worthy of admira-
tion.
A'DMIR.\BLY, ad. so as to raise wonder ; in an admira-
ble manner.
A'DMIRAL, s. [amiral, Fr.] an officer wl::i has the chief
command of a fleet. According to Du Cange, the Silicians
were the first, and the Genoese the next, who gave this
name to the commander of their naval forces. The fust
mention of this name among iis was in the reign of Edward
I. Lord high-admiral, one invested with power to deter-
mine by himself or deputies, all crimes committed on the
sea and its coasts. James, duke of York, and afterwards
king, bore this office ; but at present it is divided among
several persons who are styled lord's commissioners ©f the
admiralty. Under the admiral is a rear-admiral, who com-
mands a third squa<lron of men of war, and carries his flag,
with the arms of his countn , in the mizzeii-topof his ship;
and a vice-admiral, who commands the second squadron,
and caiTies his flag on the sliii)s fore-top. Vice-admiral,
also deiiutes one who is invested with the jurisdicfion of
an admirarwithin a certain county or district upon the sea-
coast ; who is to aid and assist persons thaJ are shipwrecked
within his jurisdiction, and to save and secure their goods.
They are authwrized to hear and determine disputes relat-
ing to maritime affairs arising within their limits; but an
appeal lies from their jentence to the admiralty-court in
London. There are upwardsof twenty such vice-admiralu
in Cireat Britain.
A'DMIRALSHIP, s. the office of an admiral.
A'UJMIR.\LTV, s. [amirauUi, Fr.J the office or power of
ADM
ADR
the lord liigb admiral, or lords commissioners. It usually
consists of a first comoiissioncr, who presides at the hoard,
ami six otirers, wriicii tate placf in tlip ordt;i: their names
are set down in flie commission. They have the chief di-
rection' t'f the afuiirs of tiie navy : their jurisdiction is over
(frcat Britain, Irelaild, Wales, and the dominions and isles
thereto Ifelon^in^'. All warrants tor hnildin;; and providing'
shii.>s with warlike stores, are sii,'ned hy tiicni. Coirrt^ vf
Adntirnlti/, i« a sovereign court held hy Ihe lord lii<;h
s)d'mir;d, or commissioners of the admiralty ; and has cog-
nizance in aH maritime affairs, civil as well as criminal. All
crimes couunited on tlie hish seas, or in Kreat rivers, he-
low the bridt,'e next the sea, are cosnizaole in tiiis court
oul\, which, by statute, is obli;;ed to try the same hy ,iud{,'e
and jury. Civil actions are dclermined aecordiii,:^ to civil
law, because the sea is without the jurisdiction of llie com-
mou law. Under this court is also a court of e(|uit>', for
determining dill'ercnccs among merchants. The Coiat of
Ailmini!ti/\\Ai first erected by king Edward III.
A'DMiRALTY ISLANDS, a cluster of islands to the N.
of New Britain, ajid nearly in jxirellel W. from New Ireland,
They are between '20 and 30 ui number, and were first dis-
covei'ed by captain Cartaret. He describes them as clothed
with a beautiful venture of lofty luxuriant woods, inter-
spersed with spoVs that have been cleared for plantations
with groves of cocoa-nut trees and houses of tlie natives,
wifo appeared to be vei-y numerous. The largest of the
islands is about 18 leagues long, in the direction of E. and W.
The ijihabitants are a fierce intractable people, going quite
naked, exc-ept that they have shells on their legs and arms,
by way of ornament. They are of a dark copper-colour,
nearly black, with woolly heads, which they profusely pow-
der ; ti;ey also paint tiieir cheeks with white streaks. Lat.
abot:t 2. S. and Ion. fion\ 140. to 152. E.
.\DM1JIAT10N, s. [admirnt'ht, Lat.] a passion excited,
when we discover a great excellence in an object. In such
a manner as to excite wonder. Surprise, including the se-
condary idea of something culpable. In grammar, a point
«r stop, which denotes that the sentence before it implies
wonder or astonishment ; marked thus ( ! )
To ADMrRE, V. a. [admirur, Lat.] to look upon with
some wonder, including esteem ; and arising from the dis-
covery of unexpected and inexhausted excellence.
AD^II'RED, part, that occasions great surprise and as-
tonishment.
» ADMITvER, s. the person who feels the passion of ad-
miration arising at the sight, or contemplation of anv thing
surprisingly excellent. He who wonders, or regards witli
admiration.
ADMIRINGLY, ad. with admiration.
ADMISSIBLE, a. [from udmitto, Lat.] that may be
granted or admitted.
ADMI'SSION, i. [from admi.ssio, Lat.] liberty or per-
mission of entering. Access or liberty of approaching. A
power of entering. The granting a proposition not fully
proved. In law, is when the bishop, after examination,
allows a priest to enter into a benefice to which he is pre-
sented, saying, Admitto te habikm : "I admit you ns a per-
son properly qualified."
To ADMIT, V. a. [admilto, Lat.] to grant access to. To
permit or suffer a person to enter upon an otiice. To grant,
in a general sense ; to allow.
ADMI'ITABLE, a. that may be admitted, applied both
to persons and things.
ADMI'TIWNCE, s. a permission of a person to take
and exercise the functions of any office. Access, passage,
or power of entering. A prerogative, or right of finding a
ready access to the great. The acceding to, granting, or
concession of, any position.
To ADMI'X, V. a. [admisceo, Lat.] to join to, or mingle
with sometliing else.
ADjMI'XTION, *. the joining, blending, or incorpo-
tatuig oHe body or fluid with anoUier by mixing.
ADMIOvTURE, s. the blending or mmglin* one body
with another.
To ADMCNISII, V. a. [tidmoiieo, Lat.] to exhort, to give
advice, with the preposition againsf. To reprove ; to give
a person a hint ; to warn ; to put in mind of a hull.
ADMONISH ER, s. the person who reminds another of
his duty, and reproves him for his faults.
ADMONISHMENT, s. admonition ; notice of faults or
duties.
ADMONITION, n. [admnintio, Lat.] a hint- of duW. A
reminding a person of his duly, or reproof for the neglect
of it. In the ancient church, this w.is a part of discipline
which preceded, and often prevented cxcommuHication.
ADMONi'TlONEK, s. a general adviser. A ludicrou*
term.
ADMOTS'ITOR Y,n. [mlmonitnriut, Lat.] that exhorts and
excites us to theperforinance of a duty.
To AD.MO'V'E, v.a. [adnwjco, Lat.] to move towards, tft
approach, or bring nearer to. Not in use.
ADO', s. difficulty, when folknving mwc/i. With the pre-
position nhont, bustle, noise, or tumult. With the worli
arent or niore, it signifies a great appearance or show of
business than what is real, and is taken in a ludicrous sense.
ADOLESCENCE, or ADOLE'SCENCY, s. [adolesce,,-
tia, Lat.] the state of a growiii'' youth, commencing from
his infancy, and ending at its full growth: and lasting a»
long as the fibres continue to increase in dimensions or
firmness: commonly coninuted to be between 15 ana 2^,
if not 30 years of age. Tlie Romans computed it from jt
to 25 in males, and to 21 in females.
ADONAI, one of the names of the Supreme Being ni
the scriiitures. The Jews read Adouai in place of Jehu-
vah, wherever thev meet with it.
ADONIS FLOWER, s. a plant, the same with the red
morocco, or red maithes.
To ADOPT, V. a. [adopts, Lat.] to suhstitirte anoflier
person's son instead of^ one's own, am-! make him capabLc
of inheriting, as if so by nature. To acquire, in oppositioj*
to what is inherent by nature. To rely or confide in, aud
make use of as if our own.
ADO'PTER, s. he who gives some one by choice the riglil
of a son.
ADOTTION, s. [adoptio, Lat.] the act by which a person
takes the child of another for his own son. In theology,
an act of God's grace, whereby those who are regenerated
ate admitted into his kingdom and family.
ADO'PTIVE, (I. [adiiptivKS, Lat.] that is adopted, lu
opposition to a .son bv procreation.
ADO'llABLE, a. [adorable, Fr.] that ought to be adored ;
worthy of divine honours.
.ADO'RAIiLENESS, s. the qualify which renders a being
worthy of divine honours.
ADO'R.\BLY, nd. in a manner worthv of divine worship.
ADOR.VTION, s. [nf/orn((o, Lat.] the" act of\vorsJiippin!j.
including in it reverence, esteem, and love. The external
act of homage paid to God, distinguished from mental wor;
ship. The act of prostration in honour of eastern m.warchs.
To ADORE, V. a. [adoro, Lat.] to reverence, to honour
with divine worship. To pay a nigh degree of regard, re-
Terence, esteem, and homage.
ADO'RER, s. one who pays divine honours to tlie Deity,
One who has a great and reverential regard. In common
conversation, a lover, who almost idolizes tlie object of his
aftections.
To ADOHN, V. a. [adoriio, Lat.] to :et off' with dress,
to deck with ornaments. To convey splendour, or pomp.
To be embellished or graced witli orator^' and elegance of
language.
ADO'RNMENT, s. the advantage of ornament, applied
both to dress and the faculti'is of the mind.
ADO'WN, rreji. towards the ground, downwards, pr down.
A'DRAGANTH, s. in medicine, gum dragon. It dij-
tils by incision from the trunk or great roots of a plant,
13
ADV
ADV
^thtch is small and tbornVi with thifl slender leaves, ami
rrows in several parts of the Levant. The gum is of dif-
icrent colours, as white, red, and brack. It must he ihosen
ckar, traootb, and twisting; It is of great use in intditiue.
Skinners and carriers use great quantities of it in preparrn^
their leattier, and prefer the red and black, though all utliers
use the white or srey.
ADRE'AD, ad. in'a state of fenr.
ADRI.ANOPLE, a considerable city of Romania, and
the see of an archbishop, under the patriarch nf Constanti-
nople. It is about 7 or 8 uiiUs in circumference, iiicluding
the old city and nome L'ardens. The houses are low,
mostly built of mud and clay, and some of brick ; and the
streets are t-xceedingly dirty. The pnblic buildings arc
the mosques, and a beautiful bazar, or excliaii;;!', called
Ali Bassa, which is a vast arched buildin^^, witli 6 gates,
and SGo rich well furnished .shops, e.\teiuiins half a mile
in length, and kept by Turks, Greeks, .\rnienians, and
Jews. The inhabitants are estimated at about li.«l,000.
AJrianople is pleasantly situated on a beautiful plain, and
is watered with three rivers, the larfjeit of which, called the
ftlarii:a, is navigable. It is I l.j miles N. W. of Constanti-
nople. Lat. 41. 46. N. Ion. 20. 27. E.
ADKI'FT, (irl. [ailrifnn. .Sax.] driven at the pleasure of
a torrent. In a rii;iirative sense, at random, without re-
straint, or following the tiist impulse.
ADRO'IT, a. [Fr.] dexterous ; active; skilful.
ADR01TNES.S, s. dexterity ;, readiness, activity; assi-
duitv. Johnson obserrcs, that neither this nor the preced-
ing word seem to be perfectly naturalized.
A DRY', ad. in want of driiilt ; thirsty.
ADSCITITIOUS, or. [adscititius. Lit.] fallen in to snp-
rly or complete ; added iinnecesiarily. .Spuriou-, ; interpo-
laleil, ind not genuine ; borrowed or counterfeit.
ADSTltl'CTION, 4-. Kv/nW(V>, Lat.] tlie act <if binding
together; contracting into a lesser compass; apjilied toine-
tlieines which have the power of contracting the partt.
To ADVA'NCE, v. a. [arnucrr, Fr.] to bring forward,
with rolafion to place. To raiue to a higher post ; to pre-
fer. To exalt, by improvement. To adorn, heiglitc>n, to
communicate honour. To hasten the growth, applied to
vegetibli'.'. To propose : to oflt r to the pnblic ; to pro-
duce. In a mercantile srnse to pay the charges of an
imdertaking before the time of reimbursemrnt arrives. To
ijiviMirlend a person money or commodities, before he be-
gins the business which is to reimburse it.
ADV.\'NCF,, f. the act of coming forwards; to approacli.
Oradafiop, or gradual incrr;i>o. liaising to a higher de-
{Cr«-e of dignity or perfection. Advnuct: i^uaid, is the lirst
bneofanarmv in battle arrav nextto the enemy.
ADV.ANCEMl'.NT, i. iIk'- act of gaining gnmnd, pro-
gress. Promotion to a higher >tation ; prri'ermeiit. Ilais-
ijig to a greater pitch of perlci'tion ; improvemeut,
ADVA'NCER, «. he that ))n>mole> or forwards. .Among
Sportsmen, one of llie itarts or branches of a buck's attire,
between the luck antler and the jr.dm.
ADVA'NTAtJE, .'. [arat.tnin, !>.] used with of or oier
i'^tore the person, the betti r of a perxm, or superiority.
K'srd \v\lh T>ui).i;takc,tir ^ct, it iniplies superiority acquired
\<y stratairi-m or cunning. A favimrabie opportunity. In
mercantile allairs, a premium, or profit, greater than what
oan be obtaitrerj by law.
To ADy.\'NT.\GF., 1-. a. to benefit. To improve, pro-
»nle, or torxvard. To acqiiirt- profit ; to profit.
ADVANTAGED, a. possessed of advantages ; conimo-
(iiiiuslv sifiiatp or disposed.
AnVANTAXiEOUS, o. that conduces to profit. Use-
ful, or serviceable.
ADVANT.V'(JI.OUSLY, ad. In a maiinrr conducing to
o«iiiv< riietiee or proht.
ADV ANT AC iEOUSNI'-SS, s. service or convenience.
To ADVK'N'F-, f. a. [a./u/uu, Lat. J to become a part of
nfliing. inciiidiDg the idea of somelhmg ."upciaUded, and
ItH/lMSfRlial.
ADVE'NIENT, part, [adrement, Lat.] advening; 'com-
ing from outward causta; su|)eradded.
A'DVENT, s. [adventnj, Lat.] signifies citmitm, particu-
larly the coming ot Christ, and in the calendar denotes the
time immediately preceding Chri:5tnias, or the nativity of
our -Saviour. It includes four Sundays or weeks, which be-
gin eitlier on St. Andrew's day, if it he Sunday, or on the
nearest one before or after it. During advent, and to the
end of the octaves of epiphany, the solemnizing of marriage
is forbid w ithoiil a special licence.
ADVE'NTIVE, a. ifrom aUiemo, Lat.] that is acquned,
in opjmsition to natural.
ADVENTITIOL.S, a. [adrmtitiutt, Lat.] that is super-
added or acquired, in opposition to natural. Tliat is not
of the same nature. Additional, or increased.
ADVE'NTl'AL, a. relating to the season of advent.
ADVE'NTURE, s. [meiiture, Fr.] an incident •Ahich ig
not under our direction ; a hazard. Hazarding all dangers.
An incident or occurrence. In commerce, a parcel of goods,
sent by sea, at a persons o« u risque, to foreign parts. Bill
(■/ iidcetitnrc, in the mercantile way, is a bill or writing sign-
ed by a merchant, testifying that the goods mentioned in it
to be shipped on board sncii a vessel, belong to another per-
son who is to run the hazard ; the merchant being oniV to
account for the produce of iheni, be it more or less.
To ADVENTURE, v. n. to stand the chance; to rua
the risque. In an active sense, to endanger.
ADVE'NTL'RER, .?. [avcniiD-ier, Fr.J one who seens oc-
casions of hazard ; one who exposes himself to danger ; a
kii'ght errant.
AD\'E'NTUROUS, a, that is ready to expose himself to
the greatest dangers.
ADVENTUROUSLY, ad. in a Aazardous, d*rinj, and
bold manner.
ADVERB, s. [adverbinm, Lat.] is a word .joined to verbs,
to express the manner, time, &'c. of an action; as, hv fought
hrnvclii ; here bravelu is an adverb. Adyerbs| are likewise
added fo nouns, ann even to other adverbs, in order to mo-
dify or ascertain their meaning. 1 bus, /in did ilie ImtiiKtt
(xtrevirlfiuill : the word uelt qualities the action of doiHg,
and the w did cxtrcnieh/ does the same in regard to iirll.
ADVIVRRIAL, a. '[(idverbinlis, Lat.] that is used in the
sense of an adverb.
ADVE'BIALLY, nd. [adi'crbialiur, Lat.] like, or in the
manner of, an adverb.
AD\'ERS.\'R1A, i. [Lat.] a sort of common place book,
used by students, to enter any remarkable observation or
occurrence they meet w ith in reading or couversittion.
A'DVERS.\RY, s. [ndreisariiis, Lat.] one who sets him-
self in ojjposiiion to another. An enemy, or one who seeks
to do another an injurv.
AOVE'RSATIVE, "«. [ndirrsnlim.':, Lat.] a >vord which
makes some opposition or variety. In graninmr, it ex-
presses some ditl'erence between what goes before and «liat
follows ; as in the phrase, lie loves inoneij, but talics nu jmiiu
to get it, the word brit is all adversative conjunction.
A'DVEIISE, a. [adiersiis, Lat.l contrary. Acting in op-
posite directions. Figuratively, contrary lo the wish or
desire. Applied to condition, unsuccessful ; calamitous, ip
opposition to prosperous.
A'DVEliSELV, or A'D^■ERSLY, ad. iu an adverse oi
unha|)pv manner ; disagreeably.
ADVERSITY, f. \_ndvci:iiias, Lat.] a slate which is op
posite to 4>nr wishes, and the lause of .sorrow.
To AD\ ERT, V. n. [iididto, Lat.] to t.ike notice of ■
to regard, observe, to attend to; with the participle to bcfor*
AD'i'E'RTF.NCE, or ADVERTENCY, s. attention to t
regard to ; consideration of ; hcedfulness.
To ADVER'ITSE, {udeirtize) V. n. [nderrtir, Fr. now
accented on the last, but by Shakespeare on the secoudsy.
luhle] to determine a thiug in suspense. To glv<> a persot
notice or inlormation. lo publish a thiqg lost, t'ouiid, oi
wanted, in the ^newspapers, or by handbills, with a
ADU
JETOl
description of its peculiarities ; now prattiscd instead of
crxiiiif it.
ADVRRTrSEMFAT, (adieythemcnt, accentpd some-
times on the second svliablp) *. [adri'rlisscmi'nt, Vr.] admoni-
tion ; instriutioB ; advice, ruhlication, a notice of a tiling
ilia newspaper; or au article, containing the description of
a tliiutf lost.
ADVEKTrSER, (adpcyiher) s. he that brings or gives
intclli;jenccor information. Tlie paper wliich contains ad-
vertisenielits.
ADVERTISING, or ADVERTISING, (advertUmg) part.
active in s'^'ng intelligence, advice, or admonition.
ADVI'CE, i. [«!/>, Fr.] opinion ur counsel ; in^lnietion ;
the result of judicious rcllection ; prudence, or ilis<'retion.
Followed by the participle toith, consultation, di liberation.
Used with the word receive or have, information, news, or
intelligence.
ADVl'SABLE, CorfiimW^) a. that may, or is fit to be
advised ; prudent.
ADVI SABLENE.SS, {adrizaHenesn) s. the quality which
renders a thing proper to be advised ; tilncss ; propriety.
To) ADVrSE, {adfizr) v. a. [miser, Fr.] to recommend
a thing as usclul. To give a person an idea or hint of;
to remind. To inform, or give intelligenco of an action
transacted at a distance.
To ADVISE, (adiire) v. n. [adviser, Fr.] used with the
particle vit/t before the person, to consult. To consider ;
to examine ; to give one's opinion.
ADVrSED, {advized) j>art. deliberate ; guided by pru-
dence after a due examination of tlie nature and conse-
quences. Done on purpose.
ADVT'SEDLY, (advlzedfi/) ad. in a deliberate manner ;
with due consideration; prudently. With any peculiar de-
sign ; on purpose.
ADVI'SEDNES.S, (adehedness) s. a state wherein a per-
son has taken the advice and counsel of others ; deliberation,
(vaution.
ADVI'SEMENT, (advUement) s. [avizcmmf, Fr.] advice,
or counsel. Prudence and circumspection.
ADVrSER, {advizej) s. he that gives advice* or counsel ;
an adviser, or counsellor.
ADULATION, s. [adulation, Lat.| the act of bestowing
more praise upon a person than is due ; including in it too
high a commendation of his virtues and excellences, and
an entire neglect of his defects.
ADULATOR, *. [adulator, Lat.] a flatterer ; one who
pavs a higher compliment to another than he deserves.
ADULATORY, a. [adulatonus, Lai.] in a flattering or
complimental manner.
ADULT, a. [adultus, Lat.] grown up; arrived to the
age of discretion.
ADULT, s. one who is arrived at the years of manhood :
in civil law, a youth between fourteen and twenty-five years
of age.
ADULTERANT, s. [adulterdns, Lat.] the person who
is giiilty of adultery; or thing which debases by admixture.
To ADU'LERATE, r. «. [adultero, Lat.] to violate the
bed of a married person by unlawful knowledge. To cor-
rupt or debase tty some foreign mixture.
ADU LTIiR.ATE, a. flowing from, or owing to the crime
of adultery. Counterfeit ; though resembling in appearance,
vet inferior in value. Debaseil by mixture.
■ ADULTERATENESS s. tlie quality or state of being
adulterate ; counterfeit
ADULTER.VTlON.i. [adnheratin, Lat.] the act of cor-
rupting by a foreign mixture ; or endeavouring to make
things to pass for more than their intrinsic value, by their
resemblance to something better.
ADULTERER, s. [adulter, Lat.] the person guilty of
lying with his neighbour's w ife.
ADU'LTEl'.ESS, s. a woman guilty of the crime of vio-
lating her husband'sbed, by lying with another man.
ADU'LlTiRINE. t. [adulteiiue, Fr.] iu canou law, a child
born of an adulteres*.
ADU'LTEROUS, a. [adulter, Lat.] guilty of adiilterj.
Base and corriipled ; idolaiions.
ADU'LTEIIV, s. [iidiihirtuw, Lat] in it« primary signi-
fication, the crime of being false to the marriage bed. Fi-
guratively, idoldtiy.
To ADUMBl'-ATF^ r. a. [aduvJim, Lat.] to shadow ;
to give a slight resemblance or faint likeness, alluding to
that of shadows, with respect to the bodies by which they
are formed.
ADUMKl'.ATION, s. the act of giving a .slight repre-
sentation, or illustration. An imperfect resemblance, like
that of a shadow. A faint glimmering, a distant and con-
fused likeness. In heraldry, when any ti"ure in a coal is mi
obscured, tliat nothing but the bare profile, or outline, i.i
visible.
ADUNATION, J. [from nrf and vmit, Lat.] union; the
junction of two or more bodies.
ADU'NCITV, s. [aduncitas, Lat.] creohcdncss ; flexure
inward ; hooke<liiess.
ADUNQUE, o. [uduncus, Lat.] crookerf:
A'DVOCATE, s. [advvcatiis, Lat.] among the Roman?, «
person skilled hi their law, and vho undertook the defence
of causes at the bar. /tdtoraie is still used in counlries and
courts where the civil law obtains for those who plead and
defend the causes of their clients. In common use it mean*
one who manages the cause of another, or answers vbiec-
tions brought against it. In these senses the term is applied
in scripture to Christ. In .Scotland there is a lord Advoeatt,
who is one of the ofhcers of state, and gives his advice in
all cases alwut making, or executing laws ; dj»fonds the
king's right in all public meetings ; prosecutes all capital
crimes before the justiciany ; concurs lual! puriuitswlierciu
the king has interest ; and" is at liberty to plead all Cduses,
unless when acting as an ordinary lord of sessions ; in which
case he plead only tlie kind's : as also a college or focully of
advocates, 180 in number, who are appointed to plead in aU
actions before the lords of session.
ADVOCATION, s. the oHiceof an advocate.
ADVOWE', t. [advoyi, Fr.] he that has the right of ad-
vow son.
ADVO'WSON, or ADVCWZEN, s. a ri^fht to rresent
to a benefice, in the canon law, because those who had
obtained the right of presenting to a living were generally
great benefactors to it.
To ADU'RE, V. n. [adiiro, Lat.l to consume by fire.
ADUST, a. [aduitu4, Lat.l burnt up, »c«rclied, ant!
thereby rendered brittle. Able to bum, scorching hot. In
medicine and philosophy, those humours and tliat habit of
body which arises from a fermentation of chaler and liile,
and betokens warmth of temper ; choleric.
ADU'STED, part, [tidustus, Lat.] burnt or »«t on fire.
Warm, with respect to the humours of the body or temper.
ADU'.STIBLh, a. that may be burnt or scorched up.
ADU'SnON, t. the act of burning up, or drj ing. Anp}ie(J
to the blood, is the evaporating its most subtile particles by
heat, and leaving the grosser as half parched. In physie,
an inflammation about the brain and its membranes, attend-
dcd with a hollowness in the eyes, a pale colour, and a dry-
ness of the body.
A'DY, s. thej»alm-tree of the island r>f St. Thomaj.
A DZE, or A'DDICE,/. a cutting tool of the axe kind, bar-
ing its blade made thin and arching, and its edge at right an-
gles to the handle, used by carpenters, but moro by cooper*,
as being convenient for cutting the hollow sides of boards, Arc,
JE, a diphthong, wherein tlie .sound of the /4 is very oh-
scure, used by the Romans and Saxons, but seems rfow
quite out of use among modem writers, being changed fur
the simple e, as in equatnr, eipiiiwctial, and even in Enev.
ifl'DILE, s. [adilis. Lat.] a Roman magistrate, deriving
his name tVom being surveyor «f tJie buildings, both public
and private ; such as baths, aqueducts, bridges, ar>d roads;
he inspected the weights and measures, took cognisance
of disorderly houses; revised all plays befiore their licinj
e^hibitcd ; had the caie of 1»ie acU of the Mo.itr, jw'«
15
AER
AFF
the examination of all b'ooks -which were intended for
publication.
/E'GILOPS, s.[Gt. goat-eyed,]that animal being subject
to this ailment a tumor or swelling in the corner of the
eve next theno'se, either witli or without an nitlammation :
als^i a plant, so called for its supposed virtues against such
a distemper.
iE'GlS', s. mytholo^', the name given to the shield or
bucki'er of Jupiter or Pallas. It derives its name from Ju-
piter covering his shield with the skin of the goat Amaltliea,
■«hich he is reported to have sucked. This buckler he
atrevwards gave to Minerva, whose shield is called by this
naiiic.
jEGITTIA'CUM, s. a corrosive ointment, of which there
are several kinds.
-ENEIO, i. the name of Virgil's celebrated epic poem,
from .-F.iu'as the hero.
^ENIGMA,.?. [Gr.] a proposition put in obscure, and
often contradictory terms, in order to exercise the sagacity
of a person ; or an obscure description of a thing, delivered
in such terms as render the explication difficult, and the
meaning not intelligible at first sight.
jEO'OC, or-^OLIAN, a. in grammar, one of the five
dialects of the Greek tongue. It was first used in Bceotia,
V hence it passed into ^Eolis, and was that which Sappho
and Alca.'us wrote in. JEolian harp, is a musical instrument
plaved by the wind.
jtOLlPILE, s. in hydranlics, an instrument used to de-
monstrate the possibility of converting water into an elastic
irapour by heat. It consists of a hollow metalline ball, with
a slender neck, which being filled with water and exposed
to the fire, produces a vehement blast of wind. It is so
called from a;olus, and pila a ball.
.^O'LUS, in heathen niythnligy godof the winds.
jERA,s. [Lat.] in chn]nolo-;v, a series o'" years, com-
Dcnciug from a certain fixed point of time, called an Epo-
fha. Thus the Christian ."/Era, is the number of years
ccmputcc! to have elapsed since the birth of Christ. It is
however generally admitted by chronologors that Christ
was born four years before ils commencement.
AE'RI AL, a.[(i,:rius, Lat.] consisting of air. Produced by
the air. Inhabiting the air. Placed in the air ; lofty,
high.
.'F.'RF.VNS, s. a branch of the sect called Arians, who
added some peculiar doctrines of lluir own, as that there is
no difterence between bishops and priests: from iErius, an
Armenian priest, in the fourtii contun,-.
.4E'RIE, s. \niic, Fr.]a nest appropriated to hawks, and
(ither birds of prey.
. /I'VH I FORM, ff. found in the state of the air.
..£R(. GRAPH Y, .». [ntr air, and grnp/m to describe, Gr.J
a description of the air, its limits, dimensions, i)ioperties,
jf.RO'LOGY, s. [uer air, and logos wisdom or discourse,
Cir.] the science which teaches the nature and properties of
the air.
/ERO'MANCY, s. [from air air, and matUeia divination,
Gr.] the art of divining by the air.
/KRO'M.\TPY, .«. [from ntr air, and metren to measure,
Gr.] the art of nit-asuring the air, coniprehendiiig the laws
of luolion, gravitation, pressure, elasticity, rmcliiclion,
condensation, tVc. .See Pneum.'Vtics.
yE'ilONAUT, f. [from acr air, and «««?« a sailor, Gr.] a
person who ascends in and guides an air balloon.
illKO-SCOPY, s. j^fioni otrair, and sIui/ko to observe, Gr.]
•lie ohservatioQ of the air.
A KUO.STATION, «.[«(■'/• and statw, Lat.] a new science,
>>i;;iiifying a\;rial navigation. The maciiines eniployid are
c.M\ff\ atrostats, or neroslatic machines, and from iheir glo-
bular shape air-balluiMis. Some hints respecling such ma-
chines occur in ancient authors ; but <ho science was an-
iiiiunced in France, in 17M-.J, by two brothers, John and Slc-
jihcn Montgol/icr, who were successfn'i 'in sending nii silk
•lUgs, filled witU rarefied air.p.nd aftcnvards larwr balloons
wore constructed, by which sundry persons, hith in France,
England, and other countries, nave twai}^ aerial excursions.
These last-mentioned ballooMs were filled with inflammable
air, as being considerably lighter than iieated atmospheric
air. During the wars in Germany, tlie Fieneh generals sent
up balloons of observation ; but in any other respt ct this
invention has hitherto contributed oiiiy to the amuoenicnt
of the spectators, and the profit of the -.idventuiprs.
yERU'GINOUS, re. [from amgo, Lat.] resembling or be-
longin"; to the rust of copper. Applied to cf.iour, it is by
some described as a green, and by others «s a brown.
jERU'GO, j. [Lat.] rust, particularly that of copper ;
verdigrease.
/E'STUARY, i. [restuarhim, Lat.] in pharmacy, a vapour
bath. In geography, an arm of the sea, which runs a good
way within land ; as the Bristol Channel.
jt'THER,*. [Gr.] in physics, a thin subtile matter, finer
and rare- than air, commencing from the limits of our at-
mosphere, and expanded through all the regions of space.
In cheinisti>, the lightest, most volatile, and most inflam-
matory of all liquids ; producea by the distillation ofscida
with rectified spirit of wine.
JETHYIKlXh, a.\atherius, Lat.] formed of aether ; celes-
tial, heavenly. AStherial space, or rrgiiiri, is that space in the
heavens where the pure unmixed ather is supposed to be
found ; and figuratively is used for heavenli/. jEthetiial oil,
in chemistry, named likewise essential, is a fine, subtile, es-
sential oil, approaching nearly to the nature of a spirit.
The pure liquor, which rises next after the spirit, in distil-
ling turpentine, is termed the atherial oW of turpentine.
iETHlOPS-MNERAL, *. [a compound word, deriving
its name from its cfllour, which is black, and supposed to
resemble the complexion of the Ethiopians] in pharmacy, a-
preparation of equal quantitie.s of quicksilver and flour of
brimstone, ground in a stone or iron mortar, till they be-
come black, and no particles of quicksiher remain visi-
ble.
i?5'TITES, or eagle-stons, a flinty or crustated stone, holr,
low within, and containing a substance which shakes whea
it is rattled. It was formerly used for magical purposes,
and was believed to be found in an eagle's nest.
jETNA, now Monte (iiBELLo ; a volcano or burning
mountain of Sicily, situated in Ion. 15.0. E. Lat. 38. 0. N.
This mountain, renowned from the earliest ages for its mag-
nitude and terrible eruptions, is on the eastern coast, near
Catania, in an extensive plain, called Val Demoni, ficni its
being the supposed habitation of devils, who, in this moiirt-
taiii, torment the spirits of the daiuiied. According to
Mr. Brydone its height is 12,000 feet. Faujas de St. Fond
slates it at 10,0.36, and its circumference at the base is 180
miles. Over itssidesaie 77 cities, towns, and villages, the
number of the inhabitants of which is about 115,0<]l). The
distance froui Catania to its summit is about .30 miles. At
the veiT top it is perpetually covered with snow ; which is
an article so necessaiy in this hot climate, that the bishop's
revenues arise from the sale of Mount .'I'.tiia's snow ; and he
is said to draw lOOOl. a year from one small portion lying on
the north side of the mountain. In the dreadful eruption
of .FJuiyn IWiil, the lava, or fiery stream, was not less than
It miles long, and in many places six in breadth ; and in its
course dest toyed ^tlic habitations of .30,000 persons. The
two last f)r;'al eruptions happened in July and October,
17S7 ; in the latUr the lava issued to the distance of three
miles, in a stream a quarter of a mile broad, and from five
to eighteen feet deep.
AFA'R, u(l. at a distance. Figuratively, foreign or
strange. Distant, in onposition to intimate friendship.
AFFABILITY, s. [«//nAi?((n.«, Lat.J a quality which ren-
ders a person easy to be spoken to ; iiK'lu<liiijt mode.sly,
good-nature, and condescension ; generally apiuied to su-
periors.
.A'FFABLE, a. [nffabilit, Lat.] easy to be spoken to, on
accouBt of complaisance, good-nature and condesceu-
siuu.
AFF
AFF
AFFABI.ENESS, s. courteoiisness ; civil and complai-
taiit behav.\)iir. See Afi-arility.
A'FFABLY, «</. in h" affable maniuT; courtcouily ;
civillv.
AITAIR, s. [<T^(ri;T, Fr.] sotntiliing (lone, or to be (lone.
Fniploynieiit. The coiicerns and transactions of a nation.
Cin nni'iitances, or liie ctnK-litiori of a iv.i son. Rnsiness.
To AFFK'C'T, V. a.[ii(fici(i, Lat.] to prodnce an elliet ; to
canse, useJ with tlie part-icle wil/i. To act npon. To cx-
cite? stir up, or work upon the passions. To aim at, to en-
deavour after, appli'od to persons. To have a tendency ;
to assinno ; to tend to. To be fond of, or long for. To
iissinne a character not real, or natural, and to support it
iu an aukward manner.
AFFECTATION, s.Uiff-.etaiio, Lat.] an artful or hypo-
critical assuming of a cliaiacter, or appearance, wliicli is
not our own, and to which we have no claim.
AFFECTED, ;miY. having the affections e.xciled. To be
peculiarly fond of. Disposed, with the word ill. Person-
lited, or appearing unnatural.
AFFE'CTEDLY, <td. in a maimer which lias more of
appearance than reality.
AFFE'CTEDNESS, s. the quality of assuming an unna
tural or false appearance. Distinguished from hypocrisy
by its object ; that being religion, and this politeness,
grandeur, learning, &-c.
AFFE'CTION, s. {affhtio, Lat.l state of being affected,
or wrought upon by any cause. Passions in general. Love,
fondness, regard, or good-will. Zeal ; a desire of obtaining.
In logic, an attribute peculiar to some subject, and arising
from the very idea or essence of it; styled by the school-
men, pauprimn (jiiarto motlo. Affections of the hotly, in phy-
sics, are certain modifications occasioned by motion. In
medicine, it implies a morbid or preternatural state of the
Lodv, or some of its parts.
ATFFE'CTIONATE, a. [affectionni, Fr.] zealous, or a
strong and longinnf desire ; warm. Strongly inclined, or
disposed to. Fond, tender, with all the glowiiigs of pater-
nal love.
AFFECTIONATELY, ad. in an affectionate, fond, cn-
deariiiz, and benevolent manner.
AFFE'CTIONATENESS, s. the quality or state of exer-
cising the social, benevolent, kind, and endearing passions.
AFFE'CTION ED, a. full of affectation, cmiceited, af-
fected ; mentally disposed.
AFFECTIVE, n.tliat acts upon, or excites a disagreea-
ble or painful sensation.
AFFEIIORS, or AFFEE'RORS, s. in law, persons ap-
pointed to tax, assess, and confirm such fines as are set in
inferior courts; in courts leot, to settle the fines of those
that are guilty of faults, which have no express penally as-
signed by the statute ; in courts baron, to moderate amer-
ciaments.
AFFI'ANCE, s. [affiance, Fr.] confirming one's own by
plighting of faith ; betrothing. Figuratively, trust or con-
fidence, tile effect of the mutual vows persons make to each
oilier; a. firm trust, an unshaken reliance.
To AFFIANCE, v. a. [affianccr, Fr.] to bind one's sel'" to
inarr\'.. Figuratively, to give confidence.
AFFIDA'\'[T, s. [Lat.] an oath in writing, sworn before
an authoriseil person; which contains the time, residence,
and addition of the person who makes it.
AFFr.ED, ;w)/. a. joined by contract ; affianced.
AFFILIATION, s. [from ad and filius, Lat.] adoption, or
the making a r.on.
AFFI'NED, part, [from affinis, Lat.] joined by affinity or
marriage to another; related to.
AFFI'NITY, s. [affinitas, Lat.l relation by 'marriage, in
opposition to that which is by blood. Connection ; resem-
blance to, applied to things. In chemistry, is that peculiar
BTOpeHsitv which different species of matter have to unite
and combine with certain other bodies exclusively, or in
preference to any otlier connection : calltd also elictive at-
iraclion,
D
To .\FFrRM, 0. a. and t>. n. \efflrmo, Lat.] to confirm a
thing as trulli ; to i!eciare ; to assert ; to tell confidently.
It is syiionjiMous with the following words: To declare
signifies to tell any tiling simply, but seriously; U> pi-jltst
impUes a suleniii afhrniation ; to aver si^^uitics a pos live
declaration; to assert, that declaration delended ; to maiit-
tiiin, implies a support of such assertion; to twear, is to
ratify it by an oath.
AFFI'RMAIjLE, a. that may be affirmed or asserted.
AFlTllMANCE,s.inlaw,confirmalion; opposed to repeal.
AFFIRMANT, s. [from affirmans, Lat.] tlie person wlio
affirms, or makes a positive declaration.
AFFIRMA'TION, «. [n/^VwffdV;, Lat.] the act of strength-
ening or supporting any opinion ; confirmation. Assertion;
or tenaciousiiess of any thing or position a^serted. Con-
firmation, in opposition to repeal. In grannnar, what is
otherwise called a verb, because it expresses what we affirm
or assert of any subject. In a legal sense, the iiiethod al-
lowed by law to the quakers as a pled;fc of their truth in
judicial courts, instead of an oatli. If they make a false
affirmation, they are subject to the penallies of the law ;
but this is only with regard to oaths of allegiance, and on
public occasions ; for in criminal cases their afhrniation is
not t.keii in evidonce.
AFFIRMATIVE, a. that positively affirms or asserts a
thing. Applied to persons, positive ; obstiiialc inopinion;
dogmatical; or one that would affirm anything. Affirmn-
tive, in Algebra, applied to quantities, are those which ex-
press a real magnitude, in opposition to those which are
negative, or less than nothing. Affinnatice sign, in Alge-
bra, is that which shews that the q,uantity it is prefixed to
is affirmative, and is marked thus +
AFFI'RMATIVELY, ad. ill an affirmative or positive
manner, in opposition to negative.
AFFIRMER, s. that person who asserts a thing to be
true ; he that affirms ; lie who takes the affirmative side of
a question in dispute.
Fo AFFI'X, V. a. [affigo, Lat.] to be fixed or united to.
To connect with, to subjoin, to establish.
AFI'TX,i. [affixmn, Lat.] in grammar, some letter or sen-
tence joined to a word.
AFFI'XION, s. the r.rt of affixing, or state of a noun
lh;it has an afTix.
AFFLATION, s. [from afflatum, Lat.] the act of breath-
ing upon any thing.
AFFLA'TUS, s. [Lat.] divine inspiration. In physic, a
vapour or blast, which is prejudicial to the health.
To AFFLl'CT, v. a. [affiigo, Lat.] to use with such barba-
rity as may occasion a deep sorrow ; to niortif>', or prac-
tise all the duties of sincere repentance; to punish; to
be in adversitv, or involved in temporal luihappiness.
AFFLrCTION, s. [nffiiciio, Lat.] that which causes a
sensation of pain ; a very disagreeable circumstance ; ca-
lamity.
AFFLICTIVE, n. that occasions torment, misery, or a
sensation of pain on account of its disagreeableness; that
wijieh co'icerns ; sorrow.
AFFLUENCE, or ATFLUENCY, ^. [affiuentia, Lat.]
in Its primaiy sense, tlie flowing to any plac." ; resort, or
concourse. It is almost aluays used figuratively. Abun-
dance of wealth ; plenty.
A'FFLUENT, a. [affinens, Lat.] in its priinaiT scnst,
fiowiiio; to any part. In its secondaiy, abundant in wealth ;
plentiful; exuberant; wealthv.
ATFLUENTNF^S, s. the quality of being wealthy, or
abotindinir with all the conveniences of life.
A'FP'LUXj. [affiiixus, Lat.] the act of flowing, or thing
which flows.
AFFLU'XION, s. [nffiu.rin, Lat.] the act of flowing to a
particular place ; that which flows f;om one place to
another.
To AFFORD, v. a. [nffourrcr. Fr.] to yield or p'odiice.
Tcv supply, cause, or grant. To be able to seil without
losing.
17 .
A F R
AOA
To AFFOTIEST, r. n. to turn ground into a forest.
AKFRAI'D, pnrf. [tVorii oWV-ui/rr, Tr.] to be timorous;
to be affected with fear, eiincr bv a present ol)jet't which
tnay endanger our safety, or by the prospeet of a distant
or future evil. If it generally spilt with a single/; but
this is more consistent with analo^'V.
To AFFilANOHISE, r. n. [aifranchW, Fr.] to make free.
To AFFRA'Y, r. a. [ajfrayer, Fr.] to strike with terror or
fear ; to fright.
AFFRA'Y, or AFFRA'VMENT. ... inlaw, formerly an
affright caused to one or more, by persons appearing in
unusual armour. At present, a skirmish or fighting, wherein
some blow is given, or some weapon drawn. It differs from
an assault, as this is a public, but that a personal wrong.
AFFRI'CTION, J. See Friction.
To AFFRIGHT, .>.«.[froni <i -awI fi-ihian. Sax.] to affect
Tv'ith fear, including in it the idea of sometliin» dangerous
and mischievous, something that can deprive us of pleasure,
or affect us with pain; and that the impression of this pas-
sion is sudden. To intimidate and dishearten.
AFFRIGHT, *. terror ; fear, denoting a sudden impres-
sion, in opposition to fear, which implies a long continuance.
AFFRl'GHTFUL, a. abounding in such qualities as may
cause fear.
To AFFRO'NT, v. a. [afrmter, Fr.] in its primary sig-
nification, to meet face to face, to confront. Figuratively,
■to injure a person before his face, including in it the seconda-
ry ideas of contempt, disdain, and entire neglect of decorum.
" AFFRO'NT, s. an iiunlt or injury offered to tlie face ;
including the ideas of contempt and rudeness. Indecent
behaviour ; outrage.
AFFRONTEE', s. in heraldry, an appellation given to
animals facing one anrrther on an escutcheon.
AFFRONTER, s. the person who offers the affront.
AFFRONTING, or AFFROTSTIVE, part. «. tbnt oc-
casions or causes an affront.
AFFUSION, s. [nffiisin, Lat.J the act of pouring one
thing iipon another.
AFIELD, «(/. to the field.
AFLOAT, ad. [from //o««-, Fr.] borne up by the water;
floating. Figuratively, nuctuating.
AFO'OT, ad. walking, in opposition to riding. Figura-
tivelv, in agitation ; couimenced.
AFO'RE,p)V7». Skf. BEroKE.
AFORE, aJ. applied to lime, that wliieh is past ; ante-
cedent to a thing nieiilioned.
AFORETIME, ad. in times past, or those which have
•preceded that in which they are referred to.
AFRESH, «</. anew; again; a second time.
ATRICA, one of the four principal parts of the world;
Iwunded on llie N. by the Mediterranean sea; on the W.
and S. by the Ocean ;" on the E. by the Red Sea and the
Isthmus of Suez. It is in llie form of a pyranii<l, whose
base, from Tangier to (he Isthmus of Suez, is about 2<tOO
miles. From the top of the pyramid, that is to say, from
tlic Cape of fiood Hope tolhe most northern part, is 4e00
miles; and in the broadest pait, tiiatis, from CapeVerdto
Cape fJuard-a-fui, it is :v*wi. 'I'lie greatest part of it is
within the torrid zone, which renders the heat almost insup-
portable in many places. However, the coasts in general are
very fruitful, the fruits excellent, and the plants extraordi-
nary. The tlesli of flieanim;iU is in ;:,eneral very good ; and
tliere are more wild beasts than in any other part of the
world ; such as lions, tigers, leopards, panthers, rhinoce-
roses, and elephants. There are also some animals peculiar
to this country ; such as the hippopotamus, or river-hor.se,
•whose teeth •are so large that Ihey serve instead of ivor\-,
and are much belter ; the rhinoceros with two horns on its
nose ; an<l the most beautifid striped zebra, which is es-
teemed a fine present to the greatest princes. As for the
crocoiiilej, winch were thoui;lit formerly to be peculiar to
Africa, tliey are now found in other t-laces, or at least
creatures so much like them, that it is hard to know tlie dif-
lerciice. Besides these they have ostriches, camels, various
Vi
sorts of monkeys, and maily other animals not (o be met with*
in Europe. There are several deserts, parlicularW one of .t
large extent, which is almo.st without water; and whose sands
arc so loose, that by means of a strong wind, tiicy will some-
times bury whole caravans at a time. However, this is not
quite without inhabitants, for there are wild Arabs, and
other people, who rove from place to place, partly in searcti
of pasture, and partly to lie in wait for the rich caravans tirdt
travel fr<mi Barbary and Egypt to Negrolaiul anid Abvssinia.
There are many lar.'je rivers; but the principal are tlie Nile
and the Niger. There are very high mountains in divers
parts, particularly ii.A1ivssinia and Barbary ; in whicli last
country is mount .\tlas, that separates Bar1)ary from Bile-
dulgerid, and runs from E. to W. Their religion is Maho-
metanism an<l Paganism, though there are Christians in some
parts, as in Abyssinia, and among the Euroi)raii siettlements.
Africa is variously divided, according to different geogra-
phers ; however, the best distinguish them by the names of
Egypt, Barbary, Guinea, Congo, CatTraria, Abvssinia, Nu-^
bia, and Nigritia, with the island that surround it. Africa^
in painting, is represented by a black woman, almost na-
ked, with frizzled hair, and an clej)hanfs trunk for a crest,
a fierce lion on one side, and a viper and serpent on the
other; with other emiilemsof the produce of the country.
A'l'T^ER, vrep. [tr/ter. Sax.] is applied both to time and
place. Applied to time, it denotes that something had
been done JM'fore. Joined with verbs it has a referrence to
time, with succeeding or following. Applied to place, be-
hind, or folhiwhig. Concerning. According to ; agreeable
to, in imitation of.
.VFTF.R, ad. [it is distinguished from the preposition,
because it has a relation to that which goes before it ; but
not to the sentence which follows it] succeeding or follow-
ing in time. Second or following in place, in opposition to
before.
A'rTER-AGES, s. ages which are to come, or future.
Ai^ER-CLAP, s. some unexpected incident after aa
affair is supposed to be ended.
A'FTER-CO.ST, *. expenses which are incurred after
the original bargain or plan isfinished.
A FTER-CROP, s. the second crop or produce of a
ground in one year.
ATTE.RGAME, s. an expedient after the original plan
or first attempt has miscarried.
A FTER-iNlATH, s. second crop of grass mown in autumn.
A'PFERNOON, .». that space, or interval, which is from
twelve at noon till the evening. Figuratively, the decline.
" The aflerncion of life."
AFTER-PAINS, .v. pains after birth.
AFTER-PROOF, .t. evidence posterior to the thing in
question: cpialities known bv subsequent experien<'e.
A FTER-1 ASTE, ,«. a taste remaining uimui the tongue
after the draught, which was not perceived in the act of
drinking.
A'FTEn-THOU(iHT, i. v,;i expedient formed too late ;
reflection, or tiiouglit arising after the finishing of a thing ;
repentance.
A FTF-R TIMES, s. [seldom used in the singular] future
ages ; in lime toeonie.
AF'FERWARD, or AIHTERWARDS, ad. in succeeding
or future time, referring to something which preceded, ana
>\hi<-li it is s\ipposed to follow.
.\ F'FI'.R-NMT, s. an unseasonable exjx'dient, or a eoa-
trivanee which is too late.
.A'(;A, .'. tlie title of a 'Furkish military officer.
.A(iA'IN, ad. [nfi-eti. Sax.] a second time, implying the
repetition of the same action. On the other hand, denoting
a correspondence or reciprocation of action. After ash, »
return of a thing given. Return by way of recompence ;
or reimbursement. After nii«-A, or vvords implying dimen-
sion, arenetitionof the same quantity which preceded.
ACiA'IN'ST, ;)i«7>. [rt>ng-eo«. Sax.] used to persons, in op-
position, alluding to the position of two armies ready t«
attack each other. After sjtcak, to be represented in a bwd
AGE
A G ti
light. Applied to motion, contrary diroction ; or tliat in
which OIK- body uiects witli aiiotlifr.
A'(iAPR, («^«-/»«'/) .V. K<*r.] love-feast?, exurcist'd l)y the
priiiiilivp Christiaus, ami revived by the Methodists.
ACiA'PE, ml. a stupid kind of admiration ; woiideiing, as
expressed hy the iffiionint-, with open mouths.
A'OARICK, *. ['/gaririim. Lilt.] in Bolany, an excrescence
gro\\ius in the shape of a mushroom iipmi the trunk and
j;reat branches of Ine oak and other trees, Ijuf tlie larcii tree
especially. Mineral a^xricli, is a kind of stone found in tlie
clefts of rocks in Germany.
A'(iATI'', s. [nffaie, Fr.] a precious stone of liie Hint
kind, much harder than jasper, and receives a better polish.
Its ccdours are various, and in some of them ri'presents such
figures as are very siirprisinj;. Fit 17f!o, the emperor of
riern.any, being desirous to know the leii?;lli of lime neces-
sary' to complete a petrifaction, obtained leave of llieSiiltaii
to take up one of tlie timliers Ihaf sui>port Trajan's bridjje
over the Danube, some miles below lielgrave. The onler
part of this limber to the depth of half an inch, was found
to be converted to an afrnte ; the inner pails were slightly
petrified, and llie central were still wood.
A'GAVR, *. the common American aloe.
AGA'ZED, p:iit. struck with a sudden terror ; terrified
to stupidity.
AGE, s. [«^e, Fr.] the time of a man's life ; a succession
of generations of men ; a ceiitiiiT, or the space of an liiiii-
dred vears.
.A'ORS.of the world,* The time preceding the birlh
of Christ has generally been divided into six ages ; the first
compndiends the time from the Iteginning ofHie world to
the deluge, and consists of Ifiofi yeais : the seeoiul, from
the deluge to the time of Abraham's coming into the 1 iiid of
promise in 'ifWi, comprehends 42fi years: the third age of
the world, fioiii Abraham's entrance into the proiiiisi-d land
to the deliverance of llie Hebrew's out of Egvpt, in the vear
of the world '2C)\.i, includes 4.'!() years: the foiirlh age from
their going out of Egypt to the laving the foundalion of the
temple, in the year of the world 2!)y3, cumjMelieiids 470
years : the tiflli age of the world, from laying the foundation
of Solomon's temple to the Rahvloniih captivity, in the year
of the world .'UWi, contains 4-24 years • the sixth age of the
world comprises the time from the Babvlonish captivity to
the birth of Jesiis Christ, which happened in the year of the
world 4000, and four years before the vulgar a^ra, including
684 years. Another <livision of the ages of the world, is,
the age of (he law of nature, which compn lic'iik the w hole
time betwein Adam and Moses; the age of the Jewish law,
>vhi<li takes in all the time from Moses to Christ ; and lastly,
the age of grace, or the number of year* elapsed since the
birth of Christ. Aiicieiil hiblorians have likewise divided
the duration of the world into certain periods, called As:es ;
the IJrsI reiu hing (rniii the <'ialioii to the deluge, which hap-
pened ill tireece, ''.eriiig the reign of ()\-ges, is called the
obscure or uncertain /tgc; the lilslorv of mankind, during
that period, being very iiucertain : the second, called the
fahiilniis or lier(>i<> Ag-e, terminates at the first olympiad;
where the third, or historical Ai^e, conimeiices. The poels
kavp likewise made fiur divisions of the ages of the world,
namely, the goWtn /Igr, the silver, llie brnzen, and the irmi.
Age. There are also four degrees or periods in human life,
namely, infaucy, youth, rcinliodd, and old I'se: the first
extends to the 14lli year, the ,ecoiid to the a.^tli year, the
third to the 40lli, and the tiarlli lotheTolh year; or, rather,
as long as a man lives. In law, a man at twelve years
of age ought to take the oath of allegiance to the king in a
leet ; at fourteen, which is the age of discretion, he may
marry, choose his giiardiaH, and claim his lands held in
soccagp. His full age is twenty-one, in niirn orwoman. A
woman is dowable at nine years of a};e, niav marry at
twelve, and at fourteen choose her guardian. At fourteen,
a mail may dispose of his personal estiile by will, but not ol
hutdii ; and at tliis aj;e a mgn or woman is capalde of beii)g
a witness.— .4e-f of the Mimn, the s|)nce of time, or nxT'-^.
val, since her last coiiiiiiictioii w .tl the sui..
A(<ED, (f. that has lived a long (oiu.-p or srriesof \ '-ars,
generally ai>plied to animals. ri;,uialively., l!i;;t whict. has
stood for ma j: years; decayed by len^'lli .f tiiiic, applied
to inanimate things.
A'(iEl>LV, nd. after the manner ofa person adxaiurd in
years, or in the decline of l.fe.
A'CiEN, ad: SrF. AoAIN.
A'GETs'CY, i. the (piality of acting ; action; the state of
being in, or exerting action.
AGENT, n. {usem, Lat.] that which acts, or is active,
in opposition to patieiil or passive.
A'GI^NT, s. a being endued witfi the power of action.
Ill physics, that which is endued with power to a<f on aiicw-
tlier, and to prodiuc a change or alteration by such action.
The sclio(ds divide agents into //rr^ien/ or /'(vr. A"//i)«/, are
those « liich arc det<'i mined by I he great Aiilhor of naluro to
one sort of effect, with an in. i;pacily to peifi-irm any other,
as fire lo heat only, not to i ool. A /''•'(■ ogrii/ i., tlj-.ii which
may do or not ilo any action, and ha-, the c<;iiscioi)s precep-
tioii that his actions are caused by his own will, without anv
external necessity or determinalion whutexer. In com-
merce, an rtgcHi is a person entrusted with transacting bu-
siness for another at a distance, or the negotiation of the
atiairs of a state or corporation. /lgv«« and t'a/'nit, in
law, is a person who does 'ir gives something to Jim. self,
being both the doer of a thing, ami the parly ti whom it is
done. Thus a creditor beuig left executor, lie may retain
so iiuicli of the estate of the deceased as will pay his debt,
and by that means becomes bolh enoi/ and ii'itirnt, i. e. the
partv lo whom the debt is due, anfl ilie person wliji pays it.
A'GtiEUHlJY.S, a very moniita'noiis province of Norway,
in the south of that kingdoni, w ith a ciipihil of llie same name.
To AGGLO'IMEUATE, v. n. [ng^/./nou, Lat.] to gather
up ill a ball ; to gather together.
AtUiLL'TINANTS, *. ffrom a!ii:^/,^ti,m, Lai.] in its pri-
mary signification, those substances which have a quality of
glev. iiig, or sticking any bodies together. in plivsic,.
strengthening medicines, v^iiich, adheiing lo the solids in
the human body, recruit and supply what is wasted in the
animal action.
To ACiGLlJ'TIN.ATE, i', a. to unite one part to another,
as it were with glue ; to make one part slick to another.
Used with the participle <o.
AGCjLUTINA'TION, 4-. m its primary signification, to
join two bodies fast together.
A(iGLUTIN.\TI\'E, fl. ill medicine, that which has the
power of thickening the animal juices, so as lo render them
tit for nourisliing.
AGfiRANDISEMENT, *. the act of promoting to a.
Iii;,h place in a state; or the act of coiiterrinj power, ho-
nour, and wealth on a person.
To ACiGltANDI'ZE, v. n. ^n!>s:riin!li.irr, I"r.] to exalt,
prefer, or to make considerable by the a Id it inn of posts and
pensions. To enlarg;;, exalt, or ennoble, applierf to the fa-
culties and senlimeiitsof llie mind. It is applied to persons
gciieralb , sometime:, to things.
.AfiGI! .^NDIZER, s. the pcison wl;o confers honour and -
riches ou another.
To .\'CiGli AV.\TE, V. n. r.''ng);(jD(),'Lat,.] to increa.se the
wc'glit of a thing, iu its p'rimary sense. In its secondaiy
or figurative sense, to add to the enormity, applied tb
criu'cs.
AfiGRAV,\TION, .?. the act of making wwse, applied
to llie demerit cfactio.ns. .Some circumstance which heigh-
tens the unilt of any crime, &e
.A'GGl'Efi ATE, (7. \ngnritgntvs, Lat.] an assemblage or •
coUeelion oflhe parli(lcs Mitoone nn'iss.
AfiCUJEGATE, s. [from B^s:riv:'>, Lal.j an asscmbmgi,
formed of seveial parhculars. 'I ht sum total or result cf;
several lliinss added together.
To .A f iGREG.'VTE, v. a. {"gsr^go, Lat.] to collect tcge*:.
W..
AOI
AGR
tlier several piiticulars into one sum, or several parcels or
particles into one niiiss.
AGGRF.GATION, s. a wliole made up of several parts
added to^ellier. In aritliinetic, the sum total, formed by
the addition of several units together. In physics, an as-
semblage of several things wtiich have no natural connection
with each other.
To AGGRE'SS, v.n. [agp-eilior, Lat.] to commit the first
act of hostility ; to make llie first attack ; to occasion or
be^'in a quarrel..'
AGGRESSION, s. [ns:!rrcssw,Lat.] the act of beginning
a quarrel, or being guilty of the first attack.
AGGRESSOR, s. the person who commits the first act
of hostility or injury-.
AGGRlEA'.VNCE, s. an action which causes pain ornn-
«asiness in the person to whom it was done, and includes in
it the secondary idea of injurj, or something undeserved.
To AGGRIE'VE, v. a. [from giai-is, L;it.] to do or say
soiuetliing which shall make a person uneasy. To offer an
injury, which shall occasion vexation.
To AGGROU'P, !'. o. UggTo/M7e, Ital.] to bring together
Into one figure ; to crowd together; a term of painting.
AGHA'ST, n.Jfrom a nn^shnst, Sax.] having ail the signs
of a person terrified by an apparition; like one who had seen
a gill St.
AGILE, a. la^i/is, Lat.] active; acting with great speed
and^readiness ; nimble, .i^pplied to the mind, alert, vigor-
ous, in opposition to slow and stupid.
A'GILENESS, *. the quality of performing without pain
or anv other impediment.
A'GlLITY, s. [a^ilitax, Lat.] a capacitj- of moving with-
out pain, or anv other impediment.
AGI'LLOCflUM, s. aloes-wood. A tree m the East In-
dies, brought to us in small bits, of a vei-y fragrant scent.
It is hot, drying, and accounted a strengtlienerof the neryes
in general. "The best is of a blackish purple colour, and so
light as to swim upon water. *
A'GINCOURT, a village in the county of St. Pol. in
the department of the straits of Calais, rendered famous to
all posterity by a battle fought near it, Oct. 2.^, 1416, where-
in Henry V. of England, with an army variously stated at
froTi 22 to 10,000 men, obtained a complete victory over an
army of French, consisting of Co,000 men, by the lowest
accounts ; but according to some contemporai-y writers, of
100, or even 140,000 men. The French left dead 92 barons,
1 ,500 knights, and 8,000 gentlemen of family, and several
thousand private men, without including 14,000 prisoners,
among whom were the duke or Orleans, and many others
of great distinction: while the loss of the English, including
the duke of York and the earl of Suffolk, who were killed
did not exceed one hundred men. Lat..')0.3i.N. Ion. 2. 10. E.
A'GIO, s. [Vend, aid or assistance] in commerse, the
exchange or difference between bank and current money,
or cash. Thus, if a bargain be made to pay either 1(K) livres
bank or 105 cash, the agio is said to be 5 per cent. The
»^tt varies almost every where ; at Amsterdam it is usually
from 3 to 5 per cent, at Rome near 2.'> per 1500 ; at Venice
10 per cent, fixed ; and at Genoa from 15 to 16. It like-
wise signifies the profit which arises from money advanced,
and is the same as premium.
AGI'.STMENT, s. in common law, the feed of other peo-
ple's catth-, taken into any ground, at a eerljiii rate per
week. In a large sense it extends to all manner of common
or herbage, or llie profit arising from thence.
A'GITABF^E, a. {agitabilis, Lat.] that may be put in
luotion.
To A'(iITATE, V. a. [agilo, Lat.] to move by repeated
actions. To 6<:tuafe, act ujioii, or give motion to. To ilis
turh, or disorder by the distractions of different motives.
To toss from one to another, to dit>cu»s or controvert with
great warmth.
AGITATION, *. la^taiio, Lat,] the act of shaking or
putting the pailicles of a body into motion. Disorder of tiie
mind arising from the violence of differ nl passions, f Dn-
sideration, or deliberation of several pe .'■ons.
AGITATOR, s. the i)ersou who prij ctsany scheme, oc-
casions any disturbance, or causes any motion. He \<ho ma-
nages anfl conducts the affairs ofanotlicr.
A'GLET, s. a tag of a point carved into ".oime represen-
tation of an animal. The penciants at the ends of the chivei
of (ii)weis, as in tulips.
A'CiNAIL, s. f'^a^-l a whitlow.
AGNATI, s. [Lat.] in the Roman law, tlie male descen-
dants from tlu' same father, distinguished from cognati,
which includes the female descendants.
AGNATION, *. [from agiiatus, Lat.] in the civil law,
the relation between the descendants from the same father,
nicluding only males.
.AGNITION, s. [airmtio, Lat.] an acknowledging.
To AGNIZE, V. a. [fnim agnosco, Lat.] to own ; to avow;
to acknowledge.
ACiNOETi-E, s. [from n priv. and giixislio, to know, Gr.J
in church histoi'y, a sect of heretics, who l:eld that Christ,
with respect to his huiiiau nature, was ignorant of seii'te
tiling, and especially the day of judgment.
AtiNO'MEN, s. [Lat.] an addition of name added txi ths
surname of a person on account of some peculiar action or
circumstance ; as the addition of Afncamis to the name of
Scipio, on account of his exploits in Africa; and of Cicero
to that of Tully, on acount of a protuberance on his nose,
like a vetch, which Cicero signifies.
.4GNOMINA"I"ION, s. [agnomixiatio, Lat.] the 'resem-
blance or allusion of one word to another both in sound and
sense.
A'(JNUS CASTUS, s. [Lat.] tlie name of the tree coni-
moidy called the chaste tree, from an imaginary virtue of
preserving chastity.
A'GNUS DEI, s. [Lat. the Lamb of God] in the Roman
church, a flat piece of white wax of an oval form, stampt
with the figure of a lamb, and consecrated by the pope.
AGO', ml. [from ngan. Sax. past; whence some cfiimtics
still pronounce it agnne^ past. When we reckon past tiiie,
towards, or ending with the present, we use since ; as, " It
is a year since it happened." But when we reckon fnm
the present, and end with the past, we useng"; as, " It
happened tliree nights ago." This is a nicety which fo-
reigners ought particularly to attend to.
A(iO'G, ad. [a gogo, Fr.] eager for the possession of
something ; longing. To set one's fancy or affections on.
AGO'NE, ad. [agan. Sax.] past, with respect to time ;
formerly.
AGONI'STE-S, i. [Gr.] one who used to exhibit at the
public games of Greece and Rome, being a candidate for
the prizes awarded for superioritj' of strength, Ac.
AGONIZE, V. n. [agcmizomai, to strive, Gr.] to be affected
with acute and excessive pain. It is also sometimes used in
the sense of the Greek word.
A'GONY, s. [agon, Gr.] excessive pain, wherein all the
powers of nature are convulsed, and she struggles as it w ere
with death for the mastery'.
AGORITY, s. an American animal, which bears some
resemblance to a rabbit, but is more fierce. and voracious.
For a curious accoimt of its manners, see Natural History of
Quatlrupeds, vol. ii. p. 16.
A'GR.A, .5. the capital of a province of the same name in
Hindoostan,wa5, ill the last century, a most extensive and
opulent citj, where the great iMogul sometimes residecL
His paUice was prodigiously large, and the seraglio con-
tained above 1000 women : the places ol the Omr.dis and
others were numerous. Here were above 60 spacious eara-
vansaries, SOO 'atlis, 700 mosrjues, and 2 iHagiiificent mau-
soleums. The Persians, Chinese, and Euj,dish resorted
here, and the Dult h had a factory : the inhabitants dealt in
scarlet, looking-glasses, silver, gold lace, Kard«ares, clclh
of Jelapour, and spices. It wasforlifidi in the huliaiiman-
ner, and had a wall and fine citadei, built of red frecstouc
AIIE
AIR
Agra lia"! since rapidiv (lecliiiotl. It is seated on the river
JcmiiM, 1(10 miles' S. "by E. of Dellii. Lat. 27. 12. N. Ion.
78. 12. R.
ACiHA'RIAN, n. [n'yi-iniii.'!, I,;it.] in tlie R()n)an law, a
tcrii! applied to such lawi as relate to llie division and dis-
Jriliutioii of lands.
To AGIIER', r. «. [ag-jrer, Fr.] to be friends, or in con-
cold,!, e. a state wherein the sentiments of one jjerson are
similar to, or the same as those of another. To consent to
do a ihinj; upon certain conditions : to bargain. To reseni-
lile ; to he like. To nialeli, applied to colour. To tally
villi ; to he consistent '.villi.
.^GREl•yABLE, a. [fis:rcable, Fr.] snitahic ; couformahle
fo or consistent with. Pleasing; grateful; as suitable to
our inclinations or faculties.
AfJUEE ABLENESS, f. the qiialityAvhich renders a thin;
prateful to the taste. The quality which renders a thing
pleasing, below rapture, and less than admiralioJi. l.iku-
iiess ; ailinity ; reseniblaiice.
AGllEl'VAIJEY, ad. in a manner consistent with, or con-
forniable to. In a nianiier which aflbrds a pleasing satis-
faction.
AGREE'D, par*, settled by mutual consent.
AGREEMENT, .«. [in law Latin, n^reeamenUmi] friend-
ship ; alliance ; concord. A contract, bargain, or com-
pact. Resemblance.
AGRICULTURE, s. \<i'i-icultnra, Lat.J the art of tilling
and iiianuriiig the ground, so as to make it fruitful and bear
jilants ; consisting in manuring, fallowing, sowing, harrow-
ing, reaping, mowing, &c. The management of the pro-
ductions ofcliHc'rent soils, and planting; together with the
culture of forests, timber, Ac. The highest encomium that
could be given to a man in Rome, was, that he cultivated
Ills own spot of ground well ; the most illustrious senators
applied themselves to it, and their dictators were taken
fVoiu the plough. Agriculture, or husbandry, is the origi-
nal source of most of our treasures, and the great fountain
of all materials for commerce.
A'GRIMONY, s. {agiimonia, Lat.] a sweet scented En-
glish plant.
AGROUND, ad. a marine term, stranded; stuck fast
upon shore, so as not to lj€ got off,-and pursue a voyage:
liindereu by the ground from passing furtlier. Figuratively,
meeting with some impediment or obstacle, which renders
it impossible to advance in, or go on with an afl'air.
A'GUE, s. [nii^u, Fr.] a periodical species of fever, be-
ginning with a cold shivertii<r, which is succeeded by heat,
and terminates in a sweat. When the cold fit is scarcely
perceptible, and there is a return of the hot one only, it is
called an intermitting fever. According to the returns of
the tit, it is differently denominated. If it returns evei'y
day, it is then called a quotidian ; if every third day, a ter-
tian ; and if every fourth day, a quartan.
A'GUED, part, struck or affected with an ague. Figu-
ratively, cold, shivering, trembling, in allusion to the effects
of this disorder.
A'GUE-FIT, s. the cold, shivering, trembling fit which
aflects people in the ague.
A'GUE-TREE, s. a name given sometimes to sassafras.
AGUISH, {agii-isli)a. like or having the properties of an
ague.
A'GUISriNESS, {agii^islmess) s. the quality which resem-
bles an ague.
AH! iH («•>■;. a word made use of to denote some sudden
dislike, and occasioried by the apprehension of evil conse-
quences.
AI1,\', an interjection denoting the triumph of contempt ;
intended to express joy at the calamities of olliers, and to
increase the uneasiness which they themselves experience.
AHE'AD, nd. a sea term ; beyond ; implying a greater
degree of swiftness. Applied to persons, to contract an
inveterate habit, which is not to be c;'.6ily surmounted by
advice or instruction.
AHErGHT, ad. on high ; a great distance above ns.
AiIOUA'T, s. a poisonous plant.
A-HU'LL, ad. ;i sea term, the situation of the ship when
all her sails are furled on account <rf the violence of liie
slorm, and when, having lashed lieilielnion the lec-sidc, slie
lies nearly vvilli her side to the wind and sea.
AIA'IA, a Brazilian bird which resembles the spoonbill.
A'.IAN, or AjF.N, a cou;itry on the east coast of Africa,
south of Abyssinia and llie straits of I-'abelmaiidel ; it cx-
tinds about 1.J00 league s in length, from Magadoxa to Cape
t/uardafui. The eastern coast is sandv and barren, but. to
the N. the country is more fertile, producing, more particu-
larly, an excellent breed of horses, which the Arabian mer-
chants, who <<)me to traile in their ports, tal.e, together
with ivory, gold, Abyssinian slaves captured in «ar, &c. in
exchange for silks, cottons, and olher.clotlis. The inhabi-
tants arc not so dark coiiiplexioned as those on the west
coast, and their hair is ralher long. They are accounted
goodiMusselmen. Farther from the sea, there are negroes,
who, marrying with the Bedouins, a kind of Arabs, have
children that are mulailoes.
A'lCHSTADT, or F.ic ilstapt, capital of an extensive
bishopric of the same Uiuiie in I'raiiconia. Mere are .several
hospitals, an alms house, a seminary for sUideiits, a cathe-
dral, and other chip ches, one of which t^ biiiJt after the
modelof that calJed the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem ; here
is also a curious piece of workmanship, called the Sun of
the Holy Sacrament ; it is of massy gold, of great weight,
and is enriched with 3.50 diamonds, HOO pearls, 260 rubies,
and other precious stones. Aichstadt is sealed in a vadey,
on the river Altmul, 30 miles S. of Nuremberg.
To AID, I', a. [aider, Fr.] to give assistance or succour to ;
to deliver a person in danger, or distress, out of it, by giving
him all the assistance, help, or succour in one's \)ovver. To
support, w hen applied to the means used to free a person
from want.
AID, s. [aide, Fr.] that which contributes to render a
thing more easy. Assistance. Support given to a person.
In politics, a subsidy, or money given to support the neces-
sities of the state.
AID-DE-CAMP, s. in the army, an officer who receives
and carries the orders of a general officer to the rest of the
army.
AI'DER, s. <me who assists or helps; one who takes
part with a person, and endeavours to promote his under-
taking.
AIDLESS, ad. deprived, or in want of help or assistance
to render an undertaking successful, or a misfortune sup-
portable. Without aid, or assistance from another.
AI'GULET, .s. fFr.]a point with tags ; points of gold at
the end of fringes.
To AIL, »'. a. [ffi/an, Sax.] to disturb; to affect vvith a
disagreeable sensation.
AIL, s. a distemper.
Al'LEROUS, >9. [Fr.] two snudl shelly 'substances resem-
bling small wings found at the root of the wings of two-winged
tlies.
ArLING,p«)-(. one of a weak constitutioji, subject to
disorders ; valetudinary. *
AILMENT, s. indisposition; disorder: diHiinution of
healt/i.
To .\IM, II. a. to put a weapoii in such a direction or po-
sition as to hit ally object; to tbrow a thing at an objeet,
in such a manner, as to render the striking of it possible.
Figuratively, to direct the edge of satire against a particular
person.
AIM, s. the positioner direction of a weapoti, in order
to strike an object. The point which is intended to be hit;
or the object designed to be struck. Figuratively, an en-
deavour to obtain any thing ; intention ; purpose.; or design,
AIR, .T. [ah; Lat.] in philosophy, a thin elastic fluid, sur-
rounding the globe of tlie earth ; imperceptible to all our
senses, except feeling. Mr. Bovle supposes it to be made
up of three dlflerent kinds of corpuscles, namely, 1. Of
tiiosc numberless and miiiute particles which, in tlie for.a
31
AIX
AL&
of vapours, or dr>' exhalations, ascend from the earth, wa-
tfr, hiinerals, vegetables, animals, Ac. in short, of w liatever
siitistances are elevated by the celestial or subterraneous
l;eat, and thence dift'ubP'l into the atmosphere. 2. Ofastill
more subtile matter, consisting of those exceedingly niimile
sToms, the majinntical ettii'via of the earth, \vith other innu-
merable partitiessenf froin the bodies of tiie celestial liinii-
rsries, and citusins;, by their impulse, the idea of ligiit in us.
3. Of an elastic sub'itance, whii h is the basis of al! the otiier
parts, a^id constituting the true essence of air, conccniiu^'
the structur? of which various hypothesis have been frame<l.
Some have ies"mbled thrse elastic p.«rticles to the spiinjjs
of wutches coi!e<l up, and ende.'vri'irinij to restore tliem-
selves; others to tiocks of wool, v;hi(h being conipjesscd,
have an elastic force ; and others to slender wires, of diflc-
r^nt subrtances, Ac. yet all springy, expansible, and com-
pressible. Ill music, it is the melody of the tu'.ic, li^dit or
^rave. In p''"try, a song, rati h, Ac. In paintinj;, if de-
not*"? the maimer and very life of action, and expresses the
disposition of the anient. Also the niein or manner of a per-
son ; a clownish or genteel air. In a figurative sense, a <lis-
rovery made of a tliinij not known before. Posture, alti-
tude, mein, manner of behaviour. " He gave hinisejf (Tiis."
Anatlected, or laboured and awkward manner of address,
or behaviour.
To A IK, I', a. to expose to the air. To enjoy the benefit
from the air. To expose to the tire, in order to free from
the inconveniences of<lamp and stagnating air.
Al'RBLADDKR, s. a bladder found among the entrails
offish, which serves, by its contraction or dilatation, to
enable them to rise or dsve in the water.
AIHBALLO'ON, *. a bag of any light substance filled
Willi inflammable air. See. Aerostation.
AI'1!DI5.\WN, a. chimerical; imaginary.
Al'l'GUN, J. an instrument invented to shoot with, pure-
ly by means of compressed air.
AI'RINESS, ,s. applied to sitiiEtion, exposed to a free
current of air, in opposition to cmfined ; openness. Figu-
ratively, ajiplied to a person's manner, or behaviour ; levi-
ty, gaiety.
AI ring, s. a sho't walk or ride abroad ; so railed, be-
causp we then enjoy the fresh and open air.
AI nLIN(j, «. a youthful; light, gay, and ihougJitless per-
son.
ArnPI'MP, J. in philosophy, an instrunipnl or htk i;iiie
iis»d for CNlidcting air, consistma;of Iwo'lirass cyhnlers or
pistons to extract th'' air with ; a gage to determine the
rarefacliou of the air during any expc! imciil ; a tube c;;ll<d
the swans n"ck, communicating with the recei\er and the
jiis'ons ; and a winch that gives motion to the whole.
.•\1 HSHAFT, i. in mining, a passage made for the air by
digging.
AIRY, fl. [utreus, Lat.] the subtile parts of bodies. On
liigb, or in that space of the system above the earth assign-
ed to the air. Figuratively, chimerical, wanting solidity or
foundation. Applied to dress, that which exposes to the
weather, in opposition to warm, close, or confined. Applied
to temper or behaviour, gay, sprightly, filM of vivacit> .
Al.SLE, s. dV") the side-walks or paths of a chuich, iiiii-
tiing parallel to the greater in the centre, called vrf ; reprc-
sentiii.;, in that respect, the wing of a building erected on
each side the centre.
AIT, o: nVtiElT, s. a small islantj in the river.
AIX, a city in the department (li'lhr mouths of the Rlicuie
ill the south of Fiance. It diTives its name fiom its li't
biidis which were known (o the Koiiians, is pnpuloiis and
ailo'. ned with >;n ral beautiful snuaris and fmiilaiiis. Us
principal tri'de is in oil. It is 17 miles F. ol Monlpelliei'.
AlX-LA-CilAPlVL,LE, lately a free iinperi il city of Ju-
liers, Westphalia. There are hot baths in it, and some
ininrsnear it. The castle stands upon a bill, fuun which it
is s«id that W cities or towns, the sea, and even Fnglaiid,
r«'i be S'-en on a dear day. This city, which has .10 paro-
•h»:il rl.:irrl!es. and a very .pacious market-place, was known
21
to tile Romans l>y the nanie<t .U/iu.-e Cmtiaii. It was des-
troyed by the Huns in 4ol, bu; repaired, beaulified, and en-
larged by the emperor Charlcniagiic, u !io ii.ade it the capi-
tal of his empire. He lies interred in the cliurch of Notre
Dame, where his sword and belt are kept to this day. Tv.o
celebrated treaties of peace were coiithifk! here, in tWiH
and 1748. It was twice taken by the French in the late
wars, viz. in 1792 and in 1794;' and it is now iiicliultfj in
tiie French empire. It is 17 miles N. of Limbiir", 22 N.' K.
of l-iege, and 40 W. of Cologne. Lat. 50. 48. N. Ton. G. 3. F.
'I'o AKE, t'. H. to feel a dull and continual pa'ii, in oppo-
s lion to smart, which is an acute one, and of a short conti-
nuance.
AKI'N, a. related by blood or descent. Figuratively,
resembling; ha ing the same properties; having a near re-
lation to.
A'LA RASTER, .y. [ahhasfron, Gr.] a kind of soft marble
which cuts \er\ easily, and is much used for little statues,
vases, and columns. It is sometimes calcined and used as
plaster. The most common sort is white and shining; but
there are other sorts which are reddish or tawny.
A'LA RASTER, a. made of alabaster.
ALACK, iterj. an expression of sorrow, or something
which causes it.
ALA'CK- A-D.\Y, intcri. a sudden cry on feeling present,
or seeing apriroachiiig calamity ; and s^ignifies that the pet-
son labouii under the burden of misery.
ALACItlOUSLY, ad. [from aluur, Lat.] with great
cheerfulness.
.'M.A'CRITY, i. [nhcritas, Lat] cheerful, activeness.
.\-LA-MODE, ad. according to the fashion ; a French
phrase, used to imply that a thing is the reigning taste or
fashion.
A L-A-MODE, s. [Fr.] a thin, light, glossy, black silk.
ALA'RM, s. [from u / arme, Fr.] a military signal, either
by beat of drum or sound of trumpet, by which men are
now called to arms ; but before the in\ eiition of those in-
struments it was done by a loud cry or shout. It generally
iiichidesin it an idea of approaching or sudden danger. Fi-
guratively, the notice signifying the approach of any sud-
den danger. Tuiiuilt, or disturbanec, causing fear, or ap-
prehension of danger.
'Fo ALA'RM, V. a. to give an army the signal of arming,
or preparing tlicinselves to encounter any sudden danger.
In a secondary sense, to cause fear or apprehension of some
approac hill" r.iischief.
.•\LA'R?.llN(;, ;)«|•^ that which occasions terror, fear, or
apprehension, from the idea of approaching danger.
AL.^'I!^lPOST, i. the place appointed for the several
companies (if an army to repair to, in case (>f any sudden
ami iiidWri been danger, which occasions an alarm to b>i beat
IT somuK d.
AI.A'RUM, s. a clock, calculated to give notice to a per-
son ol'aiiv particular time it is set to, by the runiiing dov.u
of its weight, whicli is attended in its "descent by a coiili-
n',i;i! slril.iiig of its hammer on the bell.
ALV.>! li-tj. when used of ou'selves, it implies lamen-
tation, oc ...(Mied by the i<lea <:f some calamity. When
applied to others, it implies pity, caused fioni an idra of
tlu•irdi.^lress.
ALA V, .V. in hunting, the adding fresh dogs into theory.
ALU, i. [ii.'/.vm, Lat.] a ve^t or garment of wlvJle linen,
reaching down to the feet, worn b\ priests ; a Miiidice.
ALIjA'NLV, a piovinc*; of European 'Fiakey, lompre-
heudiiig the ancient Epiri'.s and a small part of lIKriiuRi.
Its ini:abilanls have a considerable trade in laiU'slvy, flax,
cotton, wax, liunev, wiiif^, and rock sill. It was (ormerry
an iii(|epeiid«iit kingdom, and long resisted the Turks.
.ST. A LRANS ■,: town in Hrrlfoidshiie, with the title of
a duchy, and two markets, on the Wednesday and Satiir-
dav. It IS scatrd on tiie river Coin, arose f'loiu the ruins of
the ancient city of Venilaiii, and lecives its iiaiue from a
monastery dcdicattd to St. .Mban, a Roman iiianyr. The
niouaslerj is now ascd as a parish church, ai;d iii il vici«
A LC
A I.E
W.iried seveial persons of roval l>li)or|, |iarti<iil;irl.v llif fiirnous
duke Huiiinlirfy, whose body w;is tli-AV)v»-rfil not iii;iiiy yt-ais
sinrc. It IS 12 miles S. V.. of DiinslaMc, and 21 ani tliici?
quarters N. W. of London. It sends l.vo uicnilieis to pai-
Ir.iment.
\kB ATRC^SF,, a laiRC sea bird, comiiioii about the
Cape of (Jo'id Hope, Cape Horn, and several oilier plat<*.
It principally feeds on the prey wliiili another sea bird,
called the bi>t)by, i>rovi(les lor itself.
AI.BE'IT, ail. althon;ili ; notwithslandin;,' ; ^'rantins'.
AI.BKihVNSKS, ;in early sett of pro\e>laiils, «lio were
much persecuted in tlic south of France, in the Ihirteenlli
centurv.
ALBION, ». the ancient nattieof Ev.sland.
Ar.BlKM'NKOUS, n. [from <j//m;;», Lat.) 5oni<>lhm<r be-
limgin;,' to lliat part ot an e;;;; wliicli is called its white ; or
•oiucthin;; uhicli reseiiibli's it.
Arj5ir(iO,». [Lat. I a discasr in the eye.
A'LBU>L s. anciently, a kind of while table, or register,
ill which the names of certain niayist rales, (-.iibiic transac-
tions, Ac. were entered ; now, a Kind of coiiinnin-piace
book, placed in some pait of a hoii-ie lor strangers and visi-
tors to write their names, with a iiiolto accompanying tlicni.
.\L'BUMEN, .t. coagiilidile lymph. That peciiliaraninial
substance which forms tlie scrum of blood, and the wliite
of eggs.
A'LCAHEST,.«. Skf. Alkahest.
ALCA'ID, s. [from n/.\rab. and Imdhnd, Heb.] the gover-
nor ofa castle. !i) Spain, the judgeof a citv.
A'CALLorA'LCALY, *. Sep, Ai.kai.y.
ALCALIZATION, .s. See At.K alization.
ALCANNA, s. [Arab.] a drug used in dying, which
comes from the Levant. In powder it is green, but the
tincture it makes diiVers accor<liiig to the diHercnce of the
liquor in which it is steeped ; when soaked in water, it is
yellow ; but when in vinegar, citron juice, or alinu water,
It is red.
A'LC.\RB.\ZA, /. a vessel, employed in Spain in cooling
wine by evaporation.
ALCHY'MIC.AL, a. according to the process or method
made use of bv alchymists.
A'LCHYMfST, *. one who professes or pursues the sci-
tnce of alchymy.
AXCHYMY, *. [from al, Arab, and ihhni. Or.] the more
sublime chemistry, which proposes the traiismiitalion of me-
tals. The principal objects of alc/wmi/ are these: 1. The
making of gold. 2. An universal dissolvent, or alkahest.
3. An universal medicine, or panacea. As to the making
of gold, it has been attempted three several ways ; by sepa-
ration, maturation, and transmutation ; which last they pre-
tend to effect by the philosopher's stone. A/c/n/mij is like-
wise a mixed metal, used in making some sort of spoons.
A'LCOHOL, s. [Arab.] in chemistry, the purest spirit of
wine, rectified by fretpient distillations to its utmost siib-
tiltv. Likewise, a very fine impalpable powder.
ALCOHOLIZATION, .5. the act of rectifying spirits; or
of reducing bodies to an impalpable powder.
To .ALCOHOLI'ZK, v. a. to make an alcohol; or to rec-
tify spirits by frequent clistillation ; so that, w lirn set on fire,
they shall consume away, without leaving any moisture or
dregs behind them.
A'LCOR.'\N, s. ffrom al and knran, Arab.] tlie book of
the Mehommedan law, composed by Mahomet, with the as-
sistance of Batiras a Jacobin, Sergius a Nestorian monk, and
»ome Jews : it is divided into four parts, called by the name
of some animal, as the cow, the emmet, the spider, and the
flv. Though written bv a perswii of no learning, it is by the
Meho'mniedans extolled for the elegance of its style, and, on
that account, ur^ed to have been a divine composition. It
abounds not only in absurdities but contradictions, which
last they vindicate by saying, that it was three and twenty
years in composing, and that the circumstances of things
alterin" in that interval, the Deity himself repealed and
aJtereu wvpral lvrc^l^u, to suit tliem with the nature of
things. It was ongmally in loose sheets, which Mahom»»t
reported he received singly from (lod". This book is held
in snih veneration by its professors, that it is death for a
('hrisliaii or a Jew to toiicli it ; and eipially fatal to a Mu»-
sniinaii himself, if he handles it with iinwaslien hands.
ALCOV'K, «. [a/euba, .S))an.] among biiildi rs, a rece.ss,
or part ofa chamber, separated by ai, estrade, <ir partition*
o! eoliinins and other ornaments, in which is placed a bed
of state, or seats' for the repose of company. Also, small
open summer houses or seats in gardens, with a circular
dome or (overiii;;.
ALUBOKOlKiH. MWAoto) a seaport town in Suffolk,
with a market on Saliirday. It is pleasantly seated in a
dale, between a high hill to the westward and the sea to
the east ; a river runs lo the .S. W. an(f ihe old cbiirch stands
on a hill. It is !>:) miles and a half from London. It sends
two members lo parliameni, and is governed b\ a bailif}", 12
aldermen, and 24 common council. TIk' liarl»;iir is tolera-
bly good, but small. The town was formerly much longer;
but the lea has taken awav whole streets.
A'LDBOKOL'uIl, or O'LDBOKOlHiH, a town m the
W. riding of Yorkshire, on the Ouse, was tlie Isiiriam Bri-
gantium of the Romans, though not so much as the ruins arc
now to be seen, except some remains of the wall, pavements,
an<l baths. It is 8 mile-, from Hippon, 15 miles N. \V. of
York, and 206 N. by VY. of London.
ALDK'BAKAN, *. a star of the first magnitude, in the
constellation of Taurus, vulgarly called the Bull's Eye, whose
longitude in the beginning of isOG, was in 7" 4' 25" of Ge-
mini, and latitude 6'' 28' A'J',r> S. The annual increase of
its longitude is 60", 204, and annual decrease of lat. 0", 317.
.A'LDER,*. a genus of English trees. The wood is much
used for making household furniliiic, Ac.
A'LDERMAN, s. \eldermnn, Sa\.] ill its original signifi-
cation it implied a person, who, on account of liis years and
experience, was proper to preside over the allairs of a na-
tion, and to assist a prince with his counsel ; in this respect
it signified the same as privy-counsellor, or parliament-man.
But this will appear more plain, if we recollect, that tl e
three states of the kingdom were divided into At/teli?ig,
which included the noliilily ; Aldermun, the second rank;
an<l Thaw, the last : till Alhelstaii's time, the term was used
for ail earl or count, which after his reign were substituted
instead of it. In the time of Edgar it implied « judge or
justice. But the term is now appropriated to the twenty-
six persons who preside over the twenty-six wards into
which the city of London is divided : out of which the lord-
mayor is generally chosen by rotation. They are all qua-
lified to act as iiistiees of the peace at present ; though for-
merly only such aldermen as liad been lord-mayors, and the
three eldest, or next to the chair, were invested with that
honour. But they have not only the management of the
civil, but likewise the military government of the city, are
officers in its militia, and members of the artillery company.
Aldermen preside in other cities besides London.
.A'LDERNEY, a pleasant and healthy island, on the coast
<if Normandy, fruitful in corn and pasture, and remarkable
for a fine breed of cows. It is about 8 miles in compass, 2
leagues from Cape la Hogue, and about •3J1 from the nearest
part of England, which holds possession of it. On the S.
llirie is a harbour, called Ci-abbs, which only admits small
vessels, »nd in the centre stands the town of Alderney,
"liich consists of at least 200 houses, and 1000 inhabitants.
This island is separated from France by a strait, called the
Race of Alderney, which is a dangerous passage in stormy
weather, when the two currents meet ; otherwise it is safe,
and hath depth of water suftioient for the largest ships. To
the W. lie the range of rocks, called the Caskets, where the
son of Henry I. was shipwrecbed in his passage to France;
and here, October 5, 1744, the Victory, a first-rate man of
war, the finest in tlie world, Sir John Balchen commaiKJer
was lost.
ALE,/. [ea/<'. Sax.] a liquor, the common dnnk ol ' •
English ; made of au iafusien of malt anri hops in boiling
2»
ALE
ALF
water ; afterwards fermented with veast or barm. It is dis-
tin^iisbable from beer in respect of its strength and age J
owinL' to its having a greater quantity of hops and malt than
beerTias, in proportion to tliesame quantity of water.
ALE, (GILL) s. a liquor made of ground-ivy leaves,
iteeped in ale.
ALE-CONNER, s. [from ale and con, of convan, Sax.]
an officer of the city ot London, whose business it is to iu-
ipect the measures of the public-houses.
ALEGAR, s. sour ale.
A'LEHOOF, i. [froni ale and hof. Sax.] in botany, the
ground-ivy : so called by the Saxons, because a chief ingre-
dient in their malt liquors, instead of liops.
A'LEHOUSE, s, [ealhuse, Sax.] a house where ale is
sold. Distinguished from a tavern, because that is appro-
priated to wine.
ALE'MBIC, s. a ciieniical vessel, usually made of glass
or copper, formerly used for distillation. Retorts, and the
common worm-still, are now more generally employed. '
ALE'NGTH, ad. at full length, along ; stretciied upon
the ground.
ALE'NTEJO, a fruitful province in the S. of Portugal.
ALE'PPO, or Haleb, the principal town of Syria, in
Asia. It was taken by the Arabs in 1C37, and is inhabited
by Turks, and four sorts of Christians, who have each a bi-
shop, a church, and the free exercise of their religion. There
are 16,0011 Greeks, 12,000 .Armenians, and 10,000 Jacobites,
besides Maronites, or Roman catholics. The city and
suburbs may contain 200,000 jiersons in all. Next to Con-
stantinople and Cairo, it is the most considerable town in
the Turkish empire. It stands on four hills, in tiie middle
of a pleasant fruitful plain, being of an oval figure, and about
three miles in circumference. The castle stands on the
highest liill, in the middle of the city : and the houses are
better than in other places in Turkey. They have a great
many stately mosques and caravansaries, witli fountains and
reservoirs of water, and vinevards and gardens well planted
with most kinds of fruits. The Christians have their houses
and churches in the suburbs, and carrv oii a veiT considerable
trade in silks, camblets, and Turkey leather. Several Euro-
pean nations have factors here, and the English live in a
<|uadrangle resembling a college, having their chaplain and
chapel ; and at leisure hours divert themselves with hunting
and fcjwling. The beglerbeg of AlepiK) commands all the
country between the Levant sea and the river Euphrates;
but the governor of the caslleis independant of hiin.
ALE'KT, a. \aUrte, Er.] watchful, active, diligent ; ready
onanv emergence ; brisk, pert, sharp.
ALE'RTNESS, s. the quality of being alert, sprightly,
pert, active, or vigilant.
ALESBURV, AvLE.si<riKY, or AiLsnuRY, the largest
and best borough town in Buckinghamshire, as iuiciont as
lljf times of the Saxons, who took il by force in 571. In the
time of William the Conqueror it wis a royal manor : and he
gave several yard lands, oncondilion that the owner should
nnd litter or sirun} for his l>iil, whenever he came that wav.
William of Aylesbiny held it by (his charter, with Ibis addi-
tion, that he shoulil likewisr straw the king's chandler, and
pro\ide him three eels if he came in the winter ; but if in
summer, besides straw for the bed, he was to pro\idc two
green geese. 'I'his he was to repeat three times a year, if'
tlie king came thither so often. It has given the title of
earl to the noble family of the Rruces, Charles II. ha\ ing
€:oriferrei| that title In IfiO Ion Robert Bruce, earl of Elgin in
Scotland, descended from the kings of that country; to which
their molto, yidm:/*, "we have been," seems strongly to al-
lude. It was made a town incorporate by Qiu'cn Mary, in
I.VjS ; eoiisibting of a bailiff, ten aldermen, and twelve ca-
pital burgesses : at present, its chief othcer is termed
a constable. It has a market on Satnnlay, sends two
Niembcrs to parliament, and is 40 measured miles N. W. of
L'lndon.
A'LESHAM, or AYI^HAM, a town in Norfolk, much in-
habit«d by kuittcrs. It is a clean well paved town, about
34
12 miles from Norwich, and 121 from Loudon. Market
on Tuesday.
A'LEVAT, s. the tub in which ale is fermented.
A'LEW, a. clamour ; outcry. Not in use.
ALEX.4'NDERS, s. in botany, the siuvrniuin. It is an
umbelliferous plant found upon rocks on tlie sea-coast, and
about Nottingham, and flowering in May and June. It was
formerly cultivated in our gardens ; but its place is now bet-
ter supplied by celery.
ALEXATvIDRIA, or Scanberia, once a magnificent,
rich, and celebrated city of Egypt, built by Alexander the
Great, near the most westerly branch of the Nile, soon after
the overthrow of Tyre, about 333years before the Christian
jcra. It was long esteemed the finest city in the world after
Rome ; we may form some idea of its inhabitants from the
account of Diodorus Siculus, mIio relates tlrat it had on its
rolls in his lime (44 years before the Christian asra) 300,000
f; ee-nien. The celebrated library which was founded here
by Ptolemy Soter, and placed in the temple of Serapis, con-
taining, in his time, 400,000 volumes, and by addition of hi»
successors 700,000, was, it is said, in 642, destroyed by order
of the Saracen klialiff, who became master of the city. The
Saracen Mneralv. ho took it, said, in his letter to tlie khaliff,
that he found in it 4000 palaces, 4000 baths, 40,<MX) Jews
wiio paid tribute, 400 roval circi, and 12,000 gardeners, who
supplied the city with all kinds of iierbs in great plenty. At
present it does not contain above 12,000 or 14,000 inhabi-
tants; a mixture from different nations, as well as from va-
rious parts of the Turkish empire. The Christian Coi-.ti,
Greeks, and Armenians, are very numerous here'; the Eino-
peansall pass under the name of Fianks. Although Alex-
andria is now so much de( aycd, that the rubbish in some
,jlaces overtops the houses, yet there arc still some renrains
of its ancient sjjleudor, particularly Pompev's pillar, and two
obelisks of hieroglyphics. The ancient Vharos, a watch-
tower, so famous in anti(iuity th.at it was numbered among
the seven wouners of the v.orld, is ncjw turned into a castle,
called PhariUon, and is still used to direct vessels into the
harbour. This city was a place of great trade, before the
Portuguese ciiscovereil the passage to India by the Cape of
Good Hope, the commodiles of the East Indies being depo-
sited here on their way to Europe by the Red Sea. Lat. 31.
11. N. Ion. 30. .5. E.
ALEXA'NDRINE, s. ffrom Alexander Paris, the in-
ventor of this met)e] a kind of verse borrowed from the
French, cc.nsisting among ihem of twelve or thirteen sylla-
bles hi alternate couplets, and among us of twelve. They
were formerly very much used by ourv)oets to clinch their
verses, and generally were the last of three ending in the
same rhvme; but are now discarded on account of their
want of harmony, and their suspending the mind too much
by their extraordinary len"th.
ALEXIIMIA'RMIC, a. [from alexo, I expel, and pliarmacnn,
poison, Gr.] in its primitive sense, something which has the
virtue of expelling poisons taken internally ; and is the same
as ail antidote. Used substantively, by modern practitioners,
it nivalis remedies adapted, or proper to expel that malig-
nancy with which the animal spirits are aft'ected in acute
distempers, through the pores of the skin by s\'eatiiig.
ALEXITE'RIAL, or ALEXITE'RICAL, «. [from nfcro,
to expel, Gr.] that expels poison, or the malignant liumours
of fevers'.
ALFOlTD, a town in Lincolnshire, 20 miles N. of BostoH,
133 N. of Lundnn. Market on Tuesday.
A'LFRED the (jreat, son of ILthelwnlf, succeeded his
brother Ethcldred, though that prince left several chilclien.
His virtues and distinguished bravery had been shewn in
his brother's life-time, and now endeared him to his si>i..iects.
Ill' was crowned in 871, when the Danes were in llie very
heart of his doniiiiioiis, and all ihesea-iiorts were filled with
their fleets. After several bailies, with various succesj,
Alfred was obliged to dismiss his very attendants ; and hav-
ing committed liis wife and children to the care uf some
trusty subjects, dis^'uised himself, and lived c(!iicca!i d in tUe
ALG
ALK
Bttlc islam! of Atlicliicy, in Somrrselsliiic ; af length the
I).<iit !> liiidiiijj; that tlitv lia>l no cnnnios to oppose Ihoni,
grew np)^'li;,'pnt. '1 liis uiiilcd Alfnils friends to lepiiir to
ttioir prince, wlio resoi\ in^ to he satisfied, I)oldly entered
the Diinish ciwnp in ihi- disgnise of ;i mnsiciaii, and even
staid tliete several (hiys ; then returning' 1(( iiis fri<'nds, liis
troops «ere secretly asseinhled, and he came up willi, at-
tacked, and routed the I)an<'s with incrediiiie Niaii','ht<r.
TluiM- who escaped lied to a castle, lint were M.on compelled
»i' snhniit. Alfred agreed to let tlieni depart, on condilioM
that their hailer, (iulhrun, shoidd endirace Christianity.
Tills they readily ccHnplied with, and Alfred i;ave (iuthniii
the '.,'ovennneiit of I'ast An^dia, in Kssex. Allred nov, in-
t iea-,cd his navy, ^jrew foriin<ial)le at sea, and heat many of
the Danish tleets. He foitilicd hii kin:;(l<>ia with walled
towns and castles, pri>pa;,'ated the civil arts, encoiirgediio-
)ite leariiinij, niaile nian\ excellent laws, instil iiled juries,
and est;diliblied the plan of a ci.il constitution in England,
iiiid in his reign justice was so strictly ohs<'r\ed, that we are
told hracelels ol gold heirig hung in the highways overnight
would he found safe in the morning, lie was an excellent
scholar; he wrote hooks for the instruction of his people ;
and was one of the greatest, wisest, and most pious princes,
upon earth. After a glorious reign of 28 vears, he died on
the28th Oct. A. D. <»ii!>.
.•\LFRE'TON, a town ni Derhyshire, 13 miles from Derby,
and 141 from London. Market on Friday.
.ALCiA'KOTH, s. [Arab.] an emetic powder, the while
oxyde of antimony.
ALf SA'UVA, the most southern province of Portugal.
It is ninuufainous but fertile, and produces excellent wines.
ALGA'ZEL, s. a species of antelope.
A'LdrEBUA, s. [from n/and scicr, Arab.] the reduction of
broken numbers to whole ; a liraneh of arilhinctic, which
takes the cpiantity sought, as if granted ; and by means of
«ine or more quantities given, proceeds by consequences till
the quantity at first only supposed to be known, or some
{unver of it^ is found to be equal to some quantity or quan-
tities known, and consequentiv, itself known likewise.
ALCiEBRA'IC, or ALfiEBIlA'ICAL. a. something re-
lative or belonging to Algebra.
A_LGEB1LVIST, s. a perscJi convtTsaut m the opetalious
of algebra.
A'LGENIB, s. a star of the second magnitude, in the con-
stellation of Perseus.
A'L<iID,rr. cold; chill.
ALGI'ERS, a coinitry of Africa, extending about .''jOO
miles in length from E. to W. and from 4<t to 10(1 in bread-th,
along the Bnibai-y coast ; h;is mount Atlas on the S. Tunis
on the E. and Morocco on the W. The Turks, who are not
above 7,000 in niunber, have the government in their hands,
and the Moors, or natives, have no share in it. It is a kind
of republic, under the protection of the Grand Seigtiior, and
is governed by a sovereign, or dey, who seldom undertakes
any thuig of importance without the counsel of the Janiza-
ries. The .Arabs, viho live in tents, are a distinct people,
governed by their own laws, though the Turks interfere
when they think fit. The dev isabiohitc in some respects,
although he is elected by the Turkish soldiers, and frequent-
ly deposed and put to death bv them. The revenues of the
government arise from the tribute paid by the Moors and
Arabs ; and the prices they take, or tiie piracies thev com-
tiiit at sea, sometimes equal the taxes they lay npon ihe na-
tives. The stems of the vines here are so large, that a man
can hardly grasp them with his arms, and the bunches of
grapes are a foot and half long. The natives are strong,
and of a tawny complexion; then- religion is P.Iuhomelanism,
and fhti;- lartguage a dialect of the Arabic ; thev also use
that jargon, composed of the French, Italian, and Spanish,
languigrs, culleH LlMgua-Franca, whicJi prevails along the
shores of the Mediterranean. .-l/giVct, the capital of this
Kingdom, is so very populous, that the foreign merchants
amount to at least to .3()0T) fiimilies, and the jews to no less
lioafiOOO; almoit the wuole" trade passes tl-roiigh their
hands. It stands on the sea-side over against Minorca, .300
miles W. of Tunis, Ion. 2.7. E. hit. :iH. 4!>. N.
ALIAS, Hft. [Lat.] olherwise ; used in law to specify tlift
different names of a man, as J-'iilh alias IVurileu, alias Smith ;
that is, Frith otherwise Wm-tlrii, otherwise' Smith.
A'LIBLE, a. [ahkilis, Lat.] that nourishes ; or tliat may
be nourished.
A'LICANT, a small rich city of Valencia, in Spain, well
known for its tine wines (particularly that called 'lent o
Alicant) ixcellent fruits, Ac. It has a good harbour, and
anextensive trade. The English, Dutch, Italian.'-, A.c. liaM-
consuls here. It is seated on the .Mediterranean, on a bav
oltJie same name, 7b miles S. of Vali?ncia. Lat..'{t>. 24. N'.
Ion. 0. ().
ALIEN, n. [alinmx, Lat.] n(t of the same kind. Incon-
sistent with ; estranged lt\,rii ; at eniiiitv with.
A'LIF.N, 4-. [from nlimiis, Lat.] somelliing adverse to, or
at enmity with. A h)ieigner, or one (,f another comitry. Not
of the same profession. |;arly, or sect.
To ALIEN, V. a. luticiii), Lat.] to transfer our own pro-
perty to another. To grow averse to, t(> dislike.
.'\ L1ENA15LE, «. [from alien and «i«/, Sax.J that may
be transferred to, and become the property of another.
To .'X'LIEWTE, c. II. \(i/ii'no, Lat.] to transfer property
io another. To grow a\erse to, by transferring our affec-
tions to some other per-on or lhir:g.
A'LIEN/\TPj, a. [alieiiritiis, Lat. J averse, or inimical to.
ALIENATION, s. In/imaii,,, Lat.l in law, the act of
transferring property to another. Change of affection from
approbation to dislike.
To ALIGHT, f. cf. [alii^litiiii, Sax.] to descend from •■
higher situation to a lower. 1 o descend from, or get off
an horse.
.ALIKE, (If/, eijually, or in the same manner. Both;
with )ut ditl'erence ordistinctioii. I'esembling.
.A'LIMENT, s. [alitiientiwi, Lat.] liiod, or that which
nourishes, or satisfies the calls of hunger.
ALIMF..'NTAL, a. that can incnase the dimensions of
plants or animals by benig taken in food.
ALIMiyNTALLS', (tri. so as to serve for nourishmeu!.
ALLMF/NTARINESS, .<:. the (inaiity which renders a
filing capatile of atfording nourishment.
ALIMENTARY, a. tiiat has relation, or belongs to ali-
ment ; that nourishes, or is eaten for diet. Alinicniiinj
Ducts, the intestines, so caile<l on account of the food
,.as ing through them. It is sometimes used for the llioraciu
duct.
ALIMENT.VTION, s. the quality, action, or power of
aftording nourishment; or the increasing of the dimensions-
of a body, by converting food into its own bubst:.iice.
A'Ll^iONY, s. [iduiiotiia, Lat.] in its iirimary sense,
nourisbnient ; but now appropiaterl to the law, wiierein it
implies that allowance which a married woman sues for,
and is entitled to, upon any octasional separation, provided
it be not for elopement or adultery.
A'LIQUANT, a. [iiliiiiiaiilus, Lat.] in luillimitic, is that
part of a number, which, however repeated, \, ill not make
up the e\act number, but will leave aremaintler; as .3 is an
iiiirpiniit pari of 10, 3 times;) is 9, and 1 remaining.
ALIQUOT, a. [Lai.] in aritlniielic, such part of any
number or quantity as will exactly measure it without any
remainder; as, ,3 is an aliquot of 12, and G of lb.
A'LITURE, e. [alitma, Lat.] nourishment.
ALfVE, a. [from a and liban, Sax.] in animals, dpiiofes
sense iuid feehng; in vegetables, when the sap circulates ;
in liquors, when they taste brisk on the palate. Figurative-
ly, cheerful, sprightly, gay, and full of spirits; without di-
niiinition or lessening.
A'LKAHEST, jr. [Arab.] a pretended universal mensfrinini,
as.s?rted by the ancient chemists to be capable of resolving
ah bodies into iheix first matter, and which should yet retain
its seminal power, and natural form entire.
ALKALE'SCENT, a. that which resembles the fjua*
litics uf ao alkali.
30
ALL
ALL
A'LKALL *. [from htili, Arab.] in ciiemistn,', a name crj-
gituilly jjgft'''i by the Arabians to a salt extracted IVom the
ashes oi a plant called by them huii, and by us r/(fss-vn)-t,
bet-ause used in the making of i,'la.^s. lu it3 modern exten-
sive sHiisc it denotes a class of sub-itances, of which various
dotinifious have been given. Some have detini'd an alkali
to I>e any sul>stauce, which, when mixed nitli an acid, ooca-
iions a« pbuJition and eff'^ne'icence. Others have des-
cribed them as havin; an acrid ami urinous taste, clianfjinff
the blue juii-es of vejjetables to a green, aiid a yellow to a
bro\in, anil have the i)rop<Tty of rcudering oiLs niixible with
water. Tli<> alkalis are reckoned three, potaih, soda, aud
ALKALINl^, (I. tliat ha? the qualities of alkali.
To A(,K. A'L1Z\TR, v. .t. to make bodies alkaline by
c'nenjicat process; or to draw out the latent alkaline vir-
tues of a body, by reducing it to a ditfereut form.
A[,KAL)ZATK, <i. that h;is the powers and qualil.es of
a bodvwlii(h is termed an alkali by medical writers.
ALKALIZA T'ON, t. ill chemistry, the act of impreg-
nating ot 'uiiu^ding a fluid witi* an alkaline salt, either to
make it abctl<'r (!:ss(jhcnt, or to load the phlegm so that it
tnay not ri>e in distillation.
A l.K ANF.T, ,t. [ancUvja. Lat.] a plant used in medicine.
ALKE'R.MES, .«. [Arab.] in medicine, a terra borrowed
from the Arabs, denoting a rich cardiac electuary, consist-
ing of several warm ami aromatic ingredients, of which ker-
Ciesis the basis.
ALL, ad. entirely, completely; exclusive of any other.
ALL, a. '\jrU, .Sax. nlh, Teut.] applied to a lunuber, it
sometimes is used collectively for the whole or every one of
tiie parts [without exception. Apiilied to nuantity, every
parcel, or every particle. Applied to time, tlie «hole space
or interval. Applied to place, its whole extent.
ALL, s. the whole, opposed to a part, or nothing.
A'LL.A, s. the name by which mahometans call God. In
Arabic, it is derived from the verb alah, to adore ; aud is
the same with the Hebrew e/uaA, which signifies the adora-
ble Being.
ALLANTC'IS, or ALLANTmDES, ... [from vllas and
ei(/M,Gr.] the urinary tunic placed between t!ie anniion and
chorion, which, by the navel and urachus, or passage by
'rhich the urine is conveyed from the infant in the womb,
receives the urine that comes out of the bladder.
To ALL.V'Y, V. a. [atloi/er, Fr.] to mix one metal with
another, to render it tit or proper tor coinage. In this sense
some spell it n/,Vi/, in order to keep it more closely to the
French, from whence it is borrowed. To abate, or lessen
any (|uality. To ipiict, pacify, or reduce a boisterous tem-
per info a calm.
.yLIvAY, or ALLO'Y, s. ^aUoi/, Fr.] in its t>rimarj sense,
a mixture of divers metals, orof'divcrs particles ot flie same
mclal of different fineness. Winters ne^er strike arjv gold
or silver withiuit allay ; brass coin is made of an allay of
co'iper. Jewellers, wire drawers, and gold-beaters, are
obliged to use an allay in the gold tlu'v work; Ihe brass-
founders have their allay of copper. AUnijU used, in a se-
eondan sense, for souictliing which lessens or diminishes
the properties of the tiling with which it is mixed. That
which depreciates, or renders base, by diminution or les-
sening.
ALLA'YF-Pi, .t. the person or thing which is endued with
the power of allaying, lessening, debasing, corrupting, or
diminishing.
ALLA'YMENT, «. a diminishing, or lessening, applied
to the passions.
ALLE'(iANY, or APALACHIAN MOUNTAINS, a
chain or range of mountains in North America, which ex-
tend north-easterly and soulh-west^-rly, nearly paralli.l wilh
the coast of the southern states, thriuigh which they run.
They occupy a space of about yoo miles in length, and from
fiO to 2f)0 in l)readth,(>aslward (f the Mississippi and the
five lakes; that is, from Hudson's Hi ver to Georgia. They
arc not confusedly scattered and bro cu rising here anil
20
there iut;j high peaks, over-topping eacn ot}ier ; but stretch
along; fri uniform ridges, scarcely half a mile high, spread-
ing tiA^ards the south. Some of tliem terminate in high
peipendicular blutis ; others gradually subside into a level
country, giviijg rise to the rivers which run southeiiy into
the (jul|)h of Alexico. In the back parts of Pennsylvania,
scarce one acre in ten of this range is capable of culture ;
in other parlb, extensive tracts of tine arable and iiastnie
land intervene between the ridges, havinj; generaliv a rich,
black soil, and some of the mountains will admit of cultira-
lion almost to their tops.
ALLE(j.\TION, ». afhrmalion, declaration, excuse, plej.
In law, the producing iiLstruraenls, deeds, or vouchers, (o
authorize or justify proceedings.
To ALLEGE, v. a. [allego, Lat.j to declare, or affirm ; to
plead in excuse ; to produce in defence.
ALLE'GEABLE, a. that may be charged ; that may be
pleaded in excuse.
.AlLLE'GER, s. he that asserts or declares anv thing.
A LLEGIANCE, i. [n//c,»-enHcc, Fr.] in law, that nalural,
sworn, or legal obedience every subject owes to his prince,
and is an incident inseparable, or that which follows a per-
son wheresoever he goes. Oath nf allegiance, a tiiaf which
is taken t<>|the king in quality of a temporal prince, and is
distinguished from that of supremacy, which i»takeii tohiin
in quality of supreme head of the church.
\LLEGO'RIC, a. something which must be understood
tiguratively, in opposition to literal.
ALLEGO'RICAL, «. that consists of expressions purely
figuialive, where something else is meant than what is ex-
pressed.
ALLEGORIC-\LLY, ad. figuratively, in opposition t«
literally.
ALLEGORIC ALNESS, s. the quality of being tigura-
tive.
To ALLEGORl'ZE r. a. to turn into allegory ; to talk in
a sense not literal.
A LLEfiOllY, .t. [allrgoria, Gr.] a figurative speech, in
which something else is coiita^iiud than what the literal
meaning conveys. Thus the Roman commonweallh is ad-
dressed by Horace under the tigur<- of a ship. The Fables,
oftsop, the Iliad and Odyssey of Homer, and the .F.iieid of
Virgil, may be included under this species of writing.
ALLEGRO, t. [Ital.] in music, one ot the six distincti(ms
of time, expressing the quickest motion, excepting /»i'.('o.
If if be preceded hs pven, it must be played in a slower or
graver manner than when alUgro stands alone; if by /;?«, it
must then be fastest of all. It will not be iiiiprojier to add,
that the six divisions of time are as follow: gcaie, ndu^w,
laff^-o, vivace, allegro, prcstu.
ALLELL'JAH, s.[;\ corrupt spelling, instead o{ Iml/clii-
ja/i] a Hebrew word signifying praise the Lord, to be nut
witii at the beginning or end of some psalms. So much
energy has been observed in this term, thai the ancient
church thought proper to preserve it, without traiislaliiij; it
either into tireek or Latin, for fear of impairing the genius
or softness of it.
ALLEM.VNDA, or ALLEMATsD,*. [Hal.] in mnsic, a
grave air, composed in common time, cousisiing of two
jiartsor strains.
To ALLiyVlATE, p. a. [al/n-o, Lat.] figuratively, to
lighten, to make lighter orlos, in allusi(Ui to the duiiinish-
irig the pressure ot a luavv load. To lessen, mitigate, or
diniiuish the enormity of a fault.
ALLEVIATION,'.*, the act of making a thing lighter;
ease from pain; extenuation of a fault.
A'LLE^■, s. [iil/ec, Fr.] in gardening, a strait walk bounded
on each side with trees or shrubs. .Alleys arc distiivjuished
from jiaths, as being broad enough for two people to walk
abreasl. 'F'he word is in towns applied to narrow passages,
todi>lijiguisli them from streits, which arewider. Alleif, in
perspeclive, is that which is larger at the entrance than at
the opposite extremity, in order to make i) seem long,
ALI^FOU'KS, s. iu gaming, a particular play, wherein
ALL
ALL
llif whole sum n pprson sai"s fiicli dfnl is liiiiitpfl tn four,
whicli arc llir liii^lnbt, li)U(st, tlu- knave oi liiimps, and IIk'
Kunic, or ttio ;{rfiilrsl ummiIxt to be made from lens and
court rards ; (lie lallrr ot wliicli arc rcclUniid timr for an
acr, (hrte for a kin^, two tor a (|n<'cii, and one for tlic knavp ,
and lit wlio lias all these particiiliirs, is said to Inivt; all
fyiirs.
ALHIAIL, ititirj.a sahifatioii or invocation made use of
ill a(■klll>^^ jpdgniciil of lieiietits, or in testiiiioiiy of jfiatitnde
and sood-uill.
ALI^IIALLOW-TIOE, s. [coinpound.-d of «//, lml/,„r,
and liile, from tut. Sax. a ".vcf k : Ikikc Whilsnu-lidp, or Wliit-
snn «t'»'kj thai spaie of linic uiiicii is near All-Saints-day, or
till' Isl of Novrmlifr.
ALLI'ANCE, .'. [al/iitiicr, Vi\] liic iiiiioii or connection of
two persons or t«o families '■" i!iarria_!;e. In a iiolilical
sense, the leat;nis or treaties between iliHereiit stales for
llieir mutual defence.
ALl.rciK.N'CV, {nlllihininj) s. [from uUicio, Lat.] llie
qiuilitv o( allraeliiivf, or drawiiij; lo ; altraclioii.
A[.i.l(i\ri()N, .V. the act of niiltin-, or the state of
things uiiiled, linked, or Joined tof;etlier. In arithmetic,
the rule wherein ((ueslioiis are resolved relatinyto tiie iiii\-
turos of <li(ferenl coiiniiodities, with their value, cflccts, Ac.
vlieii so eoiU|i(Miiided.
A'l,I,l(;A'iX)H, s. an American animal resembling the
crocodile.
ALLI'O ATI'IIE, s. the link, or ligature, by which two
thinjjsare joinrd t<i;,'etli<-r.
A i.LINCiTON CASTLE, a town of Kent, near the
^ledway. Market on Tuesday.
ALLJUn(iIN(;, jmrt. exercising judgment without
control or partiality.
ALLISION, (nllizijnii) s. [rtUisio, Lat. J the act of striking
one tliiiigagaiiist another.
ALUTEKA'I'ION, i. [fromoi? and lita-a, Lat.] an orna-
ment in poetical language, [consisting in the repetilioii of
the same letter at certain intervals, as, " ?teave the «arp,
and feeave the itoof" It is apt however to run into the
absurd, and critics in general disrcgar<l it.
ALL-KNO'VVING, jwrt. intimately acquainted witli
every lliing that is the oliject of knowledge ; that iselidned
with absolute, perfect, or iiitinite knowledge.
ALLOCATION, i'. [from alloio, Lat.] the act of putting
one thing to another. In commerce, the admission or
allowance of an aiticle to an account, and the passing it as
fueh. In the exchequer, it is an allowance made upon an
iiceoiint.
ALLO'D! AL, a. [from olloihum. Tent.] in law, that of
which a person has an absolute property, without paying
any acknowledgment or service, and is opposed to feudal.
.M.I.O'DIl'.M, ^.[Tcut.]a possession wiiich a man holds
ill liisuwn riyht, without any dependence, charge, service,
or homage to be paid to a superior lord.
To ALLOO, or HALLOO', v. a. [pron. halloo, or Imlhr,
Fr. to make a noise] to set a dog on ; or excite his courage
so as td^ei/e one of his own, or any other species.
_ To ALLOT, I', a. \iilvt, Sax.] to distribute by lot; to as-
s.'!gii a share ; lo grant.
.ALLOi'.MENT, s. the parcel, share, lot, otRce, or con-
dition, as^iglled lo any one.
.^LLO'ITING, ^. in commerce, is when a ship's 'goods
are di\ide(l into dirt'ervnt parcels, to be purchased by per-
sons whose names are written on pieces of paper, whicli are
iiiditfrreutly atiixed to each of such lots, and tlie goods
thus divid.'-il wilhout any partialitv.
To ALLOW, 1'. «. [ff//o»fc, Er.] to confess, to yield, ad-
mit, grant, acknowledge, or nsseiit to a principle, in opposi-
tion to coiiliadietiou ; to yield, or permit; to confer an
honour on a person.; to approve as just, or consistent with
onesdutj ; to give, lo bestow, to pay as a debt.
ALLOAV.XRLF^ «. that im^v be granted, or permitted ;
thit may be adinined without couliadictiuii ; that may ba
suffered, as repugnant or inconsistent wiih no laws ; Jaw
ful ; not forbidden.
ALLOAVABLENES.S, s. the quality of a thing, which
denotes it to be lawful, proper lo be granted or permitted,
and noways inconsistent with liie rules of reason, or the
customs of a place.
ALLOWANCIo, .«. the granting, concession, or yi^in;^
assent to any doctrine, opinion, or principle. Vernii^sioii,
licence, or consent, applied lo superiors. Liberty, freerlonr
from restiaiiil, usi-d with llie wurdgoe. Concession.
ALLO'WI'^I), part, [from ii/lmr] universally acknowledg-
ed ; estalilisjied with respect to character. In cfiinincrce,
it is wrillen in I he margin of an account of expenses, op-
[Misite to siieh arlicles as are graiiled.
ALLOY,*. See Ai.lay.
ALL-I'OW EltEl'L, (7. ca|)able of operating without de-
fect or control, and of pvodueiiig evirj thing ihat is consis-
tent Willi infinite w isduiii.
ALL-SAINTS-DAY, s. the l^t day of November, set
apiiil iiy the cliuich lo coiiuiieiiiriiale llie ex<'iiiplary live»
and noble fortiliiile of all the saints and marly is: added as
a suppleiiieiilai'y day to the rest of llie festivals, that those
who were worthy of re mcnibrance might not be passed over
wilhout notice, and that the human miiiil might be niori'
stroiii,dy excited to exemplary piety, or pious niarl\ rdoiii,
by considering the number of those who have preceded i:i
those shining paths.
A LINSEED, s. a plant, called also least rupture wort, and
little tiax.
ALL-SEE'ING, o. endued with the power of seeing every-
thing.
ALL.SOU'LS-DAY, «.a festival observed by the fhurrlr
of Rome, on the 2d of November, with a particular service
relating to iIk' souls supposed lo be in purgatorv.
ALi;.-SLEEIClEN'!;, (nlU„fi;.s/,ie»t) a. capable of pr.-v
ciiriug even thing which is the object of poweror wisdom ;
absolulely perfect in liinisclt.
ToALLlI'DE, v.n.[nllii(lo, Lat.] to haxe a distant h-
speet to a thing, without mentioning if e^press!y ; to hint al.
To ALLLMINATE, '•. u. to beautify, decorate, adorn.
Before the iiivt nlion of printing, certain persons called
Alhmiifuiis, made it a trade to paint thejiinlial letters op
manuscripts in all sorts of colours, and to gild them with
silver and gold.
To .4LLU'IIE, I', a. [teiirfi; Fr.] to entice, or attract, ei-
ther in a good or bad vense : to persuade or draw, by the
additionof something besides the intrinsic value and advan-
tages of llie object.
ALLl'IIE, .t. originally some artificial bird, made nse of
by bird-calchi IS, to entice birds info their traps. Figura-
tiveiv, any Ibing ihal entices, or draws a person into the
power of anotlii-r.
ALLL liEMENT, s. that which has the power of enficinj
by its charms ; teuiplalion ; enlicenient.
ALLU J'EIt, s. the person w ho tempts, or seduces by fair
speeches, < iilieemenis, or iiueii^lements.
.'\LLL KINGLY, ufl. in a manner proper to enliee,
tempt, inveigle, or seduce.
ALLL'IUNGNESS, s. ihe ([iiality whose charms have
siieh effect upon ihc niinil, us lo pie\ail upon it to engage in
any action either good or bad.
ALLL'SION, ((illii:i/oii) s. [mIIiisw, Lai.] something spo-
ken with reference to a thing already know ii, and on that
account not expres-ed. A reference ; hint, or implica-
tion.
.■\ ELUSIVE, n. that does not mention a thing expressly,
but eonipreheiids it by implication; that hints at some-
thing not fnllv expressed.
ALLL'SIN EIA', ad. in a manner wherein a reference i*
made lo somelhiiiu' not expressed, but imiiliod.
ALLL'SINENT.SS, s. the quality of ^'ipn-s.trog a thir.'j
by riference, opposeol to exjiresslv, or directly.
AL-Ll' \ L\L, ci. bvloiigiiig !u alluvlcn. I'v alluvi;il dep(>>-
27
ALM
AI-O
sitioiii, is mpant, the soil which has b<'cn fouiu! by the
distriictioii of the mountain, niid the Wiishiiig dov.u of their
p-.irticlpsliv torrents ot water.
ALI.U'VION, .8. [al!;uto, Lat.] the c;irr\ing of :my tliin;,'
to something else hv tiie luotiou oi water ; the ihiii^' t;i ried
by w •iter to soiiiething »!?e. In law, a i;radu.il incrcaii' of
ilaij:! .il.ini; liie sea-ahore, or t!ic hanks of l;irge rivers." The
civil iau i>i-.(ie-, alluviosi amonj; tlie lawfuJ means of acqui-
silion ; and delincs it be to a latent iinjienrptilde aecrc-
lion.— !iut where a-iy eonsiderabie portion of ground is
torn away at once, by an innn:lation, and joined to smjie
nei^hbi)urinf; I'slafe, this is not acqnired by r;g:ht of allu-
vion, l>ul niav be thiinied a<;ain by tlie former on.ner.
ALLUA'IOIJS, (T. [from uui.rio, Lat.] that is wasiied
away from one plate and carried to another.
ALL-W TSE, (T. tliat is endued with absolute, perfect, or
infinite wisdom.
To .ALLY', V. n. [tillier, Fr.] to join tO!;p(J)rr, or nnile by
tindred, friendshi|i, or intere.st. To resendile, or be like
in the passive.
ALLY, s. in thp pUind allies; \allic, Fr.] one who is
joined to or has conneet'ons with another, owin;; to sonn;
contract, whether that of marriage or treaty ; andisapplicd
both to persons and kinj^dorns. '
ALMACANTER, s. [.Arab.] in astronomy, a circle
<Irawn parallel to the horizon. It is generally used in the
jihiral, and signifies a seriis of parallel circles drawn through
the several degrees of Ihe meridian. Almmnnters steff",
a mathematical nistrnment made of pear tree or boxwood,
with an arch containing 15 degrees, formerly use<l to find
the altitude of the sun at its rising, in order to discover its
J amplitude, and the variation of the comixtss.
A'LAI.AGE.ST, s. [.Arab.] the name of a celebrated work
of Ptolomy, containing a colleclion of geometrical problems
and astronomical observations made bv the ancients.
A'LMANACor A'LMANACK, s. a table, or calend-ir,
■wlicrein the days of the week, fasts, festivals, changes of th.e
moon, variation of tinn- between clocks and the sun, Ac.
eclipses, time of high water, beginnings iind endings of terms,
are noted for the year.
ALiNIANDI'NE. s. [Fr. iilmiiiidhia, Itai.l a ruby, coarser
and lighter than the oriental, and nearer the colour of the
granite.
ALMA'NZA.a town of Mnrcia, in Spain, famons for a
defeat sustained here by the English and I'ortnguese, .April
2.5th, 1707, ill which they lost OU'dO prisoners, beside a great
nund)er of killed and wounded.
AL.MITiHTIN F.S.S, ,. that attribute of the Deify, wherein
lie is considered as able to perform every thing that is the
object of absolute, perfect, nncontrolable, and infinite power.
.ALMl'CiliTY, a. [tbrmerly spell nllims;litii ', itcliHi<j[hti^,
Pax.] that is possessed of perfect, absolute, unconirolal)le,
or nulimitted power; that can do every thing that infinite
visdoui can ihctale, or infinite power can execute.
ALMOND, s. [nmttiidi:t(i, Ilah] a fruit contained in a
stone full of little cells, which is inclosed in a lough skin.
They are divided into sweet and bitter, on account of their
difterent tastes. Tiie Fi'Mich lapidaries give the name Al-
monds, or .Amandes, lo those pieces of rock crystal whicli
nre cut with a wheel into forms reseinbling this fi uit, and
are ii-ed lo adorn chandeliers of glass, and other pieces of
furniture made of ylass or crvstal.
ALMOND FURNACE, oi; A'LMAN FURNACE, called
also //if i^itJfc/i, is a pe<nliar kinil of furnace used in refining,
to separate metals from cinders and other foreign substances.
A'L^I(^NI)S oi Til kTuko AT, or TONSILS, improperly
Sliled Almonds of lire ears. See ToNsi L.s.
A'LMONEK, .5. an officer api>oin1ed to distribute alms to
the poor. The lord Almmin- or lord high Almonn- of
EnglaiKl, is usually a bishop, who has the fi)ifeilnre of all
<tcodanfis, and Ihe goods of I'rlos tk tr, which he is to dis-
iribute aniopi!; llie poor.
A'LMONKV, *. till' place wherein the alinoner KCCPS Ills
oflice, or dislribules the alms to the poor.
ALMOST, Of?, jilmeett, Belg.] apijlied U. action, near
perforiuiug if. " Tliey be almu»t ready to stone me." £>*</.
xvii. 3. Applied to number or nniltitudc, a considerabic
majority, little less than the whole. " Came almost the wlicle
city together." Acu xin. 44. Applied to time, very- near
the iicriod mentioned. " When seven days were almuit
ended." Acti x\i. 27. Ap[ilied lo the effect of an argn-
menl, not far from persuading or ctmyiction. " Aluivst
thou peisuadest me to be a Christian." AlIs xxvi.28.
.ALlMS, *. [never used but in the plural, ulms ; elmeasc.
Sax'.] money, or other necessaries, given to relieve the ne-
cessities of the poor ai;d distressed, including in it a len-
der sympathy in their afHictious, and a pious readiness to
relieve them.
A'L.M.SDLED, s. an act of charity ; something done out
of compassion, to relieve the distresses and wants of others.
.A'L.MS (ilVF,!i. s. (me who is charitable, or fond of re-
lieving the necessities of llie poor.
.A'LM.SHOUSE, s. a house endowed by legacies, or olher
doiiatiuns, for the lodging and support of the poor.
ALMSMAN, s. a man who is supported by charity or
alms ; one who beljiigs to un ahns-lunisc.
.V'LML'(r-TREE, s. a tree mentioned in scripture, sup-
posed to be the same with the shittini-wood spoken of by
Moses. It is probablythe same as the Indian pine tree.
A'LNAGE, s. the measuring of woollen manufaetuies by
the ell. .Alnage wns first intended as a proof of the good-
ness of Ihe commodity, and a seal was invented, the affix-
ing of which to a commodity was a sign that such commo-
dity was made according to law. liut now the,se seals may
be1>ought, and affixed to any goods, at the buyer's pleasure,
to the great prejudice of our trade with foreigners.
A'L ANGER, s. a public officer, wliiise business is to ex-
amine into the assize of all woollen cloths made throngliout
the kingdom, and fix seals upon them ; likewise to collect
an alnage duty to the king. There are now three (rihcers
relating to the alnage, namely, a searcher, measurer, and
uhtas;if, all which were fi>rnierly comprised in the last, till,
by his own neglect, it was thought proper to separ«le them
into three olfiees.
A'LNEWICK, or .Alnwick, the county town of North-
umberland, 300 miles from London, on the road to Berwick,
from which it is distant 26 miles, and from Newrcastle 30; is
sealetl on the little river AIne.and is po|)idousaiid well bnilt-
II has handsome shambles, surrounded with piazzas, has like-
wise .I gates, aiifl it was formerly surrounded with a wall.
Here is an old stately (iothic castle, the seat of the duke of
Northumberland, which has continueil in the possession of
the Percy family ever since the year 1.30t) : it has lately been
repaired and beautified. It has a market on Saturday.
A'LNEY', a little island near the city of Ciloncester, fa-
mous for the single combat fought on it between Edmuiid
Ironside and Canute ihe Dane, for the whole kingdom, in
sight of liolh their armies; in which the laHerbein» wound-
ed, he proposed an agieemenf : accordingly the kingdom
was divideil between them ; the S. part falling to Edmund,
the N. to Canute.
ALOES, .«. [ahns, Lat.] This word is applied to a tree,
a plant, and a medicinakjuice exf laeted from the plant. TIfe
wood grows in China, in the kingdom of Lao, and in Cochiu
China. It is a large tree, or at least al«)Ut the size of the
olive, resembles it likewise in its leaves, and its fruit is red,
like a cherry. The \vood of Ihe trunk is of three colours :
under the bark il is black and heavy ; the next wood is of a
tanned colour, light, and resembles lotleii wood ; but the
heart is the tambac, or calembac, w!ii<li is dearer in the In-
dies tiian gold itself, and was reckoned by the Sianie.se the
most valuable jiresent they could make to Louis XIV.
ALOE'TIC, a. that consists of aloes.
\l.O'VT,ad. [from loffter, Dan.] in the air, in opposition
to the groimd ; on high ; above.
A'L(5GY, *. [aloeot, Cir.] unreasonableness : absurdity.
ALO'NE, td. \adem, Belg.] without a companion. Witi»-
oul any assistance. Exclusively of all others ; solely.
ALR
A I.T
AI.CNG, nrl fjK fjnigtic, Fl. or n.' hiii^/', It.il] ;it full
leni;tli; pKiilr.Ue on tlie tirouml. Miitioii, nipKifiressioii,
ni ':i3Ure<l Icnutlnviso. Vseil with ntl, iur ;i coiiliiiuiiiKe, or
(liiriiij; n wliole space of time. Tlnoii^^liout, or fnim one
< nd to ili« other, ajjplicd to vvrltii)^;.s. After come, it implios
ultMiihdici' and »'niouiaj;enient to proceed.
ALO(VF, «rf. [froiii a! and off', SaJi.J used with the par-
ticijiley'TOHj, at a distance whicli is within si;;ht. When ap-
plied to persons, it intpiies a distance occasioned hy caution
Olid circunispccliou. At a diilance, so as not to a|ipear as
a principal, or party iu any dcsif,'n. Not connected with,
liavins no reiaticii to.
AI.Ol*i'!'CIA, i. |from a/f^jw, Gr.] a distemper wherein
liW, or a sreut part of the hair falls off.
ALOU'D, ad. loudly ; with a strong voice, with a great
iiiise.
ALO'W, ad. in a low place; near the ground, in opposi-
tion to aloft, or ahove.
A'LPliA, s. the iirst Idler in the Greek al;ihahet, an-
s-.rnrin'^ to our A; t-iiercfore used to siu'nily the tirst, as
cmcz-a \Up last ; hotli to-jether denote llw ilernifT of fiod.
A'LTIIABF;!", s. [from «//>/fa ■,ue,U'<?(f/, t!ie two ilrst letlers
of the Greek alpliahet.] the sev( ral lettcis of a language
arranged in tlic'r accustomed onier. The I'nglish alpliahet
has 26 letters, the French 23, the Hebrew, Chalriee, Syriac,
and Samaritan, i'' each; the Arabic 28, Persian ;il, Turkish
.3:?, (ieorgian "6, Coplitic32, Muscovite 43, CireekSJ, Latin
22, Sclavonic 27, Dutch 20, Spanish 27, Italian 2(t, and the
P.engalese 21. The Ethiopic lias no less than 2(i2 letters,
there being 7 vowels whicli Ihcy combine with each of their
20 consonants, to which they add 20 other aspirated svlla-
bles. 'I'he Chinese have no alphabet, but have characters
which are the signs, not of words, hut ideas, and are in num-
ber about 80,000.
ALPIIABE'TIC, or ALPHABETICAL, a. placed in the
order of ihe alphabet.
ALPHABETICALLY, ad. in the same order as in the
alphabet.
ALPH/E'NIX, *. white barley-sugar, which is made of
eommoi: sugar, boiled to a proper consistence, and poured
upon a marble slab greased with salad oil ; after which it is
moulded into various figures with a bn;ss crotchil.
A'LPINE, a.[A!pi7ius, Lat.J that may be met with on the
Alps.
Ai^PS, a range of mountains, the liiLjlicst in Europe,
which divide Italy from France, Swilzerland, and Geiiri;;;iy.
Some of these mountains are two miles in periicndieiilar
height. They have but few passes, and those ditiicult of
access, as was experienced by Hannibal when he invaded
Italy. The prospect from many jiarts of this et:ormous
range of mountains i> extremely romanlic. Tlie Glaciers
of the Alps are immense masses of ice lodged upon the
gentler declivities of the niouiitains, and exhibiting the most
grotesque and fantastic representations. From the valley
■of Chamoiuii, there is a view of a vast chain of mountains,
inaccessible, and covered with ice ; and of Mont Blanc,
above the rest, whose top seems to pierce the highest region
of the clouds. The chain upon which this mountain seems
to look down like a giant, is composed of masses of rocks,
which terminate in pikes or spires, called the Needles, and
which seem ranged like tents in a camp. Their sides are
covered with fretted streaks of ice and snow.
A'LQUIFOU, or A'RQUIFOU, a sort of mineral lead,
very heavy, easily reduced into powder, and hard to melt.
In F'ngland, it is commonly called potter's ore ; because
the potters use it in varnishing or glazing their wares.
ALRE'.ADV, (pronounced as if tiic a was dropped) ad.
[from oil and readi/. Sax.] at the time present even no>v.
A'LRI>;SFORD, a town in Hampsliire, with a market on
Thursday, 18 miles K. N. K. of Southampton, and 57 W.
S. W. of London. It is govcrtird hy a bailJtt', has one
«hurcli, about 200 houses, two principal streets, which are
large and broad, and a small manufacture of iinsi'vs.
AL!lUCCAr;AH, s.iIk- ijovlh-pole star.
AI.SATF,, Upper and Lower, late provinces of Fran e,
having the P.hine and .'■wit/erlann on the K. and S. K. ami
Strasbiirg being the capital of the whole : they are now
included in the departments of the Upper and Lower
Rhine.
.A'LSINE, s. the same with chickweed.
A'LSO, conjunct, [alsna, Sax.] Used lo shew that what
had been aflirmed of one sentence or person holds good of
the succeeding part of the period, and of another person.
In the same manner; likewise.
ALSTON-MOOR, a town in Cumberland, with a market
on Saturday. It is seated on a hill, at the bottom of which
runs the river Tyne, with a sione bridge over it, and near
it is plcntv of lead ore. It is 20 miles E. by S. of Carlisb,
and :!03 N. N. W. of London.
ALT, rt. in music, a term applied to the highest notes in
the scale.
A'LTAISCH, au immeuae range of mountains riiniiiiig
CI OSS Siberia.
ALTAR, s.\altare, Lat.J a kind of table or raised place,
whereon the aniient sacrifices were oflered. Siucc the ex-
tiiblishment of Christianity that place in the ( hurcli where
the communion is received, or the table on which the vases
and the elements of bread and wine are placed. Figurative-
ly, Christ himself, to ^^ho^l we bring all our offerings and
services. Amoni; Ihe anfient Romans ihe altar was a kind
of a pedestal, cither square, round, or Iriangiilar, adorned
with sculptures anil inscriptions. In astronomy, a constel-
Lilion of the southern hemisphere, consisting of seven stars.
A'LTARAGI''/, s. ^aharagiwn, Lat.J denotes the prutits
arising to the priest from the oblations on the altar.
A'LTAK-THANE, or A'LTARIST, iu old law-books,
the priest or parson of a parisli.
A'LTA VILLA, a fish found in the Mediterranean sea,
whose flat sides bear some resemblance to wings. It is sold
in the markets at Rome.
To A'LTT.R, V. a. \aliirer, Fr.] to chanM ; to make a
thing ditl'erent from what it is; used both of a part and the
whole of a thing, and applied both to a good and bad sense.
Used neulerly,to change ; to become diB'ereiit from what
it has been.
A'LTERABLE, a. [from alirr, and aid. Sax.] that nn-.y
be chan^jed or be made to appear difl'crcnt from what it is.
ALTER A BEEN ESS, *. the quality of b< ki- diau^.d,
or liable to have its present properties and appeaiunce
cliaii;;pd by external or internal causes.
A'lT'V'R ABLY, nd. in a maiiu<r that may be altered.
A'LTILRAGE, .i. ffiom ah, Eat.] the breeding, nourishing,
or fostering of a child.
A'LTERAN'IS, or ALTERATIVES, s. such medicine*
as correct the bad qualities of the blood, and otLer animal
fluids, wilhoul occasioning; any sensible evacuation.
ALTERATION, s. [allaation, Fr.J the act of chang-
ing the form or purport of a writing; the shape and other
(pialities of a b^idy ; the properties aud faculties of the
mind, and mak'ug them diti'erent from what iliey were.
To A'LTI'JRCA'l'E, v. n. [from ahercor, Lat.J lo wrangle^
or eontend with another ; to dispute.
ALTERCATION, s. \uUereatio, Lat.J a debate or dis-
pute on any subject between friends, including a warm
espousal or defence of the contrary side of a question, but
not so ^reat as what is involved in the idea of a quarrel.
ALTEilN, n. \altevnns, Lat.J that succeeds another hf
turns; successive, or alternate; that follows by succession..
ALTEllNACY, *. the succession or following of oi;c
action after anotJier in its turn.
ALTE'RNATE, a. [ultei-nM, Eat.] that succeeds or fol-
lows one another hy turns. In botany, applied to the po-
sition ofthe leaves of a plant, it implies that the leaves om
each side of the stalk, orbrandi, do not stand directly op-
posite, but between, or a little. higher, than each other. \n
geometry, applied to angles, it signifies the internal one,
and is made by a line cutting two parallels, a:;d lying oo op-
posite sides of it. Alif-nmt:, in lieraldrv, is tpplie.J to \\\<
TJ
ALU
AMA
gittiation of tlie ciuarters of a coat ; thui in quarterly, ecnrteli,
thf lirst and tourtli are alternate, and of the same nature.
ALTERNATELY, ad. in such a manner that the thing
^^•bicl^ precedes shall follow that winch conies after it.
ALTE'RNATENESS, .'. the (iiiality of being alternate;
tl» reciprocal succession of things.
ALTERNA'TION, s. in arithmetic, tl:e difterent changes,
alterations of place, or combinations, that any proposed
numbers are capable of; which is found by a continual mul-
tiplication of all the numbers, bcgiiniing at unit), and end-
ing with the last number of the thing* to be varied.
ALTERNATIVE, s. [aher-iatif, Fr.] a choice of U\o
things, whereby if one be rejected, the other must be ac-
cepted.
ALTERNATIVELY, «,?. by turn;; ; reciprocally.
ALTETINITY, s. a state wherein there is a continual
succession, chan;;e, or vieisitude.
ALTHOLHtH, conjnne. [prou. as if written nhho ; from
a-ll ami ti'ica/i, Sax.l u-fd to iiiipiv that a tiling' or conclu-
sion may be allowed or maintained, notwithstanding some-
thing seemingly iucouiisljut had been allowed, admitted,
or granted notwithstaudiug.
ALTI'METHV, s. [altimetrUt, Luf.] the art of taking or
measuring heights, whclher accessible, or inaccessible.
A'LTITUDE. s. [ahiiudn, Liit.] in geometry, one of the
three dimensions of boiK, namely, heinlit. In optics, it is
the height of an object above a luie, dr.iwn p;ir;dlel to tip'
horizon from the eye of the observer. In astronomy, it is
the arch ofa vehicle circle, intercepled lietuceu a star and
the horizon. Also, the elevation of auv cf the beaveidy
bodies above the hori/iiu. This Allilu'le is ritlier true or
apparent, accoiding as it is reekiin''<l from tin- rational or
»ensi!de horizon, and the diiiereii(<' between tliese is called
by astronomers tlie pninl/nr of nhilmlf. Near the horizon
X\wahitiiHr is always increased bv means of refraction.
A'LTORELIEVO, «. S<-,- 1!'ki.ii:v().
.'ALTOGETHER, »,l. [rt//aud u.'-it'lcre, .Sax.] completely ;
without restriction; without exception, a[iplied to number
and quality. In all respects ; perfectly.
A'LTON, a town in Hampshire, consisting chiefly of one
pretty broad street. It has manufactures of baragons,
rorded druggets, and serines ; and a large market on .Satur-
days for cattle and provisions. In the neighbourhood are
extensive plantations of hops. It is on the road from .South-
umptou to Loudon, 'in miles from the former, and 50 from
the latter.
\ LTRINCilIAM, a town in Cheshire, 7 miles from Maii-
rlx'ster. and ISO from London ; market on Tuesday.
A'LtDEL, J. in <liemistr\, a range of earthen pots
« itiiout bottoms, fitted into each other u ithout luting.
\ LL'.M, s. [nlnmtn, Lat.] a kind of mineral salt of an
acid taste, leaving in the month a sense of ,s«eetnes.s, ac-
companied with a eonsideralile degree of astringeiicy. 'I'he
principal species are : —_\,iiiri- alum, or /w.w/ ahini, that
fornifd by nature, without the assistance of art. P/u-
jniitf alum, or plmiif alum, a kind of natural alum, eom-
p<isfd of a sort of threads, or fibres, rtM-mbhiig fiatiiers ;
whence it has its name. I'lepanU or piirijicil :ilum, that
which is dissolved in hot rain «ater, and afterwards made to
crystallize by evaporating the watiT. [tcclif nhuii, or livih
alum, named from Roca, now I'dcss;!, ni .''>\ ria, where it
abounds, is' such as is found native in large cryslallizt d
masses, but not very pure; in tiiis country alum was first
discovered and manufactured, according to the best ae-
couuts. llmnii alum, a sort (,f rock alum, ofa reddish
coWur, niadf in the country near Rome. Sua/uirinc alum
is a composition of common alkuu with ifise-water and tlie
whites of eggs, which being boiled to the consistewe ot a
paste, is formed in the shape of a sugar-loaf; hence it ou-
fainrd its naim-; it ;.• used a.s a cosnutic.
iM.U'MINE, s. in cheniistrj, pure cLiy, whicii is aJ.so the
l>asi«i (if ahnii.
ALlI'iMINOUS, « that has the properties of alum, oris
, mixed wttb alum. Wati rs of thi» kiml are jireparvd !>y
.0
dyers, fo make (heir stuffs take their coJours the hettcr .
ami those which are to be crimspn, iHust be stecpejl i»
water uvmIv very strong with this ingredient. In moderit
cheniistiv it means, belonging t(-) ela\, thus the aiumiiKiu*
fossiles are Corundum, l!orni)lende, Basaltes, Slate, lie.
A'LUM-STONE, .«. a stone of calx of a corrosive nature,
used to con.sume the proud flesU of wnmiils.
.•\'LVV.\VS, till, [fut/finnra, Sa,\.] applied to action, with-
out ceasing or intermission.
.'\.M, r. .«. [rum, Sax.] when used singly, if implies tx-
istiuce ; following H'/«7/, it implirs nature ; " Knowing j/^Ant
/ i^m." J'liur. Applied to place, it si-iiiifies [ resencc ;
" Where I ,itm, there shall mv servants be." Jo/ni xii. 2S.
.Applied ti) truths, it implies affirmation : "Jesus said, 7am
ihr bread of life." .!okn \ i. 3.>. Wlieii repeated, it inip.lies
self ;iiid indeiieudent existence, or a IVing which is the un-
created S'lurce of the fxisliiieeof Till f>ther beings.
A.MAI)Ar)\T, a large and pojiulous trading city, the
capital i>f (iuzerat, in the East Indies. Ft is subject to a
r.ijali, or n;iti\e prince. It is frequented by Armenians,
Ab,\ssiiu;ms, Jeus, and Europeans, and has an extcniive
tra(l<- in fine chiii'z, calicoes, and other Indian merchandize,
it lies 120 miles N. of Surat, and 40 N. E. of Cambaya.
Lat. -J.l. 10. N. fon. 7'3. -i*. E.
.AMADE'nX), 1. a sort of pear; so called, according
to Skinner, frniii the name of him who euhrv<ated it.
.AMAIN, «(/. [ff and ma-s;^>i, .Sax.| with all one's force,
or streiigtli, applied to action. .Applied l<y the voice, ex-
tremely loud, or as loud as possible. .Also a sea-term, ini-
p<u ting to lower or let fall the top-sails ; to let down any
tiling into the hold, as a word of comniaml to do it g<iitly
and bv degrees.
AMALGAM, or AMA'LGAMA, s. [from <tmit, witii,
and ganiei), to many, Cir.] a substance profluced by incor-
porating (piicksilver with another metal ; whicli is expressed
b\ the chemists thus, .A. A. A.
"To ,\M.\'LGAMATE, t:n. to incorporate metals wifli
quicksilver.
AMALGAMATION, s. [from imn, with, zn(\ ^amrn, to
niarrv, (ir.l the incorporating quicksilver with other metals.
.AINI AN! E'NSIS, s. [Lat.] a person who writes down
what is dictated by another ; likewise a person who copies
w ritiugs, or w rites extracts from books.
A.\IARANTM,.5.
iuki:s, Lat. from a no.t, and ma-
ririiuimai, I wither, Gr.] among the ancients a flower, whicK
was iuiHgined never to fide; among the moderns, prince's
feather, a beautiful (lower.
AMARATS'THINE, n. [amnranthinus, Lat.] relatinjj to
amaranths ; consisting of amaranths.
To A.MA'SS, V. a.\ainasscr, Er.] to gather together, so
as to foini a mass or heap.
AALASSMl'.NT, '. a collection of things heaped together.
.A'!\LATO;lV, •«. [amauinus, Lat.] relating to love; caus-
ing love.
.AMAU'ROSiS, s. [from amaumo, to obscure, Gr.] in rae-
ditiiie, a dimness of sight, wherein the eye to externa aj)-
peaiance seems to be unatfcctcd.
To .AMA'ZE, I'. «. [from imsr, Sax.] to strike with asto-
nishment. To be confused, or thrown into perplexity, by
some sudden change or address.
AM A /I", .V. astonishment, or perplexity, caused by an
uni xpectcd object, whetlur good or bad; in the former
casj' it is mixed with admiratiiui, in the latter with fear.
.AM A /I•',1)L^', ml. in a irrjnniT expressive of surprise or
astonishment on the a[>pearance of something unexpected.
AMAZr.nNESS, .«. the state of a person's mind when
afleeled with surprise, asloui&luuent, confusion, or per-
plexity.
AlSfAZElMENT, *. confusion; perplexity ; admit ation;
surprise.
.AMA'/ING. pari, that causes surprise, astonisliinent, or
adiniiation.
AMA ZINCLV, ml. in a manner capable of exciting asto-
nishment, wiuderdradiniration; prodigiously ; surprisingly
AMR
AMR
■ A'MAZON, or Orei.lan A, a river of Sonlli Amfricji,
•wliicli Ik!.s its source ;ifiioii|^ the Aiiflcs, in Pcm, not tiir from
llip S. Sea, from wlieiicc ruiiiiing easlward, il pours into tlio
ort>;iM, ((ireitly iinilcr the ('iiuiiiocti.il linr. T liis larf;('bt of
;i!l rivers is, at its moiitli, l.'>l) miles liroad ; and I.JUO niili's
fi'.iii; il's month, 30 or 40 fathoms (kip. Il runs at least
300U miles, forms dnrinfj its course manv islands in ilself,
receives near 200 other rivers many of wliic li have a course
of 500 or CiOO leagues, some of them not inferior to tlip
Dannhe or the Nile ; and, in pourinj; itself into tiie, ocran,
repels the waters of the sea to the distance of many leagues
from the land.
A'MAZt)NS, [from a -ami mnzos, Gr.l a su])pose(l race iif
warrins women, in antit|iiity, livin;;in Amasia, on the hanks
of the Euxine, -and maintaining tiiemselves as a nation of
women, on their own separate territory, distinctly from the
men. Perhaps, in the ruder a^es of anlicinity, companies of
\vo<iien following their husbands to haltle, and sometimes
iiglitin;;^ their enemies, may have given rise to the romantic
descriptions of the Amazons hy the ancients; as in later
times, the Amazons of S. America se«in to have had a siijii-
lar origin, with the Honder-strickeu Spaniards. It is cer-
tain, however, that the spirit of these heroines is sometimes
seen in a solitary individual : in the late Irish rebellion,
Peggy iMunro (ought along with her brother, who com-
niaiided the rebel army at Ballinahineh.
AMAZONIA, a coimtrv in .S. America, l>ound«d on
the N. by Terra Firma and Guiana; on the !•". by the At-
lantic and Brazil ; on the S. by Paraguay ami Pei u ; »ii<| on
the \V. by Pern. It was first traversed in 15;?9, by Fran-
ci:5co Orellana, who, comiii"; from Peru, sailed down the
great river to the Atlantic Ocean. OI)servLng companies
of women (or perhaps of men, for the Imiians have a cns-
tom of plucking out the beard by the roots) in arms, on its
banks, he called the country Amazonia, or the land of the
Amazous, and gave the name of Amazon to the river, which
iiad J'ormerly been called Maragnon. Condamine, who af-
terwards went into those parts, to measure a degree on the
meridian, could perceive no such appearance of hostile wo-
men. The soil is very rich and fertile; the tre^s, fields,
and plants, are verdant all the year round. The rivers and
lakes are infested with crocodiles, alligators, and serpents.
Their banks are inhabited by difierent tribes of Indians, go-
verned by petty sovereigns, distingnis!ic<l from their sul>-
jects by coronets of beautiful feathers. The Spaniards liave
made many attempts to settle in this conntrv ; but ditficnl-
ti^s and disasters have hitherto rendered their designs abor-
tive. On a part of the coast, lietween Cape North and the
mouth of the Amazon, the Portuguese indeed, have made
some settlements.
AMBA'GES, s. [Lat.] a round-about way of expression.
Circumlocution.
AMBA'SSADE, s. [Fr.] the office of a person who is
commissioned to negociate the atfairs ©f a state in foreign
parts.
AiMBA'SSADOR, *. [amhnssadeHr, Fr.] a person sent in
a public manner from one sovereign power to another, and
supposed to represent the power from which he is tent.
The person of an ambassador is inviolable. Anibassa<Iors
are either ordinary or extraordinary. Ambassador ordinru
rij, is he who constantly resides in the court of ajiothcr
prince, to maintain a good understanding, and look to the
interest of his master. Till within these 200 years, ambas-
sadors in ordinary were not heard of. All, till llun, w'<?rc
ambassadors ^j-trfforrffjiffr)/ ,• that is, such as are sent on some
particular occasion, and who retire as sewn as the affair is
dispatched. By the law of nations, none under the quality
of a sovereign prince can send or receive an ambassador.
AMBA'SSADRESS, s. [ninbussadiicr, Fr.] in its primitive
sense, the wife or lady ot an ambassador; in a secondary
one, a wom;ui sent on a message.
A'MBASSAGE, s. [amlinssas^e, Fr.] tlie employ or office
of a perwmnctingasan ambassador.
AMBER, *. [ambar, Arab.] a kind of gnin, or resui,
found most ph>ntifully in thr Baltic, on the c'/nt of Prii«si!i.
The physical qualities of t'^is suhstant? have recommended
il iiifuiiiigalioH to rrtjiove diflmions, an<l in powder as an
alliMative, absorbent, sweetener, astringent, lilhontriptic,
diuretic, <\r. Beiiig susceptible of a fine p'.li-li, it is cut
inio ne( klaees, biacjflets, snulV-lxi\08, A'C. and also consti-
tutes the basis of several kinds of varuisli. It is highlv en-
dowed with the propel tv of electricifv.
A'.MBElt(iUIS. v. a li:i;;iant HruiJ, that melts almost like
wax, commonly of a gravish or asll colour, med both as ^
perfume and a cordial. Ambrr^rit is found on the sea
coasts, partienlarlv those of Africa, from the Cape of Good
I lope to the Bed Sea, sonietiir.es in very large lumps, in the
middle of which we fre,(iu(iitly meet with stones, shells, and
bones.
A'MBERSBl'RV, a town in Wiltshire, which has a mar
ket on Friday. Distance from London 78 miles.
AMBEII-'IREE, s. a shrub, whose beauly is in its small
evergreen leaves, w hich grow as close as heath, and, being
bruised b< tween the fin.'jers, emit a very fragrant odour.
AMBIDE'XTER. t. |I.at.| one who has equally the use
of both hands, or who <aii use l:olh hands witli the same fa-
cility, and for the ^anie i)iirpose ; also, one who is ready to
engaye on either side m [lartv ilispute.s.
.XMBIDEXTEHIFY, t. the power of being able to use
both hands equally. Double-dealing.
.\MBIDE'\TKOUS, «. applied to one who can make
use of either hand inditferentK.
AMBIDE'XTKOUSNESS.*. the quality of being able
to use either hand with equal ease, or the engaging with
different parties without scruple; double-dealing.
A'MBIENT, a. [ambtens, Lat.] that covers every part ;
that encompasses or surrounds.
A'MBIGIJ, s. [Fr.] an entertainment, wherein the dishei
are set on the table in a promiscuous manner, w ithout any
regard to order, so as to perplex the guests.
AMBUJlJ'ITY, s. [ambi:r,/i/as, Lat.] the quality of a word
or expression, received m difterent senses ; \v ords whose sig-
hificatioiis are doubtful or uncertain. W'c make use of an
rijiiivocntiiin to deceive, of an ambiguiti/ to keep m the dark
from all, and of a dotihin entendre to conceal from some.
AMBICiUOUS, ff. [nmdigniis, Lat.] applied to expres-
sions having more senses than one, which are not easily de-
termined.
AMBlCiUOUSLV, nd. uttered in equivocal tenus, or
words ha\ iiij; two senses.
AMBIGUOllSNESS, s. the quality which renders the
signification of a word uncertain.
AMBILOGY, s. [from nmho, Lat. and lo^us Gr.] discourse
of an ambiguous significatii>n.
AMBI'LOQlJOrS, a. [from ambo and loaiior, Lat.] usiiij
ambiguous expressions.
AMBIT, s. [umb'tiis. Lat.] a term in geometry, signify-
ing the boundai"y, oulliue, or circuHiferrnce of any hgure,
regular or irre;;iihir; the compass or circuit of any thing.
AMBITION, s. \niuliitio, Lat.] is generally used in a bad
sense, for an imiuoderute and illc gal ptirsuit of jxiwer, a v«-
henient desire of greatness oi fame ; a restlessness that can-
not bear any eonipelitoreilher in go\ eminent or honour.
AMBFTiOUS, a. ['ijnb;i!iis:is, IaxU] desirous, longing
after, and industrious to obtain a greater denjrec of power,
an advancement in honour, or a mi>re extensive dominion.
Proud, lofty, aspiring ; elegantly applied lo inanimate things
and impKiiig tli-'ir being not contented with their preseut
dinieiisions, nr siluat on.
AMBITIOUSLY, rt'/. in a mamier which shewsadesiic
or thirst after greater dignity, power, riches, dominion, or
prefeniii III.
AMBlT10USNES.S,f. the quality of belag desirous of a
greater degree of honoi>r, riches, or power.
To A'MBLE, f. II. [amhuto, Lat.] to move upon ar arable
to move with a gentle motion ; to move with an alfcctcd
motion.
.\'MBLE, .r. HI horsemaiuliip, a paoe wherein the tuu
31
AME
AME
feet of a horse on the same side move at tHe same time, or
together.
AMBLER, *. a horse that has been taught to amble,
scniotiniescallecl a pacer.
AMBLESIDE, a pretty little town in Westmoreland, sit-
uated among luf'iy nio\intain» at tlie upper end of Winiin-
deruiire, aad near a remarkable watt rfall. It is 13 miles
from Kendal, and 271 from London. Market on Wednes-
day.
A'iMBLINGLY, ad. in such a manner as to perform that
pace by jockies called the amble.
AMBO'YNA, the chief of the Mohicea Islands, n-niarka-
h\<- for the quantity of cloves and imtmegs ir produces.
The rratives wear large whiskers, and their dress is onlv a
piece of sjight stuft' wrapped round tlicir midt'li-. The
Dutch liaving established factories on this isl.uid in l!ie be-
ginning of tlie seventeenth century, pertidiously luassaoreil
the English settlers, and seized the whole island for them-
selves. It was taken by the British in the course of the
present war.
A'MBRESBURY, or A'MESBURY, an ancient town in
"Wiltshire, 1 mile from Stouehenge, and 80 from London.
Market on Friday.
AMBRO'SIA, {amhrnzia) s. [Gr.] the imaginary food of
the heathen deities, which preserved them inmiortal. Fi-
furatively, applied to any delicious fruit, by way of hvper-
ole, and signifying, that it was fit for the "gods, or that it
■would communicate immortality.
AMBROSIAL, {ambrozial) a. ^nmhrntinlis, Lnt.] heavenly,
ileiicious, or beyond the possession of mortals.
.\'MBS-ACE, s. in gaming, when two aces are thrown at
one time.
AMBULATION, s. [amlmhtio, Lat.] the act of walking.
A'MBULATORY, a. [from ambuh, Lat] having the
■power of walking ; moveable; atermapplied to courts that
were not fixed, but held sometimes at one place, and some-
times at another.
A'MBURY, or A'NBURY, a 'name given by our farriers
to a kind of soft and spungy swelling, grow ing i.n the bodies
«f horses, somewhat sore to the touch, and full of blood.
AMBUSCADE, s. [emlniscade, Fr.] a place whenin
men are hid in order to surprise an enemy. Applied wil.'i
great elegance to luxurious food, which teem with latent
diseases.
.A.MBUSCA'DO, 's. [embotcada. Span.] a privale place
wherein men are hid to surprise an eiiemv.
.A'MBUSM, s. [fmhmche, Fr.] a place wherein soldiers are
Jiid, iu order to surprise an enemy. A snare laid by a pri-
vate pers'.>n to assassinate.
,\ -VIRUSHED, n. lying in wait, hid in order to surprise.
AMIU^SMMENT, .«.a concealnient in orderlfi surprise.
AMBI'.STION, ("pron. as spelt) .v. [tttnlinstic, l^it.j in me-
dicine, theefiect which fire, or bodies heated 1)% it, nave on
the tiesh : when caused by fire immediately, termed a
burn : w hen by boiling liquws, a scn/d.
A'.M.EL, .«. [rnwtl, Fr.]See Enamki..
AME'S, lid. ill Hebrew signifies true, faithful, certain. It
is also understood as expressing a wi^h, as .(4w(?n,/oie i/ ; or
an aftirmation. Amen, yes, I hz-lieve tt.
A>IE'NABLE, «. [nmenahle, Fr.] in law, responsible, or
subject to iufpiiry ajul examination. Likew isc tractable or
•■asily governed.
To AME'ND, V. a. [amciidrr, Fr.] to alter something
fciulty fur the better. Api)lied to writings, to correct. To
reform, applied to manners or behaviour. To grow from a
more infiriu state to a better ; to recover
AiMK'NDAULF., a. capable of amendment, or possible lo
be -.iniendi-tl.
.AMENDE, *. [Fr.] a fine by which a compensation is
made for a fiult committed.
A.MENDllK, «. ilic person who makes the changes or
■Iterations in a llnng for the better.
A.ME'NDMEN'I", s. \rimmdcinetit, Fr.] an alteration
wliich makes il better; -a torrtclion. A thange troiu vice
32
to virtue. It signifies a change from sickness towards
health ; a recovery.
AMENDS, i. [amende, Fr.J something pa,id to make gr)od
a damvge done. Atonement, or satisfaetioa.
.AME'NITY, s. [ams-)iita.K, I^at.] a situation or prospect
which aft'ects the mind with pleasure or delight.
To .\ME'RCE. i:a. [aniprcier. Norm.] in law, to iiiHut a
pecuniaiy punishment, or line a person a sum of money Hir
auolfence.
AME'RCIER,'s. the person who sets the fine upon an
offender ; or settles the value of the satisfaction or hue
which is to be paid.
A.MET.CEMENT, or AMERCIAMENT, f. inlaw, the
fine imposed on an offender against the king, or other l«rd,
who is convicted, and therefore stands at the mercy of
either.
AME'RICA, the largest of (he four grand divisions of the
globe, is bounded on all sides by the ocean, and stretefies,
in its extensive range, through every inhabited latitude or
climate in the world ; and the waters on its norliiern extie-
ir.ily seem to be l-iound up in everlasling frost. The parfs
that have a vertical sun are so near the sea, or the loftv
Andes, constantly covcre<l with snow, that they experience
not the excessive heats of Africa ; and the complexion of the
nati\ es, or aborigines, is by no means very dark ; it is gene-
rally of a reddish or copper colour, from the straits of M -
gellan to the borders of Hudson's Bay. This immense co:i-
liiient is divided into N. and S. .America, which are joined
by the Isthmus of Darien. Its mountains, rivers, and lakes,
are the largest in the world. .America took its name froM
Americus Vespucius, a Florentine, who having accoiii[)aiiied
OJeda, a S[>anish adventurer, thither, and drawing up an
amusing history of his voyage, insinuated therein that he
had first discovered that continent. The discovery of Ame-
rica was made so lately as 1481, by Christopher Columbus,
a Genoese, a bold ad\enturcr, a patriot, and a man of hu-
manity. At that time, the aiitliorily of the pope, over tiic
whole world, was generally ackmavledged throughout Eii-
I'lpe. He h;!d granted lo the i'ortuguese all the lands,
islands, A'C. they had discovered, or might discover, tolhc
t astward of tise .Azores; hence the other Europeans were
deprived of iiieadvanta:;es of the tjafle to the East Indies,
by the Gipe of Good H'lpe, which the I'oi'iigiiese had bit
lately discovered. The costly articles of the East, which
had heretofore come through the Red Sea and Mediterra-,
nenn, and afibrdetl to the Genoese a hicralive trade, were
now brought by tliC Cape of Good Hope. Cohimbus saw,
with concern, the loss his cour.ti-y had sustained, and cen-
cliiduig the earth to l:e round, proposcfl to evade the force
(iflhc pope's bull, by sjiiling to India by a wesleni ccuisf.
His countrym.-n were not better geographers than the bisliop
of Rome. They treated his schemes as the reveries of a
mad man; he tried other courts of Europe with similar
success, till at Icngtli lsaliella,<pie»n of Spain, sold even her
Jewels lo fit Iiim out for the r.vpedilion. .Ameiica furnislies
most of tii«' vegetable and mineral proihictions to be found
ip the other oarls of the world, togetbfr vvlh a varielv of
valuable drugs and other commodities wIik li were unkii<i\iii
here before its discovery . The animals on the mrth are
much the same all round the i«)le, but in the southern parts
of America they aregeneially more diniiiiulive and feeble;
and some tribes there are, which, if ever they existed in the
old world fas Europe, .Asia, and Africa are called; have
there becc.me extinct, while the most strop-; and -iivage
(piadrnpeds seem not to have ever arrived here. Nearly
the same varietv of birds is found in the new worhl as in
other parts, and some there are that are peculiar to the cli-
mate. America may be divided into Indian Nations, United
.•states, and F.iiroj)ean Colonies. The counliies posicsscd
by Great Brilaiii are, Labrador, or New Britain, Upper and
Lower Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Bruii'^wick. The
thirteen United States comprehend New Hampshire, hichi-
diiig the province of Main, Massachiisetls, Rhode Island,
and Connecticut in New England, New York, Ntw Jersey
AMI
Pounsylvaiiia, Delrvarc, Marylaiul, V'iruiiiia, Nortli and
South "C-.iialiiui, and (iv-orgia. Vfrmont in New K.i^'laud,
Krntiicky, uiiii l.oiiisi;iiia, have liceii I'lfcly added ; and ail
till.' r-oiintry to the N.or(.)liio, cxtcndiiis from IVunsVlvajiia
to tli« 1>. tljc lakes on tlicN. and Mississippi on ll'ie W. is
ill li lilted by Coiiifiess to be divided into ten new states, to
he callVd \Va'.liington,Mctropotaniia, Pesilippi, Mieliijjaiiia,
lllioin'a, Ciicrsonesus, Sarato^^a, Sylvania, Assenipi, and
Polo lotamia-. In Noilii America tin' Simniards possess Kasf
and West Florida, New Mexito, California, and Old Mex-
ico, or New -Spain. In SoiUli Anieriea, thrv hold Terra
rinua, or Caitile del Oro, Pern, (Jliili, and Paiagnay, or
La Plata. The rrciitb have Cayenne, and the Dutch Suri-
nam; and the Portu;!iuese have Brasil. America extends a
distance of nearly 10,000 miles, from lat. 6r,. o. S. to the
i'iijpenetralde depths of the northern fr'i^Ljid zone, wliere it
nearly extend* through every deforce o^'uestcrn longitude
fiom London ; and varies in itsl>readlh from its narrowest
part, Ca miles al the Isthmus of'Darion, to riijyo, its greatest
breadth across llie northern part of North America.
AME'RIC[MA,'a small Brazilian lizard, reckoned poi-
sonous bv the inhabitants.
A'MEftSHAM, au ancient town in BncKlnKliamsliire,
consisting of a long street, intersected in the middle by a
short one. It stands in a pleasant situation, V2 miles from
Aylesbury, 26 from Buckiiiiiliam, and "29 from London. It
sends two m«id)ei-s to parliament, and has a market on
Tuesdays.
A'METHYST, s. [from amethistii.i, Gr.] a g:emot a purple
colour, which seems composed of a strong blue and deep
red ; and, according as either of these colours prevail, af-
fording ditierent tinges of purple, sometimes ai)proacliiug to
violet, and sometimes even fading to a i)ale rose-colour. In
lieraldry, it is a term for a purple colour in the coat of a no-
lilemanj in use with those who blazon by precious stones
instead of metals and colours. This in a gentleman's es-
cutcheon is called ;)i07)nn', and in those of sovereign princes
Tilernnti.
AMLTHY'STINE, n. of a fine violet purple colour, re-
sembling that of an amethyst.
AMl'A, a large sea-fisliin the Mediterranean. It resem-
bles tlio salmon, but will grow to five fitt in length.
.\'I\1IABLE, «. [nimahle, Fr.} that is an object of love.
Tliat is a!)!e to attract the affection of-lovo or delight.
A'MIABLENESS, s. the quality which renders a person
or thing an obj<!ct of delit^ht, pleasure, or love.
A'Ml.VBLY, ad. in such a manner as to gain love
AMI.\'NTIIUS, s. a sort of stone like alum, by some
called earth tiax, and l)y others salamander's liair ; a librons,
flexile, and elastic mineral substance, composed of short and
abrupt filaments. It lias these surprising properties, that it
will neither give fire with sl<'el, nor ferment with aqua
fortis ; if thrown into the fire, it will endure the most ex-
treme heat without the least iniui-y to its texture. It is found
in Egypt, Tartary, Siberia, .Vnglcsey in Wales, Scotland,
and oilier parts.
A'MICABLE, a. {aniicahilis, Lat.] endowed with all the
qualities, Kindness, and social benevolence which can knit
the tie of friendship.
A'MICABLENESS, s. tlutt quality wliich is exerted in
performing acts of kindness, and in exercising the otfices of
Irii^ndship.
AMICABLY, ail. in such a manner as is consistent with
the warmest affection.
A'MICE, s. [from ctmictvs, Lat.] the first or undermost of
the six garments worn bv priests, and next to the alb.
/liVIlD, or AiNUDST, prep, [a and mid, Sax.] in the
mifhlle, with respect to situation ; applied to things, placed
in a straight line, !)et'.vecn or in the centre.
-AMI'DA, a god, worshipped by the .lapanese with so
great reverence, that tliey hope to obtain eternal felicity by
the frequent invocation of his name.
.AMIENS, a handsome, large, and ancient city, in the
^ppartment of Soramc, It has three bridges over as many
AMO
branches of the Sorrmic, five gales, and contains .%,000 in-
Rakitaiits. It has large manufactures of linen and woolleti
cloth, and is famous for the peace signed here bwtween
England and France in 1801. It is in the road from (Calais
to Paris, 14 miles from the latter. Lat. V). .54. N. Ion. 2. 2-2. E.
AMl'SS, ad. [from n and viiss. Sax. J \\ rung, or contrary te
any law, divine or moral. Inqtropcrly, or luconsistent with
the dictates of reason.
A'lMlTY, s. a stale wliercin there is the greatest concoi:d,
harmony, or mutual intercourse, l>ctween t«o or more per-
sons. Applied to nations, peace, wherein states arc em-
ployed in ))ronu)ting the good of each other.
A'JSIMON, in anticiuity, a name given to Jupiter, in
Lvbia, where was acelebrated temple to that deity.
'AMMCXNIA, in chemistry, the volatile alkali.
AMMONIAC, (GUM) s. with jdiysicians, a gum, or
more properly a gum-resin, extracted froim a ferulaceous
plant growing in some parts of Asia and Africa.
AMlVKmiACCSAL) s. a volatile salt<d'tuo kinds. Tlie
ancient was a native salt, generated in inns, where pilgrims
travelling from the temple of J uiiitrr Amnion used tolod^e ;
wliose camels, urining in the stables, a salt arose out of it,
denominated Ammoniac. The modem Sal Ammnniac is
entirely factitious, and made in Egy pt v, illi soot, a little sea
salt, aiid the urine of tattle. This (Uir chemists imitate, bv
adding one part of common salt to five of urine ; with
which some mix that (piantily (d soot.
AMMO'NIACAL, n. that' has the properties of ammo-
niac, as above described.
AMMONIUM, in chemistry, a new metal discovered I)y
sir Humphrey Davy, in an experiment performed on Am-
monia.
AMMUNITION, .v. [probably from mvnitio, Lat.] such
arms, instruments, and stores, as are necessary ta carry on
a war ; military stores.
AMMUNITION-BllEAD, .?. brevid provided for an array
or garrison.
A'MNESTY, s. [amiicsiia, C,r.] an act wherein a prince
promises pardon to criminals for oilences past ; an act of
oblivion.
A'MNION, or A'MNIOS, s. [probably fion) nmnos, a lamb,
Gr.] the innermost rncmbiane with which the foetus iii the
womb is most immediately covered, and with the rest of the
secundines, the chorion, and alantois, are ejected after birtfi.
AMNIOTIC, a. belonging to the amnios. The amuiuttc
acid is found in the amnios of a cow.
AMONG, or AMONGST, ;)jep. {amang, Sax.] present,
or residing with.
A'MOKTST, s. [from amor, Lat.] one who is captivated
with the charms of U female : one wiio is in love ; a lover.
A'MOROUS, s.[nmi>ioenx; Fr.j fond ; smitt'n with love
at the sight of an amiable oiiject ; natiually inclined to love.
AMOROUSLY, ad. with great ar^pearancc of afi'eclion or
love ; in a fond or loving m;uiner.
A AlORT, a. [a la mart, Fr.] spiritless.
AMORTIZATION, AMORTIZEMENT, s. [amortJsf
ment, Fr.] in law, a transferring of lands to a corporation,
&c. to remain in their posse?si;)n forever; called au aliena-
tion or tenements in mortmain.
To AMO'H-TIZE, v. a. [aynnrti>;Yr.] to alien or trans-
fer lauds to any corporation, fjuild, or fraternit:,, forever.
A'MOS. or the prophecy ot Amos, a canonical book of
the Old Testament. This prophet boldly remonstrates
against the cryinj; sins which prevailed among the Israelites,
and reproves' the people of Jadali for their sensuality and
injustice. He terrifies them hot .i with frcqucut ihreatenings
and pronounces that their sins will at last end in iheir ruin.
He begins with denuncii.tions of destruction agaittst the
enemies of the Jews, and concludes with pronuses ot ereti-
ing the kingdom of Christ.
'Fo .VMO'VE, r. a. [nmoveo, Lat.] ia kw, to move a per-
son from his post or station. .
To AMOUNT, V. )i. [menter, Fr.j applied to an thine
tical process, to make up, to tome to, v,he:i ;;H the s«i-
3?
AMP
AT^
■pavatp parts 'or figures are added together; to compose
when united.
AMOCNT, i. in arithmetic, the sum produced by the
addition of several numbers or quantities ; the product of
Several quantities, added together ; tiie consequence, result,
or value.
A i>IOU'R, (amoor) J. [amour, Yr.] a love intrigue; inclu-
ding the secondary idea of something vicious.
AMPEU'TES.j. See»CANNEL Coal.
AMPHI'BIA, in natural historj-, the third class of ani-
inalf comprehending reptiles and serpents.'
AMPniBIOIiS, a. [from ampin in both places.'and lios
life, Gr.J that can live both upon laud and in water, as the
Leaver, otter, frog, &c.
AMPIlIBO'LOGY,^.[oOTp;aJff7ofi-m,;Gr..]an abuse of lan-
giiase wherein words are so placed in a sentence as to admit
of a difterent sense, according to the diiierent manner of
comliitiin^ them.
AMPHl CTVONS, J. in Grecian antiquity, an assembly
composed of deputies from the difterent states of Greece;
and resembling in some measure the diet of the German
empire.
AMPHISe.E'NA, s. [Lat.] a kind of serpenis which
can move with eqii.il easeliackward or forward.
AMPHl sen, s. [from umplii in both parts, and slda s!m-
dow, Gr.] tliose people who live between the tropics, so
called, because according to the suns coming up to the two
solstices the shadow changes and falls sonie times on the
right and sometimes on the left hand.
AMPJHTHPVATPiE, .«. [from ampM around, and theaomai
to see, Gr.] in antiquity, a large edifice either roimd or
oval, with seats rising one above another, upon which the
Eeople sat to behold the combats of gladiators, of wild
easts and other sjiorts ; they were at iirst only built of
vood, but in the reign of Augustus there was one erected
of stone.
ATNIPHITRITE, s. in heathen mythology, the wife of
Neptune, and goddess of the sea.
A'MPLE, a. \amp!iii; Lat.] applied to extent, wide or [spa-
cious. Applied to bidk.dargi', great, or big. Applied to
permission, or liberties granted, full ; without restraint.
Applied to gifts, large, liberal. Applied to writings, full,
minute, containing all the circumstances.
A'MPLENFJ>.S,i. largeness, splendor.
To A'MPLI.\TE, I', a. [amplio, Lat.] to enlarge, extend,
to make additions to.
AMPLIATION, .'. [umphatio, Lat.| applied to rumours,
increasing their sense by additional cncumstauces ; an ex-
aggeration or enlargement. Enlargement, or dwelling long
upon a sui)je(t.
To AMPLI riCATE, .•. a. [awplifao, Lat.] to enlarge, to
dwell long upon a subjccl.
AlMPLlFIC.A'I'ION, s. [amptifiratin, Lat.] enlargement,
OT increase of diuicnsions, applied to a body ; but, generally
speaking, it is used for whatever consists in a heightening
of a desnirilioT>, commendation, definition, or the blame of
a thing, by such an ciKiiJieration of part iculars as most forci-
ble aH'ect> the passions, li'ypcrbolical expression.
A'PilPLiril'lR, s. one who enlarges.
To A'lMPLiry, i. a. [amphis anrl /.v>, Lat.] to increase the
dimensions, or number of parts applied to niji.tter or body.
To increase or heiirhten, applied to quii^ity. To extend,
or enlarge, appliecl to power or dominion. To render
complete, or increase by additions, apiilied to writings. To
vxpatiate, to treat fully, or enlarge upon. To represent in
a pompous, heightened, and hyperbolical manner.
.^'MPLITl'DE, 3. [amplitudo, Lat.] compass, or extent.
Greatness or largeness. Capacity, endued with powers suf-
ficient. Amnliiude, in astronomy, is an arch of the horizon,
intercepti'd between the east or west part thereof, and the
centre of the sun, star, or planet, at its rising or setting ; at
ibe risin" it is called ortive, at the setting occasive.
A'MPl.Y, ml. Iar;;ely, hberally ; at large ; copiously.
lA'MPTIilLL, a market town in Bedfordshire, where
Hi
Catharine of Arragon, wife of Henry VIII. at one time reoi"
ded. It is 44 miles from London ; and has a market on
Thursday.
To A'AIPUTATE, r. a. [amputo, Lat.] in surgery, to cut
oft a limb.
AMPUTATION, j. \amp,Uatio, Lat.] in surgerj-, the
cutting otl"a limb of the body.
AfiLSDOKFIANS, a sect of protestants in the sixteenth
centun', who took their name from Am&dorf their leader.
Tiiey were charged, Ixit probably without suthcient evi-
dence, with maintaining that good works were not only un-
profitable, but hurtful to salvation.
A'MSTERD.\M, a large, rich, populous, trading, and
handsome city of Holland, and the capital of the whole
kingdom. It was foimerly a lordship belonging to the
lords of .\mstel : was ruined in 1300, but afterwards rebuilt.
The walls are high, and well fortified ; and the bridge
which joins the rampart, is built over the river Anislcl, one
of the finest pieces of architecture in those parts. Few
cities have their public buildings so fine, numerous, and well
kept. Here are many handsome churches and hospitals for
persons of all ages, sexes, religions, and countries. The Ex-
change is one of the principal ornaments of the cit^', and
the harbour is one of the largest and finest in Europe,
w here-a vast number of merchant ships may always be seen ;
though there is a bar at its entrance, which is, however, a
vep,' great security against foreign enemies. The founda-
tion of this tow n is laid upon piles, driven into a morass, and
under the stadthouse alone are 13,000. The houses are brick
and stone, the streets spacious and well-paved, and most of
them have canals, w ilh rows offices on each side. With re-
gard to its magnitude, it is computed to be about half as
big as London, and none of the inhabitants are idle. Be-
fore the revolution, (See Holland) it was governed by a
college of 30 senators, who held their places for life, and 12
burgomasters, four of whom were always silting. It is seat-
ed at the conrtuence of the rivers Anistel and \Vjc, C5 luili s
N. of Antwerp, 175 E. by N. of Loudon, 240 N. by E. of
Paris, 330 W. of Copenhagen, .'i60, N. W. of Vienna, and 870
N. W. of Rome. Lat. 52'^. 21'. 60". N. Ion. 4" 46. E.
A'MULET, s. [amiilittf, Fr.] something worn rounil the
neck as a defence against mischief, or as a cure from some
disease. Some of these were expected to operate as charms,
but others probably produced some effect through the pores
of the skin.
To AMU'SE, {amiize) v. a. [amiiser, Fr.] to employ a per-
son's thoughts on some object that may engage them from
wandering to any other, including the idea of something
trifling. To entertain with something agreeable, which has
not force enough to divert, and wants importance to please.
AMUSEMENT, {amuzemitnt) s. an employment, in order
to avoid the tediousness of inaction. Any thing which en-
gages the mind, or is the subject of the senses; an enter-
tainment. Synon. The general idea of diversion and
amusement is innocent recreation; but that of owvsenioU im-
plies tranquil entertainment; that of rfuoi^'on, tumultuous
merriment : card-playing, concerts, plays, &c. are amusc-
meals ; cricket, cudgel-playing, horse-races, Arc. are diver-
iinns.
AMU'SER, ((twi'i^or) s. one who deludes; or engages tlie
attention of another, by speciousor false'promises.
AMU'SIVE, o. that engages the attention to something
trifling, specious, and delusive.
AMY'GD.'XLINE, a. [from ami/gdala, Lat.] resembling;
almonds.
AMYRA'LDISM, s. a name given by some writers to
the doctrine of univensal grace, v< 'xplained an<l asserted
by Amyraldus and his followers, about .the middle of the
17th century.
A'MZELL, or Ouzel, a name given to cerfaiB birds of
the blackbird kind.
At^, article, [rtwc. Sax.] an indefinite article 'pnt before
nouns of the singular number, which begin with a vowel, or
A, when not joundcd or aspirated, as an eye, an hour
AJiA
ANA
h\:\ ;f p^pirated, tlie h then is looked on as having the power
C-f fttiother consonant, and n is used, as a hand, « hare.
Applied to uui' ber, it sijjiiities one, in a loose and undeter-
mined sense.
ANA, ». [fii'l a term used by physicians to denote an
rqual quantity of ingredients to be used in compounding; a
lUf:^icine; and in tiieir recipes is thus abbreviated, li or ua.
A'NA, ,Anas, .or books in Ana, are collections of the
memorable sayings of persons of learning and wit, such as
Ca,isiliaiiiana, or tile sayings of Causaubon, tVc.
ANAHA'l'TlS'CS, s. |froni antr, again, and bnptizo, Gr.]
« religious sect, whose distinguishing tenet is that persons
are not to be baptized before tiu-y coiue to years of dis-
cretion, and are ul>le to deliver a profession of their faith.
Ill Holland they arc called JNleniionitcs, and in England
Baptists.
ANACA MPTIC, a. [from amihampto, to turn back, Gr.]
reflected or beat bad-: again. Anwiutiptics is a term sy-
nonymous with Culoplrics, and means tliat part of optics
wliich treats of reileetion.
ANACATIl A KTIC, a. [anacathartihos, Gr.] in medicine,
that operates as an emetic.
ANA'CHOrvF.T, J. See Anchorite.
AN.\'C1H\0N!SM, *. {ami, again, and chrmns, time.Gr.]
in chnjiioiogy, the mispl.icing an action with respect to the
time in which it was perl'oniied ; a mistake in computing
the time when an event happened.
ANAC'LA'STIC glasses, a kind of phials, chiefly made
in Germany, which have the property of being flexible,
and emittinga vehement noise bv the human bieath.
ANACLA'I'ICS, J. [from amthhn. to refract, Gr.] the
doctrine of refracted light ; dioi)tricj,
AN.\CREO'NTIC, *. ver»es in imilation of Anacreon, a
famous poet, who tiouri>liod in the (>Oth Olympiad, ab'j'it
400 years before Christ, wrote in the jovial or b^icchanalisji
si rain. In English, they consist of seven syllables ; and m
Latin, of throe feet and a half.
.ANAUIPLO'SIS, .f. [Gr.] reduplication; in rhetoric, a
figure in which the last word of a foregoing member of a
period becomes the first nf the following : as, " H." retained
liis virtues amid all bis misfortunes, misfortunes which only
l)is virtues brough.t upon him." In medicine, the return of
a proxy sm of a fever, chiefly of a semi-terlian.
AN"A'GN1, a city in the neighbourhood of Rome.
■AN.\GO'GIC'\L, ft. [from oHcrs-HgT, Gr.] mysterious,
transporting. The term is principally ii^ed in si>eaking of
tlie different senses of scripture. Thus the rest of the sab-
bath m'i\\c anagogical sense, signilies the repose of everlast-
ing happiness.
A N.ACili AM, s. [ana, backward, and s;rnmmn, a letlcr, Gr.j
the transposition of the leltera of some name, by which a
new word or motto is formed, eitl;er to tiie advantage uv
tlisadvant-age of the person or thing to which the name
ANAi.ECTA, or A'NALECT, s. the remains or frag-
ments taken oft" the table. In liter;iture, it is used to de-
note a collection of small pieces, as Essays, Remains, &c.
A miscellany.
ANAIE'MM.\, .'. [Gr.] in geometrv', a projection of
the sphere on the plane of the meridian, ortliogiaphically
made by straight lines and ellipses, the eye being supposed
at an infinite distance, and in the east or west points of the
horizon ; likewise an instrument of brass or wood, upon
which this kind of projection is drawn.
.\N.ALE FTICS, s. [from analepuhos, Gr.] in physic, me-
riioines proper to restore the body when emaciated either
by the long continuance of a disorder, orwant of food.
ANAL(.VG1CAL, «. [amh^ikos, Gr.] applied to words, a
term which signifies any particular idea as attributed to se-
veral others, not by way of resemblance, but on account of
some evident reference to the original idea.
ANALO'GICALLY, ad. in a manner wherein there is
some resemblance to the thing compared, though it way
»(>» hold good with respect to all its properties.
ANA'LOGISM, i. [aitalus^ismos, Gr.] reason. In logic,
an argument drawn from the cause to the efl'ecf, auibiai-
porling an unanswerable necessity.
'^J'o ANA'LOGIZE, 1'. a. lo turr. into analogy ; to form
a resemblance or run a parallel between things which difter ;
to interpret a thing as if it had a reference or resemblance to
something else.
ANA'LOGOU.'^, «. [iinahfria, comparison, Gr.] that bean
a resemblance lo a thing in some particulars, but not all.
ANALOGY, s. \nimlt)<j;ia, (jr.] a resemblance which one
thing bears to another in some of its properties or qualities,
though not in all. When we speak of the Divine Being, we
are obliged to have recourse to I his method of expressing
ourselves, because divine matters are noi the object of our
senses, and cannot be conceived any olherways thanby their
similitude, proportion, or connection with sensible things :
so that analogy means a resemblance in kind or sort, but v
dilierence with res\)eet to manner. Among geometricians,
it (Icnoles a similitude (jf ratios. In medicine, it is the si-
militude observable among several diseases, which, accord-
(liiigly, are treated in nearly the same I'lanncr. By gram-
marians, it is used to signify the agreement of several words
in one common mode ; as Ivve, Inrrd ; /late, hated. In rhe-
toric, it is a figure of speech, otherwise called comparison.
ANA'LYSIS, s. [Gr.] a separation of a compound body
into several (larts. Among logicians, it is a method of
tracing things backward to their source, and resolving know-
leilge into its original principles. With mathematician-,
it is the art of discovering the truth or falsehood of a pro-
position; or ils possibility or impossibility: by supposing
the proposition, as it stands, to be true ; and examining
what follows from thence, until we arrive at some evident
truth, or some impossibility, of which the first proposition
is a necessan' consequence ; and from thence establish tho
truth or imposibility of that proposition. In chemistry, it i.<
ivi-2 reduction ofa mixed body into its principles ; which is
done principally by fire. The ancient chemists admitted
only three principles or elements, salt," sulphur, and mer-
cury ; to which the moderns have added water and eartli ;
into these all bodies are resolvable by a chemical analysis,
though no operation, no human art, can exhibit them pure
and elementary. In analomy, it is the dissection of an ani-
mal. In grammar, it is tho explaining the etyniologv, con-
struction, and other properties of words. In rhetoric, it is
the stripping an oration of all its flowery dressof tropes and
figures, w, shewing what use tli.o orator has made of iheui,
to embellish and set oft' every tliinjtothe best advantage.
.'\N.'\LYTiC, y. [niiali/tilMs, Gr.] the manner of re.solvius
a Ihing into its primary, elcmeiit-al, or constituent parls ; the
reducing a book into the several topics which it treats of.
ANALYTICAL, a. that preleads to resolve things into
their first principles.
ANALYTICALLY, ad. in such a manner as (o separate
a thing into the parts of which it is composed ; to resoUe
asubject into its first principles.
To A'N ALIZE, v. «. [auali/o, Gt.] in chemistry, to re-
solve a conipouncl into its first principles. To investigate or
trace a thing to it» first ]>riiicipics or motives.
ANALY'ZER, that which can reduce a tiling into its first
priiiciolcs.
AN.VMORPHO'SIS, s. [Gr.] in perspective, the describ-
ing a figure, which in one point of view sh.al! appear to he
deformed, and monstrously misliapen, but in another regu-
lar, and in due proportion; or a delineation of an object
whicli shall appeiir monstrous to the naked eye, Itut when
viewed in a cvlindricid mirror, shall appear regular and ha.f-
inonious. There are several pieces of this kind iu the
Ashmolean museum at Oxfiad.
ANA'N.\, y. in botany, the pine-apple, so called from its
resemblance to the cones of pines.
A'NAP.^ST, s. in ancient poetiy, a foot, cousistinj of
two sliort syllables and one long; just the reverse of the
dactvl.
ANA PHORA, s. [Gr.] a figure when severiil clauses of
36
ANC
AND
a s^'titence are b^gun witli llio same word or sound; as,
" W/iere is tbe wise 1 where is tlje scribe; ? u/iei-c is the dis-
jjiiter ot' tliis world ?"
ANAPLERO'SIS, [Gr.] repletion; that part of surjjery
wiiiclj supplies deficienccs.
ANAPLEROTIC, «. [frem aHn/-/noo to fill up, Gr.] tluit
fills up a wound with flesh.
A'NARCH, (a'Hffj/;) s. [a not, and nre/i<is a prince, Gr.]
one who is the author or promoter of contusiou or sedition,
a rebel.
ANA'RCHICAL, {anarhikat) a. that is not subject to rule,
law, or government ; rebellious, or seditious.
A'NARCH Y, {anarheij) s. [nn.acliin, Gr.] a state' wherein
there is not, or no one will acknowledge .a supreme magis-
trate ; a state wherein people are without the enforcement
of laws, or will not submit to them ; swlition ; confusion.
ANARSA'RCA, s. [from tnia upon, and fnrx flesh, Gr] a
Hud of universal dropsy, wherein the skin appears bloated,
and yields to the impression like dough.
ANASTOMOSIS, s. [Gr.] in anatomy, the inosculation,
or opening of two vessels into each other.
ANATHEMA, s. [Gr.] auiong the .Tews signified. First,
something dedicated to the service of the Deity ; Secondly,
something devoted to destruction ; Tliirdly, a person who
was the object of luiiversal aversion ; and Fourthly, one
who, on account of some otience, was denied the privileges
ef society, and banished from tlie synagogue.
ANATHEMA'TICAELY, nrf.inthe manner of an ana-
thema, or sentence of excommunication.
To ANATHEMATIZE, v. «. to pronounce the sentence
of excommunication against any person.
ANATOCISM, s. [ana again, and tohos usury, Cir.] the
accumulation of interest upon interest; a species of usury
generally forbidden.
AN.4T0'M1CAL, n. that is used in anatomy to separate
the parti of an animal or substance to be dissected ; tiiat
is discovered by anatomy, or in the dissection of a body;
that is separated, applied to tiie small and constitueiU par-
ticles of a body.
ANATOMIST, s. [nnatnmiste, Fr.] one who dissects the
body of human creatures, brutes, or plants ; dividing every
©neof the parts from eacii oilier; inquiring into their seve-
ral uses and properties ; their various affections; the won-
der of their structure, &c.
To ANATOMIZE, f. a. [anatenmo to cut up, Gr.] to dis-
sect or separate by means of instruments every part of the
body, to discover all the properties of a truth or tiling ; to
lay open the secret motives, atl'ectioiis, or dispositions of a
persons mind.
ANATOMY, i. [aimiome, Gr.] the dissecting or separat-
ing the parts of an auiur.d or vegetable body in order to
discover its structure, and the ditierent uses of its several
parts.
A'NCESTOR, s. [aiirrsire, Vr.] the person from whom
one is descended by birlh. .Synon. It is distinguished
froui jiredecrssn); because that is used te signify those «houi
we succeed in dignity ami ofhce ; but ancestors, those whom
we follow by natural descent, and as men, whether by father
or mother's side.
A'NCESTR.\L, a. in law, that may be claimed ii> right of
our ancestors, or tluit which has been done by them.
A'NCESTRY, s. such persons of a family from whom a
person is descended; family, lineage, progenitors; pcdi-
{{ree, descent, or birlh.
.A'NCHOR, (an)ior)s. [aitcftorn, Lat.] ail kistrument form-
ed of a strong i>iece of iron, with a doulth- hook or two barbs
at one end, and a ring to hold a cable with in the olher, used
to keep ships or other vessels from driving with the wind,
tide, or currents. It is used with the following verbs, to
«/(■«;>, or oo.«<, which imply the letting down; and \o weigh
which signifies tin- pulling up of the anchor. There are se-
veral kinds of iincliors, I. The sheet anchor, which is the
largest, and nevei used but in violent storms. 2. The two
bowers, used in u Iiarbour. 3. The stream anchor. 4. The
grapnel. In heraldrj', it is the emblem of ho^p, and faken
fdi- suuli in a spiritual as well as in a temporal sense.
To A'NCROR, {anhor) v. n. to be secured from danger ;
to be kept from driving, by means of an anchor. Figura-
tively, to fasten, to stop.
A'NCHORAGE, (arthoragc) t. the effect which an anchor
lir.'s, SO as to hold or keep a ship from driving ; the anchors
themselves, the duty paid for anchorage in a port; ground
tit to hold a ship's anchor so thaJshe mav ride safely.
A'NCHOKET, or A']sCllQRlTE,.(ankorct er ankorite) s.
[from cimchorco to retire, Gr.] one who goes into deserts and
unfrequented places in order to practise the greatest auste-
rities, and put himself out of the reach of temptation.
ANCHOVY, s. [anchora. Span.] a small fish, much used
for sauce, fished for on the coast of Provi'nce, generally in
the night time, with a light at the stern of the vessel.
A'NCIENT, or A'NTIENT, s. the flag or streamer of a
ship, or the bearer of a flag. Also, old men «ho have
served the several ofbces of their parish, and are usually
called upon to ^ive their opinions fon public occasions^
AIm), those that lived in old times. Among the lawyers ii>
the temple, such as are passed their reading arc called An
cie7Us ; and in Gray's Inn, it is one of the four classes that
compose the society, which consists of ancients, barristers,,
benchers, and students.
A'NCIENT, a. [ancien, Fr.] that has endured for some
time ; tJiat has been formerly, or some time ago; opposed
tn mvrlmi, but not to new. Applied to life, or the duratioi»
of things.
A'NCIENTLY, ad. in former times, in times long past, oi
before the present instant.
A'NCIENTRY, s. a pedigree which can be traced a great
many years backwards ; or a family which has been noted
for a long course of years.
ANCO'NA, a considerable sea-port in that part of Italy
which was formerlv under the dominion of the pope. It is
situated 116 miles from Rome. Lat. 43. 38. N. km. 13. 35. E.
AND, conjunct, [and, Sax.] a particle, by which sentences
are joined together, signifying that what was afhnued or
denied of the sentence before it, holds good, or may be
athrmed, likewise of that which comes after it.
ANDALU'SIA, the most rich and fertile province of
Spain. It abounds in fruits, corn, wine, oil, liouey, sugar,
cattle, and very beautiful horses. The capital is Seville.
AND.VNTE, *. a musical term, signifying that every note
must be played very distinctly, especially in thorougli
basses.
A'NDES, otherwise called Cordili.if.ra, a great chain
of mountains, which run.aluiost the v. IioIp length ofSoulh
America, parallel to the sea-shore, and terminatiug at the
Straitsof Magellan. They are the highest and njost remark-
able mountains in the world ; for those within the lorrij
zone are always covered with snow ; and in passing over
the lowest part of them, you are in danger of being starved
with cold. There are agreat many volcanoes, wliich break
out sometimes in one place and sometimes in another; and
by melting the snow, occasion such a torrenl of water, that
numbers of men and cattle have perished.
ANm'RONS, s. irons placed at each end of a grate on
which a spit turns ; or irons on which wood is laid to burn
instead of a grate.
A'NDO\T.R, a large well built populous town in Hamp-
shire, on the great western road, 10 miles from Winchester,
and fi'.') from London. It sends two members to parliament,
and has a market on Saturdav.
.\'NDRp;WS, St. a royal borough in the county of Fife,
formerly the capital of the kingdom of the Picls. I( i.s
seated by the side of a bay on the level lop of a siiiall hill,
coniuuindin"f a view of the (ierman ocean. It is a decay-
ing town, chiefly celebratfd for its university. Here is a
niauufact.ny of golf-balls. It is 30 miles N. E. of Edinburgh.
ANDliO'GYNOUS, n. [fioma/jfi- a man, and ^imc a \\o-
mon, Gr.l an epithet given to those aninuils or persons which
have the distinction vf both sexes in the sauic individual.
ANG
ANO
ANDROI'DlilS, an aiilomat on, in the (i|;iii(> of a man,
which by virtue of certain springs, performs the actions of
a man. Tlie word is compounded of aiicr, a man, and eidos
form K}t.1
AXDRO'MEDA, a eonstellatioii in Ihc northern hemis-
phere, representing the figure of a woman chained to
u rock.
ANDU'J.AR, an ancient, large, and populous city of
Andehisia. It lias several fin<' huildings, a stroii-; castle,
and a stately bridge, and vends great quantities of silk. It
is 25 miles from Cordova.
A'NECDOTE, s. [anekdoton, Gr.] an article of secret
history ; a relation oi detached and niteresting particulars.
ANEMO'GRAPHY, j. [from ancmns, the wind, and gra-
ph), to describe, (ir.] a description of the wiiidj.
ANEMO'METER, s. [from auemos, the wind, and melreo,
to measure, Gr.] an instrument to measure the force of
the wind.
ANE'MONE, s. [Gr.l wind-flower, a genus of plants of
which there are many species, some of which are accounted
beautiful. Sea ancmonies are a kind of zoophytes, which
are found in oyster-beds. Some of them are of an uniform
colour, and others striped or spotted. They are capable of
reproduction when cut in pieces, like plants, while they re-
semble animals in moving in the pursuit of their prey, which
are principally muscles.
ANEMCSCOPE, s. [from auemos, the wind, and sknpr.t,
tosee, Gr.] an instrument for determining the course and
velocity of the wind.
ANE'NT, piep. a Scoteii word signifying ab'out, con-
cerning ; over against, oi)posite to.
ANES, or AWNS, «. the beards or spires of corn.
ANEURISM, s. [from atieureiio, to dilate, Gr.] a soft red
tumour, occasionc(f by the weakness of an arteiy, or by
blood spread under the flesh, in consequence of a wound, or
rupture of an artery.
ANE'W, ml. [vcowe. Sax.] again ; over again ; once more.
ANGEL, s. [nngcliis, Lat.] a name given to those spi-
ritual beings who are employed by God in the government
of the world. Tiie word sign fles a messenger. We read
of evil ORqe/s, the ministers of God's wrath ; as the destroy-
ing angel, the n7(gel of death, the angel of Satan, the angel
of* the bottomless pit. Angel is likewise the name of an an-
cient gold coin in England, having the figure of an angel en-
graved on it, of the value of 10s. Figuratively, a person of
exquisite beauty, and superior to the common run of mortals.
ANGE'LIC, a. resembling, belonging to, or partaking of,
the nature of angels
ANGE'LICA, s. [Lat.l a plant of great esteem among
physicians, being reputed stomachic, cordial, alexipharmic,
and of great use in pestilential fevers, and contagious dis-
tempers ; but now chiefly regarded as a carminative.
ANGE'LICAL, a. [tmgclicus, Lat.] that resembles an-
Lat.] tl
of the I
gels; that belongs to, or partakes of the property or nature
uf angels.
ANGE'LOS, the second city of Mexico. It has a fine
cathedral, and some other beautiful buildings; a mint glass-
house, and otiier iiianuf.ietuvus ; and the country round it
is very fertile, but the inhabitants, both priests and people,
are extremelv profligate in their manners. Angelas is 62
miles S. E. of Mexico. Lat. 19. 30. N. Ion. 99. 22. W.
A'NGEIl, .?. [auger, Sax.J a desire of thwarting the hap-
piness of another, on account of an injury received. Synon.
The word anger implies a passion more internal and lasting ;
Mht'reas the exprejsion of in a passion, carries in its idea a
sudden external gust of anger, short but violent.
To A'NGEIl, V. a. to injure or offend a person, so as to
provoke him to resentment, or to desire to thwart bae's
liappiness.
ATVCERLY, ail. in the manner ef, or like a person who
resents an injury.
ANGTOA, s. [I^t.] a disease or swelling of the throat,
called the quinsev.
ANGIO'GRAPHY, s. [from angeion, a vessel, ^ndgrapho,
to describe, Gr.] a description of the vc&sols or tubes of the
human body.
ANGIO'LOGV, s. [from anmimi, a vessel, and logos, a
description, Gr.] a treatise or discourse ot the vesseliof the
human body.
A'NGLE, s. [angnhis, Lat.] in geometry, the meeting of
two lines whicji incline to each other, and meet in a point.
A'NGLE, s. [angel, Sax.] an instrument to catch lisli
with, consistinj; of a line, hook, and rod.
To A'NGLE, V. a. to fish with a hook, line, and rod.
Figuratively, to entice by some allurements or artifiee.
A'NGLE-RUD, s. the rod to which the line and hook
are fastened in angling.
A'NGLER, s. he that fishes with a rod, hook, and line.
A'NGLES, an ancient (iermari nation, originally a branch
of the Suevi ; who, after various migrations, settled in that
part of Denmark, and duchy of Sleswick, which to thi»
day is called Angel, and of which thecity of i'lensbourg is the?
capital. Here tliey were known, even in the time of Taci-
tus, by the name of Angli. To this nation the Britons ap^
plied for succours against the .Scots and Picts. The .\ng!es
therefore came over in great numbers, and had the honour
of giving the ndmc of Anglia to England.
A'NGLESEA, or Anglesey, Isle of, the most western
county of N. Wales, throu"h which the packets regularly
pass between London and Dublin. It is railed by the
ancients Mona, and was the seat of the Druids, of whom
there seems to be some monumental remains, in the erections
of huge stones, as at Slonehenge. Anglesea is separated
from Carnarvonshire by a long and narrow strait, called Me-
nai, or iMciiu, wliich, in some places, however, is fordal-jle
at low water. It is about 24 miles long, and 18 broad ;
cx)ntains 7-1 parishes, and about 11,000 inhabitants. It is
a fertile spot, has some valuable quarries, and a Mery rich
copper mine on Pary's mount. The chief tow-n isBeaii-
maris, whirl) is about 2.50 miles distant from Ix)nden.
A'KGLICLSH, s. [from an^lus, Lat.] a method of e«-
pression peculiar to liie English language.
A'NGLING, verbal 7wun. the diversion of fishing by a
rod, line, and hook, armed with a bait.
ANGO'LA, a kingdom on tlie westoni coast of Africa,
bounded on the N. by the river Danda, which sep^irates it
from Congo ; and on the S. by the Coanza. The soil pro-
duces Indian com, beans, oranges, lemons, grain of various
kinds, and great variety of fruits. Although the Portuguese
preserve their superiority in Angola, yet the English, liutcli,
and other European nations, carry on trade witli the natives
for various commodities.
ANGORA, a [town of Natolia, in Asiatic Turkfy, re-
markable for its antiquities, and for a breed of goats, whose
hair, which is almost as soft as silk, is exported to Holland,
France, and ILngland, and manufactcred into camblets, and
other fine stufl's.
A'NGRILY, arl. in a manner which bespeaks resentment
on account of some injury.
A'NGRY', a. desirous of revenge, on account of some
affront; highly displeased.
ANGUILLA, or Snake Island, the 'most northern of the
English Carribee Islands. It is a v.oody, fertile, level tract,
about 30 miles long, and 10 broad, with good anchorage wi
the south side.
A'NGUISH, f. [angoissc, Fr.] excessive pain, applied to
the body. Immoderate, or the highest degree of sorrow,
anxiety, and torture, applied to the mind.
A'NGUISHILD, a. affected with the profo.undest anxiety,
torture, and sorrow, on account of .some calamity.
A'NGULAR, a. [from angulus, Lat-J tliat; has coiT.ers or
angles.
ANGULA'RITY,.^. the quality of havingaugles or ciimers,
A'NGULAR LY,«o'. with angles and corners ; like an angle-
A'NGULATED, a. [from angjdus, Lat.] that has angles
or corners.
A'NGULOl'S, a. [from anguhu, Lat.] that has caJTCts or
angles.
37
AMI
ANN
A'NGUS, a shire on the east of Scoth^.tKl, north of the
Fritli of Tay, v.hich has many lakes and hi!!s. Its liiUi have
quarries of slate and free-stone, am! minesof lead and iron;
the lower j^roundsare fertile in lorn and pasture, and along
the coast the salmon fishery is very extensively carried on.
A'NHALT, a principality of Upper Saxony, « iiich abounds
in corn and hops, anil has some rich mines.
ANHELA'TION, s. [from auheh, Lat.J a shortness ol
breath, or qiiiikness oi breathing, occasioned by running,
or go\n<x up any high and steCp place.
ANIil'MA, a Brasiiiaa bird, which bears some rescni-
biance to the crane. It is distinguished by a lon^; single
liorn on its head, which is inserted a little above the origin
of the beak, is of a bony substance imd about two inches long.
The ylK^ima is a longer bird than the swan, frequents the
vater, and makes a very loud noise often repeating the
notes. v\=hn, vylui.
ANHI'NG.A, a very elegant Brasilian water-fowl, about
the size of our common duck. The bill is furnished with
hooked prickles, its head and neck are yellowish, covered
V ith extremely soft feathers ; its breast, belly, and thighs
are of a silver,- white ; the upper parts of its back is brown,
spotted with yellow ; and the rest of the bird is black. It
feeds upon fish.
A'NI.a noisy Brasilian bird, which has some resemblance
1o the jay.
ANIXitlTS, «f/. in tiieniglit-tnTie, oreveiy night.
ANILITY, .1. [aniiittrs J.at.] old age, considered as it
respects a wonvin.
ANIiMADVE'HSlON, t. [ammarhcrfio, Lat.] a taking
notice of a fault with some degree of anger, sev-erity, oi
dispatch.
ANIM ADVERSIVE, ». [from nmnuidversio, Lat.] fliat has
^ower to make the mind attend to, <>i' consider, any parti-
Ti\h\T object; that has the power of judging.
'I'o ANIMADVET.T, v. n. [nnimmherto, Lat.] to censure,
to blame, InclnTJing the secondary idea of detect in a per-
son animadverted on, together with authority, displeasure,
and severity in the animadverter.
ANIMADVE'RTER, .s. he who inflicts punishincnt oi
passes censure on crimes.
A'NIMAL, s. [«m>Hn/,Lat.] a beinfr, consisting of a body
and a soul ; distinguished from pure spirit, with respect to
its corporeal part, and from mere matter by its spiritual.
jltiimiil srcrctioii, is the act whereby the juices of the body
are separated and secreted from the common mass of the
blood by means of the glands. Aminal spirits, are a fine
.subtile juice, supposed to be the great instrument of nnis-
cular motion and sen.sation. Ammal system, denotes and
includes the whole class of iK'ings endowed with animal
Jite ; or, in general, the aninr.d kingdom.
ANiMA'LClJLE, f. {animutridiiiu, Lat.] an animal so small
as to be invisible to llu' naked eye. ^Inimn/iHto are seen
only by the assistance of the microscope, and are vastly
more nimieroirs tiiaii any other part of the creation ; but the
species, on examination, are found to be extremely lew.
The most obvious distinction among them is, that some have,
and some have not tails ; that some have, and others have
not any visible bndis. Animitlcules are discovered by mi-
croscopes in most li(iuors, as water, wine, vinegar, Ac. in
several clialvbeate waters, in ()als, barley, Ac.
AMMATITY, *. [from ammul, Lat.j the state of exist
ence.
To A'NIMATE, v. a.'[miimo, Lat.] to give life to; to
qmcken ; to join, or unite a soul to a Ijody. Figuiatively,
applied to iiiMNU al iiislrunnnts, to enliven, to make vocal,
to inspire with the power of harnumy ; to comunniicale
boldness to ; to encourage to excite.
A'MiVIATEl, rt. [aniinritii', U\t.] that is endued with a
»i>ii\ ; that Ir.is life, or the properties of an animal ; possess-
ing animal life.
A'.MM.-\TED. J)"'!- that has a great deal of life ; vigo-
Mm- , spirited.
ANLS1ATI(.)N. 3.\ammalin, Lat] the act of bringing iiUo
existence, or enduing vvith life both vegetable and animaL
The state wherein the soul and body are united.
A'NIMATIV'E, II. that has the i)ow'cr ot comniuuicating
a soul, or principal of life ; that has the power of enlivening,"
encouraging, or making vigorous.
ANIMA'TOK, s. that which enlivens or confers the {iriiij
ciple of life.
ANIMO'SE, «. [ammnsus, Lat.] full of spirit ; violent;
courageous ; vehement.
AmMO'SITV, s. [animositas, Lat.] a disposition ot mind
wheieina person is inclined to hinder the success, thwart
the happiness, or disturb the trancjuillity of another ; it in-
cludes in it a degree of enmity, and is opposite to friendsliii»
or benevolence.
A N TNG A, a root grow ing in the West Indies, used in the
retinemeiit of sugar.
A'NISE, s. is a small seed of a hot nature, good to ex-
pel wind out of the bowels and stomach, and is used by con-
fectioners in sugar-plums, tVc. By distillation there is ex-
tracted from it an oil^ which, as well as that expressed from
it when bruised, answers all ilie purposes of the seed itself:
and during the distillation there comes otfa water called
aniseed water, a weli known cordial and carminative.
A'NKLE, s. [nnch-ou\ .Sax.] the joint which unites the leg
to the foot, rl H/;/e-boiie, the protoberaut bone at the ankle.
ANNALIST, s. one who writes or composes annals.
ANNALS, i. it has no singular, [anmilfs, Lat.] a narra-
tive wherein the transactions are digested into periods, con-
sisting each of one year ; or relations which contain the
public occurrences of a single year.
A'NNANDALE, a fertile district of Dumfries-shire, in
Scotland.
ANNA'POLIS, the capital of Maryland, in North Ame-
rica, seated at the mouth of the Severn river. The houses
are generally large and elegant. The jilan of the city is a
circle, with the stadtliouse, a very elegant buildirg, in the
centre, and the streets like rays diverging thence in diftercnt
directions. It is 30 miles S. of Baltimore, lat. 39. 0. N. Ion. 77.
20. W. Also a town in Nova Scotia, with a very tine harbour.
A'NNATl'lS, ,?. [Lat.] it has no singular : first-fruits; or a
year's income of a spiritual living. In ancient times they
were given to the pope throughout all Christendom, o-i the
decease of a bishop, abbot, or parish clerk, and paid by his
successor. In England the pope claimed them first of such
foreigners as he conferred benefices upon, by way of pro-
vision ; but afterwards they were demamled of all other
clerks, on their adr.iission to benefices. Al the reformation
they were taken from the pope, and vested in the kin*; ;
and lastly, queen Anne restored them to the church, for
the augmentation of poor livings.
.ANNE, queen of (Jreat Britain. This amiable and ilhis-
tvious princess was descended from a race of kings, the most
ancient of any in Eurojie. She was second daughter of
James duke of York, afterwards king James II. by iNIrs.
.'\iine Hyde, eldest daughter of Edward earl of Clarendon.
'1 lie duke was privately married to this lady during his first
exile, in Iti.O'J. In lfi(;o, she was, by an order of couiicjl,
declared duchess of York, and to have the precedency of
the princess of Orange and the queen of Bohemia. The
duchess died at the palace of St. James's, March 1.5, Ui/l :
she bad issue by the duke four .sons and four daughters >
Charles, born Oct. 22, KiOO; Mary, born .April 30, l(;(;2;
James, born July 12, l(i(i;j; Aiiiie, biun IVb. (i, Ififit ;
Charles, born July 4, Ui(i.>; Edgar, born Sept. It, 1007;
Henrietta, bom Jan. 30, Kit;;) ; and Kalherine, born Feb. t),
Ifj/U; of xvljiiiii Charles, James, Charles, and Henrietta,
died ill her life-liiiie ; and Edgar and Katharine did not sur-
vive her a year ; but Maiy and Anne lived to be queens of
I'lngland. I'riix'css Mary was about nine years ohi, and
princess .\i»iie about seven, at the death ol' their iiiolher.
Ou the death of K.William 111. who died on Sunday, Marcli,
8, ir02, about 8 in the morning, princess Anne was, about
3 the same afte;noon, jiroelnimcd (pieeii of (iieat Britain,
Eraucc, aud IrelunJ, in the cities ol Lomlon and Weet-
ANN
ANO
minster, and was crowned April 23, following. The most
nMir.irkiihle events in her reif,'u were, War declared against
France and Spain, May 1, l7iYi. Prince Oeori^e made lord
hisli admiral. Tlie Earl, afterwards duke of Mariborou^li,
{ji'iirralissinio. An unsiiei'essful attempt on C'adiz. Vifjo
taken by the English and D\iteli, Oct. 1-2, 1702. Admiral
Bembow betrayed. The };reat storm, Nov. 170.3. Order
of the thistle revived. Victory of Shellcnbuvuh. The
sreat buttle at llochstet or Blenheim, wherein the French
lust .30,000 men, had 1(1,000 men taken prisoners, and mar-
shal Tallard their general, August 1704. The si-a fi^'ht off
Walaga, in the same year, Aiii^iist 1.*?. The battle of Kami-
lies, May 12; the union belweeii Knjiand and -Scotland,
signed July 22; and the buttle of Turin, all in 170C. 'I'he
Dattle of Almanza, April 14, 1707. Sir Cloiwlesly Shovel
wrecked on the rocks of Seilly. The battle of Oudeiiard,
June 30; Minorca taken by fjeneral Stanh(>i)e, Sept. 18;
theactionof Wynnendale, Sept. 28; the city of Lisle taken,
Oct. 12, 1708. The battle of Malplaque^i Sei>t. 14, 1709.
Dr. Sacheverel sentenced, March 2 ; queen Anne changes
lier ministry, Awg. 3 ; the battle of Saragossa, Aug. a ; gc-
■neral Stanhope taken prisoner at Briuliega, Nov. 2fi; and
the battle of Villa Viciosa, Nov. 2y, 1710. The duke of
Ormond separates the British forces from the allies, July 5 ;
and the action of Uenain, July 13, 1712. The peace of
Utreoht signed March 30, 1713. Sunday, a little after
7 o'clock ill the morning, Aug. 1, 1714, the queen dietl,
having lived 49 years, 5 months, and six (Liys, and reigned
12 years and .'i months, wanting 7 days. There had been a
new vault made on the S. side, and towards the E. end of
Henry Vllth's chapel, to deposit the body of K. Charles II.
in w hich the prince, queen Mary, K. William III. and prince
George of Denmark, were laid. Here the remains of t^.
Anne were likewise deposited ; and there being no more
room left, the vault is closed with brick-work. She had
been married to his royal highness prince George, brother
to thethenK. of Denmark, July 28, 1683, by whom she had
a daughter still born. May 12, 1684 ; lady Slaiy, born June
2, 1685, died Feb. 1690 ;"lady Anile Sophia, born May 12,
1686, died Feb. following ; William duke of Gloucester,
born July 24, 1689, and lived till eleven years of age; Mary,
born Oct. 1690, and lived Ion"; enough to be baptized ; and
George, who died soon after lie was born. Prince George,
her husband, died Oct. 28, 1710. This princess was the
gloi-y and happiness of her people, and famous for her
piety and unlimited charity.
To ANNE'AL, (anncd) v. a. [from a-lan. Sax.] to render
substances tougii,thut are naturally hard and brittle. Glass
and iron are annealed by gradual cooling, brass and copper
by heating and then suddenly plunging them in cold water.
Glass is annealed to make it retain the colours laid on it.
To ANNE'X, V. a. [aimecto, Lat.] to .join or subjoin as a
supplement ; to connect ; to unite w itii. 'I'o belong to ;
to join as a property.
ANNEXATION, s. a law term used to imply the uniting
of lands or rents to the crow n.
ANNE'XION, s. the adding 'of something as an enforce-
ment, supplement, or aid.
ANNE'XMENT, s. something that is joined to another.
To ANNI'HILATE, v. n. [dnmhilo, Lat.] to reduce tnl
nothing ; to deprive of existence. To put an end to ; to
extinguish ; to destroy utterly.
annihilation;; s. theact by which the vei-y exist-
ence of a thing is entirely destroyed.
ANNIVE'RSARY, s. [from anniversarivs, Lat.] the return
of any remarkable day in the calendar. Some public re-
joicing performed in honour of the anniversary day.
ANNIVE'RSARY, a. [amiiversarius, Lat.] that fails but
once in the regular course of evei'y vear ; annual or yearly.
A'NNO DO'MINI, [Lat.] expressed by abbreviature,
A.D.— thus, A.D. 1812, 7. e. in the year ot' our Lord ene
thousand eight hundred and twelve. "
ANNOTATION, s. {aunotatio, Lat. I explanation of the
dillicult passajjcs of an author, written "by way ofiiotes.
' ANNOTATOR, s. [Lat.j a person who explains the dif-
ficult passages of an author; a commentator.
ANNOTTO, a kind of red ave brought from the West
Indies. It is used in tinging double (iloucestcr cheese.
To ANNOU'NCE, v. a. [n«»«/«er, Fr.] to proclaim ; to
reveal publicly ; to prof miice ; to sentence.
To ANNOY, f. «. [tt.awycr, Fr.] to. disturb; to vex; to
make a person uneasy.
ANNO' Y, s. aji attack. Trouble, misfortune, or any state
which is productive of anxietv.
ANNO'YANCE, t. that which occasions any trouble, in-
convenience, dislike, injury, or hurt; the state wherein a
person is affected with the sight, hearing, seeing, &c. of a
disagreeable object.
ANNO'YER, *. the person who causes any annoyance,
dislike, trouble, or loathing.
ANNUAL, a. [ammel, I'r.] occuring every year, or yearly.
Coptinuing the year ; that endures only one year.
A'NNUALLY, ad. every year, yearly.
ANNUITANT, s. [from annus, Lat.] he that pos.'sesses or
receives an annuity.
ANNU'ITY, s. [iinnuiti, Fr.] a yearly revenue, paid eveiy
year during a person's life, or certain term of years ; a
yearly allowance.
To ANNUL, V. a. [from nulhis, Lat.] applied to laws, to de-
prive them of their force ; to abrogate; to abolish. Made
imperceptible, or as if deprived of their existence, and anni-
hilated.
ANNULAR, a. [annuhis, Lat.] round, circular, having the
form of a ring; also an appellation in anatomy, given to se-
veral parts of the body ; thus the annular is the second carti-
lage of the laiynx or tliroat ; the amiutar ligament, tliat
which encompasses the wrist, and binds the bones of the
arm together; annular process, or protuberance, a part of
the medulla ablongata. The fourth or viv.g finger is likewise
called annular.
A'NNULARY, a. [from ammlus.h^t.] being in the form of
rings.
A'NNULET, s. [flrem annnlus, Lat.] a small ring. In he-
raldry, used for a mark that the peiison is the fifth brother.
Sometimes indeed a part of the coat of several families, re-
puted a mark of digfuity. In architecture, the small square
member in the Done capital, under the quarter round, like-
wise a flat moulding common to the other parts of' the co-
lumn, which derives its name from its surrounding the co-
lumn.
ANNL^'LLING, ;'a»'f. noun, the revoking, abolishing,, or
repealing of an act, cVc.
To ANNU'MEllATE, v. a. \annuwero, Lat.] to reckon or
count a person or tiling into a list, a part of a number.
ANNU'MERATION, s. [annumeratio, Lat.] something
added to a number.
To ANNUNCIATE, v. a. [anmmcio, Lat.] to bnii^
tidings ; to declare something unUnow n before.
ANNUNCIATION, s. the tidings brought by the angel
Gabriel to the Virgin Maiy of the incarnation of ^cs.us
Christ, in mcmoiT of which, a festival has been instituted
by the church, and solemnized the 25th of March, then
called Lady day.
.\'N0DYNE, «. [from a not, and od;/ne pain, Gr.] a re-
medy which abates the force cf pain, and renders it more
tolerable.
To ANOI'NT, r. d.Jflii^re, Fr.] to rub with some fat or
greasy preparation. To consecrate by unction.
ANOI'NTER, s. the person who anoints.
ANOM.\Lr.STICAL, a. irregular-. AiwnuiHstUalyear, in
astronomy, the space of time wherein the earth iMSses
through her orbit, and differing from th.c common year, on
account of the precision af the equinoxes.
ANO'MALOUS,a. {from a not.and <r:naUjs,\\h<t Gr.]in gram-
mar, applied to such words as are not consistent with the
rules cf declining, Ac. In astronomy, applied to time
which seemingly deviates from its regular motion.
ANOMALOUSLY, ad. in a iiiaaner not consistent with
W
ANT
ANT
*ftablishecl laws or rules ; in an irregular, uncommon, or
extraordinary manner.
AN'O'WALY, s. [ar.nniali'e, Fr.] a deviation from tlie es-
tablished rules and laws, whether those of nature, societies,
or particular branches of science. In astiimomy, that por-
tion of tlie ecliptic moved through by the moon or any pla-
net; since it was hi'sl in its apogee or aphelion.
.4\OMOE'ANS, in church liistory, ancient heretics, vvlio
held that the Son was of a different nature from, and iii no
sort tike that of, the Father. This was the nauie bv ulnch
tile Pure Arraus were distinguished, in contradistinction to
the Semi-Arians, who acknowledged a likeness of nature in
the Son, at the same time that they denied, with the Pure
Ariims, the consubstantirjiity of the Word.
ANON, xd. soon after any tii:.e expressed ; quickly.
Vhen applied to vicissitude, revoluliou, or change of
action, it siijnihes then, afterwards, or sometimes.
ANO NYMOUS, It. [from a not, and onoma a name, Gr.]
that has not yei received a name. Applied to books or
publications, it means that hm not tlie name of the au-
thor.
ANO'NYMOUSLY, ad. in such a manner as to be with-
out a name. ,
.•\NOKE'XY, s. [anorexia, (ir.] among physicians, a loath-
ing of food, or want ot appetite, proceeding from indiges-
tion.
ANOTHER, ;«oH. ajiplied to things, something not like
that which is mentioned ; difl'erent. Applied to number or
succession, one more ; an addition ; besides. Applied to
identitv, not the same. Joined with o/ic, it sig^iifies a thing
niutnallv [lerfurnied ; sonu'lhing reciprocal.
ANOTTA,or ARNOTPA, s. in dying, an elegant red
*!oh)ur, formed from the pellicles or pulp of the seeds of
the Bi\a, a tree common in .South America.
A'?'. SATED, a. [ayisaitis, Lat.] haniig handles; resem-
Llijitj handles.
A'NSP.VCH, a principality of Franconia, which is beauti-
fully interspersed with woods; produces corn and tobacco,
and has several iron niiius, and mediciind springs.
'I'o A'NSW'ER, (in pron. the iv is dropped^ v. n. Umihu-a-
rian, Sax.] to speak in return to a queslion. To repiy to an
objection ; to obviate, or ^ive a solulion ; to assign reaso.is;
to be accoiHilahle for, or satisfy any claim or debt ; to pay ;
to bear a proportion ; lo be proportionate to. To vindi-
cate ; or be received as a witness, or voucher in a person's
behalf. , ,
A'NSWER, s. [nirsuwe. Sax.] ai) information, or reply
to a question ; a solution of anv diffirultv, or objection.
A'NSWERARI.E, a. that will admit of a reply.
A'NSWER ABLY, ad. in proportion; in a manner which
corresponds with, or is suitable to.
A NSWERER, s. one who •jives such informatioi' as a
cjuestion requires ; he that solves, obviates, or clears ip The
iih.jectionsofan adversary. He who writes against another
in any controversy.
ANT, s. [a-mctt. Sax.] a small insect, remarkable for ils
jiidiistry. tenderness, and economy.
ANTACID, s. medicines to correct aciditj- iln the sto-
niarh.
A NTA'GONIST, s. [from anti against.and as:oni:o I strive,
f!r.] applied to a person who contends vvith another. .Ap-
plied to writers, it meaiis, one who opposes the opinions or
sentiments of another.
To ANTA'GONiy.E, r. a. [from nnti against, and agmiizo
111 stnvc firj to stive or contend a]L;ainst another.
ANTA'LuIC, a. [from anti a»ainst, and atgos pain, Gr.]
in medioine. that softens or mitigates pains.
ANTA'RCnC, «. [from mui against, and arhos n bear,
iir.] that is oiiposite to the arctic, applied in aslrouoniy to
the southern pole and circle. The antarctic pole in a'slro-
Bomy is the south pole, or that part of the heavens to which
the south erid ofllie earth's axis point.s. 'l"he antarctic cir-
cle is one of the hsser circles of thesi>hcre, f>arallel to (he
Wftialor, and 33 deg. 28 min, Uistant fr«M ttu- south pole.
40
Tlie antarctic pole in geography, isJJie southern extremity
of the earth's axis.
A'STE, [Lat.] a particle signifying before, an 1 frequently,
tised in composition ; as, anii^dihaiaii, that w.iicli existed
before the tlood.
A'NTEATER, s. a quadruped that feeds upon ants.
The aiiteaters are a genus, of which there arc seven differ- ,
eiit species. They have no teeth', but have long tubular
mouths, and their tongues, which are long, wormlike, and
covered with a kind of glutinous nmibture, are the only in-
sti nmeiits by w hirh they s.eize their fond, 'i he great aiiVca-
ter is more than five feet long, and when closely pursued
by an adversary will make a desperate resistance with its
claws.
"1 o ANTFCE'DE, v. n. [antcmJo, Lat.] to have a prior
existence; to precede, or go h'fore.
ANTECE'DENCE, 4-. priority of existence ; existence
before some period or beiiig.
ANTECE'DENT, a. [aiitcccdens, Lat.] prior ; before ; or
existing before. Used substantively, it implies the ihhv;
which is prior in time, or which must have gone before.
" It is indeed the necessaiy antecedent." Ji'oui/i. In gram-
mar the noun which, in the order of construction, goes be-
fore a relative ; us, " Christ w ho redeemed us." The word
Christ is tlie antecedent which goes before the relali'Ve tcho.
In logic, the first part, or proposition, of an enthynieme, or
syllogism, consisting of two propositions only ; as, " Christ
is risen from the dead ; therefore ,we are redeemed ;" the
words in italic are the antecedent.
ANTECEDENTLY, orf.in the state of antecedence ;
or going before; previously.
: ANTECE'SSOR, s. [Lat.] one who precedes, or is before
another in the order of time.
A'NTECHAMBER, s. [often falsely written anli<hambei-\
aciianiber which leads to a state-room, or chief apartment.
To ATs'TEDATE, »■. a. [ante and do, datum, Lat.] to place
too early, or before its real period. To enjoy a thing in
imagination before it exists.
ANTEDILUVIAN, a. [from ante and diluvium, Lat.] tliat
existed, or had a being before the Hood. Used substantively
for the persons who lived bef(->re the Hood.
A'NTELOPE, s. a beautiful tribe of animals, which
bears some resemblance to the goat from which, and from
the deer they differ, in having their horns annulatcd or
ringed round at the sain£ time that there are lopgitudinated
depressions running from the bottom to the point Tlie an-
telope has the finest eye of any anima.l in tlie world. They
li\ e in large flocks, and inhabit Asia and Africa.
AN^T.^IER^DIAN, a. [from cute and nteridits, Lat.]
being before noon.
ANTEIMU'ND.ANE, «. [from ante and immdus, Lat.] that
was before the creation of the world.
.ANTE'NNTE, s. the horns like processes, proiecting from
the heads of insects.
ANTEPENULT, or ANTEPENU'LTI-iMA, s.[antepni„L
lima, Lat.] in grammar, the last syllable but two ol a word ;
as the svllal)re »i»/intlie word tnlcpenultima.
ANTEPILEPTIC, rt. [from miii against.and cpilepsis the
epilepsy, Gr.J an epithet applied to a medicine against con-
\ ulsions.
ANTEQri[".R.\, a handsome and populous city of Gra-
nada, the upiier part of which is seated on a hill, and has a
castle, and the lower stands in a fertile plain, and is watered
by a great number of brooks. Here are still to be seen
some ancient mines whence the Romans drew iininense
(pianlities of the precious Uietals. It is 2G miles N.W. of
Malaga. Lnt. .■?7. I. N. Ion. 4. 40. W.
ANTERIOR, or ANTERIOUPx,«.[Lat.J that is before
another with regard to time or place.
ANTERIOltlTY, .t. [from anterior, Lat.] the state of
being before another, with respect to lime or place.
.\ NTES, .5. [,Lat.] large nillars that support the front of a
building; also "a term used by gardeners for the forcnvostor
lowest ranks of viues
ANT
ANTHF/LION, s. a moclj, or spuriou? sun, a meteor of a
luminous ^pptaraiicc, soiiiexvliat reseinl)lins the sun seen
thioii^'li clouds, sometimes four or five times larger tluiii tlie
sun's Sisk. In its most refulgent state it is as yellow as the
sun, but the lucid traet surroundins it is of a paler yellow,
or wliitisli cast, interspersed sometimes with a few reddish
spots. This kind of moleor, which is hy no means common,
i» attributed t« a multitude of minute icy or snowy particles
suspended in the air, and <ithcr refractmfi or reflecting the
solar rays in such a manner, as to multiply the image of
the sun.
ANTHFXMI'NTIIIC, rr. ffrom <rn'i, against, tindebnim,
a worm. Or. (tiiiit has the quality of killing worm*.
ANTHEM, s. [nntliumuus, Gr.] a hymn performed in two
parts, by the opposite members of a choir. Socrates says,
ignalius was the inventor of it anumg the Greeks, and St.
Ambrose amon^ the Latins. Anthems were first introduced
in the reformed service of the Knslish church, in the be-
ginninijof the reisjn of queen Elizabeth.
A'NTHERA, s. in botanv, that part of the stamen which
is fixed on the top of tl:e fdamentum within the corolla ; it
contains the pollen or fine dust, which, when mature, itemits
for the impre{,'nation of the plant, according to Linnxus.
ANTHOLOGY, s. [from antfios, a flower, and lego, to
collect, Gr.] a treatise of flowers, a collection of the most
beautiful passages of one or more authors, whence the col-
lection of Greek epigrams is styled autholo^ia.
ST. ANTHONYS FIRE, «. See Erysipelas.
ANTHRA'COLITE, in chemistry, coal blend, a species
of coal which burns without flame.
A'NTHRAX, «. [Or.J a burning coal; a carbuncle, en-
compassed with fierv, sharp, and painful swellings.
ANTHROPO'LOGY, s. [from mithrvpos, a mail, and lon:os,
a discourse, Gr.J a discourse or treatise upon men, or human
nature, considered as in a state of health, including the
consideration of both body and soul, with the laws of their
motion.
ANTHROPO'MANCY, i. [from ant/irnpos, man, and mmi-
<f!a, divination, Gr.] a species of divination, from inspecting
the entrails Hud viscera of a human body.
ANTHROPO!MO'RPHlTES,s.[f'rom anthropos, man, and
morp/ie, form, Gr.] a sect of autient heretics, who taking
every thing spoken ofCiod in the scripture in a literal sense,
particularly that passage in Genesis, "God made man after
liis own image," maint;.iined that God had a human shape.
Tliev are likewise called Audeans, from Andeas tlieir leader.
ANTHROP0MORPHOUS,«.[Gr.]anappellation given
to whatever resembles the human form; thus the man-
drakes, among the plants ; the nionkev, among animals, &:c.
ANTHR0PO'PHAGL.s. never used in the singular, [from
anthrupas, a man, and plingo, I eat, Gr.J savages who eat
human Itesh.
ANTHROPOPHAGY,*, [from anrt»opfts,aman,and/)/(ag-o,
I eat, Gr.| the quality of eating liumau flesh. .
ANTHROPO'SCOPY, s. [froui nnthropns, a man, and
shnpcn, to see, Gr.l that part of physiology which judges
of a man's character from his tomplexion, the lineaments of
hh face, features, &c.
ANTHYPNO'TICS, s. [from nnti, against, and vpjws,
sleep, Gr.J medicines givdi to prevent sleeping.
.'\'NTI, [Gr.J a particle, which in composition signifies
contrary or opposite; •,uid in works of literature is pre-
fixed lo the answers v. rote in opposition to an author; as,
Anti-Cntuius, the i' 'nies of the answers Julius Ca;sar wrote
to theoKjecfion'^ made against him by Cato.
ANTIARTHRI'TICS. f. [from ami, againsl.and arthritilws
COuty, Gr.]rcnipdies against the gout.
A'NTIC, s. [from nnlUimis, Lat.] one who plays tricks,
and makes use of odd and uncommon gestures ; a merry
andrew, a InitToon.
ATSTICHAMBER, s. See Antechamber.
A'NTICHRIST, .?. [from anii, against, and f'h-islos, Christ,
Gn]a name given by way of eminence, by St. Paul, to the
mail of siij and son of perdition, who it was predicted
G
ANT
should precede the second coming of our Saviour, and who
is represented in the scriptures as the epitome of every
thing that is the most cruel, impious, and abominable.
I'rotestHUts have generally given this name to the pope.
ANTICHRI'STIAN, a.ffrom n«/i, against, and C/irisuatuii
a Christian, (ir.Jcontnirv,.or opposite to Christianity.
ANTICHR!'STIANl?iM, s. any doctrine or opinion con-
trarv to Christianjiv.
ANTICHRO'NI^M, *. [from nnti, against, and chr;nos,
time, Gr.] cwtrary to the right order of time.
To ANTICIPATE, v. a. \tt>itiinpo, Lat.] to be before-
hand with another in taking, so as to disappoint him that
couips after ; to do or enjoy a thing before its fixed period.
ANTICIPATION,*, the dating a thing earlier than its
due period ; the enjoyment of a thing in imagination, before
its real existence ; a foretaste.
ANTICLI'MAX, s. [from anti, opposite to, and climnx,
Gr.] a sentence in which the last part is lower tlian tiie first.
A'NTICKLY, ud.in the manner of an antic or bufloon;
with odd gesticulations and grimaces.
ANTICONVU'LSIVE, n. good against cenvulsions.
A'NTICOR, s [from nno, opposite to, Gr. amlrer, heart,
Lat.] among farriers, an inflammation in a horse's throat,
the same as quinsev with us.
ANTICOU'llTlER, s. one who opposes the measures of
the court.
ANTIDOTAL, i. that has the quality of preventing the
eft'ectsofanv contagion or poison.
A'NTIDOTE, s. [from and, against, and dulomi, to pine,
Gr.] a medicine giveiuto expel poison, or prevent its eflects,
and to guard against contagion.
ANTIEPILEPTIC, «. |froni «»(/, against, mAepUepeig,
the epilepsy, or falling-sickness, Gr.] good against con-
vulsions.
ANTIGUA, one of the English Caribbee Islands, about
20 miles in length, and nearly the same in breadth. Tl.e
inhabitants, from the want of springs, are obliged to save
the rain-vater in cisterns, and fetch it frofn the other
islands. It is very rocky, but has excellent harbours, anrt
contains about fiO.o'oo acres.fi towns and villitges, f)»)*)0 whites,
and 3600 negroes. The chief produce is sugar. The capi-
tal, St. John's has a royal navy yard, and arsenal, with
conveniences for careening ships of war. It is 00 miles S. E.
of St. Christopher's. Lat. 17. .0. N. Ion. 62.5. W.
ANTIGU'GLAR, .f. a tube of metal, so bent as easily to
be introduced into the neck of the bottle, vitli a view of de-
canting liquors without disturbing them. The bottle shoulii
be a little inclined, and about half a spoonful of the liquor
poured out, so as to admit an enual quantity of air. One end
of the bent tube must then be stopped with the finijer,
\(hile the other is thrust into the body of the liquor, near to
the bubble of air already admitted. VVIien liie finger is
taken ofl^, the bottle will have vent, and the liquor Mill run
out steadilv and undisturbed.
ANTILLES, ,5. (properly Aiit.isles, from their sinalhiess)a
small cluster of islands in the West Indies, extending from
IB to 24 degrees N. lat. and distinguished into Windwaid
and Leeward Islands. The French niiuiefor the C ari BB EES.
ANTlLO'CiAUFPHM, *. \<mii, Cr. and kgant/.m] the
complement of a logarithm, or its dilTerence from one of
90 degrees. . .
y»NTrLOGY, «. [and'/og^a, Gr.J contradiction; in it.s pri-
mary sense, applied to those passages of an author wlierein
there seems to be, or really is, a manifest contradiction,
ANTI-MON.'^RCHIAL, a. [from «vti, against, lud mo-
mrchia, monarchv, (ir.] that is contrary to uiouarehy.
ANTIMO'NIAL, a. tl-.at consists of, or has the qualities
of aniimonv. ... , ^ ■ , , •
ANTIMONY, s. a brilliant brittle metal, of a dusky white
colour, and de^itviteof ductility. Though seemingly hard, it
may easily be cut with a knife. It is priiuipally proc^ired
from Hungarv and Norway. Antimomj is combined with some
other metals" 111 making "printer's types, and specula for
telescopes. Its oxvde s are empkvcd iu medicine, and ie
4\
ANT
ANT
colouHn;; glass. Tn times of remote antiquity it was used
by fcm;il«s as a black paint fer the eye-brows, as it is now
ill eastern comitries.
ANTI\EPHRI"rlCS, s. [from nnti, against, and vephiitis,
a disorder in tlic kidneys, Gr.] medicines for diseases in tlie
reins and kidneys.
ANTING MIANS, s. [from anti, against, and nnmos, tlie
law, Gr.] certain Iicretirs asserted toreject.tlie law, as of no
use under the gospel dispensation, and to hold t|]at good
works do not farther, nor evil works hinder, salvation ; that
the child of God cannot sin, and oilier tenets of a similar
kind. These doctrines were charged on Agricola, a tier-
man divine, of the sixteenth century, and have been since
•bjected against many others. There is, however, reason
to believe, that though strong and even rash expressions
may have been used by persons of high Calvinistic senti-
ments, which have given occasion for much misrepresenta-
tion, no sect has ever niaintaiucd tliat Christians were at
liberty to live in sin.
ANTINOMY, «. Jfroni anti, againut, and nmms, law, Gr.]
a contradiction between two laws, or two parts of the same
law.
A'NTIOCII, now 'Antliakia, an anticnt and celebrated,
hut now ruinous city of Syria, where the disciples of Jesus
were first called Christians. It is 40 miles S. W. of Aleppo.
Lat. ^f,. 17. N. Ion. 3(5. 4:5. E.
ANTI-PiEDO-BAPTLSTS, [from anti, against, and pais,
a child, and bcpti-n, to baptize, Gr.] a distinguishing d< uo-
mina'ion given to those whoohjcct to the baptism of iu-l';uits.
ANTIPAR ALY'TIC, «. [from nnti, against!, and pamlt/tihos,
paralytic, Gr.Jgood against the palsy.
ANTITATIiY, s. [from avii, against, and pathos, passion,
Gr.] a natural aversion to any particular object, which
operates so strongly, as neither to be controlled by the will
nor reason.
ANTIPERl'STASIS, s. [Gr.] in philosophy, the action of
two contrary qualities, whereby the force of the one is
increased by the opposition of the other. This doctrine
was espoused by the Parapatetics ; but is exploded by JNIr.
Bovle in iiis history of cold.
ANll'PHONARY, s. a service book belonging to the
catholics, which contained whatever was to be sung or said
in the choir, except the lessons.
ANTIPHONY, s. [from nnti, opposite to, and phone,
loice, Gr.] the answer made by one side of the choir to the
other, when a hymn or anthem is sung alternately, or between
them.
ANTITHRASIS, s. [from nnti, opposite to, and phi-asis, a
speech, (ir.] a figure in rhetoric, whereby the use of words
is applied ill a sense opposite to their true meaning.
ANTITODAL, a. relatiifg to those persons or places
that are antipodes with respect to their situation.
ANTITODKS, s. [from mui, against, and pnvs, foot, Gr.]
in geography, those who live on the contrary side of the
globe, with their feet directly opposite to ours, so that if a
right line were continued through the earth, each of its
extreniit-ies would touch the feet of one of the parties.
A'NTIPOPE,s. a false or pretended pope, one that is, oris
pretended to be irregularly elected in opposition to another.
More than twenty antipopes arc mentioned in history.
ANTIQUARY, .?. \ntitiijiinrius., Lat.] one who applies liim-
•elf to the study of antiquities ; whether iliey he luottos,
inscriptions, or anticnt manuscripts ; and makes collections
for that purpose.
To A'STIQUATE, r. a. \nntiquin, Lat.] to render useless,
in the passive, to be grown out of use.
A'NTIQUATEDNKSS, s.the state of being out of vogue
or use ; the being obsolete.
ANTI QUE, (aHfi/if, ut anlcch) a. [Fr.J that was in vogue
in -.tNtiiMit times, in opposition to modern. That is really
old ■ whose antiquity is genuine and indisputable. Old
fashioiied ; idit of fashion ; uncouth and ridiculous for its
antiijuity. Used substantively, for a genuine piece of anti-
<juity, or the relic of tiic antients. Synon. A fashion is
42
oU, wlien it ceases to be in use ; antie.nt, when it has been
some time past; antique, when it has been a long time
antient.
ANTI'QUITY, *. {avtinuitas, Laf.J that time or period
which has long preceded tlie present. Antient writers, those
who lived in former times ; the histories wrote at a great dis-
tance before the present period. Long life, or old age.
ANTI. sen, s. [from anti, opposite to, and skia, a shadow,
Gr.] the people who have tlieir shadows projected opposite
ways. Tile people of the nortliern hemisphere are Antiscii
to those of the southern, tJie shadows of the. one projecting
at noon towards the north, and those of the otlier towards
the south.
ANTISCORBUTIC, or ANTISCORBUTICAL,<i.[from
anti, against, Gr. and scorbutus, in medicine, Lai. the scurvy.}
good against the scurvy.
ANTISK PTICS, s. [from anti, against, and sejjtikos, pu-
trefying, Gr.] all substanecsthat resist putrefaction. They
are of use in all putrid, malignant, and pestilential cases.
ANTISPASLS, J. [Gr.] the revulsion of anv humour.
ANTISPASMODIC, a. [from anti, against, and spasnws,
the cramp, Gr.] that has the power of giving relief in the
cramp.
ANTISPA'STIC, s. [fiora anti, against, and spasttket,
plucking, (ir.] that causes a revulsion of the humours.
ANTISPLENETIC, a. [from anti, against, and iplen, the
spleen, GrJ efficacious against the spleen.
ANTl'STROPHE, s. [Gr.] the second stanza in every
three, in an ode sung in parts* Also a figure in grammar,
by which two things mutually dependant on one another
are reciprocally converted ; as, the servant of the master, and
the master of the servant.
ANTISTRUMATICS, s. [from onfi, against, Gr. and
strunui, supposed to mean the king's evil, J^at.] remedies
against a scropulous hiimour, or the king's evil.
.•\NTrTH ESIS, i. [Gr.] in the plural antitheses ; in rheto-
ric, a figure, wherein opposite qualities are placed in contrast,
or compared with each other, in order to illustrate, amplify,
and adorn the speech of an orator, or piece of an author;
a beautiful instance of this is in the following verse in
Deiiham — " Tho' deei), yet clear; tho' gentle, vet uftt
dull."\c.
ANTn RINITA RIANS, s. [anti, Gr. and trinitarians]
persops who deny the Trinity, otherwise called Soeiuiaus
and Unitarians.
ANTITYPE, i. [from antitypon, Gr.] in divinity, that
which is formed according to a model or pattern ; a general
similitude, or resemblance of circumstances.
ANTITYPOCAL, a. that answers to some type.
ANTIVENE'REAL, a.\nnn, Gr. and veneieal]'m medi.
cine, good against venereal complaints.
ANTLERS, s. \an<louUicr,Yr.'\ among hunters, the first
pearls which grow about the bur of a deer's horns ; some-
times used in a more general sense for any of the branches.
ANTCE'CI, .'. has no singular [from anti, against, and
oiheo, to dwell, Gr.] in geography, tliose who live und«r the
same semi-circle ol the meridian, but in different parallels,
the one being as far distant from the ccpiator south, as tho
others are north. Their longitude is the same, as are also their
noon, midnight, and all their days, hut their si asons are
contrary, it being autumn with the one, when it iss|uing wilh
the other, iVc. The inhabitants of Piloponnesus are the
anterci to those of the Cape of Good Hope.
AOT'ONOMA'SIA, s. [from anti, against, and onoma, a
name, (ir.Ja figure of rhetoric, by which the proper name
of one thing is applied to several o1 hers. Thus we sav, the
orator, for Cicero ; a man extremely iruel, w c call a Nero ;
and we say the philosopher, to denote Aristotle.
A'NTIilM, a county of Ulster, in Ireland, which is pretty
fertile, and has an extensivt- linen mauutactory. The iul'a-
bitaiit.s are computed at U)(»,(Vi(), and its e;i|Mlal is a timling
town of the same name, M miles N. of Dublin. It has
two remarkable natural curiosities, the Giant's Causeway,
and Uie petrifying waters of Loujjh Neagh.
APA
A'NTWERP, a large li:iiiilsomo city of Rial.anf, sealed
on the Sthrldt, i\nii Tiavi/ij; a stroll;; citadel. It was Utr-
nurlv a place of liic greatest trade in Kurope,^ lint lor more
tliUi .2!Hi years past has been on the decline. The streets of
Antwerp arc iarte and regular, besides ■Hhieli are twenty-
two luiblic squares; the harbour is very coniruodious, the
river bein^- 4(iO yards wide, and at the time of lii;fh water
22 ftel deep, so that la r;,'c vessels niav come up to liie quay,
and by the canals from the river to tlie doors of the houses.
Tiie pulilic buildings are very liandsouu', and at least 20<J
in tnuidier. The exchansc cost:J()i>,000 crowns, and served
as the model for those of London and Amsterdam. 'I'hc
town house is a grand piece ofarchitecture, and stands iu
tlie Rrcut market place. The house of the Hans town^
liuilt for the accommodation of Ihe eastern merchants from
the Raltic, is a square building of slone. In the middle
story, which has s gallery cpiitc round the square there are
.^OO iod^inji rooms ; the cellars serve for stables. It is 22
miles N'. of Brussels, 22 NE. of Ghent, and <ij S. of Amster-
dam.
.\'NVIL, s. [(fTi/iJk, Sax.] ni its prnnary si;.;ni(ication, a
smith's utensil, serving to place the work on, which is to be
hammered or forged. In a secondary sense, it implies any
tliint; which is subject to blows. Figuratively used witli
the jiarticle upon it implies that a thing is in agitation, is in
readiness, or under roiusideration.
A'Nl'S, i. [Lat.] ill anatomy, the orifice of the intestines,
through which the excrements are discharged by stool ;
likewise a small hole in the left ventricle of the brain. In
botany, the posterior or back opening of a nionopetalous
flower, or that w hich has but one petal.
ANXI'ETY, s.[mu:iet(ts, Lat.] an uneasiness of the mind,
caused by its apprehension of the consequence of s<ime fu-
ture event.
A'NXIOUS, «. [anxiiis, Lat.] uneasy on account of the
uncertainty of some event. Very solicitous about any fu-
ture event.
A'NXIOUSLY, ad. in an anxious manner; solicitously;
iui(|uictly ; carefully ; with painful uncertainty.
A'NY, a. [fiiiig, Sa/.J applied to time, it denotes either
of the parts of which it is composed. Applied to space,
cither of its parts without restriction. One, in opposition
ti) none.
A'NZICQ, or Macoko, a kingdom of Lower Guinea, the
country of tne Jagas, divided from Congo by the river Zaira.
The irihabitants are strong, active, and intrepid ; they arc
described as cannibals, pul)licly exposing human flesh on
their shambles for sale. They do not till the ground, but
like the Arabs, wander from place to place. They pay
some reverence to the sun and moon, and have other idols,
and they carry off slaves to barter at Angola, lor the coni-
jio<iitics of Europe.
A'ORIST, s. [from aeristos, Gr.] indefinite, a tense in the
Greek grammar.
AORTA, s. [Gr.]the great artery rising immediately out
ffthe left ventricle oftlie heart; the trunk out of which
all the other arteries spring, and the great canal from
whence the blood is couveyed to every part of the human
body.
APA'CE, ad. applied to things in motion swiftly ; ap-
plied to time, quickly or speedily ; and applied to the tran-
sition from one state to another, in haste, with speed.
APAGO'GICAL, a. [from apagu^c, a leading fr<mi, Gr.]
r.nepithet given to a sort of demonstration, or indirect way
of proof, by shewing the absurdity of the contrary.
A'PAN.AGE, s. in France, formerly a settled portion of
lands assigned by the sovereign for the subsistence of his
vouTiger sons, which reverted to the crown in failure of
male issue of that branch.
APA'RT, a4. [apart, Fr.] separately, or at a distance ;
aside, or for a particular use.
APA RTMENT, s. [apartcm^it, Fr.] a part of a house.
Syn<5N. Ry apartment is understood a set oi rooms couveui-
eiit to dw ell in.
APH
A'PATHY, s. [from n not, and pathos passion, Or.] a free-
doiii from all passion, a state of insensibility.
ATATITE, s. in chemistcy, a combination of lime wi!h
the phosphoric aci<l, the mailer of bones.
APE, s. [IcelHiirlic] an animal resembring the human form,
of which tliere are a variety of species. The toes of (heir
feet are as long as tluir lingers ; they have pouches on each
side tlii'ir jaws, v*hich serve them a.) store-places. Thc~1'c-
males have but a single \oung one, which they carry on
their back, and when they suckle it, take it in their arms,
and give it the breast in the same manner as a womati doi s
to her child; they are very remarkabli' for their mimickiiig
the actions of human creatures; hence the word is used in
a secondary sense, for one who uncoutlily or atlectedly
imitates another. Apes are distinguished from baboons,
monkeys, and sapajoi.s by their ivaviiig no tails.
To Ape, 1'. a. to mimic or imitate.
APE'AK, (npi-ik)nd. in a posture to pierce ; atilt.
A'PEl3.\LE, Statfordshire, near Stone, noted for its coarse
iron ore, which, mixed witli others of a better sort, is used
for two-pcnnv nails, and shiatiiing nails for ships.
APE'LITES, a sect of heretics in the second century,
wh© held that Christ received a body from the fourclements,
which at his death he rendered back to tlie world, and so
ascended into heaven without a body.
A'PEPSY, s. [apepsia, Gr.]iu physic, that disorder in the
stomach called indigestion ; a loss of natural concoction.
A'PENNINES, a chain of mountains which divide It;dy
throughout its whole length, as far as the southern extremity
of the kingdom of Naples. Ueiice proceed all the broriks
and rivers which water Italy, and render the land fruitful.
A'PER, s. one who mimics or imitates the actions of
another. An imitator ; a mimic.
APE'RIENT, part, [from apeno, Lat.] in medicine, that
has the quality of opening, applied to gentle purges.
APE'llTION, *. [from «/)er<»*, Lat.] an opening ; a pas-
sage ; a gap ; an aperture ; or the action of making an
opening or passage.
AT£RTURE, s. [from aperh, Lat.] an opening, ];assage,
gap, or hole. In geometry, the space between two ri'^f'it
lines that form an angle. In optics, a round hole in a turned
bitof wood, or i)latenf tin, placed within side of a telescope
or microscope, near to the object glass, by means of which
more rays are admitted, and a more distant view of the ob-
ject is oi)tained. In the civil law, the loss of a feudal tenure
by default of issue of him to whom the fee was first grant-
ed, is called apertura fcudi ; and the breaking up or open-
ing the last will or testament of any person, tliat was sealed
up, is called apeHura tahulnrum.
APET.ALOUS, a. [from a not, and petahn a flower-leaf,
Gr.] in botanv, having no petala or tlower-leaves.
A'PEX, i. [Lat. in the plural «;«>fi] the top point, or
summit of any thing. In geometry, the angular point of a
cone, or any like figure.
APHyE'RESIS, i.FGr.] in rhetoric, a figure wherein a
word or syllable istalcenaway from the begimiingof a word,
as in the ingenious motto of Sir .lolin Phillips Amore, more,
ere, re, bv love, by custom, bv word, in reality.
A'PHELION, or A'PHELIUM, s. [aphtha plur from, apo
from, and elios the sun, Gr.] in astronomy, that part of tlie
orbit of a planet in which it is at it5 greatetl distance from
the sun.
A'PHION, a city ofNatolia in Asiatic Turkey, which has
its name from the great quantity of opium, by the Turks
called aphium, pro<lnccd here.
APHORISM, s. [aphurismos, Gr.] a maxim, general rule,
a principle of a science, or a brief sentence comprehendiug
a great deal of matter in a few words.
APHORI'STICAL, «. that is composed in the manner of
aphorisms or maxims.
APIIORl'STICALLY, ad. in the maimer of an aphorism.
APHRONI'TRE, s. [aphrus Ui)\]\, and wtron salt-pclre»
Gr.] a kind of natural sall-petre, gathering like froth ou old
vails, now culled sult-pctre of the rock,
43
APO
APO
ATIARY, >.[spiar{um, Lat.] the place wliore liers are
kppt; whifh slioiild he shcltored fioiu lii;;li wiuii;;, ami de-
fendeil from ijoultry, wliose dun:; is very offensive to thcin.
APIECE, ad. each ; or separately taken.
A'PIS, an ox or bull worshipped by the Estyptians under
this name. The god Osiris was worsliipped under the form
of this animal, whose whol- bo<ly wi>o to lie blaek except a
white square spot on the forehead ; on his hack there was
to be the figure of an eagle, and ou his tongue that of a
beetle. When a calf was found with these marks, it was
carried with great joy to the temple of Osiris, where it was
fed, kept, and worshipped instead of the god, as long as it
lived, and at its death was buried with great solemnity and
mourning. This done, tliey looked out for another with
♦he same marks. Sometimes it was many years before they
found one, but when they had, there was a great festival
kept all over the country. The calf which the children of
Israel made at Sinai, appears to have been intended as an
jma^e of the Egyptian Apis. Apis is also the name of a
southern constellation, othenvise called Musca, the bee or
fly-
ATISH, a. This word has various significations, on ac-
count of its being applied to the dift'ercnt qualities of an
ape ; thus it signifies mimicking, or imitative ; atl'ected or
foppish ; silly, msignificant, empty, specious.
A'PISHLY, titl. in an apisli manner ; foppishlv ; conceit-
edly.
APO'CALYPSE, J. [npolinhipsis, Gr.] Revelation, the last
l)nok of the New Testament, and of canonical scripture,
written by St. John, accordin;^ to Iiena-us, about the year
of Christ 9(), in the isle of I'atmos, whither St. John had
been banished by the emperor Domitian. But bishop New-
ton fixes the time of writing this book earlier, viz. previous
to the destruction of Jerusalem. It is obseivid, that the
Apocal.Yi>se of St. John has the same relation to the i)rophe-
cies of Daniel, which they have to one another; so that all
of them together make but one consistent prophecy, point-
ing out the various revolutions that would happen both to
church and state ; viz. the destruction of Jerusalem ; great
calamities in the Roman empire ; the entire overthrow of
the Western Roman empire by its division into ten king-
doms ; the rise and fall of the Papal and Mahometan powers,
>lie second coming of Christ, &c. Ac.
APOCALY PTICAL, a. tliat contains the revelation of
any thing mysterious.
APO'COPE, s. [from Gr.] in grammar, a figure wlierein
the last letter or syllable of a word is cut off; as, tkro' for
through ; hfp for hypochondriac.
APOCRYPHA, s. [froi
om npokrupto to hide, Gr.l in its
primary signification something which is not known. Ap-
plied to books, it denotes that their authors arc not certainly
known.^ In theology, books J'ppended to the sacred wri-
tings of 'iiicertaiii authority, and rejeclto as uncanonical.
.APOCRYPHAL, rt. of di.iibtfiilaud uncertain authority ;
not inserted in the canon of Scripture.
APO'CPiYPHALLY, «f/. in a manner which is in want
of a'ithority, orthe marks of authentic'rty.
APGUrCTICAL, a. [from upoddhnumi to demonstrate,
Gr.] demonstrative, or so plain and convincing that no per-
soiican i 'fuse his assent toil.
APOGE'ON. A'POGEE, or APOGE'UM, i. [from apo
fro'ii, arjil ^e the earth, Gr.] a point in the heavens, in which
the sun, or a planet, is at the greatest distance possible from
the earth in its whole revolution. The ancients regarding
the earth as the centre of the system, chiefly regarded the
api,s;<tiin ■.\nt\ pcri^icnii, which the moderiif, making the sun
the centre, ( fiaiige for the apliehmt and per'/ielian.
AP( )I.(.!\A'RIANS, a sect in the fourth cenluiT, the fol-
lower "f Vnolliuaris, bishop of Laodice^.wht-, after he had
wrote many useful books, especially to youngei Christians,
fril into strtnfj'- enthusiastic notions, and taught that the
divinity of Christ was instead of a soul to him ; that his llesh
was pre-existeiil to his appearaiu'c on earth, and that it was
Miit down from Leaven, aiid couvej cd through llic Vir^iiii as
4i
through a channel ; that there were two sons, one b rn of
God, the other of the Virgin; that Jesus Clirist was con-
ceived a pure substance, and that afterwards the Word des-
cended into hira, and had sur-h operation in him as in the
prophets, but was not united to his nature ; tliat if was only
by his good works he became great and perfect ; that God
was crucified ; and that Jesus Christ has now no body, &o
APOLLO, f. [Lat.] in mythology, the son of Jupiter and
Latona, born at T^ los ; one of the heathen deities, to whom
they attributed the art of divination, and the patronage of
physic, and is tiie sun. Said to have killed the serpent Py-
thon, because its heat exhales pestilential vapours ; repre-
senteH with long hair, in allusion to the sun-beams. The fa-
ble reported of his 'ecding Admetus's sheep, denotes that
all creatures are sustained by his genial warmth ; and his
killing the Cyclops for forging Jupiter's thunderbolts, his
dispersing those pestilential vapours w hich are fatal to man-
kind. He is called the Sun in heaven, Bacchus on earth,
and Apollo in the infernal regions ; and represented with an
harp, to shew the harmony i>f our system ; with a buckler,
to denote his defi-nding tlie earth ; and with arrows, to sig-
nify his power of life and death.
APO'LLYON, aGreek word that signifies the Destreytr,
and answers to the Hebrew Abaddon. It is used "jy St.
Jolin iM the Re\ elation, chaji. ix. 11.
APOLOGE'TICAL, a. [from apnh;reomai to speak in
one's deunce, Gr.] that is said or written in defence of any
peiDoii or opinion.
APOLOGETICALLY, oi. in the manner of an answer,
defence, or apology.
APOLOGIST, i. the person who writes or speaks in vin-
dication of the sentiments of another ; one who endeavours
to extenuate the faults of another.
To APO'LOGIZE, r. a. to plead in favour of a person cr
thinj'; to defend or excuse a person or thing.
A'POLOGUE, {dpoldg) s. [apoloirns, Cir.J a story, or fiction,
formed to convey some moral and interesting truth to the
mind, under the image of beasts, and other irrational aoii-
mals ; a fable.
APO'LOGY, s. [apologia, Gr.l '" 'Is primary sense, ini-
plies a discourse made by a defendant, to clear himself from
a charge of guilt brought against him. At present the term
is used to imply rather an excuse than a vindication ; and
an extenuation of a fault rather than a proof of innocence.
APOMECO'METRY, s. [from apo from, mehn, length,
and mctreo to measure, Gr.] the art of measuring things at a
distance, to know how far they are from us.
APONEURO'SIS, .t. [from apo from, i)nd neuron a nerve,
Gr.] the expansion of a nerve or tendon into a membrane ;
the cutting otV a nerve.
APOPHLE'GMATISM, s. [from apo and phlegm, Gr.]
a remedy wliich evacuates serous, or phlegmatic humours
by the nostrils.
"APOPHTHEGM, {ipotItnn)s. apotJ^egiia, Gr.J a senten-
tious expression uttered ivithout deliberat'on or a sen-
tence containing some iii'iiortant truth, moral or divine,
which l)ursts unexpet tediy fioni 'he s|i(;;ker.
APOPHYSIS, s. ill anatomy, a protuberance of bone, or
a part eminent and jutting oui hcV'i'd the rest.
APOPLECTIC, or APOPLE'tTICAL.a. that is ofUic
nature of an apoplexy.
A'POPLEXED, «. atfcctcd orscizcd with an apoplexy.
A'POPLEXY, i. [from apuplesso to strike, Gr.] a sudden
deprivation of all sensation, while a strong pulse remains,
with a deep respiration attended with i stestor, and the .ip.
pearance of a profound sleep. It \i caused generally by
repletion, the head being naturally large, and the neck
short ; the persons being corpulent and fat. or of a pletho-
ric habit of body, and redmulantiii :/ili:ito.is hiimuurs.
APOSIOPE'StS, s. [ffdu ay/iifroui, aut^ unpao to be silent,
Gr.j a form of speech bv which the speaker through some
affection, as sorrow, hashfuhiess, fear, anger, or veheineuty,
breaks off his spvecb before it be all ended.
API'
APP
APOSTASY,*, [apostasis, Gr.] the abandoning,' and rr-
nouncius a religion one has before professed ; used always
ill a bad sense.
APOSTATE, .1. [nposintcs, Gr.] one who has forsaken and
renounced the relij;ionor i)rinei[)les he formerly professed.
To APO'STATIZE, v. a. to abandon or renounce one's
reli^ioui
To aPO'STEMATE, v. n. to turn to an aposteme ; to
form an abscess ; to collect and swell with corrupt matter.
^POSTEMATION. ». in surRery, the forming' an abscess.
A'POSTEME, or ATOSTUME,*. [Gr.] a lioliow swel-
ling fill*!d with purulent or corrupt matter; an abscess.
APO'STLE, *. [from apo from, and st</lo to stud, (ir.] in
jtsjuiost limited sense, one who was an attendant and dis-
fipiecf Christ on earth, and commissioned by him after hii>
resurrection to preach the ■gospel to the world. In a vaguer
sense, the first or most successful preacher of the gospel in
anv countiT.
Al'O'STLESHIP, .5. the dignity or office of an apostle,
which consisted in preaching the gospel, baptizing, work-
ing miracles, and ortiaining ministers.
APOSTOLIC, or APOSTOLICAL, a. that was taught
or authorized bv the apostles.
APOSTO'LICALLY, ad after the manner of an apostle.
APO.STO'LICl, several sects of Cliristi;nis who have
nrisen in diflVrent ages, and made profession of celibacy,
poverty, and abstaining from wine and flesh.
APO'STROPHE,/. [from >ipu from, and st:pf:a to turn,
Civ.] in rhetoric, a figure by which the orator, ni the vehe-
nrencedf his passion, turns himself on all sides, and applies
to the living and dead, to angels and men, rocks, groves, etc.
Thus Milton, in Paradise Lost,
O uooits, O fountains, hillocks, dales, and bmicis,
Willi other echo, !\C.
In grammar, it is a coiinna placed over a letter, to snew that
the word is contracted by the cutting off a vowel ; as es-
teem'd for esteemed, tit employment for the employment. It
is also a sign of the possessive case of a noun.
To APOSTROPHIZE, v. a. to interrupt the head of a
discourse, in order to introduce some foreign subject.
APOTHECARY, s. [from upotlura, Lat.J one who prac-
tises the art of pharmacy, prepares and sells madicines.
In London, the apothecaries are otie of the city companies,
and by an act which was made perpetual, S>Geo. I. are ex-
empted from serving on juries, or in ward or parish offices.
They are obliged to make up their medicines according to
the formulas prescribed in tiie Colleije Dispensatory, and
are liable to have their shops visited Dy tlie censors of the
College, who are empowered to destroy such medicines as
they, think not good.
APOTHEOSIS, s. [Gr.] deification, a ceremony by
•which the ancient Romans couiplimented their emperors
and sreat men after their death. It is thus described ; afler
the body of the deceased had been burnt with the usual so-
lemnities, an image of wax representing him was placed im
an ivory coUeh, where it lay for seven days, was visited by
the senate, and ladies of the highest qnality, in mourning,
and then the young senators and knii,Mits bore the bed of
state through the Via Sacra to the oil Forum, and from
thence totheCaHi/)M Martins, where it was deposited upon
an edifice of a pyramidical form. The bed being thus
placed amidst a quantity of spices, and other combustibles,
and the knights having made a procession in solemn mea-
sure r<mnd tlie pile, the new emperor, with a torch in his
Iiand, set fire to it ; whilst an eagle, let fly from the top of
the building, and mounting in the air with afire-brand, was
supposed tu convey the suul of the deceased to heaven, and
Irom that time he was ranked among the gods.
APOTOME, vv. [from aputemno to cut oft', Gr.] in mathe-
matics, the difl'erence between a rational line, and one only
commensurable in power to the whole line. In music, the
remaining part of an entire tone, after a greater semi-tone has
been taken from it. Its proportion in numbers is that ol 2048
to 2187.
A'POZEM, *. [from npo from, and zeo to boil, Gr,] in
pharmacy, a medicine made by boiling roots, plaiiti, dc. in
water, called likewise a decoction.
To APl'A'L, («/);whW) ''. "• [app'ilir, Vi:] to strike with
terror or fear ; toafl'right; to (lamp a person's counage ; to
dishearten, including, in its secondary idea, the sudden aii-
pearanee of some terrible object.
.APPA'LEMENT, {appuullme-nt)s. a sudden atfright, which
robs a person of'his courage, and renders him inactive.
APP.XRA'TUS, ■?. [Lat.] a collection of instruments ne-
cessary to accomplisli any design, and applied to the tools
of a trade; the instruments used in philosophical experi-
ments; the bandages, Ac. of a surgeon; the furniture of a
house ; the ammunition for war.
APPA'REL, s. [it has no plural; appareil, Fr.] the cloth-
ing wore for ornament or decency ; dress. Figuratively,
appearance, or ornaiMeiit.
To APPA'REL, I'. 0. to clothe; to dress; to adorn ; to
set out or embellish.
APPA'RENT, ;)ff)f. [apparent, Fr.] applied to truth, plain
and indubifajjle. Applied to shape or form, seeming, in op-
l)osition to real. Applied to actions, orcjiialities, visible;
manifest or known, oppose<l to secret. Apparent lime, in
astronomy, is that shewn bv a tine sun-dial.
APPA'Ri:NTLY, arl. plainl'j ; evidently ; manifestly.
APP.MU'TION, s. {apparitio, Lat.J the appearance of a
thing, so as to bec(ime visible to the eyes, or sensible to the
mind; a visible object; a spectre; a ghost, which is the
most common acceptation at present. In astronomy, a
star's l)ec(nning visible, w hich before was below the horizon.
APPA'RITORS, s. [from apparco to appear, Lat.] me»-
srngers who cite men to appear in the spiritual courts ; the
Ijeadle who carries the mace, &c. before the master* in our
UJjiversities.
To APPE'ACH, (rwpectch) v. n. to accuse ; to censure.
APPE'ACHMENT,fo/ii|)t«rA?H«(0 *• an information made
against a person ; an accusation.
To APPE'AL, iappe'd) V. a. [appelU, Lat.] to transfer a
cause <n' dispute from one to another.
APPE.\L, (appiel) t. the removal of a cause from an in-
fii'rior to a superior court or judge, when a person thinks the
ini'erior hifs not done him justice. Also a call upon any as
witness. In ccclesidstical causes, if an api>cal is brought
before a bishop, it may be removed to the archbishop ; if
before the arcfideacon, to the court of arches, and thence
to the archbishop, and from thenee to chancerj'. Ap-
peal also means, a private accusation of a murderer by one
w ho held interest in the murdered party, as his wife, or son,
or of any felon by one of his accomplices in the fact.
APPE'ALER, (ff;);»."e/e)", s. one who makes an appeal.
To APPE'AR, (nyyfi)) r. n. [apparco, Lat.] to become an
object of sight, or visible to the eye; to make its appear-
ance, like a spirit or gliott ; to be in the presence of ano-
ther, so as to be seen by hiin; to answer a summons by at-
tending a court of justice.
APPE'ARANCE, (ajyj)eairarcv) s. tiie exterior surface of
a thing, or that which nnmediatclv strikes the senses or ima-
gination, which, on a nearer inspection, may appear in a
ditlerent light, in law, it signifies i defendant's filing
c«immon, or giving special bail, or any process issued out of
a court of judicature. In perspective, it denotes, the pro-
jection of a figure or body on the perspective plane. In
optics, direct appearance is the sight of an object by direct
rays, without refraction or reflection. In astronomy, it im-
ports the same as phenomena or phase.? : and in physiology,
the same as phasmata. See those articles.
AI'PE'ASABLE, {appcfzabk) a. that may have the vio«
lence of passion lessened or softened ; that is reconcileable.
To APPE'ASE, {crppei-e) v. a. [appaiser, Fr.] to bririg a
person that is angry to a calm and even temper ; to pacify ;
to allay the nivings of a disordered mind. Figuratively, tn
quiet any noise, outrage, or violeuce ; beautifully applied
to inanimate thin;>.
46
ATP
APP
APPE'ASEMENT, (,appehemer\i) s. a State of reconcilui-
tion : a state of peace and ealtuness.
AI'PE'ASER, (n;?pttr«) j. one wlio prevails on anotlicT
to stifle his anger ; or brings about a reconciliation between
parti-"s. '
APPE'LLANT, s. [from ajipdh, Lat.] in law, the party
who brings an appeal against another; one. who appeals
from a lower to a higher court.
A.PPELLATION, >. {appelhiio, Lat.] the name, dignity,
©r title, by which one man is Ciistinguislu-d from another.
APPELLATIVE, *. [appeUatU'um, Lat.] Ill grammar,
applied to those wo.ds which stand for universal ideas, or a
vliole rank of beings, whether general or special, as mnn,
her^-, or dog ; and stand opposed to proper names, wiiich
belong to one only, as, T/mmeis, Hubert, Charles.
APPE'LLATIVELY, ad. after the manner of nouns ap-
pellative.
APPE'LLATORY, a. that contains an appeal.
APPELLEE', s. the person against whom an appeal is
brought.
To APPE?iJD, V. a. [apoemla, Lat.] to hang on another;
to join something as an addilioiial, not as a principal part.
APPENDAGE, i. [Fr.] any tiling that being considered
as less principal, is annexed oradded to the pruicipal.
APPE'NDANT, a. [Fr.] hanging to something else; an-
nexed. In law, any tiling that is inheritable, belonging to
some more worthy inheritance ; as, an advowson, common
<ir court, may be appfn<lant to a manor, land to an office ;
but not land to land, bolli being corporeal inheritances.
APPENDICATION, s. any thing which is added as an
ornament or conveniency, not as necessary to another.
APPE'NDIX, J. [Lat. its plural appcudiees'] sometiiing
added or appended to aiiolliei-, not as constituting a neces-
saiy part of it, but only as an embellishment or convenience.
Ap)ilied to action, concurrent circumstances. Applied to
books, a kind of supplejuent, or an additioi;, in order to
supply some omissions, and render them complete.
To "APPERTAI'N, v. u. [apparte^ir, Fr.] to belong to as of
riglit ; to belong to bv nature or appointment.
APPERTAI'N.MENT, «. that which relates, belongs to,
or is a pmpertv of, anv rank or dignity.
APPEUTENANCE, .». ['ippartename, Fr.] that which
belongs or relates to another thing.
APPE'RTINENT, a. that is requisite, or has a relation
to.
APPERTlRILITy, s. the quality which renders a thing
the object of <lesire.
APPETITE, s. [appeiitiis, Lat.] a desire of enjoying some-
ihiiig under the appearance of sensible good ; a propensity
to an object on account of tlie (;ood it is imagined to possess;
a violent longing after any thing.
.VPPETITE, a. that desires ; that has the power of
<l( firing.
To .'\PPL.\L"D, r. a. lapplmido, Lat.] to testify; one's ap-
probation by dapping of hands ; to praise or shew esteem tor
a piTson's merits.
.^PPLAL'DER, f. one who publicly sliews liis approiia-
tion ; or highly commends or praises the merits of aiinllier.
APPLAUSE, (npnlaCizc) s. [ajrphmsiis, Lat.] appiobatinn
«'\pressed with all the sentiments (/f turbulent joy; praise
I'pstowcd on merit by public and private testimonies of
apjirobation and rai.ture.
.V'PPLE, «. [uppel, Sax.] any kind of large fruit of a round
form, but appropriated at present to that of the apple-tree.
Ajink 'if the eve, see PuPlL.
A'PPLEBV, Iheassi/c town of Westmoreland, pieasantlly
!>f»ateel ou the river Eden, by wliit'h it is altnost snrrouniled.
It was fonneily a Roman station, named Aballalia; ami,
from the old English statutes, it appears that parliaments
have been holden here. It is 10 mil. s S. E. of Pmritli, :iiid
ihv, N. W. of Lon(hui. Ma' ket on Monday
APPI.I'ANCE, .T, tlie act wlureby one tiling is applied
In another ; or the thiuj? applied. AppUcatwn is the viord
SKVV used.
4e
APPLICABILI'TY, s. the quality of being fit to be applied
to something.
A'PPLICABLE, a. [from apnlico, Lat.] that is agreeable,
suits, or may be affirmed of a thing.
A'PPI.IC.ABLY, ad. in such a manner as to suit, agree
with, or be conformable to, and consequently may be af-
firiiii'd of, or applied to, any tiling.
A'PPLICA'FE, s. in mathematics. See ORDlN.\Tr.
APPLICATION, s.\ap,r:ieatio, Lat.] the act of applying
one thing to anotl«?r, either by making them touch, or bring-
hig them nearer to each other. Intenseness of tlioaght or
study. The employment of a mean to produce a paiiicular
end : I'le address, suit, or request of a person.
A PPLICATI\ E, a. that applies or makes the application.
APPLICATOR Y, «. that exerts the art of applying.
To APPLY', V. a. [applieo, Lat.] to put one tiling to an-
other ; to lay remedies or emplasters on a wound ; to use
as relating or oonformabk" to any person or thing ; to em-
ploy ; to put to a certain use ; to use as a means to some
end ; to hx the mind or attention upon any particular ob-
ject ; to study ; to have recourse to ; to work upon ; to ad-
dress as a petitioner. In mathematics, to transfer a given
line into any figure, particularly a circle ; to fit quantities
whose areas are equal, but figures ditlerent.
APPOGIATU'R.A, a. in music, a small note inserted by
the practical musician, between two others, at some distance.
'I'o APPOINT, V. a. [uppoinier, Fr.] to authorize one per-
son to act for another ; to fix any thing ; to set a person a
task ; to equip, to furnish a person in all points.
APPOINTER, «. he who settles or fixes any time, thing,
or place.
APPOI'NTiMENT, s. [appointement, Fr.] a thing settled
between two or more ; an agreement to perform something
future.
To APPCRTION, 1'. a. [from portio, Lat.] to allot or di-
vide into two or more parts ; to set out in just proportions.
APP()'RTION]\IENT, s. a dividing into portions. In law,
the division of a rent into parts,iii the same nianncraslhel<ui(l
out of which it issues is divided. Thus, if a person leases
three acres of lanil,and afterwarils grants away one acre tliere-
oJ to another, the rent shall be appiirtwnctl between them.
To APPOSE, lappase) r. a. [appuno, Lat.l uscil by Chau-
cer to imply an examination ot a fcholar, by embarrassing
iir jiiizzling him with questions. For this we now use the
word noif, which is a contraction of this word.
APPO'SER, i. an examiner. In the court cf exchequer
tlieie is an othcer called the foreign appvser.
A'PPOSITE, ff. [appnshiis, Lat.] proper, fit, suitable, well
ada|7ted to the purpose for which it was intended. Applied
to lime, seasonable, or conformable. Applied to opinions
or sentiments, proper, reasonable, or agreeable to the sub-
ject wliicli they treat of.
APPOSITELY, ad. fitly, suitably, conformably, properly.
Ai'POSITENESS, .«. fitness; propriety; suitableness.
.M'POSITION, .'. [.rippositio, Lat.] a compAiring or laying
things one by another. In grammar, the placing tAvo or
more substantives together, in the same case, williout any
copulative conjunction between them; as, her heaulii has
raptieatrel my ei/es, viy Jwart, my lenson, my imderstawtiiip-, mjf
vhole somI. Among naturalists, it is the same with aeere-
tion, or the external addition of matter to a subject.
To .\PPUAISE, (appruize) r. a. [tippricier, Fr.] to rate,
value, o!' scl a price on goods intended for sale.
APPi>{AlSF.l{, (appraher) s. one who sets a value upon
goods, who is sworn to do justice between party and parly ;
whence he is termed a sw<irii appraiser, and is obliged to
take till' goods at the price which he appraises ihein at,
|iiovidfd no other will purchase them at that rate.
To A PIT. IVC I ATE, r. a. tovalue, to esliniate.
'I'o APl'REH'ENU, f. a. [apprehetidii, Lat.] to lay hold on;
to seize a person as a nialrfactor, in order to bring him to
justice ; to think on with some degree of anxiety or terror.
.\p|iliod to the operatiousof the mind, to coii(ei\e superfi-
cially J to have an iuipcifcct or madequatc idea of a thing.
APP
APT
APPUEIIE'NDF.R, s. our v ho conceives a tbiiip; imncr-
fectly ; oik; vvlio s.izes u iiiiilclactor in order to bring liiin
U'jiislicc; a conccivcr; a tliinkcr.
APPIIKHK'N.SIBLR, «. [apprehcmhiUs, I^al.] tliat may be
apprelit'ii'lcd orcoiueivrd, tht)tij;li not coiiiprubcndtd.
APPHKm'VNSU>N, s. [iippre/ieiisiH, I,iil.| amoii^- logi-
cians, the nirre coiitemiilation of tbiiii^s, witliout atiirniiiif;
or dcuyinj; any thing coiicrrnins thciu ; tlic (acuity l)y
wbicii we perceive those ideas wiiich are present to the
mind; fear or anxiety ; snspieion of sonielhniii future. la
law, the seiznigof a malefactor, or lakinij him into custody,
in order to brini;liini to justice.
APPREHF.'NSIVE, «. that is quick to understand, orcon-
cei^«•, fearful, or suspicious. SvNON. Want of courage
makes us /car ; doul)t of success makes us tippir/iensiri' ;
distrust of strength makes us dread i inuiiiinatiou itself will
often make us nf'raUI.
APPREHENSIVELY, ml. after the manner in which the
apprehension exercises itself willi respect to its ideas.
APPRE'NTICE, s. [ctpprcnti, Fr.] a young person bomiil
by indenture to some tradesman, in order (o be instructed
in a mystery or trade. By tjie laws of England, a master
may be indicted for not providing for, or for turning away.
Ills apprentice : and m>on complaint from a master, that he
neglects his duty, an apprentice may be comiuilted to Bride-
well, or be bound over to tlie sessions. Apprentices may
be bound to husbandmen, or even to gentlemen and clergy-
men, who, as well as tradi'smen, are compellable to take the
children of the poor, under a penalty of 10/. And the
I'hurchwardeiis and overseers, with the consent of two jus-
tices, may bind them till the age of 21 years. Justices may
compel certain persons under a^e to be bound apprentices,
and ou refusal may commit tjicm. Apprentices may be
discharges! on reasonable cause, either at tlieir own request
C)r tliat of tlieir masters. If any, whose premium has been
less than ten pounds, run away from their masters, they are
iompellable to serve out the time of absence, or give satis-
faction for it, any period within se^HUi years after the expi-
ration of tlie original contract. Indeiitines are to be stamp-
ed, and are chargeable with several duties by act of par-
liament.
To APPRE'NTICE, v. a. to bind a person for a certain
number of years to one who is to teach him his trade, <S:c.
APPRENTICESHIP, s. the time for which a person is
bound to contiime with another, in order to learn and prac-
tise his trade ; the office of an apprentice.
To APPRI'ZE, v. n. [from appris, Fr.] to give a person
notice of what he is a stranjjer to.
To APPROACH, (in the pronunciation the a is dropt,
and the o sounded long) v. n. to shorten the distance be-
tween objects; to draw nearer, or go towards. Applied to
time, to be nearer its completion ; to be nearer at hand.
Figuratively, to come near ; to resemble ; to bring nearer
to ; to lessen the distance between objects.
APPROACH, s. the act of coming nearer to any object ;
access ; means used to come nearer to a distant object. In
fortitication, used in the plural, works thrown ui) by the
besiegers, in order to advance nearer to the place besieged.
Lines of approach, are trenciics cut in the ground, the earth
of which is thrown up in the form of a parapet, on the side
towards the enemy, in order to approach tlie covert way,
without being exposed to the cannon of the besieged. In
mathematics, the curve of equable approach, is that wherein a
body descending by the sole poweY of gravity, shall ap-
proach the earth equally in equal times.
APPRO'ACHER, s. that person who comes nearer to
another, or advances towards a distant object.
APPRO'ACHMENT, s. the act whereby the object draws
nearer to another.
APPROBA'TION, s. [approbatw, Lat.I the acknowledg-
ing a thing to be worthy ot assent, and of esteem, either by
a tacit consent or public confessi<m; the act of ajiproviiig,
liking, or esteeming any thing; the coiihrinaljon or support
of a thing.
To APPROPRIATE, v. a. [appmpero, Laf-l to quicken a
thing, with respect to motion; to iiasten action, applied to
the fiiiie in which it is expected.
To APPROPI'NQUE, {appropink) v.n. [appnnpiiiqiu), Lat.|
to draw near to. Not in use.
Al'PROPUlAPiLE, a. that may be confined or restrained
to something particular.
To APPROPRIATE, ». «. [apprnjmer, Fr.] to dedicate,
orconiinetoa particular use ; to ckilm an exclusive right
to. lu law, to annex as a property.
APPROPRIATE, a. peculiar; confined, restrained, or
limited to some peculiar sense or use.
APPROPRIATION,,!, applied to things, the applieation
of them to .souk; peculiar use. Applied to qualities, thel
claiming as belonging to one's seH", in an extraordinary if not
exclusive nianner. AppUed to words, the restraining them
to a particular sense, or confining them to signify a particu-
lar idea. In law, the annexing a benefice to the proper
and perpetual us** of some religions house.
APPRO'PRIATOR,*. one wlio is possessed of an appro-
priated benefice.
To APPROVE, {apnrobve) v. a. [nppronver, Fr.] tr> be
pleased with ; to be delighted with from a conviction of
merit ; to make worthy of approbation.
APPRO'VEABLE, ' {approU-cable) a. applied to tliat
which, on account of its merits, appears worthy of ap-
probat.on.
APPROVEMENT, {upprobvcmeni) s. eoHsent, including
liking or approbation.
APPRO'VER, {approbver) s. one wbo, confessing iiim-
self guilty of a felony, accuses one or more of his accom-
plices. Approvers also signify bailifl's or lords in their fran-
chises, sheriffs, and hkewise such persons as have the letting
the king's demesnes in small manors.
APPRO'XIMATE, a. [from ad and proximiis, Lat.] near;
that aiiproaches near to.
APPROXIMATION, s. tlie coming or approa-hing near
to any thing. In arithmetic, a continual approach (t a
root or quantity sought, witlwut being able ever to arrive at
it exactlv.
APRICOT, or ATRICOCK, «. [from apricns, Lat.] a
kind of wall-fruit.
APPU'LSE, ,?. [appulsiis, Lat.] the act of striking a.f^ainst
anything. In astronomy, applied to the moon when she
approacl>es any planet or fixed star, so as to seem to touch
or strike against it. If a very small portion of apparent
space is between the two bodies at their nearest approach,
it is called anear appuhe,
ATRIL, s. tlie fourth calendar month in the year ; but
the second, according to the computation of astronomers.
It contains thirty days. The wor<t is derived from apn-in,
to open ; because the earth in this montli begins to open
her bosom for tiie production of vegetables. lu this month
the sun travels through the sign Taurus.
APRON, s. [from o/bran. Sax.] a part of dress consisting
of cloth, A-c. which hangs from the middle downwards,
wowi by the ladies for ornament, by artificers to keep theiT
clothes clean. In a goose, it signifies the fat skin whicli
covers the belly. In gunnery-, a piece of lead w hich covei s
the timcli hole of a great gun.
APRON-MAN, s. a man who wears an aprou ; a mecha-
nic: a word of reproach.
ATSIS, s. [plural apsuUs, Or.] in astronomy, those fwi
points in the orbits of the planets, or satellites, in which
they are at their »reatest and least distance tiom the sun or
primaiy planet. The higher apsis of the planets is more par-
ticularly denominated aphelion, and the lower perihelion.
The imaginai-y line connecting these two points is called
the line of the apsidis.
APT, a. [apiiis, Lat.] fit; a relative terra, implyin;^ iJie
suitableness of a thing to procure some end ; that Las a
tendency to. Keadv or quick ; applied to tlic mind.
A'lTiTUDE, s. (aptitude, Fr.] fitness to bring abcut tbe
desired end : tendency.
47
ARA
ARA
ATTLY, Bd. with great propriety; justly, or pertinently;
rearfilv, or qtiiclily.
ATTNESS, s. a relative term, implying the suitableness
of any means to procure its end. Aj)plied to bodies, ten-
dency; to minds, disposition or inclination; to the under-
standing, quickness, facility, or ease in conceiving.
A'PUS, f. the Indian bird, or bird of paradise ;. in astro-
nomy, a constellation near the south pole.
>'?YROUS, 11. [from o, not, and jiyr, lire, Gr.] in cbyniis-
try, that which will sustain the most violent heat, without
any sensible alteration. A diamond was formerly believed
to be apyrous.
A'QUA,*. [Lat.] water. AquafortU, or strong water, a
corrosive j'qiior, made by distilling purified nitre with cal-
cined vitriol, or rectified oil of vitriol, in a slroD^' heat. A(jiia
marina, iiqiia marine, in natural history, a precious stone,
v.hich takes its name from its sea-green colour. Acpta mira-
bilis, or tiie wonderful water, is distilled from spices, infuied
in spirits of wine, and is a very good cordial. Aqua rtgia.,
the royal water, a strong corrosive spirit, which dissolves
gold, and is composed of spirit of nitre and spirit of sea-salt.
Aqua v'ta, or water of life, in a general sense, brandy or spi-
rit of wine ; but in a more conlinf'd sense, restrained to tliat
spirit which is drawn from malt; the other term hamli)
beinjj appropriated to that which is drawn from wiiieonlv.
AQUA'fllANS, a sect towards the close of the second
century, who used water in the sacrament instead of wine.
AQUARIUS, «. [Lat.] in astronomy, a constellation that
makes one of the 12 signs in the ecliptic, which the sun en-
ters ou the 2(1th day of January, and derives its name from
the supposed quantity of rain which falls while the sun is in
it ; in allusion to which, it is described in the zodiac on
globes, in the form of a man iucliniug on an urn flowing with
water.
AQUATIC, or AQUATICK. tt.\aquaticns, Lat.] applied
lo animals or vegctabios which livp and grow in the water.
AQUA'il'iN'TA, s.z method of ftcliing on copper, lately
invented, and by which a soft and beautiful etiect is pro-
duced, resembling a fine drawing in wator-colonrs or Indian
ink. It is a cheap mode of engraving, but it is kept a se-
cret by those who practise il.
A'QUKDl'CT, or AQU.EDUCT, ,?. {aqtiodiictnx, Lat.] a
channel forn;ed of stone, bricks, or timber, to convey water
from one ph'ce to another. In anatomy, tire bony passage
of the drum ll;al reaches from the ear to the palate.
A'QUEOUS, a. [aqucus, Lat.] watery. Aqueoits hunwur ;
seeKvR.
AQI I'LA, tlie r;ii;!e ; in ailronomy. a constellation of
the northern iicmisplicre, usually Joined with Autiuous.
AX^UILINI-, rt. [nqidHiius, Lat. I resembling an eagle,
Applirrl to thy nose, hooked, or like an eagle's beak.
AQUO'SK, a. [aqiii'SKs, Lat.] watery; abounding with
jiarticles of water.
AQL'O'SITY, s. wnfcrishneijs ; or the quaLty so named
irom its abounding with partich's of water.
ARA, the altar; in astroiu my, a southern constellation
Kct visible in our hemisphrre.
A'RABl'..SQUr„ or AKAliKSK, n. after the mannerof the
Arabians ; generally applied to a kind of paintings orarchi-
leetural ornamen-ts, wiiieh cousist of imaginary objects.
ARA'BIA, a country of .\sia, on the S. \V. It may be
a'couuted a peninsula, being joined on the N. to .Syria;
bounded on the N. K. by the river Euphrates, which divides
it from Diarbeck, or Diarbekar, the ancient Mesopotamia ;
»:n the E. by the Gulfs of Persia and Oiiuus; im the S. by
the Indian Ocean; and on the W. b> the Red .'^cm, which
SC[)firales it from .Africa. Il lies between 1'2 and .^2 <!e-
{{rees N. latitude, and between 3.0 and nearly (id. E. Ion.
rxtrnding l-l.Tt) miles in length, and 12U0 in breadth. It in
divided by I'^uropeans, into IVtrca, Deseria, and !•"( lix : or
the Stony, the Desert, and the llapi)y. Arabia Fetrea istlie
miallosl of the three, and towards the N. very mountainous,
having few inLHl)itanta, because of its barrenness. This is
the wilderness through whicii the cliiliireu uf Jsiael pait,<icd
in their journeying from Egypt to Canaan. In Arabia De-
serta, the plains of sand are so immense, that travellers, in
crossing them, arc obliged to make use of the mariner's
compass, as if at sea; and tbe tempests are not less terrible
here than on the ocean. The airiseXces-^ively hot; springs
or streams are scarcely do be met with ; a pestilential vn-
[MJUP sometimes passes along, which instantly kills thr/sn
who happen to inhale it ; and when the wind rises high,
the desert assumes the appearance of the most rough and
tempestuous sea. The sand is lifted up from its bed by tbe
force of the winds, and driven along like waves, doiuls. and
rain ; every thing that falls in its way is overwhelmed, and
whole caravans of travellers, with their horses and camels,
tiud one comnu.-n grave in the deluge of sand. M. de Pa-
sies observes, that, ni traversing the whole extent of .\rabia
Deserta, he saw " only 4 rabbits, 5or(jrats, 3largc,.aud7or
8 small birds." " Here, indeed, all our ideas of deserts, as
found in the poetical language of oriental tales, fall short ©f
the truth ! A stillness, like the silence of night, the faint re-
mains of 41 breeze still glowing with the fervour of the meri-
dian sun, but sinking with his orb; around an unbounded
waste, covered with dark gray sand, resembling tlie asliea
of a furnace, and according with the raging heat of those
regions ; above, the vast canopy of heaven, across whose
pale atmosphere no other object is seen but the reddish
disk of the sun dipt in the horizon, are circumstances whicll
conspire to impress the miiul of a spectator with an uo-
pleasing melancholy." Along the banks of the Euphrates,
however, where the land is fertilized, there are great flocks
of sheep, and large herds of cattle and camels. Ostriches
also are found there in great numbers. The produce of
Arabia Felix, which is by far the most considerable of the
three provinces, is myrrh, aloes, cassia, frankincense, spike-
nard, manna, and other costjj gums ; ciimamon, dates,
oranges, lemons, pomegranates, figs, and other fruits; hv
ney and wax in plenty; and immense quantities of eoft'ee.
In a country so various, and of such vast extent, we may
expect the manners of the inhabitants to vary. Those in Llie
fertile jtarts have long been domesticated ; to them we are
indebted for many valuable discoveries ; they have been
our preceptors in chynustry and mathematical science ;
they first introduced into Europe the invention of the ten
arithmetical figures, and taught us their use. On the other
baud, the Arabs in the Desert have no houses, but tents;
they lead wandering lives, removing from place to place,
partly for the sake of pasture, ami partly to lie in wait for
the caravans, which lliey often rob, as they travel over the
Desert from Russorah to Aleppo, and from Egypt to Mecca,
the place of Mahomet's nativity.
A'R.\r,IC, s. the tongue of tlie Arabians, a branch of the
Hebrew. Arabic is likewise applied to a gum, which dis-
tils from a thorny plant in Arabia.
A'RA BIG, a. that belongs to, or is used in Arabia. Ara-
hic diaracicrx, are the figures which we raalie use of at pre-
sent in ariliinu'tic.
A'RARISM, i. [arahimmis, Lat.] a method of expression
or idiom, peculiar to the Arabs.
.\'R.\RLE, a. [fromaco, Lat.] Ilat is fit for ploughing, and
to produce corn.
.'Vll.\C, or .A'RRAC, {rack) s. an excellent s|)irituous
liquor, made by llie Chinese from cocoa, rice, or sugar ; the
foruu'r of whicll is the best; there are two sorts imported
into I'.nglaii'l, viz. the (ioa aud Ratavia.
.ARA'CAN.a fertile, but not populous country of Asia, on
N. I-. coast of the Bay of Bengal; subject to its own king.
I's capital is of its own name, and is as large as Amsterdam.
His palace is very large, and contains it is said 7 idols of
cast "old two indies thick, each of a man's height, and cOr
ven'(i with dianioiids, rubies, and other precious stoqes;
and in his slables he has horses, elephants, lions, tigers, <S:c.
Tliey have' only two seasons, the rainv and the fair;. the
rainy se:'.~on is, while the sun is on the N. side of tlie line,
or dining our spring and summer months ; the rest of the
year is their suuiDier. Elepliauts,, buffaloes, and timers 'aia
ARC
ARC
numerous here. Tlie articles of commerce are tiniLer,
lead, till, yiul olepliants' Uctb ; iiiid sonicl-iiiies traders
mi'C't willi diamond;;, rul)ips, <md other pwcious stones.
The inhttbitaiils are idulatious ; polyfjaniy is permitted
anioiii; tlieni : adiiiiriiifj hroad and flat foreheads, they
hind fi'aden plates on their ehiidren',', forelieads, as soon as
they are horn, an 1 aecounling Ions ears as a beanty, they so
load them wifli rings, as to make them at least hang down
to their shonldi-rs.
AR-tO'IMETER, s. [from arnios rare, and melreo to mea-
sure, Gr.] an instrument used to discover the gravity of
fluids.
AR-EO'TICS, s. [from araioo to rarefy, Gr.] medicines
which rarefv or thin the lilood.
ARAI'GNEE, s. [Fr.] in fortification, a branch, return, or
gallery of a mine.
A'RAL, a lake ni Siberia, about 200 miles distant from
the Caspian sea about 250 miles long, and in some places
150 broad.
AR.A'NEOUS, a. [from aranea, Lat.] that resembles a
cobweb.
A RARAT, the name anciently given to part of Mount
Caucasus in Armenia, between the Black and Caspian seas,
where Noah's arii is said to have rested after the flood.
ARBITER, s. [Lat.] a person chosen by mutual consent
between two or more parties, to decide the subject of their
disagreement ; one who is invested with a power to decide
any ditference.
A'RBITRABLE, a. [from arbitror, Latj arbitrary, vo-
luntary ; determined purely by the will, without regard to
anv other motives.
ARBITRAMENT, s. [from arbitmr, Lat.] choice ; or the
exercise of the will in choosing or assenting to anv thing.
.ARBITRARILY, ad. in such a manner as implies a bare
exertion of the will, without any regard to motives or con-
sequences : in a despotic, tyrannical, or absolute manner.
ARBITRA'RIOU.S, a. [arbitiarius, Lat.] depending en-
tirely on the will ; precarious.
ARBITRA'RIOUSLY, ad. arbitrarily; according to the
mere and obstinate determination of the will.
A'RBITRARY, a. [arbitranus, Lat.] not restrained or
determined by any law, or reasons; capricious, positive,
despotic, and dogmatic.
To ARBITRATE, v. «. [arbitmr, Lat.J to decide or de-
termine a diflerence ; to judge of Used neuteily, to give
judgment or pronounce sentence.
ARBITR.\TION, s. [from arhitror, i^at.J the determina-
tion of a cause by a judge chosen by the parties contending.
ARBITRATOR, s. [Lat.] a person chosen by contend-
ing parties to determine a ditlerence- belween them ; a de-
terminer.
ARBITREMENT, s. rfiom arhitror, Lat.l decision or
determination pronounced by an umpire ; a compromise.
A'RBOR, s. [Lat.] in botany, a tree. In nieclianics,
that part of a inaehuie whiclLSUpports thejrest; likewise
the spindle or axis (.m which a mafhiue ilinis.
ATiBGR.lST, «. [arhoriste, Fr.] a naturaiis.t, who applies
himself pei^uliaily to study the nature uud cullhatiou of
trees.
A'RBOUR, s. [from arbtrr, Lat.J a kind of a shady bovver,
or cabin formed of the branches of trees, and contrived so
as to admit the air and keep oti' the sun and rain.
ARBU'RTHIE, a district in the shire of Kincardin or
Mearns, Scotland.
ARC, .i.[arcits, Lat.] a segment, or part of a circle.
ARCA'DE, s. [Fr.] a continued arch, or walk, consisting
«f several aTches united together.
ARCANUM, i. [Lat. in the plural nrcrt?ia| a secret; ge-
nerally applied to the nostrum of a quack.
ARCH, i. [arcKs, Lat.J the sky. In mathematics, part
of any curve line, whether it be ellipsis, circle, (^-c. Arch,
in architecture, is a vault or concave building, bent in the
form of an arch or curve, and is divided into circular, ellip-
t«cal, and straight. Vireidar arches, are either such as are
U
exactly a semicircle, or whose centre is in the middle of a
line drawn from one foot to the other, which are called se-
micircular nrvlies. hllipiical art-lirs, or those which consist
of a semi-ellipsis, and were formerly used instead of manilt-
trees in chimnies. Shaie:f>t arc/us, have straight edges, both
upper and under parallel ; but both their ends and joiiils
pointing towards a certain centre. Arcli of a lirid^e, is the
vaulted interval between its piers. A lyiuiitp/ial arc/i, is a
gate built with stone, <!tc. and richly ornamented with tro-
phies, <Sc.
To ARCH, f. n. [from arms, Lat.] to build or form into
arches; to cover with arches.
ARCH, a. [from arrhos chief, Gr.lused in composition, to
express something of the first raiiK or order, applied to
dignity, as, arclibishop : but soinelhing superlative, applied
to quality, as an aiihlientic, and is pronouneeii soft before a
consonanf, like ch in chuise ; but hard before a vowel, like
the letter h, as if the /( was dropped. It soiiielimes im-
plies a person endued with a great deal of low eiiiiniug;
triflingly mischievous.
ARCHAIO'LO(iY, (arliaiolosi/)-^. [from ff)(7/«ioi ancient,
and logos a discourse, (ir.j a discourse on antiquity; or a
treatise on the opinions, Ac. of the ancients.
ARCHA'NGEL, a sea-port of Russia, seatetj on the Dwi.
na, 4 miles from the White .Sea, which is frozen up for
Ihne months in the winter, but the rest of the year is o|;en.
The passage to it, through the N. Sea was first discovered
by Capt. Richard Lane, an Englishman, in 1.533, his shij*
being separated from the fleet of Sir Hugh Willouahby,
then on an expedition to discover a NE. passage to China.
Sir Hugh, with 70 men perished in Lapland ; Lane winter-
ed here. On the English first entering the White sea, they
found a fishing boat, the i)eoi)le in which, having never seen
a ship before, fled before tlniii ; hut on a nearer approach,
f'il at their feet, and though tJM'v could hardly be persuaded
to sell any tiling without iheir princes' leave, gave them
plenty of victuals for nutliiug. The English, from Eliza-
beth's time, had the exclusive privilege of trading here, and
in the other northern ports of Russia, fVimi Wardhus to the
river Oby, till the death of Charles I. when tlie cz<ir was so
exasperated at their conduct, that he wholly deprived them
of it; and since that lime it has been open to all nations.
The trade here is yet considcable, though it is greatly di-
minished since the building of Petersburg, from which it is
distant 400 miles NE. Lat. C4. .'U. N. Ion. 39. 0. E.
ARCHA'NGEL; (ar/ums,;:!) s. [<,rc/iangel„.i, Lat.] one af
the superior order of angels. In botanv, the deadnettle.
ARCHBISHOP, s. the chief or m.-tiopolitan bishop, who
has several suHVagans under him. This title was fust intro-
duced in the East, about the year 340, but then was only
honorary, and given to some bishops of great cities. Eng-
land is divided between two, him of Canterbui-y, and him of
York, who are called primates and metropolitans. Canter-
biiri/ is the first peer of England, "and, next to the royal fa-
mily, has precedence of all dukes and great oihcers of the
crown. The archbishop of York has the same power in his
jjiovince with that of (!auterbui>, has precedence of all
dukes not of the royal blood, and all oHicers of state excfirt
iJje lord high ciuiucellor.
AKCllBfSTlOPRIC, s. the state or jurisdiction of an
archbishop
ARCHBUTLER, .s. one of the great officers of the late
German empire, who presented the cup to the emperor on
solemn occasions. This office belonged to the kinc of Bo-
hemia.
ARCHCHA'MBERLAIN, s. an officer of the late German
empire, not unlike the great chamberlain in England.
ARCHCHATSCELLOR, s. in ancient times, presided
over the secretaries of the court under the two first races of
the kingsof France ; and when their territories were divid-
ed into GernrauN, Ilalj, an f Aries, there were three archr-
chancellors appointed.
ARCHCHA NTER, s. the president or chief chanter of. a.
church.
ARC
ARE
ARCHDE'ACON, s. [nrcliirliacotivs, Lat.] a priest vested
with authority or jurisdiction over the clergy ;inii laity, next
to the hishop, cither throuo;h the whole illocese or only a
part of it. There are sixty in Enjjiand, who visit every
t«o years in three, wherein they inquire into the repara-
tions and moveal)les he)oni;ins to churches, reform abuses,
susppiul, excommunicate, ni some places prove wills, and
induct all clerkj into Leueticei within their respective juris-
dictions.
ARCHDE'ACONRY, i. the jurisdiction, oflice, or pro-
vince of an archdeacon.
ARCJlDE'ACONSHIP, s. the oHice or disnity of an
•rchdeacou.
ARCHDIJ'CHESS, «.[«»•<•/, and il,ic/iesse,Fr.] the title of
tlie sister or daughter of an archduke.
ARCHDU'KE, s. [nrc/iidn.r, Lat.] a duke invested with
some greater priviley;e or authority than others.
A'RCHE, fa)7iM)i. [Gr.] in medicine, the begiiuiing, first-
period, or first attack of J disease.
AUCHED.pnjY. crooked, or bent iu the form of an arch.
A'RCHER, s. [arc/ier, Fr. I one who shoots with a bow : or
one who uses a Itow in battle.
A RCHERY, s. the art or exercise ofsiiooting with a bow.
The art of an archer.
ARCHES COURT, s. [so called from Bow-chiuch. in
London, where it was kept ; which likewise received its
name from its top being raised upon pillars, built how or
archwisel the chief and most ancient consistory or court of
the archbishop of Canterburv, f(M- debating spiritual causes.
The judge of the court is called the dean of the arches.
ARCiiETYPR, (fiihrti/pe) s. [nye/icti/pitm, Lat.] the origi-
nal model or pattern of any thing.
A'RCHETS'PAL, CflrAf/^/OT/) (T. original; that has some-
thin?; which raay serve as a l)attern to copy fiom.
ARCH.'E'US, for/.xM) «. a word used by Paracelsus and
other chemists to express a principle of motion, the cause
of all the visible changes and operations of bodies.
ARCHlDL\'CON\\L, (arhuliacoiml) a. [from archidiaco-
niu, Lal.J.fhat belongs, or relates to an archdeacon.
ARCHIPELAGO, s. in geography, a general term, im-
plying a sea interrupted by a great number of islands; more
partieulavlv tli"* .''Egeaii sea.
ARCHIEPl'SCOPAL, (arhiepUcopul) a. [from urchiepiscn-
f>iM, Lat.] that belongs to, or is exercised by an arch-
bishop.
A'l(CPHL, y. a white moss which grows on the rocks on
niaiiv parts of the Archipelago, and in the Canary and Cape
de Verd islanrls, anil is used in dving.
A'HCHITECT, (nikitcct) s. [nrc/iitrctns, Lat.] a person
skilled in bu'lding; who draws plans anfl designs, conducts
the work, and directs the artificers in carrving it on.
.ARCHITECTIVE, {arldtcHwc) a. that relates to building
or architecture.
ARCHITECTONIC, (arhitcctinic) a. [Gr.] that lias the
skill and iw»wer of an architect. ^
A'l!CHlTi:CTl'RE, (n/7»h<<»rf) s. [architertvra, Lat.]
the art of building ; divided into three branches, civil, mili-
tary, or naval. The Civil consists in erecting habitations
for men, or tciupli's for wor.->lii|). The Mihtnii/ consists in
sfri ngthening and fortifying places, named "iortilicalion.
ynrni nri-hiiictiite is that wliiih teaches the construction of
ships or vessels Hoating on the water, and is nameil ship-
building.
.A'R( HITF! AVE, {arhtrare) x. [from aiche the beginning,
Gr. and It'ilrg a l.icairi, Lat. J in arcliitectiire, the lowest niem-
Imt of the -nfabl'iture, which lies imipiediatel\ upon the
capital. In tiud)er-biiilding. it is stvlcdtho reason-piece,
«>r inastrrdieam. In chimiiii-s, the maiitle-pieie : and over
jambs of doors or windows, the hvperthvron.
A'RCHIVK.S. (Hrhivz)s. [archivn, Lut.] the places where-
in records or ancient manuscripts are preserved. Fignia-
tivelv, the records and maimscripts themselves.
A'UCnON, (rUlwn)t. [Gr.] in antiquity, the chief magis-
trate of Athem..
60
ARCH-TRE'ASURER, s. formerly a great officer of tli«
German empire.
ARCHWISE, ad. in the shape or form of an arch.
A'RCTIC, a. [arlttilivs, Gr.] northern; lying under, or
near the no th star. Antic Circle, a lesser circle of the
sphere, parallel to the equinoctixl. and 66 deg. 32. niin. dis-
tant from i* towards the norln pole. Arctic Pole, the
northern pole of the world, both of the heavens and the
earth ; so named of Arctos, or Bear a<.luster or constella-
tion of stars near it.
ARCTU'RUS, s. in astronomy, one of the fixed stars in
the constellation of Boiito. It is mentioned in Job ix. 9.
It is above the horizon of London 15h. 50m. 52s. out of eveiy
23h..5Cm.4s.
A RCI'ATE, a. [arciiatiis, Lat.] bent in theform of an arch.
.•MJCUA^M()N, s. [from «n»(>, Lut.] the act of bending
any thing ; the state of being bent. In surgery, a bending
of the bones, which appears in the ease of iJie rickets: the
pnitulierance of the foreparts of the body, wills tiie liendiug
of the bones of thehternum.
A'RDENCY, s. applied to the affections, warmth ; ap-
plied to study, activity.
.ATiDENT, e. [iiidfiis, Lat.J applied to the qualities ef
bodv, hot, burning, infiaming ; applied to those of the mind,
fierce, veliemenl, vi(,lent, passionate, inflamed.
A'RDENTLY, ad. waimly, eageiiy, passionately.
A'RD(jL\SS, now a decayed, but once a principal town
of Down, in Ulster^ Here is a long range c.f buildings, ia
the castle style, called by the inhabitants, the New Works,
though they have no tradition of its design or use. Here
aie also the remains of several other castles, towers, ami
gates; and within tlic N. E. point of Ardglass harbour, is
a very curious natural cave, with a large entiancc on the
shore. It is 7 milts N. E. of Down Patrick.
.A'RDMEANAGH, a territory of Ross shire.
A'RDOR, «. [aidnr, Lat.] heat, applied to the quality of
bodv ; warmth, violence of afi'ection, applied to the mind.
A RDUOllS, a. [ardiiiig, Lat.] applied to wliat is both
lofty and difficult to ascend, f-'iguratively, something which
is both important, sublime, and difficult to comprehend.
ARE, the third person plural of the verb am, used when
we speak of two or mine persons.
A'RE.4,j. [Lat.] the surface contained between any lines
or limits. Any surface, such as the floor of a room, the va-
cant part or stage of an aniphitheatie. fn geometry, the
space contained within the lines bounding it, reckoned in
tile square part of any measure.
AREEA'CTION, s. [from arefiuio, Lat.] the act of making
dry, or the state of drying.
AREN.V'CEOUS, a. [areiiaceHs, Lat.] composed of sand;
sandv.
ARENATION, s. [from arena, Lat.] in medicine, a drv
bath, wherein the patient sits with his feet upon hot sand,
and lias it cast upon different parts of his body.
ARENO'SE, n. [iireiiosiis, Lat.] sandy or abounding with
sand.
ARE'NULOUS, a. [from onniefa, Lat.] consisting of small
sand .
ARE'OL\, .?. [Lat.] in anatomy, the coloured circle sur-
rounding the nipple.
AREO'PAGIJS, s. a soTcreign IriburKd at Athens, fiimong
for the justice and impartiality of its decrees, to which the
gods themselves are said to have submitted their<lifferences.
Anlliors are divided as toth<- reason and origin of this name ;
nor are they more agreed about the number of judges that
sat in it ; some reckon thirty on"", others iifly-one, and others
five liiiiidied. In short, their number seems not to have been
fixed, but to have been more or less in difi'erent jears. .'\t
first, this tribinial consisted only of nine persons, who had
a II discharged the office of archons, had acipiilted fhemselves
with honour in that trust, and li:id likewise given an accoinit
of their adiiiinistratioii befoie the Logistic, and undergone a
rigorous examination. Their salary was eipial, and pan! out
of the public treasury ; they had three vM\, that is, thife
A RI
ARM
liaif oence for piicli cause. Tlie Areoj);i(;ites were juiltfcs
(iir liCo. Tliov al\v:iys s;it in jud^iiiicnt in tlic open air, ami
ill tlie night tiiiir, liial llvir iiiiii(!s iiiislil I)'- lli« iilinx' pic-
siMi; and ;il1i'iili\r, and liiat no objfcl of pily or aifisioii
iiii;;:lit Miakc aiiv iiiiprcssioii upon I Inni; anil all the plead iii;.'.s
lai'orc tlu'in were in (lie simple-.! and most nalicd terms. At
first, Ihev took <of;iiizaino ot'triminal eaiises only; Init in
course oi'fime tliiir jiirisdielioii became of great extent.
AKEO'TICS, s. [{'torn (u-uiutikus, larefj'ing, Gr.J inccliciiies
tliat open tlir oores.
AKE'QUIIW, a pop dons city of Pern, seated near a
dreadful volcano, ODO nines from Lima.
A'RGAL, or A'U(iOL, s. the hard lees sticking to tiie
sides of wine vessels, called Tartar.
AltOA'Ll, a species of sluep, which lives wild in Siberia.
A'lttiKNT, a. [from aigriiiiiiii, l.al.] that resembles silver ;
silvered. In heraldry, the while colour in tiie arms of
gentry, expressed by engravers by a total omission of lines
in a shield.
A'RGIL, .«. [aygilla, I.at.] the white cartii used by the
potters iu niakinj; their while ware.
ARGl LI.A'CEOUS, «. [nrgi/laceKs, Lat.J of tiie uatiiic
of poller's clay.
ARGl'UiOlJ.S, n. [argiUosns, Lat.] consisting of clay; of
the nature of clay.
A'RCiO, navis, or the sliip, in aslionoiny, a large constel-
lation iu the southern hemisphere.
A'RGOSY, *. [from Aigo, the name of Jason's shipl a
large vessel for merchandise.
To A'RCiUE, «. V. [ai-g-Ku, Lat.l to evince the truth or
falsehood of any thing by proofs. Figuratively, to persuade;
to bring reasons J'or or agumst ; to plead, to handle ; to
dobate,
A'RGUER. s. one who makes use of reason in order to
evince any truth, or raise conviction in the mind of another ;
areasoner; adispiiter.
A'RGUMJ'INT, s. [ar}^-nmentiim, I.at.] a reason brought
to prove or disprove any thing ; the subject of any dis-
course or writing ; a concise view of the heads of any dis-
course. Iu law, a cause ; debate ot suit ; a controversy.
In astronoiuv, an arch by which we seek another unknown
arch, proportional to the tiist.
ARGUM-E'Nl'AL, a. that is fiirmed upon the deductions
of reason ; beiouniui; to argument ; reasoning
ARGUMEN'l'A'TION, i-. the evincing the truth or false-
hood of any proposition by reasoning; the act or ett'ect of
reasonitig.
ARGUME'NTATIVE, «. consisting of argument, or the
deduction of reason; containing reasons.
ARGll'TE, a. fffr^HtK*, Lat.] witty, sharp, subtile.
AR{iY LE.SHJRE, or Inverary, a county of .Scotland,
bounded on Ihe N. by Inverness-shire, on the E. by the
counties of Perth and Dundjarton, on the S. and W. by the
Atlauljc ocean, by which it is broken into ishmds and
peninsulas, wiiJi bays and inlets which aH'ord good harbour
for shipping •, and the counl|-y is well watered with rivers
and lakes, wliieh yield abundance of tish. It is not quite
KtO miles lon;^, fiom the Mull of Canlvri- to its N. E. eMre-
mity ; its breadth is unequal, about ?M miles were greatest,
anti in some places 1 or 2. To tlie N. W. is a peninsula
detached from the rest of the country ; it contains llie
districts of Ardnamiirchan, Morven, Sunart, and Aidgowar ;
the two li:st remarkable for numerous veins fif lead, which,
however, are not verv productive. The peninsulas ofCautvre
and Corvall, are likewise very large. A great pait of the
counti7 abounds with rocks, frigiitful precipices, and stu-
pendous moimtaius, apparentlv piled one upon aiiolher;
vet even 111 the higb <.ioiinds, the soil, though little titled
lor cultivation, atl'ords excellent pasture.
AiU-A, s. [Ital.] in music, an air, a song, a tune, or a
lesson.
A'RIANS, s. in Church Ilislorv, a sect of ancient here-
tic* ''■'"> denied the three persons in the Trinity to be of the
sanic essence « '*'*<^ affirmed Christ to be a creature ; tbat he
was inferior to the Eather as lo his deity ; that he was ntt
tlier CO eternal nor coequal with him; also that the Holy
(jliost was not God, but acr' nhne ot the .Sun. Their l«ader
Anus, lived at the beginning of the fourth cciilury.
A'l'IANISM, s. the prim iples maintaiind by the Arians.
ARID, a. [iiridiis, Eiit.| dry, parched up, withered.
ARIDITY, s. [niiilHa.1, Lat.| a want of moisture, or
dryness. In divinity, a state of insensibility, or want of
ardency in de\'olion.
A UIE.S, i. [L;il.] in astronomy, a constellation of fixed
stars, llie first of Ihe twelve sijjns of the zodiac, which ihe
sun enters about the 21st of i\iai<li; hiero;,dyphically re-
luesciiled by llie ram, because it is then the leeaiing time
lor that kind of animal.
To ARI'ETATE, v. n. [arielo, Lat.] to butt ; or to attaek
with the head, like a ram.
ARIETAT'ION, i. [from «?-?>to, Lat.J the act of biittius
like a ram; the attacking with a battering ram
AKIE'n^A, s. [Ital.] in music, a short air, song, or tune.
ARIGHT, ufl. \iilit, Sax.] truly ; justly, or consistent
with law ; properly, or in such a manner as to attain th*
desired end.
ARIM.VNUIS, the evil deity of the Persians.
ARIOLA TION,«. [from hmwlns, Lat.] soothsaying.
ARIO'SO, s. [Ital.] the movement of a cominoii air, song,
or tune.
To ARl'SE, iftr'tze) V. n. [its pret. arose, ])art. ariscii] to
asicend ; to move upwards from the earth ; to get up as
from sleep ; to change the posture from sitting to standing ;
to come in view ; lo become \isible; to come out of the
grave ; lo How or proceed from.
ARlSTO'CR.\CY, «. [fioni aristos, best, /:iaico, tit govern,
Gr.] in politics, a form of gincrnnieut, wherein the supreme
power is lodged iu the nobility.
.'\RISTOCRA'TICAL, «. that partakes of aristocracy,
or includes agovernnieiil administered only by nobles.
ARlTHiMANCY, s. [from antluiws, a number, and man-
ttiii, divyiation, Gr.] a sort of divination, of forctelhng things
by numbers.
ARITHMETIC, s. [from arithmns, number, and metven,
to measure, Cir.] llie science of numbers; the art ofco.inpn-
tation. The fiiiidaniental vule.s or operations of ai ithiiitlic,
are four, namely, addition, substiaclion, multiplication, anct
division; the piaitise of which is given under their respec-
tive heads. Rcsicies which, there arc other rules cwwtrivcd
for the facililating computations of all kinds; as will be
seen in the course of this \\<nk.
ARITHMETICAL, u. that is performed by numbers, o*
agreeable to some rule in arithmetic.
ARITHMETICALLY, n<L according to the rules of
arilhuiflic ; in an arithmetical manner.
ARITHMETICIAN, i. a master of the art of uumneis.
ARK, s. [fiomniTa, Lat. a chest] a chest, or cofler; ap-
plied in scripture to the vehicle in which Moses was ex-
posed to the Nile ; the chest wherein the two tables of the
covenant, the pot of manna, and Aaron's rod, Avere kept ;
bill more particularly the vessel built liv Noah, lo preserve
himself, family, and the whole race of terrcatrial and aerial
animals, from the flood.
A'RKLOW, a neat niaiket town, and sea-port of the
county of Wicklow, in Ireland, with a luirbonr for small
vessels. It is 13 miles S. of Wicklow, and 26 of Dublin.
ARLES, a large, handsome and ancient city, in the
depf. of the moullis of the Rhone. The a'ljaeent country
is vei-y pleasant, and produces good wine, nianna, oil, fruits,
and vermilion, and the air is exceilent, yet the city is not
populous. Constantine, the Roman emperor, look jjreat
delight in this place, and made it the seal of the pinpne iu
G:uil ; and here are some remains of their anli»iiiilies, of
which the amphitheatre and obelisk are most rciKiiil.able.
It is seated on the Rhone, 12 miles S. E. of Nisnies, ;5.'> N.
\\ . of Marseilles, and 430 S. bv E. of Paris. Lat. 43. 41. N-
lon.4. 43. E.
ARM, «. \carm. Sax.] a limb of the human body, reachiii'
61
ARM
ARR
fynm tin s!i»nkler to tlie hand. Anatomists ilividp the arm
into Avo parts, calliii'; only that part the arm whicli is in-
cludtd between the sliouhler aiitl the t-lbovv; the rest, frotn
tile elbow to tlie wrist, being taken into tlie greater hand,
is called tlie forearm. The arm, in this acceptation, has
only one large bone, called tlie os Immn-i, or the shoulder-
bone. 'I'he other part consists of two bones, namely, the
radius and cubitus, or ulna. In geo;;rapliy, it denotes a brancli
of the sea, or a river. It is also figuratively used (or power ;
«.?, tlie secular arm. Likewise, for a large branch or bough
of a tree.
To ARM, r. a. fcrrwu, Lat.] to furnish with weapons; to
cap, case, or cover with metal, applied to the loadstone, or
the shoes of a horse.
To ARM, V. n. to take arms; to be provided against any
attack, either of au enemy, or casualty.
AIliNIA'DA, s. [Spaii.J a fleet of men of war,' applied by
vay of eminence to that great one fitted out by the Sjci-
niards, with an intention to conquer this island, in 1588.
ARMADI'LLO, a South American quadruped, whicli is
rovercd with a hard shell, and rolls itself up « hen attacked.
They are accounted very delicate food.
A'RM.AGH, acounty of Ireland, in the province of Ulster,
which is fertile, well cultivated, and has nlioul 120,000 inha-
bitants Mho carry on a good trade in linen. Its county
town of the same name, is the see of an archbishop, who is
priniijte of Ireland.
A'RMAMENT, «. [unnnmentmn, Lat.] any place wherein
arras are placed : jjreat provisions of militai-y "store*. Figu-
ratively, au army, but most commonly applied to a fleet of
ni'ii of war.
ARM AN, s. a coufection for restoring appetite to horses.
A'RM.'VTURE, J. [nrwo^rjrt, Lat.] a military dress to de-
fend the body from the attack of an enemy iii battle ; any
Imiig to defend the body from external injuries.
.-\'RMED, a. in heraldry, applied to beasts and birds of
prey, wheu their teeth, horns, feet, beak, tahms, or tusks,
&c. are ofa different colour.
ARMENIA, a large country of Asia, bounded on the W.
by the river Euphrates, on the S. by Diarbeker, Curdislan,
and .'Vdirbijan, on the E. by Shirvan, and oii the N. by
Georgia. It was once governed by its own kings: but the
Turks and Persians at present possess it bet«<iii I hem.
'i'he ii.ili.ibitants are iiukIi attached ti.> commerce, vnid un-
dertake long journeys to carry it on. They piofe>s Clirisli
auily, but are charged with being Eul\cliians. They iiave
patriarchs^ archbishops, bishops doctors, preachers, and
monks. Erzeruin is the capital.
AR.VIENIAN, fBni.K) s. a fatly medicinal kind of earth,
ofa pale reddish colour, wiiicli takes it name from liie coun-
try of .A.rmriua.
'.\l'vME'NIA\, CStonf.) s. a mineral stone or earth of a
blue colour, spotted with grcin, black, and yellow; an-
tiently brought oiilv from Ainienia, but now found in Ger-
manv and theTvrol.
A'RMIIOLE, or A'R.MPIT,,9. the cavilv under the shoul-
der.
A'RMIGER, .1. [Lat.] an esquire ; one that bears arms.
ARMl'LLARY, «. [Intm nrmilla, Lat.] sonietliiiig that is
circular, in allusion to the surrounding of a bracelet. Ar-
Kiilluri/ sithirr, is composed of several brass circles, which
represent those of tl'* horizon, meridian, ecliptic, iVc.
drawn on the globe.
A'RMIN(iS, v. I plural] in a ship, ari' while iir red cloths
liuug fore and aft on the outside ofa ship; those on the lops
are named Inji-ni>iu7iu;t.
ARMITsIANS, l.roin Arminiii.i] the followers of .Armi-
nius, a famous minister at Amsterdam; who, in the lf!lh
eenliiry, separated from the calvinists, holduig that piedes-
tiiialiou was not absolute, but <onrlitioii;d ; that Christ Iras
not only redrrmed all, but that there is an universal grace
jflveii iiiall mankiiifl ; that gr.M-e is no! an irresistible prin-
ciple ; that man \, a free agent, always at liberty to obey
all the motions of the IloK (iliost, or iesistlhem ; that witn
respect to perseverance, a man may, after justification fall
into new erniies.
ARMIPOTENCE, jt. [anna and potentia, Lat.] power, or
powerfuhiess in war.
ARMl'POTENT, a. {armipotent, Lat.] powerful, or Strong
in the field, inarms, or at war.
ATiMISTICE, s. [armistitium, Lat.] a short truce or cessa-
tion from arms for a short time.
A'RMLET, s. a small aiin of the sea. Figuratively, a
Lracelet, or some ornament worn on the arm.
ARMO'NIAC, s. [erroneously so written from Ammo-
uiacj See Ammoniac
ARMO'NICA, s. an instrument of music constructed with
drinkiiig-glasses ; inveKied Ity the late Dr. Franklin.
ARMtnUAL, n. [ojmor/rt/.Fr.] that beliuiijs to the coat
or escutcheon ofa family.
A'RMOrtl.sT, *. a person skilled in heraldry.
ARMOUR, s. [uvmure, Fr.] a cover for the body, to de-
feud it from the instruments of war, like aliarness.
ARMOUR-BEARER, s. he that carries tlie arms of ano-
'her.
A RMOUREll, s. \ar:.;o:-ier, Fr.] one who makes, forges,
or sells armour; one who dresses another in armour.
A'liMOURY, .«. [«r)noire, Fr.J a place where arms are
kept. Figuratively, arms.
ARMS, s. not used in the singular ; {arma, Lat.j all kinds
of weapons, whether offensive or defensive. Figuialively,
a state of hosiility between two nations : war. In heraldry,
the badges of distinction, escutcheons, or other inarks of
hono-ir, given by sovereigns, and boi he on banners, shields,
or coa's.
A'RMY, s. [oimtc, Fr.] a collection of men armed, com-
maiided by tlieir propr;r ofhceis. Figuratively, a great
num ber.
A RN EE', ,v. an Indian animal of the ox kind, reported to
have ven large horns.
ARO'.\l.-\, 111 chemistry, the odour which arises from cer-
tain vegi t;ii)les, (a their uit'u^ious.
AI!<.)^iA"riC, or AROiUATlCAL, o.[fioin aroma, Lat]
spiev ; liagiuiit; strong-scented, or smelluig like spices.
AI'iOMATICS, s. [not used in the singular] spices, or
any stroug-scentt.d, fragrant, or high-tasted body.
To .AROM A'l VZE, V. a. [from arnmu, Lat. J to mix or scent
with sjiices. Figuratively, to make any tluug agreeable,
vliieli in its own luituie woiilil be loathsome.
-MJOU'ND, ad. \u la ronde, Fr.] in a circle : m a circular
manner ; on all sides. Used as a preposition, encircling ;
encompassing; round about
To .■'[HOU'SE, {ninii:e) v. a. [arisen, Sax.] to wake from
sleep ; to e\( ilc an indolent person to action ; to raise up
to sliu'ulale.
AIU'E(i(iIO, 4. [Ital.] in music, the making the notes
of a chord to be heard distinctly oii« after another, by a
purling nr lolling of the hand on stringed instruments, be-
ginning at the lowest note, and rising gradually upwards.
A Rri'.NT, ,«. an acre or furlong ol ground. The arpent
of Fraiu e is 100 perches souare, but some account it but
half an acre.
A'RQIEBU^E, .5. a large hand gun, somewhat bigger than
our musket and calleil by some a laiiver.
A'R(JUE1UIS1EU, f. one who carries, or makes use of,
an arqni busp.
A'RRACH, O'RRACH, or ORR AGE, s. one of the
quickest plants both in giouingaud running to seed. Its
leaves are veiT good in pottaje.
AltKACK,'*. ,See Akac.
.ARUA(i<)N, a province in the N. of Spain. The air is
pure and wholesome, and the eountry near the river is fer-
tile in corn, wine, Hax, and fn ■! ; but in general, it is dry,
sandv, mountainous, an<l stoiiy. It prodiues saffron, and
there are iniur* ot'salt. Sarago^sa is the capital.
To .AIlHAICiN, (ff»(v/'ii) V. a [iirxiif^i-r, \x.\ in law, to
set a thing m order, or fit it for a trial. Apidied to writing,
to indict ; to accuse ; to charge with crimes.
ARK
ART
ARRAI'GNMENT, (nrrnUvicnt) s. tlie act of trying a
person ii|i()ii aiiiri(lictniciit, ar;iiis;ttion, or cliargo.
A HR AN, a rocky ami mountninoiis islaiid of Scotland,
in the Frith of ('lyilc, to the S\V. of llic islam! of Bute ;
ai)out 23 miles long, and l'2l>road. It abounds with cattle,
nheep, K"'*'^' '""^ fowl, and agricidtnre here is somewhat
advancinjf. The streams are stored with fish, especially
salmon. The climate is cold, but iieallhfid ; and nivalids
annually resort thither to drink the whey of goat's milk.
Among the rocks are found inMi ore, spar, and a great va-
riety of beautiful pebbles, susceptible of polish. Oil the
i-oast are many spacious and wonclerfid caverns, which used
to afford shelter to smugglers ; one of these occasionally
selves the inhabitants to hold a religions meeting in. They
were once the retreats, perhaps the habitations of ancient
heroes. Tradition, in these parts, still preserves the me-
mory ofFihgal ; and Robert Bruce took refuge in this is-
land in the times of his greatest distress. Lat. 65. 40. N.
Ion. 5. 10. W.
To AURA'NCiE, v. «. [nn-nngn; Fr.] to dispose or put
in order, including the secondary idea of art or skill.
ARRA'NCiEMMNT, s. the act of put ting or placing things
into order, including the idea of skill or Judgment.
A'RRANT, rt. [p;ra«/, Fr.] n()torious, mfanioiis.
A'RRANTLY, ad. in a notorious, infamous, or shameful
manner.
ARRAS, the richest sort of tapestiy, so called from Ar-
ras, formerly the capital of Artois, a province in the Ne-
therlands.
ARRA'Y, s. the order in vhich an army is drawn up to
give battle; dress, or external ornaments.
To ARRA'Y, II. n. [ai-roi/er, Fr.] in military allairs, to
place an army in proper order to engage. To deck, em-
bellish, (U' adorn with dress.
A I'.R(\'YE1!S, J. officers that liad the care of soldiers, and
saw that they were properly accoutred.
ARRE'.\R, (arreii-) s. [arrin-e, Fr.] that wlncn remains
unpaid. Applied to rent, it signifies that whicii has been
iU\e some time, and i-s not discharged.
ARRE'ST, s. [from arrester, Fr.] in law, the seizing or
apprehending a man, thereby depriving him of his liberty
by legal process, either for debt or any offence against the
law ; a stopping or restraint from proceeding in hii under-
taking. In horsemanship, &c. a niangey humour between
llie ham and pastern of the hinder legs of a liors^e.
To ARREST,!', a. [arrester, Fr.] to apprehend bv virtue
of a writ from a court of justice; lo seize any tiling by
law ; to seize upon ; to stop, withhold, or bind ; to stop a
body in motion.
ARRET, s. [Fr.] the decision of a 9overeio;n comf, or
court of judicature ; resembling our act of parliament.
ARRIE'RE-FIEF, .?. [Fr.] a fief dependent on another.
AliRI'VAL, s. the coming to any place, either by sea or
land. Figuratively, the attainment of any design.
ARRI A" ANCE, ». company expected to come.
To ARIirVE, 1'. n.[arriver, Fr.] to come to any place
l)V water or land. Figurativelv, to attain or come to.
AT.ROGANCE, or A'RROGANCY, s. [anogantia, I^t.J
Jlie assuming or claiming to one's self more honour or me-
rit than is our due.
A'RROG ANT, «. [arro^-ans, Lat.] seJf-coHceited, haughty.
ARROGANTLY', ad. in an arrogant, sclf-conceiled, or
baughtv manner.
To A'RROGATE, v. a. [arrogo, Lat.] to lay t-Iaim lo a
tiling or ipiality which does not belong to us.
ARROW, s. [iireire. Sax.] a slender piece of round
wo>>(l, poiiiteil, barbed, and shot out of a bow ; distinguish-
»d {mmiilurl, because that was thrown by the hand. Ar-
rinv-head, is the sharp point of an arrow, which was usually
armed with steel. Arrow-shaped, in botany, like the head of
an nrrow.
'\i{RO\VHEAD, s. a water plant, so called from the re-
tt!nhli.ic*; of its Icav's to the head :-if ^ i i»rror>v.
ARSE,*. [car*f, .Sax.] the buttocks or liiod part of an
animal.
.A'RSEN.AL, s. iarsenale, Lat.] a royal or pubfie maga-
zine ; or place wherein all warlike stores arc kejjt or. forged.
ARSE'NI.\TE-, a salt formed by the combination of any
base with the acid of arsenic.
ARSE'NIATED, a. <<)mbined with the acid of arsenic.
A'R^ENIC, s. [arsemhnn, fir.] a n^ctallic substance wliirb
givf-s whiteness to metals by infusion, but destroys then
malleability. It is excee<lingly corrosive, and a very stroii<f
poison, if is principally imported from Saxony.
ARS£'N1CAL,«. consisting, or ha\ nig the propetties of
arsenic.
ARSETSIIOUS, belonging to arsenic.
A'RSESMART, s. a plant, called also lakcwe.erf, -and
water-pepper.
A'RSON, .«. in law, the malicious or wilful burning of the
house of another man : if is felony at common hnv.
ART, s. {art, Fr. urs, Lat.] an abstract or metaphysical
term, implying a collection of certain rules from observation
and experience, by wiiicli any thing may be performc-«1, or
any end obtained ; distiu^uislicd Irom science by its object.
If the object be attained by the application of rule-s, br're-
quire practice, then it is an art ; but if coiiteinplated only
with respect to its different appearances, the collection of
observations relative thereto is a scieuce. A trade ; cun-
ning ; artfulness; speculation. We have likewise the divi-
sion of arts into liberal and mc, banic. The ttheral aiis are
those which consist in the apj.lication or exercise of the
mind ; the mechanic, those which coHsist in the exercise of
the bodv, or hand, and make use of machines to attain
their encls.
ARTE'RIAL, a. that belongs to, or is contained in, an
artery.
ARTERIOTOMY, s. [from arteria an artery, «nd temm
to cut, Gr.] in surgery, the opening an artery with a laiicet
in order to draw blood. It is a very dangerous operation,
and seldom performed.
A'RTERY, «. [arteria, hat. \ in anatomy, a meinoraueous,
elastic, conical tube, internally iiuooth, without valves,
whicli decreases in its dimension in proportion to the num-
ber of its branches, destined to receive the blood from tiie
heart, and distribute it lo the liaigs and other parts of the
body; tfiat which has its origin trom the right ventricle of
the lieart is called the pulmonary artery, and that which
rises from the left, the aorta.
A'RTFUL, a. performed according to the lulesof ait,
including the idea of skill, judgmei-.t, or « isdom.
ARTFULLY, ad. in sucn a manner as sliews a deal of
cunning or skill.
ARTFULNESS, i. the qualitv of performing any thing
with skill, or the attaining an end bv cunning.
ARTHRITIC, or ARTHRITICAL, a. [Gr.] gouty, or
occasioned bv the gout ; that has something like .joints.
ARTHRITIS, s. [Gr.] in physic, a disease which affects
the joints ; the gout.
ARTHUR, king of the Britons, according to Rapm, was
born in Cornwall, 452, or 45.3 ; mounted the throne of
Danmonium, 467, after his father (lorlous, at 15 years of
age ; was created Tpatrician by Ambrosius, 476 ; elected
monarch of Britain, 508 ; assumed the imperial purple, 528 ;
and was mortally wounded in a battle, 542 ; during whicli
Modred and lie happening to meet, rushed upon one aniv
therso furiously, that nothing tmt death could part them.
Modred was slain on the spot, and Arthur, mortally wound-
ed, was carried to Glastonbury, where lie died aged 80
years, 70 of which he spent in "tlie exercise of arms ; for
though he had reigned about 34 years, yet before be caiue
♦o the crown he had long commanded the British armiej
under Ambrosius. Arthur was undoulitedly a great gene-
ral. It is a pity his actions have served for a foundation to
numberless fables, lliougli woitliy of being recorded by thif-
greatest aiid iHost abU pew. He ii^aid to have iiisiihitcil
5»
ART
ASB
file order of tlie knifjjits of the round table, so ftimous in
romances. Some creditable historians assert, that kin"
Henry the II. bemgiil Pembroke, and hearing a Welsh oard
singing to his harp the storv of Arthur, concludinjf with his
death and burial in the cliurch-yard of Glastonbury, be-
tween two pyramids; the king ordered inquin to be made,
and the body dug up ; at the depth of 7 feet a {j;reat stone
was found, on which was fixed a leaden cross, with this in-
scription on the inside : ' Hie jacet sepiiltus iiicrytus rex
Arturius in insula Avolonia :' i. o. ' Here lielh the famous
king Arthur, buried in the isle of A\alon.' Digging lower,
they found the king's body in the trunk of a tree, his beauti-
ful queen lying by him, with long Houing linir, in colour
bright as gold, which, however, s'unk into dust \ilieii touched.
The king's bones were very large, and 10 wounds, at least, in
his skull, all cicatrized, except that of which he is supposed
to have died. This was discovered, 1189, according to
Giraldus Cambrensis, who says he saw and examined llieiii :
Camden's liritan. tit. Somersetshire.
ARTICHOKE, *. a plant much like the thistle, but w ilh
large scaly heads, shaped like the cone of a pine tree. The
Jerusalem artichoke is an agreably tasted root, now little
cultivated.
ARTICLE, s. [articidiis, Lat.J in English there are but
two articles, a and the ; a becomes an before a vo\wl, y and w
excepted, or a silent h. A is used in a vague sense to point
out one single thing of the kind, in other respects indeter-
minate ; Redetermines what particular thing is meant. A
substantive without any article to limit it, is taken in ils
widest sense ; thus man means all mankind. .4 mun means
some one or other of that kind, indi'finitely ; the man means
definitely, that particular man who is spoken of: the former
therefore is called the Indefinite, the latter tlie Definite
Article. It is the nature of both the articles todetermine or
limit the thing spoken of: « determines it to be one single
thing of the kind, leaving it still uncertain which ; the de-
termineswhich it is, or, if many, which they are. The first
therefore can only be joined to substantives in the singular
number; the last may be also joined to plurals. There is a
remarkable exception in this rule in the use of the adjectives
fetvand tnam/, (the latter chiefly with the word great before
it,) whicii, tliough joined with plural substantives, yet admit
of the singular article a : as, a few men, a g:.reat many men ,-
the reason of it is manifest from the effect which the article
has in these phrases ; it means a small or great number col-
lectively taken; and therefore gives the idea of a Whole,
that is, of Unity. Tlius likewise a hundred, a thmismnl, is
one w hole number, an aggregate of many collectively taken ;
and therefore still retains the article a, though Joined as an
adie<tive to a iiUiral substantive : as, a hundred years. The
definite article the is sometimes applied to adverbs in the
comparative and superlative degree, and its eflect is to mark
the degree the more strongly, and to define it the more pre-
cisely : as, " Tiie wore I examine it, the better I like it. I
like this the least of any." In commerce, a single transac-
tion, thing, or parcel, in an account.
A'RTICLE-S of the established church, are 39 proposi-
tions, of whicli all clergymen are required to profess their
belief.
To A'RTICLE, »>. n. to make conditions or terms ; to
stipulate : to bind or oblige a person to serve another under
certain conditions.
'VRTiCULAR, a. [articnhiris, Lat.] ill physic, relating to
a disease which afl'ects the joints.
.ARTICULATE, a. [frnm artiealns, L;it.] in its primary
sense, applieil to bodirsnhit hare joiiu'd logetlirr, and may
be bent without being pulled asunder. Applied to the voice,
it implies, that its sounds ari' distinct and varied, but con-
nected t'lt^llier so as to form words.
fo ARITCULATE, v. a. \artuuUr, Fr.] to pronounce
syllables or wtirds in adistiiict manner.
ARTI'CUL.A'I'ELY, nd. m such a manner as to pronounce
}lie svllablesof «(nils distinctly.
AKTICUL.A'TION, s. in anatomy, the juiicture of twr
^\
bones in such a nianm^r, that they may be bent without he-
ing pulled asunder. Applied to the voice, the modulations
and variations of the voice, which are so connccleil as to
form s\ liables or words.
A'llTlFlCE, «. [artifice, Fr.] an indirect metiiod of attain-
ing one's end; a pretence, stratagem, or fraud. Synon.
C«»»«'ho- is employed in using means ; ^'iifise insinuates in-
sensibly, and must be accompanied by penetr.ition ; devict
surprises, and gives satisfaction ; artifice generally makes use
of studied dissimulation; a trick is commonly looked on as
a fraiifl ; and a stratagem is oftener illicit than otherwise.
ARTl TICER, jr. a person employed in works of art, or
to manufacture any commodity.
ARTIFTCIAL, a. [artijiciel, Fr.] applied to something
made by art, in opposition to the productions of nature;
counterfeit. Artijiciul lines, are those which are dra«i! upon
a sector, or scale, to represent lines and tangents. Artificial
numbers, are the same w ith logarithms.
ARTIFrCI.'VLLY, ad. in an artful, cunning, crafty, or
skilful manner.
ARTILLERY, s. a plural noun, [artillerie, Fr.] the heavy
engines of war, such as cannons, bombs, &c.
ARTISA'N, {artisan) s. [Fr.] properly applied to those
professors of trades which require the least exercise of the
understanding; a low mechanic, manufacturer, or trades-
man.
A'RTI.ST, s. [artiste, Fr.l one who excels in those arts
whicli require good natural parts ; or one who understands
both the theory and the practice of the art which he pro-
fesses.
A'RTLESS, a. without art, desi«;n, craft, or cunning.
A'RTLESSLY, ad. in a simple, innocent, and undesigning
manner.
ARUNDEL, a town in Sussex, with the title of an earl-
dom ; it has a good market on Wednesday, and a small one
on Saturday. It is seated on the side of a liiU on the river
Arun, (over which it has a wooden bridge,) where small ships
may ride. The ancient castle is seatedon the summit of the
hill, and is said to be a mile in compass. It is eight miles
E. of Chichester, and 63 S. W. by S. of Loudon ; governed
by a mayor and burgesses, and sends two members to par-
liament ; it has two streets paved with stones.
.ARU'SPICES, i. an order of priesthood among the old
Romans ; soothsayers, who pretended to foretel things to
come, by inspecting the entrails of beasts.
AS, conjanrt. [als, Tent.] referring to an action or time
past, in the same maimer; when it answers so or snch, \\ is
used for thai. " So uncertain, as they require a great deal
of examination." Bac. In a particular respect ; as far as a
particular relation extends; like, or of the same kind. By
an ellipsis, for«*- )/. Referring to the present time, it implies
something done, during that particular action, at the same
time. " Whistled us he went." Dryd. According to, oi
in what manner. " As they please." Boyle. Answering to,
lihe, or same, it is used as a relative, and implies which.
"The same crime «« he committed." \Micr. Bt tlie begin-
ning of two sentences immediately following each other, it
denotes a likeue.ss or comparison between tliem. Answer-
ing. va, it implies condition, or in the same manner. " Some
peculiaritv «.«■«'('// «4'/((,s'y«cf." Loche.
ASAFOETlDA,or ASSAFOE'TIIiA, s. a very stinking
gum, whicli aecoriling to Kempfer, is drawn from a root of
an nnibelliferous plant, which grows in the province of Cha-
rasaii in Persia. It has large thick roots, with few fibres,
lihuk wilhoiil, and full of white feetid juice ; a medicine in
all lit rvouM ( ompkuits.
A SAl'H, S r. a small city of Flintshire, in North Wales,
seated on Ilie river Elwayj where it unites with the river
Clw\d, and over both there i- a bridge. It scariely contains
50 houses, and isof note only for its ealhedial. It hasasmall
market on Saturday. It is'il miles W. N. W. of Chester;
and '311 \. W. of London.
ASBESTINE, n. I from wlcf^muwi, Lat] that cannot be
destroyed by fire.
AS(;
AS I
ASBRSTOS, t. IGr.] ;i sort of nativi' fossil stone, wliicli
m;iv l)t' split iuto llircads :iiiil (ilainciits, tVom one to fin
iiK'ljcjiM k'Utjtli, viiy fine, iMittli', ytt s()iin\\li;il li;i<fiil)l<; ;
it Imii •li*; wonderful pioperfy of renuiinin^' unionsunied in
the iiif, ufiiih onlV w liitens it It was made h\ ihc ancients
into a clofh, ifi wljicfi tliey wrapped the Ijodies of tlieir
dead-, wli') were fo be Durned, that they might tlie better
collect the ashe%.
ASC\'RIDES s. [Cr.] a slender sort of worm, found fre-
(jiieully iu the iniestines of chilYlrcn.
To ASCE'ND, i.r.. [atceiuid, feat.] to rise upwards from
the earth. Figuratively, to advance from any decree of
knovvledjje to auother. In Keuealogy, to trace a pedijiree
backwards towards its tirst founders.
AS1CF;NI)\BLI:, «. that may be ascended.
.ASCIVNDANT, *. [asceiidatu, Fr.] iu morality, superiority
or influence, whereby one man or thins; unreasonably
biasses or tirannizes over another. Figuratively, the great-
est hei;fht or perfection. In genealogy, ancestors, or those
nearest the root of a pedigree. In an astrological sense,
that part of the ecliptic at any particular time above the
horizon.
ASCE'NDENCY, t. a bias; an undue influence or supe-
riority.
ASCETiyDTNG, part, [ascemleiu, Lat.] going upwards
from the earth. In astronomy, an epithet given to those
decrees or stars which are above the horizon. The ascetid-
»!(?■ iio'lc of a planet is a point of its orbit intersecting the
eciiiotic ; so called, because the planet ascends above it in
its motion towards the north.
ASCE'NSION, s. [ascemio, Lat.] a motion upwards. As-
coiiiiin, in astiouoniy, is either rif^lu or oblirjue. Right
ascension of the sun, moon, or star, is that point of the
cquMHictial, counted from the begirtni-ng of Aries, which
rises with it in a rigur sphere. Oblique ascension, is an arch
of the equator, intercepted between the first point of A lies
and that point of the equator which rises together with the
ceie>.tial liodv in an oblique sphere. The diflerence between
ng/iiaiid ohliipte ascemion is what the astronomers mean by
asccHsiunnl difference. Ascension-ilny, the (lay on whicli the
ascension of ourS«viour iscommemorated, commonly called
Holy Tliuvsdav, the Thursday hut one before Whitsuntide.
ASCE'NSIVE, n. [from ascendo, Lat.] that \i in motion
upwards; that is in a rising state. Obsolete.
.ASCFj'NT, J. \nscensiis, Lut.] motion upwards ; the place
hv which an eminence may oe ciimbed. Figuratively, a
high place or eminvnce. In physics, the ascmt of fluids is
tiieir rising above the level of their own surfaces, cS.c. In
logic, a kind of argument, wherein we lise from particulars
to universals.
To \SCE'RT.MN, v. a. [asecrtencr, Fr.] to determine the
3lgnific:jtioM of am word ; to take away all doubt.
ASCERTA'INER, s. one who limits or determines the
si*Hific;jtion of a doubtful expression.
ASrEr.TMNIHENT, *■. tht> determining the signification
of a doubtful expression ; a settled rule or standard.
ASCETIC, n. [fiom asheo, to exercise, Gr.] employed
only in exercisfs of devotion and mortification.
ASCE'TIC, s. [from aslieo, to exercise, Gr.] one who
practices a greater degree of austerity and mortiiication
than others.
A'SCII, s. [froJB a not, and shia, n shadow, Gr.] in geo-
graphv, those inhabitants of the torrid zone who have no
shadow once ov twice a year, because the sun is then
vertical, y slnnf?s perpendicularly on their beads.
ASCITES, «. rfit)iii askvs, a bottle, Gr.l in medicine, a
kind of dropsy, which principally aft'ects llie abdomen, or
lower iiellv, and is remedied liy tapping.
ASCITIC, a. [from ashites, Cir.] caused by an ascites ;
dropsical, or f-esenihling an ascites.
ASCITlTlOrS, (iissitis/iions) a. [ascititioHS, Lat.] that is
counterfeit if spurious.
To ASCRI'RR, r. n. \asci-il>o, Lat.] to deduce "from as a
eaijse ; to attribute to ; to imp ate.
AS.CR1TTION', s. [laai/iilo, Lat.] the ai t of asc.liii.g
ASll*, s. [asc, Sax.] in boiiaiiy, ihc fraxmus. It has pin-
nated leaves ending in a lobe. Its male, tlowrrs have ii<>
petals ; and the germen las one seed like a bird s tongue.
ASH.\'MED, n. conscious ofhaving done something whicli
a person may find fault with.
A'SHBOOltNE, a town iu Derbyshire ; with a market on
Saturday. Distant XS'J miles from London.
A'SIIBL'KTON, a town in Devonshire, oik ef the four
Slannery Towns, seated among the hiUs, whew the mines
of tin and cop|>er are. If c irries ou a considerable trade in
wool, yarn, and serges, and stands near the "iver DoiI- 19
miles .^. W. of Exeter, and 192 W. by S. of London. Mar-
ket on Tuesday and Saturday, the former for. wool, Av. tlie
latter for provisions. It sends two members to parliawKnt.
A'SHBY DELA-ZOUCILa populous town in Leicester-
shire, with a considerable manufactory of stockings and
hats. It is t.'J miles S. of Derby, and U5 N. N. \V. of Lou,
don. RIarket on Satordav.
A'SHEN, II. made of asli, or ash-wood.
A'SIIES, s. has no singular, [iisca. Sax.] that substance
which bodies are reduced to by liurning.
A'SHFORD, a town in Ken^ which has a market ou
Satuidav. It is .54 miles from London.
ASHLAR, s. in masonry, free-stones as tliev epine out of
the((uarrv, of different leii|;ths, breadths, and thickness.
ASIILEERING, s. in iMiilding, quartering, in garrets,
about two feet and a half or thire feet high from the floor,
and reaching to the under side ol'lhc rafters.
A'SHORE,nrf. to the shore, on land, or to the land.
ASH-W EDNESDAY, s. the first day of Lent, when, in
the primitive church, notorious sinners we;e put to open
penance, thus : 'Fliey appeared at the church door- bare-
footed, and clothed in sackcloth, where being examined,
their discipline was i>roportioiiedao.coic!iiigt(; tiieir offences;
after whicli, being brouglit into the church, the bishop sing-
ing the seven penitential psalms, they prostrated themselves,
and with tears begged absolution ; the whole c.ongregatinn
liaving ashes on their heads, to si^inify, that they vycrc both
mortal, ami deserved to be burned to ashes for their sins.
A'SHWEED, f. a plant, the same with goutwced and
herb gerald.
A'SUV, a. resembling the ash in colour ; of awbitish gray.
A'SIA, one of the four great parts of the world, and the
second in order. It is bounded on the N. by the frozen sea,
on the E. by the Eastern Ocean, which is part of the South
Sea, on the S. by the Indian Sea, and on the \V. by Europe
and Africa. It is of larger extent than any of the three parts
in our coniiiunt; and it is generally said that the first man
was created here; though many are of a difi'crent opinion,
ari.-.ing from the uncertainty where the garden of Edoii was
placed. But be tliat as it will, arts and sciences were early
cultivated here ; though they are thought to eoine originally
from Egypt; but all the considerable religions now known
had their first beginning in Asia ; and there arq still a grent
number of people who maintain the ancient tenets, which,
accoriling to them, are a hundred thousand years old.
They have one sort of religion in Chin.i, and anotiv r iu
India, whose priests are the Bramins; not to i)ieiiti<in the
Jews, Christians, an-d Mahometans, whose beginnings arc
sufliicicntly known to all the world. This was tlie seat of
several ancient empires, or monarchies ; such as that of the
Assyrians, Medes, Persians, ami Greeks. It is 474f) miles
in length from the Dardanels on the W. to the eastern shp'e
of Tartary ; and 4380 in breadth from the southern part of
Malacca to the most northern cape of Nova Zenibla. It may
be divided into ten great parts, namely, Turkey in Asia,
Arabia, Persia, the Mogul's empire, with th.e two Peninsulas
of India, Thibet, China, and Corca, Great and LiUlc Bo-
charia, with Charaziii, Little and Great Tartary, Sibrria,
and the Islands. The governnieiits of Asia aie gcner.dly
monarcliial ; and Turkey, Persia, the Moguls empire,
Thibet, and China, are subject to single monarchs ; b.it the
rest are divided among several sovereigns; so liial their
ASP
ASS
are reckoned seven emperors, thirty kinjs, beskK-s petty
princes, and the rajahs of India, which are very numerous.
With regard to the extent of tlieiV rt ligions, the Christi.in is
but small in respect oftiie INIahonirtans, wliich comprehends
one-third of Asia,aud the pa'jan is about twice as much extend-
ed as the Mahometan. Besides the**', some pretend there h
thenaturnl religion, which Iras about as maiivfollowersasthe
Christiiji. The lan^uases are st> many iuid sovar-ons, that
it ii impossible to cuinnerate them ; b.il the chief ".re iiie
Turkish, the Grecian, the Arabic, the Chinese, the Persian,
and the Old Indiau. In short, every countiy and islanci
Jias almost a distinct language. From the richness of its
soil, the dehciousuess of its fruit, the fragrancy an-! balsamic
q-ualitj' of its plants, spices, gums,<.'v.c. the qUaiititv, variety,
be.iuly, md .alueof its gems, the fineness of its silks and
cottons, and the richness of its incfals, it iias generally been
considered as the finest quarter of tiie globe. Besi<les the
animals we have in Europe, there are lions, IcOpards, tiirers,
camels, elephants, rhinoceroses, and many others. There
are several great lakes ; but the principal are the Caspian
sea, whicii is 2000 miles in circumference, and the lake
Aral, which is ai)out half as much, and has not been long
know n to the iiuropeans. In painting, Asia is represented
by a woman wearing a garland of various flowers and fruit's,
dressed in a ricli embroiderea lestment, holding in her
right hand branches and roots of cassia, pepper, cloves, Ac.
and in her left a smoking .'cnser ; with a ca nel kneeling
In her.
ASIDE, «rf. applied to situation, that which is not straight.
Opposed to perpendicular, out of, or deviating from its
true direction ; not directiv towards ; or fr«ni the company.
A'SININ'E, s. [from asiniis^ Lat.] partaking of the nature
of an ass.
To ASK, V. a. [ascian, Sax.] to desire a thing; to demand;
to put a question ; to inquire ; to require.
ASKA'NCE, ASKAL1 NCE, or ASKAU'NT, «-?. with a
look, wherein the pupils of eacli eye are turned to the cor-
iiers of the eyc-li(' ; obliquely, or with a 'eer, and is ex-
pressive of slyuesst r disaani,
A.SKER,s. tlie personwho makes a request or' inquiry.
ASKEW, orf. aside, whe em the pupils are drawn to one
fornerof theeye, and geneially bespeaks contempt or'dis-
dain.
ASKRIG, a town in the N. riding of Vorkshirc, i; miles
S. by E. of York, and 192 N. of London. Market on Thurs-
day.
ASLATvT, ad. on one si 'e ; obliquely.
ASLEET, ad. in that state wherein all the senses are in
.1 manner closed, the eyes shut, and a person enjoys tliat
rest from animal labour called slaep.
ASLO PE, ad. declining ; oblique'v.
A'SOPH, called also Zabak, anciently the Ph'us Ma?o-
Jis, a sea between Europe and .\.sia, about 210 miles in
length, and from 40 to CO in breadth. It lies N. of the
Rlack Sea, with which 't commuiiic;iles by the strait of
Carta, the ancient (Cimmerian Bos|)iiorus.
ASP, or ASPIC, v. [ii.ipis, Lat.] a kind of serpent, whose
(lison is so dangerous and q^uick in its operation, that it
ills without the possibility ol a rercdy. It is very small,
and those who are billon by it (i'e bv sleep and letnarev.
ASPA'LATHlJS,s. [Lat.] a i.lanlc-ilied ihe Uose of Je-
rusalem. The wood of a pnckly tree, heavy, oleaginous,
somewhat sharp and hitler to the taste, and anciently much
in rep'ite f(jr an a.-.triiigeiit, luil now little used. An oil
firawn frtmi it is of an admirable scent, and very comftrta-
ble to the head to w liicli perfumes are not ollensive.
A.'fP.A'llAGUS, .!. ll.iit.J a well-known garden plant, re-
markable forcommuiucaling, very soon after being eaten, a
strong sinell to the urine ; and for this reason it is si «)po.-.ed
to be diuretie • luit'vithsl.ur'.'.-ig tins, it does no* appear that
asnaragus (/^nliihutci* luueh <Mthei to itie e\eitu-.g of the
s(.-ietion when suppressed, or facilitating its discharge.
ASPECT, i. [<J.v/«;c<i(.5, Lat. J the face ; a peeuilai cast of
♦he countenance ; look or appearance ; the front situation
I
of a. building, or direction towards any point. In astrology",
the situation of the sun, moon, or planets, with respect to
each other.
To ASPECT, !■. a. [asjncio, Lat.] to look upon; to be»
hold.
A'SPEN, Ol ASP, s. [espe. Sax.] a kind of poplar, whose
leaves are sin)posed to be always treaibliiisj ; used ndjec-
tively for things m«de out of its wood, or those whicfi re-
semble it with respect to the trembliug of its leaves.
ASPEK, a. [Lat.] rougn or nijj^ed. Sptnlns asue>\ in
grammat an accent in tins form (), which shews that the
letter unrier It is to be (irouounccd s'roug, and the breath to
supply the place of an //.
To ASPERATE, i-. a. [as]>e)o, Lat.] to roughen, or make
rough.
ASPERIFO'LIOUS, a. [from asper and falium, Lat.] in
botany, lia\ iug rough leaves.
ASPE'RITV, s. [asperitas, Lat.] unevenness, or roughness,
applied to the surface of bodies, and pronunciation. Mo-
rosencss, or roughness, appli<"'! to the beha\iour or temper.
To ASPERSE, 1'. a. [n.«/«'>go, Lat.] to say any thing inju-
rious to the character of another ; to slander ; to cahiiiiui-
ate.
ASPE'RSION, s. [aspersln, Lat.] the action of casting
water about, so as 't may fall in suiall (Irops, not in full
streams. Sprinkling, applied in Divinity to the mode of
baiilism commonly practised, opposed to immersion. Li-
guratively, an unmerited calumny or slandes.
ASPHA'LTIC, a. [from asphalios, (Jr.] bituminous, or
pitchv.
ASl'H A'LTOS, s. [Gr.] a solid, lirittle, black, bituminous,
inflammable substance, resembling pitch, aud chiefly
found swimming on the surface of the lake Asplnthites, or
Dead Sea, where ancientK stood the cities of Sodom mid
Gomorrah. It is used as a principal ingredient in the
ground that engravers spread upon their plates, wliich they
Mitend to etch, or eat in a figure with aqua fortis.
A'SPHODEL, s. [nsphnddiis, Lat.] in botany, the day lily.
There are six species ; and were by the ancients planted
near bur\ ing places, to supply the manes of the deceased
with nurture.
To A'SPIRATE, v. a. [a.tpiro, Lat.] to lay a great stress of
voice upon ai.iy syllable or letter. When used neuterly,
to be pronounced with stress aud vehemence, or a full
breafli.
A'SPIRATED, a. [«s;)"-«<i«, Lat.] pronouneed with some
<legree of roughness, stress, or vehemence of voice, or a full
breatJi.
ASPIR.A'TION, s. [aspirntio, Lat.] a sighing for. or
longing after ; an ardent desire, generally used in a spiritual
se'ise. Among grammarians, it denotes the pronouiicing a
syllable with some vehemence ; as these words br'ginoiDg
w ith the letter /(, /ifar, heat, if pronounced softly would be
tar, eat
To ASf'I'RE, V. 11. [tspiro, Lat.] to endeavour fo attain
somelhiiig above our present eircumstauces, rank, or power.
Used with the particles <o and f/i'rc.
ASQUINT, ad. [from scendan, Sax.j a po.-dtion of llie
eves, w herein they do not both seem to look the sanie way ;
obliquely.
.\S.S, s. [nsimis, Lat.] in natural lustory, a domfjtJc ani-
mal, reuiarkable for its sluggishness, hardiness, patience iu
labour, coarseness of diet, and long life. Tliis siiiuial is
originaJJy a native of .\iaLia and other parts of Ihr East;
its si/e and spirit decline as it advances into the colder re-
gionsi We find mention of it in Ihe history of this cnuutry
as early as Ihe time of king Ellielrcd, and Hf'leiMards in
the It ign of Henry IIL but it "as lost Lu EiigKiid during
the reign of cpieeii Klizalielh, hiuI pivbably iiilioducert
again in the sueceediiig reign, riguiaiivcly, ihe word iin.
phesii pi'isd'j olMiean, abject spirit; biisely palieut under
jiro>'o('wli()i)s ; despicahli' ami dull.
.A'SS.\,|iii phariiiaey, divided inton.«« dultii, or benzoin,
4iid oMB Jkiidit] a gcim or resin, of a brownish colour, a,
ASS
ASS
sharp fnste, »!id very strong offensivp siin-ll ; fjoin mIiciicc
l> n ((MVfs both the name ahovc iiieiitioiicd, and likewise
thM of Heeil's dlt.ig.
To ASSAI'L, V. a. [ass'ailler, Fr.J to attack, or fall upon,
in order to sulxlue, as an enemy. Figuratively, to attack
wit!) arguments.
ASS XII-ABLK, a. tluit may be attacked.
ASSAILANT,*. ftVom assaillmit, Fr.] he who makes an
attack, opposed to one w ho difcnds.
ASS.M'LANT, «. usin^ acts of violence against another;
attacUinjj.
ASSAl'LER, «. one who attacks another.
ASSAM, a country of Asia, west of K<Misal, where Run-
pov.'der is said to have been invented before it was known
ni Kurope.
ASSAPA'NIC, i. a little animal of Virginia, which is said
to fly by stretching out its shoulders and its skin, an<l is
called ill KiisHsh the flying sunirrel.
ASSA'RT, s. in law, an ofi'ence committert in a forest,
by pulling or grubbing up by the roots those trees or bushes
that form thickets or coverts for beasts.
ASSASSIN, or ASSASSINATOR, t. one who murders
another, either for hire, or by treachery. The word Has-
nassiii (from hass, to kill, to assassinate, to listen, to surprise,)
ill the vulgar Arabic, signifies robbers of the night, persons
who lie in ambush to kill, and is very universally used in
this sense at Cairo and in Svria.
ToASSA'SSlNATE, »'. «. to murder another treache-
rouslv, revengefullv, or for hire.
ASSASSINATION, *. the act of murdering by trea-
chery, or for hire.
ASSAU'LT, s. [ussault, Fr.] in war, a jijeneral and furious
attack of a camp, or fortitied place, with an intention to
carry, or become master of it. This has lately been styled
a coiip de muhi, or a strong and vigorons impression. In
law, a violent injury offered to a man's person, which may
be committed by ottering a blow, or a terrifying speech.
To ASSAU'LT, v. a. in war, to make a general and furi-
ous attack, wilhout any cover, on a camp or fortified place,
in order to carry, or become masters of it ; to offer violence
to ; to attack, or invade.
ASSAll'LTF.R, s. one who u-scs violence against another.
ASSA'V, *■. [rsmnir, Fr.] examination, trial, or attempt ;
atlack. In metallurgy, the proof or trial of the purity of
iiielals or metalline substances. It is of two kinds, one be-
fore metals are melted in order to bring them to their proper
fineness, the other after they are struck to see that the spe-
cies be the standard. In law, assay of weights and mea-
sures, is the examination of them by the clerks of mar
kets.
To ASSA'Y, V. a. [fsmyer, Fr.] to put to trial ; to try.
ASSA'YER, ,f. an officer of the mint, who tries metals, in
order to determine their 'Jneness, and how much they are
above or beiow standard.
.'VSSA'YING, s. the art of separating metals, sulphurs,
mineral salts, and other bodies, from each other.
ASSECUTION, s {assecutio, Lat.] in canon law, acquire-
ment.
ASSE'MBLAGE, s. [assemblage,Vv.'\ the collecting a lllim-
lier of individuals together, so as to form a whole. Synon.
It differs from assejnhhj, because that is used of persons, and
this of things.
To ASSE'IMRLE, v. a. [assembler, Fr.] to unite several
things together, so as to form a whole ; to bring several
things together into one place. Use<l iieu'.erly, with the
preposition ti>gellier.
ASSEMBLY,,?. [«.fsf »(?</(•(?, Fr.] a company met togethei
forauy fixed purpose, either of public worship, business, oi
diversion. In the niilitai-y art, it is the second beating of
the drum before a march, as a signal for the soldiers t(
strike ihcir tents, roll them up, and stand to arms. Assem-
blies of the clery.y are called convocations, synods, coun
oils ; the annual meeting of the church of Scotland is called
a Ceiiera! Assembly,
ASSEIST, s. [nsxetisiis, Lat.] that aet of the mind whereby*
it takes, or acknowledges, any proposition to be true, or
false. In a more loose sense, agieeinent, or consent.
To ASSE'NT, r.a. \assiiUio, Lal.| to receive a thing at
true.
To ASSE RT, 1'. a. [assero, Lat.] to affirm a tiling as true ;
to claim a thing as one's due ; to defend Ixith by words
and actions.
ASSERTION, s. the affirming a thing as true; a proposi-
tion conceived or delivered in positive terms.
ASSE'RTIVE, II. positive ; obstiiiale: dogniaticah
ASSERTOR, s. he who afhrms any proposition as triicT
the author or sui)porter of any opinion.
To ASSE'SS, 1'. a. \assestare, Lat.J to rate or tax ; to fine a
person.
ASSESSMENT,.', the sum, fine, or custom, levied n\\tn\
any person or commodity ; the act of' levying a fine.
ASSE'SSOH, s. [Lat.] ill law, one who^sits on the bench
with a judge, in order to assist him v.ith advice ; one ulio
is next or ef|ual to another in rank or dignity ; an ofhcer
emplfiyefl in collecting taxes.
A'SSETS, s. [used only in the plural, from asse.2, Fr.] the
goods of a pcrjon deceased, which are appropriated to the
pavmcnt of his debts.
To ASSE'VER, or ASSEVERATE, v. a. {ussevere, Lat.]
to affirm or deny a thing, not only with an ©ath, but like-
wise wilh impreealions, e.x'scrations, or curses.
ASSEVERATION, s. [nsseeerntio, Lat.] the act of af-
firming a tiling w irii great solemnity by an oath or impre-
cation.
ASSIDUITY, .V. [nsiiiUdi;:, Fr.] a constant attention or
application to business; unwearied diligence.
ASSI'DUOUS, <i. [assUtiiHs, Lilt.] unwearied ; incessant ;
continual and unremitted.
.ASSIDUOUSLY, ad. in such a manner as to exercise
diligence without weariness, and application without inter-
mission.
ASSIE'NTO,*. [Span.] a Spanish word, signil'ying a con-
ct or bargain, pa^rticufarly a ciintract between the king of
:>|)aiii and other powers, for furnishing the Spanish domin-
ions in America with negro slaves.
To ASSI'GN, (assin, the i is pronounced long) v. a. [as-
sigtio, Lat.] to distribute ; to allot; to appoint. In law, to
transfer properlv to another.
ASSI'CiNABLE, (nssinable) a. that may be determined,
settled, fixed, or marked out.
ASSIGNATION, s. [assignaticm, Fr.J the act of transfer-
ring properly to another.
ASSIGNEE', {assinee) s. [axsigne, Fr.] one appoinfea by
anotlicr to do an act, or pel Conn any business in his stead.
Commonly applied to those persons who are entrusted with
the estatt of a bankrupt, and are by law empowered to t«l-
lect his debts, and make a dividend of his eneets to his se-
veral creditors.
ASSI'GNER, (o*««#>-) t. he who sets out, determines, or
appoints.
ASSrGNRIENT, (nsstument) s. the transferring by deed
the interest one has in a lease, or oilier thing, lo another
person. Assignmettts may be made of lands in fee for life
orvears, of an annuitv, rent charge, judgment, statute, *c.
ASSI'MILABLE, '«. [from assinuh, Lat.] that may
be converted into the same nature, or be made like ano-
ther.
To ASSIMILATE, v. a. [ati-imih, Lat.] to convert to the
same nature ; to bring to a resemblance.
ASSIMILATION, s. in physics, that motion by which
bodies convert oilier bodies related to them, or at least siuh
as are prepared to be converted, into their own substance
and nature. Thus flame multiplies itself upon oily Ih.dic'-,
and generates new flames ; air upon water, and piod-.c-iis
new air; and all the parts, as vv^ll similar as organical, in
vegetables and animals, firiil attract with some election or
choice, nearly the ssuuc common, or nut very dift'iveut juu.M
U7
ASS
AST
4(>r aliiiicnf, and afU'i waidi assimilate or convert them info
tlieir own nature.
Ti) ASSI'iMUl.ATE, r. a. [assimulo, Lat.] to put on a
conritertoit appearance ; to feign.
ASSIMIJLATION, t. [assimutatio, Lat.] a counterfeit or
specious resemblance.
To ASSIST, V. a. [assitter, Fr.] to relieve ; ta help.
ASSISTANCE, s. [assislame, Fr.] tile act wf hclpiiif; ;
help.
ASSrSTANT, n. that supplies the defect of anollicr ;
that helps.
ASSISTANT, i. one who helps another.
ASSISE, or ASSl ZE,- s. [ussiif, Fr.] is used for flic court,
place, or time, when and where the wrils and processes,
whether civil or criminal, are decided l)\ judges and .jury.
Assi:e is either general, when judijes lake their respective
circuits, with commission to take all assi/e; or special,
V here a commission is granted to particular persons for
taking an assize for one or two causes •uly. .'^11 the coun-
ties of the kingdom, except Middlesex and Che:^hi^e, arc
divided into six circuits, and the judges are assigned by the
king's commission for every circuit, vho now hold the as-
sizes twice a year in every county, except tlu fnir northern
ones, where the assizes are holden only once a year. The
term is likewise applied to signify the whole process of a
writ ; a jury ; a statute for regulating the weight of bread ;
at.d the bread itself, as prescribed in the statute.
To ASSIZE, I', a. to fix the priee, weight, or assize of a
connnoditv.
ASSIZER, or ASSI'SER, s. an officer wlio has the in-
spection into the weights and measures of commodities.
-ASSO'CIABLE, a. [assvciabilts,L'M.] that may he joined
or united to something else..
To ASSOCIATE, i: a. [associer, Fr. I to join as a com-
panion ; to make one of a company. To join inseparatcly,
applied to ideas. Neuterly, to unite or join himself.
ASSOCIATED, a. [associdliis, Lat.J confederated ; joined
as accomplices; making part of a society, or company.
ASSO'CIATE, s. one who is joined to aiu)ther as assist-
ant, companion, partner, confederate, or accomi>lice.
ASSO'CIATE, «. confederate ; joined in interest or pur-
pose.
ASSOCIATION,*, the act of uniting; union; society ;
a contract ortrcaty, by which two or more are united toge-
the-r fur their nuitual assistance, lor the better carrjing on
any design. In physics, combination, or union.
To ASSOI'L, V. II. [assuuilre, Fr.] in hnr, to deli\er ordis-
cliarge a person from excommunication.
-A'SSONANCE, s. [nssoiiiiiu-i; Fr.] reference of one sound
to another rrsembliug it. In rhetoric or poetry, it is where
the words of a plnase or verse have lu'arly the same siuukI
or termination, but make no ijroper ihuue; these are ac-
coinited vicious in English, though an elegance among the
Romans.
ASSO'S.\'S'r,p'in.\nsioiiiiiit, Fr.] ranging things in clas-
ses, aifordinglo iheir rescniblaMce with each oilier.
To ASSO'RT, 1'. n. [ttsMuiiir, Fr.) to range in classes, as
one thing suits with another.
ASSORTMENT, s. lusiiuifwfiu, Fr.] in trade, a stock
of goods, consisting of \urioM-- pieces of dili'ereut sorts. In
painting, the proportion aiul harmony between the several
IKHts.
n"o ASSUA'OE, (asswd:;!-) v. a, to cool, or lessen, applied
to heat ; to calm, applied to the wind ; to pacily or appease,
applied to pa^siou or rage; to ease, applied to pain. In its
general sense, it implies the lessening the violence of some-
thing furious. NeutiTl\, to abate or grow less.
ASSL'.\'(iEMENT, (ussua^cmi:iU) s. that which lessens
llir violence of any thing.
A.SSUA'GF.H, (ussunqn) s. oue who pacifies rage, ap-
peases auger, or lessens pain.
ASSUA'SIVE, {Hssuiisin-j ri. [from nssiimleii, Lat.] that
has a great influence; tha* assuages, mili'jales, or paci-
hei
M
ASSU'ETUDE, .«. [nsiKe/Hrfn, Lat.] the beiiif; accustomed
to any thing; custi-in.
To ASSC'iME, i:u. [assiimo, Lat.] to take ; to represent n
character ; to take to one's self ; to arrogate, or claim what
is not one's 'hie.
ASSU'MER, s. one who claims or arrogtttea more tliaa hiS
due ; an arrogr.iit person.
.ASSL''MPSi'r, (pron. without the p).«.[Lat.] a voluntary
or verbal priunise, whereby a man takes upon him to per-
fi>rmor pay any thing to another.
ASS'J'MFriON, (pron. without the p) s. Inssumplio, Lat.]
the act of itppropriating any thing to one s self; the suppos-
ii!g a thing true without any formal proof. The assuiiiiiiiuii
of (he \'irgin Mary is celebrated on the l-'jlh of August. In
logic, the minor, or second proposition in a c;'.tegorical syllo-
gism ; sometimes the consequence. dra.u'ii.fiom the major
and minor.
ASSUMPTION, a populous city, the capital of Paraguay,
situated in a fertile counti'y, on the river I'arag'.iay. Tlie
air is wholesome and temperate, and the tiees arc always
green. Lat. 2(!. 0. S. Ion. 57. 40. W.
ASSUMPTIVE, (pron. w ithout the p) a. [assump/mis, Lat]
aj)plied to that which a person may take or appropriate to
himstif. Ill heriihliy, axunhjuive Arms are those which a
person may use as his own.
ASSURANCE, (the sj Ilables n.«TO, at the beginning of
tliisaiid the fiur following words, are by some pronounced
like osJiii) s. [assuram-e, Fr.] a certain expectation of some-
thing futiiie ; confidence ; trust ; conviction. In com-
merce, a contract by which a person subjects himself to
make good the damages to be sustained by another in a
voyage, or by fire. See iNSURANe e.
To ASSU RE, t>. a. [assurer, Fr.] to persuade a person of
the certainty of atliin"-; to make a person ••onfident, by re-
moving the causes of doubt or fear; to be tjctrothe.d.
ASSU REDLY, ml. in such a manner as betrays no doubt ;
certainly ; undoubtedly.
ASSUREDNESS, *. the state of a person who is certain,
or entirely free from doubt.
ASSU'RER, *. one who removes the doubts of another.
In commerce, one who indemnifies another against hazaids
at sea.
ASSY "lA, a country in Asia, celebrated iu ancient !ris-
tory. It was one of the earliest empires, and contained the
provinces now called Diarbeck, Cindistaii, and Irak ; and
involved, under its dominion, when at its greatest extent,
many other provinces and kingdoms.
A'.STERISK, .1. iiisin-isltos, a little star, Gr.] a character
used to render any particular passage in the author conspi-
cuous, or to refer to some note in the margin, or at tl* bot-
tom of the page marked thus, ("); when two or three are
placed together in a line, thus ( *" ), they denote tliat some
word is to be supplied, or is wanting.
A'STERISM,*. [astefisnws,L-dt.'\ thesame witk Constella-
tion; which see.
ASTERN, Of/, a sea-term, in the hinder part of a shiii;
or any thing situated behind the ship.
A'.STMM.A, (in pronunciation the /i is dropped)*. [Or.] ^ii
medicine, adiihcully of breathing, arising from a uisordtr
in the lungs, attended with a great uneasiness in the dia-
jdiragm, or pr.ecordia.
ASTHMATIC, or ASTHMATICAL, <r. aflected or
troubled with an asthma.
A'S'ri,acit\ of M(mtserrat iu Italy, 24 miles E. of Turin.
A.ST( >'N I ED, piiii. a. used in the bible for anlnnis/inl.
To ASTONISH, 1'. «. [(.v/oHHf)% Fr.] to occasion surprise
oy the immensity and novelty of an object ; to amaze.
ASTONISHMENT, .t. a surprise occasioned h\ an im-
mense and new olijeet ; distinguished i'nim adiiiiiittiiin, both
by the degree and the nature nf the object.
AS'l'O'iKiA, a siiiaM « itv of L(M>n, pleasantly silua(e<l la
a plain on the little river 'ruera, 2« miles \V. of the city of
Leon. It is strong holli by luiliirr and art, and is called the
city ofi)riests,from Us cathedral being filled with ecclesiastics.
AST
ATH"
To ASTOIWD, V. a. [ttstomicr, Fr.] to astonish ; to con-
found with woiiilcr.
A'STRACAN, a large and popidous citv, seated oii an
jshirid, formed i»y the river VVoiga, 60 miles N. W. ot' llie
Oiispiati Sea. It is surrounded I>> stron;^ walls, and has
an excellent harl)Our, where the Enropeans cnihark for
Persia. It is noted for having excellent lish. It seldom
rains here, hut the river on which it stands overHows like
tlie Nile ; and when the water is nui oli, the fjrass grows
in less than a luouth. From, Astracan to Terki, on the side
of tire Caspian Sea, there are long marshes, which inoduce
a vast (pvantity of salt, with which the Russians carry on a
great trade. This city is supposed to have heen, in very
early times, the •■eneriil staple for the pro<luctions of Persia,
India, and Arahia. It is situated 800 miles S. E. of iMoscow.
Lat. 46. 22. N. Ion. 47. 40. E.
ASTRADDLE, n<l. so to sit on a thing, as that one of
our legs should be on each side ofit. See Astridr.
A'S'rRAGAL, .s. \^tislrf(s,fi!us,{ir.'] in anatomy, a I)oiic of
the tarsus, with a convex eminence, articulated with the
tibia, by aginglymus, commonly called the ancle-bone. In
architecture, a little round member, in the form of a ring
or braceh't, serving as anirnament to the ii)psand bottoms
of cohnnns. In gunnery, the little moulding on a piece of
ordnance, of wiiich there are generally three on each piece.
A'S IR.'Mv, n. [from nstiiim, Lat.] that belongs to, or de-
pends on, the sl'irs. Astial year, is the time which the
tarth takes to ir.nke its revolution round the sun.
ASTRA'V, ml out of the right or direct palli. Figura-
tively, wrong, or in an error.
ASTRE'A, accordin'g to the heathen myiholop-, was the
daughter of Jupiter and Themis, and goddess of Justice ; in
the golden age; she came from heaven to dwell on earth;
but the wickedness of the iron age was such, ihaf she Hed
to heaven again, and was placed m the zodiac.
To ASTRICT, v. a. [ustnns;o, Lat.] to lessen the distance
hetween two objects; to make the parts of a thing come
nearer to each other, opposed to rcla.x. Cvnslringe is most
conniuinlv used.
.•VSTRI'CTION, s. [nstrkiw, Lat.] the act or power of
making the parts of a bollv approach to each other.
ASTRICTIVE, or ASTRICTORY, «. {astrictorms, Lat.]
that has a sfyp'tic or binding quality.
ASTRIDE, ad. with the Itgs placed at a distance from
each other. In an open or wide manner, applied to the
legs, opposite to close, or together.
To ASTRINGE, v. a. [astriiigo, Lat.] to press or close
together ; to force the parts closer to each otiier.
ASTRITSGENT, part, [astriiigetis, Lrit.] in medicine,
that contracts the dimensions of the vessels by its rough-
ness and asperity, and tliickens the fluids ; when used
internally, opposed to laxative : when externally, opposed
to styptic.
A'STROLABE, s. [from astron, a star, and Umhnno, to re-
ceive, Gr.] in astronomy, a system or assemblage of the
ditTerent circles of the sphere, reseml>liiig an armillaiy
sphere, invenled by ilipparehus ; but being afterwards
altered by Ptoleniy to a plane surface, calleil a planisiihcie,
the wold is at present applied to a planispheie or stereo-
graphic: projection of the sphere upon the plane of one
of the great circles.
ASTROLOGER, s.[astrologus, Lat.] one who pretends to
predict future events by the supposed iniliiencesofthe stars.
ASTROLO'GIC, of A.STROLOGICAL, «. relating or
agreeable to the principles of astrology.
ASTROLOGICALLY, ad. according to the principles
of astrologv, or after the manner of an astrologer.
ASTRO*LOGY, s. {astrohgia, Lat.] the art of foretelhng
future events from tiie aspects, positions, and influences of
the stars.
ASTRCNOMER, s. [from astmv, a s'-.ir, and nomos, a
law, Gr.] a person who applies himself to the study of
astronomy.
ASTRONOMIC, or ASTRONOMICAL, a. that i*
fouiKled upon the principles of :isliiinoniy.
ASTRO'NOM Y, .s. [ustrvn, a star, and nomas, a law, Gr.]
a science which teaches the knowledge of the celestial
bodies, their magnitudes, motions, aistances, periods,
eclipses, and order, the conjunction and oppositions of the
planets, and any other of their mutual aspects, with the
time when any of them did or will happen. Astronomy
is divided into the ancient and modern. Ancient astronomy
is such as the art stood under Ptolemy and his followers,
who supposed the earth quiesccNt in the centre, and that
all the heavenly bodies performed their revolutions round
it. The mo(lein, op new astronomy, is that which has
been cultivated since the tim<' of Copernicus, who revived
Pythagoras and Phvlolaus's opinion of tl;e niotidii of the
earth, and laid the foundation of the tnic Solar System.
In painting, A.itrommi/ is represented like a woman, with a
silver crescent on hei- foreheatl, an azure mantle, and a
watchet scarf, besprinkled with golden stars.
A.STROTHKO'L()(iY, s. [nsirum aiu\ iheojo^ia, Lat.l the
proofs of a Deity drawn from an astronomical view of the
heavens.
A'STURIAS, a province in the N. W. of Spain, which
produces excellent horses, fruits, and wines, and has mines
of gold, lapis-lazuli, and vcrmillion. The eldest son of the
king of Spain, takes the title of prince of Asturias, and bears
the arms of the province.
ASUNDER, ad. [assinidran. Sax.] at a distance from each
other; apart, or separate ; an adverbial term inipprting the
dissolution of the union of two or more bodies.
ASYLUM, s. [Lat.] a sanctuary, a p.lace of refuge, w hich
sheltered a criminal, and secured him from falling into the
hands of any ofliccr of justice. In the times of poperj' this
privilege belonged not only to churches, and churcli-yards,
but to the houses of bishops.
.^SY'MMETRY, s. [fVoni « not, and spmnetria, harmony,
Gr.] a defect of proportion, harmony, wr correspondence
between the parts of a thing. In mathematics, the iiuroni-
mensurability of two quantities when they have no common
measure.
ASY AIPTOTES, s. [from a not, smu, with, and pipto, to
fall, Gr.] riglit lines w hich approach nearer and nearer {o
some curve ; but \\ hich would never meet.
ASY"NDETON, «. [Gr.] a figure in grammar, when a
conjunction copulative is omitted.
AT, prep, [ret, Sa\.] before a place it signifies sometimes
close to ; and at other times in it. Before a word implying
tiine, it denotes the very instant in which a thing was, or
will be done; and sometimes is put without the word (/««
in the same sense. Used instead of irith, it implies cause,
or on account of. " At this news he dies." S'"if:. ]>efore
an adjective of the superlative degree, it implied manner,
or perfection. Before a substantive, it sometimes denotes
a particular circumstance, and gi\"es it an adveibial mean-
ing ; as, at ease, i. e. easy. Alter he, it implies fle^ign,
intention, or em\)loyment. " She knew what he v.'ould be
at." Hud. LIsed with command, it implies subject. " Thou
ait least at my commaml." Dryd. Sonietiiiies <n signifies
from ; as, " Endeavour to deserve something at ovi.r hands."
"Pope. At, joined with all, implies in any respect, degree,
or manner. " Most women have no characters at all." Pope.
ATABA'L, .V. a kind of tabor used bv the Moors.
ATCHIE'VEiVlENT, ;f. See Achievemi-nt.
ATHANA'SIAN CREED, a confession of faitii supposed
to have been drawn up bv Athanasius, bishop of Alexan-
dria, in the fonrth centuiy. It is appointed to be read in
the English church on certain dajs.
ATE, the pieter of Eat.
ATHA'NOr., s. [a chemical term, Iwrrowpd, as some
think, from utlKinotoa, iiiimort-al, (ir. because of its dur»!)!<;
heat, or from tiie Arabic, altanor, a furnace, or f;vm] a di-
gesting furnace to keep heat for some time ; so that it may
bt augmented or diminished at pleasure by opening or shut*
5a.
AT
ATT
linescrae apertures made on purpose with sliders over tiiem,
called res;isters.
ATHEISM, «. [athcimie, Fr.] the of>i!iion of those who
deny the existence and being of a God; the creator and prc-
ieiver of the world.
ATHEIST, s. [from a not, and theos, God, Gr.J one wlio
denies the exisleace of a God, the creator and preserver of
alUbings.
ATHEl'STICAL, a. impious, or agreeable to the princi-
ples of an atheist.
ATHEI'STICALLY, ad. after the manner of an atheist.
A'THELNEY, a river isle -of Somersetshire, formed at
the junction of the Parret witli the Tiione, reniarkaljle in
laiitimiitv as the hidin5;-place of the Saxon icing Alfred, wilh
ft few of his nobles, when the Danes had overrun all the
coiintrv to the forest of Sherwood.
A THENS, an aiicii'it town of Aclnda, now Lividia, in
Greece, belonj^ing to Turkey in Europe, greatly celebrated
for its antiquities, aiifl the many learned men it has produced.
This city is now calKd Alhiui ; and is not inconsiderable
either in extent or in the number of its inhabitants, (about
15, OOOj whose language is a mixture of Greek and Turkish.
The town stands beneath the Acropolis, or citadel. The
Barbary corsairs infesting it, the avenues were secured, and
ill H)7G the gates were regularly shut after sun-set. The
Acropolis, which was built on a craggy rock, furnished a
ver;t jiapi ■ field to the ancient virtuosi. It was filled with
nioiiumeiits of Athenian glory ; and exhibited an amazing
display of beauty, of opulence, and of art; each con-
tending, as it were, for the superioritj. Lat. 38. 5. N. Ion.
23. o7. E.
A'THEOUS, a. [from a not, and tlieoS, God, Gr.l opposite,
or contrary to the belief of a Deity ; atheistical.
iVTHERO'iMA, s. (.Gr.J a tumor, a wen, which neither
yields to the touch, discolours the skiu, or causes pain.
VIHEKO'MATOUS, o. having- the qualities of an athe-
roma, or curdy wpu.
AT'HERSTONE, a town of Warwickshire, containing
about 2.i00 inhabitants, chiefly employed in tlie manufac-
tures of hats, ribbands, shallcons, Ac. it is situated on,
or near the river Aul<er, 13 niiU's N. of Coventry, and 103
N. W. of London. iMarki't on Tuesday.
\ THERSTON on the Stour, a louu of Warwickshire,
situated on the Stour, a littli- idjove its junction with the
river Avon, and 3 miles from StrallVud. Market on Tues-
day, and a cheese fair on Sept. ly, reckoned the largest in
England.
ATHI'RST, ad. wanting drink, or adr> .
ATHI.ET.E, .«. [!-at.] persons of strength and activity,
exercised for the public games of Cireece and Rome, and
exhibited their skill in such exploits as required bodily
strength.
ATHLETIC, a. [from athleta, Lat.] strong, vigorous, and
active of body : robust.
ATTILONE, a town of Ireland, pleasantiv situated on tin'
large and biaiitilul river Sbanmin. Part of the town stands
in Wp'tmcath, on the Leinslrr siile of the river ; the other
part in Roscommon, on the Conuaiiglit side; these are
joined by a long bridge of many aiclies, which is a grand
pass between the two provinces. 'l'lioiii;h Alhlone is so
advantageously situaleil for tia<le and improvrnicul, it \el
r«'niain$, in many parts, a poor, ruinous, dirty looking
place. On the bridge are simie badly executed liguies, with
ins<;riptioiis celebraling the success ofipu'eii Elizabeth over
the reb<'ls ill her reigii. It is j;» miles W. ofDuldin.
ATHWART, prrj). transverse ; across ; through. Used
adverbiallv, it imjilies, in a manner vexatious ami perplex-
»ii.<< ; wrong.
AflLT, ri'l. like one making a thrust.
.ATI.A'NTK"., [from Alius] iii geography, that part of the
ocean vhicli lies between Afri<a and America.
.\"ri.\S, «. fLat.l a < i)lleetii)ii of maps, generally folio,
in allusion to the fable of -Vtlas's bearing the world on ins
fiO
shoulders. In anatomy, tBe first wrtebra of tlie neclr,
wtirih lies next to, and supports the head. In architecture,
those statutes, or half-statutes of men, used instead of co-
lumns or pilasters', to su|>port any member of architecture
such as a balcony. &c. They are likew ise named TeJamonn.
.\lso, a great chain of mountains, which separates Barbary
from Biledulgerid, in Alrica.
ATMOSPHERE, *. [from attiws, vapour, and snhnij-a, a
sphere, Gr.] air. In physics, that thin elastic fluid, which
co\ers the earth to a certain height, gravitates towards its
centre, and on its surface is carried along with it, Did par-
takes of all its motions, both annual and diurnal : some
confine the term only to that part of the air which is nearest
the earth, receives its vapours and exhalations, and refracts
the ravs of light. Its whole weight is computed to be
14,!^3i;308,800,000,0(W,0(_iO!:3. troy, and its height, according
to De la Hire, ICleagues, or 4H miles.
ATMOSPHERICAL, a. that belongs to the atmosphere-
.A TOM, s. [atvmiis, Lat.] such a small particle of matter
as cannot be pliysically divided.
.ATO'MlCALi, a. consisting of, or relating to, atoms.
ATO^MIST, s. one who professes the Corpuscular philo-
sophy.
To ATOTS'E, r. n. to agree, or accord. Actively, to
make satisfaction for ; to compensate ; to expiate; to make
a recompence.
ATONEMENT, s. reconciliation, agreement, concord ;
the uniting two persons at variance with each other.
A TONY, i. [from a, not, and toios, tone, Gr.] in medicine,
wanting proper tension or tone, in the solids of a humao
body.
ATOT, ad. on the highest part of a thing.
ATRARU.ARKN, or ATIUBILA'KIOUS, n. [from
atia and bilis, Lat. [ that aftects with a disorder flowing from
a black adust state of the blood ; called melancholy.
ATRABILARIOUSNF^S, s. that quality which cause*
a person to be deemed melaucholic.
ATKAME'NTAL, «. [frnui atramaitum, Lat.] that black-
ens, or has the qualities of ink.
ATRAME'NTOUS, a.black, or having the qualities of ink.
ATROCIOUS, a. Uira.r, Lat.] that argues a great, if n,ot
the highest, degree of wickedness in the committer : tliat is
extremely, enormously, and flagrantly wicked.
ATRO'CIOrsNESS, s. that quality which argues a per-
son to be exlre'ii'ly, obsliiiately, and emnmciusly criminal.
ATRO'CIOI'SLY, ad. in an "ntrocioiis manner.
ATRO('!T\ , s. [airocitax, Lut.] diiit which heightens the
enormity of a crime, and makes i', an object of horror, .
A THOi'HY, s. [from a, not, and in,i>liiit, nourishment,
Cir.] ill physic, i;n universal consiimptiori, proceeding from
the whole habit of the body without any distemper of tlie
lungs, f)votlier entrails, or any remarkable fever.
ATT.OPOS, in heathen mythology, one of the three
fallal sisters, that cut the thread, or put a period_to tlie life
ot man.
To ATTACH, )■. a. [allac/in; Fr] in law, to seize either on
a person <u- his goods ; to have an affection, desire, or iji-
cliiiatiou towards a thing.
.\ rrA'CHMEN'T, ». \_(i<tacheme»l, Pr.] in law, the taking,
^ci uring, ordi taiiiiiig a person or thing by virtue of a writ
or prec<'pt. It diJi rs fn^m an aurr.it in this, that an arrest
lies only against the bod\, whereas an attachment is
often against the goods only, and sometimes against botji
body and goods. .An arrest, likewise, issues out of an infe-
rior court by precept only, but a dela( hment out of a higher
court, either by precep-1 or writ. By the custom of London,
and several other places, a man can attach money or good.'!
in the hands • fa stranger to .satisfy himself. Atiavhuniu also
signifies the 1 ■■?, zeal, afttction, one inau has for another's
interest or \' elfare.
To A'lT.'iCK, »i. n. [attaifiifr, Fr.] in war, to make
;>u effort or attempt nixm a person, <;r a work, in order
to conquer or subdue tliciB. Fi^fuiatively, tj set up(m,
ATT
ATT
Jiivade, or lieat iny one as an enemy, eitliPi' by actions or
v'ords.
ATTA'CK, a. Icittaqiie, Fr.] in war, an attempt to coiiqiur
a l)(i(ly ol" troops, or nr.isler a t'oilififd place. A /"/v
nltni/t, is that wliicli is made only to divert the atli'litioii ot
llii- fiieniy, and to conceal tliat of the main one. Fi^'ina-
tively, any lioslile attenii)t, wlietlier it consists i;i actions or
voids.
ATTA'CKEIl, s. the person wlio makes an attempt on a
bo(ly of soldiers or a fortified place, iii order to .sjilidue or
couipier tlirm ; any one who uses another with violence.
To ATTAIN, f'. a.[«tuhiilre, Fr.] to make one's own hy
labour or mental application ; to procine, or obtain ; to
reaclj ; to arrive at, or acquire.
.■VITA FN ABLE, a. that may be obtained, acqnired, or
procured.
A'ITArN'.\Rr.F,NESS, s. the quality which renders a
ihin;^ liossible 1o be attained.
ATTAIN DEI', *. [aUaiuilre, Fr.] is when a person has
committed felonv or treason, and jiulgnieot is passed upon
bim. The eiiildren of such a person are lherei)y rendered
incapable of beiii;; heirs to him, or to any other ancestor,
as if he was noble before, bis posterity are tberel)y de-
graded, and made base ; nor can his cf)rruption of blood be
taken a'vay, but by an act of parliament, or by reversing
the judf;n)ent bv a writ of error.
ATTAI'NMEVI", i. that which a person makes his own
by labour or mental application ; the act or power of at-
taining.
To ATT,\FNT, v. n. [altcnter, Fr.] to pass sentence
a^jainst a person either for felony or treason, wbcreby he
forl'eits all bis lands or hereditaments, bis blood corrupted,
and his cliildren rendered base. Figuratively, to debase,
corrupt, or make inlauKHis.
AT'rAFNT, s. in law, a writ which lies against a juiy
for giving a false verdict in a court of record, in a real or
personal action, if the debtor damages exceed 40*. In such
case, tlie ancient law was, that the jurors meadows should
be plowed up, their bouses thrown down, their woods
grubbed up, and their lands and tenen;ents forfeited to tbe
king ; but if the person who brought the Atlnint be cast, lie
s'lall be imprisoned, and ransomed at the king's pleasure.
Hut by statute, the severity of the common law i.s mitigated,
where the petty jury is attainted, and a pecuniary nntlct im-
posed, i'iguratively, a blot or stain, in allusion to the con-
sequences of an attainder.
A'lTAFNTlIRE, s. See Attainorr.
To ATTEMPER, r. a. [atiempcio, Eat. I to soften, applied
lo rigour ; to render supportable, applied to heat ; to les-
sen any (juality bv the mixture or addition of another. Fi-
guratively, to suit, adapt, or fit, in allusion to the tempering
nu'lals.
To VTTE'iMPERATE, v. a. [nttempno, Lat.] to render
agreeable to; to make suitable to.
'Fo A'lTE'MPT, V. a. [attenter, Fr.] to make a trial: to
try. or endeavour.
A'l'^FE'iNlFT, s. an undertaking; a trial to do a thing;
someijuu's anpljed to the attacks of an enemy.
ATTEAIPTKR, s. the person who makes an endeavour;
one \\lu) tri^s, tempts, or attempts.
To AITE'ND, )'. a. [iittendre, Fr.J to fis the mind to an
olijecf, when applied to speculation; to listen; to wait
upon ;tT accompany ; tofollow; toexpect; to stay for; to
Ihv wait for. Used neuterly, it implies to yield attention ;
to -itav, or delav.
ATFE'NDAxNCE, s. [atiendunce, Fr.] the act of waiting
lipon as a servant; service; the person in waiting; a ser-
vant.
ATTENDANT, .«. \ttttni!tant. Fr.] waiting on anotlier as
an inferior, including tlie idea of service.
A ITLA'DAN'!', *. one who .nccomp^nies another ; a ser-
vant, or dependent of a nobieniai); one who depends on
anuiher as a suKctr; that wbich is inseparably uniled, as a
toncouiitaiil or cou.sciiueiit.
ATrF;NDEH,.t. .'^ee Attrndant.
ATTIVN'F, n. \nll(iiiiis, Eat. I listening to, applying liie
mind to (lie consideration of any object : ir.lent.
A'lTlVNTA'FES, s. {nttcntdtri, Lat.l pr -ceedings in a
court of judicature, peniiing suit, and after an iubibitiini i.i
decreed and gone out ; those things ubicli ;ire done afteran
extra-judicial a|)peal, may likewise be styled attenlutts.
KrrVJKV\0^,s.\(itlinti<in, Fr.]inlo"ic, an operation of
the mind which (ixes it en any particular object, and en-
gages it to consider it in s\uh a manner, as to ac(inirc a dis-
tinct idea thereof, absorbing, as it v.vw, all other ideas
which offer theuiselveslo the mind.
AITENTHE, s.\<itiniti:s, Eat.) applj ing the mind or ear
to one particular object.
A'lTE'N'i'lVEEV', ud. in such a manner as to consider,
or li-.l( n to one p;uticular oWtct.
ATTE'NTIVF:NESS, «. that quality of mind whereni a
Iterson consi<Iers, or listens to a particular object, willi a
total disregard of all others.
ATTE'NUANT, ;»/'■«. and a. \attennnns, Lat.] that makes
thin ordilutes. Used substantively, in medicine, for those
medicines that resolve the viscosity of the humours in the
Inunan body, in order to promote their circulation, and dis.
charge all noxious and excrementitious matter.
To ATTENUATE, f. a. [attenuo, F.at.] to liquify or
make thin.
ATTENUATION, s. latthmation, Fr.] in physics, ap-
plied to fluids, it is the act of rendering them more liquul
and thinner than they were befoie ; the effect of attenuat-
ing medicines, or certain efforts which nature itself makes
to destroy the force of disorders. In a general sense, it im-
plies the breakinjr or destroying the cohesion of the particlen
of any thing, and increasing their surface.
To' AITE'.ST, 1'. «. [atiestnr, Lat.] to give a proof of tlu
truth of a thing liv evidence or writnig.
ATTESTATION, i. [nttfsiatio, Lat.] evidence, or proof
of tlie truth of any fact, either by word orwriting.
A'FTIC, ". fAtticiis, Lat.] in ai'chitecture, applied to a
kind of building or shorter story over another, wherein no
roof is te, be seen, which is generally decorated with an o'.
der peculiar to itself, composed of the other five, but should
resemble that most wbich is under it : the breadth of its pi-
lasters should be etpial to that underneath it, awl just half
its height. In literature, it implies a brilliant kindofwit, and
an inexpressible elegance of style peculiar to the people of
Attica. Thus Attic salt, in philology, is a delicate poignauf
sort of wit or humour peculiai to the Athenian writers; so
Attic v-itiiess, means one that cannot be corrupted. Attic
order, is a small order raised upon a large one, by xkiv .if
crowning, or to finish the building. Attic of a ronf, is a kind
of parapet to a terrace, platform, or the like. Attic base, a
peculiar kind of base used by the ancient architects in t)ie
Ionic order; and by Palladio and some others in tbe Doric.
This is the most beau'tifiil of all bases ; and was used by Sir
Cristopber Wren in budding St. Paul's church, London.
To ATTIRE, )J. n. [amVfr, Fr.] to adorn «ith clothes or
dress. Figuratively, to embellish or adorn.
AT'Fl'RE, s. clothes or dress to adorn or embellish a per-
son. Among sportsmen, the attire of a stag, consists of the
bur, pearls, beam, gutters, antler, sur-antler, rojal, iur-
royal, and croclies ; of a buck, of the bur, beam, brow-
antler, advancer, palm, and spellers. In botany, the third
part of the division of a plant, including its generative parts;
and diviiled into semi-form and florid.
ATTFRER, .5. one who attires or dresses ajiother.
ATTITUDE, s. [attitude, Fr.] in painting and sculpture,
the posture of a statute, whereby it expresses some action,
or passion of the iiiind. Applied likewise to the stage, lo
imply the posture of an actor to express the sentiments of
the poet.
ATTLEROROUGH. a town in Norfolk, 14 miles from
Norwich and S>;i from Loudon, with a iiiarket on Thurs-
day.
ATTOhL£N'F,a. 'aiudUns, Lat.Jthat raises or hfts uj».
ATT
ATT
I-n anatomy, applied to tiiose muscles niiicli raise the parts
they belong to.
ATTOTINEY, i. [«»n)H«/«,!, l;\\v Lat.] a person apvuiint-
I'd by another to do soiiiethiiij; in liis stead. Attunicn <ri
hw, is one retained to prosecute, or defend a suit at l;i\v.
In the civil law they are called Procturs. Attornies, by a
late oiTJerof all the judges, are to be admitted of some of
the inns of court or chancery (except housekcepi rs in Lon-
don and Westnnhster, &c.) and no attorney shall put him-
self out of that society into which he is admitted, fill he is
admitted to some other society, and delivers a certificate
thereof ; and all attornies are to be jnCommoiis in the times
ordered by the society to which they belong, otherwise they
shall be put out of the roll of attornies. Altornei/ deneral,
is a great officer, created by letters patent, to exhibit infor-
mations, prosecute for the crown in criminal causes, and file
bills in the exchequer for any thing concerning the king, in
iuiieiitance or prohts. To him come warrants for making
out all patents, grants, pardons, &c. His salary from the
crown is lOOOl. peraimum.
To ATTORNEY, r. a. to perfi>rm or employ as proxy.
ATTORNMENT, or ATTOURNMENT, s. [nttonyne.
mi'itt, Fr.] in law, the agreement of a tenant for life to the
transferrnig of property to another.
To ATTR V'CT, .v. a. [attralw, Lat.] to draw forwards
itself : to alliue or invite.
ATTRACT, s. uUrr.ctlou ; the p.jwcr of dfawnig. Ob-
solete.
A'iTRA'CTICAL, «. that has the power of drawing
something towards it.
ATTRA'CTION, s. [uttraetimi, Fr.J in mechanics, the act
of a moving power, by w hicli a thing that may bfe moved is
brought nearer or drawn towards it. In the Newtonian
system, it is an indefinite principle, not implying a particu-
lar manner, nor physical cause of action, but only a ten-
dency of approaching, whether it proceed fiom any exter-
nal cause, or be inherent in bodies themselves, excluding
the idea of impulse from its consideration. It is divided
into the attraction of gravity, the attraction of cohesion,
and the attraction of composition. The attraction of gravity,
called the centripetal force by mathematicians, is that bv
which all bodies tend towards the centre, or act on eneli
other at a distance ; from hence proceed almost all the mo-
tions and changes in the system; it is by this principle,
that ligh't bodies asceml, that projectiles are regulated in
iheir coursi-s.thatvapoursasceiid and the rain falls, that waves
roll, the air presses, and the sea is swelled or decreased bv
the vicissitude of its flux and reflux. The attractioi: of
rohrsion, is that which unites the insensible particles of
bodies together into the difteriiit masses, and causes tlie
roundness we see in drops of water or (paicksilver. T!;''
p;irlichs of all Ixnlies arc i)ossessed of the iiiheieiit properly
of attiactiiigeach other, which causes them to adhere, and
preserves llie various substances around us from falling in
pieces. The nature of this wonderful property is entirely
iwknown. The attraction of composition is that which the
particles of every siiriidc substance hiue to other simple
substauees with which tliey .have an attlnity, and wliuh
causvs them to unite together and form a new (omiiound.
Figuratively, the power of alluring, enticing or engaging
the affections of a person. Synon. Attravtians may be
said to engage us, allurements to entice us, charms to seduce
us.
ATTRA'CTIVF,, s. [aitractif, Vv^^ that has the power
of drawing another to itself ; inviting, alluring, engag-
ing.
ATTRA'CTIVE, s. that which can draw or engage the
affections; differing from nllanmnit, as that is used in a
bad sense, Imt attraction g;enerally in a good one. In phy-
sic, attractive! are m<'dicMies externally ap\)lied, that by
their warmth and activity penetrate the pores, mixing with,
and rarefying all ob.structed matter, so as to lit it ior dis-
charge, upon laying open the part. These are what wc call
tlrnwevK, ripi tiers, miUitrant!, and di^-cslivcSy
-'VTrR.\Cl'IV£LY, Of/, in The manner of a tlinig, or per-
son, vhichdrawsoralUiies son\el:liing.
Ari-itA'CTiVEN£SS, «. the quality by lyliich a thing
attracts, or allures.
ATTRACTC»H, s. that whi(;h draws towards itself.
-ATITlAHENT, part, [attra/icns, Lat.] that has the qua-
litv of draw ing_ towards itself.
ATTRIBl'TARLE, «. [from attribao, Lat.] Uiat may be
affirmed as belonging to a thing ; that may be ascribed or
imputed to a thing or person.
To ATrRI'BUtE, v. a. [aitribm, Lat.] to affirm as be-
longing to a thing; to ascribe as a property ; to impute, or
charge, applied to a cause.
A'lTRir.UTT., s. [attribiu, Fr.] the thing attributed to
another; epiality adherent. In a general sense, it is that
which agrees with some person or tiling ; or a quality deter-
mining something to be after a cei lain manner. Thus un-
derstanding is an attribute of niind, and extension an attri-
bute of body. That attribute which the miud conceives as
the foundation of all the rest, is called its essential attribute;
thus, extension is by some, and solidity by others, esteemed
the essential attributes of iof/y or matter. Attributes, in di
vinity, are the several qualities or perfections of the divine
nature, and such as can be applied to God only ; under
which is included all that we can imagine to go to make up a
pertett bring, such as iuiijiite ,';oodness. power, jiistite, iVc.
The heathens appropriated a pattiHtiar deity to each attri-
bute : his power they called by the name of Jupiter ; his
whdora, Apollo ; his will. Fate; his wrath, June; Arc. In
painting and statuaiT, attribute is some distinguishing addi-
tion to the principal iigure; as the club to Hercules, the
peacock to jnyio, the eagle to Ju/iitcr, Ac.
ATTRIBUTION, s. f««n6«no, Lat.] something ascribed ;
character or reputation.
ATTRITE, a. [attritus, Lat. J worn off DV rubbing two
bodies together.
ATTRITENESS, j. quality produced by the rubbing of
two bodies together, so as to wear off some of their sur-
facfs^^
ATTRITION, i. [attritio, Lat.] the action of rubbing
two bodies together, so as to wear away or rub oft" some
particles on their surfaces.
To.\TTLI'NE, V. a. to put an uistrument into tune; to
make the voice or any instruments accord together, and
sound the same notes, or key.
AYA, a large city in India, the capital of the Burman
empire. It is seated on the river Ava. The streets are very
straight, and the houses are built with teek planks, and
bamboos. It is 320 miles E. of Calcutta, and 276 E. NE. of
A racan. Lat. 21. 0. N. Ion. !)G. 30. E.
To .*\VA1 L, !'. a. [Ironi valoir, Fr.] to turn to one's own
use, benefit, profit, or advantage ; to promote or procure ;
to be of use, or advantage.
AVAILABLE, a. applied to means, it signifies their
suitableness or etlicacy to obtain the end ; powerful, or
proper.
AVA'NTGUARD, s. \avanlgarde, Fr.] in war, the first
line or division of an army in battle array ; or that part
which is seen by the enemy, and marches first agains.t him.
A'V.-\R!CE, «. [nirtnce, Fr.] in morality, an inniioderatc
love and desire after riches, attended with extreme d.lLideiue
of fiituie events, excessive \)recauti(ai a-a'nst the instability
of fortune, making a person rob himself of the necessary
comforts of life, for fear of diminishing his riches.
AVARICIOUS, a. that partakes of the nature of ava-
rice. /
AVARICIOUSLY, ad. covetously.
AVAUrCIOUSNESS, s. that quality which inclines a
person to desire riches immoderately, to make no u.se of
them, when possessed of them, for fear of diminisliing them,
and denominates hiiii an atniirinus juMson.
.AVA'ST, ad. [from br/sia, Itul.j hold, slop; a sea-terui.
AVAUNT, int<rj.\iiranl. Fr.l a Word inip!\iiig (lelesta-
tion or ubhonence ; signifying, begone ! out of my sight !
AVE
AU'nURN, a town of Wilt>liirp, with a consulciabk raa^
jnifacturc of Justian. It is siluatecl iic;ir I\;>iiilmiy, oil a
Ftraiich nf liij' Kcniiet, 3 miitb N. K. of Maill)Oioii^;li, «ikI
8t W. (if Loiidon. It had 72 (iwcUinji-lioiises, to tlic value
of j«2(V00O, ilcslioycd bv file, in 17G0. Ulaikct on Tucs-
d•^y.
ATT'JUiRNE, a. [from aubour, Fr.] brown ; tan-coIoure<l.
A''CTION, .«. [iinciio, Lat.'J a method of sale wlicicin
goods are sold to tlie highest bidder.
AUCnONARY, a. belonging to an auction.
AUCTfONE'F.R, s. the nianai;er of an auction.
AUDA'CIOUS, a. [nud^civi.v, Fr.] a term relative to the
nature of an action, applied to Uici dl^l)osition of mind of one
who undertakes it, and the iiianncr in which it is executed.
With rosjiect to the nature of the action, if implies some-
thing dilhcnlt, andattPiided with many obstacles ; that the
liersbn is of such a disposition of mind as not to matter what
ditficidties he cHcounters ; and that be sbewsasreatdeal of
impudence v^ reu'.Uninj; his attempt efi'ectual ; so that the
word is properlv appKcd in a had sense only.
AI3D A'CIOUSLY, ad. in sucli a manner as bespeaks a
daring' impntlciiee.
AUOA CIOUSNF.SS, s. tliat quality which argues a dis-
position of mind tliat will induce a poison to und.^itake any
action, lei the ditHcultics be what they will. Always ui--.d
in a bad sense, and including the secondary idea of im-
pudence.
.'lUDA'CITY, s.[rai(JacUi<s,L-M.] a (lispositioy of mind
which makes a person capable of undertaking any diihcull
actio'i, and frees him from those a))preliensions which might
render him inactive, or unfi< for the othces of society.
AUDIBLE, fl. [ttudilnlis, Lat.] that is the object of he*-
ing; that mav be heard.
AUDIfiLENESS,*. that which renders a thing the object
of hearing, or to be heard.
AU'DIBLY, ad. in such a manner as to bs heard.
AU'DIENCE, s. [audience, Fr.] that attention whtch is
given to a person while he is speaking. In a court sense,
the aiiuiission of ambassadors or pidilic ministers to a king,
in order to deliver the credentials of their sovereign, and to
open the intentions for which they are sent. In liistory,
the tribunals or courts of justice established by the Spaniards
in America. Persons assembled in order to hear a public
speaker. Andicnee Chaml/er, a court belongiui,' I.O the arch-
bishop of Cnnterbury, wlicrtin differences upon elections,
consecrations, institutions, marriages, &c. are heard ; of
equal authoritv with the Court of .Arches.
All IMT, *. [Lat.] inlaw, the hearing and examining the
account of persons concerned in the receipt of money, by
I>ersoMs publicly appointed for that purpose.
To AUDIT, f. a. \aiidio, Lat.] to examine an account.
AUDITOR,*. [Lat.] one who hears; one who is present
when any thing is delivered in i)ubUc ; who examines and
passes eitlu^- public or private accounts.
AUDITORY, n. [aufiitoriiis, Lat.] that conduces to hear-
ing. In anatomy, the nudilmij tiervcs are a pair of nerves
arising from the inedalla oblongata, and distributed, the one
to the ear, the soft and spongy part of which is the immedi-
ate caus>' nf hearing ; and the other to the eye, &c.
AU'DITORY, s. [aiidUiirimn, Lat.] a place where persons
assemble to heir any discourse ; a collection of persons so
assembled.
A'VE MARIA, s. [I^t. hml, Marii .'] a prayer used by the
Romish church, beginning with those words, in honour of
the Virgin Ma'.-y.
To A VE'NGE, V. a. Yvenger, Fr.] to punish in proportion
to the enormity of crimes: and distinguished from revenge,
Iircause that is always used in a bad, but this in a good sense.
■WETVOEMENT, s. the act of punishing for crimes.
.■WE'NGER, s. one who inflicts punishment for crimes.
A'VFA'S, s. the herb beniiet. It has upright yellow blos-
soms, Ivre-shaped leaves, and airy globular fruit. The root,
infused in wine, is said to be a good stomachic. There is a
siuitof ciiiquefoil that is called by lliis name.
AUG
ATENTURE, .'. in law books, a luisdiance, cai!--!; g ».
man's death without felony.
A'V'ENUI'., s. [nrntiw, Fr.] a passaM or opcitng. In
gardening, a walk of trees li adiiig to a hnuse. In prrspcc
tive, it is a passage, which is narrower r.t the end than hI
the beginning, in order to ninke it ap|V-ar the longer, or
straight, when viewed at the narrowest end. in fortifica-
tion, the opening, inlet to, or communication l)€twceii, a
fu:t ;?nd a bastion.
To AVER, V. n. [avi-rtr, Fr.] to tifiirm or assert a thing to
be true « ith some degree of posilivcness.
A'VERAGE, s. [nirni'.'-n'm, law Lat.] in law, a due or
.service whith a tenant owed iii* lord by his bea.stor carri-
age. In .sea-<(juuiK'rce, the aecideiils or misfortunes which
liappen to a ship or cargo, divided iii<o sijiijilo, large,
common, or small: an allowance given toihe master forhis
care of the goods above the freight. A medium ; a mean
proportifin.
AVERMENT, >t. in law, the "establishment of a thing by
e\ idence ; an offer to make good an exception plea.dcd in
abatement of the planlift's action, and an actual doing it.
.A VE'RN AT, .V. a sort of .;;rape.
\ VERSATION, s. [from nrrrmr, Ijjt.] a term aUHdmg to
the motion of a ))crson who detests any thing, which is that
c>{ ini-uivQ- ftiriii/ froui it.
AN'E'R.'^E, It. [avcrsu.s, Lat.] hostile or BJigiy with ; u.i-
williiii', abhorriui,'.
A\ KRSELY, "'/. in a manners lii<li shcwugrcat iinw.:Uing-
iie.'-s. Backwards, ofiposcfl to forwards.
A^T^RSENESS, ,v. imwillinguess ; backwardness.
A^'E'RSION, f. [ttMT.tioii, Fr.] dislike, ai isiiig from thf
of^an object ; the cau.-e of dislike.
disasireeableness i
le ; to keep otV.
.orcommnn
To AVERT, *. a.fdierto, Lat.] to turn aside ;
.AUF, s. [alf, iJelg.Ja person void of discretion,
_tiise ; a fool.
AUGER.or AU'GRE, s. [eg°er, Belg.] in media lics, an
instrument used by carpenters and coopers to bore hoie>
witli, consisting ofa handle and bit.
AUGHT,^»n. [unJit, .Sax.] any thing ; applied to the ex-
lent ofa person's knowledge, as/ioas.
'I'o AUGMENT, v. a. [aun'meiiter, Fr.] t\) increase the value
or dimension of a thing by the adrlilion of something els'?.
Synon. Our ambition <r»g»Hf«f.v with our fortune ; and we
are no sooner in possession of one hundred pounds, than we
are eager to add to it another.
ALfGMENT, s. langmmtum. Lat.] increase, applied to the
dimension ofa bod\ or the progrcssof a disease.
AUGMENTATION, .v. mcrease, enlargement, improve-
ment. Al.-j a court so called, erected 27 Henry VIII. when
by the suppression of the monasteries, the revenue of the
crown was atigmiiUed ; and the ithce still remains, in which
are manv curious records, though the court has been long
since dissolved. In heraLliy, the additional charges to a
coat of armour, frequently given as particular marks of ho-
nour, and generalh borne either on the escutcheon or a
canton ; as have all the baronets of England, who have borne
the arms of the province of Ulster in Ireland.
AUGSBURG, a considerable city in Germany. Under
the old constitution, it was an imperial city, the metropolis
of the circle of Swabia, and belonged alike to '.he catholics
ami protestant^. The public buildings aie ma,'.;ni/icent.
Besides the cathedral, here are six Roman catholic parish
churches, and six Lutheran. It is surroundetl Iw beautiful
plains a'ld large forests, abounding with game. The cele-
l)rated confession of the Lutheran faith, is called the Augs-
burg confession, because it was presented to a diet whicli
was- holden here. It is distant 30 nriles from Munich. Lat.
48. 27. N. Ion. 11.4. E.
AU'GUR, «. [Lat.] a ir>i::ister of religion among the an-
cient Romans, appointed to take presages concefning futu-
rity, from birds, beasts, and the appearances of the heavens.
To AU'GUR, ". n. to foretell ; to guess at ; to presage.
To AUG I i;.\TE, v.n. [awg-wo, Lat.] to produce by rji^'iis,
after tht niu.iucrof anaugur.
03
AVO
AUR
AUGL' RATION, /. (he practice of determiiung future
events in the manner of augurs.
AUGU'RIAL, a. according to the principles of an augur.
AUGURY, s. [anguriitm, Lat.] in antiquiiy, a species of
itivinatioB, or tlie art of forcteUing future events, and <i is
{inguished into five sorts, namely, aufjury from tiie he;iv<nvs ;
from birds; from chickens; from quadrupeds; aad from
portentous events. Of this kind are also the more nioihrii
magic, astrology, palmistry, (fee. whicli, thouijh forn"?iiv
ver>' much practisecl, are now justly exploded as iiicousi*teiit
with reason and true philosophy.
AUGUST, a. [argnstus, Lat.] that may claim reverence
on account of its dignity or rank, or expect awe from its
ippearance.
AUGUST, s. [from Au^i/tt.is,'] sii^'C the alteration of the
style, the eighth month ot the year, ciiiUd by the Romans
Sexiilis, or the sixth nionlli from March ; hut named Ani^iist
from .Augustus Caesar. It «as represented by the ancients
under the figure of a young man witli a fair countenance,
crowned with a garland of wheat, a basket of fruit uiy^Ier his
arm, a sickle in his hand, and bearing a victim.
.\l'GU'STA, capital of (Jeorgia, in N. America, about
130 miles from the sea, seated on the S. VV. bank of the river
Savannah, which flowing through a fine plani country, is
navigable for barges managed by means of poles. Here is
a bridge over the water to the Carolina sitfe, which is hilly.
From its excellent soil, and central situation, between the
upper and lower countries it is rising into importance.
AUGU'STINES, a rel gious order of the church of Rome,
who follow the rule of St. Augustine, prescribed them by
pone Alexander IV. Among other things, this rule enjoins
to Lave all things in common, to receive nothing without the
leave of the superior ; and several o£lrer precepts relating
to charity, modesty, kimI chastitf . The Augustines are
clothed in black, and make one of the four orders of begging
friars. There are likewise ntnis of this order.
.AiUGl^".STNESS, s. that qualit\ which renders a person
an object of reverence, awe, and homage.
A'V I.\RY, J. {aifiariiim, Lat.] a place inclosed for keeping
u collection of birds, figuratively, the collection of birds
kept in such a place.
.WI'DITY, s. [ariiUtas, Lat.] ^cediness, eagerness, as
i^atiable love of money.
AVI'GNON, a large city in the dept. of Vaueluse, de-
clared apart of France, since the revolution; but before it,
the capital of a little sovereignty, subject to the pope, whose
legate- resided here. In Avignon they reckon seven gates,
seven palaces, seven colleges, seven hospitals, seven monas-
teries, seven nunneries, and seven popes who resided there
in 70 years. LaL 43. 67. N. Ion. 4. 59. E.
-AVI'LA, an ancient city of old Castile, with an university ,
and a manufactory of fine cloth. It is seated in a large plaiii,
surrounded by mountains, and covered with fruit-trees and
vineyards, 40 miles N. W. of Madrid.
AVISO, i. [Ital.] in commerce, notice or informafToh
given bv letter.
.AU'KLAND, bishop, a large well built town in Durham,
chieHy remarkable for one of the palaces of the bishop of
Durham. \ manufacture of calico and nnisiin has lately
been established here. It is situated 12 miles from Durham,
and -',■>(; from London. Market on Thursday.
Al KW.MU), a. See Awkward.
AL'I.CrSTER, an ancient town of Warwickshire, with a
maniifiutory of needles. It is situated at the luiion of the
rivers Ahi ami Arrow, 7 miles W. of Stratfnrd-upon--\voii,
14 from Warwick, and Wl N. W. of London. Market on
Tuesday.
AU'LIC, a. [aiilkiii, Lat.] belonging to the court. In
history, applied to the highest court of llic em|)oror of Ger-
many, originally instituted to determine the disputes be-
tween the emperor aud liis subjects.
AUNT, (aitl) s. [tante, Fr.) a female relation, wlw is a sister
either to a person's father or mother.
AVO'CADO, '. [Span.] a tree that grows in great plenty
Hi
in the Spanish West Indies. The fruit is of itself verx; iii-
fipid, for which reason they geneially eat it with the juice
of lemons and sugar, to give it a poignancy.
To A'\'OCATE, V. a. [avocB, L»t.] to call a person from a
thing he is engaged in.
.VV'OCA TlUN, s.Ji:avecatio, Lat.] the diverting a person's
attention from something lie is already engaged in.
^Fo A\ OLD, V. a. [vuidir, Fr.] tu forbear ; to shuu ; to (Juit,
or leave.
AVOl DABLE, a. that is possible to escape the effiScts of
a thing; that may be escaped or bhunned.
AVOIDANCE, s. Ilie act whereby one frees himself
from the effects of any cause; Ijie act of emptying or car-
pi, ing off.
AVOI'DER, t. the person who shuns, escapes, er carries
aw av ; the vessels used to carry things away in.
AVOI'DLESS, n, inevitable, that cannot be avoided.
.WOIRDUFOrS, s. [aroir clu pois, Fr.] a kind of weight,
supposed to be borrowed from the Romans, a pound of
which contains 16 oz. bearing the same proportion to 1 lb.
troy, as 14 to IG. All coarser commodities are bought by
this weight.
AM)LATi0N, s. [from avolo, Lat.] the flyinj away;
flight, or escape.
AVO'SET, *. a bird which souietiuies frequents oiir
raarsiics, and is remarkable for having its bill turned upw ards.
To .AVOUCH, V. a. [avmter, Fr!] to prove by voucher or
proper authorities; positively to maintain the truth of »
thing ; to justify or vindicate. Vouch is in use at present,
in its stead.
AVOUCH, s. proof, witness, evidence.
A VOU'CHA BLE, a. that may be proved by evidence or
vouchers.
AVOU'CHER, s. he that proves the truth of an assertion
by proper vouchers, or evidence.
"To A\'0'W, t'. a. [tivouer, Fr.] to profess openly, without
any dissimulation.
AVO'WABLE, a. that may be publicly owned without
dissembling, and sometimes without shame.
AVO'VVAL, s. a public confession, without the least dis-
simulation.
AVO'WEDLY, «rf. in a public open manner ; professedly ;
publicly.
AVOWEE', s. [avoKe, Fr.] the person to whom the re-
presentation of any benefice, or the right of aiivowsou, be-
longs.
AV'O'WER, s. one who openly professes, asserts, or de-
clares, without d'issiiiuilalion.
AVO'AVHY, s. in law, llie «i'o;;v»»- or confessing the having
taken a distress for rent, «hen the person distauied sues for
a replevin.
AVO'WTRY,^. adultery.
AVRA'NCHES, a very ancient city in the department of
the channel in France. It stands on a uiountuin, at the foot
of which flows the river See, one uiile and a half from the
English channel, and 30 E. of St. Mahi.
AURE'LIA, s. [Lfii.] in natural history, the second change
of a caterpillar, towards a moth or fly, in which it seems
deprived of motion, receives no nourishment, and appear
iiig sometimes with a yellow gold-coloured skin, is called by
this name.
AURE'LIAN, s.-a naturalist, who applies himself to study
the various changes of insects; sometimes api)lied to one
who breeds and describes the various states of moths and
butterflies.
AU'KICLE, s. [ttuvicuh, Lat.] in anatoniv, the external
ear, or tliat which is prominent from the head.
AURI'CUL A, s. the flower bcar's-ear, of which there are
manv varieties.
AURICULAR, a. [mniculm-if, \.-aX.] tl.at belongs to the
ear; secret or private, as if wliisp<ie(l iu a person's ear.
Auricular coufrsston, in the Romish church, is the private
confession a person makes of his sins to a priest, in order t'j
receive a.bsolutivn.
AUT
AUT
AURI'CULARLY, "d. in a private or spcrrt niannrr.
AllKl'TEUOL'S, n. [ff»i'/*r, Lat.) tliaV produces ;;()l<l.
AUiu'GA, ill astronomy, tiie \Vay{;oncr, a constellation
in tiio iiorlliiMii licniis|)iitic.
AUHIGA'TION, *. [iVoni amiga, Lat. | tin- dividing a vc-
liicle or carria;;e.
ADRIPKi ME'NTIJM, s. See Or pi m f.nt.
AURO'KA, s. [Lat.] in {;eo],'rapiiy, tiiat faint dawn wliifh
appears in tlie E. when tlie sun is uitliin IS (le;;rees of tlic
horizon. In nivtliolo;^y, tlie t;oddess who presides over
<lay breaU, the dauj,diter of Hyperion and Thea, or of the
Sun and l'^;irth. Slie is described in all liie pomp of iniaf,'i-
iiutiou liy liomer, covered with a fjreat vail, \yitli rosy fin-
gers and hair sprinkling the tiew, and exi>aM(ling the cups
of flowers, ytiijoj-rt iJoren/ii is an exiraorilinary meteor, or
luminous ayipearance, shewing itself in the night in the
northern |.);n Is (if the heavens. Various reasons have been
{jiveu by philosophers for this phenomenon ; but as no two
of tbem ague, and perhaps are all mistaken as to the real
cause, we shall not trouble the reader with their conjectures.
It is very common in countries near the pole, but rar<'ly in
England, none being recorded in our arnials tVom Nov. 14,
).'J74, till the surprising one of March fi, 17IC, since which
time thev have been and still continue virv frequent.
AU'RUM l'U'LMlNANS,s. [///»«rf, ,v«^->«W, Lat.] in che-
mistry, precipitate of gold, a powder, which, when cast into
the fire, produces a loud noise like Ihiuider. Aunim miisi-
unm, mosaic gold, a condiination of white oxyde, of tin, with
inlpliur, by means of mercury ; an article used by artists to
give a beautiful colour to bronze. Auriim patnlnli', tincture
of gold, a quack mediciiie prepared by mixing solution of
gold with essential oil of rosemary, when the gold swims a-
lop. The virtues of this tincture are entirely owing to the
vil of rosemary.
AUSCULTATION,*, [from auseidto, Lat.] a hearkening,
or listening to.
AU'SPICE, «. [mitpiciiim, Lat.] the art of divination,
coniiued to the tlight or singing of birds ; a prosperous
event, or the favour and protection of a lucky person.
Al'SPl'CLAL, a. relating to prognostics.
AUSPICIOUS, a. that promises success; favourable,
f irtunate, kind, propitious, applied to persons.
AUSPI'CIOUSLY, orf. in such a manner as to promise
luccess.
AUSTE'RE, a. [aiistenis, Lat.] applied to morals, rigid
and mortified, opposed to effeminate, or luxurious. Ap-
plied to tastes, rough, sour, and astringent, like that of un-
ripe fruits.
AUSTE'RELY, «(/. in a rigid mortifying manner.
AUSTERITY, y. a state of rigid severity and mortifica-
tion, sometimes including the secondary idea of sourness or
laoroseness ; severity or harshness of discipline.
AUSTRAL, a. [auitralis, Lat.] that is towards the south ;
SIS, tire niislrat signs.
AUSTIlAi:A'SIA, one of the six grand divisions of the
Rlobe, consisting principally of the vast island of New
Holland.
AUSTRA'LIS PISCIS, the southern Fish, a constellation
of the southern hemisphere, not visiiile in our latitude.
-AU'STPvLA, a lari'e country of Europe, bounded on the
N. by Bohemia and Jlor.ivia, on the E. by Hungary, on the
;i. by Styria, , nd on the W. by the archbishopric of Saltz-
burg. The I'iverEns divides it into the Upper and Lower ;
Vienna is the capital of the Lower, and Lintz the capital of
the Upper. Austria excels all the neig'hbouring states in
the fertility of its soil, the plenty of its pastures, and the
wholesomeness of the air. Corn, wine, and fruit, are very
phriliful; and the saffron belter than that of the East In-
dies. When Francis II. emperor of Germany, resigned that
liigli dignity, in consequence of the great changes cffccted in
the empiie by the French, he assumed the title of Francis I.
tmiierorof Austiia. (Aug. 7, IHWJ.)
AUTHENTIC, ov AinHETsTICAL, a. [«u/Ae;,/iV.«.
Lat.] of established authority ; that is attended with full
proof, and attested by persons who deserve tredit.
AUTHE'NTICALLY, ud. in such a manueras to procure
credit.
To AUTHETSITICATE, v. a. to establish a thing by the
necessary (troofs of its genuineness.
AUTllENTrClTY, s. the genuineness of a thing, sup-
ported by proper proofs and aulhorilips.
AUTHE'NTICLY, ad. ill such a manner as to evince u
thing to be genuine.
AUTHOll, *. \nvctnr, Lat.] in its more proper sense, one
who creates and produces any thing; the original inventor
or discoverer of uny new art or |,iriiuiplc ; one who writeu
upon any subject, opposed to a traiislatoror compiler.
AUTllO'RiTATiVE, a. that has an influence over an-
other; that commands or obliges.
AUTH0RITAT1VELY,(«/. in such a manueras to be-
speak proper authoritv or license.
AUTHO'RITATIVENESS, j. that quality which shews
a person to be properly licensed, or to have authority for
the doing anv thing.
AUTHORITY', s. iinici(ir:'as, Lat.] a power which leaves
a person the hbeily of choice, arising from superiority of
rank or reason ; includes the secondary idea of respect, and
is applied to Ciod, with respect to his creatures ; and to pa-
rents with respect to their children; applied to arguments,
it denotes their strength. Synon. There appears in the
iden i>i' <i lit hot-ill/ something just and respectable; iti f}»e
idea of pouer, something strong and active ; and in the idea
of 'liniiiiiiiin, something great and elevated.
AUTHORIZATION s. the act of communicating au
thoritv.
To AUTHORIZE, v. a. [mUhoriirr, Fr.] to give a person
licence or aiilhorily to perform a thing; to encourage; lo
justify; to give credit.
AUTO'CltACY, «. \uiU(is himself, and hratos power, Gr.J
independent power.
AUTOCiRA'PHlCAL, a. [from autos himself, and grcjifa
to write, Or.] that is w ritleii by a person's own hand.
AUTOGRAPHY, s. [from mdos himself, and g''"/'Ai> to
write, Gr.] a persons own hand writing. An original, op-
posed to acopv.
AUTOMATICAL, «. that hath fhequalit".' of an automa-
ton ; that is endued with a power to move itself. In the ani-
mal oeconomy, applied by Boerhaave to express those mo-
tions which arise purely from the structure of the body,
and over which the will has no power.
AUTO'MA TON, .'. [from nutos himself, and maimuii to be
excited, Gr.] in mechanics, an engine which has the princi-
ple of motion in itself.
AUTOiMATOUS, a.[autematos, Gr.l that has the power
of motion in itself.
AU TOPSY, J [from tmtos himself, and optomni to see, Gr.]
the seeing a thing with ones own eyes. Applied by the
ancients to the communications which the soul was sup-
posed to have with the gods in the Eleusinian myste-
ries.
AUTOTTICAL, n. [from antos himself, and optomai to
see, Gr.] that is seen bv ones own eyes.
AUTOPTICALLY, «rf. in such "a nmnner as a person
may be an eve-witness.
Autumn, (vHiH»i)j!. [nntumnns, Lat.] the third season of
the year, wherein the fruits are gathered in commencing
astronomicallv on the 23d of September, and ending on the
21st of December; popularly including August, Seutember,
and October. Some nations compute their ye?rs by au-
tumns, the Saxons by v\ inters, and, according to Tacitus,
the Germans had no idea of this season. In painting, au-
tumn is represented by a man at pe^rfect age, clothed like
the Sprinjj, and girded with a starry girdle, holding in one
iiand a pair of scales, equally /poised, with a globe in each;
inliie oilier a bunch of divers fruits and giapp.s. His age
ucnoles the perfection ol this season, and the balante, that'
C5
AWK
A XL
sirn of tlie zodiac which the suu enters when our autumn be
glflS.
AUTU'MNAL*, a. that belongs to auttimn ; that is pro-
rtuced in autumn. In astronomy, the autumnal point, is that
pointof the equinoctial hne from whence tlie sun begins to
ilesccnd towards the south. Tlie autumnal signs are Libra
Scorpio, and Sagittarius. Autumnal equinox, the time w lien
the sun enters the autumnal point, which is about the 23d of
September.
AUTIjX, anciently .^UGUSTODUNUM, a city in the dcpt
of Saone and Loire, situated near tlie river .'\rroiix, at the
footof three mountains. It contains besides the caliiedral,
S p"arish churches, and before the revolution, had several
religious houses. Here are also a great number of Roman
antfquitics, particularly, the temples of Janus and Cybele.
They have manufactures of tapestry, from cow's hair and
thread, carpets, coverlets, and delft vvr^e. It is 4.5 miles E.
T)v .S. of Nevers, and 162 SE. of Paris. Lat. 46. 57. N. Ion.
4. 23. E.
AVU'LSION, s. [avithin, Lat.] the act of puUinjif asunder
two bodies already united, implyiuj; the secondary idea of
some exertion or foice.
AUXE'RRE, a city in the department of Yonne in France,
containing 12 parish chinches, and about 10,000 inhal)i-
tants. It is 2.') miles S. of Sens.
AUXILIAR, or AUXILIARY, i. [from o.m/iam, La-t.] a
person w ho assists another, whether in war, peace, works ot
strenstli, or the products of the uuderstaiidinj;'.
AUXI'LIAR, or AUXILIARY, a. [aii.xillaris. Lat.]
that att'ords help or assistance. In graniiiiar, applied to
such verbs as are prefixed to others, and help to conjugate
certain tenses, which are on that account named compound
ones.
To .^WAI'T, j;. a. to expect a thing in future ; to he re-
served, or designed for.
To AWA'KE, J-. n. [pref. mruhe ; u-ecvinn. Sax.] to raise
from bleep. Figuratively, to rouse a thing in a doruumt or
latent state into action. Neiiterly, it signifies to ce:i?e to
sleep; also to be cautious; to he on one's guard ; to take
such measures asi.-otto be surprised by 'an approaching ca-
Ittinify or enemy.
A W.A'KE, a. not being asleep ; not sleeping.
To AW.4'KEN, V. a. pret. awakemd. See .'\\VAKE
This seems to be the best word.
To .'WV.A'RD, I', ff. [the o in the second syllable is pro-
nounced hard like an ; ii-eanlis;. Sax.] to pass sentence, or
deferniiiiea contioversy, as an arbitrator. Figuratively, to
give one's opinion.
AW.A'RD, i. [.see the preceding word] (he Judgmeiif or
rtpinioii of a person chosen by contending parties to deter-
mine a difference between them.
AWA'RE, ad. perceiving; cautious ; or u;)oii one's
guard.
AWA'Y, nrf. [«H'(?f. Sax.] after the verb i;-", or he, it im-
pliesahseiit, or out of sight. At the begiiuiiugof a sentence
it has the force of a verb in the imperative mood, aud signi-
fies leave this place. "/!»(■«)/, old man." Shak. Soineliuies
joined to a verb it implies to lose, including the idea of lav-
ishing, squandering, or profusion.
AWK, .V. [f■s•^ or en-«, Sax.j a respect mixed with terror,
ijicluding the idea of superior rank, authority, or parts.
To AWE, v.u. to iiithience a person by one's authority,
dignity, or age.
AWFUL, a. that causes respect, ,]oined with fear, on ac-
count of its di;'nit>-, authority, or age.
A'WFULLY, (ill. in sii-h a manner as to command re-
spect, join, 'd with fear; including the secondary ideas of
autlioritv and dignity.
A'WFULNESS, s. that (lUality which attracts respect
mixed w ith fear.
-WVIH'LE, ad. applied to time, space, interval ; some
time.
A'WKWARD, o. [froui auard, Sax.' applied to the mind,
at',
perverse; applied to the behaviour, clumsy; uiihaiidyj
clownish.
AWKWARDLY, ad. in a clumsy manner.
A'WKW.ARDNESS, »■. (hat quality which shews a pcrsf t»
not to have been conversant with the elegancies of pf>li»«
life ; and denotes him to be clownish and clumsy.
AWL, s. [^ale, or ale. Sax.} a sharp-])ointcd instruipcnt
used by shoemakers to make holes, in order to expedite their
work.
-AWLES-S, a. irreverent; without the power of causing
reverence. .
A'WL-SIIAPED, a. \n botany, applied to the leaves,
threads, or seeds, slender, and beconuug liner towards lli«
end, like an aw I.
AWME, or AUME, *. a Dutch liquid measure, contain-
ing equal to the tierce in Englaud, or to one-sixth tj" a ton
in France.
AWN, .«. the slender sharp substance, growin,^ to thf
valves of corn or grass, and frequently called a beard.
A'VVTSING, s. [from aulne, Fr.] the hanging a sail or tar-
pauling over any part of a ship to keep the sun off.
AWllV', "rf. [in pron. the if is dropped] out of a shaight
line; out of a peipendicuiar directi(<n ; on one side; not
even. Figuratively, erroneously.
AX, oi AXE, s. \rax. Sax.] a carpenter's instrument fi>
hew wood ; its edge tapers to the middle of the blade, ami
it has a long handle to be used with both hands.
AX'RRIDGE, a town in Somersct^!lire, with a market on
Thursday. It is seated under Mendip-hills, which sre rich
in lead mines, and proper for feeding calth-'. It is a mayor
town, consisting of one principal street, which is lon^, bat
narrow ; 10 miles N. W. of Wells, 131 W. of London.
AXI'LL.A, s. Lat. the cavity under the uiJiier part tf
the arm, called the aim-pit.
AXI'LLAR, or AXILLARY, a. [a.villans, Lat.J belonK-
ing to the arm-pit.
A'XIOiVI, s ]from axinn to be worthy, Gr.] a plain, scH-
evident proposition, as that nothing can act where it is f.-nt ;
that a thing cannot be and not be, at the same time ; that
the whole is greater than a part thereof; and (hat from no-
thing, nothing can arise. This wurd is principally restrained
to mathematics, and when used to other purposes is fi».
quently called a maxim.
A'XtS, .t. [Lat. axes, plural] in geometry, astronomy, &«.
is an imaginaiy line, passing through the centre of any
hgure or orbit. Thus the axis nf tlie ni.rld is a line conceiv-
ed to i)a3S tiuough the centre of the earth from one pole to
the other, about which the s|iliere, (i\ the world, in the Ne'w-
tonian system, revolves in its diunud rotation. The xxis nf
aplanttis that line drawn through its centre, about which
the planet revolves. So likewise the sun, with all the other
planets, except Mercury and Ilerschel, are known by obser-
vation to move about their rcs'pective axes. Ilie axis nf tin
earth, during its revolution roiiiid the sun, remains always
parallel to itself, and is inclined to the plane of the ecliptic,
niakiugwilli it an angle of about (ifi degrees. In conic se«-
tions, axis is a right line, di\ iding the sections into two equal
parts, and cutting all its ordiuales at right angles. In nvt-
chanics, the axisnf balance, is that line about "liich it move»
or rather turns about. Axisnf aseiUiiiiun, is a right line pa-
rallel to the horizon, passing through the cent re, about which
a pendnhiin vibrates. In optics, azish that ray, amongall
otliersdiat are sent to the eye, which falls perpciKJiiulai ly
upon it, and uhich" consequently passes through. the (.riitKt
of the eye. In architecture, spiral axis, is the aris of a
twisted column drawn spirally, in or(|er totiiacc the cinum-
volntioii without. Axis, in anatomy, is (he second xertebr*
of the. neck, so called from the head's turning on it like au
axis.
A'XIS,i. a very beautiful animiil of the deer kind, which
has its horns dividal into three branches. It is a native of
li.dia.
A'XLE, or.'V'XLETIlEE, J. [nwe and /rfojc, Sax.] n pi«««
AZO
BAB
of w<«i(|, Ac. which passes Uitough the centre of a \\lieel,
oa vvliiih it turns.
A'XMINSTER, a town of Devonshire, with a market on
Satunlav. It is sealed on thi! livcr Ax, near ihc' etl;^e of
the connty, in tlie f^reat road from London to Exeter, and
was a place of some note in tlie time of the Saxons. It is
governed bv a portreve; lias one ciiurcii, and about 200
houses; but the streets, though paved, arc narrow. Here
is a small manufactory of broad and narrow clollis ; some
carpets are also made in the Turkey niannex It is 2o miles
E. bv N. of Exeter, and 147 W. of London.
AV, nrl. [pcriiaps from aio, Lat.] yes ; used to affirm the
trutii of alhifig.
AYE, ntl. [uwa, Sa.i.] generally used after/or, and implies
lime nillioul end ; forever; to all eternity.
A'YLESBLRY. See Albsbltiy.
AYR, a sea-port of Ayrshire, in Scotland, situated on a
sandy plain, and built on both sides of the river Ayr, which
rises on the borders of Lanerkshire, and crossing the county,
to which it gives name, runs into the Clyde, near the town
of Ayr. Its waters possess a petrifying quality, and wood
petnlied in it makes excellent hones for razors. Over it
there is a bridge of 4 arches, in the middle of the town. The
inhabitants can-y on a considerable trade in coals and grain,
and there is a profitable tiihery of cod and haddock on the
coast : they have also flo'jrishing manufactures of cotton,
iron, tambour works, c've. The market-cross here is a valua-
ble relict of antiquity, purporting.by the date which it bears,
to have been built in 1055. It is 65 miles S. W. of Edin-
burgh.
A'YKESIIIRE, a large commercial county of Scotland,
hounded on the W. N. W. and N. by the river Clyde and
Renfrewshire; on the E. by the counties of Lanerk and
Dumfries ; and on the S. E. and S. by the shires of Kirk-
cudbright and WigtoM n. It is aboiit fiO miles in length, and
from 20 to 25 in breadth ; it is divided into -li! parislies, and
in 1791, contained about S3,8'J2 souls, having gained an in-
crease within the last forty years, of 14,SS3 inhabitants.
A'YRY, or A'ER^ , <■. a nest or company of haw ks, so
called from the old French word aire, which signified the
same.
A'ZIMUTH, s. [Arab.] is an arch of the horizon, cora-
prehendVd between the meridianof the place and any given
vertical, and is the complement of the eastern and western
amplitude to a quadrant. 'Themng-neticnlazimnUi, is anarch
of the horizon contained between the sun's uzimntli circle
and the magnetical meridian. Azimitlh coyjipass, is :'.n instrii-
mrnt used at sea for finding the sun's magnetical azimuth.
A.zimuth dial, is one whose side or gnomon is at right angles
to the plane of the horizon. Azininlh circles, ca'led Azitmitlis,
are great circles of the sphere, intersecting each other in the
zenith and nadir, and cutting the horizon at right ancles
in all the lioinls tlieieof. The azimnt/is are represented by
the rhumbs on common sea-charts, ajid on the globe they
sre represented by the quadrant of altitude when screwed in
the zenith. On the azinvdh is reckoned the height of the
stars, and of the sun, when not in the meridian.
AZOTiES, a group of islands in the Atlantic ocean, be-
tween 25 and 32 dcc-rees of W. longitude, and between 37
and 40 N. latitude ; 900 miles W. of Portugal, and as many
E. of Newfouadland. They -were first discovered in H.3i»,
by John Vandcrberg, a merchant of Bruges, who was driven
liere by stress of weather. On his arrival at Lisbon, he
boasted of his discovery ; on which ihe Portuguese set sail,
and took possession of them, which they have ever since re-
tained. All these islands enjoy a very clear sky, and salu-
brious air ; they are extremely fertile in corn, wine, and a
Varier\- of fruits; and they breed lar,ge quantities of catlle.
AZOTE, s. in modern ch; nujiiv, a name given to nitro-
gen, because it kills :.li animals which are obliged to breallie
It alone.
AZOTH, *. among the old chemists, the first matter of
metals.
AZOTIC, .(. in chemistry, belonging to azoic, or nitrogen.
A'ZITRE, s. in the general sense, signifies tiie blue colour
of the sky. Among painters, it is the blue colour, with a
greenish cast, prepared from the lajjis lazuli, generally
called vllramartiie. It likewise signifies that l>right blue
colour prepared from the lapis aruienus. This colour is
colour Lamhcrl's blue. Ill heraldry, uzure is the blue colour
in the coat of arms of any person below the rank of a baron.
In the escutcheon of a nobleman, it is called Sitpplnn ,- and
in that of a sovereign i)riiicc, Jupiter. In engraving, thi»
colour is expressed by lines or strokes drawn Ijorizontally.
A'ZURE, a. that is of a sky or faint blue colour.
B
BIS the second letter of most alphabets, and in ours tbo
first consonant. It is pronounced by jiressing the
whole length of the lips together, and forcing them open
with a strong breath. It is used as an abbreviation : thus,
in music, B stands for the tone above A, as 15b or bR doe.i
for B flat, or the semi-tone majj)r abo-.e A ; B also stands
for bass, and B. C. for liassn cuiitinmi, or thorough bass. As
a numeral, B was used by the Greeks and Hebrews to de-
note 2 ; but among the Romans it stood for300, and with a
dash over it thus, b for 3000. The same people used B, for
Jirtitiis: B. F. for boiitim factum. They likewise used B.
and V. indifferendy for each other. B. in the chemical al-
phabet signifies mercury. B. A. stands for bachelor of
arts ; B. L. for bachelor of laws; and B. D. for bachelor of
divinity.
BAA, s.a sound borrowed from, and expressive of, tht
bleating ofa sheep.
To BA'A, V. a. [from the sound] to bleat like a sheep.
BA'AL, s. the supreme god of the ancient Phoenicians.
Baa^ signifies Lord, and was applied to the sun.
BA'ALIM, s. inferior deities among the Phoenicians.
To BA'BBLE, v. n. [bahheleu, Belg.J to prate lik.e a child,
without sense ; to betray secrets ; to talk without icgajd to
place or circumstances.
BA'BBLE, i. [bnhil, Fr.l senseless prating.
BABBLEMENT, s. See Babble.
BA'BBLER, i. one who talks .vithout any fund of sen?p,
or without proper ideas of the words he makes use of.
BABE, or BA'BV, s. [baban, Brit.J a young child of either
sex. Sometimes applied to one that can neither walk nor
speak.
BA'BF.RV, s. finery to please a babe or child.
BA'BISH, a. that resembles the clioice of a very your.g
child ; that belongs to a vei7 young child ; childish.
BAi?0'ON, i. [baboin, Fr.] a khid of monkeys with very
museuJar bodies and commonlv short tails.
BA'BYLON, tlie capital of the ancient Babylonia or Cbal-
dea, in Asia, is supposed to have stood "n E. Ion. 42. .03. N.
lat. 33. 0. Seniirhniis is said by some, and Beius by others,
to have founded this city. But by whomsoever it was
founded, Nebuchadnezzar was the finisher of it ; for lie
made it one of the wonders of the world. The most famous
works in and about this city were, its walls, the ten:ple of
Belus, Nebuchadnezzar's jialaci , the hanging gardens, the
banks of the river, the artificial lake, ani) caiiisls. Its walls,
which surrounded the city, were 87 feet liiick, 350 fee!
high, and 480 furlongs (60 miles) ill circumference. Suck
are the dimensions which Herodotus has handed dowo <><
us, who was himself at Babyh>ii. These walls formed ar
exact square, each sideof which was 120 furlongs (15 m.les>
"n length, and were built of large bricks, cemented to::ethcr
with bitumen. The city was encompassed, wilhout the
walls, with a vast ditch, filled with water, and lined with
bricks on both sides. In the whole compass of the wall
were 100 fjates, i. e. 26 on each side, all made of solid
brass ; and on the walls were 26(1 towers. The city, or
town, within the walls, wiis regularly built ; tor from eack
of the 26 gates, on every side of the square, fiirre was u
straight street, extending to the corresponding gate in ill*
opposite side; therefore the whole number of streets wcii
«7
BAG
RAC
{)(), but tlicy were each about 15 miles long, 2.) of th^m
crossing tlie otiier 2o exactly at rifjiit aiiglfs. V>y this in-
tersection or crossing of tiie streets, t)ie city was divided
into 070 squares, each four furlongs and a half on each
side, or two miles and a quarter in compass. Round these
squares, on every side towards the streets, stood the houses,
all of which were three or four stories high. The inter-
mediate space within each of them was occupied as gardens,
either for pleasure or convenience. A branch of the river
Euphrates, which lan from N. to S. divided the city into
two parts, by passing through the midst of it. The whole
city stood in a large plain, in a very fat and deep soil.
That part of it which stood on the east side of the river was
the old city; and llic otiier on the west was added by Ne-
buchadnezzar, both being included within the vast square,
l)oundcd by tiie walls above-mentioned. The glory of this
city, however, did not last long ; for Cyrus soon after re-
moved the seat of the empire'to Shushan, and Babylon by
degrees fell to utter decay.
•BABVLO'NIA, or Chaldea, a kingdom of Asia, and
the most ancient in the world, being founded by IVimrod,
the grandson of Hani, who is supposed also to have founded
Nineveh, the capital of the kingdom of Assyria. The his-
tory of tliese kingdoms is greatly involved in obscurity. It
is plain, however, from sacred and 4)rofane history, that
Babyloniasubsisted asa distinct kingdom from Assvria, even
when the latter was in its greatest splendour. The most
probableaccount is, that the empire of Assyria was founded
Ly Phul on the ruins of Damascus or S\ria, in the days of
Menahem king of Judah. This king left two sons, Tiglath-
Pileser and Nabonassar. To the former he bequeathed the
empire of Assyria, and to the latter thai of Babylonia. Tig-
lath-Pileser resided at Nineveh, the original" seat of the
Assyrian empire, while Nabonassar, who was the younger
brother, held his residence at Babylon. But about G2(i be-
fore Christ, Nineveh wastaken and destroyed by the Medes
and Babylonians, (Nobopolassarbeing king of Babylon, )and
the seat of the empire transferred to Babylon. Cyrus, the
commander of the Median and Persian army, in an engage-
ment, defeated the Babylonians, and blocked them up in
the city of Babylon, which «as stored with all kind of pio-
visionsor 20 years, and which he afterwards took by stra-
tagem. It has frequently been the object of contention
between the Turks and Persians.
B.-\BYRO'USSA, s. an animal of a slender shape, which
bears some resemblance to a hog, but is distinguished by
four remarkable tusks, two belonging to the lower, and two
to the upper jaw : the latter pair growing to a great length,
and turning backward, towards the ears. It inhabits the
Indian islands.
BACCHANA'LIA, (Bahhaiwlw) s. [Lat.] the drunken,
revelling feasts of the heathen goil Bacchus. There were
two of these festivalscelebrated in llie year, one in the spring
and the other in the autumn ; but both were accompanied
with games, spectacles, and tliealrical representations, and
It was at these times I he poels contended for the prize of poe-
try. Those who were initiated into ihe celebration of these
feasts, represented, some Silenus, others Pan, others Satyrs;
and in this manner appeared in public night and day, coun-
terfeiting drunkenness, dancing obscenely, committing all
niannorof licentiousness and debauchery ; and runningover
tlie momitains and forests with horrible shrieks and bowl-
ings, crying out lo JSnn/ie. In Home they commitled such
shocking diM)rders, thai the senate suppressed lliem.
BACCHANALIAN, ( Unkhamiliim) s. | from ISaccliaimlia,
Lat ] one who attended the feasts" of Bacchus. Figuratively,
4 riotous drunken person.
P,\V.(U\>i\\.S,(Iic,IJm,mh') s. See BACriIANAt,IA.
BATCH MUS, s. ill hotanv, ploughman's spikenaid.
BA'CCHIN_,. Id heatli'ii mvthdlogv, the son of Jupiter
and Sciiiele, and the gorj of wine and drunkards.
B\CCrFEF!OliS,o. [tnm/f)-, Lat ] in botany, such vege-
tables as bi-af berries.
B.A'CHKLOR, *. a man who still conlinneA in Ibc state
of celibacy, or who was never married. Anciently, it was
a name given to those superior in quality to esquires, but
had not a number of vassals sutbcient to have their banner
carried before them in the tield of battle. They were usu-
ally young gentlemen, who endeavoured toac(iuire the titia
of Bachelors by their prowess ; ami being an order inieiior
to those called chevaliers or knights. Fauchet supposes
they took their name from lias clwialin-s, or the lowest order
of knights. It was also a title given to young chevaliers,
who, liaving made their tirst campaign, received the milifarr
girdle. It was likewise used to denominate him who had
overcome another in combat the first time he ever engaged.
In an university sense. Bachelors are those who have at-
tained to the Baccalaureate ; who have taken the tirst de-
gree in the liberal arts and sciences. At Oxford, a person
must be a student four years before be is entitled to be Ba-
chelor of Arts ; three years more before he attains the de-
gree of master of Arts; and in seven years more he may
commence Bachelor of Divinity. At Cambridge the degrees
are taken much the same as at (Oxford, except inlaw and
physic, in either of which the Bachelor's degree may be
taken in six years.
BACHELORSHIP, j. the state of an unmarried man;
the state, dignity, and office of a graduate, or bachelor, at aH
university.
BACK, s. [bac, liitc. Sax.] in anatomy, the hind part of
the human structure, from the neck to the thighs. Applied
to the bands, that part opposite to the palms. Applied to
the array of an army, the rear. Applied to situation, the
hind part, or that which is not in sight. Applied to an edgv-
tool or instrument, the thickest part of the blade, opposed
to the edge. A large square trough or cistern, used by brew-
ers to hold liquor in. Figuratively, a supporter, or one w h©
will second another in an attempt.
BACK, atl. applied to motion, to the place from whence
a person came. Applied to action, to retreat. Applied »o
time, that which is past. After Ace/), applied to the increase
of plants, to stop or hinder the growth.
To BACK, V. a. to mount a horse ; to break him for the
saddle; to make him go backwards bv pulling the reins.
Figurativelv, to second, support, or assist.
To BA'CKBITE, v. <i. to speak against a person in hi?
absence.
BA'CKBITF-R, *. one who censures the conduct, or vili-
fies the actions of a person in his absence.
BACK-BOARD, s. the board in a boat for passengers to
lean their backs against ; also the stiff milled paper put iiit»)
the covers of books to preserve them from injury.
BACKBONE, .^ the bone of the back.
BACKDOOR, i. a door or passage out of a liouse tiehiiid,
opposed to the front. Figuratively, a private passage.
BA'(^KED,pn;/. liavinga back. Forced to go backwards.
BA'(!KFHIKND, ^. a false friend; or secret enemy.
BACKGA'MMON, s. a game played with dice and men
on a board or table, veneered for that purpose.
BA'CKHOUSE, J. the building which lies behind a house.
BA'CKSlDE.s. I lie hinder part of any thing; the hinder part
ofan animal. Fitrniativelv, a vard or ground beliiiid a house.
To BACKSLIT)E, r.Ji.'in divin;lv, to leturn to idolatry,
after having quitted it; to apostatize ; toquit the true mode
of worship.
BACKSLIDER, .cone who quits the true religion in order
to embrace a false one ; an ai*osIate.
BACKS'I'AFF, *. an instrument used at sea to take llie
sun's altitude. 'Phis instrument, coimiioiily called Davis'^
(h'adiant, fiom the name of the invenior, and bv the I'leiich
the Knglisli (Quadrant, .is not so accurate as could be wish-
<mI ; and a large, heavy, brass .Xstrolabc is lo be preferred
before it.
BACKSTAIRS, s. the private stairs fa house, generally
apinoprialed to the use of servants.
BA'CMvS'r \ VS, s. in ship building, the rojies belonging lo
the main all! fore-masls.tvhich keep them from [lilchiitg over-
board.
BAD
BAH
BX'CKSNVORD, j. a sword with only ono simrp cdfje,
and l)luiit back. I'scd, iif,'iiiiitivcly, fur a iiidgtl, or the art
of defeii-liiifi one's self w itii :i did^'el.
BA'CKWAUD, or BA'CKWAltDS, arf.JWi and weard,
Sax.] aiiplicfl 1" '""t'"i'. it si^'nilifsllu" Koiiii,'from a person
with the fv\ce towards liini, the k';,'s ln-Mi;; moved towards
thcliiiid, instead of the fore part of a pei-son ; towards tlie_
bacii, or behind npoii the back. " limkivaiils and lorwanls.'
tien-tiM. Applied to tlie success of an undertaking,', it im-
plies, not to prosper or advance ; to want success. Applied
to »inie, some period that is past : or a portion of time al-
ready past. .
BA'CK\V,\RD, a. unwllins in allusion to making ad-
vances, anticipating or meeting a person's wishes; reluct-
ant; slow; dull; not (puck, or apprehensive.
IJA'CKWARDLY, ad. applied to the motion whereby a
person retreats or goes from another with his i'ace towards
liim; in a perverse*, unwilling manner; reluctantly.
BA'CKWAKDNESS, *. tliat (pialily which proceeds from
a dislike of the measures a person is to put in |)ractice, the
luiderlaking he is to accomplish, or tiie person he is to
oblige, including t'lie idea of slowness. Duliiess ; want of
apprehension.
IJA'COX, s. [hacaim, Brit.] the flesli ofaliog salted, and
sometimes dried. To save viti's hacun, is a low phrase for
preserving one's selffrom hurt or mischief.
BACULE, s. [Fr.J in fortification, a kind of portcullis, or
gate, made like a pit-fall with a counterpoise supported by
two slakes, placed before the corps du garde, advanced
near the gate.
BACULO '.METRY, s. [from lucnhs a stalf, and metren to
measure, Gr.] the art of measuring accessible or inaccessible
heights by means of staves or rods.
BAD, a. a relative term. Confined to natural agents,
that which lessens or destroys the happiness of ourselves or
others. Applied to moral agents, that which they volun-
tarily perform, in order to lessen or destroy their own hap-
piness or that of others. Ap|ilicd to persons, one w ho habi-
tually transgresses the laws of duty prescribed by the Deity.
Api)lied to actions, that which is performed contrary to any
moral law. Applied to things, that which is prejudicial to
our health, happiness, Ac. Trov. A had .shift is bttler than
twne. Where bad's the best, wtught must be the ehour. A bad
Ifush is better than the open field ; that is, better to have any
though a bad friend or relation, than to be (luite destitute
and exposed to the world.
BADA'JOS, a city of Spain, capital of Estremadura. It
stands on an eminence on the S. side of the Guadiana, over
which there is a bridge 700 paces long, aiid 11 broad, built
i)V the Romans. It was taken by the English under Lord
Wellington, in 1S12. It is 175 miles S. by W. of Madrid.
Lat. ;?8. 32. N. Ion. 6. 50. W.
BA DE, or B.4D, the preter tense ol! Rl D
BADEN, amargravate in Swabiain Germany, in alliance
with France.
BADGE, s. a mark worn by a person to denote liis digni-
ty, profession, trade, rank, &c.
To BADGE, f. «. to seta mark on a person ; to stigma-
tize.
BA'DGER, s. [bedovr, Fr.] in law, one who is licensed to
buy corn in one place, anil sell it in another, and is exempt-
ed from the punishment of an engrosser, by fi Ed. VI. In
natural history a wild animal al>out the size of a fox, tliat
lives in solitary places, feeds on fruits, and makes a despe-
rate resistance when attacked by the dogs.
BA'DLY, ad. not agreeable to a person's wishes ; in a
manner inconsistent with a person's undertakings. Applied
to health, sickly. Applied to the execution of any tiling,
not suit^iblc to the ideas of taste, elegance, or proportion.
BADNESS, s. a quality which denotes a person habi-
tually to transgress against the laws of his natuie. Applied
to tilings, it denotes that they are inconsistent w itli the good,
ease, or pleasure of rational or irrational beings. Ajiiilied
toroads, it signifies that they cannot be travelled with ease
or pleasure. Apiilied to weather, it denotes a want of se-
renily, calmness, or sunshine. Applied to health, that it ij
infirm, and interrupted with sickness.
BA'I)OUCl>, 1-. in natural histwry, a fruit very coiunjon iu
the East Indies, of the size of an apple, and a taste vcseni-
bliug that of the gooseberry.
BATFIN'S BAY, a gulpli of North America, discovered
by one Balfiii, an li^iiglishmaH, in 1622, who atteiiipted t«>
find out a North West passage to the South Sea.
To BA'l'FLE, 1'. n. \^"'.ff/er, Vr.] to render the care fif ano-
ther insignificant; to frustrate tile intenlious of another.
BA'FFLER, j. the person, or thing, which defeats, or
renders any thing abortive.
BAG, s. [bcfj^r. Sax.] in its primary sense, a receplirle
made of liilen, silk, or leather, to contain any thing, in the
sha,pe ofa loii'' scjuare when empty, and open oiil\ at one
ofilsends; which is called the mouth. Likewise a kind of
smaller bag, made of black silk, worn by gentleMn n ov er the
hind locksof their hair or perukes, as an 'iriiament. In Ma-
lm al history, the thin membrane, or c.\stis, containing the
poison of vTpcrs, which they lay out of their nmulhs whcu
eating their fooil ; that which contains the luuiey in bee>,
Ac. In commerce, a term of ouantity ; as, a bag of pepper,
of aniseed, ahiLouds, iVc. In botany, a distended bladder-
like seed-vessel, opening on one side, as in bladder sei\n.
To BAG, n. rt. to i)ut into a bag; to load with a bajj.
Used neuterlv, to swell, so as to resemble a full bag.
BAGATE'LLE, J. [Fr.] atritiic ; a toy.
BAGDAD or Bag DAT, a celebrated city of Asia, the
capital of Irak Arabi, on the banks of the river Tigris. 'I'lii*
city, for many years the capital of the Saiacen empire, w;t^
fouiKh'd by caliph Al Mausiir, the second of tiic house iff
A I Abbas, after t-lie attempt of the Rawandiaiis to assaasiii s'le
liim. This place has e\\)erienced a great deal of the iiorroii
of war, it being an object of almost perpetual contention lie-
Iweens the Persians and the Turks. Amurath, or Morad IV .
with a formidable army made himself master of it in IfKic! ;
since which time the Persians have never been able to get
possession of 'it for any length of liiiie. The Turks have
a garrison of 10,000 men here, which is doubled in time of
war. Jan. ID, 177.3, the plague appeared in this city for
the first time; and made such havoc in the months of Fe-
bruary, March, and April, thatofaljont 4(io,(mhi inhabitants
scarcely a fourth part were left ali\e. The inhabitants o^
the neighbouring towns of Hela, Iman Aly, Iman Hussein,
and Iman Moussa, were entirely swept away. Lat. 33. 20.
N. lon.43. .V2. E.
BA'GCiAGE, s. [baggage, Fr.J the utensils of an army,
so called from their being packed up in bags. Uo^ and l-a-^.
g-ffge, a low phrase, to signify all a person's goods; a wo-
man of no character; a v>rostitute.
BA'G^ilO, {banio)s. [bagiio, Ital.] a house for bathing, a
brothc'.
BAGPIPE, s. [from bae and pipe; the wiiid being re-
a bag] a musical instrument, consisting of a lea-
thern bag, which blows up, like afoot-ball, by means of a
port-vent or little tube fixed to it, and stopped by a \aive ;
and three pipes or flutes, the first called the great pipe oi
drone, and the second the little one, which pass the wind
out only at the bottom; the third has a reed, and is playcfi
on by compressing the ba'' under the arm w hen full ; anif
opening or stopping the holes, which are eight, with the fin-
gers. The bagpipe takes in the compress of three octave-.
It is a verv favourite instrument in Scotland.
BA'GRE, s. a small bearded fish resembling an eel, whick
frequents the American seas. It is armed with prickles,
which inflict a wound difficult to cure.
BAGUE^TE, .^ [Fr.] in architecture, a little lound
niouiamg, icss than an astrag-al ; sometimes carved and en
riclie.^.
BAHAMA ISLANDS, or Lucaya Islands, situated
to the S. of Carolina, between 22 and 27 degrees of N. lati-
tude, and 73 aii<l 81 of W. longitude. Tliev • \leud along
tlie coast of Florida lo the l>le of Cuba, and are said to be
BAK
BAL
300 in ridrabcr, mostly mere rocks; but 12 of tliem large
and fertile : I'rovidenc, one of tlie least of these, is reckon-
ed the most valuable. The islaiul of Baiiam i, which is tiie
larsfest, aiid gives name to the rest, is about (iO miles lon<j,
9 w ide. Lat. about 20, and 11. N . Ion. about 78, and SO. W.
They are possessed by tRe English, who have introduced
tJie cotton seed here fioni Gejjrgia, which is found to be
«ell adapted to the soil and climate. The quantity of cot-
ton they exported in 17y2, was 5047 bales, weighing i,lG2,S22
pounds.
BAIL, s. [probably from brtilla; Fr.] the act of freeing or
««tting a person at libert;. \Uio is arrested or iuiprisoueu for
an act civil or criminal, under security taken for his ap-
pearance ; likewise the person who gives such security.
JifiU is either common or special. Cummon bail, is in actions
of small concern, and is so called because any securities are
taken. Special bail, is in causes of greater weight, as debts
Minounting to lOl. where he sureties must be subsidy nien,
answerable to the value.
To BAIL, V. a. to deliver a pcison from arrest, or impri-
sonment, by oeing surety for his appearance a\ a certain
day ; to admit to bail.
BM'LABLE, a. that may be set at liberty by proper
bail or sureties.
BAILIFF, s. [laillie, Fr.] an inferior officer nt justice,
appointed to execute writs, and other processes directed to
tliesherifi", and to sunnnon county courts, sessiiuis, assizes,
and the like. There are also bailift's of forests, and of ma-
nors, who direct husbaiuhy, fell trees, gather rents, pay
quit-rents, iS.c. A uater-hnililf, is an othcer ap'pointed iii
port-towns, for the searching of ships, gathering the toll for
anchorage, Ac. aitd arresting persons for debt, Ac. upon
the water. Bailiff, is likewise the chief magistrate of seve-
ral corporations. (Jovernors of some of the king's castles
are likewise called bailiff's.
B.U'LIWICK, s. the place or jurisdiction of a bailiff",
vithin his hundred, or the lord's franciiise.
BAI'L.MENT, s. in law, is a delivery of goods in trust,
upon a coirtracl expressed or implied, that the trust shall be
faithfully executed on the part of the liailee. As if cloth be
«lelivered, or Cin our legal dialect) bailed to a tailor to
make a suit of clothes, he has it upon an implied contract
10 render it again when made, and that in a workmanly
manner.
■iBAl'RAM, ,f. in the mahomctan customs, a yearlv festi-
val of the Turks, which they ' keep after the fast of Rama-
dan. It is concluded with a solenni jirayer against the infi-
Hcls, lo extirpate chrislian iirinces, or io arm them against
• me another, that they may have an opportunity to extent!
tiieir law.
To BAIT, «. o. {Jmian, Sax.] to put meat on a hook, &c.
in order to catch hsh or other animals ; to refresh one's self
or cuttle by eating on a journey ; lo attack w ith violence ;
to set dogs upon.
BAIT, s. [bnitzc, Teul.] a piece of flcsli, or other lure,
made use of to catch fish, or ensnare animals. Figiualive-
ly, an allurement, or enticement ; any thing which, under a
.-pecious appearance, contains mischief in ilself, or produces
it by its consequences. A refreshment on a journey; genc-
i-ally applied to cattle.
BAIT WHITE, «. a small fish which is caught in great
plenty duringihe month of July, in the riverThames.
BAITING, s. an attack made by snraller or weaker beasts
upon ttK)se which are larger and stronjjer. Bnll-baitinc; is a
sport peculiar to the English, and highly disgusting to moral
and hinnane persons.
BAIZE, s. a coarse open woollen cloth, with or wilhout
a frize, wilhout a wale, and wrought, like flannel, in a h)om
with two trefldles.
To BAKE, I', a. \biTcan, Sax.] lo dress, or lieat any tiling
ill an oven. Figuratively, to harden with heal.
BA'KEHOUSE, *. a place where bread is made, rendered
Milablc by f.ie heat of an oven, and exposed to sale ; and
where other meat or pastry is dressed.
BA'KER, s. one who subsists by maKuig bread and Luit-
ing. The trade is both very ancient and useful, and was a
brotherhood in England before 115o, in the reign of Henrr
11. The white bakers were ineorporated in 1307 by Fd-
ward II. and the brown in 1685, in James II. 's time.
BA'KEWELL, a town in Derbyshire, with a market oh
Monday. It is seated on the river Wye, among the hill*,
and the market is good for lead and oilier commodities. It
is 20 miles N. N. W. of Derby, and 161 from London. It
lies in a deep v^illey, and has a large church with a lofty spire.
BA'KING, s. the art of preparing bread, and of c<iokiiig
any victuals ill an OYen. In Otaheite, and many other is-
lands of the south seas, they bake their meat by means o/
hot stones.
IjA'KU, a city in Persia, from the ground in the neigh-
bourhood of wliich, a vapour arises, which maintains the
perpetual hie in a temple, into which it is conveyed by
means of pipes.
BALA, a to.vn of Merionethshire, in North Wales, wiiFi
a market on Saturday. It is seated on a flat near Peinble-
meer, by the Welch called Lhin Tegid, w hich is 1.3 miles in
Ien£,tli, and six in breadth, and abounds with a fish called a
guiniad, resembling a salmon in shape, and in its taste is like
a trout. The river Dee runs through this lake, and is noted
for Salmon. It is 30 miles S. W. by W. of Holywell, and
195 N.W. of London.
BA'LANCE, or BA'LLANCE, i. in mechanics, is that
simple power which denotes the quality or difference of
weight in heavy bodies, and is sometimes called scales and
sometimes steel-yards, of which there are many difiereiit
forms. Also, the beating part of a watch ; equipoise. In
commerce, it is the equality between the value of the com-
modities bought of foreigners, and the vahit of the native
jjioductions transported into other nations. In astronomy,
it is one of the twelve signs of the zodiac, commonly called
Libra. The sun enters this sign about the 22d of Septem-
ber at the autumnal equinox ; this constellation consists of
fourteen stars of several magnitudes; when it is represented
on a globe or planisphere, it is under the form of a pair of
scales. In physics, the balance nf the air, is the weight
thereof, whereby it piesselh where it is least resisted, till it
becomes of equal weight in all its parts. Hi/rlinstatical ba-
lance, is an instrument which determines the specific gra-
vity of fluids and solids, by weighing them in water.
To BALANCE, 1-. a. [balancer, Fr.] to weigh in a pair of
scales; to bring two bodies loan equipoise in a pair of scales
In mercantile atiairs, the making the creditor and debtor
side of an accomit equal by the addilioii of as much as the
one is less than the other. Figuratively, lo atone for for-
mer failings by one's future conduct ; to be in a state of
suspension.
FiA'LANCER, s. the person who weighs any thing, or
makes weight in opposite scales.
BA'LANCING, among seamen, the contracting a sai^
into a narrower compass, in a storm, by retrenching or fold-
ing up a pari of it at one corner : tins method is used m
coulradislinclion to reefing, which is common to all tlic
principal sails.
BA'LBEC, the ancieiil llr.l.iOPOT.lS, a town of Syriit,
situated at the foot of Anti-Lebanon, exactly where the
mountain terminates in the plain. Themagiiiticcnt remains
of the once famous '^Feni pie of I he Sun, in this city, though mu-
tilated and deforuK-d by the Turkish minarets, houses, iiios-
(pies, cVc. made up of the ruins, are well preserved, and display
llu' boldest and most beautiful plan tiiat ever was atlempt-
ed in architecture. 'I'liis temple is supposed to have been
built by Antoninus Pins, in place of the more aiici< n! tent-
pie gone to decay. Halbec is diiefly inhabited by chrisliaiis
of the (ire<'k ehnrcli, and is;j7 miles N. of Damascus. Lat. 3'h
22. N. Ion. .■57. 22. E.
BALCONY,*, \balccm, Fr.] in avclnteclnre, a projccture
beyond a wall or buililing, generally Ixfore a window. siqN
ported by pillars or consoles, and surrounded by banislf is
or bahistradci.
BAL
BAL
^
BALD, (JaiiW) «. [*«/. Brit.] that liatli lost its liair. Fi-
{ur.ilivciy, iipplifd to trees-, stripped of tli(;ir leaves. Ap-
lilied to sfyle in writing, unadorned; void of ele^'ancc.
M< ail, naked, liaie.
15'A'LL).\CH1N, s. [haUlachino, Ital.l a piece of arcliitec-
lure, in form of a canopy, supported vvitii cohimns; and
st-rvini; as a covering to an altar. It properly signifies a
lull silK, and was a canopy carried over the host.
15ALDKHDASII, (iatiWf)(/m//)i. any thing jumbled lo-
getlier witiiout taste; judgment, or discretion.
I5A'LDLY, ibimMj) ad. without hairs, applied to aiii-
Uials ; willnmt leaves, applied to trees; without ornaments,
or elegance, applied to writings or buildings.
BA'LDMONEY, or BA'WDMONEY, s. a plant, the
game with the men, or coinnion si)iguel.
RA'LDNESS, (ftOTiWHcw) .?. api)lied to animals, the want
of hair; applied to tress, loss of leaves; and applied to
writings, paintings, and buildings, want of ornament or
elegance.
11 A'LDOCK, a pretty large town in Herts, seated between
the hills, in a chalky soil, 9 miles fmm I'arkuay and Roys-
Ion, and 38 N. NW. of London. A coMsidcrable market on
Thursday for corn and malt.
B.VLDUICK, s. [hale and ric, SaN.] a belt worn hanging
from the shoulder across the breast, on which the sword
was formerly hung, not unlike that worn by our soldiers at
juesent, to which they fasten their pouches, riguratively,
the zodiac circle, which cuts the globe obliquely, as the
belt formcrlv was suspended.
RALE, J. [Imlle, Fr.] a quantity of goods or commodities,
packed in cloths, corded round very tight. Bute g-ovcls,
are such as are exported in bales.
HALE, .?. [iff/, .Sax. 1 something which de)irives a person
of happiness, or health ; misery, anguish, calamity.
To 15ALE, r. )». to pack goods up in a bale. Used ac-
tively by sailors for laving water out of a vessel, instead of
pumping.
BA'LiiFUL, (t. full of anguish, pain, misery, mischief,
«IJ|| grief; very falal, or destructive to health.
BA [.EFULLY, <(rf. in such a manner as produces sorrow,
anguish, calamitv, and sickness.
BALK, (A""//;)'*. [Mk, Be!g. and Tent 1 a large piece of
timber; a beam; a raft or pole over any out-house or
barn. In husbandry, a ridge of land left niiplovved be-
tween twofurrows, or at the end of a field. Figuratively,
the disa|)pointment of a person's curiosity or expectatrou,
after having excited them.
To BALK, (hnrJI:) v. «. to disappoint a person's expecta-
tions after exciliiig them ; to render a person's endeavours
Rieft'ectual ; to frustrate ; to miss, omit, w hen tlie contrary is
<*xpectp(l.
BA'LKERS, (bauUiers) s. in fishery, persons who stand on
a clifl'to inform the fishermen which way the shcml of lier-
•"ings "o.
BAT.L, {hawl) s. \bo!, Dan. and Belg ] nny thing of a"
round form. Ball and snclwt, in mechanics, consists of a
ball or sphere of brass, fixed in a concave semi-globe with
an eiidless screw, that it may be moveable horizontally, ver-
tically, and obliquely, and is generally added to surveying
instrumenls, to fix them in any position. An entertain-
ment wherein people are assembled to dance. The public
dances, wherehi masters display the abilities of their scho-
lars in this qualification, go by this name.
BA'LLAD, s. [balade, Fr.] r. popular song containing the
recital of some action, adventure, or intrigue. Words set to
music, and performed by a singer. At present the word is
appropriated and continerl to trifling pieces set to music,
Riid sung about the streets.
To OA LLAD, V. n. to make a person the subject of a
bsHad.
B VLLAD-SINGER, s. one who sings ballads in the
public streets; including the secondary idea of something
verv mean.
B A'LLAST, t, [ballaste, Belg.] a quantity of stones, sand,
or gravel, laid in a ship's hold, to sink it to a proper deptd,
i. e. to make it draw more water, to sail upright, and to prff
vent its oversetting; and a ship is said to be in ballast when
it has no other hulin^. Figuratively, that which is used t»»
keep any thing steady.
To BA'LL.\ST, v. a. to lade a ship with stones, sand,
Ac. to keep her steady. Figuratively, to add something to
keep a thin<rsteady.
BALLF/rTE, tf. [Fr.] a stage dance, which is mixed
with dramatic characters, and alludes to some actions in
real life or fabulous hist<uy.
BA'LLIAGE, i. a smallduty paid to the city of London
by aliens and denizens, for certain commodities exported by
them.
BA'LLON, or BALLOO'N, s. {hnllnn, Fr.] in a:rostatics, a
hollow sphere, which being fille.d wi'.h gas, which is lighter
than common air, ascends to a great height, and is capable
if sullicieutly large, of taking up with it a car with one or
more jeronauts oii board. .See plate. Ill chemistry, a large^
short-necked, round vessel, or matrass, to receive the spi-
rits which come over, or are drawn off by fire. In archi-
tecture, a ball or globu on the top of a pillar, &c. by way
of a crowning. In lire works, a ball of pasteboard, filled
with combustibles, which mounts to a considerable height,
a^id bursts into stars.
BALLOT, s. [halloic, Fr.] a ;iittle ball made use of at
elections, &c. m giving votes ; the sum of votes so collect-
ed. At present applied to the votes which are given at
elections, b\ a ticket dropped into some receptacle.
To BALLOT, r. n. [hullutcr, Fr.] to choose, by dropi>ing
a small ball into a box ; to choose or elect by dropping in a
ticket.
BALLOTATION, s. the act of voting or electing by
ballot.
BA'LLYCA.STLE, a sea-port town of Antrim, in IHster.
aboutao miles N. of Carrickfergus, and 113 from Dublin, it
is noted for its adjacent coUeries, and near it there is a cha-
lybeate spring.
BALLYSHA'NNON, a town of Donegal, Ulster, 101
miles from Dublin. It has a good harbour SE. of Donegal
Bay, and a bridge of 14 arches over a river Mhicli runs out
of Lough Erne, and fidling from a ridge, of rocks about 1^
feet, aflow water forms a most beautiful, and picturesque
cascade. It is agreat sahuou-leap, and grtat quantities of
tliat fish arc got here.
BALM, (in pron. the I is sometimes dropt) or BA'LSAM,
s. \bauine, Fr.] an oily, resinous substance, flowing either
spontaneously or by means of incision from several plants of
sovTJreign virtue. There are many kinds of balsams, but the.
most noted are these: 1. Balsam, or Balm of Gilead, «>
much valued in the country where it is produced, that it is
esteemed as a rich present from the chief prince of Arabia
Felix to the- Grand .Si'aiior. In medicine, it opens obstruc-
tions of the lungs, and heals erosion from acrimony and the
worst kind of ulcerations. It is prescribed in astlimas,
pleurisies, and \chatever requires expectoration ; in inwanl
bruises and sores, particularly those of the reins and urinary
passages; and externally it is used to discharge and inciii--
nate. 2. Balsam of Peru, which is distinguished into two
sorts, white and black. The former is called the Balsam tf
Incision, is of a white cokuir, and is excellent for green
wounds. The black is obtahied by boiling the wood of the
tree which produces it. The best is of a dark red colour,
and of admirable fiagrancv. It heals, dries, and dischargeji,
and is much used externaily, not only in wounds, but in pal-
sies, itchiadic and rhunnitic pains, and by perfumers tor its
excellent smell. 3. Balsam of Tolu, is produced from a
tree, a species of the pine, which grows m New Spain; is
of a deep yellowish colour, and of a most delicate scent. It
flows from the tree in the consistence of turpentiiie, but by
keeping becomes brittle. Its virtues are the same, in gene-
ral, witli those of the Peruvian and Gilead kinds. 4. Ba^
sam of Cupivi, or of Copaiba, is likewise the pro'luce of a
tree. It n of a thinner consistence than the coiiimon tur-
71
BAL
BAN
peutine, but much more fragrant and detersive. It passes
nway quickly by urine, ana mightiK cleanses those pas-
sages, and all obstructions and ulcerations of tliose parts. 5.
Balsam of liquid amher. It drops from a tree of Mexico,
called ainbor styracifera, by an incision in the bark. It is a
resinous and pinguioiis liquor, of a reddish yellow colour,
and an acid aromatic taste, and of the consistence of Venice
turpentine. Its essence strengtiicns the head and nervous
ivstem, anil its oil is of singular efficacy both for external
and internal uses. There are also many sorts of factitious
or artiti'cial balsams, made up by apothecaries and chemists,
%vhich it would be endless to specify'. In botany, balm is a
species of mint.
To BALM, ti. n. to anoint ; to sootii ; to mitigate.
BA'LMLCAF, i. a plant, called also bastard balm. It
lias red blossoms with purple spots, or white ones with red
spots, growing six in a whorl on single fruits, and (lowering
in June.
BA'LMY, a. having the qualities of balm ; soothing ;
fragrant ; mitigating.
B.\'LNEARY, s.ybalnenri-um, Lat.] a bathing room.
BA'LNEATORY, «. [balnearius, Lat.] belonging to a bath
<ir stove.
BA'LOTADE, s. the leap of an horse, so that when his
fore feet are in the air, he shews nothing hut the shoes of
his hinder feet, without yerking out. A ialvtade ditiers from
a capriole ; for when a horse works at caprioles, he yerks
out his hinder legs with all his force.
BALSAM. See Balm.
BALSAMICS, s. in pharmacy, medicines that soften,
restore, heal, and cleanse ; of gentle attenuathig principles,
very friendly to nature.
B.ALSAMIIxE, a genus of plants, of which the most re
iiiarkable is the immortal eagle flower, which is one of tin;
tinest annual p'ants which have been imported into this
country".
BALTIC SEA, a large inland sea, in the N. of Europe,
having Denmark a.-d Sweden on the W. Russia and I'nianci
on the E. Poland. Prussia, and Germany, on the .S. and Swe-
den on the N. The Baltic neither ebbs nor flows, and there
is always a superficial current sets through the Sound into
tlie ocean, while the water, at a considerable depth, keeps
rushing in. There is a method of keeping a boat stationary
in snch a situation ; it is by making use of a large basket full
iif stones, instead of an anchor ; when this is thrown over-
bii;ird, and suspended at a proper depth, from the boat by a
roi^e, the boat is prevented from being carried along with
the upper current, by the pressure of the opposite current
beneath on the basket. The Baltic is generally frozen in
the winter.
BALTIMORE, a town of Cork, Munster. with a good
Iiarbour ; it stands on a headland, whirh runs into the sea
Smiles N. E. of the island of Cape Clear. It was taken and
plundered bv the Algerines in 16.'51, on which the allriglited
inhahitants tied, and it has never since recovered its fornu'r
• iinseipience. It is 15 miles S. W. of Ross, and KiS from
iJuhliii.
I5A LTIMORE, a large and trading town of Maryland,
in .America, scaled on the Petapsee, which runs nitotJhesa-
peak r.ay. It isdivi(l(<l irilit the town and rell's Point, by
a creek, over which there are two bridges. At Fell's Point,
the water is deep enough for ships of burden ; but small vc-,-
»cls only go up to the town. In 17«7, the number of houses
was ly-Oii ; the number of inhabitants is u|)wards of l-2,0()() ;
their religious professions are various. Baltimr)re is 1.0 miles
N. E. if Annapolis. Lat. .3i». ■l.'i.N. Ion. 7fi. 2'). W.
BA'LTINGLASS, a town of Wirklow, Leinster, having
r:<tensive maiuifactures of linen, woollen, and diapir. It is
silnated on the river Slaney, .3!) mihs S. W. of Dublin.
BA'Ll'.STEK, ». [Iialustre, Fr.] iu architi'clure, a snr.ill
column or pilaster, from 1 XAlU\ of an inch to four inches
sipiare, or diameter, sometimes adorned with iiiouldiugs of
no certain form, and placed with rails on stairs, and in the
froiit.s of galleries and chiirchea
BA'LUSTRADE, s. in architecture, an assemblage of onc-
er more rows of balusters, high enough to rest the elbow on,
fixed on a terrace, bridge, or building, by way of security,
or for separating one part from another.
BA'MBERG, a large populous handsome city of Fraueo-
nia, in Germany. It is 36 miles N. of Niiremburg.
BAMBOO', s. [Ind.] in natural history, a large kind of
reed or cane, growin^in the maritime parts of the Last Indies.
To BAMBOOZLE, v. a. to trick, or impose on a person,
under the a,opearance of a friend ; to confound, under pre-
tence of assisting. A word of low and ludicrous use, am!
never found in polite writers.
BAMBOOZLER, J. one who, under specious pretence?,
tricks another : a cheat, or sharper.
BAMF, a shire of Scotland, bounded on the S. 1^ Aber-
deenshire, on the N. by the bay of Cromarty, on the W. by
Murray, and on the E. by the German Ocean. It is 32 miles
in length, and 30 iu breadth. It contains part of Buchao,
Strathdovern, Boyii, Enzy, Strathwin, and Balveuy. Itsends
one member to parliament.
B.AMF, the county town of Bamfshire, in Scotland. It
is well built, on the ded'vity of a hill, with a harbour, often
stopped by the shifting of the sands, at the month of the
DeveroH, over w Inch there is a handsome bridge^ of 7 arches.
It is 32 miles N. \V. of .Aberdeen.
BA'MPTON, a town of Devonshire, seated on a branch of
the river E\, in a bottom surrounded by hills, "21 miles frora
Exeter, and l(i2\V. by S. of London. Market on Saturdav.
Also, a large town in Oxfordshire, trading largely in felU
n)ongei's Wiues, as leather jackets, gloves, breeches, and
stockings. It is seated on the Isis, where it is navigable by
boats, on the borders of Berkshire. It is .0 miles frora Biir-
ford, 12 W. of Oxford, and 70 W. by N. of London. A eoi>
siderahle market on Wednesday.
BAN, s. in its primary signification, any thing publicly
proclaimed, con'maiuled, or forbidden. In church govern-
ment, a proclamation of the intention of two parties to enter
into matrimony, which is done thrice in the chnrch they be-
long to, before the marriage ceremony v<\i\ be performed.
A curse, or excumnuinication. The Oan af the empire, is a
public act or proclamation, whereby a person is suspended
of all hisri";ht» as a meinbcr or voter.
To BAN, 1'. «. [baniien, Belg.] to curse or devote to de-
struction ; to execrate.
BANA'NA TREE, s. a species of plantain which grows
in Africa, and is exceedingly useful to the inhabitants. Its
fruit is very delicious and nourishing ; its leaves, which are
very long, are used for umbrellas, and other purposes, and
its frunk is encompossed with several sprigs, of which the
negroes make cords.
BA'NBURY, a town of Oxfordshire, with a market on
Thursday. It is a large well buill mayor town, containinjf
several good inns, and its markets are well served with pro-
visions. It is the second tow n for beaiil y in the county, and
seated on the river Charwell. The houses are generally
built with stone, and the church is a large handsome struc-
ture. It has been long noted (in- its cakes and cheese, and
is 17 miles W. N. \V of Buekiugham, and 78 N. W. of Lou-
don. It sends one meiid)er to i)arliameiil.
BAND, .«. [1)11)1(1, Sax.] that which ties or keeps a person
to a certain place, without liberty of going further; that
by which a person or animal is kept from exertinif their na-
luia! strength; the same as a bond. Figuratively, that
which has the power of knitting a t<losi' alliance or connec-
tion between persons; a company of persons so united ;
that which is bound round a person or thing, applied to
dress ; particularly a linen neckcloth, ( onsistiug of two
5(piare leaves hanging down from the chin to the breasi,
worn by clergymen and law\eis. In areliitectnre, any flat,
low nu'mber, or nionliling, that is broad. In surgery, a fil-
let, or i)iece of cloth, to surround or swathe certain part*
that need as,sistance ; called likewise a >■«//«■. timul of l\ii-
*)««fr.5, consisting of 1-10 geullenun, who have loij/. a year
e.icli, fu;- i.»;endiug the king ou solemn occasions.
BAN
Ban
To BAND, ti. <• to unite (ogeJher I)v some common tio ;
to cover or Itiiid wilh some narrow cloth, fillet, or band.
UAT^DAGE, /. {I'tnidage, Fr.] a fillet, roller, or swallic,
to hind up wounds, dislocated hones. &c.
BA'NDBOX, s. a light box made of pasteboard, (lesiKned
for keeping bands, ribbands, iicad-dresses, and other liKht
and small pieces of dress in.
BA'NDELET, s. [bandelette, Fr.] in architecture, any
little band or moulding, like that wliich crowns the Doric
fcrchitrave.
BA'NDEROL, s. {handeroUe, Fr.] a little fla^, in form of
a guidon, extending more in length than breadth, and for-
merly hinig out at tiie top of vessels.
BANDnTO, s. [Ital.] the plural hanAini, a set of outlawed
thieves on the continent, who generally herd together in
woods, and live on the plunder of passengers.
BA'NDOC. s.a. large furious species of dog.
BANDOLEE'R, s. [baiulouUeis, Fr.] a large leathern belt,
thrown over the right shoulder, antl hangnig down under
the left arm, worn by the ancient njusqiieteers, both for the
sustaining of their fire-arms, and the carriage of their nius-
qnet charges, which were i^it in 12 wooden cases coated
with leallier; but now out of u.^e.
BA'NDROL,*. See Banderol.
BA'NDY, s. [from bnndev, Fr.] a crooked piece of wood,
•towards the bottom broad, Hat on one side, rounded at the
other and at the handle, used in the game of cricket ; now
called, a hat, from hattre, Fr. to beat.
To BA'NDY, 1). a. to beat or toss to and fro ; to give and
take; to exchange. To contend, used with «i</i.
B.^'NDY, a. crooked. Thus, hnndij lep;, is a crooked leg;
ajid hanilii-hggcd is applied to one that has crooked legs.
BANE, s. [from bana. Sax.] that which destroys life.
Figuratively, poison, ruin destruction.
To BANE, t). o. to destroy, kill, or poison.
BA'NEFUL, a. abounding with qualities destructive to
life ; poisono\is.
BA'NEWORT, s. a plant, the same with the deadly night-
shade.
To BANG, ti. a. [vengolen, Belg.] to cudgel ; a low fami-
liar word. Figuratively, to use a person roughly, applied
cither to words or actions.
BANG, ,?. a blow with a stick or cudgel.
BA'NGOR, a city of Carnarvonshire, in North Wales ;
it has a market on Wednesday. This place was so consi-
derable in ancient times, that it was called Bangor the Great,
and defended bv a strong castle. Its situation is low ;
tlic principal buildings are the cathedral and the bishop's
ijalare : it is 36 miles W. of St. Asaph, and 256 N. W. of
London.
B.^'NGIJE, . a species of opiate, in great use throughout
the East, for drowning cares, and inspiring joy. It is the
leaf of a kind of wild hemp, growing in the countries of the
Levant.
BA'NIANS, a religious sect of Asia, in India, whose
professors never eat any thing that has life. They are dis-
jjcrsed all over the East, being the greatest merchants in tlie
world, and mav in some sense be compared to the Jews in
other parts. There is scarcely a merchant in the East Indies
but has one of these Banians to take care of his accounts.
They believe the transmigration of souls, and think clean-
ness of the body a considerable part of sanctity. They
marry their chitdren very young, seldom staying till they
are 12 years of age.
To BATsISH, II. a.[bannir, Fr.] to make a person quit
his ovi n country. Figuratively, to drive from the mind ; to
cxpei.
BA'NTSHER, *. one who expels from, or causes another
t!» quit his native country.
BA'NISH WENT. s. the state of a person banished. In
law, a kind of civil death, whereby a person is cut off from
j,\\ benefits arising from the society or country in which he
was horn, obhged to quit it,, and live in a foreign country.
Oftentimes the pimishment «)f capital crimes is remilfrd and
converted into banishment for life ; but it is then termed
ti'diisportatioji.
BANK, s. [banc, Sax.] a great shoal of sand in the sea ;
a rising ground on each side of a river, wasliL-d by itswater.-^,
which it hinders from overflowing; earth cast up dm one
side of a trench between two armies. A bench where rowers
sit, in vessels. In commerce, a common repository, where
persons agree to keep their cash, to be always ready at their
call, or direction. Likewise the place ^^bere the publie
bank is kept.
To BANK, t'. a. to inclose with banks. In commerce, to
raise a sum of money ; or to place money in a bank.
BA'NKBILL, t. a promisory note given by the bank for
money placed there, which is payable on presenting it.
BA'NKER, i. a private person entrusted with the cash of
others, payable on demand.
BANKRUPT, i. [idui/KeroK/c, Fr.J in law, one who lives
by buying and selling, has got the goods of others in his
hands, and concealed himself from his creditors. After a
statute of bankruptcy is taken out, a bankrupt not surrender-
ing within forty days, and not discovering his estates, is
adjudged guilty of felony.
To BA'NKRUPT, V. a. to break ; to disable one from sa-
tisfying his creditors.
BANKRUPTCY, i. the state of a person declared a
bankrupt; wherein his goods are sold, and adividend made
to his creditors, in proportiontotlieamountof their respec-
tive debts.
BA'NNER, s. [banair, Brit.J a square flag, standard, co-
lour, or ensign ofan army.
BA'NNERET, s.'aw ancient order of the knights, or fen.
dal lords, who possessing large fees, led their vassals to battle
under their own banner, when summoned by the king.
This is certainly a very honourable order, as it was never
conferred but on some heroic action performed in the tick! :
it was lately revived by his majesty in the person of Capt.
Trollope, who was created a Knight Banneret, for his signal
services on board of Admiral Duncan's fleet in the engage-
ment with the Dutch, Oct. 12, 1797.
BA'NNIAN, s. a morning gown, or undress.
BATsNOCK, J. a cake made with oatmeal and peas,
mixed with water; common in the north countries.
B.\TS'QUET, sJEr-] a feast, or great entertainment.
To BA'NQUET "• "• to entertain or give a feast to one or
more persons ; to feast of regale.
BA'NQUETER, j. a person who entertains another at
a sumptuous feast ; one who lives sumptuously, or keeps a
good table.
BA'NQUETING-HOUSE, s. a house where public feasts
are given. The hanqneting-room at Whitehall, intended for
the king to feast in, is a structure of the great Inigo Jones;
but is now used as a chapel, and is called Whitehall chapel.
Here twelve clergymen of Oxford and twelve of Cambridge
universi-fy, preach alternately.
BANQUETTE, s. [Fr.] in fortification, a small bank for
soldiers to mount upon, when they fire behind an intrench-
ment.
B.\'N STICKLE, *. a very small species^of fish, common in
our rivers and brooks.
BA'NTER, s. the turning any thing to jest ; the being
pleasant ; ridicule, or raillery.
To BA'NTER, ti. a. to represent a person or thing in such
alight, as to make them laughed at, or become objects of
ridicule ; to rally; to play upon.
BA'NTERER,^. one who represents the actions or expres-
sions of another in a ridiculous light; one who plays oa
another on account of some fault.
BA'NTLING, s. a sucking child ; an infant.
BA'NTRY, a barony, town, harbour, and bay of Cork-,
Munster. The barony is large, but barren and desolate ;
the bay, 26 miles long, a learae broad, and in llic inio'dle -iv
fathonis deep, is one of the finest in the voild, bcni^.
73
BAR
B A K
f'.'iljabli! of hnldingall the shipping of Eiiropp ; tlio tmvn is
ieuted at the bottom of the bav, 20 niik-s S. W. of Cork, and
104 S. W. of Dubhn.
BAPTISM, «. f4n;)<i>moj, Gr.] a sacrament by wliich the
person is initiated 11)10 the Cliristian church. Jjnjiiisrti is
practised by all professors of the Christian religion, except
tiie people called QKokfrs. The practice of the western
churches is to sprinkle the water upon the head or face of
the person baptized, except the church of Milan, in whose
ritual it is ord'ered that the head of the infant be three
times piimKed into the water.
B.^PTl'SMAL, n. relating to, or done at, our baptism.
BATTiST, s. [l/aptislee, Gr.\ one who administers bap-
lisni ; applied by way of eminence fo St. John, our Sa-
\iour's forerunner; likewise one who nolds that baptism
oughl to be administered only to adult persons.
BATISTEUV, s. [bnptistniiim, Lat.] the place in the
church where the sacrament of baptism is administered ;
tiie font.
To B APTI'ZE, »'. a. [hapti:o, Gr.] to perform the cere-
mony of baptism ; to christen.
B.^PTIZER, s. one who administers the sacrament of
baptism.
B.\R, .r. [barre, Fr.] a piece of wood or iron, made use of
to secure tiie entrance of any place from being forced ; a
rock or saii<i-bank, at the entrance of a harbour, or river to
keep off ships of burden; the part of a cojrt of justice
where the criminal generally stands, and within which the
counsel and .judge sits lo try causes, so called from a wooden
bar being placed there to keep ott' the crowd ; an inclosed
place at a tavern, coH'ee house, ilvc. wherein a person sits to
take care of, and receive the reckoning. Figuratively, any
obstacle, or thing which hinders; any thing which keeps
the parts of a thing together. In law, a peremptory excep-
tioii against a demand or plea brought b\ a defendant in an
action, that destroys the action of (he plantiff for ever, and
■s either bar lo common intent or special. A bai- of gold or
silver is a lump of either melted and cast into a mould
without ever having been wrought. In music, the straight
strokes drawn perpendicularly across the lines in a piece of
music, between as many notes as the measure of time con-
sists of, in which the air is pricked. In heraldry, an ordi-
nary resenibling the/M.«, differing from it in narrowness, and
that it may be placed in any part of the shield ; it is gene-
rally drawn horizontally across the field, dividing it into two
unequal parts, and containing one-tifth of the whole. Bar-
shot, two half-bullets joined together by an iron bar, used
in sea engagements for cutting down masts and riggings.
Also a new French measure of weight, consisting of 2041b.
4<>z. 4d. 54gr.
To BAR, V. a. to fasten or secure anv entrance by a piece
of iron or wood. Figuratively, to exclude, except against;
to hinder, or put a stop lo.
B.\'RAT[IY, s. in law, is when a master of a ship en-
deavours hi client the owners or insurers, either by running
awav with the ship, or embezzling tlie goods.
B\RB, s. \barbn, Lat.] in its original signification, a beard.
In its secondary, any thing that grows in its place, or resem-
bles it. The piece of wire at liie end of a fish hook, which
makes ail angle with the point, and hinders il from bei'ig
extracted ; likewise the pieces of iron w hicli run back in the
f-ame manner from the point of an arrow, and sene for the
same purpose.
BAKR, s. [a rontraciion of Rurbnrif] a horse brought
f'oiii Barbarv, esteemed fur its beauly, xi^jour, swiftness,
for its never Mug down, and for its standing still when the
rirliT drops his bridle. Also a variety of pigeon having a
red circle round their eves.
B A RB \(j-\N, X. \bnrhncniie,Vr.^ in architecture, a long
narrow canal, or i.-assage for water, in "alls, w here buildings
Bre lable lo be ove Ho«ed; likewise to drain off water
from a l."ras; an aoer'ure in llie walls of a city, lo tire
»)iii-kels ihroii-li ;ii -.Il iii.-nr . In for lificalion, a foit at
the entrance of a bridge; an outward defence orfortificaliou
to a city ; a watch lower.
BARBA'DOES, he taster.miostof ihe Windward Islands
in America ; it is in general a level country, tiiougli uol w ith-
out hills, is 25 miles in length, and 1.0 in breadth. It bad
formerly a good deal of wood, but is now almost all con-
sumed with carrying on the sugar-works. Tlie commodil'.ei
which they export are sugar, !um, cotton, indigo, and gin-
ger ; and they have most of the fruits common to th<' cli-
mate. The number of the white inhabitants are about
20,000, who have 100,000 negro slaves. They liave n« ma-
niil'.ictures, nor do they breed many cattle ; receiving most
of their corn, cattle, Hesli, and salted fish, from North A me-
rica, and their clothes and furniture from England. They
are subject to hurricanes in July and August ; but not so
nuich as the otlu'r Caribbees ; and it is the most heaithj
island of any in these parts, because, unless when there is
an hiirricani', tluy havealwa>s the advantage of a constant
easterly wind, commonly called ihe Irade-uiiid. The sugar
that is brought to England from heiic.e is whiter and (iner
than that of any other plantation ; and tiiey have one par-
ticular production, called Barliailoes tar, which rises out of
the earth, auil swims upon the suiface of thewater. It is of
great use inthe drv belly-ache, and in disjcases of Ihe breast.
Il is 70 miles E. of'the island of St. Vincent, and ao S. E. ot
Martiiiico. The capital town is St. Michael, or Bridge-
town, which lies in Ion. ^0. m. W. lat. 13. ». N.
BARBARIAN, j. [b((rba,-iis, Lat.] in it primary sense,
applied by the Greeks and Romans to all that were ii'it of
their own nation, i. c. a foreigner; but in process of lime it
acquired a secondary idea of cruelty, and was used to denote
a person voidof:dl I he eleg.aut embellishments of life, and the
social affections of benevolence, good-nature, and liu>
nianity.
BARBA'RIC, «. [JffrJanViM, Lat.] foreign ; brought from
countries at a great distance.
BA'RBARISM. s. \baibririsnms, Lat.] in grammar, an
offence against the purity of style or language ; uncultivated
ignorance. Applied Xm mauncis, ludeuejss ; want of polite-
ness ; savageness ; cruelty.
BARBA'RITY, s. [barbaritas, Lat.] incivility, unpo ife-
ness. Appl ed most commonly to maimers, cruelty, savage-
ness, want of pity, kindness, and humanity.
B.'\'RBAROUS, a. [barbiiroiis, Gr.] applied to learning,
igmraiit; unacquainted with the polite arts and sciences.
Applied to manners, void of Iv-'uevolence, pity, or compas-
sion ; cruel ; savage ; inhuman.
BA'RB.'^ROUSLY, ad. in such a manner as shews a
mind unpolished with learning ; a stranger to politeness
pity, compassion, orhunianitv.
BA'RBAROUSNESS, s. incivility of manners; cruelty.
BA'RBARY, a country of Africa, extending alon^ the
Mediterranean, from Egvpt to the .Atlantic, and containing
the kingdoms of Tripoli, Tunis, Algiers, Fez, and Morocco,
It was known to the ancients by the name of Mauritania,
Numidia, and Proper .Africa. It is fertile in corn, maize,
wine, citrons, oranges, figs, almonds, olives, dates, and me-
lons. Their chief trade consists in their fruits, in their hor-
ses, called barbs, morocco leather, ostrich-feathers, indi«;o,
wax, tin, and coral. The national (irofession is Maliomc-
tanism ; and there are some Jews, but few Christians, ex-
cept the slaves. The inhabitants a c noted for the practice
of piracy.
To BARBECUE,.'. «. [Ind.l to du-ss a hog whole, by spilt-
ting it to the back bone, and broiling it upon a gridiron,
raised two feet above a charcoal fire.
BAI'.UECL:!';, s. hog dressed whole after the West
Indian manner.
B.VTvREL, i'. [Ii(itbi(.i, Lat.] a large, strong, but coarse
river (i-.h ; so called from its having a barb or wattle under
its chin.
BA IJPF.R, .V. \biirhin-. Fr.lone who shaves.
B\RI!I'.K CHIRI'R(;E0N, «. (barbir-turgcou) one wlio
BAR
BAR
practises tlie lower operations of surgery ; such as
bleeding' and drawing of tcctli, together wilh the trade of a
barl)cr"
BAIl'BKRRY, s. in botany, the piperidge husli, wliich
grows ill hedges to the heiglit of eight or ten feet, the l)ark
of «liieii is iinicli used in popular prescriptions against tlie
jaundice.
BAIinU'DA, one of tlie Leeward Ishinds, in the West
Indies, possessed by the Kiiglish, about 20 miles long, and
12 broad. The land is low, but fertile. The inhabitants
(about lodO) are chiefly employed in raising corn, and breed-
ing sheep, kids, fouls, and other stock, for the neighbouring
islands. 'I'hey liUewise cultivate citrons, pomegranates,
oranges, raisins, Indian h^'s, pepper, indigo, Ac. Here is
no harbour, but a well sheltered roaci on the VV. side. It is
near 20 miles NE. of .St. Christopher's. Lat. 18. 30. N. Ion.
61. ."jO. VV.
BAR(;r.r.O'NA, a large and strong city of Catalonia, in
Spain. It is the see id' ;i bishop, and has a jjood hai hour.
It coiilaiiis about l.'j.OdO houses. It is divided into the New
and Old Tou IIS, which are separated from each other by a
.wall and a ditch. The inhaliitants carry on an extensive
trade. This city was iiniled to the croun of Arragon, in
1131, by the marriage of Don Raymond V. count of Barce-
lona, v\ith the daughter of Don Ramiro the monk, king of
Arragon. It was laken bv the French after a siege of 52
days, ill IC97. Lord I'eterboiough got possession of it in
1705; and in 1714 it was taken by the French and Spa-
niards, altera long siege, when it was deprived f>f its privi-
leges, and the citadel built to keep it in awe. Lat. 41. 2G.
N. Ion. 2. i;3. E.
BAUD, s. \liiiidd, Brit.] among the ancient Britons,
Danes, and Irish, an order of men «ho used to sing the great
exploits (if heroes to the harp, were persons in the highest
esteem among all ranks of people, and reverenced as per-
sons of extraordinary abilities, even by crowned heads,
who paid them so much deference, as to be reconciled to
tneir most inreterate enemies at their instance. Even in
the present times, the word implies ■,\ptiet.
BARE, «. [bare, Sax.] uncovered ; without any dress ;
naked. Figuratively, without ornament ; destilute, or in
want of necessaries; not joined with any thing else;
alone ; solitary ; very much worn ; that has lost its knup ;
threadbare.
To BARE, t). rt. to strip.
BAREor BORE, die prelerof Bear. ' ■
B.A'REBONE, f. a very thin and lean person, V\lio 'ba-s
scarcely any flesh to cover his bones. A low \<«irK ■ • "
B.VREFACKD, (7. with the face uncovered. Fi,iiirative-
ly, without dibsimnlation or disguise; with great eHVontery
or impudence. Generally used in a bad sense.
BAREFA'CEDLY, ad. in such a manner as shews a bold,
daring impudence.
BA'REFOOT, a. without shoes, or any covering to the
feet.
BAREHEADED, n. without a hat, or any covering to
the head.
BARELY, ad. without clothes, applied to dress ; without
any thing else, oro«7y, applied as an exceptive.
BA'REN ESS, a. applied to dress, either total nakedness,
or a want of some necessary part of attire; meanness, with
respect to the quality of clothing.
B.'\'RGAIN, (iu common pronunciation the i is dropped)
*. ybargen, Brit.] a voluntary agreement made between tra-
ders to deliver or sell a commodity at a price agreed on ;
thelhing bought or sold : the conditions of sale. Synon.
Bni-o-fUB is more limited, relating "to sale. Agreement and
Co«()ffc( are more general, implying any sort of stipulation ;
with this difterence between them, that Agreement seems to
denote a verbal one ; Contract, one that is written.
To BA'RGAIN, v. a. to agree to, or make terms for, the
sale of any thing.
BARGAINEE', s. the person who agrees to the condition
of a biirgaiiior purchase.
BAHGAINER, *. one who proposes the conditions of a
bargain.
BAIKJE, s. \h<irgie, Belg.l a large flat bottomed vessel
used for the carriage of goods in rivers; likewise a state or
pleasure boat, built with a room capable of containing seve-
ral persons.
BARILLA, s. in the glass trade, a sort of potash import-
ed'froni Spain, being the ashes of a plant called saltwort,
which is collected from the coasts.
BARK, s. [harck, Dan.] in botany, the outside covering
of a tree, which increases every >ear. It is generally spoken
of as inner and outer. Blussonis are an expansion of the
inner, and iiiipaleinents are a continuation of the outer bark.
Harlc is also used in conversation for the Quinr/nina, nv Je-
suit's bark, a most valuable medicine in removing all kinds
of intermitting fevers and agues. It is the bark of a tree
growing in Peru, which the Spaniards call the fever wood,
and the Indians fuddling tree, from the property it has of
intoxicating hsiies, when either its wood or bark is beaten
and steeped in the water where Ihcy are.
B;\RK,or B.\KQL'I\ s.lb'nr/nr, Fr.] a small vessel with
one deck only, used in transpoitiiig merchandises either by
sea or on rivers.
To BARK, V. a. to strip off the rind or hark of a tree.
To H A RK, !). n. [bior/iean, Sax.] to make a noise like a do{j>
when he gives the alarm.
BARK-BARED, a. stripped or robbed of the bark.
BARK-BI'NDING, i. in gardening, a disease, incident Ic
trees, wherein the bark is so close, that the vegetation, and
circulation of the sap is hindered. It is cured by slitting
the bark, or cutting it along the grain.
B.\'RKER, s. applied to a litigious, noisy, or clanioroui
person.
BARK GA'LLING, s. is when the hark or rind of a tree
is galled or fretted with thorns, tVc. which is cured by bind-
ing clay on the galled places.
B.\'RK1NG, a town inEssex>wilh a market on Saturday.
It is seated on the river Rothing, not far from the Thames, ni
an unwholesome air. It has been chiefly noted fora large
monastery, now in ruins, there being nothing left standing
but a small part of the walls, and a gate-house. Itis7niile$
E. of London.
BA'RKLE Y, a town in Gloucestershire, with a market on
Wednesday. It is seated on a branch of the river Severn ;
and formerly was of some note for a nunnery ; and has still
the title of a baron v. It is i8 miles S. W. of Gloucester, and
112 W. bv S. of Lo'ndon.
B.\'RKWAY, a tow n in Hertfordshire, which had former-
ly a market on Friday, and lias still one fair. It is on the
great road from London to York, 18 miles S. of Cambridge,
and 34 N. of London.
n.'VRKY, a. that consists of, or has the properties of
bark.
BARLEY, s. [from bar, wheat or corn, Heb.] in botany,
the grain whence beer is extracted.
BA'RLEY-BRAKE,j. a kind of rural play, which consists
in swiftness of running.
BA'RLEY-CORN, s. a grain of barley ; used in long mea-
sure, as the third part of an inch.
BA'RLEY-MOVV, s. a heap of barley laid to.-^ether, and
formed into a rick or stack.
BARM, s. \burm, Brit.] that which is put into drink ti)
make it work, or into bread to swell it, ai;d make it lighter;
called bv the Londoners yeast.
B A KMINE, s. such mine or ore as is adjudged at a court
of barghmote, which courts are a kiud of tribunal which
takes cognizance of disputes between miners.
BA'RMY, a. that has been well fermented or worked
with barm or yeast.
BARN, i. [*"■», Sax.] a place, or house, wherein any
grain, hav, iVc. is stored.
BA'RNACLE, s. [i)robal)ly of beam, a child, and aae. Sax. .
an oak] in natural historv, a bird of the goo^e i>ind, tiv(|iuTrt
in llu; western isles of Scotland; also a kiwi of shell fidt^,
BAR
BAP.
»rliich is fouiul sticking to the botl-^ins and sides of siiips in
certain seas. It was formerly iivagiiiod tliat the barnacle
frcw on an oak, whence falling into the water it became
first a shcll-fisli, and after>vardsa sea-fowl.
BARNARD CASTLE, a handsome town of Durham,
containing aliont ;?,000 inhabitants. It takes its name
from a castle, (a large structine, situated on a rock, by
the liver, a great part of wliicli is still stamling,) built
heie by Bernard Baliol, great grandfather of John Baliol,
king ofScotlaml. Here are some maimfiictures of bridles,
reins, belts, stockings, serges, and eamblets, which last em-
ploys about 4(10 weavers. It is seated on the river Tees, 30
miles S. W. of Durham, and at-t N. N. W. of London. A
great market for corn, ilvc. on We<lnesd-iy.
BA'RNLT, a town, partly in Middlesex and partly in Hert-
fordshire, with a market 0:1 Monday. It is a great thorough-
fare town, well provided wiih good inns. It is 11 miles N.
W. of London.
BA'RNESLEY, a town in the West Riding of Yorkshire,
with a market on Wednesday. It is seated on the side of a
iiill, and has a t;janufacture of wir." It is commonlv called
Black Barnsley, and is 53 miles IS. by W. of Nottingham,
and 174 N. W. of London.
BA'RNSTaPLE, a sea-port town in Devonshire, with'a
market on Friday. It is a lorporation town, and sends two
jnenibers to parliament ; is seated on the ri^ er I'au, over
which there is a good l)ri<lge ; and the market is large tor
cattle, corn, and provisions. It is 38 miles N. N. W. of
Exeter, and 11)1 W. of London. Market on Frirlay.
BAROMETER, .5. [from baros, weight, and metreo, to
-jueasiire, Gr.j a machine for measuring the weight of the
atmosphere, and the variations in it, in ortler chiefly to de-
termiiii' the changes of the weather. It ditiVi s fiom the ba-
roscope, which only shews that the air is heavier a' one time
than another, without specifymg the diHerenee. The ba-
rometer is founded upon the Torricellian experiment, so
called fr<'mTorricclla,thc inventor of it, at Florence, in 1C4.'3.
It is a glass tube tilled with mercury, hermetically sealed at
one end ; tiie other open, and immerged in a basin of stag-
nant mercury ; so that, as the weight of the atmosphere
dimini-.hes, the mercury in the tube will descend, and as it
increases, the mercury will ascend ; the column of mercury
suspended in the tube, being always equal to the weight of
the incumbeni atn:nsplu're.
BAROMETRICAL, a. relating to, or tried by tlie baro-
meter.
BARON, s. [possibly from lio-n, Lat.] a term which for-
merly included all tlie greater nobility. It is now used as a
degree of nobility iw'xt below tlr;t of a visco\nit, and above
that of a baronet. Pnr/iiimeiilnri/ barons are not barons by
name oiilv, but are all by birth peers, nobleiuen, and are
.summoned by the king " to treat of the wci};lil\ atl'airs of
the nalioM, and I0 give counsel upon tln'm." Tliey have the
following immiiuiliesand privileg"s : in criminal causes lliey
are judgefl by llieir peers only, and are not put on oath, but
d'liver the trulh njmn Imnuur ; arc not impannellcd on a
jurv, nor liable lolhc writs ii'/)/i/irari(, capins, cs.snigns. They
liad no coronet till Charles the U. gave lliem a gold one,
with six pearls. Besides these, the two archbishops, and all
the bislu)ps of England, are parliamentary barons, and enjoy
all the privileges of the others, excepting that they are not
jnd;;ed by their peers; for being not to be present in san-
guinary causes, in such cases they are judged, as a fact, by
a jury of 12. Ilarous nf tbr ]\.rchrqiin\ are four judges, who
determine <-aur>es belwi'en the king and bis subjects, in
atlairs r<daling to the revenue and the exelie(|iur. Batons
vf the Ciiir/iip f'trts, are nuunbers elected two for each, who
have seats in the liousr of Commons, liumn and/hnmr, in
Jaw, are husbau<l aiul wife. Jiurint ami JDnnip, in heraldry,
is when the coals of arms of a man and his w il'e are borne per
pale in the same escutcheon.
J?A'l!()'*>'Af«E, s. [barimiip^iinn, low Lat.^ the body of
barons; the dignity, or lands, wliieli give title to a
baron.
70
BAT.0NES.5, s. [laronena, Ital.] the lady or wita oJ •
baronet.
BARONET, s. I diminutive of baron] a degree of honour
next to a baron, cieated by king James I. in ordc to propa-
gate a plantation in Ulster, in Ireland, for which purpose
each of then: was to maintain 30 solders in Ireland, for three
years, after the rate of eightpence per day, for each soldier;
and they lune the precedence of all knights, except those
of the garter, Imnnerets, ami privy counsellors. They were
allowed to charge their coat with the anus of l^Lster, w hicli
are in a fielil-argent, (white) a hand gules, (red). The title
Sir is allowed them by their patent, though they are not
knighted. There were at first but 200 which nundicr was
afterwai'ds increased. No honour is created bctw ecu baroiu
and baronets.
BA'RONY, s. fJffror-.Hi'e, Fr.] the lordship or fee of a baron,
whether spiritual or temporal.
BA TiOSCOPE, s. from barus, weight, shnpen, to see, Gr.]
an instrument to shew the alteration of the weight of the
atmosiihcre.
BA'RRACAN, s. [houracan, or barracan Fr.ja kind of stuff
resembling camblet, but coarser, and used for surtouts, or
upper garuu'nts against the rain. They are manufactured
principally in England, Flanders, and the North of France.
BA'RUACK,4'i [bdirarca, Span.] a small hut erected by
the Spanish lijliermen along the snore; likewise a building
raised to lorlge soldiers in.
BA'RRATOR, s. [from harat, old Fr.] a litigious person,
or one who is fond of quarrels and law-suits.
BA RRATRY, .t. in common law, the moving or mair-
taiuiiig of suits in the disturbance of the peace; and the
taking and detaining houses, land, &c. by false pretences.
BA'RRAY, one of the western isles of Scotland, five miles
in length, and three in breadth, rocky on the east side, ^nd
arable land on the west. There is plenty of cod and ling near
this island : and several small ships from Orkney como hi-
ther in summer, and return laden with the fish.
BARREL, s. [baril, Brit.] a roinid wooden vessel, which
serves tor holding several sorts of wares and merchandise.
The English barrel, w inc-measure, contains the eighth part
of a ton, the fourth part of a pipe, and one half of a hogs-
head, i. <: 31 and a half gallons ; beer measiue 3G gallons,
and ale nu'asure .32 gallons. It denotes also a certain weight
of several merchaiulises, which dili'er according to the se-
veral connuodities. The barrel of herrings ought to contain
32 gallons wine measure, which amount to about 2S gallons
old standard, making about 1000 herrings. The barrel of
salmon nui^t hold 42 gallons ; of eels the same ; and of soap
2.5G pounds. In mechanics, it is the cylinder of a watch,
about which the spring is turned. In giumery, it is the cy-
lindrical tube of a gun, pistols, tS.c. through which the bullet
is discharged. In anatomy, it is a pretty large cavity behind
the tympanum of the ear, about four or fivl- lines deep, and
five or six wide, lined with a fine membrane, on which are.
several veins and arteries. In this cavity arc f >ur small
solid bones, not covered with the pcriosliuui, as llic rest of
the bones of the body are.
To BARREL, f. «. to put into, or inclose in a barrel.
BARREN, a. \_hari; Sax.] applied to animals or soils, not
able to iiroduce its like. Applied to genius, not able tw
produce anv thing new.
B A'RRF.NLV, ad. in an unfruitful manner.
B.M'UENNESS, s. that imperfection in any aniuKil f.r
vegetable that renders it incapable of bringing forth, or
propagating its kind. Also want of invention, sterility of
thought, Ac.
BARRICADE, s. [barricade, Fr.] any defence in the mi-
lit a IT art raised agaiu^t an enemy hastily, made with vessel.i,
carts, baskets of (arlh, trees, or inillisades. Figuratively,
any thing which obstructs or hinders the motion of any
thing.
To BARRICA'UE, r. a. [biv-ricadcr, Fr.] to stop up a pn!V
sage ; lohinderthe advance or nu)tiou ot any thin.'
UA'RKICADO, s. [hirnutidn, Span.l n forlif:cat;>'ii, a
bas
IJAS
deffiiro made with stakes sfiofi with iron, nossoil ;it llie
ti)|) « ilh Uatlooiis, and erected in patsa^'cs or l)reail)cs.
To BAKKICA'DO, ». a. to Ijloik u|> a passage ; to hinder
Mil eneinv iV-mi passinsf any dclile or place.
BAlliU'ER, . eir") s. [bnrriere, Vr.] that «liiili keeps an
«ieiny off, or ers liim from entering into any eouiitry ;
a Ceiice made a passage, retreiuliiiuiil, ^.e. io slop up
lis rnlry. Figuratively, an ob.struetioii or liinderaiiie ; a
boiimlarv or limit.
BA'IIRISTER, 1. one wlio is qualified, from liis having
performed his exercises at the inns of courts, and by lieeiiee
from the lord hi;,'li chaiRellor, after a proper standing, to
plead the cause of tlionts in a court of justice.
BA'RROVV, s. [iei«ttf, Sax.Jany carriase moved or set in
motion by the hand ; hence a hand-ban-nw is a frame of
boards on which things are carried by handles at its extre-
mities between two men. A ii/ieel-ban-oie is that w ilh one
wheel at the head, by w liich it moves when pushed forwards
by the handles at the other end.
BA'RROWS, s. [from bcui-^-, .Sax.] hills or mounts raised
bv the Saxons, in honour of those who died in the field of
biitlle.
BARRY, s. ill heraldry, when an escutcheon is divided
bar-ways, i. e. across from side to side, into an even iiainbec
of iMirtions, eoiisistiiij; of two or more tinctures, iiiter-
chanseably disposed; expressed in the blazon by the word
barn/, and the nuiuber of pieces must lie specified ; but if
tlie divisions be odd, the field must be first named, and the
number of bars expressed. Barn/bfutti/ h when an escut-
cheon is divided equally, bar and bendways, bylines drawn
transverse and diagonal, interchangeably varying the tinc-
tures by which it consists. ZJ«r;7/-/)i7i/, is when a coast is
divided by several lines drawn obliquely from side to side,
wliere thev form acute angles.
BA'KTER, s. ill commerce, the purchasing one commo-
dity by another, or exchanging one ware for another. Sy-
Nf)N. Barter is a merchantile expression, and intiinatcs the
txchinin-e of different commodities by way of traffic.
To BA'RTER, v. a. [baralle, Fr.J Io exchange one thing
for another; the original manner of carrying on all trade
and commerce till the invention of money.
BA'RTERER, s. he that trades by exchanging one com-
modity for another.
IJA'RTON, s. [tnrffln. Sax.] the demesne lands of a manor;
a niaiior-liouse ; the fields, cut-houses, iS.c. a term in great
use ill the west of England.
BA'RTON, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market on
Monday. It is seated on the river Hiimber, where there is
a considerable ferry to pass over into Yorkshire, of great ad-
vantage to the town, which is a large straggling place, 35
miles N. of Lincoln, and 166 N. of London.
BA'RTRAM, s. a plant ; the same with pellitory.
B.\'RYTES, J. one of the primitive earths discovered by
Scheele, in 1774, in combination with sulphuric acid. Sul-
phate of baryles is very plentiful in the Derbyshire lead
mines, where the workmen call it cauk.
BASALT, s. the matter of basalles, which is now used in
the manufactures of glass bottles, and to harden mortar
which is placed under the water.
B.VSA'LTES, s. in natural history, a kind of niarl)le, of
a very fine texture, of a deep glossy black, like polished
itccl. Its figure is very remarkable, being never found in
strata like other marbles, but always standing up in regular
angular columns, composed of a number of joints, one placed
on, aud nicely fitted to another, as if formed bv the hand of
a skilful workman. It is extremely hard and heavy, will
ftot strike fire with steel, and is a fine touch stone. They
arc found in several parts of the world ; but the noblest store
seems to be that called the Giants' Causeway in Ireland,
where it rises far up in the country, runs into the sea, and
rises again on the opposite land.
BASE, a. \bas, Fr.] applied to action?, proceeding from
a mean, narrow, abject, and sordid disposition. Applied to
liiilt, low, mean, and void of dignity. Applied to biith.
de.^cended from mraii paients. Applied Io nitlals, coui»
tci feit or adulterated. .\ p pi iid to sounds, deep, gra%e.
I5ASE, J. [/<« , i'r. i'/iii, Lai.] in architeclurc, the 1-iwer
part of a column or pedestal, being the same to a cnhmill a--
a shoe is to a man. Itase, in foitilication, is an imaginary
line drawn from the tianked angle of a bastion to that whictJ
is opposite to it. Base of a figure, in geometry, is the lower
pait of it. /Jrtieof a triangle, is properly that side parrllel
to the horizon. Base, in anutoiiiy, is the broader or upper
part of the heart, to Hhich the two auricles are fixed. Jimt
fee, is tenure in fee at the will of a lord. Base, in music,
is tlie lowest of all the parts, servingas a foundation for the
others. In chemistry, the earth alkali, or metal which is
combined with an acid to ioi lu a salt.
To BASE, t'. a. [basier, l"r.] to lower the value of a thiic^j
by mixtures; to debase; to adulterate.
" BA'SLLY, ad. meanly, disliouourably. In bastardy.
BASENESS, s. applied to actions, that which is void of
generosity, magnanimity, or nubleucssof soul, and proceed*
from a narrowness or meanness of spirit. Applied to metals-,
their want of the standard value. Applied to birth, disho-
nourable, or produced from unlicensed embraces. Applied
to sound, low, grave.
BASE-VIOL, s. .See B.\ss-viOL.
To I5ASII, D. a. to be ashamed.
B.XSMA'W, s. [Turk.] a Tuikisli governor of a province,
city, or district, who has two horse-tails carried bciuie
him.
BA'SHFUL, a. easily put out of countenance.
BA'SHFULLY, «r/."ina timorous sleepish manner.
BA'SHFULNESS, s. liinorousncss, fear, or shame.
B.\'SIL, Basle, or Bale, the capital of the canton of
Basil, in Switzerland. It is a large, rich, pojiuloiis city, with
a bishop's see, and a famniis university. It is divided iiil<»
t\ o parts by the river Rhine ; the largest of which is ninlw
si eof Swisserland, and the least on that of Germany ; but
r cy are joined together by a hanilsomc bridge. The largei-
I five gates, six suburbs, 2-20 streets, six large squares,
and 46 fountains, and is partly sealed on a hill. The lesser
stands in a plain, and has but two gates, with several streets
and fdunlains. The town-house, and fine paintings hi fres-
co, particularly the piclure done by !!f)ll!ein, wh-ich repre-
sents the passion of Clirist, are much admired by travellers.
The library contains a prodigious number of books, as wetl
in nianuscTipt as printed ; and there is a rich collection of
medals, among which there are several exceedingly scarce.
The clocks here always go an hour too fast, because they did
so oil the day appointed to murder the magistrates, by
which the conspiracy was disconcerted. This toM.n is sur-
rounded with thick walls, flanked with towers and bastions,
and yet is not a strong place. The art of making paper U
said "to have been invented here. Lon. 7. 30. E. Ir.t. -17.
40. N.
BASIL, {hazil) s. among joiner's, the sloping edge of ;i
carpenter's or joiner's too!, which \aries according to !l;v
work it is to do ; the skin of a sheep tanned. In botany, u
plant scientifically called clinopodium.
To BA'SIL, (iniiO I'- "• to grind away the edge of a tci,!
to a certain thickness or angle.
BASILIC, s. [basihhe, a royal palace, Gr.j in ancient ar-
chitecture, a term used for a large hall, or public place,
wliere princes sat and adininislered justice in persori ; but
is now applied to such churches, temples, <Mc. uhich by
their grandeur as far surpass other churche*, as princes' pa-
laces do pri\ ate houses ; also to such stately buildings ai
the Royal Exchange of Londoai, where persons meet and
converse.
BASILIC, or BASI'LICAL, a. in anatomy, belonging
or relating to the basilical vein.
B.ASI'LICA, s. [from bazilike, Gr.] in anatomy, the middle
vein of the arm ; so called by way of pre-eminence.
B.'VSILICON, s. [Or.] in pharmacy, an ointment callc<l
likewise telrapharmacon, from its being composed «rt'
four ingredients, viz. resin, wax, pilch, and oil i>f
77
B A b
BA 1
olives ; by some, of Burgundy pilcli, turpenline, resin, aivl
oil.
BA'SILISK, (hazilish) s. [basilislins, a little king, Gr.j a fa-
Imiuus serpent, said to kill by its look ; ako a species of
lizard.
B V'SIXGSTOKE, a town in Hampshire, with a market
'>n Wednesday. It is a corporation, and a great tliorough-
tare touii on the western road ; seated on a small brook, 35
miles E. by N. ot'Salislmry, and 46 W. by S. of London.
B.\'SIS, s. [basis, tat.] tiie foundation, or that on which
any thing is established or supported. See Base.
To B.ASK, V. a. [hiichereit, Belg.| to warm by exposing to,
or laying in, the heat of the sun. Neuterly, to lay in a
warm place.
B.V'SiKET, .5. \_batged, Brit.] a vessel made with twigs,
riishes, (.'ic. woven together.
BA.SKET-FISIl, a very remarkable fish, sometimes
< aught in the .American seas. This fish spreads itself from
a pentagonal mouth piece, or root in the centre of which the
iMoulh is placed into live main limbs or branches, and each
'•i these dividing and subdividing 14 times, so that at
length they make more than 80,()0(» limbs. The use of the
immerous arms of this fish is to catch their prey.
BASKET-HILT, i. a hiltof a weapon so made as to coii-
liin the wl.ole hand, and defend it from being wounded.
BASC)N,or BASIN, s. [basiu, Fr.] a small vessel to hold
"ater or other liquors; an hollow place which contains wa-
ter; a pond; a canal; a dock for repairing or building
ships; a concave piece of metal made use of by opticians to
griud their convex glasses in ; a round shell, or case of iron,
placed over a furnace, wherein hatters mould their hats,
lu anatomy, a round cavity in the form of a tunnel, between
the ante ior ventricles of the brain, the pituitory glands,
and the veins. Hasans of a balance are the same as scales,
• me of which contains the weight, and the other the commo-
<lity whose weight is required.
BASS, (pron. base, which way it is frequently spelt) s.
\basso, Ital.] in music, the lowest of all the parts, serving as
a foundation to the others. That pai t of a concert consist-
ing of the gravest, deepest, and most solemn sounds. Conti-
ter-liass is the second, when there are several in the same
concf If. 'J'/inroii^/i-bass, is that which proceeds without in-
loimission from the beginning to the end, and is the har-
mony made by bass-viols, theorbo's, *c. playing both while
the voices siug and gther instruments perform ; and also
lilling the intervals when they stop. Also, a mat used in
• huiches to kneel on, made of rushes, in a cylindrical form,
and stuffed with hav ; commonly called ;\ l/u.is.
ISA'SS,:^, ... See Bashaw.
liA'.SSET, *. [basset, Fr.] a game at cardii.
BA'SSO, s. I llal ] in music, sometimes extended to the
bass uin'versally, and at other linu-s reslr.iined to tl;;;! only
which is sung. liasso cmreituln, the figure or thorough
bass, going through the whole piece, playing chords, or
"hatever can convey harmony to the ear. Basso repieno,
the bassof theg-rand chorus, which is heard only or comes
in at intervals, in order to make the composition have a
greater efl'ect.
BA'.SSON, orRASSOOT<f, s. [basson, Fr.] in music, a
wind inslnunCnt, blown with a reed, nine inches diameter
at the .bottom, with eleven holes, stopped like those of a
llute, dividing into two paits, and used for the bass in con-
certs with haulbovs.
BA'SSO KELrEVO. or BASS-RELIEF, s. [Ital.] In sculp-
ture, the figures of which do not stand out iniicli (iom the
i-jomid or planeoii vvhiih they are formed ; and when that
uorl; is low, Hat, and but lilllo raised, as upon coins, medals,
lonnters, dec. it is called luw relief; if the figures are
r.iised high, so as to be well distinguisli<'d, it is called bold
rihcf.
I>.\SS A'l'OL, .«. of the same form with that of a violin.
'lilt iiiiuh larger; is played upon in the same iiiaiiiier, aiid
has the same niiiiil)er of strings, and eight slops, which are
i'lbdividcd in s( mi slops.
7H
L?AST,\RD, s. [bnstuidil, Brit.] in law, a person boiii
of parents which have not been lawfully married, and can-
not inherit land as heir to his father.
To BASTARD,!), a. to convict of getting a bastard ; to
prove a person not begotten in lawful we'llock.
ToBAST.ARDl'ZE, !'. a. to prove a person not begotten
in lawful marriage ; to get a bastard.
B.A'.ST.VRDLY, ad. like a bastard; in a degenerate, spu-
rious manner.
B.\'STARDY, s. in law, an unlawful state of birth,
wherein a person is vnoduced from a couple not married,
and is therefore disabled from succeeding to an inherit-
ance.
To B.A.STE, r. a. [bastomier, Fr.] to beat with a stiek.
In cookery, to moisten meat while roasting, with butter or
dripping. Among semptresses from bastcr, Fr. to stitch,
to sew two selvages together.
BA'.STI.\,a sea-port, the capital of Corsica, with a good
harbour, and only fit for small vessels. The number of in-
habitants is about Giioo. It is situated on the NE. toast of
the island, in lat. 42. 36. N. Ion. 9. 30. E.
BASTILE, a royal castle built by Charlos V. in 1360.
for the defence of Paris, formerly used as a (dace of confine-
ment for state prisoners, but totally deiKolishod by the pur
pulace, on the great revolution in France, 1/S9.
B.VSTINA'DE, or BASTINADO, s. [bastminade, Fr.]
the act of beating with a stick or cudgel; the jjunishment
inflicted by the Turks, of beating the soles of a person's
feet with a heavy piece of wood, h.aviiig a large knob or
round head at the end.
To BA.ST1N.\DE, or BASTINA'DO, i-. «. \basiouner, Fr.J
to beat with a stick or cudgel.
BA'.STION, s. [bastion, Fr.] in fortification, a large mass
of earth, faced with sods, sehlom with brick or stone, stand-
ing out from a rampart.
BA STON, or B.yiTOO'N, s. [Fr.] in archifeclure, a
mould at the base of a column, callcil a tore. In lieraidiT,
a kind of bend not reaching (piite across the shield ; asign
of bastardy, and ought not to be removed till the third ge-
neration.
BAT, s. any large club ; particularly one curved and
flat on one side, towards tlie bottom, used i.n t'lc game
of cricket. In natural history, a quadruped furnished
with membranaceous wings, which appears only in the
evening.
BA"i\ABLE, a. in law, apolied to grounds whose pro-
perty is disputable.
BATATI.V, a handsome, large, and very strong town of
Asia, in the island of Java and kingdom of Bantam ; the ca-
fiital of all the Uutcli settlements and colonies in the East
udics. The fort, or citadel, is built at a little di>taiKe
from the town, of stone brought fiom F-uropc. Besides
this, they ha\e five other forts about the city, to defend it
from all insults. In general the place is vei-y beautiful,
and built with white stone; and tliey have canals in the
principal streets, planted on each side with evergreen trees.
Batavia contains a prodigious number of inhabitants, of
every nation and country in these parts; particularly a
great number of (Chinese, till many thousands of them were
massacied in cold bloo<l, in 1741, and their wealth confis-
cated by the Dutch. It is the resilience of the governor-
general of all the Dutch colonics in the East Imiies, who
continues but three years, and is replaced by another, sent
by the United Provinces. It has an handsome hospital and
arsenal; and all the goods brought from other parts of the
I'.ast Indies are laid up here till lliry are exported to llie
places of their destination. It was taken from the Dutch by
the English forces in February, 17U6. 'Fhe haibour is ex-
cellent, and sealed on the N. E. part <if the island, 1^. \'.. of
Sumatra, ami N. W. of liorneo. Lon. 106. 60. E. hit. 6.
10. S.
BATCH, .«. the (iuaiilil> of bread baked at one time,
.Any quanlily ota thing made at once, so as to have tlie .■>ai)ie
i(ir.ilili' ■^.
BA'I
il/\ V
15\Tt:iIF.rX)R, .«. SoeBACHKi.oi!.
IJA'TCHI'.LOK'S BUTTONS,*, the toimiioii white iiiid
red caiuiiidii.
To 15A TK-, 1'. «. [coiirractcd from dha/c] to li'ssen a de-
inaird or lower the price oi'a foniiiioditv ; to al>->tain or re-
Ihiiu from a lliijn;: to exerpt, or take awav.
li A TEMENT; *. the lessoning' the <niantity of stuff:
used bv carpenters, and low iiu^chuiiics.
BAT-FOWLING, s. a methiMi of catching liirds in the
niglit, pr'.ictisc<i by liLthtin;; slia-.v, or cariviiiH; a laiitcin
dear the bushes, which beinj; beat wx'h a stick, tiiey tiy to-
wards the light, and art crnight in ucLs provided for that
purpose.
BATH, s. [bat/i. Sax.] a « Hicient (niaiifity of water col-
le(te<l into some convenient place lor peiA.ons to wasii in.
Balhs are divided into hot and cold. The m.vt celebrated
of this kind in Rn^land, are those near AVells, in Somerset-
shire. They produce a pers|>iration of .'»>/.. in an hour
are of great use in disorders of the bead, palsy, diseases of
the skin, scurvy, stone, constipations of the bowels and
most chronical disorders. Cold bathin;; operates both by
its cold and constringinij power, and its weight, which i,'t
the depth of two feet under water, presses on the linman
frame with a weight of 2'280lb. troy. It dissolves the blood,
removes any viscid matter adhering to the sides of the
vessels; generates tlie spirits ; forces urine; and removes
ol)strnctions in the viscera. In chemistry, baths are vessels
for distillation, or digestion, contrived to transmit heat gra-
ilu;dl\ and regularly. They are of two kinds, sand-baths,
and water baths. Sand-baths, ar^ vessels tilled in part with
dry sand, in which those retorts are placed, whicli require a
gnater lieat than can be given by boiling ^aier. Water-
I^aths, are vessels of boiling water, in whicli other vessels,
containing the matters to be distilled or digested, are put in
Older, that tlie same heat may be kept up throughout the
whole of any particular process, hni^/its of the Bntli, a
military order in England, instituted by Richard 11. who
limilted (heir number to four ; but liis successor, Henry IV.
increased them to forty-six. Their motto was /cr* i« "»»,
signifving the three theological virtues. This order received
its denomination from a custom of bathing before they re-
ceived the golden spur. The order of the bath, after re-
maining many years extinct, was revived under George I.
by a solemn creation of a great numbei of knights.
BATH, a city of Somersetsliire, famous, from the times
of the Romans, for its hot springs. They are not onlv used
as baths, but internally as medicine, and great benefits are
derived from thetu in gouty, paralytic, billions, and a variety
of other cases. Bath is a place of sucli general resort, that
it seems like a great national hospital ; it is so far, how ever,
from being a house of mourning, thai it exceeds every other
part of England in amusements and dissipation. It is laid
out in squares, circuses, crescents, terraces, iVc. these are
constructed of white free-stone, which ab(mnds here, and
are executed in an elegant stile of architecture. It is seated
on the river Avon ; but, in its later improvements, the build-
ings, risilig, one range above another, have nearly reached
tlie summit of the hill, on the declivity of which it stands.
The principal seasmi for the wavers are spring and autumn ;
and, besides the great infirmary, here are several other hos-
pitals and alms-houses, for the relief and support of indigent
patients. Considerable manufactures r,r cloth are carried
on near Bath. It is 12 miles E. S. E. or Bristol, and 105 W.
of I.ondon. Market on Saturday.
To BATHE, )'. «. [Imtliian, Sax.] to wash in a bath ; fo
soften or supple by the outward application of warm liquors;
to uash anv thing.
BATH-KOL, s. |Heb. the i1aiis;hter of the voice'] a name
whereby the Jewish w riters distinguish the revelation which
God made of hisuill to his chosen people, when, \\\\m\ the
death of Malacbl,all projihecies had ceased in Israel.
BATH-METAL, i. mixed metal, otherwise called Princes'
Hhinl
BATING, prep, except.
BAITA'LIA, s. [httttaglia, Ital.] (he drawing up an nriit\
ill order of battle.
BA'J'TA'LION, s. \bntlail!„t , Fr.] a small body of infan-
trv drawn up in order of bat tie. A battalion seldom falU
slioi t of 700, or exceeds 1000 men. It is generally iai;ged
in six ranks.
BATFEL, a town in Sussex, bo named from an abbey,
called Battel-abbey, erected bv the conqueror, on the siM>t
where the decisive battle was fought briween Harold and
William duke of Nornian.ly , Od. 14th, lofio. The gat--
house of the abbey, (which v as a stately pile, ne-irly a mite
ill circumference) remains almost <ntire, and serves for llie
sessions, and other public meetings, 'Fhe town, which i*
low and dirty, consists of one fiood street, has a harbour for
barges, and a manufacture of gunpowder, of considerabh-
estimation among sportsmen. Battel is 6 miles N. \V. (d
Hastings, 22 E. of Lewes, and o7 S. E. of London. A
weekly market on Thursday, for pio\isions, and a market
every second Tues<lay in the month for cattle, corn, iS.c.
BA'TTEN, s. a iiaiue given by workmen to a long thin
piece of wood, of an inconsiderable breadth, seldom exceed-
ing four inches; it is general! v about an inch thick.
"To BATTEN, v. n. [imtten, Teut.] to glut or satiate oiie".<
seU'; to grow fat, to live luxuriously. Applied to land, to
make /Miitful.
BA'TrEl'v, s. in cookery, a mixture of flour, eggs, an I
milk, beaten together with some liquor.
To BATTEft. «■ ". \l>iiilrt' Fr.] to beat, to beat down.
Most commonly applied to the batteringof walls by engines,
cannon, cVc.
BA'TTERY, s. [bnllerie, Fr.] in fortification, a place wlierr:
artillei-y is planted, in order to plav upon the enemy. In
law, the beating any person uiijustiy . In <ieelricity, a com-
bination of coated' surfaces of glass, so connected together
that tliev may be discharged by a common conductor.
BATTLE, s, [battaille, Fr.] a tight between two niimeroiiii
bodies of men. Synon. The fight of two individuals is
frequently, but iniproper'y, called a battle instead of a com-
bat, for a bnltle supposes a number on both sides. We use
the word battle when speaking of the conflict between two
armies. Engagement is applied to the encounter between
two fleets.
To BATTLE, r. a. [batailler, Fr.] to engage in battle, or
contend in anv manner w hatevcr.
BATTLE-ARRAY, s. arrangement, or order of battle ;
the proper disposition of men in order to engage an enemy.
BATTLEi-AXE, i. a \uapon made useof in tiirnier times,
frequent mention is made of it by historians, thoii-gh none of
tlieni have left us a description of it.
BATTLEDOOR, .t. an instrument us>-d to strike a shut
tie-cock ; it consists of a handle and broad blade.
BA'TIl^EFIELD, a village in Shropshire, 5 miles N. ol
Shrewsbury, where a victory was gained bv Henry IV. over
the rebels under Henry I'erey, surnamed Hotspur. It is
governed by a constable, and consists of 400 houses and
1400 inhabitants. It has a large church, and one long street,
paved ; b.it no niannfactorv.
BA'TTLEMENTS, s. notches on the top of a tower,
wall, parapet, &c. to look through, in order to annoy an
eneniv\
BATTO'LOGY, s. [from battrn, a babbler, and lego, to
speak, Gr.] a tedious circumlocution, or the frequent repe-
tition of the same word without any reason.
B.^'TTON, s. in merchandise, a name given to certain
pieces of wood or deal for flooring and other purposes.
BATTOO'N, s. [batrni, Fr.] a truncheon or stall, borne bv
a marshal as a mark of his dignity ; likewise, any short slick
or club.
BAVA'RIA, a considerable country of Germany, with
the title of a duchy ; bounded on the N. by Bohemia, and
tlie lipvier Palatinate ; on the E. by Austria, fhe arehbisliop-
ric of Saltiburg, and the liishopric of Passau; on the S. bv
the bishopric of Brixen, and the Tyrol, anil on the W. by the
river Lecli. It is about 124nulesinlenglli from R. toW. anil
7<*
BA \
BEA
f7 in brcadtli from N. to S. The priucipal rivers arc tlie
r);iniil)P, tlie Inn, the Iser, and the Lech. Tlieair is whole-
some, and the soil fertile in wine, uheat, and good pastures ;
but tL'e country having little trade, is poor. It is divided
into the Upper and Lower ; an<l the duke is one of the elec-
tors since the year li>23. — In 1800, Bavaria was erected into a
kingdom by the favour of Bonaparte, and is now a member
of the new confederation under the protectiouof France
BA'VAUOY, a kind of cloak or surteut.
BAU'BLE, s. [bairbrllinn, barbarous Lat.] a play-thing;
and hijuratively, any thing of a trifling insignificant nature.
BAVIN, s. a sort of brush faggots, used by bakers to
Vteat tlieir ovens, and by others fiir other uses ; in war, they
are usrd to till up Hitches.
BAWBEE , s. in Scotland, a halfpenny.
BAWCOCK, ^.v, fine fellow.
BAWD, s. [bniidi; old Er.j a person of either sex, who
lives by procuring women for lewd purposes.
BA'Vv'DILY, fifl. in an obscene, unchaste, or immodest
Mianncr.
BA WDRY, s. the acting like a bawd, in bringing persons
tiigetiicr for irumodest purposes. Applied to language, that
which is unchaste and obscene.
BA'WDV, a, that expresses obscenity or uneliaste ideas in
plain tf-rms ; and carries with it tlie idea of impudence.
BA'WDY-HOUSE, s. a place where strumpets carry on
»fieir immodesty, and prostitution is practised.
To B.VWL, V. a. [bah, Lat.] to cry or speak any thing
with a loud voice.
B A'WSI.N, s. in natural history, a badger.
BAWTRY, or Beautry, a town in the W. Riding of
Yorkshire, on the borders of Nottinghamshire, with a mar-
ket on Wednesday. It is three furlongs in length on the
road from London to York, and has been long noted for
tnilslones and grindstones, brought hither by the river IcMe,
on which it is seated. It is 8 miles -S. by E. of Doticaster,
and l-to N. of London.
BAY, s. \hadiHS, Lat. haye, Belg.] applied to the colour of
a horse, is that which inclines to red, and approaches near
to a chesnut. The light and "ilded bays have a greater cast
of the yellow ; the dun, scarlet, and bloody Isay, a greater
mixture of red ; and the chesnut bay, that which rescnd)les
the colour of a chesnut. In geography, a part of the sea
which runs into the land, and is broader in the middle tlian
at its first entrance, called the mouth. Figuratively, the
slate of one surrounded by enemies, which cannot beesca))ed
but by making head against them. In architecture, used to
signify the largeness of a building ; thus a barn, wliieh has
a door aad two heads, is called a barn and two bays. In
botany, the latirus, a kind of .evergreen, which \\^c(\ to be
formed into wreaths, as a reward for poets, Ac. Hence it is
used as a token of honour, and a mark of merit.
To B,\Y, f. n. [abhui/ei; Fr.] to bark at; to surroinid, in
the same manner as hounds do their prey.
BAY-SALT, s. salt made of sea-water, which receives
Its consistence from the heat of the sun, and is so called
from its brown colour. By letting the sea-water into square
pits or basons, its surface being struck and agitatetl by
the rays of the sun, it thickens at first imperceptibly,
arid becomes covered over with a slight orust, which har-
di-ning by the continuance of the heat, is wholly converted
nito salt. The water in this condition is scahling hot, and
the crystillization is perfected in eight, ten, or at most
fifteen davs.
IJA V'-WINDOW, X. a window which swells or projects
outwards.
BA'VAUr), t. a horse of a bay colour.
BAYONKT, X. [hnifouHte, Fr.] a short broad dagger made
■laiicel-fashion, with a round hollow iron handle, which goes
ovfv III' iiiu/zle of a musket, and fixes it to it.
U\'Y(JNNE, a large, rich, populous, commercial, and
V.-II lortiticd city, in the dent, of tin- Lower Pyrenees, noted
for buiMs and ehoeolale, ami exporting masts, brought from
the J'yrcnees. bv iKc nvcin to Brest, iV<:. It is supposed that
m
the bayonet was invented by a native of th's city, or was
here first made use of It is 2o miles S. W . of Dax, and tii
miles S. by W. of Paris.
BA'Y-YARN, ». yarn proper for making baize.
BAYZE, s. See Baize.
BAZAS, a small cuy in the dept. of Gironde, furnierly
capital of the Bazadois, 5 miles S. of the (Jaronne, and So
S. E. of Bourdeaux.
BDl-l'LLIUM, (in pronunciation the h is jjenerally drop-
ped) s. [hdellion, Gr.J a gum-resin, somewhat rescnihliiit;
myrrh in appearance, brought from the Levant ; it is met
with in single drops of an irregular size, some of which are
as lar<je as a hazel-nut. Its colour is dusky, and its taste
bitterish. People are no more agreed about tlie true nature
of bill Ilium, than they are about the manner how it is pro-
duced ; and it is much doubted whetiicr the bilelliimi of the
ancients be the same with the modern kind. In pharnincy,
this gum is allo\\ed to be an emollient and discutient, and
to be a powerful aperient and dcter,|;ent, according to its
age ; for it is more so when new and frcsii tiian aficrwanls.
To HE, i: n. [beon. Sax.] an auxil try verb, by which we
form the passive; sometimes used to confirm the state or
condition of a thing, and at others its existence. To be re-
served for a person future, in opposition to present.
BE, an article used in composition, and borrowed from
the Saxons, sometimes a mere expletive, and otherwise sig
nifics I'/wn, about ; as to be-spaltcr, to br-spriii/Je.
BEACH, i. that part of the sea-shore x\ hich is vnshcd by
its waves.
BE'ACHED, a. that is exposed to the sea waves.
BE'ACHV, a. that abounds in beaches.
BE'ACON, s. [beacon. Sax.] a signal, or combustibles
raised on an eminence, to be fired as the signal nt^'i tiieaiv-s
approach ; a signal or mark erected at SCa, lor the security
of vessels.
BE'ACHY-HEAD, a promontory on the coast of Sussex;
between Hastings and Shoreham, where the French tlect de-
feated the English and Dutch in June, 1G90. Lat. 60° 44
24'' N. Ion. 0° 15' 12"E. from Greenwich.
BE'ACON.\GE, a tax paid for ihe use and mahitenance
of a beacon.
BE'ACONSFIELD, a town in Bucks, with a small mar-
ket on Thursday. It stands on an eminence on the marl
from London to Oxford ; and has several goorf inns ; coo-
tains about 100 well built houses, and is 8 miles N. W. of
Uxbridge, aiyl 2.3 W. N. W. of London.
BEAD, s. [from beadc. Sax.] a small round piece of glass
or other substance, moving on a string which runs through
it, used by those of the Romish church to count their sins
and prayers. Likewise used as ornaments fir women, and
worn round their necks in necklaces. In architecture, a
round moulding, or astragal, carved so as to resemble ».
necklace.
BEADLE, s. [bifflel. Sax.] a public crier, herald, or inesj.
senger. In law, oiie who cites people to appear at a court ;
one whose otlice is to punish or apnrehend strollers, va-
grants, and petty oft'enders in a parisii. At the university,
one who walks "before the masters in public procession.s.
S(/iiire bradles are those that attend peculiarly on the vice-
chancellors, give notice of convocations at each college, an<l
are generally masters of arts.
IJE'ADPliOOF, s. among distillers, a fallacious way of
determining the strength of their spirits, from the continu-
ance of the hubbies or beads raised by shaking a small qua.T
tilv of the spirit in a phial.
l5E'.\DROLL, s. a list or catalogue of a certain nnmbrrot
C ravers for souls of the dead, whieii are generally counte.l
y ihe members of the Ilomish church on their beads.
"BEADSMAN, s. one who devotes himself enlirely to
prayer ; one who undertakes or professes to pray for aiv
ollier.
BI-'AfiLE, .1. [bi<r!e, Fr.] in natural history, an I'.n^lisli.
IioiiikI, or hunting d*)g, of a small size, kno«ii by its ace|»
sound, and used in hunting haics.
r. EA
1; A
BEA'K, s. [lire, Fr.] t)ifbill of a birJ, or ai.v tliinjj wlilch
resiiiiMrs it.
inr.VKKD, a. sliarp pointed, reiciiibiii)!,' tlic beak of a
bilvl.
Uli'AKER, J. a cup with a spout in tlie form of a bird's
beak.
BE.\L, s. a pimple, or any eruption in the skin, which
raises orjirotulxiatcs bryoud it.
BEALT, Uk.ai.tii, or JU; i.ith, a town of Breeknock-
s.hire, in Soiilli Wales, with a large market on Monday, for
live caltlc, and one on Saturday for provisions. It is plea-
santly seated on the river Wye, and eoriiists of about too
houses, whose inhabitants have a trade in stockings. It is
iC miles N. of Brecknock, 'J'i S. of Chester, and 171 from
London.
BE.'\M, s. [from 6tflHi, Sax.] in building, a large piece of
wood U ing across the walls of a building, supporting the
principal rafters of the roof. Applied to a balance, that
piece <if iron, Ac. which supports the scales. Among
weavers, a cylindrical piece of wood, placed lengthways on
.the back part of the loom, on which the threads of the
warp are rolled and unrolled as the work advances ; likewise
tlie cylinder, orroiuid piece of >\ood, on which the sluH' is
rolled as it is weaved, |)laced on the fore part of the loom.
A ia\ of light darted or emitted from any hiniinous body.
Applied to an anchor, the straight part or s!i;'.iik, to which
the hooks arc fastened. Synon. We say cfy/* of light,
beatiis of the sun ; by the hrst of which expressions we mean,
that those are rai/s which shine early in the morning; by the
second, that those are the bmms w hich gleam at noon.
To BEA M, r. II. to emit or dart rays.
BE'AMINSTER, Brminstkr, or BEMSTKR.a town in
Dorsetshire, with a market on Thursday. It is a i)retty
place, seated on the river Bert, 1.5 miles W. Is'. W. of Dor-
chester, and 1:37 W. by S. of London.
BEAiMV, II. that darts ravs ; shining; radiant.
BEAN, s. \bean. Sax. J in botany, a kind of pulse.
To BEAR, n. a. \beoran, beran. Sax.] in its primary sense,
to support, to stand under, or carry a ourdcn ; to deliver or
carry ; to wear. Used with nmne, to go by. To support,
sustain, or keep from falling ; to endure ; to permit, or suf-
fer without resentment; to produce, to bring forth. To
carry away by violence. Joined with doun, to overcome, or
carry along with one like a torrent. To bear a head, in dis-
tillery, to shew itself to be v>roof by frothing w hen shook.
To bear a bodij, in painting, capable of being well ground
down, and mixing with oil, so as not to shew any grit or
particles. Joined to price, to sell well, or at a ivrtain
value. To endure the frown of adversity ; to siifi'er w itiiout
remonstrance or complaint. To produce fruit, api)lied to
vegetables. Tv bear off, to carry av.ay by force. To b,(ir
upoti, to stand tirni without falling. I'o bear out, to supjxut
or maintain one's opinion.
BEAR, s. in natural history, a genus of wild beasts, with
long shaggy hairs, sharp hooked claws, and long soles to
their feet. The common bear inhabits the forest of the
northern regions of E!.urope, and is pretty well known.
The black bear lives chietij on vegetables, and the brotcv hear
on animal food. They are extremely fond of honey. The
white, or polar bear ii much larger than the common, and in-
habits the most northern regions, which have been visited
by navigators. These feed chiefly on seals and the car-
cases of dead whales. Bear, in astoonomy, is applied to two
constellations in the northern hemisphere, called tht- greater
and the less. In the tail of the less is the pole star, never
distant above two degrees from the pole.
.BEARA'LSTON, a small town in Devonshire, that had a
market on Thursday, now disused ; nor has it any fairs ;
but sends two mendiers to parliament. It is 10 miles N.
(.fPI>mouth, and -212 W.,l)y S. of London.
BEARU, s. [beard. Sax.] the hair which grows on a per-
son's cheeks, lips, and chin, which has given no small cause
of contention in the militars', civil, and ecclesiastical world.
The Chinese are very fond of long ones; but nature having
been very .sparing to f!;em. they look on the Europeans as
very great m<n, on aecoiuu of this advantii^e. Applierj to
vegetables, it si:.;iiilics tlie pncKles whieh j.;row on tlie ears
of corn. In an arrow, it is the barb, or forked pout at the
head. In astronomy, the bvardaf a co»/ie( is the rayseiintltd
towards the part to w hich it moves.
To BEARD, r. a. to take a person by the beard, includ-
ing the idea of strenglh and contempt in the agent.
BE'ARDED, a. an epithet apidied to a person that has a
beard. Applied to vegetables, that has long ears, like
thos'e growint; on the ears of corn. Applied to instruments,
that is forked like a fish-hook, not easily to be pulled out ;
.!:i;^;,'''d.
Blv'AUDLESS, a. without a beard. Figuratively, young,
or not arrived at the state of manhood.
BEARER, s. one who carries or conveys a thing from
one to another. One who supports, or sustains, applied to
dignity. That which produces or yields fruit, ai)plieU to
vei'etables.
BE'AR-GARDEN, .«. a place wherein bears are kept for
diversion. Figuratively, any place where low diversions
are exhibited, and tumult and confusion are customary.
RE'ARING, *. the act of supporting a weight ; the carry-
ing a burden. Ill geography, and navigation, tJic situati m
of one place to another, with regard to the points of tiic
compass. In sea language, when a ship sails towards the
shore before the wind, she is said to bear in w ith the laml or
harbour. To let the ship sail more before the wind, is to
bear up. To put her right before the wind is to bear ruuii.l.
A ship tliat keeps ofl' from the land, is said to bear iff. W hv n
a ship to the windward comes under another shij/s stem,
and so gives her the wind, she is said to bear under her
lee.
BE'AR'S-FOOT, s. a plant, the same with the stinking
hellebore.
BEAST, y. [besie, Fr.] an animal not endued with reason,
generally four footed, and no other covering or dicss but
that which nature has furnislud it with, liguiatively, a
person who acts inconsistent with the character of a ra-
tional creature.
BE'ASTLINESS, s. that which is unworthy of a man;
that which is uideceiit and disgustful.
BE'ASTLY, a. that resembles a beast, either in its form,
or other of its peculiar qualities.
To BEAT, V. a. [preter beat, part. pass, beat or neateu ;
bnttre, Fr.] to strike a person ; to pound, to reduce to pow-
der ; to forge ; to subdue, overcome, or vani|uish ; to mi.K
together by violent stirring. Used with the partich' de.un,
to lessen the price. L'sed with 6r«jHior head, to aiqly one's
tiiouglit to a ilidicult subject. " To beat his brains ah<mt
tilings impossible." Hai/w. "Waste his time, and ^^(«t his
/ipffrf «i««nhe latin grammar." Loehe. Neutcrly, to move,
or throb, applied to the pulse or the heart. Ti beat vp fur
soldiers, to go about with a drum in order to raise rtcii.its.
The word vp is an expletive, and might be left out. Sy non.
In order to beat, we must redouble the Idows ; hut to stnil.e,
we give only one. We are never beaten willmut being
slriiclt ; but we are often struck w ithout being htalm.
BEAT, s. a stroke ; the sound made by a drum, when
struck by the sticks ; tiie stroke ir throb of tiie pulse or
heart.
BE'ATER, s. an instrument by wliich blows or strokes
are given ; a pestle.
BtATI'FIC, or BEATITICAL, a. [beaiijieas, Lat.Jthat
can rendera peir.ii completely happv. .An epithet used by
divines for tlie blss of heaven.
riEATl'FICAI.I.Y, nrf. in such a manner as to make a
per.^im perfrcib, happy.
BF-ATIFIC.A'TION, ,5. in the Rtmiish church, an acknow-
ledgment that a iicrson is in Heaven, and iiuiv he esleeiiied
as Ijlessed ; hut not allowed the honours of saints, confer-
reri by canonizalioa.
To BF.A'TIFV, r. u. [benlifico, Lat.] to make perfectly
happv ; to bless wiih a place in the heavenly niansioiis.
BEC
BED
BE'ATTNG, t. a piinisliment inflicted with lilnws.
BEATITl'DE, *. [Ijeatifitilo, hat.] in divinity, a state of
perf»ct happiness, free trom defect or interruption, applied
to that of the deceased saints and anMls in heaven.
BEATS, J. in clock or ^afch-work, the strokes made by
the fanj^sor pallat of the spindle of the balance.
BEAU,*. [Fr. pronounced /-«, and lias the French plural
heaux] an ettoniinate person of the male sex, who is pas-
sionately fond of dress.
BEAt! DESERT, or BET.DESERT, a town of Warwick-
shire, NE. of Henley. Maiket on Monday.
BE'.AVER, s. [bi'evif, Fr.] in natural history, an animal
which lives sometimes by land, and sometimes by water,
about four feet long, and weitjlis from 60 to 60II). Its hair
is either brown, white, or black ; thai on the belly is a very
line down, about an iiicli hmg, and is used for hats. Its tail
resembles that of a fish more than any land anhnal, serves
it instead of a trowel in building, and of a rudder in swini-
Biinir.
BEAUFET, buffet, or BUFFET, anciently a little
apartment separated from the rest of the room by slender
wooden cojumes, for tlie disposui;; china and glass ware.
Arc. called aUoa cabiiict. It is now properly a lar^e table
in a dininij room, called also a side board.
BE.AUlSH, {bu-isli) a. resembhng a beau; effeminately
nice ; foppish.
BEAUMA RIS, a town of Anglesea, in North Wales, with
a market on Wednesday. It stan<ls on the streight of
Menay, and was fortified with a caslle b\ Eflward I. It is
govtjrued by a nia\or, recorder, two l)i^illft^, and t«enty-one
common council men, and sends one meiiiiier to parliament.
Here the general quarter sessions are In Id, and the lonnty
gaol is kept. It lies on tiie road from Cliester to Holyhead,
and was formerly a place of good trade by means ol its ex-
cellent harbour. Here is plentv of corn, butter, and cheese.
It is 59 miles W. by N. of Chester, and 264 N. W. of Lon-
don.
BEAUTEOUS, (irf/traH.t) n. that is formed with so much
elegance and symmetry, as to raise an agreeable sensation
in the mind.
BEAUTEOUSLY, (Uiteoushi) ad. in such a manner as
to raise an idea of regular feature, tineness of shape, and
elegance of complexion.
BEAUTIFUL, {Uuli/nl) a. that has all the symmetrv of
parts upcessai"v to convey the idea of beauty, applied both
to persons and things.
I'o RE.\UTIFV, (heulifi/) V. a. to recommend any thing
to the love or approbation of a person, by heightening or
increasing its chavais.
BEAUTY, ibeiitij) s. \lieiiiiic, Fr.] a certain composition of
colour aud iigure, which raises delight and approbation in
the beholder. 1 iijiirativt 1\ , applied to music, painting,
architecture, statuary, and litei^ary compositions, implying
an idea of I xcclKiice iu 1 he object, capable of raising' de-
li^'hl in the mind. A prr>oii blessed uitlial! that sMJinictry
of features, iVc. that raise delight in the mind of a bi holder,
and extort approbation by its excellencies. SynoN. By
a linnclsiime woman, we uuderslaiid one '\vM is graceful and
well shaped, «itli a regular disposilion offatures; bv a
jnHlif, He nuau oue that is delicately made, and whose fca-
tiiicaare so fi.riiied as to please ; by a hcniitif'nl, an uii'on of
both. Wli.-u appli<'d to other tilings, hi-dniiful relates to
somr-thiil'i more serious and eii;.'a;;ing ; pntti/, to stmiewhat
more say ami diverting; lliis 13 the reason why we say a
beiiiitifiil \r;v::i d\ , but a pielli/ coiiumK .
?,f,,\Vl'\Sl'iJT, (hrfitif s/ml) J. siiinething arifully made
use of to liei;;l!teil the charms of a person ; a patch.
BEAUVA'IS, a city in the dept of disc, having besides
the catlirdral, fi collegiate, and :J parish chiinlies. B«fore
the revolulion, it was tt.r <a|iilal of the Beau\ ises. It is
seated on tli-- river Thesiii, t'i miles nea, 1\ N. of Paris.
To J'r.C VLM, f. a. to reilnce a storm or lempesluons
toraniolion of the elements to rest and quietness. Figura-
8a
tivclv, to pacify the turbulent passions that atsturb the
mind.
BECATICO, s. [becafigo. Sax.] a bird like a nightingale,
feeding on figs and grapes ; a fig-pecker.
BECAUSE, coji/.jfroui be. Sax. and eause] used to imply
a reason, or cause ofan assertion or truth wliich comes be-
fore it.
BE'CCLES, a town in Suffolk, with a good market on Sa-
turday. It is a large town with a handsome churcli, and a
tall bulky steeple, seated on an eminence some distance
from the church ; 15 miles S. W. of Tarmoutli, and 109
N. E. of London.
BE'CHICS, (bekihs) s. [from bex a cough, Gr.] in phar-
macy, medicines to relieve a cough.
BECK, s. an external sign, generally such as is made with
the head : also a word which imports a small stream of wa-
ter issuing fVoni some bower or spring. Hence the term
Hellbechs, which are little brooks in the rough and wild
mountains about Richmond near Lancashire.
To BECKON, V. a. to make signs to a iierson to approach
or come to one.
To BECO'ME, 1'. a. [pret. / became, comp. pret. / have
become] to be made ; to grow ; to alter or change from one
state to another. Used «ith of, to happen, to fall out, to
be the end of.
To BECO'ME, f. a. applied to persons, to appear worthy
of, to adorn, or grace. .Applied to things, to suit; to be
proper for; to agree, or be so adapted to the circumstance!*
of a person as to be graceful.
BECO'MING, part, that acquires a grace from its suit-
ableness or propriety.
BiLCO'MrSCiLY, arl. ii\ such a manner as to suit the
circumstances, rank, and character of a person.
BF-D, .5. [bell, Sax.l a place designed for a person to sleep
or lie on, made of a sacking covering, stiifled with feathers,
flocks, Ac. Fignratnely, lodging; uiarriagc. In garden-
ing, a i)iecc of n:ade ground, enriched with (lung, Ac. for
raising plants and other vegeuibles ; the channel of any
ri\er. In natural history, a range or layer of earth or mi-
neral substance, a stratum. To bcbronght tnbedof a son, to
be delivered of, Ac. Tn mahea bed, to shake it, lay the clothes
smooth, and make it tit to be lain on. Bed, in gunnery, a
solid piece of oak, hollowed in the middle, to receive the
breecii and half tie trunnions.
To BED, 1'. «. to place in a bed ; to go to bed. Neuter-
ly, to cohabit.
To BF^DARRLE, r. a. to wet, so as to occasion inconve-
nience or uiic asiness.
To BEDA GGLE, r. a. to daub, dirt, or splash the bot-
tom of a gamient, by walking ^carelessly in wet weather,
and not holding it up.
BEDAL, a small town in Yorkshire, 6 miles from North-
allerton, 8 from riichmond, and 220 from London. The
Roman <ansewa>, Ic.'.ding from Ridiniond to Barnard's
Castle, which for 20 miles together, is called Leemiiig Lane,
passes through tliis place. .AH the adjacent country is
iiill of jockeys and horse-dealers, here being some of the
bi'st hunting and road horses in the world. Market on
Tuesday .
ToBEDA'SH, V. a. to wet a person with water by beat-
ing it with a stick, or casting a stone in for that piii>.
pose.
To BED.AU'B, IK a. to cover a thing with dirt. Figura-
tively, to apply or lav on paint in a rough and igno-
rant manner.
To BEI)A'77Lr'.. r. a to overpower the sight by to#
miicli l>ric,iilness or lustre.
BI.DCHAMnER, s. a room furnished wi'h a l.e.l, and
sitajail for sleeping in. l.oitls nf t/,c btd-r/anilc) aie 10,
<'f the first lank, who alti nd in their tiriis om w»ek in the
kings brtl-ihnmbcr, lying on a | ;:llet bed all iiigbl, ii'id waiting
on him whenever he cats in private. The first of them ia
called the groom ()/" theslule.
nF. R
BEG
RF/DCLOTIIF.';, j. llie bhrnlats, quill, coverlid, &c.
v.liiili lire spu'a<lov«r a I.ed.
BK nniNO, J. [/'<*"S-'-, Sax. I tlic bed, lilaiikcts, quilt,
covfilid, Ai-. wliicn are on a iinUtead.
Ti) BElJlVCK, v.ti. torinlit-lisli ; lo atlorii; tograce.
Hli^DllOUSE, t. [from berle, Sax. aiid/i««*c] an hospital, or
aliiis-lit>:ise.
To BEDEW, ti. a. to nioistrii l>v sprinkling ; in allusion
to llie manner in wliiili the dew nuiistens the earth and ve-
getables.
BE'DFELI.OW, s. one who lies in the same bed with
another.
BE'DFORD, the county town of Bedfordshire, with two
markets, on Tnesdav and Saturday. Bedford is seated on
the river Du.se, which divides it into two parts, united by a
bridge with two gates, one at each end, to stop the passage
occasionally. It has five churches, and formerly had a strong
castle, whose site is now a very tine bowling green. It is go-
verned by a niavor, 12 aldermen, a recorder, two bailiff's, a
town-clerk, and two sergeahts at mace. The Tuesdav mar-
ket is on the south s'de for cattle ; and that on .Saturday on
the north side, (or corn. It is 27 miles E. by N. of Buck-
ingham, and 50 N. VV. of London. It has the title of a duchy,
and sends t«o members to parliament.
Br-:'DFORI)SIIIRE, a county in England, about 35 nules
lu length, and 23 in breadth. It contains 9 hundreds, 10
market towns, 124 parishes, and about 67,.3.50 inhabitants,
and sends fi members to parliament. It is a pleasant inland
county, aud diversified with fruitful plains and rising hills,
aboun'ding in cattle, corn, and rich pastures ; it is noted
forbarlev, bone, lace, and a manufacture of straw goods.
To BEDIGHT, v. m. to set off with dress, or other ex-
ternal ornaments.
To BEDI'M, i>. It. to darken, toobscnre bv great brightness.
To BEDIZEN, V. a. to dress out.
BE'DLAM, s. [formerly spelt Bethlehem, a religious
hoiise near Moorfields in London, converted into an hospi-
tal for mad people] a house set apart for the abode and cure
of road people.
BET) LAW, a. belonging to a mad-house.
BET)LAMITE, *. an inhabitant of bedlam; a mad person.
BE'DMAKER, s. a person in the universities, whose of-
fice it is to make the beds, and clean the chambers.
To BEDRAGGLE, v. a. to dirt or soil the lower part of
a garment, by letting it drag in the dirt.
To BEDRE'NCH, ». a. to soak with an abundance of some
fluid.
BE'DRIDDEN, a. worn out by age and sickness, so as to
b'? unable to quit his bed.
BE'DRITE, s. the privilege of the marriage-bed.
BEDSTEAD, or BE'DSTED, s. the frame on which the
bed is laid.
To BEDU'NG, v. a. to cover with dung.
To BEDU'ST, r. a. to sprinkle with dust.
BEDWfM^MAGNA, a village 5 miles S. W. of Hunger-
ford, whic'h has neitiier market nor fair ; but has a borough
by prescription, and sends two members to parliament.
Some tell us it was a considerable place in the time of tlie
Saxon's, and that the traces of fortifications are still remain-
ing. It is 79 miles W. of London.
BEE, s. [beo, Sa\.] an insect that makes honey. These
valuable insects are generally divided into three sexes, the
drones, which are male; the sovereign, or queei\, which is
female ; and the working, or honey-bees, which are neuter.
Each bee derives its origin from an egg, which is deposited
by the queen in a cell by itself, and sometime after, fecun-
dated by the drone. On the third or fourth day, is produced
a maggot, which is fed by the working bees with an insipid
liqui<t, which has been called bcc-brcad. After being thus
fed about t< days, it desists from eating, and being brooded
by the workiug-bees, at length spins itst'if a sort of web, like
the silk-worm, wliich serves as a liningtoitsceli. In the space
of about 20 da\s the process of transformation is finished,
and the bee {{radually forces its way tlirongh tlie covering
of the cell. The bee, after it has disengajced itself, is fed
with honey by the common bees tdl it arrives at fidl maturity
SH as to be fit for labour. The life of the bee is said to l>«
liniitted to a yi-ar, or at most to two sunnners.
BEECH, t.[bece, .Sa\.] a well known tree, which has a
while, bard, dry woi>d, usefid for the fellies lA' cart wheels,
and for a variety of utensils. An oil is prepared from iti
mast, which is much esteemed by the French, lor sallatfs, cVc.
BEE'CHEN, a. [^biHTtie, Sax. J consisting of hceth ; be-
longing to beech.
BEE EATER, s. a bird that feed unon bees.
BEEF, s. [b(eiif, Fr.l the flesh of black cattle dressed up
for the markets.
BEEFEATER, *. a yeoman of the guards. The word is
derived from brailfetier, one who attends at the sidebjoard,
which was anciently placed in a beanfet. The business of
the beef-eaters was, and still partlj is, to attend the king at
meals.
BEE'HIVE, s. the case, or box, in which bees are kept.
BEELE, s. a kind of pick-axe used by the mineis for sepa-
rating the ores from the rocks in which they lie. In Corn-
wall it is called a lubber.
BEEN, part. pret. of To BE.
BEER, s. \bere. Sax. or bir, Brit.] a liquor prepared from
malt and hops, and rendered vinous by fermentation. \
kindofiffr appears to have been made by the ancient Ger-
mans and Egvptians.
BEESTIKGS, i. See BiESTiNGS.
BEET, s. [beta, Lat.] the name of a plant, of \yhich there
arc several species. It is boiled like parsnips, and often
makes one of the ingredients of a soup or salliid.
BEETLE, s. [bi/tel. Sax.; an insect that flies about in sum-
mer-evenings, having four wings, the two outward being only
sheaths for the others ; they are black, and aboinid in damp
plac-s, such as vaults under jjrouiid. Also a g'Cat sledge,
used to beat down piles, stakes, wedges, Ac. A wooden
mallet made use of in bcati.ig hemp.
To BEETLE, v. n. to jut out ; to bang over.
BEETLEHEADED, a. having a dull, stupid, or unthink
ing head.
BEEVES, •'• [the plural of iff/] ixen, cattle, bullocks.
To BEFALL, (hrfaidl) V. it. to happen. This word is most
commonlv taken in a bad sense.
To BEFIT, V. a. to suit ; to tally with.
To BEFOO'L, II. a. to delude ; likewise to deride, ana
treat a person as a fool.
BEFO'RE, »rf/). fAi/Jj-nii, Sax.] further onward in place ;
in the front of, not behind ; in the presence of ; in sight of;
inider the cognizance of; in the power of; precetdnig in
time; in preference to ; prior to ; superioi to.
BEFO'RF", or/, earlier in time; in time past; previously
to : to this time, liithorto.
BEFOREHAND, ad. in a state of participntidn, or pre-
occupation ; previonsiv. by way of iirtparati(;n, in a state of
accumulation, or so as that more has been received than exr
pended.
BEFO'RETIME.«r/. formerly.
To REFO'RTUNE,r. «. to betide.
To BEFOTL, v.n.xo daub, smear, or dirt.
ToBEFRIE'ND, v. a. to do a kindiu-ss to a person ; to
confer a favour.
To BE(i,r. H. [befrfrerefi, Teut.] to pray, infreat, petition,
or crave charity, favour, orassishnice.
To BEGET, II. n. preter. I bes:(it,orbes:at, I havehfeutten;
\be^ettan. Sax.] to generate, or bring forth. To prodiice as
effects or accidents.
BEGETTER, s. he that generates, or gets a child.
BE'CiG A R, s. one w iio hves ujion alms ; one w ho assumes
what he does not prove ; as, to bee; tite qneMitiii.
To BEGCiAK, I', a. to reduce a person from plenty to
want
BEGGAR LINESS, s. a quality wliich wo\ild permit a
person to submit to any meanness for the sake of a iul>-
sistence.,
83
BEH
EEL
BK'G(iAllLY, a. poor; mean.
RKGGARLY, atl. meanly, despicably.
BKGG VRY, «. extreme poverty.
To BFKil'N, f. n. pret. / began, or begun ; I hare begun;
hegimian. Sax.] to enter upon soniethinj; new ; to commence
any action or state ; to enter upon existence ; to have its
ori<jinal ; to take rise. Activelv, to do the first act of any
thing ; to trace from any thiug as tiic first groiuid. To bis-ut
iJiJ/i ; to enter upon.
IjEGI'SNER, j. he that gives the first cause or origiual-
to aijy th'ug; an unexperienced alteifipter.
BEGl'NNIXG, s. tiie first original or cause ; the entrance
into act or being ; the state in which any thing first is; the
rudiments or fiist grounds.
To BEGl'UI), V. II. preler. / begirt, or begiriled ; I hnre
begirt; to bind with a girdle ; to surround ; to encircle : to
bliut in \rith a siege ; to beleaguer.
BE'GLERIJEG, s. [Turk.] the chief governor of a pro-
vince amon^ ilieTurks. He isalso called a bashawof three
tails, from having three ensigns, or staves, tnnmied with
■ horse-ta:!-, as tlie mark of his dignity.
REGONE, j«(«;><t. go awav ; hence away.
To REGL'I LE, v. a. [Ugoliau, Sax.] to cheat, impose upon,
ordecei\c
BEGUl'NS, s. devout societies of young women, establish-
ed iu several parts of Flanders, and the north of Frame, w ho
maintained themselves bv the work of their own bands,
leading a middle kind of life, between the secular and the
religioiis, but making no vows.
BEH A'LF, i. interest ; side; parly. To sp.eak on a jier-
son's heliiilf.
To BEH.VTE, v. a. to demean, act, or conduct one'a
self
BEHA'VIOUR, s. a manner of behaving one's self; ele-
gance of manners ; conduct; demeanor; course of life. To
be upon one's belinniviir, a familiar phrase, imply uig such a state
as requires great caution.
To BEHEAD, r. a. to cut off a person's Jiead. In Europe,
this is the punishment of the great and nobly born. In China,
it is the punishmeut of the lowest sort of peojile, while their
superiors are banged on account of their quality.
BEHEMOTH, s. [Heb.]a monstrous creature mentioned
by Job, which some imagine to be the whale; others the
sea-calf, or ox. Some of tin- fathers thought it to be the
devil, and others the elephant. In the Hebrew language, it
signifies a beast in general, and particularly those larger sorts
that are fit for service.
BE'HEN, s. iu the Materia Medica, the name of two
roofs, the one white, the other red, both acct>unted cordials
anrl restoratives, but neither is recei-. ed into the present
pi act ice.
BEHEST, «. \he and /(«•*, Sax.] the positive commands of
a superior to an inferior.
REHl'ND, prep, [he and hinthm, Sa\.] at a person's back ;
backward,:. ; followiiig ; reinaiuing alter a person's departure,
or death. Ap; l:''d to motion, at a distance (Vom tiiat which
moves or goes before, used with the verb lenre. " It leans
our sense behind." Drijd. Used comparativelv, it implies
great inferioritv, or less worth. Us<(l adverbially, it im-
plies something not yet discovered or perceived by the
mind.
BEHIND HAND, ad. applied to persons who live beyond
their ineoiJje, and iu debt.
To HEMOED, .'. a. |)rel. / beheld; J have beheld, or be-
holden ; [At7i<.'rt/(/rt;(, Sax. I totake a view of a per.sou ; to have
a person in sight, including the idea of allen)i(.n, or looking
on him for some time. Synon. We see whatever strikes
the sight; We InoU-M an object when wi' de^ignedlv cast our
eye upon it ; We bthold \\, when we look with attention ;
vi>M', w hen we survev it.
BEMO I.I), iiii iriterie<-tiou with the same force willi In.
BI-HOEDEN, pari, indebted to; lying under an obliga-
tion to a pr'rson.
BEIIO'LDER, a. one who cast his eves upon an ol jid.
Hi
BEHO'LDING, «. obligation. This word is seldom ustd
by elegant wtiteis.
BElH)0 F, *. [behifts. Sax.] an obligation whicli a person
lies inuler ; also the profit, benefit, or advantage, whicli
may acrue frum luiy thing.
To BEHOO'\ E, I', n. [behofan. Sax.] to be incumbent
on a person as a duty ; or to be fit and suitable in point of
convenience.
BEING, the participle of tlie verb To be.
BEING,*, an abstract terra, signifying the existence of a
thing: thus we say, the Supreme Being; a finite Being, tVc.
BEING, euvj. since.
BEl'RA, a provniceof Portugal, bounded on ihe W. by
the .Atlantic ; on the N. bv Tra loa Moitcs, and Eulre Douro
eMinho; on the E. by Lcoii, and Sfssnish EsUeuiadura ;
and on the S. by Portuguese Estrf uiadura and Alewtejo. It
is divided into 6 jurisdictions, caiud Coiiiarcas. 'lliisijro-
vince is nearly square, being about 9u nides in extCKt each
way ; it i.s well watered, and feitde, at lea^t in -orM and
fruits ; but the people are indolent, and much given to
begging.
To RELA'BOL R, v. a. to beat a person severely. A low
and vulgar expression.
To BEL ACE, v. a. in navigation, to mend a rope, by lay-
ing one end cner another.
BELATED, a. benighted ; used to exi-ircss something
which ou^ht to have been done, but wasomillcd at a period
past.
To BELAY, V. n. to lie in ambush ; or to lie in wait for.
To BEL.A'Y, V. a. [belei/ge-i, Belg.] in navigation, to
fasli n.
To BELCH, e. a. [bealcan. Sax.] to break wind uinvards.
BELCH, .f. ihe act (.fl)ieakin^ wind uiiwaids.
BE'LD.\.M, s. [belle dame, Fr.Ja name given in derision to
an old womsn.
To BELEAGUER, v. n. [beleggerin, Belg.] to block up, or
be je,'e a place.
BEi,E'AGUERER, *. one that besiegesa place.
UE'LEMNITES, i. [from l:ele.mn<m, an arrow, Gr.J usually
called a thunder-bolt, arrow head, or fingcrstoiie. Their
forms are various as well as their sizes, from a quarter of an
inch, to eight inches in leitgtti ; of ditfeicnt colours, and
have a peculiar smell when scraped. '1 hey are found ;u all
sorts of strata, in beds of chalk, clay, gravel, stones, and
often in loose flints.
BFILFAST, a large town and seaport, of increasing iiii
portance, in thecounty of \ntiiiii, in Uliter, seated on Car-
rickfergus Bay, at the mouth of Lagan r'\iM, with a stalely
bridge over if, of Ql arches, wliii h, inchi<l.ng tliedead w.irk
at each end, is'2.5()'2 feet long. A iiavigable canal, connect
ing the harbour with Lou:;h Neagh, was (omplcted iu I79.^.
In 1791, this town conlained :^107 bouses, and about lfi,:?20
so^iU. Here are eousideiahle uuiniifactiMTS of r-otlon, iam-
bi ic, sailcloth, and linen, with others of glass, sugar, earthen
ware, H large expoit <d provisions, Ac. It is 9 mdes S. W.of
Carrkkfcvgus, and 20 from Dublin.
BE'LF(JRI), a small, neat town in Norlhumbeilaixl, si-
tuated (111 the ridge ofa hill,'2miles from the l.rar, 14 N.of
.AliM^'ck, and .•)19froin Loiid<m. Maiket on Tuesday.
liE'I.FRV, *. [peiliaps from bf(frni, Fr.] that part of t/ie
steeple wlierein ihe belK are han;;rd, paiticularly that tim-
ber >"orkto which they are f.isleiied.
BELGRXDE, a large, and formerly a strong city, of
Turkey iu Europe, Ihe lesidence ef a sauL'iac, and chief
plate of Servia. It is seated on a low hill, whu h readu s to
Ihe D .luibe, a lillle above its confiuence witli the Save. It
is still a place of <ons (ierahle trade, being resorted to by
meicliant> i-f diHerent nations; but its fine fortifications,
which icndeifd '.\ so impoitani, were demolished, agree-
able to trealv, in 17:W. It >* (id niih's S. W . of Tenuswear,
ii\S *;. F. ofVienna, and Kill N. W.o' Cor.^lalllinolll(•.
BELI'AL,^*. [tteni the Hebiew] ihe <levil. .1 snu cj
BiU'il, is :i wicked man, whowill endure no eon^liyiiit.
BEL! r.l", *. credit, persuasion, opinion ; faith, or firm
iiEL
1> v. M
assurance of llio tniilis of religion ; the creed, or form, ton
lainin^ llic ;irtic.('s of failli.
To IJILLIEVK, v.a.[gtiif(in. Sax.] fo assent to the tnitii of
■A nroiiositinii foiiudfil on niohalile arruinonts ; to put atou-
fiilencc inllieveracily <n !iii1liofan\ one.
IJlU.riiVEK, f- one wlio ^rivcs assent or credit to a tliinff ;
one who assents to the Inilh of Christianity, upon tlie pio-
hahk" arguments |)ro<lueed In its favour.
Pif'.U'Kli, rtf/, iiirhaps; i)r<il)ably.
RELL, s. [!>i:l, Sa\.] a poimlai nnuliine w vessel, ranked
by nnisiciansunion;^ the instnunents of percussion ; made of
a compound metal, of tin and copper, or pewter and copper,
in the proportion of 20lb. of pewter »x '2?i\\i. of tin, to Kid wt.
of copper; han:;<(l in sleeph's of churches, and in houses.,
Its sound arises from a vil)ratory motion of itsi parts, like
that of a musical chord. Those of the Egyptians are made
of wood. The Tu'ks have a vervLneat aversion to hells,
and prohihit Cliristians the use of them in Conslanliiioplr,
pri'tiiiiiii!^; that the sound of them would he trouldrsoiiU'
to the soids of the di'parlcd. Jid/s wvr said to have been
first intR'dueed into chniciies \)\ St. I'aulinns, bishop of
Nola, in Campania, about the year 400. Tujiear the bell, is
to surpass others, or be tile iirst in merit.
'! o (iFd.L, 1'. n. in botain, to ;,now in the shape rf liells.
RELL-AXIMAL, J. a very small aHimal, found iulhe loots
of common duck-weed. Tlwy are usiially fnuiid in yieat
nnmbers together, in a sort of buucliis, and all of the same
buiu h havi' ;l;\a\s the samn motion, \<iT IVeijuently con-
tra<'tlni; themselves, and .d'terwards expanding all together to
the full length id'lheir tails.
l^lil^LE, .«. [the feminine of heaii, Fr. pron. /W/J a person
wlio dresses with elegaiue, behaves with gentility, and has
all the iiohte aeconiplishments that can adorn a ladv.
15ELLES LEITRES, «. those branches of education that
polish and adt>rn the mind. Languages, classical learning
both (ircek and Latin, geogiaidiy, rhetoric, chronology,
and history, may be accounted the chief parts of learning
contained under this term.
liELLEASHIONED, «. that resembles a bell in its
shape.
BE LLFLOWER, s. a genus of plants, so called from the
shape of their blossfMus. The s|)eeies are ve^^ numerous.
RELLFOUXnER, s. a person who easts bells.
BELLIGERENT, part, [from bell„m and g«o, Lat.] that
is at war ; that is engaged in war.
BELLI'GEROUS, a. [he/liger, Lat.] engaged in, or waging
war.
BELLIN'G.^Mif. [a corruption of bellowiitg, orbellan,Sax/\
applied to the noise made by a doe at rutting time.
BE'LLINCtIIAM, a town in Northumberland ; tlie mar-
kets are on Tuesday and i^aturday. Distance 300 miles from
London.
BELLMAN, s. a superior kind of watchman, with a
bell, which he rings at certain places in his parish, before he
re))eats some verses on the eve of a festival. In t ountry
towns, applied to the crier, who bears a bell which he rings
to give notice to the Beighboinhood before he makes his
proclamation.
BE'LLMETAL, s. the metal of which bells are made,
Being a composition of tin and copper.
BE'LLON, or BE'LLAND, in medicine, a distemper very
common in Derbyshire, and other countries where they
melt lead ore. It is attended w itii an intollerable pain in the
bowels.
BELLO'NA, in mythology, the sister of Mars, and god-
dess of war. When war was proclaimed, the herald seta
spear upon a pillar before her temple; the priestesses in
their devotions to her, used to cut themselves with knives to
render her P'Opitious.
To RE'LLOW, i: n. [heUnn, Sax.] to make a very loud
»oise ; applied to that of a bull, the sea in a storm, or the
•ntcries of human creatures.
BE'LLOWS, c. [hilia:. Sax.] an instrument into wliieli air
16 tilternately drawn and expelled, rushing in at some aiicr-
tines in its bottom callid Redeis, and rushing oulof a met..!
tube called its muzzle.
BE'LU'lNi:, «. [l,(llHi,ui.s, Lat.] beastly ; brutal.
BELLY, 4. [Ws-, Relg.J that |iait of the body which
reaches from the breast to the thighs, and contains the e^i
trails both in men and beasts; used iiguratively, for gluttonv,
or luxury in eating.
To BELLY, 1'. «. to swell; to proluberate, applied to the
thing w hicli grows larger in one part than it is in another.
BE'LLYACHF., (bcl/i/-alie) s. a nain in the belly, ariiiii^j
from wind, or other flatulences ; the colic.
BELLY BOUND, «. atfected with costiveness.
BE'LLYFUL, «. a sufticiency of food, or what takes away
the sensation of hunger, and satisfies the appetite.
BE'LLYGOD, s. a glutton ; oue who makes a god of liis
belly.
BE'LLYPIiS'CHED, a. denied, or in v/ant of sufiiciciit
food ; hungry.
BE'LLYUOLL,*. inhtisbandry, a roller, or cylinder, made
use of to roll the ground after it is plowed.
BELLYTl.MBER, s. food, or that which sufKces hunger,
and biip/ports the human fain it, in the same manner as props
or timber do a buildi:ig. A low word.
BE'LLYWORM, *. a worm which feeds in the belly or
entrails.
BE'LOJ\L\NCV, s. [from be!os, an arrow, and nuiHteiu,
divination, {ir.] divinalioii by arrows.
To BELONG, V. II. [beldiio-en, Belg.] to be the property of
a person; to be the piovince or business of, to have relation
t.>, applied to the heads of a dis<!ouise; to be dependent on
as a subject, or floiiie.stic ; tt> be appropriated to; to have
for its peculiar object.
BELO'VF-I), jniit. [from btlafe, which is hardly ever used,
though nothing can be more frequent than the use of the
participle ; thus we say, you are beloved by me, but never I
belove you] caressed with the greatest warmth of kind afl'et-
tion, as an object worthy to be beloved.
RELO'VV, prej). [from be and lo or loh, Belg.] applied to
a place, not so nigh as another object. Applied to dignity
or excellence, inferior to. Applied to chaiacters, or rank,
unbecoming, on accoiuit of its meanness; unfit, or degrad-
ing, on account of its baseness or viciousness. Used adver-
bially, in a low situation or nearer to the earth.
BELSWA'GGER, s. one who makes a noise, and puts on
an air of importance.
BELT, s.'lbflt, Sax.] a girdle fastened round a person's
middle. Wlien a sword is hung to it, it is called a sunrd
belt. In astronomy, those parallel bands or girdles sui-
rounding the body of the planet Jupiter. In geography,
certain straits, tailed the Great and Lesser Belt, oetween the
German ocean and the Baltic. The belts belong to the kin^
of Denmark, who exacts toll from all ships passing through
them, except those of Sweden. TXk ^eater belt, is a strait
between the islands of Zealand and Funen, forming; a com-
inunicaiion bi Iween the Cattagat and Baltic. The lesser
belt, is a narrow sliait between Funcn and Jutland. It is
also oue of the passages between Uie German ocean and the
Baltic.
BELUCj.\, s. in natural history, a sea animal of the dol
phin tribe.
BE'LWETHER, s. a sheep which keeps the rest of the
flock together, and draws theui after him by the ^ound of a
bell hanging to his neck.
To B1:L\ E, or RELl E, y. a. to invent a falsehood ; to
feign; to calumniate; to misrepresent.
To REMIRE, r. a. to daub, or smear with dirt.
REMI'R ED, mrt. covered with dnt. Figuratively, stuck
or sinkiu;; in a dirty or boggy place.
To Bi'lMO'AN, r. (I. [bii nwiican, Sax.] to express sorrow
for any disaster or calamity.
BEMO'ANI^R, .f. one who pities, laments, or is affected
with sorrow, on account of the disasters of anotl/er.
Til r>l/i\iO IL, !■. a. [of be and j)i«i7 ; fiom vwiUfr, Fr.] t»
bedaub ; to fall, to be rolled in, or iiieuuibered willi dirt.
BLN
BEN
To BEMO'NSTER, v. a. to make a'tliing Hideous, liorri-
h\e, iir iiioustrous.
!;K'i\lSTEK, or Beminster. See Beaminstf.r.
1>E.MU'SED, o. given to rliyuiing or poetry. A term of
ridieule.
BENA'RES, a rich, popiilo\is city in Hiiiilostan, siiliicct
to the Rritisli.and celebrated as the ancient city of Branimi-
cal learning. It is 425 miles SE. of Delhi and 335 N\V. of
Calcutta. Lat. 25. 2i). N. Ion. 83. Ki. E.
BENCH, s. [bene, .Sax. banc, 1"].] a seat made of a long
board, distinjiuislied from a sImiI by its len^lh. Use<l for
the prison or liberties of the King's Bench, which see. The
scat whereon judges sit. Figuratively, the persons sitting
ID the trial of causes. Free-bemli signifies that estate in
copyhold lands, whicli the wife, being espoused a virgin,
has, at'hr the decease of her husband, for her dower, ac-
ct>r<ling to the custom of the manor. It is the custom of
the manors of East and West Emburn, Chadleworlh in ihe
tounty of Berks, Tor in Devonshire, and other places of the
west, that, if a custou)ary tenant die, the widow shall have
her Free-limch in all his copyhold land, ilum sola et emla
ftmit ; but if she commit incon 'in ency, she forfeits her es-
tate; yet, if she will come into the court, riding backwanU
on a black ram, with his tail in her hand, and say the words
follouing, the steward is bound, by the custom, to re-admit
bet to her Free-hench.
Here I am,.
Hiding npmi a black mm.
Like a uhore as I am ,
Ami fur mi/ Crinc(uu Crancum,
Have lusl my Bincum Bancum ;
And, Jar my 'Jail's e;ame.
Have dune this worfilli/ shame :
Therefme, 1 pray you, Ulr. Steward,
Let me have my land again.
To BENCH, 1'. a. to furnish with, erect, or make benches
ui any place ; to place, seat, or prefer a person to a seat or
bench.
BENCHERS, s. in law, the senior barristers of an inn of
court, intrusted with the government and direction of it,
out of which is annually chosen a steward.
BENCOO'LEN, a fort and town of Asia, on the S. W.
roast of Ihe island of Sumatra, belonging to the English.
The chief trade is in pepper, of which there is a large
quantity. Lat. 3" 49' i)' S. Ion. from Greenwich 102" 2'
2.5" E.
To BEND, r. «. [pret. and |part. bended or bent ; bendun,
Sax.] applied to shooting with a bow, to stretch ; to force
from a straight line to a curve, or crooked one ; the point or
object to which a motion is directed. Figuratively, to ap-
ply the mind to the consideration of any object ; to be dis-
posed to ; to make submissive. To bend the brow, to knit
the brow. Neuterly, to hang or jut over; to be strongly in-
clined to, or resolved on ; to bow the body, or Ihe knee, in
token of submission or respect.
BEND, s. Ihe part of a line, Ac. which is not straight,
and forms an angle. In heraldry, bvnd is one of Ihe nnie
iionourable ordinaries, containing a third part of Ihe field
when charged, and a liflh when plain.' It is sometimes,
like oilier ordinaries, indented, ingrained, iVc. and is either
dexter or sinister. Jimd Dexter is formed by two lines
drawn from the uijpcr part of the shield, on the right, to Ihe
lower part of the led, (Jiagoually. It is supposed to repre-
sent a sboulder-brll, or a scarf. Bend Sinister, is that which
comes from the left sideol llie shield to the right. In liend,
is when any things borne in anus, are placed oblitniely
from the'ui>^ei corner to Ihe opposite lower, as the bend
lies
BENDaHLE, a. that may be forced from a straight to a
crrxikrd line ; that mav be bent.
BE'NDER, s. one who bends any thing ; an instrument
bv which any thing may be forced from a straight to a
crooked hue.
liL'NDLETS, *. [bandelet, Fr.] in heraldry, marks or
Wi
distinctions Jii a shield, of ihe same length, and but hall tlie
breadtii ofa bend.
BEND^, f. in a ship, are ll;e wales, or the oiilmost lim-
bers of a ship's side, on which men set llieir feet in
climbing up.
BE'NI)V,i. in heraldry, is the field <livided into foii',
six, or more parts, diagoiiallx, and varying in nielal and
colour.
BF.NE'APED, «. [be and jiw/p, from neafte. Sax.] a .sea-
term, implying tlial a ship has not (le|)lh of walcrinough to
set her atioal, bring her over a bar, or out of a dock.
BENE'A 111, jnip. [baie"th. Sax. bcncdin, Kolg.] applied
to situation, not so high as, or under, soiuelhing else. In
botany, applied to a blossom when it includes the seed bud,
and is attached to the part immediately below it ; as iii the
sage, borrage, convolvulus, p<ilydnllins,t'v.c. applied also to
the seedbud when the blossom is a'>ove it, and therefore not
connected Iherewilh, as in the honeyiiickle, curraist, haw-
thorn, Ac. Joined with sink, it implies the pressure of
sonit thing heavy on a (erson. Applied to rank or dignity,
inferior to. Applied to actions, not beeomms, luiw ntliy
of a person. Adverbially, in a lower place , below, as
opposed to heaven.
lUiNEDICTlNES, s. an onler of monks, who profess to
follow Ihe rules of St. Benedict. They wear a loose black
gown, vNith large wide sleeves, and a capiiche or cowl on
their heads, ending in a point behind. In the canon law,
they are sl\l(d Black friars, from Ihe colour of their habit.
The rules of St. Benedict, as observed by the Kn;;lisli monks
before the dissolution of the monasteries, were these : T'ley
were obliged to pel form their devilions seven times in 24
hours ; the whole circle of which devotions had a respect to
the passion and death of Christ; they wpre obliged alv\a.\ s
to go two and two together; every day in Lent thev were
obhged to last Irll six in the evening, and a' ated of their
usual lime of sleeping and eating ; but were not allowed to
practise any voluntary austerity without leave of their supe-
rior ; they never conversed in their refectory at meals, but
were obliged to attend to the reading of the scriptures.
They all slept in the same doriuilory, but not two in a bed ;
they lay in their clothes; for small faults tlicy were shut
from meals ; for greater, they were debarred of religious
commerce, and excluded from the chapel; and as to incor-
rigible ofl'enders, they were excluded from the monasteries.
Every monk had two coals, two cowls, a knife, a needle,
and a handkerchief ; niid the furnituie of their bed was a
mat, a blanket, a rug, and a pillow.
BENEDICTION, or BLK'SSlNa, s. [benvdictio, Lai.]
among the Hebrews, signilies the present usually sent from
one friend to another ; as also the Messing cwnt'eried by llie
patriarchs, on their (bath-beds, on their chihiren. It was
also one of those early instancts of h inourand respect paid
to bishops in the primitive church. The custom of bowing
Ihe head to them, and receiving their blessings, became
universal. In the western churches there was anciently a
kind of Henedicliun which foUowed the Lord's prayer; and
after the communion, tlie people were dismissed with a
Benediction.
BENEFA'CTION, s. [benefactio, Lat.] a good and bene-
volent action; generally applied to charitable gifts for Ihe
relief of persons in distress.
BENEFACTOR, s. a man who confers a benefit or does
an act of kindness to a |)er$on in want.
BENEFA'C'FRESS, s. a woman or female, who con-
tributes to Ihe relief of the iiidijciit by some charitable
gift.
RE'NEFICE, i. [ifiiyfcii/in, Lat.] a word borrowed from
the Romans, who used to dislribiile the lands coiupiered on
Ihe frontiers to their soldiers ; lliey were (ailed hmejicinrii^
and the lands tliemselves brmjieia, which were at (ilst given
for life «uily, but afterwards were made hereditary. Hence
benefice, in ibe church, si^'iiilies either a church endowed
witli a reward or salary for the peil'orinauce of divine ser-
vice, or the salary itself given on that account. AH cliurcb
BEN
RKR
prefennents, except l>isIioiiri(s, are tiillcd Tieuificet ; nun -.ill
Sfnefices are slyleit l»y tlu; taiuiiiists SDnicliiiics Jhsrnilirs ;
but MOW Dignitij is usunlly applipfi lii bishoprics, deaiierirs,
archdeaconries", and preliendaries ; and Jienefiic ti> parson-
ages, vicarages, rectories, and donatives. A hcnrfite in
tammmdam, is that which is given to a person on a vacancy
for a certain time, or till it is provided for.
BR'NEFIOED, a. possessed of a chnrcii hving.
BENEFICENCE, s. \be,ieficentia, Lat.j a disinterested
inclination to do a good action, or to promote another's
veltare.
BENEFICENT, ;«i»7.[6crtf/r>»j, Lat.] performing acts of
kindness and assistance without any views of interest.
BENEFICIAL, «. [from beneficium, Lat.] that assists,
relieves, or is of service to.
BENEFICIALLV, ad. in such a manner as to relieve,
assist, or he of service to a person.
BENEFI'CIARY, a. that holds any dignity as dependent
on, and tributary to, another. Used substantively, it im-
plies one who is in possession of a church living or bene-
tice.
BETSIEFIT, s. [henffcitim, Lat.l that which turns to the
profit of another ; an act of kiiuipess or love done, to help
or assist another. Among players, llie whole takingsof the
theatre, which are applied to their own use. Inlaw, benefit
of derail, was an ancient liberty of the church; whereby
any priest might on his petition, even in ease of nnirder be
delivered to his ordinary, in order to purge himself. It is
at present confined to signify a person's being burned in
tlie hand, whipped, or transported, instead of suffering ca-
pitally for the otience.
To BE'NEFIT, v. a. to do something to or for another,
whereby he may receive advantage or improvement ; to
promote, increase, or render better. Used neuterly, to im-
prove. Applied to the mind, to reap advantage from.
BENEVETs'TO, anciently Benf.vf.nti;m, a large and
rich city of Najiles, capital of the Principatro Ultra. It was
formerly subject to the pope, but has since been created a
principality by Napolean. It is seated on a fertile valley,
near the confluence of the Saboro and Caloro, 30 miles NE.
of Naples.
BENEVOLENCE, s. [henevolentia, Lat.] a disposition to
do good; kindness; the good done; the charity given.
According to the ancient statutes of lliis realm, it imports a
voluntary gratuity given by the subjects to the king. Sy-
NON. Of the two words beneficence and bcmi-nloice, one is
the intention, the other the act; benevolence being the de-
sire of doing good ; beneficence, actual goodness.
BENr;VO'LENT, purt. [benemlens, Lat.] inclined to do
good from an affectionate regard to a person.
BENGAL, a country of India, in the E. part of Hin-
doostan, extending from E. to W. upwards of -lOll miles,
and from N. to S. above 300. It is bimnded on llie W. by
Orissa and Bahar; on the N. by Napaul and Bootaii ; on
the E. by Assam and Meckley ; and on the S. by the Bay of
Bengal. The country consists of one vast plain, which, in
common with other parts of Hindoostan, annually renders
two, and in some parts even three croi^s. Its principal
products are sugar, silk, cotton, fruit, pepper, opium, rice,
saltpetre, lac, and civet. It is annually overflowed bv the
Ganges, as Egypt isbv the Nile. Bengal has been subject
to the English feast India company since the year 176.3.
Calcutta is the capital.
BENGA'L, s. [from Bengal m the East Indies] a sort of
thin light stuff, made of silk and hair, for women's ap-
parel.
BKNGUF.'LA, a kingdom on the W. coast of Africa,
oounded on the \Y. by the (jcenn ; on the N. l)v Angola ; on
the F,-. and Slv by parts unknown ; and on the S. by Ma-
laman, or Matapan. The men wear skins about their waists ;
the women a kind of cloth made of the bark of a tree. .\t
Benguela, the capital on the bay or river Benguela, the Por-
tuguese have a settlement ; their houses are shaded witii
orange, lemon, banana, and otlier trees. The productions
aremanior, palms, dates, vines, cassia, and tamarinds; and
frrun Ihe huiniditv of lln' soil, they have l«<> fruit seasous H»
the year. L;il from lU to LO. S. Ion. fioni I'i to 20. E.
To BENI'dllT, »). «. to be overtaken by darkness iu a
journey; to be without light; to wander in the dark.
Applied literally to the eyes, and figuratively to the
mind.
BENT'GN, (lienin) a. ibenignut, Lat.] having a disposi-
tion that inclines a person to do a good action to ano-
ther ; kind, generous, or liberal. In medicine, wholf.
some, gentle.
BF.NI'CiNlTY, (the e is retained in the pronunciation ot
this word, though dropped in the former) s. [binigmle, Fr.
/)fMio-«iVn«, Lat.] a disposition of mind inclining one person
to be kind to another.
BKNTfiNLY, (ieni7i/y) arf. in sucli a manner as to shew
kindness and condescension.
BENI'GNN KSS, [{betiimiess) t. that which inclines a per-
son, or fits a thing, to do good to another.
BF/NIN, a kingdom of Africa, extending from 1. 0. .S.
lat. to 9. O.N. lat. and bounded on the W. by Dahomy and
the ocean ; on the N. by Dahoniy and Biafara ; on the K.
by parts unknown ; and on the S. by Lfiaiigo. The coun-
try exhibits many beautiful landscapes ; but the air in some
places is pestilential, on account of the gross vapours ex-
haled from the marshes by the heat of the sun. The natives
are skilful in making various sorts of dyes, and in manufac-
turing cottons, or calicoes, which 1 hey wear, and also ex-
port. The king is absolute, and has a great nundier of
petty princes under him; and polygamy is allowed among
them. Benin, the capital, seated on the river Benin or For-
mosa, is a spacious city ; tlie houses are large and handsome,
with clay walls, and covered with reed, straw, or leaves ;
the shops are stocked with European merchandise, as well
as with the commodities of the country ; and the streets are
kept clean by the women. Lat. 7. .50. N. Ion. 6. 4. E.
BETJISON, ». [from benir, I'r.] a blessing, applied to
the benediction ot a parent.
BE'NNET, s. an herb ; the same with avens.
BE'NNEVIS, a mountain of Inverness, rising 4300 feet
above the level of the sea. Its summit affords one of the
most extensive an4l beautiful prospects in Scotland.
BENT, s. that which forms an angle, or crookedness in
opposition to siraig/itness ; tile declivity or slope of a hill.
Lllmost power; application of the ininH ; disposition or in-
clination towards something; determination; fixed pur-
Iiose ; turnof tlie temiier or disposition,; tendency; flexion.
In botany, a kind of grass.
To BENUMB, v. «. [beiiiiHifn, Sax.] to take away or de-
stroy the sense of feeling, applied to the effect of cold upon
the extreme parts of the body ; or the approach of death,
and stupefying violence of any disorder.
BENZO'ATES, in chemistry, salts formed by the com-
bination of any base with the bazoic acid.
BENZOIC, in chemistry, belonging to benzoin.
PjENZO'IN, (vulgarly called Betijrini)n)s. a dry and solid
resiu, brought from the East Indies. It should be chosen
fresh, is of a quick pungent smell, easily broken, and full of
the white almond-like granules. It is a powerful expecto-
rant, and is given with success in disorders of the lungs and
inveterate couglis. The leaves of the tree, from which it is
procured by incision, resemble those of the leinon-tree.
To BEPA'INT, r. «. to cover with artificial colours. Fi-
guiativclv, to change the colour of the complexion.
To BEQUEATH, v. a. to Uave a person any thing by
will.
BEQUE'ATHMENT, f. the leaving sometliing, or the
tiling lift bv will. S( Mr m used.
Br.OL'E'ST, s. soiiiilhing left bv will ; a legacy.
To BERA'TTLE, r. «. to make a noise at, mcluding the
id-a of contemi^t ; losiolil.
To BEPv.EA^ E, r. 11. [llict. bereaved, or let eft ; hereefian,
Sa\.l to take a«ay by force iiiclmiing a want (.f pity ; t»
spoif ; to roii ; to strip a person of iiia propeitv.
BER
I5ES
BERE'A'V'EMENT, s. tlie act of takin- away, or leaviiis a
person destitute otany tiling.
BERE-REGLS, a town of Dorsetshire, with a market on
V. ediiesday. It Is a small plate, 12 miles N. E. of Dor-
chester, and 113 S. \V. of London.
BERGAMO, s. [Fr.] a coarse tapestry, manufactured
Wilh several sorts of spun thread, or of flocks of «oul, si'.k,
or cotton, ox, cow, or goat's hair.
DERGAMOT, *. [bo-gamotte, Fr.] in gardening, a fine
juicy pear, of a globular form, and a coat of an olive colour,
mixed with brown. An essence or perfume, drawn from
the fruit of a lemon-tree, ingrafted with the stock of a bcr-
ganiot pear-tree. Likewise a kind of snuft', of a large grain,
said to be only pure tobacco, with some of this essence
rubbed into it.
BERGEN, a handsome and ancient sea-port of Norway,
capitalof tliepro\ ince of I iergenhus, containing about 20,000
inhabitants. T!ie harbour is excpli!»i;t, and well fortified.
Their exports are skins, timber, tallow, fisii, c<"c. ; but llieir
wheat is brought from other places. It is 200 miles N. W.
of Gottenburg, and .''50 N. by W. of Copenhagen. Lat. "iO.
1). N. Ion. o. 5. 4.-3. E.
BEl!'GEN-OP-ZOO>L a very strong town of Dutch Bra-
bant, 1.5 miles N. of .Antwerp, and 2*2 S. W. of Breda.
BERG-GRUEN, s. the name of an earth used in painting,
and sometimes called green-ochre.
To BEHHY'iME, v. a. to make a person or thing the sub-
ject of a poem; used bv way of contempt.
BERKELEY. .SeeBARKi.EY.
BERKH A'MSTEAD, a town of Hertfordshire, with a mar-
ket on Saturday, chieHy for malt. It had formerly a strong
castle built bv the Normans, and has now a good free-school,
founfled bv John Incent, dean of St. Paul's. It is 11 miles
W. of Sf Alban's, and 26 N. W. of London.
BE'RKSHIRE, an English county, ,17 miles in length, and
25 in breadth : bounded on the N. by Oxfordshire, and
Buckinghamshire ; on the W. by Wiltshire ; on the S. by
Hampshire and Surry ; and on the E. bv Middlesex and
part of J5uckingham$liire. It contains 20 hundreds, 12 mar-
ket towns, 140 parishes, and about 11.5,000 inhabitants. The
principal town is Reading. In general, it is a fruitful coun-
try, and particularly in the vale of White-horse ; it has the
title of an earldom. Its principal commodity is broad or
woollen cloth ; and its chief rivers are the Isis, which is af-
terwards called the Thames, and the Kennet.
BERLIN, a large, strong, and handsome city of Germany,
and capital of the electorate of Brandenburg, where the
king of Prussia resides. The palace is magnificent, and
there is a fine library, a rich cabinet of curiositiesand medals,
an academy of sciences, and an observatorv', besides a superb
irsenal. Its trade & buildiivgs have lately been much im-
proved, and there is a canal cut from the river Spree to (he
Oder on the E. andanotlur from thence to the Kibe on the
W. It has a commuiiicafio!) by wiiterlx lli with the Baltic
Sea and (ierman Ocean ; seated on the river Spree, 300
miles N. by \\ . of Vicniya. Lon. 13. 2f. K. lat. 52. 314 N.
Berlin is wyipUoil (oa carriage of the chariot kind, very con-
venient for travelling, being both lighter and less apt to be
oveitmned than a chariot.
BEUME, s. [Fr.J in fortification, a space of ground three,
four, or five feet wide, left without, between the foot of the
rampart and the side of the iiinat, to prevent the earth from
falling down into the moat ; sometimes palisadoed.
BERMUDA ISLANDS, a cliist.r of very fine islands,
nearly in the form of a sli(>|)herd's crook, and surrounded
witli rocks, which render them almost iii:u<e-.sible to stran-
gers. They lie in the Atlantic Ocean, about 500 miles !'"-. of
Carolina. They are inhabited by the I'"nglisli, eMJov a pure
and Temperate air, and lun-' plenty of flesh, fish, and garden
slufT. The common emphx, iiieiit of the iiihidiilants is in
buil'llng sloops, and the making women'r nais well known
III l''.iigland by the name of Bermudas bats. Lon. of Ber-
mudas Isle is iri3. 23. W. and its lat. .32. 32. N
BERN, the capital 'iwii of the canton of Bern in'Swil-
zerland. Here is a le'ibrated school, and a rich library,
and 12 companies of i:ade.'<i;rdn, in one of which everv in-
habitant is obliged to be enrolled before he can enjov any
ofiice. It is a strong place, and is seated in a peninsula
formed bv the river Aar, almost in the middle of the canton.
Lon. 7. 40. K. lat. 40. 0. N.
To BKROB, V. It, to steal ; to take away the property of
a person. .Seldom used.
BK'RRY, s. [hiri^, Sax.] a small fruit containing one or
more seeds in a soft pulp, covered with a skin.
To BERRY, !■. H. to produce berries. In the North, it
signifies to strike, [from he); Li.j to beat or thresh.
BI'^TIVY, a s<a-p!)rt and parliament town of Scotland, in
the countv of Merns, 22 miles S. W. of .\berdeen.
BE'RWIC'K, a town on the borders of S'.ngland and Seot-
land, properly belonging to neither, w ith a market on Sa-
turday. It is a town and county of itself, and is a place of
great strength, as well l^y ;iit as nature, being defended with
walls, a castle, and other fortifications. It is large, popu-
lous, and well built, and has a good trade in corn and sal-
mon. It is seated ou tl'.e river Tweed, over which there is
a very handsome laidge of lf> arches; sends two members
to i)arii;uiient, and has the title of a duchy. It is 340 u>iles
distant fiom London.
lilVRWICK, a shire in Scotland, bounded by the ri.ver
Tweed, on the S. ; by Lotliian on the N. ; by the (ierman
Ocean on the V,. ; anil by Tiviotriale on the W'. It abounds
with corn and grass, and lias in it several seals of persons
of qiialit\'. Tlie principal fivers are the Tweed, the White-
adder, Blackadder, Eve, and Ediiel. The principal place is
the town aiKl castle of Dunse, the best place for trade in the
county. It sends two members to parliament, one for the
burgh of Lander, iVc.
BE'RWICK NORTH, a town of Scotland, in the county
of Lothian, seated on the Frith of Forth, Near this place
general Cope was defeated bv the rebels in 1745, ami made
his escape to Berwick upon Tweed. It is 30 miles N. W.of
Berwick upon Tweed, and 20 W. N. W. of Edinburgh.
BE'RYL, s. [heryllus, Lat.] a precious stone of a bluish
green, found in the East Indies, and about the gold mines
of Peru.
BESA'NCON, a city in the depart, of Doiibs, containing
8 parishes, and about 20,000 inhabitants. It was formerly
the capital of Franche-Comte, and is situati'd on a peninsula
formed bv the river Doilbs 52 miles nearly E. of Dijon, and
20hS. E. of Paris.
BES.A'NT, or BEZATs'T, s. a com of pure gold, of an
uncertain value, struck at Byzantium, in the time of the
Christian emperors ; hence the gold oft'ered by the king at
the altar is called besant. In heraldry, brsaiits are rejiresen-
tations of round flat pieces of money or bullion, introduced
into coat armour bv those who were at the holy war.
To BESCREE'N, v. a. to conceal or hide anv thing. Sel-
dom used.
To BESEECH, v. a. prefer. / brsim^lit ; I hnve besought ;
[from xrcnii. Sax.] to entreat with great earnestness; to ask
as a faMiur, in an humble and sup)iliant manner.
To BESEEM, r. n. [brzicmen, Belg.] to suit, applied to a
means; to become, or be worthy of, applied to character or
dignitv.
To BESET, V. a. prefer. / beset ; I have beset ; [bes'fl,.'ii,
.Sax.] to surround, so as not to be able to escape without
difficulty, alluding to an enemy's surrounding a body of men,
or some fortified place. To endanger, to encompass, used
with the particle iril/i.
To BESIIREW. e. a. [besehriien, Teut.] to wish any thing
nnli;n>))v m misevable to a person.
BESIDE, or RESIDES, /.ny*. [be aw\si<le. Sax.] by tlm
side, or iii ar; api'lied to situation. " To sit down heriH.:
him." lineiiii. " Jlrsirfr him bung his bow." I'm: Lost. In
the enumeration or detail of ivnticulars, something nioiv,
over, and above. " In ninn there is a nature f uuid Inside
the senses." Dnvies. " Gnat numbers hesirlc those whose
names arc in the CInistiuii rccoids." AdJii. Incon&istfiit
BES
BET
with ; not rplatiriR to ; not discoverable by. " A metlioH
beside, and above tiie discoveries of Tiiaii's reason." Suut't.
" It is bftide nn present Imsiness." Lticlte. I5efore a reci-
procal pronoun, as /itmsrlf, <\ r. it implies the loss of reason,
or n)adness. " Thou art /;i"i<rf(? thyself." Ails. Used adver-
bially, it implies an additional circmnslance, or sonielliinf;
more than what has been mentioned. " Brsidrs, \ou l.now
not." Ori/d. The rest ; or that which has not been already
spoken of, or mentioned. " Hast thou here any besides?"
Gen. xi\. 13.
To HESIE'GE, r. a. to surround or attack a place with
an arniv, in order to conquer an(i fjet master of it.
BESIF-(iER, s. a person who attempts to take a town by
encamping ajjainst it.
To l.ESLU'BBER, v. a. to daub or smear with any thing
that raises a disat^reeable idea.
To BlvSMEAR, v. a. to cover or daub with any thing
which alters the colour of a thin};, and raises the idea <if
something not cleanly. Figwrativelv, to tarnish, to deprive
of its lustre, applied to character, Ac.
To Br.SMI'HCH, V. a. to soil, blacken, discolour.
To BESMO'KE, v. a. to soil ; to foul, or dry in smoke.
To BESMU'T, V. a. \be and smitnn, Sax.] to smear with any
cially ai
smoke, sool, <Sc.
thing black ; especii
applied to discolour a thing by
BESOM, s. [Iiesm. hesma. Sax.] an instniment consistinjf
of a long handle, to which birch or rushes are fastened,
used l)v housewives to sweep their floors from sand or dust.
To BESO RT, I', a. to suit ; to fit.
BI'",SO RT J. conrpany ; attendance; train.
To BE.SOT, V. a. to stupify with gluttony or drunken-
ness. Used with the particle un, to doat, or be extremely in
love with.
BESO'UGHT, ihesaut) part. pass, of BESEECH.
To BESPANGLE, ». a. to make a thing glitter, by means
of some small shin ing object.
To BESPA'TTER,». n. to wet, by casting small quantities
of water. Figuratively, to soil or tarnish the character of a
person.
To BESPE'AK, t>. a. preter. / bespoke, or / bespake ; I
futtw besptiken; \be and sptehan, Sax.] to give orders for the
making of any tlimg, iu order to prevent others from biy-
ing it ; to engage beforehand. To discover beforehand, or
forebode; to address in discourse ; to speak to ; to declare;
to shew.
BESPIC'AKKR, s. he that gives orders for the making of
anv thing to an artificer or mannfacturer.
To BESPE'CKLE v.a. tomark with spots.
To BESPI'CE, ti. a. to season with spices, generally ap-
plied to liquors. .
To BESPIT, V. a. to wet with spittle ; to spit upon.
BESPO'KE, irregular part. from Bespeak.
To BKSPOT, V. a. to mark with spots.
To BI'.SPRE'A.D, v. a. [he and spradnn, Sa\.] to extend a
thingat full length over another ; to cover with.
To BESPRINKLE, v. a. [ieand springe, Sax.] to spurt, to
throw water upon a thing, so as to make it fall upon it in
■Irops.
To BESPUTTER, v. a. to wet any thing, by forcing spit-
tle iti drops from between the lips.
BEST, a. the superlative degree of gonrf; the compara-
tive better : [bet, beterii, betst, good better best, Sax.] the
highest degree of good. Used with the word rfo, the utmost
exertion of power or ability. Taken adverbially, the highest
degree of goodness.
To BESTAIT*!, v. a. to mark with stains ; to spot.
To BESTEAD, v. a. to profit ; to accommodate.
BE'STIAL, a. [from bestia, Lat.] that has the nature
of a beast. Applied figuratively to one who seems to
liave no regard for reason, delicacy, virtue, shame, or liu-
manitv.
BESTI.A'LITY, s. that quality which is contrary to the
right use of reason ; opposite to every priiiciple of 'luuianitv.
BE'STI ALLY, id. in such a manner as to resemble a beast,
and below llie(llgirt\ of hnnranity.
ToBESTI'CK. 1 . «. preter. / bestvch, or lave hestnck ; to
fix darts, or anv pohited thing or mark upon a subject.
To KESTI'R, t). a. to exert one's power vigorously. Ge-
nerally used with the reciprocal pronouns, Imn, her, Mm-
self, Ac.
To BESTO'VV, (the ow in the I.ist sellable is pronounced
like o long) v. u. [bi-sleden, Belg.] to give a person a thing
which he liad no right to demand. To give in marriage,
used with the preposition upnu, before the receiver. To
apply. To lav out upon. To place.
BE.STO WER, s. he that gives a thing ; he that confers a
favour.
To BESTREW, v. a. part, bestrtnnd, or bestrnuii ; to scat-
ter, or sprinkle over ; to cover with.
To BESTRIDE, v. a. prefer. / Ustrid, or bestrode ; Iliaie
bestridden ; to stand over any thing, so as to iiave it between
our legs, or a leg on each side of it. As this posture is that
of a person on norseback, it is but figuratively for a person
riding.
To BESTU'D, V. a. to adorn with shining dots, marks, or
studs.
BET, s. [from hetan. Sax.] the money deposited by each
of the parties who lay a wager, to be given to him who wins.
To BET, !■. a. to lay a wager.
To BETATCE, ti. a. preter. I betook, part, passive betaken ;
[beteeean. Sax.] to apply ; to have recourse to, with the reci-
procal pronouns him, her, &c. and the jiai tide to. To take
to, fly, or go, applied to motion.
To BETEE'M, v. a. to bestow or give. To produce, al-
luding to the teeming-lime of animals.
To BETHl'NK, t'.". preter, I let h ought ; [ie and thencan,
.Sax.] to recall back something past into the mind ; to recoU
lect one's self; to suspend our tlioughts.
BETHLEHEM, s. [the house of bread, Heb.] the name
of a city in Judea, famous for being the birlh place of our
Lord ami Saviiuu' Jesus Christ. It is now reduced to a
poor vdlage. Applied, according to its etymology, to an
lu)spilal ; and at present appropriated to that where !nna-
t"cs are confined, near Moorgate, London. See Bedlam.
BETHLEIIEMITE, s. a person confined, or tit to be
confined in a mad-house, called a Bedlamite. Also an order
of monks, subsistuig principally in South America, who are
leputcd great politicians.
To BETHRA'L, (hcihraul) v. a. to bind and fetter as a
captive. .Seldom used.
To BETHUiM'P, V. a. to bang, or beat. A ludicrous
worfl.
To BETIDE, V. n. prefer, it betided, jr betid ; [from tid,
Sax.l to happen to a person ; to befall ; used both of good
and bad events.
BETl'ME, or BETIMES, arf. [be aii(\ ti ma, Sax.] in sea-
son ; without delay ; soon ; in a short time. Joined with
morniv£, earlv.
BETLE, BETEL, or BETRE, *. [Ind.] an Indian tree,
whose leaves are of great use throughout the East, for the
purpose of dying the teeth black, and the lips red, and of
sweetenin,' the breath.
BETI.EY, a town of StafTordshire, about 5 miles from
Newcastle, and Naiuptwiih, IR miles N. N. W. of Stafl'ord,
and l.'/i from London. Market on Tuesday.
To liETO'KEN, V. a. to declare, to shew, to discover by
marks or signs.
BETONY, .«. [Iiefniiira, Lat.l a plant willi gaping blossoms,
found in woods am! Iii.itlis. It was foriuerlv much used in
medicine, b>;tisat present discarded. It is often smoked as
tobacco, and the roots provoke vomiting. Paul's betonv is
the same with the smooth speedwell, and the yellow betony
is a sort of stachys.
RETOO'K, irregular part, from BETAKE.
To BETt)SS, V. tt. to be tossed about ; to be agitated,
<ltsturbed, troubled, or tormented.
BEW
To BETRA'Y, v. a. Urahir, Fr.] to deliwr a pwson up
to liis enemies, tliousli Dound to the contrary ; fo disclose
a secret entrusted to one ; to discover some failin<;. To
discover.
BETRA'YER, s. tiie person who treacherously delivers
another into the hands of his enemies ; one who discloses
a secret.
To BETRI'JNI, V. a. to adorn or embellish the person
witli dress ; applied witli great beauty to the flowery crea-
tion.
To BETROTH, V. a. [betrowen, B^^\■^.^ to promise a per-
son in niarriiise.
To BETRU'ST, v. a. to trust or relv on t!ie fidelity of
another, applied both to persons and things.
BETTER, fl. [the comparative defjree o{ goorl, of which
lest is the superlative; betera. Sax.] thai exceeds, is beticr,
or preferable to the thins; it is compared with. Used as a
substantive, a person of rank or authority superior to our-
selves.
BETTER, ad. in a more perfect exact manner ; in a
more advantageous or profitable maimer or way.
To BE'TTER, v. a. to improve; to increase the value of
a thing; to amend by change ; to surpass; to excel; to
strengthen, or add strength to.
BETTEK, s. one who lays wagers.
BETWEE'N, prep, [hetufdvnii, brtiriunv, Sa\.] appliefJ to
situation, it signifies tlie middle, or the having (ine of tlie
two things mentioned on ea<h side of us. Applied to time,
the middle space, or tiiat «hicli is iiichideil "ithin the pe-
riods mentioned. .\pplied to qualities, partaking of each.
Applied to things opposite or contraiy to each other, it im-
plies separation, or the idea of difi'en nee ac((uired bv com-
parison. A reciprocation on both sides, applieh! to friend-
ship. By themselves, privately, exclusive of any others.
SyNON. Betueenis properly used of only <«-o persons ; but
am»«s\ when more are included.
BE'nVi'XT, prep, [brtu-i/x, Sax.] used indifferently for
between ; which see.
BE'VEL, or BE'VIL, s. among joiners, a kind of square,
one or both legs of wliicb are crooked, according to the
sweep of an arch, or vault. Bevil angle is that which is
not square, whether it be obtuse oracufe.
To BE'VEE, or BE'VIL, f. «. to form a bevil angle, in
©pposition to a right one.
BEA'ERAGE, *. [from bn-ne, Ital. | any common drink,
or any thing drinkable ; a treat at putting on, or first wear-
ing a new suit of clothes ; a treat at a person's first coming
to prison, called likewise f>nniisli.
BEVERLEY, a town in the east riding of Yorkshire, with
two markets, on \\edno»day and Saturday. It is a large
well-built town, having two parish churches, besi<les llie
minster, and sends tuo uiendiers to parliaiiient. The
minster is a large structure tiiat was founded b\ king Atht.I-
Stan, but consumed by fire in 1 IKH, and aflerwanls nlmiSt.
it stands near til'' river Hull, 8 miles tiom Hull, DO from
Yo'k, ;'.nd l*i from Loudon.
BE'\'V, .!. [/'(in, Ital.l a flock, or nuud)rr of birds (ollect-
ed tdgi'ther ; an asscmlilv, or company.
To BEWAIL, V. a. [from «<», grief, Sax.] lo grieve for
anv calamity.
To BEW A'RE, ti. a. to act witli so mu<li eautuiu as to
provide against any future obstacle or mistdrtune.
BEW'DLEV, a lonn in Worcestershire, wilii a market
on Satunla\. It is pleasantly situated on t[ie river Siveru,
is neat anduill built, enjoys a goo<l trade for malt, leather,
anil caps; ami lies 14 niiles N. of \Vorcester, and li") N.
W. of London. It sends one member lo parliament.
To BFAVE'T. r. a. to make moist or wet.
To BEWILDER,!', a. to lose in a place or wooil, which
lias no certain path. Figuratively, to puzzli' and iierplex
the mind with d lliculties.
ToJiEWITCH, V a. to injure by, or subject to, the
lower of didbolical charms and incantations. Inusecond-
90
BIB
ary sense, to operate so powerfidly on the mind by perjoual
or mental charms, as to captivate and be irresistible.
BEWITCH ERY, s. a power which persons dealing witli
magic, or with evil spirits, Lave over others. In its se-
condary sense, a charm, either pei-sonai, mental, &c.
To BEWRAY, (in pronunciafioii thett" is dropped) v. a.
[bewresran. Sax.] to discover a thing that is hid, or secret,
either through simplicity or treachery.
BEWRA'YEU, (in proniuiciation the w is dropped) s. a
person who discovers a thing which should be concealed ; a
divulger of secrets.
BEY, s. among the Turks, the governor of a country or
town ; the Tuiks write it Begh, or Bee, a lord or saiigiac.
BEYO'ND, prep, [begeund, Sax.l a word used to signify
excess in any thing. Applied to a place, the farther side of
any thing, or that which is at the gieatest distance from us ;
farther than; across, or over; too great for, or out of the
reacii of; exceeding, above ; superior.
BE'/IL, or BEZEL, s. that part of a ring in which the
stone is fixed.
BE'ZOAR, s. [from pa, against, and zahar, poison, Persic]
if o.riental, is a stone moderately hard and heavy, variable iit
size, shape, and colour. It is generally of a round t"orni,
and its size between that of a horse bean and a small wal-
nut, of a dusky olive or green brown. It is aUyays smooth
and glossy ; lint when broken is found to consist of several
coats or crusts of stony matter, laid over one another, on a
piece of stick, orsied of a fruit, for a nucleus or basis. The
oriental bezuar is, like the pearl, a disti-mper in the animal
Ihat breeds it, and is a concretion of stony matter in tlie sto-
mach of a quadruped of the goat kind. It is bi<mght from
Persia and the East Indies ; it is esteemed as an antidote
against poison. Oeadeiital bezour is brought from Peru and
Mexico, and is produced in the stomach of the same sort of
creature ; its vi tues arc the same as in the ori( ntal, though
in a less degree. Monhei/ bezoar is a rare and valuable stone,
found in a species of nronkey common in the East Indies and
America. Purcupiue bezoar is of a yellowish brown colour,
greatly valued by the Indians as an universal remedy, espe-
cially in poisons and malignant fevers. German bezoar is a.
stone found in the stomach of an_aninial of the goat kind,
and its vii tries are said to equal, if not to excel, the oriental
brzoar. 'i iieie are likewise several sorts of factitious be-
zoars pveiKired Iron: antimony by chemists, and given with
good efl'eet ill several distempers.
BE/OA'RDIC, a. an epithet applied lo medicines com-
pounded with bezoar.
BL'\'NCiULATED, or BIA^iCULOUS, a. [from bimtt
and tuigiilii.':, Lat.1 that has two angles.
Bl'AS, .?. [fc/ais, Fr.] the weight lodgfd in one side of a
bow I to direct or regulate it in its course, and to turn it from
a straight line. Figuratively, an influence, propensity, or
any Ibiug which directs the course of a person's actions to a
particukrr end. Synon. These words rise gradually;
iiicliiiniioii implying something less strong than ;»-((;)eHjiV// ;
jn-iipriisilii I ban ii".»: The first leads us to an object, the se-
cond draws us, the third drags us. Inelinalion is greatly
owing to education, propeiision to custom, bias lo constN
tntion.
To BIAS, f. «. to influence a person lo any particular
measures of conduct.
BIB, .5. [from iifco, Lat.] a piece of linen put under th«
chin of iufinis when feeding, to keep the victuals which are
spilt from their ch)<hes ; likewise a piece of linen pinned on
the trimt nf the Slav of those of more aiKanci d vears.
BlBA'('U)r>^, n. [/'i7/ff.r, Lat.l much addicted to drink
iic"^ ; cir drinking to excess.
Bir.AC;lTY, *. [bibaeitas, Lat.] the quality of drinking
loo iniieli.
Bl BBER, s. [from biho, Lat.] a person who drinks t«
excess.
BIBLE, s. \hibliov, a book, C;r.] the volume conlaiiiinif
the great trutns of religion and ruU's of conduct revcaleu
BID
BIL
from Iipavon by God, compreliendinji; tlic Old and New
Testament ; thougli sometimes applied to the Old only,
as the word Testament is restrained to the New. The
traasiatioii of this saered volume was be};uri very earlv in
this kingdom, and some part of it was done even by king
Alfred. Adelmiis translated the Psalms into Saxon in 7(»(> ;
other parts were clone by lidfrid, or Erbert in 7;i<> ; the
whole by Bede in 731 ; Trevisa published the whole in F^n-
glisli in 1357. Tindal's was brouijht hither in 1534 ; revised
aiifl altered in 1538 ; pidilislied with a prefaee of Cranmer's
in 1540. In 1551, another translation was publisiied, which
being revised by several bishops, was piinted with their al-
terations in 1560. In 1()13, a new translation was published
by authority, which is that in present use. Bible Societ)/, a
society instituted in 1804, for the purpose of diffusing the
sacred scriptures over the world. In this cause it has la-
boured with astonishing diligence and success.
r?IHLIO'(iRAPHER, s. [from bibhs, a book, and grapho,
lo ,vrito, Cir.J one who writes or copies books.
.BI'BLlOiVl.\NCY, «. a kind of divination performed by
taking passages of Scripture at hazard, and drawing indi-
cations thence concerning things future. It was inucli used
at the consecration of bishops.
BIBLIOMA'NIAj.s. an extravagant passion for accumu-
laling books.
RIBLIOTHE'CAL, a. [from hihiiotliecu, Lat.] belonging
to ii lihrar^'.
BIBULOUS, a. [bibu/iis, Lat.| that sucks or drinks any
fluid or moisture.
rdCE, s. in painting, a blue colour prepared from capis
aniu'itus.
Bit ESTER, or BUTiCESTER, a town in Oxfordshire,
noted for its excellent malt liquor. Here is a manufacture
of slippers. It is situated on the road between Oxford and
B'ujiiiigham, about 12 miles from each, and 50 from London.
Rl.iTkei on Fiidav.
BICIPITAL, or BICITITOUS, a. [biceps, L»t.'] having
two heads. It is also applied to one of the muscles of the
arm.
To BICKER, V. n. [from bicre, Brit.] to skirmish, or quar-
rel ; to tremble, quiver, or move bacKwards and forwards.
nrCKKHER, s. one who is quarrelsome.
Bf'CKERING, s. ji quarrel, skirmish, or sudden attack,
opposed to a set or pitched battle.
BICO'RNE, or RICO'RNOUS, «. [bicornis, Lat.] that
Las two horns.
To BID, II. a. prefer. / bid, bad, bade, I have bid, or bid-
den ; [biddan, ^ax.J to request, or invite a person as a
guest; to order or command ; to 'offer a sum for the pur-
chase of a thing; to publish or proclaim. Synon. 'Tobid,
intimates direction to perform, whether the person directing
has any authority for so doing. To ordei; implies the ex-
ercise of authority.
BI'DAL, or BI'DALE, s. [from bid and ale] m our an-
cient customs, denotes the invitation of friends, to drink ale
at some poor mar"':; !.<Hise, who in consideration hereof ex-
pects some contribution for his relief. This custom still
obtains in the west of England.
BrDDEN, part. pass, of To Bid.
BIDDER, ». one who offers a price for any com-
modity.
BI'DDEFORD, or BI'DEFORD, a well-built populous
town in Devonshire, seated on the river Touricige, over
which there is a very long bridge of 24 arches. It has a
noble quay, and carries on a considerable trade in coarse
earthen ware, Irish wool, He. They also send ships to
America, and the West Indies. It is 16 miles from Ilfra-
comb, and 203 from London. Market on Tuesday.
BVDDING, s. command, and order, including generally
the idea of a superior.
ToBlDE, f. rt. \liida)i. Sax.] to endure, or suffer. Neu-
tcrlv, to dwell, live, remain, or coiit inue in a place.
BID E'NTAL, «. [from bidns. Lat.] that lias two teeth.
Figuratively, that has two prongs.
BIDET, s. a mp or litlle horse, formerly allovrerf
each trooper and (Iragooii, for his baggage and othof
occasions.
BI'DINfj, s. constant stay or residence in a place.
BIENNIAL, «. [biennia, Lat.] that continues, or ho*
been, for two years.
BIER, (iter) *. [beer, Sax.l a frame of wood on which
dead persons are carried to tne crave.
BlL'STIN(iS, s. [bi/suno; Sax/] in farming, th' first milk
given bv a cow after lalv ing.
BIFA" RIOUS, n. [btf,iri„s, Lat.] double, two-fold, tnat
may be understood two ways.
Bl'FEROUS, a. [bifereus, Lat.] bearing fruit twice a
vear.
BIFID, a. [bifidns, Lat.] cut, deft, or divided, into two
parts.
BIFOLD, «. two-fold, double.
BIFO'RMI'.D, a. [bifdiiiiis, Lat.] compounded of two
forms; that is double shaped.
BIFO'ROUS, fl. [from bima and forum, Lat.] opening
with tlouble doors.
BIFURCATED, o. [from binus and /»)<•«, Lat.] with two
forks or prongs.
BICi, a. applied to dimensions, large, immense, swelling
out. Joined to with, or n/", pregnant ; with child. Swell-
ing or distended with grief. Applied to a person's looks or
words, proud ; haughty. Synon. The wokI g-ira* is a ge-
neral term, signifynig any thing consideraLh in bulk, ex-
tent, quality, number, ^c. Thus we say, a s;ye(it house, a
great road, a great weight, a great many, a great famine, a
graat happiness. The words big and Unge are more cir-
cumscribed ; big implies greatness of bulk, large greatness
of extent. Thus we say vibig man, a big nlmie ; but a large
room, a large field.
BI'OAAllST, s. [bigamus, low Lat.] one who has married
another before the death of his first wife.
BIGAMY, s. [bigamin, low Lat.] a double marriage, or
the having of two wives at the same time; which is felony
bv law.
' BIGBF. LLIFID, «. swelling out, applied to sails filled
with wind; with child ; pregnant.
BlG(iIN, s. [begiiin, Fr.] the under cap of an infant, co-
vering the hind part of its head, and made close, to keep
the upper or inouhl of it warm.
BI'CJGLESW.ADE, a town in Bedfordshire, much more
considerable than formerly, being a gn al thoroughfare be-
tween London and York. It is seated on the Ivel, (which is
navigable for boats, and brings up eoals, timber, merchan-
dize, &c. from Lynn.) 10 miles from Bedfoid, ;\iid 45 from
London. Its market, which is one of the greatest in Eng-
land for barley, peas, and horse corn, is on Tuesday.
BIGHT, s.'[bi/gan. Sax.] the circinulVrence of the coil
of a rope, opposed to its ends «r eMieinities.,
BIGNESS, s. largeness with respect to quantity, bulk,
or (timensions.
BI'CiO'F, s. [supposed to be derived from Rolio's refusing
to kiss the toe of Charles the Vth of France, wh^n he le-
ceived his daughter in marriage, and tlie investiture of the
dukedom from him, with t>iis Gothic expression, Se se by
God, on which account he was called by the king -a bigyt] a
person strongly and immoveably attached to any religion or
opinion, notwithstaiuling the strongest reason urged to con-
vince him bv a contrai-\ partv. Used in a bad sense.
Br(;OTED, «. obstinately prepossessed ia favour of a
pel son or opinion.
BIGOTRY, 5. unreasonai>le firnmess ; obstinacy, or at-
tachiiient to any party oroiiiiiion.
BILANDER, .«. [Ukmlre, Fr.] a small ship or vessel,
broad and flat, used for conveying goods fiom place to
place.
Bl'LBERRY, s. a small purple berry, of a sweetish and:
sharp taste, used sometimes for tarts.
BILBO, s. a rapier or swiua.
BILBO.'\, orViLV.40, a healthy sea-port town of Spujn,
91
BIL
BIj\
I'hpital of 'Biscay, consisting of about 800 houses, with 5
(iaris4i churches, and 12 couvents. Here is a good, well
frequented harbour, the town is well supplied with water,
provi^io^s, <ish, Ac. and the environs are fertile in legii-
irtinous plants and fruits. The chief exports are wool,
sword blades, and other iron and steel wares. It is seated
'>n the river Ibaicabel, 50 miles W. of St. Sebastian, and l&o
N. ofMadrid. Lat. 43. 23. N. lon?3. 10. W.
' BI'LBOES, J. a sort of stocks for punishing offenders on
board a ship.
BI'LDESTON, a town in Suffolk, with mean buildings,
but a good church. It is 12 miles SE. of Bury, and fi3 NE.
of London. Market on Wednesday.
BILE, s. [bitis, Lat.] in anatomy, a yellow bitter liquor or
fluid, separated from the blood in the liver, collected in the
gall-bladder, and discharged into tlie lower end of the duo
denuni. A red inflauimatory swelling or tniuor, very sore,
auijl cured bv suppuration, {rom liile. Sax.
BILEDL^'LGl'.RID, the ancient Numidia, an inland
count y of Africa, .S. of Tunis. The air is hoi, but the soil
(hough dry, yields aconsiderable quantity oiiiailey. Tiie
country in some parts is covered with large woods of pahn-
trees, from which the inhaljitants gatlier vast (piantities of
dates, with which they carry on a considerable trade. The
inhabitants are composed of the ancient .Africans, who lead
a settled life, and the Aiabs who roam about at large. It
lies between 28 and 32 degrees N. lat. and between 5. and
11. E. ion.
BILGE, s. [iiVig, Sax.] that part of a ship's bottom on
vh'ch, together \\*ith the keel, she rests, when aground.
Jtii^e-water, that which rests on a ship's bottom, on accf)unt
of its flatness, and cannot go to the well. Bilg^p-jiinnp, is
that which is applied to the side of a ship, to exiiaust or
pump out the bilge water.
To BILGE, V. n. a sea-term, to damage, to break the
boards of a ship or \essel against a rock, so as to make a
passage for the water to enter ; to spring a leak.
BI'LIARY, (I. [from bills, Lat.] in anatomy, that belongs
to, or conve\5 the bile.
I5IL^^^BI, a noted fruit tree in the East Indies, very fa-
mous through those i)arlsof the world for its uses in medi-
cine.
BI'LINGSG ATE, a gate, port, or stairs, on the river
Thames, noted for the resort of fishermen and fishwomen.
Figuratively, low abuse and scurrilous language, alluding
to that which is made use of by those who frequent this
place.
BILI'NGUOUS, a. [biHnguit, Lat.] an epithet applied to
•ne who speaks t«o languages. In law, applied to a jury
which passes upon a foreigner for a criuic committed
♦n England, whereof part are English, and part fo-
reigners.
BILIOUS, ff. [from hilis, Lat.] consistingo'' bile.
To BILK.r. a. [hUhcu, Tint.] to clical ; to defraud ; to
contract a debt, and runauav witliiuM jiaxi^ig it.
BILL, s. [bilf. Sax.] the horny substance protiiberaling
and standing out from the head of a fowl, and forming its
month; a beak. In husbandry, an edited tool, with a
hooked point, oftheoxe kind, filled to a handle and Used to
lop trees. If the handle be short, it is named a hatid bill;
but if long, a lieds'^bill. An old English wea|>on. In trade,
a written or printed account of goods delivered to, or work
<lone for a person. In <'oiinni'rce, a common obligation
given by one person to another, ora writing wherein a per-
son obliges himself to pay a sum of monev to another at a
certain time. Hill nfcnilit, is that which is given bv one
jierson to another, impowering h'lii to taki" up monev of
liis correspondents in foreign (oinilries. A bill of cnlrit, is
an account of goods, entered at tlie custom house eillier in-
wards or outwards, mentioning the person exporting, Ac.
the ipr.dity or speeies of the goods, where exported to, and
wlnuce. fiill ('/' rrrliuntre, \^:\ piece of paper <l^av^n bv a
person on anoihrr in a dill'eriiil pla<-e or country, for money
recfivcd bv him at home. Jiil'l i/f Miiig, is a mcuiurundmu
or acknowledgment, under the hand of a master of a vessel,
of his having received goods on board, together with a pro-
mise to delivwr them as consigned, tiil/s »/ pmcrls is an
account given by the seller oi; l)uyer of the several goods
bought, and their prices, liil/ of .sale, a sij.^AHi contract,
by wiiieh a person inipo«ers his creditor, to sell the goods
of whicJi he gives him an iu\eiitiiry, unless tbe sum borrow-
ed be repaid with interest at the tune appointed. Jjill, in
law, is a single bond wilhout a condition ; a declaration in
writing, expressing some grievance or wrong done by the
person complained of In parliameit, a writing containing
some proposals offered to the house to be passe<l into a
law. A physician's prescription. A bill nf mortalitij, is H
bill giving an account of the number of persons dying wilii-
in certain limits and limes. A bill of fare, an accouul of the
dishes oi'an enlerlaimnent, or of the provisions in >Hason.
To BILL, V. n. to join bills together. Figuratively, to
caress with great fondness, in allusion to the manner of doves
joining lie ir bills together.
BILLEIIICAY, a town rn l'".sse\, wilh a large market on
Tuesday. It is seated on a hill; nine miles S. by W. of
(Chelmsford, aud 23 E. of London.
BI LLESUEN, a town of Leicestershire, 9 miles nearly E.
of Leici'ster. Market on Friday.
BILLET, ,t. [billet, Fr.J in heraldry, a bearing in form of
a long siiuaie. They are supposed to lepreseut pieces of
gold and silver; but Guillim thinks lluy represent a letter
sealed up; iind others take them tor bricks. .Also a log of
wood cut for fuel, from hihl, \'r. .Mso a Hole or ticket
given by the constable of a parish <m lHiiidre<l, to qu>irter
soldiers at public houses. Also, billet-doux, or a soft bil-
let ; a love-li t(r r. Among fox-hnnters, it signifies tbe or-
tluiv or dung of a fox.
BILLIARDS, *. [it has no singular, hillnnl, Fr.] a kind of
game plaved on an oblong table, fixed exactly horizontal,
and covered with a cloth, «itli little i\ory bails, which are
driven by the opposite parlies into hazards, holes, or pock-
ets, placed at the end and sides of the table.
BI'LLINGHAM, a town of Northumberland, with a
market on Tues'hiv and Saturday. It is 28 miles W. of
Newcastle, and 2!»7 N. N. \V. of London.
BI'LLION, .'. [Fr.] in coinage, a base metal, cither of
gold or silver, in which copper is pri'douiinant. In arith-
metic, ten hundred liiousand millions, expressed in figure*
thus l,tVIO,00O,00O,OO0.
JM'LLOW, s. \hil2:r. Tent.] a large, high, swelling, hollow
wave. Sym>n. We cut througii llie v-ni>:«; are lifted by
the siirsres ; tossed and dashed by the billvu"^.
To BILLOW, V. n. to swell or grow tempestuous ; t<»
raise in large heaps like the appearance of billows.
BILLOWY, a. stormy, tempestuous, swelling into large
waves.
BIN, s. [binne. Sax.] a long square frame, or chest of wood,
■wherein corn, bread, cVc. are put.
BI'NARY, «. [AiHon'iw, Lai,] two; oouble.
BI'NBROKE, or Bin BROOK, a town in Lincolnshire,
with a mean market on Wednesday, seated in a bnttoin,
aii'l has two iiarish churches. It is 30 miles N. E. of Lin-
coln, and l.'jS N. of London.
To BIND, I', a. prefer, bonnd, bind ; [biiidan. Sax.] to de-
prive a person of the free use of his lindis by bonds ; to
surround, to encompass, confine, fasten together; to fix a
Imndageon; to compel, fou<', restrain. In plivsie, tomake
costive. To btiid a buob, to sew the sheets logelher, aud
pla< e them in a (over. Wilh llii' word tner, to be obliged,
nuibr a certain pena!l\,t(t appear at a court <if justice.
SvNoN. We bind liie feel and hands of a ciiiiinal; and
we /!> him to a stake. In the figurative seiisr, a ui.ui is
i»Kiirfwhenbe is not at liberlv to act ; and he is rw/ when
he cannot change his parly, or quit il. Authority and
]iit\\fr bind ; interest and love /ir.
BI'NDi'.R, f. oiw wiio b lids books ; one w ho ti( s sheaves
loijelhrr. In surgery, a fillet us> d to Kci p on the dressings
ofa sole, and rolled severul limes alxml it.
BIR
niR
BTNDINO, s. timf which is bound, wound, or tied round
any lliina; ; a l):uniai,'c.
BI'NDW'Rr-'I), .«. a plant, Kip same with thr convolvulus.
BINGHAM, a town of Notlin<,'liiimsliirc, scultd on the
vale of Bflvoir, now a in^an place, and ils inarkcl, which is
on Tliuisday, is small. It is 8 miles E. of Noltin;,'luuii. Dis-
tant from London 1.30 niilfs.
BI'NN\CI.E,*. Sep BlTTACLE.
BI'NOCLK, *. [AiHiu and oniliit, Lat.] in dioptrics, a te-
lescope fitted with two lubes, so that distant objects may be
seen by both tlie eyes.
BINOCULAR, ff. [from ttm« and ocit/iw Lat.] tliat has
two eyes or sights.
BrNO'MIAL, a. in alsiebra, an epithet joined to a root,
which consists only of two parts, connected with the signs
p!iix or tniniis.
BIOGRAPHER, s. [from bins, life, and gi-npno, to write,
Gr.] one who writes the lives of particular persons.
BFO'GRAPHV, i. [from AiW, life, and graplw, to write,
Gr.l writing the lives of men is called bingrap/ii/.
BI'OVAC, s. in military affairs, a night-guard, performed
by the whole army, when any danger is apprehended from
the enrmv. Not in use.
Hl'P.AROUS, a. [from binits and pario, Lat.] bringing forth
two at a time.
BI'P MITITE, n. [bipartitns, Lat.] having two parts an-
s\veriii,r to I'ai li oflier ; divided into two.
B! PA RTITION, $. tlie act of dividing into two.
BI'PED, J. [bipes, Lat.] an animal with two feet.
RIPRDAL, a. \bipednHs. Lat.] two feet in length.
BIPE'NNATEu, a. [from Ohms and penna, Lat.] having
two wings.
BI'QUADRATE, or BIQUADRATIC, a. [from ots anrl
(pifitha, Lat.] the next power alcove the cube, or the sf[uarc
of the si.|uare. Biquadratic equation, in algebra, is ;»n e<|na-
tion where the unknown (luaiitity of the terms has tour di-
mensions. Biquadratic pniirr, is the fQuvtIi power of a num-
ber, or the square sauared. liiqnoilrntic root of a number,
is the square root ot Ihe s<|uaie root.
BIQUI'NTILE, a. [his and qmiUus, Lat.] i-n astrology an
aspect of the planets, wherein they are 144 degrees from
each other. " /fiy«;»/<//e aspect.
BIRCH, s. [birc, Sa.\.] in l>otany, betii.a ; it Iiath male and
female flowers at a distance from each other. Linnaeus places
it in the 4th section of his aist class. There are four spe-
cies. It is used for niakin"; ox-vokes, hoops, small screws,
panniers, brooms, wands, bavin bauds, witliies for faggots,
arrows, bolts, shafts, dishes, bowls, ladles ; also for hiel,
great and small coal. In Russia and Poland, they cover
houses with the bark of the birch-tree instead of slate and
tile. Birc/t-hro<»ir, is a broom or besom, made with the small
tivigsof the birch-lree. See Besom.
BI'RCHEN, a. made of birch.
BrRCHES, (TiiE) Shropshire, between Colebrook dale
and Builder's bridge. .An earthquake happened here in
1773, when the ground was rent in several places, and liirown
into confused heaps ; a wood, turnpike road, fields, hedges,
houses, Ac. were thrown out of their former situations, the
bed of tiie Severn was chooked up, and the river diverted into
a new channel, causing for the time a great inundation
above, and so sudden a fall behiw, that many fishes were left
on dry land, and several barges were heeled over, till the
river, remarkablv deep at the time, forcing its way down,
overwhelmed and sunk them, and in three days' time wore
anavin-idile channel through a large meadow.
BIRD, s. [from bii-d, or brid. Sax.] one of the six general
classes of animals ; ils body is covered with feathers, and
has two wings, tv/o legs, and a bill of a firm, bony, or rather
liorny substance ; and the females are all oviparous. Birds,
in heraldr\-, according to Iheir several kinds, represent either
the contemplative or active life. They are the einblcnis of
liberty, exni-dition, readiness, swiftness, and fear. They
are more honourable beings than tislirs, because tliev par-
ticipate more of air and fire, (the two noblest and iii.'jhest
elements,) tiian of earth and water. In the lilinoning of
birds, if their wings be not displayed, tin y are sai I to l>c
borne close. Pltov. Ilird.t »/'« fratlur flucit t'igitlier. — 1/r's
in ii;retU iriint nf « htrd that will ^ire u ^roat fur an mrl. — Oita
bird in tin; liiiiiil ix iiiirlli luii in itie bush. — Tis an ill bird tliul be-
irrin/s ils mm nest. — h'viri/biid must hatch her own egg.
BIRDHOLT, s. [bird and boll. Sax.] a small shot or arrow,
used ni killing birtfs.
BI'ISDCAGE s. a receptacle made with wire, &c. to keep
BIKIJCATCHER, or BIRDER, i. one who lives by
catching and selling birds.
BIRDLIME, s. a viscid glutinous substance, prepared
dirtercnt ways, hut that i:i common use with us is nv.ule of
holly bark. It is .spread upon twigs, upon which the birds
lighting are entangled.
BI'HDSEYE, *. a plant, the same with the mealy primrose.
The wild carrot is called bird.seye by some.
BI'RDSFOOT, s. in botany, the ornithopodium of Lin-
naeus, so calleol from the siiape of the seed-vessel.
BI'RDSNEST, *. a plant found in woods, but not common.
The country people in Sweden give the dried plant to cattle
that have a cough.
BIRDSTONGUE, s. a plant, called also marsh groundsel,
BIRGANDl'^R, s. a fowl of the goose kind.
BIRMINGHAM, a very larjje town in W'arwickshire,
with a market on Thursday. It is no coiporation, it being
only governed by Iwo constables and two bailiU's; and
therefore free for any person to come and settle there; ^^llich
has contributed greatly to the increase not only of the build-
ings, but the trade, which is the most fiourishing of any
ill England for all sorts of ironwork, besides many Mther cu-
rious manufactures. The town stands on the side of a hill,
foniiing nearly a half uifHKi. The lowest part is filled with
the workshops and warehouses of the manufacturers, and
C(msist3 chiefly of old buildings. The upper part of the
town contains a number of new and regular streets, and a
handsome sauare, elegantly built. It has t\yo churches ;
one in the lower part of the town, which is an ancient
building with a very lall spire ; the other is a very grand
modern structure, haviiifj a square stone tower, with a cu-
pola, and a turret above it ; in this tower is a fine peal often
bells, and a set of musical chimes, which play seven diffe-
rent tunes, one for each day in the week. The houses have
l)ecn computed at 7000, and the inhabitants at 60,0<K), but
their luiinljcr is continually increasing; and the surroundinjf
country, ton considerable distance, especially towards Wol-
verhaiiipton, srcnia like a continued town peopled with in-
dustrious iiihubitants. Birmingham, from the appearance of
the houses, the bustle in the streets, and particularly from
tlie continual passing of the stage coaches, has much the re-
semblance of the metropolis. Its manufactures are sent to
every nuartcr of Ihe globe, and for cheapness and beauty are
unrivalled. A navigable canal was completed from hence
to the colleries at VVednesbury, in October 1761). It has a
handsome free school, endowed bv Edward VI. Ithasalso
two chapels, and meeting houses for every denomination of
dissenters. It is 17 miles N. W. of Coveutrj', 48 S. E. of
Shrewsbury, and 109 N. W. of London.
BIRT, s'. a fish the same with the tnrbot.
BIRTH, s. [beerth. Sax.] I he natural exclusion of the f(jcf us
by tlie vagina; the act of bringing forth ; the entrance of a
person into the world; any production ; lank of dignity in-
herited by descent. In sea affairs, a proper i>lace for a sinp to
ride in; ihe distance b.tween a ship when under sail, and Ihe
shore; a place separated by canvas, wherein tiic sailors
mess, and put tlicir ile'sts. A gorxl birth, good accommo-
dations, wherein a person has e\rry thing that 15 convenient.
BI'RTHDA Y, «. the day in which a person comes into the
world iind is born.
BI'RTHNIGHT, s. the night on which a person is lionu
BI'R'TliPLACK, s. Ihe pluce wherein a person is bom.
BI'R -'HRKtHT, s. Ilie right which a person acquires Ly
birtii, generally applied to the brst-bonu
&3
BIS
BIHTHJ^TRANGLRD, a. strangled, clioked, or killed by
»u(focatiout in coming itito the world.
BISCAY, a province of Siniiii, bounded on the W. and
S. \V. by Asturia and Old CaMilo, on the N. by the Bay of
Biscay, on the E. by Navern-, and on the S. by Old Castile
and Naverre. It is about 48 miles ill leni;th, and 30 in its
greatest breadth. Biscay produces apples, oran^'es, citrons,
corn, Ac. They have timber for ship building, and minis
of iron and lead, which they also manufacture; the adioin-
in'g sea atso supplies them with fish, and renders their trade
very flourishing ; their seamen are accounted the best in
Spain. Tiie Biscayners are of Celtic extraction, and still
preserve their peculiar language, the Basque, which has no
affinity with any otiier in Europe. Bilboa is the capital.
BI'SCOTIN, i. [Fr.] a confection made of flour, marma-
lade, eggs, &c.
BI'SCUIT, (lisket)!. [his, Lat. and cit, Fr.] a kind of hard
dry bread, made entirely of wheat flour, mixed with leaven
and warm wat-er, baked for long voyages four times, and pre-
pared six months before it is shipped. It will keep a whole
year. Likewise a fine delicate pasti-y, or cake, made ot
fine flour, eggs, almonds, and rose water; or of flour, eggs,
sugar, and citron, or orange peel, and baked twice.
To BISK/CT, I', a. [biniis and seeo, Lat.] in geometry, to
divide anv thing into two equal parts.
BISECTION, or BISSE'CTION, *. in geometr>-, the act
of dividing, or the line divided into two equal parts.
BI'SHOP, s. [biscnp. Sax.] a prelate, or person consecrated
for the spiritual government and direction of the diocese,
whose jurisdictions consists in collating to benefices, ordain-
ing priests and deacons, licensed physcians, surgeons, and
school-masters. The bishnps are all peers of the realm, ex-
cept the bishop of Sodorand Man, who seems to I)e excluded
that privilege, from his being nominated by the dnke of
Atliol, all others being nominated by his majesty. Next to
the two archbishops, the bishops of London, Durham, and
Winchester, have always the precedence ; and the others
follow according to the date of their consecration.
BISHOP, J. a liquor made of water, wine, sugar, and a
Seville orange roa>»;ed.
BISHOPS-AUKLAND, a town in the bishopric of Dur-
ham, with a market on Thursday. It is pleasantly seated
on the side of a hill, and noted for its castle, beautifully re-
paired about 100 years ago ; for its chapel, whose architec-
ture is very curious ; and for its bridge. It is eight miles
S. bv W. of Durham, and 257 N. N. W. of London.
BISHOPS-CASTLE, a town in Shropshire, seated near
the river Ciun ; is a corporation; sends two members to
parliament; and its market (on Friday) is much frequented
by the Welsh. It is 1.59 miles N. W. by W. of London.
BISHOP AND HIS CLERKS, some little islands and
rocks on the coast of Pembrokeshire, near St. David's dan-
f^erous to mariners.
Bl'SHOPRIC, s. [hiscoprice. Sax.] the provnice, district,
or diocese, which belongs to a bishop.
HrSHOP'S-.STORTFORI), a town of Hertfordshire, with
a good market on Thursday, seated on the side of a hill, and
has several ;<ood inns; but the streets are not paved. It is
12 miles N. K. of Hertford, and 30 N. by E. of London.
BISK, sAbisqnr, Fr.) a soup, or brolli, made of dift'ercut
sorts of flesh boiled, according \o .hihvsoii.
BI'SMUTH, s. in natural history, a semi-metal, of a yel-
lowish white colour, a fleaky texture, and inoderatelv haril,
but not nialleal)le. It is so brillle thai it bleaks readily
under the hammer, and may be reduced even lo poHilei.
It is generally found wi,th cobalt, in tlie robaltic ores of Sax-
ony and England. Native bismuili, and sulphuret of bis-
luiitli, are also found upon the conlineiil, but this is nol an
abundant me'tal. Bismulh is used with other metals, not
only to form printer's types, but aUo to make pewter, and
forsonie others ctniiponnds. It remarkably conlribules lo
the fnsibitilv of ^ome alloys ; JM'nce, it is einploved to make
solder, liismiith is likewise given in iiwdiripe, lliough now
very rarely. Pearl-white is a precipitate of ii,vmi<//i.
»4
BIT
BISSEXTILE, s. so called, because the 6th of the calendti
of iMarcli was repeated in that year; [Ai« and senilis, tat.j
a vear containing .366 days, happening every fourth year,
when a day is added to tlie month of Februairy, to make up
for the six hours which the sun spends in his course each
year, beyond the 365 days usually assigned to it.
BISTORT, s. a sort of snakeweed.
Bl'STODRY, i. [butiiiiri, Fr.] a surgeon's instrument, used
in making incisions.
Bl STHE, s. [Fr.] a colour made of chimney soot boiled,
and aflei Hards diluted, and made into cakes with gum water.
It is used by painters t* wash their designs, instead of Indian
ink, tVc.
BISULCOUS, a. [6<>u/e!«, Lat.] cleft in two parts; clo-
ven-footed.
BIT, s. [bitul. Sax.] the essential part of a bridle, which
being put into the horse's mouth, the rider is enabled to ma-
nage him. It is also the sharp end of a piercer, augur, or
other iron instrument. The bit of a key is that part which
contains the waids. Bil ako means as much as a person
generallv bites of! at once.
To BIT, I', n. to put a bit into a horse's month ; to bridle.
BITCH, s. [hitg/i. Sax.] the female of the dog, wolf, fox
and otter kind.
To BITE, V. n. prefer, hit, part. pass, hitteii ; [hitan, Sax.]
to wound, pierce, or divide with the teeth, 'lo affect witn
pain, applied to the cold ; to make a person ui>easy, applied
to satire or reproach ; to w ound by its sharpness, applied to
a sword, &c. To make the mouth smart, applied to the
sharp taste of acid bodies. Figuratively, to cheat or defraud.
BITE, s. the incision or wound made in any thing with
the teeth ; a sharper, a cheat, trick or fraud.
BITER, s. one that seizes with the teeth, applied to a
dog ; one that readily or quickly swallows a bait, applied to
a fish ; one w ho decei\es or defrauds another by false ap-
pearances ; a sharper.
Bl'TTACLE, s. ffrpin bin, Belg.l a frame in the steerage
of a ship, wherein tlie compass is placed.
BITTEN, part. pass, of Bite.
BITTER, a. [biter, Sax.] that excites a hot, pungent, and
astringent taste, like that of wormwood. Figuratively,
wretched, miserable, painful, disagreeable, unpleasing, and
hurtful.
BITTER, s. in sea language, any turn of the cable round
the bitts, so that they may be let out gradually, or by degrees.
When a ship is stopped by tlie cable, she is said to bebrovcfht
vp bl/ tlie hitter.
BITTERLY, ad. with a bittiM- taste. Figuratively, in a
sorrow ful, painfi J, sharp, and severe manner; used some-
times to express the superlative or highest degree.
BITTERN, s. [biitoiir, FrJ in natural history, a bird with
a long bill and legs, which feeds on fish, and is remarkable
for its noise. A very bitter licpior which drains ofl' in making
common salt, and used in the preparation of Epsom salt ,
from the adjective bitter.
BITTERNESS, *. a kind of savour, or sensation, the re-
verse of sweetness. Applied to manner, severity, austerity.
Applied to reproach, keenness, sharpness, or extremity. Ap-
plied lo the passions, sorrow, trouble, distress.
BITTERSWEET, s. a plant, called also woody night-
shade.
BllTS, s. [bitiaii, Sax.] two perpendicular pieces of
timber in the forepart of a ship, bolted to the gun-deck:
their heads are braced with a cro.ss piece, and several turns
of the cable are taken over them, for securing the ship when
iu'l'U.'VIE, or BITUINIEN, s. [biiumr,,, Lat.] in natural
hislor> , a fact, tenacious, inflammable, mineral substance, or
a fossil body which easily takes fire, yields oil, and is not
soluble in water.
BlTliMINOlJS, n. [from bitumen, Lat.] having the na-
ture and qualities of bitumen.
BIVA'LVE, n. |from biuus and i«/ivr, Lat.] in nalural
history, ajiplied lo fish thai have two shells, .such as ojs-
nLA
nLA
lers ; arnl in i>o(iiny, to |)l;iiits wliosc sc oil pods open tlirir
wlioli- Icnf'lh, to (lisch-.iigc their sctds, as poiisc.
IUV\'I,\ I'LAK, a. that has t\vo.sh< lls,or valves.
RI/ANTINK; or liV'ZANTINE, s. a larjje wvtl^p of
gold, vahu'd at 1.0/. vvhicli the kiiigofiers upon lii{,di festival
diivs. ."^ee Res A NT.
'To RI.AR, V. a. [l/IMeren, Belif.] to reveal a secret
lliroiifih heedlessness or want of caution. Used neulerly,
to lallf, orfattle.
BLAl'i, s. a tell tale; one who discovers secrets Ihrough
iliconsideiatioii, or too ^reat a propensity to talking.
BLA'15BF-.R-, i. one who discoveis a secret through want
of caution, and a great fondness for speaking.
BLACK., *. [Wffr, .Sax.] ahsence or want of ligiit and co-
lour, owing to a Imdy's reflecting no rays of light. Dyer's
hinrk, for stuffs of a high price, is composed of iniligo, wood
boiled with alum, tartar, or ashes of lees of wine, niaddcred
witii I'oninion madder, and mixed with gall-nuts of Aleppo,
coi^peras, and sumach. The hest bla> k cloth should he first
dyed blue. Gnnuin bl/ick is made of the lees of wine, burnt
bones washed afterwards, and ground with burnt ivory or
peach-stones ; that with ivory is the best. This is used by
rolling-press printers. Jiort/ black is ivory burnt between
two crucibles, and ground with water, used by painters and
jewellers to blacken the bottom ground of the collets or be-
zels in which they set diamonds. Spanish black, invented by
the Spaniards, is burnt cork. Lamp, or lam black, is the
sooty smoke or soot of rosin, received in sheep-skins, or
pieces of coarse linens fixed at the top of a cliinniey, where-
in it is burnt for that purpose. Cnrrier's black is nia<le w ith
^all-nuts, sour beer, and cold iron, for the the first blacken-
ing applied to the hides; but of gall-nuts, copperas, and
gum arable, for the second. Black, after the word lo-ik, and
the preposition «pon, implies sullen, untiiendly, and is a sign
of displeasure. " Looked black vpon me." Shakes. Joined
with Mae, it implies the colour of the skin, occasioned by a
hard blow ; livid. Prov. Black will take no other hue :
this dyers find by experience. It may signify that vicious
persons are seldom or never reclaimed. A black ]>lam is as
tweet as a white ; signifying, that the prerogative of beauty
proceeds from fancy. A black hen lai/s a white egsr : I con-
ceive the meaning of it is, that a black woman may bear a
fair child.
To RL.'\CK, v.a. to make of a black colour.
BLACK, a. of a black colour. Applied todespair, horri-
ble, to moral action, excessively wicked.
BLA'CK.MVIORE, s. one whose complexion is naturally
black. See Negro.
BLACKBERRY, *. the fruit of the blackberry bramble.
Thev are ripe in September.
BLA'CK-RROWEI), a. having black eyebrows. Figu-
ratively, dark, gloomy, dismal, or threatening.
BLA'CKBURN, a town in Lancashire, with a large ma-
nufacture of calicoes for printing. It is seated near the ri-
ver Derwent, called sometimes Blackwater, 12 miles E. of
Preston, and 211 N. N. W. of London. Market on Mon-
day.
BI.ACK-C ATTLE, t. in husbandry, a general term, in-
clurling oxen, bulls, or cows.
To BLA'CKEN, )'. a. to make a thing black, which was
of a ditl'erent colour before ; to intercept the rays of light;
to darken. Figuratively, to sully a person's character by
defamation, or unmerited censure.
BLA'CKOUARD, s. in low and familiar language, used
to convey the idea of a person of mean circumstances,
dirty and ragged dress, of base principles, and worthy of
eontnmpt.
RL\CK-J \CK, zinc mineralized with sulphur, a mineral
»mplo^ ed till latelv in Wales in mending the roads.
BLA'CKISH, a.'[A/nfAand isc. Sax.] inclined to a black
colour ; somewhat black.
BLACK LEAD, s. See Lead.
BLA'CKNESS, *. that quality of a body which arises
from its reflecting few or no rays, and is owing to its poro-
sity, (be minuteness of its particle*, and the rays of light
suilering so many reflections in the inside, that few reUirii
to the surface ; want of light-, or darkness.
BLACK ROD, s. the u-.lier of the oKlerof the Carter, so
called from his black rod with a golden lion at the top.
lie attends the king's chamber, and the house of lords in
parliament.
BL.\CK SEA, formerly the Euxine, is bounded on tlie
W. by Romania, Bulgaria, and Bessarabia; on the N. by
the sea of .Asopli and 'Fartary ; on the E. by Cireassia and
Georgia, and on the S. by Natolia. It is .said to bc^HOO
miles in circumference, receivi'S man\ large rivers, and has
not any discernable flux or reflux. It lies between 41 and
upwards of 4G degrees N. lat. and between 32 and 41. E.
Ion.
BLA'CKSMITH, *. a person who forges the larger works
in iron, and derives his name from their tolour, vihicli is
generally black from tlieir not being polished; opposed to
a uhitesmilh, who forges the smaller works, which arc geue-
rallv polished.
BLACKTHORN, s. a shrub, the same with the sloe.
BLA'UDER, s. [bladdre. Sax.] in anatomy, a thin dilatable
membranous body, w liich sei^ves as the receptacle of the
urine after its secretion from the blood in the kidneys, situ-
ated in the pelvis of the abdomen ; in men, immediately
on the rectum ; in women, on the vagina uteri. It likewise
sij^nifies a pustule, blister, or the swelling of a membrane
filled with any juice or fluid, such as that which arises after
scalding or burning.
BL.'^DE, ,v. [bhul, or bled. Sax.] in botany, the spire or
leaf of grass before it grows to seed ; the green shoots or
leaves of corn, vhich rise from the seed. Hence that part
of a sword or knife is called a blade, from the form's resem-
bling a blade of grass. Figuratively, a bold, enterprising,
brisk, fierce, and gay person.
BLADE, or BLADE-BONE,*, in anatomy, the scapula,
or scapular-bone, of a flat or triangular form.
To BLADE, V. a. to furnish with a blade ; to fit a blade
to a handle.
BL.\'DED, a. that has leaves, spires, or blades.
BL.AIN, s.[ble<rene, Sax.] a distemper incident to beasts,
consisting of a bladder growing at the root of the tongue,
against the windpipe, which at length grows so large as to
stop the breath. Applied to human creatures, a pustule or
blister.
To BL.'VME, V. a. [blamer, Fr.] applied to persoiJ.s, to
charge them with having done a fault.
BLAME,,*, the charging with wrong measures or fauils.
Figuratively, the defect wnich merits censure. Used with
to, it implies that which deserves blame, or blameable.
BL.\ iMEABLE, a. that may be found fault with, or cen-
sured.
BLA.MEABLENESS, s. that which renders a thing
faulty, or liable to blame or censure.
BL.A'MEABLY, ad. in such a manner as deseri'es cen-
sure or blame.
BLAMEFUL, a. that highly deserves to be found fault
with, censured, or blamed.
BL.VMELESS, a. that is no ways defective; or deserves
no censure or blame; used sometimes, but very rarely, wiili
the particle </.
BLAMELESSLY, ad. in such a manner as to be tree
from fault ; so as not to merit censure.
BLA'MELESSNESS, s. that quality which renders a
person or thing by no means the object of censure or
blame.
BLA'MER, s. the person who censures, or charges a pei-
son or thinw with defect, or beiu" wrong.
BLAMEWORTHY, a. that deserves censure or blame,
including the idea of something wrong or defective.
To BLANCH, r. n. [blaiichir, Fr.] to whiten a thin"
wlii<'h was before of anotlier colour. Fi''uralively, to peel,
applied to the peeling almonds, which (iiscovers their ker-
nel of a white colour.
'Jb
BLA
BLA'NCHER, j. oiic who makes any thing wliife ; a
whitener.
BLA'NCHIsR, s. the action, art, or nijthod of mulvin^r
any thing white. In coinage, the method made nse of to
^ive the pieces that tirightness and histre liiey have on their
first coming oi-.t tifliie mint.
BLANC-MANGER, t. (hlomonge) [Fr.] a preparation of
dissolved isinglass, milk, sugar, cinnamon, *c. l)oiled into a
thick consistence, and garnished for the tahle with blanched
almonds.
BLAND, a. [blandits, Lat.] soothing, mild, applied to
language. Soft, temperate, applied to weather.
BLA'NDFORD, a town of Dorsetshire, with a market on
Saturday. It is pleasantly situated on die river Store, near
tiie Downs, and is a well niliabited pl-.ice ; but has been
subject to several dreadful fires, particularly in 1731, when
almost all the town was burnt down, with the goods therein ;
but it was soon rebuilt more beautiful than before. It has
the title of a marquisate, and is 12 miles S. of Salisbury, 18
N. E. of Dorchester, and 103 W. by S. of London.
To Bi^A'NDISH, 1). a. to insinuate one's self into a per-
son's favour ; to soothe, or allure. Seldom used.
BLATS'DISHMENT, s. [btanditic, Lat.] an insinuating
address ; soft, mild, and kind expressions, by which a per-
son steals into the favour of another.
BLANK, n. [llane, Fr.] whitish or pale, applie<l to colour.
That is not written on. Used with the word look, (either ex-
pressed or understood) confused, dejected, or shewing the
signs of disappointment. Applied to verse, that has no
rhyme ; but Milton, Thomson, and others, have shewn this
to be llie most masculine ornament of poetry, which brings
our language to a nearer resemblance of the Greek and
Roman poetry, and sits in a height beyond the poetry of
the French and Italians, which they must look up at with
envy, and acknowledge it impossible for their enervate lan-
guages to attain to.
BLANK, s. in commerce, a void space, or that which
has no writing on it, but is left so, in order to be filled up.
In lotteries, a ticket which has no prize drawn against it.
Figuratively, the mark or point which an arrow or piece is
aimed at.
To BLANK, V. a. figuratively, to confuse ; to disap-
point; to cease, bring to nothiiig, or render abortive.
BLATifKET, s. \hlanchMe, Fr.] a stuff made of wool,
and used for beds.
To BLA'NKET, v. a. to cover or wrap in a blanket.
BLA'NKLY, nd. in such a manner as causes or shews con-
fusion ordisappointmeul ; « ith whiteness ; with paleness.
To BLARE, r. »/. [A/rti-TO, Bclg.] to bellow, to roar' to
melt away, like a li;;liti(l caudle blown bv the wind.
To BLASI'HE'ME, v. i,.[Uasphemo, low Lat.] to speak
ill of God, his messengers, lu- things relating to Ins service,
and coinpri'henf'ed 'u his revelation. In law, an indignity
or injury oti'ered to the Almighty, by dtu\ing what is his
due, or attributing to him what is not agreeable to his na-
ture, Lindw C'ip. I.
BI.ASPHH/'MER, s. one who utters disrespectful or
irreverent things, eillier of God, Christ, or any person in
the Holy Trinity, God's messengers, or any thing relating
to religion.
BLA'SPHEMOUS, a. that is disrespectful or irreverent
with respect to God and heavenly things.
BLASPHEMOUSLY, ml. in such a mauner as is in''on-
.listeut with thqt reverence we owe to the Deity ; in such a
manlier as to sneak ill of God and heavenly things.
P.L A SPHEMY, .«. an ofleringofsome ind-ginty to (iod,
v\\ 1^1 rsoii of the Trinity, any messengers from (iod, his
ho!', ivrit or the doctrines of rcvelaliop.
BL \ST, .«. \l)ltfst. Sax.] a breath, puff, or current of
wind ; the sound made by blowing a trinnpet or oilier wind
instrument ; a warm air, or other alteration in the aliiio-
•vplnre, which withers trees, or causes a pestilence.
To ni,\ST, r. a. to infect with some sudden plague or
nifrelioii bv means of the air ; to cause a thing to «illier ;
'M
BLE
to ruin a person's clianicler by spreading false rumours; to
render an enterprise abortive.
BLASTING, J. ill niim ralogy, the l)l<iwiiig up the vein
of a mine by gunpowder, which cannot be broken up by
the spade, the gad, and the axe.or softened \>\ tire.
BLATANT, a. lUattaiu. Fr.1 Lelluwing' like a calf.
Seldom used.
P>LAV,s. a small white river lisli, called also a bleak.
BLAZE, s. [blase. Sax.] a (lame, or the light of a tiame.
Figuratively, a spreading abroad ; publication or extending
a report ; likev ise, the white mark on a horses forehead,
reacliiiu; to his nose.
ToBL.'VZE, 1'. «. used with upon, to shine, or give light.
Figuratively, to make a thing univers-.lly known by report
or rumour. Sometimes used witli the words abroad and
about,
BLA'ZER, s. one who spreads abroad any renort or ru-
mour. Not much ill use.
To BLA'ZON, r. a. \blusimvn; Fr.] in heraldry, to name
all the parts of a coat, in their proper and technical terms.
Figuratively, to set out, deck, or adorn. To discover to
advantage; to display. To spread abroad.
BLA'ZON, «. in heraldry, the art of expressing the seve-
ral parts of a coat of arms in its pioper terms; all persons^
beneath the degree of a noble, must have their coals bla-
zoued by metals and colours ; nobles by precious stones ;
and kings and princes by planets BUizon is used figura-
tively for making any thing public; a pompous display of
aiiv quality.
BLAZONRY, t. the art of blazoning.
To BLEACH, v. a. [i/rtc/i™, Teut.] to whiten a thing by
exposing it to the air and sun. Neuterly, to grow white in
the sun or open air.
BLE'ACHING, s. the art of making a thing white, which
was not perfectly so before, or which was of a diAeient
colour.
BL^"/AK, *, a small river fish.
BLEAK, aAblac, Sax.] coKl, sharp, chill ; cheerless.
BLE'AKNESS, s. extreme coldness, applied to the air.
BLE'AKY, a. cold or chilly ow ing to the wind.
BLEAR, a. [blaer, Belg.| dim or sore with water or
rheum. Applied to the eyes, that causes dimness of
sight.
To BLEAR, iJ. n. to occasion dimness of sight ; to makf
the eyes sore with water or rheum. ligiiratively, to blind,
to prevent the mind from taking notice of things.
To BLEAT, V. tt.\blirtnn, Sax.) to make a noise like a
sheep.
BLIsAT, s. [from the verb] the cry of a sheep
BLEB, [blaeii, Germ.J a blister.
BLED, part. pass, ot To BLEED.
To BLEED, r. )i. preter. / bird, or have bled; [l{ledaii,
Sax.^ to lose blood by a wound, cVc. to die by bleeding.
Figuratively, to drop like thick or rich blood. Lsed ac-
tively, to extract blood fioin a person by opening a vein
with a lancet ; to let blood.
To BLE'MISH, v. a. to mark with any defect; to spot,
stain, or any other ways to rob a thing oi' its liiauty, value,
or pert'ection. Figuratively, to defame; to ruin a persons
reputation.
BLE'MISH, s. applied to personal v liainis, a scar, or any
thing that diniiiii>h<> their pertecliiiii. Applied to maiiii-
factures, a defect either in the making, or owing to some
accident. Anplied to moral conduct, a reproach, disgrace,
defect, or fault.
To BLENCH, r. II. to shrink; to start back. To hin-
der ; to obslriK't. Seldiyiii iisr<l.
To BLEND, V. n. picter. / bliiidiil, aiu ieully bliut :
[bli!idiiii,Sn\.] lo mix or mingle things together imperfectly,
or so as the several compounds may be discovered, applicrl
to the mixing of colours.
BLI'.ND, s. the ore of zinc mineralized by sulpliiir.
BLENDER, .v. a person w lio miii;,'les lliiiigs together.
IJLE'NllEIM.a village of Germany in Suabi.i, rendered
BLI
BLO
jipmorable for the victory over tiie French ami Bavarians,
obtuiiicd in August 1704, by the Allies, under the eoiniiiaiul
ot'llir t.x<Ae of MarU>oroui;h and Prince Ku;^ene. In memory
of liiis battle, the fi'ie palace of Blenheim was built, near
Wooilstock, at the charge of the government. It is sealed
on the W. ii(le of the Danube, three miles N. K. of Iloch-
sted, 27 N. E. of Ulm, and 25 N. W. of Auitsbur;,'. Lon. 2.
30. E. lat. 4y. 40.
BLE'NNY, s. a genus of fishes, of which one is very re-
markable for brin^mg forth its vounj,' ones alive.
BLENT, the obsolete preterite of Blend.
To BLESS, V. a. prefer. / blessed, or 0/est ; [blessian,
Sax.] to pray for, or [wish happiness or jjood to a person ;
to praise for happiness received, or ascribe our happiness
to (iod ; to confer every thing that can make a person per-
ieclly happv, applied to God.
BLESSED, part. pass, of BlesS.
BLESSEDLY, ad. in a manner which coinnuinicates the
greatest happiness thatcaii be wished.
BLE'SSEDNESS, j. that quality which renders a person
extremely happy ; the state of consummate felicity in hea-
ven. Figuratively, the Divine favour.
BLESSING, «. a declaration of future happiness m a pro-
phetic manner; a prayer in which happiness is re(piested.
Figuratively, the Divine favour ; any means or cause ot hap-
piness ; any great advantage or benetit.
BLEWj-the preterite of Blow.
I5LEYME, s. in farriery, an inflammation in the foot of
a horse, between the sole and the bone.
BLIGHT, s. [blyche, Teut.] a distemper that affects trees
ami plants in Various manners, sometimes the whole, and
sometimes only the leaves, occasioned by an evil disposition
of the air, as too severe frosts, &c. Figuratively, any thing
which makes an undertaking miscarry, or disappoints the
person's expectations.
To BLIGHT, t'. a. to stop the vegetation of a tree ; to
render it barren ; to wither. Figuratively, to blast, de-
stroy, kill, or wither.
BLIND, «. [blind, Sax.] not able to see ; deprived of
sight. Figuratively, ignorant, with the particle to before
the object ; dark, not easily to be seen or found. In clie-
mistrj', applied to those vessels that have no opening but on
one side. Pro v. Blind men can judge no colours. A man
were better to be half blind than have both his eyes out. Who so
blind as he that will not see .'
To BLIND, II. a. to deprive a person of his sight, to pre-
vent a i)erson from seeing; to d.^rken. Fi'airatively, to
render a thing obscure, and not easily compreliended.
BLIND, *. something made use of to intercept the light.
Figuratively, something made use of to divert the eye or
mind from attending to the design a person is carry-
ing-on.
To BLWDFOLD, v. a. to hinder a person from seeing,
by folding or tying something before his eyes.
" BLI'NDFOLD, «. with the eye covered ; with the eyes
shut. Figuratively, without consideration ; without using
our reason.
BLI'NDLY, ad. without sight. Figuratively, scarcely
or hardly to be perceived ; without examination ; im-
plicitly.
BLiNDMAN'S BUFF, s. a play wherein a person enilea-
vours t!) catch some one of the company, after something is
tied over his eves to prevent his seeing.
BLI'NDNES'^, *. loss of the facultyof seeing, arising from
the loss or distemperature of the organs of the eye. Figu-
ratively, ignorance or want of knowledge.
BLI'NDSIDE, *. used figuratively, to express the foibles
or weakness of a person, wliich exposes him to the artifices
of others.
BLI'NDWORM, s. in natural history, the larger slow-
worm, so called from the smallness of its eyes, which hath
induced some to think it has none ; a kind of small viper,
the least of the English venomous reptiles.
To BLINK, V. H. [hliijien, Dan.] to wink with one eye ;
O.
to shut one eye ; to be blind of, or to see obscurely with
one eye.
BLI'NKARD, s. one who has bad eyes ; one who sees
but v<Ty dindy. Figuratively, one who discerns but very
imperl'ectly.
BLISS, *. \_blisse. Sax.] joy arising from the possession of
some great and important g<i<><i ; a state of happiurss, or of
the highest felicity ; most commonly applied to the .'lappi-
ness of the heavenly mansions. .Synon. Our happiness
glares in the eyes of the »<iii;l, and exposes us ofuii to
envy. Oiiry«//<(/i/ is only known to ourselves, and gives us
continual satisfaction. 'I'he idea <>.' bliss cxteiuls bejoiid u
life temporal.
BLl'SSFUL, fl. abounding with joy ; possessed of the
highest degree of happiness.
BLI'SSFULLY, «'/. in such a manner as to shew the
greatest signs of joy, occasioned by the possession and en-
joyment of liappiiuss.
BLl'SSFULNESS, s. llie quality or state of extreme joy,
arising from the eiijoynient of an iuipoilant and immense
good.
BLI'STER, s. [blut/ster, Belg.] a swelling of the skin,
generally filled with a watery fluid, after burning, scalding,
A'c. Iirpharmacy,a medicine which attracts the humours
to a particular part, and by that means raises the cuti-
cle.
To BLISTER, e. n. to rise in blisters ; to be covered with
blisters. Used actively, to raise blisters by burning ; to
apply a plaister, in order to raise a blister.
BLITl', a town of Nottinghamshire, 23 miles N. NW. of
Newark, and 146 N. by W. of London. Market on Thurs-
day.
BLITHE, a. [blithe. Sax.] gay ; airy ; joyous ; sprightly,
owing to the enjoyment of some good.
BLI'THLY, nd. in a joyous, sprightly, or airy manner.
BLITHKESS, *. the state of joyful alacrity and spright-
liness.
BLI'THSOINIE, a. gav, airy, sprig^litly ; cheerful.
To BLOAT, II. a. [hiowan, SaxJ to swell with wind.
Figuratively, to shew pride by the looks or gesture. Ncu-
terly, it implies to look as if swelled by wind ; generally
applied to a person growing lusty, but appearing at the
same time of a weak constitution.
BLG'ATEDNESS, s. the state of a person or thing puffed
up with fat, or swelled with wind.
BLO'BBER, s. a bubble. Not in common use.
BLO BBERLIP, .5. a thick lip.
BLO'BLIPPKD, or BLOBBERLIPPIOU, a. that has
thick lips, applied both to persons and thuigs.
BLOCK, s. [block, Belg. bloc, Vv.] a heavy piece of timber
more thick than long; a piece of marble as it comes out of
the quarry; anv massy body; a i)ioce of wood formed in
the shape of a sltull, made use of by barbers to make their
perukes upon ; a piece of wood used by hatters to f^rm or
dress their hats on; the wood on which criminals are be-
headed; pieces of wood belonging to a ship, htted with
sliives and pins for running rigging to go thiough. Figu-
ratively, an obstruction or impi<limeiit ; a person of (lull
parts, slow aiiprchensions, remarkable stupidity.
To BLOCK, V. a. [bloquer, Fr.] to stop up any passage ;
to inclose a town so as to hinder any one from going into,
or coming out of it. Generally used with the iiarticle
np.
BLOCKADE, s. [bl<,chhm/i. Tent.] a fortress or bulwark,
erected to stop up or secure a passage. In war, a kind of
siege, wherein all passages and avenues are seized and stopt
up, so as the besieged can neither receive provisions, rein-
forcements, nor intelligence, an<l are reduced to the neces-
sitv of surrendering or starving.
To BLOCKA'DE, r. a. to seize upon, and block up all
the avenues to a place.
BLOCKHEAD, s. a figurative expression ; used to imji.y
a person of a dull appreliension, want of parts, and grcBt
stupidity
a?
15 1, U
h r. u
BLO'CKHEADED, a. remarkably stupid, dull, and in-
oapaMe of iiiiproviiig.
BLO'CKHt)lISli, i. a fortress built to secure a passage,
and hinder anv one from going tlirougli.
BLO'CKISH, <7. stupid; dull.
BLO'CKISHLY, nd. after the manner of a person remark-
able for his stupidity ; like a hloeklicad.
BLOCklSHNESS «. great duliiess of apprehension; or
stupidity.
BLOCK-TI'N, /. tin wliieli is pure or uiniiixed, and yet
uiiwroujdit.
BLOCKWOOD, s. in traoe, the logwood brougat from
Honduras, and uaed in dying black.
BLOI.S, an ancient and bandsunu' city in the nept. of
Loire and Cher, once the abode of tho kings of Trance.
The spectator is struck with the idea of an aivipliithcatrc,
in seeing the manner in which the strc'ts arc disposed, like
rows of seats one above anotiicr ag.ti.ist the hill. Here are
some tine fountains, and a new bridge, one of the bi-st in
France. The Trench language is thought to be spoken here
with the grtatcjit purity. It has maiudactnres of serges
and ticking, and a conu'ierce in wines and brandy. Blois is
pleasantiv situated on the river Loire, in a fine countr\. 47
BiilesN. L. of Tours, and 100 S. W. of Pari.s. Lat. 47. 35.
N. Ion. !.*).£.
BLO'AL\RY, J. [from b/nma, Sa\.] the first forge in an
iron work, through w liich the metal passes after it has been
first melted from the mine.
BLOOD, {liliid) s. [b/crl, Sa\.l a ren warm fluid, circulating
by means of the veins and arteries, through every part of an
animal body. B/ood, whvu cold, separates into two parts,
the one red and fibrous, which foniis into a nuiss, and is
called the cnmr ; the other, which is thin and transparent,
retains its duidily, and is called the. serum. The red colour
of blood is derived from the red oxide of iron which it con-
tains. J5/ourfisused figurativeK for family kindred, descent,
bfe. Joined with hot or cold, a cold or warm disposition ;
a person of a warm and sanguine temper ; a rake. Joined
with flesh, used in scripture, to signily hunuiii nature in its
corrupt state, or the stale of unassisted reason. The juice
of vegetables.
To BLOOD, r. a. to stain w ilh blood ; to let blood.
BLOODGUi'LTINESS, «. murder; the crime of shed-
ding blood.
BLOOD-HOT, «. that has the same degree of heat as
the blood.
BLOO'DIIOUND, s. a hound that follows by the scent,
seizes with great fierceness, will not quit the track of the
person he pursues, and is trained to the sport by blooil.
15LOO'DILY, lid. in a cruel savage manner ; inclined to
murder or blooflshed.
BLOODINESS, s. the state or appearance of a thing
tained with blood.
BLOO'DLESS, a. without blood ; having no blood. Fi-
gurativrly. dead : pale.
BLO()'DSnED, s. nuirder, occasioned by giving a per-
son a wound bvw Inch he bleeds to death ; slaughter.
Bl OODSHEDDER, s. one who murders another.
BLOODSHOT, or BLOO DSHO'nEN, a. an epilhel
ap|)lied to a disti'uiper in the eyes, wherein the blood
ves.sels are so distended as to make them appear ofa bloody
colour.
Td.OO'DSTONE, ». in natural liistoiy a mineral of a
green colour, spotted with a blood led ; hard, ponderous,
composed of pointed needles, and generalK fo;nid in ion
mines. It is used in nu'diciiie asa sivplic, or I(j ^lop lilc.od ;
anil hv goldsmiths and gilders |o polish their «■ 1 1 ■-.
BLOO'D VESSEL,.*, a vessel appropriated by nature to
the convevance of I In- hli)od.
BLOODY,", itaiiied with blood. Figuratively, cruei ;
murdcioui.
BLOO l)Y TLl'X. *. Sec Dysenteuy.
KLOO IJY MINDED, a. cruel; inclined to murder, or
bloodsll'jd.
'M
BLOOM, J. \hliim, Teut.] in botany, the flower on fruit-
trees and plants, which precedes their fruits. The tine blue
substance on plums, iic. In the iron works, a four sipiare
mass of haraniered iron, of about two feet length, and three
quarters of a iinudied weight, niadefrom pail ofasow of cast
iron. Figuratively, a fl«urisliing slate, w hich may adnut of
increase and improvenieiit.
To BLOOM, V. II. to produce blossoms or flowers. Figu
ratively, to flourish ; to be in a floiuishiug state.
BLOOMY, n. full of blossoms or flowers. Figuratively,
being in a state of vigour or oerfection : bciu? in a flourish-
ing state.
BLOSSOM, «. [iWn*, Sax.] in botany, the flower which
afterwards turns to fruit on trees or plants ; more particu-
larlv applied lo the petals.
'To IJLO'SSOM, f. n. to put fortn flowers or blossom^
which afterwards lurn to fruit.
To BLOT, r. a. [h/d/th; lo hide, Fr.] lo drop ink on a
paperor other subslance ; to efface or dash out any word
with ink ; used with out. Figuratively, to render a thing
imperceptible, or invisible ; lo efface ; to stain, sully, or
disgrace. To make black ; to darken.
BLOT, s. a spot of ink dropped by accident on paper ;
a dash with a |>en on a wend, in order lo cflacc it. Figura-
tively, a stain, or auy thing which causes disjjrace, applied
to character.
BLOTCH, s. a sore, pustule, or any eruption of the sltin
which conveys the idea ofa defect.
To BLOTE, V. a. [bluisen, Belg.] to sMioiie, or dry with
smoke ; hence bloird, or red herrings. Seldom used.
BLOW, iblo) s. \blime. Sax.] a stroke given with the fist
or any weapon. Lsedwith al, a single attempt; a sudden
event, an unexpected evil. The act of laying or depositing
eggs in flesh, applied to flies : " The blous ot tiios." Chupm.
To BLOW, {blu) V. n. preter. blew, part. pass. Wohii ;
[bhuaii, Sax.] lo move, applied to the action of wind. Used
sometimes impersonally with liie particle >t. " It bli.us a
happy gale." Drt/d. To breathe upon ; lo sound by means
of w ind. " Let the prating organ blow." Dn/d. To sound
a musical instrument by the breath. Used with mer, to pass
or cease without producing damage. " When the storm is
b/oii)i liver — how blest is the swain !" Gran. Used with 17),
to iiiount in the air, applied to the eflect of gunpowder.
" Some of the enrmy's ina!;azines blew tip." Taller, No.
,50. L'sed actively, to drive or move by the force of wind ;
lo increase a lire by means ofa pair of bellows ; to breathe
Ujion ; to iouiid a wind instrument by the iireaih. " Their
loud lip lifti'd angel tiumpels hlnw." Milt. Used with nni,
to exlingnish by the wind <u breath. Used with upi:ii, to
become common ; lo bvccmie contemptible on account of
its being universally known, even lo llie vulgar; lo be slale.
To BLOW, {hlii) )'. n. [btouaii. Sax.] in botany, to bloom,
to blossom, to flourish.
BLOWER, (bin er) X. among miners, a nielter of tin.
BLO'WIN(J, fWii-iHfi) .«. the act of forming glass into its
•.arions shapes, by breathing or blowing with the mouth
ihrouirh iIk flowing iiipe.
BLOW-I'Il'T., s. in chemistry, an instrument to increase
and direct the lame of a lamp for the analysis of minerals,
and for othei < hemical purposes.
BLOW/E, s. a female of a heallhv ruddy countenance,
or one wln^se hair is generally in disorder; a ruddy fat-
(ac'd vvei'i'h.
B'.O'M 7Y, .(. rnddyfaced, or with the hair disordered.
liLU'BBI It, i. the fat part of a whale, or other cetaccoiia
fi>lies, w Iii' li cdi'lains the nil.
'To T.I.UIiBFR, r. II. [iiiibdbnlare, Ital.] to weep in such a
nisn.-iiT as to make the cheeks swell. Used actively, to
svv II ilii' cIk i-ks w ilh weeping.
Td.UBI'.ERl^D, part. a. svvjdled, big, or large, applied to
ihrTps.
Td U'D(!EON, *. a sliott stick, having one end loaded
will' 1 ail, iMc. used as an ortensive weapon.
BLUE, a. formerly spelt blew; [blatOf Sax.] of a blue
BLl!
BOA
colour. Used suDstantively for one of tlie ()riiiiitive colours
oflheraysof light; and anions djers for one of tli«' five
sirii[>le or mother colours, of \vl;ieli lliey form the others.
Blue is dyed cliietly with wood inid indij;o, and juiintcd
with ultramarine, bhieasli..'s and sniult.aiMJ in oil and minia-
ture with indigo, blue hice, blue verdiler, capis armenus,
smalt and litmus. To look blue upon a person, is to behold
Iiim with an unfavourable aspect, or forbidding counte-
nance.
To BLUE, V. a. to make of a blue colour, to give linen a
bluish cast by <lipping them into cold water, wherein soap
and indigo have been dissolved.
BLL'EBO TTLE, s. a Hower of the bell shape. A fly
with a large blue bottle.
BLU'E^JOIIN, s. a beautiful Derbyshire spar.
BLU'ELY, nrf. like a blue colour; bluish.
BLU'1'JNES.S, *. that quality which denominates a tliiuj;
biue.
BLUFF, n. applied to the looks, liig, swelling, surly.
BLU'FF-HEAD, s. anions; sailors, a ship is said to be
blutt'-headed that has an upright stem.
BLU'ISH, a. somewhat blue.
BLU'ISHNESS, /. the (juality of being somewhat
blue.
To BLUTMDER, v. n. [hlmideren, Belg.] to be guilty of a
gross mistake, including the secondary idea of contempt.
Used actively, to go in a confused manner in quest or search.
To mix ignorantly and by gross mistake.
BLUTSDEK, *. a gross mistake, applied both to actions
and words, and carrying with it the idea of gross and ridi-
culous stupidity.
BLUNDERBUSS, s. a kind of gun or fusee, whose bar-
rel is generally made of brass, and may be charged with se-
veral bullets. Figuratively, a person guilty of gross and
ridiculous mistakes, either inactions or words.
BLUTSDERER, s. one who cannot distinguish one thing
from anotlier; one who is guilty of gross and ridiculous
mistakes, either in action or language.
BLUNT, ff. applied to the point oredjje'of a weapon,
that will not pierce or cut, on account of its thickness, op-
posed to sharp ; deficient in politeness of behaviour ; void
of ceremony or politeness ; not easy to be penetrated.
To BLUNT, 1). a. to spoil the sharpness of the edge or
point of a weapon, so as to hinder it troni piercing. Figu-
ratively, to lessen the violence ot'any passion.
BLUTSTLY, orf. applied to edge-tools, so as not to be
able to pierce or cut. Applied to behaviour, without cere-
mony, politeness, or elegance.
BLUNTNESS, s. want of edge, point, or sharpness, ap-
plied to xyeapons. Plainness, abruptness, want of ceremo-
ny, or politeness, applied to manners.
BLUR, s. \borra. Span.] a blot or stain. Figuratively, a
defect.
To BLUR, V. a. to efface, erase, or ren<Ier a thing imper-
ceptible. Figuratively, to stain, applied to credit, beha-
viour, or reputation.
To BLURT, V. a. to speak, discover, or declare, without
consideration, or notwithstanding caution to the contrary.
Used with the particle oi(<.
To BLUSH, V. n. [blosen, Belg.J to redden, or grow re<l
ill the face at being charged willi any thing that excites
shame, or seeing any thing immodest. Figuratively, to bear
the colour of a blush. Used willi nt before the cause.
BLUSH, s. a redness of the ciieeks occasioned by the
consciousness of some defect, or the sight of some unchaste
object. Figuratively, any red colour. With the word
first, a sudden appearance, or at lirst sight.
To BLUSTER, n. «. [from hl<ist, Sax.] to roar, applied
to the noise of the wind in a storm. Figuratively, to in;iUe
a noise, bully, hector, swagger, or be tumultuous through a
vain persuasion, or conceit ofa person's importance.
BLUSTER, s. the roaring noise occasioned by the vio-
lence of the wind. Figuratively, the height or noisy turbu-
lence of agger or vqjn cooce.it.
BLU'STERER, s. a person who makes a great noise from
acoiK-eited opinion of his own importance ; a bully.
BLU'STROUS, o. applied to the wiii<l, making a great
noise from its violence. Applied to persons making a noise,
and assuming the airs oi those who are of some impor-
tance.
B MI, s. a note in music.
BO, interj. a word used to excite terror ; according to
Sir William Temble, from Bo, an old northern captain,
whose very looks terrified his enemies.
BOA, s a genus of s«;rpents, of which the boa conttrictor
is the most enormous. It is a native of America, and lays in
ambush on the tops of trees, from which it darts down on
any animal which passes iniderneath, and first crushes it to
death by wrapping itself round it, and then devours it at
its leisure. See Plate.
BOAR, ». formerly spelt bore ; [bar. Sax.] the male hog.
B()'.\R-.SPE/\R, s. a spear used in hunting wild boars.
BO.\RD, *. [AiY/f/, Sax.] a piece of timber sawn thin for
the use of building ; when thick it is ca.led a ///«»/(. A
table. A table round which a council or conunittee sits:
hence the council board ; the biinril 0/ works. Figuratively,
entertainment, diet, or food. 'I'he deck, or floor ofa ship.
Used with on, within the ship. Joined to uithout, as without
hoard, out of the ship: with ofe»-, over the side of the ship,
or out of the ship into the sea. " Throwed him over board."
Sli/il hi/ the board, is to slip by the sides of a ship. To make a
hoaitl, is to turn the ship to the windwar<l. 'Jo mnke a (rood
board, is used ofa ship when advanced much to the wind-
ward at one tack.
To BOARD, v.a. to enter a ship by force; to attack or
make the first attempt ; from the French aborder f/uelgn'jiH,
To cover with boards. To board it up to the wind, is to turn a
ship to the windward.
To BOARD, i>. n. [from burdd, Brit.] to live and diet at a
house. Actively, to place a person as a boarder at a
house.
BO'ARD-WAGI'IS, «. money allowed servants to find
themselves in victuals.
BO'ARDER, s. one who diets or eats at another's table,
at a settled rate ; a scholar that lives in the master's house,
and cats at his table.
BOARDING-SCHOOL, s. a school where the scholars
live with, and are found in victuals b\, the master.
BO'ARISH, a. Iboar and isc, Sax.] of the nature of, or
like a boar. Figuratively, fierce, cruel, savage, furious,
and void of every principle of bunuinity.
BO'ARISIINESS, s. the furious savage quality of a
boar. Figuratively, want of delicacy, kindness, pity, and
humanity.
To BOAST, v.a. [host, Brit.] to display one's abilities in
a proud, assuming, and vain manner; to ui;igiiify, exalt, or
be proud of. Neiiterly, to brag ; to e\;ilt one's self.
BOAST, s. the tiling a person is proud of ; t^.e cause of a
person's pride ; a vain and conceited <lisplay.
BO'.A.STER, s. one who makes a |)(impoiis displa- of bis
advantages, whether they consist in power, we;iltli, learur
iug, virtue, or religion.
BO'.ASTFUL, a. iiK-liued or subject to brag ; ostenta-
tious.
BO'ASTINGLY, ad. in such a manner as to brag of, or
display with vain conceit, and pompous expressicins.
BOAT, s. [bat. Sax.] a small open vessel, commonly
wrought or moved by oars, inteiideil cliiefiy for riv( is ai.d
lakes; when rowed bv one man. called a sculler ; when by
two named oars,\>\ the- J.ondoneis.
BO ATMAN, <ir BO .VTSMAN, s. he that manages or
works a boat.
P>0'ATS\VA1X, s. [bimlsu-aiii. Sax.] an otbcer on board
asliip, who Ikis cliin-ge of all lier rigging, lakes care of the
long Iwxit anil her foniitiire, steering lier bv binis) If ; t;ilis
out tbescvtial giuigs and tlieir companies lo llui. watches,
and other ottices, and punishes all otieuders that are sciv
teuccd by the captain on a court-martial.
BOJ)
liU 1
To BOR, r. ff. [perhaps from h.-ibn, Span.] fo coiiqiipv or
drub. To cheat, or deprive by fraud and ciuming. These
senses seem now obsolete. To catch eils in a peculiar
inaiuie- .
To BOB, r. n. apphed to any body, wiiich liciii^ hung or
suspended by a string, plays backwards and forwards; to
play or swing against a thing. To give a person a hunch or
push with the elboW', by way of signal, or to iHuko hiiu t-Ae
notice of any particular.
BOB, s. a jewel or other ornament which hangs loose
from the ear; the word or sentence repealed at Ihc end of
every verse or stanza of a song ; a blow, hunch, or push
with the elbow. Also a short peruke.
PO'BAC,f. in natural history, a species of marmot.
BO'BBIN, *. [bvliitie, Fr. | a small piece of wood, turned in
the form of a cylinder, with a little border jutting out at
each end, and bored through its lengih to screw a small iron
spindle, and to wind thread, worsted, silk, >S.c. upon; the
small reed put in the hollow of a shuttle, round w hich the
thread or silk is wound to make the woof; a small neat
turned stick, round which the thread is wound to make
boiie-lace with ; likewise a round .vliite tape, used by the
ladies as a running string for their aprons, caps, Ac.
BO'BCHEKKV, s. a game among children, wherein a
clierry is suspended by a sfring, which they strive to bite,
or get into their irioiitlis.
BO'BTAIL, s. a dog which has his tail cut off entirely, or
verv short; hence the adj'ctive Soi^iTrf.
RO'CASINK, I. a sort of linen clolh.
BO'CKELET, or 150CKERET, *.a kind of long-winged
hawk.
BO'CKIXG, a very large village in Essex, adjoining to
Braintree, from which it is separated only by a small stream.
It is 42 nnles N. E. of London.
BOCK-LAND, *. in the Saxon time was wliat we call
freehold land, held by persons of rank by charter or deed
in writing, by which name it was distinguished from Folk-
laml. or copy hold land, held by the common people without
writin;;.
To BODE, r. «. [fcorfi'a?!. Sax.] to convey the knowledge
of some future event, applied to an omen ; to portend, used
both in a gfiod and bad sense.
BO'DENIENT, *. a sign or signs foreshewing some fu-
ture event, used both of good and bad events.
BODICE, s. stays, or a kind of waistcoat laced before,
made of leather, and worn bv country women next to their
shifts.
BO DILES.S, n. [Iiudrj and lease, Snx.] that has no body ;
incorporeal ; imnraterial.
BODILY', a. that consists of, or belongs to, mat-
ter; that belongs to the body. Real, opposed to chime-
rical.
BO Dl LY, nd. in such a manner as to be united to the
body, or mailer ; corporeally.
ROUKIN, s. [boil/an, Brit.'] an instrument with a small
blade, and sharp point, to make holes with ; an instrument
formed like a needle with a long eye, used by females to run
a ribbon or string in an aiiron or <>lher parts of their dress,
and formerly used in confining and tying u)) their hair.
BO'DMiS, a town of Cornwall, with a market on Sa-
turday; seated in a bottom between two liigh hills, which
niiders the air very unwholesome. It cliieflv consists of
one street, and the many decay<'d houses shew it has been a
place of greater note ; is a mayor-town, and sends two
members to parliament, and fornierlv had the privil<ge(>f
the coinage of tin. It is .32 miles N. E. of Falmouth, and
3.14 W. by S. of London.
BO'DY, s. [Ixulifi-, Sax.l in physics, a solid, extended, pal-
pable substance, of itself merely passive, and indift'ercnt
either f<> motion or rest, but capable of any sort of motion,
or any kind of furnis ; composed of particles iidinitely hard,
8o as never to wear or break into pieces. In anatomy, that
part ol an animal composed of bones, muscles, nerves, ca-
"v.ls, and juices. The real existence of a thing, or its coni-
100
ptetion, m opposition to an image, shadow, representatioti,
or type. A collection of persons united by some coinuion
tie, or cliarter. Applied to dress, that part which covtrj
the lioily. The inaterials which comp<ise a sfuH t>r olhcr
manufacture. Applied to liquors, strength. Substance.
The mam or chief part of a thing. A pi rtV c1 system, or
llr.it which contains all the branches of a science; as, "A
iof/yof di\ inity." " A hodu of laws."
To BO'DV, !■. a. to produce ; to bring iiilo being.
BODY-CLOTHES, .s.the clothes which cover a horse's
body, when dieted, Ac.
B(>G, «. [from liii^; soft, Irish] a moist rotten spot of
earth, which sinks and gives way to the weight of the body,
formed of grass or plants putritied by some spring ; a marsh
or morass.
ToBO'CiGLE, t'. )i. [from ing'iV, a spectre, bugbear, or
phantom, Belg.] to start, nm, or tl\ back at the sight of a
terrifying object. Used with the i)article at, to hesitate ; to
doubt. 'Fo dissemble ; to be guilty of prevarication ; or
to i)lay f;ist and loose ; used with the particle uilh.
BOGCiLElt, s. a i>erson full of doubts-' a fearful or
timorous person.
BOGGY, «. abounding in bogs; partaking of (he nature
or quality of a hng.
BOGHOUSE, s. a house of office.
BO'GMOSS, «. a sort of moss generally found in bogs.
The botanical geiieric name is sphagnum.
BO'G-TllO'TTEK, s. one who lives in a bogg%' coun-
try.
BCHE'A, s. [Chin.] one of the coarsest teas which conies
from China, and is the second gathering; for all teas grow
on the same plant, and (lifter only accordinjj to the season
of gathering, and the method of drying. After it is gather-
ed, it is dried in pans over a (ire, mikI i oiled up in me iumi
we have it, by a person employed for that purpose; the
juice or oil of the plant, which then moistens the hands,
being of so corroding a nature, that it often eats into Ike
flesh, and produces the same efiect as a caustic, lin/iea
tea is very serviceable, and where it agrees with a persftn,
excels all other vegetables for preventing sleepiness or
dulness, for taking off weariness or fatigue; for raising the
spirits ; corroborating the memory, and other faculties
which depend on a true temperaluie of the brain, if used
chiefly in an afternoon, drank moderately, and not too hoi,
as is the general custom.
BOHEiML4, a kingdom of Europe, bounded on the N. by
Misnia and Lusace, on the E. by Silesia and Moravia, om
the S. by Austria, and on the W. by Bavaria. It is about
200 miles in length, and 160 in breadth, anri is ven fertile
in corn, saftVon, iiops, and pastures. In the mountains there
are mines of gold and silver, and in some places they Hud
diamonds, granates, copper, and lead. The roman catholic
religion is the principal, though there are manv protestants.
The chief rivers are only the Miildau, the Elbe, and the
Oder. Their language is the Sclavonian, with a mixture of
the German. The capital town, or city, is Prague. It is
subject to the house of^ Austria.
Bohemian BRETHREN, the ancient protestants of
Bohemia, including the Hussites, Taborifes, Ac.
To BOIL, 1'. n. [Imuil/ir, Fr.] to be violently agitated with
heat ; to have its particles set into a violent motion by fire,
and so to be able lo scald any thing immersed into it, applied
to water. Figuratively, lo W hot ; to move with a violent
motion, like that of boiling water; lo be placed in boiling
water. 'Fo boil nirr, ap|)lied lo water or other fluids, to
have its contents so rarehed by heal, as to take up a larger
dimension than before, and to run over the sides of a vessel.
Actively, to heal, by putting into boiling water ; lo seethe;
to dress victuals bv boiling.
BOIL, .«. a specie's of abscess, properly spelt bite, wliicJi
see.
BOILER, s. one who boils any thing ; a vessel in which a
ihing is boiled.
BOl LING, s. in pliysics, the particles of fuel passing ll»
BOL
pores of the vpssi'I, mix with tlie liiinid, and nifctiiiff «'!Hi r
rcsislimvc ilinc siirticiciit ti)<l:'»ti(n llicir iiu.iiitii, tlii'> com-
i|Uiiii( ;i|c it tdtlu'Miilei ; li(>ii<<- iuiscs :i siii.ill iiilcstin'f nio-
tidii ill tlio iiiirl.'clfs lit that fluid ; Ijiit llic liist <iiiise still
fciiitiiiuiiiK. li'Hl iii<>ti<!ii is ijKi«;i4(d till the ii!,ntiitiiiii of the
Hater bftiiiiK's sciisdile ; but ri(i« tlif i);nii(l('» ot Src, «(im-
tiiiiially strikiiifioi) tJKise at till' lowest siirlirce (if iiater, will
iiii()(l llieii), liolli by its impulse and b\ tli( ir j'wii raieliir-
tioii, upwards, dining; wliitli llie particle;, at the upper sur-
face ui;ist, bv their own specific Kva\ily, be desceiidiiii,' to-
wards th<' bottom; wl)icli will easily account for the suriiiee
of water beinj; sooner hot than .it !h<- ii'itt<iui, and a perseus
bciii^'able to nunc a vessel of boiliui,' water by puttiiijj his
hand on the bottom, without receivin;; any hurl. The fire
thus diuiiuishiiif; the s|H'cific gravity of v.aler, so as to nrake
it iniHint not only in water, but likewise air, we hence are
enabled to account for the liteam oi smoke. 'I'lie particles
of air dilated aiidcxpanded thus by heat, moviuff upwards,
will uu'et and coalesce in theirascent, by which nieansfjreat
(luantities of water will rise and fall alternately, or, in other
words, the water will boil ; but the heat continuinfj, and the
rarefaction iiicreasini;, the water will now be too much lor
tile vessel to contain, and will consequently s»ell over its
sides, which the vuljjar call hnilins: over. It luusi however
be added, that wht.i water boils, it cannot lie reiulered hot-
ter by any deforce of tiie whatever.
B()rOBI,4-. in iratural history, a South American serpent,
which is very poiionous, but docs not bile unless when
attacked.
BOl'SKLE DUC, a very stron-,' city in Dutch Hiabant.
It is seate<I anions morasses, betneen the rivers Doniniel and
Aa, 22 miles E. N. E. o*"Breda, 46 N. E. of Antwerp, and 45
S. S. E. Oi". Amsterdam.
BOrSTEROUS, ff. violent, furious, vehement, or stormy.
Roarinjj, applied to the \vind. EiKuratively, furious, warm,
hot, outrageous. .Applied to persons, violent.
BOr.STEROUSLV, ml. in a violent nranner ; funonslv.
BO'ISTEROUSNF.SS, that slate or quality of being fuii-
ous, tumultuous, turbulent, and stormy.
BO'KHARA, the capital of Great Bokharia, Bocliaria,
or Bucharia, vvliicb is a well cultivated country of W. Tar-
tary-, the ancient So^diaiia, bavins little Bucharia (ui the E.
Hindostanand Persia on the S. and a part ofr' Persia and the
Caspian Sea on the W. Itisalar^e populous place, seated on a
rising ground ; the houses are low, and moslly built of mud,
but the the caravansaras and niostiues, which nre nuinerous,
are of stone. Great numbers of Jews and Aia!;iaiis frequent
this place ; but the khan seizes on their possessions at his
pleasure. It is 100 miles VV. by S. ofSamarcaiid. Eat. 39. 15.
E. Little Bucharia is an jdjoining country, which has
Yarkian for its capital.
BOLD, a. \bald. Sax.] not hindered from an undertaking,
either by the threats of others, or the ditticulties attending
it; daring, brave, courageous, fearless. Impudent, rude,
applied to the behaviour. Licentious, or too free, applied
. to words. Level, smooth, even, applied by sailors to situ-
ation. To make hold, to take the liberty or freedom.
To BO'LDEN, V. a. to grow bold, to make bold ; to dis-
pel a person's fears or doubts.
BOLDFACED, a. impudent; not shewing any signs of
shame bv the countenance.
BOLDLY, arf. confidently ; with assurance ; impudently.
BOLDNESS, s. courage, intrepidity, iiiidaiiutedness.
The power to speak or do what we intend before others
without fear or disorder. In a had sense, a resolution to do
or speak any thing before others, though conscious of its
being wrong or indecent.
BOLE, ». [hnliis, Lat.] a certain particular sort of earth,
used bv painters, moderately coherent, ponderous, soft, and
not stirtor viscid, but in some degree ductile while moist ;
not composed of fine particles, smooth tothe touch, friable,
easily diffused in water, and freely subsiding from it. There
are several sorts of Holes, as the white, yellow, red, brown,
and gray ; all whieli are prescribed in some case or other,
101
Bt>L
ill various distempers. Also, the body, or trmik of n tivf'.
Likew ise a measure of cor:i, eoiitaiiiing six ln.shels.
BO LIN(;i'Pi()KE, or Bi i.i.inijurok r, a town in Lii>-
coliisliire, with a iiiaiki t on Tuesday. It is seated at the
spriiiL; liciid of a river, viiiicli falls into the Witham on a
low ground, and is a very ancient town, with the title of an
eaililciii, though now but a mean place. King Henry IV.
was born here. It is 20 miles E. of Liiicolu, and 128 N. by
E. ofLfiudon.
BO'LIS, s. [Lat.] in natural history, a great fiery ball,
swililv hurried thiough the air, generally drawing a tail
after it.
BOLL, s. in botany, a round stalk or stem; a» a Lull nt
flax.
To BOLL, r. n. to rise in a italk; "The flax was IxilleH,"
E.rnd. ix..TI.
nOLOGN.A, an ancient, large, rich, and very handsome
town of Italy, in the ci devant terriloi-y <if the cliurch, aitd
capital of the Bolognese ; an archbishop's see, and an uni-
versity. It contains about 80,0(10 inhabitants, and 169
churches. It is a place of great trade, which is in some mea-
sure owing toa canal that runs from this city into the river
Po. The ileno, which runs near Bologna, turns 400 mills,
which are employed in the silk works ; besides, they deal
in wax, soap, hams, sausages, and even lap-dogs, which are
greatly esteemed. It is seated at the foot of the iVIodena, 2.i
miles S. W. of Ferrara, 48 N. of Florence, aud 175 N. \V. of
Rome. Lon. 14. .W. E. lat. 44. .',0. N.
BOLOGNE'SE, a small province of Italy, in the ci devant
territory of the church, bounded on the N. by the Ferrarese,
on the W. by Modeiia, on the .S. by Tuscany, and on the E.
by Romania. It is xvatered by a great number of small rivers,
w hich render the soil the most fertile of any in Italy. It
produces abundance of all sorts of grain and fruits, particu-
larly Muscadine grapes, which are in high esteem. There
are also mines of alum and iron ; and they fabricate large
quantities of linen, silk stockings, and doih.
BOLSOVER, a town of Derbyshire, seated on an fjiri-
nence, and noted only for the manufacture of tol>!icco-pipe6.
Market on Friday.
BO'LSTER, s'.[bulsti-e, Sax.] a long ticking sack filled with
feathers, flocks, iVc. made use of to support or raise a per-
son's head in bed. Applied to dress, a pad made use of to
hide some deformity. In surgery, a compress; or piece of
linen doubled, laid, or bound upon a wound.
To BOLSTER, c a. to support, or raise a person's head
with a bolster. In surgery, to force or keep the lips of a
wound close by means of a compress. Figuratively, to sup-
port or nraintain.
BOLT, *. [hoult, Belg.j a dart shot from a cross-bow ;
lightning; a thunder-bolt ; a short piece of iron made t»
fiisten doors ; an iron pin made toseciire the shutters of win-
dows, and to fasten the (ilanksof ships ; a spot ; obstacle,
impediment. Unit iipris;lit means upright as an arrow.
To BOLT, 1'. a. to fasten with a bolt ; to fling out ; to
siienk without hesitation. Figuratively, to fasten; to sepa-
rate the fine from the coarse parts of a thing with a sieve,
[from hlntir, Fr.] To separate truth from falsehood by rigor-
ous examination. Neuterly, to spring out with suddenness;
to start out with the quickness of an arrow ; to come in a
hurry, or without due consideration. Used with the word
oul.
BOLTER, s. a sieve to separate finer from coarser parts,
parlieularly applied to that made use of to separate flour
from bran.
BOLTHEAD, *. in chemistry, a long straight-necked
glass vessel used in distillations. See Matrass.
BO LTTN(i-HOUSl'., s. a place where meai is sifted, or
separated from the bran.
BO ETON, or BoLi on-le-moor, a town of LancUshire,
noted for its manufacture of fustians and counterpanes,
dimities and muslins. Here are navigable canals, which
conduct from this town to Manchester and Wigan.
It stands amidst dreary moors, 11 miles N. W. of Mai).
noN
3 ON
rhestcr, and 199 N. N. \V. of London. Market on Moa-
diy.
IjO'I T-ROPEl, i. the rope on which the sail of a ship is
fisteiitd.
BOI.TSPRIT,^. See Bowsprit.
BO'LUS, J. ILat.] iii pharmacy, a medicine made into a
soft mass, about the size of a nutmeg, to be taiien at once.
BOMB, *. [bdmbits, Lat.] formerly a loud noise. A hol-
low iron ball, or shell, tilled with gunpowder, and fiirnibhed
with a vent for a fusee, or wooden tube tilled with combus-
tible matter to be thrown out from a mortar, which had its
name from the noise it makes. The fusee, being set on
tire, burns slowly till it reaches the gunpowder, which goes
off at once, bursting the shell to pieces with incredible vio-
lence : whence the use oi bombs in besjeging towns. The
largest are alxmt eijjhteen inches in diameter. By whom
ihey were invented is not known, and the time is uncertain;
some fixing if to 1588, and others to 1495.
To BOAIB, V. a. to attack with, or shoot bombs against.
BO'MBARD, s. [bnmbardiis, Lat.] a piece of artillery
used before the invention of cannon, exceeding short and
thick. Tliis word is now obsolete.
To BOMB.\'RD, v. a. to fling bombs into a town ; to
attack with bombs.
BOMBARDI'ER, s. the engineer who fires or directs tlie
throwing of bombs out of the mortars.
BOMBARDMENT, >. an attack made upon a city, &q.
by throwing bombs into it.
BOMBASI'N, {bombuzieti) s. [bomhasi7i, Fr. from biwtbi/ci-
nits, silken, Lat.] a slight silken manufacture used for
mourning.
BOMBA'ST, s. in literature, high, pompous, swelling ex-
pressions, above the subject to which they are applied.
BOMBA'ST, a. ponioous ; of big sound.
BOMBA'Y, an ishinu of liindoostau, on the W. coast of
the Deccan, 7 miles in length, and about 21 in circumfe-
reflce. The ground is barren, and good water scarce. It
was formerly accounted very unhealthy ; but by draining
the swamps and bogs, the air is improved. It has a capa-
cious harbour, or bay, reckoned the finest haven in the In-
dies, wiiere whole fleets find shelter and security in all
seasons. Besides the town of Bombay, which is about a
mile in length, (with mean houses, a few excepted,) there
are other smaller ones upon this island. The inhabitants
are of several nations, and very numerous; they have abun-
dance of cocoa-nuts, but scarcely any corn or cattle. It is
one of the three presidencies of the English East India
Company, by which their oriental territories are governed,
and it is 150 miles S. of Sural. Lat. 18° 56' 42" N. Ion. TZ^
hi 24" E. from Greenwich.
BO'MB-CHEST, s. a chest filled with gunpowder and
bombs, and \ilaccd under ground in order to blow it up,
together with those that are upon it.
BOMB-KETCH, or BOMB-VESSEL, s. a small vessel,
strongly built, and strengthened with large beams, to bear
the shock of a mortar at sea, when bombs are to be tiirown
from it into a town.
BONA I'TDE, I. [Lat.] among lawyers, signifies that
such a thing wiii really done without fraud or deceit.
BONA RO'BA,.«. a woman of the town ; a prostitute.
BONA'SUS, s. [Lat.] in nahiral history, a kind ofbutl'alc,
or wild bull.
BONCHRETIEN, *. [Er.] a pear, so called pernaps from
the name of smue gardener.
BOND, s. [liDiirl, Sax.] any thing which confines a per-
ion's amw so, that he has not the free use of them ; cords or
chains; that which hohls the parts of a thing together;
nnion, joinin;/, or connection. I'igurativeiy, captivity, im-
prisonment, loss of liberty ; ol)Iigalion. A tie, applied to
alliance. In law, a deed by whit ii a person oliliges liiiuacif
to perform certain acts, under a penalty specilied therein.
BOND, i». ["^rbinirlen, Sax.] Hot free ; in a state of slavery.
BONDAfM'., s. slavery ; a state wherein a person is de-
Jin%ed of lihert- .
m
BOTS'DM AID, s. a woman, or female slave.
BO'NDMAN, .«. a man slave.
BOISDSERVANT, s. a person wlio is under bond (n
serve his master, and is not at liberty to quit him.
BO'ND.SERVICE, s. the condition of a slave ; slavery,
BO'NDSL.AVE, J. a person in inextricable slavery
BO'NDSMAN, s. a slave ; a person who has given Lis
bond as a security for another.
BO'NDSWOM.\N, *. a woman slave ; or one who has
given her bond for security.
BONE, f. [Ann, Sax.] in anatomy, a white, hard, brittle,
insensible substance, supporting and strengthening the
body like beams and pillars in a ouilding; deluding some
of the more essential parts, as the brain; giving shape to
the human fabric, and assisting it in its motion. The bones
consist of camclla* (little (liates) running lengthwise, and
arched over at their ends. The number of bones in the hu-
man fabric are reckoned to be 246, exclusive of the ossa
sessamoidea, which amount to 48 more. To make no bones,
is to make no scruple, alluding to the readiness w ith w hich
a <l«g devours a bone. To gire a person a bene to pick, a low
phrase for laying an obstacle in a person's way ; or suggest-
ing sonietliing which may perplex him. A bune of irmten-
/lOTi, a cause of strife. For an enumeration of the principal
bones, see the article Skeleton, and the plate annexed.
To BONE, 1'. a. to take the bones out of the flesh.
BO'NELACE, s. a cheap sort of flaxen lace, wove by
bobbins made out of bones.
BONELESS, o. that has no bones. Applied to the
gums, without teeth.
To BO'NESET, r. «. in surgery, to set a broken bone ill
such a position, that the two ends nuiy meet and grow to-
gether ; to reduce a dislocated bone into its proper place.
BO'NESETTER, s. one wiio applies himself peculiarly
to set broken or dislocated bones.
BO'NFIRE, i. [/w", Fr. and >)«■] a public fire, made by
the populace on rejoicing days.
BO'NGRACK, s. [bonne grace, Fr.J a fortliead-clolh,
generally worn by infants.
BCNlTO, s. a large and verv beautiful sea-fish, of the
tunnv kind, very common in the Indian seas.
BONN, a city of Cologne, situated on the W. side of tlip
Rhine. The streets are wide and beautiful, and the fiutifi-
cationsare in good repair. It is 14 nn'les SSE. of Cologne.
BO'NNET, s. [Fr.] a covering for the head ; a cap ; or
outward covering made of silk, worn instead of a hat by the
ladies. In fortification, a small work, or little ravelin,
without a (itch, having a parapet of earth tVom ;{ to 12 Icef
hijjh, and from .'Hi to 30 feet thick. Bonnil u )ir,'tre, or a
priest's cap, an out-work with three salient angles, and twd
inwai<ls. Jinuniis, among sailors, are small sails set on the
courses, or fastene<l to the bottom of the mizzin, maiii-siiil,
or fore-sail of a ship, when ijicy are too narrow to chulie
the mast, or in order to make more way in light winds or
calm wcallier.
BO'NNILY, ffrf. in a gay manner; liaiuisoiiirly.
BO'NNINESS, s. the quality of appearing j;ay, haml-
soMie, or plump.
BO'NNY', s. in mineralogy, a name given by miners to a
b('<l of ore which is unconnected witii any vein.
BO'NNY, «. [from km, Fr.] gay, cliecri'ul, handsome,
voung.
BONNY-CLABBER, s. an Irish word for sour butter-
milk.
BONO'NIAN STON K, a grey, soil, glossy, fibrous, suk
))liiircoiis stone, about the bigness of a large wahuit, found
in till' iicighliourliiiod olBnIogiia, containing a kind nf spar,
and making when duly prepai^-fl a species ot |ihoiphorus.
BO'NUM-MAGNLiM, ». [Lai.] in gaidoning, a spiciea
of plum.
BON V, n. having tiie propel lies, or cou.sisliiig of bone ;
uliouiiiliiig in Ikiiics.
BO N'/ES, s. Indi'.in priests.
BOOBY, s. in ualural history, liic name of a water-fo,, I,
1500
BOR
eoiiiiMOii III (lie West Indies, wliidi is rol)!)c(l of its pify
l)y ilif albatiossi'. A <liili, licuvy, sliipid or coiitcmpliljlc
frildw.
HOOK, .V. [W, Sax.] a toriiposition of some person, He-
gifjiu'il loeoinMiimicalc sonielliin;; lie lias disrovered or col-
lected to tiic public, and of a len};lli sutlicieiit to make a
volume; a collecl'on of papers sewed or lioiiiid, iiiteii<led
to be written on ; the division of an aiilliors snliject. Tlie
most aiieient materials for books appear to have been the
leaves of tlit palm tree, and the iiaptiiis, then leather, and
afterwards parchment. Tliev anciently consisted of rolls,
the several sheets of which they were composed beiiij;
joined together at the ends. Used with the particle in, anil
personal pronouns liis or >nu, to be much esteemed or valued
by a peison. " I was so miicli in his IkkiIis, that, Ac." Arldi-
soH. ir/z/iMH^ioH/f, applied to the public delivery of a preach-
er, by llie mere streiyth of memory.
To HOOK, 1'. n. to enter or write any tiling in a book.
iUK) KUINDKU, s. one who sews the sheets together,
and fixes them loa cover of boards, or leather, etc.
noO'KI'UL, n. full of opinions gleaned from books,
without having either digested what lie has read, or been
able to produce any thing of his own.
BOOKISH, n. very fond of books, stiijy, or reading:
pedantic. Sometimes used in a bad sense, and as a term of
contempt.
nOO'KISllNILSS, s. a great fondness for books; too in-
tense an ap|>licatiun to study. Used sometimes as a re-
proach, or term of contempt.
nOOK-KEEPICR, t. a clerk employed in a compfiiig-
,louse to register the transactions ilaily carried on, and able
to methodize them so, that his patron may at any time know
the true state of his aAairs.
ISOO'K-KEEPING, *. the art of keeping accou'its, or
registering a person's transactions.
BOO'KLEARNED, t. conversant in books, but not in
men ; applied also to one that reads much, but is a person
of no parts or invention.
BOO'KLEARNING, t. improvement or learning to be
acquired from books, opposed to that which may be ob-
tained by the exercise of a man's own faculties.
UOOkSELLER, s. he whose profession it is to sell
books.
BOO'KWORM, *. in 'natural liistoi-y, a mite or worm
which preys upon books. Figuratively, a person immode-
rately fond of reading ; one who applies himself too intense-
ly to study.
liOOM, s. [beam, Sax.] among mariners, a long pole used
to sprean out the clue of the studding-sail, main sail, or fore
sail; a pole, with bushes, or baskets, set as a mark to shew
the sailors how to steer in a channel, when the country is
overHown ; a cable or cables stretched across the mouth of
a river or harbour, with yards, topmasts, battliiigs, or spars
of wood, lashed to it, and girded with iron Iioops, rivettcd
together, and nailed to the spars to prevent an enemy's en-
tering.
BOON, s. [bene, Sax.] a gift, or present, obtained by
liaviiig requested or sued for it.
BOON, «. [bon, Fr.] merry ; gay. Generally used with
the word compamun.
BOOR, a. {beer, Belg.] a rudo unpolished countryman; a
clown.
BOO'RISH, «. without any breeding or politeness ; rude,
clownish.
BOO'RISHLY, ad. in an unpolite, Vude, and clownish
manner.
I?OORISHNESS, 1. clownishness, rudeness of beha-
viour.
BOOSR., s. [bosig. Sax.! a stall for a cow or an ox.
To BOOT, V. a. tube of service or advantage ; to profit,
to enrich, serve, or ccumulate.
BOOT, J. Uinte, .Sax.] gain, profit, or advantage. To
bunt, is an adverbial expression, implying besides ; over
uiid nlH)ve.
BOOT, s. [liilte, Fr.] a leather covering worn over the
legs and feet, and used by those who ride on horseback ; a
leather receptacle under a coach-box, used for carrying
boxes or other parcels. A kind of torture loinieiiy used in
Scotland.
To HOOT, V. a. to put on boots.
BOOTA'N,a country of India, situated between Bengal
and Thibet, and surrounded on all sides by very lii|^h iiioiin-
taiiis. It is a feudatory, or dependency of Tliibet. Its
capital is Tassasiidon.
HOOTCATCIIER, *. the person who pulls ofl boots al
an inn.
HOOTED, /<"i7. with boots on the legs; in boots.
BOOTES, {bii'vics) s. [Eat.] in astronomy, the name of a
northern constellation of fixed stars, consisting of 06, ac-
cording to riaiiislead ; one of which, called Arcturiis, is of
the first magnitude.
BOOTH, .V. [hui/j, Brit.] a house built of boards, or
boughs, to bo used fi)r a slioit time.
BOOT-HOSE, i. a stocking worn instead of boots ; spat-
terdashes; or\\elsli boots.
BOOTLESS, n. that will not produce any advantage or
profit ; unavailing ; uiisiicccsslirl.
HOOT-TKEE, *. an inslniuient consisting of two parts,
when joined in llie shape of;; leg. with a groove cut in the
middle, to receive a ipioin or wedge, which is driven in by
main force, in order to stretch or widen a boot.
BOOTY, s. [bujit, Belg.] that which is gained fiom an
ciiiiiiy in war; iihinder; pillage; s|)oii ; things acquired
by roiibeiy. To pht/ buvti/, is to |)lay or act unfairly.
HOl'EE'l', J. the act of thrusting the head in sight of y
person, and drawing it back again immediately ; sometimes
used as a token of tear, and at others a sign of pleasantry.
BORA BEE, a. that may be bored.
BORA'CHIO, s. [borrae'/io, Span.] a drunkard.
BORA'CIC, <J. in chemistry, belonging to borax.
BORAGE, s. a plant, with rough egg-shaped leave*,
and blue blossoms, found on walls, and amongst rubbish,
flowering in the summer months. The leaves of this plant
are accounted cordial, and good for removirg faintness;
and therefore the tops are frequently put into wine and cool
tankards.
BO'RAMEZ, s. the Scythian Iamb, generally known by
the name of Agiivs Sci/i/iicns.
BORATES, «. in chemistry, salts formed by the combi-
nation of any base with the acid of liorax.
BO'RAX,".«. [ Lat.] a mineral salt, of grea< use in soldering
and casting gold and other melals. It is used by dyers,
and gives a "[loss to silks. It is one of the ingredienls in
Glauber's salts. It is generally brought from the East In-
dies ill a state of impurity', when it is called Tincal. It has
been found in' a mountain of gypsum in Lunenburg in Ger-
many, as also at the bottom of i>oles of stagnant water, in
the kingdom of Thibet.
BORDEL, or BORDELLO, s. [bm-dcel, Teut.] a house
of had fame; or where women of the town arc entertained.
BORDER, s. [bord, Teut.] tiie extremities or edge of
anything; the extremities or confines of a country; llie
outer and extreme parts of a garment or head-dress; a nar-
row slip of (lowers at the extremity of a flower-bed, Ac. in
a garden.
To BORDER, >. 71. to live near to the extremities or
confines of a country ; to be situated near. Figuratively,
to approach. Used actively, to sew a narrow ornament at
the extremities of a thing ; to lie upoii or near.
BORDERER, s. one who dwells near a place, or on the
confines and extiemity ofa country.
BO'RDURE, s. in heraldry, a cutting otT from within the
escutcheon all round it about one-fifth of the field, serving
as a difterence in a coat of arms, to distinguish families a(
the same name, or persons bearing the same coat. If the
line constituting the bordure be straight, and the hordure
be plain, then in blazoiiiiig you must on^y name the colour
«if the bordvrt.
103
BOR
BOR
To BORK, V. a. [horian, Sax.] to wear into a hole ; to'niake
a hole bv any sharp pointed instrument; to push forwards
with viulence ; to tnakc one's way, alhidin^ to the sfrcnglli
required to luake a hulc with. Tlie boring Jf' cannon has been
intrwduced of late years instead of castinj; tlieni hollow, bv
means uf a mould. The Hiathiiie fur this purpose, as well
as for smoothing the iiuicr surfaee, which is sometimes done
after they have been cast hollow, is composed of a rectan-
gular frame of timber, A B C D (see plate) fixed upon a
solid plank E E, which is raised eifjht or ten feet above the
floor of the workshop. This frame contains two upri-iht
beams Y f, F f, placed level and exactly parallel to each
other, and strongly tjxed to the pieces of wood G, G, with
their ends restid" on the cross bars that connect the sides
of the frame. Tlieir length should be about three times that
of the cannon to be bored. lu the inner sides of these beams
are two grooves, to which are applied two bars of wood 22,
22, whicii are connected together by the transverse pieces
3.3, .3.3, 3.3, between which the cannon H is fastened, so that
the whole inclosed frame 22, 22, with the pieces of ordnances
fixed to it, may slide on the grooves of the beams F f, F f,
being raised or lowered by means of he ropes and pullies
K k, K k, fixed above to the upper part of the frame, and be-
low to the breech of the caniu)n. The rope belonging to
each block of pulleys cfiils round an axis Y Y, bearing at
each end the ogged wheels M, M. Each of Ihese wheels
lays hold of a trundle N, N, containing the same nund)er of
rounds; the trundles are fixed on a common axis 7, 'A, the
endsof which pass beyond the sides of the frame, and hear
spoked wheels o P, o P, by means of which the workmen turn
the whole machine ; and thus elevate or depress the cannon
with the frame to which it is annexed at pleasure. On the
floor of the workshop, directly under the frame F f, F f, a
block of stone is fastened in the ground ; and this supports
a plate of iron or copper, nlaeed exactly level, and under a
line, supposed to be parallel to the beams F f, F f, dividing
the space between them on either side into equal parts, and
coinciding with the true axis of the cannon. The instru-
ment for boring admits a strong bar of iron, which is
round at the part which enters the cannon and terminates at
its lower part in a pivot, which rests on the plate R. About
three or four feet above the plate, the trunk of the borer is
square, and bears upon it a stroiij^- box of wood or iron S,
through which levers, as TS, pass, that are fumed by men
or horses. The box or trough v, serves to receive the pieces
of metal that are taken oft" in the operation. By this motion,
•liid the pressure of the cannon on the point of the borer,
tt is gradually bored, till the cannon sinks, by the contri-
vance already described, to a certain mark on the boier,
which iiuswersto the required depth of the bore. It isthen
elevated, till the borer may be taken out. When the br)rer
is renu)ved, an instrument formed for smoothing the inner
surface of the cannon, is sulistitnted in its room.
BORE, s. the hole made by boring; the instrument used
in boringa hole; the dimensions of a hole or cavity, applied
peculiarly to the mouth of a cannon, or i.tlier piece of ar-
tillery.
r.()RE, the preter.of Bf.AR.
I50 lU'^AE, «. [horralis, Lat.] northern.
BOREAS, .5. [Eat.] the north wind.
BORER, s. an instruiru-nt made use of to bore holes with ;
the person who Ixucs holes.
To be BORN, 1'. M. priss. [fr<im lunr,] to come into the
'.•orld ; used with the particles I", f"r, and <>)'. " He was
liotn to empire." Prov. Hi: llml is Imrn tii lie haiiirnl slintl
iin'fr hr itidii nril. — I If llint viis Imrn under a tlirre litilfiirnnif
pUntrt shull iinrr Lr V'ort/t tnoprnt-c.
BORNE,/w/. fiiiss. of BiAlt.
BO'RNEO, an island of \^ia, in the East Indies. It was
discovered by the Portuguese in 1621 ; is about KOO leagues
HI circumterence, and almost of a round form. The inland
<i>uiitry is very mountainous ; but towards the sea, low and
marshy, occasioned by the great rains that fall eight moiilhs
ui the j.'ar. It produces aromatic herbs, oranges, lemons,
W4
mangoes, pnies, paims, cvc m great niuindance, excellent
mastic, and ither gums, waz, rice, cassia, cofiec, honev,
cotton, eamphire, frankincense, musk, aloes, agaric, brasil-
wood, sapan, pepper, cinnamon, and other spices ; diamonds
and gold dust are found in their rivers and sands. Their ani-
mals are elephasits, buft'aloes, oxen, horses, tigeis, leopards,
bears, monkeys, deer, wild boars, goats, parrots, parroquets,
together with a great variety of other beautiful birds; be-
sides several animals unknown to the Europeans. Pepper is
peculiar to the countries about Bangaar; and to the west-
ward they have small <liamou(ls oi a yellow water. Sambass,
another part of this island, produces gold, pearls, an I bees-
wax, which last is used instead of money. The people, in
general, are very swarthy, but not quite black, and they go
almost naked. There arc niahometans on the sea-coast ; but
all iherestarc Gentoos or Pagans. The East-India company
have had factories here ; but ditlereiices arising between
them and the natives, tlicy have been all driven away, or
nmrdered ; liowexcr, the English have still a liberty oftrad-
ing to llieislan<l. The sea-coast is usually overflowed half
of the year: and when the waters go ofi', the earth is co-
vered with OMze and mud ; for which reason some of the
houses are built on floats, and others on high pilhirs, or
posls. The capital town is of the same name, and large
and populous, w ith a good harbour, and seated on the norlli
side of the island 42 miles S. W. of P>acasa. Lon. 111. 2;.
E. lat. 4. bb. N
BORNHOLM, an islaiul of Denmark, in the Bahic, about
20 miles in circnuderencc, nearly surrounded with rocks.
The soil is stony, but fertile. Eat. bb. \b. N. Ion. 15. 0. V,.
BO'RNOl', an extensi\e country in llie interior |;arts of
Africa, lying lo the S. E. of Fezzan and Berdoa ; between
l(i and 20 degrees of N. lat. having the desalt of Bihna on
the N. Nubia on the E.anil Begarmee on the S. Two sea
sons divide their year. During our summer months they
have inli'iise heat, \ ioleiit winds, deluges of rain, anH <'reatl
ful tempests of tlniuder and lightning ; but during the win-
ter of Europe, tile anient heat subsides, the air becomes soft^
and mild, and the weather serene. They ha\p a great \z-
riety of animal and vegetable productions. They ciiitivitc
the ground witii hoes, the plough being unknown. The
country is said toahound in flocks, niillel, ami cotton, w hicli
last they manufacture and wear. Their religious profession
is Mahometanism ; their government a sort of elective mo-
narchy. In their manners the peoi)le are courteous and hu-
mane, liiirniiii, the capital of this empire, is seatetl in a
flatcountry, on the banks of a small river. It is of greater
extent than Tiii)oli ; but the houses, though neat, are so ir-
regularly placed, that they can hardly be saiil to form streets.
Their mos(iuesare constructed of brick and earth, and they
have schools in which the Koran is taught, as in the princi-
pal towns of Bai barv. It is d'dO miles S. K. of Mourzouk.
Lat. 1<». to. N. Ion. 2.'). 30. E.
BO'ROUGH, {liiirro) s. [Aor/iflf, Six.l a town with a eor-
poralion. The word originally signifiefia company, consist-
ing often families, which were bound together as earh other's
pledge. Afterwards /wck/ij/i came to signify a town, having
a wall or some kind ofdefcnre about it. Tioriiiio-fi isy place
of safet\ and privilege; and some are called free l/iiri):i"/is,
and the tradesmen in them /lee 4iof«.«<>«, from a frectlom
they had granted tlu'iii originally, to buy an I sell willriut
interruption, and exempt from loll, liiirangh is now parli-
cnlarly appropriated to such towns or villages as send bur-
gesses or r<'preseiitatives to parliament, w liether they be in-
corporated or not. The whole number of boroughs amount
to ID). /?»//«/ /«/(win7i,i- are corporations in Scotland, made
for the advantage of trade, lia\iiig commissioners lo repie-
s( 111 them in parliament. //ru(///») wrg//, iIkv president or
ehaimian of a hundred, chosen lo s|)eak, or tiansact affairs
in their name. In parishes, a subordinate coiislablc.
BO l!()l'(iIIBRIl)(iE, a town in Ihe \V. riding of "Vork-
shirc, with a small inani.t'aclurc of hardware. It is situated
on Ihe liver I're (over which there is aline bridge of stone,
with vciy \vid.c high arches, and high slone c.msejs at each
BOS
BOT
Mi(i, to keep out tlie water) 17 miles N. W. of Vofk, and
218 N. I)v W. of Loudon. Market on Saturdav.
BOROUGH-ENGLISH,*, a cu-toiiiary dfscent of lands
oT tcnenients, in certain places, by which ihey descen<i to
the youngest instead of the elde»t son ; or, if I lie owner have
no iissue, to the younger iu»tcad of the elder brother. This
custom is not frustrated by the devise ol a will, or a fi'off-
ment at common law to Ihe contrary. The reason of this
custom according to Littleton, is, beeaiui' the youngest is
presumed in law, to be the least able to provide for himself.
It obtains only in some ancient boroughs, and copyhold
manors.
BORRELISTS, a sect in Holland, who allow no use of
sacraments, i)ublic prayers, or external worship, nor of any
human explication of scripture, but profess to adhere to the
faith and manners of 'Jie Sew Testament times in all their
simplicity.
BORftODALE, in the S. E. part of Cumherhiiid, border-
ing on Westmoreland, a romantic valley among Derwent-
waler fells. These fells or hills are some of the loftiest in
England ; and it is, in one of them the black lead, or wad, is
found, wlierew itli almost all the world is supplied : the mines
are opened only once in seven years, and when a sufficient
quantity of this valuable and siniriilar mineral is taken out,
they are carefully closed again. Intiavilling among these
mountains, the idea that presents itself to the astonished
spectator, is that of the earth having been in an uproar, like
the ocean in a storm ; the hills appear like waves rising
one behind another, and were it not lor the abrupt and suii-
den scarps, the innuense masses of rugg( d roeks 'hat ^ive
tlie ideaoffixednessand stability, tlie hew d.ltred fancy might
be so lost as to imagine they were in a stale of undulatiiui,
and readv to mingle with each other. The beautiful Vale
of Borrodale is watered by the clearest brooks, which, pre-
cipitated from the hills, and forming many beautiful water-
falls, meet together in Ihe dale, and forming one large
stream, pass out of (he dale uiKler the name of Borrodale
Beck, when its waters spread out into an extensive lake,
containing several beautiful islands. This lake is called
Derwent-water, or Keswick Lake. Borrodale is 4 miles from
Keswick ; in passing from which, the traveller has the lake
on ills right hand, and stupendous rocky precipices on his
left ; huge stones, or rugged masses of rock, which have
tumbled from above, lie scattered along his way. As he ap-
proaches the <lale, he sees the ledges of the roeks covered
with herbage, shrubs, and trees; villages and t'arms arise
upon liis view, the larger cattle are seen feeding in the lower
grounds, and the sheep in large flocks upon the moun-
tains.
ToBOTtROW, (46jt») v. a. [bnyg^a,,, Sax.] the taking
money or other thingsof another, on condition of returning
it again. Figuratively, to take something which belongs to
another ; to assume a property which belongs to something
else. Prov. He t/iat goes a bori owing goes a soi row-
ing.
BO'RROWER, s. a person who takes money, &c. of ano-
ther, on condition of returning it again ; he that uses what
is another's as if it were his own. Figuratively, he that
adopts the sentiments of another, without acknowledging
that tliev are so, applied to w ritings.
BO'SbOCK, s. in natural history, a kind of antelope,
found inl'ie interior of Africa.
BOSCAGE, 4-. [hiiscngr, Fr.] a idact set with trees; a
grove or thicket; woods or woodland. In painting, a pic-
ture or landscape, representing woods.
liOyiKY, f\[Onsqne, Vr.] abounding with wood; woody.
BO'SOM, (iuzow) jr. [bosnir, /w««n, .Sax.] the breast; that
part of the body containing the heart. Figuratively, the
embrace of tiie arms holding any thing to the breast ; tlie
uiiddle or innermost part of any inclosure. In composition,
it implies favourite ; any thing near or dear to a person, or
that of which he is peculiarly fond ; thus bosom-interest, bo-
smii-fHi:ad bnsnm-srcrct.
To BOSOM, (biizom) V. a. to inclose in Ihe bosom. ^^
guratively, to keep secret; to surround.
BOSON, v. a corruptionof Bo AT.s WAIN, which see,
BO'Sl'llOROlJ.S, 4. [Tioin 4""i, an ox, and voros, a pas-
sage, (ir.] in geography, a narrow stieighl or aim of the
sea, which it niij;hl be supposed an ox could swuii over;
at proeiit (duhned to that of Thrace, called thi' vtiaits
of Con>taiitiiiople ; and the ciiumerian, or scy thian bospho-
rus, called the straits of Kapha, or Kiderleri.
BOSCilJETS, s. [boic/ieii.i, llal.] ill gardening, small
groves, or compartments, fornietl of trees, shrubs, or tall-
growing plants, planted in (piarters, either disposed in re-
gular rows, or ill a wild and accidental niaiiner.
BOSS, .«. [hosst, Fr.] a stud or ornament, raised above llie
rest of the work ; a shining prominence ; the prominent
Itart, or that which sticks out of the middle of a thing, or
shield.
BO'SSAGE, «. in architecture, a projecting stone laid
rougii ill a buikling, to be afterwards carvt .1 into mouldings,
arms, Ac.
BO'SSINEY, or Boss-Casti,E, a town in Cornwall,
whose market is discontinued. It sends two members to
parliuinent. It is seated on the sea-toast, 17 miles N. \V.
of Launceston, and 23.3 W. by S. ol LoiKJon.
BOSTON, a town of /Lincolnshire, ^vith two maikets, on
Wednesday and Saturday. It is coiiiiiK.diously seated on
both sides of the river Withani, over which it has a hand-
some, high, cast iron bridge ; by means of which river, as-
siste(l by navigable canals, it carries on a coiiaiileiuble in-
land trade. It also trades with London and the Baltic. It
is a large, handsome town, with a spacious market place;
has also a high steeple, which some pretend is the best
built structure in the world; and ser\es as a iami mark fcr
sailors. It has a fair Dec. 1 1, that holds nine ilays for cat-
tle and meichandize, tailed a mail ; au iincient name, oniy
Used for this town, (iaiiisborough in Lincoiiishire, I yna
Regis in Norfolk, and for I'everliy an I Ileadon in ^ ork-
sliire. It is 37 miles S. F,. of Lincihi, a:id 1 16 N.of L,nidon.
BO'.STON, the capital of Ma>sach usets Bav. in N. ,\me-
rica, seated on a peninsula, at the 1 <ittoiii of;i fine bav, ton-
laining many sniall islamis and rocks. It I es in the f in of
a crescent al)(>'it the harbour; and the eoi.utry wit n, ri-
singgraduallv, has a ^ery fine and striking a] peara ce, at
entering. Tlier<' is only one safe tha >nel ti li.e h rbour,
and that so narrow that twoships can scarcely siilalj oast;
but within the harbour there is room for 5i sail to anchor,
where they are covered by the cannon of a regulai and very
strong fortress. At the bottom of the bay is a pier near
2000 feet ill length, to which ships of the greatest burden
may come close, anil on tlie N. side are warehouses lor the
merchants. The streets are generally spaci< r,s ;;iid ueil
built, particularly the jirincipal one, extending I'loiii he pier
to the town-house. On the W. siile of the town is lli< ^l;dl-,
a beautiful public walk. Besides the slate house aiiri other
l)ubiic buildings, there are 16 clinrc lies of various cleironii-
iialions. It is .TIO miles N. E. ol Philadelphia. Lat. 12. 2.O..
N. Ion. 70. 3X W.
ROSWORTH, or ISIakk ET-RoswriRTll, a town in Lei-
cestershire, remarkable for a battle fought near it, August
22, l'.8.i, between Richard III. and the <ail of ISiclimond,
afterwards Henry \ II. in which Riehaid was slain, and the
earl of Richnioiid crowned in the Held, ll is sealed on a
high hill, 13 mills N. W. of Leicester, and 107 N. N. W. of
London, ."iarkel on Wednesdav.
BOTANIC, or BOTANICAL, if, [from boiaue, a herb or
plant, Gr.] that relates to herbs; ^kil!ed in herbs.
RO'T.ANIST, ,«. one who is skilled in the nature of plants,
and their culture ; one who applies hiiii.s<lf peculiarly to
the stuilv of vegelablrs.
BOTANO'LOGV, <, [from biUmie, a plant, and /«go,t, a dis-
course, Gr.]a diseonrse en plants.
BOTANY, s. [but^ni-f, a herb, or plant. Or.] the science of
herbs and. plants. This science was vers litlh cultiiated
LOS
noT
BOU
till li'.uiliiiic arose in the lOth crntiirv, -."nl l)(4li reiliH'ed il
to mctlioij, and increased tlip nimilit r of its oltjpi ts. It is,
Lowrvcr, indebted for its pwsfnt simile ol iJtrtottion, to the
laboii's iiiid ;d>:lities ol tilt' l4teS\vc(l(sli botanist, Linnvrns.
BO'J'ANY BAY, a bay of N\v, Souih Wales, on the
E. ciiiisf ot'Neu liollantl, so eallid by cajitain, Ihe.n liente-
uant, Cook, Iroin tlie great qiiaiilify of herbs found on tiie
shore, when discovered in 1770. It vas ori;^inally fixed on
for a colony of convicts from Great Britain ; Ijut, in the se-
quel. Port Jackson, to miles farther to the N. was preferred.
Lat. .34. C. S. Ion. lot. 22. E.
BOTA'RGO, s. \'Mt(o-ga, Span.J a relishing sort ot food,
made of tlie rocs of the nndlet fish ; much used on the coasts
of the Mediterranean, as an iucenlne to drink.
BOTCH, s. [bozza, Ital.] a swelling « liich afterwards en-
crusts, discolours the skin, and causis a disagreeable idea.
Figuratively, the part of any work clumsily or ill finished,
so as to disf;race the rest ; something added or joined to a
thuig in a clumsy manner
To BOTCH, )•. rt. [bdftsiin, Bel^.] to mend or patch old
clothes in a chuiisy manner. Fi^iuratively, to mend any
thing in an awkward manner; to join thinirs together wliich
do not suit, or agree « ith one another. To mark with pus-
tules, scabs, or blotches.
BOTCH I'.R, s. one who mends, or sews patches on old
clothes, in a clumsy manner ; and is in the same respect to a
tailor, as a cobler to a shoemaker. Figuratively, a per-
son who performs any thing in a clumsy and bungling man-
ner.
]50'TCHY, a. marked with blotches, or running sores.
BOTH.fl. [hiuii, iff/m, .Sax.] when applied to two persons,
or other things as concerned together, it unites them into
one collective idea, which implies the two. WIkmi followed
by anil, it implies either, or one as well as the other, " Bulk
morning and afternoon." Siihiei/.
BOTHNIA EAST, a province of .Sweden, situated on
the E. side of (he gulf of Bothnia; about 100 leagues in
length, and from 20 to 70 in breadth. Eighty th(nisand in-
habitants, divided into 28 parishes, are spread over this
large space. Their cattle are small ; and bears are lunne-
rotis.
BO'TI IN'I .\ WESl , a province of Sweden, situated on the
W. side of the gulf 01 Botlmia. Their principal articles of
commerce arc, the skins of foxes, ermines, bears, wolves,
martens, &c
BO'TllYOID, (t. [from hutms, a bunch of grapes, and eidus,
appearance, Gr.] in shape like a bunch of grapes.
BoT.S, 4. has no singular; from [tifVffK, Sax.] a species of
small worm breeding in the entrails of horses.
BO'ITESDALE, a town in Sufl'olk, whose market is on
Wedni'silay. Distant 89 miles from London.
BO'PTI.E, s. \bnntiille, Fr.] a vessel with a narrow nimdh
to contain liquor. When made of leather, called a leathern
bottle; when of glass, a glass bottle. 1' ignralivcly, a <piart,
bottles geiu-rally holding that quantity ; a bundle of grass or
hay, derived from the French biiteav, a bundle. When coni-
ponnaed with other words, it signifies drinking; as, a buttle
companion.
To BOTTLE, f. a. to put liquor in bottles. Used with
the particle nff, to draw out of another vessel into a bottle.
BOTTLEMOSS, .«. the English generic name for all
thi^se mosses called bv Linneus splachnuin.
BO'TTLE-NOSLD, i. having a large nose, very big
towards the enil.
BOTTLESCUEW, s. a spiral wire, made use of to pull
a cork out of a bottle.
BOTTOM, v. [Wm, Sax.] the lowest part of a thing.
Applie I to a river, the beil of earth or gravel, over which
the water glides; a valley, dale, or lower ground. Figura-
tively, fiiundation ; hence, (0 (/»> biiltimi, sonu-times implies
thoiouglily. 'I oliv ni the Imltuiii, to be conceriu'd ifi, to have
a part or share. A ship or vessel ; hence, tn rnilinrli vn the
taiiiu biittam, is to venture in one botlum, to run a risque toge-
therm the same thing. The bott'im of a lane is the Iom.^!
jiart. TUe h'dliim of beer, the dregs. Aptilicd to thread, a
small bail, foni Imtciiii, Fr. a heap or little bundle.
To BO'FTOaI, I'. «. to build upon as a foundation, prin-
ciple, or support; to wind thread into a ball. Used neu-
terly, to be l)udt on; to be supported by.
BOTFOMED, a. having a bottom ; usually cOii. pound-
ed with some other word, as flal-bvltumal boats.
BO'Tl^OMLFSS, a. witl-.out a bottom; prodigiously
deep; that cannot be fathomed. Figuratively, Jjouudless,
insatiable.
BOTTOMRY, s. in trade, the borrowing money upon
the keel or bottom of a ship, whereby, if the money be not
repaid at the day appointed, the ship becomes the property
of the creditor : likewise, the lending n.oncy, to be repaid
at the return of the ship ; in consideration of which, though
the interest demanded be 20, 30, 40 per cent, and upwards,
it is not esteemed usury; because if the ship perishes, ^the
creditor loses his money.
BOUCHET, s. [ Fr.Ja sort of pear.
To BOLTiE, v.n. [buuger, Fr.] to svellout.
BOUCiH, (bull) s. [Aeo-, Sax.] an arm or large shoot of a
tree, bigger than a oranch, yet not always distinguished
from il.
BOl'f ;HT, prefer, of Buy, and pron. haitt.
BOU(iI'E, s. [Fr.] an instrunu nt employed by surgeons
hi the cure of strictures of the urethra.
BOLlLLF;E,or BOUILLON, «. [houillcu, Fr.] in cookery,
any thing made of boiled meat ; broth or soup. In farriery,
a lump of fiesli near the frog of a horses foot, which makes
him halt.
BOLO'GNE, a large and handsome sea-port in the de-
paitiucnt of the Straits of Calais. It is divided into the
liigher and lower town. The harbour has a mole for the
safety oi' ships, which prewnts it fiom being choked up
with sand. It is seated at the mouth of the liver Lianne, 14
miles S. by ^^'. of Calais, and lt!0N. of I'aris.
To BOUNCE, !•. n. to strike ag-ainst a thing wit1i such
force as to redound back, making a noise at the same time.
To spring with force, applied to the snurting beer out of a
bottle. In familiar language, to make a noise, bully, or
hector ; to be strong made and acti- e.
BOUNCE, »•. a smart, violent, and sudden stroke; a sud-
den crack, or noise, applied to the explosion of a gun, or
the bursting of a bladder, ttc. In low language, a threat,
or boast.
BOUNCER, s. one who is noisv in his own praise, or in
his threats against another ; a bully ; a boaster.
BOUND, *. [from bnuHir, Fr.] a restraint; a leap, jurnp,
orspriiig; the flying back of a thing which is struck against
another with great force.
Ti BOUND, f. 11. [buudir, Fr.j to jump, spring, or move
on forwards by leaps; to fly back again when struck against
a thing with violence. Used a< lively, to make a thing leap,
or mount l)v fits from the earth, in its motion.
BOUN Dj part. pass, of Bl N n.
BOUND, a. [from binihm. Sax.] destined, intended, or on
one's way to a certain place. Used with/o/-, and peculiar
to seamen.
BOUNDARY, s. the extremities, or utmost limits of a
thing or country.
BOU'NDI- Ni part. pass, of Bl N D.
BOUNDlNfi-STONF,, *. a stone |)layed with, and made
to bound from the earth, when flung from the band.
BOU'NDLESS,n. that is restrained by no limits, confined
by no power; or satisfied bv no enioMiuut.
' BOU NDLESSNESS, s. the quality of being wiliiout any
restraint; insatiableness ; infinity.
BOU NTEOUS, a. liberal, or conferring benefits, largc'y,
and from a goodness and kindiirssof iidliire.
BOU'^"FEOUSL^■, ail. ill a liberal manner; confciTing
benefits generoiislv, and from a principle of g^od iMture.
Bt)UNTEOUSNE.SS, s. the qiialily of . onlerriiig bene-
how
15 OW
fits or favours from a principle of kindness, including the
I'Jca of superiority.
bOll'NTlIUL, "• conferring 'favours without restraint,
and fro'u un internal principle of kindness. Applied to
thiii^f, verv ujuth ahontKiiui; in valuable products.
BOLi'N'i'lI'ULLS, niy. ill such a maimer as to confer fa-
vours or bcnetits with ijciierosity, and from an inward priii-
cijiie of kindness. Applied tu things, plentifully producing
\\ hat is of service or use.
BOII'N riFl'LNESS, .?. a sreat propensity to bestowin;;
f;; villus, or conferring; benefits ; generositv, miiniticeiice.
BOU NTV .f. [Imiite, Fr.] the conferring benetils on others,
distiiif^uishrd from chariti/, because exercised towards ob-
jects that are not highly necessitous; and including the
idea of a gift bestowed by a superior. In commerce, a
preuiiuiij paid liy government to tliost^ who rear, prepare,
or export certain commodities. Queen Anne's Ixmntii, is the
produce of the first fruits, and tenths set apart for augment-
ing poor livings.
BOUHBON, a very healthy and profitable island of Af
rica, ill the Indian ocean, producing plenti'iilly with little
culture, wheal, oats, and other Ivuropeaii grains, rice, Indian
com, sugar canes, ebony, excellent tobacco, cinnanion, and
most kinds of greens, roots, and pulse ; as also, gum, resin,
benzoin, iVc. the soil yielding two crops a year. The coun-
try is everv where well watered, and well stocked «illi
liorned cattle, hogs, goats, iVc. but the chief production of
the island is coflee, which was originally imported from
Mocha, and is esteemed better than any of the growth of
the West Indies. The French first settled here in Iti7'2, and
here their East India ships used to touch for refVeshmeiit.
It has been taken by the British in the course of the present
war. It is 3(10 miles E. of .Madagascar. Lat. 20. 52. S. Ion.
55. .'lO. E.
.'JOURDEAU'X, an ancient maritime cily in the dept. of
Giroiide, and one of the first in France for magnitude,
rrches, and beauty. It is seated on the Garonne, which
river is bordered by a large quay ; and, as the tide flows
here 4 yards perpendicular, large vessels come up to the
town; most of the great streets lead to the fpiay. The in-
habitants are upwards of 100 (100; their trade is very exten-
sive, and they ship annually 100,000 tons of wine and
braifdv. It is 87 miles SE. of Rochelle, and 325 .SW. of
Paris.' Lat. 44. .50. N. Ion. 0. 30. W.
To ROU'IUtEON, (bonrjvn) v. n. [honro^cnnner, Fr.] to
sprout; to shoot into branches; to produce buds.
BOU'IGES, the chief town in the dept. ef Cher, before
the revolution, the capital of Berry. Although in extent it
is one of the greatest cities in France, the iiihabitaiits hardly
amount to 25,000. They have inaiiu'actnres of cloth,
woollen, stulfs, and stockings. It is seated on the rivers
Auron and Yevre, 25 miles NW. of Nevers, and 125 S. of
•»aris.
BOURN, a town of Lincolnshire, with a market on Sa-
turday. It is seated near a spring called I'lirnwell head,
from which proceeds a river that runs thnuigli the town.
It is a pretty large jihice, and has a good market fur c.'irii
and provisions. It is noted for the coroijatioii ufM>ing Ed-
iiinnd. It is 17 miics N. of Peterborough, ,'55 .S. of Lincoln,
and f>5 N. of London.
BOURN, (hourn)s. \horve, Fr.] the extremities, bounds, or
limits of a i-oiiutry, or piece of land.
BOORN, {barn) s. [hum. Sax.] a brook or torrent ; when
added to the names of places, it implies, that they arc situ-
ated near, or upon brooks.
To BfJlISE, (booze) V. n. [b'li/sen, Belg.] to drink imnio-
deri'.telv ; to tope.
BOirSY, (Iwiizfi) a. intoxicated with drink.
BOUT, s. [/m^irt, Ital.] a turn ; imjiKingas much of an
action as is performed without intermission ; at once, a part
of anv acti in which is carried on liv successive intervals.
BOW, f/}o)» Mnall neat town in Devo;i>1iire, who.se mar-
xet is on Thursday . Distant 14 miles N. W. of Exeter, and
IH" from Loudon,
To BOW, («i() |iron. like that in w«w or Imn-) v. a. \bn^r^l,
..ax.] to bend the liod> in token of respect ; to liste:i to,
joined with errand llie particle tluiiu. "How flown lliine
frtr to the po'ir." iur/c.v. iv. 8. To depress, or crusli. Nfu-
terlv, to bend, or be Ik lit ; to make a bow ; to stoop ; or
incline the bo(ly towards the earth. To be overpowered,
or to sloop under the pressure of alfliction.
BOW, (the tiw pron. like that in Iwtv or vok) s.a stoop-
ing of the head and iucliiialioiiof liie body, by way of coiii-
plimeiit.
BOW, (pron. bo, as if the w was dropped) s. [hwn, Brit.j a
warlike weapon or inslrument, niadf- of toiigli wood, Kie
extremities of which are tied by a string, which being
<lrawn towards the body of a person, bends ihe wood ; and
by its elasticity forces an arrow placed on the stnnj; with
great violence to a great distance : a bending piece of wood
fiirnishe-d with Iriir, and nse<l on stringed iiistniments ; the
loop of a stiiiig lieil in a knot ; a yoke or bending piece of
wood. The aueienl bows were of two kinds, the long bow,
w liich was maile of yew , and much used by the old En|;lish,
and the cross b<iw, which was drawn by a trigger, and was
llie more favourite weaiion of Ihe French. Applied to a
ship, that part which begins at the loot, and compassing
ends of the sicm, and cuds at the sternmost part of the
forecastle. In building, bow is a beam of wood or brass,
with three long screws, which directs a lath of wood or
sleel lo any arch, used coiiinionly in drawing draughts of
sliips, projcctioiisol llie sphere, or long arches. Pkov. A
biitr /ouff 'nut ni Inxt u-ii.itI/i inn/.-. This proverb may be ap-
plied bdlli to the body anil mind: too much labour and
studv weaken and iir.oair JMilhtlie one and the other.
BOW-BE'AKER,.s'. an umier oliicerof the forest.
BOW-BENT, (to hfnt) It. bent like a bow, or in the forni
of a bow ; ciooki'd ; stocniiiig.
To BO WEL, (the ow is pion. as in »««■) r. a. to pierce the
bowels ; to penetrate deep, «ir to llie bottom of a thing.
BO'WELS, Uwiii-h) s. [biii/nnr, Fr.] the intestine vessels,
or organ^ within the bodv ; ihe guts. Figuratively, the in-
ner part of any thing. Tenderness, pity, or compassion.
BOWER, {boner) s. an arbour, or place, formcfl of ihe
branchesof green trees, bent or aichedat the lop; the an-
chor of a ship, so called from its being in the bow of a ship,
and then pidiiounced bo-er.
To BOWER, {bm'ii-r) V. a. to make a bower ; to include ill
a bower. Figuiativeh , to inclose.
BOAVERY, a. full of bowers ; shady and inclosed like
a bower.
BOWL, {loll) s. [burliu, Brit.] a drinking vessel, rather
wide than deep, distingiiislied Irom a tea cup by its greater
dimensions, and from a drinking cup because that is ra-
ther deeper than wide ; the hollow roundish part of any
thing w liicli can hold liquor.
BOWL, (the ojc pron. as in cow) s. [bmilc, Fr.] a round
or spherical piece of wood, which may be rolled on the
gidiiiid.
'Fo BOWL, V. a. tf roll or bowl along the ground ; to ro*l
a bowl at aii\ mark.
BOWLDER STONES, s. lumps or fragments of stone
or marble, broke from cliff's, rounded by the action of wa-
ter.
BO'W-LEOGED, {bb-les:s:rd) a. having crooked legs, or
such as res"iiible a bow whin bent.
BO'WLEIt, (the «»■ pron. as in nmc) s. he that roils a
bov I : one lliat idavs with or at bowls.
BO WLINCi GREEN, .?. a piece of gioiind overgrown
with grass, of a Inie level or horizontal surface, kept close
ciil.aiid f'equenilv rolled for pla\ ing at bowls.
BOWLINE, lbnlim-)x. a rope fastehed to the middle
part lif the outside of a sail.
R(VWM.AN,'^i'> w")''. one who shoots with a bow.
BOWSH(>T, f/ni/ifvO.«. the distance to which an arrow
can '^v when slu't tioiii a bow.
BOWSPRIT, ir BOLTSl'RIT, (bo-xpHi) s. a kind of
mast at the prow of a vessel, rcstiiig slopewavs oi the head
io7
15 11 A
BRA
of tlie maiii stem, fastened by the foro-'lay aiul to the part-
ners of the foremast, serving' to carry the sprit, and sprit-
topsail and jackstaff. Its len^^th should be two-thirds of
tlie mainmast, and its thickness equal lo the mizzen.
BOWSTRING, {bustring)s. the string by vvliich a bow is
bent.
BO'WT ER, (Jii-i/f)-) .5. one wlio shoots with a bow; an
archer; a person who makes bows.
BOX, s. [bux; Sax.] its leaves are pennafed and over-green ;
it has male and fenuile tlowers on the saiiic plant, the former
liavin;i a three-leaved, and the female a f( nr-leaved concave
empalement. Linnivus ranges it in the -!th section of liis
2lst class, from its having male a\id female flowers on the
s;mie plant, and the male flowers havinjj fonr stamina.
There are three species. Its wood is yellowish, hard, solid,
even, very heavy,anfl takes a jjood polish. One of these! In ee
species is the dwarf ))on, which is planted ronnd the beds in
gardens, and is remarkable for neither flowering, isor ever
rising to any considerable height. Also a case made of wood,
or other substance, to hold any thing; distingnished from a
chest, as the less is from the greater ; the case of a mariner's
or sea compass ; the inner case of a watch ; a chest in w hich
money is pot ; hence a Cinisttjiiix hex, which signifies both
the chest into which tli<- money is put, and the nionrv then
collected. The first story of seats in a play-honse, formed
into small square rooms, and built either on the stage, or
round the extremities of the pit.
BOX, s. [from bocli, Brit.] a blow oti the face with the
hand.
To BOX, r. a. to fight w ith the fists ; to strike on the head
or face wiflithe liaml.
BO'XEN, n. made of box. Applied to colour, of a box
colour.
BO'XER, s. one who is skilled in flghthig with the lists;
one w ho fights with his fists. ,
BOY, s. [the etymology uncertain] a name applied to per-
sons of the male sex till they are fifteen years old. ISed
figuratively for a person who wants the sedateness and dis-
cretion of manhood, and is then a term of reproach.
liOTHOOD, s. the state wherein a person is sty led a boy,
extending from infancy to youth, or till a person is fiiteen
years old.
BOYISH, a. like a boy witn respect to mexperience, want
of sedateness and discretion ; childish; trifling; puerile.
BOYISHLY, ad. in a childish, wanton, trifling ur.unier.
BOTISHNE.SS, «. that quality which is |>redominaiit in
boys; want of thought, sedateness, or discretion; childish-
ness; trifling.
BOYKE, a river of Ireland, which rises in the countrv ot
Kildare, crosses that of Meath, and falls into the Irish
channel, 4 miles below Dro^heda. It is celebrated lor a
victory, obtained by William HI. king of England, and
prince of Orange, over James II. July 1st, IG90.
Bi*. an abbreviation for bishop.
I'RA'B.ANT, previously to the French revolution, was
one of the largest and nu)st important provinces in the Ne-
therlandri. It was divided between the .\ustriaiis and
Dull li Breda, being the capital of the Dulch and Brussels of
the .\ustrian division. It now forms the whole, or greal
part of the deparlmiiits of t!.e two Nellies, the Ujle, the
DoTiimel, and the Scheldt and Meuse.
Bll A'BI'l,!-^, s.{hrnhhelin, Belg.] a q\iarrel ; a clamorous
noi,y contest.
To BRA'BBLE, r.n. (o contest a thing with great cla-
mour ; to (piarrel, toclamoer.
BR.V'RBLKR, ». a clamorous, quarrelsome, turbulent, or
noi^v li ll'iW.
To BRACE, r. ti.\rnJirn.iser, Fr.] to tie, or wind bandages
tight round anv thing. To strain or stretch. I'n hracr tin:
yards, iu se;; hnigu.ige, is to bring the yard lo either side, so
as fo make it Stand sipiare, or even acro>s llie ship.
BRACE, X. a bandage ; that which ke<'p the pails <.| a
thing close together; that which is used to keep a ihing
stretched. In printing, a crooked line, denoting Ihal llie
106
members of a sentence ought to he jomea fogetner, but
not taken separately, marked thusV antl used by poetical
w riters at the end of a triplet, or three lines which rhyme
to each other. In aichittcture, a piece of timber formed
with bevel joints, and used to keep a building steady. In
the plural, those ropi'S fastened to the yard-anus of a ship,
\ise(l to square tJie yards, and bring them to ?.uy position.
Applied to a coach, the thick tliongsof leather <in which the
body hangs. ,\lso, those transverse slips of cl- itli or U ather,
which passing nvei the shoulders, and buttoning to the
breeches, ser\e to hold them up.
BR 'iCE, «. [never u-^t'd with an sat the end for the plural,
and is a collective noun, which seems to have only the singu-
lar] iu hunting, two, or a pair; perhaps so called from their
being tied together.
BRACED, a. in heraldry, the inteimingliug chevrons at
the base of an escutcheon.
BRACELET, s. [bracelet, Fr] an ornament worn round
the wrist ; a piece of defensive armour for the arm.
BRACER, s. that which braces, or keeps a thing tight.
Insurgerv, a bantlage.
BRA'CMl A I.. ibral:ial)a.{hom braehium, Lat.J that belongs ■
to, or is situated in, the arm.
RRA'CHMANS, a sect <)f Indian philosoi>licrs, known to
the ancient (iieeks by the niune of (iyMUiost>plii>4s. The
ancient Brachmaiis lived upon herbs and pulse, and abstained
finiu every thing that had life in it. They lived in sohtiide,
without inatr uiony, and without (iroperty, earnestly w shin^
for death, and considered lil'e only as a burden. The mo-
dern Hruchniaiisiwc one of the casts or tribes of the Banians;
they are their priests, and pert.irin their ottice of praying
an<l reading the law, with several mimical gestn:es, and a
kind of (juaveriiig voice. They believe that in the begin-
ning nothing but (iod and water exislid ; and that the Su-
prrnie Being, desirous to create the world, caused the leaf
of a tree, in tlie shape nf a child playing wiih its ^reat toe in
its mouth, to float on tlw water. From its navel iherc issued
out a flower, whence tSruma drew his original, who was en-
trusted by God with the creation of llie world, and presides
over it w'ith an absolute swav. They make no distinction
between the souls of nien and brules ; but say the dignity of
the luiinan soul consists in being placed in a bettor body,
and having more room to disp'ay its faculties. They alhiw
of nwards and pimishuieiits hereafter; and have so great a
veneiatien fii'. cows, that ihev look upon themselves as bless-
ed, if fill V can but die with the tail (d' one of lliem in their
hand. Tl:ev ave skilful arithiiu-ticians, and cah ulatc, with
greal exaclness, the eclipses of llie sun anr' moon. They
are ren.arkable fir their religious austerities; one of Ihem
has been known to make a vou to wear about his neck a
lieayy collar of iron for a considerable lime; aiiolher to
chain himsi If by the too! lo a tiee, with a firm resolulicn to
die in that place ; and anolher to walk in wooden shoes
sliK'k full <if nails on the insule. Their divine woiship con-
sists chiefly of oroces- <vns luide in hi uour of llieir deities.
Tliev have a (•■ l'i'."eal i^anaia, a cilv siluiiled on Ihefiaiiges.
BRACllVGI! \niY, (/™/,i/fiT«/V,) v. [tiom //iw/es short,
and giv'/i/i", to write, (.r.Jilie ait < iVliorl hand, or w riling by
cliaracters iu a shorter t uk and compass than b\ the letters
of the coiiiieou alphabet.
BRACK 1;T, .?. \brii,Tir:ti, Ila!.] a pi<-ce of wood, carved
or plain, livid against a wall, losiippoit somelhing.
r.K\('KlS]!, ". [/•)■(»■/., Belg.] salt; that is somewhat
salt ; of the lasle of >• a-water.
F,UA CK1S1INES.S, *. sallness in a small degree, applie.d
to s<a'\\aler.
l',R A'CKLAW, a eit' of Fodoliu, on tlic river Bog. Lat.
48. 1!>. N. Ion. -ii). no. E.
I'diA'CKI.E^', a lov.n of Norfhamptonshire, with a inaiv
ket on A\ (duesday. It is seated on a branch of the river
Ouse, ami is a ciirporation, containing two churchi'S. It
had formerly a college, now turned into a free school, and
Bl*. A
solids two nicmbcrs to jniilianiciit. It is \H miles S. \V. of
N<)rlli:im|it(.in, •.iiid l\i N. \V. ot' I.iiikIoii.
BH\n, a. [S,i\.| wliin aililcil lollic iiaincs of pliiccs, si;;-
llitics l)roii(l, lliiis //r«(//i)('/ si;;rii(i('S ;i liiniui find.
HH M), X. :i kiiiil of'iKiils iixd in liiiildiiiL', willioiit ;i slioid-
«l('r ov«i llici biniiik, oi ;i spiiNldiiii; liisid like oilier iiiiils,
hut ail' pictly tliiik lo\v;irds llic upper end, tli:il the lop may
bo driven iiilo, and l)nrie<l in llio board tiie\ f;iil<n.
BH \'nriKl.lX(MA(iN \)a town ofl'^ssos.iiear'rbaMed,
3ti miles t'roni I.omjon. Market on 'I'lnirsdav.
BRA'DFOItl), a town in Wilts, the centre of the sreatost
fabric of siiporliiio olollis in iMiijIand, wliieli it shares with
llie surrounding; towns of 'I'ro«brid;;e, iVIelkshaiii, Corsham,
and Cliii)poiiliam. It it seated on the Avon, 11 miles nearly
W. of Devizes, and 102 \V. of l.ondon. Market on Monday.
BR A'OFORU, a town in Yorkshiro, »eated botwooii Leeds
and Halifax, on the branch of the Aire, from which a canal
has boon made to join the ;;rand canal ironi Leeds to Liver-
pool. It has a considerable trade in shalloons, everlastini^s,
and other worsted stutfs, which are made in the neiffhbour-
liooil. There are also some iron founderies. It is 3(> miles
S. W. of York, and 193 N. N. \V. o'" Loniloii. Market on
Thursday.
BKA'n\I\CH, or RRAnwiTK. a (own of Devonshire,
(i miles N. ofKxeter. Market on Satiudav.
To BR ACi, !'. n. Ihrrrnrriirn, Bef;;.] to display an advaiilage
with <;reat pomp and vanity ; to boast.
F'!tA(i, .5. a |)ompous or proud display of any advantage
n person possesses. ri^Miralivelv , the tliiii;; itself wliich
causes pride or boastiii;;; f,d"i'.V. I'rov. Hian's it s^mul
'lo<r, hill lliiil lie /ills lust his Itiil. — Brag's n gimil ilvg if lie he nell
set on, hilt III- iliire vol hile.
BRA'fiA, a city, the capital of Entre Minlio e Donio,
seated on the Cavedo, 180 miles N. of Lisbon. Lat. 41. 42.
N. Ion. 8. 2.4. W.
BRAOA'NZ.'V, a city in tlie province of Tia los Montes,
111 Pol tuifid. It is seated on the river Fervanca, and carries
on a manufacture of silk, stutfs, velvets, and grogiain. Lat.
41.40. \. Ion. ■}. :m.\\'.
BRA(;(;AD{)'CIIi(), s. a person who vainly sets forth his
own good ijualities, or tlisplays tliem more ilian they de-
serve.
RRA'GG.\RT, s. \hiiis;s'iret. Tent.] a person wiio boasts
of his own abilities too much.
BR \'(i(iART, II. proud, conceited, vain.
BRA'(i(iFR, s. one who displays his prrtended abilities
in all the pomp of vain and ostentatious language.
BKA'f iLF.SS, a. w ilhonta boast; without being boasted of.
To BRAID, !•. n. [hrieilan, Sax.] to weave together; to
plait.
I5|{ AID, s. a lock of liair, or any thing collected by we.iv-
iug or plaiting; a small naru>w kind of lace, used for oriia-
iiieiitiug wouion's shoes, bed curtains, tVc.
BRAILS, «. small ropes used in furling llie sails across.
To/irt/e iiji l/ir hiiiils, or hrnil up the sail, implies that the saij
is to bo haled up, in order to be furled, or bound close to the
yard.
BR'AIN, s. [hrtf^m. Sax.] in anatomy, the large, soft,
whitish substance, filling the inside of the cranium, or skull,
wherein all the organs of sense terminate, and wherein the
soul is said to reside. Jl is divided into the cerebrum, cere-
bellum, medulla, oblongata, or medulla spinalis. The brain
is miicli larger in men than in any other animals, and is ge-
nerally biggest ill siicli other animals as shew the greatest
degree of sagacity, such as monkeys, Ac.
To BRAIN, V. a. todasli the brains out ; to kill by dasli-
nig the brains out.
RRALNLESS, a. without brains. Figuratively, silly,
foolish, thouglitless.
BR.MNI'AN, s. tde skull, so called from its containing the
braius.
BRAITSSICK, a. disordered in the brain. Figuratively,
giddv, thoughtless, foolish, mad.
iJKAl'NTREE, a town iji Essex, near the village of Dock-
BRA
mg, and, wifli it, carrying on a considerable nianufactorN- of
baize. It is 12 miles'N. of Chelmsford, and 41 N. E. of
London. .Market on Wednesday.
BR A K F, .y. ' of uncertain ety niology ] a thicket of brambles,
orlhoiiis.
BRAkI'"., v. [from nrrrrini, ,Sa\.] a wooden mallet, used in
beating or dressing hemp ; the handle of a ship's puni|) : a
baker's kneading trough ; a sharp bit or siiatlle for horsis.
BR A'K Y, II. abounding in brakes, or thickets of thorns.
BRA'MBLR, a town of Sussex, formerly of .some account,
but has neither market nor fair ; however, it sends l-wt,
members to parliament. It is li) miles S. of West CiriiisteatI,
and 49 S. S. W. of London.
BRAMBLE, s. a wild prickly shrub ; a blackberry, <!c\v^
berry, and raspberry bush.
BR.V'MBLING, s a bird, the same with the mountain
cliatbiich.
BRAMPTON, a town of Cumberland, with a market on
Tuesday. It is seated on the river Itsliin, not far from the
Picls'wall. It is at present but a small place : and near it,
on the top of a high hill, is a fortified trencJi, called the
Mote.— 8 miles N. E. of Carlisle, and 311 N. N. W. of
London.
I5RAN, s. [hrinni, Brit, hipinia, Ital.] llie husk of com,
separated after grinding from the Hour.
BRANCH, s. [hrnmlif, Fr.] in botany, the arm, or part of
a tree which sprouts from the trunk. Figuratively, any
detached part from tlio uliolo. .\ section or subdivision,
applied to writings. Any part which is joined to another,
like a branch to a tree. A part of a pe<ligreo of family. In
hunting, the antlers or shoots of a stajj's horns. The brnnehes
of a bridle, in farriery, are two pieces of bended iron, that
bear the bit-mouth, the chains, and the curb, in the interval
between the one and the other.
To BRANCH, r.a. to divide into separate divisions like
branches. Figuratively, to adorn with needle-work repre-
senting branches. Neutorly, to spread in Inanches ; to se-
parate or divide a subject into several parts, used with the
particle out. To speak <liffiisely, to expatiate. To liave
lioriis shooting out into antlers.
BR.^'NCHER, .•!. one that shoots ont into branches. In
falconry, a \ouiig hawk, [from biaucliirr, Fr.]
BRA'NCIILESS, «. without branches. Without honour,
alluding to the branches of a pedigree.
lil'A'NCHY, ffl full of branches : spreading.
BRAND, s. [hrniiil, Sax ] a stick lighted, or fit to be set on
fire at one end. Figuratively, a thunderbolt. A mark made
on the flesh of a criminal by a burning iron. Anciently, a
swcrd, \i'vln^\hrllllllo, Ital.]
J', n. {britnden, Belg.] to mark with a brand,
. Figuratively, to reproach as infamous ; in
BRANDENBURG, the March e of, is bounded on
the W. by Lunenburg; on the N. by Pomeraiiia and Mecklen-
burg ; on the S. by Silesia, Liisatia, Saxony, and Magdeburg;
and on tlie \\. by Poland and Polish Prussia. It is divided
into five principal parts ; tlir Old Marek, or.Marche, Preg-
iiitz, the iNIiddle Marche, Uckor Marche, and the New
Marche. The greater part of the inhabitants are Lutherans ,
but there are also Romanists. B.(>rliii is the capital ; and
the principal rivers are tiic Elbe, Havel, Spiey, L'cker, anJ
Warte.
BRATSDENBURG, a city of Upper Saxoiiy, divided into
the Old and Now 'Fowii by the river Havel. It is a pros
peroiis, trading place, 20 miles W. of Berlin.
BRA'NDfiOOSE, s. a kind of wild fowl, less tnan a coui-
nioii goose, having its breast and wings of a diirk colour.
To ISltATsDISH, r. o. [from brand] to wave, shake, or
flourish a weapon. Figuratively, to make a parade, or
fioui isli with.
BRANDLING, a sort of worm.
BRANDON, a town in Snflolk, between Newmarket
and SwafVham. It is seated on the Lesser Ouse, over whicli
it Ins a bridge ; and, at a sinall distance, a ferry, whereby
lO'J
BRAND,
or burning iron
stigmatize.
BRA
BRA
corn, malt, tinibt-r, iron, A-c. are coiiveved fo and from the
Isle of Ely. It is 12 miles N. of Bury, and 78 N. E. of
London.
BRANDY, s.lbranrl-fvin, Fr.] in distillation, a proof spirit,
oblained fmni real wines, or fermented juices of grapes.
BR A'NXiLE. s. squabble ; wrangle.
To BRANGLR, v. w. to wrangle ; to squabble.
BRANK, s. the same with buckwheat, French wheat, or
crap. ,
BRA'NLIN, a species offish, of the salmoti kind, which
never grow to anv great size.
BRANNY, a. having the appearance of bran.
BRASI L, or BRAZIL, (brazeil) s. a heavy, dry, and very
hard wood, so called because it is supposed to liave com
originally from Brazil in S. America. That of Fernambuco
is the best. The tree grows connnonly in dry and barren
places, among rocUs, and becomes very thick and tall ; the
brandies are long and large, the leaves small, of a fine bright
green, resembling those of box, but somewhat longer.
BRASI'L, a large country of S. America on the K. be-
tween the equinoctia' and :J6. 0. S. lat. and between 35 and
.'>5 degrees W. Ion. exteiuiing from the river of Amazons to
that of La Plata, a length of coast, through all its windings,
of above 3000 miles. It is bounded on the VV. by Paraguay
and .Amazonia; its other boundaries are forn\ed by the great
Atlantic Ocean. It was discovered by chance in looo, for
Alvarez Cabral, a Portuguese, was forced upon it by a tem-
jiest ; and the kings of Portugal have continued masters of
It ever since. Some time after the revolt of tlie United Pro-
vincesfrom the king of Spain, the Dutch drove away the
Spaniards, to whom it then belonged ; but the Portuguese,
in their turn, obliged the Dutch to leave it in 1(;.'>6. Tlie air
of this country, though within the torrid zone, ispretty tem-
perate and wholesome ; insomucii that people live there a
long while. The waters in general are very good, and the
soil fertile and excellent; there comes more sugar from
thence than all other parts of the world; besides this, it
produces tobacco, Indian corn, several sorts of fruit, and
medicinal drugs. Tlie wood brought from Brasil, and hence
«o called, isoJ Vi-iy great use in dying red ; and, within the
r.oimtry, there is gold, and several sorts of precious stones ;
likewise the cattle, carried over from Eunqie, ijicrease pro-
digiously, insonuich that there is no want ot|)rovisions. The
Portuguese chieHy inlrabit the sea coast, for they have not
penetrated far into the country. The inlauil parts are full
of people of difi'erent languages ; b\it tiny all agree in wear-
ing no sort of clothes. Thry arc of a cupper colour, with
long coarse black hairon their heads, but without any on the
other parts of their bodies, like the rest of the Ameriians.
Tliey are strong, lively, and gay ; and, as thev are subject
lo few diseases, they live a long time. Tiiey love to adorn
themselves with feathers, and they arc very fond of feasts,
at which they dance and skip about immoderately. Tlicy
have no temples, nor any other sign of religion; and tlicy
make no manner of scruple to marrv their nearest relatidiis.
Some pretend that they are cannibals, and eat those they
have taken in war ; but this is a fable. 'I'hey have iuils
made of the branches of trees, and covered with palm tree
leaves. Their furniture consists cliielly in their hannnocks,
anddislu'S, or cui>s, made <rf callibaslics, paiiit<'<| without of
a red colour, ami black within ; their knives are made of a
sort of stone and split canes ; and they have likew i>e baskets
of dilferent sizes, chietiy made of i)ahn-tree leaves. Their
arms arc only bow s, arrows, and wooden clubs. Wlieu they
travi'l, they fa-,len tlwir haiiunocks between two trees, anil
sleei> all night therein. The I'orlugucse divide Bra^il into
fifteen goveriiiiK-nts or capiiauaries ; eight of which beidug
to the king of Portugal, and the rest to great men, who have
peopled tlirui at their own expense. The r<sidence of the
vicrrov, till of k.ie years, was at St. Salvadi>r, but is now at
St. .Seliu^tian.
BHASS, «. \hm!!!>. Sax.] a fad it ions yellow metal, made of
copper mi Ited with lai)is «-alaminaris. In oriler lo make
Liiut, the calamine i^ previoiislv rt)asted ; it is iheii mixed
III)
w;ith charcoal and grain copper, and put into largc cru-
cibles, which are kept for a cons derable time in a heat
that will not melt the copper ; after a time, the licat is
raised so as to fuse it, and the compound metal is then run
into ingots. .Among llic ancients, C'urtutliian brass was a very
valuable mixed melal, said to have l)een accideii'ly formed
by the melting of statutes and vessels of different descrip-
tions, when Corinth was burned by the Romans, 14G years
B.C. Brass is used tigur;itivclv, for impudence.
BRASSY, a. partaking of brass ; hard as brass. Tm-
pu<lent.
BR.VT, s. [perhaps from lirait. Sax.] a child ; used fo ex-
press contempt. I iguratively, pioduds or effects.
BR.WA'DO, s. [bravada. Span.] a proud boast; haughty
defiance or challenge.
BR.WE, a. [Iirave, Fr.] not daunted or terrified with
dangers and diniculties; ready toattempt ynv dangerous en-
terprize ; grand, or noble. Sometimes ap|>lied, in an inde-
terminate mamu-r, to express good or great in the positive
degree.
BR.WE, s. [br'ii-e, Fr.] a person who is daring beyond the
rules of discretion ; or bold to excess. A bohl defiance or
challenge.
To BU.'Wl',, V. a. to inidertake a thing notwithstanding
the (iaugers with which it is attended ; todel\ conteuii'tu-
ously ; to provoke a person to resentnunt ; to bid defiance
to ; applied, in this last sense, to inanimate things wit i
great beuntv.
BRA'\ ELY, nrl. ni such a manner as not to be fer-
rifie<l by difficulties, or daunted by dangers; intrepidly;
courageoiiilv.
1>K.\ '^'ERY, s. the performance of any great and noble
actions, notwithstanding the dangers which attend them ;
a disposition of mind, which enables a person to accomplish
his designs, notwithstanding any oltetacles or difficulties
which oi)pose it. .Applied fo the appearance of things,
fiiier\, splendor. False courage ; boasting; or boldness.
I>lv.\ \'l), i. [Ital.]a man wlionnnders or assassiriates an-
other for hire.
To BRAWL, f. n. [brmiiller, or bnntlcr, Fr. | tfl quarrel
about trifles ilia noisy manner; to leport in a loud iaasiner ;
tomalie a noise ; beautifully applied to inanimate things.
BR AW r , s. a noisy quarrel ; scurrility.
BR.A'WLER, s. one who is quarrelsome and noisy at the
same time ; a word of reproach.
BR.A^VN, J. [of uncertain etymology] the flesh or muscular
l>arts of he Ixxlv ; the arm. Figuratively, vigour or strengtii.
'Ilie flesh of a hoar soused or pickled ; a boar.
BP.A'WNY, a. strong; robust ; sinewy ; fleshy ; of great
mus( les and strength.
To BRAY, !•. n. \hracttn, Sax.] fo beat into pieces, or pow-
der ill a ulorter by means of a pestle.
'l"o BU AY, V. II. Uiniire, Fr.] to make a noi^e like an ass.
Figuialively, to make a disagreeable noise like that of brass.
I?l! A\', .V. the noise of brass ; a terrible or disagreeable
sound.
BR \^', a village ni Berkshire, one mile from TSfaidenhead,
famous for its ciiangealile vicar, who having been twiica
l>apist, and twice a iiroleslant in tlie reigns of Ilciny \I!I.
Edward VI. Mary, and Elizabeth, was accused ofbein';a
liirii colli ; but he replied, that he always stuck fast fo his
principles, which was, to lire and die vicar nf tlrni/ J
To Bl! AZE, i: a. the soldering or joining of two nieces of
metal log<ther. Figuratively, to be umred or hardened in
Impiideiice.
BRA'Z'EN, s. made of brass. Figuratively, caused by
brazen iiisti iiment'i. Iiiipudeut.
To BRAZEN, c. II. to deny with great impudence; 1..
bl have without eoiicein; lo liully. I'sed with the wold
oiij. " He would bra:cii it viil as if We had <lone nolhing."
Arbiilh.
BI'lA'/ENFACE, s. a person who has no sense of shanse ;
ail imi>udenl fellow.
BRA'Zi'-NFACF.D, a. voitl of shame, inipiideiu.
B RE,
D 11 E
BUA'ZENNESS, s. appearance likcfii?iss. I'l^'uratively,
undauulpfl iiupuclciice.
BKA'ZIKR, J- oiif who makes or sells brass ware.
BRA'ZlNtJ, «. Ilieactof soldering or joini'ii; t\vi> pieces
of iron tcyi'tLtr. Soinefinies the word is applied lo llie
joining pieces of iron roj;etlier by beatinj; llieni rrd
liot upon one anoflier; but tliis is wore pr()|)orly called
tve/diiiit;.
RlXi'^ACH, a.[hreclie, Fr.l the dividing or destroying the
union between t'le parts of a thing before joined fogether.
In forlilication, a hole or "up made in any part of the works
of a tonii, either by cannon or mines. Hjjuratively, a de-
fect ; the acting contrary to any law; the violating any ob-
ligiilion : quariel ; discord ; want of nnity.
BRKAD, (*)•«/) s. [Ore-Ill, Sax.] a baked mass of dongli
formed fronitlie llour of some grain, and a constant part of
foicd. Figuratively, every kincl of necessary for the support
of life. To rnt a pKi-snn's ti'ead, is sometimes used lo imply,
tbat he has been admitted to tlie most intimate friendsljip,
ttnd supported bv h s bounlv.
BREAD CHII'PKU,.?.o;ie that chips bread; a baker's
servant, an under butler.
BRE'AD-CORN, s. corn or grain of wliicli bread ts
made.
BRE'AD FRUIT, s. a fruit that grows at Otaheifc, and
some other isl-iuds on the South Sea. on a tree, about the
size of a middling oak. The fruit itself is about the size and
shape of a child's head, covered with a thin skin, between
which and the core is tiie eatable pari, as white as snow,
and of the consistence of new bread. Its taste is between
that of the crumb of white bread, and the Jerusalem arti-
choke. It is roasted and baked before it is eaten. Three
dishes are prepared from this fruit by beating it into a paste
with water, orthemilk of the cocoa nut, and mixing it with
ripe plantains, bananas, or the sour paste, which they call
vialiie.
BRE'AD-ROOM, *. [a sea-termj a place in a ship's stern,
to k«-vp bread or biscuit.
BREADTH, (hmlih) s. [from Irad, Sax.] the measure of a
plain superficies from side to side. In commerce, liie mea-
sure of any cloth, or other manufacture, between the two
selvages or lists. Within an-,Jiair's hreatlth, denotes extreme
nearness, applied to situation; and a verj' narrow escape,
applied to danger.
To BREAK, V. n. [breccan. Sax.] to separate the parts of
a thing by force ; to burst by violence. Used w itii the worti
flown, to destroy or demolish. To pierce or penetrate, ap-
plied to light. " A dim winking lamp, which feebly broke
the gloomy vapours." To diminish or weaken. " Have not
some of his vices weakened his body, and broke his health 1"
Tilliits. In horsemanship, to tame or render manageable.
" Tohrinh the stubborn colt." Dri/d. Applied figuratively,
to the human species, "To break our fierce i)nri)arians into
men." Addis. 'To render a person iniable to carry on trade ;
to make a bankrupt. " Impoverisiies the rich, breaks the
merchant." South. To wound so as to make the blood ap-
pear. "She'll sooner break ymw head." Dri/d. Applied
to promises, oaths, or duty, to act coiintcr to, to violate or
disregard. " I never more will break an oatb." Skak,
" To iceff/; the pious laws of nature." Dri/d. To intercept,
prevent, or hinder the effect of. " To break his dreadiul
fall." Lhi/d. To interrupt. " His voice broke with sighs."
Speet. No. 164. To separate, joined to conipinu/. " They
were forced to break eonipani/." Alter. Used with off', to
dissolve; likewise to stop, binder or prevent. "To break
off so noble a relation." C'ol/irr. "To break off all its com-
merce with the tongue." Addis. Vv'itli of, to master or lay
aside an .11 habit. "The French were not quite i/«/;< it (•/'
It." Grew. Used with nu'iirf, to discover our sentiments.
" Fearful how to break my mind." Dn/d. Used with baek,
to strain or put the back-bone out of joint. In husbandry,
to plow. " The husbandman must first hrcuh the land."
Varies. To disband, applied to an army. " .Solyroan, rp.
turning to Constantinople, broke up bis army."' Knollis.
I'scd with uind, to discliargp wind included in the nilesf i;ic^..
To l:reak on the wheel, is to break the boncs of a criminal
fastciicd on a wheel.
To I'UEAK, r. n. to burst. " Whispers the o'er-fraught
heart, and bids it break." Shak. To open so as to dis'cliar^e
matter, ai)plied lo a liiiiior. To dispel darkness, to dawn,
applied to Ihft first aitpearance of light in a morning.
" As soon as the day breaks." Speet. No. 4C5. " See how
the day begins to break." Swift. To decay in heallli and
slrriiglh. To 1)11 1 si, to pronounce, or utter, used with from,
and the words lips, moulh, or breast. " Whilst from his
breast the dreadful acceiils brok'" Dri/d. To force a
passage, used with the particles through, into, and forth,
" To break through uilh his «|iole body of horse." Clarend.
"^lo intervene witiiout notice or refjard to the ceremonies of
polite behaviour. " With a magisterial air breaks in upon
conversation." Aildis. Discarded or deprived of an employ.
" When I see a great officer broke." Swift. Joimd with
lonse, to disengage from, any obstacle, tie, or other confine-
ment or restraint. " Break loose from all our engagements."
Tilhits. To desist from an undertaking ; to quit a habit;
to desist suddenly, with the particle o/^". " Do not peremp-
torily t/eaAo^in any business." Baeon. When usedwilh ofJF
an(l/)07H, to separate from with some eft'ort or violence.
" I must from this enchanting <pjcen break off." Shak. 'Vo
Siirst lliroui'h and discover itself notwithstanding -.'in 'rrijie-
dimeiit. " There being so many ways ?»y which a smotlicred
trulli is apt to blaze and break out." South. To rage, or
appear, applied to a distemper. " A violent fever broke out
in the place." Spcct. No. 164. In all the various meanings
of this verb, the idea of separation, or the effect of sudden
force, is always included.
BREAK, s. applied to the first appearance of light in tho
nrorning, when the rays of light break the gloom of darkness,
it implies the dawn. A pause or interruption, applied to a
discourse.
BRE'AKER, s. he who forces a thing asunder; he who
divides a thing by force; a wave broken by rocks or .sand-
banks.
To BRE'A.KFAST, {brchfast) «. n. to eat after having
fasted some time ; applied to the fir.st meal a person makes
in the <lay.
BREAKFAST,*, that which a person eats athisfir^t me.al
in the day. In a general sense, any thing to eat after a long
want of food.
BREAKNECK, {brake-neck) s. a precipice or fall, from
whence a person would break his neck.
BREAKSTONE, s. in botany, an umbelliferous plant
called by Linnaeus pimpinella, of which there are two British
species. The root of either is very acrid, burning the moutii
liKc pepper, and affords a blue oil. Its acrinu-ny has occa-
sioned it to be used in curing the toothrache, ana cleansing
the skin from freckles.
BRE'AM, s. [bratne, Fr.] in natural history, a large fish,
delighting in rivers or ponds, very broad, w ith a forked tail,
and scales of a golden colour, set with great elegance. He
has large eyes, and a narrow sucking mouth, and a lozing
bone to help his grinders. The male is observed to have
two large melts, and the female two large bags of eggs, or
spawn.
BREAST, (pronounced and formerly written hresty s.
[breast. Sax.] in anatomy, one of the three venters in an animal
body, which contains the heart and lungs. Breasts are two
prominences situated in the anterior, and towards the lateral
parlsof the thorax. In beasts, the word is a|)plied to that
part which extends from the neck to the fore-legs. Figura-
tively, till' 'heart ; bosom ; conscience ; or soul, vh'cJl was,
by ilic ancients, supposed to reside in this part.
To BREAST, V. a. to oppo.se with the breast; to meet ;
to struggle against.
BREASTBONE, t. in anatomy, the bone of ^he breast;
the sternum.
BREASTHIGH, a. ashigli as the breasts.
BRE'ASTHOOK.S, «. tmong ship-carpenters, the com-
III
BRE
ERE
passing timbers befnre, that help to strengthen the stem,
and all the fore part of a ship.
BRE'ASTKNOT, i bunch or knot of ribbands worn by
fcraales on or near then oreasts.
BRE'ASTPLATE, i. armour worn by way of defence on
the breast,
BRE'ASTROPES, s. in a ship, those ropes which fasten
the yards to tiie parrels, and, with the parrels, hold the yards
fast to the inast.
BRE'ASTW'ORK, s. works thrown up as hig^h as the
breasts of the defendants in a fortitied place, or tield ; the
game with parapet.
BREATH, {bret/i) s. [hratlce, Sax. J the air which proceeds
from tlienrouth, either in the actions of respiration or inspi-
ration. Figuratively, life. Used with take, to recover lost
breath from too great a fatigue ; to cease from labour or
hurry ; a respite or pause. A breeze of wind, or gentle
current of air. " Not a breath of wnid flies o'er its surface."
Addis. The sanve instant, usedwithi'i. " You menace and
court me in a breath." Dryd.
BREATH ABLE, fl. that may be breathed ; or that is fit
to be breathed.
To BREATHE, v.n. to draw in and force out the air at
tlie mouth by the action of tlie lungs. Figuratively, to live.
" Let him breathe a private man in Athens." Shak. To lahe
breath, to recover a damage by means of a respite; to rest.
" He followed the victory so liot upon the Scots, he sutl'ered
tliem not to breathe." Spen. Used with in, to enter by Ilie
action of breathing or respiration. " To whose foul moiitli
no wholesome air breathes in." Shak. Used actively, it im-
plies to fill with, to discharge the lungs of air, b\ the actions
of inspiration and respiration. Usetf with into, to act upon
by breathing; to animate. " Hebreathed intn us t!ie Itieiitli
of life." Decay of Pietf!. To force out of the nit lilli, «illi
the particle eut. "Who breathed out nothing l.ut ti:!iiu'."
Sped. No. 223. To make long-winded by e\iMcise. " The
greyhounds are as swift as breathed stags." S/uik. To sound
by the breath, applied to w ind instruments. " To hrrathe the
flute." Prior. To send up in vapours appeiuiiig like tlie
breath in frosty weather. " His altar breathed ;tuibrosi;d
odours." Par. Lost. To sigh, or ofter up, without being
Jieard. " I have toward heaven breathed a secret vow."
Shak. In surgery, to open by a lancet. " To breathe a
vein." Dryd.
BRE'ATHER, s. one who enjoys life; one who is alive.
He that causes or animates by his breath, alluding to God's
breathing into man the breath of life, as the scripture ex-
presses it.
BRE'ATHTNf ;, s. the action of fetching breath. Figura-
tively, alive. A sigh of devotion ; secret prayer conceived
in the mind, but not uttered in words ; an aspiration.
Breathing-places, vents, or chinks, that let in fresli air.
BREATHLESS, (brithless) a. out of breath, or scarce able
to breathe from fatigue or hurry. Figuratively, dead.
BRECHIN, a parliaiiient town of Scotland, in the county
of Angus, l.'j iiiiles N. E. of Dundee, and 45 on the same
point from F.iliiiburg'li
BRE'CKNOCK, or Brecon, a town of S. Wales, and
rai)ital of Brecknockshire. It is called by the Wel>li, Aber-
Honddry, and it is situated at the c(Uiflueu((' of the rivers
Ilonddey aiul Usk. It is an ancient place, as ap|)ears by
the Roman coins that have often been dug up here. It is a
lar'p^e town containing three cluirclies, one of which is col-
legiate, and stands at the >vest end. The houses are well
built, and it fornu>rly liad a wall, with three gates, aud a
•stately ca".!!)-. The assizes are kept here, aud it has a good
trade in c'lothiHg. The markets are on Wednesday and Sa-
turday, aud are well supplied with corn, cattle, aud provi-
sions. It senls one i.iember to parliament, and is ;?4 un'les
N. W. bv W. of Moruuouth, 34 S. E. bv E. of Llanbeder,
and Ui2 W. bv N.of Lomhm.
BRECKNOCKSHIRE, a county of S. Wales, .TO miles in
leu^'tli, an I 27 in breudlli. It is full of mounlauis, some (i(
uhicli arc excecfiini high, particularly Monuchdenv-hill,
112
not far from Brecknock. However, there are large fertile
plains and valleys, which vield plenty of corn, and feed
great numbers ot cattle. It has CI parishes, a id 4 market-
towns, and there were formerly 9 castles. It is bounded on
the E. by the counties of Hereford and jMoumoulli, in theS.
by Glamorganshire, on the W. by Carmarthen and Cardi-
ganshire, and on the N by Radnorshire.
BRE'DA, a large, strong, and beautiful city of Dutch
Brabant, containing several public buiUliiigs, 4 spaci lus mar-
ket-places, which are plentifully supplied wil'i fresli and
salt water fish, and about 2200 houses. It is seated o'l the
rivers Aa and Meicli, 22 miles W. bv S. of Bois le Due, 22
N. E. of Bergen op Zoom, 25 N. N. E. of Antwerp, and 60
S. of Amsterdam.
BREDE. s. [See Br aid] a border wrought with the nee-
dle in difterent colours resembling^ flowers, &c.
BREECH, s. [from brtrcan, Sax.] tlic back and lower pait
of the body, from whence the excrements are voided. Ap-
jilird to a piece of cannon, the hinder part, or that part be-
hind the toueli-liole.
BREKCIIES, {britches) s. [brire. Sax.] It has no singular;
that part of a man's dress that cn,vers his thighs and breech.
Breeches formed no ,)art of the ancient Grecian or Roman
dress, but were derived tons from our aiiccslors, the northern
barbarians of Britain and Germany. To ueir the breeches, is
a phrase implying, that a woman usurps more authority over
her husband than becomes her sex.
To BREED, !'. «. [bradan. Sax.] tc/ produce, bring fortli,
to generate ; to educate, nourish, or bring up. Sometimes
used with the pai tides to and up to. Figuratively, to occa-
sion or cause. ."Applied to |ilv'.ee, to give birth to. To cut,
applied to the teeth. To keep animals for procreation or
multipK ing their species.
To BREED, r. n. to be big with child, to be pregnant.
To projiajiate ; or increase by propagation. To raise or
increast a breed.
BREED, s. a species of animals; a cast or kind. OfT-
spriiig, applied to mankind. That which is produced ^X
one hatching.
BREEDER s. that which produces or is the cause of any
thing. Tluit vliieli educates or brings up. A person who
is 11 't ba.reu: one who raises a breed.
l)REEDIN(i, s. ediieation, iiiatruction. Fignratively,
genteel and polite behaviour ; the method taken in rearing
a child.
I5RF.ESE, J. [briosa. Sax.] in natural history, a stinging fly,
calbd also the gad lly.
BREEZE, .T. [hrczza, Ital.] a gentle, cooling, pleasant
breath of wind. In na\igation, a shifting wind blowing
from the sea and lan<l alternately at certain hours, and sensi-
ble only near the coasts.
BREEZY, a. refreshed by breezes.
BREIIONS, the provincial .judges among the ancient
Irish, by whom justice was administered, and coiitroversies
were decided. They were a distinct family, who derived
their support from certain lands, appropriated for that pur-
pose, and from the <'leventli part of all lines in criminal
causes. The laws observed by them were called Brehon
la us
BREMEN, a duchy in the circle of Lower Saxony, the
whole a vast plain, almost surrounded by the Weser and the
Elbe, with Oldenbiigli and the (ierman Ocean on the W. It
contains 111 Lulheian churches, and 1:57 pastors, under a
general superiiiteiidaiit. 'I'lie air is cold, but the country is
well peopled^ and fertile in grain, fruits, flax, Ac. and pro-
duces laifie bieeils of catjh-. They have maiiutactures of
cordage, linen and Wdolleii stufl's. It l()rmerly was subject
to the Swt'des, but was (.-oiKpiered by the Danes in 1712^
who transferred il, together with Verdei, to the elector of
Hanover, in 171.'), for 700,(100 rixdollars ; and in 171!), the
crown of Sweden renouured all the rights and appurle-
nauees of the two duchies, in favour of the elector, (ieoigc 1,
of England, for a million of rixdollars. In the winter it
is subject to inundations, and iiarticularly, in 1GI7, scvcrul
B R E
B « 1
chrmsatulsof r;!t(!s wore <\i(i\\nri\, besides sovfi;il luiriihf ils
of the inlv.iMliiiits-. Tin" Ciipilal is Uiimiumi, ;i iiir;,'r, poj-ii-
loiis.-.md iiiiiH-rialcity, scatvd 0.11 tlie Weser. L;it. j;;. 0. N.
Ion. 8. -IS. 1'..
BKKNT, ff. burnt. Obsoleto.
BItK.NT, a town in Dcvoiisfiiro, with a niarkct on .^atiir-
<1?.y. It is a post town, 20" miles S. VV. of E\c(rr, and lino
W. b\ S. of I,(iiid(vn.
BItK'NTFORD, a town in Middlesex, seven miles from
Loudon, seated oil the river Tliames, into which at the VV.
end of the (own, flows a rivulet called the Brent. Market on
Saturday.
BRI'l'NTWOOD, a town in Essex, situated on a fine eini.
pence, n miles W. S. W. of Chelmsford, and 18 E. N. E. of
London. Market on Wednesday.
BRR'SCIA, a strons;: and handsome city of Italy, capital
of the Hresciano. It is seated on the river (iarza, wjiic h
runs thi(ni:;h it, and its walls are watered by the Mela on llie
W. and the Navilio on the E. The ninid)er of its iulia-
bitants are nearly 50,000; they manufacture cloths, excellent
fire-arms, Ac. It is 35 miles N. E. of Cremona, and 9.0 W.
of Venice.
BRKSCIATS'O, or The Brf.ssan, a province, late of
Venice. It has the county of Bormio on the N. and the
Berfjamasco on the W. and although mountainous, yet
abounds in wine, oil, wheat, and other grain ; it also con-
tains mines of iron, copper, silver, gold, alum, and marble
of diflerent colours. It is watered by several small river.s,
and abounds in towns and villages.
BRE'SLAW, or Wratislaw, a large city of Germany,
capital of Silesia, with an university. It is seated at the
confluence of the rivers Oder and t)hlau, which last runs
through several of the streets. It has several large squares,
and the public buildings are very stately ; the streets are
straight and wide, and the houses generally well built. It
is populous, and much frequented by Hungarian, Bohemian,
Polish, and other merchants; it lies 113 miles N. E. of
Prague, and 165 N. of Vienna. Lat. 51. 3. N. Ion. 17.
14. E.
BREST, a town in the department of Cape Finistcrre,
seated on the N. side of a large commodious harbour, or bay,
opening to the Atlantic, the finest in France ; its entrance,
however, called the Goulet, is narrow and difficult, by reason
of certain rocks, winch are covered at high water. The
town stands upon a declivity, and the streets are narrow
ami crooked ; but the quay is above a mile in length, and
bore is every accommodation for the shipping and marine
service. It is 30 miles S. W. of Morlaix, and 32.) W. bv
S. of Paris. Lat. '(8. 22, N. Ion. S. 4. 20. \V.
BRE^T, s. in architecture, the member of a column,
named likewise torus, or tore.
BRET, s. in natural history, around flatfish of the turbot
kind ; called likewise hurt or brut.
BRET.-VTjNE, a ci devant province on the E. of France,
now formed intoo departments, viz. North Coast, Feinsterre,
Illc, and Vilaine, Lower Loire, and Morbihan.
BRF/I^HREN, s. the plural oHrothn; which see.
BRETON, CAPE, an island so called, near the eastern
continent of North America, between 45 and 47 degrees of
N. latitude. It is separated from Nova Scotia by a narrow
strait called Canso, and is about 140 miles in length, and 50
in breadth. It is a barren country, producing little corn or
grass, and subject to fogs throughout the year. It is covered
with snow in winter, and is excessively cold. It is of very
small importance to England, but was of great consequence
to the French, because it commanded the navigation of the
river St. Lawrence, Ihrough which they passed to Canada.
There is likewise an excellent fishery on this coast, from
which they reap great advantage. It was taken by the
English in 1745, and restored to the French in 1748, by the
treaty of Ai\-ia-Chapelle. It was again retaken by the
English, on July 20, 17.58, when all the garrison, consisting
of .'ifidO men, were made prisoners of war, while the loss of
the English was very inconsiderable. There were eleven
Q
men of war in the harbour, which were all either taken, sunk,
or il(stro\ed ; and it was ceded to England by the Ireaty of
oe.ici- in 17G.'!
BUEVl",. t. in music, a long note, forineily pricked in the
form ot'a square without any tail, equivalent to two measures,
minims, semibreves, or bais, and is now wrote thus, iirjii. Ii,
law, any writ directed to the chancellor, judges, sherifis, or
other officers, whereby a person is summoned, or attached,
to answer in ihi! king's C(uirt, <fv.'c.
BllE'VET, s. atuong the French, denoted a grant of some
favour or donation from the king; not much unlike a war
rant, orthe king's letters iiatent, \\ith us.
BRE'VIARV, [hri-fiiih-iiim, Lat.] an abridgment or com-
p<'ndium. Also, a daily office, or book of divine service, in
the Romish cliiiicli.
BREVIER, ('-;•(' rm-) s. a small printing letter.
RliE'VITV, s. [hrevitus, Lat.] applied to writings, (he
expressing a sentiment in very few words ; conciseness ;
shortness.
To BREW, 1'. tt. [Iji-oiiu-ni, Helg.] to make beer, or ale, by
niixing malt and bops with boiling water, and fermenting
it afterwards with yeast. I'igiiialively, to make any drink
by boiling diflcrent ingredients; to contrive; to plot.
Lsed neuterly, to perform the office of a brewer ; to make
ale or beer.
BREWER, f. one who makes malt liquor, and sells it.
BR EW HOUSE, .s. a place or house wherein beer or ale
is made.
BRE'WINCi, s. the process or method of making ale or
beer ; the quantity of li(|iior produced by brewing.
BRE'WIS, s. a piece of bread b.)iled in a pot, fjigether
with meat. It seems anciently to have meant broth. " What
an ocean of brinis shall I swim in."
BREWOOD, a town of Stafioid.-,liire, 10 miles S. by W
of Stafford. Market on Tuesday.
BRIAR, s. See Brier.
BRIBE, s. a gift or reward given to a ]i,erson to engage
him to determine contrary to the merits of a cause ; some-
thing given to a person to stifle evidence ; something given
to an elector, to engage liini to vole for a particular can
didate.
BRIBER, s. one that pays for corrupt practices.
BRIBERY, s. I lie act of giving a person money to engage
him to any particular side or undertaking.
BRICK, s. [Iiit'cli, I5elg.] a flat lump of reddish or white
earth, formed in wooden moulds of various sizes ; first dried
in the air, and afterwards burned in a kiln or clamp. The
invention of bricks must have been very ancient, as we find
they were employed in erecting the tower of Babel. The
Romans did not burn their bricks, but dried them in the air
four or five years. Oil nf brich, is olive oil imbibed by heat-
ed bricks, pounded afterwards, and distilled in a retort.
To BRICK, V. a. to lay or build with bricks.
BRICKBAT, s.'A. piece or fragment of a brick.
BRICKDUST, «. the dust of bricks ; or tlie powder of
bricks made by rubbing them on each other, or pounding
(hem.
BRI'CKING, ,?. among builders, the cojinterfeiting of a
brick wall on plaister, which is done by smearing it over
with red ochre, and making the joints with an edged tool ;
these last are afterwards filled w itii a fine plaster.
BRI'CK-KILN, s. a place where bricks are burnt.
BRICKLAYER, «. one whose business it is to lay and
cement bricks in a wall or building. Tylers and bricklayers
were incorporated 10 Eliz. under the name of Master and
Wardens of the Society of Freemen of the IMyste.ry and
Art of Tvlers and Bricklavers.
BRl'CKMAKER, s. one who makes bricks.
BRIDAL, n. that belongs to a wedding.
BRIDE, .T. [j/riid, Sax.J a name given to a woman the
day of her marriage, and sometimes after the w edding-day
is over.
BRI'DEBED, a. the bed on which a new married couple
lie,
13
BRI
BRI
BUIDECAKE, f. llie cake witli wiiicli the guests are en-
Ifrtai'ied ata Moiiiiiiiy;.
P.RrDEG!!OOM,«. anew married man.
BKIDEMEN, s. the male atten.laiils, as the Bride-
MAIDS are the feinaleattcndaiits, or company, at a wedding;
the otKeeof tiie hittt r is to undress the bride ou the wed-
dinMiifjht, and see Ler to bed.
BK1'L)E\V1'^LL, i. 11 house '/f correction near Fleet-ditch,
London, built bv Henry VIU. as a ro\ al pahice fit for tlie re-
ception of the emperor Charles V. It is an institution of a
mixed nature, partaking of the hospital, tiie prison, and tlie
workhouse. Several youths are sent lo lliis hospital as ap-
prentices to nianufadurers \\\\o reside there; lliey are
clothed in blue doublets and breeches, with white hats.
HavinjT faithfully served the term o*' seven years, liiej have
their freedou), and a donation of l^i£ each, for carrying; on
their respective trades. Any place where vagrants are
obliged to beatheuip, or are kept to other hard labour as a
punishment.
BRIDGE, *. [1)20, Sax.] a building of stone or timber
consisting of one or more arches, inlended for the passage
of men or carriages from one side of I he river to another. The
word briila:c is used figuretively for the upper part of the
nose; and in musical instrumenls for a piece of wood, which
.stands upright on the belly of the iiislrument, and supports
the strings. Hanging I riilaies :yxe ll'.ose which are not sup-
ported either by posts or pillars, being sustained only by the
two extremities. A ilraw-iii'/a;e is made fast only at one
end w itii hinges, so that the other may be lifted by chains
fixed to it. A flijiiig bridge is made of pontoons, leather-
boats, casks, Ac. covered with planks for the passage of an
srmy. A bridge of boats is made ofcopper or wooden boats,
fastened with stakes or anchors, and covered with planks.
Prov. Let evpvy man priiise tlie bridge, he goes over, i. e.
speak not ill of In'm who hath done you courtesy, or wlioni
you liave made use of to your benefit, or do commonly make
use of.
BRIDGEND, a town of Glamorganshire, hi S. Wales,
with a market on Saturday. It is seated on llie river Og-
more, which divides it into two parts, but they are Joined
together by a stone bridge. The market is considerable
for corn, cattle, and provisions. It is 7 miles W. by N. of
Cowbridge, and 177 W. of Loiidon.
BRrDGENORTH, a to«n of Shropshire, seated on the
Severn, which divides it into two parts, joined by a stone
bridge. The streets arc broad and paved, and its situation
is commodious for trade, lis fairs, w hich fall on the Thurs-
day before Shrove Sunday, .Tune ;30lh, August 2d, and Oct.
2i)th, are much resorted to fni <atlle, sheep, butter, cheese,
bacon, linen cloth, hops, and other merchandise. The last,
which holds three days, is ihe largest. It is 20 miles nearly
W. of Birmingham, and 13L/ N. W. of London. Market on
.Salurdav.
BRIDGETOWN, the capital of Barbadoes, situated in
theS W. part of the island, on Carlisle Ray, whidi is capa-
ble of containing .ooo ships. The town lies al the entrance
of St. George's Va!lc\, which runs several miles into the
country. Here is a free-school, an hospital, and a college.
The houses, about 1500 in number, are very elegant, Ihe
streets are broad, and the wharfs and quays couuuodious
and well fortified. This is the seat of the governor, coun-
cil, assembly, and court of chancery. Lat. 13. 5. N. Ion.
&8. as. W.
BIU'DGEWATLft, a town of Sonierse}.shire, containing
about .000 houses, and .3000 inhabitants. The streets are
wide and well [laved. If stands 12 mil<!s from Start Point,
where the Panet runs into the British (^hamicl ; from
whence a spring tide flows 22 feet at the quay, at which time
It rushes with much violence and roaring; the peipendicu-
lar height, as it presses along, being several feet. This
siKlden rage of llie tide is calh'd the Boar, and i,-> frequent in
all the rivers of the Chainiel, especially in the Severn.
Ships of 200 tons burden come up to the town. Tiiey im-
vuil^ ui large Irows, the niaiiufactures of ^Manchester, Liver-
pool, Birmi'ngliani, \-c. w hieh are conveyed from hence, n»
waggons, for the internal parts of Devonshire and Cornwall.
Abuut 40 vessels, from 30 to 100 tons, are employed in
bringing ccals from Wales to this place. The duties on
customhouse ini|)orls amount to about 2^'jOO/g a year. It is
seatrri on the river Parret, 31 miles S. S. W. of Bristol, and
l;'.7 \V. by S. of London. iMarkets on Thursday and Satur-.
dav, for corn, cattle, <Vc. and particularlv for cheese. y
BRIDLE,*, [biidel. Sax.] the bit, headstall, fillet, throat-
band, reins, aial nose band, wiiich are fastened on a horse's
head to manage and ^oveni him. liguratively, a restraint,
curb, cheek.
To BRIDLE, V. a. [bridhan, Sax.] to manage a horse
by means of a britlle. Figar<iti\eK, to check; ox re-
strain ; or keep within bounds. Used neuti^iiy, to hold ui>.
the head in an aflected manner, applied to ihe attitudes of a
W(jiiiau.
BRIDLINGTON, orBrRLiNoTo^.asoa port of York-
shire, seated on a pretty large bay, near Flambi>rougli Head.
It has a commodious quay for ships, and is a place of good
trade. It is 36 miles N. of Hull, and 2as N. of London.
Market on Saturdav.
BRIDPORT, a small neat town in Dorsetshire. It has a
safe port for about 40 vessels, and stands on a lit lie hill near
the English Channel. The number of houses is about 400;
the jnarket is remarkable for hemp, and it furnishes lines,
twines, nets, sail cloth, Ac. to the Kewloundlr.nd fishery.
Itis 12 miles W. of Dorcester, and 135 W. by S.of Londou.
Market on Saturday.
BRIEF, (ijc*/') a.[l»ff, Fr.J appropriated to language,
short, concise, opposed to diftusive or verbose.
BRIEF, i-. [fioai 4m/, Bclg.] a short and expressive ac-
count or description. In l.\\\, a writ whereby a person is
summoned to answer to any action ; an abridgment of a
client's ease, containing in a concise manner the proofs
and objections that may be made by the contrary party,
with answers to llieni, wrote out I'm- the instruction of a
counsel on a trial. In c-:\ii'ju law, letters patent, generally
read in churches, giving a llreiire for making a collection all
over the kingdom for nn} public or private loss, the money
for which is collected by the cluirthwardens.
BRI'EFLY, ad. in few words ; concisely.
BRl'EFNESS, s. the quality of expressiug a thing in a few
words ; conciseness ; shoiiiiess.
BRIER, s. [tfvf), Sax.] in botany, a kind of prickly tree,
distinguished jiopularly info sweet or wild ; and being a
species of the ruse, see that article.
BIIIER-Y, a. full of briers, thorns, or prickly plants.
BRIGADE, s. [brigade, Vf.] hi the military art, a part
or division of an army, whether hor.->e or foot, under the
command of a brigadier. A brigade xfaii army, is a Imdy of
horse of ten or thirteen squadrons, or five or six battalions
of foot: w brigade nf a troop, is a third part (jf it, when con-
sisting of fifty soldiers ; but only a sixth, w hen it consists of
one hundred : that is, a troop divided into three brigade$'m
the former case, and into six in the latter.
BRKjA'DE-MAJOR, s. an officer apiiointed by the bri-
gadier to assist him in the management and ordering of his
brigade ; and he there acts asa major diies in anv army.
BRKiADIEIl-GENERAL, s. an otiicer comlnanding a
brigade of horse or foot, and ranking next below a major-
general.
BRI'GANDINE, «.[from Ij/g-imrf, Fr.] a kind of ancient
defensive armour, consisting of thin pliable plates, like
scales ; a covit of mail.
BRFGANTINE, s. [bngantin, Fr.] a small, light, flat,
open vessel, with twelve or fifteen benches on each side for
rowers, going both with sails and oars, fit for boarding, or
giving chace, and chiefly used by'the Corsairs.
BRIGG, a town in Lincolnshire, with a good market on
Thursday for cattle and provisions. It is seated on the
river Ankam. Some call it Glamford-bridgcs. It is 26
miles N. of Lincoln, and l.')3 N. of London.
BKKillT, a. [beuri, SaN.] shining, splendid; gliitcring
with liglit. Figiinitivcly, sfron;;', rlcar ; (ir Itiiit m liicli
introduces iii'irc li<;lil irjtu tlic nriinl. No!)!.', sljinin:,'. illus-
trious, or tli.tt wliicia st-ts a person in a coiispitiioiis p<iiiit
of vipw, appiifii to action. Applied to sasacily, quick,
penetrating.
BRIGHTHE'LMSTON, orr.RKiKToN, a to«ti of Sus-
sex, on the coast, much resorted to in tljc liatliiui; s( ason.
The Steine is a hne lawn, or pul)lic na!k. l'.rij;lilon, in
lime of peace, is the station of the weekly patket-lioats to
and from Dieppe. It is .50 miles S. of London, and 74 N.
W. of Dieppe. Market on TluMsday.
To BHr(i[ITKN, r. a. to make a ihin^ shine which was
dull, or covered either W'illi rust or dust, ri^nnatively, to
disperse. To make famous ; to render coiispi<uoiis ; to
heighten, ap|i!ied to character. Used neuterfy, to siiiiie
again after heinj; ohscured.
HUlXillTLY, ffrf. with splendour ; with lustre. Fifjura-
tivcly, ill such a manner as will raise an advantageous idea
of ourselves.
BUI'fillTNESS, .?. the lustre which appears on the si<;ht
of hurnished metals, or cut diamonds; spli-ndor. Fi^aira-
tively : gooilness; sagacity ; pcrt'eetions that make a person
conspicuous. " The /(i7'r>-//^He,..s of his parts." Prior.
BlU'LM.VNCY, .<•. I from /jri/l,i„t, i'r.] greatness of lustre,
or splendor which daz/les the eves.
BRl'LLIANT, <t. IbrilUmt, Fr.] sparkling or reflecting
the rays of light with great lustre.
HHi'LLIANT. s. \f\on\briUer, Fr.] a diamond quite flat
nnderneath, and cut on its upper part in triangular faces,
the uppermost ending in a point.
RIlIiNl, s. [bn/mt)ie. Sax.] the edge or extremity of a
tiling. Applied to the hat, that part which is cocked or
turned upward. Applieil to any vessel, or drinking glass,
the uppermost part or edge. Figuratively, the surface
of any liouor or fluid. The toj) of a hank wiwhed by a
liver.
ToRRIM, ii.a. to fill full; to fill up to the brim. Neu
terly, to he full to the top.
BRI'MFUL, a. full to the top. Figuratively, ready to run
over by being charged too full.
BRFMMER, s. a vessel or bowl filled up to the brim.
BRI'MMING, a. filled to the top.
BRI MSTONE, s. in natural history, a fat, unctuous,
mineral, yellow substance, dry, solid, and friable, melting
with gentle heat, inflammable, and when tired in the open
air, burning almost all away with a blue flame, and a noxious
vapour; endued with an electric power, and not dissoluble
in an acid menstruum.
BRI'NDED, pnrt. [from brin, Fr.] streaked ; marked with
streaks or branches ; tabby.
BRI'NDl.SI, the ancient Brundusiujvi, a decayed city
of Naples, 3.5 miles NW. nf Otranto.
IJRi'NDLE, *. applied to the streaks n-pon the skin of a
beast, of a difi'erent or darker colour than tlie other
parts.
BRIDLED, pff/Mnarked with streaks of a different or
darker colour, applied to the skin of a beast.
BRINE, s. [brine. Sax.] any salt liquor ; sea-water. Figu-
ratively, tlie sea ; tears. The liquor or pickle which pro-
tee'ds from salted meat.
To BRING, V. a. [pret. / hrmtglit, part. pass, hrauo-ht ;
Iriiigan, Sax.] to cause a person to come, or to fetch a thing
to another, distinguished from cany, because it may then be
done by anotlier ; hut the word bring implies that a thing is
done by one's self. Figuratively, to procure; to produce.
Used with the particle in, to introduce. Used with bach, to
make a person or thing return; to recover; to recall. Used
with to, to lead, or conduct ; to induce, to prevail upon.
I.^sed with ahotil, to accomplish. Used with off, to clear from
any charge ; to free from danger. Used with ove-r, to pre-
vail on, or induce a person to alter his sentiments; to con-
vert or seduce. Used w'itlw'Mt, to discover a thing which is
coiieealed. Used with under, to subdue, \ anquish, or tyran-
niisc over. Used with (r;^ to instruct ; educate; to teach ;
BRI
to introduce a fashion ; to advance, or come forward with,
anplied to an army. " /?)!Hg ?(/) your men." S/mlt. .SvNON.
'1 o brine; implies conveying a thing ourselves from one place
to another, in opposition to the word teiut. To fetch, im-
plies going to a jilace in order to bring.
BUI'Nl.SH, a. [brine and isc. Sax.] like brine ; saltish.
iiUlNK, *•. [brink, Dan.] the extreme edge of a river ;
precipice, &c. Figuratively, the hsghest degree of dan-
BRINN, or BRUNN, a city and circle of Moravia, ;«
miles SW. of OIniuty.
BRl'NY, a. tasting saltish, or like brine, or any other li-
quor that riNend)les it.
iilllONY,*. See]?l{VONY.
BRISK, a. [brnsr/KC, I"r.] lively, gay, airy ; full of vivacity
and spirits, applied to the disposition. Vigorous, fu!l of
activity and power, applied to aelicjn. SirarkLiig, iiiaiif-
ling, applied to liquors. Bright, glaring, and strongly af-
fecting the sight, applied to colours.
'i'o BRISK UP, I', w. to advance in a sprightly, lively,
and nimble manner.
IMil'SKET, s.[bric/irt, Fr.] the breast of an animal, par-
ticularly that part which lies next to the ribs.
BRISKLY, ad. in a brisk, lively, active, and spiri-ted
manner.
BRI'SKNESS, «. a light, airy, and cheerful disposition ;
vivacity or liveliness ; activity, gaiety.
BRI'STLE, s. [bristi. Sax.] the strong hair which grow*
and stands upright on the back of a boar, &c.
To BRI'STLE, v. a. to erect the bristles upright when en-
raged, applied to a hog. Figuratively, to grow angry ; t«
advance to an enemy in order to attack him, or revenge an
affront, used with the p;'.rticle np. Neuterly, to stand erect
like the bristles of a hog.
BRI'STLY, a. in botany, encompassed with a substance
resembling hairs. Thick "set with hairs or bristles.
BRISTOL, a city and sea-port, partly in Gloucestershire,
ami partly in Somersetshire, to which last it was accounted
to belong, before it formed a separate jurisdiction. In
wealth, trade, and population, it has long been reckoned
the second in England ; the custom-house receipts, for Li-
verpool, however, have of late years considerably exceeded
those of Bristol. It is seated at the confluence of the Avon
and Fronie, about nine miles from the place where the Avon
discharges itself into the Severn. Ships of considerable
burden come up to the quays ; but there are now very great
improvements making in the docks, quays, and river, which
will make it one of the safest and most cosninodioiis ports in
the kingdom ; these iminovements are carried on with great
spirit and activity, and no expence is spared : the whole,
when completed according to the present excellent ami ex-
tensive plan, will, it is said, amount to near one millicn
sterling. Tlie trade of Bristol is extensive; sending 2,000
ships yearly to difl'erent parts of the world. The streets are
mostly narrow, but here are some elegant squares, and the
new parts of the town are niagnif.eent; th-ey are built of
stone, and much in the same style as Bath. Like it, they
also extend range above range, till fliey have reached the
summit of the hill against which the Gloucester side of the
city stands. The prospects in the vicinity of Bristol are
deliglitful,and the banks of the Avon.fhe lofty rocks, through
which it finds a passage to the sea, coveretl with herbage
and trees, and presenting the most awful precipices, are
highly romantic. They have plenty of coal from Kings-
wood and Mendip Hills, and the glasshouses, fouiideries,
sugar-works, etc. are numerous. The hot-well isveswted to
for the cure of several diseases, and is about a mile froii the
town, on the side of the river Avon. St. Vincent's Rock,
above this well, is noted for a sort of soft rliamonds, called
Bristol-stones. They make use of sledges instead of carts,
which, from their weight and friction, seem a heavy load in
theins'-lves ; neither do the horses pull together, the liind
horse beingiperpetually raising the fore part of the fledge,
and the fore horses perpetually pulling or pressing hini to
116
BUO
BRO
tlie "round. It ought to be observed, ho\vcvci', that a part
of tlie to«ii having been built upon a nioiass, carts and
waggons are not allowed to ply there, from the apprehen-
sion of their shaking and endangering the iniildings. Bris-
tol is 40 miles nearlv S. of Hereford, 78 N. E. of Exeter,
34 S. W. bv S. of Gloiuesler, 50 S. S. W. of Worcester,
12 W. N. W. of Bath, and 1 17 W. of Loudon. Lat. CA. 28.
N. Ion: 2. 36. W. Markets on Wedneaday, Friday, and
.Saturday.
BlU'STOL STONE, «. a kind of soft diamond found in
Vincent's Rock, near Bristol.
BRITAIN' (Great) the title given to England and Scot-
land, since tlie union of the two kingdoms. See England
»nd Scotland.
BRITAIN (New) called also Terra Labrador, and Eski-
maux, a country in North America, between the river of St.
Lawrence and Hudson's Bay. It is subject to Great Britain ;
but we have no settlement in it, nor are there any inhabi-
tants but a rude savage sort of people, called Eskimaux,
who have neither laws nor religion. They have no houses,
but live in caves and holes in tiie sides of hills, aiui are the
only people in America that have beards, which almost hide
their faces. The chief produce is skins and furs.
BRITISH, a. belonging to Britain.
BRI'TTLE, n. [h-itirni. Sax.] tliat breaks or crumbles to
pieces wit ii the least force or violence.
BRI'TTLENESS, s. that quality which renders a filing
easy to break.
BRIZE, .?. the same with the gadfly.
BROACH, s. [broc/ie, Fr.] an instrument or stake forced
through -1 joint of meat, hy, means of which it is turncfl
round, and its parts are successively exposed to the action
of the fire, in roasting; a musical instrument, which is played
upon by means of a handle that turns a cylinder round on
its axis, piid gives motion to the several keys by pieces of
Vvire fixed perpendicularly on its surface.
To BR.OACII, 1'. a. to spit; to pierce with a spit. Figu-
ratively, to force a sp'cket or cock into a vessel in order to
draw the liquor ; to tap ; to open ; to wound, so as to let
out blood. A low expression, alluding to the tapping a ves-
sel. To be the author of, applied to doctrine or opinion.
BRO'ACHER, «. a spit or stake to roast meat on. Figu-
ratively, the first inventor, author, or founder of any opinion
or doctrine.
BROAD, {brud or hmud) a. \hrn(l. Sax.] wide, or the ex-
tent between the sides of a thing ; distinguished from kmi-t/i,
which is the extent or space between liie two ends. Figu-
ratively, l.irjre or ffrciit- " A hmd liiixluiC of ibliy." Imliv.
Diffusive, citai", niul bright. " Appears in the hmarlrsl
light." Dtciit/ nf Pict:;. Coarse, gross, oliscenc, applied to
language. " In some places he is hrotul and fulsome."
DryJ. Willi f!,ie eyes wide and open. " He was broad
awake." Bold, not delicate; not reser\cd. Broad as Unto;
implies e<puil on the whole. Synon. , By hrimdh under-
stood extended each way : as, bruad cloth ; a broad hri mined
Iiat. By nide is lueaiit hmad to a certain degree ; as, three
inches wide ; four feetwirfc.
BROADA'LBINE, a county of Scotland, bounded on the
N. by Alliol, on the E. by Gaiirie, on the .S. by Perthshire,
and on the W. bv Argyleshire.
BRO'AD-CA.ST, s. denotes the method of cultivating
corn, turiii|)s, pulse grasses, Ac. by sowing them with the
hand in wliieli method they arc scattered over the ground
at large, and thence said to be sown in broadcast. This is
called the old Inisbandry, to distinguish it from the drill,
liorse-hoeing, or new husbandry.
BRO'AD-CLOTH, s. a manufacture made of sheep's
wool of our oHU growth, mixed with that of Segovia in
Sp'iin, the staple commodity and honour of this nation, so
called from its breadth, which is so great that it is weaved
by two persons, who sit at each side, and fling the shuttle to
on.- another.
BRO'AD-EYED, «. that can see to a great distance
round; or has a vcrv large prospect insight. "In spite of
■llfi ■
iro(»f7-f)/M/ watchful day." Slmh. This conveys a noble image
to the iiiind, and is an elegant use of the term.
BRO;aD LEAVED, a. thathas broad leaves.
BRO'ADLY, ad. in a broad manner.
BRO'.^DXESS, «. breadth; the extent between the sel-
vages or list of cloth ; the space between the sides of a
thing. Figurativelv, obscene, immodest.
BRO'AD-SHOULDERED, a. measuring much, or of
great width between the shoulders.
BRO'ADSIDE, .«. the firing all the guns on one side of a
ship into an enemy's vessel. Figurati\ely, an attack ; or a
positive and unexpected cliargc of souiething criminal, bj
wav of accusation or reply.
BROADSWORD,*, a sharp edged cutting sword, with
a broad blade.
BROADWATER, a village on the sea-coast of Sus-
sex.
BRO'ADWISE, n.7. according to the direction of the
breadth.
BROCA'DE, .t. \lr,>cndo, Span.] a stiifli" of gold, silver, or
silk, raised and embellished with flowers, foliages, or .other
ornaments.
BROCA'DED, a. woven with flowers, or ornaments of
various colours. Figuialixely, drest in brocade.
BRO'C.'VGE, .9. money gained by promoting bargains ; or
wh- js given a broker for commission ; the trade of buying
and selling second-hand things.
BROCCOLI, s, [Ital.] in botany, a species of cab-
bage.
BROCK, i. [Iiroc, Sax.] a badger ; also, a hart of the
third year ; also, a hind of the same year, a broik's sister.
BROCKET, s. a red deer of two years old.
BROGUE, (i)do)«.[i)w, Ir.] a «oodeu shoe; a corrupt
or vicious manner of speaking or \)ronouiicing.
To BROI'DER, i'.«. [bndir, Fr.] to adorn with figures ol
needlework.
BROIL, i. [from t)0i(p7/f)-, Fr.] a quarrel, contest, tumult,
or war.
To BROIL, r. (I. [brider, Fr.] to drcss meat either by
placing it immediately on the coals, or on a gridiron over a
fire. Neuterly, to overheat by immoderate exercise. Used
improperly for to burn.
BRO'KERAGE, s. the fee or pay given to a broker fur
negotiating business.
To BROKE, -j.!i.[of\nicertLiinclymology. Skinner seem*
inclined to derive il from zo hrr<iti, because broh}i men turn
fuctors or brokers. Causabon derives it from the (ireek ;
but Mr. Lye more properly detluces it from a Saxon word.
signifying to procure] to transact business, or buy and sell
for anothiM- at a certaui sum per cent.
BROKENHEARTED, n. in a condition which admiUof
nocom'ort; dejected, in despair; disconsolate.
BRO'KENLY, ad. in an unconnected manner ; wiUiout
anv connection ; by loose sentences.
BROKEN MEAT, s. fragments, or pieces of meat taken
from a table.
BTvOKER, s.one who buys or sells, or transacts business
for aiiotiier. By abuse, the word is applied to those who
deal in second-hand goods. Exc/iangc-brvkcr, is one who
concludes bargains for others, relating to the remitting of
money, or bills of exchange. Stmhbrohcrs, arc those who
buy or sell, for others, parts or shares in the joint stock of
any public company, as the Bank, South-sea, &c. Pau^u-
hroliirx, iui- those who lend money to the necessitous, iipou
a pledge of goods given as security.
BRO'MLEY, a town in Kent, whose market is on Thurs
day ; on the road to Tunbridgc ; distant from London 9
miles.
BRO'MLEY, in StafTordsliire. See Abbot's Brom-
ley.
BHO'MSGROVE, a town of Worcestershire, with con-
siderable manufaclures of worsted, linsey, linen cloths, fish
hooks, needles, and nails. It is situated near the rise of
the river Salwarp, 15 miles NE. by N. of Worcester, and i\i
iXu^^i
^ "^^OKAJRY. wonB IBI-
e^^^
BRO
15 ni;
N. W. of London. A good market on Tuesday for corn,
cattle, iiiid provisions.
IJllO'MYARD, a (own of Herefordsliire, situated in a
country full of orchards, Ui miles N. E. of Hereford, aud
12,5 W.' NVV. of Londou. Market on Monday.
BUO'NCMIA, (hrdiikia) s. | (Jr.] in anatomy, the ramifica-
tion of the tru'liea ; or certain brandies or hollow tul'ies
beloniiin;; to the windpipe, that are dispersed through
the hinss.
BUO'NCHIAL. (hronhieil) a. belonging to the throat.
Bri()'NCHOCKLK,(tjv>»/;(«t/(') s. [from hrumlins, wind-
pipe, and liele, swellinj;, (ir.J in sui^ery,a tumour arisinjj in
tlieauleriiir |)art of the neck, occasioned by some humour,
or some violence, as straininif in labour, liftiiij; weights, iVc.
Several individuals who wimc alilicted with a modification
of this disorder, were exhibited tlnou^jhout Knjjiand some
years since, under the name of monstrous craws.
BUONCIIO'TOMY, (hronl.olomij) s. |froni hrouchus, wiiifl-
pipe, and Inmno, to cut. Or.] tiip oiieralion which opens the
windpipe by inci.sion, necessary in many cases, especially
in a violent (piinsy, to prevent sufl'ocation from the great in-
fluence or tumour of the parts.
BlU)NT(1'LOCiY, s. [from In-oiite, thunder, and hgos, a
discourse, (Jr.] a discourse on thunder.
BBONZE, 4'. [bririza, Fr.l a metal compounded of copper,
tin, and zinc, which is em|>loyed for various uses, as iiiakiii;^
hells, cannons, and statues. The projioitioiis of tiie com-
ponent metals being varied to suit th(> purposes to uhicii
the bronze is applied. Also a kind of colouring pri'pared
hy (he colourmeii ofl'aris, in imitation of brt)ii/e. There
are two sortsof it, the red, made ofcopperdustaud red ochre,
and the yellow, which i^s made of (lie tiiiesl copper dust
alone.
BltOOCII, s. [broke, Belg.] a jewel ; an ornament of
jewels. Figuratively, an ornament ; glory.
ToBR()(>r), V. a. [hfciliiii. Sax.] to hatch, or sit Vipon in
order to hatch ; to sit like a h;'n liatching her eggs; heauti-
fullv applied in the fcUowing sentence: "Where lirooduu^
darkness spreads its jealous wings." Mi/t. To sit near, and
watch with great anxiety. Used actively, to hatch. Figura-
tively, to cherish or keep alive by incessant anxiety.
3IU)()1), s. [hroci, Sax.] tiie young of fowls, fishes, or
auuill land animals; a parcel of chickens hatched by one
hen at one time. Figuratively, oH'spring, children ; pro-
ductions.
BROODY, a. inclining to hatch, or to sit on eggs to hatch
tnem.
BROOK, s. [hroc, .Sax.] a small and shallow running x^a-
ter. SyNoN. Rivulets and brooks are certain species of
streams which are running waters, with this ditl'eience, that a
rivntet runs between banks, whereas a brook winds its way
through the meadows, or by a hedge-side. A rivulet is a
much larger. sy/cnm than a brook.
To BROOK, )'. a. [brucan, Sax.] to bear without resent-
ment or complaint ; to put up with. Applied to misfor-
tunes, or affronts, to endure.
BROO'KLIME, s. a sort of ivater speedwell, vei"y com-
mon in ditches, and not much unlike water-cress.
BROOM, s. [hrom, Sax.] in botany, the o-enisla, Lat.
gvmet, Fr. Liniueus ranges it in the third section of his
17th class. There are 10 species. Likewise an utensil
made with the tsvigs of the above-mentioned plant, and used
in jyveeping houses or streets.
BROt)'MGR.\SS, s. a genus of the grasses called by Lin-
naeus brooms. The English species are numerous.
BROO'MING, or Breaming, s. the burning the filth a
ship has contracted, with straw, reeds, broom, lic. when she
IS on the careen.
BROO'MRAPE, s. an herb with gaping blossoms found
amongst broom.
BKOO'MSTAFF, s. the staff to which the twigs of a
broom are bound, to uiake a besom; the handleofa1)room ;
named more generally in London a broomstick.
BROO'MY, n. full of, or abounding iu broom.
BROTH, t. \broih. Sax.] a kind of soup, made by brulirg
meatdo\Mi in a small (|uaiitity of water.
BR0T'11I-;L, or Broth KL-IIOUSR, s. [bordd, Fr. bar-
dilln, Ital. so called from their having been formerly b'lilt
near, or upon llie banks of rivers] a house iuliabiieo by
prostitutes, anil set apart for the purpose of lewdness.
BRO'THEl{, 4'. [brethren and brothers in the plural, the
former of which seems conliiu'd to the .Scriptures ; brother.
Sax.] a term of r<'lation betuccii two male cliildn n sprung
from the same father or mother, or both. Among the an-
cients, this term was used with greater latitude than at pre-
sent, and signified even first cousins ; in this sense it is used
in Scripture, when mention is made of our Lord's brethren.
Figuratively, a person united by the most ardent alfections
of fricnilship ; one of the same trade ; a perso;i resenibling
another in (jualities or conduct, .\mong divines, taken for
man in gtuiral, alluding to (Uir being all tiesceiided from
one coiumon parent.
JiROTIlKUHOOD, «. the state or condition of a bro-
ther; the relation in which one brother stands with respect
to another. Figuratively, men living together in tlie same
house, and professing the same principles, applied to nionki
or friars ; men incorporated together by the same charter ;
men of the same trade.
BROTHERLY, «. that suits or belongs to a brother.
BROT'HERLY, W. after the manner of a brother. Fi-
gurativclv, in a very alfectionate manner.
BROU(JH, or IUkga uimhi Stanmoke, a town of
Westmoreland, 6 miles from Applebv. Market on Thurs-
<••»-. . ;
BROW, (ihe ow is pron. like ow in now, 7ww) s. [brora.
Sax.] (lie arched collection of hairs over the <:ye in human
creatures. Figuratively, the looks, air, or aijpeaiance »f
the countenance. Applied to a hill, the verge, or extremity
ofils svirface.
To BRO'WBF,.\T, v. a. to endeavour to awe a person by
stern and haughty looks or words.
BROWN, (the OK' is pron. as in cow) a.[briin, Sax.l sun-
burnt, of u colour which may be made of a mixture o^' black
with another colour. Figuratively, dark, gloomy. Used as
a substantive, dark, or dusty colour.
FiKO'WNISH, n. somewiiat brown ; inclining to brown;
of a taint brown.
BRO'WNISTS, in cluirch history, a religions sect, whi< h
sprung up in I'.ngland towards the end ol the Kith century.
Their leader was one Robert Brown, a native of Northamp-
ton. They separated from the established church, dialiu-
ing its disci|)line and form of government. They were
equally averse to episcopacy and presbyterianisni. They
condemned the solemn celebration of marriages in churches ;
and maintained that matrimony being a political contract,
the confirmation of it ought to proceed from the civil ma-
gistrate. 'I'iiey rejected all forms of prayers, and atiirmed
that tlie Lord's Prayer ought not to be recited as a prayer,
it being only given as a model by which we are to form our
prayers. They were persecuted with great severity by
queen Elizabeth, who put several of them to deatli. The
greater part of their sentiments were adopted hy the Inde-
pendents, who do not however hold them with equal ie-
veritv.
BROAVNNESS, s. that idea or sensation w hich is excited
in the mind on seeing a brown colour.
BRO'WNSTUDY, s. gloomv meditations.
To BROWSE, (hrome) v. a. [broiisfr, Fr.J to feed on horli.%
leaves, or grass. To crop or eat, applied to cattle. Neu-
tcrlv, to I'eed or eat, used w ith on or iipM.
BROWSE, {lr-oiize)s. pasture; properly leaves or shruUi
fit for goats and other animals to eat.
BROW-SICK, a. ((ejected ; hanging the head.
BRU'OES, a large city of the ci-devant Austrian Flan-
ders, Yormely the English staple for wool, and the centre of
conuiuinication between the Lombards and the Hansealm
merchants. Its trade h<siO"er, having for many years de-
clined, the populatioi of Bruges is by no means cquj
117
B It U
BUC
;o i!s extent. It is eight miles North East of Os.
te.ul.
T.I BRLUSE, (bnize) v. a. [Iiriser, Fr.] to crush or hurt
bv auy thing tiliiiit, whicii does not cut tl'.e sUin, or let tiie
blood out ; to crush hy ;hiv weight ; to heat in a niortiir, so
;!s only to crusli or destroy the form of a thing, without re-
tiucTug it to powdrr.
BRLI^jE, (bnizt) s. a hurt whereby the skin is not
broke.
BRU'ISEWORT, s. an herl), the same with conifrcy.
BRUIT, (ii-Bij .9. [limit, I'r.] a report, rumour, or noise;
something uhicii is the common to|)ie of conversation.
To BRUIT, {brut) I-. a. to spread abroad ; to divulge ; to
rumour. Both the verb and the noun are seldom used.
BRU'iMA, or Br AH MA, s. the idol of the Bracliuian5,\vho,
they say, produced as many worlds as he has considerable
parts; the first world, whicii is above the heavens, being
ibrmed of his brain • the second of Jiis eyes ; the tiiird of
his mouth, <Sfc.
■ BRUM XL, a. [iriniiidi.v, Lat.] belonging to the winter.
BRUNETTE, f. [the phnal ir'iH««ei, according to Ad-
dison; Fr.] a person of a brown complexion; generally ap-
plied to the female sex.
BRU'NION, s. [bi-K^-iwti, Fr.] a sort of fruit between a
plum and a peach.
BRU'NSBUTTLE, a city of Holstein in Lower Saxony,
seated at the mouth of the Elbe, 13 miles NW. of Gluck-
stadt.
BRU'N.SWICK, the duchy of, a country of Germany,
fertile botli in corn and pastures, and divided into three
principalities, Wolfen buttle, Grubenhagen, and Celenberg,
which also comprehended the duchy of Gottingen. The
principality of Wolfen buttle had its own dukes; but the
other two belonged to the elector of Hanover. The terri-
tories of the house of Brunswick were more extensive; the
principalof which were the duchies of Brunswick and Lu-
nenberg, with the county of Uanneberg, annexed there-
to.
BRU'NSWICK, a populous city, capital of the duchy of
Brunswick, and the residence of the prince of Bnuiswick
Wolfenbuttle, seated on the rivei Ocker, 7 miles N. of
Wolfenbuttle, and 47 W. NW. of Magdeburg.
BRU'NSWICK, a city of New Jersey, in N.America, on
the SW. bank of tlic Raritan river, 12 miles atjove Pertli
Amboy. The inhabitants have a considerable inland trade,
and many small vessels. Here is also a tlourishing college,
called Queen's College. Lat. iO. 20. N. Ion. 74. 10. W.
BRUNSWICK NEW, the NW. division of Acadia in
North America. It is separated from Nova Scotia by the
river St. Croix on the E. having Canada on the W. aiid N.
and the Straits (if New York and New England on the S.
Its capital is Frederick's Town. Since the conclusion of
the -American war, the emigration of loyalists to this pro-
vince from the United States has been considerable. Large
tracts of land have been cull ivated, and several new towns laid
out, among which are Shelburne, Parr 'I'own, Digby, and
New Eilinl)urgli. The province is now rapidly advancing
ill population and fertilitv.
BRUNT, s. [briiiist, Belg.] the onset, attack, or shock of
au enemy ; the force, violence, and stroke of a caimon.
Generally used with the verb Oenr. To Imir tUe. hnnu, is lo
•sustain the attack of an enemy. Figuratively, any ditH-
oultv, or cross and Unexpected acciilent.
BRU'SH, s. [hrnssf, Fr.] an instrument nrade of bristles or
hair fastened to wood, used for sweeping riuuns, cleain'ng
clothes, or painting. Figuratively, a slight attack or skir-
fliifh In war.
To BIIUSFI, 1'. (7. to clear a thing of dust by means of a
brush ; to toiich iu one's passage. Usf-d with «/<, to paint,
lo make a thing look well by a brush. Used iiiut«rly, to
pass quick and close to a person, joined willi the piirlicle
t/y. " Briiih'il regiirclless lij." DiiiM. To sliiui upon the
surface; to pass along so as just to touch the surfiae in llie
j>a*»agc, used wltli uvkv.
BRU'SHER, s. a persoawho makes use of a brush ; i ,ir
who cleans with a briisn.
liUU'SHWOOD, s. rough, woody thickets.
BRU'SHY, a. rougii or shaggy like a brusn.
BRUSSELS, a large city in Flanders, capital of the kuc
Austrian Brabant, about 7 rarles iu circumference. The
streets are spacious, and the houses pretty high. In Brussels
are 7 s(|iiares or market-plates. The great market place is
elegant and beautiful. The public buildings are sumptuous,
ami here are numerous fountains. Brussels is celebrated for
its lace, camlets, and tapestiy. It is seated on the river
Senne, 22 miles S. of Antwerp,. 26 S. E. of (iheut, and 148
N. by !■:. of i'aris. Lat. .50. b\. N. Ion. 4. 28. E.
ToBRUSTLE, v. a. [hrastlmu. Sax.] to crackle; to make
a noise like the rustling of armour, or that of rich silks.
Figuratively, to swagger, liector, or approach a person ui a
till ealeniiig manner.
BR UT.\L, a. [brutal, Fr.] that belongs to a beast, opposed
to rational. Figuratively, inhuman, cruel, savage ; without,
or contrarv to, reason and the principles of humanity.
BRUTA'LITY, s. [bmtalite, Fr.] a disposition or beha-
viour contrary to tlie laws of reason and dictates of polite-
ness and humanity; churlishness, savageuess.
To BRUTALIZE, v. n. [btntuliser, Fr.] to grow morose,
savage, inhuman, and like a brute. Actively, to make
briilal.
Bl! tn' A ELY, ad. inhumanly ; churlislilr.
BiiVTE, a. [irnf IIS, ]^t.] senseless; savage; inhuman;
void of all the tender and social atl'ections ; not having the
use of icason ; rough ; uncivilized.
BHUTE, s. an animal without the principle of reason;
a beast. Figuratively, applied to men as a term of the most
mortifying reproach, and implying a person void of huma-
nity, and an enemy to reason.
BRUTISH, J- resembling a beast, either in form or qna-
lities. Figuratively, rude; inhuman; senseless; stupidly
ignorant; rei^ardless of reason, or contrary to its dictate*.
BRU TON, a town of Somersetshire, with a market on
Saturday. It is sealed on the river Brew, and is a well
built and well inhabited town, with a hanrlsome church, a
free-school, and a stii.tely alms-house, and has a manufacture
of serges and stockings. It is situated 12 miles SE. of Wells,
and 100 W. of London.
BRYONY, s. [bri/onin, Lat.j The white bryony is a
plant with hand-shaped leaves, rougli with callous points ou
both suiiaces, found in hedges. The blutk bryony has
heart shapiil undivided leaves.and is the same with ladyseal.
BUB, .?- a cant word for strong malt liqiio: .
BVHIM-E, s.[bubbe/, Belg.] a small bladder of water: a
little round drop of any fluid tilled and cxpende<l with air,
and destroyed by the least touch. Figuratively, something
easily destroyed ; a cheat, or the person chpiili-d.
ToBU BBLE, 1'. V. to rise in bubbles ; to make a jjeotlc
noise as it runs, applied to water issuing from some narrow
place, or its fountain head. Actively, to cheat, or del'iaud
by projects of iinaginary advantages.
BU'BIVLF-U, «. one who cheats by projects, prouiising
great advantages for the loan of money.
BUIK), s. flriuii baiibnn, the groin, Gr.] a tumonr or swel-
ling, attended with an inllainmation in the groin, tVr. ,-1
ntalitriiKiil bubo is oM'iug to some cont.igious (lisea^e, or
venereal taint. A niihl bubo takes its rise from the stagna-
tion of i^hitinous and inspissated blood.
BUBONOCK'LE, comnuuily called a ruptbrr, f. [fi-ora
hoiibiDi, tbe groin, and lielr, a swelling, Gr] in snr*ei-y, a
tumor in tin' groin, tinined by the prolapsus, or falling down
of the inlestines, omentum, or both, tlirougli the processes
of the peritoir.eum, and rings of the abdominal mu>clrs.
BUCCANIVEHS, or BUCCANl EltS, .t. a cant word lo:
the privateers and pirates in Anurica. The lerui was de-
rived from the manner in which these free-bix.ters, who
were many of them savages, were accu-.toinei! >n prepare
their meat, by hanging it in tlie suioke, whitli thvy caihiti
biiceaning it. •
BUD
nuF
BUCEROS, J. in ri;iiiiral history, a species of raven found
iillhu i'lii.it Indies, Cliiiiii, 1111(1 Tiiitiiiy, (lihliiijjiiislieil liy its
iarge lieiul, mill a very coiisideiabit; swelliii-,' towards tiie
base of its liealv,
BU'CHAN, •! district of Abcrdeoiisliire, iiiScolIaiid.
RUCK, s. [Minh. Brit.] the male ol'tlie fallow deer, rabbits,
liai'eS, goats, iVc. Anions ileer it is as corimleiil, and has
lionis like a kiit, dilVoient only in sizf, and j;i""'ins out of
tjie iK-ad like (infjers in the hand. Likewise a cant name
of a club or society, so called fiom I heir use of these hunting
terms, caJling their president t/if s;rrni<l hiick, f,-e.
BUCK, s.[haiiclie, Teut.] ley made of ashes for washiiijr
linen. Figuratively, linen.
To BUCK, V. a. when from hm-h, sisiiifyiriRa deer, it de-
notes to copulate; and when from liitck, sif{nifyiiig ley, it
implies to wash clothes in lev.
BU CKBEAN, s. the frin;;o<l water-lily. Also a sort of
trefoil, freipieiit in ponds ait<l jiits.
BU'CKRNH AM, a town of Norfolk, willia market on Sa-
turday. — 1'2 miles E. of Thctford, mi N. 11 of London.
BlJCKl'-T, .'. [bfiijiiet, Fr.] a woi'rjen \'essel resembling
onehalf of a barrel or pipe, tilted with ;i h-.mdle formed like
a semi-circle, and used to draw water out of a well ; likewise
•I leatbcru vessel of the same form, used iu hres to serve the
eiMjiues with water. See Pail.
BUCKINGHAM, the chief town of Buckinshamshire,
with a market on Saturday. It is situated on a low ground,
on the river Ouse, by whicli it is almost surrounded, and over
it are three handsome stone bridges. There was formerly a
strong castle in the middle of the town. There is a county
jail, built not many years since. It is a corporation, sends
two members to parliament, and bad tin? tiile of a duchy.
It is JTt miles N. E. of Oxford, and 57 N. W. of London.
BU'CKlNGHAMSHlKEa county of England, bound(<i on
the N. by Northamptonshire, on the E. b\ Bedfordshire,
Hertfiirdshire, and Middlesex, on the W. I»y (>\for<!jhire,
and fMl the S. by Berkshire, from which it is separated by
the river Thames. Itisabont .39 miles in length, and 18 in
breadth, it contains 8 hundreds, 18.5 parishes, 16 market-
towns, of whom six send members to pailiaiiieiit, and above
111,400 inhabitants. The air is healthy, and the soil is rich
being mostly chalk or marl. The most general manufacture
is bo-ne-lace and paper. The principal rivers besides the
Thames, are the fjuse and Coin; the chief town is Buck«
iiigham.
BU CKLE, s.'[bwcel, Brit.] an instrument made ofa link of
nielal with a tongue and catch, used to fasten the straps of
shoes, the harness of horses, Ac. A curled lock of hair ;
or hair in a state to make it curl.
'J'o RU KCLE, I', a. to fasten with a buckle. Figuratively,
to marry, or join. To confine, used with the particle in.
To apply to, used with to. To comb a wig in curls ; to pre-
pare hiir for taking a curl.
To BU CKLE, V. n. [biic/icu, Teiit.J to bend or bow under
a weight, used with umler. Figuratively, to bend one's in-
clinations, to apply, or attend to.
BUCKLER, i. [from bvcnlm-imn, tlie middle point of a
sliield, barbarous, Lat.] a siiield still used by the Spaniards
in their uight-walks.
BUCKMAvST, s. the fruit or mast of the bcacli-tree.
1,U!CKU.\M, s. \bmigran, Fr.] a thick .sort of linen or
lieuipen cloth, stifi'ened with gum, chiefly useci in the
llnioirs of clothes, to sustain and make them keep theirforni.
lUi'CKTMORN, s. a tree that bears a purging berrv.
BUCKWHEAT, a plant, otherwise calleil Frenchwheat.
BUCO'LIC, s. [from boukoUkos, belonging to oxen, Gr.]
pastoral poetry.
BUI), s. [boiiton, Fr.J in botany, the small swellings or
protiiirienccs on the bark ofa tree, which turn to shoots, &c.
Among gardeners, it denotes the first tops of sallad plants ;
and in husbandry, a weaned calf of the first year, being so
named from the budding of its horns. Figuratively, tiie
l>eginning, first appearance, tender and immature state ofa
tiling.
ToBUD, r.n. to swell with gems or little prominencei.
Applied til vegetables, to put forth shoots. Figuratively, Ic
be in the bloojn of youth. Actively, in gardening, to inocii"
late by inserting a bml into atree.
BU'DA, oriii I IN, the capital of Lower Hungary, situ-
ated on the side of a hill, on the \V. bank of the Danube,
opposite I'est ; formerly the residence of the kings of Mun-
gar>'. The |)ublic buildings are elegant, its warm batln
very magnificent, ami in the adjacent country are vineyards,
producing a red wine in great estimation. It is 12;') miles E,
S. E. of Vienna, and 500 N. W. of Constantinople. Lat. 4/.
2.5. N. Ion. IH. 22. E.
BU'DD.A, one of the Ceylonese gods, whom they suppose
to have arrived al'siipremacy, after successive transmigra-
tion, from the lowest state of an insect, through the varioMs
species of living animals. There have been three deities of
this name, each of w hich is supposed to reign as long as a
bird is employed in removing a hill of sand half a mile high
and six miles round, by a single grain in a thousand vears.
BU'DDESDALE, a town of Suffolk, with a mai^et on
Thursday. It is seated in a valley, and has a small chajiel,
and an endowed grammar-school. It is 15 miles N. E. of
limy, and 87 N. E. of London.
BIJ'DDLIC, s. a plate where miners wash tlieir oe to fit
it for the furnace.
To BUDGE, 1'. n. hmiR-er, Fr.Jto stir; to move.
BUDGE,*, the furof lambs.
BUDGE, n. still"; snrlv ; formal.
BUDGET, s. [bojigette, Fr.] a small Iiag; tliat which '»
contained in a budget ; a stoie or stock.
BU'DLEY, a town of Devonshire, situated on the river
Otter, near its mouth. Market on Monday.
BUENOS AYRES, (so called on ace<unit of the saluliritv
of the air) is one of the most considerable sea-ports of South
America, and capital of the province of Paraguay, or La
Plata, and the seat of a viceroy. Its situation is on the south
side of the river La Plata, .50 leagues within its mouth,
(where the river is seven leagues broad) in a countrv truly
paradisaical, being overspread with a beautiful verdure a.i
far as the eye can reach. It contains upwards of 70,OCO iu-
liabitants ; and provisions arc in the greatest abundance.
The streets are straight and broad, and the buildings tolera-
bly regular. 'She productions of the country are, iudigo,
tobacco, vincenta wool, cotton, tiger skins, seal skins, cop-
peras, figs, dried tongues, dried beef, hams, s-:ilfron, cochi-
neal, cocoa, hemp, hair, wheat, gums, drugs, gold, silver,
and precious stones, besides tallow and hides, which may
be considered the great staple, 1,.500,000-of the latter being
annuailv exported. — On JLine28tli, ISOG, this town and its
dependencies suirendi'red to an English squadron under Sir
Home I'opham, seconded by about 1600 land forces com-
manded by major-general i?eresford ; and treasure to tlie
amount of more than a million of dollars fell into the hands
of the victors, and was conveyed to England. But scarcely
did the mercantile speculations which this con.piest had
invited begin to abate, when the mortifying intelligence was
received, that the Spaniards had, w ith a far superior force,
retaken the place on the 12th of August follo\sing; by
which the British army became prisoners of war, and cap-
tured property (not removed) to the amount of more than
three millions of dollars, fell again into their bands. On
July 6th, 1.807, this place was again attacked by the British,
under general Whitelock ; but the consequences were dis-
astrous : the troops being inipruileiitly marched directly
into the town, were fired upon on all sides ; and after suf-
fering severely in this situation, the total evacuation of S.
America was agreed to on the dav following. — Lat. 34. 36.
S. Ion. .58. 26. W.
BUFF, s. [from hnffah, Fr.l a sort of leather prepared frou;
the skin of tlie buHalo; used for waist belts, pouches, and
militarv accoutrements.
BU'FFALO, s. [I tab] an animal of the ox kind, but wild,
with large, crooked, and resupinatcd horns ; equal in size
to our largest oxen, with an aspect fierce and terrible, liie
BUI.
BUL
oye5 bin and prominent, the ears long and patulous, the neck
tliick and sliort, the flesh iiaiising loose under the tliioat.
It is a native of the Kast, hut brought into Italy, and other
parts of Europe, where it is used as a beast of burden and
i!i?.:!Rht.
BU'FFET, s. {hiiffeto, Ital.] a blow on one side of the
head given with tli'e list. Figuratively, indignity, persecu-
tiiin, or hadship.
BU'FFET, s. [hiffct, Fr.] a kind of cupboard or closet
foimed with an arcli at the top, and furnished willi shel\es,
used to place cliina and plate in for show ard onjaincnt.
To BUTFET, v. a. [buffWer, Fr.] lo strike on tlie head
will] the hand ; to box. Figuratively, to strike any thing
forcibly witli the hand. Used neuterly, with the particle
for, to box, o'- fight witli the lists.
BUFFETER, s. one who fights with his fists ; a boxer.
BU'FFLKHEADED, n. that has a head like a b„f,ilo.
Figuratively, dull, slupid.
BUFFOON, s. [liiiffini, Fr.] one who endeavours to ex-
rile laughter by low jests and antic postures ; a uierry-
andrew, a jack-pudding.
BUFFOONERY, J. the using low jests, ridicukms pranks,
or scurrilous mirtii, to extort a laugh from the company.
BIJFONITjE, «. in natinal history, a kind of extraneous
fossils, called lycodontes, or wolf's teeth.
BUCi, s. [bii^, Brit.] au insect of a roundish flat form, a
darkish rcil colour, wliich breeds in household stiilV iirul
lili.i?ters wlufre il bites, is produ<'ed from a nit, and slinks
when kille<l. Likewise a tlying insect formed like a beetle,
ir.;ined a Mnti uiis: or Mnt/ fli/.
BUG, or BUGBEAR, ^ [from i»-, Brit,] an object which
raises terror ; a walking spectre ; a ghost ; generally applied
lo the imaginary terror used to frighten children.
BU'GGINESS,^«. the state of being infected with bugs.
BUGGY, a. abounding with bugs.
HC'GLE, or BU'GLE-HORN, s. a small bending lioru; a
hunting horn.
BU'GLK, ^. a shining bead, of a cylindrical form, and
made ofglass. Also a plant.
To BUILD, (liM) r. a. [the prefer. I built, or have built ,-
liililcH, Belg. I I o make or raise houses, tVc. Figuratively,
to raise on iiny thing as a support or foundation.
BUI'LOF.R, s. one who constructs or raises houses, &c.
BUILDING, «. a fabric or place erected for shelter from
the weather, for dwelling, or for the purposes of religion,
security, or niaguilic.^nce. Building is used, in its primary
*ense, for the art and act of raising edifices.
BUILTH, a town of Brecknockshire, pleasantly situated
on the river Wye, over which it has a bridgi>, into Radnor-
shire. It consists of about 100 houses, and its inhabitants
have a trade in stocking.'; and flannels. It is 16 miles N. of
Brecknock, and 171 W. N. W. of London. Markets on
Monday and Saturday.
BU'I-.AM, a fertile island of .^f!ica, abo\it 8 leagues long,
and .■? broad, at the mouth of the Rio (iraude. An attempt
has been lately made to colonize it l.-y free negroes, under
the direction of the Bidam Association in England ; as also
loestablisha friendly intercourse with tiie natives.andatiade
unpolluted by slavery ; but the settlement was destroyed by
Africans from the continent.
BUL'B, .«. \liiilliiis, Lat.] in botany, a tliick root, nearly
round; of which ther(! are two species. 1. The tunicated,
or coated. 2. The squamous, or scalv.
BULBA'CEOUS, a. [bulbaceus, Lat.] the same as hulious,
but not so proper.
BU'LBOUS, a. [biilbosus, Lai.] that resembles or contains
a bulb; I h;it has a round root.
BL'LFINGf I, *. a song-bird ; so callerl from its red co-
Iriiir ; noted for imitating wind nuisic, particularly the
Ikigeolct.
BL'LC.iA'RIA, a province of Turkey in Europe, bounded
on the N. by Wallachia, on the E. by the Bla<-k Sea, on
Ihc S. bv Romania unci Macedonia, and on the \V. liv
Servia. The principal towns arc Viddin, Sophia, Nicopoii,
and Silistria ; the last of which is partly inhabited by
Tartars.
To BULGE, V. 71. [originally written ii7g-e, which signified
the lower part of a ship] to spring a leak by striking the
ip]
pi
bottiun on some rock or place which makes a hole, or fore
oft' some o<'the timlier, applietl to a ship ; to founder. To
stick or jut out, used with the particle /"/nm.
BULIMY, *. [from bous, an ox, and limos, hun";er, Gr.] in
medicine, an enormous appetite, attended with faintiiigs,
and coldness at the extreme parts.
BULK, s. [bulcke, Belg.] size, dimensions. Used with the
word piuple, tS.c. the greatest part, and sometimes the vuU
gar. 'ilie human frame. Applied to a ship, the whole space
in tlie bow for the stowage of goods ; likew ise the cargo.
To break bulk, is to open or unload any part of the cargo.
BULK, s. [bielche, D.H1.] in budding, a part of a building
projecting from the window, like a table, and used either
for placing commodities on, by way of show; or for porters
to pitch their burdens.
15ULKINESS, J. the largeness of a thing; the greatness
of size or dimensions.
BULKY, a. of great size or stature.
BULL, s. [bulle, Belg.] the male of black cattle, kept ge-
nerally for propaguting the species ; any thing made in tlie
form of a bull. In asfionomy, one of the twelve signs of
the zodiac, into which the sun enters in April. A blunder
or contradiction. In ecclesiastic history, an instrument
made out the Roman or pope's chancery, sealed with lead,
and of the same nature with the edicts of secular princes.
The seal presents on one side the heads of St. Peter and St.
Paul, and on the other, the name of the pope, and the year
of his pontificate.
BULL, in composition, sometimes denotes largeness, as
bidlhend, and in such cases it is not to be looked on as de-
rived from the English noun, but from the Greek particle.
BU'LL.4CE, s. a wild sour plum.
BU'LI^B.\ITIN(i, s. [from i.i/and ba-ta». Sax.] the worry-
ing or teazingabull, by setting dogs on him.
BU'LI^DOG, s. a species of dogs of a strong make, roiino
head, noted for never ciuilting its hold whenever it has fas-
tened, and used in baiting bulls, which tliey generally seize
by the nose, and pin to the ground.
BU'LLI'.T, s. [boiilet, Fr.] an iron or leaden ball or shot
u.sed to load guns with. According to Mr. Derhani, a bullet
shot out of a great gun flies a mile in a little above seventeen
half seconds, and reckoning the sun's distance 8fi,0.'jl,;}98
English miles, would be thirty-two years and a half in its
pa.ssage to it, in its full force, lled-lui butlits are healed in
a forge, and used to set a place on fire, containing combus-
tibles. Hutluw bidleis are made cylindrical, with an opening
and fusee at o,ne end, which giving fire to the inside, when
in the ground it bursts, and has the same ett'ect as a mine.
Cliaiiibiillits are two bullets joined by a chain three or four
feet long. Jiramli bullets, two balls j.oined by a bar cjf iron
five or six inches apart ; and t uo-hendcd bullets, named like
wise angles, are the two halves of a bullet joined by a bar or
chain ; they are chiefly used in sea-fights, to cut the rigging,
masts, (He.
BU'LL-I1E.\D, J. figuratively, a slupid person. In natu-
ral history, a fish, called likewise the miller's thumb: its
head is broad and flat, disproportioiuile toils body.
BU Ll.iON, s. [billdii, Vr.] gold and silver in llie mass, nei-
ther wr<uiglit nor coined ; .so named either when lh( v are
first melted from llie ore, or alter they arc retined and cast
into ingots, or bars.
BU'l.i-OCK, s. the same with the ox, or gelded bull.
BU'LLY, .«. a person who makes use of threnti'ning
expressions, and insolent behaviour, with grr;il show of
courage, but possessed of great cowardice. In low lan-
guage, used for one who attends a strunqiet, and espouse-
her (piarrels.
To BULLY, I'.rt. to behave Willi noisy insolence and pet-
.s<iir.ited courage, in order lo frighten a persoji into any mej»
sure or compliance.
P.ll'LRrSIi, *. a larg«i'ruili„gioViiii;; in ilie sia, rivci.s
and ill moist jilaccs.
BD'I.WARK, f. [Wii'<>.%, B('lg.] a Antilitaiioii or bas-
tion, .rijjinalivtly, ii security or protL'Clioii.
BUM, J. [t>o)umt:, Belft.] that part of the postoriors on
wliic)i a person sits. Used in composition, to convey llie
j.jdea of reproacli, or sonictliing low and despicable, as in
, iIk' followiui,' word-, bum-bailiff'.
BUM BAILIFF, i.a person employed to execute a writ,
or arrest a person; a baiiifl'oftlie meanest sort.
BUMP, s. a swelliu!' occasioned by a lilow.
To HUMP, V. ri. to kick a person, or strike liim with llie
knee in the breech. To make a loud uoiic, ap|iHed to that
made l>y the bittern.
BU'MPl'R, .T. [perhaps a corruption from bou peie, it be-
ing customary in Italy to drink the popes health in full
glasses] a cup or glass filled up to the brim, or as full as it
can hold. ,1 ' ,1 . , I , .
BU'MPKIN, 3.[boomhen, Bel^.] a person who has not had
die bencfitof a polite education, birt is gross in liis concep-
tions, rude or unpolished in his behaviour, and void of ex-
perience with respect to the world ; a rustic, or clown.
BUNCH, J. [buiickfr, Dan.] any prominence, hard knob,
or swellinjj, rising above the surface Qf a thing. Many things
of the same kind growing together. A cluster, applied to
vegetables. Several things collected, or tied together at
«ip of their extremities.
To BUNCH, V. n. to grow in knobs or protuberances.
To swell, used with out.
BUNCHBA'CKED, a. having bunches on the hack ;
hump-backed ; crooked, owing to the dislocation of the
back or shoulder bones. •
BU'NCHINESS, «. the quality of being uneven with re-
spect to surface ; growing in knobs or clusters, opposed to
Hiioolhness.
BU'NDLE, s. [bi/ndle, Sax.] a parcel of goods, or collec-
tion of things wrapped or tied together, iiichiding the secon-
dary idea of being easily portable.
To BU'NDLE, V. a. to tie or wrap several things together.
Figuratively, to be included or collected togetiier; to be
comprehended or connected. ,
BUNG, s. [biii^, Brit.] a stopple of wood, cork, &c. for
tfie bung-hole of a cask.
To BUNG, i;. «. to stop a barrel close at its largest vent
or hole.
BU'NGAY, a town in Suffolk, with a market on Thurs-
day. It is seated on a spot watered by the river Waveny, which
ieparates it from Norfolk. It has two parish cinirches, one
rfwhich is handsome, and in the midst of the town are the
ruins of a famous nunnery. It is a good tradiiiL' town, and
the wonieu are employed in knitting worsted stockiii::s.
The market is large for corn. It is 14 miles S. of Norwich,
iiid 107 N. of I.oufion.
BU'NGIIOLE, s. a large round hole in a barrel by which
it IS filled. , , ,, ,
To BU'NGLE.V. n. to perforin aiiy, thing in a chimsy
a>Tk\vard iiiauner. Used actively, to botch." Figuvalively,
to palliate grossly. Joined with the particle u/r
BU'NOLE, s. a botch ; an awkward and clumsy per-
formance.
BU'NGLEPv, s. a bad workman ; one who does a thing
n an ignorant, awkuard, or clumsy manner.
BU'NGLl.NfiLY, ad.ia a bad, clumsy, ignorant, or
awkward manner.
BUNN, «. [bnnelo, Span.] in pastry, a cake composed of
yeast, flower, and tarraway seeds.
BUNT, s. [corrupted according to Skinner from bent] the
middle part of a sail formed into a bag, or pouch, that it
may contain more wind. Buut-Unes are small lines fastened
to the foot, and reeved through little blocks soize-1 to the
yard, serving to hoist up the bunt of the sail, that it may be
furled with greater ease,
To BUNT, V. j(. to swell, used with the particle o\it.
GU'NTEll, s. fa caul ivord] a woman whc picks np rags
ill the street. Used figuratively, as a term of reoroach, t<
convey the idea of a dirty, naslv, \w an, and lo« liv(d crru-
lure.
BUNTING, t. the stuff of which a ship's colours arr
made. Also -a bird of the lark kind.
BU'NTlN(il ()1M>, a town of Hertfordshire, with a
market on Aloiidiiy. It is a largn tliiiro\igh('ajc on the N,
road, 7 miles S. of Koyslon, aiid.'Jl N. by W.of London.
BUOY, {buy) t. [Aoiif, or boi/e, i'r. | a piece of woi d or cork,
and sometimes an empty barrel, well closed, floating in ih*
water, lied to a cable fastened to the bottom of the sea, ir.
ordir to inform |)ilots and mariiu rs where anchors are drop-
ped in the harbours, where the '.vrecks of ships are supk,
fogcllier with shallow places, sand-banks, and oilier iin-
pedimenls. The mtst bunt/ is made of a piece of a mast;«ir
other piece of wood, which stands out of the Wirter. Biioji
is sometimes used fora sea mark, wliicli shews the dangcis
ofditlicult passages.
To BUOY, V. a. {botj) to raise above the surface of the wa-
ter; to keep afloat. Figuratively, to keep any principle
or thing from subsiding, or sinking uiuler oppression. To
cause a thing to ascend by its specific lightness. Neuterly,
to float. Figuratively, to surmount or gel the better of all
ditliciilties or impediments.
Bi'O'YANCY, (4wi/n«n/)s. the quality of floating; or thai
ciuality which prevents a thing from subsiding, sinking, oi
(lescending. The degree of /.«('«((»<i/ depends on the ligiit-
iiess of a substance conipare<l with that of the medium ir,
which it floats, thus cork will swim in water, and vapoui
will ascend in air, because the specific gravity of cork is less
than that of water, ami the specific gravity of vapour less
than that of common air.
BUOYANT, (bi,,i<mi) a. floating ; light ; that will not
sink. Figuratively, animating or that keeps from dejec-
tion. ■ ,
BU;RB0T, s. a river fish full of prickles.
BU'RDI-N, s. [spelt more properly burthen ; bnjlhen, Saxl
a load, supposed to be as much as a man or a horse eais
carry. Figuratively, a dilbcully, oppression, affliction, or
any thing that all'eets a person with weariness, or becomes
irlws.jme ; the number oftons or weight a ship can carry. In
trade, applied to steel, liJOlb. In music, the drone or base
of an organ, bagpiiie, cVc. and the pipe or string which
sounds it ; hence the words which are repeated at the end
of every stanza, are called the huithni of a song. SyNON.
By the word burllicnwc uiulerslaiul a weight possible to be
borne ; by /««'/, aw ciglit more than we are able to bear. \
light buit/un is no inelegant expression ; but a li^^ht load
certainlv is.
To BURDEN, !■. «. to load : to ercumber. or put a per
son to great ex pence.
BU'RDENER, s. one who loads. Fignratively, an op-
pressor.
BU'RDEXOUS, a. that makes a load heavy. Fignra-
tively, grievous, oppressive, irksome ; putting a person to
great expence, without being of any service to lijm.
BURDENSOME, n. appHed to'a very pressing load on
the body. Figuratively, applied to atilictiohs,ortlie trouble
one person "ives auotlier, atHicting tlie mind Avith grfai
anxiety and distress.
BU'RDENSOMENESS, s. applied to loads, weiglit or
heaviness. Figuratively, applied to calamities and incon-
veniences.
CU'RDOCK, J. a very common plant, with heart-shaped
leav( s, iiiiii t)urple blossoms; the same with theclot-biu.
BUREAU", (burd) a. [Fr.] a chest of drawers, with
the top sloping, and furnished with pigeou-hules to keep
writings iu. . . ■
BU'RFORD, a town of Oxfordshire, witn manufacfories
of duft'els, rugs, and sadiiles. It is seated on the river Wind-
rush, 71 miles from London. Market on Saturday. '.
BURGAGE, s. in law a tenure proper to cities antl b<v-
rough towns, whereby lands ;ire held of the king, o'r'otJict
lord, at a certain yearly rent.
nr R
BUR
ntlRGAMOl, t. \hcrc;amnttr, J'r.] a spcciei of iiiclicnv
jiiiLy pear., A kindof pt'ifuine.
BlJliGEOI S, {bnorjais) s. [boin-geuij:, !■>.] a small type llso<l
l>y printers. A citizen, a burgess.
nU'KfrESS, s. [Inmr^eois, Fr.] an inlinbitant of a boroufjii
• ■r city ; or a representative of a borough town in par-
1 anient.
BURfiH, J. a corporate town or borough.
BURGH, a triwn of Lincolnshire, V2 miles N. N. E. of
Boston, and ]33 N. of London. Market on TInirsday.
JJII'RGHER, s. [from Inns: and wter. Sax.] one who has the
riijht of a citizen, or a vote for a parlianienl -men.
BU'RGIIERSHIP, .^ [from burgher, and scyp, Sax.^ the
diOTity, privilege, or office of a burj^hcr.
BURGLARY, s. in l;nv, a felonious breakinff and enter-
ing a person's house in the ni;^ht-time, with an intent to com-
mit some felony, uln'tlier it be executed or not. If the
offence happen in llu' daytime, it is tlien called /iiji..w-
broulUng, by way of distinction. A reward of 40/. is given
for apprchendin;; pcrbonS gniltV of this crime, by 5 Ann.
<•. .51.
BU'Rr.O>L-\STKR, (most properly spelt hurghmmmtn-)
s. [bnrglier, and mmtcr, Belg.] the chief nia-^istrale of the
towns of Holland, Flanders, and GermairV, Und answers to
an alderman and aherifl of London.
BURGOS, a city of Spain, car.ita! of Old CliSfile, seiited
partly on a mountait., and extcjiding to liie river Arlanzon.
The squares, imblic buildings, and fnnntinnsale niagnihcenl,
and the walks agreeable. INIany maMiitaclories ate ciirried
on here. It is i)5 miles E. bv S. of Leon, and 11/ N. of
Madrid. Lat. 42. 20. N. Ion." 3. 30. W.
BU'RGUNDY, a ci-devant province on tiie W. of Fi'atice.
It is fertile in corn, fruits, and exceliint uine, !nid is liuw
formed into the departments of Aube, (otc d'Or, Saone, and
Loire, and Yoinie.
BL'RI AL, .r. the mterring or placing a dead body in llic
jfrbund. Figuratively, the placing any tiling in the earth,
or under the water. The burial scri'ict is an othce of the
church, performed at the grave and interment of one of its
members.
RU'KIER, s. he that places or inters a corpse in the grave,
rignratively, that which removes any corpse or other things
out of sight. Seldom used.
nU'lMNT,, .'. [Fr.] a tool used by engravers to make their
marks, or etch on metal.
To lUJKL, r. ff. to dress clothes as fullers do.
BURLESQUE, (b„rl(.sl:) s. [Fr.]a droll, ludicrous kind of
poetry, wlierein both persons and things are represented in
»uch a ridiculous lii^lit as to excite laughter.
To BUULESC^UE, ibnrlhh) v. a. to turn, to ridicule; to
represent a jierson or thing in a luilicrous and ridiculous
maimer.
151 'KLY, ff. tall, or over-j;ro\vii, applied to stature. Of
large dimensions, or very wide, applied to breadth. High-
sounding, swelling, or pompons, applied to style.
To lU'RN, r. n. pn'ter. I burnt, or have burnt ; [Acnimr,
Sax.] to consume or destroy by (ire ; to oceasion a wound
by fire, or any hot solid body. Neuferly, to be on fire ; to
kindle. Figurativelv, to shine as if in flame. To be vio-
lently agitated or infiamed by passion; to make the checks
glow with heat, or consume like latent fire.
I'UltN, s. a wound or hurt received from fire.
I'.U r.NI'/l\.t. a plant, the same with pimpinella.
BURNIIAM, a town of Norfolk, seated near the sea, with
a good harbour, and a consideral)Ie trade in corn, 32 miles
N. W. of Norwich, and 12G N. K. of London. Market on
Saturdav.
BU'RNILXM, a lishinij town of Essex, at the month of the
river Crouch, which is here called Burnham Water. The
Walrteet and Bnrnhani oysters, are the product of the
creek and pits of this river. It is 40 miles E. by N. of
London ■ •
BU KNINO, ,f. the action of lire on sotiie sul)stance,
niierili\ the miiiiile parts are forced from ea* h other, put
I J J
into violent motion, and some of them assuming the* nature
of lire lhenis<lves, IK od' to their proper sphere, while others
either ascend in va|)Ours, or arc reduced to ashes. Figuta-
tively, fiaiiie or fire.
l.UJ'KNlNG-(iLASS, *. a convex glass which collects the
rays of the sun info a point, where wood or other toinbuii-
tible matter being placed, is set on fire. As a wood tire is
A'> times hotter than that of the summer sun, a glass must
condense the rays of light .^5 times to burn. The Imrnin^-
glasses made of looking-glasses are much more powerful than
those made by lenses, or glasses that transmit the rays of
light through them.
To bU'RNlSH, V. a. [bm-nir, Fr.] to polish any substance
so as to make it shine. Neuterly, to grow bright or gkissj ;
to shine with splendor.
BU'RNISHEH, s. one who btlrfiishes or polishes; an ir-
strument used by polishers.
BURNISHING, s. the polishing metals to make them
gh>ssy, or shining.
BURNLEY, Lancashire ; here are large M'oollcn artd cot-
ton manufactures, printing h(Uises, dying houses, mills, Ac.
It is seated in a very healthv situation, near the Leeds alid
Liverpool canal, 46 miles S. V). of Lancaster, and 20S N. N.
W. of London. Market on Monday.
BURNT, purt. pnss. of Burn.
BU'RNT-ISLAND, a town of Fifeshire, wifh a good, <leep,
and large harbour. It is seated on a stupendous rock, ol»
the Frith of Forth, 10 miles N. W. of Edinburgh.
BURK, s. the lope or lap of the ear; likewise a sweet-
bread of meat, especially that of veal.
BU'RR-REED, s. a kind of plant found in wSt ditelieS,
and on banks of rivers.
BU'RREL, .1. [from lem-re, Fr.] in gardening, a specie*
of pear, called likewise Xhc ri-d butter pear.
BU'RREL-FLY, «. in natural history, a winged insect
xti'y troublesome to cattle, called W^ewhcXhe ox Jty, gad-bet,
or breese,
BU'RREL-SIIOT, *. a sort of case shot, or small bullets,
nails, stones, pieces of old iron, Ac. put into cases, to be '
discharged fi'om a i)iece of ordnance
BMRROW, BERG, BURG, BOROUGH, BURGH, s.
\bnrg. Sax.] a i-orporate town which sends members to par-
liament, and formerly aiiplied only to fortified places. Tlir
holes made in the ground by rabbits.
To BURROW, «. «. to "make holes in the ground like
rabbits.
BURSA, anciently Briisa, one of the largest and most
beautiful cities of Natfilia, conlainiiig about 40,0R0 Turks,
400 families of .lews, 500 of Armenians, and 300 of Greeks.
It stands at the foot of mount Olympus, on the edge of a
tine ))laiii, covered with mulberry, and various other fruit
trees, of the Ottoman dominions. The mos(jues and cara-
vanseras are elegant, and every house has its fountain. The
bezestiue is a largo structure, full of warehouses and shops,
conlaiiiingall the commoilitiesof the East, beside their own
manufactures in silk, stufls, beautiful carpets, Ac. Here,
indeed, are the best workmen in Turkey, who are excellent
imitators of the tapestry of Italy and France. Bursa is the
capital of a province of Natolia Proper, called by the 'I'lirks
BecsiMigil. and anciently Bithynia. It is 60 miles S. of Con-
stnutiu<iiili'. Lilt. .32. 22. N. Ion. 29. 5. E.
lUJ RSAR, i. [A«r»vin'iM, Lat.] an officer in a college, who
reei'ives its monies, and keeps its accounts; a treasurer.
IIURSE, .«. [bdurse, Fr.] an exchange, or place wliere iner-
chaiits assemble to transact business.
lUJRST, X. a separation of the parts of a thing with vio
lenee, and atti'uded w itii noise ; an explosion ; a sudden aiKl
>iolen1 action of any kind.
To BURST, V. n. preter. I burst, have oursi, or hurtlen;
\liusii(n Sax.] fi> separate or flv asunder with violence;
to fpiit or break away, VTtth t1ie particle from. Used
with tnto, to come in suddenly " She Imrsl intu ihc room."
To break, separac and ilJsunitc ■^vitli suddenness and vio.
lence.
BURST, orRU'HSTKN, [part, of IkmsT] in Slir-rry,
Bppliect foojip "Mo hiis a rufrtiire.
BD'HTDN, :i town of WcstmoRland, II iijilcs N. of
Ijiicasler, aii<l '2t' N. N. W. of I.oixloii. It coMHiiuiiicatos
uitli all till' Lite iulaiid iiavj^'ali>>iis. iMajkot oil TueMlav.
nU'llTON CON.STAni.K, a <o^vii of VdHtsliiiv, situated
brtwroii Miillaiiil and Hiilnnoiid. MaiiUt on I'ridav.
nU'HTON SrATIIl'Jt, a smalt town of Lintoriisliiif",
sraled on a liill, near tlit^ Trent, on w'hieli it has sevi ral
mills, :!0 miles N. W. of Lincoln, and IGl N. by NV. of Lon-
don. Market on Mondav.
BURTON I'I'ON THKNT, a town of Stanoidsliirr, si-
tuated on the river Trent, o\er wliieli itiias a bridije of free-
stone, a (juarler of a mile in Ieiij;lh. It consists chietly of
one Ion;; street, and has lon^ been noted for its excellent
mall and ale, ^reat quantities of which last are exported to
London, Leith, the Baltic, A.C. It has also manufactures in
woollen and cotton, of hats, spades, and other articles, be-
iides forfxes for forming iron bars. The houses are abiit
750, and the iiiliabilants 4000. Besides the Trent, it coin-
miinicates, by canals, with Liverpool, Bristol, Coventry,
and all the late inland navifjations. It is 11 inilos S. W. of
Derby, and 134 N. N. \V. of London. A well supiilied mar-
ket for corn and provisions on Thursday.
BU'R\VLI-L, Cambridgeshire, 3 miles N. of Newmarket
Heath. On the 8tli of .Septendjer, 1727, a melancholy event
took place here : 100 persons, amon^ whom were several
young ladies of fortune, being assembled in a barn, on the
exhibition of a puppet show, the place took fire, by a care-
less accident, when only five or six escaped ; the bodies of
the dead were so disfigured by the fire, and the fall of the
roof, Ac. that their friends coidd not recognize them, and
tiiev were promiscuously interreil in one large grave. .\
tablet has been here erected in the church to perpetuate the
event.
BURY, (common pron. hern/, in this and the four next
words) s. [I'lirg, Sax.] a dwelling-place or house. Added to
the Saxon names, implies that the person or company n'sided
or lived there ; thus A Idermmilmn/ seems to intimate that the
aldermen resided formerly in that place.
To BU'RY, v. a. to inter a corpse in a grave ; to inter with
funeral rites ; to cover with earth. Figuratively, to conceal
or hide.
BU'RYING-PLACE, s. a place set apart for interring bo-
dies; a church yard.
BU'RY, a town of Lancashire, noted for its manufacture
of fustians, half thicks, kerseys calicoes, &c. A melancholy
event happened here, July otli, 1787, by the fall of the theatre,
by which more than 300 persons were buried in the ruins :
some escaped unhurt ; many were killed, and others greatlv
bruised. Bury is seated on the Irwcll, near a canal which
Roes to Manchester, 36 miles S. E. of Lancaster, and 190 N.
N. W. of London. Market on Thursday.
BURY ST. EDMUNDS, a town of Suffolk, which con-
tains two parish churches, about 1000 houses, and 7000 in-
habitants. It owes its name to a celebrated abbey one
of the largest and richest in the kingdom, founded in ho-
nour of Edmund, king of the East Angles, who was born,
crowned, murdered, and buried here. It is situated in a
healthy delightful spot, affording beautiful prospects, (from
which it has been called the Montpellier of England) 14
miles nearly E. of New market, and 72 N. N. E. of London.
Large market for corn, fish, fowl. Arc. on Wednesday and
Saturdav.
BUSH, I7,oi>, Fr.] a thick slmib.
^ To BUSTI, r. «. to grow thick ; to g^ow in a great num-
ber close to';etlier.
BU'SHEL, s. [liaissraii, Fr.I a measure of capacity for dry
goods, as corn, salt, fruit, coals, cVc. containing eight gallons,
or four pecks, or the eighth part of a quarter of corn, Ac.
BU'SHY, fl. full of branches. Figuratively, short, but
Ifrowing lu great numbers.
BUT
BU'SILESS, {/■hi/ens,) n. without employ ; at leijute
riginalively, without llie fallgue which attends business.
BUSILY, Ihizilij) ail. in an ollicious iniiuisilive manner.
With an air of seeming liiirij from the niultiplitity of busi-
ness.
BU'SINESS, (hUiiesx, or hiznmx) t. employment; a man's
peculiar trade or prol'rssion ; atiairs or concerns. After </■,
properly, service, advantage, ipr a means of attaining an end.
" A perpetual spring will not ila their bitsimss." Ihnt. To
(1(1 a tn(ii('.i l/Hsixes.i, is a low and familiar phrase for killing,
destroying, or ruiiiiii;;' him. Svnon. liusiHcss iin|)lies an
object of industry ; ufjnir.i, an object of concern. The first
implies the hands; tliesecoii<l tin- mind. The word biixinas,
by its having no plural nimiljcr, intimates a partii iilar em
ploy. By llie singular of (tjfdiis being seldem in use in the
sense before us, that word is understood to mean a variety
of transactions.
BLSK,.«. [basffde, Fr.] a piece of steel or whalebone, worn
at the stomacher of a wimian's stays, in order to keep them
in the proper form, and sli^engllien them.
BU'SKIN',«. [/'?v),n7.(», Belg.] a kinil of short boot worn !jy
the ancients, covering the fool and leg as far as the middle,
laced or I'aslened betiire ; was worn Uy the dramatic per-'
formers in tragedy, and distniguislied from the. toe/; worn in
comedy, ^^hicil was ol a thiniKr sole, and conscqiieiitly
lower. FigiirativeK, tragedy.
BU'SKIKED, «. dressed in buskins.
BUSS, s. [from bus, Ir.J a saluir given by the lips ; liislin
giiished from a kiss, which is given witli a greater show ol
distance or ceremonious kindness. In fishery, a small vesss I
from 48to(;0 tons burden, used in the herring (i;!ieiy, from
basse. Tent.
To BUSS, r.a. to salute a person with the lips. Figura-
tivelv, to touch.
liUSSARAH, BA'SSORAH, or B A'.SRAH, a considera-
ble city and seaport of Turkey in Asia, in Irac Arahi, on a
canal, navigable for vessels of .'JO tons, to the Euphrates, 40
miles N. W. of the gulf of Persia. The inhabitants are com-
puted at 50,000.
BUST, s. [biisto, Ifal.J in sculpture, the figure ofa (lersoii
in relievo, containing only head, shoulders, and'stonuK h,
usually placed on a pedestal or console. The Italians use
the term for the trunk of the liuinan body, from the neck to
the hips.
BU'STARD, s. [bistarde, Fr.]a large wihl fowl, which runs
verv swit'tlv, and does not readilv take to tliglit.
To BU'STLE, V. n. to set about a thing with activity ; to
make a great noise or stir about any thing.
BU'S'TLE, s. a hurry of business; a noise or tumult.
BUSTLER, s. an active, industrious, stirring man.
BU'SY, (?'(-)/, or bissi/) tt. [from biis'i-i((n, Sax.J engaged in
any employment ; active, diligent, ot^cioiis.
To BU'.'sY, (iiri/) V. a. to keep a person employed ; to
emplav.
JSU'SYBODY, (Wry hndif) s. an officious person meddling
with the concerns ot other people, offering assistance, and
giving advice, without being asked.
BUT, C07IJ. [bitte, Initaii, Sax.] when it diverts or breaks
<iff the threatl of a discourse, so as to pursue a different topic,
it inliniates a stop ot the mind, and signifies iKinbeii. " But
to say no more." When applied to limit or restrain the
sense to what is expressed, exclusive of all others, it signifies
oiilt/. " I saw hi(t two planets." When used to imply a thing-
to lie otherwise than it should be, it signifies yd. or ncrer-
thehss. " You liray, but it is not that God woiiUl bring you
to the true religion." Joined with did, or had, it denotes
oh/;/. " Did liut men consider." Tillnts. After a eoniiiara-
tiv'e noun it has the force of than. " No sooner up, but he
privately opened the gate." Guard. No. 167. After the
auxilliary verb be, preceded by a negative, it implies nlher-
vise than. " It cannot be but nature has some director."
Hooker. Joined with for, it implies, •vithout, or had it not
been for. " And b((t for mischief, yon had died for spite."
Dryd. ^fter a negative, or rpiestion implving a negative
I2.T
RUT
»1 lieiiotosan ej^cpption, except. , "VVJip.caM it^e, fiegods,
iiitpeT'\m'n LyconV' SiiiitJi's P/(cFtl. .■'"',;' / ;
BUT, s. [hoKt, Fr.] a limit or bounflaiy. 'iiii(si.'a.laugii^g<',
lliccnci of auv plank whijLli joins to j^iioiiief on tli,e; outfiule/
of a ship iii:i(»'r Vvutpr. ' ''" ' ' ' ' '
RU'i'lLjNy, s. the broad or bluiit <;iid ^f n^^binurj yr ilic
eud on which it rests. , " ;'"
BUTCHER, f. [boucha; Fr.] one 'wV' ICilisi.' cOt'si'.up;'
and sells the flesh of eatile in a luaiket orliis o\virhiui^c.
BiUclier, is used iiffuratively for one "ho is of a bai'iaryus
disposition, deli^jhts iii nuiider, or tlie slaufjhtcr qf, fjiau»
kind. ' ' ■ ' " ' '■''
ToBlJ'TCHER, v.a. to slay or kill a |)ea3t. 'Fi-ufa-'
lively, to murder one of the human species in a ba:baro!;3
and cruel manner.
BUTCHi:H-BIRD, a small bird of prey ; the shrike.
BUTCHERLY, aJ. in a cruel, barbarous, ox bloody
manner.
BUTCHER'S-BROOM, s. a tree, the same with the
kneebollv.
BUTCHERY, s. the trade of a butcher. Fisuratively,
the commission of murder, attended vvilh.excessiv,e,ci:iieltj j,
crueltv ; barbarity. ' '
BUTESHIRE, a county of Scofland, consisfing'of the
islands of Bute, Arran, and Inchnuiinoc, which lie in llic
Frith of Cl\de, S. of ArjjUesliire. They arefeilile in corn
and pastures; and tlieie is a consiilc-rable herring' fishery
ou their coasts. The chief town is Rothsay.
BUTLER, J. [formerly spelt Imiiiler, tliat is, one .>vlip,
fills l)ottles, A()(ffr///fc, Fr.] a servant who has the caie of
the wine and otiier liipuns uscil in a family.
BUTLERAGR, s. the duty upon wines imported, claimed
by the kin^^'s butler.
BUTLER.^iHIP, s. the office of a Lntler.
BUTiNIEIsT, s. I'd'oiiiaiient, Fr.] in areliileefure, sifp-
porters, on or against w iiieh the feel of an arch rest ; like-
viise the little places taken out of the yard or ground-plot
of an house for a buttery or scuUerj.
BU'IT, i. [httt. Sax.] a vessel or barrel containing 12C
gallons of wme, 106 of beer, aiid from 15 to 22 c\\t. of
currants. ^ ^ ,^:
BU'TT, s. [but, Fr.] the place or mark wiiicU, a persoi
!s to hit in shooting. Figuratively, the point or oLjixl to
which any person's measures are made i)y a pusli in fen-
cing ; a person who is the object of ridicule to a whyle cvm-
pany. . ,.,-,'
To BUTT, V. a. to strike or give a blow wit^Jthprlffjid,
applied to the melliod of attack used by a ram,' ,., ^ ,! ,
BU'"rTER, i. [iti/^of, Sax.] a fat and unctuous 3^bs^ailce,
made from cream by churning. Sutlolk, being a gooil soil,
is famous for very good butter. B'ltta- ii/'.iiilimmii/, of bis-
mutii, Ac. are ciiemicai preparations of those substances,
s'> called on account of their consistence resenibhng that of
butter. 1 ,',.,
ToBL'^TTER, v a. to spread or pour butter upoii;SViy
thing. .' .
lUI'TFERBrrMl', .5. a fowl; the same with Oittmi. ",' ,
BIJ"1TERBUR, s. \petasitcs, Lat.] a plant used in medi-
cine, and grows wiM in great plenty l>y the sides of
ditches.
BUTTER FLOWER, s. a veUow flower, with which the
fields idicund in the mnnth of May.
I5U ITERFLY, s. {biitterjiiir,, Sax.] in natural history,
a beautiful insect produced from an egg, eruea-worm, cater-
pillar, and nymph or aurclia. The wonder.-, of the diilertuf
stages bi'I'i.rc il arrives to its maturity, and the profusion of
splendor which appears in its structure, when applied to
the buticiflji state, would require too much room to expa-
tiat"' on here.
BUT'J'ERJAGS, s. a plant, the same with the yellow
lUfdick, or snailslnll.
BU'l'I'ERIS, s. in farriery, an instrument of steel set in
a woollen handle, used in luiruig the foot, or cutting the
ll(H>f of ahorse.
\H
BU7.
BUTFERMERE WATER, a lake of Cumberland, near
the source of the Cocker. The lakes of Butterraere and
Lowawater are not so extensive as those of the Dcr»>«nt or
Keswick, but quite as beautiful, and the country about thetn
is as mountainous and romantic as Borrowdale.
B U TJ"ER.\HLK, s. the whey separated frum tbe,crea;ii
in making butter. . . '
BUTFERPPvINT, j.. a, piecie of carved wood used io
mark butter.
yd
l^U TFERWORT, *.'in botany, the pinguicula. ,\
DU'TlTUy, a. J)aving fhie appearance or qualities of,
better. ^, _,. ■ . , :, ^
BUTTERY, «. the room where provisions are laid up.' ■]
BUTTOCK, s. the broad, thick, fleshy part of a man, or'
beast, joining to the hip. The buttock of a ship is her iull,
breadth right astern. ' , .
BUITON, s.{botitcr,, Brit.]a small flatfish round .bali
made of metal, or wood covered with silk or hair, sewed to.
the clothes to fa>'' n ;:iiy part of dress together. Figura--'
lively, a knob or hall. In botany, the rouud head ofa pFaut;
^bud. In carpe;it:y, a piece of «ood movini; upon a nai^,
or screw, used to keep a door close. In .smituery, ^ brass-,
knob cjf a luck, ser\ ing to opeu or shut a door. In .chemis-
try, the small round piece of metal, which is fouiid at the,
bottom of a crucible, after a nietalic ore or an o\\de ttl-
metal has been reduced. In cunfcctionary, a small sweet
cuke. In natur.d history, the sea urchin, a kind of crab-fish,
with prickles instead of feet, / .j
, To BU'TTC^N, n. ffi jfo sew l^iuttons on a garment ; iq',
close or iasten the parts ofa gariuent together with buttoiift ,^
Fi"-uratively, to inclose. ,■ , ;•'/■'
BUTFONHOLE, .«. the hole,,nii{d^,h<.a garmenlt jo if^j
ceiveand fasten the button iii, , , ' .' . , ; ' . .jt
BUTTRESS, .«. [from «/»mtiV, FK] ift'yrchitecfurp.a kiiid
of butment serving to prop or support the side ofa build-
ing or^^all. Figuratively, a prop, or support of auy opin-
ion or cause. i <
To BUTTRESS, I',. n. to prop, support, or secure frqiu
falling. , _
■ BUTWINK, :». a bird. ,.,
BUTVRA'CEOUS, orEUTY'ROUS,. «. ffiom luiyrAui^
Lat.l having the properties or qualities of butter. ,!_;
l^UXOM, o. j^'"'""'«. Sax.] obedient; tractable;,; FJyil-
rativ.ely, voiil of resistance ; yielding, or giving way. < Gajf,-)
livelv, brisk, wanton, jolly. ,, . ,
BU'XO^)[LY> ft'y.iu ,£(.w:^utpn, l'vel>-,/ ^ay, ^orj aifjorons
mahnei-. '" ' ' ' ,., ,, , ,,,., ,
BUXPMNESS,-*. wantonness, gaiety. ■ ' .' ■; • ■
BU'X.STEAD, or Buckstead, a village iinSMssfix,-,l(l),
miles S.S. IC.^ of EastGriiistead.. , ■ i •' i ■v^
IjU'XTOIS'y a townhi Derbysliire, one of tlie w'tiiiilpjis 9I
the Peak, having nine wells that rise near the source of tlve.
river ^^ye. 'Fheir waters were noted in the times ofth-j
Romans. Although hot and sulphureous, they are p-:lala-
ble ; they create an appetite and remove obstructions, au^j
if bathed in, afford relief in scorbutic rheumatisms, ujm-
vous eases, Ac. It is much resorted to in s.tnnmer. 'llw
public rooms are in an elegant building, erected by the DuLc
of Devonshire. It is of the Doric order, and under it are ii
piazra and shops. Buxton has a manufactuic of eoltou, and
IS situated in an open, healthy country, with a variety of
fine views, 2H miles fioni iSIanchester, 22 N. \V. of Dei by,
and IfjO N. N. W. of Liindoii.
To BUY, (bii)v. a. [bUj^cnii, Sax."] to purchase a tiling by
money, or the exchange of any other couunodity. Figuia-
tively, to exchange one thing for another. To bribe, or
corruiit by bribeiy.
BU VER, {,b«'er),s„\\c that purciiasefjl thing with monev,
Ax.' ,: ■;
'Fo BUZZ, V. n. [Ai'^rcn, Tcut] to hum, or make a pofse
like hies, flies, or wasns.
'Fo BUZZ, 1'. a. to whisper. Used with oJi-ood, to divuVje,
publi.sh, or spread a report orrnmour.
BUZZ, J. the humming soiind of bees ; a whisper, or talk.
BUZZARD, J. [hvsnrd, Fr.] a tlcKciiPralo kind of hawk.
Fi^^iiratively, a person of mean iiarts; a blocklicail or
dunce
BUZZER, *. a secret wliispcrpv, or one who endeavours,
by false niniours, toahenate the affeclions of annlher.
BY, prc/i. [4/, 6(g-, Sax.] after words si^jnifynr^ action, it
implies the ajjent, cause, means, manner; and is used after
Terhs neuter for the instrument. A^'ter qnniitity it c'xpresses
the proportion. At the end of a sentence, it implies iniita-
tion ovconfiirmilij. " A model to build others ii/." Arl/iitli.
After an adjective of the coinparalive deforce, it denotes the
Hifferciice. "Shorter ii/ the head." Applied to place or si-
tuation, it denotes nenrness. Joined to the pronouns liiinsc/f,
ker)setf\ &<:. it sifjnifies the exclusion or ahsence of all others.
After keep, it signifies, possession, or renily for use. "He
R<7)< some of the spirit % him." lioijle. In forms of swear-
ing, it sif;nities a particnlavi/injj, or specifymy: tiie ohject.
Used adverhially, it si^nihcs near, or at a small (tistam-r,
applied to place. Passing, applied to motion; and ;))f-
smre, when used with be. " I will not lie hi/." Sliah. Jit/
and bif, siyiiities a short time, or shortly. Used substan-
tively, for something which is not the direct or immediate
object of a person's regard ; generally used with the prepo-
sition ty. " 7?!/ (//fe /'!/•" Dii/il. Tliis word is commonly
wrote b)/e, and as it distinguishes it from the preposition,
ghnuld be generalK adopted for the sake of perspicuity.
BY, or BYE, in composition, implies something out of
the direct way, as hy-ronri ; sometiiiug irregular, private, or
sclfisli, as hij-end ; something private, opposed to that which
\i by public authority, as a h;/ Imr.
BY-END, s. priviite, or self-interest, opposed (o public
spirit, and eoiiveying an idea of reproach.
BY-GONE, «. past : peculiar to the Scotch,
BY-LAW, s. a law made by corporations, or court-leets,
for the better goveriinicnt of cities, <Vc. in cases which are
not provided for by the public laws, but no ways opposite
or contrary to them. '
• BY-MA'ITER. «. something which is accidental, and has
no connection with the main subject.
BYNAME, s. a nickname, UKine of reproach, or acci-
(ieirtal appellation.
BY-PAST, a. past : peculiar to the 'Scotch.
BY PATH, s. a private path, opposed to a public ]iatli.
BY-ROAD, .«. an iinfretiiiented road.
BY-WAY, s. a private and obscure \\ ay. - ' ■ ' .
BY-WORD, 4-. [bi-ii'ord, Sax ] a saying, i)rovcrbi or term
of reproach.
BYZANTINE, «. See BizANTiNE,
C.
C THE third letter in the English alphabet, is supposed
by some to have been borrowed from the Hebrew, by
others from the Grecian. It is sounded by pressing the
breath between the tongue, raised to the roof of the mouth
near the palate, and the lips open. Before the vowels, a, »,
K, and all consouaiUs, it is pronounced hard, though somewhat
softer than the /;, as in ca^e, cat, cut : but before i, e, and _;/,
it has a sound like the*, but somewhat more sharp, as in
cit, eell, cyder ; before an li, it has a peculiar sound, between
the hardness of the k and the softness of the s, as in chaia,
cheese ; but in words derived from the Fn nch, it is sounrled
like an s before 1i, as in chaise, cliicanr, which are prono'.ui-
ced shaize, shicane. It has been customary to add a /; to it,
■wlien it comes at the end of words, as in hij^iek ; but mo-
derns seem now to have dropped it as useless, w riting /oijir,
critic, music, iS-c. which is certainly to be commended, not
only as being more agreeable to the etymology of words de-
rived from the Latin, but likewise confirmed by the prac-
tice of the Anglo Saxons, from whom we have l)orro\\ed
the best part of our language. Used as a figure, it stands
for IW, and when double CC, 200. When placed before a
name, it signifies Caita, C<psar, &c. With Roman lawyers,
it si iiified to condemn from condemno. See A. ^^'hen
C A «
iloublen,'it signifies cnnsitls. In comm, ice, it is u^ed n'.
merchants lo mark their books. In music, it denotes, thy,
highest part ofa thorough bass. '■' ■•
CAB, .V. (Hcl).] a Ilitbrcw measure, containing abrnt
three pinis English, or the eighteentii part of an r|)liah.
CABAL, s.\rahale,\'r.\ a liotly of men united in sonUr'
design to disturb or change the administration ofa state,,
distiiiguiblied iVoiii party, in the same degree :« fia- fidln'
many. Figiiralively, an intrigue or plot to introduce a
change in an administration.
To CABAL, V. 77. [cabalcr, Fr.] to form plots.
C.A'B.ALA, s. [Chald.] properly signifies traditun, and i*
the name of a mysterious kind ot scii-nce, thousiit to Lav-
been delivered by revelation to the ancient Jews, and tiaiis-
mitted by oral tradition to those of our times ; serving for
interpretation to the books both of nature and Scripture.
It consisted i)riiicipally in the combiualion of particular
words, letters, and numbers, by means whereof the rabbins
pretended to discover things future, and to sec clearly into
the sense of many (liHicult passages of Scripture.' '" '
CA'BALIS'FS," s. a sect among the Je«s w ho interpret
Scripture. '
CVBALI'STJC, m CABALl'BnCALi". relating to th*'
cabalisis; iinstical. ' ' '• ■' ■' /,''','"^' '
CAl'iA'LLER, «. one who enters into plots .a<id intrigifr*
to disturb and change the administration of any govern-'
ment. ' ■. ' , ' '■'
CABARET, ,■;. [Fr.] in France, isa taveyi^: ' ;, /,', '■•••;"'^
CA'BBAGE, s. in botany, the brassica, a kitelii^Ji'planl
with large, fleshy, and glaucous-coloured leaves. Liniucil.v
ranges it in the second sect of his 15th class, joining the trtr-
nip, navew, and rocket to it ; and its specieS are, cigflt : the
varieties of the first being eleven, and those of iheinird sdrt
two. ■ ■; —*"'■"• ■^,..,
To CA'BBAGE, r. a. to defraiida pererth- ofp^f*: ^f,m
cloth. Neuterly, to form a head; aS,. thfe 'plWitst bfegiii to
cabbage. ,.,'■! ..'.,... -■
CABIN, s. [cJwhin, Brit.] a little hiit fit- eo.tfa^cl _ On
board a ship, small apartments, of different dimensions, for
the otiioers to lie in. - ','!'.'
To C.\ FjIN, v. u. to live in a cabii.i. FiijurHtivelJi'tp^iW
or lie ill anv iinrrow or small place.- ' .''^'-'' ■ ' ■"■'
CA'lilNI'lD, a. bt longing to a cabiib! Ffguifittively.nar-
row, or belonging to a bed-chamber. ■ ' \ ' ,' ; '
■ CA'BINET, ,?. [e(dmiet, Fr.] among joiiicrs, '?. kini of
press or chest withstiveral doors auclclrawers for ^leserviil^
curiosities, or kee\>i.ng clothes. rir;uratively, a rooni m
wliicli private consultations are heiil. l^nce a eiihinet-
coiindl is that which is iield with great privacy, and whereiu
the most imporlairt articles which concern a state are d*--
teniiiued. - . ' • ■ '
CA'BlNET-:\iAKER,.i. one who makes cabinets, chest*
of drawers, and other wooden fiiinit'ure for ciiaiubers, op
dining rooms. '
CABLE, s. [enhl, Brit.] a thick, lavje, strong, three-
strand roiie, from three to twenty inches in <lianieter, fasW
cued to ail anchor to hold the ship when she rides. Whc!-
two iMecesof cable are spliced together, it is called a .•/< /
of the cable. ■ ■
C.A'RLF.D, a. belonging to.or resembling cables. Cddul
fiiites, ill architecture, are those -whic-h are filled up willi
pieces in the form of a cable. In f.eii.ldrv, « cabled avsi is
that which is formed of flic t«o omls ofa ship's cable.
CABOCHED, a. in herahlrv, apulied to the head of a
beast cut off behind the ears by a section psirallel to the
face. . .
CA'RUL, C ABULl.STAN, or ZARULISTAN, anciently
a province of Persia, but now a separate kingdini. It is
IxHinded on the W. and .*\V. by Persia, on fii' N. by U*-
beck Tarlary, an<l on the E. and S. by India. The country
consists of nioiintains constantly covered \\\\h snow, hills of
moderate height and easy ascent, rich plains, and stately
forests, and these enlivened by numerous streams. It pro-
duces everv article necessarv for human life, with a variety
C A I>
CAF
of dfllciite frulls and flowers. Tlie cily of Cahiil is tlie
c-apilal ot'tlie province. It is situated near tlie foot of the
Himloo-Ko, or Indian Caucasus, near tlie source of tlie At-
tock. Its situation is romantic and pleasant, liaving within
its reach the fruits and productions of the temperate and
torrid zones. It has spacious cara\anseras and |)alaces ;
and is 580 miles NW. of Delhi, and 176 NE. of Candahar.
Ldt.ai.aG. Ion. 69. 58. K.
CABURIC, iu natural liistorj-, a small beautiful Brazilian
bird, of ihc o«l kind.
CA'I'URNS, *. small ropes used in a ship.
C.\'CA(), or CA'COA, *. a nut aliont the size of a com-
mon almond, the fruit of a tree ver.\ comnioa in the West
Indies. The fruit, if i^ood, has a brown and pretty even,skin
<ir peel ; and when it is taken oft', the kernel must apj>car
full, plump, and sJiiniiii;, of a hazel-nut cohiur, very dark on
tlie outiiile, a little more reddish wiliiin, of a bitterish aiul
;istrin;,'ent taste, without any greenish or musty >»i\our. It
is one of the most oily fruits which nature produces, and
never grows rank, how old soever it be. Of this fruit is
made an excellent conserve, as also chocolate.
CA'CIl.ALOT, in natural history, a jjenus of animals of
the cetaceous kind, one of which yields the spermaceti, and
iscominonlv called the spenuaceii whale.
CACHE'XY, (An/.i7;ji/).?. [from /.«/;(■«, evil, and f.ri.» habit,
fir.] an ill habit of body, or such a distemperature of the
humours as hinders nutrition, and weakens the vital and
animal functions.
CACliE'CTIC, or :CACHE'CTICAL, {hahictic or imhik,
ticai) n. having; an ill habit of hodv.
CACHINNATION, (/.n/jiHHti.v/jou) a. [cacliinnatw, Lat.] a
loud lau^diler, or what we call a horselaugh.
CA'CKLE, t. the noise made by a goose or fowl.
ToC.'V'CKLE, I'. 71. \Jiaei-helen, Br't.] to make a noise
like a goose ; applied likew ise to that of a hen. rigiira-
tively, to laugh heartily.
CA'CKLER, i. a fowl that cackles, riguralivelv, a per-
son who divulges a secret ; a tell-tale ; a latfler.
CACOCMY'MY, (h«fwh/m,/) s. [from /.«/,-,«, ill, an.l <l,mnos
a humour, (ir.] in medicine, a vicious or corrupt slate of the
vital humours.
CACODE'MON, *. [from hakos, evil, and daimon, a de-
mon, Gr.] an evil spirit, or ghost; any imaginary frightful
iMonster, created in the minds of fearful and superstitious
people. With astrologers, it is the twelfth horse in a
scheme of the heavens, so called from the pretended terror
of its pro:;nostication.
C.ACOETHES, s. [from hakos evil, and rtlios manners,
Or.] iu medicine, an epithet applied by Hippocrates to
inalignnnt and dilHcult distempers. In surgery, it is an in-
velerate disease, breaking out in boils or blaiiis, hardly cu-
rable.
CACO'PHONY, {}ialiofoi„i) s. [from hahns ill, and phnne
sound, Or.] in grammar ami rhetoric, the meeting together
of letters, syllables, or words, which form a harsh and dis-
agreeable sound.
To CACUMINATE, r. a.[cacumino, Lat.] fo sharpen.
CADAVRIIOUS, a. [cadnvcrosiis, Lat.] having the app«
aiice or qualities of a dead body.
C.\'Dl)I.S, *. a kind of tape or ribbon. In natural history,
a kind of worm or grub found in a case of straw, derived
from coilde, S;\\. •■; bag.
CADE, a. soft, tender, tame, delicate. In husbandry, a
rade lamb, is one that is bred in a house ; a house la'nib.
Hence, li> cade, the verb, to bring up tenderly.
C.-\DE, 1. [cadiis, I,at.] a cag, cask, or barrel. A cade
ofherringsis a vessel containing .000, and n eade of sprats,
KKM).
CA'DENCE, s. [cadence, Vr.] a fall, decline, or descent.
In music, cadence is a certain rest either at the end ofa song,
orof some of its parts into which it is divided, as into mem-
bers or periods. Cadi:nre, in dancing, is when the s<veral
steps and motions follow or answer to the diOcreiil notes or
measure of the iiuisic.
12fi
: appear-
CA'DET, s. [catL-l, Fr.J the younger son of a family, is a
word naturalized in our language from the French. Auiimg
the military men, it denotes a young gentleman, who serve*
in a marching regiment, as a private man, at his own expense,
witli a view to acfjuire know ledge in the art of war, and U»
obtain a commission in theaimv.
CADEW.or CA DEWORM," J. in natural history, a kind
of worms, which in time change into butterflies.
CADI, .f. a magistrate among the Turks.
CADI'LLACK, s. a sort of pear.
CADIZ, a large, rich, and ancient city, of Andalusia,
first built by the Phenicians, who called it Gadcz ,- staled on
an island, from which it has a louuimuication witlithe con-
tinent by a bridge. '^I'lie bay formed by it is 12 milcs in
length and 6 in breadlh. It is the emporium of the Spanish
foreign trade. Here the galleons and register ships are
fitted out for Terra ririiia and ij I'laly, aud thp flola for
Mexico; and here the builioii of .\merica is imported, to be
distributed to the foreign inercliants, « ho principally supply
the outward bound fleets Avilh their cargoes. Cadiz coiw
tains 60,0U0 inhabitants, has manufactures of linen aud
salt, and is 46 miles N. W. of Gibraltar, and yO W. by S. off
Malaga. Lat. 36. 31. N. lull. 6. 6. W.
CA'DMIA. 4'. a recrement of copper ore produced in
furnaces, when that metal is separated from its ore.
CADUCE, or CADL CEUS, *. [Lat.] among the Roman-s
was a while start' or wand, carried by those officers wlui
went to pioclaim peace with any people with whom they
had beei; at variance. Also, a rod entwistcd by two ser-
pents, borne by Mercury, as the ensign of his quality and
office, given him, according to the tible, for his severv-
striiiged harp. The poets ascribe to this rod the properties
of la\iiigmen asleep, raising the dead, Arc.
C.E'CUM, s. [Lat.] in anatomy, one of the tJwee por
tions of the larger intestines.
CA'EN, a city, capital of the department of Calvados,
containing about 4l)0l) inhabitants. Before the revolution,
it was the capital of Lower Normandy, and had a celebrated
university, founded by Charles Vil. It is silual.cd on the
rivers Oiiie and Odon, (the former of which runs through
the town, the tide bringing up large vessels) 65 miles \V. by
S. of Rouen, and 125 K\V. of Paris.
CAERI-TLLY, a small straggling town of Glanlorgal^
sliire, seated between die rivers Tafi' and Iluinney, 5 miles
N. of Llaudaff. One half of a round tower, here, part of
its large ancient castle, overhangs its basis more than t>f'eet,
and is reckoned as great a curiosity as the leaning tower of
Pisa in Italv. Market on Thursday.
CAERLE'ON, a town of Monmouthshire, once the «ue-
tropolis of all Wales, and the see t>f an archbishop till the
year 521, when it was removed to Menevia, now St. David's.
It is situated on the river Usk, 26 miles from Bristol, (lo and
from which trading vessels sail regularly every week) aud
148 W. of London. Market on Thursdav.
CA ERWIS, a town of Flintshire, in N. Wal.s, with a
market on Tuesday. It is seated on an ascent ; and though
it is but a small place, the market is very good for corn and
provisions. It is 6 miles E. of St. Asaph, 5 W. of Flint, aud
203N.W. of London.
C.E'STUS, s. [Lat.] a large g-auntlet made of raw hide*,
used in combats with the ancients ; they were sUidded with
nails, or streni'lhened with lead or plates of iron, and sur-
rounded the liands,' wrist, and arm, to guard them from
blows, and prevent their being broken or dislocated.
C;ESU'RA, s. [Lat.] a figure inpoetry, by which a short
syllabli' after a complete foot is made long.
" CA'FF.'V, a town, the largest in the Crimea, containing
5 or 6,000 houses ; it is the Theodosia of the ancients, a name
which has been restored to it by ihe Russians. From 122«
to 1474, it was in the hands of the (jenoese, when its com-
merce was at such a height, that it cxceedeil even Constan-
tinople itself in this particular. It is seated on the Black
Sea, LOO miles NE. of Coiutauliiiople. Lat. 45. 8. N
Ion. 35. 16. 1~
CAK
CAL
CAFFRA'IMA, an extensive country of A fii<;i, dividL-d
Mito C;itrr;iria I'liipci; niul tlic coiiiitrv "iT tlic 1 lullcntots.
The foriiirr is S. ol'tiie tropic of {!;ii>ri(<)rii, and cxtrnds
ainn" the liiilian Ocean lo llic nioiilli ot'llie (inal risii Ri-
ver, ni lat. '^). .'SO. S. Hy this river il is divided tVdin the
countn' of the llotteiilols ; its other l.oundaries arc uncer-
taui. *rhe Calfrcs arc lull, active, ;iiid rohiist, and <vince
gjcat coiira^'c in attackiiii; lions and other heasis of pn-y.
^Jieu' complexions are black ; llieir ciolhinj; consists ofliid<'S
of oxen, which areas pliant as cloth. 'I'hc men emiiloy
much ofllicir time ill hinitin^, the women in cMlli\alin^' the
land ; tliey also make cartlu ii wire anil cnrioiis baskets. 'I'he
country is fertile, and they have larije herds of cattle, which
are small, but very docile, coiniiif; at a whistle. 'I'liey have
no priests, yet uiider;;o, at '.) years of a};e, the initiatory rite
of tl-ie H( brews. The inti'rior parts arc little known.
CA'FTAN, *. [Pers.] a I'crsiaii or Turkish vest or t;ar-
menf.
C.VCi,*. al)arrel or wooden vessel, conlainini; ibnrorfive
gallons. Sometimes writt<'n /.■(■.«■.
CA(iR, .5. [crif^e, Fr.] an inclosure of twiu;s or wire, ni
w liich birds are kept ; a place for w ild beasts, inclosed wilii
pallisadoes; a prison for people jjuilty of petty crimes.
To CAfiR, V. IT. to inclose or contiiie in a cas;e.
CAI'M.AN,*. the American name of a crocodile.
To C.-\.IO'LR, II. a. [mjuler, Fr.] to (latter, soothe, or coax
includiu;; the idea of dissinnilation.
CAJOIT.U, s. a Hatter.r.or whecdier.
CAlO'STER, a town in l.incohishire, 1.5,j miles from
Londriii.
C MHO, Grand CAii!o,or F.i. K a it Kit a, the capital of
Eiiypt, consists of 3 towns, about a mile a|)art. Old Cairo or
Mesra, New Cairo, and the Port ol IJulac. The inhabitants
are about .100,000. Old Cairo is a small i)lace, tlioufjh it
be the harbour for boats that come Irom Upper K;,'ypt.
New Cairo is about a unl» from the river, and is7 miles in
ciicnmfereuce. It has 3 or 4 fjrand Si'tes, but the streets
are narrow, and the best houses are ;,'eiierally built rouiul a
court, having their windows within the inclose<l court, and
presenting only a dead wall to the street. The calash is a
canal which conveys the waters of the Nile into the city; it
is about 20 feet broad, and has houses built on each side of
it. Here are several public baicnios and caravansaries, and
about 300 mosques, the lofty minarets of which present a
very picturesque appearance. In the l.jth centu|-y, this
was i>nc of the richest and most Ihmrishing cities in the
world ; it has since declined, but the Europeans have
still their consuls and factors Itcie. It is seated near (lie
E. bank of the Nile, 100 miles S. of its nioutli. Lat. :W. 3.
N". Ion. 31. -33. E.
C.\'ISSON, *. [Fr.] a chest of bombs, or powder, laiil in
(he eneniy't ways, to be tired on his approach. A!-o a whicl
woollen frame, or chest, used in laying the foundations of
the piers of a bridge.
CAITHNE'.S.S, the most no-lheily county of Scotland,
boun<led on theW. by Sutherlaiidsliire ; on the N. by the
Pentland Frith, which divides it Irom the Orkney Klaiids ;
and on the S. E. by the (ierman Ocean. Its greatest extent
is 3.') miles from N. to S. and 21) from E. to W . The S. \V.
part is mountainous, and the abode of wild roes and otlii r
animals; the rocky summits shelter eagles, and ollirr i'.lids
of prey, and the lakes are resorted toby swans and various
water-fowl. On the S. W. this county ends in tin- pro-
montory called the Old of Caithness. .Moiig the sid' of
this steep hill, impending above the sea, a winding road has
•»ecn cut, which is the only entrance into tiiis county from
thc-jS. The climate is good, and the soil round the coast
very iiiiproveable : liere the English is spoken; but in the
Ilighlaiiils the Erse prevails.
Caitiff, *. [from caitho, Ital.] a criminal who is giiilly
of mcamiess ; a despicable, contemptible villain.
C.\KE, s. {cnccen, Brit.] a rich kind of baked bread, gene-
rally thill and round. Figuratively, any thing composed of
flour and baked, made in a thin and liattish form.
ToC.MxE, I.'. ». to harden like dough in (lie oven.
C'ALAliA'SII-'FKEI'], «. in bntany, a large tree growiii(^;
from ("eiity-tliree to thirty feet high. 'Fhe shells of tlit
fruit are used by the negroes for cups; as also for instru-
ments of iinisic, by making a hole iii the shell, and putliii/
in small stones, \\ illi w liicli they make a sort of rattle.
C.\ l-AliA'll, a country of Upper (iuiiiea, with a town
and r'xr of the same name, where the Dutch liv>ve a fac
(oi-y. J.at. 1(). N. Ion. lo. E.
C.\E/\ I5IUA, a country of Naples, divided into Ultra
and Citra ; or Farther Calabria, of which Keggio is the ca-
pital, having Calabria Citra on the N. and the Mediterra-
nean on the I".. S. and VV. ; and Hither Calabria, of which
Cosenza is the capital, being boniideil ou th<- N. by Basili-
cata, on the !>. by the (iulph of Tarento, ami on the S. by
Calabria Ultra. It is rich in vegetable and iiiiueral produc-
tions, but liable to eaitli<puikrs. One oft'ie most terrible
upon record happened here and in .Sicily, in I7S3. Resides
the destruction of many to\vii>, villages, ami larms, above
40,000 persons perishid by this calamity. Mountains were
levelled and valleys formed in an instant; new rivers be.
gaii to How, and old streams were sunk into the earth, and
destroved ; pl.-.iitations were removed (Voni their situations,
and hills carried to places far distant. At Scilla, a wave,
which had swept the country tor 3 miles, carried ofl', on its
return, VJ473 ot the inhabitants.
C.l'LAIIORRA, a city of Old Castile, situated near the
Ebro, on the borders ol Navarre.
CA'L.'MS, a strong town if Fiance, in I^wcr Picardy,
with a citadel, and a tortilied harUiur. It is built in the
I'orm of a triangle, one side of w liich is lowarils the sea. The
citadel is as large as the town, and has but one entrance.
It is a trading place, with handsome streets, and several
churches and monasteries; the iiumber of its inhabitants is
reckoned about ,00OO. It was taken by King Edward III.
in 1347; and was lost in Queen Mary's time in l.%7. It
was bombarded by the English in l(i96, without doing mucii
damage. The foititicatious are gooil ; but its greatest
strength is its situation among the n.arshcs, which may l)e
ovcrtiowed at the approach of an enemy. The harbour i»
not so good as formerly, nor will it aolniit vessels of any
great 'jiirden. In time of peace there are packet-boat^ going
backward and forward twice a week, from Dover to Calais,
w hich is -21 miles distant. It is '25 miles \Y. of Dunkirk, and
162N. of Paris. Long. i. I. E. lat. 50. hH. N.
CALAMA'NCO, s. a kind of woollen stutf, with a glossy
surface.
CAL.V'MR.A, it. in commerce, a kind of wood brought
from China, usually sold under the deiioiniiiatioii of lignuai
aioes.
1 C.\'LA1MINE, s. [Inpis cithiminari.', Lat.] (he ore of zinc,
which is a hard, heavy, mineral substance, appearing of a
tony nature, but a lax and cavernous structure, generally
found in loose masses, from the size of a walnut to those of
three pounds and upwards.
CA'LAMIN'F, s. [cntumiutha, Lat. J in bota'iy, a species of
the mdissii or imim, w hich grows naturally in the mouiitaiu.'i
of'Fuscany. It has forked fruitstalks, growing at the base
of the leaves, and bluish white blossoms. It is found by
road sides and in corn fields, and flowers in August.
CALAMITOUS, n. U-nhmitosHS, Lat.] involved in mis-
fortunes; wretched; unfortunate; unlnppy, oppressed with
misery, applied to persons. Fatal, noxious, uinvholesonie,
or productive of misery or distress, applied to things.
CALA'Ml'I Y, «. misfortune, affliction, distress, the cause
of misery. Synon. Each of these words denote a saii
e\eiit; but that of misfortime is applied to casualties and
outward circumstances, tilings detached from us. Disaster
respects properly personal accidents. Calamitij implies
something more general.
CALAMUS, s. [Lat.] in botany, a reed; or sweet-scented
wood. SeeSpRlCEWOKT.
CAL.A SH, s. [caleche, Fr.] a light four-wheeleti uncovered
carriage, driven bv the traveller himself.
11/
C A L
A L
C A'LCF.ATI'D, a. [cakeaUis, Lat.] sliod ; fitted with shoes.
CALCAKKOlJS, n. [(•«/fa;iH.s Lat. J tluit partakes of the
iic'.ture iiinl (lunlilips ot'(n/.r or ///«f.
C.i.CEDO NIL'S, s. [Lat.] a inecioiis stone of the agate
kiiifl.
C.A LCINATION, s. [Fr.] the act of reducing any matter
into a siilitile « liite powiier, by mcarib of (ire.
CALCIN'A'T<)RV,«. a vessel used in cakiuing.
To CALCI'NL, V. a. [tVotn cal.r, Lat.] to make a thing
easily powdered by uieaiis of tire ; to bum in the fire to a
substance »liich a small force will crumble; to reduce to
aslics ; to burn to u cinder. Figuratively, to consume or
destroy.
CALCO'GRAPHV, s. [from chalhns, brass, A\v\ graplio, to
write, (Jr.] the art of engra\ing on brass, or copper plates.
To CA LCULATE, v. q. [cnlfultr, Fr.] to find out the value
or amount of any thing by arithmetic; to compute or find
the situiJtion of the planets; to contrive or adapt to a cer-
tain en>l. Neulerly, to make a computation.
CAl.Cl'LATION, s. an operation in aritlimetic. Figu-
ratively, a deduction of reason ; the I'csuit of an arilhmeli-
i-sl operalion.
CALCITL.ATOR, J. one who computes or alculates.
C\I CL'LATORY, a. belonging to calculation or compu-
tation.
CAl CULO.se, or CALCULOU.S, a. [from calndns, Lat.]
sJ(>ny, pritty ; having the stone or gravel.
CALCULUS, s. [Lat.j a little siouc, anciently used in
calculations. In medicine, a stone in the kidney, ureters,
or- bladder.
CALCUTTA, or Fort William, the emporium of Ben-
"»l, and seat of the governor-general of India, is seated on
ilie W. side of Hoogiy River, at about 100 miles from its
mouth, vvliich is navigable up to the town tor large ships. In
the beginning of the last century it was a village, but now
it is an extensive city, supposed to contain .500,000 inhabi-
tants. The houses variously built, some of hrick, others
with mud, and a greater number with bamboos and mats,
wake a motley appearance ; anrl the mixture of Jvaropean
and Asiatic manners, observed in Calcutta is wonderful ;
coaches, ph-telons, hackeries, (two-wheeled carriages drawn
by bullocks) palankeens carrieii by the natives, the passing
ceremonies of the Hindoos, and the diilerent appearances of
the faquirs, forma diversified and curious scene. Here the
goverM>>r-general and council of I'>engal reside, who \n\\p a
control over the precideiices of iMadras, Bengal, and Ben-
coolcn. The houses have, many of them, the a|)pearance of
pjlaces or temples, and the inhabitants are very hospitable.
Tiie situation of this city is not happily chosen; for it has
< \teiisive muddy kikes and a \ast forest r'.ise by it, from
V hicli, in so hot a climate, unwholesome vapr)urs nuist arise.
Here are fourjudges, \\ho dispense justice according to the
laws of England. Calcutta is loao miles N. E. by N. of
Madras. Lat. 22. IX N. Ion. Hti. 28. E.
CA'LDRvON, or CAULDRON, s. lr/m„dron, Fr.] a large
vessel to heat water, or dress victuals in ; a pot.
CALEDONIA, the ancient name of Scotland.
CALEDONIA, NEW, a large island in the S. Pacific
Ocian, extending from lat. 19. 0. to 2.3. o. S. and from Ion.
104. 0. to 1C8. 0. \\,. 'I'he inhabitants ar« strong and active;
their dolhing is a wrapper made of the bark of a tree, or of
leaves. 'I'hey subsist chietiy on roots, and cultivate the
soil with some art and industry. From the hills, the summits
of «hi<:li many of them are coveri'd with wood, spring a
number ol' rivulets, winch fertilize the plains. Plantains
and &\igar-canes are not plentiful ; bread-fruit is very scarce
and the cocoa-nut trees are liui thinly planted ; but their
yams and taras are in great ahumlance.
CALEDONIANS, the ancient inhabitants of the north of
Scnt4anfl.
CALEFA'CTION, .<. [from rnf.farw, Lat.] the act of heat-
ing anv thing ; the slate of bciii^ liealed.
CALEFA'CTI VE. or CALEFACTORY, «. that heats, or
h;i^ the po«er ofh(>alin^.
I2>t
ToCA'LEFY, v.n.lcalejio, Lat.Jto glow Iiot; tobL'-Iit-alfd
At lively, to make hot.
C A LENDAR, s. [cahndm-inm, Lat.] a table eontaniing
the days, months, festivals, &c. happening in the year.
The Roman calendar, from which ours is boriowed, was
composed by Ronudus, who made the year consist of no
more than 304 days ; Numa Pouipilus corrected his error,
by making it consist of 12 lunar months, of .30 and 29 days
alternately, which made 364 days ; but being fond of an odd
number, he added one day more, which made it 3.5o <lays ;
and that the civil year might equal the sun's motion, he
added a month every second year. .Tiihiis Ca-sar, as a far-
ther improvement, made ih*' vear - .insist of 3(35 days, and
left the six hours to torn] a day, at the end of every liiurfh
year, which was added to the month of February. This
calendar was called the Julian, or old stvlc, in opposition to
the new sivie, introduced by (iregory Xlll. who finding the
Julian gone too forward, cut olf ten days from the calendar;
and to remedy this deftct for the future, left out one l)issc-x-
tile day every 100 years, making every fourlh hunrlred a leap
year. By act of parliament, to remedy the incoiiveniendes
arising from the difVereners of stvle, this kingdom adopted
the Gregorian, or new style, by leaving out eleven days of
the month of .September in the year !7.')2. The new Fiench
calendar commenced on the 22d of September 1792. Ac-
cording to it, the year commences at midnight, the beginning
of that day in w Inch falls tlie true autiuinial equinox for tiie
observatory of Paris. The year is divided into 12 rijiial
months of 30 days each ; after which five supplementary
da\s arc added, to complete the 3G6 days of the ordinary
year ; these five days do not belong to any month. Each
month, is divided into three decades of 10 days each ; dis-
tinguished by 1st, 2d, and 3d decade. In this calend'!;', the
months and days of them have new names, taken from the
circumstances of the seasons; the first of the three mouthy
of the year, of which the autunni is composed, from the vin-
tage, is called vindmiaire ; the second brumaire, from the
mists and low fogs which take place from October to No-
vember. There are other particulars respecting this calen-
dar, which it is not thought necessary to detail here, an-l
which, indeed, can be learned only by an almanack. This
calendar has been abolished by the French government,
aiul the old one was resumed on the 1st f)f January, 180fi.
Calendar is also used for the catalogue of saints, aneiently
kept in the churches, especially those who were honoured in
that particular church where the calendar was deposited.
Calendar of nrisonirs, is a list of all their names, with their
separate juilgments in the margin, which the judge signs,
and the execution of which is committed to the respective
sherifY.
C.-\ LENDER, s. a hot press, made use of to press,
smooih, or water maimfactures of silk, woollen, or linen.
The calender consists of two large wooden rollers, round
which the pieces of stuff are 'vound ; these are put between
two large, close, polished planks of wood, the lower serving
as a fixed base, and the upper moveable by means of a w heel,
like that of a crane, with a rope fastened to a spindle, w hich
makes its axis; this upper part is of a pnxiigious weight,
sonu'times twenty or thirty thousand jiounds. It is the
weight of this part, together with its alternate motion, thai
gives the poli.-h, and makes the waves <n\ the stuffs, bv
causing the cylinders on which they are put to roll with
great force over the lowest board. 'Flu' rollers are taken olf
and put on again by inclining the iT,achiiu'. In natural his-
tory, the word is applied to an insect, which preys on corns,
leaving nothing but the husks, and givin," the flour of it a
verv bad taste.
To CA'LENDER, v. a. [cn/fwi/iw, Fr.] to smooih, water,
or dress any mar.id'acture ni a hot press or calender.
CA'LENDER l''D, a. api)lied to corn, dm)ured by the
calender, an nisect.
C.'\'LI-ND1''.RER, J. one who presses, smooths, or water?
niainitactures in allot press or calender.
CALENDS, s. it has no smgular, [cnU'nda, Lat.] the firt-t
CALL
CALO
139
day of the month anioii|» the Romans; they were rpckoned
backwanis, thus ; tlie first tl ly of Kehruary was called the
calends of Felnu I ly, tlie thirty-first of January the second
of the calends of Fi Ijruaiy, and so on to the 13th, when the
ides commenced.
CA'I/ENTUKE, s. [from caleo, Lat.] in medicine, an hi-
flammatory fe\ or, frtqui-nt at sea.
CALF, .1. plural cahcs ; [cealf. Sax.] the young of a cow.
The swelling^ (leshy part of a man's leg. A dolt or stupid
wretch, hy way of contempt.
CA'LIBEK, s. [citlihre, Fr.] the extent or diameter of any
round thing; an instrunieMt used hy carpenters. Among
the gunsmiths, tuooilcn calibers are models by which thuy cut
the stocks whereon tlicy mount their guns, pistols, Ike. Sleet
calibers are instruments with which they turn and file tlieir
screws. In guinury, the diameter of the mouth or bore of
a piece of cannon, or of the hall it carries. Caliber cowp'ixsei,
a pair of compa.sses, with the legs bent inwards, finiiished
with a tongue, which moves on a rivet on one of its legs, and
is used to take the dimensions of thi bore of a cannon, toge-
ther with the size and weight of the hall it can carry.
CA'LICE, or CilA'LirjE, .«. [oilix, L.it.] a cup, appro-
priated to the cups or vessels which the communicants diink
out of at the Lord's supper.
CA'LICO, s, [from Culii-u/, in India] a kind of linen manu-
f-c^!ire imported l>y the East India company.
CA'LID,-a. [mliihis, Lat.] hot, burning, fervent:
CALl'DITY, s. [niliilitas, Lnt.] heat.
CA'LIF, or CA'LIPII, s. \khalifa, a vicar or successor,
Arab.] a title given to tlie successors of Mahomet among the
Saracens, by whom it is accounted the supre-ne ecclesiastical
dignity ; or, among the IMaliometans, a sovereign dignity,
rested with absolute authority in all matters relative both to
religion and polity.
CALIFO'RXIA, a large and fertile peninsula of N. Ame-
rica, on the P.icific Ocean, reaching nearly from the 23rd to
the -tfith degree of lat. and from 10 to 40 leagues wide. It
is claimed by the Spaniards, who have a number of villages
here. St. Maria, St. Iguatio, St. Isidoro, &c.
CALIGA'TION, 1. [i'xom caligo, Lat.] darkness, cloudiness,
dimness of .light.
C.iLIGINOUS, a. [caliginosus, Lat.] dark, dim, cloudy,
obscure.
CALI'GINOUSNESS, s. darkness ; obscurity.
CALI'GllAPHY, s. [from kalos, fair, and gra/iho, to write.
Or.] a neat and handsome hand, applied to writuig ; beauli-
lul writing
CA'LIVEU, s. a hand-gun, harquebuse ; a small gun used
at sea.
CA'LIX, s. [L It.] in botany, the outward greenish cover
which encompasses the petals and other parts of a flower.
CALI'XTINS,-*. in chmch history, a sect of Christians in
Bohemia and Moravia ; the pvincl|)al point in which they
iliffercd from the church was the use of the chalices, or com-
municating in both kinds. It was also a name given to
those among the Lutherans, who followed the sentiments of
George Callxtus, a eelebraied divine, who opposed the opi-
nion of St. Augustine on predestination, grace, and free-
will.
To CALK, (tttullc) V. a. [from calage, Fr.] to stop the seams
or other leaks of a ship with o.ikum or tow, to keep the water
out.
CA'LKER, (fuiZ/fo) J. the person who stops the leaks of
a ship.
CA'LKING, {ca-ulking) s. stopping the leaks or streams of
a ship with oaknni or tow, wliich is afterwards covered
with a raimure of tallow, pitch and tar, as low as it draws
water.
'I'o CALL, (caut) v. a. [calo, Lat.]' to name. Used with on
and vpm, to visit or go to a person's house. In divinity,
to receive a mission from God ; and used with uiJon, to im-
plore ; to pray to in distress, with confidence ol assistance.
To cult hack, to revoke. To call over, to read aloud a list or
muster roll To cult names, to abuse a person by some
renroachful term or word. To call in, applied to money, to
collect or dernanil a sum lent. Joined with nul, to challenge
provoke, or excite to combat or danger.
C.'iLL, {cuut) .t. an address by word of mouth. Figura-
tively, a mis.iion from God. In law, a nomination or admis-
sion. Used with u/ioii, a claim or dernanil. Wilkin call, not
far off; within hearing. An instrument imitating the notes
of birds, and used by bird catchers to bring them into their
traps. The English name for the uiijieral called tungster or
wolfram hy the Germans.
CALL.\'0, a city, the port of Lima, in I'ern, with a large
beautifid anil safe harbour. Lat. 12. 9. S. loir 77. W.
CA'LLING, {cnullin/j;) .«. the bnsMie!.s or trade a person
professes; station, employmetit, or profession; divine vo-
cation ; invitation to the true religion.
CA'LLINtt TO.X, or Kelj.i.ngto.n, a town in Cornwall,
with a woollen maini'actory. It is seated on tlie river Ta-
mar, VZ miles S. of Launceston, and •H^ W. by S. (<f London.
It is not inferior to the best half of the Cuniisli boriiuglis for
wealth and buildings, having one very good broad street, a
market-house, and neat church. Market on Welnle^day.
CALLl'OPK, [Gr.] the muse who jiresides over rhetoric
and heroic. verse.
CA'LLIPEUS, s. See Caliber, of which lliis is a corrup-
tion.
C.VLLOSITY, .». \callusit'e, Fr.] in anatomy, a hardness of
the skin, owing to h.ird labour, or frequent rubbings where-
by It becomes insensible.
CA'LLOUS, u. \callus, Lat.] indurated ; hardened ; hav-
ing the pores shut up. Applied to the mind or conscience,
not to be moved by threats or promises.
CA'I,LOUSNESS, s. insensibility of the body, wherein the
skin grows into knobs, and loses all sensation ; the hardness
of the juices which knit together the extremities of a broken
bone. Figuratively, insensibility, applied to the mind.
CA'LLOW, u. unfledged ; without feathers.
CA'LLUS, s. [Lat.] See Callosity.
CALM, u. [culm, Belg.] undisturbed by tempests or vio-
lent winds, applied to the sea and elements. Ui.distuibed
by boisterous passions, applied to the mind. Substantively,
used for a freedom from tempests or winds at sea.
To CALAI, f. a. to put an end to a tempest. Figurative-
ly, to soothe or pscily ; to appease.
CA'LMER, 4. the person or thing which reduces from a
state of turbulence or violence to one of quietness, rest, and
serenity.
CA'LMLY, ad. free from violence, furiousness, or tem-
pestuous commotion. Figuratively, in a serene, cool man-
ner.
CA'LMNESS, s. a state of quiet free from the disturbance
of violent winds. Figuraliveiy, a state of cool and sedate
tranquillity; milihiess.
CALNE, a town of Wilts, with a manufactory of cloth,
situated on a river of the same name, 12 miles W. of Marl-
borough, and 88 \V. of London. Market on Tuesday,
CA'LOMEL, s. [rVoin kulos, fair, and nulax, black, Gr.]
in chymistry, a name given to mercury sublimated a fourth
time or upwards, which makes it more gentle in its operation,
and fits it to act as an alterative.
CA'LORIC, s. ill chymistry, the matter of heat.
CALORl'FIC, [caluriftcus, Lat.] that has the power of
heating.
CA'LOPiIMETEU, s. iii chymistry, an instnmieiit for as-
certaining the quantity of caloric disengaged from any tub-
stance that may be the object of ex|)eririieiit.
CALO'TTE, 1. [Fr.] a cap or coif of hair, worn first by
cardinal Richelieu. A red calotte is become the badge of a
cardinal. In architecture, a red cavity or depressure in
form of a cap or cup, latlied and plastered, used to diminish
the rise or elevation of a chapel, cabinet, alcove, &c.
CALO'YERS, s. [from kalus, fair, good, Gr.] monks of the
Greek church, who live a very retired and austere life, eat
no flesh, keep four lents, and never break their fasts till they
have earned that meal by their labour.
130
C A M li
CAME
CA'LTROPS, s. [fo7r<r>/.pf, Sax.] an iiistnimeut with fcur
iron spikes, ilisjmse.l in Such a nvmiier tli.it oue of tliem
will always be Ufiiiglit, and three of them in the grmiiKl.
They are used to aii.ioj', eirl)jrra.''.s, aTid woutid tlio horses'
feet of the carah-y. lii botany, a plant S) ciiU-.-d from its
resembling the instrument just described, and being very
troublesome to caltle by pricking- their feet.
To CALVH, !■. n. to brinsj forth a calf.
CALVKS SXOUr, s a plant, called also snapdragon.
CA'LVILLE, .•. [Fr.] a sort of apples.
CA'LVlNlSrS, J. in church history, are those who follow
the opinions of John Calvin, one of the principal retbroiers
of the chiirch in the sixteenth century, a man of great parts
and industry, and of considerable learning. The term
Calvinist is at present applied with several degrees of limita-
tion. In its strictest sen^e, it is appropriated to those who
imbibe the sentiments of the reformer both as to doctrine
and discipline. This was the case with the churches of
Geneva, Holland, Jicotland, and several parts of Germany
and Switzerlanil ; but many of the modern members of
these churches entertain sentiments very dili'erent to tho.se
of Calvin. In England, all those are called Cu/w«ij7.i-, what-
ever be their opinions concerning church goveroLnent, who
maintain the doctrines of iniconditional election, irresistilile
grace, and the perseverance of the saints. In the Trinita-
rian controversy, the epi;liet Calvinistk is applied to all who
take the orthodox side of the qui stion.
CA'LUAIET, s. a symbol of peace among the Indians of
North America. It is made of a red stone, like our marble ;
the head resembles tliat of a tobacco pipe, but larger, and is
fijted in a hollow reed, to hold it for smoking. They adorn
it with fine wings of various colours, and is the Calumet of
the sun, to whom they present it, especially if- they want fair
weather, or rain. This pipe is a pass or safe-conduct
amongst all the allies of the nation that has it given. In all
embassies the ambassador carries it as an emblem of peace,
and is always received with a profound regard ; the savages
being persuaded that a violation of the Calumet wouhl be
attended with some dire misfortune.
To CALU'JINIATE, v. n. [calumnior, I,at.] to accuse
falsley ; to charge without just ground. Actively, to
slander.
CALUMNIATION, s. a false representation of a per-
•on's words and actions, in order to render his character
suspected.
CALUMNIA'TOR, s. [Lat.] one who slanders another to
ruhi his reputation.
CALU'MNIOUS, (1. slanderous; falsely accusing.
CA'LU.VlNy, s. [i-aluninia, I.at. ] the falsely accusing of a
person with crimes, or misrepresenting his words and actions,
m order to mike his character suspicious.
CALX, :. [Lat.] lime ; an old term made use of to describe
a metallic oxide.
CA'LYCLE, s. ['-alj/culus, Lat.] a small bud of a plant.
CAMAl'EU, s, [cmiiiicliaia, Ital.] a particular kind of
onyx, which can be engraved either in nlievo or crcux ; a
kind of onyx, on which are represented landscapes.
CAM'BAY, a city of Gnzerat in Uimluostan, siluateil on
a gulf of the same name, which is full of rocks, covered at
low water. The country abounds in corn, cattle, silk, &c.
and cornelian and agate stones are found in the rivers. The
inhabitants are noted for embroidery, some of their quilts
have been valued at 40/. a piece, 'i'hey trade in spices,
elephants, teeth, silk stuirs, cotton and other merchandize,
which are brought here from all parts, and sent to Acheen,
Goa, Arabia, Persia, tkc. It is subject to the Poonah Mali-
ratlas, and is 57 miles nearly S. of Amcdabad, of which it is
the port. Lat. ^2. 2'>. N. Ion. 72. 10. E.
CA'MUER, J. a piece of timber cut arching.
CAMIIO'DIA, or CAMBOJA, a kingdom of Asia, S. of
Loos, S. E. of Siam, and S. W. of Cochin China. Its princi-
pal river, and chief oily, bear the same name. Lat. 13. 10.
N. Ion. 105. 5. E.
CAMfiKA'Y, u. large city in the department of the Noctb,
before the revolution the cipital of Cambresis. It has a
considerable manufactory of lace, linen, leather, soap, and
cambrics, which took their name from this city. It contains
10 parishes, arid about 3000 houses, and is seated on tlie
Scheldt, vvliich divides it into two, 22 miles S. E. of Arras, asid
102 N. E. cf Paris.
CA'AIBRICK, s. [/r,;7e de Camiiat/, Fr.] a species of linen
made of tlax, very title ami white, at first inaniit.ictured at
Cambray. The ca/nbricks now allowed in this country are
manidactureil in Scotland and Ireland.
CAMBRIDGE, the counfy-lown of Cambridgeshire, and
seat of a celebrated University, is situated on the river Cam,
which divides it into two unequal parts. The university,
contains 12 colleges and 4 halls. Its buildings are elegant,
and its liliraries and cabinets valuable and extensive. The
towij-hall and county-hall are the only buildings of note
that do not appertain ■ to the university. The streets are
narrow, but well jiaved ; and the houses, above 1200 in
number are old; the market-place is spacious, and iji it is
a handsome stone conduit, to which water is conveyed by
an aqueduct. Its chief trade is water-carriage from hence
to Duwiiham, Lynn, Ely, &c. Cambridge is 80 miles E. N.
E. of Oxford, 17 nearly S. of Ely, and 51 N. by E. of Lon-
don. Markets every day in the week, Sunday and Alonday
excepted.
C.V'.MBUIDGE, a village near Berkley hi Gloucestershire,
where the Danes attacked Edward the Elder, as they rtturncd
from a plundering excursion.
CA'iMBKlD'GE, a village of Massachuset's Bay, in North
America. It has an university, which, with respect to its
library, philosophical apparatus, and professorships, is the
first literary institution in America. It has generally from
120 to 150 students, and is 4 miles W. of Boston.
CA'MBRIDGESHIRE, a county of England, bounded
on the W. and S. W.. by the comities of Bedford, Hunting-
don, and Northampton ; on the N. W. by Liiicohi.shire, on
the N. E. by Norfolk, on the E by Suffolk, and on the S. by
Essex and Herts. It is 50 miles in length, from N. to S.
and 25 broad from E. to W. and contains 17 hundreds, a
market towns, and 163 parishes. The air and soil vary ;
some parts, especially the southern and eastern, are plea-
sant and healthy ; but the northern, or fenny country, is low
and watery, the waters of the middle part of England, which
do not run into the Thames or Trent, falling uito these fen«,
.See I.iiVEL (Bedfokd).
CAME, the preter. of the verb To Come.
C-VMEL, J. [game/, Heb.] a large and very useful animal,
an hihabitant ol Arabia and the adjacent countries. It is
particularly valuable on arcount of the heavy weights it can
carry, and the long journeys it can perform without eating
or drinking. It is only by means of the caintl that the deserts
of Arabia and the N. of Africa are at all habitable.
CAME'LEON, s. in natural history, a little animal of the
lizard kind. Its tongue is half as long as itself, round as
far as the tip, which is hollow, on that account called a
trunk, and used by it in catching flies, on which it subsists.
In chemistry, mineral cameteon is a greenish, friable powder,
composed ol maiigane.se and potass, which changes its co-
lour during its solution in water, being lirst blue, then yel-
low, afterward blue, reihlish, brownish, and at last black.
It tiien subsides and leaves the fluid colourless.
L'A'.MET^FOUD, a town of Cornwall, with a market on
Frid ly lor yarn, of which a great quantity is spun in this
place and neighbourhood. It is seated near the river Ca-
mel, or Alan, 20 miles \V. of Launceston and 2'.i9 W. by S.
of London.
CAAIE'LOPAUD, s. \camilux and pardus, Lat.] an
Abysshiian animal taller tiian an ehphaut, but not so thick.
He is so named, because he has a neck and head like a ca-
mel, and is spotted like a pard. He is called by the Italians
aiuri/fii.
CAMELOr, or CA'MBLET, or CA'MLET, s. [cameM,
Fr.] a stulV in.ule of goat's hair, with wool or silk, or both.
The true orieiilal Cambkt is made of the hair of a kind of
CAMP
CANA
131
jfoat, frequent about Atigora in Syiii; Iiut no European
Cambkts are made of goat's liiiir alone. The Caiiiblds of
Brussels are consiilereil as of the <iist rate excellency, and
those of Eiiglaml claim tlie S'.cond.
CA'MEUA OBSCUKA, s. [Lat.] in op'ics, a machine
representing an artificial eye, wliereiu the Iniagis of exter-
nal objects are exhibited distinctly, in tlicir native colours,
exact proportions, real situations, ami in all their peisptc-
livcs or ibreshortenings. It is made sometimes by d.irktjiinf^
the winiiows of a room, that look ii:to a street, garden, &c.
and making a small hole ii] the shutters, fixing therein a plain
glass convex, or rather a tube with two gla-ses; for viith
oidy one glass the object will be represerited upon the wall, a
sheet, ts.c. hung ou purpose, in an inverted peslure.
CA'MEUATED, (I. [lamerat - - ■ ■
lu3, Lat.l arclied or vaulted,
//i", Lat-J a vaulting or arch-
CAMER.VTION, s. [cumerutio.
ing.
CAMERO'NIANS, a sect or party in Scotland, who sepa-
rated from the Presbyterians in IGfift and continued to hold
their religions assemblies in the fields. The Cumeronians
took their deiiomijiatiun from Uichard Cameron, a famous
field preaciier who, refusing to accept the indulgence to
lender consciences gratited by king Charles 11. as such an
acceptance seemed an acknowkdgment of the king's supre-
macy, and that he had before a right to silence them, made
a defection from his brethreTi, and even headed a re!iel!iou
HI which he was killed. His followers were never entirely
reduced till the revolution, when they voluntarily submitted
to king M^illiam.
CAMISA'DO, s. [from cn»2i.«a, Ital.] a military term, de-
unling an attack by surprise in the mght, in whicli the as-
sailants wear their bhirt> outward, as a distinction to know
their own men from the enemy.
CA'MLET, ,». See C.\melot.
CA'MLINE, *. in botany, a species of my;igrum, found in
fields amongst flax, and also called gold of pleasure ; it
flowers in June.
CA'MOMILR, s. See Chamomile.
CAMP, s. [ciijtip, Fr.] the order of tents pitched by an ar-
my when they keep the field ; the place where an army
rests, or dwells in tents or barracks. A ft;i'tnir temp, is a
strong boily of horse, which always keep tiie field, and are
continually in motion, either to cover any place, or to sur-
prise or fatigue an enemy, and cause a diversion.
To Cx\MP, V. a. to fix tetits, and remain in a field, applied
to an enemy.
CAMPA'IGN, (I'ampdui) s. [camjiag'ie, Fr.] that space of
time during which an army keeps the field, without gouig
into winter quarters.
CAMPA'XULA, J. in botany, the bell-flower of which
there are sevend kinds.
CA'MPBELTON, a large and increasing town of Argyle-
nhire, situated on a bay of the same name, towards the South-
ern extremity of the peninsidar of Caiityre. It has a consi-
derable trade, being the general rendezvous of the fishing
vessijls that annually visit the W. coast. The bay is beau-
tiful, capacious, and safe, being 3 n^ilos in length, half a mile
in width, and having from 5 to 9 fathom water, with a stiff
clay bottom J it is also land-locked on every side, and
screened at the entrance by a, lofty small island, which
breaks the violence of the winds and the force of the waves,
Lat. 55. 29. N. Ion. 5. 42. W.
CA'AIPDEN, a town in Gloueesletsbire, with a market
on Wednesday. It is Iprge, but a poor town, gives title to
a vicount, and sends two members to parliament. It is 18
miles N. E. of Gloucester, and »6 N. W. by W. of Loudon.
CA'MPHIRE, or CA'MTHO^, (hinijim m kumlhr) s- [cam-
phnra, Eat.] in phamiacy, a white crystalline substance, of a
very strong taste and smell, obtained in the E*»t, from a
species of laurel. It is so indammable that it tiuariift ereii on
water.
CA'MPHQRATE, or CA'MPHORATED. {kattfwated) a.
that has camphire mixed with it.
CAMPHD'KJC, a. bi'lppgiiig to q«Hipboii.
CA'MPION, J. a [ilarit of which there are several spe-
cies.
CAN, .!. [canne. Sax.] a drinking vessel, or cup made of
wood in the form of a cask or barrel. Figuratively, any
drinking vessel not made of earth.
CAN, V. V. [koniien, Uelg.] It is sometimes, but seldom,
used as an alisohite verl>, but constantly joined with another
verb, as a sign of tlie potential mood. Its present is declined
thus ; / raHf thou cnnstf lie ciin, we can, &c. and its preter.
I ciiti/d, thuu luulJ.^I, &c, to be able ; to have pinver sufficient
to do an action. Though taken as a sign ot the potential
mood, yet it differs very much from mur/ ; viuij dr noting
right, lawfulness, or a penni.ision to do a thing ; but can,
the power or strength of the doer or agent, and with the
Verb active is applied to |)eibOiis ; as I can do it; but with
the passive, relates to things ; as, it can be done.
CA'NAOA, a country of Nortii America, N. of the United
Stales, extending about 700 miles in length from N. E. to
S. VV. and almut liOO ill bri'.idth. It is siilji'Ct to Great
Britain ; and the rtligioiis estaljllshinent is that of the church
of Rome. By an act of parliament in 17ul, the country wa.«
divided into Upper C.inada, of which Montreid is the capi-
tal ; and Lower Canada, of which Quebec is tl'.e chief city;
and a constitution, partly resembling that of England, was
given to each of these provinces. The winter here for six
months is very severe ; the cleared lands are very fertile,
i.iiil the VL'getables various, and corn ripens in two months
time, vcget tiun being always wonderfully accelerated
where the season is short. Furs and skins are obtained here
in great quantities, (the Canadian merchants having of late
years, inteifered greatly even with the Hudson's Bay Com-
pany, exploring mnnerims nations inland, and seniliiig many
large ranocs into the interior country.) The rivers, lakes,
and bpys, are nimieiim«, large, and deep, and well supplied
with fiih. Here are several ancient and extensive forests,
and the tribes of Indians are numerous.
CANAILLE, .«. ill France, the lowest rank of people;
the vulgar.
CAiN'A'L, s. [rantilis, Lat.] a place cut in a garden to
receive water from a river or pipes ; a hollow place cut for
the leception of the sea, any tract of water made by art.
In aiiatoiny, a duct or passage through which any of the
juices flow.
CANAL, (riiF. Dt'KE of BRincEWATrn's.) a stupen-
dous work, begun in lioS, at Wor-seley Mill, 7 miles from
I\Ianchester, where at the foot of a mountain, composed in
a great measure of coal, a bason is cut, capable of eonlaining
all the boats, and a great body of water, whioh serves as a
reservoir to the navigation. The canal runs through a hill,
by a subterraneous passage, nearly three quarters of a mile,
to the duke's coal works. In some places it is cut through
the solid ri)ck ; in others arched over with brick. Air fun-
nels, some of svhich are 37 yards perpendicular, are cut at
certain iii»tanccs through the rock to the top of the hill. At
B.irtnii Bridge, 3 miles from the bason, is au aqueduct,
which, for upwards of WO yards, conveys the canal across
a valley, and also more than 40 feet above the navigable ri-
ver Irvvell. There are three arches over this river; the cen-
tre one is 03 feet wide, and 3H high, admitting the largest
barges to pass underneath with their masts and Siiils stand-
ing. At Longford Bridge, the canal turns to the right, and
crossing the river Mersey, juisses near Altringliani, Dur-
ham, Grapenhall, and Kaulton, into the tide-way of the
Mrisey, at Runcorn Gap, whence the t)arges can pass to
Liverpool at low water. This navigation is 29 miles in length ;
it falls 95 feet, and wae finished hi 5 years, under the direc-
tion of that excellent engineer, Mr. Brindly. Coals, which,
heluie this canal was Cnishtd, were retailed in Manchester at
7d. per hundred weight, were sold, soon after its cunipleiioii,
(seven score to the huiulred weight) at 3d.
CANA'L, (the GiiANU Tkunk, or SrAFFCuaitHiRE
Cakal,) was begun in ]7til>, under the direction of Air.
Qrimlley, in order Ip fiirm a communicalion between tbe
Mer:tey and, the Trent, and of uuursu between the Irish
133
CAN A
CAND
Channel anil the Gpvman O.-tan. It is 92 rnilcs in length,
fioiTi tlie DnltL' of Bridyewater's canal, at Preston on tlie
Hiiij in Cheshirt', to Wihlon Ferry, in Derliyshire, where it
t'omuiunicate:? with the Trent. It is carried over the river
Dove ill an aqiK^ducl of 23 arches, and tlie ground is raided
(or more than a mile to a consideralile heiglit ; it is also car-
rit'd over the Trent liy an aqueduct of 6 arches; at Hare-
caitle Hill, it is conveyed under ffroinid a mile and a half;
at Barton, in Cheshire, a suliterraneous passage is ofrected
of otiO yards in extent, and in the same neighhourhood ano-
tlier of 350 : and at Preston on the Hill, where it joins the
duke's canal, it passes under ground 1241 yards. From
the neighbourhood of Stafford, a branch is made from this
canal, to near Wolverhampton, and to join the Severn near
Kidderminster : from this again two other branches are car-
ried, one to Birminnham, and the other to Worcester. Since
the establishment of these canals, many other extensive ones
have been projeited and executed in most of the inland, and
some of the maritime counties.
CAKA'L, (THE Grand,) in Ireland commences in Dub-
lin, at the West end of the town, and is intended to be car-
ried to the river Shannon. Il already communicates with
the Barrow, whereby a communication is opened between
the metropolis and Athy, Carlow, Ross, Waterford, Clon-
mel, &c. There are passage-boats daily from the city to
Sallans, Monasterevcn, and Athy, and from these places to
Dublin ; and vessels carrying goods are continually passing
and repassing. Tlie exet\ition of this work was an arduous
business ; besides having to cut through hard and rocky stra-
ta, and construct aqueducts over the valleys and rivers, they
had to carry it through a long tract of turf bog, whiili, for
a considerable time, baffled their efforts, as, from its fluid-
like consistence, it was pressed into, or filled up, the cut or
chatniel, whenever they ceased digging. These difficulties,
however where .surmounted, and the canal itself has proveil
such a drain to tlie bog, as to enable the people to reclaim a
great extent of it, and bring it under cultivation. By a
branch, which has been carried at an immense expencc, by
a circuitous course, round the S. side of the city, the Grand
Canal now communicates with the harbour of Dublin. There
are other canals and modes of inland navigation by the rivers
and lakes, both in the N. and W. of Ireland. The Koyal
Canal on the North side of Dublin is not yet comiilct-
ed.
CANA'L, (the Great) in Scotland, forms the long,
wished for jiniclion between the Forth and the Clyde. This
bold design, conceived above a century ago, is now success-
fully executed upon a scale far above the usual dimension^
of the largest canals in England, and admits of vessels con-
structed for foreign trade, provided the breadth of the beam
be somewhat less than 20 feet, and their draught of water a
little under 8. The extreme length of this canal from the
Forth to the Clyde, is 35 English miles. In the space of
30 miles it is carried over SB rivers and rivulets, besides two
great roads, by means of 38 aqueduct bridges. In the
course of this inland navigation which may be performed
in less than 18 hours, many striking scenes present them-
selves to view. But above all others, the stupendous aque-
duct bridge over the Kelvin, near Glasgow, 400 fret in length,
carrying a great artilicial river over a natural one in a deep
valley, where large vessels sail along at the height of 70 feet
above the bed of the river below, is one of the features of
this stupendous woik, which gives it a pre-eminence over
any of a similar nature in Europe. Yet, however singular
and striking this may appear with respect to picturesque
beauty, the utility of this communication between the East,
em and Western Sea to navigation and commerce, is a more
important consideration, as it shortens the nautical distance
300, and in some cases lono miles, and affords a safe and
speedy navigation, particularly at the end of the season, to
vessels bound to Ireland or the western ports of Great Bri-
tain, that are too long detained in the B.iltic, and that can-
not attempt the voyage roun<l by the North Sea, without
danger of shipwreck, or the market being lost from delay.
C,VXALI'CUL.A.TED, a. [canuuculafiit, I,at.] made like a
pipe or gutler : channelled.
C.^NAK'O'RE, a large sea port on the coast of Malabar,
ceded to the E'iglish by Tippoo Sultan in 17«2. Lat. 12.0.
N. Ion. 7.5. 14. E.
CANA'ilY, s. a sort of wine brought from the Canaries,
now called sjc. Also a sort of grass, so called on account
of its seeds hting tound to be the best food for the canary-
bird. Also an old dance.
CANA'IlV-Hn'D, s. a .singing bird, formerly peculiar to
the Canaries, of the linnet kind, of a yellow, or yellowi.«h
green colour, a very loud note, and of great boldness.
CANA'KY ISLANDS, in the Atlantic Ocean, near the
continent of Africa, are 7 in number, namely. Grand Canary,
the chief, 42 miles Imig and 27 broad ; its capital, Canary,
is a well-built town : Palmci, Ferro, Gomero, Teneriffe, Fuer-
faventura, and Lancerota ; to which however may be added
several smaller isles, as Graciosa, Uoccas, Allegranza, St.
Clare, Inferno, and Lobos. They are subject to the Spani-
ards, and produce wheat, sugar-canes, wine, and excellent
fruits, and it is hence that the Canary birds originally came
Lat from 27. 30. to 29. 30. N. Ion. from 12. 0. to 17. 50. W.
To CA'NCEL, V. a. [cancelhr, Fr.] to cross a writing, and
thereby render it of no effect. Figuratively, to destroy a
deed by tearing off the seal or name ; to efiace or oblite-
rate.
CANCELLA'TION, ». an expunging or annulling the
power of an instrument.
CA'NCEH, i [Lat.] in astronomy, a sign of the Zodiac,
into which the sun enters on the 21st of June, and repre-
sented on globes by the figure of a cr^ib, in order to express
the returning of the sun, or its coming back to the equator
from thence ; or from its seeming not to advance, but rather
to go back for some days wlien in the solstitial point, iu
which respect it imitates the motion ascribed to that ani-
mal. The stars in this constellation, according to Flam-
siead, are 71. The tropic of Cancer is a less circle of the
sphere, parallel to the equator, and passing through the be-
ginning of the sign Cancer ; the inhabitants within this space
have the sun perpendicular or vertical twice a year, and are
situated in the Torrid Zone. In surgery, a roundish hard
ragged, immoveable swelling, of an ash or bluish colour, en-
compassed round with branched turgid veins, full of black
foul blood, so called, as some saj, from the resemblance
which the turgid veins, shooting Irom it bear in figure to
the CI ab-fish, or according to others, because like the crab,
whence once it has got hold, it is scarcely possible to drive it
away.
To CA'NCERATE, v. n. to grow cancerous ; to turn to
a cancer.
CA'NCEROUS, a. having the virulence of a cancer.
CAXDA'HAU, a kingdom of Asia, between Persia and
the river Indus. Its capital is Candahar, a rich tradiig town
situated on the river Hermend, iu the road from Ispahan to
Delhi, 140 miles S. W. of Cabul. Lat. 33. 0. N. Ion. 65.
30. E.
CA'NDENT, 0. \candens, Lat.] hot ; in the highest degree
of heat next to fusion.
CA'NDIA, an island in the Mediterranean, fontierly
Crete, S, of the Archipelago, about 150 niiles in length, and
from 15 to 35 in breadth. It produces com, wine, oil, wool,
silk and excellent honey, and is chiefly inhabited by Greeks.
Mount Ina, in the middle of the island, is a huge, barren,
sharp pointed eminence. Its capit?!, Candia, though for-
merly populous, is now in a manner deserted, there being
little but rubbish, except at the baz.iar or market-place, and
the harbour bei:ig only fit for boats. It is 500 miles from
Constantinople. Lat. 35. 10. N. Ion. 25. 23. E.
CA'NDID, a. [candidus, Lat.] white. Figuratively, im-
partial ; mild ; unitilluenced by sinister motives, malice or
prejudice.
CA'NDIDATE, i. [from candiJiis, white, Lat. because
camlidates for (ifli,-es ariong ih'i Uo.tians used to appear in
white robes.] one who .solicits the votes of others, in order to
CANI
CANO
133
attain any place or office conferred by a majority ; one who
opposes iKiother; a competitor.
CA'NDlDi^Y, ad. in an impartial manner; without pre-
judice, malice, or envy ; fairly.
CA'NDLE, s. [oiiidilu, I.at.] a wick of' cotton covered
with wax, spermaceti, (Jr tallow, of a cylindrical form, used
to supply the want of day-li{,'ht. Su/i: 6j/ llii- candle, or inch
qfcanillc, is an auction which la.its only while a piece of can-
dle lighted for that purpose cont'iuies biiniin'.', the last bid-
der before it is extinct bt-in^ adjndjjed tlie purchaser.
CA'NDLEBEKRY-TliEK, s. a species of sweet willow.
CA'NDLEIJGHT, s. the li^ht aflbrded by a candle.
CA'NDLEMAS, s. a festival a|)poiiited by the church, to
be observed on the second of Ecbruary, in honour of the purifi-
cation of the ble.'^sed virgin Slary. It was celebrate.! by the
aticient Christians ; who, on that day, used abundance of
lights in lleir churches, and procession, in memory, as is
supposed, ol our Saviour's being ou that day declared to be
a lig/it ill lighten llie Genliles. In imitation of which, the
Roman Catholics, on this day, consecrate all their tapers
and candles which they use in their churches during the
whole year.
CA'NDLESTICK, s. a household utensil contrived to hold
one or more lighted candles.
CA'NDOCK, s. a weed that prows in rivers.
CA'NDOUH, s. [i-ainlor, Lat.] a temper of mind unsonred
by envy, unn filed by malicf, and nosLduced by prejudice;
Eweet without weakness, and impartial without rigour.
CA'NDY, a kingdom of Ceylon, containing about a quarter
of the island. It is moinitainous, and abounds with rivulets,
which the inhabitants are dexterous in turning to water
their land, which is fruitful iu rice, pulse, and hemp. The
king is ab.sohite, and his subjects are idolatrous. Its capital
is of the same name, but is not the residence of the king.
Lat. 7. 45. N. Ion. SO. 52. E.
To CANDY, V. a. to preserve by boiling in sugar; to
melt and crystallize sugar several times, to render it hard
and transparent. Figuratively, to freeze, to be covered
with a hard substance, or flakes. To flatter,, or make use of
soothing and insinuating expressions. Neuterly, to grow
hard ; to grow thick, or be covered with flakes.
CA'NDY, .«. a preparation of sugar, made by melting and
crystallizing it six or seven times over, to make it hard and
transparent.
CANE, J. [ cavna, Lat.l in botany, a kind of reed growing
in several joints, anil ofditferent dimensions. The bamboo,
which grows in the Indies, especially at Bengal, to a prodi-
gious size, is wrought into bowls, or other household uten-
Eils, by the inhabitants; the smaller sort is made into fish-
ing rods. The walking eane is that wljich grows in the East
Indies; those which are without joints are by far the best,
and more elastic. Hence the woril signifies, figuratively, a
walking stafT.
To CANE, V, a. to beat a person with a cane, or a walk-
ing-staff.
CANES Venatici, in astronomy, the Grey-hound, two
constellations in the northern hemisphere.
CANI'CULA, s. [Lat.] in astronomy, the name of one of
the stars in the constellation of Canis Major, called the Dog-
star; fi-oin whose heliacal rising with the sun, that is, its
emersion from the sun's rays, the ancients reckoned tlieir
dog-day.s, and the Egyptians and Ethiopians began their
year.
CANI'CULAR, a. [raiiicularis, Lat.] of or belonging to
the dog-days. The canicular days are a certain tunulier of
days preceding or ensuing the lieliacal rising of the Canicula
or Dog-star.
CA'NINE, a. [cam;iw5, Lat.] having the properties of, or
resembling a dog. Canine hunger, in medicine, is an appetite
which cannot be satisfied.
CA'NINE-TEETH, .v. [denies canini, Lat.] in anatomy,
two sharp edged teeth in each jaw, lietween the incisures
and molares, so called from their resembling the correspundeat
Iteth in a dog.
CA'NIS MAJOR, t- [Lat. the great Dog] in astronomy,
a coristclhitiou in the southern hemisphere consisting, ac-
cording to Flamstead, of 32 stars, of which Sirius is the
principal.
CANl.S MINOR, J. [Lat. the lesser Dog] a constellation
iu the southern hemisphere, of which Procyon is the princi-
pal star.
CA'NISTER, ». \janislrnm, Lat.] in its primary sense,
whicli is now obsolete, a basket. In its secondary, a small
box or receptacle made of tin, or other metal, or porcelain,
to hold tea, sugar, tkc.
CA'NKER, s. [cancer, Lat.] in natural history, a small
worm which preys upon friut, joined with the word wurm.
In medicine, a speck made by a sharp humour, which eats
or corrodes the flesh like a caustic, ajid is common to chil-
dren ; a corrosive humour. Figuratively, that which gra-
dually and inevitably destroys. A disease incident to trees,
which makes the bark rot and fall off. Applied to brass, a
kind of rust or verdigrease, which covers its surface with a
green colour.
To C.i'NKER, V. a, to rust, or grow green, applied to
brass or other metals ; to be corroded or grow fijul or cor-
rupt. Actively, to corrode ; to pollute ; to eat or gnaw; to
infect ; including the idea of acrimony.
CA'NNABINE, a. [canmbinu:, Lat.] hempen.
CA'NNEL-COAL, s. a substance which is often con-
founded with jet. It is dug up in many parts of England in
great abundance, particilarly in Lancashire, where it is burnt
as common fuel. It is worked hito toys and utensils of va-
rious kinds under the name of jet. In medicine, it is good
in the colic, as an emollient and discutient.
CA'N'NIBAL, s. one who lives upon human flesh.
CA'NNIBALLY, ad. after the manner or practice of
cannibals.
CA'NNON, s. [canon. Ft.] a hollow, cylindrical instru-
inent, made of a mixt metal, furnished with a touch-hole,
and used to shoot a ball by the force of gunpowder. It ia
uncertain when cannons were first invented, but they were
used at the battle of Cressy in 1346 when there were five
camions in possession of the English.
CA'NNON-CALL, CA'NNON-BULLET, or CANNON-
.SHOT, *. the ball or bullet with which a cannon is charged.
To CANNONA'DE, v. a, to attack with or fire caujion
against. Neuterly, to batter or attack with great guns.
CANNONI'ER, (cannoneer) s. the person who discharges
or fires a cannon.
CA'NNOT, not able, not having power enough for the
performance of a thing. Joined with but, it implies necessity,
and signifies must. '■ I cannot but believe." Locke,
CAXO'A, or CANOE, {canoo) s. an Indian vessel or
boat, made of the trunk of a tree, dug hollow ; pieces of
bark sewed together ; or of the small slicks of a pliant wood,
covered with seal skins.
CA'NON, s. [k-anon, a rule, Gr.] in ecclesiastical history, a
law or ride relating either to the doctrine or discipline of a
church, enacted by a general council, and confirmed by the
principal magistrate. Applied to scripture, such books as
are believed to be really inspired. A law or rule in any sci-
ence. In surgery, an instrument used in .sewing up wounds.
In geometry and algebra, a general rule for the solution of
all questions of the same nature. A person who possesses
a piebcud, or revenue allotted for the performance of divine
service in a cathedral or collegiate church.
CA'NONESS, s. in the Romish church, a woman who
enjoys a prebentl, and lives after the manner of Sfcular Ca-
nons, without being obliged to renounce the world, or make
any vows.
CANONICAL, a. [canonicus, Lat.] applied to ceremonies
and discipline, those which are established by the laws of
the church. Applied to books, those which are generally
allowed to be divinely inspired. Applied to time, or hours,
those which are prescribed or limited by the church, for
the performance or celebrating of, any ceremony or act of
religion.
m
CANT
CANU
CANO'NICALLY, o</. in a maimer agreeable to the pre-
(criplioiis and laws ot the cliurcli.
CA'NON'IST, s. one wlio makes the canons his peculiar
Jtudy ; a priifessur of the canon law.
CANONIZA'TION, s. in the Roman church, a declara-
tion of the pope's, where l)y, after some solemnity, a per.>on
who has been eminent for an exemplary life, and a sup-
posed power of working miracles, enters into the list of the
saints.
To CA'NOXIZE, V. a. to enter a person's name in the list
of saints ; to make a saint.
CA'NONRY,or CA'XOXSHIP, x. an ecclesiastical bene-
fice in some catheilral or culligiate church, whiih has a
prebend, or stated allowance out of the reveiuits of sucli
church, commonly ainjeied to it.
CA'NOPIED, a. covered above with a canopy, spread
above, or over the head.
CA'NOPy, 1. [cunopeum, Lat.] iuiy thing which is extend-
ed over the heail.
To CA'NOPY, V. a. to form a canopy over a person's head ;
to cover with a canopy.
CANCROUS, a. [canorus, Lat.] giving to singing ; musi-
cal ; tuneful.
CANT, 3. [cantus, Lat.] applied to language, a dialect
made use of l)y beggars and vagabonds, to conceal their
meaning from others ; a whining tone of voice ; a particular
form of speaking peculiar to any body of men ; a whining,
formal pretension to goodness, generally attended with hy-
pocrisy.
To CANT, V. n. to make use of the dialect, absurd jar-
gon, or private gibberish, of vagabonds and thieves ; to
speak or read in a whining tone ; to endeavour to impose
upon a person by a formal pretence of uncommou piety ; to
flatter.
CANTA'TI, s. [Ital.] in music, a song composed of re-
citative airs, and a variety of motions, generally for a single
voice, with a thorough bass ; sometimes for two, three, or
more voices, with different instnmients.
CANTA'TIO.N', s. [cimtutio, Lat.] the act of singing.
CA'NTER, s. one who eiukavonrs to pass himself upon
the world as a religious person, by a fair outside, and formal
.■ippearai.ce of religion, without obeying it in his heart.
CA'NTEUBUUY, an ancient city of Kent, the see of an
archbishop, primate of all England. The cathedral is a
large superb structure, and was once very famous for the
shrine of Thomas Becket. The s Ik iiianufiictures first in-
troduced by the French ref.igees, are still carried on here,
though on the decline ; the pri:cipal manufactures are worsted
and Canterbury muslins, made of silk and cotton. It is also
noted for its fine brawn, and the adjacent country produces
abundance of hops. It is situated on the river .Stoiir, 2(>
miles S. E. by E. of Rochester, and 56 from London. Mar-
kets on Wednesday and Saturday.
CA'NTERBUUY-BELLS, s,'a species of bell-flower, fte-
ijuent ill gardens.
CANTHARIDES, J. [plural of cani/mrw, Lat.] in natural
history and pharmacy, called Spanisli flies, but properly a
beetle formed from an egg, which produces a worm, that
is peculiar to the fig-tree, pine-tree, white brier, and poplar,
whose juices being very corrosive or biting, are by Bacon
supposed to be the cause of its corrosive or caustic qir<liiy.
It is needless to mention their service in blisters, <>r the
danger of loo free a use of them since experience has coii-
tirnied the former, uui given us too many dreadful examples
of the latter.
CA'NTHUS, *. [Lat.] the comer of the eye, formed by the
meeting of the eyelids.
CA'NTICLE, s. ffrcir. c(.nt(i, t.i siiist, Ijt.] a Koiig ; ajtplied
to some hymn in scripture, snd used in tlte plural to signify
Solomoii'ii »w\f.
CaNTI'LIVKB^, /. in biiiUi.'.g-, pi>-ucH «f wood framed
into the (rout or side» a( a. tu/uj!.;, to Kusliiin the mouldings
or eavei over it,
CA'iNlING, t. a sea-phrase, which denote* the .act «f
turning any thing about, or over. Canting-arms, in heraldry*
are those which express their owner's surname.
CA'N'l'LE, s. [kant, Belg.] a piece with comers.
CA'NTLET, J. apiece; a fra^iment.
C.i'NTO, J. [Ital.J a division, section or book of a poem.
In music, a song, or the treble part of it.
CANTON, or Quang TcHtou, a large, populous, and
wealthy, city of China, seated on one of the finest rivers in
the empire. It is the capital of the province of Qiiaiitoug,
and the centre of the European trade in tliat country. It
consists of three towns, divided by high walls. Temples,
magiiilicent palaces, and-courts, are numerous. The streets
are long and straight, paved with flag-stones, and adorned
with lofty arches. The houses are remarkably neat, but
consist of only one story, and they have no windows to the
streets. The covered market-places are fidl of shops. They
have manufactures of their own, especially of silk stufTs.
The number of inhabitants is computed at 1,OUO,000, many
of whom reside in barks, which form a kind of floating city ;
they touch one another, and are so ranged as to form streets.
Each bark lodges a family and their grand children, who
have no other dwelling. At break ot day, all the people
who inhabit them depart to fish, or to cultivate their rice.
Lat. 23. 8. N. Ion. 113. E.
CA'NTON, s. [canton, Fr.] a small part of a city detached
from the rest ; a parcel or division of land ; a district or part
of a country governed by its own chief or magistrates ; a
small community or clan. In heraldry, a square portion
of an escutcheon separated from the rest, when on the left
side, called sinister ; and like the space between the cross or
saltier.
To CA'N'l'ON, V. a. to divide into small parts, parcels, or
districts, used with the particle into, and suinelimes both
with out and into.
To CA'NTONIZE, v. n. to parcel out ; to allot in small
divisions, used with among,
CA'NTRED, or CA'NTREF, s. a British word, which
signifies a hundred villages.
CA'NTYRE, a peninsula of Argyleshire, SO miles long,
from N. to S. and from 5 to 8 broad.
CA'NVASS, s. \canevas, Fr.] very clear unbleached cloth
of hemp or flax, wove in little squares, used for working
tapestry by the needle; for blinds of windows, towels, and
to cover stays, &c. likewise a coarse cloth of hemp, of which
sails are made, Canvass, also is the cloth on which painters
usually draw their pictures.
To CA'NVASS, V. a. [canvasser, Fr.] to search a truth to its
first principles ; to inquire into ; to examine ; to debate,
orilis[)ute; to controvert ; Used neuterly, to solicit; to ask
people for their voles or interest at an election.
CA'NUTE, or CNUTE, upon Edmund's death became
master of the whole kingdom, and was proclaimed king in
1017 ; and all the lords, both English and Danes, swore al-
legiance to him. Afttr his coronation, he divided England
into four parts, Mercia, Northumberland, East-Anglia, and
Vr'isseii. Over the three former he appointed duke» or
earls and the last lie governed himself. To the end that
justice might be impartially administered, he declared, that
tor the (uture there should be no distinction made betwe»a»
the Knglish and Danes. He denmniccd the severest punish'
meins against malefactors of what nature soever, without.
re>pcct of persons. He sent Edmund's two sons into Diuir
mark, umier pretence of travelling ; but a worse design WW
supposed to be at the bottom of it. However, the king of
Unogary, at wliose court they were, after having first been
iu Sweden, took care of their education, and gave one qf
his (l.iughti rs in marriage to Edmund, the eldest, who dicij .
soon alter; and to Edward he gave his sister-in-law, Agatha,
daughter of the emperor Henry 11. by whom he had fiv^i
children, Edgar, Atheling, Margaret, and Christian, and twa
died ill Hungary. He built a stately church over the grave
of St. Edmund, the East-Anglian king, who was killed by
the Danes, and very much enlarged the town of St Edniuiids-
bury. Ill 1031, he took a journey to Rome, where he made
CAPE
CAPE
131
large presents to the churches, and confirmed all his prede-
cessors had done, both (or the church of Home and the Kng-
lish college. There is an instance of his piety and gO(jd
sense transmitted to us, which is, that as he w.is walking one
day by the sea-side, at Southampton, and his flatterers were
extolling him to the skies, and even comparing him with
God himself; he, to convince them of thuir fully and im-
piety, caused a chair to be brought to him, and seating him-
self where the tide was about to flow, he turned himself to
the sea, and said, "Osea, thou art under my jurisdiction,
and the laud where I sit is mine ; I command thee to come
no farther ; nor to presume to wet thy sovereign's feet."
But the tide coming on as usual, he, from thence, took oc-
casion to let his base flatterers know that none but the
King of Heaven, whom the sea and land obey, deseived the
titles they impiously bestowed on him. After which, it is
said, he would never wear his crown, but caused it to be put
on the head of a crucifix at Winchester. Canute died in
the 19th year of his rtign, in the year 1036. He left thrte
sons, Sweyn, who had Norway ; Harold, England ; and
Hardicanute, Denmark. Gunilda, his daughter, was married
to'the emperor Henry IV.
CA'N Y, a. abounding in canes ; consisting of canes.
C.VNZONET, s. [caiizonetta, Ital.] a little song.
CAOU'TCHOUC, J. in natural history, a very elastic
reshi, the produce of a tree which grows along the banks of
the river of the Amazons. It is popularly called rubber, and
lead-eater.
CAP, s. [cn/i, Brit,] a part of dress made to cover the
head ; the ensign of a cardinalate. When the Romans gave
a slave the cup, it entitled him to liberty. Students at law,
physic, &c. as well as graduates in most universities, wear
iiipsi. Doctors are distinguished by pecidiar cups, given them
in assuming the doctorate. In Italy, the cap is used as a
mark of inlamy. At Lucca, the Jews are distinguished by
a yelltiw cup, or an orange colour. In France, bankrupts
were formerly obliged to wear, ever after, a green cap. It
also signifies a square piece of timber, put over the head of
a mast to keep it steady. In gunnery, a piece of lead laid
over the toucli hole to preserve the prime. Cap of mainte-
nance, one of the regalia carried before the king at a coro-
nation. In botany, the membranaceous empalement of
funguses surrounding the pillar.
To CAP, V. a. to cover the top of a thing ; to pull off a
cap in play.
CAP-A-PI'E, or CAP-A-PE', [cap-a-fie, Fr.] from head to
foot all over, used with the verb arm.
CA'P-PAPER, s. a sort of coarse, thick, brownish paper.
CAPABI'LITY, s. the quality of being able to undertake
or perform a thing.
CA'PABLE, a. [capable, Fr.] endued with power or un-
der>tanding equal to an undertaking ; susceptible; fitted for,
or adapted to.
CAPA'CIOUS, a. [capax, Lat.]applied to bodies of large
dimensions, or of a large cavity, able to contain much. Ap-
iilied to the mind, extensive, or containing a great stock of
;nowledge.
CAPA'CIOUSNESS, s. the quality of containing or re-
ceiving a great number of things or large bodies.
To CAPA'CITATE, v. a. to render a person fit by in-
struction, discipline, study, or exercise; to quality a person
for an undertaking.
CAPA'CITY, s. [capacili, Fr.] the dimensions of other
bodies. Applied to the mind, understanding ; a power of
receiving instruction ; a state, condition, or character.
CAPARISON, J. [from caparazon, Span.] the clothing
or covering spread over any horse of state, or sumpter
horse.
To CAPA'RISOX, 1!. a to dress a horse in its housings
for show and ostentation. Figuratively, to adorn a per.^O!l
with pomiwus and splendid dress.
CAPE, t. [ca/ie, Fr.] in geography, a piece of land running
or projecting iuui tlie sea ; a head-land, or promontory ; the
neck piece of a coat.
CAPK CA'PIUCOKX, in New Suilh Wales ; it is exactly
under the li..e which bninnh tho Tropic of Capricorn.
Cape COAST CASTLl", a (iirlress beiongiag to Out
English, on the cnast of (iui.'iCa, in -Mrica. The natives wear
notning hut a thin coverh^g round their waists. Lat. 4. 36.
N. Ion. 10. W.
CAPE DESEA'DO, a hi-ad-land of Terra del Fuego, in
the most southern part of .\inerica. Lat. 55. 4.8. S. Ion. 74.
IH. W.
CAPE DOU'GLASS, a very lofty promontory in the X.
W. part ot America, on the North Pacdic Ocean, discovered
by Capt. Cook. Lat. 4S. 13. N. Ion. 153. 50. W.
CAPE FLA'TTEUV, a cape on the N. W. coast of Ame-
rica. I.at. i». \.i. N. Inn. I'it. '.^a. W.
CAPE FINIS I'E'liHE, a head-land of Galicia, in Spain.
Lat. 42. 51. N. Ion. 9. 12. W.
CAPE FllA'NClS, a celebrated place of the island of St.
Domingo, in the West Indies, near which is a flourishing
town. Lat. 19. 57. N. hin. T-J. 5. \V^
CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, the most soutl eriy point of
the continent of Africa, and very rocky, lies in 3+. 29. S. lat.
and 18. 23. E. Ion. Upwards of HO miles to the N. of it is
the Cape town, which is neat and well built, rising in the
midst of a desert, encompassed by black and dreary moun-
tains. The public oflices of the Dutch East-India company
are situated next the water, and the private buildings lie
beyond them on a gentle ascent. The streets are broad
and regular, intersecting each other at right angles ; and the
houses are mostly built of stone, cemented together with a
glutinous kiiid of earth, which serves as mortar, and after-
wards is neatly plastered and whitewa.'hed with lime. Their
slaves, a few Hottentots excepted, were originally brought
from the East Indies, and principally from Malacca. There
is here a very large hospital for the sailors belonging to the
Dutch East India Ships, which touch here. It is situated
close to the company's garden, and is an honour and orna-
ment to the town. There are two churches here ; one large,
plain, and unadorned, for the Calvinists, the prevailing sect ;
and a smaller one for the Lutherans. The only landing-
place is at the E. end of the town, where there is a wooden
quay, which runs some paces into the sea, with several
cranes on it for the convenience of loading and mdoading
the scoots that come alongside. Close to this quay, on the
left hand stands the castle and principal fortress ; a strong
extensive work, having excellent accommodations for the
troops, and for many of the civil ofllcers belonging to the
colony. Within the gates, the Dutch East India company
lately had their principal stores ; which were spacious, as
well as convenient. This fort covers and defends the east
part of the town and harbour, as Amsterdam Fort does the
west part. The latter, which has been built since commo-
dore Johnstone's expedition, and wherein both French and
Dutch judgment have been united, to render it effectual and
strong, is admirably plaimed, and calcidated to annoy and
harass ships coming into the bay. Some smaller detached
fortifications extend along the coast both to the E. and W.
and making landing, which was not the case before the Ame-
rican war, hazardous and difficidt. In a word. Cape Town
is at this time, fortified with strength regularity, and judg-
ment. The ground behind the town gradually rises on all
sides towards the mountains, called the Table Mountain,
which is the highest ; the Sugar Loaf, so named from its
form; the Lion's liead; Charles Mount; and James Mount,
or the Lion's Rump. The view from the Table Mountain
is extensive and picturesque ; and all along 'he valleys are
scattered a immber ol fine plantations. The cidtivated coua-
ry bey ond the luountains is of great extent, and forms sis
lii.Terent establishment*. The soil is uocnmaionly produc-
tive, and the climate benign, and favourable to vegetation.
The spring commences here in October. Provisions ar;!
very reasonable at the C.ipe. A late traveller says, that he
saw 181b. of mutton solii for about Gd. sttrling ; a whole ox
lor two guineas and a half, or three guineas ; and corn and
other tlujigs in proportion. FiEb, and game brought from
136
CAPI
PAPS
the country, are in great abundance. In September, 179.5,
the town anil colony surrendtred to an English sqnadrnn,
under Sir G. K. El|ihinslone, seconded by about 80OO land
forces mider M jurs General Clark and Craig, on terms iif
capitulation. At the peace, it was restored to thu Dntch ;
but on the 10th of Jan laiy, ISOfi, it was again taken by .id
English force, under admiral Sir Home Popham, and general
Sir David Baird.
CAPE HORN', the southern extremity of Terra del Fuego.
Lat. 55. 58. S. Ion. 67. 2fi. W.
CAPE NORTH, the most northern promontory in Eu-
rope, in the island of Mjggero, on the coast of Norway, Lat.
71. 10. N. Ion. 2B. 2. E.
CAPE PA'L.MAS a promontory on the Guinea coast,
Africa. Lut. 4. 10. N. Ion. 6. 10. W.
CAPE PRINCE OF WALES, the most western extremity
of America hitherto known, discovered by Cupt. Couk, in
1778. Lat. 65. 46. N. Ion. 16.S. 15. W.
CAFE DE VERD, a, cape on the coast of Negroland, in
Africa. Lat. 14. 45. N. Ion. 17. 28. W.
CAPEDE VERD ISLANDS, so called from their being
situated on the westward of the above cape, about 300 miles.
They lie between 23 and 26 degrees of W. Ion. and be-
tween 15 and 18 degrees of N. lat. Many of thesa islands
are little more than barren rocks. They were discovered by
Antonio Noel, a Genoese, in the service of Portugal, in 1460.
The natives are of a middle stature, ugly and almost per-
fectly blacli ; their hair is woolly and frizzled, and their lips
thick. A compiny of merchants, belonging to Lisbon, have
the exclusive right of trading to these islands ; and they keep
an agent here for that purpose, who perfectly tyrannizes
over the inhabitants, and sells the wretched commodities
carried from Portugal at exorbitant prices.
CA'PEL, a village near Dorking in Surry, where it is
iecord-;d that a mountain, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth,
divided, one part of it remaining, and the other part being
moved down to the borders of a farm, leaving the laud through
which it passed full of hills and dales.
CA'PER, s. [from cn/ier, Lat. a goat] in dancing, a spring
or leap in wliicn the feet are nivved across each other seve-
ral times before a persi^n rearhi s the ground again.
CA'PER, s. [ai/ij)aris, Lat.] the (lower bud of the c.nper-
bush, a well known pickle brought from the neighbourhood
of Toulon in France.
To CA'PER, V. 71. to cross the feet several times in the air
in a leap, applied to dancing; to skip for joy ; to dance with
great activity.
CA'PERER, s. one who cuts capers in dancing.
CA'PL-iS, s. [Lat.] in law, a writ of two sorts, one before
judgment, called capias ad res/jondendum ; the other is a writ
or execution after judgment.
CAPILLACLCOUS, a. See Capillart.
CAPl'LL.^MENT, s. [from ca/til/us, a hair, Lat.] in bo-
tany, the small threads or hairs wljich grow in the nnddle of
a flower, adorned with little herbs at the top. Likewise the
strings or threads about the roots of plants.
CAPl'LLARY, a. [from capillus, a hair, Lat.] resembling
hairs. Irj botany, ap[ilie<l to such plants as have no main
stem, their leaves arising from the roots, and producing
their seeds in little tufts or protulierances on the back of
their leaves ; as the fern maiden-hair, of which the syrup of
capillaire is made. In anatomy, applied to the niiiuite arte-
ries, which, in the brain, are not equal to one hair, and the
smallest lymphatic vessels which are a hundred times smal-
ler than the smallest arteries. In physic, capitlart/ tithes are
those whose diameter is one half, one third, or one fourth of
a line, or the least that can be made.
CAPILLA'TION, s. [from cupillus, Lat.] a dividing into
brandies as small as hairs ; a smaU'raMiilication.
CA'PITAL, a. [ai/ii/iilis, Lat.j in its primary sense, that
beloni,'S or relates to the head. Applied to crimes, that
alFects a person's life ; criminal in the highest degree ;
chief or prhicipal. Capital itmh, the fund of a trading
company.
CA'PITAL, s. among merch?.nt.5, the sum of money
brought in by each party to make \\\i the common stock.
Likewise, the nuiucy wliich a merchant first brmgs into
trade on liis own account. In geogr.ipliy, the chief city of
a kingdom, or residence of its mui. arch. Appiicil to leiters,
large; such as are wiitten at the beginnings of heads of
book.<.
CA'PITALLY, ad. in such a manner as affects a person's
life. CujiUalli/ cunvictid, is a|)piied to a person wlio is cast
for his liie, or condemned to liie. Applied to productions of
art, in a perfect, high linislied, or cxcclleit m inner.
CAPI TA'TION, J. [tiom caftut, head, Liit.] a numbering
by the lieads ; a ceitjiu sum of money imposed at so much
per liead ; in e.'iigtncies of state.
CAPI 'i'ULAR, s. [from cufiitulum, a small ch.ipter, Lat.]
a book divided into cliapters ; also a collection of civil and
canonical laws.
To CAPl'TULATE, v. n. [from ca/.ilulum, a short chapter
or article, Lat.] to draw articles, to set down the heads of a
remonstrance, to make head. Mostly used by moderns for
surrendering a place upon certain conditions.
CAPITULATION, s. the surrender of a place upon cer-
tain conditions.
CAPI Vl-TREE, s. [cafjaiba, Lat.] a tree growing in the
Spanish West Indies, which yields a balsam called the bal-
sam of capivi.
C.VPON, s. [capo, Lat.] a castrated cock.
CAPONNI'ERE, s. a work sunk on the glacis of a place
about four or five feet deep to afford a passage from one
work to another; the earth dug out .serves for a parapet,
and is made with hop holes and end)rasures, covered with
strong planks, on which are clays, or hurdles, that support
the earth which covers aU. It holds 15 or '^0 men, who fire
through these embrasures.
CAPO'T, s. [Fr.] at piquet, when one party wins all the
tricks.
To CAPO'T, V. a. to win all the tricks at the game of pi-
quet.
CAPOUCH, s. [capuce, Fr.] a monk's hood.
CAPRE'OLATE, u. [from capreolus, Lat. J in botany, ap-
plied to those plants which turn, wind, and creep along
the ground, by means of their tendrils, as gourds, melons,
cucumbers, &c.
CA'PRl'CE, {capre'css) [caprice, Fr.] or CAPRI'CHIO, s.
[Span.] sudden change of sentiment, not founded on reason ;
a whimsey, freak, or fantastic humour.
CAPRl'CIOUS, a. [capricieux, Fr.] applied to a variable
and inconstant behaviour, founded on mere whim and fancy ;
applied also to a sudden and fretpient change of opinion or
sentiment, inconsistent with reason.
CAPRl'CIOUSLY, ad. in a whimsical, humourBome,
fanciful manner.
CAPIU'CIOUSNESS, s. the quality of changing or com-
manding, according to the starts of fancy, without any regard
to reason or propriety.
CA'PIUCORN, s. [capricornui, Lat.] in astronomy, the
tenth sign of the zodiac, represented on ancient medals in
the form of a goat with tlie binder parts of a fish; for the
sun entering that sign on the winter solstice, from whence
he beyins to ascend towards the iiorlhtTii hemisphere, the
liieroglypliic sign of a goat, which is fond of cliinbing, and
ascends as it browses, seemed to be proper to represent that
circu.nstance.
C.\PRIO'LES, s. [Fr.] are leaps that a horse makes in the
same place, without advancing.
CA PSK'UM, s. in liotaiiy, Guinea or Bonnet pepper.
CA'P.STAN, s. [corruptly spelt cupilrm ; cuheslaii, Fr.] a
large cylinder or barrel, phiccd perpeiidicul.irly on the deck
of a ship, and tnriieil by four levers or liars, which cross it,
serving, liy means of a cable which winds round it, to draw '
up heavy burdens. It is likewise used to tow a ship, and to
wtigh llie anchors.
CAPSULA'R, u. [from capiula, Lat.] hollow, like a chest
or pouch.
CATIA
CARS
13'/
CA'PSULATE, a. [from tnjisnin, I. at.] ilu•In^■e(l ;i9 in a liox.
Calculated ijhintx, in liotaiiy, arc such as produce their seeds
ill short dry pods or husks.
CA'1'SUl/li, .'. [from cupsula, a little box or case, I,at.] In
hotaiiy, a dry hoihiw seed-vessel that opens iialnrally in some
determinate manner; as at tlie side hy a small hole, in orchis
and campanula : horizontally in pimpernel ; lonj^ways in enn-
volvolus ; at the bottom in arrow-grass ; or at the top as in
most plants. In chemistry, cii/)suli:s are small saucers of clay
for roasting samples of ores, and for smelting them to ascer-
tain their value.
CA'PTAIN, s. [cHjitaine, Fr.] a military officer, whereof
there are various kinds; as a captnin of a troop or company,
one who connnands a trno[) of horse, and the other a com-
pany of foot, un<ler a colonel. Capluin Gfnernl is he who
commands an army in chief. CuiJ/ain IJeiilenaut is one who
commands a troop or company, in the room of another whose
absence is dispensed with. Captain nf a ship nf war, is the
cornmanding officer. Captain nf a merchant ship more pro-
perly the master, is he who has the direction of the ship,
crew, and cnrgo.
CA'PTAINRY, or CA'PTAINSHIP, j. the power over a
certain district ; the chieftainship. The rank or post of a
captain.
CA'PTION, [h-dpxhon) s. [from capio, Lat.] in law, the act
of taking a person by a judicial process.
CA'P'i'lOUS, {^kdpxhioii.'!) a. [laptiiisns, Lat.] given to cavils
or forming objections; ensnaring; insidious.
CA'PTIOUSLY, {kapshiouxli/) ad. in such a maimer as
shews a great inclination to raise objections ; in a sly, insi-
dious manner.
CA'PTIOUSNESS, {kupshiousness) s. the quality of form-
ing cavils, or utniecessary objections ; peevishness.
To CA'PTIVATE, V. a. [captivn, Lat.] to take prisoner.
Figuratively, to charm or subdue by the power of superior
f .'icellence. To enslave ; with lo.
CA'PTIVATIO.V, s. the act of taking a person prisoner ;
the state of a per.son taken prisoner.
CA'I'TIVE, .5. [roy//i!'?/i, Lat.]- one taken prisoner in war.
Figuratively, one charmed or subdued by tlie beauty or ex-
cellence of another.
CA'PTIVE, a-lj-optinus, Lat.] taken prisoner in war; in
confinement; imprisoned. Figuratively, subdued, or kept
under great restraints.
To CA'PTIVE, v.a. to take or make a per.son prisoner.
CA'PTIVITY, s. {(aptiiilc, Fr.] a state of servitude, owing
tn a person's being taken prisoner in war.
CA'Proit, s. [from ca/ji'o, Lat.] the person who takes a
prisoner or prize.
CA'PTUKE, .?. \_captnra, Lat.] the taking of any prey ; the
thing taken. In law, the seizing a person for debt, or the ap-
prehending a criminal.
CAPU A, a large city of Lavora, Naples, built in the ninth
century, near the ruins of the ancient Capua. It is 15 miles
N. of Naples.
CAPUCHI'NS, {Capuckeens) [from capuce or capuchon, a
stuff cap or caw] wherewith they cover their heads, Fr.]
monks of the order of St. Francis, founded by JLitthew Bas-
chi. They are clothed with brown or grey, are always bare-
footed, never jl'o in a coach, and never shave their heads.
CA'PUT JIOltTIJUJI, ,!. [Lat.] a term signifying dead-
heads, being that ^\ hich remains in a retort after distillation or
dryness. The modern term is Residuum.
CAPYBA'KA, J. a kind of cavy which resides much in the
water, and is eaten by the Indians in South America.
CAR, s. [t-ar, Brit.] a small carriage with one or two horses.
Figuratively, used by the poets for a chariot, or genteel ve-
hicle, in which a person is drawn.
CA'RABINE, or CA'RBINE, s. [carabine, Fr.] a small
kiiul of fusee, or fire-arm, about two feet long \n the
barrel.
CAIIABINI'ER, (.tarahinier) s. a sort of light horse, car-
rying loj4ger carabines than the rest, used sometimes on
foot.
CAKATCAS, or St. ,Iuan vf. Luo^f, a town and district
of Terra Firma, bounded by the provinces of Vemziiela, on
the W. C'uiinn a on the K. and tUe C^iribbean Sea on the N.
Lat. 10. H. X. Ion (i). 10. W. This district has lately erect-
ed itself into an independent stale, and has prepared to defend
its liberties by arm.s.
CARACK, i. [carara, Span.] a large ship of burden ; a
gallcn.
CARA'NN.A, a. a hard brittle resin, though some call it a
gum. It is brought principally from New Spain, is of a dark
colour, and bitterish taste. A fine odoriferous oil is distilled
from it, esteenieil a very powerful extern il remedy in cases of
[liiin, tuinunrs, and wounds.
CA'RAT, or CA'RACT, ». [carat, Fr.] a mark, that is tn
say, an ounce troy, divided into '.;-l equal pails, called caraels,
and each caiaet into four grains, is a weiulit by which the
mint-masters discover the fineness of gold. Cat act, or carat
line, is the 24-th part of the goodne: s of a piece of pure gold.
Carat is a weight used by jewellers, equal to four grains, but
lighter than the mark weight above.
CARAVA'N, s. [cn?anjiine,Vr.] a body or company of mer-
chants or traders travelling together in great numbers ihronjjh
deserts, or other dangerous pliees, in the Ea^t, for their mu-
tual safety and defence. Their bests are horses, but most
commonly camels, and they are escorte<l by a diief or aga,
with a body of jmizarii'S.
CARAV.-^'NSARIES, s. a sort of public inns built on
great roads in the East, for the accommodation of caravans ;
there being no inns lor passengers, as in Europe, Some of
these are very magniliceiit ; and there are peojile who at-
tend, to accommodate travellers: there i.s, however, no fur-
niture, and in some places no other provisions but what the
cararans bring with them. There are many of these in the
great towns of Asia end Afiie.i, espeeially in the Turkish
and Persian dominions. They are gei.erally built in the
form of a square, and round a quadrangle, like a col-
lege.
CA'RAVli'J,, or L'A'RV'EL, s. [luraiela. Span.] a round,
light, old fa^Moned ship.
CA'RAVVAY, s. [canim, Lat.[ in botany, the seed is sto-
machic, diuretic, and carminative ; one of the four hot seeds
in the shops.
CA'KBON, s. in chemistry, the basis of charcoal.
CARBOXA'DO, s. [Span.] meat cut across, or in squares,
wit!i a knife, to be broiled.
To CARBOXA'DO, v. a. to cut across, i.i cookery. Fi-
guratively, to cut or hack.
CA'UBOXATES, s. in chemistry, salts formed by lh«
combination of any base with carbonic acid.
CA'RBON.'VTED, «. in chemistry, impregnated with car-
bon.
CARBO'XIC, a. in chemistry, belonging to carbon.
CA'RBOXUUS, a. in chemistry, belonging to carbon.
Catbunous oxide is common charcoal.
CA'RBUNCLE, s. a very elegant stone, of a deep red
colour, with a mixture of .scarlet, known among the ancients
by the name of Anthrax. It is usually found pure and fiuilt-
less, and is of the same degree of hardness with the sapphire,
which is second only to the diamond ; it is naturally of an
angular figure, and is found adhering by its base to a very
heavy and ferruginous stone of the emery kind. Its usual
size is near a quarter of an inch in length ; and two-thirds of
that in diameter. In its thickest parts, when held up against
the sun, it loses its deep tinge, and becomes exactly of the co-
lour of burning charcoal, whence the propriety of the name
which the ancients gave it. It bears the fire unaltered, with-
out parting with its colour. It is only found in the East Indie.s.
so far as is yet known, and there but rarely. Hill's His/urt/
of Fossils. Id surgery, the Anthrax, an inflammation which
arises with a vesicle or blister almost like that produced by
burning.
CA'RBUNCLED. a. set with carbuncles.
CARBU'NCULAR, a. resembling, or partaking of the qua-
litieK of a carbuncle.
T
ISB
CARD
CARBUNCULA'TION, s. cnrbunculafio, Lat.] the blasting
of the yimiig buds of trees or plants, either by excessive heat
or c-ol,l.
CA'RBURETS, s. in chemistry, compound substances, of
which carbon forms one of the constitiient parts. Thus,
plumbago, which is compo^eJ o* carbon and iron, is called
carburet of iron.
C.VRBURETTED, part, from the verb carburet, seldom
used ; furmeil into a cai buret. See last arlitle.
CA'RCANET, s. [curcuii, Fr.] a cl.ain or collar of jewels.
CA'UCASE, or CARCASS,*, [carquasse, Fri a dead body.
Figuratively, a body or person in a reproachful sense ; the
decayed parts, ruins, or remains of a thing. In gunnery, a
kind of bomb of an oblong form, filled with combustibles, and
thrown from a mortar.
CA'RCELAGE, s. [from career, Lat.] fees paid by prisoners
before they can be discharged.
CARCIXO'AIA, s. [from karkinos, a crab, and nemo, to feed,
Gr.] a cancer.
CARD, s. \carie, Fr. charta, Lat.] in gaming, pieces of fine
thin pasteboard, cut in oblong squares, on which are painted
several marks and figures, and used in several games. A
court curd, is that which has the image of some person painted
on it. In sea affairs, the upper part of the mariner's compass,
on which the names of the winds are marked.
CARD, s. \_kaarde, Btlg.] an instrument or comb composed
of several small pieces of iron wire, hooked in the middle,
fastened by the feet in rows ; ihey are generally used
in pairs, placed with their points opposite to each other,
having the materials between them, and serve to comb,
disentangle, and range .wool or flax, in a proper order for
spinning.
To CARD, V. a. [kaerden, Belg.] to comb wool, &c. or
make it fit for spinning, by drawnig it through the card
or comb. Neuterly, to game; or play inordinately at
cards.
CA'RDAMOM, s. [cardamomum, Lat.] a medicinal seed,
that assists digestion, strengthens the head and stomach, and
is diuretic.
CA'RDER, s. one who combs or prepares wool by passing
it through a card.
CA'RDIAC, a. [from kardi'a, the heart, Gr.] an appellation
given to cordial medicines that strengthen and invigorate
the heart, replenish the exhausted spirits with good humour,
and excite motion where required, whereby the elasticity
and tone of the fibres, which before were weakened and
vitiated, are restored, and a brisker and freer circulation
occasioned.
CARDIA'LGIA, or heart-bubk, s. [from kardia, the
heart, and algos, sorrow, Gr.] a disorder of the stomach, at-
tended with anxiety, a nausea, and inclination to vomit.
CA'RDIFF, a compact and well-built town of Glamorgan-
shire, with very extensive and considerable old walls, and a
harbour three miles down the river ; but vessels of 200 tons
burden can come up to the town. This town has a conside-
rable trade with Bristol and other places ; and near it arc
works of cast and wrought iron. A canal, 25 miles in length,
has been lately completed, from Cardiff to the iron-works at
Merthyr Tidvil. Cardiff is the county-town of Glamorgan-
shire, seated on the river Taff, or Tave, 3 miles from the Se-
vern, 12 E. of Cowbridge, and 164 W. of London. Markets
on Wednesday and Saturday.
CA'RDIGAN, the county-town of Cardiganshire, is large,
populous, and pleasantly seated on the river Tivy, over which
there is a handsome bridge. In it.s neighbourhood are iron
and tin works, establishcil about the year 176h. It is 33
miles N. E. by E. of St. David's, and 22j W. N. W. of Lon-
don. Market on Saturday,
CA'RDIGANSHIRE, a county of South Wales, is boimded
on the W. by Cardigan B.iy, iti the Irish Channel ; on thi N.
and N. E. by Merionethshire and Alonlgomeryshirc ; on the
E. and S. E. by Radnorshire and Brecknockshire ; and on
the S. by Carmarthenshire. It extends Vi miles in length,
and SO in breadth, and is divided into 6 hundreds, which
CARE
contain 6 market towns, and 60 parishes. The air is mildef
here than in most parts of Wales. To the S and W. are
plains fruitful in corn : but the N. and E. parts are a conti-
nued ridge of bleak mountains, yet there are p^istures well
stocked with sheep and cattle. Here is also plenty of tame
anil wild fowl, and it is well supplied with fi>h from the sea,
and from its own lakes and rivers, near which there is a great
number of otter.s. The mountains abound with lead and sil-
ver ore, mines of which have several times beeii worked to
advantage. The principal rivers are the Tivy, Rydal, and the
Istwith. Cardigan Bay lies on the coast.
CA'RDINAL, a. [cardinalis, from cardo, a hinge, Lai.]
principal, chief, supreme. The cardinal points of the compass,
are the north, south, east, and west, and the winds that blow
from those points, are called the cardinal winds. Cardinal
signs in the Zodiac are Aries, Libra, Cancer, and Capricorn.
In arithmetic, cardinal numbers are such as express positively
how many things there are, as 1, 2, 3, not their order, a(
1st, 2d, 3d. In morality, the cardinal virtues are justice, pru-
dence, temperance, and fortitude.
CA'RDINAL, s. an eminent dignity in the church of Rome,
who has a voice in the conclave at the election of a pope.
The cardinals, originally, were no more than deacons entrusted
with the care of distributing the alms to the poor of the seve-
ral quarters of Rome ; and as they held assemblies of the poor
in certain churches of their several districts, they took the title
of those churches. They began to be called cardinals in the
year 3U0, imder pope Sylvester, by which appellation was
meant the chief priests of a parish, and next in dignity to a
bishop. This office grew more considerable afterwards, and
gradually arrived to its present height. The cardinals com-
posed the pope's council, and till the time of Urban VIII.
were styled Must Illustrious ; but by a decree of that pope,
1630, they had the title of Eminence conferred ;upori them.
Also a beautiful American bird, so denominated from its shin-
ing red plumage.
CARDINAL-FLOWER, s. a plant with strap-.shaped
leaves, almost naked stem, and pale purple blo.ssoms :
found in lakes, in hilly countries, and flowering in July and
August.
CA'RDINALATE, or CA'RDINALSHIP, s. the office and
rank of a cardinal.
CA'RDUUS, s. [Lat.] See Thistle.
CARE, s. [care, Sax.] attention to a particular subject;
concern or anxiety of mind, arising from the uncertainty of
something future, or the oppression of the present calamity ;
caution, protection, regard, and support, when followed with
the particle of. A too great anxiety for the events of this
world ; an affectionate regard for a person. Syno.n. Prudence
signifies wisdom applied to practice ; discretion is the effect of
prudence, and means a knowledge to govern or direct one's
self; by cure we understand hted in order to preservation;
caution implies a greater degree of wariness.
To CARE, V. n. to be anxious, solicitous, or concerned about
any thing ; to be disposed, or inclined ; vihhfor before nouns,
and to before verbs.
To CARE'EN, v. a. [cariner, Fr.] to lay a vessel upon one
side in order to calk, stop the leak, trim, or repair the other
side. Neuterly, to be in a state of careening.
C A REE'R, J. [((irricre, Fr.] a course or race ; the ground
on which a race is run : full speed : very swift motion.
CAREFUL, a. abounding or perplexed with great solici-
tude, apprehensions, or anxiety.
CAREFULLY, ad. in an attentive, cautious, circumspect,
and diligent manner,
CAREFULNESS, s. cautious, diligent, and constant ap-
plication ; heedfulness ; vigilance.
CA'RELESS, a. without due attention, labour, appli-
cation, caution, or concern ; without thought, or premedi-
tation,
CA'RELESSLY, ad. without anxiety : without care : with
ncgligeT)ce : in a manner void of care.
CA'RELESSNESS.s. heedlessness; inattention, negligence;
absence of care; manner void of care.
CARL
CARN
■»S9
To CARE'SS, V. a. [carexsa; !•>.] to onibrnce with great
oflectiuii; to treat a [jersou with great civility and eiKiear-
mciit.
CARE'SS, s. an embrace of great afTeclioii; an enilcnring
prorusioii of civilities and liiiid actions.
CA'HK T, «. [Fjat ] in grammar, a mark implying that some-
thing is omitted in writing or printing, which ouglit to cume
m where this sign (a) .stands.
CA'RGO, s. [cliur(;o, Fr.] the lading of a ship ; all the
merchandises and wares on board a ship.
CARI'BBKE ISLANDS. See Indies, West.
CA'RICATUIIE, s. ill painting, is the concealment of real
beautiep, and the exaggeration of l>lemishes, but still so as
to preserve a resetiiblanee of the olyect.
CA'RIES, s. [Lat ] in medicine, the solution of contmuity
in a l)one, attended with a waste of its substance, occasioned
by the corrosion of some acrimonious matter.
CARIO'SITY, s. that quality of a bone which putrifies and
wastes its substance.
CA'RIOUS, a. [cariosus, Lat.] rotten, generally applied to
bones.
CARK, s. [cearc. Sax.] care ; anxiety. Obsolete.
To CARK, V. n. \cearcan, Sax.] to be solicitous, careful,
anxious.
CARLE, J. [croW, Sax.] a rude, brutish fellow; a chuil ;
also an old man.
CA'RLINE THISTLE s. [carlina, Lat.] a biennial plant
ibund ill dry pastures, said to be an excellent remedy in
hysterical cases.
CA'RLINGS, or CA'RLINES, i, in a ship, two pieces
of timber, lying fore and aft, along from beam to beam,
whereon the ledges rest, on which the planks of the ship are
fastened.
CARLI'SLE, (Karlile) an ancient city, the capital of Cum-
berland, containing between 8 and 9000 inhabitants. It is
pleasantly situated on a rising ground, in a fertile country,
near the confluence of 3 tine rivers, the Eden, the Peterell,
and the Cauda, or Caude, all abounding with fish, and by
which it is nearly surrounded. It has long been noted for
making whips and fish hooks ; there are also considerable
quantities of printed linens, checks, cottons, fustians, hats,
tanned leather, nails, coarse knives, stockings, &c. manu-
factured here. It is 60 miles S. of Edinburgh, and 301 N.
N. W. of London. Market on Wednesday and Saturday.
CA'RLOW, or Catheklouoh, a county of Ireland, in
Leinster, as miles in length, and 18 at its greatest breadth.
It is bounded on the W. by Queen's county ; on the N.
and N. E. by Kildare and Wicklow ; on the E. by Wicklow
and Wexford; and on the S. S. E. and S. W. by Wexford
and Kilkenny. It contains 50 parishes, about 8763 houses,
and 44,000 inhabitants. Its chief town is Carlow, a neat place,
Heated on the E. side of the river Barrow, by which it com-
municates with Waterford river and the Grand Canal, 16
miles N. E. of Kilkenny.
CARLSCRC/NA, or Carlscroon, a town of Blekinge,
in S. Gothland, with a harbour large and commodious, but
of difficult entrance, on account of the shoals and rocky
sands at its mouth. The town mostly stands upon a small
rocky island, which rises gently in a bay of the Baltic ; the
suburbs extend over another small rock, and along the mole,
close to the bason, where the fleet is moored. The way
into the town from the main land, is carried over a Dyke to
an island, and thence along two long wooden bridges, joined
by a rock. The town is spacious, and contains about 18,000
inhabitants ; some of the buildings are of brick, but gene-
rally they are of wood. Here is a dock hollowed out of the
««lid rock, capable of receirhig the largest vessels, and a
covered one, whose bottom and .sides are of hewn granite ;
rows of granite pillars support the roof, and bear rather the
appearance of a collonnade to a temple, than o<' a receptacle
for ships. In 1680 the town was founded; in 1724 the for-
mer doek, and in 1779 the latter was completed. Accord-
ing to the original plan, 3 basofw and 30 docks, com-
municating by gluicen, were intended, but a centnry will
pro! ably elapse before they can be convpleli-d. Carlscrona
U 2yo miles nearly S. of Stotkhi.lm. Lat. 56. 'JO. N. Ion. 15.
'^S. K.
CA'HMAN, s. one who drives a cart, or ketps a cart for
hire.
CAHJIA'RTIIEN, a well built populous town, in former
times the residence of the pritxe of S. Walts, and now
usually reckoned tlie politest place in the princrp.ility.
It is pleasantly situatud, in a fertile country, on the river
Towy (near its conflux with the Gvvilly) over which it has
a narrow stone bridge (but latily widuneil) of 7 arches, with
a very cnmniodious quay, to wliicli vessels of 200 Ions bur-
den may come upi ; 21 miles S. K. of Cardigan, and 215 W.
by N. of London. Markets on Wedm sday and Satnidfiy.
Fairs on Jutie 3, July 10, August 12, Sept. 9, Oct. 9, and
Niiv. 1 4.
CARMA'RTHENSHIRE, a county of S. Wales, .35 miles
in length, and 20 at his greatest breadth, is bounded on the
W. by Pembrokeshire ; on the N. and N E. Iiy Cardigan-
shire and Brecknockshire ; on the E. and S. E. by Breck-
iHick.shire and Glamnrganshire ; and on the S. Iiy Bristol
Channel. It contains 6 market towns and 87 parishes. It
is Iruitful in corn, grass, wood, coal, and sea-fish, es-
pecially salmon. The air is mild, it not being extremely
mountainous.
CA'RJIEL, a mountain in Palestine, standing on the .skirts
of tlie sea, and forming the most reniarkaljle head land on
all tiiat coast. It extends from near St. Jean d'Acre on the
S. a consiileralile way inland to llie E.
C.V'H.MKL1TE, .«. [Fr.] a sort of pear.
CA'RMKLITES, or White Friars, an order of our
Lady of Muunt Carmel, making one of the four orders of
Men<licants. They pretend to derive their original from
the prophets Eljah and Elisha. Their original rules con-
tained 16 articles; one of which confined them to Iheir cells,
and enjuined them to employ themselves day and night in
prayer; another prohibited the brethren having any pro-
perty ; another enjoying fasting, from the feast of the Ex-
altation of the Holy Cross till Easter, excepting on Sundays;
abstinence at all times from flesh was enjoined by another
article; one obliged them to mamial labour; another im-
posed a strict silence on them, from vespers till the tierce
the next day ; however, these constitutions have in some
respects been altered.
CARMI'NATIVES, t. medicines prescribed for the colic
disorder, to dispel the wind.
CA'RMINE, s. a powder of a very beautiful red colour,
bordering upon purple, and used by painters in miniature,
though rarely, on account of its great price. The manner
of preparing it is kept a secret by the colour makers, neither
do any of those receipts which have been published at all
direct us to the making of it.
CA'RNAGE, s. [carnage, Fr.] slaughter, havoc, or heap*
of bodies slain in battle.
CARNAL, a. [chamal, Fr.] proceeding from, or belong-
ing to the fleshy part of a man, opposed to spiritual. Figu-
ratively, sensual, lustful, lecherous, volumptuous.
CARNA'LITY, s. lust, wantonness, propensity to lust;
unchaste pleasure. Figuratively, immersed in sensuality.
CA'RNALLY, ad. in a gross sensual manner, opposed to
tpiritual.
CARNA'RVON, is a well built populous town of Car-
narvonshire, with a celebrated castle, in a small dark room
of which, not l2 feet long, nor 8 broad, Edward the II. was
born : it is surrounded on all sides except the E. by the
sea and two rivers, one of which is the Jlenay. The har-
bour is tolerably good, with 9 feet at low water. Carnarvon
has no manufactures, but carries on a considerable trade
with Ireland, Liverpool, Bristol, and London. It is 7 miles
S. W. of Bang«r, and 251 N. W. of London. Market on
Satiudav,.
CARNARVONSHIRE, a county of North Wales, aboiH
40 milts in length, and 20 in breadth, bounded on the W.
and N. by the lea and the isle of Anglesea, on the B. and S.
140
CARO
CARR
E. by Deiihiglishire aiid Jlerioiiethsliire and on the S- !iy
^leriniie'.hshire and the Sf-a. ft lias 7 limidred-:, fiS parishes
.> marliet towns, and I city. The air is cn'd ; tliis c!)nntry
being the most moiii'.tainous district in N. Wales. Its central
part is entirely occuiiied by the lofty Sriowden, and the se-
veral cragf^y siinnmits", deep dells, moors, chasms, and lakes,
which constitute its dreary rei^jion. Cattle, goats and shei'p,
are its rural riches. Foxes are the chief wilil animals. .Se-
veral copper mines have been worked in varions parts, and
there are some ol these at |ir( serit about Llanberris. Other
places afford lead ; and slates, with quantities of stones, ex-
cellent fir hones, are dug near .Snowden.
CARNA'TIC, The, a rich papulous country of Hindoo-
stan, extending along the coast of Coromandel to Cape Co-
morin, being 570 miles long, from N. to S. and firom 120 to
75 wide.
CARXA'TION, s. [from euro, I.at.] in botany, a spec'es
of the clove-gilly flower. In painting, a lively red colour,
resemlilini; that of flesh newly cut.
CARXE'LIOX, s. [improperly spelt cornelimil in natural
history, a precious stone, of which there are three specie.s,
a red, a yellow and a white ; the red sort is again subdivided
into two species, the pale being called the female, and the
deep red the male carnelinn.
CA'RXIVAL, s. [carnaviil, Fr.] the season of mirth and
luxury c lebrated by the Italians, and especially at Venire,
lasting from Twelfth day to Lent, and attended with balls,
feasts, operas, concerts, and every thing which pomp, osten-
tation, or festivity, can furnish.
C.VUX'l'VOROUS, a. [from caro and voro, Lat-] eating
flesh : that lives on flesh.
CAIIXO'SITY, s. \carruisile., Fr.] in surgery, a fleshy,
excrescence ; a fmigous or p'oud tlesh.
CARXEOUS, or CA'RXOUS, a. [rarneus, Lat.] fleshy,
applied to ani.iials. In bjtany, of a soft substance, similar to
that of flesh in animals.
CA'llOL, s. [varota, Ilal.] a sotig of joy, exultation, or
festivity, applied to the rustic anthems of country shigers at
Christmas ; any kind of song.
To CA'ROL, V. V. [carolarc, Ital.] to sing with great joy
and fe.'^tivity. Actively, to praise in anthems or songs.
CAROLl'NA, a country of Xorth America, divided into
North and South, and compri bending two of the Urnted
States. It is bounded on the N. by Virginia, on the E. by
the Ocean, on the S. by Florida, and on the \V. by Loinsiana,
lying jietween 32 and 37 degrees X. lat. The chief pro-
duce is tob.-.cco, i.-'digo, and rice ; but thry are attempting
to breed silk-worms for the production of silk. The ani-
mals, trees, fruits, plant--, are much the same as in Virginia ;
f)articuiatly wild animals resembling a bull, with a very long
lair, shuit legs, large bodies, aiul great bunches on their
backs ne.ir the shonhlcr.s. Thtir horns are black and short,
Bud tliey have a great beard under their muzzles, and so
p.inch hair on thv-lr heads that it hides their eyes, which
gives them a hideous look. They have bears, whose flesh
is esteemed good eating ; an<l they make hams of their legs.
Be.sides ihese thi-y have cal-a-mountains, wild cats, wolves,
•a sort of tigers, beavers, otters, miisk-rats, oppossiuns, ra-
coons, minxes, water-iats, a kind of rabbit.'!, elks, different
from the European ; stags, fallow-deer, several sorts of .squir-
rels, foxes, and two sirls of rats. The birds arc so nume-
rous, that it would be tedious even to mention their names ;
and there are many sorts of fish quite unknown to these
parts of the world. Their fnriis and trees are much the
sanrie as in Virginia, and they have .some of the best kind of
fruits transplanted from Europe, which thrive well. The
native Americans are of the same shape, colour, and stature,
as in other parts of America ; they being all of a red copper
complexion, with coarse blaik hair, and no beards ; ami
here, as in other places, each man has several wives. The
other commodities of Carolina, not yet mentioned, are corn,
naval stores, and skins; which last they purchase of the na-
tive Americans'.
CA'ROLINE I.SLAND.S, in the Pacific Ocean tupponed
to be 30 In numbtr, but little known. Lat. 6. to 10. N. Ion.
I3fi to fori. K.
CARO'TKD, a. [carotid'!!, Lat.] applied to those two ar-
teries whieli arise out of the ascending trunk of the aorta,
near where th.? subclavian arteries arise.
C.4U()U'SAL, [cariiuziil) «. a lestival or holiday, celebrateil
with mirtli. piinij), and festivity.
To CAliOQ'SE, {caruiize) v. n. \carnusser, Fr.] to drink
freely. Actively, to diink up b:vishly ; to drink a
health.
CA'ROU'SE, {ca7ou-^e) s. a drinking match ; a large
draught.
CAROU'SER, (carouzer) s. one who drinks lively ; a
toper.
CAl'.P, s. [carpe, Fr.] a large fresh-water fish, remarkable
for its being able to live a long time out of water. This
fish, whith is reckoned the most valuable of all for the stock-
ing of ponds, was introduci^^d into this country by Leonard
^Mdschal, aliijut the year 151 4-.
To C.\RP, II. n. \ca7-po, Lat.] to censure, find fault with,
or blame, including the idea of forwardness and re-
proach.
CA'RPEXTER, s. [charpentier, Fr.] one who perform*
the several offices of cutting, joining, fIi>ori:ig, or other wood-
work, ivlalive to houses, buildings, or ships.
CA'RPEXTRY, f. tlie art of building either hoii.ses or
ships with wood.
CARPER, a person fond of raising objections ; a caviller,
or censorious person.
CA'RPET, s. [L-arpet, Belg.] a covering of stuff or other
material, commonly spread over tables, or laid on floors.
The \ihra.fp of a t/unff's Lting on the cnrpct, is to express itg
being in hand, in debate, or the oljtct of consideration.
To CA'RPET, V. a. to spread with a carpet. Figura-
tively, applied with great elegance to the earth, to embellish
or adorn with flowers and herbs.
CA'RPET-KXIGHT, a denomination given to men of
peaceable professions, who are raised to the dignity of
knighthood. They take the appellation carpet, because
they usually receive their honours from the king's hands in
the court, kneeling on a carpet. By this they arc distin-
guished from knights created in the camp or field of battle
on account of their military prowess.
CA'RPIXG, pari, iond of cavilling; raising objections or
finding fault ; censorious ; captious.
CA'RPIXGLY, ad. in a captious and censorious manner.
CARPUS, s. [Lai.] an anatomical term for the wrist.
CARR, s. a light open chariot, also a kind of rolling
throne, used in triumphs, and at the solemn entries of a prin-
ces.
CA'RRACK, a Portuguese vessel, trading to the East and
West Indies, which is very large, round br.ilt, and fitted for
fight as well as bunlen.
CARRIAGE, (ill pron. the last r is dropped) s. [cartage;
Fr.] a vehicle used to convey [lersoiis or goods from one
place to another ; the act of conveying things from one
place to another; the price paid for the conveying of goods.
Figuratively, personal address anil behaviour ; conduct, or
practices ; proceedings, or the manner of transacting any
affair. The carriage ij' a cantwn is, the frame of timber on
which it is mounted.
CARRICK, a district of Scotland, bounded by the Frith
of Clyde, on the N. W. and Galloway on the S. Bargeny is
the capital town.
CARRICKFK'RGUS, the county town of Antrim, in Ul-
ster, seated on a safe and spacious bay of the same name,
called also Belfast Lough, with an excellent harbour, 8S
miles N. of Duiilin.
CA'RRIER, s. one who conveys or moves a thing from
one place to another ; one who conveys goods from one
town or place to another. In natural history, a species of
pigeons, so called from their carrying letters, &c. tied to
their necks, to tJie place where they were bred, be it ever
BO remote.
CART
CASC
141
CA'RRIOX, s. [chnrogne, Fr.] tlie flesh of a dcaJ carcase ;
and putiifieii flesh, iint (it for liioil. Figuratively, a coarse,
gross, disagreeable person ; a term of reproach.
CA'IIKION, a. relalitiij to a dead or putrified carcase;
Ceedini,' on dead carcases.
CA'RRON, a river of Stirlingshire, risiji? on the S. side
of the Canipsey Hills, and flowiiiij into the Frith of Forth,
below Falkirk. Two miles from its source, it forms a fine
cascade, called the Fall of Aiichinlilly, and on its banks,
one mile from Falkirk, are the celebr^ileii Carrnn works,
bnildings of vast extent, founded in 1761, on a spot where
there was not a .'ingle house ; this is now the largest iron
fonndery in Europe, constantly employing about IfiOO men.
All sorts of iron goods are made in it, from the most trifling
article for domestic use, to cannon of the largest caliber.
The machinery, constructed by Mr. Smeaton, is the first in
Great Britain f.ir elegance and correctness.
CAHUOXA'DE, s. a short kind of ordnance, capable of
carrying a large ball, and useful in close engagements at
sea. It takes its name from the above-mentioned river Car-
roil in Srotland, where it was first made.
CATIROT, s. [carote, Fr.] a garden root ; of which there
are two sorts, the yellov/ and the orange ; the last of which
is reckoned by much the better.
CA'IUIOTV, ti. red ; applied to red haired people, from
the resemblance of the colour of their hair to that of a
carrol.
To CA'RRY, r. a. [charier, Fr.] to remove a thing from
one place to another ; to convey, transport, hear ; to gain
Ml competiiion, or rather resistance ; to behave, conduct,
obtain, import, support, sustain. Used witli nffl to kill or
put an end to a person's life. To cnrry oti, to prosecute,
continue, or persevere in an undert.dcing, notwithstanding
all oppositions. Joined with through, to support, or enable
a person to sustain and surmount.
CAUT, s. [crat, Brit.] a land carriage with two wheels,
drawn by horses. Fiiriiratively, any vehicle or carriage.
CARTE BLANCHE, s. [Fr.] a blank paper; a paper or
instrument to lie filled up with such terms and conditions as
the person to whom it is sent thinks fit.
. CA'RTEL, s. [cartel, Fr.] certain terms or stipulations
settled between persons at variance. In war, applied to
the conditions made by enemies for the mutual exchange of
prisoners,
CA'RTER, s. one who drives, and gets his living by driv-
ing a cart.
CARTE'SIANS, s. a sect of philosophers, who adhere to
the opinions advanced by Des Cartes, and founded on the
two lollownig principles ; the one metaphysical, tlie other
physical; the first is, I Ihink, ilicrefure I am ; the other is,
that nothiitfr existn but subslanre. 'I'ho first of these principles
is refuted by Air. Locke; the other, by the principles of
the Newtonian philosophy.
CARTHAGK'NA, a town of Murcia, seated on a hay of
the .same name, in which vast quantities of inackarel are
cavight. Here is a very large arsenal, with every requisite
for building and fitting out .ships of the line. The harbour
is .spacious and deep, being a bason hollowed by nature,
and sheltered Irom tlie winds by several hillii, placed round
it at equal di taiices. It is 27 miles nearly S. of Murcia.
Lat. 37. 38. N. Ion 0. SB. W.
CARTHAGK'NA, a large and rich city, cipital of the
province of Carthageiia, in the Terra Firma, which is bound-
ed on the N. by the Caribbean Sea, on the E. by the river
St. Martha, aim on the W. by the Sea and the Giilph of 0a-
rien, with one of the best harbours in S. America, the en-
trance however is so narrow that only one vessel can enter
at a time. The revenues of the king of Spain from New
Granada and Terra Firma are brought to this place. Lat.
10.87. N. Ion 73. ■i^. W. .
CA'RTHAGE, once a celebrated city of Africa, and rival
of Home, but now in ruins. It is 10 miles £. of Tunis, near
the promontory called Cape Carthage.
CA'RT-HORSE, 3. an unwieldy horse fit only for the cart.
CARTHU'SIANS, a religious order fnunded by one
Bruno, in the ye.ir lOHi). They are a branch of the Bene-
dictines, remarkable for the austerity of Ihiir rule, which
obliges them to a total abstinence from f! s'l, even at the
peril of their lives, and to Ireil on bread, water and salt one
day in every week. They must ii(!t keep any portion of
their meat and drink till next day ; their beds are of straw,
covered with a felt ; their clothing, two hair cloths, two
cowls, two pair ot hose, and a cloak all coarse. -In the re-
fectory, they are to keep their eyes on the dish, their hands
OP. the table, their atteiitiiiu to the reader, and their hearts
fixed on God. Women are not allowed to come into their
churches.
CA'RTILAGE, ». [cnrtih'^n, Lat.] in anatomy, a smooth,
solid, uniform, elastic suhstaiice, softer than bone, but more
.solid than any other part, without cavities lor marrow, or
any ner\'es or membranes for sensation.
CARTILAGI'NEOUS, or CARTILAGINOUS, a. con-
sistiiig of cartilages.
CAUTMEL, a town of Lancashire, seated among the
hills, called Cartmel Fells, near the river Ken and the Ken
Sands, a sandy shiire, which requires guides to direct stran-
gers on their way. It has a harliour for 'boats, and a market
on Tuesday and Satunlay, for corn, sheep, and fish. It is
I'i miles N. by W. of Lancaster, and iifiO N. N. W. of Lon-
don.
CARTOO'N, s. [rartone, Ital.] in painting, a drawing or
.sketch upon strong paper, to be chalked through upon a wall,
in order to be painteel in fresco.
CARTOU'CH, (cur/ou(.7i) s. [cartouche, Fr.] a case of wood
thre^ inches thick at the bottom, girt round with marliii,
containing IS musket balls, and six or eight balls of iron of
a pound weight; being fired out of a hobit, or small mortar,
for the defence of a pass ; likewise used for a cartridge.
CA'llTRAGE, or CA'UTRIDGE, s. [cartouche, Fr.] a
charge of powder wrapped up in thick paper, pasteboard,
or parchment, used for charging fire-arms ; or in flannel,
for great guns.
CART-ROPE, s. a strong cord used to fasten the load on
carts ; proverbially, any tliiik cord.
CARTULARY, s. [from charta, Lat.] a place where pa-
pers or records are kept.
CA'RTWRIGHT, x. a maker of carts.
To CARVE, V. a. [ceorfan, Sax.] to cut or divide into se-
veral parts. Also, to uissect or cut up a fowl or joint of meat
at a table. To cut flowers, knots, figures, or other devices,
in wood or stone. Neuterly, to exercise the trade of a sculp-
tor ; to perform at table ttie ofTice of supplying the company
from the dishes.
CA'RVER, f. one who forms statues, or other likenesses,
in wood, sloiie, or marble. In cookery, one who cuts the
meat.
CA'RVING; .I. the art of cutting images, or other like-
nesses, in wood, stone, or marble,
CARU'NCLE, s. [carumulu, Lat.] in anatomy, a little
piece of flesh. The caruncitla; lachrymales are two small
eminences in ifie inner corners of the eyes.
CA'RUS, s. in medicine, is a species of the a|)oplexy,
being a deprivation of sense and motion, afTecting the whole
body ; yet the faculty of respiration is still left ; in short, the
Carus differs little from a lethargy.
CARYA'TIDES, ,9. in architecture, a kind of order of
columns, or pilasters used by the ancients, m.ide in the
form or figure of a woman, dressed in long robes, and serv-
ing to support the entablement. It is said that the Greeks,
having taken the city of Carya, led away their women cap-
tives, and to perpetuate their servitude, represented them
in their buildings as charged with burdens such as those
supported by columns.
CA'SAL, the chief city of Montserral in Italy, formerly
well foitilied, and defended by a citadel, but deprived of its
fortifications in 1695. It is 3+ miles E. N. E. of Turin.
CASCADE, i. [casiaJf, Fr.] a fall of water from a higher
to a lower place. They are either natural or artificial.
149
CJt^V
CAST
CASE, i. [cai sf, Fr.] soTTK-tliing made tt> cover or contain
a thing ; a covi ring, she.ith, or liox.
CASE,*, [casus, Lat.] the oiitwjrd or external cnni'ition,
circumstance, or state ot a person ; the state of a thing. In
physic, the state of the hody ; used wiih the particle in, and
the word ^ood, fat and plump ; and with the word iud, lean
or emaciated. In hi«', the representation of any fact,
(|ueslioii, or the whole arguings of connsel on a partionlar
pointer circumstauce of a trial. Cuse, iu grammar, implies
the various changes which notuis in Greek and Latin undergo
in their several number?, to express the several views or
relations under which the mind considers things with re-
gard to one another. In case implies, if it should happeiu
To CASE, V. a. to put in a case or cover. Figuratively,
t« surround or inclose, like a case. In building, to cover
with materials different from tho»e m the inside. To skni,
or strip off the skin. Neuterly, to rspretieiit an affair iu all
the various lights it will bear ; to put cases.
To CASE-HA'RDEN, v. a. to prepare iron, so as to ren-
der its outward surface hard, and capable of resisting the
file, or any edged tool, to turn the surface of the iron into
steel.
CA'SEJIATE, or CA'ZEMATE, s. in fortification, a
certain retired platform iu the flank of a babtion ; for the de-
fence of the iTinat or face of the opposite bastion ; a kind of
rault or arch of stone- work.
CA'SEMENT, s. [ctisam^iito, Ital.] a window opening
u|)on hinges.
CA'SEOUS, a. [caseus, Lat.] resembling cheese ; cheesy.
CA'SERX, s. [caserne, FrT] a little room or lodgment
erected between the rampart aud the houses, iu a furtitieti
towa for the ease of the garrison.
CASH, s. [from catsse, Fr.] in commerce, the ready money
a person is posse.ssi-d of.
CA'SHEW-NUT, *. the nut of the cashew-tree, which
grows in the West Indies. The nut is of the shape and size
of a hare's kidney, the kernel sweet and pleasant, but be-
tween the layers of the shell is a caustic inflammable oil,
which will blistur the lips aud tongue the moment it touches
tbtm.
CASHI'ER, {cashcci) s. a i>erson who keeps the money at
a banker's, or any public office.
To CASHI'ER, [cashier) v. a, [cassir, Fr.] to discard; to
deprive a person of his place or post for some mal-prac-
ticc.
CA'SHNA, part of the extensive ceuntry called Sotidan
by the Arabs, and Negroland by the Europeans ; a large
ktjigdom in the niterior of Africa, S. ofZ.iara, E. of. Tom-
bucton, and W. of Zanifara. It resembles Borneo in climate
aud natural productions, and iu the colour, genius, religious
profession, and government of the people. Its monkeys
and parrots are numerous, and of various species. A thou-
sa<id towns and villages are said to be included in this em-
pire, which, like Borneo, consists of ilifferent tribes or na-
tions, subject to the dominion of one sovereign. Its capital,
of the same name, is about 800 miles nearly S. of Tripoli, in
lat. 16. 20. N. Ion. 12. E.
CASK, s. [casaue, Fr.] a round hollow cycloidal vessel,
lUed for keeping liquors, provisions, or dry goods ; a helmet,
from catsis, Lat.
CA'SKET, s. a small box for jewels, or things of small
dimenMions but great value. Figuratively, any thing which
contains something of great value.
CA'SPIAN-SEA, a great lake or sea of A.sia, botmded by
the country of the Cahnuc Tartars on the N. ; by Bucharia
and part of Persia on the E. ; by another part of Persia on
the .S. ; and by another part of Persia and Circassia on the
W. being about (im miles in U'ngth from N. to .S. and 260 in
breadth from E. to W. Several great rivers fall mto this
*ea, and yet it never seem." Iu increase, though it has no
coninmnicatinn with any other nea. It is sometimes very
dangerous fur sailors, though it has no obaervMble tide. It
aUiuitdfl in fi.'^, which are thojight to be better thcUi in
othiT Mas. Lon. from 49 to iS. K. lat. fiom 37. to 47. N.
GASSA'TIOX, s. [eastaliu, Lat.] io civif law, the auiiuJII g
or abrogating any pr.n-eeding.
CAS-iAV^l or C.VSSiUA, s. an American |ilant, hnjjf
and thick, of which ilie Ameiicans mifkc a khid o! biead, said
to be a w'holoMnie and nllnri^hing Inod.
CA'SSEL, capital (if the late landuraviate of Hesse Cas-
sel, circle of U|)|kt Rhine. It is divide<i inio the Old and
New Towns, the latter ot which is well built and sp.icious.
The castle or palace commands a delightful prospect, and
has tine gardens mid a curinus cabinet. It is seated on the
river Fulda, 40 miles S. of Paderburn. Lat .01. 19. N. lo«.
9. +4. E.
C.\'S.>IA, s. in botany, a tree growing in Alexandria and
in the West Indies, affording a clammy substance, used iu
the shops for a purge. Likewise, a fragrant spice, suppos-
ed to be the baik ol a tree verv like cinnainon.
CA'.SSLMER, or CASSIME'RE, s. tlie name of a thin
twilled woollen cloth.
CASSIO'PEA, in astronomy, a constellation ui the northern
hemisphere.
CA'SSOCK, J. [casque, Fr] a close, long garment, worn
by clergymen, when in their robes, under their gown.
CA'SSONADE, s. hi connnerce, cask sugar, or sugar put
into casks or chest.s, after the first purification, but which has
not been retineil.
CA'SSOWARY, ». in natural history, a very large bird,
which much resembles the ostrich, and is a native of Africa.
CA'SSWEED, s. a plant, the same with the shepher^l'i
ponoh.
To CAST, V. a. preter. and part, passive cast, [kasitr,
Dan.] to throw with the hand; to throw a net; to throw
dice, or lots; to throw in wrestluig ; to let fall; to expose,
to shed, to moult ; to condemn in a trial or law-suit; to lay
aside, as imfit for wear ; to have an abortion, as a cow, when
she slinks her calf ; to compute, reckon, Ciileulate ; to con-
trive or plan out ; to form or model a thing in a mould with
melted metals. To cast aside, to lay by as useliss. Used
with (/umn, to fling or throw from a high place. Tu cant an
eye, to glance, or look at. To cast a light, to reflect, or im-
part. Joinetl with away, to wreck or .shipwreck, applied
to sea affairs. To be cast down, to be disconsolate, low spi-
rited, or dejected on account of some misfortune. Used
with out, to speak, give vent to, or utter with rashness and
vehemence. Used with upon, to be driven by violence of
the wind, or stress of weather. Used with off', to discard;
to disburden one's self of; to leave behind. Neuterly, it
Implies, to contrive ; to turn the thoughts ; to admit of a
form, by castuig or melting ; to warp.
CAS'i', s. the act of throwing a thhig at a distance by the
hands. A specimen, or stroke ; a particular motion of the
eye; a throw, or chance of a throw, at dice; a mould, a
form. In painting, a shade or tendency to any colour.
I)xterior appearance. Manner; air; mien. In East In-
dia affairs, a sect or tribe of the same rank or profes-
sion.
CA'STANET, s. [cuslaneta, Span.] a musical instrument,
made of two little rouiul pieces of wood or ivory, hollowed
like a spoon, fastened to the thumb, and beat with the mid-
dle finger, serving to direct the time and measures of the
dance-s.
CA'.ST-AWAY, s. a person that is involved in a multiple
city of misfortunes, and seemingly abandoned by provi-
dence.
CA'STELLAIN, j. [castellano. Span.] the constable of a
castle.
CA'STELLANY, s. the manor or lordship belonging to a
castle, or the territory of a city, or town.
CA'STELLATEU, a. inclosed within a building, or forti-
fied place.
CA'STEU, s. one who flings or throws. In arithmetic,
one who calculates.
CASTItiA'TION, s. [cas/igatio, Lat.] punishment in-
llicted on a person in order to make him amend his fault*;
penanec, or currection.
C A S T
C ATA
14»
CAS'TIGATOIiy, a. punishing to make a person mend.
CASTI'LE, NEW, or Toikdii, ii (jrovlnce of Spain,
SOO miles in length, iJBil 184. in breadth ; l)Ound.Ml on the
W. by Estremadnra and pjit of Lton ; on the N. by Old
Castile ; on the )•'.. and S. K. by Arrapm, Valencia, and
Murcia ; and on the S. by Murcia and Andalusia. It is
divided into three parts ; Agrari.i to the N, ; Alaiicha to the
K. ; and Sierra to the S. 'Ihe air is pure and healthy ; the
land is mountainous, but produces in the N. fiulls and
wine, and in the S. good pastures and fine wool. Madrid is
the capital.
CASTI'LE, OLD, a province of Spain, about 192 m Ics iji
length, and 115 in breadth ; bounded on the W. Iiy Leon ;
on the N. by Biscay, Asturi.i, and Navarre ; on the E, by
Navarre and Arragon : and on the S. by New Castih\ It
produces excellent wine ; its plains are covered with herds of
large and small cattle, partiiularly sheep, which yiehi the
finest wool in Spain. Burgos is the capital.
CA'STING, s. in foundering, the running of a metal mto a
mould prf pared for that puipose.
CA'STING-NET, s. a net which is spread by thrtnvii^ it
in the water, used in fishing,
CA'STLE, s. [cas/ellnm, Lat.] a place or edifice fortified by
art or nature to defend a town or city from an enemy. Castles
in the air, imply some chimerical project.
C.VSTLEBAH, a populous town of Rlayo, in Connaught,
with a manufacture of linen. It is the assize town lor the
county, 35 miles N. of Galway, and lit from Dublin.
CA'STLECAUY, a town of Somersetshire, with a market
on Tuesday. It is 12 miles S. E. of Wells, and 1 17 W. by S.
of London.
CA'STLE-COMB, a town in Wiltshire, so called fi-om its
old castle. It formerly had a market, now disused. It is 17
miles N. W. of Chippenham, and 12 N. N. E. of Balh.
CA'STLE-KISING, a town in the county of Norfolk,
which had a market, now disused on account of its harbour
being choked up with sand : it is, however, a mayor-town,
and sends two members to parliament. The casile, whence
it has its name, is still standing ; and here is an a'ms-house
for 24. poor widows. It is 103 miles N. N. E. of London.
CA'STLETOWN, or Castle-Rushin, the principal place
of the Isle of Man, with a strong beautiful castle, of free-
stone, still entire, ertcted by Guttred, king of Man, about the
year 960, who lies interred in it. At the entrance is a great
stone chair for the governor and two smaller ones for the
deemsters ; and beyond this court is a room where the keys
sit. On the other side are seen the governor's house, the
chancery offices, and good barracks. It is situated on the
S. E. point of the island, with a shallow rocky harbour, in
lat. 54. 2. N. Ion. 4. 35. W.
CA'STLE-TOWN, a parish, formerly called LinoiSD.u.E,
a new town, (begun to be erected in 1793, and rapidly ad-
vancing,) of Roxburghshire, in Scotland.
CA'STLE-SOAP, s. a corruption of Castile Soap.
CA'STLING, s. the young of a brute animal, which is
cast before its time.
CA'STON, or CA'WSTON, a town in Norfolk, seated on
the Bure, over which it has a bridge, 10 miles N. by W. of
Norwich. Market on Tuesday.
CA'STOR, called by the Saxons Thiang Caston, i. e. Thong
Castle, a town of Lincolnshire, (said to be built by Hengist,
on a tract of ground which he encompassed with an ox's hide,
cut into thongs, pursuant to a grant of Vortigem,) 20 miles
N. E. of Lincoln, between Binbrook and Glandford Bridge.
Market on Monday.
CA'STOR, s. a beaver, an amphibious animal, the feet of
which have five toes, and the hinder ones formed for swim-
ming, with a black, flat, and oval tail. In astronomy, a
moiety of the conslellatinn of Gemini, called also Apollo.
CA'STOR and POLLUX, s. in meteorology, a fiery me-
teor, which appears in the form of one, two, or three balls,
adhering to some part of a shin. When seen single, it is
named Htlenu, and shews that the severest part of a storm
i» yet to come ; when double, called Castor and Pollux, and
portends a cessation of a storm. In astronomy, the two prin-
cipal stars in theconstellaiion of Gemini
('ASTO'llEUM, s. [Lat.] in pharmacy, a liipiiJ matier
contained, not in the testicles, but in little b:igs, near the
anus of the Castor. It is a medicine not much esteemed at
present.
CASTRAMENTA'TION, s. \castramentatio, Lat.J the iirt
of encamping.
To CA'S'i'UATE, V. a. [castrn, Lat.] togeH. Figuratively,
to cut sentences out of any liook.
CASTRA'TION, s. the act of gelding.
fwV'STRES, a considerable city, capital of the department
of Tame, seated on the river Agout, 34 miles E. of Thou-
louse.
CA'SUAL, {kdsiml) a. [casual, F ] accidental ; arishig from
chance; done without detign ; hapi)ening contrary to the
common laws of nature.
C A'SIJALLY, (kdzually,) ad. in an accidental manner ; with.
out design ; by chance
tVASUA'LTY, {kdzually) s. an event that is not foreseen,
or irLtended. Figuratively, any accident which puts an end to
a person's life.
CA'SUI.ST, {kdziihi) $■ [casniste, Fr.] one who studies ami
resolves nice points in cases of conscience.
CASUI'SITCAL, {kaxutstkal) a. belonging to cases of con-
science, or practical parts of ethics.
CA'SUISTRY, {kdsuislry) s. the science employed about
cases of con.science, or nice points in practical divinity or
ethics.
CAT, s. [chat, Fr.] a domestic animal, which catches
mice, reckoned the lowest order of the leonine genus, and
supposed to see in the dark, or with the least glimmering of
light, which may be owing to the faculty it has of contract-
ing anrl dilating the pupil of the eye hi an extraordinary
manner.
CA'TACHRESIS, {katakresis) s. [from kalachraomai, to
abuse, Gr.] in rhetoric, is when a word whose natural mean-
ing is good and itmocent, is used abusively, as, you are a very
pretly fillow indeed, meaning, you are a sad wretch.
Ca'T.ACHRE.STICAL, a. applied to language, improper;
far-fetched ; forced.
CA'TACOMBS, j. [from kata, under, and kumbos, a cave,
Gr] grottoes or subterraneous cavities for the burial of the
dead.
CATACA'USTICS, s. [from kaia and akouo, to hear, Gr.]
the science of reflecting sounds or echoes.
CATALE'PSIS, s. [from katalambano, to occupy, Gr.] a
disease by which a person is rendered in an instant motionless
and senseless, and contiimes in the same posture that he was
in when the fit seized him, with his eyes open, but without
sight or understanding.
CA'TALOGUE, {catalog) s. [katalogot, Gr.l a list or parti-
cular einimeration of things in some order wherein they are
mentioned in separate lines or articles.
CATALO'NIA, a provinct of Spain, bounded on the
W. by Arragon, and a part of Valencia ; on the N. by the
Pyrenees ; and on the E. and S. by the Mediterranean and
Valencia. Its greatest extent from E. to W. is 112 miles,
and from N. to S. 148. The air is wholesome. Its moun-
tains, which are numerous, are covered with forest and fruit
trees. It abounds in wine, corn, and pulse, and has quar-
ries of marble, and several sorts of mines. Barcelona is the
capital.
CA'TAMITE s. a person kept by the ancient Romans, and
the modern Italians, for the vilest of purposes.
CA-TA-MOU'NTAIN, s. a fierce and wild animal resem-
bling a cat.
CATA'NIA, an ancient rich and celebrated city of Val di
Noto, in Sicily, with a imiversity. Its streets are wide, straight,
and well paved with lava. The inhabitants are about 30,000.
The city stands on the East coast on a gulf of the same name,
near Mount Etna, and has often suflfered by earthquakes, par-
ticularly in 16(j9 and I(i93. In the last, the town was en-
tirely destroyed, and 18,000 people burned in the ruins. It
lU
CATE
C ATH
has since been rebuilt and repeopleii, the land abont if being
fertile in corn, wine, fruits, &c. It is 4-7 miles S. S. W. of
Messina. Lat. S7. 36. N. Ion. 16. 2a. E.
CA'TAPI^ASM, s. [ironi kaiupluiso, to smear, to apply ont-
wardly. Gr.] a poultice.
CATAPULT, or CATAPULT A, [c.ilopul/a, Lat.] a mili-
tary engine, invented by the Syrians, lor throwiuff stone",
and sometimes huge darts or javelins, of 10 or 1'2 feel in
length. The catapulla consisted of two large timliers, ike
masts of ships, placed against each other, and bent by an
engine for the pnrpuse, these being suddenly unberit ag lin
by a stroke of a hammer, threw the javelins with incredible
force.
CATARACT, s. [from kalarrasso, to fall down with vio-
lence, Gr.] ill natural history, and cosmography, a precip'ce in
the middle of a river, cansid by a rock stopping its stream,
whence the waterfalls with great violence and noise. Among
the most remarkable are those of the Nde in Africa, and Da-
nube in Europe, and that of Niagara in America. In medi-
cine, a tot.il or partial loss of sight.
CATARRH, (kaltdr) s. [from kalerreo, to flow down, Gr.]
in medicine, a dtfluxion of^ serious matter from the head on
the mouth, aspera arteria, and the Inngs, arising from a cold
or dimirnition of insensible perspiration, which occasions
irritation.
CATARRHAL, or CATA'RRHOUS, a. proceeding from a
catarrh.
CATA'STROPHE, {katd^irofy) s. [''rom kntnstrepho, to
finish, Gr.] in n.ietry, the change or revolution in the last
act of a play, or the turn which unravels the intrigue, atid
concludes tiie piece. Figuratively, a dreadful event or ac-
cident, which terminates in a person's ruin, misery or
death.
CA'TCAL, (hdlcuui) s. a kind of short whistle, with a pea
included in its ii:si(ie, made use of at playhouses, to hinder an
act or from proceeding in his part, and to shew disapprobation
of any draniH'.ic performance.
To CATCH, r. u preter. I catcheJ, or caught, I have calcheii,
or hnvf eiiughl ; \ketsi-n, Belg.] to seize or lay hold on sudden-
ly with the hand. Fignrativtiy, to intercept any thing in
motioi:. To pursue or lake any thing that is running trnni
one; to receive any falling body, or prevent it from reaching
the ground ; to receive a disease by infliction ; to contract ; to
seize suddenly ; to captivate, charm, or seize the atR'ctions,
alluding to' the taking prey in toils. Used neuterly, to l)e in-
fectious ; to S[)read by contagion. Figuratively, to spread or
increase from one to another, applied to bodies or things which
lie near one another.
CATCH, s. the act of .seizing any thing which flies, or
hides : the proper posture for seizing ; an advanta?e taken ;
hold laid on the thing caught ; profit; a .short interval of ac-
tion. A taint; any thing which fastens by a sudden spring,
or entering into a loop or cavity. In music, a short song,
containing some merry time.
CATCHER, .$. one who catches, or that in which any thing
is caufihi.
CA'TCHFLY, s. in botany, a genus of plants neaily allied
to the campion. There are many species.
CATCH-l'OLL, s. at present a word of reproach and con-
tempt for a bailill' and his followers ; formerly used without
reproach for sergeant at mace, or any other, who used to
arrest men upon any just cause.
CATECHETICAL, {hiUkeliaU) a. [from kalecheo, to ttach
first principles, Gr.] consisting of ipiestions and answers.
CATECHETICALLY, ad. by way of question and an-
swer.
To CATECHISE, (kalelcize) v. a. [from katecheo, to teach
first principles, Gr.] to ask a person questions in order to dis-
cover secrets ; to examine, to interrogate.
CATF.CHISER, (kdUkizer) ». one who teaches a person,
or tries whether he can say his catechism ; one who ques-
tion.s, examines, or endeavours to make discoveries by
qm'otions.
CATECHISM, {kalekiim) t. [froia katcchiso, to Mtccliisc,
Gr.] a system of instruction by question and answer. Ac-
cording to the liturgy of the churc'ujf England, an inslitutioti
to be learned by every ptrson beibn" he i.s brnu^lit tu be coti-
finned by the bishop, fjur church catechism originally con-
taineii no more than a re'ietilion of tlx- iiaptismal vow, tlie
creed, and tlie Lord's prayer; but kiiig .James I. ordered the
bishops to add to it a shoit and plain explication of the sa-
craments.
CA'TECHIST, {^katekid) s. [from katichh", to catechise,
Gr.] one who teaches or instrtiets persons iu the first princi-
ples I'V way of qne.stiim .iud answer.
CR'rECHU'iMEX, {katecumtn) .v. [from kutechlzo, to cate-
chise, Gr] in the prnnitive church, a candidate for bap-
tism.
CATECHUME'XiCAL, {katekuminshal) a. belonging to a
catechumen.
CATEGCRICAL, a. positive; absolute; affirmative;
adequate.
CATEGORICALLY, ad, in a positive, express, absolute
manner.
CAT'EGORY, J. [from kalegorea, to aver, or declare a
charge of accusation, Gr.] in h>-;c, a system or assemblage of
all the beings ranged under one kind or genus, called iu latin
a predicament.
CATENA'RIAN, a. [from catena, Lat,] relating to a chain ;
resendding a chain. In mathematics, the Catenarian curve is
formed by a rope or chain hanging freely between two points
whereon its extremities are fastened.
CA'TENATIOX, [from catena, Lat.] the act of linking to-
gether, or connecting like a chain.
To CA'TKR, II. a. to provide food ; to buy in victuals.
CATEUE'R, s. mail employed to provide and buy in vic-
tuals f T a family.
C.VTEUESS, s. a woman who buys in provision for a
family.
CATERPILLjVR, s. in natural history, a reptile, from
whence butterflies or mntl!- are produced, covered with hair,
formeil of annular scales, having small holes on its sides for
respiration, with several feet, and fnriii.shed with a glutinous
substance, which it emits from its inouth, and makes use of as
ropes to descend from any h;ight.
To CATERWAUL, r. a. to make a noise like cats in their
rutting time. Figuratively, to make a disagreeable noise;
to abandon one'.sself to lust.
CATES, s. [kalter, Belg.] nice and elegant food ; cakes ;
or rich di-hes.
CA'TFISH, s. the name of a sea-fish in the West Indies, so
called from its round he. id and large glaring eyes, by which it
is discovereii in hollow rock^.
CA I'-H.VRPINGS, s. small ropes in a ship, running on
little blocks, from one side of the shrouds to the other, near
the deck.
CATHARIXE'NSLAF, the capital of a province of the
same name in Russia, is 178 miles N. E. of Cherson. Lat. 47.
23. N. Ion. 35. 15. E.
CATHARTIC, or CATHA'RTICAL, «. [from kwlhario,
to purge, (Jr.] cleansing. Applied in medicine to purges,
or those meilicines which cleanse the body by stool ; but in a
more extensive sense, to all kinds of medicine which cleanse
the body.
CATHA'RTICALNESS, s. the quality of cleansing or
purging.
CA'THEAD, .1. in natural history, a fossil, consisting of
nodules with leaves in it of an iron stone, and found in the
rocks near Whitehaven, in Cumberland. On board a ship, a
piece of timber, with two shivers at one end, having a rope
and block.
CATHE'DRAL, a. epi.scopal, or containing the see or seat
of a bishop ; belonging to a cathedral.
CATHEDRAL, i. ((rom kathedra, a chair, Gr.] the chief
church of a diocese, where the service is sung.
CATHETER, .1. [Ironi katfiemi, to thrust in, Gr.) in
surgery, a hollow tube or instrument usually of silver, and
somclimeii crooked, generally thrust up the bladder, to assist
i:xv
C AU
the rtiscliari;p or mine, wlieii the passiiije is stoppcil by tlie
stone, or 'any oilier (llsoider.
CATHOLICISM, s. universality; sometliing common
to all of'tlie same k'u:'.\.
CA'TIIOLIC, fi. [from Imiit, and f)!os, the wiiole, Gr.]
imiversal. Used sometimes lor line in oiiposition lo here-
tical, or schismatieai. limiian ('niJin/ic, is a title wliieli the
papists arroijate to tlienisehes. CkC'wIic king, or majesty, is
the title ol'llie kill"; of Spain.
CATHO'LICON, s. [from knt/mUhns, universal, Gr.] in
medicine, a remedy which cures ail disorders. Figuiative-
ly, that which is a universal preservalixe.
CA'TKINS, i. imperfect flowers hangin"; from trees, like
a rope or cat's tail, as in the willow, hazel, pine, iVc.
CA'TLINCi, s. [hats leiiis, Tent. J in surgery, a dismem-
bering knife, used for cutting ofi' any corrupted part of llie
body. In botany, tlie down or moss growing about walnut-
trees, resembling the hair of a cat.
CATO'FTlllCAL, «. relating to catoptrics, or vision by
reflection.
CATOPTRICS,^, [from httoplron, a mirror, Gr.] the
doctrine of reflex vision ; or that part of optics which treats
of light reflected from polished surfaces.
CA T'S-KYE, s. among jewellers, a stone of the opal kind,
bnt far inferior to it in beauty.
CATSILVEU,*. in natural history, a fossil composed ot
plain, parallel, flexible, elastic plates, and of a yellow or
golden, white, silveiT, or black colour.
C.VTSUP, i. a kind of Indian pickle, imitated by pickled
mushrooms.
CA'T'S-TAIL, i. a kind of grass. Also that long round
substance which grows upon nut-trees, pines, Ac. See
Catkins.
CA'TTEGAT, a gulf or passage, lying between Denmark,
Sweden, and Norway, by which the Bailie communicates
with the Northern Ocean. It comprehends several islands.
CA'TTERICK, Yorkshire, near Richmond, has a bridge
over the river Swale, and a sort of cataract near it. It is
called Caturaction in Ptolemy, and appears to have been a
great city in the time of the Romans.
CA'TTLE, s. a collective name for such animals as are
useful either for tilling the ground, or for food for mankind,
as horses, oxen, sheep, goats, Ac. They are distinguished
into great cattle, comprehending horses, and oxen, and small
cattle, such as sheep and goats. Black, or neat cattle, are
collective names for all animals of the ox kind. Figurative-
ly, persons; a word of reproach and contempt as it places
the human species on a level with brutes.
CAVALC.VDE, s. [Fr.] a pompous procession on horse-
back, or in coaches.
CAVALI'ER, (cavalecr) s. [cavalier, Fr.] a knight, gentle-
man, or soldier, who rides on horseback ; a horseman. Fi-
guratively, a term of reproach given to those who adhered
to king Charles in the great rebellion.
CAVALIER, a. gay, sprightly, warlike, brave, generous,
polite. Sometimes in a quite contrary sense, i. e. proud,
haughty, disdainful.
CAVALIERLY, ad. in a brave or polite manner. But,
by the writers of king Charles's time, used for a disdainful,
hanglitv, and arrogant manner.
CA'VALRY, .«. \cavalerie, Fr.] soldiers who fight and
marcli on horseback, divided into horse and dragoons. The
horse never serve but on horseback, being named likewise
troojiers or heavy cavah-t/. The dragoons fight either on
horseback or on foot, as occasion letpiires, and are named
light-horse. When an army is drawn ui> in battle-array,
the cavalry are posted in the wings; and bodies of cavalry
ranged in order of battle are termed sfiiiadmns.
CA'VAN, a county of Ireland, in Ulster, bounded on the
W. and S. \V. by Leitrim and Longford ; on the N. W. and
N. by Ferinauagli and Monaghan ; on the N. E. by Monag-
lian : and on the E. and S. by E. and W. Meath. It is about
47 miles long and 21 broad, and contains .30 parishes, 1(!,314
hou.ses, and !5l,670 inhabitants. In many parts it is open.
bleak, and drearv, but from Cavan to Lough Earne it is fer-
tile, well wooded, and extremely picturesiiue. At the foot
of the hills are many beautiliil lakes, mostly small, but some
of a larger size. The linen manulaeture is carried on in it
pretty extensively, its j early trade in it having been averaged
at j£68,'2(l0. Its capital, Cavan, lias barracks for a troop of
horse, and is .54 miles N. W. of Dublin.
ToCA'VATE, v.a.lcavo, Lat.] to scoop, bore, or dig any
solid matter into a hollow ; to make hollow.
CAU'C.\SUS, a chain of mouiilains in .\sia, which extend
from the Black to the Caspian Sea, inhabited by seven dis-
tinct nations, each si)eakiiig a dili'erent language, mostly
however, Christians ; namely, the Tartars, the Abkas, th
Circassians, the Ossi, the Ivisli, llie Lesguis, and the (ieor
gians. These mountains are said to be the highest in Asia,
and their sunmiits, which are full of rocks and frightful pre
cipices, passable in many places only by narrow paths, are
perpetually covered willi snow. 1 he lower parts abound in
honey, corn, wine, fruits, /;o(h, a species of grain resembling
millet, but cultivated like rice ; hogs, and horned c;itlle.
The vines hereabouts grow winding round the high trees.
The northern parts are mostly subject to Russia, and the
southern to Turkey.
CAU'DLE, «. [caudeau, Fr.] a liquor sometimes made with
water, oatmeal, Ac. sometimes with water, oatmeal, spices,
and a small dash of wine, used by \\oiuen in their lying-in.
To CAU'DLE, V. a. to make caudle ; to mix as caudle.
CAVE, s. [cave, Fr.J a hollow place made in a rock or under
ground, which runs in a horizontal direction. Figura-
tively, a hollow thing. Synon. Cwie is a habitation under
ground, made either by art or nature. Cell is some little
dwelling raised above the ground. We dig a cane ; we buiif'
a cell.
To C.WE, V. n. to dwell in a cave, or subterraneous
place.
CAVE AT, .f. [Lat.] in law, a kind of process in the spiritual
court to stop the probate of a will, the granting letters of
administration, or the institution of a clerk to a benefice, &c.
Roll. liep.VJl.
CAVERN, s. [cttverna, Lat.] a lioUow place mider ground.
CA'VERNED, o. full of caverns ; hollow; undermined.
Figuratively, dwelling in a cavern.
CA'VERKOUS, a. full of caverns or hollow places under
ground.
CAVETTO, s. [Ital.] a hollow member or round con-
cave moulding, containing a quadrant or quarter of a
circle.
CA'VEZON, orCAVE'SSON, *. [cavessoyi, Fr.] a sort of
nose-band, of iron, leather, or wood, clapt on the nose of a
horse to wring it, in order to supple and break him in.
CAL^GHT, (haut) participle prefer, of Catch.
CAVIARE, CAVEARE, or CAVI'ER, ... [Ital.] the hard
roes of sturgeon salted, made into small cakes, and dried in
the sun.
To CA'V IL, V. a. [caviller, Fr.] to raise frivolous objections.
Neuterly, to receive or treat with objections.
CA'ViL, s. a groundless or frivolous objection.
CAVILLA'TION, or CAVILLING, s. a disposition, in-
clination, or quality of raising groundless objections, or fiud-
nig fault with things without reason.
CA'VILLER, s. [cavillator, Lat.] one who makes ground-
less, frivolous, or impertinent objections.
CATILLINGLY, ad. objecting in a groundless or frivo-
lous manner.
CA'VILLOUS, a. fond of objecting, or making gromidless
objections.
CA'VIN, s. [Fr.] a natural hollow, fit to cover a body of
troops, and favour their approaches.
C A'VITY', J. [cavitas, Lat.] hollow ness ; a hollow ; a hollow
place.
CAUK, s. in natural history, a coarse talky spar.
CAU KY', a. resembling cauk ; of the qualities of cauk.
CAL'L, i. [caul, Brit.l a kind of netting or hair cap, used
by womeu to inclose tlieir iiair in ; the hinder part of a
c \x
ce:.
woinan's cap ; the silk netting in tlie inside of a wig, on
vliicii the rows of curls are sewed. Figiuatively, a kind of
net. In anatomy, the oinenliun, or reticiikim, a membrane
in the abdomen. Likewise a membrane found on the head
of some children at their birth.
CAULrFI'niOU.S, 0. [from ciiulis and/ffo, Lat.] in botany,
applied to sucli plants as have a true stalk.
CAULIFLOWER, (generally pronounced cblUflnwer) s.
[from caulis, Lat.] in botany, a species of cabbage; this plant
vas brought from Cyprus, and not raised to such perfection
33 to be sold in a market till 1G80.
C.\L"SABLE, a. [from causa, Lat.] that may be produced
or etiected.
CAU'SAL, a. relating to causes.
CAUSA'TION, s. the act expressive of causing.
C.AU'SATIVE, a. that expresses a cause or reason.
C A USA'TO R, s. a causer ; an author.
CAUSE, (the s in this word and its derivatives is usually
pronounced like c) J. [causa, Lat.] that which makes a thing
begin to be ; that which produces any thing. A first cause,
is that which operates of itself, and from its own proper power
or vir^ue. A secundary cause, is that which derives its power
from some other. Figuratively, the reason or motive for
any undertaking. In a law sense, the matter in dispute, or
subject of CI law suit.
To CAUSE, V. a. to produce any effect ; to effect.
CAU'SELESS, a. derived from no cause. Without just
grounds, reasons, or motives.
CAU'SELESSLY, «(.'. in a groundless manner • 'vithout
foundation ; without reason ; unjustly.
C.MJSER, i. he that produces, or the agent by which
any thing is effected or i)roduced.
CAU'SEY, or CAUSEWAY, *. a massive collection of
stones, stakes, and fascines, bricks, broken tiles, and lumber ;
or an elevation of viscous earth well beaten together, serving
as a narrow road or path in wet or marshy places.
CAUSTIC, or CA USTICAL, a. I from haw, to burn, Gr.]
in medicine, that operates like fire, both with respect to tlie
lieat it occasions, and the consumption it causes in the parts
to which it is applied.
CAU'.STIC, i. in medicine, a remedy which operates like
fire, by destroying the vessels of the part to which it is ap-
olied. It is used to eat off proud flesi!, fungous, &c.
CAUSTFCITY, s. [from Iiaio, to burn, Gr.J the quality of
burning.
CAU TELOUS, a. [cauteleux, Fr.] wary, cautious, circum-
spect. Sometimes used in a bad sense for wily, cunning,
treacherous.
CAUTERIZATION, s. the act of consuming flesh by
burning-hot irons, or caustic medicines.
To CAUTERIZE, v. a. [cauteriser, Fr.] in surgery, to eat
or consume a part by the application of a cautery.
CAUTERY, s. [from haio, to burn, Gr.] See Caustic.
CAUTION, (hdiis/wn) s [caittio, Lat.] a prudent manner
cf acting; wariness; foresight; warning.
To CAUTION, V. a. to warn ; to give notice of a danger.
CAUTIONARY, {haushonary) a. given as a pledge or a
securitv.
CAUTIOUS, {Mushous) a. \cavtiu, Lat.j guarded against
any suspected trick ; wary; watchful.
CAUTIOUSLY, (hausliiousty) ad. m a wary manner, op-
posed to rashness.
CA UTIOUSNESS, {hausMousness) s. the quality of taking
such measures as may prevent any misfortune ; a prudent
wary conduct.
CA'VY, s. a i^eniisof small American animals, of which the
best known is the restless cavy, or guinea pig.
To CAW, 1). n. [formed from the sound] to make a noise
like a crow, raven, or nmk.
CA'WOOI), a town in the R. riding of Yorkshire, with a
market on Wednesday, 12 miles S. of York, and 186 N. W.
of London.
CA'XTON, a town in Caml)ridgeshire, witli a market on
Tuesday. It is but small, though a post-town, and a good
146
thoroughfare ; 10 miles W. by S. of Cambridge, and 49 N.
of London.
CAYENNE, a town and island of South America, on the
coast of Guiana, about \ti leagues in circniuferenee. It is a
part of the French settlement there. The soil is a black
sand, covering a loamy clay. The pastuics feed a great
number of horses, sheep, goats, and cattle, which roam at
will; and there are plantations of sugar, cocoa, cofi'ee, in-
digo, maize, cassia, and vanilla. The beef, mutton, and
poultry here are excellent N. ii. A description of this
colony, lately published at Paris, asserts that it is an error
to distinguish this island from the continent, as if it were
perfectly detached from it.
To CEASE, V. n. [cesso, Lat] to forbear or discontinue an
action or custom a jierson is engaged in. To rest, used
with from. Actively, to put a slop or end to. Synon.
"We finish by putting the last baud to a work. We cease in
quitting it entirely. We have vff'in discontinuing.
CEASE, s. death or extinction, perhaps for decease.
CEASELESS, n. without stop, intermission, pause, respite,
or disconfinaation ; without ena.
CECUTIENCY, s. [i'romcacus, Lat.j a tendency to blind-
ness ; a dimness of sight.
CE'DAl', s. [c-drus, Lat.] in botany, a famous tree, a na-
tive of mount Liliaiius, mentioned in scripture as renuirkable
for its height and the extent of its blanches. Jt is an ever-
green, prodigiously thick, and resembles a pyramid.
CE'DIIINE, a. [cedrinus, Lat.] o? or belonging to a cedar-
tree.
To CEIL, (see!) V. a. fj _/9, Lat.] to overlay, or cover the
inner roof of a building.
CEILING, (seclbig) s. ttie upper part or roof of a room.
CE'LANDINl'',, i. [chelidouium, Lat.] a genus of plants
nearly alliefl to the poppy, ditlering therefrom in its seed-
vessel being a pod. There are three British species.
CELEBES, an island of Asia, in the Indian Ocean, called
also Macassar, S. of the Philippines, E. of Borneo, and W.
of the Moluccas. The heat would be insupportable but for
the N. winds, and the rain which constantly fall five days
before and after the full moon, and during two months that
the sun is nearly vertical. Thefruiis are ripe at all tiiiesof
the year, and in the forests are large herds of deer, wild hogs,
and large ferocious monkeys ; the most dangerous are the
white, especially to women, whom tiiey seize and tear to
pieces. The chief enemies of the monkeys are the ser-
pents, which are continually in pursuit of them ; the larger
swallow them whole, and the smaller ensnaring them by art,
seizing on them and drinking their blood. No country in
the world is furnished with a greater variety of poisons.
The. Dutch have several forts and settlements here. The
natives arc Mahometans, of an olive colour, low of stature,
but strong and hardy. The N. E. point of the island is in
lat. t. 42. N. Ion. 12'2. 14. E.
ToCELE'BRATE,i..«.[oeMra,Lat.] to make honourable
mention of; to make a thing fauious. Figuratively, to
praise or c<mimend ; to enumerate the blessings received
from the Divine Being, with a heart full of gialitiule; to
perforin the solemn rites a\)propriated to any particular day
or festival. SyNON. Famous, celebrated, and rcnovned, are
equally applied to persons or things; but iliuttrioui to
persons only, at least when we would be nice in our clioice
of words.
CELEBRATION, s. [ceh-bratio, Lat.] the performance of
any rite appropriated to some festival or solemnily. Fiijura-
tivelv, praise, fauu', renown, memoriai.or honourable mention.
Cr;LE'BIUOUS, a. \cchher, Lat.] f.uuous ; leuouned.
CELE'BRIOIJSLY, ad. in a famous manner; in such a
uiaiuicr as lo communicate fa-ne.
CELI'^ljlilOl'-SNESS, .1. renown, fame, orqualities wiiich
ore the olijefls of esteem and a|)probalioii.
CELKBRITV, s, [celebriias, Lat.] the perlbrmiiig any
rile ; reiiou u ; fame.
CEI.E'RITV, i. [«7iriV«i, Lat.] swiftiH'S" of motion; ve-
locity ; rapi^litj.
CEN
CEN
CE'LF.RY, s, in botany, a species of parsley.
CIOLIVSTIAL, rt. [cwlfslis, Lat.] in the heavenly regions;
I)elonf,Mn^; to heaven, or an^'elical. Used substantively for
an inhabitant of heaven.
C I'XE'STIALLY, ad. in a heavenly manner, opposed to
earthly.
To CRLE'STIFY, 1'. o. [from cahxth, Lat.] to communi-
cate or endue with the properties of heaven.
CELE'STINS, in church history, a religious order of
Christians, reformed from the Hernardins by pope Celestin.
Their rides are divided into three parts; the first, of the
provincial chapters, and the elections of superiors ; the se-
cond contains th« regular observances; and the third, the
visitation and correction of the monks. The Cclcstins rise
two hours after midniijlit to say matins. They eat no flesh
at any time, except when they are sick; thev fast every
Wednesday and Friday, to the feast of the Exaltation of the
Holv Cross ; and from that feast to Easter, every day.
Ct'LIAC, *. [from liiiilifi, the belly. Or.] relating to the
lower belly. Crlinr passimi/m a sort of diarrhoea, or flux of
the belly, in which the aliment is extruded either crude or
chylified, instead of excrements.
CELI'BACY, «. [from calclis, Lat.] the unmarried or
sinffle state, opposed to marriage.
CE'LIBATE, s. [calibutKs, Lat.] a single life ; tne same as
Cell ha f I/.
CELL, s. [vfUa, Lat.] a hollow place ; a little house,
apartment, or chamber, wherein the ancient monks used to
dwell in their retirement ; a small or close apartment in a
prison. In anatomy, little bags, bladders, or cavities,
wherein fluids or other humours are lodged. In botany, a
vacuity' in a capsule for lodging the seed. They have either
one cell, as in primrose ; two, as in thornapi^le ; three, as
in lily ; four, as in spindletree ; five, as in rue; six, as in
asarabacca, cVc. It also signifies the vacuity in tlie tips that
contain the dust. In natural history, the little divisions or
parti'ions of bee-hives, in which the honey is stored.
CELLAR, s. [cella, Lat.] in building, a place under ground
for keeping stores, or the lowest room of a house.
CELLAR ACJE, s. the part of a building appropriated to
cellars ; cellar-room.
CE'LLARIST, s. \celhrius, Lat.] the butler m a religious
house.
CE'I.LULAR, a. ['from ceJhih, Lat."" consisting of, or
abounding in, tittle cells or cavities.
CE'LSITUDE, s. [cehihnh, Lat.] height, tallness, sta-
ture. Also, a note of dignity, by which some persons in
high offices are distinguished.
CE'MENT, s, [camcntiiin, Lat.] anv glutinous substance,
used to stick two Dodies together. Figuratively, that which
unites, or forms an union between things.
To CEMK'NT, n. «. to unite by some glutinous sub-
stance, such as mortar, cVc. Fignralively, to unite ditte-
rent people in tiie bonds of friendship, or by some common
tie of interest, ^c.
To CEMENT, v. n. to join together, so as not to be
easilv divided. In surgeiT, applied to broken bones.
CEMENTATION, s. the act of joining bodies together
by cement.
CE'METERY, s. | from human, fo sleep, Gr.l a place
wherein the bodies of the dead are buried, a church-yard, or
burving ground.
CE'NATORV', n. [from ccena, Lat.] relating to supper.
CENOBITICAL, a. [from homos, connuon, and iios, life,
Gr.l living in community.
CE'NOTAPH, s. [from Jtenos, empty, and taphns, a tomb,
Gr.] an honorary monument erected for a person whose re-
main's are buried in another place ; such are most of the
monuments in Westminster abbey.
To CENSE, V. a. \tncenser, Fr.] to perfume with incense.
Used finlv in poetry.
CE'NSEIl, s. [fHccKOTir, Fr.j the pan or vessel in which
incense is burnt.
CE'NSOUj s. \censor, Lat.] a Roman magistrate employed
to sun-ey and rate the people, and to inspect and correct
their manners. Used by moderns to signify a person given
to find fault with, and censure the conduct, actions, or pri>
ductions of others.
Ci'"-NS()'RIAN,n. relating 1o a censor.
CENSORIOUS, 0. morosely animadverting on the faults
of others. Used with of or'npun, before the object of cen-
sure.
CENSO'RIOUSLY, nrl. m a severe manner; in sucii a
manner as to condemn the foibles of others wiHi the great-
est rigour.
CENSO'RIOUSNESS, ?. a disposition of finding fault
with the actions of others.
CE'NSORSIllF, s. the office of a censor; or the time
during which he continued in his ofliee.
CE'NSUIIAHLI';, II. liable to be found fault witli ; worthy
of censure; blameable.
CE'NSURARLENESS, s. the quality which makes a thing
the object of blame or censure.
CENSURE, jf. [rPHiuw, Lat.] the act of blaming, or no-
ting the defects which make any thing biameable ; a reproof
or reprimand given bva person iu authority. In ecclesiastic
government, a punisliment inflicted on a person for some
remarkable misdemeanor.
To CE'NSURI'^, V. a. [cetisnrer, Fr.l to reprove a person
publicly for some misdemeanor, applied to the reproofs of
a superior- to reprimand ; blame; or find fault with.
CE'NSURER, s. a person who is fond of taking notice of
the faults of others ; one who is addicted to reproving others
for their defects.
CENT, s. [an abbreviation of ora^Hm, Lat.j in commerce,
used to express the profit or loss arising from the sale of any
commodity, the rate of commission, exchange, or the inte-
rest of money, &c. and signifies the proportion or sum lost,
&c. in every 100 ; thus 10 per cent, loss implies that the
seller has lost 10 pounds on every 100 pounds of the price
for which he bought the commodity.
CE'NTAUR, «. |fc»iM»)(«, Lat.] an imaginary or chimeri-
cal being, represented by ancient poets as composed partly
of the human and partly of the brute species, i. e. half a
man and half a horse. In astronomy, a constellation in the
southern hemisphere, joined with the Wolf, containing 13
stars. The Centaurs were probably an ancient nation of
Greeks, who early acquired the art of riding horses.
CE'NTAURY,'.?. a plant, the root of which is cs.teeined
in fluxes, dysenteries, spitting of blood, and recommended
by some in all diseases arising from the obstructions of the
meseraic veins.
CENTENARY, a. \centenarivs, Lat.] the number of a
hundred.
CENTE'SIMAL, s. [_centesimu3, Lat.] hundredth.
CENTIFO'LIOUS, a. [from centum and folium, Lat.] hav-
ing a hundred leaves.
CE'NTIPEDE, s. [eentntn anfl pes, Lat.j a poisonous in-
sect in the West Indies, commonly called by the English
forti/-lcf^s,
Cl'j'NTO, «. [Lat.] in poetry, a piece wholly composed of
verses from other authors, wlierein sometimes a\ hole lines,
and at others half verses, are borrowed, but set down in a
new order, and applied to a subject different from tliat in
which they were originally introduced.
CE'NTiRAL, a. relating to the centre, or placed in the
centre. Darkest, or as dark as the centre of the earth.
Central forces, are those by which a body tends, to, or re-
moves from, the centre.
CETSTRALLY, ad. entirely ; perpendicularly ; in a manJ
ner relating to the centre of gravity.
CE'NTRE, or CENTER, s. [centrum, Lat.] in its primary
sense, a point equally remote from either of the extremities
of a line, figure, or body ; or the point or middle of a line
orplane, which divides it into two equal pflrts. The cenir<!
of a circle, is a point within it, from whence all linos drawn
to the circumference are equal, d-ntre of gratitiHion, or
attraction, is that point to which a planet is inipellcil iu it;
147
CEIl
CER
I
motion by the fnrce of gravity. Centre nf grnviti/, is fliat
joint ai)oiit wliicli all the parts of a body, iu any situation,
lalance eacii ollnr. Centre of mvtion, is that point wliitii
remains at rest, while ail the (ither parts of the body move
about it. Centre of vscillaticn, is that point in which, if
the whole gravitj'of the pendulum were collected, the time
of its vibration would receive no alteration. CerUre of per-
cussion, is that point in which the force of a stroke is the
■greatest possible. Centre is used fin;uratively for the earth,
in the Ptolemaic system ]ilaced in the centre.
ToCI'JXTRE, !•. n to hx on, or as a centre ; to tend to,
or be collected together, as in a centre. Used neuterly, to
meet, like rays in a centre; to be placed in the centre of the
-mundane system.
CENTRIFUGAL, a. [from centrum, the centre, and /"g-fff,
to (lee, Lat.] that endeavours to tly or recede from its centre
I r iixed place ; so that the force of any body movinj; in a
circular or curvilineal orbit that strives to fall oti" from the
axis of its motion in a tangent to the said orbit, is called the
centrifugal force.
CENTRIPETAL, a. [from ffn(?-;(m, the centre, mnApeto,
to seek, Lat.] tending towards the centre. Centripetal force,
is that by which a bodj tends, acts, or is impelled towards
the centre.
CE'NTRY, s. See Sentry, or Sentinel.
- CENTUPLE, a.rcentuplcx, Lat.] a hundred fold.
ToCENTU'RIATE, v. a. [cmtnno, Lat.] to divide into
■hundreds.
CENTURIATOR, s. a historian who divides time into
centuries, or spacesconsistinjj of a hundred years.
CENTU'RION, i. [centurio, Lat.] a military otiicer among
the llomans who commanded a hundred men.
CE'NTURY, *. [ceK<»Wfl, Lat.] in chronology, is a period
ef one hundred years. In church history, the method of
computing by centuries is generally observed, conniiencing
f:om the time of our Saviour's incarnation ; in which sense
wcs-iy, the first, second, third centurj, etc.
CE'PHAL.\LGY, (sip/mlalgii) s. [fi-om kephale, the head,
and cigos, sorrow, pain, Gr.] the head-ache.
CEPHA'LIC, (seph&Uk) a. [from hephnle, the head, Gr.] in
medicine, applied to remedies for disorders in the head.
CEPHALO'NIA, a consideiable island of Greece, S. W.
of Livadia, and N. VV. of the IMorea. It is fertile in oil,
and excellent muscadine wine ; the climate is warm, and
tlie trees blossom throughout the year. It has been sub-
■jf'ct to the Venetians, since 1449, but is now claimed by the
rrench. Lat. 38. 22. N. Ion. 20.36. E.
CEPHEUS, in astronomy, a constellation in the northern
hemisphere.
CE'RASTES, s. [from heras, a horn, Gr.] a serpent having
two protuberances resembling horns. It is iu lire highest
degree venomous.
CE'RATE, s. [from cera, wax, Lat.] in medicine, a kind of
stiff oinlnienr, made of oil, wax, and other ingredients.
CE'JtATED, a.[from cera, wax, Lat.] covered with wax
or cerate.
CE'RBKRUS, a name the old poets gave a dog with
thret; heads, which they feigned to be the porter ofhell-
;atc'3, that caressed the forliniate souls that went thither,
Jilt devoured those that would got out again.
To CERE, V. a. [from cera, wax, Lat.] to rub upon or cover
with wax.
C E'REBEL, .5. [rc7eJf//«m,Lat.] the hinder part of the brain.
CE'REBRUM, s. [Lat.] the brain properly so called.
See Brain.
CE'RECLOTH, *. a clotii covered or spread with cerate
or other ointment.
CEREMENTS, «. [from cera, wax, Lat.] cloths clipped in
niched wax or gum, in which dead bodies were formerly
wrapped when emiialmed.
CEREMONIAL, a. that relates to a ceremony, or exter-
nal rite. Figuratively, consisting in nn^re exteinal show ;
formal. Snbjtantively, an external rite, or book containing
the ceremonies to be observed in religious worship.
14U
f,
CEREMCNI ALNESS, s. the quality of abounding in
external rites, and modes of worship; the mere exlerna!
show of devotion, piety, or virtue.
CEREMONIOUS, a. consisting in external or outward
rites ; superstitious, or fond of ceremonies ; formal ; too
much given to the practice of external acts of civility and
polite address. Figurativelv, awful.
CEREMONIOUSLY, ad iu a polite and civil manner.
CE'REMONY, s. [from Ceres, a heathen goddess, w1k>
was worshipped with much ceremony] an assemblage of se-
veral actions and forms, in order to render a thi-ig more so-
lemn ; an outward rite, and external form in religion ; po-
lite address. Master of the ceremonies, is an officer instituted
by king James I. for the more honourable reception of am-
bassadors and strangers of qualit-y. He wears about his
neck a chain of gold, with a medal under the crown of
Great Britain, having on one side an emblem of peace, with
this motto, beati pacifici (blessed are the peacemakers) and
on the other an emblem of war with Dieu et moii droit (Ciod
and my right.) His salary is SOOjE' per annum ; he has his
assistant and marshal of the ceremonies under him.
CETiES, in the heathen mythology, the inveutress or
goddess of corn.
CERITSITHIANS, in church histor>', heretics, the fol-
lowers of Cerinthus", who lived and published his heresies in
the time of the apostles themselves. They did not allow
that God was the author of the creatures, but said, that the
world was created by an inferior power. They attributed
to this Creator an only Son, but born in time, and diii'erent
from the word. They admitted several angels and inferior
powers ; they maintained that the law and the prophets
came not from God, but from angels ; and that the God of
the Hebrews was only an angel. They distinguished be-
tween Jesus and Christ, and .said, that Jesus was a mere
man, like other men, of Joseph and Mary ; but that he ex-
celled all other men in prudence and w isdom : that Jesus
being baptized, the Christ of the supreme God, that is, the
Holy Ghost, descended upon him ; and that by the assist-
ance of this Christ, Jesus performed his miracles. It was
partly to refute this sect that St. John wrote his Gospel.
CERNE ABBEY, Dorsetshire, stands on the river Cerne,
in a pleasant vale, surrounded with steep hills, on one of
which, Trendle hill, a little to the N. is a gigantic figure,
with the left hand extended, and in the right, which is
erected, a club, cut in the chalk : it covers nearly an acre,
and is repaired about once in 7 years, by cleansing; the fur-
rows, and filling them with fresh chalk. It is 6 miles from
Dorchester, and 2 from Great Mintern. Market on Wed-
nesday.
CERTAIN, a. [c«-(hj, Lat.] that cannot be denied with-
out obstinacy ; resolved, or determined ; sure, so as to ad-
mit of no doubt,
CEHTAINLY, ad. without doubt, question, scruple, or
fail.
CERTAINTY, J. divided by metaphysicians into r«r-
taiiitij of truth, which is when .words are so put together in
prepositions as exactly to express the agreement or disagree-
ment of ideas, as expressed in any proposition ; and 2dly,
Certainty of knowledge, which is the perceiving the agree-
ment or disagreement of ideas, as expressed in any preposi-
tion ; this is called the knowing or being certain of the truth
of any proposition. A physical ccrlaiiUi/, is that wliicii de-
pends on tlie evidence of sense. A mathematical certainty.
Is that which no man any ways doubts of, as that ino is
more than 1. A moral certainty, is that whose proof de-
jiendson a due connection of circumstances, and clearness
of testimony, and when these concur, cannot be doubted of
without obstinacy. Figuratively, an event which must ne-
cessarilv and unavoidably happen.
CERTIFICATE, s. [from certifco, law Lat. | a testimony
given m writing, to certify or make known any truth. Fi-
guratively, anv testimony.
ToCE'RTlFlE,or CE'RTIFY,!). a. [certifier, Fr,] to give
certain notice of a thing.
^Jiir^^
^^Ys BjR-ii (])if AET,wi>^i^^' C^V
.«^^^^
CF. Y
Cli A
CF.RTIOR.VRI, j>.[Lat.l a writ issued out of ilip ni;in.
eery, or coiut of King's IJcnrli, dircrtod In ;iii iiifrrior
coii'rl, lo call up the records of a c-aiisc tlicrc (Icpciidiiij;.
Cl'^'RTlTUUl':, s. [<rrfitiiilo, Liil.J an ad of llic jnd;:-
ment, importing,' the adhesion of the mind lo llie pro|i(ibi-
tioii it affirms, or tlie strength of evidence \\ hieli occasions
tiiat adhesion; free from doubt. See Certainty.
CERVICAL, o. [from cenr.r, tlie iieeli, Lat.] helon;;ins to
or situated on the neck. The (Trviait iin-vcx and rrx.uh m
anatomy, are so called from tlieir being situated ni liie
neck.
CK'RVIX, s. [Lat.] in anatomy, tlie liind part of tiie
neck, opposed to tlie jii^nliim, liiroat, or fore part.
CERU'LLAN, or' CERUXEOUS, a. [carukiu, Lat.l
blue, or skv-blue.
CERU'M EN, s. [Lat.] ear-wax.
CE'RUSE, s. [cevussa, Lat.] white lead reduced to a pow-
der, diluted with water on porphyry, and formed into a
paste.
CESARE'AN, «. [from Ctrsnrim anatomy, the Ca-snrcnn
tection, is the cutting a child from its motiiers womb, either
dead or alive, when it cannot be otherwise extracted ; which
circumstance, it is said, first gave the name oi Casur to the
Roman family so called.
CE8.S, .1. a tax ; the act of levynig rates, or taxnig.
CESSA'TION, s. [cessatio, Lat.] a pause, rest, slop, oi
vacation, includitig the idea of a change from a state of ao
tivity or motion to' its contrary, that of rest. Figuratively,
a truce, or forbearance of hostile acts between two armies,
vithont a peace.
CESSA'VIT, s. [Lat.] in law, a writ, which lies against a
person wlx) has not paid his rent, or performed his due ser-
vice for the space of two years, and has not sufficient goods
and cliattelsto make an equivalent distress.
ClvSSIBI'LITV', «. [from cesstan, Lat.] the quality of re-
ceding or giving way.
CE'SSIBLE, a. [eessvvi, Lat.] easy to give way.
CE'SSION, (sislion) s. [cession, Fr.] the act of yielding oi
giving way to a stroke or force without resistance. In com
moil law, an act whereby a person transfers his right to
another.
CE'SSIONARY, (»M/(itfnar!/) a. implying a resignation.
CE'SSOR, s. I from ctsso, Lat.J in law, a person who ceas-
eih orneglecteth to pay rent, or perform duty, so long, that
a writ (if cessavit may be taken out against him.
CE'STUS, «. [Lat.] a circle, which the poets ascribe to
Venus, and pretend that it adorns the person who wears it
with irresistible charms.
Cl'^FA'CEOUS, a. [from cele, Lat.l resembbng a whale ;
of the «hale kind.
CE'TUS, in astronomy, tlie Whale, a constellation in the
southern hemisphere.
CEVETSiNES, mountains of France, in the ci-devant Lan.
gnedoc.
CEYLON, or, in Arabic, Serendib, a large and moun-
tainous island of Asia, in the Indian Ocean, E. of Cape Co-
niorin, on the coast of Coromandel, al)out200 niilesin i'Migth,
ami KiOiii breadth. It produces large quantities of cinna-
mon, and its i>epper is of superior quality. Here is a great
variety of wood for all uses ; but the most remarkai>le tree
in the island is the tallipot, one of whose leaves will cover
10 men, and protect them from rain. It abounds in corn,
rice, elepiiants, butYaloes, goats, hogs, deer, hares, dogs,
jackals, monkeys, tigers, and bears. In some places there
are mines, whence are got rubies, sapphires, topazes, and
other stones of less value. The Dutch are, or lately were,
in possession of all the coast of this fertile island, and to the
distance of 10 or 13 leagues up the countn'. The natives
are the Bedas, a hardy race, on the north ; and on the
south the Cinglasses, a people equally inoffensive, but more
superstitious; they inip.lore the interposition of their saints
and heroes, and have various idols of monstrous forms.
They are divided into tribes like the Hindoos, and their
languaije, which is peculiar to themselves, is said to be co-
pious, smooth, elegant, and polite. Lat. from C. to u\>-
wards of 9. (leg. N. long. iVom HO. to nearly 83. (leg. E.
C F.\UT, in music, one of the notes m the gamut, or
scale.
CllACE,i. SceCilASF..
CHAD, {sharl) s. ill natural history, a round kind of
fish.
CH.\ETO'DON, s. in natural history, a genus of fislies
whose teeth may be divided into fine thin filaments resem-
bling bristles.
ToCHAFE, V. n. [fr//rt«ifcc, Fr.] to warm by rubbing.
Figuratively, to make sore liy friction and heat. To warm,
or scent with aromatic |>erfuiiies. To make a person grow
warm with anger. Neuleily, to grow angry, <.r fret at any
opposition or disappointment; beautifully applied to inani-
mate tilings.
CHAFE, s. anger, or peevisn y'armth, owing to opposi-
tion, slight, contempt, or dis-ippointment.
CHA'FER, s. in natural history, a kind of yellow bettle>
with t\ro antenna-, or horns, tenninated with a kind of
brush or comb, making a very loud buzzing noise when fly-
ing, and appearing generally in the month of May, whence
they are called Maii-bugs by the vulgar.
CHAFERY, s. in the iron works, the name of one of the
two principal forges. 'Fhe other i-> called the7i'«fn/. When
the iron has Ijeeii wrought at the finery into what is called
an fl/itoMi/ or souare mass hammered inloa bar in its middle,
but Willi its ends roughs the l)usille^s to be done at the
cliafoii is the reducing tne whole to the same sliape by ham-
mering down these rough ends to the shape of the middle
part.
CH.^TEWAX, s. an officer belonging to the lord chan-
cellor, who fits the wax for the sealing of writs.
CHAFF, s. [ccdf. Sax.] the husks or outward skins of
corn, which are separated from the flour by threshing and
winnowing. Figuratively, any thing of small value; any
thing worthless.
To CHAFFER, v. «. [hnufru, Teut.] to treat about or
make a bargain ; to haggle, to heal down a person in his de-
mands or price. Use(l actively, to buy ; to truck or ex-
change one commodity for another.
CHA'FFEIIER, «. one w ho buys bargains, or endeavours
to purchase a thing at less than the market-price ; a hag-
gler.
CHATFERY, s. the art of buying or selling ; traffic. In
the iron works, the name of one of the two principal forges.
The other is called the finerv.
CHATFINCH.s. asong'bird,so called from its delight-
ing in chaff.
CHATFLESS, a. without defect or levitv.
CHA FFWEED, s. a plant with small white blossoms at
the base of the leaves; found in moist sandy ground, and
flowering in June. It is also called bastard pimpernel.
CHA'FFY, a. full of chaff; like chaff. Figurativelv,
light.
CHAFING-DISH, «. an utensil made use of to con-
tain coals for keeping any thing warm, or warming it when
cold.
CHAGRITsr, (shagreen) s. [Fr.] unevenness of temper ;
ill humour, displeasure, or peevishness, arising from any
thing done to vex, or in opposition to a person's inchna-
tions.
To CHAGRrN,(*/Ki'g-)-eeu)f. a. [clagrtner, Fr.] to teaze ;
to make uneasy
CHAIN, s. [chaine, Fr.] a collection of rings, or round
pieces of metal linked to each other, of divers lengths and
thickness ; an ornament used by several magistrates^ and
borrowed from the Goths. In surveying, a series of irou
links, distinguished into 100 ecpial parts, used for meas\iring
land. Figuratively, a state of slavery, or confinement ; a
scries of things linked to, and dependant on one an
other. ,. , .
To CHAIN, I', a. to fasten, secure, or confine with a cnain.
Figurativelv, to enslave, or bring into a state of slavery
ClIA
Ch A
To be (lefendc'il by a chain. To iiiiile in firm and indisso-
luble friendsiiip.
CIIA'INTUMP, s. a double pump used in large sliips.
CHA'INSnOT,.?. two half bullets fastened together by a
chain, used in an engagement at sia.
CHA'INWORK, s. work with open spaces, or interstices,
representing the links of a chain.
CHAIR, s. [c/inir, Tr.] a moveable seat for a single person,
with a back to it. Figuratively, the place or post of a great
otiicer. Ahm-e the chair, in London, is applied to those al-
dermen wiu) h;ive borne the office of lord-mayor; below the
chair, to those that have not yet enjoyed that dignity. The
seat of justice or authority; a covered carriage in which
persons are conveyed from one place to auother, borne by
two men ; a sedan. To tahe the chair, or be in the chair,
implies that a person is »iresident, and presides at an as
scnd)ly.
CHAIRMAN, s. one who sits in a higher chair than the
rest of the members, and presides at an assembly or club;
one who carries a chair or sedan.
CHAISE, {shaize) s. [chaise, Fr.] a high open carriage,
running on two or move wheels, and drawn by one two, or
more horses.
CUALCI^'DONY, ^. a genus ot semipellucid gems, of an
even, regular, and not tabulated text\nc, variegated with
different colours, dispersed inform of mists and clouds.
CHA'LCITIS, (hdlcitis) s. a caustic vitriolic mineral, im
ported fi-om Germany, which is used in the composition of
Venice treacle.
CHALCOGR\?H\,U!alhosraphj/)s. [from chalkos, brass,
and a-nipho, to write, Gr.] the art of engraving upon brass.
CHALDE'A, {KahUa) otherwise caHed habvlonia, has
now the name of Irac Arabi, and lies between the river
Euphrates and Tigris, a little to the north of Bussarah and
the Persian gulph, and to tJie south of Bagdad. See Ba
BYIONIA.
CHA'LDER, CHA'LDRON, or CHAU'DRON, s. a dry
measure used for coals, containing 12 sacks, or 3G bushels
heapid up, according to a standard sealed and kept at
Guikfhall, London.
CHA'LICE, s. [ctdir, Sax.] formcriv used for a cup oi
drinking vessel, with a foot to it. At present apinopriated
to the vases or vessels used at the celebration of the Euclia
rist, or Lord's Supper.
CHALK, (chaiih) s. [cealc, Sax.j a wnite dry marl, vitli
a dusty surface, and found in hard masses. In medicine,
it is of the first note among the alkaline absorbents; nor
is it less useful in the ordinary af'.'airs of life ; is in no
small repute as a manure, especially for cold and sour lands,
for which the soft unctuous chalk is most proper, as the dry,
bard, and strong chalk is for lime. Black chalk, among
l)aintcr3, is a kind of ochrcous earth, of a close texture,
which gives a tine black, and is used on blue i)aper. Bed
chxlk is an indurated clayey ochre much used by painters
and artificers.
To CHALK, (chaiih) r. a. to ndj with chalk; to manure
Avi'h chalk ; used with oat, to mark, or describe with chalk.
Figuratively, to direct, point out, ordiscovcr.
CH A' LK^',(^(7i«H/.7/)n. consisting of chalk; while with chalk.
Applied to fluids, such as have chalk steeped m them, and
are impregnated with it.
ToCHA'LLEN(;E, )'. rt. [rZ/ff^Hgn-, Fr.j to call, dare, oi
provoke a person to fight, either by speaking or writing.
Figuratively, to dare or defy a pet son to enter into a litera
ry con*e.st on any subject ; to lay claim to as a right.
C'.i'LI "iNfiE, s. a provocation or sunniions to engage
in duel, or combat, either altered or written ; a claim of
a thing as a due or right, used with <f. In law, an exception
against either persons or things.
CHA'LLETnGER, .s. one who defies, provokes, or sum
inons another to fight him ; one who ckiinis a superiority ;
one who claims a thing as liisdiu' ; claimant.
CHALY'151-.ATE, (hali/beatc) a. [from chah/bg, Lat.] par-
taliinj' oftlie qualities, or impreguHted witii steel.
CHAM, C/iom) s. the title given to the sovereign princes in
Tartary .
CHAMA'DE, {shamu(lc') s. [Fr.j a certain beat of a drum
or sound of a trumpet, wlierehy notice is given to the enemy
of some propositions to be made to them, to surrender, have
leave to biirv the dead, make a truce, Ac.
CHA'MBtR, s. [chainhre, Fr.J in building, any room siti»-
ated between the ground floor and the garrets of a house.
Figuratively, a retired room in a house ; an aiiartment oc-
cupied as a public oftice, or court of justice ; also the merr»-
bers of such ofHce or court ; any cavity or hollow; that part
of a gun or mortar, wherein the charge is lodged.
To CH A'iNIBER, v. n. to be too free with women ; to be
wanton.
CHA'MBERLAIN, s. an officer wno nas tne care of a
chamber. The lord great chamberlain is the sixth great officer
of the crown. Lord chamberlain of the household has the over-
sight of all the ofhcers belon";ing to the king's chambers,
except the precinct ot the becl chamber. In great towns, a
receiver of Iheir rents and revenues ; and in London, the
chamberlain has likewise the cognizance of all disputes between
masters and anoreiitices, the powerof imprisoning the latter
for misdemeanors, and makes freemen, ttc.
CHA'MBERLAlNSHIF,i. the office o*" a chamberlain.
CHAMBERMAID, *. a maid-servant who takes care of
the chambers, the lady's dressiug-room, and assists the
ladv's woman in dressing her.
CHA'M BERRY, the chief town m the dept. of Moij*
Blanc, and late capital of Savoy, with a castle, but not being
fortilicd, it has never withstood a regular siege. It is popu-
lous V ell built, and watered by many streams, which run
throigh several of the streets. There are piazzas under
most of the houses, where people may walk di'y in wet wea-
ther U has large and handsome suburbs, and is situated
on an einiiicncc, surrounded by mountains, 27 miles N. E. of
Grenoble, and 85 N. W. of Turin. It v\as taken by the
French in 179-2. Lat. 45. 35. N. Ion. 6. 4. E.
To CHA'MBLET, r. n. to be variegated ; to appear like
cloth or silk watered by the calenderer.
CHA'MBlvEL, «. in farriery, the joint or bending of the
upper i)art of the hinder leg of a horse.
CHAME'LEON, {hamihwi) s. [Gr.] See Cameleon.
This is the proper spelling.
To CH A'MFER, i. a. [chambrer, Fr.] to fuirow ; to make
chaiuH'ls or hollow )iluces in a column.
CHA'MLET,s. SeeCAMELOT.
CHA'MOIS, s. [chamois, FrJ an animal of the goat
kind, whose skin is made into soft leather, called among us
shammif.
CHiVMOINHLE, (l.amnvulcjs. i^from chamai, on the ground,
and melon, fruit. Gr.J in botany, a plant so called from its
trailing along the ground. It has a comiiound flower
with an hemispherical emiialement, composed of many
ravs.
To CHAMP, r.tt. [champayer, Fr.j to bite witn a frequeii*
and forcible action of the teeth ; to grind any ha: d and soli(i
l)ody with the teeth, soas to render it (it to swallow. Used-
witli lip. Neuterly, to close and open the jaws together, or
perform the action of biting often.
CH.\iMR.VDA, ^. in natural history, the name of a tree
which is common in the woods of iMalacca, and bears a
fruit much valued by the natives on account of its intoxi-
cating (|ua!ities.
CHA'M I'.AGNE, a ci-devant province in tne N. E. of
France; fertile ingrain, pasturage, \c. and producing the
celebrated wine called after its name. Tro\ es was t he capital.
It now forms the departments of Ardennes, Aude, Marne,
Upper Marne. and Seine and Marne.
CH A'MI'jMCI N, {shumpain) s. U.lampagnc, Fr.] a flat, ojien,
or .evel eouuti"v.
CHA'M I'ERTORS, s. in law, such as move suits, or cause
them to be moved, either by their own or olliers procure-
ment, and inirsue, at their proper coals, to have i>iut of the
laud ill coiUest, or part of the gains.
L\\\
CI! A
CM XMWCiKO'S, (f!iftmjniiinn)s. [clKimpignon, Fr.] in 1)0-
laijv, a i)l:iiit of the niiislirooiii liind.
CIlAMl'lON, s. \vhnmpin71, Fr.] one vho uiulciliikcs a
coiiiliiit in ht'lialt' or aiiotlior. 1 lie /(P"s> r/ininpian is an
olhter, who, wiiile he is at iliniier on his coniual ion-day,
dialleiises any to contest the kinij's ri^'iit witii him in i-oni-
uat ; alter which the kins ('links to him, and simkLs iiim a
piit cup and cover fnll of wine, whicii he keeps as a fee.
l"i;;urativeiy, any one who undertakes tiu; defence ol' any
sentiment or topic in literature and relij-ion.
CflANCK, *'. [Fr.] a term we apply to events, to denote
that they happen without any necessary or foreknown
cause, it is also used to denote the bare possibility of an
event when nothing is known either to produce or hinder it.
Synon. Cliance (ovms neither order nor (lesi{;n ; we nei-
ther attribute to it knowledge nor will, and its events are
always very uncertain. Fortune lays plans aiul designs, but
without choice ; we attribute to it a will without discern
luent, and say that it acts blindly.
To CHANCE, V. n. to fall out unexpectedly, or contrary
to the necessary laws of motion or nature ; to proceed from
some unknown cause ; or without any design of the
agent.
CHANCE-MEDLEY, s. the killing of a person without
desifin, but not without some fault; as when a person, in
lopping a tree, should kill a passenger by means of a bough
Jie ilingsdown; for though it may happen Avithout design,
vet, as he ought to have given notice, it is not without
i'ault.
CHA'NCEL, s. [from cnncelU, Lat.] the eastern part
of a church, between the altar and the rail that in-
closes it.
CHA'NCELLOR, s. [cimcelhmus, Lat.] a very ancient
and honourable officer, supposed to be formerly the kuig's
or emperor's notary or scribe, and to have presided over a
college of secretaries, for the writing of treaties, and other
public business; and, according to a late treatise, the court
of equity, under the old constitution, w.is held before the
king and his council, in the palace, where one supreme
court of business of every kind was kept. At first the chan
cellor became a judge, to hear and determine petitions to
the king, which were preferred to him ; and in the end, as
business increased, the people addressed their suit to the
chancellor, and not to the king; and thus the chancellor's
eriuitable power, by degrees commenced by prescription.
The lord hisli chancellor, is the chief administrator of justice
next the king; possesses the highest honour of the long
robe, is invested with absolute power to mitigate the seve-
rity of the law in his decisions ; enters into his otiice by taking
an oath, and having the great seal committed to him by the
king, has the disposition of all ecclesiastical benefices in
the gift of the crown under 20/. per annum; peruses ail pa
tents before they are signed, and takes place of all the no
bility, excepting those of the royal family, and the arch
bishop of Canterbury. He is the guardian of all infants,
idiots, and lunatics, and superintendant of all charitable in-
stitutions, and has tlie appointment of all justices of the peace.
He has twelve assistants, called masters in c/iancrri/, the first
of whom is the master of the rolls. Cliaiicellor in an ecclesi-
astical court, is one bred to the law, and used by the bishops
to direct or advise them in such cases as come before them.
Giancellor of the Exchequer, is an officer who presides in that
court, and takes care of the interest of the crown. Chan-
cellor of anUniversiti/, is the chief magistrate, who seals di
plomas, letters of degrees, and defends the rights and privi
leges of the place ; in Oxford this place is enjoyed for life ;
but at Cambridge only for the space of three years. Chan
telior of tlie order of the Garter, is the person who seals the
r>onimlssions and mandates of the chapter; keeps the regis-
ter, and delivers transcripts of it under the seal of their or
der. Chancellor of the dnclnj of Lancaster, IS an otficer ap-
pointed to determine controversies between the king and
bis tenants of duchy laud, being assisted in difficult points
by two judges of the common law. ,
CnATx'rF.LLORSniP,.^theofficeofaclinneellor.
CHANCERY, s. the grand court of equity and con-
science, instituted to temper and luoderate the rigour of
other courts, which are obliged to ad accoiding to the strict
letter of the law. From this court all original writs, com-
missions of bankrupts, of charitable uses, of idiots, lunacy,
&c. are issued. It gives relief for or against infants, nofc.
withstanding their minority ; for or against married women,
notwithstanding their coverture. All frauds and deceits, for
which there is no redress at common law; all broaches of
trust, confidences, and accidents, as to relieve obligers,mort-
gagers, <Vc. against i)eiiallies and forfeitures, where the in-
tention was honest, are lure relieved ; but in no case
where the plaintiff can have his n-iaedy at couiuion law.
Here all patents, most .sorts of conuiiissioiis, deeds between
parties touching lands and eslafes.treaties of foreign princes,
iVc. are sealed and enrolled. From hence are issued writs
to convene the parliament and convocation, i)roclamations,
charters, <ic.
CH.\'NCRE, {shanher) s. [chancre, Fr.] in surgery, a t>i-
bercle, which has its seat in the unctuous luuuour that fills
the vesicular texture. ■'
CHA'NCROUS, {shanhrom) a. having the quality of a
chancre,
CHA'NDA, a considerable city of Berar, in Ilindoostan,
seated on a branch of the Ciodavery, 07 miles S. of Nagpour.
It is subject to the Eastern Mahraltas. Lat. 20. 10. N. Ion.
79. 40. E.
CHANDELI'ER, (shandelier) s. [Fr.] a brancn for holding
candles. In fortification, a wooden frame on which fascines
or faggots are laid for covering the w orkmen, instead of a
parapet.
CHANDERNAGO'RE, acity of Bengal, subject to th^
French, but lately conquered by the English. It contains
about 40,000 inhabitants, and is seated on the W. side of the
river Hoogly, 13 miles N. N. W. of Calcutta.
CH A'N DLER, s. [chandelier, Fr.] a seller of divers sorts of
wares.
To CHANGE, v. a. [changer, I'r.] to give or take one thing
for another. To resign or quit one thing for the sake of
another, used with/or. "Cannot change tliat/oi- another.'
South. To give a person the value of money in coin of a
different metal; to alter. Neuterly, to undergo change, to
s'.irter alteration. To change, as the inoou; to begin anew
monthly revolution. Synon. We lan/ in our sentiments,
when we give them up, and embrace them again. We
change our opinions, w hen we reject one in order to embrace
another. He who has no certain principles is liable to vari/.
He who is more attached to fortune thah truth, will find no
dithcuitv in c/inHgi«o- liis doctrine.
CHANC4E, s.'the alteration of a person's circumstances:
the act of taking or giving any thing fin- another; a succes-
sion of things in the place of one another. In astiononiy,
the time in "which the moon begins a new revolution. Figu-
ratively, novelty. In ringing, the alteration of the order
in which any set of bells are rung. Money of a diffcreiit
metal.
CHATSTGEABLE, «. that may be altered ; that docs not
always remain in the same situation or circumstances ; in-
constant; fickle.
CHA'NGEABLENESS, «. applied to the mind, want of
constancy ; fickleness. AppUed to laws or qualities, liable
to alteration.
CHATS'GEABLY, ad. in a manner subject to alteration ;
inconstancy. ,. ,
CHANGEFUL, a. altering very often, and iipon slight
grounds ; used as a word of reproach. Fickle, inconstant ;
full of change.
CHA'NGELING, .«. a child left or taken -n room of an-
other ; a person who does not enjoy a proi)er use of his un-
derstanding; a fool, natural, or idiot; one apt to alter iiis
sentiments often ; a fickle person.
CHA'NGER, s. one that is employed in changing or di>
counting money ; money-changer.
161
CH A
CHA
CHA"N:sIAN\ING,a city of Thibet, where the Grand
Lama somttinies resides, \^H niiies W. of Lassa.
CHA'NNEL, i. [canal, Yr.] in cosniograpliy, tiie hollow or
cavity in which rimniiis waters flow ; tlie arm of a sea or
a narrow river, between two adjacent islands or conti-
nents.
To CHA'NNEL, v. a. to cut any thing in narrow cavities,
for containing water ; or for the sake of oruament; applied
to buildings.
To CHA ST, I', a. [chanter, Fr.] to sing; to celebrate in
sonijs ; to perfi.rm divine service by singing, as in callie-
drals. Used nsuterly, to harmonize and sound a chord
wi'h the voice to any musical instrument, used with the par-
ticle to. I
CHANT, i. a song ; a particular tune ; the particular tune
used in a ca!he(!ral.
CHANTER, or CHATsTOR, s. one who sings in a cathe-
dral ; a singer ; a songster.
CHA'NTICLEER, s. the cock, so called from his clear
shrill voice.
CHA'NTRESS, s. a female who sings.
CHANTRY, s. a church or eliapel endowed for one or
more priests to say mass daily.
CHA'OS, {Mos)'s. [Cir.] the original confused mass of mat-
ter out of which all visible things were made. Figuratively,
any confused irregular mixture; any thing whose parts are
not easily distiniiuisiied.
CHAOTIC, (kadtik) a. resembling or like a chaos.
To CHAP, V. a. [kepneii, Belg.] to break into chinks
by excessive heat, applied to the etlects of cold on the
hands.
CHAP, s. an opening, cleft, or chink in the ground, owing
to excessive drought or heat.
CHAP. s. the upper or under part of a beast's mouth.
CHAPE, s. [clinppc, Fr.] the catch of any thing by which
it is held in its place ; the hook by which a sword is fasten-
ed in its scabbard ; the steel ring with two points by which
a buckle is held to the back strap : a piece of brass or silver
w hich covers tiie end of the scabbard of a sword.
CH ATEIy, s. [capella, Lat.] a building which is sometimes
part of a church, or adjoining to it ; or separate, and called
a Chapel of ease, where a parish is large, as a relief to tiie dis-
tant parishioners. There are also/)te Clmpels, endowed with
revenues for maintaining a curate without any expense to the
rector or inhabitants.
CHATEL LE FRITH, a town in Derbyshire, with a mar-
ket on Saturday. It is seated on the utmost confines of the
Peak, near Cheshire ; but the market is now come to
nothing. It is 17 miles S. E. of Manchester, and 165 N. N.
W. of London.
CH.-\'PELRY, s. the jurisdiction or bounds of a chapel.
CHA PEilON, {shaperon) s. [Fr.] a kind of hood or cap
vorn by knights of the garter when dressed in their robes.
CHAVFALS, {chdpfaiilii) n. having tjic mouth shrunk, or
the projecting part fallen down, applied to a helmet.
CHA'PITER, .«. [chiimtcnii, Fr.] in architecture, the upper
part or capital of a pillar.
CHA'PLMX, s.[caprUanvs, Lat.] a person who performs
divine service in a chai)el ; or is retained in the service of
some family to perform divine service.
CHA'PL.MNSHIP, s. the otlice, possession, or revenue of
a chaplain.
CHA'PLET, J. [chaph't, Fr.] a garland or wreath of flowers
to be worn round the head. In the Romish church, a
string of beads. In archilectiire, a liltir moulding carved
into round beads, pearls, or olives. In l;irriery,a couple of
stirrup-leathers, mounted each of them with a stirrup, and
joining at top in a sort of hatlier buckle, vhich is called
<lu? head of tlie </(i7;)/((, by which they are fasteiwd to the
Iiummel of a saddle, after lliey liave been fasJened to the
ength and bearing of the rider. A tuft of feathers on a
peacock's head.
CHA PM AN, s. [c<:<^yman, Sax.l One tiiat cbcapcnsor buys
roods ; a buyer mm .seller.
152
CHAPS, s. tne mouth of a beast. Used by the vulga;,
and in contempt, for the mouth of a man or woman.
CHAPTER, i. [e/in;)irre, Fr.] the division of a book. In
canon law, a congregation of clergymen under the dean,
in a cathedral church ; an asseniby held b>th by religious
and niiiitarv' orders for deliberating their aitairs, and regu-
lating their discipline ; the places in which assemblies of the
clergy arc held.
CHAR, s. [wrote likewise i:hare]'m natural history, a fish;
a kind of golden alpine trout.
To CH AR, v. a. to burn wood to a black cinder.
CHAR, s. work done by tlie day by a woman ; a single job
or task.
To CHAR, (cAfliV) f. 71. to do the house work of a family
occasionallv, opposed to regular service.
CHA'RA'CTER, (karalUer) s. [character, Lat.] a figure or
mark draw n upon paper, or other substance, to convey some
idea to the mind; a letter of the alphabet; an assemblage
of virtues or vices, whereby one person is distinguished froia
another ; or that which a person has peculiar in his manners,
which makes him differ from others ; office, dignity, or
authority.
To CHARACTER, (kdrakter) v. a. used with in or upon,
to engrave.
To CHARACTERIZE, (kiraUerize) v. a. to describe a
person or thing by the properties which distinguish it from
others ; to impress a thing in lasting characters on the mind ;
to mark with a peculiar stamp or form.
CHARACTERISTIC, or CHARACTERI'STICAL, (/.a-
racteristik) a. that distinguishes a person or thing from others
of the same species.
CHARACTERISTIC, {karakteristic) s. a peculiar mark,
or assemblage of (|ualities, which distinguisJi a person or
thing from others of the same kind. Characteristic of a Lo-
garithm, is the same with the index or exponent.
CHAR ACTERLESS, [kdrakterless) a. without any mark to
distinguish a thing.
CH.\'RACTERY,(7;a'r(iirery)i.amark which distinguishes
a thing from others of the same kind. Accented anciently
on the second syllable.
CHARA'DE, s. the name of a trifling species of compo-
sition. Its subject must be a word of two syllables, each
forming a distinct word, and these two syllables are to be
concealed in an enigmatical description, first separately and
then together : — As, My first, when a Frenchmen is learning
English, serves him to swear l)y. My second is either hay or
corn, ftly uhnle, is the delight of tlie age, and the admira-
tion of posterity : Car rick.
CHARASM, or KHA'RASM, a large ronntiT of Asia,
bordered on the N. by Turkestan, on the W. by tlie Caspian
Sea, an(t on the S. b,' Chorasan. Urgens is the capital.
The khan, orchief of t?ie Tartar princes, among «boiu the
country is divided, is said to be able to raise an army of <10
or 60.000 horsemen.
CIi.VRCOAL,(r/(ar7wr)^- akind of fuel, or coal made of
oak half burnt, under a covering of turf ; that for powder-
mills is made of elder-wood.
CHARD, a town in Somersetshire, consisting chiefly of 4
streets, which terminate near the market. It has several
streams running through it, and one in particular, wliicii,
by being turned to the N. or S. \> ill, it is affirmed, run into
the Bristol, or the English Channel. Here is a small woollen
manufacture. It is G miles W. of Crewkherne, and 111 W.
by S. of London. Market on Monday.
"To CHARGE, v. a. [charger, Fr.] to entrust, or commit
to a person's care ; to make a person debtor. Figuratively,
to imjnite or ascribe ; to impose as a ta.sk ; to accase, aiv-
plied to crimes, sometimes having the particle uith. To
oblige a person to give evidence ; to adjure : to command ;
to attack, aiiplicd to an engagement in war. To load a per-
son, applied to burdens. Applied to fire-arms, to load with
powdi'r or shot. Nciiterlv. to itiiikc an onset.
CH.'VR^'iE, f. in gunnery, istliequantits of powder andshot
Willi which a yun is loaded lor execution. lu clettricity.
CHA
CH A
Ihe acf uraulatioii of electric matter on one surface of an
electric, lis a pane of slass, Loyden i)liial, iVc. whilst an
equal quantity passes oti from the opposite surface, or more
uenerally electrics are said to l)e cliuryed when the equili-
brium of the electric matter on the opposite surfaces is
destroyed hy communicating one kind of electricity to one
side, and the contrary kind to the other side ; nor can the
equilibriur,! he restored til', a communication be made by
means of ctmductins surfaces between the two opposite sur-
faces. Also, care, trust, custody ; precept, mandate, com-
mission, accusation, imputation; the thing entrusted; ex-
pence; attack; tliesifrnal for battle. Also, a preparation, or
ointment, applied to tlie slioulder-splaits, inflammations, and
sprains of horses. In heraldry, it is applied to the fij;ures
represented on the escutcheon, by which the bearers are
distinguished from one another; and it is to be observed,
that too many charges are not so honourable as fewer.
CHA'RGEARLE, «. expensive; costly; liable to be
l)laincd or accused.
CHA'RG IvV HLEN ESS, s. expensiveness, costliness.
CHA'RGEAULY, ad. in a costly expensive manner, at a
great expense.
CHARGER, s. a very large dish.
CH.VRILY, «d. in a deliberate, circumspect, cautious
manner.
CHA'RINESS, a. a nicety, or delicacy, whereby a person
is offended at any thing which is inconsistent witt the high-
est degree or idea ofjustice ; scrupulousness.
CHA'RIOT, s. [car-r/wd, Brit.] a covered four-wlieeled
carriage, suspended on leather or springs, drawn by two or
more horses, and having only back seats. War chariots, used
by our ancestors, were open vehicles drawn by two or more
horses, with scythes at the wheels, and spears at the pole.
Chariot race, a public game among the Romans, &c. wherein
cliariots were driven for a prize.
To CHA'RIOT, V. a. hguratively, to convey as in a
cliariot.
CH ARIOTE'ER, s. one who drives a chariot.
CHA'RITABLE, a. [charitable, Fr.] having a benovolent
and humane disposition, inclining a person to assist the
afflicted.
CHARITABLY, ad. in a kind, benevolent, tender, affec-
tionate manner.
CHARITY, s. [charitas, Lat.] a benevolent principle, ex-
eriing itself in acts of kindness and affection to all persons,
■without respect to party or nation ; the theological virtue
of universal love ; alms given to the poor.
To (;HARL, v. a. to burn to a black cinder, as wood is
l)nnied to make charcoal.
CHA'RLATAN, s. [Er.j a person who pretends to a know-
ledge of physic ; a quack ; a uiountebank.
CHARLATA'NICAL, a. vainly pretending to a know-
ledge of phvsic ; qujckish.
CHA'RLATANRY, s. the practice of a quack.
CHA'RLBl.TRY, a town in Oxfordshire, with a market on
Fridav. Distant from London 68 miles.
CHARLES, (Stuart) 1. born Nov. 19, 1600, was proclaim-
ed king on the death of James the I. March 17, 1625;
and on the May following, his marriage with Henrietta
Maria of France, was solenniized by proxy at Paris. The
new queen arrived in Engiand, and the marriage was con-
summated at (Canterbury, June 10. The king. May 10,
granted a pardon to 20 Romish priests, who were condemned
to die. On June 18, the parliament met at Westminster,
when the king asked money for tlie recovery of the Palatine.
After some complaints and debates, about grievances, the
commons gave the king two subsides ; but at the same time,
l>oth houses joined in a petition against recusants, setting
fourth the great dangers from the increase of popery, the
cause of this increase, and the remedies for preventing this
evil for the future. To which the king gave an answer
very much to the satisfaction of the parliament, if his actions
liad been agreeable to it. King James iiaving promised to
send some ships to the French king, which it was pretended,
X
at least, were to serve against the Genoese, or some of the
allies of Spain, admiral I'enningtonwas sent to Dieppe with
the Vantguanl man of war, and 7 stout merchant ships. It
soon api)eared, that the French king designed to make use
of them against iiis protestant subjects at Roehelle ; upon
which the crew deserted to a man, rather than fight against
their fellow-protestaiits ; and Pennington was ordered by
the court to put these ships into the hands of the French, to
be employed as they thought fit. This occasioned a distrust
of the king, a jealousy of the (pieen, and a general odium of
the duke of Buckingham. Before the parliament had sat a
fortnight at Oxford, whither it was removed on account of
the plague which raged in London, the king perceiving tha*
the commons would grant no further supplies, till grievances
were redressed, and that they were beginning to fall upon
the conduct of the duke of Buckingham, he dissolved them,
in a hasty manner, by commission, on August 12. But
wanting monev for the expedition against Spain, he raised
it by a forced loan from his subjects, by letters under his
privy-seal, which increased the popular discontents. On
Feb. 2, lii2f>, the king was crowned. The new parliament
met on the Otli, and was opened by a speech from the lord-
keeper Coventry. Care had been taken to have the leading
members against the court made sherifis, that they might
not be chosen in this. However, this parliament proved no
more favourable to the king's designs than tlie former ; they
made greater complaints against the public grievances. The
king sent for both houses to Whitehall, and severely repri-
manded the commons, both by himself and the lord-Keeper,
complaining of their animosity against the duke, of the
scantiness of the supply, and the manner of granting it ; and
in the end said, ' Remember, that parliaments are altogether
' in my power, for their calling, sitting, and dissolution ;
' therefore as I find the fruits of them good or evil, they are
' to continue, or not to be.' This did not intimidate the
commons, who being returned to their houses, drew up a
remonstrance, and presented it to the king, to justify their
proceedings, and then went on with their articles against
the duke, who, while under the impeachment, procured him-
self to be chosen chancellor of Cambridge, notwithstanding
one of the articles against him was his engrossing a plurality
of otKces. The commons took gi eat offence at this, but the
king supported his election. The commons drew up a re-
monstrance against the duke as the princip/.l cause of all the
grievances in the kingdom, and against tonage and pound-
age, which had been levied l)y the king ever since his ac-
cession, though it was never understood to be payable with-
out a special act of parliament in every uew reign. But the
parliament was dissolved by commission, June 15, before
this remonstrance could be presented, and the king ordered
all such as had copies of it to burn them. The duke re-
mained in the king's favour till he was stabbed, when he was
going to embark on board the fleet of which he was com-
mander-in-chief, as well as of the land forces. There was
nothing but continual struggles between the king, who wanted
to assume to himself the absolute power of disposing of his
subjecis property, and leaving their grievances unredressed,
and the parliament, who were willing to grant the king the
necessary supplies, provided theirgrievances were redressed,
and the rightful privileges of the subjects secured ; w hich at
last produced a civil war. ' On January 3, 1()41 2, he sent
his attorney-general to the house of peers, to accuse, in his
name, of lii^Ti treason, the lord Kimbolton, and Sve mem-
bers of the house of commons, and persons were sent to
seal u j! iiieir papers, &c. and the king having sent a sergcant-
at anus to the house of commons to demand them, came
himself the next day, attended by a number of armed men,
as if with a design to seize them. Leaving his guaid at the
door, he entered the house, and taking the speaker's cliair,
made a speech to them on what he was corae about ; but
looking round, and finding the accused persons not there
(for they had slipped away just, before) he told the iiouse,
he expected they should send them to him ?s s(H)u'as they
returned : and then departed, the members crving out, Pr:
153
CHA
CHA
vile^jc ! Privilege ! Tlie king soon after this removed with
his family to Hampton court, from thence to Windsor, and
af last to York. Two days after his departure, lie sent a mes-
sage to both houses, telling them he would wave his pro-
ceedings against the six members, and be as careful of tlieir
privileges as of his own life and crown. Two days after
that, he sent another to the same etl'ect ; and on February 2,
offered a general pardon ; but all was to no purpose, the
wound was too deep to be healed, the commons made a
large declaration against the late action, impeached the at-
torney-general for what he had done, and committed him to
prison. Moreover, they set a guard alrout the Tower, sent
Sir John Hotham to take possession of Hull, where was a
great magazine of arms and ammunition, and ordered him
to keiep it for the parliament, understanding the king had a
design to secure it for himself. On May 'io, the commons
voted, \. That it appeared that the king, seduced by wicked
counsels, intends to make war against the parliament. 2.
That wheresoever the king makes war upon the parliament,
it is a breach of the trust reposed in him by his people, con-
trary to his oath,and tending to tlie dissolution of the govern-
ment. 3. That whosoever shall serve or assist him in such
wars, are traitors by the fundamental laws of the kingdom.
On June 10, the two houses published proposals for borrow-
ing money and plate for the defence of the kingdom. On
the ISth, the king granted se\eral commissions of array for
levying troops, and the parliament drew up a deckration
against them. On July 12, the commons voted, and with
them the lords agreed, that an army should be raised, and the
command given to R. Devereux, earl of Essex. And on
August 22, the king in a solemn manner set up his standard
at iSottingham, having before, by proclamation, commanded
all meti, who could bear arms, to repair to it the said day.
On October 23, a great battle was foijght between the tAvo
armies at Edgehill, in V/arwickshirt. Both sides claimed
the victory ; the number of slain on the field of battle was
about 5000. The year 1643 began with a treaty for peace,
which was held at Oxford, between the king and commis-
sioners from the parliament, but it broke off on April 15,
without success. On June 18, there was a tight in Chald-
grave-tight, in which the famous Mr. Hampden, a great
leader in the parliament, was slain. On July 5, was fought
the famous battle of Lansdown,"in which, though the nianpiis
of Hertford, who commanded for the king, lost almost all his
horse, yet Sir William Waller was at last compelled to quit
the field. But Sir William met w ith a worse fate on the 13th,
when at Iloundway Down, in Wiltshire, he was entirely
defeated, 5 or GOOOof his men slain, and 900 made prisoners.
The king summoned such lords and commons as had deserted
the parliament at Westminster, to meet as a parliament at
Oxford. Accordingly they assembled January 22, 1643-4,
and sat till .April 16, following, when they were prorogued to
October, but never met again. They did little of moment,
except helping the king to money, which was ihe chief end
for which they were called together. The king visibly
gained ground of the parliament last year, and therefore the
two houses thought it necessary to call in the Scots to their
aid. A treaty was concluded, in pursuance of which tlie
Scots army entered England, about tin- tinu' the Oxford par-
liament met; it consisted of 1H,000 foot, and ,3000 horse,
under thecommand ofthe earl of Leven,an(l passed theTyne
on Feb. 28, at some distance from Newcastle. On July 2,
an obstinate and bloody battle was fought at Marston-Moor,
in which prince Rupert was entirely routed, and the parlia-
mentarians got a complele victory, which was owing in a
great measure to Cromwell's valour and good conduct. York
now surrendered to the parliament generals on honourable
terms. On June, 1G45, was fought the famous battle of
Naseby in Northamptonshire, which decided the (piarrel be-
tween the king and the parliament, wherein the narliament's
forces gained a t^impleU; victory. The king lost a great
number of otiicersand gentlemen of distinction, most of his
font were made prisoners, all his cannon and baggage taken,
with 3000 arras, and otlicr rich booty ; among which was
164
also the king's cabinet, .with his most secret papers, and
letters between him and his (jueen ; which shewed how
contrary his counsels with her were to those he declared to
the kingdom . After this signal victory, nothing could stand
before the parliament's fortes. On Feb. IS, 164o-G, Fair-
fax defeated lord Hopfon at Torrington, and on March 15,
he capitulated, his whole army to be disbanded in six days,
and all the horses and arms to be delivered up to Fairfax ;
who by the surrender of Exeter, April 6, 1646, completed
the reduction ofthe west to the power of tlie parliament.
Upon Fairfax's approach to lay siege to Oxford, his majesty
made his escape from thence, and threw himself into the
hands of the Scots army. Oxford surrendered June 22, and
the few remaining garrisons soon after. And thus the whohe
kingdom was s-ubjected to the obedience of the two houses.
And now the parliament consulted how to get the king out
ofthe hands ofthe Scots, and to send them back into their
own country. At last it was agreed that they should have
400,000/. for the arrears due to them, one moiety to be paid
before their going home, and the otherat stated times. And
so, after several debates about tlie disposal ofthe king's peit
son, the Scots having received the 200,000, on January 30,
164f)-7, delivered him up to the commons ofthe jiarliament
of England, who were sent down to Newcastle to receive
him. The same day their army began to march for Scotland,
the king was conducted to Holmbv-house, in Northamptoiv
shire, where he arrived Feb. 16. 'The parliament and army
quarrelled, and the counsel of agitators, consisting of depu-
ties from each regiment, sent cornet Joice with a detachiient
of fifty horse, to take the king from the parliament's commis-
sioners at Holmby, and bring him to the army ; which he re-
solutely effected on June 4, 1647. And now the army over-
ruled the parliament. August 24, the king was conducted to
Hampton-court. A treaty was set on foot for the restoration
of the king, but on January 3, 1647-8, the house (being still
under the influence of the armv) resolved. That no more
addresses should be made to theliing, no messages received
from him ; and to this the lords some days after agreed, the
army promising to adhere to the parliament against the king.
In the beginning of the year 1648, there were several risings
in favour ofthe king; the Welsh, under major-general Lang-
horn, had siezed several places, and were 8000 strong, but
were defeated by colonel Horton, sent before Oliver Croijv
well ; who arriving soon after, put an end to tlie coiumotien.<i
in Wales. In the mean time, general Fairfax defeated those
w ho had risen in Kent. The Scots army under the duke of
Hamilton, amounting to near 20,000, entered England in
July, and were joined by about oOOO English, under sir
Mai niaduke Langdale. Cromwell, after having finished his
work in Wales, marched with all exjiedition to join Lambert
in the north, and August 17, near Preston, in Lancashire,
totalN rouied and dispersed this great army, the duke, in
his flight, I)eing taken prisoner. Cromwell then marched di-
rectly into Scotland, and arriving at Edinburgh, he divested
the Hamiltonian party of their authority. At the beginning
of these trovd)les, the presby terian varty, in the house, in the
city, and other places, began to resume their courage. Se-
veral petitions were presented for a personal treaty with tlie
king ; and when the army was removed fr-im London into
different parts ofthe kin''dom, the secluded members and
others who had absenteil themselves, having returned to
their seats, the votes of no more addresses were repealed,
and it was resolved to enter into a personal treaty with the
king; that Newport in the Isle of Wiidlt should be 1 he place
of treaty, and that his majesty sh'.iulu be there with honour,
freedom, and safety ; and five lords and ten commoners were
nominated commissioners for this treaty; hut the army was
resolved to break oflthe treaty by force, and col.->iiel Ewer,
on November 18, presented to the commons a remonstrance,
wherein they desirecl. That the treaty might be laid asHe,
and that the king might come no more into the government,
hut be brought to justice, as the capital cause of all tlie evils
in the kingdom, and of so much hi )od being shed. On
Nov. 21, Cromwell recalled colonel Hnnunoud trow the iiili'
C II A
CIIA
of \Vii;Iit, and sent colontl Ewer to take cliarge of tlie kiii!,''s
jjerson, who kept liiui in strict custodv. On Nov. 30, liis
majesty was l)roiii;!it over to lliirst castie in Ilaiiipsliire. On
Dec. 4, the conniions resnmeii the deliatcs on the kinjj's con-
cession;^ and voted, that tiie said concessions were sutHcient
j;ronnds for settling the peace of the kin;;doni ; and then
adjounieil to Wednesday. On which day some ref;inients
f>f horse and foot having possessed liieniselves of all tlie
avenues to the parliament house, seized on forty-one nieni-
bors as they ottered to go in, and the next day denied en-
trance to near one hundred more. An ordinance being voted
in the house ofcomnions, was carried u|) to the house of lords
iiir their concurrence, tliougli the commons declared, at the
same tinie, that they, l)eiiig representatives of the people,
bad a right to enact a law, ihongh the consent of the king,
and the house of peers, be not had thereto. They made an
ordinauce for erecting a high court of justice, for trying
the king, who was brought from Windsor to St. .James's on
the 19tli. The next day the trial began, the court sitting in
VVcstniinster-liall, and having chosen Serjeant Rradshaw for
Iheir president. The substance of the charge was. That the
king had endeavoured to set up a t\rannical power, and to
(hat end had raised and maintained a cruel war against the
parliament. The king behaved with dignity, making no
other answer but denying the authority of the court. The
same he did on tlie 22d and 'isd. At last, being brought be-
fore them a fourth time, on .January 27, he earnestly desired,
before sentence, to be beard before the lords and commons ;
but his request was not granted. And so still persisting in
disowning the jurisdiction of the court, and consequently iu
Ids refusal to answer to the charge, his silence was taken for
a confession, and sentence of death was passetl upon him ;
pursuant to which he was, on January 30, beheaded on a
scaffold erected in the street near the windows of the Ban-
queting house at Whiteliall, shewing as great a firmness, re-
solution, and resignation, to the last, as lie had done in all
his surterings. Tlie day before his execution he was per-
mitted to see his children, the princess Elizabeth, and the
duke of Gloucester, the only ones then in England. His
corpse was carried to Windsor, and privately interred in St.
Cieorge's-chapel.
CHARLES II. was the son of king Charles the 1st, and
l»orn May 29, 1630. On July 3, 1646, he went from Jersey
into France, and resided abroad till Mav 1660, when he ar-
rived at Whitehall. The king, upon forming his coinicil,
took iu some that had been deeply enough engaged against
his father,but afterwards promoted his restoration.as Denzel
Kollis, afterwards lord HoUis ; the earl of Manchester, Sir
Autliony Ashley Cooper, and others. Mr. Baxter and Mr.
Calaniy were appointed his chaplains in ordinan'- Sir Ed.
Hyde, afterwards earl of Clarendon, was his lord chancellor
and prim* minister. The asscudjiy which restored the king
Iiad been summoned by a commonwealth writ, in the name
of the keepers of the liberties of England. It was however
called a parliament till his arrival, and then had only the
nam« of a convention ; however, two days after the king
went to the house, and gave his assent to an act for changing
the convention into a parliament. August 29, his majesty
gave his assent to the actof inde^nlity,v^'ltn some exceptions.
The commons, soon after, voted 1,200,000/. for the ordinary
expenses of the government. On September 13, died of the
small pox, Henry duke of Gloucester, his majesty's youngest
brother. Tlie duke of York married Anne, eldest daughter
of Chancellor Hyde, earl of Clarendon,to whom he had been
contracted at Breda. This parliament, which the king would
have called the healing parliament, was dissolved December
2!», after passiug several acts, and among the rest, one for
erecting a post-office. The Royal Society was founded this
year, 1660, by the king and letters patent. The king was
crowned on April 23. A new parliament was summoned
to meet on Ma. the 8, whicli continued almost 18 years,and
was afterwards called the pensionary parliament. In May
1652 the marriage between the king and Catharine, prin-
cess of Portugal, was solemnized. The sale cf Dunkirk,
this year, totnc French king, for hve millionsof llvres, male
a great noise in England, and was much rttictted on. On
March the 2, 1664 5, war was i)roclaimed against the Slates
General. In this session of parliament, the clergy gave up
their right of taxing themselves in convocation, and bav«
ever since been taxed by the parliament in common with
other subjects : and from this time tiie clerjjy have voted at
elections for nuuibers oi' pai iiauu-nt. On Juue 3, KJCj, th<!
duke of York lieat Opdam the Dutch admiral. The plague
broke out in London in May, and before the end of the
year, when it ceased, swept otf 6K,ijy6ofthe inhabitants. In
January 16656, the French king declared war against
England. The I^lnglish fleet put to seainider the command
of prince Rupert and the duke of Albemarle, towards the
middle of May, and there was soon a most bloody tight with
admiral Ruyter, in which the English were worsted. There
was another furious engagenunt in July, when the Dutch
were beaten. In Se|)temher, about one in the morning, a
terrible tire broke out in the city of Lcjudou, which conti-
nuing lor three days,laid the greatest part of the city in ashes,
consuming 89 churches, the city gates, (iuildhall, with many
other public structures, and 13,200 dwelling houses, and the
ruins of the city were 436 acres. In Octob.^'r lGfi7, the king
laid the first stone of the Royal Exchange, which was buiit
in the room of the old one, erected by Sir'^Thomas Greshaiu.
In January- 1667, was concluded the famous tripia alliance
between England, Holland, and Sweden, which was design-
ed to check the projects of Lewis the XIV. of France, who
had already invaded the Spanish Netherlands. This v.as
almost the only step taken by king Charles for the interest
of England and of Europe dunngliis whole reign ; and indeed,
it seems, that his design in it was only to amuse the public,
and ihat tliere was a secret understanding between him and
Lewis at the same time. In .'Xpril, 1670, a severe act was
passed against the non-conformists. The king established a
secret council, consisting of the five following persons ; C'.it-
ford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley Cooper, and Laudex-
dale. This council was nick-named the Cabal, from the ini-
tial letters of their names : and they truly deserved iliat
name, as they artfully promoted all the king's measures, how
contrary soever to the interest of England and the good of
ail Europe. In January, 1670-1, was passed the famous
Coventry act against maimiiiff or disfiguring, making it
death. On February the 2d the king sent a message to hasten
the money-bills. Lord Lucas made a bold speech in the
house of lords against the money-bills. A diflerence hap-
pened about the same time between the two houses, upon
the lords' right of altering money-liills. In the midst of
this dispute the king came to the house of peers, and pro-
rogued the parliament. A powerful league was now formed
against Holland by France, England, the elector of Cologne,
and the bishop of Munster. The king, though he had lately
two millions and a half from the parliament, and 700,000;^.
from the French king, was so profuse, that he still wanted
money, which he would fain raise without applying to the
parliament. Upon this the cabal advised him to shut up the
Exchequer, which he actually did, and it ccmtijiued shut up
for a year and some months, to the great distress and ruin
of many families. On March 15, the king published his de-
claration for liberty of conscience, suspending the execution
of all penal laws against the non-conformists. On the 17th,
the king declared war against the Slates-general ; and the
French king, and the other allies, soon after. The parlia-
ment met on February 4, 1672-3, and it soon appeared that
the country party, or that of the people, was become more
powerful in the house of commons than the court party. ■
Tliey vigorously addressed the king against his declaration
forbberty of conscience, as it was claiming a dispensing-
power, and both houses joined in addresses against the
dangers that threatened tlie nation from popery. The
king finding the commons so fully bi>nt not to finish the
money bills till their grievances were redressed, recalled his
declaration. On April 16, 1677, the king, among other acts,
rave his assent to one for taking away the writ de karg-
U>5
CHA
CHA
lico ciimburenoo. On Augiisl 11, 1G78, the separate peace
with Hollaiici was signeil, and some moii',lis after with the
rest of the allies. Slarch 21, 1680-1, the parliament met,
and the firet thing they did was to order their votes to be
prinltd, wliieh practice they have continued ever since.
But the kinK finding this parliament not inclined to coun
tenance his favourite schemes, came sudden^y to the house of
lords and dissolved it, after one short session of but seven
days. The year 1684 was almost wholly taken up with
prosecutions of persons for speaking ill of the king, the
auke of York, and the government ; some were fined, and
in large sums, and others pilloried. Sir George Jefferies,
a man without honour of conscience, bad b^-en made lord
justice of the King's Bench, and other alterations had been
made amon^ tne judges ; and the sherifr's of London being
nownartied Dy the king, impannellcd such juries as were
sure to find for the court. The project of the surrender
of Chartres was completed this year. On February 6, 1684-5,
the kin^ died in his 55th year, and near 25 years after his
restoration. He had uo children by his queen, but several
bv his mistresses.
CHARLE.STON, the capital of S. Carolina, is seated on
n peninsula, formed by the rivers Ashley and Cooper, the
former of which is navigable for ships of burden 20 miles
ahove the town. The hanks of tliese rivers are adorned
with beautiful plantations, and fine walks, interspersed with
rows of trees, which render the situation of the town very
pleasant. Bv the Santee Canal, lately completed, boats pass
safely from Santee to Cooper River, and the productions of
Campden, Grandby, and the back conntiT, are potiredinto
Charleston with much facility and regularity. It has a com-
modious and secure harbour, and is a place of considerable
trade. In 1787, there were 1600 houses, 9600 whites, and
6400 negroes. Lat. 32. 50. N. Ion. 79. 33. W.
CHA'RLK.STON, a town of New Hampshire, 83 miles
N. W. of Boston ; also a town of Washington county,
Rhode Island ; and a town of Massachusets, 3 miles N. of
Boston.
CHA'RLES's-WAIN, in astronomy, 7 remarkable stars in
the constellation of Ursa Major.
CHAHLOCK, s. a weed growing among tlie corn, witn a
yedow flower. It isaspeciesof mithridate mustaid.
CHARLOTTE'S (Queen) ISL.\ND, an inland in the
south sea, first discovered by Captain Wallis, 1767, who took
possession of it in the name of George IlL
CHARM, s. [rharme, Fr.] a kind of spell, supposed to
have an irresistible influence, by means of the concurrence
of some infernal power, both on the mind, lives, and pro-
perties of those whom it has for its subject. Figuratively,
any excellence which engages and conquers the aft'ections.
Synon. The word churm carries an idea of force, which
puts a stop to ordinary effects and natural causes. The word
cvchaiUment is used properly for that which regards the illu-
sion of the senses. The word .';"■// bears particularly an
idea of something which disturbs the reason.
To CHARM, V. a. to fortify or secure against evil by some
spell; to influence, or subdue the mind by some excellence
or pleasure.
CHA'RMER, s. one who deals in spells or magic; one
whose personal perfection irresistibly attract admiration and
love. Synon. The body seems to he more susceptible af
graces ; the mind of charius. We say of a lady that she
walks, dances, and sings withgroM ,- and that herconversa
tion IS full oicliarms.
CHA'RMING, part, possessed of such perfections as
work irresistibly on the mind, and fill it with pleasure.
CHA'RMINriLY, ad. in such a manner as to convey in-
expressible pleasure.
CHA'RMINGNESS, s. that quality which renders a thing
capable of working on the affections, and filling the mind
With pif-a'iure.
CHA'RNEI^HOnSE, i. [rhariner, Fr.J to place inornear
a ch\irch, w here the bones of the dead are deposited.
CHAKT, (kart) t. [cliarta, Lat.] au hydiographicul map,
16C
or'projection of some part of the earth's superficies, for the
use of navigation.
CHA'RTER, s. [ehartre, Fr.] in law, a written evidence
or instrument of things done between two panties. The
hnff's charter, is where he makes a grant to any person or
body politic ; such as cfmi-tir of exemption, Ac. Charter/
of private persons, are deeds and instruments. Figuratively,
the act of bestowing any privilege or right, exemption or
claim.
CHATiTERED, a. invested with privileges by charter,
beautifully applied in the following sentence ; " The air, a
c/(«r*f;'f/ libertine, is still." Shah.
CHATITER-LAND, «. land wnich is held by cJiarter, or
evidence in writing.
CHATlTER-PARTl', a. [ckartre partte, Fr.] a deed or
writing indented, made between merchants and sea-firing
men concerning their merchandise.
CHARTRES, an ancient and considerable town ^n the
department of Eure and Loir, containing about 10,000 in-
habitants. Its cathedral is esteemed one of the most beau-
tiful in the kingdom. The principal trade consists in corn.
It is seated on the river Eure, over which is a bridge, the
work of Vauban, 45 miles S. W'. of Paris.
CHAHY, a. cautious, scrupulous, careful of giving any
cause for suspicion or censure.
CHARY'BDIS, a celebrated wnirpooi, 30 paces m diame-
ter, in the Strait of Messina, between Calabria and Sicih.
Its horrors were described by the ancients with all the ex-
travagance of poetic fiction : it is said, however, to have
been entirely removed by an earthquake in 1783.
To CHASE, V. a. \chassir, Fr.] to follow after a beast, Sic.
for pleasure ; to hunt ; to pursue as an enemy.
CHASE, s. the pursuit or following of game ; hunting ;
that which is the proper object of hunting. The pursuit of
an enemy, or of some desirable object. Figuratively, pur-
suit. In law, a large extent of woody ground, privileged for
the reception of deer and game.
CHA'SER, s. one who pursues.
CHASM, (kazm) s. [e/iasme, Gr.] a breach or hollow space
separating tlie parts of any body ; a vacant space.
CHASTE, a. {chaste, Fr.] true to the marriage-bed. Ap-
plied to expressions, free from any obscenity or immodest
words. In grammar, free from am' foreign mixture.
To CHA'STEN, v. a. [chusti'er, Fr.] to correct or punisli a
child, in order to deter liim from faults.
CHA'.STELY, ad. without the least incontinence, or Riiy
inclination to lust.
CHA'STENESS, s. freeaom from incontinence, or any
breach of modesty.
To CHASTI'SE, (chastize) v. a. formerly accented on the
first syllable ; [chestier, Fr.] to punish or afi-lict for faults.
Synon. We chastise him who has committed a fault, to
prevent his doing the same again : We punish the person
guilty of a crime by way of expiation, and as an example to
others. To correct, signifies to amend by means of f/iaibw^
me/iJ. To discipline, n;eans to regulate and instrnct.
CHASTI'SESiENT*. [formerly accented on the first syl-
lable] correction or punishment, generally applied to tlie
discipline of parents and tutors.
CHASTi'SKR, s. the person that chastises.
CHASTITY, s.\cusi.it(is, Lat.] an entire freedom from any
imputation of lust, either in thought or deed. In expressioiia,
free from immodest words.
To {!I1AT, i: n. [a contraction of the verb chatter] tb talK
on ditTereiit subjects, or without any deep thougnt, or pro.
found attf'iition. Actively, to talk of. Not in use, unless
lu<lieroiisly.
CHA'F,^s. trifling, id'e.and uiiimproving discourse, made
use of to Tiass lime awav.
CHA'n"i:LANY, (sUtleUamj) s. [chAtelaniu, Fr.] the dl»
trict belonging to any castle.
CHATHAM, a town of Kent, adjoining Rochestf r, aiid
seated on the Medwriy. It consists of about 500 hmses.
mostly low, and built with brick, and is chictly celebrattJ
C II K
CUE
for lieiiitjtlio principal station of the roynl tinw : ns, likewise
for its (lock yard, improved and enlarged by Qiiein I'iiza-
betii, and considerably extended jjy Charles I. so fliat now
there is not a more complete arsenal in the world. The wiire-
houses here, for naval stores, ordnance, cVrc. ot'which there
are whole streets, are the largest in dimensions and most in
number to be seen any where ; the rope houses and smiths'
forircs are proportionably extensive ; as also the wet dock,
tlic canals and ditches, for keeping masts and yards under
water, for preserving them. The largest vessels are built
here, and whole fleets fitted out with astonishing expedi-
tion. A ship here is used as a church for the sailors. It is
31 miles V,. .S. K. of London. Market on Saturday.
CHATHAM, an island,on the S.E. coast of Massachusets;
a town of Conecticut ; and a county of Georgia, of which
Savannah is the principal town ; also a county of N. Caro-
lina ; and a town of Chesterfield county, S. Carolina.
CHATOYANT, in chymistry, a term introduced by the
French chymists, to describe a property in some metallic and
other substances, of varynig their colours according to the
way in which they are held ; as is the case with the feathers
of some birds, which appear very diti'ereut when seen in dif-
fejent positions.
CHATTELS, s. any moveable possession. At present
used only in law, for all things moveable and immoveable.
To CHA'TI^ER, )'. n. Warjiieter, Fr.] to make a noise like a
pic. Figiiratively, to talk verv much.
CHA'TTER, s. a noise like that of a pie, or monkey
when angry ;' " The mimic ape began his chattel-." Sici/t.
Impertinent talk.
CHA TTERER, s. one who spends his time in idle or un-
improving talk.
CHATWOOD, J. little sticks; fuel.
To CHAW, t'. a. [kawen, Teut.] to cut meat or food into
small pieces by a frequent action of the teeth.
CHA'WDIiON, s. the entrails or maw of a beast.
■ CHA'WLEY, a town in Devonshire, 10 miles N. N. W. of
Crediton, and 18 N. N . W. of Exeter.
CHE'ADLE, a town in Staffordshire, in the neighbour-
hood of which are very extensive copper and brass works.
It is seated in a countiy aboupding with coals, near the
source of the Dove, 12 miles N. E. of Stafford. Lat. 53. 0.
N. Ion. 1. 56. W. Market on Saturday.
CHK AV, (clieep) a. [from rc«/)aj«, Sax.J to be purchased
witii little money ; of small value.
To CHE'APEN, r. a. to bargain for or ask the price of a
commodity ; to endeavour to purcliase a thing at a less price
than the seller first asks for it.
CHE'APLY, ad. at a very low price or rate ; with very
little money.
CHE'APNESS, s. lowness of price.
To CHEAT, {e/icet) V. a. to deceive or impose upon ; to
defraud a person by some artifice or low cunning.
CHEAT, J. a fraud, or imposture, whereby a person is
deceived and imposed upon ; a person who imposes on
others.
CHEATER, s. one who practises fraud, in order to de-
prive people of their property.
To CHECK, V. n. to restrain the cravings of any appetite ;
to stop a thing in motion ; to chide or reprove a person.
CHECK, s. a restraint, disappointment, repulse, curb,
reproof. Figuratively, a slight ; a counter cypher of a bank
bill ; an account kept privately to examine that which is
kept with a banker, or public office; a person who examines
any account ; a kind of linen with blue stripes crossing each
other, used by sailors for shirts, &c. Clerk of the check, in
the king's household, has the controhnent of the yeomen of
the guard, and all the ushers belonging to the royal family,
allowing their absence or defaults in attendance, or mulet-
ing their wages for the same, &c. He, or his deputy, takes
cognizance of those who are to watch m the court, and sets
the watch, &c.
To CHE'CKER, or CHE'QUER, v. a. [from echecs, Fr.]
to vary with different colours like a chess-board; to varie-
gate. Figuratively, to diversify with different stnto f,f
prosperous and unsuccessful circuinstimces.
CHECKER,orCHE'CKER-\V()KK,*.anvth!n(^paintr(.
in squares, with different colours, like a clioib-'K/ard.
CHECKMATE, ». Uc/hc et mat, Fr.J ilie movement on
the ciiess board that kills the opposite men, or hinders them
from moving.
CHE'CK-ROLL, s. a book or roll containing trie names
of the king's household servants.
CHE'DDER, a large village of Somersetshire, famous for its
cheeses, which are the next best to Stilton cheese, in England,
snd as large as those of Cheshire. It is seated 2 or 3 miles
E. of Axbridge, in Somersetshire.
CHEEK, «. the fleshy part of the side of the face below
the eye. Among mechanics, cheeks arc a general name for
almost all those pieces of machines and instruments that
are double and perfectly alike. The checks of a s;rate, are Hat
plates of iron, standing perpendicular, and serving to confine
the dimensions of a fire. The checks <f a nwrtar, are two
strong planks of wood, bound with thick iron plates, which
are fixed on eacli side of the mortar to keep it in the eleva-
tion that is given it.
CHEEKBONE, s. the iaw.
CHEER,.?, [c/joe, Fr.] provisions for an entertainment ,
gaiety, or folness of spirits.
To CHEER, V. a. to inspire with courage; to animate, or
incite ; to make joyful.
CHE'ERER, i. the person or thing which communicates
joy, orcomfoits in distress.
CHEERFUL, a. that abounds in gaiety, life, and spirits
opposed 10 dejection.
CHE'EltFULLY, arf. without dejection, willingly.
CHEERFULNESS, s. a disposition of mind unclouded by
despair; alacrity; vigour.
CHEERLESS, a. sad, dejected, comfortless.
CHE'ERLY, ad. in a gay, cheerful, joyous manner.
CHE'ERY, a. gay, joyful, orromniunicating pleasure and
gaiety.
CHEESE, {cheeze) s. \ci/ze, Sax. J a food made of milk,
curdled by means of rennet, squeezed dry in h press, anu
hardened by time.
CHE'ESECAKE,s. in pastry, is made of soft curds, buttsi
and siigar, baked.
CHE ESEMONGER, s. one who deals in cheese.
CHE'ESEPRESS, s. a press, wherein the curds of which
thecheeseis made are pressed dry from the whey.
CHE'ESEVAT, s. the wooden case in which the curds are
confined, when pressed for cheese.
CHE'ESY, {cheizy) a. having the qualities of cheese.
CHE'KAO, -f. in natural history,the name of an earth which
IS used by the Chinese in making that beautiful white porce-
lain, which has fiowers that appear to be formed by a mere
vapour within its surface.
CHELMSFORD, a pretty large, populous town, nearly
in the centre of Essex. It is pleasantly situated in a valley,
at the confluence of the Chelmerand the Can, the gardens
of the inhabitants on each side of the town, extending to
those rivers. Here are some good inns, with a fountain, or
conduit, of excellent water ; and the assizes and quarter
sessionsfor the county are held here. It is a great thorough-
fare, the great eastern road from London passing through it.
It is 43 miles S. by W. of Bury, 21 S. W. by W. of Colchester,
and 29 N. E. by E. of London. A considerable market for
corn, cattle, and provisions, on Friday.
CHELSEA, a large and populous village of Middlesex,
on the banks of the 'Tluiraes, I mile W. of St. James's Park.
Here is an extensive and well stocked botanical garden, be-
longing to the company of apothecaries in London, and a
bridge over the river to Battersea ; here also is a magnifi-
cent hospital erected for the disabled and superannuated
soldiers of the English army.
CHE'LTENHAM, a town of Gloucesiei.shire, noted for
its mineral waters, and extensive prospects from its adjoin-
ing hills. It is much improved of late years, with a new
J"
CHE
CHt
mnrtet liouse, a foot-way of flafr-stoiies, made on each side
of the streets. The poor inliabitaiits spin wool for the
clothiers of Stroud. It derives its name from the rivulet
Ciiilt, which passes tlirough it iifto the Severn from Dowdes-
well, and is Smiles N. E. of Gloucester, and 95 W. by N. of
London. Market on Thursday.
CH-E'LY. *. [cliela, Lat.] the claw of the shell-fish.
GHEMI'SE, (s/mmeis) s. [Fr.] iu fortification, a wall lining
a bastion or ditch, in order to strengthen and support it.
Also the French name for a shift, or u kind of dress resem-
bling a shift.
CHEMISTRY. See Chymistry.
CHE'PSTOW, a populous, flourisbingtowii of Monmouth-
shire, seated on tiie river Wye, near its confluence with the
Severn. It is the port for all the towns that sland on the
Wye and Lug. Ships of 6 or 700 tons burden are built here,
or come up to tlie town. Five vessels trade constantly be-
tween this port and London, generally going and returning
in two months. A market-boat of 70 tons burden, goes
likewise regularly to Bristol every Tuesday, and returns
evei"y Thursday. The merchants import their own wine
from Oporto, and fiax, deal, pitch, (S.c. from Norway and
Russia. The tide is said to rise higher here than in any
other part of Europe, swelling to 50 or (iO feet perpendicular.
It is 18 miles N. of Bristol, and 127 of London. Market on
Sattudav.
CIIERA'SCO, a city, capital of a prnicipality of Pied-
mont, situated at the conflux of the rivers Stura ar.d Tanaro.
CHEIlBURG,a maritime town, in the department of the
Channel, containing about 600 inhabitants. Tiie harbour
will admit vessels of 900 tons at high water, and of 2.50 at
low. Woollen stuffs are manufactured here, and the inha-
bitants build small vessels. Cherburg is 50 miles N. W. of
Caen. Lat. 49. 38. N. ion. 1.33. W.
To CH i'7RlSH, V. a. [ehei-ir, Fr.] to nourish or promote the
growth of a thing; to help ; to encourage* to protect, shel-
ter, and nourish.
CHE'RlSIiEU, J. one who protects, ana contributes to
the growth of a thing.
CHE'RRY, s. in g ,rdening, a fruit-tree, with shining
leaves ; its fruit grows on long pedicles, is ro\indisli or heart-
shaped ; though included by Linna?us under the genus of
prtiniis, or plum, yet they cannot be engrafted on each
other.
CHE'RRY, ff. resembling a cherry in colour ; red.
CH.E'RSON, the capital of New Russia, in the govern-
ment of Ekaterinoslav, lately erected on the banks of the
river Dnieper, 10 miles above the mouth of the Ingulec. It
was intended by the empress Catharine to be the principal
mart for foreign trade in this part of her dominions. It is
not yet very large, but the houses are of stone, and neatly
executed. It has a dock for the construction of large vessels,
from which several have been already launched. The public
works are executed and the plantations fornud by criminals,
who amount to some hundreds. It is supplier! with fuel by
jeeds only, of which there is an iiuuiense forest in the shal-
lows of the Dnieper, near the town. Rails, and even tem-
porary houses are made of them. They are tall and strong,
and afl'ord shelter to various kinds of acpratic birds, some of
which are very beautiful. In this city the hiimaiie Howard
ended his days ; Ik: was to the last engaged in tlie merciful
employment of visiting tiiose wlio were sick and iu \irison.
Cherson is 50 miles N. E. of Ockzakow. Lai. 46. N. lou.
33. 10. E.
CHERSONE'SE, or CIIERSONE'SUS, (ke^soneiz) i. [from
chersos, land, and vesus, isliniil, Gr.] in geography, a pe-
ninsula.
CHERT, It. ]iiuttrf:, Germ.] a term made use of i".describ-
ing a species of siliceous stones which are coarser and softer
than ihcconnntvii silex. It is often found in large masses or
(piarries of limestone.
CHI'VIIT-SEY, a town of Surry, in a low situation near the
Thames, over whieli there is a iiandsomc bridge of seven
birches. It was formerly the residence of some of the Saxon
jr.d
khigs, lias a trade in malt, which it conveys in barges to Ix)n-
don, and is 7 miles W. of Kingston, and 20 W. b\ S. of Lon-
don. jMarkel on Wednesday.
CHERUB, i. [i'mm c/ienit, \)\. clicmhim, Heb.] a celestiai
spirit, in the order of aiigels, placed next to the seraphim ; in
scripture variously described under the shapes of men,
eagles, oxen, lions, <S:c.
CHERU'BIC, a. angelic, or partaking of the nature of a
cherub.
CHERUTJM, s. the plural of cherub.
To CHERUP, ?'. n. to make a noise by drawing in the
air through the lips, after they are drawn into a kind of cir-
cle, in order to encourage any beast, or to set a song bird
a singing.
CHERVIL, *. a ^•ery common weed in many places of
Britain. There are several species of it. Garden chej-cil,
is otherw ise called sw eel fern.
CHE'S APEAK, one of the largest bays in the world. Its
entrance is between Cape Charles and Cape Heni'y, in Vir-
ginia, 12 miles wide, and it extends 270 miles to the north-
ward, on both sides of tlie state of iSIaryland. It is from 7
to 18 miles broad, and generally i) fathoms deep, atlbrding
a safe and easy navigation, and many commodious harbours.
It receives the waters of the Susqueliaunali, Patomac, Rap-
palianoc, York, and James which are all large and naviga-
ble ri' eis.
CHE'SHAM, a town of Buckinghamshire, trading in
laces, shoes, and wooden ware. It is seated on the borders
of Hertfordshire, 12 miles S. K. of Aylesbury, and 29 W. by
N. of London. Rlarketou Wednesday.
CHESHIRE, a county Palatine of England, separated on
the N. from Lancashire by the river Mersey, but just at the
N. E. point it borders on Yorkshire, on the E. it is bounded
by Derbyshire and part of Staffordshire, on the S. by Shrop-
shire, and a detached part of Flintshire, and on the W. and
S. W. by Denbysliire and Flintshire, from which latter it
is separated bv the river Dee; on the N. W. it is washed
by the Irish Sea, tliat part of it being a peninsula, about 13
niiles in length, and G in breadth, formed by the mouths of
the Mersey and the Dee. Without inehiding the peninsula,
the county extends 33 miles from N. to S. and 42 from E.
to W. It is divided into 7 hundreds, containing 1 city, 11
market-towns, and 101 parishes. The air is teniperate and
very healthy. The soil is rich in pasture and cOrn l.uid.
Immense quantities of cheese arc made in this county ; init
a considerable ([uantity, of what goes by the name of Che-
shire cheese, is made in Shropshire, Staffordshire, and Lan-
cashire. Loudon ahuie is said to consume 14,000 tons of
it; vast quantities arc also sent to foreign parts, to Ireland,
Scotland, and different parts of Eughuid. The manufactures
of Cheshire are extensive ; and it is noted for its salt springs.
The principal rivers are the Mersey, Dee, Weaver, and
Dane ; and! here are several small lakes.
CHESHUNT, with its Park and Wash, Herts, near Hod-
desdoii. Here Richard Cromwell, the protector, under the
assumed name of Clark, spent many years of a venerable
old age, in obscurity and peace, rnuch to be preferred, no
doubt, to all till' s|ileiidid infelicities of guilty ambition. He
first resided here ill Uiso,' in a lituise near the cluirch, and
here he died in 1712, in hisB(;th >ear. lie enjoyed a good,
slate of health to the last ; and was so heaithy, that at four-
score he vvf-uld galloi) his luu-se foriiianv mil(>s together.
CHE'SNUT, or CHESXlIT-'niEE, s. the timber of it,
next to the oak, is the fittest for buiUling, durable, and most
coveted by carjtentcrs and jc^ners. As to the nut or fruit of
this tree, the biggest are accounted the best.
CHESS, s. \efliecs, Fr.] a game iilayed with little round
pieces of wood on a board divided into 21 squares, each
side having eight noblemen and as many jiawns, whici) are
to be moved or shifted into the different squares, according,
to the laws of the game.
ClllvSS-APPLE, ,«. a species of wild service.
CHESS-MAN, s. a puppet for chess.
CHESS-PLAYER, s. a gamester at chess.
CHE
CHI
.''CHE'SSOM, I. in fiardeiiin?,', a meilow earth, between
(he two extremities of clay and sand.
CHEST, I. [cyst, Sax.] a larjje strong wooden box, greater
tJianatrunit, used for Jteepinf; ciotiies, linen, cVc. Tiie ra-
vity of the human l)0(ly from the neck to tlie ix'lly, called
the breast or stomach. A c/iest of drawers, is a wooden
frame which contains several drawers placed above each
other.
CHE'STER, the capital of Cheshire, is a lar^je, ancient,
and ponidoHS citv, containinj; 'J well-built cliunlics, besides
liie cathedral, called St. \Veri)uri,drs, which looks asaiitirpie
as the castle. They were both built by Iluj;li Lupus, nephew
to William the Con<pieior; unless, as some say, the church
was founded by Edj^ar. It is seated on the Dee, over
which there is a noble bridj;e, by which vessels come
from the sea to the quay ; and by a canal, lately cut, it has
communication with most of die new inlaml navigations.
It has also a constant connnuuication with Ireland. Its three
annvial fairs, on Feb. 2t. Jidy .0, and Oct. 10, each lastin;; a
week, are the most noted in England, especially for Irish
linens. The main streets have a fieculiarity of construction ;
tJiey are hollowed out in the rock lo a considerable depth,
and the houses have, elevated in front, a sort of covered
porticos, which are called rows, and atford a sheltered way
for foot passengers. The city has 4 gates and 3 posterns,
aiid is 3 miles in compass. It consists chieHy of 4 large
streets, vvhich are pretty even and spacious, and as they
croi? one another \n straight lines, meeting in the centre,
they make an exact cross, wilh the town-house or exchange,
a neat structure, near the middle. In the old castle, where
the earls of Chester formerly held their parliaments, was a
stately hall, somewhat like that at Westminster, where the
palatine courts and assizes were held, before the erection of
the new prison. Chester has a manufactoi-y of gloves and
tobacco-pipes, and a considerable tralhc of shop goods
into North Wales. Ic is 182 miles N. W. of London. Mar-
kets on Wednesday and Saturday.
CHE'STERFIELD, a town of Derbyshire, seated on a
gentle rise, between two small rivers, is, next to Derby, the
inost considerable town in the couijtv'. It has one of the
largest free-schools in the north of England. Here is a ma-
nufactory of worsted and cotton stockings, and of carpets;
also silk mills, and potteries for lirown ware ; and near the
town are large iron founderies, which are supplied with ore
and coal dug in the vicinity. Large quantities of lead are
sent hence by the new canal to the Trent, which it joins be-
low Gainsborough. The couiiti-y round Chesterfield pro-
duces great quantities of camomile. The spire of the church,
which is of timber, covered with lead, is warped awry. It
is 22 miles N. of Derby, and 149 N. N. W. of London.
Market on Saturday.
CHEST FOUNDERING, v. in farrierj, a disease in
horses which resembles a pleurisy or peripneumony in
men.
CHEVALIE'R, {shcvnllUr) s. [from c/ieval, a horse, Fr.] a
knight. In heraldry, a horseman armed at all points, or in
complete armour.
CHEVAUX DE FRISF^ fs/,«« de freeze) s. [Fr.| in for-
tification, a piece of timber traversed with wooden spikes,
five or six feet long, pointed with iron, used for stopping up
breaches, or securing any avenue fnmi the enemy's
cavalry.
CHE'VERIL, (sheveri!) s. [clievereau, Fr.] a kid. Figura-
tivelv, kid leather.
CHEVIOT, a mountainous district, separating the N. W.
part of Northumberland from Scotland. The Iiilly country
is called the Cheviot Hills, as tlif adjoining fennv grounds
are called the Cheviot Moors. The cattle and wool are ex-
cellent.
CHETRON, (sliivrdng) .-. [Fr.] in heraldry, one of the
honorary ordinaries, representing two rafters of a house
joined together, so as to form an angle, and is the svmliol
of protection. Pei- c/ieirou, is when the field is divided
only by two .single hues, risin," from the two base points.
and meeting in a point above, like the chevron ; this is tent*.
itdptirli/ per c/icvron.
To Chew, v. «. [ccowmn, Sax.] to bite or grind meat imo
small ])ieces between the teeth, proper for swallowing.
Neuterly, to revolve often in the tlloughts; to rumiuute or
meditate upon. Used with on, or npon.
ClilA'Ml'A, a country of Asia, bounded on tlie W. I>y
Candw)dia, on the N. fiy C<ichin China, and on the E. and .S.
by the liulian Ocean, and the river Cambodia. It is little
known.
ClllAN EARTH, (AiiTH erth) s. in nharraacy, is a dense
and compact earth, sent hither in small flat pieces from the
island whose name it bears ; it is recommended as an astriu-
gent ; and we are told, it is the greatest of all cosmetics,
that it gives a whiteness and smoothness to the skin, and
prevents wrinkles, beyond any of the other substances that
have been celebrated for the same purposes.
CHICA'NE, {eheekuiie) by some the c/t in this word and its
derivatives is pronounced like sh, as in the French.) s. \chi-
cniir, Fr.] in law, an abuse of judiciary \)rocee<ling tending
to delay the cause, and deceive or impose on the judge or
the i)arties. In the schools, vain sophistry, tending to pes-
petuati' disputes, and obscure the truth.
To CHICA'NE, v.n.[c!iicaner, Fr.] to prolong a contest by
artifice and subtleties.
CIIICA'NER, «. [c/iieaneiir, Fr.] oire who makes use of
quirks, subtleties, or other artifice, to obscure the truth.
CHICA'NERY, s. [eltieanerie, Fr.] ail artful prolonging
any tlispute by frivolous objections or subtleties.
CHICHESTER, the capital of Sussex, is a neat and hand-
some city, seated in a plain, by the river Lavant, by w hich
it is encompassed on every side, except the N. The maF-
ket-place is in the centre of the town, from which the four
principal streets are directed to the cardinal points of the
compass, and bear the names of E. W. N. and S. street.
Its market is well supplied with provisions, it exports corn,
malt, <Vc. has some foreign commerce, a declining manufac-
tory of needles, and a manufactory of baize, blankets, anrl
coarse cloths, lately established. The haven, formed by a
canal, cut from the city down into tiie bay, affords excellent
lobsters. It is 61 miles S. W. of London. Markets on Wed-
nesday, Fridav, and Saturday.
CHICK, or CHICKEN, «. [cicen. Sax.] the young of a
fowl, Dr hen. Chick is used figuratively for a word of ten-
derness. Sometimes it is used for a person not arrived to
the years of maturiiv, and void of experience.
CIirCKI;\ HEARTED, a. timorous; cowardly.
CH1'CKF.N1'(>X, s. in medicine, a species of the small
pox, but tlie pustules are not so large.
CHl'CKLING, s. a small or young chicken.
CHICKPEA, s. a kind of degenerate pea.
CHl'CKWEED, i. in botany, a species of alsine, wilh
divided petals, leaves between egg and heart-shaped, ami
upright white blossoms, which open from nine in the morifc.
ing till noon, except in rainy weather, when they do not
open at all. It is very common in rich cultivated ground,
and flowers from April to October.
To CHIDE, r. n. [prefer, elide, particip. pass, chid, or
chidden ; cliidan. Sax.] to reprove with some degree of
warmth and anger for faults. To blame or find fault with,
beautifillly applied to inanimate things. " Fountains, o'er
the pebbles, e/uV/ your stay." Dn/d. Neuterly, to scold o»
reprove severely. To make a noise as in a passion, elegantly
applieil to inanimate things. " .\s doth a rock agahist the
cliidiits; flood." S/iak.^
CHl'DER, s. one tliat is addicted to reproof, or fond of
blaming.
CHIDLEIGH, or Chldleigh, a town of Devonshire.
with a market on Saturday. It is seated near the river
Thames, and the market is good for corn and provisio'is.
It is 183 miles W. by S. of London. On the 22a :jf April,
1807, this town, consisting of about 200 houses, was bunil
to the ground, with the exception of the church and seven
Iiousesouly, but happily without the loss of one human life.
" 1.W
CHI
CHI
Chitdleigk Roc';, in tlie neighbourhood of Clmdleigh ; viewed
from the W. il is a bold and perpendicular rock, appafently
one solid mass of marble. From the S. E. a hollow opens
to the view, wilii a stream rusiiing impetuously at the bot-
loui, here and there checked in its progress by a great quan-
tity of rude stones scattered around. Altogether, it is one
of the most striking inland rocks in the island.
CHIEF, (dieef) a. [c/ief] Fr.] the major part, or greatest
number; principal, including the idea of superior rank and
activity.
CHIEF, s. a commander, applied to one who commands
an army. In heraldry, the upper part of an escutcheon,
running across from side to side.
CHI'EFLESS, a. witliout chief or commander.
CHIEFLY, ad. generally ; foV the most or greatest part ;
principally.
CHITLFRIE, (cheefivj) s. an acknowledgment paid to
the lord paramount.
CHIEFTAIN, s. {cheifuiin) one who commands an army ;
the head of a cl:in.
CHI'ETl, a city of Naples, capital of Abruzzo Citra.
CHrLBL.\IN, s. small red shining tumors, appearing on
the fingers, tees, and heels, and when breaking out on the
heels called kibes.
CHILD, s. plural children ; \cd4, Sax.j an infant or per
son in its tendercst years ; the offsprmgofa person
.To CHILD, V. n. to brinir forth or bear children. Figu-
ratively, to be pfolific or fruitful, opposed to barren.
CHI'LDBEARING, s. the act of bearing children ; preg'
nancv.
CHILDBED, s. a lying-in; or the state of a woman just
after her delivery.
CHILDBIRTH, s. labour ; travail ; deliverv.
CHI'LDERMAS-DAY,*. the day on which Herod's mas-
sacre of the children at Jerusalem, on account of Christ's
birth, is commemorated, which weak and superstitious per-
sons think an unlucky day.
CHI LDHOOD, i.'the state of a child ; the interval be-
tween infancy and youth.
CHI'LDISH, a. resembling a child in ignorance, simpli
citv, and trifling.
CHILDISHLY, ad. in such a manner as only becomes a
child ; in a trifling manner.
CHILDISHNESS, s. want of discretion, knowleage, ex
perience, and gravity.
CHILDLESS, a. without children.
CHI'LDLIKE, a. that resembles the actions and senti
incuts of a child.
CHILI, a large country of S. America, bounded on the
\V. by the S. Pacific Ocean; on the N. by I'eru; ou the
E. by immense deserts, which divide it from Paraguay and
other parts of S. America ; and on the S. by Patagonia. It
is upwards of 800 miles in length, but its breadth is uncer-
tain. The Spanish colonies are thinly <lisperst'd along the
borders of the S. .Sea, on a narrow tract extending from 3<.'
10.50 miles in length. A profusion of natural productions
IS seen throughout this countn', wherever attempts have
been made to cultivate it. The wine made here is palata-
ble, and of a good body ; and brandy is distilled from it.
The northern parts lundme olives. The useful animals
introduced here from Euro|ie have multiplied surprisingly.
Minesof gold and copperare numerous. It is claimed by
the Si)aniards, but the grtater part of it is possessed by the
still iinconqucred and inde|iendeiit natives.
CHILI AD, (hiliad) s. Ic/nlias, Cir ] a thousand, or a collec-
tion of things oryears amoiuitingtoa thousand.
CI11LIAF;DR0N, .v. [from rhili'is, a thousand, Gr.] a fi
giire of a thousand sides.
CIIILIFACTIVE, or CHILIFA'CTORY, s. See Ciiy
I.lFAf riVF..
CHILIHU'QUE, s. a kind of American canie.-sneep,
korviiig the ancieiil inhabitants of Chili as a beast oi' burden
uiid of dr::ught, aii<l producing them a kind of woo .
CiilLL,;. [ckIc, Sax.J cold, or that which slops tiie circu-
lation of any fluid by its coldness. Figuratively, shivernig
with, or having the sensationof cold ; depressed, dejected ;
discouraged, or rendered inactive by some disappointment
or terrible object.
To CHILL, V. a. to reduce from a state of warmth to that
of coldness. Figuratively, to stop or repress any motion;
to discourage and detect ; to blast or destroy by cold.
CHILLINESS, i. cold ; a sensation which produces shi-
vering.
. CHl'LLY, a. that proceed from chilliness or cold.
CHI'LMINAR, «. the noblest and most beautiful piece
of architecture amongst all tlie ruins of antiquity, being
the ruins of the famous palace of Persepolis, tired by Alex^
ander the Great, when intoxicated, at the persuasion of
Thais his courtezan.
CHI'LNESS, s. the sensation of cold productive of shi-
vering ; the quality of producing the sensation of cold.
CHl'LTERN, a chain of chalky hills, separating the courn-
ties of Bedford and Herts, and running through the middle
of Bucks, from Tring, Herts, to Heniey upon Thames, Ox-
fordshire. They are covered, in various parts, with woods,
and some of the eminences are of considerable height, and
aflFord rich prospects. To tliese hills is annexed the nomi-
nal otfice of steward under the crown, the acceptance of
which, of consequence, enables a member of the British par-
liaujent to vacate his seat
CHIMB, s. [kiine, Belg.j the end ot a barrel or tub,
CFIIME, s. in music, formerly used for a concord, or the
soundingof the same note on several instruments at once.
In ringiug, the sounding all the bells of a steeple after one
another, with all the variations in their order that can pro-
duce music, or an agreeable harmony. Applied to clocks,
a kind ot periodical music, produced by a particular appa-
ratus, wherein hammers of diflerept sizes are put in motion,
and play some tune on bells. Figuratively, harmony of
tempers, proportion, or otiier relations. In poetry, the
syllable at the end of a verse, which has the same soumt as
that o' the preceding one.
To CHIME, V. n. to sound a concord, to agree in souncL
Figuratively, to be musical. To answer each other, applied
to relative terms ; to acquiesce in; toagree with. Applied
to poetry, to make the concluding syllables of two verses
end with the same letters or sound. Actively, to cause to
sound harmonically; to strike a bell with a hammer.
CHIMERA, (/f/metj-fl) s. [Gr.] ayioetical fiction of a mon-
ster, composed of an union of the parts of difl'ereiit aniuials.
Figuratively, a groundless or vain imagination, which has uo
fiiundatiouin reason or nature.
CHIMF.'IIICAL, {kima-ical) a. that IS tne mere proauct of
fancy or imagination; imaginary; fantastic.
CHlME'RICALLY, {Imnoicdili/) ad. in a wild, fantastic,
vain manner; withoutany reality.
CHI'MNIAGE, s. [from chimin, an old law word for a
road] a toll for passage through a forest.
CHI'MLEIGH, a town in Devonshire wit'h a market on
Wednesday. It is seated on the river Dart, which fetching
a compass like a bow, surrounds three parts of it. It is but
a small place, and the market is inconsiderable. It is 22
miles N. N. VV. of Exeter, and 193 \V. by S. of London.
CHIMNEY, s. [c/ieniiiiee, Fr.] in architecture, the passage
or funnel through which the smoke ascends in a building.
Cliim»c\i;piice'\s a composition of certain mouldings standing
on the fiffeside of the jaumbs, and coming over the mantle-
tree ; the ornamental piece of wood or stone, that is sot
round the fire-place.
CHIMNEY-SWEEPER, one whose trade it is to clean
foul chimnies of soot.
CHIMPANZEE, f. an African animal of the monkey
tribe, which very nearly resembles the human species.
CHIN, s. [cinne, Sax.J the lower part of the face from the
nnner lip.
CHINA, an extensive empire of Asia, bounded on the W.
by mountains and deserts, which divide it fioiu part ot
Tartary, Thibet, »«d the kingdom of Ava ; ou the N. by E.
CHI
CHI
Tartary, Ifrom which it is separated by a wall above 200
miles in length, on which there are about 45,000 towers : on
tire E. by the Yell'ow Sea, and the Chinese Ocean ; and on
the S. by the same ocean, Tonqiiin, Laos, Pegu, and Ava.
It lies between 20. and 41. deg. N. lat. and between 96. and
125. deg. E. Ion. It is divided into 16 provinces, which con
tain 156 towns of the first rank, 1312 of the second, besides
2357 fortified towns. Its population is said to amount to
333,000,000 a full third part of the whole human species. As
fhis extensive country lies under a variety of climates, its
air is very different. In the S. they are exposed to the tro
pical heats, and periodical rains, while the rivers in tiic N.
are general frozen up for some months during the winter.
It is chiefly a flat, open country, but there are some moun-
tains, which are generally well cultivated and covered \v ith
trees, and there are mines of iron, tin, copper, quicksilver,
gold and silver. There is abundance of corn, and pulse ot
all sorts, especially rice ; and here are several trees, fruits,
and animals, and a great number of simples, peculiar to the
country, particularly a plant called ginseng, a tree that pro-
duces peas, differing little from those of Europe ; another
bearing a kind of gum, which makes excellent varnisii ; a
third bearing white berries, of the size of a hazel nut, wiiose
pulp is tallow, of which candles are made ; and a fourth
called the white wax tree, producing that article superior to
the common bee's wax. The bamboo-cane grows to the
height of an ordinary tree; and though it is hollow within,
the wood is hard, and proper for many uses, such as pipes
to convey water, boxes, baskets, and the making of paper,
after it is reduced into a sort of paste. C/iiua is the only
country which produces the tea plant, and supplies other
nations with that article when prepared. There is scarcely
a village of China, especially in the S. but what enjoys the
benefit of some navigable river, lake, canal, or arm of the
sea ; and wherever there is a town on shore, there is another
of boats upon the water, and many families are born, live,
and die there ; hogs, poultry, dogs, and other domestic
animals being kept on board the same as on shore. Besides
these vessels, there is a prodigious number of floats of tim-
ber perpetually passing up and down the rivers and canals,
which carry vast numbers of people on them. Some of these
floats are a mile in length, and the proprietors build little
huts upon them, where they live till they have disposed ot
their timber, which Iliey sometimes cari-y 1000 miles. The
inhabitants are of a tawny complexion, and those are es-
teemed the most handsome who are the most corpulent.
The men are much addicted to literature, and very ingeni-
ous in the practice of mechanical arts. The women att'ect
much modesty, and lead a very retired life, to which they
are partly induced by the disproportionate smallness of
their feet, which renders walking painful and laborious.
This smallness of their feet is not natural, but is the result
of the violent compression which they endure from infancy.
The Chinese are extremely ceremonious, but generally re
garded as deceitful and knavish. Their language has no
alphabet, but they write in characters which stand for
words, or rather for ideas. The religion of the learned is
a kind of deism, but that of the vulgar is gross idolatry.
The revenues of the crown are computed at 21,000,000
sterling 3 early, and the forces are said to consist of 5,000,000
of men in time of peace. They have generally maintained
peace with their neighbours ; but the late emperor extended
nis dominions over a great part of what used to be called
Independent Tartary. Pekin is the capital of the whole
empire.
CHI'NA-ORANGE, «. tlie sweet orange brought origi-
nally from China.
CHraA ROOT, *. a medicinal root brought originally
from China.
CHINCHITMEN, s. in natural history, a kind of otter,
which inhabits Chili, and bears a considerable resemblance
to a cat.
CHl'N COUGH, (rlan^off) s. in medicine, a violent, dry
cough, affecting chiKiren, even to a danger of suffocation.
CHINE, I. \etchine, Fr.| the part of tlie back contaiuing
the spine or back-bone.
To CHINE, I), a. to cut into chines; to split along the
back-bone.
CHINK, s. [cinan, Sax.T a narrow gap, or opening, where- .
by the contact of the parts of a body is di«»olved ; a small or
narrow opening lengthwise.
To CHINK, t). a. to make money or pieces of any metal
sound by shaking them together. Neuterly, to sound by
striking each other; to break in clefts or gaps, applied to
ground.
CHTOKY, a. full of narrow holes, gaps, or clefts.
CHINTS, i. a fine cloth manufactured of cotton in the
East Indies, and generally printed with lively and durable
colours.
CHI'OPPINE, s. [from chapin. Span.] a high shoe for-
merly worn by ladies.
To CHIP, V. a. to cut wood into small pieces. To tut off
the crust of a loaf, applied to bread.
CHIP, s. [ci/p, Sax.] a small piece of wood separated
from a larger by a bill or cutting tool ; any small piece cut
off from a larger.
CHITPENHAM, a large, populous, well-built town of
Wilts, with a considerable manufacture of superfine wool-
len cloth. It was the seat of Alfred, and other West-Saxon
kings, and is seated on the Avon, over which is a stone
bridge of 16 arches, 21 miles E. of Bristol, and 94 W. of
London. Market on Thursday.
CHITPING, J. the action of cutting off small pieces
from timber or other matters.
CHIPPING-NO RTON, a town of Oxfordshire, with a
market on Wednesday. It has a dry situation on the side
of a hill, and near a small rivulet, ami is a straggling town,
except about the market-place. It is a corporation ; and
the market is good for corn, cattle, and provisions. It
stands on the great post road between Worcester and Ox-
ford, 12 miles S. W.ofBanbiiiT. and 74 N.W. of London.
CHIPPING WY'COMB, orHiGH Wycomb, a town of
Buckinghamshire, seated on the river Wyck, on which, as
well as on the Loddon, are many corn and paper-mills, 12
miles S. S. E. of Aylesbury, and 31 N. N. W. of London,
A large corn-market on Fridav.
CHIPPING-O'NGAR, a town in Essex, 20 miles from
London. Market on Satiirdav.
CHIPPING-SO'DBURY, a'town of Gloucestershire, with'
a market on Thursday. It is seated in a bottom, near the
Downs, on the road from Bristol to Cirencester, ar.d has a
great market for com and cheese. It is situated 12 miles
from Bristol, 23 from Cirencester, and 111 miles W. of Lon-
don.
CHI'RAGRA, (Jiiragra)s. [Lat.] in medicine, the gout in
the hand.
CHIRA'GRICAL, {kirdgrical) a. being subject to the
gout in the hands.
CHlRO'GRAPHY,(AjV6°Tap%)i. [from cheir, hand, and
grap/io, to write, Gr.] a person's own hand-writing.
CHI'ROMANCER, {kiromanser) s. one who pretends to
foretell future events by inspecting the hand.
CHl'ROMANCY, {Idromainy) s. [from ehetr, hand, and
manteia, divination, Gr.J the pretended art or' foretelliiig
what shall happen to a person, by inspecliing the lines of
his hand.
To CHIRP, V. n. [formed from the sound] to make a no;=c
like a sparrow, or birds w liich call to one another.
CHI'RPER, s. a bird that makes a noise like a sparrow,
or calls to another ; a person that is gay, cheerful, or
merrv.
CIIIRU'RGEON, (WM»;/"n : commonly, though corruptlv
pronounced sursceon] s. [from clieir, hand, and ergon, work,
Gr.] one who cures such disorders, hurts, or ailments, as
require external applications, or the operations of the hand.
CHIRUT>(iERY, s. [See Chiurgmn] the art of erring
wounds and diseases, by external applications, or opeiatJons
of the liaiid.
IQl
CHO
CHO
CKmU'HGTC, or fHIRUUGICAL, {hirwjU:, or hhur-
jihai) a Inning qu.;litits lit for external or outward applica-
tion. Belon;;hi,' to external or nvaiiiial operalion,
CHISEL, (c/ihel) s. [cisenn, Fr.] a tool made of iron,
pretty long, thin, and sometimes ground to an edge, used in
carpentry, joining, masonrv, sculpture, Ac.
To CHI'S KL, V. a. to cut with a chisel.
CHIT, «. [cito, Ital.] a young little child ; a inere liaby ; a
wcrd used in anger, and expressive of contempt.
CHIT-CHAT, s. [a cant word formed from the redupli-
cation or repetition and corruption of the word chati idle
and unimproving discourse.
CHITTERLINGS, i. [not used in the singular ; from
sclii/terliri^ii, Belg.] the guts or bowels, generally applied to
tiiose of beasts fit for food. Likewise tljc frill or border
sewed on the bosom of a man's shirt.
CHI'VALROUS, a. of or belonging to cliivalry.
CHI'VALRY; s. [chevahrie, Fr.^ knighthnod, or mdltary
dignity. The objects of this institution were, to check the
insolence of 'overgrown oppressors, to vindicate the help-
less, especially females, and to redress grievances. Knight-
hood was esteemed more honourable than ro\ alty itself, and
monarchs were found to receive it from tb" hands of private
gentlemen. As valour, galantry, and religion equally en-
tered into the character of a true knight, it is believed that
the spirit of cldvith-i/ had a great share in refining the man-
ners of the EuTOpean nations, during the twelfth and three
following centuries.
CHIVES, s. [ciie, Fr.] in botany, those flueads or ;!la-
ments in flowers, l)earing the antlierrc or tips on their ex-
tremities. They are the male organization of plants; and
called by Linmeus stamina.
CHLOROSIS, (hlorosis) s. [from Moros, green, Gr.] in
medicinos the green sickness.
CHOCOLATE, «. [chocolate. Span.] when applied to sig-
nify the cake frofh whence the liquor is made, is a coniixv
sition of the cacao nut, sugar, and vanilia. C/iocolalc-fumse,
Jsa place where only chocolate is sold ready made, and re-
sembling a cotice-house.
CHOICE, s.[clwix, Fr.] a ftculty or act of the will, by
which it prefers one thing toano'.her, including that it is in
our power to have determined otherwise. Figuratively, llie
deferring or detenniningin behalf of a thinof oa revisonable
motives ; the thing cliosen ; that which merits a prcferc nee,
or ought to be preferred ; a variety of things offered to the
mind or judgment, that it may select from thence ili.se
' which are best. To mnhc choice nf, is to prefer or select one
or more things from several which arc proposed to the
judgment or will.
CHOICE, a. [comparative choicer, superlative choisesl,
r/io!ii, FrJ of superior excellence. Most valuable, or best.
Careful, frugal, opposMi to prodigal or protllsC.
CHO'ICF.LESS, a. without the power of choosing.
CHO'ICELY, ««/. with all the qualifications wliicii should
determine the will to give a preference.
CHOl'CENESS, .5. tliat quality which determines the will
to £;ive it a preference ; value, or superior excellence which
claims a iireference.
CHOIR, (/(•)!>•) s. [chornt, Lat.] a band or company of
singers. That part of a church where the choristers and
clergy are (ilaced.
To CH{)KE, V. a. I flrracflH, Sax. oraccordmg to Alinshew
from hark, strength. Hell. ]tostop up the passage of the throat
so that a person cannot breathe ; to kill by stopping a per-
son's breath. To stop up any pas.sage ; to ir.tLrcept or ob-
struct the motion of any thing. Synon. Death brought
on by a stopping of breath is the general idea of the worths
siiffocatid, smothered, chiihcrl ; but that of .v/'//'«crt/cf/ implies ail
extinction of life, occasioned by being in a place where we
cannot breathe ; that nf smothered, by being in a place where
we are not suHered to breathe ; that of choked, by having
the wind-pipe closeil.
CHOKE, I. ill botany, tlie filamentous, or capillary part
102
of an artichoke, immediately covering the 9eshy part of the
bottom,
CHOKE-PEAR, s. in gardening, a rough, harsh, unpalat-
able pear. Figuratively, any sarcasm that stops the mouth.
CHO'KY, a. that cannot easily be swallowed, but is apt
to stick in the passage, and stop the breath.
CHO'LAGOGUES, {kl,l«e;offs) v. [from chole, bile, anrl
o^", to lead or draw, Gr.]meaicinesw'hich have the power
of purging the bile.
CHO'LER, (holer) s. [cholera, Lat.] in anatomy, the bile ;
which abounding very much in angry persi.;i3, is used figu-
ratively for aiijjer.
CHO'LERIC, {h'ulerik) a. abounding with cliolcr. Figura-
tively, angry ; easily provoked ; passionate.
To CHOOSE, (choozc) V. a. prefer. / chose, I have chosen,
or chose ; [censan. Sax.] to prefer or take from several things
ofllrcd ; to give the preference to ; to will ; to elect ; or pick
out of a number. Synon. When we would take a thing, we
determine upon one, because we cannot have all. We
ehnr.se by comparing things, because we would have the
best. We do not always choose what we prefer ; but we ever
■prefei- \\v:X which we choose.
CHOO'SER, {fhohzer') s. one who has the power of choos-
ing ; one who lias a right to vote for a person who is candi-
date for a;iy post ; an elector.
To CHOP, II. a. prefer, rhojtt, or I have chopt ; [happen,
Bclg.] to cut w ith a cleaver, axe, or chopping knife, by a
quick or sudden stroke ; to devour or cat quickly, useo
willi }ip. Kent: !i •■, to cliKiige with a quick antl unexpected
motion. To appear as if cut, applied to the chects of cold
or hard weiitheron the hands.
To CHOP, V. a. [ceapan. Sax.] to purchase by exchanginff
one thing for anolher ; to take a thing back again which had
been gi\en in exchange; to be fickle in one's choice.
CHOP, f. apiece cut off by a sudden blow; a piecje of
meat cut off from a joint, generally applied to mutton. A
chink, cleft, hole, or vHCuity made by the warping of wood.
Chop-house, a kind of c.. ok's shop, where meat is ready
dressed, so called from their dealing mostly in mutton
chops.
CKO'PPING, a. large or lusty, applied to infants. Cha}>-
piii^.b'och,^ long thick bloek of wood, used by butchers to
cleme or chop tlieir meat upon. Chopping-hnife, a large
sort r,ri>:iit'e, used for chopping or mincing meat.
CKC'i VY, a. flill of holes or clefts; appearing as if cut
or chopt, owing to (he tflects of cold, applied to tlie
hands, ^S c.
CHOPS, s. [it has no singular, and is supposed by John-
son to lie a corruption of chaps] the mouth of a beast.
Figuratively, used in contempt for the mouth of a man.
CHO'RAL, (/.-.vrn/) a. [from chorus, Lat.] belonging to, or
composing a choir or cliorus.
CHORD, (pronounced hard, hord, as ifthe A was dropped.
When it implies a string made of hemp or silk, it is si>elt
curd ; but when it retainsits\irimitivesense, the Ais retained)
s. [from f/«jirff,a gut, Gr. because of such materials chords
for musical instruments and other purposes were made] the
slrinj^ofa musical instrument, by the vibration of which all
sounds are excited, as by its divisions the several degrees of
limes are determined. In geometry, a right line, terminat-
ed at each end of its extremities in tlie circumference of a
circle, but noi (lassing through its centre. Line of chords is
one ol'the lines ot ibe sector or phi.'.u scale ; used in the mea-
suring of an arch of any circle of whicii it is the radius. In
anatomy, a little nerve extending over the drum of the car,
supposed by some to vary and modifv sounds that beat on
the tympanum, in the same manner as the braces or strings
stretched ov<m' the war-drum.
CHORDE'K, (lutrdic) s. is a violent pain or contraction of
the frenum.
CHO'RION, (horion) s. [from chnreo, to contain, Gr.J in
anatomy, a thick, strong, whitish membrane, covered with a
great number ofliranehes of veins and artcfici, and the out-
ward membrane which wraps the fietus.
CHR
CII.I
CHORISTER, {li'orisUr) s. one wlio sinffs in a choir, i,'r-
Derailj, applicii to signify asin^'ing boy. Fignrativcly, one
who sings or ruakcs part of a cliorus. Deautifully applied
to iiirds.
CHO'IiLRY, a town of Lancashire, witii large manufac-
tures of <-olt()ns, fustians, calicoes, antl nuisli.is. Tiie < n-
virons abound in mines of coal, lead, and aiuin, and with
quarries of flag, slate, ashler, and mill-stone. It is seated
on the rivulet Chor, near the river Yarrow, !) miles S. E. of
Preston, and 2i»3 N. W. of London. Markets on Tuesday
and Satindav.
CHORO'GRAPHER, (korogrcf,r) y. ffrom rforoi, a rc-
ion, and ^i-aj,!io, to \v
regions or countries.
ragrrfi
r.Jhe
gion, and nifl;<.'/o, to write, Gr.Jhe that describes particular
CHOROfUlATHICAL, 0. descriptive of particular re-
gions or counfrics; laving down the boundaries of coiuitries.
CHOKO'GilArilY, {Urogrnf;/) s. the art of describing
p-articular regions and countries, cither in words or in
maps.
CHO'RUS, {hoiits) s. [Lat.] a number of singers joining
in the same piece or tune. Figuratively, that part of a song
in which a whole company join. In ancient drama, one
or more persons present on the stage during a dramatic per-
formance, supposed sometimes as by-standers, at others
serving to introduce or prepare the audience for the intro-
duction of any particular incident ; and originally the only
performers on the stage.
CHOUGH, (rf.ujf) s. [ceo, Sax. cumicas, Fr.J in natural
history, a bird like a jackdaw, but somewhat bigger, which
frequent rocks by the sea-side.
CHOULE, (commoidy pronounced and written jim-l) s.
[gnla, Lat.] the crop of a bird adhering to the lower side
of the bill, and descending by its throat, somewhat resem-
bling a bag or satcliel, and serving as a kind of first sio-
niacTi, to prepare its food for digestion.
To CHOUSE, V. a. to deprive a person of any thing by
plausible stories or false pretences.
CHOUSE, s. one who is a proper object for fraud ; a
bubble or tool ; a trick or slam.
CHRISM, {Jtrism) s. [from c/,iio, to anoint, Gr.l the act
of anointing ; applied generally to anointing, as tlie initia-
tion into some office, or rendering a person qualified for
some profession in a scriptural sense.
CHRIST, {hrist) s. [from c/irio, to anoint, Gr.] one of
the appellations given to our Lord and Saviour Jesus, si---
nifying the same as Messiah, used by the Jews, and both
importing the validity of his claim to the high character he
assumed, and the reality of his being qualified to under-
take the great work of redemption.
CHRI'STCHURCH, a town of Hants, trading in knit silk
stockings, gloves, and watch chains. Here is a good sal-
mon-fishery. It is seated at the confluence of the rivers
Avon and Sto'.iv, with small, barred, tide haven, 98 miles
S. W. of London. Market on Monday.
To CHRISTEN, {knsten) v. a.Wlnstnian, Sax.] to initi-
ate or enter into the church of Christ by the sacrament ot
baptism. Figuratively, to give a t'ling a nanic, alluding to
tlic practice of naming persons at this ceremouv.
CHRI'STENDOM, {KrUtemhm) s. \ckristenrhme, Sax.]
tlie collective body of Christians ; those parts wherein
Christianity is professed.
CHRI'ST'ENING, {h-Utcning) s. the ceremony of baptism.
CHRI'STIAN, {kristian) s. [from Christos,' Chrht, Gr.]
a person who believes in Christ, and the principles of his
religion. They \\ ho professed the religion of Jesus were at
first termed Disciples ; but the title of Christians was first
given to those of Antioch, as appears from the Acts of th"
Apostles.
CHRI'STIAN, (JirUtmn) a. [christianus, Lat.] professing
the Christian religion. The most C/n-istian King was a
title assumed by the kings of France ; supposed by French
nntiquaries to have been given originally by Gregory the
Great to Charles Martel. Christiarv-name is that name
■which is given ;-. per-on at his baptism.
CHRISTIANIA, Anslo, or OLsla, a ciiy of Southern
Norway, in the government of Aggerhuys, containing
about 9000 inhabitants. The streets are projected in
slruiglit lines, and at rightangles to eaehotiuT, and are uni-
formly 40 feet broad. It has an excellent harbour, and
carries on a considerable trade. Its principaJ exports are
tar, iron, copper, planks, deals, and alum. The saw mills
here are numerous. It is pleasantly seated along the shore
of the Bay of Biorning which forms the N. extremity of
t!i:' Gulfof Christitinia, 2o miles from the open .sea, and
•3iK) N. by W. of Copenhagen. Lat. 39. 55. N. Ion. 10.
50. E.
CHRISTIATvIITY, (kristianity) t. {chritimti, Fr.l the
doctrines delivered by Christ and his Apostles, ancf pro-
fessed by Christians.
To CHRISTIANIZE, (knstimdze) V. a. to convert a
person, to convince him of the truth of the doclrines of
Christianity. To make christian.
CHRI'STIANLY, nd. like a Christian.
CHRl'STMAS, (Kristmas) s. the day on which t!ie nativity
of our blessed Saviour is celebrated. Chrislmas-Lor, a box
in which money collected as gifts by servants at Christmas
is kei)t. Figuratively, the collections made at C/irislmas.
CHRI'StMAS-FLOWER, ;;. the same with hellebore.
C;HRI'STMAS-ISLAND, nearly in the centre of the Pa-
cific Ocean, is 45 miles in circnmfere^ice, bounded by a
reef of coral rocks, on the W. side of which js a bank of
line sand, extending a mile into the sea, and affording good
anchorage. The soil is light and black, comijosed of de-
caved vegetables, the dung of birds, and sand. Here are
a few cocoa-nut and other trees, shrubs, and plants, some
birds, and plenty of fish and turtles. Lat. 1. 69. N. Ion.
157. 3C. W.
OHRI'STOPHER, jt. an herb with flowers in egg-shaped
bundles, a slender, jointed, scored stem, white blossoms,
and black berries, called also baneberries. It is found in
woods and hedges in Yorkshire, and flowers in May and
June.
CHRISTOPHER'S, St. or St. Kits, one of the Caribbee
and Leeward Islands in the West Indies, about 18 leagues
N. W. of Antigua. It is 20 miles in length, and seven in
breadth, and has high mountains in the middle, whence
rivulets flow, which are of great use to the inhabitants.
Between the mountains are rocks, precipices, and thick
woods ; and in the S. W. parts, hot, sulphureous, springs at
the bottom of them. The air is good, and the soil is light,
sandy, and fruitful : they are, however, subject to hurricanes.
It is divided into 9 pariishes, and contains 4 towns or ham-
lets ; IBasseteree the capital, Sandy Point, Old Road, and
Deep Bay. The white inhabitants are computed at 4000,
and the neoroes at 26,000. The produce is cliiefly sugar,
(the general average of this article, for a series of years, is
16,000 hogsheads of 16 cwt.) cotton, ginger, indigo, and
the tropical fruits. It is possessed by the English. Lat.
17. 15. N. Ion. 63. 14. W.
CHROMA'TES, s. in chemistry, salts formed by the
combination of any base, with the chromic, acid.
CHROMATIC,' {hondlic) a. [from clirvnta, colour, Gr.]
in painting relating to colour. Relating to a certain kind of
ancient music, which proceeded by several semitones in
SUCCCSSlOil.
CHROMATICS, s. [from chroma. Colour. Gr.] th:;t part
of the science of optics by which the several properties of
the colours of light and of natural bodies are illustrated and
explained.
CHROME, s. a newly-discovered metal, which commu-
nicates a variety of colours to other metals.
CHROMIC, 0. in chemistry, belonging to ehromium.
CHROMIUM, «. a newly-discovered metal, whence a
beautiful green colour may be obtained, useful in painting,
and in the colouring of porcelain.
CHROTSIC, or CHRONICAL, (kromch or hr'onihnJ, a.)
Tfroni chron 's, time, Gr.l that endures o; lasts a long liiue,
103
CIIU
CHU
in mrdicine, applied to those diseases wliicli are opposed
to the acute, or such as soon come to a crisis.
CHRO'NICLE, {kruuikle) s. [croniqiie, Fr.] a regular ac-
count of transactions in the order they happen; a his-
torv.
To ChRO'MCLE, (kiMikle) V. a. to insert in a history ;
to be recorded ; to be made famous, or handed down to
tJie memory of posterity.
CHRONICLER, {krdnikler) s. one who writes a rcjjular
account of transactions, according to the order in wiiich
Uiey were performed ; an historian.
CHRONICLES, i. two books of holy scripture, which
contain an abridgment of sacred history, to the return ol
the Jews from the Babylonish captivity. The first book
traces the genealogies of the Israelites from Adam, relates
the death of Saul, and gives a brief account of the reign of
David. The second traces the progress of the kingdom of
Judaii, its various revolutions, its period under Zedekiah,
and the restoration of the Jews by Cyrus.
CHRONOGRAM, {kroiwgram) s. [from chronus, time and
grapho, to write, Gr.] an inscription, whose numeral letters
compose some particular date.
CHRONOGRAMMATIST, s. a writer of chronograms.
CHRONOLOGER, {h-onnlojer) s. [from chronos, time
and logos, a discourse, Gr.] one who makes the settling the
dates of former transactions his particular studv.
CHRONOLOGICAL, (hronolyical) a. relating to chro-
nology, or the period in w liich any transactions hav>pened.
CHRONOLO'GICALLY, (kronolbjically) ad. in such a
manner as is consistent with the rules of chronology.
CHRONOLOGIST, (h-unhlnjist) .«. See Chrono'loger.
CHRONO'LOG'^', (hronalogi/) s. [from chronos, time and
lottos, a discourse, Gr.] the act of tracing the times wherein
any remarkable t;ans;;cti<;n is performed.
CHRONO'METER, {hron'umelcr) s. [from chronos, time
and me<;-co, to measure, Gr.] an instrument used for the mea-
suring, of tiine.
CHrlY'SALIS, (hri/salis) s. [from chrytos, gold. Or.] in
natural history, a worm or caterpillar in its second state,
wherein it continues w ithout eating, or any motion, unless
in its tail, till it bursts its pellicle, and changes into a moth
or butferdv.
CHRY.S'ANTHENUM, s. in botany, the name of two
tribes of flowers introduced from America, and the Cape of
Good Hope.
CHRYSOLITE, (hy'soUle) I. [from chrysos, gold and
litlios,^ stone, G;.] a general term given by the ancients to
all precious scoiies that had a cast of gold or yellow in their
coiiiposition. Among moderns, a precious stono of a dusky
green colour, with a cast of yellow.
CHRYSO'FRASILS, s. [from chrnsos, gold, Gr. and
prasums, green, lul.] a precious stone mentioned in scrip-
ture, of a yellow colour, approaching to green.
CHUB, *. in iialuial history, a uon-spinous fish, or that
wh'ch has no prickly tins, and only one on its back.
CHirRBED, f. Figuratively, having a large head, al-
luriing to that nf a chub.
To CHUCK, r. a. to make a noise like a partridge, or a
hen calling her chickens.
'I'o CHUCK, r. a. [from choc, Fr.] to give a person a
gentle chuck under llie chin ; to endeavour to throw money
into a hole made in the ground, at some distance.
CHUCK, s. the noise of a hen; an expression of endear-
ment ; a cast, by which a person endeavours to throw mo-
ney into a hole made in the ground for that purpose.
CHU'CKFARTHING, s. a play, at wliieli the money
falls with a chuck into the hole beneath.
To CHU'CKLE, v. n. [schaerhen, Belg.] to laugh vehe-
mently, so as to be out of breath. Actively, to call like a
ii< n. Figuratively, to fcvndle or chuck under the chin.
CHirDLElGH. See Chidlkigh.
C;Hlll'l\ t. a coarse, heavy, surly, and passionate clov/n.
CFIU'FFY, «. surly, morose.
CHUTFILY, ad. suilily ; stomachfully
1(J4
CHUM, J. [cliom, Armorick] a cLauiber-fellow ; a tciiii
usea m the universities.
CHUMP, s. a thick, heavy pieceofwood, less thanablock.
CHURCH, *. \circe, Sax.i is a word of diflerent sigriih-
cations, according to the different subjects to which it is
applied. 1. It is understood of the collective body of
Christians through the whole world who profess to believe
in Christ, and acknowledge him to be the Saviour of man-
kind. This is what ancient writers called the Catholic or
Universal Church ; and agrees with the apostle's account
of one, in Col. i. 18. 2. It is applied to any particular con-
gregation of Christians, who, at one time, and one and the
same place, associate together, and concur in the participa-
tion of all the institutions of Jesus Christ, with their proper
pastors and ministers. 3. It is also apjilied to any particu-
lar sect or party of Christians, distinguished by particular
doctrines and ceremonies ; as, the Romish Church, the Greek
Church, the Church of England, the Reformed Churches, and
the like. 4. It is sometimes used to denote the body of
ecclesiastics, or clergy ; in which sense Chwch is opposed
to the State. 5. It is likewise taken for the place where a
particular congregation or society of Christians assemble
for the celebration of divine service. In this sense Clivrches
are variously denominated, according to the rank, degree,
discipline, &c. as the metropolitan, patriarchal, cathedral,
parochial, collegiate, &c. Sometimes the word Chttrch is
considered in a more extensive sense, and divided into se-
veral branches ; as the Church militant is the assend>ly of the
faithful on earlli; XW Church triumpluuit, that of the faithful
already in glmy ; to which the Papists add the Church patient,
which, according to their doctrine, is that of the faithful in
purgatory. .Synon. Church ^.nd /e«);>/f signify an edifice
set apart for the public service of religion ; but that of
temple is a more pompous expression, and less in use than
Church. With respect to the Pagan religion, we frequently
use the word Icmple ; as the temple of Apollo : but witll
relation to our own, seldom ; St. Paul's Church.
To CHURCH, r. a. to read the peculiar service of re>
turning thanks to God for a happy delivery, with the per-
son who is recovered from child-bed.
CHURCHMAN, s. one who professes the religion or
mode of worship by law established ; a minister, or person
who officiates in a church.
CHURCH-STRETTON, a town of Shropshire, with a
market on Thursday. It is seated between two hills, and
is but a small place, though the market is good for corn.
It is 14 miles S. of Shrewsbury, and 153 N. W. of Lon
don.
CHURCH-WARDEN, s. an otticer elected yearly, iii
Easter week, by the minister and parishioners of every
parish, to look after the church, church-yard, and the things
belongins' to them.
CHURCH-YARD, i. the ground adjoining to a churcli,
wherein the dead arc buried.
CHURL, s. \ccorl, Sax.] a clown, or unpolished country-
man. Figuratively, a morose, surly, oi ill-bred person ;
a niggard, or a uiiser.
CilU'KLISH, a. brutal, rude, ignorant, ill-bred, uncivil,
sour, selfish, avaricious.
CHURLISHLY, ad. in a nide, uncivil, unkind, or brutal
manii'T.
CHURLISHNESS, t rude, obstinate, and surly be-
haviour.
CHURN, s. \Jiem, Belg.J a vessel in which cream, by vio-
lent or long agitation, is turned into butter.
To CHURN, t>. a. [ketnen, Belg.] to make butter by fre-
quent and continual motion.
CHURN STAFF, s. in botany, a species of spurge, called
also wartwort, witli wedge-shaped leaves, and yellowish
green blossoms, found in cultivated places and gardens, and
flowers in Jnlv.
CHU'RRWORM, t. an insect that turns about nimbly
called also a fan-cricket.
To CHUSE See Choose.
CIIV
CIR
CUYLA'CnOUS, (hylaceovt) a. consisting of chyle ; par-
taking of the (lualities ol'cliylc ; resembling chyle.
CliYLE, (Itt/le) s. [c/iylus, Gr.] in the animal ceconomy, a
milUy, insipid liqnor, consisting of oily and mucilaginous
particles, extracted from dissolved aliamcnts of every kind,
and by a peculiar mechanism conveyed to the blood.
CHYLIF A'CTION, C%'i/'a/'s/'5'") «• the act of converting
the juice of aliaments into a white liquor called the c/n/le.
CHYLIFA'CTIVE, {kylif&ctive) a. having the pow^r of
making chyle ; endued with the quality of converting ali-
ment into chvle.
CHYLOl'OE'TIC, (hjhpoitih) [from chyhs, chyle, and
poico, to make, Gr.] having tli£ power or ofhce of converting
aliment into chyle.
CHY'LOLJ.S, (Jit/lnjis) a. consisting of chyle, resembling or
partaking of the qualities of chvle.
CHY'MIC, or CHY'MICAL, {h/mik, or kymikai) a. [chy-
mkits, Lat.] made by, or relating to, chyniistiy.
CHY'MICALLY, (kt/'mihaHi/) ad. in a chymical manner.
CHY'MIST, or CHEMIST, {hj'mist, or lUmist) s. a pro-
fessor of chymistry.
CHY'MISTRY, {liu'mistri/) s. [from cliymos, juice, Gr.] an
ant by which sensible bodies, contained in vessels, are so
changed by means of fire, that their several powers and vir-
tues are thereby discovered, their several subslauces are
separatv'd, and new bodies are composed by the mixture of
dift'erent substances or ingredients. It is now commonly
written chemistni.
CIBA'RIOUS, a. Ffrom dhts, meat, Lat.] proper for food ;
partaking of the qualities of food.
CI'BOL, s. [ciboule, Fr.] a small sort of oniou used in
salads.
CrC.\TRICE, or CICATRIX, s. [Lat.] a little seam or
elevation of callous flesh, rising and remauiing on the skin
after the healing of a wound ; a sfar.
CICATRI'SANT, or CICATRI'SIVjE, a. in medicine,
applied to such applications as are desiccativc, aid nature
to repair the skin of a wound, and form a scar.
CICATRIZATION, s. in surgery, the act of healmg a
wound ; the state of being healed or skinned over.
To CICATRIZE, v. a. to apply such medicines to wounds
as heal and skin them over; to heal and skin a wound over.
CrCELY, t. sort of herb, called also fool's parsley, or
lesser hemlock.
CICHORA'CEOUS, {rikoraceous) a [from c'ichureum, suc-
cory, Lgt] having the qualities of succory.
ClCUTA, s. [Lat.] hemlock, a vegetable poison divided
into ma;or and minor; likewise a poisonous juice or liquor
expressed from the eieuta aquatiea, with which the Athenians
used to put their state criminals to death.
CI'DER, s. [ctrfr«, Fr.] a brisk cool liquor, prepared from
the juice of appies, nade vinous by fermentation.
CI'DERKIN, », tie liquor made of the murk, or gross
matter of the appka, after the cider is pressed out, by the
addition of boiling water, which is suffered to infuse for 48
hours.
CIT)EVANT, ad. [Fr.] heretofore, before, formerly. A
word lately introduced into the English.
CrELlNO, (jeeKn^) See CEILING.
CI'LIA, s. [Lat.] in anatomy, the pallisadoes of stiff hairs
wherewith the eyesare guarded.
CI'LIARY, a. [from cilium, the hair of the eyelids, Lat.]
in anatomy, belonging to the eyelids.
CIU'CIOUS, a. [from eilicium, hair cloth, Lat.] made of
Lair.
CITMETER, s. [cimitnrra, Span.] a sort of sword, used
by the Turks, short, heavy, flat, with but one edge, and
curved towards the point. Sometimes spelt scymeter, or
icimetar.
CIMME'RIAN, a. [from cimmmi, Lat.] dark, dismal,
gloomy, T term derived from the Scythians, whose country
was so full of woods, and covered with continual clouds,
Uiat but very little sun was seen among them.
CI'NCTURE, 5. [from ri'ig-o, to gird, Lat.] a girdle or
clothing worn round the body. Figuratively, an iuclosutc.
CTODKR, *. [ceindre,- Fr.] coals burnt till most of their
sulphur is consumed, reduced to a-porous cake, and qu^ucii-
ed before they turn to ashes ; a red-hot coal that Las ceased
to flame.
CINERA'TION, ». [from cineres, ashes, Lat.] in chemistry,
the act of reducing a body to ashes.
CINERITIOUS, (sinerUhiom) a. [eiTiericivt. Lat.] having
the form of, or resembling ashes.
ClTSXiLE s. [from ciugo, to gird, Lat.] a girth for a
horse.
CrNN.\B\R, s. \ciiiiuihari.'!, Lat.] is either native or fac-
titious. The niUivi- cinimbur is an ore of quicksilver, mode-
rately conqjact, heavy, and of an elegant, striated, red
colour. In tliis ore the quicksilver is blendid with sulphur,
wliicliis eonimoniy no more than one part in six, in nropof-
tion to the meicui y. It is found lodgf'd in a bluish inaurate<!
clay, though sometimes in a greenish talcy stone. Fiwiitioui
ciiiiialmr is a mixture of mercury and sulphur sublimated,
and tluis rediued to a fine red glebe. The best is of a high
colour, and full of fibres like needles.
CINNAMON, *. [ciunamnmiim, Lat.] the bark of an aroma-
tic tree resembling the camphire, or olive-tree, and growing
in the island ^f Ceylon. Cinnamonwater, is made by distilling
the bark, first infused in barley-water, in spirit of wiue, or
wjiite wine.
CINQUE, (sMi) s. [Fr.] in gaming, a five on dice, tVc
CrNQLEFOIL, (tinlifuU) s. [einque feuille, Fr.] a kind of
five-leavod clover.
CrNQ'JE-l'OllTS, [Fr.] five havens that lie on the east
partof Eiiijlaiiil towards France, thus called by way of emi-
nence, on account of their superior importance, as having
been thought, by <iur kings, to merit a particular regard for
their preservation against invasions. They have a particu-
lar policy, and arc g.iverncd by a keeper, with the title of
lord-waideii of the Cin(iue-ports, and send represeptatives
to parliament, who are calleil barons of the Cinque-ports.
Tiieyare Hastings, Dover, Hitlie, Romney, and ."Sandwich,
towiiich VVinchelsea and Rye have since been added.
CrON, s. [sioit, or seioH, Fr.] in botany, a young twig,
shoot, or sprout of a tree ; a shoot engrafted o? insert-e J on
a stock.
CITHER, (i?/f)") i. [zifra, Ital.] an arithmetical character
or nuiT!l)er luarkecj thus (0) ; though of no value itself, in
integers it increases the value of figures, when set on the
right hand, aitd decreases tliem in the same proportion, when
set before them, in decimal fractions ; a collection or assem-
blage of letters consisting of the initials of a person's name,
interwoven together, and e;)graved on pkte, or painted, in-
stead of escutcheons, on coviches ; certain characters made
use of by persons to conceal the subject they write about
from others ; the key to explain any private characters. A
mere cipher, a person of no importance or interest.
To CIT'IIER, (sifer) V. n. to perform the operations o
arithmetic.
CIRCA'SSIA, one of the seven countries which lie be-
tween the Black Sea and the Caspian, bounded on the N . by
the river Don, and on the W. by part of the Black Sea and
tlie sea of Asoph. They are a nation of mouutaiiwers, who
subsist by raising cattle, and fix, themselves on the bauks oi
rivers for the sake of pasturage and w ater. The Circassians
are divided into three classes; the pi inces, the nobles, called
usdens, and the vassals, or people. They have never h?.il
any written laws, but are governed by a collection of ancient
usuages. They have few mancfactures ; their agrieulfure
hardly produces sufficient for their own subsistence. Slieep
and horses form a principal part of their commerce, and
slaves, which they take in their predatory excursions.
Their food consists of a little meat paste, made of millet,
a)id beer made of the same grain feiiiientv*d. They li.ive
both the Bible and the Koran; but, not having lette;s of
their own, those who write their language ur.ke useof Ara-
bic characters. This nation lias been, of Kite years, grjda-
aily reduced undef the dominion of Rtis^iia, \-< iihirh it i«
cm
CIR
now almost wholly subject, and is included m the government
of Caucasus.
CITiCLE, s. [cireiiliis, Lat.] in georaetn,', a plane figure,
comprehended under one line only, to wliich all lines drawn
from a point in the middle are equal. Figuratively, a curve
lino, which, bein^- continued, ends in the point from whence
it beoun, having,;!! its piivis e(]uidistant frora a point in the
middle called the centre; hul tliis is properly the periphery
or circumference nf u circle. A Great Circle of the sphere
8 that whose plane p;.sseth through the centre thereof, and
whose centre is thesaroe with that of the sphere, dividiii"
tlie globe into two equal parts. A Laser Cinle is that which
divides the globe into two unccial parts, as the tropics,
parallels of latitude, &c. A Primitive Circle is that described
on the plane of the projection. A Ri^lit Circle is that whose
plane stands at right angles with the plane of the projection,
and is a diameter of the primitive. An Oblique Circle is that
whose plane inclines to the plane of the projection, or makes
oblique angles therewith. Parallel Circles are those lesser
circles of the sphere, whose planes arc parallel to the planes
of any great circles thereof; thus tiie circles of latitude on
the globe are called the parallels of latitude, because paral-
lel to the plane of the equator. The circumference or ex-
tremities^of any round body ; an assemlily of people form-
ing a rinij ; a company ; a series of things following one
another alternately. Circles nfthe Empire, were such as had
a right to be present at the diets ; they were ten in number,
viz. Austria, Burgundy, the Lower Rhine, Bavaria, Upper
.Saxony, Franconia, Suabia, Upper Rhine, Westphalia, and
the Lower Saxony. N. B. The late conquests of the French
have completely overturned the ancient establishment of
the Germanic Circles. See Gf.UMANY.
To CI'RCLE V. a. to move round any thing ; to surround,
encompass, or inclose ; to confine or keep together.
CI'RCLED, purt. having the form of a circle.
CIRCLET, «. [diminutive of «/T/e]a circle; an orb.
CFRCLING, n. surrounding or encompassing like a
circle.
C\\{.C\]\'Y,(sirldt) sAcircaitns, (rom circnmeo, to go round,
Lat.l the nn)vingroun(rany tiling; the motion or revolution
of a planet round its orbit; a space inclosed v. itl;in a circle ;
the circumference of any thing ; the space which any thing
measures in going round it ; a ring, a crown, or that which
encircles any thing. Also the progress which the judges
take twice every year through the several comities of Eng-
land and Wales, to hold courts, and administer justice.
Hence England is divided into six circuits, viz. the Home
circuit, Norfolk, Mi'Jii.nd, Oxford, Western, and Northern,
circuit.
To CI'RCUIT, V. n. to move round, or in a circle.
ClRCUITEER,3rCrRCUITKll, .. one that traxels in a
circuit; that which moves in r.n orbit.
CIRCIJI'TION, i. [from circmnco, to go roinid, Lat.J the
act of going round about. Figuratively, circundocution ;
comprehension of argument.
CI'RCUF^.XR, a. [circiilaris, Lat.] round, in the form of
a circle. Figuratively, succession, niwl.ich that wlxh pro-
ceeds first returns aguin. Circular letter, a \c\tvx ..^ ■ sed
to several persons, who have the same interest iii scm e com-
mon artair. Circular lines, such straight lines as are divided
by the divisions made in the arch of a circle. Circular sail-
in;;, that which is performed in the arch of a great circle.
CIRCULARLY, ad. in the form of a circle; with a circu-
lar motion.
'I'oCI'RCULATE, V. ». [from circulus, a circle, Lat.] to
move in a circle ; to l)e in use, so as to be constantly chang-
ing its owner; tobedisper-;ed. Actively, to put about.
CIRCULjiTION, s. the act of moving in a circle; a mo-
tion whereby a body returns in a curved line to the point
from which it set out ; a series or succession, in \vlii( h tilings
preserve the same order, and return to the same state. 'I'lie
circulation of llie l>lnodv.,j^i]]iicnvcrv<\ in linglaud. In 172'<, by
Hr.yreij. It'is, in a living anin:d, the natural and continual
tnolioii of the Mood, frojti the heart through the arteries.
from whence it is brought back arain to the heart by tlie
veins, and is the principle on which life depends ; for when
this circular motion of the blood ceases, death inniicdiately
follows. Circulatinn nf the sup in vegetables, a iiatural motion
of the nutriciousjuiceof plants, from the roots to the extren'.e
parts, and back again to the root. In cheiiiislry, it is an
operation whereby the same vapour, raised h\ fire, falls
back, by which means it is distilled several times, and re-
tliiccd to its most subtile parts.
CIRCULATORY, s. in chemistry, a glass vessel, con-
sisting of two part;-, luted on each other, wherein the fines!
parts mount to llie top, and finding no passage fall down again.
CIRCUMA'MBIENCY, s. [from areum, ..bout, and anibio,
togoromid, Lat.l the actof enconipassing or surrounding
CIRCUMA'iMIJIENT, puU. [circumamhieus, Lat.] com-
passing a thing round ; encircling; inclosing; surrounding ;
encompassing.
To CIRCUMA'iVIBULE, v. n. [from circum, around, and
amhuh), to walk, Lat.] to walk roiuid about.
To CIRCUMCISE, (.«V/.»m«'re) v. a. [fioni tircum, around,
and caedo, to cut Lat.j to cut oT.' tlie prepnse or foreskin.
CIRCUMCISION, i. a rite or ceremony, as well of the
Pagan as Jewish religion. 1 he term is taken from the Latin
circiimsedcre, tu cat round, because the act cf ciicnmcision
consists in cutting ulf, from male infants, the prepuse, or
skin, which covers the glans of the penis. Tlie time for
pcrforniin-i tins rite, among the Jev\s, was the eighth day ;
that is full six days after the child was born, and the instru-
ment was generally a knife (^ stone.
CIRCUMFERENCE, j. [from circum, around, and fero,
to ry rry, Lat.J the periphery of a circle; (he line including
and surroundnig any thing; the space inclosed in a circle;
the extremities oi a round body. Figuratively, any thing
of a round form.
To CIPCUMx'ERENCE, v. a. to include in a circle ; to
circumscribe, or confine.
CIRCUiWL'ERE'NTOR, s. [from circnmfero, to carry
round, Lat.] an instrument used by surveyors in taking
angles, consisting of a brass index with sights, and a com-
pass, and mounted en a stand with a ball and socket.
CIRCUMFLEX, s. [from circumjieeto, to bend about, Lat.
alluding to the shape of the accent] an accent marked C)
used to regulate the pronunciation, and requires an undula-
tion between the grave and the acute.
CIRCU'MFLUENCE, s. [from circumfluo, to flow round,
Lat.l an inclosiiremade by water flowing round anv thing.
CIRCUMFLUENT, part, [from circumfiuo, to flow round,
Lat.] flowing round any thing, or inclosnig any thing with
water.
CIRCU'MFLUOUS, o. [from circumfluo, t flow round,
Lat.] environing v.ith water.
To CIRCrMFU'SE, {circumfuze) v. a. [from arcmnfundn,
to pour round, Lat.] to pour round ; to difiuse, or spread
every way.
CiRCCMFU'SILE, a. [from circumfundo, to pour round,
Lat.] that may be poured, difi'used, or spread round any
thing.
CIRCUMFU'SION, s. [from ciraimfundo, to pour round,
Lat.] the act of spreading round.
To CIRCUMGY'RATE, v. a. [from circum, around, and
gi/ro, to turn, Lat.J to roll round.
CIRCUMJACENT, part, [from circum, around, and
jaceo, to lie, Lat.] lyitig round any thing; bordering on any
side ; contiguous.
CIRCUMLOCUTION, s. [from circum, around, and
liiquor, to speak, Lat.] the expressing a sentiment in a num-
ber of words; a paraphrasis ; an indirect way of expressing
a person's senlinieiils.
CIRCUM MU'RI'.D, «. [from cw?!?);, around, and mvrut,
a v^all, Lat.] encompassed or surrounding with a wall.
C1RCUMNA'VIGABLE,«. [ciren.uuaci^rabitis, Lat.J tUat
nuiv be sailed round.
To, CIRCUMNAVIGATE, v. a. [from circum, arouiul,
and nacign, to sail, Lat.] to sail round.
CIR
CIT
CrRCUMNAVIGA'TION, s. [from circum, aioiind, and
navifrn, fo simI, L;it.] 'lie sailing' rouiifi any tract of land.
ClUClJMNAVKJATOR, s. one that sails round.
tiRCUMPO'LAR, a. [fiiim cirmm, around, and pohis,
the pole, Lilt.] in astronomy, applied to such stars near tho
north pole, \vnieh move round it without settinij, as viewed
from any particular place north of the equator ; and vice versn.
CIRCUMPO.SITION, s. [cim.m, around, and positio,
place, Lnl.] the act of setting or placing any thing in a ring
or circle.
CIRCUM ROTATION, s. [froni cWcvm, around, and n'n,
to whirl, Lai.] the act <>' -.vhiiiing a thing round with a mo-
tion like that of a wlice!; the state of a thing whirl' d
round.
To CIRCUMSCRliiE, «. a. [from circnm, around, and
scribo, to write, Lat.l^to inclose in certain lines or limits.
CIRCUMSCRITTION, .«. [from circvmsn-ilw, to circum-
scrihe, Lat.] the determiisaiiou to a particular (igure; limi-
tation, reMraint, confim n-.ent, boundary.
CIRCUi\lSCRrPTIVE,«. that determines the shape or
figure of a hody.
CIRCriMSPE'CT, '(. [from circnm, around, and spicin, to
look, Lat.] cautious ; a person attentive to the e.fTects of his
actions, aud who weighs the dangers and difficulties with
which thev are attended.
CIRCUMSPECTION, or CIRCUMSPE'CTNE.SS, s.
looking round about one. A cautious or wary conduct,
wherein a person W!!;bs the dangers and difKcnlties with
which his actions ave attended, and endeavours to girird
againstihem. Syno."^. To be well with the world refjuircs
circmtispectio)!, when wc are speaking before those with
whom we are not arqt'.ainted ; ennsideration for people of
rank and quality ; and regard toward those with whom we
are interested.
CIRCUMSPE'CTIVE, ff. looking round alwut; takin'jall
the measures which may prevent a disappointment, or se-
cure a person from any maliciousness of an enemy.
CIRCUMSPE'CTLY, ad. in a cautious, discreet, antl
prudent manner ; guarding against accidents, and preclud-
ing uiiv disi'ppointments.
CI'RCUMSTANCE, s. {circnnstance, Fr.] the particular
incident belonging fo any action, which determines it to be
either good or bad, or a fact, probable or improbable ; an
event. Used in the plural for the state or condition of a
person ; lad circumstances, signifying (iistress or poverty,
and good circian.it'cnccs, riches or affluence.
To CIRCUMSTANCE, ». n. to be placed in a particu-
lar light ; to be attended with peculiar incidents.
CI'RCUMSTANT, part, [{mm circurn, around, and sto, to
stand, Lat.] standing round, surrounding.
CIRCUMSl A'NTIAL, {sirhnmstanshinl) a. [from circum,
around, and sto, to stand, Lat.] accidental, opposite to es-
sential. Minute ; particular, v. herein ali the different rela-
tions and attendant reasons of an action are enumerated.
CIRCUMSlANTIA'LITi', {sirhmutanshiaKty) _s. the
State of a thing, with all the ppcnliarities attending it.
CIRCUMSTA'NTIALI , ad. according to circum-
stance ; minutely, exactly.
To CIRCUMSTA'NTIATE, (nrkumstantieUe) v. a. to
place a thing or action in a particular situation or relation,
with respect to the accidents which attend or determine its
quality.
To CIRCUMVA'LLATE, v. a. [from circmn, around, and
vallo, to intrench, Lat.] to inclose, or surround with trenches
and fortifications.
CIRCUMVALLATION, s. the art of ejUrenching or for-
tifying a camp or place with works. In fortification, a lin«
or trench with a parapet thrown up by the besiegers, en-
compassing all their camp, to defend it against any force
that may attempt to relieve the place.
To CIRCUMVE'NT, v. a. [fiom circum, around, and vcnio,
to come, Lat.] to over-reach a person by superior craft ; to
deceive or impose upon by specious pretences, and secret
urtiflcc3.
CIRCUMVETsTION, s. [circvmreniio, Lat.] tlis impo.'slag
upon or over-reaching a person by secret- artifices airf.
subtlety.
To CiRCUMVE'ST, 1). a. [from ciVf7/m, around, and vcf-
<t"o, to _clothe, Lat. J to clothe all over with a garment; to
clothe, or surrounil with a garment.
To CIRCUMVO'LVE, v. t. [from circum, around, and
vohn, to roll, Lat.J to roll round ; to roll any body in any
orbit or circle.
CIRCUMVOLUTION, s. [from circumvoUuus, Lat.l the
act of rolling round; the state of being round; the tiling
rolled round.
CI'RCUS, i. [Lat.] in antiquity, a spacious building of
a round or uvM fi- ire, erected to exhibit shows ai.d games
to the people. 'J he Roman Circus v. as a large, oblong edi-
fice, arched at one end, encoinpasseil with porticoes, and
fariiistied with two rows of seats, places ascending over
each other. In the middle v.as a kind of foot-bank, or
eminence, wiili (>belisks, statues, and posts, at each end.
Those who ha '.o measured the circus say, it was 2187 feet
long, and 900 liroad, and would contain 150,000 people ;
others 260,000, or 300,000, and was the greatest building
in Rome.
CI'RENCESTER, or Cicester, a la:ge and populous
town in Gloucestershire, (supposed to ho-v? been built by
Cissa, a Saxon prince,) and formerly surrounded by walls,
of which some vestiges are ytt visible'. King Canute, the
Dane, held a general council here, in 102.). It has manu-
factures of cutlery ware, carpeting, w(,oI-combing, wopl-
stapliug, and yarn making, and a ci'.i:iTiini!cation with
Stroudwater, from wliich it derives great advantage. It is
seated ou the river Chum, in t!ie road from Oxford to B^ith,
18 miles S. E. of (iloucester, and 8t) W. of London. Mar-
kets on Monday ;'nd Friday.
(^■I'RRUS, s. in natural history, a sort of beard which
grows on the under jaw of certain fishes.
CIST, s. [cista, Lat.] a case ; a covering. In r.icdicine,
the coat or inclosuve of a tumor.
CrSTED, a. inclosed in a bag or membrane.
CLSTE'RCIANS, in church history, a re;i,-ioiis order
founded in the eleventh century, by St. Robert, a Benedic-
tine. They became so powerful, tliat they governed almost
all Europe, both in spirituals and tern; Ojids. Cardinal de
Vitri, describing their observances, says, tiiey n itlierwnre
skins nor shirts, nor ever ate fiesh, except in sickness; and
abstained from fish, eggs, milk, and cheese ; they lay uptin
straw beds, in their tunics and cowls ; they rose at niidnig.''.t
to prayer ; they spent the day in labour, reading, uui! pravj-r ;
and in all their exercised observed a continual si'eiice. Tiie
habit of their order is a wl.ite robe in the natu.c of a cas-
sock, with a black scapulary and hood, and ji.f wiih a
woollen girdle. The nuns wear a white tunic, aiid a Black
scapulary and girdle.
CrSTERN, ^. [ri sterna, Lat.] a receptacle for water or
rain, placed in yards or kitchens for faudly use ; a large le-
servoir of water, or incFosed fountain.
CI'-STUS, «. in botunv, a genus of pi; nls, of wh'c.i spe-
cies five are natives of Englai.d, viz. the hoary, anuu :l, nar-
row leaved, sun.lower, and dwarf cistus. All these s-iec:es
i?QV/er in June or July. _ . '
CIT, t. [u contraction of cit/reaj one who lives in ihi city,
opiosed to one at the court ; a word of contempt.
CITADEL, s. [citndelle, Fr.la fort, or pliK-e fortified with
four, five, or six bastions, built sometimes in the most emi-
nent part of a city, and sometimes only near a city, in order
to defend the city against enemies, and to keep llie iiil'.abi-
tants in their obedience.
CI TAL, .«. a reproof, or impeachment; a summons, or
a call to appear in a court.
CITATION, s. I citaiio, Lat.] in law, a summons to ap-
pear before any ecclesiastical judge, ou some cause relating
to the church ; quoting or mentioning an author's name ;
the passage quoted from an author; a mention, detail, eiiu-
nicration.
107
CIV
CLA
CITATORY, ff. having' the power of a summons, or used
dS a summons.
To CITE, I', a. [rito, Lat.] to summons or call a person to
appear in a court of justice ; to enjoin, or call on a person
with authority ; to quote.
CITER, s. wic who summons a person to appear in a
court ; one who quotes a passage from an author.
CITE'SS, s. a citv woman.
CITHARA, or "CITHERN, >. [dihara, Lat.] a kind of
harp, a musical instrument used by the ancients, the pre-
cise form or structure of which is not known : at tirst it had
only three strings, but the number was increased afterwards
to 8, 9, and lastly to 2-1 ; it was played upon with a plectrum
or quill, like the lyre.
CITIZEN, s. [citoijeii, Fr.] a person who is free of a city,
one who carries on a trade in a city, opposed to a ;;entle-
nian or soldier. The term citizen became general among
the French people after the establishment of tiie Repuiilic.
It was first used instead of Afc)>ist>«r, and every other hono-
rary title.
Citrates, s. in cliemistry, salts formed by the combi-
nation of any base with the citric acid.
CITRIC, a. in chemistry, belonging to lemons and other
similar fruits.
CITRINE, ff. [from ciVnw, a citron, Lat.J lemon-coloured ;
• fa dark yellow.
CITRINE, s. ^citriuKs, Lat.] a species of crystal of an
extremely beautiful yellow. It is generally clear, fine, and
I'ree from i\aws ; it is very plentiful in the West Indies, of-
tentimes set in rings by our jewellers, and may be mistaken
for a topaz.
Cri'RON, s. [eitrtis, Lat.J a fruit which comes from a
hot country, and is in smell, taste, and shape, somewhat
like a lemon. Citron-water, or Aqua-vita;, is distilled with
the rind of citrons.
CITY, s. [cite, Fr.] a large town inclosed with a wall. In
law, a town corporate, that hath a bishop and a cathedral
church ; the inhabitants of a city.
CI TV, a. living in a city ; like a citizen ; with vain pa-
rade or ostentatious affluence.
CrVET, *. Ycivette, Fr.] in natural history, an animal of
theweaz?l kind, which inhabits several parts of Africa and
India, and produces the drug called civet.
CIVIC, a. [from civis, a citizen, Lat.] that relates to civil
matters, opposed to military. A civic croiim, among the Ro-
mans, was made of oaken leaves, and given to those that had
saved the life of a citizen.
CrVIL, a.[vivilis, from civis, a citizen, Lat.] that belongs
to a city, or the government thereof ; polished ; well regu-
lated. Ciyil war is that which citizens or people of the
same nation wage with one another. C'inil death is that which
is indicted by the laws, in opposition to natural. Joined
with power or magistrate, that which is exercised on the
principles of government, opposite to military. Figura-
tively, civilized; humane; well-bred; complaisant; gen-
tle; beautifully applied to inanimate things. Cm7 /aui is that
which is opposed to the common, and implies the Roman
kw, contained in the institutes, digests, and code. Civil
year, that which is established by law in any country, and is
so called to distinguish it from the natural year, which is de-
termined by the revolution of the heavenly bodies.
CIVILIAN, f. [from civilis, Lat.] one who professes and
makes the civil law his peculiar study.
CIVILIZATION,^, a law which renders a criminal pro-
cess civil, by turning an information into an inquest,
&c.
CIVI'LITY, t. politeness ; a polite address attended with
hurnane and benevolent actions ; a kindness bestowed in a
politi' manner.
To CrVILlZE, t>. a>to instruct in.auch sciences as tend to
••cnder men humane.
CIVILl'ZEK, J. one that reforms the savage manners of
liarb-<i-ians, and renders them both humane and polite.
Cr\' ILLY, aii. ilia manner agreeable to the principles
I OX
of goTemment, and the rules of society ; in a kind, con-
descending, good-natured, and genteel manner.
CrVITA VE'CCHIA, a sea port in the Campagna di
Roma. It is 36 miles N. W. of Rome.
CrVITA VE'CCHIA, or Melita, a town in Malta,
situated on a hill, in the centre of the island, and stnmgly
fortified. It is the see of a bishop. From this town may b*
seen the whole island, and sometimes the . 2sts of Africa
and Sicily.
CIZE, «. [generally written tize ; from iacisa, Lat.l the
dimensions of any thing with respect to magnitude or
bulk.
CLACK, s. [hlach, Belg.] any thin^ which makes a coiv
tinued and lasting noise, applied to that of a mill. Figura-
tively ,.incessaut and importunate tattle; the tougue.
To CLACK, V. n. \klatsehen, Teut.] to make a "noise like
that which is heard in a mill when going; to let the tongue
run, or to talk much.
CLACKIMATnNAN, a town of Scotland, in Clackmannan-
shire, seated on the N. shore of the river Forth, 25 miles N.
W. of Edinburgh. Here Robert de Bruce, king of Scot-
land, had a palace, and his great sword and helmet are still
preserved.
CLACKMA'NNAN, a small county of Scotland, bounded
on the F-. by Fifeshire, on the N. and W. by Perthshire, and
on the S. by Stirlingshire. It is but 8 miles in length, and
5 in breadth. It produces good corn and pastures, and
plenty of coals and salt. This shire, together with Kinross,
sends one member to parliament.
CLAD, part, preter. from Clothe.
To CLAIM, V. a. [clamer, Fr.] to demand as a right or
due ; to require authoritatively.
CLAIiM, s. a demand, or right of demanding' a thing as
due.
CLArM.\BLE, a. that may be demanded as due, or as
belonging to a person.
CLArM.\NT', s. he that pretends a right to any thing in
the possession of another, and demands it as his property.
CLAI'MER, s. one who demands a tiling as his property.
CLAIR-OBSCURE,*. See Clare-Obscure.
To CLA'MBER, v. n. [perhaps corrupted from cliviP to
ascend or go up a steep place with diniculty, so as to be
forced to use both knees and hands.
To CLAMiM, V. a. [daman, Sax.] to clog with any giew.
ish or viscous matter.
CLA'MMINESS, i. the quality by which any substance
sticks to any thing that touches it; viscidity; ropiness.
CLA'IMMY, a. viscous, ropy, glutinous, or adhering to
any thing which touches it.
CLA'MOROUS, a. makhiga noise with the voice ; speak-
ing loud and turbulent.
CLA'MOUR, s. [clamoj; Lat.] .a noise, or outcry ; an ex-
altation of the voice in anger. Applied with eleganc* to
inanimate things.
To CLA'MOUR, v. n. to make a noise ; or speak in a
loud, passionate, and turbulent manner.
CLAMP, s. [klampe, Belg.] a piece of wood added to
anotlier to strengthen it, ajid prevent its bursting ; a little
piece of wood in the form of a wheel, used in a mortise, in-
stead of a pulley ; a quantity or collection o!" bricks. Chmp-
iiails are such as are used to fasten on clamps in the building
or repairing of ships.
To CLAMP, V. a. in joining, to fit a board with the grain
to another piece across the grain ; this is of use to i)rcvent
warping.
CLAN, *. a family, race, or tribe ; a body of per-
sons.
CLA'NCULAR, a. [clancularius, from ctam, secretly, Lat.]
secret, clandestine.
CLANDE'STINE, a. [dandettinus, Lat.] underham* r se-
cret; in order to evade any law ; private ; always u^ed in a
bad sense.
CLANDESTINELY, ad. in a secret or i-ivate manner,
Lncluding some illegal or bad practice.
^^
CL A
CLA
To CLANG;,!'. ". Irlan^o, Lat.jto make a loud shrill noise
with a brazen sound like that of a trumpet ; or to make a
noise like that of ;irin<mr vviien sirurk with a solid body, or
like swords when beat to^'ether. Actively, to strike toge-
ther, so as to make a noise.
CLA'N(iOUR, s. [clrino-or, Lat.] a hmd . shrill sound.
CLA'NfiOUS, fl. niakiiii;a loud and shrill noise.
CLANK, *. a loud, sinill, or harsh noise, made by hard
bodies when clashed together.
To CLAl', ('. a. [dappnii, Sax.] to strike together with a
quick motion, so as to make a noise ; to put one thnig upon
another with a hasty, sudden, and unexpected motion; to
perform any action in a quick and unexpected manner ; to
apiiliuKl or praise a person by striking the hands together to
shut upwiih a quick or sudden motion. To infect witii a
venereal poison. To <•/«/) «/» implies to cnirplete suddenly,
without nuich precautiou. Neuterly, to move nimbly with
a noise ; to enter witii alacrity upon anything.
CLAP, s. a loud noise made by the striking of two solid
bodies together, or liv explosion, when applied to tiiunder :
applause or approbation, testihed by striking the hands to-
gether. In medicine, a venereal infection.
CLAPPER, s. one wiio strikes his hands-together by way
of applause; the tongue, or piece of iron, which hangs in
the inside of a bell, and makes it sound ; a piece of W4>od in
a mill for sliaking the lio[iper. Figuratively, the tongue ol
a person that is verv laiUative ; a word of reproach.
To CLAPPEKCLA'W, v. a. to scold.
CLARE, a county of Munster, in Ireland, 47 miles long,
nnd 32 broid, bounded on tlie W. by the Atlantic ; on the
N. by Galway ; and on tlie E. and S. by the Shannon, which
separates it fromTipiierary, Limerick, and Kerry. It con-
tains 2 market towns, 7U parishes, and about LI6,000 inhabi-
tants ; and breeds more horses than any other county in Ire-
land, as also a greatnundier of cattle and sheei*. The town
of (;iare, called also Ennis, thougii ilistinct from Ennis,
which is 2 miles distant, is 17 miles N. W. of Limerick, anti
112S.W. of Dublin.
CLARE, a town of Suffolk, with a market on Monday.
It is seated on a creek of the river Stour; the ruins of a cas-
tle, and a collegiate church, are still visible. They have a
manufacture of baize. In this town is a very large cln\rcli,
and several dissenting meeting-houses. It consists of about
500 houses, which are mostly of clay, white-washed, and the
streets pretty wide, but not paved. It is 15 miles S. of Bury,
anri 5(5 N. E. of London.
CLARENCEUX.orCLARENCI'EUX, (datn-ons-u) [Fr.]
the second king of arms, so called from the duke of Clarence,
.son of Edward HI. who first bore this office. He marshals
and disposes of the funerals of all the lower no{)ilitv on the
south side of the Trent, and is therefore called Surrey,
i. c. Soilh-roy, or South-king.
CLARE-OBSCUPvE, s. [from clanis, bright and obscurvs,
dark, Lat.] in painting, the lights and shades in a picture ;
the art of distributing the lights and shades in a piece to
the greatest advantage.
CLA'RET, s. [clnii-et, Fr.] French wine, of a clear, pale,
red colour.
CLA (UCORD, or CLA'RICHORD, s. [from chrus, clear,
and vharda, a chord, Lat. J a musical instrument in form of
a spjnnet. It has 49 or 5iJ stops, and 70 strings, which bear
o>\ five bridges, the first whereof is the highest, the rest
diminishing ni proportion. Some of the strnigs are in uni-
son, their number being greater than that of the slops.
There are several little mortises for passing the jacks,
armed with brass hooks, which stop and raise the chords,
instead of the chords used in virginals and spinnets. The
chords are covered with pieces of cloth, which render the
sound sweeter, and deaden it so, that it cannot be heard at
any considerable distance; and therefore is in particnlai
use among the nuns, who are unwilling to disturb the silence
of the dormitorv.
CLARIFICATION,,?. I from darns, clear, and>, to be made,
Isat.] the clearing any thing from impurities; the lining liquors.
To CLA'RIFY, v. a. [darifier, Fr.] to fine or make any
licpior clear. Neuterly, to clear up; to brighten.
CLARION, s. [dariii, Span.] a trumpet with a narrower
tid)e and shriller sound than the common sort.
CLA'RITY, s. [darte, Fr.] brightness, splendor.
CLARK,,?. See Clkrk.
CLA'RV, s. in botany, a genus of plants, called by Lirv
nwus salvia. There are two British species, viz. the mea-
dow and wild ; the former with oblong, heart-shaped, scoU
loped leaves, and bruish purple blossoms, is found in Essex,
and flowers in July ; the latter with indented, serrated,
smoothish leaves, and blue blossoms, is common in meadows
and pastures, flowering from May to Scptendjcr.
To CLASH, ». n. [Itlctsen, Belg.] to make a noise, aiiplied
to two bodies struck together ; to act with opposite views ;
to contradict, oppose, or disagree. Actively, to strike one
thing against another, so as to produce a noise.
('Lash, s. a noise made by the striking two bodies toge-
ther ; opposition of sentiments, opinions, or interests.
CLASHING, s. .See Clash.
CLASP, s. [despe, Belg.] a thin piece of metal curved at
the extremities, which enters into a hole made in another
l)lace, and is used to fasten, two things together, such as the
two covers of a booli, or the two foreparts of a garment, Sec.
Figuratively, an enibiace, wherein the arms are thrown round
the body of a person.
To CLASP, V. a. to shut or fasten by a clasp ; to hold
within the hands; to nudie the fingers meet round the cir-
cumference of any thing held in theluujd ; to enclfise.
CLASP-KNIFE, s.i\ knife which is furnished withaspring,
and folds into the handle.
CLASS, s. [dassis, Lat.] a collection of things ranged ac-
cording to their difterent natures and value ; a rank or
order. In schools, a number of boys placed according to
their attainments, and the authors they read.
To CLASS, II. a. to range according to some stated me-
thod of distribution ; to range according to different ranks.
CLASSIC, or CLA'SSICAL, «. [from dassis, a class, Lat.j
a term chielly applied to authors who are read in the classes
at schools. Virgil, Cicero, Homer, and all the other Greek
and Latin writers who flourished at a time when their lan-
guage subsisted in tolerable purity, are included under the
term classical.
CLASSIC, i. an author of the first rank for abilities, and
esteemed a standard for style, &c-
To CLATTER, v. a. \datrim'ie. Sax.] to make a noise by
being often struck togetlier, applied to sonorous or metalline
bodies, to make a noise by talking aloud, fast, and little to
the purpose, a low word.
CL.-\TTF.R, s. a rattling noi«e made by the frequent
striking of hard bodies together : a confused and tumultu-
ous noise.
CLA'VATED, 0. [davatus, Lat.] knobbed; or abounding
with knribs.
CLAVE, tlie prefer, of Cleave.
CLA'VELLATED, part, [davdlatus, low Lat.] in chemis-
try, made with burnt tartar.
CLA'VER.j. See Clover.
CLA'VICLE, s. [from davicula, a little key, Lat. as beirg
the keysof the throat] in anatomy, the collar-bone, of whun
there are two, situated between tlie scapula an I sternui/i,
each of them resembling an Italic S, but in women more
straight than in men.
CLAUSE, {Idaiize) s. [clatisula, from dnudo, to shut, Lat.l
a sentence ; a single article ; so much of a sentence as w ill
make sense.
CLA'USENBURG, a city of Transylvania, situated on
the river Lamos ; where the states assemble. On one of
the gates is an inscription in honour of the emperor Trajan.
CL.'VU'STRAL, a. [liom daustrum, an inclosure, Lat.] be-
longing to a cloister, or religious house.
CLAU'SURE, s. [chiisura, from daudo, to ,shut, Lat.l con-
finement ; the state of a person shut up or confined in a.
monastery.
160
CLE
CLE
CLAW, s. [clawan, Sax.] the foot of a bird or beast, arm-
ed with a sharp-pointed horny substance.
To CLAW, V. a. [ckwan, Sax.] to scratch or tear with tlie
nails.
CLA'WED, part, furnished or armed wth claws.
CLAY, s. [clai, Brit.] a compact, weighty, stitF, viscid, and
ductile earth, when moist; smooth to the touch, easily dis-
solved m water, and when mixed with it, not quickly sub-
siding. Figuratively, the earth, or substance out of which
our bodies are by scripture said to be produced.
CLAY, a town of Norfolk, with a small harbour, and large
salt-works in the neighbourhood, from whence salt is sent
all over the country, and sometimes exported to Holland,
the Baltic, &c. It is seated on an arm of the sea, between
two rivers, 8 miles from Walsingham, and 20 N. W. of Nor-
wich. Marke* jn Saturday.
To CLAY, .<. a. to cover with clay. In agriculture, to
manure with clay.
CLA'Y-COLD, a. as cold as clay. Figuratively, lifeless.
CLAYES, s. [claye, Ft.] in fortifications, wattles made with
stakes interwoven with osiers, to cover lodjfinents.
CLA'YEY, a. consisting of or abounding in clay.
CLA'YISH, a. of the nature of clay; like clay.
CLAY-MARL, s. a whitish, smooth, chalky earth, re-
sembling clay, but somewhat more fat, and sometimes mixed
with chalk-stones.
CLA'Y-PIT, s. a pit where clay is dug.
CLEAN, {kteeii) a. [cltpiie, Sax.] free from dirt, or soil.
Figuratively, free from any moral stain, wickedness, or im-
purity. Adverbially used, it implies entirely, perfectly,
fuUv, or completely.
To CLEAN, V. a. to free from dirt or filth.
CLE'ANLY, a. free from dirt or filth, free from moral
impurity ; innocent ; chaste.
CLE'ANLY, ad. in a clean, neat manner, free from dirt
or filth.
CLEANNESS, or CLEANLINESS, «. neatness; free
from dirt or filth ; elegance; exactness; freedom from any
moral impurity.
To CLEANSE, (klenxe) v. a. [clansian, Sax.] to free from
dirt or filth by washing or rubbing; to free from b;id hu-
mours by purges, in medicine. To free from matter of fun-
guses, applied to wounds.
CLE'ANSER, (kU/izer) s. [dtrnsere. Sax.] in medicine,
that which removes any humours, or expels any noxious
fluid from the body ; a detergent.
CJjEAR, (klcer)a. [cliinis, Lat.] bright, transparent, pel-
lucid, transpicuous ; free dom blame, innocent, without ble-
mish; evident, iiidisputahle, undeniable ; free from distress,
prosecution, or imputed guilt; vacant, out of debt, unen-
tangled ; out of danger.
To CIjEAR, v. a. to i)righten; to vindicate one's charac-
ter; to prove a man's iniiocence ; to free from oij»curity ;
to discharge a debt; to clarify, or f/eni- liquors; to gain
without any deduction for h)ss or charges. 7Vi clem- a ship,
is to obtain leave for sailing, or selling the cargo, by paying
the customs.
CLK'ARaNCE, s. a certificate that the ship has been
cleared by the custoni-house, by pay lug the duties.
CLEAR, CAPE, a promontorv on a little island, on tlie
S. coast of Ireland. Lat. .01. 18." N. Ion. 9. 2,-5. W. There
is also another island, called Cape Clear island, at a
sm;ill distance from Baltimore Haven ; they are both inha-
bited.
CLE'ARER, s. the person or thing that removes any
filth or obstruction ; that which communicates light to the
mind, or removes any difficulty or prejudices which may ob-
scure the iiidgmcnt.
CLE'ARLY. ad. free from darkness, obscurity, ambigui-
"ty ; plainly; without any undue iuHuerice or |)rejudice.
Without deduction, or diminition, applied to gains ; with-
out evasion, or reserve.
CLE'ARNESS, s. transparency, which renders a thing
CAsy to be seen through, applied' to glass. Freedom from
170
dregs, or filth, applied to liquors. Distinctness, plainnes;,
freedom from obscurity and ambiguitj', applied to ideas.
CLEAR-SI'GHTED, a. able to discern and distinguish
things; judicious; seeing into the consequences of things.
To CLE'ARSTAHCH, v. a. to starch in such a manner,
that linen may appear transparent, and clearer than in com-
mon washing.
To CLEAVE, (Ideeve) V. n prefer. / clove, part c/o"en;
[cleofan, Sax.] to stick ; to .adhere to; to unite one's self to
a person.
To CLE.WE. (klecve) V. a. prefer. I clave, clove, or cleft,
particip. cloven, or cleft ; [cleofan. Sax.] todivide a thing with
a chopper and with violence ; to divide by a swift or rapid
motion. To divide or separate : to part asunder.
CLEAVER, (kleiver) s. a large flat instrument made of
metal, with a handle, of a long square form, used by
butchers to separate the joints of meat from their carcases,
one who chops any thing. In botany, a weed, named like-
wise diver.
CLE'BURY, called also North Clebury, and C lb-
bury Mortimer, a town in Sliropshire, situated on the
N. side of the river Tend, 28 miles S. E. of Shrewsbury.
Market on Thursday.
CLEES, s. the two parts of the foot of a cloven-footed
beast. Probably corrupted from claws.
CLEF, s. [clef, ft.] in music, a mark placed at the be-
ginning of the lines of a piece of music, which determin a
the name of each line, according to the scale ; the tone or
key in which it is to begin, and all the unisons in a piece.
CLEFT, participle passive, from Cleave.
CLEFT, J. a space made by the separation of the parts of
any body; a crack. In farriery, a disease in horses, which
appears on the hough of the pasterns.
To CLEFTGRAFT, v. a. in gardening, to engraft by
cleaving the stock of a tree, and inserting a branch into it.
CLE MENCY, s. [dementia, Lat.] unwillingness to punish,
and tenderness in inflicting punishment.
CLE'MENT, «. [cleme)u<:, Lat.] unwilling to punish, and
tender in executing or limiting punishment.
To CLEPE, V. a. [deapan, Sax.] to call. Obsolete.
CLEPSY'DRA, i. [from klepto, to hide, and ndor, water,
Gr.]a water-clock, or an instrument to measure time bi^ the
falling of a certain quantify of water, used by the ancients
before the invention of clocks and hour-glasses, both by sea
and land. There were many kinds of clepsydra among the
ancients, but had all of them this in common, that the
water ran generally through a narrow passage, from one
vessel into another, and in the lower was a piece of cork,
which, as the vessel filled, rose up by degrees, and shewed
the hour.
CLE'RGY, i. [dergi, Fr.] a body of men set apart by due
ordination for the service of God, and the Christian church,
and originally consisting of bisho^)s, priests, and deacons;
but in file third century many inferior orders were appointed,
such as subdeacons, acolythists, readers, <ltc. The clergy
of )lie church of Rome are divided into regular and secular.
The regular clergy consi.its of those monks or religions who
have taken upon them holy orders of the priesthood in their
respective monasteries. The secular clergy are those who
are not of any religious order, and have the care and direc-
tion of parisiier; The proteitrut clergy are all secular.
The privileges of the Etifjlish clerpy, by the ancient statutes,
are very considerable ; their goods are to pay no foil in fair*
or markets ; they are exempt from all offices but their
own ; from the king's carriages, posts, &-e. ; from appear
iiig at slu'riffs' touriis, frank pledges, <Xrc. ; and are not to be
fined or amerced according to their spiritual, but their tem-
poral means. A clergyman, acknowledging a statute, is
not to be imprisoned. If he be convicted of a crime for
which the benefit of clergy is allowed, he shall not b«
burnt ill the hand ; and he shall have the benefit of clergy
iniiifiiiiltim, whidi no layman can have more than once.
The revenues of the clergy wt^rc anciently very considera-
ble ; but since the reformation ar« very siuaU, especially
CLI
CLI
those of tlic inferior clergy. Iiifleed, an addition was made
2 Anne, bywhiob tiie wliole revenues or first-fruits and tenths
were granted, to raise a fund for the aufiuientation of tlie
niaititenance of the poor dcrgy ; pursuant to which a cor-
poration was formed, to which the same revenues were
conveyed in trust. Benefit of Clern^y is a privilege which
ancirntiv was allowed only to those who were in orders :
but by tlie statute of 18 E/iz. e\ery man to whom the bene-
fit vf ehr^y is granted, though not in orders, is put to read
at the bar, after he is found' guilty, ami convicted of felony,
and so burnt in the hand, and set free for the first tJTne, if
the ordinary or deputy standing by do say, les:it vt e/encus ;
otherwise be shall sutler death. See Benevit of
Clergy.
CLE'RGYMAN, s. a person nedicated by ordination to
the service of the church ; a person in holy orders.
CLE'RICAL, «. [from clerieiis, a clergynian> Eccles.
Lat. I belonging to the clergy.
CLERK, s. ifrom /ihros, heritage, Gr. because the clergy
were supposed to be the \teculiar heritage or property of
(iod] a word originally useil to denote a learned man, or
iniin of letters; but now is the common appellation by
which clergymen distinguish themselves in signing any
<leed, instrument, <V'c. Also the person who reads the re-
sponses, of the congregation in the church to direct the
rest. It is likewise a common name for writers or book-
keepers, iu v'ublic otHces, or private compting-houses. In
our courts of record, there is a great number of officers
who go under this name.
CLE'RKSHIl', s. the office or employ of a clerk.
CLEVE, CLIP, CLIVE, in the name of a place, denotes
it to be situate on tlie side of a rock or hill : as, Cleveland,
eiiftim, StatwUtf'.
CLE'VER, rt. dexterous, quick, or skilful in the perform-
ance of any thing ; well pleasing, convenient. Well made;
handsome.
CLEVERLY, ad. in a dexterous, ingenious, skilful, and
l)roper manner;
CLE'VERNESS, s. a proper, skilful, and dexterous per-
formance ; a quality which conveys the idea of fitness, in-
genuity, and perfection, and thereby excites satisfaction in
the mind.
CLEVES, the late duchy of, one of the finest countries of
the late German empire, in the circle of Westphalia, bounded
on the N. by Munsterand r)veryssel, and on the W. by (iuel-
derland an<l Brabant. It is divided into two by the Rliine,
and was subject to the king of Prussia. It is about iO
miles in length, and from 10 to 12 in breadth. Tiio re\'e-
nues of CIcves and Mark amounted to a million of cvoh lis.
Cicves, its capital, is a handsome town, consisting of about
800 houses, it is seated on a hill, 3 miles from the Rhine,
and to miles E. S. E. of Nimcguen.
C LEW, s. [klouwen, Bel^.] any thing in a globular form ;
a ball of thread. Figuratively, any guide or direction, by
means of which a person may surmount any difficulty, al-
luding to a ball of thread made use of by persons to find
their way back again from a labyrinth. The elew nf a sail
is the lower corner, reaching down to that earing where the
tackle and sheets are fastened.
To CLEW, V. a. among sailors, joined with the Nvord
sail, signifies to raise them in order to be fiirled by means
of a rope fastened to the clew, called the dew-gaiiut.
To CLIC K, V. n. [eliken, Belg.] to make a small, sharp,
mid successive noise, like that of the beats of a watch.
CLI'CKER, s. a tradesman's servant, who stands at the
shop-door to invite customers to buy his wares ; commonly
called a barker.
CLIENT, s. [eliens, Lat.] in law, one wno employs a
lawyer for advice or defence. Among the Romans,"one
who was dependant on some great personage, who under-
took to defend him from oppression.
CLLENTELE, or CLI'ENTSHIP, s. [elientela, Lat.]
tke office or condition of a client.
CLIFF, <.-. [elif, Sux.j a steep or craggy rock, generally
applied to one on the sea-coast. In music, used inip;opct
ly for Clrf.^
CLIFFE, KING'S, a town of Northamptonshire, 27 miles
N. E. of Northampton, and 8H N. N. W. of Londoiu
Market on Tuesday.
CLIMACTERIC, or CLIMACTERICAL, «.[from/,7(m«r,
a la<lder or scale, dr.] among the physicians and astroliv-
gers, IS a name given to certain periods in a man's lite,
which they supposed to be very critical, and to denote some
extraordinary change. According to some, every seventh
year is climacteric : but others allow only tliose years \)rrt-
duced by 7 iiMiitiplied by the odd numbers ,3, .5, 7, and
9, to be climaclcrtiL These years, tluy say, bring with
them some leiiiarkable change with respect to life, health,
or fortune; the (rmndClimaeteric is the (KUi year; but some
making two, add to this the 81st. The other Ciimacteries
are the 7th, 21st, .-{.Otli, 49tli, and .56th.
CLIMATE, s. [klima, inclination, Gr.j oecause the dif-
ference of climates arises from the ditlerent inclination (,f
the sphere, in geography, a space on the surface of the
earth, contained between two parallel circles, and mea-
sured from the equator to the polar circles, in each of
which spaces the longest days are lialf an hour longer in
those near the poles, than in those nearest the equator.
From the polar circles to the poles, the climates increase
the space of a whole month. In the eommoii and popular
sense, any country ditlering from aiiotiier, either in respect
of its seasons, the quality of the soil, or the manner of its
inhabitants, without any regard to the length of the
day.
Climax, s. [hUmax, a ladder or scale, Gr.] in rhetoric,
a figure, wherein the sense of a period ascends or increases
every sentence till it concludes ; as in the following : " Whe-
ther Paul, orApollos, or Cephas, or the world, or life, or
death, or things present, or things to come, all arc yours;
and ye are Christ's ; and Christ is (iod's." 1 Cor. xxii, 23.
To CLIMB, V. n. [prefer, and participle passive, climbed,
sometimes pronounced clime ; climaH, Sax.] to ascend ; to
ascend by tlieir specific levity, &c. applied to vapours ; to
mount or go upwards.
CLI'MBER, s. one who mounts, ascends, or scales any
high or steep place. A plant so called from its creeping up
on other supports, as the ivy, honeysuckle, &e.
CLIME, s. the same as climate ; generally used in poetrv.
To CLINCH, V. a. to hold a thing in the hand with the
fingers and thumb meeting over it ; to shut the hand so as
the fingers and thumb may reach over each other; to bend
the point of a nail, w hen driven through any thing ; to eoi^
firm, establish, or push home, applied to an arfj;ument.
CLINCH, *. a word which has a doulile meaning ; a pun ;
a word made use of to conclude several lines in the different
parts of a poem, and to rhyme to as many different words.
In navigation, that part of a cable which is fastened to the
ring of an anchor.
CLI'NCHER, s. a cramp or holdfast, made of a piece of
iron bent, or making an angle at the top, and used to fasten
planks.
To CLING, V. n. [prefer. I chmg, or have clumr ; part
clavg ; klimger, Dan.] to stick close to, or hang ui)on, by
twisting round a thing.
CLITSIIC, s. [from Mines, a bed, Gr.] a term applied by
the ancient church-bishops, to those who received baptism
on their death-bed.
CLINICAL, a. [from Mine, a oed, Gr.] in rnedicine, a
term particularly used to signify the treating sick persons
in bed, for the more exact rliscoven, of all the symptoms
of their diseases. A clinical lecture is a lecture delivered
bv the bed-side of the patient, and in which the lecturer
refers his pupil to the actual situation of the patient.
To CLINK, r. a. to strike metals together so as to make
them sound. Neuterly, to make a noise, applied to the
sound made by two pieces of metal struck together.
CLINK, .c. a noise made by the striking of two pieces
of metal, whether iron or steel, on each other.
171
CLO
CIO
CLTOQUANT, a. [Fr.] dressed in embroidery, in span
gles ; false glitter ; tinsel iinery.
CLI'O, [Lat.l one of the Nine Muses, the patroness of his-
toiy ; siie is called the daughter of Jupiter and Memory, to
shew the qualifications of an iiistorian ; her name properly
signifies fjlory, fanie, or renown, in a good sense, and is ge-
nerally represented by a young maiden, crowned with lau-
rel, holding a trumpet in her right hand, and a book in her
left, with Thucydides' name in it.
To CLIP, V. a. [clippan, Sax.j to embrace by folding the
arms closely round ; to enfold in the arms ; to hug. To cut
■witli shears, from Hipper, Dan. or hlippen, Belg. Figura
tively, to diminish, applied to corn, ro cut short, not to
pronounce fully, applied to language.
CLIPPER, s. one that debases the coin, by cutting, fil
ling, or otherwise diminishing its siae and weight.
CLITPING, t. the part cut or clipped off.
CLITHERO, a town in Lancashire, having manufactures
of cotton, a medicinal spring,and a communication with all
the late inland navigations. It stands, with its ruinous
castle, built by the Lacvs, on the river Ribble, at the bot-
tom of PendleHill, 33 miles S. E. of Lancaster, and "213 N.
N. W. of London. It sends two members to parliament.
Market on Saturday.
CLl'VER, «.[more properly written cleaver'] in botany, an
herb, which sticks to the clothes of such as touch it, and
Used iu medicine.
CLOAK, (klbk) s. a loose garment without sleeves, worn
over the resl of a person's clothes, either to tiefend them
from cold or rain. Figuratively, a pretext, or pretence, iii
order to conceal any design.
To CLOAK, (lildli) V. a. to cover with a cloak. Figu-
ratively, to conceal any design by some specious pretext or
artifice.
CLO AKB.4G, i. a bag in which clothes are carried.
CLOCK, s.\chcc, Drit.] a kind of moveuient or machine,
going by a pendulum, serving to measure time, and shew
the hour by striking on a bell. Huygens was tlie first person
who brought the art of clock-making to any perfection ;
and tiie first pendulum clock made in England was in the
year 1622, bj Fromantel, a Dutcliuian. What's o'cluck, is a
phrase importing, what hour is it I "I'is nine o'cloeh, implies,
it is the ninth hcur. Applied to stockings, clock signifies
the work with which the ankles are adorned. An insect ; a
sort of beetle.
CLO CKMAKER, i. an artificer whose profession is to
make clocks.
CLOCKWORK, s. any movements which go by means
of springs, wheels, an<l a pendulum, and in that respect re
semble the movements of a clock.
CLOD, J. [elud, Sax.] a small mass of moist earth; a
lUmp of earth or clay, figuratively, a turf ; the ground;
any thing vile, base, and earthly.; a dull, gross, stupid per-
son.
To CLOD, r. V. to unite into a mass, on account of its
«io.isture or viscidity. To curdle, used instead of clot. Ac-
tively, to pelt with clods.
Ci.O'DDY, a. consisting of little heaps, small masses, or
clods of earth.
CLO'DI'ATE, .?. a stupid fellow; one who cannot easily
apprehend the meaning of another. Hence chid pated, uii
adjective, implying dull of apprelii'iision, or stupid.
To CLO(j, 1'. a. to load with something that may hinder
motion; to burthen; to embarnis. Neuterly, to be ob-
slnicled by the sticking of something lo a thing.
CLOG, .5. ;iiiy weight or thing which impedes or hinders
the motion of a thing ; a restraint ; an encuml)rani-e, hinder-
ance, obiitruction, or impediment ; a composition of lea-
ther, consisting of a sole anil two straps, worn by women
over the siioes, to keep their feet clean or warm.
CLO'GC.ilNIOSS,*. the state of being hindered from mo-
tion ; obstruction.
CLOGGY, a. that, l)y adhering to any instrument, stops
up the passages, or otherwise hinders it:i motion.
172
CLO'GHER, a city, or rather a village of Tyrone, in IJ!-
ster, (the see of a bishop) 70 miles N. N. W. of Dublin.
CLOISTER, s. [clmister. Sax.] a habitation surrounded
with walls, and dwelt in by monks or religious ; a monastery
for the religious of either sex. In a more restrained sense,
the principal part of a regular monastery, consisting of a
square built on each of its sides. In architecture, a court
which has buildings on each of its four sides ; a peristyle or
piazza.
To CLOrSTER, v. a. to shut up in a monasterj- ; to coi»-
fine in a religious house.
CLOrSTERAL, a. shut up in a monastery or nunnery ;
solitary ; retired ; recluse.
CLOISTERED, ;k()Y. solitani'; inhabiting a cloister;
confined in a monastery, or religious house. In architec-
ture, built round, or surrounded with a piazza or peris-
tyle.
CLOKE,^. See Cloak.
CLO'NMEL, a neat and improving town of Tipperary,
Muuster, pleasantly situated on the Suir, on the road be-
tween Dublin and Cork, 19 miles S. E. of Tipperary, 39 N.
E. of Cork, and 85 S. W. of Dublin.
To CLOOM, V. a. [cltrmian. Sax.] to cover or stop np
with clay, mortar, or any glutinous matter.
'Fo CLOSE, {hloze) v. a. [from clansus, Lat.] to shut any
thing that is open; to conclude, finish, or perfect; to con-
fine ; to join any thing broken. To heal, applied to wounds ;
to join two parts together, after being separated. To join
with a party. To close uit/i, or in with, to come to an agree-
ment with.
CLOSE, s. any thing shut, without passage or outlet; a
small field surrounded with a hedge or rails. Applied to
time, the end of any particular period or portion. The
end of a sentence ; a conclusion.
CLOSE, a. used with the verbs tie, shut, or fasten, shut so
as nothing can come out, or any air make its entrance. " A
close box." " A clase room." VVithout vent or inlet ; with-
out motion ; stagnating ; sultry, or not easily breathed in,
applied to the air. Having very few pores, applied fo
metals. " That very close metal." Locke. Dense ; concise ;
short ; without any redundance ; or thick, applied to the
manner of expression. "Your thoughts lie so close to";e-
tlier." Applied to situation, to-iiching, or without any ni.v
tance between the things mentioned. Applied to designs,
secret or without discoveiy ; having the appearance of re-
serve and secrecy : vithout wandering. "To keep our
thoughts close to their business." Locke. Home ; to the
point ; retired ; without going abroad. " He keeps very
close." Under great restraint. " A close prisoner." Nar-
row, dark, cloudy, misty, and sultry, applied to the sky or
weather. Used adverbially, either by itself or in composi-
tion.
CLOSF^BODIED, «. that comes tight round the body
opposed to that which hangs loose.
CLOSE-HANDED, a. covetous ; illiberal; void of gene-
rosity.
CLOSE-LEAGUED, a. ranged near one another ; in a
thick and impenetrable body ; secretly leagued, or privately
conspiring against.
CLOSELY, nrf. applied to sliutting any vessel, <Src. with-
out vent or passajje for the internal or external air ; very
near ; not deviatnig from, applied to tlie translation of au-
thors. " I have translated closehj."
CLOSENESS,.?, the state of having no passage fnr the
air ; narrowness ; want of air ; denseness ; compactness ;
recluseness; solitude; reserve; secrecy ; avarice; connec-
tion.
CLOSE-PENT, rt. shut close ; without vent.
CLO'Sl'.R, ikliizer) s. a finisher or Cfnichider.
CLO'Sl'.STOOL, s. a chamber implement.
CLOSET, (klozct) s. a small room for privacy and r«-
tireinent; a shallow place furnished with shelves, and with
a door, servinjf as a repository for curiosities, or family
uteusiis.
r LO
CI V
To CLOSET, (k!hi>t) V. a. to sliut up or concpal hi a clo-
9<'t ; to make info a closet for the sake of jirivacy.
CL<)SII,.t. a distemper in the feet of cattle, called like-
wise the fiiimiler.
CLOSURE, (/t/6ii«re) *. tiie act of shutting or stopping up
any aperlure or cleft ; confniement ; ((inehision; end.
Clot, «. \hlet, Belg.] a mass formed by thickeuing of any
fluid body.
To C\XyT,v.n,[lihtteren, Belg.]tf S^ow into small masses,
applied to any fluid substance. To gather into clods, ap-
plied to moist or clayey earth.
CLO'TCUR, s. a provincial term for the common bur-
dock.
CLOTH, s. plural cloths, or dotlrs ,- ^rlath. Sax.] in a
general sense, any thing woven, either from animal or ve-
getable substances, for garments ; the linen wherewith a
table is covered at any meal ; the canvass on which pic-
tures are painted ; the several coverings which are laid on a
bed.
To CLOTHE, ti. a. Fpreter. / clothed ; part. / hme chthetl,
or clad; to invest witli garments; to cover or adorn with
dress. Synon. C'/oMes express simply that which covers
tJie body. Dress has a more confined meaning; besides
that of a bare covering, it includes in its idea a relation to
form and fashion, as well to the ornaments as the necessa-
ries ; thus we say a Spanish rfre*s ; arichrfrew.
CLOTHIER, s. one who carries on the manufactory of
woollen cloth.
CLOTHING, I. dress ; vesture ; garments.
CLOTHSHEARER, s. one who shears the nap of wool-
len clath, after it has been raised by carders or teazers.
CLOTPOLL, s. a word of contempt and reproach, im-
plying a stupid person ; a block-head, or thick-skulL
To CLOTTER, ... n. See To Clot.
CLOTTY, a. full of clots or lumps.
CLOUD, s. a collection of condensed vapours suspended
in the atmosphere. Clouds are the most considerable of all
the meteors, as furnishing water and plenty to the earth ;
mitigating the excessive heats of the Torrid Zone, and
screening it from the beams of the sun ; collecting the rays
of light by the numerous refractions they suffer in their pas-
sage through them, thereby prolonging; the stay of light af-
ter the sun is descended below the horizon, and anticipating
its coming some time before it has ascended above it: with-
out their medium, the heavens would be one uniform sable
substance, the rays of light would be scattered abroad in the
immense regions of space, without reaching our eyes, and
the ravishing prospect of nature would become a large blot.
They consist of very small droi)s of water, detached by ex-
ternal or internal heat, and elevated by electricity, anfl the
^ws of hydrostatics, above the surface of the earth, till they
arrive at a collection of vapours of the same specific gravity
of themselves ; when meeting with cold, and by running
into each other, they form masses, or collections heavier
than that part of the atmosphere which they swam in be-
fore, and so fall down in rain. Figuratively, the veins, or
dusky marks in agates, or stones ; any thing which obscures ;
a state of darkness ; a crowd or great number.
I'o CLOUD, II. a. to darken ; to make the countenance
appear lowering; to render a truth obscure, or difficult to
be understood ; variegated or diversified with dark veins,
applied to wood and stones. Neuterly, to grow cloudy,
dark, or overcast, applied to the sky or weatlier.
CLOUD-BERRY, *. a plant, also called knot berry.
CLOUD, St. a towii 15 miles W. of Paris, in which was
formerly a royal-palace, gardens, a cascade, &c.
CLO'UDCAPT, rt. covered, topped by, or touching the
clouds. " The cloud.capt towers." Shak.
CLO'UDILY, ad. in a cloudy or dark manner.
CLO'UDINESS, i. a state wherein clouds procure dark*
ness and obscurity ; want of brightness or lustre ; foulness,
applied to precious stones.
CLOUDLESS, a. without clouds ; clear, applied to the
weather. Without spot or foulness, applied to jewels.
CLO'UDY, n. formed of clouds ; dark, obscure, or ovfr-
cast withclouds. Figuratively, obscure ; dark; iiiiportt--ct ;
sullen ; dejected.
(;L0VK, tlie prefer, of Cleave.
CLOVE, s. [clou, Fr.] an aromatic fruit, brought from the
East Indies, growing on a tree twenty feet high, whose
leaves resemble those of the bay-tree.
CLOVE Cil'LLIFLOWER,*. a flower so called from its
smelling like cloves.
CLO'VEN, participle of Cleave.
CLOVEN-FOOTED, or CLOVEN-HOOFED, a. having
the foot or hoof divided into two parts.
CLOVER, or CLOVER-GRASS, s. iu botanv, a specie*
of trefoil. To live in clover, is a phrase for living luxuriously,
because clover is reckoned delicious food for rattle.
CLOUGH, s. [clough, Sax.] the cleft of a hill ; a cliff. An
allowance in weight.
CLOUT, s. [clut. Sax.] a square piece of cloth made dou-
ble, serving, among other uses, to keep infants clean from
their evacuations ; a patch on a siioe or garuient.
To CLOUT,!', a. to patch or mend in a course or tliiiusy
manner; to cover with a thick cloth ; to join awkwardly or
clumsily together.
CLOUTED, part, patched or mended ; joined in a
clumsv manner.
CLO UTERLY, a. clumsy ; awkward.
CLOWN, s. a rustic, or country fellow; one whose be-
haviour is rude, and manners are unpolished.
CLO'WNISH.o. ina manner agreeable to clowns ; rude,
awkward, ill-bred, and coarse, like a clown.
CLOWNISHLY, ad. in a clumsy, coarse, rude, and ilJ-
bred manner.
CLO'WNISHNESS, *. unpolished rudeness ; rustic sim-
plicity, or awkward address ; broadness and coarseness of
expression. Synon. UnpoUteness is a want of good man-
ners; it does not please. Clownishness is a mixture of ill
manners; it displeases. CfoKiiij/i/n-.M proceeds from an en-
tire want of education ; unpuliteucss from a bad one.
To CLOY, 1'. a. [encloner, Fr.] to fill so with food as to
leave no appetite for any more ; to surfeit almost to loath-
ing.
CLUB, s. [clwppa, Brit.] a hea\'y and strong stick, used as
an oftensive weapon. In gaming, the name of one of the
suits of cards, called in French trc/le, from its resembling the
trefoil leaf, or that of clover-giass. The money propor-
tion, or sum every member is obliged to pay at a drinlvins
society ; an assembly meeting at a public house to spend
the evening, generally incorporated and regulated by orders
established among themselves ; concurrence ; joint expense
or contributioiu
To CLUB, V. n. to contribute one's proportion to a public
expense ; to join and unite in one cominon design ; to carry
ou some common design which requires the assistance of
many.
CLU'BHEADED, a. having a round or thick head.
CLU BLAW, s. the compelling the assent of a person by
external force or violence.
CLU'BMOSS, s. a genus of mosses, called by botanists
lycopodiiini.
CLU'BROOM, «. the room in which a club or company
assembles.
CLU'BRUSH, s. a species of bulrush.
CLU'BTOP, s. a genus of tlie funguses, called by botanists
clavaria. v . . ,-,
To CLUCK, v.n. [rZoffan, Sax.] to make a noise like a
hen when calling her chickens.
CLUMP, s. [hlumpe, Teut.] a shapeless thick piece of
wood, nearly as broad as long.
CLUMSILY, ijdumsily) ad. in an uncouth, awkward,
graceless, and unpleasing manner.
CLUMSINESS, {kliun2iness) s. want of ingenuity, skill,
dexterity, or readiness in performing any thing; awkward-
ness.
CLUMSY, {hlumcy) a. [lompich, Belg.] awkward, artless,
173
eoA
CO A
unhandy, and witbout grace in tlie performance of any
ihing; heavj', thick, and coarse, witli respect to weigiit and
siiapp.
CtUNG, the preter. and part, of Cling.
To CLUNG, V. n. [clingan, Sax.] to dry or waste Kke wood
nfter it is cut.
CLUNCi, part, wasted away, by a consumption, or other
disorders ; shrunli up with cold.
CLUSTER, s. [c!)/ster, Sax.] a bunch, or several things
of the same sort growing close together, and on one conunon
stalk. Figuratively, a number of insects crowding together ;
a body of, or several people collected together.
ToCLU'.STER, V. 71. to grow in bunches close ogether,
and on one stalk, applied to vegetables. To gather close
together in bodies, applied to bees. To gather into
bunches.
CH''.STER.-GR.\PE,i. in botany, the small black grape,
generally the forwardest of any.
CLLTSTERY, a. growing close together on one common
stalk.
To CLUTCH, r. a. to hold in the hand with the fingers
nnd thumb closed together; to gripe, or grasp; to shut the
hand close, so as to seize and iiold a thing fast.
CLUTCH, «. a gripe, grasp, or seizure w ith the hand shut
very fast and close. Figuratively, in the plural clutclirs, the
the claws or talons of a bird or wild beast.
CLUTTER, s. [See Clatter] a noise made bv a per-
son's being in a hurry about some trifling affair; a hurry or
clamour; a low word.
CLWYD, a beautiful vale of Denbyshire, inclosed by high
mountains, extending from the sea island above 20 miles; a
river of the same name runs through it. Its breadth is from
." to S miles, and is covered with towns, villages, and gen-
tlemen's seats.
CLYDE, a river of Scotland, which rises in Annandale,
and running N. W. through Clydesdale, passes by Lanerk,
Hamilton, and Glasgow, and falls soon after into the Frith
if Clyde. It affords many romantic views, running for se-
rial miles between lofty eminences covered with wood,
and exhibiting in its course many stupendous cataracts.
CLY DESDALE, a wild district in the S. part of Lanerk-
shire, in Scotland, where are extensive lead mines.
CLYSTER, s. ffiom kli/zn, to wash, Gr.] in medicine, a
decoction of various ingredients injected into the anus by
means of a syringe, or pipe and bladder.
To COACE'RVATE, v. n. [cuaccrvo, Lat.] to heap to-
gether.
COACERVATION, s. tho act of heaping, or the state of
things heaped together.
CO.^CH, {kfitck) s. [coc/ie, Fr.] a carriage of pleasure and
state, having both back and front seats, hung upon straps
or springs, running on four wheels ; and distinguished from
a clinriat because it has two seats fronting each other ; and
from a vis-a-ris, because more than one person can set op-
|)osite to one another. This carriage was originally intend-
ed for the country, and wiien first introduced into cities,
there were but two even in Paris, one of which belonged to
the (|ueea, and the other to Diana, natural daughter to
Henry II. The first courtier who set up this e(pjipage was
John de Lavil de Bois Dauphin, who could not travel on
horseback on account of his enormous bulk. We find,
even in England, that as low as queen Elizabetii's time, the
nobility of both sexes attended licr in processions on horse-
back.
'i'o COACH, (hotrh) V. a. to carry or convey in a coacli.
C().\CII-B()X, i. the seat on which the driver of the
« oach sits.
C;O.ACH-HIRE, s. money paid for the use of a hired
coach.
CO.VCH-HOUSE, s. the houso in which tlic coach is
kept.
COACH-MAKER, *. the artificer whose trade it is to
make coaches.
COACHMAN, /. tlie driver ot a coach.
171
COA CTION, (kodliekon) t. [from cogo, to compel, Lat.]
the obliging to do, or to repair from doing any action ;
force ; compulsion.
COA'CTIVE, a. having the force of restraining from, or
compelling to, any action ; acting in conceit with.
COADjlUT'AiS'T, f«n<. [from c«ni, with, and adjuco, to
assist; Lat.] iielping, assisting or taking part with any person
in any action ; co-operating.
COADJU'TOR, s. [from cum, with, and adjutor, a helper,
Lat.] one engaged in assisting another; an assistant, asso-
ciate, or partner in any undertaking. In the canon law,
one appointed and empowered to perform the duties of
another.
COADJUTANCY, s. [from cum, with, and adjuvmu, as-
sisting, Lat.] help ; concurrence in any process or opera-
tion ; a contributing to effect any particular design.
COADUNI'TION, s. [from cum, with, ad, to, and unitio,
union, Lat.] the uniting of several things or particles, so as
to form one common mass.
To COACiME'NT, v. a. [coagmento, Lat.] to join, glue or
heap together, so as to form one mass.
COAGMENTA'TION, s. [cvagmeutatio, Lat.] a joining,
uniting, glewing, or otherwise heaping several particles or
substances together, so as to form one common mass. The
joining several sj UableS or words together, so as to form
one word or sentence, applied to sfvle or gianmiar.
COA'GULABLl';, a. [from coagnlo, Latl] that may thick-
en^row dense, or concrete.
To COA'GULATE, r. a. [coagnh, Lat.] to make a thing
curdle, to turn into clots, applied to the turning of milk into
curds by means of rennet. Neuterly, to curdle ; to fonn
concreti<ms ; to congeal.
COAGULATION, s. [coagulutin, Lat] the act of turning
into curds. Concretion ; congelation ; or growing thick
and tangible, applied to fluids ; the state of a thing con-
gealed, curdled, or condensed ; the substance or body
formed by congelation or concretion.
COA'GULATIVE, a. [froii congulo, Lat.] that has the
power of causing coagulations, concretions, curdling, or
depriviiig a body of its fluidity.
COAGULA'TOR, s. that which causes condensations or
concretions.
COAKS, s. for the exciting of intense heats, as for the
smelting of iron ore, and for operations where the acid and
oiiy particles would be detrimental, fossil coals are previous-
ly charred, or reduced to conks ; that is, they are made to
undergo an operation similar to that by which charcoal is
made, and are deprived of their phlegm, tiieir acid liquor,
and part of their fluid oil.
COAL, {lwl)s. [(■«', Sax.] a solid, dry, opaque, inflamma-
ble substance, found in large strata, splitting generally in an
horizontal direction, of a lilack, glossy liue, soft and friable,
not fusible, but easily inflammable, and leaving, when burnt,
a great quaiitilv of ashes.
COAL-BLACK, a. of the colour of coal; the deepest
black.
COAL-BOX, s. a box to carry coal to the fire.
COAL-FISH, n. a species of beardless gadus.
To COALE'SCE, {koalcss) r. n. [from cum, w itl), and alescfl,
to grow, Lat.] to unite together.
COALE'SCENCE, (Aon/MceHce) J. [from conhsro, to unite
with, Lat.] the act of coalescing or uniting several particles,
wliereby they adhere together and form one body or com-
mon mass.
COALITION, s. [from coalitnm, Lat.] the uniting or
joining of dilferent particles, so as to compose one common
mass.
COAI^MINE, s. a mine in whicn coal is dug ; a coal-pit
COAI^WORK, {kdl-worli) s. a coal-mine, or place where
coals are dug.
CO\'\.\',{liohf)a. abounding in coal.
C( ) MTA'TION, s. [from cum, with, and aplo, to fit, Lat.]
the fitting or artful disposition or arrangemeut of the p^rls
of a thint;, or of the words of a sentence*
coc
coc
COARSE (.hfrrie) a. mixed with dross, not refined, ap-
plied to metals. Rough, and consistinj; of larye threads,
applied to cloth or silk manufactures. Rude, uncivil, in-
delicate, ill-bred, applied to behaviour or manners. Un-
polished, and not elegant, applied to lanfjuage. Mean, vile,
rousli, and of no value.
COARSELY, ad. in a rude, rough, inelegant manner;
free from anv graces, or appearance of politeness.
COARSENESS, i. want of purity ; abounding in dross ;
want of elegance or delicacy ; clownishness, rudeness, or
rusticity ; a composition of mean and cheap materials.
COASSE, s. in natural history, a kind of American
weasel, which emits an exceedingly offensive vapour.
COAST, {host) s. [coste, Fr.] a shore or land, which lies
near, and is washed by the sea. Used by Sir Isaac Newton,
in tlie sense of the original French and Latin, for a side or
part. The coast is clear, a phrase implying that any danger
IS over, and that tliere are no obstacles in a person's way.
To COAST, i>. n. to sail near a coast, or keep witliin
sight of land. Actively, to sail by ; to sail near to.
CO'ASTER, ». one wlio makes a voyage from port to port
on the same coast, keeping at the same time within sight of
the shore ; one who sails near the shore.
COAT, {hot) s. [cotte, Fr.] the outward garment of a man,
inude with plaits at the side ; the lower part of a woman's
dress tied round the waist, and covering the legs. Figura-
tively, any covering or tegument. The hairs or fur of a
beast. In heraldry, the escutcheon, field, or habit, on
which a person's arms are pourtrayed.
To COAT, V. a. to cover or spread over.
COATING, I. in electricity, denotes a covering of sheet
lead, tin-foil, or any other conducting substance, applied
to the Leyilen-phial, or to any electric body, and serving to
accumulate the electricity to increase the force of the
cliarge, and to facilitate tlie operation of discliurging.
To COAX, V. a. to endeavour to persuade u. person by
flattery, or insinuating address; a low word.
COA'XER, s. one who endeavours to persuade a person
by flattery, or artful and insinuating behaviour.
COB, s. a sort of sea-fowl, called also sea-cob.
COBALT, s. a whitish-gray brittle metal, nearly resemb-
ling fine hardened steel. It was formerly imported from
Saxony, but it is now found abundantly in the Mendip-
liilis, in Somersetshire, and in a mine near Penzance, m
Cornwall. It has hitherto been chiefly used for making
the different kinds of smalts for painting and enamelling.
It is extremely valuable to the manufacturers of porcelain,
for it not only produces a beautiful colour, but endures the
intense heat of their furnaces without any deterioration.
To CO'BBLE, V. a. [kohler, Dan] to mend any thing in a
clumsy manner, generally applied to shoes To do or make
any thing in a coarse, unhandy, or awkward manner.
CO'BBLER,i. a mender of old shoes. Figuratively,a very bad
workman ; one who cannot perform anv thing with elegance.
CO'BHAM, a village in Surrey, with se\eral fine seats,
washed by the river Mole, made here 4 or !> times broader
than it is naturally. It is 19 miles S. by W. of London.
CO'BIRONS, s. irons with a knob at the upper end, used
in fire places where wood is burned
COBI'SHOP, s. a coadjutant bihh
COBLENTZ, an ancient town of Treves, m the circle of
the Lower Rhine, situated at the crniflnence of the Rhine
and Moselle, with a bridge of boats over the former, and
a stone bridge over the latter. Lat. 50, 24. N.
CO'BNU'T, s. a boy's game; the conquering nut.
CO'BSWAN, *. the head or leading swan in a swannery.
COBURG, a territory and its capital of Upper Saxony,
insulated in Franconia, 2.3 miles N. of Bamberg.
COBWEB, s. [kojnveb, Belg.] the web or net of a spider.
Figuratively, any snare or trap. Sometimes used for a re-
irtraint which mav easily be broken through.
COCCITEROUS, (koksifenis) a. [from kohAos, a berry,
Gr. and /(fro, to bear, Lat.^ in botany, ateira applied to
all plants having berries.
COCCULUS INDICUS, *. a kind of a poisouotis berry,
often mixed with malt liquors to make thiin intoxicating,
though expressly forbidden by act of parlijiiienf.
COCHIN, a sea-port and country of Hiudoostan, on the
coast of Malabar, situated N. W. of theTriivancore country,
and ')y some included in it. The chief trade (for pepper)
was in the hands of the Dutch, but the English have made
a conquest of the settlement. It is 86 miles S. S. E. of
Calicut. Lat. 10. 0. N. Ion. 75. 30. E.
COCHIN CHINA, a kingdom of Asia, bounded on the
W. by Siam and Cambodia ; on the N. by To'iquin and
Laos ; on the E. by the Eastern Ocean ; and on the S. and S.
W. by Ciampa ana Cambodia. It al>ounds in gold, raw silk,
drugs, saffron, pepper, indigo, tea, ivory, and various kinds
of trees and animals. It is upwards of 3(HJ miles in length,
and about 90 in breadth, and contains 50 sea-port towns.
The inhabitants are of a light brown complexion, and in
manners resemble the Chinese.
CO'CHINEAL, s. [eochinilla, Span.] an insect found
upon the opuntia, originally of a white or pellucid colour,
but turning red by means of the food it eats, and when dried,
affording a beautiful purple colour, made rse of by dyers.
CO'CHLEARY, (hiiklem-i/) a. [from cocnlea, a poriwincle,
Lat.] made in tlie form of a screw.
COCHLEATED, (hMeiilul) a.\{ram mchJea, a periwin-
kle, Lat.] twisted in the form of a screw. Turbinated
applied to shells.
COCK, s. [cocc; Sax.] the male of t>ie species of domes-
tic fowls, famous for its courage, pride, and gallantry ; the
male of any birds or fowls. Weather-cock, an instrument
turning round a pivot, used to shew the point from which the
wind blows; an instrument turning with a screw, made of
bell metal, and used in drawing liquors from casks ; the notch
of an arrow ; that part of the lock of a gUn which holds the
fjint; the particular form in which the brims of a hat are
placed ; the stile or gnomon of a dial ; the needle of a ba-
lance. Coch-a-hoop, or Cuck on the hoop, a phrase imply-
ing triumphant exultatipji, or elation on some success.
COCK OF THE MOUNTAIN, a bird ofthe grouse kind.
To COCK, V. a. to erect, or set upright. To mould the
shape of a hat; to wear the hat with an air of petulance and
smartness; to fix the cock ofagun ready for discharging ;
to lay hay in small heaps. Neuterly, to strut, hold up the
head, or look big on account of any little success.
COCK'ADE, s. a ribband tied in a bow, or formed in the
shane of a rose, worn in a man's hat.
COCKATRICE, s. [cook and auer, Sax.] a serpent, sup-
posed to be formed from a cock's egg. Figuratively, a per-
son of an insidious, venomous, and treacherous disposition.
COCKBOAT, s. a small boat belonging to a ship.
COCK-CROWING, s. the time at which cocks crow.
Figuratively, the morning.
To CO'CKER, V. a. [cofpielincr, Fr.] to indulge too
much ; to fondle, or treat with too much fondness.
CO CKER, s. one who keeps cocks for fighting.
COCKEREL, s. a young cock.
CO'CKERMOUTH, a populous town in Cumberland, si-
tuated at the confluence ofthe rivers Cocker and Derwent.
The market-place and upper part of the town are between
two hills, on one of which stands the eastle, an extensive
ruin, with five lofty towers, the walls between which are
kept up ; on the other stands tlie church, and the Kirkgate,
an irregular but spacious part ofthe town. From the emi-
nence on which the castle stands, called the Hay, an exten-
sive countrv, the sea, and Scotland, may be seen in clear
weather. iTlirough the valley between tlie hills, the top of
the towering Skiddaw may be descried over the intervening
country. 'The lower part ofthe town is on a plain, consist-
ing of a spacious street, with cross lanes. Tlie upper and
lower parts of the town are separated by the Cocker, but
luiited l)y a bridge of one arch. It has manufactures of
shalloons, serges, stockings, coarse linens, hats, and leather,
with considerable tanneries. Here are pleasant walks «ii
the banks of the rivers, and on the uplands. It is 10 itile*
176
C0£
eoF
N. E. of Whitehaven, 23 9. W. of Carlisle, an(! 300 N. N.
W. of LoiKlon. Markets on Monday and Satnrday.
CO'CKtT, s. a seal belonsing to the custom-house; an
instrument drawn on inircliment, signed, sealed, and deliver-
ed to merchants, as a certificate that they have paid the
customs lor their goods.
COCKFIGHT, *. a battle or match of cocks.
COCKHORSE, 0. triumphant; exultin,'; a kind of low
word.
COCKLE, s. [a/qnille, Fr.] a small sliell-fish. In botany,
tiie agrostemma. It grows in corn fields, is an annual
plant, and flowers in June.
To CO'CKLE, V. a. to contract any stuff into wrinkles
bv wet or rain.
"COCKLED, narfi shelled ; wrinkled by wet.
CO'CKLEWORT, s. in bofauy, the astragalus. There •
are two British species, the wild liquoiice vetch, and purple
mountain milkwort.
COCKLOFT, i. the mora over the garret, in which
fowls are supposed to roost.
CO'CKNEV, s. a person born in London ; a word of
contempt. Figuratively, any effeminate, luxurious, igno-
rant, or inexperienced person, dvselliiig in a cily.
CO'CKPIT, J. a place wherein cocks generally fight
m a ship, a place on the lowi-r deck of a man of war, in
wliich are divisions for the puiser, the surgeon, and his
mates.
COCKSCOMB, s. a i.hml, fhe same with the yellow
rattle, or pennvgrass.
CO'CKSFOOT, s. a kind of grass.
COCKSHEAD, «. in bolany, a plant called likewise soi"-
foiii, and esteemed one of the best sorts of fodder for cattle.
COCKSPUR, *. Virginian hawthorn; a species of med-
lar.
COCKSURE, a. confident; certain.
CO'CKSWAIN, i. [cu^g-A «■«!;(<', Sax.] an officer on board
a man of war who has the command of a boat.
CO'CKWEED, s. a piant, called also dittander and pep-
perwort. .
CO'CO\,(l<uIw)s. See Chocolate-nut.
CO'CTILK, ff.[ouca7(>, Lat.] made bv baking.
CO'CTIOM, (koksliun) s. [from coquo, to boil, Lat.J the act
of boiling. In surgery, adlgestion of matter.
COD, or CO'DFISH, s. a sea-fish, caught on the banks of
Newfoundland, and many other parts.
COD, s. \co(lde. Sax.] in botany, any case, or husk, in
which seeds are lodged.
To COD, V. n. to inclose in a husk, case, or cod.
CODE, *. [codex, Lat.] a book; a book of civil laws, ap-
propriated by way of eminence to the collection made by
Justinian.
CODICIL, i. [from cndicUliis, a little writing, Lat.] a
writing made by way of supplement to a will, in order to
supply something omitted, or alter and explain sometiiing
contained in the testament.
CODI'LLE, s. [fof//7/f, Fr.] in gaming, a term at ombro,
implying that the game is won against the player; this is
termed hasted, in quadrille.
To CO'DLE, V. a. [coctulo, Ijat.] to parboil; to soften by
the heat of water .
CO'DIJNG, s. an early kind of apple, so called from its
being gcnerallv boiled for eating.
COI'/FFICACY, s. [from rmn, witli, aiHl f/firin, to effect,
Lat.J the united power of several things acting together to
pjoouce an effect.
C( )EFKI'CIENCY, *. [from rum, with, an<l e/Prin, to effect,
I.at.] the actinp together, or joint power of several things to
prorluri- an effo(-t.
COEFFICIKNT, s. [from am, with, and efflcim.^, effect-
ing, Lat.] that which acts jointly with another. Coefficieiiis,
in algi-bra, numbers of uneven (piantities prefixed to letter^,
in which they are supposed to be mnltiiilied. In fluxions,
S',[)pli<vl to aii-y generating term, it is tlie quantity arising
fioni the divisioD of that term by tlie generated quantity.
170
COE'NOBITRS, (Cawbifes) [from hoines, common, an*!
bion, to live. Or.] in church histoi-y, a sort of monks in the
primitive church, so called from living in common, in which
they differed from the .Anchnrites, who retired from society..
The coenobinic life took its rise from the time of the apos-
tles, and was the state and condition of the first Christians,
according to St. Luke's account of them.
(COEQUAL, a. being in the same state, condition, and
circumstances as another.
COEQUA'LITY, .?. the state of. two persons or things
which are equal to each other.
To COE'RCE, i: fi. [(-vei-ceo, Lat.] to restrain by force, or
inmishments, from the committing any crime, or performirijj
any action.
COE'RCIRLE, II. that may or ought to be restrained.
COE'RCION, (Jmcrshiin) s . [from coeri-en, Lat.] a check, or
restraint. A restraining from the violation of any law, by
means of p\uiishmeut.
COERCIVE, n. th.at has the power of restraining ; that
has the authority of restraining bj means of punishment.
COESSE'NTIAL, (Jwessinshiul) a. [from con and esseiUio,
Lat.] parfaklrtg of the same essence.
COESSENTIALITY, (IwessenshialUy) s. the quality of
partaking of the same essence.
COETE'RN.AL, «. [cutn, with, and a-trmus, eternal, Lat.]
existing eternally with another ; ecpially eternal with an-
other.
COETE'RNALLY, ad. in a manner equally eternal with
another.
COETE RNITY, s. [from cum, with, and atemitm, eter-
nity, Lat.] having an eternity of existence together with, or
equal to, the eternity of anotlier.
COEVAL,", [from cum, with, and amm, age, Lat.] bxirn
or produced at the same time ; of the same age with an-
other.
COETOUS, a. [from cum, w ith, and aium, age, Lat.] of
the same age ; living at the same time.
To COEXIST, !•. n. [cum, with, and achto, to exist, Lat.J
to exist, or be at the same time, or in the same place.
COEXISTENCE, j. the having existenee at the same
time or place with another.
COEXI'STENT, a; having existence at the same time
with another.
To COEXTE'ND, v. a. [from cum, with, and exteiuh, fa
extend, Lat.] to extend to tlie same space, period, or dura-
tion with another; followed by uith, befi)re the object with
which the co extension is f')rmed.
COEXTE'NSION, s. the act or state of extending to the
same space or tluration with another.
COFFEE, .t. [Arab.] the berry of a free, formerly p£cu-
liar to the kingdom of Vaman in Arabia, but now propagated
in niost of our cohuiies, in Jamaica especially, where it is
liltle inferior to the best Turkey. It grows on a tree forty
feel high, which in Arabia is always covered with flowers
and fruit. Its leaves resemble the convmon laurel. The
liquor or decof ion, made from the berry roasted, was intro-
duced first into England by INIr. Daniel Edwards, a Turkey
nierchaut, in the year lfio2, bringing with him one Pasqnct,
a Greek servant, to make coffee for him; who was the first
person that ever set up a coffee-house.
CO FFEE-HOUSE, *■. a place where coftce is sohl, per-
sons generally meet, (if near 'Change,) transact business^
and the newspapersare taken in for the accommodation of
customers.
CO FFEE-POT, s. the covered pot in which coffee tj
boiled.
COTFEE-M.\N, s. one that keeps a coffee-house.
CO'FFER, s. [cofre. Sax.] a chest for kerpinir money*
Figuratively, treasure. In fortification, a hollow lodgment
across a dry moat, the upper part of which is raised with
pieces of timber above tlie moat's level, is covered with
hurdles laden with earth, and serves as a parapet with em-
brasures. It is generally used by the besieged to distress
the enemy when they endeavour to pass the «litch.
COG
Tu CO'FFKU, V. a, to put into chests or coffers, followed
CU'VFElW.il of the Jiiji^'t household, s. a principal officer
It court, in the counting-house, or elsewhere, next to the
comptroller, who inspects over tlie behaviour and conduct
of the other officers o''lhe household, and pays tliem their
respective salaiies.
CO'FFIN, /. [cofin, Fr.] tlie receptacle wherein a dead
body is placed for its interment. In pastry, a mould of
paste for a pie. A i)aper cape in form of a cone or pyramid ;
a round piece of paper with iheedsjes bciit iip perpendicu-
larly, usetl by the apothecaries to drop tlieir boluses in, to
keen the outward part clean.
To CO'FFIN, V. a. to place, to inclose in a coffin.
To COG, V. a. to persuade, wheedle,or gain a person over by
flattery, or an insinuating address. To falsify, or corrupt a
manuscript, by inserting some word or sentence ; to obtrude
falsehoods, or endeavour to make them pass current. To
cw"- a die, is to secure it so as to direct it in its ML iNeuterly,
to lie ; to wheedle.
COG, «. the tooth of a wheel, by which it acts upon an-
other wheel.
To COG, v. a. to fix cogs in a wheel.
CO'GENCY, s. [from co^o, to com pel, Lat.] the power of
compelling : the power of extorting assent or obedience.
CO'GENT,;)arf. [cogerts, Lat.] able to compel to action;
powerful ; resistless.
COGENTLY, ffrf. in a forcible manner. Extorting con-
viction and assent, applied to arguments.
COGGER, s. a tlattercr; a wheedler.
CO'GGESH.\LL, a.townin Essex, with a market on Sa-
turday. It is seated on the river Blackwater, orl'ant, over
wliieli there is a bridge. It has one large church, and three
meeting-houses. The town consists of several narrow streets
badly i)aved, and there is liere a manufactory of baize. It
IS 44 miles E. N. E. of London.
CO'GGLESTONE, s. [cuogoh, Ital.] a small pebble; a
little stone.
CO'GITABLE, (cdjkable) a. [from cogito, to think, U\t.\
*hat may be thought on, or may be the subject ot
tnought.
COGITATION, s. [from cogko, to think, Lat.] the be-
holding any idea in the mind, the act of thinking. Figura-
tively, thought, purpose, intention, or design; medita-
tion.
CO'GITATIVE, a. [from cogito, to think, Lat.] having
the power of thought ; given to thought, study, or reflec-
tion.
COGNAC, a town of France, in the department of Cha-
rente, noted for its wines and brain Iv .
COGNA TION, *. [from cum, with, and wiscor, to be born
Lat.] in civil law, the relation between both males and fe-
males, descending from the same stock; relation, partaking,
of the same nature.
COGNISE'E, (Jienisee) s. in law, the person to whom a
fine in lands or tenements is acknowledged.
CO'GNISOR, (konisur) s. in law, one that passes or hc-
Knowledges a tine in lauds or tenements to another.
COGNITION, s. [cognitio, Lat.] knosvledge ; complete
conviction.
Cf)'GNITIVE, a. [cognitm, Lat.] that has tlie power of
knowing or apprehending. •■ *
CO'GNIZABLE, (by some pron. Itlmizable) a. [cognnisaMe,
Fr.J proper for the consideration or inspection of a person ;
subjeet to judicial examination and notice.
CO'(iNlZ.\NCE, (by some pron. lioniza.nce) s. [connoisance,
Fr.] HI law, an acknowledgment of a fine, or confession of
something done ; the hearing of a matter judicially ; the
particular jurisdiction of a magistrate, or an object which
more partKuhirly tails under his inspection or notice ; a
badge by which any person may be known or distin-
guished.
COGNO'MINAL, a. [from cognonum, Lat.] having iLe
amc name.
A a
COL
COGNOMINATION, t. a surname ; the name of a f*-
mily, or nani«> added from any accident or quality.
COGNO'SCENCK, s. knowledge.
COGNO'SCIBLE, a. [from cogjiosco, to know, Lat.] that
may be known ; possible to be known ; being the object of
'' knowledge.
ToCOHA'BIT, V. 71. [from ram, with, and habilo, to dwell,
Lat.] to dwell in the same place with another; to live to-
gether as man and wife.
COHA'BITANT, s. one who dwells in the same place
with another.
COHABITATION, s. the act of dwelling with another
in the same place ; the living together as man and wife.
COHE'IR, s. [cohares, Lat.] a man who enjoys an inheri-
tance together with another.
COHEIRESS, s. a female who enjoys an inheritance with
another.
ToCOHE'RE, V. n. [foA<rrro, Lat.] to stick tom>ther ; to
hold fast to one another as a part of the same body. To be
well connected ; to depend on what has preceded, and con-
nect with what follows, applied to literary compositions.
To suit, fit, or be fitted to ; to agree.
COHERENCE, or COHERENCY, s. [eohai-entia, Lat.]
in physics, that state of bodies in which their parts are
joined together so as to resist divulsion, or separation; re-
lation ; dependency; consistency, so as one part of a dis-
course does not contradict another.
COHE'RENT, pm-t. [cohareus, Lat.] sticking together so
as to resist a separation ; suitable, adapted to one another ;
consistent, or not contradictory.
COHESION, s. [from cum, with, and haren, to adhere,
Lat.J the act v hereby the atoms or primary corpuscles of
bodies are connected together so as to iorm parlicles, and
the particles are kept togetlier so as to form sensible masses.
Figuratively, cuhision signifies the state of union or insepa-
rability both of the particles of matter, and other things ;
connection.
COHESIVE, a. that has the power of sticking fast, so as
to resist iiei)aration.
COHE'SIVENESS, s. the quality of uniting so as to re-
sist any attempt to separate them, applied to the particles of
matter.
To COHO'BATE, «. a. to pour any distilled liquor upon
its residuum, or remaining matter, and distil it again.
COHOBATION, s. the returning any liquor distilled
upon that which remains after the distillation, and then dis-
tilling it again.
COHORT, s. [ciihom, Lat.] a troop of soldiers, in the
Roman armies, containing about 500 foot. In poetry, used
for any company of soldiers or warriors.
COIF, i. [coeffe, Fr.] a head-dress ; a lady's cap ; a ser-
geant at law's cap.
CO'IFED, «. wearing a coif
COIFFURE, s. [cnefure, Fr.] a head-dress.
To COIL, V. a. [cueittii; Fr.] to reduce into a narrow com-
pass. Toco!7 a rope, is to wind it in a ring.
COIL, s. [holleren. Tent. | a tumult, noise, confusion, or
bustle, occasioned bv some(|uariel; a rope wound into a ring.
COI'MBRA, a town and university of Beira, in Portugal,
containing 18 colleges, 4000 students, and about 12,000 in-
habitants. It is situated on a mountain, near the river Mon-
dego, 96 miles N. N. E. of Lisbon.
COIN, ». [eoigne, Fr.] a corner; anything standing with
a corner outward ; a brick cut diagonally, pronounceu quoin
or ffuine.
COIN, s. money, or metal stamped with a lawful impres-
sion ; payment of any kind ; compensation. As money is
the general medium f(f commerce, aid as every nation has
. coins peculiar to itself, we apprehend it will be of ,io smali
use to the reader to inform Inm of the value of those coins
that have been, and now are, current in several countries
where trade is carried on. And as the Roman and Jewirh
coins are very proper to be known, for the right understand
inj.of the Scriotures, we shall begin witli them.
i;7
COI
ROMAN COINS mentioned in the NfeW TESTAMENT.
DenariuSi silver, 7 pence ^fat-things.
Assis, copper, ...,..^..0 — 3 —
COI
Assarlum ...,,- 0— IJ
Quadrans — Oi
A Mite ....:..;.. .0— 04
JEWISH COINS reduced to English Money.
I Gerali
10
20
1000
cnooo
Bekah
100
Shekel
60
3000
Manel), minah hebraica
00
£. 3. d.
l,312j
» 1 1,687^
2 3,277
- 5 14 Oi
Talent - - - 342 3 9
Solidus aureus, or Sextula, worth ------------ ..-.. 0120i
Siculus aureus, wortii ------ _.- ------ llGC
A Talent of gold, worth -5475
lu England, the current species of gold coin are the gui-
nea, half-suinea, seven-shilling piece, quarter-guinea, ja-
cobus, laureat, angel, and rose-noble ; the five last of which
are now seldom nut "with, having been mostly converted
into guineas, chiefly during the reigns of Charles II. and
James II. The silver coins are the crown, half-crown, shil-
ling, and sixpence. The pcnnj-, two-penny, three-peiniy,
an(l groat pieces, in silver, are now rarely seen. The cop-
per coins are the two penny piece, penny, half-penny, and
farthing. In Scotland, by the articles of Union, it is ap-
pointed, that all the coins be reduce I to the Kiiglisn, and
the same accounts to be observed throughout the whole is-
land. In Ireland, the coins are the same as in England, ex-
cept that the English shilling passes for 20 halfpence.
In France, the cfold coin is the louis d'or, witlvits divi-si-ons,
which are the half aiid quarter ; and its multiplies, which are
the double and quadruple louis d'ors. There are also piece?
in circulation issued from the mint of the emperor.
Value and proportion of the FRENCH COINS during- the Monarchj.
Denier, equal to ^ of a farthhig sterling.
Double
Liard
Sol Paris, equal nearly to
Livre d'accompt lOj
12
24il
720
U
120
360
80
240
20
60
0^
Ecu
2 7-i
The old louis d'or is valued at Ui 9J
The new louis d'or at IOC
In Spam the gold coin is the pistole ; above which the
double pistole, and piece of four pistoles, and under it the
half pistole ; to which must be added, the castilians of gold.
The silver money are the piastre, or piece of eight rials, and
its diminutions ; as alto, the simple rial, with its diminutions.
The copper coins are the ochavos, or octavos, which are of
two kinds, the one equal to four marvedis, and ordinarily
called quarta ; the other double (his, and called double
quarta; and lastly, the marvedis. In Spain they have new
money and old ; the old, current at Seville, Cadiz, Andalu-
sia, <irc. is worth 2.5 per cent, more than the new, current at
Madrid, Bilboa, St. Sebastian, <tc. This ditl'trence is ow-
iiij^ to ttieir king Charles II. who, to pre 'cut the expoifa-
tion of money, raised it 25 per cent, however, several pro-
vinces retain the ancient state.
Vahc and proportion of SPANISH COINS.
Quarta, four marvedis iS. *.
Octavo, or double quarta, 8 marvedis
Real of Old Plata, etpial to
178
05
£. s. (4.
Piece of eight, or piastre 4
Pistole 16 9J
In Portugal the gold coins are the milleray, or St. Stephen,
and the moeda d'oro, or moidore, which is properly their
pistole ; above this are doppio inoodas, or double pistoles
and quadruple pieces, equal to five pistoles. The silver
coins are the cruzada, pataca or piece of eight, aiid the vin-
tcm, of which they have two sorts, the one silver, and the
other billion. The reo is of copper, which serves them m
accompis, as the marveilisdoes the Spaniards.
Res, ree, or rez, equal to three-fifths of a farthing stcrtinK.
Vintem,20res
Cruzada, 20 vintems £.
Mi-iiiooda, or half-pistole
Moeda d'oro, or pistole 1
Doppio niocda, or double pistole 2
Ducal of line gold (!
Besides the above, they have pieces of golil nf ihe vahK-
£:i. rj.1. j£L IG. and other subdivisions.
«.
el.
13
<>
7
14
15
hK-
ot
COI COL
DUTCH COINS. a mill; the former was the only method known till the yeiir
Those of silver iire crowns and doll:irs,ducatoons,florms, 1563. The Enfjlisli coinaf^e, by adding the iettcis on the
and sth(llini;s, each of which hiu its diminutions. The sil- cdf^es, contiijjuted not a little to its perfection. I'iijura-
vcr is billon; ihediijtaiid penny, of copper. lively, this word is used for coin or money ; the charges or
i£. I. d. expense of coining I'orgery, or invention, used in a had
Ducat of Holland o .') 3,2 sense.
Ducatoon .'i 5,6!) To COINCI'DE, v. n. \eoincido, Lat.] to fall upon, or
Pafagon, or rixddllar 4 1,28 nuet in the same point; to be consistent with, to
The three-gilder piece, or sixty stivers ... 5 2,40 concur.
The gilder, ilorin, or 20 stivers 1 H,()8 COI'NCIDENCE, s. the state of several bodies or lines
The lion riollsr 3 7,07 falling upon the same point ; concurrence; consistency, or
The schelliiig gois fur six slivers, ana tneortlie is the fourth uniting to effect the same end, or establish the same
part of a sti\er point.
COmCIDENT, a. [eoincidens, Lat.] falling upon the
COINS o/"Ci-rffra»i< FLANDERS. same point, applied to bodies or lines. Concurring; con-
Thoseof gold are imperials, rides or philips, alberts, and sisting ; agreeing; mutually tending to the support of any
crowns; tliose oF silver, are philips, rixdollars, patagoiis, particular point.
schellings, and guldens; and those of copper, patards. COINDICA'TION, «. [cion, with, or together, and indico.
Groat, eight patards £. s. d. to indicate, Lat.] the concurrence of many symptoms, be-
Single stiver li speaking or betokening the same cause.
Sciielling . 7^ COINER, s. one that makes money. Figuratively, a
Gulden 2 maker of counterfeit money ; an inventor.
Rixdollar, dollar, patagon 4 To COJOl'N, v, n. [conjnngo, Lat.] to join with another
Imperial 0119 in the same otbee.
The (ierniaii, Dutch, and French coins are current here. CO'ISTllIL, *. a coward, or run-away cock.
The Geruiaii and Italian coins are so iiuiiierous and various, COIT, *. [from hotc, Belg.] a thing thrown at a mark,
every prince and state having had a coinage of their own, See Quoit.
that it would be a dithcult, as well as useless task, to reduce COI'TION, s, \coitio, Lat.] the act of propagating the
tlieni to any standard, many of tliem being current only in species ; the act by which two bodies come together,
the place where they were coined ; and as the knowledge COKE, «. [perhaps from coqno, to boil or bake, Lat.] fuel
of them can lie of no service to tlie reader, unless he bap- made by burning pit-coal under the ground, and quenchini?
pens to travel into those countries, we shall pass on to the cinders ; as in making charcoal. It is frequently used
iudi-vingmalt. SeeCoAK.
TAe DANISH COINS. COL, one of the western islands of Scotland, 11 miles
J. d. N. W. of the Isle of Mull. It is 13 miles long and 3 broad ;
The gold ducat 9 3i contains a few horses, sheep, and goats, and has many lochs,
The liDise 1 H which abound in tish. The inhabitants are about 800.
The four-mark iiicee 2 8,23 CO'LANDER, (MIendiT) s. [from coh, to strain, Lat.] a
Mare lubs 1 G sieve, either of hair, twigs, or metal, through which any luix-
.Schesdal, or two marks 3 ture is strained, and leaves the grosser putts behind it.
Ilix-mark Oil COLA'TION, s. [from eo?o, to strain, Lat.] the act of fil-
Slet-mark 9 tering, straining or separating any fluid from its dregs or
impurities.
SWEDISH COINS. COLA TURE, s. [from coh, to strain, Lat.] the art of se-
Those of copper are the routisque, alleuvre, mark, and parating the dregs of any fluid by straining it through a
money. *. rf. sieve; or filtrating it through paper; the matter strained or
A gold ducat is equal to 9 3i filtrated.
An eight-mark piece of silver 5 2 CO'LBERG, a sea-port of Prussian Pomerania, remarka-
A four- mark piece 2 7 ble for its salt-works. It is situated at the mouth of the
A Christine 1 IJ Persante, in lat. 54. 22. N. Ion. 15. 39. E.
A Caroline 1 5i CO'LBERTINE, s. a kind of fiue lace worn by wo-
The Swedish money, properly so called, is a kind of cop- men.
per cut in little square pieces, or plates, about the thickness CO'LCHESTER,a town of Essex, containing 12 churches,
of three English crowns, and weighing five pounds and a most of which are in good repair, and about 12,000 inhabit-
half, stamped at the four corners with the Swedisli arras, ants, including the liberties. It is situated on a fine emi-
and current in Sweden for a rixdollar, or piece of eight. nence near the Coin, which is navigable within three miles
of the town for ships of large burden, and for hoys and small
MUSCOVITE COINS. barks, to a place called the Hytlie, where is a auay close to
s. d. the houses. Here is a manufactory of baize and sevs ; all
The coppc of gold, worth i 6,0833 the towns, and the whole countrv around, being partU em-
Copec of silver, or denaing , 1 ployed in the spinning of wool for its trade by Colcliester ;
P"'usk 0^ and it is noted for ovsters and candied eringo-roots. It is
Motoske Oi 22 miles E. N. E. of Chelmsford, and 51 of London. Mar-
The ruble ot silver, valued at 4 6 kefs on Wednesday and Saturday.
The cheroonitzofgold, called ducat by foreigners 9 6 CO'LCOTHAli, s. in chemistry, the dry substance re-
It were easy to give an account of many other coins, such raaining after distillation, but generally applied to the caput
as tlie Polish, Turkish, Persian, Indian, &c. but as a particu- mortuura of vitriol.
lar description of these would take up more room than we COLD, a. \cold. Sax.] without warmth, or warming ; hav-
have to spare, we must refer the reader to such books as ing a sensation of cold, or shivering, because the particles
''^^ ??At'vi'''^''^ ''" ''"'^ subject. of air are less in motion than those of our own body, or being
To COIN, V. a. to mint, or stamp metals for money ; to mixed with nitrous particles, diminish the motion of those
" r^nf v" *!iS n^"^ V""''' "**''^ '" *'" '" ^'^"'*'^- f f 'be body ; that which is not volatile, or easily put in nu»-
CUlNAtitK, s. the stamping metals ; or making money, tion bv heat. Figuratively, unaffected ; not easily excited
1 Ins was formerly performed by a hammer, but at present by to action; indifierent; not able to move the passions;
179
COL
cor.
rrserved, or \oi(.l of the warmth of friendship and affection ;
chaste, teiniierate, not easily provoked to anger; not meet-
ing witb a warm or atlectionate reception ; deliberate ;
taJm.
COLD, s. something v'oid of heat' or motion, and which
<?ontaiiis in it no particles of fire; that which produces tlie
sensation of cold ; a disease caused by stopping perspira-
tion, and other cftects of cold weather.
COLDLY, (If/, without warmth or heat; with great in-
ditierence or unconcern.
COLDNESS, s. opposite to heat ; that quality which
causes a sensation of cold, and deprives a person of his natu-
ral warmth and lleat, want of kindness, love, esteem, or
aftection ; coyness, chastity, or freedom from any immotiest
desirfs.
CO'LDSTREAM, a town of Berwickshire, situated on
the >. side of the Tweed, with a fine bridge over that river,
11 miles S. W. of Berwick.
COLE, s. [ami, Sax.] a general name for all sorts of
cabb;ij;e
COLEBROOK-DALE, on the banks of the Severn, in
Shropsliire, is a winding glen between two hills, which
break into various forms, and are covered with woods.
Here arc very considerable iron works, and a large and
elegant bridge, of cast iron, of one arch. There is also
in the Dale a spring of fossil tar, or petroleum, together
with a spring of brine ; snd a work has been erected iiere
for obtainuig a kind of tar from the condensed smoke o.
pit-coal.
COLERA'IN, a town of Derry, in Ulster, which, before
the buildinjT of Londonderry, gave name to the county.
It has a valuable salmon fisiiery, and is situated 4 miles
from the sea, &c. on the Baiiii, (which, being rapid, it is
difficult for vessels to come up to the town) 23 miles N. E.
of Lo))donderry, and 114 from Dublin.
COLESEED, s. in botany, the rape, from whence rape-
seed oil is drawn, cultivated for feeding cattle.
CO'LESHILL, a town in Warwickshire, seated on the
ascent of a hill, near the Coin, 11 miles N. W. of Coventry,
iind 102 from London. Market on Wednesday.
COLEWORT, s. in botanv, a species of the cabbage.
COLFORD, COLEFORD, or Coverd, a town of
Gloucestershire, near which are considerable iron works.
It is 5 miles E. of Monmouth, and 124 N. E. of London.
Market on Tuesday.
CO'LIC, s. [colieui, Lat.] in medicine, a severe pain in the
lower venter, and so called because it was formerly thought
to be seated in the colon. A hiliotta colic proceeds from bili-
ous, sharp, and stimulating humours. A flatulent colic is a
pain in the bowels, owing to dry fceces contained in the
intestines. A nervous colic is from convulsive spasms, or
contortions of the guts, vvhereby their capacities are
straitened. An In/sto-ic colic arises from disorders peculiar
to women, and from a consent of parts. The stone cvlic
proceeds, by con^e^t of parts, from the irritation of the
.stone or gravel in the bladder or kidneys. The Devon-
shire ur plumbers' colic, is a species of colic believed to result
from the pernicious influence of lead.
CO'LIC, a. arti-ctiir„' the bowels. " Intestine stone and
ulcer, colic pangs." Milt.
To COLLA'I'SE, V. n. [from colhpsns, Lat.] to fall toge-
ther; to close together so as one side shall toiuli another.
COLLATSION, s. the state of vessels closing of them-
selves ; the act of cloiing together.
CO'LLAR, ». I from coZ/mw, the neck, Lat.] an ornament
of metal, worn by knights of several military orders, hang-
ing over the slioulders on the mantle, and generally con-
sisting of a gold <:hain, enamelled with cyphers and other
devices, and having the i)adge of the order suspended at
the bottom. That irf the ordi-r of the garter consists o
■S.V, with roses enamelled red, within a gart<'r enamelled
blue, ai.d a CJeorgr at the bottom. Collar is likewise that
ptrt of the harne-.i which is r<<MU(l a horse's neck. The
part of the dress which surrounds the neck. To slip the
collar, is a phrase for getting free, escaping or extricating
one's self from any dithcult engagement. A collar of brawn
is a quantity of brawn rolled and bound up in a roun-iish
parcel.
To CO'LLAR, 1'. a. to seize by the collar. Joined with
brawn, to roll it up and bind it tight witii a string, in order
to make it retain a round form.
CO'LLAR-BONE, s. the clavicle, one of the bones of
which are on each side of the neck.
To COLL'ATE, v. a. [collatum, Lat.] to compare one
thing with another of the same kind. Applied to books,
to compare and examine them, in order to tint} w liether any
thing be delicient, corrupted, or interpolated. Used witii
to, ito place in an ecclesiastical benefice.
COLLATERAL, v. [from cum, with and, lntiis, a side,
Lat.] side to side ; running parallel ; mutual, or such as
becomes near relations, applied to affection. In geogra-
phy, situated by the side of another. Not direct, oblique.
Concurrent, api)lied to proofs. In cosmography, inter-
mediate, or lying between tlie cardinal points. In genea-
logy, applied to relations of the same stock, but not in the
same line of ascendants and descendants ; such are uncles,
aunts, nephews, cousins. Collateral descent, in law, is that
which ])asses to brothers' children. Collateral assurance, is
a bond made over and above the deed itself for tlie per-
formance of a covenant. Collateral securitij, is a deed made
of other lands, besides those granted by the deed of mort
gage, on their not being a sufHcient security.
COLLA'TER.'\LLY, ad. side by side, applied to position
or situation. Not in the same line of descendants, though
from the same stock, applied to genealogy.
COLLATION, s. [eollatio, Lat.] the act of bestowing or
conferring applied to gifts or favours; the comparing one
copy or thing of the same kind with another. In canon
law, the bestowing of a benefice by a bishop, who has
right of patronage. An elegant public entertainment or
feast.
COLLATI'TIOUS, a. [colMithts, Lat.] done by tlie con
tribution of money.
COLLATOR, I. one who examines copies or manuscripts,
by comparing them with some other writing. In law, one
who presents to an ecclesiastical living or benefiee, gene-
rally applied to the presentation of a bishop.
To COLL.\'UD, I', a. [collawlo, Lat.] to join in praising.
COLLEAGUE, {kollecn;) s. \crlUga, Lat.] a partner or
associate in the same, office.
To COLLE'AGUE, (hblleeg) v. a. to unite or join with.
To COLLE'CT, V. a. [collectum, Lat.] to gather together;
to bring several things together, or into the same niaee ; to
add into a sum ; to infer, draw, or deduce from arguments.
FoUowed by the reciprocal pronouns hnnscif &c. to reco-
ver from a service ; to reassemble one's scattered ideas.
COLLECT, s. [collccta, Lat. J a sliort comprehensive
prayer, used in the church service.
COLLECTA'NEOUS, a. [collectancns, Lat.] gathered
together, collected.
COLLECTEDLY, ad. gathered in one view at once.
COLLECTIBLE, a. that may be gathered, or deduced
from anv premises.
COLLECTION, s. Uollectio, Lat.] the act of gathering
several pieces together; an assemblage of things in the same
place.
COLLECTITIOUS, {hollehtUhious) a. [colkciiiious, Lat.;
gathered up. Wants authority.
colle'ct — ' ""
■^CTIVE, a. \eollrctivus, Lat.] gathered »;>gcthc'-,
consisting of several members or parts, forming a whole, or
one common mass. In logic, a collective idea, is that which
unit«'s several things of the same kind. In grammar, a col-
lectirc noun, is a noun which expresses a multitude, or seve-
ral of Ihe sanu' sort, though used in the singular number ;
as a com nam/ ; an «)(HI/; n/ttel.
COLLE'CTIVELV, ad. in a br)dy, taken 'ogether, op-
posec' to singly or separately. In general ; generally ', Ut
one mass or heap.
COL
COL
COLLK'CTOIl, a. [enlleclor, f/at.] fine \\lin ■,'atliors scat-
ferod tliii'iTs t<>;;c4hfr; a compiler ; a tax-f,'atlier('r.
COLLE'GATAllY, s. [from am, with and le^ntnm, a
legacy, l.at.l in the civil law, a i>cison to whom is left a
legacy, in common with one or more other persons.
(jO'LLF.GlO, .?. [cnUes:ium, Lat.] a coinnuniity, or society
of men set apart for learning or religion. The word cn/tcf^e
Iteajs a different sense in dili'ereiit countries, (n (iermany,
there is the college of electors, who assemble in the diet of
Ratisbon. At Rome there is the college of cardinals, a body
composed of three distinct orders of them. The universities
of Oxford and Cambridge have their several colleges, in
which learning is taught. Among the .Jews were several
colleges, consisting generally of the tribe of Levi. Sanniel
is said to have founded the college of the prophets. Among
the Cireeks, the lyceum and academy were celebrated col-
leges. Colleges have been generally in the hands of those
devoted to religion. Thus the Magi in Persia, the Gymnn-
sophistsin the Indies, the Druids in Gaul and Britain, liad
the care of instructing youth in the sciences. After the es-
tablislnnent of Christianity there were almost as many col-
leges as monasteries, particularly in the reign of Cimrle-
magne, who enjoined the monks to instruct youth in music,
grammar, and arithmetic. In London, there is the CoUcfrc of
Civilians, commonly called Doctors C(mnnons, founded by
Dr. Harvey, dean of the arches, for the professors of the civil
law residing in London. Also, the Colh-o-e of Physicians, a
corporation of physicians in London, whose number, by the
cliarter, is not to exceed eighty. Sion Cu//in-r, or College of
the London clergy, who were incorporated in 1C31, at the
request of Dr. White, under the name of the president and
fellows of Sion College ; it is likewise an hospital forten poor
men, the first within the gates of the house, the other with
out. (ires/mm CoHeire, or College of Philosophy, founded by
Sir William Gresham, who built the Royal Exciiange. is now
pulled down, and the Excise Office built ou its site. The sub-
jects of the lectures (m)W read in a room over the Royal
ExcIiangc) are divinity, astronomy, music, geometry, rlie-
torir, civil law, and physic; each lecturer had 50l. a year,
and liad a lodging in the college. CoHes^e nf Heralds, com-
monly called the Hetnld's Office, a corjioration founded by
King Richard III. who granted them several privileges, as
fo be free from subsidies, tolls, offices, ttc. Colleges of
Common Law, see Inns of conrt.
COLLE'GIAL, a. relating to a college, or possessed by
a college.
COLLE'GI.\N, s. an inhabitant or member of a college.
COLLE'GIATE, «. consisting of colleges ; instituted or
regulated after the manner of a college. Collesriate church
is that which is endowed for a society or body corporate,
consisting of a dean and secular priests, without a bishop;
of this kind are Westminster-Abbey, Windsor, tie.
COLLETilATE, s. a member of college, or one bred
at an university.
COLLET, s. [from collam, the neck, Lat.] formerly any
thing that was worn about the neck. Figuratively, the
neck. Among Jewellers, that part of a ring in which the
atone is set.
To COLLI'DE I., a. [cnllidn, Lat.] to strike, beat, or
dash two things together, or against each other.
COLLIER, s. one who digs for coals in a mine ; one
w ho sells or deals in coals ; a vessel made use of to convey
coals by water.
COLLIERY, s. a coal work.
CO'LLIFLOWER, s. See CAULtFLowER.
COLLIGATION, s. [from cum, with and ligo, to bind,
Lat.l the binding things close, or together.
COLLIQUABLE, a. easily dissolved ; liable to be melted.
COLLI'QUAIMENT, s. the substance anv thing is re-
duced to by dissolution, or fusion, ;'. e. by hein - dissolved
or melted.
CO'LLIQUANT, part a. [coUiqnans, Lat.] that has the
power of dissolving, melting, or wasting.
To COLLIQUATE, v. «.[ra%»ra, Lat.] to melt, dis-
solve, or turn a solid into fluid heat, Ac. Ncuterly, tj
melt; to be dissolved.
COLLKiUATION, s. [eolliquatio, Lat.] the melting of any
thing by heat. In medicine, a disorder wherein the bloml
and other animal fluids flow through tiie secretory glands.
COLLrQUATlVK, «. melting or dissolvent. A colli.
f/nativefei'i:r is that which is attended witli a •liarrho'a, or
profuse sweats, from too lax a contexture of the fluids.
COLLIQUEFA'CTION, .1. [from colligwfarliu, Lat.] the
reducing different metals to «me mass, by melting them on
a fire.
COLLI'SION, s. [collisio, Lat.] the act of striking two
bodies together.
To COLLOCATE, r.ff.rra//ofo,Lat.Jto|)lace; to station.
COLLOCATION, s. colhcatio, Lat.] the act of placing;
disposition.
To COLLO'GUE, (WM") v. a. to weedle, flatter, im-
pose upon, or seduce by fair words. A low wimiI.
COLLOi', s. a thin slice of meat, or steak; a piece or
slice of any animal.
CO'LLOQUY, i. [from oHiH, with aiid loquor, fo speak,
Lat.] a conference or conversation ; a tliscourse in writing,
wherein two or nuire persons are represented as speaking
cr talking together on any topic.
CO'LLOW, s. [supposed by Johnson rather to be colly,
from rmil] the black grime of burnt coals or wood.
COLLUCTATION, s. [from mm, with and Inrtor, to
strive, Lat. | the mutual struggle or commotion o-f the par-
ticles of any fluid between themselves; opposition ; fermen-
tation. Figuratively, contest ; spite, nnitual opposition.
To COLLUDE, r. n. [from cum, with and Indn, to i)lay
or deceive, Lat.] to join in a fraud ; to conspire in imposing
on a person.
COLLUMPTION, a pretty handsome town of Devon-
shire, which carries on a manufacture of woollen. It is
seated on the river Colunili, 10 miles N. of Exeter, and l.OO
W. by S. of London. Market on Saturday.
COLLU'SION, s. [from cnm, with and Indn, to play or
deceive, Lat.] in law, a deceitful contract or agreement
between two or more persons, fir the one to bring an action
against the other, in order to defraud a third person of his
right.
COLLU'SIVE, a. fiaudiilently concerted or agreed upon
between two persons, in order to cheat a third.
COLLU'SIVELY, ad. concerted or contrived in a frau-
dulent manner, with a fraudulent design.
COLLU'SORY, s. [from cnm, with and ludo, fo play or
deceive, Lat.l carrying on a fraud by secret concert.
COLLY'RIUM, s. [Lat.] in medicine, an external reme-
dv for disorders in the eves.
"COLMAR, s. [Fr.] a sort of pear.
COLNBHOOK, a town of Bucks, principally supported
by the great inns on the Bath road. It is situate! on four
channels of the river Coin, over each of which it has a bridge,
18 miles W. of London. Part of the town, however, is in
Middlesex. Market on Wednesday.
COLNE, a town of Lancashire, near Pendle-Hill, 3f! miles
S. E. of Lancaster, and 214 N.N. W. of London. Jlarktt
on Wednesday.
COLO'CiNE,(A'o/ow) lately an electoral bishopric, and one
of the most fertile and considerable countries of Germany.
It was situated in the circle of the Lower Rhine, and was
divided into several districts by otiier states: the greater
part of it, however, lay on the Rhine, between the late du-
chies of Juliers and Berg. It contained 72 cities aiul towns*
and the country produces, besides corn and other necessa-
ries, excellent wine. The revenues were computed to
anfount to 130,0001 a year.
CO/ O'GNE, {Kblmi) the capital of the above, was an an-
cient, large city, seated on the W. bank of the Rhine, by
means of which river it trades npwards with the interior of
Germany, and downwards by large vessels with the Nether-
lands and Holland. It was a free imperial city, and though
the ejector had a palace here, he had not the libertv of stay
181
COL
OL
inp m It many days together, witliout the consent of the citi-
zens: nnr was he permitted to come at allwitli a numerous
attendance. It contains 10 collegiate, and 49 parish churches,
4 abbeys, Sfi convents, Hi hospitals, and 50 chapels. It is
built in the form of" a crescent, with 34 gates, and fortihrd
in the ancient manner. The streets, however, except tin'
principal ones, are dirty and ill-paved, and the houses ap[)ear
dark, and are thinly inhabited. Opposite to the city, on the
other side of the Rhine, is the village of Dentz, where there
is a flying bridge of boats over the river, across which a
Luge company of men, horses, &c. may pass at a time. It
is 17 miles S. E. of Jnliers, and 45 E. of Maestricht. " Lat
50. 55. N. Ion. 7. 10. E.
COLO'GN E.^RTH, s. a deep brown, very light bastard
ochre, which is no pure native fossil, but contains more
vegetable than mineral matter, and owes its origin to the
remains of wood long buried in the earth.
COLON, s. [Gr.] in grammar, a point or stop marhea
thus (:) used to make a pause greater than that «f the semi-
colon, and less tlian that of a period ; and when stops were
first invented, to separate any member of a sentence; but
at present it is used in a period where the sense seems com-
plete, but is lengthened by some supernumeraiv sentence,
beginning with an adversative conjunction, as but, nevertlie-
Isss, tic. In anatomy, tiie greatest and widest of all the
intestines, about eight or nine hands-breadth long.
CO'LONEL, (hubHl)s. [colonel, Fr.l an ofriccv in the army
who has the command ui chief of a regiuifnt. Cnhmel-
Litutenant is one who commands a regiment of the guards,
whereof tiie king, or other great personage, is colonel
Lieiiteimnt-Colonel is the second oiiicer of a regiment at the
head of the captains, and commands in the colonel's alv
sence.
CO'LONELSHIP, (huluelship)s. the office of a colonel.
To CO'LONIZE, (liohiui:e) v. a. to plant with inhabitants ;
to settle with people brought from some other place ; to
plant with colonies.
COLONNA'DE, «. [from re/o.-'jm, Ital.l a peristyle of a
circular form ; or a series of pillars placed in a circle, and
insulated withinside. Figuratively, any series or range of
pillars.
COLONY, s. [cohnia, Lat.] a body if people sent from
the mother country to culti\ate and settle some other
place. Figuratively, the country settled by a body of peo-
ple both in and coming from some other place.
CO'LOPHONY, (hohfomj) s. [Colophnn, a city, whence
it is imported] a resionons substance prepared of turpentine
boiled in water, and afterwards dried ; or from a slow
evaporation of a fourth or fifth part of its substance by
fire.
COLOQUI'NTED.'^, s. [from loilia, tlie belly, and Idneo,
to move, Gr.] the fruit of a plant of the same name brought
from the Levant, often called bitter-apple.
CO'LORATE, a. [coloratus, Lat.J coloured; dyed ; marked
or stained with anv colour.
COLOR.'^'TION, s. [from cohro, to colour, Lat.] the art
or practice of colouring or painting ; the state of a thing
coloured.
COLOIUTIC, o. [from cnlw, a colour, and /«cto, to make
Lat.] that has the power of producing colours, or of colour-
ing anv bodv.
COLO'SSE, or COLO'SSUS, f . \cohssus, Lat.] a statute of
enormous size ; that of Apollo at Rhodis, iiiiule by Chares,
was so liigh that ships could pass, with full sails, between its
legs; itslieight was 12Gfeet, fi'U people (ould fathom its
thumb ; it was overthrown by an eartli<piuke after standing
1360 years; and being found i)rostrate on the ^'round by
the Saracens, when they became masters of the island, was
s<jld by them to a Jew, who loaded SJOO camels w itli the
brass of it.
CO'LOL'R, (AiW/er)^. \c»hr, Lat.] the ditlereiif sensations
excited by the refracted rays of light, reflected on our eyes
in a dilfeieiit manner, according to thcditiV-rent size, shape,
w situation of the particles of which bodies arc composed.
In a popular or vulgar sense, the different hue in which
bodies appear to the eye. Figuratively, the rosy hue of the
cheeks ; the tints or hues produced by co\ cring any surface
viitli paint. I'mln- colour, appearance, or prrtence.
To CO'LOL'R, (hulltr) V. a. [coloro, Lai. J to mark, or dye
with some hue or tint. i<'iguratively, to palliate, or excuse:
to assign some plausible or suecious reason for an under-
taking; to blush.
CO'LOURARLE, {h'd!emble)a. specious, plausible.
CO'LODRABLY, (mierahlf)) ad. plausibly ; speciously.
CO'LOURl'^D, (/mWererf) po*. streaked ; diversified with
ditlerent hues.
CO'LOURING, (Itullerhig) s. tliat branch of painting
which teaches the proper distribution of lights and shades,
and laving the colours v^ith propriety and beauty.
CO'LOURIST, {kilterisl) s. a painter excellent in the tints
he gives his pieces, and the manner in which he disposes his
lights and shades.
C;0'L(")URLESS, «. without colour ; white; transparent.
COLT, s. [colt. Sax.] a young horse that has never been
ridden or broke. Figuratively, a raw, ignorant person.
COLTER, 5. [alitor, Sax.] the sharp iron of a plough,
which breaks up the ground perpendicularly to the plougl^
share.
CO'LTIE, s. a term used by timber-merchants for a de-
fect or blemish in some of the annidar circles of a tree,
whereby its value is much diminished.
CO'LTISII, a. resembling a colt ; wanton.
CO'LTSFOOT, 5. in botany, a species of tussilago, or
l)iitterbur, with yellow compound blossoms, and "angular
toothed leaves, somcnlial heart-sluiped, appearing after the
flower. The leaves are recommended in coughs and cm-
sumptive complaints, and have been found to be very ser-
viceable in scrofulous cases. It is found on moist, stiff,
marly lands, and amongst limestone rubbish, flowering in
March.
COLT's-TOOTH, s. an imperfect or superfluous tooth
in the mouth of a young horse. Figuratively, an inclination
toyouthtid iileasures, wantonness, or gaiety.
CO'LUiWBARY, s. [from colnmha,^ pigeon, Lat] a place
where doves or pigeons are kept; a dove-cot; a pigeon
house.
COLUMBATES, s. in chemistry, salts formed by the
combination of any base with the cohimliic acid.
CO'H'M.RIC, a. in cliemistiy, belongiMg to columbium.
CO'LUMBINE, J. [from coliimUi,-^ pigeon, Lat.] in dying,
a pale violet, or changeable dove-colour. Likewise the
heroine or chief female character in pantomime enter
tainments. A pknit, with leaves like the nuadow-rue.
COHJiM Ci IJ M, s. in chemistry, a metal newly discovered
in ."America.
CO'LUiMB MAGNA, or St. Columh, a little town in
Cornwall, but with a large parish, seated<>n a bill, at l!ie
bottom of which is a river which runs into the sea at a
small (listanee. It is 10 miles W. of UiKhiiin, ami 219 from
London. Markets oii!Monda\ ami Thursday.
COLU'MUO, a town . n the W. side of tlir island of Cey
Ion, formerly subject to the Dutch, but now in the hands of
tlw English." Lat. 7. 10. N. Ion. 79. 6fi. E.
CO'LUMN, {coliim) s. [colinriim, Lat.] in architecture, a
round pillar made to support or adorn a luiilding. In war,
a deep file or row of troops or division of an army, march
ing at the same time towards the same place, with intervals
lietween them to pnvent confusion. Synon. Ry the
word pilhir is understood a siip(iovler of some roof: by the
word colirmua particular kind oi pillin-, that which is round ,
thus every colnmn is ;i pilkr, though every pillor is not a
column. \Vilh printer's, a column is half a pagr, when
divided into two eipial parts by a line passing thruiigh the
middle, f om the top to the botioni ; and, by several parallel
lines, \)ages are often divided into three or more co-
lumns.
COLIT'MNAR, or COL'JiMNA'UIAH, a. formed in the
shape of a coinmii
COM
COM
COLUTvES, UtoMrz) s. [coluri, Lat.] in gcQ-nipliy antl
Rstroiioiny, two H;reat ciit-lcs iiird).;inL(l to intersect eac!i
other at ri^^litaMslfs, in the poles ol'llieworhl ; (ine (ifwliith
passes througii the eciuiiinctial points, Aries anil Lilna ; tin;
other throii'rii the solstitial points, Canter and Caprieom;
the latter dettrniiiiing the solstices, and the fornier the
tyjuinoxes.
CO'MA, .t. [Gr.] in physic, a kind of lethar;,'y or sleepy
disease, wherein a person has a violent propensity to
sleep.
COMATO'SE, a. [from Iwma, a drowsy disease, Gr.]
Ietliar";ic ; sleepy ; or aifected witli a coma.
COSl B, (/.omj^s. [annh. Sax.] an instrument made of horn,
tortoise-siiell, or box, sawed, throu^di which the hair is pass-
ed in order to cleanse or adjnst it ; likewise an instrument
made of iron or steel wires fixed upri<,'ht on a piece of wood,
thron!{h which Hax, wool, or hemp, is passed to prepare it
for spiiinini;. The top or crest of a cock, so called from its
resemblinfj the teeth of a comb. The receptacles or hollow
places in a bee-hive, wherein the honey is stored.
To COMB, (/;<im) v. a. [catiiOen, Sax.] to clean or smooth the
hair by passing a comb througii it ; to make wool or flax
fit for si)inning, by passin:< it through a comb.
To COMBAT, !i. n. [comhattrc, Fr.] to fight, generally
applied to a duel or a fight, where the persons engage hand
to iiand. Actively, to fight. Figuratively, to engage.
CO'MBAT, s. [combat, Fr.] a contest ; in ancient law, a
formal trial between two champions, to decide some doubt-
fid cause or quarrel, by -the sword or batoon ; a battle
witJi another, sometimes restrained to a duel, generally ap-
plied to an engagement between two persons ; a duel. Fi-
guratively, opposition or struggle.
CO'MBATANT, s. [comlutumt, Fr.] he that tights. Fi-
gurativeiv, a champion or stickler for any opinion.
CO'MB- BRUSH, s. a brush to clean combs.
COMBER, {homer) s. one who passes wool througii the
comb, and prepares it for the spinner.
CO'MB-MAKER, s. one w hose trade is to make comlu.
COMBINATION, s. an union of private persons for
some particular purpose. Figuratively, union t>f qualities
or bodies ; mixture. In chemistry, a term expressive of
a true chemical union of two or more substances ; in oppo-
sition to mere mechanical mixture. Union, or association,
applied to ideas. In mathematics, the variation, orditierent
order in which ajiv number of things may be disposed.
To COMBI'Nb", J). 0. to .join together. Figuralively, to
link togctli"vin unity, afi'ection, or concord. Ncuterly, to
join together, applied to things. Figuratively, to unite in
one body. To unite in friendsliip, applied to persons.
CO'>IBLESS, (hSmkss) a. wanting a comb, w ithout a comb,
applied to a cock.
GOMB-MA'RTIN, a town of Devonshire, seated on an
.inlet of tlie Bristol Channel, with a cove for the landing of
boats. It is 14 miles N. E. of Barnstaple, and 181 from
London. Market on Saturday.
COMBUST, a. [from combnro, to burn, Lat.] burnt.
Ill astronomy, applied to a planet when not above 8| degrees
distant foni the sun on either side.
COMBU'S'ilBLE, a. that may be burnt, or that easily
catches fire.
COMBUSTIBLES, substances which readily take fire.
In chemistry, certain substances which are capable of com-
bining moj-e or less rapidly with oxygen. They are divided
by clie'ui.sts into simple and compound combustibles.
COMBUSTIBLENESS, s. the quality of catching fire
cnsilv.
COMBUSTION, (!wml,Mi-,,,w) s. [Fr.] the burning of
several tilings together ; coiiflagiatuiii ; consumption by
tire. Figuratively, confusion, noise, hurry, commotion,
produeid by restless minds, either in moral or political
alia i IS.
To COME, i>. n. preter. / camr, or /are eome, participle
cwne ; \cuman. Sax.] to move from a distant to a nearer situ-
ati(m, cither to a thing or person ; to approach, draw near
to, or advance towards. To proceed ; to issue. To become.
To become present, and no longer absent. To happen; to
fall out. J'u canic riliijiit, to come to pass, to fall out. To
change; to come round. 'J'u totnr after, to iulUiw. To come
iu, to enter. To comply ; to yield ; to hold out no longer.
To arrive at a port or place or rendezvous. To becoiru;
modish or brought into use. To be an ingredient ; to make
part ofa composition. To come into, to .join with, to bring
help. To comply with; to agree to. To come over, tore-
peat an act. To revolt. To rise in distillation. To come
out, to be made public. To be discovered. I'o come mtt with,
to give a vent to ; 'o let fiy. To come iihroad, to be jniblicly
known or published. To cuini: to, to arrive at or attain. To
follow as a consequelicc ; to happen. To come ugain, to
come a second lime; to return. 7V) come «<, to reach. To
come by, to obtain, gain, or acquire. To come in for, to be
early enough to obtain a share of any thing, alluding to the
custom of hunting, where those dogs that are slow come in
for no share of the game. To come mar, to ajiproach ; to
assemble. To come off, to escape ; to quit or fall from, or
leave. To come on, to thrive, or grow ; to advance to com-
bat. To come to, to agree or consent ; to amount to, applied
to arithmetic. To come to himself, Ac. to recover from a
fright or a fit. To come up with, to overtake. 2'o come upon,
to invade, attack, or seize unexpectedly.
COME, interjection, implying an exhortation to atten-
tion, dispatch, and courage, when used singly ; .jUt when
repeated, it implies a grant, permission, supposition, or a
transition from tlie topic which preceded, to avoid giving
offence.
COME, ad. means when it shall come. To eome, in ful\.
rity ; not present.
COME'DIAN, s. [comidicTi, Fr.] one who acts on the
stage. In a restrained seiise, applied only to one who
appears in a comedy,; but in a more loose sense, any
actor.
COMEDY, s. [from lome, and ode, two Greek words, sig-
nifying a village and a iioem, because it was at first only a
poem exhibited in villages] a dramatic piece, representing
some diverting transaction, being an exact picture of com-
mon life, exposing the faults of private persons, in order to
render them ridiculous and iiiiiversally avoided.
CO'MELINESS, s. grace ; handsomeness united with an
apiiearance of dignity.
COMELY, a. handsome, graceful, applied to that ap-
pearance which excites reverence rather than love. Ap-
plied to things, that wliicli is suitable to a person's age and
condition, consistent with virtue, oragreeiableto the rules of
right reason.
CO'MELY, <id. in a graceful, becoming, and pleasing
manner.
CO'MliR, s. that Mhich soon grows, or rises above
ground, applied to plants. A visitor, a person who enters
or settles in a place. To give jip one's self to the first
comer, is to embrace any doctrine implicitly, and without
examination.
COMET, s. [from coma, a lock of hair, Lat.] in astrono-
my, an opaque heavenly body, like the planets, moving in
its proper orbit, which is very eccentric, having one of its
foci in the centre of the sun. It is distinguished not only
by its orbit, but likewise by its appearance, from the planets,
as being bearded, tailed, Inid haired ; bearded when east-
ward of the sun, and its li^ht marcJies beiore ; tailed whea
westward of the sun, and the train follows it; and haired
when diametrically opposite to the sun, having the earth
between it, and all its tail hiil except a few scattered rays
The orbits of comets approaching near to a right line ii.
some parts thereof, they go honearihr- sun, that, acc«rdiiig
to Sir Isaac Newton's computation, the sun's heat, in that
remarkable one in 1680, was to Ids heat with us, as twenty
eight thousand to one; and that tlie heat of the body of tlie
comet, was near two thousand times as great as that of red
hot iron. To this let it be added, from the same great au-
'hor, lliut those bodies arc so far from being such tremendoas
1&3
CO\'
COM
olijectsas they are esteemed to be by the vulgar, and falsely
pretended to be by atlicists ; tliat tlieir atmospheres being
dilated, rarefied and diffused through tlie celestial regions,
may be attracted down to the planets, become mingled witli
tlieir atmospheres, and by that means supply the deficiences
which would otherwise, bv continual exhausting, affect this
and other planets ; so that their revolutions, instead of
!)ein^ looked onus the harbinn;ers of terror and calamity,
should rather be esteemed a friendly and benevolent visft,
uherein they bestow such presents to every planet they
pas? by, as arc requisite to prevent its decay, and supply its
intiahit;iiits with such tilings as are necessary to their exist-
ence. Of the vast number of comets which have been dis-
co\ered, the courses of so few iiave been at present accu-
rately calculated, as to leave considerable doubts on the
subject of their revolutions.
COMETA'RIUM, s. [Lat.] a mathematical machine, rc-
prcsentin!,' the method of a comet's revolution.
CO'iMETARY, orCOME'TIC, a. that belongs or relates
to a comet.
CO'IMl'IT, s. [kmifit, Belg.] a dry sweet-meat ; any vege-
table preserved by boiling it in sugar, and drying it after-
v\ards.
To COMFORT, V. a. \cotnfurto, low Lat.] to strengthen,
evcite, invigorate, enliven, or make a person inidertake a
thnig boldly by persuasions; to make a person jjrow cheer-
ful that is in sorrow, by advice and arguments.
COMFORT, s. support, assistance, or countenance ;
consajat'o?^, or support under calamity and danger.
COMFORTABLE, a. receiving relief or support in dis-
tress; affording consolation; having the power of lessen-
ing distress.
COMFORTABLY, arf. in a cheerful maimer; in a man-
ner free from dejection or despair.
COMFORTER, s. one that diminishes or lessens the
degree of a person's sorrow under misfortunes; one who
strengthens and supports the mind in misery or danger.
Tlie title of the Third Person of the Holy Trinity.
COMFORTLESS, a. without comfort, without any thing
to lighten the burden, or allay the sensation of misfortunes ;
applied both to persons and things.
COMFREY, s. in botany, a piece of the Symphytum
of Linnaeus, with leaves betwixt egg and spear shajied, run-
ning along the stem, and yellowish white or purple blossoms.
It is found on the banks of rivers and \^■et ditches, flowering
ii; May.
CO'MIC, or CO'MICAL, a. {vomique, Fr.] relating to,
or tit for comedy : ridiculous or causing mirth, either from
an unusual assemblage of ideas, seemingly inconsistent, or
antic gestures, and polite raillery.
COMICALLY, ad. in such a manner as to raise mirth,
either by an association or assemblage of ideas seemingly
inconsistent, by polite or good-natured raillery, or by so<ne
odd or antic gestures.
CO'MICALNESS, s. that quality by which a thing ap-
pears <)d<l or ridiculous, and raises mirth in the mind.
COMING, s. the act of moving towards a person or
place ; approach ; preseiice, or arrival ; the presence of a
filing which was absent some lime before. ('iimii:a:-in, the
product of a person's estate, pension, salary, or business.
COMINtJ, pari, applied to the iuclinaliou, propensity,
or aft'ection ; fond; forward; easily complying. Applied
to time, something not present; boinething fufiire.
QOyiVVX \L, {hmmhrti) a. (from aimitia, Lat.] relating
to an assembly, applied particularly to that of the I'omans.
CO'MMA, *. [Cir.] in grammar, a pause, or stop marked
thus,f,)Uf>e(l to distinguisli such members of a discourse I'rom
rarh oilier, wherein there is a verb and nominalive case, or
srveral iiopns, adjectives, or subslanlive, in llie same sen-
tence, not joini'd by a conjuncliou, and where the sense is
not complete. In musi<-, the smallest of all Ihe sensible
intervals of tone, seldom used but in lhe<>r>-, to shew the
justness of the concords, and is alxiut Ihe ninth part of a
tone, or interval, whercbv a perftict semitone, or lone, sur-
18-1
passes an imperfect one. In natural history, a very beau
tiful moth, so called from its having a \\ Idle mark on one ot
its wings, in the form of this point.
To COMMA'ND, v. a. [vommaiukr, Fr.] to order, in-
cluding the idea of aulhority ; to keep in subjection ; t>
oblige a person to perform any thing. Figuratively, to ab-
rogate or claim by mere force ; to overlook; to lie "situated
above anyplace, so as to be able to look into, or annoy it
COMMA'XD, s. authority or power. Figuratively, the
exercise of authority, or enforcing obedience. In a mili-
tary sense, the power of overlooking and taking or anaoy
ing any place.
COALMA'NDER, s. he that has the direction of, or
authority over olliers. In a military sense, a leatler
chief, or officer. A paving-beetle, or rammer. In surgery
an instrument, called likewise a glossocomiuni, used inmost
tough, strong bodies, where the luxation has been of long
continance.
COMMA'NDERY, s. the exercise of a command, or the
office of a commander. In history, applied to a benefice
or fixed revenue belonging to a luilitary order, and con-
ferred on ancient knights, who had done some considerable
service to the order.
COMMANDMENT, s. {cmmnrmdemcnf, Fr.] an express
order to do or abstain from any tiling. \\ hen it orders any
thing to be done, it is named a puaitiie command ; but when
it forbids the doing a thing, it is then termed a negatne
compifiml.
COMMA'NDRESS, s. a woman vested with supreme
authority.
COMMATE'RIAL, a. [from con or cum, with, and mafe-
ritt, matter, Lat.] consisting of the same multer with anotlitr
thing.
COMMATERIA'LITY, .«. of the same matter or sub-
stiuice with another; resemblance to something in its mat-
ter or substance.
COMME'MORABLE, «. [from coji, with, used frequently
to strengthen the signification, and meinorahilis, memorable,
Lat.] desei-ving to be mentioned with honour and reverenc*,
wortliv to be celebrated and kept in remembrance.
To COMMEMpRATE, v. a. [from con, v ith, used here
to strengthen the signification, and menumibilis, memorable,
Lat.] to preserve the memory by some public act; to cele-
brate solemnly.
COMMEMORATION, s. the doing something in order
to preserve the remembrance of any person or thing.
COMMEMORATIVE, a. tending to preser>e the re-
membrance of any person or thing.
ToCOMME'NCE, v. n. [commcnccr, Fr.] to begin; to
take its beginning ; to assume a new character which it
never did before, a|iplied to persons and things.
COMMENCEMENT, .«. beginning; date.
ToCOMME'ND, v. a. [from con, with, and inniido, to en-
trust, to commend, Lat.] to represent a person as possessed
of those virtues that demand notice, apiuobation, and es-
teem ; to praise ; to deliver, or entrust with confidence,
and full assurance of protection. To desire to be mentioned
in a kind and respectful manner.
COMMETSDABLF^o. worlliv of praise.
COMME'NDABLV, ad. laudably ; iu a manner worthy
of commendaliou.
COMME'NDAM, s. \commcnda, low Lat.] in canons, a va
cant benefice vhich is given to a itersoii to supply till some
oilier person is presented or named lo it.
COM MEN DATA RY, .v. one who holds a living on com-
mendani.
COMMENDATION, s. a favourable representation o.
a person's good (jualities ; praise ; recommendation ; a
message of1<iiidiiess.
COMMENDATORY, n. that commantls or engages no-
lice, esteem, and approbalioii, from a favourable display of
good (jualities ; containing praises.
COMMI'.'NDER, «. ine wivo i)rai3es or displays tht vir-
tues of anollicr, ill order to render him esteemed and beloved.
COM
COM
COMMKNSA'LITY, s. [from eov, with, and mf-ma, a ta-
ble, Lat.J the act of eating, or sittinjj to vm\, at the same
tablo witli another.
COMMRNSUUAB'rLITY, or COMMENSURABLE-
NESS, t. the capacity of beinij meabured hy some common
measure or standard.
COMME'NSUKABLE, g. [from nn, with, and menmra, a
measure, Lat.] in geometry, having some common aliciuot
part, or which may be measured by some connnon measure,
so as to leave no remainder. Thus an inch and a yard are
comnuustirMe, because an inch taken .'jC limes is a \ard.
To COMMETM.SURATE, v. a. from <•««, wiili.an.l w»-
tu)-a, a measure, Lat.] to reduce to one connnon measure ;
to extend as far as.
COMME'NSURATE, a. reducible to one common
measure ; equal ; proportionate.
COMME'NSURATELY, arf. a capacity of measuring or
Deing measured by anotiier, equally extensive.
COMMENSURATION, s. the reduction of, or measur-
ing a thing by some common measure ; proportion.
To CO'MMENT, v. n. [fanmientor, Lat.] to write notes;
to explain, interpret, or expound.
CO'MMENT, s. notes or annotations, in order to explain
ail author; exposition ; explanation; remark.
CO'MMENTARY, s. [rnmmcntariiis,_ I.at.| a continued
aiid critical explanation of the sense of an author.
COMMENTATOR, s. one who writes remarks, notes,
or explanations of an a ithor.
COMMENTITIOUS, {kommentMlnvs) <t. [from commen-
tator, to feign, Lat.] invented- forged ; fictitious ; without
any existence but in tiie brain.
COMMERCE, s. [from cum, with and mer, merciiandisc,
Lat.] the exchinge of conmiodities, or the buying and
selling merchandise both at home and abroad, in order to
gain profit, and increase the conveniences of life. Nothing
more clearly exhibits the uncertainty of human aflkirs than
tJie history of commerce. Among the most ancient com-
mercial nations, were the Egyptians, Phoi-nicians and
(-arthagenians, to which may be added some companies
of Arabians. Solomon, king of Israel, cultivated com-
merce with great diligence, and hence derived a large
portion of that prodigious wealth which enabled him to
build the tenipie. The Romans protected commerce
through tlieir extensive empire, but did not seek to mono-
polise it within their own possession. During the middle
a^es, commerce was chiefly carried on by the Italians and
Germans. . The most commercial Italian states were the
Pisans, Florentines, Genoese, and Venetians, who, abound-
ing in shipping, took occasion to spread themselves through
all the ports of the Levant and Egypt, and bringing thence
silk, spices, and other merchandises, and furnisliing witli
tlicm the greatest part of Europe. Towards tlie end of the
twelfth century, the German cities situate on the coast of
the Baltic, and on the rivers that ran into it, obtained a
considerable traffic with the neighbouring states, anil formed
a confederation of 72 towns, called the Hans Towns. At
the beginning of the Kith century, after the discovery of
AmericaaiMJ the Cape of good Hope, the cnmmerce of the
East was chiefly engrossed by the Portuguese, and that of
the West by the .Spaniards. An hundred years after, their
glory was eclipsed by the English and Dutch, and since the
late revolution in France, the English may be regarded as
standing without a rival in commercial importance. Synon.
Commerce is used figuratively, for intercourse of any kind.
Traffic relates more to the exchanging of merchandise ;
trade and commerce, to that of buying and selling ; with this
difference, that trade seems to imply the manufacturing and
vending of merchandise within ourselves; commerce, nego-
ciating with other countries.
C0MME'RCL\L, a. .belonging or relating to trade or
commerce.
To CO'MMIGRATE, v. n. [from con, with, and jtvp-o,
to remove, Lat.] to move in a bodv, or with one common
tionienl, from one countrv to another.
B b
I
COMMIGRATFON, s. the removal of a larKf number of
persons oranimaK from one country to another.
COMMINA'TION, .v. [friiiii mm, with, here inserted to
strengthen the signification, and minor, to threaten, Lat.]
a threat, a declaration or (leniinciation of punisliraent or
vengeance for any crime; an oliice of the thurcli, contain-
ing the threatenings denounced against any breach of the
divine laws, and recited on Ash-Wednesday.
COMMITS'ATORY, n. aiiplicdio a clause in any law or
edict, importing a punishment for the breach or violation
of it.
COMMIXU'IBLE, n. [from romminun, to break in pieces,
Lat.] that may be broken, powdered, or reduced into small
parts.
To COMMINUTE, v.a.{homcon, with, to strengthen
the signification, and mimin, to make Jess, Lat.] to pulverize;
to grind; to break into small parts.
COMMINUTION, s. the act of reducing into small par-
ticles, bv grinding, powdering, breaking, or chewing.
COM'Ml'SERAI'.LE, n. [from e»», with, to strengthen tiie
signification, and miscrcor, to pity, Lat.] that deserves, or is
the object of pity and relief ; shewing pity and compassion
to persons in distress.
To COMMISERATE, r. a. [from con, with, to strengthen
the signification, and miseri-or, to pity, Lat.] to pity ; to
compassionate. SynoN. We naturally commiserate the
sorrows of one we love. We may pity, and yet not have
compassion. We may have both pity and compassion, yet not
comtniserate.
COMMISERATION, s. [cotniniseratio, Lat.] a tender,
sympathizing, and afi'ectionate regard for those in distress.
CO'MMISSARY, s. [commissarins, low Lat.] an oificer
commissioned occasionally for a certain purpose ; a delegate
or deputy. In church government, one w ho exercises ec-
clesiastical jurisdiction in such places as are at a considera-
ble distance from the bisliop's see. In the army, a commisa-
ry-general of the musters, is one who takes a view of the nunt-
bers or strength of every regiment, sees that the horse are
well mounted, and that the nieu be well clothed and accoi>.
tred. Commissanj freneral of provisions, furnishes the army
with every necessary for its food.
COMMI'SSION,"*. [from committo, to commit, Lat.] the
act of entrusting any thing; a trust ; a warrant by wliich
any trust is held. In common law, tiie warrants or letters
patent, which all persons, exercising jurisdiction, have ti)
empower them to hear and determine any cause or suit, as
commission of the judges, A-c. There are a great variety of
Commissions issued from the crown. In trade, it sometimes
means the power of acting for another, and sometimes the
premium or reward a person receives for so doing, which is
j, 1, 2, 3, or more per cent, according to the nature or cir-
cumstances of the affair.
To COMMISSION, v. a. to authorize, empower, appoint,
or give a person authority to discharge an otfice.
COMMISSIONER, s. one whose name is inserted in
any warrant for the discharge of a public office ; one em-
powered to act in a particular quality by patent or
warrant.
COMMI'SSURE, s. [commissura, Lat.J a joint; or a place
where two bodies, or the parts of an animal body, are joined
together.
To COMMIT, V. a. [committo, Lat.] to entrust ; or trust a
person ; to send a person to prison ; to perform, act, or
perpetrate some crime or fault.
C0MMITM1':NT, s. the act of sending a person to
prison ; imprisonment.
COMMITTEE, s. a number of persons to whom tht
consideration or examination of an affair is referred.
COMMITTER, «. a perpetrator ; he that commits.
COMMI'TTIBLE, «. liable to be committed ; an object
worthy of imprisonment.
To COM^II'X, V. a. [from, con, with, and miscro, to mingle,
Lat.] to mix, blend, or join several things together, or into
>ue mass.
1S6
COM
COM
COMMIXION, COMMIXTIOX, s. mixture ; incorpo-
ratinn.
COMMI'XTURE, s. the act of luingiing ; tlie state of
being mingled ; incorporation.
COMMODE, s.[Yt.] tiic head-dress of a uonian.
COx'ilMODIOUS, H. [commodus, Lat.] suitable to any par-
ticular purpose; free from any liinderance or obstnielion ;
convenient ; seasonable, or suitable ; spacious, well con-
trived, applied to building.
COMMOTDIOUSLY, ad. in a convenient manner, ap-
plied to situation. Enjoying the necessaries and comforts
of life, applied to condition. Fitted or suited to any par-
ticular end or view.
COMMO'DIOUSNESS,*. the fitness or suitableness of
a thing to any end ; advantage.
COMMODITY, s. [commodiuis, Lat.] convein"ency, profit,
interest, or advantage. In commerce, A\ares, goods, nier-
cliandise, or that which is the object of t'-nde.
COMiMODO'RE, .t. in the navy, an under admiral, or
person commissioned to connnand a squadron of ships.
When three or more sail of ships are in company, the eldest
captain assumes this post, and has this title. The commo-
dore's ship is distinguished by a broad, red pendant, taper-
ing towards the outer end, anrl sometimes forked.
COMMON, n. [cummunis, Lat. J that is enjoyed by dif-
ferent species of animals ; belonging equally to more than
one ; the property of no person ; without a proprietor or
possessor; vulgar; mean; trifling; frequently seen ; usual;
easy to be had ; of little value; general; public; intended
for the use of every body. In grammar, applied to such
verbs as sigjiify both action and passion. Applied to nouns,
such as signify both sexes under one terra, as parent signi-
fies both father and mother.
COMMON, s. an open field, free for any inhabitant
of the lordship wherein the common lies to graze his
cattle in.
To COMMON, r. V. to enjoy a right of pasture in an
open field in conjunction with others.
COTMMONABLE, a. tliat may become open or free,
applied to ground.
COMMONAGE, s. in law, the right of pasture in a
common; or fishing in another person's water; or of dig-
ging turf in the ground of another ; the joint right of using
any thing equally and together with others.
CO'MNIONALTY, s. [cutnmanttHte, FrJ the people of
the lower rank ; the common people. Figuratively, the
major part or bulk of mankind.
CO'MMONER, s. one of the conmion people ; one of
low rank ; a person who bears no title ; one who has a seat
in the house of commons. In law, one who has a joint
right to pasture, Ac. in an open field. In the University,
one who wears a sipiare cap w ith a tassel when under gra-
duate, is of rank between a battler and gentleman common-
r.r, and eats at the common table.
CO.MMONITION, «. [from mn, with, to strengthen the
signification, and moiieo, to admonish, Lat.] advice, warn-
ing.
CO'M!\ION LAW, s. customs, which by long prescrip-
tion have obtained the force of law, and vcre received as
laws i'l England, before any statute was enacted in parlia-
mci.t to alter the same ; and arc now distinguished from the
statute law.
CO'M MONEY, OT/. generally ; frequently; usually.
CO'MMONNE.SS, s. frequency, or repetition ; partici-
pation among, or ap]ilicatu)n to several.
To COMNONPL V'CI'-, v. «. to reduce to, and transcribe
under general heads.
COMMONI'LACE-ROOK, s. a book wherein things or
extracts are recorded alphabetically, or reduced to general
beads, in order to assist a persrm's memory, or enable him
to supply himself with any curious observations on any
topic lie wants.
CO'.MMON-PLEA.S, t. the king's court, now held at
Westminster, but formerly nioveabh ; it was erected at the
I8G
lime that Henry III. granted the great charter. In personal
and mixed actions, it has a concurrent jurisdiction with the
King's Bench ; but has no cognizance of the pleas of the
crown; the actions come hither by originals; the chief
judge is called Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, who
is assisted by three other judges, all of them created by
letters patejit.
CO MiMON-PRAYER, s. the liturgy, or forms of mrvkf,
used by the church of England.
CO'M.MONS, *. the vLdgar; the lower sort of people;
the lower house of parliament, consisting of members chosen
by the people. A portion of tood or victuals usually eaten
atone meal, so called at the universities.
COMMONWEAL, or COMMONWEALTH, {homm<m.
weel, or konimo7iu(lth) s. in its primary sense, used in law, the
common good; a regular form of government or ])olitv,
established by common consent ; a form of government in
which the supreme power is lodged in the people ; a r««-
public ; a democracy.
CO'MMORANCE, or COMMORANCY, s. dwelling:
habitation ; abode ; residence.
CO'MMORAN'T, «. [from eommoror, to reside, Lat.] rcii-
dent, dwelling, tarrying, sojourning.
COMMOTION, s. [from commoveo, to agitate, Lat.] tu-
mult, disturbance, sedition, disorder, or confusion, arising
from the turbulent dispositions of its members, applied to a
state. Figuratively, inward confusion or violence; dis-
order of mind; perturbaticm ; a violent motion or agita-
tion.
To COjMMLTNE, v. 11. [commmiico, Lat.] to converse ; to
talk together; to impart sentiments mutuallv.
COMMUNICABrLrrY, «. an open or generous dispo-
sition, whereby a person is willing to impart his sentiment';
to another; the possibility or power of being imparted or
communicated to another.
COMMUTS^ICABLE, a. [commnnicahle, Fr.] that may
become the property of, or be related or imparted to an-
other ; used witii to.
COMMUNICANT, s. one who partakes of the blessed
sacrament.
To COMMUTSTCATE, v. n. [communico, Lat.] to impart
to another ; to make another a joint partaker w ith ourselves ;
to confer or bestow a possession ; to discover one's senti-
ments or knowledge to another. Neuterly, in theology,
to receive the sacrament of the Lord's Supper ; to be con-
nected or joined ; to have something common witJi an-
other.
COMMUNICA'TION, s. [commmiication, Fr.] applied to
science, the act of imparting, discovering, or revealing. .V
common inlet or passage, leading from one place to another ;
the mutual intelligence kept up between persons or places ;
a conversation, conference, or imparting a person's senti-
ments in mutual discourse.
COMMU'MCATIVE, a. inclined to make advanta-jes
common; liberal of benefits or knowledge; not close; not
selfish.
COMMUTSflCATIVENESS, s. readiness of imparting
benefits or knowledge to others.
COM.M UNION, s. [from fowm»«u, common, Lat.] inter-
course ; fellowship; common possession; a partaking of
the same thing. In divinity, the common or public celcbni,
tioii of the Lord's Supper.
COMMUNITY,*, [cowmir.iitas, from rommmiis, commoi.,
Lat.] a government ; a body of people united together in
th.e same form of government ; common participation, pos-
session, or enjovmeiit, opposed to approbation.
COMMUTABILITY, s. the quality of being the proper
object of interchange, or of being capable of exchange.
COMMU rABLE, n. analliration or change of disposi-
tion orsenlimenl, applied to the mind. A change or form
<d' piality, applied to bodies; tlir giving <me thing in ex-
change for anifllK'r ; the substituting a pecuniary tor a
corporeal punishment ; that may be ransomed or re-
deemed.
COM
COMMUTATION, s. [Crdm commutn, (o cliange, Lat.l
change, alteration, l):utcniij,' ; the extliaii^'ing a ttjrporeal
for a pecuniary punishi'ient.
COMMUTATIVE, n. [from commuto, to cliange, Lat.]
rclatinfj to exchange. C'o«im»(n(n'f jm^ut, that which is ex-
crcisea in trade, and is opposed to fraud or extortion in
bnyins and selling'.
To COMMUTE, v. a. [from commutn, to ciianf;e, Lat.l to
cxchanije ; to put one thing in the place of another ; to buy
of!', or ransom. Ncuterly, to atone ; to bargain for ex-
emption.
COMMUTUAL, a. mutual ; reciprocal. Used only in
poctr>'. " Commiititnl ze'A\." Pope.
CO'MO, a town, lake, and district of Milan. The lake
is about 5 miles in breadth, and 88 in circumference. The
town is situated on the S. extremity of the lake. Here the
younger Pliny was born, who, in his letters, speaks with
rapture of the delightful scenery in the environs of his na-
tive town. His statute is placed in an niche on the outside
ofone of the churclies, with a latin inscription, bearing the
date of 1499. The inhabitants have established several
manufactories of cotton and silk, and trade with the Ori-
sons. Coino is 20 miles N. W. of Milan. Lat. 45. 44. N.
Ion. 9. 7. E.
CO'MORA ISLANDS, a cluster of islands in the Indian
Ocean, lying opposite to the coast of Zangucbar, in Africa ;
N. of the Channel of Mosainbine, and N. W. of Madagascar.
They are four in number, Johanna or Anjoin, Mayotta,
Mobilla, and Comora or Angazija. Comora, which gives
• lame to the rest, is about fi leagues lonij and 3 wide. The
mountains are lofty, and richly clothed with wood, chiefly
fruit-frees ; tine streams are numerous, and the grass and
trees are green throughout the year. They produce rice,
peas, yams, purslain, cocoa-nuts, plantains, oranges, lemons,
citrons, iimes, pine-apples, cucumbers, tamarinds, sugar-
canes, and honey. Their animals are buffaloes, goats, tor-
toises, cameleons, large bats, hens, and a great variety of
birds unknown in Europe. Though Johanna is not the
largest island, the Arabs, who have settled here, exact tri-
bute from all the others. They are about 3000 in number,
profess the Mahometan religion, and are settled on the sea-
coast. The original natives, in number about 7000, occupy
the hills, and are frequently at war with them, as are also
the natives of the other islands. In the interior part of the
island is a lake accounted sacred by the natives ; on this
there is a number of ducks, wiiich they hold in veneration.
Being averse to conduct strangers there, they stipulate that
all guns shall be left at a place 5 miles from the lake. The
birds being thus kept in safety, become perfectlv tame, and
fearlessly approach those who go to see them. Tlie Arabian
part of the islanders detest thissupertition, but dare not for-
i)id the practice of it. The East India sliips often touch
liere for refreshments. The people on the coast speak Eng-
lish intelligibly. They preserve the language and manners
of Arabia, and are not of so dark a complexion as the origi-
nal natives. The Comora islands lie between 11 and 13
deg. S. lat. and between 44. and 47. E. Ion.
CO'MP.\CT, s. [paction, Lat.] a bargain or agreement
entered into by two orniore parties ; a contract.
To COMPACT, 0. a. [compaciiim, from coinpingo, Lat.J
to unite orjoin together closely ; to consolidate, or render
solid by pressing the particles of a body close together ; to
league or enter into a bargain.
COMPA'CT, o. [compactus, Lat.] close, dense, and heavy ;
having few pores, and those very small. Ai>plied to style,
concise, or containing much matter in few words.
COMPA'CTLY, ad. in a close, neat manner.
COMPA'CTNESS, j. firmness, hardness, density.
COMPA'CTURE, *. tile manner in which any thing is
joined ; ajoint or joining. '
COMPA'GES, .«. [Lat.J a composition or system wherein
teveral things are.joini d or united.
COMP.'VGINA TION, s. [compngn, Lat.] union, or joining
icvcrai pirts together.
COM
COMPA'NION, *. [compaf-jum, Fr.J one withwho.Aa
person frequently converses, or with whom he is geiuirally
yeen.
COMPANIONABLE, «. fit for the company of others
agreeable : sociable.
COMI'ATSIONSHIP, s. a body of men forming one com-
pany ; lellowship or association.
COMPANY, s. \compap,-iiie, Fr.] several persons assembled
in the same room, eitlier for conversation or mutual en'cr-
tainment ; several persons united togctlier to carry on one
general and coniuion design ; a number of persons united
or incorporated by some charter ; a body corporate ; a cor-
poration. The several professions and bodies exercised in
the city of London, are incorporated into distinct frater-
nities, governefl by their particular laws. They are 91 in
number, viz. 1. Mercers, 2. Grocers. 3. Drapers. 4.
Fishmongers. 5. Goldsmiths. 6. Skinners. 7. Merchant
Taylors. 8. Haberdashers. 9. Sailers. 10. Ironmongers.
11. Vinters. V2 Clothworkers. 13. Dyers. 14. Hrevvers.
l."). Leather-sellers. 16. Pewterers. 17. Harber-surgeons.
18. Cutlers. 19. Bakers. 20. Wax-chandlers. 21. Tallow-
chandlers. 22. Armourers. 23. Giidlers. 24. Butchers.
2.i. Sadlers. 20. Carpenters. 27. Cordwaiiiers. 28. Pain-
ter-stainers. 29. Curriers. 30. Masons. 31. Plumbers.
32. Innliolders. 33. Founders. 34. Poidterers. S.^i. Cooks.
36. Coopers. 37. Tylers and Bricklayers. 38. Bowyers.
39. Fletchers. 40. Blacksmiths. 41. Joiners and Cielers.
42. Weavers. 43. Woolmen. 44. Scriveners. 4.'>. Fruit-
erers. 46. Plaisterers. 47. Stationers. 48. Broderers.
49. Upholders. 50. Musicians.* 51. Turners. .52. Basket-
makers. 53. Glaziers. 54. Homers. 55. Farriers. 50.
Paviors. 57. Loriners. 58. Apothecaries. 59. Ship-
wrights. 60. Spectacle-makers. 01. Clo<k-makers. G2.
Glovers. 63. Comb-makers. 04. Felt-makers. 02. Frame-
work-knitters. 06. Silk-throwers. 67. Siiknien. 68. Car-
men. 69. Pin-makers. 70. Needle-makers. 71. Gar-
deners. 72. Soap-makers. 73. Tin plate -workers. 7-1.
Wheelwrights. 75. Distillers. 70. Hatband-makers. 77.
Patten-makers. 78. Glass-sellers and looking-glass-makers.
79. Tobacco-pipe-makers. 80. Coach and harness-makers.
81. Gunsmiths. 82. Gold and silver wire-drawers. 83.
Long bow-string makers. 84. Card-makers. 85. Fan-ma-
kers. 86. Woodmongers. 87. Starch-makers. 88. Fisher-
men. 89. Parish-clerks. 90. Porters. 91. Watermen, i<:c.
There were formerly various trading companies, some of
which have become extinct. By far the most important of
any now existing, is the East India Company, which mono-
polizes all the trade to the East Indies and China. Much
dispute has been of late agitated concerning the utility of
this company. In war, cow/)rt»!/ means a small body of in-
fantry, under one captain. In the marine, a niindier of
merchant ships going the same voyage, and mutual!' bound
by charter party, to stand by and defend each other. Tu
hear or keep compamj, is to go with a person, or to \ isit him
often.
To CO'MPANY, V. a. to 1)6 often in a person's presence ;
to go or walk vyith a person ; to attend ; to associate witli.
CO'MPAIIABLE, a. uortliy to be compared; equal to,
or resembling.
COMPARABLY, ad. in such a manner as is worthy of
comparison; in a comparative manner.
CO'MPARATES, s. in logic, the two things compared to
one another.
COMPARATIVE, a. [from eomparo, to compare, Lat.]
that results uierelv from a comparison with another ; that
has the power of forming a comparison, or comparing two
things or ideas together, in order to find out their resem-
blance or ditVerence. In .grammar, the comparative degree,
wherein two or more ideas are compared together, and
the difference, eitlier in excess or diminution, is expressed.
COiVIPA llATIVELY, ad. in a comparative inauiier; ac-
cording to the distance or likeness found from comparing.
To COMPA'RE, t>. a. [eomparo, Lat.] to bring two or moie
things togetJKr, ii order, by an inspection of them, t(, fiii,t
JS7
COM
COM
in w'mt tlioy agree or illiler ; to apply one lliiiig as tlie mea-
sure of another ; to lilieii. When the comparison intends
only an ilhislration of a thin^ by its likeness, then tuornnto
is used before the tiling bronnht by way of ilinstration. But
y hen persons orthin^'s are compared tOKCtlier, to discover
in what they agree or disagree, or their relative proportions,
then »(VA is used.
CO-MPA'RE, s. the state of being compared; likeness ;
estimate or judgment formed on comparison.
COMPARISON, s. [compamison, Fr.] judging of the
difJ'erence of two things, by examining, or comparing them
together. The state of a thing compared. In grammar,
the formation of an adjective through the various degrees
in wiiich the signification or the positive is iieightened or
diminished, as soft, softer, softest.
To COMPART, 1'. n. [runijnirtir, Fr.] to divide or lay
down a general design or plan, in all its different parts, di-
visions, or subdivisions.
COMPA'RTIiyiCNT, s. {cDvipnrtimnii, Fr.] a design com-
posed of different figures, disposed with symmetry, as orna-
ments of a patcrre, ceiling, or picture: a division of a pic-
ture, or design.
COMPARTI'TION, s. the act of comparting or laying
down the several parts or divisiims of any plan or design.
Figuratively, the part of any plan. In architecture, the
useful and graceful distribution of the whole ground plot
of an edifice into rooms of otHce, of reception, and en-
tertainment.
COMPA'RTMENT, s. a,divisioii, or separate part of a
de.sign.
To CO'MPA.SS, V. ft. [cnmpnsser, Fr.] to surround ; to in-
close ; to stand round in a ring ; to besiege or block up ; to
srasp or inclose in the arms ; to obtain, attain, secure, or
liave.
COMPASS, «. orbit; revolution; extent or limit; in-
dosure. In music, the power of the voice, or of an instru-
iiieiit, to sound any particular note. An instrument con-
sisting of a box, includintj a magnetical needle, which points
towards the north, and is used by mariners to steer their
siiips. Cvmpasses, a mathematical instrument, consisting of
two l)ranches, fastened together at the top by a pivot, al)out
which they move as on a centre, and are used in taking
distances, drawing circles, and in working problems in the
mathematics.
COMPA'SSION, .«. [compassin7i, Fr.] a disposition of mind
which inclines us to feel the miseries of others with the same
pain and sorrow as if they were our own.
COMP.y.SSIONATE,' a. easily affected with sorrow or
pain, on viewing the calamities and distresses of others.
To COMPA.SSIONATE, v. „. to pity, and be moved
*ith sorrow at the sufferings of others.
COMPASSIONATELY, ad. in a pitying, tender, sym-
pathizing manner.
COMPATE'RNITY, s. [ran, with, and paternitas, from
pnter, a father, Lat.] the relation of a godfather to the per-
son for w horn lie answers.
COMPATIliI'LITY s. consistency ; thepower or possi-
bility of coexisting in the same subject, or at the same time ;
agreement.
COMPATIRLF., a. [from cmnpetn, to agree, Lat.] con-
sistent with; lit for; suitable to; becoming or agree-
able to.
COMP ATIRLENESS, s. tlic qualify of agreeing with.
COMPATIBLY, ml. fitly ; suitably, so as to be ap.
plicable to the same subject, and coexist in it at the same
time.
COMPATRIOT, s. [from rmi, with, and /latna, one's own
country, Lat.] one of the same country.
COMPETJl, t. [compere, Fr.] an equal in rank ; an as-
sociale or companion.
To C0MPF;ER, r. a. to be equal with in quality ; to
match.
To COMPRT.,, v. a. [from compello, to compel, Lat.] to
nrake a person do or refrain from some act by force ; to cx-
188
fort by force ; used with from, before the person sufieiing
the violence.
COMPELLABLE, a. that may be forced.
COMPE'LLER, s. he that makes a pci'son do or refrain
from an action by force.
COMPEND, s. [compendium, Lat.] in literaturt, signifies
abridgement, epitome, extract, or sumniarv.
COMPENDIOUS, a. [from compendium, an abstract, Lat.]
concise ; brief, or containing much in few words, applied to
sty Ic. Near, or short, applied to travelling.
COMPE'NDIOUSLY, ud. in a short or concise manner.
COMPE'NDIOUSNESS, it. brevity, or shortness; the
quality of containing much in a short space, or performing
much-in a short time.
COMPENDIUM, s. [Latn an abridgment of a discourse ;
a short or concise method of^yvritiiigon any sutiject,
COMPE'N SABLE, a. [from compoiso, to recompence,
Lat.] that niav be recompensed.
To COMPE'NSATE,i). o. [compenso, Lat] to make amends
for ; to countervail ; to counterbalance.
• COMPE'NSATION, i. amends ; recompence; a thing of
equal value to another; an equivalent.
COMPENSATIVE, a. that compensates, or couiiter-
' COMPETENCE, or COiNIPETENCY, s. [from competo,
to agree or suffice, Lat.] such aquantity as is just sufficient,
without superfluities ; such a fortune as is sultieient to sup-
ply the necessaries of life, and is between poverty on.one
side, and affluence on the other. In law, the right or auf ho.
rity of a judge, whereby he takes cognizance of any thing.
COMPETENT, a. [from cumpeto, to agree or suffice,
Lat.] suitable ; proportionable ; sufficient in numbers,
((uantity, or power, to any undertaking ; moderate ; qua-
lified or fit for; consistent with ; applicable to.
COMPETENTLY, ad. properly ; sufficiently ; without
excess or defect.
COMPETITION, s. [from con, with, and pito, to seek,
Lat.] the endeavouring to gain something in opposition to
another ; rivalry ; contest ; opposition.
COMPETITOR, s. [from c™, with, -AwApetHor, imm peto,
to seek, Lat.] one w lio claims or endeavours to gain some
thing in opposition to another ; a rival.
COMPILATION, s. [from compilo, to heap together,
Lat.] a collection from varitms authors; an assemblage or
mass of things heaped together.
To COMPILE, V. a. [from compilo, to heap together, Lat.
to form or collect from various autiiors. Figuratively, to
write ; compose ; to form from an assemblage of vario is
circumstances or incidents.
COMPILEMENT, s. the act of piling together ; the act
of heaping up.
COMPI'LER, s. a collector: one who composes a work
from various authors.
COMPLACENCE, or COMPLA'CENCY, s. [comphccn-
tia, Lat.] a satisfaction arisin;^ in the mind on viewing some
action which is worthy of its approbation ; or in contem-
plating something, which, on account of its amiableiiess,
produces joy ; the cause of joy, of rational pleasure ami
satisfaction ; a genteel address, which bespeaks approba-
tion, and causes pleasure ; civility, complaisance, politeness,
applied to behaviour.
COMPLACENT, a. [eoniphcms, Lat.] affable ; kind;
civil ; polite.
ToCOMPLAFN, t-. ». [comphmidrc, Fr.] to find fault
with ; to charge a person with having been guilty of some
crime. Aclivelv, to weep, lament, or bewail.
COMPLAINANT, s. one who urges a suit, or commences
a prosecution against another.
COMPLAIN EK, .?. one who complains ; a raunnuper ;
alamenler.
COM PLAINT, s. [complninte, Fr.] a mournful represen^.^ •
tion of injuries or pain ; grief; the act of finding fault with
any thing. Figuratively, the cause of dissatisfaction, or
complaining.
COM
GOMPLAISA'NCE, e. [cotnplaisavrr, Fr.] ;> civil Iiili;!-
viour, wlicreby a person complies with the iiicli/jatioiis nf
anotlier, in orilcr to insinuate himself into liis.eslerm and
favour. SynoN. Complaisanee is tiie charaetenslic of the
lover ; politeness of the courtier ; but to lie ucll-brnl ileiiotes
llie {fetitlemaii.
COMl'LAISATSfT, s. [complaisant, Fr.J civil ; polite ; en-
deavouring to please.
COMI'LAISA'NTLY, ad. in a civil,kinil, comlcsccntling,
and polite manner.
To COMPLA'NATE, or COIMPLA'NE, v. a. [comphno,
Lat-lto level, to make smooth and flat.
CO'MPLEMENT, s. [from compleo, to complete or fill up,
Lat.] that which perfects or complelcs viiiy thini;; a fiiil,
complete, or requisite qiiaulily or niimher. In geometry,
applied to Ihe ar<!i of a circle, what it wauls of 90 desrees.
In navi|,'ati()u, a|>plied lo a course, what it wants of !J() de;;.
8 points, or a niiarler of a circle. In astronomy, the dis-
tance of a star from the zenith. Complement of the vnrtmn,
in fortification, is that part in the interior side of it which
makes the demi-Kor!,'e. Arithmeticnl complement nfa logarithm
is what the lo^'arithm wants of l(»,uOO,OtK).
COMPLE'TE, a. [completns, from eomp/co, to complete or
fill up, Lat.] finished ; perfect ; wantiujj nothinif ; without
defects; enaed ; concluded. Synon, We may may easily
nrake a tU'm'j; coniplite, and with much pains, _/i"H!sA it ; after
all, it mav not he perfect.
To COMPLE'TE, v. a. to perfect; to finish ; to answer
perfectlv.
COMPLETELY, ad, perfectly ; fully ; in a perfect
manner.
COMPLE'TENESS, s. perfection ; a quality which im-
plies a thiufi ,to be finished w ithout defect.
Completion, *. [from compleo, to complete or fill up,
Lat.] the cxistenceof some circumstance predicted, whereby
every part of a prophecy is (ulfilled ; accomplishment; the
{Teatest height, or perfect state.
CO'MPLEX, *. [from complector, to comprehend, Lat.] a
collection, summary, or the whole of a thing; consisting of
COMPLEX, or COMPLE'XED, a. [from complector, to
comprehend, Lat.J compounded ; consisting of several
parts ; including several particulars.
COMPLE'XEDNESS, s. composition : containing a va-
riety af circumstances or particulars.
COMPLEXION, s. [from complector, to embrace or com-
prehend, Lat.] the inclosure or involution of one thing in
another; Ihe colour of the outward part of the body, iiar-
ticularly that of the countenance. In physic, the tempera-
ture, hal>it, or disposition of the body. A sanguine complexion,
is that of hot or warm persons, and is so called from the
blood's being thought to be more predominant in sucli.
COMPLE'X10N.\L, a. depending merely on the habit
or temperature of the bodv.
COMPLE'XIONALLY, ad. by complexion, or by the
habit of the body, or predominancy of some of the
fluids.
COMPLEICLY, ad. in a compound manner ; consisting
of several particulars, opposed to simplij.
COMPLEXNESS, «. the state or qualify of being com-
posed of several particulars different fromeach otlu>r.
COMPLE'XURE, «. the compounding or uniting of one
thing with others.
COMPLI'ANCE, s. the yielding consent to a thmg pro-
posed ; the ready performance of a thing requested ; con-
descending so far to the humours of a person, as to do every
thing he can desire or expect ; condescension.
COMPLI'ANT, part, yielding to the touch ; bending
with anv force ; Yielding, condescending.
To CO'MPLICATE, i>.ff.[from compUco, to fold together,
Lat.] to join or add one thing or action to another ; to com-
pose or make a whole, by the uniting of several things dif-
frrenf <rom each other.
COMPLICATE, a. compounded of a ranety of parts.
COMPLICATION, .5. [from cnmplieo, to folrl togctlier,
Lat.] the joining mixing, blending, or insolving several
things in one another ; a wliole consisting of several things.
It is generally applied to diseases, as when the dropsy, astli-
ma, and Jaundice meet together.
COMPLI'ER, i. a man ol' an easy temper ; a man of ready
compliance.
COMPLIMENT, s. [compliment, Fr.] a profession of
great esteem, or an expression of approbation or praise,
merely from ceremony ami politeness ; a mere ceremonioiis
expression.
To COMPLIMENT, v. a. tc make use of expressions of
respect, from a bare priruiiile of ^ood behaviour and cere-
mony ; tos|>eak in praise of a lliiug or person, contrary tct
one's real sentiments and opinion. Ncuterly, to use cere-
monious or adulatory language.
COMPLIME'NTAL, a. expressive of respect and civility.
COMPLIME'NTALLV, ad. m a mere ceremonious man-
ner.
COMPLIME'NTER, .«. a person abounding in compli-
ments.
CO'MPLINE, s. [compline, Fr.] the last act of worship at
night, bv which the service of the day is completed.
COMPLO'T, s. [Fr.] a plot, or ill' design, concerted and
carried on by two or more persons ; a conspiracy or ccmfe
deracy. '
To COMPLOT, V. a. [complotter, Fr.] to join in a deJcn ;
to bring about an ill design.
C'OMPLO'TFER, s. one who joins in a plot : a f on-
spirator.
To COMPLY', V. n. [complier, Fr.] to consent to dny
request ; to suit one's self to a person's humours ; to
vield to.
COMPO'NENT, a. [compnnens, Lat.] that composes or
contributes to the formingof a compound l)odv.
To COMPORT, V. n^[comp,irier, Fr.] to suit ; to agree
with ; to act agreeably or suitai)ly to.
COMPOllT, s. behaviour ; manner of looking and act-
ing; conduct.
COMPO'RTABLE, a. consistency, opposed to coutra-
dictoi-\".
COMPORTMENT, s. behaviour, or conduct.
To COMPO'SE, (hompiize. The s i,i this w oi d and its de-
rivatives are sounded like z) r. a. [composer, Fr. compc.no,
Lat.] to form a mass, consisting of several things joined |i>-
gether ; to form or consist of; to place in a proper form ; to
join words together in a discourse w ifli art and care ; to re-
duce to a state of calmness, rest, and quiet ; to reconcile.
With printer's to put the letters in order in ihe composing
stick. In music, to set any thing to tune ; to form a pro-
per cjallection, order, or disposition of the notes.
COMPOSED, pai?. calm, serious, sedate, undisturbed.
COMPOSEDLY, ad. in a calm, serious, serene, or sedate
manner ; free from anv preturbation or confusion.
COMPO'SEDNESS, s. sedateness ; calmness; tranquil-
lity of mind ; a freedom. from any disturbance or disorder,
applied to the mind.
COMPO'SER, i. an author or writer on any subject ; one
that adapts or sets words to music ; or forms a tune from a
peculiar assemblage of the notes of music.
COMPOSITE, a. [from compuno, to compose, Lat.l in
architecture, the last of the five orders of columns, so called
because its capital is framed from those of dificrent orders,
and termed likewise the Italian or Roman order. Composite
numbers, are tiiose that can be measured by some other num-
ber above unitv, as 12 bv -2, 3, 4, 6.
COMPOSITION, s. [co7nposiiio, Lat.] the act of formins
a whole from parts ditlerent from each other ; the act of
combining simple ideas together, in order to form a complex
one ; the distribution ir orderly placing of the several parts
of a plan, design, or picture ; the work or production of an
autlor; suitableness, or adapted to any particular senti-
ment, applied to gesture. .\\\ agreement ; contract ; a re-
coDciliation, or terms in which diflereiices or quarrels are
189
COM
COM
iirttloJ. Ill commerce, a contract, Mliercby a creditcr ac-
cepts part of his debt in compensation for tiie whole. In
grarnmar, forming a sentence by joining words togetlier, or
pretixinK a particle to a wonl, to increase, dimiuisfi, or alter
its signification. In music, the art of disposing notes, so as
to form tnnesorairs.
COMPOSITOR, s. [coiiiposiieiii; Fr.] in printinij, the
person wlio works at the case, sets up the forms, and
prepares tlie types, by arranging them properly therein for
printing;.
COMTOST, s. 1 Fr. from conipono, to compose, Lat.] a mix-
ture of ditferent soils together, in order to make a manure
for assisting the natural soil, so as to amend, improve, and
render it more fruitful.
To CO'MPOST, V. a. to manure ; to enrich, or improve
ground bv a mixture of different soils.
CO MPOSTELLA, St. Jago de, a city, the capital of Ga-
licia, in Spain, seated in a peninsula, formed by the rivers
Sar and Sarela. It contains about 2000 houses, besides 14
religions houses, 12 churches, and an university, which,
vith the public squares, are very magnificent. It is 26.5 miles
N. W.ofMadrid.
COMPO'SURE, {kotnpoztire) s. the writing or inditing a
work ; composition or production, applied to books. Ar-
rangement, mixture, or order; frame; make; tempera-
ment ; sedateness. Adjustment, or reconciliation, applied
to difference or quarrels.
COMPOTATION, s. [from cm, with, and poto, to drink,
Lat.] the act of drinking or tippling together.
ToCOMPO'UND, 1.. a. [from con, witli, together, and
pmw, to put, Lat.] to mingle several ingredients together;
to form by unity several things together ; to place together
in different lights, attitiules, or positions ; to produce by
being united ; to reconcile, or put an end to a difference or
quarrel, by concessions oi" compliance with the demands of
ail adversary ; to pay a part of a debt, for want of a capacity
to discharge the whole, and to be cleared for that reason
from any farther demand ; to agree on certain terms ; to
controcf.
COMPOUND, a. formed or produced from several in-
f;redients, oppo'sed to simple. In grammar, formed by
joining two or more words.
COMPOUND, i. the mass formed by the union of two or
more ingredients.
COMPO'UNDABLE, a. that may be united together so
as to form one mass ; capable of being united.
COMPO'UNDER, s. one who endeavours to bring ad-
verse parties to an agreement ; a reconciler. In the uni-
versity, a person of superior rank or fortune, who is
allowed to commute for residence, by paying extraordinary
fines.
To COMPREHE'Xp, r. a. [from cnn, with, here inserted
to strengthen the signification, and pn/imdn, to take hold of,
Lat.] to comprise, include, cdiitain, or imply, to have an ade-
quate, clear, and determined id(a, of any doctrine or propo-
sition. SyNON. a lover miihrsltinils tjie language of the
passions. A learned man comprrlnii'ls the metaphysical
questions of (he schools. An architect ronccivcs the plan
and ecouomv of buildings.
COMPREHENSIBLE, a.\cnmpreliensihle, Fr.] capable of
being perlVctlv and clrariv known.
COMPREHENSIULY, a(/.in a large extent; applied to
the ■MTryi\<i\\on of words.
COMPREHENSION, s. [con, with, inserted to strengthen
the signification, and /»e/(rarfo, to take hold of, Lat.] l!ie act
or qualitv of comprising orcontaiuiiig ; asuminary C()nipcii-
dum orabstract ; capacil\ , or the po\v(r<if the mind to admit
several ideas at once. Coniprclieiision, in English church
Iiistory, dciiDtes a schem<' for relaxing the terms cif confor-
iiiily in beli;ilf of jtroleslaiil dissenters, and admitting tluui
iii^o the roinmniuon of iIk; cluirch. It was attempted in
lWi7-S, and }<i~i, and again immediately after the revolution,
but alwavs failed.
COMrJlEHE'NSlVE, a. able to understand many
li>0
things at once , comprising much in a narrow compass ;
extensive.
COMPREHE''NSIVELY, ad. in a compendious or. concise
manner.
COMPREHENSIVENESS, s. the quality of iueluding
much in a narrow compass.
To COMPRESS, ti. a. [from cnmpnmo, to press, Lat.j
to reduce into a narrow compass by force ; to squeeze closer
together.
COMPRE'SS, s. [from comimmo, to press, Lat.] in chi-
rurgery, a bolster formed of linen cloth, folded into several
doubles, laid under a bandage to prevent a wound from
bleeding or swelling ; or to retain the remedies applied to it.
COMPRESSIBI1.1TY, s. the quality of being reduced by
force into a narrower compass.
COMPRESSIBLE, «. capable of being reduced by force
into a narrower compass.
COMPRE'SSION, s. [compressin, from comprimo, to press,
Lat.] the action of bringing the particles of a body nearer
together by external force, and thereby decreasing its bulk
or dimension; the act of pressing together.
COMPRE'SSURE, s. the actor force of a body pressing
upon another.
To COMPRI'SE, (lomprize) v. a. [from compiis, Fr.] to
contain; to include ; to comprehend.
CO.MPROBA'TION, *. [from con, with, together, and
prabo, to prove, Lat.] confirming by a joint testimony of
two or more persons.
CO'MPilOMISE, Uiumpromize) s. [ccn, and promitto, to pro-
mise, Lat.] a mutual promise of one or more parties to refer
the determination of a dispute or controversy, to the arbi-
tration or decision of one or more person.s ; a compact or
bargain, in which some concessions or compliances are made
on each side.
To CO'MPROMISE, (hvmpromize) v. a. to settle or put
an end to a dispute or claim bv mutual concessions.
To COMPT, {hoiint) V. a. {compter, Fr.] to make an esti-
mate ; to add up, or find the aiuouut of a row of figures in
arithmetic.
COMPTRO'LLER, «. See Controllek.
COM PULSATORY, a. [from compeUa, to compel, Lat.]
having the power of forcing a i)erson against his will.
COMPULSION, s. [coi:ipiilsis, from cnmpMi, to compel,
Lat.] the act of forcing a free agent to do or abstain from an
action, contrary to the preference of his mind, a violence or
force ; the state of being compelled.
COMPULSIVE, u. [compiiUus, from comptUo, to compel,
Lat.] having the power to force a person to perfoim or ab-
stain from an action ; forcible.
COMPULSIVELY, ad. in a forcible manner ; by compul-
sion ; bv force.
COMPU'LSIVENESS, s. the quality of obliging a person
fo perform or abstain from any act contrary to his incli-
nation.
COMPU'LSORILY, ad, in a forcible manner ; by force.
COMPULSORY, a. [compidsiiire, Fr.] having the power of
couiuianding or forcing obedience.
COMPU'NCTION,\s. [from/>««^c, to prick, Lat.] the tut
of causing a pain resembling that of pricking; irritaticm.
In divinity, an inward grief, caused by the consciousness <:f
having offended God ; sorrow; anxiety; contrition, or re-
pentance ; remorse.
COMPU'NCTIOUS, a. repentant; .sorrowful; tender.
COMl'U'NCTr\ E, s. [ciiiiipioictmii, from piiitf^-o, to prick,
Lat.j causing remorse ; causing a sorrow from a conscious-
ness of guilt.
COMPURGATION, .f. [from eon, with, and pm-on, to
cleanse, Lat.] the clearing and justifying one man's iinu)-
ccnce or veracitv bv the oath ol^another.
COMPUIUi.VTOR, «. [Lat.] in law, a person who, by
oath, clears andjiistifies anotlier's innocence.
C0\H'(J'TAIJLE, a. capable of being numbered or esti-
mated.
COMPUTATION, s. the act of estimating or counting
CON
CON
(he value of tilings ; a calculation ; ?. sum or number fwind
by calculation, or an aritlinRtical pioc<'s.s.
To COMPUTE, V. n. [tVoni con, willi, to strpUKtlien tli^
. [fro
> til in
rtgnitication, and puln, to tliink, Lat.] to tinil by an arithnicti-
cat o])cration ; to estimate ; to reckon ; tocount.
COMPUTE, s. [from fon.with, and puio, to think, Lat.]
a rcckonin"; ; ci^lculation ; the amount or sum total.
COMFUTEil, J. one who makes calculations; an ac-
countant.
COIMPUTIST, s. \computisie, Fr.] one skilled in numbers
or calculations.
COMRADE, s. [camernde, Vr.] one who lives in the same
house ; a person who is jointly concerned witli another in
an undprtakinij.
CON, [from cum, with, Lat.] always joined or fixed to
words, ^\w}fym^ togetlicr, as cunncct ; sometimes against, as
anid'ud ; and sometimes somethiufj ifrcai or itmnmse, as in
e^mlla^ration. Before a vowel or an //, it drops the v, as in
cvilcnial, co/ial/it ; and before the labials b and ;(, it is chang-
ed into an m, as in cnmlmstinn, compare ; and i)efore I and m,
it assumes the same letter, as in cid-lect,ctimntnle.
CON, [an abbreviation of <-""^vf, Lat. ai,'ainst] is used to
imply an opposition to any motion ; or that a person is on
the negative side of a question. IS'cm. cvn. im nemine cuu-
ttailicente, Lat. is used to signify that a motion is passed
without any opposition.
To CON, V. 71. [coHiiari, Sax.] to know ; to learn per-
fectly. ^
CONCA'MERATE, v. a. [coHramcro, from rnwera, an arch
or vault, Lat.] to arch over; to vault; to lay concave
over.
C0NCA1\ILR.\TI0N, .f. [concameralio, from camera, an
arch or ^anlt, Lat.] an arch or vault, or any thing formed
like an arch.
To CONC.VTENATE, v. a. [from catena, Lat.J to link to-
gether ; to join or connect the parts of any thing, that they
shall have mutual dependence on each other, like the links
of a chain.
CONCATENATION, s. a series of links. In philoso-
jihy, a connexion of tliintrs, which mutually depend on each
other, like the links of a chain.
CONCAVATION, s. the act of scooping a thing, or
making it of a hollow or concave form.
CONCA'VE, (by some accented on the first svllable) a.
\cuncavus, Lat.] hollow, applied to the inner surface of a
circular body, sucli as that of an egg-shell, of an arch, or a
ball, opposed to comer. Empty, without any tiling to fill
the cavity.
CONCA'VITY, s. the inner surface of a circular bodv.
CONCAVO-CONCAVE, a. hollow, or concave on" both
CONCA'VO-CO'NVTX, a. hollow, or concave on one
side, but convex or protuberant on the other.
CONCAA'OUS, ». [cuncavus, Lat.J hollow, without an-
gles, ajiplied to the inward surface of a round bodv.
CONCATOUSLY, ad. resembling the hollow of the inner
surface of around body.
To CONCEAL, (honseil) v. a. [from cnn, with, to strength-
en the signification, and<«/o, to hide, Lat.] to hide or keep
any thing from the sight or knowledge of others ; to cover ;
to keep secret. Synon. It requires caie and attention to
conceal; art and cleverness to dissemble; labour and cunning
to disease.
. CONCE'ALABLE, a. capable of being kept from the
sight or knowledge of others; possible to be kept secret.
CONCEA'LEDNESS, ^. the state of being hid or kept
from the sio;ht or knowledge of others.
CONCE'ALER, J. he that conceals anv thing.
CONCEALMENT, s. the act of hidiiig from the know-
ledge or sight of others; the state of being hiil or kept se-
cret; a place of retirement from the sight of others.
To CONCEDE, i. rt. [concede, Lat.] to grant or admit
a principle or opinion as true ; to let a point jiass w ithout
SQy dispute.
CONCEIT, (hnns'ert) s. [from concipin, fo ronc"ive, I,at.]
a conception, lliought, or idea ; apprehension; understand-
ing; strength of imagnialion ; mere faiicv , H pleasant
thought or shilling sentiineut ; an opinionalive persuasion,
or a high opinion of a person's judgment, which exposes
him to ridiculi-; a word of reproach; Out of conceit uilh, u
phrase of a person's being tired, or no longer being fond of a
tiling.
To CONCEIT, 1'. «. to fancy; to imagine; to think,
generally implying an opinion that has not the sanction of
reason.
CONCE'lTi'D, part, of a strong imagination ; proud, or
enlrrlaiuiiig too high an opinion of one's aliilities.
CONCEITEDLY, ad. in ascornfiil or whimsical manner ;
in a manner which discovers too high an opinion, or ton
great a fondness in a jierson of his own parts.
CONCEITEDNI'.SS, *•. opiniouativeness.
CONCE'IVABLE, (lujnsrtfnb/e) a. that may be imagined
or thought; thatmav be understood or believed.
CONCE'IVABLENESS, s. the quality of being appre-
hended bv the mind.
CONCEIVABLY, nd. in an intelligible manner; in suc!i
a manner as to be apprehended by the mind.
To CONCEIVE, (honseire) v. n. [conceioir, Fr.] to form
in the mind ; to imagine; to form an idea of; to compre-
hend; to tliink. Neuterly, to become pregnant.
CONCEIVEK, s. one that understands, or compre-
hends.
CONCETsT, i. [from con, with, and cnno, to sing, lat.J
concert ot voices, harmony, concord, consistency.
To CONCETSTRATE, v. a. [from co?i, with, and cfulriim,
the centre, Lat.] to drive inwaiffs, or towards the centre ; to
drive into a narrow compass ; to condense.
CONCENTRATION, forcing into a narrow compass, or
driving towards the centre ; the higlust degree of mixture,
whereby two or more particles toueji by a reception, or
forcing one within the other.
To CONCE'NTRE, {Iwnsinter) r. n. [cuncentrer, Fr.] to
tend towards the same, or towards one common centre.
Activelv, to direct or contract toward one centre.
CONCETsTRIC, or CONCE'NTRICAL, a. [from r««,
with, and centrum, a centre, Lat.J having one common cen-
tre.
CONCETTACLE, s. [conceptnculum, from cnncipin, to
comprehend, Lat.J that in which any thing is contained ; a
reservoir.
CONCE'PTIBLE, a. [from concipio, to comprehend, Lat.]
tliat may be apprehended or understood ; intelligible.
CONCEPTION, *. [conceptio, from concipio, to conceive,
Lat.J the act of conceiving or becoming pregnant; notion;
apprehension ; idea. Sentiments ; purpose.
CONCEPTION.S, (Iwnscpshio)is) a. [from concipin, to con-
ceive, Lat.J apt to conceive, or beccmie pregnant ; fruit-
ful.
CONCETTIVE, a. [from concipio, to conceive, Lat.J ca-
pable to conceive.
To CONCERN,!', n. [concerner, Fr.] to relate, or belong
to ; to atlect with some passion ; to make uneasy or sor-
rowful; to be of importance to; to be entrusted or com-
missioned to act for a person, used Nvith fur. Synon.
Many people make tiieuiselves uneasy at that which does
not in the least regard them ; meddle with what no way
concerns them ; and at the same time are indiflerent to those
things which touch them nearly.
CONCE'RN, i. business; circumstances; engagement;
interest ; importauee.
CONCERNEDLY, ad. with affection; with interest.
CONCERNING, prqi. [though originally a participle,
has the force of a preposition before a noun] about ; of; re-
lating to ; without relation to.
CONCERNMENT,*, the thinjin which a person is in-
terested ; an aft'air; business ; influence ; relation ; im-
portance ; the engaging or taking part in an atlair ; emo-
tion of mind.
191
CON
CON
To CONCEUT, V. a. [concerter. Ft.] to take measures
with another to brin^ a design to pass ; to contrive.
CO'NCEllT, *. a eonnminication of designs, an establish-
ment of measures to be pursued by i)ersons engaged in one
design. In music, a number of musicians and singers per-
forming the same piece.
CONCERTATION, .?. [from con, with, certo, to strive,
Lat.] strife, contest, or c:.:;ten(ion.
C.OXCERTATn E, a. [concertativus, from con, witli, and
eeito, lo strive, Lat.] quarrelsome ; contentious; recriminat-
ing.
CONCESSION, s. [concessio, from conccdo, to grant, Lat.]
an act of granting or yielding ; tlie thing granted or
yielded.
CONCESSIONARY, a. given by indulgence, or allow-
ance, or purely to terminate a dispute.
CONCE'SSIVELY, ad. I>y way of concession.
CONCH, s. \conr/ia, Lat.] a shell; a sea-shell.
CO'NCHA, (ki'inka) s. [Lat.] in anatomy, the second or
inward cavity of the auricle or external ear.
CONCHOID, (kbiikoiil) s. in geometry, a curve line
always approaciiing nearer a straight line, to which it is in-
clined, but never meets it.
CONCILIAR, a. [from eojiciVi'imi, a council, Lat.] relating
to a council.
To CONCI'LIATE, r. «. [coHf/Zio, Lat.] to gain; to pro-
cure atfeetion ; to reconcile.
CONCILIATION,.', [from conciUo, to reconcile, Lat.]
tlie act of procuring esteem ; or reconciling.
CONCILIATOR, s. [from concilto, to reconcile, Lat.]
one who makes peace between parties at variance ; a recon-
ciler.
CONCl'LIATORY, a. relating to reconciliation.
CONCI'NNITY, «. {I'oiiciiiiiiuis, Lat.] decency ; fitness.
CONCI'NNOUS, a. [cunciiuiiis, Lat.] comely ; becoming
pleasant ; agreeable.
C(^NCrSE, a. [coiicisus, from concido, to cut small, Lat.]
short ; brief.
CONCISELY, ad. in a brief, or short manner ; in few
words.
CONCrSENESS, s. brevity; shortness.
CONCISION, s. [from concido, to cut off, Lat.] cutting
oft"; total destruction.
CONCITATION, s. [from concun, to excite, Lat. | tiie act
of exciting; agitation; or setting into a ferment or commo-
tion
CONCLA]NL\TI0N, s. [from conclamo, to cry aloud,
\A\t.] an outcry. Also a cu.^tom among the Romans, of
calling the dead parly by his name for eight days suc-
cessively : on the ninth, concluding he was past recovery,
tliey carried him forlii and buried him.
CONCLAVE, «. [L;it.] a private or inner apartment; the
place wherein the etecliou is liolcb>n for a pope; a meeting
or assembly of all the cardinals tl.at are at Rome, for the
clectionof a pope; a close or private assembly.
ToCONCLU'DE,i'.n.[(v/»i7/»/'j, from con, with, to strength-
en the signification, and cluiuhi, to shut, Lat.] to drau as a
conclusion or inference from certain \>rcuiises ; to infer; to
judge or determine; lo end, to finish; to complete a
period, applied to tiiin ; to acknowledge as truth.
CONCLUDENT, /'«w. [from com-hdo, to conclude, L;it,]
decisive; following by direct couseiiuence; conseciuen-
tial.
CONC LI 'SIRLE, a. \canchifut, from conchtdo, to conclude,
Lai.] fi)liowing as a consequence from certain principles; to
be inferred.
CONCLL'SION, *. I crrtic/um, from conchtdo, to conclude,
Lat.] determination or jiulling an end to an alfair or trans-
action; an opinion formed from experience, or ironi a col-
lection of propositions; the event of experiments. Svnon.
The seiim:/ in i)art forms the story ; the conchision puts the
finishing stroke l<i it.
CONCLUSIVE, «. [<vwr/jif?ijt, from cmirludn, to conclude,
I.at.1 decisive, or thai [luts an end lo any contest.
\U2
CONCLUSIVELY, ad. in a determinate, positive, pe
remptory manner.
CONCLUSIVENESS, s. the power of gaining assent,
or forcing conviction ; regular consequence ; or following
from any premises, according to the rules of logic.
To CONCOA'GUL.VrE, v. a. to curdle or congeal one
thing w ith another.
CONCOA X i ULATION, s. [from «m, with, and cba^datie,
from coagnlo, to curdle, Lat.] a coagulation or curdhng, by
which several bodies are joined in one mass.
To CONCOCT, V. a. [homconcoqno, to boil, Lat.] in me-
dicine, to digest in the stomach, so as to form into chyle ; to
purify ; to heighten the quality of a thing by heat.
CONCO'CTION, s. \cvHcoctio, from cunroc/ito, to digest,
Lat.] in medicine, the change which the food undergoes in
the stomach ere it be converted into chyle; maturation, or
heightening the powers or qualities of a thing bv heat.
CONCOMITANCE, or CONCO'MITANCY, s. [from
cnn, with, and comes, a companion, Lat.] united to; attend-
ing; inseparable from ; accompanving.
CONCO^MITANT, s. a companion ; an attendant.
CONCO'iMITANTLY, (id. accompanying ; in the man-
ner of an attendant.
To CONCO'MITATE, v. a. [nwcomttor, Lat.] to attend ;
to be joined inseparably with another.
CO'NCORD, s. [concordia, from con, with, and cor, the
heart, Lat.] agreement between persons and things; the
suitableness of one tlnng to another ; peace, union, mutual
kindness. In grammar, th^t part wherein words are made
to agree in number, person, and gender, (S:c. In music, the
relation of two sounds, that are always agreeable to the ear,
whether applied in succession or consonance.
CONCORDANCE, *. [from concordo, to agree, Lat.] an
agreement. A dictionary to the Holy Scriptures, wherein
all the words are ranged alphabetically, and the various
places where they occur referred to. The best for the Eu
glish lansur.ge is that of Alexander Crudin.
CONCOEDANT, part, [coneordans, Lat.] agreeing with ;
consistent with; correspondent. In music, consisting of
concords or harmonies.
CONCO'RDATE, s. [concordat, Fr.] a compact ; con-
vention; or a society held together by a common discipline,
or statutes.
CONCO'RPORAL, a. [from con, with, and corpus, tlie
body, Lat.] of the same body.
To CONCORPORATE, v. a. to unite, blend, or mix se-
veral things together, so as to form o.ie mass, system, &c.
CONCOURSE, {kOnkdrse) s. [conciirsns, from concurro, to
run together, Lat.] a crowd or several persons assembled
together in one pface ; the point wherein two bodies meet
together ; the force or action with which two or more bo- '
dies nieet together.
COTn'OREMENT, s. [from concresco, to grow together,
Lat.] a mass formed bv concretion.
(H>\CR1''.'SCENCI\ «. [from mnnrsco, to grow together.
Lilt.] liieact or quality of growing by the union of separate
partichs.
To concrete, ?'. It. [from con, with, and cresco, to
grow, Lat.] to form from an union oi several particles or l»o-
dies; to unite several inasses or particles in one body.
Neulerly, to coalesce, cohere, or join together, so as loform
one mass.
CO'Nt-RETE, a. formed by tlie union or cohesion ()f se-
veral jiarticles or substances. In logic, a concrete term is
that which, while it expresses the quality, expresses, iii»-
plies, or refers lo some subject or substance in which it in-
heres, and is generally tlie same as a noun adjective in
grammar.
Concrete, «. an assemblage or mixture ; a body oi
niasscoini)osed of several particles or princii)les.
CONCRIVTELV, «'/. in such a manner as to include tlic
substance with the fpiality.
CONCRI'V'l'ENI'',SS, «. curdling; coagulation; or tlw
gathering several iluids iuto a solid mass.
CON
CON
CONCRETION, >. the act wliereby a soft body becomes
hard, or the particles of a fluid become fixed, so as not to
yield to the touch: the coalition, or uniting of several par-
ticles so as to form one mass.
CONCRETIVE, «. that has the power of uniting several
particles together, so as to form one mass ; that has the
power of turning a fluid into a solid ; that lias the power of
producing coag^nlaticui, or the curdling of a fluid body.
CONCKE'TURE, s. a m;iss formed by the cohesion of
several particles.
CGNCU'BINAGE, *. \concuhinage, Fr.] the act of liv-
ing or cohabiting with a woman, as a wife, without being
married.
CO'NCUBINE, ^. [from con, with, and cubo, to lie, Lat.]
a woman who is kept by a man, and lives with him, though
not married to him ; a kept mistress.
To CONCU'LCATE, f. «. [coimdco, Lat.| to tread upon,
or trample under foot.
CONCULCA'TION, s. [from cov, with, to strengthen the
signification, and cako, to trample, Lat.] trampling witli the
feet.
CONCUPISCENCE, s, Iconcvpiseetitin, from ermcupiscn,
to desire exceedingly, Lat.] an inordinate desire of women ;
lust.
CONCirPISCENT, part, [from cnnmpisco, to desire ex-
ceedingly, Lat.] lustful ; havnig au irregular appetite after
carnal things.
CONCUPJSCETSITIAL, (Iwnkupissintial) a. relating to
concupiscence, or having an irregular desire after women.
CONCUPI'SCIBLE, a. [from cuncupisco, to desire exceed-
ingly, Lat.] that may be desired, that raises, excites, or ex-
erts desire.
To CONCU'R, V. n. [from con, together, and curro, to run,
Lat.] to meet together; to join in one action or design, ap-
plied to several persons ; to unite with ; to be conjoined
v/ith ; to contribute to the efi'ecting one common event or
design.
CONCURRENCE, or CONCU'RRENCY, *. assistance ;
imion ; conjunction, united efforts to promote any design ;
agreement in any opinion or sentiment.
CONCURRENT, part, [from concurrn, to concur, Lat.]
acting in conjunction, or together ; promoting the same de-
sign.
CONCURRENT, *. that which contributes to tlie per-
formance of a design.
CONCU'SSION, s. [from cmicutio, to shake violentlv,
Lat.] the act of putting a thing into a violent motion; shak-
ing ; agitation.
CONCU'SSIVE, a. [from concutio, to shake violently,
Lat.] that has the power or quality of shaking.
To COND, CON, or CONN, v'. a. in sea language, signi-
fies to guide or conduct a ship in her right course.
To CONDE'MN, {hondim) v. a. [condemno, Lat.] to pass
sentence against a person, whereby he is subject to punish-
ment ; to censure, to blame, or find fault with.
CONpE'MNABLE,a.thatmay be blamed, found fault
with, or is s\djject to the sentence of a judge.
CONDEMNA'TION, s. [condemndtio, Lat.] passing or
pronouncing sentence against a person, whereby he is sub-
ject to piuiishment or penalty, either in respect to person,
fortune, or life. Figuratively, the state of a person on whom
sentence has been passed.
CONDE'MNATORY, a. having the force of condemning
or subjecting a person to punishment.
CONDE'MNEU, .r. the person who condemns, censures,
l»kr.i,es, or finds frtult with.
CONDE'NSABLE, n. that is capable of heingmade more
solid, or forced into a smaller compass.
To CONDE'NSATE, v. a. [coudenso, Lat.] to make more
solid or thick by compression or force, applied to fluids.
CONDE'NSATE, a. made thicker or more solid by com-
pression or external force.
CONDENSA'TION, s. the act of bringing the parts of a
)jody closer to each other, and increasing tlieir contact,
C
whereoy the Dody is rendered more dense, compact, and
oeavv : opposite ir> rarefaction.
loCONDE'NSE, r. a. {cimdinso, Lat.) to make any body
more thick, compact, or weighty, by increabiug the c(«utact
ofits particles; applied by some only to the etl'ect of cold,
but by others used for compression, or the effects of external
force, which diminishes the size of the pores of a body, and
renders it, coiise(|uently, more solid. Neuterly, to grow
thick, a])plied to the effects of cold on fluids; to bea^)me
solid and weighty, by shrinking to a narrower compass.
CONDENSE, «. thickeue(|; close; compact; become
more solid by the effect of cold, or compression.
CONDE NSER, *. a pneumatic engine, by means of which
an unusual quantity of air may be forced into a small space,
or by which three, four, or five atmospheres may be ir»-
jected more than a thing would contain naturaliy.
CONDE'NSITY, s. the state of a fluid, whose parts are
fixed so as not to give way to the touch, by cold, coagulation,
or compression. Thickness, applied to consistence.
CO'NDERS, s. persons who stand on some eminence to
five notice to fishers which way a shoal of herrings take.
ee Bai.kf.rs.
To CONDESCE'ND, v. n. [from con, with, to strengthen
the signification, and descendo, to descend, Lat.] to lay aside
the dignity of rank, in order to make one's self agreeable to,
or on a level with inferiors ; to behave w ith familiarity to in-
feriors ; to stoop ; to submit.
CONDESCE'NDENCE, _s. [condescendarwe, Fr.] an act
whereby a person in authority lays aside the difference of
rank, in order to converse freely with his inferiors; a grant-
ing some favour to a person ; or consenting to yield luni
some advantage which he could not demand.
CONDESCENDINGLY, ad. in such a manner as to lay
aside the claims of authority and dignity ; or to yield up a
right, or consent to a request, from a principle of good na-
ture and generosity.
CONDESCENSION, s. the behaviour of a superior,
whereby he treats one of lower rank as his equal, and grants
him favours he cannot demand.
CONDESCE'NSIVE, a. courteous ; treating inferiors
without distance ; afValde, and ready to serve or grant any
favour, or forego a right to serve or oblige another.
CONDI'GN, {kondin) a. [coiidignus, worthy, Lat.] worthy ;
suitable to; merited; deserved, or proportionable to ; ge-
nerally applied to tlie punishment due to a person for his
crimes.
CONDI'GNLY, (Jwndinh) ad. in a manner suitable to a
person's crimes : deservedly.
CONDI'GNNESS, (/iOHrfi/t-JK?js)«. proportion; suitable to
a ])erson's crimes.
COTVOIMENT, s.[condimentum, from condio, fo season,
Lat.] seasoning, sauce, that which excites the appetite by a
sharp taste,..
To CO'NDITE, V. a. [condio, Lat.] to preserve or pio
kle.
CONDITION, s. {conditio^ Lat.] a quality or property
v/hich determines the nature of a thing; an attribute or ac-
cident, in a logical sense. Habit or temperature. Amoral
(juality or virtue. State, or the circumstance of a person or
fortune. Rank. The terms of any contract, bargain, or
agreement. Figuratively, a writing containing tlie terms,
of an agreement.
To CONDITION, ti. n. to stipulate ; to make terras.
CONDI TIONAL, a. to be performed on certain terms ;
not absolute, but subject to certain limitations.
CONDITIONALLY, ad. on certain terms or limita
tions.
CONDITIONARY, a. stipulated; bargained; to be
done as a means of acquiring anv thing.
To CONDITION ATE, v. a." to make conditions for ; (o
regulate by, or perform on, certain conditions.
Condi TlONATE, «. established and groundd on r«r.-
tain terms and conditions.
CONDITION ED,;)art.havii)g qualities either good or bad •<
c ii)3
CON
CON
To CONDO'LE, r. 71. [from eon, with, and doleo, to be
sorry, Lat.] to lament witfi thoie who grieve foraiiv miseiy,
Biisfortune, or calamity. Actively, to bewail a misfortune
with another.
CONDO'LEMENT,*. grief; sorrow; mourning for any
loss or misfortune.
CONDO'LENCE, f. \condolance, Fr.] a sympathizing grief
crishigfrora tiie misfortunes of another, which expresses it-
self by lamenting with the person in distress.
CONDO'LER, s. one who expresses a complimental con-
cern for the sorrow of another, and the cause which occa-
sions it.
COXDO'R, an enormous species of eagle, which inhabits
South America, which is capable of carrying away a lamb
in its talons. See Plate.
To CONDUCE, V. n. [from con, with, and duco, to lead,
Lat.] to promote an end by actingconjoinfly.
CONDU'CIBLE, a. [from conduco, to conduce, Lat.] hav-
ing a power of conducing to, or promoting a design. Used
for two or more causes operating to one end.
CONDUCIVE, a. that has a tendency, power, or qualitj',
to promote or produce any end.
CONDUCIVENESS, 's. the quality of promoting or
contributing to the production of some end.
CO'NDUCT, U. [conduit, Fr.] management, or tenor of
actions ; t!ie act of commanding an army ; convoy, or escort-
ing with a guard ; the guard convoying, securing, or escort-
ing; a warrant by which a convoy is appointed; beha;
viour ; or a series of actions regulated by some standard.
'.To CONDU'CT, V. a. \condidrc, Fr.] to accompany a
person in order to shew him his way to any place ; to direct,
lead, or guide ; to usher or introduce ; to manage ; to head
an army, or command a body of troops. Synon. We oo^i-
duct and guide those who know not the way ; we had those
who cannot or care not to go by themselves. We conduct an
affair. We s:i'ide a traveller. We lead an infant.
CONDUCTOR, s. [from condueo, to lead, Lat.] a guide,
or one who shews another the way ; a leader or command-
er ; or one who transacts an affair. In surgery, an instru-
ment which serves to conduct the knife in the operation of
cutting for the stone, and in laying open sinuses and fistu-
las. It is also called a gorget. Condactois, in electrical ex-
periments, are those bodies that receive and communicate
electricity ; and those that repel it are called non-cfmrfHe/or*.
CONDUCTRESS, s. a woman who directs or leads a
person, or carrieson any undertaking.
CONDUIT, (hundit) s. [conduit, Fr.J a canal, or pipes
made use of for the conveyance of water at a distance from
the reservoir or spring head ; an aqueduct ; a place fur-
nished with a cock, whence people are publicly supplied
with water.
CONDUPLICATION, *. [conduplicatio, Lat.] a doubling ;
e duplicate.
CONE, >. [konoi. Toil honnu basis hi/Jdot csti. A circle is
the basis of a cone, Aristotle, Or.] In geometry, a soliel
body whose base isacircle, its uppermost part ending in a
point; it resetnblesasngar loaf, and may lie conceived as
formed by the revolution of a triangle on one of its sides as
on an axis.
CO'NEPATL, an American species of weasel.
To CONFA'BULATE, .•. «. [confnhdo, homfahrda, a fa-
ble or idle tale, Lat.] to talk easily and with carelessness
together ; to chat with a person.
CONFABULATION, s. [from amfalmh, to chat, Lat.]
easy, familiar, careless, clieerful talk with a person.
CONFA'BULATOllY, «. belonging to entertaining and
careless conversation.
ToCONFE'CT, V. a. [from eonfido, to digest, Lat] lo
preserve fruit, &c. with sugar.
CO'NFECT, >. a sweetmeat.
CONFK'CTION, s. [confntio, Lat.] the preserving fruit
or" vegetables, by means of clarified sugar. In pharmacy,
any thing prepared with sugar ; a liquid or soft electuary ;
IIm assembling or union of different ingredients.
CONFE'CTIONARY, s. a place where elegant food from
differentingredients is made, or fruits are preserved.
CONFE CTIONER, s. one who makes and sells sweet-
meats.
CONFEDERACY, s. [from con, with, mAfadus, a league,
Lat.l a league, contract, or agreement, entered into by se-
veral states and bodies of men for their mutual advantage
and defence.
To CONFEDERATE, v. a. [from con, with, and fadus, a
league, Lat.] lo unite in a league or agree with, in order to
accomplish some design.
CONFE'DERATE, a. leagued, or united by some co -
tract to accomplish some design.
CONFE'DERATE, s. one who enters into an engagement
with another, whereby they are obliged umtually to assist
and defend each other ; an ally.
CONFEDERATION, s. [conftdhation, Fr.] a league ; an
act whereby two or more persons oblige themselves to
assist each other ; an alliance.
To CONFER, 11. ". [confero, Lat.J to discourse with a
person on some important, grave, and stated subject ; to
talk with a person on any subject, in order to come to a de-
termination. Actively, to compare the sentiments of one
person or author with those of anothor ; to give a thing
which could not be claimed ; to bestow a favour ; to coi>-
tribute or conduce.
CONFERENCE, s. [conference, Fr.] the act of discours-
ing with another, in order to settle soUic point in dispute,
or treat upon any subject in a public character ; a meeting
appointed tor the discoursing of some point in debate ; com-
parison, or examination of things by comparing them tOjje.
ther.
CONFETIRER, s. he that discourses with another on
some stated point ; he that bestows a favour on another.
To CONFESS, V. a. [eonfesser, Fr.] to acknowledge the
having done something amiss. To disclose a person's sins
to a priest, in order to obtain absolution. To own. To
avow ; to profess. To grant. Not to dispute. To shew ;
to approve ; to attest.
CONFE'SSEDLY, ad. in such a manner as must extort
universal consent; generally owned ; avowedly ; indisput-
ably.
CONFE'SSION, s. the acknowledgment or owning a
crime. Profession ; avowal. In the Romish church, an
acknowledgement of sins in private to a priest, in order to
obtain absolution.
CONFESSIONAL, s. [Fr.] in the Romish church, a lit.
tic box or desk, wherein the priest takes the confession of /i
penitent.
CONFE'SSIONARY, s. [covfessionnire, Fr,J the confession
chair or seat, wherein the priest sits to receive tlie confes-
sion of a penitent.
CONFESSOR, s. [confesseur, Fr.] one who professes a
religious sentiment or opinion in tiie face of danger, and
amidst the most cruel tortures. In the Romish church, a
priest, who is authorized to receive the confessions of peni-
tents, and grant them absolution.
C()NFE'.ST, a. [?i poetical word for c»n/e«ed] open; ge-
nerally known ; aclinowledged, in a good sense. Notorious,
in a bad sense.
CONFE'STIjY, ud. indisputably ; evidently ; without
doubt or concealment.
CONFI'CIENT, {lionfishieiit) part, [from cov, with, and
fdcio, (o make or do, Lat.] causing or producing in company
with some other person or thing.
CONFIDANT, s. [roiiJidaHt,'Fr.]a person entrusted with
the secrets of anothor, most commonly applied tJ those
will) are entrusted with affairs of h)ver8.
To CONFl'DK, V. n. [ciiiifidti, Lilt.] to tiust in, implying a
.■strong persuasion or assurance of a person's abilities to assist
another, or his fidelity in keciiiiig a secret.
CON FID EN CE, .«. | ninjidcutui, from coiijido, to trust, Lat- ;
a strong assurance of the fidelity and ability of another
When joined to the reciprocal pronouns, himself, <ftc. a
!
CON
CON
strons assurancp of !!ie pfficacy of -.s person's own ahilltics :
a viciDiismui iissiimiiig boldness.
rO'NKlDENT, part, [from mnjiilo, to confido, Lat.] assur-
ed of a tiutli beyond any \>ossibility of doul)l : positive;
secure of success; without fear of a miscarriage ; without
suspicion; iwld, to a vice.
CONFIDENTLY, ad. in such a manner as to discover
no fear of a miscarriage ; securely.
(30'NF1DENTNESS, s. a favourable opinion of one's own
iudsjmcut ; assurance.
CONF IGUUATU)N, s. \cnnfiguration, Fr.l the order in
which the particles of bodies are united lo^etlier ; the form
of a body made by the order in wliicii its particles are
united toi;cther. In astronomy, a delineation of the relative
situations of the satellites of any of the planets at any
f^iven time. The face of the horoscope, according to the
aspects of the sun, moon, and planets, towards each other,
at any given time, made use of by astrologers in the fore-
telling of future events.
To CONFrOlUiE, V. 71. [from ron, with, and /finm, k
figure, Lat.] to dispose or form by uniting in a particular
ijjanner.
CO'NFINE, s. [cnn/i7nis, Lat.] a limit ; border ; edge ; or
utmost verge of a thing or place.
CO'NFINE, a. [conjiids, Lat.] bordering, upon, applied
to nlaces; it implies that the oue begins where the other
eiins. Touching ; adjoining ; or contiguotis.
To CONFINE, v.n. [(rem coiijiriis, Lat.] to border upon ;
to touch ; to be contiguous to. Actively, to bound ; to li-
mit; toench)se; to shut up; to restrain; to imprison; to
imnun-e; to keep at home ; not to (piit, or neglect.
CO'NFINELESS, a. boundless; without limits, end, or
pause.
CONFFNEMENT, s. the act of restraining a person
from going abroad ; the act of enclosing a person in prison ;
the state of a person in prison, or kept at home without li-
l)erty of going abroad ; restraint.
CONFI'NER, s. a person who lives at the extremity, or
on the borders of a country ; one who deprives another of
the liberty of walking abroad; or shuts him up in a
prison.
CONFFNITY, s. [cotifadtas, Lat.] nearness ; neighbour-
hood ; likeness.
To CONFFRM, v. a. \c0ujir7n0, Lat.] to put bevond
doubt, by additional proofs ; to settle a person in an ofiice ;
to fix ; to complete ; to render perfect ; to admit to the
full privileges of a Christian by imposition of the hands of a
bishop.
CONFFRMABLE, a. that is capable of incontestible
evidence.
CONFIRMATION, s. the act of establishing any per-
son or thing in a place or office ; an additional or new proof
toevince the truth of a thing or opinion beyond doubt or
contradiction : a proof which brings conviction ; an eccle-
siastic rite, whereby a person, arrived to years of discretion,
undertakes the performance of every part of the baptismal
vow, made for him by his godfathers and g;odmother.
CONFIRM ATOR, s. [conjir77iator, Lat J one who proves
a thing beyond doubt.
CONFIRMATORY, a. establishing, or giving such ad-
ditional proof as may increase the certainty or probability
of anv fact or action.
CONFFRM EDNESS, s. a quality implying certainty,
when applied to evidence ; and inveteracy or strength, not
easily to be surmounted, when used of habits.
CONFI'RMER, s. one who establishes an opinion or fact
by new evidence or proofs ; one who establishes or secures
a person in the possession of any dignity.
CONFI'SCABLE, a. [confisco,\o confiscate, Lat.] liable to
be seized on as a fine or punishment for some crime.
To CONFISCATE, ». a. [confisco, from JUcus, the public
treasury, Lat.] to seize on private property, and convert it
to the use either of the chief magistrate, or the public, by
way of punishment.
CONFISCA'TTON, s. [from cmtfisco, to confiscate, Lat.
the seizing of private proi)erty on accovmt of Mime crinu-,
and converting it to the use of the chief magistrate or of
the public.
CO'NFITENT, ^. [from cmfiteor, to confess, Lat.] one
confessing ; one who confesses his faults.
CO'NFITURE, s. [Fr. from amfectitra, the making of
any thing, Lat.] a sweetuu-at ; a confection; acomtit.
To CONFI'X, 1-. fl. [<■.»;//<;•'>, Lat.] to fix down ; to fasten.
" Or else for ever Isp crmfixrd here. " iS7i«/c;.
CONFLA'GIlANT,/ja)f. [from ccm, together, zndjlagro,
to burn, Lat.] burning together; involving in the same
fire.
CONFLAGRATION, s. [from f»w, together, and /"^ro,
to burn, Lat.] a general fire spreading over a large space,
and involving several things in its flames, (ienerally used
for that fire which shall consume all things, and change the
face of nature.
CONFLATION, s. [from con, to§;ether, zndfo, to blow,
Lat.] the act of blowing several wnid instruments at the
same time ; the casting and melting of metal.
To CONFLICT, v. a. [from con, with, and fligo, to beat,
Lat.] to strive or struggle in order to get victory, applied to
persons and things.
CO'NFLICT, i. [from confligo, to contend, Lat.] a com-
bat, or flight between two, seldom used of a general battle ;
a contest or strife; a struggle between opposite qualities;
an agony or pang, wherein nature seems to struggle hard
againsts"tfe»Jngand pain.
CO'NFLUENCE,s.[fromfOH/™, to flow together, Lat.l
an uniting of hvo or more streams or rivers ; the act of
crowding or coming in great numbers to one place; aeon-
course or a multitude gathered into one place.
CO'NFLUENT, part, [from eojijiun, to flow together,
Lat.] running one into another, meeting or mixing toge-
ther.
CO'NFLUX, i. [from cnnfluo, to flow together, Lat.] the
uniting or union of several streams or rivers. Figuratively,
a crowd, a great number of persons collected together.
CON FO'RM, «. [from f 0)1, together, and/orairt, form, Lat.]
assuming the same form or quality as another ; like.
To CONFORM, v. a. [coiifor7no, from con, together, and
for7nn, form, Lat.]
CONFO'RMABLE, a. having the same form ; agreeable,
suitable consistent ; compliant, or submissive to authority.
CON FO'RM ABLY, ad. agreeably; suitably; with com-
pliance.
CONFORMATION, *. [co7,fort»atio, Lat.] the particular
union or order of the parts of a body, and their disposition
to make a whole ; theact of producing suitableness, or con-
formity to anv thing.
CONFORMIST, «. one who complies with the mode of
worship used ov the church of England.
CONFORMITY, s. likeness; resemblance; theact of
regulating one's actions to some law; consistency; compli-
ance with the worship of the established church.
CONFORTATION, «. [from cmiforto, a low Latin word]
collation of strength ; corroboration.
To CONFOUND, v. a. \co7ifuwlo, Lat.] to mingle nr
mix things so that their forms or natures cannot be distin-
guished; to substitute or make use of one word foranotlier,
which convevs difterent ideas ; to puzzle or perplex the
mind by indistinct ideas, or words used in an nuletermniate
manner ; to amaze, astonish, and render unable to reply ;
to destroy.
CONFOXTNDED, jyart. hateful : prodio;ious , a low
word, to express anv thing in the superlative degree.
CONFOUNDEDLY, ad. shamefully ; hatefully ; a low
word. , . ,
CONFO'UNDER, ». one who perplexes, astonishes, or
destroys. . . „
CONFRATERNITY, 1. [from con, with, ?i\v\fratcmuas,
brotherhood] a brotherhood ; or Itody of men muted for
some religious purpose
1<15
CON
CONFRICATION, s. [from cnn, with, to strengthen the
signification, and fricc, to nib, Lat.jtlie act of rubbing:.
To CONFRONT, f. a. [confi-onter, Fi.] to stand direetly
opposite to; to stand face to face ; to oppose; to set in op-
position ; to contrast ; to compare one thing ,witli an-
otlier.
CONFRONTATION, s. [Fr.] the act of opposing one
evidence to another.
To CONFUSE, (/imi/iire; tlie .s in this word and its deri-
vatives sounding like 2) v. a. [from confusiis, Lat.] to put in
disorder ; to malve irregular ; to perplex by indistinct ideas
or by using words without any determinate signification.
CONFIJ'.SEDLY, ad. in an indistinct manner; mixed,
opposed to separate ; perplexed, or not clear; without any
order; in obscure, indistinct, or unnitelligible terms.
CONFiJSEDNESS, s. want of distinctness or clearness ;
want of Older or regularity.
CONFUSION, i. an irregular, careless or disorderly
niixture ; tumult ; the using words without any precise
meaning; overthrow; destruction; astonishment; distrac-
tion of mind.
CONFUTABLE, a. that may be shewn to be false or
groundless.
CONFUTATION, s. [from confiito, to confute, Lat.] the
act of destroying the arguments of another, by shewing
them to be false, mconclusive, or groimdless.
To CONFUTE, v. a. \confuto, Lat.] to destroy the force
of an argument ; to shew the proofs of an adversary to be
groimdless, inconclusive, sophistical, or false.
CO'NGE, (klinjee) s. [co7igi, Fr.] an action shewing re-
spect, compliment, or submission, consisting in bowing the
body, in men ; and in women, in sinking with the knee bent,
OT making a curtesy ; leave, or the action of taking leave.
Covgi d'elire, Fr. i. e. leave of election, in canon law, is the
king's permission to a dean and chapter to choose a bishop
when the see is vacant. In architecture, a moulding in
form of a quarter round, or a cavetto, which serves to sepa-
rate two members from one another ; such is that which
joins the shaft of the column to the cincture.
To CONCiE'AL, (kmije'd) v. a. [congeln, from gelu, ice,
Lat.] to change or thicken any fluid by cold. Figuratively,
to thicken any fluid, applied generally to the Wood. Ncu-
terly to grow thick.
CONGE ALABLE.rt. that may grow thick by cold.
CONGE'ALMENT, s. the clot or tiiick mass formed by
cold ; concretion.
CONGELATION, s. the act of freezing, or producing
such a change in a fluid body, that it grows thick, or its
particles become fixed like tliose of a solid body.
CO'NGENER, s. [from con, together, and gcmis, a kind,
L;it.] a thingof the.same kind of nature.
CONGE'NEROUS, a. of the same genus or species, aris-
ing from the same principle ; proceeding from the same
cai>se. Used only by scientific writers.
CONGE'NIAL, a. [from cow, together, and genius, incli-
nation, Lat.J partaking of the same genus, of tJie same na-
ture, disposition, or kind.
CONGENIALITY, s. a partaking of the same genus, na-
ture, or disposition.
CONGE'NIALNESS, ». a sameness of disposition. .
CO'NGER, (in this word the ff has a hard sound before e)
t. \con!crus, Lat.} a large eel, fre(|uentingsalt waters.
CONCiERBEullY, a village in Somersetshire, six miles
N. of Axbridge.
CONGERIES,*. [Lat.] a mass consisting of smaller bo-
dies heaped together. •
To CONGE'ST, V. a. [congero, Lat.] to heap up ; to gather
together.
CONGESTION, (honjist.ymi) t. [from con, together, and
pern, to carry, Lat.]
CO'NOLMIY, *. \cnnE;inriHm, from congiics, a gallon mea-
sure, Lat. I a gift dislriftuted by the Roman emperors, con-
oUtiiig of corn and oil,
100
CON
To CONGLA'CIATE, v. n. [from congludo, to fieeze,
Lat.] to turn to ice.
CONGLACIATION, t. the changing into ice ; the state
of a thing changed into ice ; vitnfyiug, or turning into
glass.
CO'NGLETON, a town of Cheshire, seated on the river
Dane. It has manufactories of leather gloves, cotton, and
silTi ; the silk-mill here employing 700 persons. ItisTniiks
S. of Macclesfield, and 164 N. W. of London. Market on
Saturday.
To CONGLOBATE, v. a.\congloho, from globus, a globe
or ball, Lat.] to unite in the form of a globe or ball.
CO'NGLOB ATE, pent, [congloho, from globus, a globe or
ball, Lat.]moulded into a ball.
CON GLOB ATELY, ad. in a globular, round, orspher^
cal form.
To CONGLO'BE, v. n. \ conglobo, from globus, a globe or
ball, I^t.] to gather into a firm round ball ; to gather into a
round mass.
To CONGLOMERATE, v. a. [conglomero, from glomus, a
bottom of yarn, Lat.] to gather several things into a round
mass.
CONGLO'MERATE, ;>«)•<. [coH^/om^ro, [from glomus, a
bottom of yarn, Lat.] gathered into a round ball or mass, so
that the compounding bodies appear distinct. Figuratively,
twisted or collected together.
CONGLOMERATION, *. a collection of matter into a
loose round ball ; intertexture ; mixture.
To C(^NGLUTINATE, v. a. [conghuino, from gluten,
glue, Lat.] to glue, cement, or join fast together by any vis-
cous, sticking, or glutinous substance. Neuterly, to stick or
cohere together.
CONGLUTINATION, s. the act of sticking together ;
the |act of uniting and fastening tlie lips of a ,wound tr>-
gether.
CONGLU'TINATIVE, «. having the power of sticking
together, or uniting the lips of a wound.
CON(iLUTINATOR, s. that which has the power of
making thiugs cohere, or stick together.
CONGO, or Lower Guinea, a large tract of country,
on the VV. coast of Africa, extending from the equinoctial
to 17deg. S. lat. and containing the countries ot Loango,
Congo Proper, Angola, and Iknguela. It is bounded on
the VV. by tlie Atlantic, on the N. by Benin and Malloko, on
the E. by Makoko and the interior of Africa, and on the S»
by Mataman and unknown lands. Tiieir seasons ai-e the
reverse of ours; during our summer they have rain almost
every day, and this is called the winter season ; but, during
their summer, the weather is constantly serene. In the de-
serts within land there are elephants, tigers, leopards, mon»
keys, serpents of a monstrous length, rattlesnakes, 'vipers,
dangerous white ants or pismires, scorpions, and other ve-
nomous insects, both flying and reptile; and, in the river
Zaire, crocodiles and river horses. Near the coast the soil
is fertile, producing various kinds of fruits, besides palm-
trees, from which they get wine and oil. Many of the iiv
liabitants worship the sun, moon, and stars, and ditt'erent
kinds of animals; others have embraced the religious pro
fession of the Portuguese. They are skilful in weaving
cotton cloth, and carry on the traffic in slaves, as well as hi
ivory, cassia, fruits, and other produce of the country.
Congo is divided into several provinces. Tlie principal
rivers are the Zaire, the Dando, the Coaiiza, the Yambr;i,
and tlie Barbela.
CON(jRA'TULATE, ;>«)•<. [from cmgratulor, to congratu-
late, Lat.] rejoicing with another ; expressing one's rejoicing
will) another.-
To CONGRATULATE, v. a. [coi^patulor, from con, T,•iH^
and gratus, kind, welcome, Lat.] to cxi)re»s joy on t)ie good
success or advantage of another.
CONGRATUL.VTiON, «. the act of expressing joy on
account of the success or happiness of another.
CONGRATULATORY, 0. expressing joy for the good
fortune of another.
CON
CON
ToCONGlUsE'T, V. m. to salute togollipr, in.phing the
Diakinif-and rttiiniiii^^ ofacoiiipliiiieiit. Not in use.
To CO'NGREG ATI", ti. ff. \cons:re^o, from c;rex, a flock,
Lat.] to collect several tliiiifjs into the same mass, or several
persons into the same place. Ncuterly, to assemble, meet,
or come together.
CCN GREG ATE, «. [from con^rego, to collect, Lat.] col-
lected close together ; forming one mass or body.
CONGREGATION, s. in physic, (hat degree of mixture
wherein the particles of a fluid meet or touch only in a
point; a collection or mass of several particles. In divinity,
an assembly of people met together for religious worship.
In church history, an assembly of several ecclesiastics, con-
stitutinj; and forming a body.
congregational; a. belonging to an assembly or
congregation.
CONGRESS, i. [congri-ssiis, from congredior, to meet t(V
gether, Lat.] a shock, or confli<*t ; an appointed meeting for
settling of affairs between different nations. Cmigrrsx, in
America, is the assembly of delegates from the United
States.
CONGRE'SSIVE, a. meeting together; encountering.
To CONGRLi'E, v. n. [tongruo, Lat.] to agree ; to suit ;
to import; to become.
CO'NGRUENCE, s. [congnentia. Lat.] agreement ; the
suitableness or consistency of one thing to another ; con-
sistency.
CONGRU'ITY, s. fitness ; suitableness of one thing to
another ; consistency. In geometry, applied to figures or
lines, which meet or correspond exactly when applied to, or
laid over each other.
CO'NGRUOUS, a. [congiims, Lat.] agreeable to; consis-
tent with; suited or proportionate.
CO'NGRUOUSLY, arl. in such a manner as to agree or
be consistent with, apphed to sentiments ; suitably.
CO'NIC, orCO'NICAL, a. [comcus, Lat. from kone, a
cone, Gr.] having the form of a cone, sugar-loaf, or round
pyramid. Conic section, in geometry, is the curve line aris-
ing from the section of a cone by a plane. Conies, or conic
aauions, that part of geometry which treats of cones, and the
curves arising from the section of a cone by a plane.
CO'NICALLY, ad. in form of a cone, or sugar-lohf.
CO'NICALNESS, *. the state or quality which partakes
of the properties of ia cone.
CO'NINGSTON MERE, a lake of Lancashire, 5 miles
long and 1 broad, in the hmidred of Furness.
To CONJE'CT, V. a. [conjicio, from con, together, and
jacio, to cast, Lat.] to guess at a thing. ■
CONJE'CTOR, s. a guesser ; a conjecturer.
CONJE'CTURABLE, a. being the object of conjecture ;
tliat may be guessed.
CONJE'CTURAL, «. depending on, or determined from
uncertain principles bv mere guess.
CONJECTURA'LITY, s. that which is inferrable only
from guess.
CONJE'CTURALLY, ad. by guess ; by conjecture.
CONJE'CTURE, s. [from conjicio, to cast together, Lat.]
To CONJE'CTURE, v. a. to guess.
CONJE'CTURER, s. a guesser ; one who forms opinion
without proof.
CONITEROUS, o. [from fonrw, a cone, and /cj-o, to bear,
Lat.] in botany, bearing a fruit resembling a cone.
To CONJOIN, V. a. [coTijoindre, Fr.] to join together ; to
unite together in friendship; to knit or join together in
marriage. Neuterly, to take part with another in any ac-
tion.
CONJOINT, part, [conjoint, Fr.] united ; connected ;
associate. In music, applied to two or more sounds heard
al the same time.
CONJOINTLY, ad. together ; in union, opposed to apart
or separate.
CO'NJUGAL, a. [from con, together, and jvgvm, a yoke,
Lat.jbclonging to marnage.
COT^ JUG ALLY, «/. consistently with married people.
To CO'NJUGATE, v. a. [from con, together, andjw»um,
a yoke, Lat.] to unite ; tojom.
CO'NJUGATE, s. [conjugal^is, from conjugn, to coupL'
together, Lat] in grammar, agreeing in derivation with an-
other word, and resembling it in its sen.se and meaiiiiijj.
Conjugate dyimeter, or axis, in conies, is the shortest of the
two diameters bisecting the other, or a right line bisecting
the transverse diameter of an ellipsis.
CONJLGATION, J. [conjugatio, from cmijvgo, to couple
together, Lat.] a couple, pair, or two things of the same sort
joined together. The act of uniting, or joining tog(-ther ;
union. In grammar, an orderly distribution of the tenses*
persons, and moods of verbs, according to their difierent
terminations or inflections.
CONJU'NCT, part, [from con, with, and jungo, to join,
Lat.] joined with another ; concurring ; united.
CONJU'NCTION, s. [from con, together, aud jnngn, to
join, Lat.] the uniting two things together. Figuratively, a
league or confederacy. In astronomy, the meeting of the
stars or planets in the same degree, minute, and second of
the zodiac. In grammar, a word used to connect the clauses
of a period or sentence together.
CONJU'NCTIVE, a. [from con, together, and jungo, to
join, Laf.] closely united. In grammar, the mood of a verb,
and subsequently to a conjunction.
CONJUNCTIVELY, ad. in union; operating together,
opposed to apart or separate.
CONJ UTS CTIVENESS, s. the quality of uniting or join-
ing two or more things together.
CONJU'NCTLY, ad. jointly ; together, opposed to
apart.
CONJU'NCTURE, *. [conjoncture, Fr.] an union or meet-
ing of several circumstances, or causes; a critical or parti-
cular period of time ; connection of several things forming
a whole ; consistency, or an union of qualities which can
exist at the same time in the same or different subjects.
Synon. We know people on particular occasions. We
should demean ourselves according to the occurrence of
the times. It is commonly the conjunctwe that determines
us which side to take.
CONJURATION, s. the form of obliging a person to give
his evidence. See Adjuration. Magio words, charac-
ters, ceremonies, charms, which are said to have the power
of raising the dead, and devils, A plot ; a conspiracy.
To CONJU'RE, v. a. (from con, with, to strengthen the
signification, and /i»-o, to swear, Lat.J to entreat a person
with the greatest earnestness, and by tlie respect he hus lu
some dear persori, or sacred being.
To CO'NJUllK, 1'. a. [from con, with, to strengthen the
signification, andj'ww, to swear, Lat. J to influei>ce by magic
or enchantments ; to charm. Neuterly, to practice en-
chantments.
CONJU'REMENT, *. serious injunction; solemn de-
mand.
CONJURER, J. an enchanter, or a person who makej
use of magical charms ; an impostor, who pretends to have
commerce with the world of spirits, and by that means to
be able to foietel the future events of a person's life, to dis-
cover thieves, &c.
To CONN, 11. a. [comwn. Sax.] to learn or get without
book. To give. SeeToCoN.
CONNA'TE, a. [from can, with, and natns, born, Lat.] born
with : innate ; born at the same time as another.
CONNATURAL, a. [from con, with, and nntvra, nature,
Lat.J consistent with, or flowing from nature ; of the same
original or nature.
CONNATURA'LITY, s. resemblance of nature ; or an
essential resemblance and connection.
CONNATURALLY, ad. in such a manner as to be born
with, or innate.
CONNATURALNESS, s. the quality of being born with,
of being innate or interwoven in our nature.
CO'NNAUGHT, the most westerly province in Irehn*!,
containing the counties of Leitrim, Sligo, Mayo, Roscolw
1»7
CON
CON
men, aiid Galnay. It is hounded on the W. and N, W. hy
the ocean, on the N. l>y Ulster, and on tlie E. and S. hy
Loinsterand Munstcr. It contains 290 parishes, andG5,821
houses, and is 130 miles in lenglli, and 8t in breadth. It
has no considerable rivers, besides the Shainion; but has
several convenient bays and creeks. It is fertile in many
places, but thinly inhabited ; but, by the introduction of
the linen inanufactnre, tlie number of inhabitants bejjins to
increase.
To CONNE'CT, v. a. [from eon, with, and jtectn, to knit,
Lat.] to .join together by some intermediate means, alhiding
to the union formed hy cement; to join together the mem-
bers of a period, or the arguments of a discourse, in such a
manner as they shall have a mutual dependence on each
like the links of a chain.
CONNE'CTICUT, one of the five states of New England.
It is 73 miles long, and about 41 broa<l, and is bounded on
the W. by New York, on tlie N. by Massachnsets, on the
E. by Rhode Island, and on the S. and S. E. by the Sound,
which divides it from Long Island. Though subject to the
extremes of heat and cold, and to freciucnt and sudden
changes of weather, the country is healthful, and the most
populous, in proportion to its cstcnt, of any of the United
States ; in 1790, the number of the inhabitants was 237,940,
of which 2764 were slaves. It lesemblts a well cultivated
garden, producing, with moderate labosir, the necessaries
and conveniences of life in abundance. The inhabitants are
of the religious denomination of Independents. Its princi-
pal rivers are the Connecticut, the Housatonik, and the
Thames. It contains the comities of Hartford, Newhaven,
Now London, Fanfield, Windham, Litchfield, Middlesex,
and Tolland. The river Connecticut rises in the N. part of
New Hampshire, separatinij that state from Vermont, enters
Massachnsets at Northficld, crosses that state, enters Con-
necticut about 7 miles N. of Hartford, and after dividing
the latter state nearly in the centre, runs into the sea at the
N. E. end of Long Island Sound. Rctween Walpole on the
E. and Westminster on the W. side of the river, are the
great falls, over which a tiridge, 160 feet in length, was built
in 1784, the first ever erected over this noble river, which is
navigable above 40 miles for large vessels, and much farther
for small ones.
CONNECTION, «. SccConnexion.
CONNE'CTIVE, o. having the power of joining different
things together, so as they may have a mutual dependence
on each other.
CONN "^'CTIVELY, nrf. jointly ; in union ; Iiaving mutual
dependence on each other, arising from union.
ToCONNE'X, V. a. [from con, with, and necto, to knit,
Lat.] to join, link, or fasten several things to each other.
CONNE'XION, s. [from ran, wilh, and necto, to knit, Lat.]
a relation whereby one thing adheres to, and depends on
another; the act of fastening things together in such a
manner, that they may stick as if joined by cement, and
depend on each other like the links of a chain; depen-
dence ; commerce ; union formed by interest.
CONNE'XIVE, a. that has the force of joining or uniting
together.
CONNIVANCE, s. the beholding or seeing any fault
without taking notice ofit, orpunisliing the coiinnitter.
To CONN I'VE, 11. n. (from mn. \\\\\i, to strengthen the
signification, and niveo, to wink, Lat.] to wink ; to pass by
a fsnif without takiug notice ofit, or punisjiing the committer.
CONNOISSE'UIl, .?. [Tr-l one who is perfectly acquaint-
ed with any object of knowledge or taste; a perfect judge
or critic. Sometimes used of a pn tended critic.
To CONNOTE, 11. n. ffrom cnu, with, and luitn, a mark,
Iviif.] to implv, to signify by implication.
CONNU'l'IAL, u. [ciKinidiialis, from ron, with, and nvho, to
marrv.Lat.J relating to marriage; conjugal.
C()'N01D, s. [hdnacirlcs, fr<im linnos, a cone, and' tidos,
form, fir.] in geometry, a solid body resembling a cone,
c-HCf'I)tiiig that it has an ellipsis instead of a perfect circle
''or its base.
198
C0N0rDIC.\L, a. [hmorides, from noiws, a cone, and
eidoi, fonn, Gr.] approaching to a conic form.
To CONQUA'SSATE,!-. n. [from con, with, to strengthen
the signification, and quasso, to shake much, Lat.] to shake
or agitate with violence. Used only by technical writers.
CONQUASS.VTION, s. violent motion; agitation.
To CONQUER, v. a. [conguerir, Fr.] to subdue, overcome,
or over-run bv force of arms ; to surmount ; to get tlie bet-
ter of any dirticulty. Neuterly, to obtain the victory.
Synon. It requires courage and valour io conquer ; en-
deavour and resolution to subdue ; patience and perseve-
rance to overcome.
CONQUERABLE, a. possible to be overcome. Figura-
tively, easily surmounted.
CO'NQUEROR, f . one who surmounts any difficulty ,
one who subdues by force of arms.
CO'NQUEST, s. [coiujueste, Fr.] the act of subduing by
force of arms; the tiling gained by victory ; victory or suc-
cess in arms.
CONSANGU'INEOUS, a. [from con, with, and san^th,
blood, Lat.] near akin ; of the same blood ; revealed by
birth.
CONSANGUI'NITY, *. [from con, and gatiguit, bloo<t,
Lat. J relation by blood ; relation or descent from one fa-
ther.
CO'NSCIENCE, (by some pron. kunschience) s. [from
conscio, to know, Lat.] the faculty or act of judging of the
nature of our actions, whether they be good or evil, imply-
ing a comparison of them with some standard of mora!
action ; the determination of tlie mind with respect to tlic
quality of any action after its commission; the knowledge
of our own thoughts, or consciousness; real sentiments,
private thoughts, used with in. Scruple or consciousness,
used with ninke.
CONSCIENTIOUS, (consibisJiions) a. [from cotiscienlia,
conscience, Lat.] scrupulous ; examining every thing ac-
cording to the dictates of conscience, and acting conforma-
bly ; exactlv just.
CONSCIENTIOUSLY, arf. according to the direction
of conscience.
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS, (Iwnsicnshiousnfss) s. exact-
ness or tenderness of conscience ; an excess of scrupu-
lousness.
CO'NSCIONABLE, {h'onsMmaUe) a. agreeable to tlie
dictates of conscience ; just.
CO'NSCIONABLENESS, {Ji-onshionahlaiess) s. equity ;
reasonableness ; agreeableness to, or consistency with, tlie
dictates of conscience.
CO'NSCIONABLY, {hmisMonably) ad. in a manner agree-
able to the dictates of conscience; justly ; reasonably.
CONSCIOUS, {hons/iious)a. [from conscio, to know, Lat.J
to be inwardly sensible ofa thing, whereof it is possible to
have a distinct idea. Knowing from recollection or me-
mory ; knowing or understanding ; bearing wituess of, or
sensible of, from the instigations of conscience.
CONSCIOUSLY, {/(onsliiouslij) ad. sensibly : or haviii'.c
the sensation of the operation of some faculty of the miml.
CO'NSCIOUSNESS, (kiins/iiousness) s. the perception or
sensation of what passes in a man's own mind ; a'l internal
acknowledgement or sense of guilt, or of having performed
any particular acticui.
CONSCRIPT, /)(()•/. [from conscriho, to enroll, Lat.] writ-
ten or registered. Applied to the Roman fathers or seir.v-
tors, whose names were registered in the list of the senate.
A conscrivt, among the French, is a modern term for a new
raised soldier or recruit.
CONSCIU'l'TlON, s. [from ctnscriho, to enroll, Lat] an
enrolling or registering.
To CONSECRATE, i>. a. {con$eci-o, Lat.] to dedicate or
srtapart todivinc uses; to sanctify or appropriate, as pleas-
ing to the Deitv.
CONSECRATE, ;>«»•«. rco»isem«M, Lat.] set apan foi
divine uses ; dedicated to the service of God ; sacred.
CONSECRATION, s.Ww act of appropriating, dcdvcat-
COM
in^, 6r Settinij apart any common of profane thing ti reii-
penis uses, by means of certain ceremonies or rites ; tlie be
iicilietion of 'lie bread and wir.e in tiic sacrament.
CONSKCKATOR, s. the person wi>o peiiyrras t?<e rit^s
hy which a thing is appropriated to divine uses.
CONSKCTARY, a. \consectaniis, from con, with, and
tectur, to follow, Lat.] folIowui>( as a conser^nence.
CONSE'CTARY, s. a proportion which follows from
aome precediiiK definition, lemma, axiom, oi" the like.
CONSECUTION, s. [conseciUio, from consequm; lo follow,
l.at.J a chain of consequences ; succession. In astronomy,
tiie month (jf consecution, is tlie space between one cojijunc-
tiou of the moon with the sun to another.
CONSE'CUTIVE, a. [consicntif, Fr.] following in an
uninterrupted succession; following; immediately suc-
ceed ing.
CONSE'CUTIVELY, ad. after or following as an effect.
CONSETSSION, s. [from con, with, and sentio, to tliink,
I^at.] agreement ; accord.
CONSE'NT,^. [from con, with, and sentio, to think, Lat.|
tlie act of yielding, or compliance with a request ; agree-
ment ; uiiVv of sentiment ; harmony, or agreement of parts.
8yN0N. SSf consent to the will of others by permitting;
we acTjiiiesa: in what is proposed by conforming ; we agree to
wliat IS said by approving. Prov. Tliey as;ree like cats and
diifr". — Theti as:ree like bells, they want nothins; but hmginf^.
To CONSE'NT, V. n. [consevtio, Lat.l to agree to ; ifo
\)Vomote the same end ; to yield or comply with a request ;
fi> ailmit.
CONSENTA'NEOUS,ff. Iconsentat^jts, Lat.] agreeable or
suitable to; consistent with.
CONSENTANEOUSLY, ad. in a manner agreeable to ;
(•onsistent with, or suitable to.
CONSENTA'NEOUSNESS, s. consistence ; agreeable-
ness.
CONSETSTIENT, (hmtsaishient) part, [from eon. with,
and sentio, to think, Lat.J universal ; uiuuumous ; general ;
agreeing, or united in opinion.
CO'NSEQIIENCE, i. [consecutio, from consequor, to fol-
low, Lat ] the relation or connexion between two proposi-
tions, whereof one follows or is deduced from the other ;
(hat which follows from, or is produced by any cause, or
principle ; event, effect, importance, moment, or con-
(ern.
CO'NSB^UENT, ■pan. [consequens, from conseqvor, to fol-
low, LatJ following from some premises, applied to argu-
ment. Following as an effect.
CO'NSEQUENT, s. the last proposition of an argument,
deduced from or included in some preceding proposition ;
an effect, or that which proceeds from the operation of any
cause. Consequent of a ratio, la aritlimetic, is the latter of
the two terms, or that to which the antecedent is referred ;
thus in a, b, or a to t ; b is the consequent, and o tlie ante-
cedent.
CONSEQU'ENTIAL, (knnseqtienshial) a. [consequens, from
cmisiqmr, to follow, Lat.] produced by a necessary chain of
causes anil effects, deduced according to the rules of rea-
son or logic.
CONSEQUE'NTL'VLLY, (konsequinshial'hi) ad. deducing
consequences, or making inferences ; according to the rilles
of reason or logic ; by consequence : eventually ; in a
regular series.
CO'NSEQUENTLY, ad. by consequence ; necessarily ;
inevitably, from a necessary connexion of effects to their
causes ; ui consequence
CONSE'PVABLE, a. [from conservo, to preserve, Lat.]
capable of being preserved or kept.
CONSE'RVANCY, s. [conservans, Jrom conservo, to pre-
serve, Lat.] applied to the courts held by the lord-mayor
for the preservation of the fisliery on tlie river Thames,
•Ahieh are st\'led courts ofconsei-vancy.
CONSERVATION, s. Iconsei-vatio, from conteno, to pre-
set ve, Lat. | the act of prescr/ing bodies or systems from
sorruption or decay
CON
CONSE'RVATIVE, a. [from coiuow, "to press n'c, I^t.^
having the i)ower ofkeepiii'jlrom corrupiion or decay.
CONSKRVATOU, s. [Lat.] one who preserves from
corruption or (fecay ; an officer established for the preser
vution of till- privileges gia'ifed some cities ; or a person who
is authorized to determine differences arisinji between the
citizens.
CONSE'UVATORY, s. \imm consei-vn, to preserve, Laf.
a place wherein a tbiug is Kept in a manner suitable to its
nature, as fi'.h in a pond.
CONSERVATORY, a. having the power of preserving a
thing from corruption or decay.
CO'NSKHVE, s. a sweet-meat made by boiling fruit in
clarified sugar. In pharinacy, a medicine in the form of an
electuary', made of the leaves of Howers, beat with su;;ar in ;i
nioilar ; a place to keep and preserve vegetables in.
To CONS E'RVE, «. a. [coHscrio, Lat.] to preserve with
out loss or detriment.
CONSE'RVER, J. alayerup: arcpositor; one that prc-
senes anv thing from loss ordiniinulinn.
CONSE'S.SION, s. [from con, together, and sedeo, lo sit,
Lat.] a sitting together.
CONSE'SSOR, s. [Lat.] one who sits with another.
To CONSIT)ER, v. a. [cnnsidcro, Lat.] t> think much on a
thing; to revolve of\en in the mind ; to meditate on. 'I'o
view with attention. To determine or resolve after weigh-
ing the consequences of an action. To remark ; to call to
mind; to observe. To respect: not to despise. To re-
quite ; to reward for his trouble. JN'euterly, to think lua-
turelv ; to deliberate. To doubt ; to iiesiJate.
CONSI'DERABLE, a. that is worthy of notice, regard,
or attention ; important ; valuable ; respectable ; large or
conveving a sense betweeu little and great.
CONSI'DERABLENESS, s. importance ; value ; digni-
ty ; a quality which claims our notice.
CONSI'DERABLY, ud. in a t'.egree deserving some,
tliough not the highest, notice ; in ,i great degree.
CONSIDERATE, a. [from enusidero, to consider, Lat.J
serious : given to consideration or thought ; prudent ; pi-
tying, or moderate.
CONSIDERATELY, «rf. calmly; coolly; prudently.
CONSIDERATION, s. [considerutio, from eomidero, to
consider, Lat.] the act of thinking on ; mature thought or
deliberation; meditation; importance; worthiness of re-
gard ; motive of action ; influence ; reason ; ground of
concliifling, an equivalent.
CONSI'DERER, s. one who employs his thoughts or.
any subject.
To CONSl'GN, (honsin) v. a. [consig-no, Lat.] to transfer
one's property to another. In commerce, to send goods, or
direct them to another. Figuratively, to commit or entrust,
used with to. Nei terly, to yield, submit, or resign. To
consent orsulmiit.
CONSIGNATION, s. [consignation, Fr.] the act of
transferring property to another. In commerce, the tnuis-
piitting or sending goods to another.
COiNSI'GNMENT, {konslnment) s. the act of transferring
the writing by which property is transferred, or goods sent
to another to be sold.
To CONSrST, t'. n.[from con, with, which changes from
an active to a neuter signification, and sisto, to make stand,
Lat.l to subsist, or be preserved in existence ; to continue
in the same state; to \je comprised or contained ; t,i be
composed ; to agree or exist in the subject ; to subsist, or
ha\'e being.
I CONSISTENCE, or CONSISTENCY, s. the natural
state of bodies ; the degree of thickness or thinness, applied
to fluids; substance, form, make; uniformity of appear-
ance, action, or qualities ; free from contradiction, or variety.
CONSrSTENT, pnr/. [consistens, from cojuiito, to con-
sist, Lat.] not contradictory ; not opposite ; reconcileable ;
agreeing ; firm ; or solid.
CONSISTENTLY, orf. in such a mannej as to unply rto
contradiction; Sijteeably ; uniformly.
CON
CONSIST(yRrAL, a. relating to some court where an
ecclesiastic is judge.
CONSrSTORY, s.[v(m»istorium, low Lat.| a court con-
sistiigr of ecclesiastics ; the place where an ecclesiastical
court is held ; ac^urt held at Rome, consisting of cardinals,
at \\hich the pope is president. Figuratively, any solemn
assembly.
CONSO'CIATE, {lic-:is0shiatc) s. [cnnsocio, from con, v itli,
and sociuv, a companion, Lat.] one who joins with another in
an undertaking ; an accomplice.
To CONSO'CIATE, (!;msos/iiate) v. n. [consocio, from con,
with, and socius, a companion, Lat.] to unite or join t«o
things together ; to cement, or hold together. Neuterly,
to unite or join with.
CONSOCIATION, (honsosidshion) s. an alliance, or con-
nexion; intimacv, or uniiw.
CONSO'LABLE, «. tiiat admits comfort.
To CO'NSOLATE, v. «. [cmsnhr, Lat.] to allay the sense
i:>f misery; to assuage sorrow ; to impart comfort.
CONSOLATION, s. [conwhtio, Lat.] that which dimi-
nishes grief, and alleviates misery ; comfort.
CONSOLATOR, s. [Lat.] a comforter.
CONSOLATORY, a. that affords comfort.
'lo CONSO'LE, V. a. [cnnsohr, Lat.] to cheer ; to com-
fort ; to lessen the sense of misery ; to diminish a person's
grief.
CONSOXE, s. [Fr.l in architecture, an ornament cut
upon the key of an arcii, which has the projecture, and oc-
casionally serves to support little cornices, figures, beasts,
or vases.
CONSO'LER, t. the person or thing which adminsfers
comfort.
CONSO'LIDANT, part, in surgery, having the property
of closing or uniting wounds.
To CONSO LIDATE, v. a. [from soUdus, solid, Lat.] to
form into a compact or hard body ; to harden. Neuterly,
o grow firm, hard, or solid.
CONSOLIDATION, s. theact of uniting into one mass;
the act of tmiting two parliamentary bills together.
COTsSONANCE, or CO'NSONANCY, s.[consonans, from
con, together, sotio, to sound, Lat.] in nuisic, the sounding of
two notes together ; and the union and agreement of two
sounds. Figuratively, consistence or agreement of opinions
or sentiments.
CO'NSONANT, a. Yeonsovatis, from cmi, together, and
snna, to sound, Lat.] agreeable ; consistent ; according ;
reconcileable. ,
CO'NSONANT, s. [consonan.i, from con, together, and sono,
to sound, Lat. J in grammar, a letter which cannot be perfect-
ly sounded by itself.
CO'NSONANTLY, ad. in a consistent manner ; suitably ;
agreeably.
CO'N.SONANTNESS, s. the quality of agreeing with ;
consistency.
CO'NSONOUS, a. [from con, together, and som, to sound,
Lat.] agreeing in sound, harmonious.
CONSOPIA'TION, n. [fi-om consopio, to lull asleep, Lat.]
the act of laying to sleep. Little used.
CO'NSORT, s. \consnrs, frcnn con, with, and sors, a lot, Lat.]
a companion, generally api)lied to signify one who bears the
lot assigned by Provirfence to another, and appropriated to
a person joined in marriage to another; an assembly; con-
buhation ; concurrence ; union.
To CONSO'RT, V. n. to unite, join, or associate, followed
by uith. Actively, to join, or to marry ; to mix ; to ac-
company.
CON.SPICU'ITY,i. brightness; easiness to be seen even
at a distance ; the plainm'ss of any truth or proposition.
CONSPICUOUS, a. [from ron.'!pinu,, to take a view, Lat.]
easy to be seen ; to be seen at a distance. Figuratively,
eminent, famous, distinguished-; easily discovered, manifest.
CONSPI'CUOUSLY, ad. easily to be seen, or discerned
tiy tlie sight ; r?markable for some excellence; cmiiicutly ;
far .ynsly ; rcniiiikably.
2<X)
CON
CONSPI'CUOUSNESS, *. exposure to the view ; visi,
ble at a distance ; eminence.
CONSPI'RACY, i. [from conspiro, to conspire, Lat.]a pr»-
vate agreement between two or more persoLS to cormiit
some crime ; a plot. In law, it signifies an agreement be-
tween twoor more, falsely to indict, or procure to !»e indicted,
an imiocent person of fcluuy. A conspiracy to maintain
suits and (|uarrcls ; of victuallers, to sell tlieir victuals at a
certain price ; and of labourers aud artificers, to raise their
wages ; is also punishable by law.
CONSPni.ANT, part, \conspirans, from conspiro, to con-
spire, Lat. J joining with another in a plot, or other bad
design.
CONSPIRATION, i. [from conspiro, to conspire, Lat.J
See Conspiracy, which is most used.
CONSPIRATOR, j. [from conspiro, to conspire, Lat.] one
who has secretly engaged to carry on a plot, or some bad
design with another.
To CONSPITiE, a. n. [from con, together, antl spiro, to
blow or breath, Lat.] to enter into an agreement with others
to carry on a plot or other bad design. To agree together-
CONSPl'RER, s. a conspirator ; a plotter.
CONSPI'RING, part, tending mutually to produce one
design. In mechanics, eonpirin^ powers^ttre such as do not
act in directions opposite to cat'li other.
CONSTABLE, *. [it is supposed from cemes siabuU, Lat.
master of the horse] an officer in various manners. Lvi-d
High Constable was anciently an officer of the crown, both of
England and France, w hose authority was so very extensive,
that the office has long since been laid aside in both king-
doms, except on particular occasions, as the king's corona-
tion. The function of the Coiutahh of England consisted ia
the care of the common peace of the land, in deeds of arms,
and in matters of war. The first constable was created by
the Conqueror ; the office continued hereditary till the IStfi
of Henry VIII. when it was laid aside, as being so powerful
as to l;ecome troublesome to the king. From tlie Lord High
Constable are derived those inferioi ones, since called the
Consffrt/cs of hundreds aud franchises, ordained in the 13th
of Edward I. by the statute of Winchester, for the preserra
tion of the peace, and view of armour, which appointed that
two constables should be chosen in every hundred. These
are what we now call High Constables : and under these it
was found necessan' to appoint others in every town, called
Petti/ Constables. We have also constables denominated
from particular places; as Constable of the Tower, of Dover
castle, of Windsor castle, of the castle of Caernarvon, and
many other castles in Wales, whose office is the same with
that of the Castellans, or governors of castles.
CO'N.STABLESHIP, s. the office of a constable.
CONSTANCE, the name of two lakes that separate Swis-
serland from Germany. The Upper lake, or the Boden .See,
is 1.5 leagues long, and 6 where broadest. Tlwough this
lake the Rhine Hows, and then enters the Lower Lake, or
Zeller Zee, which is 16 miles long, aud 10 in its greatest
breadth.
CO'N.STANCE, a city of Suabia, pleasantly seated On the
Rhine, between two lakes of the same name. It has mag-
nificent public bnihiings, and once flourished in commerce ;
but is now nnuh reduced.
CONSTANCY, .s. [fO)w<«n<ia, Lat.] a state which admits
of no change or alteration, opposed to mutability i consist-
ency ; resolution ; steadiness to any principle in spite of
threats, dangers, promises, or rew ards ; a firm aud inyiolabl-
attachment to a person, iucluding an nnaltrrable affection :
veracity, or the consistency of a narrative with the nature of
things. Synon. Ridves pride themselves more in bcin^
fickle than in the steadiness of their engagements. If the af-
fections of the ladies do not last for ever, it is less owing to
a want oi constancy to the persons they love, than to a want
of resolution in the object of their affections.
CO'NSTANT. a. [carntans, Lat.] firm ; strongly and im-
moveable atta<-hed to any principle or person ; as$iduuu3, ot
without iutcruusfion.
CON
CON
CONSTANTINOTLE, the ancient Byzantium, one of
the largest and most celebrated cities of l'uro|)e, staiulin^' iit
the S. E. extremity of Itouiaiii-.i, and ea\iiud ol llu' Olloniaii
Empire. It is pleasantly seated lietut-eii the I'laek Sea and
the Sea of Marmora, on a neel'. ot land separated from Nato-
lia by a strait a tulle in breadth. The j,fran(l seigniors pa-
lace called the Serajilio, is im the sea side, surrounded by
walls flaukedwith towers, and is 7 miles in circumference,
including the gardens. It contains, besides the public
offices, and the apartments of the sultan and the women, lfi2
odas, or ^^partments for the janizaries. It is covered with
lead, as are all the palaces <)i' the sultan. Its principal en-
trance is of marble, and called the I'orte (in Turkish, Capi)
uhence the denomination of the Ottumaii Porte is given to
the Turkish empire. Fronting the great gate of the ser-
Mglio, is the celebrated royal nios(iae of St. Sophia, built for a
CJiristian church by the emperor Justinian, to which the
grand seignior goes in person every Friday. In the castle
of the seven towers, to which an eighth has been added, si-
tuated near the sea of Marmora, state prisoners are con-
fined. The bazars, or markets, are sijuare buildings, co-
vered with domes, and supported by arcades. The num-
ber of houses in Constantinople must be prodigious, since
30,000 of then) have been destroyed bv fire in a day, with-
out greatly changing the aspect of the cir^,-. The houses in
general are crowded with inhabitants, yet they have a mean
appearance on the outside, where there are few or no win-
dows, and the streets are narrow ; even the i)alaces of the
grandezc have nothiu"; remarkable on the outside, but with-
in they are decorated with splendid and costly ornaments.
Here are reckoned .3770 streets and lanes, which are never
clean, and the inhabitants are visited by the plague almost
every year. The inhabitants have been estimated at 800,000,
of which about half are Turks, two-thirds ot tiie other half
Greeks, Armenians, and Franks, and the rest Jews. The
great square, near the luosque of the sidtan Bajazet, is the
place for public diversions, where the jugglers and niounte-
Itanks display their ticks. The street called Adrianople,
is the longest and broadest in the city. The circumference
of the city is by some said to be 15 miles, and by Tournefort
23 miles ; to which if we add the suburbs, it may be 34 miles
in compass. The suburb called Pera is delightfully situated,
and is the place where the ambassadors of England, France,
Holland, ic. reside. Constantinople is built in form of a
triangle, and, as the ground rises gradually, there is a view
of the whole town from the sea, in which the palaces,
mosques, bagnios, and caravansaries, rising above the other
houses, have a grand etVect. The harbour is spacious and
convenient. Constantinople is situated 112 miles E. S. E. of
Adrianople, fiTO S. K. of Vienna, and 1500 E. S. E. of Lou-
don. Lat. 41 N. Ion. 28. 59. E.
CONSTANTINOPLE, The Strait of, anciently the
Thracian Bosphovus, forms the communication between the
Euxine or Black Sea, and the Propontis or Sea of Marnioia.
t is the boundary between Europe and Asia in this iiait,
and is 20 miles long, and, where narrowest, a mile and a
quarter broad. The adjacent country is remarkably beau-
tiful. On one side of the strait is situated Constantinople,
find on the other Scutari, which is considered asa suburb to
the city.
CO'NSTANTLY, ad. in an invariable, consistent, or un-
alterable manner ; without ceasing ; perpetually.
To CONSTELLATE, v. ji. Tfrom con, together, and stdh,
a star, Lat.] to shine with a collected lustre, or general light.
Activelv, to unite several shining bodies in one splendour.
CONSTELLATION, s. in astronomy, a system of seve-
ral stars that are seen in the heavens, near to one another.
Astronomers, for the better distinguishing and observing the
stars, have reduced the constellations to the form of aniinals,
US men, bulls, bears, cW-. or to the images of some things
known, as of a crown, a harp, a balance, tVc. or give them
the names of those whose memory, in consideration of some
noble exploit, they had a raind to perpetuate. An assem-
Llajjc of splendours, or excellencies,
D
CO N.STEIS NATION, ». \comttrniitio, fromeotwtffrno.lo-,
astonish, Lat.] amazement, or wonder, occasioned by seme
unexpected, great, and terrible object.
To CONSTIPATE, v. u. \cun, together, and *</;«>, to eram,
Lat.] to crowd together, or reduce into a narrow compass ;
to thicken any fluid body; to stuft'up, or stop any passage
In physic, to bind, or lender costive.
CONSTIPATION, A', the act of crowding into a narrow
compass; the forcing the particles of a body closer than
they were before ; tlio- act of thickening, applied to fluids;
stoppage or obstwction caused by fulness; costivcness.
CONSTITUENT, a. [from ceiistitim, to constitute, Lat.]
that makes any thing wliat it is ; elemental; essential; ori-
ginal ; necessary to existence ; that of which any thing
consists.
CONSTITUENT, s. [from constituo, to constitute, Lat.]
the person or thing which constitutes to the formation of a
thing: one who authorizes or fleputes another to act for
him; that which is necessary or essential to the being or
subsistenae of a thing. ''
To CO'NSTITUTE, v. a. [from con, together, and siatito,
to place, Lat.] to give existence to a thing ; to give a thing
its particular nature and properties ; to make a thing lo be
what it is. Applied fo law, lo enact, pass, or establish.
CO'N.STITUTER, *. the person who appoints another to
act for hini.
Ct^NSTITUTION, v. a. [from constituo, to constitute,
Lat.] the act of csiai)lisliing ; disposing; producing the
particular texture of the parts of a body; the habit or tem-
perament of a body, arising from a peculiar disposition and
quality of its parts ; temper of mind ; and established form
of government ; particular law ; established usage ; insti-
tution.
CONSTITUTIONAL, n. flowing from the particular
temperament or habit of a person's bodv, or from the pe-
culiar temper and disposition of his mincl ; implanted in the
very nature of a thing ; consistent with the form of govern-
ment ; legal.
CONSTITUTIVE, a. that constitutes any thing what it
is ; elemental ; essential ; productive.
To CONSTRAFN, r. a. [conHvaindrc, Fr-]to force a per-
son to perform or refrain from some action ; to violate ; to
ravish ; to confine ; including the idea of force or pressure.
CONSTR'IANABLE, a. liable to force or compulsion.
CONSTRAINEDLY, ad. by constraint ; by compulsion.
CON.STIIA'INER, s. the person that forces or compels.
CONSTRAINT, s. {constrainU; Fr.] the act of over-
ruling the w ill or desire ; compulsion or force ; confine-
ment. Figuratively, reserve. Synon. The duty of a
child to its paent obliges it to assist him in his old age.
The weaker and softer sex is that which can least brook
constraint.
To CONSTRI'CT, y. a. [comtrictiim, Lat.] to contract or
bind chise ; to draw the parts of any thing closer to each
other; to cramp.
CONSTRI'CTION, s. [consfrictio, from consfrivffo, to bind
together, Lat.] the drawing the parts into a narrow compass,
or close together ; coritraction. Synon. Compression is
from an outwarfl force, constriction from some quality ; as
the throat is compressed by a bandage, au'l constriugtd by a
cold.
CONSTRI'CTOR, s. [Lat.] that which contracts. In
anatomy, applied to those muscles which shut up or close
some of the canals or tubes of the bodv.
To CONSTRI'NGE, v. a. [consiringo, Lat.] to bind, or
force the parts of a bodv closer together ; to compress.
CONSTRrNGENT,";:w»f.[foH.Ti'nHg-ou, Lat.l having the
quality of binding or making the parts of a body approach
nearer to each other.
To CONSTRUCT, v. a. [from con, together, and stmc, tt>
build, Lat.] to form from different materials ; to build ; to
compile, or constitute.
CONSTRU'CTION, s. [constmctio, from cmt, together,
and ttrito, to build, Lat.] the act of forming from an aisciii-
d 20i
CON
b'mge of ditferent thinjjs, joined together Ni if li art and
rrgtilarity ; the form of a building: structure; tiie ruannt r
in which things are laid together. In grammar, tiie ranging
or placing the words of a sentence according to the rules,
or so as to convey a complete meaning or sense. Figura-
tively, the sense meaning, or interpretation, of a word ;
judknient; mental representation. Construction of Erpiatinns,
is the reducing a known equation into lines and schemes,
wliero.hy the truth of ih.e canon rule, or equation, may be
demonstrated geometricallv.
CONSTRU'CTURE, .v. an edifice ; a building; a pile or
frames composed of several things placed together with re-
gularity and art.
To CONSTRUE, v. a. [conslruo, Lat.] to place words in
a grammatical order, and explain their meanin;;.
CONSUBSTA'NTIAL, {conmhstnnshial) a. [from con, toge-
ther, and substo, to consist, Lat.] having the same substance
or essence ; of the same kind or nature, applied to material
bodies.
CONSUBSTANTIA'LITY, (konsubstantidlit,/) s. the ex-
istence of more than one in the same essence.
ToCONSUBSTATSTIATE, (konsuhstinsldalc) v. a. \con'
and substantia, Lat.] to luiite in one common substance or
nature.
CONSUBSTANTIA'TION, {konsubstantia^hion) s. the
union of the body and blood of Christ with the bread,
after consecration, in the sacrament, according to the Lu-
therans.
CONSUL, «. [Lat.J the title of the chief magistrates zt
Rome, which were created on the expulsion of tlip Tarquins ;
they ruled one year ; they were presidents in the senate,
commanded the armies of the republic, and decided the
differences between the citizens. A person commissioned
to judge between merchants in foreign parts, take care of
their interests, and prott«ct their commerce.
CONSULAR, «. \consalaris, Lat.] relating or belonging to
a consul.
CONSULATE,*. [cnnsulatM, irom consul, ?i Roman ma-
gistrate, Lat.] the office of a consul ; the time during which
a person exercises the othce of a consul.
CONSULSHIP, a. the office of a constd.
To CONSULT, II. n. [cvnsulto, Lat.] to deliberate toge-
Uier. Actively, to apply to for advice ; to act with regard
or respect to ; to act so as to promote some end. Figura-
tively, to plan or contrite ; to examine into the sentiments
of an author.
CONSL'LTATION, s.\consnhalio, from conanltn, to con-
sult, Lat.J the act of liking tiie advice of one or more per-
sons ; an assend)ly of several persons meeting together to
give their opinions on any subject.
CON.SU'LTER, *. one who applies to another for coun-
sel, advice, or intelligence.
CONSUMABLE, a. that maj be diminished, altered,
wasted, or destroyed.
To CONSUME, r. n. [ron.sii»no, Lat.] to^vaste by separat-
ing the particles of a body ; to diminish ; to lessen a person's
fortune or money bycxp<"nses; to destroy.
CONSUMER,*, one who spends, wastes, or destroys.
To CONSU'MM.VTE, v,a. [cunsommcr, Fr.] to perfect or
finish; to complete, or render complete ; to end.
CQNSU'MMATE, n. [from consummo, to complete, Lat.]
perfect ; complete ; finished ; without ilefect of any
circumstance or particular required foV its couii)letiou or
perfection.
CONSUMALATION.i.ifromfr-nmmwd, focomiilele, Lai.]
the completion or conclusion of any aclioji or undertaking ;
tiie fuial termination of all things.
CONSUMPTION,*, [from consmno, to consume, I^at.]
the act of constnning, wasting, or destroying; the slate of
wasting, decaynig, or perishinf,'. In medicine, a decay oc-
casioned by want of nourishment, or a preternatmal
Hecaj of tlie body by a gradual wastnig of the muscular
flesh.
CONSU'MPTIVE, n. liavin the quality of wasting, con-
202
CON
suraing, or destroying ; diseased or affected with a con-
sumption.
To CONT.\'BULATE, v. a. [from cun, witji, and tabula, a "
table or board, Lat.l to floor with boards.
CONTABULA'TION, *. [from c»,!, with, and tabula, a
table or board, Lat.] a. joining of boards or planks together.
CO'NTACT, *. \contactus, from cmitingo, to touch, Lat.]
touch, close union. In astronomy, a planet and star, or any
two planets are said to be in contact, w hen they are in op so
near the same longitude and latitude of the zodiac, that tli«
nearer body hides, either wholly or in part, the other from
our view. Also applied to the first or last impression of the
moon or inferior planet, on the sun's disk. In mathematics,
it is when one line, plane, or body, is made to touch another,
and the parts that do thus touch, are called the points or
places of contact.
CONT.^'CTION, s. [contactus, from contivgo, to touch,
Lat.] the act of joining or touching.
CONTA'GION, s. [contan-io, from contimro, to touch, Lat.]
the communicating a disease from one borW to another.
Pestilence, or that which affects a person with diseases by
unwholesome effluvia. Figuratively, ihc propagation of vice,
or the power which vice has to propagate itself.
CONTATilOUS, a. {conta^rio, from contin^o, to touch, Lat.]
infectious ; to be communicated from one to aivither, ap-
plied to the manner in which pestilential diseases or vices
are propagated.
CONTA GIOUS, *. the quality of propagating a disorder
or vice fi'oni one person to another.
To CONTAIN, V. a. [contineo, Lat.] to include any fluid
within its sides, applied to vessel ; to comprise, applied to
writings. Figuratively, to restrain or keep w ithin bounds.
CONTAINABLE, n. possible to be included within cer-
tain bounds ; possible to be included w ithin a vessel.
To CONTAMINATE, v. a. [contamino, Lat.] to defile ;
to pollute by base mixture.
CONTA'MINATE, part, [contaminatas, Lr-t.] defiled ;
polluted ; generally applied to the pollution of the marri-
age-bed.
CONTAMINATION, *. the act of pollution ; the state
of a thin<j defiled or polluted.
To CONTE'iMN, (contim)v.a. \t:ontemno, Lat.] to dcspise ;
to disregard ; to slight, neglect, or defy.
CONTEMNER, s. one who despises, scorns, or has a
mean opinion of a thing; one who hears the threats of an-
other without beinsj concerned ; a despiscr ; ascorner.
To CONTE'MPER, v. a. [contrmpcro, Lat.] to moderate)
or allav bv the mixture of >ome oi^posite qualilv.
CONTE'MPF-RAMENT, s. temperature or quality re-
semblins another.
To CONTE'MPERATE, 7). a. to diminish any quality by
the addition of its opposite.
CONTEMPEllA'TION, s. the act of lessening any qua-
lity by the mixture of a coutraiT one ; the act of tempering,
or nu)deratiug : the act of l)l."ndiug opposite humours.
To CONTE'MPLATE, f. u. [cnnicmphr, Lat.] to consider
with cfuitiuued attention and application. Neuterly, to
muse ; to think with great attention.
CONTI'-.MPLA'TION, .t. [ro»i'fw/)/n/i'o, Lat.] studious or
intense thought on anv std)iect ; the act of keeping any idea
brought iiilo the mind for some tiuu' actually in view ; the
eniplovmeut of the thoughts about divine things ; study or
speeidatiou.
CONTE'.MPLATIVE, a. given to thought: studious!
empliivrd in study.
CONTI'/MI'LATIVELY, ad. thoughtfully; attentively:
wilh deep alti'ution.
CON ri'.MPLATOR, s. [Lat.] one employed in study; a
sluilent.
CONTE'MPORARY, (usually pron. hMmporani) a. [con.
tnnpurain, Fr.] li'. ing in the same age; born at the same
time; existim^at the sauu' point of lime.
CONTE'MPORARY, i. one who lives at the s:i me time
with another.
CON
CON
ToCONTE'MPORIZR, v. n. fAom mn iukI tcmjnn, Lat.]
toiii;iki' ciiMtciiiporary : to jil-.ici' in tlie same ai;e.
CON'I'K'Ml'i', s.[iviili;mjiiiix, Irom cim(n>mo, to despise,
J_at.] the act of JDokiiif,' on a tliiii:,- as an oliicct worthy of
si'urii ; and, on accoinit of its ini;anri('KS, unlit lor approha-
tion; the state of hoiii^' (lospisi'd.
CON'ri'yMP'riBI.E, «. worthy ot scorn on acconnt of
its vih'ness or insignitieaney, despised, or tliought unworthy
of notice.
CON'J'R'MPTiBLENESS, s. that quality wliich renders a
tiling' ihf ohject of scorn and contempt.
CONTr/.MPTIBLY, aU. meanly ; in a manner deserving
contempt.
C()NTK'MPTUOUS, «. using an insolent expression of
scorn and disdain, on acconnt of the meanness of a thing,
whether it he real m- imaginary.
CONTr/MPTuOlISLY, ml. in a manner whicli expresses
a meaii and di^<ia!^f^l idea either ofa person or thing.
CON-TBi^lPTUOL'SNESS, «. the quality expressive ot
an insolent disdain of a thing, on account of its real or sup-
posed meaiiufss.
ToCOM'K'KD, V. n. [co»i«CTirfo, Lat.] to strive or strug-
gle in opposition to another; to vie witii ; to debate witii
warmth.
CONTENDER, s. one who|opposes the opinions of an-
other ; an opponent.
CONTENT, a. [contentiis, Lat.] satisfied with one's pre-
sent lot, though not pleased with it; submitting without op-
position.
To CONTE'NT, v. «. [from cnntcntus, Lat.] to satisfy so as
to stop complaint; to conhne one's desires to that wliich is
in our possession ; to restrain our actions within certain li-
mits; to give a person his demands, so as to hinder him
from making any more ; to please ; to gratify.
C0^4TE'NT, i. a disposition of mind whereby a person
confines his desires to what he enjoys, without murmuring
at his lot, or wishing ardently for more. Applied to writings
or opinions, such as are implicitly believed or acquiesced
in without examination. In the plural, that which is con-
tained or included in any vessel or receptacle ; the capacity
of containing ; the purport of any writing; the chief tilings
treated of by an author. Synon. No restless or turbu-
lent man can ever enjoy true content. Saiisfadion hardly
ever accompanies immoderate ambition.
CONTENTATION, s. satistaction or content. Out of
use.
CONTE'NTED, part, resigned to the dispensations of
Providence ; satisfied with one's present lot, without mur-
muring at its d<>fectiveness, or desiring more.
CONTENTION, s. Uofiinuio, from contcndo, to contend,
Lat.] an opposition ot sentiments or opinion ; a warm es-
pousal of any doctrine or interest in opposition to others;
eagerness to bring about a design ; emulation.
CONTE'NTIOUS, (koiitaishiiws) n. inclined to oppose
the sentiments of another ; quarrelsome ; litigious. Cnn.
tcnUoiis. Jurisdiction, in law, is a court \\'liich has a power to
judge and determine ditferences between contending par-
ties. The lord eliief justices and judges, have a contentions
jurisiliction ; but the lords of the treasury, and the com-
missioners of the customs, have none, being merely judges
of accounts and transactions.
CONTEN'TIOIJSLY, {lumtcnshimshj) «(/. outof a fond-
ness for opposition or contradiction.
CONTE'NTIOUSNESS, {kontinsMomness)s. proneness to
oppose, contend, or quarrel with.
CONTE'NTLESS, a. dissatisfied with one's present con-
dition ; void of resignation to the dispensations of Provi-
dence.
CONTE'NTMENT, s. [contentment, Fr.] full satisfacti(m
in present enjoyment, without a wish for more ; pleasure ;
gratification ; or delight.
CONTERMINOUS, a. [from con, togeiher, and terminus,
m boundary, Lat.J bordering upon ; toiithing at tiie boun-
daries.
To CONTE'ST, r.n. [contester, Ft.] fodisput«, tooppof*
an opinion ; to call in question ; to contend with a person
for any right, jiroperty, or other subject. Neuterly, lo
strive, conteud, vie, or emulate.
CO'NTI'.S'J', .?. a dispute, or opposition of opinion* ; a
diflcn'Uce ; a i-ontroversy.
CONTE'STABLE, a. that may be disputed, opposed, or
controverted.
CONTESTAIiLENESS, *. possibility of beiag disputed
or controverted.
C( >NTESTA'TION, s. the act of opposnigtfac sentiments
of another; strife; contradiction.
To CO'NTEX, r. a. [from con, together, and texo, to
weave, Lat.] to weave together ; to unite by interposition of
parts.
COTSITEXT, i. [contextut, Lat.] the general tenor and
series of a discourse ; the parts which precede or follow a
sentence quoted.
CONTE'XT, a. [from con, togetlicr, and texo, to weave,
Lat.] woven close together ; interwoven.
CONTE'XTURE, s. the peculiar arrangement, order, o •
disposition of the parts of a body ; the composition which
is formed from an union of various and previously separate
parts ; constitution ; the manner in which any thing is wo-
ven or formed.
CONTIGNATION, s. [contignatio, from cnn, together;
and tignum, a rafter, Lat.] a frame of beams or boards joined
together; the act of' framing or joining the parts of a build-
ing together.
CONTSGU'ITY,.T. actual touching; a situation in which
two things touch each other.
CONITGUOU-S, a. [from con, together, and tmtgo, to
touch, Lat.] meeting so as to touch ; boidcrijig, applied to
countries or places which join.
CONTI'GUOUSLY.nd.in such a manner as to touch or join
CONTI'GUOUSNESS, s. touching ; nearness, so as to
touch.
CO'NTINE-NCE, or CO'NTINENCY, s. [from contineo,
to restrain, Lat.] restraint, or command over our thoughts
and passions; continuance or uninterrupted series;
chastity.
CO'NTINEN'*, iiart. [from continen, to restrain, Lat.J
chaste ; restrained from an immoderate use even of lawful
pleasure ; cojitiguous or joined to.
CONTINENT, s. [continens, from contineo, to hold toge-
ther, Lat.] a main land, not intersected by the eea; in con-
tradistinction to an Island which is surrounded with if.
The continents which best deserve the name, are two, the
ancient continent which comprehends Europe, Asia, and
Africa, and the new continent, which is called America.
Australasia or New Holland is by some considered as an is-
land, by others as a continent. We are not yet able to as-
certain the number of continents which exist, as it is uncer-
tain whether land or water occupy the polar regions.
ToCONTl'NGE, f.n. [from con, together, and ta?igo, to
touch, Lat.] to touch ; to reach ; to happen.
CONTl'NGENCE, or CONTINGENCY, s. [from con,
together, and tang-o, to touch, Lat.J tlie quality of being free
to exist or not to exist ; applied to future events, and op
posed to those which must necessarilv happen.
CONTINGENT, o. [from con, together, and tairsro, lo
touch, Lat.J not necessarilv happening ; casual.
CONTI'NCiENT, s. something casual, or uncertain ; »
future event which may or may not happen, according as
things shall be circumstanced. In law, it is an use limited
in a conveyance which may or may not happen, according
to the contingency mentioned in the limitation of use. And
a contimient remainder is when an estate is limited to take
place at a time to come, on an uncertain event.
CON'TTNGENTLY, ad. in a contingent, uncertain, ca-
sual manner.
CONTIxXGENTNESS,,?. the qualitywhich denominates
an action or future rvent to be uncertain with regard to il»
existence
CON
CON
CONTITsTJAL, a. Lrrom coneinm, in h,M to;rcllier, Lat.]
incessant; without interruption; saecceding v>itiiout any
respite or intermission.
CONTI'WUALLY, ad. vifhout any pause or respite ;
without reasing.
CONTrNUANCE,s. an uninterrupted succession, habit,
or repeated act of the same i-;ind; ahode or dwelling f»>r
some time in the same phice ; ci jration ;. perseverance.
CONTI'NUATE, n. [trorn cnntmen, to. hold toi;etlier, Lat.]
intimately, or closely ; luiint rrupted ; unbroken, or in-
cessant.
CONTI'NUATELY, ad. wit,L continuity ; \\ itiiout inter-
ruption.
CONTINUATION, s. [contimiatio, Lat.] an uninterrupted
SHccession.
CONXrNUATrVE, s. an expression wJaich denotes con-
tinuation, permanency, or d'u.atioa.
CONTINUA'TOR, .s. he th>iti\eeps a succession without
interruption ; one who goes on with the work which another
has left iijipertVct, or carries it on.
ToCONTI'NUE, v. n. fcow#(«"o, Lat.] to remain with a
person ; to last; to endure ; to unite without any interven-
ing substance ; to proceed in an action without interrup-
tion.
COXTI'NUEDLY, nd. m a manner free from any inter-
mission, respite, pause, or cessation ; w ithout ceasing.
CONTl'NUER, s. one who perseveres in any action with-
out interruption or ceasing.
CONTINU'lTY, s. [fiom coviineo, to hold together, Lat.]
dose union without interruption or ceasing.
CONTINUOUS, a. [from conttrteo, to hold together, Lat.]
jotned together w ithout any chasm or intervening space.
To CONTO'PtT, f. «. [from con, will), to strengtlien the
signification, and torqneo, to twist, Lai.] to wrest, t^vist, or
writhe.
CONTO'RTION, s. the action of twisting; the twisting
or wresting of a member ofthe body out of its phice.
CONTO'UR, (contLiur) s. in designing and painting, an
outline which limits or determines any figure.
CO'NTR-A, prep. [Lat.] used in commerce, to signify the
side of an account contrary to the debt ; i. e. the credit
side. In composition, it signifies coHtran/. or np;aiust.
COTsTRABAND, a. [contrabando, Ilal.J that'is prohibited
by the laws of nations ; illegal.
"To CO'NIRAR.^ND, v.a. to import goods prohibited.
To CONTRA'CT, v. a. [from con, together, and tndio, to
draw, Lut.] to draw together ; to draw into one nrass ; to
comprise ; to make a bargain ; to betroth, applied to a
compact between a man and woman ; to acquire ; to reduce
lo a narrow compass. Neuierly, to shrink or grow short.
(CONTRACT, *. an agreement entered into by two par-
ties; a compact ; the act of betrothing; a writiji^ which
contains the terms or conditions of a bargain or agreement.
CONTRA'CTEDNESS, s. the (jualily which denotes a
thing to be reduced into a narrower compass; narrowness
or smallness of extent.
CONTRACTIIU'LITY, *. the possibility of being redu-
ccil to a less compass bv shrinking.
CONTRA'CTIBLE, a. capable of being reduced to a
iictrrower compass.
CONTRA'CTiBLENESS, s. the quality of being reduc-
ed 10 a less compass by shrinking, or of sufl'ering contrac-
tion.
CONTRA'CTILE, a. having the power of contracting or
shortening itself.
Cf)NTR.A'CTION, i. [coniractio, from con, together, and
tiaho, to draw, Lat.] the act of shortening a writing or re-
ducing the subitance of it to less compass; the act of shrink-
ing or decreasing in magnitude or dinmisions ; ihe i tale of a
thing shrunk, shrivelled, or drawn into a narrow compass.
In anatomy, it nieaiis the sliriiikiiig up of a lilire, or an as-
soniblagc of fibres, when extended. As paralytic disorders
generally proceed from a loo great relaxation ofthe fibres
in the part uliected; to, on Ihc other huiid, convulsions
2U4
and spasms proceed from a preternatural contraction of
the muscles ofthe part atTected. In grammar, the reduo-
tioii of two vowels or syllables iuhioiie.
CONTRA'CTOR, »■. one ofthe parties to a contractor
bargain.
To CONTRAUrCT, v. a. [from contra, against, and dieo,
to speak, Lat.J to oppose ; to assert a thing quite opposite
or contrary to another; to deny the assertion of another ;
to oppose ; to be opposite, orirreconcileablc with.
CONTRADI'CTER, i. one who opposes the sentimeuls
of another; an opponent.
CONTRADICTION, .?. the asserting by words that the
opinion of another is false; opposition; consistency; con-
trariety ; a speeiesof direct opposition.
CONTRADrCTlOUS, {hmtradihhioiis) a. inconsistent,
or opposite ; inclined to oppose, cavil at, or contradict an-
other.
CONTRA DI'CTIOUSNESS, (lioiitradikshiousnest) s. in-
consistence, opposition, or contrarietv.
CONTRADICTORILY, ad. inconsistently; in such a
manner as lobe gnilfy of inconsistencies or contradictions.
CONTRAprCTORINESS,/.the highest degree of ©i)-
position, applied lo truth or opinions.
CONTR ADFCTORY, a. [from corUra, against, and dko,
to speak, Lat.J opposite to, or inconsistent with.
CONTRADISTI'NCTION, s. the exjilanati in ^or deter-
mining the sense of a word, by producing one that lias an
opposite signification.
To CONTRADISTITS^GUISH, v. a. to distinguish or ex-
plain by contrast, or produeing a contrary quality.
CONTRAFI'SSURE, s. in surgery, a crack or fissure in
the skull, in the part opposite to that wherein the blow was
received.
To CONTRAI'NDICATE, v. a. [from contra, against,
and iiidico, to point out, Lat.] to point out a method contrary
to the general tenor of a disease ; as when a vomit seem
advisable, the patient's being subject to vomiting shews that
it ought bv no means to be prescribed.
CONTRAINDICATION, s. in physic, a symptom whicli
forbids that to bedone which the main scope of a disease at
first thought seems to point out.
CONTRAMURE, s. [contremur, Fr.] in fortification,
an o-it-wall about, or opposite to, the mam wall of a city.
CONTRANI'TKNCY, ». [from contra, against, and nitm;
to strive, Lat.] a contrary resistance, reaction, or a resistenct
to any force.
CONTRAPOSITION, «. [frcm contra, against, and po-
silio. placing, Lat.J the placing opposite, or over against.
CONTRAREGULA'RITY, s. contrariety to'rule.
CONTRA'RIANT, a. [Fr.] contradictory ; opposite and
irreconcileable in sense.
CO'NTR.'^RIES, J. idural of contrary; propositions which
mutually destroy each other, and cannot both be true at Ihe
same time ; or opposiles, which, being ofthe same kind, or
common nature, subsisting by turns in the same subject, are
as remote from each other as possible, and mutually cxpe.
each other; such arc whiteness and blackness, Ac.
CONTRARIETY, s. [ contranetus, trom contra, against,
Lai. J opposition ; inconsistency ; a quality or position oo-
posite lo, or destructive of, another.
CONTRA'RILY, nd. in a maimer ojipositc to, inconsifi-
teiit, or irreconcileable with ; dillerently ; in opposite di
reel ions.
CONTRA'RINF.SS, j. the quality of being opposed to,
or inconsistent with.
CONTRA'RIOUS, s. ['from coittra, against, Lat.]. opposite;
difierent in the highest degree.
CONTRA'RlOliSLY, «f/. oppositeljr ; in contrary oi
opposite directions ; in a manner inconsistent.
CONTRA'RIWISE, ad. on Ihc contrary ; in a contrary
maniirr.
CO'NTRAR^', a. [from contra, against, Lat.] applied lo
qualities or truths, which are such o\>posik'S to one another,
Ihat the former taiuiot subsist in the same subject, and tlit
CON
TON
latter cannot be botli true at the same time ; inconsistent ;
disagreeing, in an opposite direction, or unfavourable, ap-
\)licd to the wind.
CONTRARY, s. \contrai-ies in tiic iilurai] a tiling v'.iicli
lias (luaiities opposite to tliose of aiintlicr ; a proposition or
truth opposite to another. On tlm ciintnirii, borrowed from
the commercial pinase per contra, si;,'nilies on tiie opposite
»ide, or in opposition to soniethinii; >vlii(li has i>ecn alleged
or offered. To t/iecnntrari/, to an intention or pnrpose quite
contrary; against ; or in opposition to any lliins.
To CONTRARY, v. a. [contraner, Fr.] to oppose; to
thwart; to contradict.
CONTRAST, s. [coiiirnsti', Fr.] in paiiitinsand sculpture,
an opposition or dinerence between tlie position, attitude,
Ac. of any two fiijnres, or the lines wiiich form olyects by
means whereof they cause a variety, and tend to set off each
other. In architecture, the avoiclin^j of the repetition of
tlie same thin;;, in order to please by variety; as in the
gallery of the Louvre, the pediments arc alternately arched
and aui^ular.
To CONTRA'ST, V. a. in painting, to place in a contrary
altitude, &c. in order to set off one fi^'ure by another. Fi-
guratively, to set in contrary positions ; to set one thing oft"
by coupling it with aiiOther.
CONTRAVALLA'TION, t. [from mntra, against, and
ivrf/n, to intreiieli, Lat.] in fortitication, the means used by an
army to defend themselves from tiie saUies of a town they
besiege, consisting ofa trench guarded by a parapet, with-
out musket shot of the town, and drawn between the be-
siegers and the town.
To CONTR AVE'NE, v. a. [from contra, against, and venio,
to come, Lat.] to oppose ; to obstruct tlie performance of a
thins ; to act contrary to a bargain, contract, or agreement.
CONTRAA'K'NER, s. be who opposes anotiierJ
CONTRAVENTION, s. [Fr.] an opposition to any law ;
a violation of, or acting contrary to, a law.
CONTRAYE'RVA, s. [from 'oo«fr«, against, Lat. and yer.
ra, poison. Span.] a Peruvian root, wbic'.t strengthens the
siomach, dispels flatulencies, and helps digestion ; is useful
in fevers, and recommended against the plague and other
malignant distempers, and is an excellent sudoritic.
CONTR ECT AT! ON, s. [from contrccto, to handle, Lat.]
a touching or handling.
CONTRFBUTARY, «. paying a tribute to the same per-
son ; concurring to promote a design.
To CONTRI'BUTE, v. n. [contribm, Lat.] to give or pay
a portion of money towards carrying on some common de-
sign. Neuterly, to promote, or bear a part or share in the
promoting anv design.
CONTRIBUTION, s. the act of payhig a share of the
expenses required to carry on any design ; a sum paid by a
town taken, or in danger of being taken by an enemy, to
prevent its being plundered ; a sum of money collected
from several persons.
CONTRlBUTnE. n. that promotes SuV design in con-
junction with 'ijlier lliiii;;s or rjei'JOds.
CONTRI BUTOR, £.;[tVom' contribm, to contribute, Lat.]
cme who bears a p;;i-t in the measures taken to accomidisb
any de-sign ; one who pays his share towards raising a sum
of money.
CONTRIBUTORY', a. promoting the same end ; paying
a share towards raisins: a common fund, or certain sum.
To CONTRI'STATE, r. a. \contristo, from trislis, sorrow-
ful, Lat.] to sadden ; to make sorrowful.
CONTRIST A'I'ION, s. [contristo, from tnstis, sorrowful,
Lat.] the act of making sad ; sorrow ; heaviness of heart ;
sadness ; gloominess ; grief; discontent ; melancholy
moan ; trouble.
CONTRITE, «. [covtritus, from cpntero, to break or bruise,
Lat.] in its primary signification, bruised, or much uorn.
In divinity, sorrowful for sin from a l<;ve of God.
CONTRITENESS, s. contrition ; repentance.
CONTRITION, s. [contritio, from contero, to break or
bruise, Lat. 1 in its primary sense, the act of rubbinij two bo-
dies against eacli otlier so as to wea"- off some parts of the
surfaces. In divinity, I iiat p<'nitence or sorrow for sin wiiicii
arises from the love (if (iod and virtue.
CONTlirVABLI^, (I. possible to be discovered, or piau
ned by the mind.
CONTRIVANCE, s. the projecting or planning tlu> most
possible methods to acconiplisli any design, or attain any
end. Figuratively, a plan ; a scheme ; a plot ; an artificf.
To C()NTlirVE, V. a. to invent, plan, or project the
means of attaining any end, or acconiplisliing any design.
Neuterly, to form, disigii, or lav a plot.
CONTRI VKMEN'F, »•. invention.
CONTRFVEll, .1. an inventor; a projector; one who
forms projects for the attaining an end, or accomplisJiinjt
some design.
CONTRO'L, (tii8 n in this -word and its derivatives is
pron. long, honlrbl) s. [conirole, Fr.] tiie account kept by a
person as a check uiion another. Figuratively, restraint
check; power; antliority ; dominion.
To CONTRO'L, r. a. to examine the accounts of an-
other by a check kept against him. Figuratively, to rci
strain ; to keep undc restraint ; to govern; to over-power :
to confute.
CONTRO'LLABLE, a. liable to be controlled, over-
ruled, or restrained ; subject to restraint.
CONTROLLER, *. a person who examiiips public ac-
counts by a check; one who has the power of over-ruling,
restraining, or governing the actions of another.
CONTR O'LLERSH IP, s. the oflice or compliaient of a
controller.
CONTRO'LMENT, s. the power of resti.iiuing the ac-
tions or active powers of another ; opposition; resistance.
CONTROVE'RSIAL,(roH;)oi'£»s;(irt/)n. relating to dispute,
oropposition rf sentiments; that may be disputed.
CO'NTROVERSY, *. [cotitroversia, from contra, against,
and lerto, to turn, Lat.J an opposition of opinions or senti-
ments, generally applied to disputes carried on with some
warmth in writing or print; a suit at law about the properly
ofa thing; opposition, or struggling against the force of a
thing.
To CONTROVET.T, v. a. [from contra, against, and verHy,
to turn, Lat.] to oppose the sentiments of another in writ-
in:;.
CONTROVERTIBLE, that may give occasion to dis-
pute ; that may be oiiposed.
CONTROVl'VRTl.ST, s. a disputant ; a perscn versed or
engaged in literary ai ars or disputations.
CONTUiMA'ClOUS, (hmUnmdshioiis) d. [rotit-imr^x, Lat.J
insolently obstinate, implying a contempt of lawful autho-
rity, and acting against it from a spirit of insolent opposi-
tion.
CONTUINIA'CIOUSLY, {hontitmSdousIi/) ad. in such a
manner as shews an iiisoleiit obstinacy, or disobedieiice of
lawful authority.
CONTUMACY, or CONTUMA'CIOUSNE.SS, s. Ffroin
contiimex, contemptuous, Lat.] disobedience to lawful au-
thority, including insolence, peiverseness, and the highest
degree of impudence.
CONTUIVIE'LIOUS, a. [coiiIiivkKosus, from contumco, to
swell, Lat.] reiuoachful; rude; sarcastic; contemptuous.
Inclined to utter reproach, or practice insults ; brutal ;
Productive of reproach ; shameful ; ii;nominious.
CONTUME'LIOUSLY^arf. in a rude, reproachful; cui-
temptuous, or abusive manner.
CONTUME'LIOUSNESS, s. that quality which arises
from, or denominates any expressions to be rudely reproacU-
ful, and •.I'lninidiiig with bitterness.
CONTUMELV, s. [contmnelia, Lat.] language a))onnd-
ing with the bitterest expressions, intended to subject a per-
son to the reproach of others, and to render him uneasy.
Figuratively, infamy, which subjects a person to the re-
proaches of otl'.ers.
To CONTU'SE, (koutuze) i: a. \con, with, to streiigliieii
the signitication, aud timdo, to beat, Lat.] in its primary
206
CON
CON
signification, to beat together, to bruise. In surgery, to
hurt by a blow, or some blunt body, so as to discolour the
skin by an extravasation of the blood, &c. without breaking
it, or dfstroying its continuity.
CONTUSION, s. [contiisitt, from on, with, to strengthen
the signification, and tnwlo, to beat, Lat.] the act of beating
or tiruising. Figuratively, the effect of beating or bruising.
In medicine, a hurt occasioned by a fall, or blow from any
blunt weapon, which discolours the skin without cutting it,
or destroying its continuity.
CONVALESCENCE, or COM'ALE'SCENCY, s. [from
con, with, to strengthen the signification, and valesa, to grow
well, Lat.] a rccover\' of Iiealtii.
CONVALESCENT, «. [from co7t, with, to strengthen
the signification, and ruJe.ui^, to grow well, Lat.] recovering ;
or returning from a disorder to a state of health.
CONVE'NABLE, «. [mnvenahle, Fr.] consistent with ;
agreeable to; accordant to.
To CONA ETsE, r. a. [from con, together, and vetno, to
come, Lat.] to call together by summons ; to assemble a
number of persons into the same place ; to summons to
appeal, in a law sense. Neuterly, to come or assemljle to-
gether.
CONVENIENCE, or CONVETSTENCY, s. [from con,
together, and vcnio, to come, Lat] the suitableness, or fitness
of a thing to promote any end ; advantage ; profit ; ease ;
or freedom from any obstruction, difiiculty, or embarrass-
ment.
CONVETsIENT, a. [from con, together, and venio, to
come, Lat. J fit, suitable to effect an end proper or necessary ;
free from obstructions. Applied to situation, commodious,
seasonable.
CONVE'NIENTLY, Of?. suital)Ie with a person's ease,
interest, or advantage ; commodiously ; properly.
CO'NVENT, *. [from coH, together, and venio, to come,
Lat.] an assembly of persons dedicating themselves entirely
to the service of religion, and v, ithout any commerce witli
the world : the place inhabited by the rebgious of either
sejt.
CONVE'NTICLE, s. [a diminutive of cenvent\ an assem-
bly. Figuratively, a place of worship, generally applied by
varm churchmen to the meetings of nonconformists, by way
of reproach : a secret assembly for the contrivance of some
plot or crime.
CONVE'NTICLER, s.onn «ho frequents private and un-
lawful assemblies.
CONVE'NTION, ^.[from con, together, and venio, to come
Lat.] a treaty, contract, or agreemiiil between two or more
parties; also, an assenihiy, union, coalition. It is also a
name given to an extraordinary assembly of parliament, or
the states of the realm held without the king's writ ; as was
the convention of the estates, who, upon the retreat of king
James II. came to a conclusion, that he had abdicated the
throne, and the right of succession devolved to king William
and queen iMary ; whereupon their assembly expired as a
convention, and was converted into a parliament. Also, in
later historv, llie na'iic of that assembly in France, which on
the2Ist of Scptendjcr, 1792, abolished royalty and founded
a republic.
CONVE'NTIONAL, (konrinshional) a. stipulated ; or
agreed to by bargain <ir contract.
CONVE'NTION AUY, (honvenshionan/) a. acting accord-
ing to the articles of some agreement or contract.
CONVENTUAL, a. [canvimtucl, Fr.] belonging to a con-
vent. Substantively, a niunk; or one who lives in a con-
vent.
To CONVE'RGE, v. n. [from con, with, and wrrrn, to in-
rline, Lat.] to meet in a point ; to apiiroacli nearer to each
other till tliey join in a point, a^>pli<d to the rays of light,
or lines drawn ifroni different surfaces.
CONVEilGENT, or CONVE'lUJINO, /.ro-if. [from cot,,
v;ifh, and viif", co incline, Lat.] issuing from divrrs points,
and approdt.riiug nearer to each other till they meet in a
Voint.
200
CON VEHSABLE, a. written sometimes cnnv&rnble, but
improj^erly ; [conversable, Fr.] qualified or fit for conv'.'iffi-
tion; fit for conifiany ; afl'aule ; inclined to coiumuni ate
knowle Ige or sentiments to another.
CONVR'RSABLENESS, f. the quality flowing from
affability and good nature, ^^hich renders couversatioix
agreeable.
CONVE'RSABLY, ad. in such a manner as to engage the
conversation of others, and entertain them agrecaoly with
discourse.
CONVETIS.VNT, a. [conversant, Fr.] used or habihi-
atcd to. Familiarly acquainted with ; intimate ; having
intercourse with. Used with abont, it implies employed ;
engaged; relating to; having for its object; or con
cerning.
CONVE'RS.\TION, s. [from converso, to converse, Lat.]
easy discours-e with another ; a familiar discourse ; inter-
course ; commerce; behaviour; life; or moral conduct.
CONVETiS.^TIVE, a. fit for conversation, or intercourse
with men, opposed to contemplative.
T ) CONVERSE, i-. «. [con, with, and vcrsor, to dwell,
Lat.] i'l its primary signification, to live with ; to keep com-
pany with. Figuratively, to hold intercourse with ; to be
acquainted with by study ; to be used to ; to discourse.
CONVERSE, i. conversation, or the sentiments of a per-
son communicated in familiar discourse. Figuratively, fa-
miliar acquaintance. In geometry, the drawing a conclu-
sion from something supposed, and afterwards drawing the
proposition supposed as aconclusir)n from thence.
CONVERSELY, ad. with chance of order; iu a contra-
ry order ; reciprocally.
CONVERSION, s. [from con, with, to strengthen the sig-
nification, and vcrto, to turn, Lat.] the change trim one
state to another. In divinity, a change from wickedness to
piety, or from a false religion to a true one. In rhetoric,
the retorting of an argument, whereby it issliewii on oppo-
site sides. In algebra, the reducing an equation or quantity
sought, if in fractions, to one common denominator, omitting
the denominators, and continuing the equation in the nume-
rators only.
CONA'E'RSIVE, a. fit for conversation or discourse ; in-
clined to communicate sentiments bv discourse.
To CONVE'RT, V. a. [from cnn, with, to strengthen the
signification, and rerto, to turn, Lat.] to change into aoother
substance ; to change from one religion to another, gcrierally
used for a change from a false to a triw? one ; to change
the terms of a proposition ; to undergo or suffer a change.
CON ^'ERT, s. one prevailed on to change his religio'i.
CONVERTER, s. a person who persuades another to
change his religion.
CON\ ERTIRILITY, s. the quality of being an object of
conversion ; i>ossibility of conversion.
CONVERTIBLE, «. that may be changed ; that may be
altered with respect to its ([ualities ; that may be trans-
muted ; that may be interchanged, or used instead of an-
other.
CONVETxTIBLY, ad. in such a manner as to 1 e inter-
changes I, or used one for the other.
CO'NVEX. a. [cnnvixKs, Lat.] swelling to the view ; pro-
tubnant, applieel to the external surface of a globe, or cir-
cular liofly.
CO'NVEX, s. a convex body ; a body swelling externally
into a circular form.
CONVE'XEL), j-art. bending outwardly, applied to tl»e
outward surface of aiy round ixxly.
CONViyXEDLY, ad. protuberant; in a convex form;
or like the outward surface of a globe.
CONVEX'ITV, ,c. protuberance in a circular form.
C0NVI'7XLY, ad. in a convex form.
CONVE'XNES.S, s. spheroidical protuberance ; con
vexitv.
C( >N VEXO-CONCAVE, a. hollow -m one side, and con-
vex on the oilier.
To CONVE'Y, V. a. [conveho, Lat.] lo move from one plactr
CON
COO
to anofhor ; 1o transport ; to transmit ; to tran.ifrf a riglit
or propiTtv tiiauo'lici- ; to iiiipmt ; to introduce.
CONVE'YANC'K, s. the act ot'niovini,' a tiling from one
place to anotiicr; a method of sending' goods from out-
place to anollitT. ri^jiiratively, tlic means or instruments
j)y xvliicli any thin;; is introducetl from one [ilac(! to an-
other ; tlie transferring of property from one to the
other ; a writing or instrument by xvliicli property is trans-
ferred.
CONVEYANCER, s. a lawyer conversant in drawni;,'
writings whereby property is transferred from one person to
another.
CONVE'YER, s. a person wlio carries or removes goods
from one i>iiice to another ; one wlu) is engaged in coiuiiiot-
ing waters from one place to another by means of i)ipes,
channels, A.c.
To CONVrCT, I', [from con, with, to strengtiien llie
signiiication, and vincn, to conipier or convince, Lat.J to
prove giiiilv of some crime.
CONVI'CT, n. [from eon, with, to strengthen the significa-
tion, and vincn, to conquer, to convince, Lat.] convicted ; de-
tected in guilt.
CONVICT, s. a person proved to be guilty of a crime.
CONVrCTION, orCONVI'NCEMENT,"*. the proof of
guilt, either by being outlawed, by appearing and confessing,
or by incpiest; the act of proving a crime; confutation;
consciousness of guilt.
CONVI'CTIVE, a. have the power of convincing.
To CONVINCE, I'. «. [from emi, with, to strengthen the
signification, ami rmco, to conquer or convince, Lat.] to
prove any propo.«ition so as to make a person acknowledge
its truth ; to evince, manifest, or vindicate.
CONVI'NCIBLE, «. capable of acknowledging the
strength of a proofi)r evidence ; capable of being convicted
or proved guilty ; liable to be confuted.
CONVINCINGLY, ad. in such a manner as to make a
person see and acknowledge the truth of any proposition or
reality of anv fact.
CONVINCINGNESS,^, the power or convincing.
C0NVl'VAL,orCONVITIAL, rt. [««ii.!Vi«/«, from con,
with, and vii'o, to live, Lat.] relating to an entertainment of
several persons.
CONU'NDRUiM, s. [a cant word] a low jest or quibble,
drawn from the double signification of worcfs, or distant re-
semblance of tilings.
To CON\'OCATE v, a. [from con, together, and voco, to
call, Lat.] to call several persons together ; to summons
several jjcrsons to meet, or come to an assembly.
CONVOCATION, «. [convocatio, Lat.] the act of calling
several persons to an assembly ; an assembly. An assembly
of tiie clergy of England, by their representatives, to consult
upon matters ecclesiastical. It is held during the sessions
of parliament, anil consists of an upper and lower house. In
the upper sit the bishops, and in the lower the inferior cler-
{;y,Vhoare represented by their proctors, consisting of all
file deans or archdeacons, of one proctor for even' chapter,
and two for the clergy of each diocese, in all I-IS divines,
viz. 22 deans, 53 archdeacons, 24 prebendaries, and 44
proctors of the diocesan clergy. The lower house chuses
Its prolocutor, whose business it is to take care that the
members attend, to collect their debates and votes, r.nd to
carry their resolutions to the upper house. The Cotuocatinn
is summoned by the king's w rit, directed to the archbishop
of each province, requiring him to summons all bishops,
deiHis, archdeacons, &c. But since the year IfiO.'i, when
tile clergy irave un the privilege of taxing themselyes to the
House of Commons, they seldom have been allowed to do
any business; and are generally prorogued from time to
time till dissolved, a new one being generally called along
with a new parliament. The only equivalent for t;iviiig up
the privilege of taxing themselves, was their being allowed
to vote at elections for members to the House of Commons,
which they had not before. Likewise an assembly at Ox-
ford, consisting of the vice-chanceller, doctors, and masters
of arts, wherein the conferring of degrees, expulsion of i!e-
linquent uuniliers, anil otlur affairs relating to the univer-
sity, coiisid( red as a body corporate, are transac led.
To C( )N V( )'K E, V. a. [c<i>i, together, and voco, to call, Lat.J
to call together several persons ; to summons to an av
seiiibly.
To (CONVOLVE, r. n. [from eon, together, and voho, to
roll, Lat.] to roll together ; or roll one part over another.
Cl INVOLUTED, jwri. [from cun, together, and voho, t'j
roll, Lat.] twisted, writhed, or rolled up, so that one pait
laps over another.
CONVOLU'i'ION, s. [from con, together, and tokn, to
roll, Lat.] the act of rolling the jiarts of a thing over one
another; the state of a thing rolled up, so as its parts close
over each oilier.
To CON\'0'y, t'. ft. [couvoi/er, Fr.] to guard or protect
ships by sea, or provisions by land, from tuUijig into the
hands of an enemy.
CO'NVOY, s. in maritime affairs, one or more ships of
war, employed to accompany and protect merchant ships
against pirates and otiier enenues. In military matters, it
is a body of soldiers a;qjoiiited to guard any supply of men,
money, ammunition, or provisions, conveyed by land into a
tOM'U, army, or the like, in time or war.
CONUSANCE, s. [coiinoissance, l"r.] notice; knowledge;
or authority of inquiring into an affair. A law term.
To CONVULSE, )'. II. [from con, together, to strengtheii
the signification, and vello, to snatch, Lat.] in medicine, to
give involuntary motion or contraction to any parts of the
body.
CONVU'LSION, s. [from con, together, to strengthen th«
signification, and vello, to snatch, Lat.] in uedicine, a pre-
ternatural and violent contraction of the membranous and
muscular parts, arising from a spasmodic stricture of the
membranes surrounding the spinal marrow, and the nerves
distributed from it, and an impetuous influx of the nervous
fluid into the or^'ans of motion. The term is likewise
applied to any violent eruption, earthquake, or subterrti-
neous disorder; also, to sudden commotions or rebellions in
a state.
CONVU'LSIVE, a. [convulsif, Fr.] that gives an involnn-
fary motion, twicthes, or spasms. In medicines, applied to
those motions which should nalurally depend on the will,
but by some disorder are caused involuntarily.
CO'NWAY, a town of N. \Vales, in Carnarvonshire. It
is seated at the mouth of the river Conway, and is a large
walled tow n, w itii a castle, and the houses are well built and
well inhabited, and yet the market is but small. Near tliis
town, corn, timber, and oak-bark, are in great plenty ; and
they clear out at the custou:-ha\ise here, from 11 to 12,o;hx
bushels of grain every year. There is a vast body of mar-
casite up the river, with which corperas is made : and some
think there are veins of copper-ore near it. Formerly it was
famous for pearl-fishing, and there is still plenty of pea<l
muscles, but they are now neglected. It is 235 miles N. W.
of London.
CONY', s. [cmiicnlu!', Lat.] in natural history, a creature
which burrow s and breeds in warrens ; a rabbit.
To COO. V. n. I formed from the souuu] to make a mourn-
ful noise like a dove.
COOK, «. [coquns, from coqnn, to cook, Lat.] a person who
professes to dress victuals for the table. A cooh-maid is a
female employed in dressing victuals.
To COOK, !'. a. [coqiio, Lat.] to prepare victuals. Figura^
tivelv, to prepare any thing for a particular design.
COOKERY', «. tlie act of dressing victuals.
COOK-ROOJI, s. a room in which provi,->ions are pre-
pared f-irtbe ship's crew ; the kitchen of a ship.
COOK'S RIVER, a large river of North America, which
flows into the North Pacific Ocean, in lat. 59. 10. N. Ion. 150.
-). \V. Captain Cook sailed up this river 7U leagues, witliout
finding any appearance of its source.
COOL," a. \hoelen, Belg.] a lesser decree of coWr.CLS ,
approaching to, or somewhat cold. Figuralivcly, free
207
COP
CO?
from anger or any violeiit passion ; not over fond ; iiidiffe-
;tiit.
To COOL, f. a. [koelen, Belg.] to lessen heat. Neuterly,
to lose heat; to i)ecome less hot. Fiffniatively, to become
less eager by the impulse of passion or inclination.
C0'OLER,5. that vvhicli has the power of diminishing or
lessening the degree of lieat in any body: a vessel made
!ise of by brewers to cool their sweet wcrt in.
CO'OLY, ad. in such a manner as to be between hot and
cold. Figuratively, without heat or passion.
CO'OLNESS, s. a mirldle state between excessive heat
and excessive cold. Figuratively, acplicd to the passions,
freedom from any violent aftectiou , w--iiit of cordial love,
or ati'ectionate regard ; indifference.
COOM, s. [eciime, Fr.] the soot that gathers over an oven's
month ; the matter which works out of carriage wheels.
COOMB, or COiMB, j. a dry measure containing four
bushels.
COOP, ^. [kuype, Belg.] a vessel for keeping liquor; a pen
or inclosure to confine poultry iu.
To COOP, v. a. to confine, shut up, or inclose in a nar-
row compass.
COOPE'E, s, [cuitpi, Fr.] tlie name of a particular step or
motion in dancing.
COOPER, s. one who makes casks, or any vessel whose
parts aie held together by Imops.
COOPERAGE, s. the price paid for coopers' work ; a
place where cooper's work.
To CO-OTERATE, v. n. [fiom eon, with, and oprrr.r, to
work, Lat.] to labour with anotiicr, in order to perfect or
tinisli anv work ; to concur in producing the same etiect.
CO-OPERATION, s. Uie act by which two or more per-
sons or things contribute to promote the same end.
CO-OPERATIVE, n. concurring to promote the same
design or produce the same effect.
CO-OPERA TOR, j. he that endeavours to promote the
jarpe end. as others.
CO-ORDINATE, a. [from eon, with, and ordo, order,
Lat] of equal rank, order, or degree with another ; not
being subordinate. Thus shellfish may be divided into two
co-ordinate kinds, crustaceous and testaceous ; each of
which is again divided into many species, subordinate to the
kind, but c(i-orflinate to each other.
CO-ORDINATELY, ad. in the same order or rank with
another.
CO-O'RDINATENESS, s. the state of a thingof a degree
or rank equal with another.
CO-ORDINATION, s. the state of holding the same
rank or degree.
COOT, or COOTE, s. in natural history, a small black
water-fowl, frequenting marshes and fens.
COP, s. [con, Sax.] tlie top ; the top or head of any thing ;
or any thing rising to a head or point.
CO'PA L, s. [Span.] a resinous substance, pure, transparent,
of a watery colour, and a fragrant smell. It (lows out of the
trunk of a tree by incision, is intlammable, dissoluble in oil,
and used in disorders of the breast.
COPA'RCENERS, s. [from eon, witli, and ■pnrticeps, a
partaker, Lat.] such as havi' equal porlions in the inlurifanco
of their ancestors. Tims, the female issue, in default of
male, come equally to the lands of their ancest'-rs ; and by
the custom of gavel-kind in Kent, the father's lands, at his
death, are >>qually divided amongall his .sons.
COPA'RCENY, I. an equal share of coparceners.
COPA'RTNER i. one uho has a share in some common
stock or affair ; one who carries on business in conjunction
with another ; one cquully cencerncd and involved in the
same calamity, or enjoying the same advantage with an-
otiior.
COPA'RTNERSIIIP, s. a state wherein a person has an
rqnal share of the profits or loss </l trade, or is engaged in
\\v same ronimou design with another.
C()PA'Y'V.\, s. [it is sometimes written eania, copiri,
cupaiU, rapai/ia, cnpai/m,] in medicine, a gum wiiicli distils
"2OB
from a tree in tlie Brazils, and is made use of in disorders of
the urinary passages.
COPE, *. [See Cf)p] any thing with which the head is
covered ; an ornament worn by priests, reaching from the
shoulders to the feet ; any thing spread over the head.
To COPE, f. a. to cover, or arch over. To reward ; to
give in return. To cupe uith, to contend with; to fight or
combat ; to oppose.
COPENHAGEN, the capital of Denmark, is the most
uniform and best built city in the north. It contains 4 royal
palaces, one university consisting of -I colleges, 19 churclies
4000 houses, and about 60,000 inhabitants. The streets are
almost all broad, and in a straight line, well paved, with
a foot-way on each side, but too narrow for general use.
It was formerly the see of an archbishop ; but the Danes
have cuitailed their prelates of their lands, revenues, and
power. The haven is generally crowded with ships ; and
the ships are intersected by broad canals, which bring the
merchandise close to the w alehouses on the quays. Here the
Danish ships of war were almost all destroyed by the Eng-
lish fleet, under Sir Hyde Parker and Lord Nelson, Aprils,
1801 ; and the city itself has since sustained the calamity of
three days' bombardment by the British army, which ended
in the capitulation of tlie garriscm on the 6th of September,
IS07. It is about 3 miles in circumference, and is seated
on the E. shore of the isle of Zealand, 500 miles N. E. of
London. Lat. .55. 41. N. Ion. 12. 40. E.
COPERNIC.4N SYSTEM, i. is that system of the world
wherein the sun is supposed at rest in the centre, and the
l^Ianets and comets, with the earth, to move in ellipses round
him. The sun and stars are here supposed at rest, and that
diurnal motion which they appear to have from east to
west, is imputed to the earth's motion from west to east,
round its axis.
COPHS, COPHTI, (hofs, hofti) or COPTS, a name given
to such of the Christians o*" Egypt as are of the sect of the
Jacobites. The Cophts have a patriarch, styled the Pa-
triarch of Alexandria, having eleven or twelve bishops under
him, but no archbishop. The rest of the clergy, whether
secular ol" regular, are of the order of St. Anthony, St. Paul,
and St. Macarius, each of whom have their monasteries.
The Cliopts have seven sacran.ents, viz. ba|>tism, the eucha-
rist, confirmation, ordinalion, faith, fasting, and prayer.
They deny the Holy Ghost to proceed from the Son ; they
only allow of the three oecumenical council , those of Nice,
Constantinople, and Ephesus. They allow only of one na-
ture, will, and operation, in Jesus Christ, after the union of
the humanity and the divinity. With regard to their dis-
cipline, they circumcise their children before baptism ; they
ordain deacons at five years of age ; they allow of marriage
in the second degree, and put away their 'vives, and espouse
others while the first are living ; they forbear to eat blood,
and believe in a baptism of fire, which, according to some,
they confer, by applying a red-hot irini to their cheeks or
forehead.
COPIER, .1. one who transcribes a writing, or imitates
any coin, or oilier original.
CO'PiNG, s.[(Hippe, Sax.] in architecture, the upper tire
of maso'nv, which covers a wall.
COi'K)US, a. [((/j/ij.m.t, Lat.] plentiful; abundant; in
great quantities ; abounding in words and images ; not con-
fined.
COPIOUSLY, ad. plentifully ; in great quantities ; large ;
in a ditl'usive manner, applied to style or descriptions.
COPIOUSNESS, s. plenty ; abundance; great ipiaiitifies
of any thing; diliusi\eiiess; exuberance.
CO'PIST, .1. in di|ilouiatic science, signifies a transcriber
or copier of deeds, hooks, tic.
COPLAND, s. apiece of ground wbicli terminates with
an acute angle.
CO'PI'EI), «. rising or teminating in a point at lop.
CO'Pl'I'.L, s. spell, likewise ei>pel, eupcl, ciijUe, and ctipptl ;
[eiippe. Sax.] a vessel used by assayers and refiners to try and
refine their metals in.
roQ
I. <•) R
. COTPF.R, s. [hoper, lii'lg.] a Irani, lieav\' mei?.\, of a
roddibli cofour, heavier than iron nr tin, Imt h^liter tlian
silver, lead-, or jjold ; the lianh'^t of all nietaLs next to iron,
and on inatafcoiuit miNed with silver and sold to give Iht'iu
>i [(ropur deffrec of liardness ; it is more liable to rnst than
any other metal; its ductility is very great, and itsdivisibi-
lity prodigious ; for, as Mr. Hoylc observes, a single grain
of it (Tisstilved in an alkali, will give a sensible colourtoiiiore
tlian 500,000 times its weight of '.valer. Copper also signi-
fies a large vessel or boiler fix<'d in brickwork. A enpper-
pliUe is a thin piece of polished copper, engraved with some
design. Oipper-wnrh is a place where copper is worked or
ma'iufaetured. Copper-nose, is a red nose.
CO'l'PI'RAS, s. [kopperoose, IJelg.] a vitriolic substance,
formed of an infusion of copperas stones or gold stones, in
water, afterwards evaporated by fire. U is made use of in
dying wool and hats black, in ujaking ink, in tanning lea-
ther, in making oil of vitriol, and a kind of Spanish brown
for painters.
CO I'PlillSMITII, s. a person who makes vessels formed
ofeonper.
CO'PPETiY, 1. containing copper; made of copper.
CO'PPICE, (it is often written and jiron. copse) s. [coiipeaiix,
Fr.] a low wood cut at stated times for fuel ; a small wood,
consisting of un.der-wood, or brush-wood.
CO'PPI.E DCJST, f. a powder used in refining metals, or
the gross parts se^iarated bv the coppel.
CO'PPLlvSTONES, i." lumps or fragments of stone,
broken from the adjacent cliffs, and rounded by being bowled
and tmubled to and fro by the action of water.
CO'PROSE, .f. a provincial term for the corn poppy.
COPSE, s. See Coppice.
To COPSE, V. a. to preserve underwoods.
CO'PULA, s. [Lat.] in logic, the verb which joins the two
terms in an afiirmative or negative proposition ; as, " poverty
makes a mem despised;" where makes is the copula : " 710 mi-
terii is the ohjeet of choice ;" where is is the copula.
To CO'PULATE, v. a. [copulo, Lat.] to unite, join, or link
together. Neuterly, to come together, applied to the com-
merce between animals of ditferent sexes.
COPULATION, f. the congress or embrace of the dif-
ferent sexes.
COTULATIVE, a. [from copula, to unite, Lat,] a gramma-
tical term that signiiies such particles or words in a language
that tie, join, and imite words or sentences together. In
logic, those propositions are called copulative, where the
subject and predicative are so linked together by copulative
conjmiciions, that they may be all severally affirmed or denied
one of another.
CO'PY, s. [copin, low Lat.] a writing which consists of the
substance of some other, and is wrote, word for word, from
some original : an individual book, or manuscript of an au-
thor ; an instrument by which any thing is conveyed in law ;
a picture drawn from an original piece ; a line or piece of
writing for scholars to go by.
To COTY, V. a. to transcribe a writing or book word for
word; to imitate a design or picture. Used neuterly with
from, and sometimes with after, before the object of imi-
tation.
COPY-BOOK, s. a book in which copies are written for
learners to imitate.
COPYHOLD, i. in law, a tenure bv which the tenant
Iwth nothing to shew but the copy of the rolls maiU- bv the
steward of the lord's court. This tenure the tenant lio'ds in
so'ue sort at the will of the lord, though not simply so, but
according to the custom of the manor.
COPYHOLDER, s. a person admitted a tenant of any
lands or tenements in a manor, which have, time out of
mind, been deviseable to such as will take the same by copy
of court-roll, according to the custom of the said manor.
To COQUET, t>. a.[coqtieier, Fr.] to entertain with amor-
ous discourse ; to treat with an appearance of love, without
any real atl'eetion. Neuterly, to pretend the lover.
COQUETRY, »'. [coqueterie, Fr.J a desire of attractini? the
F f
notice of the other sex ; an affictation of Icjvo expressed in
advances, without being atiected with tliat passion.
C()(iUE"l'']'E, s. [Fr.] a gay airy girl, who endeavours to
attract the notice f)f the otiiersex, and > ■/ an afl'eclalion of
tenderness to engage a numlier of suitors merely fVoui a
principle of vanity, and without any inclination to a conla^
bial stale.
CORACLE, .■!. [eurvfyle, Brit.] a boat used by the Welsh
fishers, made of a frame of wicker-work covered with lea-
ther.
CO'I? A L, s. [coralliutn, Lat.] a plant of a stony nature,
growing in the water.
CO'RALLINE, a. [corallinvt, Lat. J consistinef of coral ; re-
sembling coral. This word is also used substantively for a
kind of marine productions resembling corals, several beau-
tiful specimens of which are in the annexed plate.
CO'RALLOID, or CO ItALLOIDAL, a. [from horallion,
a coral, and eidos, form, Gr.] resembling coral.
CO'RALWORT, s. in botany, a species of the dentaria,
found in shady plates.
COR ANICH, i. among the Scotch and Lish, the custom
of singing at funerals, aiicieiilly prevalent in those countries,
and still practised in several parts.
CORA'NT, .?. [coiiraiit, Fr.] a dance, consisting of a nimble
and sprightly motion.
CO'RBAN, s. [Heb.] a word which signifies a gift, offer-
ing, or present, made to Cod or his temple. When, among
the Jews, a man had thus devoted all his fortune, he was
forbidden to make use of it. If all that he was to give to Ins
wife, or his father and mother, was declared Corian, he
was no longer permitted to allow them necessary subsist-
ence.
CORBE, aAcourle, Fr.] crooked.
CO'RBEILS, s. [corbeille, Fr.] in fortification, little bas-
kets filled with earth, and used to shelter the men when
firing at the besiegers.
CO'RB EL, or CO'RBIL, i. in architecture, the represen-
tation of a basket. Also, a short piece of timber placed in a
wall, with its end sticking out six or eight inches, as occasion
serves, in the manner of a shouldering piece.
CO'RBY, a town of Lincolnshire, between Market Deep-
ing and Grantham. Market on Wednesdav.
CORCELET, .t. in natural histoi-y, that part of the fly-
class, which is analogous in its situation to the breast in other
animals.
CORD, i. [cnrt, Brit. J a string made of hemp twisted,
generally applied to that whith is composed of several
strands. In scripture, " The cords of the wicked," are the
snares with which they entangle the weak and innocent,
"The co)-rf* of sin," are the consequences of crimes and bad
habits, whicharc as it were bands, which it is almost impos-
sible to break. " Let us cast away their cords from us," is
to cast otl' subjection, which, like cords, binds and restrains.
"To draw iniquity with cords of vanity," are worhlly pro-
fits, or pleasurable allurements, which attract as strongly as
cords. " The cords of a man," are such motives as are
suited to a man as a rational agent, and consist in reasons
and exhortations. A curd of wood, is aqiuintity consisting of
a pile of eight feet long, four high, and four broad, being-
supposed originallv to be measured bv a cord.
To CORD, r.n.'to bind or fasten several things together
with a cord.
CORDAGE, s. a quantity of cords ; the ropes of a ship.
CO'RDATED, part, [from cur, a heart, Lat.] resembling a
heart.
CO'RDED, part. UKu!'- of ropes, or '-ords. A corded silk.
is that whose surface is not level, but rises in weals of the
size of a small string or cord.
CORDELIERS, 7Co>rft/ccrj) s. [Fr.] a Franciscan, or
religious order of St. Francis ; they w ear a coarse grey clotli,
with a little cowl, or cloak of the same cloth, and a njpt-
girdle w ith three knots, fn-.m whenec thev take their iKsme.
They are enjoined to live in coninion. '1 liuse who are ad-,
mitted into the order, are iirst to sell all they h;ue, uud giy^:
2l)'>
COR
if k. thi pofjr. Tlie priests are to fasttrom the feast of All
Saints till tlie Nativity.
CORDIAL, i. [from ror,.' a neart, Lat.l in medicine, a
dr,iui,'lit or polion whicli increases the strenstii of tiic lieart,
or that which increases the natural strengtii \>\ brinijingtlie
serum of the blood into a condition inoper for circulation
and nutrition. Fif,'uratively, any thing \vhich occasions
joy, fjladiicss, or revives the spirits.
CO'KDIAL, «. reviving; strengthening. Applied to the
affections, sincere ; hearty ; without hypocrisy.
CORDIALITY, s. sincere aifectioii ; freedom from hy-
pocrisy.
CORDIALLY, oo. ina manner free from hypocrisy ; in
a sincere and affectionate manner.
C0;RD-MAKER, s. a ropemaker.
CO'RDON, J. [Fr.] the riiiiion worn by a knii^ht or meni-
Iter of any order. In fortification, a row of stones jutting
out before the rampart and the basis of the parapet.
CORDO'VA, anciently Corduba, a large city of Anda-
lusia, seated on the Guadalquiver, over which is a stone
bridge of 16 arches, built by the Moors. Here are Ifi pa-
rish churches, besides the cathedral, 36 convents, 16 hospi-
tals, 2 colleges, and an ancient palace of the Moorish kings,
lately converted into stables for 100 Andalusian horses. The
cathedral, which was formerly a mosfiue, still retains the
name of Mezquita. In the square, called the Plaza Major,
are splendid buildings, under which are piazzas. There are
many orchards and gardens within the w;ills of the city, and
in the neighijourintj mountains there are groves of citron,
orange, fig, and olive trees. The trade consists of wine,
iVnits, silk, and Cordovan leather, and the best horses of
Spain are had from it. It is 75 miles N. E. of Seville, and
135 S. bvW. of Madrid.
^ CORDWAIN, *. a kind of leather, from Cordova in
Spain.
CORDWA'INER, t. [cordomder, Fr.] a person who
makes and sells shots.
COR.I\ s. [cor, Lat.] the heart ; the inner part of any
thing.
C0RF;A, a peninsula, lying t« the N. K. of China,
bounded on the S. W. by the Yellow Sea, which parts it
from China ; on the N. by Chinese Tartary ; and on the S.
bv a narrow sea, which parts it from the J.*panese Islands.
The people are civil and courteous, are fond of learning,
'nusic, and dancing, and greatly resemble the Chinese in
(Msloms and religi<in. The country is divided into eight
provinces, and there are niatiy towns in it exceedingly po-
puh)us. it extends, from N. to S. about 500 miles, and
about 200 from E. to W. They trade in ginseng, gold, sil-
ver, iron, yellow varnish, sable skins, castor, mineral salt,
fowls with tails 3 feet long, and horses only 3 feet high.
Corca, though mountainous, abounds in corn and rice. The
king, w ho is tributary to the emperor of China, resides at
Hanchiiij-.
COltFECASTLE, a town ofDorsetshire, with some trade,
in stone and knit stockings. It is seated on a peuiosula,
railed Purbeck Lie, In tween two hills, on one of which
stands the castle, said to have been built by king Edgar, now
in ruins. It is 21 miles E. of Dorchester, and 120 W. by S.
of London. Market on Thursday.
CO'RFU, anciently known by the name ofSciIEKIA,
Ph.'KACIA, Cokchyra, and Dbf.pano, an island of the
Mediterranean, near the coast of Albania, long lield t)y the
Venetians, since subiect to the French, but now occupied by
the Russians. The islanders make great (piantities of salt ;
and the country abounds with vineyards, oranges, lemons,
citrons, olive trees, grapes, honev, wax, and oil. Tiie ca-
pital is Corfu, (jti the E. coast of the island. Lat. 39. 40. N.
Ion. 20. 0. E.«
CORIACEOUS, {horwshinns) a. [from cariiim, the hide of
d beast, Lat.] consisting of, or resendiling leather.
CORI A'NDER, .s. \cnrinndrum, Lat.] a ph'ijt with a fibrous
annual root ; it has an umbcllated flower ; is found by road-
side* and dunghills, and flowers in June. The leaves have
'JiO
a sti'onj disagreeable smell, but the seeds are toleraI)!y
gratefd «hen ilry. It is usee! in medicine as a carminative,
and corrector to some cathartics.
CO'RINTH, s. [from the famous cityif Corinth in Greece]
a small fruit commonly called a curratu. The CoriiUhitm
ordfr, in architecture, is one of the five ord'-rs, and is tlx?
most noble, rich, and delicate of them all. The capital of
this order is adornefl with two rowsof leaves, between «liich
little stalks arise, of which 10 volutes are formed, which sup-
port the abacus.
CORINTH, or Coranto, an ancient and celebrated
city, situated on the isthmus which joins the Morea to
Gieecc. It is bow decayed, the houses being intermixed
with fields, orange groves, and gardens, like a village, tlic
inhabitants not exceeding 1.300 or 1400 ; there still remain,
however, ruins of temples, and other marks of its former
mngiiificence. The adjacent country abounds with corn,
wine, and oil; and from the castle, seated on the top of an
almost inaccessible rock, there is one of the finest prospects
of laud and water in the world. It is 40 miles N. W. of
Athens. Lat. 38. II. N. Ion. 23. 18. E.
CORK, a cotmty of Munster, in Ireland, 84 miles in
length, and 62 in breadth, being the largest in the kingdom.
It is bounded on the \V. and S. W. I)y Kerry and the sea ;
on the N. by Limerick ; on the E. by Waterford and a part
of Tipperary ; and on the S. by the ocean. It contains
209 parishes, 76,739 houses, and about 410,0(10 inhabitants.
It abounds with excellent harbours, and has many fine
rivers, as the Blackwater, Lee, Banon, Hen, <1 c. Tlie soil
varies ; in many parts it is fertile, and the country is pretty
populous.
CORK, city of, the capital of the county, and the second
in Ireland for extent, trade, and population, containing abo'it
fiOuO houses, and upwards of 70,000 inhabitants. It is a
well buiit place, and has improved surprisingly of late years,
several broad streets having been lately added, by filling up
the canals that ran through them. It is seated on the river
Lee, by which it is nearly surrounded, and by means of tlie
difterent channels, vessels come up into the (lifterent parts
of the town. Its principal export is salt provisions. During
the slaughtering season, which holds from August to the
la Iter end of January, they kill and cure about 100,000 head
of black cattle. Their other exports consist of pork, tallow,
hides raw^ and tanned, butter, candles, calves', lambs', and
rabbits' skins, \i ool, linen and woollen yarn, and worsted and
linen cloth. The country adjacent to Cork, is hilly and
beautiful, alVordiiig extensive and diversified prospects. It
is 15 miles from the sea, about 50 nearly S. of Limerick, and
124 S. W. of Dublin. Lat. 51. 54. IS'. Ion. 8. 23. W.— CorA
Hurbonr, or the Core of Cork, one of the best in the world, is
about 7 miles below the town, and so spacious and deep, as
to be capable of containing the largest vessels, and the most
extensive fleets. The entrance is easy, and it is secure
from currents and storms. <^)ne side of Cork Harbour is
formed by Great Island, which is 4 miles long and 2 broad,
and vory fertile.
C()RK,i. [/;ojf7/, Relg.] in botany, a species of oak, whieli
is stripiM'd of its bark eveiy eight or ten years, and is so far
from being injured thereliy, that it is preserved by that
means to an hundred \ears or more. Of the bark are found
bungs for barrels, ami stopples for bottles, which likewise
go by the name of the tree, and are called curlis. These
trees are very common in France, Spain, and Italy. In me-
dicine, cork isof service to stop bleeding, being redi.ced tt>
powder, and put into some astringent liquor; wiien burned
and mi\ed with the unguentuui populneum, it is proper for
the piles.
CO'R KING-PIN, .?. a pin of a large size.
CO RKY, II. consisting of, or resembling cork.
CORMORANT, s. \cur>mirant, Fr.] a bird that preys
upon iish.. A glutton.
CORN, «. [n<j-H, Sax. horn, Teiil.] the grain or seed of
plants, separated from the spica,orear; one species of whicn
IS made iuto bread. There are several species of corn, audi
COR
COR
as wlieal, rye, and barley, niillot stid rice, oats, maize and
lentils, [irase, and a luuiilnT ul" ollur iiiids, cacii of wliicli
has its list fulness and imtperlj. An txcrescciiie or horny
substance fjiowinj; on the toes, from cmim, Lat. a lutrii. A
sinKle particle of ijunpowder or salt.
To CORN, I'. ". to form <,'unpo\vder into grain, or small
panicles; to salt, or sprinkle meat with salt; soused by the
old Saxons.
CO'HNAOIv, .?. a tenure which oblif^es the landholder to
give notice of an invasion by blo\vin;,'a horn.
CO'KNKL, s. in botany, "the cornu.s. There arc two Bri-
tish species, viz. the dojjberry tree, and dwarf honeysuckle.
Thev hothtlower inJinie.
CORNE'LIAN, s. Sec Carnf.lion.
CO'KNF.MUSE.s. [Fr.J a kind of rustic horn.
CO'llNrX)US, a. [from rac/iH, a horn, Lai. J horny, or re-
semiiliiii; horn.
CO'llNEl?, .5. [cnrwcZ, Brit.] an an{;le, or space formed by
tlic meeting i>fl\>o walls. Fi{,'urativcly, a secret or private
place ; the extremities. Cunii-r-stuiie, is the stone that unites
the two walls at the corner; the principal stone. In Scrip-
lure, applied to the Messiah, Psu. cxviii. 22. Acts iv. 11.
and elsewhere.
CO'KNKRWISE, aii. from one corner to another; dia-
gonally; with the corner in front.
COTv N ET, .«. [ccrHrtfc, Fr.] a horn or ninsical wind in-
strument, used by the ancients in war ; a company (>r troop,
perhaps as many as had one coruct. An othcer in the ca-
valry, who bears the ensign or colours in the troop; he is
the third ofiicer in the company, and commands in the ab-
sence of the captain and lieutenant. Ciinwt, in farriery, is
the lowest tnut of the pastern of a horse.
CORN FLAG, s. a plant, of which there are eleven spe-
cies, some with red, and some w ith w hite tiowers, according
to Miller.
CORNICE, s. [eot-niche, Fr.J in architecture, the upper-
irost member of the entablature of a column, or that which
crowns the order ; likewise all little projectures of masonry,
or joinery, where there are no columns, as the cornice of a
chimney, of a beanfet, &c. Chrnicc ring, in gunnery, the
next ring from the muzzle-ring backwards.
CORNrCULATE, «. [from cornu, a horn, Lat.] in bo-
tany, applied to such plants as, alter each flower, \irodnce
manv horned pods, called siUqiinl. CornicnUiteif flowers, are
have a ki ' '
their upper part.
such hollow tiowers as ha
iiud of spur or little horn on
CORNIFir, «. [from coi-nu, a horn, and /acio, to make,
Lat.] productive of or making horns.
CORNIGEROUS, «. rfroin corrm, a horn, and gero, to
carrv, Lat.] horned ; bearingor having horns.
CORNUCOTL\, .!. ILat.] among the ancients, a horn,
out of which plenty of ill things are supposed to grow. It
is generally the characteristic of the goddess of plenty, and
described in the form of a large horn, adorned w ith tiowers,
an<l filled w ith fruits.
'fo CORNU'TE, v.a. Lfrom coj-hw, a Iiorn, Lat.] to confer
or bestow horns.
CORNUTED, part, [from cornu, a horn, Lat.] grafted
with horns ; horned ; cuckolded.
CORMUTO, «. [from corm,, a horn, Lat.] a cuckold.
CO'RNW.\LL, a county of England, which forms the
S. W. extremity of Great Britam. It is bounded on the E.
by Devonshire ; its other parts are washed hy tlie sea. Its
length from E. to W. is 74 miles; its breadth next to De-
vonshire is about 46, but it soon contracts, and is gradually
narrowed into isthmuses: on the S. W. it terminates in two
promontories, the Lizard Point, and the Land's End. It
contains 9 hundreds, and 161 parishes, between 1200 and
18(X( villages, and 27 market towns. From its vicinity to
the sea, it is exposed to frequent storms, but exempted from
Imrd frosts and great beats. There is abundance, of rainy
and foggy weather ; but the inhabitants are seldom troubled
with agues or fevers. The spring shews itself in the buds
and blossoms sooner than in the other parts of Engtand ; but
the harvest is later, and the fruits have less flavour iban in
the nndland counties. Here mi: some unconuuon plants,
and i)lenly of sea-lM rlis, as caui|)liire, eriiigo, ros kolis, tVc-
It is well suited (or the herring and pil< lianl fisheries, and
the iiihaljitauls full\ a\ail themselves of tin ir local adva'i
tages. It derives, however, its chiei importance from its
minerals; these consist o( tin and copper. The copi'cr-
mines are numerous and ricli in ore ; small quanlitirsot gold
and silver have somrtimes been tound, but its tin mines are
its greatest source of wealth ; for these it has been long fa-
mous, and its coasts have been visited hy the Pheniciansand
Greeks in very remote anti(piily ; tliey were known several
centuries hciore the Christian ura, ami have been worked
constantly ever since. With the metalline ores are found
large quantities of nimidic and arsenic ; many sorts of stones
are found here, particularly iwoiMstono, which is used both
in buildings and for mill stones, and which, when polished,
ajipearssiileiulid aiul beautiful; and in the ca\er!ious parts
ot the rocks are tomul transparent crystals, called Cornish
diamonds, which are verv In illiant when well polished. The
number of men, wcjinen, and children, employed in raising
the tin ore, washing, stamping, and carrying, is stated by
some to amount to Ki.ilOO. Tlie principal rivers are the
Taniar, Camel, and Fale. As this coif.ity was one of the
places to which the ancient Britons retreated, the Ga-lic or
Celtic language was long retained here, and has become ex-
tinct but very lately.
CORNY, a. [from cnrim, a horn, Lat.] horny, strong, oi
bard like a horn ; producing grain or corn.
COROLLARY, s. [corolliiriiim, Lat.] an useful conse
quence drawn from something which is proved or demon,
strated.
COROMA'NDEL, the coast of, is the eastern coast of
the peninsula of Hindoostan, extending from Cape Calyiucre
in lat. 10. 20. to the month of the Kistnah, in lat. near 60.
0. N. On this coast lie Madras, I'ondicherry, Tranquebar,
and other European factories, froiu which chintz, calicoes,
and inushns, with some diamonds, are imported into Europe.
There is not a port for large vessels on the whole coast,
whic'l ia an even, low, and sandy country ; and about Ma-
dras, (he land rises so little, that it is rlifiicult from the sea
to mark the distinction between land and water, unless by
the different objects that are on the shore.
CORONA, i. [a crown,' Lat.] in architecture, a large,
flat, strong memlier of a cornice, so called from its crown-
ing not only the cornice, but likewise the whole order. In
optics, thc/in/o, a luminous circle surrounding the sun, the
moon, the planets, or the fixed stars.
COR^ONA BOREALIS, in astronomy, the northern
crown, a constellation of the northern hemisphere.
CORONAL, s. [from corvua, a crown, Lat.] a crown, a
garland. Adjectively, that belongs to the crown or top ol
the head. The coronal suture, in anatomy, is the tirst ot the
cranium, which reaches across from one temple to t);e
other. , -, , .
CORO'NARY, a. [from coiona, a crown, Lat.] relatmg to
or seated on the crown of the head. In auiitomy, applied
to those arteries which furnish the substance of the heart
with blood.
CORONATION, s. [from corona, a crown, Lat.] the act
or solemnity of crowning a king.
CO'RONER, y. an ancient oflicer of this kingdom, so
called because he is wholly employed for the king and
crow n. Coroners are conservators ol the peace in the coun-
ty where they are elected, being usually two for each county.
Their authority is judicial and ministerial; judicial where a
person comes to a violent death ; to take and enter up ai>-
peals of murder, pronounce judgment on outlawries, &c.
The ministerial (lower is, when the coroner executes the
king's writ, on exception taken to the sheriti". His awXho-
rity-^fioes not terminate on the demise of the king, as that
of judges, Ac d<!CS,-.vho vets b; the king's commission: on
default of sherills, coroners are to impannel juries, aud to
return issue on juries not appearing.
211
COR
COTIONET, s. [from corona, a crown, Lat. coronetta, Ital."]
an inferior crown worn by the nobility ; that of a duke is
adorned with strawberry leaves ; that of a marquis with
leaves and pearls placed interchant;eably ; that of an earl
with the pearls raised above tlie leaves ; that of a viscount
is surrounded with pearls only; and that of a baron has
only four pearls.
Corporal, s. [capoi-al, Fr.] in the army, an inferior
and the lowest officer in tli« foot, who oonimands one of the
div.sions, places and relieves sentinels, keeps good order,
and receives the word of the inferiors that pass by his corps.
On board ship, an officer who has the charge of setting the
watch and senteries, and relieving them ; he sees that all
the soldiers and sailors keep their arms neat and clean,
teaches them how to use them, and has a mate under him.
CORPORA L, a. [cor;)o)f/, Fr.] reliitin;,' to the body, in
divinity and philosopiiy. When used in opposition to spi-
rit, or its atlections, it is styled and spelt corporeal, and then
sii,'nifies material.
CORPORA'LITY, J. the quality of consisting of body,
nr matter.
CORPORALLY, ad. in a sensible or material manner ;
bodily.
CdPiPORATE, a. [from corpus, u body, Lat.] united
iuto a bodvorcomniunitv.
CO'RPOR.\TENESS; s. the state of a body corporate
or commuiiitv.
CORPORA'TION, s. [from co,t„,s, a body, Lat.] a body
politic, authorized by prescription ; patent, charter, or by
act of parliament, to have a common seal, one he;id officer
or more, able, by their common consent, to grant or receive
in law any thing within the compass of their cliarters, and
to sue and be sued even as one man. Cuiyorations are either
.spiritual or temporal ; spiritual, as bishops, deans, arch-
deacons, parsons, vicars, <<c. Temporal, as mavor, com-
monalty, bailiff, burgesses, Ac. And some are of a mixed
nature, and composed of temporal and spiritual persons,
Buch as heads of colleges and hospitals.
CO'RPqR.\TURE, i. [from corpm, a body, Lat.] the
state of being embodied.
CORPOREAL, a. [from corpus, a body, Lat.] consisting
of matter or body, opposed to spiritual.
CORPOREITY,*, [from corpus, a body, Lat.] the quality
ofa thing which has a body.
CORPORIFICATION, s. [from corpus, a body, and
faao, to make, Lat.] the act of giving a body to a thing, or
renderingit the object of their touch or other sr uses. In
chemistry, thelact of re-uniting spirits into a body, resem-
bling that which they had before their being raised into
spirits.
To CORPO RIFY, V. a. to thicken or gather into a body.
CORP.S, (usually pron. *<>)■) s. [Fr.] a body or collection
of soldiers. In architecture, th.it part which projects or
stands out from a wall, and series as a ground for some
decoration or ornament.
CORPSE, s. [from corpus, a body, Lat.] the body, used in
ccntempt- a deaf! body; a carcase.
CORPULENCE, or CO HPIJLENCY, s. [corpuUntia,
from corpus, a body, L;it.] bnikiness of body; fatness;
Krossness. The most extraordinary instance perhaps of
futness ever known, was that of Edward Hright, of Maiden
in Essex, who dying in Nov. \7fM, weighed 61G pounds; his
waistcoat with great ease was buttoned round seven men of
orditrary size.
(;0'11PULENT, a. [corpnlentus, from cm-pits, a body, Lat.]
fleshy; abounding in fat and tlesli.
CORPUS CHRl'STI, .9. ;, festival kept the next Thins-
day after Trinity-Sunday, instituted in honour of the eu-
charist ; to whicli also one of the colleges in Oxford is de-
dicated.
CORPIJ'SCLE, s. [tVom eorpiistiilnm, a little body, Lat.]
in physics, a minute particle, or physical atom, of which a
natural IhhIv is composed or made up.
CORPUSCULAR, or CORPUSCULA'RIAN, a. [fiom
COR
eorpusnJum, a little body, Lat] beloiigitu: lo &tOins, or f!ie
same particles of bodies. The corpuscuiarian or crrpuscijar
philosophij, is that which endeavours to explain the pheno-
mena of nature by the motion, rest, or position of the cor-
puscles, or minute particles of which bodies consist.
To CORRA'DE, v. a. [corrado, Lat.] to rub off; to wear
away, by rubbing two bodies together.
COKRADI A'TION, s. [from con, with, and radiu$, a ray,
Lat^] the coil junction of rays in one point.
To CORKE'CT, V. a. [carri^o, from rectus, streight, Lat.]
to puniih a person for a fault m order to make him amend.
To give a person notice of his faults. In medicine, to coun-
teract, or lessen tha f6rce or ill qualities of one ingredient
by p.nother.
CORRECT, a. [correctus, Lat.] that is perfect; freed
from errors or mistakes.
CORRECTION, s. [correctio, Lat.] punishment for
faults in order to produce amendment; an amendment;
reprehension ; censure ; or notice of a fault. In medicine,
the lessening any quality of an ingredient by joining it with
one of opiiosite qualities.
CORRECTIVE, o. having the power of counteracting
anv bad qualities-
CORRE'CTlVE.j. that which has the power of altering
or coimteracting any bad quality ; limitation ; restriction.
CORRE'CTLY, ad. in such a manner as to be free from
faults ; exactly.
CORRECTNESS, *. perfection, arising from frequent
and accurate alterations.
CORRECTOR, s. [Lat.] he who amends a person by
means of punishment. In medicine, an ingredient in a
composition, which guards against, or abates, the force of
another. Con-ertm' of t/ie pi-ess, ona who amends the errors
committed in printing.
CORREGIDOR, s. a chief magistrate in Spain.
To CORRELATE, v. n. [from con, with, and relatug, re-
lated, Lat.] to have a mutual or reciprocal relation to one
another, as father and son.
CORRELATE, ». one that stands in an opposite relation,
as father and son
CORRELATIVE, a. [from con, with, and relates, related,
Lat.] having a reciprocal relation, so that tU» existence of
the one depends on the existence of the other.
CORREPTION, s. [from con, w itii, to strengthen the
signification, and ripin, to snatch, Lat.] reproof, chiding,
re]uehension or olijurgation.
To CORRESPO'ND, t. 71. [from cnn, with, and resptmdeo
to answer, Lat.] to answer; to match ; to suit; to be pro-
portionate, or ade(iuate to another ; to keep up an acquain-
tance with another by sending and receiving letters.
CORRESPONDENCE, or CORRESPO'NnENCY, s.
[from con, with, and respondeo, to answer, Lat.] an agree-
ment ; the matching and titling of t«o tilings together ; an
intercourse kept up by letters : fliendship ; intercourse ; a
commerce.
CORRESPO'NDENT, «. a person with whom commcico
is carried on, or intelligence kept by mutual messages or
letters.
CORRESPONDENT, or CORRESPO'NSiyE, a. [from
cou, with, ?irnl mspondeo, to answer, Lat.] suiting: fittijig ;
agreeing ; answering.
CORRIDOR, s. [Fr.] in fortification, a road or way,
about twenty yards broad, along the edge ofa ditch, with-
oiitside, encompassing the wiiole fortification, ciilled like-
wise thpcovrrt wni/. In architecture, a gallery, or lonfj aisle,
round a building, leading to several chambers at a distance
from each other.
CORRIGIBLE, n. [_froni roiW^fl, to correct, LatJ tliat
may b'" altered for Ihebelter; that is a proper olyect (or pu-
nishment ; corrective; or having the power 01 amending:
any error, fault, or bad ciuality.
CORRl'VALRY, .«. competition; opposition.
CORR0'ROR.ANT,;»rtr/. [nirrolmro, from rohiir, stiength,
Lat.J havingthe power of strengthening or giving strength.
COR
COR
T(( CORROBORATE, t>. a. [eorrohoi-o, from rohiir, strength,
Lilt.] lo coiidnu an asserliuii ; to stangtlien, or make
Stroii;f.
Cf)RRO'BORATlON, s. the. act of strengthcnin),' ; the
onfirrnationorostablisliiiigatruth by some additional proof;
ad'lition of str(»ri:,'^tli.
CORRO'BORATIVR, rt. liavinfj tlie power of increasinff
strcii^tli, nrof service in particular Ixxlilv weaknesses.
ToCOURO'DR, r. (7. [corrmhi, Lat.| to eat away l)y dc-
prees, applied to the action of a licpiid on some solid bodj ;
to prev upon : to eonsnnie, or vnar awav bv degrees.
CORRODENT, n. [o.nW™,?, Lat.]' having the power
of separating the particles of a body, applied to the efl'ect
of some menstruum or fluid on solid bodies.
COURODir.LE, a. [from am, with, to strengthen the
signification, and rodo, to gnaw, Lat.] possible to be con-
sumed OT corroded.
CORROSIBl'LITY, .s. the (prality of being corrosible;
the possLbility of having its par.ticles divided by some men-
strinim.
CORRO'SIBLE, «. [from con, with, to strengthen the
signification, and rodo, to gnaw, Lat.] that may have its
particles consumed, or separated bv some menstruum.
CORRO'SIBLENESS, s. the quality of being liable to
liave its particles separated by a menstruum.
CORRO'SION, s. the dissolution or separation of the
particles of a body by an acid or saline liquor or men-
striunn.
COURO'SIVE, a. having the power of insunuating itself
between, and separating the particles of, a body ; having
the power of vexing, or of making a person uneasy or
angry.
CORRO'SIVE, s. tliat which has tne power of consuming,
eating, or wasting away ; that which has the power of fret-
ting, giving pain, or rendering a person uneasy.
CORRO'SIVELY, flrf. in tlie manner of, or like a corro-
sive ; having the quality of a corrosive.
CORRO'SIVENESS', i.the quality whereby a fluid insi-
miates itself between the pores of a solid body, separates
them, or wastes away.
CO'RRUGANT, a. [coniis^ans, from ruga, a wrinkle,
Lat.J having the power of wrmkling, or contracting into
wrinkles.
To CORRUGATE, v. a. [cormgo, from ruga, a wrinkle,
Lat.] to wrinkle, or purse up.
CORRUGATION, s. [comigatio, from ruga, a wrinkle,
Lat.] the act of drawing or contracting into wrinkles.
To CORRUPT, V. a. [from cen, with, to strengthen the
signification, and rumpo, to break, Lat.] to turn from a sound
lo a putrescent state ; to infect. Figuratively, to engage a
person to do something contrary to his inelinatioa or
conscience, by bribes or money ; to spoil ; to vitiate, or
render bad.
To CORRUPT, t'. K. to become putrid ; to grow rotten ;
to putrefy ; to lose putrity.
CORRU PT, «. [cnrruptHS, Lat.] vicious ; void of moral
goodness ; lost to piety ; biased by brides. Tainted ; rot-
ten ; applied to things.
CORRUPTER, s. that which putrefies, or taints. One
who, by ill example, or base motives, seduces a person to
vice.
CORRUPTIBILITY, s. the possibility of being corrupt-
ed, putrefied, or rendered worse.
CORRUTTIBLE, a. that may be putrefied, or grow rot-
ten ; that mav be destroved or rendered vicious.
_ CORRUPTION, s. [from am, with, to strengthen the
sif^uification, and rnmpo, to break, Lat.] the action whereby
the body loses all its properties and qualities for a certain
time, or whereby its form is altered and its qualities changed
from what they were before ; rottenness. In politics, a
state wherein persons act only from lucrative motives ; the
means by which any person may be rendered vicious ; or
-.1 thing may be made rotten, in surgery, the matter con-
tiuiied in ajiy ulcer or wound, called jms by practitioners.
In law, the taint which grows to a' person or Jiis heirs,
on account of his having been guilty of felony or trea-
son.
CORRUTTIVE, s. having the power or quality of ren-
dering tainted or rotten.
CORIUjl' ri.RSS, «. that cannot be corrupted.
CORRUPTLY, ad. with corruition; with taint; with
vice; \\ill!oiit integrity.
CORRUPTNESS, s. the quality or state of a corrupted
body ; vice.
CO'RSAIR, s. [Fr.] an armed vessel, which plunders mer-
chant vessels ; a pirate.
CORSE, 4', [corps, Fr. 1 a pootical word for a carcase or
dead body.
CORSELET, s. [Fr.J a little armour fur the forepart of
the body.
CO RSHAM, or Cosh AM, a town of Wilts, noted for its
manufacture of woollens. King Ethrelred had formerly a
palace here, and it was once the chief residence of the earls
of Cornwall. It is 4 miles S. \V. of Chippenham, and 11 N.
E. of Batli. Market on Wednesday.
CORSICA, a large island in the Mediterranean Sea, about
88 miles in length, and 40 in breadth. The air in some parts
is unwholesome, and the land hilly, full of stones, and culti-
vated very poorly ; however, the valievB produce wheat,
and the hills fruits, viz. olives, figs, grapes, almonds, anrl
chesnuts. There is a ridge of mountains which divides tlie
island into tvvo parts, the N. and S. The capital is Bastia.
It belonged to the French, but on tlie revolution taking place
in Fiance, the Corsicans, rose, ami appointed General PaoJi
for there chief, surrendered the island to the crown of
Great Britain, with great formality, in July 1794, accepting
at the same time a new constitution from the English govern-
ment. In October, 1796, however, llie E!.nglish viceroy was
obliged to abandon the island, and the Frsiich again took
possession of it. The nn-nber of inhabitants is about 160,000.
Here Napoleon Bonaparte, now emperor of France, was
born, August 15, 17G9.
COTITICAL, a. [from cortex, bark, Lat.l barky ; belong-
ing to the outward part of an"' thing. In anatomy, the
cortical substance of tlie brain is its exterior part.
CO'RTICATED, a. rfioM coricx, bark, Lat.] resembling
the bark of a tree.
CO'RTICOSE, a. rfrom carter, bark, Lat.] full of bark.
CO'RVO, the smallest and most westernly of the Azores,
about 24 miles in circumference, with a smalJ port. It
contains about 500 souls, who cultivate wheat and feed
hogs.
CORU'SCANT, a. [from corusco, to glitter, Lat.] glit-
tering by flashes ; flashing.
CORUSCATION, s. [from conwo, to glitter, Lat.] a
quick, sudden, and short darting of splendor ; a flash ; a
glittering light.
CO'RVUS, in astronomy, the raven, a constellation in
the southern hemisphere.
CORY'MBIATED, a. [from cryndnis, a berry. Lat.] in
botany, abounding or garnished with bunches of berries.
CORYMBIFEROUS, a. [fnmi oorj/inl><ts, a berry, and
fern, to bear, Ljat.] bearing fruit or berries in bunches.
CORY'MBUS, s. [^Lat.] in botany, a round cluster of
berries, like those of tlie ivy, applied to such plants as have
a compound discous flower, without any down adhering to
their seeds.
COR\'VRE'KAN, a daivgerous vortex, or wnirlpool, on
the W. coast of Scotland, between the isle of Scarbia and
tlie N. point of Jura. Its dreadful unfathomable vortex ex-
tends above a mile in circuit, and, at full tides, its numerous
eddies form watery pyramids, which rise to a great height
in the air, and bursting witJi the noise of thunder, over-
whelm all vessels that come within the sphere of its attrac-
tion. It is so called from a young Danish prince, who pe-
rished ill this place.
COSCI'NOMANCY.f. [from ioifa'non.asieve, wtirrus-Uaa,
divination, Or.] the art of divination by a sieve.
2X3
COS
cov
COSE'CANT, s. in •geometry, the secant of an arcli,
wliich is tlie compliment to anotlierarch to 90 degrees.
COSIER, s. [from cmisa; old Fr.] a botcher ; a low-lived
person. _A word of contenijit.
CO'SINE, s. in geometry, the part of the diameter inter-
cepted between the centre and tiie riijlit sine, and ahvays
equal to tile sine of the complement of the arch.
COSMETIC, a. [fiosmetihus, from kosmen, to ornament, Gr.]
bavins the i>o\ver of improving the personal charms ; bean-
tifyini; or lieighteniiig beauty.
CO'SMICAL, a. [i'rom hostnos, the world, Gr.] relating to
tlie world. In astronomy, rising together, or in tlie same
degree of the ecliptic with the sun.
COSMIC ALLY, ad. at the same time with the sun.
COSMO'GONY, s. [from kosmos, the world, and t>-onr, ge-
neration, Or.]the rise, origin, or creation of the woild.
COSMO'GRAPHER, *. [from Jiosmos, the world, and
f:raphi>, totlesrribe, Gr.] one who composes a description of
the relation, fitness, figure, and disposition of all the pails
of the world.
COS-MOGRA'PHICAL, n. [from Insmos, the world, and
grap/io, to describe, Gr.] relating to the general description
of the world.
COSMOCiRATHICALLY, ad. in a manner relating to
the science by which the structure of the world is discovered
and described.
COSMOCtRAPHY, s. [from hmnns, the «orId, sm] grnpJnj
to describe, Gr.] a description of the several purls of ihe
world ; or the art of delineating ils several bodies according
to their magnitudes, motions, relations, &c. It consists of
gi'ograpbv and astronomv.
COSMOPOLITE, or COSMOPOLITAN, s. [from has-
mos, the world, and pnlites, a citizen, Gr.] a citizen of the
world ; one who is at home in all companies, and in all
countries.
CO'SS.ACKS, a people inhabiting originally the confines
of Poland, Russia, Tartary, and Turkey, between the .laik
and the Dneister. Tiiey are divided into several branches,
the Kosakki sa PorovN, or Cossacks on the Piorislhenes ; the
Kosakki Donski, or Cossacks on the Don; aiul theKosakki
Jiiiki, which are the wildest of them all, dwelling in large
villages along the banks of the river [Jral, or Jaik, and the
N. coast of the Caspian Sea. They are now entirely subject
to Russia; and theUkraine, or country ofthe Cossacks of Ro-
risthenes, is become a government under the name of Ekaf e-
rinostav. The Cossacks are large and robust, have blue
eyes, brown hair, and aquiline noses; the women are com-
])laisant to strangers. Iheir towns arc built of wood, like
those of the Russians. Tlie Ukraiiie is one continued fer-
tile plain, producing corn, pulse, tobacco, and honey. Its
pastures are immensely rich, and the cattle are the largest
in Europe.
CO'SSET, i. among farmers, a colt, calf, or lamb, brought
up by the hand without the dam.
COST, s.Uwst, Relg.] the price or money given for the
purchase of a thing; charge; expense. Figurativelv,
sumptuonsness ; luxury ; loss ; detriment.
To COST, I', n. pieter. and participle prefer, cnst ; [cous-
tiT, Fr.] to be purchased or bought at a iiarticular sum.
CO'.STAL, a. [from casta, a rib, Lat.] belonging to the
ribs.
CO'.STARD, «. the head or skull. In gardening, a round
bcMiy apple, somewhat resembling the head.
CO'STA RICA, a province in the narrow part of Mexico,
oti the S. R. bttwcecn Veragua and Mosiniilo country, ex-
tending from sea to sea, .00 leagues in length, and nearly as
much in breadth. The soil is ill cultivated, but there is
plenty of cuttle, hides, honey, and wax. Tlie nativ<s live
mostly indepciideiit of the Spaniards. Carthage is the
capital.
CO'STIVE, n. \conitipatng, from cmistipn, to cram, Lat.]
bound in the body; going seldom to stool; close ; unper-
mealili'.
COSTIVENESS, *. in medicine, a preternatural deten-
214
tion of tlie excrements, attended with a difficulty of dis-
charging them.
C()'STLINESS, ^. sumptiiousness ; expensiveness ; the
great value, or sum required for the purchase of a thing.
CO'STLY, n. requiring a large sum, or much money for
its purchase ; expensive. Figuratively, rare ; valuable.
CO'STMARY, s. [from ciistus, the name of a shrub, and
il/tfci'a, Mary, Lat.) an herb, called also alcost and balsam
herb.
CO'STREL, s. a bottle.
CO'.STUME, s. among painters, denotes that ewry
figure in a piece of painting must be drawn in its proper cha-
racter.
COT, COTE, or COAT, at the end of the names of
places, come generallv from the Saxon cot, a cottage.
COT, s. [Sax. ) a hut ; a cottage.
COTA'NGENT, s. in {jeonietry, the tangent of an arch
which is the coniplemeiit of another to 90 degrees.
COTE'MPORARY, «. [from cvn, with, and tempvs, time,
Lat.] living at the same time with another.
COT-LAND, «. land belonging to a cottage.
CO'T<^UEAN, s. a person who officiously concerns him-
self with women's affairs.
COTESWOLD, s. a hilly plain, with several sheep-cotes,
and sheep feeding. It comesfrom the Saxon cote, a cottage,
and indd, a place where there is no wood.
COTESWOLL1 HILLS, a long tract of high ground, in
the E. part of Gloucestershire, noted for large flocks of
sheep with fleeces of fine white wool; a great part of it,
how ever, is now devoted to the growth of corn.
COTILLION, J. the name of a well known brisk dance,
in which eight persons are employed. Cotillion is a French
word, meaning an under petticoat.
CO'TTAGE,*. See Cot.
COTTA'GER, s. one w ho dwells in a hut or cottage. In
law, one who lives on a common, without paying rent, and
without anv lands of his ow n.
COTTON, s. [<■<)/;>«, Fr.] the down of the fruit of the
cotton tree. Cottim likew ise signifies a coarse kind of cloth
made of its threads when spun.
COTTONGRASS, s. a genus of plants called by Linnaeus
eriophorum. There are two British species, viz. the com-
mon, and hair's-lail. The former is very serviceable, in
the isle of Skve, to cattle in the earlier I'arts of the spring,
before the other grasses are grown up. Poor people stuff
their pillows with the down, and make wicks for caudles
with it.
CO'^^\RD, a town of Gloucestershire, 30 miles from
Gloucester, on the road to St. David's, and 124 from Lon-
don. Market on Tuesday.
ToCOfJCH, )■. II. [cuiic/itr, Fr.] to lie down on a bed;
to lie down on the knees bent under, applied to beasts; to
lie iu wait, or audmsli ; to lay under as a stratum ; to stoop
or sink down, through pressure of a heavy burthen, or
through liain, ftar or respect ; to iixlude; to comprise;
to urge byway of implication : to include by way ofana-
log\' or indirectly ; to incline a spear to a proper posture
for attack. Iu surgery, to depress, or take off a film, which
obstructs the sight, called improperly, conc/img tJie et/e, or
couc/iiiiM: a pntinit, instead ot couching a cataract.
COOCII, .?. a long scat furnished with a mattrass, on
which people lie down for repose or ease; a lay or
stratnm.
COU'CHANT, {koa^Iimis;) a. [Fr.] lying down; stpiat-
ting. In heraldry, applied to the posture of a beast lyin;'
with his belly on the ground, his legs bent under him, and
his head looking upwards.
CO'UCHEE, {koishec) s. [Fr.] the time of going, to bed.
opposed to hire.
CO'UCIIER, *. one who couches persons for cataracts; an
occulist.
COnCIIGRASS.i. awecd.
COVE, s. [from couvrir, Fr.] a small creek or bay ; 3
shelter, a cover.
cov
COTENANT, s. [convenant, Fr.J an agreement between
tw>) persons.
To COVENANT, II. ff. fo bur^'ain; to a;;n'r, or stipu-
late ; to a^reo with a person on certain conditions.
COVEN.ANTE'E, s. in law, one who is a party to an
aj;r^ct|i(;iif, or covenant.
COVEN.'V'NTEK, s. one who makes an agreement with
another..
CO'VEN.OUS, a. in law, fraudulent; with an intention
to deceive or cheat.
CO'VENTUY, a large and populous citv of Warwick-
shire, noted diietiv for its manufactures of silk ribands, as
also of cloths, stuffs, thread, gauzes, camlets, and lastings.
The account, at i>rcsent, of its inhabitants vary fi om 20 to
30,000, although, by Bradford's Survey of Coventry, made
in 1748 and 1749, the houses appear to have then been
1!065, and the inhabitants oidy 12,1 17. It has couiuuuica-
tion, by canals, with Oxford, Lichfield, many other inland
navigations, and with the Tiianies. The story of Leofric,
e;irlof Mercia, and lord of this jilace, Ixiuily taxing the
citizens, and only remitting them at the entreaty of Ciodiua
fiis wife, on condition of her riding naked through the city,
whn'h he thought she would never submit to ; but which, it
is said, she performed, witli her long hair so disposed as al-
most wholly to cover her body, is commemorated till this
day, by the figure of a man peeping down into the street
from one of the houses. On that extraordinary occasion,
all the doors and windows were shut, and Campdcn says,
that nobody looked after her. Tlie tradition however is,
that one would needs be peeping, and that he was thereupon
struck blind. The inhabitants celebrate this event by the
exhibition of a mock procession annnallv. Coventry is !)1
miles N.W. of London. Lat. r,-2. 2«. N. Ion. 1. 2H. W.
Market on Friday. Fairs on May 2, FriiJav in Trinity
Week, and November 1.
To COTER, V. a. [coiirt-ir, Fr.] to spread, or overspread
with something ; to conceal under something ; o hide by
false appearances, or specious pretexts; to overwhelm or
bury ; to conceal, as in a wrapper, from lununn sight ; to
incubate ; to brood on ; to copulate with the other sex,
applied to horses.
CO'VI'jR, «. that which is spread ovfr another. Figura-
tively, concealment ; a specious pretence to conceal or
hide a person's designs, used willi fir. Also, shelter; a
place free from danger, used with under.
COTERINCt, s. dress ; any thing spread over another.
CO'VERLET, «. [foiHi-f/iV, Fr.lthe ujipermost part of the
bed-clothes ; or an ornamental covering thrown ovei the
rest of the bed-clothes.
CO"\'ERT, s. [cimvcrt, Fr.] a shelter, a place of defence
from danger ; atliicketor hiding-place.
CO'VEi\T, a. [convert, Fr.] sheltered ; not open or ex-
posed. Figuratively, secret ; private ; concealed by some
fair pretext, or specious appearance. In law, under pro-
tection or shelter ; hence femme cnuvcrtr, is used for a mar-
ried women. Cuvert u-ai/, in fortification, a space of ground
level with the field on the edge of the ditch, three or four
fathom broad, ranging round the halfmoons, or other
works.
CO'VERTLY, ad. in a secret, private, or indirect man-
ner.
COTERTNESS, s. the quality of being hidden, unper-
ceived, indirect, or insidious.
COVERTURE, s. shelter ; defence against any danger
or inconvenience. Figuratively, a specious pretext or ap-
pearance to conceal a bad design. In law; the state or con-
dition of a married woman.
To COTET, V. a. [cimyoiter, Fr.] to desire vehemently
what a person is not possessed of; to prosecute ; or endea-
vour to acquire with great eagerness. Neuterly, to have a
stnmg and violent desire.
CO'VETABLE, a. that is proper, or fit, or worthy to be
desired or wished for.
COVETOUS, a. [cmtoiteax, Fr.^ excef-vely desirous of;
inordinately eager after the acquiring and preserving of
money ; avaricious, in a bad sense. Desirous, fond, or eii-
gcrto possess, used in a good sense.
CO'VETOUSIyY, ikI. in a greedy, avaricious manner.
COVETOUSNi:.S.S, .?. the quality of being inordinately
fond of money, or eager after gain.
CO'VEY, s. [cnmci, Fr.] a hatch ; or an old bird with
lier young ; a number or collection of birds near one an-
other.
COUOII, {hnJjTjs. [hiwh, Belg.] in medicine, a convulsive
motion of thedio|)hragm, the muscles of the larynx, thorax,
and abdomen, violently shaking and expelling the air drawn
into the lungs by respiration.
To COUCili; (koff) V. n. [/i«f//cM, Belg.l to have the dia-
phragm or lungs convulsed l)y the irritation of serous hu-
mours, which they endeavour to expel, and by that means
cause a noise like an ex|)losio-i ; to make- a noise by endea-
vouring to discharge the trachea or lungs of die lymph with
whicli it is overcharged, on account of the stoppage
of perspiration. Actively, to eject by coughing, used
with vp.
COUOIIER, (lioffer) s. a person affected with a cough.
CO'VIN, or CO VINE, s. [from com-emr, Fr.] an agree
ment between two or more, in order to cheat a person.
COVING, s. [from cmit^-ir, Fr.l in building, applied to
houses projecting over the grouncl plot, or the turned pro-
jecture, arched with timber, lathed and plastered.
COULD, [the pretcrimperfect of Can] wa- able to ; had
power to.
CO'ULTER,*. |e«/?<o, from colo, to cultivate, Lat.] the
sharp iron whichicuts the earth, perpendicular to the plough-
share.
CO'UNCIL, s. [concilium, Lat.] an assembly met together
to consider, examine, or deliberate on any subject. Comnmi-
council is a court wherein are made all by-laws that bind
the citizens. It consists, like the parliament, of two parts,
the upper and the lower ; the upper is composed of the
lord-mayor and aldermen, and the lower of a number of
common-council men chosen by the several wards, as repre-
sentatives of the body of citizens. Privij-council may be
called the priinum mobile of the civil government of Great
Britain, bearing part of that great weight of it, which other-
wise would lie too heavy upon the king. It is composed of
persons eminent for their political knowledge, the number
of whom is at the sovereign's pleasure, who are bound bv
oath to advise the king to the best of their judgment, with all
till- fidelity and secrecy that becomes their station. Cabinet.
coiiiiiil, a select ninnber chosen out of the privy-councii,
with whom his majesty determines suoii matters as are most
important, and require the utmost secrecy. Council of war,
is an assembly of the principal officers of an army or fleet,
convened by the general or admiral to concert measures for
their conduct in their respective operations. Oecnmenicul or
^•eutrnl council, is an assembly which represents the whole
bodv of the universal church. Proi-iucial council, an assem-
bly of the prelates of a province under their nietropolitan.
Nationiil cojmcil, is the assembly of all the prelates in a na-
tion under their prelate or metropolitan.
COUNCIL-BOARD, s. a table at which matters of state
are taken into consideration.
CO UNSEL, s. [cnnsilium, Lat.] advice ; direction ; de-
liberation ; prudence; secrecy; scheme; design. Inlaw,
a person who pleads at the bar, an abbreviation of coun.
sellor.
To CO'UNSEL, a. a. [con^ilinr, Lat.] to give advice, or in-
form a person of the most advantageous way of regulating
any point in his conduct, or ordering any particular mea-
sure ; to advise anv particular measure.
CO'UNSELLAliLE, a. ready to follow the advice or per-
suasion of others.
COUNSELLOR, s. one who gives advice to, or endea-
vours to persuade another; a confidant. Figuratively, one
w hose province it is to advise iu matters of state. In law,
a nerson who is consulted on any difficulty arising in an"
210
cou
rou
V, fifing, who pleads ^t the l>ar, and has been ad.Jiutted as a
barrister.
COUNSELLORSHIP, s. the office or post of counsellor.
To COUNT, V. a. [crnn/iter, F"".] te number, or tell; to
reckon ; to esteem ; to account, or look upon in any parti-
cular light ; to impute or char^'c ; used wilii to. Neuterly,
to draw as a consequence from ; to found or build a scheme
or argument upon.
COUNT, s. [compte, Fr.l See Compt.
COUNT, s. a nobleman \\ ho possesses a domain erected in
a county, in rank between a duke and baron, and bears on
his arms a coronet, adorned with tli.ee precious stones, and
surmounted with three large leaves, whereof those in the
middle and extremities advance above the rest. In England
the title of earl is equiralent to that of count in foreign
countries. '
CO UNTABLE, s. that mav be numbered.
CO'UNTENANCE, s. [cmuteimnee, Fr.] the form of the
face, or particular cast of the features. Air, or look ; cmi-
fideiice of mien. To hep countenance, a composure of the
features and complexion -A lierein they undergo no chan;;e.
Show ; resemlilance. Figuratively, protection; patron-
age.
To CO'UNTENA?!CE, v. *. to support, favour, or pro-
tect. Figuratively, to act suitable to; to keep up the ap-
pearance of a thing ; to encourage ; to appear in defence of.
CO'UNTENANCER, ;t. one who appears in behalf of,
or encourages a person or design.
COUNTER, J. [contoir, Fr.l a small piece of money used
Rs a means of reckoning. The table or board on which
goods arc shewn, or money told in a shop. In farrien,', that
partof a horse's forehand that lies between the shoulder and
unrlf>r llie neck.
COl'NTKR, ad. [cmitre, Fr.] in opposition to; contrary
tn. This word is often used in composition, and may be
placed before anvword used in a sense of opposition.
To COUNTERA'CT, f. fl. to destroy the power of any
cause, bv acting contrarv to it.
To COUNTERBALANCE, v. a. to weigh one thing
npainst another. Figuratively, to act against with an oppo-
site efJect.
To COUNTERBUTF, v. a. to beat back a thing in
motion, in a direction contrary to that in which it moved at
first.
CO'UNTERCHANGE, s. exchange ; reciprocation.
To CO'UNTERCHANGE, v. a. to give and receive ; to
change one thing for another.
To CO'UNIERCHARM, v. a. to destroy the effect of a
charm bv counteracting it.
To COUNTERCHE CK, v. a. to stop by a sudden obstruc-
tion or opposition.
COUNTERDRA'W, v. a. to copy a design by means of
sr)ine linen cloth, oiled i)aper, orsome transparent substance,
whereon the strokes appearing, are followed or traced with
a pencil.
COUNTERE'VTDENCE, ^ testimony by which the de-
position of some former witness is opposed.
To ('O'UNTERFEIT, r. a. \cnimterfnire Fr.] tO COpy Or
imitate with an intentiini to make the tiling pass for an ori-
gin-d; to imitate ; to resemble. Figuratively, to put OJI the
appeaninrc of something really cxcellinl.
CO'UNTERFEIT, «. made or copied from another, with
an inlention to pass for an original ; forged; fictitious. Fi-
guratively, deceitful; hypocritical.
CO'UNTERFEI'l', f. one who personates another; an
impostor. Something made in imitation of another, intend*
od to pass for that which it resembles; a forgery.
CO'UNTI'RI'EITER, s. a forger; one who imitates a
thing with an intention to pass the resemblance as an ori-
CO'UNTERFEITLY, ad. with forgery ; fictitiou.sly ; with
dissimulation.
COUNTERGA'GE, t. in carpentry, a method used in
nieasijring the joints, by trangferriiiij the breadth of a luor-
tise to the place in the timl>er where the tenon is to be, in
order to make them fit each other.
COUNTERGU.'V'RD, s. a small rampart, with a parapet
and ditch, to cover some part of the body of the place.
CO'UNTERLIGHT, s. in painting, a window or light
opposite any thing, which makes it appear to a disad-
vantage.
ToCOUNTERMA'ND, v. a. [cnntr, wander, Fr.] to or-
der something contrary to what has been coiuiiianded.;
to contradict or repeal an order. F'iguratively, to oppose ;
to set one's self in opposition to the commands of another.
To COUNTERMA'RCH, «. n. to march in a direction
opposite to that in which an army began ; to march back.
COUNTERMARCH,*, in war, a change of the wing,*
and front of a battalion, whereby the men in front come to
be in the rear. Figuratively, a change or alteration of mea-
sures or conduct, opposite to those which preceded.
COUNTERMA'RK, s. a second or third mark put on a
bale of goods belonging to several persons, that it may not
be opened but in the presence of them all.
COUNTERMI NE, «. in war, a subterraneous passage
made by the besieged in search of the enemy's mine, to take
out the powder, give air to it, or any oth.er way to frustrate
To COUNTERMI'NE, v. a. to dig a passage into an
enemy's mine, by whicii tl:e powder may be. taken out, air
given to it, or means used to frustrate its intention. Figu-
ratively, to frustrate its design ; to couuterwoik or defeat
bv secret measures.
'COUNTIiRMOTION, s. a motion opposite or contrary
to another.
COUNTKRMU'RE, s. [cmitremnr, Fr.] a littk wall built
close to another to strengthen and secure it.
COUXTERNATlllAL,c. contrary to nature.
COUNTERNOrSE, .?. a sound or noise made in opposi-
tion to another, in order to drown it, and hinder its being
heard.
COUNTERO'PENING, s. an opening, vent, or aperture,
ot;posite to another.
COUNTERPANE, s. \coiiti-cpoi,it, Fr.] a cloth or orna-
mental <"overing laid over a bed.
CO Ui\'TERl'.\RT, s. a part opposite to, or which au-
swers another.
COUNTERPLE'A, s. the plea of a respondent to that of
another; a reply in order to oppose the plea of another.
To COUNTERPLOT, '•• "• to lay one pU)t against an-
other ; to endeavour to hinder the etiects of, by forming
and carr\ing on one of contrary tendency.
COUNTERPLOT, s. a stratagem or artifice opposed to
another.
To COL'NTERPO'ISl'^,, (ln,mte>-pi,j:e) v. a. [mnlre and
poids, Fr.j to place one weight against another ; to act
againstwilh equal weight. Figuratively, to proiliire a coi>-
trary action by an equal weight; to aci with C(iual power
against am person or cause.
' COUNTERPOISE, (hbunterpohe) s. a weight which is
heavy enough to counterbalance another. Figuratively, an
equivalent or thingof equal worth with another.
COUNTERPO'ISON, «. antidote; medicines by whidi
the effects of poison are obviated.
COUNTERPRE'SSUR E, s. an opposite force or measure,
by which that which presses the contrary way is counter
poise(l or destroyed.
COUNTEEPRO'JECT s. correspondent part of a
scheme.
CO'UNTERSCARP, *. \cnntrcscarpc, Fr.] in fortification,
that part of the ditch which is next the camp, or the
acclivity or exterior part of the ditch next the country, or
field ; sometimes it is taken for the whole covert-way, or
glacis.
To COirNTERSI'GN, {Iwunfc^-nn) v. a. to sign an order
or instrument signed before by a king or person of liigb
rank ; thus when a charter is signed by the king, and aftcr>
wards by the secretary, the latter is said to oou.i/cr^gn it.
CCU)
cou
COl^'Tl'.R TF/SOR, .t,<>ii<' of the moan or middle parts
of iiiiisii', so calli'.l lictause (ipimsilf lotlif tenor.
COCNTKK'nDi;,*. coiitKiry tido; (iuctuations of the
wrttor,
COL'NTnRTU'RN, s. in dramatic poetry, fiie catasta-
sis, or full ;;ruwtli of a iday, xvliicli <l(stroys tlif expt'ctalion,
fii)l)r.)il.s til'' action in new <lilii(i\lli<s, and leaves a person
distant froiii that hope in whit h it found iiim.
ToC(•)L'^.TI'.U^'A'IL, f. <i. [troMi tnnira, afjainst, and
r.7/11), to prevail, F.at.] to act with a force opposite to an-
other; to heof eqnal lorce uith another. F ijfurativcly, to
4)0 erpjal to ; to c(ini|ieiisatc for; to {.ouiiterbalance.
Cl)^.^'^l•"II^ A IL, .c equal W"ii;ht or force; power or
value snflicienl to oppose or hinder any contrary ettect, or
nhjectioii. ri^'uratively, a compensation, or that which is
of eipial force with something' else.
Ct)UN'ri!^llVlE'\V, s. opposition, or a situation in which
tuo persons view each other. Fiynralively, opposition, or
a desit;n which is contrary to that of another. In painting,
a contrast, or situation in «liicli two limits illustrate or set
ofl each other.
To COl'NTF.RWORK, v. a. to endeavour to hinder an-
other cllect bv acting against it ; to counteract.
COUNTESS, 4'. [cumtissc, F]-.] the wife of a count or
earl.
CO'UNTlNfi-IlOUSF, s. a place or room where traders
post and settle tiieir hooks, or keep their accounts.
CO L'lNTLESS, a. iiuiumerahle ; without number ; not to
be reckoned.
COUNTRY, ihinitni) s. [contrcl, Fr.] a tract of land under
one governor. l'iL;umtively, those parts of a kingdom
which are at a distance from cities and courts; the place of
any person's birth or dwelling.
Country, {liunln/) a. ru<lr; unpolished; uncultivat-
ed ; rustic. At a distance in situation, or opposite in prin-
ciples, to the court. Figuratively, rude; untaught; igno-
nnt. C"«»i/r^ rf««ee seems to be derived from the French,
which signihes that the partners stand opposite to each
other; but not from its being a maimer of dancing peculiar
to the country.
COUNTRYMAN, (huntn/man) s. one born in the same
kingdom or shire with another. Figuratively, a person bred
at a distance from cities or courts. A farmer ; a husband-
man.
CO'UNTY, s. [comtf, Fr.J originally signified the estate of
a count, or so far as he had any .jurisdiction; at present, it is
used in the same sense with a shire, both containing a com-
pass or portion of the realm, into the which all the land is
divided for the better government thereof; so that there is
no portion of land that is not contained within some county.
There are 40 counties in England, and 12 in Wales. Couii-
ti( s or shires are siibdividetl into rapes, laths, wapentakes,
and hundreds, and these into titliings, <^c. In all the coun-
ties, except Durham, Cumberland and Westmoreland,
otncers are appointed every MichaeJmas term under the
dciioniinatiou of sheriffs, for the executing justice ; othex
officers of the counties are lord lieutenants, who command
the militia, ciutos ro(«A)n/m, justices of tlie peaoo, bailifl's,
high constables, and coroner. There are four of the coun-
ties called counties palatine, viz. Lancastei, Chester, Dur-
iiam, and Ely, w hicli formertj' had very great privileges that
are now verv much abridged.
CO\'ORDEN, a stroii'; city, the capital of Drent, in
Overvssel. Lat. 62. 4.3. N. Ion. 6. 11. E.
COUPEE, (koopci) s. [Fr.] in dancing, a motion made
with the leg forwards, wliile the other is bent and suspend-
Cfl from the ground.
COU PLE, (hiio/f) s. [covple, Fr.j a chain, or band which
holds dogs togetlier ; two; pair. Figuratively, a male
di)d female joined in marriage.
To COUPLE, {ki'iple) r. a. \cor>iih, Lat.] to chain or fasten
two or more dogs together. Figuratively, to join two or
more things of the same kind together; to join two persons
cwgether in mairia^e ; to join in embraces, or copulate.
COUPLE-REGCAR, *. one that makes it his business to
marry beggars to ea<h other.
COV\'[Ai,T,{kfip!ei)s.[Vr.] two verses rhyming together.
Figuratively, a pair.
CO rR.'\(iE, {kiiraje)t.2i manly bravenessof mind, which
enablesa person to run any risks, undergo any tlithcultit ■;5,
and coiifronl any dangers, arising trom a sense of duty, and
a fear ofotl'ending him that made us.
COL'RAXjEOL'.S, {kurajeous) n. \coura<y.eiir, Fr.] resolutely
bold, and undertaking any enterprise, though attended with
dangers, and surrounded withditHcultics.
COURAGEOUSLY, {kurdjeuu&ly) ad. in a manner free
from fear, and resolutely opposing difficulties and dangers.
COURA'GEOUSNESS, s. bravery; boldness; spirit;
courage.
COuRA'NT,(Aooront)*. \courante, Fr.] any thing which is
spread or published quickly; hence oo«rfl;if has been used
for the title of a newspaper.
CtVURlER, s. {courier, Fr.] a messenger sent in haste with
dispatches relating to the state; an express.
COU'RLAND, (dutchy of) is bounded on the N. by the
Gulf of Riga and part of Livonia; on the W. by the Baltic ;
and on the E. and S. by Russia and Poland. It is divided
intoCourland Properand Semigallia, and is 250 miles long
and 40 broad. The country swells into gentle hills, and is
fertile in corn, hemp, and flax. It is mostly open ; but in
some parts covered with forests of pine and fir, and groves
of oak, with much underwood. The woods abound with
bears, wolves, and elks. The villages are neat, and the
inns have good accominodiHtioiis. The religion is chiefly
Lutheran. Mittau is the capital. This country is now a
prov'iice of Russia.
COURSE, {kbrse) s. [cursiit, from ciirro, to run, Lat.] a^
race. F^iguratively, the place where races are run.' Pas-
sage from place to place ; progress. Tilt; act of runninij
in the lists. Track in which a snip sails. A turn in order
of succession, used with in. " Every one in bis course." A
methodical procedure. A foi/rje of philosophy, chemistry,
Ac. In cookery, anumber of dishes setat one time on the
table. Empty form. 0/" course, by consequence, by settled .
rule. In architecture, a eo'itinueu range of stones, level, or
of the same height throughout the whole length of a build-
ing, witlnnt any interruption or aperture. Covrses, the
mainsails and fupesails of a ship.
To COURSE, {horse) V. a. to hunt; to pursue game; t<>
n,ursuc witlidogslhat hunt in view; to exercise in runnin'r
or galloping. Neuterly, to run ; to pass ; or make itself a ,
passage ; to rove.
CO URSER, {hdrser)s. a swift horse ; a war-horse.
COURT, {hurl) s. [com; Fr.] the place where a princ«
resides ; an open space before a house ; a small place in-
closed with buildings, excepting an avenue which leads to
it, and having no other passage at the other end. Likewise,
a large hall or room where justice is publicly administered.
Courts are of various kinds ; and are either held in the king's
name, as all the ordinary courts ; or where the precepts are
issued in the name of the judge ; as the admiral's court.
The superior courts are those of the Kitig's Bench, the Com-
mon Pleas, the Exchequer, and the Court of C1ianc£ry. (See
them under their respective heads.) A court of record has
power to hold plea of real, personal, and mixed actions,
where the debt is 40s. or above; as the court of King's
Bench, A'C. A base court, or court not of record, is, w here
it cannot hold plea of debt or damage, amounting to 40s. or
where proceedings are not according to the course of the
common law; such as the county court, court of hundreds,
court baron, &c. Court Baron'is a court held by every lord
of a manor within his own precincts, by common law and
custom; the former is where the barons or freeholders, Lt^
ing suitors, are the judges ; the other is that where the loro
or his steward, is the judge. Court of Cliivalry, or the Mar
shal's Court, of which the lord high constable and the earl
marshal of England were judges. This court is the fouiirain
of martial law, and the earl marshal is not only one of tiie
217
cou
cox
}'.\ds;e3, but is to see execution Hone. Court of Conscience, a
court in the cities nf London and V.'fstminster, and some
other places, where ail causes where the debt and damages
come under 40*. are determined. Cum-t nf Delegates^ where
delej^ates are appointed by the king's commission, under
the great seal, upon an appeal to him; and is granted in
three cases : 1. When a sentence is given in an ecclesiasti-
cal cause by the archbishop, or his official ; 2. When a sen-
tence is given in an ecclesiastical cause in places exempt ;
and 3. Wiien sentence is given in the court of admiralty, in
suits civil or marine, by order otthe civil law. Court of
Hustings, is a court of record, held at Guildhall, for the city
of London, before the lord-mayor and aldermen, sheritls
and recorder, where all pleas, real, peisouai, and niixt, are
determined ;>where all lands, tenements, tVc. within the
said city, or its boutlds, are pleadable, in two Hi:stiii^s ; the
one called X\\e'Huiims:s of the ydeas of lands, and the other
the //i«<i'ng-i6f the common pleas. This is the higli,•^t court
within the city, in which writs of exigent may be taken out,
and outlawries awarded, wherein judgment is given by the
recorder. CoKrt-i«ff, is a court held by i lie lord of a manor,
wherein all oftences, except high treason, are inquired into,
and punished. Court-Martial, is appointed for inquiring
into, and punishing offences in officers, soldiers, and sailors,
in a manner agreeable to the regulations of the mutiny bill.
Court of Requests was anciently acourt of equity, of the same
nature with the chancer^-, liut inferior to it; and has been
lon<; since abolished. Figuratively, the retinue or persons
which attend on a prince in his palace; any jurisdiction,
military, civil, or ecclesiastical. The art of pleasing or in-
sinuation.
To COURT, {knrt) V. a. to woo ; to endeavour to engage
the affections of a woman with a view of marriage. I'igu-
ratively, to solicit; to seek after with eage>:iess; to flatter;
to endeavour to please, or to insinuate one's self into the
good graces of another.
COURT-DAY, s. the day on which justice is solemnly
administered.
COURTEOUS, (korteous, or hurtcovs) a. [courtois, Fr.J
affable; polite; full of respect and civility.
CO'URTEOUSLY, (kdrteously or kiirleously) ad. in a res-
pectful, civil, complaisant manner.
CO'URTEOUSNESS, (kdrteousness, or kurteousm'ss) s.
civil, affable, and complaisant behaviour, tending to gain
the affection of another.
CO'URTES AN, or COURTEZAN, {kbrtezan, or kurtezan)
t. \courtisane, Fr.] an unchaste woman ; a prostitute.
COURTESY, (hirtrsij, or hurlesy) s. [courtoisir, Fr.] an
affable and polite address; an act of kindness, civility, or
respect. Figi.ratively, the method in which women shew
their respect of ceremony, i. e. by bending the knees and
sinking the body. In law, a tenure, not of Vight, but purely
by the favour and good nature of others. Courtesi/ of Ens;-
land, is applied to a right which a person lias to an inherit-
ance who marries an neiress, that has a chihl bv him, after
both she and the child arc dead. Prov. Full of courtesi/
full of craft.
To COURTESY, (pron. curtsq/ and cfirchce) v. n. to sink
the bodv by bending the knees, applied to the method used
by the fair sex to shew their respect and breeding.
COURT-HAND, f^«r<-A«rnfi) *. a large square character,
^iboui'.ding in abbreviations, in whicli records and law pro-
ceodingswere formerly wrote.
CO'URTIER, {liorlwr)s. one who frequents the courts of
princes; one who esj)ouses the measures of the court, in
opposition to those of the country ; one who solicits and en-
deavours to engage the affections or esteem of another.
CO'URTLIKE, {hirllike) a. elegant ; polite ; resembling
tlie court.
CO URTLINESS, (kdrtlintst) I. elegance of manners, ci-
vilifv of behaviour, and politeness of address.
CCVURTLY, (A<>r</v) a. relatinj: to, favouring, or flatter-
ii'< the court. Adverbially, in tne niauner of courtiers;
k-^'dutly.
COURTSHIP, (hortship) s. the act of endeavouring to
gain the favourofasuperior, or the affections of a woman.
CO'USIN,(A!iun) s. [cousin, Fr.] a title of relation, applied
to those who are born of two sisters, or two brothers. Fi-
guratively, a title given by the king to a nobleman, espe-
cially to such as form the privy council.
COW, s. [in the plural anciently As'ie or hem, but now
cows ; at, Sax.] the female of the larger or black cattle; its
young are called cahet ; the male a bull ; and its flesh, wlien
killed, 6ff^,
To COW, v.a. [by a contraction from coi/wrf] to depress,
to keep in great subjection, so as to render a person uuaLie
to undertake any bold and gener(.us action.
CO'WARD,*. [conard, Fr.]apeisou who is viciously tiin
orous, or afraid of opposing danger; a word of reproach.
Synon. The TOWrtj-rf will fire up upon the least offence, but
proceed no further. The poltroon is so meanly sviirited as
through want of courage to take every insult calmly. The
coward draws back ; the poltroon dares not advance.
CO WAIIDICE, e. ail excessive timorousness, which ren-
dersa person the contempt of his adversaries, and the scorn
of his friends.
CO VVA RDLIN ESS, i. the quality of acting like a coward.
CO W.ARDLY, a. fearful ; timorous; pusillanimous.
COWARDLY, ad. in the manner of a person who is
afraid to shew resentment, or oppose an enemy.
COWBRIDGE, a town of Glamorganshire, in South
Wales, with a market on Tuesday. It is called by the Welsh
Pout-Van, from the stone bridge over the river, which soon
after falls into the sea. It is seated in a low bottom, and in
a fertile soil. The streets are broad ami paved ; and if is
governed bv two bailiffs, 12 aldermen, and 12 coinmoa-
council. "The market is well supplied with corn, cattle,
sheep, and provisions. It is 17G miles W. from London.
CO'WBANE,^. the long leaved water hemlock.
To COWER, V. u. [currain, Brit.] to stoop by bending
the knees, applied to beasts. Figuratively, to stoop or hang
ovcra thing, applied tothe attitude of a hunjaii creature.
COWES, East and West, a seaport on the N. coast
of the Isle of Wight, divided by the river Meden, or Me-
<lina. It is a place of good trade, resorted to by merchant
ships waiting- for convoy, passage-boats to a«.d from Ports-
month, Southampton, cVc. and the station of the packet,
with the mail from the island to London. It is 8 miles S.
W. of Portsmouth.
CO'WEY STAKES, Surry, near Lalam, the place wlieic
Julius Caesar passed the Thames, thouj^h the Britons liad
planted stakes to hinder it, both on the liaiik and ford.
CO'WGARTH, Westmoreland, near Wiiiandermere, an
old seat, with ancient trees about it, the boughs of one of
which spread out to such an extent, that several hundreds
of persons might find shelter under it.
CO'^VlSH, a. timorous ; fearful to a vice.
CO'WKEEPER, s. one whose business is to keep cows.
COWL, s. [fi;£f/f. Sax.] a kind of veil worn by monks;
a vessel in which water is carried on a pole between two
persons.
COW-LEECH, J. one who professes to cure distempered
cows.
CO'^VPAR, a parliament town of Scotland, in the county
of Fife, 10 miles W. of St. Andrews.
COAV-PO.X, i. See Vaccine Inoculation.
COWQUAKES, J. a provincial term for the quakegrass
or ladies-hair.
CO WSLIP, s. [cuslippe. Sax.] in botany, a small yellowish
flower, a species of the primrose.
COWS-LUTS'GWORT, s. a species of mullein, called also
hightaper, common on dry ditch banks.
CO'WWEED, s. the common wild chervil.
CO'\VWHEAT, t. in botany, the metampyrum of Lin-
nens. There are two British species, viz. tke crested aa4
purple.
COXCOMB, (*uif<w«)x. an ignorant pre'cnder tokaow-
ledge and polite accomplishments.
CRA
CRA
COXCO'MICAL, «. foppish ; conceited ; affecting an ajv-
poaraiicc <>(' learning and politeness, including' the idea of
vanity. A low word, unworthy of use.
CO'WVOLD, a town in the North Riding; of Yorkshire.
It is 214 miles N. by \V. of London.
C()^', a. [f"i, Fr.] modest ; reserved; not submitting; to
file familiiirilies ofa lover, or testifying any approbation of
bis advances.
To COY, t'. u. to behave witn fsPTve and disapproba-
tion of tlie familiarities of a lover ; to condescend witii re-
luctance.
CO'VLY, ad. -with reserve; with unwillingness to admit
any advances ofa lover.
CO'YNKSS, s. reserve; unwillingness to admit the ad.
vances or familiarities ofa lover.
CO'YSTHI'L, s. a degenerate kind o*"hawk.
To COZEN, (kuzn,) V. a. to impose on by feigned ap-
pevjiancos ; to cheat, trick, or defraud.
CO'ZKNACiE, {h'linaie) s. imposing upon a person by
false appearances, in crder to deprive him of his properly ;
a fraud..
COZENER, (ki'iznfr) s. one who defrauds anotlier by
means of specious pretences, orfalse appearances.
CRAB, s. [craMia, Sax.] a roundish flat crustaceous animal.
There are several things remarkable in the natural history
of the crab, particularly three. 1st. That it divests ifseff
of its shell every year, and repairs its loss by means of a
juice with which it covers its body. 2d. That if any of its
claws are injured, it has the power of breaking off the
wounded member, whose loss is in a little time repaired wilh
a new one. 3d. That animals of this species live in com-
panies, and if they are returned to the sea at a considerable
distance from the place whence they where taken, tliey will
find their way back to their companions a^ain, as has been
ascertained by marking their shells. A wild sour apple, or
the tree that bears it. Figuratively, a sour, cross, morose
person. A wooden engine with three claws, used in launch-
ing ships, or heaving them into the docks. In astronomy,
oneofthe signs of the zodiac. See Cancer.
CRAB, «. It is used by way of contempt for any sour
or degenerate fruit ; as, a crab cherry, a crab plum.
CRA'BBED, a. applied to the tempor and behaviour ofa
person, sour, morose, Toid of aflhbility. Figuratively, dis-
agreeably or unpleasing. Applied to writings, not easy to
be understood, difficult or perplexing.
CRA'BBEDLY, «rf. in apeerisA, morose, soar, and unso-
ciable manner.
CllA'BBEDNESS,*. applied to the taste, sour, or resem-
bling tliat of a crab ; applied to the looks, crossness ; ap-
pjied to behaviour, moroseness ; and applied to writings,
difficultv' or hardness to be understood.
CRAB'S-EYES, in pharmacy and natural history, are
found in two separate bags on each side of the stomach of
the crawfish, and are alkaline, absorbent, and in some de-
cree diuretic.
CRAB-LICE, a species of vermin, s.» denominated from
the resemblance which they bear to "ne figure of a crab.
CRACK, s. Unaeck, Belg.] a sudden bursting, by which
tlie parts of a body are separated from each other. Figu-
ratively, the chink or chasm made by the separation of the
parts of a body ; the sound made by any body in bursting
or falling ; a sound made by a sudden and quick blow ; a
flaw. Craziness of intellect ; a boast.
To CRACK, r. (7. \hrarckcn, Belg.J to break into chinks;
to break or split ; to destroy by breaking ; to make a flaw
in a thing; to craze. Neuterly, to burst ; to split ; to open
in chinks ; to fall or run to ruin ; to make a loud noise by
burstini;, or from a sudden blow ; to boast, used with of.
CRACK-BRAINED, a. crazy ; without right reason.
CRACKER, *. a noisy boasting fellow. A qu;iiilily of
gunpowder, confined so as to burst with a noise.
To CRACKLE, v. n. to make a loud and frequent noise,
n-senililing that of a bav leaf w ben burnt.
CRA'CKNEL, *. a hard brittle cake.
CRACOW, formerly the capital of Poland, and now
capital af a palatinate of the same name, is situated on the
Vistula,, which is lure broad and shallow. The city and
suburbs occupy a vast tract of ground, \et contain sciireely
Ui,(Mi(i itiliabitants. The great square is spacious and well
built ; the houses were once richly I'urni-lved an(i well inha-
bited, 'jnt are now either untenaiiteii, or in a state of decay.
Many of the streets are spacious and handsimie ; butalni.At
every building bears striking marks of ruined graiicjcur.
The regalia were preserved here, and in the cathedral most
of the sovereigns of Poland have been interred. They were
also crowned liere for nearly five centuries. It has an uni-
versity, now much decayed, and is 130 miles .S. S. W. of
Warsaw. Lat. 60. 8. N. Ion. 20. l<>. E.
CRA'DLE, ^. [cradcl, Sax.ja small moveable bedstead for
children, made of wicker-work, and fitted with pieces of
wood underneath, which make the segment ofa circle, by
ineansof which it is rocked to and fro. Figuratively, infan-
cy. In surgery, a kind of case resemblinga cradle, in «liich
a limb is laid that has been lately set. In ship building, ;i
frame of timber raised along the outside ofa ship, liy tlio
bulge, serving to launch her with greater ease and sec urily.
In masonry, a sort of cage, in which workmen are susixiided
on the side of any high building which they are repairing.
To CRA'DLE, n. to lay or rock in a cradle. Figura-
tively, to lay or conqiose.
CRAFT, i. [craft, Sax.] a trane or mechanic employ ;
a kind of low cunning, wherei)y one person outwits or over-
reaches anotlier. Small sailing vessels.
CBA'FTILY, ml. in a cunning manner: in a manner:
which includes in it more art than honesty.
CU ATTINESS, s. cunning.
CRAFTSM.'XN, s. an arlificer, tradesman, manufacturer
or mechanic.
CRA'FTSiMASTER, s. a man skilled in his trade.
CRAFTY, a. cunning; fl(\ I of art, whereby a person over-
reaches another, or carries on a design against himwithout
his discovery ; it includes the idea of selhshness ; and some-
times dishonesty.
CRAG, s. \craef^he, Belfr.] a neck, or the small end of llie
neck, applied to a joint of butcher's meat.
CRAG, i. [cj-aig-, Brit.] a rough steep rock; the rugged
parts of a rocT?.
CRA'GCiED, a. full of ruggedness, or uneven parts.
CRA'GGEDNEISS, *. firiuess of crags, or prominent
CRA'GGINESS, s. the state of being craggy. .
CRA'OGY, a. uneven ; broken ; rugged.
CRAIL, a parliament town of Scotland, in the county of
Fife, seated of the mouth of the Frith of Forth, 7 miles !?. E.
of St. Andrews.
CRA'KENEEDLE, X the common venus comb, or shep-
herds-needle.
To CRAM, I', a. \cramman. Sax.] to stuff by force ; or to
force more into a tliuig than it can conveniently contain; to
fill with more food than a person can conveniently eat ; to
thrust down by force, applied to the method used to feed
awl cram turkies. Neutotl.v to eat more than a person can
well bear.
CRA'MBO, s. [a cant word] a play in which one person
is obli";ed to find a rhyme to a word given by another.
CRAMP, s. [crampe, Fr.] in mediciue, a convulsive irt
involuntary contraction of the muscular part of the bi>d\,
attended with great pain. Figuratively, any restraint w hich
hinders a person from exerting either the faculties of ii's
mind, or the strength of his body. A piece of frou beat at
each end, by which two bodies are held together.
CRAMP^ rt. aff>-''id with difficulties ; not easy tobeua-
derstoo(J. A low term.
To CRAMP, f', ». to contract the muscular parts, and
thereby to occasion great pain. Figuratively, to restrain,
confine; obstruct, or hinder. To fasten together with cramp-
ing irons.
CRA3IPFISH, in natural Listorv, the torpedo, a fi=hi
310
CRA
CRE
uliicli not o..ly ber.jimbs the Iiaiids of those that touch it,
but likewise atiects them in the same manner when they take
Tl with a line and fishing-rod.
CR-VN BERRIES, s. the same with moss-berries or moor-
berries ; a species of wliortle.
CRA'NBOURN, a town of Dorsetshire, well watered with
streams. In the chase, vhich is so by prescription, liavin^
never been a fiirest, tiiere arc G lodges, and formerly were 8 ;
it extends almost to Salisbury. Ir.is 38 miles N. ]i. of Dor-
ciiester, and 94 S. W. of London. Market on Thursday.
CRA'NBROOK, a town in Kent, with a market on Satnr-
days. It is a large and well frequented place, and the mar-
ket is the best in these parts. It is 13 miles S. of Maidstone,
and 5.2 S. E. of London.
C'R.ANE, i. [crffii. Sax.] a bird with a long bill, neck, and
legs. Also a machine used in building and commerce, for
raising large stones and other weights. A syphoji, or
crooked pipe, for drawing liquors out of a bottle or cask.
Likewise, a long piece of iron put in a chimney, to hang pots
upon.
CRA'NEAGE, s. the liberty of using a crane at a wharf;
also, the money paid for drawing up wares out of a ship,
&c. with a crane.
CRA'NESBILL, s. a genus of plants, of which sixteen
species are natives of England. A pair of pincers terminat-
ing in a point, used by surgeons.
CR.^'NI UM, s. [Lat.] in anatomy, an assemblage of bones,
which involve and include the cerebellum and brain cora-
nioulv called theslTull.
CRANK, s.[l!raiik, Belg.] tlie end of an iron axis turned
square down, and turned again square to the first turning
iiown, so that on the last tiirnuig down a leather thong is slipt
to tread the treadle-wheel about ; or, it is a contrivance of a
square form projecting out from an axis or spindle, serving
by its rotation to raise and fall tlie iiistons of an engine for
raising water. Figuratively, any pleasing conceit or pun
formed bv wresting a word fiom its original signification.
CRANK, a. in sea language, is applied to a ship which is
said to he cranksided, when she cannot bear her sails, or but
small sail, without danger of oversetting ; and to be crank
by the ^ound, when lier floor or bottom is so narrow that she
cannot bebrought on ground without danger. Healthy;
sprightly.
To CRA'NKLE, p. n. to run in and out ; to run in
mazes, meanders, or windings. Activelj', to break into
windings.
CRA'NKLES, s. an unequal surface, angles formed by the
• windings offhe stream.
CRATSfNlED, a. full of holes or chinks.
CRA'NNV, s. [crena, Lat.] a chink, cleft, or a narrow hole
made in a rock or solid body.
CRAPE, s. [erepa, low Lat.l a light transparent manufac-
ture resembling gaure, mane of raw silk gummed and
twisted in the mill, wove without crossing, and much used
in mourning.
CRATIJLENCE, s. [from napuh, a cup, Lat.] drunken-
ness ; or the disorder of the head occasioned by excessive
drinking.
CRATULOUS, (I. [from crnpula, a cup, Lat.] drunk ; sick
or disordered in the head by excessive drinking.
To CRASH, V. n. to make a loud noise ; applied to that
which is occasioned by the fall of several things at once.
Actively, to break or bruise by means of force. Figurative-
ly, to drink, ai)plied to linour.
CRASH, s. a loud, suaden, mixed sound, occasioned by
several things falling, or being dashed together.
CRA'SIS, s. [krasit, Fr.] constitution, or the habit of body
formed by a due temperature of the humours of the body
I'.eiilth.
CRASS, a. [cratsfu, Lat. J thick ; gross ; not easily run-
ning, ajwlied to fluids.
CRASSITUDE, #. [^from crassia, thick, Lat.] that state of
:« fluid wtiich enables it to support solid bodies witliout sink-
iiiKi grossness.
CRASTINATION, «. [from crns, to-iiionow, Lat.] the
delaying a thing, which ought to be done immediately, to
another time.
CRATCH, J. [creche, Fr.] the pallisaded frame, in whicli
the hay is put ; a manger.
CRA'TER, in astronomy, the cup, a ton^ellation in the
southern hemisphere.
CRAVAT, s. a cloth worn round the neck ; a neckcloth.
To CRAVE, r. 11. [crajinn. Sax.] to ask with earnestness
and submission. Figuratively, to ask insatiably, or wish for
without being satished ; to require as necessai'y ; to call
for as a claim, applied to things.
CRAVEN, a division of the West Riding of Yorkshire,
which lies on the river Are.
CRATEN, s. a cock that is conquered, and void of con-
rage. Figuratively, a coward, or one afraid to encounter
any danger.
To CRA'VEN, ". a. to render inactive by fear; to render
a person a coward, or affectwith cowardice.
CRAVER, «. an insatiable asker.
ToCRAUNCH, V. a. {from sc/irantsm, Belg. whence the
vulgar more pioperlv say to sc)-auiic/i\ to crush with the
teelh.
CRAW, s. [kroe, Dan.] the crop or first stomach in birds,
made by the infinitelv wise Architect of the world to supply
the want of teeth and mastication in birds.
CRA'WFISH,*. sometimes written craiifish ; [cei-evisse. Fr. |
in natural history, a small fresh-water fisli, in the form of a
lobster.
To CRAWL, V. a. [hrielot, Belg.] to move with a slow
motion along the ground, like a worm. Figuratively, to
move slowly ; to move in an abject posture, despised
by all.
CRAWLER, s. an animal which moves with its belly on
the ground ; any animal moving with a slow and creeping
motion.
CRA'YFISH, y. the same with the Crawfish, which
see.
CRA'YON, s. [Fr.] any colour formed into a roll or
pencil, with which pictures or portraits are drawn or co-
Inured. Figuratively, any design or portrait formed witli
crayons.
To CRAZE, V. a. [ecrnser, Fr.] to break. Figurativehr,
to crush or weaken a claim, or arguments ; to powder. To
disorder the senses or brain of a person ; to make a person
mad.
CRA'ZEDNESS, s. the state of a thing broken; weak-
ness; madness, applied to the understanding.
CRA'ZINESS, «. the state <tf being mad ; weakness.
CRAZY, a. [eci-iiii:, Fr.J broken. Figuratively, weak
with age ; decrepit ; fee.ble ; disordered in mind ; lunatic,
or mad.
To CREAK, (Jireeh) v. v. [corrupted from crack] to make
a harsh, shrill, and disagreeable noise, like that of a rusty
binge, applied both to things and animals.
CREAM, (kreem) s. [crenwr, Lat.] the thick, fat, or
unctuous substance wiiicli rises on tiie surfiice or milk w hen
it has stoofi for some time, used in iimkiiig butter. Figu-
ratively, the best, essential, or most valuable j)art of any
thing; as the cream of the jest. Cream-faced, nnplies pale
with fear.
To CREAM, (ArfC7)i) v.v. to rise in cream. To look pale
like cream. Actively, to skim off the cream of milk. Figu-
ratively, to take or collect the flower, best part, or quintes-
sence of anv thing.
CRE'.WlY, {hcemi/) a. abouiuring with, or of the natuie
of cream.
CRE'ANCE, t. [Fr.] in falconry , a tine small line, fastened
to a hawk's leash when she is first hired.
CREASE, {kriese) «.a mark made in a thing by folding or
doubling it.
To CREASE, {heetc) v. a. to make a mark in any thing
by>folding or doubling it.
To CIllvA'l E, c. a. [crto, Lat.] to form out of nothinj;.
CUE
CRi:
riKlimtivcIy, to cause or produce ; )o occasion ; fo confer
an lioMoiir i>r (lifjnity- 1" law, to ^ive a-tliiiig new qualities ;
or jiut it into a new state.
CllEA'TION, s. laeatiii, from creo, to create, Lat.] the
act of forniint' orgivinj; existence, hi its strict sense, it im-
plies the RivJHo' existence to a tliini; which had no j)re-
uxistent matter. Fi'airatively, the act of conferring titles
and di;,'nily. The tilings created ; the universe.
CUK.Vri VE, a. iiavina; the power to form out of nothing ;
exerting the actor power of creation.
CIlEATOIl, 4-. [from cm, to create, Lat.] the Being that
bestows existence, or forms without any preceding matter.
rKE'.\TURE, (hrictiire) s. a being which owes its existence
to soaiething else. -Any thing created. An animal not
human. A general term for man. A word of contempt for
a luunan being. A woril of petty teixlerness. Figuratively,
used fisrone who owes his fortune to, and is at the devotion
of, anotlier.
CltEATURELY, {hreitin-ehj) ad. havinc,' the qualities of a
created thing.
CUr.BRITUDE, s. [rrthnlmh, Lat.] frequcniHcss, or the
quality of repeating the same thing often.
CHEBKOUS, «. [<r(V'f»-,Lat.l frequent.
CKE'CY, or Crkssy, a village in the department of
Somnie, famous for a great victory obtained over the French
by Edward IIL .August 26th, 1346, wherein the latter were
defeated with great slaughter, 30,000 foot being left dead in
the field, besides the horse; amongwhom were the king of
Bohemia, the count of Flanders, 8 other sovereign princes,
80 bannerets, 1200 knights, 1500 gentlemen, 4000 men at
arms, with the duke of Alen^on, and other great men, the
flower of the French nobility. The English army was drawn
up in three lines ; the first consisted of 800 men at arms,
4000 English archers, and 600 Welsh foot, commanded by
Edward prince of Wales, assisted by the carls of Warwick,
Oxford, Ac. The second line, composed of 800 men at
arms, 4000 halbidiers, and 2400 archers, was led by the
earls of Arundel and Northampton. The third line, or body
of reserve, in which were 700 men at arms, 5300 bilmen,
and 6000 archers, was ranged along the summit of a hill,
and conducted by the king in person, attended by the lords
Mowbray, Mortimer, and others. The army of the French
consisted of more than 120,000 men. Crecy is about 10
miles N. of Abbeville.
CRET)ENCE, s. [iVom credo, to believe, Lat.] belief; cre-
dit ; the act of the mind whereby it asserts to tne truth of a
persons pretensions, and places confidence in his claim to
assert. Figuratively, that which gives a person a right to
belief or credit.
CREDE'NDA, s. [Lat.] things or articles which it is ne-
cessary to believe ; those propositions or articles which are
inereiy the objects of faith, opposed to agenda, or practical
duties.
CRET)ENT, a. [from ct-cdo, to believe, Lat.] believing ;
easy of belief.
CREpE'NTL\L, {kredenslnar) s. [eredn, to believe, Lat.]
that which gives a right to belief and credit ; that which
warrants assuming any authority, and claims the respect
due to one of that character.
CREDIBFLITY, s. the claim which a thing may have to
be assented to or believed ; the quality or evidence which
renders a thing fit to be assented to ; probability.
CRET>IBLE, a. [from oedo, to believe, Lat.] worthy of
credit, assent, or belief.
CRE'DIBLENESS, .v. the miality which renders a thing
worthy of credit, assent, or belief.
CRE'DIBLY, ad. in such a manner as mav be assented to ;
III such a manner as to claim belief.
CRETDIT, J. \crcdil, Fr.] belief of a thing as a truth.
Figuratively, honour, esteem, testimony, or reputation for
honesty ; the lending and expectation of money lent within
some hmittcd time ; the faith reposed in the government by
Wilding money at interest, which may be transferred,
♦hoiigli not redeemable, or is promised to be repaid at a
certain time. In ci.niiuerce, it sign fies something soM oii
trust; and the on/// of a person's accDUiil is lh;it on wJMcli
his payments, whether in cash or oilier cuHiiiinilities, are
registered.
To Cl'E'DIT, 1'. a. [n-cdo, Lat.] to believe or assent to
what a person says as triitli. Figuratively, to reflect honour
on a i)erson or thing ; to trust or confide in one; to let a
person have goods on trust. In coiuuk rce, to discii.irge
a debt, by entering an article on the credit side of an ac-
count.
CREDITABLE, o. that may engage confidence orestcem. "
In coninicrce, that may procure trust; honourable; esti-
mable.
CRE'DITABLENESS, a. reputation ; the being generally
praised and esteemed.
CREDIT.ABLY, ad. in such a manner as to keep one's
reputation, or avoid disgrace.
CRE'DITION,orKin'rf)N, a town in Devonshire, with
a considerable manufacture of serges ; formerly the sec of
a bishop, removed to Exeter in 1050. The cathedral, a
magnificent structure, 200 feet in length, is still standing. It
is seated between two hills, on the river Creddy, 9 miles N.
W. of Exeter, and 181 W. by N. of London." Market on
Saturday.
CREDITOR, s. rf>oin eirno, to believe, Lat.] one who
lets another have ahy thing on trust ; one to whom a debt
is owing. In book-keeping, that side of an account wherein
all things are delivered are entered ; in the cash-book, it
contains a person's payment.
CREDULITY, s. [from credo, to believe, LatJ belief
without examining into the truth of the thing asserted to; too
great easiness in believing.
CREDULOUS, s. [4rom eredn, to believe, Lat.] assenting
to any thing proposed as an object of belief, without ex-
amining into its truth-
CRE DULOUSNESS, s. the quality of believing without
examining.
CREED, s. [from credo, Lat.] is a brief sumniarv of tlie
articles of a ClWistian's belief. There are several ancient
forms and scattered remains of creeds to be met with in
the records of the primitive church ; but tlic most univer-
sal creeds, and tliose which are allowed by the canons of
the church, are the Aposlolica!, the Athnnasian, and Nicene
creeds. Any solemn profession of pi inciples and opinion.
" There's mv creed." Shah.
To CREEK, v. a. [kreche, Belg.] to make a harsh noise.
CREEK, s. [creeea, Sax.] in geography, a part of the sea
which runs into the land ; a port or bay ; a prominence, or
jutting, in a winding coast.
CRETiKY, a. full of creeks and windings.
To CREEP, V. n. prefer, crept ; \crypnv. Sax.] to move
with the belly on the ground, applied to reptiles or animals
which have no legs, such as worms and serpents. Figura-
ti 'ely, to grow on the ground, or upon supporters, applied
to vegetables. To move slowly ; to move unperceived into
any place ; to come unexpected, or steal out of a place un-
perceived and unheard ; to behave with abjectness, or mean
ness ot spirit.
CREEPER, s. a plant which runs along the ground,
or supports itself by means of some stronger body ; a kind
of small bird, whose manners resemble those of the wood-
pecker; an iron used to slide along the grate in kitchens ;
a grappling iron emploved in bringing up drowned persons,
or other objects from "the bottom of the water ; a kind of
patten or clog worn by women in dirty weather.
CRE'EPHOLE, s. a hole or cavity into which ao animal
may retire to escape danger. Figuratively, an ••■'.cuse;
me.ms devised to escape shame, or elude the force of lav/.
CREEPINGLY, ad. in a slow motion; after the niannfr
of a reptile.
CRE'M.X, the capital of Crcmasco, a small but fertile
territory of Venice, insulated in the Milanese. It i-; well-
built ; populous and commercial. Lat. 46. 25. N. loii.
9. 30. E.
CRE
cm
CREMATION, s. [crematio, from cremo, to burn, Lat.] a
burning.
CREMO'NA, the capital of the Crenionese, a territory of
Milan, having Mantua on theE. and the Bressan on the N.
The principal streets are broad and straight, and there are
some small squares. The country about is fertile, pro-
ducing wine, iVuits, honey, flax, Ac. Here is an university,
4)f n.i great celebrity. It is seated on the Oglio, near the
Vo, ."iO miles >!. W. of Parma.
CREMOR, «. [Lat.Ja milky substance ; a soft liquor re-
seiribling cream.
CRE'NATED, a. [from crcna, a notch, Lat.] in botany,
notched ; jagged ; or sewed on the edges.
CliE'OLES, a name given to the families descended from
the Spaniards who first settled at Mexico in America.
These are much more numerous than the Spaniards pro-
perly so called, and the Mulattoes, which two other species
of inhabitants they distinguish ; and are excluded from all
consider9ble employments.
CRETANE, s. in farriery, an ulcer in the midst of the
fore part of the foot, caused by a bilious, sharp, and biting
humour, that frets the skin, or by a hurt given by striking
the hinder feet.
To CREPITATE, v. n. \crepito, Lat.] to make a small
crackling noise.
CREPITATION, s. a small crackling noise, as the burn-
ing of thorns, parching of peas, dc.
CREPT, the participle of crffp.
CREPU'SCULE, J. [crepiuculum, Lat.] in astronomy, the
twilight.
CREPU'SCULOUS, a. [from cremtsculum, Lat.] glimmer-
ing ; in a state between light and darkness.
CRE'SCENT, a. \crttcem, from cresco, to grow, Lat.]
growing; increasing; in a state of increase.
CRESCENT, s. the moon in her state of increase. In
heraldry, it is a bearing in form of a new moon ; and is used
either as an honourable bearing, or as a distinction between
elder and younger families ; being generally assigned to the
second son, and his descendants.
CRESS, s. [plural cresses, perhaps from cresco, Lat. on ac-
count of its qinck growth] a herb used for salad, or eat raw,
of which there are several sorts ; the garden creii and the
water cress are the most known.
CRESSET, s. [from croiseite, Fr.] a great light set on a
light-house, or watch-tower ; a beacon.
CREST, >. [critta, Lat.] in armoury, the top part of tlie
armour for the head, mounting over the helmet in manner
of a comb, or tuft of a cock, deriving its name from crtsln, a
cock's cond), and was for the most part made of feathers, or
the hair of horses' tails. In heraldry, the uppermost part
of an armoury, or that part of the casque or helmet next to
the mantle. The crest is deemed a greater mark of nobility
than the armoury ; being borne at tournaments, to«liich
none were admitted, till they had given good proof of their
nobility. Figuratively, prioe, spirit, or courage.
CRE'.STED, e. [from crista, a crest, Lat.] adorned w ith a
plume or crest; having a tuft or comb on the head. In
botany, flowers furnished with a tuft or crest, as in tiie com-
mon milk-wort.
CRE'STFALLEN, a. dispirited ; coward; in a state of
(Iciex-tion.
CRE'STLE-SS, «. in heraldry, not honoured with coat-
aruKMiry ; or of a noble or honoured family.
(CRETACEOUS, (kretdcemts) n. [from cretn, chalk, Lat.]
chalky; abounding with havin'j the quality of chalk.
CRE'VICE, s. [from crever, Fr.] a narrow opening made
in a thing by its cracking, generally applied to walls or
wainscot«.
CREW, i.[ probably from crud. Sax.] formerly a company
met together for any purpose. At present applied to a snip's
coiup;iiiy ; or used to signify a company of conlemptible
persons, or such a» herd logvthor w ith some bad design.
CIIEWEI., J. [A/<«W, llelg. I fine worsted or yarn twisted
and made up in a knot oi ball.
CREAVKERNE, a town of Somersetshire, contairu'rif
about 3(100 inhabitants. Here are some mauufacluiei of
dowlas, sail-cloth, gut-web, and stockings. It is seated on
a branch of the Parrel, on the contines of Dorsetshire, 132
liiiles \V. by S. of London. Market on Saturday.
CRIB, s. [Teut. cvi/fcif, Sax.] the rack in a stable. Figm
ratively, the stall trfan ox ; a small habitation or hut. Tiie
cards which each party lay out of their hands, and are reck-
oned for the benefit of the dealer at the game of cribhagt--
CRI'BBAGE, s. a game at cards, wherein the players eii-
deavour to make pairs, sequents, pairs royal, and one and
thirty at playing, and to hold in their hands as many fifteens,
pairs, and sequents, as they can.
CRIBBLE, .<■. [eribrum, Lat.] a corn-sieve.
CRICKEITH, a town in Carnarvonshire, whose market
is on Wednesday. It is 2.36 miles from London.
CRICK, s.[crieco, Ital.] the noise made by a door v hen
its hinges are rusty, or want oiling; a painful stifl'ness i;i
the neck, from cryce, .Sax.
CRICKET, s. an insect which frequents fire-plaees or
ovens, and is reuiarkahlc for a continual chirping or creak-
ing noise ; a game wliich is played with a bat and ball.
CU1CKH(5'\VEL, a town of Brecknockshire, much re-
sorted to by invalids for the jiurpose of drinking goat's milk
and whey. Here are the ruins of a castle, which appears
to have been formerly a place of considcral)le strength. It
is seated on the river Usk, 13 miles E. by S. of Brecknock.
Market on Thursday.
CRI'CKLADE, a town of Wilts, containing about 250
houses. It is seated on the Thames, (and the Thames and
Severn Canal now comes up to the town,) *25 miles S. W. of
Ox'ord, and S3 \V. of London. Market on Saturday.
CRIER, s. a person authorised to proclaim things -that
are lost, or those which are to be sold.
CRIM-TA'RTARY, or Crimea, a peniusula;_of Asia,
bounded on the N. by part of the district of Taurida, (a di-
vision of the Russian government of Ekaterinoslav,) and on
the other parts by the Black Sea and the Seaof Asoph. It
is divided into two parts by mountains which run E. and W.
The N. division is fit for pasturage only ; in the S. part the
valleys are remarkably fertile, and the climate extremely
milcl. The lower hills, extending from Theo<losia to the E.
extremity of the country, are principally used in gardening,
and produce excellent fruit. The Tartars are short and
squat, with swarthy complexions, pig's eyes, square and flat
faces ; their hair is black, and as strong as horse hair, with
very little beards. Their shirts and drawers are cotton
cloih, and over them they have cloaks of felt, or sheep-skins.
The women are too much like their husbands to be hand-
some; however, the men usually make use of tlie slaves
which they steal from their neighbours: and are continu-
ally roving from one place to annther. The Tartar inhai)i-
tants are estimated at 70,000. Achmetsled was made the
capital in 17H5. Besides the ports of Kirth and Jenikale,
the road of Cafl'a, and the harbour of Bahiclava, there is,'
near Seba-.tapol, one of /he most ca\)acious and secure h;>r-
bours in the world. This country is in some maps called
Taurica, from its having been the ancient Taurica Cherso-
iiesus.
CRIME, s. \crimen, Lat.] a voluntary breach of any known
law; an ofl'oiice. Synon. /'nuZ/i' result from human weak-
ness, being transgressions of the rules of duty. Crimes pro.
ceed from the wickedness of the heart, being actions against
the rules of Jiatnre.
CRI'MINAL, ff. [cri2mnolis, from fn»if«, a crime, Lat. I
contrary to any known law. Figuratively, faulty ; worthy
of blame ; guiliv ; subject to s(une punisinnent on account
of the violation of a law. In law, that wiiich is opposed to
civil.
CRI'MINAL,.'. a person who is accused of a vohintary
liiTurh ofa known law ; a person who has knowingly ami
wilfullv acted coiilraiv toajiy law.
CRIMINALLY, flf/. in a 'manner inconsistent with ii>-
uoteuci:; in a manner whitli iiuv'ies giuU, or the v.iliul
CKI
CRO
Itreaili of some law; in a inaiiiioi wliicli doseivi's blame or
plIllisluiH'llt.
CKIMINA'TION, s. [rriniinatln, from friinni, a cjinic,
Lal.| tlie act ol" accusing a person of tlie Imacli ol'aomo
la .V .
CRIMINOUS, a. [from cn»icn, a crime, Lat.J enormously
guillv ; iiii(iiiitous.
C'lilMI*, "■ [from rrimhh or crinnhle] easily l>rokon ;
crunihlin^' witli dryness; easily reduced to powder, ri^u-
ralivilv, not consistent; not of any force. A Itvw uonl.
To CiU'MPLIi, I'. ". [from rumjtU; crumple, or erimpli] to
to draw loiretlier in wrinkles.
CRIMSON, s. [c/imo*(//», Ital.] a deep red colour, mixed
witiian appearance of blue. Fi^'uratively, in i)oetical lau-
fjiiane, used for a dark, or any deijree of a red colour.
To CUI'MSON, i>. a. to dye or colour with red or crim-
son.
cm NCUM, s. [a cant word] a cramp ; whnnsy.
CRINGE, s. A low bow, carrying with it the idea of fawn-
ing and mean servility.
To CRINGE, V. a. [hrieclien. Tent.] to form inio wrinkles,
or nncoutli appearances. Neuterly, to behave in a mean,
servile, complaisant manner, in order to gain a person's fa-
vour, or avert his anger ; to fawn.
CRINI'GEROUS, a. [from crinis, hair, and ^oo, to carry,
Lat.] Ir.iirv ; overgrown with hair.
To CRINKLE,*, n. [hinchelen, Belg.] to go in and out ;
to wrinkle. Actively, to draw a thing into wrinkles ; to
make the surface of a thing uneven.
CRl'NKLE.s. a wrinkle.
CRI'NOSE, a. [from crinis, hair, Lat.] hairy.
CRINO'SriT, s. [from crinis, hair, Lat.] the qualify of
abounding in hair; hairiness.
CRITFLE, s. [cri/pd. Sax.] a person who has not the
use of his limbs, especially his legs.
To CRIPPLE,]), a. toiiiakc lame, or deprive a person of
the use of his limbs.
CRl'PPLENESS, s.the state of a person who is lame, or
has not the use of his limbs.
CRISIS, s. [h-isis, Gr.] in medicine, a cnaugc in a dis-
order, which either determines a patient's death or reco-
very. Figuratively, in politics, a period of time wherein an
\indertaking is arrived at its greatest height ; any particu.ar
period of time.'
CRISP, «. [crisnus, Lat.] curled, indented, winding. Dry,
brittle, or easily broken.
To CRISP, r. a. [o-ispo, Lat.] to curl, or form a thing into
a ring; to twist. Neuterly, to run in and out. To make a
thing easy to be broken by frying or drying it.
CRI'SPING-PIN, s. a curling iron.
CRI'SPNESS, s. the quality of a thing curled; easiness
to be broken, owing to dryness. In cookery, the brittleness
of a thing, owing to the hard incrustation formed by a
brisk fire.
CRI'SPY, a. culled. In cookery, brown and brittle.
CRITE'RION, s. {kriterimi, from hrino, to judge, Gr.] a
standard by which the goodness or badness of a thing may
be measured or jiidged.
CRITIC, s. hitihos, from hrino, to judge, Gr.] a person
formed by nature, and qualified by art, to point out the per-
fection aiid imperfection of any of the productions in the
arts or sciences ; one who is employed in distinguishing
the beauties or defects of an author. Figuratively, a cen-
surer, or a person apt to find fault either with the writings
or actions of another.
CRITIC, a. belonging to criticism ; or the art of judging
of the performances of an author.
CRITIC, (by some spelt critique, and then pron. Iireeteik)
s. [critique, Fr.] an examination or comment on the works
ofan author, wherein both taste and learning are used as
guides; a criticism ; the art of criticism.
CRITICAL, a. able to distinguish the beauties and de-
fects of any production ; nice, exact, accurate ; with all
the judgment and care of a critic ; after tlic manner of a
critic; according to the rules of criticism. Captious; irv-
eliiic-d to find fault; censorious. In nie>liciue and i)olitic8,
that in which some crisis or important change happens.
CRITICALLY, a<L in a critical maiiiier ; in such a
manner as to discover beauties or defects ; exactly ; curi-
ously.
CRI'TICALNESS, *. exactness, nicety, accuracy; the
act of exercising the judgment, in order to discern the
faults or perfections of any production.
To CRl TICISE, (hriticize) v. a. to write remarks, or
point out the beauties and defects of any production. Fi-
guratively, to find fault with. Actively, to censure, blame,
or find fault with.
CRITICISM, s. the art or standard of judging well of
the merits or demerits of any production. Figuratively,
remark or observation made by a critic.
To CROAK, (hall) V. V. [cracezzan, Sax.] to make a
hoarse noise, applied to that made by a frog or raven.
— Figuratively, to caw, to cry, or make a disagreeable mur-
mur.
CROAK, (/;»o/.) i. the noise made by a frog, raven, or
crow.
CROATIA, a country of Europe, bounded on the N. by
Hungary ; on the E. aucl S. E. by Hungary and Sclavonia ;
on the .S. by Sclavonia and Bosnia; <m the W. by Morla-
chia. The Austrian Croatia is about 130 miles in lengtli,
and from 40 to fiO in breadth. The Turkish Croatia is about
40 miles long and 20 wide. In the middle ages (licy had
kings of tlieirowu, but in the 11th century, Croatia andUal-
matia devolved to the king of Hungary.
CRO'CEOUS, n. [from nociw, saffron, Lat] consisting of,
or resembling saffron ; yellow, orof a saffron colour.
Clio CUES, s. little buds upon the top of a deer's horn.
CPkOCK, s. [hrnick, Belg.] a cup or earthen vessel ; a
pot to boil victuals in. Figuratively, the smut occasioned
bv rubbing the outside of a pot against any thing.
" CRO'CKERY, s. [from hndch, Belg.] earthenware.
CROCODILE, s. [krohodeihis, from hrokos, saffron, anrl
(l^i/os, timorous, Gr.] an amphibious voracious animal, in
sliape resembling a lizard, and found in Egypt and the In-
dies. It is covered with very hard scales, which cannot
witliout great ditficulty be pierced ; except under the belly,
wiiere the skin is tender. It has a wide mouth, with seve-
ral rows of teeth, sharp and separated, which enter one an-
other. It runs with great swiftness; but does not easily
turn itself. It is long lived, and is said to grow continually
to its death. Some are ten or twelve yards long. Croco-
diles lay their eggs, resembling goose eggs, sometimes
amounting to sixty, near the water side ; covering them
with the sand, that the heat of the sun may hatch them.
CROCODILINE, a. [crocvctiltmu, Lat.] resembling a
crocodile.
CROCUS, s. a plant, of which there are two kinds, the
vernal and autumnal ; tlie summits of the pointal of the lat
ter species, with narrow leaves rolled back at the edges, ar?
the saffron of the shops. In chemistry, it denotes any me-
tal calcined to a red or deep yellow colour.
CROFT, s. [cri'ft, Sax.] a little close joining to a house,
used either for corn or pasture.
CROISA'DE. or CROISA'DO, s. [from emir, cross, Fi;.]
a holy war ; a name given to the expeditions of the Chris-
tians against the infidels, for the recovery of Palestine; so
called because those who wei.e engaged in them wore a
cross on their clothes, and bore one on their standard. Se-
veral circumstances contributed to give rise to the croisades,
such as a desire of visiting Palestine, an opinion that the end
of tile world was approaching, and the hardsliips which
were suffered by pilgrims in the Holy Land, after the Turks
had taken that country from the Saracens. The first cro
isade began in 1095, being instigated principally by Petei
the hermit. The next year 800,000 croisaders invaded Pa-
lestine, and in a little time gained considerable advantages.
They were however expelled by the Turks in the thirteenth
century, after which no advantages remaiued from these
CRO
CRO
ijl-i'ouflnctod espciUtions, but tlitir liaviUT contriliultd to
civilize F.uropc.
CROISES, s. [rntiscs. Ft.] pilgrims bound for the Holy
Land, or those who liavp bofn nlrcadv there.
CKOMACK W ATEK- a romantic lake of Cumberland,
ontlic Cocker, between Buttermere and Lowes Water. It
is t miles in lcni;th, nearly half a mile in breadth, in some
places very deep, and contains 3 little islands, one of which
is a rock.
CROMARTY, a tolerable fertile, and, of late years, well-
rultivated county of Scotland, comprehending part of a
p<'ninsi;la on the south coast of the Frith, to which it gives
iianio. On tlie S. and W. it is bounded by Rossshire ; and
on tile E. by' the Fiith of Murray. It is 12 miles long from
E. to W. and about 3 miles in its greatest breadth. Its ca-
pital of the same name, has a manufacture of hempen cloth,
u hich employs about 200 persons, and a considerable coast-
ing trade in corn, thread, yarn, tish, and skins. It it situated
at or near the entrance of the Frith of Cromarty, tlie most
safe, extensi\e, and commodious bay, or harbour, of Scot-
land, and one of the finest in Europe, or the world. This
truly excellent, but much neglected harbour, the Pnrtas Sa-
lutisoi'thc Romans, is about 22 miles in length, and in some
ii.irts4 in hreadth ; the entrance is narrow and bold, being
formed by two huge lofty rocks, which project into the sea
till they approach within amile of each other, and, therefore,
defend this tine bay completely from winds and storms.
These rocky promontories, or islands, thus approaching each
other, and having also, a similar appearance, arc called by
the natives, T/ic sooters of Cromarty, which, in the Scottish
language, lueans wooers, or lovers. Such, in fact, is the
vast extent of sea-room in this bay, and such its length,
depth, and breadth, that almost the whole British navy might
ride with safety within it ; and the state of the shore, or
anchorage ground, on both sides, for several miles u|i, is so
favourable and smooth, that were a vessel driven from her
cables and cast ashore, there would be little or no damage
incurred. In violent easterly winds, when no vessel can
venture to look into any port of the cast coast of Scotland,
from the Frith of Forth northwards, all vessels, thus situated,
flock into this biy. It will appear of still greater impor-
tance, when it is known, that from Wick, in Caithness, to
this frith, a dist;ince of 60 miles, the «liore is bold, rocky,
and utterly inaccessible to sea-vessels of any size, the wa-
ters of Diirnocli excepted ; w hich, however, are of no ."jreat
utility to navigation, by reason of shallows and quicksands.
CROMER, a town of Norfolk, w ith a market on Saturday.
It is seated luar the sea-side, and was formerly mine con-
siderable than it is at present ; for it had two churches, one
of which, with several houses, were swaHowed up by the
sea. The inhabitants are now thicfiy fishermen. It has
Iteen of late iinich resorted to as a watering-place. It is 22
miles N. of Nnrwich, and 127 N. E. of London.
CROMWELL, (Oliver) was the son of Mr. Robert
Cromwell, who was the second son of Sir Henry Cromwell,
of Hinchingbrooke, in the county of Huntingdon, by Eli/a-
beth, daughter of Sir Richard Stewart of the Isle of Ely,
Itnight. He was born in the parish of St. John, in the an-
lient borough of Huntingdon, on April 24 or 25, in 1699,
in the 41s! year of the reign of (J. Elizabeth. He was sent
1o school uiiilcr the care of Dr. Thomas Reard, master of the
free-schoo' at Huntingdon. He from thence removed to
Sidney college in Cambridge, where he was adniittetl April
23, in Ifilf), under the tuition of Mr. Riduud Howlet, who,
(>y a strict attention to his pilpil's disposition very quickly
discovered, that he -Aas less addicted tospecidation than to
action. His fatherdying, be returned houu, whiTe his (•(in-
duct was far enough from being reguhir, insomucii that it
gave his mother, who was a notable and prudent woman,
much uneasiness. She was advised by iumie near relations
lo send him up 1o London, and to place him in Lincoln's iiui,
which she accordingly did, Imt without any cxtiaordinarv
rfff^cts, since it only served t<) biing him accinainted with
l!;e vices of the town, by way of addition to those to wliicli
be had been addicted in the country. If does not at all ap-
pear thai he applied himself to the study of the law, v.liich
was what his friends aimed at; on 'he contrary, he 'joiitl-
nued to pursue his pleasures, and gave himself up to wiiu;,
women, and play ; in which last, tlmugli he was sonietimes
fortiinatc, yet, taking all his expenses together, they «) iiuich
exceeded his income, that he quickly disjipated all that his
fatner left him. But altera few years spent in this manner,
he saw plainly the consequence of his follies, renounced
them suddenly, and began to lead a very grave and sober
life, and entered into a close friendship w ith several eminent
divines, who h)oked upon his reformation as very extraor-
dinary, and spoke of liim as a man of sense and great abili-
ties. As he was nearly related to Mr. Hampden of Buck-
inghamshire, to the Barringtons of Essex, and other consi-
derable families, they interested themselves in his favour,
and were very desirous of seeing him sell led in the world ;
in order to which, a marriage was proposed, which soon
after took eft'ect. The lady he married was Elizabeth,
daughter of Sir James Boucliier, of Essex, knight, a woman
of spirit and parts, and being descended from an ancient
family, did not want a considerable porti;)n of pride. Mr.
Cromwell soon after returned to his own country, and settled
at Huntingdon, till the deathof his untie SirThomas Stuart,
who left an estate of between 4 and ;a\0£. a \car, induced
him to remove into the Isle of Ely. It was about this time
that he began to converse mostly with them that w ore then
styled Puritans, and by degrees all'ected their notions with
great warmtii and violence. He was elected a aieinber of
the third parliament in the reign of Charles I. which met
Jan. 20, in 1(!28, and was of the committee for religion,,
where he distinguished hiuiself by his zeal against popery,
and liy complaining of Ui-. Neile, then bishop of Winches-
ter, licensing books which had a verj' dangerous tendwicy.
After the dissolution of that parliament, he returned again
into the country, where he contiinied to express much cor»-
cern for religion, to frequent silenced ministers, and to in-
vite them often to lectures and sermons at his house, by
which he again brought his afJairs into a very indiHcrent
sitiuition; so that he judged it necessary to try wkit industry
might do towards repairing these brcadies, which led hin>
to take a farm at St. Ives, and this he kept about five years ;
though iiidetxl, instead of repairing, it helped to run out the
rest of his fortune. He had prayers in the morning ;ind af-
ternoon, and he gave public notice tluit he was ready to
make restitution to any from whom he had won moviey at
play ; and he actually did return SOiC. to Mr. Calton, f'roin
whom he won it several years before. When the earl of
Bedlbrn, and some other persons of high dislinclion, who
had estates in Lincolnshire, were desirous of having the fens
drained, Cromwell violently opjiosed it, which gave occa-
sion to Mr. Hampden to recommend him to his friends in
parliament as a person capable of conduciing great things.
He had tlie address to get himself chosen for Cambridge, a
place in w hich he was not known, and was vcr>' zealous in
pr<>nu)tingthe remonstrance which was carried on Nov. 14,
UMl, whitli laid the basis of the civil war. In 1643 Mr.
Cromwell raised atroop of horse, which he commanded, by
virtue of a counnission fnmi the earl of Essex, Hiid acted
very vigorously, so that he was promoted lo the rank of oo-
lonel, and had lOoO horse under his conmnnd, and was
some lime afterwards lieutenant-general of the hirse. In
the battle of MarsUm-Moor, July 3, lti44, it was iniiversally
allowed that his cavalry had the greatest share in gaining the
battle. In the winter, when the parliament sat, Cr'^nnvell
and his friends carried what was then called the self denying
ordinance, that excluded the nuMubers of either house from
Iraving any cinnmands in the army ; however, Cromwell was
at first occasionally, and at kist absolutely exempted. Upon
the introduction of the new model, as it was called, the
chief command of the army was given to Sir TI,op.\;is Fair-
fax ; and from being lieulenain-general of horse, Crom-
well beeaine lieutenant-general of the army, of which, while
aiiothcrluid llic title, he. seems .to have had the directioi..
CRO
CRO
In' ICJfi th« tflrl of Essex died suddenly; and Cromwell
lurncil his ihoui^lilsii'di'ly to iiialiu the ariiiv tlie s-iiprenic
power, whieh he artoiilin^jly eftected, and turned Diit those
members of the house wlio would not act l>y liis direction.
As to the circumstance of the heheLHlinK tl'e l>ins. ^Jud the
puhlic traisac'ions of those times, they are so well known,
that I shall pass them sli;;hlly over. Cromwell had llu'com-
miind of the forces of [rdand, and the title of Lord Lieute-
nant was bcbtowed upon him ; and by tlie month of Jiuic
1050; all Ireland was in a manner subdued, and that in so
short a space as nine months. lie left Iretoii, his deputy
there, and came over to Kn;,daiid. On June '20, Ui.'io, he
was ap()ointed j^eneral and commander in chief of all the
forces of the commcuiwealth, and set out on his march asaiust
the Scots, who had received ("harles ll. On September .i,
I6f)l, he totally ilefcated the kiny;'», forces at Worcester ; lie
then came up to Loudon, and was congratulated by the house
of commons, the council of state, the lord mayor, Ac. On
the li)lh of April, Ki.'j.'?, he called a eouucil of othcer.s, to fle-
bate about the government ; while they were sitting, colonel
In^olby came and informed tliem, that the parliament had
framed a bill to continue themselves till Nov. .1, in the next
yt-ar, proposing' to fill u^ the house by new elections ; where
upon tile yeiiorai luarclied (liiecUv lu \S esliiiuisier, wiln
about .1(10 men, plaeefl his soldiers about the liouse, entered
first himself, and alter stayinj; sometime talking to them,
lie ordered the soldiers to see the house clear of all members,
and having caused the doors to be locked up, went away
to Whitehall. On Deceniber,16, the same year, Cromweil
wa.s invested in the court of Chancery in Westminster ball,
with great solemnilv, with the title of Protector of the Com-
monwealth of Kngland, .Scotland, and Ireland, being then
in the 34 year of his age ile applied himself immediately
to the setiling of public alfairs, both foreign and domestic,
and concluded a peace witli Uie states of Holland, in which
"Denmark was included. He also made peace with Sweden,
and both France and Spain contended so earnestly for his
friendship, that they made themselves ridiculous. As to
domestic affairs, he filled the courts of Westminster. with
able judges, professed an unalterable resolution of maintain-
ing liberty of conscience, and dismissedfrom their commands
sueli officers as he could not coHfide in. He gave the com-
mand of all the forces in Scotland to general Monk, and sent
his own son Henry to govern Ireland. He, by an ordinance
datad April 12, lGo4, united England and Scotland, fixing
the niuuber of representatives for the latter at tiiirty, ami
.soon after he did the same by Ireland. He shewed a great
regard to justice, in causing the brother of the ambassador
from Portugal to be executed for luuvder. He called a par-
liament to meet on Sept. 3, which was accordingly opened
on that day, to which the protector went in great state. He
received the house of commons in the painted chamber,
where he made them a very long speech. When they came
to their house, after electing Mr. William Lentliall their
speaker, they fell to debating w hether the supreme legisla-
tive power of tjie kingdom should be in a single person or a
parliament. This so alarmed tlie protector, tliat on the 12tli
of the same month, he caused a guard to be set at the
painted cham1)er, where he gave them a sharp reproof, and
none were permitted logo into the house afterward before
they had taken an oath to be faithful to the protector and his
government. The protector finding this parliament would
give him no money, and that they were about to lake away
his power.ilissolved them. He restored to the city their
militia. This year, 1G.")5. there were some conspiracies, for
w hicii several persons suHered death, and the protector from
henceforth nia<le nodifiicultv of supporting hisaufliority, in
»uy manner, and liy any means. In the spring of this vear
he sent a powerful fleet under the commanrl ofadmiral Peini,
and a great body of laud forces, commandt d by general
Vcr.ables, in hopes •(« make himself master of great part of
the SpaiiisI- Wcst-Lidies; and though they failed in their
Qiain design, vet thev made themselves masters of Jamaica,
and admiral Blake did great things in the Mediterranean;
Gg
so that tlie protector's reputation was very Iiigli abroad.
Writs were issued out feu the |>arUanient to meet Sept. 17,
M'i.V), at \\ liicli time they met accordingly, but there was ■»
g\iard posted at the door of the liou5G, v. lio suil'ep.;! nt.ue to
cuter till they had swallowed the oathi that weu veadj ()rc-
parcd for them ; by which 'iOUwere excluded. In ih'- spring
of I he \earl(i,'>7,akiiid of legislative government was bi ought
upon llie carpet, and it was agreed to ofler Croiiiwi II the
title of king. Finding it disagreeable to his best friends, he
told them he could not, with a go(.d conscience, accept the
title of king ; but his highness resolved upon a new inaugu-
ration, winch was accor<lingly, with gieat scdcmniiy, pi r-
onued, June 2fi, i()57, in Westminster iiall, with all llio-sphn-
dour of a cruoiuilion. On Jan. 2(t, \(h'jH, the commons met
as the other licuse also did, pursuant to the writs of summons
issued by the lord prot'ctor; and all shew of force was
ivithdrawn; but the two lumses being at vaiiance, the pro-
tector dissidve<l ihrm Feb. 4, with great bitteril'-ssof speech,
and deep s(urow of heart. This \ear Dunkirk, which was
taken chiefly by tlu'vafour of the English, wasdolixerid into
the hands of Lockhart bis ambassador. His fcivourite
daughter, Mrs. Cleypole, was about this tinu- taken ill, and
died Aug. 6. He was from that time wholly alleied, grew
daily more reserved and suspicious, not indeed without
reason; for he found a general discontent prevail thiough
the nation. At Hampton court he fell iiito a kind of slow
fever, which soon degenerated into a tertian a^jue. Being
removed to London, ne necame inu:ii worse, grew tint
lethargic, then delirious, from which be re((ivered a little,
but was not capable of giving any distinct directions about
public affairs. lie died Sept. 3, 1638, in the (jOlh \earof
his age. Avery j>ompous funeral was ordered at the public
expense, and performed frfun Somerset house with a splen-
dour superior to any that has been bestowed upon crowned
heads. The protector bad several children, of wliflm six
survived to be nten and women, viz. t.' o sons and four
daughters. 1. Richard Ciomwell, born Oclidier, 162(1, and
diedJidv 13, 1712, at Clieshunt iu Herif . dshire ; 2. Ilciiry
Cromwell, born Jan. 20, 1627, died March 2.0, 1674. 3.
Bridget, w!io first married comniissaiy-geneial Ire'ou, and
after his decease lieutenant-general FleetW(io<l. 4 Eliza-
beth, born 16.50 ; she married John Cleypole, esq. a North-
amptonshire gentleman, whom the protector made master
of the horse, created him a boronet, July 16, 16.'ji7, and
appointed him one of his lords. 5. ISlary, who was nuirried
to tlie Lord Viscount Fauc(Uibeig, Nov. 18, 1657, who was
raised to the dignity of an earl by king William, and died
on the last day of the year 1700. 6. Frances, his youngest
daughter, was twice married, first to Mr. Robert I'ich,
grandson to the earl of Warwick, Nov. 11, 16,07, who died
the ICtli of February following. She afferwartls married
Sir John Russel, of Chi| penhaiii in Cambridgeshire ;
bv whom she left several chililren, and lived to a great age.
CRO'NBOiiO, a fortress of Zealand, situated on a point
of land, on tli.> W. <'oast of the Sound, a little E. «f Elsiuore,
and opposite to Helsiugborg, in Sweden. The late unfor-
tunate queen Matilda was inqjrisnned here, before sli'- was
removed to Zell. Adjoining to a palace, about lialf a mile
from Cronborg, is a garden called Hamlet's Garden, sup-
posed to be the spot where the murder of that king was
committed.
CRONE, s. Ih-mtie, Belg.l an old ewe.' Figuratively, an
old woman.
CRO NET, s. in farriery, the hair which grows ovej- the
top of a horse's hoof.
CROTSSTADT, a town and fortress of Russia, situated
on the island of Retusari, on the E. of the Ciiilf of Finland,
12 miles W. of Petersburg. Its harbour is the station or
the Russian fleet, having great u'agaziiies of naval stores,
and numerous docks and vards for building and caieenliiif
ships of the line. It was founded bv Peter I. improved by
his daughter Elizabeth, and completed by the late eiui>ress.
The number of inhabitants is about 6000. Lat. oa. 58. N,
■ Ion. 29. 36. E.
225
CKO
CKO
CHO NY, J. au old and very intimate acquaintance or
coiilid.'.at. A cant word.
CROOK, s. [croc, Fr.] any thing bent ; a slieephook ; a
nieandtr or winding;.
To CROOK, V. a. [crochtr, Fr.] to baud, to turn any tiling
so as to re seinl)le a hook.
CROO'KBACK, s. a term of reproach foranian that has
gibl)o\i5 shouhiers.
CROOKED, «. [crurhc, Fr.] bent, opposea to straight ;
formed into an angle or hook ; winding. Figuratively, per-
verse or bad. Synon. By crooked, is understood any de-
viation from natural stiaightiiess. Defornieil implies any
part of the body being imperfect or uunatural. Thus a
man is crooked if any ways twisted or bent from the natural
shape, and deformed if he has an eye, a finger, or a toe, too
little (.r too much.
CROO'KKDLY, erf. not straight ; in an untoward, per-
verse, or unroinulving manner.
CUOO'KEDNES.';, s. the bending of a body. Figura-
tively, a deformity of the body, arising from any of its limbs
being distorted or out of shape. Applied to the mind or
temper, perversity, or a disposition which is not easily
pleased.
CROO'KHORS, a town of Somersetshire, with a market
on S;iluidav. It is seated on a branch of tlie river Parret,
on the coniines of Dorsetshire, and the market is good for
corn, sheep, &c. It is 132 miles W. by S. of London.
CROP, s. [crop, Sax.] the craw, or tirst stomach of birds,
wliercin their food is prepared fordigestion.
CROP, s. [croppn. Sax.] the highest part, end, or top of
a thing. FigurativeK, corn collected in a harvest; the pro-
duct of a field ; any thing cut off.
To CROP, «'. o. iocut off the tops or ends of any thing ;
to mow, reap, or lop. Figuratively, to shorten or consume
in eating. Neiiterlv, to yield a harvest.
CR(^ PFUL, a. filled I satiated with food.
CROPPER, s. in natural history, a kind or pigeon, re-
markable for swelling its crop.
CRO'PSICK a. sick, or disordered by intemperate eat-
ing or drinking.
CRO'SCOMB, a town of Somersetshire, near Wells ; some
cloth is made here: but the chief manufacture is that of
stockings. Market is on Tuesday.
CROSIER, {hrozier) s. [croi.cr, Fr.] the pastoral staff
of a bishop, so called from its having a cross on the top.
CRO'SLET, *. Irriiisselet, Fr.] a small cross.
CROSS, .?. [croix, Fr.] an instrument made of two pieces
of wood, cuttnig or crossing each other at right angles, on
w bich malefactors were executed among the Romans. The
sign made by the priest on the forehead of a person when
baptized, by drawing two marks, which cross each other,
with his fingers dipped in water; one line drawn athwart
another. Figuratively, any thing which is contrary to a
person's wishes, anil is a trial of his patience.
CROSS, It. that falls athwart. Figuratively, opposite to
a person's wishes and expectations; perverse ; not comply-
ing; peevish ; displeased with trifles ; not easily persuaded ;
reciprocal on each side; interchanging.
CltOSS, prep, athwart, so as to intersect from one side
to another. In riding, so as to have one leg on each side
of a horse. " Cros» his back."
To CROSS, V. a. to lay one line so as to form angles with
another ; to sign with a cross : to mark or conceal ; to go
over a river. Figuratively, to oppose the designs r)f ano-
ther, and thereby render him peevish ; to contradict; to
debar: to preclude.
CROSS-BAR SHOT, *. a round shot or bullet with a
t)ar |)iit Ibrough it.
CliO'SSBILL, s. in Chancery, is an original bill, by
wh'cli tl"- defenilant prays relief ag-.iinst the plaintiff.
CROSSIMTK, J. a cheat which frustrates a person's de-
signs ; a dcirption.
CROSSBOW, *. an engine or instrument made of a how
fixed across a piece of wood, used in shooting deer, pigeons,
226
<Src. It will carry a bullet a considerable distance, and do
execution.
To CROSS-EXA'MINF,, v. a. to try the fliith of evidence
by captious questions of the contrary parly.
CROSSGRAINED, o. in joinery, applied to wood, from
whence a bough or brauvh has shot out, the grain of the '
branch slinoting forward, and crossing that of the trunk.
Figuratively, hard to please; peevish; perverse; trouble-
some ; vexatious.
CROSSLY, ad. athwart, so as to intersect or form an-
gles. Figuratively, opiiosite, contrary, untowardly.
CROSSNESS, .«. transverseness ; intersection; perverse-
ness ; peevishness.
CRO'SSROW, s. the alphabet ; so named from a crosi
being i>laced at the beginniiig of it.
CLO SS-ST.\FF, s. an instrument used by seamen to lake
the meridian altitude of the sun or stars, called likewise a
fore-stnff',
CRO'SSWIND, J. a wind blowing either from the right
or left across a ship's way.
CRO'SSWAY, s. a suiall path intersecting a main ro.^d.
CROSS-WORT, s a plant called also mugweed, found
on ditch-lmiiks, and flowers in May and June.
CROTCH, ,v. \rrnc, Fr.] a hook or fork.
CROTCHET, [<n,r/»(, Fr.] iu Music, one of the notes
and marks of tinn", so ciUed fmm its resembling a hook,
thusi ; if is equal to half a miniii) or double quviver. In
Printing, two opposite lines, serviii;:; to include any sentence
or wfird that mav be Ifft out, without spoiling the sense of
a period, marked [lluis] In Building, a support, or piece
of wood titled into another to sustain it. Figuratively, a
fancy, odil conceit, or device.
To CROUCH, V. n. [crorher, Fr.] to stoop low, applied to
the posture of beasts, when they bend their legs, and ap-
proacli with their bellies towards the groiuiil, in testimony of
obedii'Ui'e and submission. Figuratively, to bend or stoop
to a person in a fawning and servile manner.
CROUP, (A/«/)) i. [f)o»;)f, Fr.] the rump of a fowl ; the
buttocks of a horse. Also, a disease of the throat, a species
of quinsv.
CRO'UPADES, s. in farriery, hi'.;licr leaps than those
of corvets, that keep the fore and hind quarters of a horsa
in an equal height, so that he trusses his legs under his belly
yiithpiit yerking.
CROUTE, 4-. a preparation of cabbage much used on
ship-board, and esteemed a preservati\c against the sca-
scurvv.
CROW, f/,)r<) .c. [onirc. Sax.] a black bird of the carni-
vorous kind, or feeding on carrion. To pluck a crow, is to
contend with a person. Sometimes it is used for a conten-
tion about some worthless thing, or trifling subject, la
mechanics, a strong iron bar, used as a lever to lift up the
ends of great heavy timber, force open doors, A-e. The
noise made by a cock. Punv. The rroir thinks her own
bird the fnirest. So the Ethiopians are said to paint the
devil white. E ery one is partial to, and well conceited of
his ow n ai t, his ow n compositions, his own children, his own
couutrv, iVc.
To CROW, (kro)\>. 7i. prefer. I crew, crowed, or have crow-
ed ; [crawnn, Siix.] to nr<ikc a lou<l shrill noise, applied to
that made bv a cock. Figuratively, to boast, bully, or as-
sume a superiority overanotlier.
CRO WBF.UnY, .«. a small drooping shrub with trailing
stems, and bhick berries, called also cakeberries. It is
found on bogi;v heaths and ruountains, and flowers in April
and May. The berries when boiled with aluui, afliird a
dark iiur|>le dye.
CROWD, .1. \criith. Sax.] a great number of people
squeezed or close together : a great number of any thing trf
the same sort ailjaceut to each other. Figuratively, the
vuU::ir or low'v sort of people. Also a fiddle.
To CRO\\ I), i.. n. to fill a place with, a sjreat and con-
fused iiiullilude of people; to force •» grt it many thingi in
a confused manner into the same place; to press ch)So Itf-
CRO
CRO
getlier; to inciimhffr, or oppress by muItitmJes. In the
ma: iiie, ((> trmvd sail, is to isprcail all tlip sails wide upon
tilt'. yard for the sake of rxpcditioii, or fiiiickeiiiii^' the mo-
tion of a ship. Neiiterly, to go in great multitudes; to
thrust among a multitude of others.
Cl!0 WDEll, v. a fiiMler. A low word.
CKOAVKOOT, i. in botany, the raiiuueulus, of which
there are twelve speeies fouutl native in Kiigland. In war,
a caltrop, a piece of iron, with four points, two, three, or
four inches long, used for incommoding the cavalrv.
CRO'WLAND, a town of Liiioolnshire, in the I'ens, ap-
proachable only bv narrow causeways. It has three streets
separated from each otiier bv water-courses, wnose banks
are supported bv piles, and set with willow-trees. The
chief trade is i^n Ksh and wild fowl, w liich are in great plenty
in the adjacent pools and marshes. It was formerly cele-
brated for its abbey of black rMoiiks, a noble structure,
fxtunded by Etheibald, king of Mevcia, of which nothing
now remains except the N. aisle, wli\ch is used as the parish
church. It is seated on an island of the same name, (called
Crowland, fron) its soil, cruda terra, which signities raw, or
muddy land,) 11 miles N. of Peterborougli, and 39 N. by
W. of London. Market on Saturday.
CROWN, i. [corona, Lat.] an ortiament worn on the head
by kings, princes, ;m<l noblemen, as ti mark of their dignity.
It was at first only a fillet tied round the head, but was
afterwards made of leaves and flowirs and rich stufls, and
tometimes ornamented with jewclii of great value. The
Jewish high-priest wore a crown, wfiich was girt about his
mitre, on the lower part of his bonnet. The Romans had
various kinds of crowns, which they b^ stowed as rewards of
military merit; as, l.Tlie «l'fl/rra^(1H, [>estowed on generals
who were entitled to the honours of the lesser triumph,
called ovation. 2. The naval, or rostri>' crown, composed of
a circle of gold, with ornaments, represeuting beaks of ships,
and given to the captain who first grappled, or the soldiers
who first boarded an enemy's ship. 3. The corona villar is, or
tttstrensis, was a circle of gold raised wit.h jewels or palli-
sades; the reward of him who first entered the enemy's en-
trenchments. 4. The ntiira/ crown, a circle of g!)ld indent^
ed and embattled ; given to him who first mounted the
wall of a besieged place, and there planted a standard. 5.
Tlie civic crown, made of the branch of a ^reen oak, and
given to him who had saved the life of a c.tizen. G. The
triumphal crown, coirsistin"; at first of the leaves of laurel,
but afterwards made of gold, for those genends who had the
honour of a triumph. 7. The crown calleci obsidiunuUs, or
fcraminea, made ©f grass growing on the place; the reward
of aeeneral who had delivered a Roman army from a siege.
8. The crown of /fl«cc/, given by the Greeks to their ath-
leta;, and by the Romans, to tbose who hat! negotiated or
concluded a peace with an enemy. They had likewise
other crowns for those who excelled as poefs, orators, Ac.
The crowns were marks of nobility to the wearers ; and,
upon competitions for ranks and dignity, often determined
the preference in (heir favour. The Roman emperors had
four kinds of crowns, still seen on medals, viz. a crown ol
kurel, a radiating crown, a crown adorned with pearls and
precioiis stones ; and the fourth a kind of bonnet or cap,
something like the niortier. The papal crown, is composed
of a cap or tiara, enclosed by three marquisses' coronets,
having two pendants, like llie bishops' mitres; and on its
top a moiuid of gold ; these three crowns represent the pre-
tended triple capacity of the pope, viz as high-))riest, su-
prerae judge, and sole leg'islator of the Christians. The
imperial ex m\n is a bonnet or tiara, voided at the top like a
crescent, with acircle of gold adorned with i)reeious stones
and pearls, heightened with fleurs-de-lis, supporting a
glolx-wilha cross at the top. The i?»fi /la/i crown, is adorn-
ed with four crosses, in the manner of those of Malta ; be-
tween which are fleurs-de-lis. It is covered with four d-ia-
deiiis, which meet at a little globe supporting a cross. The
i-ivtk,/! crown is a circle, enamelled, of eight fleurs-de-li;,
encompassed with eight arched diadems; bearing atop a
double fleur-de-lis, which is the crest of France. The
i^i»n'i/i crown is adorned with large indented leaves, cover-
ed with diadems ; bordering on a •jlobe, surmounted with
across. Those of /'lo /«£""/, /*o/««f/, Dinmarh, and Sucfhn,
are of the same form. The crouns of most other kings are
circles of gold, adoiiied with precious stones, and height-
ened up with large trefoils, and closed by four, six, or eight
diadems, supporting a mound, surmounted with a cross.
The great Turk bears over his arms a turband, enriched
with pearls and diadems under two coronets, the first of
which is made of pyramidal points, heightened up with
large pearls, and the uppermost is surrounded with cres-
cents. The rroKiH of the Prince of Wales toiisisis of one
arch adorned with pearls ; in the middle of which is a ball
and cross, and bordered with ermine, as m the royal dia-
dem. Besides this, the prin.ee of Wales has another dis-
tinguishing mark of honour, viz. a plume of thn e ostrich
feathers, with an ancient coronet of a prince ef Wales, with
this motto, Ich dim, i. e. I serve. This device was at first
taken by Edward, prince of Wales, cemmmily called the
Black Prince, after the battle ofCressy, where having killed
John, king of Bohemia, he took from his head such a plume,
and put it on his own. That of the younger sons and bro-
thers of the king, consists likewise of a circle of gold, bor-
dered with ermine, and heightened with four crosses and
fleurs-de-lis alternately, but without any arch, or being
surmounted with a globe and cross on the top. That of
the other princes of tlie blood, consists alternately of crosses
and leaves, like tiiosc in the coronets of dukes, &c. Those
of the princesses have the addition of straTv berry-leaves.
The coronet of a duke is acircle of gold, bordered with er-
mine, and enriched w ith pearls and pjccious stones, and
set round with eight lar:<e leaves of paisley, or strawberry.
Thatota mar<iuiss is set round with four straw berry-leaves,
and as many pearls, on pyrami<lal points of etjuai height,
alternately. An earl's has eight pyramidal points, with as
many large pearls on the tops of them, placed alternately
with as niaiiy stiawberry leaves, hiwer than the pearls. The
viscount has only pearls, w itiiuut any limited number, placed
on the circle itself all around. A baron lias only six pearls,
set at equal distance, on the golden border of enniue ; not
raised to distinguish him from the earl, and limited to shew
that he is inferior to the viscount. Figuratively, a garland
of tlowers, Ac. worn on the head as a nrark of mirth or
merit; a reward for some meritorious deed: royalty; a
monarchy ; the top if any thing, but of the head particu-
larly ; that part of a hat or cap which covers the head ; a
pieceof nioiiey, \alued at fiveshdiingsin England ; honoyr ;
ornament ; cmiipletion, or accompli.iiment. For the
Naval, Mitral, Impn-ial, Eii/r/isli, French, Spanish, and Tiirliish
crowns, with that ot the Prmrtfl/lVrt/cSiSce the annexed plate.
To CROWN, r.a. to place a crown on a person's head;
to surround the head as with acrov^n. Figiirativiely, to
iliguify or adorn ; to perfect ; to complete; to finish.
CROWN I'D, part, in botanv, applied to the seeds, that
to which the cup of the flower adheres, as in teasel ; a seed
furnished with a feather, as in dandelion.
CRO'WN CjLASS, s. the finest sort of window glass.
CROWN-IMPERIAL, s. a plant placed by Linneus in
the fiist secti<ui o Ins sixth class.
CRO'WN OFFICE, s. a court or otlice under tile king's-
bench, socalled because the crown is immediately concern-
ed in what is transacted tlieiein.
CRO'WNPt^.*^ r, s. in building, a post whi«h in some
buildings siand upright in the midille hetwern two rafters-
In archittctMre, the upi e'luost lueniber of the cornice,
called alSi> corona and larmier.
CRO'WNS ,\B, s. a sfiiking fihhv scab, that breeds
round about the corners of a horse's hoof, and is a cancer-
ous and i-Kiinful sore.
CRO'WN THISTLE, s. a species of thistle found on h-illy
pastures, \' i'li purple or wintc flowers.
CROWNWHEEL, *. the upper wheel of a watch ne.\t
to, and driven bv, the balance.
227-
CfiU
CRV
CRO■V^■^>-^VORKS, s. in fortification, an out-work run-
nir.i; into lie field, in order to gain some hill, ami cover the
other works of a place, &c.
CKO'YDON, a town in Surrj-, the manor of which has
belonj^ed, ewr since the conquest, to the archbishops of
Cauterl)iir\ , who had a venerable place here, since the year
1378, alienated and sold by authority of parliament, in 1780 ;
and now, or lately, employed for a cotton manufacture. A
new one also is to be built, in a more heallln situation, at
Park Hill Farm, about half a mile from Croydon. It is si-
tuated near the source of the Wandel, 9 miles S. o'London.
Market on Saturday, chiefly for corn, oats, and oatmeal. Its
second fair, Sept. 21, is much frequented by young persons
of both sexes from London, for walnuts.
CROYLSTONE, s. in natural history, crystallized caulk,
in w inch tiie crystals are small.
CRU'CI.^L, Ihriishial) n. [from crvx, a cross, Lat.J in form
of across. Crucial incision, m anatomy, an incision or cut
in any fleshy part, in form of a cross.
CRU'CIBLE, «. [c)-HCiiK/«m, lowLat.la little vessel made
either of earlh or iron, without a handle, used by refiners,
chemists, and others, to melt metals, Ac. in. It derives its
name from its being formerly marked with a cross.
CRIJCI'FEROUS, a. [from crux, a cross and fero, to bear
or carrv, .Lat.] bearing the cross.
CRU'CIFIX.s. [from c*».r, a cross, aw\ f.3;o, to fasten,
Lat.] a cross whereon the crucifixion of Christ is repre-
sented.
CRUCIFIXION, J. [from cr«.T, a cross, and^fg-o, to fasten,
Lat.] the act of nailing to a cross.
To CRU CIFY, 1'. «. [from crux, a cross, and_/fo-o,lo fasten,
Lat.] to fasten a person by nailing his luuids and feet on a
cross.
CRUD, s. See ClRD,
CRUDE, 1. [criidns, Lat.] raw, applied, to flesh not dress-
ed; unchanged or unaltered by any processor preparation.
Figuratively, unfinished ; immature ; not brought to perfec-
tion; not reduced to order, or properly examined or modi-
fied by the mind ; imperfect, unpolisheil, inadequate, and
unrefined, applied to ideas.
CRUDELY, «d. without any preparation ; without ex-
amin;!tion or consideration ; gross, applied to ideas.
CllU'DENESS, s. unripeness; imperfection; indiges-
tion.
CRU'DITY, s. rawness ; indigestion ; or a thing in its
indigested state; the slate of a disease, wherein the morbi-
fic matter is not yet come to a head, but increases the
disorder.
CRUEL, a. [crud^lis, Lat.J void of compassion, mercy, or
pity, and d^ligfIting in the miseries, and increasing the suf
leriiigs of otiiers. Figiirativeiv, implacable, inveterate, and
causing the greatest degree of torture.
CRU'ELLY, fid. in an inhuman, barbarous, and savage
manner, wherein the sufierings and tortures of others are
beheld with delight, and increasecl with joy.
CIUJ'ELTY, *. a savage disposition delighting in the
misfortunes and sufferings of another, and in increasing
them.
CRU'ENTATE, a. [cruentatus, fromcnior, blond, Lat.]
smeared with blood.
CRUET, s. [hniic-/<e. Belg.] a phial for vinegar or oil.
CRUISE, s. [kruicke, Belg.] a small cup.
CRUISE, (krnze) s. \croiae, Fr. a cross, the original criiis-
trs bearing the cross] a voyage made by a slop up and down
a coa.st, in order to guard it from any attack, or to intercept
siiih of the enemy's ships as are near it.
To CRUISE, (hruze) v. n. to rove about at sea, in search of
au enemy's vessel; to sail to aim 'ro, without any <'crt;iin
course or de<itiiiation.
CRU ISEU, (liruzn-) $. a vessel that sgils to and fro, in
<]iipst of an eufiuv's ship.
CRim, or CRUMB, i. [er«m», Sax.] the soft part of
bread. Fifurafively, a small particle, or bit.
To CRUMBLE, v. a. ifiom the noun] to break into
•J2a
small particles or pieces Nenterly, to tAl into smali
pieces.
CRU'MENAL, s. [erumena, Lat.] a purse.
CRU'iMMY, «. resembling the crumb of bread; soft.
Figuratively, plump, or fleshy.
CRUP.SP, «. [crump, Sax.] crooked or deformed.
To CRUMPLE, )'. a. [rompclen, Delg.] to contract ; to
draw into wrinkles; to squeeze together iu order to disco-
ver the wrinkles.
CRU'MPLING, -t. a small degenerate apple.
To CRUNK, orCRU'NKLE,».jf. to cry like a crane.
CRUPPER, s. [from croupe, Fr.] that part or a !?orse-
furniture which reaches from the saddle to the taiL
CRU'RAL, a. [crtiralis, from errs, the leg, Lat.] belonging
fo, or situated in tlie leg.
CRUSA'DE, or CRUSAT)0, s. See Croisade.
CRUSE, s. See Cruise.
CRU'SET, s.a goldsmith's melting pot.
To CRUSH, f. a. [ecraser, Fr.] to break to pieces, or to
make thc'tw* opposite sides of a vessel meet by external
violence; to overwhelm; tobeatdo«n; to depress; sub-
due ; or destroy by force.
CRUSH, s. collision ; destruction.
CRUST, i.[fiom cnista,a hard piece of any thing. La*,
the hard external surt'ice or coat of a thing ; a collection of
matter grown hard ; the case which contains the fruit or
meat of a pie or pudding ; the outer hard part of bread ; a
waste piece of bread.
To CRUST, t'. a. to cover with a hard case; to fowl
with s jil, or dirt. Neuterly, to have its external siir-
fiice hardened.
CRUST A'CEOUS, (h-ustdsfiiona) [from crusta, a hard
piece of anv thing, Lat.] covered with shell, applied to
fish.
CRUSTILY, arf. ina morose, surly, or peevish manner.
CRUSTINESS, s. the hardness of the outside of bread.
Figuratively, peevishness, aioroseness.
CRUSTY, a. covered with a hard surface or coat. Figu-
rativelv, not easily prevailed on; morose; peevish.
CRUTCH, s. (criirhe, Teut-l a support, composed of a
round piece of wood, in which along staff is fixed, placed
under the arm pits, and used by cripples or lame persons to
walk with.
To CRUTCH, r. a. to support as with crutches.
CRUXHA'VEN. SeeCuxHAVEN.
To CRY, V. n. [crin; Fr.] to speak with vehemence and
loudness ; to speak to with great importunity and sorrow:
to proclaim, to publish ; to exclaim ; to speak with a mourn-
ful lone of voice, attended with tears; to make a noise or
sipr.dling like an inibnl ; to weep or shed tears. In luint-
ing, to yelp, api)lied to the noise made by a hound in full
scent. " 7'u cri/ out, to scream, or make a shriek when in dan-
ger; to complain loudly ; to blame or censure ; to be in la-
bour. Actively, to i)i-oclaim any thing that is lost, or to
lie sold. To cry ihnrn, to depreciate or under value ; to
blame, or detract from; to forhid ; to overbear. Toert/np,
to praise, or increase the value of a thing by applause.
CRY, s. [en, Fr.] lamentation; a mournful shriek or
cream; clamour or outcry ; an exclamation of triumph and
wonder; a pi<i< lamation" ; the hawkers' proclamation of
waits to he sold in the streets, as, "the erics of London;"
acclaiiiatiou ; popular fUvour ; imporfunale call; tlte me-
thod of utteiauce made use of by diftereiit animals to ex-
press their wants, Arc. lii hunting, llie yelping of dogs.
Figuratively, a pack of hounds; a confused inarticulate
noise. SynoN. Children commonly on/ ; grown persons
generally vcfp. Tis not the noise we make that dmotes a
greater or less measure of grief ; for the suret weeper may
be more di>tresseil than one who erics aloud.
CJJY'.M., «. tit? heron.
CRY'ER, s. [See (,'riir] a kind of hawk, called the fal-
c<n g<-ntle, an ciiemv to pigeons.
(RYPtlC, orCRY'PTICAL. a. ffrom *ryp/o to hide,
Gr.]dark ; abstruse ; secret ; occult ; hidden ; Hi.t made public.
CUB
C VI
CRVPTO'ORAPHY, s. [MmItr!/i>to, i»\,i<\e,zm\ gi-apf,o,
to Vi'ritf , F^ul.] the art of writii)!? in secret cliaracfers.
CRYP'J'OLOf JY, s. ftrom krypto, to hide, and logos, a
vord, <;r.] cniifiiiiitifal l'.ii)j,'iiaKe.
CRY'STAL, t. [cn/sin/lns, C>\.] ill natural history, a hard,
tratispareiiT, coloiirliss stono, loiiiposod of sinipli' platos,
giving file wilii sti-fljiiot foruKnitinp; with Hcid meiistnia,
calcining in a stroni; lir«", of a refjuUir anf;iiliir ti;iirc, sup-
posed hv ••otjic lo he forn\ed ofdew Cdaj^nlatcd l)y nitre.
ijii/sial n/iiss is tliat which i^ rarried to a deforce of perfccticrn
bevond the totninon j^lass, was ori6,inally niaiiiifn<tiired at
Venice only, Imt inlrodnced into this kiriijdoin by Mr.
Bowles, who lironght it to so ii;uch pe|-frctiou, that it not
only rivals, but even surpasses that of Venice. In chemistry,
applied to express sails, or otiicr matters, shot or concealed
ii> the manner ©fa crystal.
CRY'STAI^, «. consislingor made of crystal. Figurative-
ly, briijht, char, transparent.
CRYSTALLINE, a. [n-i/stnl/inm, Lat.] consisting of
crystal. Fifjuratively, l)n;,'ht, clear, transpaieMt. Crustal-
line /iKinoin; in anatomy, the second hunuuu of the eye, lying
iniinpdiatelv next the afpieons, bevond the uvea.
CRYSTALLIZATION, *. in chemistry, an operation of
nature, in which various earths, salts, and metallic s ibstances
pass from a fluid to a solid state, assuniitig certain determi-
nate geometrical fij^ines.
To CRYSTALLIZE, r. a. to form into a mass resembling
tliut of crystals. Neutcrly, to coagulate, or shoot into
angular shapes, resembling a crystal.
CUB, s. [etymology uuceitainj the young of a bear or
fox ; sometimes applied lo that of a whale. Figuratively,
the oUspring of a human creature, by way of reproach.
To CUB, I', a. to bring forth, applied to a fox or bear.
CUBA, a West India island, near the entrance of the
liulf of Mexico, about 700 miles in length, and TO in its
mean breadth, subject to the Spaniards. Round the coast
are many convenient harbours; and seveial sorts of mines
among the mountains. Here are large forests aboiniding
with game, and extensive pastures, which feed large flocks
and herds of horned cattle, sheep, and hogs, originally
brought from Europe, and which now run wild. Tiie hills
run through the island from E. to W. and fiom tlu^efall
many rivulets, which run to tlie N. and S. The land is ge-
nerally level near the co:!st. The produce is lliat of sugar-
canes, ginger, long pepper, cassia, wild ciiiiianion, excellent
tobacco, called by the Spaniards cigarios, aloes, mastic,
cassia fistula, manioc, maize, cocoa, and some cofi'ee. Here
are cedar trees so large, that canoes made of them will hold
no men ; also oaks, firs, palms, cotton trees, ebony, and ma-
hogany. Havannah is the cai)ilal, where the galleons ren-
dezvojis that return aniuiallv lo Siiaiii.
CUBATION, s. [from cubo, to lay down, Lat.J the act of
laying down.
CLl'B.ATORY, a. [from ailw, to lay down, Lat.] recum-
bent.
CU'BATURE, s. the finding the solid contents of a body.
CUBE, s.[f<nlins, Gr.] in geometry, a solid body, consist
ing of six equal s<juare sides. In aritlinietic, a nuniberaris-
iiigtoni the nnilliplication ofa square nnniber by its root.
CU'REB, s. a small dried fnrt resembling pepper, but
somewhat longer, and ofa grayish brown colour on the
smfacc.
CU'i.iIC, or CU'BICAL, a. belonging to, or having the
properties ofa cube.
CL^'BIC ALNESS, s. the state or qualitv of being cubical.
CU'RirORM, a. in the shape or form ofa cube.
CU'BIT, s. \ci(bitiis, Lat.] a measure in use among the
ancients, which was the distance from the elbow bending
nnvard to the extren)ity of the middle tinger, fixed bv some
to 1 foot 9,888 inches English measure ; by others to 1,824
foot; the leason t>f this variety is, that in Scripture there
were two kinds of cubits, one measuring according to the
first eiHutnitation, and the other according to the latter.
CU'IJITAL, I. containing the length ormeasure ofa cubit.
CU'CKFIFLD' a town of Sussex, with a market ou Fri-
day. It is 40 mdcsS. by W. of London.
CU'CKlNCiSTOUL, s. a chair in which wouicn ate
plunged into ihe water, as a punishment for scolding
CU'CKOLD, s. [com, Fr.j one married to a wonran tbaf
violates the marriag'- bed.
To CUCKOLD, 1'. a. to lie with another man's wife ; to
lie with another man, though i*arried.
CL!'CKOr-DLY, ml. after the manner of a cuckold. Fi-
guratively, mean or base.
CUCKOLD-MAKER, s. one who makes a practice of
«orrupling wives.
CU'CKOLDOJVI, s. the act of lying witU another man's
wife ; the state or conrlitiiui ofa cnckoltl.
CUCKOO, or CU'CKOW, >. [cuuw, Brit.] in Natural
History, a bird which appears in the spring, said to suck the
eggs of other birds, and lay her own lo be halched in their
stead ; hence it v,as usual to give the iiiisband a sign of'the
approach of an adulterer by crying o/t/oo, and in process of
time it was usual to call the person whose bed w;;i5 deliled
a cmhold. This bird is remarkable for the uniformity of its
note, and itsname seems in most languages, t6 be derived
fiom it. Figuratively, used as a word of reproacli or con-
tempt.
CUCKOO-FLOWER, *. a species of the cardamine of
LnmaMis.
CUCKOO-SPITTLE, s. the frothy substance or dew
found about the joints of lavender, rosemary, &c.
CU'CULLATE, or CUCULLATED, a'. [cucuUatus, from
eueiiUiit, a hood, Lat.] hooded ; covered as with a hood or
cowl ; having the resemblance or shape of a hood.
CUCUMBER, (vulgarly pron. cvucumber,) s. [cucKmit,
Lat.] a well known plant and fruit. Besides the use ofcii-
tumbers as a food, their seed is one of the four greater cold
seeds of the shops, and is almost an universal ingredient in
emulsions, and of great service in fevers and nephritic
coniplaiilts.
CUCURBITA'CEOUS, {hihirhitasMous) a. [from eucurbiUt,
Lat.] in bolany, applied to those plants which resemble a
gourd ; such as tiie ])ompionand melon.
CU'CURBITE, s. a cliymical vessel or glass made in the
shape ofa gourd, and commonly called a body.
CUD, s. [Sax.] the inside of the throat ; the food kept
by a cow in the first stomach, which it chews a second
time.
CUDDEN, or CU'DDY, «. a clown ; a stupid rustic fel-
low. A bad word.
To CUDDLE, s. n. [a low word] to lie close ; to squat.
CU'DGEL, s.[kmlse, Belg.]a stick made use of to strike
with, lighter, than a club, and siiorler tlian a pole.
To CU'DOEL, V. a. to beat with a stick.
CU DLl'., s. a small sea-fish.
CU'UWEED, s. a plant, called also chafeweed, found in
barren pastures and road sides, wilh brownish flowers. It
is esteemed good in dysenteries.
CU'D\\01.vT, s. in botany, a plant, called also sea cud-
weed ; a species of athanasia.
CUR,«. [qneiie, Fr.]the tail or end of any thing; the last
words ofa speech, which a player looks upon as a sign for
him U> begin to speak. A hint. The part which a person
is to i>lav in his turn.
C( ETtPO, s. [Span.] without the upper coat or cloak.
CUFF, s. [from z>iffa, Ital.] a box given on the ear, or the
head, with the fist. To strike with tie talons or wings,
applied to birds.
To CUFF, V. n. to tight; to scuflle. Actively, to strike
with tlie fist, or talons.
CUrr, *. [coeft'e, Fr. | that part of the sleeve which is
turned back again tiom the wrist towards the sliritilder.
CUI'NAGE, 4. the making up twine in peculiar form for
carriage.
CUIRASS, (heurnsse) s. \c>v^asse, Fr.] a part of defensive
arniou , made of iron well hummered, co\eriiig the body
from the neck to the girdle.
CUIRA'SSIER, (keurasseer) s. a soldier dressed in his ar-
mour, or cuirass.
CUISH, s. [cuisse, Fr.] the armour which covers the
thighs.
CU'LDEES, tAcolidei, Lat.] in church history, a sort of
monkish priests, formerly inhabiting Scotland and Ireland.
Being remarkable for the religious exercises of preacliing
and praying, they were called by way of eminence, Cultores
Dei ; from whence is derived the word Culdees.
CU I..ERAGE, *. a plant, the same with arse-smart.
CU'LINARY, a. [from culina, a kitchen, Lat.] belonging
to the kitchen ; or used in cookery.
To CULL, r. a. [ciieillii; Fr.] to pick or choose from a
number.
CULLEN, a parliament town of Scotland, seated on
tlie sea-coast of the county of Banff, 40 miles W. of
Aberdeen.
CULLER, *. one who chooses a thing from a great nianv
others.
CU'LLION, s.[coglitme, Ital.Ja low, mean, or dirty scoun-
«lrel ; a word of great contempt.
CU'LLITON, a town c f Devonshire, 17 miles nearly E.
cf Exeter, and 159 S. W. of London. Market onSa-
turdav.
CULLODEN MUIR, awide heath, 3 miles E. of Inver-
ness, where the duke of Cumberland gained a decisive vic-
tory over the Highland rebels, April 16, 1746.
CU'LLUMBINE, s. < r more properly Columbine. The
flowers of this plant are beautifully variegated with lihie,
purple, red, and white.
CU'LLY, s. \ci)gUone, Ital.J a man deccMred or seduced
by sharpers or prostitutes.
To CU'LLY, V. a. to make a fool of a person ; to deceive
or impo»e upon.
CULMITEROUS, «. [from cidmus, a stalk, and fero, to
bear, Lat.] in botany, applied to such plants as have a
smooth. jointed stalk, usually hollow; are wrapped about at
each joint with single, narrow, sharp-pointed leaves, and
ftave their seed contained in chaffy husks ; such as w heat,
barley, &c.
To" CU'LMINATE, v. n. [from cdmen, the top, Lat.] in
astronomy, to be at its greatest altitude ; to be vertical, or
in Its meridian.
CULMINATION, s. astronomy, the transit or passage
of a star over the meridian, or that point of its orbit wliercin
it is at its greatest altitude.
CULP.ABILITY, s. the quality which subjects a tiling
to I Jame, or renders it an object of blame.
CLl LPABLE, a. [ciilpabilis, from oJpa, a fault, Lat.] wor-
thy of, or deserving blame, including the idea of»ome voluu-
tarv; fault of a slight kind.
CU'LPABLENESS, s. the quality wich renders a person
aa object of blame.
CULPABLY, ad. in such a manner as to deserve blume ;
criminally.
CU'LPRIT, 3. a word used by a judge on the trial of a
person, who, when the person arraigned pleads not guilty,
answers, " Culprit, God send thee a good deliverance." In
law, a malefactor, or criminal.
CULRO'SS, a parliament town of Scotland, seated on the
river Forth, in the county of Monteith, 33 miles N. W. of
E<linburgh,
CL' LTER, or CO'ULTER, .?. | from cnh, to cnltivat-^,
Lat.] the iron of a plough, uhich cuts the ground perpendi-
cular before the pmughshare.
To CULTIVATE, v. a. [ndtiier, Fr.] to heighten the
fruitfulness of the earth liv manuring it, or by other mclhod.'s
of liiisbandry. Figuratively, to improve the und( rstanding
by education and studv.
CULTIVATION, s. the act of improving soils by hus-
bandry. Figuratively, the improvement of the under-
tttaiiding by education aud study ; impioveinent in any
icieiK-e.
CULTIVA'TOR, #. one wh« improves, promotes, or eii-
CUN
aeavmirs to forward any vegetable product, or any thing
else capable of improvement.
CULTURE, *. [tVoin cci), to cultivate Lat.i the act of
cultivatHig or tilling the ground. Fi^urativwly, the improve-
ment of the mind b\ education and study, improvement in
any branch of learning.
To CULTl !!£,». ji. to cultivate ; to manure, till, or im-
prove soil by labour, and other methods of husbandry.
CU^LVER, .s. [cidfre. Sax.] a pigeon. Ah old v.ord.
CU'LVERIN, s. [couluuv7-i»e, Fr.] a slender ^'iece of ord-
nance, or artillery, from 5 one-half to 5 inches bore, from
13 to 12 feet long, and carrying a shot from 5 one-fourth to
3 three-fourths inches diameter.
CU LVERKEY, s. a flower.
To CU'MBER, V. a. [kjmberen, Belg.] t(» hinder a person
from acting by its weight ; to put a person to diflicultv in
managing a thing, by its weight or length. Figuratively,
to load with something useless ; t« «iisturb, distress, or in-
volve in difficulties ; to distract or perplex with variety of
employments.
CU'MBER, s. [homber, Belg.] hinderanee ; iinmanageable-
ness caused by bulk.
CUMBERLAND, a maritime county of England, bound-
ed r)ii the W. by the Irish Sea and Solway Frith ; on the N.
bv Scotland ; on the E. by Northumberland, Durham, a:id
Westmoreland ; and on the S. W. and S. by the sea .ipd Lan-
cashire. It is 58 miles in length from S. W. to N. K. and
its greatest breadth, from E. to W. is about 45 miles. It
contains 1 city, 15 market towns, and 58 parishes. The air
is cool : the mountains are large and lofty, feeding numerous
flocks of sheep; and the valleys and plains are well tulti
vated. From the coal-pits on the coast, Ireland is princi-
pally supplied with fuel ; this trade constantly requiring a
great number of ships and mariners. The property here,
both in lands and shipping, is more equally divided than in
most other counties. Besides the coal mines, there are
others of lead, copper, blue slates for covering the roofs of
houses, lapis calaminaris, and of black lead, a mineral almost
peculiar to this county, and produced herein quantities suf-
ficient to supply all Europe. This county ari'l the adjoining;
one of Westmoreland, are celebrated for their lakes, and the
beautiful romantic scenerv, which thei' banks, and the ad-
jacent country exhibit. They have often alTorded subjects
for the pen and pencil, and a visit to the lakes has of late
become a ftishionable lour. See Borrodale, Butter-
MERE, Ac.
CUMBERSOME, a. occasioning great trouble and vex-
ation. Figuratively, burthensouie ; occasioning perplexity ;
unwieldy, or not easily managed, on account of its length
or weight.
CU'.MBERSOMELY, nil. in a troublesome manner; in
a manner that produce* hinderanee and vexation.
CU'MBFRSOMENESS, s. encumbianee; hinderanee;
obstruction.
CU'MRRANCE, s. burden; hinderanee; impedirarnt.
Cli'MBROUS, «. troublesome, vexatious; causing un-
easiness.
CU'MFREY, s. a medicinal plant.
CU'MIN, .i.[ciiiiiiiiiim,l/M.] a plant.
To CI 'M ULATE, v. a. [naiuila, from cumulus, a heap, Lat.]
to lav one thing up<ui another ; to lu ap togelli.r.
CUNCTA'llON, s. [rmictntio, from cunctor, to delay,
I^at.] the act of deferring till- lioing of a tiling to another
lime, which ought to be ilone iiiiuii diatclv.
ToCUND, V. n. [from linnih-n, Belg.] to give notice.
Obsolete. See CoNUKR, or Bai.K EH.
CU'Nr>AI„n. (from f»iu»,s, a wedge, Lat.] relating to, or
bavin!; the sliape of, a wedge.
CUNEATED,;w;<. [from luncus, a wedge, Lat.] made in
the form of a wiMlge.
CUNEIFORM, ir. [from runcus, a wci'ge, and fvima, a
form, Lat.] lia\iiig the form of a «edi;r. In anatiunv, ap-
plied to till' (onvth, liflli, and .4xth bones of the fool, from
their wedge-like shape, being large above and narrow bcIo\»'.
;l'R
CUR
CXJ'NN'Kd, ,». a kind offish less than an oyster, whicli
sticks clnsc to the rocus.
CU'NNING, a [from cnnuan. Sax.] learncc], knouiii;;,
or of an cxteiisivp knn.vlcclKc. IVrforiiied with art or skill ;
curious. Figuratively, siv ; flosi^'riins; crafty; ovcr-rcach-
ms anothfr bv superior wit and understanding.
CLJ'NNINf^j, s- [cnniiin^e, Sax.] artiiice; deceit; supe-
rior talents employed in deceiving others; art; skill;
kuowled^e.
CU'NNIXGHAM, ashire of Scotland, lying on the river
Clyde, opiKisite to the isle of Bute.
Cl/'NNINOLY, ml. in a sly, crafty manner.
CU'NNINGM AN, f. a man who pretends to tell fortunes,
or teach how to recover stolen goods.
CUTS'NINGNESS,.?. craftiness; slyness.
CUP, s. \cup. Sax.] a small vessel, with a foot, to drink
in. Figuratively, the liquor contained in a cup. In the
plural, a merry hout or cntcrtaiiunent of drinknig. Any
tiling hollow like a cup, as the husk of an acorn, the bell of
a flower. In botany, a kind of empalement contiguous to
the other parts of the flower, including either one flower,
as in the primrose ; or several florets, as in the daisy.
To CUP, V. n. to supply with liguor. A sense now ob-
solete. To bleed a person after having fixed a cupping-glass
to the part.
CUPAR, the county town of Fifeshire, beautifully situ-
ated on the Kden. Here the Thaucs nfFif'e held their courts
from the earliest times. Also, a town ot Angus.
CU'PBEARER, s. an ofhcer of the king's household ; an
attendant to give wine ata feast.
CU'PBOARD, >«. [cup and bonl, Sax.] a case or recep-
tacle ; a place fitted with shelves and a door, in which vic-
tuals or earthenware are placed, distinguished from a closet,
which is considerably longer.
To CUtBOARP," V. a. to put into a cupboard. Figu-
ratively, to board.
CUPEL, *. in metallurgy, a vessel made of calcined bones,
mixed with a small proportion of clay and water. It is
used whenever gold and silver are refined by melting them
with lead. The process is called cupellatioii.
CUPIDITY, a. \ciipi(Utrs, from cupio, to desire, Lat.] con-
cupicence ; unlawful or unreasonaBle longing.
CITPOLA,*. [Ital.] in architecture, a spherical vault, or
the round of the top of the dome of a church, which resem-
bles a cup inverted ; called by some a Janthorn.
CUTPER, i. one who applies a cupping-glass, aiul sca-
rifies a person.
CU PPING, s. in surgery, the applying a cupping-glass
for the discharge of blood, and other humours, by the
skin.
CU'PPING GLASS, s. a glass vessel, which having its
air rarefied, gives, room for that contained vn the part to
which it is apftlied to expand itself, and bring with it such
humours as it is involved in, which are afterwards discharg-
ed by a scarifier, or instrument fitted with the points of se-
veral lancets, which by means of a spring enter the skin at
the same time.
CUPREOUS, a. \cupreus, from aes Ci/prum, Cyprian brass,
i.e. copper, Lat.] coppery, or consiisti'ng of copper.
CUR, s. [harre, Belg.] a degenerrate, worthless dog. Fi-
gurativcly, us.ed as a term of reproach for a man.
CURABLE, n. [from euro, to take care of, to heal, Lat.]
that mav he healed.
CUTIARLRNESS, s. the possibility of being healed.
CURA'COA, (Cnyacmt) a West India island, subject to
the Dutch, 25 miles long and ^•i broad. The principal town
is of the same name, and has a good harbour. The princi-
pal articles of commerce are sugar, skins, and salt, and the
inhabit-ants have long carried on a smuggling trade with the
Spaniards. The island is barren, and depeiulant on the rains
for water ; yet the Dutch have built on the southern coast,
one of the largest, and bv far the most elegant and cleanly
town, called St. P.a/bara, in the West Indies. The harbour
M naturally one of the worst in America ; yet the Dvrtch
have entirely remedied that defect. L«t. 12. G. N. Ion. fib.
20. \V.
CU'RA(!Y, s. the emp|. anient of a f5'l<'rg\ man, who doej
till' duly of the person who Iws the benefice, for. a certain
salary.
CU'RATE, .». [from crem, to take care of, to heal, Lat.]
a clergyman who perforins the duties of another ; a parish
priest.
CU'RATIVE, a. relatinjj to the cure of a disease ; reco-
vering, or able to recover from a disorder.
CU'RATOR, s. [Lat.l one who has the cure and supcr-
intendance of a thing, place, or person.
CURB, s. [from coiirher, Vr.] in farriery, an iron chain
fastened to the upper part of the branches of a bridle, in a
hole called the eye, and runninjrover the heard of a horse,
used to manage a hard-mouthed horse. Figuratively, a re-
straint put on the inclinations of a person. It is also a large
swellinj; that runs along tlu' inside of a horse's hoof, in the
great sinews behind, above the top of the horn, wliich makes
him go lame after he has been heated.
To CURB, V. a. to manage or guide a horse by means of
a curb. Figuratively, to check, or restrain the passions or
inclinations. *
CURD, s. [hniyden, Belg.] the thickening or clotting of
any liquor, generally applied to that of milk, which is oc-
casioned by mixing riinnetwith it.
CU'RDI.^TAN, a country of Asia, partly in .Armenia,
and partly in Persia. The inhabitants are a mixture of
Christians, Mahometans, and idolaters ; they offer cocks,
Ac. in sacrifice to the devil, and, like the Arabs, partly live
in towns and villages, and partly rove about with tents, siib-
sisl'ing chiefly by plunder. They are called Curas, and arc
not subject to either the Turks or Persians.
To CURDLE, V. n. to grow into clots ; to grow thick,
like milk mixed with runnet. Actively, to make a thing
grow thick, clot, or coagulate, by mixing some acid
with it.
CURDY, a. coagulated ; clotted.
CURE, s. [from t^irtt, to take care of, to heal, Lat.] a reme-
dy ; the healing of u wound, or recovering from a disease ;
the benefice or emj loyment of a clergyman or curate.
Synon. Cure seems to have no other object than stubborn
disorders, and those which j'roceed from constitution;
whereas remaly hasa view to slight complaints, and such as
are of short duration.
To CURE, V. a. [cum, Lat.] to heal a wound ; to restore
to health; to recover from a disease. In cookery, to pre-
serve from stinking, or corrupting; to salt.
CU'RELES.S, tt. without cure or remedy ; not to be
cured.
CU''PER, s. a healer or physician.
CURFEW, s. [coiwre feu, Fr.] an evening bell, on the
sound of whicli every man was obliged to put out his fire,
and extinguish his candle, in the time of the Conqueror.
Figuratively, any bell which tolls constantly in the night
time ; a cover for a fire, or a fire place.
CURIALITY, «. [from curealis, Lat.'] the privileges, pre-
rogatives, or retinue of a court.
CURIO'SITY, s. a propensity or disposition of the soul,
wliich inclines it to inquire after new objects, aud to dehght
in viewing them ; a nice experiment ; an object of curiosity,
or a ririty.
CU'RIOUS, a. \cmiosus, Lat.l inquisitive, or disposed to
inquire into novelties, w hetlier they respect truths or objects
of sight ; attentive to, or diligent. Accurate, or careful to
avoid an impropriety or mistake. Exact ; nice ; artful ;
elegant; neat; rigid; severe.
CU'RIOUSLY, ad. in an inquisitive, exact, accurate, ele-
gant, laboured, or high-finished manner; captiously.
CURL, s. a ringlet of Ikair formed into a ring, or making
many concentric circles. Figuratively, a wave ; undula-
tion ; or M-aving line.
To CURL, V. a. [cyrrnn. Sax.] to make the hair twist
in circles or ringlets ; to writhe or twist round ; to .Irew.
381
CUR
CUR
Mith curls; 1o raise in waves, or in a sinral form. Neuler-
ly, to form itself into ringlets ; to form circular lines ; to
twist itself.
CURLEW, s.[courUeii,fr.^ 1. A water-fowl, with a long
beak, of a gray colour, with red and black spots. 2. A bird
larger than a partridge, with longer legs ; it runs very
swiftly, and frequents the corn-fields in Spain, Sicily, anil
sometimes in France.
CIJRJIU'DGEON, «. [a corrupt pronunciation and spel-
ling of cteur nuchant, Fr. a bad lieart] one who is void of
generosity ; a niggardly or avaricious person ; a miser.
CU'RK-AGH, an extensive common, of tine land, in Kil-
dare, Leinster, about 30 miles from Dublin, celebrated for
horse-races.
CU'RRANT, s. in botany, the tree so called, and thf-
berry of it; likewise a small dried grape ; properly written
terinth.
OU'RRENGY, *. [from eurro, to run, Lat.l circulation ;
passing from hand to hand, and acknowletlgcd as local,
applied to coin or money, whether in metal or paper. Ge-
neral reception; fluency; readiness of utterance ; constant
flow; uninterrupted course; general esteem and repute.
CU'RRENT, a. [from curro, to run, Lat.] passing from
hand to hand; estabiislied or legal, applied to money. Ge-
nerally received ; not contradicted, applied to opinions.
Popular or established by a majority ; fashionable ; passa-
ble, or to be admitted ; what is now passing. In commerce,
account current, is that which is opened by two persons
that have dealings with each other, wherein the dilferent
credits and debts of each are registered on opposite sides,
in order to form a balance between them.
CURRENT, s. in hydrography, a running stream. In
navigation, a progressive motion of tiie water of the sea,
by which a ship may he retarded in her course, or carried
more swiftly, when moving in the same direction as the
current. SynoN. A stream issues from a head, and moves
forward with a continuity of parts. A current is a certain
progressive motion of some fluid body. These words in the
literal sense are applied to water. Thus we say the stream
of a river, the cjirreni of the sea.
CU'RRENTLY, arf. in a constant motion; without op-
position ; without ceasing.
CUTIRENTN ESS, s. circulation; general reception;
easiness of pronunciation.
CU'RRIER, s. [from corium, a hide, Lat.] one who dresses
leather.
CU'RRiSH, ff. like a cur ; snappish; quarrelsome.
To CURRY, II. a. [from corium, a hide, Lat.J to dress lea-
ther witli oil, tallow, Ac. To rub a horse with a sharp
pointed instrument or comb, in order to smooth his hide,
promote circulation, and increase his flesh. Fij^uratively,
to tickle ; to flatter. To carry favour uilh, is to endeavour
to gain the esteem or friendship of another by trivial offices
and small compliances.
CU'RRYCOMR, .<■. au iron instrument set wiih iron teeth
or wires, used to dress a horse.
To CURSE, 1). n. [cursinn, Sax.] to wish a person ill ; to
devote to destruction. Figuratively, to afllict or torment.
CURSE,.?, the action of wishing any treiuoudous evil to
another. The act of devoting to temporal or eternal tor-
ments ; atfliction ; torment or misery.
CU'ilSED, ^"»7. under a curse. Figuratively, hateful;
unholv ; vexatious.
CURSEDLY, ad. miserably; shamefully; a low cant
word.
CU'RSEDiVESS, s. the state of being under a curse.
CU'KSITOR, s. [Lat.J an DlBcer, or clerk belonging to
ciiaucerv, who makes out original writs. There ar^- 24,
having e;kh parlicidar shires allotted them, for which they
mak<' such original writs as are recpiired, and are called
clerks of course in the oath of the clerks of tiiancery.
CUIISORILY, o(/. .a a hasty maimer; without care or
attention.
CU'RSORLNESS, «. haste ; slightness of attention.
332
CURSORY, a. [eiirsoruis, from ciirro, to run, Lit.] Iiasty ,
quick; careless; Iranscient.
CURST, a. [korsel, Belg.] forward , snarlmg ; peevisli ;
deligbtin" in mischief.
CURS FN ESS, i. peevistmess ; frowardness : malignity.
CURT, a. [cm-tus, Lat.l short.
To CURTAIL, V. a. [cnrto, from curtus, short, Lat.J to
cut off; to shorten by cutting. Figuratively, to retrench,
applied to expenses.
CUHTAIL DO(i, s. a dog wnose tail is cut off, and is
thence rendered unfit for coursing ; perhaps the original,
from whence cur is formed by eontraction.
CURTAIL-DOUBLE,*, a musical wind instrument like
the bassoon, which pla\s the bass to the hautboy.
- CU RTAIN, s. [cortimi, Lat.] a cloth hung before a
window, and running on a string or iron red, by which
means it is spread or contracted, Uiade use of to exclude
the light, air, or to hide any thing. In fortification, that
part of a wall or rampart which lies between two bastions.
Curtain lecture, is a reproof given by a wife to her huabaud iu
bed.
To CU'RTAIN, I', a. to furnish or hang with curtains.
CURTATE DISTANCE, *. in astronomy, the distanee
of the sun's place, and that of the moon or a tilanet, reduc-
ed to tlie ecliptic.
CURTA'TIOTS, «. [from cmto, to curtad, Lat.] in astrono-
my, a little part *ut on from the line of a planet's internal or
distance froiikthe suu
CU'RTELASSE, CU'RTELAX, .s. See Cutlass.
CURTSY,*.. See Courtesy.
CU'RVATED, o. [curvatus, from cunus, crooked, Lat.]
bent.
CURVA'TION, «. [from rnrco, to bend, Lat.] tne act of
bending or crooking.
CU'RVATURE, 4. crookedness; inflection.; manner of
bendinj'.
CURVE, a. {ciirvus, Lat.] crooked, bent, formed or
forced from a perpendicular or straight surfaec to an an-
gular one.
CURVE, s. any thing bent; a bending. In geometry, a
line whose points are placed and extended litlerent ways,
running on continually in all directions, and may be cutty
a right line in more points than one.
'lo CURVE, V. a. [curio, from curvus, erooked> Lat.] to
bend ; to crook ; to bend back, or fold.
To CURVET, V. a. [ceri-ittare, Ital.J to bound or leap; to
frisk ; to grow wanton, or licentious.
CURVET, s. in llie menage, a Itap or bound. Figura-
tively, a frolic or prank.
CURVILINE'AR, a. [from cun-us, crooked, and litica, a
line, Lat ] consisting of, or composed of, one or more
crooked lines.
CU'RVITY, s. [cunitas, from curvus, crooked, Lat.]
crookedness.
CU'SCO, a large city of Peru, formerly the residence of
the IncRS. It is nuilt in a squ;;reform, and in its centre is
th<^ best market in all Spanish America. Four large streets,
pcifectly straight, meet in the scpiare, and strcam^ of water
rin through the town. The number of the inhabitants is
ab</ut ."jOjOOO, of which three fourths are of the original
Americans. It is -290 miles S. E. of Lima. Lat. 13. &. S.
hm. 71. (I. W.
CU'SHION, s. [hussni, Belg.] a case of silk, velvet, or
worsted, stufled wilh wool, fealiiers, or horse hair, placed
on the seat of a chair, to render the nittiiig easy.
CU'SIlIOiNED, 0. supported by cushions; seated on a
cushion.
CUSP, s. fciispis, the point of a l-.mce, Lat.] in astronomy,
the horns of Ihe moon or anv other pl.u)el.
CUSI'ATED, or CUSPIDATi:i), n. [from euspis, tha
point of a lance, Lat.] iu botany, iipi«lii'il lo the leaves or
petals of a flower, which end in a point, called spear-shaped
by Miller.
CU'ST.'^RD, 3. [custard, Brit.] a Kind of pastry made witli
CUT
CYN
rr.itk, esRS. and sugar, wliiili arp tliickcncd into a mass,
eitlier bv l)akin^lii hii oven, or Koilins ovrra l\\c.
CUSTODY, s. [ciistodia, from ciislns, a kcopcr, I-at.] con-
fiiicmeut ill prison ; rrstraiiit of'libci Iv. riymativcly, the
charije or kfepins? of a person ; iltfence; proservatioii ;
SOfurilv.
CUSTOM, J. \coiiume, Fr.] repealed and habitual prac-
tiie ot'anv action; fashion, or nietlKxl adopted hy the ma-
jority ; anpstahlishfd niaiuii-r; ajjood run of trade ; a tri-
Dute or tax paid to thr ;;overiHn<'ul on s*"*'!'' iniported or
exported. Custum Iwnse is the phiee where those taxes are
paid. Among lawyers, it is a law or rifjht not written,
estal.'lished by long lisa^e, and the consent of our aucestois,
has l»ei'n, and daily is practised. Synon. Fashion intro-
duces itself, aud extends daily. Custom establishes itself,
and gains authority. The first forms a mode ; the second a
osaj^e. F^ach is a kind of law independent on reason, with
res\ieet to Iha! which relates to our outward actions. Cus-
toms relate to the f^eneral practice of the people ; manners^
*a their wav of life ; wnA fnsJiions to their dress.
CU'.STOMABLK, «. that is frequently or commonly
practised.
CU'STOiNIABLENESS, J. frequency, habit; conformity
to custom.
CU'STOMABLY, ad. accordin- to custom.
CU'STO^^ARILY, «rf.comiuonK ; Renerallv.
CUSTOM ARINES.S, *. freq-iency of lepetition, or
practice.
CU'STOM '.RY, a. b?bitual ; usual.
CUSTOM F.D, ». usual ; common; senerally practised.
CU'SrOMER, .s. one who purchases any thinfjofa trades-
man.
Cn'STOS, «. [Lat.] a keeper, or person who has the charge
oif any thing. So, Ciistos Brei-ium is a clerk behtnging to the
common pleas, who has the charge of writs and records of
Nisi prills ; there is also one in the Court of King's Bench,
who tiles such writs as are to be filed, and all warrants of
attorney, and transcribes or makes out records of Is'isipriiis.
Cvsliis Riitulorum, one who has the custody of rolls or records
of the sessions of peace ; he is also a justice of the peace,
and "f tiie quorum in the county where be has his ottice.
Custom St>!ritualium, one who acts as an ecclesiastical .judge
duriu:^ the vacancy of a see. Gustos Temporaliiim, one ap-
pointed by the king to take care of the rents and profits of a
vacant see.
CU STREL, s. a buckler-bearer ; a vessel for holding
wine.
To ('UT, II. a. prefer, and participle passive cut ; [from
couteau, Fr.] to penetrate, or divide with a sharp-edjjed in-
strument; to hew ; to carve; to wound or pierce with anv
uneasy or poiiinant sensation. In gaming, to separate a
pack of cards, bv taking off some of ihem from the others.
To intersect; to cross. Figuratively, to excel, or surpass.
To cut off, to des^frov ; to rescind : to intercept ; to obviate ;
to withhold; to preclude; to interrupt; to abbreviate.
To cut out, to shape ; to form ; to contrive ; to fit ; to de-
bar; to excel. To ait up, to carve, or divide a.joint or fowl
properly.
CUT, part, prepared, or fit for use, alluding to hewn
limber.
CUT, s the action or eflfect of a sharp or edged instru-
ment; a channel made bv art; a small piece, or shred, se-
parated by an edge-tool from a larger substance ; a lot ; a
short way, by which some wiiidini- is cut ofl, or avoided ;
a picture taken from a copperplate, or car\ed wood.
Fashion; furin ; shape.
CUTA'Ni;OliS, a. [from ch«i>, a skin, Lat.] relating to
the skin.
CUTICLE, s. [from cvticula, a little skin, Lat ] the first
and outermost covering of the body, commonly called the
scarf-skin This is that soft skin which rises in a blister
np'Ti any burning, or the application of a blistering-plaster.
It sticks close to the surface of the true >ki!i, to which it is
abotied by the vessels which nouiish it, though thev aie so
H b
small as not to be seen. When the scarf-skin is examined
with a microscope, it appears to be made up of several lavs
of exceeding small scales. Fignrativel; , a thin skin formed
on the surface of any li/pior.
CUTi'CULAK, n. belongingto the cuticle, or skin.
CUTLASS, s. [cuutel/'s, Fr.] a bmad cutting sword.
CUTLER, i. [coiitelier, Fr.] one who makes and sells
knives.
CU T-PURSE, s. one who robs a person of his money by
C4ilt iig his purse; a common practice before the invention
of breeches, when men wore their purses at their girdles; a
tllfcf ; a lyliber.
CU'TTKK, s. a person or instrument which cuts any
thing ; a small nimble-sailing vessel ; the fore-teeth.
CUTTHROAT, *.a murderer. Used adjectivrly, cruel;
inhuman ; ba: barous.
CU'TTING, s. a shred, or piece separated by means of
a knife, or sharp instrument. In surgery, it signifies the
extracting the stone out of the Madder. In the Menace, it
is when the feet ofa horse interfere, or when with ihe shoe
of one foot he beats off the skin from the pastern joint of
another hoof. In painting, it is the layiuy one strung
livelv colour over another, without anv shade or softening.
CUTTLE-FISH, j. [cuttlewisch, Bel(?.] in natural his-
tory, a fish, which when pursued by a fish of prey, rniits
a black liquor, by which it darkens the water and escapes.
CUXHA'VEN, a sea port of Bremen, situated on the
fierman Ocean, between the mouths of the Elbe and the
Weser.
CYCLE, s. [from ki/tlos, a circle, Gr.] in chronology, it is
a certain period or series of years, which regularly proceed
from the first to the last, and then return again to the first,
and circulate perpetually. T/ie cvcle of the sun consists of
28 years ; the metonic, or that iii the moon, is a period of
19 years. The cycle of the Roman iiidiclton, is completed in
15 years.
CY'CLOID, s. [kyklos, a circle, and cidos, form, Gr.l a
geometrical curve, fornied b\ the line v Inch a nail, in tlie
circumference ofa wheel, makes in the air, while the wheel
revolves in a right line.
CYCLO'IDAI/, a. [from ht/hlos, a circle, and eidos, form,
Lat.] relating to a cycloid. The ci/rloJdal space, is that con-
tained between a cvchiid and its substance.
CYCLOPAE'DIA, J. [fiom hyk/os, a circle, and paideia,
education, Lat.] a circle ef knowledge; a course of sciences.
<. Y l)LR, i. See CidfR.
CYX'NET, «. [from eypius, a sv.aii, Lat.] a young swan.
CY'GTsUS, the swan, in astronomy, a constellation in the
northern hemisphere.
CY'LINDER, s. \kylindres, from hylio, to roll, Gr] in geo-
nietrv, a rcMind solid, having its buse circular, equal arid
parellel, in the form ofa •cillin.r-sloiir, used bv gardener-..
CYLI'NDRIC, or CYLINDRICAL, a. partaking of the
nature, or in ihf form of, a cylinder.
CY'MAR, i. [properly written «'m«»] a slight loose co-'
veringor sca'f.
C\'M.ATIUM, s. [Iiymatioti, from ti/mo, a wave, Gr.] in
architectu e, a member «r iiioiilduig of the cornice, ihe
profile of which is waved, or concave at top, and convex at
bottom.
CY'.MBAL, s. [cymbnlum, Lat.] a miisicaj instrument used
bv the ancii»nts, supposed to be mafle of brass, and in the
form ofa kf ttle d' um, though soniew bat less.
CYNA'Xl HROPY, i. [frem hyon, a dog, and anthrepos, a
man, G:.]a species of madness, in « huh persons resemble
a dog; the species of madness contracted by the bite of a
mad (tug.
CYN ARCTO'M ACHY, s. [f m yon, a dog, arltns, a
bear, and vwche, a fight, (ir.] a word << ined by Piille>, !•
denote bear-baiting with i: dog. " In bloody cynarctomachy'
Hitdihrns.
CYNE'GETICS, s. \kyne^etol:ni, ffom hyon, a dog, an(i
ago, to lead, Gr.] the art of hunting; the art ot] training
dogs for huuting.
233
DAI
CVNICorCY'XlCAL.o. ]hm>ikos, from %on, a do?, Gr.]
Sliarlini; ; brtitdl, or partahina; <>f the qnalitips of a rvnic
plii'iisopUrr, who waj rrii:i!rkal>lt' for liis ct)nltiiipt of riches,
and r'lfiiroHS repreluii^iow of viip.
CYNIC, s. [kifhi lios, frim 1.1/1171,3 do!j, Gr ] a philosphfr
who valued bimsrlffoi hiscontfiiifit of every thing, except
uioralitv ; a sect f 'Uni-led l>\ Dioj^eiies.
CVNOSURE, s. [from ki/nn, a dofj, i<nd oura, a tail, Gr. |
in aitroiioiiv , thf na>iief;ivcn hv the Greeks to ursa minor,
or th<- Utile bear: the p(lar star, by whuli sailors steer.
CY'PHEL, s. a provincial term for the cummoD housc-
leck.
CyPHESS TREE, s. [ci/pressus, Lat.J a tall straight
tree, whose fruit is of no use ; its leaves arc bitter, aul the
verv snifll and shade of it are dangerous. Hence the Ro-
maas looked on it as a fatal tree, and made use of it at fu-
netals and in niourBiii ceremonies. Tlie wood of it is al-
ways sff*"") ^"y heavy, of a good smell, and never rots, or
is worm <»atpn.
CyPPr'^, s. [so called fiom the place where it was
made] a thin trans)parent stut^, used for sieves, Ac.
CY'PIIUS, an island in the Mediterranean, between the
coast of Svria and that of Caraniania, subject to the Turks.
The soil is fertile, but subject to long droughts, and there are
nuuie'ous sfirings, but no rivers. The Cypriots are, in fje-
ner;<.l, tall aud well made; many of them live to a ve:\ ad-
vanced age ; their women have tine eves, but in other re-
soects are far from bein:; beautiful; they do not, however,
degenerate from their ancestors, as votaries of that goddess
whose favoi.rite habitation this island was supposed to be.
It abounds with game; and great numbers of ortolans, boiled
and pickled in vinegar, are a' nualK exported. The chief
produce is cotton, silk, and wines; the annual amount of
the former is from 3 to.5on(i bales ; that of the silk is about
2.'<,ii00 ; and the wines aiiiount to near 40,000 gallons. The
olherexports;'.re«ool, nutmegs, turpentine, madder, kcmes,
opit>i), colot|uinteda, salt, umber, gree i earth, and a small
(Quantity of cochineal. Nicosia is the metropolis of the
bland.
CYST, or CY'STIS, s. [k)/stis Gr.] in surgery, a bag con-
tain n;j some morbid matter.
CYSTIC, o. insurger\, contained in a bag.
CYSTOTOMY, .1. [from ki/stis, a vessel, and fmno, to cut,
Gr.] the act of opening enc\ sted tuTiiors, or cutting the bag
in which anv morbid matter is conta'iied.
('7\X\, (zar) s. [Sclav] written more properly fror, the
title of tlie em;ieror of lUissia.
Cf \KrN\, 'zniwin) s. the tifl.? of the empress of Russia.
Cy\'SI.MT, a town and circle of Bohemia. In the
cbiircb of the former is ihe tomb of 7isca, the celebrated
gciier-d of the Hussites. It is 42 miles E. S. E. of
Fra ue.
(I'/E'RNICK, or Cztrnitz, a town of Carniola, in the
circle of Austria. Here is a renia'kable tract of land, 15
miles in lenu'lh, and .t in l)readtli, \^ Inch in summer pro.
di.("s rxcf'Uent grass ;iiid corn, but in wuiter is overflr;wed,
yi( id^ f. Ii,iind 's called the Czirnitzcr Sea. It is 28 miles
S. £. of Luubach.
DTHE forth letter if the alphabet, is a consonant, dif-
' fering but liille in sound from T. Ill thr ) onian,
Savo'i. and our al habet, il is of the ■.auie shaoe, and seems
formed from ih" Di lla of the Cireeks. It is proiiciinied bv
api'lvinirthr lip i>f thi tongue to the tore | an of Ihe i ah'le,
and thru sepa'ating thr in by a gentle t>re:ith'ng, the lins be-
ing o 'en at the same tiiie. The scund of I) in 'be (•"nglisli
is uuTorin, aud is never mute, e\ce|il inthe* o ds W.iliwf-
Juv jinA haiidhrrchief. O, as a numeral, (b-iiotcs ."iOO ; and
with n dash over it thus n, .')<)0o. In AbbreviHtions, it has
various si^iiilii alions ; «hus D. slatids for (iortnr, as M. [>.
ior ilirlrr i,f Tr.fUicint ; D.T. dvctor af t/t»oli)gy ; 1). D. doctor
of Ji-jiuitj/.
To DAB, V. a. \dauber, Fr.l to touch gently with some°
thing soft or moist.
DAB, s. a small lump, generally api'lied to som thing
moist; a blow with something moist oi soft. In low lan-
guage, a person expeit in any thiny. In natural history,
a siiiail tiat tish.
To D.A'Bi.LE, V. a. [dabbelen, Belg.J to smear, moisten,
or daub with s'-.mething w t ; to i;la\ in the Aater ; to do
anv ih'ng ina light or suprrhcia! manner.
DA'Rt'.LI-.R, J. one that plays in water. Figuratively,
one will perfiiruis a thing supeificiifily ; one \\h-i never
makes himseli a complete master <.f aii' subject, or biaiK'h
ol science.
DAB CHICK, s. a small water fowl, called likewise dob-
chirk, dirlirpper, and Hipc/iick.
DA CAl'l), i. an Italian term in mn^ic, meaning that
the h St pait of the tune should be repeated at the con-
clusion.
DACCA, a city of Bengal, once the capita!, Mtuated in
the F,. quarter, on a hiaiich of the (ianges, which has a
ready lommunication wit'h all the othei channels of that
river, and the Burrampooter. It is the third city of Bengal
inexlentand population, and the capital of a district. It
has large manufa< to.ies of the finest muslins and silhs, and
cotton IS produced within the province. The counlr\ round
Dacca lying low, is covered with perpetual verdure curin*
the dr\ months, and is not subjrct to viohnl heats as Moor-
shedabad, P.itna, and olhei places. It is 120 miles N. E. of
Culcutta. Lat. 23.43. N.hui. {K>.^0 E.
DACE, i. [derceau, Vr.] a small nvei-fish resembling a
roach, but s;niethiug le s.
D ACTYL, or D A'CT^ LE, s. [from dalti/los, a finger, Gr.l
a fi ot, ill Latin oi Greek poetry, consisfn.g of one long and
two short syllables
DAD, or DA'DDY, 4/<7rf, Rril.l a hild's way of expie s-
mi; fiber.
D T'D A L, u. [</'?</«/"*, Lat.]vari'=> ; variegated; skilful.
D^'^ION, J. .Sc' D' -^•ON.
DAilODIL, DAFFODILLY, or DAFlODOlViV.
DII-I.Y. ill botany, the narcissus.
To DAFT, t'.c. to toss aside ; to throw away slightly.
DA(j, s. \4ague. Fr ] a dagger : a haiid-gun.
To DAG, V. a. [fromrfffg-. Sax.] to dirt or bemire the lower
pjrtsof a L'atnient.
DA'GGF.R, s. [dn^iie, Fr.] a short word. In fencing
schools, a blunt blade o'iron w tli a basket hill, used for
defence. In (irintiiig, the obelisk, used as a mark of refer-
ence, and ot this foini [^].
DA'fiGFR'S DR AWINCi, J. the act of drawing a dagger.
Figural'\eb , (|uarrel; oiiieiiess, or readiness to fight.
To DA (Kil.E.f. <7. See Draggi.k.
DA'HDiVlY, a country of fiunua, E. of the Slave Coast,
and about <0 -nilesfroin the sea, called also Foiin, and sup-
pi.sed to teach fn m the sea coast ISO or 2il0 miles inl;.i!d.
The gi)\e'nnient is peifei t despotism; yet, in llie couiilrv,
strang<*rs aie the least exposed to insults, and -tsule iheie in
securitv aud l,aiK)uillit\. The kingof Dehoniv inainlaiii.-i a
cons'derable standing arm\-, among whom arc several h\in-
drer^^ of women, immured wiliiiii his palace, that :iic train-
ed to the Use of amis, under a female general. The capital
is.Aboiiiev, in lat. 'J, 50. N. and Ion. 3. .•!(>. E.
D.M'LY, ff. [d/rglic, Siix.] happening, done, or repeatea
ever\ day. Figiratively, coiistantiv or frciiucntly ; usedad-
vpibialb , everv dav, frequently.
DAlNTll V. ad. ill a curious, elegant, or delicate man-
nei : delii loiisb ■ pl'asanilv.
DAINTINESS, jt. delicacv, softness ; elegance; iiitely ;
s'lueam diiiess; or the not being easily pleas<d either with
foi (I. or (!<■' product'ons of art.
DA'INTY, i. pleasing to the taste, and piiiil.ased with
great cost. Figiratively, of delicate or e\(|Uisltc suisi-
^>ilit^ ; sqiieaiiiish ; not easily pleased with tcorl; scrti-
iMiloiis ; elegant ; well or nicely formed ; nice, or a<-
tecleU.
DAM
DAM
I) -V'lNTY, *. some rare food of exquisite taste. A word
of toiidiirss.
f) AIRY, I. (nerhaps fiom dey, an old word for milk] the
cmplovHii-nt of iiKiking several kinds of liioil from milk;
i>iiMura!{e ; a milk firm, or place where milk i.i kept, and
biitieror clitese made.
DAI'UY-MAID, *. a woman-servant who has the care of
the dairy, ami makes butter or cheese.
DA'ISY, f <'(i-//) s. [dais, Fr.] iu botany, a spring flower,
called also the betlis.
D \LE, *. a low or hollow place between hills; a vale or
valley. .Synon. Vallei/sdTC for the most part wiiidiiiK; and
as tlie\ receive waters from the hills on each side, are ^'eiie-
raliy converted into meads. A tine vale, with beautiftil in-
closures, bounded bv risins woods, is a delightful prospect.
/)«/« are much easier to'be plowed than hilly liim^s.
D\LECA'RLIA, a r;'/er and province of Sveden, near
Norway. The latter is about 8(» leagues iti lent;tli,aM(l from
15lo4<) in breadth ; and is surrounded by IIel!.iii{,'l;.iid, (ies
tricia, Westmanlaud, Wermeland, and Norwa> . It is imnin-
taiiious, yet has fertile pastures, and abounds in mines of
corper, iron, and silver, some of which a.eof a pvod'sjroiis
depth. The inhabitants are a plain, bard\, wailiketace.
The principal productions are corn, wood, and hemp.
DA'LKEITH, a parish and town in Mid Lolhian, seated
on the Esk, 6miles S. E. of Edinlmr^di. Dalhrith House, is
tlie principal seat of the duke of l!uccleuf;h. The present
maicnificeut palace was built about the be^inuin<; of (he Isth
century, on tlie spot formerly occupied by Dalkeith Castle,
built on a perpendicular rock of great heif^lil, and inac-
cessible on all sides except the E. where it was defended bv
a fosse.
DA'LLIANCE, *. acts of fondness between lovers.
Fisuratively, the caresses of a married couple. Delay, or
deferring a tliinfj.
DA'LLIER, i. atrifler; a person who practises acts of
fondness.
To DA'LLY, V. n. [dollen, Belg.] to triflle ; to play the
fool ; to amuse one's self, and lose time in iflle play ; to ex-
change caresses of fondness; to sport; to frolic; to delay.
DA'LTON, a town in Lancashire, with a market on Sa-
turday. It is seated on the spring head of a river, in a
cbampaigu country, not far from the sea ; and the ancient
castle is made use of to keep the records and prisoners for
debt in thelibertvof Furness. It is I
caster, and 273 N. N. W. of London.
N. '
DAM, J. |fi-om dame, which, according to Chaucer, for-
merlv signified a mother] the mother, applied most com-
monly to beasts; but figuratively, and by way of reproach,
applied to persons.
DAM, #. [dam, Belg.] a mole, bank, or any other ob-
ttruction to confine water.
To DAM, V. a. [litmman, .Sax.] to confine water by moles
or other obstructions. Figuratively, to damp ; to extin-
guish, obstruct, or intercept.
DX'.VI AGE, s.[^omnge, Fr.] mischief; hurt ; detriment ;
Iftss. In common law, it is what the jurors, upon a trial,
allow the partv who appears to have suft'ered wrong.
To D.\'MXGE, w. a. to spoil, hurt, or impair any thing;
K» arteet a person witb loss, or hinder him in the prosecu-
tion of his business. Neuterly, to impair: to lose of its
Wti'ih bv time.
DA'.Vl AGEABl.E, a. that may be impaired or spoiled by
time; mischievous o' hurtful.
DA'MASCENK, or DAVISON, s.\daina!:cenvs, Lat.] in
gar lulling, a small round black plum, of a rou^di and astrin-
g<iil tiste.
DXMASCIJS, now called Sham, a verv ancient city of
S^na.and the ■ u;iital "t a pachal'c, is built in the form of an
ohlon-; •iiiuart Stream> of clear wafer run across the plain
oi Damascus, whicli fertilize the ga; dens, supplv the public
foiiiitaiits ;i:)d run info everv house. The c 'ravansai ies have
Jou.^ gylleues. soipi.^tpri b-, ina hie plldrs. surinmdiii/ a
rarsc court. Tlie private houses, which are budl of wood.
have thel'' fronts inwards, inclosing a court, and presputnig
ade-n! «iiU to the slreels, allhou;;h often liilov adorned
wi'iiin. The caslle is like a lillle town, having its own
streets and houses. The mosques are >up«rb ! iiiiiiii .irus.
Tlir straight street, v. Inch runs across tlie cil> and suhuibs
ina direit line, has shops on each sid< , whtri all soils of
mercnaudise are sold. The gardens and Dnliards t \iend
several miles round, and are embellislieil with si.initier-
houses, turrets, fountains, cascades, and stream^ of water.
A manulai tor\ «)f cutlery is carried on heie I)aiiias( us
stands on the river Barida, in a ver> fertile plain, extolled
by the Aiabs, who speai\ of it willi eiilliiisiasiii, as ihe 1^ st
watered, and the mosi delicious, ol'all Sy la ; ami contains
ab(uit NO.OIK) inhidiitants, of t\h'>iii I6,U0(I are Christians.
It is 112 miles N. N. E. of Jeiusaleiu. Lat. 33. 45. N. Ion.
37. (I. E.
DA'MASK, s. [from Damascus, the place where it w-js in-
vented] a mamitattiire of Iuch or silk woven with lased
flowers; likewise a very line steel, a( Daiiuiscus in Syria,
used for swo Is and culiass blades, and of a very fine tem-
per. Figuratively, a red cohiur, alluding to that of the
damask rose.
ToDA'M ASK,i'. (7.1(1 weave linen or silk in raistd figures;
lo variegate, dive:sif\, or eiiiiieliish To adorn steel work
with figures.
DAMASK-RO; E, s. a red rose.
D.\ MANkEMN(i,«. llie ait of adorning iron and steel,
by cutlingand ca'ving holes in llieiii, aud tiihiig them up
with gold or silver w lie ; used iu enriching the blades of
swords and locks of pistols.
DA'MBEA, an extensive lake of Abyssinia, containing
many fertile islau'is, and abundance offish and river horses.
It IS 100 miles from tin source oltlie Nile: the country of
Danibea, on the N. of the lake, being flat, is subject to in-
und.iiion.
DAME, s. [dame, Fr.] originally applied to a person
who was mistress of a ianiily, and of noble bir'li, as it is at
present used in law ; but now commonly used for a farmer's
wife, or one of the lower sort. Figuratively, women in
general.
D.AMTETTA, a sea port town nf Egypt, situated on the
eastern branch of the Nile, about 'i miles from its month,
in the most fruitful part of Egypt. The number of inhabi-
tants is abiml 80,000; they mauu.acture fine linen of all
colours; napkins fringed with silk, Ac. Ac. Multitudes of
boats and small vessels fill the port or road, which, ho.w-
ever, is very defective and disadvantageous to trade, be.iig
every where totall\ exposed. It is a place of great traile,
and is 84 miles N. N. E. of Cairo.
T)\ MES-VrORET, *. a plant, the same with the queens
gilliflov> er.
To DAMN, {dam) V. a. [damno, Lat.] to doom, devote, or
curse toeteriitil to;ments; lo condeiiin ; to explode or ren-
der anv performance unpopular, by hissing or criticising.
DA'MNAHLE, a. deserving, or justly condemnei! to,
eternal punislirneiit. Sometimes used indecently, in a ludi-
crous sense, for pernicious or odious.
DAMNABLY, arf. in such a manner as to incur eternal
punishment.
DAMNATION, e. exclusion from Divine mercv ; the
state of a pers'i) who is sentenced lo eternal punishment.
DA'MNATORY, a. [from damno, tocondemn, Lat.] con-
taining t'le sentence to eternal punishment.
DA'MNED, part, hateful; detestable ; abomiuable;
doomed lo everlasting puni.shuient.
DAMNl FIC, a. procuring loss; Kiischicvows. -
To DAMNIFY, v. a. [frotti damrium, a ii ss, and facie, t'>
make. Lat.l t" laiise loss, to sp< il, hurt, or impair.
DA'MNlNC.NESS, s. tendency to prcciir'^ danii:;ition.
DAMP, rt I (fcHiy;*, Hel^'.] moist ; iiicli ii,gtowet; moist,
ened b\ tlit a i or vapniis. Fiyuiat'vi i\, dejet ltd full of
sorrow, on atei'uul of some sudden diaappointmeiit or ur^
exp'Mfed calauiitv.
DAMP, s. a tf)g or mist ; a moist, noxious vacouj
'j;td
f;
Damps are of two kinds, the clioke damp, and ttie fire damp.
Tlie former is a species of fixed air, which is licavier than
common air, and therefore hes at the holtom in" mines 'ir
pits; the latter is inflammable air, which is found pnnci-
pally in coal pits, and sometimes in lead mines ; and if it
comes in contact with the flame of a candle, explodes and
sometimes produces very shocking effects. Figuratively,
dejection or sorrow, arising from some sudden calamity.
To DAMP, V. a. to wet or moisten; to chill ; or "dimi-
nish heat by water. Figuratively, to lessen any fjuiil ity ; to
smother, check, or depress any ardour or passion. To
weaken ; to abandon.
DA'MPISHNESS, *. tendency to wetness, or moisture,
arising from fogs, vapours, cS. c.
DA'MPNESS, s. cold, moisture, or fogginess.
DA'MPV, n. moist or wet.
DA'iVlSEL, i. [damoiselle, Fr.] originally used for avonng
entlewoman or lady of distinction ;. an attendant of the
iglierrank; but at present for a voung country lass.
DAMSON, s. See Damascene.
DAN, s. [dntninus, Lat.] a title of dignity, or honour, for-
merly used tor master.
DA'NBURY, Essex, on a hill, 5 miles E. of Chehnsford ;
its spire serves as a sea-mark.
To DANCEj II. n. \danser, Fr.] to move in a graceful at-
titude, according to an air sung or played. Activel\, to
make a person dance or skip. To dance attendance is to
wait in an humble am! sunpliitiit manner on a person.
DANCE, s. \dan»e, Fr.J .in a^-rrcable motion of the bndv
and feet, adjusted by art to the measure or tune of a musi-
cal instrument, or the voice.
DA'NCER, s. one who practises dancing.
DANCINGMASTEPv, s. one who teaches the art of
dancing.
DA'NCINGSCHOOL, s. the school where the art of
dancing's taught.
DANDE'LION, i. [dent de lian, Fr. lion's tooth] in bota-
nv, a genus of plants, of which there are divers species,
vul'^arlv called piss-a-bed.
DA'NDIPRAT, *. fdandin, Fr.] a little fellow, used
sometimes as a word offondness, and sometimes as a tvord
of reproach.
To DA'N DEE, !i. fl. [dnndelen, Belg.] to keep a child in
motion, cither on the knee or otherwise, to quiet it. Figu-
ratively, to treat with too much fondness ; to use like a
child. ■
DATVOLER. s. a person that fondles a child.
DANDRUFF, j. the dirt or scurf which sticks to the
head.
DA'NEOELT, *. a tax, or tribute on every hide of land,
imposed on the Saxons our ancestors, by the Danes, on
their frequ'-nt invasion as the arbitrary terms of peace, and
their departure. After their expulsion it was imposed by
Ethelred as a standing yearly tax, to be employed for the
fitting out such a fleet as should be sufficient to protect the
country from the Danes. It was continued for other pur-
poses under the Norman kings, and appears to have been
last levied by king Henry II.
DA'NEWORT, s. in botany, a species of elder, likewise
called thedwarf elder, or wall-wort.
DATsTiER, (Isles of) three islands in the S. Pacific
Ocean, discovere<l bv Commodore Bvron, in June 176.0.
Thev are very populous, but surrounded with dangerous
rocks. Lat. to. 1,5. S. lou. 169 2« W.
DXUfiER, i. [danger, Fr.]\ia/ar(i; risk; or a condition
vvhich is liable to mischief or calamity. Svnon. The aya-
ricioi.s man, spurtf d ou by interest, fears no danger; Im-
rfrrft his health and happiness; riinsevery n>^tliat attends
Ins prof>'ssi(>n, and gladly ventures his all in search of that
which, if obtained, he would not have the spirit to enjoy.
To DA i\(iER, I', a. to expose to loss, calamity, or
niisei\ .
DA'NfiKRLKSS, a. out of a possibility of meeting with
iMv calamity or accident.
3,yj
DAP
DANGEROUS, a. exposed to accidents, lo6s, harm, or
mischief
DANGEROUSLY, ad. hazardous; perilous; full of
danger.
DA'NGEROUSNESS, s. a condition which exposes tj
accidents, calamity, or dealh.
To D.\'NGLE, t'. n. to hang loo&e, fo as to be put in mo-
lion by the wind, breath, or a shake. Figuratiyel , to haiijj
as a dependant upon a person.
DA'NGLER, i. a person wIjo frequents the company of
women merely to passer kill time.
D.VNlEL.a canonical book of the Old Testament, so de-
nominated from its author Daniel, who was a very extraor.
dinary person, and was favoured of God and honoured of
men beyond any v\ho lived in his time. The.fiistsix chap-
ters of tiie book of Daniel, are a history of the kings of Ba-
bylon, and what Ijefel the Jews under their government.
In the six last he is alto;,'ether prophetical, foretelling not
only what should happen to hiso«n church aud nation, but
events in which foreign princes aud kingdoms were con-
cerned. The style of Daniel is not so lofty and figurative
as that (<f the other projthets; it is tiear aud concise, and
his narrations and descriptions simple and natu.al; in short
he writes more like a historian than a prophet.
DANK, n. [from <HmAeii, Teut.] moist ; weltbh.
DA'NKISH, a. somewhat moist or wet.
D.\'NTZICK, one of the larp;est, richest, and strongest
tow lis (/f Europe, late capital ot Regal Prussia, aiwl ofPo-
merella iri Poland, with a famous hurboiir, a bishop's see,
and an university. It is encompassed with a wall and forti-
fications of great extent. The houses are well built ftf stone
or brick, six or seven stories high ; and the granaries, con-
taining vast quantities of giain and nayai stores are still
higher, to which the ships lie close, when they take in their
lading. The arsenal is well provided, and the exchan.c i»
a handsome struiture. It is reckoned to contain 200,000
inhabitants, though there (iiidofthe plague 3O,0iK) persoaa<a
The college is provided with veiy learned professors. It
carries oa a great trade, particularly in corn, timber, an<t
naval stores, which are chiefly purchased by the Dutch. It
was once a free Hanseatii- town, under the protection of
Poland ; but in 1793 it submitted to the king of Prussia) wUoi
forcibly usurped the sovereignty, in a secoad partition of
the Polish dominions. .Since that time ithashec-ii erected
into a dutchy by the emperor Napolean. The established
religion was the Lutheran, but there yvere papists, calviit
ists, and anabaptists, who were all tolerated. The j..ri8dic
tion of this town extended about 50 miles round it ; aiii
they maintained a garrison at their own expeus". It is-
seated on the west; rn banks of the i iver Weisot h or Vi^
tula, near the gulfof An^il, in the Baltic sea ; 30 miles S. E.
of Marienburg, and 104 N. of Warsaw. Lun. la. 5. £. lat-
54. '2'2. N.
DANUBE, towards the mouth called I.stfr by the an-
cients, a river of Europe, rising in »Jid runniui^ Ihronglt'
the circle of Suabia, passing by Ulm, tin n Ihni'uli Bavaria
and Ai;stria, passing b\ Ratisbon, I'assau, and Vienna, it
then enters Hunpaiy, passing on to I'leshuig, Budii, and
Iklgrade, after which it divides Bulgaria frouiMurlacbiaaud
Moldavia, falling into the Black Serf, by several channels, iw
the province of Bessarabia. It begins to he navij^able for
boats at Ulm: receives several large rixers as it pusses
along; is so deep between Buda aud Belgrade, that the
Turks and their enemies have had men of war on it; yet
there arc cataracts on it, both above and below Buda, which
prevent its being navigable either way in that part.
'Fo D.AP, V. a. [from diji\ in angling, to let fall, or put
gently into the water.
D/VPIFER, *. the dignity or office of grnml master of
a prince's bousthold. In (ierinanv, the elector of Bavaria
asBuined the title of Arc/idapi/'erof the empire, whose otKce
was, at the coronation "I the emperor, to carry the first
dish of meal to table on horseback.
DAPPER, o. \dapper, Belg.] small of stature, and
r
DAR
full of spirit mid vivacity. It is usually spoken in con-
tempt.
DAPPERLING, i. » person of low stature ; a dwarf.
l).\'l*Pi.E, a. marked, variegated, or clouded witii diffe-
rent eoloiiis.
T".) DAi'l'LE, <f. ff. to streak, or diversify with a ditrornit
loldiir.
n \R, or DART, t. a fish found in tlie Sevrrn.
DAI'A'li(iE!iD, a town of Faisistan, Pci>iii, with a <<)ii-
siili'iahie nianiifiictiire of glass. Near it is found .salt of
v.irioiis cohgus, red, white, black, antl green. It is 116
miles F). -S. K. of Schiras.
DARDANE'LLE-S, two castles, (built by Mahomet IV.
ill l()58) one on each side of the Strait of Galli|nili, anciently
tlie Hellespont, between the Archipelago and the Sea of
Marmora. The strait is 3.3 miles long ; in the broadest part
it isaniileandahalf across, and in the narrowest half a mile.
At the entrance, where guarded by the castles, it is atjout
two miles over.
To DARE, II. 71. preter. I thirst, or have dared ; [dearrnn.
Sax.] to undertake a thing without being discouraged by the
dangers which attend it. Actively, to challenje, or provoke
a person to tight. To dare larks, is to catch them by means
of a looking-glass, or by keeping a bird of prey hovering
aloft, which keeps them in amaze till caught.
DARE, «. a provocation, or calling on a person to fight ;
a challenge; defiance.
DA REFUL,n. full of defiance; without fear.
DA'RiiLR, a romantic vale, or glen, in the county of
Wicklow, about 10 miles from Dublin. The lofty njountaiiis
on each side are clothed with trees down to the edge of tlie
river, which noisily rumbles from rock to rock in the bottom,
forming nianv cascatles ; and the views from the eminences
are grvuid and beautiful.
DA'RTEN, an isthmus, or narrow country, which joins N.
and S. America, having the Atlantic on the N. E. and the
Pacific on the S. \V. It extends about 360 miles in length,
and from 48 to 135 in breadth. It is generally considered
as a province of Terra Firraa, though it seems to be a part
of N. America, and is of great importance to the Spaniards,
as the wealth of Peru is brought annually to Panama and
Povto Bello, and thence exported to Europe. Here are
manv high mountains, and the low grounds are frequently
oveitlowed with the heavy rains. The natives build their
houses with hurdles, plastered over with earth, and have
plantations along the banks of the rivers. The irjrls pick
and spin cotton, and the women weave it ; and the men
filbricate very neat baskets with canes, reeds, or piilinetto-
leavcsdycd of several colours. Polygamy is allowed among
them.
DA'RING, o. bold; adventurous; courageously under-
takinu' an atlair notw ithstanding the dangers attending it.
DA'RIN(tLY, ad. in a bold, eourageous, outrageous,- or
impudent manner.
I) A'RINGNF^S, f. boldness.
D ARK, a. rdfnre. Sax.] without light; not bright; dull,
applied to colours. Opaque, not to be seen through ; not
having light in itself. Figurativelv, not easy to be under-
stood ; obscure ; ignorant ; not enlishtened with knowle<lge
or revelation. Gloomy; not cheerful, applied tothetemper.
DMIK, J. want of light, by which all objects becune
visible. Figurativelv, obscurity : the condition ofa person
not known or fnmoiis; want of knowledM ; ignorance.
To DA RKEN, r. a. [ademrian. Sax.] to deprive of, or
shut out the light ; to cloud, per|)lex ; to render the mind
unable to distinguish the qualities of objects ; to yjow to-
wards ni' lit ; to grow dark orgloomv.
DA'RKINtJ, a town of Surry, noted for corn and fowls.
The cuslo^n of borough English prevails in this manor. It
is seated in a healthv air, on a soft sandv rock, near the
river Mole, 2.'? miles S. W. of London. Market on Satnr-
dav ; and n large fair on May 23, for lambs.
DA'RKTJNG, »(Tr<. hid in the dark; concealed from sight.
DA'RKLY, ad. in a sitinitioH void of light; ob9C\irely.
DAS
DA'RKNESS, j. a, state wherein light is absent, and oh.
jccts which are disc<ivercd by the sight b( come invisible ;
opaqueness. t)bscurity, or difficulty to be underslixjd, ap-
plied to books. The infernal gloom ; wickedness ; the empire
ofSatan. Synon. Consideringthem in a figiirativesen&e,
tlinkness implies a state oflife in which we art -hut uj) from
the world ; as the state of a hermit ; state ofa ucliise. By
ohsriirili/, is understood a state of retirement, as « lieu we re-
treat into the country far from the notice of the public eye.
DA'UKSOME, a. gloomy ; obscure.
D.A'KLING, *. \deorling, J^ax.i a person more beloved
than any other; a favourite.
DA'RLINGTON, a neat thriving town, in the county of
Durham, noted for its inaiuifacture of huckabacks, 10 quar-
ters wide, diapers, stutis, iVc. Some fine linens are .tIso
made here, the .Skerne waters being famous for bleaching.
It has a spacious market place, and handsome church. A
curious water machine for grinding i'>pti<al glasses, and
another for spiniiiug linen-yarn, lla^e been iiiventi-d mid
erected here. Darlington is seated on the river Skerne,
which falls into the Tees, 3 or 4 miles below the town, 18
miles S. of Durham, and 230 N. by W. of London. Market
on Mondav.
DARMSTADT, the capital of the landgraviate of Hesse
Darmstadt, in the circle of the Upper Rhine. It has a con-
sistory, a criniimd court, a college, a court of appeals,^ Arc.
It is seated on a river of the same name, 18 miles E. S. E.
of Mentz.
To DARN, r. «. to mend holes by stitches, iirimitation of
the fabric of the stufl'.
DARNEL, s. a weed growing in corn fields, of which
there are two kinds, the red and the white ; called also rye-
grass, or rav grass.
To DA'llK.AIN, V. a. to prepare for battle ; to range
troops for battle.
DART, s. [dard, Fr.] a small lance or weapon thrown Dy
the hand.
To DART, V. a. to cast or throw a dart ; to wound at a
distance; to emit, or cast, Neuterlv, to fly as a dart.
DA'RTFGRD, a town in Kent, seated on the river Da-
rent, near its influx into the Thames, w hich is a harbour for
ba ges, 7 miles W. of Giavesend, and 16 E. by S. of Lon-
don. It is full of inns and public houses, from its being a
great thorouglifare on the road from London to Can*er-
burv. Market, chiefly for corn, on Saturday.
DARTMOUTH, a" town of Devonshire, with a safe ha-
ven, capaliio of sheltering .500 sail of ships. It is seated at
the mouth of the Dart, wliich river rises at the foot of Dart-
moor hills, fan extensive moorish tract, feeding great num-
bers of blaek cattle,) and after passing Totncss, •.vhere it is
navigable foi small vessels, is joined by the Hareborn, 7
miles above its fall into Dartmouth haven. The town,
which is about a mile long, stands on the side of a craggy
hill, with streets very irregular, sometimes two or three,
one above another; yet the houses are generally very high.
Tlie harbour is defended by three castles, besides forts and
blockhouses ; and here is a large quay widi a spacious
street before it, inhabited by some considerable merchants.
Dartmouth lias a considerable trade to Italy, Spain, Portu-
gal, Ac. and to NeHfoundland, as well as a share in the
coasting tratiic. Its pilchard and foreign fisheries em ploy
nearlv 3000 men. It is 30 miles nearly S. of Exeter, and
204 W. by S. of London. Market on Friday for coru and"
provisions : and one almost every flay for fish.
To DASH, f. o. [of unceitain CtMiiologv] to throw on*
thing with violence and suddenness against another; tif
break by throwing with violence ; to bes]irinkle ; to wet by
beating the water with a stick, or bv flinging a stone cr
other thing into it ; to minsle or mix with another litjuor ;
to obliterate or cancels writing, by drawing a careless stroke
over it with a pen ; to make a persmi ashamed ; to confound
Neuferly, to fly in waves or spaikles >.ver iiie siirfi'ce <'f
brim of a vessel or bank ; to fly in sparkles 'ir slicets, at-
tended with a loud noise, applied to w»»<r-
DAU
DEA
UAS^Fl, *. tlie stroke occasioned by flinging one body
fi)r(j!>!v aifaiubt another; a stroke made with a pen; a blow ;
a mixtiirr of another liquor.
DASH, ml. an expression of the sound of water dashed.
D\'SSEN EVLAND.orDEER Island, one »f the three
smail isla'uis Iving between the Cape of Good Hope and
S;!ldanha Bi>, so called from the g eat number of deer
whifli wtii first brou^xlit Iwre in 1601. Here are also sheep
whose tails weigh 19tbs. a piece. Lat. 33. 26. S. Ion. 17.
66. K.
DA'ST.\RD, s. [adastrit^a, Sax.J a coward ; a person in-
faniouslv frmful.
To DASTAilD, v. a. to terrify ; to aftect with fear.
To DA'.STARDIZE, v. a. lo intimidate ; to render cow-
ardly with fear.
PA'STAKDLY, a. cowardh ; mean; timorous.
D X'STARDY, s. cowardliness; tiiiiorousness.
DA'TARY, s. [rhtariiis, fumi do, to give, Lat.] an officer of
the chancery of Rome, through whose hands bcnetices
pass.
DATE, s. [datum, from dn, to give. Lat.] the time or dav in
wiiich a wriling is si;;iied or written, or an event happens;
the lime appointed for a thing to be done; continuance;
tiic fruit of the palm tree, from dacli/his, Lat.
To DATE, r. a. to set down the time in which a thing is
done, or a writing perfonied.
DATEI.KSS, a. without <iny fixed term or period.
DATIVE, «. [d/itiviis, from </(), to give, Lat.] the case of a
noun which siv'nifies the person to whom an\ thing is aiven
er done. As we have no cases in Eu"lish, this relation is
jfcner^Uv expressed by prefixing to before the noun, but
after verbs of jg-iri/ig-, the particle is omitted. In law, such
executors as are appointed by a judge's decree.
To DAUB, f. a. [dauher, Fr.] to smear with something
sticking; to soil, or make dirty. Figuratively, to p.,int
coarsely ; to cover with something that disguises; to cover
with sonwlhing gaudy ; to flatter grossly.
DA'UBER, s. one who soils or smears a thing; a coarse
low painter.
DAU'BRY, s. an old word for any thing artful.
DA'UBY, a. vicious ; adln'sive ; glutinous.
DATi^NTRY, or D \1NT11Y, a town of Nortliampton-
shire, with a market on Wednesday. It is seated on llie
lide ef a bill, and is a pretty handsome town, on the g eat
road to Chester and Carlisle ; and the market is well sup-
plied with horses, cattle, sheep, corn, and provisions. Its
principal trade is making «hips. It is 10 miles W. of
plorthamptnn, and 72 N. W. of London.
DA'VID St. anciently called Mrnf.w, or Menehi a, a
town of Pembrokeshire, formerlv the see of an archbishop,
and metropolis of the British < burch. It is an episcopal
town, and the cathedral is a pretty good structure. It con-
taint about 120() inhabitan's, and is seated on a barren soil,
on the river lien, 22 miles N. W. of Pembroke, and 825 W.
by N. of I^indon. Market on Wednesday.
"D\'VID s, St. a townand fort of Asia, in the peninsula
on this side the Ganges, and on the coast of Corimiandel.
It is an English factory, and one of the strongest places they
have in the East-Indies. The fort stands close to the river,
and the territory belonging to it is 8 miles on the sea-shore,
and 4 within land, (l produces good long cloths, ch'uls,
callic'ies, vitid muslins. Eiich liousi' has a garden, and there
are plenty of black cattle, but siiia'l. The river and sea
abound with gixxl fish.. It is W» miles S. of Fort St. George.
Lou. 7!i. nf>. F. '■». 11.30. N.
DMJfiHTER, tu •"/«•) .«. [ihhtfr. Sax. and Teut] the
feiimie otlspruiic of a iu.ni or woman. A daughter-in-law.
A woman.
DWIS' STIIAI'I'S. All a'liiof the s<*, separating Green-
)and frow Labrador, and oilirr paits of North America.
!t was rtiscoverecl l)v <"apl;iiii Davis in l.'J85. Lat. liO. to
70. N. lou. from M. to 71). W.
To DM'NT, V. a. \duimto, Lat.] to discourage ; to damp
a person's courage.
DATINTLESS, a. without fear or discouragement.
D \1JNTLKSSNESS, a. a condition void of fear.
DA'UPHIN, t. a title formerly givt-u to the eldest son of
the king of France, ou ac<;ount of the previiiceof Dauphiny,
which, in 1.^43, was given to Philip of Valois, on tbm cob-
dition, by Hubert, daupbin of Viennois.
DA'UPHIN V, a ci-devant pr<'Tinee of France, now form-
ing the depaitments of Drome, Isere, and Upper Alps.
DAW,j. ?. bird.
To DAWN, r. 71. \dtrgian, Sax.] to grow light ; to advance
towards day. Figuratively, to glimmer, or atlurd an obscure
light to the understanding; to give some indication of
greater and approaching splendour.
DAWN,*, the tirst appearance of day or light. Figura-
tively, a beginning.
D.\Y, s. [die^. Sax.] that space of time wherein it is liglifa;
but a natural or civil day is that space of time wherein the
earth perfoinis one rotation on its axis, so as its diifereut
parts shall successively enjov the light of the sun ; this con-
sists of a period of 24 houis at a mean rate. Figuratively,
liglit ; sunshine. Any time specified and distinguished
from other time ; an age ; the time. In this sense it is
iisuallv plural, Life: in 'his sense it is commonly plural;
as, " He never in his rlui/s bioke his word." The day of
contest : the battle I'liappoinled time. To day, on this
day. Dai/s of grace, iii commerce, are certain days allow-
ed by custom, for ih? pa-- iiient of a bill ef exchange, Ac.
aflei- it is become due. Three da vs of grace are allowed in
England; ten in France and Dantzic; eight at Naples;
six at Venice, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and Antwerp-; four
at Franckfoit ; five at Leipsic ; twelve at Hamburgh ; six
in Portugal ; fourteen in Spain; thirtv in Cienoa, i\v.
DA'YBOOK, t. a book wherein tradesmen enter all the
occurrences of the day in the order they happen ; called
likewise a waste-book.
DA'YBREAK, s. the dawn ; the first appearance of
light.
DAYLA'BOUR, s. a portion of labour exacted of a per-
son every day, and implies the idea of hardship and fa-
tigue.
DAYLA'BOURER,*. a person who is hired to vrork ly
the dav; a hanl-workiu;,' and slaving person.
DAYLIGHT, s the light of the day, as opposed te that
of the m'lon or a candle.
DA'VLILY, *. a plant, placed by Linnens iri the first
section of his sixth class, called also asphodel ; it flowers
in August.
DA'YSM A.V, s. a person chosen to determine or decide
a dtsl'iite between o hers.
DATSpr{I>(i, s. the first appearance of light in the
morning : the davn; the davbreak.
DA'Y.'iTAR, s. the morning star. Figuratively, the light
slieti b\ tUfdriiistar ; til'- light of the gosptlwhich is spread
b\ Christ \hi fhifstar of righteousness.
DA'YTIM F. s. in th<- dav, opposed to night.
D.\'V^^ ORK, s. work imposed by the da- ; davlabour.
To D \7''';v.a. Uhras, Sax.] to overpower with light.
DAyiKD. o. adorned or overgrown with daisies.
T.DAZ/LE, v.<i. [See Dazk] to overpower the eves,
and injure the sight, with too geal a de ree'of light or
spleudo'. Neutely, lobe overpowered, or lose the use of
sight for a lime, by too much light, or loo great an applica-
tion to reading.
DEACON, (drilwn"^ t ffiom diakonos, a servant, Gr.i a
lower ilegree of c|i rg\ , rather a noviciate, or state of pruba-
tiiiiforon' \>'a-, lifter winch a person is iMlmiitcd into full
orders, or orda ned a p ii'st. In Srolliud, an overseer o#
the poor. In dissenting eongregalioiis, an oflieei chosen to
assist the pastoi in conducting the allairs of the church,
aiiil to supiriiitfud ils teiiiporal conri lis.
DF.'ACONESS, (,l (hmirss) s. a f.iiiiile ill llie ancient
eliiiii h, .'ho a<birii;sti led mi< li oti'icrs In ilose of \h> ■■' :»
se^, which i< was not 'b-'i nt for the nun to do, such as lite
baptism of adult wuiuvu,iStv.
DEA
DEA
DE'ACONRY, or DEACONSHIP, s. the office or diKiiily
of ;i ilf;u()ii.
DK\l), idrJ) $. [lined, BpI^.J witiiout, or dcprivrtl of
lite, appiin.! to those ;:*'r>ons w hose soii|>, are sc; united from
tlieir liodies. Frj;iira|ivelv, williout sense or innt.oii ; Iicik e
a dealt sleep, wliieli miilales llif want of sense and mot. on in
adeafj body. '^ eallod a thrtd sli cp. Inactive, dull, applied
tocolnurs. Useltss; unaHeiUniij; void dfaidour or warnilli;
jrloomy : still ; oliscnre ; obtii>e. 'I'asteless or vapid, applied
to liquors. Uninliatiited, oi not intersporserj «illi linnses.
" K dead nail. " Witln'ied, " A dnid boti^li or plant."
Tile dead, rffirf men. I'rov. He tlint wails fnr dead men's
shoes mail g-n ton»' enough harrfttot.
ULL'V !),(«/'''/) i. time in «lii(.li there is a remarkable stili-
llffss or i;|iH.ini ; a.s midii'ijlit.
To DKAD, {di-djor UK'ADRN, (dedeti) v. a. to deprive
a thuiif of anv opiaiity or si Illation. I'lijiiratively, to niaUe
liquors "apid, t.istele*^, or soiritless.
I>E.\D DOING, /Jfir*. n destructive; killing; mischiev-
ous; liaviiist the power to m?ike di ad.
DEAD LIFT, [dM Hft) s. a pressing necessity, call, or
cxii;eiKe ; a last resort.
DE'.'\D LIGHT.*', «. wooden ports, which are niaile to
fasten into the cabin winious to prevent the waves fiom
giishin.; into the ship during a storm; l.'..e glass lights are
then taken out.
DE'.ADLY, (e/i^.rf/y) «. that kills; murderous; mortal; in-
veterate.
DR'ADF.Y, (didli/) ad. in a manner resembling the dead.
" Looked rff«rf/i/ /K(/r." S/iak. Implacablv ; irreconcileably.
Sometimes used in familiar discourse, oiilv to enforce the
•ignification of a woul, implving very much; prodigiously ;
exceed inglv. " Though deadly weary." Oirery.
DEADNESS, (dedness) s. want of warmth and ardour.
Figurativejv, languor or faintness. Vapidness; loss of spi-
rit : ai'piied to liquors.
DKADNETTLE, or ARCHANGEL, *. a plant, of which
there are three kinds; the red, the white, and the lienbit;
they flower in May and June. The young leaves of the
two fir»t species iiiav be eaten with other potherbs.
DEAD RECKONING, s. [a sea term] That estimation
or conjecture which the seaiiun make of the place where a
ship is, bv keeping an account of her way by the log, by
knowing the couise they have steered by the compass, and
by rectif\ ingall with ftllowance for drift or lee way ; so that
this reckoning is without anv observation of the sun, moon,
and stars, aon is to be rectified as often as any good obser-
Tation can bt had.
DE\p **E.\, or lake A.SPHALTITES, in Palestine,
abounding in bitumen : it contains no ver<liiie on the banks,
nor fish in itswat-r.... The cause which d> prives it of vegeta-
ble and animal bfr, is the e\t; erne sattness of its water, which
is infinitel\ stionger than that cf the sea. It is not true, how-
ev-r, that its exhalations d-stioy birds fl\ ing over it, as It is
very common to see swallows skimming alon-.; its siirtaee.
Fragments of sulphur and bitumen, a^d mines of fossil salt,
are found in the mountains, which extend along the shore.
The Jordan runs into it, without any visible discharge for
its waters.
DE ADTONGUE, s. in botanv, a species of the dtopwort
or oenanthe, having leaves with numerous blunt and nearly
equal clefts, a yellowish ri^d stem, aiiijular scored fruitstalks,
and white blossoms found on banks of rivers, and flowering
in June. The whole of this plant is poisonous, and Dr.
Poulteupv remarks, tliat the root is the most virulent of all
the egetable poisons that Gi pat iiritaiii p oduces.
DRAF, ((/<r/'j a. \deaf, Sa\.] wanting the sense of hearing,
or having it greatly impaireil. rif.airativelv, regardless, in-
attentive.
To !tE\F, or DEAFEN, {def or defen) v. a. to deprive
>>f hearing.
■DE'XFLY, (difiif) ad. [deafiic. Sax.] withoHt anv sense of
sounds, ^iniperfectlv heard.
UE'AFNESS, {difiiess) s. the state of a periun who has
entirely lost, or has the sense of hearing greatly inipaircJ.
Figuratively, inattention, or eiil.ie disre '.;ard.
DEAI , a sea poit town in t\ent, whose market is on
'fhursdav. It is sfal<'il niai, the sea, and is a ii'fnil.crof
Sandwii h, governed liy a mayor and ji.iats. It ho' a church
and chapt Land thiee long but iiariow strei ts. Ni iiianufac-
ture is cairied on here, the trades -people <liicfl\ ibpind on
the seafaring men who resoil thilbi-r. 'Ibis place is de-
feinled b\ a tastle I 'lilt bv Ib^iirv VIII. and near it aie two
otht rs. Between iO' ;iid (ioodw .n's Sandsare the Downs,
where ships usual. v "de at ;;oing out or coming home. It
is 72 miles E. by S. of Lond. n.
DEAL, (diel) s. [diel, lit ig.] a part or portion. It is a
general woid fwr express ng much, joined with ^reat. Tlie
oth( e or |iract:ce ot distributing cards to those who are en-
gaged III any game. Fir, or pine wood, from deul, Belg.
To DEAL, ideel) r. a. \deelen, I5elg ] to di.'itribute or dis-
pose of to diflerent jieisons; to scatter promiscuously ; to
give to several persons in order, one after another. Neu-
terlv, to transact business ; to trade ; to act ; to sell ; to be
conversant in; to piattise; to behave towards; to treat;
sometimes to contend with orapproie.
DEAI.BATION, s. [dealhatw, froa, alhus, white, Eat.]
the act of blvjchingor whiteiiii>g.
DE'ALER, (deckr) s. one who trades in any particular
commodity ; one who lias to dowitti or practises any thing;
one who distributes cards.
DEALING, (deeli)ig) s. practice; action; beliaviouri
treatment; business; or trade.
DEAMBL'LATION, t. [dean.bulatio, from ambulo, to walk,
Lat.] the act of walking abtoad.
DEAN, CiREAT Dean, or Michel Dean, a town of
Gloucestershire in the Forest of Dean, 11 miles W. of Cllou-
cester, and 112 W. S. W. of London. The foresl ciimpre-
hends that part of the countv which lies between the Severn
and the shires of Monmouth and Heiefoid. It contains 4
market tow us and 23 parishes, is fertile in lastnre and tiUagc,
produces fine oaks, abtmnds in orchards, and has rich mines
of iron and coal. Market on Monday.
DEAN, (deen) s. [from delta, a Greek word, signifying ten,
because at first always presiding over ten prebendaries, or
canons, at least according to Aylifie] a person in collegiate
chi.rches or chapels, who is president of the chapter.
DE ANERY, ((/(iMcry) «. the government, authority, re-
venue, or residence of a dean.
DEANSHIP, .f. the office of a dean.
DE.AR, (deer) a. [deor, Sax.] an object of great love, and
of warm affection: beloved. Figuratively, valuable; of
high price ; costly ; scarce ; not pl< ntiful.
DEAR, fdrri) s.-d word ofeHdearnient ; daring.
DEAR BOUGHT, a. purchased at a high rate; bought
at too hiuh a price.
DEAR LING, or DA RLING.i. [rfeoWmg-, Sax.] a person
caressed with great atlection.
DE'ARLY, (deirli/) ad. with great affection. Used witL
pat/ or huy, at a high prlee ; at too great a price.
To DEARN, r. a. [diptian. Sax.] See DaEN.
DEARNE.SS, (deeruess) .i. fondness ; a warm or great
degree of affection ; scarcity ; costliness; a higfi, or too
high a price.
DEARTH, (rfert/i) s. H'rom dear] scarcity; want; need;
famine ; barrenness.
To DEARTICULATE, v. a. f from d>; from :ii d arliculus.
a men:'l)er, Lat.] to disjoin ; to dismember.
DEATH, (deth) s. [death. Sax.] tin- departure of the .soiil
from the bodv ; loss of sensibdilv, motion, and all the func-
tions of animal I'fe. Figuratively, mortality ; destiuctitut ;
the manner of dying ; the ima^e of mortalitx' represented by
a skeleton ; the state of the nead ; murder, or depriving a
person of life by violence and uidawful means ; the cause irf
death. In law," there is a natural and civil <lei!th; i.atu:ul.
whe e nature itself expires ; civil, where a person is not na-
turally dead, but adjudged so b - law. Thus, if a person
for whose life an estate is granted remains bevond iea, or
aiu"
D K R
DEC
is ollierwiso absent for seven ye;irs, and no profif made nf
liis Itciiig living;, he shall be accounted naturally dead. Sy-
XON. Drjiartiiie is Still more refined, and carries witli it
an idea <jt tlie passage from one lite to another. Death,
more coninion, and sifjnilies precisely extinction of life.
Decease, more studied, is a term somewhat bordering upon
llie law, and implies tlic refuge of mortality. The second
«f these vords is made ii!.e of with respect to all sorts of
animals ; tlie other two to nran only.
Dli'ATilBED, (dit/ibed) s. the bed on which a person
dies.
DE'ATHFUL, (rft<//«0 «. pregnant with death; mortal;
fatal ; destructive.
DE'A'J'HLE.SS, (dalJess) a. not subject to death; im-
mortal ; everlasting.
DE'.ATIILIKE, {diathlike) a. {deathlie. Sax.] resembling
death, eitherin its horrors, or in its insensibility or motion-
less state.
DE'ATH's-MAN,(r/«MV-man,) s. an executioner.
DEATH-WATCH, {dHh-watch) s. something that is fool-
ishly reported to make a ticking noise in a wall, &c. against
the dcalii of some friend. This ticking i' produced by two
species of insects, one of which is a small beetle, about a
t)iir.."t T of an inch long, dark brown, spotted with white ;
the other nearly resembles the louse in size and appearance.
The males nialie this noise by sticking a part of tlieir heads
against the floor by way of in\Tt;ilH)ll to the females, and
vice-versa.
To DEAUHATE, v. a. \deamo, from aurum, gold, Lat.]
to gild, or cover with gold.
DEAURATION, s. [deaw^, from aitrum, gold, Lat.J the
gildiniror covering any thing with gold or silver.
DEBACCJIATION, s. [debnec/mtw, Lm. from Bacchus,
the god of wine, whose votaries counterfeited madness] a
racing; a madness.
To DEHA'R, r.a. tohinderor restrain a person from the
enjoyment of a thing.
To DEBA RB, r. a. [from de, ficim, and taria, the beard,
Lat.] to deprive of the Iteard.
To DEBARK, v. a. [debarquer, Fr.] to come out of a ship
upon shore.
ToDEBA'.SE, V. n. to reduce from a higher to a lower
value ; to adulterate metal or licpior by the addition of
something less valuable ; to spoil or lender less perfect by
mean and unworthv additions.
DEBA'SE.MENT, i. the actor debasing or degrading a
thing bv the mixture of something mean or worthless.
DEB.V'.SER, s. the persou ulio lessens the value of a
thing by some mixture ; one who adulterates metals or
liquors.
DEBATABLE, a. that may be disputed, or give occasion
for controversy.
DEBATE, s. [debat, Fr.] a dispute concerning the mean-
ing of the truth of any proposition; a quarrel or contest.
To DEB.VTE, v.a.[d'ebatt>e, Fr.] to controvert or dispute ;
to produce the arguments which may be brought to support
any side of a question. Neuterlv, to deliberate.
DEBATEFUL, a. fond of dispute or contradiction.
Quarrelsomeor contentious, when applied to poisons. Con-
tested, or occasioning disputes, when applie<i lo things.
DEBATEMEiN'T, « c(mlroveisy; deliberalimi.
DEBVTER, f. a disptitaut, orone fond of(lis|iule.
To DEBAUCH, f. a. [dehaiirlier, Fr.] to seduce a person,
or |>revail oil him to do something amiss ; to corrupt a per.
son's morals, so as lo make him lewd ; to corrupt by in-
temperance in meal or drink, but espe<ially the latter.
DEBaU'CH, s. a fit of intemperance; luxury ; excess;
lewdness.
DEBAUCIIE'E, (dMiilire) s. \Mai,rhe, Fr.] a person
pivn lo iuteiiiperance in drink, or lewdness.
DEBAd (,IIER, i. one who seduces others to intenipe-
raiice : a corrupter.
DEB\U(Mn^RY, a. the practice of excess; inteiupe-
raiice ; lewdness.
DEBAU'CHiMENi;,i. the act of corrupting the morat
of a person, whelhrr it respects leniperance or chastity.
To DERE'L, orDEBELLATE, v. a. [dehello, from bellum,
war, Lai.] to conquer, or overcome, in war.
DE'BENHAM,a town in Suffolk, w ith a uutrkel on Friday.
It is seated near the head of the river Debeii, <ui the side
of a hdl, 24 miles E. of Bury, andH4 N. E. of London.
DEBE'NTLRE, s. [from dcOio, lo owe, Lat. is a teim
used in the custom-house, for a kind ot certihcale which is
signed by tlicoHicers of ihe customs, and entitles a merchant
exporting goods to the receipt of a bounty or drauliaik ;
which debentures foi foreign goods arc to be paid witliiu
one month after demand.
DE'BILE, «. [rftiiVw, Lat.] weak ; feeble; languid; faint;
impotent.
To DEBILITATE, v. a. [from debilis, weak, Lat.] lo de-
prive of strength ; to weaken, or render weak.
DEBILITATION, t. [from dehihs, weak, Lat.] the act
of depriving a person of strength, or rendering iiiin weak.
DEBI'LITY, «.[from debihs, weak, Lat.] loss of strength;
weakness; want of strength lo bear any weight, or to ac-
complish an undertaking.
DEBONA'IR, n. [(W«"Hn//p, Fr.] lively; affable; gen-
teel ; civil ; well bred ; elegant.
DEBONAIRLY, ad. with an elegant or genteel air:
civilly ; sprightly.
DEBT, (det) s. [debitum, from deliea, to owe, Lat.] that
which one person owes to another. Thai ^hicb any man is
obliged to do or sutler.
DE'BTOR, {dittSr) s. [debitor, from debo, lo owe, Lat.] he
that owes another money ; one who has taken goods of
another on trust ; that side of an account which contains
the articles which a person has had on trust.
DEBVLLITIO'S, s.[(kbiillitw, from ebullin, to boil, Lat.J
the bubbling of water t>ver the side of the vessel which con-
tains it.
DEC.ACU'MINATED, a. [deracumitiatus, from cacumeii,
the top, Lat.] having the top or point cut oft.
DECA'DE, i. [from deha, ten, Gr.] a number amounting
to, or consisting of ten.
DECA'DKNCY,.v. [decadmce, Fr.] decay.
DECAGON, s. [from drka, ten, and ^unia, an angle, Gr.]
in geometry, a figure having ten equal sides and angles.
DECALOGLIO, (deliiilog) s. [from deLa, ten, and logos, a
word, Gr.J the ten comraaiidments given bv (iod to Moses.
DEC.'^'.NIERON, «. [from dr-ku, ten, and menis, part, dr.]
a book, discourse, or other matter, divided lulo ten distinct
parts.
To DECA'MP, V. n. [decamper, Fr.J to shift a camp; to
remove from a place.
DECAMPMENT, s. the act of moving from a place.
To DECATST, v. a. [decauto, Lat. decnnUr, Fr.] to pour
liquor off gentlv.
DECANTA TlON, s. [dccaiitation, Fr.] the ae-t nf poui^
ill" liquor off the lees.
DECANTER, s. a bottle of white glass, used to contain
liquors.
To DECA TITATE, v. a. [deeapilo, from caput, the head
Lat.] to behead.
To DECA'\', r. n. [declienir, from de, and cadere, Lat.] to
lose of its value, substance, strength, or perfe-.tion; t<i be
gradually inipalre<l. Actively, to impair, to consume gra-
(luallv, or waste the substance of a thing.
DEC AY, s. a gradual loss of subslance, qualities, value,
or perfection ; the cHects or marks of cvinsuinption or de-
cline. 'File cause of decline.
DECA'YF,U, s. that which causes decay.
DE'CCAN.'FiiK, anextensive tract of country, in Hither
India, which contains the provinces of Caiideish, Powlata-
liad, Visiapour, (iolcoiida, and the W. part of IJerar. Caii-
deish, Visiapour, ami a part of Dowlataband, are subject to
the Mahratlas ; the dominions of the Nizaui Ally'; Soubah of
tlie Dci'can, (williout ineludui>; the cessions of Tippoo Sul-
tan in 171W, viz. Kopaul, Cnddaoah, anil Gaugeootta,) ar?
DEC
I) F. C.
sii)>\>ose(l to be 430 miles long, from N. W. in S. E. nnd SOO
broail. By tlio (Icatli of liis Itiollicr in 17H0, lit hcciinic
possessed of the dislriclsof Adoiii uiid Kaeliore, and of the
GuntooiCircar. Hi»<a|>ilal is Ilydialiad.
DI'CF, ASK, {ileseesi) s. \il<Tfssu!, from tkcedo, to depart,
Lat.l death ; departure from lifi
'IoDecf;
(lepartiire i
A.SE, f. »i.
(from ilccedo, 1o depart, Lat.] to
DECK'IT, (<le.ie/!t) s. [tifcrptio, from ikcijiin, to deceive,
Lat.Jn means hy vhich a thins is passed upon a person for
u'liat it is not, as when falsehood is made to pass for truth.
A fraud ; cheat ; artifice.
DKCErrrUL, {(lemtful) a. full of fraud or artifice ;
meaninf; ditfercnt from what a person expresses; not to be
confide<l in.
DECEITFULLY, (descit/M/) ad. in a fraudulent insin-
cere manner.
DECE ITFL'LNESS, (dcseitfiduess) s. the quality of im-
posing on a person to his hurt.
DECE'IVARLE, (dnehable) a. subject or exposed to
fraud or imposture ; subject to, or capable of, leading a
person into an error.
DECE'jVA BLENE.SS, s. the possibility of bein,j imposed
upon by false pretences.
ToDKCE'IVE, (dcseere') r. a. l^drripio, Lat.] to make a
person believe somcthiug false, or intended to Ins (laiiiajjeor
hurt; to imposeon a person's credidilv by false appcuraiiees;
to lead into an error or mistake. Fiyuratively, to disap-
point.
DECEIVE!?, (dfseher) s. one who leads anotlier into a
mistake ; one who imposes on the credulity of another.
DECEMBER, .?. [from decemtm, Lat.] because the tenth
month in ancient reckoninj;, the year then beginning in
March ; the last or twelfth month of the year, according to
the modern computation of time.
DECI'7MPKD.AL, a. [from decern, ten, and pes, a foot,
Lat.] measuring ten feet.
DECE'MVIRATE, s. [from decern, ten, and vir, a man,
Lat.] the diffuitv and otiice of file ten sovernois ofUonie,
who were appointed-to rule the commonwealth of consuls;
tiieirauthority subsisted only two years. Any body often
men.
DE'CENCE, or DECENCY, s. [from decet, to become,
Lat.] a method of address or action proper and becoming a
person's sex, character, or rank. Figuratively, modesty.
DRCE'NNIA L, a. [deceiminm, from decern, ten, and amus, a
year, Lat.] containing the space often vears.
DECENNOVAL, or DECENNO'VARY, o.[fromrfefem,
ten, and imvem, nine, Lat.] relating to the number nineteen.
Dr.'CENT, a. [from decel, to become, Lat.] becoming;
fit or suitable ; neat; grave; not gaudy ; not immodest.
DK'CENTLY, ad. in a proper manner ; consistent with
character, rank, orthe rulesofgood breeding. Figurative-
ly, modestlv.
DECEPTIBI'LITY, s. [dcreplio, from decipin, to deceive,
Lat.] liableness to be led into an error or mistake ; liable-
ncss to be imoosed on.
DECE'PTIRLE, a. liable to be <leceived, imposed oa, or
led into an error.
DECEPTION, s. [deceptio, from (Ircipio, to deceive, Lat.]
the act or means of imposing on a hcrson, or leadjng him
into an error; the state of a person imposed on, or in a mis-
lake ; a cheat, fraud, or fallacy, by v.hich a person takes a
thing to be w hat it is not.
DECEPTIOUS, a. apt to impose upon; or lead a person
mto an error.
DECE'PTIVE, «. having tiie power of <leceiving.
DECETTOKY, a. containing the means of imposing on
Ihe credulity of a person ; or of leading him into a mis-
l.ikt.
DECE'RPT, a. [from decerpo, to pluck off, Lat.] cropped ;
(.■iken ort.
DECE'RFriBLE, n. [from decerpo, to pluck off, Lat.]
f Jiat may l»e taken off.
DECEPTION,*, theut of Irssening, taking olT, part-
ingor divMlingany thing.
DECERTA'TION, s. [demimio, from coin, to strive,
Lat.] contention, strife, or dispute.
DECE'SSION, s.[decct:sio, from decedn, to dcpait, J.at.] a
de|)arture ; agoingaway.
'I'n Dl'.tJll.A'HiVl, f. a.[decliutiiuT, Fr.] to c<iunlcracl a
charm.
I'll DECI'DE, V. a. [from decidn, to cut oil, Lat.] to | ut an
end to, or deteimine a dispute orevei.t.
DECri)!' R, .V. one who (hterminesa quarrel or cause.
DLCI'UUOCS, «. [dccidiiiiK, from dnid.,, to falldown, Lat.]
falling off. In botau\, applied to th( leaves, those which
fall otf at the approacli ol winter ; to the cup or e'lipaii'iiient
falling otf before the blossom, as in I'le cald);:ge, and cuckoo
flower; and to the seed vessel, faliing olf before it opens a»
in the sea rocket, and woad.
DKCI'DL'OU.SNESS, s. aptness to fall. In botany, the
(|naiity of fading or witlieringevery year.
DE'CI.M AL, «. Idecimia; fro;>i </<(■(«/, ten, Lat.] numbered,
miilti|)iied, or increasing by lens. Decimn/ niitlim.'tic h thai
which com|)Utes by decimal fractions. A decimal fractitm is
that whose denominator is always <ine, with one or more
cipiieis ; thus an unit may he imagined to be equally divid-
ed into ten parts, and each of these into ten more; so that
by a continual decimal siiiidivision, the unit may be sup-
posed to be divided into 1(1, 10(1, 1000, <\c. eii'ual parts.
But denominators of this sort of fradions are always known ;
they are seldom expressed in writing ; but the fraction is
distinguished by a point placed before it thus .G .46 8Ci».
for 6-lotlis 4e-l(iOths 869 loOOths. The same is observed
in mixed numbers, as 678 .9 for 678 U-lOths (;7 .89 for 67
89-lOOtlis 6.789 for 6 789 lOOOths, &c. And as cyphers
placed after integers increase their valour decimally, so
being placeil before a decimal they decrease their value de-
cimally ; but being pl.iced before integers and after frac-
tions, neither of lliem is increased or diniinislied.
To DF-'CIMA'^I'E, r. a. \decimo, from decern, ten, Lat.] to
tithe; to take the tenth.
DECIMATION, s. [decimatio, from decern, ten, Lat.] the
act of tithing, u, taking the tenth, whether by lot or other-
wise ; a selection of every tenth soldier by lot, for punish-
ment in a general mutinv.
To DKCIPHLR, {desifer) r. a. [dechiffrer, Fr.] to explain
any thing written in ciphers. Figiiralivily, to describe, or
give a characteristical representation of a thing ; to unfold ;
to unravel.
Di'CITHERER, (desifeier) s. one who explains any
thing written in ci|iliers.
Dl^crSION, «. [(/(( (jio, from decido, to determine, Lat. j
the determination of a dispute or diflereiice ; the result of
an event. In Scotland it is used for a narrative, or report,
oftlie proceedings of the couit of session there.
DKCI'SIVE, a. having the power of delermiuing a difler-
ence ; or settling the result of an event that is uncertain.
DECr.sn'ELY, ad. ill a conclusive maimer, so as to put
an end to a dispute, or to deteimine the fate of an under-
taking.
DECISIVENESS, «. tlie power of determining any dif-
ference, or settling any event.
DIXTSORY, «. liallleto determine orput beyond disjiute.
To DECK, i-. a. \dechen, Belg.] to cover by way of or-
nament. 'Fo adorn with dress ; to embellish.
DFX'K. i. [liojn (/((7;eH, Belg.] is the plunked floor of a
sliipfioiii stem to stern, whereon the guns are laid, and the
men walk to and fro. Great shi|)s have three deiks, 1st
2d, and 3d, counting from the lowermost. Hal/'-dcih
reaches from the main mast to the stern oftlie sh'p. Qmr.
ter-dccit is that aloft the steerigc, reaeh'iig to the round-
house. Fhisli-deck is that wh'cb lies even in a right line
fore and aft, from stem to s(.erij. .A rvjir-decli is that made
of cordage interwoven and stretched over a vessel, thio-ugh
which th','y may annoy au enemy that boards ihem. It is
only used in small VoEsels that have no dock.
I i
an
DEC
DEC
I)E CKER, J. a dressor ; one who adonis ; one who covers
a taljlp or lays a clolfi.
To DECLAIM, V. a. [declamo, Lat.] to speak in a florid
manner, like an orator, or riietoriiian ; to speak much
against a thing; to run a thin^ down, u^ed wilh nicainst.
DECLA'IMER, «. one who makes a Horid speech in order
to tire the imagination, or move the passions; an orator.
DECLAMATION, *. [I'rom ilevlamo, to declaim, Lat.] a
florid or rhetorical discourse addressed to the passi'ins.
Figuratively, an ostentatious disi)lay of rhetoric or
oiatnrv.
DECLAMATOR, i. [Lat.] one who speaks against a
thmi!, I'erson, or opinion; an orator; a rhetorician. Sel-
dom used.
DECLA'MATORY, a. [from dec/amo, to declaim, La!.]
rolatini; to the practice of tieclaiming; treated in the n)an-
ner of a rhetorician; appealing to the passions; merely
rhetorical flourish.
DECLA'RABLE, «. that may be declared ; capable of
proof.
DECLARATION, *. [^Fr.J the discoveiy of a thing by
words; explanation ; anirmation. In law, the shewing
fortli, or laying out an action personal in any suit; some-
times used both for personal and real actions. The declara-
tion of fidelity is used for a profession which is made by
the people called quakers, in lieu of the oath of allegiance.
There are also a declaration against transubstantiation, and
a declaration against poperj', employed as tests upon seve-
ral occasions.
BECL.\'RATiVE, a. explaining ; making proclamation ;
express ; explanatory.
DECLA'RATORILY, nrf. in the form of a declaration ;
not in a decretory form.
DECLARATORY, a. expressive ; affirmative.
To DECL.A'RE, v. o. [rfpe/nriM, from clams, bright, Lat.]
to explain, or free from obscurity. To make known ; to
manifest ; to publish or proclaim.
DECLA'REMENT, s. discovery ; declaration ; testi-
mony.
DECLA'RER, s. one who makes any thing known.''
DECLE'NSION, s. [dedinatio, from declino, to decline,
Lat.] a gradual decay, or decrease from a greater degree of
strength or power to a less; descent; declination or de-
clivity. In grammar, the variation or change of the last
syllable of a noun, whilst it continues to signify the same
thing.
DECLI'N ABLE, a. having a variety of endings, accord-
ing to tlie different relations it ftandsfor.
DECLINATION, s. [deeluiatio, Lat.] descent; a change
from a more to a less perfect state ; decay ; the act of bend-
ing down. A variation from a perpendicular or right line ;
an oblique direclioii ; variation from a tixed point, siK'li as
that of the needle fi<iiii the north. In astronomy, the dis-
tance of the sun, moon, planet, or star, from the e(|ua!(>r,
either north or south. In granunar, tiie inflexion, or declin-
ing a noun through all its Various terminations. Dicli)intiiiii
of a plane, in dialing, is an arch of liu' horizon, comprehend-
ed cilher between the plane and the prime vertical circle, if
counted from east to west, or between the meri<lian and
plai.10, if reckoned from north tomuih.
DECLINATOR, or DECLINATORY, ^. an instrument
u^ed in dialing, to determine the declination, reclination,
and inclination of planes.
To Div LINE, ?■. n. \dcehnn, Lat.] to l>end Of lean
downwards. Figuratively, to go astray ; 1o shiui, or av<ii(l
to (loathing; to sink ; to be impaired ; todecay. Active-
ly, to bend downwards ; to shun ; to elude the force of an
arguincut ; to mention all the difterent terminalioiis of a
declinable word.
L>r.CLrNE, s. <lecay, owing cither to age, time, disease,
or itliir causes.
DECLI'NINf j, pari, bending or leanin" d')wnwat(ls. In
botany, bcnl like u bow with the arch downwards, as th»-
seed-vessel of the watercress.
DECLITIT\', s.{dccliiitas, iromdcdmo, to dcelhie, Lat.1
gradual descent of a hill or other eminence.
DECLI'VOL'S, a. {declivts, ironi duluw, to decline, Lat.]
gradually descending.
To DECOCT, r. a. [decortinn, Lat.] to pre|^are for use
by boihng. In pliarmac\, to boil in water, so as to draw
out the strength or virtue of a thing; to boil tdl it grows
thick.
DECO'CTIBLE,«. that may be boiled, or niay be pre-
pared bv boihng.
pKCO'CTlON, s. [from decoqiio, to boil, Lat] the act of
boiling any thing to extract its vi tues. Figuratively, the
strained liquor of a plant, or other ingredient boiled in
water.
DECO'CTURE, s. a preparation or substance formed
from boiling ingredients ui water.
DICCOLLATION, .■'. [*(o//rt/)o, from *, oif from, and
culliini, the neck, Lat.] the act of beiieading.
DECOMBU'STION, s. in chemistrv, t!ie depriving a
body of oxygen so as to render it incapable of burning.
DECOMPO'SITE, a. [dtcmipositus, low, Lat.] separated
into parts after being previously compounded.
DlXOMPOSl TION, «. [from decompositus, low, Lat.] the
separating the particles of a compound body.
To DECOMPO'UND, r. a. [dccompoiw, low, Lat.J to sepa-
rate the particles of a compound bodiy.
DECOMPO UND, a. separated into parts after being
previously compounded.
DE'CORAMENT, s. ornament ; embellishment.
To DECORATE, v. a. Idtcoro, Lat.] to set oft' or adorn
with ornaments.
DECORATION, s. an ornament, or thing which, by
being added, gives both grace and beauty to another.
DE'CORATOR, s. one who adorns or embellishes.
DECO'RODS, a. [f/tc»)«*, from dccus, dignity, Lat.] suit
able or agreeable to the character, dignity, or perfections
of a person or thing ; becoming.
To DECO'RTICATE, 1'. a. [dccortico, from cortex, bark,
Lat.] to strip oft' the bark or husk ; to peel.
DECOR TICATION, s. the act of stripping a thing of
its bark or husk.
DECORUM, .5. [Lat.] a behavioiu' proper or suitable to
the character and abilities (»f a person, consisting likewise
of a due observance of the established rules of politeness
To DECO'Y, »•- a. [from hori/, Bclg.] to lure or entice intt'
a cage ; to draw into a snare. Figuratively, to seduce a
person by allurements.
DECOY, .?. a place adapted for drawing wild fowl into
snares. The dfcoy consists of several pipes as they arc
called, which leafl up a narrow ditch that closes at last with
a funnel net. Into this the w ild ducks are enticed by means
of hemp seed, which is thrown into the water, and by the
example of the decoy-ducks, which are trained for the pur-
pose of leading their companions into the snare.
To DECREASE, {deheicc) v. n. [from de, a negative par-
ticle, an<l errsco, to grow, Lat.] \o become less either in
length, weight, force, or bulk ; to diminish. Actively, to
make less.
DE( RE'ASr., (delireire) s. the stale of growing less; de-
cay. In astronomy, the wain ; the change made in the
face of the moon from its filll till it returns to full again.
To DECREE, r. h. [decretum, Lat.] to establish by law ;
to resolve. Actively, to assign, or dispose of a thing by
law.
DECREE,,?. [drnrlitiH, Lat.' a .aw , an established rule;
the determination of a suit. In canon law, an ordinance
which is enaded by the pope biiiiself, by and with the ad-
vice of his cardinals in council assembled, without being
consulted with aiiv one thereon.
J)I"'(^I!EME.\'T, s. [from dc, a negative particle, and
Dcme, lo grow, Lai.] the state of becoming less; the quan-
tilv lost bv decay.
JJECRE'PIT, a. [dro-epiiim, Lat.] wasted, worn out, anc
enfccbl' d by age
DED
I) r. K
To Dl'XRETITATR, v. a. [tVom *, a ncprative partitif,
and crepo, to make a ioiid twhc, Lat.] to calcine salt on the
fire till tliev ceaso to crackle, or make a noise.
DECRElPITATION, s. the crackling noise made by salt
when put over the fire in a crucible, or cast into a clear
fire.
DECRETITNESS, or DECREPITUDE, s. the weakness
attending' old age ; the last sta^e of decay.
DECRE'SCENT, mat. [from*, a negative particle, and
cieseo, to grow Lat. J becoming less ; in a' state of decay.
DECRETAL, a. [from tlrcrelnm, a decree. La!.] apper-
taining, belonging or reLiting to a decree. A riicrrtal epistle
is that which the pope decrees, eillier by himscll or by the
advice of cardinals, on his being consulted thereon by some
particular person.
DECRETAL, s. a letteror rescript of the pope, by which
some point in the ecclesiastical law is solved or determin-
ed; a book of decrees or laws.
DE'CRETIST, s. one who studies or professes the know-
ledge of decretals.
DECRETORY, a. Judicial; final; decisive; critical ; in
which there is some definitive event.
DECRIAL, $. the endeavouring lo lesson any thing in
the esteem of the public ; censure ; condenmation.
To DECRV, !'. (I. [r/ec/i'ci-, Fr.J U) censure, blame, or
inveigh against a thing ; to endeavour to lessen the esteem
the public has for a thing.
DEClJ'MBENCl':, orDECU'MBENCY, s. [from demmho
to lie down, Lat.] the act or postine oflvingdown.
DIXU'MBniUlE, s. Ifroni cUcnmbo,' tn \k down, Lat]
the time at which a pewon takes his bed in a disease. In
astrology, a scheme of the heavens erected for that time, by
which the prognostics of recovery or death are discovered.
DK'CUPLE, a. [decupliis, from decern, ten, Lat.] tenfold;
the same nund)er repeated ten times.
DECURiON, s. [decm-io, from deceu), ten, Lat.] an officer
who had thcconmiand often persons
DECURSION,*. [fiV)m(/f, a particle, denoting downward,
and ciirro, to run, Lat.] tlie act of tunning or flowing down.
DKCURTA'TIOX, s. [decurlatio from curtus short Lat.]
the act of cutting short, or slior4ening.
To DECUSSATE, f. n. [denisso, from decussis a Roman
coin maiked with an X Lat.] to intersect, or cross at right
angles.
DECUSSATION, s. the act of ciossing, or the slate of
being crossed at right angles; the point at which two lines
cross each other.
DR'DDINGTON, a town in Oxfordshire, with a market
on Tuesday. It is seated on a rising ground, in a fertile
soil, 16 nriles N. of Oxford, and 69 W. N. W. of 'London.
To DEDE'COR ATE, v. n.[froui dedecus disgrace Lat.]
to disgrace; to bring a reproach upon.
DEDECORATION, s. the act of disgracing; disgrace.
D I'D K'COROUS, a. [from (?<;£&ciM, disgrace Lat.] disgrace-
ful, reproachful.
D I'D ENTITION, *. [from de a negative particle and dens
a tooth Lat.l loss or shedding of the teeth.
DE'DHAM, a town of Essex, which has a market on
Tuesday. It has one old large churtb. which has a remark-
able fine steeple, of the fiothic order, am! a great deal of
carved work about it, much injured by time; here isalsoaii
Independent meeting house, and three very good schools.
The streets, though not paved, are very clean, occasioned
by their Iving pretty high. It consists of about 4oO lofty
houses. It is situated on the river Stour, which eparates it
from Suffolk, 6 miles N. N. E. of Colchester, and 61 N. E.
of Loudon.
ToDE'DICATE, v. a. [dedico, Lat.] to devote, ai^pro-
priate, or set aside a thing for divine uses. Figiuatively,
lo ;ippropriate peculiarly to a design or purpose ; to iii-
sciibe to a patron.
D"^. DICATED, part, or n. [dedicatus, Lat.] appropriated
vT fii voted to a particular use.
DEDICATION, s. \dedicatio, Lat.] the Set of consecrat-
ing or appropriatnt"; some place or thing solely to divine
uses; the address ot an author to his patron.
DEDICATOR, s. one who ascribes a work to a patron.
DE'pU ATORY. a. composing, belonging to, or in the
style ofa dedication.
DEDITION, *. (from dedo, to surrender, Lat.] the act of
surrendering to an enemy.
ToDI'DU'CE, I), a. [from dedueo, to lead or derive from,.
Lat.] to describe ilia continual series, so that one thing shall
introduce another; to iiilcr by reason from ceitain proposi-
tions which are promised.
DEDU'CEMENT, ». that which is collected or inferred
from any premises.
DEDU'CIRLI'-, a. to be inferred or discovered from prin-
ciples laifl jlown.
DEDUClVE, «. performing the act of deduction ; in-,
ferring or collecting from principles or propositions already
laid down.
ToDIODU'CT, V. «. [dediico, Lat.] to subtract, or take
away.
DEDUCTION, «. [from diduco, to lead, or derive from,
Lat.] a consequence or inference drawn by reason from some
principle laid down; that which is subtracted or taken away
from any sum, luiniber, cVc.
DEDU'CTIVE.n. that may be deduced or inferred from
any proposition laid rlov\n or piemised.
DEDUCTIVELY, «rf. by way of inference, or collecting
one truth from another.
DEE, a river of N. ^Vales and Cheshire, which rises near
Pimble Meer, inlNIeriouethshire, crosses the county of Den-
bigh, separating it from Cheshire, atid runs idto the Irish
Channel, about 15 miles N. \V. of Chester, and to which city
it is iiavigal)le froni near Ellesmerc in Shropshire. At
Chester the continuity of the navigation is broken by a ledge
of rocks, which run across the bed of the river, and cause
a kind of cascade ; from hence it flows to the sea, a broad
sandy estuary, dividing Cheshire from Flintshire. By em-
bankments, however, made here of late years, much land
has Iseen gained from the tide, and a narrower, but deeper
channel, fitted for navigation, has been formed i'rom Chester,
half wav to the sea.
DEED, .!. [rfffrf, Sax.] an action, or thing done; an ex-,
ploit ; written evidence of an\ legal act ; fact ; reality.
DEE'DLESS, «. inactive : without doing any thiri-g.
To DEEM, V. n. part, deemed, formerly dempt ; [detnati,
Sax.] to judge • to think; to deteimiue on due consi-
deration
DEE'M.STER, s. [from deem] a judge ; a word still used
in Guernsey and Jers< y.
DEEP, a. [ilecp, Sa\.] that has len?lb measured down-
ward fiom its siuface. A|>plied to situation, low ; below
the surface, or measured fiom the surface downwards. Fi-
guratively, piercing far ; far from the entrance. " Deep
ambush'd in her silent den." Dn/d. Not to be discovered
at first sight ; not obvious. " The sense lies deep." Locke.
Sagacious, penetrating, profound, learned. " He meditating
with two deep divines." Shtdi. Artful, giave. Dark, ap
pli"'! to colours.
DEEP, «. [dirpte, Belg.] the sea. Joined to ni'o/it, the most
advanced and stillest |iart thereof; midnight.
To DEETEN, f. n. to sink far below the surface. Ap-
plied to cohiurs, to darken ; to cloud ; to uiake a ihade
darker. To increase the dolcfulness ofa sound.
DEETING, a town of Lincolnshire. «itlia market on
Thursday. It is seated on the river Welaiid. in a fenny
ground, (i miles E. of St;:mford, and 90 X. of L.'iiidon.
DEETLY, "'/. (o a gr^at distance below the surface ;
with great study, applicatiim, and penetration, opposed to
superficia/h/. Sorrovfullv ; profifundly ; with a great de-
gree of sorrow, mebncholy, or sadness, when used with
words expressitift cnef. In a high degree ; excessively ;
vastlv.
DIvEP-MOUTIir.n, (7. having a hoarse, loud voice, or
ulteringa hollow, loud sound.
211^
DEF
DEEPMU'SING, a. contemplative ; lost in thought.
DLE'PNESS, .'^. distance or space aieaiuieil from the
surtitce downwards.
DEER, s. [rfeor, Lat. Jin natural historv, a rlass of animals,
the males of which have their heads adomt^d with branchiii;^
ooriis, which they shed evp^^■ year. Some of them are
kept in parks for hunting, and others rove at large in wild
and woody regions. Their flesh is called venison, and
reckoned ven,' delicious. The species of the deer are very
various.
To D KFA'CE, V. a. [defaire, Fr.] to destroy ; to ruin ; to
disfi-jiire.
DEFA;CEMENT,».the act of disfiguring.
DEFA'CER, s.onc who destroys or disfigures any thing.
DE F.VCTO, s. something actual and in fact, or really
existing, in contradistinction to dejnre, where a thing is only
so in Justice, but not in fact.
DEFAI'L.^NCE, s. [defaillance, Fr.] failure ; miscarriage ;
disappointment.
To DEFALCATE, v. a. [defltlquer, Fr.] to cut or lop off;
to tale away or abridge part of a person's pension or salary.
Most commonly applied to money att'airs.
DEFALCATION, s. diminution ; abridgment of any
customary allowance.
TiDFF\'IK ■■ (T. to Ion or cut off ; to abridge.
DEFAMA'TION, s. [rfe, a negative particle, andfama,
fame, report, Lat.] the speaking slanderous words of an-
other, for which the jiandpr is punishable according to the
nature of the offence, either by action at common law, or
in the ecclesiastical court. Synox. There are those ac-
custonied to detrnctwrt, w ho would My (he thoughts ofdrfama-
tion, little ima^'iniuit that both are equally bad, being two
diflerpiit mean;, only working lo the same end.
DEFAMATORY', a. tending to lessen the character, or
ru-iii the reputation of another.
To DEFAME, v. a. flVom de, a negative particle, ar.f!
fama, fame report, Lat.] to utter words against a person or
thing, with an intent to lessen !ais repulation, or render it
illf;\ilir.i|.i.
DEF.\'MER, s. one who asserts thmgs injurious to the
reputation of another, with an intention to render him in-
famous.
To DEFATIG-\TE, v. a. [defatigo, Lat.] to weary ; to
tire.
DEFATIGATION, s. [dr/aHgatio, Lat.] weariness ; fa-
tigue.
DEFA'ULT, s.UIefaut, Fr.] omission or what ought to be
done ; neglect ; Ciult. In law, it is a non-appearance in a
court at a day assigned. If a plantiff fails to appear at his
trial, he h nonsuited ; if a defendant makes drfanU, judg-
ment will go against him by defuutt. Jurors making dtfault
in their appearance, are to lose and forfeit issue.
To DEFA'ULT, v. a. to fail ; or not to perform some-
thing promised or contracted.
DEF.A ULTER.j.onethatmakcsa default.
DEFEASANCE, (defrizuncr) s. [defrihaufe, Fr.] the act
of annulling, or renrlering a contract void.
DEFE'A-SIBLE, idrfeizible) «. [from defaire, Fr.] that may
be annulled, abrogated, set aside, or made void.
DEFE'AT, (dtfrit) s. I from difairc, Fr.] the overthrow of
an armv ; an act of d'stiuctiou ; deprivation.
To DEFE'.\T, f. a. {dc.fcti) V. a. lo beat, or overtlirow an
arrav. Fi:;urativelv, to frustrate; to disappoint.
DEFEATURE, (rf</ea(«r) s. the act of disfiguring, or
!p()iling the featurr-sof a person. Not in use.
To DEFECATE, v.a.\(Uftrcn, from fcrres, dregs, Lai.] lo
i)urge, or clear li(iuor.s from dregs, or sourness. Figuiative-
y, lo clear truth from any thing which renders it obscure ;
to pu-'ifv froui any gross mixture; to brighten.
DI'^'FEC \TI", a. [dtfipcaliis, IVou) j'ltces, dregs, Lat.]
cleared, or [lUiifird from Ires or foulnesses.
DEFECATION, s. Ulifircalw, frnm/a-ees, dregs, Lat.] the
act of clraring or purit'\iii;; from foulness.
DEFECT, *. [from di'/uw, to fall, Lat.] the absence of
lificiency ;
DEF
something which a thing ought to have; failing; want; a
i.iistake or error, applied to the constitution. A faulti ap-
plied to moral conduct. In astronomy, applied to the
eilipsed part of the .sun or mqon. Syn'on. /•«/;/< includes
relation to the maker; so tluit while it implies some real
want in the ^uishing of the work, it denotes aUo that it is
owing to tlie workman. DeJ'eit expresses somelhin^ imper
feet lu the thing without any relation to the maker of it.
To DEFECT, V. n. [defectum, Lat.] to bedeficiriit.
DEIECTIBILITY, s. a state of foiling ; -Jeficie
imperf< ction.
DEFECTIBLE, a. imperfect ; deficient; wanting in
something which a thing ought to liav".
DI'TECTION, s. [from dejicio, to fail, Lat.] failure ;
apostacv ; rebi-llion.
DEFE'CTIVE, a. [from di^ficio, to fail, LatJ not having
all the qualities or powers which are requisite ; faulty ;
blanieable. Defective noiuu, or verbs, in grammar, are sucli
as have not some cases, numbers ; persons, tenses, or
moods.
DEFECTIVENESS, s. wanting something which a per-
son or thing ought to liave ; a state of imperfection.
DEFENCE, s. \defensio, from defendo, to delend, Lat.]
the method used tosecure a person against the atlack of an
enemy ; guard ; protection ; security ; vindication ; justi-
fication ; or the reply made by a person in order to dear
himself from a crime laid to his charge.
UEFE'NCELESS, «. destitute of the means of repuls-
ing ; unable to resist.
To DEFE'ND, I', a. [defendo, Lat.] to protect ; to sup-
port ; to secure; to forbid. To vindicate or justify. To
maintain a place or cause against those that attack it.
DEFE'NDABLE, o. that may be maintained or secured
against the attacks of an enemy ; that may be vindicated or
justified.
DEFENDANT, s. he that endeavours to beat off an
enemy, or to hinder a place from falling into his hands. 1q
Law, the person who is prosecuted or sued.
DEFENDER, s. one who protects a place or person
against an enemy ; one who endeavours to answer the objec-
tions raised against any truth or doctrine. Defender ef
the Faith, a title peculiar to the kiii'j of Great Britain, first
given by pope Leo. X to Henry VIII. for writing against
Luther.
DEFE'NSATIVE, j. that which is made use of to secure
a person or place against the attack of an enemy; defence;
guard. In surgery, a bandao;e, plaister, or the like, used to
secure a wound from outward violence.
DEFENSIBLE, a. capable of resisting an enemy; vin-
dicating from any crime or aspersion.
DEFE'NSIV E, a. [defensif, Fr.] only proper for defence.
DEFE'NSIVE, *. safefjuard ; slate of defence.
DEFE'NSIV ELY, ad. in such a manner as to guard against
the designs or attacks of an enemy.
To DEFER, r. 71. I from, diff'ero, to put off, and in other
senses from defero, to prefer, Lat.] to put off to another time,
to (lel.w. To refer to anotlrer's judgufjnt.
DEFERENCE, s. [deference, Fr.J regard or respect fiaid
to rank, age, or superior talents ; complaisance; submission.
DEFERENT, a.[defere7,s, from defiro, l(-) car' y, Lai. J that
carries or convevs. In anatomy, the term isapjilicd to cer
tain vessels in I he body, that serve for the conveyance of
humours from one part to aiiotlier.
DE'FEREN'F, «. that which canies; that which convevs.
DEFIANCE, J. [d'fi, Fr.] a challenge or call upoii a
person to make good an accusation; a contemptuous dis-
TiEITCIENCE, orDEFI'riENCY,(rf.;M'>"ee,*/fs/i(VHcv')
s. [from rf/;/i<!(), to fail, Lai.] the want of something which <i
person or thing Sfhould have; an imperfection; or defect.
DEI'ICIEN'F, (dtfishieiit) a. [from dejicia, to fail, Lat.
imperfect. /)r/icuiit Aiiiiihers, in arillimrlic, arc those lui.n
bers, whose p;irts, added together, make lessthaii the iQte,..;iu
whose parts lluy are.
Dt'P
I> E G
DRFIT-LR, s. a rhalloiigrr ; a confestcr] ; one who darts
a prtTSdii tri iiuiUo good a iliarce.
To DKl'I'LE, V. a. \afilnn. Sax.] to render a thing foul,
inuifjii or impure; tn pollute.
To DI'.FI'Ll^, 1'. n. ['/p/i'/e;-, Fr.] to iiiarcli or separate in
files, aiiplied to an army.
DK'FILE, ». [dejile, Fr.] a narrow pass, where few men
can march .ibrea.st.
DKFI'LEMENT, j. that wliicli renders a thing; foul or nas-
ty; that which pollutesor corrupts the virtue ofa person.
DF.FI'LFR, s. one who pollute* thechaility of ;i person.
DEFINABLE, a. that may be detined ; that may be as-
certained.
To DEFINE, t'. a. \defino, from finis, llie end or boundary,
Lat.] to explain a lliin:< or word by the enumeration of its
properties or qualities, so as to distinguish it from everything
of tliesanie kind.
DEI'TNEK, s. a person who explains the nature of a thing
or word by enumerating all its properties.
DEFINITE, a. [dr/ino, from fittis, the end or bomidary,
Lat.] exact, certain, limited, bounded. In grammar it is
an article that has a precise determined signihcation ; such
as the article the in the English, le and la in French, Arc.
which fix and ascertain the noun they belong to, to some
particular, as the king, te roi ; whereas in quality of king, de
roi, the articles of and de mark nothing precise, and arc
therefort- iudefinite.
DEFINITION, s.[definiiio, from finis, the end or boun-
dary, Lat.] an enumeration of all the simple ideas of which
a complex word or idea consists. In rhetoric, a short ex-
planation of a thing.
DEFI'NITIVE, a. [definiliuiis, from finis, the end or boun-
dary, Lat.l express; positive; decisive; free from ambi-
guity, doubt, or uncertainty.
DEFI'NITIVELY, ad. in a positive, express, or decisive
manner.
DEFITSITIVENESS,*. decisiveness; or a state free from
ambiguity or doubt.
DEFLAGRAIirLITY, i. [from deflagm, to burn down,
Lat.] the quality of taking fire and burn entirely away.
DEFLA'CiRABLE, a. [from deflngro, to burn down, Lat.]
havingthe quality of wastiuijaway wholly in fire.
DEjFLAGRATION, s. Lfrom" d<;fl<,gro, to burn down,
Lat.] in cliemistry, ,the act of setting fire to a thing which
will burn till it is entirely consumed.
To DEFLECT, v. n. [from de, from, mid flirtn, to turn,
Lat.l to turn asidfi from its due direction ; to bend.
DEFLECTION, J. [from de, from, iind Jhcto, to turn,
Lat.] the act of deviating or turning aside from its proper
course, point, or direction.
DEFLE'XUHE, ,5.[from(/c, from, and fierto, to turn, Lat.l
a bending downwards ; the act or state if a thing turned
aside.
DEFLOURATION, s. [from a.lc-atns, deprived of
flowers or beauty, Lat.] the act of deflouring, or violating
the chastity of a virgin.
To DEFLO'UR, v. a. [dejiorer, Fr.] to violate a virgin by
acts of immodesty. Figuratively, to take away the beauty
or grace of a thing.
DEFLO'UR ER, s. a rarisher ; or one who violates the
chastity of a virgin.
DEFLU'OUS, a. rtrom defluo, to flow together, Lat.] that
flows down ; that falls ofl".
DEFLU'X, or DEFLU'XION, s. [from dejlno, to flow
together, Lat.l the act of flowing down.
OEFOEDA'TION, s. [from d,foeJus,fiMw, low Lat.] the
act of rendering foul and filthy.
DEFORCEMENT, s. in law, the act of withholding land
or tenements from the right owner.
To DEFORM, v. a. [deformo, from de, a negative particle,
and furma, a form, beauty, Lat.] lo disfigure, or spoil the
beauty or shape of any thing ; to make disagreeable to the
sight.
DEFORMATION, s. [dejormati.^, from de, a negative
j'UrticIc, and /or»«a, form, beauty, Lat.] the act of spoiling
the shape or beauty of a thing, or making it disagreeable lo
the siglii.
DEFO'RMED, (I. frfe/Vrmia, from de, a negative particle,
and fornM, form, beauty, Lai.] void of svmmetry of parts,
straiglitness of shape, or pleasantness of appearance; dis-
figured ; crooked.
OEFORMKDLY, nd. in an nyly manner.
DEFO'RMITY. > [deformiinx, from de, a negative parlicl»,
ami firmtt, form, bia ly, Lat. J the appearance of any thing
wliicli lias lost its btauly, gracefulness, or regularity. Ridi-
culousness. Fignrativilv, d<'viaticn from tlie standard of
moral perfection and obedience.
DEFORSOK, 5. [from furccnr, Fr.] one that overcomes
and casts out by force. A law term.
To DEFRA'UD, v. a. [defiandn, from finiis, fraud, Lat.] to
deprive a person of his property by some false appearance,
fraud, or trick.
piCFRAUDATION, s. [drfyautU,, from fraus, fraud, Lat.]
privation by fraud.
DEFR.'V'UDER,*. a person who deprives another of what
belongs to him, by some trick, or false appearance.
ToDl'TRA'Y, V. a. [defrayer, Fr.] to pay or discharge
expenses.
D ErilA'YER, s. one that discharges expenses.
DI'-FRAYMENT, s. the pa mint of expanses.
DEFT, a. [rf«/i;, .Sax.] neat ; handsome; spruce; proper.
Dexterous. Sprightly ; nimble ; active.
DE'l'TLY, ad. in a skilful manner. Obsolete.
DEFUNCT, »i. [from de/ungo, to finish, Lat.] dead; ex-
pired.
DEFU'NCT, s. one who is dead.
To DEFY', 11. a. [dejier, Fr.] to challenge to fight ; to treat
with contempt.
DEFY'ER, s. a challenger; one who invites to fight;
more properly defter.
DEGF/NERACY, s. [from de, a negative particle, and
genus, family, Lat.] the acting unworthily of one's ancestors.
Figuratively, the leaving ofa moral cimduct for an iaiwioral
one ; meanness.
To Di'XiE'NI'.RATE, v. n. [from de, a negative particle,
and »v/i(«, family, Lat.] to fall fn.iii the reputation or virtues
of oi.e's ancestors ; to sink fr<im am.ble to a base state. To
grow wild or base, applied to vegetables.
DEGE'NERA'Tl"., «. [from de, a negative particle, and
ge.'ius, family, Lat. j unlike one's ancestors iu virtues; un-
worthy; corrupted; having lost its value.
DEGENERATENESS, s.co'-ruplion, depravity.
DEGENER.^TION, .«. a deviation from the virtues of
one's ancestors ; a sinking from a state of excellence to one
of less worth.
DEGE'NEROUSLY,<w;.baselv ; meanly.
To DEGLiniNATE. v. a. [,Ugluer, Fr.J to uuglue or
soften.
DEGLUTINATION, s. the act of ungluing or softening.
DEGLUTITION, s. [from declutio, to swallow, Lat.] tke
act or power of swallowing;
DEfiRADATION, s. [degradation, Fr.] the act of de-
priving a man of any ofliice, employ, <»r dignity. Figura-
tively, deprivation, or a change from a more peri'ect and ho-
nourable to a low and mean state. In painting, tlie lessen-
ing and confusing the figures in a picture or land^ape, as
tlirv would appear to the eye at a supposed d'stance.
ToDEGRA'DE, v. a. [degiadn; Fr.] to deprive a per.wu
of any office or dignity; to lessen the value ofa thing.
DEGRAVATION, i. [degrayatus. from pavui, heavy,
Lat.l theact of making heavy.
DEGRE'E, s. [degri, Fr.l qiralitj, rank, condition, or
dignity; s^ate or condition of a thing, which may be eiitier
heightened or lowered, increased or diniinished ; measure;
proportion; or quantity. In arithmetic, a degree consist
of three places of figures, compieheiidiii^ nnils, tens, and
hundreds; so three hundred and sixf\-fi^e is a degiei. In
geometry, the 3fi(ltli part »>f the uircuuifrreme of u.cirdt
2-(.'.
DEL
DEL
In chemist^ry, a c;reafcr or less intenseness of heat. In ca-
non law, 'in iuterval 'if kinship, from whence nearness or
re:iiotcness if Ulood are computed. In nuisic, the little in-
tervals vvhicli compose the concords. In the university, a
dignity or title conferred on persons wlvo are of a certain
standias, and liave performed the exercises required by the
statutes, which entitles them to certain privileges, prece-
dence, tic.
BY DEGREES, ad. gradually ; hv little and little.
DEGUSTA'TION, *. [rff^Mifltio, from gusto, to taste, Lat.]
a tastiuir.
To DEHO'PiT, v. a. [from de, a negative particle, and
horto, to exhort, Lat.] to dissuade ; to advise to the con-
trary.
DEHORTATION, i. [from *, a negative particle, and
horto, to exhort, Lat.jadibsiiasiou ; arguments used to keep
a person from assentinij to any doctrine, or committing any
action.
DKHO'RTER, .«. a dissuader.
DE'iCIDE,*. [fronirfrw, God, and to«/o, to kill, Lat.] the
c'ime of murdering a ileity or god, applied only to the death
of our lilessed Sr.vionr.
To DEJI'"'CT, 1'. a.[dejirio, Lat.] to cast down, or ren-
der sorrowful or nieliinchwly.
D !"'J F/C r ED, pint, or fl. [from dejicio, to cast down, Lat.]
cast down ; afllicted with some disappointment ; mournful ;
melanchoiv.
DEJECTEDLY, nd. in a dull, sorrowful, or mournful
manner.
DKJECTEDNESS, s. the state of a person who is grieved
and cast down on account of some great loss or disappoint-
ment.
DEJECTION, s. [from dejicio, to cast down, Lat.] a low-
ness of spirits ;atfliction ; loss, or an impaired state. Synon.
Dejection is commonly caused by great affliction and is tfio
often a state of despair. Mela nc/io/i/ is generally the effect
of constitution, its cloudy ideas overpower and banish all
that are cheerful. Lnuspiritedness is involuntary, and often
proceeds from a weakness of nerves ; excess of joy, fatigue,
bad digestion, will occasion it. Diilness, on the contrary, is
volu'itary, it arises frequently from discontent, disappoint-
ment, and from any other circumstance that may displease
the mind.
DEIFICATION, s. [Fr.l the act of ascribing divine ho-
nours to a person, anfl worshipping him as a god.
DE'IFORM, a. [from Dens, God, and /ormo, from, Lat.]
of a godlike form.
To DEIFY, )'. a. [deijier, Fr.J to make a god ; to adore
as a god ; to rank among Jlie deities. Figuratively, to praise
too much ; to extol a person unbecoming a mortal.
To DEKtN, (dein) v. n. [dai^ner, Fr.] to condescend:
to vouchsafe. Actively, to grant a favour ; to permit.
DEIGNING, (fie!Hi/ig^) s. a condescension ; permission;
granting a favour.
To DEI'NTEGR ATE, ». a. [from de, from, and integer, the
whole, Lat.] to take from llie whole; to spoil; to di
minish.
DEISM, s.[deisme, Fr.] the doctrine or opinion of those
who own the belief of a (iod, but deny his having ever
given, or the piobability of his ever giving, a revrlotion.
DE'IS'F', s. [deiste, Fr.] a person who believes the c.\ist-
ence of fiod, but denies all revelation in general.
DEI'STICAL, n. beloni^ing to the opinion of one who
denies all revealed religion.
DE'ITY, '. [dfilas, from dcus, Ciod, Lat] divinity ; the
nature and essence of God ; an idol, or supposed divinity;
an liratlien g<>d.
DKLACEHA'TION, s. [from delacero, to tear in pieces,
Lat. I a tearing in pieces.
DELACIIRYM YTIO'S, s.Wnr/.n/mntion, from Inchymo,
a tear, Lnt.] a fallingdown of the humours; the walerish-
ness of the evr ; or a weeping much.
[)Er>.ACTA"riON, .s. [from de, » negative particle, and
ku, milk, Lat.! a weaning from the breast.
216
DELA'PSED, part, [from delabor, to fall down, Lat.] in
physic, hearing or falling down.
DELA TION, s. the act of carryinp; or conveying. An
accusation, charge, impeachment, or information.
DELATOR, s. [Lat. irotndejiro, to impeach, Lat.] an ac-
cuser or informer.
DELAWARE, one of the United States of N. America,
hounded on the N. by Pennsylvania, on the E. by Delaware
River and Bay ; and on the S. and W. by Maryland. It is
about 90 miles long, and 20 broad ; and, in l/'JO, the inha-
bitants were computed at .59,000. In many parts it is un-
healthy ; being seated in a peninsula, the land is low and flat,
which occasions the waters to stagnate, and subjects the in-
habitants to intermittent fevers. It is divided into (he
counties of Newcastle, Kent, and Sussex. Delaware Riyer,
rises near the Katskill Mountains, in the state of New York,
and in its course separates the state of Pennsylvania from
those of New York and New Jersey, and a few miles below
Philadelphia separates the state of Delaware from Jersey,
till it loses itself in Delaware Bay. From the mouth of the
Bay to Philadelphia, a course of llSrailes, it is navigable all
the way for lar^e vessels. De/auare Hay is 60 miles long,
from Cape Henlopen to the entrance of the river Delaware
at I'omlrav Hook. It is so wide in some parts, that a ship
in the middle of it can scarcely be seen from the shore, and
the Capes Henlopen and May are 18 miles apart.
To DELAY, V. a. [delayer, Fr.] to defer or put off the
doing of a thing till another time ; to hinder; to frustrate.
Neuterly, to stop; to cease from action.
DELA'Y, s. the act of deferrin;j or putting off the per-
formance of an act to some other time. Figuratively, a
stay ; a stop.
DEL.A'YERji. one who defers the doing a thing; a put-
ter o(i'.
DELE'CTABLE, a. [from dekcto, to (hli^ht, Lat.] afford
ing pleaure or delight to the senses.
DELECTABLENESS, s. pleasantness.
DELE'CTABLY, ad. in such a manner as to afford plea
sure ; delightfullv.
DELECTATION, s. [from delecto, to delight, Lat.J plea-
sure ; deU"ht.
To DE LEGATE, r. n. [from dc, from, and lego, to send,
Lai.] to send away ; to entrust ; to communicate authority.
In law, to appoint.judges to determine a particular cause.
DE'LECjATE, i. [from de, from, and lego, to send, Lat.]
any person authorized to act for another. In law, applied
to persons appointed by the king's commission to sit on an
appeal to him in the court of Chancery.
DE'LEG.ATE, fl. [from de, from, and lege, to send, Lat.J
deputed or authorized to judge or transact business for
another.
DELEGATION, «. [from de, from, and lego, to send,
Lat.] the act of appointing ; to assignment of a debt lo
another. In law, a connnission to a judge to determine
some cause, which would not otherwise be brought before
him.
DELENIFICAL, a. \delenifiens, from dcUnio, to mitigate,
Lat.l having virtue to assuage or ease pain.
To DELETE. I', a. [delen, Lat.] to blot out.
DELETERIOUS, «. [drleterius, from deleo, to desfrov,
Lat.] noxious; deadly ; fatal ; applied, by naturalists, to
such thintfjJts are of a pernicious nature.
DE'LETERY, a. [drleleruis, from deleo, to destroy, Lat.J
destrjictiw : deailh ; poisonous.
DI''.LE'TION, .t. ['Wc'in, from deleo, to destroy, Lat.J the
act of raising or blotting out : adeslrnd'on.
DELE, or DELE E, s. [from d<:lna,i. Sax.] a mine; a
quarry ; or large cavity formed b> digging, (ilazerl earthen-
ware, " imitating china, so called from its being made at
D.lflland.
DELFT, a well-built lown of Holland, with canals in the
streets, planted on each side with Irees. It is about 2 miles
in circumference, and is deftiided y^silnst iiMind'.^liov.s by 3
dikes. Vail (jiiaiitilics of tine gla/eil caillienwarc are made
dE
DEL
here, kiimvii bv tlip name of Delft wares. It is stated on a
C3:ki! nillrd lliit' Sdiie, S miles N. W. of Rottenlarii, and 30
S. S. \V. (if Aiiislerdaiii.
DI'l. HI, a provipne nriliiidoostaii, bounded on the W.
by Miiultaii; on tlic N. W. by Laliore; on the F-. by the
loiiMlries of 'J'hibct and Oiidc ; and oti the S. by Ajjra
ami Aijiiner' . The natural fertility of the soil of this pro-
vuieo, and the mildness of its elimale, are such as to favour
the most numrrons population : yet, liuvinp; been the seat
«if continual vars lor more than 7(i \eais past, it is almost
de|)opulated ; the lands lie wasle, and the inhabitants pro-
vide only the bare meansof sllb^i^ll'n(•<■, lest they siioidd at-
tract the notice of those whose trade is pillage. It is about
3C5 miles in length, and 140 in breadth. Delh , the capital of
the province of Delhi, was once a large, ri<'h, and populous
city, and the capital of (he Mogul empire. But, in 17-'i9, when
Nadir .Shaw, or KouliKlian invaded Hindoostan, he entered
Delhi, and dreadfill were tlir nia.ssacres and calamities that
followed : 200,<X)0 of the inhabitants perished by the sword ;
and plunder, to the amount of 00,000,000/. sterling, was
collected and carried away. They endured similar disasters
on the sulisequenl invasions of Abihdla, king of Candaliar;
so that, since the decline and dounlall of the .Mogul empire,
the population is extremely low. The late resi<lenee of the
Mo^ul is a magnilicent palace, built of red stone, about looo
ells in length and GOO in breadth, and which cost 10,500,000
lupees. Lat. 28. 37. N. Ion. 77. -lO. E.
DELIBA'TION, s. [delibatio, from libo, to taste, Lat.] an
essay ; a taste.
To DKLl'BERATR, »•. «. [delihero, from Wiv/, a balance,
Lat.] to weigh in the mind ; to ponder upon. Figuratively,
to hesitate.
DELI'BKRATE, «. [from delihero, to deliberate, Lat.] cir-
cumspect ; discreet ; wary ; considering the nature oi a
thing before the making a choice. Figuratively, slow
tedious.
liELI'BERATELY, ad. in a circumspect, wary, or di*-
crepf manner.
nELI'BERATENESS, s. circumspection ; coolness ;
cautmn.
DELIBER.\'TION, s. [from delihero, to deliberate, Lat.]
the act of considering things before an undertaking or
making choice.
DELIBERATIVE; a. [from delihero, to de!ii)erate, Lat.]
relating to consideration, or prcuieditatioii ; with thought
or caution.
DE'LICACY, *. [delieatesse, Fr.] daintiness; or taste
shewn in eating ; any thing which affects the senses with
great pleasu.re ; elejjant softness offorin; nicety, or minute
iiceuracy. Genteel neatness, applied to dress. Politeness
of behaviour; indulgence, which produces weakness ; ten-
derwess ; weakness of constitution ; a disposition which is
ihoeked with any excess.
DELICATE, «. [delicat, Fr.] fine, or consisting of minute
parts ; beautiful or pleasing to the eye ; nice, or pleasing
to the taste ; dainty, or nice, in the choice of food ; dioice ;
select; polite ; or rigorously observant of the maxims of
good breeding: soft, eiTeniinate, or unable to bear hard-
ships; pure; free from foulness; clear. Synon. To
conceive things that are.jfnf, we need only sufficient com-
prehension ; but it requires taste to coup eive that which is
delieiUe. The first is within the reach of many persons, the
second but of te»v.
DE'LICATELY, ad. in a beautiful manner. Finely, op-
posed to coarsely. Daintily ; luxuriously. Choicely ; po-
litely ; cfteniinately.
DE'LICATEN ESS, s. softness ; effeminacy ; too great an
arteetation of elegance.
DE'LICATES, «. niceties, rarities, applied to food.
DF;LrClOUS, {detuliintis) a. [ilclieieiu:, Fr.] giving exqui-
site pleasure to the senses, or to the mind.
DELrCIOUSLY, (ikUshioiisli/) ad. in an elegant or luxu-
rious manner, applied to food or dress ; in such a manner as
to convey a rapturous pleasure.
DELrCIOlTSNES-, (delUhi<ntsntS!^) s. Ihe qn:dlty of af-
fording exquisite pleasure to the senses or to ihe miiid.
DEI.KiA'TlOA, «. [f/c/ifffl^", from %«, lo bind, Lat.]
the eoiiliiung the parts of a tiling together bv binding.
DKLU.liT, (*/») [fiom dekctor, to delight, Lai.] tlia.
which affords an agrueablc pleasure or satisfaction to the
mind, or tlie senses.
To OEf.rCiHT, (del-,l)r. a. \dehrtor, Lat.] to take plea-
sure in the frequent reotlilion or eiijoyiiient of a thing ; to
satisfy. NeuterK , to lie r h ased, sati.>fird, or contented.
I>i:Lr(;inil)L, {delu/nl)^. that atlbrds great pleasure
tollie mind.
DELKiflTFULLY, (denif),ll,/)ad. in such a manner as
to charm, lo afl'ord ph asure, satisfik-tion, and content.
DKLIXiHTFLLNKSS, (del,tfulnesf)s. pleasure, satisfac-
tion, gialificalion,arisiiigfVom the frequent repetition, sight,
orenjovinent id a thing.
DELIGHTSOME, ((/ffi/TOjn«) a. affording great plea-
sure.
DELI'GHTSOMELY, ad. pleasantly.
DELICillTSOMEMvSS, (de/Usomencss) s. the quality of
afiecting v\ilh great pleasure.
To DI<M.,rNEATE, r. a. [elelineo, from linea, a line, Lat.]
to draw the first sketch ; to design ; to paint a leseiiiblance.
Figuratively, to describe in a lively and accurate manner.
DELLXEA TION, i. [delmeatto, from liiica, a line, Lat.]
the first draught of a thing. Figuratively, a description.
DELINLVJ RNT, s. [from delinio, to mitigate, Lat.] a mi-
tigating or assuaging.
DELINQURKCY, s. [from dchnrjuo, to fnil in doing ones
duty, Lat.] a failure ; or the omission of a duty ; a thing
done wilfully against any known law.
DELINQUENT, s. [from dctinqm, to fail in doing ones
duty, Lat.] one who has committed some crime or fault;
an offender.
To DE'LIQUATE, v. n. [deHquo, Lat] to melt; to be
dissolved.
DE LIQUATION, .». [delinmtio, from deli.p,eo, to melt,
Lat.] the act of mtlting or dissolving ; a solution, or the
state of a thing melted.
DELIQUE'SCENCE, «. in chemistry, is a term usea to
signify the melting of salts by means of the water which
th^v absorb fipra the atmosphere.
l)ELrQUIUM, s. [Lat.J in chemistry, the state of any
salt when it has become liquid by absorbing moisture fiom
the atmosphere!
DELI'RAM ENT, s. [from deliro, to run mad, Lat.] a dot-
ing or foolish fancy.
■^DELIRA'TION, s. [from ddiro, to run mad, Lat.] dotage ;
folly ; madness.
DELIRIOUS, a. [from deliro, to run mad, Lat.J light-
headed ; raving from the violence of some disorder. Fi-
guratively, doting.
DELI'RIUM,.?. [Lat.] in physic, a kind of phrenzy, or
mvidiiegs, caused generally in fevers by too impetuous a mo-
tion of the blood, so far altering tiie secretion of the brain,
as to disorder the whole nervous svstem.
DELITIGATION, s. [delitieo, from litis, strife, Lat.] a
striviiig ; a contending; a cliidtng.
To DELITER, v. n. [delirrer, Fr.] to give a person a
thing which was given for that purpose by another. Joined
with into, to surreiiffer or give up. Joined to from, to free
from any danger or calamity. To pronounce, to relate, ap-
plied to discourse or reading. To bring into the world, used
with of. Actively, to surrender, to put into a person's hands,
or leave to his discretion. To deliver doan, or over, to trans-
iiii't or convey any transaction by means of writing. To
dclirrr vp, to "surrender, to give up, or expose.
DELIVERANCE, s. [delivrnnee, Fr.] the act of giving
or surrendering a thing to another ; the act of freeing a per-
son from captivity-, imprisonment, danger, or distress; the
act or manner of pronouncing or speaking; theact of bring-
ing ehihiren into the world.
DELIVERER, s. one who gives a thing into the hands
•247
DEM
DEM
of anollior, or conveys it to the place ordered ; one who free-
nnother fidin (laii;;er, distres?, captivity, or imprisonment ;
one who proiinuiKcs a set sptetli.
DlJLI'VljR^ , *. tlie act ol jjiviiig or surrendering a thing
to anotlier, a release from danger, bondage, imprisonment,
or distress ; tlie l)rin;;ing forth a child ; pronuiiciatiun, or
rianner of speaking.
DKLL, J. [del, Belg.J a pit; a valley ; any cavity in llie
earth. OhsoletP.
DELPH, s, a line sort of earthenware.
DELPHI'NU."*, the rfo/pAiH, in astronomy, a constellation
in the northern hemisphere.
DELTA, the name of a fertile tract of Lower. Esvpt, ©n
the Mediterranean, between the branches of the Nile, from
its supposed resenddance to the Greek letter so called. It is
also applied to the mouths of the Ganges, Ava, and other
rivers.
D l/LTOIDE. a. rfrom delta, the fourtli letter of the G reek
alphabet; so called by reason of its resembling this letter]
an epithet applied to a triangular muscle, arising from the
clavicula, and from the process of the same, whose action is
to raise the arm upwards.
DKLU'DABLR, a. liable to be deceived, imposed on, or
drawn aside
J) DELUDE, t>. a. [deliido, Lat.] 19 beguile ; to de-
ceive or seduce by false pretences. Figuratively, to dis-
appoint.
IJELU'DER, s. one who deceives, imposeson, beguiles, or
seduces another by false appearances or pretences.
To DELVE, }•. a. [<lelfan, Sax.] to dig, or open the
ground with a spade. Figuratively, to sound one's opinion;
to fathom ; to get to the bottom of an affair.
DELVE, .'. a ditch; a pit; a pitfsl; a den; a cave.
" Shady delve," Spencer.
DE'LVER, s. a fligger, or one who opens the ground
with a spade, or pick-axe, &c.
DF'LUCJE, .?. [diliige, Fr.] a flood or inundation of water
covering the earth, either in the whole or in part, partrcu-
larly applied to Noah's flood, being a general inundation,
sent by God to punish the corniptionof the then world, by
dt>strovin^ every living thing, Noah and his family, and tlie
animals with them in the ark, oidy excepted. The time of
this flood is fixed, by the best clir()nolo;^ers, to the year of
the world l(!o6, before Christ 2348. From this flood, the
jt.-ttc of the world is divided into diluvian and antediluvian.
Figuratively, the overflowing of a river beyond its natural
bounds; any sudden and irresistible calamity; any corrup-
tiim, or depravation, which spreads far and quickly.
To DEHKiE, r. «. to drown or lay entirely under wa-
fer ; to overflow with water. Figuratively, to overwhelm
with anv great and increasing calainitv.
DELll'SION, s. [from M,ido, to delude, Lat.] the act of
imposing on a person by 'ome false appearance. Figura-
tively, a false appearance or illusion, which leads a person
into an error 01 mistake.
DELL) SI\ E, .1. 1 ff.im fl,h,(lo, to delude, Lat.] capable of
deceiving or imposing upon.
DELU .SOllV, a. [from thhulo, to delude, Lat.] apt to de-
ceive.
DE'M Af iOfiUE, (d'.mnoo^^s. Idema^roffos, from demos, the
people, and ag-o, to lead, (Jr.] the ringleader or head of a
faction, or tuunill of the common people.
DEMA IN, DEMEAN.or DEMESNE, s. [domai„e. Ft.)
in Law, that lan<l which a man holds originally of himself,
opposed lo fee, or th»lwlii<li is held of a superior lord.
DLM.\'ND, s. Irfcmffurff, Fr.] the asking of a thing with
aD'horily ; claim; impiiry after, in order to buj . In Law,
the asking of wlr,'.f is due.
ToDEMA'ND, v. a. [dimniider, Fr.] to claim; to ask
111 a real action.
for wilhauthorily ; toask or (juestion. in law, to prosecute
DEM A'NDABLE, a. that may be claimed as a due, or
adted for with authoritv.
DEMA'NDANT./t. iu Law. the plaintifT in a real arlioii.
2i^
DEM.^'NDER, J. one who claims a thiiijj; one who asks
with authority ; one who asks for a Ihinj;' in order to pur-
chase it ; one w ho asks ft)r a debt.
To DEMIC'.AN, (^demctH) v. a. [demener, Fr.J lo behave.
Figuratively, to lessen, debase, or undervalue ; to do any
thing below one's character or rank.
DEME'ANOUR, {demeinour) s. [from dfnte:\er, Fr.] behavi-
our ; carriage ; the manner of acting.
DEME'NTA'TION, j. [(/emeiUotwn.Fr.] madness, or losing
one's reason.
DEMERA'RY, a river and settlement in Surinam, lately
subject to llie Dutch. The former is navigable for merchant
vessels 30 miles up the couiitiy. The settlement is formed
on the banks of the river, where the inhabitants cultivate su-
gar, cotton, and coffee. Denieiary forms one government
with Issecpiibo. Tlie" two districts contain about 3000
whites, and 40,000 slaves. The settlement was taken by
the English in 179G, but restored lo the Dutch at the peace.
It has iieen again taken bv the English in the present war.
Lat. 6. 40. N. Ion. 57. 45. W.
DEMERIT, s. [demaite, Fr.] the want of merit ; beha-
viour deserving blame or tuinishracnt. Anciently the same
as merit.
ToDEME'RIT, v. a. [demeruey, Fr.] to act contrary to
one's diitv, and thereby deserve both blame and disgrace.
DEME RSED, a. [from dcmergo, to drown, Lat.] plunged ;
drowned.
DEj\I E'RSION, i. [from demergo, to drown, Lat.] the act
of plunging under the water, or drowning. In chemis-
try, the putting any thing into a dissolving water or men-
itruum.
DEMESNE, J. SeeDEMAiN.
DEMI, [Fr.] an inseparable particle ; half; one part of
a thing which is divided equallv in two.
DEMI BASTION, s. in fortification, that which has only
one face, and one flank.
DEMI-C.VNNON, s. in gunnery, a cannon which c'.rries
a ball of thirty pounds weight ; the diameter of its bore is
six inches 2-8ths.
DEMI-CU'LVERIN, s. in gunnery, is a lesser sort ef
culverin than the common, of which there are three kinds ;
that of the louest size is a gun 4i inches diameter in the
bore, and 10 feet long, carrying a ball 4 inches diameter,
and 9 (loiinds weight ; the erdinary ene is a gun 4J inches
diameter in the bore, and 10 feet long, carrying a ball 4i
inches dianieler, ai d lOpounds II ounces weight; and that
of the elder sort, 4J v. dies diameter in the bore, and 40j feet
in length, carrying a ball 4i inches diameter, and 12 pounds
11 ounces in weight.
DEMI-GOD, s. among the ancient pagans, was one who
w-as not a god by birth, but w ho, by his heroic exploits, was
raised to that dignity.
DEMISE, (demize) s. [demise, Fr.] death ; decease.
To DEMI'SE, ((/emire) v. a.[demetlre, Fr.] to leave, be-
queath, or dispose of by will.
DEI\irSSION,i. [frouif/(7n;^/o, to cast down, Lat.] degra-
dation ; diminution of dignity ; lessening the value of a
thing bv some mean action.
To DEMIT, r. fl. [deimtto, Lat.] to depress ; to let fall.
DE'MI-WOLF, *. a mongrel flog between a dog and a
wolf. '
DEMO'CRACY, s. [demoliratia, from demos, llie people,
and hntos, power, Gr.J a form of government, wherein the
supreme power is lodged In the people.
DEMOCK.4TICAL, «. belonging to that sort of go-
v<'riiment wherein the supreme vower is lodged in the
people.
'Fo DEMO'LISII, V. a. [dcmotior, Lat.] to pull down, raze,
or drsirov.
Dr.lMO'LISFIF.R, s. one who destroys or pulls down.
DI'.MOLITION, s. the act of pulling down or ncstroy-
iii ' ; drslruction.
DEMON, s. [diniio7i, Lat. daimon Gr.] a name the aii-
( iciits gave to cciiain spirits, who, they miugiucd, had the
DF.N
DRN
|iower of dnin^ good or evil to mankind ; they likewise
calird lliein (,'fnii : which sfP.
U'MO'NIAC. or DEMONIACAL, c. belonKiiig to, or
posseised by, the devil.
DPiMO'NlAC, s. a person possessed by the devil, or some
evil .iiiiiit.
DKiVIO'NIAN, a. [from damon, Lat.] devilish; of llie na-
ture of devils.
D EM ONO'CR A CY, s. [from tlaimon, a daemon, and hratos,
power, (ir.J the power of tiie devil.
DEMON O'LATRY, «. (from dnimnv, a daemon, and
htreia, worship, Cir. | the worship of the devil.
DEMONO'LOGY, s. [from dmviun, a d;iii)on, and Ingos,
a discourse, Gi.] adiscourse on the miliire and practices of
evil spirits.
DKMO'NSTRABLE, a.\(romdrmonstro, to demonstrate,
Lat.l that may admit of demonstration, or be proved be-
yonn a rontradiction
DF.MO'N*^TRABLY, od. evidently; beyond possibility
of contradiction.
To DEiMONSTIlAT !•',«. a.[demoiistro, Lat.J to prove so
as to convince the most prejudiced, and render in the
highest manner ceitain.
DRMON.STRA TION, *. [from demntistro. to demonstrate,
Lat.] iMideniahie pr«of or" the truth of a proposition,
founded on self-evident principles.
DEMONSTRATIVE, a. [from dniumstro, to demonstrate,
Lat.] convincing ; undeniable ; self evident.
DEMCNSTRATIVELY, ad. in such a clear and evident
manner as to demand assent.
DEMORSTRA TOR, s. [from demonstro, to demonstrate,
Lat.] one who proves a thing by demonstration ; one who
explains, teaches, or renders a thing plain to the meanest ca-
pacity ; a lecturer.
DEMON.STRATORY, a. having the power of demon-
stration.
DEMU'LCENT, a. [from demukeo, to stroke softly,
Lat.J in phvsic, softening, mollifving.
To DEMUR, t'. 7!. [dfmorer, Lat.] to delay a process in
law by doubts and objections ; to pause through uncertain-
ty ; to hesitate ; to doubt ; to deliberate ; to suspend one's
assent, choice, ot judgment. ActiveU, to doubt, or question
the truth of a proposition or assertion.
DEMl'R, s. doubt, arising from inrertaintv, or want of
sufficient proof; hesitation ; suspense of judgment, choice,
or opinion.
DEM L 'RE, «. [de mteiin, Fr.] behaving in a precise,
grave, or affected manner.
ToDEMU'RI'). ti. ji. to look precisely; to behave with
affected moilestv.
D1']MU'HELY, ad. in an affected, grave, and modest
manner; soleniiilv. " Hark, how the drums rfemKre/y wake
the sleepers. ' S/irtli.
DKMU'RENKSS, *. affected modesty or gravity ; pre-
cis<iitss.
DEVlirRRAGE, «. [from demevrer, Fr] in commerce, an
allowance nuide to masters of ships, for their stay in a port
bevond the tirne appointed.
D'.MU'I!RER, s [from devteurer, Fr.j in law, a kind of
pause made in an action, for a court to take time to ojuskIc r
ot'sonie poin' ■ f <liflii ullv.
DEMY, ,v. [demi, I'' 1 the title of a person on the founda-
tion of Ma;;(ialen College, 0\foid, who does not eujiiv
either the privileges or the ^ab'^ of a fellow, and is of the
•amp import as a schulnr at colleges. Applied likewise to
5ign'f\ a large-sized ■ aper.
DRN, t. fSax.] a cavern, or hollow place under ground ;
the .avi- 1)( a wild beast.
D -N A'RIUS, ILat.] in aotiipiifv, the Roman pennv which
varied in its valm from si\ t/ence to eight pence halfpenny.
In tile rmies of the New Tealament, it was worth about
8*1 ft ■>e"ce h-.:lfpeimv.
DI'.NA V,,. ,| „;;,! . refusal.
D£'NB1GH, \Dhtl/<i) the county town of Denbighshire,
K k
well built and populous, situated on the ximmit of a rock,
sloping on every side but nnr, on a li'i^.l •( liie v r
Clwyd. It bus a considerable niannfactiire of gloves and
shoes, which are sent to Lcmdiin l<ri • vimrl. t.< i.. U is 27
miles W. of Chester, and 2()8 N. W. of London. Market oo
Wednesday.
DEN IMGHSHIRE, (Dinhysltire)7i county ofNr, th Wales,
bounded onthe W. by Cariiaivoti hire, f:om wlijcl] ;t i» tor
the most part separated by the river Conway . o'l the N. i:nd
N. E. by the Irish Sea and I'linlshire ; on the E. In Hiirf-
shire, Cheshire, and Shropshire; and on the S. by Mer:on<th-
sliire and Montgomeryshire. It extends froni N. \\. to S.
E. ^i) miles, and from N. to S. in its bioa<lest part, it is 17
miles; but in i;eneial it is unich less. It is divided nil<, 12
hundreds, which contain 4 market towns and .07 pai shes.
The soil is various, the Vale of Clwyd being remarkably
pleasant and feril.-, which is not the casi- uilli the east p^trt
of the county, and the west is, in a uianner, bairen. The
principal rivers a e the Chvvd, Elwa\, Dre, anil Cimway.
The productsof this county are chiefly coin, cheese, cattle,
lead, and coal, .^mongthe hills are found small pillars, with
inscriptions which no one hitherto has been able to read ;
as also stones, called Druid stonr.i.
DE\DRO'LO(jY, *. [tnim dcndxm, a tree, and /"g-oj, a
disi ..iirsi', Cir.J a iliscouise, or naliii .ii hisloiy ot trees.
DENDROlMETER, s. [from dendran, a tree, and vutreo,
to measure, Gr.] the name of an instruineiit lately invinii d
for measuring trees.
DENT \RLE, a. that may be refused to be granted, when
asked, or tn be believed when proposed.
DI'^M'AL, s. the refusing to give or believe; the persist-
ing in one's innocence, opposed to the confession of gUilt;
abturation, or renouncing.
DENI'ER, s. one who refuses to grant a thing reiiue.-lKl,
o! »'i assent to a truth propcsed for his assent: oiiewlio wiil
not acknfiw ledge or own.
DENrE,R, {diiieer) a. a French coin, the twelfth part of
a sous.
To DETsKiRATE, v. a. \deni^ra, from nifl'er, black, lat.]
to make black, or to blacken.
DENIGRATION. J. [demgratio, om nigvr, black, Lat.]
tne act of making a \\\\\\)>, black.
DENIZATION, 4. the act nf enf anchizing a foreigner,
by wh'ch means he enjoys many of the privileges of a. na-
tural subje< t.
DENIZEN, or DETVISON, J. [from dmnsddyn, Bri .] in
law, an alien enfranchi^ed by the kings letteis pulent ;
wlucli enaliU's linn in several ifS) ects to act as a subject, v;z.
to purchase and possess lanils, and enjoy am othce o' : 'g-
nity ; \et not so fully as by iiatuiahziilion, which eiiabies a
man to inherit h\ descent, v>biih a ileiiizen ■ iirim t do. h a
denizen purchase lands, his issue, boin afterwards, may iii-
her't them, but those lie bad befoie shall not.
To DE'NIZKN, 1'. n. to entVanchise ; to make free. Fi-
guratively, to iirotect, or t in oio i.;e.
DF.'NM.XRK, a km. dom < f I'ticpe, bounded on the NV.
by the ocean, on the N, and !•'. b\ the Baltic Sia. and c-ii the
S. b^ Gtrmaiiy and tin Ridtc. Tin- ecuntiv 's giin riiily
flat, hikI tlie air is rendeud fi'gi;\ l)y tie s* as and lakes : but
the weather being chmigralile, it is purit td by feiju.-nt
breezes. Denmark, piope b s<i (ailed, ciiisista i f .hitiaiid
and the island lifZialMid a<id Fuuen, with the little isles
about tliM!i : but llit king el Deiii -ai i-.'s (iomiiiiot.sxnitain
th» Kiigdom of Norway, and th' dui iKtsoflM-lem. (/men-
bu g!i, a'ld D. Ii"< III orst. n Gi MOiinv, I't sides Ii « hiiul, :in(i
the other Daiosh settlements : I itiari. Tin hingdoni i ; Deii-
ma'k wasfumi' Iv e-eitv, I iit snce IfifiOii wis nniieied
hereditary even to tin daughters, pavtx bv consent, snd
pa'ilv b\ force ; at which time llie noblilv lost inosi uf th( ir
privileges. Tb' y liave ver fw laws, and those are so
plain tluit they luive bttle need of law»eis, fur causes ,ire.
soon t-^ied. Tliey allow but of <.ne /ipi.lhecar' in a' in,
except at Cn>ieiiliiigMi. '.^I.ere tf.eie ar( two. Tlit'r lops
are visited by the physicians once a wttk, and all the pp,
2W
DRN
DEP
risiioJiiiugsaredfilioyeil. The inliabitants arc Protestants
since the >ear 1522, «h(ii thcv tnib aeed the eonft-ssioii of
Augibiii-g. Tlie tones «l;leli the kinj; of Deniiiatk has iibu
allv (111 toot are near tl),iKKi, hut most of them are in tlie pay
of other princes. The reveimeb are computed at l,4()0,tM)0(!if
a vear, vvliivh arise from the crown lauds and ihities, and
tiie toils paid hy vessels pa sin?,' between the Baltic and
German Ocean. There is no large river in Deniuark, but
nunifous lakes and channels of the sea, by which it is inter-
sected. In the summi'r the heat is great, and the thiys are
loni; ; but the waiter continues 7 or 8 months. The coiii-
niodifies are corn, (nilse, horses, and larfje bneves, to;;! t her
vith the produce of their manufactuiej. The exports ex-
ceed the imports to the amount ofb5,00u tiowus a year.
Copenha^ren is the cajntai.
DKNO .MINABLE, a. [rlctiomhio, from nmnen, a name,
Lat ] that may be named or denoted.
To 1)KN< >'MIN Al E, r. a. \denumino, from nomen, a name,
Lat.] to irai«p; to i;ive a name to.
DENOMINATION, s. [dennmino, fioni nomen, a name,
Lat.] a name ijiven to a thins, pointing out some peculiar
qualities belonsii'K to it.
DENOMINATIVE, a. that gives a name ; that confers
a d stinct appellation.
DEXOMIN.\'TOR, J. the person or thing which affixes
a particular appellation to a thing. Infractions, the number
bt low the line, slu-wing the number of parts which anv
intfger is supposed to he divided into; thus, in J, 8, the
dennimnatin; shews, that the inteLjer is divided into 8 parts ;
and 6, the numeator, that \ ou take 6 of those eight pai ts.
DENOTATION, f. ['/w.i^«<iV>, from ««<«, a mark, Lat. J
the act of ascertaining that a particular thing is to be sig-
nified or understood bv a certain sign, or that a thing be-
longs to n i^avticular person.
To DFNOTE, t'. a. [r/eiioto, from nnta, a mark, Lat.] to
mark ; to be a sign of; to impl\, sigiidV, or betoken ; to
shew bv signs' as, a quick pulse denotes a. fever.
To DENOUTvCR, f. (T. [denvnrer, Fr. denuncio, I ,1t.] to
threaten bv |irf)clamation, or some external sign, t iguia-
tivelv, in la", to infirm, to give information against.
DENOUNCEMENT, s. the act of proclaiming any
thrept, or future and impending evil.
OENOL'NC'' R. s. one who declares some menace, or
impending calamitv or puiiisliment.
DENSR, a. ydnuiis, Lai.] chise ; compact; thick ; having
few or vpvv small jioies l)etv\ren its particles.
DENSITY, «. [d^r.sii,,-:, L-.it] thickness : solidity ; coiii-
pactness ; the closeness, near approach, or adhesion of the
parts of a bod v.
DENT, t. [dent, Fr.] a mark made in the surface of a
thins bv thrusting the parts inwards.
DENT, a town in Ctavin, in the N(irth Riding of York-
shire. In 16Gt, two inh;i'iitanls of this place, tatlier and son,
were witnesses on a ttial at York assises, the son being !00
years of vn'e, and the fa'ther U'arlv 140.
D'^'NTAIv, fl.ff itxwtlitis, a tooth, L:i».j h' longing or relat-
ing tothe teeth. In grammar, ai>;ilied totlios. I. iters which
are pronounced pnnciiialK by means of the teeth. In natu-
ral historv, a small ohell tish.
D''NTELLAT' I), It. in hofanv, notched ; jagged ; form-
ed like tl)'' teeth of a smw on ihr edgts.
DI^NTE'LLI, .s. [Ilal.] in arihiteclure, the same as nio-
dilloiis.
D'CNTTCULATED, part, [from rfrw, a tooth, Lat.] set
with small teeth.
DENTICL'LATION, .«. Mmnuhm. a tooih.Li.t.] in natural
his'or' . Ii"-rng set with ^m^dl tceiji notched ori'u^eil.
DE'N"''IFRICE, «. [from den.<:, a 'oolh, imkI /<»», to
rub, Lat.] in niedi-cine, a pow<ler to cleanse or lasleii the
teeth.
DKNTITION, T.[fromrf.'/u,atoolh,Lat.]theact,orlime,
oi hreeibn:; fr iji.
To DENL'D-iTE, r. a. Ulenvdn, from niulus, naked, Lat.]
»« strip, or iir.iKe naked. Figuralivelv, to divest.
250
DENIZATION, s. \denuda, from mtdut, wicked, Lat.]
the act vfslrijipriig or making naketi.
To DENLDE, r. a. Ideitnda, t'lomniidits, naked, Lat.Jto
make naked ; to pull olVa person s clothes, tiguratively,
to strip or divest a thnig of its natural covering.
DKMJNCI.VTION, s. [den,n,i,ano, Lat.J the act of
publishing any menace; ortlireatening any calamity or pu-
nishment.
DENlJNCIATOn, s. [from demmck), Lat.l the person
who Iiroclamis any threat. Inlaw, 'nie who lodges an in-
formation a":aiust another.
To DENY, e. a. [denier, Fr. detiegn, Lat.] to contradict
an accusation; to lefuse to grant atliiug leqiieited; lo dis-
own; to renounce.
DE'N^'.S, Si. a town in the department of Paris, famous
for asci flevant Beiiedictiiie abbey, and for its magn'riciit
church built li\ king Dagobert, in which w. re the tombs of
many of the I'lench kin;^s, of the constable (mescl'ii, and
of maishalTurenne. It is seated on the river Ciouhl, near
the Seine, 5 miles N. of Paris.
To DEOBSTRU OT, 1). n. [from f/e, a negative particle,
and r>Wni» tool'st'iRt, I. at. J to clear fiom impediments;
to free a passage fioni such things as stop it up.
DEO'B.STRUENT, s. [from de, a negative particle ann
ohstnio, to obstruct, Lai] inphamiaiy, a medicine w'lich,
b\ its dissolving viscidities, opens the poresor i>assages of
the human bodv.
DE'OD.\ND, J. [floni Deo, to God, and dnndmn, »o he
given, La.] :•'. thing givenor forfeited toGod, for ihe pacify-
ing hiswiath, in case ofan\ misiorluiie, h\ which any Chri's-
tian (onie.sto a violent death, wilhonl the fault of a reason-
able creature; as if a horse should strike Ins keeper, and
so kill him ; the horse is to be sold, and tlic price distributed
to the poor, as an expiation of that dreadful event.
To DEO'l'PlLATE, i'. a. [from de, a negati\c particle,
and opfii/o, to stop up, Lat.J to clear a passage from any
obstructions.
DEOPP'LATION. s.theact of opening the passages, ot
clearing them from obstructions.
DEt)'PPILATlVI', a. having the power to clear the pas-'
sages from obstructions.
DiJOSCULATION, s. [deosndaiio, from osculnm, a kiss,
Lat ] the act o'' kissing.
To DliC'-'XlDIZE, I', a. in chemistry, to deprive a body of
OX' gi'n, so ;is to" render it incapable of bu ning.
DE0'XIDI7^'MENT, s. in diemist'y, the operation hy
which oiii- ^llbsta^lce deprives another substance of ts o\y-
geii. !• .s called unbecoming « body, by the Frnicb
chemisls.
To DEPA'IXT, V. «. [depeindre, Fr.] to form the resem-
blance ofa ihing l)y colours or painling; to desciibe.
To Dl'.I'.A'KT, I'. 11. [dcparfir, Fr.] to go away from a
pl3c<> : ti. revo'.l ; to (piit : to leave, or apostatize ; lo die.
DEPART, s. [depart, Fi.] tlic act of going away, by
quit. ''ig a place or person. Figuralivi b , death. Among
refiiiois, a method of separating metals blended together iu
one ma.ss.
DEI'V'KTF.R. .1. a refiner; one who purifies metals.
Dl'.i' •.'KTMENT, s. [departement, Fr.) a peculiar pro-
vinci' or fmplo\ ment allotted to a particular person.
DEPA'KTl'RE, i. the act of ^oing away from a person
o- ;ilace. Figuratively, death; Ihe ad of forsaking, orquit-
tiil!;, used with from.
DEP ASCENT, a. [depaseeiis, Lat.] f.'eding.
To DEPASTURE,., a. [d.pnscr, Lai.] to graze ; to eat
up ami consume bv feedhlg.
To DI'PAl' PI'.RATft, II n. [depaiipero, from pauper, poor,
Lat ] to make poor; lo render ground barren.
DEPE't'TMiLE, a. [f «m j/./>err,., to ccmib, Lat.J tough;
daiiimv : viscid ; thick, oi tenacious.
'FoDE,PE'ND, V n. ['lejuiidev, I.at.] to (not red from*,
to be in a state of sulrjecticin : to be supported or iiiaiu.
lained bv anothor ; to be >ct undctei mined ; to contkle iiv,
or rely on.
DE P
D K!'
DRPE'NDANCK, or DRl'E'NDENV'i;, s. [depoidance,
Fr.l tfii stale of ;i tliiiu liaiisjiitc rnmi a sunpi.rtcr ; coii-
nc:;iwii; tlif statr of bc-iii;; suhicct to, or at tlic disposal of,
aiiotlirr. Fignrativciv, reiiance ; trust ; cuiitidriiee ; ac-
ci<l<'iit.
DEI'E'NDICMT, a. [ili-iinirhm, l"r.] sulijpct to, or in the
power iiu>l disposal of, ariollirr.
DF.PE'NDENT, s. [from dpind'mt, Fr.] one who is sul>-
jeci lo, atthe disposal of, oi iiiaiiitaiiicd l)v, another.
DEPE'NDI'R, s. ono who confides in anotlier.
DEPERDITION, s. [from dependo, to lose] loss ; entire
destruction.
To DEPHEE'GM, or OEPlILE'CiM \TE, ('l.jnm, or
defies^miile) v. a. [dephie^mo, low Lat.] to clear a fluid from iti
phlej;!!) or vaJtr.
DEPHLFOMATION, {defl^^maslion) s. in themistr,, the
act of srparatln<j the waters from ch'niical liijuors.
To DEPICT, II. ". [depinpo, Lat.] to paint, or represent
the likeness of a thing ni colours ; to describe in woids.
DEPILATORY, i. [frojn de, a negative particle, and
piliis, hair, Lat. J in medicine, a plaster, or other application
mitde \ise of lo take away hair.
IJE'PILOU.S, n. [from de, a negative particle, and pilus,
hair, Lat. J witluiut hair.
DEPLANTA'TION, s. [deplanlo, from de, a negative par-
ticle, and planta, a plant, Lat.] the act of taking plants up
from the lied.
DEPLE'TION, s. [(fe/jfeo, from rf?, a negative particle, and
phntis, firll, Lat.] in pnvsic, the act ofeuiptxing.
D'TLORAHLE, <r."[from*/</«ro, Lat.] lamentable ; dis-
mal : '■alaniitous , hopeless ; contrm])ti!>le.
DF.PLORABLF.NES.S, s. the state of bcin- an object of
grief; Tniserv, wretchedness.
DEPLORABLY, nrf. lamentably ; miserably; in such a
manner as to occasion ordemand sorrow.
DiOPLORA TION, s. 'he act of lamenting.
To DEPLO'RK, v.a.\dephrn, Lat.] to lament, mourn, or
express sorrow for any calamity, loss, or misfo tune.
DEPLQ'RER, s. one who laments or grieves for a loss or
calamity
DEPLUMA'TION, .^ [from de, a negative pa: tide, and
pluma, a feather, Lat.] the act of plucking ofl' fealiiers. In
surgery, the swelling of the eyelids, attended w itli a falling
off of the hairs frohi the evebiows.
To DEPLU'ME, I', a. [from de, a negative particle, and
pluma, i/eather, Lat. J to strip of its feathers.
DEl'O'N RNT, J. [from deponens, Lat.] in law, one who
gives his tcstimonv in a court of justice ; an evidence or
witness. In grammar, such verbs as have an active signifi-
cation, though they have no active voice ; so called, because
deponent, I. e. tlieij lai/ as^ide the force of the verb passive ; as,
fateor, I confess.
particle, and pcjmlus, people, Lat.} to unpeople ; to lay waste
To DEPOPULATE, ». «. \depnpulor, from de, a negative
■ ,Lat.]
a count I y.
DEPOPULATrON. s. the act of unpeopling, or render-
ing^a c(mntr\ waste by destroying the inhabitants.
I)EPOPULATOR,\s. one who kills or destroys the inha-
bitants of a country.
To DEPORT, 1'. «. [deporter, Fr.] to carry away ; to be-
have or demean one's self.
DEPO'RT, s. demeiinour ; behaviour; carriage.
DI'PORTATION, *. [frooi deporto, to carry away, Lat.]
transportation, whereby a perstm has some remote place
assigned for his residence ; with a prohibition of stirring
from it on pain of death.
DEPORTMENT, s. [deportement, Fr.] conduct; de-
meanour.
To DEPOSE, (depize) v. a. [depono, Lat.] to lay down;
to deprive a person of a pt>st or dignity. Neuterly, to give
testimony in a co-irt of justice.
To DEPO'STT, (depizit) V. n. [depositnm, Lat.] to lay up
or lodg • in Huv place; to give as a pledge or security ; to
place at interest.
T)T'.P(^'S\T \RY Jdepfizitary ) s. [from d.^nono, to doiioiite,
Lat.] mil' whoiseutrust.il with '.lie ch.iigc o/ keeping <( a
thing.
DEPO'SITE, (de,,izit) «. [fioni d<p:ni«, to deposite, Lat.]
any thing coinmHt< d to the eai-, rlKirj„r, oi tiust <d' an-
other ; a pled;,'e; a pawn, or security given fur the per-
fouiiaiice cf ;:ui ( (iinr. ( t
DiiPoSl'I'ION, iiUpuzUlitiii) s. [from deporo, te put down,
Lat.] i he act if giving 1< sl;iii(iii\ on oalli; tne ait «t de-
thi oiling a prince. In canon law, the suleiiia dcpiiviiii; a
clergyman of his orders fir some crime.
Dl.PO'SITOKY, (d.puzitiiti/) s. the I'lace where any
thing is lodged. Dt-p.^sttary is properly used of persous,
and depnxiti.i 1/ of lliiiij;s.
Dhl'O I, x. a temporary magazine.
DI-,PR.\VAT1()N, 6. [drprm-it, lo spoil, Lat.l the act of
spoiliii";, corrupting, or rendering a tUiiij^ less perfect or
Viilaabh'.
To DEPR\'VF. I', a. [deprm-o, Lat.] to corrupt ; to
spoil; to rob a thing of its perfections; to seduce from
goodness.
DEFRAY i'",DXESS, s. loss of urity, goodness, or per-
fection.
DFPRX'VRMENT, s. ;i vitiated state; coriuiitioD.
DFIPRATER, s. a corrupter, or one who makes either a
person or thing bad.
DEl'RA'Vl F\ , s. corruption ; a change from perfection
to ,1111 pi I .t CI ion, or fiom virtue to vice.
To UE'PKECATE, t>. n. [deprecor, from de, from, and
precdj; to pray, Lat.] to pray eaniestiv for the averting some
eminent puiiislimciit ; to ask pardon for a crime; to request
or pet tion with importunity and humility.
DEPRECATION, i. [rfe/)i-<"r««(o, from de, from, and piecor,
to pray, Lat.] tlie act of petilioning ; a liegging paidon;
prayer; prayer against any evil, or for averting an\ punish-
vnent.
DEPRECATIVE, or DEPRECATORY, «. that is .. d
as an apology or excuse.
DEPRECATOR, s. [Lat. from de, from, and preeer, to
pray, Lat.] one who sues for another : an intercessor, one.
who apologizes for the faults of another, in order to free
him from the punishment due to hiin.
To DEPRECIATE. Uleptishiate) r. a. [depretie, from de, a
negative particle, and pretium, price, Lat.] to speak meanly
of a thing, inorderto lessen its esteem or value.
To DEPREDATE, v. a. [depredator, from prceda, plunder,
Lat.] to rob, plunder, or pillage ; to seize as prey or booty ;
to consume, devour, or destroy.
DEPRED.ATION, s. [deprtTdtitio, from prada, plunder,
Lat.] tlie att of spoiling, robbing, or seizing ouas prey oe
plunder; waste; consumption.
DEPREDATOR,:? [Lat. from prada, plunder, Lat.] a
roliiiei ; .ispoiUr. Figuratively, a devourer ; a consua r.
To DEPKEHE'ND, v. a. [deprehend-,, froiU preheni; Hi
take, Lat.] to detect; to catch unawares; ta take in ''le
fact. Figuratively, to discover, or find out something diffi-
cult, or not obvious.
DI'.PREHE'NSIBLE, <r. [dej^tehendn,. from prefiend-,, to
take, Lat.J that may be detected; that may be discoveied,
perceived, or understood.
DEPRl HF.'NSIBLKNESS, «. possibility of being.detect-
ed, discoveied, or understood.
DKPREHE'iNSION, s.[deprel,e>uto, from prehendu, to take,
Lat.] detection; the act of takurg in theliict, or taking un-
awares; a discovery.
To DEPRE'SS, i. a. [from *, downward, and pnww, to
press,. Lat.] to press down ; to let downwards. Figura»
tively, to humble, to deject, applied to the mind.
DF.PRE'S.SI()N, *. [from de, downward, and prima, to
press, Lat.] the act of pressing down.; the. sinking or fai-
ling in of a furnace, figuratively, degrading; abasrment;
or humbling. /)f;>»«siVm, in algebra, applied to eiiiMticuis,
is the bringing llieiii to the lower and more simple tern.s by
division. In astronomy, the distance of a star from tiis-
2iyi
L>EU
DER
iiorizon downward ; which is measured by fhe aiili of Hie
vcriiclf ririle or azimuth, pn;.siiii; throiii;h the star, intt-r-
ropied liefwcen the star and die horizon. In !jeoifraiv(n,
the /teyesfinn iif the pule, is the travelling or sadin^ so mm h
floDi di? pol.' ne;i er to the horizon.
OF.PRKSSOR, s. [fiom de, downward, and prima, to
nress, Jv.il.] one that keep-> or pres-.es down ; anopp'essor.
inaiiatoin\, apuhed to such nuiscles as bring or press down
those pa'tv \vh'<h they are fi'.stened to.
DF/i'llM'KNT, a. [fVoiii (if, down\\ard, and primv, to
press, Lai.] an epitliet appl < d to one ot the straight luusi les
that nio\e the f{h)hc or hall of the eye, its use L>eing to pull
'it do ;;uai(ls.
DFPRn'ATION, s. rfrom de, here r,sed to stren:,'then
the signification, and pHvo, to take a«a\, Lat.] the act of
taKiM!; awav the qual.ty or existence of a tliinij.
To DF.PltrVE, I', a. [from de, here used to streni;then the
sisniiicalioti, and prtro, to ti.ke a«av, Lat.] to take away
t!ial wliiih is enjoxed hy another; to release; tofie^ fioni.
In law, to turn a clergyniaii out of a benefice for some
trinu,',
D'TTFORD, a town of Kent, anciently called West
Grf.en'wich, divibd into Upper and Lower Deptford. It
is chiifl\ lemaikable for its noiile d<Hk-\ ard, which includes
a WHt dock of two acres, and another of an acre and a half,
«;th extensive store-lu>\!^cs, and immense quantities of tim-
ber, tVc. for the use of the navy. It is seated on the Thames,
about .nj niles E ot'Li>ndon.
DF.P'rn, s. [diep, Rel;<.) the space measured from the
au face of a thing do«n"a (Is ; (piantit\ of water, opposed
to:: s/inal ; thes'-a; theabvss. Cfp^'i of a squadron or ba-
talion, tlie e.undier of men in the tile. Fignrativelv, the
height or middli' of a season, or night. Profoundness, (.''f-
ficdtv, obseiiritv, apniied tolearninir.
To DEPU( EL\TI-:, V. a. [dfpueeler, Fr.] to deflour ; to
ber'>a\p ofvir^indv.
DEI'ULSION, a. [from *, from, and pe!lo, to drive, Lat.]
the act of b.-atiiiir or driving awav.
DF.PL' L'«OR Y, a. [from de, from, and pello. to drive, Lat.]
thnistii;: awav .
To DF/Pl I'ATE, 1). a.\(hpnrer, Fr.Jto p\irify ; to cleanse
from anv iini)M ities.
D'''Prn\TE, a. cleansed or freed from dregs orfoulness.
Fi.'iuralivi Iv. pu", not tainted or corrupted.
DrPUlMTION, s. \dipin-ntin, from pus, corrupt tnatter,
Lat.] tiie at f of separating the impure parts of anv thing
from the pure ones. In surgery, to cleanse a \»ound from
its foulni ss.
To DEPU'RE, r. n. \dcptirer, F"^.] to cleanse f om dregs or
foiilni'ss : to pu'ge a tli ngfrom aiiv novious qualities.
DEPl'T \'TI<>\, .(. [drpiitntiim, Fr.] the sending some
select persons out of a ''od* toanrinceor solenci assemhi'^
to ti<-at of matters in their behalf or name; the commission
of tr'at H'; oi li. h, If of others.
Tj r)F.I*lj"FT,, r. n. \d piiler, Fr.] to send with a special
conimissio.i ; to aopoint persons to n<-gociate a public or
privat' iffili' w'Iha "ir'nce state, or person.
DF/PCJTY, ! \ilrpnte Fr.] one that is comTnissioned fo
transact an afl'air fo', or discharge the duties of, another; a
lieutenant : a vicrov. To law, a person who exercises an
office in the rl^ht of anotluT, who is accountable forhismis-
takt-s o' bi haviiMir,
To DEQl' \'^■TIT^TE,I'. a. [from de, a negative pa-ti-
clf, and (jiiantitas, quantity, Ld.] to lessen the quantity of a
tbing.
D'R, a term used in the beginning of the names of niaces.
Jt is 'i.ueralb \i' be dirii-ed fiom the *~a\on word dear, a
wild bi-ast, iriless the place stai>ds upon a river, when it may
be ralji'-r Irti-tii-'l from (he lirilsh dn; water.
To DIVH \ CF\ \TE, v. a. [de.achier, Fr.] to pluck or tear
up bv the roots
T.. OER AKA', or DFR A'lN, (drr»i,,) v. a. [deriws:er, Fr.]
in hi'v, to prove. In its primary signification, to disordi r,
or confute.
-i.-a
DERAIGNMENT, or DERA'INMENT, *. the act of dc.
raigumg or proving; a disordering or turn ng out of course;
a discharge of profession ; adepartuie out of religion.
DLK \'\ , s. [from darayer, Fr.] tumult ; contusion. Mer-
riment ; j(dlily.
DK RBENT, acityofSchirivan, in Persia, with a liarbour,
situated on the \V. coast of the Caspian Sea, in lat. 42.8;
N. It is the resdtnieofa khan.
DERBY, tiie c(uinty-towii of Derbyshire, is large and
\\ ell built, with a spacious market place and liandsoiue towu-
bouse. In \r'A, a machme was erei ti d here b\ Sir Tho-
nias Lombe, for the nianufacturing of siik, the model ot"
wliicli he bidiighl fiom IlaK. It was the first of its kind
elected in England ; and its operations a!e to wind, doi.ble,
and twist the sdk, so as to render it fit for weaviiis- Here
are also mainifactones of silk, cotton, and woisli d stockings,
and of elegant porcelain, which last is ni high estimation.
Derbyshire and f>irei;;ii marbles ate wioiight here in vases,
urns, lolumiis, . iid oiher ornamental articles, and the lapl.
dary and jewelleiy branches are executed with great neat-
ness. The malting business, aiida pottery ofqueen'searlhen-
ware, are also carried on here. The number of inhabi-
tants in its five parishes is estimated a »,593. It is seated
on the r'ver Derweiit, which is navigaVde to the T eni, .36
miles N. of CovMitrv, and 120 N. \V. by N. of London.
Markets on \V. diiesdav and Fridav.
DE'RUYSHIRK, a county of England, bounded on the
W. and N. VV. by Cheshire and Statloidshire, on the N. by
Yorkshre, and on the Y^. by Notfinghamsh're ; and on theS.
and S. E. by Leicestershiie and a point of Waiwickshire.
Il Cx'eiids nearly .56 miles in length from N. to S. and 34
fro;ii E. to W. where broadest; but in the S part it is not
above six. It is divided in!o six hundreds, in which are !0
nia'-ket-towns, and 106 parishes. The N. and W. parts are
raountainousand stouv, and subject fo frequent rains, and
the air is sharp and cold. The S. and !v parts are fertile,
producing most kinds of grain, particularly barley. The
bleak mountains in the Peak abound in fhe best lead, with
marble, alabaster, mill s'lnes, inn, coal, and a coarse sort
of crystal, and the internierliate valley s are fruitful in grass.
The principal rivers are the Derwent, Dove, Erwash, and
Trent.
DF7RF.HAM, East, or Market, a town in Norfolk,
with a market on Friday, 16 miles W. of Norwich, and lOJ
N. N.E.<.f London.
DERELICTION, ». [Uom deretimuo, fo forsake, Lat.]
the iilfe' forsaking or abandoning a person.
D'^'RKLICTS, s. [from derehiiqui., fo forsake, Lat.] in law,
siu h goods as are wilfully thrown away, and disowned by a
pe son.
To DERI'DE, V. a. [derideo, Lat.] to laugh at, inock, or
turn to scorn with great contempt.
DERLDKR, s. a person who mocks or ridicules a thing
with 'ireal contempt.
DERISION, *.[fromrfmrfo, to deride. La'.] the act of
ridiculing, mocking, oi laiighingat with great contempt.
DFT!!''^1VK, «. rediculing; mocking.
D'Hl'SORY, n. [from deride, to deride, Lat.] mocking ;
ridiculing.
DEHl'VARLl", n. that may he obtained by descent, or
coiiiinuii'eated f om one to another.
I)E!!!VA'TK)N, s. [from derivn, to derive, Lat.] tlw
drainini;wati r fir.iu ilscourseoi channel.
D' RFV\T1VE, «. [fiom rfc/iio, to derive, Lat.J derived
or taken from another.
DERI V\TIVE, *. the thing or woid which is derived
from another.
DERFVATIVELY', ad. after a derivative manner; not
oriiiiialK.
To DFRI'VK, V. o. [fiomrfe. from, and riws, a river, Lat.j
todrain; tolefoul water, o, turn its course. Fi-nialively,
fo deduce, or trace f om its original or sourie ; lo conimu
ni( ate as the source ef a river lo one 'd' its bnini lies, or n
cause to itsellcct; lodesccnd to a person, or tocomiiiuui-
DES
URS
rate by a descent of blood. In srammar, to trace a word
from its origin. iNeutcrly, to proceed, tonic, or descend
from.
DKRITF.R, s. one who partakes by descent, pedigree, or
conjiniiiM'alit>n.
DKlt.VIF.'R, (lisrveir) a. \Vt.\ last : used witli nsort.
To l)|",'H()ti,\'l'E, t'. ". [ihias;", Lat.] to lessen the value
of a f'iiinil> or pnifcssion; to degenerate; to undervalue the
eslieni o'- worlli of a tiling.
DRIMXiATION, s. [from tlt'roe;o, to disparage, Lat.l an
act donecontrarv to, or imorisivient with any law, by which
means, Its force and vidui' are lessenwd ; tile act of dispa-
raginir or lesseiiinu ihe value of a thing.
DElUVd VTIVE, n. losening the \alue of a thing, or the
esteem and re]>'ilalion of a person.
D^OROGATOIULY, nrf. in such anianiier as to lessen the
value of a thing, or the esteem and reputation of a per-
son.
DRUO'GATOR1NE.SS, f. the quality of lessening the
valu*- ofii thing.
DEUO'G \T()RV, a. [from derago, to disparage, Lat.]
tliat lessens or takes away from tlie value of a person or
thing.
DE'RRY, aconnty of Ulster, in Ireland, 32 miles in length
and 30 ill hreadth, iKuiiidrd on Ihe \V. hv Donegal; on th"
N. by Lough Foyle and the <)cean: and on the E. and S. K.
hv Antrim and Lough Neagh ; and on the S. and S. \V. by
Tyrone. It contauisSl parishes. In which are abimt '2j,000
houses and I'i.'i.OOO inhabitants, and is a fruitful, champaign
country. The linen mannfa<tnre Honrishes in every part of
the eountv, itsyearlv trade being averaged at 1 16,720/.
DI'.RRY, orLoNDONnKRR Y, the capital of the county
ofDcrrv, isa modern citv, built principallv by a company
of London adventiin-rs, in the reign of James T. It consists
chieflv of two streets, which cross one another ; an exchange
is built in the centre; here is a fine market-place, and the
harbour is bnrdere<l with a quay. It i.s surrounded with a
strong wall, and has four castles bv the side of the river. It
is seated on the ri\er Mourn, near its mouth, o er whiih
there is a wooden bridge, upwards of t0()0 (Vet in length,
5 miles S. of the Lake or Bav of Lough Foyle, and 104 N.
W. of Dublin.
DERVIS, orDE'RVISE, a. [iln-vis, Fr.] a kind of monk
among the Turks, who profess extreme poverty, and lead a
verv aistere life.
DE'RWENT, a river of Derb\ shire, whicli rises in the
High Peak, and passing through the county, faUs into the
Trent, Smiles E. S. E. from Derbv. .\ls((, a riv r of York-
shire, which rises in the North Riding, and ruiiiiing S. falls
into the Ouse, S miles S. E. of Selbv. .^150,3 river of Dur-
ham, flowing through a roniaiitic tract of country, and fidl-
ing into the Tyiie, a little above Newcastle, near which, on
its banks, are some capital iron works. Also, a river of
Cumberland, which rises in Borrowdale, and flowing through
Perwent Water and Bassingthwaite Water, passes by Cock-
ermouth, and falls into the Irish Sea at Workington.
DESART.j. SeeDF.SKRT.
DK'*5CAN'I\*. [i/i»can(n, Ital.] a comment on any sub-
i'ect ; disputation; a disquisition branched out into several
leads. It is commonly used as a word of censure or
coiitempt.
To DESCA'NT, V. n. to sing in parts. Figuratively, to
discourse at large; or to criticise miiintcly on the actions of
mother; to point out faults with great minuteness; to
censure.
To DESC''"ND, r. n. [dtsrendo, Lat.] to come or "O
from a higher to a lower place ; to go giiuluallv dow.iwards,
or below the surface of a thing ; to sink ; to invade an ene-
my's country ; to proceed as from a successor, or as a cause
does from an efl'ect. Actively, to walk, or roll downwards
fro-na higher place or sitiial nn.
DESCE'NDA.NT, or DE.SCE'NDEN '', s.\(nm descmdo,
to descend, Lat.] one who belongs to aiioth.er as a relation ;
the olfspriiig or posterity of a person.
DF.SCE'NOENT, n. [from drsmtdn, tudescend, 1.21.1 coin-
ing or nioviag from a hi^dirr to a lower situation, Licuiug ;
proceeding iiom anollicr iisaii liOccstoi or oiigiiial.
Di-.^CE-N niBLL, 0. such as may be descended; trans-
missil-ile b\ iiiherilance.
l)l>Cl>'NSI()i\', s. [from dcsecndn, to descend, i^at.] a
sinking from a biglr^r to a lowci situation. In a-slrriiiiuuy,
it is divided into right or oblique. liio/il drm nsmit, is ;•.
point or ardi of the cipiator, wh ch desceiuls with a star or
sign in a right sphere. 0.'/'(»/»e dcscvnnuii, is that which
descends in an obli()ue sphne.
DES.(:EN.*i!ONAL, o. relating to descent. In astrono-
my, rlisciiisiniinl diff'neiice is the dillcreuce betWeMl the ob-
li,|U' and rig^it descensioii (.fa star.
" " ' 'le act of
Lat.] tl
wards t
DESCENT, ,«. [from r/e.vcfM'fo, tudescend
passing; from a Ingiier to a lower place ; or towards the cen-
tre o*'the earth ; a slope, or sloping situation. Invasion, or
attack "II an enemy's country or coasts; birth; extraction.
Livei'l ili-scent, is that which is conveyed down in a right
line, from the giaiidfather to the father, from tlie father to
the son, Ac. Cullatiral descent, is llial which s\>riMgs I'Ut of
the s.rle of the line of blood, as from a man to his brother,
neplicw, Ac. Figuratively, one step or generation in th*"
line of a family.
To DESCRI'BE, v. n. [descrilm, Lat.] to mark out any
thing by the mention of its properties. In painting, toforin
the resemblance of a thing. In logic it coiivc\s an idea of
a thing in a loose manner, without enumerating all its pro-
perties, in geometry, to draw or make a figure. Figurative.
ly, toconvovsome notionof a thing by words.
" DESCRI'liER, s. one who relates a matter of fact; the
manner of performing an action, a battle, Ac.
DF.SCRrER, i. one who discovers or descries a thing at
a distance.
DESCRIPTION, .!. [from describo, to describe, Lat.] the
act of conveviiig the idea of a jk rson or thing by mention-
ing some of their properties. In logic, a collection of the
most remarkable properties of a tliin'% without iiicliidiug
the essential diH'crence, and the general nature or genius ;
the sentence or passage in which a thing is described; the
qualities expressed in representing a thing.
To DESCRY', 1'. a. [descrici; Yr.] ti'. reconnoitre ; to ex-
amine or view at a distance ; to discover or discern by the
sight a thing hidden or conceahd.
Dl'SCRY , .?. discovery, or the thing discovered.
DESEA'I).\, or Cape Dksirr, on the S. W. coast of
Patagonia, at the entrance of the Straits of iVlagellau, from
tiie Pacific Ocean. Lat. 52. 62. S. lr>n. t(< 4.'i. S\.
1)!'",SKA DA, or Desiderapa, one of the Caribbee
Islands, about 10 miles long, and -i broad, 4 leagues E. of
fniadaloupe. It is subject to the French. Lat. IG. 38. N.
long. 61. 15. W.
To DE'SICCRATE, v. a. [from de, a negative particle,
and sneer, holy, Lat.] to convert a thing to an use dillerent
from that to which it was originally consecrated.
DESECRATION, s. the converting of a thin'^ conse-
crated to some common use.
DESERT, (desert) s. [fiom desero, to desert, Lat.] a place
not inh;ibited or built ; a waste i)lace ; a solitude.
DE'SERT, (dezert)a. [from disero, to desert, Lat.j wild;
waste; uncultivated; uniiihabitKi.
To DESI<VRT,(rf«frO V. a. [desero, Lat.] to quit; to for-
sake ; to abandon a person w ho has a re'.iance oa ene ; used
as a word of reproach ; to leave a station or place ; to run
awa\ from an arniv or company, applied to soldiers.
DESERT,*. See Dessert.
DKSE'RT, {dezert) s. the behaviour, conduct, or actions
of a person, c<msidercd with lespect to rewards or punish-
ments ; a claim to praise or rewards. Figuratively, excel-
lence, or -virtue, degree of merit.
DESE'KTER, (rff^trto) i-. [fr(m! '.'mcto, to desert, Lat.]
one who leaves or abandons a person who can claiii) his as-
sistance; <:ne who abandons, quits, oi leaves his post, or
thearniv to which he belong-..
nr s
nr, ?
DRSt''T?TION, iilezerslwn) s. tise act of abandoning or
forsukiiitra person, cause, post, or place in an army.
DKS'-: I'TLF.SS, (dezertless) a. without merit.
To n''*»iynVI'', (dezirve) v. a. [dfSfrvir, Fr.J to be nn ob-
ject of approliation or disapprobation, reward, or punish-
ment, on account of one's actions or behaviour; to be wor-
thy ; f. a proper object of reward.
D'''SI-7RVKDLY, {dezarerl/i/) ad. not without reason or
foundation ; accordinj; to a person's behaviour, whether
good or ijl.
DESF'RV KR, (de:erver) s. a raan who is a proper object
of approliatioii and reward.
D("SICCANT, {df^tkant) part, [desiccaiis, from sicctis, dry,
I>at.] in medicine, a dr\ ins nature or quaiily. Used sub-
stantively, for those applications which dry up the flow of
sores.
To DESrCCATE, (desihatc) s. «. [desicco from succns, diy
Lat.l toflrv up moisture.
DESICCATION, {desihashon) s. the act of drying up
moisture.
DESrCCATlVE, {desihatire) a. tliat has the power of
drying.
To DESIDERATE, v. u. [detidero, Lat.] to want ; toniiss.
A- yvord scarcely used.
DESIDERATUM, s. [Lat.] somewhat which inquiry has
not been able to settle or discover ; as the lon>{itude is the
disideratmn of navifjation ; the trisection of an ansle, and
the quadrature of a circle, are the desiderata of fjeoiiietry ;
the perpetual 'notion, the desideratum of mechanics.
DESI'DIOSE, «.[(/f«Wiosi«, Lat.] idle ; lazy; heavy.
To DESrCiN, (deslii) V. a. [drsi^7w, Lat.] to purpose or
intend ; to form or orderfora particular iiurpose ; to plan,
project, contrive, or form an idea in the mind.
DESIGN, (deszn) s. an intention or purpose ; a plan of
action ; a scheme or contrivance ; the plan or representatiotj
of the order, general distribution, and construction of a
paiutiuir, poem.iiooks, building, A.c.
DESIGN A BLE.I^rfwHwWf) a. jfrom desi^im, to mark out,
Lat.]^tliat can be ascertained, described, or expressed.
DESIGNATION, s, [from *«V'"', to mark out, Lat.]
the describing a person or thing by some remote sign ; ap-
pointment or direction ; import or signification ; inten-
tion.
DESLGNEDLY, (deshied/i/) ad. purposely ; in a manner
agreeable to the intention or [irevious purpose of a person,
opposed to aeridnttalli/.
DKSrGNKR, (de.<n7ter) s. a person who premeditates or
contrives something ill ; a person yvho invents a drauj^ht, or
original, for some artist to copy bv.
DF>>rGNIXfi, (des'iiiine:) part, contriving, meditating, or
intending something amiss, or prejudicial to the interests of
ano'ber.
DESIGNLESS, (</MiHfof)o. without design; without any
bad intention.
DESrGNLE.SSLY, ad. without intention ; ignorantly ;
^ailvertcntlv.
DESI'GNMENT, (desmment) s. an intended erpedition
gainst anenemv ; a plot ; tli" idea, or sketch of a work.
DKSI'RABLE, (desirahh) a. worthy of desire or longing.
DIvSI'RE, s. [desir, Fr.] wish; eagerness to obtain or
cnjov.
To DESl'Rf-', i(frrfr^)». a. [desirer, Fr.l to yvish, or covet
some absent good ; to appear to Ion;; for a thing; to ask ;
to entreat.
1)F>SJIU''.R, (dezirer)s. one who cov<'ts an absent good.
DESl'llOUS, (deziroiis) a. full of h)nging ; earnestly
■*isliin;r.
ToDESIST, «. n. [di.ftsto, Lat.] to cease from doing a
thing which is beguir; to stop.
DESIST \NCK, t. the act of stopping or ceasing from
some action begun.
DE*»rTIVK, a. itrom ditxno, to leave of, Lat.] endinsj ;
roncliiditif;. \ desisive prv ".»i<(«7i is that wliith implies the
ending or conclusion of somtlhinR,
ii4
DESK, s. [liimh, Belg.] an incliiiiug or sloping bocnl <)r
i;itj!c.
D '■/SOLATE, a. [desidatiis, from solus, aloue, Lat. ) without
inhabitants ; lai<l waste ; solitary, or UHfrequpnted.
To DESOLATE, I'.n. [rfej»/fr(i(i, from solus, alone, Ljt.]
to deprive of inhabilaijts ; to lay waste.
DESOLATELY, ad. in an unlrequcnled manner; in a
desolate manner.
DESOLATION, s. the act of destroying or removing the
inhabitants from a place ; the act of laving a place yvaste ;
a place yvasted and forsaken ; gloominess ; sadness.
DESPA'IR, i. [desespoir, Fr.] an utter abaudouiiig of the
hopes of any future good : loss of hope ; ihat w"Tiich de
prives a person of hope ; a passion excited by imagining
that the object or subject of desire is not to be attai ,ed. or
that a thing to beundirtaken is beyond our abilities t( per
form. In (tieology, the utter loss of confidence in the nier
ciesof God.
To DESPAIR,!', n. [de.spern, from de,a negative particle
?in(\ spero, to hope, Lat.l to aliandon, relinguisli, or give a
thing over as unattainable ; to cease to hi>])e.
DF.SPA'IRER, s. one who looks on a thing as unattainable
one who is yvil hunt hope.
DI'.SPA'RINGLY, «rf. in such a manner as to discovci
no hope.
To DESPATCH, V. a. See To Dispatch.
DE'SPlRATE, a. [dispern, from de, a negative particle,
and spero, to hope, Lat.] w itliout hope, or look.ng on a thing
as impossible or unattainable ; yyithoutany regard tosafety,
arising from despair. Figuratively, not to be retrieved or
surmounted, a. i lieil to things ; mad, furious with despair,
appled to persons. Violent, applied to things.
DK'SPERATELY, ad. in the manner of a person grow ing
furious bv despair.
DE'SPETIATENESS, «. rtiadness; fury; acting without
anv regard to safety or secuiity.
DESPERATION, s.a state void of all hope.
DESPIC.ABLE, a. [despieabilis, from despien, to depise,
Lat.] deserving contempt on account of something soidid^
mean, bas's and vile.
DE'SPICABLENKSS, i. lire quality which renders a per-
son or thinn^ the object of contempt.
DF.'SPIC.'^BLY', ad. in a mean, sordid-, vile, or contempti-
ble manner.
DF>PI SABLY, a. contemptible ; despicable ; a row
wonl.
To DESPI'SK, (despize) v. a. [from de, downward, and
specie, to look, Lat.] to scorn or contemn with pride and
disdain ; to slight ; to disregard.
DESPl'SER, (desptzer) s. one who looks on a person or
thins with scorn or contem it.
DESPITE, i. [depit, Fr.] malice ; anger on account of
some real or supposed injury ; hatred ; defiance. An act of
malice or resentment; something done in order to counter-
act the designs of another, through malice, revenge, or re-
sentment.
To DESPl TE, I', a. to counteract the designs of another,^
a principle of malice and lesentnient.
DESPrTEhUL, a. i\M of maiue or spleen; acting con
trarv to the designs of another, pu el> to make him uneasy,
or uiihapp .
DKSPITEFI'LLY, «rf. malici iu> v ; mabgiiant.v.
DESPITEFMLNKSS, s. mal • "or in endeavour to
render a person extremely miserable throiigli malice and
r< sentiiK lit.
To DESPOIL, II. a [de.ii>i!lio, (row .fpidivm, plunder, Lat.J
to rob ; todepiivea persmi of what he is po.isessecl of by
someact of vi<ilence. Figuratively, to deprive a person of
soiiK' post "f honour.
DF.SPOILATION, s. the act o depriving a pti-son of
something in llisi jiossession.
To DESPOTSD, 1'. a. [from df, a negative particle, and
siu'iideii, to p'oiu sr, Lat. as deK|i'nrlen' pi rsons pronnse
themselves uulhmg] to become mclaachoij, thruugu a pt*-
DES
DET
Uiasioil that somelhingr ilesired isunattainahlc.or llial siome-
tliiiiL' t't l)i> Horn' 13 impossible, lii divinity, to lose all hope
Ol'iliviiic nic <•^ .
nKSl'()'NI)l''NCY, s. the slate of a person who imaKines
a thiiifj desired loimot be obtuined, or that a Ihin^ to be done
ia iiiiooss'ble.
DF-SPOIvnEN'T, a. [from 'le, a negative particle, and
tvandeo, to promise, Lat. as despondent persons promise
themselves nolhin^'l wilhiuil any hope of succeedlnf; in what
one undertakes, or of Htlaiiiiii;^ what is ardent Iv desired.
To DESl'O'NSA'ri"-, V. a. [ile.s'iwuso, fioui spmirleo, to pro-
mise, Lat.] to betroth ; to unite by reciprocal promises of
marriafip.
DE.«PONSATION, i. the act of betrothing persons to
each other.
DR'SP(»T, .s. [Gr.Jan iineontrolahle prince.
Dl'.SPOTlC, orDKSPOTlCAL, «. [desp.,hq„e, Fr.] ab-
solute ; arbit-rary ; supreme ; of unlimited or absolute
power.
DKSPOTICVT.NESS, «. absolute authority.
DI'V.'*POTl"*M, (■rfc,«/)"/(.wn) s. [desputisme, Fr.] absolute
power, applied to such governments wherein the power of
the prince is arbitrarv.
To DRSPU'MATE. v. a. [desp^^mo,h^^m »pi(m«, froth, Lat.]
to skim tlie frotli "ft.
DESPUMATION, .«. in Pharmacy, th<- act of clearing
anv liquor ti\ skimming ofl the froth or foam.
D'-'SQU VMATION, s. [from de, from, and siivnmn, a
scale, Lat.] in surgery, the act of scaiinfj cavioui, hours.
DE'.SSAl'.a lowii of Upper Saxonv, capital of the princi-
palitv of Anhalt Dessau. It is situated on the Moldau, near
Its union with the I'.lbe, 28 miles S. I'",, of MaKdeburj;.
DESSERT, .5. [^/m«.'><, Fr] the last course at an enter-
tainment ; the fruit .ir sxveelnieats set on the tnble after the
meat. Thi«; is the proper spelling, and not desert.
ToDE'STINATE, v. a. \destnw, Lat.] to desijtn or form
for anv pa'ticularlv purpose or end.
DESTINATION, s. the purpose or ultimate end for
which anv thing is designed.
To Dl'j'STINE, J'. a!\destino, Lat.] to doom ; to appoint
to any stateor condition without alteration, or by an absolute
necessity ; to order to any end or purpose : ti. devote to pu-
nishment or miserv ; to tix an event unalterably.
DE'STINY, s. \destinee, Fr.] in nntholofjy, the power
who determines the lot of mortals; fate fixed by some un-
alterable decree ; (loom; fortune.
DF.'STITIJTF., a. [destitiitns, Lat.] deprived of; in want
of; abandoned bv.
DKSTITCTIO.V, J. want ; defect; or a slate wherein
someihini; is detirieni or waiitiu'j;.
To DESTPOA', ?'. n. \<kfiruii, Lat.] to demolish, or reduce
to ruin ; to kill ; to lav waste, or make desolate; todeprive
a tiling of its present qual'ties or properties.
DKSTRO'YEr!, .?. one who lavs a town waste ; one who
deprives animals of life ; one who defaces a thuig by some
act of violence.
DFSTOU'CTIBLE, a. [from destruo, \n destroy, Lat.J
liable to he deslrovrd, defaced or demolished.
DKSTRUCTUiI'LITY, t. possibility, or liableness to be
dcstroved.
DESTRIVCTION, *. [from denr,to, to destroy, Lat.] the
act of ruining, destroying, demolishing, or laving waste ;
murder ; the state of a thing ruined, demolished, or de-
•troved ; the cause of destruction. In theolog^y, eternal
death.
DE'JTRU CTIVE, «. [from *rtn«,, to destroy, Lat.] that
demolishes, or reduces to ruin.
DESTRUCTIVELY, nd. in such a manner as to destroy,
aemi>lish. or ruin.
P ■STRUrnVENESS, s. the quality which destroys,
ruins, or 1.1 s waste.
DF.STRl'CTOR, ^. a destroyer, a consumer.
DESfDATlON, ,«. [desudntio, from tiulo, to sweat, Lat.]
a profuse or inordinate sweating.
DESUETUDE, s. \desuetvdo, from dencnco, to disuse, Lat.|
cessation from bi ing accustomed ; discouliuuancc of prac-
tice or habit.
DESULTORY, or DI'SULTO'RIOUS, «. [J.-^uItrntu,
fmm de.iilio, to leap, Lat.] untixed ; unsettled; rtmovcd
from one thing or idea to aMcllier.
To DESU'ME, B. a. \desiimo, Lat-J to take from any thing;
to borrow.
To DETA'C H, V. a. \ditaelirr, Fr.] to separate i>r part
something which wasjiirmd lutore; to send out, or dra«
oft a part of a greater body (.f tones.
DETA'CHl'.D, part, diawn oft'; separated from; dis-
engaged. .
DETA'CUMENT, s. a body of troops separated and sent
from the main armv.
To DETAIL, 1'." n. [diiniller, Fr.j *o relate a fact with
its minuteand particular ciuumstances.
DETAIL, s. [detail, F(.J an account containing all the
minute circumstances of an action, or subject.
To DETA'IN, »•. n. [detiueo, Lat.] (o keep that which is
due to another ; to keep a person, or hinder him from de-
parting; or going farther; to keep a jierson in custody.
DETA'IN DER, *. in law, a writ for holding or keeping
a person in custody.
Dh'T.ArNKk, s. he that does not pay a thing due, or
withholds another person's right; he that hmders the. de-
parture or pro' ress of a person or thing.
ToDETE'C'T, v. a. \detectum, Lat.] to discover, or find
out any secret crime or artifice ; to find out or surprise a per-
son in the commission, or after the commission of a crime ;
to lay upon the artifices of a person, or sophistry of an ar-
gimient.
DETE'CTER.i. a discoverer of some criminal ; one who
lays oion the soihistry or subterfuges ofan anthor.
DETl'^CTlON, J. the discovery of a criminal, crhtie,or
fault.
DETE NTION, s. the keeping or withholding what is
due, or belonging to another. Figuratively, connnement,
or restraint.
To DI''Tl'''R, V. a. [deterreo, Lat.] to discourage, or keep
a person trom doing a thing, either by frij^'btening him by
menaces, or bv laying its consequences betoie him.
To DFTE'RCil*', v. a. [detergo, Lat.] to cleanse a sore
from its pus, matter, or foulness; to cleanse the body by
pnr^'es.
DETRTtnENT, a. [detergens, Lat.] in medicine, having
the power i f cleai>sing.
PETFRIOKATHiN, s. [from detcrior, worse, Lat.] the
iniraiv;n'_' ir r( itlering any thing worse.
DF.l'IriiMFNT, s. that which discourages a person from
doing or i.nilertaking a thing; the cause or obstacle whicli
hindeis a person from undertaking a thing.
DETE1L\IIN.AI1LE, a. that may be ascertained or de-
cided.
To Dl'Tc. UMiNATE, v. a. [dr-fermnm, from terminus, a
limit, Lat.l to limit ; to settle; to fix; to determine.
DKT E'lilVllNATF., a. [d.tervmw, from ternuniis, a limit,
Lat.] linnted ; fixefl ; settled ; decisive ; resolved.
DETK'RMINATELY, ad. resolutely fixed; firndy le-
solved.
DETERMINATION, s. absolute direction to a certain
end. Figuratively, a resolution formed af.rr mature delibe-
ration ; tl:e decision of some contested point or dis|uitc.
DETERMINATIVE, u. having the poAver to direct to
a certain end ; that restrains the signification of a ^^•ol•d.
DETERMINATOR, «. one who determines, ascertains,
or decides a controversy.
To DI'>TE'RMINE, v. a. [determino, from terminus, a limit,
Lat.] to fix or settle, a llnng, or point, in debate or dispute ;
to conclude ; to hound; to confine ; to decide; to connne
or restrain within limits; to ascertain the sen.se of an ex-
pression ; to influence the choice; to resolve; to put an
end to ; to destroy. Neutcrly to conclude ; to end ; to couio
to a decision; to resolve or come to a resolution.
DET
DEV
DETK RSION, *. [from deterf^o, to cleanse, Lat.] in sur-
r^rry, the a< t of cleansing a wound. ,
I)ETE'RSIVE, «. [detertif. Ft.] Laring'the power to
cleanse.
DETE'RSIVE, a. in medicine, that which cleanses a
wound, or frees the bodv from humours bv pur;;ii)g.
ToDETE'ST, V. a.[dthstor. Eat.] to hate a tiling with
some vehemence, on account of its evil and pernicious
qualities.
OETI'/STABLE, a. that is hated with great vehemence,
Bn iiccoiiiit I'f if. vih'Hcss or pernicioiisne ss.
DETESTABLY, nrf. in such a manner as shews or de-
serves the greatest loathing, abhorrence, aversion, or hatred.
DI'TESTA'TION, jt. [detesinticn, Fr.] the act of abhorring,
di>liking, or hating a thing, on account of its evil.
I)ETE'.STER, s. one who hasavery great hatred, aversion,
or loathinir.
To Df^fHRCNE, 1' a. [from de, a negative particle, and
thrornis, a throne, Lat.] t<> depose a king ; to deprive him of
royal tv.
DETI'Nl^E, s. [dclhirie, Fr. | a writ layin": against a per-
son, who refuses to deliver a thing up which was given him
to keep for another.
DETONATION, i. [,'Vom drtono, to thunder, Lat.] the
loud noise made by some boilies when beginning to heal in
acrucible, somewhat useml'liug the explosion of gunpow-
der. In chemistry, the opt ration of expelling the impure,
volatile, and sulphurous patts from antimonv.
To DETONIZK, v. «. [from detmw, to thunder, Lat.] in
chfiiii>trv, io calcine withdttonation.
To DETO'RT, V. <r. [dftortrim, Lat.] to « rest a word or
expression from its origin;d iitpaiiing or 'icsign.
To DETR ACT, r.a. [f om de, frou). and truh':, to draw,
Laf.l to lessen the reputation of another by calumny, or
speaiiing ill ofhiui.
DETRA'CTER, s. one who lessens the reputation 0|
another.
DETRA'CTfON, s. [drtractio, Lat.] the impairing < J
lessening the reputation or esteem of another, by speakiiij
ill of him.
DETRACTORY, a. lessening the value of a thing, or r ■
putation of a person.
DETRA'CTRESS, s. a woman who lessens the reputai'o
ofothors.
DE'PRIMENT, sAdHrimentum, Lat.] that which affects o
tbin-c or person wilh loss or damage.
DKTRIMM'NT.AL, «. causing harm, mischief, loss, oi
d.imai?!-.
DhtRlTFON, s. [from detern, Lat.] the act of wearin-
awav.
To DFTRUDE, v. a. [delnulo, Lat.] io thru.>t down, to
force iiiloa lower pl;'ic.
To Diyrur NCA'!'I'., ». a. [detrunco, from de, from, and
tni7tco, to cut short, Lat.] to lop ; to shorten by deprivation
of parts.
DKTRUNCATION,«.fheact of looping or cutting.
DFTRl^'SION, J. ['/.•/nw/.), from drtnido, to thrust down,
Lat.l.the act of forcini; ;i thing iiowM\(a>-ds.
DETTlN(rl-"N, a village of Ilaiiau, on the E. side of the
Maine circl*^ ofthc Luwei Rhine, where the earl of Stair
gaineda victorv over the Ficiuh, in 174.!. (ieoige II. who
was present in ihe acli<ui, displavt d greiil persoiud courage,
exposing himself to a severe lire of caiinnii as well as mus-
(pn-trv, and eiieour-'ging his troops \>\ his presence and
rxam[ile. It 's !t miles S. of llanau.
nEVASTATION, s. \d'-rnslo, fVom jw<o, to lav waste,
L'i».| the act of laying waste ; deniolishuig buildings; or
un lei, I. liiig towns.
DE.(1CE, ii.\diii.v, Fr.] in gaming a card with two marks,
or a die willi two spots.
To Dl \ I'. I.OR, r. n.\develiipi-r, Fr.] Ut take off' any co-
verin:: >»hith concealn a thing; to l.i> op. n any 5trai;ig< in
Mrai iitiee.
DEVE'NTER,a lar;,a-and I'opulous sea port, the capital
Qlttt
of Overyssel, situate^ in the district called Zallant, on the
river Issel, J6 miles E. of Amsterdam.
To DEVIO'ST, V. a. [from de, from and vestii, a sarment,
Lat.] to make a person naked, or take off his clothes. Fi-
guratively, to deprive of an advantage, or some good; to
free from any thing *jad.
DEV I'.'X, a. [devexvi, Lat.] bending down ; declivous ;
incurvated downwards.
DEVE'XITY. s. incurvation downwards ; declivity.
To DE'VIATF^,t'. n. [from rff, fiom, and tia, a way, Lat.]
to leave the rglit or common way. Figuratively, to err;
to go astray. In Divinity, to sin, by not walking in the way
prescribed bythedi\ine commandments.
DEVIATION,*, the act of quitting the right away. Fi-
guratively, the acting contrary to some established rule;
sin; offence; a wandering.
DEVrCE, .«. [devise, Fr.l a contrivance or stratagem ; a
project; a scheme or pldu. In heraldry, m\ emblem,
which has some tesembliiuce to a persons name; the re-
presentation of some natural body, with a motto or seii-
tence. Invention; genius.
DEVIL, s. [dicful, .Sax.] in its primary signification, a
calumniator, oi faUe accuser; but peculiarly applied to sig-
nify the fallen angel, who was the tempter and seducer of
mankind. Figuratively, a wicked person. In Scripture,
ail idol: an emissary; or one of the wicked spirits subjeot
to .Satan. Pkov. He that hnth shipped the devil must make
the best vf him. — What is gutten in'er the dents back it
spent under his belli/ ; i. e. what is got by oppression, or
extortion, is many times spent in riot and luxury.
DEVI'L, Sea, s. in natural history, au odd shaped fish of
the rav kind.
DETILISH, a. partaking of the malicious, mischievous,
or other wicked qualities ofthe devil.
DE'VILI>HLY, ad. in an ent'reU v Icked or mischievous
manner ; in a manner sui'.ao.e to the wickedness ot the de-
vil ; diabolicallv.
DE'VlLKIN,'.s. a little devil.
DK'VILS BIT, s. a genus of plants, the same with the
scabiosa of Linueiis. There are three British species, viz.
the common, tield, and, leathered. All the species have blue
blossoms, and flower in the summer months. The yellow
devils bit is the aiiTumnal dandelion.
DE VlLS-fiUTS, s. a plant the same with the common
dodder, or iiellvveed.
DI'7VI0L'S, a. [fiom de, from, and ria, a way, Lat.] out of
the coniiii'-'ii liack : wandering: larabluig; roving; erring.
To DEVr-^E (devizt) V. a. [deviser, Er.] To IM ent or
contrive, iMpKiir^ a gr at deal of art. Neui rlv, >o plan,
contrive, or form siiieiiies. In law, to bequeath, or leave
by V ill.
D I A'l'SE, (denze) s. [dcrise, Fr. J in law, the act of ((ivinf;
or be(|iii ailing bv will; c<>'itrivance.
DKVISEE, t. he to wk.vm soui<4hing is bequeathed by
will.
DEVrSi'R, (dei'iser) $. one who projeits, or contriv s;
one who leaves or bequeaths by will.
DEVIZi'S, A large, ancient, »nd populous town of W'lts,
with very considerable maniifrtdu'es, ' i>rticularly of serges,
kersevmere.s, druggets, ami bead cloth ; the malting and
brewiiu; business is carried on pretty exIens'veU ; and the
matket is abundantly supplied with corn, «<»l, horses, and
all sorts of e; ttle. It is seated on a rivulet, which rises near
the laslle, (on<e one of the strongest in 'iigland) and runs
into'he ^von ni';ir Rromliam, '2t iinles N. \V . of Salisbury,
and H:» W oi I orid(;ii. M.irlx ts on Nionday and Thursday.
Fairs ou Feb. 13, Holy Thiiisday, June l.S, July 6, and
Oct. •><», which loSt holds six da s.
D' VOID, a fi'i/iWe, Fr] cni|)lv : vncant. Figuratively,
destitute, or iVie f'oniain qiiiilit' eiihcigood or lat!.
DEV^VtR, s, [Y-.] Ill its primary sense, a duty, or act
I f .;er\ i< e. jiu' il<M' obnolete.
To IH'\'0 LVK, r. «. [fiom rff. downwiiids, kpiI iv/eo, to
roll Lat.] to roll from a highui to a lowe. place. J o t emovo
Dt\V
DIA
from one person to another. Neulcrly, to fiill or dtsceiicl
to, in order <if succession.
Dt^VO!.l'T!()N, s. [from de, ilf)wn\varfl, and loho, to
roll, Lat] llie rollinj; of ii lliin^' from ii lii;;lier to a lower
place. Itemoval, or :
anoliicr.
succession from one pei son or order to
DE'VONSHIRK, a conntv of F,n-l;uid, lionnded on the
W. Ly Co'nw;:!!; on tlip N. I)y llie Bristol Cliitnml ; on the
E. I»v Sonierselsliirc and Dov^ctillire ; amlonlitc S. by llie
lill;;li^ll Cliannel. In extent it is the second eounlv in T-n:;-
land, liein^ C9 miles lon^; f om N. lo S. .ind Gil li<iad fiom
E. to \V. It is divided into ri:i linndreds, eonlaiinn'^ 40
murket towns, S9\ piirrshrs. and alu.ut 34(1, noo inhaliiliinls.
The air is mild and lieailldM, .n;d llic s"il r( fi ii Kaldv fi-iiile,
«.\cept on the monntvtinsan'l moors. On I he coast ii found a
pecniia'lv rich sand, of singular service to ihe Inishandman,
»s it renders the most liairen parts fertile, and, as il were,
iinpreijnatesllie glehe. rruil-lrees al)oiMid here, pai ticniar-
ly apples, of w hich a fireat (pianlity of cider is made, and
taken to SI-!, i)ein;j f mild vei\ serviceiibie in hot climates.
Ill the S. \V. par s are ^neal ipiaiilitii- of marlile, and in
iDitnv plac's mailile rocks are found lo he the hasis of ihe
hijlh roads. The sea-coasis ahiiund in lu-rr ngs pilchards,
and other salt \vat»r fi,~li. The principal rivers are the Ta-
mar, Fx. Teiunie, Toiiridje, and l');irt.
DRVCUA'TION, s.lfln'arntio, Lat. | 'he act of devonrin-f.
ToDEVO'TK. f. ,1. [flfvotiim, Liil.T to dedicate or set
apart to a relii;ious or any oilier particidar purpuric; to
abandon to ev'l ; lo doom to di-s1imlioii.
DRVOTRDN'ISS, ,5. the sf..'' i f a thiu,' devoted, dedi-
cated, set np:<vt, or destined lo a (larticular end or pur-
pos".
DIsVOT'^lV, s. \rln-nt, Fr.] one extravaRanlly or erro-
nef.n^l' rel'iT'ous ; a liii,'ot.
IHIVOTION, s. f <>i\\ rlinnreo, tn devote, Lat.] I'lie state
ofa thin;; consecialefl or dcrlicaled; a teli^imis and fervent
exercise of some puhl r act of reliction : ova teiii'.ier or disi'O-
sition iifihe «ind riiihllv aflecti'd with such exercises. Fi-
guratively, praver, a strong' and fervent affection for a per-
lon. Anaci of reverence, res'iect or ceremony. Disposal;
po"er: state of dependence on anv one.
DFVOTION.\L, 1. relating to reli<;ious worship; pious;
Kalniis.
(JIOVO'TIONALIST, s. a person viho is superstitiously
reli^'ous.
To DI'VOU'R, 1'. tt.ldevorn, Lat.] to ent up ravenously.
Figii'stivcly, to destroy with rapidity or quickness; to
swallow ii'i, oi- reduce to nothinij.
DEVOU ItER, s. one who consumes or eats up raven-
ously.
DEVOU'T, n. [from devmeo, to devote, Lat.] pious; reli-
gious; fervent in perfuimin;; acts of \>orship; filled with
pious Ihouslrts; full of zeal ; or expressive of ardent pietv.
DEVOUTLY, «rf. in a pious nrtnner ; with fervent zeal
and pietv.
DEL'SI'', i. [derived hv Jmiiiis from Oimims, the name of
a species of evil spirits] the devil, used in ludicrous lan-
gua;;e. SeeDi-tTF.
D'*'.UTEROGA!\IY, s. [from tknteros, the second, and
gamna. marriage, Gr.l a second marriaije.
DI'.UTERO'NOMY, *. [from flenteros, the seconfl, and
t^mus, law% Gr.] a canonical hook of the Old Testament,
bcinir th'- last of the pentatench, or five hooks of Moses.
DEUTERO'SCOPY, s. ["from de„te,ns, the second, and
tkopro, to see, Gr.j Ihe second intention; the ineaniiiij beyond
the literal one." Obsolete.
DEUX FONTS, or Zv.f.ybtiucken, a district and its
capital, circle of Lower lUiine, surrounded liv .Msace,
Lorrain, Treves, and the Lower Palatinate. The town of
Deux Fonts, is situated on the Erlhack, 4G miles W. of
Manheiin.
DEW, s. [rfpiTio, Sax.] in natural history, a M^fjht, thin,
msensible mist, or rain, raised from th.e earth after the sun
has descended bel-ow the horizon, by the heat it has coni-
Ll
muntcatcd to the earth during the day ; which mist, mrcllin
with the cold in the atmosphere, is condensed and precipe
tated on the earth a;;ain.
To D I'.W, I), a. to wet or moisten with dew.
DE'WT.EURY, s. a shrub, the same with the small bram.
ble. It has serrated leaves, ^rowin^ by threes, the m ddl»
lea fej,'i; shaped ; prickly, purplish stemsthree feet high, cy-
lindrical, branched, with pendant shoot at the lop; white
blossoms, and bluish blaik fruit. It is found in woods and
hediies, flowe iuu' in .lime and Jiilv.
DEW 15 1'.'SPFE'NT, /«<//. s'.rinkhd with dew.
DE'WUKOP, i. a (hop ofdew llint sparkles in Ihe sun.
DEWLAP, s. [so caUed (rom its Inppiiis: or bru^liiii;^ ofT
the dew] the Hesh which haiiys down from ihe throat c:f
cow 5, biilN, or oxen.
DI-.WsrUI!Y, a villa-e in the \V. Riding of Yorkshire,
8 m h-s S. \V, of Leeds.
DEW-WOUM, s. in natural history, a wo ii. found in
divi, called hkewisp the lobworm.
DI-l'VVV,n. reseniblinii or partaking of the nature ofdew;
nioi^t with dew.
DEM Fit, rr. [Lat.J in heraldry, the right.
DEXTE'ltri'V', s. [ilc.ridildj,, fioui ilerter, ready, Lat.]
readiii'ss; a<tivit\ ; ipiickness ofcmitiivance.
DE'XTI'.KOUS, a. [from rUxtei; rii;ht handed, Lat.J
expert; active; or ijiiick ; sublile; full of expedients ;
sk Ifid manajinier. I ; fertile in invention.
DI'.'X'FIOROUSLV, at/, expeitly ; readilv ; quickly; skil-
fully.
DEXTR M., a. Ulextcr, Lat.] on the right side.
DEX'FRA'L1T\ , s. the state of bein;; on the right side.
DEY, s. the sovf reign prince of Algiers, as llie Rev is of
Tunis.
DIABE'TES, s. [diabetes, from diahaino, to pass through
quickl , Gr.] in physic, the discharge of any licpior Ihrongli-
the urinary passages almost as soon as it is drank, without
any or little alteration, and under the appearance of water,
allended wilh iusati'ihle thiisl.
piABO'LIC, orDIARO'LICAL, a. [from dwboha, the
devil, Lat.] parlakingof the (lualilies of the devil; exlieme-
ly impious and vv icked.
DI ACO'DIUM, i. [frinn dia, hy, and hndcia, poppy heads,
Gr.] in pharmacy, a syriup piepared fioni the licads oi*
white po|)piesd ied wilhout their seeds.
DIACOU.STICS, s. [fioiu d,a, il, tough, and ahovs, to
hear, Gr.] in phdosophy, the coiisideraliou cr doctrine of
refracted sounds as they pass lhiou;;li the diflerent nipdiums,
1. e, either through a dense into a rare, or through a raru
into a dense one.
Dr A DKM, v. [rfH.'cmn, from diaileo, to giril, Gr.] formeilv
a bandage of silk eiiccuiipassiii~ llie heads of k. ngs, and tied
behind. Il was sometimes inriched with pearls, and s(iiiic-
times with the leaves of some everg ecus. In heraldry,
ceilain circles or rims, binding or inclojing Ihe crowns of
princes, and to bear (he globes, crosses, or tiowerde luces,
for their c rests.
DI'ADE.M El), /)•/)*. adorned with a diadem; wea-ring a
cro\v II, !■" Wll;ll.
DFADROM, s. [from diadrnmeo, to run through, Gr.] the
time ill \ihich any motion is performed ; the liuic iu wlucb
a peiiduhim forms a single vibration.
DI.F.'UESIS, s. (_froiii (//«(jf-4i>, division, Gr.] in grammar,
the division of a diphthong, or out sj liable into two ; m
aer.
DIAGNO'.STIC, s. [frcmirfiir, by or throngii, and giiiosko,
to know, Gr.] in iiii'diciiie, a sign by which a disease may
be disco\'erefl, or disiinguished i'rom another.
DI.\'GON.\L, o. [f om dill, through, and fonin, an angle,
Gr.] drawn across a figuie, fioin one coiner or angle lo
anotlier.
DIAGONAL, «. [i-«m dm, rnrough, and gonia, an angle,
Gr.] a right line dravMi across a paralie|,-;g!jm, or other
figure, from one angle or coiner to anolhor, so as to rhk-jJi
it into equal parts.
267
DIA
dk;
DIA'GONALLY, orf. in a cross direction, and reaching
from line corner to aiiotlipr.
DI'AGRAM, «. [from dingrcplio, to describe, Gr.] in ge-
ometry, a sclteme drawn explaininj; any figure or its pro-
perties.
DIAGRY'DIATES, ». [from rtia^yJiiim, prepared scara-
RJonv, I,at.] stronj; piirgiitives m;i(.le \\illi diai;ry(liuHi.
DI'AL, *. [from t/jfj, aduy, Lat.] a plute marked willi two
sets of tisiircs, bejjinniii"; atone, and ending wiili twelve;
lised to sliew the time of the tlay by clocks, or by the sha-
dow of the siiH.
DI'ALKCT, J. [rf/ffW(<oj,from dialeg^nmni, to discourse, Gr.]
the subdivi.-ioii of a lan^uaj;e ; the st\|p or maimer of ex-
pression used ilia province, as it ditVers fioiii that of the
•vliole kingdom. Fi^^U'atively, style; manner of expres-
sion ; lansiia^e orsofeih.
1)1 -\LECTIC, s. [flinlel.tiltiis,fvom tlialegojnai, to discourse,
Gr.J tile art of ifasoiiiii;;, or logic.
1)1 AF,E'\_TICA 1., u. belongiiif; to joijic.
DI ALING.f. the art or science ofdia\i ing and con-.lruct-
mg all inamipr of dials.
J)rAl,IST, s. one who conslriicts or iiial.Hs diaK.
JJI A LOGIST, *. oneuhii composes, or one «liois in-
troduced as a speak'-r in a dialnijnf.
DrALO(>UF., ('/(ff/pn-) s. [diiilrirns, from rlia/rfrnm>ii, to
discourse, Gr.] a conference or debate on any subject wjie-
Iherreal or feigned.
To l>l';\LO(iVF„ (iliali'ig) V. a. to hold conversation or
converse with ; to discourse.
DIALYSIS, s.[flinli/sis, from rfm/yo, to dissolve, Gr.] in
gramiTiar, the partingor separatiiii; two vowels, Which would
Otherwise make a diphthon;;.
DIA'MLTKK, «. [from dm, through, and melron, a mea-
sure, Gr.] the linewhicli parses through the centre of a cir-
cle or other figure, and divides it into two equal parts.
DIA'MF.TRAL, n. descrd)ing, or relating to, a diameter.
DI.'V'METRALLY, ad. according to the direction of a
diameter.
DIAMETRK;AL, a. diametrically, ad. now
Hsed instead of Diametral, or Di A,METf?ALLY ; which
see.
DI'AMOND, (generally pron. rfimon,)*. \dinmnnt, Fr.] in
natural history, the most valuable and hardest of all gems;
when pure, perfectly clear and pelluciil, and distinguished
by its vivid splendour, and the brightness of its reflections,
from all other substances. It is extremely various in shape
and size, being found in tlie greatest quantity very small,
and the largest ones are seldimi met with. It bears the
force of the strongest fires wilhout hurt, except the conceii-
trfited solar rays, which only injure it when directed to its
weaker parts. The places whence we have diamonds are
tJhe East Indies and the Brazils. AKo a kinil of pencil
pointed with diamond, eniploxed by glaziers and othes in
cutting glass. Cornish diamonds are such crvstals as are
e/>mposedofa colnmii terminaled at each end by a pyra-
mid. Teiuple dianionils are a soit of artificial diamonds
made in France, anri principally used for decorating the
habits <vf actors on the stage.
DIA'NA, ill the heathen raythologv, was the goddess of
btjnting, daugliterof Jupiler and Latona, and sister to Phre-
bus or the sun ; in hell j-ie was called Hecate; on earth,
Di:.na ; and Flicebe, or the moon, in heaven.
Dl'APASE, or DI.APA'SON, s. [from Via, through, and
pat, all, Gr.J in music, an interval including an octave.
Among musical instrument makers, it si;.«nifies a rule or
Kcule, whereby thev adjust the pipe* of their organs, and
cot the holes of their flutes, iVc.
DI'.APER, ». [dtapre, Fr.]a "kind of linen cloth, woven in
fipires. A napkin; a towel.
To DIAPER, V. a. to variegate, diversify, or flower; to
draw flowers on cloths.
DIAPHANEITY, (diafaniitif) t. (from rfia, 'through, and
fkaino, to shine, Gr.] transpbruncy, or the quality of traus-
kiittiii^' lisbt.
DIAPHANOUS, («/i4/"«i«r)Ki)n. Ifrom rfi«, ihiou-h, „.<i
phniiio, lo shine, Gr.] Iiaiispa ent ; giving passage to tli0
rays of liglil ; that may be seen Ihiougli.
DIAPHOHE'SIS, (dinforcsis) i. [ from dinphera, to dis-;
perse, (ir.] in medicine, a discharge made thiough the sk.-o.
whether sensible or inscnsili c.
DIAPHORETIC, {diufnviiJi) a. [diapXiretikos, from .Aa.
p/iern, todisperse, Gr.] in medicine, that causes a "lisil arg<rf
through the skin, or a sweat.
DI'APllRACiM, (diir/ram) s.[dlrtp/ira!rma, from dinpliittlto,
to sepnrate, Gr.] in anatomy, a nervous muscle, vulgarly
called the midritf, and by anatomists, septum transvcisale,
or cro^d wall, from its dividing the breast or thorax from (he
abdomen.
DIA'RBECK,or Kara Amid, part of the ancient ^f*i
sopotamia.a province of Turkey in .As'a, between the river*
Tigris and Euphiates. In its capital, Diabekir, a larg«
town on the W. bank of the Tigris, llie Christians are above
20,0<!0 ill Uiiinber. Here is a considerable manufacture of
red Tiirkev leather, and of linen and red cotton cloths.
Il is \M miles N. E. of Aleppo. Lat. 37. 18. N. Ion. 39.
40. I'.
Dl MtHHOE'A, (rfccf") s. [dian-oia, from dia, through,
ami irii, to t'f'W , frr.] in medicine, a flux of ihe belly, or pr«»-
fuM' evarualioii of liquid excremenis bv stool.
DI A I! H H( )E'ri C, ('ftflre/iV,) ff. [rfiwi 910, fi om rfia.through,
and rro, to flow, (ir.) in medicine, promoting a looceneM ;
causing a ilischarge by stool ; purging.
DIARY, s. [diai-iiim, Lat.] an account of the Iransaiv
tions (if a nersoii every dav ; a journal.
DIAS'''ORDIUM, 1. in pharmacy, a onre celebrated
composition, so called from scordium, its principal ingrf'
dient. It is not now used.
DIA'.STOLE, s. [Cir. from diasttilo, ta open, Gr.J in anat-
omv, the motion of the liearl, or arteries, whereby those
parts dilate or distend themselves, hi grammar, diastali
sijjmfies'jhe lengthening a syllable which is naturally short.
DIA STYLE, s. (from din, through, and ttylet, a pillar,
Gr.] in ancient architecture, an edifice whose columns stand
at Mich a distance finm each other, that eight moduses, or
four diameters, a e allowed for the intercolumniation.
DIATE'SSERON, .t. [frmii dia, by, and tessaia, four, (Jr.1
in pharmacv, a meilicine so called because composed of
four ingredients, viz. roots of aristolochia, gentian, bay-
berries, and myrrh. In music, an interval composed of »n*
greater tone, ime lesser tone, anil i>ne greater semi-tone,
called b\ moderns a perfect fourlh.
DIATO'.NIC, s. [Croni dia, by, and inihis, a tone, Gr.] the
ordiiiarv si»e'jie5 of music, which proceeds bv diflerent
tones, either in ascending or di'Meniling, and contains only
the greatei and less tones, together with the greater semi-
tone.
DrnriLF, *. a small spade, or pointed instrument, used
by gnrdeners for making holes in the ground in planting.
DICA'CITY, J. [rficncita*, Lat.] pertness, sauciness, iS-
quacitv.
DK'E, *. the plural of Die ; whicli see.
To DICE, I'. a. to game with dice.
DICK. BOX, *. the box from which the dice are (lut>wn.
DI'CER, s. one who plavs at dice.
DICHOTOMY, (diLitomif) s. [diirdiotomia, from dii, twice,
and tfmno, to cut, Gr.] in logic, the distribution or divisioH
of ideas iiit'i pairs. In astronomy, that phasis or appear-
ance of the moon wherein she is bisected, or shews but batf
her disk.
To 1)1 CTATE, r. a. \diclo, I^t.] to deliver a command l«
another; to speak with authority; to deliver a speech ia
words which is to be taken down in writing.
DICTATE, t. [dielahim, from dirto, to dictate, Lat.J «
rule or mandate delivered by some person of authority.
DICTATION, s. tne act or practice of prescribing, grr-
ing orders, or laying down rules of conduct.
DICTATOR. <. [Lat.] a Roman magistrate, invested with
a consular, and so>«reicn authority, liaviu^ the iiowvf ot
DIE
DIf
lift ami death, fo proclaim war, raise or discharge forces
wiliuMil ^■(lll^^llt ot the senate, and remainiii;; in liis office
fur six mmillis, till Sylla and Ca-sar erected it into a perpe-
Uial tymnnv. Fisuratively, one wlio by Ills credit and au-
tlioi iiv directs and regulates llie conduct of others.
UICPA'I'O KIAL, (I. after the manner of a dictator ; im-
perious.
DICTATORSHIP, *. Ilie office of a dictator. Figura-
tively, iniperiousness, or authority carried too high.
DI'CTION, ». [diitia, from dieu, to say, Lat.] the peculiar
manner whi<;h an author has of ex pressing himself, wliether
it respect the arrangement of liis woids, or the use of rbe-
tO'iial (insures.
DICTIONARY, (tHkshonnry)s. [ilictionaiiiim, from rfi'ro, to
iiiy, l.at.Ja hook containing the words of any lan;ruage in
liitiir alplialietical order, with explanations of their mean-
Hi<j, f)r definition. A lexicon ; a vocabulary.
DID, [Sax.] the preterit of rfo ; the sign of the preter-im-
pcrfeetor perfect tense.
DIDACTIC, or DIDACTICAL, n. [didakiikos, from *-
iht/in, to teach. Gr.] containing precepts or rules.
DI'DAPPER, s. [flin/ck dnjyper, Belg.] in natural history, a
bird remarkable for its diving.
DIDA'SCALIC,«. yuhkii/ios, from didasko, to teach, Gr.]
p.rece|)ti\'c ; illdactic ; giving precepts to some art.
To DIDDKR, v.a.[didilr)it, Teut.] a provincial term sig-
nifvinjiJo shiver orsbalie willi cold.
Dl DU'CTION, s. [diditetia, Lat.j separation by withdraw-
ing one part from the otiicr.
To DIE, ». 71. Ideniliiiii, Sit\.] to loosalil'u; lo expire; l"i
lose all the auiniiil liiu< limis, and liuve llie Sdril si'|i:iini('<l
from the li(i(l\. It has if/ lieliire an histriiini'ntal ili iilli : <i/
beliire a disease ; /'ir ciiinmi>nly Ik lore a priv.iliw, ami;/
bel'ori- a piisilive cause. 'I'o bo punished uiili <li alh. 1 i-
giiralivi-ly. In lie lost, perish, or lie entirely laid aside. To
sink, faint, (ir lose ils vilal (niiclioiis. To languish, or ho
OMTi (line with pleasiiie and tenderness. To vanish or dis-
appenr. 1 o hiiigiiisli with iiOection, in the stUcof lovers.
To wither, applied lo vegelablis. 'i'o grow spiritless, taste-
)(-<.'< or vapid, applied tu liipiors.
f)lR, s. pliiral dice ; [dis, Brit. 1 a small cube, marked on
each of its sides with specks or riots, from one to six, which
in used by gamesters tu play with. Figuratively, h-izard.or
cJiauce ; anv cubic body.
(>IR, t. plural die.1 ,- the stamp used in coining, or the
Bioiild in «l.iich medals are cast.
DI '".'PPE, a town in the department of Lower Seine, vvllli
a tolerable harbour, formed bv the river Betlmiie, an old
castle, and t«o piers. Packet boats pass between this place
and Brigbtheliiistone, in time of peace. The i>rincipal trade
fonsists in fi>h, ivory, toys, and laces. In the year 1694,
this -town was bombarded by an Kn^jlish squadron, under
Commodore Benbow, and the greater par* of it burnt
doHH. 1 1 is .W miles N. of Rouen, and 132 N. W. of Paris.
Lat. 49. .')5. N. Ion. I. i). E.
Dl F/r, s. I'Kiiitn, -A rule oflife, Gr.l food; prorision for
Mti^l'v iiig hunger : a regular course of food ordered and di-
re<'ted in order to cure some chronical distemper.
To DI'KT, e. a. to feed or eat according to the rules and
pre«erii>tions of medical writers.
DI'F.T, s.fof !•/(>«, Teut. a multitude, or f/i«, Lat. an ap-
pointed da\] Ibe asse.iibly of the states of the late German
empire, uieetingjo deliberate on some public aH'air.
DI'RTARY, (1. belonging to the rules of medical diet.
DI'ET-DKINK, *. a drink brewed with medicinal ingredi-
ents.
DI'ETF.R, s. one who preseri.bes rtiles for eating.
piKTRTIC. or DIETFTICAL, a. [from dimtu, a rule of
life, Gr.] belonging to food ; or relating to medical cautions
•bout the use of food.
DIEU ETMON DROIT, [Fr.] i. e. God andm,/ 7-i^l,t, the
motto of the royal arms of England, first assuuK'd by Rich-
>tn\ I. lo insinuate that he did not hold his empire in vaasa
lufje of any niortaL ,
To DIFFER, t>. n. [diffcro, Lat. | to h.ive tuoperlies or
qualities which arc not the same as those of another pcrsoji
or thing; to oppose u person in opinion ; to be of another
opinion ; to contend.
DIFFERENCE, j.[from dSfTn-o, to differ, Lat ] the stale
of being distinct from some other tiling; a dispute; de-
bate ; controversy, or opposition of sentiments ; the pro-
perty which distinguishes one thing from another. In
arithmetic, the remainder after one quantity is taken from
another. In heraldry, somethiiii; added to, or altered in a
coat, whereby the younger families are distinguished from
the elder, or to shew how far they are removed from the
principal house. Atcemiaiml differcni-e, in astronomv, n
an arch of the equator, contained between the six of the
clock circle, and sun's horary circle. Diffrreifce of longi-
tude of two places, is an arch of the nieri<iian intercepted
between the two places.
To DIFFERENCE, v. n. to make one thing not the sam«
as another; to distinguish one thing from another.
DI'FKERI'.NT, «. [from difero, to difl'er, Lat.] distinct ;
of contrarv qualities ; unlike.
DIFFERENTIAL, {difnoislnal) a. in geometry, applied
to an inlinitely small cpiaiitity, or particles of a quantity, so
small as to be less than anv assignable one. In fluxion«,
diffWeiitiiil method, is that <if finding an infinite small nua«-
tity, which, taken an infinite number of times, is equal to a
given (jiiaiilitv.
Dll FEIiENTLY, ad. in a different manner.
Dl FFERINGLY, flrf. in a difierent manner.
DIFFICULT, a. [diffiiilis, Lat.] hard lo be done, under-,
stood, or pleased.
Dl FFICULTY.orf. baidlv ; not easily.
DI'FFICULTY,*. [^/#c«to«, from rf#ri7w, difficult, Lat.;
that wbi«h requires pains, care, and attention. Figurative-
ly, distress ; opposition ; perplexity, or uneasiness with
respect to circumstances. Objections, or points not easily
answered, or nn<lerstood.
T<i DIFIMDE, V. a. [fiom '/is, a negative particle, and ^(/ea,
faith, I. at.] to.dislrust, or repose no confidence in.
DIFFIDENCE, s. \dis, a negative particle, and /Ar,
faith, Lat.] M ant of trust, confidence, or coinage.
DIFFI DEN , pnrt. or a. [diffidrns, I'nim diffiilo, to distrust,
Lat.] "anting in confidence; suspicious ; timorous.
DIFFI'SION, s.[dif/isii>, from dijfmilii, lo cleave, Lat.] the
act of cleaving or splitting.
DIFFLATION, s. [from rfi/^n, to blow away, Lat.] the
aci of scattering with a blast of wind.
DIFFLLTeNCE, or DIFFLUENCY, ». [from diffiuo, to
flow away, Lat.] the qiKilitv of falling away on all sides, oj'-
posed to consistencv or solidity.
DIFFLUENT, «. [from difflno, to flow away, Lat.]
flowing awav.
DIFFO'RM, a. [tmmforma, form, beauty, La'.j contrary
to uii'forui ; irresular.
DIFFO'RMITY,*. diversity of form; iriegularitv.
DIFFRANCHl^EMENT,s. [from,/'7v/we/,Me, Fr.] the act
of taking aw0v the privileges or clnrter of a citv.
To DIFFU'SIs, (diffuse) i: a. [from diffuitdo, to pour out,
Lat.] to pour a liquid on a plu'n surface, so as it may spread
itself every way. Figuratively, to spread ; scatter ; dis-
perse.
DIFFU'SE, a. {diffnsus, Lat.] scattered or spread widely.
Applied to style, or the manner of a composition, copious,,
opposed to f07iei.«e.
DIFFUSEDLY, ad. in a copious, liberal, and extensive
manner : spread evorv way.
DlFFU'SEf>NK;5S, *. the state of being spread abroad;
copiousness of style.
Dl I'FU'SELYi ad. widely, extensively. Applied to style,
copiously.
DIFFUSION, 1. the state of being spread abroad. Co-
piousness or ex ubcance; applied to style.
DIFFU'SIVE, a. having the quality of spreading abroi»d;
scattered or spread abroad.
%0
L) I (j
1
J)irrU>i|V':l,Y, nM. \^uU^\^, fxteii^iv. Iv.
UIi'FU.'>lVI',NI'.SS, i. oxloiibidii ; (lispcrs'i n ; the pow-
er or (jiialilv of beiii^ spread uliruail. Applied lo bl\le,
want of conciseness.
To DKi.ti. o. ()ri't. part. pHSS. rti-sr, or digged; dk, ['^ax.]
to open, or make a liolp in llieearlfi witlia spjde. Fiijiiia-
tivcly, to pierce with a pointed itislrunient, Ac. Tcdig up,
to throw up or uncover tliat which is buried under the
earth.
DCO.^MV, *. [trom dif, twice, and ^nmos. marriage, Gr.]
iniirria;;e to a second wife after tl e death of l!ie (irst.
DICiE'KENT, ff. [di'trens, Lat ] that has Ihe power of
d-i>;estin},' or causing difjestiim.
DI'GI'.ST, s. [digtsta, from diget-o, to digest, Lat.] a col-
lection of llic civil law, ranj,'rd under proper titles hy the
tirder <if the emperor Justinian.
To DIGEST, f. ;i. Wligcstiim, Lat.] to distribute or rancre
nieih(idicaliv into dilteient clai^es ; to concoct or dissolve
food iji llie stomach ; to re. luce to any plan or scheme; to
receive a thin;; favourably, without loashin^ or rehictanee ;
to receive an('. en;ov. in chenustrv, to soften bv heat,
boiling, or by puttiiiK; a ttiir.;; into » dmighill. in surgeiy,
to lipeua hntjionr, orpr^nnre i! for evacuation.
J)!GK'.STi;R, or DIGE'S'!;<>R,i. one whose f<iod easily
ttirns into chyle. Papin's dif;es'er, is an ajiparatns for re-
ducing animal or vef,'etublc substances to a pulp or jelly ex-
peditiouslv.
DIGE'STIBLE, a. capable of bsin? digested or con-
corffd.
DIGESTION, t. in meriirme, that change which tiie
fond undergoes in the stomach, in order to render it tit to
supplv the continual loss sustained by perspiration, the ani-
mal functions, or exercise. In chemistry, the ertect pro-
duced bv the contin\ied soaking of a solid substance in a li-
quid, with the application of heat.
DIGl'/STIV'E, a. having the power to dissolve, alter,
cliange,or turn the food into chyle ; capable of dissolving by
its heat.
DIGE'STIVE, t. in surgery, an. application which ripens
and prepares the matter of wounds for suppuration.
DrOGEU, t. one w ho opens the ground w ith a spade.
To DiGHT, V. a. [diluan, Sax.] to dress, embellish or
adorn.
DIGIT, '. [from digitus, a finger, Lat.] three-fourths of
an inch in long measure. In astronomy, the twelfth part of
fJie diameter of tlie sun or moon. Any of the numbers ex-
pressed by single figures.
Ul'GlTATED, a. [d}giiati(s, from digitus, a finger, Lat.]
braiuhed out into divisions resembling fingers. In botany,
a digitated leaf, is one which consists of several simple leaves
growing on one footstalk, as the ciiiqucfoil, or that which
lias many deep gashes, cuts, or segments, as the hop.
DlGLADlA'TiON,*. [digladiatio, firm gladius, a sword.
In'.] a combat with swords ; anv quarrel or contest.
DIGNMFl CATION, s. the act of conferring honour;
the pieferring to some honourable rank.
DIGNIFIED, a. enjoying some honourable post, rank, or
preferment, applied peculiarly to the clergy.
To Dl'GNIFV, I', rt. [from digmis, worthy, and /nnV), to
roakc, Lat. J lo advance, prefer, or exah to some place w hicli
dcirands honour and r(;verei;ce; to honour; to adorn; to
render respectable.
DIGNITARY,*, [from dignns, worthy, Lat.l in the ca-
non law, is a clergyman advanced to some rank above a pa-
rochial priest, or canon; sucli is a bishop, dean, archdea-
< on. <S.c.
DIGS ITY, s.[digiiitas, (totn digniis, worthy, Lat.] rank,
preferment, or post ; grandeur, or a niaiestic appe;;irance.
Ainonjj iie clergy, a promotion or preferment to which any
jurisduiuui is annexed.
DIGNOTION, ^. [from diguosco, to discern, Lat.] dis-
tiiirtion ; distiiigoishing mark.
To DIGRl'i'tjS, r. 71. [fiotn digrestvt, I.at.] to depart from
li'C ir.uti icope of a dijcourie.or intention of an argumcut;
to wander; to g<) out oftlie ri^'lit wat or conuiion tinck-;
to err.
i)lGRE''^Sl(>N, J. [from digicdinr, to turn aside, Lat.( a
passrtge which h.is i!o connect -on witli the main scope of a
discourse; deviation; or iputtuu; the tru- ['ath.
DIJON, a large city in the tlepartnient of Cote d'()r,
capital of the cideVHiit Burgundy, coiilaiuing 2.'j.(>iK) inha-
bitants. The streets are b oarl, well paved, and straght,
and the squares and public structures elegant. It was lop-
iiierly the capital oftlie Oijonois, and isseate<l in a deli ht-
tid plain, which pioduces excellent vviue ; 13» miles S E.
ofl'aris.
DIJUDICATION, s. [from dijudico, to judge betw -en
parlies, Lat.] judicial distinction.
DIKE, i. [A'", Sax.] a channel made to receive water; a
mound to hinder inundations, or to keep water from over-
flow iiig.
To DlLA'CERATE, r. a. [dilaccro, Lat.] to tear; to force
in twain ; to rend.
DlLA(ERA'nON, *. [rfiVncera^io, Lat.] the act of forc-
ing, tearing, ov rending.
To DIL.'X'M ATE, f. a.[di!fiiiio, Lat.] to tear; to rend in
pieces in a butclierlv and savaije manner.
To DILA'I'ID.'\TE, r. >i. [di/apido, from lapis, a stone,
Lat.l to go to ruin ; to fall by decay.
DILAPI DATION, j. [dilnpidaiio, from /upi>, a stone, Lat.j
in law, is where an incumbent on a church ben<tice sutlers
the parsonage house, or the outhouse, to fall down, or be
in decay, for want of necessary reparatiim ; for which the
bishop may sequester the profits of such benefice for that
purpose.
DILATABI'LITY, *. the quality of admitting or suflFer-
ing extension.
DIL.A TABLE, a. that may be stretched or extended.
DILATATION, j. [dthuatio, tVoiu liitus, broad, Lat.] the
act of extending or stretching into a giealrr
space.
To DILATE, V. a. [dihto, from latiis, broad, Lat.] to ex-
tend, spread out, enlarge, or stretch. Figuratively, to re-
late a thing with all i'.s minute circumstances. Neuterlj',
to grow wider; to widen.
DILATOR, s. that which widens or extends any pas-
sage.
DI'LATORINESS, s. the quality of deferring a thiii^
from one time to another through sloth.
DI'LATORY. a. [dilatni-ii<s, law Lat. from rfi^crn, to defer.
Lat.] putting ofl'.the doing of a thing from time to tii>.e
through sloth.
DILECTION, s. [dileetio, {lom diligo, to love, Lat.] tlx-.
act of loving ; kindness.
DILE'iMSIA, s. [from dis, twice, and hmnit, an as-
sumption, Gr.] in Uigic, an argument c<.nsisling of two or
nioie propositions, so disposed, tliat gK;iit whicli you will,
yon will he pressed bv the conclusion. Figuialively, a
(litficult choice, or troublesome alternative.
DILIGENCE, s. [diligrntia, Lat.] constant endeavour;
unremitted labour, or practise.
DILIGENT, o. [rft/ig-eiij, Lat.] assiduous ; persevering;
constant.
DILIGENTLY, ad. with constant labour, caution, and
care.
DILL, s. an herb which has a slender fibrous annual root,
with leaves like those oi fennel; the sect^s are r)val, plain,
streaked, and bordered.
DILU'CID,a. [dilucidiis, from lux, light, Lat.] clear, pUin,
pure and transiiarent ; obvious.
To DILI) CI DATE, v. n. [dihcido, from /«», light, I-at]
to make a proposition clear and easy to be undci stood ; to
explain ; to free from obscurity.
Di LUCI I).\T10N, s. [diluctdatio, from lux, light, Lat.] the
making a sentence clear and easy to be undcrstcoti ; an ex-
planation.
DI'LUENT, a. [dilu*fu, Lut.J bavins IJie power to wa'ic
thin, or attenuate.
U 1 .M
DIP
DI'I-UENT, t. [from ililucns, Lat.j that which mukcs thin
or tiiiid. ,
T<) DM.L'TR, I', n. [tfilmi, fidiii hvo, tn wash, Lai.] to make
alii|ii(ir lliiii l>v till iiiivliip' (if soiiiciiIIkt.
DlLU'ri'., " tliiii ; ;iit«'tiiini(il. " Ifllic red and bhie co-
lours were iiiMM- rfi7/,/f iuiil wciik.' Kniiiiii.
DILU'TFIK, ». Iliat wliitli kmuIims a Ixiily li(|iii(i ; or,
if it w'.re so before, tiiat wliich remlevi it tbiiiiier, or more
liquid.
nil.UTION.f, [frnni'/)V»o, to (liliiln, Liit.] tlii' act of rni-
deriii;;a ii<|iiid more thin or weak b\ tbe addilinn of some
olhf r.
D'H.U'VI AN, t [from rliluviiim, a (lehii;t-, I,at.] relating to,
or ■••5<Miil)liiiu till' di'lii;;)'.
Di.VI, n.\(liwnii', ?a\.] haviiifj somcliiin!; wliich obstructs
til-- ^lylit, -.iMil biiidi rs it from srcin;; clearly, piijiirativcly,
de))i-ivi(| (if its spli'nddr or bri^jlitmss : jt'own daik.
To DI.M, r. n. Id (hiikcii, (ir (.listiiict llic si;;lit, so as to
lliiider it IVdiii seriii^' obiccls in tlirir full s|'liMidor. rif,uia-
tiv"!v, td imikc less lirii; lit ; to lender d-.irkisli.
DIM I'.'NSION, s. [rlimmsiii, from dimetinr, to nieasme,
Lat.] tlif exieiisidii of a lioiK coiii'ilercd as meaMired ;
si/e ; spaco cdnlained ill anv li(id\ . Tlii> tliice diiiiensioi'S
are lennlli, brcadlli, and lliickiiess or deplli. In al^il^ra,
the pdwers (if the roots, or the values of the unknown ijuan-
titii's dt e(|iiHti()ii>.
DIMF.'NSIONLESS, a. without any fliniensions ; of no
cerl;i!ii bulk.
DI.MF.'NSIVE, n. [rUmeiisiis, from rtimriiov, to tneasiire,
Lat.] that marks the Ixiniidaries or outlines ; that describes
tbe nil asiire dr space occupied b\ a bodv.
To DIMI'NI^H, I'. (I. [rliminiin, fioni miiois, less, Lat.] to
make a lliiii^' less by cuttinj; off or destrdviiij; some of its
parts, riijitrativelv, to impair; lessen ; to degrade, or
render less lioiKiurable. Neutcrly, to grow less, or be im-
paired.
DIMI'Nl.*iHINf;LY, nrf. in such a manner as to detract
from, or les'eii the cliaincter and repiitaiidn of another.
DIMINl'TION.i. [from <Hmin„o, to diminish, Lat.] the
act of renderini; a thing less by cntlin;; oO (ir destrovin^
some of its parts ; the state ofgrowin^ less either in bulk or
weight. Fi^'iirativt Iv, loss, orcansiniL; loss of reptit;itioii or
disnitv to aiio'lier ; discredit. In avchltectnre, the contrac-
tion of a (■dluiiin, as it ascends, whereby its upper part is
made smaller thvni the lower.
DIIMI iNUTIVE, a. ffiom diminno, to diminish, Lat.] small
of .size, bulk, or dimensions.
DIMl'NUTIVE, i. [from rfi'mfjmo, to diminish, Lat ] in
jp^mmar, a word used to express smallness, or littleness ;
>iS, lirpilliis,'n\ Latin, a little stone; masiouette, in Frencli, a
little house; n-n/iinn, in Greek, a little woman; rivuUt, in
English, a lillle river.
•DIMI'.XIJTIVF.LY, ad. in a diminutive or small manner.
DLM1NUT1VKNK.SS, *.smallness, applied to size.
DIMISSORV, a. [dhnissnriiis, low Lat. from dimitto, to
dismiss, Lat.] that by which a person is dismissed to the
jurisdiction of another.
DI-MITV, orDI'MITTY, t.[dfmittes, Fr.la sort of cotton
stuff yerv like fustian. They came ori^jinally from Smyrna.
Dl'MLY, «(/. [(/im/tf. Sax.] in a dull, obscure, dark man-
tier; without a clear perception, applied to the sight or un-
derstanding; deprived of its l'j?lit, brightness, or splendor.
DFMNF-SS, s. [dimnes. Sax.] dullness of sight. Want of
apprehension, ajiplied to the mind.
DI'MPLE, s. [from dint, a hole, rfmj/e, a little hole, hence
aimpU, Skinner]^ small hollow, or sinking of the surface of
the cheek orchin. In botany, a little hollow dot, as in the
•tedof the barberry.
iTo DI'MPLE, V. n. to appear with little hollows or ine-
qimlities of surface.
DI'MPLED, part, or a. having dimples in the cheek or
criin.
DI'MPLY, 0. full of dinH'^p^ ''*'le dents, or inequalities
of surface.
DIN, s. [dun, ?a\.] a large noiae; a violent end coiilin'jr<.«
sound; an uproar, 'ir sliiinl.
To DIN, r. 1. [di/niin. Sax.] to stuii, or deaf<'n '.villi fre-
quent niiise and i laiiiour.
DlNA'SMOl'lTH', a. town of Merioiirtbsiiiir, Ift mile»
S. of I5ala,aiid l!Ki N. \V. t f Loii'loii. Maiket on Iriiias,
To DIM'', i: u. [diitrr, Fr.] to eat ones chief or seconil
meal about the middle of the day. Actively, to i;ive a
dinner to.
I)1NI;"1"ICAL, a. [from dineo, to turn round. Or.] wliiil-
ing loiind ; vertiginous.
To DING, r. a. prcter. dun/;: [dnv<;en, Belg.] to liaitl
with force or vidleiue. Nculirly, to bluster, bounce, hull,
or lircdiiie iiisdlcnt and imperious. A. low word.
I>iN(i DONG, s. a word by which the sound of bells ij
miiiiickcd.
Dl'NCiLE, s. [a diminutive fiom den. or r/i»i, Sax. a hol-
l(iv]a birlldw between hills: a dale or vale.
DlNXiLE, a soa-iiort of Kerry, in Minister. Several of
the houses are built in the Spanish fasliidii, with ranges r.f
stone balcony windows, this place having been loimeily fre-
(iiientrd by ineicliants <if that nation, vho came to fish cu
tlie coast, and tradi (I with the iiilialiilants. It is situated on
a bav of the same name, 7U miles S. W. of Limerick, and 160
of Dublin.
Dl'NXiWALL, a town of Ross-shire, much enlarged and
inil'oved of late years. It is seated on the Frith ef Crv.
martv, Umiles \V. of the tdwn uf Ciomarty. Some lill<ni^
manufactured liere, and there is a lint-niill in the iieighboii'-
hood.
Dl'NIXGROOM, s. the principal apartment (;f a bouie,
wbeieiii eniertaimuents are made.
DINNIIH, s. [dinn; Fr.jllie chief meal, or that vlicb i,
eaten about the middle uf the (la\ .
DINT, .t. \di/iif, Siix.] a blow (U- stroke ; the iiiaik n;;\-!e
by a blow; tlie cavity reniainiiiij after a violent piessu.! ;
violence; fmce; power.
DINUM '''KA'TION, .?. [diiimnemtio, from ntimenis, a niiai-
ber, Lat.] I he act (if nuiidxring out singly.
DIOCESAN, s. a bishop considered in the relation !:e
stands in id bis infei 'orcleigv.
DrO(T,SE, or DIOCISS, .». [from dwheses, 9 grvetn-
nieiil, Gr.] the circuit nf every bishop's juribiiictiim. fiu-
land, with lega'il to its ecclesiastical stale, is divided ii'o
two priiviiices, vi/.Canterlui y and ^'ork; and each liroviiue
into suboidiii.ife dioceses, of which tlieie are twenty-two in
England, and four in Wales.
DIOPTKIC, or DIOPTllICAL, a. [fmm dioptmai, h,
see tlirdugli, Cir.] aHording a medniiii for the sight, orassiii-
ingthe sii.lit in the view (ifdistant dbjects.
DIOPTRICS, i. [from dioplumm, to see through, Gr.] the
science of r(d'ractive vision, (M' that part of optics whi hcon-
siderstliediilerent refractions of light in its passage througli
ditferent mediums ; as air, water, glass, Ac.
DIORTHO'SIS, i. [from dwrllwo, to make straight, Gr.] a
cliirnrgical operation, by which crooked ordistmbed me i.
bers are made straight, or reduced to 1 heir proper shape
To DIP, V. a. particip. dipped or dipt ; [^ippnu, Sax.j !•.
put into any liquor so as to cover it tlierewilli ; to moisten,
or wet ; to" mortgage, or engage as a pledge or securii> .
Neiiterly, to .«ink ; to immerge, or plunge into any liquui ;
lolakoa cursoi-j- or slight view ; to read a page or two m i»
book.
DI'PCHICK,*. the name of a bird.
DIPF.'TALOUS, a. [from dis, twice, and p'ofcx, a >ea(.
Gr.] in botany, applied to sucii flowers as have two
leaves.
DIPHTHONG, ((/iy?/(iJHg-, or dipthong) s. [from dit, twkc,
and p/iilwrgrrs, a souii<i, Gr.] the joining two vowcUlogi^th!: r,
so as to f(irm onesound ; as, r<r;>i, CVjnr.
Dl'PLOE, «. in anatomv, tbe inner pbte, erianiina or ll:i;
skull.
DIPLO'MA, s. [fxr.m dipl-wi, double, Gr.] a teller ..r
wriitiig ecinlerrijig some pii^ilo^': 'I title; sotaflvd, Li i-iuit
Via
OIF
loriiierly writtcu on waxed tables, which were folded fo-
k'cllior.
DITPEU, t. one w Ijo dips in the water. Figuratively,
one who takfs a sll;,'!!tor suporficini view of an author.
DJPP!NG-NEt:DLK, t. a ionjf straight piece of steel,
(rquaily poised on its centre, and aflernaVds touched with a
loadstone, go contrived as to swing in a vertical plane,
about an asis parallel to the horizon, in order to discover
the exact ttjndency o*' the power of magnetism. It was in-
vented by one Robert Norman, a compass-maker of W'ap-
ping, in 1576, and was by Mr. Whiston applied to discover
the lonfjifudc, but without success.
DI'PSAS, s. fLat. from di/wi, to thirst, Gr.] a serpent,
whose bite produces the sensation of i.nquenchable thirst.
DI'PTOTE, s. ,'froni dis, twice, and pipro, to fall, Gr.] in
prammar, npplierl to such nouns as liaveonlv two cases.
DIPTYCH, {diptijh) s. [from dipticha, Lat.] a register of
bishops and martyrs.
DIRK, a. [dirus, Lat.] dreadful, or affecling a beholder
with horror.
DIRE'CT, a. [directiis, from diiigne, to make straight. Lat.]
straight. In astronomy, appearing to the eye to n)ove
progressively through the zodiac, opposed to retrograde.
In pedigree or genealogy, from grandfather to grandson,
&'C. oppose to collateral.
To DIRE'CT, V. a. [directum, Lat.] to go in a straight
line ; to aim or point againiit as a mark ; to regulate, or
adjust; to prescribe measures, or a certain course; to
order.
DIUE'CTION, s.ldiifrlw, to make straight, I.af.] tendeu-
ty or aim at a certain point ; motion expressed by a certain
impulse; orders; command; the superscription of a letter
or parcel.
DIRECTIVE, a. having (he power of directing, inform-
Kig, or shew ing the way.
DIRE'C'I'LY, urf. in a straight line; without going about ;
imniediatelv ; presently ; soon. Without delay, applied to
lime. Without circumlocution or evasion, applied to lan-
t(>!a'.re or argument.
DIIIEC TNKSS, s. the (^ualitv of proceeding in, or not
deviating from, a straight line ; tVe nearest way.
DIRE'CTOR, J. ^director, from diiiou, to make straight,
Lat.]one who presides in an assemblv or pubbc c<uimauv ;
one who is entrusted with the guidance, superinteniience,
«r management of any design, or work. Figunitivelv, a
person who regulates" the conduct iifan<)lli<r ; mm iust'uc-
»yr, one who iscr>nsulted in cases of <-oiLMiinre. In surgery,
»H instrument used to guide the hand in '<■ upera'ion.
DIKE'CTORV, s. that which .lir.-cts : :, UuA published
bv tlie non-couforniisis, to legidate tli'- lirliiivlour and rites
of their brethren in divine worship ; abo the name given to
ilie I'xecutlve goierniiunt of Erance, which consisted of
five directors, as established ill the \ear 17!)G.
DI'REEI L, (7. ■"ull ol'lriroi ; \erv lerriblf ; dismal.
DIRKFULNESS, ^. thequalil' which aftecrs the mind
with dread on the sight of sdiiie gliastiv or terrible ol'ir< t.
DIIUiE, s. ffioiu di/ilie, 'IVul.) a mcuirnful song sung at
the ftnierHls of persons.
DI'RKiEN'r, a. [tVom diric;n, to make straight, Lat.]
The dirit^yiit line, in gconietrv, is that along which the
hue rlescribeut is carried, in the generation of anv hgiirp.
!1IRK,*. [Erse] a kind of dagger used in the Highlands
of Scoiland.
Dnri', s. \ili/rt, Belg.] mud ; or the filth which is found
!n si reets or liighway s ; any thing which soils. Figuratively,
fneaiiness.
DIliTILY, nd. in such a manner as to daub or soil. Fi-
guulivi h , di^lionesdy ; meanly; sliameCiiilv.
DI'UTINESS, s. filtliiiiess ; foulness. Figuratively, dis-
honeslv ; meanness; basetRss.
DlUrV, «. foul ; daubed ; or made nasty with dirt. Fi-
s^uraiiv,-;,;, dishonest ; mean.
!'(( ni'R'FY, r. a. to soil; to smear or daub with dirt
rijtiinitivclv, to scaiidalij!*;, or disKrac*,-.
2fi2
DIS
DIRUPTION, #. [dinMlij, from <Iir«ntpo, to burst, Lai.)
the act of bursting or breaking asunder.
DIS, an inseparable part de, used in ((imiiositioii, v.rui
implying a ne ation or privation ; as dis oblige, di^^itu,
Ac. or to signify a separation, detachment, Ac as <Uy-uutt-
ing, disarm, dis h-ibutuig, &c.
piSABILITY, s. the want of sw'fficient power to ac~>!n-
plish any design ; or want of suthcieut abilities to iiudersIaiMl
any proposition or doctrine ; want of proper nuahticalioii* ;
weakness; impotence.
To DbSA'BLE, tj. o. to deprive of natural force or powi'r;
to weaken. Figuratively, to impair or diminish. To retv
der inactive or unfit for acti m. To rob of power, intluenc«,
ethcae>, usefulness, or pleasure.
To DISABU'SE, {dualitizejv. a. to free a person from soma
mistake or error.
DI.SACCOxMMODA'TlON, i. the act of being unfit w
unprepared.
To DISACCORD, v. a. to disagree.
To DISACCUSTOM, r.«. to destroy the force of habit
by disuse or conlrarv practice.
'To DISAf KNOWLEDGE, v. a. not to acknowledge.
DISACQUAINTANCE, ^.disuse of familiaritv.
DIS.ADV.A'NT.'VGE, *. the want of fame, credit, honour,
or any thing necessa-ry to give a person pre-eminence; los^
injiirv ; a stale unprepared for defence.
DISADVA'NTACiEOL'S, a. contrary to interest or pro-
lit : contrary to convenience.
DlSADVANTAXiEOLSLY, ad. in such a manner as is
inconsistent with interest or profit ; in a manner uot favour-
able, or suitable to anv useli'l end.
DISADV.ANTA'GEOUSNESS, s. opposition or contra-
riety to profit, convenience, or interest.
To Dl.SAFFE'CT, v. a. to alienate, turn aside, or weaxen
the arte tiiins of a person.
piS.AFEE'CTEp, part, or a. alienated; having lost all
affection or zeal for a person or interest, (ienerally a|>-
plied to those who are enemies to an establishiuent or go-
vernment.
DIS AFFECTEDLY, ad. in adisloval manner.
DISAFFECTEDNESS, J. the quality of being no frieiuJ
or well wisher loan establishiiienf or government.
DISAFFE'CTICJN, *. want of zeal for the government,
or ardour for a reigning prince.
DlSAFl I'RM ANCE, s. a consultation, or the denial ol
something athnned.
To DISA FFO'U I'.ST, >: a. to throw open to common use ;
to redu«e fioin the privileges of a forest to that of eommon
ground.
To DISAGREE', r. «. to differ with respect to qiiahties ;
to dfler with lespect toopinion ; to b- in a stale of opposi-
tion.
DI's.AGRIsK'AnLE, a. contrary to ; or incon9i.steot with;
unpleasiiig to the taste, sight, or other senses.
DISAtiRi'E'A BEEN ESS, *■ unsuitableness; unpleasant-
ness; ofteiisiveuess.
DISAtiREEMENT, s. diff'erence of qualities; contra-
riety of sriitinK 111 ; conteu' ion or strife.
'I'o D!S A LLft'W, (the ow is prou. as in liow)v. a. to deny
the aulhority of a person or tiling ; to consi<leras unlawful:
to refuse countenancing an action. Neuteily, to refuse per-,
mission; to deiiv : not to grant.
DISALLOWARLE, a. that is not suffered, permitted,
ow n"d, or countenanced.
DISA LLO WANCE, s. the refusal of permission or coun-
tenaiue ; the look iig on a thing as unlawful.
To DlSATsXllOfi, (disd7i/Mr) V. a. to drive a ship from iti
anchor.
To DlSATsIM ATE, v. a. to kill or deprive of life. Figu-
rativelv, to discoiira;:^ , todishi arten.
DISANIMATlOiV,*. the h.ss of life ; death.
'Fo DISANNIJ'L, V. a. to deprive of aiiUii>iitv ; to abiv
lish ; to disallow. Johiuon calls this an uiifjr.triiniatical anil
burl>arou!i wont.
DIS
To DI5APPF;AR, (disappeir) v. n. to he lo«t to view, or
to vanish out of sl^lif.
To DISAPPOINT, i». a. to himter a person from rn.ioy-
ing or receiving what he expected ; to frustrate an expec-
tation.
DISAPPOINTMENT,*, the not receiving a thmg ex-
pected.
DISAPPROBATION, ». an act of dislike, arising from
•ouK'lhing ilisagrpf-alile tc a person's tasto, or not consistent
trllli hischo!<e or jiidsment.
To DISAPPP.tTVK, r. a. [(h\vrpp,-vmer, Fr.] to dislike;
to shew that a thing wants merit to eng-^ige our love, or »e-
WreesfrfMi.
To DISARM, r. o. [tlisarmer, Fr.] to take away arms
from a person.
ToDISAI'K.A'V, V. a, to unctress ; or puli off a person's
•lothes.
DISARHA'Y, *. disorder; confusion; loss of order in
batlh-; imHrpss.
DISA'S'IT-K, s. [rlfsifslif, Fr.] misfortune : an incident oc-
<!asionin!; Krief, I'V itsbeini' unexiiecffd iiiid luide^erveil.
DISA'STUOUS, n. unlucky; uiifortun.Tli- ; <idiiiiiil<.us ;
oralHictrd liy the happening of some sudden and unex-
pected misfortune.
DISA'STUOUSLY, ad. in an unlucky, unfortunate, or
afflicting niHoner.
DISA'STRO(JSNF,SS, *. iinluckiuess; unfortunaleness.
To DISAVOU'CH, ». «. to refuse; to deny, or dis-
«wn.
To DIS.^VOW, (the ou' is pron. as in nou) v. a. to dis-
«vn ; to deny the knowledge of a person or thing ; to re-
ftjse concurring in a design or undertaking ; to lay aside ;
decline.
DISAVCnVAL, /. denial ; disowning; abhorrence.
DTSAVO'W'M.F.NT, >. denial.
ToDlSAUTHORIZr-.c. a. to lessen the credit of a thing,
or render it suspicious.
ToDfSftA'ND, V. a. to dismiss from an army ; to dit-
bwirf soldiers. Figuratively, to discharge from service, or
Mnihilatc. Neiiterly, to quit the service of the army ; to
break up or separate.
To DISBARK, V. a. [deUrqiier, Fr.] to bring fO land
ffOHi a ship ; to put on shore from some vessel.
DISBI'LIKI", (dishelecf) s. refusid of giving assent to a
thing « Inch is proposed to be believed.
To DISBKI.rFVF, (disbcUirc) v. a. to withhold, or re-
fuse assenting to a thing proposed as t ue ; todeny the truth
of a doctrine or proposition.
DISIJI';LrKVI''n,(rfi>//»'/<'<i<'r) *. one who refuses to as-
sent to a thing projvosed to him as true; one who refuse.i
to believe a truth or doctrine; an infidel.
To mSURA'NCH, r. a. to separate, or cut off a branch
from a tree. Figuratively, to disjoin, or separate.
To niSRU'D, »•. CI. in cavdeiniig, to take away Mich
branches orlwij^s as are newly put forth and ill placed.
To DISBU'RDI''N, e. o. to free from anv pressing and
Iroublesome weight or loarl; to clear from any impediment;
.|o coninnmicate one's affliction* to another, and thereby
lessen there pressure. Neuterly, to ease the mind of some
pressing' affliction.
To DISBU'RSK, r. a. \dehourier, Fr.] to spend or lay nut
inonev.
DISRirRSF.MI^NT, s. [dthoxa-tement, Fr.J the spending
orlnv'ng out money.
DISBU'RSKR, t. one that lays out money, or defrays the
•spensesofan undertaking.
DISCA'LCEATRD, a. [from dis, a negative particle, and
•alcfiis, a shoe, Lat.] without shoes ; with naked feet.
DISCALCEATION,*. the act of pulling offthe shoes.
To DISC ANDY, «. n. to dissolve or melt.
To DISCA'RD, V. n. to <lischarge from any service or
emnloyment. To refune any further acquaintance, applied
to lovers.
DISCA'RN.\TE. a. stripped of flesh.
DIS
To DISCA'SE, V. a. to pull off one's clothes; to strip.
To DISCI''.'RN, V. a.[durirun, Lat.) to descrv, disc over,
or perceive by the sight; to distinguish; t» make a diii'er-
cnce between.
DISCI''.'RNER, ». a discoverer, or one who descries; a
juffjie; one capable of distinguishing the diflference of
thiiiijs.
DISCK'RNIBLE, «. that may be seen or discovered bt
the eve or judgment: distinguishing; apparent.
DlMCE'RiNIBLENES.S, *. the possibility of being disco
vered bv the sight, or perceived by the mind.
DISCE'RMBLV, id. in such a mauiier as may be di»-
tiiiguislu d or perceived.
DISCt.KMN(;, /'")'. or a. having the power of making
a distinction between things, or perceiving those qualities
or properties in wbidi tliey difl'er ; juilicii.us. .^YNoN.
The disceriimfr man is char si;;hled and judicious; sees
through the aitificesof niyiikiiid with half aneyo ; and will
not suffer himself to be deceived; his great abilities con.sis,t
in distiiigui>hing.
DISCK'RMNOLY, ad. with discretion or prudence,
arising from a knowledge of the qualities in which things,
or per^on^<lif^er from each other.
DISCK'llNMENT, s. judgment: or the power of dis-
tinguishing the qualities in wliicli things or persons differ
from <"acli other. Synon. \Vheiiclioiie, ordeterminatioii
with respect to the goodness or beauty of objects, is in
question, we should have recourse to those who have rfi*
ttrnmenl.
ToDISCFRP, V. a. [from dis, a negative particle, and
carnn, lo gather, Lat.] to tear in pieces.
DISCEKPTIBrLITY, 1. liableness to be destroyed by
disunion of parts.
DISCKRPTIBLR, c. frangible ; separable; liable to be
destroyed bv the disunion of its parts.
DISCpyRPTION, t. [from dit, a negative particle, and
earpo, togaiher, LatJ the act of pulling to pieces.
To DISCHARGE, ». «. [dicharger, Fr.) to free from
any load or employment; to turn away from a service, or
out of a post. Figuratively, to shoet off a gnu; to clear,
or pay a debt; to free from an obligation ; t() clear from
an accusation ; to perform or execute an office ; to dis-
band an army, or dismiss from attendance ; to obliterate,
or destroy.
DISCHARGE, t. vent; explosi«m; the matter vented;
the disappearance, vani>hing, or dkstroying, of a colour:
dismission fi<mi an ofhce or employ nient ; the paymentofa
debt; perforiiuince of a duty ; exemption, or acquittance.
DISCHA'RtiER, j. one who perff.rms a duty ; make« a
payment ; dismisses a servant ; frees from attendance or
captivity.
ToDISCI'ND, f. a. [from dis, a particle, which though
usually iiej;ative, heip serves to strengthen the signification,
and sriiido. lo split, Lat.] to divide ; to cut in pieces. " ^^'c
could easily discind \Ueni." Bnyh.
DISCIPLE, .«. [diseipiitiis, I.at.] a scholar, or one who
atleiiilsthe leclures,aiid professes the tenets of another. lu
Scripture sense, the followers of Jesus Christ, in general,
were called Disciples; hut in a more i est rained sense, the
/))ici/)/« denote those alone who were his immediate fol-
lowers, and altpudants on his person, of whom thcfe were
seventy or seveiitv-two.
DISCIPLESHIP, s. the state or coiKlition ef a scholar,
or one who follows the principles of anv particular teacher.
DISCIPLINABLE, a. [rfi»rt>/iTOTAi7i», from disce, to leani,
Lat.] capable of instrnction or improvement; fit to be
punished for not attending to the instructions of a master.
DISCIPLINA RIAN, a. belonging to discipline.
DISCIPLINA RIAN, *. \disripUna, from disco, to learn.
Lat.] one who rules or teaches with great strictness or
vigour; one who will not permit a person to deviate fioni
his doctrine; a dissenter, so colled for their sujiposed
clamour agaiust the church, for want of rigrdness lu its
discipline.
3fl3
D!S
DI'SCIPLINARV, n. [Htsciplinn, fiom ilisco, to l^;iin, I.al.]
ktl(jiv,'injj to fiiscipJine, ora n-sjularcouiii; of instiuttioii or
<dtic;iii(in
DISCIPLINE, s. [discipHna, from tlisni, fo learn, Lat.]
Ui'truftii)!!, ediiciilioii, or llic ir.clli'id aikcn to adorn llie
cind, and iiifn'se viitiious Irabits. Fi;,Mir;ttively, rule, or
^-rcyrniiiient ; iiiilil;uy order, i;oveiiini('iU, iimNiiiis, or rejjii-
ititiotis ; a stale of suli.jeelioii or iiLcdieiue; any tlimfj
tniJ!_:*i: ; a doctrine, art, or science ; ininislMiiiiit, con i-ctioii,
or cluistisenient for transxressin;; liie rides ot' conduct, or
ncelect!ii:;1o e:a!<e a proper use of iiibti iictioii.
To D! .S'CII'LINK, r. n. to coiiimiiiiicatc tlic rudiments
oflcaiiiinir; to uistriut or educate : to re;;iilate ; or keep in
order; to punish, correct, or cliaitisc for lircach of coui-
mand, or nei,>icci of instruction ; to reform.
To DlHCf^ \'I.M, r. a. to dibown; to denv having any
knoulediie of, oi;;c(piainIance xvitli ; to witlidrav a ckiini.
DISCLA'l.\iE.Ii, i. one ul;n disowns or renouices. In
Inw, a plea cnntai;iin:,' an express denial or refusal.
To DISCLO S:-",, Olidlin) ;i. a. [rliHlurtu, \.\\\.\ to mict)Ver,
t>r discover a tliin;; wliicli lias Liecn liitl : to reveal wiiat
s'.'.ould lie, or is hid, or secrc-l. Synon. So '"eat an itch
hsVC some persons (or paillinu', that they /c// every indi-
viiluai what they hear. Confidants too often disclose the
Mitriijuej lhe> are int listed with. Tlie rf(i'///g!»g- of a se-
cret has often done more harm liian anv i^ne tliinj; "liat-
fver ; as it is inijiojsihle to smother what once lias i)ten
bhiz^d al)road.
DfSCLO'SER, (itisl.lozer) s. one who discovers something
hidden, o- reveals some secret.
DISCLO'SUl'E, fiYij7f/r>r/rre) s. tile making a thing seen
wirch was hiddru from >ii;ht ; the revealing; a secret.
DI*CLL''SU)N, i. T'lDiii f//if/>if/(/, Lat.] eniission.
DISCOl.Or.A'TION, {(iichiillerdsliiin) s. a stain, or chan^je
fff colour for tl'.e worse.
To DISCOLOUR, (ihs!.vl/n-) v. a. [disailuru, Lat.] to spoil
the colour ol a 'liiu;; ; to slain, ordaiili.
To D!S("()'M I ri', r. n. [disrunfiie, Tr.] to overcouic, beat,
or rout an eni-m\ in battle.
DISCO'.MFIT, f. a defeat; a rout, or ovtrlhrnw of an
ejieinv.
D'=;CO'MFITLl!lK,i. overthrow; defeat; rout; ruin.
DISCO'.MI'OKT, J. a ^'leat decree of uneasiness; iiie-
lancholv ; despair.
To DiSCO'.MFOPvT, I-. ft. to make a person uneasy ; to
{{rieve, atHicI, sadden, or deprive or comfo' I.
DiSCOMFORTAr.LL, ». refusiuj,' comfort, or rejecting
ronsolaiion ; oecas'oiii:i^r sadness, iir melanchoK .
ToDISCO.MMF.ND, v. n. to blame ; to disapprove, or
'".ensure.
PI.^COMAJF.'VDAPLK, ff. (leservini; blame or censure.
Dlr()MMF.\'n\'TION,*. blame; (entire; repniach.
DISCOMM '"'NDFI!, .s. nne who blames, <ir censures.
To DISCO^IMO D'', 1-. (I. to put to an inconvenience ;
fo rumple, or rl^iuder iliess.
DISCO.)IMO'DIOUS, a. inconvenient ; attended with
trouble : displeasing'.
DISCOMNIO'DITY, s. inconvenience ; disadvantage ;
hurt, or niisch'if
To DISCOMPOSE, fr/,-47;emp.',--e) v. a. [from dis, and
wmpimo, Lat.l lo luit into confusion, or disorder ; to
riifile, appliecl to the temper or mind ; to rum le clothes;
to vev.
, DISCOMPOSURE, (dislwmponnrf) s. disorder; pertur-
bation ; or dii'piiet ofniind, arising from some disagreeable
rirrumslance.
'Fo DISCONCERT, r. a. to nn-ettle, disorder, or dis-
ronipose the mind ; to frustrate, or defeat an undertaking
iirdrf inn.
DISCONFO'RMITY, s. want of agreement ; inconsis-
tcnev ; or ouposilion of sentiments.
DhCONOIlU'ITY, *. disagreement ; difference; incon-
listi nc-. .
DIiCO'NSOLATE, a. without comfort ; witliouf hope ;
2(11
DIS
melancholy ; or grieved on account of some afllictioi. ; r*-
""nsiMg ecinfort.
DISCONSOLATKLY, ed. in a comfortless manner.
DiSCOTsSOLATENESS.*. the state of a per«m under
afllictiou refusing comfort.
piSCONTI'^'NT, «. want of content; being unsatisficrl
with ones [/resent condition.
DISt ONTE'N'FED, a. uneasy; unsatisfied with one's
present condition ; malevolent.
DISCONTENTEDNESS, *. uneasiness: the not being
pleased or satisfied with ones present condition; the not
leceivinga lull satisfaction at the sight of an object.
DISCONTE'NTMENT, i. the state of being dissatisfied,
or uiieasv.
DlSCONTITs'lIANCE, /.want of union, or adhesion ;
the separation! of the parts of any body. Cessation ; inter-
mission ; or stop, api.lied to at tion. In law, an iiiterrup-
lion, or breaking off; as discovthiiinme of possessiiui, or
discuiitinnaiice of process. 1 he etiect of dtscuntinnance of
possession is, that a man may not enter upon his own land
in- tenement alienated, whatsoever his right be unto it, or
by his own authority ; but must seek to recover possession
by law. The effect of discontinunnce of plea i.^, that the
instance may nr)t be taken up again, but bv a new writ to
beg II the suit atresh.
DISCONTINUATION, s. the break'n? the continuity ;
bleach of Mni<n, or separation of the parts of a thing.
ToDlSCON'FFNUE, v. n. [d:samtin„e,; Fr.] to break
otl'; to separate; to lose an estaMislicd privilege or cUatora.
.Actively, to leave oti ; to cease tVcmi any action wiiicli if
be;;un.
niSCONTINUITV, *. want of cohesion ; breaking off
union.
D!S( ONVE'NII'.NCE, «. inc-ongriiity ; disagreement ; op-
pc'sit oil of natiiie.
Dr.SCOIlD, »■. [rf'."'."/'", tVoiu c«)-, a heart, Lat. a state
wlieiein | e'soiii ii.iiluabv endaviu t" hurt each other, and
are li.'st to all the lender sc.'tiiic n's of huiiaiiily and beiie-
Milenii' : disa^ieenu nt. Fi-uialivelv, cl fleicuce, contra-
riet' , ov o po^iiKin of ipal I (s. In musir, sounds not of
till iu-elv( ^ |l asinn, but neiissaM lo be uiixcd w illi olliers.
To DI'=C(U!I), r. u. \,l.s<«,d,, f om cor, a heart, Lat.]
to d -;i;;'i'c : In piodiice a d saiiieeahie and unpleasant
soiiiifl u In II (liiH'i' If.;,H||ier.
m<( ()KDANCF-, or DISCORDANCY, s. disagree-
ment; i.ppi 5ilii.n ; uiciiiisisleiicN .
DI^COIIDANT. <i.[disvi,,d<tns, from roc. a hea'i, Lat.]
iuc ouM-leiii ; disagreeing, or at vaiiaiice Willi itself; op,xi-
site. or contiarv.
DISCO'IIDANTLY, ttd. in such a manner as to beat
vaname, m inc cinsisti nt with itself. Not liarniiuiizing or
agreenigwith each other, applied to sounds ; peevishly; in
a conladiclious manner.
To D SCO'VKH, I', n. [dccimrrir, Fr.] to make a tlii g seen
by lemo .ing the covering \\ hich coiucalid it fiom sight;
tci make known; lo find out something imkuown ; to dis-
close, oi bring 'o Fght something which is secret, and ci:.
deavour d to b^ kept so.
DISC* A'ER.4P)LE, (7. that may be found out eitlicr by'
ap[ilic alion oftlie mind, or some of the external senses ; ai»-
paieiit ; obvious.
DISCOVERER, s. one wlio finds out a thing, place, or
posiliiui, not known before.
DISCO VEHY, s. the act offindingont any thing hidden ;
6lii'\>ing anv thing concealed or covered.
To DISCO'UNSEL, I.e. to dissuade ; to turn aside from
anv \\t{\ nndi'rtakiug, or persuasiott.
DISCOUNT, s. a sum allowed a person for payment,
before the bill or debt becomes clue, which is generally as
niuch as the interest would amount to for the space the bill
lias to run from the time of i-.aymciit, or of making that allow-
ance.
ToDISCOU'NT, t'. ir.'o give a person ready money for
a bill before due allowing interest for the time which it h-ji
DIS
Dis
to run ; to allow, or nlwfe a person a (••■rfaiii sum for proiii|it
pavnuiit, oil iIk' pii'iliiisr ofiiiiv I'oiiimoditv.
1V)l)ISCOUNTI'.N\NCr-, V. a. to fliscoiira-p l.v lol.l
trealniPiil, or iiidilU'rcnfe ; lo shf^ mie's (tisapp oliiiticii of
any iiu'cisure, liv coliiiiess of lieliiiviour, or hy tiiUiii>; micIi
mellindsas miiy defeat it. Fi;;uralively, to alia^li, or put
DisCOU'NTlCNXNCR, i. coldness, or itidiHereiue <if
trentiiicnl !Uid luliavioiir ; luif ieiidU asiictt or re^iird.
DI>COir\TKN ANCI'Jt, ... one win. dl.s. oum-r. In cold
trcatniPiit, liy un iiiif;ivoiinil)lc asiircf, or l>y vaiit of waiiii
and c<irdlal atVec'ioii.
To DrSCOLIRAOR, (rinhurye) v. n. to di>lii.ai ten ; lo
deprive (if coiirajje or vif^or; to defer fmiii am alhiii|it ;
B^ed with /'niOT, iiii'l liiipijiiierlv \villi/».
DISCOl'KAOF.l!, (idshh-nn-n-) s. one hIio daiiini-, <ir
checks tlieconra;;e or viiroiii of a person ; one wlio deler.s,
or fiii;litens a per-.on f oiii an aid nipt.
DISCOU'UACil'.MRNT, (.diskumjemevt) s. the act of
friiflitcnint,^ or deiciriiifia person fioni an' alt<'inpt, l>v re-
prespiilin^' tlie dan;;ers aflendiiif,' it, or l)\ invnlviii^ him in
difficidties ; any iinppdiiii"nt o ditiicnlty which renders a
person unuilhii!; to nndeilal\ea desii;n.
DISCOlJ'KS'F,, (diskd,:w) s. [ff/.vc„„rs, Fr.l in h^^-c, an act
©r operation of Iheiiriid, vlier<d)V it proceeds fioiii a ill iii;
known to one iinUiiown, or fioiii premises lo conseiiueiKcs ;
conversation or talU, wherein persons miiliiallv cdiivrx iheir
ideas and sentiments to each other ; speech; a trealise, or
dissertation written or ntievcd.
To DISCOU'RSR, ('!,xl.-,r.sp) V. f,. to convi-rse, or talk
with another; to treat a siiliject in a solemn or set manner;
to reason, or proceed from propositions to Iheir conse-
quences.
DI'^COU'RSErt, (/lislJirser) s. a speaker or writer on
«nv snliiect.
DISCOU'RSIVF,, (rlisltnrsire) a. passing, or advanciii^j
from a known tliinj,' to an unknown, or f om premises lo
conseijuences ; partaking of the nature of dialoj;ue or con-
versation.
OISCOU'RTEOUS, ('lidditeojts, or dislt&tlcovs) a. void of
civiltv, or romplaisance.
DISCOURTESY, (flhhmtfs,/, or diskurtesy) s. an act of
rudeness, disresnect. or iiicivilitv.
DISCDU'RTEOUSEY, {dishorteoushj, or diMrteouahj) ad.
in an iinciv'l, r de mviiiner.
_ DI'SCOUS, a. in holanv applied to such flowers as con-
sist of nianv florets, forming u broad, plain, or flat surface,
such as the firs xiili.t,S c.
DI'sCREDIT, i. ['''* and credit, Fr.]dis<;race; ignominy;
infainv, or that wliicli involves a person in shame fir
infamy; the im!iutati"n of a fault, which lessens the fame
of a person, and deprives him of the esteem he enjoyed
before.
To DISrni'/DIT, V. a. [dccrediter, Fr.] to destroy the re-
putation of a person or thing ; to render a thini,' suspicious
which is lieiieved to he true; to iiinder a rumour from
spreailing, bv sliewiniril lobe false.
IMSCItEE'T, n. \di.icret, Fr.] able to distinguish, and
taking time to distinguish lietweeL- things and their conse-
quences ; acting with piudence and caution; modest, not
forward.
DISt'KE''VTI,V, nd. prudently; cautiously; in such a
manner as shews deliberation and regardfor tlie dift'erenres
of thiir^s and their consequences.
DISCREETNESS, s. the quality of acting agree-dile lo
the <lirt'erences or ualnre ofthin;;s; a conduct guided by
deliberation and prudence.
DISCU I'.'TE, i. [discretiis, from disrcrno, to put a (lifTcr-
ence, Lal.l applied lo quantity, that which is not coutiniied
or joined together ; separate; distinct. .Applied to propo-
sitions, such as contain truths or sentiments set in contrast
to each oTJior, and joined by a discretivc conjunction : as,
" I resign imj life, l)ut not my honour," is a discrete proposition.
Ducrcle proportion, is when the ratio between two pairs of
Mm
nuiiihers or i|iiatil>lies. Is llie same, but the proportion
be I ween all I he Icur iiuiiilieis is nol I In ^a me. Tlius C : 8 ::
3 : 4, the riilio belweii () ill id IS is the same as thai brlwe< n .1
and 4, bul (i is iioi to K as 3 is lo i, and Iheicl'ori' llie jiropor-
lion is iiiil conliiiiied b< Iwcen all tlie four numbers a^ tlic
coiitiuued piopoi lioiials, 3: (i:: l'2:'24.
DI^C'l! I'.'T!(>.\, s. [disereiio, Lai.] prudent behaviour,
arising fiom a kiiowl. dge of, jnnj ai ling agreeable to, the
<lit*eience of l!iiiii;s. 1 iguralii'eK , an unnMilvolled |.<iwcr,
or (lie which is lo be limned lo no coinlitioiis.
DISCl!E"ri(^.\'Ab\ , ((.'(.v/./(,v//i"»ffri/)«. ieft to act witb-
oui au\ oihir ii slr.iiiil or guide llian a person's own pru-
dence and (li>cr( l.oii.
DiSClU/IIVE iROI'OSniO.NS, s. in logic, are those
wji-'ie vari( Us jiidgnienls are ilenoled by Ihe partules but,
ii(iiiiill:sliiiii/iiig\ Ac. eilher e\piessi'd or uiidersU.oil ; as,
trnrellers tnfi'/ ehiin^e their t:liinrttes, but not their temper. \u
graiuiiiar, iti.seretue eoiijinietioiis, are si.cli as iiiipl\ opposi-
tion ; as, n"t n mini, bul (/ 'east.
DISCRl'.MIN AI5LE, n. dislinguisliablc by some outward
marks.
To DISCIU'MINWTE, v. a. [iliscriniino, from ilisrnm'H,
adiliereiue, l.al.] to distnignish, or uiarkwilh some note,
w Mu h slic\\ s a didcreni e ; lo se pa rate, or select.
DISCRrMI.N'A'I'ENESS, *. disliuclion ; or obvious dif-
ference, w Inch r( ndeis vi separation and distinction easy.
D1SCK1M1N.\'T10N, s. [discriiniiiutio, fiom discrinien, »
diHeieiice, Eal.] llies ale of a thing separated from ••llier.s
and ilisiiugiii.shed for peciihai uses; distinclioii, or the me-
thod of li'siilS ing llie consciousness a person has of tlie dif-
f leiice bel.-een ceitain things.
DISCIU'MI.N ATIVE, n. that constitutes, or has regard
to Ihe ditlerciic e between things.
DI^CKl'MINOUS, a. [from rfjicnnieH, dan er, Lai.] full
of danger ; hiz-ardous.
DISCU 1>I ! OI'V, a. [disciiliitoriHS,{ro ii discinnlo, to lean,
Lat.] tilled to ihe posture of leaning.
DlSrLi'.MBENCY, *. [from rfi«»j»io, to lean. Eat.] the
posture oflv nig aloiigat meals, alter llie Roman iiiainier.
To DISCU'MBlilK, «. o. to disengage, or free fidiii aiiv
thing w liich is a load, or hinders a per=ou from a free use of
his limbs.
DISCU'RSIVE, a. [discursif, Fr.J in perpetual motion or
agitation. In logic, proceeding from things known to
things unknown.
DISCU'KSIVELY, Of/, in such a manner as to deduce
one thing from anolher, or a thing unknown from one that
is known.
DISCU'RSORY, a. [from discurro, to run about, Lat.] de-
ducing things unknown from those which are known ; ar-
gumentative.
•- UrsCUS, J. [Lat.] in aiiliipiity, a round. shiidd conse-
crated lo the memorv of so.iie hero, and iiuiig up in li niples
in coninienioration of some great exploit. Likewise an in-
strument used by the liimiaiisin iheirgamcs.
To IJISC'U'SS, V. a. [from discutio, lo shake, drive away, f>r
digest, Lat.] lo examnie; to get over; to explain a dilli-
cultv by meditation or debale. In surgery, to disperse any
humour orswelliiig.
DISCU'SSl'lR, «. one who determines a point, or e?">!ai!is
a ditficullv.
DISCUSSION, s.rfroni discutio, to shake, drive away, or
digest, Lat.] the expfainiiig a dithculty ; the examining iiitfi
some knotty point or sentiment. In surgery, the removirg
or disjiersioii of any humour or swelling, by insensible per-
spiration.
DISCU'SSIVE, a. having the power to discuss an v liumoiir.
DISCUTIENT, (dishushicnt) i. [from discutin,'y\ shake,
drive away, or digest, Lat.] in physic, a medicine which
opens tliepores.alleiiuales the tiuids.and disperses huuiours
by insensible perspiration, or otherwise.
To IJISD.A'IN, V. a. UledaiQ;ner, Fr.] to reject with scoiu,
lo refuse, or decline with abhorrence, as uuworlliy ones
character,
2(»
DIS
DISDAIN, t. [sdepio, Ital.] contempt, as unworthy of
ouf's choice ; abnorrciice ; or contemptuous an;;er and in-
dignation. SvNON. //fHo-Zj^/ntM* is seldom seen hut in per-
sons <>f weak, iinderstandiiij;, and those who have had a bad
education. Tlisre is a vain sort of people who look upon
tUsiiain as a personal arconiplislinient ; and who u>e it on
all occasions a>: a test oflhe nieiit they pretend to.
IJISDA'I.N'KUL, a. abounding; with indignation ; hauijii-
ty ; scornful.
DISI).^ INFULI.Y, ni-/. in a contemptuous manner; with
proud or hauj;hlv scorn.
I)ISI)A'INrin..N E'^S, s. contempt proceeding from a
nean opinion of a person or tiling, including liauyhliness
and pride.
DISE'.A.SF,, Wi^^eeze)*. the state of a living body, wherein
it is prevented fioni the exercise of any of its functions,
whether vital, n.iltnal, or animal, ;ittende(l with a sensation
of uneasiness. In botanv, the slate of a plant, wherein it is
rendered inca; able of answerin,' the several purposes for
which it was formed. SyNON. Diseases, such as the plague,
fever, <Vc. an' sinnetinies so epidemical as to lay « aste more
than the s\<ord. /)u(('/n;)fri among cattle are generally in-
fectious. Divine displeasure hath often shewn it.self by a
general sirkntss among men and beasts.
To DISi; ASE, (dizcrze) v. a. to aftect the body so as to
render the exercise of any of its functions uneasy, or im-
practicable.
DISI'i'ASEDNESS, (dizcezedness) s. a state wlierein an
animal is rendered incapable of performing such functions
as are necessary to health and bfe, and for wjiich their frame
seems to have been intended.
To DISEMBARK, v. a. to carry from a ship or otiier
vessel to land. Neuterlv, to go on shore from a ship.
DISEMBODIED, a. stripped or divested of botlv.
To DISEMBO'GUE, (disemhds.) V. a. to discharge at
its mouth into the sea, applied to rivers. Neuterly, to
fow.
DLSEMBOAVELEED, part, taken from the bowels.
To DISEMBUOIL, v. n. [debroi,iller, Fr.] to free from
confusion, disorder, perplexit>, or fiom (juarieb which oc-
casion public commotions.
To DISES.A'BLE, 1'. a. to depriveof power ; to weaken,
or render a person unable to perform an undertaking. See
Disable.
To DISI'.S'CHA'NT, i-. a. to fiec from the power of any
gpell, charm, or enchantment.
ToDISENCU'MBEU, e. ff. to free from any thing which
hinders a person from exercising the powers of his under-
standing or body, and oppresses him with a sensation of
burthensomenessor uneasiness ; to iice from any hinderance
or obstruction.
D1SENCU'MBR.\NCE, s. freeihim from hinderance,
perplexitv, or uneasiness, owing toany thing which prevents
a person from exercising his strenglh, or the faculty of his
mind, freelv.
To DISENG.A'GE, t>. a. to separate frnin any thing which
is joined to a thing; to separate fmni ny thing whiili is
an incumbrance; to clear from impeciiiin-ntsorolotrnctions;
tr) witlidriiw, to divert the mind from any thing which pou-
erfullv attracts its attention of afl'ection. Neuteily, to set
oursfUfs free from.
DI'sENC^'GED, n. at leisure ; not fixed to any particu-
lar obiect, or <d)lig('d to attend any particular person.
DISENG.\'GEDNESS, /.the quality of being disengaged;
freedom frnm anv opjiressing business.
D1SENG.^'GI'"M KNT, ». release or freedom from any
obligation, attendance, or affection, which influences the
minil.
To DISENTA'NGT.E, v. a. to set free from an obs4a<le
or impediment which hinders the mind or bodv from a pro-
per use of llirir respective powers and abilities. Figura-
tivelv, to free from perplexitv.
T» DISENTi; RUE, v. a. [from dh and euieirer, Fr.] to
linbury ; to lake out of the grave.
DIS
To DISENTHRA'L, v. a. to set free ; to rescue from sl»
verv.
To DISENTHRO'NE, v. a. to depose, or drive from the
throne.
To DISENTRA'NCE, v. a. to free froma trance; toraue
from a swoon.
To DLSESHCUSE, (ditesptmi:e) v. n. to break a marriage-
contract.
DISIvSTEIVM, s. want of esteem ; a slight; loss of cre-
dit or esteem : soinethiug less than contempt.
To DISESTE'I'IM, r. a. to regard slightingly; to consi-
der in a light uliicli Icssen-s esteem or approbation, but does
not rise to contempt.
DI.SF.A'VOUR, s. a circnmstance which impedes or hin-
deis an undertaking: want of countenance, or such a con-
currence as niav render a design successful ; a .state wherein
a person meets with no encouragement or assistance from
another.
To DISF.-\ VOIJR, V. a. discountenance, or hinder a
design from taking eliect for want of assistanceor ei«;ourage-
inent.
DISFIGURATION, *. the act of spoiling the form of a
thing or pers<Jii, or rendering them uglv or disagreeable;
the state of a thing whose natural form and beauty is spoiled.
Fi^rurativelv , dejoMiiity.
To DISFICiUllE, ij. a. to change any thing to a worse
form : to render a thing less beautiful, or less agreeable.
DISFl'GURI'.Ml^N'F. .v. change from beauty to ugliness,
or from a pleasiiii; form to one «hich is less so.
To DISFRANCHISE, v. a. to deprive a place of its
charter, privileges, or immunit-ies; or a person of his free-
dom as a citizen.
DISFRA NCHISEMENT, s. the act of depriving a per-
son or place of pnvleges or iuinumities.
To DISFU'RNISH, v. a. to ihprive; to iinfurnish ; to
strip. " If vou slionlii here disfui-msli me." S/iak.
To DlSfiLO'RlFY, v. a. to deprive of glory; to treat
with indignitv. " And God compared with idols rfi#-
ghirified. blasphem'd." Mill.
To DISGO'HCiK, !•. a. [Jegvr^er, Fr.] to vomit, or dis-
charge by the nioutli. Figuratively, to discharge or pour
out with violence.
DISGR.'XXMi, s. [tUss^race, Fr.] shame; infamy; a state
wherein a person or thing has lost its honour, esteem, and
those qualities which rendered it uortliv of respect ; ll;e
state of a person » ho is out of favour. SvNON. He wl;<>
has the folly or the misfortune to do any thing '/i'«g)rto/'f/,
should be very carefid not to give himself any unbccotni-Hg
airs.
To DISGR.A'CE, v. a. to deprive of honour, esteem, or
high emploviiient.
DISCjR.A'CEFUL, o. full of dishonour, or those circum-
stances and qualities which make a person an object of le-
proacli.
DISGRACEFULLY, ad. in snch a manner as must sub-
ject a person to dishonour, shame, or reproach.
DISGRA'CEFULNESS. s. shamefulness.
DISGRA'CI'.R, s. one who deprives another of some lio-
nourahle employment ; one who exposes another to shame
and <lishonour.
DISGltACIOUS, n. unkind; unfavourable; nnphasing.
To DISGUISE, {ditgiiize) V. n. [drgiiistr, Fr.] to con-
ceal a person by means of some strangedress. Figuratively,
to dis-emble, or conceal by a fa.se appearance ; todisrigure
or change the form of a thing; to intoxicate and render un-
seendv bv drinking.
DISGUI'SI',, (rfi*»-«iie) «. a dress made use of to elude
the notice of those we are acquainted \\ilh, or to conceals
person ; a false appearance made use of to cover or conceal
some design. SynoN. In order to mnWi it is necessary to
cover (he face with a false visage ; but to disguise, it is suf-
ficient to change thect.miiion appearance.
DlS(iUi;sEMi:NT, *. dress of couceahnent. " Uiitfcf
ihis disf^uiscment." Syd.
'•f'f'TlIOFfAIRT -'-^'OSP
R^_^°
Dl S
DIS
DlSfiUrSr.n, (rf/V»">>?r) *. nnc who alters the n»tiiral
• ppcaiiinci' oCa ixTsmi; one «hi> llUl^liSor cdiiioals hi i roal
desiL'fis uiiilcr some (iilao mid specious appeariirice.
DIS(i(l.ST, s. [df^oiil, Fr.] ;tii aversion arisiii;,' frotu'tlie
rfisas''<''''il'I'-.'icss Ota lljiiig to the palate ; rli^t.iile ; <lisplea-
DUri', a- isiiii; troni some disaifieeahle aetioii <)i behaviour.
To r>IS(iU'.ST, V. a. [i/c^-aiifer, Fr.] to raise an aversion
or iiauseoiisiiess in the stomiicli hy a disaijreeable taste ; to
raise an aversion or dislike by some ,disayreeable or ofieii-
give action.
D1S(;USTFUL, a. abonnding with such qualities as pro-
duce aversion or dislike.
DI.SII, s. \tlUc, Sa\.] a broad -.jiallow vessel with a rim,
either of silver, pewter, fjold, china, or earthenware, nsed
for holding,' and carrying joints, or other victuals to table,
and difl'erin^' from a plate in size. A kind of measure among
tinners, lontaininjt a jjallim.
To DlSIi, V. (I. to serve meat up eleijantly, or place it
in a dish. To dish uiil, to adorn, deck, or set off; a low
phrase.
DISH \ RI'LLE, «.[from deshabtlli, Fr.] an undress; a loose
and i)Pf;li;;ent dress.
Dl.SH \ BI'LLE, a. [deshabilli, Fr.] loosely and negligently
<lresse<l.
To DlSir VRIT, 1'. a. to th-ow out of place.
DISFIA'KMONY, s. contrariety of haimonv.
DLSM-CLOUT, *. the cloth with which the maids rub
their dishes.
To IJISIIEA'RTKN, (dis/idiieii) v. a. to deprive a person
of coinage and alacrity ; to lerrifv ; to make a person ima-
gine a tiling to be impracticable, or that some approaching
evil is unavoidable.
DISHI'/RISON, s. the act of debarring a person from an
inheritance.
To DISHF/RIT, t'. a. to debar a person from succeeding
to an inheritance ; to cut offfrom an irdieritance.
To DISHE'VEfj, V. a. [dec/ieveler, Fr.] to spread hair in a
loose, negligent, and disorderly manner.
DISillNG, n. concave; a cant term among artificers.
DISllO'NlsST, a. void of honesty ; fraudulent; or incon-
sistent with justice. Figuratively, reproachfiil, or shameful.
OlSHO'NIvSTLY, nrf. in such a manner as is inconsistent
with lionourand honesty.
DI^HO'NKS' Y, *. want of probity ; the act of doing
any thing to cheat or defraud anotherof his property ; un-
chast<'ness.
DISIKVXOUR, *. that which affects a person with dis-
grace. Figuratively, reproach, which deprives a person of
reputation.
To ni^'HO'NOUR, f. a. to bring toshame; to disgrace ;
to blast the character of a person; to violate a person's chas-
tity : to treat ivilh indignity.
DISIIO'XOURABLE, a. void of respect, reverence, or
esteem ; shanieful ; reproachful.
DISHCNOURER, *. one who treats a person with indig
nit> ; one \v ho violates the chastity of a female.
To DISHORN, V. a. to strip of horns. " We'll dishorn
the spi'it." S/inl:.
DISHWASHER, f. the name of a bird.
DISIMPIUVVKMENT, i. reduction from a better to a
worse stale ; the contrary to melioration or improvement.
DISI.\CFJNAT10N,'s. want of affection; want of pro-
pensity.
To '>ISINCLI'NK, «. a. to lessen one's affections for a
thill' or peis<in.
DISINfiENlJ'ITY, s. unfairness; low and mean artifice.
D'SINi,f;\JUOUS, a. not of an open or fiank disposi-
tion; MiMviii: s^ ; ciiiiiiing or subtle.
DICING K'NUOUSLY, arf. in an unfair, sly, or crafty
. niu • r.
DHINGE'NUOUSNESS s- a behaviour wherein a per-
son eiideaMiurs to secure his ends by concealiiij; his designs,
and Using low craft and mean subterfuges in order tuaccoui-
(klijJi them.
DI.SINHF;RIS0>:, t. .See Dishrrlson.
To DISIMIE'RIT, V. a. to cut otf from a right to, 07 Oe-
prive of, an inheritance.
■"I'o DISINTE'R, p. a. to take a body out of a grave.
DIMN'I 'ERK'SSED, a. See Disi NTEK k.sted.
DISrNTI^Rl'.ST, s. that which is contrary to a persona
success or prosperity ; a disadva..tage or loss." Indifference
to, or disregard of profit or private advantage.
DISINTh'-RESTED, a not influenced by any views o(
priviile lucre or advantage ; superior to any selfish motives.
DISINTKRKSTEDLV, «</. in a disinteiested manner.
DISINTERESTEDNESS,*, contempt of private inte-
rest; nei^lect of personal profit.
To DISJO'IN, V. a. [dejvindie, Fr.] to separate or divide
things united ; to part.
To DISJOI'NT, V. a. to put out of joint; to separate
things at the place where they are cemented or joined toge-
ther; to carve or cut in pieces, hy separating the joints
(roiii each other; to make incoherent ; to destroy the con-
nection of words or sentences. Neuterly, to fall asunder,
or ill piec es.
DISJUDICATION, i. \disji(dicatio, from jifrfico, to judge,
Lat.l judgnient ; determiualioii ; more propieily dijndicKtioti.
DISJU NCT, a. [from disjmigo, to disjoin, Lat.] disjoined ;
separate.
DISJUNCTION,*, [from disj.mgo, to disjoin, Lat.] sepa-
ration ; or the a«f of dividing things or peismis.
DISJUNCTIVE, a. [from disJiwg;o, to di.sjoin, Lat.] di«-
niiiling; not proper for union. In grammar, applied to
such particles as denote a separation or contrast ; " i love
him, 01- I fear him ;" the word or is a disjiiiii live conjunc-
tion. In logic, applied to such propositions whose parts
are opposed to each other by 'disjunctive particles, thus :
" Qiiaiililv is either length, breadih, or depth."
DISJU'N( TIVELV, ad. distinctly ; separately.
DISK, s. [discus, Lat.] in astronomy, the face of the sun,
moon, or any planet, as it appears to the eye. In optics,
the magnitude of the glass of a telescope, or the width of it«
aperture. In botany, the central or middle part of radiated
fioHcrs, composed of several florets placed perpendicularly,
and sometimes called the ;H'/iis or bason.
DISK IN DN ESS, s. a want of .kindness, afi'eciion, or be-
nevolence; an act whereby a thing or person receives da-
mage or detriment, and is supposed to be derived from ili-
will. or alienated affection.
DISLIKE, s. want of approbation or esteem, shewed by
a pers(ui's behaviour and actions.
To DISLI'KE, I', a. to disapprove; to look on as impro-
per or faulty. To shew disgust or disesteem.
To DISLIKE, «. a. to change the appearance of a thing,
or make it look different from what it was before.
DISLI'KENEsS, s. the quality which makes a thing ap.
pear ditt'ereul to what it was before; the quahty which
makes a difference between things.
DIS LI KER. s. one who disapproves a person or thing.
DISLI'KEFUL, a. disaffected; malign. Not in use.
" Dislihef'iil conceit." Spen.
To DiSLI'MN, V. a. to unpaint; to strike out of a pic-
ture.
DISLOCATE, f. a. [disluco, from dis, a negative particle,
and lucas, a place, Lat.] to put out of its proper place ; ta
disjoint.
DISLOCATION, s. Iheactof putting things out of their
proper places. In surgery, a joint put out, or the forcing a
bone from the socket; a luxalioii.
To DISLO'DGE, i>. a. 10 remove from a place 01 settle,
ment by force; to drive an enemy fr<im a post; to remove
an armv to other quarters. Neuterly, to decamp, or go away
to another place.
DISLO'YAL, a. \desloijal, Fr.] false or disobedient to a
sovereign.
DISLOYALLY, ad. in a faithless, disobedient, or rebel-
lions nianner.
DlSLO'V.'\LTY,f. want of fidelilv to the severeigu.
'2C7
DIS
nflVds Ilic mind villi liiiior; iiu hiniliolv ; yluonij ; toi-
lliV'Hii.
DI'SMALr.V, (tliznia'.hj) nil. iti such a manner as to ex-
tilc lioriiir, 3(in(j", or iiieiiiiitliiilv.
Dl'SMAl-NrsS, (,(lizn,nhi(ss) s. the qualily vliith excites
iiorror ni«-liiiu Imly. or sonou.
To DISMA iS'I LE, f. a. lo strip a person of ary dress
wliiiii tervcd liiiii as an orniinicMil ordilence; to snioo(|)«
K) untold ; todestroy todeslrov liie ou^v^orksor (li'lenccs
ota pl<itp : to liieak dciuuor d'.siioy yny ti.ing external.
To DISWA'.'K, V. II. to pull (liia nuisli ; lo uncover.
To DISINI AY, I', a. [''ewivja-jSpan.] to discourage or dis-
hearten v.itii fiar.
DI*M \\, s. [rfesinrt^/o, Sonn.J loss of courage, occasioned
by some t'ri,i;liltiil oliji-cl ofuprireliensioii.
DISMA'VRDN'K'^S, j. the state of mind arising from the
sigi-.t of some frightful object, or the apprehension of some
daniior.
DI>Mr:, s. [Fr.]a tenth; the tenth part ; the tythe.
To D!SMK'M15C'v, i'. a. to divide one ineiHber from
atjotlier : to cut or ti-.ir to pieces.
To DISMT SS, V. II. [dis, a negative particle, here used to
streni;then the signiiiiation, and miltn, to send, Lat.l to send
away ; to <lischarge from attendance ; to give leave to
depart; to diiciiargj from service, or from an employ-
ment.
DISMISSION, s. [<lis, a negative particle, here used to
jtrengtiien tliesigniticalion, and mitto, to send, Lat., the act
of sending away ; an honourable discharge irom an ottice;
deprivation ; or the being turned out ofanv post or office.
To DIS.MORTGAGE, r. a. to redeem tVom or clear a
mortgage hv paving the nionev lent on aiiv hiiitis or estate.
To DISMOUNT, «. a. [rlrmrmicr, Fr.] to niiliorse, to lose
any prclernient, or post of honour ; to dislodge or force
cannon from their carriage. Ncuterly, to alif;lit from a.i
hor?e ; to descend from an eminence or high place.
To DISNATURALIZIC, v. a. to alienate ; to deprive of
the privileijp of birth.
DISOBEDIENCE, ». a wilful arting contrary to the
comni;Mids or proliibitions of a superior.
DISORE'DII'.NT, pnrt. or a. guilty of acting contrary to
the laws, or tlic comuiands of a superior.
To DISOBEY, f. n. to act contrary to the will or com-
mands of a superior; to break the laws, by doing something
whicli is forbidden, or refusing to do something tiiat is com-
manded.
DISOBLIGA'TION, s. an act which alienates the affec-
tious of a person, orcb.inges a fritnd into an enemy ; an act
which occasions <lisgu5t or dislike.
To DlSOnLl'dK, (pron. disobleejr) V. a. to do something
which offends another ; to displease.
DISORM'GINO, pirf. or a. uni>leasing ; void of those
tjualities which attr^ut friendship ; otTeiisive.
DISOHLI'GINGLY, nd. in such a manner as to displease.
DIS()RLI(;lNGNKSS,s. rr-adiuess to displease.
DISORHED. part, cast from its proper orbit or path,
within which it performs its revolulioiis. " Or like a star
disnrb'd f>hnh.
DISO'RDER, s. [disnrdie, Fr.J want of method, or regu-
lar distribution ; tumult, or confusion; breach of violation
ef laws ; (liva>e, generally us<'d for some slight disease.
To DISORDER, v. n. io thro-.- into confusion ; to de-
stroy the regular distribution of a thing ; lo rufile or con-
fuse ; to make sick, or effect with some slight disease ; to
discompose.
DISO'UDRRED, part, not complying with law or order,
applied to morals. Indisposed, or aflccted with a slight
di'sease, applied lo the body. Confused, tumultuous, or
rfbellions, applied to stales. Rumpled, a'^plied lo dress.
DI.SO'RDEREDNESS, #. irregularity , want of order;
confusion.
DISfyRDERLY, mi in a manner inconsistent with law
or virtue, applied tu morale. In an irregular or tumultuous
m-jjiner, applied lo the motion of the animal spirits or fluids.
In a manner wanting melliofl, apidied to llie placing of
tilings, to the distribution of ideas, or to the arrangemeutof
argnniejits in learned productions.
DISORD I'illLY, «. acting inconsistent with law or virtne:
contused, or not regularlv placed ; tumultuous.
DISOTvDlNATE, fl. not living by the rules of virtue.
D1:'>0'11D1NATELY, ad. in such a manner as to exceed
the bounds of temperance, or to transgress the rules of
morality.
To IJISO'WN, V. a. to renounce ; to deny.
To DISPA'ND, V. a. [dispanda, Lat.] to display ; to spread
abroad.
DISPATS'SION, s. [from dispnndo, to stretch out, Lat.J
the act of displaying; the act of spreading; diffusion;
dilatation.
To D!SP.\'RAGE, t-. a. [from dispnr, unequal, Lat.] to
match with a person or thing wbic^l is not equal ; to disgrace
by joining a thing of superior excellence with one below it ;
to disgrace or injure by comparison with something of less
value; to treat with contempt and dishonour ; to expose >
to blame, censure, or reproach.
DISPA'IIAGEMENT. s. disgrace or dishonour done to
a person or thing by comparing them with something of in-
ferior excellence and dignity ; disgrace; or reproacli.
DiSP.VRAGER, s. one who treafsa person or thing with
indignity, and endeavours to lessen their value by comparing
or uniting tliem with something of less value, or below
them.
DISPARATES, s. [from dispnr, unequal, Lat.] in logic,
thiuijs so unlike, that they cannot be compared !ogelh-r.
DiSP.A'RITY, i. [from (/ii;7(i»-, unequal, L.at.| opposition or
difference of qualities ; difference in degree, v;hetliei it
resr-ccts rank or excellence ; uulikeness ; dissimilitude.
To DISP.X'IIK, i>. a. to throw open a park. " Dispayh'd
my parks." Shah. To set at large ; to release from inclo-
sure. " And did atonce '/ijpflrA tlieni all." Waller.
To DISP.A'RT, r. a. [dispertin, i'rom pais, a part, Lat.] I«
divide in two; to separate; to break.
DISP.\'SSION,i. freedom from the passions or affectio.".*
of the mind.
DISPA'SSIONATR, a. free from the tuibulencc of an;,cr,
or oilier passions ; calm, cool, and temperate.
To DISP.ATCH, r. II. [rff/)f,5(.'i€r, Fr.] to send a person or
thing away hastily. Figuratively, to send out of the vvorii
by a violent dealh ; to murder; to perform business quicklj
or expediticuisly.
DISPATCH, s. quickness or expedition in performing.
FigiiTalivelv, conduct ; management. .\n express.
DISPATCIIFUL, a. full of haste, expedition, or quick-
ness ill ihe perfoiiiiaui e of business.
To DISPE'L, V. a. [Hispillo, from nelh, to drive away, Lat.)
to disperse, to clear away any obstruction by scattering
or dissipating if.
DISPE'NSARY, i. the place where medicines are sold,
and phvsician's bills are made npata low price for llie be-
nefit of Ihe poor; a book containing forms or receipts for
making medicines.
DISPENSATION, j. \dispnisatiii, from dispemo, to lay
out, or distribute, Lat.] the acl of distribuliug to several
tilings or part_j ; the economy observed by Providence in
governing pari icultir slates, or in the general distribniion of
rewards and punlshuients to all mankind ; a nrrniission fa
do something coutiary to the laws ; or a rclaxati^m and
suspension of their force for a certain time, or on a pecijli:*r
occasion.
DISPKNSATOR. ;t. [dispensalor, fioin dispenso, to distri-
bute. Lat.] one emidoyen in distribiitini'.
DISPENSATOIlY,"*. See Dispknsarv.
To DISPENSE, V. a. [de-ipnisir, Fr.] to dislribr-tP, C|»
give among several persons ; to excuse from a duty.
DISPENSE, s. excuse; dispensation. Obsolete, "(fc
dul"en(ics, dixnnise", pardons, bulls." HJiU.
DISPENSER, I. line who dis'xibutes.
DIS
To niSI'E'OPLK, {dispciple) V. a. to deprive a country
of its itil>.;)l>itaiit9.
DISl'iyOl'LER, (dispeipler) s. one wiio deprives a coun-
try (>rit>iiilud>ifaiils.
To UISPl'"RftE, t>. a. [dispei-so, Lat.] to sprinkle; to
•catter.
To DISPE'RSE, V. a. [from dispn-go, l.at.l to scatter ; to
drive to difl'ereiit parts ; to scparale a Ixxly of men or niul-
titufle. SyNON. To ilixpnse is ;ilvva\» voluntary; to
tcntter is frequently involiiMlary. When a family of childreo
are come to years of nvalurity, lliey generally disperse them-
sfKes into various parts.
DISl*r;USF,DLY, ad. in a separate manner; separately.
DiSinVRSr.DNRSS, s. the state of things or persons
which are divided or separatt-d.
DISPF/RSEU, «. one who spreads abroad or makes pub-
lic, l)V eoiniiHinicalin^ to iiiaiiy.
DlSPKHSl'-NI'-SS, s. thinness; scalteredness.
DISPK'llSION, s. {(twn dtspeigo, to disperse, Lat.] the
actof scallerins or spiearlin;;. In S'.ir^ery, it is the remov-
ing an inllaniniation, and not allowing it toadvaiiie to an
abscess.
To DISPI'RIT, V. a. to strike with fear; or to repress
Ihecourajje of a person by some menace, or ill trcaliiienl;
to exhaust the spirits, or deprive a person of Ins natural
alacritv and viijour.
DISPrUlTEDNESS. s. want of alacrity, vigour, or vi-
vacity.
To DISPLA'CE, i>. a. to put out of a place ; to remove
from one place to another; to supersede.
DiSPLA'CENCY, s. [from displicin, to displease, Lat.J
actions or behaviour which occasions displeasure, disgust;
aiiv thint; displeasing.
To DISPLA'NT, V. a. to remove a plant to some other
place. Figuratively, to drive a people away from a settle*
menfj,
DlSPLANTATION, s. [from rf!>, a negative particle, ana
phiito, to be planted, Lut.] the removal of a plant; the ejec-
tion ofa people.
To DISPLA'Y, r. a. [dfsplntfei; Fr.] to spread abroad or
VI ide ; to shew lo the sii;ht, or to the understanding ; to ex-
plain a thing minutely ; to set ostentaliouslv in view. In
c^rji-ing, to cut oi ' a crane, &c.
DISPLA'Y, s. the act of exh ibiting a thing to view, in
Older to discover its beauties and excellencies.
DlbPL.\'YED, part, in heraldry, applied to a bird in an
elect postiive, with its wings expanded nr stretched out.
DISPLK'.'VSANT, (ili.fpUzcut) a. disagreeable or offen-
sive to the senses.
To DISPLK'.ASE, (^disphize) v. n. to offend, or make
angry; to do a thing which will raise the ill-will of a per-
«on, or forfeit his esteem. To disgust, or raise an aversion,
applied to the senses.
DISPLE'ASINGNESS, [dispkizins^ens) s. the quality of
creating dislike, or being disagreeable cither to the sense or
judijuient.
DISPLE'.ASURE, {displeaziire) i.a disagreeal)Ie sensation ;
that which will offend a person; anger proceeding from
some offence given, or from something which was disagree-
able ; a state of disgrace, wherein a person has lost the fa-
vour of another.
To DISPLODB, V. a. [disptodo, Lat.] to vent or discharge
with a Imid noise.
DISPLO'SION, *. [displosiis, from disphdn, lo discharge
with a loud noise, Lat.] the act of disploding; a sudden
burst or dispersion with noise and violence.
DISPORT, «. play ; sport ; pastime ; diversion.
To DISPO'RT, t). a. to divert. Neuterly, to play ; to
K>v ; to wanton.
blSPOS.'VL, (dispozal) s. the act of regulating any thing ;
«iistribution ; dispensation; the riuht of bestowing.
To DISPO'SE, {(Hspdze) V. a. [disposer, Fr.] to employ,
of apply to any use ; to bestow or give ; lo spend or lay
•ut money ; to turn to any particular end ; to adopt, fit.
DIS
or form for any purpose; to influence the mind ; to regii-
late or adjust ; to place in any cui.dition ; to sell ; to (jet
rid of.
DISPO'SER, (d>sp!izer) s. a person who has the niaozgeo
mentofany atlair ofiiiouev ; |i."lliiit gives, bestows, or re-
gulates; adiretlor; oi;c who distilb'«.ts without control,
and in an aihilarv nianiier.
DISPOSITION, (dispcsiilion) s. [dispnsitio, from dispono,
to set ill order, Lai.] a regular ariangenient, clisliihulioLJ.
or order of ihe parlsof a lliiiiK, or s\bleui, whicl. discover*
art, inelhod, and piudciicc ; luitiiial tiluess, or tcndi iicv ;
propensity, bent, or Uiupcr of ihe mind; affections of kind
nessor ill will. Applied lothe mind, when the powt r and iibi
lily of any thing is forward and ready on every occasion lo
break into aclioii.
DLSPO'SITOK, i. in astrology, the lord of thai sign m
whi h the planet is, and by which therefore it is overruled.
To DISPOSSE'.SS, idispoziss) v. a. to turn a person out of
a place of w liicli he is master.
DISPRA'ISE, (disprdize) s. blame, or the act of finding
fault ; censure ; reproach.
To DISPRAISE, (dispraize) v. a. to blame ; to find fault
with ; to censure.
DISPRA l.^ER, {dispraizir) t. one who blames, or find*
fault.
DISPRAISINGLY, {dispraizivghj) ad. with blame ox
censure.
To DISPRF/AD, {disprid) v. a. to spread abroad; lo
spread diflereiit wavs.
DISPRO'ITF, i, loss ; damage; that by which a thing ts
rendered less valuable, or n person receives loss.
DISPROOF, .?. couriitatioii ; or provin;; a thing to be fall'.-.
DlSPIlOPOiniON, s. the disagrenneiit between thfe
quality or quantity ci" different things, or tlie part.s of th«
same thing.
To DISPROPORTION, v. a. to join things which dw
not suit, or disagree wilh each other in quantity or
quality.
DISPROPO'RTIONABLE, a. disagreeing in quantity ;
not well suited, or proportioned to something else.
DISPKOPO'RTIONABLENKSS, s. the want of agrei^
ment, with resped to quantity, size, or svmnietrv.
DISPRGpOKTlONAaLY, ad. unsuitably, not symme-
trically.
DISPRUPCKTION^L, a. unsuitable, or disagreeing in
quantilv, qtialitv, or value, with something else.
DISPROPORTIONALLY, ad. unsuitably with respect tu
quantilv or value.
DISPROPO RTIONATE, a. disagreeing in quality *.r
value with something else ; wanting svmnietrv.
DISPROPORTIONATELY, ad. wanting svmmetrv.
DISPROPO RTIONATENESS, *-. unsuitableness -n bulk,
form, or value.
To DISPRO'VE, (disprcave) v. a. to confute an asser
tion ; to shew a thing or practice lo be inconsistent with
truth, law, or morality.
DISPROTER, (dfsprnuver) s. one wht> confutes or proves
athimio' argument to be false or erroneous.
DlSPUTs'lSHARLE, a. in law, witliout some penal
clause or article subjecting a person to make good any loss
or damai'e.
To DISPU'RSE, r. a. to pay; to disburse. It is rtct
certain that the following passage should not be written
disburse. " iMany a pound of my own proper store——
have 1 rf/jtpro-.scrf to the garrisons." S/iak.
DISPUTABLE, a. that may admit of avgoments bofU
for and against it ; liable to dispute ; controvertible ; law-
ful lobe contested.
DI SPLTANT, s. Ffrom dispute, to dispute, Lat.] onewlx*
argues againsi, or opposes the opinions of another.
DISPUTANT, «. disputing ; engaged in controversy.
Obsolete. " Dispxtr.nt on points and questions." Mitt,
DISPUTATION, t. [from dtsputo, lo dispute, Lat.] fli-i
nrt of opposing ihc scniiincnis of ol)icr.<> : controversy <«r
act*
DIS
•'•Kguments produced either in favour of ones own senti-
ments or in opposition to tlmse of another.
DI.SPUTA'TK)US,(£/i>/;»«a»7(/uiis) «. fond of opposing the
opinions of others ; given to debate, or caviUin^'.
DISPUTATIVK, a. disposed to opjHise the opinions of
rtthers ; fond of<Tntro\ersv.
To DISI'UTh, i: n. [rlisi>uln, Lat.] to oppose the senti-
ments or opinions of another: to deny and a-gne against
any received opinion. Actively, to contend for a llinig
either by words or actions; to oppose or qnestioii ; to (hs-
cuss a (piesiion ; to think on.
DI.Sl'UTE, »■ the act of opposing, or bringing arguments
agatii-st the opinir)n of another ; controversy.
DI>>PUTF.R, f. one eii'^aged in, or fond of, coTilroversv.
DISQUALIFICATION, s. that «hicl. rendeisa person
tnitit for eniplox .
To DISQUALIFY, y. a. to make unfit; to disable by
some naliiral or Irgal inipediiiient ; to exempt or disable
from anv riijht, claim, or practice, bv law.
To DISQUA'NTITY, v. a. to lessen ; to diminish. Not
used. " To '//«//i««((7y Minr train." S'lafc.
piSQUl'LT,*. uneasiness; lestiessness ; wantof easeof
mind: an\ii't\.
DI.SQUI'F.T, ff. iiueasv or disturbed in mind.
To DISQUIT.T, I', fr.lo disturb liir mind of a person bv
some disagreeable and calamitous ()l)ject ; to vex ; to make
uneasv.
DISQUIT.TKK, s. a disturber; or one who renders an-
etiier tuieasv in mind.
DISQLTF.ri^V, ml. anxiously; in such a manner as to
disturb or make uneasv.
DISQUIETNLSS, ^(. the state of a person who is dis-
pleased with his present condition, involved in troubles and
dangers, or atlrii; bled by some impending evil.
/ilSQUri'' UDE, s. uneasiness, or disturbance of mind ;
anxietv ; want oft anquillitv.
DISQUISITION, {ilisijiiitislimi) s. \tlisqmsilio, from ilis-
«Hi'«. to search diligentlv, Lat.] an act .f the mind, wliere-
ny it examines into a subject in order to understand its ini-
porlaiiGe, to foresee its conserpiences, and to find out what
may be urgefl ei.llier for or against it ; a strict examination
of a liiinir or matter.
DISRLCiA'RI), s. a slight notice; contempt; neglect;
tlisfsteem.
'I'oDISRI'Xi.A'UD, f. a. to take no notice; to slight ; to
iH'glfct ; to contenui.
DISKEfiA'UDFUI-, ". iiegligent ; contemptuous; or
makin'.'a small account of either persons or things.
DlfsIUlfi A'KDFULLY, atl. in a negligent, contemptuous,
or sli'^'h'iug manner.
DISHE'LI.SH, s. a trad taste; disgust, or dislike, applied
to the taste.
To DISRI'^LTSH, ti. «. to make a thing nauseotis; to af-
fect tlie taste with a disasieoble sensation. Figuratively,
l» <lislike ; to want a taste lor.
DISREPUTATION, :5. disgrace ; or that which will les-
sen a person's character or fame.
DISPiEPUTE, *. an ill character; loss of reputation or
« steeni ; reproach.
DISRESPECT, *. incivilitv; want of esteem; a beha-
-iour uhicli approaches to rudinrss.
DISRESPECTFUL, a. uncivil; without esteem ; unman-
neriv.
DISRESPECTFULLY, a>l. in an uncivil, irrcTcrent, or
uunianmrlv manner.
To DISRO'BE, ». a. to uiidress or strip a person of
clolhis. Figuratively, to lay aside; to divest, applied to
DISiilJ'PTION,*. [from ,H.ui,mpn, to break off, Lat.] the
act ol !/reakingor bursting asumler ; a breach or rent.
DISS, a town of Norfolk, containing about fiOO good
houses. It is a neat, flourishing to\Mi ; the streets are well
fwved, wide and clean; and at the \V. end of it is a larRc
muddy mere, or lake, where eels are caught. Ilerc arc ini-
27U
DIS
niifactories of yam, sail-cloth, stockings, stays, ana linen
cloth. It is seated on the river Wavenv, 21 fiiiles S. S. \V,
of Norwich, and in N. i\. E. of London. Market on
Fridav.
DISSATISFACTION, s. the state of a person who is not
contented with bis present condition, but wants something
to conijilete his wish or happiness; discontent.
DISSATISFA CTORIN ES.S, s. inability or want of powor
to give content.
DISSATISFACTORY, a. that is not able to produc*
content.
To DISS.\TISFY, ti. a. to discontent; to displeas : to
want Sf/mequabtv requisite to please or content.
To DISSE'CT, f. a. [dhseco, ftoni dis, a particle, here
implying division, aiifl seen, to cut, Lat.] in analoiHy, to di.
vide the parts of an aiiiinal hodv, with a knife, in order to
consitler each of them apart. Figuratively, to divide atul
examine a subject I'linutely.
DIS,SE'<'TION, s. [<lisseco, from flis, a particle, here im-
plying division, and sem, to cut, Lat.] in anatomy, the ad of
cutting <ir<liviiliiig the several p^irls ofananimul body asun-
der, in order to examine into tlu-ir nature and se\erril uses;
to divide the se\<ral parts of a plant, leaf, or any piece of
work, in order to examine into the mutual connection of
their s vcral parts. co.mposilions, and workniansbiii.
DISSEISIN, (ilix.weziii) s. in law, is an unlawful dispos-
sessing a person of his lands, tenement, or other immovea-
ble or iucoriuireal right.
To DISSIVI/E, (rlixseeze) r. a. to eject, dispossess, or
uiij|isll' deprive a man of his estate.
DiSSE'i/OR, (rff.vift;")) s one who deprives or dispos-
sesses anothnr of Ins right.
To DISSI'l'MRLI'", I', n. [ilis.tiinulii, from ilisximilif, unlike,
Lat.] to hide or conceal under a false appeal ance; to pre-
tend that to be which is not. Neuterly, to play the h\ po-
crit'-.
DlSSETslIJLER, i. one who conceals his real designs,
temper, uiid disposition, under a false and specious appear-
ance ; an hvpocrite.
DISSE'.MRLINGLy,nrf. in an hypocritical manner; m
such a niaini'i- as to conceal one's real sentiments under a
fal.se and sp ious a|>peaiance.
To DlSSE'MINATE.f. «. [from ills, a particle, her- sig-
nifying ili\ision, and semen, seed, Lat.] to scatter seed; to
sow. Figuratively, to spread abroad, or i>ropagate a re-
port.
DISSEMINATION, i. [from rfis, a particle, here signify-
ing division, and semen, seed, Lat.] the act of sou nig; the
actof spreadingabroad, or piopiigating a report.
DISSEMINATOR, ,t. [Lat.] lie that .sows. Figurativey,
one who propagates a doctrine.
DIS.SI'VN.SlON, i. l^disseiisio, from dissrnlin, to disagree,
Lat.] difference, or disagreement in opinion or politics ;
contention, or warm opposition.
DISSI'/NSIOUS, {dissensliious) a. disposed to strife ; quar-
relsome; factious.
To DISSE'NT, r. n. [from rfi'j, a particle, indicating di-
vision, and seiitid, to think, Lat.] to disagree in opinion; to
think differently ; to be of a contrarv nature; todilU-r.
DISSE'NT, s. disagreement; difl'e eiice of opinion;
avowal or declaration of difl'eience of opinion.
DISSENTA'NIX^US, «. disagieeable ; inconsistent.
DISSI^NTl'Mi, s. one who disagrees, or declares his dis-
agreement with respect to ap opinion; one who separate*
from the commiinion of the clrnrch of Fjigland.
DISSER'FA TION, s. [disserlaha, from dissno, tO di».
course, Lat. J a ^el discourse or treatise.
To DISSERVE, V. a to do injury to ; to damage, 'f*
hurt ; to barm.
DlSSI'','RVICE, *. harm; hurt; a prejudice or ill turn
done to a person or thing.
DISSE RVICEA BLE, a. that will hinder the advantage >(
a person or thing ; injurious: hurtful.
DlSSE'UVICEAIiLENESS, i. tiiat which hinders tl»
DIS
avcoinplitliin^ 8oni< end; hurt; miscliicf; Hamiige ; in-
jiin-; tiiirm.
'j"i' ni^^iF.'VllR. ». «. [tlie purtiilrrf/.? added to sever, drtcs
not ;:lltr ilb si;,Miinccili()ii ; an iiiipropiiety oliscrvcd in some
ntliciHonls (it'oiir lanijir.i;^!', \\/.. ilisniiniil, cvc.] to lucak <ir
partinluo; In separate ; !<) divide.
J)I'SSII)I'.NTS, .5. a deii'iniiiialioii applied In INilaiid to
persons of llie Lutlieian, C.dvinistie, or (ire« k prol'e>,>,i(iii.
Tliev liiive Keen fjenerallv tolerated.
DISSII.rnON, «. fIVoin f//.v,v(//„, tolinrst, La(.] the art of
bursting: in two ; die act ot \lailiin; dillerent xvavs.
J)IS.SrMI|,Ali, n. [fioin rhs.umili.':. unlike, Lat.l difterins
in quality or shape tVoui the ihinLC uhieh il Ls compared with;
unlike : ofa <lifVerent kind or nature.
DISSIM ILA'IUTV, «. uiilikeness in quality, temper, or
dispositi'iii.
DlSslMirdTUDR, s. difl'er. nee of form or quality ; want
of res-einounuv with a lhini;<(impared.
1)|SSIMIII,A''I"I0X, «. [from flissinn/ix, unlike, I.at.] the
act of pnltinijon a false appearance in order tocoiufalone's
illten'iin) or disposition ; then used in a l>ad .sense.
UrSSIl' \F5I,E, <r. easily separated and scatleied.
To 1)1 SSII'ATK, r. fl. [from dissiixi, I.at.] to separate any
collection, and disperse the pait^ at a distance ; to divide
ihe altention hetween a diver>ity of olijeels, and liierefine
render it impossiliio to fix to any with intenseness ; to
squander weahli : to spenit a forlmie.
DISSIPA"l"IO.\, J. [from dissifw, to dissipate, I.at.] the
net of separatinij the jiaits which fnrni any ci>llectiou, mass,
or body ; the stale of the parts ofa hodv separated, and at
a distance from each olher. Fi^'urativelv, inaltenlion.
To DISSO'CIA TK, ('/ixso.i/.inie) r. ii. [ roiu ills, a ne;;ative
particle, and OTfiM, social, Lai.] lo separate things or per-
ions which are united.
DISSOLVABLE, (rf(-r-/i«We) a. [f'oni dissohn, to dissolve,
Lat.jllial is capable of liaviiipj its parts sepiraled liy mois-
ture, or the action of some ftnid. Ihssalnhle is more ^eiic-
ruHv used.
niSSOIAT.LE, a. [from *.v,w/,», (o dissolve, Lat.] capa-
ble of liavin^f its parts separated.
DISSOLUBILITY, s. tile possihilllv of having its parts
icparated or litpiehed hv moisture or heat.
To DISSO'LVE, (rl'i:i>h-e) r. a. [from ihs,a parlicle, which
here serv;; to sirenijllien the siynilicaliou, anil ,«)//■«, to
loosen, Lci.j (>■ destroy tlie form ofa ihiiii; hv separalin;f its
parts with moisture, or heat ; lo melt, or liipiefv ; to de-
stroy ; to separate; to break the lies of any tiling; lo part
persons who are uniled by any bonds ; Px lear up a doubt
or (lithcully. To break up or discliar;,'e an assembly.
Neiiterlv, to be Melted ; to fall to nothing; to melt away in
pleasures.
I)ISS(yLVENT, {>nz;Jvcni) <r.[from (Ussoha, to dissolve,
I.al.]havin ■ llie power of sicparating, or breaking the miioii
of tin- particles ofa hodv,
DISSO'LVKNT, {(lizolrent) s. that which separates the
parts of anv tlnr«;.
niSSO'LVER, {(lizblvcr) s. that which has the power of
nioltin'.;-, liquefying, or breaking the union of the particles
of anv til ill!,'.
DISSO'LVIBLE, ff. [from dissnho, Lat.] (commonly writ-
ten liissolviilile, but less properly) liable to perish by dissolu-
tion.
DI'SSOLUTE, a. [dtssolutus, from dissoiro, to dissolve,
Lat.] dissolved in, or abandoned to, pleasure ; loose; wan-
ton ; or unrestrained by the rules of morality, the orders of
government, or tiic> laws of religion.
ni'.SSOLUTELY, (id. in such a manner as is inconsistent
villi virtue, government, or religion.
nrSSOIAlTENESS, J. looseness of manners; a conduct
subletted to no restraint ; wantonness; wickedness.
D'SSOLU'TlON, s. [disso/iitici, from dissidm, to dissolve,
Lat. J the act of separating tlic panicles ofa body, or liqne-
^inp X-d melting by heat ard moisture : the destruction of
swvy tiling by the separation of its parts ; the substance or
D IS
body foinied by niching a lliing ; death, or llie separationof
the body and soul ; liie acl of breaking up, dismissing, or
;)ulliiig an <ii<l lo an assembly. Licentiousness; or uisre-
gaid of virtue or religion, more commonly styled (/ixfo/uw*
tWiS.
Ur.SSONANCE, J. [disiniiniis, from dis, A particle indicat-
ing division, and timi!, lo sound, Lul.J a mixture of liarsh aoa
nnliariiionious sounds; discord.
Dl'SSONANT, n. \diss<mniis, from rfi>, a negative parti-
cle, indicating divi'sion, and simo, to sound, Lat.] sounding
liarsli and disagreeable lo ihe ear. Eiguralively, inconsi»-
leiil, disagreeing ; used witli from, ut most properly witu
to.
To DISSUA'DE, (dissuade) v. a. [from <fc';, a negative par-
ticle, and simdeo, lo persuade, Lat. j lo make use of argu-
ments to iiiuiler a person from doing something which he
iiilends, to represent a thing as improper or disadvantage-
ous.
DISSUA'DER, (dissuader)s. one who endeavours by ar
gnniiMit to divert a person from a design or undertaking.
DISSUA'DIA!, (dissiiaitir) s. [from ilis, a negative parti-
cle, and siindiii, to persuade, Lat.] an argument or motive
made usr of lo divert or hinder a person iVom closing witk
anv design, or engaging in an nudertakiiig.
DISSUASIVE, (f//.v,vKurac) a. tending to divert from
any purpose or design.
DISSUA'SI VI'', (dissiiuzii'e) t. a motive or argument
made use of lo pre>aii on a person to decline a design or
pursuit.
DISSY'LLARLE, .». [from dis, twice, and si/tlabos,a sylld-
ble, Cir.] in giammar, a word <d' two s\ llables.
DI'.S'I Air, 4. [diihief. Sax.] the statf or stick, on the ex.
treuiity of which Ihe low or hemp is fastened for spiu-
Di'.STAFETHASTLE,^. a species of Ihistle.
To DISTA'TN, !'. «. to mark a ihinj; wilh a dilTerent co-
lour; lo spoil the colour ofa thing. ri|,'uratively, lo blot;
to mark w illi iufaiiiv ; lo pollute or defile.
Id'S'I'ANCE, .«. Ifroiii rfi.s, a particle, indicating divisioo,
[iii(l s((>, to slaud, i.at.] the space or length of ground be-
iHcen any two objecls, applied to place or situation; a
space marked in a coiUiC wherein racehorses run. The
space between a thing prescnl and one pa»t or future, ap-
plied to liine. Distinction, applied lo ideas. A modest
and respectable bcliaviour, opposed to familiarity. A
w illidiaw ing of art'ection ; reserve ; coolness.
To DI'S'I'ANCE, V. a. to remove from Ihe view ; to place
farther from a person ; lo leave behind at a race the length
of a distance post. Eiguratively, to snriiass a pers(m in
the abilities of Ihe mind.
DISTANT, (I. [from dis, a particle of division, and sto, t»
stand, Lat.] far fioiii, applied lo place. .Apart, separate,
asunder, applied to situation, or llie s|i;icc helween two or
more bodies. Removed fioni the present instant, applied
lo lime pastor future.
To DISTA'STl'', II. ff. to occasion a ilisagroeable or nau-
seous taste ; to aliect the taste with a disagreeable sensation;
to dislike.
DISI'A'.STE, s. aversion of the palate ; dislike ; anger
alieiration of afleclion.
DISTA'STEFUL, a. affecting the palate, or organ of
taste, with a nauseous or disagreeable sensalioii ; that givc«
offence, or is unplcasing ; shewing ill-w ill, or disgust.
DISTEMPER, s. a disproportionate mixture of ingre-
dients. In painting, a term used (or the worknig up ol co-
lours vyith something besides water or oil. If the colours
are prepared wilh water,tlial kind of painting is called /i;»i<-
iiig ; and if with oil, it is calh-il jmiutiti;^ in nil, or simply
painting. If the colours arc mixed with size, while of cgys,
or any such proper glutinous kind of mailer, and not with
oil, it is said to be done in distoniier. In medicine, jo'sie
disorder of the animal machine, occasioned by Ihe reduii-
<la^ncy of some morbid humours ; a disorder of the mind,
arising from Ibc piedorainaiice of tinv passion or appetilt ;
an
DIS
DIS
wtml of (lut balance between contraries ; ill humour. Tu-
Hiultuoiis disorder or confusion, applied to states.
To IJISTt'MPRR.r. a. to weaken lieallli ; to affect with
tome disease ; to disorder ; to fill Ihe inind uitli pertiM lia-
tion or confusion. To render rebellious, or disufiected, ap-
Vlied to states.
niSTEMPKRATR,.'-. immoderate.
DISTE'MPnRATUliF., s. excess of heat, cold, or other
qualities. Violent coniniotions, applied to •government.
Periurbation of mind ; confnsioii ; mixture of contrary qua-
lities or extremes.
To DISTICND, V. a. [from tlis, a particle, \\!)icl) here
increases the signiticalii n, and le}ii!u, to ^tretcll, Lat.] to
stretch by tilling; to strelih out in breadth.
DISTK'NT, s. llie s|.aie ilirouyh wljicli any tliiuR is
«pread or stretched ; breadth.
DI^TE'NTION, s. [from 'lis, a particle, which here in-
creases ;l;r ci<;niti(ali(in, and inido, to stntrii, I al.] llu' act of
Sfretchini,' ; breadtli, or llie space which is occupied hv a
thin" distended ; ihe act of separating one tlnnj; from
another.
DISTICH, {(listih) s ['listic/inn, I.at.J in poetrv, a coup-
let ; a couple of lines; a poem consisting <uily of two
verses; a theme or subject treated of aiid comprised in two
lines.
To DISTIL, V. n. [tlisiilh, from stlUa, a drop, Lat.l to
<lrop, or fall by drops. To drop or fall genllv, applied to
fluids; lo extract the virtues of ingrcilients bv means of
a still.
DISTILLATION, s. [from <lislllh,U-> distil, Lat.] the act
of separating the oily, watery, or spirituous parts of ingre-
dients, inclosed in a still, by uuans of tire, or by the heat
of dung; the act of falling in drops ; that which descends
in drons from a still.
DISTILLATOUY, a. belonging to, or used in distilling.
DHTI'LL'' R, i. one who makes and sells distilled liquors.
DHTI'LLERY, s. the business, trade, or employment of
a distiller.
DHTINCT, n. \rlisthictiis, from rfij^nig-Ho, to distinguish,
Lat.] <lifterent both in number and4ind ; separate ; apart;
asunder; chared and unc nufused ; marked out, so as to be
distinguished f'oiu any oilier.
DISTINCTION, .<:. \rlisiiiiclio, from distin-riin, to distin-
guish, Lat Ja note which shews (he difierence between two
or more oh|ectf ; a mark <rf superiority ; that bv \< bieh one
thing or person diflers from another ; ditb'iences made
between persons of various ages, sexes, or ranks ; division
into dirterent parts; discernment; judgment; high rank,
or s'-t aliiive othrrs bv hoiicuror title.
DISTr.N'CTiVL, «. that manitVsts or marks the dif-
ference between persons cu' things ; having Ihe power to
distinguish or perceive the ditl'eience between things; ju-
diciiuis.
DISTINCTIVKLY, ml. in right order; without con-
fus'oii.
DISTINCTLY, ml. without confusing one part with
aiiotlwr ; phiiiilv ; deaily.
Dl.SITNf"l"Nr.SS, s. a nice or accurate observation of
llie difbienee between things ; a separation of thinj;s either
' exI'Tii.'IK (u' ii.i the mind, which renders their difference
from i';i( li I'tlirr easib perceived.
ToDI^TrXf.nSU, nhe m in the last svllable of this
word and its derivativ<'S has the sound of «i, — {fistinirtrish)
V. a \iht:liiiniii>, Lat.] lo note Ihe dillereiii c lictweeii ihiugs ;
to si'paiate fruni others \n some mark of honour ; to divide
by notes, shewing Ihe ditlcrence between things in other
resiiects like each other ; to perceive ; to discern critically ;
to coii-.'llute a difference ; to speeiticale.
DIsrrNfU.'lSJLAnLL, n.thal may be separated or easily
unoufi, <in account of its difference from another ; worthy
of iK'te or ri ;ard.
Dl.STI'NCiniSlIK, [), (7. eminent or exiraordinarv ; easilv
♦o be seen from others on account of some reiniiikablc dif-
ference or excellence.
27a
DISTreGUISHER, *. one who sees and notes the differ*
ence ofihings with accuracy ; a judicious observer.
DISTrN(U)tSHliV(iLV, ad. with some maili which rei».
ders a d iference renia>kable.
DlSTlNGOlSILMENT, s. the observation of the diffet-
ence between things.
To DISTORT, r. o. [illstorqueo, from dit, a particle,
which lends to strengthen the sign (icalion, and tori/neo, to
twist, Lat.] to twist; to deform by uncouth oriiregular
motions ; to put out of its natural state and condition. To
wrest an ex|)ressioii from its true meaning.
DISTORTION, s. [Uisturqi eij, f cm rfis, a particle, which
tends lo streiigllieii Ihe siguihiation, and tmi/.tcii, lo twist,
Lat.] in mi'diciiie, a cont action of one side ot the nioutb,
bv a <(inMilsi<m of the n usdes of one side of the lace ; an
irirgiilai niolion, by which any of the partsof animal bodits
are lendeii il deformed.
To DI.'^TK.A'CT, II. a. participle passive distrarttd. former-
ly ilistriiiig/it ; [from tlis, a pailicle, s gnifyiiig division, and
tmlii), lo draw, Lat-] to pull a thing dilbTeiit ways at llie
same tii-iu- ; to se; vratc, to pait. To daw or tuin to
different poin's; to fill and atliacl the mind with (hlieient
views (ir ( (lusideiatious ; to u/jke a person mad.
DISTH A'C'i'EDLY, f.d. alter the manner (.f a madman.
DI.sTRA'CTI.DNESS, s. the state of a person who i*
mad from toogre at a lariety of puisuits.
DISTI'A'C I ION, .t. [fiom dis, a particle, signifying divi-
sion, and<)o//o, to draw, Lat.] separation; division. Confusion,
applied to piillics. A state in which the attention is called
to ditlerent, and sometimes contrary olijecls; peituibatiou
of mind ; madness.
Dl.^TRACTn'E, n. causing perplexity.
To DIS TRAIN, !■. a. [from dis, a particle, which here
sfrenglhrus the signilicalion, anil stringo, to grasp hard, Lat.]
in law, lo seize the property of another for debt. Neutetly,
to make a seizu'e.
DI.STUAINER, i. he that seizes for debt.
Dl.STR.A'INT, 3. in law, the act of seizing, or that which
is seized for debt.
DISTRA'UC.FIT, purt. a. distracted. " Distrauglu of
his\r.i's." Cnni/leii.
DISTRIV-iS, s. [distresse, Fr ] in law, any thing seized
or distrained fur rent unpaid, or duty uiiperfoinu d ; the act
of making a se'zure. I'iguratiM l\ , any calamity or loss
which reduces a person lo great inconvenience or misery;
the state or cniidilion of a person who has not Ihe ntcessa-
ties to supi>lv the calls of nature.
To DI.STRESS, r. a. in law, to seize for rent unpaid ;
tohaiass; to make mis. rable ; tocrnsh with (alaniity.
DiSTIiE'SSl L'L, ". miserable; wretcl.d; involved in
caiamilies which deprive a person of tiie conrfoils and con-
veniences ijflife.
To DISTRIBUTE, '•. a. [from dis, a particle, indicating
division, and Iriljua, lo give, Lat.] lo divide aiiu ng?t differ-
ent o' sevrial persons; lo dispose or set in older.
Dl^TI'IBUTrit, s. one who bestows or distributes.
DISTRIRL'TION, «. [from dis. a particle, indicating
division, and //'jyvi/H, lo give, l/it.] the sharing ordividin/f
amongst manv ; the act ()fgiv'.iig charily ; Ihe thing given
in alms. In logic, the distinction of an universal whole into
several kinds or sni^cies.
DISTIiriUJTIVE, a. that is emiiloyed in assigning por-
tions to others; that distinguishes a gcneial term into its
vario'is species.
DlsriilRL'TIVELY, ad. singly; particularlv. In lo-
gic, in a manner wliieli expresses singly all the particulars
included ill a general term.
DISTRICT, i. [dislriclii.s, law Lat. from diiringv, to
straiten, Lat.] in law, circuit, or te:ritory, in which a per-
son mav be compilled to appearance ; tlii' cir<uit or territory
wi'liin which a person's jurisdiction or authority iscunlio-
cd : a region or couutiy.
To Dl>'ri;irST, f. a. to suspect ; to look on a persoo ai
one who ought not to l.c confided in; to be dithdent.
DI V
I) 1 V
DI^fTRU'ST, J. loss of credit ; want of confidr nee in ano-
ther; siispicior) of a person's fidelity or abilily ; dittidpnie.
DISTIIU'STFUL, a. suspicious; diHident of the fidelity
»r aliiiitv of another.
DISTRU'STFULLY, ad. in a manner wliicli shews sus-
picion oiflUHdeiicP.
DISTiaJSTFULNESS, *. the state of lieinp; suspicious
of the (i(h'litv or ahilitv ofanolher; want of confidence.
To nlSTU'HB, ti.n. [f.ornrfi,!, a particle, uhicli slrcii^ithens
the si^'iiifica ion, and lurlm, to ai;itate, 1 at.] lo perplex, dis-
quiet, make uneasv, or deprive of Iriinquillily ; tocoiifound;
to interrupt oi- hinder the coiiliniiation otanv action.
DISTU'RIJANCK, *. intmuplion, or tli:it wliiih causes
any slop, or hinders ihe ccmtinuation of an action; confu-
iidn or disorder of mind. Tuniidt, ufiroar, <m- violation of
the p,('ace, applied to jjovernini'iit.
DIS'rU'RRF.K, «. one who IncaUs Ihe peace, causes tu-
mults or p^d)lic disorders, or affects the mind of another
with coiifiisinn, troidile, aii\iely, and uneasiness.
DISVALUA'TION, s. disgrace; diiiiiuuliou of reputa-
tion.
To DISVALUE, v. a. to undervalue ; to set a low price
«ipon.
To DISVK'LOP, v.a. \rlere!cper, Fr.l to uncover.
DISU'NIO.V, i. separation or disiunction. Fi;,'uratively,
Iireach of concord, or disagreement between friends, "here-
by ihev seiiarate.nr wilhdiaw fVoui ea( 'ii other.
To DISUNITK, r. n. to part or divide that which was
united before; to separate or part friends or allies. Neu-
terlv, to fall asunder; to become separate.
DISUNITY, V. the slate of actual separation.
To DISVOUCH, V. a. to destroy the credit of; to con-
tradict.
DISUSAGK, ((limznffe)s. the leaving off a practice or
custom bv de2;rees.
DISU SE, s. want of custom or practice : the discontinu-
insT a custom or practice.
To D\SV'>F., (flisuze) V. a. to cease lo make use of, or
practise ; to lav aside or quit a custom or practice.
piTA'TlON, s. [ditctns, from dives rich, Lai.] the act of
pnricliinsj.
DITCII, s. [die, Sax.] a trench made to separate and de
fend tiroiuuls; any longirarrowcavitv, formed in llie;,n<iniid
for holding water, in forliticaliiin, alren< h foitued li\ di;;;-
gini; between llie sea p and couiitersca! p of a fort, and is
cither drv itr filled with water.
. To DITCH, V. n. to make a ditch.
Dl rCHBUR, s. a plant, Ihe lesser burdock.
DrTCHlNvi, a villa;;e in Sussex, formerly a market-
town, 6 miles N. W. of Lewrs.
Dri'HYIlA'.MBlC, «. [fiom Dith:/rm,,hos, a name of
Baich:is, (ir.J a species oi^ poelr>, fuil of transfiort and
poetical ra;;e, so named from the Dilhvrambos, or ode, for-
merlv snui; iii honour of Bacchus, and partaking; of all the
wannth of ebrietv .
DirilYK \MBIC, a. [from Dithtjrambcs, a name of
Bacchus. Or.] \\\\t\; enthusiastic.
DITFANDEK, s. in Botany, a genus of plants called by
L»inia?us li.'pidiuni. There are three British species, viz. the
inounlaiii, pe"i)er, and narrow-leaved ; the first species is
found on St. Vincent's rock near Bristol, (lowering in April
anti Mav ; Ihe second, with numerous terminating while
blossoms, and serratcii leaves betwixt egg and spear-shaped,
is found in it'osl pastures, fiouering inJune and Jidy, called
also pepperwort and poorman's-peppcr; the last, called also
narrow leaved wild cress, is found on the sea-coast, flower-
ing in .Ir.ne.
DITTANY,*, a medicinal plant, generally brought over
dr\- from the Levant.
DITTY, «. [diclit, Relg.] a poem set to music; a song.
DIVA'N, s. r.\rab.] a council-chamber, wlierein justice
is adniinisterect among the eastern nations; a council of
eastern princes.
T^ DH'A'RIO.^TE, f. a. [from dis, a particle, which here
N II
indicates division, and raricv, to stiide, Lai. J lo purt in two.
Neuterlv, to he<-ome parted, or to divide into two.
DIVARICATION, i. [from dit, » particle, which hcr«
indicates division, and vuriio, to stride, Lat.j a paililion ot
a thing into two. Figuratively, diviDiuii or <iiilererit'e of
opinions.
To DIVE, V. n. [dippim, .^ax.] to go voluntarily under
water; to go under water, and remain there some time, in
quest of something lost. Figuratively, to make strict ii»-
(piiry or examination ; to go to the bottom ol any question,
science, or doctrine.
DI'VER, *. one wlw who professes to go under wati-r, in
quest of things lost by shipwreck, Ac. -A geims of birds,
whicli bears some resemblauee to tin- duiks. Figuratively,
one who makes himself master of any branch of sc.ence ; one
who goeslo the bolloni of an allkir.
'i'o DIV !■; RGI'), V. II. [from di^, a particle, indicating divi-
sion, and rf/n-u, to bend, Lat.j lo lecide farther fiom each
oilier, applied to the rays of light which proceed from one
point.
DIVIVHGENT, pnrt. or n. [from dis, a particle, liere imii-
caling division, and ie)-»o, lo herd, Lai.] in g^^oiuelry, ap-
plied lo those lines which constantly recede from each
other.
DIVERS, a. [dii-eisiis, from direrta, to differ, Lat.] sun-
dry ; several; u:ore than one. It is imw out of use.
DIVE'KSi;, a.[dneisiis, ItMW d(veito, lo ditier, Lat.] dif-
feioLit in form or nature; various; indiO'erent directions, or
contrarv «avs.
DIVF/RSLLY, ad. in different wa s, methods, or niau-
ncis; iudifVereiit directions, or towards different points.
DIVERSIFL AT'lON, s. llie ad of changing forms or
qualities; xarialion; a mixture of diftereut colours; alte-
ration.
To DIVERSIFY, v. n. [diversifier, Fr.] to make diffe-
rent from aiiolher, or fiom ilstlf; lo vary ; to mark with
variouscoloirs.
DHE'liSION, s. tlie act of linuiug a thing aside from its
course ; something which unbends the nimd, by taking it off
fiom intense ajiplieaiion or ca'e; something lighter than
aiiiiiseiiieiit, and less foicilile than pleasure ; sport ; Ihe pub-
ic exliib'talioii <d' shows, plays, o|ieias, Ac. which unbend
the iiiiiid. 'ii war, Ihe act of draw ing off an enemy from
soMii- design. I>\ an attaik luade at some other place.
DIVI'. TolTY, .5. [ilniTsilns, fiom direis:(S, dlflerent, Lat.
direisitf, Fi.j diflerence which distinguishes things fiom
each cither ; varieU ; variegation, or a loiiiposilion of dif-
ferent colnurs. SynoN. Dircrsitji siii)poses a change
w hich taste is always in search of, in order lo discover some
novellv that mav enliven and (lelight it; wimY^ supposes
a plu'altv of things differing fioni each other in liUenes-,
which cheers the imagination, apt to be ch/ggcd with loo
gri at an uhfunnity.
To DIVERT, V. a. [from dis, a particle, here signifying
division, and verh), lo liun Lai.] to turn aside fmm any
direction or course ; lo seduce <ir turn aside from a rule of
conduct. To please; or unbend ihe mind by public sports,
or other things which aliord pleasure. In war, to draw
forces lo a different part. Used by ShaUcspearin the sense
of, lo subvert : t<i destroy. Synon. We are «•".'/ by
disposition, meir)i through turn of mind, rfiic(7»<g- 1>\ our
way of acting. Weshonid lake care not lo be diverting si.
the expense of our chaiacler.
DIVE'RTER, s. any thing that unbends the mind, and
alleviates its fatigue.
DIVE'RTISEJVIENT, j. [divettissemmt, Ft.] diversion;
delight; i)leasi:-e. A word now not much in use.
DIVE'RTIVE, rf. having tiie power to unbend and re-
create the mind.
To DIVE'S'F, 1-. a. \di and vestio, Lat.] to strip or deprive
of.
DIVF.'STURK, s. the r.cl of putting off.
To DIVIDE, I. a. [diiido, Lat.] to separata a thing or
Vihole into several paits; toslai:d i.ttwccn things as a par-
2T3
D IV
DIV
Htion, to hinder tliciu fromjoiniiift or raeetiii'j; fo part one
{.trson from nnotiier; to sepaic.le friends by discord; to
(fiveor distrilxile ".iiiioiig spvtral persons.
Bi'VlDKND ;. [from divtilo, lo divide, Laf.J in arithme-
tic, the number proposed to he divided in equal purls. It
must always be jireater tli.in the div isor. In stocks and
ci>mpanies it isa share or proportion ofthe interests of stocks
ert'cted on public funds; as the South sea, Ac. In the
university, it is that part or share vvliich the fcIJuvvs equally
ilividc among ihensselves of their yearlv stipend. In trade,
i* is when a iiian'^ etlects are taken bv statute, inventoried
.-.nd valued, and after all char-jes are deducted, the remain-
der is divided anion" the several creditors in proportion to
tiwir debts.
t)IVI DER, J. that which sev>arates anv thins into parts ;
one who distributes to others; the person who separates
friends bv piomotinj; discord between them.
DIVIDUAL, a. [from duido, to divide, Lat.] divided;
shared or participated in common with others.
DIVINATION, s. [from divvw, todivine, Lat.] the act of
f'jreteiiiiig future events which are of a secret and hidden
nature; and cannot be knovvn bv the bate exercise of rea-
s:>n. Sv.N'ON. Divination brings hidden things to iitjht;
prediction foretels what will come to pass. The first re-
^rds thiuf^s present and past; the objects of the second
are thinsj^to ctm'.e.
DIVTNK, a. [dn-imis, from Dent, God, Lat.] partakinj? of
the nature of, or proceeding; from, God. Figuratively, ex-
cellent; e.xtraordinary ; seeming beyond the nature of man-
kind.
D/VI'NE, t. [divinia, from Deiu, God, Lat.] a minister of
thefjospel; a clerfjyman, or'onewhois peculiarly dedicated
fo the service of the chiircli, and performance of the rites
in public worship.
To DI Vl'N I'!, f. o. [divino, from Z)eu/. God, Lat.'' to fore-
Tel some future event by means of omens, &c. To foresee,
foieknow, or presage. Neulerly, to utter a prediction ; to
conjecture or guess.
DIVINELY, nrf. in a divine or heavenly manner ; bv the
•peration of God ; excellently ; in a supreme or superlative
degree.
DIVI'NER, s. one who professes to foretel or discover
f'.ifure events by means of external signs or supernatural
influence.
DIVI'NI'RESS, J. a woman professing divination.
DIVING, ». the art or act of descending under water to
considerable depths, and abiding there a competent time.
Diving i.< used in the Hshingfor pearls, corals, spunges, Ac.
nud machines have been invented for the purpose, as the
diving-bell, Ac
DIVING-BELL, .». a machine contrived to remedy the
inconveniences that attend remaining under water. They
have been constructei' in several diflerent wavs. That
which is exhibited in the plate was invented by DrHalley.
Mio d'ving hell was o'' wood, three feet wide at top, five
feet \Mde at bottom, anrl eight feet high, coated with lead
rnmake it sink readilv, and liaving a particular weight dis-
tributed about its bottom, to make it retain a perpendicular
position. In the upper part was fixed a strong, clear glass,
Irt serve as a window, with a turn cock to let out the hot air,
lower down was a circular seat for the divers fo set on, and
bclr.w, about a yard under the bell, was a stage suspended
from it bv three ropes, ea( h charged with an hundred weight
Tr» kc-ep it steady, and for the divers to stand upon todo their
work. The machine was suspended from the mast of a
ship by a sprit, which was secured by stays to the mast-head,
ami Has directeil by braces to carry it over-board, clear of
llie sicb- of the ship, and to bring it in again. Fresh air was
sent do^^M lo the divers in barnds coated with lead, each
having a bung hole at bottom to let in the water as tiiey
di'scended, and let it out again as thev were dia'wn up. In
the to;-> of the barrels was another hole, to which wa.i fixed
u leather pipe, h)ng enough to hang below the bung hole,
inj kf pi ilown bv a weight, so that the air driven to the
•i74
upper part of (he barrel by the encroachment of the iTster
in the descent, could not escape up this pipe unless the
hiwer end were lifted up. These air barreh were tilled
with tackle, which guided them lothe bell, so that the encU
of the pipes came readily lothe hand of a man placed on
the stage to receive them, and vvlio taking up the ends u/
the pii>es as soon as they came above the suiiace of the water
in the barrels, ail the air which was included in the barreit
was forced into the bell. With this apparatus Dr. Halley,
with four other persons, was able to remain for an hour and
a half at the d' pth of nine fathoms, where he enjoyec; suffi-
cient light »hen the sea was clear, to be able to read ami
write.
DlVLNlTV, s. [eHvitiilas, from Dent, God, Lat.J a partak-
ing of the nature and excellence of God ; Godhead. Fi-
guratively, (iod, the supreme Being, the Creator and Pre-
server <if all tiii.'igs ; a false deity or idol. The science
co:iversant about God, heavenly things, and the duties we
more iniiiiediattiv owe to him; something superiiatuial.
DIVLSIBILITY, s. [divuibiUti, Fr.] the quality of ad-
mitting divi':ioii, eith'-r mentally or actually.
DIVrSlBLE, (divisible) a. [divisiliilis, from rfinfrfo, to divide,
Lat.] capable of being acti^lly or mentally divided iot*
parts.
DIVrSIRLENF.SS, s. «he quality of being divided.
DIVISION, ,5. [diiisw, irom divido, to divide, Lat.] is tlte
art of dividing any thing into parts, also the parts themselvef
nito which any thing is divided, lu arithmetic, it is ohb
of the four fundamental rules, and teaches iis how often a
less number called the divL^or is contained in a greater,
called the dividend, the number of times which the divisor
is contained in the dividend, being termed the quotient.
In natural philosophy, or mechanics, it is the taking a tliinx
to pieces that we may have a more complete conceptiouof
the whole. This is fre(iueiitly necessary in examining very
complex|being8 or pieces of curions mechanism, the several
parts of which cannot be surveved at one view. In music,
it is the dividing the interval of an octave into a nnmlvir of
less intervals. In rhetoric, it is tiie arrangement of a dis-
course ihto several heads. In war, ti\cdii>i.iiojisBf'a Laltaliea
are the seveial parts into wliich it is divided in marching.
At sea, it is the third part of a fleet of men of war, and
sometimes the ninth, which last cue happens when a fleet
is divided into three squadrons, for then each squadron ia
distributed into three divisions. In an engagement, the
order of battle is to place all the squadrons ami all the
divisions on each side in one line; and this order is kept as
long as the wind and other circumstances will permit.
DlVr.SOR, ((/itiizor) i. [dir.isur, from divido, to divide. Lilt.]
in arithmetic, the dividing number, or that by which the
dividend is divided, and which shews how niauy parts it n
to be divvied into.
DIVORCE,*. [rf(io>-<i«m from direrto, to turn from, Lst.l
a breach or dissolution of ilie bond of niarriai/e, or the legal
separatiim of man and wife. The usual divorces among u.i
are of two kinds, viz. a itiensa et tlioro, from bed and board ,
and, a riiici(/i> matrimonii, from the bond or tieof marriaj^e.
The first does not dissolve the marriage, since" the cause
thereof is subsetpient to it : and at the same time supposus
the marriage to be lawful. Tliis divorce may be on account
of adultery in either of the parlies, for the cruelty of tlu-
husband, Arc As this divorce dissolves not the marriage,
so it docs not debar the woman of herdower, nor bastwrdiw
her issue, or miike void any estate fi>r the life of the hus-
band and wife. A divorce, a vinculo mafri?nmm, entirely
dissolves the marriage, as the cause is a precontract with
some other person, consanguinity or afhnity within the
Levitical degrees, impotency, impiiberty, Ac. In tiiis case,
the dower is gone, and the chihiren begotten between the
parties divorced are bastaids. On this divorce, the (►arfifw
are at liberty to marry again ; and in divorces for atlukcrj,
several acts iif parliament have allowed the innocent par^
marriage with another person. Divorces are o..lj t«» l)c iisM
by consent of parliament.
DOC
DOD
Ti. ntVO'RCK, t'. n. ti> scparnip a liiisliaiul or wifv from
eHcliiitlifr ; ti)<ili()lisliiii]<l nniiiil \be 111,1 rri.ij^c coiitnict. Fi-
giiiiilivrlv, (o force Hsiiiulcr, or to separate by violence ; to
tnUe avinv li\ force.
DIVO'KCKMKNT, J. tlic al>roiratin^:, annulling', or sct-
tiiij; a.-i(le the marriage contract, and siparaliii^ a man and
wife from each other.
DIV'OltCKR, *. tlie person wlio causes the legal separa-
tion '.'fa man and his wife.
1)1 L'KhVTlC, «. [from rlioinrsis, the separation tliatisniade
of the iiriite by the kidneys, Gr.] havinj; llic power to pro-
vokr iinne.
DU'liNAL, a. [diiimhs, daily, from rfiVj, a day, Lat.] rclat-
iosf lo the day; constituting the day; performed in the
Spacr of a day ; daily.
I)IU'i<N \L, s. [rliinnial, Fr.] a journal, or dav-book.
T)'L KWJ.I.V, W. dailv, or every day.
niliTO'KN'ITV, s. [Hi„t,in,ihis, from di,,, Ions, Lat.] the
len:,''li iif diration, or Ion;; contiji anceofany being.
'Fo DIVU'I.C; F, I'. n.\(tiriil^n,'i\nm vii/giis, the common
peojile, l.a' ] to publish ; to make known or publish ; to
prorliiii) or manifest.
I)IV(.''LGF,H, s. a |)ubli>her ; one who exposes to public
view ; one ihal reveals a s('<ri't.
DiyU'l.SION, s. [from <//-vM;, to pull in pieces, Lat.] the
act of pulling away, plucking, or rending om- thing from
Rnother.
To DiyFN, V. a. [a corruption probably from To IJicut]
toilii-ss d<'ck, or spruce up. A low word.
I)I'77ARI), ,9. a blockhead; a fool.
1)I'77IN KSS, s. giddiness, ora swimming in the head.
DiyZY, 1. [rfiii^, .Sax.] giddy, having a sw ^mming in tire
head, or a sensation of turning round. Figuratively, giddy,
thoughtless.
To DiyzV, t'. a. to i^ake giddy ; to whirl round.
DNIE'lTR, anciently Boristhknfs, a large river of
Europe, rising in the government of Tver, or Twe<T, and
falling into the Black Sea, about 10 miles below Ockzakow.
It tJows entirely through the Itus^ian dominions, tludii^h its
whole course of about 800 miles; during which its naviga-
tion is only once interrupted by a series of cataracts, which
begin below the mouth of the Samara, and continue for 40
miles. They are passed, however, in spring without much
hazard, even by loaded barks.
DNIC'STI'R, a hue river of Furone, which rises ni Red
Russia, or (ialicia, and passing by Choczini, Render, &c.
falls into ihe Rlaik Sea at .^kerman, between the mouths of
th<' Datudie and Dnieper.
To n(), V. a. prefer, did, part. pass, dove; [don. Sax.] to
perf uni, act, or practise. To execute or discharge, applied
to a UH'ssage ; lo cause; to transact; to have recourse to,
used as a sudden and passionate q .estion. To perform ;
to exert: to deal ; to gain a point; to put; to finish; to
conclude; to settle. W/ial to dn vit/i, s}',iii\f<i:i lo bestow,
to employ, to dispose of, or what use to make of. " He
knows not wJiut tn do with bis money." Neuterly, to cease to
be concerned wilb. "! have (/wwe wi'/A him." To fare ; to
be conditioned with respect to health or sickness. To be
able to succeed, or perfect a riesign. " We shall do wi'liout
iiini." Addison. Sometimes however it is used to save the
repeti'tioM of another verb. " I shall come, but if I do not,
go awav ;" i. c. If I come not. Sometimes it is used Hs a wor(l
of peremptory and positive connnand ; as, " Help me, do :"
Or lo increase the emphasis of the verb which follows it ;
** Rut 1 do love her." S!ink. And sometimes by way of op-
position ; " I did love him, but scorn him now."
DOR-CHICK, s. in zoology, the common English name
of the little diver or didapper. This bird is said to move
most easilv under water.
DO'CIRLE, a. [from doceo, to teach, Lat.] submitting to
instruction ;_ easy to be taught ; tractable.
DOCH^K, a. [from docce, to teach, Lat.] teachable;
Msdy taught ; tractable.
pOCI'LlTY, ,«. [from doceo, to teach, Ltit.] aptness to re-
ceive in:.lruction ; readiness to be taught.
DOCFMA'STIC, «. [from ./o/amn;o, td try, (Jr.] belon;;.
ing lo trials or expriments. The docimastic art, is the ait
of assaying metals.
IX)L'K,.s. in law, an expedient for cutting oft an estate-
tail in lands or tenements, lliat the owner may be enabled lo
sell, give, or becpieath the same. In iiiarilime aflairs, it is ;t
pit, great pond, or creek, by the side of an liaibour, mad*",
convenient either for the building or repairing of ships ; and
is of two -oris ; ihe dry dock, where IIjc water is kept out
by great flood iijates ; and a wet dock, a place where a ship
may be hauled into out of the tide's way. .\nioMg sportv
men, it is Ihe fleshy part of a bi-ast's (bine, between the
middle and the buUocks. .'^Iso the stump ot a horses tail
that remains after docking. In botany, a plant ol which
there are 17 species, ten of which grow wild in England ;
the blood wort, cockoo-meat, and sorrel, belong to this
genus.
To DOCK, t). a. to cut a tail off, or short , to cut any thing
short ; to lay a ship in a dork. In law, to cut oil an ( nlail ;
to lessen the charge of a bill.
IJO'CKET, s. a direction tied or fastened to goods; a
sununarv or abridgnuMit of a larger writing.
DO'C'FOR, s. [doctor, from '^.ocro, to Irarh, Lat.] one fo
well versed in any science as to be able to teach it; a persou
who has taken the highest degree of music, law, physis, or
divinity.
DO'CTORAL, n [doctc-iiHs, fioni doctor, a teacher, Lat.]
belonging to a doctor's degree.
liO'CFOilAELY, nrf. afler the man-rr of a doctor or
ph\sician.
DO'CTORSHH', s. theotbcc or rank of a doctor.
DO'CTRIN.AL, (sometimes acecntefl 011 the second sylla-
nle) a. [from doctrina, doctrine, Lat.] belonging to, or con-
taining doctrine or iustruclion foruieiiy taught.
UO'CTRI.NALLY.orf. positively ; in the form of precepts
or instru'.lion.
DO'CTIiliVE, .f. [doctrina, from doceo, to teach, Lat. j the
prin(i|>les or positions of any sect or niasler ; the t'llesls or
maxims delivered in a discourse ; any thing taught ; tli-'
act of teaching.
DOCUMENT, i. [diicnmentiim, from doceo, to teach, Lat.]
an instructii .1, admonition, precept or direclion; a precept
of some dogmatical or positive person, or niasler ; vouchers,
or original writings, produced in support of any charge or
accusation.
DO'IM5UOOK,a town of Devonshire, 15 miles .S. W. of
Dartmouth and 219 W. S. W. of Loudon. Mai ket on Wed-
nesday
DO'DDEII j. [from touteren, Belg.] to shoot up, accord-
ing to Skniner] is the name of a very singular plant; wlien
it first shoots from the seed it has little roots, which picrc.(?
the earth near the roots of other plants : but thecapihaments,
of which it is formed, soonafter clinging a'lout these plants,
the roots wither away. From th s lime it propagates itself
along the stalks of the plant, entangling itself about them
in a very complicated manner. It has no leaves. It is
know n in some parts of England by the names of hellweed
and de\irsgiits.
DO'DDI'.RED, a. overgrown with dodder; wasted, or
decayed. " /^ofWcrV/ with age." l^rjjd.
DODE'CACiON, s. [from dodeJ^, IweliC, and gonm, a
cornier, Gr ] a figure Iiaving twelv-c sides.
DODECATEMO'RION, -t. [from dodch,, tvvtlve. aii,l
meios, part, Gr.] the twelfth pait.
To DOD(iE, [probal)l\ corrupted fwjv ^fc*] e. o. to U'ie
craft, evasions, or hnv shifts ; to shift ))Iaie as another a;*-
proaches. Figuratively, to play fast and loof e ; to rai?e
high expectations and baffle them ; to shuiJ'ie, or bafilc.
DO'DMAN, s. a kind of shell fish, which casts its. ■^l\e^[
like the lobster, and is likewi.sc called the Jwdmuutiod. AIs"
a large brown snail.
DO'DO, s. in zoology, a very large bird, of siD^uf^.i
shape, bearing a very slight resemblance to the ostricli^ bvil
being much thicker. It is incapable of fligJiL
27S
DOG
DOE, (di) s. [da. Sax.] a she-deer, the female of a buck.
A ft-at ; « li;:t im'- can pelfoiiii.
DOER, ((li)oer) s. [from lo do] one who performs any
thing, whether ^'ood or bad ; a performer; one who prac-
tises.
To DOFF, ti. a. [from do off] to strip ; to put off dress ;
t?i [)ut away, or K't f"' of; to dtlay or sfiift o(f. Tliis
word is obsolete in all its senses, and seldom used but by
rustics.
I'OG, s.ldfjgfclie, Relg.] a domestic animal, the varieties of
which are reiiiarkalily various, comprising the mastiff, span-
iel, bull-dog, bound, f^reyhound, terrier, Ac. the larj;er sorts
bein;;usi'd as f(uards, and the less for sports. All these \i\-
rieties are supposed to have been derived froin llie shep-
herd's doi^. In astronomy, the name of Uio constellatiiuis,
one called the jjreaterand the other called the lesser do;;,
the former belon^in^'to the southern, and the latter to the
northern hemisphere. Figuratively, used as a term of re-
proach to a man. When added to the names of other ani-
mals, it si^jnihes a male of the species, as a dog-fh.r, a duo-.
utter. Used as a particle, and prefixed to another word it
signifies something worthless, as a dog-rose. To go to the
d''g^, is a phrase implying to be ruined.
To DOG, 1'. a. to hunt, or pursue like a hound.
DOGBANE, s. a plant.
UO'GBERRY-TREE,*. a species of cornel, called also
gatter-tree.
DO'GROET, a. wretched ; miserable.
DOGRRUR,i. the briarthat bears the hip.
DO'GCHE.\P, a. extremely cheap, as cheap as dog's-
meat.
DO'G-OAYS, s. the days in which the dog-star rises and
sets with the sun ; which, on account of their great heat,
are supposed to be very unwholesome or unhealthy.
DOGE, i.[r/«5-e, Ital ] the ci-devant title of the supreme
magiitrale of (he republics of Venice and Genoa.
DOGFISH, s. the same with the shark.
DO GFLY, s. a voracious biting fiy.
DOGGED, (dug-ed) a. sullen; sour; morose; or ill-
lianioiired.
DO'CiGEDI.Y, (li^ig-edli/) ad. in a sour, morose, or ill-
JiUmoiirei'l manner.
UO'GGEDNES.S, (dig-ednesi) .«. a disposition of mind
wherein a person is not moved to pleasantry by any objects
of mirth, or pleased by otfices of kindness and civility; sul-
l»-nnes5 ; moroseness.
DOGGER, (dog-er) s. a small ship, or fishing vessel, built
afier tlie Dutch fashion, with a narrow stern, co'mnionlv hut
oue ma-,t, and a well in the mi-ddle for keeping fish alive ;
priucipallv used in fishing on the Dogger Bank, from whence
it derives its name.
DOGGEREL, (dug^ere!) s in poetry, applied to such
compositions as have neither accuracy with respect to their
rhymes, harmony with regard to their metre, dignity of ex-
pression, fertility of invention, or elevation of sentiment.
DOGGEREL, n. loosed from the measures or rules of
regular poetry; vile; despicable; mean; used of verses,
" Dogg'nl rhvmcs." Dn/d.
DOGGISH, «. churlish ; brulish.
DO'GMA, i. [Lat.] an established principle, axiom, or
maxim.
DOGMATIC, or pOGMA;TICAL,«. positive; strongly
attached lo any particidarnotion or opinion ; authorilati\e,
or imperious inforcinj; one's opinions as indubitable truths
on others.
DOGMATICALI..Y, ad. in a positive, imperious, or pe-
r«mptor>- maoner.
DOOMA'TICALNESS. ». the quality of being positive
M llic truth of one's own opinions, and endeavouring lo
force them magisterially or imperiously on others.
DO'GM.ATIST, s. \dogmatisle, I"r.] one who advances
his opinions as infallible, supports them with gi eat obstina-
cy, and magisterially demands tUi- us^en< of others lo
(IKIH.
»7C
D O L
To DO'GMATIZE, w. «. to advance any opiuion posi
tivelv, and endeavour to propagate it imperiously.
DOGMATI'ZKR, 1. one who advauces opinions with an
air of insolent confiilence.
DO'GROSK,*. the flowerof the wild briar, or hip-tree.
DOGSLEEP, s. a pretended or dissembled slsep.
DOG'S-MEAT, s. carrion, or horse-flesh, sold for tire
food of dogs.
DOGSTAR, s. the star which rises and sets with the suu
during tli^ dog-days.
DOGSTAIL j. a plant found in pastures ; a kind of
grass.
DO GSTOOTH. s. a plant.
DOGTEETH, s. in anatomy, the four teeth, two in each
jaw, wli ch are situated between the incisures and the grin
ders; llinv are by souie called the ei/e teeth.
DO'GTRICK, s. ail ill turn; surly and brutal trealine!>t.
DOGTROT, J. a ijenlle trot, lesenibling that of a dog.
DOGWOOD, i. a species of cornelian cheny.
DOILY, f. a coarse woollen stuff, supposed lO be so call-
ed from the name of the inventor.
DO'IXGS, s. [plural, and seldom used in the singular,
from do, the verb] any thiu;,' performed, whether good or
bad. Performances; exploits; behaviour ; conduct ; bus-
tle; tumult; merriment. Seldom used but in a ludricous
sense.
DOIT, s. [diiT/t, Belg. doyght, Erse] a small piece of rao-
nev current in Holland.
To DOL, t>.n.[rfff/a«, Sax.] to divide in portions or shares;
to deal out, or distribute.
DOLE, *. [deal. Sax.] the act of dividing into shares or
portions. In law, a portion or shaie. Portion, or condi-
tion, applied to the circumstances or incidents happeuin);
to a person. Grief, sorrow, misery, from duUo, Lat. I»
grieve. " In equal scale weighing delight and dole." Shah.
DOLE, s. in husbandry, a void space left in tilling. See
Dalr.
DOLEFUL, (I. dismal; sorrowful; having the external
appearance of sorrow ; meliiucholy.
DOLEFULLY, ad. in such a manner as to shew or caus«
sorrow.
DO'LEFULNESS, s. the quality which shews or expresses
grief, or causes it iu others.
DOLEGE'LLY, a town of Merionethshire, seated in a
vale, oil the river Avon, at the foc.t of the great mountain
Caderldris. It has a manufacture of cottons, and coarse,
undyed woollen cloths, for exportation. It is31 miles NW.
of Montgomery, and 2()o NW. of London. Market on
Tuesday and Saturday.
DO'LESOME, o. full of _;;iief ; extrenifly sorrowful, ap-
plied to persons. Gloomy, dull, or affecting a person with
nielai.ieholv.
DO LI.SOMELY, ad. in s-uch a manner as to affect »
person with deep sorrow.
pOLESOMENESS, s. the quality of affecting a person
with exiremcsorrow.
DOLL, i. H contraction of Dorothy : and applied to a
wooden image, clothed either with the dress of a fiemale or
male, used bv chihlreii as a plaything.
DO'LLAR, s. [daler, Belg.] a silv'^r coin current in se-
veral parts of Germany and Holland, of llu; value of 43. fid.
sterling. Tlieie are various species of them; as the ri\-
dollar, semi-dollar, quarter-dollar, iVc In 1797, Spanish
dollars were stamped at the Tower, ami issued as legal coiu
in Great Britain, at the value of ii. !td. but were called in
the same year. Since that, however, ihey have been en-
tirely re-coined, and now pass current at 6s. (!d. ea< h.
DOLORIFIC, a. [from doiur, grief or pain, and fucli, l«
make, Lat.] that causes grief or pain.
DOLOROUS, a. [from dolor, grief or pain, Lat.] m( :i-
ful or sorrowful, applied to persons. Affecting wilb griet
or pain, applied to things.
DO'LOuR, [from iloUr, grief ©r pain, Lat.] jfiicf or su*-
row, paui or pang.
DOM
DO'LPIII'S, (lUJin) s. [rlelithin, I.at.Ja !;irj;e spa fi»Ii, wliicli
spoiils v.iilir like llic wli.ile, <iii(l lias iiiiinv nuirve.ous slo-
ru's it'hiird concerning' il l)V Ilif aiiciciilii. In aslrotKiniy, a
•const lilatidii of tlie northern lieniispliere, consiilin;; of
el^lilren stars.
UOI/r, i. I'/u/, Tcut.ja fool, or person of iliill appreben-
»ion : a IdncKliead.
DO'LTT'^II, ». stupid ; like a fool or Idockliead.
I)0'MAr.I.I'',, n. [friMM (hiinn, to tame, Lat.l lan^rahle.
DO.MA'IN, s. [(iamaiiie, Fr. (yumtlumiiiiuin, (loiiuiiiiin, L;it.]
lalid possessed liv one as a proprietor, Ijeir, oi- governor.
DOMF., s. [Fr. from ilomns, a house, Lat.Ja hoiue or hiiild-
in;;, jjrnerallv ajiphed to a stately hiiildiii;,', or to <ine set
api'il for divine service. In arcliitecture, a roof of a sphe-
rical form, rcseinhliiit; the hell of a ;,'reat <lock, raised over
the middle of a hiiildin^t, called a ciipida.
DOMI'.'STIC, or DOMF;sTIC.\L, «. [from (hm„s, a
house, Lat.] helonsin;; to a house, or the tnanasement <]f a
faiiiilv ; fit to iidiabita honse, applied to animals. Private,
not open. Applied to wais, intestine or civil; opposed to
those carried on in a foreign country.
DOMESTIC, *. a servant \\ho lives in tlie same house
witli his master; generally applied lo the servants of per-
•ons of distinction.
ToDO.M I'/STICATE, i>. a. to make domestic; to with-
draw from the pid)lic.
ToDO'MIFY, t.. «. to tame.
DCMIN-ANT, «. [iluminant, Fr.] predominant ; presiding; ;
ascendant.
DOMINATION, s. [from dominus, lord, Lat.] power,
dominion ; tyranny ; one highly exalted in power, used of
jin','elic beinns.
To DO'MINATE, I', rt. [from dominus, lord, Lat.J to pre-
vail over others.
DO'MINATIVR, a. imperious ; insolent.
DOMI.NATOR, s. [Lat.] the presiding, ruling, or go-
verning power.
To DOMINE'RR, v. n. [from duminns, lord, Lat.] to exert
authority or power in an insolent, arbitrary, or tyrannical
manner.
DOMITs'GO, St. orHispANioLA, the richest oftheCa-
ribbee Islands in the West In<lies. It is 360 miles in leiij,'tji,
and I lOin breadth ; and the climate, though hot, is healthy,
except to new comers. The country is uncommonly fruufid,
and beautifully <iiversified with hills and valleys, woods and
rivers ; it is also well slockr.d \\\\.h fruit trees, and produces
coffee, sugar, indigo, loliacco, salt, cotton, ginger, gums,
wax, honey, and drugs. Its toasts and rivers are well sup-
plied with fi^h and turtles; and the animals brought here
from I'ui ope have nuiUiplied prodigiously, supplying provi-
>ions, hid'-s, and tallow. There are also mines oi gold, talc,
and crystal. The S|)aniards hold the eastern part of this
island upwa-c^s of three centuries; but the whole, by the
treaty of 1795, was ceded to the French ; after which it suf-
fered, under ail the successive rulers sent iVom France, the
miseries of anarchy, cruelty, and oppression ; in order to put
an end to which, tlie Directory, in I7G7, appointed the black
general Toussaint Lonverture, commander in chief, and go-
vernor general of the island, asa reward for the gallant man-
ner in which he had defended it against the English. He
was a man of no common talents, and the happy eifects of
his administration proved the propriety of the appointment ;
but nroceediiig to give a new constitution to the island,
which though it acknowledged its dependence on France,
in fact separated it most essentially, the French government
in 1802 sent an army of 25,01)0 men to enforce obedience,
which after three months' cruel war was effected, and Tous-
saint afterwards sent prisoner to France. But the contest
vyas soon renewed, and the insurgent blacks carried on,
for a long time, a desolating war against the French arm\ ;
the remains of which, harassed on all sides, capitulated on
the 19th of November, 1804, to the black general Dessa-
lines, agreeing to evacuate Cape Francois, and retire to
their ships, wliichwert aft'crwards suireiulered by couven-
00 N
tion to tlie Eiiglisli under admiral Diu kworth. The niacin,
having thus got rid of their enemies in that iiart of the
island, prixicded lo form a new government uiuli r llie title
of the republic (svice changed to thai ot eiiipne) of ^^ul^
with general i")i-s->ylines at its head, who \)uljli-)hed a mo»t
vinditliv- nuiniffsto to the negroes, exciting them to ven-
geance against the French inhabitants, and (horrid to re-
rate) these were given up for some days to indiscriiiiinatt
butchery I After this, intent on driving the French wlioilv
from the island, he carried the war into the S()a:'iibli part, ot
which the town of St. Doiningo is the capital ; but tailing in
this enterprise, the French retained the possession of it til!
IHOO ; \ihin, by the assistance of the English, their total
expulsion fioin the island wcs etlectcd, and the Spanish do
minion again restored. Nor has the negro government of
Hayti yet enjoyed any stability, liavinf undergone several
revolutions, and the sovereignly being still contested by two
rival chicls. St. Domingo lies between Jamaica and I'oito
Rico.
DOMI'NICA, s. palni-snndav.
DOMINICA, an English West India island, about -^J
miles in length and 16 in breadth. It yicldc coffee, indigo,
ginger, and other articles of West-Indian produce, but tlie
soil, being thin, is more adapted to the rearing of totlou
than sugar. In the woods are innumerable swarms of bee*,
which produce gieat quantities of wax and honey, and the
island is well supplied with rivulets of water. It is divided
into ten parishes. The only towns of note are Chailoile
Town, or lluussraii, on the S. W. side of iiic island, wnd
Portsmouth, at ihe head of Prince Rupert's Bay. From Ja-
nuarys, 1787, lo January 5, 17S8, the exports amounted to
the valui; of .■302,!)l<7l. 16s. There is no considerable bay or
harbour, but the anchorage round the coast is cominodiou,
and safe, and ships Hud shelter under its capes. It lies about
nalfwav between Guadaloupe and Martiuico. Lat. Id. 3'.^
N. lon.ni. 2.-?. W.
DOMINICAL, 0. noting the Lord's day, or Sunday. Thr
fhmiiiical letter, in cluoU'dogy, is that which denotes iilf
Sunday in almanacks, dc. thr')ugliout theyear: of these it-i
ters there are coiisetpieiitly seven, beginning with the Hot
letter of Ihe alphabet ; and as in leap years there isaninler-
calt.-ry day, there are then two, the first of vshicli denoles
everv Sunday till the intercalary day. and the second all the
Sund.iys w lilcli follow after it. The doiuinical k-ttcr for ajy
particular year being known, it may be readily found for
any succeeding one, by observing that they move in a rei.o-
gradeorder.sollr.it if in any given year the Sunday-let n-i
was I-), in the following year, (provided it was not lesii'-
year,) it would be C, in the next year after that,' B, ami so
on : but in leap-year there are two of them used, as for ey
aniple, ill theyear 1803 the doiuinical letter was B, in ln04
(being leap-yenrj AG, in 1805, F, iVc.
DOMI'NICANS, an order of religious, called in France
Jacobins, and in England Black Friars, or Preaching Friai^
This order, founded by St. Dominic, a native of Spain, wai
approved of by Inno'jent III. in 1215, and confirmed l.\ u
bull of Houorius III. in 1216, under St. Austin's ruKs, and
the ffsun.ler's particular constitutions.
DOMI'NION, i. [from dominus, lord, Lat.] the exercise oT
power and authority. 'I he space of ground or territory, si.b-
.jected to a person, applied to place. Predominancy, pie-
ferenee. An order of angels.
DO'MINO, s. a hood worn by a canon c>i" a catheili.il.
Also a dress in form of a gown worn at masquerades-
DON, one of the principal rivers in Europe, which scpa.
rates it partially from .Asia. It rises near Epiphan, in ihe
government of Tula, and falls by 3 streams into the se.^ nt
Asoph. It has so many windings and slioals, dial li i»
scarcelv navigable.
DON, X. [from domimu, I«rd, Lat.] the Spani.sh title of n
gentleman, as Don Quixote. It is used with us ludricoii^i.v.
To DON, e. (J. lo put on ; to invest on.' with. Ohsolei'-,
DONAGHADEE', a sea port of Down, in UUler, hbovt
7 leagues W. of PorlPaliicK, in Scotland, befwceo whii ^i
DOO
fv;o places four etepint packet-boats now resuljrly carry
tjie mails aud passengers. It is 15 miles E. of Belfast, siiil
9}^f. R.of Oiiblin.
DO'N.ARY, s. [from (^<jno, to give, Lat.] a thing given for
tatred uses.
DONATION, s. [from (hno, to give, Lat.] the act of
giving any thin;; viiliintariiy or iiiv.iskcd, the grant by which
any Ihin;; is given.
DO'NATISrS, scliismatics, in the the ancient church of
Africa, « ho took their name from their leader Douatus. He
taught that baptism administered by heretics was null ; that
every churcii but tile African was become prostituted; and
thai he was to be the restorer of religion.
DO'N.\TlVls, s. [from cluiintif, Fr.] a gift, largess, or some
considerable present. In the canon law, it is a bemtice
piven by tile patron to a priest without piejentatinn to the
ordinary, and williout iiistitiiticm or induction. Tlie king
ifiay found a chuixli or cha|iel,and e.\eni.;it it iVoin the juris-
diction of tile ordinary ; or by letters patent lie may liciiise
u common person lo found such a chuicli, and ordain it to
be made a donative. There can be no lapse of such a bene-
lice, though the bishop may com|itl such person to nominate
a clerk by ecclesiastical censures, and the clerk must be
qualified as other clerks of duirches are.
DO'NCA^Tl' H, a spacious, populous town, in the West
Hiding of Yorkshiie, seated on the river Uon, in the great
road between London and York. It is a considerable wool-
market, and here are manufactures of stocking, petticoats,
knit waistcoats, gloves, and leather caps. It is 37 miles S.
of York, and 160 N. by \V. of London. Market on Sa-
ttirdav.
DONR, partkipk e^Do.
DONI^ an interjection made use of by the party who
accepts of, or agrees to, a wager proposed by another per-
son : and implies, if is as guod as done, or let it he done, or let
it be so.
DO'NFGAL, a county of Ulster, in Ireland, 6S miles in
length, and about 36 in breadth, bounded on the W. and N.
bv the ocean ; on the I'"., bv the counties of Londond<rrv and
Tyrone; and on the S. by Fermanagh and the Bay of Doiie-
j:al. It contains 42 parishes, 2t,53l houses, and 140,000
nihahitants. The country is hilly and boggy, with rich \ al-
leys between tke niouutaius, and lia^ seveial excellent har-
bours. The linen trade carried oii here isprellv extensive.
Its capital, Donegal, is situatetl on a bav of the same name,
at the mouth of the river ''sk, 9 miles N. N. K. of Bally-
shannon, and 111 N. \V. cif Dublin.
DO'NJON, s. in fortifiralion, signifies a strong tower or
redoubt of a fortrtss, wliilher the garrisnii mav ivtreat in
ease ofiiecessitv, and capitulate with g' eater advantages.
DO'NNINGTON, a town of LiucidMshire, whose market
is on Saturday. It isltdi miles fmm Loudon.
DO'NOR, s.[i'rom dono, Lat] one who gives a thing to
another.
DOODLE, s. [a cant word, perhaps corrupted from do
littli\ a trifler ; an idler.
To DOOM. r. a. \deman. Sax.] to judge ; to pass sen-
tence against ; lo condemn: to destine; lo command judi-
cialb , or by uncontrollable authority.
DOOM, s. [dom, Siix.] the sentence or condenniaiion of
• judge; the great judgnient at the last <lav ; the stale lo
which a per5(Ui is deslined ; t';ite, or deslrucliim. .Sentence,
orlhela t determination of the judgment wilh respect to
the condition of a person.
DOOMSDAY, s. [doniif'aefr. Sax.] the last day. V'iien
jivdguieui is to be passed upon all mankind ; the day ofjud;;-
liient. The dav in which a person i, coudeuuu d, or is lo be
txrr'utffl. JJofniiSflat/, or dmnnsdai/ hook, denomin.itrd J.il'ir
JiulicinriiiJi, vcl Censiialis Anqtitc ; thai is, the judiiial book,
or book of the survey of England, com|i<r,ed in the tinu' of
Wi"'im the (Conqueror, from a survey of the several counties,
hundieds, tilhings, &c. 'I'lie intent or design of lliis book
xas, to be a regi.ster, by which sentence may be given in
t/ic tenures of estates, and from which tlial noted question,
278
DOR
whether lands be ancient demense or not, is still decide<l.
The book is still remaining in the exchequer, fair aud legible,
consisting of two volumes, a greater and lesser ; the greater
comprehends all the counties of England, except Northnm-
birland, Cumba land, Westmureland, Ditiliam, and part of
l.ancnsliire, which were never survejcd, aiitl except Essex,
Suffolk, and Norfolk, which are contained in the lesser
volume.
DOOR, J. [dor, or ditre, Sax.] a vacant place left in a
building, through which persons may enter or go out. Thii
is generally applied »j> private houses: but the entrance
into cities, palaces, or the mansions of the nobility, is called
a gate, i .i;,,ia(i\ei\ , a house, i aasage, avenue, inlet, or
any means by wliii li an appioach or eiitiaiice m,.\ be made.
Out of dnnrs, is sometimes used for a thing ab(.lislied, laid
aside, quite gone, vanished, exploded, or sent away. Attlm
door, implies somelliing near, impendent, or imminent ;
" Death is at the door." At the door if a person, signitiet
sonietliing that nrav he charged or imputed to a person;
The fault I es wholly at mi/ door." Drt/d. Next door to, ita-
plies approaching to, hindering on.
DOORCASE, s. the frame in which doors arc hung.
DO'OKKl'lEPEH, s. porter; one that keeps the entranc*
of a house.
DO'QUET, .c. a paper containing a warrant.
DOR, s. the Engl sli name for the black beetle; applied
also to the dusty beetle that tiies about hedges iu the evening.
See Doiin.
DORA DO, J. in ichthyology, the name of a large Bra-
zilian sea fish. In astionomy, a constellation of the soutli-
erii hemisphere, called Xiphias.
DO'KCH IvSTEIt, thf capital town of Dorsetshire, with a
market on Wednesday and Saturday. It is a town of great
antiquity, and was much larger than it is at present. Tlio
houses are well built, and it has three handsome streets. It
sends two membeis to parliament, is the place where the
assizes are held, and gives title to a marquis. Itisgovernwd
by a ma\or, '2 aldermen, a recorder, and 84 eonimon cou!^
cil men; has 3 churches, and was formeily a city. ItisKO
miles W. by S. of London.
DOI'CHESTER, a town in Oxfordshire, whose mariiet
is now disused. It was formeily of much greater account
ll'.aii it is at present; however, it is provided with some
verv good iiui'j, and llie churcli is a large handsome struc-
ture, hwasfo meil\a bishopssee. It is 10 milesS.E.of
Oxford, and 49 W. .\'. W. of London.
D()RI\E, or John DouKK, in ichlhvology, the vulgar
nametifa bsli, wliiihisvcry broad and Hat, and of a jcilovv
coloiiv. It is found on llie coasts of Cornwall.
DOBIC ORDER, s. in auhitecliue, ihe second of the
five orders, being that between iheTuscau andlonic. The
cliaiaclers of the Doric order, as now uiaiuijced, are, the
hcighl of its columns, which is eight (liaiiicleis; the frieze,
wlii-ili is adorned with trigh plis, drops, and me1o|)es; its
capital, which is without \olutes; and its admitting of ci-
mariniis.
DORKING. See Darking.
DO'UM.\NT, a. [Fr.] sleeping ; in a sleeping posture.
Seciit, or private, opposed h> piiblie. Leaning, not per-
pend cular.
IIOHMITORY, s. [dormili i-inm, from darmito, to sleep,
Lat.] a \dace fuinislied for sleeping in, willi a great luauy
bids. Ill old recoiiU, a burial place.
DO'R.MOUSE, s. [from dc.rmio, to sleep, Lat. and inomt]
a mouse whiili passes a great part id' the winter in sleep.
DOltN, .T. [from rfir//, Teul.] in natural liislory, a fi.^li,
pel haps the same as Ihe llioruliack.
DO'RNICK, s. a species of linen ciolh used in Siolhiiid
for the table, so called because first made in Deornick \ti
Flanders.
DO'IINOCK, the county town ofSutheilaml, siliiated «t
the entrance of a fine frith of Ihe same name It is a sirivll
place, mostly in rui'is. .M)out nine miles above D:)rnock
ferry, is a writer fall, aud salmon leap, where the lishes IImI
DOU
(uil in tl-eir leap arc caushl in kiskets on their fall. Dornoch
is about 24 riiiici N. o? Inverness.
DOIUl, t. \t<ir, Teut.] in natural histor\', an insect pro-
balilv s(> called tVuni it.s ^ound, and named likewise the
htd !,'<'-<■ I 'a fer.
DO'KSr.L, or DO RSF.R, s. [from dorsum, the back, Lat.]
a pmidirr or h;i^' hiin^on eatli side of a horse, for holding
tliiii:;s'of small liiilk.
D()'li.SETSll!RK, a coiinly of Ensland, .'>2 miles in
lpni,Mli, ami il \\\ lireadlli. It is hounded on the N. by
Wiltshire and -ioiiicrsslsliiic, on llieS. by the F^i^lish Chan-
nel, on liic VV. by Devon>hiii', and on the E. by Hampshiie.
!t contains "ilS parishes, and 2'2 market towns, SJ of which
send mcmlii rs to parliatnent. It produces all the connno-
dities coiiiiiion toother counties ; l>esi<les which, it has both
linen and «ooII(Mi manufactures. The air is ^ood, but sharp
on the hills, and on the sea-coast it is md(l and pleasant.
The soil is sandy, except in some rich meadows, plains, and
valleys. There are many hills, which fi ed jjreaf nuud)ers of
sheep: and on the sea-coasts there is pleiitv of fi^,li. The
frincipal rivers are the Stour, the Trome, and the Piddle.
t fjives the title of Duke to the Sacville fimilv.
DORSI FEIiOUS, or DOllSl'PAUOU-, a. [from do,-s,mt,
the Irack, and fero, av paria, to biar, I.:il.| bearnj;; or brm;,'-
inf^ forth on tlie back. In botanv, applieilto plants of llie
capillary kind, without stalk, wloili ixar lln-irseed on the
back side of their leaves ; such as the feni, Ac. In natural
history, applied to the American froj;, which brings forth her
yoiini; at her back.
DO'RTURE, s. \dortoii; Fr.j a place to sleej) in; a bed-
ciiandier.
DOSE. *. [tlosif, from didami, to give, Gr ] in physic, as
much of any medicine as is proper for a peison to take at
<niR time. As much of any li(iiu) as a person can bear:
sometimes used for that quantity which intoxicates a per-
son.
To DpSE, «. a. to proportion a medicine properly to the
patient or disease; to give physic, or any thing nauseous to
8iiy man, in a ludicrous sense.
DO'gSIL, J. a pledget; orasraall lurapor quantity of lint
to be laid on a sore.
DOST, tile second person of rfo.
DOT, *. a small point or spot made to mark any thing,
liy pressing the tip of a penon the paper in writing, and re-
fcmblin" the mark at the end of the sentence (.]
To DOT, V. a. to mark with specks. Neuterly, to make
dots or s[)ots.
DOTACiE, s. want or weakness of understandiuf-; e.«-
otssivc fondness for any person or thing ; generally appli<;d
to psrsonr. in years.
DOTAL, a. [dotalis, from dos, a portion, Lat.] relaiiiig to
the portion of a woman ; constituting her dowr/,
DOT'.ARD, *. a person whose understandiuj; 13 impaired
by aije.
DOT.VTION, s. [dotatio, from rfof, a portion, Lat.] the
act of giving a dowry or [)ortion.
To DOTE, r. n.[doten, Btlg.] to have one's understand-
i«ig impaired bv age or passion. Actively, to regard with
(fxcessive fondness.
DO'TER.s.one whose understanding is impaired by years;
one «ho loves a person or thing with excessive fondness.
DOTI NGLY, ad with an excessive love or fondness.
pOTTARl), ^. in gardening, a tree kept from growing
to its full height by cutting.
DO'TTi'lREL, s. in natural history, the name of a bird
which mimicks gcstu/es.
DOUAY, a considerable city in the department of the
North in France, long celebrated for its English college, to
which the Rmiau Catholics of our nation were generally
sent for ed.ucation. Its principal trade consists in making
and Tending worsted camlets. It is seated on the river
Scari)e, l.'i miles N. \\ . of Candirav.
DO'UBLE, (duhhle) a. \dorhl~.' ¥r.\ two things of the
w.ne iort, joined in paii-a, and answering each other. T-.vice
DOU
as much applied to quantity ; the same number repeattJ.
Having twice the cBect or influence, applied to |)ower. til/'
ccitful, acting two parts, one openly, and a dillerent one ia
private. It is used in composition for t^^o ways, as double-
edged, having an edge on each side, or for twice the nuiu-
ber or quant'ty ; dmilde dyed, i. c. twice dyed.
To DOUBLE, (duliilr) V. )i. to increase to twice the quan-
tity, number, value, or strength ; to turn back, or wind, in
running. To play tricks ; to use sleights. Actively, anions
sailors, to pass round a cape or priunontory ; to tbid ; li*
repeat the same word ; toincreas- by addition.
DOl'BLE, {didiblc) s. twice the quantity, iiund)er, vahit,
or quality; strong beer, so called f(0(n iis being twice an
strong as the common sort. A trick ; a shift ; an artifice.
In hunting, a turning back or winding made by game.
DO'L'LlJ..E, ad. twice over. " 1 was double their age."
Su-ift.
DtJUBLF^DE'ALER, (dMl.-dtihr) «. one who is deceit-
ful, by acting tuo paits at the same time, oue to a perjou'j
lace, and the other behind his back.
DOUBLEDE'ALING, {dMIe-deiling) t. an artifice;
dissimulation; the acting twodilfereiit parts, by pretending
friendship to a person's face, ai the same time being inti-
mate with his enemy; h>w, in.-idious, and fraudulent; cun-
ning.
DOUBLE-HEADED, r.. m IwtoHy, having the flowers
growing one to another.
DOUBLEMl'NDED, {dMle minded) a. deceitful; acl-
ing two eontrai v parts ; nroseculiiig contrary designs.
DO'UBLENESS, (dMIeness) s. the state of a thing re-
peated twice ; the stale of a thing folded, or made twice it»
natural si/e.
DO'l'BLIsR, (,dioler) s. one who is gnilty of deceit or
dis>iuiulalion ; on': who increases any thing by repetition,
addition, or folding.
DO'UBLI'.T, (d'lhlet) t. an uiiiK-r or inner garment, si*
called from its afford ng double the warmth of another.
DOUBLE-TO'NGUI'.D, (dMletu>i^-':l) ». giviug coii-
trarv accounts of the same thing; deceitful.
J3OUBLETO0TH, s. a plant, the same '.vith the watvr
hemp agrimony.
DOUBLCN, {dnblbon) .1. [Fr.j a Spanish coin, valued at
t«o pistoles.
DO'L'BLY, (dubli/) ad. in a twofold manner; in twice
the quantitv ; to t-.\ice the degree.
To DOUBT, (dviit) V. 11. [doubter, Fr.] to be uR?.bie )'«
determine tiie reality, truth, or possibility of a thing, on ac-
count, of the e<iuality of the arguments on each side ; tc fear
to suspect; tol>csilate ; to desist or keep from action throuj,h
suspence. .Actively, to fear; to suspect ; to distrust.^
Do t' BT, ('fc;(<) «. uncertainly ; suspense; a state of ih^
niind wherein it retnains undetermined. Figuratively, a
question or some point inidetermined and unsettled ; a
scruple ; perplexity ; suspicion ; a ditiicully proposed to the
understanding. SyNOX. We are in nmcrtuinty with re-
spect to the success of our proceedings; in dovht what stc|»
to take ; in susucnsr wlieu we are held from acting by a de-
lay of certainly. Uncertainty requires caution ; rfuuii, con-
sideration ; .?«.s//eH,sf, pa'ience.
DO'UB'rEll, (dvuter) s. one who is not able to determine*
the trntli or prol. ability of a tiling; one ^^ho is in an uncer-
tain state of iiiiiid.
DOUBTFUL, Ulni'iifid) a. full ofiincertaintv; not settled
in opinion. Ambiguous, or not clear, applied to t!ie mean-
ing of words ; no! ilcle^^iiied in ilieniind on account of the
quality of the prools /'ur and a^uiiisi; not secure; suspi-
cions ; timorous.
DO UBTFULLY, (doiiifidly) ad. with uncertainty aiyl
irresolution; with ambigiiitx. or want of clearness.
DO'UBTFULNESS, (dot^i/vMuss) s. n state of the niiijfl
wherein it is unable to determine ceitiiiniy. reality, or tr«it'n,
for want of preponderating prc:ofs ; iimerlainty. Thsjt
which may admit of various and coutrarj senses, applic-j to
worls.
-27U
DOW
DOUBTINGLY, {doutinghf) ad. in sticli a manner as to
pe uncertain with respect to the reahtyor iriith of a thing;
m such a manner as to be fearful of some future ill.
DO'UBTLESS, {duiithss) a. without any fear or appre-
hension of danger or ill ; without doubt ; cerlainly. Used
adverbially, it implies without doubt, question, or uncer-
taintv.
DO'UCKRR, s. a bird that dips in the water.
DOVE, s. [diivu, old Teut.] a wild pij;por>, generally ap-
plied to the female of the species. 'I'lie dove is the symbol
of simplicitv ;ui(l innocence.
DO'VECOT, s. a small building in which pigeons are
kept ; a pigeon house.
DOVER, a sea port town in the county of Kent, with
Iwo markets, on Wednesday and Saturdav. It is one of the
cijique ports, and a corporation, consisting of a mayor and
twelve juats. Its castle stands on a hifjli hill, and is very
Stroni; containing' barracks for .3000 men, and commandinjj
aviewoftJK^ French coast. Tlie inhabitants are chiefly
(upportcd by the shippin^'.and by ship building', roi)e-mak-
ing, and a small manufaclory of sackin;;. It is 72 miles
from London, 15 from Canterbury, and 21 from Calais in
Fraacp.
DOVETAIL, f. in carpentry, a form or manner of join-
ing boards, or timber, by letting on.' piece into another, in
form of a wed^'e reversed, or a dove's tail. This is one of
the strongest kinds of joinings.
DOUGH, W") J. [f/"/', Sax. J the paste made for bread or
pies bef ire it is baked.
DOUGH |}A'K1;D, a. unfinished ; not hardened to per-
fection.
DOUGHTY, (f/u%) a. IdnMg;, Sax.] brave, noble, illus-
trious, in ancient authors. Obstinately brave ; stiff. Used
by moderns to convey some ludricrous or ironical idea of
Strengtii and courage.
J)0'UGHV,frfdfi/)a. not baked; not baked enough. Fi-
urat-ivelv, soft ; not confirmed by years or education in
he love of virtue.
To DOUSE, ». a. [perhaps from dusis, a fall, Gr.l to plinige
Wlddenly our head ni the water ; to give a persmi a box on
the ear. Neuteil , to fall suddenlv into the water.
DOU'^K, 3. a box on llic ear ; a low and cant word.
DO'WAGER, s. ldiiuni)-i(re. Ft.] a widow who has a
jointure; a title given to the widows of kings, or olher no-
bilit\.
DO'^VDY, >. an awkward, ill dressed, and clownish wo-
man. Arljcctivelv, awk«ard ; inelegant.
DOAVEK, s. that portion v. hch the law allows a widow
out of the estates of hrr hu>liand, after his decease.
DO'U'RKEl), pari, portioned ; supplied with a portion.
D<V\VI''.|{LI',SS, a. \Mlliout a poilion.
DOWL \S, s. a coarse kind of linen.
D()\\'N, s. f'ormei Iv spelt f/H«« ; [diiiiii, Dan.] soft feathers,
Ecnerallv those which grow on thf breasts of bir. Is o fowls.
Figiinitivclv, tliMt whicli sofiens or alleviates anv uiirasy
eensalion ; soft wool, or Iiiidcr hair.
Dl>\V.\, s. [dnu, >:\\.] ;i hirgr open plain or valley. In
the pliir;d, used for a road mar the coast of Di;ii in Ki-nt,
which is I'assed l)\ shippiMghomcward aiidouluard bound,
and is a gi'iii'ral place for men of v ar to i ciulizvous.
DOWN, a large, riili, and |iopulous countv of Ulster in
Irelantl, aliout 40 miles long and 27 brtiad : conlaiiiing 72
parishes, and about 2ol,()i)0 inhaliilants. It is a fertile
countrv, lliough parllv encumbered bv bogs, and carries on
a large linen niannfactiire. The tiabit;ili(ins are tn'at, with
un orchard to almost every collage. Its < hief town is
Downpatrick, a small town, 7 miles W. of Strangford Ray,
and 71 NE.of D'lblin. Near il are the remains of an old
calhedial, remarkable for the tomb of St. Patrick, tke foun-
der.
DOWN; prrp. [niiiinn, Sax.] from a higher to a lower
titualion ; along a descent, troni a rising grniind to the
plain on which it stands. Towards the mouth, applied to a
river.
280
S
DRA
DOWN, arf. on the ground ; from a higher to a Inwer si-
tuation ; tending to the ground, or towards the centre. Out
of sight, or below the horizon, applied to thesitualionotthe
sun, moon, Ac. "The moon is down." Shak. Tolwil down,
is to exhaust alt its strength, or so as to macerate or boil t«
pieces, l^p and down, every where, or w ithoul any confia«-
ment to place.
DOW.\,[T'og-o] to be digested ; to be received.
To DOW.V, r. rt. to knock ; to subdue ; to suppress.
DOWN, interject, an exhortation to fling a person on the
ground, ormake him fall by means of a blow; to demolish
or destroy a building.
DOWNtAST, n. bent down ; directed to the ground.
DCyWNFALL, (daun/nul) s. ruin, api>lied to buildingn.
Calamity, disgrace, or change from a state of dignitv, atnii-
ence.aiid power, to one of indigence, niiscrv, and disgrace.
DO'WNHAM, Market, a town of Noifolk, noted for
the great (piantities of butter that are b. ought hither, and
sent to Cambridge up the Oust, whence it is conveyed in
the Cambridge waggons to London, and generally known
there by the name of Cambridge butter. It is seated on
the river Ouse, 11 miles nearlv S. of Lynn, 42 W. of Nor
wich.aiid HfiN. by E. of London. Market on Saturday.
DO'WNIHLL,'*. declivity; descent. Adjectively", de.
clivous, descending.
DO'WNTON, a town in Wiltshire, with a trade in malt-
ing, paperniaking, tanning, and lyce-making. It is seated
on the liver Avon, 6 miles SE. of Salisbury, and 84 VV. SW.
ol Loiifloii. Maiket on Fridav.
DdAVNLOoKIsI), n. with the eves cast down or looking
towards tile gnmiid, the iiatiiial e\pies-,ioii of sorrow.
DOWNLY'lNt., <r. about to be in traiail ofchildbirlh.
DOWNRlfiHT, (f/diz/nO'"'- straight do\Mi; inastiaight
or pel pendicular Imp' ; in plain terms ; complelely. With-
out a'lv dissimublmn, flattery, or ceiemony.
DO AVNliUiir'.", (rf !/»/(() II. pl.iin ; open; professed;
without disguise or (lissiuiidalion ; diretiK tending lo tii4
point : without cirt undocution ; artless ; without ceremony ;
honestlv : siirlilv.
DO WN-;|TTING, s. the act of going to rest, alluding te
the I a-itvii I iisiom cjf l\ ing in the ground ; rest ; repose.
DOAVXWARD, or DOW'NW\RI)S, „d. [dnneuesrd.
Sax.] towards the centre, ur towards llie ground ; from a
higher to a lower situation. In a course of siutession Iroui
father to smi, ,\ c. appl ed lo descent or geiii alogy.
DOWNWARD a. moviiigfroma highertoa lower situ-
ation ; declining ; bending, or sloping towards the
ground.
DOWNY, (7. coveied with soft and short featlieis, <ir
with a nap; made of soft feathers or down ; soft ; teiidi r ;
SOI thing.
DO \\ RV, or DOW RE, i. is (iroperly the money or for-
tune v>li'ilia wife brings lo her husband in marriage; and
d I tiers ftoMi diivpr.
DOXO'LOGY. s. (from doxa, glory, and A.g^o.t.a word, (ir.]
a shovl verse or seiiti lice including praise and thanksgiving
to <iofl : such as " fihrij be to the jFiilncr, mid to tl>e Son, and
to t/r Hiilfl aiiust."
DOXY. s. a strumpet; a prostitute.
To DOZI', V. II. [di:ti.i. Sax.] lo slumber; to he half
asleep ; to be in a state of sleepiness. Actively, to stupefy
or iiuike dull.
DOZEN, (ddzen) s. \dou:aine, Fr.J a collection of twelve
tliin;;s or person.
DOZINESS, s. sleepiness, drowsiness ; a strong intliuA-
tion or propensity to sleep.
DOZY, II. inclined to sleep, drowsy, sleepy.
DRAB, s. [drabhc, i^-.w.]^ common [nosti'tute, a loose or
uiicliaste wdiuan ; a thick cloth made of wool.
DRACHM, {dram) s. \drachmn, Lat.l an ancient sil'.VT
coin worth about seven pence three farlliings sterling; th»
Kith part of an ounce A voirdupoisc weight. A;iiong uti«»-
thecaries, the 8th p.irt of an ounce, weighing cither 3 scri>-
pies or 00 grains. An ancient Jewish coin, having ou ou*:
DRA
«iJe a hurp, and on the reverse a bunch of grapes, called by
till' Jews half a shekel, hut by the Greeks a rfcrtr/mi.
UIIA'CO, 'itf uriiK"" ; '" astronomy, a constellation of
tht northern hrniispheie.
DIlACU'NrUIA'S, s.[(li>mnnlive,fTOUi n.ttto, a (Irajjon.
Lat.j a worm breediii-j between the skin anil the flesli in
hot coiiulries, and reported to grow toilic ,eiii;tu of several
yards.
lili.WF, s.[tfraf, Bclg.] refuse; lees; drees, properly
lomelhinj; ttiiid.
DRA'Fl-'V, a. ahoundins indre^s or sediments. Figura-
tivelv, worthless, or oiilv (it to lieiiung away.
DRArr s. See I)rai;ght.
DRA FT, a. a corruplion of DRAUGHT.
To DRAG, 1!. tf. [ilirrmiyt. Sax.] to pull alon;; tl.c ^'roiind
by main force ; ti.( draw aloiii; c(iiitciii|>tuM(i.-,l\, aucl as u/i-
worthy any notice; lo pull ahinjjwith vii.lence. Nculerly,
to han^' so low MS lo trail upon the ground.
DRA(;, s. I'lrng; Sa\.la!i instrauieut with hooks, used to
catch hold of tliiu;j;s under water.
To DRA'CiGI.F., V. a. to make dirty bv trailing' aloni; tl:e
ground. Ncuterly, to grow or become dirty h\ drawing
along the ground.
DRA'GNK,T, s. a net which is drawn along the hottom
of the water.
DRA'GON, s.[(lriigcn, Fr.] a serpent, whether real or
imaginary, suppose'l to lie furnished with wnigs, ai,(l to
jfrow to an enormous sze. Figuratively, one i-f a tier< e
and violent temper.
DR.\(jOMn', s. [diminutive of dingvii] a little dra-
gon.
DRA'GON'.S-BLOOI), ». a muderately heavv resin, of
which there are tvo Kinds; the one tirni and (Hiiipait,
Brought to us in small leaves, wrapp'v! up in long and nar.
row leave?, and are called the Drops or Tcnr- vf Drnu;,ni's
BInvd. The other is lirouglit in lai g'er uui.s-,!s or cakes of
an irn'gular tignre ; \\\\i is les.s lomiiin', less pine, and of
much less value than the other. 'Vh' -fenu lie drngov's
blood li the fruit o'a tail tree of the palm kind, coimiiou iu
the island of .lava, and some otiu r pu'ts of trie lva.it Indies.
Di!A'G<»NFI,V,.«.a tierce stinging <)v.
DKAGON><l|!'.AD, 5. a plant.
■ DKA'GGN TRRF,, s. a spec es of palm.
DIlAdO ON, .!. ffroni dingcn, Teut.] a soldier «ho serves
both on fool and horseliaeU.
To DRAIN, n. a.\lni::ifr, Fr.] to draw M\' w;irer or other
fluids gradiialU ; to empty a vessel by gradiiallv drawiiigort'
what it contains ; lo drv by setting In such a posture or po-
sition as the fluid mu>l naturally run out.
DRAIN, s.a channel through which waters are gradually
exhausted ordrawn; a watercourse ; a ^h!ice.
DRAKE, s. [(/)•«■.', Relg.] a waterfowl, the male of a
duck. A small piece of cannon, from dmcn, Lai.
DRAM, J. ill weight, the eighth part of an ounce. Such
a qnantitv of distiih-d or Sjiirituous liquors as is nsually
drank at once. Spirituous liquors.
To DRA.Vl, V. a. in low language, to drink drams; to
drink distilled spirits.
DR.A .MA, s. [from drinnrr, action, Gr.] a poem accommo-
dated to action ; in which tlie action is not i elated, hut re-
presented ; and in which therefore such rules are to be ob-
served as make the representation probable. The princi-
pal species of dnima are two, comedy, and tragciiy. Some
others there are of less note ; as pastoral, satiie, tiagic-to-
medv, <>|iera, ivc.
DRAMATIC, or DRAMATICAL, a. represented by
action or on the stage.
DRAMATICALLY, erf. after the manner ofa poem act-
ed oil the vta-TC.
DRA MATI'^T. s. the author or composer ofa dramatic
piece o'-t'-d on the stajje.
DRA \ K, tiie preterit of di-inh.
To DRAIT.., ti. (7. [fro.ii Anp Fr.] to make cloth. Flgii-
intM-elv, to jet", to aMtirize.
O o
-»R A
DR.ATER, s. one ulio sells either linen or woolleti
clolli.
DR.\TFRY, s. [drnpperie, Fr.] the trade O! art of making
cloth; clolh made either oi' linen or woollen. In painting
and sculpture, the representation of the garments or cloth-
ing of any figure.
DR.A'.STIC, n. [draHikos, from dnio, to act, Gr.] powerful,
vigoroui, etticacious. In medicine, a remedy winch woikj
soon or with speed.
DK.AL(ill,s. [pronounced and corruptly written dnff]
refusi- ; swill; a seuui of a pot; pot liquor, or the liquor
given to hogs.
DKAL'(jli T, {licifVjs. [drng/it, Relg.] the act ofdrinking.
A (pianlity of liquor drank at once. Liquor drank lor
plea=u e. "The action of moving or dragging carnages.
'I lie (juality of heing drawn or moved by pulling. '1 he re-
presentation ofa person or thing by painting. A sketch or
plan of some building or pi lure. A picture. In (isliing,
the act of catch ng bsli by a diag net. Tiie act of (lrawiii){
or shooting a bow. In war, forces ifiawii oft from the main
ainiy. A snilv or diain. 'File depth which a vessel sinks
into the water. In conuiieice, a bill drawn by one person
on aiiollier tin money. In the pliiial, a game played on a
clieiiiiiri d table, with rouinl pieces of box and elioiiy.
LitA\ I, the preterit of (/lire. Drove is more u.-,ed.
■< o bH v\\, e. «. [|iri lei. drrw : paitlcipic passive, i/rofm;
dnig'ni, S .X.J to pull along upon the <, round tioiiie one place
to another, lo pull up, or laiie from a deep place. To
iliag. To suck, 'lo attract; lo draw towards itself. To
hiiatheo ml. ale, applieu to air. 'lo take from a cask or
Vf s>el. 'Fo pi, II a swoidoul ot the scabhaid ; lo unsheath.
Total^e bread out of an ovrii. 'I o unclose, if dose before,
hilt loclo,e ti'gelher, if open, applied to curtains. 'I'o let
out any I quid. To extract. 'I o (.oiivey secretly. 'Jo pro-
liac or leiglheii. 'looeiive. 'I o deduce as from postu-
lales. In painting, to repieseiit the fkeiiess of any person
or lliin.,, eillii'r b\ a pi mil, pi ii, or (oloiiis. 'Fo imply, in-
fer, or lutiodiiie a roiisv-queiK e. Fo induce or persuade.
To win; tog.iin. 'louciive; to take up. Foexloil; to
force. 'lowre.5t; todistoit. 'lo.nlice; to seduce, to iii-
VI i:,le ; lo prevail on h\ loudness, used with in. In com-
men e, to ! (id ess a bill for a suni of money lo a person. In
mil.taiy allairs, todeiach or aejiarale from the main body;
topicpaie foracliiii; to range iii battle artay. To drair up,
tofiuiu III wriliiig; to compose. To contractor shrink.
To drim-baik, to retreat orretire : to retract a design, or de-
cline an undertaking. 7'« draw off, loextrait by diatillatioii ;
todiainoutby vent; to decli. e an engageineiit 'ir makes
retreat. In cookery, to disembowel ; to take out the gut*
of poultry.
l>.A\V,i. the act of drawing ; the lot or chance taken or
drawn.
DR.A WBACK, s. money paid back or abated for ready
payment. Figuratively, a deduction, or diinmulion ol the
value or qualities of a thin;;. In commerce, ceilain diil e.<
either of the customs or excise, allowed upon the exporta-
tion of some of our own manufactures, or on foreign n.er-
chandises that have paid adiits on iinpoi tation.
r)RAAVKRIDGF, s. a bridge moving' on hinges, and by
means of chains lifted up or let down at pleasure, in onler
to preserve .v destroy the conimunication between two
places, or a country and some fort.
DRAAVER, «. applied to persons, one employed in fef i !i-
ing water from a well, or cock. In public houses, one who
draws liquors from ca<;t.s. One who tiirms the rescmliiaice
ofa person on paper or can'ass. with a pen, i>encil, or biiish.
Applied to things, that which has the power of altra^:.i.if
townrds itself. In surgery, that which discliargt-s humours.
A box w iiich sbdcs in a groove or case.
DRAAVING. s. the act of taking or forming the likeness
ofa thing or pcisnn with a i>en or pencil ; a picture orawa
v,ith a pen nr penrit.
URA'WINGROOM, s. a nom to which compaiiv retire
after in entciatnincnt ; a roiMii set apa; t lor the reception oi
2hI
DRE
DRl
flompany at court. Figiirativrly, the person or company
aaseniblf H in a rlrauins;-rocn.
To DRAWL, r. It. to pronounce one's words with a slow,
disasreealile vliine.
])11A'\VWELL, s. a v/eli out of which water is raised by
means ofa bucket and rope.
DRAY, or l)RA'Y-C/vRT, s. [from drag. Sax.] a low
lart, used bv l>ie«ers to conx'ey liieir beer.
DRA'YHORSK, s. a horse wliitli draws a dray.
DR A YMAN, s. one who drives a dray.
DR A'YPl.OUGii,('/)oyp/«i;) J. a plr,;i<jh resemblingadray.
ORAYTOV, a town of Shr<;p-'liire, wilh a market on
P/ediicsiiay. It iias a good market for horses and taltle.
It is 17 miles K. by N. of Shrewsbury, and 134 N. W. of
London.
DK\7VA., s. a sluftish, mean, dirty woman.
DRE.XD, {(lied) s. Ulrcrd, Sax.] terror, or fear ; the sen-
sation occasioned 1)V tlie sight of some terrible or dangerous
ebject. Adjectively, awful or venerable in the hiijhest de.
gree. .
To nREAD, (drill) V. a. [dradan. Sax.] to fear to an ex-
cessive degree.
DRK'ADFJl, (drider) s. one who lives in continual fear
or apprehen-iion of some danger.
DRK'ADFUL, (dridful) a. causing excessive fear; fright-
ful ; forniidalile.
DRE'.'\DFULLY, {dridfulhi) ad. in such a manner as to
cause fear or terror.
DRE'ADFULNESS, s. that quality which causes exces-
^ivefear or terr^U'.
DRF;ADLRSn, {dr.fdless)a. void of fear ; undaunted.
DRK'AULKSSNE->S,(rf)c^//fMncj.c).r. a disposition of mind
that is void of fear ; intrepidity; uudauhledness.
DRF.AM, {dre(m)s. [droom, Celg.] tlie images which ap-
pear to the mind diirin;; sleep. Figuratively, a chimera ; a
groundless fancy, or conceit, which has no existence hut
\n the iinaginatiou.
To DRE.\!VL (dreem) v. n. to have ideas in the mnid,
while the outward senses are stopped during sleep, wliiih
are neither suggested l)y any extennil olijrct or luiowri oc-
casion, nor are uiifler the rule of the underslani^vjig ; to think,
.0 im.pv^ine, to fanrv,,vvitI)oiit reason. \
DRI'/.AMI'.R, idreemer) s. one who perceives things dur-
ing sleep, witlioiit the suggestion ofrxli-rnal objects; aper-
»on fond of conceits ; a faneifu] man.
DRE' A MI.,E'^S, {dre'cmhss) /r. w ilhoiit drpams.
DREAR, (dreir) a. [drnirifr. Sax.] affecting with me-
lanc'jolv ; mournrui.
DRE'.\RY, (Jriiri/) a. [dreiiis, S;i\.] full of sorrow, ()r
mourufid, applied to pers<in5. dloomy, disTuvd, or atUcliug
with niplau< IkiI^ , applied to places.
DREDGE, .5. a tlii<k, strong net, fastened to three spills
oi iron, ami drawn at a boat's slern, gathering whatever it
meets with at the bottcun of the water, used for catching
oysters, and is a species of the drag-ni't.
To DREDGE, v. a. to iish with a dredge. In cookery,
.o strew flour over tueat while roasting.
DRE'DGl'-R, s. one nho fishes with a dredge; a box
with snrjll holes at the top, used for strewing flour on meal
when roasting.
DllKGGIXESS, Wiig-iiwi) 1. fulness of lees or dregs.
Foulness, applied to liquors; abounding with a ropy sedi-
ment.
DRE'GGISH, ((//-e/j-ii/i) «. abounding with lees or sedi-
nieiit ; feculent.
DIIE'GGY, (drig-t/)a. muddv, foul, full of sediment.
DREGS, J. it has no singular; [dregleu. Sax. the bot-
tom, lees, or foid part of any liipior. Figuratively, the re-
cuse, sweepings, or worthless part of any thing ; ihedrossor
nieanesT part of a people.
To DliENCII, r. a. \dreneaii. Sax.] to soak or bathe; to
jilungc rfll over in scnii- liquor ; tov\asli; to .steep ; to mois-
l<>n : or make very w<'i; toadminister phvsic by violence.
LiRENCH, ». a draugh or s«ill, used by way of con-
as2
tempt; a portion or diink, prepared of several pli^sicf;!
ingredients fo; a sick horse ; physic which must be given by
force.
DRENCHER, s. one who dips or soaks any thiuj ; oue
who adiunisleis physic by force.
DRE'SDEN, a town ofGeimany, and capital of Saxony,
where the king always resirtes. It is divided by the ri-
ver F.lbe into the Old and New Town, which are joined
together by a bridge supported by nineteen piers, dud h
685 paces long. Bothjowns are surioiinded with strouj;
fort itic.'.t ions. All the houses are built of sfjuare free-stone,
and are almost all of the same height. The situation of thiji
citv is but low, and vet there is a tine prospect all around
it. " It is 75 miles N.'W. of Prague. Lon. 13. 33. E. lat. 61.
12. N.
To DRESS, 1'. a. \dresscr, Fr.J to put on clothes ; to adorn,
deck, or set out with clothes. Figuratively, to clotiie, or
represent in a favourable light. In surgery, to apply a
plaster or other remedy to a W(umd. To curry, or rub, ap-
plied to horses. To rectifv ; to adjust. To trim, applied
to lamps. To prepare victuals fit tor eating, applied to
cookery. To curl, to comb out, or otherwise to ydoru hair
or perukes.
DRESS, s. tl.at which a person wears fo cover his bodir
from the inelemeucy of the weather; clothes or splendid
attire ; the skill or taste in chnosing or wealing elulhes.
DRE'SSER, i. one employed in putting on a person's
clothes; a broad and long kind of table or shelf, in a
kitchen, used to prepare victuals.
DilKSSIN(i, s. in surgery, the plaster, or other remedy,
applied to a sore.
To DRI'IUJLE, f. »i. [by successive alterations froiH drip,
(t{ dripimu. Sax.] to fall in drops. To let the spittle fall
from one's mouth ; to slaver like an iulaiit, or an idiot. Ac-
tiv(>|\,to throw down, orscatli'r in drops.
DRI'ni.ET, i. a small simi of money.
DRIER, s. in medicine, that which has the qii;ditj of
absorbing moisture.
DRIFT, s. the force which impels or drives a person or
thing ; violence ; course : a raft or any thing driven at ran-
dom, or in a body ; a stratum, laver, or covering of any
uiiitli-r blown together by the wind. A snow drift, i. e. a
deep boib, of snow. The teudencv or particular design of
anaili( n; thp scope or teuo- of a discoursi.
'Fo DKIFT, e. n.todrive or force along; to throw toge-
ther on luaps ; to amass.
Tn nKM.I., r. n.['lnl/fn, Relg.] fo make a hole with an
angle, i;iiiilrt. or drill ; to bore ; to drain, or make its pas-
.sage Ih'i u.,lisnuill holes or inteistices. To exercise sohliers,
from the French Ji iV/c, a taw soldier.
DllllJ,, s. an instiumeut used to boreholes in wood,
iron. (11 brass.
I'ltrLL-SOWING, s. a method of sowing grain or seed
of anv kind, so that it may all be at a proper depth ni the
earth, wh eh is necessary to its producing h<'allhfnl and vigo-
rous plants. A variety of drill i>loiighs have been invented
for this purpose, but the practice has not yet been brought
to great P''ifi'ction.
'I'o DRINK, r. 77. prefer. f/;vr7ii or rfrH7iA, participle pas-
sive, driinh, or dr>inhtn : [drincan, .'^ax.J to swallow liquors.
Figuraliveiv, to swallow an immoderate quantity of liquor.
7'f<(//i'i/.<", to salute in drinking; to VMsh well in drinking.
Figurativelv, to suck u\i, or absorb, 'i'o hear ; to see.
DRI.NK, .?. liipior to be swallowed, opposed to meat, or
solid food ; aiiv particular kind of liquor.
DRINKABLE, n. that mav be drank.
DBINKI'.U, .«. one who is fond of swallowing quantitie*
of intoxicating li(piors.
DIU'.NK INiO.SI.Y, .t. monev given to buv liquor.
'I'o DHH', r. 71. [dni'pi-ii. P.elg.| to fall in drops To let
fall in drops, applied to the I'.it which tails from meat v/hiJe
roasting. Actively, to let fall in drops, to droi< ai <ttt •«
roasting.
DRIP, I. that which fails in drops.
DRO
DRO
DRITl'ING, f. (lie fat which drops from meat wliile
roiisliruj, ciillrd also kitclu'ii stuff.
l)(!ITl'IN(i-l'AN, i. the piiii in whicli the fat of roast
meat is caught.
To DRIVE, V. a. pretpr. rfcoiv, parlitip. pass, driven, or
drove ; \dr'fim. Sax.] to make a person or tiling move by
vioiciuc ; to send to any phice by force; lo convey animals;
or make tliein walk from one place to another ; to eonipel ;
•o enforce, or pnsh home a proof or ar;,Mnnent. To distress;
to straiten. Tit drir- trade, to carry it on. To conduct a
carria^'e. To let drive at, to intend ; to mean ; lo endea-
vour lo aecomplisii ; to aim, or strike at with fury. To pu-
rifv by million.
To Dl'.rVEL, V. n. [ a corruption from drilihle] to let the
spittle fall out of one's month like an infant or idiiit.
DKI'VEL, s. slaver, spittle, or moisture dropped fr«mthe
month.
DUrVELLER, s. a fool or idiot, so called from their
lettiniithe slaver drop from their months.
DiJI'VEELIiNG, /»«/•(. doting ; weak in the understand-
ili{; ; foolish.
DKI'VEU, s. the person or thing which communicates
motion by force; one who {juides an<l conveys beasts from
one place lo another; one who nianai^es and guides the cat-
tle which draws anv carriage.
To DRIZZLE, 'v. a. [from driselcm, Teut.] to shed in
small drops, or wet mist, like dew. Neulerly, to let fall in
small slow drops.
l>KiZ/LY, a. descendingin small slow drops; descend-
ing in a mist ; resembling a mist, or moist vaponr.
DKOCiHK'DA, a large, populous, well built, and in-
creasing town of Eoull), in Leinsler. It lias an excellent
harbour, and tiades in English coals, corn, and other heavy
Roods. It is seated on the Bovne, 5 miles W. of the Irish
CJicUHiel, and 23 N. of Dublin."
DliOIE. .r. a drone ; a sluggard.
DROITWICH, a town of VVorcestersliire, seated on the
river Salwarp, is of great note for its salt pits, from which
they obtain about 700,000 bushels of sail aniuialh . A canal
from hence lo the Severn, abi>ut 3 miles iVom Worcester,
was linislied in 1771. It is (> miles E. N. E. of Worcester,
and IIhW. N. W. of l.oiulon. Maiket on Eridav.
I'KOI^E, n.[dride, Er.l comira'l ; exciti g laughter.
DHOLE, or DKOLL, s. [rJndcr, Ei.] a person whose
business and employ it is to laise mirth by antic gestures,
er C(uiiical jests ; a merrv andrew, or Jack puddisig ; a farce
COrnpo^eil to excite lairgliter.
To DROLL, V. n. [frciui drhh, Er.] lo plav the huftoon.
DROLLERY, s. jest ; ridicule ; or an endeavour to make
a thing ilie object of mirth, ridicule, or launbter.
J)RO'iMEDARY, «. [dnmitditre, Ilal.] in natural history,
a sort of camel, said lo travel loo miles a day. It is
smaller, slenderer, and nimbler than the common camel,
having either one or two hairy excrescences on its back,
and is ca))able of great fatigue. Its hair is soft and short;
it has no fangs or foreteeth, nor horn on its fi'et, which are
covererl with a fleshy skin ; it is about seven feet and a half
high, from the ground to ibe top of its head.
DRONE, s. [droeii. Sax.] the male bee, which hatches the
young, makes no honev, has no sling, and is driven from
the hive when the hatching time is over. Eiguratively, an
inactive, useless, or sluggisli person.
To DRONI'., V. n. lo live an inactive, useless, and dull
life, like that ofa drone.
DRO NFIEIJ), a pretty town of Derbysliirc, with a free
school, is situated in a valley among the mountains at the
edge rif ihe Peak, in a fine heallhv air, G m les S. of Shclfield,
and 'S.'iN. N. W. of London. Market on Thursday.
DRO'NISH, a. like a dioue; useless; sluggish and in-
active.
To DROOP, e. n. [from droef, P.elg.] to languish with
sorrow; to hangdov^•n the head with sorrow. Eiguralivelv,
to gr"w faint, weak, or dispirited ; to sink : to lean dowu-
wjwas; ;o »iecliue, beautifully applied bv Milton.
DROP, s. dropjya. Sax. J a smail portion or particle of
water, or otlicr fluid, in a spherical form ; as nuali iiijuur as
falls at <mce when there is not a coiiliiiual itream ; a dia-
mond han.^ing loose from the ear; so called from ils resem-
bling the form ofa drop of any fluid in ils descent. Drnpr,
Iho plural, in Architecture, are ornapjenls, in the Doric eiua-
blatiire, representing drops, or iitile bells, immediately un-
der Ihe triglyphs. In physic, any spirituoua medicine to be
taken in drops.
To DROP, p. a. [droppim. Sax.] to pour in small round
particles; lo let g<i; to let a thing fall from the hand ; tn
utter slightly, or without caution ; to insert or inlrofluce bi
way of digression ; to intermit, cease, or decline: *.o lose iit
its progress; to bedrop, or speckle. Neuti rly, to f^ll in
sepaiate particles. ofa roundish form ; to let drops fall; to
consume in drops; to fall, or eomefioma higher lo a lower
situation ; to fall witlumt violence ; lo die suddenly. To
drop in, lo come unexpectedly by.
DK()'l'PlN<j,«. any liipior which has fallen in drops.
DROP SERENE,*. |fiom £■»««, a<lrop, and *pr«»a, clear,
Lai.] in phvsic, a disease of the eye, consisting of an entire
loss of sight, without any apparent I'ault or disorder of the
part.
DROTSICAL, n. diseased with a dropsy; hydropical;
tending to a dropsv.
DROPS! ED. narf.aflected with a dropsy.
I)HOPST0NE, s.a spar formed into tl.es'iiapeof a drop.
DROPSY, s. anciently writt"n liydnpisy, whence dropis.i,
or drapsi/ ; [hydrops, Lat. from nrf»r, water, Gr.] in |di\»ic,
a preternatural collection or extravasation of aqueous
serum, or water in any part of the liody, whicli greatly dis-
tends the vessels, is attended with weakness of digestion,
and a conlinual thirst.
DROPWORT, *. a !;enus of plants, called by Liniicu*
oenantiie; there are ihree Pirilisli species, viz. the li ater,
hemlock or deadlougue, and pimpeirial dropwo t; the first
and last species are I'ounii in ponds and ditches, and the se-
cond on the banks of rivers.
DliOSS, J. [dros. Sax.] the scum, sediment, or gros^t
parts <d' any metal ; the crust or rust of a metal. Figuni-
tivelv, Ibe refuse or most wtirtliless part of any tiling.
DRO'SSINESS, s. the impuritv of metals ; foulnpDS ; rust.
DRO."iSY, n. full of impurities, foulness, or impure par-
ticles. I'iguralively, as worthless as dross.
DROVE, s. a number of cattle under the guidance o<
one or more persons; any collection of animals. Fignra-
tivelv, a great ciowdor multitude.
DROVER, 1. one who fats cattle for sale, and sends them
to market.
DROUGHT, {drnnt) s. [diygode. Sax.] applied to the
weather, dry weather, want of rain ; thirst, or great waul or
desire of drink.
DROUGIiTlNESS,(rfmi<ine**)«. thestateofa soil which
wauls rain; the state ofa person affected with thirst.
DROUGHTY, {drofity) a. wanting rain; parched with
heal ; tbitstv, or wanting drink.
To DROWN, f. a. [druncnian. Sax.] to plunge and suf-
focate under water ; lo plunge or overwhelm in water ; to
overflow, or cover with water. Figuratively, to imnierge,
plunge in, or overwhelm with any thing; to die, or be suf-
focated underwater.
To DROWSE, (drowze) v. a. [droosn,, Belg.] to make
heavy with, or strongly inclined to, sleep. Neuterly, lo
sleep.
DROWSILY, ad. sleepily; heavily; sluggishly, idly,
shjlhf'ullv, lazilv.
DRO'WZINESS, (rfroir-iwfw) *. a strong propensity and
inclination to sleep. Figuratively, slothfulness, or inac-
tivitv.
DROWSY, (drow:;/) a. strongly inclined to sleep; heavy
with sleep. Eiguralivelv, causing sleep ; dull, or stupid.
To DRUB, V. a. [from drtdm-, Dan.l to beat sound'y
with a stick ; to thresh, thump, or cudgel. A word of cw-
tetnpt.
28a
HR U
DRY
DKUTj, t. ;i tliutnp, kii()tl<,<ir IiIdw ; a snutHl Iievilin^.
To DKIIDGK, !■. 11. [i'l-unt riraif/ien, Relg.] to work liaid at
mean ;iihI x-rvilc cMiployiiiciits ; to slave.
DllUDG F-. s. one eiiipliiyi'd in mean, liaid, and fatiguing
labour ; a iikmc slave.
DKU'DGEIIY, J. lo\v, mean, servile, hard, and fatiguing
labour.
DRU'DGINGBOX, s. the 'oox out of which flour is
sprinkled upnn roast meat.
DRI'DGIXGLY, a(/. in a laborious, fatiguing, and toil-
some manner.
DRUG. s. [ih-o^tie, Fr.] an ingredient used in physic or
dying, Figuratively, any lliing of small orno value.
To DRUG, f. «. to mix with pliysical ingredients; to
taint «ilii something disagreeable.
DilU'GGERiMAN', i. [tlruf;}ieman, Fr.] in commerce, a
name given in the Levant to the interpretprs kept by the
ambassadors of the Christian nations residing at ihe Porte,
to assist them in their treaties.
DRU'GGKT, s. in c'lminprce, a sort of thin stuff, some-
times all wool ; sometimes haU'nool, half thread ; and some-
times corded, but usually plain, and wove on a worsted
chain.
DRUGGIST, s. one whose business it is to sell physical
ingredients.
DRUID, s. [from derio, Sax.l t'le p.riests and ministers
of religion amongst the Brilons, Celtic Gauls, KP.d Germans.
They were in Rrilain the fir>tand most distinguished order
in the island, chosen out of the best families ; and the ho-
nours of their birth, added to t hose ol their function, procured
them the highest veneratioji. Thfv were versed in astro-
nomy, geometry, natural philosophy, politics, and geogra-
phy ; had the administration of all sacred things ; were the
interpreters of the gods, and supreme judges ni all causes,
Tvlictlier ecclesiastical or civil. Fiom their determination
was no appeal ; and whoever refused to acquiesce in their
decisions, was reckoned impious, and excommunicated.
They were generally governed by a single pc-rson, called an
Arciidriiid, who presided in all their assemblies. Once a
year they used to retire, or rather assendile in a wood, in
the centre of ihe island, at which time they used to receive
applications from all parts, and hear causes. Tl "ir iieculiar
opmions are not well ascertaineH bv writers, Ihoufrh it is
agreed by all, thai 'liey In Id tli' niuiortality'of the ioul,
and its traissmigniiinii ; ii'- .lothing could appease 'be
gods more powerfully llian human .sacrifices ; ami tbat
there was one supreme Deity, who presided over all
others.
DRUM, *. {drumme, Erse] a warlike instrument made of
thin pieces of oak, bent in a cylindrical form, covered at
each end with vellum, or parchment, which stretches by
means of braces running from one extremity to the other;
and made to sound by beating one of the ends with sticks
generally made of brasil wood. Kctlle-dnim is that w lioic
body is made of brass or copper, in the form of a kettle,
and covered at the top with parchment like the common
<.nc. The ilrmn of tlic ear, is a small membrane in the inner
part of that organ, w hich is so stretched as to ccmvcy the
sensation of sountl, by the vibration which sounding bodies
cause uiion it.
To DRUM, r. a. to heat a twareh, &-c. on a drum with a
slick. To beat, or vibrate, applied to the motion of the
heart.
DRUMIST.\'JOR, s. the chief drummer of a regiment.
Everv regiment has a dnnnniajor, who has the command
ovr the other drums. They are distinguished from the
joldlers by ( lothcs of a diflerent fashion : when the balta-
l'.>ii is drawn up, their post is on the Hanks ; and on a march,
tn-tiveen the divisions.
DI-IU'IMMFK, s. he that beats fhcdrum; every company
t/l foot has one, and someliiiies two.
fjRUNK, a. [from ilrinh] intoxicated, or deprived of
tne Use of Ihe underslartdnn;, by immoderate drinking. Fi-
i(urdlivelv, soaked ; beautifully applied to iiiiniunatc >,hings.
2it4
Synon. Half a pint of wine w II make some men i-uwA,
when (illicrs kl'.all drink a gallon without b: ingtiie least /uii-
died. Good success will sometimes so inloxicate a persou
as to take him ort' from his business, and render him dii-
agreeable to all his acquairitaiice.
DRUNKARD, s. one given to the excessive use of strong
liquors.
DRU'NKF.N, part, [from VmJi\ intoxicated with liquet-;
given to habitual drunlienness; frequently intoxicated willi
l;<pior.
DRU'XKEXLV, erf. after the manner of one intoxicated
with strong liquors.
DRUNK KNN ESS, *. intoxication, or ebriety ; the habit
of getting drunk. Figuratively, an intoxication or disorder
of the mind.. Prov. V/hat sobenieis co::cials,. drunheunen
reveals — He that kills a tnan wlun lie is drunk, must te liniigud
when lie is sober.
DRUSKS, a people of Syria, on the mountains Libanus
and An!ilibianu;4, governed by particular princes, called
Emirs. Tliey are very friendly to Europeans; worship the
images of the Eaiiits, like the llonian Catholics, yet observe
the fast of Rauin)ed;ui, and otter their devotioiis both in
IMahometan mosques, and Cluistiau churches. Some of
Ihcni admit circumcission, but others reject it. They are
a strong and robntt people, o{ an active and entc prisin-g
character, and accustomed from their iiiliUicy to fatigues
and hardships. Their language is pisre .\iabic.
DRY, n. [drip:, Sax.] without wet or moisture. Wilh-
out rain, applied to the seasons. Thirsty, or alliirst for
want of drink. Figuratively, barren; plain; hard; acrid;
severe.
To DRY, V. a. to free from, or exhale moisture or wet ;
to wipe away moisture, used with up; to drain; to drink
up. Nenlerly.to grow dry.
DRY'ADl'.S, in the heathen mythology, were a sort of
deities or nymphs, which the ancients thought inhabited
groves or woods. They differed from \hv Hamodiyades ;
these last being attached to some (larticular tree, wherewith
they were boin, and wi'h which they died; whereas the
Dn/ndi's were the goddesses of trees and woods in general.
DRY'ER, f. that which has the quality of absorbing
moist \i re.
DRY-EYED, <z. without tears; without having theeyts
nioistenrd with tears.
DRY'LY, ad. without moisture. Figuratively, in a cold
or indifterent manner. With great reserve applied to treat-
ment or behaviour ; in a sarcastical or ironical manner.
Without any embellishment, applied to style.
DRY'NI'.SS, s. want of moisture; want of rain; want
of juice. Figuratively, want of embellishment, applied to
stvle, or srt discourses.
DRY'NURSE, s. one who brings up an infant without
su( king.
'I'o DRY'NURSE, r. a. to bring up an infant without
sucking.
DRY'SIIOD, a. without wetting the feet ; without tread-
ing in the water above the shoes.
DUAL, a. [from d...j, two, Lat.] expressing or iiielnding
only two. In the Hebrew or Greek language, a vui iation of
a noun which only signifies tiro, a distinction which th«
modern languages serin deficient in.
To FJU 1 5," V. n. [nddiMa till riddara, Tslandic, to dub m
kiiigh!. A'ldabba. in its primary signification, implies to
strike, knights being made bv a blow given with a swordj
to create or make a man a knight ; to cojife>- any title or
di"iiily.
DUI', s. a blow or knock.
DUBIOUS, a.[duhiiis. Lit.] not sctthd in an opinion,
applied to persc^ns. Not fully proved, or that which has
equal probability on either side, applied to opinions. Not
plain; not clear.
DUBIOUSLY, ad. intuch a manner as will admit of dif
fcrent senses.
DUBIOUSNESS, s. uncertainty.
DDC
DUL
DU'KITABI.E, a. ihat may br questioned or doubted;
that a pt-rsoii insiv deiline assent in;; to.
DUBrrA'I'ION, s. [dubitiitio, fnini didito, to doubt, Laf.]
the act <)t'doul>lins, Oi t(iiestionni;; tho Iriitli of a (hini;.
DUBLIN, tlic cai)ital of Irchiml, in the county of tlie
name name, is a large, handson'.e, and populous city, sealed
on llie river Littev, or Aiuia Liffey. The appearance of
this metropolis, the R.iv of Dublin, and the surrounditig
counlrv, on approaching; lliem tVoni the sea, is j^raii'l and
beautiful ; after passin;; llie Isle of Land)ay, and liiat of Ire-
land's Eye, which is sinall, bein;;a loflv and gro1es(pie look-
ing riicli, aufl the cra^'gy niouutaiii of Howtli, in coming
from the ri'>rth; or, after passing the rocky clitls of Brav in
approaching from the snuth, the extensive Bay of Dublin
opens on the view : on the left are seen the iiillsand moun-
tains of Wicklow; on the right, the gently rising shores of
Clontarr ; the city, on a rising ground, at the extremity of
the bay.audat seveial miles distance, with domes aiul spires,
ferminates the view. The cassoon, a beautiful pluiros, or
light house, 4 or b miles from the citv, seems, like another
K<l(lystone light lions?, to rise out of the sea ; from this, how-
ever, there is a broad an<l firm wall, or pier, lately com-
pleted, reaching to Uiiigsend, to wliii h the city is now nearly
extended. On the north side of the wall is the harbour,
where vessels lie safe at anchor with an open sea to the K.
On the south side (if the wall, near the town, are w harfs,
principally used for bathing; and between these and the op-
DU'C'KING, s. the plunging or dipping e pcmoo in \vn-
ter; a punishment indicted Ly the mob tiia pickpocket.
At sea, it is a way of punisliicg offriiders, by binding tlie
malefactor with a lopeto the end of ihe yard, from whence
he isviiilently let down into Ihe sea, once, twice, or Ihrite,
accordnig to his nflence, which, if it be vi iv giei.t, lie in
drawn underneath the keel of Ihe ship, which they call kcfl-
liauling.
DUCKINGS ' OOL, s. a chair in which women are
p!ui!ge(i uiu'er uatei for scolding.
DCCKL1-G(>!;D, a. having le<;s like a dmli ; having
Sluirl l<';4S.
DU CKlJNCi, s.A young duck.
DU'CK^iEA^^ s. a genus of plsuits, called by Linne::?.
leiuua. 1 here are three British species, \ iz. llie ivyleaved,
.least, and ,;rc;:ter. They flower in June and July, and arr
very accepl.dile food for ducks.
DUCT, s. [from ducn, to lead, Lat. J guidance or .iirection.
In anatom\, any canal or tube in anv animal b'idy, titrougU
which the humours or fluids are co:ive\ed.
DU'C! FLE, a. [from duco, to lend, Eat ] easy to be bent ;
easy to bediawn out in length. Tiactable, complying, or
yielding applied to the mind.
DU CTILENESS, s. the quality of being drawn out in
length.
DUCTILITY, s. in physic, a property of certain bodies,
whereb\ they b< co'rie ■apable of being pressed, beaten.
jiosite shore is an extensive and smooth strand, which is drv stretched, or drawn out to a great length without breakiiijj
et low water ; there is a wharf also on the iN. side of Ihe river,
for Ihe pur]>ose of bathing, and elegant baths on both sides
of the water. From Rinpend upwards, through the whole
citv, the river is embanked with quays on both si<les ; as
these are open nearly through their whole extent, they form
beautiful walks of very extensive range. The docks laid
out on each side of the river are sutiiciently capacious to
h.>id several thousands of vessels. The streets of Dublin
are pretty regular, and well paved, the squares spacious and
elegant, and the public buildings superb. The town is sup-
plied with water by means of pipes. A circular road, about
10 or 11 miles in length, encompasses the city, and the
country around it is pleasant. There is not yet in Ireland,
as in England, a parochial piovisioii for the poor ; but there
arc, throughout the coantry, institutions for their relief,
jupported bv voluntary contributions. Of this sort is the
House of Industry in Dublin. The trade ofDublin is exten-
sive, though since the imion it has been on the decline ; yet
ills thought by some that the coimtry will be ultima telv bene-
fited by that measure. The bar at the entrance of the har-
bour renders the approach of large vessels difiicult and dan-
gerous; some improvements, however, are projected to re-
racdv this great defect. Lat. 53. 23. N. Ion. 6. 37. W.
DU'BLI.Sl, a county of Ireland, in Leinster, 2.5 miles iu
liMigth, and ifi in breadth, bounded on the N. by Mcath, on
ihe Vi. by the Irish Channel, on Ihe S. by Wicklow, and on
the W. by M.-atii and Kildare. The soil is rich and fertile
iiicorn and pasture. It contains 107 parishes, 20 of which
are in fiie city ofDublin, 4 market towns, and about 26,000
Iwuses.
Dli i.'A.T^, a. belongingto a duke.
DU'CAT, «. [so called because struck in the dominions of
aclukeja foreign coin, current on the continent; when of
silver, valued at four shillings and sixpence, but wlieii of
gold, at nine shillings and sixpence.
DUCATO'ON, J. a foreign coin, struck chiefly in Italy ;
wlienof sdycr, valued at four shillings and eightpeiice ster-
ling; and in gold, which is current in Holland, is worth
about one pound nineteen shillings and twopence.
DUCK, s. [from diicl.cn, Belff.] a water-fowl, both wild
and tame. Figurativelv, used as a word of great fondness
and endearment. " Mv daintv diuk." Sliak. A sudden
bending down, or declining of the head.
1 o DUCK, I'. 71. to plunge one's head or dive under wa-
ter; to drop down one's head; to bow low; to cringe ; to
nwkc obeisance. To plunge a person iiiidei water b\ way
OlDUnistniieiit.
Tractableness, compliance, applied to the mind, or to per-
sons.
DUT-GEON,.'. [dole/,, Teut.] a small dagger. " On the
blade of thy dudgeon." S/iah. Quarrel, illwill, malice,
jars, or coniiuotions ; from dolg, Sax. a wound.
DUDLEY, a town in Worcesierahire, insulated in Sta<-
fordshiie, containing about 20(10 families, most of whom are
employed in Ihe nianufiiclure of nails and oilier iron wares.
It is 10 miles W. of Birmingham, 16 E. of Bridgenorth, and
120 N. \V. of London. Market in Saturday.
DUE, particip. pass, of otce ; [du, Fr.] that which a person
has a right to demand as a debt, as sti[iulated in a compact
or othei w ise ; that which a person ought to pay, or which a
thing might lay claim to.
DUE, nrf. among sailors, directly, exactly. " l>M«-ea$t."
DUE, i. that which belongs to, or may be claimed by a
person ; right; just title to a thing. In the plural, custom,
or taxes.
DIJ'KL, i. [diiellum, low Lat. from duo, two, and helhnn.
war, Lat.] is a single comliat at a time aii<l place appointci ;
in conse<iuence of a challenge; it must be premeditated,
otherwise it is called a reneinmter. If a person he killed in
a duel, both the principal and seconds are guilty of murder,
whether the seconds engage or not.
To DUEL, )'. n. to fight in single combat. Activclj', tn
attack, or figlit with singly.
DUELLER, s. one who engages another in sin;:ls coru-
bat.
DUENNA, i. [Span.Jan old woman kept as a domestic
in Spain, in order to pry into the actions, or to lake care of
the conductjof a young lady.
DUET, s. a term in music for a song or air composed for
two voicesor instruments.
DUG, s. [dtf^iria, Ital.] a pap, nipple, or teat, generaliv
api)lied to tliat of a beast ; and to that of a liuuian ereatari*
only by way of reproach nnd contempt ; lliough fortnerly
it was applied to a human creature in a good sense.
DUKE, s. [from ducn, to lead, Lat.] is either the title of a
sovereign prince, as the duke of Savoy, Parma, Ac. or it ij
the title of lio'aour and nobility next below princes. The
commanders '.'f armies in time of war, the govcrHors of pirv
vincos, and wardens of niarchfs in time of peace, were cal-
led Duces, under the late emperors. At piesen!, duke is a
mere title of dignily, without giving any domain or territorv,
or conferring jurisdiction over the place from wlicDce tlje
lilJe i-> taken. \ dul\e is cieat«'.i by patent, ciiictuie vf
DUM
««'ord, mantle of stnte, iii'position ofu r:\p, atul ccHoiiet of
^old on his head, ami a vir^'c of sjold put hito his huiid.
His title is grace ; iiiid in the bt\le of llie heralds, most hi^^di,
potent, hifjn-born, ami nohle prince. Their eldest sons
ure, by theconrtcsv of l',n;;laml, st\ led niarqnises, and their
youn;^est lords, with tlw addition of their christians names,
as Lord Geor^'c, Lord Rohert, Ac. and take place of vis-
counts, thongli not so pi ivileifed bv the laws of the land.
DU'KRDO.M,*. the dominion of a duke.
DU'LBRAINF-D, a. slow of apprehension ; stupid ; waiit-
liiji sajacitv.
DU LCET, a. [diihis, Lat.] sweet to the taste ; agreeable
to the ear.
DlILCinCATION, .<:. [from ehdci.t, sweet, and facin, to
make, Laf.] in pharuuu<, the swc'teuini^ or rendering in-
sipid any matter inipre^'uated with salt, by ^^asllinl; it often
iiiwater; tlie act of rendering any thing which is acid,
sweet, by mixing i-t with sugar. The eond)in:ili()u of mine-
ral acids with alcohol. Thus we have dulcified spirit of
nitie, dnlcilied spirit of vitriol, Ac.
To DU'LCIFY, r. a. [diihijier, Fr.] to sweeten, to free
from salts, foulness, oracriuiouv of any sort.
DU'LCIjMER, i. [fl(il(iiiir!/(i, Ilal.] a musical iustnuiient,
strung with wires, resembling a harpsichord, and played on
with iron or bras^ pins.
To Dll'LCORATE, r. a. [from rlulcis, sweet, Lat.] to
sweeten : to reufler less acrimonious.
DIJLCORA TION, «. the act of sweetening.
DULL, «. [f/ic/, Dril. I slow of apprehension, a|>plied to
the luiderslandiiig. Rhjut, a])plu'd to the edge of anv in-
strument. Not ipiick,or not easilv perceiving objects, ap-
plied to the senses. Sliiw, applied to motion. Not bright,
or wauling vigour. Drowsv, sleepy, or melaucholv.
To DULL, 11. a. to bhnit the erige of an iustrunu^nt : to
sullv the iirightness of some shining bodv ; to make a per-
.son sad or melancholy ; to damp vigour; to stop or retard
motion.
DU'LLARD, s. a person of slow apprehension ; a block-
liead.
DM'iJ.Y, ad. in a stupid or foolish manner; in a slow,
iluggish.or melancholy niauuer.
DU'LT'JESS, i. weakue-5 of miderstanding ; slowness of
:(pprehension ; drowsiue^^; or strong propensity to sleep
l)ininess, or want of lustre, appi eil to the change made in a
shining body. 15luntness, or want of edge, appli( (I to in-
struments.
DU'LVERTON, a town of Somersetshire, with a manu-
facture of coarse wnollcn cloth and bl-.uiki t.. It is sealed
on the Dunsbrook, near its fall iuin Ihe l".\e, 24 miles S. E.
of Barnstaple, and 104 W. by S. (jf !,• udon. Maikel on Sa-
tiirdav.
DU'LY, ad. in such a nianiwr -.t; :- ilrie; or per^oll might
claim; propiuly ; titiv ; regukiiK ; pmucIimIK .
DUMR, (ditm) II. [from dum, {>> be silent, llcb. iliimhr, .Suv.]
mute; not able tosiuak; deprived of speech; mil using
words ; tefnsiiig to speak.
DUMBARTONSHIRE, nneiently LF.NN<)X,a countvof
ScollamI, Uiunded on the W. by Argvleshire and Loch
I/)nng: on the N. bv Argvleshire and I'erthshire ; on the
E. by Perthshire and .Stirlingshire; and on the .S. bv the
counties of l.aiierk ami Iteiifrew. Its greatest length is 4.'i
miles, ils breadth from Glo ].'>. 'I'he \V. part of this county
abounds with morasses; in other parts il is fertile in corn
and pastures; but the principal riches arise (Von) the fish-
eries in the lochs in and about its coasts. The principal of
thes'' ir»Loch Lomoml.
DUMBA'UTO.N'.the capital of the cotuitv, is a large, an-
cient town, coulaining about •.'.()(>() ijihabitanls. lis princi-
pal manvifacture is crown au<l bolih- glass, but many of the
yoinig women are employed in the neighbouring print fi(dds,
oil the baiiksof the L''v(*n. Close to the river is a castle,
huilt on , I vast rock, firmerly deemed impregnable. This
town .vas erected iutoa roxal burgh by King yMexauder II.
in )'i2L About 2000 ttms of shipi.ing behiiig to this place,
•Mr,
DUN
wnicli fias aliaroour for large brigs, secure in all weathers.
It is situated at the continence of the rivers Leveii aud
Clyde, 1.5 miles N. W. of (ihisgow.
DU.MBLY, {ilumbj) ad. mutely; silently; without speak-
DUMBNESS, (rfumiies*) t. incapacity of speaking; for-
bearance : silence.
DUM FERMLING, a parliament town of Scotlae.fl, in the
county of Fife. It was remaikable for its maguiliceut ab-
bey, and a royal palace, in which King Charles 1. «as born.
The ruins of the abbey are vet to be seen. It is 15 miles
N.W. ofl'.diiiburgh.
To DUM FOUND, (dOmfoimd) v. a. to confuse a person
so as to render him unable to speak. A low word.
DUiMFRIESMlIRl';, a county of Scotland, bounded on
the W. b\ the comities of Kirkcudbright and lAyr; on the
N. bv the shires (dl.anerk, Reebles, ami Selkifk ; on the N.
E. and I'L bv those of Selkirk and Roxburgh; and on the S.
by Solwav Frith ami a part of Cumberland. It is about 50
miles in length, and from l(i to |:iO broad. It compiehcnds
the districts of Ainiandale, Nillisdale, and Esk 'ale.
DU.MFRl ES, the capital of tlie county, is a well built
town, surrouiidvd on all sides, at the distance (da few miles,
bv a cnntiiuied chain of lulls, forniiug altogether one of the
grambsl i^aural amphitheatres in Britain. The nuiid)erof
iuliabitauts, at an emuueration latelv taken, was .'jfiOO.
']'hr\ have 8 or 10 coasting vessels, and 2 or P. employed III
the B.iltic and wine liades. li is seated on the river JXilh,
8 ui'lrs N. of Solwav Frith, and 5:3 S S. \V. of Edinbuigh.
DUMP, s. [diiin, Belg.] sullen and silent sorrow; melau-
cholv; al) -eiice of mnid; a piece of leaden coin or medal,
with which children amuse themselves.
DU'MPiSIl, fl. sad ; silently and sullenly sorrowful; me-
laucholv.
DUMPLING, i. a kind of small and coarse pudding.
DUN, a. [dun, Sax.] a colour partaking of a mivlu.e of
brown and black; dark; ghxmiv.
To DUN, r. H.[dit>iiiH, Sax.] to demand a debt with veim-
ineiiee and frequent impintuuily.
DUN, s. one who asks a person for a debt with clamour,
and iuee>saiit imporlunity.
liUNB\'R,a well budt town of Haddingtonshire, willi a
ijood harbour, and about 18 \esseU cmpioNeil in the coast-
iiigaud foreign trade, besides 12 fishing boats. This town
trades largeK in mall and grain. I'luhrllie rock, on which
ari' Ihe iiiiis ofa easlle, are two nalnial arches, thiougli
wliichllie lide flows; ami here are v. '»t havahic cohuiiiis of
red grit stones, li is 25 miles I'",, of Ijlinbugh.
DUNCE, .t. [perliati> fioin dum, Bilg.] one who has not
acapacit' for receiviig iiislruction.
DU.NiDVLK, a seaiiol and assize town of Louth, in
I.eiinler. Il consists of a wide street, iicailv a mile long,
and some cros-. lines ; lia->agoo(l markel house, and carrii^s
on a manufacture of iiiu>lin-, liii'ii^, and cambr cs. Il is
most advaulagrouslv siUialed f'oi an « xleiisive inlaiiil trade,
and the port is vei\ safe for shipping. The bay also has
good moorings, and abnumls wilh fish. Dunihllk is INiuilcs
N.of Dro-heda, and 10 of Dubl n.
DUNI)iyE, a largi' and tlonrisliiiig town m the shire of
Angus, with manufaclures of glass, coarse linen, sailcloth,
cordage, c<d(uiied and while thread, buckram, tanned lea-
ther, shoes, and hats; ami here is also a sugar-house. Thu
housesare built of slmie, generally three or four stories high,
ami Ihe [iruieipal streelj, with a number of lesser ones, are
all pa\ed in the best manner. Trading vessels of the
largest burden can get iulo Ihe harbour, which is safe, com-
modious, and of easy access, with broad extensive piers,
W(dl adanled for ihe purposes of loading and dischargine
vessels; and lliere isgooci room on the quay for ship-builtf-
ing, which is carried on lure to a large extent. In the year
17f)2, there were I Hi vessels behuiging to the port, iKivigatrd
bv/i9H men ; of these, 34 were emploved in t'lc forcigii,^and
THiii the coasting trade, with t in Ihe whale fishery. Th»
inluibilants arc computed at 20.000. Dundee is situntcd ob
ItiJO
DUU
Ihc N. side of the Frith of Tay, 14 miles N. W. of St. An-
dri'ws, and 3(1 N. of Edinburgh.
DUNfi, *. [liiaef;, Sax. J liie excrement of animals used in
uiaiiurc, or in iallcnin^' f,'rouiid.
'J'oDUNfi, v.a. to iininure with diin^.
DU'NGIIO.V, *. [tlmtjon, l->.] a close prison, generally
applieil loa diirk or subterraneous one.
1)IJ'N(>]X)RK, s. a fork to toss out dun^from stables.
DUNGHILL, s. a heap of dutij;. I'iijurativeiy, any
mean or vile abode ; a silii.iliou ot meanness ; a man de-
sendin;ifroin mean parenta^'e : acock of a spurious and de-
generate kind, not (it lor tiiilitiiij;.
DUNGHILL, n. s]iriingi'iom ihedunghill. Figuratively,
mear.; base, or worlhless.
DU'NGY, .1. abonndin',' in dunjr, resemblin^dnng.
DUNKL'I.D, a town of Perthshire, situated amid roman-
tic rocks and woods, under which rolls the majestic Tay, 10
miles nearly N. of I'erlh. It is much resorted to in the sum-
mer months, lor (he benefit of ^'oats' v\ hey. It is the mar-
let town of the Ilifjhlands on that side, and carries on a
inanufaelure of linen. The duke of Atliol has a beautiful
inodiMii seat here.
DU'NKI RK, a considerable and important maritime town
of France, in the district of nert;iies. and <lepa'tment of the
North, containinj; about 8i),oii() ndiabitaiits. By means of a
tliiice, 4'i feet wide, the bason wi'liin the town will hold 4f)
ships of tlie line alwavs floaliufj. It is '2'2 miles S. W of
Os^end. I.at. 51. 2. N." Ion. 2. 28. K.
DU'NNI'.H, «. a person eniplo\e<l in inilectini; petty
debts, and making use of vehement importiin ty for that
pu pose.
DUN MOW, CHEAT, a town of EsseN, with a manufac-
ture ofbaize. In the reign ofllenrv IIL the I.o d Eit/wal-
ter iiistitiiled a cuslom here, which is still the tenure nf the
inanQr, that whatever niarru'd m.-,u did not renent of his mar-
riage, or quarrel wdii Ijis Wlf'-, i': •! v>-ar and a dav afterwards,
should go to the priory, and receive from '\'" Ir.-.l ;i x^\'.y\-
miin or flitch of bacon, provided he swore to the truth of it.
Some old records here nieiition several that have claimed
and received this reward; and it has been received so lately
H5 since the year I75i), by a weaver and his wife, of Cogges-
hall. It has been demanded more recently, but the demand
is now evaded, from the ceremonv being attended with
considerable expense tolliejwrd of the manor. It is situated
on the Chelmor, 13 miles N. of Chelmsford, and 40 N. E. of
London. Market on Saturday.
DUNSE, a town in Berwickshire, witii a good maiket,
and 4 considerable fairs for horses, shee]), and black cattle,
in March, June, August, and November. It is siruated be-
tween the forks of the rivers Blackadder, and Waiteadder,
12 miles W. of Berwick-upon-Tweed.
DUNSTABLE, a populous town of Bedfordshire, with
several good inns, as it is a great thoroughfare, standing on
the great road between London and the N. and N. W. coun-
ties. It is noted for elegant baskets, hats, tVc. made of
straw, which are consicierable. and even articles of exporta-
tion. The larkstaken hereabouts are said to be the largest
and best in tlie kingdom. It is seated on a dry chalky emi-
nence, near the Chiltern hills, 17 miles nearly S. of Bedford,
and .•?4 N. N. W. of London. Market on Wednesday.
DU'NSTER, a town of Somersetshire, consisting of about
400 houses, with a manufacture or kerseys. It stands on a
low ground, 20 miles N. W. of Taunton, and 158 N. W. of
London. Market on Friday.
DU NWICH, an ancient town of Suffolk, seated on the
top of a loose clilf. It was once large and popuhnis, and an
episcopal see ; but here are now only the remains of a town,
all but two parishes being swallowed up by the sea. The
principal business here isfishinji; for herrings, mackarel, \c.
It is i4 miles S. of Yarmouth, and 99 N. E. of London.
Market on Saturday.
PUODECIIVIO,"*. \hr,m dundcnm, twelve, Lat.] a thing
divided into twelve parts; hence a book is said to be in
tiiu)iUcime, when twelve of its leaves make just ashed cf paper.
DUODE'CUPLE, a. [from dm, two, and deciplui, tenfold.
Lat.] consisting of twelves.
DUPI'i, J. Ifroui dunpe, a foolish bird that suffivs itself
to be caught] a credulous person, <ir one who is imposed on
and deceivid on account (,f his credulity.
To DUPE, ti, a. to trick or clieat a person of too great
credulity.
DUPLE, n. [diiphis, from duo, two, Lat.] double, the same
thing or number repeatid.
To DU PLICATE, v. a. [duplico, from dm,, two, Lat.] to
double; to increase, or enlarge by the re|ietition of the
same number ; to fold together.
DUPLICATE, a. in arithmetic, applied to proportion,
the ratio or proportion of squares.
DU'PLIC.VTE, I. the exact copy or counterpart of a
letter, book, or deed ; u thing of the same kind as an-
other.
DUPLICATION,*, the act of doubling; the act of fold-
ing together ; a fold ordoubling.
DI.I'PLICATUIIE, 1. a fold ; any thing doubleil.
DUPLI'CITY, s. [diiplicitas, from duji/ex, double, Lat.]
doubleness ; the division of things or ideas into pairs ; the
quality of being twice as nnichas another; deceit or doublic-
deyling, opposed to simplicity.
DUKABI LITV, i. [from duro, toendure, Lat.) the power
of beariufj the injuries of time and weather, without being
destroyed ; the property of lasting or containing a lo;ig
while.
DUR.\BLF., a. [from duro, to endure, Lat.] not easilv
destroyed by length of time, or violence of weather; lasting ;
perm;'nent.
DU'RABLENESS, s. the property of continuing or last-
inyilong.
i)U'K'\RLY, ad. in a lasting manner.
DU'RANCE, s. [duresse, low Fr.] the stale of a p.TS'iii
confined in a prison; continement; impiisonutcnt; duration,
01 ih,- l-ii;'>'li of time wh'rh any thing eontiiuies.
DUR.A'riO.N'.s. [from duro, to ciulure, Lat.] distance or
lengtli. applied to l-'me.
DURI'.'SSK, s. [Fr.] hardship ; inii>ri^oiiment. la law,
a plea used by way of exception to a bond sealed to a per-
son by one cast in p-rison at his suit, or otherwise hardly
used
DURHAM, a county pala-tine of Eughwid, bounded on
the \V. bv Cundieilaiid ami Westnioreliuid ; on the N. by
NojthiMuberland ; on the E. l>v the Cjermun Ocean ; and on
the S. by Yorkshire. It is divi(!e<l into tour wards, which
contain 1 city, 8 market towns, 113 parishes, and about
11)0,(1011 iuhabilants. It is 42 miles in length, from E. to
W. and 32 in breadth from N.to S. The bishop is a tem-
poral prince, being eai lof Sadberg in tliis county, and sheriri
paramount, as also |)erpetHal justice of peace within his ter-
ritoiies. He sits as'chief in the ccmrts of judicature, those of
assize not excepted ; ami even when judgment of blood is
given. The western side of the couilty is mountainous,
while iheca-tern and s(]UtheTn are fruitful in corn and pas-
ture, and enjoy a milder air. Here are uianutactorics ol
tammies, carpets, sail-cloth, steel, glass, paper, iron foun
deries, and immense mines of coal, lead, ;;rind=toucs, ami
iron. The priiicipal rivers are the Wear, Tees, Tyne, and
Derwent.
DU'RH.VM, the capital of the cotinty of Duihani, is a!i
ancient city, situated on 7 hills, and surr(Uinded by otheis
more lofty, in a beautifid winding of the river Wear. Here
are pleasant walks along the banks of the river, which are
covered with woo<ls, and edged with lotly crags. Arouod
it are grown large quantit es of the best mustard. Dur'iain
is 14 miles S. of Newcastle, and 257 N. by W. of Londiji.
Market on Saturday.
DU'RINCi. part, [from dure] for the time any thing lasts ;
whde anv thing continues unalteied.
DURl ON, in natmal history, the name of a fruit comniou
in China and the East Inflies, which is esteemed bv the
natives the finest of all fruits, but is disliked bv the Euit»-
2S7
DWE
EAG
ppRn? on account of its disagreeable smell. If is of the
t'iic of ;in ordinary melon, is inclosed in a prickly husk, has
a driicious taste, and intoxicates those who eat it plenti-
fu!lv._
DU'llSLRV, a town of Gloucestershire, with a manufac-
ture ')!'i>r(>ad cloth. The manufacture of cards for c'( lliiers
has Uf'cn lon^' settled here. It is seated on a branth of the
Se\en), I;l miles S. \V. of Gloucester, and 107 \V. of Lon-
don. Miirlii'ton Thursilav.
PU'RITY, s. [rlin-ete, Fr.l liardiiess ; firmness.
iH/'l!>T, the preterit ofDARE.
DlJ-iK, .-». [f/Ki/*''T, Tent.] want of day-li^lit; approach-
in;' to darkness ; blackish; or of a dark colour.
DU'^KISH, a. inclining to darkness; temlnig to black-
ness; diirk coloured.
TH'-^KISHLY, a(/. darkly; in such a manner as to afford
but |i|ile lii;ht.
DU'^K'N, n. [c/.vi/ircr, Teut.J tendinnr to darkness. Tend-
ing' to blackness, applied to colour. ri{,'urativel\, {;looniy,
sad, iiulaiuhoiv, applied to tlip mind.
DU''>S1"I,[)()RF, a city of Ber^, Westphalia, confainin;;
about 10,000 inhabitants. It ;s siiuated (ur the river DusscI,
at its conHuenee with the Rhine, 20 miles N. N. \V. of
Coloun.
DUST, s. Uhist, Sax.] earth, or other matter reduced to
small particles Figuratively, the state of dissolution to
whicJi bodies arc reduced after beini; long buried. A mean,
low, ami dejected state, alliuiinj,' to the custom of the Jews,
who, ill the time of affliction, sat in the dusl, and covered
their heads with it likewise.
DUSTY, a. filled, coloured, covered, or spread with
dust.
DUTCHESS, or DU'CHESS, j. [duchesse, Fr ] the lady of
a duke.
DUTCHY, or DU'CHY, s. [dnch<, Fr.] a territory which
gives title to, or has a duke for, its soverei;,'n. Dutr/tif-ronyt
js 'h'lt wherein all matters pertainiiif; to the dutcliy of Lan-
jasterari' decided bv the decree of the chancellor.
DUTF.OU's, a. obedient; or perforrnin;^ those offices
v^hicli parents or superiors can claim ; obse(pn'ous, or coni-
plvioi;; enjoined bv, or arising from those relations a per-
son stands ill «ilh respect to others.
DUTIFUL, n. obedient; submissive to, or performinfj
the otrices due to parents or superiors ; respectfully ; reve-
reiitiid.
DU'TIFULLY, ad. in an obedient, submissive, or respect-
ful 111 inner.
DU TIFULNI'.SS, f. obedience ; submission to just autlio-
rit- ; the act of iiciforiiiiiii; the offices uliich flow from our
relations as chil'lren or subjects; reverence ; respect.
nUTV, .t. aiiv actions, or course <if actions, which flow
froMi the relations we stand in tofjod or man; that \vhich a
man is boiiirl to perforiii bv aiiv natural or lejjal iilili^;itioii.
In commerce, a tax or custom paid forauv cnuimc.ditv, and
levied liv llie;;overiiiiieiil. SvN'iN. /)i(N- nieiins soniethillg
conscientious, and sprinjrs from lan ; ohli<rnt)iin. soiiietfiiii;,'
absolute in practice, anri s''riiii;sfroiii ciistniii. We are said
to fiil 'n our d}Llii, aiifl todisnei'.ce with iin i)li/is"li"n.
DWAT'F, J. ['Iirnns', Sviv.] a man below the common
si/e or stature, lii^'ardenin:;, a low fruittiee, kept short by
prntiinu'.
To DWARF, I', n. in botaiiv, to hinder frnm :jrowiii:;
to its natural size, by pruiinig; to lessen ; to make little ; to
shoi ten,
I'W.VRFISII, a. below the natural size; small; very
short.
DWAI!Fl«HLV,ffr/. like a dwarf
DWA'KF[SHNLS.S, J. shortness of stature ; extreme little-
ness.
To DWF.LI^, r. ri. preliT. dii-e't, or dirtl/id , [dnnUa, old
Tent, is to say or del-.iy xHiirlia, isl. to slav in a |)lace] to in-
habit <irlivi'ina piiice or house. Fijvnratively, to continue
in i. state or condition; to fix the exes immoveahly on an
object. To treat of in a copious manner; lo continu-e long
inspeakin^. Synon. To Kne relates to the particuiniplac*"
where we inhabit ; dnell, to the building in which we reside.
\Ve live in London, in Middlesex, in the country ; wc dwrll
in a lar;,'e house, a cottage, or a furnished lodgii.g.
DWE'LLKR, J. a person who resides cuustantiy in a
place : an inhabitant.
DWE'LLINCi, s. the place of a person's habitation, resi.
deuce, or abode.
r)WK I.LINfi-PLACE, s. the place of residence.
To DWINDLE, I', a. [ihxinan, Sax.] to dccrese, cciv
sum-.', or grow less by degrees.
DYE, J. a colour given to a thing; a stain.
To DYE, V. a. [deagan. Sax.] to tiiige or colour n thing.
DYER, s. one who follows the trade of culouring silkt,
stuHs, A-c.
DY'iNG, part. \oi die] expiring; giving up the ghost;
giving a new colour.
DV'N.ASTY, *. [from rfywajtfyo, to be powerful, or to be
king, Gr.] in history, a race (u- succession of kings in the
same line; govcrniiieiit ; sovereignty.
DY'SART, a town of Fif'esliire, with a verv ancient
church, said to have been lurlt bv the i'icts. This town
employs 213 square-rigged vessels and 2 sloops, in carrying
coals, and im|iorting wood, to and fnuu Dantzick, Denmark,
Rotterdam, Ac. It 's situated on the North coast of the
Forth, 11 miles N. of Edinburgh.
DY'SCR ASY, s. [from rf./s, ill, and h-nsis, temperament,
Gr.l an ill temperament, habit, mixture of the blood, or other
fluids, in an aniniariKxh .
DYSE'NTI'.RV , s. [from dys, ill, and enteron, an intestine,
Gr.] ill medicine, a looseness, wherein vciy ill humours are
discharged bv stool, altciided with blood.
DYSPE PSY, i. [from dys, ill, and peptu, to digest, Gr.] a
bad digestion.
DY'SPUON Y, s. [from di/s, ill, and phone, a sound, Gr. | a
ditficultv in speaking.
DYSPNOEA, s [fiomrfyj, ill, and piieo, to breath, Gr.]a
dithciiltv of b eallnng.
DY'SURY', s. [fioiii di/s, ill, and oureo, to make urine, Gr.]
difficulty in making urine, or water.
I-:.
X^ Til'-", fifili h tterof the alphabet, anil the second vowel,
Jri^' liHs diflermf prniiunciations in most languages. In
Engl sli it has two sounds; long, as seine, and short as men.
E is the most fieipu-nt vowel in the F..uglisli hingiuig ■ ; fiir it
not oiil\ IS used like the rest, in the l)egini>iug or end of
words, bill has the peculiar (jiiabty of lengthening the fore-
going \owel, as iSii, iHiie; iniin, iiidiit ; giip g'i'p" ; C^Md,
^fa'/r ; bird, Inrdi' ; v/iiii, cliiiir ; trlnp, v/i'ipe ; t/iiii, iMiw ;
nod, viyte ; tuti, liiint- ; pi'um, plume. Yet it s^imetimes occuro
final, where \et the foregoing \ow el is not lengthened, ns
fieiip, l.nim/'edfip edcce, gh'e. .Anciently, ab^iost every word
ended withe; as, for cirii, canne ; for year, i/eare ; {or greitt,
g; rente ; fir need, wedr ; for Jl'ieli, fincLe. /m has the sound
(felling: the p is commonly hngthenrd rather by the im-
meiliate addition ofn than bv the opposition of «f to the nn\
of the word; as, 7uin, vtenji ; sell, sent ; mtt, Virat ; net, veai.
Asa numeral, jp stands for 2oO. In music, it denntes the
tone e/n mi. In the calendar, it is the fifth of the domiiti-
cal letters. On the compass, it makes the east pi'iiit, as
\\. S. K.I. e. east south cast. Anioiig w iters or aulliors,
it stands (or example, or exempli, as, e. g'r. exempli grniin, or
for e.riiniple.
EACH, (eeeh) pron. [ele. Sax.] either of two; everv one
of.inv number. To cnr/i the <'orres)>i\iident vmuiI is oilier,
M'hetlier it In- used oftv.o, or a greater number.
EAD, or ED, [Sax.] in compiuiud words, and ivii/jn- in the
simple, denote happiness or blessediiers. Thus Emltiard,
Eilirnrd, is a happy preserver; luidsnr, happy po-. er.
EA'CiElL (eeger) a. [eagnr, Sax.] earnest, ardent, J<)!lg.
ing; impetuous; hot, or vehement of disposition; ii ick,
busy. Keen; severe; biting, applied to tiic air. Hnitlc^j
EAR
inflexible, not ductile, when used by artists. Sharp, or sour,
applied to the taste.
EA'G r.RLY, (eifrerly) ad. with great ardour of desire ;
imuatirntlv : sharply; (luickly.
EAGERNESS, (eigemess) s. warmtl) of desire ; impe-
tuosity ; quickness; an extreme loii^iii^', or impatience lor
the enjovnient of soninthing.
EAGLE, (eigle) s. [aif^le, Fr.J a i)ird of prey, which
builds on the tops of mountains; is remariuilile for tlie
strcnf-'th of its sipht ; and reckoned to be the kin^ of tlie
fcatliercd race. It is used in heraldry, spiead, to represent
a prince of the K-oman Empire. The standard of the ancient
Romans.
EAGr,F.-EYED, a. sharp-.vif;lvVd as an ea[;le.
EA'GLK-STONE, s. a stone said to be found at the en-
trance of the holes in which the ea;;lcs make their nests, and
affirmed lo have a particular virtue in defending the eagle's
nest from tiiuuder.
EA'GLET, {ccglet) s. [a diminutive of eagle] a young
eagle.
E.\'GRF., (eiger) a. [probably from a:ger, run, the ocean]
a tide svyelliiig above another tide.
EA EDERMAN, (ihlerman) s. [Sax. J the name of a Saxon
magistrate, the same as our alderman ; which see.
EAR, (eer) s. [eare. Sax.] the organ of hearing, or that
part where animals receive the impression of sounds. In
music, a kind of peculiar and internal taste, whereby we
are able to judge of the harmony of sounds. Used «.ith about,
it signifies the whole head or person. " The city beaten
down about their ears." KnoUcs. Joined to vp, all over, or
entirely. " Up to the ears in love." L' Estrange. To lend
oil ear, to listen to ^vith attention ; to regard or favour. In
Botany, a long string or cluster of (lowers or seeds produced
by certain plants. "An ear of corn." To fall together by
the ears, to scuffle, to tight. To set together by the ears, to pro-
mote strife or quarrels.
To EAR, («(•»■) ti. a. \erian. Sax.] to plow, or manure
ground. Ncutcrly, to shoot into ears.
EA'RED, {tired) part, haviiig ears, or handles; having
ears, or ripe corn.
EARL, {erljs. [eorl. Sax.] a title of the third rank among
the nobility, though anciently the highest in the nation.
Earl marshal of England is a great officer, who anciently had
several courts under hisjtirisdiction, as the court of chival-
ry, and the court of honour. tJnder him also is the herald's
office, or colle(';e of arms. He has some pre-emiuMice in
the court of Marshalsea, where he may sit in judgment
against those who oftend within the verge of the king's
court. This office has for several ages becu helreditary in
the most noble family of Howard.
EA'RLDOM, (irldom) s. the jurisdiction of an earl, or
comity from whence an earl receives his title.
EA'RLINESS, (erliness) s. the being soon; or the pri-
ority or equality of any action compared to something else,
opposed to later.
EA'RLKSS,(£«r7eM) rt. without ears.
EA'RLY, (erly) a. [from ar. Sax.] soon, in comparison
Tvith something else ; as, in the morning, with respect to
the sun rising ; in time, with respect to creation, a period
appointed, or the space of continuance ; in the season, in
comparison with other products.
E.\'RLY, (irly) ad. soon, betimes. lu youth, or infancy,
applied to age.
To EARN, (em) r. a. [eamian. Sax.] to gain as the re-
ward of wages or labour, or other performances ; to de-
serve; to obtain.
EA'RNEST, (iniest) a. [ecmest. Sax.] ardent; warm, or
importunate in any application; intent ; fixed ; eager; se-
rious ; important.
E.'V'RNEST, {er7iest) s. \eomest, Sax.] seriousness ; a se-
rious affair, opposed to a jest ; a reality, opposed to a fic-
tion. Pledge ; hansel ; something given by wav of security
and obligation; a token or specimen of sometbing future ,
»onev gi?en in order to contirm or biod a bargain.
P r
E AS
EA'RNESTLY. (imettly) ad. with ^eat importunity;
warmlv ; affectionately ; zeaiou.-.ly ; eagerly.
EA'RNESTNESS, («r«ei<;ifsi; f. eagerness; vehemence;
warmth; solicitude; care.
EARRING, (eir-ring) t. jewels worn in the ear ; a ring
worn in the ear.
KA'RSHOT, (eirshot) s. that space or distance witliin
wliich any thing may be heard.
EARTH, (erth) s. [eiirih) Sax.] in cosmology, the terraque-
ous globe, as distinguished frcjtn the sun, moon, and stars.
In theology, the present state of ixistcn<:e, as distinguished
from the eternal states of the dta I, and especially from
heaven. In the old .Aristotelian pliilosophy, a simple dry
and cold substance, wliicli was lielicvid to he an ingredient
in the composition of all natural bodies. Thus it was dis-
tinguished from air, fire, and water. In coMUiion conversa-
tion, mr.uld or dust, tliat unorganized matter which gene-
rally appear^ in a solid form, and is not hardened into stone.
(n mineralogy, fossile substances, distributed into four
classes, salts, earths, cond)ustibles and metals. In this
arrangement earths comprehend stones. Earths are either
simple or compound. The simple earths arenine, silexor
flint, alumine or clay, zircone, «lueine, yttria, barytes,
stronfiau, lime, and magnesia. Later discoveries liave,
however, rendered it probable that all these earlhsare only
the oxydesof metals. Figuratively, the iidiabitants of (he
earth.
To EARTH, (erth) V. a. \ettrdian, Sax.] to hide under
ground ; to cover with earth. Neiiterly, to go or hide it-
sell iiiiHer ground.
EA'RTH-RORN, (irth-hon,) a. sprung from the earth.
Figuratively, descended from mean parents.
EARTH BOUND, «. fastened by the pressure of the
earth.
EARTHEN, (erthen)a. madeof earth or clay.
EA'HTHPLAX,*. a kind of fibrous-fossil.
F.A RTHLING, {irthling)s.-dn inhabitant of the earth; a
poor frail creature.
EA'RTHLV, t»«/i?y a. belonging to the earth; this pre-
sent state of existence ; gross, opposed to spiritual ; corpo.
leal, opposed to menial.
EA RTIINTJT, s. the same with the pignut.
EA'RTH QUAKE, Orlh(/uakc) s. a tremor or shaking of
the earth, caused by the ei plosion of some subterraneous
combustible matters.
LA KTHWORM, s. a worm bred under ground ; a mean
sordid wretch.
EA'RTHY, (erthy) a. consisting, composed of, or inha-
biting the earth.. Gross, opposed to spiritual.
K.A'R-WAX, {eir-wax) s. the excrcmentitious or viscous
sid)stance w ith w hich the ear is filled.
E.\'R-WIG, (eir-wig) s. [ear, and wiga. Sax.] a sheath-
winged insect, of a long body, having several legs, a fork at
its tail, and of a dirty black colour, in gardens very prejudi-
cial to carnations and fruit-trees.
EAS t', fc««) s. [«'«. Fr.] freedom from care or disturb-
ance, applied to the mind. Freedom from pain, applied to
the body. Rest, or cessation from labour, in order to reco-
ver from fatigue. An elegant negligence, applied to literary
compositions. SyNON. We say a ready entrance, when
no one stops the passage ; an easy entrauce when the pas-
sage is large and commodious. For the same reason we say
of a woman without reserve, that she is easy of access ; and
of a shoe that does not pinch, that it is easy.
To E.ASE, (eeze) v. a. to free from pain; to release from
labour ; to free from any thing which causes a disagreeable
sensation either in the body or mind.
EA'SEFlL, («cre/"Q a. affording relaxation from toil at
fatigue ; alleviating, diuiinishing or removing pain; fit for
rest.
E.ISEL, {eczet) s. an instrument used by pamters to set
their pictures on far the more ready performance of their-
work.
E.A'SEJIENT, «. in law a s«rvice that one neighbour-
2n9
RAT
ECH
his of another b;f charter or prescription, without profit, as
away throiigli hissroiiiul, asink, orsitch Uke.
EA'SILY, {eezihj) ad. without ditficulfy, labour, impedi-
ment, or pain-
EA'SIN r^SS, {eeziness) s. a relative term, implying that a
person's abilities are sufficieiit, or more t!ian siiihcient, to ac-
complish any undertaking ; to solve any point in Icarnina:,
or to prosecute any desiijn proposed ; freedom from diffi-
culty ; the quality of bein;^ soon persuaded to do or believe ;
compliance without opposition ; credulity without suspicion
or examination ; freedom from disturbance, or from any
painful sensation.
EA'SlNCiWOLD, a town in Yorkshire, tradins; in bacon
and butter. It is 12 miles N. of York, and 210 N. of
London.
EAST, (wrf) ■?. [f*', Sax.] the quarter from whence the
sun rises. Tiie regions in the eastern parts of tlie world.
EA'STROURN, a town of Sussex, noted for the |>ieiily
of birds hereabout, called wheat-ears; and liitcly beconie a
well-frequented place for sea bathing. It is near r.eaehy
Head, 15 miles E. S. E. of Lewes, and 65 S. S. E. of Lon-
don.
. _ EA'STER, {Eestre) s. [eastye, Sax.] the time when Chris-
tians celebrate the resurrection of Christ from the grave.
The word used to denote this season has no relation to this
solemnity, but took its rise from Eastre, the name of the
Saxon deity or goddess, whose festival was celebrated ab(uit
this time of tiie year; and after its abolishment by Chris-
tianity, the name was retained, and to this day used to sig-
nify the festival of Christ's resurrection, as mentioned
above.
EASTERN, {e'cstem) a. situated, looking, or tending to-
"wards the east, or that point of the compass in which the
sun rises.
EAST-GRI'NSTEAD, a town in Sussex, with a market
©n Thursday. It is a borough, has a handsome church,
and sends two members to parliament. The assizes for
the county are sometimes held here. It is 29 miles S. of
London.
EAST-HA'RLING, a town in Norfolk, whose market is
on Tuesday. It is 88 miles from London.
EAST-i LSLKY, a town in Berkshire, seated between
two hills among fruitful corn-helds, and excellent downs
for feeding sheep. This place is not contemptible; has a
market evi'ry Wednesday in the summer chiefly for sheep.
It is .5.'? miles W. of London.
EAST-LOO E, a town of Cornwall, with a market on Sa-
turday. It is seated pretty commodiously on a creek of
the sea, over which there is a large stone bridge, supported
by many arches, which leads to Wcst-Looe, standing be-
tween two hills. They arc both corporations, and send
members to parliament. The chief benefit which the inha-
bitants have is in their fishery. It is 232 miles W. by S. of
London.
EA'STWAIID, {eistuard) a. [eastweard. Sax.] towards the
east, or that point of the compass where the sun rises when
in the equinoctial points.
EA'SV, (ernxif) a. to be performed without fatigue, incum-
brance, or ditnculty; free from dist\irbauce or anxiety;
believing without inquiry or opposition ; credulous ; com-
plying ; free from bodily pain; without fornialily; ele-
gantly negligent.
To EAT, (fet) V. a. [preter nfc or eat, participle eat or
eaten; e<rtn,Sax.] to devour or consinne by the nionlli. Figura-
tively, to corrode or destroy, applied to the action of some
corrosive substance ; to consume prodigally ; to ri'tract or
inisay a thing when joined to trard. Neutcrly, to go to
meals ; to fi-cd ; to take food ; to consume by coi roding.
EATAR1..R, (eitahle) n. fit for food, or capable of being
chewed and swiiliowed.
E\TF,I'., {filer) t. a person who chews and swallows any
food ; that which corrodes.
EATIN(ilIOUSi;, ». a house wlicrc provisions are sold
ready dressed
300
EATES, {eeves) t. jfete, Sax.j the cages of a roof whieb
hang over a house.
To EATESDROP, (ecvesdrop) v. a. to catch what drops
from the eaves of a house. Figuratively, to listen under
the windows of a person's house, in order to discover
secrets.
EA'VES DROPPER, {eiresdmpper) s. one who listens
under a person's windows, in order to discover tlic secrets
of a family.
EBB, s. \cbba, Sax.] the flowing back, or retreat of water
towards the sea; ashrinkingof wafer in a river, by ti;e turn
of its tide. Figuratively, ikcay ; decline; waste; a low
condition.
To KBB, f. n. to flow back towards the sea. Figurative-
ly, to <le( line ; to decay ; to waste.
JO'lUON ITF.S, i. a sect of heretics, who rose at the very
beginning of the church; they are distinguislii-d into two
kinds ; tlm ihic believed that Jesus Christ w as born of a vir-
gin, and all the other parts of the Christian religion, but
added tile Jewish ceremonies to it • and the others believed
him to be born after the maimer of other men, and denied
Kni;N,"E'BON,orE'RONY, s. [ehmus, Lat.] in natuml
history, a kind of wi:od, brought from the Indies, ofa black
colour, exceedingly hard and heavy, susceptible of a very
fine polish, and on that account used in Mosaic and inlaid
works.
EBlllETY, s. [from ebrius, drunken, Lat.] intoxication
occasioned by strong liquors ; drunkenness.
EBIULL.ADE, s. [Fr.] a check of the bridle which a
horseman gives a horse, by a jerk of one ^in, when he re-
fuses to turn.
]'>BRIO'SITY, ^. Lfrom [ebrins, drunken, Lat.] habituaJ
drunkenness.
EBULLrnON, s. [from ebullio, to boil, Lat.j the act of
boiling with heat. Figuratively, an intestine motion oftlie
particles of the body ; the commotion, struggle, fermenta-
tion, or effervescence occasioned by the mingling togcthci
anv aUusline and acid liquor.
ECCIfNTRIC, or ECCENTRICAL, (ehentric^, nr ck.
s'mtricat) a. [from ex, out of, and centrum, a centre, Lat.] de-
parting or deviating from a centre; not having the same
centre. Figuratively, not answering the same design ; not
answering the end intended. Irregular; not consistent with
anv ruleor estiiblisned custom.
ECCENTRI'CITY, (eksentricit,,) s. the departing from,
or thestate ofa thing with, a difi'erent centre from another;
excursion from an emplovnieiit, or proper sphere of action ;
an improper situation. In astronomy, applied to a planet,
the distance between the focus and the centre of its ellipti*
orbit.
ECCIIY'MOSIS, (ehi/'mosi.t) j. [from eMn/o, to pour forth,
lir.] in surgery, extravasation of
arm, betwixt lli;: flesh and skin.
blood from a vein in the
E'CCLESHALL, a town in Staffordshire, noted for trad-
ing in pedlars' wares. It is situated on a branch of the river
Sow, (i miles N.W. of Stafford, and 113 N. W. of London.
Market on Friday.
ECCLESIa'STES, [from ebklesiastes, a preacher. Or.] a
canonical book oftlie Old Testament, the design of; which
is to shew the vanity <.f siiblunarv things.
ECCLESIA'.STIC, or ECCLESIASTICAL,'/, [ekhleiiafti-
lios, from ehhlesia, a cliuicli, Cir. ccelesiasticiis, Lat.J relating
or appropriated totlie service oftlie church.
ECCLESIA'.STIC, .f. a person devoted to the service of
the church ; a clergvman.
ECCLESIA'.STICUS, a. an apocri;phal book, otherwise
called the wisdom of Jesus the son of Sirach.
E'CCLESTON, a town 24 miles S. of Lancaster, oom-
municating with all the late inland navigations.
ECCOPIW TICS, Ukopretiks) t. [from tk, ont of, and iU>.
pros, excrement, Gr.j iu physic, medicines which purg*
fj-ently.
, E'CIIINATE, or E'CHINATED, («*iiw/», or ikinate\)paH.
EDD
EDO
01 a. [fr"'" ^i-f^'w^. a hedge-ho(j, l.at.J bristled like a hedge-
hofr ; set with prickles.
ECHrNU.S, leliiniis)s. [Lat.) a hed^e lios ; a shell-fisii set
with prickles. In liotany, tlie prickly head or cover of
the bced or top of any plant. In aicliileclme, a member
or ornament near the hollom nf the Ionic and other capitals,
next to the abacus ; taUin;,' it'* name from the roughness of
itscarvin;,', resemlding the prickly rind of a ch<'snnt, or the
prickly coat of a hedKc-hoi; ; it is called m-uln by the Italians,
and ei^i^s and anchors by I'liiHlisli workmen, because carved
with anchors, darts, and ovals, or ejjss.
K'CHO, (el«i) s. [fiom ec/ius, a sonnd. Or.] a sound rever-
berated, or rejected to the ear from some solid body. In
music, it is llie repeating' some parts of the strain in a very
low or soft tone. I5y the poets, iic^ois supposed to be a
njni;)!). who pined into a sound.
To ECHO, (rlw) p. n. to resound ; to be sounded back a
second time. 'Actively, to multiply a .sound.
ECCLAIRCrSSEMCNT, (^/;-/aiV.s«zm»_«£r) "■ [Fr.] the
act of clearing up, or explaining any aliair by word of
mouth.
ECI.A"^, (ehlaw) s. [Fr.] splendour; lustre, or glory.
KCLE'CriC, o. [from ehlc^o, to choose, Gr.] selecting;
or liavins; the power of cIioosiul; or preferring.
ECLE'CtMA, .«. [from c!t, out of, and kic/w, to lick, Gr.] a
form or medicine made by the incorporation of oils with sy-
lups, and which is to be taken upon a liquorice stick.
ECLI'l'SK, s. [from ekicipu, to fail, Gr.] in astronomy, the
darkening of one of the luminaries, by the interposition of
sonieopacjue body between it and the eye, or between it
and the sun. The sun is eclipsed by the moon's intervening
between the earth and the sun. An eclipse of the moon is
when the earth being between the sini and moon, hinders
the light of the sun from fail in;,' upon her; if the light of
the sun is kept off from the i'.holr body of the moon, it is a
total eclipse ; if from a part only, it is a partial one. A
state of darkness, or want of knowledge, applied to the
mind.
To ECLI'PSE, v. a. to darken any luminary. Figurative-
ly, to destroy any light ; to drown a lesser light by superior
splendour : to cloud ; to obscure ; to disgrace.
ECLITTIC, f. [from ekleipsis, an eclipse, Gr.] in astrono-
my, is a great circle of the sphere, supposed to be drawn
through the middle of the zodiac, making an angle with the
ecjuinoctial, in the points of Aries and Libra, of a bout 23" 2«',
which is the sun's greatest declination ; or, more strictly
speaking, it is the path or way, among the fixed stars, that
the earlli appears to describe to an eye placed in the sun.
Some call it the way of the sun, because the sun, in his
apparent annual motion, never deviates from it, as all the
othf-r planets do more or less. It is called ecliptic, because
eclipses of the sun and moon happen when they are in or
near it. In geography, it is a great circle on the terrestrial
globe, not only answering to, but falling within the plane of
the celestial ecliptic.
ECLOGUE, [eklne:) s. \eld(ige, Gr.la pastoral poera, whose
scenes are confined to rural life, and whose personages are
shepherds.
ECO-NOMY, s. See Oeconomy.
ECPHRA'CTICS, (ehfriktiks) j. [from ek, out of, and
phratto, to obstruct, Gr.] such medicines as open the vessels
through which the humours are to pass, or which render
tough humours thin, and thereby promote their discharge.
E'CSTASY, s. [from eiistemi, to be entranced, Gr.] any
sudden passion of the mind, by w hich the thoughts are for
a time absorbed ; excessive joy orrapture; enthusiasm.
E'CSTASIED, a. cnraptur.ed ; elevated ; or absorbed.
ECSTATIC, or ECSTATICAL, a. enraptured, or ele-
vated to an ecstacy. Tending to external objects.
E'CTYPE, t. [from ek, out of, aud ti/pas, a type, Gr.] a
copy.
E'CURTE, (ecurie)s. [Fr.] a covered place wherein horses
archoused.
To tjDDER, V. a. to biud or interweave a fcuce.
E'DDLR, s. such fence wood as is commonly put upon
the top of fences, and binds or interweaves each other.
EDDY, s. [from ed and ea, Sax.|waler which is beat and
returns back again to the pla< e fr'im whence it flowi d. Fi-
guratively, a wliirl|iool ; a circular nioti(JU ; a uliii !« iiid.
E'DUY, a. whirling, moving iu a circul.ir manner. jL^dJt/
uw<er, amon^c mariners, implies dead water.
KDK'MATOSK, a. [from huA ma, a swelling, Gr.] swelling;
full ot humours. .See Okdkm.ai'ols.
EDE'NTATED, a. [edenMns, Lat.] deprived of teeth.
E'DG.AK, (son of Edmund) succeeded his brother in
950, when he was 16 years of age. His reign was i.ne con-
tinual calm, witliimt any wars or coinniotions, wliich was
owing to his vast preparations both by sea and lah<l, .^o that
mine da led to attack him, and, without striking a atioke, he
obliged the kings of Wales, Ireland, aud the l.sle of iSIan, to
acknowledge him for their sovereign; and it is said, that he
was rowed down the river Dec by eight kings, his vassals,
he himself sitting at the helm. There was another circum-
stance also v,hich tended to keep things {juiet during all
Edgar's reign ; and that was, his being the greatest patron of
the monks, who iiad it in their power to preserve peace.
He re( alle<l Dunstan, and made him archbisluip of Canter-
bury. The secular firiests were expelled the monasteries,
and the regulars put in their room ; these latter were also
again put in possession of the ecclesiastical benefices, and
the seculars ejected. He contrived a good expedient to
clear the country of wolves, which were fh"ii very nume-
rous, and made terrible liavock among the fiocks. Instead
of the tributes of gold, silver, and cattle, paid him by the
Welsh, he ordered them, in 1)61, to bring him every year
300 wolves' heads ; and published, throughout England, a
general pardon to all criminals, on condition they brought
him, by such a time, a certain number of wolves' tongue, in
proportion to their several crimes; so that in three years'
time there was not one left. He also freed the nation from
the worst kind of wolves, corrupt and unjust judges and
ma;jistrates. This king married Eifrida, the daughter ofthe
carl of Devonshire; the story contains somewhat extraordi-
nary. Edgar hearing that Ordgar earl of Devonshire had
a daughter named Eifrida, esteenied the greatest beauty iu
England, he was resolved to make her his wife, if she an-
swered the description, and sent earl Ethelwold, his favou-
rite, to bring him an account. Ethelwold, upon seeiu'' the
young lady, fell desperately in love with her himself; and
privately married her. Upon his return he told the king
there was nothing extraovdinary in her; whereupon the kiag
laid aside his design of marrying her. Ethelwold one day
represented to the king, that, though Eifrida was not fit for
a king, yet she was so great a fortune, that it would he a
vast advantage to a subject, and so got the king's leave to
marry her ; upon which his marriage was solemnized pub-
licly. However, Edgar was informed of Ethelwold's treach-
ery ; upon which he was resolved to see her himself; and
going into those parts where Ethelwold kept her, upon some
pretence or other, he told Ethelwold he desired to see his
wife. Ethelwold was quite confounded at this, but he could
not prevent it. As soon as the king saw her, he vvas quite
enamoured with her beaut^■,a^d was resolved to be revenged
on the perfidious earl. Soon after, Ethelwold was f'mnd
murdered in a wood. Edgar shortly after was married to
Eifrida, by whom he left one son, Ethelred, w ho succf cdoH
his brother Edward. Erlgar died, 975, in tlif .^2d year of
his age, having reigned about IG years after Edwy's death:
he was buried at Glastonbury. Edgar was a prince of a
very mixed character, in wliich ihe ricious passi.ms very
often predominated. Though we grant him to have been a
sound politician, an excellent legislator, and a monarch
whose abilities were employed fortlie benefit of his country,
we must own at the same time that he ascended the throne
of Mercia by the most flagrant injustice ; that he was super-
stitious in his religion, lawless in his passion, and Moody in
his revenge; for, exclusive of the vengeance upo:i Ethel-
wold, he destroyed the whole Isle of Tlianct with fire and ,
PDI
£DM
SMfoH, because a few of the inhabitants bad been concerned
in pliinderinfT some merchants from York. He extended
his liberality to men r'f learning and genius • his court was
hospitable and magnificent, and generally filled with a con-
course of foreigners, who were charmed with his elegance
and polifeness; and, from the tranquillity of his reign, he
acquired the denomination of Edgar the Pacific.
EDGE, s. [prgp, Sax.] the sharp side of any cutting in-
strument ; a n;irrovv part arising from one which is broachr ;
the extremity, border, or outside of a thing; intenseness of
desire ; keenness; acrimony of temper. To set the teeth on
»(fe-f, nif-ans to cause a tingling pain in the teeth.
To KDGF,, 7-. a. to sharpen or make an instrumeiU cut
better ; to border, or put something round the extremities
of a thing ; to exasperate ; to excite ; to put in sucli a po-
sition as to make way or give room ; to advance beyond a
line, or situation. Neuferly, to advance, or move forward
against any obstacle, or body movin<; in an opposite direc-
tion ; to go close upon a wind, and s;iil slow.
E'DGED, pw<. sharp, opposed to blunt.
F/DGETJ'.SS, a. nor tit to cut with ; unable to cut ; blunt.
E'DGKTOOL, s. a tool made sliarp to cut.
E'DGKVVARE, a town of Middlesex, 8 miles N. W. of
London. Market on Thursday.
EDGEWISE, ad. with the edge placed in a particular
direction.
E'DGEWORTH, Gloucestershire, 3 miles from Bisley,
and 6 from Cirencester.
E'DGEWORTHs TOWN, in Longford, Leinstcr, 52
miles from Dublin.
E'DCtING, *. something added by way of ornament; a
narrow lace. In gardening, rows of shru!)s or plants, placed
round the extremities of a oed i-nstead of borders.
E'DIBLE, o. [from edo, to eat, Lat.] fit to be eaten ; fit for
food.
E'DICT, s. [from edieo, to command, Lat.] in matters of
civil policy, is an order or instrument, signed and sealed by
a'prince, to serve as a law to his subjects.
EDIFICA'TION, s. [from eedes, a house, and facio, to
make, Lat.] improvement ; the act of advancing in reli-
gion.
E'DIFICE, s. [from trdes, a house, and/acio, tomake, Lat.]
a building, or house, generally applied to signify some large
or pompous building.
E'DIFIER, J. one who improves another by instruction.
To E'DIFY, v.a. [from rrdes,?i house, and/Jrcic, to make,
Lat.] to builii ; to improve by instruction ; to instruct or
teach.
E'DILE, s. [from ades, a house, Lat.] the title of an officer
among the Romans, who resembled the city-marshal in Lon-
don, fr a survrvor.
EDINRURGH, a city, the capital of.Srntinnd, situated
in the county to which it gives nanif , ou three hills. It
may properly be divided into the Old and new Towns.
The situation of the Old Town is singular and striking: it
stands on the middle ridge, or hill, which is narrow and
steep, and terminated abruptly on the W. by liie castle, a
▼ery ancient building, accessible only by a drawbridge, and
erected on a lofty precipitous rock. The High Street, a
mile in length, and generally !)0 feet broad, extends from
the castle tollolyrood House. On each side of this steep
Lillthe housps form narrow lanes, which arc called ch)ses,
and extend N. and S. Many of them are lofty ; but so
piled, as it were, upon each other, that they are neither
commodious nor elegant. The New Town is situated on
the N. side of the Old, on an elevated plain, from which the
CTonnd descends to the S. a!id N. with a gentle drelivity. It
forms an assemblage of uniform streets and squares, iudud-
injf several piiblic buildings, tiie whole built entirely of stone,
With consideraM" .(a^tc and elegance. The buildings on
the S. side of the Old To« n, though inferior to those on the
N. an? extensive and statelv. The most striking object here
is tJie New College, built by public subscription, on the
die of the old one, on a lar^fc and inagniticent plan. The
•3M
number of students in the university is estimated at lOOO, of
whom 400 studv medicine. The city is governed by a lord
provost, a guild council, and 2,5 common council Here are
14 incorporated trades, each having its deacon or -warden.
The principal public buiJdingsare the palace of Holyrood
Ilousp, the Royal Exchange, built in 1753, the Register
Office, the Physicians' Hall, Herriot's Hospital, founded in
1628, for the education of 140 poor boys, Watsons Hos-
pital, for the sons oCdecayed mercliants, an hospital for or-
phans, and a Royal liifirnrarv, incorporated by charter in
173(). F.dinburgh, with its dependencies, is supposed o
contain 100,000 inhabitants, and is supplied with water,
conveyed in cast-iron pipes from ("oniiiiiston, 4 miles to the
W. It is 2 miles S. of Leilh, w hit li is its port, 54 \V. N. W.
ot Berwick-upon-Tweed, and 3bi) N. by W. of Loudon. Lat.
55 58 N Ion 3 7 W
k'DINBURGHSHiRE, orMiD Lothian, a populous,
well cultivated, fertile, and pleasant county of Scotland, 27
miles in length, and 16 in breadlli, but in some places not
above 6. It is bounded on the N. by the Frith of Forth,
which separates it from Fifeshire; on the E. by the shires
of Haddington and Berwick ; on the S. by those <>f Selkirk,
Peebles, and Lanerk ; and on the W. by the shire of Lin-
lithgow.
EDITION, s.^frcmedo, to publish, Lat.] the publication
or impression of a book.
EDITOR, s. one who prepares a manuscript for the
press, and corrects the errors of the proof sheet while it is
printing
E'DM UND L the eldest of Edward the Elder's legitimate
sons, was about 18 years of age when he came to the crown
of England. No sooner had Edmund began his reign, but
the restless Dane prepared forarevolt; and Aniatf, who had
fled to Ireland after his late defeat, returned ; being furnish-
ed with trooiis from Olaus, king of Norway, he recovered
Ni)rlliuinberland, and luarclied nito Mercia ; and by the as-
sistance of his countrvnien got possession of several places
which Edward had taken from them. King Edmund march-
ed towards the north, and engaged AnlafF near Chester; and
was prepaiiug to renew the iiglit next day ; but the archbi-
shops of Canterbury and York, who were in the twoarmies,
obtained a treatv to be concluded bv break of day, by which
Edmund yielded up to the Dane all the country north of
Watling-street. King Edmund did not like this treaty, hut
was forced by the nobles to comply with it. Some time
after, .\nlafl'and Reginald, who ha<l likewise been elected
kings, the Mercians, Danes, and the king of Cumberland,
w itli one consent, took up arms, in order to shake otf the
English yoke. As soonasEdiuund had intelli^ience of these
proceedings, he marched into Mercia, and took some towns,
and put the danes into such consternation, that the two
kings tied out of the island. The Danes upon this threw
down their arms, and swore allegiance to Edmund. Ihen
he subdued Cumberland, and gave it to the king of Scotland
to fix him in his interest ; but reserved the sovereignty of it
to himself, and obliged the Scotch king to do him homage
forit. Edmund did not lon^enjoy the fruits ()f his victories;
as he was ctdebrating the festival of the conversion of the
Saxons, at Pucklekirk, in CTloucestershire, one Leolf, a noto-
rious robber, who had been banished for his crimes, inipi>.
dently came and seated himself in the hall where the kiujj
was at dinner. Edmund, provoked at his insolence, ordered
him to be seized ; but perceiving he was drawing his dagjjer
to defend himself, the king started up in a great rage, and
taking hold of him by the hair, dragged him out of the hall;
and whilst he was wholly engaged in venting his passion,
the infamous Leolf stabbed him to the heart with a dagger
so that he fell dead on the spot, in the 8th year of his reign,
A. D. !) 18, leaving behind bun two sons, Edwy and Edgar,
by Elgiva his wife. Some of this king's laws are still in be-
ing, which shew how much he regarded the good of his sub-
jects. Among the rest he ordered, that in gangs of robbers
the oldest of them should be hanged ; which was the first
law in England that punished robbery with death, the pu
EDR
EDW
nJshment before bcinp only pecuniary. Though Edmund
icifinod l»ut about ei};lit years, yet in tliat short period lie
exhibited specimens of extraordinary courage, ability, and
regard tor the welfare of his subjects.
K'DMUND, surnamed Ironside succeeded Klhelred II. in
1016. Upon his father's death, the city of London, all the
lords that were there, proclaimed him kins of England,
whilst the Dunes, and all the places in their possession, de-
clared for Canute; but a great many of the English who
were among them came over to Edmund. Canute's first at-
tempt was upon London, as being Edmund's chief support,
which he beseiged three times, but without success. Before
the last of these sieges a great Ixittle was fought, in which
both kings eminently displayed llieic courage and conduct,
and the two armies parted at last wilh equal loss on both
sides ; though the English were in danger of being worsted,
by a strataijem of the false Edric, who ivas now on the side
of the Danes; he cut oti'the head of a soldier who resembletl
F'dmund, held it upon the top of his iance, in sight of the
English, and cried, " Fly, fly, you scoundrels ; behold the
head of your kinp; in whom you trust ! " This would infalli-
bly have occasioned their defeat, if Edmund had not
shewed himself with his helmet off, and so revived the cou-
rage of his soldiers, which by Edric's artifice began to droop.
The battle lasted till night, and Edmund prepared to renew
it the next morning ; but Canute marched ott'in the night,
and went and beseiged London a third time. Five pitched
battles were fought with various success ; in the last, Edric,
who had reconciled hiu)self to Edmund, went over to the
Danes with the body of forces he commanded, which put the
English into such aconsternation, that they threw down their
arms and fled. Nevertheless, Edmund drew together a very
powerful army, and marched towards Gloucester, in quest of
the enemy ; Canute advanced towards liiui, in order to give
him battle. The two kings stood in view of each other, at
the head of their respective armies. At last Edmund pro-
posed to Canute, that in order to prevent the effusion of
blood, they two should decide the q\iarrel by single combat.
The circumstances relating to this afl'air are very uncertain.
However, the result was, that a peace was concluded, by
the partition or the kingdom; Edmund was to have Wessex,
i. e. all south of the Thames, with London, and a part of the
ancient kingdom of Essex ; and Carnite to have Mercia,
Northumberland, and East-Anglia. The valiant and gene-
rous king Edmund did not enjoy his share quite a year, be-
ing murdered by the procurement of the villain Edric, duke
of Mercia, and his brother-in-law, who, being conscious
what a false traitor he had been, feared the union of the
two kings might be destructive to him ; he immediately hast-
ened to tell Canute what he had done, who had the greatest
abhorrence of so barbarous an action, though he dissembled
it for the present, and promised to advance Edric above all
the peers of the realm. He was as good as his word ; for,
not long after, he ordered him to be beheaded, his body to
be thrown into the Thames, and his head to be fixed oii the
highest gate in London. Eilmund left two sons, F^dmund
and Edward, by his wife Algitha. He was buried at Glas-
tonbury ; and with him the Saxon Monarchy in England in
a manner ended, having lasted 190 years from Egbert's es-
tablishment; 432 from the foundation of the heptarchy; and
608 from the arrival ofHcngist. This prince, during his
thort reign, exhibited proofs of the most undaunted courage,
invincible fortitude, consummate prudence, and sublime ge-
nerosity.
E'DRED, succeeded Edmund L in&18. The Danes, ac-
cording to their usual custom upon the accession of a new
king, began to revolt, ajid gained over to their side Malcolm,
king of Scotland ; but Kdred marched into Northumberland,
and obliged them to sue for peace ; upon which Malcolm
■truck up a peace with Edred, and paid him the stipulated
homage. But the Danes would not yet be quiet; he there-
fore marched into the north made a terrible slaughteramong
the rebels, and laid waste the country for several miles.
Edric fled iitto Scotland, and the Northumbrians threw theu-
selvcs upon Edied for mercy ; he generously rrplart'<l Edrio
on the throne, only imposing a tribute on him, nnd makiiip
him swear allc-giaiice to him. But the perli<li(>us Danes laid
an ainliush for him, as he was returning towards Wessi-x,
and fell suddenly on his rear. Exasperated to tliy last de.
gree, he returned, divested Northumberland of its royalty,
and reduced it toa province; making earl Osulf, an I'ing.
lishman, the first governor. Edred, now ahsulntr lord of
all England, governed his kingdom in perfect tranquillity,
and tu ned his thoughts wholly to religion, wherein he was
implicitly directed by Dunstau, abbot of Ghi.sl<;nl)ury, who
had in every thing the ascendent over him ; by his advice
he rebuilt Glastonburv church and monastew ; lie also re-
built Croyland and Abiu'^'ton monasteries. Edred died in
the lOth year of his reign, in y5S.
To E'DUCATI'j, t'. a. [eduro, Lat.] to bring up a person ;
to give instruction to a person during his minority.
EDUCA'TION, i. the care taken of a person in his
younger years to adorn his mind with learning and mo-
rality.
To EDU'CE, V. a. [from e, out of, and ducn, to lead, I at]
to bring out ; to extract ; to bring to light ; or to bring from
astate ofconiealinent.
EDUCTION, *. the act of bringing any thing nito
view.
To EDULCORATE, v. a. [from dulcis, sweet, Lat.] to
sweeten.
EDULCORATION, s. in pharmacy, the sweetening of
a thing by means of honey, sugar, or syrup. In chemistry,
the act of freshening or cleansing a thing from its salts by
frequent washing in water.
EDWARD the Elder succeeded Alfred, in the year 900.
Ethebvard, son to Alfred's elder brother Ellielbert, aimed
at the crown ; but meeting with no encouragement from
the English, he applied himself to the Danes, who imme-
diately proclaimed him king of Enghind, pretending, as
they were possessed of half the kingdom, they had as much
right to make a king as the West Saxons. Edward marched
directly against them, and they were objiged to abandon
their new-made king Etlselvvard, and banish him (uit of their
country. Etlielwaid went over to France, and in a s\uvt
time returned with a large body of Normans, lauded them
in Essex, and soon made himself master of that province.
This encouraged the Danes to take up arms again in his fa-
vour. Edward obtained many victories in this war. Ethel-
ward was slain in battle in 906, in which battle (which was
very obstinate and bloody on both sides) king Edward lost
many of his nobles, and the Danes their king Eolrick. They
continued tlie war two years after, yet they were con-
strained at last to sue for peace, which they obtained, on
condition they would own Edward as their sovereign, and
the Normans should return to France. In 918 tlie war
broke out again, and Edward soon beat the Danes in two
engagements, and at last quite expelled them out of the
kingdom of Mercia. This war lasted, with some iiitcrvah
of respite, 12 years, in which time a great number of battles
were fought, "and the Danes continually lost ground, till
Edward obliged them to lay down their arms, and acknow-
ledge him once more as their sovereign. After the peace
was concluded with the Danes, A.D.922, Edvrard marched
against the Welsh, obtained a signal victory over them, and
compelled the Welsh king Reesap Madoc to sue for peace,
promising to pay the usual tribute for the future. The Cum-
berland Britons likewise submitted to Edward. He died
in the 26th year of his reign, A. D. 925, and was interred at
Winchester.
EDWARD the Younger succeeded Edgar in 975. Tlie re
were great contentions about the succession. The raonki
and their party were for Edward, Edgar's eldest son, now
about 14 years of age: and the nobles, who were unexiY
at the power and great wealth heaped upon the iiioab<9,
were for Ethelred. In the mean time, Dunstan, fearing tet
be outvoted, taking advantaf;e of the favour of t're {tca-
ple, who had an high opinion of his sanctity, nsei Wi «
2W
EDW
EDW
sudden, and leads prince Edward by the hand towards 1 lie
church, and there anoints him king. The nobles murmured
at this; hut seeing he had the people to hack him, they
were forced to acquiesce. Dunslan immediately assumed
the rc;;ency. King Edward, after he had reigned little
more than three years, came to a tragical end In 979. As
he was one day returning from hunting, and came near
Corfetaslle, in the isle ot Purbeck, in Dorsttshiie, where
his stepmother Elfrida and her son Ethelred resrded, he
rode otf from his company to pay her a visit. Elfrida, be-
ing informed the king was at the gate, ran to receive liim,
and presst'd him to alight. As he only designed to p;iy his
resp'cts to her as he passed by, he desired a glass of wine
to dnnk her hea-lth ; which being brought to him as he sat
on his liorse, the innocent king no sooner lifted the glass
to his inoutli, but a villain, at the private instigation of
the ciiiel queen, stabbed him in the back with a dagger.
He was succeeded by Ethelred, 12 years of age.
EDWARD the Confessor, son of Ethelred and Emma,
succeuded Hardicanute, June 8, 1041. He had spent great
part of his life in Normandy. Goodwin, who had made
nim swear that he would marry his daughter, convened a
general assembly, and got Kdward acknowledged and pro-
claimed king of 'England. Eflward was a man of weak un-
derstanding, which gave Goodwin an opi)ortunity of rising
to an exorbitant heighth of power. He bore a very great
hatred against Goodwin and his whole family in his heart,
which was the reason of his deferring his marriage with his
daughter Editha aslomf as possible ; however, after a delay
of two years, as he really stood in fear of her father, he es-
poused her, but ne\'er consummated the marriage. He went
nastily to Windsor, where his rnolher's treasures lay, seized
them all, ami stript her of every thing, leaving her only a
small pension for her life, and_ had her confined ten years
like a prisoner at Winchester, where she died 1052. Seve-
ral circumstances concur; ing, the king and Goodwin came
at last to an open rupture; but what brought things to a
crisis, was the following incident. Eustace, earl of Boloign,
having paidavisitto king Ivhwird, was returning to France,
and at Dover one of his people picked a quarrel with a
townsman, and killed him. This occasioned a great insur-
rection of the inhabitants, in which 20 of the earls people
lost their lives. Upon this, the king ordered Goodwin to
go with some troops, and chastise the rioters ; but he abso-
lutely refused, saying justly, that it was not the custom of
England to punish men unheard. Edward now came to a
fixed resolution to punish the earl for this disobedience;
Goodwin, having intelligence of it, raised forces to defend
himself. However, by the advice of a general assembly
convened at Gloucester, a peace was patched up for the
present; but it did not last long. Goodwin and his sons,
refusing to appear before the general assembly, were ba-
nished the realm, and accordingly they passed over sea.
They returned in a hostile manner," and entered iheTliames
with a fleet of ships ; but an accommodation was once more
agreed on. A little after, William the Bastard, Duke of
Normandy, arrived in England, to pay a visit to king I'.d-
ward. 1)1 10.01, Edward abolished for ever the tax called
Danegeld, which amounted to 4o,000ii? a year, and had been
paid for 3H years. In lo.');? earl Goodwindied. In ltl.04 the
Welsh made an inroad into England, and plundered liere-
fofd ; but earl Harold, son of Go<i(lwin, marched against
tbem with an army he had himself raised, put them to the
rout, and drove them out of the coinitry, which raised him
very much in the esteem of the people, and they began to talk
openly that no man was so worthy to succeed to the crown
as Harold. The king, to defeat Harold's hopes, sent for his
nephew Edward, son of Edmund Ironside, out of llungary ;
he accordingly came over to England, w.'i his son Edgar
\theling, and his two daughters, 10.')7; but died soon after
his arrival. In l()fi3 the Welsh again renewed tlieii imur-
«tons, and were again repulsed by Harold and his brother
Tnston, who ol(lig,-(l them to dethrone (iriflin, and become
tributary to I'.ngland. Tiie Nurthumbrrans, being grievously
S9«
oppressed by Toston their earl, rose up in arms, and expel-
led him their country. Harold was sent to ehastise theiq,
and restore his brother; but the people made such remon-
strance's to him of Toston's ill government, lliat he obtained
their pardon, and procured another governor. Thisentirely
gained liiiii the aflectioiis of the whole people, for his equity
and Justice. Whilst Harold was using all the address he
was master of to procure his succession to the crown, kinj.
Edward gave himself no trouble about it, but was wholly
engviged in building the church and monastery of Westmin-
ster. He just lived to see them finished, and the ceremony
of theirdedication performed ; and, dying in the 24th year
of his reign, A. D. 1066, was buried in the sepulchre he
had provided for himself in Westminster-abbey; which he
built. He was the last king of Egbert's race, tliough not
the last Saxon king, since Harold was of that nation, tiiongh
notof llie blood royal. The mentalqualities of Edward did
not at all answer to the dignity of his person. He was weak,
indolent, and irresolute, and ihe attachment to his own ease
tended in a gnat measure to the tranquillity of his reign.
He seems to have been void of natural aflection, and indeed
of every other passion that kindles any warm emotion in the
human Ileal I. He was equally free from pride and ostei>-
talion, modcrale in his appetites, complacent in iiis deport-
ment, charitable to tl'.e poor, and extremely punctual in the
performance of all religious duties; so that he acquired
among the vulgar Ihe title of Saint and Confessor, by which
epithet he was canonized by pope Alexander 111. about Qffo
years after his death. His prophecies and revelations are
no other than the dreams of superstition ; and, as for his
curing scrofulous tumors and ulcers by the touch, the sen-
sible part of mankind is by this time very well convinced,
that neither he who exercised this apostolic function, in imi-
tation of the French kings, nor any of his successors, ever
contributed to the recovery of one patient, by any inherent
personal virtue derived from heaven. The passive humanity,
or rather easiness of his life, appears from some private in-
cidents of his life, which are very often more characteristic
than those transactions of importance which are the eflocts
of counsel and deliberation. One day, while he reposed
himself upon a couch, a i)age, who little dreamed that ht
was in theai'intnieiit, finding an iron chest open, filled his
pockets with the silver it contained ; but not sutisfied with
his booty, he had recourse to it again ; wh< :i the king,
thinking him perhaps too unconscionable, " Boy, (said he
very deliberately,) yo\i had better be satisfied with wlrat
you have got; for, if Ihigolin, my chamberlain should
come in, you will lose the whole, and be severely wipt into
the bargain. " Before the reign of Edward, the countries
of Wessex, Mercia, and Northiunberland, were governed
by their own peculiar laws; but he reduced them all into
one body, and ordained they should be observed in com-
nxui through the whole kingdom. These were called Ed-
ward's laws, in con.tradislinction to those of the Noriuan
kings, wliiili were introduced in thesenuel.
EDWARD I. eldest son of Henry III. who succeeded to
the crown of England upon the death of his father, Nov.
IG, 1272, was at that time on his return from the Holy Land,
ond was crowned Aug. 19, 1274, with Eleanor his queen,
sister of the king of Castile, who attende I him in iiis expe-
dition: Alexander III. king of Scotland, the duke of Bre-
tagne, and all the lords of the realm, being present at Ihe
solemnity ; on which occasion .500 horses were let loos«
about the country forall that could catch them tokeep tlieiii.
The fir^t thing he did after his coronation was to rectifX the
abuses in the administration of ju.stice, and the |iarliaii>eut
enacted some good laws, which were called the shitiites of
Westminster. Afterwards, he marched with ;i great army
into Wides, and made Llewelljn their prince, who had at-
femjited to throw otf the yoke, sue for peace, which was
granted on hard terms ; but Edward afterwards generously
relaxed them, being satisfied with tbusinortifying his enemy.
In 127.'), the earldom of I'onlhien i^ndMontreud fell, to Eil
ward, in right of his queen,' upt>n the-dcath of the qucun of
BARCIU^fS D3rTII©FAlRTwop^)EBWAIRD-
( /C-
., /:m^/1^a.
5^/:
I
EDW
£DW
Castile her mother. The coin liaving been very miicn adul-
terated, and information having been givon ihat Jews were
chiefly concerned in it, the king caused all tiiat were in the
nation to be seized in one day, and 280 of them, being con-
victed of clippin;; andcoininjj, received sentence of death,
and were executed accordingly. About tliis time tiic statute
of Mortmain passed, to put a stop to tiie prcvaiUng prac-
tice of personsaiienating their lands to the church. In 1289
(though some say several years after) the statute of QuoVVar-
ranto was passed, occasioned by many persons, during the
late troubles, appropriating lands to themselves to wiiich
they had no right, by which statute they were obliged to
shew their claim ; but the king, eilher through ill advice, or
tJie desire of keeping up money, issiu-d out a proclaniiition
for all that held lands of the crown to lay their title before
the judges. The earl of Warren appearing, and being re-
quired to shew his title to liislan<ls, drew out an old rusty
sword, and said, " It was by this my ancestors gained their
estate, and by this will I keep it so long as I live." Tiiis
brave and bold answer opened the king's eyes, and, thinking
better of the matter, he recalled the procl;imation. Llewel-
lyn, having revolted at the instigation of his brother David,
committecl great ravages on the borders, and defeated the
king's generals: but Kdwanl, matching viitlia numerous
army into Wales, totally routed Llewellyn's forces in a great
battle, in which Llewellyn himself was slain ; and the king
caused his head, crowned with ivy, to be exposed to view
on the walls of the Tower of London. David his brother,
the last of his race, was cruelly put to death as a traitor, and
his head fixed up by his brother's, and his four quarters sent
to York, Bristol, Northampton, and Winchester. After the
defeat of Llewellyn, Kdward, with ease, became master of
the whole cnuntrv, and Wales was united to the crown of
England in 1283. The queen lay in at Caernarvon, where she
was brought to bed of a prince, named Edward, who, when
he was 17 years of age, was invested with the principality of
Wales; and from that time the king's eldest son has been
always prince of Wales. In 1287, king Kdward, leaving the
regency to the earl of Pembroke, went over to France,
where lie stayed three years. Being returned into Kngland
in 1289, he set about reforming abuses in the administration
of justice, punished several judges who \\ere found guilty
of taking bribes, and obliged them to swear for the future
tliey would take neither money nor presents, but a moderate
breakfast. The next year the Jews were all banished the
kingdom. Upon the death of Alexander III. there arose
great disputes in Scotland about the succession. The chief
of the claimants were John Baliol and Kdward Bruce, who
in order to prevent a civil war, chose the king of England
arbitrator of their dift'erences ; but, before he could proceed
to a decision, he declared that he acted in this affair as so-
vereign lord of all Scotland, and required the states to own
him as such, which, though they never expressly did, yet
they did not directly oppose his pretensions : however, he
was owned as sovereign by all the claimants, and decided
in favour of Baliol, whom he declared king of Scotland ;
npon which he swore fealty, and did homajre to king Ed-
ward. But Baliol, being a<lerward« absolved from his oath
of fealty by the pope, upon the king of England's treating
him in an imperious nranner, was determined to throw otf
the yoke; and took the opportunity of Edward's being at
war with France to send a letter to him, renouncing the ho-
mage he had paid him ; which so exasperated him, that in
I2S)6 he marched his army designed for France into Scot-
land, and made himself master of tliat kingdom, and Baliol
came and resigned his crown to him. Edward returned to
England, carrying with him the crown and sceptre of Scot-
land, with the rest of the regalia, and the famous stone of
Scone, on which the inau";uratu>n of the kings was per-
formed. Prince Edward, being left regent on the king's
going to Flanders, having assembled the parliament, which
granted him a large subsidy, confirmed king John's two
charters by an authentic act A'hich the king put the great
•«al to in rlaoders. While the kiog was abroad the Scots re-
volted, and drove the English out of all their strong piaco«
in Scotland, leaving them only the single town of Berwick
upon Tweed. Kdward, upon this, returned forthwith to
Kiigland, and met the enemy at Falkirk, where be totally
routed them, retook all the strong places he had lost, and
returned to England. This was in I2!JH. The next year the
whole kingdom ros;', and drove the English once more out
ofScotland. lUlward, eniaged at this, entered that king-
dom a third time in 1.30(t, and entirely routed the .'^cotch
army. Edvyard refusing to accept their offers of submission,
the Scots, in despair, offered llie sovereignty of their coun-
try to Boniface VIII. who readily accepted of it. But Ed-
ward liad so little regard to the popes pretensions, that he
swore if he heard any more of lliem, he would destroy Scot-
land from sea to sea ; however, at the instance of the king
of France, he granted the Scots a truce ; but, on the expira-
tion of it, he sent an army into Scotland, which being di-
vided into three parts to ravagi' the country, were all routed
in one day. Having now concluded a peace with France,
in 1303, by which (iuicnnc was restored to Edward, he en-
tered Scotland with so ninnerous an army, that he met with
no resistance, and penetrated to the utmost bounds of the
island, laying waste the country on all sides, and took Stir-
ling castle. At his return into Kngland, he publicly impri-
soned Prince Kdward his son, for having committed some
outrage against the bishop of Litchfield. The Scots, though
often subdued, revolted again, and were again subdued.
Edward, upon his rc'finu, iKUiished fiaveston, as a corrupter
of the prince, and made the prince to swear never to recal
him. The Scots again took up arms under Bruce, who at-
tacked the earl r)f Pembroke, tlie king's general in Scotland,
defeated him, and took the earl prisoner, after which h»
gained several other ailvantages. Edward was now so ex-
asperated against the Scots, that he n)a(le vast preparations
to destroy tliem ; but he was seized with a distemper at Car-
lisle. and died at Burgh upon the Sands, in Cumberland, on
Jidy 7, 1307, aged OH years, having reigned 34 yearg, 7
months, and 20 days. When he was near his end, he ad-
vised his son to carry his bones at the head of his army, as-
suring him the rebels could never withstand the si^ht of
them. He ordered him to send his heart to the Holy Land,
with 32,000^. fi)r the maintenance of the holy sepulchre, and
coiBuiantled him never to recal fiaveston. The constitu-
tion of parliament, such as it is at this day, was so well es-
tablished in his reign, that an additional law was made to
the great charter, which enacted that no tax should be levi-
ed on the people without the consent of the commons. He
had, by Eleanor of Castile, four sons and nine daughters ;
but Edward his successor was the only one of his sons who
survived him. By Margaret of Pi^anc«, his second wife, he
bad two sons and a daughter. Eleanor his queen died in
1297, in memory of whom he erected a cross wherever Iver
corpse rested in the way from Lincolnshire to Westminster.
Edward was tall, graceful, and majestic ; his constitution
was robust and vigorous; and his features were regular and
elegant. He excelled in those accomplishments which cai>-
tivate the affections of the superficial :idmirers of exterior
performances. He distinguisb.ed himself above most of his
contemporaries, by his activity and skill in equestrian exer-
cises, in the s.ports of the field, and in the rnanreuvres of chi-
valiy . His address was engaging, and his elegance of manners
attracted the admiration of those who enjoyed his society.
In conversation he was aii'able, eloquent, and persuasive;
mingling the effusions of pleasantry w itii the most pertinent
observations. In private life, he was a strict observer of tlie
laws of honour, and of the dictates of truth. He was a pat-
tern of filial piety, a chaste and affectionate husband, a kind
though vigilant parent, an humane and friendly master. —
" By his ability and courage," says a modern writer, " ite
eminently contributed to the suppression of an alarming re-
bellion, which had shaken to its centre the throne of his
imbecile father. By his policy and judgment, he had im-
parted strength to the Government, and vigour to the exe-
cution of the laws, whicli, amidst the indolence and neglect
29ii
EDW
EDW
of Hoiiry, had been rarely enforced. To the laurels acquir-
ed in his native country, he had added the fame of gallant
exploits in the pJains of Asia ; and had revived among the
inhdeis in Palestine the memory of Englisli valour." The
zarae author pleasantly remarks, that, "The strength of his
constitution appears from his procreative poweis ; for his
last child was begotten after he had entered into his sixty-
seventh year." He was celebrated for his judgment, pene-
tration, prudence, and sagacity. He was so cautious and
circumspect, that he never brought himself into any dilem-
ma ; and possessed such presence of mind, tliat, when by a
concurrence of luiavoiilalile and disastrous circumstances
he was involved iu any dithculty, he neverfailed to extricate
himself wi'h equal honour and address. His noble achieve-
ments in Palestine, France, Wales, and Scotland, jironounce
him an accomplished jjeneral; nor was he less distinguished
for his legislative capacity. His merit as a legislator pro-
cured him the appellation of the Justinian of England ; for
not to mention the many excellent statutes which were pro-
mulgated during his reign, he reformed the administration
nf justice, and ascertained the proper limits between the
different courts of judicature ; introduced a new and easy
method of collecting the public taxes; reduced the extrava-
gant power of the pope and clergy, and enacted many wise
and salutary laws for preserving the peace [of the kingdom,
and maintaining order [and regularity among his subiects.
Rut whatever his panegyrists may have said, Edward's cha-
racter is far from being free from blemish or imperfection.
There are some vices in the composition of this prince,
which render his claim to extravagant conniiendationnuic.
weaker than that of many other princes. These were, dis-
regard to justice where his own passions were concerned, an
rmmoderate ambition, a propensity to despotic acts, and an
occasional adoption of sentiments of barbarity and revenge.
'3"hese imputations on his memory are sufficiently proved by
the genuine narrative of his reign.
EDWARD II. king of England, was about 22 years o
age when he succeeded his father Edward 1. and began his
reign by recalling (iaveston, a nat-ive of Gascony, the de-
haucherofhis youth, contrary to his lather's last command,
and his own oath; on whom he heaped numberless favours.
He married Isabella of France, daughter of Philip the Fair,
at Boulogne, and appointed Gaveston guardian of the
realm during his absence; which so exasperated the barons,
that they entered into a league to prevent his coronation
upon his return; but, on his promising in the next parlia-
ment to grant ihcm ;i!l they could desire, he was crowned
by the bishop of W iuchesfer, February 24, 1308, when he
took an oath to preserve the laws, customs, and liberties
granted to the clergy and people by St. Edward. How-
ever, Gaveston still governed with an absolute sway, and
behaved with great insolence ; w h.ich so provoked llie lords,
that they got the p;irliam(ii1 to join with them to demand
Gavesti;n's banithimnt, which the king linding he could not
avoid, made him governor of luland. However, he was
soon recalled ; upon which the barons obliged the king to
place the goverinnent in the hands of 21 lords (called or-
fiainers) chosen by parli;iin(iil, v, ho banished Gaveston; but
he was soon recalled as before. And now several of the
Bobleuif.'i, entering into a conh'deraey, raised forces, and
marched to York, where the king with his favourite were
faking ihcirdiversions; but, upon notice of llieir a|)proacli,
he left the place, (javeston was taken some days after in
Scarborough castle, and, after a hastv trial, brlieaded; and
an accoinniodation was afterward efi'ecled between the king
and the barons, and peace restored in l.'>l;i. The-same
j'car the iiueen was delivered of a son, who wis named Ed-
Wiird. The Scots, taking advantage of the cennnotions in
f'ugland, drove the English out ot their co'.iiitry. On June
25, 1314, was fought llie battle of lianockliurn, in which
the Eiijflish army was totally routed, with a ilrcadfiil slaugh-
ter; and the .Scots made seveial ineursious into I'.tiglanil,
and r.iviged the borders in a terrible manner, till a Iruee
wiw made for two years. In 1323 kinj; Edward marched
2t.'C
hi! army info Scotland ; but was obliged to retreat for wartt
of provisions, and the Scots pursued hira, and ravaged the
country to die very walls of York ; at last a truce wa»
agreed on for thirteen years. Another war was upon the
point of breaking out between the kin-j and the barons,
when matters were made up in 1318. The lords, jealout
of the king, placed a young gentleman, named Hugh Speu-
cei-, about him as a spy,aiid got him made high chamberlaiu ;
but he had the art ot insinuating himself so much into the
king's favour, as to be made a confidant, and possessed the
place of Gaveston in his heart ; and heaud hisfather,whora
he made earl of Winchester, had the whole management of
afl'airs in their hands: upon which the barons entered into
a confederacy, levied troops, and then so vigorously peti-
tioned for the removal of the Spencers, that the king durst
not refuse their demands, and the par.iament passed an act
for their bau:shment, which was accordingly put in execu-
tion. But now affairs began to be in a name again, by
means of the queen, who having received some affront
from the ijovernor of Leeds, which belonged to one of the
associated barons, she spuired the king to revenge against
the whole body, who having taken the castle of Leeds,
banged the governor, and then turned his arms against the
barons. He took Warwick castle, and some others ; and
then thinking himself strong enough to stand against all op-
poseis, he recalled the two Spencers. Most of the confede-
rate barons threw themselves upon the king's mercy ; as to
those who stood out, many of them were put to death, some
fled the kingdom, and ntheis were imprisoned, among whom
was Mci timer, whom the Spencers confined in th( Tower.
The earl of Lancaster, with v\ hat troops he could raise, re.
tired into the North, in order to join the Scots ; he wai
taken and beheaded at Pontefract, 9 lords of his party were
executed at York, and others in other parts of the kingdom.
The Spencers now exercised their exorbitant power with-
out control ; and Mortimer, after having been twice con.
demned, and twice pardoned by the influence of the queen,
made his escape to France, where the queen soon fol-
lowed, under pretence of bringing about an accommoda-
tion between her brother and her husband, but with a full
intention to be revenged on the Spencers, who had taken
all occasions to mortify her ; and afterwards got iicr son
over, to do homage for Guienne and Ponthicu, which she
had persuaded his father to resign to hnn. Edward sent
letter after letter, commanding the queen to return with her
son ; but she always made some excuse or other, all the
while ijlotting to dethrone her husband. All the English
who had taken refuge in riance, or had been banished,
came in to her; among whom was Roger Mortimer, who
became her chief counsellor. On Sept. 22, 132fi, she em-
barked with a body of forces, though trusting more to her
friends in the kingdom. Accordingly she was no sooner
landed, than seveial lords joined her with a great number of
forces ; so that the kiii<^ being deserted by all, concealed
fiimselfin the abbey of Neath. He had left Spencer, the
father, in Bristol, which being soon taken, the oUI man was
immediately hung up in his armour, without any formality.
'I'hecity of London declared for the (jueeii ; and the bishop
of Exeter, who endeavoured to keep it for the king, was be-
headed by the populace. Prince Edward was now declared
guardian of the realm; and search being made for the kiiifr,
he was soon found where he lay coik ealed, having witti
him only young Spencer, r.hancellor Baldoek, Simon de
Reading, and a few domestics, every body else having de-
serted him. With these the unhappy king was conducted
to Monmouth castle, and the bisho() of Heieford w as sent to
demand the great seal of |;iiii ; which he delivered up for
the queen and prince, to make use of as they thought pro-
per, 'llie queen, having got the great seal, called a parlia-
ment in the imprisoned king's name; but before it met, she
caused Sp(>ncerto be hanged on a gibbet .00 feet high, .ind
Simon de Heading on one 10 feet lower. 'J'lie parliament
being met, Jan. i;j27, iiiiiinimouslv agreed, lli:t the king
should be deposed, and Ldwaici his sun made ',ing in iii«
EDW
EDW
mom. The suhstaiice oflhc cli:ir};r <>xliii)itr(l ;if;aiiisf liini
was, that he had not govcriiiil acconlini,' lo tlic hi«s of the
land ; in short, that he was foiiiid iiicorii^'ilih', and without
hopes of amemliiieiit. I'riiiee l''.dwani was iimiiediately
Vroclaiiiied kiiif; in Westminster Hall, li.v llie name of H(l-
ward III. But the !,'enerous jouiij; piinee vowing he would
not ac<i'pt )f the crown without liis father's consent, it was
thoufjht necessary to send coinniission<'rs to ohli;^^ the kin^
to resifjn the crown to liis son. 'J'iie kin;,' came out in a
mourning haliit.and fainl( d away. On hisconiiu;^ to him-
self, they reprrsente<l lo him Ihe ill conseiiueiu-e that might
attend liis refusal; miou which he (hlivered Ihe crown,
sceptre, and oilier ensigns of royally, into their hands, and
made a formal resignation of the regal aulliorily ; upon
which Sir Thomas P.lounI, the high eon^lahle, broke his
staff, and declared all Ihe king's ottieers disc harjiei'. Thus
ended tlie reign of Kd ward 11. Jan. -H), l;)-27, in the '20lli
year, and •l.'id of his age. besides Edward, wiio sneci'eded
liini, he had another son, called John of I'llliani, and two
daughters, .loanua, married to David king of Scots, and
Eleanor, wife of the fluke oftiuelder. Edward is said lo
have rcsemhle<| his father in the accomplishuienls of his
}«'rson, as well as in his countenance ; liui in other respects
le seems to have inhcriled only the difecls of his character ;
fi^r he was cruel au<l illilicral, without his valour or capacity.
He had levity, iu<lolenee, and irresolution, in common with
other weak priiKis ; l)ut the distinguishing foihie of his
character was that unacconntahle passion for the reigning
favourite, to which he sacrificed every other consideration of
fiolicy and convenience, and at last fell a miserahle victim.
II this reign there was Ihe most terrihle earllupiake that
liad ever been felt in Iaigland,aud a dreadful famine, wliich
lasted three years, and deslroyed a vast numljer of people.
During this time, the brewing any sort <!f beer was prohi-
bited on pain of death, that ihe corn which used lobe con-
sumed that way might be a|;plied to llie making of bread.
This perioii is also remarkable for llie total suppression of
(he knights Teniidars, not only in E.ngland, l)nt all over
Ciiristendoin ; and their estates were assigned lo the knights
o< St. John of Jerusalem, now called knights of Malta.
This suppression was said to be owing to tlieir enormous
vires.
Is'DWARD III. was proclaimed king on Jan. 20,1.327,
wnd was crowned on the 2()th al Westminster, lieing then
in the 14th year of his age. The beginning of his reign
Rave people room to think they bad not changed for the
better, whicii was owing to the bad administration of the
queen, w lio wasdirected in every thing by Mortimer, wfio
acted more like a sovereign than a subject ; and though the
parliament had appointed 12 regents during the king's mi-
nority, yet IsaUilla had seized the government into her own
liajids. King llobert Fijiiee, thinking to take the advantage
of'Edward's niinorily, broke the truce with tlic English, and
sent an army of 20,on(i men to ravage the country border-
ing on Scotland. Edward, exasperated at this, marched
an army of GO.OOO men, including the Ihiinanllers, lately
brought over; but just as the king was going to head them
at York, a ([uarrel arose between the English and Hainaidt-
era, which came to blows, and a great deal of blood was
spilt. This occasionetl their stay at York lunger than was
convenient, which gave the Scots opportuniiy of ravaging
Ihc country, and postingtlu'inselves so that the king could
not come to give them battle. The lale king was all this
time a chise prisoner in Kenilworth castle. His harsh treat-
ment began to raise compassion in tlie people,aiid Henry of
Lancasterenterlained some thoughtsofsetthig him at lil)er-
ty. To prevent this, Lancaster wasdischarged, and Sir John
Mallravcrs and Sir John Gurney, two men of a bruli^-h dis-
position, were appointed in his room. They were ordered
to remove him from Kenilwdrth lo Berkley castle, where
tlicy received orders to put liim to death, which thev exe-
<Titcd in a barbarous manner: they put a pillow on hi's face
to keep him from crying out, thrust a pipe uji liis fundament,
tiiatiiO scar might appear, atid tiiroiigh it niii a red-hot iron
into his bowels ; in whichcxquisite torture he expired, after
he liad been deposed about eight months. 'J'he wrelclies
who perpetrated this horri<l nnirder<ame to miserablcendj ;
(juiney dying abroad by the hands of the executioner, and
Maltravers perishiiig in exile. His bodv was buried in .«
private manner, in the abbey-church at Gloucester, and it
was given out that he di*<l a iialural death. In l.'32«, ihe
young king's marriagi- withPhilippa of Hainault was soh ni-
nized, and the same year a tn aty of peace was made w i h
Scotland; king Edward renouncing all iiretensions lo that
kingdom, and the princess Joanna, his sister, beiii:; giM n lo
]>rince David, llie king oi Scotland's son. Charles, the bro-
ther of (pieen Isabella, (King without male issue, lulwavd,
as the next heir, sent lo demand the crown of France; but
I'liilip de Valois, cousin german to the late king, cans.n:^
himself to be crowned, Edward was obliged to let tiie mat-
ter lie dormant for Ihe present, and went over to France in
1,32!), to pay homage for (inienne and I'ontliien, having
privately protested beforeliaiid agaiuvt Ihe lioiiiage he wag
going to pay. Upon his relurn to England in 1330, the
conduct of the queen and ftlortimer were represented to
him in such a light, that he caused them both to be seized
at Nottiiighani ; then calling a parliament, he told then
that, with the consent of his subjects, he intended to take
upon himself the government, though he was not at the
age prescribed by the law ; to which the parliament readily
assented. The hrst thing he did was to seize Ihe extrava-
gant dower of the queen, amouiiliiig to two-thirds of the
revenue oflhc crow n, and then coiiliiied her in the castle of
Rising for the remainder of her lite, which lasted 28 years;
and Mortimer was hanged as a traitor, on the common gal-
lows at T\ burn. The same year the king had a son born lo
him, who was named Edward. 'J'he art of weaving
woollen cloth was about this time brought from Flan-
ders into England, by John Keinpe, to whom king Ed-
ward granted his protection, and invited our fullers, dyers,
and other artilicers belonging to I'le nianulactnre, which
has since proved so advaiihigeons to Englanil. Edward
now intended lo break the dishonourabh? treaty that queen
Isabella and Mortim<r had drawn him in to make with
Scotland. He set Eduaid I'aliol, son of John Baliol,
whom lulward E had made king of Scotland, upi)n t!ie
throne, and young king David was(d)liged to t^y intoFran<e;
soon after which Kaliolwas cifiwm d at Scoue, and liid the
same homage lo king Edward for Scollaiid as his father hait
done to Edward E The king of I'nglaiid marched an army
to lay seige to Berwick, which was slill in king David's
liands. The regent of Scotland marched with a great army
to his relief, but Efhvard met him at Halydon-hiii, and in a
bloody battle, A. D. 13.33, entirely routed him; alter
which Berwick surrendered, which Edward anuexed for
ever to the crown of England. However, the Scots drove
Baliol out of the kingdom ; upon which Elilward march.ed
with a numerous army in 1336, and attacked Scotland by
sea and land, whereupon they submitted. Edward reluri:>d
to England, leaving the earl of Atliol to command in his
aliMUee ; who, as he was besieging Kildrummy, was at-
tacked, defeated, mid slain, by Dunbar and Douglas, who
niarclied lo the relief id" the place. 'Fhis occasioned Edward
once more lo march into Scolland, where lie ravaged the
cnunlies tlrat had revolted, 'llien, leaving a small army
under I'aliol, he came back to England, being now bent
upon putting his project against France iiiio execution. He
niaiiilaiiKil, that the Salic Law, iji excluding feiiiak-s, did
not exclude their male issue ; and he was encouraged in
his endeitaking by Robert d' A itois whom Philip had dis-
giiskd. Ill 1337 he called a parliament, chietly to sellle
the business ol'llie woollen manufacture. He now created his
clilest son iliiUe of Cornwall, who was the first in England
who had the lille of duke; and ever since the eldest smi <■£
the king of England is liy birth duke of Cornwall. The
first step Edwaid took was to order the duke of Brabant to
demand the crown of France in his name ; at the same time
making hiiu his liei;tcn:int geiicnil for tiial kingd<ini, auU
8U7
EDW
EDW
eommaiiding the Frencli, wlioni lie styled his subjects, to
obey liim-. In 1338 he set sail whh a considerable tleet,
and arrived at Antwerp, «liere he made a lonj; stay, to
settle some matters of iinportaiice. The first campaign was
not opened till Sept. 1339, which ended without bloodshed.
Tlie next year Kdward took the title of king of France,
using it in all public acts, and quartered the arms of France
wicli his own, adding this motto, Dieu et mon droit, God
and my right. He soon utter obtained a great victory over
tiie French at sea ; for with a fleet of 300 sail, attacking the
French fleet of 400, he took or sunk almost all of them.
However, a truce was agreed on, by the mediation of the
pope, for three years. Fd«ard also made a truce with
David for two years, "ho was returned into Scotland with
troops from France. While these truces subsisted, Edward
called a parliament, in which he solemnly confirmed all the
liberties contained in the great charter, and created his son
Edward prince of Wales. In 1310, Kdward landed in
Normandy, with his son, t!ie prince of Wales, who was
now about 16 years of age ; and, after ravaging the coun-
try, encamped at Cressy ; and on August 26", 134(!, a very
obstinate and bloody battle was fouglit, which proved fatal
to the French. The prince of Wales, young as he was,
performed wonders. To him tlic victory was chieiiy owing,
the king h's father leaving hiiii the honoi\rof it. Philip was
wounded in the neck and thigh, and being forced to retire,
the victory was soon conijiletcd. There were slain in this
battle, the king of Bohemia, who was blind ; the earl of
Alencon, Philip's brother ; the duke of Lorrain ; the earls of
Planners and IJlois ; 1.500 otlu r eminent noblemen, and 120
knights; and above 80 French standards taken. It is said,
that in this famous battle the English first made use of can-
non, then unknown to the French. After this, Edward
besieged Calais, which held out a year ; and he at last re-
<iuced it by famine, and then consented to a year's truce.
During the siege of Calais, the king of Scots advanced as
far as Durham at the head of a numerous army ; but queen
Philippa, mnrching against h.im, defeated him, and took him
prisoner. King David remained a prisoner eleven years,
and then was released upon giving 20 I'.ostages to pay
100,000 marks, at 10,000 a year, till all was paid. A ten
vears' truce was at this time concluded l)etween the two
kingdoms. David died in 13i!8, and left his crown to
Robert Stuart, his nephew. Not long after the taking of
Calais, Edward instituted the most famous order of knight-
hood in the world, viz. that of the Garter. About the same
time, the merchants having complained oft he depredations
C'onnnitted by some Spanish ships on the English coast, Ed-
ward did not disdain to go in persim w ith smiie ships, and
give chase to those corsairs. He took 2(i of their Jarge ships,
sunk some, and dispersed the rest. Philip de Valois dying
m 1.3.50, left liis son his successor, w ho prolonged the truce
to 1.3.'i4, and then to the year fiillowing ; but it was ill ol)-
served on botli sides. When it was near ex|iiring, Edward
invested tl>e prince of Wales with the duchy ofGiiienne,
ajid sent him thither to prosecute the war ; who having ad-
vanced to the gate of Rourgcs, upon his return was met
by the king of France with an arniv of 60,000 men, near
Poictiers ; and here a memorable battle was fought, on Sep-
tendier 1!), 13.V), in which the prince of Wales, notwilii-
slanding the vast superiority of the P rencli, gained a com-
jilete vi<'tory, and took king John prisoner, with Pliili]), his
fmrth SDU. The duke ofHonrbon, thi' constable of France,
the marshal de Nelse, about .50 other great lords, and hoo
Renllemen. were slain. A truce for twoyears was soon at^tcr
agri'ed r,n ; and the prince <'anie over to Englanfl, bringing
the captive kingalong with him, who was treated with the
preafest lespect by all the royal family. King John agreed
ni)or) a treatv with the king of England, in order to recover
Iiislibertv; but the stales of France refused to ratify it;
upon which Edward, in \?,a\ went over to France with an
army of 100,0(K> men, with an intent to subdue the king-
dom; i>uthedid not cat rv his point ; for though he ravaged
tic country to the very gate» of Paris, yet he toiJd by iio
' ii&8
means draw tiie dauphin and the regent out to an engage-
ment ; so that bis army mouldering away with sickness, and
tired with fruitless attempts, he consented to a treaty of
peace, which was signed Mav H, 1360, whereby the king of
France was to pay three millii'us of crowns of gold for his
ransom, and the king of England was to hold Guienne,
Calaistown, castles, and territories, and sevcralother places;
and king John was set at liberty, returned to France, and
fulfilled the treaty. In 1663, king John eanic over to 'Eng-
land again, about some matters of'importance, and was very
honourably received by kinjj Edward. The kings of Scot-
land and Cyprus being in England at the same time. Sir
Henry Picaid, citizen and wine-merchant of London, enter-
tained the four kings with their retinues with a magnificent
feast at his own house. King John died in England April H,
following. In 1366, pope Urban V. in a haughty maimer,
demanded the tribute which king John of England oblig^ed
himself and his successors to pay to the holy see, of which
there were 30 years due. Hut both king and parliament so
vigorously opposed this imposition, declaring king John's
engagement to be null, as without consent of parliament,
and contrary to his coroiration oath, that the pope thought fit
to drop it; and neither Edward nor his successors had any
more trouble on that head. In 1.368, Edward lost his seconJl
son, Lionel, duke of Clarence. The year following, Charles
V. of Trance broke the treaty of Bretagne, and declared
war against Edward ; and the English were so unfortunate
as to be deprived of their late acquisitions in France, except
Calais. However, a truce was concluded between the two
crowns in 1374. At the beginning of this war queen Phi-
lippa died. King Edward, now in his old age, fell in love
with Alice Ferrers, one of the ladies of the bed chamber
to queen Philippa, of whom he was so fond as to squander
the public money on her. The parliament obliged him to
send her away, but he soon recalled her. (.)n June 8, 137(5,
died Eds\ard prince of Wales, the delight of the nation, in
the 46th year of his age. He was called the Black Prince,
from his wearing black armour. The parliament attended
his corpse to Canterbury, where he was interred. He had
married Joanna, daughter of Edmund earl of Kent, who Tvas
beheaded by the intrigues of Isabella and Mortimer, at the
beginning of this reign. By her he left one son, Richaro,
about ten years old, whom the king his grandfather created
prince of Wales and earl of Chester, designing him for his
successor. King Edward died at Sheen, June, 21, 13^7,
in tlie 65th year of his age, and 51st of his reign, and was
buried in Westminster Abbey. This great prince, when
he drew near his end, saw liimsi If deserted by every body,
Alice, his favourite, when she saw him dying,- seized upon
every thing that was valuable, even to the ring on his finger.
He had, besides his two sons already mentioned, William,
who died an infant ; John of Ciaunt, duke of Lancaster ;
Edmund, surnamed of Langley, earl of Cambridge, ana
dukeofYoik; William of Windsor, who died young; and
Thomas of Woodstock, duke of Gloucester. He had also five
daughters. E<iward 111. was undoubtedly one of the great-
est of England's princes, either as a warrior, a lawgiver, a
monarch, or a man. He possessed the courage and romantic
spirit of Alexander ; the penetiation, the fortitude, the po-
lished manners of Julius; the niagniticence, the liberality,
the wisdom of Augustus C;esar. He was lall, majestic, finely
shaped, with a piercing eye, and aquiline visage. He excelled
all his conleuiporaries in feats of arms and personal address ;
and was courteous, alVable, and eloquent. He was a constitu-
tional knight-errant ; and his example diffused the spirit of
chivalry through the v.'hole nation. In imitation of they outl>-
ful monarch, <k\\o delighted in tilts and'tonrnamenfs, every
individual betook himself to theexerciseofarms, every breast
glowed with rmnlation, every heart nanted with the thirst of
glory ; and when he took the field, there was not a'soldierin
bis army who did not serve from sentiment, and fight for re-
putation. The love of glory was certainly the predominant
passionof Edward, to the gratification of whieh he did not
scruple to sacrifice tlic feelings of buuianity, the lives of hi*
EDW
EDW
•uLjcets, and theiiifercsfsofliis coimlry, and nothing could
Ikivc indiirod or enabled liis people to bear the load of taxes
vith «hicli tliev were encumherecl in this reif^n, buttlic love
and admiration of his person, the fame of his victories, and
)iie excellent laws and refjnlations which the parliament
enacted with his advice and concurrence. In til is rei^ii lived
the famous Dr. John Wicklitf, the first celebrated English
reformer.
EDWARD IV. earl of March, son of Richard, dulie of
York, who was slain in the battle of Wakefield, was about
19 years of ajje when he was proclaimed kiiiK, on .March 5,
1401, in the room of Henry VI. by virtue of an extraordinary
kind of election ; for the earl of Warwick havinj; drawn np
his troops in .St. John's Fields, and cause<l the people who
came out to see them to form a rin^, he stood in llie middle,
and asked them with a loud voice, first, whefiier they would
have Henry of Lancaster for kin^? They all cried, " No,
No." Then he demanded of them, whether they would
have F.dward, son of the late duke of York, for their king ?
To which the whole multitude answered with loud acclama-
tions, expressinir their assent. This done, he assembled a
Ereat council of the noblts and magistrates, in and about
ondon, who declared the crown was devolved on Edward,
and accordingly made him an offer of it, which, with a
crcat show of modesty, he accepted. In the beginning of
iiis reign he caused a tradesman of London to be executed,
for saying he would make his son heir to the crown; mean-
ing, as he said, his own house, which had that sign. A i\;\\'
days after his proclamation, he put himself at the head of an
army of 40,(100 men, in order to march against queen Mar-
garet, whose army was increased to G0,000, and gained a
complete victory over the queen's army, in a great battle
nctween Caxton and Tewton, in Yorkshire, which was
fought on Palm Sunday, and continued from morning to
night, in which it is said near 37,000 lost their lives. He
then returned to London, w here he arrived on June 8, and
was crowned the 29th. Shortly after, king Edward called a
parliament, which approved of his coronation, confirmed
his title, and repealed all the acts which had been made
against the house of York. Queen Margaret having re-
ceived succours from France, entered Northumberland, with
Henry and the prince her son, in 14G3 ; but her army was
defeated; and Henry, Margaret, and her son, escaped and
fled into Scotland. Soon after Edward concluded a truce
vith France, with the duke of Curgiuidy, and with Scot-
land. Henry came jirivately into England, hoping to con-
ceal himself there, till he should have an opportunity of
escaping by sea; but unhappily, being discovered, and
seized at Waddington hall, in Lancashire, whilst he was at
dinner, he was, in an ignominious manner conducted to
London, and confined in the Tower. Margaret went over,
with the young prince, to Rene of Anjou, her father. King
Edward granted pardon to all Henry's friends, excepting
only Ralp Grey and Humphrev Nevil. In 1464 the king
fell desperately in love with Elizabeth, daughter of Sir
Richard Woodville, and widow of Sir John Grey. He made
her his wife, and immediately created Sir Ricliard Wood-
ville, the queen's father, earl of Rivers, who soon after was
made treasurer and high-constable of England; and Anthony
Woodville, his son, was married to the richest heiress in
England. This niarriaire displeased the nation, particularly
the earl of Warwick, wTio had just concluded a match for
the king with the queen of France's sister, and who was re-
solved to use his utmost efforts to depose him. In HC>0 he
fomented an insurrection in Yorkshire, and the malecon-
tents met the earl of Pembroke with the king's forces, near
Banbury in Oxfordshire, where a battle was fought, in
tihich Pembroke was defeated, and being taken, was be-
headed by the rebels, with Sir Richard Herbert, his brother,
In Northamptonshire the rebels went in a tumultuous man-
ner to a mansion house of the earl of Rivers, the queen's fa-
ther, seized him, and beheaded him at Northampton. The
kinj,', no way suspecting Warwick, granted him and hisbro-
tliet a commission to raise troops; 'vhich they did, and de-
clared for Oic rebels. The king hereupon marched again**,
them in person; and whilst a negncialion was on f<iot, in or-
der to an accommodation, the call of Warwick attacked tlm
king's camp in theiilglit, put tin m in the utmost confusicdi,
and took the king iirismicr, who was conducted tu Middle-
ham castle, in Yorkshire ; this was in 1470. Edward found
means to make his escape, by bribing his guard, and went
to Liuidon ; and now bi/tli sides prepared fur war. Sirl'o-
bert Wells went to raise forces in Lincolnshire, and was
met by !!ie king at Stamford, who routed his whole army,
and Wells himself was taken and beheaded. Warwick
and Clarence retired into France, to concert new measures.
Lewis having furnished the earl of Warwick with iiioiiey
and troops, lie set sail with the duke of Clarence, landed at
Dartmouth, and his army was soon increased to CO.OOO. He
forthwith proclaimed Henry VI. and marched in pursuit uf
Edward, who Hed, and tocdc refuge in Holland ; and then,
in Oct. 1470, the earl of Warwick released king Henry out
of the Tower, after a six years' imprisonment, who was si>-
lemnly proclaimed on the 14th, as again ascending the
throne. A parliament was now called, which met en No-
vember 2(1, and voted Edward a traitor and usurper, confis-
cated all his estates, annulled all the acts made in his reign,
and declared all those to be rebels who had borne arms in
defence of Edward's pretended right. 1 he duke of Diir-
guiidy, to whom Edward had fk<l for protection, haviii;'
furnished him with some money, ships, and men, he lamled
at Ravenspur, in Yorkshire, 1471 ; and, having gained over
the duke of Clarence, marched to London, and entered the
city amidst the acclamations of the people. Henry, after a
seven months' i)liaiitom of sovereignty, was sent again to the
Tower. On April 14th, a fierce battle was fought between
the king and the carl of Warwick at Barnet, which began
early in the morning, and cojifinued till noon ; but War-
wick's army being overpowered, was put to the rout, great
numbers being slain upon the spot, with the ear! himself,
and the Marquis of Montague, his brother. Qnecn J'arga-
ret, who, with priiue Edward her son, was just ainvcd
from France, was very much shocked with the news ; and,
abandoningherselftogricf and despair, took sanctuary at the
abbey of Beaulieu, in Hampshire. But the duke of Somer-
set, the earl of Pembroke, and the other lords, persuading
her to try her fortune once more, by putting the prince of
Wales, her son, at the head of an army, she consented, and
those lords, in a very short time, got together a great num-
ber of troops. The king marched against them ; and, com-
ing up with them at Tewksbury, where they entrenched
themselves, eight days after the battle of Barnet, entered
their camp, and entirely routed tiieni with a terrible slaugh-
ter. The queen, tiie prince of Wales, and the duke of So-
merset, were taken ; the last was beheaded ; the prince,
then 18 years old, was stabbed to death in cold blood ; and
queen Margaret was imprisoned in the Tower, where she
remained till 1475, and was ransomed by Lewis XL for
60,000 crowns. As to Heni-y VI. he was murdered in the
Tower, in the .50tli year of his age. The king, not content
with the severity he had exercised against the Lancastrian
party, completed the tragedy in 1478, by the death of his
own brother, the duke of Clarence, being instigated thereto
by the queen, the duke of Gloucester, and the rest of Cla-
rence's enemies. And now Edward gave himself up to his
pleasures, in which he was extravagantly profuse, which
put him upon extorting money from his subjects by very
cruel methods. He was seized with a violent fever, which
carried liim off on April 9, 1483, in the 4'2d year of his age,
and 23d of his reign. He had a great many mistresses, among
whom was Jane Shore, w ife to a citr/en of London. By liis
queen Elizabeth he had Edward, i>rince of Wales, who suc-
ceeded him ; and Richard duke of York; Elizabeth, who
was married to king Henry VII ; Cicely, married to bird
Wells ; Anne, married to Thomas Howard, duke of Norfolk ;
Bridget, who was a nun ; Mary, who died unmarried ; aul
Catharine, whose husband was his William Courtney, lord (•(
Devonshir''. Edward was a priucr'of the most elegant per-
2U0
EDW
E E K
son niid insiiinatiii!; address; endowed «itli flie utmost for-
titudt and intrepidity ; posscssi'd of uncommon sai^acity and
Venetralion; but, like all his ancestois, was brutally cruid
and vindictive, perfidious lewd, perjured, anil lapacious, with-
out one lilicral thou;;lit, -.Nilliout one sentiment of humanity.
E'DWAllU V. then about 12 years old, was proclaimed
rmuiedia*ely after the death of his father, thousli he nas
never crowned ; being deposed by his uncle, Ivichard duke of
G'louccstcr, who got hiin^ilf to be proclaimed kinj,', June 20,
ri>*;?, and afterwards procured the murder of his nephews,
Edward V. and Richard duke of York, by two ruthans, who
rushin;^ intotheircliaudier in the Tower, stifled them in their,
l)eds, an<l then buried them under the st;Mr-case. 'ITiis, Sir
James Tyrrel, whom Richard had inade fjovernor of the
Tower for this purpose, confessed at his execution in the
next rei^n. However, as it was an opinion implicitly re-
ceived, that the bodies liad been removed, by Richards or-
ders, to consecrated ^rfiund, their bones lay' nndiscoveied
till tlie reign of diaries II. by whose orders they were put
into a marble urn, and deposited amon^ the monuments of
■the royal family, in the clia|iel of Henry VII. with a latin
nioniimcntal inscription on it, of which the following is a
translation : " Here lie the remains of Kdward V. king of
Knglaud, and of Richard dukeof Vork. These unhappy bro-
thers, wlio were shut np in the Tower, and there sinothercd
w-'ili pillow.«. by order of their perfidious uni hi, Richard, the
usurper of the throne, were privately and indecently buried.
Tlieirmost desired bones, dili;;ently and often 50uj,'ht for in
vain, July 17, 1674, one hundred and ninety-one years after
their death, were duij up in the ruins of a stair-case, which
formerly led to the chapel of the White Tower, and known
■l:)y most undoubted tokens. The most compassionate kin:;
Charles II. pitying their severe fate, thou!;lit fit to order those
most unfortunate princes this place anu>ng the motninients of
tiieir fiirefathers; in theyear of our Lord lfi78,and the thir-
tieth of his reign." Kdward V. reigned 2 mouths and 1-2 davs.
EDWAIID VI. the oidy son of Henry VIII. by his queen
Jane .Seymour, succeeded his father a^ the age of nine years
and three months, and was a i>rince of excellent qualities.
He was proclaimed Jan. 31, 1.517, by the name of Ed-
ward VI. and was crowned Feb. 20. The late king had
appointed a regency during his minority, which was fixed
•to his 18th year. The regency being met, thought proper
to choose a president, with the title of I'rotector of the
Realm, and Governor to the King, who was to do nothing
without tl»! consent of the majority. The choice fell upon
(he earl of Hertford, the kings uncle, whr. was afterwards
made iluke of Somerset. In this reign many learned re-
fi-rmers took refuge in rjngland, on whom king Edward be-
stowed pension*. In 1.5.')", the young king fell into a con-
sumption, and died Jitly <!, being in the Ifith year of his
age, having reigned six years, five nionlhs, and nine days.
He was a prince of i\ne accomplishments. He kept a jour-
nal, wliich is preserved in the Uritish -Museum, in which he
regularly entered all the important transactions ofhis reign.
He was rcmarka!)ly pious, and cotitiniied firndy attached to
those principles of the Reformation which he had imbibed
while young, and which made a great progress in his reign.
He confirmed his father's grant of Christ's and .St. Rartliolo-
tnew's hospitals, and founded Bridewell and St. Thomas's
Lospitals. He also foinided several schools, which were
mostly endowed out of the church lands. Edward is cele-
brated bv historians for the beauty ofhis person, the sweet-
ness of his dispBsition, and the extent of iiis knowledge.
15y the time he had attained his Kith year lie understood
the (Ireek, Latin, French, Italian, and Spanish languages;
he was versed in the sciences of logic, mnsic, natural phdo-
iophy, and master of all the theological disputes ; insomuch
tluit the famous Hycronvmiis Cardauius, in his r<'turn from
Scotland, visiting the English court, was astonithed at the
pTtjgress he had made in leariting, and afterwards extolled
Lim in his work.s as a prodigy of nature. Notwithstanding
these encomiums, lie seems to have had an ingredient of
JtitKotry ID bis dispositioD, wbidi woukl bare reml«rcd hioi
300
very troublesomp to tliose oftender consciences, who might
liav« happened to ditfer fiom Jiiiii in religious principles :
nor can we reconcile either to his boasted humanity or pene-
tration, his consenting lo the death ofhis uncle, who bad
serve<) hiui faithfully, unless we se.ppose he wantcil resolu-
tiouto withstand the importunities of his minister, aud wa«
deficient in that vigour of mind, which ofteii exists inde-
pendent of learnini; aud culture.
EDWY succeeded Edrcd iu 0.'8, and was no sooner on
the throne than he coiiuiianded Dunstan, who had been
treasurer to the late king, to give an account of the money
entrusted to him. Dunstan refused' to obey, alleging the
money had been expended for pious uses. ,Tfie king's coui>-
cil were not for pushing this allair any farther, for fear of the
people, who h'.id a higli notion of Dunstan's sanctity, and
an extravagant veneration for the monks and their religious
houses; so that they branileil eveiy one who sjhtkc against
them as impious and profane. However, to mortify tlie
:dibot, the monks were turned out of the benctices they had
invaded, and the secular priests restored. Upon this tlie
monks vented the most bitter invectives imaginable. Durt-
stanwhowas supposed" to be the chief author of these cla-
mours, was banished, or, as some say, voluntarily retired
to a monastery in Flanders. And now the monks, with all
their might, cried down the government of the young king,
and represented him as the nu)st impious of men. T,liissoon
occasioned an iiuurrection in Mercia ; and Edgar, the king's
brother, headed the revolters ; and, having secured that
jiart of the country, he marched into NorllnnulTland and
East -Anglia, w here the Danes (always glad of a disturbance
among tbe English) joined him. Edwy was unprepared to
ipiell this rebellion, not imagining it was iu the power of the
monks to do so much mischief, and knowing that neither the
people nor his brother hud any just cause of complaint.
Such, however, was the event, that he could only keep
Wesscx, which preserved its fidelity to him, aiid was forced
to d'^livcr up all the rest, of which Edgar was at length
chosen the head, with the title of king of Mercia. Edwy
did not long survive this partition ; for being vexed at his
being depiived of his dominions, and that the monks had
thus got tlie belter of him, be fell into a deep melancholy,
which put an end lo his life, alter he had reigned a little
above four vears. He was buried at Winchester.
EDYSTON i;, or EDDY5TON K ROCKS, in theEnglisI*
Channel, so called from the great varictyof contrary sets
of the tide or current which prevail near them. They are
situated nearly S. S. W. from the middle of J'lymouth Sound,
distant from ihe jiorl about 14 miles, and from Ram Head
12 and n half. As they lie nearly in the direction of vesscJs
coasting up and down the Channel, they were very daiigvr-
ous, and ships were sometimes wrecked on them, before tlie
light-house was establisheil here. They arc so exposed to
the swells of the ocean, from all the south western pointsof
the compass, that the heavy seas break on them with incoiv
ci'ivable fury. Sometimes, after a storm, when the sea is to
all a!>pearanee perfectly smooth, the under <-urrent meeting
the slope of the rocks, the sea beats u^ion them in a terrific
and niagniticeiit manner, and even rises above the light-
house, overtopping it, for the instant, with a canopy of
frothy wave. 'The present lighthouse is nearly 8<) feci
high, and has withstood the most violent storms, without
sustaining the smallest injury. It was begun by the late Mr.
John Siiieaton, August 2, 17,57, and finished August 24, 1769.
To EEK, f. a. \eacan, Sax.] to make bigger by the addition
of another piece; to supply any deficiency, 'sometimes ii»-
cluding the idea of bungling, or botching ; used with tlie
particle out.
EEL, s. \trl, Sax.] in iciitliyolofjy, a genus of fishes whose
general appearance ha-s some resemblance to that of ser-
pents. Many wonderful things are related concerning; lliero,
such as their migration over moist land from one piece of
water to another. Their generation was long involved in
much my^ery, hut it is now generally undep»t(MKl Uuit tWy
pnaluce tbeir young alive.
EFF
EG B
EIT. See Kit.
To l".Fr A'CK, v.ti. [effhcrr, Fr.] fo dfvsfroy nny painliiij,';
lo siKiil the form of ;uiy pit'';'" of caryiiir; ; to Mot out • to
lii'>lrdv ;ill marks or triu-cs ofa tliiii;,' frointhc iiiiiiil.
lOI'TF/CT, I. |froiii('/AWo, to at'iomplisli, l.at.J lljat wliicli
is prihlinTil l>y an operalivr cause ; a loiistqiu'iisf ; ailvan-
tajj;<" ; pro/it or sorvice. Iti llie plural, ^'oods, furniture, or
IJlovcaliles.
T" KFFE'CT, r. n. [from f, here used to cnercasellic
inevinin;;, and fiicia, to iiiaKe or do, Lai.] lo hv'nt'^ to pass ;
to altrinpt witli sueccss ; to produce as a causo, or oy llic
api>ll( a^ion of power.
FFFF'C'l'IBLE, (I. that may be produced, 'done, or pcr-
furnied.
EFFECTIVE, a. haviiij^lho power to produce an effect.
Actively, proper for action.
F.FI'F.'CTIVELY, ml. with power; powerfully; really;
eiitirelv.
EFFECTLESS, ff. without effect; without causin- any
dianj;e or alteration hy the application of power; without
producinfjaiiv elVect.
EFFE'CTOll, x. [Lai.] one who produces any cfl'ect ; one
who is the cause ofa tliiurf.
EFFE'CTU.\L, ff. [rlfntvr!, Fr.] prodticinfr the olijrft,
end, or d*si^;u for which it is intended. Synon. With
respect to tliese two words, that of i-f/lcnrunis seeuis not so
powerful as that oi' eff'cctwi/. The first sets the hclU'r of
most obstacles ; the last, of all. By au i;l/a-acimis remedy w c
pvit an fff'eclnal !i\o\^.
EFFECTUALLY, nr?. ni such a manner as to produce
tlie end for which it is applied.
To EFFECTUATE, e. n. [effcctuer, Fr.] to brin- to pass ;
to acconiplisii.
EFFEMINACY, i. tlje acliu;; like a woman: softness,
or want of tiiose qualities whicli distinguish and become a
man.
EF''FEiMlN.'\TE, u. ^effivnnatns, from frminn. a woman,
Lat.] void of live qualities which distinguish and adorn the
male sex ; acting or behaving like a vouian; vuJuptuous ;
or luxurious.
To I"FF^ K'iMIN.\TF,, v. a. \iffctnino, (romfcmiHa, a •Aoiuan,
Lat.l lo make womaiii.ih.
EFIT.MINATION, s. the quality or cause o rendering
a person womanish.
To EFFERVESCE, (fff'ervess)v.a. [cffofcscn, i'vom fn-veo,
to be hot, Lat.] to grow warm, to produce heal hy foiimnta-
tion, or the motion of the particles of a body among ihem-
sehes.
EFFERVE'SCENCE, s.leferveseo, from/.nre, to l)e hot.
Lat.] the production of heat by intestine iimticii. Among
chemists, it is that intestine motion, excited in various flu-
ids, either by the mixtureof Huids with others of a different
iKitnre, or by dropping salts or powders of various kinds into
fluids.
EFFETE, a. [efffrtiis, from ex, which has here a negative
iigiiification, and fatus, a young one, Lat.] barren ; worn out
Willi age.
EFFICA'CIOUS, {c(nhdthioui)a. \efficax, from ejficio, to ef-
fect. Lat.] prmlucini^ the effect or end intended.
EFFICACIOUSLY, {ejfihdshiouily) ad. in such a crmnner
afi to produce the effect or end intended.
E FF1(;.\C.Y, (eflicaci/) s. [efficax, from fffioio, to effect,
Lat.l the power of producing the end or effect intended.
Applied tospeech, persuasion.
EFFICIENCE, or EFFrCIENCY,C*J?rf^i«i«,orf/?«Aim-
ty) .». [from eflicio, fo effect, Lat.] the act of producing effects
or changes in things or persons ; agencv.
EFFICIENT, (effithient) s. [from efficio, to effect, Lat.]
a cause ; one that makes or causes a thing to be what they
arc
F.rFrCIENT,(e/^*/u>n<)<i. [from tfficie, to effect. I^t.]
havini; the power to produce or cause alteration or change
in tilings, either by aUering tlie qualities or t^itioilticHig n«w
ETFICiY, *. {cfficus, from fffin^^o, (o fashion, Lat.] lite
rescmhlance or representalion of any thing drawn, painted,
orcarv4Ml. An iilea, applied to the mind.
EFFLORirSCENCE, or I:FFL0KESCE.\CY, s. \effio._
resco, from .//".', a (lower, Lat.] in botany, a production of
flowers. Ill natural history, an excrescence in form of
flowers. In medicine, a breaking out of some iiumrmrs,
Ac. in the skin.
EFFLORE'SC ENT, n. \tffloresco, CromJIos, a flower, Lat. [
shooting out in the shape of flowers. In medicine, ai)pear-
ing in pijiiples, or other eruptions on the skin.
EFFLUENCE, s. | from <#/.«<, to flow out, Lat.] that
which flows from some other principle.
EFFLUVIA, or EFFLU'VIU.M, 5. [i\nm efflh'o, to flow
out, Lat.] the small particles continually emitted by, or
flowing from a body, which, though they do not .sensibly
decrease the body Irom wlienc<' they proceed, have percep-
tible iH'ects on the senses.
EFFLUX, s. [effliijiix, from effluo, to flow out,' Lat.] the
act of flowing out; efi'iision ; spreading; or the visible ef.
feet of some cause ; that \\liich fiows from something else ;
an emanation.
To I'.Fl'LU'X, r. n. [from cffiuoja flow out, Lat.] to flow
from ; to move in siicefy.iicii.
EFILL XiON, s. [<;///".</«, fr.w:i r//''v. '" A"^'' ""». I-at.j
that which flows out. The action ofilowill^r <ijj;,
To EFFO'RC F., f. a. [<jfonci; Fr.j to force; fo break
tIiron:^h bv violence.
EFFOliiMATlON, s. [r/rormn, {vom forma, form, Lat.]
the act of giving form to, orniakijig.
E'FF'ORT, s. Uff'urt, Fr.] a strugg,le ; a laborious or veiie-
nient exertion of power.
EFFO'SSION, s. [from cffodin, to dig out, Lat.] the act of
digging from the ground.
EEFRO'NTEUY, s.\effronterie, Fr.] an immodest anrl
undaunted boldness, by which a person is capable of under-
taking any action, including the idea of impudence and
daring.
To EFFL"LGE, r. n. [fffut^eo, from e, Mit, arn\/iilgeo, fo
shine, Lat.l to send forth bistre, or effulgc-nce.
EFFU'LGENCE, s. [<-ffulgeo, from e, out, and fulgeo, lo
shine, l4it.] splendor, or a glorious degree of light.
EFFULGENT, a. [f/?«/goo, from e, out, and jfit/^ro, to
shine, Lat.] shining with a superlative degree of light or
splendor.
EFFUMABI'LITY, s. [froni/»jm,i, smoak, Lat.] the qua-
lily of flying away, or vapouring in fumes.
ToEFFU'SE, (effuze) V. a. [effusus, from e, out of, and
fuiulo, to nour, Lat.J to pour out ; to spoil.
EFFUSION, «. [c/7"wio, from f/^'ioK/o, to pout out, Lst.|
the act of pouring out ; shedding ; die act of uttering or
pronouncing with fluency ; profusion, or generous giving.
Figuratively, the thing poured out
EFFU'SI VE, {effuzke) a. poured out
EFT, i.[^f/e(«,Sax. cal
an animal, liaving four feet and a long ta'il, resembling tbe
. called likewise an evei\ a small kind of
lizaifl, or crocodile, and to be found in watery places.
EFTSOOTS.S, ad. [eft and soon. Sax.] soon afterward ; in
a short time; again. Obsolete.
E'CiBERT, king of Wessex, became monarch of England,
by the conquest of the other kingdoms, in the vear 627 or
828. Before the reduction of the heptarchy, lie sulidued
the Britons in Cornwall, and also tliose of Vendosia, w hich
was one of the three kingdoms into which Wales was di-
vided. Afterhe was crowned king of England (lieinj; t4ie
first) he reigned in peace for sonte time, enjoying the fniiti
of his victories. In 833, the Danes arrived at Charmonth,
in Dorsetslurtt, viilli 35 vessels, and, nieetiflg with no o|>-
position, furiously ravagetj the coimtry. Egbert maitlied
against tliem, and was entirely defeated, after a Iwig anil
bloodv battle: ajid Egbert himself narrowW escaped, by lli-
favour of a daik niglit. In 8»3.i, another body of Dnr. sii
pirates lauded near llent'ston-hill, in Cornwall, oier w4i ^iii
Egbert gaiiH-d a<i entire victory. Egbert reigned in aiU U7
301
EGY
LJ A
jrars as king of Wessex only; seven years as nionardi, or
cliict', of the seven kingdoms ; and 10 years as real nioiiarcli,
orliiiif; of all England. He died in 838, and was buried at
Winchester.
EGG, .5. [(Tff, Sax.] in natural history, a part formed in
the females of certain animals, «hith luulcra shell, more or
less spherical, includes the yiuing of the same species.
ToEGG, r. fl. [eg^g-idfi. Sax.] .to incite; to iusligatt ; to
induce a person to prosecute an action with vigour.
EGLANTINE, s. [etrhntier, Fr.] a kind of wild rose.
EGOTISM, s. [from fg-n, I, Lat.] a fault committed in
writing or discourse, including too frequent and ostentatious
an use of the pronoun I ; toolrequent mention of a person's
self in writing or conversation.
EGOTIST, s. [from rg-o, I, Lat.] one who often repeats
the word I ; a person who mentions himself too frequently,
and with ostentation.
To E'GOTIZE, r. n. to mention one's self too frequently
and too ostentatiously.
EGRE'GIOUS, a. [egrr^its, Lat.] somewhat aliove the
common or ordinary run ; remarkable ; worthy of notice,
■or extraordinary either in a good or bad sense, but generally
in a bad one.
EGRE'GIOUSLY, ad. better or worse than ordinary ;
uncommonly better or w«rse ; prodigiously; extremely.
E'GREMONT, a town in Ciiuibei-land, with a market on
Saturday. It is seated not far from the sea, on the banks
of a river, over which there are two bridges; and on the
top of a peeked hill a strong castle. It is 14 miles S. W. by
S. of Cockerrnouth, and 29!> N. W. of London.
EGRI'jSS, i. [(;;•;■(.««?, from e, out, and gracUor, to go,
Lat.] passage out of a place ; liberty to go out. In astrono-
my, the passage of the inferior planet Mercury or Venus,
from ofF'the sun's disk. When the planet begins to leave
the disk, it is called <Ae bcgimiiiig of the egress; when its
centre is going off, the central egress ; and w hen it leaves the
sun entirely, the total egress.
EGRE'SSION, .t. [egressio, from e, out, and gradior, to go,
Lat.] the act of coming out.
EGRET, s. a fowl of the heron kind, with red legs.
EGRETTE, «. [Fr.] an ornament of riblxms, worn by
ladies on the front par* of their hair.
EGYPT, a country (.£ Africa, about 500 miles in length,
and 160 in breadth. It is bounded on the S. by Nubia ; on
the W. by the Deserts of'Barca, Fezzan, &\c. on the N. by
th.e Mediterranean ; and on the E. by the Red Sea and the
Isthmus of Suez. This country, so famous in history, seems
not to have an extent proportionable to the pompous des-
cription which the ancients have given of its having con-
tained 20,000 towns, or cities, and several millions of in-
habitants, and of its ancient kings keeping armies of ,300,000
men, and executing those prodigious works, the pyramids,
the labyrinth, the immense grottos of Thebias ; the obelisks,
temples, and pompous palaces ; the Lake Mceris, and the
vast canals, &c. but when we consider the amazing fertility
of the soil, enriched, as it has always been, by the o'crfiow-
ing of the Nile, and its hit'li state of cultivation, these ac-
counts seem more probable. I'^gvpt has been ever noted
for its plenty of corn ; ami « hen the dearth was in all lands,
in Ihe days of Jacob, in the land of Egypt there was bread ;
Kud all countries came thillier to buy corn. Except in our
w inter months, the heat is ojipressive to all who are not ac-
customed to it, and Ihey are generally visited by the plague
about once in seven years. 'I'lie winds are sometimes of
such extreme heat and aridity, that their influence proves
mortal. During the time lliey last, the streets are deserted,
and the inhabitants are almost blinded by drifts of sand,
which are so subfile, that they insinuate themselves into
the closets and cabinets. No country in the world is bet-
ter furnished with corn, rice, flesh, fish, sugar, fruits, and
vegetables, than Egypt. It is divided into the Upper,
Middle, and Lower, which last comprehends the lielta,
which produces oranges, lemons, figs, dates, almonds, cas-
sia, and plainlains, in great plenty. The animals found in
302
Egypt are hvenas, antelopes, apes with the head like a
dog's ; cameis, black cattle, fine horses, and large asics,
crocodiles, the cumelcon, the ichneumon ; ostriches, eagles,
hawks, pelicans, and water-fowl of various kinds. The
ibis, which resembles a duck, and was deified by the ancient
Egyptians, on account of its destroying serjjcnts and noxious
insects, is not now found here. They liave a serpent here,
called the cerastes, or horned viper, the bite ot which is
niort.il to those w ho have not the secret of guarding against
it. The practise of charming, alluded to in Psal. Iviii. 4, b.
Kccles. X. 11. and Jer. viii. 17. appears to prevail here till
this day; for some of the natives can jilay with the ceras-
tes, w hich to them is perfectly harmless, but when applied
to a hen, or any other animal, it bites and instantly kills it.
Since Egypt has been under the dominion of the Turks, it
has been governed liy a bashaw, w ho resides at Cairo, fa-
der him are inferior governors in the several parts of the
country. Those in Upper Egypt are generally Arabs, who
pay tribute to the (irand Signior, and make presents to the
bashaw, governing despotically, and making war with each
other ; besides lliese tliere are shieks, who preside over par
ticular places, and are masters of a few villages. The present
poimlalion of Egyvit is computed at 2,300,000. 'Ilie inhabi-
tants are composed of four dift'erent races of people ; the
Turks, the Arabs, the Cophts, who are descended from the
first Egyptians, which became Christians ; and the Mam-
louks,w fio were originally Circassian and Mingrelian slaves ;
and being Ihe only military force, are the real masters of
the country. The governors of Ihe country are Maliome^
ans ; but the Cophts, Greeks, and Latins, are Christians of
different sects ; and in the great towns there are numbers of
Jews. A considerable trade was carried on here in East
India commodities, till the Portuguese found the way to
Asia round Ihe Cape of (iood Hope. Howe^er, the mer-
chants ol Europe visit the harbours in the Mediterranean,
and import and export several sorts of merchandise; and,
from otliur parts, the natives get eh'phants' teelh, gold-dust,
musk, civet, ambergris, and coffee. The gold-dust is brought
from Negroland to Fez and Morocco, and ihence to Cairoj
in caravans, over immense deserts. The commodities which
the nierchants purchase here arc cotlee, senna, cassia, rhu-
barb, sal ammoniac, myrrh, saffron, salt-peire, aloes, opium,
indigo, sugar, sandal-wood, dates, cotton, cloth, &:c. The
largest of the pyramids takes up ten acres of ground; and
is, as well as the others, built upon a rock. The external
part is chiefly of large square stones, of unequal sizes, aud
the height of it about 700 feet ; within these, and in their
vicinity, are catacombs, wherein are mummies, or embalmed
dead bodies, which are three or four thousand years old.
The complexion of the Egyptians is tawny, and the farther
S. the darker, insomuch that those on the confines of Nubia
are ahiiost black. They are mostly an indolent people,
especially llie richer sort, who spend much of the day in
drinking coffee, smoking tobacco and sleeping ; aud Ineso
are said to be ignorant, proud, and ridiculously vain. M,
de Non says, "The houses of Upper Egypt are vast dove-
cols, in which the owner reserves only a chamber for him-
self, and there he lodges with the luiis, chickens, cVc. ex-
posed to all the devouring insects which beset those ani-
mals. To catch these insects occupies his day ; and the
textine of his skin braves their bite at night." The princi-
jial city is Cairo. In I'iW the French, with an army of
■10,000 men under Buonaparte, took possession of this coiui-
try, after a feeble resistance from the natives ; but, on the
nth of March, 1801, a British army effected a landing, and
after some sharp coullicis (especially the battle of the 21s?
of March, in which the brave Abercrombie was mortally
wounded) succeeded in bringing the French, then under
general Menou, to capitulate for the evacuation of the
country.
To EJACULATE, r. n. [^;o<-h/o)-, [Lat.] to dart out; to
shoot. Neuterlv, to breatiie a short occasional prayer.
EJ.ACCL.V'Tl'ON, «. in its primary sense, the act of
throwing or darting out. Figuratively, an occasionil, ex
temporary, short, aud pious prayer.
EL A
ELE
EJA'CULATORY, «. suddpiily darted out ; expressed in
s'loil, atinipt, or lUKdiineeti'd M'liteiices.
'J'o KJl-yCT, V. a. [tVoin e, cml of, and JKcin, to cii'it, Lut.]
to throw, east, or dart out uitli force.
rjK'CTIOiSJ, *. [from e, out of, and /rtao, to cast, Lat.]
Hie act of expelliiif; ordrivinj;' from a place of possession. In
medicine, a discharge made ijy vomit, stool, or any emunc-
torv.
rjF.'CTMENT, *. inlaw, a writ by \vliicli any inliaLi-
tant of a house, or tenant of an estate, is commanded to
depart.
EI'DER-UOWN, s. the down of the eider diuk, wliicli
is remarkably tine, and in such high esteem for its warnitli
when used in the lining' of certain apparel, as to be sold at
a very hif^li price.
KICiH, iiiti:rjiTtioH, a sudden expression of delight.
Kiriirr, a. this word and its compounds is pronounced
like nit ; fcffA/n, Sax.] a number consisting; of twice fonr.
!)KiHTE'EN,o. a number consisting often and eiyht units
added tosellier.
EIGIITEE'NTH, *. the order of a thing either in place
or succession, which is removed the distance of seventeen
from the first; or twice as much or as far as nine.
EI'GHTFOLD, a. eight limes the nund)er or ([uantity.
EIGIiTIl, a. a word expressing the order in which a
thing stands from the first, and is next beyond the seventh,
EIGHTHLY, ml. in the eight place.
EIGHTIETH, n. an ordinal, implying that a thing or
succession is removed eightv times including the first.
EI'GHTSCOItE, n. eighttimes twenty, or 160.
EI'CiHTY, s. a number consisting of eight times ten added
together.
EIGNE, (nhif) a. [aisne, Fr.] in law, the elder, or first-
born ; not alienable ; entailed.
El'SEL, J. [eoM7, Sax.] vinegar; verjuice; any acid. An
old word.
EITHER, pro)i. [a-^ther. Sax.] one or other of two per-
sons indifl'erently ; both, or each. Adverbially, and in dis-
tribution, to distinguish between two or more things.
I^IULATION, s. [ejiilntio, from ejulu, to cry, Lat.] an
outcry of affecting or penetrating grief.
EKE, otA [e«f. Sax.] likewise ; also; besides. Obsolete,
unless in poetry.
To EKE. See To Eek.
To ELA'BOR.\TE, v. a. [elahoro, from hilar, labour, Lat.]
to produce witli difficulty and labour. To exalt or improve
tile nature of a thing by successive changes or ini])rovements.
ELABORATE, a. [ehlwro, from labor, labour, Lat.lfinish-
ed with great eloquence and labour; performed with pati-
ence and diligence.
ELABORATELY, ad. in such a manner as to ^espeak
elegance, owini; 'o pains and diligence.
ELABORATION, s. the improving or exalting the na-
ture of a thing by successive changes and alterations; the
producing with great care and industry.
To ELA'NCE, f. a.felanccr, Fr.] to dart ; to throw out.
To ELATSE, II. n. [from e, out of, and !til:nr, to slide, Lat.]
to let slip ; or to suffer to pass without notice or improve-
ment, applied to time.
ELA'STIC, or ELA'STICAL, a. [from eho, to push or
impel, Gr.] having the property of returning to its own
form orshape, after having lost it by some external force;
springiuff.
ELASTLCITY, s. a property in bodies, by which they
return forcibly, and of their own accord, to the same dimen-
sions or form they were of before compression, or befdre
their having lost it by that force.
ELA'TE, a. [clatns, from eff'm-o, to lift up, Lat.] flushed,
poffed lip> or haughty, on account of success.
To iELA'TE, r. a. to puti up, or make" one proud with
prcise, prosperity, or success ; to exalt or licigliten.
EL.ATE'RIUM, s. [Lat.] in pharmacy, impons any purg-
Lig medicine, but particularly applicable to tliose which
operate by violence.
ELATION, s. haughtiness, or pride, occasiooed by snv>
cess.
ELBE, a large river of Germany, which rises in tlieS. E.
part of Jauer, in Silesia, takes a southerly course through
part of Bohemia, and turning N. \V. it enters Saxony and
Brandenburg, passing by Pima, Dresden, Magdeburg, Ac.
and divides i.iun( iiburj; from Mecklenburg, and Bremen
from Hol>tein. It then passes on to Hamburg and Ghick-
stadt, and falls into the German (Jcean in about lat. .04.3. N.
lOLBING, or ELBLANG, a populous sea- port town of
W. Prussia, in the palatinate of iVIarieiiburg. It is a [jlace
of considerable trade, and is situated on a river of the same
name, near the Frisclie Ilafle, 30 mile* S. E. of Dantzick.
Lat. 54. 9. N. Ion. 19. .%5. E.
E'LlfOW, {'Wi'i) s. [elbogn, Sax. J the joint or bending of
the arm next below the shoulder. Figuratively, any bend-
ing or angle.
To ELBOW, ((Uio) V. a. to push with the elbow. Fi-
guratively, to struggle for room ; to encroach upon. Neu-
tcrly, to jut out in angles.
E'LBOWCH^IR, s. a chair with arras to support the
elbows.
E'LBOVROOiM, (elbu-room) s. room to stretch out the
elbows en each side. Figuratively^ freedom from restraint
or confinement.
I'iLD, s. [eald. Sax.] old age; decrepitude.
K'LUER, [the comparative of eld, now' corrupted to old]
n. one vho surpasses another in years; one who is born
before, or one w ho survives, another.
FOLDER, s. in botany, the name of a tree. The inner
bark is by some esteemeH good for dropsies ; the leaves are
outwardly used for the piles and inflammations, and form an
ointment. The flowers are inwardly used to expel wind;
and, when made into an ointment, used outwardly as a
cooler. The berries are esteemed cordial, and useful in
hysteric disorders.
ELDERLY, a. bearing the marks of old age ; aavanced
in years.
ELDERS, s. (plural) persons whose age gives them a
claim to honour and respect; those who are born before
others; ancestors. Among the Jews, the rulers of the
licople ; ans'uvering to the word senator among the Romans.
In tlie New Testament, such of the clergy as had some au-
tlun itv in the church on account of their years.
IVLDERSIIIP, s. a claim founded on being bom before
anotlier ; seniority.
E'LDEST, o. [the superlative of old, which is compared
thus, eW, (We)-, e^rff*;] exceeding others in years; born be-
fore others.
F^LECAMPA'NE, s. a plant wn-ich botanists rank among
the star-worts. It is reckoned a stomachic, alexipharraic,
and sudorific ; and therefore prescribed in crudities of the
stomach, the cough, astma, plague, and other contagious
diseases. Externally, it it recommended against the itch,
convul>ioiis, and rheumatism.
To ELECT, 1'. a. [fjom e, out of, and lego, to choose, Lat.]
to choose a person for the discharge of some post or office,
to take in preference of others. In divinity, applied by
some divines to signify choice made of some persons by the
Deity, as objects of his favour and mercy.
I''LE'CT, a. [from e, out of, and lego, to choose, Lat.J
chosen ; taken oy preference from other things, proposed
as objects of choice; chosen to supply anotliiee or place,
but not yet in possession.
ELE'CTION, i. [from «■, out of, and lego, to choose, Lat. |
the act cf choosing a person from other competitors, to dis-
charge any office or employ ; choice. Figuratively, the
power of choosing ; the privilege of electing a person to
discharge an employ; the ceremony of a public choosing
of a person to discharge an employ.
ELE'CTIVE, n. exerting the power of choice ; regularly,
bestowed, or conferred by free choice, ot "o'es. ElerUu*
alfrnctions, in chemistry; a term used by Bergman, and
others, to designate what we now express bv the words
303
ELE
ELK
elifinical affimty. When chemist!) first observod tlie power
nhich one compoiiiul substance has to decompose aiiolhor,
it h:is inuigint'd Uial iho Miiiiiite particles otMuiie bodies had
a iint'ereiice lor some (itlicT particular bodies; lieiice this
prcuertv of ly'ttor acniired the term elective attraction.
P.Lt'CTlVhLY, ad. by choice ; with preference of one
to another..
ELECTOR, s. one who has a vote in the clioiee of an
ofticer ; a prince who liad a vote in the choice of the em-
peror of Germany.
ELE'CTOll.VL, a. havin" the titk^, di^'nity, and privilege
oi MX elector.
ELECTORATE s. the territory, dominion, or govern-
ment of an eU'ctor
ELE'CTRE, or ELE'CTRUM, s. [from ehhron, amber,
Gr.] amber ; which, having the quality, when warmed by
friction, of attracting bodies, gave to one species of attrac-
tion the name oi electricity, and to the bodies that so attract,
the epithet of electric.
ELECTRICAL, a. belonging to electricity. There has
been a considerable variety of electrical machines. That
exhibited in the plate is selected on account of its being
one of the most portable. It consists of a globe, rubber,
an(l conductor, to which certain appendages are attached.
Tne glass globe 'vliich appears on the left side of the plate,
is turned by the v/inch by means of wheel work, inclosed in
the brass box, by which the glass globe is supported. The
rubber which is applied to the globe, is ii\ed to a spring, the
position of which may be adjusted by means of the screw
vhieh is seen between the .winch and Ihe rubber. The
rubber is a silk cushion stuflcd with hair. The conductor
is a brass tube with a round hollow ball at each cud, w hieh
collects tir»' by means of a brass piece, resembling ihe tin(S
of several forks, and fi.xcd in that round knob which is
placed nearest the globe. The barrel of the conductor
IS put into a short brass socket, which is placed in a ho-
rizontal position, which is joined to a perpendicular
brass socket that is attached with cement to a glass tube
that is fixed in a large round wooden foot. To use
this apparatus, it is necessary to screw to « table the
brass box which supports the globe and rubber, and to
place on the same table the brass conductor, w ith the poinis
of the brass piece presented to the glass globe. On the top
of the horizontal brass socket, immediately over the per-
pendicular brass socket, is stuck a large plumy feather, the
fibres of which will, when the winch is turned, rejicl each
other, and expand in all directions, unless the electricity be
discharged, in which case they will again shrink together.
If a brass plate be suspended from the conductor, directly
over another brass plale, which is i>laced about three inches
below it, any light bodies wliiil\ are placed on the killer
plale will, when the winch is tunicd, move to and fro be-
tween the iilates, dancing in a very amusing manner. To
that knob of the priuK' conductor wjiicli is faithcit from the
glass globe, is attached Mr. Canton's electrometer, which
consists of two pith balls, suspended by means of a linen
thread from a wire, which repeUach other in ])idportioii to
the degree of electricity ci>mnuiuieated to the couduclor.
JCLE'CTRJCITY, s. in phisiology, is that properly of
certain bodies, whereby, after being rubbed, excited, or
heated in some particular degree, they actpiiie the power of
attracting and repelling other remote bodies ; aud frequent-
ly of emitting sparks and streams of light.
To ELIs'CTRIFY v. a. to comuiiinicatc or endue with
electric virtue.
IXECTllO'iMETEIl, .?. in electricity, an inslrumen.t con-
trived for measnrinj; Ihe <pianlily, and delerminiiig Ihe (jua-
lily of electricity in any electrified body. The eleclrome-
ler of Mr. Canton consisted of two balU of cork or pilli of
elder, about the size of a small pea suspended on fine linen
threads, aluiut six inches long.
ELECTllOPnO'lUIS, s. in cleclricily, an instrument or
machine, invented by Volla, for exhibiting pcrpclliul dec-
Uicily.
304
ELE'CTUARY, s. \elictuanvm, Lat. perhaps from &ic)l«^
to lick, Gr.] a medical composition made to the coiisisteiic*
of a cijn^erve.
ELEEMO'SY'NARY, a. [from elccnuisyne, alms, fir.] living
upon alms ; given in charity.
ELEGANCE, or E'LEG.\NCY, ^. \eUgantia, from eligo,
to choose out, Lat. I a symmetry of parts which rather soolhei
than pleases, and carries with it rallier the idea of neatnc»«
than beauty.
ELEGANT, a. [elegantia, from elign, to choose Out, Lat.]
pjcasin^, or causing pleasure by meaner beauties; neat;
nice. SynoN. Genteel implies something above tlie com-
mon run ; elegant means beautiful w ithout grandeur. By a
house genteelly furnished is understood a house containing
every thing necessary, good, and creditable; by elegntuljf
furnished is meant geiiteelly, and in sucli a manner as .to
please without elevation.
ELEGANTLY, ad. in sucb a manner as to please by
nealiiess and exactness.
ELE'GL\C, a. [elegeia, perhaps from e, e, lego, to say alas,
Gr.] used in elegies ; mournful; sorrowful.
ELEGY, i. \elegeia, perhaps from e, e, lego, to say alas,
Gr.j a poem written on some mournful subject ; a poem on
any subject written in a simple plaintive style, witiiout any
poinis or turns ; a funeral song.
ELEMENT, s. [element mn, perhaps from the old «OT(I
eleo, to grow, Lat.] Ihe first or constituent principle out of
which any thing is rcsolve<l, and which will not admit of
any further resolution. The four elements of the ancients
are air, fire, water, and earth. The three former of these
are, however, compound b(jdies, and therefore not properly
entitled to the name of elements. On the contrary, about
forty substances, which were either unknown to ihe ancients,
or reganled as compounds, have been raised by modem
chemists to the rank of simple or elementary subslanccs.
These are light, calorie, oxygen, the twenty-three metals ;
several of the earths, and the simple combustibles, hydro-
gen, sulphur, phosphorus, aud carbon. Figuratively, ihe
letters of any language ; the lowest or first rudiments or
grounds of any art or science.
To ELEMENT, v. a. to compound of elements.
ELEME'NTAL, o. composed of, or produced by, snms
of the elements ; arising from some first principle.
ELEMENTA'RITY, s. the simplicity of nature, or ab-
sence of composition ; the state of being iiiiconip(iunded.
ELEM E'NT.ARY, s. uncompounded ; simple; without
mixture ; having only one principle or element for its essence,
E'LEMl, s. a drug, improperly called gum L'lemi, be-
ing a resin. The genuine Etemi is broright from .'Etliiopia-
Tlie American Elemi, almost the only kind known, pioceeds
from a tall tree.
l^LE'NCH, s. [elmchns, Lat.] an argument ; a sophifm.
ELEPHANT,*. [f/</)Aa.t, Lat.l the largest of all quadra-
peds, of whose sagaeity, faithfulness, prudence, and even
understanding, many surprising relations are given. This
animal feeds on hay, herbs, and all sorts of pulse. He is
naliirally gentle. He is supplied with a trunk, or long
hollow cartilage, which serves him for hands. Me is a na-
tive of India and Africa. Ilis teeth are the ivory so well
known in Europe. See the plate.
ELEPHA'NTA, or (iALi PouRi, a small iskind on
the W. coast of llindooslan, about five miles from Roiubay,
and inhabited by about 100 poor hulian families. Il con-
tains one of the most stupendous anli<iuities in ihe world.
The figure of an elephaul, of Ihe nalur;il size, cut coarsely
in black stone, ajipears in an open plain, near the landing-
I-lace, from which an easy slope leads to a stupendous sub-
terraiK'un temple, hewn out of the soliil'rock, HO or 'M feo4
hjiig, and 10 bro-ad. The roof, which is eiil Hat, is s-iip-
porled by regular rows of pillars, about 10 feet high, with
capitals nseiubling round cushions, and at llie farther cud
of it are three gigantic figures, mulilaU'd by llie absurd zeal
of ihe Portuguese, when this isiand was in their possession.
Air. Grose judges tlvis immense cxcavaliou to be a bolder
ELF
KLI
work than that of t\ke pyramids of Egypt ; and Major Renncl
thinks this, and a subterranean temple in the a(l)in-ent isle
of Salsctlc, to jje nionuments of a superstition anterior to
that of the Hindoos. This island has been ceded to the
Euj'hsh by tiie Mahrattas.
Kll.l'JPHANTI'ASlS, s. [Lat.] in medicine, a species of
leprosy, so called from coverin-; the skin witii incrustations,
like those on the hide of an elephant.
ELEi'H.A'NTINE, a. [elephantmus, from eUphas, the ele-
phant, Lat.] appertaining or belonging to an elephant ; par-
taking of the qualities of an elephant ; likewise a title given
to certain books among the Romans, which contained an
account of the actions of the emperors, and the laws made
by the senate ; supposed to be so called either from their
vast siye, or their being composed of ivory.
To E'LEVATE, V a. \elevo, Lat.] to rais'' aloft, on high,
or at a distance from the grotnid ; to exalt or dignify ; to
raise the mind with great and sublime ideas; to elate.
, E'LEVATED, part. oro. raised or situated on high.
■ ELEVATION, s. [elevo, to lift up, Lat.] the act of raising
on high. Exaltation, applied to dignity or preferment.
The raising the thoughts to contemplate lofty and sublime
subjects. In astronomy and geography, the height of any
object above the horizon. In architecture, .a draught of the
principal side or face of a building, called its vprigjit. In
perspective, a draught or representation of the whf>le body
of a building. In gunnery, the angle which the chase of a
piece of ordinance, or the axis of its hollow cylinder, makes
with the plane of tlie horizon.
ELEVATOR, s. [Lat.] a raiser or lifter up.
ELETE, s. a term purely French, but naturalized in our
language, and signifies a disciple or scholar bred up under
anv one.
Eleven, a. [rmdlefen, Sax.] one more than ten ; twice
five, and one ad<frd.
ELETENTH, a. [aniHefta, Sax.] an ordinal, expressing
the next in order beyond the tenth.
ELF, i. [plural elves; for most nouns ending inf'm the
singular, cflange the/ into ves in the plural ; Brit.] a wan-
dering spirit, frequenting solitary places ; a fairy, an evil
spiiit or devil.
ELFIN, a. relating to fairies ; belonging to elves. " That
el/in knight." Spcn.
E'LFLOCK, i. knots of hair twisted by elves.
ELGIN, the county-town of Elgin or Murrayshire, in
Scotland. Here are many large old buildings, erected over
Eiazzas, and the ruins of its old cathedral shew it to have
een once a magnificent structu-re. It is situated near' the
river Lossie, five miles from the mouth of Murray Frith, and
30 N. N. E. of Inverness.
: ELGINSHIRE. See Murrayshire.
'' E'LHAM, a small town in Kent, situated on the lesser
Stour, nearly between Wye and Hythe, 10 miles S. of
Canterbury, and 67 E. S. E. of London. Market on
Monday.
To ELI'CITE, V. a. [from elicio, to entice out, Lat.] to
strike, find out, or discover by dint of labour and art.
ELI CIT, a. [from elicio, to entice out, Lat.] brought from
a state of bare possibility to that of real existence ; brought
into act; internally acted ; exerted by the will.
To ELI'DE, ti. a. [elida, from Ifieelo, to strike or cut, e being
here used to strengthen the signification, Lat.] to cut in
pieces.
ELIGIRFLITY, s. worthiness of being ciios^n.
E'LIGIBLE, a. [from eligo, to c; oose out, Lat.] fit to be
chosen; worthy of choice; preferable: possessing all those
qiralitics and excellencies, which are sufficient to set a thing
above others, and recommend it.
E'LIGIBLENESS, s. worthiness to be chosen ; prefer-
ablencss.
ELIMIN.A.TION, f. [from e, out of, and limen, a boundry,
Lat.J banishment ; rejection.
ELIQUATION, s. in metallurgy, an operation whereby
one substance is separated from another by fusion. It eon-
E r
sists in giving the mass a degree of heat that will make the
more fusible matter flow, an<l not the other.
ELISION, i. [from e/ii'o, to cut otf, Lat.] in grammar, the
cutting otf a vowel or syllable in a word, as in " t/i attempt"
when- e is cut off, because coming before a vowel. This is
called synalaspha, frequently practised in English poetry,and
always observed in latin veise. A division, cutting, dfc
viding, attenuation, or a separation of parts.
ELIXATION, i. [from «/i.To, to boil, Lat.] in pharmacy
the extracting the virtues of ingredients by boiling ot
stewing.
ELI'XIR, s. [Arab.] a medicine made by strong infusion,
where the ingredients are almost dissolved in the menstruum,
and giveit a thicker consistence than a tincture; the extract
or quintessence of any thing; any cordial or invigorating
fluid or substance.
ELIZABETH, daughter of Henrv VIII. and Anne Bolen,
ascended the throne Nov. 17, 15.08, being then 2.5 years old,
pursuant to the order of succession settled by tli:ii kinjj's will,
authorised by act of parliament, and was crowned Jlrnuary
15, 1559. As there were many troubles then in foreign
states, chiefly on account of religion, she assisted the pro-
testants in Scotland, France, and the Low Countries, against
their respective sovereigns, or the governing party, by whom
they were cruelly oppressed and persecuted. The queen
of Scots, and the dauphin her husband, had, by order of
Henry II. of France, taken the arms of England, «iih the
titles of sovereigns of that kingdom ; this made Elizabeth
look on Mary as a dangerous rival; whereupon she entered,
1560, into a treaty with the Scotch nialecontents, in pursu-
ance of which she sent an army into Scotland to break the
measures of her enemies, which had the desired success.
Some time after she assisted the Hugonots in France. By
these means queen Elizabeth kept both France and Scotland
so employed, that they could find no opportunity to put their
schemes in execution of dethroning her. The pope was
desirous of sending a nuncio to England, who was arrived in
Flanders, and demanded permission to continue his journey
to England, but could never obtain it ; the queen saying she
had nothing to do with the pope, who had no more authority
than other bishops; and, as a security against the disturbance
the pope might cause to be given from any quarter, she al-
ways kept a good fleet in readiness against any invasion, and
secured more and more the aflections of her subjects, which
she looked upon as her only support. The queen of Scots,
being defi'ated in 1568 by the forces raised by the nialecon-
tents in that kingdom, was obliged to fly into England,
where the queen kept her prisoner many years. The per-
secution of the protestants in the Low Countries occasioning
several Flemish families to fly for refuge to England, the
queen settled them at Norwich, Colchester, Sandwich, and
several other places, which turned greatly to the advantage
of the nation, they beinjj the first who brought hither the
art of making bays and seys, and other linen and woollen
cloths of the like sort. A rebellion broke out in the north,
under the earl of Westmoreland and Northumberland, and
Dacres, a northern gentleman, who intended to have set
Mary Queen of Scots on the throne, and to have restored the
popish religion. This rebellion queen Elizabeth suppressed
and the earl of Northumberland was beheaded ; as was also
the duke of Norfolk in 1572, who had been released out of
the'Tower, and engaged again in a conspiracy against the
queen. The year 1571 pa.ssed chiefly in a negociation for
a marriage betvveenqueen Elizabeth and the duke of Anjou,
second son to Catharine de Medicis, and brother to Charles
IX. of France. Both Charles and Elizabeth found their ac-
count in this negociation, though neither of them intended
it should take eftect. Charles's design was to amuse the
protestants, particularly the Hugonots, with whom he had
made a perfidious peace, till he had drawn them into the
snare, in order to destroy them by treacherv, when he found
it difficult to do it by open force. Queen Elizabeth entered
into the negociation of the match to please her ministers,
w ho were continually pressing her to marry, in order to cut
303
ELI
ELI
off all liopos'from the queen of Scots, aiul to dishearten her
CTioiiues. However, a defensive alliance uas concluded he-
tweenthe two crowns. Charles died, and was succeeded by
the duke of Anjon, by the name of Henry 111. with wh<,m
queen Elizabefh renewed the league between the two
crowns, but underhand supplied the prince of Conde with
money for the Hiigonots ; so that she niif^ht justly hi called
the support oi ilie protcstanl reliijion both abroad and at
home, iiaving in the be^'inningof her reign removed all the
zealous catholics from llie councils, and from all posts of au-
thority, put protestant*. in theirrooui, and published a pro-
clamation allowing divine service to be performed, and the
holy scriptures to be read, in the vulgar tongue. Some time
after another negociation was carried on for a marriage be-
tween her and the duke ofAleiicon, now the duke of Anjou,
Henr\'s brother, even to the signing of the marriage articles,
and the diike came over in person ; but it was all broke oft on
a sudden. OneStubbs had his right hand cut oft" on a scaifold
for writing against the marriage ; when he pulled oft his hat
with his left, and cried, (Jod save the queen ! In 1577 ^he
assisted the people of the Low Countries.w ho were grievous-
ly oppressed by the duke of Alva, the king of Spain's gene-
ral, and wiio was endeavouring to extirpate the protestaiits ;
she lent them tOO,0(tO/. sterling to enable them to carry on
the war. Some years after she sent a good body of forces
under the earl of Leicester ; but he, not being agreeable to
the States, was recalled, and lordWilloughby was appointed
geneval of tlie English fi>rce3 in his room. This war at last
concluded in t!;e total revolt of seven of these provinces
from the dominion of Spain, which since 'made the most
'•onsiderable republic in the world. Tlie pope excommu-
nicated the queen ; and the king of Spain and the duke of
Guise were in a league with the pope to invade England,
dethrone Elizabeth, and set up the queen of Scots in her
room. In the meantime, several plots were set on foot by
the popish emissaries to take away her life ; for' which seve-
ral priests, Jesuits, and others, were executed. A general
association was also formed in England to prosecute to death
such as should attempt any thing against her person or go-
vernment. The parliament approved and confirmed this
association, and passed a severe act against popish priests
and Jesuits, w hereby they were required to depart the king-
dom, and, if any returned, they were to be guilty of high-
treason, and those who harboured them, of felony. A little
after the queen made an alliance with the king of Scotland
for their mutual defence, and the security of the protestant
religion. In 158.5, she sent sir Francis Drake to America,
who took several places in the Spanish West Indies. This
year died the learned and ingenious sir Philip Sidney, of a
wound he received in a battle in the Low Countries. In
1686, Babington's conspiracy, in which were engaged seve-
ral popish priests from the seminaries abroad, was disco-
vered ; and they were, to the number of 14, arraigned,
condemned, and executed. It was laid for an invasion, to
kill the queen, free the queen of Scots, and set her on the
throne. As the queen of Scots appeared by letters and other-
wise to have a hand in tliis conspiracy, it was resolved now
to prosecute her on an act of [iarliament made the preceding
year, whereby the person for whom, or by whom, any thing
should be attempted against the queen, W'as liable to death.
Commissioneis were accordingly sent to try her at Fotlier-
ingham castle in Northamptoiibhire, where she was then in
custo<ly, who in the end passed sentence upon her on the
25th ('( Oct. Four days after it was approved and confirmed
by parliament. On December (ith, it was proclaimed in
London, and then throughout the kingdom ; and on Februa-
ry following the sentence was executed upon heriii the hall
ofthe said castle, by severing her head from her body,which
she snlfered with great calmness and resignation. (Jiiecn
Eli/abftli endeavoured by all methods to prevent the odium
of this action falling upon her, fining secretary Davyson,with
whoni the warrant was lodged, 10,000/. (ami he" was also
imprisoned during her pleasure,) and ordering her privy-
COUl'Scllors to he examined iii the Star-cLambcr._In 1588,
3CXi
the king of Spam, encouraged bv pope Sestus V. sent a great
fleet, to w liich they had given the title of the Invincible Ar-
mada, to ir.vaile England. It consisted of 130 great ships,
20 caravels, and 10 slaves, having above 20,0CK) soldiers on
hoard, with seamen, aniiiiuiiition, and provision, in propor
tion ; to oppose which, 20,000 men were dispersed alun:;
the southern coasts, an army of 22,0i)o foot and HXX) horse
was encamped at Tilbury, where the queen reviewed them,
and maile a very engaging speech to them ; there was ano-
ther army of 34,600 foot and 2000 horse to guard the queen's
person. Her subjects shewed the utmost readinessto stand
in her defence ; and she fitted-out a considerable fleet, un-
der the command of lord Howard as admiral ; Drake, Haw-
kins, and Forbisher, vice-admirals; ami sent Seynmur with
40 English and Dutch ships to the coast of Flanders, to
hinder the prince of Parma from joining the Spanish fleet.
On the 19th of Jidv, the Spanish fleet, commanded by the
duke of Medina Cell, entered the Channel, w hen the English
fleet kept close to them, and soon took some of their ships.
On July 24th, there was a brisk engagement. On the 27th,
the Spanish fleet came to an anchor oft' Calais, expecting in
vain the prince of Parma to put to sea with his army, and
make a descent on England, as it had been agreed. The
English fleet, now consisting of 140 ships, several of which
were fitted out by private persons, followed them ; and the
Enfflish admiral in the night sent 8 fire-ships anion}' thera,
which so terrified them that they cut their cables, ant! put to
sea in the utmost confusion : the English admiral took the
Galleas, and the commander of it w as slain. In short, the
whole fleet was dispersed, and the Spaniards "resolved to
make the best of their way home. Of this prodigious arma-
ment, only CO ships returned home, and those in a shat-
tered condition. Queen Elizabeth went in state to St. Paul's
to return Almighty Cod thanks for this great victory. Ii;
1590, sir Francis Walsinghain, secretary of state, departed
this life: he died so poor, that he was buried privately, to
save expenccs. Sir Robert Cecil, son to the lord-treasurer
Burleigh, succeeded hira as secretary of state. In 1594,
Roderigo Lopez, a Jew, v ho was the queen's physician,
two Portuguese, and Patrick Cullcn, an Irishman, were
bribed by the Spanish governors of the Netherlands to take
her away by poison, or (otherwise ; but the plot being dis-
covered, the conspirators were seized and executed : as were
Edmund York and Richard Williams, the next year, for un-
dertaking to commit the same crime, on the promise of
40,000 crowns from the said Spanish governors. In 1596,
the queen sent a fleet and army under How ard, the earl of
Essex, and Raleigh, to the coast of Spain, which plundered
Cadiz,and burnt the merchant ships at Port Real, and took
and destroyed 13 Spanish men of war, and did them other
considerable damage. In 1598, Henry IV. of France, hav-
ing made a separate peace with the king of Spain, queen
Elizabeth and the States entered into a new trealy to carry
on the war against that monarch by themselves. Lord Bur-
leigh died this year, asdid Spenser thcpoet. On February
25, 1601, Robert Devereux, earl of Essex, was beheaded.
Towards the end of the year, complaints having been
brought before the commons of certain monopolies aulho>
rized by her letters patent, as soon as she understood that
the parliament deemed them so many infriiweraents of the
people's privileges, without staying to be adelressea, she an-
nulled most of them, and left the rest to the laws, upon
which the commons waited upon her with an address of
thanks. This vear the earl of^ Tyrone, who had raised a
rebellion in Ireland, was defeated, and obliged to cast him-
self upon the oueen's mercy. In the beginning of the year
1603, queen Elizabeth falling sick, and her illness increasiujj
every day ; when she was near her end, the council sent
someof their body to desire her to name her successor;
when she named the king of Scots. She died the 2-lth of
March, in the 70th year of her age, after a glorious reisju of
44 years, 4 months, and 8 days. She was buried in 'vV'est-
niinster-abbey. Elizabeth in her person was masculine,
tall, straight, and strong limbed, with an high round foro
ELO
ELU
head, brown eves, fair complexion, fine wliite teetli, and
yellow hair. !>lie danced with great ajjility ; her voice was
strong and shrill ; she understood music, and played upon
several instruments. She possessed an excellent memory,
understood the dead and living languages, had made good
proficiency in the sciences, and was well read in history.
Her conversation was sprightly and agreeahle, her judg-
ment solid, her apprehension acute, her application nide-
fatigable, 'aiid her courage invincible. She was the great
bulwark ot the protestant religion ; she was highly com-
mendable for her general regard to the impartial adminis-
tration of justice, and even for her rigid economy, which
saved the public money, and evinced tliat love for her peo-
ple which she so warmly professed ; yet she dcviatt-d from
justice in some instances, when her interests or passions
were concerned ; and, notwithstanding all her great quali-
ties, we cannot deny that she was vain, proud, imperious,
and in some cases cruel. Her predominant passions were
jealousy and avarice ; though she was also subject to such
violent gusts of anger, as overwhelmed all regard to the dig-
nity of her station, and even hurried her beyond the bounds
of common decency. Site wa« wise and steady in her prin-
ciples of government ; and, above all princes, fortunate in
a ministry. She established the protestant religion in her
dominions, notwithstanding all the endeavours used to pre-
yent it; and caused trade and commerce, which always met
with her protection, to flourish. The lloyal Exchange was
buHt in her time, by Sir Thomas Gresham ; and the present
method of maintaining the poor, and choosing overseers in
every parish, was established in this reign.
ELK, s. [celc, Sax.J an animal of the deer kind, with the
horns palmated, and without a stem. It is a native of
tlie northern parts of Europe ; and is a large and strong
animal, being equal in size to a horse, but much less beauti-
fhl.
ELL, s. [e!n. Sax.] a measure of length varying in different
countries ; but those mostly used in England are the En-
glish and Flemish ells ; the former of which is 3 feet 9 in-
ches, or one yard and a quarter; the latter onlv 27 inches,
or three quarters of a yard ; in France, one yard and a half;
and in Scotland, 37 two-tenths Eu^lish inches.
E'LLESDON, a small town ofNortliumberland, 28 miles
N.W. of Newcastle. Market neglected.
E'LLLSMEIlE,a town of Shropshire, situated on a large
mere, famous for fish, in a small bjit fertile district of the
same name, 16 miles N. N. W. of Shrewsbury, and 176 N.
Vf. of London. Market ou Tuesday.
> ELLI'PSIS, or ELLEFPSIS, s. [from ellipsis, deficiency,
Gr.J in grammar, or rhetoric.'a figure by wliicli something
left out in a sentence is to be supplied bv the reader or
hearer. Li geometry, a regular contiiuietl curve line, in-
cluding a space which is longer than broad, vulgarly called
oval.
I ELLITTIC, or ELLITTICAL, a. [from elMpsis, defi-
ciencv, Gr.l having the form of an ellipsis ; of an oval form.
ELiVI, s. [elm, Sax.] a timber very serviceable in places
where it niav lie continually dry, orwet, in extremes.
ELOCUTION, s. \eloeutio, from duqiior, to speak out,
Lat.] the power of expressing one's ideas with fiuency of
speech; eloquence; the power of expression or diction;
the choosing and adapting words and sentences to the things
or sentiments to be expressed.
E'LOGY, a.{chge, Fr.] praise or panegyric bestowed on
a person on account of his merit.
ELOHI, ELOI, or ELOHIM, [has been derived from
lU, strength, and from alah, to swear, Heb.] one of the names
of God in scripture ; but sometimes applied to princes, an-
gels, and even *^ilse gods, and then used in the plural.
To ELO'NGATE, v. a. [from /onp,-i,s, long, Lat.] to
strength ; to leugthcu or draw out, applied to the surface
or dimensions of a thing. Neuterly, to go farther ofi" from
a thine or place.
ELONGATION, s. the act of stretching or lengthening ;
the state of a thing stretched, la astronomy, the digres-
sion or recess of j planet from the sun, with respect to an
eye placed on the earth. Also distance ; departure ; re-
moval.
To ELO'PE, II. a. [from hopen, Relg.j to run away ; to
break loose ; to escape from law or restraint. In law, to
quit or leave a husbaml.
ELOPEMENT, s. departure, or withdrawing from just
restraint, or lawful power. In law, the voluntary depar-
ture of a wife from a husband.
• E'LOPS, «. [Gr.] a fish; reckoned however by Milton
among the serpents.
K'LOQUENCE, s. [from ehcpior, to speak out, Lat.] the
art of speaking with eirgance, so as to move the afi'ections ;
the powerof speaking with fiuency; a figured and elegant
style or diction" adapted to warm the imagination and move
the passioiis.
E'LOQUENT, a. [from elctptor, to speak out, Lat.] hav-
ing the power of speaking with elegance, fluency, and in
such a manner as to move tlie passions.
ELSE, ;«o)i. [eWcjf, Sax.] other; one besides that wliich
is mentioned.
ELSE, ad. otherwise ; excepting the person or place
mentioned.
E'LSEVVHERE,nf/.in some other place ; in any other place,
E'LSINORE, a sea-port town of' Denmark, seated on tlie
Sound, in the island of Zealand. Many foreign merchants,
and the consuls of the principal nations which trade to the
Baltic, reside here. Vessels passinj,^ through the Sound
pay a toll to the king of Denmark, which, with those of the
two Belts, supply an annual revenue of above 100,000/; and
in return, he takes the charge of constructing lighthouses,
and erecting signals, to mark the shoals and rocks, from the
Cattegat to the entrance into the Baltic. Lat. 56. 2. N. Ion.
12. 37. E.
EXTHAM, a town of Kent, having a market on Monday,
9 miles S. of London. Here king Ed\Aard I. built a palace,
very little of which now remains.
E'LVAS, a city of Alantejo, containing, besides the ca-
thedral, 3 parish churches, '2liosi)itals, and 7 convents, with
an academy founded in 1733. Here is a cistern so large,
that it will hold water enough to supply the town for six
months. It is brought by an aqueduct three miles in leij^th.
Elvas is seated near the river Guadiaua, 47 miles N. E. of
Evora, and 104 E. of Lisbon.
To ELUCIDATE, v. a. [eleucido, from lux, light, Lat.] to
cast light upon a difficult or intricate subject; to clear ; to
make clear.
ELUCIDATION, s. the act of rendering difficult sub-
jects plain ; an explanation.
ELUCIDATOK, s. a person who explains difficulties; a
commentator.
ToELU'DE, V. a. [cliido, from ludo, to p.ay, Lat.j to es-
cape by stratagem ; to avoid any mischief or danger by ar-
ti.fice ; to mock or disappoint the expectation by any un-
foreseen escape.
ELU'DIBLE, a. possible to escape by artifice ; possible
to be defeated or disappointed.
E'LVELOCK, s. knots in the hair superstitiously sup-
posed to be tangled by the fairies.
ELUSION, *. [from eludo, to elude, Lat.] an artifice which
is concealed from the knowledge of another ; a fraud.
IXU'SIVE, a. using artifice to escape or avoid.
ELU'SORY, a. fraudulent.
To ELU TE, i;. a. [duo, from e, of, ana lai-o, to wasn, Lat.j
to wash off. "
To ELU TRIATE, v. n. [dutno, from eluo, to wash off,
Lat.l to strain ofl".
ELUTRIATION, s. in chemistry, the operation of puU
verizin^ metallic ores or other substances, and then mixing
them with water, so that the higher parts which are capable
of suspension may be^pouredotJ", and thus separated from
the grosser particles. 'Most of the metallic substances
which are reduced. to an impalpable powder are prepared •
by this process.
307
EMB
EMB
E'LY, an ancient city of Carabridijeshire, neither popu-
lous (the iiiiiiibitants being about 2500) nor btautiful, and
tliieliy noted for its minster, orcathedral, \\ hich lias a stately
lantern, seen at a vast distance, but which seems to totter
witii every blast of wind. It has but one good strcti, veil
paved, the rest being unpaved, and miserably dirty. 'J'he
bishops have all the rights of Counts Pah'.tine, which also
they Irid through the whole Isle of Ely, till the reign of
Henry VIII. Ely is completely subordinate to the bisliop
in its civil government, and is the only city in England un-
represented in parliament. It is seated on a rising groiuid,
rear the river Ouse, and other streams, the former of which
is navigable to Lynn, and by which it carries on a pretty
good tride, in a soil particularly famous for producing large
quantities of strawberries, greens, and other garden stufi";
16 miles N. of Cambridge, and 68 N. of London. Market
on Saturday.
ELY'S} A^,{ili/:ian) a. [from eli/siiim, the pagan heaven,
Lat.J pertaining to elysium ; pleasant; deliciously ; sooth-
ing; exceedingly delightful.
ELY'SIUM, (eli/'siiit)i) s. [Lat.] in the ancient mythology,
a place in the lower world, furnished with pleasant tields,
and supposed to be the receptacle for the happy souls of the
ckparted.
To EMA'CIATE, (emasldate) v. a. \cmaao, from macen, to
be lean, Lat.] to make a thing waste, or grow lean. Neu-
terl.\', to grow lean ; to waste aw ay.
EMACIATION, i. [e7>uicio, from maceo, to be lean, Lat.]
the act of making lean ; the state of a person growing lean,
wasted away, or in a consumption.
EMACULA'TION, s. [cmucuh, from mncula, a spot, Lat.]
the act of freeing any thing from spots or foulness.
E'MA>1ANT, a. [from e, from, and mano, to flow, Lat.]
issuing or flowing from something else.
To E'MAIS ATE, v. n. [from e, from, and mano, to flow,
Lat.l to issue or flow from something else.
EMANA'TION, s. [from e, from, and mano, to flow, Lat.]
the act of proceeding or flowing from something else ; that
which flows from any substance like eflluvia.
EMANA'TIVE, a. [from e, from, and mano, to flow, Lat.J
issuing', of flowing from.
To EMA'NCIPATE, r. a. [from r, from, and mancipium, a
slave, Lat.] to set free from slavery of any sort ; to restore
to liberty.
EMANCIPATION, a. the act of setting free, deliverance
from slavers'.
To EMA'RGINATE, v. a. [from mars;o, the edge of a
thing, Lat.J to takeaway the margin or cdgeof a thing.
To EMA'SCULATE, v. a. [from e, which has here a
negatjve signification, and mas, a male, Lat.] to render soft,
eflfeminate, orwomanixi.
EMASCULATION, ». affcminacy ; a soft and luxurious
habit.
To EMBA'LM, v. a. [emhmtmer, Fr.] to impregnate a
dead body with gums and spices to prevent its putiefy-
ing.
EMBA'LMER, s. one who preserves the bodies of the
dead in such a manner as to prevent their putrefying.
EMBA'LMING, *. the preparing the bodies of tlie dead
so as to prevent their putrefaction.
To EM15A'll, V. a. to shut, inclose, stop, or block up.
EMB.VKGO, s. [Span.] a prohibition or restraint laid
upon vessels by a sovereign, whereby they are prevented
from f;oingont of, or from entering into, a port, for a cer-
tain time.
' To EMBARK, v. a. lemharqiier, Fr.] to put on board or
into a ship. Figuratively, to engage another in any aftair.
Neuterly, to' go on ship-board. Figuratively, to engage
as a partv in an atlair.
EMBARKATION,*, the act of putting or going on board
a ship. ^
To E.MBA'RR ASS, e. n. [rmhnrrasser, Fr.] to perplex
or confound a pcrsou with an affair of difliculty aiid
trouble.
3(M
EMC.A RRASSMENT, s. perplexity or confusion, arising
from some ditficult aflair, subject, oi undertakijig.
To EMBA'SE, I', a. to deprave, or lessen the worth or
qualitv of a thing; to degrade or vilify.
EMBA'SSADOR, or EMB.VSSADOUR. See Amdas-
SAllOR.
EMBA'SSA DRESS, *. a woman sent on a public mcs.
" I/MBA SSAGE, or E'MBASSY,^. [It may be observed,
that though our authors write indiscriminately embassador,
or ambassador, embassage, or ambassage, yet there is scarcely
an example of a^nbass)/, all concurring to write embassi/] a
mission of a person from one princ<' to another, in order to
treat of aft'airs relating to tlieir respective states. Figu
rati^ely, any solenm message ; an errand or message, in an
ironical sense.
To EMBA^TLE, v. a. to ran^-c in battle array.
To EMBA'V, )>. a. [from bay] to inclose in a bay or port.
To bathe ; to w ct.
E'MBDEN, a large, strong, commercial town of Prussian
Westphalia, with a good harbour, capital of the county of
East Friesland. It is divided into three parts, the Old and
New Town, and the two suburbs. Embden is seated near
the mouth of the river Embs, 23 miles N. E. of Groningen.
Lat. 53. 26. N. Ion. 7. 20. E.
To EMBELLISH, v. a.lembellir, Fr.] to adorn ; to beau-
tifv ; to crace or set out with ornaments.
EMBELLISHMENT, s. ornament; any thing which
gives a grace to the peison or mind.
EMBER-GOOSE, or IMBER-DIVER, a sea fowl which
inhabits in the vicinity of the Orkney Isles, and is seldom, if
ever, seen on the land. It has been fabled to hatch its egg
under its wing.
EMBERS, (cmt«s)i. plural; not used in the singidar ;
|(rmi/Wn, Sax.] wood or coals half burnt, and not extin-
guished ; ashes which retain fire, though not visible on their
surface.
E'MBERWEEK, s. [probably from ymlren. Sax.] the time
set apart by the church for public ordinations, at the four
seasons of the year, wherein some ember-dz.y falls, viz, the
Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday, after the first Sunday in
Lent; the feast of Pentecost ; September 14tli, and Decem-
ber 13th.
To EMBE'ZZLE, v. a. [perhaps derived from a corrupt
pronuuciation niimbecil, I'r.l toturn to one's own use what
belongs to, and is entrusted by another. Figuratively, to
waste ; to consume in riot ; to squander.
EMBEZZLEMENT, s. the act of making use of what
belongs to, and is entrusted by, another. Figuratively, the
thing dishonestly made use of.
ToEMBLA'ZE, v.n. [blasonner, Fr.J to adorn with glit
tering ornaments. In heraldry, to blazon or paint a coat of
armour.
To EMBLAZON, v. a. [blasomier, Fr.] to adorn with
bearings in heraldry. Figuratively, to deck in gaudy co-
lours ; to display with pomp and ostentation.
EMBLA'ZONRY, s. pictures upon shields.
E'MBLEM, J. [emblema, from cmhello, to insert, Gr.] inlay ;
any thing inserted in another; an hieroglyphical device or
pi-ctnre, representipg some history or moral instruction.
EMBLEMATIC, or EMBLEMATICAL, «. containing
an emblem, or conveying some truth under an hierogliphical
or pictural description.
EMBLEMATICALLY, «rf. after the form of an emblem,
riddle, or hierogliphic ; in a figurative or allegorical manner.
EMBLEM ATIST, j. a writer or maker of emblems.
EMBOLISM, J. [embnlisynos, from cmhalh, to insert, Gr.]
in chronology, the addition'of a certain number of days to
make the lunar year, which is but 364 days, equal to the
solar which is 365.
E'MBOLOS, t. [from emhallo, to insert, Gr.] the moveable
part of a pump or syringe, named likewise the piston, aod
by the vulear the iucher.
To EMBOSS, «. a. [from bestt, Fr.] to form into kiiob%
ERIE
protiiheraticcs, or unevciinesscsof siirfiice. Fijjiiuilively, to
adorn with einhroidery, or otliorniUod work. To iiicloso ;
to cover. In carviii;,', to iV.ini in relievo, lii liuiiting, to in-
close in a thicket, from emixismrc, ll;il.
EMBO'SSMKNT', s.auy tliii)H:.intfin.:; or standing' ont. In
carvinu^, relievo, or tisnres which slantl out bej ond the
(ground, and swell to the sijjiit.
To i:M!K)'TrLIO, 7.. a. to inclose in a bottle ; to bottle.
To EiMIlO'WEL, (the ohms pr.mounced as i'l now) v. a.
to taki' ontihe bowels or entrails of any creature.
ToEMBRA'CE, v. a. [emhrasser, Fr.] to hold or clasp
fondlj in the arms. Fisuralively, to seize on eafjerly ; to
make use of, and accept willinf^ly. To admit; to receive,
or as-sent to, as truth, applied to the mind.
EMBRA'CK, s. a fond clasp or hujif.
EMRRA'CEMENT, i. the act of encircling and fondly
pressing a person with one's arms. Figuratively, the state
of a' thing contained or encompassed by another; conjugal
cai esses and endearments.
EMBRACER, i. tlie person who clasps another fondly
within his arms.
EMBRA'SUIIE, (f>H/;r«rr(re) s. [Fr.J in foilification, the
hole or aperture through which cannon are pointed, either
in casemates, batteries, or in the parapets of walls. In ar-
chitecture, thcenlargement made of the aperture of a door
or window, on the inside of the wall : its use being to give
the greater i>lay for the opening of the door or casement, to
admit the more light.
To F/M BKOC ATE, v. a. [emhroche, from hreclio, to moi.^ten,
GrJ to rnb anv diseased part with medical liquors.
EMBROCA TION, s. the act of nibbing any diseased
part with medical liquor ; the lotion with which any dis-
eased naiU is mbbed.
To EMRRO'inER, 7^ a. [hroiler, Fr.l to border with or-
naments; to adorn silk, velvet, or oilier stuff, with orna-
ments wrought with a needle, either in gold, silver, silk, or
thread of the same colour.
EMBRO'IDERER, «. one who works a thing with flow-
ers, or other ornaments of raised ncedle-vvork.
EMBRO'IUERY, *. the enriching with figures wrought
with the needle ; figures raised or wrought on a ground with
a needle. Figuratively, the different figures which adorn
the fields in summer.
ToEMBRCriL, v. a. [brouiller, Fr.] to disturb; to set
persons at variance ; te excite quarrels ; to involve in con-
fusion and trouble by civil discord and commotion.
EMBRYO, or E'PilBRYON, *. [from en, in, and biyo, to
spring forth, Gr.] the first rudiments of an animal which is
not come to its slate of perfection. In botany, the grain or
seed of a plant ; or the germ or first sprout appearing out
of the seed. Figuratively, the state of a thing not finished
or come to maturity.
EME'NDABLE, a. [from cmendo, to amend, Lat.] capable
of being made better bv change or alteration.
EMENDATION, ^.'[from emendo, to amend, Lat.] the act
of making a thing better by alteration, change, or correc-
tion ; an alteration made by the reading of an author by a
critic.
EM ENDA'TOR, s. [from emendo, to amend, Lat.] one who
improves or renders a thing better by alteration or correc-
tion ; a corrector.
_ E'MER.^LD, s. [emeraude, Fr.J in natural history, a pre-
cious stone, usually of a very bright and naturally polished
surface, always of a pure and beautiful green, without ad-
mixture of any other colour, and of all the various shades,
from the deepest to the palest.
To EMERGE, v. n. [einergo, from e, out of, and mergo, to
plunge, Lat.] to rise out of any thing with which it is cover-
ed or depressed ; to issue or proceed ; to rise from a state
of obscunitv, distress, or ignorance.
EMEflGENCE, or EM E'RGENCY,^. the act of rising
from any thing which covers ; the act of rising from a state
of obscurity and distress ; any pressing necessity; a sudden
occasion ; an unexpected incident
EMO
EME'IIGENT, /;«)•«. [■<'?«n,g-o, from e, out of, wvimtypo,
to plunge, Lat.] rising from that wliicli covers, coiiceaia,
obscures, <jr depresses. Proceeding or issuing from, used
with friim. Siuiden, or pressiiu;, joined to acra.nnii.
E'NlKItODS, or E'MKROIDS, .?. le.urupt.d from hemor-
rhiiid.t, i'ynmiiimii, blood, and reo, to now, (ir.] the piles.
EME'R.SION, s. [cniersio, from cnior;/;, lo emerge, Lat.]
in physics, the rising of any solid above the siirlace of a
fluid, into which it is violently thrust. In astronomy,
the reappearance of a star or planet from behind the moon,
after having been hid for sonic time. Applied also to the
moon or any satellite, when coming out of the shadow of its
primary.
E'MERY, s.[j»m/ns, Lat. esmeril, Fr ] in natural history, a
native combination of iron and flint, which is found in lar";e
quantities in the island of .leiscy. It is employed by lapichi-
ries, and by glass-cutters, to cut glass, and to stopper
bottles for cheiiiieal and other purjioses. It is also used
for cleaning and polishing steel, and for giving an edge to
tools.
EMETIC, s. [from emco, to vomot, Gr.] a remedy which
excites vomitting.
EMETIC, or EMETICAL, a. having the quality of pro-
voking vomits.
EMICA'TION, «. [from emicn, to glitter, Lat.] sparkling;
flying oft'in small particles.
EMl'CTION, .r. [from emingo, to discharge wine, Lat.]
wine.
E'.MIGRANT, i. [from e, from, and misrro, to remove, Lat.]
a person who removes from his own place or country into
another.
To EMIGRATE, v. n. [from e, from, and migro, to re-
move, Lat.] to remove from one place to another.
EMIGRATION, j. the act oi removing from one jlace
or country into another.
EMINENCE, or E'MINENCY,*. ('from eynineo, to stand
above, Lat.] loftiness ; height from the ground upwards ;
the summit, or highest part of a thing. Figuratively, ex-
altation ; preferment ; fame ; or the state of being exposed
to public view and notice ; a supreme and superior degree.
E'MINENT, a. [from cminen, to stand above, Lat.] high,
lofty, applied to situation. Figuratively, exalted, preferred,
or conspicuous on account of place, rank, or merit.
E'IMINENTLY, ad. conspicuously ; in such a manner a«
to attract notice ; in a high degree.
E'!MIR,s. a title of dignity or quality, among the Turns,
attri!)uted to such as are relations or descendants of their
great prophet Mahomet, and to such as sustain' certain
otfices. The word is Arabic, and literally signifies a
prince.
EMISSARY, *. [fronif, out of, and »ii'«o, o send, Lat.]
one sent out on private messages ; a spy, or secret agent.
In anatomy, that which emits or sends out ; the same as
exeretnrii.
EMI'SSION, s. [from e, out of, and miito, to send, Lat.;
the act of sending out ; vent ; the act of throwing or draw-
ing a thing, particularly a fluid, from within outwards ; the
expulsion or ejection of the seed.
To EMIT, V. a. [from e, otit of, and mitto, to send, Lat.]
to drive outwards; to dart; to send forth. Inlaw to issue
out according to the form prescribed.
EMME'NAGOGUES, (enKnagogz) s. [from emmena, the
menses, !)ud ago, to lead, Gr.] medicines to promote the
menses.
E'MMET, J. kmt«f. Sax.] See Ant.
EMO'LLIENT, pnit. ora.Jemollims, from mollis, soft, Lat."
softening, or rendering pliable.
EMO'LLIENTS, s. [emolliens, from mollis, soft, Lat.] ia
medicine, siicli remedies as sheathe the acrimony of hu-
mo.urs, and at the same time soften and supple the solids.
EISIO'LUML'NT, i. \emolume>itmn,^ property obtained by
labour, from emolo, to grind, Lat.J profit arising from au
othce or employ ; gain, or advantage. Synon. Many will
idly call that ;wo/i< which has accrued by illicit means. \\t
30i>
EMP
£MP
do not always find the greatest honour in offices where there
are the fjreatest emolumtnts.
EMOTION, s. [emutioii, Fr.] a violent struggle or dis-
turbance in the mind ; a stnmi; and veliement sensation, or
passion^ excited eithui by a vleasiii"' or a painful object.
To EMPA'LE, r. n. [etnpahr, Fr.] to fence with pales ; to
fortify, inclose, sluil in; to put to death by spitting on a
stake fijed irpril;lit.
EMPX'LLMKNT, s. in botany, the cup or outmost part
of a" fl'ower, whitli encompasses the petals, or the foliation
of the attire.
EMPA'NNEL, *. [from panne, Fr. a skin or parchment]
tlie writing or entering the names of a jury in a parchment
by a sheritf.
To EMPA'NNEL, v. a. to summon a person to serve on a
jurv.
EMPATiLANCE, s. [from parley, Fr.] in law, motion
or desire for a day of respite, to consider of the result of a
cause ; the conference of a jury in a cause committed to
them.
EMPA'SM, f. [from empasso, to sprinkle, Gr.] in pharmacy,
powder spiinkled on a body, to correct some ill smell.
To EMPA'SSION, v. a. to move with a strong affection
or passion ; to excite the passions vehemently.
To EftfPE'OPLE, I', a. to form into a people or com-
munity.
EMPEROR, s. [e7!ipn-eur, Fr.] a title of honour among
the ancient Romans, conferred on a general who had been
victorious, and now made to signify a sovereign prince, or
supreme ruler of an empire. The title adds nothing to the
rights of sviverciguty ; it only gives pre-eminence overall
other sovereigns. Charlem;\;,'ne was the first cuneror of
Germany, crowned by pope Leo III. in SCO.
E'MPERY, s. {intpcmim, from impero, to command, Lat.]
the command of an emperor; sovereign command; em-
pire.
E'MPHASIS, (e.m/asis) s. |from en, upon, znd phaino, to
shine, Gr.J because the emphasis casts light on the sentence]
in rhetoric, a fovce, stress, or energy in expression, action,
or gesture. In grammar, a remarkable stress of the voice,
placed on anv word or syllable.
EMPHATIC, or EMPHA'TICAL, (emfdtik, or emfdtihal)
a. forcible, strong, striking, or of great energy ; striking
the sijht.
EMPHATICALLY, (cmfdtikalh,) ad. strongly, forcibly,
full of energy, power, or significancy ; spoken with a great
stress of voice.
EMPHY.SE'MA, s. [from emph/sao, to fill with air, Gr.]
is a light puffy humour, easily yielding to the pressure of the
finger, arising; again in the instant you take it oif.
EMPHYSE'M.-iTOUS, {emfys'matus) a. [from cmphjsao,
to fill with air, Gr.] bloated ; swelled; pufled up.
E'MPIRE, «. [Fr.] Ilie territory or extent of land under
the jurisdiction or connnand of an emperor; imperial
power ; sovereign authority or command ; command over
any thing.
EMPIRIC, s. [empeirns, knowing, able, from peiin, an ex-
periment, Gr.] one whose skill in medicine depends purely
on practice and experinieiil, williouf auv dethiction of rea-
son from the mechanical operation of nicdiciues, or the na-
ture, cause, and ell'ects of diseases ; a quack.
EMPIRIC, or EMPIRICAL, n. [rmpm-rs, idiowing, able,
from /)p/)v7, an experiment, Gr.J dealing or veised in experi-
ments. Rclougiug to, or resembling a ipiack.
EMPFRICALLY, ad. after tlie manner of a quack, or one
not re"idarlv bred to |)hvsic.
K>fprRICIS.M, s. quackery.
I'.MPLA'.STER, s. flhis word is now always pronounced
and generally wrilten;<A(i^;) [oH/)/rtiOT, to put in a mass, or
to smear over, (.)v.] in surgery, a medicine of a stiff, gluti-
nous consistence, eomposed of several ingredients, spread
on paper, llneu, or leather, and applied externally,
To EMPI.A'STIOR, v. a. to cover with a plaster.
EAIPL.\'STIC, a. [from cmplusso, to put in a mass,
3!0
or to
smear over, Gr.] viscous ; glutinous ; fit to be applied as a
plaster.
t To EMPLE'AD {empleid)v. a. in law, to indict, accuse, or
prefer a charge against.
ToEMPLO'Y, V. a. [employer, Fr.] to set a person about
a thing ; to keep at work or exercise ; to use a? an
instrument or means, or luaterials ; to commission, or intrast
with the managerasnt of an ail'air ; to fill up lime with study
or undertaking.
EMPLO'Y, s. ti'ir» object which engages the mind, or is
the subject of actior; a person's trade, business ; a public
office.
EMPLOYABLE, a. capable of being used; fit to be
applied or used.
EMPLO'YER, i. a person who sets one about any under
takinr?; ; one who uses, or causes a thing to be used.
EMPLO'YMENT, s. business ; the object of labour or in
dustry ; a person's trade, office, or post; an affair entrusted
to the management of another.
To EMPO'ISON, {empotzon) v. a. [empoisomici; Fr.] to
destroy by poison, venom, or anv deadly or mortal drug;
to taint with poison. Figurativefy, to deprave the ideas or
principles of a person by bad advice or seditious councils.
EMPORE'TIC, a. [cmpuretikos, from empnrion, a market
place, Gr.] that is sold at common markets belonging to
goods, commodities, or merchandise.
EMPORIUM, s'i[empiyi-iun, from emporins, a trader, Gr.")
a place of merchandise ; a great city or market town which
has communication with the sea, and carries on foreign trade.
To EMPO'VERISH, v. a. [from pa,me, Fr.l to make
poor. Figuratively, to render a soil unfertile or barren.
EMPO VERISHMENT, s. the act of exhausting money;
the cause of poverty. The lessening riches or fertilitv, when
applied to ground or vegetables.
To EMPO'WER, II. a. to give a person authority to trans-
act business, or carry on any undertaking.
E'MPRESS, s. the wife of an emperor ; a female who has
the sovereign command over an empire.
EMPRI'SE, s. [emprise, Fr.] an undertaking which is
attended with hazard and danger, and shews boldness.
E'MPTIER, (imtier) s. one who makes any place or thing
void by taking out that which was in it.
E'MPTINESS, (cmd'jiess) i. without having anything in
it, applied to space or vessels. The state of a thing which
has nothing in it. Figuratively, want of judgment or un-
derstanding ; incapacity to satisfy one's wishes.
E'MPTION, {hns/imi) s. [emptio, from emo, to buy, Lat.]
the act of buying ; a purchase.
E'MPTY, {imfi/) a. [<f/»tig. Sax.] having nothing in it.
Void of body, applied to space, place, or any vessel. Not
possessing, furnished with, or using ; devoid. Void of judg-
ment or understanding; void of substance, solidity, or real
existence.
To E'MPTY, (imt;/) v. n. to exhaust, diink up, take, or
pour out whatever is contained in a vessel or receptacle,
To EM PURPLE, v. a. to make of a purple colour.
To EMPU'ZZLE, v. a. to per\)lex and confound' the mind
with a difficulty which it cannot solve or explain.
EMPYF/MA, s. [from en, in, and pi/on, pus, Gr.] in medi-
cine, a collection of purulent matter in the cavity of the
breast, which is discliarged therein on the bursting of some
abscess or ulcer in the lungs, or membranes that inclose the
breast.
l'',M PY'K I'' A L, a. [etnpi/rnf:, from en, in, and pi/r, fire, Gr.]
formed of ellier, or pure and celestial tire ; belonging to the
hi"Jiest region oi' liea\'en.
EMPYR F/.\N, s. [riiipi/ros, from en, in, and pi/r, fire, Gr.]
tlu^ higlust heaven ; Ihe scene of tlie beatific vision, v/liero-
in the pure elpineut of (ire or ether is supposed to exist.
EMPYltEUM, or EMl'YREUNiA, s. [from c», in. und
pip; fire. Gr.] I'li clieiiiislry, used when in boiling or distill-
ing anv thing bums ti> Ihe bottom of the vessel or alembic;
a smell or liisle of burning. In medicine, the heat rcmaio-
ing upon the declension of a fever.
ENC
ENC
' EMPYROSIS, s. [from c«, in, anJ p}/r, fire, Or.] coiiHagra-
tioii ; 1,'t'iunil iiro.
EMU, s. iu ornithology, tlio cassowary, a bird of t'leostrich
kiiul.
To K'MULATE, v. a. [«■>«»/»;•, from amiihis, cniuloiis, Lat.J
to rival or propose as an object fur i-mitation ; to imitate
ivitli an endeavour to surpass. Figuratively, to copy ; to
rcseinhle ; to rise to an ecpialily \\\\\i.
EMULATION, s. [amulatio, IVoiu trmvhis, omulmis, Lat.]
a noble jealousy between |ieisons, \\liereby lliey endeavour
to surpass each other in virtue and excellencr. Envy ; con-
tention; discord.
EMULATIVE, a. inclined to contest superiority with
anollier, either from a love of excellence, or a principle of
envy.
EiMULA'TOR, i. [Lat.] one who endeavours to surpass
another in good (juafities ; one w ho envies another's success
or reputation ; a rival.
EMU'LGENT, u«;Y. or a. [from emuJ^eo, to milk, Lat.]
milking out. Used substantively, in anatomy, applied to
those arteries which briiit; the blood to the kidneys, and
to those veins which caury what is superfluous to the vena
cava.
E'MULOUS, fl. [amuhis, Lat.] rivallinp;; contending
with another for superioiity in fame, riches, interest, or
virtue.
E'MULOUSLY, ad. in the manner of a rival or compe-
titor ; with a desire of surpassing another.
EMULSION, «. [from e»!ii/g-ra, to milk, Lat.] a soft liquid
medicine, of the colourand consistence of milk.
EMU'NCTORIES, s. [from amungo, to wipe away, or
drain off, Lat.] in medicine and anatomy, a part of the body
wherein some liumour, which is useless or noxious, is sepa-
rated or collected in readiness for ejection or expulsion.
EN, an inseparable particle at the beginnins of words
derived from the French, who borrowed it of the Latin in ;
bence words are indifferently written with either, as they
are supposed to be derived from each of those languages.
To ENABLE, v. a. to make able or give power sufficient
for the performance of a tiling.
To ENA'CT, V. a. to make a law ; to establish by law.
EN A'CTOR, s. one who forms decrees ; one who founds
or establishes laws.
ENA'LLAGK, s. [from enallatto, to change.Gr.] in rhetoric,
a figure wherein the order of words in a sentence is inverted.
In grammar, a figure whereby one part of speech, or acci-
dent of a word, is put for another ; as when a pronoun
possessive is put for a relative, or one word or tense of a verb
for another.
V.NA'MEL, s. a kind of metalline colour, by the Latins
called encanstum. This composition is made by calcining
100 parts of lead and 300 parts of tin in a furnace, and then
fluxing, these oxydes, with 100 parts of sand, and 200 of
potash. To this enamel every kind of colour may be given
by metallic oxides. Any thing painted with enamel.
To ENA'MEL, v. a. to paint, or adorn a thing with amel,
or enamel.
, ENA'MELLER, s. one who paints in enamel.
ENAMELLING, s. the act of applying enamel of various
colours on metals, &c. either after the method of painting,
or by the lamp ; called likewise the encaustic art, or en-
caustic painting.
To ENAMOUR, i-. a. [from amour, Fr.] to raise the
affections or love of a person; to make a person fond.
ENARTHRO'SIS, s. [from eii, in, and art/iron, a joint, Gr.]
the insertion of one bone into another to form a joint.
To ENCAGE, v. a. to shut up, or confine in a cage.
To ENCA'MP, t>. n. to pitch tents, or settle in a place for
a time, applied to an army. Actively, to form a regular
camp.
ENCAMPMENT, i. the act of encamping or pitching
tents ; a camp, or tents pitched in proper order.
To ENCA.'VE, V. a. to conceal, or hiae as in a cave.
ENCA'USTIC, s. the same with enamelling, which see.
ENCE'INTE, s. [Fr.] an inclosure, or ground enclosed
with a fortification.
To ENCHAIN, V. a. \eiiclinincr, Fr.] to fastiMi with a
chain. Figuratively, to confine, or keep in bondag^or con-
finement.
To KNCIIA'NT, V. u. [enchanler, Fr.] to subdue or m-
fluiMice by magic or sorcery ; to delight irresi&td>ly.
ENCHA'NTER, s. one who p.raclises inagic, or oilier
spells ; one who delights or pieases irresistibly.
ENCHA'NTINGLY, ad. in such a niiuiner as to attract
love irresistibly.
ENCHANTMENT, s. magical charms. or spells; that
which has an irresistible influence, or can impart an over-
powering deligl.it.
ENCHA'NTllESS, s. [enchantrestc, Fr.] a woman wIhj
exercises magic, or spells.' Figuratively, a woman whose
beauty cannot be resisted.
ToENCHA'.SE, v.'a.^[rnchasi!ei-, Fr.] to Set jewels in gold,
silver, Ac. Figuratively, to adorn.
To ENCIRCLE, v. a. to surround, encompass, or enclose
in a ring or circle.
ENCI'RCLET, s. a circle ; a ring. " In whose euciirhts
if ye gaze." Sidnci/.
ENCLITICS, s. [from enldinn, I incline, Gr.] in Greek
and Latin grammar, certain particles or syllables joined to
words whicli, when unitMl, seem to form but one word, and
on that account remove or throw back the accent upon the
foregoin" svallable, as »•<? in Latin, rft-rwsi'e.
To ENCLOSE, (cnkluze) V. a. [from eiiclos, Fr.] to part or
surround common ground by a fence ; to surround or en-
compass on all sides.
ENCLO'SER, (en/f/6rer) f. one who encloses or parts off
any parcel of common ground by pales or other fences ; any
thing in which another is enclosed.
ENCLOSURE, (enMuzure) s. the act of eneompassiiig
common ground with a fence ; the approbation of things
which have been common ; the space contained within any
fence or limits ;^round enclosed.
ENCO'MIAST, if. \enkomiastes, from enhomion, praise, CJr.]
one who bestows praise on another; one who speaks in praise
of another.
p:NCOMIA'STir., or ENCOMIASTIC AL, a.lenhomias-
tikos, from enhomion, praise, Gr.] containing or uestowing
praise.
ENCO'MIUM, s. [enhomion, Gr.] an advantageous repre-
sentation of the virtues and excellences of another, praise ;
panegyric.
To ENCO'MPASS, v. a. to enclose ; to surround on all
sides : to shut in.
ENCORE, (pronounced ovghore) ad. [Fr.] again ; over
again. A word used at public shows to testify the highest
approbation, and to desire the person to repeat the
part.
ENCO'UNTER,i. \encontre, Fr.] in its primary sense, a
combat or fight between two persons only. Figuratively, a
battle, or attack, wherein enemies rush with violence against
each other.
To ENCOUNTER, r. a. to go to meet ; to meet face to
face ; to attack an enemy ; to meet with proofs. To oppose,
or engage with.
ENCO'CJNTERER, s. an enemy, or antagonist in war.
Figuratively, an adversary, or opponent, with respect to
opinions.
To ENCO'URAGE, {enkurnje) v. a. [encourager, Fr.J to
animate, or reciprocally exhort to a practice ; to animate,
or support the spirit and courage of a person to imdertake
and accomplish an affair; to countenance.
ENCOTJKAGEMENT, {enkirajemeHt) t. an incitement
to any action or practice. Figuratively, favour, counte-
nance ; support.
ENCO'URAGER, {enhurajer) s. one who incites a per-
son to do a thing ; one who favours or gives countenance
to a person or an undertak.ng-
To ENCROACH, {enkrbch) v.n. to invade the right and
311
END
ENF
propertj' of another ; to advance gradually by stealth to that
■which a person has no rish: to.
ENCRO'ACHER, (enhrm-her) s. one who gradually seizes
upon the possessions of another.
KNCRO'ACHMENT, {enhbchnent) s. in law, an unlaw-
ful, trespass upon a man's grounds, or the act of enclosing
the ground of another to one's own i;se; extortion, or the
insisting upon pa\ nient of more tlian is due.
To ENCU'MBER, i>. a. [ciieomhver, Fr.J to load ; to hinder
or clog by any weight from action, or from the free use of
one's limbs. Figuratively, to embarrass and distract the
mind by variety of difficulties ; to load with or bring to
great difficulties bv debts.
ENCU'IMBRANCE,s.anv thing which is troublesome by
its weight; an useless addition and burthen; a burthen
upon an estate ; that whicli abates from the profits of an
estate, generally applied to tiebts and mortgages.
ENCY'CLICAL, a. [from en, in, and kyhlos, a circle, Gr.]
circular ; sent roinid through a large region.
ENCYCLOPEDIA, or ENCYCLOPE'DY, s. [e», in,
h/lilos, a circle, and paideia, education, Gr.] the circle of the
sciences ; applied by the Greeks to the seven liberal arts,
and all the sciences.
ENCY'STED, a. [from ki/stis, a bag, Gr.] enclosed in a
bag. Encysted tumours, in anatomy, borrow tlieir name
from a bag in which they are confined.
END, s.[end. Sax.] the extremity of any thing which is
extended in length ; the last period or moment of time.
The conclusion, or last part, applied to action or writinij.
A final determination ; conclusion of a debate. Deatn.
Abolition ; total loss; consequence. The cause of a per-
son's death. A piece or fragmeiit. Design ; purpose ;
intention ; or the object of a person's designs and actions.
ylKewrfisused instead oionend, and signifies upright, pec-
pendicular, or erect.
To END, ti. a. to perfect or finish an undertaking ; to de-
stroy, or put to death. Nenterly, to come to a conclusion ;
to cease ; to conclude ; to terminate.
To ENDA'MAGE, v. a. to prejudice ; to lessen the value
of a thing; to art'ect with loss; to spoil, mischief, or do
hazard.
ToENDA'NGER, v. a. to expose to danger, risk, or
hazard.
, To ENDE'AR, (mdeir) v. a. io make dear or beloved.
ENDE'ARMENT, {endc'cnneut) s. any thing which causes
love ; the state of a person or thing which is beloved.
ENDE'AVOUR, {endivur) s. an attempt, trial, or exertion
of power to perform any thing.
"To ENDE'AVOUR, {nidivur) V. a. to exert power, in
order to gain some end ; to make an attempt; to try.
ENDE'AVOURER, (t'Hf/ii'«»er) J. one who exerts power
to attain some end.
ENDE'CAGON, s. [from endeha, eleven and gonia, a cor-
ner, Gr.] a figure having eleven sides.
ENDE'MIAL, ENDEMIC, ENDEMICAL, a. [from «»
in and demos, a people Gr.] peculiar to a countiy.
To ENDITE, V. a. to draw up, compose, or relate, ap-
plied to history.
E'NDIVR, s. [endive, I'r.l in botany, a species of succory.
E'NDLESS, a. [eudelcus. Sax.] without coming to a con-
clusion. Without bounds, applied to extent, or space.
Without ceasing, applied to action. Continual, or eternal,
appUwHo time.
E'XDLESSLY.nrf. without ceasing; without limit.
ENDLESSNESS,*, want of bounds or limits, applied
to time or space.
EN DLONf j, a. with the end or point foremost; in a
straight line.
E'NDMOST, a. farthest off; at the farthest end.
To ENDORSE, r. a. \eudosser, Fr.] in commerce, to
write one's name on the back of a bill of exchange, or pro-
missory note, in order to pay it away, tt) negociate it, or to
discharge the person \v1k> \iaj3 it from any future claim on
account of it.
312
ENDORSEMENT, *. in commerce, tlie act of writing
one's n.ime on the back of a hill of excliaiigp, to signify tijat
the cont^-nts are received, or to direct it to be paid to "a per-
son mentioned.
To ENDO'W, (the ow is pronounced as in cow) v. a. [en-
doiiniiei; Fr.] to give a portion to a person ; to assign, or
alienate any estate or sum of money to the support or niaii>-
tenanceof anv charity, or any alms-house.
ENDOWMENT, s. wealtii bestowed on a person, or de-
voted to any particular use; the setting aj>art or securing a
sum of money for the perpetual supiwrt ot a vicar, or alms-
bouse ; the gifts of nature.
To EN DL; E, r. a. [from eiuhm, to put into, Gr.] to supply
or furnish with internal gifts, virtues, or excellencies. To
give as a portion or dowry.
ENDU'RANCE, .«. continuance; lastingness ; the act of
supporting or bearing troubles without complaint or de-
jection.
To ENDU'RE, v. n. [duro, Lat.] to sutler, undergo, bear,
or support. Nenterly, to last, remain, or continue ; to bear
patiently, or without resentment.
ENDU'RER, s. one that hath strength to support any fa-
tigue or hardship ; one who is unaffected with any hard-
ship.
E'NDWISE, ad. on end ; upright, or perpendicular.
To E'NEC.'VTE, v. a. [from eneco, to aluiost kill, Lat.] to
kill ; to destroy.
ENEMY, s. Ien7ienii, Fr.]one who is of an opposite side in
war ; one who opposes the interests or welfare of another ;
one who has a strong dislike to a person or thing. In divi-
nitv, thp foe of mankind ; the devil.
Energetic, «. [eucrgelihcs, from cuergeo, to act, Gr.]
acting so as to perform or produce. Active, operative, or
working.
ENERGY, s. [energeia, from eneigeo, to act, Gr.] power
in the abstract, or considered without being exerted or
brought into action; vigour, force, or efficacy. Strength,
or force of expression, applied to language; spirit, life.
To ENERVATE,!), a. \enei-vo, from nertus, a nerve, Lat.]
to weaken, to deprive of strength ; to render effeminate.
ENERVATION, s. the act of weakening, or rendering
effeminate.
To ENE'RVE, v. a. \encrvo, from venms, a nerve, Lat.] to
weaken ; to lessen force or strength ; to render effeminate.
To ENFEE'BLE, i>. a. to weaken or deprive of strength.
To ENFE'OFF, v. a. [ixom fcoffamcutum, low Lat.J In law,
to invest with any title or possession.
ENFEOFFMENT, s. in law, the act whereby a person is
invested with any dignity or possession ; the instrument or
deed by which one is invested with possessions.
E'NFIELD, (called, in old records. En FEN, or Infen,
from some part of its parish iK'ing fenny, till drained) a town
of Middlesex, formerly noted fur the tanning of bides, 10
miles N. of London. Its once royal cliace w<:s disforested
by an act of parliament in 177!). Market on Saturday.
ENFILA'DE, «. [Fr.]a series or collection of things dis-
posed as it were in a straight line. In war, applied to those
trenches, <tc. which are ranged in a right line, and may be
swept or scoured by the cannon lengthwise, or in the direc-
tion of a line, and rendered defenceless.
To ENFILADE, v. a. to pierce or sweep in a right
line.
To ENFORCE, r. a. [rnforcir, Fr.j to give strength to ;
to strengthen; to sling with strength, violence, or force.
To animate; to incite to action; to urge an argument
strongly; to compel to do a thing against one's will; t(>
press with a charge or accusation. Neuterly, to prove ; to
evince.
EN FORCEDLY, ad. by violence or compulsion, opposed
to voluntarihi.
ENFORCEMENT, #. an ;<ct of violence; force offered;
compulsion. A sanction, or that which gives force, applied
to laws; a pressing occasion or exigence.
EN G
ENO
ENFO'RCER, *. one who causes any thing by force,
s(reii){tii, or violt-nce.
ENFCyULDRRD, a. [fromfoudre, Fr.| mixed with light-
ning. " With foui CTi/n«/rf'edsini>ke." Sp'nser.
To RNFRA'NCmSK, w. a. to imorponiic a person intoa
body politic; to admit to the privilc^jes nf a freemiin ; to
free from slavery ; to free or release from custody ; to natu-
ralize or adopt a foreign word.
: ENFRA'NCHISKMENT, «. the act of incorporating a
person into any society or body politic ; a release from im-
prisonment or slavery.
ToENGA'GE, v. a. [ct^- nrr, Fr.] to give as a security
for, or be hable to make good, a debt ; to stake, or hazard.
To bind a person by any obligation to espouse the cause of
a party ; to bring into a party ; to embark or take part in an
affair ; to employ one's self in an attempt ; to unite by some
attraction or amiable quality. Neuterly, to encounter ; to
light. Synon. To oblige, implies rather something of'force ;
to engage, rather something agreeable. Duty and necessity
Mige us ; promises and good manners engage us.
ENG.^'GEMF,NT, t. the act of giving security, or mak-
ing a person liable to discharge a debt ; an obligation by
promise, appointment, or contract ; affection or adherence
to any party ; employment of the attention ; fight, conflict,
or battle ; a strong motive, argument, inducement, or obli-
gation.
To ENGA'OL, e. a. to imprison ; to confine. "You have
eneaol'd niv tongue." Shaks.
To ENGA'RRISON, v. a. to protect or defend as by a
garrison.
To ENGE'NDER, v. a. [engendrer, Fr.] to beget between
different sexes. Figuratively, to form or produce; to ex
cite ; to cause ; to bring forth. Neuterly, to be caused or
produced.
E'NGINE, s.[engin, Fr.]a compound instrument con-
sistingof a complication of mechanic powers, such as wheels,
screws, levers, &c. unite<l, and conspiring togetherto effect
the same end; a military machine ; an instrument for cast-
ing woter to great heights, in order to extinguish fires.
ENCjINE'ER, e. [cngeniein; Fr.Jone who makes or works
at engines ; an otficer in the army, whose employ is to in-
spect the works, attacks, defences, <ltc. to point and dis-
charge the great artillery.
E'NGINERY, t. the art of managing artillery ; artillery,
or ordnance.
To ENGFRD, v. a. [preter. and part, passive, engirt] to
surrmind, or encompass.
ElNlQEAND, [pronounced Inghnd ; so called from the
Angles, who settled in these parts in the year 449, and were
situated on the continent between the Saxons and Jutes]
the southern, and most considerable part of the island of
Great Britain, is bounded on the N. by Scotland ; on the E.
and N. E. by the German Ocean ; on the S. by the English
Channel ; and on the W. bv the principality of Wales, and
the Irish Channel. It lies between 2 degrees E. and 6 W.
longitude, and between 49 and 56 N. latitude. It is of a
triangular form. From the Land's End in Cornwall to Ber-
wick upon Tweed, it is about 42o miles ; from Berwick to
the S. Foreland in Kent, its length is about 345 miles ; and
thence to the Land's End, its greatest breadth, is 350. The
country exhibits a variety of prospects, varying from the ex-
tensive plain, and gently-rising uplands, with the interven-
ing vales, and gently flowing rivers, to the lofty mountains,
craggy hills, deep dells, and tumbling torrents. Though in
some parts there are large barren moors, and wide unculti<
vated heaths, on the whole, few countries have a larger pro-
portion of land capable of culture, and there is none where
agriculture is better attended to, or, indeed, where it is more
necessary for the subsistence of the inhabitants. All the va-
luable productions, both animal and vegetable, of this coun-
try, have been imported at different periods from the conti-
nent ; and have been kept up and. improved by constant at-
tention. Overrun with woods, like the wilds of America,
uuts, acorus, crabs, and a few wild berries, formed the only
vegetaole food which this country formerly ahorded. The
bear, the wolf, and the wild boar, now totally extirpated,
roamed at large in the forests, large herds of stags ranged
through the woods, roebucks bounded over the hills, and
wild bulls ranged in the marshy pastures. By degrees, the
woods were destroyed, in order to make way tor cultivation,
tile marshes were drained, and the wild aiiiinals, invaded in
their retreats, gradually disappeared, and tht.ir places were
supplied by the domestic kinrls. Ei)glaiid now possesses
no other wild quadrupeds than some of the smaller kinds,
such as the fox, the wild cat, the badger, the martin, and
others of the weasel kind ; the otter, the hedge hog, the hare,
and rabbit; the squirrel, dormouse, mole, ami several spe-
cies of the rat and mouse. There are dogs <;f every kind,
except wolf dogs, which, since the wolves were destroyed in
England, have been generally neglected ; however, the race
of these animals is still maintained in Ireland. Hut there is
one sort that is not to be equalled in any part ol the world,
which is the bull-dog; for these will not only attack the
fiercest bull, but any kind of wild beast; nor can any tliiiu',
when they have once fastened upon llie animal, oblige llicni
to let go their hold. But what is more strange, when any of
them are transported beyond sea, they lose their loinage ;
and the same is said of English cocks. 'It must however be
confessed, that the use w hich is made of the courage of tin se
creatures, (especially the latter,; by men too from whose
rank and talents better things might be expected, deservedly
fix a stigma on the national character. On the other hand,
the various kinds of domestic animals, imported from abroad
have been reared to the greatest perfection ; and the im-
provements in the vegetable products of this island have
been no less considerable. It must be acl<iio«ledg-ed there
are no vines that are so fit to produce good wine as in warm-
er countries; but then there are variety enough which yield
good grapes, that are made use of as other fruits. Hov. ever,
there are great quantities of cyder, perry, mead, and several
kinds of made wines; but the principal drink of ihe gene-
rality is beer, or ale. The rigours of winter, as well as the
parching heats of summer, are felt here in a much less de-
gree than in parallel climates (Ui the continent, as the bree-
zes from the sea t(niper the severities of the opposite seasons;
but the changes of weather are generally more frequent and
sudden, while few countries are clothed with so beautiful
and lasting a verdure. Its situation, however, so far north,
is less favourable to the ripening than to the growt'.i of ve
getable productions. The winters indeed are sometimes
rainy and foggy, and the weather is subjt ct to great varia
tions, which, however, does not much impair the health of
the inhabitants who are accustomed thereto ; for they gene-
rally live as long as in any other countries, and we have fre-
quent instances of people who have lived to a very great
age : particularly Henry Jenkins, a Yorkshireman, wlio was
168 years old when he died ; and Thomas Parr, of Shrop-
shire, who was 162, and might have lived longer, if he had
not been sent for up to court as a curiosity. The harvests,
especially in the northern parts, often suffer from tiic rains,
and the fruits fall short of perfect maturity. The richest
parts of the land are, in general, the middle and southern ;
extensive tracts in the northern parts are rather sterile, and
on the eastern coast, in many parts, the ground is sandy and
marshy. In the north the country is mountainous, and Corn-
wall and the adjacent countries conrain manv rough hilly
tracts ; but in these parts, a variety of rich and valuable mi-
nerals and metals are found. Considered as a com countty,
the east coast, from its superior dryness, isfavourable to the
growth of grain ; and the west coast, from the wetness of
the climate, is better calculated for pasterage. The most
considerable, rivers are the Thames, Severn, IMcdway,
Trent, Ouse, Tyiie, Tees, Wear, Mersey, Dee, ,Avo-i, Eden,
Derwent, Ao. "'I'lie lakes are chiefly in the N. W. counties ;
and those of Westmoreland and Cumberland, in particular,
exhibit varieties of romantic, picturesque, and grand scene-
ry. The river-fish, from the populousncss of the country,
and the number of fishers, are, in manv parts, much dimi-
S s '313
ENG
ENM
nWitd ; but the sea is an inexhaustible source of wealth, and
tlie coasts are enlivened by numerous inhabitants, who gain
tlveirchiet' subsistence troni the deep. The manufactures
and commerce of this country are prodigious, and absorb
almost the whole attention of many classes of the people.
Tiie government is a mixture of monarchy, aristocracy, and
democracy; the legislative power residing in the king, the
liouse of lords, and the house of commons, but the execu-
tive power is vested solely in the king, who appoints the
great officers of state,' tb* iudges, and many even of the in-
ferior gradations of magistracy. The national church es-
tablishment is episcopal ; the 39 articles are interpreted by
the clergy, in general, according to the principles of Armuii-
U3, although the 17th article strongly savours of the Calvinis-
tic creed. The dissenters are numerous, and of different
descriptions, but nioj* of the rigorous penal laws, which
were long in force against them, have been repealed.
E'NGLANI), new, a country of North America,bound-
ed on the VV. by New York ; on the N. by Canada ; on the
E. by Nova Scotia and the Atlantic Ocean ; and on the S.
by the same ocean and Long Island Sound. It is in many
parts hilly ; but the country ^s, notwithstanding, fertile,
well cultivated, and populous. It was first settled by the
Puritans, who were driven from England, at different times,
by persecution. The principal productions are wheat, In-
dian corn, rye, oats, flax, hemp, and garden vegetables.
The exports are fish, timber, horses, mules, pot-ash, pearl-
ash, salted beef, Ax. The colleges -here are in a flourishing
state. It contains five states, namely. New Hampshire,
Massachusets, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Vermont.
The Connecticut, Merrimack, Penobscot, and Piscataway,
are the principal rivers.
E'NGLISH, (prou. /«§•/«/() ff. [Englisc, Sax.] belonging to
-England. Substantively, the language spoken by the peo-
ple of England ; the natives of England.
To ENGLISH, v.a. to translate into English.
To ENGLUT, v. a. [ev^hutir, Fr.] to swallow up. To
giiit ; to pamper.
To ENGO RGE, v. a. [from »-org-<f, Fr.J to swallow ; to de-
vour.
To ENGRA FT, v. a. [fvam airaffiei; Fr.] in gardening, to
take ii shoot from one tree, :uk1 insert it into another, in such
ill manner as both -shall uiiile, and grow together.
I.N'GKA'I'TING, s. m gardening, the act of taking a
shoot from one tree, and inserting it into the stock of ano-
ther, in such a eiauuer as both shall unite, grow together,
and bear fruit.
To ENGRAIL, v. a. [from »Tf/e, Fr.] in heraldry, to re-
present a thing with its edges ragged or notclied circularly,
as if something had fallen on and broken it ; it differs from
indenial, because the edges are in that in a straight line, but
in this semicircular.
To ENGllA'lN, e. a. to dyedeep ; to dye in the grain.
To E.\GRA'SP, V. a. to seize ; to hold fast iu the hand ;
to gripe.
To ENGRATE, v. a. [engraver, Fr.] to cut copper,
iron, or other metals, or stojie, so as to represent figures
iliereon. Figurativelv, to make a deep impression on the
mind.
ENGR.VA'EU, J. one whocutii figures on metals, marble,
kir stmies.
ENCiHA'^TNG, f. the act or art of cutting metals and
preciousstoiies with a tool called the graver, iu order to re-
present figures or otheroniaments thereon.
To ENGROSS, V. a. \s;ro.uir, Fr.| to thi(k<'n or increase
in bulk; to seizeupon tlie whole of any thing ; to pn ase
oi buy up any commodity, in order to sell it again at an ad-
vanced price, in law, to copy writings, in a large hand on
parclrmenl.
ENGRO'SSER, «. be^vho purchases large quantities of
aiiv commodity, in order to sell it at a high price ; one who
seizes or apiiropriates the whole of any thing ■< himself.
ENGRtVsSMENT,*. an exorbitant acipiisition; the act
of encroaciiing «ir seizing upon the whole of any tiling.
314
To ENHATSICE, v. a. \e»hausser, Fr.] to raise the value
or price of a thing; to heighten ihe esteem or degree of
anv quality.
ENHA'NCEMENT, I. increase of esteem, of value, or Of
degree.
ENT'GMA,*. {aini^ma, from ainistomai, to hint any thing
darkly, Gr.] a proposition delivered in obscure, remote, and
ambiguous terms, in order to exercise the wit.
ENIGMATICAL, a. of the nature of an enigma; ob-
scurely, darkly, or ambiguously expressed ; obscurely or
imperfectly received or apprehended.
ENIGAIATICALLY, ad. in a sense different from that
which the words in their peculiar acceptation imply.
ENI'GM ATIST, s. a maker of riddles.
To ENJO'IN, V. a. [evjoindre, Fr.] to order. It implies
something more authoritative than direct, somewhat less than
cemmand, and includes the idea of superiority in the person
requiring any thing to be done.
ENJO'IN ER, s. a person who gives directions, including
the idea of superior rank or authority.
ENJO'IN MENT.i. the order of a person of superior rank
and SHfh-^rity.
To EN JO if, V. a. [enjouir, Fr.] to feel a flow of joy in
the fruition of a thing ; to obtain possession of it ; to glad-
den, to delight, used with the reciprocal pronoun himself,
Ac. Neuterly, to be in fruition or possession ; to live
happilv.
ENJO'YER, i. one who has a thing in his possession ; one
who mak*=s use of or receives satisfaction from the conscious-
ness of using or possessing a thing.
ENJO VMENT. *. pleasure arising from possession or
fru'tion ; possession, use, or fiuition.
To ENKINDLE, i>. a. to set oufire; to inflame; to rouse
or inflanx' theiiassions.
To r.NLA'RGE, f. fl. [«i?«r°-iV, Fr.] to make greater in
quantity, dimensions, quality, or appearance. Figuratively,
to make a thing appear greater-than it is by representation
or discourse ; to magnify ; to extend the capacity of the
mind ; to be very minute in a description, or copious in
speaking on a subject; to free from confinement or con-
straint. Neuterly, to expatiate or speak much on any sub-
ject. SvNON. The word enlarge is properly used to signify
an addition of extent. Increase h critically applicable only
to number, height, and quantity. We enlarge a town, a
field, a garden. We (noertse the inhabitants ofa town, our
exi)enses, our revenues.
ENLA'RGEMENT, i. increase of dimension, quality, or
,i,,uiee; release from couhueiiieiil ; a represriitation of a
thing beyond what it really is ; a minute, long, and copiuuii
discourse on a subject.
ENLA'RGER, s. one who increases any thing; one who
niagnihes a thing in discourse.
To EN LIGHT, {enlu) v. a. to communicate light or
knowlcd^je.
To EN LI'GHTEN, (f «/;<<:») v. a. to supply witli light.
Figuratively, to supply with knowledge not beloie arquired,
and siirticient to clear up some difficulty, which was previ-
ously inexplicable ; to cheer, or gladden ; to supply with a
greater perfection of sight.
ENLI (illTENER, (enlitener) s. one that gives light.
Fii'iiratively, an instinctor.
ToENLi'NK, r. a. to join or connect, in like manner as
the links of a chain are fastened to eac!i other.
To ENLI'VEN,?'. a. to make alive. Figuratively, to iiv
spire with new vigour; to animate; to make sprightly oi
gav ; to give a thing a gay and cheerful appearance.
ENLI'VENER, s. that which gives motion, or communr
cates action, spirit, or vigour, to a person or thing.
To ENME'SH, r. n. to net ; toentangle; to entrap.
E'NMITY, *. [from emmi/, as if enemiti/] a disposition of
mind which excites a person to contradict and oppose the
interests, inclinations, or sentiments of another ; a state of
irrecoiicileabie opposition; malice.
ENR
ENT
ENNE'AGON, n. ffrom ennea, nine, and gonia, an angle,
Gr.1 ;i Hjfurt'. having nine angles.
ENNKA'TICAL, n. ffioiu eimca, nine, Gr.] in medicine,
enneaticttl Hays, are every ninth day (of a sickness; and enne-
atical yrnrs, every niiit/i year of a person's life.
E'NNIS, aiarije, populous town, in Ireland, capital of llie
country ofClarr, orTlioniond. A villaf»e, called Clare, is
distant about two miles from F.:inis, which is also sometimes
called dare. It is sitirated on the Ferfjiis, which is naviga-
ble for larjfe boats to the Shatnion, and addsfjreatly to the
trade of the town, 17 miles N. W. of Limerick, and 112 S.
W. ofnublin.
To ENNOBLE, v. a. \rnnohlir, Fr.] to raise a person to a
higher rank, or from beiii^ a commoner to be a peer. Fi-
guratively, to communicate worth ; todignify; to raise, ex-
alt, or elevate.
ENNOIlLKiMENT, s. tlieact of raising to the degree ot
a peer or nobleman ; a quality which dignifies and exalts
our nature; elevation, e\aitiili<iii, dignity.
ENODATION, s. [enodntw, from nodus, a knot, Lat.] the
act of untying a knot ; solution of a difficulty.
ENO'llMITY, i. departuic from any rule or standard ; an
irregularity; a corruption. In the plural, used for great
crimes ; or such as shew a great degree of villany and guilt.
ENORMOUS, a. [^enormis, from e, out of, and norma, a
form or rule, Lat.] irregular; not confined to any stated
rule ; without restraint. " Wild, above rule or art, enormous
bliss." Par. Lost. Exceediufjly wicked ; exceeding the
common bulk, applied to size, including the ideas of dislike,
horror, or wonder.
ENO'R.MOUSLY, ad. prodigiously, bevond measure.
ENOTlMOUSNF,.SS, s. excess of guilt" or wickedness.
ENO'UGH, {envff) a. [^enoh. Sax.] sufficient ; that will
answer any purpose, wish, or design. It should be observed,
that though other adjectives are placed in F,nglish before
their substantives, \et this always follows it. SynoN. The
object of the words snfficimt and enough is quantity ; but
with this difference, that enoitgh relates more to the quantity
one desires to have, and sujficienfto that quantity one really
wants to employ. Thus the avaricious man never has enough ;
let him accumulate ever so much, he still desires more ;
and the prodigal never has sufficient, he is still wanting to
expend more than he has.
ENO'UGH, {enuff) s. that which is sufficient to answer a
person's expectations or wishes ; a quantity answerable to
any design, or proportionable to a person's qualities and
abilities.
ENO'UGH, ieniiff) ad. in such a manner as to give con-
tent or satisfaction. When used for an adjective, it denotes
a diminution, or that a thing is not perfectly so, and is used
to express great indifl'erence or slight. "The song was
tcell enough ," i. e. not so well as it ought to be, or as it might
be expected. When repeated, it is used as an interjection,
implying that there is already more than a sufficiency, and
that a person is desired to desist. "Henceforth I'll bear
affliction, till it do cry itself— raoi/g-Zi, enough .'"
ENO'W, {eit'nv) a. [the pluval of enough, according to
Johnson] a sufficient number. In this number it is used be-
fore its substanti\ c ; but in the singular after it.
EN PA'SSANr, (^oinr-passong} ad. [Fr.] by the way.
To ENKA'GE, v. a. [enrager, Fr.J to put a person in a
violent passion of anger.
To RNP.A'NGE, r. a. to place regularly ; to put in order.
To ENRA'NK, v. a. to place in order. "
To ENRAP'T, r. a. to transport to a great degree of ec-
stasy or enthusiasm.
To ENRA PTURE.tj. «r. to tiansport and affect with tht
highest degree of delight and pleasure.
FoENRA'VISH, v. a. to 'hrow into an ecstacy; or to
affect with the most exalted degree of joy-
ENR A'VISHM ENT, ^. ecstacy of delight.
To ENRHE'UM, v. n. \eitrhumer, Ft.] to hare. rheum
tbroufrh cold.
To ENRI'CH, V. a. \tnricher, Fr.] to give riches or money
to a person. Figuratively, to make fat or render fruitful,
applied to ground. To adorn or improve the mind with new
ideas of knowledge.
ENRI'CHMENT, : an augmentation or increase of
wealth. Amplification or improvement, applied to soil^
!iHoks, or to understanding.
io ENRl'DGE, I', a. to form with long eminences or
ridges.
'To ENRI'NG, V. a. to bind round ; to surround as with a
ring.
'Fo ENRI'PEN, i>. a. to make ripe.
To ENROBE, v. a. to dress ; to clothe.
ToENROI', V. a. [enroUer, Fr.] to enter in a list, or
roll ; to recoid or commit to writing. To iuvolve ; to
inwrap.
ENRO'LLER, *. a person who writes another's name iu a
list.
ENRO'LMENT, s. a writing in which any thing is re-
corded ; the act of registering.
To ENROOT, V. a. to fix by the root. Figuratively, to
fasten ot implant deeply.
EN.S, {enz) s. [Lat. J in metaphysics, any thing which the
mind apiireliends, and of which it affirms, denies, proves.or
disproves; something that is, and exists, some way farther
than barely in conception ; that to which there are real at-
tributes belonging ; or that which lias a reality, not only
out of the intellect, but likewise in itself. In chemistry, the
most efficacious part of any natural mixed body, containiiur
or comprehending all its qualities or virtues iii a smaH
compass.
ENSA'MPLE,f.[c7iifni;)io,Ital.] example; pattern ; copy ;
subject of imitation..
To ENSANGUINE, v. a. [from saneuis, blood, Lat.J to
smear with gore ; to suffuse with blood.
To ENSCHE'DULE, v. a. to insert in a writing or sche-
dule.
To ENSrO'NCE, V. a. to cover as with a fort; to secure.
To ENSE'AM, II. a. to sew up ; to enclose by a seam or
juncture of needlework.
To ENSHRl'NE, v. a. to preserve in a sacred or hallowed
L'NSIFORM, a. [from ensis, a sword, and forma, form,
Lat.lhaving the shape of a sword.
E'NSIGN, iinsln) s. \enseigne, Fr.] the flag or standard ot
a regiment ; a signal to assemble ; a mark or badge of dis-
tinction and authority. The officer among the foot who
carries the flag or ensign.
To ENSLA'VE, v. a. to deprive of liberty. Figuratively,
to betray to another as a slave.
ENSLAVEMENT, j. the state of a slave. Figuratively,
a state of mean and sordid obedience to the violence of any
passion.
ENSLA'VER, s. one who deprives of liberty.
To ENSU'E, V. a. ^ensuivre, Fr.] to follow ; to pursue ; to
practise for a continuance.
. ENTA'BLATURE, or ENTA'BLEJIENT, s. [Fr.] in
architecture, that part of an order of a column which is aver
the capital, and comprehends the aicliitrave, frieze, and
cornice.
ENTA'IL, s. [from entaiUi, Fr.] in law, a fee estate en-
tailed, i. e. abridged and limited to certain conditions, at
the will of the donor.
To ENTA'IL, V. a. [eiUailler, Fr.] in law, to settle the
descent of an estate, so that it cannot be bequeathed a:
pleasure by the person who succeeds to it.
To ENTA'ME, v. a. to tame ; to conquer, or subdue.
To ENTA'NGLE, v. a. to ensnare, or involve in some-
thing which is not easily got clear from, as briars ; and not
easily extricated from, as a net; to twist or knot in such a
perplexed manner, as cannot be easily unravelled. Figura-
tively, to perplex or confuse with difficulties; to ensnare by
captious questions ; to distract with a variety of afiairs,w liich
a person cannot easily free himself from.
ENTA'NGLEMENT, i. that which involves a tiling m
316
ENT
£NV
intricacies, or with such things as are not easiiy got rid of;
the confused state of thread, which requires great patience
to unravel and undo : an obscurity, ditTiculty, or ensnaring ar-
gument, which involves tiie mind luconfusiotiand perplexity.
KNTATs'GLL^R, *. one that ensnares or involves in per-
plexity.
To ENTER, V. n. [entrer, Fr.] to make one's appear-
ance, or go into any iiface. In coranierce, to set down, or
write any article in a book ; to giie notice to the Custora-
housf, and pay the duties for the import or export of any
commoditv ; to beyin or engage, used with 071 or upon.
E'NTICRING, i-. an avenue by which a person may go
into a place ; tlie act or motion by which a person goes into
a place.
To ENTERLA'CE, v. a. [entrelasser, Fr.] to interweave ;
to intermix.
ENTERO'CELE, s. [from enteron, a bowel, and kele, a
swelling, Gr.] in rae'litine, a rupture wherein the intestines,
and parliciil;ii Iv the ilium fall into the groin.
ENTERO'LOGY, s. [from enteron, a bowel, and logos, a
discourse, Gr.] a treatise on the bowels, or an anatomical
descriDtinii of ill the internal parts.
ENTERO'MPH.\LO.S, s. [from enteron, a bowel, and
omphalos, the navel, Gr.] a disorder wherein the intestines
having fallen out of their place, occasion a tumor in the navel.
ENTERPRISE, {biterpi-ize) s. [enterprise, Fr.] an under-
taking attended with danger.
To E'NTERPRISE, {mterprize) v. a. to attempt; to un-
dertake ; or to trv to perform.
ETSTERPRISEPi, iinterpnzer') s, one who undertakes or
engages himself in important, dangerous, and hazardous de-
signs.
To ENTERT.\'IN, v. n. [entretenir, Fr.] to communicate
improvement, or employ a person's time in iigreeable dis-
course ; to treat at table ; to receive hospitably ; to retain or
leep a person as a serv.int. To reserve or conceive, ap-
plied to the mind. To please, amuse, or give pleasure.
ENTIsRT.\'IN'ER, s. one who keep olliers as servants ;
be that treats others with food, or at his table ; he that
amuses, diverts, and conimunicates pleasure.
ENTI'RTA'INMENT, s. a conversation, wherein time is
spent agreeably ; a feast ; hospitable reception. The state
oiF being hired or in pay, applied to soldiers and servants.
Amusement, or diversion ; a farce; a low species of come-
dy, or .1 pantomime.
ENTERTISSUED, a. interwoven or intermixed with
various colours or substances.
To ENTIiKO'NE, r.a. to place on a throne, or the seat of
a sovereign. Figuratively, to invest with the dignity or au-
thoritv nfa king.
ENTH IJ SI A SM, (enthusiasm) s. [entheos, an inspired man,
from c«, in, and Theos, God, Cir.] a transport of the mind,
whereby it is led to imagine things in a sublime, surprising,
yet probable menner. This is the enthnsKf'tn felt in poetry,
oratory, music, painting, sculpture, Ac. In a religious
sense, it implies a transport of llie mind, whereby it fancies
itsel'' inspired with some revelation, impulse, &c. from
heaven.
ENTHU'SIA.ST, (enthusiast) s. [eiithens, an inspired man,
from en, in, and Tln-ns, God, Gr.] in divinitv, one who
vainly imagines he is immediately inspired by (iod ; one of
a warm imagination, or violent passions ; also oue of an
elevated faticv, or exalted ideas.
ENTHUSIASTIC, or ENTI^USIASTICAL,(«^MH.tl^2rtlA,
or enthitsiastihal) a. [enthens, an inspired man, from en, in, and
Theos, God, Gr.]stron:'ly, but vainly persuaded of receiving
extraordinary communications from the Deity ; violent in
any cause; of elevated fancy or exalted ideas.
E'NTHVRIEME, f. [en, rn, and thymos, mind, Gr. because
a part ol" llii; argument is supplied in the mind] 111 lOgic, an
zigumciit ciirisisling only 'it an antcccilent, ami loiiseipxii-
tial propusiliiin ; a .sjllugism, where the major proposition
is suppresscil, and only the minor, and conscaucnce pru-
duccJ ill words.
31c
To ENTICE, ».«. to seduce, allure, or draw by blaiidisli-
ments or hopes, to something bad.
ENTICEMENT, s. the act er practice of drawing or a^
luring a person to do ill ; the alluriu^; means by which a
person is drawn to commit something ill.
ENTI'CER. «. one that allures to ill.
ENTI'CINGLY, ad. soas to charm or allure.
ENTIRE, <i. [ejiijer, Fr.] whole ; undivided; unbroken:
complete; having all its parts; full; firm; fixed; solid;
unmingled ; honest ; faithful.
ENTIRELY, nrf. wholly ; without exception, reserve, or
abatement.
ENTrRENESS,^. the state of a thing which has all iti
parts.
To ENTITLE, f. a. [entituhr, Fr. I to grace a person
with a title if honour; to call by a particular name; to givs
a claim or right ; to superscribe ; to make use of the name
of a person or thing as a sanction. To grant as claimed by
a title.
E'NTITY,*. [entitas, from enj, a being, low, Lat.] the being,
or rather actual existence of any thinking thing ; a particu-
lar collection of qualities which constitute the species or
nature of a thing.
To ENTQ''\I B, (entfiom) r. a. to shut up in a tomb.
ENTOMO'LOGY, s. [from entoma, an insect, and logot, a
discourse, Gr.] the natural history of insects.
To ENTRA'IL, r. a.[intralciare, Ital.l to mingle ; to in-
terweave ; to diversify.
ETsTRAILS, s. [has no singular; entrailles, Fr."" the IB>
testines, guts, or inward parts of an animal.
E'NTR.ANCE, s. [from entrant, Fr.] the passage or ave-
nue by which a person may go into a place. Figuratively,
the power, act, or liberty of going in; the oeginning or first
rudiments of a science or art.
To ENTRA'NCE, v. n. [from trameo, to pass over, Lat.
transe, Fr.] to reduce to such a state that the soul seems t»
be absent from the body, while the latter has no apparen
signs of life; to hurry away, to exalt to such a pitch ©f
ecstasy as to be insensible to external objects.
To ENTRAP, V. a. [entraper, Fr.] to catch in a trap, «r
snare. Figuratively, to betray, or subject insiduously to
dangerand difficulties ; to take advantage of.
To ENTRE'AT, {entriet) v. a. [from traiter, Fr.] to a»k
with humility and earnestness ; to treat or use well or ill ; to
make a petition or request for a person in an bumble maimer.
To entertain ; or amuse.
ENTRE'.ATY, {entreity) $. [in the plural entreaties, nouns
ending in y in the singular making ies in the plural] a re-
quest made for some favour in an humble manner.
ENTREDUKRO E MINIIO, a province of Portugal,
W. of Tra los Montes, and S. of Galicia, a province of Spain.
It isabout GO miles in length and37 in breadth. It isdivided
into G jurisdictions, which contain 1460 churches, 963
parishes, 1130 convents, and about 60t,(X)0 inhabitants.
The air is pure and healthy, and the soil is fertile, produc-
ing, corn, wine, oil, and flax in abundance ; also feeding
great numbers of sheep, and there is plenty of fish and game.
Braga is the capital.
ENTROCHIJS, s. in natural history, a kind of fossi) ap-
parently the remains of some marine animals of the echinus,
or of the star fish kind.
ENTRY, s. [entrie, Fr.] the passage bv which a person
goes into a house ; the act of going in. In kiw, the taking
possession of an estate. In commerce, the act of writing or
registering an article in a book. Dauble entry is the eiiteritig
an article on different sides in different accounts. A public
or solemn procession to a place.
To ENVE'LOP, V. a. [enveloper, Fr.J to inwrap ; to co-
ver or inclose in a covering. Figuratively, to surround or
hide from the sight.
ENVE'LOP E, s. [Fr.] a wrapper; a cover, an outivard
case of a letter, &c.
To ENVE'NOM, v. «i. to mix with poisou ; to make |«OFi-
SOtlOUJ.
EPH
r. PI
ETn' VTA BLK, (I. deserving envy; tliat may excite envy.
E'NVIER, s. one wlio is affected witii gnef at the pros-
perity of aiiollier.
frNVtOUS, a. affected with envy.
E'NVIOUSLY, ail. in such a manner as to shew displea-
iure or ill-will, on account of Ihe happiness or excellence of
another.
To ENVl'RON, V. a. [enviromier, Fr.] to surround ; to en-
compass. Figuratively, to hem in, or surround in a hostile
manner; to inclose ; to invest.
ENVI'RONS, t. \envin>ns, Fr.] the neighbourhood, or
places situated round about any town (;rcity.
To ENUMERATE, v. a. [enumeio, from mimcrus, num-
ber, Lat.] to rec?4on up, or count over sniuiy .iiid distinctly ;
to give a minute account of all the circumstances of a thing.
ENUMERA'TION, J. \eHumero, from HK)Wf Jfir, a number,
Lat.] the act cf numbering or counting over singly and
distincllv ; a minute detail.
To EN UNCI ATE,t'. a. [enuncio, from tiuucius, a messenger,
Lat.] to declare ; to proclaim ; to express ; to relate.
ENUNCIATION,*. [eniiHcio, from vuuciiis, a messenger,
Lat.] a simple expression, or declaration of a thing, either
in atfirmative or negative words, without any application.
A declaralioii, proclamation, or public attestation.
ENU'NCL\TIVE, a. declarative, expressing either affir-
matively, or negatively.
ENUNCIATIVELY, ad. declaratively.
E'NVOY, s. [racoyf, Fr.] a person deputed to negociate
an affair with some foreign prince or state. Those sent from
Britain, France, Spain, Ac. to any petty prince or state, ^'o
in (Quality of envoys, not ambassadors, to whom they are in-
ferior in dignity, though they have the same right to protec-
tion, and enjoy the same privileges with ambassadors, except
in ceremonies.
To E'NVY, V. n. [nwicr, Fr.] to grieve at the excellen-
cies, prosperity, or happiness, of another ; to hate another
for excellence, prosperity, or happiness; to grudge.
ENVY, s. that pain which arises in the mind from ob-
serving the prosperity of those especially with whom a per-
son has had a rivalship ; anger and displeasure at seeing
another possessed of any good we want.
EO'LTPILE, J. [from Dalits, llie god of wind, andptVa, a
ball, Lat.] a hollow ball of metal with a long pipe; which
ball, filled with water, and exposed to the fire, sends out,
as the water heats, at intervals, blasts of cold wind through
the pipe.
E'P.\CT, s. [epahte, from epngo, to intercalate, Gr.l a num-
ber, whereby we note the excess of the common solar year
above the lunar, and thereby may find out the age of the moon
every year. For the solar year consisting of 365 days, the
lunar but of 354, the lunations every year get eleven days
before the solar year; and thereby in 19 years the moon
completes 20 times 12 lunation';, or gets up one whole solar
year; and, having finished that circuit, begins again with the
sun, and so from 19 to iSyears. Forthe firstyearafterwards,
the moon will go before Ihe sun 11 days; the second, 22
days ; the third, 33 days ; but 30 being an entire hir.ation,
cast that away, and the rcmiiinder 3 shaH be that year's
epact ; and so on, adding yearly 11 days; excepting when
theepact is 18, in which case 12 must be added.
El'A'ULE, s. [Fr.] in fortification, the shoulder of the
bastion, or the angle made bv the face and fiank.
EPAULEMENT, or EPA'ULMENT, *. [Fr.] in forti-
fication, a side work of earth, hastily thrown up, of bags
filled with sand, or of gabions, fascines, Ac. with earth, to
cover the men or cannon ; likewise a demi-bastion, or little
flank, placed at t lie point of a horn or erownwork.
E-PAULETTES, s. [Fr.J a kind of shoulder-knot worn by
officers of the army.
EPE'NTHESIS, *. [Gr.] in grammar, the interposition or
insertion of a letter or syllable in the middle of a word ; as
Relhgio for Religiu ; Induperator for Imperator,
E'PHA, {ifa) ». a Hebrew measure containing fifteen solid
inchea.
EPIIE'MERA, (cfimera) t. [from epi,of, and emera, a day,
Gr.] a fever that terminates in one day. In natural iiistery,
an insect which lives only a single Jay. In botany, sucli
flowers as open and expand at sun-rise, and shut and wither
at sun setting.
EPl I E'M ERIS, {efimtrii) s. [from epi, of, and emera, a day ,
Or.] a journal, or account of daily transactions. In astro-
nomy, a table, calculated to shew the present state of the
heavens, or the places of the planets at nopn.
EPIIE'MERIST. (efimerist) s. one whose kD0wled°;e of
the places of the planets does not flow from his ewn onsei-
vations, but is entirely taken from an cphemeris ; a word of
reproach.
EPHESUS, anciently a celebrated cit<>' of Ionia, in Asia
Minor, and the capital of the Roman dominions in Asia.
Here was the famous temple of Diana, which the ancient
Christians afterwards converted into a place of public wor-
ship ; but it is now so entirely ruined, that it is difhcult \:i
find the ground plot ; however, there are some ruins of the
walls, and five or six marble columns, all of a piece, 40 feet
in length, and 7 in diameter. It is now called Ajasalouc,
and has still some magnificent and curious remains of its
former splendour. The fortress seems to be the work of the
Greek emperors. The only inhabitants are a few Greek fa-
milies, who have reared huts among the ruins, to shelter
themselves from the weather, and who are so illiterate, as to
be unable to read, in its original language, the epistle of
Paul to their ancestors the Ephesians. It is seated at the
mouth of theCastrus, and has still a good harbour, 40mile-«
nearly .S. of Smyrna. Lat. 37. 62. N. Ion. 27. 42. E.
E'PHOD, iifod) s. [Hcb.] an ornament, or kind of girdle,
worn by the Jewish priests, when they attended at the
temple ; it was brought from behind the neck over the two
shoulders ; and then hanging down before, was crossed over
the stomach, and thence carried round the waist twice, like
a gvrdle, having its' two ends brought before, which hung
down to the ground. That of thehigli priest is embroidered
with blue, purple, crimson, twisted cotton, and gold. Upoti
that part which came over the two shoulders were two
large precious stones, on each of which were engraven the
names of six tribes ; where it crossed the priest's breast wa»
a square ornament, called the breast-plate, set with twelve
precious stones, on each of which was engraven the name of
a different tribe. That of tbe other priests consisted «f
linen only.
E'PIC, a. \epicus, from epos, a poem, Gr. thus derived bf
way of eminence] narrative, or consisting of relation, in
opposition to dramatic, or that which consists in action.
An epic poem is an heroic poem, or discourse delivered in
verse, invented with art to form the manners by instructiou,
disguised under the allegory of an important action, in u
probable, entertaining and surprising manner.
I''.P1CE'DIUM, s. [from wi, upon, and hedot, a funeral,
Gr.] among the Greeks and Latins, a poem rehearsed during
the funeral solemnity of persons of diitinction.
ETICURE, s. [from Epicurus, a Cireek philosopher] a
person abandoned or given wholly to luxuiy.
EPICU'REAN, s. a disciple of Epicuius, who held that
pleasure was the summuni bouuin, or chief good, of man.
The word is used at present for an indolent, effeminate, and
vdliiptiioiis person, who only consults his private and parti-
cular pleasure.
EPICUREAN, a. luxurious in eating and drinking; con-
tributing to luxury.
EPICURISM, i. [Sec Epicurean] the sentiments, doc-
trine, or tenets of Epicurus. Figuratively, luxury of
eating, voluptuousness; sensual enjoyments, or gloss plea-
sures.
EPICY'CLE, .«. [from epi, upon, and kyhlot, a circle, Gr.]
in astronomy, a little circle, whose centre is in the circum-
ference of a greater, which being carried along with it, iit
called its deferent.
EPICY'CLOID, *. [from epi, upon, hikhs, a circle, awl
eidus, a form, Gr.] in geometry, a curve generated by Iho
jir
EPI
revolution of a point of the periphery of a circle along the
convex or concave part of ar.'jther circle.
EPIDEMIC, or EPII)F;I\IICAL, a. [from epi, upon, and
demos, people, Gr.] tli;it affects a great number of people at
the same tinie, applied to diseases, ;ii.d especially' the
plague.
EPI DK'P !\IIS, s. [from epi, upon, and derma, the skin, Gr.J
in anatomy, the cuticle, or scarf-skin. It receives its name
from its covering the derma, or true skin ; is insensible, and
lias neither veins, arteries, nor nerves.
EPIGLOTTIS, *. [from epi, upon, and glotta, a tongrue,
Gr.] a small cartilage shaped like a tongue which covers the
larynx of the throat.
ETIGRA.M, s. lepiirramma, from epi^rapho, to write upon,
Or.] in poetry, a sliorl poem, susceptible of all kinds of sub-
jects, and ending' with a livelv, just, and unexpected
'thoijiiht.
EPIGRAMMATIC, or EPIGRAMMATICAL,a.[from
epi^rnpho, to write upon, Cir.] having the nature or proper-
ties of an epifjrani.
EPIGn A'M M ATIST, *. one who writes epigrams.
EPi GRAPHE, .t. \i\o'M tpigrapho, to write upon, Gr.]an
inscrijition on a slafue.
EPILEPSY, s. from epHnmbano, to surprize or seize hold
of any one, Gr.] in mfciiiiue, a convulsion either of the
viiole body or some of il^ jiarts, attended with a loss of sense
and understandiuf;, and returning from time to time in tits
:<nd paroxysms. The En^^lish call it the falling-sickness,
because persons generally fall down when afflicted with it.
EPILEPTIC, n. [enilnmbarw, to surprize or seize hold of
any one, Gr.laffectea wiih an epilepsy, or the falling-sick-
uess ; convulsed.
E'PILOGUE, ('pi!'"g) s [epilogos, from epilego, to say
after, Gr.] a poem, or speech, pronounced after a play.
EPINY'CTIS, s. [from epi, in orduring, and nyx, the night,
Gr.] in surgery, a sore al tiie corner of the eye, which com-
monly breaks out in tiie night.
EPI'PHANY, (ep'tfany) s. [from epiphaneia, appearance,
Cir.] a festival celeliiated on the tweltth day after Christ-
inas, in commemoration of our Saviour's being manifested
to the Cientile world, by the appearance of a mirnculows
blazing star, or meteor, which directed the Magi to the
place where he was born.
EPIPHONE'MA, (epifmihna) [acclamation, Gr.] in rheto-
ric, a sententious exclauialion, frequently added alter a nar-
rative or relation of any thing remarkable, containing an
useful and spirited reflection on the subject to which it is
subjoined.
EPIPHORA, (e])ifora) s. [from epiphero, to draw into, Gr.]
a preternatural defluxion of the eves.
EPIPHYLLOSPE'RMOUS,a.[from epi, upon, ph/Uon, a
leaf, and svcrnui, a .seed, Gr.] in botany, applied to plants
tiiat b"artneir seed on the back part of their leaves.
EPI'PH^'^IS, (epifi/sia) s. [from epi, upon, and pin/o, to
prow, Gr.J in anatomy, a bony substance, or as it were, a
leaser boue, attixed to a larger or principal bone, by the in-
tervention of a cartilage.
EPI'PLOCE, s. [from epi, upon, and ploke, a fold, Gr.] a
figure of rhetoric, bv which one aggravation or striking
circumstance is a(l<led in due gradation to another; as, he
not only spared his enemies, but continued them in em-
plovnient ; not only continued but advan ■cd them.
EPrSCOPACY, .». [from i-pishipos, a bishop, Gr.] the go-
vernment of the church by bishops.
EPISCO'P.'iL, a. [from episkopoa, a bishop, Gr.J belong-
ing to or vested in, a bisliwp.
EPrSCOI'ATE, s. [from cpithapos, a bishop, Gr.] the go-
vernment of a bi«ho[) or (>;shopric.
EPISODE, t. [iVoin epi, upon, and eisodo.i, an entry, Gr.]
a sep:vrate incident, story, or action, which an historian or
poet inserts and coiMieefs wjtii his principal action, to fur-
nish the work with a jcreater variety of events.
EPiSOniC, or EPISO DICAL, a. contained in, or par-
taking of, tlie nature of an episo<lc ; swelled with uinieces-
31B
EQU
sary incidents, or episodes, which are not connected with
the main action.
EPISPA'STIC, s. [epi, upon, and ipao, to draw, Gr.] in me-
dicine, a topical remedy, which, being applied to the exter-
nal parts of the body, attracts the humours to that part.
EPI'STLE, s. [from ejiistello, to send, Gr.] a letter, applied
generally to the letters of the ancients,and particularly thosf
ofthe inspired writers. Synon. Custom has made the
word letter of more general use than epistle, letter being
quite familiar, epistle rather pedantic. Letter appears
more proper when the matter relates to private correspon-
dence ; epistle, when the business is public.
EPISTOLARY, a. [from epistello, to send, Gr.] relating,
suitable to or transacted by, letters.
E'PITAPH, iqiitaf) s. [from epi, upon, and taplios, a se-
pulchre, fir.] ail inscription on a tomb or grave-stone.
EPITHALA'MIUM, s. [from epi, upon, and thalamos, a
bride chamber, Gr.] a poem of compliment written on the
marriage of a person.
E'PITHEM, s. [from epi, upon, and tit-hemi, to put, Gr.]
in pharmacy, a kind of fomentation or remedy, of a spiritu-
ous or aromatic kind, applied externally to the regions of
the heart, liver, &c. to strengthen and comfort them, or to
correct some intemperature in those parts.
EPITHET, s. [from epi, upon, ancl tit/iemi, to put,Gr.] an
adjective, denoting the quality ofthe word to which it was
joined; a title orsurnanie ; a phrase or expression.
EPITOME, s. [from e^i, upon, and temno, to cut, Gr. be-
cause it is cut shorter] an abridgement, or reduction ofthe
substance of a book into fewer words and less compass.
To EPITOMIZE, V. a. to abridge; to reduce the sub-
stance of a book or writing ; to cut short or curtail.
EPITOMIZER, or EPITOMIST, s. one who abridge*
a work ; the first word is the most proper.
ETOCH, or EPO'CHA, (epoch or epika) s. [from epecho, to
fix a limit, Gr.] in chronology, a fixed point or period of
time, from whence the succeeding years are numbeied or
counted.
EPO'DE, s. [from epi, upon, and oJe, a song, Gr.j in lyric
poetry, the third or last part of the ode ; the ancient lyric
poem being divided into strophe, antistrophe, and epode.
The latter was sung by tise priests standing still before the
altar.
EPOPE'E, s. [from epos, a song, and poieo, to make, Gr.]
the history, action, or fable, which niakes the subject of au
epic poem.
E'PPING, a town of Essex, 17 miles N. by E. of London.
Great quantities of excellent butter are made in its neigh-
bourhood. Its forest, which is a royal chase, and reaches
from the town almost to London, was anciently called the
Forest of Essex, and afterwards of Waltham. Markets on
Thursday for cattle, and on Friday for provisions.
ETSOM, a town of Surry, once celebrated for its mineral
waters, of a purgative quality, and the salts produced from
them. The orchards, gardens, dire, in and about it, give it a
charmingly rural appearance. It is 15 miles S. W. by S. of
London. Market on Friday.
EPSOM SALT, a kind of salt made from the remaining
brine after the making of common salt. It is of a bitter taste,
and strongly purgative quality, and was originally ;iuule
from the Epsom water.
EPULATION, s. [from epulor, to banquet, Lai.] a feast
or banquet.
KPULOTIC, <r. [from epi, upon^ and tw/fc, a scar, Gr.]in
medicine, applied to drying, astringent remedies, proper to
harden, cicatrize, and incarnalc wounds.
EtilLABI'LITY, s. equality to ;itself; evenness; mii-
formify.
E'QUABLE, a. [frquabilis, from aqualit, equal, Lat.] even ;
alike ; consistent with itself.
E'QUARLY.arf. uniformly ; in the same propi.Tiion.
E't^UA L, a. \<rqiiahs, from irnuo, to level, Lat.j resembling
or like another in bulk, excellence, or any other quality
which admits a comparison; even; uniform, in propor
tjou ; impartial; iiiditrt:i'et<t ; upon the same tciius.
h Ki V
ER
. SYJIJ M„ t. oJie neither inferior nor superior to another
inanv rir< uiiMaiice, excellence, tille, or other (juiilitv.
To KQI'AL.ti. <i. to ninke one ihinj; or person like ano-
ther. Nruterly, to resemble ; to he equal; tu answer ; to
recomi'ense.
To F.QUALrSE, or EQUALIZE, v. a. to make even; to
be eqinil to, or in the same propoition.
EQIJ X'l.ITY, *. likeness with respert to any quality;
the siinie (le<;ree of quality.
FAiU\fA.Y,ad. in the same degree with any other person
or tliiiifj; alike ; impartially.
EQUA'NGULAR, a. [from erquvs, equal, and aug-itliis, a
corner, Lai.] having equnl angles.
EQUANIMITY,*, [from trquus, equal, and onintiij, the
raind, Lat.] a state of mind which is neither elated nor de-
pressed; evenness of mind.
EQUA'NIMUS, a. [from aqnns, etpial, and anirmts, the
mind, Lat.l even ; neither elated or dejected.
EQUA''II()N, s. [tVoin aquo, to level, Lat.] the act of
maUinu; one thing equal to another. In al<;ebra, an expres-
sion of the same quantity in two dissimilar but equal terras,
as e. g. a — 3=36—33 ; .5b=z25c— 8. In astronomy, the re-
ducint; the apparent unequal times or motion of the hea-
venlv bodies to equable or mean time.
EQU.VTOR, s.lanun, to divide equally, Lat. J a great cir-
cle of the terrestrial sphere, whose poles are the poles of
the world. It divides the globe into two equal parts, called
thenorlhern and southern hemispheres, passes through the
K. and W. points of the horizon; and at the meridian is
raised above the horizon as many degrees as the comple-
ment of the latitude of any given place. When the smi
comes to this circle, the days and nights are equal ail round
the globe.
EQUATO'REAL, univeisal, in astronomy, an excellent
instrument constructed by Mr. Ramsden, for the purposes
of finding the meridian by one observation only, and ot
fiflding a star in full day light. It also is applicable to all
the uses of a transit, a quadrant, and an equal altitude in-
strument.
EQUATO'RI AL, a. belonging to, taken at, or measured
on the equator.
E'QUKflRY,*. [ecMne, Fr.] in the British customs, is an
officer of state under the master of the horse.
EQUE'STRIAN, a. [eo!(e*<rif, from emoM, a horse, Lat.]
appearing on horseback ; skilled in horsemanship. Be-
longing to the second rank of dignity, or that of knights in
ancient Kpme.
EQUICRU'RE,or EQUICRU'RAL, a. [from (tqms,eqm\,
and erus, the leg, Lat.] having legs of an equal length ; hav-
iug (be legs of an equal length.
liQ'JlDI'STANT, a. [from <eqmis, equal, Lat. and distant.]
at tnr same, or an equal distance.
EQUIDl'STANTLY, «rf. at the same distance.
EQUIFO'RMITY, s. [from aquits, equ-dl, and/orniff, form,
Lat.] equality or uniformity.
EQUILA'TERAL, a. [from aqmit, equal, and latus, a side,
Lat.] having its sides equal.
ToEQUiLI'BRATK, r. a. to balance equally; to keep
even with equal weights on each side.
EQUILIBRATION, t. equipoise ; the act of keeping a
balance even.
EQUILIBRIUM, s. [from ipquus, etjual, and libra, a ba-
lance, Lat.] equipoise; equality of weight; equality of evi-
dence, motives, or powers of any sort.
EQUINO'CTIAL, (equinokslnal) s. a great circle on the
celestial globe, the same as the equator on the terrestrial ; to
which when the sun comes, the days and nights are equal all
rnuiid the globe.
EQUINO'CTIAL, (fquinbkshia!) a. [from aquus, equal, and
nor, night, Lat.] pertaining to the equinox ; happening
ajbout the time of the equinoxes ; being near the equinoc-
tiul line, or subject to the inconveniences of those parts
wl;icli lie ueartlie equator.
EQUINOCTIALLY, ad. in the direction of the equinoi.
EQUINOX, s. [from ceqwis, equal, and iioz, night, Lat.J
in ustroiiomy, the precise time wlicii the sun enters the
equiimclial points Aries or Libra ; Ihe former beiii<{ on the
21st of Maith, is tailed the vernal equinox ; and the latter
on the 2.3d of September, the uuluiiiiial e(piiiiox
EQUhN U'M I'illANT, a.[froi)i nqnm, equal, and numertu,
number, Lat.] having an equal, or the same number; con-
sisting of an equal number.
To EQUIT, V. a. [equipper, I"r.] to furnish a liorseman
witli furniture for riding. Figuratively, to furnish, accou-
tre, ordress out.
EQUIPAGE, I. [equipage, Fr.] furniture for a horse; a
carriage. A set of China. Tea equipage. Attendants or
retinue. Furniture, accoutrenwuts.
E(Jl IPI'.'NUEiNCY, s. [from aqmis, equal, and prarfra, to
weigh, Lat.J freedom from any bias, applied to the will or
mind.
EQUITMENT, s. the act of accoutring or dressing;
accoutiemenl or equipage.
EQUIl'Ol.SE, {equipoise) s. [from ctqmis, equal, Lat. and
poids, weight, Fr.] equality or evenness of weight; equality
of force; that state of a balance wherein the weights o«
each side are so equal that neither scale will descend.
EQUI'I'OLLENCE, s. [from aquus, equal, and poUentia,
power, Lat.] equality of force or power.
EQUIPOLLKNT, «. [from aqnvs, equal, and pollentia,
power, Lat.] having equal power or force. Having the same
signification, applied towords, synonvinous.
EQUIPO'NDERANCE, or EQL/lPO NDERANCY.*.
[from aquus, equal, and pondus, weight, Lat.] equality of
weight.
EQUIPO'NDERANT, o. [from ^qmn, equal, and pond<u,
ifei'dit, Lat.]being of equal or the same weight.
EQUITABLE, a. [equitable, Fr.] just; impartial; miti-
gating the rigour of a law, so as to be consistent with jus-
tice.
EQUITABLY, ad. in a manner consistent with justice
and mercy.
E'QUITY, s. [aquitas, from erqmts, equal, Lat.l justice ; a
correction or abatement of the severity of some law ; a tem-
perament w hicb, without being unjust, abates the rigour of
the law. Iinpailiality, applied to opinions, or private tie-
terminations. Also, the rules of decision observed by the
court of chancery.
EQUIVALENCE, or EQUI'VALENCY, s. [from /tqvui.
equal, and valeo, to prevail, Lat.] equality of power or worth.
EQUrVALENT, a. [from aquus, equal, and valeo, to pre-
vail, Lat.] equal in value, force, power, importance, weight,
dignity, or value.
EQUIVALENT, *. a thing of the same weight, dignity,
or value.
EQUIVOCAL, a. [from aquus, equal, and vox. a voice,
Lat.] of doubtful signification ; having difl'erent tenses or
meanings ; uncertain ; doubtful ; happening dili'erent
ways.
EQUITOCAL, s. a word of doubtful meaning.
EQUIVOCALLY, ad. in a doubtful or double sense,
applied to words. By spontaneous, equivocal, or irregular
birth.
EQUrVOCALNESS, t. the ambiguity or double mtrminj
of a word.
To EQUI'VOCATEl, «. n. [eqnivoquer, Fr.] to use words of
a doubtful or double mearring, with an intention to deceive
or impose on another ; to quibble.
EQUIVOCATION, s. [from aquus, equal, and vor, voice.
Lat.] the using a term or word which has a double sis'nifioa-
tion, used generallv in a bad sense.
EQUIVOCATOR, s. one who uses words in doubtful or
double meanings, in order to conceal the truth and impose
on another.
EQUU'LEUS, in astronomy, the little horse, or rather
horse's head, a constellation of the northern hemisphere.
ER, in the middle or end of words, especially those whicli
signify the names of places, comes from tit-r or were, Sax, a
310
SRI
ERU
innn, Slid sif^ni'fics, vvlien joined tocomnion nouns, an agent,
or, when joined to appellatives, or the names of places, an
inhabitant. Thus singei; from sing -and er, of wer. Sax. a
man, denotes a singing man. Londo^ier, from London and er,
of wer. Sax. a uiau, signifies a Loudon man, or a native and
iah^bitaiit oi Loa ion.
E'RA, ». [troni lera, a mark upon money, Lat.] an account
of time reckoiied from any particular period, or epoch.
ER A DI ATION, s. [from e, out of, and radiits, a ray, Lat.]
emission of radiance.
Tn l'.RA'DIC.\TE, t). a. [from «, out of, and radix, a root,
Lat.] to pull or pluck up by the roots. Figuratively, to ex-
tirpate, or destroy entirely.
ERA DICA'TION, 3. the act of pulling or plucking up by
the roots; extirpation; total d.estriiction.
ERA'D[C.\T1 VE, a. [from e, out of, and radix, a root, Lat.]
in medicine, that expels a disease to the very root; that
cures radically ; that drives entirely away.
To ER.A'SE, V. a. [t-asei; Fr.] to scratch out any thing
written ; to expunge.
ERA'SEMENT, (era:entent) s. applied to buildings and
cities, entire destruction <ind demolition. Applied to wri-
tings, an entire blotting and scratching out.
ERATO, s. one of tiie nine INIuses that preside over love-
poems ; she is generally represented like a young maiden
ofa gay humour, crowned with myrtle and roses, holding a
harp in the right hand, and a bow in the other, with a little
winged Cupid placed by her, armed with his bows and
arrows.
BUEBUS, s. called by the poets the god of hell, born of
Chaos and Tenebrae. It is likewise the name of one of the
infernal rivers.
ERE, ad. [an; Sax. eer Belg.] F.nglish writers unac-
quainted with its etymology write e'er, as if a contraction
of ever, which is a mistake; before ever it is written either
ere or or promiscuously, or and trr in Sax. being used pro-
miscuously before ; sooner than.
To ERE'CT, t,'. «. [from c, which here signifies elevation,
and r*g-o, to hold straight, Lat.] to raise in a straight line ;
to place perpendicular to the horizon. In geometry, to
erect a perpendicular, is to raise a right line upon another,
»o as they may form right angles. Figuratively, to build ; to
i-xalt ; or assume an office without being authorized, used
with into. To assume, a principle, or found a doctrine ; to
isise from a state of dejection.
KKE'CT, a. [from e, which here signifies elevation, and
t'igo, to hold straight, Lat.] upright, opposed to leaning, ©r
L>oking downwards; lifted upright; vigorous ; bold ; un-
shaken.
ERF.'CTION, (erihhon) s, [from e, which here signifies
elevation, and regn, to hold straight, Lat.] the act of raising,
or the state ofa thing raised upwards; the act of building or
raising houses. Establishment. Elevation.
ERE'CTNESS, ». uprightness of posture or for.m.
E'REMITE, s. [from eremos, a desart, Gr.] the same as
Hermit, which see.
EREMITICAL, n. leading the life of a hermit.
ERGOT, s. iu farriery, a sort of stub, like a piece of soft
horn, pJaccd behind and below the pastern joint.
Ell'.'DANUS, in astronomy, the river Po, a constellation
of the southern hemisphere.
E'RIK, a lake of North America, situated between 40.50.
to 4.3. (leg. N. lat. and between 78. 60. to 84. W. Ion. It is
about 260 miles long from E. to W. and 40 to (>0 broad. It
communicates at its N. K. enrl with Lake Ontario by the
Strait of Niagara. The islands and banks towards its W.
end are much infested with ratlle-snakes ; and, 011 the leaves
of the large water lily, which grows here, covering the sur-
face of the water to an extent of many acres, and other
aquatit! plants, myriads of wafer-snakes lie basking in I he
sun in suniiner. Of Ihe venrnioiis serpents which infest this
lake, the hissing sn;»ke, about 18 inches long, small and
speckled, is accouuteil Ihe most deadly. The wind which
«t blows from its mouth, if eiihalcd by the unwary traveller,
320
brings -on a decline, which proves mortal in a few niontb%
no remedy being yet ibuud to counteract its baneful in-
fluence.
E'RIVAN, a city and province of Persian Armenia. The
former is dirty and ill built ; the ramparts are of earth, and
there are about 800 bouses. The churches of the Christians
are small, and half inidergrouud, resembling catacombs. Lat.
40. 20. N. Ion. 44. 10. F.
ERI'NGO. See Eryngo.
E'RMINE, s. [Armenim, Lat. from the place whence it is
brought, i. e. Armenia] in natural history, an animal which
nearly resembles the weasel^ and inhabits various parts of
the world. In the north of Europe and Asia, they have, in
the winter, a rich white fur, having only the tip of the fail
black, whereas in ihe summer the body is ofa lightish brown.
It is valuable -inly when in its winter dress. In heraldry, a white
field, or fur, powdered or interspersed with black spots.
ft'llMINED, a. clothed in ermine. ■
ERNE, at the end of words which signify a repository or
receptacle, is derived from erne. Sax. a place.
To ERO'Dl'",, V. a. |ftom e, which strengthens the signifi'*
cation, and ruilo, to gnaw, Lat.] to canker, eat away, or
corrode.
EP^O'SION, s. [from e, which strengthens the significa*
tion, and )«f/o, to gi'aw, Lat.] the act of eating away ; the
state of being euten away or corroded.
To ERR, V. a. [erru, Lat.] to wander or move without any
certain direction ; to stray, or miss the right way. To com-
mit an error ; to mistake.
ERRAND,*, [tf I e«/A, Sax.] a message ; something to b«
done or told by a person sent from one man to another.
ERRANT, a. [from erro, to wander, Lat.] wandering
without any certani direction ; roving; rambling; applied
toa particular order of knights celebrated inroKiance, wlw
went about in search of adventures. Vile; abandoned;
completely bad. See Arrant.
ERRANTRY, s. the condition of a wanderer. The pro-
fession ofa knight-errant.
ERR.VTA, ,v. [Lat.] the faults of the printer inserted in
the beginning or end ofa book.
ERRATIC, a. [from eno, to wander, Lat.] keepin? no
certain order of motion ; holding no establislied course ;
irregular; changeable.
ERRATICALLY, ad. without rules, or without any esta-
blished method or order.
ERRHI'NE, s. [irrinon, from rin, the nose, Or.] somethinjf
snufied up the nose, causing sneezing.
ERRO'NEOUS, a [from erro, to wander, Lat.] wandering
or going without any particular direction; irregular, or
leaving the right wav or road ; mistaken, or mistaking.
ERRONEOUSLY, ad. iu such a manner as to err or
mistake.
ERRO'NEOUSNESS,f. mistake; want ©f conformity to
truth.
ERROR, s. [from error, to wander, Lat.] a mistake of the
judgment in giving assent to that which is not true ; au act
which implies the taking a thing to be what it is not ; a
blunder; a roving excursion ; a wandering beyond boiin.ts.
In theology, sin. In common law, a fault or oversight, either
in pleading or in process. A writ of error is that which is
brought to remedy either of these faults, or to reverse a
false judgment.
Fits, .5. a plant, the same as the bitter vetch.
F.RST, <id. [vrst, Tent.] at first. Formerly, till now. Used
at pr(>seut onlv in poetry.
FRURFSCl'-NCE, or ERUBE'SCENCY, s. [e,-,ibctccntia,
Lat.] redness ; blushing.
To ERIJ'C'I", 1'. a. [from e, which here strengthens the
signilicafioii, and ructo, to belch, Lat.] to belch, or break
wind upwards.
ERUCTA'TION, s. [from e, which here stren''t?iens flie
signification, and ruclo, to belch, Lat.] the act of krraking
wind upwards, ; the wind broken from the stomach by tins
mouth ; any su<.lden burst of wind or matter cast upwards.
ESC
ES K
ERUDITION, ». I from enuUtin, to tcacli, T.at.] learning
or knowledge acquired from reading, (■spctially that wliioli
M acquired from tiic study of liie aiicienls. Sy non. Lnn-n-
ing implies simply that knowledge which we acquire liy our
common study at school ; Literature deuoles polite leaniiii";,
or an acquaintance with the Bkli^ks Lki thes, and is
ratlier practical ; but Erudition signifies great deptii of
knowledge, with a particular relation to that which is specu-
lative.
EllU'GINOUS, a. [from (rrufro, rust of brass, Lat.] par-
taking of the substance or qualities of copijcr.
ERUPTION, {eriipshon) s. [from e, out, and rumpo, to
break, Lat.] the act of breaking or bursting from any con-
fineuient. A burst of combustible matter, or giiiipowder.
A sudden excursion of an enemy. A violent exclamation,
applied to the voice A breaking out of pimples on the
skin.
I'lRU'PTIVE, a. bursting with force and violence from an
Hiclosuie or conhnement.
ERY'NGO, s. a plant, called also sea holly.
ERYSIPELAS, J. [from miMoj, red, and pehs, livid or
Lilack, Gr.] in medicine, a disorder generated by hot serum
m the blood, affecting the su|)erficies of the skin with a
shining pale red, or citron colour, without pulsation or cir-
cumscribed swelling, and sineadiug from one place to
another;, ;«.onerallv called St. Anthony's tire.
ERZ I'i 11 b'M, a city of Turkey in A sia, built on a peninsula,
formed by the sources of the river Euphrates. It lies in a
fruitful plain, 5 diivs' journey from the Black Sea, U)
from the frontiers of Persia, and alniut 2oU uiiies N. X. E. of
Aleppo. The Turks are about 18,000, of whom two-thirds
are janizaries ; they are most of them tradesmen, and re-
ceive no iiay ; there are also 6000 Armenians, and 400
Greeks, the latter of whom, being mostly braziers, are
obliged to live in the suburbs on account of the noise of
their hammers. The town is a considerable thoroughfare
for the caravans which pass to the Indies. Their merchan-
dise is Persian silks, cottons, calicoes, furs, gall nuts, ilui-
barb, a^nd madder. Lat. 40. 4. N. Ion. 43. 2. E.
ESCALA'DE, s. [Fr.] a furious attack of a wall orl'oit, by
means of scaling lacfders, without breaking ground, or carry-
ing on regular works to secure the men.
ESCA'LOP, s. [escalope, Fr.J a iish whose shell is some-
vliat of the cockle kind, but rather flatter, and considerably
larger, and is irregularly indented. An inequality of margin;
indenture.
To ESCA'LOP, V. c. See Scallop, whicli is the most
common but the least proper way of spelling.
To ESCAPE V. a. [ec/iapper, Fr.] to avoid any incon-
venience which surrounds a person ; to fly from ; to pass
unobserved or unnoticed.
ESCAPE, «. an avoiding or flight from danger, pursuit,
or conrinement ; subterfuge, or evasion ; a sally, or irregular
flight, or start of passion or genius. In law, a violent or
private evasion from some lawful restraint, confinement, or
custodv.
ESCHALOT, (pron. shallot) s. [Fr.] a plant, having a
tunicated bulbous root, like that of an onion, which is in-
creased after the same manner as garlick, but set earlier,
because it springs sooner, and taken up as soon as the leaves
oegin to wither. They give a fine relish to most sauces, and
though strongly aromatic, do not make the breath so oft'en-
sive, after eating, as onions do.
E'SCH.'\R,(pron. i/iffr) «. [f>5c/m»-n, Gr.] in surgery, a hard
crust or scab formed on the surface of (he flesh by means
of a burning hot iron, or caustic medicine, or some sharp
corrosive humour within.
ESCAROTIC, (eskarutih) a. [from e^clmrn, a scar, Gr.j
having the power to produce a scab by its caustic quality,
applied to medicines. Caustic.
ESCHE'AT, (e.tchei-:) s. [from rscftcoir, Fr.] in law, any
lands or other profits that fall to a lord of tjie manor by for-
feiture, or the death of his tenant, without heir geneial or
especial; the place in which the king, or other lord, has
T t
escheats of his tenants; a writ which hi s. where the tennnl
dies as above, without heir general or e.-pecial, ai;ainst h;.'!
that possesses the lands of the deceased.
To ESCHE'AT, (rsc/uil) v. a. in law. Id fall to the lorl
of the manor by forfeiture, or for want of h^'irs.
ESCIIE'ATOR, (csclii'iior) s. in l;\w, an olficer (hat ran es
notice of the escheats oftlic king in the county to which he
belongs, and certifies them to the exchequer.
To ESCHE'W, V. a. [cic/ievir, old Fr.] to fiy, avoid, shun,
or decline. A word almost obsolete.
ESCLAIRCI'SSEMEKT, s.:i French terra signiljiiigthe
clearing up of any diiiiculty.
ESCO'R.'', s. [esnirte, Fr.] a company of soldiers, or ship*
of war, attendiiigothers, to keep them from falling into t,'ve
hands of an enemy.
To ESCO'llT, V. a. [csco}-ler, Fr.] to guard or convoy by
sea or land with an armed force, to prevent a person or thing
from falling into the hands of an enemy.
ESCO'T, s. [Fr.] a tax paid in boroughs and corporations
towards the support of the community, called vulgarly scot
and lot.
To ESCOT, V. a. to pay a man's reckoning; to sup-
port.
ESCRITO'IR, (commonly pronounced scruture)s.[Fv.] a
kindof Inueau, or chest of drawers, the top ofwliich is fur-
nished with c(Uivenieiices for writing.
E'SCUAGE, s. [from C4TH, Fr.] in our old customs, a kind
ofkniglifs service, called service of the shield, by whicli
the tenant was bound to follow his lord to the war at his own
charge ; also a sum of money paid to the lord in lieu of such
service.
ESCULA'PIUS, in mythology, the god of medicine.
ESCULENT, a. [esculeiUus, from escar, to feed upon, L;!(. ]
eatable.
E'SCULEN'i'S, i. such jilants or roots as may be eaten ;
such as beets, carrots, artichokes, leeks, onions, parsnips,
potatoes, Ac.
ESCURIAL, a village of New Castile, celebrated for its
palace and convent, built by Thilip 11. ofSpain, in 1;jG3. It
consists of a royal mansion, a chnich built after the plan of
St. Peter's at Rome, cloisters, ac)llege, a library, containing
ui)wards of 20,000 volumes, shops of different artists, apart-
ments for a great number of families, an extensive park and
fine gardens, adorned with a great number of fountains. It
stands in a dry, barren country, surrounded by rugged moun-
tains, and is builtofgray stones, found in the neighbourhood.
This structure, built in the form of a gridiron, because St.
Lawrence, to whom it was dedicated, was broiled on such an
instrument, was 2'2 years in building, and cost e,000,000
crowns. They reckon in it 800 pillars, 11,000 square win-
dows, and 14,000 doors. In the vaulted chapel, tlierc is a
ma.gnificent mansolenra, called the panthe-in, similar to tlijt
at Koine. It is seated on the river Guadara, 15 miles N. W.
of Madrid.
ESCUTCHEON, (esUtclwn) s. Ifrom scutum, a shield,
Lat.] in heraldry, the shield whereon coats of arms are re-
presented; taken from a custom of the ancients, who were
wont to have their shields painted with some particular
device of fancy; which was a token of honour, some not
being permittee! to have them till they had performed some
honourable action.
E'SDRAS, s. the name of two of the apocryplial books,
nsually bound up with the Scriptures. They were always
excluded the Jewish canon, and are too absurd to be ad-
mitted as canonical even by the papists themselves.
E'SKIMAUX, jtti aboriginal people of North America.
inhabiting a tract of country called Labrador. Tliey ar?
low in stature ; their chief employment is hunting and fish-
ing, and they observe some sort of sacrifices. They live
upon the raw flesh of whales, bears, &c. and gi mulHed up
in skins, the hairy sides next their bodies. Their nights
are from I to :> months long, during which time the eartlj
is bound up in impenetrable frost, and they live in a sort
of subterraneous habitation. On the return of the sun,
321
ESS
EST
llicjr have, diinn°; tlie summer, continual day, and lead a
rov/UK life.
ESPA'LIER, j. [Fr.] in gardening, rows of trees planted
round a garden, plantation, or in hedges, for the defence of
tender plants against violence and inJHry of wind and wea-
ther: commonly applied to hedges of fruit trees, which are
trained up regularly to a lattice work of wood, formed of
ash-poles, or square long timbers of fir, <S:c. The trees
chiefly planted for espaliers are apples, pears, and souietiuies
plums.
E.SP.\'RCET, s. a kind of sainfoin.
YJi¥t^CWL,,{esp'tshial)a.\specialis, from specie, to regard,
Lat.] principally; chief eminently serviceable in eftecting
any end.
ESPECL\LLY, {espU^'^alhj) ad. principally ; chiefly.
P:SPLANA'DE, s. [Fr.] in fortitication, the empty
sp^ce bstwecn the glacis of acitadel and the first houses of
B (ov.'ri.
ESPOUSAL (espouzal) a. used in, or belonging to, the
ceremony <.if betrothing.
ESPOU SALS, (espniizals) s. [it has no singular, spnyisn-
lia, Lat. epotisailles, Fr.] the act of aifiancing or con.
tracting a man and woman to each oilier. Figuratively
a wedding.
To ESl'OU'SE, (espovzc) V. a. [cponser, Fr.] to contract
in marriage, or to betroth to another; to marry ; to adopt
or engage in a thing as a principal; to defend or maintain
an opinion, cause, or party.
To ESPY', V. a. [cpier, Fr.] to see a thing at a distance •
■to discover a thing intended to be concealed; to see uiiej
pectedly; to discover, or make discoveries in the character
ofa spy.
ESQUIRE, (pronounced squire) s. [ecui/er, Fr.] the ar-
mour-bearer, or attendant upon a knight. A title of dig-
nity next to that of knight. The title is now given to all
the sons of noblemen and their heirs male for ever; the
four esquires of the king's body; the eldest sons of baronets
and of knights of the Bath, and their heirs male in the right
line; to those that serve the king intiny woriliipful eoiplcA'-
ment, &c. and to such as his Majesty gives arms, and creates
esquires, with a collar of SS. of silver, whw were formerly
called white sijuires. The chief of some families enjoy this
title by prescription ; and those that t>earany superior otlice
in the commonwealth, as high sheriti" of any county ; and
he who is justice of the peace; together with under-barris-
tcrs, and graduates of the university during their residence
at college.
To ESS.^T, V. a. [essnyer, Fr.] to attempt, try, or en-
deavour ; to make an experiment; to try the purity of me-
tals. This latter sense is now contincd to, and spelt, assau.
E'SSAY, [the accent is used on either syllable] s. an at-
tempt, endeavour, c.r trial ; a loose sally of the mind : an
irregular piece, wherein the thoughts are set down as they
c;ccur to the mind, without any regard to method.
E'.SS F,N C 1",, s. [essentia, from the old participle essens,
being, Lat.] in logic, the very nature of any being, whether
it be existing or no ; that which determines and constitutes
the natUH! ofa thing, or which is absolutely nec;essary to its
being what it is. Figuratively, being, or a' person which
has existence. In medicine and chyniistry, thechief proper-
ties or virtues extracted from any simple, reduced to a nar-
row compass. A perfume or odour.
To F/SSENCE, I-. a. to scent with any perfume.
ESSF'NES, or ESSE'NIANS, in Jewish antiquity, one of
the throe ancient sects among that people, who outdid thi'
Pharisees in their most rigorous observances. They allowed
a future state, l)ut denied a resurrection fioni the dead.
Their way of life was verv singuhit ; they did not marry,
hut adopted the children of others, whom they bred up in
the institutions of their sect ; tlii'y <1espiscd riches, and had
all things in comuum; and never changed their cloliies till
lliev were entirely worn out.
ESSt'NliAL, (esscnsliiil)a. [essentialis, from the old par-
ticHile csemu, beiug, Lat.] necessary to the conatitution or
existenceof a thing. Principal. Important in the highest
degree. Pure : highly rectiiied.
£SSE'NTI.\L, (essenslual) t. being or existence. Na-
ture, or constituent principles. A chief, or principal
point.
F.SSE'NTIALLY, (esshis/iialli/) ad. principally.
E'SSEX, a county of England, bounded on the W. by
Jdiddlesex and Herts; on the N. by part of Canibridf.'e-
shire and the river Stour, v\hich separates it from .Sutiolli ;
on the E. by the Geruuin Ocean ; and on the S. by the
Thames, which divides it from Kent. It is about Similes
long from E. to \V. and 48 broad from N. to S. and is di-
vided into 18 hundreds, which contain 20 market towns, 403
parishes, about (J.3,OU0 houses, and 3-2o,(iOO iuhahitants. It
does not contain any considerable hills ; but exhibits a vari-
ety of soil, and face of country, generally fertile. Its S. W.
part is occupied principally by the f(irests of Eppiug and
Hainault; and is noted for its butter. The N. W. part, from
S:iffron \Vm1i),,,i I.' r'iimlirihifp, is famous tor the growth of
saffron. The middle part is a fine corn country, varied with
gentle inequalities of surl'aoe, and sprinkled willi vvoods
\\ hut are called tlie hundreds ol' Essex, (thungli mclndcd ir
the hundreds of lijrnstable, Rochfoid, and Ueiigj) border
ing on the '1 lianics and the sea, consist cliielly of nnirshy
grounds, which al'.oid excellent pastnrage, yet .ue deemed
imwholesonu: ; but more inland they are dry, elr\aled, and
healthy ; and even the worst parts of them arc rendered
much healthier than formerly, by clearing the woods and
draining the stagnant waters. Great numbers of calves are
sent from hence to the Loudon market, with oilier cattle ;
also fowls, wild and tame, and the oysters, known by the
name of Colchester oysters. The prinrijial rivers besides the
'J'liames, arc the Stonr, which falls into the German Ocean
at Harwich; tlie Lea, Clielmer, ISIackwater, Coin, Crouch,
and lioding. Chelmsford is the capital.
ESSOiGN, or LSSCrjN, s. [Ir.] in law, an excuse al-
Ujwc-d for the absence ofa person who is sninmoned to appear
in a court of justice; the person who is C-Kcuscd for absence
h<nu a court of justice.
'i'o EM'Ai4i.lJi), V. a. [eta'J TT. to settle firmly;
to tix unalterably ; to settle, fix, or coiihrra in any pnvi-
le?e ; to make firm, or ratify a law; to found, build, c>r
place in such a manner, as not to be subject to fal] or
move. Synon. To institide, is to create and form things,
having some relation tw the author, or him who first co"
trived, or laid down the plan. To foKiid, is to give birth tn
such plan. To establish, is to fix that plan upon a lasting
basis. To endoxc, is to provide the necessaries for its sub-
sisti-nce.
ESTA'RUSHER, .c. one who establishes.
ESTABLISHMENT, s. \etMissi-ment, Fr.] a confirmation
or ratification of somelhing already done; a settled form of
regulation, or management of a government or family ; a
fun<ian);'iitid principle, ors-'ttled law;' allowance, salary-.
IvS'IW'TE, s. [etttt, Fr. formerly applied to the general
interest or business of a governiHciit, which is now written
:tate'\ condition, circumstami',or rank of life, with regard to
)>rospcrity, affluence, nobility, wealth, or their contraries ;
fortune, generally applied to a person's possessions in land,
rank, orqualitv.
ToESTE'ENI, v. a. [iTstimo, Lat.] to set a value on a
thhig ; to compare, or fix the value of a thing by compa-
rison ; to prize ; to value, to regard as an obii'ct of worili
and reverence ; to respect, or account. Synon. When we
entertain a good opinion of a man, we are said to rei^arj
him ; w hen that regard increases, we call it esteem ,• w-e testify
that esteem by veneration, and prove it by submission through
respect.
F.STE'E\L s. the act ^f respect paid to a person or thing
on account of r<'al or supposed worth ; the value, respect, or
reputation ofa person or thing.
ESTE'I",.\1 Ell, s. one who regards a person or thing as an
obieel ofworth, and claiming respect.
K STHER, s. a canonical book of the Old Testament,
EST
ETIl
containing tlie history of a Jewish virgin, dwollinfr wiih
)ier iMicle Mordccai at Siiuslian, in tiio rcijjn of AIkisucius,
one of the kinf,'s of I'ersia.
ESTIIO'NIA, or Rkv kl, a consiflorabic government of
Russia on tlie Baltic ; hounclcil on the N. Iiy the '^iulf of
Finland, on tiie E. by In^'ria, an<t on the S. by tiic ;;(>v(rn-
nicnt of Rij,'a. It was lon<; a bone of conlenlion between
the JUissians, Poles, and Swedes, but was finally ceded to
Russia in 1721. Revel is theeapital.
E'STIIWAITE WATI'lR, a lake in l.anca.shire between
Hawkshead and WintbMinere Water, about two miles and a
half in length, and half a mile in breadth. Around it are
villages and scattered houses, sweetly situated under woods
and hanging grounds, clothed with the richest verdure,
heighteni'd by the deep shade of the woods, and tlie back
ground of rockv moinitains.
E'STIMAMLE, «. [f*(™«Wc, Fr.] valuable ; worthy of ho-
nour, respect, or esteem.
E'.STIMABLKN l>;SS, s. that quality which renders a thing
worthy of regard and respect.
To Estimate, v. „. [,estimo, Lat.l to rate ; to fix the
valueof a thing ; to judge of a thing by comparing it with
something else ; to calculate or compute.
E'STIMATE, i. a calculation or computation; value;
the act of valuing, or valuation ; the assignmeni of propor-
tion ; a judgment formed from comparing one thing witii
another.
ESTIMATION, i. [from rrstimo, to estiniate, Lat.] the
assigning the proper portion or share of a thing ; a calcula-
tion or comimtation, regarding value or number ; judg-
ment, or opinion formed on comparing; that degree of
value or respect paid a person or thing, whijch arises from
considering \\]f\r merits.
E'STIiMATlVE, a. having the power of making a com-
parison or calculation, aiul thereby determining the surplus
or preference between two or more things.
ESTIM VTOlv, t. [from rrstimo, to estinrate, Lat.] a per-
son who, fr(mi considering the nature of things, settles their
respective importance, worth, preference or value.
E'STIVAL, ff. [a-stivKS, from cislas, sunnner, Lat.] belong-
ing to the summer.
ESTOTEL, s. in law, such an act as bars any legal pro-
cess.
ESTO'\T.KS, s. necessaries allowed by law.
KSTIIA'DE, s. [Fr.] an alcove or bed-room; an even or
level phi'-e ; a public road or highway.
ESrU AMADLJ'R A, a province of Spain, about 1T.5 miles
in length, and 100 in breadth ; bounded (ui the W. by Por-
tugal ; on the N. by Leon and Old Castile; on the I'', by
New Castile ; and oji the S. by Andalusia. It abounds wilh
corn, wine, and fruits ; but tlie air is often hot and sultry.
A part of thi-3 province has been mostly annexed to New Cas-
tile, anil a jxirt to Olil Castile; but there is yet a captain-
general, w ho commands the troops, and superintenils the
police. Also a province of Portugal, bounded (•■.n the W. I)y
the Atlantic, on the N. by Beira, and on the E. and S. by
Alentejo. It abounds with wine, excellent oil, honey,
oranges, and salt. Here the oranges were first planted that
were brought from China, known still by the name of China
oranges. Its capital is Lisbon.
To ESTR \'N(iE, r. a. {etrau<^er, Fr.] to keep at a dis-
tance; to withdraw ; to alienate or divert a thing from its
original use. To alienate, or change from kindness to cool-
ness and indifterence, applied to tlie affections. To with-
draw; to withhold.
ESTRANGEMENT, .9. disuse ; removal ; the act of
considering a thing with indiflerence or coolness.
.ESTRA'Y. See Stray.
ESTRE'ATE, (street) s. [extractnm, from exiralio, to draw
OMt.Lat.] in law, is a true copy, or duplicate of an original
writing or record, especially fines, amerciaments, penalties,
&'c. set down and imposed in the rolls of a court,|to be levied
by a bailiff, or other officer.
ESTRE'PEMENT, s. [from ettrepier, Fr.J in law, any
waste or spoil made upon lands by a tenant for life, to the
prejudice of a person who has them in reversion.
lySTlJARY, n. [from rrstun, to lioil, or be agitated, i.al.J
an ariuof the sea ; the nu)Utb of a lake or river, which com-
nuniicates with the- sea ; a l-iith. Sec .I'.s ru Auy.
ESTIJAI'ION, s. [from nstdn, to boil or be agitated, Lat.]
the>state of boiling ; agitatitin ; conunotion.
ESURIENT, «. [from esurio, to be hungry, Lat.] hungry;
voracious.
E'SURINR, n. [from esurio, to be hungry, Lat.] corrodli:g ;
sharp ; eating.
ETA'PE, «. [Fr.]in war, the provisions and forage aliow
ed an army in their route through a country.
ETC. a contracli(jn of et cetera, Lat. iui|>iying, and so on ;
and the like ; and tlie rest; or, and oliiers of the same
kinil.
To ETCH, V. a. \etizen, Teut.] a way used in making of
prints.by drawing with a proper needle upon a copper-plate,
covered over with a ground of wax, &c. and well blackeii
with the smoke of a link, in order to take oft' the figure of
the drawing or print; which having its back side tinctured
with white lead, will, by running over the strucken oullines
with astift, impress the exact figure on the black or red
ground ; which figure is afterwards wilh neeflles drawn
deeperquite through the ground, and all the shadows and
hatchings put in; and then a wax border being mad" all
round the plate, lliere is poured on a sufiicient (juantity of
well tempered aqua fortis, which insinuating into the
strokes made by the needles, usually eats, in aliout half iiu
hour, into the figine of the print or draw ing on the copper-
plate.
ETCH, «. in husbandry, a first crop, or a crop taken ofT
ground which is fi'llow.
ETE'RNA L, a. [frie/HiM, i. e. an-iteriiiis, from (Ttiim, an age,
Lat.] applied to the existence of the Deity, without begin-
ning or end; endless; immortal. Figuratively, perpetual ;
constant ; without intermission. That has been and always
will be unchangeably the same.
ETERNAL, s. [eter7iel, Fr.] one of the appellations of
God, implying his necessary existence, or his existence In;-
fore all time.
ETE'RNALIST, s. [from alemus, eternal, Lat.] one who
liolds that the world was never created, but existed from
eternitv.
To ETE'RNALIZE, v. a. to make eternal, immortal, or
to exist without end.
ETERNALLY, nrf. without beginning or end; witho\it
change ; from eternity to eternity ; perpetually ; constantly ;
or without intermission.
ETERNITY, s. [aiemitas, from rttermis, eternal, Lat.] du
ration without beginningor end.
To ETE'RNlZli, v. a. [eteniiser, Fr.] to render perpetual
or endless ; to render inunortal ; to immortalize.
ETHELBALD had reigned two years as king of Wesse.\
during his father's life, continued to possess that throne after
his decease, and reigned but about two years and a half
■.ifter his father's death: no renutrkable event happened in
his reign. He is banded down to us as a luxurious, de-
bauched prince. He died in SGO.
ETHELBERT, already in \>ossession of the kingdom of
Kent, succeedi'd to the whole monarciiy, according to
Ethelwulph's will. His reign of about six \ears is remarka-
ble for nothing but the incnrsiiuis of the Danes. He died
ill sfjT) ; and was buried at Sherborn.
ETHELREI) I. succeeded Etheibert in the kingdom of'
Kent, 8()6. In this reign the Danes became uiasters of
Norlhumberland and East-Anglia,and resolved to uush their
conquests further, hoping in the end to subdue all i*.ngland.
With this view, Ivar, king of Denmark, turned his arms
against Wessex, and resolved to attack Ethelred ; he landed
his troops in that county, and. advanced as far as Readinjf.
Ethelred marched that way with his army: a warhereupun
ensued, and Ethelred, wjthin the space of one year, fought
nine pitched battles witli the JJanea, in some of which h«^
323
ETM
ETH
was victorious, in others not, but in ail f;;ave sipjntil proofs of
his courage and conilutt ; but unhappily in the last, «liich
vas fou^fht near Wiltiugliain, he received a niorlal wound,
of whicli he died, iu »72, in the 6th year of his rei'^n.
Ethelrcd has the character of a good prince.,
E'THELRED il. succeeded L^dward the Youn,^er in 979;
he was then about Vi years of age. in 981 the piratical
Danes landed at Southampton ; and, in sh<irt, for ten years
together, with now and then a little intermission, there was
nothing to be seen but plundcrings, couHagrations, murders,
and ail the miseries imaginable. During tiiis time the cre-
dit of the monks went down apace ; the people began to
wonder, that they, who could do so many niiracles (as they
preteudedjon their own account, could not, by their merits
and prayers, prevent the calamities of the nation. Kthelred
shewed them no manner of respect. In 990, Dunstan, arch-
bishop of Canterbury, died. The Danes continually ravaged
the .kingdom, and Ethelred always bought them off when his
forces liad been defeated. The last money he paid theni
was 30,000/. which was levied by way of a tax called Dane-
geld, and was the first land-tax in England. Upon this the
Danes ceased their ravages, and most of them returned
Lome; but as a great many of them, liking the country,
staid behind, and England was well stocked with them be-
fore, they began now to take upon themselves to domineer
over the English, who were perpetually in dread of new in-
vasions. They lived in ease and pleasure, w hile the Eng-
lish were forced to labour and toil to satisfy their demands.
Hence they gave them the name of Lord Danes ; and to this
day, in some parts of England, a rich, idle, imperious man is
called ill derision a Lurdane. Ethelred, having married
Emma, sister to the duke of Normandy, and depending on
his assistance when required, resolved on a general massa-
cre of the Danes. He privately sent orders to all parts of
thekingdom for this purpose, whicii were executed with
such fury, that in one day, viz. Nov. 13, 1002, all the Danes
were slain ; though some think, that by all the Danes are
meant only those lately settled inEngland, and dispeised in
Wessex and Mercia. King Sweyn's sister, who was a Chris-
tian, and married to a noble Dane, who had been settled
some time in England, fell among the rest. Ethelred was
so cruel as to have her beheaded, after he had ordered her
children to he killed before her face. Swe\n, king of Den-
mark, no sooner heard of this bloody tragedy, and tlie cruel
murder of his sister, but he swore he would never rest till
he had revenged so monstrous an outrage. He therefore
equipped a fleet of 300 sail, and came not for plunder as be-
fore, but to destroy the country with fire and sword. He
landed in Cornwall with a powerful army, marched to Exe-
ter, and having put the inhabitants to the sword, reduced it
to ashes. Ethelred, who was betrayed on all hands, impru-
dently trusted the command of the army to the duke of
Mercia, whom he had formerly banished, and whose son's
eyes he had ordered to be put out; and he, inVevenge, be-
trayed it to the Danes, as soon as became in sight of them.
The following sprinc; Sweyn landed, and burnt Norwich and
Thetford: soon after he engaged Ulfkettle, duke of East-
Anglia, the bravest of all Ethelrcd's subjects, and entirely
defeated him. In 1005 there was a famine in England,
which obliged the Danes to return home for want of subsist-
ence ; l)ut they returned again. In short, the Danes, in
101.;, made themselves masters of the whole kingdom, and
Ethelred returned into Normandy wilh his whole family.
Sweyn being now proclaiined king of iMigUnid without any
..opposition, he laid a most heavy tax on the nation, for pay-
ing the Danish troops. He died[suddciily in 1011. Upon
Sweyn's death, the Danes iiroclaimed his son Canute king of
England ; i>utthe English recalled Ethelred, and flocked to
him from all parts, so thai he soon foun(! himself at the head
of a numerous araiy. Canute on a sudden embarked his
troops, to assert his right to that crown. In the mean time
Eth.'lrefl gr)verne(l as bad as ever. Canute having settled
afiairs in Detfmark, relnned in about a year, and laiuled
«th a nllUl(•^o^;^ anuv at Sandwich. Ednunid, the king's
Sail
eldest son, and his brolhcr-inlaw Edric, commanded the
army a^rainst him ; but Edric, in a little time, openly de-
clared for Canute, and car-.iei; olf with him a coiibiderable
body of troops, a) id 40 ships; after which Canute became
master of sevcrj! counties iu \Vessex,aiid Kdmund marched
into tile north to join Uthred, earl of Northumberland. Ca-
nute followed him ; and upon his coming, Uthred submitted
to him; but Canute, thinking him not to be tiusted who
changed sides by compulsion, caused him to be put to death.
Ethelred died in 1016, in the 50th year of ids age, after a
most inglorious reign of 37 years.
E'THELSTAN, or Athelstan, succeeded Edward the
Elder, being his natural son, in 926; but the illegitimacy of
his birth was not then deemed a sufficient obstacle to hia
inheriting the crown. However, Alfred, a nobleman of his
kindred, is said to have entered into a conspiracy against
him, in favour of the legitimate sons of the deceased king,
who were yet too young to be capable of governing them-
selves, whicli he effectually crushed. "I'liis monarch re-
ceived also some disturbance from the Northumbrian Danes,
whom he compelled to surrender; and resenting the con-
duct of Constantine, king of Scotland, who iiad given them
assistance, he ravaged that country with impunity, till at
length he was appeased by the liumble submissions of tliat
monarch. These submissions, how ever, being extorted, w ere
insincere. Soon after Ethelstau had evacuated that king-
dom, Constantine entered into a confederacy w ilh a body of
Danish pirates and some Welsh princes, who were jealons
of Ethelstan's growing greatness. A bloody battle was
fought near Brunsburg, in Northumberland, in which the
English monarch was again victorious. After this success
Ethelstau enjoyed his crown in tranquillity ,and he is regard-
ed as one of the ablest and most active of the Saxon kings.
During his reign the Bible was translated into tl;e Saxon
language; and some alliances also were formed by him witlr
the princes on the continent. In his reign he enacted a
law, that a merchaut who had made three long voya: es, on
liis owM account, should be admitted to the rank of thane, or
gentleman. He died at Gloucester, in 9-11, after a reign of
sixteen years, and was succeeded by his brother Edmund.
E"1"HEL\VULPH, Egbert's only surviving son, succeeded
his father in H3S. In 840 a body of Danes landed on the
coast of Wessex. Etlielwulph, notwithstanding ho was
averse to fighting, marched against them in person, but had
the misfortune to be beaten. About this time the nation of
the Picts, so formidable heretofore to the southern Britons,
were entirely extirpated by their neighbours the Scots,after
a^long war between them. EtheKvidph, wearied with the
repeated incursions of the Danes, delivered up to Ethelstau,
his natural son, Kent, Essex, and Sussex, with the title of
king of Kent, contenting himself with the kingdom of 'VV. s-
sex, and the sovereignty of all England. In 852 the Danes
came up the Thames, with a fleet of 300, ships, and pillaged
London and other places; but Etlielwulph and Ethelstau
engaged them near Oakley, in Surry, in whicli the English
gained the day, and made such a terrible slaughter of the
Danes, that but few escaped. The victory of Oakley having
delivered him from the fear of the Danes, he now had an
opportunity of indulging his natural bent to devotion ; and
by the advice of Swithin, bisho]) of Winchester, who had
always a great ascendancy over him, he is said to have grant-
ed to the church the tithes of all his dominions. In 85a he
paid a visit to the pope in person, to receive his benediction,
and extended the tax of Pcter-pciice all over his dominions,
till then levied only in Wessex and Mercia. Having staid
a year at Uom.e, he returned home througli France, where
he married Judith, daughter of Charles iho Bald, not above
12 years old. Whilst Etlielwulph was at Rome, Ethelbald
entered into a conspiracy to dethrone his father, and to seize
the kingdom ; and made so great a l>arly, that ]-thelv.'u)ph
was obliged to give up to him the kingdom of Wessex, and
to rest contented w itii that of Kent for liimself Ethelw ulpli
lived but about two years after this. He died in 857, after
a reign of 20 years, and was buried at Winchester. He left
EVA
EVE
by 'A ill Ills (lominioiis to Ills second son Rllicllicrf, afler lilm
to his lliird son l'',tli<;lr('(l, iiiid thin to Ali'ii'd his youujjest,
who ;dl in Ihcir tiirnsnccrcdcd to the crown.
l>'Till''ll, s.\athn-, L;it.];i tiiin, snhlilc mutter ormcdinm,
miKJi finer :iiid rarer than air, wliieli conniipiues from the
limits of onr atmosphere, and possesses the uhcde heavenly
space. Ethers are also volatile liquids formed by the dis-
tillation ofsomeof the a<ids with alcohol.
l-JTIIE'RIsAE, rt. [from ather, pure air, Lat.] .formed of
ether. Fijjurativelv, heavenly.
l';rilE'REOU.S,o. [from (kher, pure air, Lat.] formed of
ether. Fi>;iiratively, heavenly.
{■7T1IIC, a. [from e(/ios, manner, Gr.] moral ; containing
precepts of morality.
ETHICAL, a. [from ethos, manner, Gr.] moral; treating
oninorality.
ETHiCALLY, ad. after the manner of ethics, or moral
philosophy.
E'TlllCS, s. [without any singular; from ethikos, Gr.] the
doctrine of morality ; or that part of philosophy which treats
of our duty as it concerns us, either as members of society,
or as men.
ETHIO'Pl.A, or jEthiopi A, a part of-Africa, divided into
Upper and Lower ; Upper Ethiopia includes Nubia and
Abyssinia. In Lower Ethiopia is comprehended a great
part of the interior of Africa, N. and S. of the equator, as
Mnjak, Gingiro, Anziko, Mono-cmngi, Alaba,Matamba,cVc.
liTHIOP'S MINERAL, s. in pharmacy, a combination
of mercury with snlpiiur.
ETHNIC, a. [from ethws, a nation, Gr. because the
nations were all heathen except the .lews] iieathen ; pagan ;
not enlightened with the knowledge of the one aud true
God, opposed to Jewish or Christian.
ETHNICS, «. [from f<//)ios, a nation, Gr.because the nations
were all heathen except the Jews] heathens; idolaters, op-
posed to Jews or Christians.
ETHOLO'GICAL, «. [(nm\ ethos, manners, and Zog-o*, a
discourse, Gr.] treating of morality.
ETIO'LOGY, s. I aitiolofria, from aiiia, a cause, and logos,
B discourse, Gr.] an account of the causes of any thing, gene-
rally applied to distempers.
ETIQUETTE, s. a French word, primarily denoting a
ticket or title affixed to a bag or bundle of papers, express-
ing its contents. At present it is used to denote those
forms that regulate the decorum of conduct towards per-
sons ot-various ranks and stations in life.
ETNA. See^.TNA.
ETON CO'LLEGE, Bucks, separated from Windsor by
an old bridge over the Thames. It was founded by Henry
VI. in 1-540, for the maintenance of a provost and 7 fellows,
and the instruction of 70 scholars. There are seldom less
than 300 scholars here, besides those on the foundation.
The revenue is about 5000£ a year.
ETYMOLOGICAL, «. relating to the derivation of
words.
ETYMO'.LOGIST, s. one who searches out the original,
or shews the derK'^aLion of words.
ETY.MO'LOGY, s. [T'rom eti/rnos, true, and los,os, a dis-
course, CJr.] that part of giiiffiiuar which treats ofthe origin
and derivation of words, and theTiibt arrives at tiieir pri-
mal y or first signification ; the derivation of a «ord, or tlie
original w ord from w hence another is derived ; the analysis
of compound words into primitives.
ETYMON, s. [from ett/mos, true, Gr.] the primitive or
original word from whence another is derived.
EVA'CUANT, s. [from cmcuu, to empty, Lat.] in medicine,
a remedy proper to expel or carry off any ill, peccant, or
redundant humours in the animal body, by the proper
outlets or emunctories.
To EVA'CUATE, v. a. [ei'acno, from, vacuus, empty, Lat.]
to empty or clear a thnig of its contents ; to throw out as
noxious and oifensive ; to void by stool, or through any of
the exerctory passages. To make void or animl. To quit
or withdraw from a place.
EVACUATION, s. [from evacuo, to empty, Lat.] a with-
drawing, emission, or <lischarge, which renders a decrease
of men sensible ; abolition, or atnnilling ; the cjuitting of a
country ; a discharge procured by medicines.
To EVADE, u. n. [from f, out, and iw/o, to go, Lat.] to
escape, ehule, or avoid by artifice m' stratagem ; to decline
by subterfuge ; to escape or elude by sophistry.
EVACiATION, s. [from e, out, and va^or, to wander, Lat. (
the leaving of^', or wandering from a direct course or line.
EVANE'SCENT, n. [from evaimsm, to vanish, Lat.] vau-
ishing; lessening beyond the perception ofthe senses.
EVaNGE'LICAL, «. [cranffe/icjis, Lat. fiom niiiiigelwn,
gospel, Gr.] agreeable to the doctrines of Christianity, as
contained in the gospel.
EVA'NGELlSM, s. the act of preaching the gospel.
EVA'NGELI.ST, s. a writer ofthe gospel. 'J he word is
of Greek origin, and signifies one who publishes glad tidings,
or is the messenger of good news.
To EVA'N(iELIZE, v. n. [from euangelion, gospel, Gr.]
to instruct in the doctrines of Christianity ; to convert to
Christianity.
EVA'NID, rt. [from wffnra, to vanish, Lat.] faint; weak;
vanishing, or growing imperceptible to the sight.
EVA'POIIABLE, n. [evapiiro, from vapor, a vapour, I^at.]
easily dispersed in fumes or vapours.
To EVA'PORATE, v. a. [evaporo, from vapor, a vapour,
Lat.] to exhale, drive away, or dissipate moisture into flames,
steam, and vapours. Figuratively, to give vent to a sudden
sally ofthe mind.
EVAPORATION, *. [evaporo, from vapor, a vapour, Lat.J
the act of flying away infumes and vapours. In philoso|)hy,
the act of exhaling tiie moisture of a body, or of dissipating
it in fumes and vapours. It diflers from exhalalion, because
that is practised on dry, and this on moist things. Figura
tively, a veiit or discharge.
EVAPOR.\TOR, s. a contrivance calculated for expe-
diting the process of evaporation. A model of it was pre-
sented by the inventor, Mr. Brown, of Deiby, to the society
for the encouragement of arts, iu 1794, who conferred on
him their gold medal.
EVA'SION, s. [eeasio, from evado, to evade, Lat.] a strata-
gem, artifice, or sophistry, made use of as an excuse, or a
means of treeing a person from a difficulty.
EVA'.SIVE, (ei^dzive) a. practising artifices, sopliistr,\ , or
stratagems, in order to extricate from a difiiculty, or avoid
coming to the point.
EVASIVELY, (eTOziWi/) «rf. in such a manner as to be
guilty of sophistry, subterfuge, or artifice.
EU'CHAHIST, {eykarist) s. [from en, well, and charts,
thanks, Gr.l the act of giving thanks. Applied by divines
to signify the thankful remembrance ofthe death of Christ
in the Communion, or Lord's Supper.
EUCHARI'STICAL, (fH/;«)/s^(7,'«/) a. containing arts of
thanksgiving ; relating to the sacrament of the Lorol's
Supper.
EU'CRASY, (euhrasy) s. [from en, well, and Irasis, tempe-
rature, GnJ an agreeable or good mixture of (pialities and
fluids in a human Ijody, which denominates it healthy.
EUDIO'METl'Ti, in pneumatics, [from eudia, signifying
the good quality ofthe air, and metro, to measure, Gr.j an
instrument for determining the salubrity of difierent kinds
of air.
EUDRO'METER, s. an instrument for ascertaining the
pucity ofthe atmospherical air, or tlie quantity of oxygenous
gas ov vili'l o.ir ccntulned in it, cliictiy by means of its dimi-
nution on a mixture with nilmns air.
EVE, or E'VEN, s. \<Tfcn, Sax.l the latter part or close
ofthe day ; the interval between broad light and darkness;
the vigil, or fast, to be observed in the church the day iiefore
a holiday. In this sense eva is only used ; in the other even
er fie indifl'erently.
E VEN, a. \rfen. Sax.] smooth ; level ; capable of being
divided into equal parts. Calm, applied to the passions.
To E'VEN, V. a. to make the height of two bodies, or tiu;
326
EV I
EUP
<jnintity of two mimbers, the same, or parallel; to make
level. Neuterly, to become even, or out of debt.
E'VKN, ad. [contracted in coiumoii conversation and
poetry to ei''n or e'c«] a word of strong assertion, im|il\ in;^
that a tiling is true in a sense which is the most dubious;
verily. So much as, when used as a diminutive. Wjicn used
as an exa;;geration or heigbteninj; phrase, it implies a tacit
comparison, which gives :;reat force to the words immedi-
ately following. In common discourse, pronounced e'en,
and used as a word of concession. " I shall e'en, let it pass."
CoUie,:
EVEXHA NDED, n. impartial; unbiassed. " Eceii^handed
justice." iS7'«/;.
ETENING, s. the close of the day.
E'V'ENLY, ad. "fjually, uuiformly ; Icvelly ; in an impar-
tial manuer ; wil.^ont elation or dejection.
E'VENNESS, s. applied to surface, the state of beingfree
from ruggedness ; smoothness ; levelness ; the state of a
thing when it inclines not more on one side than another;
impartially, or fieedom from bias, t'abuness, or freedom
from any violent perturbation, applied to the mind.
E'VENSONG, s. a song sung at the close of day.
EVENT, s. [from evenio, to happen, Lat.] an incident, or
action, or any thing which happens, either good or bad;
the result or consequence of any action ; the conclusion or
upshot.
EVE'NTFUL, a. full of incidents ; abounding with a va-
ri^' of actions or incidents.
E'VENTIDl'^,, i. the time of evening.
EVE'NTUAL, fl. happening in consequence of any ac-
tion; consequential.
EVE'NTUALLY, ad. in the event, result, or consequence;
conseauentiallv.
E'VER, ad. \nfi-e. Sax.] at any time, when preceded by ;/.
Always ; at all times past, and at all times to come ; to ail
eternity. In any degree. Evergreen sv^nxi'i^s always green,
or green throughout the year.
E'VERGREKN, s. a plant which retains its leaves and
green cj^lour through all the seasons.
EVEIILA'S'IING, o. lasting and .enduring for ever, or
•without end ; immortal. Used to imply time past, as well
as time to come, but improperly.
EVKllLA'STING, i. eternity ; eternal duration, whclhcr
past or future. Inbotanv, a plant, called also blite.
EVERLA'STl.VGLY, "f/. elernallv ; without end.
EVKflLA'STlNGNKSS, s. eternity.
EVEKLI'VING, «. immortal.
KVERMO'RK, «rf. always; iticessantly ; eternally.
To I'.VI'yRSE, II. «. [from p, which strengthens the sig-
nification, and vcrtn, to turn, Lat. J to overthrow, subxcrt,
or destroy. To confuse, or CNplode, applied to argHUient.
E'VERSHOT, a town of DiuM'tshire, situated ou the Ihu"-
dersof.Somerset shire, near the rise of the ri\er I'n Hue, which
runs into Purbeck Rav, 12 mile's N. W. of Dorchester, aiul
120 V/. bv S. of London.
To E\'E'RT,.r. «. [from f, which strengthens the significa-
tion, au'! rerln, to tinii, Lat.] to destrov ; to overthrow.
E'VIORY, a.[(efcrmk, Sax.] each individual or single per-
son composing any collection of men. Evcrytchcre, in all
places ; in e;!ch |)hiee.
KVLS DROPPER. See Eavf.s DnoppEE.
E'V'I'.SHAM, an ancient town of NVoieesterslilre, with a
nianiifacture of woollen stocliin:,'s. It i^ seaterl on a hill,
rising with a gradual ascent from tin' ;\vou, which abnost
surrounds it, forming here a harbour for barges, and over
which it has a stone bridge, 14 miles S. I), of Worcester, and'
05 N. W. by VV. of Loudon. Market on IMondav.
EL'(i[L ■ See Ykw.
To EVI'CT, V. a. [evinco, Lat.] in law, to cast out of a
possession, or to dispossess by due course of law.
EVI'CTION, s. dispossession by sentence at law ; proof,
rvideiu'e, or certain Icsliinony.
E'VIDRNCE, s. [I'r.Jthe state of bein^jcleai' with respect
to proof; undoubted certainty; testimony; proof; a
2i'\
person who is summoned to prove any point orfact. Usp-J
sometimes in the plural without the j final, and aomelimes
with.
'I"o E'VIDENCE, V. a. to prove ; to discover, or shew;
to make discovery.
E'\'II)l'JisT, rt. plain; proved beyond doubt ; notorious.
E'^ IDLNTLY, ad. in such a manner as to appear plain
and indubitable.
E'VIL, «. fj/c/. Sax.] having bad qualities of any kind.
Wicked, malicious, applied to morals. Eiguralively, cala-
mitous, or miserable, applied to condition or circumslauces.
Mischievous, destructive, ai)plied to animals.
E'VIL, *. wickedness, a crime ; injury, mischief: malig-
nity, corruption ; misfortune, calamity ; malady, disease, as
the Intio's ei-il. In Scripture, the consequence of sin; an
evil angel, or devil. " Deliver us from evil."
I>'\ IL, ad. not well in whatever respect. Not virtu
ously ; not happily. Injuriously; not kindly.
To E^ 1 ACE, V. a. [erincn, Lilt.] to prove; make evi-
dent; or establish by arguments.
I'^Vl NCIBLE, a. callable of being proved or established
by arguments.
E\ I'NCIRLY, ad. in such a manner as to force assent or
conviction.
To E\ rilATE, V. a. [rvira, from lir, a man, Lat.] to de-
prive of manhood.
To E\ rSCERATE, v. a. [eviscern, from j-iseiis, a bowel,
Lat.l to embowel; to draw or take out the entrails.
E'VITARLlv a. [from cvitn, to avoid, Lat.] that may be
surmounted or avoided.
EULO'GY, s. [from eu, well, and /"goi, a discourse, Gr.]
a praise, commemoration, or panegyric ; a display or dis-
course ill praise of the virtiu'sof a person.
Kl-NOAUANS, heretics in the fourth century, whose
manners and doctrines were the same with those of the
Arians.
EUNUCH, (cii)iiih) s. [ei(noncIiv.t. from eiine, a bed, and
ec/io, to keep, Gr.] a person who has been castrated. In
Italy they make great numbers of cliiidien, from one to
three years of age, eiwuchs, every year, to supply the operas
and theatres of ail I'-uiope with singers. In tire eastern parts
of the world, they make enmichs to he guards and attendants
oil their women. The seraglios of the eastern emperors are
cliieflv ser\(il and guarded bv eiunuhs.
EVOCA TION, i. [fi'om eiico, to call out, Lat.] the act of
calliiii; <uit.
To EVO'L^Tj, v. a. [from e, out, and vvlvo, to roll Lat.]
toeiiioi; to luiiold ; to disentangle.
I'AOLUTUSN, s. [fVoru e, out, and to/ro, to roll, Lat.^
tlie act of enrolliug or uiifokiing. In goemctry, the opeiri-.g
or unroidiiig of a curve or circle, whereby lire circum-
ference gradually approaches to a right line. In algebra,
the extractinn o( roots from any given power. In tactics,
the divers figures, turns, and motions, luadi' by a holy of
soldiers, either in ranging theuisehes in form of battle, or
in changing their form, whether by way of exercise, or
during arr engagement.
L,\'ORA, or I'.i.voRA, thecaiiilal of .Mentejo, contain-
ing .') churches, 2C convents or colleges, and about l'2,00(l ii|-
habitants. It is seated in a pleasant country, planted with
large trees ofdivers scu'ts, f;,i miles I'"., by S. of 'Lislxui.
EUl'iiO'NICAL, (eiifiuiiriil) «. [fiduu'H, well,:';id ;>/wn.; a
sound, (ir.] sounding agreeable; giving pleasure by the
sound.
IClJ'i'IIONY, (cti/Iw//).?. [from «(, well, an6p!ione,a sound,
Gr.J in grammar, an ( asiness, suioothucss, and elegance of
proniinriation ; an agreeable sound.
Ivl'1'1 lO'RBU'M, (riifirliiinn) s. in botany, the burning
tlioiny plant. A gumdrawnfrom the plant isimiiorlcd from
IIk.' Canary islamis, and the remoter parts of Africa, and is
used in niediciue in sinapisms.
EU■P!I1^\S^■, (enfrinip .v. [aijihriisia, Lat.] eyebrigbf, an
herb nliicli grows np"" lie-illis, and is taken in various forms
fur dimness of b'ght.
EUR
EXA
EUTTIRATES, one of the most celebrated rivers in the
world, iiiiil llic principal of Asiatic Turkey. It has one
sodrce al)oiit adav'sjoiiniey, ami anolliertwodays' journey,
from I'rzcruiu. The plain of Erzcruni is inclosed between
lliese two tine streams, which, when united, form what is call-
eii the I'.iiphrates, or the Trat. After their jiniction, about
three da\s' journey from Erzerum, the united stream be^^ins
to be navi^'ahlc for boats, but the channel is so rocky, that
the naviijation is nut safe. In its course it separates Aladu-
lia and .Syria, from Diaheker, anil Diabeker froni Arabia,
after which it runs throu^;h the Irac-Arabia, till it receives
the Tigris, and falls into the Persian Gulph about 50 miles
below l^ussorah.
EVKEUX, a town, or city, capital of the dept. of Eure.
Here is a manufactory of cotton velvets, and another of
ticken, which is not inferior to that of Brussels. These,
vitl-1 linen and woollen cloth, lace, j;rain, wine, and cyder,
form the principal articles of its trade. It is seated on the
river Iton, 25 miles S. (jf Rouen, and 66 N. W. of Paris.
!'"lJl'iO'CLYnON, s. [from euros, the east wind, and
Ihiilint, a wave, Or.] a wind which blow:: between the east
jiud ii'iiili in the Mediterranean, and is very dan<;erous. It
15 of the nature of a whirlwind, which when it falls suddenly
o«i ships, causes tliem sometimes to founder.
EU'ilOPE, the least of the f<iur jjeneral parts or quarters
•of the world, is bounded on the W. by the Atlantic, on the
N. bv the Frozen Ocean, on the E. i)y Asia, and on the S.
i)y the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. It is about 3300
miles in leu;,'th, and aliout 2700 in breadth, and is situated
between ID de^. W. and 60 E. Ion. and between 36 and 72
dey. N. lat. As it nearly all lies within the temperate zone,
here is nc it her thee; cessive heat, nor the insnpportahle cold,
ol'lhe iitiier parts of the continent. Though it does not af-
ford the richest productions of the earth, nor abound in cost-
ly nu'nes, it is generally much more populous and better cul-
tivated, in proportion to its extent, than the other quarters of
the 'Mohe. The wild animals are but few, except in the
woods, rocks, and mountains of the north, and of the Alps;
but tho donieslicated are very numerous. The chief moun-
tains are the Alps, Aiiennines, and Pyrenees. The princi-
pal rivers are the Danube, Dneister, Dnieper, Vistula, Vol-
Ra, Dvvina, Rog, 01>y, Don, Sciieldt, Rhine, Rhone, Seine,
Loire, Garonne, Groyne, Tajo, Thames, and Severn. The
principal lakes arefhoye of Constance, Geneva, Lausanne,
Wenner, Ladoga, and Onega- Europe contains the coun-
tries of Norway, Sweden, Detmiark, Great Britain, Ireland,
Russia, France, Germany, Poland, Spain, Italy, Portugal,
Hungary, Swisserland, and part of Turkey, besides some
islands in the Mediterranean and elsewhere. Thereare four
empires, namely, those of Russia, Turkey, Austria, and
France. The kings are those of the united kiugdmn of
Great Britain and Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Prussia, Denmark,
."vweden, Bohemia, Hungary, andKaples, or theTwoSicilies.
Tlie republics are now swallowed up in the French empire.
The languages are the Latin, of which the Italian, French,
«nd Spanish, are dialects ; the Teutonic, fi om which proceed
those of Germany, Flanders, Holland, Sweden, Denmark,
and England; the Sclavonian, which reigns (though in dis-
(fiiise) in Poland, Muscovy, Boh-emia, and a great part of
Turkey in Europe; the Celtic, of which there are dialects in
Wales, the Highlands of Scotland, Ireland, Bretagne, in
France, and LaplansL Besides these, thereare the Greek,
and si^veial others. The prevailing religious profession is
the Christian, divided into the Greek, Romish, and Protes-
tantehurches. Mahometanism is the established faith of the
Turks, and there are numberless Jews dispersed in the dif-
'crent countries.
EUROPE'AN, a. [from Eurnpa, Europe, Lat. Some
moderns accent it on the second syllable, but the authority
of all the great poets is against them] belonging to, or a iia-
tivc ot, Europe.
EURUS, 1. 1 Lat.] the east wind.
EU'RYTHMY, *. [from en, well, and i-ythmos, Iiarniony,
Gr.] harmony of ^erae or pronunciation.
EUSTATIA, St. one of tlie least of the Leeward Islands,
in the West Indies, about 3 leagues N. W. of St. Chri.stD-
pher's. It is pioperly a mountain in the forin of a sugar-
loaf, or it nuiy be termed, a huge pyramidical rock, who.se
top is hollow or concave, and serves us a large den for wild
animals. Il is strong by situation, having but one landing-
place, which isdilhcult of access, ami foititied with all the
art imaginable, by its masters, the Dutch. Tobacco is itj
chief production. Not less than 5,000 white inhabiiants,
and about 1.5,000 negrijes, subsist ujion this island, and rear
hogs, kids, rabbits, and poultry in such abundance, that
they can afford to supply their neighbours, after liaviiig
served themselves. In general, it serves as a storehouse
for all kinds of European commodities. In 1781 it was sur.
prised by Admiral Rodney, but was sooii after taken by
the French, and restored to the Dutch by the peace of l/b.i.
Lat. 17. 29. N. Ion. 03. 5. W.
EUTERPE, s. one of the nine Muses, to whota the in-
vention of the niafheraatics, and playing upon the pipe, is
ascribed.
EUTHANA'SY, s. [from eu, well, and </ia«a<oj, death, Gr.]
easy death.
EUTY'CHIANS, s. in church history, heretics in the
fifth century, who embraced the errors of the monk Euty-
ches, maintaining that there \ias(udy one nature in Jesus
Christ. The divine nature, according to them, had so en-
tirely swallowed up the hunuin, that the latter could not be
distinguished ; insomuch that Jesus Christ was merely God,
and had nothing of humanity but the appearance.
EVL'LSION, s. [from evcllu, to pluck up, Lat.] the act of
plucking off.
EWE, s. [eowe. Sax.] a female sheep.
E'WEL, a tow n ot Surry, having many fine streams of
water, which uniting, form a river sufficient to drive a mill
in the town, and which afterwards falls into the Thames at
Kingston. It is 1 J mile N. of Epsom, 10 N. E. by N. <>f
Darking, and 13 S. E. by S. of London. Market on
Thursday.
E'WER, s. [from eau, Fr.] a vessel in which water is brought
for washing tne hands.
E'WRY, «. anotfice in the king's honsehold, to which be-
longs the care of the table-linen, of laying the cloth, and
serving up water in silver ewers after diimer.
EX, a Latin preposition, often pretixed to compound
words, sometimes signifying, as in the original, out, as to
exhaust, to (iraw out ; sometimes it only enforces the mean-
ing of the word to which it is joined, and sometimes pro-
duces a small alteration in the sense.
To EXACERBATE, v. a. [exaeerlo, from acerhts, sour,
harsh, Lat.] to make rough ; to exasperate ; to heighten
any disagreeable quality.
EXACERBATION, s. incrrise of malignity, or any
bad quality. In medicine, the height of a disease ; a pa-
roxvsm.
EXACERVATION, s. [from ucervus, a heap, Lat.] the
act of heaping up.
EX.'\'CT, (the ex in this word and its derivatives is com-
monly pronounced \-ke egz ; as, Pgrait, c^:al(shiu7i, d\c.) ft.
[exactus, Lat.] without the least deviation from any rule or
standard ; accurate ; honest ; punctual.
To EXACT, V. a. [exio-o, from ex, w hich here strengthens
the signification, anil cg-o, to require, Lat.] to require or de-
mand with rigour and authority ; to demand as due ; to eit-
join or insist upon. Neuterly, to require more than i.s the
worth of a thing in sales ; to require more than is due in
debts or contracts; to be guilty of extortion.
EXA'CTER, s. one who claims more tliau his due, or de-
mands his due witli outrage and rigour.
J1X.\ CTI ON, s. the act of making a demand with autho-
rity ; the demanding more than is due, or more ih.an a lhii>;i
is worth; extorlion; atoll; a heavy tax.
EXACTLY, ad. with accuracy ; perfectly ; w ith great
nicety.
EXA'CTNESS, ». a strict conforciity to a rule or stand
327
EXA
EXC
aid; a con Jiitt rc'sulatetl with the greatest strictness ac-
corriiii^ to sonie rule.
To EXA GGEUATE, r. a. [exagr^em, from ags:er, a heap,
Lat.J to heigiiteii by description ; to represent the good or
illqisalitiesof a tliinj to be greater tlian lliev reailv are.
EXAGGERATION, .t. tlie act of heaping together. A
representation wherein the good or ill quahties ot'a thing or
jiersonare described to be greater than they really are.
To EXA'GITATE, v. a. [trom ex, to strengthen the signi-
fication, and fiS'to, to agitate, Lat.] to put in motion
To EXA'LT, (exanlt) v. a. [exaltcr, Fr.] to raise on high.
Figuratively, to prefer, or raise to power, wealth, or dignity ;
to elate with joy or conliflence ; to magnify with praise.
To raise or nrake louder, applied to the voice. In chymis-
try, to sublime, refine, or heighten the qualities of a thing
bv tire.
"EXALTATION, rr.rff»M..;ioiO j. [cxnlio, to exalt, from,
(thus, high, Lat.] the act of raising on high; preferment' or
advancement; a state of grandeur or dignity. In astrology,
a dignity which a planet is supposed to acquire in certain
parts or signs of the zodiac, wiiich is imagined to give it an
extraordinary power or influence.
EXA'MEN, «. [Lat.] an exact and careful search or in-
quiry, in order to discover the truth or falseliood of a
EXA'RIINATE, s. [from exammo, to examine, Lat.] an
evidence or person examined upon a trial.
EXAMINATION, .<•. [from cxamino, to examine, Lat.] a
search into the truth of any fact, or the veracity' of any evi-
dence, by question ; ar. accurate, nice, and scrupulous in-
quitT after truth.
EXAMINATOR, s. [^Lat.] an examiner.
To EXA'MINE, f. fl.[ccnm(Ho, Lat.] to try a person sus-
pected of any crime by questions; to ask a witness ques-
tions on a trial ; to make imiuiry into ; to try by experi-
ment, observation, or the deductions of reason.
EXAMINER, s. one who searches into the veracity ofan
evidence, by proposing such questions a« shall be suitable
lo that purpose.
EXA'M.PLE,s.[from exemphim,^. model, Lat.] any thing pro-
posed to be copied or imitated ; a precedent, or something
of the same kind which has happened before ; a rule of con-
duct or action worthy of the imitation of others ; a person
fit to be proposed as a pattern for others to imitate; a per-
son pmiished for the admonition of others, or to deter them
from being guilty of the same crimes ; an instance, or sonie-
thino; produced as an illustration or conlirmatiou nfwhat
has been asserted, or wherein a rule is explained by an ap-
plication.
EXA'NGUIOUS, (7. Ifroincr, which has here a negative
signification, and sam^uis, blood, Lat.] having no blood ;
liavingonlv animal juices, in opposition io smigiiineoiis.
E.XA'NlMATE, a. |from ex, which hiis a negative signifi-
cation, and anima, life, Lat.] deprived of life. Figuratively,
spiritless; dfjected.
EXANIMATION, ,?. death ; or deprivation of life.
EXA'NLMOU.S, rr. (from ex, which has a negative signifi-
cation, and anima, life, Lat.] litVless; dead ; killed.
EXANTHEMATA, s. [from ek, out of, and anthos, a
flower, Gr.] in medicine, eiHoresccnces, or breakings out of
the skill.
ICXANTHE'MATOUS, (».[from eh, out of, and anthm, a
flower, Gr.] in medicine, pustulous ; eruptive ; efflorescent;
discolouring, or forming pustules on the skin.
EXARA'TION, s. [from exuro, to plow or lo write, Lat.]
the manual act of writing; the manner of manual writing.
ICXAKTICULATION, s. [from ™, out of, and artientns,
a joint, Lat.] the dislocating of a joint; the putting a bone
out of if>int.,
To rXA'SPER.VTE, v. n. \exn.ipero, from asper, rough,
Lat.J to provoke a iierson to anger by some disagrei^able or
offensive action ; to heighten or aggravate a difference ; lo
hcigliteii or increase the iiiflummution cf a wound or dis-
order.
320
EX.\.SI'ERA TER, s. one who heightens or increases the
anger of a person.
EX.\SPERATION, t. a representation of a thing in such
a light as to occasion great otlence and provocation.
To EXCA'Ri'i.ATE, v. a. [iiom tj-, ofi', and ckjo, flesh,
Lat.] to strip off flesh.
To I'/XCAVATE, V. a. [exeavo, from cavus, hollow, Lat.]
to hollow.
EXCAVATION, s. the act of scooping out, or cutting
anv surface into hollows ; a hollow or cavity.
To EXCE'ED, I', a. [from ex, out, and eedo, to i^o, Lat.J to
go beyond any limit, measure, or standard; to exrf I or sur-
pass another in any quality. Nenterly, to go too far ; to be
guilty of excess ; to go beyond the bounds of fitness or du-
ty ; to surpass in quality or quantity.
EXCE'EDING, part. or«. surpassing, or going beyond in
dimensions, time, oi any other quality. Sometimes use(l
adverbially foi Ji great or remarkable degree.
EXCEEDINGLY, «(/. greatly; very nmch.
To EXCE'L, V. a. [from ex, which strengthens the signifi-
cation, and the old word eel/o, |to beat, Lat.] to surpass an-
other. Synon. To e.rce/, signifies a comparison ; its being
superior to all of the like kind, excludes equals, and is ap-
plied to all sorts of objects. Tnheexcel/eiit, is being in the
highest degree without any sort of eompari.son; it admits of
no equals, and agrees best with things of taste. Thus we
say that Titian exeelted in colouring ; iSlichacl Angelo in de-
sign ; and that Garriek was an exeelient actor.
E'XCI'.LLENCE, or E'XCELLENCY, s. [from exeello, to
excel, Lat.] the possessing any good quality to a greater de-
gree than another on a comparison ; purity ; goodness ; a
title of honour usually given to generals in an army, ambas-
sadors, and governors.
E'XCELLENT, «. [from exeello, to excel, Lat.] possessed
of great talents or virtues ; eminent, or superior to others
in good qualities.
E'XCELLENTLY, ad. very well. To an eminent or
remarkable degree, applied both to good and bad qualities.
EXCENTRIC. See Eccentric.
To EXCEPT, V. a. [from ex, out, and capin, to fake, Lat.]
to leave out ; to mention as not included. Nenterly, to ob-
ject to.
EXCETT, pjpp. excluding; not including. Unless.
EXCEPTING, ;»c/). not including or taking a thing into
an account.
EXCEPTION, s. [from ra, ont, and capio, t& take, Lat.]
the exclusion from, or not including a person or thing in, a
precept, position, or general law. Objection; cavil. A
dislike, or offence.
EXCE PTION ABLE, a. liable to objection.
EXCE'PTIOUS, (e.rscpsliioiis) a. fond of making objec-
tions ; peevish; easily otiended.
EXCEPTIVE, a. including an exception.
EXCEPTLESS, o. without exception; without raising
any objection ; general ; universal.
EXCEPTOR, «. one who raises objections, or makes
exceptions.
EXf'E'RPTION, s. [from ex, out, and earpo, to glean,
Lat.] the act of gleaning or selecting; the thing selected or
gleaned.
EXCESS, s. \exeessus, from e.rcedo, to exceed, Lat.l that
which is beyond the bounds of moderation, or those limits
in which virtue consists. A relative term, implying, the
quantity or degree which one thing or quality has more
than another. Applied to inission, a height oi violence be
yond the bounds of reason. Intemperance.
EXCE'SSI V E, a. [exces.sif, Lat.] beyond any limit or com-
mon standard, with respect to quant ily, quality, or hulk ;
vehement, or beyond the just bounds prescribed by reason.
I'^XCIVSSn'ELY, acl. in a great or immoderate degree.
To EXCII A'N(iE, 1'. a. [exe/iaiiger, Fr.] to change or give
one thing for another ; to give and take reciprocally. In
commerce, to give money for a bill, or to settle the exchange
with diflereut countries.
EXC
EXC
EXCHATs'GE, s. the act of giving or receiving one thing
for another. In conihierce, the fixing of the actual niomen-
tarj- value of money between ditterent countries ; the thing
given or received' in lien of another; the |>iace where mer-
chants meet to nef;ociate their affairs. A bill of exchange is
that which is drawn by a person in one kingdom on one
residing in another, for snch a sum there as is equivalent to
a Slim paid or estimated here,
EXCIIA'NGER, *. a person who remits money to fo-
reign parts, or practises exchange.
EXCHE'QUKR, (farcAfAer) *. [excheqneir, Norman Fr.] in
tJie British jurisprudence, is an ancietit court of record, in
which all causes concerning the revenues and rights of the
crown are heard and determined, and where tlie revenues
are received. It took its name from the colour of the cloth
which covered the tables of the court, which are parly-
coloured or chequered. This court is said to have been
erected by William the Conqueror, its model being taken
from a like court established ni Normandy long before that
time. Anciently its authority was so great, that it was held
in the king's palace, and the acts thereof were not to be ex-
amined or controlled in any other of the king's courts ; but
at present it is the last of the four courts of Westminster.
EXCISE, {nxc'ize) s. [ticrijt, Belg. J a certain duty or impost
charged upon liquors, as beer, ale, cyder, &c. also on seve-
ral other commo<lities, within the kingdom of Cireat Bri-
tain ; and is one of the most considerable branches of the
king's revenue. In England, the commissioners are nine,
each of whom has a salary of lOOO/. per annum. This duty
was first granted to king Charles II. in 1660, for his life, in
England and Wales, and has been continued in several par-
liaments since, and extended to Scotland.
To EXCISE, {exc'ize) V. a. to levy a tax on a person or
tiling.
EXCrSEMAN, (exsizeman) s. an officer who is employed
in the inspection of goods which are exciseable.
EXCISION, «. [excisio, from excirlo, to cut off, Lat.] the
act of cutting off, or entirely destroying a nation, or the in
habitants of some place.
EXCITA'TION, «. [from exeito, to excite, Lat.] the act of
putting into motion ; tiic act of rousing or awakening.
To EXCI'TE, V. a. [Irom ex, out, and cilo, to call, Lat.] to
rouse from a stale of inactivity and indolence, to one of ac-
tion ; or from a state of dytction and despair, to one of
courage and vigour; to put intu motion ; to awaken ; to
rouse.
EXCITEMENT, s. the motion by which a person is
roused from a state of indolent inactivity to one of vigorous
action.
EXCITER, s. one who stirs uji to action ; the cause by
which any dormant virtue is put in action, or any thing is
put into motion.
To EXCLA'IM, V. a. [from ex, out, and clamo, to call, Lat.J
to crj[ out with vehemence, and an exalted voice, sometimes
occasioned by sudden grief, or excessive pain ; to speak
against or decry.
EXCLA'IMER, <. one that makes use of frequent excla-
mations ; one that runs dowK, raises objections^ and rails
against a person or thing with vehemence and passion.
EXCLAMATION, s. [from ex, out, and clamo, to call,
Lat.] a vehement outcry ; a railing, or outrageous reproach
of a person or thing; an emphatical utterance. In printing
and grammar, a point placed after an exclamation, and
marked thus ( ! )
EXCLA'MA'TORY, a. practising, or consisting of excla-
mations.
To EXCLU'DE, v. a. '[from ex, out, and claudo, to shut,
Lat.] to shut out, or hinder from entrance ; to debar of any
privilege, or hinder a person from partaking with another;
to except to any doctrine.
EXCLU'SION, s. [from exehuh, to exclude, Lat.] the act
of shutting out, or denying admission ; rejection, or not ad-
mitting a principle*; an exception. In natural history, the
hatching or letting the young out of tlie egg.
Uu
FXCLU'SIVE, (exhlusive) a. having the power to derjy
or hinder the entrance or admission ; debarring from the en-
joyment of a right, privilege, or grant; not taking into an
account, computation, or calculation.
EXCLUSIVELY, ad. without admission of another to
participation ; without comprehension in an account or
nundjer ; not inclusively.
To EXCOCT, v. a. [from ex, which serves to strengthen
the signification, and f<.</»o, to boil, Lat.] to boil up; to
make by l)oiliiig.
To EXCOtilTA TE, v. a. [from ex, out, and cogitn, to
think, Lat.] to fiuil out or discover by tiiought or intense
thinking; to invent.
EXCOMMU'MCABLE, a. liable or deserving to b« ex-
coiiiiniinicatf'd.
To EXCOMMU'iSTCATE, i'. a. [excommvnico, from ex,
out of, and cmnmuytio, communion, Lat.] to exclude or de-
bar a person from partaking of the sacrament of the Lord's
Supper.
EXCOMMUNICATION, *. [exenmmvnico, to excommu-
nicate, fVoni ex, out of, and cnmmnnin, communion, Lat.] an
ecclesiastical penalty, or censure, whereby persons who are
guilty of any notorious crime or oft'ence, are separated from
the communion of the church, and deprived of all spiritual
advantages. In the ancient Christian church, the power
of excommunication was lodged in the hands of the clergy,
who distinguished it into tlie greater and less. The less
consisted in excludiii;'; persons Ij-om the participation of
the eucharist, and p.'avers of the faithful; but they were
not expelled the cliiiiiii. The greater excommunication con-
sisted in absolute and entire exclusion from the church, and
the participation of all its rites; notice of which was given
by circular letters to the most eminent clnii dies all over the
world, that they might all confirm this act of discipline, by
refusing to admit the delin(|ueut to their conmiunion. 'The
consequences were vei-y terrible. The person so excommu-
nicated was avoided in all civil comnierte and outward con-
versation. No one was to receive him into his house, nor
eat at the same table with hiin ; and when dead he was de-
nied the solemn rite of burial. The papal excommunicalions
have been famous, or rather infamous through the world.
In former ages, these fulniinations were terrible things ; but
at present they are formidable to none. Excommunication
disables a person from doing any judical act ; as suing in an
action at law, being a witness, Ac.
To KXCO RIA'TE, r. a. [from ex, out of, and coy-ium, skin,
Lat. 111! tiav, or strip off the skin.
KXCORIA TION, s. loss of skin ; the act of flaying, or
stripping off the skin.
EXCORTICATION, s. [from ex, out of, and cortex, bark,
Lat.] in botany, the pulling or peeling off the bark of trees.
To E'XCREATE, v, a. [from ex, out of, and screo, to
hawk, Lat.] to eject at the mouth by hawking or forcing
matter from the throat.
E'XCREM^;NT, s. [excrementum, from exccmo, to void,
Lat.] that which is discharged at the natural passage of the
body.
EXCREME'NTAL, a. that is of the nature of, or voided
as, excrement.
EXCRP.MENTITIOUS, (exkrementhhious) a. containing
excrement, offensive or useless to the bodv.
EXCRESCENCE, or EXCRE'SCENCY, s. Ifroni e*.
cresco, Lat.] a superfluous part growing out of another, con-
trary to the original form of a thing, or the common produc-
tion of nature.' In surgery, superfluous and luxuriant flesh
growing on the partsof bodies of animals.
EXCRE'SCENT, a. [excrescens, from ex, ontof, and cresco,
to grow, Lat.] superfluously or luxuriously growing out of a
thing.
EXCRETION, *. [excretio, from ex, out of, asd certw, to
separate, Lat.] in medicine, the act of separating excre-
ments and excrementitions humours from the alixnents or
blood, and expelling or ejecting them from the bodv.
EXCRETIVE, a. [excrettu, from ex, out of, and ceint., to
329
EXK
EXE
separate, Lat.] having the power of separating or electing
cxcreniotits oi excrenientitious humours from the body.
EXCRETORY, «. in anatomy, a term applied to certain
little ducts or vessels, destined for the reception of a fluid,
seiTeted in certain glandules, and other viscera, for the ex-
cretion of it in tl>e appropriated place.
KXCKU'CIABLK, a. liable to torment.
To KX CRUCIATE, {■eikrits/nate) v. a. [from ex, to
Strengthen the signification, and crucio, to torment, from
crux, a cross, Lat.Jto torture or torment.
To EXCU'LPA TE, v. a. [from ex, out of, and cuipa, a
fciult, Lat.] to clear from any accusation, or from a charge of
a crime or fault.
EXCU RSION, «. [excursio, from ex, out, and curro, to
run, Lat.] an attempt to leave a settled path ; a ramble ; an
expedition into distant parts ; a progress beyond the com-
mon limits and boundaries. Applied tothemind, a digres-
sion or departure from the subject a person is treating of.
Synon. Excursinn, supposes a pleasurable expedition to
some distant place, determined on sometime before. Ram-
tle implies an irregular roving in places unthought of till the
time we arrive there. By jaimt is understood a walk or
journey agreeable to the person who t;dves it, but held in
contempt bv others, or considered as an aut of levity.
EXCURSIVE, a. rambling ; wandering or deviating.
EXCU'SABLK, (exkiizaUe) a. tiiat for wliichany apology
mav be made and admitted.
EXCU'S.\BLENESS,(cxi«zflJ/«n«,!) «. the quality which
renders a thing a fit object of being pardoned.
EXCU'SATORY, {exkuzatonj) a. pleading in excuse ;
assigning a motive which may remove blame, and vindicate
a person's conduct.
To EXCUSE, {exlM2e)v. a. [excuso, from ex, out of, and
caiisa, a cause or accusation, Lat.] to lessen guilt, by assign-
ing some circumstance which may render the commission of
a fault less blameable ; to discharge a person from a duty or
obligation ; to pass by without blame ; to make an apology,
defence, or vindication, in order to wipe oft' any aspersion,
or clear from any iniputalion. Synon. We may exciur for
an apparent fault, or slight offence. We ask ;^nrf/jn for a
real fault, or when the otl'ence is greater. We implore for-
giveness of our sins.
EXCUSE,*, an apology or plea offered in a person's vin-
tlication ; a reason or motive assigned to justify from ac-
cusation or iruilt.
EXCU'SELESS, (i:rkazeless) n. without any motive or
reason to free from blame or punishment.
EXCU'SER, (exWre?) s. one who pleads for, or one who
forgives, or passes by, the faults of another.
To EXCU'SS, f. a, \excnssiini, fr(un excvtin, to pillage,
Lat.] in law, to seize and detain a person's property.
I'^XCU'SSION, s. \excusiiiin, from exeiitio, to pillage, Lat.]
seizure by law.
E'XECR.\BLE, a. [exrcror, from ex, out of, and sacer,
holy, Lat.] so detestable, abominable, or wicked, as to ue-
servc to be accursed. Figuratively, very bad.
E'XECR.\BLY, ad. in such a manner as to deserve to be
accursed. Figuratively, abominably ; in a very bad man-
ner.
To E'XECRATE, v. a. [execror, from ex, out of, and sacer,
liolv, Lat.] tiiriirse as an onject containing the nn.st abonii-
iialile, dete-stabie, and wicked qualities. Figuratively, to
detest; to abniiiir.ate.
EXECRATION, .5. \execrnr, from ex, out of, and sneer,
holy, Lat.] a curse ; an imprecation, or wishing some evil to
a person or thing.
To EXECUTE, V. a. [exetjuor, from ex, out, and sequnr, to
follow, Lat.] to discharge or iierform a commission or duty ;
to put a lavv or any thing planned in practice ; to put to
death, aecirding to the sentence of the law.
E'XECUTER, *. he that performs any thing planned ; he
that executes a deiign ; a person who infiicts the punish-
ment <:*ntr:ued by the law.
EXECUTION," #. rfrom excquor, to execute, Lat.J tlie
330
performance or practice of a thing; action. Inlaw, ll»«
last act in causes of debt, wherein power is given to the
plantift'to seize the defendant's goods and body ; deatli in>
flicted by law ; death ; slaughter.
EXECUTIONER, (exeiSi/iojicr) s. he that puts in act;
he that inflicts punishment on an otlender.
EXE'CUTIVE, n. having the quality of executing or
performing. Active, or putting into execution, opposed to
legislative.
EXE'CUTOR, s. [from exequor, to execute, Lat.] a persoo
who is nominated by a testator to perforin the articles con-
tained in his wUI.
EXE'CUTORSHIP, s. the office of a person appointeit
executor bv a testator.
EXECUTRIX, s. a woman intrusted with the perform-
ance of the will of a testator.
EXEG I'.'SIS, s. [from exegeomni, to explain, Gr.] a word
used at an explication of another: Thus, in the words
" Abba, Father," used in Scripture, the word father is the
exeifesis, or explanation to the Syriac word abba.
EX1CGETIC.\L, a. [from excgcomai, to explain, Gr.] ex-
plaining; byway of explanation.
EXEMPL.\R, s. [Lat.] a model, pattern, or original, to
be imitated.
EXE'INIPLARILY', fld. in such a manner as deserves imi-
tation ; in such a manner as may warn others.
EXEMPLARINESS, j. the state of being proposed as a
pattern, and worthy of imitation.
EXE'MPL.XRY, a. worthy of being proposed as a pattera
for the imitation of others, applied both to persons and
things. Such as may deter and give warning to others, ap-
plied to punishments. Remarkable.
EXEMPLIFICATION, s. a giving an example. lu law,
the giving a copy or draught of an original record.
To EXE'MPLlIFY, v. «. [exemplum, an example, and /Jo, to
be made, Lat.] to illustrate, or enforce by an example or
instance. In law, to transcribe or copy.
To EXEMPT, V. a. [eximo, from ex, out, and emo, to take,
Lat.J to free from any obligation or duty ; to privilege.
EXE'MPT, a. [exemptiis, from eximo, to exempt, Lat.]
freed from service, oftice, obligation, duty, or tax, by pri-
vilege.
EXE'MPTION, s. [exemptio, from cm'mo, to exempt, Lat.]
freedom from any service, obligation, tax, burthensome em-
ployment, or law. Thus, barons and peers of the realm are,
on account of their dignity, exempted from being sworn
upon inquests ; and knights, clergymen, and others, from
appearing at the sheriff's court. Persr.ns of seventy years
of age, apothecaries, &c. are also by law exempted from
servingon juries ; and justices of the peace, attoruies, &c.
from parish offices.
To EXE'NTERATE, v. a. [from ek, out, and enteroii, a
bowel, Gr.] to embowel ; to deprive of the entrails.
EXENTERATION, ,s. [from ek, out, and eiUeroji, a
bowel. Gr.J the act of taking out the bowels ; embowelling.
F.X E'Q ( I.\ L, a. [from exequia, funeral rites, Lat.] belong-
ing to a funerai or burial.
E'\E(}UIES, s. it has no singular ; \exequia, from exeqxtor,
tn follow in a funeral procession, Lat.J funeral rites or cere-
monies.
EXE'RCENT, a. [from exerci:o, to exercise, Lat.J prac-
tising; ; following any tiatle, emiiloynieiit, or vacation
ITX I'HCISE, (I'rtrjirc)*. [from exereeo, to exerci.se, Lat.|
a uii.iiou of the limbs, or action of the body, considered as
conducive and necessary to health ; something done by way
of amiisciiient ; an action by which the bo<ly is foriiu'd to
gracefiiluiss and strength; anv practice by which a person
is rendered skilful in the performance of a duty or disci-
pline. Use or actual apiilication and practice of a tiling ;
employment ; any thing recpiired to be performed as a task ;
an application of the mind to study. Exereises arc also
understood of what young gentlemen perform in colleges,
academies, and riding-schools ; in literuturs, dancing,
fencing, &c.
EXH
EXI
To E'XERCISE, (ixernze) v. a. {exereeo, Laf.] to em-
ploy tlie mind in considering an object; to use such action
oftnebody as is necessary tolteep tiie fluids in motion, and
preserve liealtii ; to train or teach a person anv discipline by
frequent practice ; to task, employ, or iteep busy ; to prac-
tise; to exert, or put in practice. To practise the different
evolutionsofan .irmy, in orde: to obtain skill in military dis-
cipline.
E'XERCISER, {exersi-er) s. one who acts, performs, or
practises.
EXERCITATION, s. [from exereeo, to exercise, I/at.]
exercise ; practice ; a frequent repetition of the same ac-
tion.
EXF/RGUE, *. among antiquarians, a little space around
or without the figures of a medal, li'ft for the inscription,
ciplier, device, date, cVc.
To EX E'RT, V. n. [from exero, to put forth, Lat.] to use with
an application of force, vehemence, or vigour; to put fori li
or perform. Toapply strength, force, or vigour, used with
a reciprocal pronoun.
EXE'RTION, s. the act of bringinginto action, including
the idea of force, vehemence, strength, or vigour.
EXE'SION, *. [exesiis, from ex, out, and edo, to eat. Eat.]
the act of eating out, oreatinga way through. "Tlieoiilnas-
tus denied the exesion of vipers through the belly of the dam."
Brown.
EXESTUATION, s. [from ex, which strengthens the
signification, and astno, to boil, Lat.] a fermentation or
violent internal commotion of the particlesofa body.
EIXETER, the IscA of Ptolemy and .'\ntoniniis, an an-
cient city of Devonsiiire, one of the principal in the king-
dom for building, wealth, and number of inhabitants. The
environs of the city are hilly, and afford a variety of deligiit-
fu! prospects. Tiie town, with its suburbs, is about 3 miles
in circumference; its port is properly at Topsham, 5 miles
below, but vessels of 1.50 tons come up to the quay liere.
Exeter has 12 or 13 incorporate companies; and, witli its
suburbs, contains 1.') parish churches and 4 cbapels of case,
beside the cathedral. It is the seat of an extensive foreign
and domestic commerce, and particularly it has a share in the
fisheries of Newfoundland and Greenland. Here are flou-
rishing manufactories of serges and other woollen goods. It
is seated on the river Rxe, over which it has a long stone
bridge, with houses on both sides, 78 miles S. W. of Bristol,
44 N. E. of Plymouth, and 173 W. by S. ofLondon. Mar-
kets onWednesdav and Friday.
To EXFO'LIATE, i'. «. [from ex, off, ^.nA folium, a leaf, or
scale, Lat.] in surgery, to scale a bone.
EXFOLIA'TION,' s. the act of scaling a bone; or the
state of a bone which breaks off in scales.
EXFO'LIATIVK, a. that has the power of scaling a bone,
or of producing exfoliation.
EXHA'LABLE, a. that may be raised, consumed, or dis-
persed in fumes, or exhalations.
EXHALATION, s. \exhalatm, from exhalo, to exhale, Lat.]
a fume, consisting of dry, subtile, corpuscles, or effluvia,
loosened from hard terrestrial bodies, either by the heat of
the sun, agitation of the air, the electricity of the atmosphere,
or some other cause, ascending by the laws of hydrostatics,
or the repulsive or electrical quality of the air, to a certain
height in the atmosphere, where they mix with other vapours
and form clouds, Ac. The act of exhaling, or sending forth
effluvia or exhalations.
To EXHALE, v. a. [exhalo, Lat,] to draw forlli or emit
effluvia or exhalations.
EXHAXEMENT, t. an effluvium ; a vapour ; an exha-
lation.
To EXHAT^ST,'«. a. [from ex, out of, and ham-io, to draw,
Lat.] to drain any fluid or liquor; to draw out till nothing
remains.
EXHATISTION, t. the act of draining or drawing dry.
Figuratively, an entire waste, or consumption.
EXHA'USTLESS, a. not to be emptied, drained,, drawn
dry, or totally coiis\imcd'
To EXHIBIT, t). a. Uxhibeo, Lat.] to ofTer to view Of
use ; to propose in a full assembly or public manner.
EXIU'BIT, s. [Lat.] 'u law, is where a deed or other
writing, being produced in a chancery suit, to be proved
by witnesses, the examiner, after examination, certifies
on the back of llie deed, or writing, that the same was
shewn to the witness at the time of his examination, and by
him sworn.
EXHI'BITER, s. he that offers any thing as a charge or
accusation in a public manner ; he that exposes any curio-
sity, natural or artificial, to public view.
EXHIBITION, s. [ex/iihiiin, from exhibeo, to exhibit, Lat.]
the act of displaying, explaining, or rendering visible and
sensible ; the act of exposing to public view. In law, the
bringing a chargeor accusation against a person in a public
or open court. A bciicriiction settled for the maintenance
of scholars in universities, who are not upon the founda-
tion.
EXHI'BITIVE, a. containing a representation or dis-
play.
To EXHI'LARATE, v. a. \exhilaro, from hilari^, merry,
Laf.] to cheer, comfort, and inspire w ith gaiety.
EXHILARA'TION, s. [cxhihro, frwni lularis, merry, Lat.]
the act of inspiring with cheerfulness or joy ; the state of a
person inspired with joy or gaiety, applied to sensation or
pleasure which is less than joy, but of some affinity with it.
To EXHORT, (commonly w ith its derivatives, pronounced
egzort) V. a. [from ex, to streiiglhen the signification, and
/lortor, to exhort, Lat.] to induce a person to the performance
of a thing or 'duty, by laying the motive of it, and its conse-
quences, before a person ; to call upon a person to perform,
or remind him of his dutv.
EXHORTATION, ;s.'[from ex, to strengthen the signifi-
cation, and liortor, to exhort, Lat.] the motive which can
induce a person to perform his duty ; the act of laying such
motives before a person as may excite him to perform a duty.
LXHCRTATORY, a. containing motives to incite a
person to perform a duty.
EXHO'RTER, s. one who endeavours to persuade or iu-
cite a person to pgrform a dut>'.
EXHUMATION, s. [fxhiimatio, homlmmus, ground, Lat.]
the digging up of a body interred in holy ground by the
authority of a judge for some particular reason.
EXIGENCE, or E'XIGENCY, s. [from exigo, to exact,
to press severely, Lat.] a want, necessity, or distress, which
demands immediate assistance and reliefrany pressing want,
or sudden occasion.
E'XIGENT, 9. [from exigo, to exact, to press severely, Lat.]
a pressing business; or an affair which requires immediate
assistance and relief. In law, it is a writ which lies where
a defendant in a personal action cannot be found, nor any
of his effects, within the country, bv which he may be attacli-
ed or distrained.
EICIGENPERS, *. four officers in the court of common
pleas, who make all exigents ami proclamations in all ac-
tions where process of outhiwry lies.
EXIGUITY, s. [exio-niiui,, from exiguas, small, Lat.]
smallness; liMleness; slenderness,
EXl'GUOLfS, a. [exigiius, Lat.J small, minute, applied to
size. Not in use.
E'XILE, a. [exilis, Laf.] small, thin, slender. Not in use,
except in philosophical writings.
E'XiLE, J. [exilium, from exnl, a banished person, Laf./
the state of a person who is driven from his country not to
return. The person banished.
To E'XILE, V, ft. to expel or drive a person from a coihi-
try, with a strict prohibition not to return during life, or
within acer^tain time. Figuratively, to expel or banish any
bad or good quality from the mind.
EXI'LEmENT, *. the slate of a person banished his
country.
EXILITION, J. [from «•, out, and ialio, to leap, Lat.T
the act of springiugand stretching out with vehemence aiicf
vuddcnness;. explosion.
331
EXO
EXP
EXI'LITY, t. [from exilU, slender, Lat.] slendcrness;
eniallness.
EXI'MIOUS, a. [eximiiu, great, unparalleled, from eximo,
to except, Lat] famous, eminent, curious, rare.
EXlS^ANlTlON, s.\exinanitio, from inanis, empty, Lat.]
privation ; loss.
To EXIST, V. n. [from ex, out, and sisto, to stand, Lat.
as whatever exists has a subsistence separate from tliat of
other thingsj to be ; to have actual being or existence.
EXISTENCF:, or EXI'STENCY, s. [fr^mexisto, to exist,
Lat.] that whereby any thing has an actual essence, or is
said to be.
EXISTKNT, a. [from eristo, to exist, Lat.] in being; in
actual fruition of beuig.
EXISTLMATION, s. [from existimo, to think or form an
opinion, Lat.] opinion, esteem, reputation, or the opinion
the public has of a man's abilities and virtues.
E'XIT, s. [Lat J in theatrical writings, implies that a per-
son is gone out ofsight, or off the stage. Figuratively, a de-
parture from life; death; or passage out of any place.
EXITLAL, or EXITIOUS, {exishal or rxis/iioiis) a. [from
ej:i«ji(m, destruction, Lat.] destructive ; fatal; mortal.
E'XMOUTH, Devonshire, inclosed and sheltered from
the bleak north east, between cliffs, on the E. side of the
bay, which forms the mouth of the river Ex, 10 miles S. by
E. of Exeter. It is the oldest and best frequented water-
ing placed in Devonshire. The walks around it are delight-
fullv pleasant.
EXODUS, or E'XODY, s. [from eJi, out, and odos, a
journey, Gr.] a canonical book of the Old Testament, so
called becauAfi the principal subject of it relates to the going
out, or the departure of the children of Israel out of Egjpt.
It is the second book of the Pentateuch, or five books of
Moses; and comprehends the transactions of about 145
years, from the death of Joseph, in the year 2309, to the build-
ing of the tabernacle, in tlie year 2514.
EXOLETE, a. [from ex, out, and toleo, to be in use, Lat.]
out of use ; obsolete.
EXO'MPHALOS, s. [from eh, out, and omphalos, the navel,
Gr.] in sureerv. a rupture in the navel.
To EXO'KERATE, 1'. a. [exoixro, from yius, a burden,
Lat.] to disburden ; to free from any thing w liich is trouble-
some on account of its weight.
EXONERATION, s. tl:e act if disbuH'^ning, or get-
ting ricj'of a thing which oppresses by its weight.
E'XORABLt;, (T. [from ex, out, and oro, to pray, Lat.] to
be moved bv praver or entreatv.
EXORBITANCE, or EXORBITANCY, s. [from exor-
litant, Fr.] the act of going out of the common track or
road ; a gross or enormous deviation from the rules of vir-
tue ; boundless depravity.
EXORBITANT, rt. [from ex, out of, and orhita, a track,
Lat.] leaving or (juitting any rules prescribed, but more
especially those of virtnoand moralily ; not comprehended
in aiW law. Enormous; iuuiiodcrate ; excessive; beyond
boiuids.
To EXO'RBIT.\TE, v. v. [from ex, out of, and orbita, a
track, Lat.] to deviate; to go out of the track or road pre-
scribed.
To E'XORCISF,, V. a. ffiom exorhizo, to adjure, Gr.] to
adjure Ly some holy name ; to drive away evil spirits by
using some holy name.
E'XORCISIsK, s. [irom exorhizo, to adjure, Gr.] one who
practices to drive away evil spirits.
EXORCISM, ». [from exorhizo, to adjure, Gr.] the form
of adjuration, or religious ceremonies, made tjse of to free a
person fro'n the influence of evil spirits.
EXORCIST, /. [from exorhizo, toadjure, Cir.] one who bv
adjurations, prayers, &c. pretends to drive away evil
spirits.
EXO'RpiUM, s. [Lat.] in oratory, ttie beginning or
openinj; of a speech, in which the audience is prepared to
Iiear with attention what follows.
EXO'SSEOUS, a. [from ex, here conveying a negative
832
signification, and otta, bones, Lat.] wanting bones ; bone-
less ; formed without bones.
EXOSTO'SIS, s. [from ex, out of, and osteon, a bone, Gr.]
any protuberance of a bone that is not natural as often
happens in venereal rases.
EXOTERIC, and ESOTERIC, a. [exoterihos, external,
from exo, without, and esoterikos, internal, from eso, within,
(Jr.] terms denoting external and internal, and applied te
the double doctrine of the ancient piiilosophcrs ; the one
was public or exoteric, the other secret or esoteric.
EXOTIC, a.[exotihos, from crj, without, Gr.] foreign;
not produced in our own country.
EXOTIC, f. \exoiikos, from exo, without, Gr.] a foreign
plant, or a plant growing or imported from abroad.
I'o EXPA'ND, ti. a. [from ex, to strengthen the significa-
tion, and pmido, to open, Lat] to spread or lay open like a
net or cloth ; to dilate.
EXPANSE, s. [from ex, to strengthen flie signi6cation,
and paitdu, to open, Lat. J a body widely extended, and
having no inequalities on its surface ; a surface ; extent.
EXPANSIBILITY, i. capableness of being expanded or
stretcht-d out to greater dimensions.
IOXPA'NSIBLE, a. [from ex, to strengthen the signi-
fication, a;id panUo, to open, Lat.] capable to be stretched to
a large extent. . •
EXPA'NSION, s. [from ex, to strengthen the signification,
and pando, to open, Lat.] distance or space abstractedly con-
sidered, and distinguibhed from extension, which implies,
according to Locke, " distance only when applied to the
solid parts of matter." In metaphysics, the idea of lasting
and persevering distance, all the parts w hereof exist together.
In physics, the act of dilating, stretching, or spreading out
a body, whereby its bulk and dimension is increased,
whether internally by elasticity, or externally by rarefaction.
Figuratively, the state of a thing which takes up more space
than it u-sed to do ; the act of spreading out a thing ; ex-
tent ; or space to which any thing is spread or extended.
EXP.^'NSIVE, a. having the power to spread or extend
to a large space.
To EXPATIATE, (expashiate) v. n. [from ex, out, and
spntior, to wander, Lat.] to rove or range without coufine-
nieiit or regard to prescribed limits ; to enlarge, or treat of
in a copious manner.
To EXPE'CT, V. a. [from ex, out, and specto, to look, Lat.J
to look out after; to have an apprehension of future good
or evil ; to wait for a person's coming.
EXPE'CTA BLE, a. that may be imagined to be produced
bv, or to come from.
EXPECTANCE, or EXPECTANCY, s. \from expect,
ant, Fr.] the act or state of a (ler.son who waits for the com-
ing of another; something waited for; hope; or thatwiiich
people h'.ul formed vast hopes from.
EXPECTANT, a. [exptctrmt, Fr.] waiting in hopes of
the arrival of a person, time, or thing, or of succeeding ano-
ther in any office.
EXPECTANT, *. one who waits for the arrival of a pe-
riodof lime, person, or thing, or the succession toauy place ;
or is dependant on the promises and favours of another.
EXPECTA'TION, s. [from ex, out, and specto, to look,
Lat.] the act of the mind, whereby it has knowledge of some
thing not present, but wails in Jiopes of its arrival; the state
of a person who wpits for iheanival of any person, period,
or tiling ; dependance on the promises and favours of
another for future good. The object which people form
great hopes of. The IV'-'Ssiah.
EXPE'CTER, s. one who waits for, or has hopes of, pre-
ferment in a state ; one who waits for the arrival of a person,
thing, or period.
To EXPE'CTORATIj, v. n. [from ex, out of, and pectus,
the breast, Lat.] to void phlegm, or other matter which
obstructs the vessels of the lungs, by coughing, hawking, or
spitting.
EXPECTORATION, *. the act of discharging any ex-
cremcntitious matter from the breast.
EXP
EXP
EXPECTORATIVE, «. having the qualify to promole
the cleapsiug the hwAst or iuii^'s of phlegm, or other viscid
matter, which obstructs tiie vessels of tiie lunjjs.
EXPI::'DIENCE, or EXPEDIENCY, t. the fitness or
Cropriety of a means to the attainment of anend. It is used
y Sliakspeare for an expedition ; adventure ; an attempt;
also for ex\)edition; haste, dispatch.
EXPEDIENT, rt. [e.q)cdinu, Fr.] proper to attain any
particular end.
EXPE'DIENT, «. [from erpnlinit, Fr.] .a means proper
to promote or forward anend ; a shift, or means hit upon on
a sudden to ward off any calamity or distress, or elude any
punishment.
EXPEDIENTLY, ad. in a manner proper to attain any
end. Not used.
EXPEDIT.\'TION, s. in the forest laws, signifies a cut-
tiny; out the ballsof a dog's fore-feet, for the preservation of
the kings game. Every one that keeps any great dog, not
expeditateil, forfeits 3s. 4d. to the king.
To E'XPEDITI'/, i>. a. [exjmlio, from ex, out, and pes, a
foot, Lat.] to free from any obstruction or inipedimeiil ; to
hasten or quicken, to di»patch or issue from a public otiice.
EXPEDITE, a. [from expedio, to hasten. Eat.] quick,
performed soon; nimble or active.
E'XPI''DITELY, ad. with quickness, readiness, or haste.
EXPEDI'TION.s. [from e,ryj6f/(o, to hasten, L;it.] quick-
ness, api«lied to time or motion. A march or voyage ; with
intent to attack an enemy.
EXPEDITIOUS, a. speedy, quick ; nimble, swift ; acting
with celerity.
EXPEDITIOUSLY, ad. speedily, nimbly.
To EXPEL, t). rt. [from rr, out, anil pplln, to drive, Lat.]
to drive out, or make a person quit a place by force. To
eject, to throw out, applied to the animal functions.
EXPE'LLER, *. one that expels or drives away.
EXPE'NCE, or EXPENSE, s. [from ex, out, and pendo, to
pav, Lat.] cost : charges; money laid out for any use.
To EXPE'ND, 1). n. [froiH ex, out, and pendo, to pay, Lat.]
to lay out or spend money.
EXPE'NSELESS, a. without cost or charge ; without
spending monev.
EXPENSIVE, a. given to spend money ; prodigal ; ex-
travagant, applied to a person. Costly ; requiring nioney,
applied to things.
EXPE'NSIVELY, ad. in such a manner as requires the
spendir(g much money.
EXPE'NSIVENESS, s. the act of profnseness, or spend-
ing money immoderately ; dearness, or standing a person in
a g:reat sum.
EXPERIENCE, s. [from expcrior, to attempt,. J^ai-] a
knowledge gained by long use, without a teacher.
To EXPERIENCE, v. a. to try or practice ; to know by
practice.
EXPERIENCED, part, skilful or wise by frequent prac-
tice or experience.
EXPE'RIENCER, s. one who makes frequent trials or
experiments.
EXPE'RIMENT, s.[from experior, to attempt, Lat.] trial
of any thing; the trial made of the result of certain appli-
cations and motions of bodies, in order to discover their
effects, their laws and relations, or to be able to arrive at
the true cause of the phenomenon occasioned thereby.
To EXPE'RIMENT, v. a. to try ; to discover bv trial.
EXPERIiVIE'NTAL, a. pertaining to, or built upon, ex-
perioieuts ; known by trial and experiment. Experimental
phUosophj, is that which deduces the laws of nature, the
properties and powers of bodies, and their actions on each
other, by sensible experiments and trials made with that
view.
EXPERIIMETSTTALLY, ad. by experience ; by trial ; by
Iiaving been sensible.
EXPERIMEJ*TER, t. one who makes philosophical ex
periments.
EXPE'RT, a. \expertus, from experior, to attempt, Lat.]
skilful, ready, or knowing, in any particular office, art, or
business ; dexterous.
EXPE'RTLY, ad. in such a manner as discovers skill.
EXPE'IITNESS, *. skill, or knowledge, in any affair or
undertaking.
E'XPIAfeLE, a. capable of bein^ atoned, rendered hiu'l
or propitious, by sufleringor puuisliiiient.
To E'Xl'lATE, t). u.[expio, from pio, h> worship, Lat.] to
make satisfaction or al'onemeut for sins, by sutl'ering the
punishments due to iheui, or by sid)i,tituting something
equivalent to or instead of them ; to avert the threats of an
omen or prodigy.
EXPIATION, s. [expio, from pio, to worship, Lat.] any
sufiering endured, or ecjuivalent made, or sacrifice ottered,
to avert the punishment due to sin, and render the Deity
propitious to the otieuder.
EXPIATORY, a. having the power to avert the divine
wrath from punishing sins.
EXPILATION, s. [from expih, to rob, Lat.] robbery.
In law, the act of committing waste upon lauds to tlie loss
and prejudice of the heir.
EXPIRATION, s. [from ex, out, and spiro, to breath,
Lat.l in medicine, tiic act by which the breath is forced out
of the lungs ; the last gasi) of breath ; VHpoiir, breath, or
the matterexpired ; the cessation or end of any period of
time.
To EXPIRE, r. a. [from ex, out, and spiro, to breath,
Lat.] to breathe out ; to send out fumes, vapours, or exha.
lations ; to close, conclude, or bring to an end ; to perish ;
to fly out with a blast. Neuterly, to conclude, finish, or
terminate, applied to time or any period.
To EXPLAIN, r. a. [crphiiu, fro:!; planus plain, Lat.] to
clear up any difficulty in a book or expression ; to illus-
trate.
EXPLA'INABLE. a. that may be rendered more easy or
plain to the understanding.
EXPLA'INER, s. one who clears up any difficulty, or
renders a thing more easy to i)e understood.
EXPLANATION, *." [explaim, from plaum, plain, Lat.l
an illustration or comment, whereby a passage is rendered
more easv to be understood.
EXPLANATORY, a. containing an illustration, or such
remarks as render a thing easv to be understood.
EXPLETIVE, s. {expleo, to fill up, {romplemts, full, Lat.]
a word which is used merely to fill up a vacancy, or make up
the number of feet in a verse.
EXPLICABLE, a. [rxnlieo, from e.T, which has here a
negative signification, and plico, to fold, Lat.] that may be
explained, understood, or rendered intelligible.
To E'XPLICATE, r. a. [explieo, from ex, which has here
a negative signification, and plico, to fold, Lat.] to unfold.
Figuratively, to explain or render any difficulty more easy to
be understood.
EXPLICATION, s. [exnlico, from ex, which has here a
negative signification, and plico, to fold, Lat.] the act of
opening or unfolding. Figuratively, the act of explaining,
or rendering any difficult passage or doctrine plainer, or
more easy to be understood ; the sense given by an explainer;
an interpretation.
EXPLICATIVE, a. having a tendency to explain, or
render a thing more easv to be understood.
EXPLICA TOR, s. [exnlico, from ex, which has here a
negative signification, and plico, to fold, Lat.] one who ren-
tiers anv difficulty more easy to be understood.
EXPLI'CIT, a^[e.xplico, from ex, w liich has here a negative
signification, and /)/iO", tofoid, Lat.] unfolded. Figuratively,
plain, easv, ob'-ious, opposed to obscure or implicit.
EXPLICITLY, ad. plainly; directly; without implica-
tion or infuence.
To EXPLODE, t'. a. [from ex, out, and plaudo, to clap
one's hands, Lat.] to drive out with contempt, clamour, and
disgrace. Figuratively, to reject with scorn.
EXPLO'DER, s. a person who rejects an opinion will:
detestation or contempt.
333
EXP
EXS
EXPLOIT, s. \expJoit, Fr.] a design accomplished ; a
successtul and remarkable uction in war.
EXPLOltATION, s. [from ex, out, and ploro. an old
word for to search, Lat.J search ; disquisition ; examina-
tion.
EXPLO'RATOIIY, a. [from ex, out, and ploro, an old
word for to search, Lat.l searching ; examining.
To EXPLORE, V. a.^from ex, out, and ploro, an old word
for to search, Lat.] to make trial of; to search into by
trials ; to discover by examination ; to try in order to make
discoveries.
EXPLOSION, t. [from ex, out, and plaudo, to clap one's
hands, Lat.] the act of driving out any thing with noise and
violence ; the noise made by the bursting or firing of gun-
po\vder.
EXPLO'SIVE, a. driving out with noise and violence.
EXPONENT, *. [from ex, out, and pono, to put, Lat.] in
arithmetic, the number which expresses how often a given
power is to be divided by its root, before it be brougfit to
unity.
EXPONENTIAL, (exponinshal) a. in geometry, applied
to curves which partake both of tlie nature of'algcbraic
curves, and of transcendental ones.
To EXPORT, V. a. [from e.i; out, and pnrto, to carry,
Lat.] to send goods to foreign countries for sale.
E'XPORT, s. a commodity sent out of the kingdom to
foreign piirts for sale.
EXPORT A'TION, «. [from ex, out, and porta, to carry,
Lat.] the act or practice of sending goods to foreign mar-
kets for sale.
EXPO'RTER, s. he that sends commodities to foreign
countries.
To EXPO'SF/, {expiize) v. a. [from ex, out, and potw, to put,
Lat.J to lay open, subject, or make liable, applied to ridi-
cule, censure, examination, punishment, calamity, or dan-
ger.
EXPOSI'TION, (expozishon) s. [from ex, out, and pono, to
put, Lat. 1 the situation in which a thing is placed witli res-
pect to the sun or air; an interpretation, comment, or trea-
tise ; to render the sense of a writer more plain and intelli-
gible.
EXPO'SITOR, t. [from car, out, ?ind pono, to put, Lat.] an
explainer; an interpreter.
To E.XPO'STULATE, v. n. [from ex, which strengthens
the signification, and poslulo, to demand or complain, Lat.]
to debate, reason, or argue with a person by way of com-
plaint against something.
EXP<,)STULAT10N, s. [from ex, which strengthens the
signification, and 7>ori«/o, to demand or complain, Lat.] the
act of reasoning, or representing a thing to another by way
of complaint.
EXPOSTULATOR, s. a person who argues with, or
brings a complaint to another.
EXPO'STULATORY, a. containing the representation
of a complaint.
EXPO'S U RE, (exposure) s. the act of laying open to
public view and observation ; the state of being subject or
liable to blame, punishment, ridicule, or danger; a situation
in which a thing lies open to the sun and air.
To EXPO'IJNO, r. a. [expoiin, from ex, out, and povo, to
put, Lat. because expounding professes to place that which
was somewhat concealed, in a conspicuous point of view]
to interpret or explain anv difficult passage.
E.XPO'UNOEU, s. one who explains.
To EXPRESS, u. a. [from ex, out, and primn, to press,
Lat.] to represent iti words, or by any of the imitative arts
of poetry, sculpture, or painting. To utter, applied solely
to language. To declare one's sentiments. To 3()uceze
out ; to force out by pressure. To extort by violence ; a
Latinism.
EXPRESS, a. copied, or beoring a near resemblance,
applied to the imitative arts of painting, drawing, sculpture,
and poetry. In direct terms, applied to language. Clear,
or Without any ambiguity. On purpose ; for a particular end.
334
EXPRESS, t. a messenger sent with expedition, «n pur.
pose to deliver a particular message; a message; a decli
ration in plain and direct terras.
EXPRESSIBLE, fl. that may be uttered, or eommuuw
cated by words ; that may be forced out by squeezing.
EXPRESSION, (ear/nts/ioH) *• \ir<>n\ ezpi-imo, to expresi,
Lat.] the act of conununicating an idea by language ; the
particular form, manner, or style, used in communicating
one's thoughts ; a phrase ; the squeezing or forcing out any
thnig by pressure.
EXPRESSIVE, a. having the power of uttering or re-
presenting.
EXPRESSIVELY, ad. in a clear and direct manner,
applied to language.
EXPRESSIVENESS, J. the power of repre.«ienting, or
conveying ideas to the mind.
EXPRE'SSLY, ad. in direct terms ; plainly: positively.
KXPRE'SSURE, i. [iVom expnmo, to express, Lat.] ex-
pression, or the conveying ideas by language. The form
or likeness described.
To EXPRO'BRATE,f.a.[«27>roJro,from probr>em,re\)roach,
Lat.] to charge with a tliini; by way of reproach.
EXPROBR A'TION,!. [exprobro, from proAr;<m, reproach,
Lat.] a reproachful accusation.
To EXPROPRIATE, v. a. [from ex, here a negative par-
ticle, and proprius, one's own, Lat.] to make a thing no Ion-
ger one's own. Not in use.
To I'LXPU'GN, (expun) V. a. [from ex, out, and ;)Hg^io, to
fight, Lat.] to take bj assault.
EXPUGN.\''riON, s. [from ex, out, and p'igno, to fight,
Lat.J conquest ; the taking a town by assault.
EXPU LSION, s. [from ex, out, and pel/o, to drive, Lat.]
the act of driving out; the slate of a person driven from a
place.
EXPU'LSIVE, a. having the power of driving out.
To EXPU'NGE, V. a. [from ex, out, and puiigo, to prick ;
to prick or cross with a pen, Lat.] to blot or rub out. Er-
guratively, to efl'ace or annihilate.
EXPURG.'\'TlON, s. [from ex, out, and piirgo, to pur^e,
Lat.] the act of purging or cleaning. Figuratively, purifi-
cation from bad mixtures, or from error and falsehood.
EXPU'RGATOR, s. [from ex, out, andpurg*, to purge,
Lat.l one who corrects by expunging.
EXPUKGATORY, «. employed in clearing away what is
noxious, erroneous, or amiss.
EXQUISITE, <j. [from ex, out, and qtiero, to search, Lat]
searched out «ith care; so excellent, perfect, or com-
pletely bad, as to shew great care in the search, or great ex-
actness and labour in the production. Consummately
bad.
E'XQUISITELY, (Johnson accents this and the next
word on the second syllable) ad. perfectly ; accurately ;
completely ; in such a manner as shews no small pains in
the discovery or production.
E'XQUISiTEN ESS, s. nicety ; perfection ; owing to great
care and pains.
E'XSCRIPT, /. [from ex, out, and fcriJo, to write, Lat.] a
writing copied from some other.
EXSrCCANT, or EXSI'CCATIVE, a. drying.
EXSICCATION, a. [from ex, which strengthens the
signification, and sicca, to dry, Lat.] the act of drying.
EXSl'CCATIVK, n. having the power of drying.
EXSU'CTION, ». [from ex, out, and sn^u, to suck, Lat.]
the actof drainii)!' or drawing out by sucking.
EXSUDA'TION, *. [from ex, out, and mdo, to sweat,
Lat.] the act of discharging by sweat.
To EXSU'DE, V. a. [from ex, out, and sudo, tosweat, Lat.J
to discharge bv sweat ; to distil or exhale.
EXSUIFLA'TION, i. [from «x, out, und sufflo, to blow
underneath, Lat.] a blast working underneath.
To EXSIJ IFOLATE, i;. a. [from ex, out, Lat. and si£o.
lar, to buzz, Ital.] to whisper or buzz in the car. Tliia
word is peculiar to Shakspeare.
To EXSU'SCITATE, v. a. [from ez, whicn strcngtnens
EXT
F. XT
I'tc signification, and tuseito, to rouse, Lat. 1 to rouse or
rttir up.
i;\TACY,*. See Ecstasy.
S^'XTANT, o. [extant, Lat.] standiuj; out, or above the
other parts of the surface. Public; not suppressed; still
to be luet witli, applied to books.
EXTA'TIC, or EXTATICAL, s. [from elistasis, a trance,
Gr.f See Ecstatic.
EXTE'MPORAL, a. [from fx, out, and tempus, time, Lat.]
sudden; without anv prenicdiliilion.
EXTK'MPORALLY, «(/. quickly; without any preced-
iuK studv or preparation.
EXTEMPORA'NEOUS, a. [from e.r, out, aud trni,ws,
litne, Lat.] sudden ; not allowing', or giving any lime for
preparation or premcditalion.
EXTEMPORARY, «. [IVom e.r, o<it, and tempus, time,
Lat.] sudden; quick; (bruied williout study, preparation,
or premeditation.
EXTE'iVIPORE, flrf.[Lat.] suddenly; without thought or
sludv.
To EXTE'MPORIZE, v. «. to speak witiiout premedita-
tion.
To EXTE'ND, V. a. [from e.r, out, and tend,,, to stretch,
■Lat.] to stretch out towards luiv part; to spread ; to cn-
larf,'e the surface of a tiling. To increase, applied to fiyrce,
strength, or duration. To communicate or impart. In
law, lo seize.
EXTE'NDER, s. the person or means by which any thing
is stretched.
EXTENDIBLE, a. capable of being made wider or
longer.
EXTE'NDLESSNESS, s. an unlimited or unbounded
extension.
EXTENSIBI'LITY, s. the quality of being made wider
or longer.
EXTE'NSIBLE, a. capable of being stretched wider and
longer; capable of including or comprehending more
ideas.
EXTE'NSIBLENESS, s. the quality of being stretched
wider or lonjter.
EXTE'NSION, s. [from e.r, out, and trarfo, to stretch,
Lat.] the act of increasing the length or breadth of a llii;ig ;
the state of a thing where length or breadth is increased.
In physics, the distance between the extremes of a solid
bo(ly.
EXTE'NSIONAL, a. long, drawn out ; having great
extent.
EXTE'NSIVE, a. [from ear, out, and tendo, to stretch, Lat.]
wide ; large.
EXTENSIVELY, fflrf. widely ; largely.
EXTE'NSIVENESS, s. largeness ; wideness ; difTusive-
ness.
EXTE'MSOR, s. [Lat.] in anatomy, a muscle by which
any lind) is extended.
EXTE'NT, s. [from ex, out, and tendo, to stretch, Lat.]
the distance between the extremities of a thing ; the space
tilled; communicalion ; distribution. In law, an execution
or seizure of a person's goods.
To RXTl'.'NUATE, i'. u. [exteimo, from tennis, slender,
Lat.] to make sinali, narrow, or slender ; to make lean.
EXTENUATION, *. \extcnm}, from «e»i«4-, slender, Lat.]
the act of representing things less ill than they are. Miti-
gation, or alleviation, applied to punishment. In medicine,
a loss of flesh, or decav of the body.
SiXTE'RlOR, a. [Lat.] outward ; external ; not essen-
tial.
To EXTE'RMINATE, v. a. [from ex, which strengthens
the signitication, and termino, to end, Lat.] to root out ; to
destroy utterly.
EXTERMINATION, s. [from ex, which strengthens
the signitication, and termino, to end, Lat.] total destruc-
tion.
EXTERMINATOR, *. [Lat.] the instrument by which
any thing is destroyed.
To KX TERM INE, v. a. [from ex, w hich strengthens the
signitication, and termino, to end, Lat.] to destroy ; to put
an end to.
EXTE RNAL, a. [externns, from extra, without, Lat.] out-
ward ; from without ; outward appearance ; or that which
appears to the sight.
EXTK'RNALLY, ad. outwardly.
EXTILLATION, s. [from ex, out, and stilh, to drop,
Lat.] the act of falling in drops.
To EXTI'MULaTE, v. o. [from «i, which strengthens
the signitication, and stimtdo, to excite, Lat.] to prick or
incite.
EXTIiVIULA'TION, s. [from ear, which strengthens the
signitication, and slimnln, to excite, Lat.] pungency ; or the
pow<'r of exciting motion, sensation, or action.
l^XTINCT, rt. H'roiw extiniruo, to extinguish, Lat.] quench-
ed or put out, applied to tire. At a stop, without anv sur-
vivors, applied to succession. Abolished, or out of force,
applied to law.
EXTl'NCTlON, s. [from extingvo, to extinguish, Lat.]
the act of quenching or putting out, applied to tire. The
state of a thing quenched. Utter destruction. Suppres-
sion.
To EXTITS'GUISH, v. a. [extingm, Lat.] to put out, or
quench, applied to fire. To suppress, or destroy, appned
to the passions. To cloud or obscure by superior splen-
dor.
EXTINGUISH ABLE, a. that may be put out, quench-
ed, suppressed, or destroyed.
EXTl'NGUISHER, «."a holhjw cone, which is put on a
candle to quench it.
EXTINGUISHMENT,*, the act of suppressing or put-
ting an end to a thing. Abolition, applied to laws. The
act of taking away all the descendants or survivors of a
family.
To'EXTI'RPATE, v. a. [extirpo, from siirpt, a root, i^at.]
t,o root out ; to destroy utterly.
EXTIRPATION, s. [extirpo, from stirps, a root, Lat.] the
act of rooting out ; or utterly destroying.
EXTIRPATOR, i. [Lat.] one who roots out; a de-
strover.
EXTISPI'CIOUS, a. [extispieinm, the craft of sooth-say-
ing, from exta, entrails, and ivspicio, to look, Lat. J augurial ;
relating to the inspection of entrails in order to prognosti-
cation.
To EXTOL, w. a. [from ex, which strengthens the signiti-
cation, and tollo, to lift up, Lat.] to praise; to magnify with
praise.
EXTO'LLER, s. one who praises, or magnifies with
praise.
EXTO'RSIVE, a. drawing bv violence.
EXTOHSIVELY, ad. by violence.
To EXTORT, i.n.[fi(inic.T.to strengthen the signification,
and torques, to twist, Lat.] to draw by force, to wring from
one; toga'n by violence or oppression.
EXTORT I'.ll, s. a person who makes use of oppression,
or violent or indirect means.
EXTORTION, s. the act or practise of gaining or ac-
quiring by force ; the force or violence, made use of lo gain
a thing.
EXTO'RTIONER, [extorsho^ier) s. one who grows rich by
violence.
To EXTRA'CT, r. a. [from ex, out, and traho to nravv,
Lat.] to draw or take one thing fioiH another ; to draw by
chyniistry. In arithmetic, to riiid the root of any number.
To abridge or transcribe any passage from a book or
writing.
E'XTRACT, s. [from ex, out, and tralin,to draw, Lat.] in
pharmacy, the purest aud finest of any substance ; sepa-
rated bv disMiliition, or digestion of a proper menstruum,
and afterwards made into a thick, moist consistence, by
distillation, or evaporation over fire. In literature, aii
abridgement of a book, or a transcript of some passage.
£XTR.A'CT10N, s. ffrom tz, out, and traho,XQ draw,
33i>
KXl
EYE
Lat.J ia chemistry and pharmacy, an operation whereby
essences, tinctures, &c. are drawn from natural bodies. In
surgery, an operation by which anv foreign matter lodged
in tne Body is taken out. In genealogy, the stock or family
from which a person is descended-. In arithmetic, extraction
of root is the method of fruding the roots of given numbers
or quantities.
EXTRACTOR, «. a person or instrument by which any
thing is taken out.
EXTRAJUDICIAL, (extrajudUIM) a. [from extra, wifli-
out, andj/iirficixm, judgment, Lat.] out of the regular course of
proceeding in law.
EXTRAJUDICIALLY, (extrajurlhMa!l,/)ad. in a manner
different from the common or stated course of procedure
at law.
EXTR AMISSION, i. [from extra, without, and mittn, to
send, Lat.] the act of emitting outward, opposite to intro-
niissioir.
EXTRAMU'NDANE, «. [from extra, without, and »«««•
c/ani«, belonging to the world, Lat.] bejoiid the bounds of
this material system.
EXTRA'NEOUS, «. [from extra, without, Lat.] not intrin-
sic or essential toathnig; foreign, or of a different sub-
stance.
EXTRAORDINARILY, ud. in a manner out of the
coninuin meliiod and order ; unconinionly ; eminently; re-
markal^lv.
EXTRAORDINARY, a. [from extra, without, and ordo,
order, Lat.] different from, or out of the common course or
order.
EXTRAPARO'CHIAL, (extraparblM) a. [from extra,
without, and parochia, a parish, Lat.] not included or com-
prehended in anv parish.
EXTRAPROVl'NCIAL, (extraprovmsMal) a. [from extra,
without, and ,^roriH(•ia, a province, Lat.] not witlun the same
province ; or not within the jurisdiction of the same
person.
EXTRARE'GULAR, a. not comprehended within a rule.
EXTRAVAGANCE, or EXTRAVAGANCY, s. [from
extra, without, and vagor, to wander, Lat.] an excursion or
sally beyond prescribed bounds; irregularity; wildness.
Au immoderate heat or violence, applied to the passions.
Unnatural tumor ; bombast. Waste, or superfluous ex-
pense.
EXTR.'V "VACANT, a. [from extra, without, and r-n^oi-,
to wander, Lat.] wandering out of, or beyond the prescribed
bounds. Roving beyond any prescribed forms, or the
bounds of moderation; immoderate ; irregular; not reduced
to rule ; prodigal; or profusely expensive. '
EXTRAVAGANT, s. one who is included or compre-
hended in no general ruleordelinition.
EXTR.VVAGANTLY, ad. contrary to all rule; in an
unreasonable or immoderate degree; profusely expensive.
To EXTRA'V,\GATE, ti. n. [from extra, without, and
vajTor, to wander, Lat.] to wander up and down ; also to talk
idly and impertinently.
EXTRA'VASATRD, fl. |from cj-^-a, without, and foj, a
vessel, Lat.] forced out of the vessels.
EXTRAVASATION, s. the act of forcing, or the state
of being foreed, out of its proper vessels.
EXTRA VE'N ATE, a. [from extra, without, and vena, a
vein, Lat.] let out of the vems.
EXTRA'UGHT, («(raiiO an obsolete participle of Ex-
tract.
EXTRE'iVIE, a. [this word is sometimes corrupted by
the superlative terinniation, of which it is by no means ca-
pable, as it has in itself the superlative signification; f.r(re-
>»».«, Lat.] greatest, applied to degree. Utmost, or farther-
most ap()lied to situation or time. Last, or that has no-
thing beyond il. Pressing, applied to danger.
EXTliE'M E, ,t. the utmost noint or higlicst di'gree of any
thing : points at the greatest distance from each otiier.
E.XTRE'MELY, nrf. in the utmost de]|;rce Very much,
'jr gre;'*ly, in familiar langrmge,
33G
EXTREME UNCTION, one of the sacraments of fb«
Romish church, the fifth in order, administered to people
dangerously sick, by anointing them with holy oils, and pro-
nouncing several prayers over them.
EXTRE'MITY, ». \extremitas, from extremut, extreme,
Lat.lthe utmost parts, or those farlhest from the centre or
middle ; those points which are most opposite to each other ;
the remotest or farthest part of a country ; the utmost
degree of violence, distress, or poverty.
To E'XTRIC.\TE, v. «. [from ei, out of, and trica, impe-
diments, Lat.] to free a person from any difhcidty or per-
plexity.
EXTRICATION, y. the act of freemg from perplexity,
ditticulty or danger.
EXTRI'NSIC, a. [extriiiscctis, from extra, without, Lat.]
outward; external ; not iu tbesidjstance or subject itself.
EXTRINSICAL, a. [extrimecus, from extra, without,
Lat.]exter.nal ; outward; from without.
To EXT RU'DE, V, a. [from ex, out, and tmdo, to thrust,
Lat.] to thrust out; to driveoff or away by violence.
EXTRU'SION, s. [from ex, out, and titido, to thrust, Lat.J ^
the act of thrusting or driving out.
EXTU'BERANCI'", s. [from ex, out, and tuher, an ex-
crescence, Lat.] a knob, or part which rises above the rest
of a surface.
EXUBERANCE, s. [embero, from ex, which increases
the signification, and nber, plentiful, Lat.] overgrowth ;
superfluous shoots ; useless abundance ; luxuriance.
EXUBERANT, a. [exubim, from ex, w liich increases the
signification, and ttber, plentiful, Lat.] growing with super-
fluous shoots, applied to plants. Luxuriant ; superfluously
plentiful ; abounding in the utmost degree.
EXUBERANTLY, ad. abundantly, even to the highest
or superfluous degree.
To EXU'BKRATE.e. 7j. \exubero, from er, which increases
the signification, and utcr, plentiful, Lat.] to abound in the
highest degree.
EXU'CCUOUS, a. [from ex, out of, and succus, juiee,
moisture, Lat.] without juice ; drv.
EXUDATION, s. See Exsu dation.
To EXU'LCERATE, v. a. [exidcero, from ulcus, an nicer,
Lat.] to make sore with au ulcer ; to afflict with a running
or corroding humour. Figuratively, to afflict, enrage or
corrode.
EX ULCERATION, s. [exulcem, from vlciis, an ulcer,
Lat.] the beginning of an erosion which wears away the
substance, and forms an ulcer. The act of inflamin'; or
enrflging, applied to the mind.
EXULCERATORY, a. [exidecro, from ulcus, an ulcer,
Lat.] Iiavinga tendency to produce ulcers.
To EXULT, f. «. [exiilln, from ex, out, and salto, to leap,
Lat.] to be aticetcd with a high degree of gladness or
jo.v.
EXU'LTANCE, s. a transport of joy or gladness.
EXULTATION, s. [exnito, from ex, out, and salto, to
leap, Lat.] rapturous <lelight.
EXUNDATION, s. [exidto, from ex, out, and sa/io, to
leap, Lat.] an overflowing. Eigurativcly, a great ubuiv-
dance.
EXU'PERANCi:, s. [from ex, which strengthens the
signification, and supero, to excel, Lat.] a surplus, or greater
qiuintilv.
EXUSTION, s.[exiistio, from ear, out, and uro, to bum,
Lat.J consumption bv fire.
EXUVL^i, s. [Lat.] the skins or shells which are cast by
an animal.
EY'AS, *. [viais, Fr.] a young hawk just taken from the
nest, not able to prey for itself.
EY'ASMUSKET, s. a young unfledged male hawk of tlie
musket kind.
EYE, a very 'ancient and meanly built town of Suffolk,
with narrow streets. It has some manufactures of spinning
and bone-lace, and is situated in a sort of island, (because
surrounded witjj a brook) on the road from Ipswich to
TAC
Norwich, 20 miles N. of Ipswich, and 91 N. E. of London.
Market on Saturday.
EY E, s. [formerly eyne in the plural, at present nyes ; ea^,
Sax. ee, Scot, een, plural.] the organ of sight. The eye is
generally divided into internal and external parts, or into the
eye properly so called, and the appendages. The ei/epropir-
ly to caWed consists of tunics, humours, and vessels. i"he
tunics or coats of the eye are seven in nuudier, of which the
iDOSt remarkahlearc the sixth, which forms tiie iris, ()rcolour-
edpartof tlieeye, and the seventh, which is the retina or net-
work on which the images of visible objects are impressed.
The humours are three, the watery, the crystalline, and the
f;lassy. The vessels are, nerves, glands, arteries, and veins.
See Pupil.] The appendages of the eye are, the orbit or
cavity in which it is placed, the eyebrow, and the eyelids.
Sight ; the countenance ; aspect ; regard ; notice ; atten-
tion ; opinion formed by observation ; the place from
whence any thing can be seen ; view. A small catch into
which a hook goes ; bud of a plant ; a small shade or colour ;
power of perception. In botany, the external scar upon a
seed, by which it was fixed to the seed vessels. It is very
remarkable in the bean.
, To EYE, V. a. to watch ; to keep in view. Neuterly, to
appear, or seem.
EY'EBALL, i. the apple of the eve.
. EY'EBRIGHT, ,t. See Euphrasy.
EY'EBROW, *. the hairy arch over the eye, intended by
Providence to defend it from any moisture which would
otherwise run into it from the forehead.
EYEDROP,*, a tear.
EY'EGLAsS, s. spectacles ; glass to assist the sight.
EY'ELESS, a. without eyes ; blind.
EY'ELET, .«. [oeilk't, Fr.] a hole through which light may
enter; a small hole wrought in linen, usually termed by
eempstresses an eyelet-hole.
EY'ELID, s. the membrane or skin which closes the eye.
EY'ESERVAN'T, s. one who works only while watched,
or while his master is present.
EY'ESERVICE, s. service performed only while the mas-
ter is present.
EY'ESHOT, s. glance; sight; view.
EY'ESIGHT, s. the sight of the eye.
EY'ESORE, s. something offensive to the sight.
EY'ESPOTTED, a. marlied with spots like eyes.
EY'ESTRING, s. the tendon, or nerve, by which the eye
IS held in its place.
EYE-SUCKER, s. a small worm found adhering to the
eye of a sprat.
EY'ETOOTH, s. the tooth on the upper jaw, on each
side, next to the grinders, called by anatomists, dogs'. teeth,
or denies canini,
EY'EWINK,*. a quick shutting and opening of the eye,
intended as a sign or token.
EYEWITNESS, t. one ^^ho gives testimony to facts
*hich he has seen.
EYRE, s. \e-yre, Fr. iter, Lat.] in law, the court of jus-
tice's itinerants.
EY'RY, I. [from cy, Teut.] the place where birds of prey
build their nests, or liatch.
EZE'KIEL, a canonical book of the Old Testament, re-
ferring chiefly to the degenerate manners and corruptions of
the Jews of those times.
EZRA, a canonical book of the Old Testament, compre-
hending the history of the Jews from the time of Cyrus's
edict for their return, to the twentieth year of Artaxerxes
Longimanus.
F THE sixth letter of the alphabet, and fourth consonant,
5 is by some reckoned mute, and by othersa semi-vowel;
•ts sound in English is invariable, formed by a compression
of the whole lips and a forriblo breath ; it has nuich the
seme sound as the Greek (p, orp/iin English words ; and
X K
therefore in all words derived from the Greek, it should Tve
written with ph, and in those of a Ealin original with an/,
Suetonius says, that the emperor Claudius invented the/,
and two other letters ; and that it had the force of « conso-
nant, and was written inverted thus, ^\. As a numeral, F
denotes 40, and with a dash over it tln-s, f, 40,000. In mu-
sic, it stands for the bass clifl'; and frequently for forte, -dijf
does for forte, forte. In medical prescriptions, /stands for
fiat, let it be done ; thus F. S. A. stand f<njiat seamdinn aitem,
let it lie done according to art. As an abbreviation F stands
for Fellow, as F. R. S. for Fellow of the lioynl Society.
FA, in music, the fourth note in the scale or gamut ; as
ut, re, mi, /a.
FABA'CEOUS, a. [from faba, a bean, Lat.J nav:iig tl e
nature of a bean.
FA'BLE, s. l/aJii/a, from/o>- to talk, Lat.]a tale or feigned
story, intended to enforce some moral precept ; a (iction ; a
series of events which compose a moral, epic, or dramatic
poem.
To FA'BLE, V. 71. to feign, or write fiction ; to tell false
hoods, with an intent to deceive ; to lie. Actively, to feign ;
to deliver in fables and fictions.
V.\'P>IJ\D, part, mentioned or celebrated in fables.
FABLER, s. a writer of feigned stories or fictions ; a
softer or more genteel word to express a person guilty of
lying.
FA'BRIC, s. [{mm fiiber, a carpenter, Lat.Ja building ; any
thing composed ofdiflerent ordissiinilar parts; the texture
of a silk or stuff.
To FA'BRIC, t'. a. [from faber, a carpenter, Lat.] to build,
form, or construct.
To FABRICATE, v. a. [fromfaber, a carpenter, Lat.] to
build or construct.
FABRICA TION, j. [from /aiej-, a carpenter, Lat.] the act
of building ; construction.
FA'BLLIST, *. [/abuliste,FT.'] a writer or composer of
fables
FABULOSITY, s. [from fahuh, a fable, Lat.] the qualify
of dealing in falsehood, or telling lies.
FA'BULOUS, a. [from fubida, a fable, Lat.] dealing in, or
belonging to fables, fiction, or falsehood
FA'BULOUSLY, ad. in a feigned or fabulous manner.
FACE, J. [fades, L-at.] the visage; the countenance, or
fore-part of tne head ; the surface of a thing ; the front or
fore part of a building or thing; the state or appearance of
anafiair; appearance, look, or countenance ; presence, or
sight ; confidence ; boldness. Used in the plural, it means
distortion of the face.
To FACE, V. n. to carry a false appearance, or play the
hypocrite; to come in front. Actively, to march agairnt
or oppose an enemy or danger with boldness and courage.
Followed by douri, to deny or oppose, or put to silence oy
mere impudence.
FA'CEP.MNTING, *. the art of drawing portraits.
FACET, s. [facette, Fr.] a small surface ; a superficies cut
into several angles.
FACETIOUS, ifasishious) a. [facetus, Lat.] wittily gay;
used both of persons and things.
FACETIOUSLY, (fashltiously) ad. in a merry, witty, and
jocose manner.
FACETIOUSNES.S,(/a«i/,!oi«jim) i. the quality of di-
verting by cheerful wit, or pleasant and jocose expressions
or stories.
FA'CILE, a. Ifacilis, Lat.] to be attained or performed
with ease or little labour. Easily conquered or surmounted.
Easy of access or converse ; not haughty ; pliant; flexible.
To FACl'LITATE, v. a. [from fnoifo," easy, Lat.] to make
easy, or to clear from difficulty or impediments.
FACl'LITY, i. [from faeilis, easy, Lat.] easiness of per-
forming, or to be performed ; freedom from difficulty ;
readiness in performing; easiness to be persuaded either to
good or bad ; flexibility, or credulity ; easiness of access ;
condescension, or comphauce.
FACINE'RIOUS, a. [corrupted fiom/acitiorOTu] wicked
FAH
FAI
FA'CING, part, opposite to.
FA'CING, J. an ornamental covering put upon the out-
iide of any thins.
F.^CITVOROUS, a. [fncinvs, an atrocious action, Lat.]
wicked ; bad.
FACINOROUSNRSS, s. «ickednrs5in a hit;h do;;ree.
F.\CT, ». {factum, from favio, to nv.iUe, or do, Lat.] a thinp;
done ; an effect produced. A reality, opposed to a mere
supposition or speculation. An action.
F.\'CTION, (faksh'in) s. [factiu, from facin, to make or do,
Lat.] a pai tv in a state. A tumult, disconi, or dissen^iion.
FA'CTIOUS, (fdkshioui) a. [fartieiix, Vr.\ ffivfii to fac-
tion, or public dissenlion ; loud and veliement in support-
ing .nny party ; proceeding from, or teniiini; to, public dis-
cord.
FA'CTIOUSLY, (fakshiously) ad. in a manner crimi-
nally discontented ; tumultuous ; or forming' parties in a
government.
FACTIOUSNESS, (fdhkiousness) s. inclination to pul)-
lic dissension ; violent clamourousness in support of a
party.
F.VCTITIOUS, (fiktishious) a. [factilius, from facio, to
make, Lat.] made by art, opposed to what is produced by
nature; counterfeited.
FACTOR, s. \facteur, Tt. factor, Lat.] an agent ; or one
who transacts business for another. In arithmetic, the
niultiplicator and multiplicand.
F.A'CTORY, s. a house or district inhabited by traders in
a foreign country ; several traders associated or embodied
in a piace.
FACTOTUM, s. [horn facio, to make, or do, and totus,
the whole, Lat.] ornamented great letters, set at the begin-
ning of a book, chapter, &c. Also one who is employed
alike in all kinds of business.
F.^'CULTY, s. [facultas, Lat.] the power of doing any
thing ; activity either of body or mind ; the powers of the
Diind, whether imagination, memory, or reason. In physic,
a power orabilily of performing any tliingor action, whether
natural, vital, or animal. A knack, skill, or dexterity, gained
by habit. A quality or disposition either good or bad.
Power or authority. In law, it is a privilege granted to a
person by favour and indulgence, of doing what by law he
ought not to do. For grantin.o- these privileges, there is a
court under the archbishop of Canterbury, called the Court
of Faculties, the chief officer is styled Master of the Faculties,
who has a power of granting dispensations in divers cases;
as, to marry without the banns being lirst published ; to or-
«l;iin a deacon under age; for a son to succeed his father in
a benefice ; a clerk to hold two or more livings. The mas-
!■ rs and professors of anv science ; peculiarly applied to
phvsicians, or other practitioners in medicine.
FACU'ND, a. [facundus, Lat.] eloquent.
To F.\I)E, )'. n. [from fade, Pr.] to decline from a greater
• to a less vigour or strength ; to grow weak, or languish ;
to decay from a stronger or brighter to a weaker or paler
ci.lour. To wither, applied to plants or other vegetables.
To die away, vanish, or wear out gradually.
F.^i'CES, J. [Lat. plural] in medicine, excrements ; or the
dregs left after distillation and infusion.
To F.\G, V. n. [fatigo, Lat.] to make weary or tired ; to be
fatigued. Actively, to beat.
F.A'G-RNI), s. [fc/^an. Sax.] the end of a piece of cloth,
which is made of coarser materials than the other part. Fi-
guratively, the refuse or meaner part of any thing.
FA'GOT, *. \fagud, Brit, fagot, Fr.] a bundle of sticks,
or brushwood, bound together for fuel, or any other pur-
pose.
To FA'GOT, V. n. to tio up, or bundle together.
F.A'IILL'N, sometimes called C()PPi;R.snFR<;, a town,
the capital of Dalecarlia, in Sweden. It c(intains2chiHclirs
roofed with copper, about 1"2(H) houses, which are gencnilly
of wood, two stories high, and 7iHi() inhabitants, including
the miners. It is situated in 'he midst of rocks and hills, be-
tween t-wo large lakes, near some celebrated copper-mines,
3M
20 miles N. W. of Iledemora. Lat. -SC. 52. N. Ion. 15.
32. E.
To FAIL, V. n. [faitlir, Fr.] to grow deficient from a for-
mer plenty ; to become unequal to the demand or use ; to
be extinct; to cease, or be lost; to sink ; to Mnguish through
fatigue; to decay ; to miss producing its effect; to disap-
point a person's expectations ; to be deficient in keeping an
assignation, or in performing a duty. .Actively, to desert ;
to omit the discharge of a duty ; to be wanting to.
FAIL, s. a miscarriage, miss, or unsuccessful attempt;
omission, neglect, or non-performance of a promise or duty,
deticience; want; death.
FA'ILINCt, s. a deficience, imperfection, or slight fault,
o^^ iiig to the infirmity of our natures.
Failure, J. deficience, or cessation. An omission, or
slip, applied to duty. A slight fault.
F.AIN, a. [feagan, Sax.l glad; joyful. To be ft>rced,
compelled, or obliged. Though this last sense is now the
only one in use, as Johnson observes, it seems to have arisen
from a mistake of the original signification, or some ambigu-
ous expressions ; as, " I was fain to do this;" which would
equally suit with the rest of the sentence, whether it was
supposed to mean, " / was compelled or / was glad, to do
this."
FAIN, ad. gladly ; x'ery desirously : willingly.
ToFAINT, x\ n. \funcr, Fr.] to decay, fade, or waste
away quickly ; to grow languid, or fall into a fit ; to sink
down through dejection. Actively, to deject; to depress ;
to make a person languid.
FAINT, a. \fane, Fr.] void of strength, vigour, or spirit.
Pale, dead, or void of brightness, applied to colour. Slow ;
not loud, scarcely audible, applied to sound. Cowardly ;
timorous.
FAINTHEA'RTED, rt. cowardly ; timorous; dejected.
FAINTHEA'IITEDLY, ad. timorouslv ; cowardly.
FAINTHEARTEDNESS, s. cowardice ; want of cbtirage.
FAINTING, s. a fit, a swoon, wherein a person is sense-
less for a short time.
F.AI'NTLY, ail. in a feeble or languid manner. Deadly,
or just visible, applied to colour. Without force, applied
todescription. Scarcely audible, applied to sound. Timo-
rously, or wiihout courage, activity, or vigour, applied to
the manner of action.
FA'INTNESS, *. langour, or want of spirits or strengtti
through fatigue ; fear; want of vigour; want offeree; ti-
niorousness ; dejection.
F.A'INTY, a. weak ; languid ; void of vigour or strength.
F.AIiv, a. ifa-ger. Sax.] beautiful; handsome; of a white
complrxioii, ojiposed to black or brown. Clear, pure, or
without any fouhiess, applied to water. Not cloudy, nor
tempestuous, ap])lied to the weather. Favourable, prospe-
ous, applied to the wind. Not effected by any unlawful
methods. A" fair dcalh." Equal, or just, ajiplied to morals.
Not practising any unjust or indirect methods. Open ; di-
rect ; pleasing; civil; gentle; mild; commodious; easy;
or successful.
FAIR, ad. gently, without violence, joined \o snfily. In
a civil and complaisant manner, joined to tpeak. Happily ;
successfully.
F.\IR, s. a beauty ; a women who is handsome; honesfj-,
or honest dealing.
FAIR, s. Ifcire, Fr.] a public place where merchants or
traders resort, at stated times, to dispose of their goods, and
enjoy some diversions, which are usually exhibited at such
times. The principal fairs in Great Britain are, Stour-
bridge fair, near Cambridge ; the two fairs of Bristol;
that of Exeter, West Chester, Edinburgh, Wr.\liill, and
Burford fairs, for sheep ; I'.ariiet fair, near IjOikIuu, for lean
and Wel.sh black caltle; St. Faith's, in Norfolk, for Scots
runts; Yarmoutii fishing fair, for herrings ; Ipswich butter
fair ; that of Woodborounh Hill, near Blandford, in Dorset-
shire, famous for West countiy manufactures, Devonshire
kerseys, Wiltshire druggets, <Vc. and two cheese fairs at
Athcrtton and Chipping Norton.
f AK
FAL
VAIRFORD, a town of (jlouccsfersliiro, c«-l<-l)ratcd for
the glass windows, curiouslv iv,iint<d with scripture liislory,
jn its siiaoioiis ami Ix'autifii'l tluircli, dono from the dfsi<{ii«
of Alljcrt Durcr. Tlie colours are so lively, especially in
the draperv, and the tifjiires are in i^eneral so well drawn,
that'Vandyke affirmed, the pencil could not exceed them.
The fflass was taken in a ship soingto Rome. It is situated
on the Coin, a little above its influx into the Thames, 2*2
miles I'". S. R. of Ciloucester, and su W. by N. of London.
Market on Thursday.
FAIRING, i. something bought for a present at a
fair.
FAIR ISLE, an island of the Northern Ocean, nearly
midway between Shetland and Orkney, from both which
its loxverinjj rocks are plainly discovered. On the E. side,
the duke iif IVIe<lina Sidonia, adniiral of the Spanish Arma-
da, was wrecked in 1588.
FA'IRLY, n<L pleasantly, applied to situation. Honest-
ly, or without fraud, applied to the manner ofaction. In-
geniuiusly ; openly. Candidly, or without wresting the
sense, applied to criticism. Without blots, applied to writ-
ings. Completely ; entirely ; perfectly.
FAIRNESS, i. beauty ; elegance of form, applied to the
make of a person. Honesty, or freedom from fraud, applied
to the manner of a person's dealings.
FA'IRSFOKEN, a. using civil and complaisant expres-
sions.
FAIRY, s. [/«i7i</i, Sax.] a kind of spirit, supposed to ap-
pear, ill a diminutive form, dance in meadows, and to reward
cleanliness, Ac An enchantress. Fairy cinle or n'"^, is a
phenomenon freiiuently seen on hills and downs, and sup-
posed by the vulgar to be traced by the fairies in their dan-
ces. Some naturalists have regarded these circles as the
ellect of lightning, and others as the work of ants or of
worms.
FA'IRY, ff. belonging to, or supposed to be given by,
fairies.
FA'IRYSTONE, s. a stone found in gravel-pits.
FA'ISANS, or Pheasants, a small island in the river
Ridassoa, between France and Spain, about two miles from
Fontaiabia. The peace of the Pyrenees was concluded
here in IGfiO, when the kings of Fran(e and Spain had an
uitervlow, on the niajriagc of Lewis XIV.
F'AlTii, s.^fides, Lat.] was deified by the Romans, and
had a temple in the capitol. In divinity and philosophy,
A is a firm belief of certain truths, upon the testimony ofthe
person who reveals theiu. The grounds of a rational f<fith
are, 1. That the things revealed be not contrary to, though
they may be above, natural reason. 2. That the revealer
be well acquainted with the things he reveals; that he be
above all suspicion of ilcceiving us. Figuratively, belief of
the truth of revealed religion ; the system of revealed tri^f h
liehl by Christians; trust or confidence in Ciod ; trust in
the honesty or veracity of another; fidelity, or unshaken
iidherence to a promise ; sincerity.
FA'ITHFUL, ff. firm in adhering to the truth of religion ;
believing the truths of revealed religion; honest or upright
>n the discliarge of anv dulv.
FAITHFULLY, <id. with firm belief in the truth of re-
vealed religion ; with full confidence in the promises of
God ; with strict adlierence to duty and lovalty.
FAITHFULNESS, s. any principle which a person may
confide in ; truth or veracity; firm adlierence to duty as
a subject.
FAITHLESS, a. without belief in the revealed truths of
religion ; without trust or confidence in the assurances or
promises of anotlier; perfidious; disloyal; not true to duty,
promise, or loya'tv.
FAITHLESSNESS, .5. treachery; perfidy. In divinity,
unbelief of the truths of revelation."
F.\KI%, I. among seamen, a coil of rope.
FA'KENHAM, a town of Norfolk, with a market on
Thursday. It is situated on a hill, and has one church, and
icvcral dissenting meeting houses. The streets are pretty
good, anil well paved. It is 25 miles N. VV. of Nor^vich,
and 1 10 N. N. E. of London.
FA KIR, s. a kind of Indian monks, who even outdo the
raortilicatioiis and severities ofthe aiR-ient AnclioreLs;
some of them mangle tiieir bodies with scourges and knives;
others never lie down ; and others remain all their lives in
one posture.
FALA'ISE, a town in the department of Calvados, fa-
mous for being the birth-place of William the Conqueror.
The trade in serges, linen, and lace, is considerable ; and it
has a great annual fair, which begins on the I6th of August,
and lasts 8 davs. It is 18 miles S. S. E. of Caen.
FA'LCATIiD, a. [from/rtir, a scythe, Lat.] hooked ; bent
like a reaping-hook or scythe. Applied by astronomers to
the appearance which the moon makes while moving from
the conjunction to the opposition.
FALCATION, *. [from/a/x, a scytlte, Lat.] crookedness ;
ill a crooked form, resembling that of a scytne or reaping-
hook.
FA'LCHION, {fttuhhion) s. [favt^hon, Fr.] a short crooked
sword or scimitar.
I'W'LCON, (Jauleon) s. [fanlcon, Fr.] a bird of prey of the
hawk kind, superior to aliothers for courage, docility, gen-
tleness, and nobleness of nature. In gunnery, a sort of
cannon, whose diameter at the bore is five inches and a
quarter, weight seven hundred and fifty pounds, length seven
teet, load two pounds and a quarter, sliot two inches and a
half diameter, and two pounds and a half weight.
FA'LCONER, (/a!/Moner)*. [faulconnier, Fr.Ja person who
breeds, brings up, tames, and tutors birds of prey, such as
falcons, hawks, &c.
FA'LCONET, (faulkonet) s. [falconette, Fr.j a kind of
ordnance, whose diameter at the bore is four inches and a
quarter, weight four hundred pounds, length six feet, load
one pound and a quarter, shot something more than two
inches diamqf^r, and one pound and a quarter weight.
FA'LCONRY, (faulkom-y) s. the art of taming and teach-
ing birds of prey to pursue and take game.
FA'LDAGE, (faiihlnje) s. [faldmyium, barb. Lat.] a pri-
vilege, which several lords anciently reserved to tllenl^elves
ofsottingui) folds for sheep iiiany field within their manors,
and this not only for their own, but likewise for their tenants'
sheep.
FA'LDFEE, (failil/ee) t. a composition -paid anciently by
tenants for the privilege offoldage.
FA'LDINfr, ( faulfliiis)s. a kind of coarse cloth.
FA'LDSTOOL,(/«i;Wi(o'jO s. a kind ofstc.ol placed at the
south side ofthe altar, on which the kings of England knee
at their coronation.
F.\'LKINGHAM, a town ofLincolnshire, with a market
on Thursday. It is llOmilesN. of London.
FALKIRK, a town of Stirlingshire, noted for being the
place where the rebels defeated the king's forces, on Ja^
nuary 17, 17-10. In its neighbourhood the great markets for
Highland cattle, called lri/.\ts, are held thrice a year ; 15,000
head of cattle are soiiietiincs sold at one tryst ; which are,
for the most part, sent to England. It is 8 miles S. E. of
Stirling.
FALKLAND, a town of Fifeshire, situated at fne f^ot
of one ofthe beautiful green bills called the I.oniontls. The
inhabitants are nuatly eniploved in agriculture. It is IS
miles nearlv N.of Edinbiiigh
FALKLAND ISLANDS, N. E. of the Straits of Magel-
lan. They consist of two large, with a number of smaller
islands surrounding them. The soil is sai<l to be nothing
but bogs and barren mountains, beaten by storms almost
perpetual. They have been also called Pe'py's Islands,
and Sebai.d de Wert's Islands. Lat. from 51. (i. to
52. 30. S. Ion. from 56. 30. to 02. 15. W.
To FALL, (faiill) ti. n. prefer. I/ell, or hare fallen, OTjfahi ,-
part. pass, fallen ; U'callan, Sax.] to descend by accident
from a higher to a lower place ; to drop ; to move down
any descent ; to die, or come to a sudden end ; to be de-
graded from a high station to a low one ; to decrease or
339
\
diminish in value, weight, or quality ; to enter into any state
of the body or mind. "Fall asleep." Shnk. "Fell into
such a rase." Knolh-s. To sink below a tliin;^ in conipari-
S"J!i, used vvith ihort. To Irappen ; to befal. To lij^ht on.
To handle cr treat distinctly. Tocoine upon, as a piinisli-
ineut. To be born, or \eaned. To full anti;/, to ia.'i^uish,
or grOwfuint ; to srow lean.or decreas:^ in hulk ; tor<-volt;
to apostatize ; to perish, or be lost. 7'o fall hack, to fail of
a promise or resolution ; to recede or si^e way. Used with
dvn-n, to bow or bend as a suppliant ; to sink, or tniiihle
prostrate on the ground. To fall from, to revolt. To full in,
to coincide, or concur; to comply. 7«/n// o/f, to separate ;
to perish; to forsake. To /'«// e/i, to bejjin to do a thing
eaiferly ; to assault, or make an attack. To fall over, to re-
volt. 7b_/«Hoirf, to quarrel ; to happen; to drop. To fall
to, to begin eagerly to cat; to apply liiiuselfio. To fall
ttn<ler, to be subject to; to be ranged with.
FALL, ( fiull) s. the act of dropping from a Iii^jlier place ;
the act oi'tuinbling prostrate upoti the groun<l ; the violence
suflered from droppiut; accidentally from a higlier place ;
death ; overthrow ; ruin ; loss of greatness ; decrease in
price or value. Lessening of sound or cailence, applied to
music. A cataract, cascade, ordescent of water from a high
place; the outlet of a current into any other water; au-
tumn, or the time when the leaves drop or fall fjoin the
trees. In divinity, the state of our firs! [larenls, wherein,
on account of eating of liie forbidden tree, they lost the
happiness ofliving in Paradise ; and, according to Milton,
"brought death into the world, and all our woe."
FALL.\'CIOUS, { fallasliiaas) a. [(torn fallo, to deceive,
Lat.] producing mistakes; full of sophistry, raising false ex-
pectations ; drcei'ful.
FALLACIOUSLY, (falliislnousli/) ad. in such a manner as
to deceive by false appearances; or tending to lead into
mistakes by sophistry.
FALLA'CIOUSNKSS, j. tendency to deceive ; incon-
chisiveness.
F.\'LLACY, s. [fallacia, from fallo, to deceive, Lat.] an
argument made use of to lead a person into an error ; a so-
phism.
FALLIBILITY, s. [from /«//«, to deceive, Lat.] liableness
or possibility of being deceived, or of i>eing in an error.
FA7.LIBLE,«. [IVom/n//", to deceive, Lat.] liable toerror
or mistake.
FA'LLING, (fanlliii:r) s. an indenting, or hollow in a
surface, opposerl la jnominencr.
FA'LLINGSICI\.Ni:.-iS, U'aidlingsichiess) t. See Epi-
lepsy.
F.\'LLOW, (fallo) a. I falenc. Sax.] a pale red, or yel-
low, applied to colour. In husbandry, nnsowed, or left to
rest alter certain years of tillage: ploughed, but not sowed
or prepared for a second ploughing. Figuratively, iinplough-
ed, uncultivated, applied to ground. Unoccu|iied, or neg-
lected.
FA'LLOW, { fallo) .1. \ fnlrvr, Sa\.] ground ploughed in
order fur a second p]out,di:iig; or land unlilled, and suffered
to rest, after bearing a certain niuiiber of > ears.
To F.V'LLOW, (fallo) V. n. to ploujjh in order to a second
ploughing, oral) interval of rest before seed be sown a second
time.
FA'LLOVVNESS, s. barrenness ; an exemption from
bearing fruit.
FALMOUTH, a rich, trading, wi>ll-built sea-port town,
of Cornwall, and the station of the pack; ts to Spain, Portu-
{Cal, and Ann>rica. The merchants here trade with Portugal
in >lii|>sof their own ; and they have also a great share in
the pilchard fishery. The harbour here is so very commo-
dious, that ships of the greatest burden can come up to its
quay ; and it has, besides, so many deej) and well-sheltered
creeks belon;,'ing to it, that the whole Hritish navv may ride
.safe here in any wind ; and, next to Milford Ifaven, it is
justly considered as the noblest and most extensive road for
shipping in HrvM P.ritain. It is defended by the castles of
St. Mawes and Peudennis, each ou high rocks at tJie cn-
31U
F AM
trance. It is 10 miles S. of Truro, and S68 W. S. W. of
London. Lat. 50. 8. N. Ion. 5. 27. W. Markets on Tues-
day, Thursday, and Saturday.
FALSI'/, (faiilse) a. [falsits, from f'tUo, to deceive, Lat.]
representing a thing to be what it is not ; fictions, or coun-
terfeit; treacherous, or unjust; hypocritical, or feigned.
FALSEHEARTED, a. treacherous; deceitful; hollow.
FA'LSEHOOD, (fauheliood) s. [i'rvm false and had. Sax.]
the setting dow n and uttering in words the agreement or
di»a.;reenient of ideas otherwise than it is; or the repre-
senting a thing to be different from what we think it to be ;
want of faithfulness or honesty ; a lie, or the saying that a
thing is what we are conscious it is n<it. Synon. Contrari-
ety to Irulli is the general idea of lie a\)(i falsehood ; but that
of//'- supposes always something criminal, whereas that of
fahelto(,d does not. If, questioned jn a cause wherein
bound to tell the truth, we do not, we are guilty of a lie ;
if we devi.ite from truth where there is no such obligation^
it is no other than afahelwcd.
FA'LSELY', (faithehj) ad. contrai^ to truth; erroneously;
perfidiously.
FALSENESS, (faulseness)s. contrariety to truth, honesty,
or faitlifuliK'ss.
FALSIFICATION, (.fanhifihishon) s. the act of altering
the words of a sentence so as to make it signify something
contrary to the opinion of the author; contradiction, or
confetation.
FALSI F! ER, (faulsifer) s. one who alters the words or
sentences of an author, so as to make the sense contrary
to what it was originally ; one who counterfeits, or makes a
thing appear to be what it is^ not j a liar, or inventor of
falsehoixls.
To FA'LSIFY, ifaulsify) v. a. [falsifier, Fr.] to counter-
feit, or forge; to aher the sense of a book. Figuratively, to.
confute, or prove false; to violate by treachery. Neu-
terly, to lie, or tell an untruth.
FA'LSITY, ifaidsilij) s. [falsilas, from fallo, to deceive,
Lat.] the representing a thing to be what it is not ; a false-
hood, or lie. Figuratively, an error.
To FALTER, (,/■«/-!//(■)•) v. n.[faltar, Span.| applied to
pronunciation, to hesitate or stammer in speaking. To fail
in any act of the body or mind. Actively, to sift, or
cleanse.
FA'LTERINGLY, (faulteriiigli/) ad. with hesitation and
stammering, applied to utterance of words. With languor,
feebleness, or weakness, applied to any act of the body or
mind.
FAME, s. [fama, Lat.] honourable report. Figuratively,
rumour, or report.
FAMED, part, spoken of with honour and esteem.
FA'MELESS, a. inglorious; not known for any produc-
tion of the understanding, invention, or action ; of no
repute.
FAMILIAR, n. [ familiaris, from familia, a family, Lat.]
belonging to a family; aftable, or easy in conversation;
with freedom; accustomed; common; frequent; easy;
too free.
FAMI'LIAR, i. one long and intimately acquainted. A
demon, supposed to be at the devotion, or to attend the call
ofa person.
FAMILIA'RITY, .». an easiness and freedom of access
and diseciiirse, generally observed between persons long and
intimately acquainted, being free from constraint, formality^
and cereiTionv. Figuratively, habit.
To FAMI'LLARIZI'", v. a. [fnmiliarisrr, Fr.] to wear
away the impressitm of awe, or distant respect, occasioned
by novelty ; to bring down from a state of distant suiieri-
oritv to that ofa person long known and joined in the bauds
of friendship.
F.VMl'Ll /VRLY, Of*'. unceremoniously ; commonly ; easily.
FA'MILY, s. [familia, Lat.] those wlio live in the same
house, or descend from the same jirogenitor.
FA'MINE, .5. [famine, Fr. /«»»«, Lat.] scarcity of food;
distress for want of necessary food.
FAN
FA If
ToFA'MlSH, I), a. [fvom fames, famine, La(.] to kill with
hunger, or want of food ; to kill with want of somcthinjj ne-
cessary to support life.
FA'iVIO US, n. [from /nma, fame, Lat.] much talked of and
praised for remarkable virtue, f^reat exiiloits, useful inven-
tions, or ingenious coniposilions. Sometimes applied to
bad as well as good actions, hut witii impropriety.
FA'MOUSLY, nil. siioken of with esteeiw, and generally
known for something extraordinary.
I'W'MOUSNESS, s. great renown or fame.
FA'S, s. [ninmts, Lat. J an instrument used by the ladies
ffl defend their complexion from the sun, or to raise wind
and cool themselves, c'vc. riguraliveiy, any thing spread
out in a triangular form, with a broad base, resembling a
lady's fan ; any thing by which the air is moved ; wings.
An instrument by which chaff is cleaned or winnowed
from the corn, from tian, Fr. An instrument to blow up or
raise a hre.
To FAN, V. a. to cool by the motion of a fan ; to
put the air into motion; to raise a iire. To separate, or
winnow.
FANA'TIC, a. \ fannticus, Lat.] entertaining wild, ima-
ginary, and enthusiastic notions in religion.
FANA TIC, s. a person who has wild notions in religion ;
an enthusiast.
FANA TICISM, s. relijtious madness ; enthusiasm.
FA'NCIFUL, a. entertaining odd and chimciieal notions;
changing or taking up an opinion, without consulting rea-
son.
FA-NCIFULLY, ad. whimsically.
FA'NCIFULNESS, *. the habit of following the wild
notions of the fancy or imagination, rather than those of
reason.
FATMCY, s. [contracted from fantnsi/ ; ^yhantasia, from
phaimi, to shew, Gr. because whateveris fancied shews itself
to the mind] a power or faculty of the mind w hich com-
pounds ideas received by the senses, and i)y that means
forms objects, persons, representations, aiid other ideas
which have no existence without us ; the imagination ; an
opinion formed barely by the operation of the imaginalion,
without the interposition of reason ; an idea, image, or con-
ception of the mind; a liking, inclination, or fondness;
mere humour, whim, or caprice; something or invention
which pleases.
To FA'NCY, V. a. to conceive or form an idea of in the
mind. To like or grow fond of.
FANE, i. [funum, Lat.] a temple, or place devoted to
religious worship.
FA'NFARON, ,«. [Fr.] a bully ; a hector ; one who makes
a great parade or ostentatious Imast of his abilities, and pro-
mises more than he can perform.
FANFARONA'DE, s. [hom fan farm,, Fr.] a bluster ; an
ostentatious show or boast of a person's abilities and vir-
tues.
To FANG, v.a.\fan^nn, Sax.] to seize; to gripe.
FANG, s. the long tusk of a boar; the nails or claws of a
biril or beast. In botany, any shoot or tendril, by means
of which one plant takes hold of another.
FA'NGLE, s. [froni/(Hg-nw, Sax.] a silly attempt ; a frivo-
lous or trilling scheme. At present rarely used, unless
joined with the word new ; as newfans:les, new fung^lmess.
FATS'GLED, piM'«. or a. gaudy; ridiculously or ostenta-
tiously; showy and ornamented.
FA*N(iLESS, a. without fangs or teeth.
FA'NGOT, i. a quanlily of wares, as raw silk, &c. con-
tainingfiom one to two hundred veiiht three quarters.
FA'NiONS, s. in the military art, small Hags carried along
with the baggage.
FA'NNEL, s. \fannn, Fr.] an ornament like a scarf, worn
by a priest round his arm when he says mass.
FA'NNEIl, «. one who makes use of a fan.
FA'NTASIED, part, or a. troubled with odd imagina-
tions or fancies.
FATSTASM. See Phantasm.
F.\NTA'STIC, or FANTA'STICAL, a. \fa,,tastiqye Fr.l
imaginary; irrational; capricious; governed by whim, :»"ia
fancy; coneciled; atfcded.
FANTA'STICALLY, «(/. in a manner which can only
exist in imagination; capriciously; with gre^t unstead*-
ness.
FANTA'STICALNESS, or FANTA'STICKNESS, *,
wliimsiealiiess ; caprieiousuess.
FA'N TASY, i. See Fancy, and Phantasy.
FA'NTIN, a populous kingdmn on the Gold Coast rtf
Guinea, extending ai)out 30 miles along the seashore. 'J'he
soil is fertile, producing fruits, maize, and palm wine. The
small towns are very numerous, aiid they reckon about
4000 lishermeu on the coast. The capital, which is of the
same name, is situated about four leagues up the country.
The English and Dutch have forts here, and other Euro-
pean nations have traded here for gold and slaves.
FA'NTO.M, J. See Phantom.
FAP, a. a cant-word in the time of Shakspeare for fuddled
or diimk.
FAR, ad. [feor, Sax.] to a great distance, considered
cither in length, or as extending on all sides; almost; in a
great measure. " The day \sfar spent." This word is of-
ten used in composition ; as far-seeing, far-looking. Puov.
FarfitclCd and ricar-lioiig/tt is good for ladies.
FAR, a. distant from any place [mentioned or implied.
Used w illi off, both as an adverb and as an adjective. From
far is used for a far or remote place.
FAR, s. [contracted from /"(o-raio] the offspring of a sow.
To FARCE, V. a. Ifarcio, Lat.] to stuff with other ingre-
dients.
FARCE, s. [from /rtjco-, Fr.] a dramatic entertainment of
the comic kind, never exceeding three acts, but eonfined
to the established laws of the drama; sometimes ai>plied to
a piece stufl'ed with wild and ludicrous conceits, cupable of
raising laughter. Figuratively, any incident or circuta-
stancc which is rather diverting than serious, and rather
ridiculous than rational.
FARCICAL, a. b<»longing or suitable to a farce.
FARCY', s.[faieina, Ital.J a disease in horses or oxen,
which vitiates their mass of Wood; probably curable by
antimony.
FA'ilDEL, s. [fardcUo, Ital.] a bundel, l)urdcn, or liitle
pack.
To FARE, II. n. [furan. Sax.] to go ; to walk or move
from one place ti) aiiiilher. "Soon he fares." Par. Lost,
To be in any state or condition, either good or ba(l. To
live, applied to the manner of eating.
FA 111'', s. the price paid l)y a person for his passage in
any carriage, w hellier by land or by water ; food,or provision
for eating.
FA'REHAiM, a town of Hants, which carries on a consi-
derable trade in coals, corn, ivc. and has a manufacture o.
sacks and cordage. Bricks and tiles also, of a superior ex-
cellence, are made here. It is pleasantly situated at the N.
W. nook of I'ortsmouth Harbour, (with a quay, at v. Inch ves-
sels of 200 tons can unload) 12 miles S. E. of Southampton,
and 74 W. by S. of London. Market on Tuesday.
FAREWELL, ad. a compliment used at parting, whereby
we wish the person well w horn we take leaveof.
FAREWELL, s. leave ; the act of parting. Sometimes
used as an adjective, for something in which leave is taken.
F.\RFE'TCH, s. a stratagem or artifice.
FARFETCHED, a. brought from places at a great dis-
tance off ; sought with care and pains ; not naturally in-
troduced.
FARINA'CEOUS, ff. [from/an"«fl, a meal, Lat.J mealy;
resembling meal.
FARM, s. [from feorm. Sax.] ground occupied in tiPage,
whether ,it be a person's own, or hire^l ; tlie state cf lands
let out at a certain annual sura ; a certain sinn of mo-
ney paid to government for the right to its customs or
taxes.
To FARM, V. a. to let or Inre laud of another pe.-son for
34i
FAS
FAT
tillage ; to cultivate .ands ; to rent the customs or taxes of
a state at a certa-iii rate.
FATIMER, f. one who cultivates his own or hired land ;
one who advances money for, or rents the taxes of, a
state. •
FA'RMING, «. tlie art of cultivating land or breeding
cattle.
FA'R;M0ST, a. [supeilative of /«>] most distant ; re-
motest.
FA'RNESS, j. distance; remoteness.
FA'RNHAM, a town in .Surry, with a market on Thurs-
day. It is seated on the river Wye, and is a| pretty jfooil
town, with a castle seated on an eminence, ^ihere the bi-
shops of Wincliester usually reside ; but it is now imich de-
cayed. The houses are handsoriie ; and the market lar^fc
for wheat, oats, and barlev. It is 12 miles W. of Guildford,
and 3S W. S. W. of ■i.ondon,
FARN LSLANDS, on tlie coast of Northumberland, 17
innund)er; the \n\nv\\>a\, Fani Island, is about a mile in
circumference, has a lijjht-house on it, and contains or 7
acres of rich pasture.
FARRA'GINOUS, n. [from fiir>-ao;n, a mixture, Lat.]
Com]iosed of diti'Rrent thiuijs or persons ; huddled.
FARRA'GO,.?. [Lat.] a mixed nuisi ; a medley.
FA'RRIER, «. f/'»rj-«i(».v, fidiii /'(<■)■/()«, iron, Lat. because
horses' shoes are made of that nielal] one who makes shoes
for, and puts them on, horses; one who professes to cure
the diseases incident in horses.
To FA'RRIER, v. a. to practise physic 'and surgery on
horses.
FA'RRIER^Y, s. the art of curing', palliating, or prevent-
)HS the diseases of horses, called of late years, and since the
subject has employed the attention of scientific persons, the
Veterinary A rt.
FA'RlilNCiDON, a small town of Berks, situated on the
side of a liiil, near the Thames, 18 miles S. W. of Oxford,
and 6S W. by N. off -ondon. Market on Tuesday.
To FARROW, (Jurrii) r. a. to bring forth pigs, a-pplied
to swine.
FA'RROW, (,fdrrii)s. [/earth, Sax.l a little pig.
FARSrSTAN, or Faks, a fertile province of Persia,
bounded on the N. by Irac Agemi ; on llie E. by Kermaii;
on the S. by the Persian (iulf ; and on the W. by Chusistaii ;
about 420 miles Iniig, and 3()0 broad. The forests furnish
mastic, and eniiMaUls are common here. Numbers of wild
swine and wild eals inhabit the mountainous parts.
F'ART, .t. [firl, Sax.] wind let loose behind.
To F.AM'I', I'. 11. to break wind behind.
FA'RTIIEK, n.fJolinson says this word is generally but
improperly considered as the comparative of yirc; whereas
it comes fmiu f'oil/i, furllur, forlhist ; and that we ought
to write \X further •mu\ furthcst^^ at a greater distance, applied
to situation. Longer. Adverbially, at, or to a greater dis-
tance. Used as a connective particle in a discourse, it im-
plies mnrenre) _ as;mn,beii(lcs.
FA'RTHEST, a. (more properly furthest) most distant.
Adverbially, at, or to the greatest distance.
FA'RTIILNG, *. [from/(w(A«, Sax. fourth, and ?ing-,Sax.
a diminutive termination] the smallest English coin, being in
value the fourth jiart of a penny.
FA'RTHINGALE, «. \vcrdegarde, Belg.] a hoop, or pet-
ticoat, used to make the others stand out by means of circles
of whalebone, or cane, which are sewed upon it.
F'A'SCES, s. fLat.j.axes tied up in a bundle with rods or
staves, and borne before the Roman magistrates, as an en-
sign or badge of authority.
FA'SCETS, s. in the art of making glass, nre the irons
thrust into the mouths of bottles, in order to convey them
to the aniiealing lower.
FA'SCiA, jf. [Lat.| in architecture, a broad list, fillet,
or band, used in architraves and pedestals. In brick build-
ings, tlw; jutting out of the bricks over the windows.
To FA'SriNATE, «. a. [fascino, from faseimim, witch-
craft. I^ri. to bewitch, or influence by enchantment or
witchcraft 342
11,1^11111^ I<».-1H,VJ1 l.ll»l^'III.
To FAST, V. n. [foestan, Sax.l to
drinking; to mortify the body by a
FASCINATION, s. [fnscirw, from aseimm, witchcraft,
Lat.] the act of bewitching, generally applied to that uf the
eye or tongue.
F'A'SCINE, (fdsseeti) s. [Fr.J in fortification, faggots, or
small branches of trees, or bavins, bound up in buudlci,
which are mixed with earth, and serve to till the trenches,
to screen the men, make parapets of trenches, Arc.
F'ASHION, (in this word and its df rivatives the « is ge-
nerally omitted in pronunciation— /"(iiAoH) i. [fa^on, Vr.] the
form, make, or cut of any thing ; the iiiaiiner in which any
thing is performed ; custom, or the form which is most com-
monly made use of. Men vf fashion implies men of rank,
state, or dignity. Syn'OT^. Fashion rises from labour,
and results from the workmanship.the workman enriching it
more or less according to his taste. Figure springs from
design, and results froui the outlines of the tliiug, the au-
thor of the plan making it either more or less regular ac-
cording to his abilities. Prov. As good he out of tin
world as init of the fashion.
To FASH ION, V. a.[fu(nnner, Fr.] to make in a parti-
cular form or shape; to nt, to adapt; to make accorduiglo
the general taste.
F'ASHlONAIiLE, a. established by custom, or mode;
made according to the general taste, or mode ; observant of
the mode; ofa rank ordignity superiorto the vulgar.
F'A'SHlONAliLENESS, s. conformity to the reigning
taste, applied lo building, plate, or any production either
of the baud or head.
FA'SH ION ABLY, ad. in a manner conformable to th«
reigning taste or custom.
to abstain from eating or
abstaining from Ibod, iin
a certain time, on a religious account.
FA.ST, s. a space of time wherein a person takes little or
no food .
FAST, a. \f(fst. Sax.] firm ; fixed; deep or sound, a|>-
plied to sleep. Strong; impregnable. Firm in adherence.
Closed, or shut close ; with a quick motion.
F.VST, <!(/. firmly ; immoveably ; swiftly, applied to
motion. Frequently, applied to repetition.
To FA'S'1 1-N, 1'. n. to make firm or immoveable ; to ce-
ment, tie, or link together; to affix. Neuterly, to stick or
adhere.
FASTENER, s. a person that makes firm, ties, or binds.
FA'.STER, s. one who abstains from food.
F.\STH.\NDED, a. covetous; avaricious; not given to
generosity.
FASTIDIO'SITY, s. disdainfulness; contemptuousncss.
F.VSTI'DIOUS, a.[fastidiiisus, t'rom fasti dio, to dislaiii,
Lat.] disdainfiil ; nice to a fault ; squeamish.
FA.STI'DIOUSLY, ad. in a contemptuous, disdaiufwl, or
squeamish manner.
FASTNESS, «. [firstncsse. Sax.] firmness, or firm adher-
ence (oa cause or party ; a strong hold ; a fortress.
FAT, a. [f<rl, Sax.] full-fed ; fieshy ; plump ; or covered
with an oily or unctuous substance ; gross; ilull, from fat,
Fr. Figuratively, wealthy ; rich. " A /n/bcncfice."
FAT, s. an oily, concrete, animal substance, composed of
oil, sebacic acid, and carbon. The (at islo be foiin<l iiiimo-
diately under the skin, in most parts of the body. There
are two sorts of fat: one yellow, soft, and lax, easily melt-
ed ; another, firm, white, brittle, and not so easily melted,
called suet or tallow. Some reckon the marrow of the bones
for a third sort of fat.
FAT, s. See Vat.
FA'TAL, a.[fatalis, from fatum, fate, Lat.] causing inevi-
table death or (lestruction ; caused by fate, destiny, or ne-
cessity.
FATALISM, s. the doctrine of fate, or opinion that the
occurrences of life and products of nature are established
by an unalt<'rable necessity.
FATALIS'I', *. one who|helieves und maintains that all
things happen by invincible necessity.
FATALITY, *. [futaliii:, Fr.] a predetermined and iiw
FAU
FE A
invincible necessarj' order or scries of things and events ; a
decree of fate; an invincible influence or bias ; a tendency
todanfjer, destruction, or death.
FATALLY, ad. mortally ; in such a manner as to occa-
sion death ; by the decree of fate, or by an inevitable and
invincible necessity.
FATE, s. [fatitm, Lat.] an inevitable necessity, depend-
in;; on some hxed or superior cause. Fi^juratively, a neces-
sary or predetermined event ; death; destruction; the cause
of death.
FATED, a. decreed, or determined by fate ; invested
with any quality by fate.
FATHER, (the a is pronounced broad, like the German,
or a in ali. .') s. [father. Sax.] one who has begotten a son
oradaughtor. Figuratively, the first ancestor ; the title ge-
rally given to a person in years, because old enough, and
on accouut of his age deserving, to be reverenced as one's
father. Qsed in the plural, for the ecclesiastical writers of
the first centuries. An inventor. The title of a popish con-
fessor, particularly that of a Jesuit. The title given to a
senator in ancient Rome. The appellation of one of the Per-
sons of the blessed and adorable Trinity, so called as beget-
ting the Son in an ineffable manner ; likewise called our Fa-
ther, on account of giving us being, of protecting us with a
fatherly kindness, and ofadopting us as co-heirs with Christ
iu the system of redemption.
To F'ATHER, 0. a. to adopt a person for one's son or
daughter ; to adopt, or pretend to be the author of, a
composition; to ascribe to any one as his offspring, used
with on.
FA THERHOOD, *. the state or condition of a parent or
father.
FATHER-IN-LAW, s. a husband's or wife's father.
FATHERLESS, «. without a father.
FATHERLY, a. like a father ; tender.
FATHERLY, ad. in the manner of a father.
FATHOM, i. [f(€thm, Sax.] a long measure containing
six feet, or two yards, being taken from t he space a man can
reach with both his arms extended, and chiefly iLscd at sea.
Figuratively, reach; penetration; depth of entrance.
To FATHOM, V. a. to encompass witli the arms ex-
tended ; to sound, or find the depth of water at sea. Figu-
ratively, to reach, or comprehend ; to try the depth of a dif-
ficult subject ; to penetrate, sound, or go to the bottom of a
design.
Fathomless, a. that has no bottom, or is so deep as
not to be measured. Not to be comprehended, applied to
mysteries, or.ditficulties in writings.
F,\TrDICAL, a. [horn fatum, fate, and dico, to say, Lat.]
prophetical.
FATI'GUE, (fateeg) t. [fatigvc, Ft. from faligo, Lat.]
languor, faintness, or weariness, caused by labour. " F'igura-
tively, the cause of weariness. Synon. It is the continu-
ation of the same thing that either uronVs or tires ; with this
difference, that weary, implies a Ijss degree, tired a greater;
but it is labour \\nXfatipies. We tiie f»«ary or tired with
standing : we are fatigued with work.
To FATr(iUE, ifateeg) v. a. to tire, exhaust, or make
faint and languid with labour.
FATLING, j. a young animal fattened for slaughter.
FA'TN I'jSS, s. the quality of being fleshy, plump, or fat ;
Ijrease, sliminess. Fertility, or fruitfulness, applied to
ground. Tliatwhich causes plenty. "The clouds drop/"n/«f.M."
To FATFEN, ». «. to make fat by feeding. To make
fruitful, applied to ground.
FA'TT\ , a. oily ; greasy.
FATUITY, s. ]fattdti, Fr.] foolishness ; weakness of un-
derstanding ; a low degree of madness or phrenzy.
FATUOUS, a. [fatiius, Lat.] stupid ; foolish ; applied to
the understanding. Illusory ; deceitful.
FATWITTED, a. heavy, dull, or stupid.
FAU'CI'.T, s. [fausset, Fr.] a wooden pipe generally
forced into a barrel or cask to give passage to the liquor,
and stopped with a peg or spiggot.
FA'UFEL, ». CFr.] the fruit of a species of the palm-
tree.
FAVFLLOUS, a. [(rom favilla, an ember, Lat.] con* istinpj
of ashfis.
VWiLT, t.\faute, Fr.] a slight defector crime, which
subjects a person to blame, but Hot to punishment: a devia-
tion from, or transgression of, a rule, in some trifling cir-
cumstances.
FA'ULTLESS, a. without any defect; perfect* blame-
less.
FA'ULTY, «. slightly transgressing any rule ; blame-
able ; defective, or not fit for the use it is intended for.
FAUNS, in mythology, a species of demi-gods, supposed
to inhabit the forests.
'Fo FA'VOUR, (intliis word and its derivatives the o is
dropped in proinniciation, as fueur, fdmrahle, &:c.) v. a.
\fiii-eo, Lat.] to support, encourage, promote, or advance
ail undertaking. To resemble in features. To assist, sup-
port, countenance, or encourage a person.
FA'X'OUR, (favur) s. [fdfor, Lat.] countenance, sup.
port, or encouragement ; defence or vnidicat ion. A kind-
ness granted ; leave, permission, or pardon. A ribband
fornu>d into a rose, and worn as a cockade.
FA'V0UR.\15LE, a. kind; encouraging; afi'ectionate ;
conducive to ; tender; averse from censure. Convenient;
suited or adapted toa particulardesign.
FA'VOURABLENESS, s. a kindness shewed in pardon-
ing a person's defects, in supporting his endeavours, and
ill encouraging his undertakings.
FA'VOL'RABLY, nd. kindly; with encouragemenf, ten-
derness, or afieetion.
FAVOURED, /jari. looked upon or regarded with kiniL-
ness.
F.\ TOURER, s. one who encourages or countenances
anv person or tiling.
F.V'VOURITE, s. [the most proper spelling seems to be
favoiite, because derived from farnri, favorite, Vr. favnrita,
Ital.j one regarded with particular kindness, and distin-
guished from others by the familiarities shewn him either
by a private person or prince.
"FA'VOUJIITE, a. esteemed or beloved above others,
" A favourite dog."
FA'USEN, s. a sort of large eel.
FA'USSE-BRAY, (fuse-bra;/) s. [Fr.J in fortification, a
small mount of earth, four fathoms w ide, erected on the level
round the foot of the rampart, to fire upon the enemy, whea
ne is so far advanced that you cannot force him back ; and
als.. to receive the rums which the cannons make in the
body of the place.
FA'UTOR, ,1. [Lat.] a favourer, defender, or encourager.
FA'UTRESS, s. a woman that favours, or shews coun-
tenance.
FAWN, .!. \faon, Fr.] a young deer.
To FAWN, V. a. Ifaouner, f"r.] in its priman,' significa-
tion to bring forth a fawn. To make use of insinuating and
alluring gestures, applied to a dog. Figuratively, to endea-
vour to gain a person's favour by mean and servile com-
pliances.
FA'WNER, s. one who endeavours to gain favour by
mean and servile coiiipliances.
FA'WNINGLY, ad. in a cringing and servile manner.
F.\ Y, s. [ fee, F^r.] a fairv ; an elf.
To FEAGUE, feeg) V.' a. [from fegen, Teut.] to whip,
chastise, or beat.
FE.\L, s. sod or turf.
FE'ALTY, .v. [fiduhe, Fr.] duty due from a subject to
a king, or from any person to his superior.
F'EAR, s. [from ./(■»)■««, Sax.] dread, or painful appre-
hension of rfauger; or dtjection of mind at the presence of
anv person : anxiety or solicitude ; tbeobjert of fiar.
To FEAR, V. u. [fruran, Sax.J to apprehend evil, applied
both to persons and things.
FE'AlirUI^, a. tiinoioiis, or easily affected with fear;
afraid. Awful; comiiiaiuling reverence. Tenible: frightful.
343
t'EB
FKI
FE'ARFULLY, ad. in a manner which betrays or causes
ft dr.
FE'ARFULNF.SS, s.an habitual dread or fear; timorous-
res3.
FR'ARLESS, n. free from fear; not regarding danger,
citliT present or future.
PE'AR[>ESSLY, nr!. exemption from fear.
FEASIBLE, fffizMt) a. \faisable, Fr.] practicable:
such ns niav be done.
FE'ASIBLY, {fcizihhf) nth in such a manner as to be
practicable, or possible to be done.
FEAST, ifeest) s. [festiim, Lat.] a sumptuous entertain-
ment ; sonielliins nice or delicious to the palate.
To FEAST, (feest) V. n. to eat sumptuously ; to live on
costlv and delicious eatables.
FE'ASTFUL, {feestful) a. festival or rejoicing. Luxu-
rious , riotous.
FEAT, {feet) s. [fait, Fr.] a thing done ; an act, action,
or exploit ; a trick ; an odd or extraordinary motion of the
limbs.
FE'ATKER, (pron. fether, wifli e short) s [fcder, Teut.l
the covering of birds, and that by ^vhich they are enabled
to Hv. The mechanisiii of liie feallier is wonderful. The
shaft, or rib, is exceedingly strong, but hollow below, for
the sake both of stn-ngth and lightness, and above not much
less strong, being filled with a pith that is both strong and
-ight. The vanes in the flag part of the wnig are nicely
gaged, broad on one side, and narrow on the other ; the
♦■dges of the exterior vanes iiending downwards, and those
of the interior or wider upwards, by which means they
catch hold'and lie close to each other when tiie wing is
spread, so that not one feather may miss its full force, and
impulse upon the air. The tijis are all made slopinj;,
those of the interior vanes sloping to a point towards the
outer part of the wing, and the exterior vanes towards the
body; so thai tiie wing, whetlicr extended or shut, is as
neatly sloped and formed, as if constantly trimmed with a
pair of scissors. Figiualivelv, kind, nature, or species.
" I am not of that /cft//'('c." Slmh. An ornament; a mere
empty title; a mere plaything, or somethingonly fit to divert
or cause laughter. " A wit's a/c«M«'." Pope. In farriery,
a turning or parting of the hair on the forehead, resembling
an ear ot barlev, or an evelet hole.
To FE'ATliEU, {filhr) v. a. to dress in, or fit with fea-
tliers. To feather niii's nest, is to grow rich.
FE'ATHERED, {fcihcred) tt. clothed, fitted with, or
can"ving feathers.
FE'ATHERFEW, .s. a plant that flowers most part of the
summer.
FE'ATHERFOIL, J. a plant growing in ditches in some
f)arts of England, called also the water-violet. The leaves
ie concealed under water, tlie spikes of flowers only ap-
\;faring above, which grow in whorls at the joints of the
hollow' stalks. It flowers in June.
FE'.ATHERCiUASS, »•. a kind of grass with woolly awns,
found on iriounfains.
FE'ATIIERLESS, a. destitute of feathers.
FE'ATHEKMOSS, .?. a kind of moss of which there are
forty-seven kinds fiiiKld in I'lnglaiul-
FE'ATLY, (/«(/i/) ad. \\\ a neat, skilful, Of dcr.lCfCUS
majiner.
FE'ATURE, ifeitare) s. [failure, old Fr.] the cast or make
of the face, or any part or liufamcnt ol' it.
To FE.\ZE, (feeze) v. a. to untwist the end ofa rope, and
leduce it again to (lax.
FE'BIlIFLKiE, .t. [from /eJn>, fever, and /i/^o, to drive
away, Lat.] in medicnic, a remedy to drive away or cure a
fever.
FE'BRIFUGE, a. having the power of driving away or
curinf' a .tver.
FETJRIIjE, n. [frhrilis, from fclris, fevcr, Lat.] consti-
tutini' or proceeding from a fever.
FE^BRUARY, s. [so called from />7)iHn, the name ofa
feast held by the Romans, in behalf of the manes of the de-
31-1
ceased. Feh-iiKs, Lat. is the name of Pluto] the name of
tile second month of the year, according to the new style.
In a connnon year it consists only of 28 days; but in tlie
bissextile, or leap year, it has 21), on account of tiie inter-
calary day added to that year.
FT.'CES. s. See FjECES.
FE'CULKNCE, or Fl^'aiLENCY, s. [feecdeutia, from
faces., dregs, Lat.] foulness, arising from dregs or sediments,
applied fo liquors. Figuratively, dregs ; sediments.
FE'CULFINT, a. [fuculeutus, i'rom faces, dregs, Lat.] fotil,
not c\oyir, applied to liquors.
FE'CL'NO, «. [facundus, Lat.] fruitful; abounding in
children.
FECUNDATION, i. [from /(rcunrfo, to make fruiful,
Lat.] the act of making fruitful.
F^ECU'NDITY, *. the quality of producing or bringing
forth in great abundance.
, FE'DERAL, a. [t'romfadas, a contract, Lat] relating to,
and having the nature of, a contract.
FEE, s. [fpoli. Sax.] in law, lands and tenements held in
perpetual right; on condition of an acknowledgment paid
to the lord of the manor ; a property ; a reward, or money
given foa physician or lawyer; a perquisite due to a person
in an office.
To FEE, 1'. a. to pay a counsellor or physician ; to bribe.
To keep in hire.
F'EE'BLE, a. [foible, Fr.] wanting strength ; or weak in
body and mind.
FEEBLEMINDED, a. weak, or wanting resolution;
timorous.
FI:E'BLENESS, s. want of strength.
F'El.'liLY, ad. in a weak manner; without strength.
To FEED, V. a. pret. and part. pass, fed ; [fedan, Sax.]
to supidy with food. Figuratively, to supply; fo nourish,
cherisii, or keep alive ; to keep in hope or expectation ; to
delight or entertain. Neuterly, to take food ; to prey; to
place cattle to feed.
FEE'DEIR, s. one who supplies with food ; one that eats.
Fijjuratio'ely, a nourislier, supporter, or encourager.
FEE'F'ARM, s. in law, lands liolden by a man and his"
heirs for ever, under a yearly rent or acknowledgment paid
to another.
To FEEL, V. n. pret. and part. pass, felt ; {felan. Sax.]
to perceive l)y the touch. Figuratively, to have a quick
sensibility of good or evil which liappens to others; lo per-
ceive by ioucliiiig ; to have the sense of pain or pleasure ;
(o be aft'ected by. Sy.non. \ic feel lightly; we hmidle
with the full hand. We/ff/ a coiiimn, lo know whether it
be made of marhle or wood. It often happens, tiiat a thing,
though disagreeable to the eye, shall be agreeable to the
feel.
FEEL, i. the sense of feeling ; the touch.
FICE'LI-U,*. one who can distiiigiiihh by the tonrli. In
natural history, ihe horns or anteiiii;e of insects, whereby
tliev grope out their way, and clean their eyes.
FEI'7LINCi, mrt. of i'KEL that which expresses great
seiisiliility, orafieets strongly.
FEELING, s. the sease whereby wt get the ideas of hard,
soft, div, wet, snic.oth, rouijh, hot, cold, iVc. It is both
thi^ grnsses-i and most extensive of all the senses, if not that
which ineiiHles all the rest. F'iguratively, perception;
sensiliiiitv ; tenderness.
FEl'LINCiL^', ttd. in such a manner as if sensible of or
feeling' aiiv thing one's self ; so as to atlect others deeply.
FEIVSLMI'LE, .?. in law, that whereof we are seised lo us
and our heirs forever.
FEETAIL, s. in law, is when lands arc given to a man,
and the heirs of his body, so that if he have children by a
third venter, and not of the first, they shall inherit.
FEET, «. tlie plural of Foot.
FEE'TLESS, a. without feet.
To FEKiN, {fene) v. a. [fmulre, Fr.] to Hivent ; to assert
n thing which is not. To counterfeit, Latch or put on the
appearance ofa thing.
FEL
FEI'GNEULY, (Jenedly) ad. in a fictifious or iabuious
mannei ; countcrfeitly.
Fl'.I GNER, (feiier) s. ati inventor ; tiie autlior of a fable
or fiction.
FEINT, pitrt. [instratl of feijrneil ; from /(■(«/, Fr.] invent-
ed. Not true or real. " Any /'i"' ai'pt'iiraine." J.ncke.
FEINT, *. [feint, Fr. I a mere sliiiw ; a false appearance
or attempt ; an offer at soniethinf; not intended to be ; a
disiinise.
FELA'NDERS, ,v. worms in hawks.
To FELICITATE, v. ,t. [fiiicito, froni feUx, happy, Lat.]
to make li;\ppv. To contjratiilate; to wish ri person jov.
FELICITATION, J. [./(•/(C((«</"/i,Fr.] the act of wishing;
joy, or rejoicing with a person on account of some happy
event,
FELl'CITY, s.[felicitas, from fcHr, happy, Lat.] a state
wherein a person Has no wants to satisfy, no wishes to fulfil,
no evils to remove; but is easy without pain, and joyful
without anv dash or niixlurc of sorrow.
FE'LINE, a. [felinvs, fiomfelis, a cat, Lat.] resemblinga
cat.
FELL, n. [ fclh, .Sax.l void of mercy or humanity ; cruel ;
barbarous, savage. Seldom used.
FELL, s. [fctle, SiiN.] the skin ; the hide.
To F F,LL, i>. a. Ifclhn, Teut.l to knock down ; to make a
berson tumble on ihn ground by the force of a blow; to
hew or cut flown.
FELL, preterof Fall.
FF.'LLER, s. one who hews or cuts down.
FE'LLMONGER, s. |/?/aud tnoiiger. Sax.] one that deals
in, and sells, peltry or skins.
FE'LLOE, s. [fclRr, J>an.l the pieces of wood which
make the eircuiitfcrence of a wheel.
FE'LLOW, (fel/ii) s. [fallow, Scot.] a companion, or one
often in one's' company ; one united in the same undertak-
ing; an equal; one thing suited to another, or one of a
pair ; one like to, or resembling another. An appellation
used in familiar discourse for a man or person, sometimes
with fondness, sometimes with esteem, but generally with
some degree of contempt, when it implies a mean wretch, a
sorry rascal. A member of a society ; a member of a col-
lege, who partakes in its government and revenues. Fe^
low, in composition, generally denotes community or equal-
ity of natiue, station, or employment.
To FE'LLOW, (/'f//o)t'. a. to suitor match one thing with
another ; to pair or produce one thing resembling another
in size, colour, cVc.
FELLOW-COMMONER, s. one who has a right of com-
mon with another. In Cambridge, a commoner of the
higher order, who sits at table, and eats his commons, with
the fellows of the college.
FELLOW-Clliy.yrURE, .5. one that has the same cre-
ator, generally applied to animals of the same species.
FELLOW-FEE'LING, s. sympathy; or the being as much
afi'ected with the sufferings of another as if they were our
own : a combination in order to defraud or cheat.
FELLOW-HEIR, s. one who has a right to the same in-
heritance with another; a coheir.
FELLOW-L.-^'BOURER, «. one who labours to promote
the same design.
FELLOW-SE'RVANT, s. one who has the same master.
FELLOWSHIP, (filtous/iip) s. company; society ; the
state of persons whoare frequently together and jointly take
part in any design. Association ; a confederacy or union
of several persons by some contract, bond, or obligation.
A partnership or joint interest; equality; fondness for
feasting or entertaninicnts of drinking; an establishment
at an university, with a share in the revenues of a college.
In arithmetic, a rule by which the stock of any company is
divided in proportion to the several sums each partner
broueht in ; it is divided into iine-fc or doid/le.
FF;LLY, *. SeeFELLOR.
FE'LLY, ad. in such a manner as shews want of all the
Yy
rEN
Kind and benevo.ent affections ; in a cruel, barbarous, and
savage matnier. Seldom used.
ri'VLO-DlvSK, J. [law Lat.] in law, one whowilling.y a.".d
deliberately kills himself.
FELON, s. [fclii, law Lat.] a person whc is guilty of
some crime, which will subject him lo death by the litw, a
whitlow, or tumor, formed between the bone and its invest-
ing iiK'mbraue.
FE'LON, «. [ff^lle. Sax.] cruel; barbarous; savage.
FELO'NTOU.S, a. belonging to a felon ; subject to death
by the law. Figuratively, wicked ; barbarous.
"FFLO'NIOUSLY, arf. after the manner of a felon; or
with an intent to rob or murder.
FK'LONY, s. [fctoiiin, law Lat.] any crime which subjects
a person to death by the law.
FEL'F, «. [/e/(. Sax.] a kindofsfiiff or cloth, made either
of wool alone, or of castor's, camel's, or cony's hair, and
lamb's wool; neither spun, crossed, nor woven, but wrought
and fulled with leys and size, and afterwards shaped into the
form of a hat upon a block. A hide or skin of animals ;
from fcl. Sax.
To FELT, V. a. to make clothor stuff only by fulling, and
working with leys and size, without weaving or crossing.
FELUCCA, s.[fclcn, Fr.] a light vessel with from 10 to
IC benches of oars, which is not covered over, and may have
the rudder applied either to head or stern. It is used in
the Mediterranean as a passage boat, and by the natives o'
Barbary as a cruiser.
FE'LWORT, s. called also marsh gentian,, a plant found
in Wales, with oval radical leaves ; flowers in August.
FE'MALE, s. [femelle, Fr.] that sex which bears of brings
forth youn^.
FE'MALE, a. belonging to that sex which conceives and
beaps offspring.
F'KMIi-CovERT, s. [Fr.l in law,a married woman.
FEME-SoLE, t. [Fr.] in law, an unmarried woman.
FE'MININE, a. [from fccmina, a woman, Lat.] of that sex
which bearsyoung. Figuratively, soft, delicate ; like a wo-
man, or wanting that natural hardiness which distinguishes
the male sex. In grammar, that gender which denotes a
word to belong to a female.
FE'MININE, i. a female.
FE'MORAL, a. [from femus, the thigh, Lat.] belonging
to the thigh.
FEN, ,r. [fenn, Sax.] a wet, moist, or boggy place on land,
overflowed with water.
FF,'NBERRY, s. a kind of blackberry.
FENCl'>, .f. [a contraction of ihfencc'] any thing 'or means
made use of to guard from danger. An inclosure, hedge, or
paling, serving to keep persons from entering any spot of
ground. The art of fencing.
To FENCE, I', a. to inclose or secure a place by a hedge
or paling ; to defend or guard, used \\'\\\\ against. Netiterly,
to practise the art of fencing, or that which teaches the use
of the sword; to guard against; to use such methods,as to
hinder the progress of any vice or evil, used with agr.inst.
FE'NCELESS, a. open, or without any inclosure.
FENCER, J. a person who makes use of the sword ac-
cording to tlie rules of fencing ; one who teaches the alt of
using the sword.
FE'NCIBLE,a. capable of defence.
FE'NCING, f. the art ofdcfence, or of using the sword.
Fencing likewise signifies the hedge or pales used to inclose
ground.
FE'NCRICKET, s. an insect that digs itself holes in the
ground.
To FEND, V. a. [fiom defend] to keep off, Neuterly, to
dispute; to shift off a charge.
FENDER,*, a plate of ironor brass laid before afire.to
prevent the coals that fall from rolling upon, and injuring,
the floor. '
FENERATION, s. [from fimero, to lend upon usury,
Lat.] usury ; or an allowance made or taken for the Ufe of
money. Sto
FER
FER
FE'NNEC, s. in natural history, a beautiful little animal
ri'senibliiig: the dog. It is an inhabitant of Africa. It is
ot'hervvise called the Zerda.
FK'NNEL, s. [fenol. Sax.] a plant. The leaves, seeds,
niid roots of the common sort are used in medicine; the root
being one of the five opening roots, the seed one of the
^freat carminative seeds, and the leaves made use of in dis-
tilling a simple water.
FE'NNY, a. soft by the settling of rain or overflowing of
waters, applied to ground. Marshy; moorish; dwelling ni
a niarsli.
FENNY-STRATFORE>, a thoroughfare town in Buck-
inghamshire, two furlongs in length, and full of inns ; it has
« market on INIonday. It is 18 miles N. W. of Dunstable,
a'ld 4oN. W. of London.
FE ODAL, (feidal) a. [feodal, Fr.] held from another.
FEODARY, {fiklai-i/) a. [from feodum, low Lat.] one
vvlio holds his estate under the tenure of suit and service to
d superior lord.
To FEOFF, ifeef) V. a. [feoffare, law Lat.] to put in
possession ; to give a right to a possession.
FEOFFEE, (_/(■(/£«)« Ifeoff'atus, law Lat.] one put in pos-
session.
FE'OFFKR, (/Ttj^ct) s. one who gives possession; dis-
tinguished in law from a dunor, because \hc fenffer grants in
feesjaiple, and a dmwr in feetail. Lift. lib. 1. c. 6.
FEOFFMENT, ( feoffment) s.[feuff'ameiit am, law Lat.] in
law, agiftor grant of any manors, messuages, lanfis, or tcne-
nienls to another in fee, i. e. to him and his heirs for ever, by
the delivery of seisin, and possession of the estate granted.
FIi'R.\L, n. [feralis, Lat. J mournful; funeral.
FFRIATION, s. [from/W-M, a lioliday, Lat.] the act of
celebrating or keeping holiday by ceasnig from labour; a
cessation from work.
FERINE, a.[feniiHS, from/era, a wild beast, Lat.] wild;
untamed.
FERI'NENESS, .s. wildness ; the qualify of uncultivated
and untamed wilHness.
FERITY, s. [fiita!, from fcr:<s, fierce, Lat] barbarity;
crueltv ; wildness.
FERMANAGH, a county of Ulster in Ireland, .3.5 miles
in length, and about a.i in breadth, containing 1!> parishes.
It is l)onnded on the W. by Leitrim and Donegal; on the
N. by Donegal and Tvrone; on the E. by Tyrone and IMo-
naghan ; and on the S. by Cavan and Leitrim". It is naviga-
ble throughout its whole length, by means of the Lakes of
Lough Erne ; but travelling in it is dithcult, in many places,
by reason of the hilly, rugged, and uneven surface of the
country, and the boggy grounds. The number of houses is
calculated at nearly" 1'2.(T()0, and of the inhabitants at
72,0(10. The linen manufacture, and raising cattle, form
the chief trade of this countv. There is only one linen
market in it, but the country abounds with spinners and
goo(l flax. The sales are ateraged at 41,000/. annually.
E)Hiiskillen is the capital.
ToFlORMIC'NT, r. n. [formmlo, Lat.] to exalt, rarefy,
or conniiunicate by putting the particles into an intestine
commotion.
FE'RMENT, s. \fermrntion, Lat.] that which causes an
intestine motion in the particles of a fluid. A conuuotion,
or tumult, aiiphed to goveriunent.
FERME'NTAIU.E, ".capable of having its parts put into
un intestine commotion.
FERME'NTAL, «. having the power of raising an intes-
tin,' cr)uimotion. Not used.
FERMENTATION, .«. \frrmenfntin, from firmento, to
leaven, Lat.] a slow motion of the intestine particles of a
mixed body; arising usually from the operation of some
■active acid matter, which rarefies, exalts, and s\d)(ilizes the
soft anil sulphureous particles, as when leaven or xcasl ra-
refies, lightens, and fermeiils bread or wort. Cliy iiiisls have
disliiiguislied fermentations into several kinds, as the sac-
fhariue, which forms sugar; the vinous, which takes place
i;i fernieiited li<iuors : tne acetous, the colouring, which is
34G
developed in the maceration of the indigo plant, and the
putrid.
FERME'NTATIVE, a. causing or bavin"; the power to
cause, an intestine commotion of the particles.
FERN,». [feani. Sax.] in botany, a plant growing on the
stump of trees in woods, and on the banks of ditches.
Decoctions of the root are used as diet-drinks in chronical
cases ; and country people esteem it a sovereign remedy io
the rickets.
FETiN Y, a. overgrown with fern.
FEROCIOUS, {ferothioiis) a. ]^ftroce, Fr.J wild, untamed,
savage ; resembling a savage.
FEROCITY, i.{ixomfervx, fierce, Lat.j fierceness of
disposition or look.
lERRA'RA, a district of Italy, lately in the pojie's ter-
ritories. The Ferrarese is now almost uncultivated, tliongli
formerly one of the finest countries in Italy. The air is un-
wholesome on account of the marshes, and the inhabitants
are too few to drain them. The city of Ferrara has a num-
ber of fine buildings, which evince its former opulence ; but
the inhabitants, who are very few, in proportion to the ex-
tent of the place, bear every mark of poverty. Ariosto lies
auried here in a Benedictine convent, and Tasso was con-
fined as an idiot in the hospital of St. Anne. It is seated on
a branch of the Po, 23 miles N. E. of Bologna.
FF'RREOUS, «.[/<'i-;fi«, Lat.] of the nature of iron.
FERRET, s.\^furt:d, Brit.] in natural history, an animal
of the weasel kind, with red eyes, employed in catching
rabbits and rats. It was originally introduced info .Spain
from Africa, and probably from S|)ain through the medium
of the Romans into England.
To FE'RRET, t). n. to drive out of a lurking-place, allud
iniT to the manner in which ferrets drive rabbits out of their
holes.
FE'RRETEH, .?. one who hunts another, and discovers
hiiiVjn his liidiii:;. places.
FE RRIAGE, .«. the sum paid for a passage at a ferry.
FE'RRO, or III El!0, the most westerly of the Canpiy
Islands, remarkable for atl'ording little water, except what
is supplied by the fountain-tree, which grows here, (its top
being always covered with a thick cloucf,) and which distils
water from its leaves in such plenty, as to satisfy the wants
of its inhabitants. Many voyagers, at least, speak so; but
the French geographers totally deny its existence ; and, in-
deed, this tree has been but too long the subject of a popular
error. It is more probable, that the inhabitants make use
of what water they can collect in cisterns and reservoirs
during the rainy season. Though not very fertile, the inha-
bitants raise corn, sugar, fruit, and legumes, and {ci'i\ a great
number of callle. The western extremity of Ferro was,
heretofore, by cimimon consent, accounted the place of the
first meridian ; but the national partialities having induced
the moderns to adopt the capital of their own particular
countries, as llie place from which to reckon the longitude ;
the follow ing is its situation according to the English : Lat.
27. 47. N. Ion. 17. 4(1. \V.
FEURO, Faro, FAROi„orFAROF.R Lsi.ands,2:> small
islands ill the Northern Ocean, subject to Denmark, of wliicli
17 only are habitable. Each of tliese is a lofty mountain,
rising out of the waves, divided from theothers by deep and
rapid currents. Some are deeply indented with secure liar
bo'iirs ; all are steep, and most of Iheiii exhibit tremendous
precipices. The soil is shallow, but remarkably fertile
barley, Ihe only corn grown here, yields above 20 for I ; ana
the grass affords abundant pasturage for sheep : but no trees
above the si/i' of a juniper or stunted willow tree are to be
seen liiMc. Vast (luantilies of sea-fowl frequent the rocks,
the taking of which furnishes a perilous employ for the in-
h-ibitants. 'i'lieir exports are salted mutton, tallow, goose,
ipiills, feathers, eider-down, knit woollen waistcoats, caps,
and stockings. Lat. between (Jl. 16. and (J2. 10. N. Ion. be-
tween .'). anil 7. 2'i. W.
FE'RROL, a strong fortified townof Galicia; with one oi
the best harbours in Spain, and evei ni all Europe ■ vessels
p r.s
FE V
lying secure here from all winds It is now a marine arse-
ual, and the principal station for llicSpanisli navy ; altlioiiKli,
in 1751, it was only a small and dirty Jisiiinj,'-to\vn. It is
seated on a bay of the Atlantic Ocean, 20 miles N. K. of
Corniina. F,at."43. 30. N. Ion. 8. 4. W.
FKKRU'GINOUS, <t. [fcrni^iueiis, from ftrrmn, iron,
Laf,.l partaking of the particles or qualities of iron.
FE'RRULE, s.[{tom feirum, iron, I.at.Jan iron, or Iirass
cap or ring, pnt ronnd, or at the end of a tliini,', (o hinder it
from splitting or wearing;.
To FK'fUtY, V. a. [from faran, Sax.] to row a boat
or vessel across a river ; to cross a river in a boat or
vessel.
FERRY, or FE'RR YBOAT, .c. a vessel or boat in which
Ccrsoiis cross the water. Fijjuratively, the place where
oats ply which cross the water; the conniion passage lijr
a v<>ssp1 or boat across a river.
FE'RRYiMAN, s. one who keeps a ferry, or rows a boat
across the water.
FERTH, or FORTH, s. common terminations, are the
same as, in English, an army.
FERTILE, a. [ferlilis, Lat.] producing a great quan-
titv ; fruitful.
FETiTILl'^NESS, s. the quality of producing abundance ;
fruitful.
To FERTI'LITATE, v. a. to make fruitful.
FEUTl'LITY, f. [fertilUJxomfertilis, fertile, Lat.] the
quality of producing plenty oral)undance.
To 'FERTILIZE, v. a. [fertiliser, Fr.] to make fruitful.
FF/RTILY, ad. ingreat quantities, or abundance.
FE'RVENCY', j. [from /"erreo, to be hot, Lat.] eagerness;
warmth of application. Applied to the mind, zeal, or
warmth of devotion.
FE'RVENT, a. [from fervco, to be hot, Lat.] hot, opposed
to cold. Vehement, or warm, applied to the temper.
Ardent, warm, zealous, or flaming with devotion.
FERVENTLY, ad. in an eager, vehement, earnest, ar-
dent, or zealous manner.
FE'RVID, «. [from ferveg, to be hot, Lat.] hot. Figura-
tively, ardent, zealous, vehement.
FERVI'DITY, s. heat, opposed to cold. Figuratively,
warmth of temper.
FE'RVIDNESS, *. the quality of being warm of temper,
earnest in application, or zealous in devotion.
FERULA,*. [Lat.] in botany, the fennel giant. A flat
wooden instrument for chastising boys at school ; so named
because formerly the stalks of fennel were used for that
purpose.
To FE'RULE, B. a. to chastise with the ferula.
FE'RVOUR, s. [from fervco, to be hot, Lat.J heat or
warmth, opposed to cold. Eagerness, or earnestness of
application ; warmth or heat of temper; ardour or zeal in
devotion.
FESCUE, s. a small wire with which those who teach to
read point out the letters. In botany, a kind of grass, of
which there are found nine species in England, distinguish-
ed from all others by having an oblong blossom, with two
sharp-pointed valves.
FE'SELS, s. a kind of base grain.
FESSIC, s. [from fascia, a band, Lat.] in heraldry, is one of
the nine honourable ordinaries, consisting <pf a line drav;n
directly across the shield from side to side, and containing
tjie third part of it, between the honour-point and the nom-
bril. It represents a broad girdle or belt of honour, which
knights at arms were anciently girded with.
To FE'STER, v. n. [fcsse, Bavarian, a swelling, according
to Junius] to rankle; to grow inflamed.
FE'STINATE, a. [(mmfestiu'i, to hasten, Lat.] hasty ; ex-
peditions, opposed to delay. Not much in use.
FE'STIVAL, a. [from festum, a feast, Lat.] belonging to
feasts or public entertainments.
FE'STIVAL, t. a time of public feasting; a day of reli-
gious or public jov.
FE'STI VE, a. [from fettum, a feast, Lat.] gay, joyous.
FESTIVITY, i.[froni/«tum, a feast, Lat.] a feast, or the
time of public rejoicing ; gaiety; joyfulness.
FESTO'ON, s. [/'istu7i, Fr.] in architecture, an ornament
of carved work, in the form of a wreath, or g irland of
flowers, or leaves twisted together, thickest in the middle,
anil susijendefl at the ends.
FES'I'U'CINE, a. [from fcstuca, the shoot or stalk of a
tree, l,al.| straw ciilour, between green and yellow.
To FETCH, 1'. a. prefer, filc/ied ; [Jecaii, .Sax. J to go in
ordt^r to bring something to a person ; or take or make an
excursion. To equal in value. 'Jo produce by some kind
of force ; to reach ; to arrive at.
TE'TCII, s. a stratagem in which a design is attained in-
directly, or in which one thing seems to be intended, and
iiuolher is done ; a trick, or artifice.
I'E'TID, a. [from/a-<('«, to stink, Lat.] stinking; having an
ofl'ensive smell.
FE'TIDNES.S, i.thequality of havinga strong and offen-
sive smell.
FE'TLOCK, i. in farriery, a tuft of hair growing behind
the pastern joint of many horses ; horses of a low size have
scarcelv any such tuft.
IT/POR," s. [(iMw firtm, to stink, Lat.J a stink ; a stencii.
FE'ITEH, *. it is commonly used in the plural, ftiirs ;
Ifettere, Sax.] ciiains for the feet, put on prisoners to prevent
their escape, ^''iguratively, any restraint.
To FETTER, v. a. to put chains or shackles on the
legs. Figuratively, to euchain ; to bind ; to deprive of
liberty.
To "FETTLE, v. a. [a cant word from feel] to bustle
or make an appearance of being busy ; to do trifling bu-
siness.
FETUS, s. [fatiis, Lat.] an animal full grown, but in the
womo.
FEUD, s. [feahd. Sax.] quarrel ; opposition; war.
FEU'DAL, a. [feudahs, Lat.J pertaining to fees, feus,
or tenures, by which lands are held of a superior lord. Few-
dal Tenure, an estate in land, given iiy the lord to his vassals
in lieu of wages, upon condition to assist the lord in his
wars, or to do him some other service. At first, the feudal
estates were held absolutely at the will of the lord, but after-
wards they were made hereditary ; and duchies, earldoms,
baronies, cVc. were granted absolutely ui)on the condition
of fealty and homage. The vassal was obliged to appear in
the field upon his lord's summons, to follow his standard, to
protect his person, and never to desert him, upon the score
ofdanger, and to pay aids and taxes ; upon non-performance
of which, the estate was forfeited. About the year DDO,
Hk^Ii Capet made these estates hereditary, ami the French
nobility began to take their surnames from their principal
manors. William the Counucror is said to have introduced
these tenures into England. The granting these fees was
anciently very solemn. In the empire, those that were con-
siderable were granted by delivering a standard or banner ;
but the French passed them by delivering a ring and a
staf^'.
FEUT).\TORY, s. [fendatoire, Fr.] one who holds by some
conditional tenure from a superior.
FEUDS,*, plural; [/eorfum, low Lat.j in law, lands that
arc hi>re<litarv.
FE'VER, sWfehris, Lat.] in nu-dicme, is a disease, or rather
a class of diseases, whose characteristic is a preternatural
heat felt throughout the whole body, or at least the princi-
pal parts of it. According to Sydenham, a fever is nothing
else but the efiort of nature, to free tierself of some morbific
matter which she finds injurious, in order to establish a bet-
ter health.
To FE VT.R, f. a. to put into, or affect with, a fever.
FETERFICW, jr. a British herb with comi)ound flowers,
of which there are four sorts. TheFinlanders use an infu-
sion of the chamomile feverfew m consumptive cases.
FE'VMsRISH, a. troubled with, or tending to, a fever.
FE'VEIlISHNESS.f. a slight disorder or affection of a
fever.
347
FI A.
FID
FEVEROUS,*. |/«'reiu-, Fr.J troubled with, or liavins
t!ie nature of, a fever; haviiiga tendency to produce fevers.
FF/VER,SHAM, a very ancient town of Kent, coniainiii;?
about COO houses, and 5001^ inhabitants. It lias a hir'je ma-
nufacture of gunpowder, and a considerable oyster (isliery,
employs a number of vessels in the coastinj^ trade, and even
sends some to Prussia, Norway, and Sweden, for tir, timber,
and iron. Four hoys trade alternately from this |)lace to
London, every week, with corn, hops, Ac. It is seated on
a creek, w hich is navigable for vessels of 130 tons, and which
comnuinicates with the K. Swale, 9 miles N. W. of Canter-
bu- y, and 48 E. by S. of Loudon. Markets on Yv ednesday
ant) Saturday.
FE'UILLAGE, {fuillawje) t. [Fr.] a bunch, row, or circle
ofleaves.
FEUILLEJNIORT, s. [Fr.] the colour of a faded leaf.
Corruptly pronounced, and sometimes v. nXXen. phi Icnwt.
FE'fJTERER, s. a dog-keeper; perliaps tlie cleaner of
till' kennel.
FEW, a. \fco, Sax.] not many ; not great in number.
PEW EL, or FU'EL, s. [from feu, Fr.J materials for niak-
Higand keeping up a fire.
To F K'W l']L, V. n. to keep up a fire by'su pply ing it w ith fuel.
FE'WNESS, s. smallness, applied to number.
To FEY, V. a. [irn7(Oi, Belg.] to cleanse a ilitcli of mud.
FEZ, a large country of IJarbary, in Africa, bounded on
tlie W. by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the N. by the iMediterra-
neanSea; on the E. by Algiers, and a part of Biledulgerid ;
and on the S. by Biledulgerid, Tafilet, and Morocco. It is
near 400 miles in length, and from 70 to 2S0 in breadlii.
The air is temperate and wholesome, and the country is
inountainous, particularly to the \V. and S. near -Mount
Atlas. The forests abound with wild beasts, and the lions
are the most dariugand savage in Africa. Tlie soil is fertile
and populous, i^roducing citrons, oranges, dates, almonds,
olives, tigs, raisins, sugar, honey, and coni, in abundance.
Here are fine breeds of camels, beeves, sheep, and other cat-
tle ; and the horses are the finest in Barbary. it is watered
liy several rivers and streams, and the chief town is Fez ;
bntSallee is the principal port for their cruisers, or rovers,
which are small, but full of men.
FEZZAN, a country of Africa, forming, according to the
report of Mr. Lucas, a circular domain, in a vast wilderness,
like an island in an ocean, is bounded on the north by
Tript)li; on the E. by the deserts which divide it from Egypt;
on the S. by Bornoii, or Bernoa, and Cashna ; and on the
W. by the deserts of Zaara, lying between 25 and 30 degrees
N. Latitude. It is an extensive plain, eneompasseil by
mountains, except to the W. Among their tame animals
Kre the sheep, cow, goat, camel, and a species of the domes-
tic fowl of Europe. The wild aiiiinals, are the ostrich, and
antelopes of various kinds. Adders, snakes, scorpions, and
toads, are numerous, and sometimes crawl into their houses.
The natives are of a deep swarthy cr>mple\ion, inclining
inllicir persons more tothc negro than the Arabcasl. They
are tall, but indolent and inactive. Their dress is similar
fo that of the Moors in Barbary. Agriculture and pasturage
are their chief occupations. The houses are built of clay,
villi i fiat roof, composefl of boughs of trees, on which a
(juantity of earth is laid. There are some v<'neral>le remains
ot ancient magnificence, and numerous smoking lakes, (iro-
flucing a species of fossil alkali, called trona. In tiiiir
common intercourse, the siierift' for governor) and the
poorest of tlie people converse familiarly, and eat and drink
together. In religion they are strict, but not intolerant
Mahometans, and seem tolerably comfortable under their
poverninent, which is nionarchial. Oold dust constitutes
theirchief medium of payment ; and value in that medium
is aKvays expressed by weight. The sovereign, ^^llo is
believed to be descended from their prophet, is tribnlaiy
to the bashaw of Tripoli. Mour/ouk is the ca|iital of
this country, which is said to contain 28 towns, and loo
villages.
iT'.\T, s. fLat.] ill law, a short order or warrant, signed
34tt
by a judge, for making out and allowing certain processes.
Literally it signifies let it be, from the Latin fio, anil is ajv
plied to the commands of supreme persons.
FIB.i, [a corruption ofyn6/f>] an untruth.
To FIB, V. n. to tell lies or falsehoods.
FI'I'jBER, s.-a person that speaks falsehoods.
FIBRE, i. [/ii)(T, Lat.] a small thread or string. A /fVf,
in physic, is an animal thread, of which some are soft, llexi-
ble, and a little elastic; and these are either hollow, like
small pipes, or spoiigeous and full of little cells, as the ner-
vous and fleshy /?Ar« ; others are more solid, flexible, and
with a strong elasticity or spring, as the membranous and
cartilaginous fihres ; and a third sort are hard and flexible,
as the fibres of the bones. Some so very small as not to be
easily perceived: and others so big as to be plainly seen;
and most of them appear to be composed of still smaller
fibres: these fibres first constitute the substance of the
bones, cartilages, ligaments, membranes, nerves, veins, ar-
tci'ii's, and muscles.
FIBRIL, s. [fihrille, Fr.] a small fibre, which being
joined toothers, composes oi>cof the larger.
FI'BRINE, «. that white fibrous substance which is left
after freely washing the coaguhmi of the blood, and which
chiefiy composes the muscular fibre.
Fibrous, [fibreux, Fr.] consisting of small threads or
fibres.
FIBULA, s- [Lat.] in anatomy, the outer and lesser bone
of the leg, much smaller than the tibia; it lies on the out-
side of the leg; and its upper end, which is not so high as
file knee, receives the lateral knob of the upper end of the
tibia into a small sinus, which it has in its inner side. Its
lower end is received into the small sinus of the tibia, and
then it extends into a large process, which forms the outer
ankle.
FICKLE, a. [/fro/. Sax.] not of the same sentiments or
opinions long; inconstant; not fixed.
FICKLENESS, s. a disposition ofmind liable to frequent
change; a state of inconstancy.
FI'CKLY, ad. in a manner liable to change ; notsettled or
fixed.
ITCTILE, a. [from fins:n, to feign or form, Lat.] moulded
into form ; manulaetured T)ythe potter.
FICTION, {fikshnn) s. [from ./f»go, to feign or form, Lat.]
the act of forming a fableor story by the help of the imagina-
tion ; the thing feigned ; a falsehood, or lie.
FI'CTIOUS, ifi/isliioiis) a. \i\om fiiig-n, to feign or form,
Lat.] imaginary. A word coined hy Prior; but frecpiently
made use of in conversation, improperly instead oi ficlitious,
FICTFTIOL S, (fieiisbi(iiis) II. [fictiiius, from/Hi^u, to feign,
Lat.]eouu t erf eit,op posit e to genuine. Made in order to resem-
ble, or pass for something else. Imaginary, opposed to real.
FICTITIOUSLY, {fict'ukiously) aU. in a false, imaginary,
or ('hinierical manner.
FID, s, \fiiia, Ital.J a pointed iron with vvliicli seamen twist
tliiiv cords.
ITODLE, s. [fidel, Teut.] in music, a stringed instrument.
See\'ioi,lN.
To FIDDLE, V. n. [fiiHen, Tent.] to play on a violin, or
fiddle. I'igtiralively, tot ride; to spend a great deal of time
ill seeming industrious, without duing any thing to the |>nr-
pose.
l''rDl)Ll% FADDLE, s. [a cni.l word] trifling, or trifles.
FI'DDLE FADDLK, «. trifling; making a bustle, or
giving trouble about nolhiug.
1 TDDLI'.lt, v. one who plays on the violin.
FIDDLI'.STICK, s. the bow tiirnislied with hair, \> hich
the iMU^iiian draws over the strings of the fiddle.
FIDDLESTRING,*. the string of a fiddle; that which
m;ikes the noise.
FIDELITY, s.\fiilelUns, from A'*.*-, faith, Lat. t honesty
ill dealing ; veracity or truth in tesliinony ; firmness in
afllierenee, or in lovaltv.
To FIlXiK, orFI'DCiET, e. ii. [a cant v.ordj to mtw
nimbly, but iincoulhly, orawkwanlly.
FIG
FIDUCIAL, (firlushinl) a. [fidvria, (torn fries, faitll, Lat.j
confident ; willioutiiuy (If^rec of doubt.
FIDU'CIAllY, ( fidiishiarfi) s.\/iilnciariits, from /f/ci, faith,
Litt.j one that lias any tliini,' in trust.
FIDUCIARY, (A''"'/"'"'/) «• wiilioiitany dejjree of doubt.
FIE. See FY.
Ftl'F, Ifeef) i.[fief, Fr.l in law, a fee, manor, or possession,
held by some tenant of a superior.
nVAAi,ifeeld)s.\fel<l, Sax. and Teut.l j-roiuid not iii-
liabilcd ; a space of frrouud wliicli is cultivated. Fiijura-
tively, the ground where a bailie is fought; a battle or
campaign. A wide extent or expanse. In painting, or
lieraldry, the ground or surface on w liicli figures or beai ings
are drawn.
Fi'KLDRD, (feil(M)part. being in field of battle.
FFELDFARE, {fcMfare) s.[from.>W and /mm, Sax.] a
bird of passage, supposed to come from the northern
countries.
FrELDMARSHAL, {fecUmurshd) s. the conimaiuler of
an army in the field.
Fl'ELDMOUSE, s. a mouse that ijurrows in banks, and
makes her house with various apartments.
FI'ELDOFFICER, (fcMol/ker) s. an officer whose com-
mand, in the field, exten<ls to a whole regiment; as the
colonel, lieutenant-colonel, and niajur.
FI'ELDPIECK., (/(-fW/xect') *. in guiniery, small cannon
used only in battles, not ni sieges.
FIEND, (J'eenU) s. Yfiend, Sax.] the devil ; any infernal
being.
FI ERCE, (fecrce) a. [feriix, Lat.J wild ; furious ; not easily
.timed; violent; passionate; strong. Terrible, or causing
terror. •
FI'i^RCELY, {fef.rcehj, or fcrcehj) ad. in a furious, wild, or
outrageous manner.
FI'ERCENESS, {feh-cencss or fa-ceness)^. wildness ; eager-
ness after slaughter; quickness to attack ; ouliageousness;
violence, Mith respect to passii^ii.
FIERI-FA'CIAS, {ficri-fasJiios) s. [La(. you may cause
t to be done] in law, a writ tiiat lies vilu're a person nas
recovered judgment f">r debts or (hiiiiag<'s, in tiie king's
court, against any one, by «liich the sheriff is coiumandcil
to levy the debt and damages ou the delbndant's goods ami
chattels.
Fl'ERINESS, s. hot qualilies ; heat of temper.
FIERY, ff. consisting of hot particles, or such as burn,
Figuratively, vehement ; ardent; passionate; fierce; easily
provoked.
FIFE, s. [,/?/)•«, Fr.] a shrill pipe blown like a German
flute, used to accompany the drum in the army.
FI'FESHIHE, a county of Scotland, bounded on llieN.
bv the river Tay, part of Perthshire, and the county of
Kinross ; on the E. by the German Ocean and the Frith of
Forth ; on the S. by the Frith of Forth ;and on the W.by tiie
counties of Perth, Kinross, and Clackmannan. It is about
38 miles in length, and from 7 to 16 in breadth. This county
is fertile in point of soil, abundant in cattle, supplies coals,
iron, lime, and freestone; is uncommonly populous, and has
a tiumber of flourishing manufactures. The whole shore,
indeed, from Crail to Cidross, is one continued chain of
towns and villages, and property is remarkably well divided
here.
FIFTEE'N, n. [fyftync. Sax.] five and ton.
FIFFEE'NTH,' a. [fyfteotha, Sax.] the fifth after the
tenth.
FIFTH, aAfifia, Sax.] the ordinal of five.
FirrHLY; ad. \» the fifth place.
FIFTIETH, a. the ordinal of fiftv.
FJTTY, a. Ifi/ti^, Sax.] five tens'
FIG,*. [^'cHs, Lat. ^ig'j. Span.] the fruit of the fig-tree;
when dry, is a very wholesome food, nutritive and emollient,
and good in the disorders of the breast and lungs. They
are used externally by way of cataplasm, either roasted or
boiled ill milk, for ripenuig of tumors, and easing the pain
uf the piles, ,
FIL
FI'GAPPLE, r. a species of apple that lias uo core or
kernel.
FIG-GNAT, s. an insect of the fly kind.
To FIGHT, (fit) r. a. pret. and part. pass. /o"»A( ;
[feo/iUin, Sax.] lo contend with anothor, either with arms,
sticks, or the list ; to endeavour by blows, or other forcible
means, to get tlu' better of, or to conquer, an enemy ; used
both of war and single combat.
FKillT, iiii) s. [f;/;i/it, Sax.] a violent attack or struggle
for coiKpicst between enemies, applied both to armies and
single persons.
VKiHTER, {fiin)s. a person engaged in war, or singio
combat ; a person fond of lighting.
FIGHTING, fy^^/xi! J ;<")<. qualified, or fit for battle.
Where a battle was fought.
FIGiMA'lilGOLD, i. a plant resembling liouseleek.
ITXiMENT, s. [fiqmciihtm, from Jingo, to feign or form,
Lat.] a fabuloiis story ; a mere fict;on.
F!'GPECKi:R,.».abiid.
Fl'GUEATE, a. [from Jignlns, a potter, Lat.] made of
potter's clay.
FrfiUIvAULE, o. [from fg'ir/i, a figure or form, Lat.'
capable of being moulded m a certain form, and retaiit-
FIGURAP.I'LITY, ?. the quality of being capable of a
certain and permanent form.
l"TGUR;\L,(f. rc!)reseuted by delineation. Fip;iiral mim.
hers are such as may, (u- do, represent some geometrical
figiire, in.ieliilion tt) \\liich they are always considered.
FltiUR ATI'', 11. |/%")rt, a figure or form, Lat.] of a certain-
and determinate form ; rcsemliling any thing of a deterini-'
nate form. Figurnte cnuiiicipnint, ill music, is that wherein
there is a mixture of discord with the concords. Fi^mnte
descant, ill music, is that wherein discords are concerned,
as well, though not so much, as concords. See Dkscant
FKiURA'TlON, jf. [thmijigmr/, a figure, Lat.J /letermi.
nation to a certain form ; the act of giving a certain form.
FIGURATIVE, «. [As'"'"';/, Fr.j in divinity, servinsj
as a type to represent somelliing else. Inrhetoric, changed
from the literal meaning to one more remote and elegant;
full of rlietorical figures or cmbcllialimciits. :
FlXil'RATiVELY, nd. by a figure; in a sense difTcrent
fnnii the literal meaning.
FIXJURE, s. \ figiirti, Lat.] the form of any thing as ter-
minated by the outline ; shape, person, or external Ibrni ; dis-
tinguished appearance ; eminence; a statue ; any thing re
presented by diawaig or painting; arrangtnient ; dispo-
sition ; a character denoling a number. In logic, \befgr>e
of a syl/ogism, is the iMdper disposition of the middle term
with the parts of the question. In astrology, the diagram of
the aspects of the astronomical houses. In divinity, some
hieroglyphical or typical rcpreseulation. In rhetoric, any
mode of speaking, by which words are used in a sense diil'e-
rent from their priniary and literal meaning. In grammar,
a deviation from the rules of analogy or sviilax In dancing,
the making the figure of eight ingoing roiiud acoui'.le; or
the difierent turnings and windings to be observed in any
dance.
To FIGURE, V. tt. [from figm-H, a figure, Laf.] to form or
mould into any particular sliape ; to fi)rni a rescnd)lance in
painting, drawing, or statuary ; to veave in flowers, oroihcr
resemblances of natural objects; to diversify ; to variegate;
to represent by types, or hieroglyphics; to form an idea of
anv thing in the mjnd ; to foresliew by some sign or token.
Fl'GURED, a. in general, is something marked with
figures; but is ciiiefly'applied to stuffs whereon the figures
of flowers. Xc. are eiiher wrought or stamped.
Fl'GWOPtT, s. a British herb, of which there are four
species; three of which blossom in August, and the fourth
(with yellow flowers) in.Xpril and May.
FILA'CEOUS, n. [t'lom filum, a thread, Laf.] consisting,
or composed of threads.
FILACER, or FI'LAZER, s. [filazamis, law Lai from
filtmi.a thread, Lat.] an oliicer m the common pitas, so
34S*
FIL
FIN
called, Df!cause lie files those writs wliercou he makes pro-
cess. There are fourteen of tlieiu in their several divisions
and counties ; they make out alt original process, as well
real as personal, and mixed.
FI'LAMKNT, J. [^'/ffmf/iiiim, from/f/iim, a thread, Lat.J a
fine slender thread, whereof natural bodies are c>,.nposed.
The same as FiBRE.
Fl'LAXDEll, s. a kind of small worms found in the
gorge of a hawk.
FILBERT, t. [derived by Skinner from its lon» beard
and husk, as corrupted from full beayrf : Johnson thinks'it
more (jrobably took its name from Fidlert or Filiheri, the
person who introduced it] a fine hazel nut, with a thin
shell.
To FILCH, V. n. [of uncertain etymology] to take away
the property of another privately; generally applied to
stealing or taking away trifles.
FI'LCHF.R, s. one who privately defrauds another of
something of small value.
FILE, s. [Jiliim, Lat.] a thread, or series. A line on
which papers are strung to keep them. A roll, or cata-
logue. A line of soldiers ranged behind one another. An
instrument of steel, used to wear protuberances, or smooth
iron or steel by nibbing, from fcol, .Sax.
To FILE, V. a. [from /iViim, Lat.] to string upon a thread,
or hang upon a wire. To cut or wear a\\ay any roughness
w ith a file, from fevhin, Sax. Neuterly, to march, like sol-
diers, in a line, one after another.
FI'LIiC UTTER, s. one who makes files.
FI'LEMOT, i. [corrupted from /eKiV/cHioi/] a brown, or
yellow brown colour.
FILER, i. one who uses a file in smoothing or shaping
metals. Inlaw, one who offers a bill to the notice of a
judge.
Fi'LIAL, a. [from ^litts, a son, Lat.] with the afl'ection of
a son ; bearing the character, or standing in the relation of
a son.
FILIA TION, s. [from Jitius, a son, Lat.J. the relation of a
son to a father.
Fl'LINGS, ^. [without singular] the particles worn off by
the rubbing of a file.
To FILL, V. a. [fi/llan, Sax.] to pour, or put in, till a thing
or vessel can contain no more ; to store abundantly, or
plenteously. To glut, or surfeit. To satisfy or content the
appetite, wisli, or desire. Tv Jilt nut, to pour liciuor out of
one vessel till it fills another. To fill up, to make full ; to
supply ; to occupy by bulk ; to engage or employ.
FILL, .5. as much as a thing can contain; as much as
mav satisfy or content.
FILLAGREE, FILIGREE, or FILIGRA'NE, s. a kind
of enrichment on gold and silver, wrought delicately, in the
nranner of little threads or grains, or bolh intermixed. The
word is compounded of/'/ or fih'in, thread, and granum,
grain. The best of this work comes from Sumatra. The
work usually executed by young ladies in this country, un-
der the title of FiLLAGREE, and of which tea-caddies, Ac.
are constructed, is formed of narrow sli|>s of cohmred pa-
per, gilt at the edges, and curiously rolled up and glued in
various fancied forms, with the gili edges outwards.
^I'LLER, ». any thing that fills up room without use.
One who is employed to fill vessels or carriages.
Fl'LLET, s. [from Jilum, a thread, Lat.] a band to tie
round the head, or any other part. The fiesliy part of the
thigh, applied to the joint of veal, cut from that part of a
calf In cookery, anv meat rolled logclhir, and tied round.
In architecture, a little mendier which appears in ornaments
and mouldings, called likewise a Ustci.
To Fl'LLET, r. a. to bind with a fillet or bandage, in
architecture, to adorn with an astragal orlistel.
To FI'LLIP, V. a. [of uncertain etymology) to strike witn
the nail Ijv a sudden jerk or motion of the finger.
FIXLIP, >. a jerk of the finder let go from the thumb: a
blow(;iveii with the nail by a jerk of the finger.
FI'LLY, *. \Jiluy, Brit.] a young horse or mare.
S6()
[FILM, !. \fylmeica, Sax.] a thin skin or membrane.
To FILM, V. a. to cover witti a skin or uollicle.
FI'LMY, a. consisting of membranes, skins, or pellicles.
To FILTER, t'. o. [filtro, low Lat.] to clarify or purif]^
liquors by means of .threads; to strain through paper, flai>-
nel, &c.
FILTER, s. [Jihnim, low Lat.] a twist of thread, one
end of which is dipfied in some fluid to be cleaned, and the
otiier hangs down on the outside of the vessel, the liquor
by thiit means dropping from it. Figuratively, a strainer,
or any thing used to clear liquors by percolation.
FILTH, .t. [jill/i, Sax.] dirt, or any thing which fouls, or
makes a thing foul ; any thing which pollutes the soul.
ITLTHILY, ad. in such a juanner as to render a thing
nasty, or to pollute the mind.
Fl'LTHINESS, s. dirtiness ; any thing soiled or daubed ;
corruption ; pollution.
ITLTHY, a. made foul, nasty, or dirty. Gross, or po^
luted, applied to the miml.
To FILTRATE, r. a. [See Filter] to pass, or strain
liquor through a cloth, luien bag, brown paper, &c. to
clear it from dregs.
FILTRATION, s. the art of making liquor fine ana
clear by straining.
FI'iNiBLlvHEMP, f. light summer hemp which bears no
seed."
FI'MBRIATED, a. in heraldi-y, and natural history,
Dordered with something of a difl'erent colour.
FIN, s. [Jin, Sax.] the wing, or limb of a fish, by which
he balances his body ; it consists of a membrane supported
by rays, or little bony or cartilaginous ossicles. ^
FINABLE, a. that admits a fine ; that des^ves a
fine.
FINAL, a. [from Jinis, the end, Lat.l last, or that has
nothing beyond it; at the end; conclusive; decisive;
complete; mortal; destructive, i^ina/ cai«e, is the end for
which any thing is done.
FI'NALLY, ad. lastly ; to conclude ; perfectly ; deci-
sively ; or without recovery.
FI'NANCE, «. [Fr. most frequently used in the plura.,
and ihen \iro». finaiisez,\ the amount of the taxes of a go-
vernment, or that of the profits or income of a private
person.
FINANCI'ER, s. [Jinancier, Fr.] ene who collects or
forms the taxes or public revenue.
FI'XARY, *. in the iron works, the second forge at the
iron mills.
FINCH, «. [faic. Sax.] a small singing-bird, of which we
have three species, *iz. the gold-finch, chaffinch, and
bull-finch.
To FIND, V. a. prefer. / hate found, part. pref. found;
[/i«rf«)i, Sax.] to discover any thing lost, mislaid, or out of
sight before, by means of searching. To meet with ; to falj
upon. To know by experience. To discover a thing by
study. Tohit on by chance. To remark ; to observe. To
reach ; to attain. To settle or fix one's own opinion. To
determine by judicial verdict. To sui>ply ; to furnish. In
law, to approve ; as " to find a bill. " To Jitid Idmaetf,
means to fare w ith regard to ease or pain, health or sick-
ness. I'o find out, to solve a difficulty; to invent; to ob-
tain the know ledgu of.
FI'NUER, s. a person who discovers something lost, mil-
laid, or not in si^rlit.
FI'NDY, n. [/}/;»//')■, Sax.] weighty ; plump; solid.
Fine, rt. [fin, l"r.] made of very slender threads, appliea
to linens or cloth, and opposed to coarse. Subtile, thin, te-
nuous. Refined, or pure from dross, applied to metals.
Clear and free from sediments or foulness, applied to liquors.
Refined, loo subtile, or too high, applied to sentiments.
Keen; thin; smoothly sharp. Nice; exquisite; delicate.
Elegant, applied to style or expression in composition.
Handsome and majestic, applied to personal charms. Ac-
complished ; elegant of manners. Artful ; sly ; fraudnlwit.
Splendid, applied to dress. Ironically used a^ an cxprr^
FIN
FIR
•ion of lometliinf: rather spurious than real, or rather <\f-
serving conli'iiipt than approbation. " Ajine exchange for
liberty !" I'liilips.
Fli'^H, s. [,ffin, Cimbr.] in law, an a^'recnient ina<h' l)efore
justices, and entered upon record, for the sfttlinf,'(iiassmiiifj
of lands or tenements, in order to cut ott'alicoiitrovcrsirs, to
secure the title a person has in hisestate aijaiiist all oMicrs,
or to cut offentails, so that lands may, u'ith the greater cer-
tainty, be conveyed either in fee tail for life, or y<-.irs ; a
sum of money paid and advanced for the incoiiu' of l;iii(ls;
a certain sum paid to excuse a person from the <lis(ii;(rge
of an otfice ; a sum of money, or forfeit, paid as an amends,
or by way of punishment, for an otlence comniillcd.
/rtFINR, ad. \en fin, t'r.Jto conclude; in conclusion.
To FINE, I', nr. ti) refme, or purify; to mal<e a person
pay money as a punishment. Neuterlv, to pay a sum ot
money to be excused from serving an othce.
To FI'NF.DRAW, i'. n. to sew up a rent, or one piece of
clolh to another, in such a manner as the seam shall not be
visible.
Fl'NEDRAWER, >. a person who professes to sew up
the rents of cloth.
FI'NEEY, Of/, with elegance of thought and expression,
applied to the style of in author. With a thin edge or point.
Splendidly, richly, applied to dress. In very small parti-
clfs, applied to powder. Used ironically, it means wretch-
edlv.
FINENESS, «. show, splendor, or gaiety, applied to
dress. Subtlety; ingciuiity. Freedom from dross, or im-
pure mixtures.
I'TNERY, «. gaiety of dress. !n the iron works, one of
Uietwo forges at which they hammer the sow or pig iron.
FINE'SSE, ( fiticss) s. [Fr.] a sly, artful stratagem. John-
son observes that this word is unnecessary, though creeping
into our language.
FI'N RR, «. one that purities metals.
FlTs'ER, fl. the comparative degree of /fiie, made by add-
ing r or er to the positive, after the manner of the Saxons.
fTNFlSH,*. in ichthyology, a slender kind of whale.
FI'N-FOOTEL), «. [from //« and/wf] palmipedous; hav-
ing feet with membranes between the toes.
Fl'NGER, s. [finger, Sax.] (uieofthe five members at
the extreme part of the hanci, by which we catch and hold
any thing. A small measure of extension. Figuratively,
the hand ; manufacture ; art.
To FI'NG ER, V. n. to touch lightly, or toy with. Figura-
tively, to take by stealth. In music, to touch or sound an
instrument.
Fl'NGERSTONE, «. a fossil resembling an arrow.
FI'NICAL, a.\i\om fine] nice; foppisli ; too much af-
fecting elegance of dress and behaviour.
FFNICALLY, ad. foppishly.
FI'NICALNESS, i. too great an affectation of niceness,
and elegance.
To FINISH, V. a. [finio, from finis, the end, Lat.] to cease
from working; to accomplish, perfect, or complete an un-
dertaking ; to polish, or bring to the utmost perfection ; to
put an end to.
FI'NISHER, *. a performer; an accomplisner ; one who
puts an eud to, or completes, an iMuleitaking.
FINISTK'RRE, a department of France, being the most
westerly part of that coiuitry, and part of the ci-devant Bre-
tagne. It is bounded on tlie E. by the departments of the
N. coast and Morhilian, and on the S. W. and S. by the
sea. Quimper is the cliief town.
FI'NITE, a. [from /(t;(s, tlie end, Lat.] that is limited with
lespect to bulk or other qualities or perfecti<uis.
FINITELRSS, n. without bounds : inilimiled.
FI'NITELY, a. within certain hmits.
FIISMTENESS, .5. limitation.
Fl'NITUDE, i. a confinement witnin certain limits and
degrees.
FrN*f^AND, a province of Sweden, bouiuled on the \\.
by the Gulph of Bothnia ; on the E. by Russia; on the S.
by the Gulph of Finland and Ingria ; anil on the N. hy
Bothnia and Lapland. There are a great many lakes an(l
marshes, and yet it produces a good deal of c.rn, and pas-
tures which feed nundiers of cattle. The inhabitants ditler
from the Swedes both in their maimers and language. It
has the title of a great duchy, and comprehends six parts,
called Proper I'iniaiid, Cujavia-'J avastland, the isle of Ay-
land, Nyl.uid, Savolainl, and C'arelia. Abo is the capital.
Tlu' greatest part of this province was lirst conquered by,
and then ceded to Russia. The Gulph of Finland s '2-i.'t
miles in length.
FI'NNEi), a. having fins; having broad edges iipreading
out on either side.
FINNY, a. furnished with, orhavmgtins.
FIN'O'CIIIO, s. a species of feruiel.
ITNTOED, a. pahiii[)edous; having a membrane be-
tween the toes.
FI'l'FLE, s. [from fihidn, Lat.] a stopple, or stopper.
I'll!, s. [fyr, Dan.] llie tree which produces ffeal boards.
FIRE,*. !/!/'■> Sax.] uiuoiig tiie ancient ;jliilosophers, mm
of the elements, created with a power of heating, burning
and destroying. .Among moderns, the etiect of a rapid in-
ternal motion of the particles of a body, by which their co-
hesion is destroyed ; or, in other words, whatever heats,
warms, liquefies, or burns. In chyniistry, fire is regarded
as a compound of caloric and light. Figuratively, a confla-
gration or burning, whereby, houses are destroyed ; flame,
rustle, or brightness, heat of temper or passion ; liveliness
of imagination ; vigour of mind or fancy ; the passion of
love; eruptions. To set on fire, is to kindle, or wrap in
flames. Wild-fire is a kind of artificial or fictitious fire,
which burns even under water with greater force and vio-
lence than out of it, and is only e.\tinguished by vinegar
mixed with sand and urine, or by covering it with bides.
It is composed of sulphur, .naptha, pitch, gum, and bitu-
men.
To FIRE, v.a. to burn, or destroy by fire. Neuterly, to
burn ; to take fire. Figuratively, to be inflamed with p.is-
sion. In war, to discharge a gun, or any firearms.
FIREARMS, i. those which are charged with powder
and ball.
FrREARROW,s. a small iron dart furnished withsprings,
bars, and a match imi>re"nated with powder and sulpluir ;
used by privateers and pirates to fire the sails of the
enemy.
FI'REBALL, i. a ball filled with combustibles, bursting
where it is thrown, and used in war; a grenado.
FI'REBRAND, s. a piece of wood kindled, or burning.
Figuratively, a public incendiary ; or one who causes fac-
tions or commotions in a state.
FI'RECOCK,*. in the London water-works, a contrivance
for drawing water out of the pipe in any part of the ci >
where a fire may happen.
FI'RECROSS, i. a signal nsed in Scotland for the nation
to take arms.
FI'RE-ENGINE,*. a machine forextinguishingaccidental
fires bv means of a stream or jet of water.
FIREFLIES,*-, in entomology .certain luminous flies which
are found in Guiana.
FIRELOCK, s. that part of a gun which holds the prime,
and by means of a trigger sets fire to it. Figuratively, a
gun.
FrilEMAN, -s. one employed in extinguishing burning
houses.
FI'RENEW, a. perfectly new, or never used, alluding
to those metals which are forged or melted by means of fire.
Fi'REPAN, s. a pan of metal used in holding fire ; a
shovel ; that part of a ^-uu which holds the pi line.
FrREPL.-\Cl'", *. a contrivance, for communicating heat
to rooms, and for answering various purposes of art and
niaiuifaclure.
FrilESHIP, *. a ship or vessel filled with comrmstibles,
and let to drive in an engagement among the fleet of an
enemy, to set it on file.
FIS
FIX
KIRESHOVEL, f. an instrument with which coals are
tlirowi on (ires.
FI'RESIDE, s. the hearth, chimney, or place near a grate
or tire-sfx)ve. Figuratively, a family.
ri'RESTONK, *. ill natural history, tlie /ji/ivVc!, a fossil
compounded of vitriol, sulphur, and earth. That used in
medicine is of a greenisii colour, of a shapeless form, found
Jii our clay-pits, and produces the green vitriol. It derives
-ts name jfircstone, or p>/rites, from giving fire, on being
struck against a steel, more easily and freely than a flint;
all the sparks of it hurn longer, and grow larger as they tall,
the indamniahle matter struck from the stone burning itself
out before ttie spark is extinguished. Likewise a kind of
Ryegate stone, so called from the place whence it comes,
used for fitJ^jhoarths, ovens, and stoves.
rrREWOOI), s. wood to burn ; fewel.
FIREWORK, .V. a preparation made of ginipowder, sul-
phur, and other indanniialjle substances, used on public re-
joicings, or other occasions.
Fi'RlNG, .«. combustibles made \ise of to kindle and
supply fires with ; the act of discharging fire-arms.
To FIR K, r. it. [from fnio, to strike, Lat.] to whip; to
beat, to chastise by way of punishment.
FIRKIX, s. [from/ecMcr, Sax.] a measure containing the
fourth part of a barrel. The lirkinof ale, soap, and butter,
contains eight gallons ; an<l that of beer, nine.
FIRil, a. [Jirinus, Lat.] strong ; not easily pierced, shak-
en, or moved ; stedfast, or fixed.
To FIRM, i". a. [jirmu, Lat.] to fix; settle; establish ; or
confitni.
FrRMAMi'lNT, .r. [tjin»imw»t>ini, from jirmvs, firm, Lat.]
the skv ; the heavens.
FlRMAME'NTAL, (i. celestial, or belonging to the sky.
FnJM/VN, s. is a passport or permit granted by the
Great Mogul to foreign vessels to trade within the territo-
ries of hisjurisfliction.
FI'RMLY, "'/. in such a manner as not to be moved, or
penetrated easily ; steadily.
FIRMNESS, f. stability ; compactness; solidity; dura-
I)ilitv ; eertainty ; soundness. Constancy ; resolution.
Ff RST, ff. [first, Sax.] the ordinal of one ; that which is
in order before any other ; earliest in time, opposed to last ;
forenwist in place; liigh.est in dignity ; great, excellent.
FIRST, ad.'m the first place. Following n<, beginning of
existence, action, A'c.
Fl'RST-BORN. s. the first by the order of nativity.
FI'RST-FRUITS, s. [not used in the singular] that which
is first produced by any vegetable, or which is soonest ripe
in the season; the|first profits, or first year's income of a
benefice ; the earliest effect of any thing.'
I'TRSTLING, ,«. the first produce or offspring of animals.
Figuratively, the first thing done or performed.
FISCAL, s. [from focus, a treasury, Lat.] a public re-
venue ; exchi'ciuer.
FISH, s. fishrs, plural ; but foh. is generally used in
conversation; [.A'w, Sax.] in natural history, consitutes a
class of animals which have no feet, but always fins ; and
their body is either altogether naked, or only covered with
scales. In heraldry, they are emblems of silence and
watchfulness.
To FISH, I', n. to be employed in catching fish. Figu-
ratively, to endeavour to discover any secret by craft or
suollcty.
I'TSII ER, s. one employed in catching fish. A species of
American weasel.
FI'SHERM.AN, *. one who gets hi. livelihood bv catching
fish.
FISHERY, I. the action of catching fish ; tlie place
where (i.-h abound, and are generally sought for.
FI'SH HOOK, ,v. a ho.,k to catch fishes.
To FI'SHIFV, !■. a. to turn to fish. .\ cant-word.
fFSHIN'G, t. conveniency of taking fish.
FI'SH K.ARD, a tnwn of I'embrokeshire, which carries on
a considerable trade in herrings ; this town, with Newport,
3.V2
I other, in order to give a blow, or
curing above 1000 barrels annually. It is sitiifiled on a
steep clifl', at the influx of the river Gwaine, which tcre
forms a spacious bay, where vessels may lie safelv in .Oor (J
fiiihoms water, 242 miles W. by N. of London. Alarket on
Friday.
ITSHKETTLE, *. a cauldron made long for the fish to be
boiled without bending.
FI'SHMONGER,*. a dealer in fish.
FFSHPOND, s. a small pool for fish.
FI'SHY, u. consisting or having the qualities of fish ;
tasting like fish.
FISSILE, a. 'from /?nf/ff, to split, Lat.] that may be cleft.
FlSSrLn'Y, .'. the quality of being fit to be cloven.
Fl'SSURE, i.[fromy!iH/o, to split, Lat.] a cleft; a narrow
chasm.
To FI'SSURE, V. a. to cleave ; to make a cleft.
P'LS T, s. [fot, Sax.] the hand clenched with the thumb or
fingers doubled over each i
hold a thing fast.
To FIST, t>. n. to strike with the fist.
FISTICUFFS, s. [not used in the singular] battle or
blo/vs with the fist. Figuratively, the action of fighting.
FlS'riNUT, s. a pistachio nut.
ITSTLL'A, s. [Lat.] in surgery, a deep, w inding, callous,
cavernous ulcer, with a narrow entrance, opening into a
spacious bottom, and generally yieldinga sharp and virulent
matter. Fistula in uno, is a fistula formed in the fuiulament.
Fistiiln lachrtjimdis, a disorder of the canals leading fnm the
eye to the nose.
FI'STL'LAR, a. \ fistuhns, Lat.] hollow like a pipe.
FISTULOUS, a. having the nature of, er resembling, a
fistula.
FIT, s. [from riit, Flem.] in medicine, an access ix parox
ysin of a disorder; any short return after cessation or inter-
mission ; any violent affection of the mind. Used vulgarly
for the hysterics in women; the convulsions in children;
the epile[)sy in men, or that state wherein all the animal
functions seem on a sudden suspended, and the person is
for a short time like one who is dead.
FIT, a. [fijht, Sax.] proper or suited to any purpose,
\\\\\\ for before a noun, and to before a verb. Right, or the
dutv of a person.
To FIT, V. a. [viiten, Flem.] to make one thing suit an-
other; toniatch; toadapt; tosuit; toequip; to make pro-
per for the reception of a person.
FITCH, s. [a corruption of vctcli] a small kind of wile'
pea.
FI'TCHAT, or FITCHEW,'*, [fose, Belg.] a stinking
animal of a small size, which robs warrens or hen-roosts ; a
polecat.
FITCHEE, a. [fiche, Fr.] in heraldry, sharp-pointed,
generally applied to a cross.
FITCHES, i. a sort of pulse, more generally known by
the name of chick-pea. They are cultivated either fjr
feeding cattle or improving land.
IT'TFUL, a. subject to fits, faintings, paroxysms, or ii>-
termissions.
I'TTLY, ad. in a proper manner ; reasonably.; conimo.
diously.
FITNESS, i. reasonableness ; justness ; suitableness.
FITFER, $. the person who renders a thing prepiT and
suitable to any particular design or purpose ; a small pieoe,
iwimffltu, Ital./i'<;cH, Tent, as, "To cut iiito^/<fr.«."
FITZ, s. a French word for son ; as Fitzmji is the son of
a king. It is commonly used of illegitimate children.
FIVTy, a.[Jif\ Sax.] four and one.
FIVES, s. a kind of play, consisting of striking a ball, Ac.
a particular height against a wall, the person who misses a
stroke losing one each time he misses. In flirriery, a dis-
ease i-n horses.
To Fl X, V. a. {friim, {mm fis;o, Lat.] to fasten a tliiny so
as it shall not be <'asily shaken or moved; to establish with-
out changing ; to direct without variation ; to make any
tiling of a volatile nature .capable of bearing tire w ith(u>t
FT A
FLA
•••poraJiiic, or lite lianimor witlmiit Inoakin^;- or (lyinp.
Ni'utrriy, to setllr llio opiiiiiiii, or (tcli'riiiiiii; llic ruftolu''''",
to rest ; to i-c:;sc Cri.in ^^;lll(lorill|^^
FIXATION, .?. [I'V.] ;'. ilis[)o.sil;on ofminil not ^'ivcii to
cliiiiifjc ; rfsi(l«-iice in :i certain jilncc; confinciiuiit. In
Clivmistry, tiio actofreduciiigii vulalile and fluid substance
to a iiard ouc.
KIXICD, pnrt. not moved. The Jhc/l sinrs, in astrono-
my, !iro such as do not move in orliits. Fixed, ur JixnlAe air,
isan invisible, or pcrtnanently elastic C. lid, superior in ^'la-
vilv lo tlie common atniosplierical air, and most oilier aerial
fluids, extremely destructive to animal life; produced in
greatquantities, naturailv from combustible bodies, and ar-
lilicially by many cliymical processes. It is also called tieiial
acid, crelncimis arid, carbonic acid, and mephitic s;us.
FIXEDLY, ad, certainly ; firmly ; invariably ; unchange-
ably.
I'TXFDNESS, s. stability, firmness, resolution, or a dis-
position of mind not f,'iven to change; a power lo remain
in fire ijnconsumed, or tobear the hammer Avithoiit flying.
FI'XiTY, s. l/i.rile, Fr.] a strong cohesion of parts, which
renders bodies capable or bearing a great heat, without be-
ing volatilized.
FI'XTURF., s.[n corruption of _fixure] things which are
fixej to the premises.
FI'XURE, s. a position. A strong pressure. Firmness,
or state of fixedness.
FI'ZGIG, s. a kind of dart or harpoon used to strike fish
with.
FLA'RBY, a. wanting firmi^css ; easily shaking and yield-
ing to the touch.
FLACCID, (faxid) a. [flaccidns, Lat.] weakness; wanting
stiffViess or tension.
FLACCI'DITY, (flnxidittj) ... want of stiffness.
FL.VDA, one of the Western Isles of Scotland, between
Sky and Lewis. It is about three miles in circumference,
snd remarkable for its fishery.
To FLACJ, I', n. \fiac^eren, Belg.] to hang down limber,
or without stift'ness. Figuratively, to grow faint, spiritless,
or dejected ; to lose vigour, or grow feeble. Actively, to
let fall, or sufltr to droop. From /?«f, a species of stone,
to lay with broad stone.
FLAG, s. a water plant, with a broad-bladed leaf, bear-
ing yellow flowers, so called from its motion when agitated
with the wind. Also a general name for colours, standards,
banners, ancients, ensigns, &c. which are frequently con-
founded with each other. Flag, is now particularly used at
sea, for the colours, ancients, standards, &c. borne on the
top of the masts of vessels, to notify the person who com-
mands the ship, of what nation it is, anil whether it be
equipped for war or trade. The difi'crent British flags are
exhibited in the annexed plate. To lotcer or ttrike the
flag, is to pull it down upon the cap, or to take it in,
out of respect or submission to those that are their superiors.
In an engagement, it is a sign of yielding. To hang ont the
white flag, is to ask quarters ; the red flag is a sign of defiance
aivl battle, A species of broad stone used for pavements ;
fromflache, old Fr.
FLA'GELET, sjflageolet, Fr.] a small flute.
_ FLAGELLA'NTTES, in church history, certain enthu-
siasts in the I3th century, who maintained that there was no
remission of sins without Flagellation, or whipping. Ac-
cordingly, they walked in procession, preceded by priests
carry ino; tlie cross, and publicly lashed themselves till the
blood dropped from their naked backs.
FLAGELLATION, s.\flagellatioJ.ai.i the act of whip-
ping or striking with a scourge.
PLA'GGINESS, s. the state of a thing which hangs or
droops for want of stiffness.
FLA'GGY, a. weak ; limber; drooping for want of stiff-
ness ; insipid.
FLAGITIOUS, {flajUhious) a, \flagitiosui, from flagittimi,
« great crime, Lat."" committed with deliberation and ob-
l -4
slinate vickrdiioss; applied to lhinfr>'. Obstinately aD<l
fxci'ssivi'lv wicKt (I ;ind villan<nis, iipplicil to pi-isoiis.
l'I.A<.rTI()l SM:SS, {ftujisliiiiiisiirM) jr. obsliiiiil'- aiwl
wilt'iil villanv or wickedness.
'•"L \(i () FFK'I'.I!, .V. the commander of :i squmlKMi.
FL \ GON, *. [^/"cTtr/, Brit.J a lar^^e drinking pol \\,{U a
narrow niouili.
FI.A'GKAXCY, s. [fromjlngro, toliiiru, Lat. | a burning,
flaiiiiiig, glittering, or heat ; ardour of afleclioii ; uolonety
of a crime.
FL.A'GB ANT, a. f^i'rom flagro, to burn, Lat.] ardent ; hot,
or veliement ; glowing; fliislied ; red; inflanutl. Notoii-
ous, or universally known, applied to crimes.
FLAG-SHli', s. a ship which carries the officer who com-
mands a fleet.
FLAG-STAFF, J. thestaft'on which the flag is fixed.
FLAIL, s. [from flui-etlum, a whip, Lat.J an instrument
wilji which corn is beaten out of the ear.
FL.AKI"/, s. \(\<nn flnrcus, Lat.] any thing which appears
loosely held togetiier like a flock of wool; any thing whiclj
breaks in thin nieces or lamina ; a layer or stratum.
To FLAKE., ). a. to form in flakes, or thin pieces loosely
joined together.
FLA'KY, ffl. breaking in small pieces, like scales; Ijiiig
in layers, or strata.
FLAM, s. [a cant word of uncertain etymology] a lie,
or fidsf report ; a mere deceit, or illusory pretext ; a sham.
To FLAM, t>. n. to deceive with ii feigned story ; to put
off with an idle tale.
FLA'MBEAU, iflinho) s. [Fr.] a kind of large taper,
made of hempen wicks, covered with bee's-wax, to give a
large li^dlt in the ijight.
FLA'MBOROUGH HEAD, a remarkable promontory of
Yorkshire, the white cliffs of which are seen at a c^.t>sider-
able distance at sea, and serve for a direction to mariners.
Unnumbered multitudes of sea fowls nestle here among the
rocks, and fill the air with their cries. It is 5 miles nearly
E. of Burlington. Lat. 54. 9. N. Ion. 0. 4. K.
FLAME, s. [flnmina, Lat.J a fume, vapour, or exhala-
tion, heated so as to emit light, or shine. Figiralely,
fire ; brightness of imagination or fancy ; the passion of
love ; the object of love. Flame colour is a bright yellow
colour.
To FLAME, V. n. to burn so as to emit a shining or bright
light; fosljinelike flame; to be in an excess of passion.
FLA 'MEN, i. [Lat.] a priest among the ancient Romans,
who officiated in their religious rites, and offered up sacri-
fices, &c.
FLAMI'NGO, in ornithology, a very beautiful bird w ith
scarlet wings. Though'a native of America, it occasionally
visits Europe, and was known to the ancients, who account-
ed its tongue a great luxury.
FLAMMABI'LITY, s. [froni/nw»»a, a flame, Lat.J quality
of admitting to be set on fire so as to blaze.
FLAMMATION, i.[frora flamma, a flame, Lat.] the act
of setting on flame.
FLA'MMEOUS, a. \fromf amma, a flame, Lat.] consisting
of, or resembling flame.
FLAMY, a. burning so as to emit flames or brightness;
inflamed.
FLANDERS, a province of the Netherlands, or Bel-
gium, formerly divided into Djitch, .Austrian, and French
Flanders, but now annexed to France. Its greatest leni;lji
is about 60 miles, ana its breadth 50. It is bounded on the
W. by the German Ocean and Artois; on the N. by the
moutfi of the Scheldt and the sea ; on the E. by Brabant and
Hainault; and on the S. by Hainault and Artois. It is a
champaign country, uncommonly fertile in grain and pas-
tures, and the air "is wholesome. The Flemings were for-
merly the principal manufacturers and merchants of Furope,
and from them the English learned the art of wraving.
Their table-linens, lace, and tapestry, are yet thougut to bt
superior to all others,
863
FLA
FLANK, s. [flave, Fr.] that part of an animal below tlir
loins; the side of nil anny or fleet opposed elllier lo tuiiit
or rear, lii rorlilicatiou, that part ota baslioii whitli riachts
from the curtain to the tacc.
To FLANK. V. a. to attaek tiie side ofa battalion or fleet ;
lo be placed so as to be opposite to the side of a bastion, fleet,
or place.
FLA'NKEK, s. a fortification jntfinc: out so as lo com-
mand the side of a bod\ marching to an assault.
To FLA'NKEK, f. a. {jlanqiur. Jr.] lo dclend by lateral
fortifications.
FLA'NNEL. s. [^wlanen, Brit.] a kind of slight, loose
woollen stuff, very warm.
FLAP, s. [Icrppe, .Sax ] any thiiifc which haii<;s down broad
and loose ; the motion of any thin;; broad and loose, or
moving on hinges; a blow giycn by the palm of tlic hand, i5.,e.
In farriery, a disease in horses, wherein the lips swell on
biilh .sidiis their nioiitlis, and are covered with blisters like
llie while of an egs. Flij ftap, is a iiiece of leather fastened
lo the end of a slick, used to kill Hies with.
'I'o FLAP, V. a. to beat with the palm of the hand, or .some
lintad thin substance which bangs loose ; to move \iilli a
noise made by any thing broad; lo ply the wings uj) and
down with a noise.
FL.\'PDRA(i(.>N, s. a play in which they catch raisins
out of burning brandy, anil extingnishing tluin by closing the
month, eat them. 'I'he thing eaten at flapUiagon.
To FLA'PDli AGON, r. o. lo swallow ; to devour. A low-
word.
FLA'PE.\RED, a. having loose and broad c.-irs.
'I'o FL.\KJ"., V. n [.lohnson imagines it to be a corruption
of glare] to glitter, lo Hotter with ostentatious and splenilid
sJiow ; to glitter offensively. To be oveipowenil with, or
be in too much light. To «aste away la\islily, ai>phfd lo the
consuming of a candle or taper.
FLASII, s. [from phlox, llanie, Gr. according lo ^MinshcwJ
a. sudden,5 quick, transitory, or short blaze, or burst of
light : a sudden blaze or burst of w it ; a short, Iran.sient state.
"To FLASH, V. n. to glifter, to slime willi a <iuick and
transient flame or light ; to burst out into any irregnlarity
or violence. To break out into wit, mcrriuieiit, or briglit
tljono;ht.
FLASHER, s. a man ol more appearance of wit than
reality.
FLASHILY, od. in an ostentatious or showy manner.
FLA'SHY, a. e'Tipty ; vain; ostentatious; showy; with-
out reality or sultstance.
FL.\SK, s. [fliisqiie, Fr.j a thin bottle wilh a long ami
narrow neck, generally covered willi wicker or withes ; a
small horn used to carry gunpowder iii. 'I'lie bed in the
carriage ofa piece of ordnance ; a narrow and deep wicker
basket.
FL.\'SKET, s. [a diniinntive of /?«.«/<] a wicker basket, in
which clothes are generally put by waslierwonien after
washing, and applied to other ivies.
FL.\T, a. \ptiit, Fr.] horizontal, or level ; without any
slope. Smooth, applied to snrliicc. Li^vcl w illi the ground.
Lying along, or prostrate. Tliiii and broad, or more broad
than thick. In painting, without relief, or swelling of the
figures. Insipid, or unsavourv, applied to taste. Dull ;
without spirit ; frigid, applied to writings. Depressec
<leiccted. Tasteless, or ane
]4hiin.
<leiccted. Tasteless, oranordiiig no pleasure. Downright;
FLAT, t. an even, level, smooth, and extended plain ; a
shallow; the broad partor sideof a weapon. Depression;
■inking, applied to thought or language. A surface without
relief, protuberances, or proniineiiee.s. In nmsic, a parti-
culfir mark, implying that the note which it stands against is
to be playe.l or sung half a n«le lower than they would be,
if the mark of the /?«/ were not there.
ToFL.AT, K. «. to make broad, smooth, and level. To
make tasteless, or vapid, amdied to liquor. To make insipid,
unpleasant, and disa;;reeaule. To deiwive of its viuour,
«&4
FLA
spirit, or pleasure, applied to thought or langitaije. Nea-
terlv,togrow s!»ioolli or Hat, opposed loswetl. io obstruct.'
or deprivi- (if ardour, spirit, or ze:\\.
I'L.V'TI.Y, "rf. borizonlally, or without sIoi>ing, app led
to sitiialioii. Smootlily, or without promincni is, applied to
suil'iice. Without spirit ; dullj . Plainly; in a tlownrigbt
manlier.
FI^.ATNlvS.S, .«. evenness; without sloping, applied to
situation. Smoolliness, without prominences, applied to
surface. De;idness, or want of strength and taste, applied
lo liquors or foods. Dejection, or languor, a|)plied to
the niinil. Want of I'orce, vigour, or spirit; duliiess; fri-
gidity, applied to sentiments or writings. The contrary of
shrillness, or acutcncss, applied tosoiind.
To FL.'V'FrKN, v. «. [flatir, Vr.] ti beat down, or re-
move any prominences or protuberances in a surface; to
make smooth; to beat level with the giouiid ; lo make
tasteless, or spiritless; to deject ; to dispirit.
]''LA"FJ'1'',H, II. the eoinparati\e flegrce oly/ff/, formed af-
ter the niamier of the Saxons, by adding cr lo the positive.
FL.VTTKK, .«. the person or iiistriiineiit by which any
uiKMpial surfue is made plain and level.
'I'o FL.\ "Fl'I'U, r. It. \ jtutur, Fr.] to compliment with
fidse praises; to iilease or soothe. To excite or raise false
hopes and expectations.
FL.VTTEIIFH, .«. a person who endeavours to gam the
favour of another by praising him for virtues he has not, by
applauding bis vices, and by servile and mean compliiiicei
wil>li all his humours.
FLA "ITER V, *. a servile and fawning liehavin-ir, at-
tended with servile compliances and obsequiousness, in or-
der to gain a ))erson's favour.
FI^.A "FriSfl, II. somewhat level, smooth, or more broad
than thick.
FLATULKNCE, or FLATULENCY, s. windiness ; ful-
ness of wind ; a swelling or uneasy sensation, occasioned
by wind lodged in the intestines. Figuratively, emptiness ;
vanity; airiness; want of solidity, applied to sentiments.
FLATULENT, a. \ jliitiilnitiis, from //«, to blow, Lat.]
swelling w itii nir ; wiiuky. F/iifiili'id tumors, in medicine, arc
such as easily yieli! to the touch, a'ld readily return, by
elasticity, to their fiisl form. Figuratively, empty; vain;
tumid ; or ^'veiling without solidity or substance.
FLATUO'SITV, ,«. [fliUiis, t'toin'flo, to blow, Lat.] windi-
ness ; a swellint; occasioned by an expansiiui or rarufacltoa
of air incliideil in any part of tlie body.
FL.\'TUOUS, «. abounding with included air or wioQ ;
windy.
FJ,.\TUS, s. M,at.] in medicine, wind gatlicretl or i>j-
cliided in any pai't oftlie body, generally canicd by indife*-
lion.aiid a gross internal perspiration, or the rarefaction ->{
the air included in the food we swallow.
FLATWISE, «. of a Uat shape; with the broad or flat
part downwards.
To l'"L.\UNT, )'. Ji. to make an ostentatious, vain, or flut-
tering show in dress. Figuratively, to behave with pride-
J'l.A IINT, .«. any thing loose -.'.nd airy.
FL.\'V'OUl{, .5. a relish, or a power of e\ciliiig an agree
able sensation on the organs of taste. I'iguratively, sweet-
ness, or agreeable and fragrant odour, applied to the S'lu II.
FLA \ ()1U)US,«. agreeable to tile taste ; fiagiaiit; <k1o-
roiis ; or pleasing to the smell.
Fl i AW, 3. \Jloh, Sax.] a crack, breath, fault, or defect, in
any thing.
To FL.\W^ V. «. lo crack. Figuratively, to break, or
violate.
FLAWLESS, n. without crack or defect.
l'L.\WN, .». f/fciifl. Sax.] a sort of custard, a pie bakeH in a
dish.
To FLAAVTER, r. «. to scrape or pare a skin.
F'L A'WY, n. full of creeks, (lavv*, or defects.
FLAX, .5. I //cflj-, Sax.J iht* libr<' of the plant of u*iicb
thread is mxvle when til for spiniting.
FLE
FLE
Fl.A'XDRESSER, s. lie thai prrpan-s flax for llie
tpiiinor.
KLA'XKN, a. madruf flax ; rcs<>ml»liii<,' flax in its colour
aiiH tin<>ii«>ss.
T-i FLAY, t). o. [vlacn, Bi'lf;.] lo strip off tlic skin; to
«aki' ofl' the pellicle, nienibranc, or skin wliicli covers any
tliiii;;.
FLA'YKIl, s. he that strips ofTiht- skin.
FLKA, ( flee) s. [Sax.] m nnlural history, a small ml in-
sect, remarkable lor its niiiilileness, which sucks the blood
of' human creatures, and other lar^e animals. 'Flie tlea,
when cxaminetl by the microscope, is a very pleasing object.
It is covered all over with dark, hard, and shelly plates,
vhicnare curiously joinle*! and folded over ()rie another in
such a manuer as to comply with ail the nimble nu>tions of
the creature. These scales arc all curiously polished and
arc beset about the edges with short spikes, hi a very beau-
tiftdand regular order. Its neck is finely arched, and much
resembles the tail of a lobster ; the head also is very extra-
ordinary, for from the snout part of it there proceed the two
fore lejfs, and between these is placed the piercer or sucker,
w ith which it penetrates the skin to get its food. Its eyes
arc very large and beautiful, and it has two short horns or
teelers. It has four other legs, joined all at the breast.
These, when it leaps, fold short one within another, and
then exerting their spring all at the sauu- instant, they carry
the creature to a surjirising distance. 'Fhe lei^s have seve-
ral joints, and are very hairy, and terminate in Iwo long,
!iooke<l, sharp 'claws. The piercer or sucker of the flea
is lodged between its fore legs, and includes a couple
of darts or lancets, which, after tlie piercer has made an en-
Irance, are thrust further into the flesh, to )nake the blood
flow from the adjacent parts, and occasion that round red
spot with a hole in the centre of it, called a flea-bite. See the
plate of Microscope.
To FLEA, (flee) i\ a. to cleanse or free from fleas.
FLE'ABANE, s.a herb with compound Howers,^f wnich
there are two kinds, viz. the Canada and blue, the former
being found among rubbish, and the latter in dry pas-
tures.
FLE'.4R1TE, {ftrthite) f. the red mark caused by a flea.
Figuratively, a small or trilling hurt.
FLE'ABiTFEN, {Jie'Mtten) a. stung or bitten by fleas.
FLEAK, {fleck) s. [from floccns, Laf. See Flake] a
small thread, lock, or twist.
FLEAM, s. a small instrument of pure steel, used in
bleeding cattle, by placing one of the lancets on the vein,
and driving it in w ith a blow.
FLE'AWORT, s. an herb, with compountl flowers, of
which there are two kinds, the marsh and the mountain ;
the former bearing flowers in the broad-topped spikes, and
the latter in rundles.
To FLECK, ». a. [from fleck, Teut.J to spot ; to mark w ith
a different colour.
/r-> FLE CKER, V. a. [See Fleck] to streak or mark
with different colours.
.FLED, the preter. and participle of Flee, to run away;
not properly used for that of Fi.y, to make use of wings.
To FLEDGE, v. a. [flaleren, Belg.] to furnish with wnigs ;
to cover with feathers.
FLE'DGED, part, or a. full feathered, able or qualified
to fly.
To FLEE, i>ret. and part. y/<(i v. n. to run away from
danger; to endeavour to avoid danger by flight. This word
is now almost universally written ftij ; tho\igli, properly, to
fly is to move with wings ; to 1lee, to run away.
FLEECE, *. [Afis, Sax.] the woolly covering shorn off
the bodies of sheep ; as nuich wool as is shorn off one
sheep.
To FLEECE, v. «. to shear the wool off a sheep. Fi-
^juratively, to strip, plunder, to deprive of any thing va-
iuabie
FLEE'CED, a. having or wearing fleeces. Stripped or
liluudcrcd.
FLEE'CV, n. woollv ; covered with wool.
To KLEF,ll,r. M. ffrom/wi'/iaH, Sax.] to turn a thing t»
mockery, or ridicule ; to mock ; to deride with intolencr
or impudence ; to leer; to address with a deceitful grin of
civility.
i'M.EEU, «. mockery expressed either in word or look.
FLEE'KEH.s. a mocker.
FLi;ET,rLE()'r, or FLOT, s. in the names of places,
arc derived.from^™^, Sax. a bay or gulph.
FLEE'I', s. I fhtn. Sax.] denotes a company of ships_fif war
belonging to any prince or state , also any number of trad-
ing ships sailini' together, and destined to the same pott or
part of the world.
FLt^ET, a. [fliutur, IsI.J swift, applied to pace or
motion.
To FLEET, V. n. [/?o<rtn, Sax.] to fly swiftly ; to vanish ;
to be transitory, or ot short duration. Actively, to skim the
water ; to live merrily, or pass away with pleasure, applied
to time. " WpfMhe time carelessly." S/iahspcan:
FLEETTNGDISH, s. a thin dish used in dairies, to skim
or take the cream oft milk.
F'1>EETLY, «</. swiftly ; nimbly ; with a quick motion. ,
FLEE'TNESS, s. swifiuess of motion.
FLESH, I. [floec, Sax.] in anatomy, a fibrous part of an
animal body, soft, bloody, and serving as a covering to the
bones; the body, opposed lo tliejon/; the muscles, or soft
part of an animal body, opposed to the skin, bones, or other
tinrliiiis. .\nimal food, opposed to that offlshet. Animai
nature.
To FLESH, V. a. to initiate ; to establish in any practice,
to glut ; to satiate.
FLE'SHHOOK, s. a hook or fork, used to take meat out
of a pot or cauldron.
FLE'SHLF.SS, n. without flesh.
FLE'SHLINESS, s. carnal or sensual passions and appe-
tites ; carnality.
FLE'SHLY, a. corporeal ; human; opposed to spiritual:
carna..
FLE'SHMEAT, ^.animal food ; the flesh of animals pre-
pared for food.
FLESHMONGER, *. one who deals in flesh.
Fi^E'SHY, a. plump; full of flesh; fat. Pulpous and
plu.nip, applied to fruits.
I" LET, part pass, of To Fleet. Skimmed.
FLl'.'TCHL'jR, s. [from fleche, Fr.] a person who makes
bow s and arrows.
FLEW, the preter. of Fly.
FLI". W , s. the large chaps of a deep-mouthed hound.
FliE'WED, If. chapped mouthed.
FLEXA'NIMOUS, a. [from flecto, to bend, and.awimi(,<,
the mind, Lat.] haviug power to change the disposition of
the mind.
FLEXIBILITY, s. [flexibihV, ¥r.'\ the quality of ad-
mitting to be bent ; easiness of being persuaded.
FLE'XIBLE, a. [from flteto, to bend, Lat.] possible or
easy to be bent; pliant; obsequious; easily complying
witb, ductile, or manageable; to be formed by discipline
and instruction.
FLE'XI BEEN ESS, s. possibility or easiness to he bent,
opposed to brillleiiess or stiffness; compliance; tractable-
ness ; easiness to be moved by advice, persuasion, or in-
struction.
FLE'XILE, a. Uvom flecto, to bend, Lat.] pliant; easy to
be bent, or tumed out of its course.
FLEXION, s. [from flecto, to In-nd, Lat.] the act of
bending, or changing from a straight to a crooked line; a
double; abending; the state ofa thing bent ; a turn or mo.
tion towards any quarter or direction.
FLEXOR, s. [Lat.] in an^-'^omy, applied to the muscles
which act in contracting or bending the joints.
F'LE'XUOUS, a. [trom flecto, to bend, Lat.] winding ; full
of turnings and meanders; bending; crooked ; variable; un-
steady
FLE'XURE, s. [from flecto, to iend, Lat.] the form or
3o5
FL T
F I. O
direction in which any thnig is bent ; the act of bcndlH:; ;
tile part bent ; a joint ; obsequious or servile criuj;iiij;.
To I'LICKEfi, V. a. {Jtieieiinn, Sax.] to tiutter; to iuive
£ fluttering motion ; to move tlie wings up and down witli a
quick Diotion.
FLIi;,s. SeeFLV.
rU'ER, «. one who nnis from danger; that part of a ma-
chine, which, being put into a swifter motion tiian tlie other
part equalizes, regulates, and continues the motion of liie
rest. " The/i"«- of a jack."
FLIGHT, (,^«) *• [/.'/«■/''. Sax. I the act of running away,
in order to avoid danger; the act of moving from one place
to anotiier, to escape danger; the act of moving by means
of wings; a flock of birds moving in the air together ; tlie
birds produced in the same season. A volley, or shower
of weapons discharged at the same time. Figuratively,
heat or soaring of imagination.
FLIGHTY, {/Itti/) a. fleeting ; swift in motion ; wild ; or
fanciful.
I'LI'MZY, ijlimzy) a. weak ; feeble ; without strenojth,
hodv, or stiflness, applied to manufactures. Mean, spirit-
less;
To FLINCH, V. n. to snrink from any suifering, pain,
or danger ; to withdraw from pain or danger. Tii S/iak.
speare it signifies to fail. " If 1 break time, or Jlinch in pro-
perly "
FLI'NCHRR, s. he who shrinks or fails in any aflair.
To FLING, V, a. fpreter. and part.///(»i^] to cast or throw
from the hand ; to aart or throw with violence ; to scatter;
to move forcibly ; to cast reproach ; to eject or cast away
as useless or hurtful. To flhi^ duwn, to throw njion the
f;roiind with force ; to demolish or destroy. Tojiins; off', to
)atlle in the chase ; to defeat of a prey. Neutcrly, to
flounce ; to wince.
FLING, *. the act of throwing or casting; the space or
distance to which any thing is thrown or cast ; a gibe ; a
contemptuous sneer or remark.
FLI'NGER, ». one who throws a thing ; one who casts a
contemptuous sneer at a person or 1 bing.
FLINT, s. [Sax,] a semi-pellucid stone, composed of
crystal debased, of a similar substance, of a blackisli grey,
free from veins, naturally invested with a whitish crust ;
ioinetimes smooth and equal, but more frequently rou^li ;
remarkably hard ; used for striking (ire with steel, and in
plass-making. Figuratively, any thing remarkably hard,
imnenetrabre, or obdurate.
FLINT, a small town, the capital of Flintshire, without
niiicii trade, or market. It is seated on tiie river Dee, 12
miles VV. IV. W. of Chester, and 193 N. W. of London.
FLI'NTSHIRE, a county of North Wales, bounded on
the N. W. by the Irish Sea ; on the N. and N. E. by a large
bay at the month of the river Dee, which divides it from
Cheshire ; on the E. by the river Dee and part of Cheshire ;
and on the S. and .S. W. by Denbysliire. It is about 27
miles in length, and from 7 to Id in breadth. Part of Flint-
shire stretches E. of the Dee, a tract about i) miles in length,
and fnm 5 to 8 across, insulated by Ciieshiie, Siiropshiie,
and Denbyshire. It is divided into h hundieds, \\hicli
contain 2 market towns, and 2S parishes. Thn northern
part produces wheat ; there is w'tm niiicli wood. The cows.
tliou.<li small, yield a great quantily of milk, and are excel-
lint beef. They have also honey, ol which they make
nii'ad, a liquor much used in those parts. The principal ri-
vi-rs ,ire the Dee, Clwyd, Weeler, Sevion, KIwy, and Allen.
'I'lie valleys contain coal and freestone, and the hills lead and
<'alamine, with vast quantities of limestone, but no thnt.
Tlie principal trade is mining and smelting. The detached
part IS mostly a level coHiitry.
FLFNTY.a. made of fliri»ii abounding in flints or stones.
Figuratively, strong. Hard of heart ; cruel ; not to
he penetrated or moved by entreaties, or the view of
misery.
KLtPP, *. [a rant word| a drink used in ships, made of
pirits, beer, and sugdr.
3M
FLrPP.\NT, a. [from Flap] nimble; m <ving quickly
applied to the longue. i'ert ; (alkative.
FLIPPANTLY, ad. in a ptrt, talkative, or fluent
manner.
To FLIRT. V, a. to throw any thing with a jerk, or quick
e.aslic motion. To move with quickness. Neuterly, tojeer
or gibe at one; to turn about perpetually ; to be unsteady
and Hiitteriiig.
FLIRT, s. a quick, sudden, elastic motion ; a sudden
trick. A pert young hussey ; a young, fluttering, gadding
lass.
FLIRl ATION, s. a quick, sprightly motion. A cant
word among the women.
To FLIT. V. 71. \tiitt(r, Dan. See Fleet] to fly away ; to
remove or migrate. To flutter or rove on the wing. To be
transient, flux, or unstable.
FLIT, a. swift ; nimble ; quick. Not in nsc.
FLITCH, s. Ifli/clte, Dan.] the side of a hog, without the
head, salted and cured.
FLnTERMOUSE,*. abat,or fluttering mouse.
FLITTING, s. [flit, Sax.] a reproachful accusation; an
offence, or fault.
FLIX, s. [corrupted from ^n.r, Sax.] down; fur; soft
hair.
FLl'WVEKD, «. a kind of watercress.
To F'LO.VT, (fot) V. n. [f oiler, Fi;.] to swi"i en the
surface of the water; to move easily in the an^ applied
to (he flight of birds. To pass in a light and swiuimin;
manner.
FLOAT, iffoi) s. tlieact of flo^in^, opposed to thefWer
rrfliix of the tide. Any thing contrived so as to swim and
sustain a burflen on the water ; the cork, or quill, by whick
the bite of a fish is discovered.
FLOATY, a. buoyant and swimmingon the surface.
P'LOCK, .t. [flocc, Sax.] a company of birds er sheep,
distinguished fiom herds, which are of oxen. Figuratively, a
multitude of men. Also a lock of wool.
To FLOCK, 4). n. to gather in crowds or great numbers.
To FLOG, V. a, [from flugrum, Lat. whip with a
rod.
FLOOD, (flid) s. [flod. Sax.] a ?-ony of water ; a sea or
river; a deluge, inundation, or overflowing of water; allow
of tide.
To FLOOD, ( fJiid) V. a. to cover with waters.
FLOO'D(iATE, (fliidgaie) s. a gate, or shutter, by
which any water course is stopped, or let loose again, at
pleasure.
J'LOOK, s. [from pfhi^. Tent,] the broad or bearded
part of an anchor, which takes hold of the ground. A
flounder ; a flat river fish.
FLOOR, s. \flor. Sax.] that part of a house on which b
person treads.
To FLOOR, r. (I. to cover that part of a room a person
walks on with planks.
FLOORING, s. the matter with which that part of a
room is laid on which a person walks; the bottom.
To FLOP. ?'. a. \hom Jinp\ to clap the wings with a noise ;
to play with a noisy motion of a btoad body ; to let down
the broad parts or flap of a hat.
FLORAL, a. \iiomflos, a flower, Lat.] relating to Flora,
or to flowers.
FLO'REN. s. a gold coin of Edward 111. in value six shill-
ings.
FLO'RENCE, a celebrated and beautiful city of Italy,
situated in the middle of the Vale ofArno. The prospect
here is bounded on every side by an amphitheatre of fertile
liills, adorned with villages, country-houses, and gardens.
It was founded by the soldiers of Sylla, destroyed by Totila,
and rebuilt by Charlemagne. Forciiriosities, this city is the
principal in "Italy, after Rome. The architecture of tl^e
nouses, in general, is executed in a good taste, the streets
are clean, and paved with large broad stones, chi.siled so as
to prevent the horses from sliding. The squares arc s|>;i-
cious, and the pa>aces, clmrchcs, and other public structures.
FLO
FLU
r.re m
pyram
a splendid sljlcof archilecturc, with pillars, staturs,
ids, iiiitl foiiulaius in almost every street. The city
IS tlividcd into two unequal parts by the river Arno, over
which tlierc arc 4 hridfjes, within sisjlit of each other. 'J'liat
called Ponte dc la Trinita is hiiilt of white marble, and
adorned with 4 statues, rcpresentins tlic seasons, and other
ornaments. The Florentine merchants were fornuMly uhmi
of vast wealth, and one of them, about the middle of the
15th century, built that grand fabric, which from the name
of its founder, is still called the Palazzo Pitti. He failed
under the prodigious expense of this building, which was
immediately purchased by the Medici family, and continued
till of late to be the residence of the grand dukes. Besides
the gardens, furniture, antique statues, paintings, Ac. which
are justly and iniiversally admired, here are various other
curiosities, as the cabinets of arts, of astronomy, of natural
history, of medals, of porcelain, of antiquities, Ac. In the
year 1530,'Alexander dc Medicis was created Grand Duke
of Tuscany, by the Emperor Charles V. and in IT.*!?, liic
family of Rledicis became extinct, when Florence and the
duchy of Tuscany fell to the duke of Lorraine, afterwards
emperor. Florence is now included in the new kingdom of
Etruria : it contains an uuiversitv, and is 125 miles N. N.
W. of Rome. Lat. 43. 4G. N. Ion. 1 1. 20. K.
FLO'RET, i. [diminutive of flower] one of the small
flowers composing a compound or incorporated flower.
FLORID, a. [from^o.!, a flower, Lat.J productive of, or
covered with, flowers. Bright, or lively, applied to colours.
Flushed with red, applied to the complexion. Embellished
with rhetorical figures, applied to style.
FLO'RIDA, a country of North America, bounded on the
W. by Louisiana, on the N. by Louisiana and Georgia, on
the E. by the Atlantic, and on the S. by the Gulph ol i\Iex-
ico. It is divided into E. and \V. F.ast Florida extends
about 3o0 miles from N. to S. and KiO from V,. to W. West
Florida is about 200 miles from E. to W. and 60 from N. to
S. St. Augustine is the capital of (he former, and Pensacola
of the latter. The country about St. Augustine is the least
fertile ; yet even here two crops of Indian corn are annually
firoduced. The banks of the rivers are of a superior qua-
ity, and well adapted to the culture of rice and corn. The
interior country, which is high and pleasant, abounds with
wood of ahnost every kind ; particularly white and red oak,
Eine, hiccory, cypress, red and white cedar. The intervals
etween the hilly parts are extremely rich, and produce
spontaneously all the fruits common to Georgia and the Ca-
rolinas. In many places, vines are successfully cultivated,
and the ranges of rattle are immense. The Spaniards
hold possession of Florida; but the Indians, or native
Americans, are pretty numerous.
FLORI'DITY, s. freshness or redness of colour.
"FLOTJDNESS, s. freshness of colwir. A rhetorical
embellishment, applied to style.
FLORrFEROUS, «. [fromy/cw, a flower, and /«ro, to bear,
Lat.J producing flowers.
FLO'RIN, *. [Fr.J a coin so called, because first struck
by the Florentines. That of Germany is valued at 2*. 4(1.
that of Spain at 2». 4jrf. that of Palermo and Sicily at 2s. GU.
and that of Holland at 2*.
FLORIST, s. \Jienristp, Fr.] a person curious and skilled
in the names, natnre|and culture of flowers.
FLO'R U LENT, a. {jixomjlos, a flower, Lat.] flowery ; blos-
soming.
FLO'SCULOUS, a. [from floscthis, a little flower, Lat.]
composed or having the nature or form of flowers.
To FLOTE, V. a. to skim.
FLOTSON, s. in law, goods that float, without an owner,
an the sea.
To FLOUNCE, v. n. [from plonsen, Belg. ] to move
with violence in water or mire ; to' struggle or dash in the
water. To move with passion or anger. To adorn with
flounces applied to dress.
H.OUNCE, i. any thing sewed to a garment by way of
•rnuinent, and hanging loose so as to swell and shake.
FLO'UNDF.R, .?. [/J;/ii,l,r, Dim.] a small fl:.t fi.h.
To FLO'rNDKK, v. ». [from fvnm;] to strup-le with
violent and iireguljir molions, like a horse that slriies Id
disengage himself from luire.
Fl^oOll, .<■. the (inewhite powdcrof wheat, ofwhieh bread
is made.
To FLOURISH, (fiirish) V. n. Ifloreo, fromflot, a flower,
Lat.] to bloom, or be in bh»ssom ; to be in vigour ; to be in
a prosperous stale ; to make use of rhetorical figures; to
display with vanity or ostentation, ^apiilied to langiia;;''.
To move in eddies, circles, or waiilon and irregular motions.
In music, to play an overture. In' writing, to formlhe
decorations or ornaments of penmanship. Li fencing, to
move a weapon in circles or (juick vibrations. To adorn;
to embellish ; to grace or set ofl".
FLO'URISif, {/It'nis/i) s. any embellishment. Figur;i-
tively, beauty. An oslcutalious display of \>it or intel-
lectual abilities. In peiiiiiansliip, figures or orii«mti)ts
formed b>:-iines curiously interwoven.
FLO'URISHER, (jtih-is/uT) s. a mere boaster; one who
is in the: height of prosjierily.
FLO'URY, a. covered with the fine dust or meal nf
corn.
To FLOUT, r. a. ^Hj/teii, Belg.] to mock, deride, or insult,
wilh^ contemptuous mockery. Neuterly, to behave with
contempt; to sneer.
FLOIJT, s, a mock ; a jeer ; a contemptuous and insiilt-
ing ('xp'iession or action.
FLO'CTER, s. a person who derides, mocks, or jeer*
another.
'Fo FLOW, (fl<>) r. V. [fiouan, Sax.] to run or spread,
applied to water. To move, or be in motion, opposed tu
standing water. To rise, or swell, applied lo the tide. To
melt, applied to the cfteet of heat on metals, wax, &c. 'iu
proceed from as an efl'ett*. To be full of licjuor, applied to
drinking vessels. To w rite smoothly, or speak eloquently.
FLOW, (flo) s. the rise or swell of water ; a sudden plen-
ty or abundance. "A //((«■ of spirits." Pcye. An uninter-
rupted stream, or continuation of "ords.
FLO'WER, s. [fli-iir, Fr.J that i)art of a plant which con-
tains the organs of generation, or the parts necessary for
th; propagation of the species. The viateflowers are those
which have no germen, style, or fruit. Female flovers are
such as contain the gernien, style, or fruit, and are called
fruitful Jiirureis. Mermiiphrorlile flnwers are such as contain
both the male and female parts. Figuratively, an ornament
or embellishment ; the prime, bloom, or flourishing part
of life ; the most excellent or valuable part of any thing. In
chvmistry, solid, di-y, s\il)stances reduced to a powder by
sublimation. Syno'n. liemUii, like a ^ohm-, /w/m through
leiigth of time, and mav ?<■'</«■)• suddenly bv an accident.
To FLO'WER, V. li. Ifhtini; Fr.] to put forth flowers or
blossoms ; to bloom, or lie in blossom : to flourish, or be in
a prosperous state. To froth, ferment, or mantle, applied
to liquor.
FLO'WER DE LUCE, s. I flier tie lys, P'r.] in heraldry, a
bearing representing the lily, called the queen of flowers,
and the true hieroglyphic of royal majesty ; but of late it has
been borne in several coats. In botany, the flag, of which
there are very many species.
FLOWERET, s. [Jleuret, Fr.] a jmall or imperfect
flower.
FLO'WERGARDEN, i. a garden in which flowers are
principallv cultivated.
FLO'WERINESS, t. the state of abounding in flowers
or ornaments.
FLO'AVERY, a. abounding witli, adorned with, or full
of flowers.
FLO'WINGLY, {flbiitglsi) ad. with readiness, quickness,
or volubility of speech ; with abundance.
FLOWN, iflon) [part, of Flee or Fly] gone away ; run
away ; ptif^d up, or elated.
FLUA'TLS, s. in chymistry, salts formed by the combina-
tion of any base with fluoric acid.
3^7
FLU
Fr.UCTUANT, perl, [from J! net us, a wa\r, Is.A. ] wavtr-
iii^' ; nricerlaiii ; duuliliiig.
To I'ljLI'C'I'UA'ri"-, f. n. [from Jtuctiis. a wave, Lat ] (n
riill lo and fro like waves; lo float l)a(kMard and forwards:
to move Willi niictMtain and liasly motion ; to iicsitali: ; to be
irresolute, undetermined, or in doubt.
FUT'IDA'TION, ». [fram Jliiclus, a wave, F.at.J tlie iiki
tioii of wave* and water back-wards and ibrnards ; a slate of
suspence, irresolution, or uncertainty.
FLUE, s. a small pipe or cbiinney to convey air, lie<il, or
tmok<> ; soft down, or fur, easily wafted by tlie wind.
FLUE'LLIN, *. an Iterb, with strap-sliaped leaves, and
white blossoms, found in higli pastures. Also a sort of
speedwell.
FLUENCY, J. the quality of flowing, or continuinj; in
motion without interruption or iiiterniission ; smoothness of
style or numbers ; readiness, copiousness, or volubility of
speech.
FLUENT, a. [from fluo, to flow, Lat.] liquid ; flow in^ ;
in motion ; ready ; easy flowing ; copious, applied to
spoech.
FLU'ENT, J. a stream, torrent, or running wafer.
FLUENTLY, ad. readily ; without obstruction or ditfi-
rulty.
FLUID, a. [from fluo, to flow, Lat.] Iiaviu;;; the parts easily
separable; flowing like water.
FLUID, s. in medicine, any animal juice; a liquor, whose
parts yield to the smallest force impressed, and, by yielding',
are easily moved among each other.
FLUI'DITY, s. [fluiditi, Fr.] a qualify of a body, wliere-
l»y the parts are so disposed as lo slide over each other all
manner of ways, and "ive way to the least pressure.
FLU'IDNESS, f. that quality in bodies opposed to firm-
liess, by which they change their form, or yield to the least
pressure.
FLUKE, J. that part of an anchor which fdstens in the
ground.
FLU'MMERY, *. a kind of food made of oatmeal and
water, boiled or evaporated to a consistence. Figuratively,
mese pretence ; flattery.
FLUNG, particip. and prefer, of Fling ; thrown or cast,
followed by i», into, d(itrn,friim, and ^'.
FLUOR, s. [Lat. J a fluid state, in mineralogy, a soft trans-
parent spar.
FLUO'RIC, a. belonging to (Inor. The fluoric aejd is an
acid of a very peculiar nalure, formed in the fluor spar. It
lias'a remarkalile power of corroding glass.
FLU'RUY', s. a gust ; an ha^lx, sudden blast, or storm
ofiviiid. , Hurry ; a violent coiiiinolioM or emotion of mind.
'lo FLCSM, i>. «. [//m/ifrt, Helg.J lo How with violence;
to come in basic; to produce a M-ddisii colour in the lace
bv a sudden How or flux of blood. Actively, to elate, or
F'lUSFI, a. fresh ; full of vigour.
FLUSH, s. an etllux ; a sudden iinpidse; a violent flow.
Ii; gaming, a certain nund)er of cards of Ihe same sort.
r'LU'SllKR, 1. in ornithology, the butcher-bird, a small
bird of prey.
FLU'SfllNG, a town of the I'liiled Provinces, in the isle
of Walchcren in Zealand, with a good bar hour, and an ex-
tensive foreign trade. It is 4 miles S. W. of Middleburg.
Ltit. M. 20. N. Ion. .•). ;i;-,. E.
To FLUS'l'Eil, V, a. [from To Flisk | to make hot aud
red Hilh drinking.
KLU riO, ». [Fr.] a wind instrnm( nt, divided info the
roMiuiou and (ierriiaji. liic coiumnn /Inlc is played by put-
ting o.ie <nd into ihi' moulli, and bicalliing into it. The
Grnnnn fliitr, the most melodious of the two, and most re-
sembling the human voice, is not out into the luoulli, but
sounded by a hole a litlle ilislaiil Irom the upper end, the
■end itself being slopped with a lompion or plug, in arclii-
t»"Ct«re, permudicular channels or cavities cut along Ihe
•haft of a coliunn or pilaster, and rcsenibling the inside of a
lltitc v/heii cut in half.
FO A
To FLUTE, r. a. to cut channels in columns or pi(itst(>n.
FLUTED, ff. having channels or hollows.
To i" I^U "FrER, «'. M. [fintrrnn. Sax I lo move tjie wingi
with a quick and trendding motion; lo /•:.>vc about wild
Rreat show and bustle, but with no consequence ; to be in
ngiration ; lo be in a slate of uncertainly ; to beat quick aotl
irregularly. To palpitate, applied lo (lie heart. To hurry
the iiiiiid, or put iiilo confusion, or a violent commotion.
FLUTTER, i. vibration; undid.itioii, or a quick an*' ir-
regular motion ; confusion; an irregular or disordered po-
sition.
FLUVLATIC, II. [ fluviaiiciu, from fliiviits, a river, Lat.]
beloni;iug to, or inhabiting rivers.
FLUX, .■;. [ftuxus, fioin fluo, to How, Lat. flux, Fr.] tlie
act of flowing ; tlie state of passing away, and giving place
to others. Iii medicine, an extraordinary issue or evacua-
tion of some humour or matter; a disease in which the
bowels are excoriated and bleed, called a bloody flux. In
hydrography, a regular periodical motion of the sea, ha|v
penin" twice in twenty-four hours, whereby the water is
raised, aud driven violently against the shores. Figurative-
ly, a concourse or confluence. The stale of being melted ;
that which facilitates the^ melting of a body when mixed
with it.
FLl'.X, n. [fliixus, from fluo, to flow, Lat.''j inconstant ; not
durable; flowing; niaiutained by a constant succession of
parts.
To FLL'X, r. tt. to melt. In medicine, fo salivate^ to
evacuate by spitting.
FLUXIOiN, .5. [//.i..(o, froim /ho, to flow, Lat.J the act of
flowing; the inallcr Ihat flows. In medicine, a sutldeu
c()llectioii of morbid mailer in any part of the body ; the
velocity by wliiih a flowing quantilv is increased by its
geiieraliMg motion. In ariliiMielic, tlie method of finding
an infinitely small quantity, whith being taken an infinite
number of times, becomes equal lo a given qoaiitity.
To FLY, V. 71. pret. Jhw, or fled ; part, fled, or flow^ ;
Ifla/gnn. Sax. J to move Ihroiigh the air by means of wings;
fo ascend in tlie air. To pass or perform a journey with
great expeilition. To burst asunder. To break, or shiver.
Fo attack or spring w till violence. To fall on suddenly.
To fl>/ ill the face of a person, is fo insult him with opniobri-
oiis language, or any act of outrage. To act in defiance oC
To f If out, to burst uilo passion ; to start violently from any
direction. To let fl^i, to discharge a gun or other fir.'-arms.
Actively, to run away, or attempt to escape any danger; to
avoid, to shun.
FLY, *. r ^f ogv. Sax. I a small winged insect of diflTcrent
species; that part of a machine which, when put into mo-
lion, continues it with great swiftness, and thereby regulates
and preserves Ihe motion of the other parts ; that part of a
mariner's compass on which the thirty-two winds are drawn,
over which the needle is placed, and fastened underneath.
To FLYBLOW, v. a. to taint with flies ; to fill with
maggots.
FLY750AT, s. a kind of nimble, light vessel for sailing,
FLY'l'.It, s. one that runs away from baffle, or endeavours
lo escapedanger by flight; any thing that cuts its passage
through the air by means of wings ; that jwirt of a jack which
moves round on a pivot horizontally, and thereby keeps the
other parts in motion.
FLYING I'l.SH, s in iclilliyology, a species of fiith, about
the size of a lieriiug, with meiiibran.-iccous wings, found be-
tween (lie tropics.
I'OAL, (yi)/) s. {f'ula. Sax] the offspring or young of a
m.u<\ or, oilier In ast of burden. 'I'lie word evU is now ap-
plied to a young horse.
'I'o l'(.)y\l^ {/"h ^- "■ *" '>ri"g forth young, KpjilieJ fo s
mare, or other beast of burden.
F(-)Ai\t, (/»«) s. [Jam, Sax.] Ihe white spittle which ap-
pcnrs ill die mouth of a high imltled horse.
'I'd l'^>A^L {Jiiin)v. 11. I o have th(! mouth covered wilh
white frolliy spiille ; lo Irolh ; fo gather fo;iin. 'I'o bo in
viulcul ciuoLious of passion, iilludiiig lo a high ii, -UleU borat,
FOL
FON
who fnanis at tlif iiioiilli ulna checked, or iiiidcr Hii«illiii;;
rf.slraiiit.
I'D'AMY, (y»mv) a. covered with <'rotl», or wliitc IVotliy
tl>illle.
KoB, s.[f(ippe,Tvut.]a small poc-kct iii;ide in the iiisi<le
of the waiklJiuiiiJ of a pair of bref.^ lies, u In rein the wiiteh is
«s\i;iilv c;irried.
To FOB, V. a. \fiippev, Teut.] ;.'. elieal : to trick ; to de-
fr.MHl liy so.iie low sfral:ij;ein. To »hi(l oil.
I'O'CAL, a. helon^iuf; to a foi os.
FO'CIL, i. l/ociVf, Fr.J thej^nateror less Done hi't\\cen
the knee and ankle, or elbow and wrist.
Focus, s. in geometry and eonio sections, is applied
to certain points in the parabola, ellipsis, and hyperbola,
w here the rays retleeted from all parts of IJiesc corves con-
ctirand meet. In optics, it is the point wherein ra's are
collected, after they have underfjone rellcction or r<'-
fracfion.
FO'DDER, s. [fulJne, Sa\.] dry food stored for catlle
against winter.
To FO'DDF.R, 1'. a. to feed orsnpply with dry food.
I'O'DDl'.Kl'.R, f.the person who supplies cattle wilhdiy
food.
Ft >E, s. [full, Sax./"f, Scot.] an enemy or pers.iu who is
bent to hurl one, either in war or private life. An adver-
sary : an opponent, api)lied to opinions.
Foetus, ( ntus) ». [Lat.J a child in the womb after it is
perfectly formed.
FOO, 's. [from/tin-, Dan. a storm] a thick cloud, consist-
ing of gross watery vapours, tloating near the surface of the
earth.
FO'GGINESS, s. the state of being dark or misty by a
low cloud, consisting of watery vapours, floating near the
surface of the earth or water.
FO'GGY, n. full ofdark, cloudy, and moist vapours.
FOH, inter jeet. an interjection used to express abhorn'nce,
or ortence received bv some object, meaning that it gives
great otfence, and is excessively disagieeable. Coinnmiily
made use of when oft'ended by a stink, or very oll'eiisive
stnell.
FO'IBLE, s. [Fr.] a weak or blind side ; a natural infir-
niitv or failing.
To FOIL, r.a. [from aff'vhr, old Fr. to wounil] (o defeat
or get the better of an enemy, but not a eoiupletc
victory.
FOlL, ^. a defeat or miscarriage; an advantage gained
over an enemy, not amounting to a complete victory.
Something of another colour, used by jewellers to augment
the lustre, or heighten the colour, of a stone or diamoiul.
A blunt sword used in fencing, fr(un foiiillir, Fr.
FO'ILElt, s. one w ho has gained an advantage over an
etieniy.
To FOIN, V. n. [foiixh-e, Fr.] to pusli or make a llirnst
with a weapon.
FOIN, f. a thrust or push willi a weapon.
FOININGLY, ad. in a pushing maimer.
FO'ISON, J. [/uiioir. Sax. J plenty; abundance. A word
now out of use.
To FOIST, o. a.lfiiHsser, Fr.] to insert something not ni
an original ; to interpolate.
FOfSTY, «. See Fisty.
FO'KINGH.WI, a town in Lin^'olnshire, standing on a
rising ground, in a wholesome air, with abundance of springs
about it, 8 miles \V. by S. of Boston, ami 107 from London.
Market on Thursday.
FOLD, s. [fahl. Sax.] the groinid where sheep are confiiv
ed. Figuratively, a flock of sheep. A lioundary or limit.
A double; one part turned over and lying upon another;
the plait or doubling of a garnient, ixom jild. Sax. Hence
fold, in composition, signifies thed(ud)ling the same number
twice, or the same quantity added ; thus two-fold n twice
the (jiinntitv ; ticntfi fold, \\\en\y times repeated.
To FOLD. f. a. ['/aWrtii.Sax.] to pen or inclose sheep in a
ft>ld; to double; to plait or turn Iwck a piece ofclofli, so
aiiothei' pait. FiKUr.dtivr'Iv,
; to eiubrHce witn the trmj
as to double (ivi'r and cover am
to inclose, to iinliide, to shut
clas|)ed round a peisoii.
Ft) 1. 1 A CEO US, II. [from fuiunii, a leaf, Lat.J con^isitinK of
thin |>ieees, huiiiiiU', nr leaves.
I'O 1,1 A( il",, *. [ /(KiV/ngr, i''r.| an a^>emblage of flowers,
Inanelies, leaves, Ac. In architecture, the repr( aentatiou
<jf siK li tlou<Ms, branches, leaves, iVc. as are used tor ttn-
belli>liiueiils oil capitals, friezes, or pediineiils.
'J'o FOM \TE, V. II. [from fi.linm, a leaf, Lat.] to beat
gold into thin j>l.ites, lamiir.e, or leaves.
FO'LIATINtj, ai)plied to looking glasses, is the spread-
ing a eomposilion tiiat will liMiily aillu re to the back of the
glass, and reflect images. The el■lll|Ml^ltioM is culled /"i/,
and made of quicksilver, mixed uiili tin, and other ingre-
dients.
FOLIATION, i.[fr(mi/"//«»i, a leaf, Lat. ] the act ofb.nt-
ing into thin leaves. In bolanv, a collection of those tran-
sitory or fugacious ciiliuned haws, called petals, which
constitute the compass or body ot a tlnwer, and louietiuiei
guard the fruit A\liich siu;ceeds the fulialion, as in apple*
and pears, and sonu-times stand within it, as in cherries and
aprit'ols: for these bein^ tender and |inl\ious, and coming
forth in the spring, would be injured by the weather if they
were not lodged up within their flowers.
FOLIO, .«. \iii f'liHii, in a leaf, Lat.J a large hook whose
pages are formed by a sheet once doubled. In commerce,
a T);\iie or leaf in an account or book.
FO'LIO.MOKT, .V. [from fnliitm mortittim, a dead leaf,
Lat.J a dark yellow, or colour of a dead leaf, vulgarly called
philiinnt. See F F, I 1 L L E M O KT.
FOLK, ». [/u/f. Sax. rvUt, Belg.] people, used only in
familiar discourse ; mankind in general ; any kind of per-
sons.
F'O'LKMOTE, s. in ancient English history, a general
assemblv of the people.
FO'LKS'FON E, an ancient town on the S. coast of Kent.
It stands on hillv ground, and the streets are narrow and iii-
commodions. A multitude of hshing-smacks belong to the
harbour, and some vessels are built here. Two hoys sad
alternately, every other week, to London. It is 8 miles S.
W. of Dover, and 72 E. by S. of London. Market on 'I'huiij-
dav.
FO'LI.ICLE, s. [from fiilliculKs, a little bag, Lat.J in anato-
my, a cavity, bag, or vesicle in a l;.idy, with strong coats. In
botany, the seed-vessel case, husk, or cofer, wherein sci-eial
kinds of seeds are inclosed.
To FOLLOW, (/6m) V. a. [folcian, Sax.] to go after or
beJiind a person ; to pursue as an enemy ; to attend on as a
servant; to succeed or happen alter in order of time ; to
proceed from, as a consequence or eft'ect ; to imitate, or
copy. To observe, toassei.l, or give credit to. To attend
to ; to be busied with. To conlirm by new endeavours.
FOLLOWER, {f'uU'iU'r) s. one who comes or goes after
another; a dependent ; attendant; associate; companion;
a scholar ; imitator, or copier.
FOLLY, s. [fvltf, Fr.] the act of drawing false conclu-
sions from just princMples ; a w eakness or want of under-
standing; an act of neglii'ence or passion, unbecoming the
gravity of wisdom, or tlie dictates of cool and unbiassed re-
flection.
To FOMENT, v. e. [fimientor, ftxnn .forfo, to nourish,
Lat.J to cherish with heat ; to bathe with warm lotions or
liquors. Figuratively, to cncourajje; to support ; to che-
rish.
FOM ENTATION, *.[ /■"»!«>('««<»<, Fr.] ia medicine, a
partial bathing, or applying hot flannels to any part (ji|.ped
in medicated decoctions; the liquor of decoctions loimetl
from boibng medicinal ingredients, with which any part i«
to be fomented <ir bathed.
FOM ENTER, s. an encosrager or supporter.
FON, .«. [Scot.] a fi>ol ; an idiot. Obsolete.
FONI),«. la word of uncertain etvmologv] foolish: silly ;
ifldiscjeet. Trifling; or >alucd bv follv. FoolishK tender
3.')0
FOO
FOR
?iii 1 iiuliili;c!it; loving^ to an excess ; taking' too mucli de-
Il;;|jt in, and too ea;;(:iiv covetiiiif, a tliinij-.
To KO.N'U, or FONDLE, v.a. to Inat «ith great indul-
gence, or will) an indiscreet excess ot'luve. ~
FO'XDLING, i. a pei son used with too muck indulgence,
and beloved to an excess.
FO'NDLY, «''. foolishly, indiscreetly, iniudiciouely. With
an excess of tenderness, induljjence, or love.
FO'NDNESS, s. foolishness; weakness ; want of judj];-
nient ; an excess of love, indulgence, and tendeniess.
FONT, s. [funs, Lat. I a stone or marble vi ^stl, in which
tlie water used in baptism is contained in a church.
FONTAINBLEAU', a town in ;iie department of Seine
and Marne, remarkable for its magnificent palace, formerly
a hunting seat of the kings of France. It stands in the midst
of a forest 35 miles S. F.. of Paris.
FO'NTANEL, s. [foiUimd/c, Fr.J in surgery, an issue, or
artificial ulcer formed to discharge humours.
FONTANGE, s. [Fr.] a knot of ribbands at the top of
the head dress. Out of use.
FONTENO'Y, a village in Hainault, near which, in May,
1745, the English and their allies, under the Duke of Cum-
berland, were defeated by the French, under Marshal Saxe.
The English were at first successfid, and confident of vic-
tory ; but, ihroiigh the misbehaviour of the Dutch, were
obliged to quit the field of battle with considerable loss.
That of the French, however, was not much less. It is 4
miles S. E. of Tournay.
FOOD, s. [fadan, Sax.J whatever is taken in at tlie mouth
and swallowed to repair the wants of nature. Figuratively,
anv thing which cherishes.
FOO'DFUL, a. fruitful ; or plentifully producing things
proper for the nourishment of animals.
FOODY, a. eatable; fit for food. " Inio wellsew'd
sacks pour'd foodi/ meal." ('Itapman.
FOOL, s. [ffnl, Krit. /(//, Isl. and Fr.] one who has not
tiie use of reason or judgnu^nt. Figuratively, one who coun-
terfeits folly ; a buffoon, or jester. In scripture, an idolater ;
a wicked person. In common conversation, used as a word
(rrexfreiiie contempt and slinging reproach. To phi/ the
/<•«/, is tt> trifle, or play pranks, or act like one void of un-
derstanding. To mahf a foul, h lo raise a person's expec-
talions, and disappoint them.
To FOOL, ". n. to trifle; to toy ; to idle. Actively, to
deceive ; to cheat, used with out of. To infatuate.
FOOLERY,*, liabitual folly. An act of folly or indis-
cretion. A n object of folly.
FOOLKA'RDINESS, s. indiscreet courage, or boMness.
FOOLH.\'Rl)Y, a. daring, bold, or adventurous, without
discretion or prudence.
FOOLISH, a. void of understanding; indiscreet; ridi-
culous ; unreasonable.
FOO'LISHLY, «(/. weakly ; without understanding ; in-
discreetly-
FOOLISHNESS. s. folly ; a foolish practice.
FOOT, (commonly, with its derivatives and compounds,
prou. fut, fiitball, flitting, fiitmnn, &:c.) s. plural feet; [fut,
.Sax.] tliat part of an animal whereon it stands or walks. In
anatomy, the extremity of the leg. Figuratively, that part
with which any thing is supported, in tlie same manner as
the foot supports the body of an aninud ; the lower part or
base. 'File infantry of an arfiiy, opposed to cavalry. Mo-
tion; agitation, or action. In (rreek ami Latin |)oetry, a
certain number of long and short syllables constituting a dis-
tinct part of a verse. A imasuro consisting of 12 inches
Od/bijt means walking, opp<ised to travelling on horseback,
or I'n a carriage. To set on foot is to begin, to give rise
to.
To FOOT, V. a. to spurn, kick, or strike with the foot ;
» settle; to plan. In daHciii'C, to make a noise with the
^0«>t resembling the tune played bv the music; to tread.
FOO Tl'. ALL, .«. a ball niade of leather, and fille<l with
wmI, by means of a bladder included in the inside, and
oiiven by the fo it.
FOOTROY, .t. an attendant in livery.
FOt)TCL()'FIl, s. a sumpter cloth.
FOOTED, n. shaped in the fool.
FOOTHOLD, s. a space to liold the foot; space on
which one may tread surely.
^ FOOTING, ,«. ground for the foot or any thing to re^t on.
Foundation; basis; support; root; place; tread; walk; of
the sound of a person's feet in walking. A partuular niaiw
nerof moving the feet in dancing, so as to echo the sound
ofthe tune.
FOOTM.\N, s. a soldier that marciies and fights on
ground, opposed to a horseman. A menial servant iu
livery.
FOOTMAN'>HIP, s. the art or office of a runner,
FOOTPACE,*, a slow manner of walking.
FOOTPAD, *. a highwayman that robs on foot.
FOOTPATH, s. a narrow way which will admit only
foot-passengers, not being wide enough for horses or car-
riages.
FOOTPOST, s. a post or messenger that travels on
foot.
FOOTSTALL, {fiustaul) s. a woman's stirrup. *
FOOTSTEP, s. an impression left by the foot in tread-
ing. Fit'uratively, any trace, mark, token, or sign.
Footstool, s. a stool whereon a person places hi»
feet.
FOP, s. [a woBcl probably made by chance, and therefore
wilhoui etymology] a person of weak understanding, and
great pretence fo knowledge and wisdom; or rather a per-
son afiecting delicacy too much both in dreSs and behsu
FO PDOODLE, *. a fool.
FOTLING, s. a petty fop; a coxcomb ofthe second
order.
FOPPERY, s. impertinence, or folly. .Alfectation of
show in dress, and importance without solidity ; foolery ;
afl'ecfation : or aflected trifling.
FOPPISH, a. foolish ; idle ; vain ; vain in show ; gaudy ;
attended with too great an affectation of ceremony iii b«-
haviour.
FOTPISHLY, ad. after the manner of a fop ; vainly ;
ostentatiouslv.
FOPPISHNESS, i. showy, ostentatious, and afl'ecfed
vanity.
FOR, prep, [for, Sax.] because, or on account of. " That
ivhich we, for our unworthiness, are unworthy to crave."
Hooker. With respect or regard to. " For bulk, mere itK>
sects." Tate. Used often with as before it in this sense.
Instead of; in the character or likeness of. " Embrace/i>r
truth." Locke. " Lay /«>■ dead." Drt/d. "He refused not
to die for those who killed him." Bnyk. Conducive or
tending to. "It k for the general good." Tilluts. To-
wards, or with intention of going to, a certain place. "We
sailed directly/or Genoa." Addis. With resjjcct to ; on ac-
count of ; concerning. "Thus niuch/o/- the beginning and
progress." Bunict. In confirmation or establishment, ap-
plie<l to proofs. "There is a natural, immutable, and eter-
iial reason /or that which we call virtue." Ttllots. Against,
or as a remedy for. " Good for the tooth-ach." (jarrtts.
Ready, fit, prepared, or proper. "If you be an uiiderfaker,
I ani/or you." 5'/i«/<. In favour of; on the side of. "Aris-
totle is/or poeticaljustice." Demiis. Fit; becoming. "Is
it/">-yon to ravage sea and land !" Drijd. Followed by all,
it implies iiotwilhstaiiduig. Considered ; or in proportion
to. " He is not very tall, yet /"• his years he's tall."
Shak.
FOR,e(>»!/">ir<!oH, used to introduce and give reasons for
something advanced before ; because. Forasmuch as \m-
\A'ws since, ot because. For why, because; for this reason
that.,
FORAGE, s. [fourage, Fr. andTcut.J in war, provisinn*
for the horses and cattle.
To FO'RACiE, r- H. fo go in search of foraw.
FORA'MhNOUS, a. [from/ n.woi, Ut.] tuU of holei.
Fon
FOR
To FORRnAll, iforUrc ) V. n. prcl. / f.'rk.yr, \MUt.
forhorn ,- [forhfrrim. Sax. (o cense I'roin iictidii ; to pinise ; or
delay; todpfliiie ; to omit, or abslalii fniiii \<iliinl;iiily ; to
(yiciiirf will) iiiiliriicc. Actively, lo S|iinp; to tK'iit willi
eJrnuiicv ; lo uilliliold.
FOIlRKA'RANCi:, ( forlxU-nnre) .«. tlic act of palieiifly
oiicliiriii^ pmvocatioii oi <illciic(' ; cointijaiul nf tciiiinr ; in-
termission: suspension; ieiiilv ; delay of ptMiislniieiit.
FOItBlv\'RI'"l{, s. an iiileriiiitter ; an iiilerceplor of any
tliiii','.
To FORBID, V. a. pret. T forhmh, part, forhidilm, or
forhiil ; [t'lirliciiilan. Sax.] to proliihit any Ihiny: ; to coiiniiand
a piMson not to peifonii a lliiu!^ ; to oppose ; to hinder.
FOIiRrODANCF, *. a pidiiihilion ; or coiiiiiiaiid lo ab-
stain iVom anv lliinjr.
FORRI'DDENLY, ad. in. such a iiianiicr as is prohibited ;
i»i an uniaufid manner.
FOURrDDINfr, part, raisini; aliliorrencc, aversion, or
awe ; oliiiijin^' lo Ueep a respeclfnl distance.
F'OnCR, .«. \ force, Fr.] power; vifjom-; active power;
etrength ofliody; violence; validity; an ainiainent ; or a
company of men or ships inlen(h'd for war; warlike ))repa-
lations, used ijeneraliy in the plural. Virtue, or etKcacy ;
destinv ; necessity; stress or emphasis of a sentence.
ToFOiiCE, !'. a. \ fnrri-r, Fr.] to compel a person to do
a tiling' a^'ainst his will ; to o\<rp()wer by sireiislh ; to drive
by violence ; to draw or push by main strength ; to set from
by violence. In war, to lake or enter a city by violence ;
to storm. To ravish. Used with out, to extort a thing
which shoidd be concealed.
FO liCF.D, p«/7. obliged to do a tliinjr involuntarily, and
by compulsion. Wrested ; unnatural, applied to the use of
words.
FORCEDLY, ad. violently; constrainedly; unnatu-
rally.
FOTiCFFUL, n. violent: st-rong ; driven with great
violence.
FORCEFULLY, nd. m a violent, impetuous, and rapid
manner.
FORCELESS, a. withniit strength or force.
FO'RCEI'S, s. [Lat.] in surgery, an initrnnient open-
ing like a pair of tongs, used to extract any thing out of
wounds.
FO'RCER, *. that vhich drives, compels, or constrains by
strength, power, or violence. In mecbaiws, the embolus
(ir piston of a pump working by pulsion or force, opposed to
sucker, whiclj works by attraction.
FOR'CIBLE, n. strong; [)0werfid ; violent; or efiica-
cions; of great influence or power; caused bv force, vio-
lence, or compulsion, opposed \Q voluntary ; valid; binding
in law. or conscience ; obligatory.
F0'RC!BL1':NESS, s. the quality of effecting any end
by compidsion <n' violence.
FO'RCIBLY, ffrf. siroiiglv ; powerfidly; so as to maki-
some impression, or produce some effect, by irresistible
power or force.
FO'Rf'l RATED, a. [from /oreep^, a pairof pincers, Lat.]
formed tike a pair of pincers, so as to open and shut.
FORI), «. [Sax.] a shallow part of a river. Sometimes it
signifies a stream or river.
To FORD, V. a. to pass a river without swimming, or on
foot.
FO'RDABI.E,/r. passable on foot.
rOTvDINGBRIDGE, a town of Ifants, with a manufac-
ture of tickings, in which a great number of looms are em-
ployed. It was fiirmerly much larger than it is now, having
often suffered by fire. It is situated on the Avon, -20 miles
W. of Winchester, and 87 W. by S. of Loudon. Market on
Satni<lav.
FO'RDWICH, a member of the town and port of Sand-
wich, in Kent, situated on the river Stour, on theN. E. side
of Canterbury, and ^overiud by a mayor, jurats, and com-
ii'.onalt' . It has one small church, built with stone and
l»iri^k. The sheets are narrow, dirty, and not paved. It is
3 A
noted for its excellent troiits, but has neiliii r fair nor mar-
kel ; and lies three miles from Canterbury, and eiglit W. of
Sandwich.
FORE, n. [Sax.] thai part which conies first when a body
moves, opposed lo liinil.
FORE, «(/. the pari wiiicli a|)pvars first to those who
meet it,op|)osed to aft,
FOllE, ill composition, from the Saxon, implies priority
of time, or before anv ci riain |)eiio<l. See Bf.1 f)RK.
'I'o l''ORIv\D\ rsi", ( fiiri'iidiizf.; V. n. to give counsel be-
times ; lo advise before a thing happens.
To lOREA'RiM, 1-. «. 1(1 provide fur an attack before it
happens.
■^I'o FOREBODE, v. n. top' edict or foretel ; to presage,
generallv applied to some tiilure calamity.
FORF.BO'DER, s. a progiiosticator; soothsayer; for-
tune-teller, or foreknower.
To FORI'ICA'ST, 11. a. to plan, or prepare for execution ;
to contrive, to foresee, or proxide against.
FORI'^CAST, J. contrivance beforehand; a scheme; a
plan; provision against any future emergency ; foresii;!)!.:
FORECASTER, s. one w ho foresees and i)rovides against
anv fiitine event.
FO'ltEC.ASTLE, i. in a ship, is that part where the fore-
mast stands, and is divided from the rest of the floor by a
bulkhead; ihut partoflhe forecastle which is aloft, and
not in the hold, is called Ihe prow.
FORECIIOSEN,/Mr<. pre-elected.
FORI'-CITED, part, quoted before, or in a preceding
part of a work.
To FORECLOSE, (forehlize) V. a. to shut up; to pre-
clude; to prevent : to put a stop to. Inlaw, to forechte a
ni(irt^-itoc is to cut oti the power of redemption.
FO'REDECK, s. the deck is that part of a ship which it
foremost w hen she sails.
To FOIVEDO', V. a. to undo, to ruin. To weary, outdo,.
or almost kill.
'Fo FOREDO'O.AI, v. a. to 'predestinate; to deterinine
befinehand by an inevitable necessity.
FORE-END, s. the foremost part; the first part, applied
to time.
FO'REFATHER, j. an ancestor ; or one who is born be-
fore another, and belongs to his family, or country.
To FOREFE'ND, v. a. to forbid ; to avert. To provide
for; to secure before-hand.
FOREFINGER, s. the finger next to the thiindi.
FO'REFOO'F, i. [plural forefeet] th^t foot of a beast
which is nearest the head.
To FOREGO', r. a. to quit, resign, give up, or let go ; to
go before ; to be past, from /ore and go ; to outgo.
FORi'XiO ER, i. an ancestor, progenitor, or predecessor.
FOllEGROUND, ^. that part of the ground or surface
of a picture which seems to be before the figures.
FXVREHAND, s. that part of a horse which is before
the rider; thechief or most excellent part.
FOREHA'NDED, a. early; timely; before an event
comes to pass.
FORl'-HEAD, {fm-r'kl) s. the part of the face from
the eyebrows to the hair. Figuratively, impudence;
assurance.
FX)REHO'LDING.S, s. [plural] predictions; omens;
forebodings ; silly and superstitious inognostications.
FOREIGN, (firrhi) a. [forain, Fr.] of another kingdom
or country; remote; not allied; opposite; inconsistent
with; irreconcileable with. Excluded; distant; or not
admitted lo one's acquaintance, or company.
FOREIGNER, (furrimr) s. a man who is born in, and
comes from, another country ; the produce of another coun-
try ; exotic.
FO'REIGNNESS, {forrhimss) s. remoleness ; strange-
ness ; want of relation lo something.
To FOREIjM.\'GINE, f. a. to conceive or fancy tiefur*
proof.
To F0REJ\JDGE, r. a. to Judge beforeliaud; Xm
361.
FOR
FOR
,'judge vvifliout proof; to be prepossessed or prejudiced
agaiast.
FQREJU'DGED the Covrt, in law, is when an officer is
banished or expelled a court for some offence, or for not ap-
pearing to an attioii by bill filed against him, in which case
Iiecaqnot officiate till he appear to the bill.
FOREJU'DOER, s. in law, a judgment whereby a per-
son is denrived of, or put by, the thing in question.
ToFOREKNO'W, (forenb) V. a. to have knowlcd^^e of
a thinjj before it happens ; to foresee.
FOREKXO'WABLE,(/omioa6fc)«. possible to be known
before it happens.
FOR'KKNOAVLEDGE, (farenbledge) s. knowledge of a
thing before it happens.
FORELAND, s. in navigation a point ofland jutting out
into the sea ; a promontory.
FORELAND, North, is" the N. E. point of the islana of
Thanet, in Kent. It is also the most southern part of the
port of London; the Nase, in Essex, on the opposite side of
what is accounted the mouth of the Thames, is about 40
miles over. Hore is a round brick tower, near 80 feet higli,
erected as a sea mark.
FORELAND, South, a headland on the E. coast of Kent,
between Dover and Deal. Between the two Forelands is
the noted road called the Downs, to which those pro-
montories afford a great security.
To FORELA'Y, v. a. to lay wait for ; to take in a snare or
MD^ush.
FORELOCK, s. the hair which grows on the forepart
of the head. In a ship, a little flat wedge, like a piece (»f
iron, used at the ends of bolts, to keep them from starting,
or flyio]^ out of the holes.
FO'REMAN, *. the first or chief person in any assembly,
or among any workmen.
FOREMAST, s. in a ship, a round large piece of timber,
»',ated in the foretop, on which is borne the foresail.
FOREME'NTIONED, part, or a. mentioned, quoted, or
■cited liefore.
FOREMOST, a. first, or before others in place or situ-
ation ; chief or liefi>re others indignity.
FORENA'MED, pari, or a. [See Forementioned]
named, mentioned, or spoken of before, in a former part of
a work.
FORENOON, *. the first part of the day, measured from
sunrisinn; to the noon, or 12 o'clock.
FORENOTICE, s. a token or information of a thing or
event before it happens.
FORE'NSIC, a. [from fomm, a market place, or court
of judicature, Lat. |bflonj;ing toa court of law or judicature.
To FOREORDAIN, v. a. to determine or order an event
l>eibre it happens.
FO'REI'ART, s. the first i)art or beginning, applied to
time. That part which is first when a thing or person
moves.
FOREPA'ST, part, that which has happened, or past
before a certain period.
FORKRANK, s. first rank; front.
To FORERUN, r. a. to precede, or go before ; to intro-
duce as a messenger.
FORERUNNER, t. a harbinger, or messenger sent be-
fV)re to prepare the way, or give notice of the approach of
some person who is to follow ; a sign or omen, foreshewing
the approach of some future event.
To FORF>SA'Y, r. n. to predict, or give notice of some
future event.
ToFORESE'E, .v. n. [pret. fnrctatc, particip. y<»-c«fnj
toseea thing beforehand ; to have knowli'ilgr of sontellnng
which is to happen.
To FOREShE'VV, ».«. See Fork-SHOw.
FO'RI>HII*, /. the anterior part of the ship.
To FORESHORTEN, r. a. to shorten figures, for the
sake of shewing those behiii'i them.
To FORKSIIO'W, (fom/in, ,: n. to predict; to prog-
uobticate. To represent before it conies.
3QS
FORESIGHT, (foren't) 3. the act of seeing or perceiving
a thing before it happens; theact of providing against any
future event.
FORESl'GHTFUL, fZ-ore^^/O". having the knowledge
of, and i>reparing against, any future event.
To FORESIGNIFY, r. a. to give notice or token of an
event liefore it happens.
FORESKIN, s. the membrane which covers the iiead of
the penis; the prepuce.
FO'RESKIRT, s. the pendulous or loose part of the coat
before.
To FORESLA'CK, v. a. to neglect by idleness.
To FORE^LO'W, {forealuj v. a. to delay, impede, or ol>-
striict ; to loiter.
KO'RESS, a parliament town of Scotland, in the shire of
Murray, 30 miles W. of Elgin.
FO'IIES T, i. \ff'oresr, Brit.J a large uncultivated tract of
ground overgrown with trees. In law, a certain territory
of woods, grounds, and fruitful pastures, privileged tor
wild beasts, fowls of the forest, chase, and warren, to rest
and abide in, in tlie safe protection of the king, and for hia
pleiisure.
FORESTAFF. s. an instrument used at sea for taking
the altitudes of heavenlv bodies.
To FORESTA'LL Cf'orestaull > V. a. [forestallan, Sax.] to
anticipate ; to prevent ; or to lie troubled on uccount of
some calamity before it happens. To pr,rvent a person
from doing a thing by doing it before him. To buy commo-
dities before another in order to raise their price.
FORESTA'LLER, {fnrestauUei) s. una who interc«pti
commodities as they go to market.
FO'RESTER, s, Q'orestier, Fr.] a person who has th«
charge of a forest ; one who inhabits a forest.
To FORETA'.STE, .•. a. to have a strong idea and eariie«t
of a thing before it exists ; to anticipate ; to taste befofu
another.
FORETASTE, i. anticipation of.
To FORETE'LL, ». «. preter. and participle, foretold ;
to prophesy ; to give notice of a thing or event before it
happens.
FORETK'LLER, *. one who gives notice of things future
before they happen.
To FORETHrNK,v.rt. preter. and part. /nrrihw/^fit ; to
have an idea or conception of a thing in the mind before it
happens or exists; to plan or contrive before-hand.
FORETHOUGHT, {fbrcthmu) s. anticipation, or fot»
sight ; a provident care agaii>st some future event.
FORETOOTH, s. a broad flat tooth in the front of a
person's mouth; named the incisor.
FO'RETOI*, *. that part of a woman's head-dross, or a
man's peruke, immediately above the forehead.
FOREVOUCllED, part, affirmed before ; formerly
told.
FO'REWARD, s. the van and front of an army.
To FOREWA'RN {foreuaiin) v. a. to give a jicrson advii«
beforehand ; to caution a person from doing a thing before-
hand.
FORFAR, a shire of Scotland, which sends three mem-
bers to parliament, one for the shire, and two for the burglw
of Perth, Ac.
FO'RFAR, a town of Scotland, in a shire of the same
name, seated near a lake, from whence a river proceeds tha*
runs into theTay. It is 14 miles W. of Montrose.
FORFEIT, (for/it) i. [fforfed, Brit.] something lost
or paid by way of punishment for a crime ; a pers«n liable
to punishment, or one who is coudennied to death for a
crime.
To I-'O'RFErr, (/orfU) V. a. to lose a privilege eiijoye<l
before, or pay a sum of money as a punishment for some
crime.
FORFEIT, {forftt)part. liable to be seized or lost, either
as lori;;ht or possession, on account of the commission of*
crime, or the breach of the conditions in « contract.
FO KFEITABLE, {firfitable) «. liable to'bc lost ou noa
FOR
FOR
performrince of certain conditions, or on being guilty of any
particular action.
FO'IIFIOITURE, (firftture) .u [for/aUnre, Fr.] See FoK-
FEIT the act of loitin^ or payinj; on account of some oriiis-
Bion or crime ; the punishment siiftered by lossofsonietliing
in-a person's possession ; the thing paid or lost as a punisli-
mcnt ; a t»ne.
FORGK, s. \ fors;e, Ft.] the furnace where iron is pro-
perly tempered, or Ihe place where it is beaten intoany par-
ticular form.
To FOIUiE, t>. a. [forger^ old Fr.] to form by the ham-
nicr; «r beat into shape ; to make by any means ; to coun-
terffit or falsify.
FO'KGKR, s. one vvl)o makes, or oi}e who forms by beat-
ing ; one who counterfeits a thing.
FO'RGEIIY, .5. ihe crime of coinilerfeiling ni order to
defraud or impose upon; the act of fabrication; smiths'
work made bv forging.
To rOIUiE'T, I!, a. preter. forgot, part, forgot, or forgot-
ten; Iforgi/tan, Belg.] to lose the memory or remembrance
of; to iieglecl.
FORGETFUI,, n. not retaining a thing in the memory;
causing oblivion or forgetfulness ; negligent ; neglectful ;
careless.
FORGETFULNESS, s. the habit of losing the memory
or reniend)iance.of a thing ; negligence, or nejjlect.
FOR(JE' I'TER, «. one that forgets ; a careless person.
To FORGI'VE, V. a. \forgifaii. Sax. pret. fnrgnie, part.
fm-given] to pass by a crime without punishment ; to pardorf
a crime or a criminal ; to remit ; to forego ; or not to insist
upon a right.
FORGI'VENESS, s. [forgifmnisse. Sax.] pardon of an
iffence or an ottender ; willingness to pardon ; remission
of a fine ; or the forgiving a person a sura of money which he
owes.
FORGI'VER, t. one who foregoes his right to a debt, or
passes bv au oflence without punishment or auger.
FORGOT, or FORGO'TTi;.\, pm-t. of /orget ; not re-
membered.
FORK, s. ' efforch, Brit.] an instrument uiarle with two
or more prongs, sharp at the j>oint, and used in eating;
when it has a very long handle, and three prongs, it is called
a trident. The point or forked part of an arrow.
To FORK, V. n. to shoot into blades, prongs, or divisions,
like those of corn when it appears above ground, or the
heads and horns of cattle.
FO'RKRD, o. formed with two or more part«, resembling
Ilie prongs of a fork.
FO'RKEDLY, ad. in the form of a fork.
FO'RKKDN ES.S, s. the quality of opening mtotwo parts,
resembling the prongs of a fork.
FO'RKHEAD, s. the point of an arrow.
FO'RKY, c. opening in two parts, and pointed like the
prongs of a fork, or the head of an arrow.
FORLORN, a. [forloren. Sax. J destitute ; forsaken ;
wretched; lost; desperate. Forlorn hope, those soldiers
who are sent on any desperate enterprise, or make the first
onset in a battle ; being, as the term imports, destitute of aU
Vip«i, and, as it were, doomed to perish.
FORLORN, s. a lost, fo.saken, friendless, or helpless
person.
FORLOTINNESS, *. a state wherein ■^ person is void
of hopes, destitute of friends, and involved in sorrow or
rflisery.
FORM, i. [^ forma, Lat.] the external appearance, sbape,
or particular model of any thing. Beauty, elegance of ap-
pearance. Regularity ; method, or order, applied to placing
things, or the arrangement of the parts of a discourse. Ex-
ternal appearance, or mere show, when opposed to siib-
iiance. Ceremony ; external rites. Any stated nietliod, or
established practice. A long seat or bench. In schools, a
cLissor division of scholars. In hunting, the seat or bed of
a hare, from fijrmtha. Sax. a seat.
Tc FORINI, V. a, [ formo, Latr to make out of materials.
To model to any particular shape. To modify ; to scheme ,
to plan. To arrange in any particular manner ; as, " H«
formed his troops." To adjusl ; to settle.
FORMA, pauperis, s. [Lat. in the quality, or after the
manner, of a poor man] in law, is applied when a person
has cause of suit, but is so poor as not to be able to pay the
charges ; in which rase, he make.'* oalh ihaf he is not worth
five pounds, his debis b'-i'i'T paid, and bringinga certificate
from some lawye tiKU Ijis <'ause is ajiist one, the judge ad-
mits him to sue in firmu pauperis, i. e. without iiavmg fees
to the counsellor, altonu'v, clerk, or Ihe stamj) duly. This
custom has its beginning from stat. II. lien. Vll. c. 12.
FO'IiiVIAL, a. [from forma, ii form, [^;it.J cercnioninus ;
solemn; precise; exact lo afl'cclatioii ; done according to
certain rules or methods ; regular ; methodical ; merely
external.
yOHMALlST, s.[formiiliste, Fr.] one who practises ex-
ternal rites and ceremonies with great strictness; oHe who
prefers appearance to reality ; or affects to seem what he is
not.
FORMA'LITY, s. ceremoniou* exactness to excess or to
affectation; solemn order, habit, or dress. In law, the rules
prescribed or customs observed in carrying; on any cause.
To FORM .\ LIZ K, w. a. \forinaUser, Kr.J to form, make,
or model. To affect formality, to be fond of ceremony. A
word not now in use.
FORMALLY, ad. aocording to establish rules, customs,
ceremonies, and riles; in a precise manner; with too great
affectation of ceremonv ; externally, or opcniv.
FORMATION, «. [from /wmo, to form, or" fashion, Lat,
the act of forming, making, or producing a thing ; the mao-
ner in which a thing is made.
FORMATIVE, a. [froni/ojvuo, to form or fashion, Lat.]
having the power to make.
FORMER, «. one tha
. ^ .,i.. .^..,, .. „..v >.iat gives form to a thin^ ; a maker.
FO'RMER, a. [from forma, Sax. first. Hence f»rmtr
■AwA fnrmost., comiuoiily written forcmnst. Foremost is gene-
rally applied to place, rank, or degree, and fanner only to
time] before in time; mentioned bef«re another; pasU
" Fonnrr limes."
FORMERLY, arf. in times past.
FORMIDABLE, a. [from/o/ mirfo, to fear, Lat.] terrible;
dreadful; occasioning great fear, or apprehension of troubl*
and danger ; to be feared.
FO'RMIDABLKNES.S, s. the niialily of exciting terror,
or the apprehension of danger ; the thing exciting the pas-
sion of fear.
FO'RMIDABLY, ad. in such a manner as to excite
fear.
FOUMLESS, a. shapeless, or without any regulai
form.
FORMOSA, orTAiouAN, an island m the Chinese Sea,
separated from the province of Fokien by a strait, about 60
miles over where narrowest. It is about 240 miles in length,
and 60 where broadest, and is subject to the emperor of
China, although the eastern part is mostly held by the na-
tives. The plains are fertilized by numberless rivulets. A
chain of mountains runs nearly through its whole extent
from N.to S. Its air is pure and wholesome, and the land
produces oranges, bananas, and other Indian and European
fruits. Tobacco, sugar, pepper, cauiphire, and cinnamon,
are also common here. 'This island received its name of
Formosa from the Europeans, on account of its singular
beauty. In the spring of 1782, a great part of it was over-
wheluird, and almost totally destroyed, by a hurricane and
inundation of the sea.
FORMOSA, an island of the .\tlantic, near the coast of
Africa, about 6 miles long, and 3 wide. The soil is fertile,
an<l well covered with trees, but it wants springs of good
water. Lat. 11. 29. N. Ion. 14. 20. W.
FO'RMULARY, s. [formnlaire, Fr.] abook containing the
prescribed rules or manner of performing any thhig.
FO'RMULE, f. [from forma, form, Lat. J a set rule, or prfi-
ccriued form or model.
163
FOR
ros
To FO RNICATE, v. a. [from fornix, a brothel, Lat.J to
«oriiniil Ifivd actions. Not in common use.
I" OUNtCA'TION, i. [from /wmi, a brothel, Lat.| the
act of incontinence between unmarried persons.
FORNICATOR,*. [Lat.] a single man who isguilty of an
»ct of incontinence with an unman ied woman.
FORNICATRESS, s. a single woman guilty of »l)e crime
ofincontinence with an unmarried man.
FO'RRES, a town of Murravsliire, containing some niiiiiu-
factures of linen and sewing-thread. Near it is an ahcmir,
remarkable column, 2o feet in height, and 3 in buadtli,
carved with soldiers, on horseback and on foot, <Vc. sup-
posed to have been erected in memory of the defi at of the
Danes, near the spot, in the year lOOS, by Makolin II. before
tlieirtinal retreat from Scotland, called King- Sweno's Stone,
or T!ie Danish Pillui: Forres is situated on an eminence
•»ear a small river, 2 miles E. of the river Findhorn, and 10
railes nearly W. of Elgin.
To FOK'S.^'Kl'I, V. a. preter. forsook, part. pais, fursool!, oi
forsaken ; \t-ersiieken, Belg.J lo leave in resentment, neglect;'
or dislike ; to break otl triendship or connnerce w ith ; to
leave or go away from ; to desert, or withdraw any kind
offices or assistance from a person.
FORSA'KER, s. one who quits or deserts iu resentment,
dislike, or neglect.
FORSOOTH, ad. \forsothe, Sax.] in truth ; surely ; cer-
tainly. It is almost always used in a contemptuous or ironi-
cal sense.
To FORSWEAR, (fortware) v. a. preter. forsworn, part.
f»rsuom; to renounce, quit, or deny upon oath. Neuterly
la swear falsely, to be guilty of perjury.
FORSWEA'Ri'JR, {forswore?-) s. one who swears a thing
to be true, whidi he knows to be false.
FORT, s. \fort, Fr.l a little castle or fortress ; a place of
small extent, ifortitied by art and nature, or both ; or a work
encompassed with a moat, rampart, or parapet, to secure
some high ground or passage.
FORTEVENTURA, or Feurteventura, one of the
Canary Islands, about 50 miles in length, and from 8 to 24
m bfeath, consisting of two peninsulas, joined together by
an istlwnus, about 12 miles long. The soil is fertile in wheat,
parley, roots, and fruits, and beautifully diversified with hills
mnd valleys, well watered, and supplied with a variety of
timber. There is also a prodigious abundance of dates,
raastic, olives, orchel for dying, and a species of fig-tree,
that yields a medicinal balm, as white as milk. An incredi-
ble quantity of goats' milk cheese is made here, the island
breeding upwards of .'iO,000 kids every year, whose flesh is
fetter, better niloured, and sweeter than in any other coun-
try ; eachof them weighing between 40 and 50 pounds. It
affords also plenty of beeves. There are three towns on the
eastern coast, Longla,Tarafato, and Pozzo Negro; and there
is a good road for shipping between this island and the island
of Lobos. Lat. 28. 4. N. Ion. 14. 32. W.
FORTH, a,l. [fort/,. Sax. whence further, furthest] for-
ward ; onward, or in advanre, applied to time. Before
another; or in advance, applied to place. Abroad, or out
of doors, joined with th(! verbs come or, ^v>. Out of, or be-
yond the bourKlaries of a place. Thoroughly, or from the
begiiiuiug to the end. To a certain degree ; or to the end.
FORTHCO'MING, «. ready to appear ; not absconding ;
Jiut lost.
FORTIirSSUING, a. coming out ; coming forward from
a covert.
FORTIIRI'CIIT, '>fr. straight f»rwar<l.
FORTHWITH, nrl. immediately; without delay.
FO'WI'IFjTU, a. l^ifrrlnnt^ol/ia, Sax.] tile fourth tenth, or
that wliich is next inordiT after thelhirly-ninth.
FOIITIFIABLE, <7. llial maj be rendered stronger by
fiirtilic atious.
FORTiriCATION. s.\ fortification, Fr.]anart shewing
fcow lo lender a place ditlicnlt to he taken by an enemy ; a
I^luce strengthened willi ramparts, \c. iu order to defend it
Ifum the attacks of an enemy.
set
FO'RTI'FIER, t. one who erects works to strengthen ut
defend a place ; one who supports, countenances, secures
or upholds.
To F OllTI FY, V. a, [fortiefitr. Fr.] to strengthen a plac«
against attacks by walls or works ; to contirm, encourage, or
invigorate; to establish or contirm in a resolution. Synon.
We fortify a town in strengthening it against attacks, by
walls or works. We garrison it by placing soldiers in it to
defend it.
FO'RTIN, s. [Fr.] a little fort roiised to defend a camp.
FORTITl'DK, *. [forlitndo, from fortis, strong, valiant,
Lat.J the act of undertaking dangerous enterprises with
calmness and serenity, and pursuing virtuous designs un-
shaken by menaces, or unmoved by discouragements cr
temptations. .
FORTNIGHT, *. [contracted from fourteei> nights] the
space of twoweeks.
FORTRESS, s. [f'ortresse, Fr.J a strong hold ; a general
name for all fortified places, whether made so by natiue or
art.
FORTUITOUS, «. \fortnii,is, from fors, accident, Lat.J
happening without the guidance or production of any ra-
tional cause ; accidental ; casual, or happening by cliance.
FORTLi-ITOUSLY, ad. bv chance.
FORTUITOUSNESS, s.'the quality of having no app«.
rent cause.
FO'RTUN.\TE, a. [furtmatns, Lat.| lucky; happy j
successful.
FOTTUNATELY, ml successfully.
FO'RTUN.\TENESS, s. the quality of gaining the eno
of our wishes or actions.
FOinUNK, s. \foiiuna, Lat.] a goddess worshipped
with great devotion by the ancient Greeks and Romans,
who delivered her to i)reside over human afiairs, and to dis-
tribute wealth aiul honour at her pleasure. Modern painters
represent her as a naked woman standing on a globe, with
a bandage on her «yes. The good or ili which hefals a per-
son. Estate or possessions. The mouey which a man or
woman brings with them on marriage.
FO'RTUNEBOOK, i. a book consulted to know fortune
or future events.
FORTUNED, a. happening successfully; successful.
Foretold.
FO'RTUNEHUNTER,*. a person who seeks after wo-
men with great portions, in order to enrich himself by mar
rying one.
■ To FO'RTUNETELL, v. n. to reveal, or pretend to reveal,
the future events of a person's life.
I'O'RTUNETELLER, s. one who professes to foretel
the events which shall happen to a person.
FO'KTY , uAfeoicertig, Sax.] four times ten.
FORUM, s. I Lat.] a public place at Rome, w here lawyers
and orators made their speeches in matters of property or
in criminal causes.
FORWAllD, or FORWARDS, nd. [forweard. Sax.]
towards a place ; straight before a person ; to a place which
fronts a person.
FO'RW.\RD, a. warm; willing or ready to do a thing ;
premature, or ripe too soon ; presumptuous; c<vnlident ; ni
the fore part, opposed to heliind. Quick ; hasty ; ahuost
fjnished ; begun and far advanced.
To FO'RVVA KD, v. «. to |)romote or quicken a design ; to
accelerate, hasten, or advance in growth or improvement ;
to encourage or iialronize an undertaking.
FO'RWARDER, s. he who quickens or promotes the pcr-
fornianceof a thing.
FO RWARDLY, ad. eagerly ; hastily ; ra^'hly ; in ■»
hurry.
FO'KWARDNESS, s. eagerness or readiness to act;
quickiii'ss or readiness to learn ; earlines^, or early ripeness;
conlidciice, <h less reserve and modesty than becomes a pc*-
ion's age and dignity.
FO'SSANl', in zoology, a kind of weasel, i-nhtbituii; y«f
tuiu parts of Asia and Africa.
FOU
FO X
-TOSSR, (fn.is)t. \f<)i, Brit.] in fortification, a (Jilcii or
moat. TlurHoman niilifarv way l)cf,'rns at Totiicss, ami
passiiijj llirougli Kxetcr, Rath, Circnci^tcr, Leicpsler,
Nowark and Liiiooln, to Barton upon liimilicr, is vot visijjle
in many places, (!uinj;ii of 1400 years standing. 'I'lierfi were
fosses or (I itches, made hv tlie side of it.
FO'SSl-.T, ». SeeFAiicKT.
FO'SSICVVA Y, s. one of the great lloman roads through
Enifland, so calk>d from the dilches on ea<ii side.
K)'SS1L, a. [fussilis, from Jndio, to dig, Lat.] dug out of tlic
earth.
FOSSIL, s. a body formed under the surface of the eartli ;
era hodv discovered bv di;,'^iiig.
To FO'STER, V. «. [fostriini, Sax.] to nourish ; to feed
er cherish with food ; to nurse or bring up a young child ;
to pamper, encourage, train u\\, or cilucale ; to cherisii, or
forwani.
rC>'STI'"Il AGE, *. theoft'ice oremploy of nursing or bring-
ing up a voung child.
FOSTKKBROTHER, s. [fuster-hrol/in; Sax.] one bred
up or nursed bv the same woman.
FO'STERCHILI), s. [foster child, Sax.] a child nursed by
a person who is not its parent.
FO'STERDAM, s. a female beast, wiio suckles and brings
up the voung of another.
FO'STEREARTH, s. earth bv which the plant is nou-
rished, though it did not grow at first in it.
FO'STEllFR, f. a nurse; one who gives food in the
place of a parent.
FO'S'l'ERFATHER, *. [fnstrrfofhr, Sax.]ot«'who nurses
or gives a child food instead of its father ; the husband of a
child's nurse.
FO'STERMOIIIER, s. Ifosterinoder, Sax.] a nurse, or
woman who brings up the child of another.
FO'STERSON, *. a boy nursed by a person not his pa-
rent.
FOTHERINGAY, a town of Northamptonshire, situated
near the river Nen, 9 miles N. of Oundlc, and y S. ofStam.
ford. Here are tlif ruins of a very aniient castle, in which
KingRichard III. was bern, and in which tlje unfortunate
Mary, queen of Scotland, was confined and beheaded. It
was destroyed by order of James I.
FOUGA'DE, s. [Fr.J in war, a litlle mine, in the man-
ner of a well, dug under some work or fortification, charged
with barrels or sacks of gunpowder, in order to blow it up,
and covered with earth.
FOl'GIlT, the preterite and participle of fight.
FOUL, a. Iful, Sax.] dirty, filthy, or covered with mire,
opposed to /aiV, or c/ran. Impure, polluted. Using indeli-
cate, obscene, or reproachful expressions. Unclean, wick-
ed, or detestable, in Scripture language. Not lawful or ho-
nest, flatcful, ugly, loathsome. Disgraceful, shameful.
Not l)right ; cloudy, or tempestuous, applied to weather.
Muddy, thick, applied to liquors. Among seamen, entan-
gled ; as, " a rope hfoul of an anchor."
. To FOUL, I', a. to daub ; to bemire.
FOXILFACKD, a. having an ugly or hateful visage.
FOTLLY,«d. filthily ; nastily.
FO'ULNESS, s- the quality which excites in the mind an
idea of dirtiness attenned with loathing; pollution; hate-
fulness; or atrocionsness of acrime; ugliness, or loathsome
deformity ; dishonesty.
FO'ULSHAM, a small town of Norfolk, 18 miles N.
W. of Norwich, and 111 N. E. of London. Market on
Tuesday.
FOUND, the pret. and part. pass. ofToFiND.
To FOUND, V. a. [fmuto, Lat.j kx lay the bottom or
foundation of any building; to establish or erect ; to give
birth or origin to. " He/oKiirf*rf an art.' To raise upon,
«s ofl a principle or ground, applied to tloctrints. To fix
frroi. " Founded as the rock." Shak. To set apart, or
give a sum of money for building or maintaining an hos-
pital, A'C
To FOUND, V. «, [funth, Lat] to «ist mctaU into
any particular form by melting and pouring them into
moulds.
FOUNDAIION, s. \fondaiuv, Fr.] the lower parts, or
those w hich support the rest of ;i house or building ; the act
of laying the basis or support of any thing; ihe original, or
rise; a rcTcnue settled and eslablislied for any purpose,
particuhiilv applieil to ebarities.
FOUNDER, s. a builder; one who erects an eilifiee, or
builds a cilv ; one who euiloua or establishes a revenue for
the support and maintenance of any hospital, college, Ac.
one who f;ives rise or origin to xny art or mauulacturc ;
one who forms figures ofmital by melting or pouring it into
nioidds.
To FOUNDER, i'. a. \fnndre, Fr.] applied to horses, to
make their feet sore by hard riding or working. Neuterly,
among mariners to sink to the bottom. Figuratively, to
miscarry.
FO'UNDRRY, s. [fomhrie, Fr.] a place where melted
metal is cast into various forms.
F'O'UNDLING, s. adroiit child ; a child exposed by il8
parents.
FOUNDRESS, s. a woman who builds, endows, or begins
FOUNT, or FO'UNTAIN, .s. '/-.n^, Lat.| a place where
the waters of a river first break out of the earth ; a small
basin of springing water; a jet, or a basin which has an
artificial spout of water ; an original ; first cause, or first
principle. Fmmt, among printers, is a set or quantity of
characters or letters of each kind, cast by a letter--founder,
and sorted.
FO'UNTAINLESS, II. without a fountain or spring.
FOUNTFUL, a. full of springs.
FOUR, {for) a. formerly spoltyi/tt'er ; \_feewer. Sax.] two
taken Iw ice, or twice two, marked 4 or iv.
FO'URFOLD,(/o)/'eW) a. a thing repeatc-d four times.
FO'URFOOTl'D, a. having four feet.
FO'URNESS, Lancashire, in Loynsdiile, a tract between
the Kent, Leven, and Dndden Sands ; here are stately r-uiiis
of an old abbey. The continuation of Fouvness Fells to the
S. forms a promontory running out into the sea, or rather
the sands, wliich are crossed at low water by the assistance
of guides.
FOURSCO'RE, (fbrsc'ure') n. the number eighty. Some-
times used, elliptically, for eighty years, when applied to a
person's age.
FOURSQUA'RE, {fdrsquure) a. having four sides and
angles equal; perfectly square.
FOURTEE'N, (fdrtkn) «. four and ten.
FOURTEET^TH, {firtrhitii) a. IfeowerlMtfia, Sax.] the
fourth in rank or order after the tenth.
FOURTH, (^forth) a. \feortka, Sax.] the first in order after
the third.
FO'URTHLY, (fm-thly) ad. in the fourth place.
FO AVBY, or Fo y, a town of Cornwall, with a market on
Saturday. It is by some called Fo Y, and is a borough-town,
which sends two members to parliament. It is seated on
an ascent, is fortified, and its haven well secured with block-
houses ; is at present a good trading-place, and its market
well supplied with corn. It is32 miles S. W. of Lauuceston,
and 2 M)W. by S. of London.
FOWL, (the ow in this word and its derivatives is pro-
nounced as in now)s. [fulil. Sax.] a winged animal; a bird,
li) conversation, applied to the larger scrt of bird*, todisfin-
guish them from the smaller, which Ave called birds ; but in
books the term is applied to all Ihe fcathcrccl race.
To FOWL, V. ji. [fugdiiH, Sax.] to shoot birds for food or
game.
FO'WLER, J. [fv^elare, Sax.] a person who pursues or
shoots birds.
FO'WLINGPIECE, s. a light, small gun, used for shootnig
birds.
FOX, I. [fo.r, Sax.] a four-footed auininl of the dog kind,
with a large bushy tail, sli^rp ears, of a rank or stirmgMneU,
remarkable <or its artifices, cupcciaJly whr:i pursUKii,
36&
ru A
FRA
ning very swiftly, and preying upon fowls and small ani-
mals. A/ox of tlie first year iscallod a f!/A ,■ in the second
?ifox ; and afterwards au old /ox. P'iguratively, a sly, cun-
nmg, or artful person.
To FOX, t>. a. to cheat or trick. In brewing, 'to give
liquor a strong disagreeable taste, generally applied to the
etfecls of hot weather; to make a person drunk or fud-
dled.
FO'XCASE, s. a fox's skin.
FCXCHASE, s. the pursuit of a fox with hounds.
FO'XEVIL, s. a kind of disease in which the hair sheds.
FO'XGLOVl'", s. called Aio digitalis, with a purple blos-
som, elegantly mottled on the inside, found in gravelly
soil.
FO'XTAIL, t. a kind of grass distinguished by its blos-
iem, having one valve with a simple point.
FO'XTR AP, J. a gin or snare to catch foxes.
FRACTION, {frahshon') s. [from />wig-o, to break, Lat.]
the act of breaking or violatiiig any obligation or treaty ; a
rent in a piece of cloth, &c. fii arithmetic, a part of an in-
teKer or whole number. Fractions are distinguished into
vulgar or common, and sexagesimal or decimal ; and these
again have their subdiviiions.
FRA'CTIONAL, a. belonging to a fraction or broken
number.
FRA'CTIOUS, (,/rakfhious) a. [from frmigo, to break, Lat.]
peevish : quarrelsome.
FRA'C'TIOUSNESS, {fiaUshiausness) s. peevishness, or
a disposition of mind which renders a person uneasy at
trifles.
FRACTURE, s. [from frango, to break, Lat.] a dissolu-
f ion or breaking of the parisof a solid body from each other.
In surgery, the breaking or separation of a bone by some
accidental violence.
To FRACTURE, i'. a. to break a bone.
FRA GILE, o. |from/j<T7i«-o, to break, Lat.] brittle, or
easily broken. Figuratively, weak ; uncertain ; easily
destroyed.
FRAGI'LITY, s. easiness of being broken. Figuratively,
weakness, or the quality of being easily deslroved; frailty.
FRA'GM ENT, s. [tromfntiigo, to break, La't.] a broken
or imperfect piece or part.
FRAGME'NTARY, a. composed of fragments or broken
pieces. Not elegant, nor mud! in use.
FRAGRANCE, or FllA (iKANCV, s. [from fragro, to
smell sweetly, Lat.] sweetness of smell ; an agreeable jscent
or pleasing odour.
FRAGRANT, a. [from fragyo. to smell sweetly, Lat.]
odorous ; smelling sweet.
FRA'GRANTLY, «rf. « ilh a sweet smell.
FRAIL, *. a basket made of rushes ; a rush for making
b«skets.
FRAIL, a. [from fraii!;», to breiik, Lat.] weak; easily
decayt J ; subject to fauiL* "i foibles; easily destroyed ;
liable to (. : Tor, or to be seduced.
FRAl'LNESS, s. weaUm^ss, or liableness to decay, ap-
plied to the texture of bodies. Liableness to error, ap ilied
to the mind.
FRAI'lTY, jt. frailties, plural; weakness of resolution ;
infirmity ; liableness to decay ; liableness to be deceived or
to do amiss ; a fault pi(>ceedii)g from the weakness and in-
ticmity of our reason, and the condition of our nature,
FRA ! .SCHF^UR, *. [Fr.] freshness ; refreshing coolness.
FllAI.SE, .s. [Fr.]a pancake intermixed with thin slices of
bacon.
To FRAME, V. a. [fremmnn. Sax.] to shape or form things
»o that they may match each other, or be easily put toge-
ther ; to regulate ; to adjust ; to form to any rule; to com-
pose by means of the imagination ; to plan ; to invent.
FRAME, ». a fabric ; any thiii„' formed of various parts
ov uic' ilers ; the supports of a chair ; any thing made so as
to inclose, admit, or hold together something else ; order;
regulaiiiy; methodical dispo«itiou of parts; shape; projcc-
iun ; scheme, or plan.
FRA'M ER, $. a maker ; a contriver ; one who composei
or makes a thing consisting of various parts.
FRA'MLINGHAM, a large, old, and but indifTerenllT
built town of Sutl'olk, with a castle, supposed to have been
built by some of the kings of the E. Angles; the walls yet
standing are 44 feet high, and 8 thick, with 13 towers above
them. Here the princess Mary retired before her elevation
to the crown, on the death of her brother Edward VI. It is
noted for a large, stately church, built all of black flint, and
is pleasantly situated in a fruitful soil and healthy air, near
the source of the river Ore, (by some called Wnicknill) 3d
miles I'"., of Bury, and bS N. E. of London. Market on
FRA'NiPOLD, or FRA'MPUL, .^ [etymology unknown]
peevish; cross-gained; quarrelsome.
FR V'MFTON, a town of Dorsetshire, .seated on the
river Frome, which abounds with excellent trout, 12 mile*
N. W. of Weymouth, and 120 W. by S. of London. Its mar-
kef on Thursday is almostdisused.
FRANCE, including Belgium, or the ci-devant Austriar.
Netherlands, is a country of t'-urope, bounded on the W. by
the .Atlantic Ocean ; onthe N. by the English Channel, the
German Ocean, and Holland ; on the K. by Germany, Swis-
serland, and Piedmont ; and on the S. by the Mediterranean
Sea and the Pvrencan mountains, extending from 4. 48. W.
to 8. 22. F. loii. and from 42. 24. to 51. 24. N. lat. From
.Spain on the S. to Holland, its extent is nearly 700 miles;
and GjO from the most easterly part of the department of the
LdwerRliine, to the westerly part of that of Finisterre. The
air, particularly in the interior parts of the country, is, in ge-
neral, mild and wholesome, and the weather more clear and
settled than in England ; in tlw northern provinces, how-
ever, the winters are intensely cold. The soil is agreeably
diversified, and yields corn, wine, and oil ; figs, prunes, and
various high-flavoured fruits; tobacco, hemp, flax, mann ,
safl^ron, and many drugs. Silk is also produced in great
plenty. The forests are extensive, and the mineral prodnc-
llons various. Its situation is favourable to commerce, aud
the inhabitants have long availed themselves of many of
their natural advantages. The principal rivers of France,
are the Loire, the Rhone, the Garrone, the Seine, the
Scheldt, the Rhine, the Somme, the Var, the Adour, &c.
the advantages of which, in commerce and conveniencv,
are considerably improved by the artificial rivers and canals
which have been executed. The most considerable moun-
tains, besides the Alps and Pyrenees, are Mount Jura, the
Cevennes, and Mount Dor. Wolves excepted, France con-
tains few animals, wild or" tame, that are not lo'be found in
England. France was formerly an absolute monarchy, and
divided into military governments or provinces. But in
1789a wonderful revolution took place. The deranged si-
tuationof the finances of the country, occasicuicd in a consi-
derable degree by the American war, had induced his most
Christian majesty to convoke, first an assembly of the nota-
bles, or principal men in the kingdom, and next (on the in-
cfi'ectiial result of their deliberations) the states general,
which had not been assembled since tlie reign of Louis XIIL
in Uil4. 'I'hese consisted of three orders, the nobility,
clergy, and the third estate, or commons. The last were
douF/le the number of the other two ordftrs luiiled; and
when a contest arose, whether the three orders shouhl make
three distinct houses, or be blended in one assembly, the
third estate insisted upon the latter; and, assuming the title
of the national assembly, they declared, that, as such, they
Mere competent to proceed to business, without the concur-
rence of (he other two orders. In the sequel, however, the
nohillly and clergy found itexpedient to concede the )>oint;
and they all met in one hall. In the mean lime, Paris was
encircled by an army of .W.OOO men, with tlie apparent
view of coercing that clly, if necessary. Notwitlstandiiijf
tills, on the removal of the popular minister, M. Neckar, iu
.Inly I7S!», a dreadful insurrection ensued in Paris; the roi-
htary refused to fire upon the people ; the formidable Bas-
tile_was captured by the citizens ; the governor, and tome
FRA
FRA
other olinoxious persons were beheaded ; and tlicir heads
cHrricd ;il)oiit, in horrid triumph, on poU-s ; in a word,
ei),'ht weeks atter the opening of the states-general, and on
tlie .^th of May, a revolution was eflTected, which 'then ex-
cited astonishment, and, since that period, even alarm and
terror in all Europe. On the 17th of July, the king visited
the Hotel de Ville at Paris, and surrendered himself, as it
were, to his people. From that moment, from being an
ahsolutc monarch, he became one of the most limited in
Kurope. The national assembly, now triumphant, proceed-
ed to the most extraordinary measures. They abolished
nobility, and the whole feudal system, contiscated tlie pos-
sessions of the clergy, and suppressed all the monasteries.
In October, in conseqnenre of another dreadful riot at Ver-
sailles, the king, the royal fa'miJy, and the national assem-
bly, were removed to Paris. The king was now, in fact, a
state prisoner, treated with the formalities appendant to
royalty, but watched in all his motions with the utmost cir-
cnmspectioii. From this irksome situation he attempted to
escape, in June 1791, with the queen, his sister, the dau-
phin, and the princess his daughter. He had almost reached
th« frontiers, when he was arrested at Varennes, and con-
ducted back to Paris. Such, however, was the moderation
of the popular party, that no disastrous consequences en-
•ued. The national assembly completed a new constitution,
which was accepted by the king in September of the same
year, when a new national assembly was elected. Harmony
did not long prevail between this assembly and the king.
Some of their decrees he refused to sanction ; and, on their
Eart, among other steps which could not fail to give urn-
rage to a once powerful monarch, was the disbandiii" his
guard. France was now involved in a war against the Iting
of Hungary; and the executive power was even suspected
•f acting in concert with him, and with the emigrant
Firinccs, and others, who were in arms against their country,
n August 1792, the mayor of Paris, at the head of a depu-
tation from that city, appeared at the bar of the national as-
sembly, and demanded the deposition of the king. At this
moment the Thuilleries, tlic royal residence, was attacked ;
the Swiss guards were defeated and massacred; and the
king and royal family took refuge in the national assembly,
who instantly decreed the suspension of the power of the
king, and the convocation of a national convention. The
king and his family were conveyed to a house in Paris,
called the Temple, and there kept in close confinement,
with circumstances of the most humiliating degradation.
The convention met on the 21st of September, and instantly
decreed the abolition of royalty, and the formation of a re-
public on the principles of what was termed liberty and
equality. In December following they decreed that the
king should be tried before them; and tiiis tribunal, exer-
cising at once the incompatible characters of accusers,
prosecutors, and judges, condemned the unfortunate mo-
narch; who, in pursuance of their sentence, was publicly
beheaded, on the 21st of January, 1793. All t^urope ex-
claimed against tht injustice and cruelty of this proceeding.
Powers, hitherto neutral in the war, were eager to take
^n active part in it ; and the new republic, in addition to
the arms of Austria, Prussia, Sardinia, and the empire, had
to encounter the powerful combination of Great Britain, the
United Provinces, and Spain. This formidable coalition of
continental powers was, however, dissolved by the gigantic
efforts of France, after having suffered the severest reverses,
«nd havingtheircountries overrun by the republican armies;
by which France acquired a vast accession to her territory
and populatifta, which before had been reckoned at not less
than 25 millions. Two forms of government were adopted
by the French after the death of the king in 1793, the latter
of which had for its outline the executive power entrusted
to a directory of five persons, and the legislative to a council
ofantients and a council of five hundred. Buton tliePthof
November, 1799, this constitution was overturned by gene-
ral Buonaparte (in concert with a few of the principal men)
whu placed hiotseif at the head of affairs, with the title
of first consul, having two other consuls associate! w.'th him
in the government. The legishilive councils were also very
much abridged in their numb.'rs, and had the names of tlie
<'onservative senate, the legislative body, and the trdmnale.
Soon after this change was effected, the Roman Catholic re-
ligion was re-established in France, though, it must be con-
fessed, on more moderate and liberal princ-iples than it was
before. However, on the 20th of May, 1804, the consular
government was set aside, and Buonaparte was i>roclaiinr'd
eniperorof theGauls,and,on the2Hdof Dec. crowned by the
pope at Paris with great pomp, and his power made neie-
ditary in his family. To this title was soon after added that
of king of Italy. Thus has an end been put to republicanrsm
by its greatest champion ; and France now, after the most
wonderful efforts, finds herself under a monarchy iiueflect
as absolute as that which the revolution overturned. The
French in their manners appear more affable and easy than
their neighbours on the east ; less trifling and ceremonious
than those on the south; and not so absorbed in llie pursuit
of gain as the Knglish and Dutch. Their polite, elegant,
and easy language, is more generally spoken than any other
in the world.
FRANCE, Isi.E OF, a ci-devant province of France, so
called, because it was bounded by the rivers Seine, Marne,
Oise, Aisne, and Ourque. Paris was the cafyital, and situ-
ated in the centre.
FHANCE, IsLK OF, or Mauritius, an island in the In-
dian Ocean, about 45 leagues in circumference. Indigo ii
the general object of cultivation, and attempts have bceu
made to rear cochineal, as the island abounds with the plant
on which the insects lie ; but a small bird is sure to destroy
them. Its ebony is the most solid, close, and shining, of any
in the world. Here are numerous groves of oranpes and
citrous, and the pine-apple grows spontaneously lu great
perfection. Here is also abundance of black cattle, veni-
son, and wild fo^vl, with potatoes, and other leg-jininoiM
roots. There are two fine harbours, one on iheE. side, and
the other on the W. This island was first discovered by the
Dutch, in 1598, who gave it the name of Mauritius, in ho-
nour of the priiK-e of Orange. About 40 years after, they
began to form settlements here ; but in the beginning o/
the present century the colony was withdrawn, and the is-
land was taken possession of by the French, in whose handi
it has remained ever since. The inhabitants, black and
white, amount to about 20,000. Lat. 20. 10. S. Ion. 67.
29. E.
FRATviCFORT ON THE MAINE, a free, imperial city
of Franconia, noted for its two great annual fairs. Th^
Calvinists and Jews here are numerous, industrious, and
rich, but lie under divers sumptuary restrictions. The ma-
gistrates are Lutherans. It is seated on the river 'Maine,
which divides it into two parts, IS miles N. E. of Mentz.
and 3,50 W. bv N. of Vienna. Lat. .50. 1. N. Ion. 8. 22. E.
FRA'NCFORT ON THE ODER, a town of the Middle
Marche, in Brandenburg, formerly impcri.d, but now sub
ject to the king of Prussia. It is remarkable for its three
great fairs, and its university. It is situated on the river
Oder, 48 miles SE. of Uerliii: Lat. 52. 23. N. Ion. 14. 39. E.
FRANCHECOMTE, a ci-devant province of France,
now included in the three depts of Doubs, .Mount Jura, and
Upper Saone. .Almost one half of the country is level,
abounding in grain, wine, pasture, hemp, Ac. and the rest is
mountainous; but breeds excellent cattle, with some oora
and wine. Besancon was the capital.
FRA'NCHISE, s. [Jranehtse, Ft.} exemption, or excuse
from any burdensome duty ; a privilege or immuuity ; a
district, or the extent of jurisdiction.
To FRANCHISE, (^fivr.ciUze) v. a. to make or kt-ei.
free.
FRANCISCANS, a religious orJer of St. Francis,
founded bv him in the year 1209. Before they are admittfHl
into the order, they are obliged to sell all they have, awl
give it to the poor ; they 'are to perform a year's novicmte ;
and, when admittt-d, never to quit the order on aay aocouitt.
3o7
FRA
TTiey are to fast from tlie feast of All Saints to the Nativity.
They had 63 monasteries in England.
FRANCO'iNIA, a cir( le of Germany, nearly in tlie cen-
tre of the empire, extending about 95 miles from E. to W.
Hnd 88 fiotn N. to S. The middle (nuts me fertile in corn,
vine, and fruits; but the frontiers are mountainous, woody,
and little cultivated.
FRA'NGIBLE, a. [fiom franco, to break, Lat.] brittle ;
easily broUen.
FRA'NION, J. a paramour; a boon companion.
FRANK, fi. I franc, Fr J liberal; generous, opposed to
niggaryll^^. Open and free, opposed to reserved. Without
restraint or conditions.
FRANK, i. a place to feed hogs in ; a sty, so called from
a profusion of foi'.d ; a case of a letter signed by a member
of parliament, i^rrtn/; is also an ai)pellation given by the
Turks, and other eastern nations, to any European Chris-
tian.
To FRANK, r. a. to shut up in a sty. In commerce, to
exempt letters from i)aying postage, a privilege given every
member of parliament, who writes the person's address to
whom it is sent with his own hand, and also the day of the
month for which tiie frank i^ intended.
FRA'NKALMOIGN IC, s. the same which we in Latin call
Kbera ehemosijna, or free alms, in English ; whence that
tenure is commonly known among our I'.nglish lawyers by
the name of a tenure in frank aumone, or frmihnlmnigne,
which, according to Britlon, is a tenure by divine service.
FRA'NKLNCENSE, s. a dry, resinous inflammable sub-
stance, in pieces or drops, of a pale yellowish, or white
colour, a strong, but not offensive smell, and a bitter, acrid,
and resinous taste ; used in medicine in disorders of the
breast, and diarrho;as, or dysenteries.
FRA'NKLY, ad. generously ; freely ; wit'nout constraint
or reserve.
FRA'NKNE.S'^, .5. plainness; openness, or ingenuousness,
of speech, opposed Xoresrrve. Liberality, or bounteousness,
applied to giving. SynoN. Sinccrili/ p events our speaking
otherwise than we think, and is a virtue. Franhness makes
us speak as we tlnnk, and is a natural effect. P!ai7iness is
speaking freely what we think, and springs sometimes from
want of reflection. In^ennonsmss makes us declare what-
ever we know, and is often a follv.
FRA'NKPLEDGK,i. [/;«Hci>/<'oi«m, low Lat.J a pledge
or surety for a freeman.
FRANKWORT, s. a kind of heath.
FRA'NTIC, ff. [corrupted from pluenhe, phreneiilies, Gr.j
mad ; deprived of the use of understanding by madness.
Figuratively, transported by an outrageous violence of
passion.
FRA'NTICLY, or FR A'NTICKLY, ad. madly ; like one
who has Inst the use of iiis reason.
FRA'NTICNESS, or FRANriCKNES.S, s. madness,
Figurativelv, outrageousness of passion.
FRATE'llNAL,a. [from frntn; brother, Lat.] brotherly;
pertaining to, or becoming brothers.
FRATE'KNALLY, ad. broiberlv; like brothers.
FRATi;'HNlTY, s. [from fratn-', brother, Lat.J the state
or quality of a brother ; a body of men united or incor-
porated. Men of the same class or character.
PTIATI'ICIDI', s. [from fra'ir, brother, and caedo, to
strike or kill, Lai.] the luunlcr of a brother.
FRAUD, .r. [frrtus, I,a1.] the practice of deceit, in order
to deprive another of his property; the act of imposing
on a person bv artful appearances; a stratagem, artitice, or
trick.
FRA'UDFUL, a. treacherous ; deceitful ; tiickish ;
FR.VUDULENCE, or FRA I'DULENCY, s. [from fraus,
fraud, Lat.] ileceitfuliie-.s; proneiiess to artifice, and disho-
nest practice.
FRA'L'IMJLENT, «T. [from frmis, fraud, Lat.] full of
r'fifire; dishonest, indirect; imposing on by specious and
I'jIiC pretences; treachcrouj.
3f-8
PRE
FRA'UDULENTLY, ad. in a deceitful, trickish, and di».
honest manner.
FR/.UGHT, ( fraid) part, of FliAItiHT, now WTilten'
Freight; fidl ; loaded.
To FR.XIJGHT, {fraui) by corruption lor Freight,
V. a. to freight, load, or crowd.
FR,\Y, s. [from ejfraijer, Fr.] a battle ; a broil ; a light ;
a duel.
To FRAY, f. a. [effrayer, Fr.] to fright or terrify. To rub
or wear out by rubbing, (vomfrayer, Fr.
FREAK, i/reeh) s. \fra-c, Sax.] a sudden and vvhimsical
change of place ; a whim, or a capricious, trifling, and mad
prank or action.
To IRE.\K, r. a. to variegate ; to checker. " FreaU'd
with many a mingled hue." llt'impsnn.
FRE'AKISH, (j'rcchisli) a. wanton, humorous, capnciouiK
or whimsical.
FRl) AKISIILY, n</. capriciously, whimsically.
FKE'AKISHXESS, {freHiisliuess) s. capriciousness, or a
madness and boyish wantonness of behaviour.
FREA>L ifrceiii) s. a name given by farmers to ploughed
land worn out of heart, and laid fallow till it recover.
To FRE'AM, {J'reem) v. a. [fremn, Lat.] to growl; ;«
make a noise, as a boar at rutting time.
FRECKLE, s [fiomy/rc/;, a spot. Tent, whence fledde, r,;
freclde] a spot raised in the skin by the heat of the sun'i
ravs; any small spot or discoluciriiig.
FRIO'CKLED, or FltECKLY, a. having spots on tl»
skin, occasioned by the heat of the sun; spotted.
FRED, s. the same with peace; upon which our fore-
fathers called their sanctuaries /<W.s<()/e, i. e. the seats of
peace. So Frederic/: is powerful or wealthy in peace ;
Winfrcd, victorious peace ; lieitifnd, sincere peace.
FREK, n. [/)«(/i. Sax.] at liberty; under no constraint,
slavery, imprisonment, or necessity ; iierniilted ; allowed;
licentious; unrestrained; open; ingenuous; expression
one's sentiments without reserve ; generous, or liberal; vo-
luntary; guiltless; innocent. Exempt, used with/rcm or o/".
Invested with privileges; possessing any thing without vas-
salage ; admitted to the privilege of a corporation. " A
freevian." Without charge or expense ; hence a freeschrol.
To FREE, V. a. so set at liberty, or deliver from slavery ;
to e\enipt.
FliEEBO'OTER, s. a robber, pillager, or pluikjerer.
FIIEEBO'OTING, f a robbery ; plunderin^r the act of
pillaging.
F iv F/EBORN, a. born under a free government, opposed
to a slave.
FRElvCHATEL, s. such chapols as are of the king's
foundation, and by him exemptcl from the jurisdiction of
the ordinary. The king may also license a subject to found
such a chai)el, and by his charter exempt it from the ordi-
narv's visitation.
FllirECOST, ,t. freed >m from expense.
FRE EDMAN, i. a sl.ive manumitted.
FUE'EDOM, s. exemption fioai slavery or restraint ; iiv
dependence, a state wherein a person has a power of act-
ing as he pleases ; the privileges of a cor;)oration ; franchises.
Ease or facility, applied to action, or speaking.
FREEIUsARTED, a. liberal; generous.
FREEHOLD, s. a free estate which a man holdeth in
fee, or fVetail, or for a term of life.
FR F,R I lOLDER, s. one who has a freehold.
FREEL'^', ad. at libeity ; without restraint, dependence,
reserve, scruple, coiypulsion, or necessity ; liberally ; spon-
taneously.
FRE'EW.\N, s. one who is neither a slave nor vassal to
another; a member of a community or corporation, en'.illed
to, and enjoying its privileges.
FRE'EN I'lSS, s. void of constraint or impediment ; open-
ness of beliaviiuir ; generosity, or liberality.
FREE'SCIIOOL, if'h'""'') >■ •> scliool wherein chil-
dreii are taught wiihout expense to their parents or illa-
tions
FRE
¥R1
FREESPOTtKN, a. accustomed to speak vvitlioiit re-
serve.
FRE'KSTONE, s. a kind of stone commonly nsed in
'mildiii;;, and so called because it may be wrou^'iit eiisily in
any rlircction.
iFRI'-ETIirNKER, .?. a term commonly applied to those
persons wlio deny revelation, or the Clirisliaii relivjion.
FREr>WI'LL, s. the power of directing our own actions ;
volimtariiicss.
FRI''E\V()MAN, s. a woman not enslaved.
'I'o FREEZE, )'. H. pret. froze ; [vi-'icscn, Bel;j.] to grow
hard by excess of cold; to be of that degree ot coiil by
vhich water congeals. Actively, the participle is frozen
or /roze ; to harden by cold ; to chill by loss of power or
motion.
To FREIGHT, ifraity V. a. preter. freighted, part.
fraught; but being used as an adjective, /)«g/i/«/ is substi-
tuted for it ; [/(•('«(•)•, Fr.] »o put goods or a cargo on board
aslii|) ; to load as the burden or cargo within a vessel.
FREIGHT, (froit) s. any thing with which a ship is
loaded; the money paid for the carriage of goods in a ship
or vessel
FREJL'f^, a town in the department of Var. It was the
Forum Jiilii of iIm- Uoerjiis ; and had then a sea-])ort on the
sea coast, which isiiow a inileaiida iiaifdistant. Therestill
remains an aqueduct, anauiphitlieatre, statutes, inscriptions,
&c. I.af. -1.^. 'id. N. Ion. C. M). E.
FRENCH, a. [f'rrnic, Fr.] belonging to France. Used
elliptically for the language spoken by the inhabitants of
France. Frem-h clmlh is an indurated clay, extremely
dense, of a smoolh glossv surface, soft and unctuous to the
touch, of a grayish white colour, variegated with a dusky
green.
To FRE'NrillFY, I', n, toinfect with the pronunciation
or airs of a Frenchman ; generally used in a contemptuous
sense, and including the idea of atlected cereuioniousness
and excess of politeness.
FRE'.N'ETIC, rt. See Phrenetic.
FRENZY, s.[phremlis, Gr.] madness; the loss of reason,
attended with raving ; any outrageous passion, bordering on
and resembling madness.
FRE'QUl^NCE, s. [from freqnens, frequent, Lat.] a con-
course, crowd, o' asseudily. Seldom nsed.
FRE'QUF.NCY, s. [iiom freqtiens, frequent, Lat.] the con-
dition of a-thing often dime or seen, a crowded assembly.
FREQUENT, a. [fmiuens, Lat.j often done, seen, oc-
curring, or practising. Full of concourse.
To FREQUE'NT, v. a. [fn>m frefjueus, frequent, Lat.] to
visit often ; to be often in any place.
FREQUE'NTABLE, a. conversible ; accessable. Not
nsed.
FREQUENTATIVE, a. [freqmntntif, Fr.] a gramma-
tical term applied to verbs, signifying the frequent repeti-
tion of an action.'
FRI'"QUE'.NTER, s. one who resorts often to a place.
,'FRE'QUENTLY, w/. often; commonly. Synon. We
^c» disguise our thoughts; by doing the same thing o/l'(»,
it becomes habitual. We frequenthi meet with traitors ;
we frequenthj do those things whicli we repent of after-
wards.
FRE'SCATI, a beautiful village in the pope's territories.
This place, with Tivoli and Albano, is the favourite abode
of landscape painters,who travel into Italy for improvement;
where the admirable assemblage of hills, meadows, lakes,
cascades, gardens, ruins, groves, and terraces, charm the eye
8s it wanders among these delightful villages. Frescati is
12 miles from Rome. Lat. 41. 48. N. Ion. 12. 42. E.
FRESCO, [Ital.] s. coolness ; shade ; duskiness. In
painting, a picture painted with water colours on fresh
plaster.
FRESH, a. [fraiche, Fr.Vcool ; not stagnating. Not
sour, nor vapid, applied to liquors. Lately or newly pro-
duced or made. Not salt. Not faded. Vigorous. Ruddy
of countenance. Brisk, applied to a gale ©fwiud. Swecti
3 B
opposed to stinking. Synon. That which has not been
used is new ; that which is not stale hfreih ; that which has
just happened is rirent. We say of clothes that they are
new ; of topics, that they are fresk ; of actions that they arv
recent.
FRESH, $. water that is without sait.
To FRE'SIlEN, V. a. to recover a thing which is grown
stale ; to cherish or revive. Neuterly, to blow strongly. To
free from its salts.
FRE SHET, s. A pool of fresh water. " All.fish from sea
or shore, /■(w/ir;, or purling br'jok." Jfli/t.
FRESHLY, «</. coolly; newly; with a riuldy countenance.
FRE'SHNESS, *. newness; unabated vigcmr. Spirit, or
briskness, applied to liquors. Freedom from fatigue ; cool-
ness ; ruddiness; freedom fiom saitncss.
FRET,*, [probably from fretum, Lat.] a frith or strait of
tliesea. Any fermentation or aj;itation of liipiors. In mu-
sic, a stop to regulate the vibrati<ins of the strings. Figura-
tively, anxiety of mind; peevishness or commotion of the
temper. In architecture, work ris ng in protuberances or
relief. In heraldry, a bearing consisting of six bars, crossed
and interlaced.
To FRET, V. a. to wear by rubbing against ; to move
violently ; to corrode or eat away ; to form into raised work
or relievo ; to variegate or diversify ; to vex or make angry ;
to be grieved or uneasy ; to ferment.
FRETFUL, a. peevish ; angry.
FRETFULLY, ad. in a peevish manner.
FRETFULNESS, s. peevishness.
FRE'TTY, a. adorned with raised work. In heraldry,
where divers bars are laid across each other.
FRIABI'LITY, s. capacity of being easily reduced to
powder.
FRl'ABLE, a. [from frio, to crumble, Lat.J easily crum-
bled or reduced to powder.
FRl'AR, i. [a corruption oi frere, Fr.] a brother of some
regular order; a religious order in the Roman Catholic
countries.
FRI ARLY, a. like a friar.
FRI'.AR SCOWL, s. a plant resembling the cuckoo-pint,
with this dirterence, that it has a flower like a cowl.
FRl'AR'SCROWN,*. the woolly-headed thistle.
FRIARY, s. a convent of friars.
FRIBBLE, or FRl'BBLER, s. an effeminate coxcomb.
FPtl'BURG, a town of Swisscrland, and capital of the
canton of the same name. The public buildings, especially
the cathedral, are very handsome, and the inhabitants are
papists. The streets are clean and large, and it is divided
into four parts, the town, the city, the ofland or meadow,
and the hospital. It is seated on the river Save, 17 miles
S. W. of Berne, and 75 S. W. of Zurich. Lon. 7. 5. E. lat.4G.
50. N.
FRl'BURG, the canton of, and one of the 13 republics of
Swisserland. It is surrounded on all sides by the canton of
Berne, and the land is fruitful in corn, fruits, and pastures.
It is said they can send 18,000 men into the field.
FRlCASSE'l'j, i. [Fr.] a dish consisting of meat cnt into
small pieces and fried.
FRICATION «. [from /)(>(), to rub, Lat.J See the follow-
ing w onl.
FRICTION, (friUwn) s. [from frico, to rub, Lat.] the act
of rubbing two things together; the resistance caused in
machines by the rubbing of one part against another. In
medicine, it is the rubbing a diseased part, either with or
without unguent, oils, itc. Dr. Cheyne recourmends/nV^ioa
with a tlesh-hrusli to persons of weak nerves and sedentary
lives, by which a free perspiration would be promoted, and
obstructions removed.
FRIDAY, s. [frigedtrg. Sax.] is the sixth day of the
week ; so named from Freija, a goddess worshipped by our
Saxon ancestors.
FRIEND, (freiid) s. [freond, Sax.] one who is joined
to another in mutual benevolence and intimacy, opposed »o
an ene7ny. One reconciled to another.
3G9
FRT
FRO
To FRIEMD, ifrenet) r. n. to shew favour towards a
jvrrsnii or uiuleiiaking ; to cininleiiunce, eucourage, ..*
support.
FKl'ENDLRSS, C/rejir//c.M)n. Ir.ivin;^ no iVifiids ; witliou*
hopes, assistance, or countenanue.
FRIENDLINESS, (freiutliness) s. a itisposition towards
friendship ; the exertion ©f benevolence, or perforniance > '
kind ortites.
FRIENDLY, (frindly) a. kind; disposed to do acts of
kin'iness and affection; having tlie temper and dispositioi-
of a friend.
FRI'EN'DLY, {frhuUij) ml. m a kind, aft'ectionate, anil
benevolent manner.
FRIENDLY ISLANDS, a cluster of islands in the South
Pacific Ocean, so named by Captain Cook, in 1773, on ac-
toniit of the friendiliip that seemed to subsist among the in-
Ijabilants, and their courteous behaviour to strangers. Tas-
nran, the Dutch navigator, first touched here in 1643, and
gave the names of New Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and Middle-
burg, to three of the principal islands. Cook cNplored the
whole cluster, consisting of more than fJO. New Amsterdam
IS the largest, extending 21 miles from E. to W. and 13 from
N. to S. It is intersected by straight and pleasant roads,
with fruit trees on each side, which provide shade from the
scorching heat of the sun. Middleburg is called Eooa by the
natives, who liave given the names of Annamooka, Tonga-
taboo, Hapaee, and Leefooga, to the other principal islands.
The general appearance of these islands conveys an idea of
exuberant fertility; the surface, at a distance, seenisenlirely
clothed with trees of various sizes, some of which are un-
commonly lar<;e, particularly the tall cocoa-palm, and a spe-
cies of fig, with narrow pointed leaves. It is almost wholly
laid out in plantations, in which are some of the richest vege-
table productions ; such as bread-fruit, cocoa-nuts, plantains,
yams, sugar-cane, and a fruit like a nectarine. Here arc
most of the articles wliich the Society Islands produce, and
soinewhich they have not. Theirbreed of hogs isas scanty
as those of the Society Islands; but they received from the
English some valuable additions to their stock, both of vege-
tables and animals. Their domestic fowls are as large as
those of Europe. Among the birds are parrots and parro-
quets, of Various sorts, which furnish the red feathers, so
much esteemed in the Society Isles. The numerous reefs
and shoals aflord shelter to an immense variety of shell-tish.
Agriculture, architecture, boat-building, and fishing, are the
rniployuients of the men ; to the woman is confined the ma-
nufacture of cloth. These islands lie between 19. 40. and
21. ;50. (leg. S. lat. and between 170. and 180. of W. Ion.
Under the general name ofFriendly Islands, are sometimes
comprehended Boscawcn's, Keppel's, and Prince William's
Islands, and the group of the Hapaee Islands, amounting
together to about. l.oO.
FRI'ENDSHH', {frhidMp) s. \rrien<hcl,ap, Belg.] the
state of minds united together by nnitual benevolence; the
highest degree of intimacy ; favour or personal kindness.
FRrESL.\ND, EAST, a princ'pality of (iermany, bound-
ed on the N. by the fierman ()cean ; on the E. by the
county t)f01(lenbu the S. by the bishopric of Muns-
ter ; and on the \\ . and S. W. bv the sea and (ironingen.
It c<uisists chietiy of meadow land." It was fr)rmcrly subject
to Prussia, but now forms a part of the kingdom ,>t West-
FrVi'.SLAM), WEST, one of the United Provinces,
bounded on the ,S. and W. by Znyder, Zee, an<l Overyssel ;
n the N. by the Cieruian Ocean ; and on the K. I)y firo-
nuigen and Overyssel. It is divided into Oostergow and
Weslergow, the foriiier of which contains some good pas-
tiirage aurl arabli' land, the latlir is more fenny, but abounds
with fish and foul. Tlicie is a dialect used here nuire
nearly resembling the old Isnglisli than any other in En-
rope. A part of North Holland is also called West Fries-
land.
l''l>.IEZF,, (freeze) i. [ilrnp rh /rise, Fr.] a coarse warm
clojli, made, perhaps, originally iu FrU-sbad. lu arcbitcc-
070
ture, a large flat member, which separates the architniT*
from the cornice ; of which there are as many kinds as them
are orilers of columns.
FRI'ijATE, s. [fiigate, Fr.J a small man af war. Also a
sea-bird of prev, which resembles the albatross.
To Fright, (JYh) v. a. \/,ig/Uan, Sax.] to disturb,
shock, or daunt with fear; to raise appieheusion of danger
in a person.
FRIGHT, (frit) s. a sudden emotion caused byan appr»
hension of danger.
To FRIGHTEN, (friten) V. a. to shock or disturb -.rilh
an apprehension of danger.
FRIGHTFUL, ( fnif'n!) a. causing fear ; exciting terror.
FRIGHTFULLY, {frtiJWy) ad. in such a manner as to
dislmb v(itli an ai)prehension of danger.
FRrGHTFULNE.SS,f/;7(/»/«m;j.theqnality of daunt-
ing with an apprehension of danger.
FRIGID,". I from fri^cn, to be cold, Lat.] cold, wanting
zeal, or warmth ofatiection ; didl ; impotent.
FRIGIDITY, «. [from /"nnT«, to be cold, Lat.| coldness,
or want of warmth ; dullness, or want of ihe enibellishmentJ
of rhetoric, or the warmlh of imagination.
FRI'CilDLY, arf. in a colli, dull, indift'erent, or unaffecti»g'
manner.
I"R I'G I DN ESS, .r. coldness ; dullness; want of affection
FRIGORI'FIC, n. [froni/'n°-iM, cold, andyaci», to make.
Lat.] causing c<ild.
To FRILL, V. n. [from frilleitx, Fr.J to quake or sbivet
with cold. Used of a hawk ; as the \v,\\\\i. frill t.
Frill, s. a narrow border of lace, cambric, or otbei
linen, sewed on the neck on a w oman's shift, or on the bosoi i
and slits of the sleeves of a man's shirt.
FRINCiE, s. [fraii^e, Fr.J an ornament consisting of
threads, which are lasteneu at one end by weaving, but
hang <lown loose at the other.
To FRINCiE, f. a. to adorn with fringes; to unraTel any
woollen stuff so as to resemble a fringe.
F'RIPPKRER, s. [from fnppier, Fr.jone who deals in old
things vamped up.
FRIPPERY, s. [fripperie, Fr.] the place where old
clothes or other second-hand goods are sold ; old clothes ;
cast dresses ; tattered rags.
To FRISK, )'. n. Ifrizzarc, Ital.J to leap or skip about
with nimbleness ; to dance in a wanton or gay manner.
FRISK, s. a frolic ; a fit of wanton gaiety.
FRI'SKER, s. a wanton or frolicsome person ; one loo
gay to be constant or settled.
FRl'SKINESS, s. "aiety ; liveliness. A low word.
FRIT, ,s. among cliymists, ashes or salt baked or fried
toge.lher with sand.
FRITH, s.[-frftiim, Lat.] a strait of the sea ; a net.
FRITI'LL.'\RY, s. iu botany, the common chequered
dart'odil.
FRI TIN.ANCY, i. [from frititiin, low Lat.] the scream or
screaking of an insect, applied to that of the cricket or gra»-
hopper.
FRITTER, s.\fritnre, Fr.] a small pancake, or piece
fried. Figuratively, a fragment or small piece ; a cheesa-
cake, or wig.
To FlU'TFER, r. a. to cut meat into small pieces, to be
fried ; to break into small pieces or fragnu-nts.
FRI'VOLOUS,a.[/ViTO/Ni,Lat.| trilling; of no importance
or monu'nt.
FRIVOLOUSLY, nrf. triflinglv; without weight.
FRI VOLOUSNESS,,s. want of weight or importance. '
To FIU'ZI.E, V. a.[friser, Fr.] to turn hair in short Or
small rings like the wool on a lamb's head, or the nap of
frie/e.
FRIZI.ER, s. one who dresses hair in short curls.
l"RO, uil. If'rii, Sax.] backwani ; rigrr.s>,ively. It is onfjr
used in opposition to /». To and fro, backward and forward.
It IS also a contraction of /"rnm.
FROCK, t. [/"roc, Fr.l a close and uutrimmed coat fc*
Dieii ; a closedown \vrrn oy cbildren.
FRO
FRU
FROT)rJNGHAM, ?. town oftlie East Ridinjr ofYork-
Bhifo, v/idi a market on Tliursrlay. It is 194 miles N. of
Lon(ln;i.
FIIO'DSIIAM, a town of Clirsliirc, si(ii;ilc<l on llie river
Weaver, (over which it h;is a stone htiil^jc,) near ilsconlinx
witii ihe Mersev, willia hariioiir Cor t< ssels of ;;oo(l hnrih-n,
and coniniiMiicatin^' with all llic lale inland navi^'alions.
About 700(1 Ions of salt aie annually refined hen', and a
cotton manufaclorv has been lalelv established. It is 10
miles N. !•',._ of Chester, and 182' N. N. \V. of London.
Market on Thursday.
FKOG, s. [//"nn-rt, Sax.] a semis of amphibious animals,
the body of wliich is broad and short, withoni a tail, and fur-
nished with four le^js. Besid<'S the eon)ru(Ui fras;, there are
inanv other species ; but (he most sijifjiilar is \Uc l/n/lfm^-,
B native of North America; at full len;;lli it measures lu-ar
two feet ; it is very v<uaeious, shallows yoini;; ducks, and
other waler-fowl, before lliey have slren;,rtli to shift for
themselves. Its croiikin:,' is so loud as to reseudile the
roariu;jof a bull, hi^ird at a distance, whence its name of
bull-fins;. There is likewise the tree fros;, so called from
its living on trees and plaut^^ ; also the sir™ /rng-, so called
from its colour. In farriery, it is the hollow part of a horse's
Iioof or Ihe frush.
FUO'GRIT, ,s. a water-plant with thick, smooth, br vvn-
green, kiihievshaped leaves, and while blossoms.
FRO'GCHEF.Sl'",, j. a kind of fundus, found on rich pas-
tures and dunt;hills ; called also putf-ball.
FROIS I'',, s. [from froisscr, Fr.] a pancake with bacon fried
in it.
FRO'LICK, a. [rro?/;V/i, Belg.] joyful; full of levity or
wanton pranks.
FRO'LICK, s. a sally of gaiety or levity.
To FRO LICK, 1'. n. to divert one's self with sallies of
gaietv ; to plav wild, wanton, and merry pranks.
FRO'LICKSOMR, a. full of wild gaielv.
FRO'LICKSO^'RLY, ml. with wild gaietv.
FRO'LIi KSOMIiiN'ESS, i. wildness of gaiety; wanton
gaiety: pranks.
FROM, prep, [frnm. Sax. J away. Out of, noting place.
Separation, applied to absence, distance, or deliverance.
Since, applied to time. Contrarv.or foreign, applied to re-
lation. " From the purpose." Slink. Removal or motion.
" Thrice/nmi the ground she leaped." Dri/d. It is fre-
quently joined bv an ellipsis with adverbs, as, from above,
J. e. fiom the part above ; from hc/ov ; from beneath ; from
beliiiid ; from fur ; from /d'o/i ; from ir/iere ; from without.
When joined to (/loiff or i'7/eMe<?, it is snpertluons. And it
IS sometimes followed by the subsequent prepositions with
their proper cases, viz. from amidst, beyoml, forth, off] out,
out of, mulcr, and within.
FROME, or Frome Sri.wood, a town of Somersetshire,
noted for its tine beer, and chiefly inhabited by clothiers.
About 160,000 yards of woollen cloth are made here annually,
of which four-tiflhsare broad cloths, the rest narrow cloths
and kerseymeres. It is situated on the river Frome, which
abounds w ith trout, eels, &c. and over which it has a stone
bridge, 12 miles S. of Bath, and 104 W. by S. of London.
Market on Wednesday.
FRONDIFEROUS; a. [from froxis, a leaf, and fero, to
bear, Lat.] bearing leaves.
FRONT, s.lfrons, \.M. front, Fr.J the forepart of the face
or forehead, figuratively, the face, countenance, or look,
in a sense of censure or dislike. The part or place oppo-
site to the face. The forepart. The van of an army ; the
most conspicuous part.
To FRONT, t>. a. to oppose directly, or face to face ; to
ttand opposite or over against any place or thing ; to cover
the forepart of a building with any materials. Neuterly, to
stand foremost.
FRO'NTAL, s. [frontal, Fr.] an ornament worn on the
forehead. In architecture, a small pediment over a little
door.
^f llONTATED, a. \front<Hu3t from frons, the forehead
projecting like Ihe forehead, Lat.j in botany, applied to the
leaf of a Mower wlii<li grows broader and narrower, and
at last, perhai>s, terminates in a right line; used in opposi-
tion tf) riispated, which is, when tlie leaves of a (lower end
in a point.
FRONTIER, (fronleer) s. \ frontiere, Fr.] Ihe marshes,
utmost liuils, or boundaries ola ccuiutry, by which it is se-
parated fiiini llieuext iidjiiiuiug one.
FRO'NTIIJl, (fronleer) a. bordering ; adjacent.
VMy'STlS]'[l')CE,(frnntiy,,eeee) s.\front'ii,piee, Fr.J that
part of a building or oihei lliiug which direcllv meets tl>e
eye ; a <-ul or picture flouting llie litle |)age of a book.
FltONTLESS, ff. without blushes, sliame, or dillidence.
FliO'NTLET, 4'. [J'ruuteaii, Fr.] a bandage worn on tlie
forehead.
FItOli K, n. [bn^roren, Belg.] frozen. Not in use.
I'KOST, s. \fro.st, Sax.] an excessive cold state of the
weather, whereby llic luolioii and lliiidily of li<|iiors ai-e
suspended ; or that slate of the air whereby lluids are con-
verted into ice.
FHO'STBITTEN, n. nipped or withered by the frost.
FHO'STEU, a. laiil on, or apjiearing in inecjualities, lik*
those of hoar frost on planls.
FROSTILY, ad. aftei the manner of frost ; with exces-
sive cold. Figuratively, with inditfereiK-e, or coldness ot
afleclion.
FKO'STINESS, J. the (lualily of appearing like frost ;
colli, or freezing cokl.
FRO'.STNAIL, s. a nail with a prominent head driver»
into the horses' shoes that it may pierce the ice.
FltO'STY, a. having the power of freezing ; excessive
cold. Figuratively, imliflereiice, or without warmth ot'
atl'eclion. Hoary ; gray-headed ; resembling frost in
colour.
FROTH, s. [froe, Dan. and Scot.] the white bubble',
raised on the top of fernieiiling liijuor; an empty or sense-
less display of wit ; wanting solidity.
To FKOTH, V. n. to be covered with light and whittsli
bubbles, applied to feniicnting liquor ; to make liquors ap-
pear with a whitish head or surface.
FROTHILY, ad. having a white head or surface, applied
to liquors. F'igurativcly, in an empty, vain, and trifling
manner.
I'RO'THY, ff. full of foam, or having its surface covered
with while bubbles; soft.
To FROUNCE, v. a. to frizle or cur! the hair about th«
face.
FRO'UZY, a. a cant word ; dim ; musty ; tf a nastv and
disagreeable scent.
FRO'WARl), n.\framn-card,Si7\\.\ peevish; fretful; cross;
ungovernable ; not easily pleased ; perverse.
FRO'WARDLY, ad. peevishly ; perversely.
FRO'WAKDNESS, .«. peevishness; perverscness.
To FROWN, II. n. [fro^iter, old Fr.] to express displea-
sure by contracting the forehead into wrinkles ; to look
stern.
FROW^, .t. a look wherein a person knits his eye-brows,
and contracts his forehead into wrinkles, in token of displea-
sure.
FRO'WNINGLY, ad. in a stem manner; with a look ot
displeasure.
FRO'ZEN, part. pass, of Freeze.
F. R. S. an abbreviature for Fellow of the ItoT/al Society.
FRUCTIFICATION, i. the act of causing, or of bearing
fruit; the power of producing fruit.
To FRU'CTIFY, »;. n. [from /riifftij, fruit, and /aci'o, to
make, Lat. J to make fruitful ; tocauseor enable to produce
fruit. Is'euterly, to bear fruit.
FRU'CTUO'US, a. [fnvctueux, Fr.] making fruitful; emk-
bling to produce.
FRU'G.\L, «. [friigalis, from fnix, fruit, Lat.] thrifty,
sparing; not spending in a prodigal manner; not lavish.
FRLI'GALL"Y, ad. in a sparing or parsimonious manner.
FRUGALITY, *, [fmgaUtas, from frugaUs, frugal, Lat.]
371
F r E
FUL
ftic virtue of l<eei)iiig due hoiiiii!'; in r\peiir<-s: jjnnd Iiiis-
fiundry; narsiniony. SyNon. /•'r»i'-«/i/// ini]. lies ihiK dis-
cretion ot expfuce : ecmiunn/ include > in its idfii some i\nul
of ni;inai,'eniiMit in order toeUe niaUersoiit.
riH'GI\'OilOUS, a. [froni/'r».r. fruit, and loro, todevour,
Lat.j that lives upon fruit. Applied eiiietiy to birds.
FKUIT, (the lin this word and its derivatives is dropped
in pronunciation, and the « sounded ion^ ; iiSt/ntt, fi-iitnoe,
fiHtfU, &c.) s. [f'rnctiis, Lat. fruit, Fr.] the produce of a
tree or plant which includes the, seed, or that part of either
which is eaten for foorl.
FRUITAGE, «. [fruitage, Fr.] fruit, or various products
of different vei;etahles.
FRU iTERtvU, *. [fruitier, Fr.J one who trades in fruit.
FR U'1TI:RY, s. [fruiterie, Fr.] a fruit-loft, or place where
fruit is kept.
FRUITFUL, a. fertile ; loaded with fruit. Bearii:g chil-
dren, applied to women. Bearinjfjoung, applied to beasts.
Plenteous.
FRUITFULLY, ad. in such a manner as to be pro-
lific.
FRU'ITFULNESS, s. fertility ; the act or quality of nro-
ducinirin abundance.
FRUITION, (frmshoi,) s. [from fruor, Lat.] the act of
«ijoyiu;T or possessing; the pleasure given by actual pos-
iession and use.
FRU'ITIVE, fl. liavins; the power of enjoyment.
FRUITLESS, (JrutUss) a. barren. Figuratively, vain;
productive of no advantage.
FRU'ITLE.SSLY, (Jha/es»l;j) ad. in an unprofitable
manner.
FRUMENTY, *. [fvomfrumfntum, Lat.l a food or pot-
tage made of wheat and raisins boiled in milk.
To FRUMP, I'.", to mock; to browbeat.
FItUSII, or FROG, s. in farriery, a sort of tender horn
which arises in the middle of a horses sole, and divides it
into two branches running towards the heel in the form of a
fork.
FRU'^TRA'NEOUS, n. ffroni/™.«/™, in vain, Lat.] vain;
useless; uu|)riifitalile ; without advantage.
To FRUSTRATE, v. a. [from fruftra, in vain, Lat.] to
defeat; (iisappoiiit ; to render an undertaking or design
of no effect; lo make null or void.
FRUSTRATE, imrt. \fion\ fmsira, in vain, Lat.] vain;
ineti'ectual ; unpronlabje ; null; defeated; void.
FRUS'i'RATiON, ,v. [t'ntiwfrnsirn, in vain, Lat.j dis-
appointment : the act of rendering au undertaking of no
etiect ; dcf.at.
FRUSTUM, s. [Lat.] in mathematics, a piece cut ofl'
from a reijular fii^uic. Frustum (f n piirnniid, or cone, is a
part cut olt, usuallv li\ a plane parallel lo the base.
FRY, s. [fromyj-w, Dan.] the young fish just produced.
To FRY, r. fl. l/c/nv), Lai.] to dress meat in an iron or
copper pan over the tire. Ncuterlv, to melt with excessive
heat.
FRY, .«. from the verl; ; a dish of meat or fish fried, or
desi^'ui;;! to be fried. A kind of sieve.
FR^ INGl'AN, s. the vessel ill which meat is roasted on
the fire.
'I'o FUB, 11. a. See To Fob.
FUI*. s. a plump chubby boy.
FU'CUS, s. [Lat.] a paint or wash used by women.
FUIXJE, s. a mere pretence, excuse, colour, or decep-
tion; a fiction without truth or reality.
To FUDDLE, ». fl. ol nnknown etymology ; to intoxicate
with li(|U'irs ; to make a person drunk.
FUI/(;(), Fo(;(), orSr. I' 1111,1 p, cue of the CapedeVerd
Islands in the Atlantic Ocean, higher Ihait any of the rest,
find appearing at sea to be one sin^de mouiuain, •hough on
the sides there are deep valleys. There is a volcaiic at the
top of it, which burns continually, vomiting out hre and
•iiii)ke, throwing up huge pieces of rock to avast height, and
•omrtimes pouring vast torrents of brimstone down the sides
of tlic hill. The Portuguese, who first inhabited it, brought
273
negroes with them, and a stock of cows, horses, and logs'
but their (lesetndaiits are not now disliiigiiisliable in Uieii
eoniplexioiis from the negroes. The island is without rivet .
and almost « illiout fresh water ; yet it is fertile in maize
gourds, watermelons, \\ild tigs, oranges, and ajipies. A
great number of goats run wild upon the mountains, and th«'
lUdfit on their skins is a revenue of the crown. 'I'liey ex-
port also the skins of cattle, hoises, asses, aii<l hogs. The
island is iiearlv o leagues in leiiglh, and is about ;i;!0 miles
NV. of Cape de Verd,'and 90 W. of .St. Jago. Lat. 15. 10. N
Ion. -24. 20. W.
FUEL. s. ffrom/e«, Fr.J See Fewel.
FUGA'CIOUSNESS, s. [fn.m /"g(«, to flee, Lat.] vola-
fililv, or the tpialitv of evapoiating aiul tlving away.
FUGA'CITY,*. [from /%io, to Hee, La I. J volatility ; tht
act oriiuality of evaporating, flyiu"; away, or fading; insta-
bilitv ; nncertaintv.
FUGITIVE, n". [from figiu, to flee, Lat.] not tenable.
Unsteady, unstable, volatde, or apt to tly away. Flying
from danger or dut\. Wandering; vagabond.
FUGITIVE, s. [from fugio, to flee, Lat.] one who runs
from or deserts his station or duly ; one w ho runs aw ay from
pniiisliment, and shelters himself in another country.
FUGITIVENESS, s. volalilily ; the «iualitj of eVaporat
ing ; instability; uncertainly.
FUGUE, (fuge, or fag) s. [fuga, Lat.] in music, a flight,
and is when the difterent parts ofa composition follow eacli
other, each repeating what the first had performed,
FULCIMENT, «. Ifioin fuhio, to support, Lat.j a prop
a support ; that on which a body rests.
FULDA, a city, bishopric, and river, in the circle of th.
Upper Rhine, in Germany.
To FULFI L, II. a. to accomplish, answer, or confirm any
prophecy, by performing v hat is foretold ; to aiisw er any
purpose or design ; to peiform exactly; to answer or gi%
tifv anv desire by compliauce.
FU'LGENCY",*. splendor; lustre.
FULGENT, a. [from fu/geo, to shine, Lat.] shiuing ;
dazzling ; excessively bright.
FU'LGID, «. [fioni yii/o-eo, to shine, Lat.] shiuing; glit
tei'iig.
F U LGOR, or FU'LGOUR, s. [([omfu/geo, to shine, U t. I
a dazzling brightness.
FUL(-URATION, *. [from JuJgeo, to shine, Lat.j the
flashing of lightning.
l''lJLlGl'SOUS, a, [from fuligo, soot, Lat.] sooty ;
smokv.
FU'LlMARTs.akind of stinking ferret.
rL!LL, n. \fulle. Sax.] wilhout any void space ; not capa-
ble of coiilaiiiiiig more : abounding in any ipialily, wlietliei
good or bad. Plump or iai, applied to size. Saturated.
Strong ; not faint, applied to the voice. Complete, or
wauling nothing to perfect it. Having every part of its
suifaee illuiiiinaled, applied to the moon.
1' ULL, s. [fiil/e. Sax.] freedom from defect ; trie highest
slate or degree. The whole, used willi«(. Tire slate of
being able to eonlain no more. .Applied to the moon, the
time ill wlii< h she makes a perfect orb.
'i'o FULL,!'. «.[/'«//«, Lat.] to cleanse cloth from its oil and
grease.
VVl.h, ad. without abatement; exactly; direclly. It J.!
placed before adverbs and ailjeclives to streiiglhen their sig-
nification. /•■»// is much used in composition, to imitate any
thing arrived at its hi;;hest or utmost degiee.
FU LLA(j 10, s. the ni(iiii\ paid for fullingclolh.
FULLER, s. one w ho cleanses and dn sses.
FULLERS EARTH, v. a marie of a close texture, ex-
tremely soft and unci lions lo the limeh, and used in the wool-
len maiiulaetiiie ; when dry, it is of a gr;ivisli-broun colour
ill all de;;iees, tiom very pale to almost lila<A, and has geiic-
lalK sonu tiling ol a i;reiiiish east in it. '1 he finest _/i//k;''/
(■a)i/i Is dm; in <iiir own island.
••■I'LLERS'rillJTLE, *. a plant.
FU'LLliNGJMllvL, *. a mill wherciu cloth is cleansed
FUN
FUR
from Its grease ami oil, wlitii fust fiiKcn from llic
lo(irn.
KIJ'I.I V, ("/. uilliotit any ciiiply spiice, drfect, or hick ;
coiiinlctclv.
Kd'LMA!!, a Kind of soa fin\l tliat iiilialuls llic island of
St. Kilda. It ib particularly valuable to llie natives of liiat
island, as it supplies tlieni with oil tor their lamps, down for
their beds, a delieaiy for their tables, a balm for their
wounds, aiKJ a medicine for their diseases.
KU'LMINANT, part, [from /"/■»«;, a tluindcr bolt, Lat.]
tlinn<lerini;; makini; a noise like thunder.
To FU'LIVIINATR, v. «. [from/»//»e«, a thunder bolt,
Lat.] to thunder; to make a loml noise or explosion like
thniider. Figuratively, to denounce thrcalenings, or issue
out ecclesiastical censures.
FULMINATING COL!), .t. in chymistry, a very dnn-
4;erons compound made by <lilutin{; a saturated solution of
gold with three times its measure of distilled water, and pri'-
cipitating the oxide by solution of annnonia gradually
added. The precipitate, when dried on a filter, forms this
fulminatrn;,' powder, which detonates bv heat, or friction.
FULMIN ATING POWDFJt, .^. in chymistry, a compo-
eitioii of three parts of nitre, two parts of salt of tartar, and
one of sulphur. It is thus called from the loud report which
it occasions when jj;raduallv heated over a fire.
FULMIXA'TION, *■. [from fnhncn, a thun(ler bolt, Lat.]
the act of thunderinjj; the act of denouncing threats or
censures.
FU'LMINATORY, (r.[from fuhnrv, a thunder bolt, Lat. J
thnndering ; denouncing threats and censures.
FU'LNESS, s. the state of being incapable to contain
niDre ; the state of abounding in any quality ; completeness;
perfection; freedom from defeit ; repletion; plent\, ora
state of affluence, largeness, or extent. Applied to sound,
such as fills the ear.
FU'LSOM \), a. [from fulle, Sax.] nauseous, oiTeiisrve,
applied to the objects of sight, taste, or smell. Tending to
obscenity ; disgraceful ; odious.
FU'LSOINI FLY, <rrf. nauseously ; lankly; obscenely.
FU'LSOM F.NESS, «. nauseousness; obscenity.
To FU'MBLK, 1'. n. \.fomynelen, Belg.] to attempt any
thing in an awkward or clumsy manner.
I U'MI'>LER, s. one who does a thing awkwardly.
FU MULINGLY, «f/. in an awkward manner.
FUiNII''/, s. [fiimiis, Lat.] smoke, tapour, or any volatile
substance; an exhalation; any thing unsubstantial ; rage ;
passion ; an idle conceit ; a chimera ; a vain imagination.
To FUME, V. 11. [from/Hmiix, smoke, Lat.] to smoke. To
raise or pass over in vapours. Figuratively, to be in a rage.
Actively, to smoke, or dry in smoke, applied to curing of
fish or Hesh. To perfume or scent by casting odours into
the fire.
FU'M'^.T, s. the dun" of the deer.
FUMf^'TTE, s. [Fr.j in cookery, the stink of meat.
FU'MID, n. ["froin/HmK^, smoke, Lat.] smoky ; vaporous.
FUMl'DIT^ , s. sniokiness ; tendency to smoke.
To FU'MIG ATE, v. n. ffrom/H?niM, smoke, Lat.] to smoke,
scent, or perfume by vapours ; to cleanse from contagion
by smoking.
FUMIGA'TION, s. [from /iohtm, smoke, Lat.] scentraised
by fire ; the act of smoking any aftected part in medicated
fumes.
FU'MIG.'VTOR, s. in surgery, an instrument used for in-
jecting clysters of the smoke of tobacco into drowned per-
sons with the intent to restore animation.
FU'MINGLY, ad. angrllv ; in a rage.
•FU'MITER, or FU '^llTORY, *. a plant ; spelt likewise,
and more properlv, fmnatory.
FU'MOUS, or FU'MY, a.\fumeux, Fr.] producing luraes ;
smoke or vapours.
FUN, i. a low cant word ; sport ; frolicsome mirth ;
waggish merriment.
FU'NCTION, [Junhs/ion) j. [from fung'", to discliaige,
l.at.] discharge, or performance ; aueuiploynient, oliice, or
trade; a single act of any olVice ; power; faculty; the
oHice of any |iarti( ular part of the body.
FUND, .«. I lioiii /'«/.'/'<, a purse, Lat.] stock, nr capital ;
that by «hicli any expence is supported ; the public secu-
rity gi\(n tho.'c who lend money to the state; a stock or
bank of monev.
FU'NDAMENT, t. [from//mf/o, to establish or lay the
foundation, Lat.] that part of the body on which a person
FUNDAMETN'TAL, o. [iromy«nc/o, to establish or lay
the foundation, Lat ] serving for the foundation; that on
wlii<li the rest is built; essential; important.
FUND.\ME'NT.\L, s. a leading, essential, or nccesiaiy
proposition.
FUNUAME'NTALLY, "f/. essentially; originally.
I'lJ'NEN, an island in Deiimaik, iieartlie entrance oftlie
riallieSea, about ;?.)mileb in length, and :iO in breadth. It
is separated friuii .lutland by a strait, called the Less Belt,
and fnuii the island of Zealand by another called theCireat
Jielf. It is remarkably ferlile in pasture and grain, and ex.
ports annually great fpianlilies of barlev, oats, rye, (jcase,
and honey. Alost of the Danish nobility have seals here. -
Odeiisee is the capital.
FU'NEKAL, s. [fiom/i(«i«, Lat.] the procession made in
carrying a corpse to the grave ; the interment or (lutting
a dead person into the grave; the ceremony used at putting
a person into the grave.
FUNERAL, or FUNEREAL, a. [from/H««i,a funeral,
Lat.] used at the burial of the dead ; suiting a burial. Dark
or dismal, apiilied to colour.
FUN(iO'Si'I'Y,«. [from /im^iM, a mushroom, Lat. I spongi-
ness ; porosity.
FU'NGOU.S, a. \irom fungis, a mushroom, Lat.] excres
cent; spongy; porous; wanting firmness.
FU'NGU.S, s. [Lat.] strictly, a mushroom. In botany,
applied generally to those substances that are either specie-j
of mushroom, or resemble ihein with regard to their
sponginess or shape. In surgery, an eKcrescence of fles.'i
growing on the lips of wounds.
FU'NICLE, «. [from/ioKi, a cord, Lat.] a sma-II cord.
FUNK, s. a low word ; a strong, rank, or oliensivc smell ;
an oti'ensive suffocating smoke.
FUNNEL, s. [itifunclibvliim, from iji/?(«'7o, to pour in, Lat.J
an inverted hollow cone with a pipe fastened to it, through
which liipiors are poured into vessels with naiiow months ;
the shafts of a chimney; any pipe or passage of communi-
cation.
FU'NNI'XTOP, «. a species of fungus, bell-shaped, witii
round, convex, or flat seeds. The variities are numerous.
FUR, *. [/oi/))"»c, F'r.J skin with soft hair; the soft hair
of beasts; the sediments of liquors adhering to the vessels
in which they were contained.
FUR, «rf. now commonly written /nr; at a distance.
To FUR, V. a. to line or cover with skins that have sofl
hair; to cover with sediments, or«itli the [parts of a fluid
which is become thick by evaporation.
FURA'CIOUS, (fmdshioiis) u. [from fur, a thief, Lat.J
thievish ; inclined to steal.
FURA'CITY, i. [from //(>•, a thief, Lat.] an inclination or
disposition to theft.
FURBELOW, (fnrbelo) s. [falbala. Fr.j an ornament of
rufHed or plaited silk, linen, stufis, &C. sewed on women's
garments.
To FURBELOW, {furheK)v. a. to adorn with stripes or
borders of fur, silk, linen, cVc. sewed on in plaits.
To FURBISH, ti. a. [fourbir, Fr.] to burnish, polish, or
make anv metal bright.
FURBISH ER, «.[/our6i*«Hj-, Fr.j one who polishes .11
burnishes anv metal so as to make it bright.
FURCATION,*. [from/»7fff, a fork, Lat J forkiness;
the shooting out two ways like the prongs of a fork.
FU'RFUR, s. [Lat.] bran, husk, chafl', dandrufl'; also tbs
scabies or scurf of the head.
FURJURACEOUS,«.lfrom/w>/ur,bran,Lat.]husky.brin?.
373
FUS
FU'Rlfi'S, according to poetical fiction, were the tlire*
daughters of Niglit and Acheron, namely Alecto, Mega-ra,
and Tisipiione, who are described with snakes instead of
hair, and eyes like ligiitning, carrying iron chains and wiiips
in one hand, and in tlie other tiaming torches ; the latter to
discover, and the former to punisii, the guilly.
FU'RIOUS, a. [from /«; w, fury, Lat.J mad, or deprived
of the right use of reason; raging; violently transported by
passion.
FU'RIOUSLY, ad. madly ; violently ; with vehemence
and outrage.
FU'RIOUSNESS, s. fierceness of nature ; violence of at-
tack ; raging.
To FURL, V. a. [freslei; Fr.] to draw up and bind any
sail close to the yard.
FU'RLONG, s. [farlan^;, Sax. J a measure containing 220
yards, or oi>e-eighth of a mile.
FU'RLOUGH, {furlo)s. [verhef, Belg-l a permission given
by a superior officer to an njferior, or a common soldier, to
be absent for a stated time.
FU'RMENTY, s. more properly Frumenty ; which
see.
FURNACE, s. [from furnus, an oven, Lat.] a place built
like an oven, in which coals and wood are burnt; sometimes
applied to the vessel of iron or copper in which ores, metals,
iVc. are melted.
To FURNISH, ti. (7. [fimrnir, Fr.] to supply with wliat is
▼anting ; to give for use ; to fit up ; to adoru ; to em-
bellish.
FURNISH ER, s. one who supplies or fits out.
FURNITURE,*. Yfunniitm-e, Fr.] any goods, necessa-
ries, or materials proper to render a house, plac, or any
thing convenient ; an appendage; equipage ; embellish-
ment, or ornament.
FURRIER, s. one who buys orsells furs.
FU'RHOW, ifiirru) s. [fiirh. Sax.] a small trench made
by the plough for the reception of seeds ; a narrow channel
made in a field for convex ing water to dry, or for the drain-
ing watery land; any long trench or hollow; the marks or
hollows made in the face bv age ; a wrinkle.
ToFU'RROW, {f{trro)'r. a. ] f,/rir>n, Sax.] to plow into
narrow channels or hollows ; to move by cutting like a
plouiflisliare.
FU RRY, a. from fur ; covered with or dressed in fur ;
consisting of fur ; covered with the sediments of any
liquor.
FU'RTHKR, a. beyond, or greater than this. See
Forth, and Farther.
To FURTHER, v. a. [forthriun. Sax.] to promote, coun-
tenance or encoHrasje.
FURTHERANCE, s. the act of promoting, countenanc-
ing, or advancing any undertaking or design.
FU'RTHEREH, s. a promoter; one wiio contributes to
advance the progress of ;ui undertaking.
FURTHEKMOHE, W. moreover; more than what has
been said or alleged ; besides.
FU'RTIVE, (7. [J'lirinui!, from /hi-, a thief, Lat.] stolen;
gotten bv stealth.
FU'RY, s. [furor, Lat.] loss of reason ; madness ;
frenzv.
FURZE, s. [firs, Sax. J a plant which grows wild on
heath and uplaiul commons, generally used for fuel, or mak-
ing hedges. It is likewise called gorze and whins.
FU'KZY, a. overgrown with furze or gorze.
To FUSE, ( fnzejv. a. [from f'iiiiilii,fuium, to pour out, Lat.]
to melt, toli<)ucfy by heat.
FUSEE, (f'lizce) s. [fHsrau, Fr.] the cone or spindle round of which is called hard, because formed
vliich the chainof a clock or watch is wound. In a boud>, of the tonuue against the uiioi r gums ;
FUSiy.ILITY, (fuzioiUiy) i. a capacity of being melted,
or becoming li<piid bv fire.
FUSlL,(/"20f) .f. [fvsif, Fr.] See Fusee.
FUSILIER, {f'uziUer) *. a soldier armed with a siiuiU
musket.
FU'SION, s. [from fnvdo,fiisum, to pour out, Lat] the act
of melting; the state of being melted, or turned liquid, by
heat.
FUSS, s. a low counti-y word ; bustle ; racket ; clamour ;
much ado about nothing.
FUST, s. [fiisle, Fr.J the body, trunk, or shaft of acolumn.
Also a strong smell, as that of a mouldy barrel.
FU'STIAN, s.[fiitaine, Fr.ja kind fif cloth made of cot-
ton stuff. In criticism, a high, swelling, and turgid style ;
bondiast.
FU'STI.^N, «. made of fustian. Applied to style, ridi-
culously tumid, or pompous.
FUSTIC,*, a vellow wood used ford\ing.
FUSTILA'Rl.AN, s. a word used by Sliakspea'-e for a
mean, low fellow.
FU'STINESS, s. stink ; the scent of a mouldy cask.
FUSTY, a. stinking; mouldy ; smelling like a mouldy
FUTILE, a. \futilis, Lat.] talking much; trifling; wortl*.
less; of no weignt or import.
FUTl'LITY, i. [fiittlite, Fr.] the fault of talking too much ,
triflingness : want of weight ; want of solidity.
FU'TTOCKS, *. corrupted from foot Iwoh ; in ship
building, the lower or upper timbers that give breadth or
bearing to a ship, and hold it together.
FUTURE, a. [fiiturus, Lat.] that shall be; that has
never existed, but is approaching.
FUTURE,*, time to come; that which may happer
hereafter. In grammar, a tense by which we express a
thing neither present nor past, but one which is to come.
FUTU'RELY, ad. in time to come.
FUTURITY, .«. time or events which may come after 8
certain period of time ; the state of being to happen after a
certain time.
To FUZZ, t'. ". from flie sound ; to fly out w ilh a hiss-
ing noise in small particles, like water from a cock half
turned.
FU'ZZBALL, *. a kind of*fungas, which, when touched or
pressed, bursts and scatters dust.
FY ! interject, a word used to express disapprobation and
loathing.
FY'AL, or Fayal, the most westerly island of the Azo-
res, or ^Vestern Islands, about 27 miles in length, and U in
bieiiiji'li. The cliuiale is reuuirkalily good, and the air al.
ways pure and mild. The island produces plenty of pas-
ture for cattle, and abundance of iish are caught on tlie
(inist. Tlie most considerable, if not the only town, is
Villa de Ilorla. Lat. .38. ;V2. N. Ion. 28. ■I.'i. W.
FVZAHAD, a city of Hindoostan, in the territory of
Oiide, of which it wasonce the capital. and near llie aiitieiit
cityofOiide. It is still populous, allhougli the wiMlllucr
inhabitants have retired since llie reinoviil of the Naliol to
Luckiiow. It is seated on tlu' ri\er(iogra, O.j miles E. olf
Luckiiow, and 80 nearly N. of Allahabad. Lat. 20'. -ij. iS ,
Ion. 82. ai. E.
~i Is the seventh letter and filth consonant of the EnglisFr
^X alphabet. The letter C! is of the mute kind, and caii-
iiot be souiidid wilhoul a vowel. It has Wo sounds, one
" ' ' ' ' '■ ' '•■ a hanl pressure
a wooden [lipe or tap tilled with wiliKire, by which tli
whole powder or composition in the shell takes fire. A
track of a buck. A firelock, or small neat musket. This is
more properly written futtl.
FU'SIULE, {fdzihU) a. capable of being melted or liquc-
iiod bv fire.
374
01 wnicn IS caueo iiaro, oecause lorineo i)\ a iiuiu piessure
of the tonuue against the uppi r gums ; this sound it always
ri'tailis beliiie «, «, v. I, r ; as ^'uiw, gat, gore, <;od, ^nn, ^tdl,
"liiss.nriiss. The other soiiiui. wliich is ternu'-d sofi, resem-
bles the sound (d' the ;, and iscoiiiinonly found before <: or »',
as in ^rm iind j,nWi(/ ; though not without exceplion ; for in
the words ^'■(^ i^i'hli/, ffift, give, iiiid many more the reader
will see pointed out in order, it leluins the hard sound. At
G..I
a A L
thf did of words, (f/i is often sounded like /7", as in (lie words
t"i'/f-A, <B"fl-/i, A c. ve( not always, as in tlie words i/mrong/i,
bf)vti^/i, tVc. where it has scarce any soiind at all. I'lefcirc «,
nt Ilie end of a word, it is not sounded, hut serves oidy to
Jen^lhcn the vowel wliieheomes hefore it, aeeonliiig lo llie
French, from whence these words are derived; as rimid^-ii,
mali-rii, which are prononnced cmutlii, vml'iu. It is ollrn
»ileul before A in (lie middle of words, as in min/it, which is
sounded nnt. This seems to have heeii derived to ns from
the Saxons, who, as Dr. Ilickes informs us, pronounce it,
ill the hesin'iiiii,'. middle, and endin;; of W(n(ls, liUe a ;/, as
in ^"te, which some rustics still pronoinice i/atr ; ilaa;, wliieli
we pronounce rfff// ,• and in sagl^ «lii(h we iirouounee suit.
As a numeral, G wasantiently used to denote -KMi, and with
a dash over it thus, VV, 40,000. In music, il is IIk- character
or marU of the treble clelf; and from its beiii;; placed at
"the head, or markiii;jthe first souu<l in Guido's scale, llie
whole scale to<tk the nameof Gauuit.
. (iAIiA'UDINE, «. \c:<'v<'rdiiia, Ital] acoarse fiock.
To (iA'lUlLK, t'. v.[s;abbarr, Ilal.J to make ;ui articulate
noise ; lo prate loudly without sense or mcaniii;,'.
GA'BHLK, s. an unintelligible noise; loud talk, uilliout
sen-;e or meaning.
GA'RIU.EIC*- a prater or talkative person.
(iA'l?l'.L, t. [§-nW/(', Fr.] among the Frencli, a duty or
tax upon salt ; anv tax or excise.
GA'lilOi^, s. [FrI] a wicker basket filled with earth,
serving as a defence from the enemy's fire ; used in batte-
ries to screen the engineers.
GABLE, «. [gni'tl, Brit, galle, Fr.] the sloping roof of a
bwililing. T\w gttblcend, in building, is the upright triaiigu-
lac- end of a house from the eaves to the top.of the roof.
GA'BRIEL, tbe name of one of the principal angels in
heaven. It signifies the stremrth of God.
G A I), ». [Sax.] a wedge or ingot of steel,
'i'o CJ AD, 1'. II. [gndaw, Brit.] to ramble about without any
settled purpose, necessary call, or valuable business.
GA'DDl'.R, s. from gnd ; one wlu) rambles about, or goes
much abroad, without any call or business.
G.A'DDINGLY, ad. in a rambling or roving manner.
GA'DFLY, s. [supposed by Skinner to be derived from
grid. Sax. a goad, and Jli/] a troublesome, large, stinging fiy ;
called likewise a breese, and gad bee.
GA'DOLINITE, s. in chymistry, a fossil discovered in
Sv/eden by one Gadolina cliymist.
GAFF, s. a harpoon, or large hook.
GATFEH, s. \gefere. Sax.] a word of respect formerly,
but now made use of only as a term of 'familiarity to an old
country fellow.
GA'FFLES, .?. \gafehtcas, Sax.] artificial spurs of steel,
or silver, put on a coct's legs, in the room of his natural
ones, when he is to fight.
To G.\G, II. n. [from gaghel, Belg.] to force Jsomething
into the mouth that may keep the jaws distended, and hin-
der a person from speaking.
GAG, i. something put into the mouth, which hinders a
person from speaking.
GAGE, s. \gage, Fr.] something given as a security ; a
pledge.
To GAGE, V. a. \gnger, Fr.] to wager; to give or place in
trust as part of a wager ; to give as a pledge or security ; to
measure or find |the contents of a vesseL In the last sense,
more properly written ir''"g'<',which see.
To GA'GGLE, v. n. \gagen, Belg.J to make a noise like a
goose, or like one wlio is gagged.
GAI'ETY, i. [gaiet'e, Fr.J a cheerfid, sprightly, and joyous'
disposition of mind. Pleasures which are proper for youth,
used in the plural. Finery, or splendid dress. Synon.
Jo;i is in the heart, gaiety in the manners. The one consists
i« the sweet sentiments of the soul ; the other, iu the agree-
able situation of the mind.
GAIN, s. [gain, Fr.] profit oradvantage flowing as a con-
ieqnence from any undertaking ; interest, or lucre.
To G.MN, ti, a. [gagner, fr.] to obtain profit or «dT»i>-
tagc; to receive for a thing above what it costs; to attain,
obtain, or ac<piiie ; lo win; lo draw over to an interest or
party. Neuterly, lo encroach ; lo -advance or come for-
ward by degrees. Figuratively, used with on or upon, to
obtain an advantage over ; to get ground.
(iAIN, o. an old word now out of use; handy; ready;
dexterous.
CiA'lNEU, s. one who receives profit oradvantage.
G A'lXFUL, ". that by VNliich a person may \ie enri<hcd ;
profitable ; advantageous ; hurative ; productive of
money.
G.VINI'ULLY, ad. in a profitable or advantageou*
manner.
tiA'INLESS, a. unprofitable ; producing neither profit
nor advantage.
G.A'INLY, ad. handily ; dexterous and ready in per-
forming.
To tiAINSAT, f. a. [t'rom gain for against, and saij] to
contradict. To deny, or speak against a thing.
(iAINSAYEH, s. an opponent ; an adversary.
(iA INSBOHOUGIl, a lown of Lincolnshire, situated on
the Trent, over which a liandsoiiie stone bridge has been
lately erected, where foot-passengers, as well as others, pay
toll. Though nearly 40 miles from tbe Humber by water,
it is accessible to ve>sels of considerable burden, (trading
to London, Hull, Newcastle, and other places) with the
tide, and serves as a place of export and import lo the
W. and N. W. parts of the county. It is 17 miles N.
\V. of Lincoln, and 151 N. by NV. of London. Alarkc^
on Tuesday.
GA'IIUSH, a. [from grarrian, Sax. J gaudy; shovry ;
fine or bright. Excessively gay, or fiighty, applied to tlv€
mind.
G.AIP.ISHlVESS, s. finery, or flaunting gandiness, ap-
plied todrcss. Flightly or extrava: ant jny or gaiety.
GAIT, s. [gnt., Belg.] the manner or air of walking.
G.'VLA'GE, s. a shepherd's clog, .^n old word. " Aly
gnliige gro" n fast to my heel." S/misrr.
(JALA'NGAL, s. [gn.Wn^T, Fr.] the name of two roots
brought from the East Indies, kept in the shops, a greater
and a smaller ; of which the latter is most esteemed. It ii
a great cephalic, cardiac, and uterine.
GAL.'X'XY, (by some accented on the first syllable) s.
[from gala, milk, Gr.] the milky way, orlliat part of the sky
which appears with a stream of light, supposed by modern
astronomers to be occasioned by a profusion of stars.
GA'LBANUM, i. [Lat.] a substance of a middle nature
between a gum and a resin, bejng inflammable like the lat-
ter, and soluble in water like the former, but will not dis-
solve in oil, as pure resins do.
GALE, .s. [gabliug. Tent.] a current of air, or a gentle
blast of wind. In botany, a plant, with spear-shaped leaves,
called also sweet willow, and Dutch mvrlle.
GALEAS,or GA'LLEASS, «. [galfasse, Fr.] a large low-
built vessel, using both sails and oars, being the largest
vessel which is rowed.
GA'LEATED, a. [galeatus, Lat.] covered with an helmet,
or with something resembling an helmet.
GALE'NA,*. in chvmistrv, the sulphuret of lead.
G'A'LE'NIC, or GALENICAL, a. a manner of treating
diseases founded on the principles of Galen. Galenical
medicines are those that are formed by the easier prepara-
tion of herbs, roots, &c. and by combining and multiplyhig
ingredients'; while those ofchymi>try draw their intimate
or more remote virtues by means of fire and elaborate prepa-
rations ; as calcination, digestion, fermentations, &c.
GALI'CI A, a name given to a country in the S. and S. W.
of Poland, coiisislingof that part of Little Poland, wjiicli is
S. of tlie river Vistula, almost the whole of Red Russia, and
a slip of Podolia. It is now incorporated into the Austria-u
dominions, under the appellation of the kingdoms ofG»-
licia and Lodomeria. The mountainous parts produce fine
past'ire ; the plains are mostly sandy, but abound in foTe.*t,s,
and are fertile in corn. The principal articles of trallic,
37a
GAl
GaL
are cattle, hides, wax, and honey, copper, lead, iron, and
salt. It extends from K. to \V. iihout 280 miles in loiiylh,
and from GO to 100 in breadth. Lembur;; or Leopold is the
capital.
GALICIA, a mountainous province of Spain, bounded on
the N. and VV. by the sea; on the E. by Abtiiria and Leon ;
and on the S. by Portugal. It lias more harbours than any
&ther province of Spain, and the forests yield wood for
ship-buildiu;;. The principal produce is wine, Ikix, and
citrous; and here are also good pastures. The population
is not numerous. The mineral productions are co|iper and
lead; C<irunna and Ferrol are the principal ports, and St.
JaffO (li Couipostella is tiie capital.
GA'LIOT, «. [guliotte, Fr.] a littie galley or sort ofbri-
gantine, built very slight, and fit for chase. It carries but
one uuist, and two or three patlereroes. It can bolh sail
and row, and has sixteen or twenty seats for the rowers,
with one man to each oar.
GALL, St. or St. Gallen, a considerable town of the
Thursjau, in .^^uisserland. The inhabitants are uncommonly
industrious, and carry on an extensive commerce, arising
from the manufactures of liueji, muslin, and embroidery.
Here is a rich and celebrated abbey, \\ hose abbot is chosen
by the 72 Benedictines who compose the chapter. The go-
vernment of the town, «hich is entirely protestant, is aristo-
deniocratical ; the subjects of the abbot, whose territory is
distinct, are cal holies. To the librai-y belonging to this ab-
bey we are indebted for the preservation of the fiirjiims
writings of Pelronius Arbiter, Silius Ilalicus, Valerius Flac-
cus, and Quntilian, copies of which were found here in
1413. The town is seated in a narrow, barren valley, be-
tween two mountains, 57 miles N. E. of Zurich. Lai. 47.26.
N. Ion. 9. 20. E.
GALL, (s:aiill) s. [geala, Sax.] a yellow juice, secreted
from the blood in the glands of the liver, and lodged in a
particular reservoir, called the gnl/ llndihr. FigurativelV,
any thing extremely bitter. Rancour or uudignily, applied
to the temper of the mind. A sore or hurt, occasioned by
fretting or rubbing off the skin.
To CiALL, (gaiitl) V. a. fg-«/tr, Fr.] to hurt or make sore
by rubbing otf the skin. Figuratively, to impair, or wear
av(ay. To vex; to fret; to teaze ; to harass; to distinb.
pROV. Touch a gall'd horse on the hack, and he'll hick or
vinee.
GALLANT, a. \galanf, Fr.J gay, showy, or magnifi-
cent, applieii to dress. Brave, high-spirited, courageous,
appli<'il to the mind. Amorous, or inclined to courtship.
Synon. Excess makes /oiie degenerate into jealousy, and
gal/aiitri/ into libertinism.
GALLANT, s. a gay, sprightly, airy, and courageous
person ; a person who courts a wom.ui in order to make
lier his wife; a person who keeps company with a pros-
titute.
GA'I.LANTLY, arl. in a gay or sprightly manner. In a
showy or splendid nranner, applied to ilress. In a brave,
noble, or courageous manner.
GALLANTRY, s. \gnlnniei-ic, F'r.] splendour ; grandeur ;
finery ; bravery; nobleness; courtship; elegant and refined
address to women ; vicious h)ve ; amorousness.
GAF^LATES, s. in chymistry, salts formed by the combi-
nation ofanv base with gallic acid.
GALLIX3'N, (ga/liwn) s. Ignlimi, Vr.] a large ship, with
four or five decks. Now applied to those ships wliuh the
.Spaniards employ iu the connnerce they carry on between
Mexico and Peru.
GA'LLIORY, >. [galerie, Fr.] a little aisle or walk in a
house' above stairs, serving as a common passage to several
rooms placed in a lino or row ; likewise a covered place in a
bouse much longer than broad, usually placed in the wings
of a building, sometimes euibrlli--hed with pictures, and
serving to walk in; the seats in the pla\ house above the
Itoxes. In fortification, a covered walk or passage made
across the ditch of -.i town besieged. In a snip, a balcony
oit Uie outside of the stern, to which there is a passage
»7<i
from the gnat cabin. In a church, it is a kind of ballus-
trade built along the sides or lover end ot the church.
CiA'LLIsV, s. [plural grrt/ies, Ua]. gakre, Fr.J a low-built
vessel going both with oais and sails, having two masts and
two square sails. Figuratively, used to imply a state of ex-
treme misery, alluding to the condition of the slaves by
whom these vessels are navigated.
G AT.LEY-SL.\VE, i-. a person condemned to row in the
gallies.
GA'LLL^RD, s. [guiUard, Fr.]a gay, brisk, lively man ; an
active sprightly dance. Both these senses are now obsolete.
G'ALLIC, a. in chyniist y, belonging to galls, applied
principally to the gallic acid, which is found in galls, oak-
bark, and s-)me other vegetables.
GA LLICAN, rt. 'igalhcvs, Lat.] belonging to the French
church O! nation.
GALLICISM, s. [gallicisme, Fr.] a manner of expres-
sion peculiar to the Freneli language; such as, he/r'gu)crfin
controversy; he held ibis conduct ; be hM the same lan-
guage t'lat another had AfW before ; with nuuiy other ex-
pressions to be found in the pages of Bolingbroke.
CiALLlCiA'SIvIJNS, s. large, open, or trunk hose; a pair
of breeches.
GALLLM.\'TIA, {gallimushia)s. [gallimalhias, Fr.] adark,
perplexed discourse ; nonsense.
GALLLMAUIKY, s. [gnlimafiee, Fr.] a hotch-potch,
bash, or ragout of several sorts of broken meat ; any incoit-
sistent and ridiculous nu^dlev.
GALLIOT, *. .See Galiot.
CiA'LLIPOT, s. a pot made of clay glazed, sometimes
painted, commonly used to put medicines in
G A LLO'CH ES, i. a sort of leathern clogs, that cover good
part of the shoe.
G.'\'LLON,i. [°-e?o, low Lat.|a liquid measure contamiKg
four quarts.
G.ALLO'ON, s.[galm, Fr.] a thick narrow kin of ferret,
ribband, or lace.
To GA'LLOP, V. n. \gnloper, Fr.] to move forwards very
quick ; to move on horseback by reaches and leaps.
GA'LLOP, s. the motion of a horse when he runs at full
speed ; in which making a kind of leap forward, he lifts
both his fore legs very near at the same time; and while
these are in the air, and just upon the point of touching the
ground, he lifts both his hind-legs almost at once.
GA'LLOPEH, «. a horse that gallops, or moves forward
by reaches and leaps; a person who rides fast, or makes a
horse carry him on a gallop.
To GA'LLOVV, (gdllv) V. a. [agalwan, Sax.] to terrify ; to
make afraid.
CiA'LLOW.AY, s. a horse not more than 14 hands high,
much used in the North, and perhaps is so called because
coming originally from Cialloway, a sliire in Scotland.
GA'LLOW.\Y. or (iALi.WAY, is a county of Scotland,
about 170 miles in length, fr<un E. to W. and inn in breadth,
from N. to S. It is bounded on the S. and W. by the sea ;
on the N. by Carrick and Kyle ; and on the S. by Nilhsdale.
It contains several rivers, ami a great number of lakes from
half a mile to two miles in length.
GALIX)\VS, (giil/os) s. -A tianie of wood made in dive; ■
forms, or a beam laid over two supporters, on which crind-
nals are hanged.
GA'LLOWSl-'REE, a. exempt by destiny from bein»
hanged. " Let him hc.g(illonx/rcr,hy my consent." Ihi/deu.
GALLS, {gaidl.i) s. connnonly called Ahppn g/i!h, wrfd
particular kind of vegetable tumors or excrescences like
nuts, that grow upon the hardest species ofoak,and are used
in dying, making ink, cVc. which, although they are as hard
as shells, are nothing but the cases of insects that are bred
in them, and which, when grown to maturity, gnaw llieir
way out, which is the occasion of those little holes we see ir.
them.
GALVANIC, in chymistry, belonging to galvanism.
G.-VLVANISM, the name given to the inlliience disco-
vered about 10 years ago by the celebrated Galvaui, profcJ*.
a A M
(~. A N
sorof anatomy at Hologna, and which, by himself, ;iii(l some
clhcis, was ill (irst, ihoti^h improperly, called (iiiiiimt r/ir-
Irifitif. TI.H.' expoririieiils wliiili have been made \>\ pliilo-
«oi)liers, upon animal liddies, may be reduced lo llie lullow-
iiii,' ; which may sullice lo -live tiie reader a correcl iioliou
of the subject. — Lay bare about an inch of a ^real nerve,
leading to any limb or muscle. Let that end of the bared
part which isfarthest from the lind> be in close contact wi'li
a bit of zinc. Touch the zinc with a bit of silver, wliile
another part of the silver toiielies, either the naked nerve, if
not dry, or, whether it be dry or not, the limb or niiiscle to
which it leads. Violent contractions are thus produced in
the limt) or muscle, but not in any uiusele on llie oilier side
of the xinc. Almost any two metals will produce the nu)ve-
ments ; but, it is believed, the most powerful are llie follow-
in^', in the order in which lluy are here placid: l./iiic;
2. Till ; 3. Lead; in ctuijunclion «ilh, 1. Ciohi; 2. Silver;
S. Molybdena; 4. .Steel, .'>. Copper. LTpon this [)oint,
liowever, authors are not perfectly agreed.
GALVVAY, a county of Ireland, in the pro\ince of Con-
naufjht, about 75 nnles Ion;,', and 45 broad. It is bounded
on the N. I)\ the counties of Mayoaiid ilosconiiunu ; on the
E. by Hoscommon, Kiufj's Couiitv, and Ti|)perary ; on the
S. by Clare and GaKvay Bay ; and on the W. by the Atlantic
Ocean. It contains 'JS cluiiclies, IIG parishes, about
2K,'21-J houses, and 1 l'.>,(in() iiilialiitaiits. .A Ki''"t V»r\ of it
is fertile, beiiif; a \\ariu lime sloue soil, which reuards the
industry of the luisbandman ami shepherd: but isvervcoarso
towards the N. and W. and, in those paits, ra;lier Ihiuly in-
habiteil. The western coast contains many uell-sliellered
harbours, and is mostly bordered with j;reeii islands and
ru;;^^ed rocks.
GA'LWAY, a town of Ireland, in a county of the same
name, of which it is the capital. It is advanta:;eously si-
tuated for foreifjn trade on (jaK<ay Bay, in the .'\tlantic.
The salmon and herring fisheries are carried on here with
great spirit, and employ several limidred boats; the fpian-
tity of kelp manufactured and expoi ted ia considerable, and
the increase of the linen uianidacture, though of late intro-
duction, is become very iiiip!)rtai)f. It is 40 miles W. S. W.
of Athlone, and 108 W. bV S. of Dublin.
GAMBA'DK, or GAMBADO, s. plural o-„,„i,„rrs and
frnmb'idoi.s ; [from fidwiii, Ital.J a sort of leather boot fixed to
a saddle, insti-ad of stirrups, to put the legs in.
GA'MBETTA, i. in ornithology, a bird resend.ling the
redshank, which is common in Italy, and occasionally visits
England
GAMBIA, a large river of Africa, which falls into the
Atlantic Oct'an. The source is not known, but it is navi-
gable for slooi)s about 600 miles up the country. At the
mouth of the river the lami is low, but, higher up, the coun-
try is rocky and mountainous, and covered with woods.
Along its banks are great nuuibcrs of towns, inhabited by
various nations. The Arabic language and Mahometan re-
ligion generally prevail in the coiniti'v N. of this river; on
the S. the inhabitants are pagans. The Gandjia annually
overflows its banks, like the Nile. The mouth is in lat. 13.
28. N. and Ion. l(i. 20. W.
GA'MBLER, s. a cant word ; [perhaps from g-flmej a per-
son who dra«s in the unwary to game, in order to cheat
them.
GAMBO'GE, ». a vegetable resinof a deep yellow colour,
used as a paint, and in medicine as an evacuant. It comes
Trom Gambaja, in the East Indies.
To GA'MBOL, t'. n. [gambiller, Fr.J to dance, skip, frisk,
or play sportive tricks.
GAMBOL, s. skip, hop, leap, or tumble for joy. Figu-
rativelv, a.frolic or wild prank.
GA'MBREL, ». [from i^dmh^rella, Ital.l the leg of a horse.
GAME, *. [from gitman, Isl.] sport of^iiny kind. A jest,
opposed to seriousness or earnest. To viahe game, to ridi-
cule. A single match at \)lay. Aiivantage in play. Field-
Sports, applied to the chase of falconry. Animals pursued
Ml iJie liekl. Oiaues are usually distinguished into those of
3 C
exercise and address, and those of hazard. To the first b»-.
long (111 ss, tennis, billiards, wrestling, cricket, &c. and to
tile latter, those performed with carils and dice.
ToCiAMIv, 1'. n. \<j;itmvn, Sax.] to i)lay at any sport or
diversion; to play extravagantly, or for great sums of
nioney.
(;A'MEC0CK, 3. a cock of a peculiar species bred for
fighting.
(iA'iME-EGG, s. an egg from which a fighting cock n
bred.
(JA'MF.KEr.PER, «. a person who looks after game.
fiA'MLSOME, a. frolicsome ; merry ; gay.
(iA'MKSOMENESS, s. sportiveness, wantonness.
(j A'MLSOMELY, ad. in a pleasant, merry, sportive, or
wanton manner.
{jA'MESTKU, ,«. one who is fond of play to excess, or
one who engages in play with a design to cheat ; one who
is engaged in play, or understands a game ; a merry frolic-
some pi'rson ; a prostitute.
G.\'M1NG, «. the act of gaming; an immodente love of
play.
fiA'MMER, J. a famiiui- word for an old countrywo-
man.
GA'MMON, «. Igamhmic, Ilal.l the butlock or thigh of a
hog ; the hiwer end of a llileh of bacon.
GA'MLT, s. Ignmii, Ital.| a scale by which we are
taught to sound the musical tones, 'i he invention of this
scale is owing to Ciuido Areline; though it is not so pro-
l)erly an invention, as an improvement of the diagram or
scale of ihetTiecians.
'GAN, (orbcii-nn, [from 'g-m forbegin.] " The noble knigh*
'g-nii feel his vital force to faint." S/ienser.
To GAXCII, V. a. [from gaiicia, Ilal.] to drop from u
high place ujion hooks; a punishment practised in Turkey.
G.VNDER, s. \gaii(lrii. Sax.] the male of the goose ; one
of which it is saifl w ill serve five geese.
GANG, s. a company or crew going together on some
exiiloit, used of a ship's crew, or a company of robbers.
To CjANCr, V. n. \stt7igen, Belg. gangnn, Sax.] to go; t«
walk ; an old word, seldom used but in a ludicrous
sense.
CiA'NGES, a large and celebrated river of India, has its
source in two springs near Mount Kentaittc, in Thibet ; the
streams of which, after running 300 miles in a western di-
rection, inclining to the N. turn to the S. unite their waters,
and form nhal is properly called the Ganges, from the Hin-
doo woid gaiiga, which signifies the river. This great body
of water now forces a passage through Mount ilimmaleh,
a chain or ridge of mountains extending from Cabul along
the N. of Hinrloostan, and through Thibet ; and sapping ils
very foundation, rushes through a cavern, and precipitates
itself in a vast basin, which it has worn in the rock, at the
hither foot ofliie mountains. From this second source (as it
may be termed) of the Ganges, it takes a S. E. dirottion
through thecountry of Sirinagur, until, atllurdwar, it finally
escapes the mountainous tract in which it has wandered
about 800 miles. From Hurdwar, where it enters the plain
country, it flows with a smooth navigable stream, during
tile remainder of its course to 'lie Bay of Bengal, which it
enters by several mouths. In its course through these de-
lightful plains, it passes by Furr -ckabad, Allahabad, Benares,
Patna, A'c.and receives 11 rivers, some of viliieh are cgnal
to the Rhine, and none smaller than the Thames, besides
others of inferior note. In the annual inundation of this im-
mense river, the country is overflowed to the extent of more
than 100 miles in width ; nothing appearing above water
but villages and trees, excepting, very rarely, the top of an
elevated spot, tlie artificial mound of some deserted village,
which appears like an island. The rise of the water is on an
average about 31 feet. The Ganges is a most beneficial river,
difiusing plenty by means of its living productions, enricli-
ing the lands, and affording an easy conveyance for the pro-
duce of its borders. The Hindoos hold its waters in high
veneration. It is visited aouually by pilgrims fron) all parts
371
-GAR
GAR
cf Hiiidoostan, and happy are those accounted whose lot it
in:iy lie to perish it its streams.
OiA'NGLlON, s. [Gr.Jiii surgery, a hard moveable fiiinor.
GANGRENE, *, [^angrcrna, low Lat. ffffjig-rfiir, 1 r,] in
surgery, a disorder in any fleshy partoftiic hodv leiuliii;r
to a mortification, attended witli some sensation ofpain, aiiii
share of natural heat, the flesh it seizes turning hiatk, and
spreading itself to the adjacent parts.
To GA'KGRENE, 1'. a. \gangrener, Fr.] to corrupt to
mortification. Neuterly, to become mortified.
GA'NGRENOUS, a. of the nature of a gangrene.
GANGUE, s. in chyniistry, a term made use of to denote
the stony matter whicii fills the cavities, and accompanies
the ores in veins of metal.
GA'NGWAY, s. in a ship, tlie several ways or passages
from one part of it to another.
GA'NGWEEK, ^. rogation week, when processions are
made to Instrate the bounds of parishes.
GA'NTELOPE.or GA'NTLET, s. gantlet, is only a cor-
ruption of gantehjpe ; [from syinf, all, and loopev, to riui, Belg.]
a military punishment, wherein the oft'ender is stripped
naked to the waist, and obliged to run through a lane of
soldiers with green switches in their hands, when each gives
him a blow as he passes.
GAOL, «. [oro?, Brit.] a place of confinement for debt-
■ors and criminals. This word is always pronounced, and
often written, jail, and sometimes oo«/.
To GAOL, f. a. to imprison ; to commit to gaol.
G.A'OL-DELIVERY, {jail-deliver}/) s. a judicial process,
vhich either by punishment or'pardon empties a prison.
GA'OLER, (jailer) s. [giolier, Fr.] a keeper of a prison.
GAP, s. an opening in a broken fence ; a breach, pas-
sage, avenue, open way, hole, interstice, or interval.
To GAPE, V. K. fg-cff/MH, Sax.] to open the mouth
wide; to yawn. Figniativelv, to covet, crave, or desire
earnestly; used with /'«/•, af'tei; ami at. To open in holes
or breaches; to behold with ignorant wonder, and wilh the
mouth open.
GA'Pi'^t, i. one who opens his mouth; one who stares
with his mouth open at another person or thing through
ignorant admiration.
GA'P-TOOTHED, a. having interstices between the
teeth.
GAR, in Sax. signifies a weapon : thus Ed^ar is a iiappy
veapon ; Ethelgar, of etiiel. Sax. noble, and gar. Sax. a
weapon, implies a noble weapon.
GARB, i. \garhe, Fr.] dress; a habit; the fashion of a
person's clothes or dress ; exiernal appearance.
G^ARBAGE, s. Igarlimr, Sjian.] the bowels, or that part
of the intestines which in beasts is separated and thrown
away ; the entrails.
To GX'RPiLE.v. a. [trarbellare, Ilal.J to sift; to separate
the good from the bad.
GA'RBLER, s. one who picks out the dirt, filth, or fo-
reign mixtures, from any commodity.
(JA'RBOIL, s.lfrarlmnillc, l''r.\ tumult; disorder.
GARO, s. \g-arcU; Kr.] wardship; care; custody; Ihe
charge of a person. Figuratively, an orphan, or person left
to the cave of another.
CJA'HDEN, s.\gar<l<l, Brit, /nrrf/'ji, Fr.] a piece of ground
inclosed anil cuftivaled with extraordinary care, plantc*!
with herbs, flowers, or fruits.
GARDENER, i.[jardinier, Fr.'] one'that takes care of a
garden.
GA'RDENING, i. the act of cultivating or taking care ofa
garden.
(i AitDROBE, 3. a plant of which there are two species,
viz. till- roscinary-leaved, and the heath.
<jAHE, s. coarse wool jjrowing on the legs of sheep.
<jAlUiANEY, t. in ornithology, afresh-water fowl of the
diK-k kind, somewhat larger than the teal, but very like it in
ihllpe.
Ct .\'RGARISM, t. [/rargnritmoi, from ffir^vri-izo, to wash,
Gr.] a liquid medicine, used to waiJi the mouth with.
37»
To GA'RGARIZE, r. a. [^argan^ws, from garo^arizo, ta
wash, Lat.] to wash ihe moulli w ith a liquid medicine.
GA'RGET, s. [garan. Sax.] a distemper v.hich appears
in the head, maw, or hinder parts of cattle.
To GA'RGL-E, f. a. [gargiiiiil/er, Fr.] to wash the throat
with some li()uor, without swallowing it.
GA'RGLIO, .s. a liquor wilh which the throat is washed
without swallowing it.
GATiGLION, s. an exsudation of nervous juice from a
bruise, or the like, whicli indurates into a hard immoveable
tumor.
GARGOL, s. Igargen, Sax.] a distemper in hogs, shew-
ing itself in their hanging their heads, iiaving moist eyes,
staggering and loss of appetite.
GARLAND, *.[g«WnHf/f>, Fr.] a sort of flowers, feathers,
and sometimes precious stones, worn on the head, in the
manner of a crown. It also denotes ornaments of fruitsi,
flowers, and leaves intermixed, antiently much used at the
gates of temples, where feasts and solemn rejoicings were
held ; or at any other place where marks of public joy or
gaiety weie required, as at triumphal arches, touiiiaments,
&'c. We have a custom at «akes to dress up May-poles
with garlands ; and in London, the milk-jnaids, on ^idy-day,
dress their milk-pails with g;uliinds, to visit their customers.
GARLIC, or GA'RLICK, s. in botany, an herb, wilha
bulbous root, the same with the allium of Linn;eus.
G.\'RMENT, s. [gunrnimcnt, old Fr.] any thing which
is worn to cover the body ; clothes ; dress.
GA'RN Ell, s. \grenier, Fr.] a place w herein any sort of
grain is kept.
To GA'RN ER, v. «. to store. Figuratively, to keep as
in a storehouse. *' There, w here I have garnered up my
heart." Shak. A beautiful metaphor.
GARNET, «. [grunatus, low Lat. ganwto, Ita.l a gem
ofa middle degree of hardness between the sapphire and
coinnion crystal the Bohemian is red, wilh aslight cast of
ilame colour and the Syrian red, with a slight cast of
purple.
To GA'RNISH, v. a. [g-nruir, Fr.] in cookery, to embellish,
set oft, or trim.
GARNISH, «. ornament ; embellishment; things placed
by way of ornament on the brim ofa dish ; a fee or treat
made by a prisoner on his first entrance into gaol.
G.VRNISIJMENT, s. ornament ; embellishment.
GARNITURE, s. furniture ; or something added to a
thing to make it appear pleasing to the eye.
GA'ROUS, a [from garum, a pickle made offish salted,
Lat.] resembling pickle made of fish.
(tA'RRET, s. \garite, Fr.] a room on the highest floor ofa
house.
(iARRETE'ER, ,?. one w ho lives in a garret.
GARRISON, s. IgtirnisDH, Fr. I soldiers placed in a for-
tified town or castle to defend it ; a fortified place stored
with soldiers.
To GARRISON, r. a. to defend with soldiers; to store
a place with soldiers for the defence of it.
fiARRU'LlTY, s. [from gan-io, to prate, Lat.] the vice of
talking too much : inability of keeiiing a secret.
GARRULOUS, a. [from garrio, to prate, Lat.] talkative;
prating; fond of talking.
(j.\'RSTAN(i, a market town of Lancashire, built la
a very irregular manner, with dirty streets, and very iiv
dift'erenl houses, it is seated on the riverWyre, (by which
it communicates with all the late inland navigations,) on Ihe
road between Preston and Lancaster, from which latter plat*
it is 11 miles S. and 2-24 N. N. \V. of London. IVIarket ou
Thuisdav.
(iA'KTER, J. [gardus, Unt. jartier, Fr.] a string with
which the stockings are tied up. A military order of knight-
hood, the most noble and antient of any lay order in the
world, instituted by king Edward 111. This order consisM
of twenly-six knights companions, generally princes and
peers, whereof the king of England is sovereign or chief.
They are a college or corporation, liavinjj; a great aud littl«
GAS
GAU
ieal. Tlieir ofTicois area prrhito, cliiinci'llor, ie;,'ister, king
alarms, anil iislicrofllio black riiil. Tlicv Innealso a ficaii,
and twelve canons, ))(lly canons, vcitjcrs, and l\venlv-si\
prnsioiuTS, or poor kni^'lits. 'J'ln' prelate is the head. This
office is vested in the bishop of Winchester, and has ever
been so. Next to the prelate is the chaneelloi', x\ liicli office
is vested in the bishop of'SalislMiry, and has ever been so,
who keeps the seals, Ac. 'I"he next is the register, who is
always llie dean of Windsor, and who, by his oath, is to enter
upon the registry the scrntiin'es, the elections, perralties, and
other ads of the order, with all fidelity. 'I'he fonrth officer
is fjarter, and kins at arms, beinj; two distinct otiices nnited
in one person. Garter carries the rod and sceptre at the
feast of St. George, the proteclor of this order, when the
sovereit;n is present. He nol'iies the election of new
knijjhfs, attends the solemnity of new installations, carries
the fjarter to foreign princes,iVc. He is the principalofficer
within Ihe college of arms, and chief of the heralds. All
these ot'icers, except the prelate, have fees and pensions.
The habit of the order upon solemn days is the garter, man-
ties, surcoat, hood, collar, great George, and cap ; npon the
collar (lays, they are only obliged to wear the garter, the
collar of the order, and the great (ieorge ; at tho miihlle of
the collar hangs the pictnreof St. George, sitting on horto-
batk, who, having thrown the dragon npon his back, en-
counters him with a tilting spear. The garter, which is
blue, was, at the foinidation of the order, appointed to be
worn a little below the knee of the left leg, which still con-
tinues, having this motto wrought on it, lloni soil (jm nwl y
pensf. The origin of tiiis order is somewhat differently re-
lated. The connnoa account is, that it was instituted in
honour of a garter of the countess of Salisbury, which she
dropped when dancing with king Edward, and which he
picked up ; but our best antiquarians think it was institut-
ed on account of the victory over the TreiK-h at Cressy,
where Ihe king ordered his garter to be displayed as the
signal of battle.
GA'RTER, KING AT ARMS, s. an officer whose busi-
ness it is to attend the service of the garter, for which he is
allowed a mantle and a batlge, a liouse in \\ indsor castle,
and pensions both from the sovereigns and knights; also
fees. See the foregoing article.
To GA'RTER, v. a. to bind up the stocking w ith a band
or garter.
GARTH, s. signifies a little close or back-side in the N.
of England; also a wear. It also implies the bulk of the
body measured by a girdle.
GAS, s. among chymists, is a term made use of by
Helraot, to si^fnify ni general a spirit incapable of coagula-
tion, such as proceeds from fermented w ine.
GASCONA'DE, s. [from Gascon, a province in France,
remarkable for boasting] a boast, or vaunt of something i-m-
prohable.
To GASCONA'DE, v. v. to brag or boast.
GA'SEOUS, a. in chymistry, having the nature and pro-
perties of gas.
To GASH, ^>. a. to cut ^ccp, so as to cause a wide and
gaping wound.
GA.SH, s. a deep and wide wound ; the mark or scar left
by a wound.
GASO'METER, i. in chymistry, a name given to a va-
riety of utensils and apparatus contrived to raessure, col-
lect, preserve, or mix the different gases.
GASO'METRY, «. the science which teaches the nature
and 'properties of gases, and how to measure those elastic
fluids.
To GASP, V. II. [from gisjte, Dan. to sob, according to
JuniusJ to open the mouth wide ; to catch or draw breath ;
to expire, or force out breath with difficulty.
GASP /. the let of opening the mouth wide for want of
breath ; ilie convulsive struggle for breath in the agonies of
death.
GA'STRIC, a. [from paster, the belly, Gr.] belonging to,
or situated in, or on the brlly,
G ASTRO RA PHY, s. [from -«.,7rr, the belly, and r^p/^
to sew, Cir.] in surgery, applied to signify that a wonuil of
the beilv is complicated with another ofllie intestines.
GASTIU)T'OiMY, s. [from f^aitur, the belly, and tcman,
to cut, (ir.| the Cesarean operation, or act o*' culling tlie
bt'lly open.
GAT, the preterite of GET.
GATE, s. [:;("/, Sax.] a lar''e door of a city, castle, pa-
lace, Ac. a frame of tiirdjcr on hinges, to stop up, or open a
passage into inclosed grounds. Figuratively, a way,
avenue, or introduction.
CjATESHEAD, a town, or village, in the county of Dur-
ham, is, as it were, a suburb of Newcastle, being united to
it by a stone bridge over tl'.e'l'yne. It is situated on ground
as uneven and steep as is that of Newcastle.
CiATE\VAY, s. a way or passage through the gates of
inclosed ground.
To CrA THER, v. a. [o-ndernn. Sax.] to collect or bring
many things into one place ; to pick up ; to glean ; to crop
or pluck a vegetable from the tree or plant on which it
grows; to select and take; to assemble ; to heap up, or
accumulate ; to collect charitable contributions ; to coi>-
tract, or reduce to a narrower compass. To gain, used
with g-rovnil. To run cloth into very small folds or plaits
on a thread in needle-work. To deduce ; to collect logi-
cally, or by inference. Neuterly, in surgery, to generate
or breed matter, applied to wounds.
GA'THER, .«. cloth drawn together in wrinkles.
GA'THERER, i one who collects; one who gets in a
crop of any vegetable, produce, or fruit.
CtA'THERINCt, s. collection of charitable contributioiLs.
CiA"FrER-TREE, s. a shrub,lhe same with the dog-berry
cornel.
GA'TFON, a town of Suriy, which was formerly very
large, but is now reduced to a village, and has neither mar-
ket nor fair. However, it sends two members to par.ia-
meiit. It is 19 miles S. of London.
GAUDE, i. the etymology micertain ; an ornament; a
trinket ; any thing worn as a sign of joy.
GA'UDEilY, J. finery; a showy dress; ostentations
luxury of dress.
GAUDILY, (III. in a showy manner.
CiA'UDINESS, s. an appearance of splendour without
any real value; ostentatious showiiiess.
(GA'UDY, «. striking the sight with some splendid ap-
pearance and showy colour, including generally the idea of
something of small value.
GAUDY, i. [from nnndm, to rejoice, Lat.]an appellation
given to particular festivals observed by the students of
courts and colleges, which they call gnurfy dai/s.
tiAVE, the preterite of Give.
CiA'VKLKlND, .?. |from f^afol or g-avd, Sax.] in law, a
custom whereby the lands of a father are, at his death,
equally divided among his sons, to the exclusion of the fe-
males; or those of a brother are equally divided among
brothers, if he dies without issue.
To CjAUGE, (gnje) V. ft. [from gauge, Fr.] to find the con-
tents of a vessel by means of a measuring or gauging rod.
Figuratively, to measure or proportion the size of one thinjj
to another.
GAUGE, (gnja) s. a measure or standard by which any
thing is measured.
GA'UGER, {gdjer)s. one who measures or finds hew
much is contained in a cask or vessel.
( JCiA'UGlNG, (gnjiiig) s. the art of measuring, or com-
puting how much liquor is, or may be, contained in •»
cask, Arc.
GAUNT, a. [perhaps from gewavian. Sax.] thin or mea-
gre, applied to the state or measure of the body.
GA'UNTLY, nd. in a slender, thin, or meagre manner.
GA'UNTLET, s. [ganteUt, Fr.] an iron glove used f^r
defence, thrown down on the ground in challenges. Aj^>-
propriated by poets to the cesli.s, or boxing glove, used lu
the circensian and olvmpic games.
379
GEM
GEN
G WOT, s. [gavel te,Fr.] in imisic, a sliort, brisk, II\ely
air, toiiipiised iti cdinnion lime, consisting of two parts or
itraiiis, each of which is played over twice, (he first strain
consistiriijof 4or 8 bars, and the last 8, 12, &c.
GAUZE, or GAWZ, s. a kind of tiiin transparent silk or
linen.
GAV/K, s. \genc, Ssx.] a ciickow : a foolish fellow ; used
in both senses in Srotlaiid.
GAY, a. [§•<»), Fr.] brisk, nimble, ciieerful, or merry ;
line or show V in dress.
(tA'YF.TV,*. See Gaiety.
GAYLV, a.l. merrily ; cheerfully; fine, or showy.
To (jAZE, r. n. [geseaii. Sax.] to look at a tiling witli
intenlncss, or earnestness, inclndin^ sometimes the idea of
noveltv in the object, or admiration in the person.
GAZE, s. a fixed and earnest look, including; the idea of
wonder ; the object of astonishment, admiration, or
j^azinir.
G.\ ZEIIOUND, s. a hound that pursues not by the scent,
but by tiie eye.
GA'ZEL, s. in zoology, an antelope.
G.\'ZFAl,s. one who looks at a thing with great earnest-
ness and fixedness.
G.\ZETTE, s. [of g-azetln, a Venetian halfpenny, the
price of the newspaper published at Venice] a paper of
news, containing mostly foreign articles, and published by
authority.
G.'^ZETl'E'ER, s. a writer or publisher of news.
GA'ZINGSTOCK, s. an object of public notice, con-
tempt, and abhorrence.
GAZON, (the o pronounced like tliat in hme) s. [^r.] in
fortification, pieces of fresh earth covered w ith ;;rass, in
the form of a wedge, about a foot long, and half a foot
thick, used to line parapets, and the traverses of galleries.
GEAR, (ihe g- has the iiard sound) s. [from "v/nfl/i, Sax.l
accoutrements, habit, furniture; the traces and harness ol
horses and oxen.
G FCK, s. [gear, Teuf .] a bubble ; easily imposed on.
To GECK, V. a. to cheat ; to trick.
G\i.E,{jee) interject, a word used by waggoners, or other
diivers, to make their horses go faster.
GEC^E, s. the plural of ^uosc
GEL ABLE, n. [from geln, frost, Lat.] what may be thick-
ened, or formed into a gelly.
GELATINE, s. in cliymistry, the gelly of animal bodies,
which is chieflv found in the ti iiilonsand the skin.
GF/LATINE, or (ihlLA'TINOl'S, n. [from -<>/», frost,
Lat.jfoimed into a gelly ; stitVor viscous.
To GELD, (the s; has the bard sound) r. rt. preter. and
part. pass, gelded or gelt ; to castrate, or deprive of ihe
power of generation. Kiguratively, to diminish, lessen, or
deprive of anv essential part.
GELHER-ROSE, *. a plant with leaves resembling the
maple-tree ; the flowers consist of one leaf in a circular
rose-foroi.
GE'LDING, s. dhe »• has the hard soiutd) any animal
that is castrated, but more particularly applied to a horse
in that condition.
<il'"'rjD, (g soft)ff. Igrh'dus, Lat.] cxiremelv cold.
(;ELI'niTY,or(;ELlL)NES.S, s.exlrrme cold.
(il'.'LLY, s. any thick, viscous, or gluey substance.
GENL *. Igrmma, Lat.] a jewel, or precious stone. There
are also artnicial gems (hat are made of the paste of tripoli.
Many of the antieiit gems were very curiously engraved,
and are preserved in Ihe cabinets of anli<piarians.
'I'o Gh\L "• "■ to produce or put forth the fust buds ; to
adarn ai with jewels or buds.
GEMA'PI'li, a village of llaina\dt, twi> and a half miles
S.W. of Mons. The battle fought hi're between the French,
uniler general Duniourier, and the Anstrians, Nov..'), ]T.)-i,
was most obstinately disputed ; but the Auslriaus were at
Jengtii compelled to quit the field, iUid retire !•> Mons.
GRME'LLU'AROUS, a. [from gcrmllt, twins, and patio,
to Lriuj; forth, Lat.] heariiij; tvriin.
360
GEMINATION, s. \ from geinino, to double, Lat.] a repe-
tition or reduplication of a word or sentence, in order to
increase its force.
(lE'MINl, s. [Lat.] in astronomy, tlie twins, the third
constellation or sign in the Zodiac, containing eighty-irine
stars, according to the Britannic catalogue. The antient
Egyptians marked this constellation by the hieroglyphic of
two kids, because when the sun is in this sign, the goats in
Egypt generallv bring forth their young in pairs. In the
place of the Egyptian hieroglyphic, the Greeks have sub-
stituted, without any propriety, the twin brothers, Castor
and Pollux. The sun enters this sign on May 21st.
GE'.VIiMEOUS, a. [from gemma, a gem, Lat.] tending to,
or having the natineofgems.
GENDER, «. [§en«j, Lat.] a sort. A sex. In grammar,
a name given to, or distinction of, nouns, accorduig to the
different sexes they signify ; or the termination of tlie
adjective which is joined to them.
To (jENDER, V. a. [eiigendin; f r.] to beget ; to produce
as a cause. Neuterly, to copulate ; to breed.
GENEALOGICAL, a. [from geuea, a generation, and
logos, a discourse, Gr.l pertaining to the descent of fami-
lies ; bclongijig to the liistory of the successors in houses.
GEN E.\ LOGIST, s. [from gcnra, a generation, and lugos,
a discourse, Gr ] he whotraces descents.
GENE.ATOGY, s. [from gcnen, a generation, and logos,
a discourse, (ir.] a summary account of the several descen-
dants in a pedigree or family ; a series or succession of pro-
genitors ; a pedigree. Synon. Pedigree is our lineal
descent from some ancestor ages back pointed out. (iene-
nlogy IS a history of such pedigree. AVc trace our pedigree.
\\p write our geiiealogi/.
GE'NERABLE, n. [from gniero, to beget, Lat.] that may
be profluced or begotten.
GEN I'.R.AL, n. [from genus, a kind, L.if. general, Fr.J
comprehending many species or individuals, opposeil to
special, or particular. Not restrained in its siguiiication,
applied to words. Extensive, or compreheiuliug a great
many, hut not universal. Common; usual. Synon. 6V'-
iiernl implies a great number of paiticulars ; nniiersnl, every
particular. The government of princes has no object in
view but the gcHc™/ good. The providence of God is u/ii-
vcrsnl.
GETS^ERAL, «. the whole; the main; without insistinji
on particulars; one who commands an army ; a particular
Oiarcli or beat of the drum.
(;l'.Ni'"llALrSSEMO, s. [gineralissime, Fr.] a supreni*
commander in the field.
(il'.N ITtA'LlTY, s. [§i;ifrn/i<f, Fr.] the quality ofbein)?
geneial, or including several species, opposed \o particular.
The main body, bulk, or greater part of any number or body
of men.
GE'N'ERALLY, ad. \n su<h a manner as to include all
of the same species w itliout excei)tion.
(i L'N ICR.\NT, ". [from generu, to beget, Lat.] the power
of causing, producing, or begetting.
To GE'NI;RATE, 1'. a. [genera, Lat.] to beget or propa-
gate ; to cause or produce.
(iENKRAT'lON, s. [ghuration. Fr.] the act of begetting
or producing ; a family, race, or offspring ; a single sui t cs-
sionor gradation in the scale of descent. Figuratively, an
age.
(JK'NERATIVE, ff. [nf»<'(«/i/, Fr.] havhig the power ai
propagating or producnig; prolific.
(; EN Kl{ A'TOH, s. I from genera, to beget, Lat,] tlie power
which begets or produces.
(JENERIC, or GENERIC.\L, n. [generims, from gennt,
a kind, Lat.] that comprehends the genus, or distinguishes
one genus, but not wie species, from another.
(;ENI''.'ilIC.\LLY, arf. in a general manner; with regard
to the gemis.
< ; !"N I' RO'SITY, s. \generotilat, from •gcnerotns, generous,
Lat.] the tpiality of giving money freely, of overlooking
faults without censure, of pardoning crimes with gooti
G E S
C KN
iialure, and coiisidciiiia! the disagreement of otlicis'opiiiiuiis
w illi (li.inliil)!*' iilloHaiices.
(ilVNIOlvOlJS, It. [geiin-imts, Lat.] not of mean birlli ;
Holilc of iiiiiiil ; open ol'lieiiit ; lilx'Hil ; slroii^.
<iKNliliOUSLY, «il. not jueiuil) willi iigard to birtli ;
nobly.
tiR'NEfiOUSNF.SS, i. the quality of being generous.
(; I'/NESIS, J. [from ncinino, to {jciicralc, (ij-.J Ihe iirst
Iiook of liie Old 'rcslanieiil, so lalliil by ihe Cireeks, be-
cause il contains the history of the h;i lu'ialioii or |>ro((uelioii
of all Illinois. It eomprehi'nils the aeciiunl of the creation,
the ori;,'in of all nations, the history of the tirst (lalriarchs,
takes in thespace of 2'3()7 years, and was written bv Moses.
The Jews are forbidden to read the be^'inniiig of this book,
and that of Ezekiel till they are 30 years old.
(iE'NI'/r, s. [Fr.J a small sized, well-proportioned, and
swift Spanisli horse. A kind of weasel.
GKNE'l'IiLlA'CAL, a. [from ^chcM/c, nativity, Gr.] in
astrology, belonging to, or calculated from, a person's birtli
or nativity.
GENETHLT'ACS, s. [from genelhle, nativity, Gr.] the
science of calculatinj; nativities.
GENE'VA, an aiilient, large, and populous city and re-
Fiihlic, on the confines of France, Savoy, and Swisseriand.
t is seated at the S. W. extremity of the lake of the same
name, and is divided by the Rhone, which passes through
the lake into two unequal parts. Geneva, which lies partly
in the \)lain on Ihe borders of the lake, and partly on a gen-
tle ascent, is irreifularly built. The bouses are lofty; and
many that stand in the trading parts of the city have arcades
of wood, which' are raised even to the upper stories. These
arcades, supported by pillars, give a gloomy appearance to
thes-treet, but are useful to the inhabitants in protecting
them from the sun and rain. It contains about '24,000 peo-
ple ; but the territory or district is small. 'J'hey were in'al-
lianee with the Swiss Cantons ; and after various revolutions,
with which they have been agitated from time to time, for
near two centuries, the democrats, in 178f>, prevailed over
the aristocracy, of which the senate and syndics, or chief
magistrates, were composed. A constitution was estab-
lished here, favourable to the rights of the people, and per-
haps judiciously modelled between the two extremes; but
it now forms an integral part of the French, empire. The
citizens of both sexes are remarkably well instructed ;" and
it is not nncomnion," says Dr. Moore, " to find mechanics,
in the intervals of labour, amusing ihemsclves with the
works of Eocke, Montesquieu, and Newton, and other simi-
lar productions. '\ It is 40 mihs N. !v of Chamberiy, and
1-26 N. \V. of Turin. Lat. 4(i. ^■2 N. Ion. 6. 10. E.
GENE'VA, «. [from sv;itij(', Fr. a juniper-berry] a spiri-
tuous liquor distilled from juniper-berries.
GE'NIAE, «. [n-ram/u, I.at.] that contributes to propaga-
tion. That clierishes, supports life, or causes cheerfulness.
Natural, or native.
GF;NI \ ELY, fF'^ naturally ; cheerfully.
GENICULATED, (7.[froin genieulutn, a little knee, Lat.]
iiibotanv, knotted, or jointed.
CiENICUEATlON, s. [from gmicvhim, a little knee, Lat.]
knoltiiiess ; the quality in plants of having knots or joints.
CJE'NIO, ,«. [Ital.] a person of a particular turn of mind;
the turn, disi>osition,or cast of the mind.
GENITALS, s. not used in the singular; [from genitalis,
Lat-l the parts contributing to generation.
GE'NITINCt, s. [a corruption of jmieton, Fr. signifying
Jane, supposed to be so called in honour of some lady of
that name] an early a|iple gathered in June.
(•E'NITIVE, a. Igenitiviis, from gcnero, to generate, Lat.]
in grammar, one of the six cases, by which property or pos-
•ession is chiefly implied.
GENIUS, », [Lat.Ja supposed protecting or ruling power
of men, places, or things ; a person endowed with faculties
superior to another ; a perfection of understanding; a dis-
jxisitiun by which any person is by nature qualified or iii-
rlined loany particular ttienee or employ nicnt; nature or
^^lispositiuit.
(iF/NOA, a city of llily, lately caiiila! ofa repulilic of
the same name, exteiKbu^ along the ;;iil(ih of ( lenoa lo."-
about I'iO miles ; but of an unequal bi<aillli, vary iiig from
H to '20 miles. In the year IKO.') this coiiniry was annexed
to France, and now lornis an integral part of the French
em|>ire. The city of (ienoa is about 10 miles in circumfe-
rence, and built like an aniiiliilhealre. The houses are 6 to »i
stories high, ami well built, and the palaces and public
buildings are numerous. 'Ihe harbour is large anrl good,
and, to preserve it, they have built a mole, fyiO pacts lout;,
l;! broad, and lofeet above tlie \v\v\ of the water. It is po-
pulous, and (Hie of the most commercial places in Italy.
They have manufactures in velvet, plush, damask, and silk;
ami the banking business is carried on extensively. The
ordinary revenue was about SfiOjOOO/. a year. 'J'lie govern-
ment was purely aristocratic, consisting of a great council
of SO persons, ch()sen out of the ol<l and new noljilily, in
whom the legislative authority resided; but Iheadministia-
tion of affairs was vested in a senate, consistnig of a doge
and 2 senators. The nobility are often employed in tr-ide,
and generally keep two or three years' provision of corn,
wine, and oil in their maijazines, which tliey sell to the peo-
ple in scarce times. The Genoese fleet, antiently cele-
brated tor its victories over the Saracens,Pisanese, Venetians,
Spaniards, and Turks, and a long time masters of Sardinia,
RIalta, Majorca, Minorca, Caiulia, Cyprus, Ihe Crimea, and
other places in the archipelago, is now reduced t ) six gal-
leys. It is 62 miles S. E. of Turin, and 2«-l N. W. if
Rome.
(iENTET.L, a. [gentit, Fr.] polite or eleg'^nt in behaviour
oraddress; graceful or elegant in mien.
GENTE'ELY, ail. according to tin rules of polite breed-
ing ; elegantly ; "jracefully ; handsomely.
GEN'TE'ELNEsS, s. elegance; gracefulness; polite-
ness.
CiE'NTIAN, s. a plant distinguished from others in tiK
same class and order by having tubular blossoms.
GENTIANE'LLA, '{genshiatiellii) s. a kind of blue co-
lour.
GENTILE, s. [genlilis, Lat. J one who worships idols, or
false gods. One who is not a Jew. A person of rank. This
sense is obsolete.
CiENTILE'SSE, s. [Fr.] complaisance; the ceremony
anti address of polite behaviour.
C;E'NTILISM, «. [gentiUsme, Fr.] the worship of the hea-
thens ; idolatry.
CiENTILl'TIOUS, (gentHMious) a. [from gms, a nation,
Lat.] belonging to, or characteristic of a particular nation.
Hereditary; entailed on a family.
GENTl'LITY, s. [geyitiliii, Fr.] good extraction; dignity
of birth ; the class of those \^ ho are well born.
GE'NTLE, a. [from gf»w, a nation, Lat.]of an antient and
good family ; pronounced in conversation genteel in thie
sense. Mild ; tame ; not easily provoked, applied to the
temper; soothing or pacifying. Synon. Gentle animals
are naturally so ; <a»ie ones are so, partly by the art and in-
dustry of men. The dog, the ox, and the horse are gentle
animals ; the bear and the lion are sometimes tame.
GENTLE, *. a person of a good family; a gentleman.
A kind of worm somewhat like a maggot, used for a bait in
fishing.
GENTLEFOLK, t. persons distinguished by their birtli
from the vulgar.
CiE'NTLEMAN, t. [^tiVummf, Fr.] a person of a noble
birth, or descended of a family which has long borne arms.
Chamberlain observes, that, in strictness, a gentleman is
one whose ancestors have been freemen, and have owed
obedience to none but the prince ; on which footing no man
can be a gentleman but one who is born such. But araong
us, the term gentleman is applicable to all above a yeoman ;
so tiwt noblemen may be properlv called gentlemen.
GE'NTLEMANLIKE, or GE'NTLEftlANLY, a. beconv
ing a man of birth.
GE'NTLENi'isS,*. softness ; mildiies* ; sweetness.
GEO
(J F. O
Or.'NTLKWOMAN, j. a woman of birtii, or one superior
•fo llio vul^'-.ir, both in wealth and behaviour.
GKNTLY, w/.soflly; slowly; kin<lly.
(iENTOOS, s. the professors of the religion of tlie Bra-
mins, or Braciiuians, who inliabit Hindostan, in the East
Indies.
GENTRY, s. [from gentle, whence genthry contracted
iu gentry'] a rank of persons between the nobility and the
vulvar.
GENUFLE'CTION, «. [from genu, the knee, mi\ flecto,
" " ' " oendi
pressed by bending the knee.
lo bend, Lat. I the act of
ling the knee ; adoration ex-
GE'NUINE, a. [genidmis, Lat.] pure, or without any spu-
rious mixture; natural; true; real.
GENUINELY, ad. without adulteration ; naturally.
GE'NUINENESS, *. freedom from any thing counterfeit,
or from any adulteration.
GENUS, s. [Lat.] in logic, a class of beings, or one
common nature agreeing to, and comprehending under it
many species, or several other common natures ; thus ttni-
mal is a genus, because it agrees to, and comprehends under
it, the several species of men, horses, whales, lions, S:c.
In botany, a system or assemblage of several plants, agree-
ing in some one or more common characters, in respect to
certain parts, whereby they arc distinguished from all other
plants.
GEOCE'NTRIC, a. [frorag-e, the earth, and hentrm, the
centre. Or. geocentrique, r r.J in astronomy, having the same
centre with the earth. Geocentric longitude or latitude of
a planet is its place as seen from the earth.
GE'OD.ESi.A, .f. [from ge, the earth, and dnio, to divide,
Gr.J that part of jiractical geometry which teaches to
measure surfaces, and to tind the contents of all plane
figures.
GEOD.ETICAL, a. [from ge, the earth, and Ann, to di-
vide, Gr.] relating to the art of measuring surfaces; com-
prehendingor shewing the art of measuring lands.
GEOGRAPHER, (jeografe,) s. [from ge, the earth, and
grnplin, to describe, Gr.] one who can describe the earth
according to the position of its several parts, and is skilled
in making luaps, the use of the globes, and the situation and
extent of the several countries of the world.
GEOGRAPHICAL, (/e"5ra/?/i«0«. [from ^e, the earth,
and graphn, to describe, Gr.J belonging to geography.
GEOGRA'PHICALLY, ad. in a geographical manner;
accord-ing to the rules of geograpliv.
GI':OGRAPHY, (jcografy) s. [from gr, the earth, and
griip/'io, to write, fir.] in a strict sense, the knowledge of the
circles of the earthly globe, and the situation of the various
countries on its surface. In a more extensive sense, it takes
in a knowledge of the seas also; and in its largest sense, a
knowledge of the various customs, habits, and governments
of nations; the ligures, nuignitude, and the ditierent strata
and productions of its soil; the various animals of diflerent
countries; their climates, seasons, heat, weather, together
w ith the art of laj ing their various appearances down in
maps, charts, &c.
(iE'OLOGY, s. [from ge, the earth, and logos, a discourse,
Gr.] the doctrine or knowledge of the nature and state of
the earth.
GEOMA'NCER, s. [from ge, (he rart!;, and manlcia, di-
vination, Gr.] one who pretends to tell future events.
GEOMANCY, ». [from gr, the earth, and nunitrin, divi-
nation, Gr.] the art of casting figures; the art of foretelling
by figures what shall happen.
OEOMA'NTIC, n. [from ge, the earth, and mnnlela, divi-
nation, Gr.] belonging to geonrancy, or formed by a geo-
niancer.
GEO'METER, s. [from ge, Ihecarth, and metrro, to mea-
sure, Gr.j one skilled in the princiiiles of geometry.
GEO.\lETR.\L, «. [from gr, the earth, and mctreo, to
nieasnre, Gr.] pertainini; or relating to geometrv.
GEO.MI'/TRIC, or GEOMETRICAL, a. [fn.m ge, the
earth, and mrtrco. lu measure, Gr.] belonging to, prtbcribid
3H4
laid down by, or disposed according t(., the princip.es of
geometrv.
(GEOMETRICALLY, ad. [from ge, the earth, and meirfo,
to^measure, Gr.] according to the rulesof geometi v.
GEOMETRICIAN, s. See Geometlu.
To GEOAIETRIZE, r. «. [fVom ge, the eaith, and metreo,
to measure, Gr.] to perform ot act according to the princv
pl(\s of geometry.
GEOMETRY, *. [from ge, the earth, and metreo, to mea-
sure, Gr.] the art of measuring the earth, or any distances
thereon ; at present used for the science of quantity, extension,
and maguitude, considered in themselves, and without any
regard to matter. It is divided inlo speculative and jirnrtical.
GEOPO'NICS, f. [from y^f, the earth, and ponus, labour,
Gr.J the science of cultivating the ground ; the doctrine of
agriculture.
GEORGE, (Jorje) s. [Georgins, Lat.] the figure of St
George on horseback, worn by the knights of the garter as
an ensign of their order.
GEORGE I. succeeded on the death of queen Anne to
the crown of Great Britain, August 1, 1714. He was the
eldest son of Ernestus .Augustus, duke, afterwards elector, of
Brunswick-Lunenburg (or Hanover) by princess Sophia,
daughter of Frederic, elector palatine, and king of Bohemia,
and of Elizabeth, eldestdaughterof King James I. He was
born on May 28, 16C0, and succeeded his father as elector
of Brunswick-Lunenburg, 1G98. The regency met, and gave
iunuediate orders for his proclamation. On September 18,
he landed with the prince bis son at Greenwich, and on the
20th they made their public entry through the city to St.
James's, attended by above 200 coaches-and-six of the no-
bility and gentry. The prince royal was declared prince of
Wales; the king was crowned October 20; anew parlia-
ment met, March 17, 1715. In July the king ga^e the
royal assent loan act for preventing tumults and riotous as-
semblies, commonly called the riot act, which is still in
force. Thisyear a rebellion broke out, which was headed
by the carl of Mar, in Scotland, who set up the pretender's
standard in .Septemlier, in the Highlands, and cau-ed him to
be proclaimed in several ()laces ; and the earl of D< rwent-
water and others appeared in arms, in the north of England,
in October, and proclaimed the pretender in several places.
On November 12, they were attacked by the king's troops,
commanded by the generals Wills and Cari)enter, in Pres-
ton, where, after a smart tiring from the windows, finding
all the avenues to the town blocked up by the king's tro">ps,
on the l.Tth they desired to capituiate ; but no other terms
being allowed them than submitting to the king's mercy, on
the 14lh, at seven in the uiorning, they submitted. On the
very day the rebels were subdu( <l at Preston, Siniday, No-
vember 13, the dukeof Argyle defeated the rebel army un-
der the earl of Mar, consisting of about 8 or 9000 men, at
the Riti'muir, about 4 miles from Aberdeen; and the earl of
Mar retreated to Perth, after an obstinate fight, in which
both sides claimed the victory ; though the earlof Mar, be-
ing frustrated in his design ofcrossing the Forth, shewed tire
king's forces had the advantage. On December 22, the
liretender arrived in a Dunkirk privateer in Scotland, where
he was presently met and complimented by the earl of Mar,
and otherof his adherents ; but beingclosely pursued by the
kiuir's troops, (ui Feb uarv 14, the pretender with the earl
of Mar, and some chiefs, found means to make their escape
in a French ship which lay there, soon after which the re-
bels dispersed. Some submitted, and some were taken pri-
soners. Among them was their general Forster, as also tlie
earls of Derwentwater, Nithisdale, Carnwath, Wintown,
and other nobleiHeii. Derwentwater and Kennniir were
licheaded on Tower-hill, February 24, I'l.'VK!; Nithisdale
and VVintovMi made their escape out of the Jower ; and, af-
ter the execution of some of the rebels, an act of grace
I)assed. Robert Walpole, esq. was some lime before made
first commissioner of the treasury, and chancellor of the e.\-
cheipicr ; and aliout the same lime, the parliament attainted
Jamil Culler, duke of Oftuond.of high treason, aud cunlJii-
GEO
GEO
catcd liis estate. A few weeks after, tlie king gave Iiis
royal assent to an act tor enlarging the time of eoMlinii-
ance of parliaments, wliereliy this and future parliaments
were eonlinued 7 years, unless sooner dissolved hy the
crown, instead of 3 years, as liy the triennial act passed ia
the reiijn of king William. The clause in the act of settle-
ment, whereby, after it took place, tin; sovereign was not to
}jo out of the kingdom without consent of parliament,
was ri'iiealed at tlie end of the session; and his majesty,
liaving constituted the prince of Wales guarilian of the
realm in his absence, set out for his (iermau dominions.
July 7, there were frequent niohs and riots of both parties;
and July 28, a nnig house, kept by one Read, where those
who were well all'ected to the Hanover succession assem-
bled, was attacked by the .tacobite party, when they pro-
ceeded to pulling down the house and destroying tlie goods.
The sherirt's of Loudon came, and read the proclamation ;
but this not availing, a paity of the "uards were ordered to
march to the place ; aiul as soon as they apjieared, the mob
disf)eised, but tive of the rioters were taken, tried, ami
found guilty, and hanged at the end of Salisbury court, in
Fleet-street! In November 1717, after the christening of
a prince, of which the princess of Wales was brought to
bed, his royal highness, by some circumstance or other, fell
under liis majesty's displeasure, and was ordered to leave
St. James's, which he did, and went to reside at Leicester-
house. After this, whenever the king went abroad, he
committed the administration of the government to lords
justices ; and all in the kings service were forbid to visit
the prince's court at Leicesteriiouse. Toward the end of
this year a proclamation was published for lowering the
gold-coin ; \v hereby guineas, that before went for l£ 1*. 6<t.
were ordered for ihe future to go for I.€ 1*. On July 31,
Sir George Byng entirely defeated the Spanish fleet in the
Mediterranean, the Spaniards havinij attacked the citadel of
Messina in Sicily, which was agreed to be given up to the
emperor. War was declared against Spain in December
following, both by Great Britain and France. On March 10,
his majesty acquainted the parliament that he had received
intelligence from the French king of an invasion, intended
from Spain, in favour of the pretender. The Spanish fleet
of about 50 transports, convoyed by four men of war, hav-
ing on board the late duke of Ormond, about 5000 men, and
arms for twice their number, sailed from Cadiz ; but was
entirelv dispersed by a storm, which lasted 48 hours. How-
ever, the late earls of Seaford and Mareschal, and the mar-
quis of TuUibardine, landed at Kintailine, in Scotland, with
about 400 men-, mostly Spaniards, and were joined by about
IfiOO Highlanders; but major-general Wightman dispersed
them, the Spaniards surrendering at discretion. Seaford,
Mareschal, and TuUibardine, found means to get back to
Spain. Lord Cobhain took Vigo, and scvend incursions
were made on the Spanish coast this year. The year 1720
was remarkable for the South-sea scheme, when the greatest
part of the nation turned stock-jobbers; South-sea stock
rose and fell till it came to above 1000 ; but it fell faster
than it rose, and many families were ruined by it, while a
few got vast riches. The directors' estates were sold for
the benefit of the siitferers ; and they were incapacitated
from sitting in either I;ouse of parliament, or holding any
office or place of trust, forever. Sir Robert Walpole, who
had resigned, was again made chancellor of the exchequer
and first lord of the treasury ; which posts he held to the
end of tliis reign, and l^ years after. In April, 1720, a re-
concilation of the royal family was brought about, and the
prince of Wales attended his majesty at St. James's. At
his return he was attended by a party of the yeomen of the
Ruards, as also of the horse-guards; and immediately the foot-
guards began likewise to mount guard at Leicester-house.
April 16, 1721, the princess of Wales was delivered of
\Villiam Augustus, duke of Cumberland. On June 22, 1722,
died the great duke of Marlborough, whose obsequies were
perfornied on August 9, with the utmost solemnity and mag-
Diticcnce. A ntw parliament met ou October i), 1722,
wiven the king acquainted them with a conspiracy for ovtr-
turning the established government, and sejtingup the pre-
tender. Christopher 1-ajer, a counseilorof the temple, was
executed at 'J'yburn, May 17, 172:i, and his head fixed upon
Temple-bar, lor being concerii<<l in it. The parliament
passed bills for inllieting (laiiis and penalties on bishop At-
teibiiry, Kelly , and I'lunket, on tiie same account ; whereby
the first was banished, and the two last imprisoned for life.
In 172."», the earl of INlacclesfield, lord higii chancellor, re-
signed the seals, and was fined 30,000jt', and committed to
the tower till he paid it. He was succeeded by .Sir Peter
King, lord chief justice of the (>>mmon I'leas. The same
session, Henry St. John, lord viscount Rolingbroke, was re-
stored tobisestates.aiidanact passed for that purpose, though
he was not restoreil to his title. The same year, 172&, the
order of Ihe Baili was revived, and 37 new knights were in-
stalled; about which time several ol the Scotch Highland
clans were disarmed by general Wade. Toward the end of
this year died, in the castle ot^Ath.len, where she had lived
many years, Dorothy Sophia, who was married to his ma-
jesty 1G82, and by whom he had issue, his late niajcsty, born
October 30, 1G83, and Dorothy Sojjhia, queen (iowagcr of
Prussia, who was born 1G87. On September 3, 1726, ji
treaty was concluded between Circat IJrilain, France, and
Prussia; tiiough the last, in dlVct, soon deserted this alli-
ance; but the States-General afterwards acceded to it. This
treaty was designed as a balance to one which had been con-
cluded between the courts of \ ienna and Rladrid. These
counter-alliances |)ut Kurope again in a flame, and thre«
British squadrons were fitted out ; one sent to the West Irv-
dies, another to the coast of Spain, and the third to the Bal-
tic. In the beginning of tiie year 1727, the Spaniards laid
siege to Gibraltar, « hich, though it was suspended upon pre-
liminary articles for a general pacitication being signed, was
not ratihed till some time after the king's death. The par-
liament, ^vhich met on January 17, was prorogued on May
15. On June 3, his majesty embaiked on board the Carolina
yacht, and landed the 7th at Va. it iu Hollaud, where he lay
that night ; on the 9th he arrived at Delden, between 11 antl
12 at night, seemingly in good health. He set out next
morning about 3 o'clock, was taken ill on the road, and died
at his brother the duke of York's palace at Osnabiirgh, June
11, 1727, in the 68th year of his age, the 13th of his reign.
George I. was plain and simple in his person and address ;
grave and composed in his deportment, though easy, fami-
liar, and facetious iu his hours of relaxation. Before he as-
cended the throne of Great Britain, he had acquired thecha-
racter of a circumspect general, a just and merciful prince,
and a wise politician, who perfectly understood, and steadily
pursued, his own interest. With these qualities, it cannot
be doubted but that he came to England extremely well dis-
posed to govern his new subjects according to the maxims
of the British constitution, and the genius of the people; and,
if ever he seemed to deviate from these principles, we may
take it for granted that he was misled by the venal sugges-
tions of a ministrv whose power and influence were founded
on corruption. From the death of Charles II. to this period,
England made a considerable figure in every branch of lite-
rature. Dr. Attcrbui-yand Dr. Clarke distinguished them-
selves in divinity; Mr. Winston wrote in defence of Arian-
isra; John Locke shone forth the great restorer of himian
reason; Cudworth traced the whole labyrinth of metaphysical
argumentation ; the earl of Shaftsbury raised an elegant
though feeble system of moral philosophy; Berkeley, after-
wards bishop of Cloyne in Ireland, surpassed all his contem-
poraries in subtlety ,"aiid variety of metaphysical arguments,
as well as in the art of deduction. Lord iBolingbroke's ta-
lents as a metaphysicianhave been questioned since his post-
Iiumous works appeared ; great proTress was made in mathe-
matics and astronomy by Wallis, Halley, and Flamstead ;
the art of medicine owed some valualile improvements to
the classical Dr. Freind and the elegant Dr. Mead. Among
the poets of this .era we numher John Philips, author of a
didactic poem called Cvder, a perfoiniaiice of real uiiif it , he
3ti3
GEO
GEO
lived and died in obscurity ; ^Villiam Congreve, celebrated
for his comedies, which are famous for wit, elegance, and
regularity ; Vanburgh, who w rote with more nature an<l
fire, (hough with less art and precision ; Steele, who in his
coiiicdiessuccessfully ingrafted moilerncharacters onthean-
tieiit drama ; Farquhar, who drew his pictures from fancy,
rather than from nature, and whose chief merit consists in
the agreeable pertness and vivacity of his dialogue ; Addi-
son, whose fame as a poet greatly exceeded his genius,
which was cold and enervate ; though he yielded to none in
the character of an essayist, either for style or matter ; Swift,
whose muse seems to have been mere misanthropy ; he was
a cynic rather than a poet, and his natural dryness and sar-
castic severity would have been unpleasing, had not he qua-
lified them by adopting the extravagant humour of Lucian
and Rabelais ; Prior, lively, familiar, and amusing; Howe,
solemn, Horid, and declamatery ; Pope, the prince of lyric
poetry, unrivalled in satire, ethics, and polished versifica-
tion ; the agreeable Parnel ; the wild, the witty, and the
whimsical Garth ; Gay, whose fal)les may vie with those of
La Fontaine, in native humour, ease, and simplicity ; and
whose genius for pastoral was truly original. Dr. Bentley
ttood foremost in the list of critics and commentators. Sir
Chrlstopiier Wren raised some noble monuments of architec-
ture. The most remarkable political writers were Dave-
nant. Hare, Swift, Steele, Addison, Bolingbroke, andTren-
chard.
GEORGE II. (then in the forty-fourth year of his age)
was proclaimed king of Great Britain on the 15tli of June,
1727, being the day after the express arrived with the ac-
count of llie deatii of his falher. All the great officers of
state continued in their places ; Sir Robert Walpole kept
f>ossession of the treasury; and the system of politics estab-
ished by the lute king underwent no alteration. The parlia-
ment meeting on the 27th, both houses presented addresses
of cond<jlenc!" and congratulation. Tlie •2mh, the commons
resolved unanimously to grant to his majesty the same civil
list, viz. 700,oon£ per annum, as had been enjoyed by his
father. On the 7tli of August this parliament was dissolved,
and a new one summoned. On the 11th of October the co-
ronation of the king and queen was performed at Westmin-
ster .^bbey with the usual solenniity. The 23d of January,
1728, the new parliament met, when warm disputes passed
on the increase of the national debt ; the debates, however,
terminated in favour of the ministry. On the 27th of May
his majesty put an end to the session. In the beginning of
JJecember his majesty's eldest son prince Frederic arrived
in England from Ilanover, where he had hitherto resided ;
was introduced into the privy council, and created prince of
Wales. The congress opened at Soisions, for determining
ail disputes among the powers of Europe, proved ineffectual.
The Spaniards still continued thi-ir depredations with impu-
iiilv on llie connnereeof Great Britain. The court of Spain,
imlced, at this juncture, seemed cold and indifferent with re-
t;ard to a pacification with England. It had renewed a good
lii}<lerstandiiig wilii France, and now strengthened its inte-
rest by a double alliance of marriage willi the royal family
of Portugal. The inl'auta of this house was betrothed to the
prince of .Asturias ; while the Spanish infanta, formerly af-
iiaiK-ed to the French king, was now matched with the prince
of Brazil, eldest son of his Portuguese majesty. The iiarlia-
ment meeting, according to their prorogation, on the 21st of
January, 1729, in consequence of pelilions delivered from
Ihe merchants of Eondon, Liverpool, and Bristol, complain-
ing of the Spanish jlepredations ; the commons addressed his
niajeoly to use liis utmost endeavours to check such depreda-
lions; in answer to which the liing assured them that he
would use the best endeavours to answer the desires of his
peojjlc. An in(piiry was made into the slate of the public
j;aols ; and it at>|)eariug that great cruellies had been (irac-
tised in (hem, paiticularly on Sir William Rich, baronet, who
was I'nuiid in the Fleet prison loaded with irons, by order of
the warden ; Thonras Band)rirlge,tlie then war<leu, and John
II itJgins, (he- late, <lc, were couuuitlcd dose prisoners to
381
Newgate. The lltli of May the king put an end to (lie ;■«».
sion ; and, having appointed the queen regent, w ent to Ger-
many in order to settle some ddferences between the re-
gency of Hanover and the king of Prussia. The par- ,„„„
liament assembling on the 13th of January, his niajesty
congratulated them on his having concluded a peace with
Spain. His speech, however, produced warm debates in
both houses, in which the treaty (jf Seville did not pass in-
quiry without severe aniuuidversiou. The emperor was sxt
greatly offended at this treaty, that he prepared for war.
Being in want of money, he set (ui foot a negociation for a
loan in England, of 4(i6,tiOO,£ which alarmed the ministry,
who imagined that it would be made use of to disturb the re-
l>ose of Great Britain ; and ihercfore a bill was brought in,
lo prevent the subjects of England from lending money to
foreign powers, wilhout the king's licence for that purpose,
and was carried into a law. An endeavour was now mads
to lay open the East India trade, ihecharterof that company
being then very near expiring. April the ttth, petitions wars
presented to the house ofconnm.ns for that purpose; but not-
withstanding their being warmly recommended by Sir John
Barnard, and oilier eminent merchants, they were rejected,
and the exclusive privilege vested in the company was pro-
tracted, by act of parliament, to llie year 176G. \ ariou3
other bills passed this session: the salt-tax was reduced; and
a most excellent act passed for the belter regulating of juries,
which now prevents their being packed. The parliament
vras then prorogued to the 1 itli of July following. During
this year every part of the kingdom was infested v\ ith rob-
bers, assassins, and incendiaries. The sessions of par- .-,„-
liament openeil on Jan. 21. The emperor and his mi-
nisters still continued (o exclaim against the treaty of Seville.
The address of thanks for his majesty's speech gave rise to
strong debates in the house of connnons. About this time a
famous periodical paper, entitled the Craftsman, made its
appearance. The late lord BolinLibrok? assisted in writing
it ; but the avowed iiatron was said to be Mr. Wiiliam PuU
teney, who fought a duel in the (ireeii Park with lord Her-
vey, on occasion of a remarkable political pamphlet. All
law proceedings were ordered to be no more in Latin, but in
English. The duke of Parma and Placcntia dying in Janu-
ary this year, the imperial troops took possession of those
Duchies ; though by the treaty of Seville they were guaran-
tied to Don Carlos, son to the king of Spain, and were also
bequeathed to that prince by the late duke, in case the child,
of which he then supposed his duchess to he pregnant, was
still born, or should die at"ter its birlii. Though this step
seemed to threalen an immediate war, his Britannic majesty
and the States (ieneral interposed ihoir mediation so elfec-
tually wilh the emperor, that ne concluded a iieaty with
them, consenting to withdraw his troiips from Parma and
Placentia, on condition that the conlraetiug poweis con-
cerned in the treaty of Seville should guaranty the Pragmatic
SanctioUjOrsuccessionof the Austrian hen dilary dominions,
to the heirs female of the emperor, in ease he should die
without male issue. A new trealy, conlirming this, was af-
terwards signed at Vienna, on July 22, between the cmpe-
rorand the kiugsof (ireat Britain and Spain ; and the States
General, afler many dilliculties, at last acceded to it, by
which the Oslend East India company was abolished. In
consequence, Sir Charles Wager saileil with a licet for
Spain ; Don Carlos was <piietly settled in Italy ; and, on the
duchessof Parma not proving pregnant. Sir Charles returned
lo England. The parliament met on (he 13tli of Ja- ..^^
nnary, when (lie dispute for and against a slaudiug '
army was carried on, on bolli sides, wilh e(|ual warmlli, and
sometimes acrimony. A bill passed both houses for reviving
thcsalt duties. The affair of ihe cluiri(abie corpoiation be-
ing brought in, it appeared that some of its managers had
been guilfyoflhe most iniipiiloiis proceedings; upon which
Sir Rober Sutlon and Sir ArchihaM (irani, were expelled
ihe house. On (his occasion, a Idler from Belloni, the pre-
(euder's hanker a( Rome, relali\e lo the charilahle lorpo-
ration, was burnt by the common han;;uian at (lie Rojiai
GEO
GEO
Exchange. A most infaranus fraud was disrovcrcd iiv lord
Gajjf ii) the sale of tin- li)it'eit!'<l oslate of tin- l;il<- t;iil of
Derwoiifwatcr; forvvliuli scrjcunl Rircli aiiO Dciinii Bond
es(i. were expeili'd the house. The sfssioii was closed the
1st of June. Tliis summer his majesty visited his deiman
doininions ; thequten heiiij; left as ie{;i-i i. 'I'he eoloiiv of
Georgia was planted now by general ()}fl''llio pe. Tlic fol-
lowini; remarkable instance of suicide happened in Enj,daiid
this year. Richard Smith, a book-binder, and piisoncr for
debt within the liberties of the Kins's-benrh, pi-rsuaded liis
Wife to follow his example, in tnakin>; :'way «ith liers.df,
after they had murdered their little infuil. This wretched
pair were in the mouth of Aprd found liau^' nu iu llu-ir bed-
chamber at about a yard's dislanic from each other ; and in
._»„ a separate apartment Ihe clidd lay dead in a cradle.
' The session of parliamcnr, which opened on Jiin. IG,
besides the usual debates on the pension bill, standinfjarniy,
and Ihe Siianish depri'dalioiis, was dislin^uishcd by the fa
mons ErriVc SV/zz-mc. which hid almost |)rodiiced a rebi- lion
anioii<; the peoi>le, wlio clamoiiied so loudly afjaiiist it,
thriiu-jh all parts of Ihe Uinijtlrim, thai the ministry Ihoimht
proper to drop thedesinn. Theconimons voted MO,Ol)0^ as
a marria^e-dower for Ihe princess royal, who was niariied
to Ihe prince of Oianye (uho came to F.nifland in No-
vember) on the 14lli of "'hirch in ihe followin;; \ear. They
also voted lO.OOOiC for the ininose of tniiisnortini; a };reat
nund)er of protestant Sal!bu''.;he's, (who had tied their na-
tive coiuitrv on account of a peiset'ution raibcd ajtainst ihem
on the score of their relif;ion) tothe iidaiit -olony of Georj/ia.
The session ended on the4lh of June. On the first of Fe-
bruarv this year died Augustus II. kin;j ofPoland, which
cave rise to a dreadful war iu Europe. Three parties were
formed on this occasion ; one iu favour of Stanislaus, another
for the elector of Savony, and a third for a native of Poland,
exclusive of Stanislaus. «ho«as then in France, and was at
last proclaimed kin>; of Poland. Beinj; his most Christian
majesty's father-in-law, he was irreatlv assisted bv that 'iio-
sarch, and arrived by laud at Warsaw. Immediately the
French kind's troops uwler the duke of Berwick marched to
the Rhine, and were veiy s\iccessful. Their arms were
cquallv triumphant in Italv. An alliance had l>een projected
betv< ecu France, Spain, and Sardinia, in order to raise Don
Carles to the thrones ofNapi'S and Slcil-, . Oukede Villars
couiiiianded underlhe king of •Sardinia in Ilalv. where their
anus made a vei-v rapid progress against the iiirierialists,
froiu uho'uthe- to(>A ■aiivtowns. About this time the earl
of Oivsl.-iticH r:'si' ii^d Ms post of lovd high sten-.id ; the
dii'>P of iioltou am* lord Cobhaiii uere di priverl of iheir re-
gi;iients: and lord King resignnig the ofice of chancello', it
was conferred on [Mr. Talbot, together with lh<' title of a
173 1
baron. The parliament was opru'd on the 17th of
January. In ih's session, which was no less f-rtile
iu dis|)iites between the miiiistrv aiul oooosilion than anv
of the preceding, a bill to prevent the infnmous praitice of
stock-jobbing was carried throuidi both houses, and passed
into a 'aw foi three years. On the Ifith of 'Npril the session
end d. soon alterwhii-hthe parliament wasdissohed. About
this time lord Stair was deprived of his regiment of dragoons
for h>scondu(t iu parliament. On the continent, kiuf Sta-
nislaus was obliged to flv secretiv from Uanlzic, and le ive
the crown of Poland to Augustus, elector of .Saxou\. The
French were verv successful in Geimany. Prince Eugene
eommanded the imperial armv ; and the cluke of Berwick,
who headed that of France, was killed before Phdip^Iuirgh.
There was a veri blood ■ cann^jign iu Ilalv. Don - ailos
took possession of Naoles, of which his Catholic niaj'stv had
declared him king. Count de Me ci, who command'd the
imperialists, was slain in the battle of Parma. Mtirshal
Broglio. a French general, was routed, an.d lost :dj'>ul 2li(K>
men. The great success of the F'ench was owing clrefly
to the braverv aivl conduct of the king of Surd'nia. Eng-
land, during these transactions, preserved aneuttality; and
iUepi up a grea; naval force under the coiimiand of Sir John
Norris, aa able, though not a successful commander. Ne-
3 D
Rociations were entered into at the Flaguc for peace. Con-
siderable a ui.inieiils were carrvuigon lu I'ingI iiid, in order
to preserve its tr.iniiuillily. The pretenrler'b eldest sou
seived with peculiar m;rks of distinction in Ihe army ol Dou
Carlos. TIk' new paliuineut was opened oi Jan. II. , ,
The election ot the Ifi Scoti h peers »iigrossed Ihe at-
tention of the public and the parliamiiit tor some time.
Great alterations were made ni the I'litiny bill ; the ortu .^rs
who enlisted men were required lo ta: ry every person who
enteud, before a magistrate, in o'derfor such person to
declare his assent ordissi nt. His majesty was addressed on
Ihe Spanish depredations; hut Ihe session breaking up on
May m, nothing was done in that uiattor. S(ioii alter Ihe
king visited his Gernuin dominions, h aving Ihe queen te-
gent. The conferences si ill conlinued atlhe Hague ; where
at last a suspension of arms was agreed on, during w liii li
the negociatioiis for a general peace in (Germany and ll i.y
were continued. A qua.rel breaking out between the courlj
of Madrid and Lisbon, the latter applied for assistance to
the king of Great Britain, who sent Sir John Norris, with a
powerful squadron, to Lisbon. The parliament met on .-o^.
.Ian. I '>, and repealed the old statutes of England and '
Scotland against conjuration, witchcraft, and dealing with
evil spirits; and passed an act for restraining the retail of
spirituous liquors, the inoi liiiain act, another for the preven-
tion of smuggling, and another for building a bridge at
Westminster. The session closed <in May '20, soon after
which the king paid a visit to his fietnan dominion?.
On the 27lh of \pnl the prince of Wales was married
lo the princess of Saxe Gollia. The other reniaikable
incidents of this vear were these; the king erected a
new post of honour, entitled ficdd-marshal of theaimies
of Great Briiain. A gvc^at disturbance happened at Edin-
burgh, occasioned by the execution of one Wilson, a smug-
gler. Porleous, captain of the city-guard, having com-
manded the soldiers to lire among Ihe populace, several
innocenl pi'rsons weie killed ; Porteous, being trie'd for liii
life, was found guilty ; but being lespited b\ the queen
(then regent,) the mob forced open Ihe prison cloois, drag-
ged forth Porteous, and t-.uug him upon a dyer's pole; at
which outrage her majesty and the administration were
greatly oft'ended. There now started up a new state phe-
nomenon, Theodore Baron Stein, born near Cologn, in Ger-
many. He had landed in Corsica, siibjc ct to Ihe Genoese,
who had treated theCorsicans with great rigour. The ba-
ron, being leceived with o|)en arms by the insurgents, was
elected, and crowned their king; upon which he headed
their troops. Failing afterwards in his promises of men,
money, Ac. the Corsivans grew weary of him; whereunon
he left iheir island. He had the air of a gi eat man, but his
parts were not shining, his principal talent being a liltle
cunning; besides which, he was insolent and cruel. By
this lime all the bi lligerent powers in It- ly had agreed to
the preliminaries of peace concluded hetv(een the emperor
and France. Don Carlos was crowned king of Sicily ; '^'a-
nislaus abdicated the crown of Poland ; and .Augustus was
universally acknowledged sovereign of that kingdom. The
prelimina-ii s were aiqiroved and -iccepted b\ the diet of the
empire: the king of Spain sent oideis fo his troops to eva-
cuate Tuscaiiv ; and the provinces in Italy yielded to the
house of Austria. Prince Eugene, who had managed the
interests of the emperor on this occasion, did not live to see
the happy f nils of his negociiilion. He died at Vienna, in
April, at the age of seventy-three, leaving behind him the
character of an invincible hero, and coRsuramate politician.
The beginning of this year was distinguished bv a rupture
in the roval family, occasioned bv the prince of Wales .,„_
carrving awa\ the princess of Wales, then near her '■
time, from, Hamilton court, where their majesties resided, to
St. J;imes'^, where she was that night delivered of the
princess Augusta, now princess of Brunswick. This breach
WHSgreallv widened bv a motion being made in parlianient
(w hi< h was opened by commission Feb. ] ,) to settle lOO,(WOi?
per annum on the prince of Wales, in the same manner hi»
3B5
GEO
GEO
nnjeaty enjoyed it before his accession to the tlirone. This
motion, hov/evei, was carried in the iic;;ative. The most
remarkahle bill.') passed this session were, a bill for punishing
the inU'jistrates in the citv <if Edinlmvj;'' on account ot llie
murder of captain Forteoiu ; and another for limiting the
number ofola\ houses, and subjecting all dramatic pieces to
the inspection of the lord-chain'ierlain, commonlv called the
pht/hoiise bill. In Febniarv died lord chanc llor Taliiol,
iiniveoalb lamented, who was succeeded on the beiuh by
lord Hardwicke ; and on November 20 died qui-en Caroline,
1700 '" ''"' o5tli year of her age. The affair of one Jeiikins,
who was said to have had his ears cut oft" b\ the crew
of a Spanish guarda costa, and nho appeared al the bar of
the house of coniinoiis, (■xcitr<l ^jieat indignation both in
that assembly and in the whole nalion. Petitions, com-
plaining of the Spanish depredations, were presented to the
house from various (jiiarters. An adilress «as presented lo
his raajesiy, who soon after sent a strong s(piiidron to the
A} "fliterranean. The effect of this vigorous disposition was,
that in Scpteuiljer, preliminaries were sigmd for an accom-
modation between the courts of Kuglaud an<l Spiiiu. On
the 24th of Ma-. (O. S.) his present majesty was born. ^ ^
On the 14th of Jan. the famous Convrntimn treaty
was concluded between the courts of (Jreat Bi 'lain and Ma-
drid, which occasioned verv wa'ni debates in both houses of
I'.iriiami'nt, and against which petitions were presented from
all parts of the kingdom. Disputes «ere carried so high in
the house of comnioiis, that many eminent members of the
iiiinoritv retired from parlianifiit, and 40 peers entered their
protest against the address fir thanking hisniijestv ('or lay-
ing the coiiveniion befoie them. Notwithstanding the con-
vention so recentlv concluded, the behaviour of the Spa-
niards was so insolent, thai a rupture with them ln-came in-
evitable. War wasaccoidinglv dedan-d against Spain, and
•admiral Vernon <ent in Julv »i'h a srjuadroii of ships to
annn\ their commerce and settlements n \nierica, v lit ;e in
November, lie t„ok the town of Porto Bdlo. Mr. Wliitlields
followers tivst appeared under the nanu' of Meiliidisis; and
the i-lose of this vear and ihe beg nnnig of the n-xt wer*'
distingnishel bv as great a frost as ever was iuiown in Eng-
land. .\ strong armament being sent against the Spa-
nish We-t Indies under lord Cathcarl, o<-casioiied tin- ''■*"
French to la' aside the neutraht tli v had lipfore (irofessed.
and to decla e in favour of the S
pa man I
bv
f1ei-t
of 12 large ships to their assistance. On the sih of .Vlav,
the pi incess '\l.irv was married hv prow to the oriiiei' of
Hesse Cassel. In .Iiine advice was received from ad uiral
Vernon, t'lat he had bombardrd Carthau'eiia and taken fort
Chagre. On the 20th of October, Charles VI. emperor of
Germany, the last prince of the house of Ausiria, dieO at
Vienna, and was succeeded in. his hereditarv dominions '-v
liis eldestilaughter the archduchess Mar-a Theresa, married
to the grand dnke of Tuscany. Though she succeeded as
qni'en of Hiin.,'arv, by virtue ol the pragmatic sanction gua-
r-i I'ied In all 'h<' powers in Europe, her sneci'ssion pro-
duced such contests as kindled a cruel war in ihe empire.
The voimg king of Prussia was no sooner informed of the
emperor's death, than he en'irid Silesia at the hea<l of
20,000 men. sriied certain Hefs lo which his fnu'lv lai<l
claim, an I imblished a manifesto, declaring that he ha(l
no inteniion lo contiavene the pra'.'nialie sanction. The
el'-ctor of Bavaria refnse<l to ackniiv\l' dge the arch-
duchess as q'leen of Hinivarv and Bohemia. His majestv, in
his spi-ech to the parliament, declared stmn.dv in this
princess's favour : and .?oo,ooo,e were granted lo enable
liiiii to siipourl her. Debates ran ve v high lids session
against the minister and his nieasii'es. A sliong protest
was entered b\ 2t peers. warmU reflecting on ">ir jJoberl
W;'!pole''i manaiieminl <lurin_ th"' coiiise oi the war ; anil a
varietv of inoliceis were iea<le in both houses, tending to
shew the n''(i'ssit\ of removiie^ him from his iiiajest\ 's pre
sence and councils. The \ear 1741 was reinaikabh' for
geperid Weniuorih and a'Imiral Vernon's iinsuciessl'ul e>-
pedition against Carthaijeiia, in which it is computed 20,000
3W5
British subjects lost their lives. The affairs of the coiitii;?,rit
Mere now more than ever embroiled. The queen of Hun-
gary refusing lo coniplv with the ning of Prussia's (Iciuacd
(d" part of Silesia, that isuiniirch prosecuted his conquests v;i tli
gueat apiditv. France resolved to seize this oiiportunity of
crushing the house of .■\uslria. In order to prevent tlit
queen of Iluii^jary from receivingihe promised sui corns from
his Piritaniiic iiiaie.>ly,slie poured a numerous army into West-
phalia, vh'ch producid a nentralitv for Hanover; and the
king of Gri-at Br.iain piomised to vote, at the ensuing elec-
tion of'-aii emperor, for the 1 leclor of Bavaria. The desigii
of the French court was to raise this prince to the imperial
dignitv , and furnisii h:m willi such succours as should enable
him to deprive the queen of Hungary oi her hereditar\ do-
nnnioiis. With lliis view she sent two large bodies of
troops into Germany; a. id the elector of Bavaria, seeing
himself at die he.;d of 70, 000 men, declared war against
her Hungarian m.ij"sl\, and made so rajrid a | rogress, that
Vienna itseJf Has threatened. Being joined by the elector
of Saxoii', he took P'ague, and Wiis crowned king of Bohe-
mia. But b\ III niiig aside to Bohemia, insfead of man liing
to ^'tenlla, he eiilirely ruined h's affairs. In the new parlia-
ment the minster was jitlacKed widi such spirit aiiif vio-
lence, that he resohid to resign He siili attended ,,,„
the house, til tin d ri-,ion of the riiippenllam election. '
wlii<h was c;.r:ieil the 2d February aganst him, by one
vote onlv. He had been tiealed with so little ceremony
during the course of Ihe debate, tliat he protested in the
biltby he would never enter the house again : and prince
Frederic declaring, tliat bethought Sir Boberl Wal| o|e so
great a bar between bis majesty and his people, that he could
agree to no terntsof reconciliation till he should be removed.
Sir JJoberl resolved to retire from power, and give n|i all
his places. This he did accordingly the I lib of February,
after having been createfl bv his nni'sly bavmi of Hou_,hton,
viscoiiii' Wali'ole, and earl of Orford. Tiie day after his
r''signation, the opposition had a grand meeting ; the pur-
port of whuh was, to bring him to justice, and to execute
their constitutional points. The heaOs of the opposition all
met at court, when a reconciliation was made between his
majestv and the oriiice of^Vales. Sir Uobeit Walpole's re-
moval did not alter the mcsures ; but there were many
chang"s 111 the lii.jher emolovments. Mr. Sandvs was ,rp-
pointed chancellor of the exi heqner, lord VVdmington first
loid of tlietreasurv, lord H;>i rin ton lord president, lo' (I Car-
teret secrelM' of state, the niarqnis of'I'weedae secietary
of state for S.(,tlaiid. the dnke ot Nrg'le maslerofthe ord-
nance, and Mr Pnlteney was restored to the dignitx of a
privv-counsellor. A consule ahl* proniolioii was mude of
general otbcers, and great clian.;es in the inferior depart-
ments. \n iiiqnirv was made into the conduct of *sjr Ho-
bert Walpole, in the course of which it ao|)eaed that he had
been gniltv of manv mal-prad ces ; but before Ihe re|)oitof
the committee, who sat for that purpose, was finished, the
parliament was prorogued, and thus the niqnirv dropped.
On the 12lh of Febrnarv the elector of Bavaria v< as chosen
emperor of Germany. However, the «pieen of Hungary's
affairs had taken a very auspicious turn. A bloody battle
was foni;lit at Cyaslaii, between the king of Prussia and
prince ( har!is, in which the former ha<l the advantage. By
the liappv iiitlueiice of his Bi ilaini'e majestv, a Ireafv was
concluded betwi'en Austria and Prussia, \\herebv Sdesia
was ■;iven up lo the latter; to which trcat\ Saxony also ac-
reeded : and peace was proclaimed at Du'sdenSept. 17.
This obliged the Freiii h to retire with great precipitation
and loss to Prairne, which prince Chailes besieged with
(io.nilO men, there beiiii; 2(l.0i men in that cily. Negocia-
fioiis \\eie carrierl on iietween the geneials on the lespec-
five sides. Ourinu the sie^je of Prague, the French made
manv des|ieraie sallies ; Imi being at last pressed In famine,
MaiMebois marched with 42,0(iO men to its relief Count
de Saxe then made his appearance at the hi ad of a French
ariin. Prime Charles tiimed the siege id' Prague into a
blockade. The Aiistrians finding themselves too weak tu
GEO
coiiliiiiie the l)lockiK|p before Prague, raised it ; upon wl^icli
tlie mnrsli;iK I'.ellei>le ;iti(l Jlroyliii rii;irelie(l out o( liuil r Iv,
but were iiftrnvaids forced to relniii into il. Mailleliois
proved himself an able ^'eneral diirin;; all this expedition.
At hist marshal Hellt isle, with f;reat >l\ill and jiidf;nient,
nrarclierl his arnn onl of Prague, and reaihed l''.;,'ra in 12
days \\ ithoiit losing; a man (aeeoidin;; to his own account)
except by the severity of llie weatiier. In order to make a
diversion in favtinrof the i|neeii of Ilmigary, 1G,0()() IJiitish
troops Were endiarked for the Neth'ilands, nnder the com
niand of the earl of Si.iir, wlice they were joined by another
body of flanoverians and Hessians. A body of Aus-
trians had al^o been befoic ass<Midilt(l in that connlry ; but
all these trooDs went into u inter-()uaitrrs w illioul exf ciitinu;
any enterprise. Nov. 17, 171.1, piincess Louisa, his nia-
jesty's yoiniRest danRhter, wm married by proxy to the
nriiice royal of Denmark. Tiie Rriiish fleet nnderSli t ha-
binerO^le uas noways fortnnate in America. Commodore
Knowles "as se',1 out u illi a ;(|ir.\fli(iii of shii>s to attack La
Giiine and Porto Caxalli:, oti the coasts of llie Caiaccas ;
bnl this attempt niiscari ied. He afterwards attacked Porto
Ca\alIo, hut without s. n ess A revcjulicn in the ministry
took place tliis vear. Mr. Pelham beiiii; placed at the head of
the ministry . In th; Netlni lands, the F.n:;lisli ami Fi inch ar-
niipscain"toaiieni;ayenient at the villajje of l^eimiijen. The
order of battle, as diiei led b\ his Britannic majesty, «as
very nnste h. The k-nj; advancing; to the front of his
army, ;,'ave fiesli spirits to the soldiers The British troops
fired too soon, npon the inariliin;; up of the em ni\ ; when
the French black miisquetaires. delachin^ themselves from
their lines, and srallopin;; between the allied foot, were all
cut to pieces. The firiiiff now became ;;eneral ; ulien the
presence of his B itannic majestv, who «as in the posts of
the greatest daii;;er, and beha'ved with the noblest intre-
piditv, fixed the fate of the dav. Marshal Noailles shewed
great braver^ in this battle. The duke of Cnmbeiland, be-
mii in the hottest of ihe enijayetnent, was wcmnded in tlie
calfof the leg. Hereupon marshal Noailles, after losin;; the
flower of his arm\, ordered a retreat, in this battle the
French lost COOO men, and a iiiidiitnde of otlicers, with
some trophies ; and the Fn;,'|isli a.'jOd men. France was
now deprived oflier alilest minister b' tlie death of cardinal
Flenr\, who was succeeded b\ ca'dnial Tencin, a man of a
proud, turbulent, and enterprisiiig dispositu.n. The former
was alwavs a friend to pacific measures, and has been ac-
cused of having neglected the militaiv :;lory of France, and
permitted her naval pover to be almost ainiihilatcd. In
1744, commodore Anson ret rued f'om his expedition round
the world. In ."septeudier, 1740. he had sailed with a small
squadron to the South Sea, in order to annoy the S|)anish
SPtllements of Chili and Peru. Two of his large sh'ps, hav
ing been separated from him in a storm before he weathered
Cape Horn, had put in at Rio de Janeiro, on the coast of
Brazil, from whence thev returned to Europe. Mr. Anson
having undergone a dreadful lempe-t, which dispersed his
fl> et, arri\ed at the island of .luan Fernandez, where he
was joined b\ iht- (Jloucesfe , a shio of the ine, a sloop, and
a pink load d with pnvisions. These were the remains of
bis squadron. He made prize of seve al \essels ; took and
burned the little town of Pa^ ta ; set sail from the coast of
M' xieo for ihe Phdippine isles; and in tuis passa/e the
Glouiester wasabandoned and sunk : the other vessels had
been destroved for want of men to navigate ihem; so that
nothing now remained but the commodore's own ship, the
Centurion, and that but very indifterentiv manned , for the
crews had been horribly thinned by sickness. Incredible
were the hardsliin^ and misery Ihe^ sustained from theshat
tered condilion of the shins, and the seorb'.tic disorder,
when tliev reached the plentiful island of Tinian, where
thev were supplied with the neie-sarv refreshments.
Theuee theiv |)rosecu'ed ih'o vovage to the river of Canton
in ( lena, where the eo«nnu>dore ordered the ship to be
slieafbed, and foiin ' means to prccure a reinfoicement of
tailors. The chief object of his attention was the rich
GRO
annual ship that sails between Acapuleo and Mexico and
i\;auiili., one of the PInlippnie islanils. In hope of itilen f ptr
ing hei, he set sad fiom Canton, and steeied ids course hack
to Ihe straits of Manilla, where she actually tell into his
hands after a short but \ igorous eng; gemcnt. The prize
was called Nueslia Signorade ('abiidonga, mouiiti d wnh4(>
guns, manned withtjoo sailors, and loa<le(l with treasure and
elle( Is lo the \alue of .T1.!,0(K( pouiuls sletling; with ihis
windfall he r( tumid to Canton ; troni whence he pro* ceded
to Ihe Cape ( f (iood Hope, and prosecute. i his voyage to
iMiglaud, where he arrived in safely. Meanwhih the Ficntii
wento4i Willi vi'.;oU' in every (pi.Tler ; thev opposed pi nice
Charles ot Lorntiii ; tlie\ inlerrupled his progress in ins : i-
linipts lo pass file Uliiiie, and ga lied seme successes in
Ilab ; but then cliief <xpi datioiis were | laciil in a pro-
iected invasion of !'ii:daiid. An invasion Iherefore wa> ac
tiially proje( tefl. Chalks, son of the old Chevalier St.
(ieorgr depa.led fioiii I'.i me in the flisgiii^e of a Spanish
(■ourier. proseculiiig his jouini y to Paiis, and had an ;;iiWi-
enceofthe I'leiicli king. The troops designed for tli: , ex-
pedition amoiiiiled lo I.O.Odl); piepaialioiis were made for
einbai king them at Dunkirk, and siiiie oth'-r of the ik an st
ports to I' ngland, under the eye of th<> \oiiiig preti iider. and
7000 of the number actiiallv wint on board. The duki- lie
Roqui leu lie, with 20 sliijis of ihe line, was to see theiii
lanileft safely in FiiL:land ; and couni Saxe was lo coisiiuand
thini, when i lit ashore. The whole proii 1 1, liowi ve. , was
disconcerted by the appearance of Sir John Noriis with a
superior fleet makiii" up against them ; thi Fieiich fle<t was
obliged lo put back, and a very hard gale of wind da-
maged their transports beyond redriss. All hopes of inva-
sion weie now frustrated ; and. at length, the Fii iich
thought fit openly to declare war. But though f iliine
seemed to favou Fngland on this occasion, yet on olliers
she was not equally propitious. The combined fleets of
F'ance and .Spain for some time fought the British aniia-
nient, under admirals Matthews and Lestoek, ihough with
inferior force, and came oft nearly upon equal terms. Such
a parity of success in F.ngland was regariied as a de- ....
feat. Both the l-'nglish admiials were tried by a < oiirt- '
martial; Matthews, who had fought the enemy with intre-
pidity, was declared incapable of serving fo'. the future in
his majesty's navy ; Lestoek, who had kept aloof, was ac-
quitted wiili honour; loi he liad entrenched himself within
the punctilios of discipline : he bareh did his duty ; a man
of lionoir, when his i oniitrv is al stake, should do more. Ihe
proceedings in Ihe Netherlands were still more unfavour-
able. The French besieged and took F; ibourg, before they
went into winter quarters; and eatb the next campaign
invested the city of Touriiav. The allies were lesolved to
prevent the lo^s of this cit< bv a baltle. Their army was
inferior, and tliev were, c oirmanded by the duke of Cuni-
berlaiid. Notw thstind.ng these disadvantages, thev ...,
mar( bed towards the enem\, and took post in sight '
of the French, who were encamped on an emim i.ce ; the
village of Antoine on the right, a wiiod on their left, and
the town of Fontenoy befon Iheni. This i'dvanlageous dis-
position did not repress the aulour if the I'liglish ; on the
.iotli dav of April, the diike off umhirl;ind marched to the
attack at two o'clock in the iiiorning. The Bn-tish infantry
pressed hnward, bore down all opposition, and for near an
hour v(e e victorious. Marshal Saxe was at that time sick
of the same disorder of which he af'erwa'i's diid. He vi-
sited all the posts in a liiter; and saw, lutw ithslanding all
appearances, 'hat the day was his own. T lie I'liLlish co-
lumn, without command, b\ a nieie mechanical coi. rage,
had advancfd upon the enc'mv's lines, which formed an
avenue on each side to rec eive them. The French artillery
began to pla\ upon this fo' lorn body ; and llioimh the- i ou-
tinued a long time unshaken, thev were obliged to ret rat
about three o'clock in the aflemorn. This was one of 'he
most bloody bailies that had been fiiiii,ht this age; the allies
sustained a loss of near I'J.OiiO men, among whom ere
lieutenant-general Sir James Campbell, niajor-gentral Pom
387
r. Eo
GEO
joiibv, t!;ecoloiK!sCarpinter niid Douglas, lieutenant colo-
nel Gee, and a {jnat mimber of other otfiters. Tlie viftoiy
cost the rrt'i!i-h an equal, if not a greater number of hves.
The duke dc Giaiiiout and three other liei.reuant-generals,
four niaiiir-geiK-rai^, aud three brigadiers, were slain.
Among the wounded were two lieutenant generals, three
major geneials, and thirty-six brigadiers and colonels; and
but few of these long survived. This h\ovi, by which
Touruay Wits taken, gave the Frenrli a manifest superiority
all the rest of the campaign, which they did not forego
(hiring tile continuance of the war. The intended French
invasion had roused all the attention of the English niiiiistiy,
nnd nothing but lo\alty breathed througho .t thr; \\ hole
kingdom. The •.■<liiiirdl> Rowley and Warren had relieved
Jhe'honour of the British llag, and made several rich cap-
tures. Loiiisburi;, i • the island of Cape Breton, in North
America, a place of great consequence to the British com-
merce, surrendered to general Pepperel; wiiile, a short time
after, tno French Eastlndia ships, and another from Peru
iiiden with treasure, supposing the place still in possessitm
of the French, sailed into the harbour, and their capture
added to the English success. It was in this period of uni-
versal satisfectioii, that the son of the old pretender resolved
to make an eiibrt at gaining the British crown. Be:ug fur-
nished with some money, and still larger v''0'">''Ps. from
France, he embarked for Scotland on board a small frigate,
accompanied by the marquis of Tullibardine, Sir Thomas
Sheridan, and a few other desperate adventurers. For the
conquest of the whole British empire, he brought with him
seven oftkeis, and arms for 2100 men. Fortune, wLich
ever perseciiied his familv, seemed no way more favouralile
to him: his convoy, a ship offiO guns, was so disabled in
an eiigagenieiit with an I'.nglish man of war, called the
Lion, that it returned to Brest, while he was obli-ed to con-
tinue his course to the western parts of Scotland ; and, land-
ingon the coast of Lochabar, July 27, was in a I ttle time
joined l3y some chiefs of the Highland clans and their vas-
sals. By nieanst>f these chiefs, therefore, he soon sm» him-
selftat the head of 1.500 men ; and invited others to join him
bv his manifestos, which were dispersed throughout all the
Highlands. The ministi-y was no sooner contii mid of the
truth of his arrival, which at first they could scarceb be in-
duced to believe, than Sir John Coi>e wasordered to oppose
liis progress. In the mean liuie, the young adventurer
marched to Perth, where the iiniiecessarv ceremony was
performed of proclaiming the Chevalier de St. George, his
father, king ofGreat Britain. The rebel army desci-nding
from the mountains, seemed to gather as it went. They ad-
vanced towards Edinburgh, which the\ entered without op-
position. Here too, the pageantry of proclamation was
performed, August 17, in which he promised to dissolve the
tiiiion, and redress the griev.iiicf s of the coiiiitrv. But,
though he «as master of the capital, yet the citadel, which
j5oes by the name of the Castle, a strong fortress built upon
a rock, and comur.indcd bv general Cruest, biaved all his at-
tempts. In the ni'an lime Sir,Iuliu Cope, who had pur-
sued them to the Higlilanrls, but<leclined meeting' them in
their d"scent, now reinforced by two re'^iiiients of firagoons,
resolved to march towards Edinburgh, and give tln-m battle.
The young adventurer, unwilling to give him time to re-
treat, attarkeif him near Presttm-Pans, about twebe miles
from the caiiilal, and, in a few minutes, put him antl his
troops totally to the rout. This victory, in wirch the kin^
lost about ."^Xl men, gave the rebels g'<>al inlluence; and
had the pretenfler taken advantage of the general coiister-
lialion, and marchefl lo"a;ils EngliOul, the couseiiuence
might have bfen dangerous to the siiflv of the state; but
he spent the lime at Ediiibiirgli, se'iniiig to enjoy ilr' iisi l> ss
paradeof rovally, pleas'ilat being adibessed ami lieatcd asa
king. Rv this lime he was ioiiied bv the earl of Krlmar-
not-k, the lords Elclio, Italmerino, Ogiivy, Pitsligo. and the
rldesl son of tli<* lord Lovat. While the young |iril' ii<ler
thus trifled away the linn' at Edinburgh, (for all dehi' s in
dangermis enterprises are even ivoi^e thau defeats) the
ministry ofGreat Britain took every possible measure to St*.
feat his intejitions. Six thousatid Dulth troops, that Ii:i4
come over to the assistance of the crown, Here sent north-
ward, under the coniiuand of general Wadi-; but, a;, it was
then said, these could lend no assistance, as they wcie, pro-
perly speaking, prisoners of Fiance, and upon their parole
not to oppose that power for the space otoiie year. How-
ever tliis be, the duke of Cumberland soon atlir arrned
from Flanders, and was followed b\ another delachnif nt of
dragoons and infantry ; volunteers iu ditfereiit parts ol ihe
ingdoui employed themselves in the exercise of arms; and
very county exerted a generous spirit of indignation, bcjth
agaiiist the ambition, the religion, and the allies, of the young
adventurer. In the mean time, Charles went forward witli
vigour; and, resolving to make au irruption into England,
he entered it by the western border. On the 6th day of
November Carlisle -was invested, and in less than three
days it surrendered. Here he founil a considerable quantity
of arms, and was declared king of (ireat Bntain. General
Wade, being apprised of his progress, advaiiceil across the
couiitr\ from the opposite shore ; but receiving intelligence
that the enemy were two days' march before him, he retired
to his former station. The young pretender now res"lved
to proceed, having received assurances from France, that a
considerable body of troops would be landed on the southern
coast of Britain, to make a diversion in his favour, and flat-
tered willi the hopes of being Joined by a large body of
English nrjlcfoutents, as soon ashe should make bis appear-
ance among them. Leaving therefore a small garrison in
Carlisle, which he should rather have left defenceless, he ad-
vanced lo Penrith, niar< hing on foot in an Highland garb,
and continued his irruption till he came to Manchester,
wheieheestablisliedhis head-quarters. He was here.joiued
by about 200 Englishineu, who were formed into a regiment,
under the coniiuand of colonel Towiiley. From thence he
piosecuted his route to Derby, intending to go bv the way of
Chester into Wales, where he hoped for a great number of
adherents. He was by this time advanced y\ilhin 100
milesof the capital, which was filled «ith terror and confu-
sion. The king resolved to take the field in person. Tlie
volunteers of the citv were incoioorati'd into a regiment.
The practitioners of the law agreed to take llie fiehl, with
the judges at the r head. Even the managers of the theatres
offered lo raise a bodv of Ihtir dependants for the service of
their country, ^'et tliesi' combinations onlv served as in-
stances of tiie national tei ror ; for the trading part of the
city, and those concerned in the mone< lorporatioiis, were
overwhelmed will) dejection. Thev could hope for little
safety in the courage or (bsi.ipline of a militia ; especially as
tlicv every hour dri-aded'an invasion from France, and an
insurrection of the ISoman Catholics, and other friends to the
expelled f.imib . This therefore «as the moment for tlie
advancement of the adventurer's enterprise. Had Jie
marched up.to the capital, he would undoul<teill\ ha\e been
joined bv seve al secrelK attached to his cause. But he de-
termined <inee more to retreat to Scotland ; and thus his
scheme was defeated. In fact, he was but iioiMiiallv the
leader of his forces. His generals, the chiefs of Highland
clans, were, from their education, ignorant, and, fiom their
inrlepend' iic\, obstinate. They each embraced peculiar
systems, and began to rontend with each other for the pre-
eminence ; so that atler violent disputes, they resolverj to
march back. They elloeted their rilreat to Carlisle « ith-
out anv loss; an'* from thence crossed the rivers Eden and
Solwm intoS<-oil;tnil. In this irruption, however, they pro.
served all llii' rules of war; they desisted, in a great mea-
sure, from rapine; le\ieil coiitiibiilioiis ; anri, in the iisUal
form, left a tiarri-on nt Carlisle al their retie:! ; which, a
shorttinu' alter, in ihe number of 4W), surrendereH to the
duke of Cumberland prisoners at discretion. The pretender
being returneil lo Scotland, proceeded lo Glasgow ; fmm
which city he evai teil severe contribulions. .■Viivanciiig to
Stirling, be was joined b\ lord Lewis Ciorrlon, at tht' head
of some forces which Imd beeu assembled in bis abkcoce
GEO
«.; i; if
Otlicr cl.ins, to the nunil)er of two t!imis;i:i(l, cHine In like-
W'ibf ; Sp;iii) sent liiiii some supplies (ifiiioiifv ; iiiid, in one
or two skiiDiislics with tin- royalists, liis ;;iiir ills caiiie oft'
Willi victory ; so that liis aflairs oikx' more sfciiieil lo wear
an aspect ot suctt-ss. IJi'iii^ joined l>y lord John Dniiii-
niond, he iiiveste<l the castle oC Slirliii^, coiiiinaiKled by
SUK'ral Blakenev ; but his foees, beiiif; unused to sie};es,
<:oiisuiium1 iiiiieli time to no purpose, (ieneral Ilawlev, who
coiniiianded a eoivsidorabie body oi'forces near Kdinbur^h,
iiiKl«rlook to ruise the sie{;e. lie ailvancod towards the re-
bel army, and rendezvoused his whole forces at Falkirk,
while tlip rebels lay encamped at no j;rc;'i distance. After
two days iiuitually examining each other's streiiiflh, the re-
bels, on the 17tli day of January, came on in full spirits lo
attack the king's army. 'J'lie pretender, who stood in the
front line, gave the signal to tire ; and the first volley served
to put Hswley's forces into confusion. The horse retreated
w illi precipitation, and fell in upon their own infantry ; the
rebels followed theirblow ; and the greatest part of the royal
army fled with the utmost precipitation. Tliey retired in
confusion to Edinburgh, leaving tile field ofliattle, with part
of their tents and artillery, to the rebels. This was the end
of all their triumphs. Rut a new scene of conduct was new
^oiiig to open; for the diike of Cumberland, at that time the
favinirite of the English army, had put himself at the heail
of tile troMps at Edinburgh, which consisted of about four-
teen thousand men. He resolved therefore to come to a
battle as soon as possible ; and marched forward, while the
young adventurer retired at his approach. The duke ad-
Vcijiced to Aberdeen, where lie was Joined by the duke of
(jordon, and some other lords, attached to his family and
cause. After having refreshed his troops there for some
time, lie renewed his march; and in twelve days came upon
,«.„ the banks of the deep and rapid river Spey. This
was a place wlieretlie rebels might have disputed liis
passage ; but they seemed now totally void of all counsel
and subordination, without conduct, and without expecta-
tion. The duke still (iroceeded in lii< nursiiit ; and, at
length, had advice that the enemy bad advanced troni In-
verness to the plain of Cnllodt n, vliicli was about nine
miles distant, and there intended to give him battle. On
, 11 , this plain ihe iJighlanders were drawn up in order
*" of battle, to the number of eig^it thousand men, in
thirteen divisions, supplied with pieces of artillery. Tiie
battle began about one o'clock in Ihe afternoon ; the can-
non of the king's army did dreadful execution among the
enemy; while theirs, being but ill served, was inettectual.
One of the g'eat errors in all the pretender's warlike mea-
sures, was his subjecting undisciplined tmops to the forms
of artful war, and thus repressing their native ferocity, from
which alone he could hope for success. After they had
stood the English fire for some time, they at length became
impatient for ploser engagement ; and about five hundred of
them attacked the English left wing with their accustomed
fierceness. The first hne being disordered bv this onset,
two battalions advanced to support it, and galled the enemy
by a terrible and close discharge. At the same time the dra-
gofins, under Hawlev, and the Argyleshire militia, pulling
flown a park-wall that guarded the enemy's flank, and \thich
Ihe rebels had left but feeblv defended, fell in among them
sword in hand, with ^reat slaughter. In less than thirty mi-
nutes thev were lotaTlv routed, and the field covered with
•heir wounded and slain, to the number of about three thou-
sand men. The duke, immediately after the decisive action
at Culloden, ordered six and thirty deserters to be executed ;
the conquerors spread terror wherever they came; and, af-
ter a short time, the whole country round was one scene of
jilaiighter, desolation, and plunder;. justice seemed forgotten,
Bud vengeance assumed the name. In the mean time, the
unhappv fugitive adventurer wandered from mountain to
mountain, a wretched spectator of all these horrors, the re-
sult of his ill-guided aiiibition. He now iinderw ent a siuii-
fcrity of adventures with Tharles II. after the defeat at Wor-
ecsler, He sometimes found refuge in caves and cottages,
without attendants, :'.nd exposed to the mercy of ppa«ant3,
who could pity but not support iiiiii. Soii'»'tiine.sliela\ in fo-
rests, with one or two companions of bis distress, contniually
pursued by the troops of the coiuiueror, as there were thirty
thousand pounds bid fur Ins lieud. Sheridan, an IrrsJj ad-
venturer, was he who kept most faitbiuliy by him, and in-
spired him with courage to support suchiiicrediblchardsl« pi.
He WHS obliged to trust his life to the fidelity ot above fifty
individuals. One day, having wallud fioni inorniag till
night, pressed by hunger, and worn by fatigue, he ventured
to enter a house, the owner of wliivh he well knew was at-
tached to the opposite party : "The sum of your ki«g,"sai(l
he, entering, " coliiei. .o beg a bit of bread and chjthes. I
know your present atlachmeiit to my adversaries, but I be-
lieve you have sufficient honour not to abese my coMfidence,
or to take the advantage of my niisi'ui tunes. Take tlvese
rags, that have for some time been my only covering, and
keep them. You may, pnibably, restore them to me <ine
dav, when seated on ihe tliione of tlie kings of Great Bri-
tain." Hishost was touched with his distress, assisted Iiim
as far as he was able, and never divulged his secret. lu this
nianncr he wandered among the friglili'i.! v.iUK of (;len>;aiy,
fur iiearsix nionlhs.offen hemmed lor.iid by liij, pursuers, but
still finding some expedient to save liim from caiiti\ity iind
death. At length, a privateei of St .Malo, liiied l»y his ad-
herents, arrived iu Lochnacach, in which he embarked, aud
arrived at Fiance in safely. While the prince tiius led a
wandering and solitary life, the scaflolds and llie gihbetc
were bathed with the blood of his adherents ; seventeen of-
ficers of the rebel army were executed at Kennington com-
iiuiii, in the neighbourhood of London, whose constauey iii
death gained more pioselytes to their cause than perhaps
their victories could have done. Nine were executed at
Carlisle; six at Brumpton; seven «t Penrith ; and eleven at
York. A few obtained pardons ; and a considerable num-
ber were transported to the plantations. The earls of Kil-
marnock and Cromartie, with the lord Balmerino, were tried
by their peers, and found guilty. Cromartie was pardoned ;
the other two were beheaded on Tower-hill. Kilmarnock,
cither from conviction, or from the hope of pardoii, owne<l
his crime, and declared his repentance of if. On the other
band, Balmerino, who had from his youth up been bred to
anns, died in a more daring manner. When his fellow-suf-
ferer, as commanded, bid God bless kin^Gcnrge.Balraeriiio
still held fast to his principles, and cried out, God bless kinj
James, and iurti red with the utmost intrepidity. Lord Ij9-
v;it, and Mi. Haib bti, rlie titidar earl of Derw ent wafer, suf-
fered the same i.'iie with equal resolution. The flames of
war still coiiiinued to rage upon the continent with their ac-
customed vielence. The French went fcrv.ard v. ilh rapid
success, having reduced almost the whole Netheriands l«
their obedience. In vain the Dutch negocialed, simj^licatpd,
and evaded war ; they sav, themselves stripped of all those
sirongtowus which def nded their tlominions from invasion;
ami Ihey now lay alniost defenceless, ready to receive terms
from their conqueror-s. The people, in several towns, in-
flamed almost to tumult and sedition, compelled their magis-
trates to declare for the prince of Orange as .Stadtholder,
captain-general, and admiral of the I'nited Provinces. Tb*
vigorous conseouences of this resolution imniedialelv ap-
peared ; all coi'imerce with the French was p oliibite(f ; the
Dutch army was augmented; and orders were issued to
couimencc hostilities against the French by sea and ^
laud. Abou' this time the English made an nnsuccess- '^*
fill expedii'on into France, in order to attack I'prt I'Orient.
in which they came off without any honour. "The French
gained a considerable victory at Koucroux, in Flanders, over
the allies, although it.procured them no real advantage ; and
it cost them a greater nuroherof lives than those whorn they
obliged to retire. The Dutch, in this general conflict
seemed the greatest losers, A victory gained over Ifie aJ-
hes at La Feldt served to reduce them to a still greater de-
gree of distrust of their generals, than they bad hith(rt«
shewn ; but Ihc taking of Bergeu-op-Zoooi, the ^troogett
3ti»
'.;lc.
& r. O
iintification of Outth Biahiint, ami wliitli pjittlic Froiuli in
|>o>-.('s»ioii of the whole navi^'Utioii oi'llic Stlieidl, threw
thtiii almost intodcbpair. But tliese victoiits in i'avoiii ol
I' ranee were eouiiterlialanced . ilh almost equal disappoint
ineiits. In Italy, the Iretich fieneial, iiiarshal liellLisie's
brother, at the lu-ad of tliiilj ("iir thousand men, attempted
to penetrate into I'iediiion; ; but his troops were put to the
lout, and he himself slain. The Frendi king equipped an un
SfUcressfid ariiiament for 111.- reeoverv <if Cape Breton ; and,
not (fis(Ouraf;e(l by this filun. tilted nut hvo squadrons, one
to make a <lescent upon the liritish eohmies in America, and
l_.- the other to assist tlie operations in the East Indies.
Tliese, however, were attacked by Anson and Warren,
and nine of their ships were taken. So<.n after this, com-
modore Fox, with six ships of war, took above forty French
ships laden from St. Domingo ; and this loss was soon after
fotloweil by another defeat, which the French Heet sustained
from admiral Hawke, in which seven ships of the line and
.several frii;ates were taken. This variety of success served
to make all the powers at war heartily desirous of peace.
An aeeommndation was therefore resolved upon ; aiul the
eonlending powers agreed to come to a congress at Aix la-
Chipelle, where the carl of Sandwich and Sir Thomas Ho-
biosoii assisted as plenijiotentiaries from the king of (ireat
Britain. This treaty, which takes its name fiom that city,
was concluded on the 7tli day of October, a lasting instance
of precipitate counsels and iMiglisli humility. In 1749 a
misunderstanding began to break out afresh between his tna-
jesty and the prince of Wales, whose servants, w ith a few
li>dep<iub'iit country genllemen, now began to form a new
opposition in the house of commons. When the parliament
met, they objected to and disputed the address, as well as
every oilier measuie proposed b\ the ministry. The colony
of Nova Seotia was now planted; whirh, however, neither
answered the expectations of the public or its prqjectors.and
which in some measure pro\ed the origin of the war that
broke (■ut in 17.55. There were great pa ■t> -riots at this
time, particularly al Litchfield laces, w here the duke of Bed-
fortl was gros^K assaulted. In 175(t, !\lr. PeUiMni planned
and executed a scheme for lightening the immense load of
the national debt. Tlii^ year the attention of the public was
Very much engrossed bv the Westniiiiiter election, in which
lord Tientham and Sir George Vandetnit were competitors.
The month of February was rendered remarkable by two
shocks of an earthquake that were ver\ sensibb fi It in the
cities of London and Westminster, aiul their enviio s. The
nifiith of May was distinguished by a pestilential fever that
arose from a contagion among the prisoners t led at the ( 'Id
Bailev, and which proved fatal to the lord ma^ o'- of London,
one alderman, two judges, several law \ ers, and a considera-
ble number of spectators that attended the sessions. Dis-
putes first began to arise thisyear between the couitsofFug-
lai,'! and France respecting ihe limits of Nova Seotia. On
the ■2(i(li of March, 17.51, Frederic prince of* Wales died of
a pleuietic disorder, in the 4.5th ve»r of his a-e. He was
possessed of every amiable quality wliieli could engage the
affection of the people ; a lender and obliging husJiand, a
fond parent, a kind master, liberal, generous, cand'l, and
humane ;a miiniticent patron of the arts; an unweariedfi iend
to merit ; well dispos'-d to asseit the rights of mankind in ge-
neral, and warnilv altached to the interest of (ireat Britain.
His roval highness left isstii', 1. Augusta, born August II,
t7:^7, married to th' hereditarv prince of Brunswick, .la-
miarv Ifi, 170). 2. His present iraieslx , b(un May*4, 17.i8,
old styli'. 3. Edward, diikeofYork, born Marcli 14, 17.39 ;
diefl /)n Sept'-niber 17, I7'i7. 4. Elizalx'tli Caroline, born
in Deeember, 1740; died Sept. 4, 17.50. .5 William lleiirv,
'hike of (Jloueester, born Nov. '2.5, 174:?; marrieil to the
eoutitessof Waldegrave, natural daughter of Sjv l^. Walpole,
K. B; died Aug. 25, IWI.5. fi. Henrv Frederic, duke of
Ciinitierlaiid, born Now 7, 171-5, married in Nov. 1771, to
th'- v.idov. Ilorton, a daughter of lord Iruhaiii ; died Sept
1790. 7. I.oui^a Anne, ho'ii Mar( h s. 17I!J; since dead.
8. Frederic William, born May 13, 175U; uiid died Dec.
3U0
31, 1765. 9. Caroline Matilda, born July II, »75!, oW
st\ le ; married, Oct. 1, liOfi, 1o Christian \ II. king of Deti
mark, from whom she was repudiated in \7i2, and died io
1775 The prince of Orange also died in Oitober, in the
41st year of his age. In May an. act passed for regulating
the coni'niiiceiiK lit of the year, by which the old st\le was
abohslied, and the new style cstaiilished. This was done by
sinking eleven (lavs in Sept. 1762, and ther.aflei beginning
the year on the first of January. The scrutuiy leiative to
lord Trentluim and .^ii deorge V.mdeput had bien carried
on with iiitimie aciiini rsv, wlien,at last, the foimer loi k his
seat III pailianieiit. iMi. Cro le, one ol SirCreorges coun-
sel, was foiied 1.: ask pardon on his knees of the house ot
coinnioiis; which ^lr. .^jmray, brother to lord Elibank, re
fusing to do, was committed close prisoner to Newgate
'I his \ ear, .\jiss Blaiid>, foi poisoning her father, and Aliss
Jefieries, with one Swan, tor murdering tier ujcle, were
executed, in 1 7 5;J passed the two famous bills for natural
izing the Jews, and for preventing clandestine maniages ;
the former, however, was aiier\>i.r(ls lepealed. Tins year
too «;;s lendered leiiiarUaMe b\ the romaniic aflair of i'.li-
zat.etli Canning, a wench who pretended that on newyear's
day she liad been seizid by two men, undei Bedlain-W.dl,
who ti.ie ofl her clothes, gagged her, and carried her to Eii-
ti< Id Wash ; where (luas wildiy afhrmed)slic had subsisted
almost a month on only a quartern loaf. On this occasion
one Mary .S]nires, a gipsey, w as tried, and sentenced to die,
but afterwards reprieved, to the great joy of all persons of
sense and huina'.iity ; and Canning being tried for perjury,
was transported for life in 1754. The society tor the en-
couragement of arts, manufactures, and commerce, was
founded aboul tins time. In 1754, the public of England
sustained a great loss in the death of Mr. Pelliam, who was
succeeded as prime minister by his brother ilie duke of
NeHca>tle. Aboiil this time intelligence arrived which ex-
cited the most vivid emotions of grief and compassion
amongst all rs-nks throughout the nation. On the first of
Novi nibei, 1755, two treiiienoous siiocks of an earthquake
almost desir(>\i'd the cit\ of Lisbon; they continued for
near a (|iiarlerof an hour, and were immediately followed
by a most extiaordinarv rise sud inHudation of the Ta us.
In the space of a few minutef, a vast number of chinches,
monasteries, and maiiv thousand private h(n:ses, were
thrown to tin grounil. It was coinpuieil ihat ten thousand
of the inhabitants were killed by the fall of lie buildings, or
swallowed up in the charms formed by the numerous and
horrid partings of the eanh. 'Ihe pauiaiiient of Great
Britain generously vote d the sum of one hundred thousand
pounds for the use of the distressed inhalntants of that me-
tropolis. " Amidst the millions expended for the purposes
of devastation and destruction," sa\ s a modern writer, " a
vote of this description seems as a |>,iradise blooming in
the wild." < he barefaced encroachments of the French,
who had built forts on our back settlements in America, and
the disnositions they made for sending over vast bodies of
veteran troops to support those encroaehnii nts, produced
a wonderful spirit in England, especially after admiral
Boscawen was ordered w ilh II ships of the line, besides
afiigate and two regiments, to sail Io the banks of New-
foundland, where he came up with mnl took two Fiei i-h
men of war, the rest of iheir f)< el escaping up the river St.
Lawiciice, bv the stiaits ,.f Bi Ibisle. No sooner was
it known thai hoslilities were be gun, than the (iiiblic of
Eiiglaiul poioid tlieit mone\ into the governiiienl's loan ;
and o<lers were is^ued foiniaking general reprisals in t''u-
rope as well as in .\merica, and tlial all Ihe F ciich ships,
w bethel outward or homeward bound, should be slop|ied
and biought into British ports. These orders w re so eftec-
tual, thai, b( fore Ihe end of the year 17.5,5, above .3(10 of
the ri<liesl Fiein h menhaiit ships, and above HUdO of their
best s; ilors, were hi ought inio British poits. This well-
timed nieasuie had such an elle( ', that the French b«id oei-
lliir li;indsto n:'viga e their mer lu'iiliiuu, n.i Io iii.ni their
ships of war ; for about two years aAt; near 30,000 Freiicli
GEO
C. l.O
seanif n wcro fdon.l to li«' prisoners in Eiisl^md. In Julv.sc-
neial UiiiddocU, «lio lia<l Ih'imi iiijutli<i()n:5ly sent IVoiii I'inj;-
laml toaitack \hc lu-nrli and rcdiui' tlu' torts im the ()hii>,
was dcl'ealcd and Killtd by tallin<; in'') w ■iinltiiscadc of llic
Fu'iJtli and Indians near I'oil dn QntsMP ; lint major Hcne-
ral .liilnison di'lValed a l)i)dv of FrtnLli near C'rown I'oint,
of vJioni lie killi-d a.)ont lildO On liie IStli ot' May, X/.Vi,
firtat Britain diilarcil v.ar snlcimiK ayain.-,! I'lance. 'I'lie
Eiifjiish at tills time could not lie b;!id to liaveanv iii^t minis-
ter; some ureat ini'ii ai^reed in notliwi;; but in oi>j)osin<» the
measures oi" the cabinet. 'Ijie Eni;li^h na.vv ni I /.';> con-
sisted of one shi|) of 110 ^'tins, live of KiO ■jnn- each, Ihir
teen ot yo, ei;;ht of 80, live of 74, twiiilv niue of 70, fonr of
6G, one of (J!, Iliirty-lhree of Go, three ofot, tvventy-ei^hl of
60, foil) of 4-1, till ly live of 40, and forty-two of 20, four
sloops of war of 18 si"" each, tuo of Ui, eleven of
14, thirteen of 12, and one of ten, besides a great number
of bombketclies, tire-ships, and tenders ; a fiuce MitH-
eieiit to oppose the united maritime slienylh of all (he
powers of Europe; uhilst that of the French, even at the
end of this year, and iiukidinn the ships then upoii the
stocks, amonnti d to no more than six ships of 80 fjuns,
twenty one of 74, one of 72. fcuir of 70, thiityone of C4,
two of CO, six of 50, and lhirt\-1wo fri-i^ates. In proportion
as the spirits of the public were elevated by those invin-
cible armaments, thev were sunk with an account that
the French had lauded 11,000 men in ivliuorca, to attack
Fort St. Philip there; that admiral B\nf;,wlio had been sent
out with a sjuadron, at least equal to that of the French, had
■been battied if not dettatedby their adiuiial (jalissioniere ;
and that at last Minorca was surrendered by ficneral Blake-
uey. The English were far more alarmed than they (•n;,dit
to have been at those events. Ilie loss of Minorca was more
sliaineful than detrimental to the kinf,'dom; but the public
ouK-ry was such, that the kins ;,'ave "P Bvngto public jus-
tice, and he was shot to death at Portsmouth for cowardice.
It was about this time that Mr. Pitt was j)laced, as secrelaiy
of state, at the head of the administration. He had been
lonij known to be a bold speaker, ami iie soon proved him-
self to be as spirited a minister. The niis( an layes in the
Mediterranean had no consequence but the loss of Fort .St.
Philip, which was more than repaired by l!ie vast success of
the En-jlish privateers both .n Kai ope and America. The
successes of the English in the East Indies, under colonel
Clive, are almost incredible. He defeated Snraja Dow la,
nabob of Bengal, Bahar, and Orixa, a»id placed Jattier Ally
Cdwn ill the antieirt seat t>f the new nabobs of those pro-
vinces. Snraja Dowla, who v^as in tlie French interest,
was, a few days aft'-r his beinjjdefeatrd, taken by the new
nabob, Jattier Ally Cawn's son, and put to death. This
event laid the foundation id' the present amazius extent of
riches and teiritor which the Ennlisii now possess in the
East Indies. Mr. Pitt introduei d into the cabinet a new sys-
tem of operations against France, than which nothing could
be belter calculated to restore the spirits of his countrymen,
and alarm their enemies. Far from dreading an invasion, he
planned an expedition for carrying the aim- of England into
Fiance itself, ami the descent was to be made at Rochfort,
under general Sir John Mordaunt, who was to ccuumand the
land troops. Nothing could be more promising than the
dispositions for this expedilio.i. It sailed on the 8tli oi Sep-
tember, 1767, and admiral Hawke bri'iiglit b(>tl) the sea and
land forces back on the 6tli of October to St. Helen's, witli-
out the general making an attempt to land on the coast of
France. He was tried and acquitted without the public
murmuring, so great an opinion had the people of the mi-
nister, who, to do him justice, did not sufi'er a man or ship
belonging to the English arnr or navy to lie idle. Jan. 6,
1767, the F'ench king was stabbed in liis'side, as he was
getting into his coach, by one Daiuien, w liose impious at-
tempt was punished with the most cruel and excpiisite tor-
tures. The French having attacked the eleitoiate of Han-
over with a most powerful army, merely because his Britan-
nic ln^je^ty refused to wink at their encroachniciits in .Ame-
rica, the Englisli !v,<rliament, in gratitude, voted lar^je sup-
plies of men ami money in defence tif ilie electoral domi-
nions. Fbe duke oi (!umberlau(t liatl been seni thither to
comuiand an army of observation ; hut he had bef-n m. pow-
eifiilly pressed Ic a superior aruiv that lie i"und li'i.,self
obliged to lav down his arms; and the 1 lencli, iinoer the
diikeof Hichlieu, took possession oftir.it electi f;>e, anl its
caiiital. At this time a scarcity next to u fauiine lagi d in
England; and the Hessian trooi>5, who, witu tlu iSjiiove..
rians, h.d lieeii sent to defend the kiiigdom fioiii an inva-
sion i!it<'ii<led by the Fieni h, reui;.ini(l sliil 'ii i.ngiand. .So
many dirticiilties concurring, in 17,''>8 a treaty of mutual de-
fence was agreed to betwi'cn Ins niajejty ;iiid the king of
Prussia: in consi ciuence of v\ Inch the pailiaiiieiit voted
670,000/. to his Prussian majesty ; and also voted large
sums, amountiug in the whole to near two niillions a year,
for the payment of £0,000 of the tro(q>s of Hanover, Hesse-
Cassel, Saxe-Ciotha, Wolfeiibutlrl, and l>uck(d)urg. This
treaty, which proved afterwards so burdensome to England,
was intended to unite the protestaut interest in (iermany.
(jeorge H. with the consent of his Prussian majesty, prc-
teiuling that the French had violated the convention con-
cluned between tlietii and the duke of Cumberland at f'los-
terseven, ordered his Hanoverian subjects to resume their
arms under Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, a Prussian ge-
neral, who instantly (irove lliem out of Hanover ; and the
duke of Mjriborough, after the English had repeatedly in-
sulted the French coasts, by destroying their stores aid ship-
ping at St. Maloes and Cherburg, marched into Germany,
and joined prince Ferdinand with 12,000 Biifish troops,
which were afterwards incieased to 25,0(X). A sharp war
ensued. The i'nglisli every where performed wonders,
and, according to tlie accounts in the London (iazette, they
were every where victorious; but no'hing decisive follow-
ed, and the enemy opened every canvriign with advantage.
Even tlie battle of Miiiden, the most glorious, perhaps, in
the English annals, in which aluuit 70(!O Enidish defeated
80,(M)0 French regular troops in fair battle, contributed no-
thing to the conclusion of the war, or towards weakening tlie
French inCiermany. The English boie the opence if the
war with cheerfulness, and applauded M r Pitt's administra-
tion, because their glorious successes in every other i)art of
the globe demoustraterl that he v. as in eariie-t. Admiral Ros-
cawen and general Amherst, in Ai;gust 17,58, reduced an t
demolished Fouisbnurg, in N. America, which had been re-
stored to the Fieucli by the treaty of Aix-la Chapelle,
and took 6 or 6 French ships of the line. Fronfent'c and
Fort du Qursne, in the same quarter. Cell a'^o into ilie !rc»ucU
of the English; acquisitions that tar overbalanced a check
which the Fnglish received at Ticonderago, and the loss of
about 300 of the English guards at St. Cas, as (hey were re-
turning .iiider general Bligli t'rcuii the coast of Fraiice. The
English ailairs in the Fast Indies this y< ar proMil eciually
fortunate. The lords of the admiralty leieived letter^ from
thence, with an account of admiral Poc< ck engag:ng tlie
French fleet near Fort St. Havids, March 20, in which en-
gagement a French man of wai, callrrl the I'ien Aime, of
74 guns, was so uiucli damaged, that they run heron shore ;
the French had fiiiO l>.ill( d aial wounded on this occasion,
and the English only 20 killed and 89 wounded; that en
August 3d foUowing, he engaged the French fief I a secoiicl
time, near Pondicherry : when, after a brisk firing of ten
minutes, theF'rench bore away with all the sail they could
make, and got safe into the road of Pondicherry ; the loss
of the French in this engagement was 640 k'lled and
wounded, and that of the English only 147; and that, on
December 14th following, general Lally, commaiide of the
French arinv in those parts, n.arched to besiege Madras,
which was defended bv the English colonels Laurence ajul
Draper; and altera brisk cannonade, which lasted till Fe-
bruary IGtIi following, the English liaving received a rein-
forcement of GOO men, general Lally thought proper to raise
the siege, and retire wi:h precipitation, leaving behind hiiu
40 pieces t»f cannan. The vear 1761/ was introduced by the
3<)l
GEO
GEO
takinj; of Irie ista'ul ofOi)rec, on the coast of Africa, by
coniniodoic Keppcl. Three capit;il expeditioiis had lieeii
planned for Ihis year in America, and all of them proved
siicces'ful. One of them was against the French islands in
the West Indies, where Guadalope was reduced. The
second exniKlition was against Quebec, the capital of
French Canada. The command was given, by the minis-
ter's advice, to general Wnlfc, a young otticerof a truly mi-
litary giMi'!;s. Wolfe was opposed with far superior forces by
MontcrtlMi, the liest and most snccessfid general the FrencJi
had. Tlmughthe sit ation of the coiuitry which Wolfe was
to attack, rnd the works the Frencli l-ln"ew np to prevent a
descent of the English, were deemed impregnable, yet
Montcalm never relaxed in vigilance. Wolfe's courage
and perseverance, liowever, surnioiniling incredible ditfi-
culties, he gained the heights of Abraham, near Quebec,
where he fought and defeated the French army, bnt was
himself killed ; and general Monckton, who was next in
command, being wounded, the completion of the Frencli
defeat, and the glory of reducing Quebec, was reserved for
brigadier-general Oiow lord viscount) Townshend. Gene-
ral Amherst, who was the first Knglish general on command
in America, conducted the third expedition. His orders
were to reduce all Canada, and to join the army under ge-
neral Wolfe on the banks of the river St. Lawrence. It is
to the honour of the minister, that Mr. Amherst in this ex-
pedition was so well provided with e»ery thing that could
make it suecesfid, that there scarcely appeared any chance
for its miscarriage ; and thus the French empire in North
America became svibject to Great Britain. The affairs of
the French being now desperate, s»nd their credit ruined,
flii'v resolved lopon an alteiii;>t to retrieve all by an-invasion
of'Great Britain; but on the ISlh of August, 1759, admiral
Boscawen attacked the Toulon snuaflron, commanded by
M. de la Clue, near the straits of Gilirallar, took Le Cen-
taur of 74. I.e Temeraire of 74, and Le INIodeste of 74 puns,
and burnt L'Oceau of 80, and Le Redoubtable of 74 guns.
The rest of the fleet, consisting of seven ships of the line,
and three frigates, made their escape in the night. And on,
November -20, Sir Edward Hawke defeated the Brest fleet,
commanded by admiral Conllans, ofl'the island of Dumef, in
the Bay of Biscay. The Formidable, a French man of war
of JjO gmis, was taken ; the Tliesee of 74, and tlin Superbe
of 70 guns, were sunk ; and the Soleil Royal of HO, ami the
Heros of 74 guns, were burnt. Seven or eight French i!ien
of war of the line got up the river Villaine, by throwing their
guns overboard; and the rest of the fleet, consisting of five
ships of the line and three frigates, escaped in the night.
The English lost on this occasion, upon the shoals of the coasts
the Essex of(j4,and the Resolution of 74 guns. After this en-
jjagement the French gave over all thougnts of their intended
nivasion of Great Britain. In F"el), 17fiO, captain Thurot, a
French marine adventurer, who had, witii tliree sloops of
war, alarmed the coasts of Scotland, and actually made a de-
scent at Currickfergus, in Ireland, was, on bis return, met,
defeate<l, and killed, by captain Elliot, who was the commo-
dore of thrive ships, inf<'rifir in force to the Frencbmati's
s<)uadron. I'^very day's gazette added to the accounts of the
successes of the I'inglish, and the utter ru'ii of the French
finances, whicli that govern'nent did not blush pnbllciv to
avow. In short. Great Britain now reigned as the sole niis-
tressof the main, and had Micceedcd in everv measure that
had been projected for In-r own safetv and advantage. The
war in Germany, however, continued still as undecisive as it
was expensive, and many in Fnglantl begini to consider it
now as foreign to the internal interests of Great Britain.
The French again and again shewed dispositions for I real' iig,
and tlie charges of the war, which now amounted to little
less than iH.OOO.OOOiS? sterling yearly, inclined the British
ministry to lijtiii to their proposals. A negociation was ac-
cordingly enterrd upon, which proved abortive, as did
many other projects for accoumiodation. On May .0, earl
F?rror9 was executed at Tyburn for the murder of Mr.
J«hntM))i his steward; aod on the 20tli of October, 1760,
3'J1
George II. died suddenlv, full of years and glory, in tin TTfli
year of his age, and 3.3d of his reign. By his consort ^Vil-
lielmina Caroline, (daughter of John Frederick, niarijiiis of
Brandenburgh-Anspacli,)lo whom he was married on .S.-pt.
2, 1705, he had the following issue ; 1 Frederick Lewis
prince of Wales, Arc. cVe. bom at Hanover, January 20,
1706-7, and died March 20, Iv.'H) 1. 2. Anne, late princess
of V)range, mother of the ;,;esent i)rincess of Nassan-Wo-il-
burgh, whowas married to his most serene lighness Charles
William, prince of Orange, Maich 14, 1734, and died Ja-
nuary 12, 1759. 3. Amelia Sophia Kleonora, lx>)n May 30,
1711, and died October .Tl, 1780. 4. I'.lizabith Caroline,
born Mav 30, 171.1, and di.d Decembtr 18, 1728. 5. Wil-
liam Augustus, duke of Cumheiland, born April 1.5, 1721,
and died October 31, 176'). f>. i\!ary, born Februarx 22,
]72'2 3, married Mav 8, 1740, to Charles, prince of Hesse-
Cassel, by whom she bad issue, William, the hereditary
prince, married to his cousin, the princess Sophia Magda-
lena, princess of Deiniiark ; Chailes and Frederick. She
died Jan. 12, 17.')9. 7. Louisa, born J)ec. 27, 1724, and
in Nov. 17-13, ma ried to the prince roval, afterwards king of
Denmark, bv whom she was the mother of the late king.
Christian VII. and the princesses Sophia Magdelena (above-
mentioned) Wilhelmina Caroline, and Louisa. She died
Decenjher 8, 17.51. The powers of the human mi ud were
freely and fully exercised in this reign. Considerable pro-
gress was made in the mathematics and astroncuny by Saun-
derson, Bradley, Maclanrin, Smith, and the t\u) >ini;s"ii5;
among the clergv, Sherlock, Hoadley, Seeker, Conybeare,
and W^arburton, Foster, and Leland, were equally distin-
guished for their genius and erudition. Some curious disco-
veries in anatomy were made by the ingenuity and dexte-
rity of Hunter and Munro; and suigerv was brought to
great perfection under the auspicesof Cheseldenand Sharpe.
Among the literati. Young still survived, a venerable monu-
ment of poetical talent. 'Thomson, the poet of the Seasons,
displayed alnxiiriancy of genius in describing the beautiej
of nature, .f^kenside and Armstrong excelled in didactic
poetry. V>ven the Fpopo>a did not disdain an English dress,
but appeared to advantage in the Leonidas of Glover, and
the Epigoniadof Wilkie. The public acknowledged a con-
siderable share of dramatic merit in the tragedies of Young,
Mallet. Home, and some other less distinguished authors.
The exhibilionsof the stage were improved to the most ex-
quisite entertainment by the talents and management of
Garrick, who greatlv surpassed all his predecessors of this
and perhaps everx' other nation, in his genius for acting : in
the sweetness and variety of his tones ; the irresistible magic
of his eye ; the fire and vivacity of his action ; the elegance
of attitude; and the whole pathos of expression. That
Great Britain was not barren of poets at this period, appears
from detached performances of Johnson, Mason, Gray, the
two Whiteheads, and the two Wartons, besides a great num-
ber of other bards, who have s|>orted in lyric poetry, and ac-
quired the applause of their fellow-citizens. Kven the fe-
male sex distinguished themselves by their taste and inge-
nuity. Miss Carter rivalled the celebrated Dacier in learn-
ing and critical knowledge; and Mrs. Lennox signalized
herself by manv successful etiorts of genius, beth in poetry
and prose. Johnson, inferior to none in i)hilosophv, plii-
lologv, poetry, and classical learning, stands foreii.ost as an
essayist, .jnsllv admired for the dignitv, strength, and variety
of his style, as well as for the agreeable manner in which he
investigates the human heart, tracing every intciestiug emo-
tion, and opening all the sources of morality. England was
not defective in otherarts that endiellish and amuse. Music
became a fashiiinabl' study, and its professors generalK ca-
rr'ssed by the public. Among the few natives of England
who distinguiihed themselves by their talents in this art,
Green, Howard, Arne, and Bovce, were the nuist remark-
able. The British soil, which had hitherto been barren in
the article of paintitig, now produced some artists ofextra-
ordinary merit. Hogarth excelled all the world in exhibit-
ing the scenes of ordiuary life in liumoruns hibturical dc-
OEO
(; i: o
sisns. H'ldsnn, Reynolds, and Ramsay, distinguished tliem-
silves jjy tlK'ir superior nii'iit in portrait' ; a liranihtliat was
siicoesstn!lv<u'*--ated Ijv iiianv oilier KmkIisIi painters. The
art of en:;ravin^ was hiou^dir to peifection h\ Strange, and
iaudaltiv practised l>y several other masters; and ^^reat im-
provements were made in nr zzotinto, miniature, and ena-
mel. Many fair inonumenls of sc-iilpt ire or statuary were
raised i)\ R^vsbraek, Ronhilliac, and VVdlon. Arihltectnre,
which had been cherish' d hv the elesant taste of Burling-
ton, soon became a favourite sti.dv, and many ma;{iiilicent
tilitiees were reared in ditlcrent parts of the kingdom.
(j''.()R(iK III. eldest son of Fiederic, prince of Wales,
was proclaimed kinf; of (Jreat Britain, October 2(i, 17C0.
The hritfhter the national slory was at the time ofGeoige
lis death, the more arduous was the province of his suc-
cessor, George III. Born and bred in Kiigland, he had no
prepossessions but for his native countrv, and an excellent
education gave him true notions of its interests; therefore he
was not to he imposed upon by Haltering appearances. He
knew that neither the finances nor the population of t'aigland
co.ild furnish men and money for supplying the necessity of
the war, successful as it was ; and yet he was obliged to
contiinic it, so as to bring it to a happy period. He chose
for his tiist luinislrv the earl of Bute, whom he had known
ever since he began to know himself; and among the first
acts of bis reign was to convince the public, that the death
of his predecessor should not relax the operations of the war.
Accordingly, in 1761, the island of Belleisle, on the coast of
France, surrendered to his majesty's ships and forces under
commodore Keppel and general Hodgson ; as did the iin-
porfant fortress of Pondiidierry in the P^ast Indies to colonel
Cootc and admiral Stevens. The operations against the
French West Indies still continued unnergeneral \lonckton,
lord Rollo, and Sir James Douglass ; and in 1762, the island
of Martinico, hitherto deemed impregnable, with the islands
of Grenada, Gtenadillas. St. Vincent, and others of less note,
were subdued by the British arms with inconceivable rapi-
dity. By this time the famous family compact, among all
thebranchesof the Bourbon family, had been concluded, and
it was soon found necessary to declare war against Spain,
who, having been hitherto no principals in the qua' rel had
scandalously abused their neutrality in favour of the French.
A "-espectalile armament was fitted out under admiral Po-
cock, having the earl of Albemarle on board to command
the land forces ; and the vitals of the Spanish nuuiarchy
were struck at by the reduction of the Havaiinah, the
strongest and most important fort which hisCatholic majesty
held in the West Indies. The capture of the Herrnione, a
large Spanish register-ship, bound from Lima to Cadiz, the
cargo of which was valued at a million sterling.', preceded
the birth of the prince of Wales, and the treasuie passed
in triumph through Westminster to the bank the Terv
hou» he was born. The loss of the H vannah, with tli« ships
and treasures there taken from the Spaniards, was succeeded
bv the reduction of Manilla, in the East Indies, by geiietal
Draper and admi'al Co nish, with the capture of the Trini-
dad, reckoned worth three millions of dollars. To counter-
act those dreadful blows given to the family compact, the
French and Spaniards opened their last •^esource, w hich was
to quarrel with and invade Portugal, which had been always
under the peculiar protection of the British arms VVIii-ther
this quarrel was real or pretended, is not for me to decide.
It certainly embarrassed his B itannic maj<-st\, who was
obliged to send thither armaments both bv sea and land ; but
these found no great ditticulty in checking the progress of
the Spaniards. The negociations for peace were now re-
sumed, and the necessity of concluding one was acknow-
ledged bv all his maiestv's ministers and privy counsellors,
excepting two. Man^ ditficullies were su'mouiited ; but
t|H'e<|ually useless and expensive war in Germany was con-
tinued between th" French and l''nglish with greater fury
than e»fr Theenemv. howpver, at last granted such terms
as tie B''l'sh ministry thou h» •.idiTiissilMe and ad^'quate to
the occasion. A cessation of arms look place in Germany,
anil in all other quarters; and on llie liuh of February,
IV(i:i, the definitive Iieaty of peace belwetii his brituunic
nr.ijc'ly, the king or Fiance, and the king of Span-, was
concluded at I'aris, and acceded to by the king of l*()rtii)-;=ll.
M;ii( h 10, the atificalious wrie exch.tiiged at I'aris. 'I'he
'2Jil, the |)eacc was sfrlemiily pro. laiiiied at the usual placts
ill Westminster and London; and llir iiiat\ having on the
IHIIi bee laiii befiiiiellie parliament, il met Witli ti.eapprc-
b'l'.onofa uiajoritN of both houses. Never was the fo tune
of any n.ition higher than thai of tlw English at this period.
Hesiiieu our rich possessicmn in the East and West Indies, with
those on the coast of Africa, ail enlarged by a ser;es of the
most extraordinary success, and conhrme" by a perpetual
treaU, with<mt including lluilsons Hay, Newfoiiiidiauil. or
the other islands of North America, we were masters of all
th.itvast continent, which stretches from the mouth of the
river St. Lawrence to that ot'tlie Mississippi, and from the
.Xtlanlic Oteaii to the Soulli Sea ; the most extensive < inpire
that ever was formed on the face of the earth. Dunn,, the-
administration of Mr. (irenville, 17()5, bills passed forlayiiijt
a staiiip-iiuly on the British colonies in America, which first
I'-iid the foundation of those quarrels between the colonies
and the mother countiy, which ended in a total separation.
This measure was no sooner known in America, thini insure-
recti<iiis commenced there, and great murniurings at home.
In consequence of which, the ministry retire , and the act
was repealed. In the course o( this year, the so ert giity
of the Isle of Man was annexed to the crown of England;
and this year, on account of the seizuie of Mr. W ilkes's pa-
pers, general warrants, granted by secretaries of slate, t-x-
cept incases of high treas(Ui, were declared to beiilegiil and
oppressive. In 1768, Mr. Wilkes, at the time he was an
outlaw, hating offered himself as a candidate to represent
the city of London in parliament, ami failing in that attempt,
was immediately chosen tor Middlesex. He was afterwards
sent to the King's Bi iich prison, fined, and expelled the
house of commons, for publishing No. 45. of the North Bri-
ton, Ac. Mr. Wilkes's imprisonment expired in 1771,
when he tvas chosen one of the sheriffs for London and Mul-
dlesex, made an alderman, had his debts paid, afterwiirds
elected hird mayor, and lastly chamberlain of London. This
year the I'ouse of commons committed the loid-niayor and
alderman Oliver to the Tower, for attempting to send -»ne of
theirmessengersto prison. The English psiliament. having
laid new duties on paper, glass, tea, and other aiticles, in
America, the colonies revolted and flew to arms. On the
19thof AprI, 1775, general (iage detached a party to seize
some military stores at Concord, in New Englaml. Sevi lal
skirmishes ensui d, mauv were killed on Ixith sides, an the
British troops woiil ' probably have been all cut oH, had i;ot
afresh bodv arrived to support them. .'Xrns were now taken
up in every quarter. The Americans assunie<l the t lie
of T/ie Ihiited and Inilepeiulent Culnin'es of Nurtli Ai,inica,
Soon after the affair at Concord, the battle at Bunker's Hill
took place, in whicli near300 <,f the British officers and .--nl--
diers yvere killed. In 1776, Boston yvas bombarded mid
evacuated, when general Washington took possession ol' it,
and general Howe removed his tnops to Halifax., In 1778,
the French entered into an alliance with the thirteen United
Colonies. The year 1780 was remarkable for on' iiflliG
most dreadf'wl riots that ever happened in the cit\ :iiid
suburbs of London. An association of profest-rfut liis-
senters, with lord G< orge (ioidon :it iheii head, while
the nation y\as involved in ri'a! danger, ala'med thr iiisi-Ses
with fancied appieliriisioiis of popery, ;iiid prt sfiiti- ] a
petition, signed by 100,000 persons, to rep<al an ad they
had just passed in t'atour of the Catholics. They p i-ccidrd
to the house in great order, on the 2d of June, and the pie-
si^ent gave in their petition; but, in the coins-. of the uav,
several lords and comnu^ier- weie insulted by the mob. In
the evening, the mob pu l> d down the Sardinian, and an<.tlier.,
Uomisli chapel On ihe evi ning of the .-jth. Lord M;iii»^
fiidd s and sev< ral i iher houses v^ere siirkt li ; aiil the n- \t
day the King's Bench prison, the Vrw Brtdewell. the Fle«t
CEO
pnM)n, soniepopis!i cliapcU.aiul several papists' liouses.were
desliov t'd. flies were seen blazing in every part of tlie
capilul, and tiie Jawiess mob were exacting contributions
from the citizens, wliile the magistrates, and even the
ministry, viewe(4 these scenes of desolation with au in-
activity that was astonishing. At 'length, however, their
coiuiigc seemed roused, troops were called into London from
all quarters, and were stationed in every part of the town.
This step ertectually checked the progress of the rioters; a
great number of them were shot by the military, and others
Were taken, tried, and executed. Lord George Gordon was
also tried, but acquitted. In 1782, our atfairs in America
began to appear desperate, and every cue seemed desirous of
bringing it to a conclusion, except those whose tyranny,
anibiliou, and ignorance, had been the cause of it. In the
mean time, admiral Rodney had a partial engagement with
Count de Grasse, who retired to Guadaloupe to refit ; but
not long after, the two fleets met, and a general engagement
commenced, which lasted twelve hours, when four French
ships were taken, and one sunk ; a fifth was taken, but blew
up. Admiral Hood captured four, and avimiral Barrington
two ships of war, and ten sail under their convoy. The
Count dc Grasse was taken and brought to England ; but
most of the prizes, with some of our own shirts, were lost, in
their passage to England, in a violent storm the Spaniards
took from us the Bahama islands, and con!iu;i 'd the siege of
Gibraltar with vigorous perseverance ; but all their elibrts
were rendered ineffectual by the bravery and conduct of
general Elliot. He permitted them almost to complete tl',eir
works on the land side, when he began such a heavy fire of
carcasses, hot shot, and shells, that all their batteries were
either damaged or destroyed. Soon after, another attack
was made by ten floating batteries, built by the Spaniards at
an enormous expence ; but, by an incessant fire of red-hot
balls from the besieged, most of them were set in t]ames,and
great numbers of the men killed and blown up. However,
all parties being now tired of the war, in 1783, the provi-
sional articles between England and Amerita were made
public; by which it appeared that his Britannic majesty ac-
knowledged the independence of the thirteen United States
of North America. He also relinquished all claims to the
government oft hem ; and consented to treat with these peo-
ple as free and independent slates, who, but a little time be-
fore, «ere despised as unpardonable rebels. From this pe-
tiod to the year 1788, the time passed in political and party
contentions, without producing any thing very material; but
towards the close of this year, the political horizon of Great
Britain was obscured by a dreadful and unexpected event.
His iiiajesty was seized with a violent disorder, which was
at first thought to be a fever, from which little hopes were
given of his recovery. His plnsicians, however, at last
pronounced iiim out of danger, but gave the public the me-
lancholy information (if his being disordered in his senses; and
public pn>yers were sent up to heaven for his recovery.
On Sunday the I3thof July, 1788, about nine in the morn-
ing, without any eclfpse, a dreadful darkness suddenly over-
spread several parts of France. It was the preludeof sui h
a tempest as is unexampled in the temperate climates of
Europe. Wind, rain, hail, and thundfr, seemed to contend
in impetuosity; liiit the hail was the great instrument of
ruin. Instcaij oftln' rich prospects of an early autumn, the
face ofualure, in llicsi'ace of an hour, presented the dreary
aspect of universal winter. The soil was converted into a
morass, the standing com beviten into the (pia;;mire, the
vines broken to pieces, the fniil ticcs deiiiolished, and un-
•iirllid hail lying in heaps like rock.^ of solid ice. F.ven the
robust fori St trees were uiiaMeto wiliistand lliefiiiv of the
teiiip( si. 'I'lie hail was composed of enormous, solid, and
an^iul.ir pieces of ice, some of lliem weighing from liglil to
ten ounces. The eouuliy people, Ijealcn down in llie fields
on their way to cliiirch, aml(|>l this c one Ussioii of the eie-
menls, comhided lli;i| ihe last day v^as arrived ; and st arcely
■itti'uiptiMg to evtricate llicmsdves, lay despairing anil half
«ufloc?.lcd umidsl liie water and 'lie mud, cxpecliiii; the im-
21)1
GEO
mediate dissolution of all things. The slorm was irregular
in its devastations. While several rich districts were laid
entirely waste, si^me intermediate portions of country were
comparatively little injured. One ot 60squaie leagues had
not a single ear of corn or fruit of any kind left. Of the Gii
parishes in the district of Pontoise, 43 were entirely desola-
ted, and of the remaining "23 some lost two thirds, and others
half their harvest. The isle of France, and the Orleannois,
appear to have sufl'ered chiefly. The scaicity of grain,
greatly increased by this event, tended not a little to hasten
those scenes of calamity which afterwards afflicted that na-
tion. This year closed with gloomy and desponding prospects,
ow ing to the unhappy slate of the king's health, and the rage
of party, which seemed ripe to hurl every thing into a state
of anarchy and confusion. The year 1789 opened with vio-
lent debates in both houses of parliament, on the mode of
properly proceeding to business, in order to settle the re-
gency during the unhappy indisposition of the king. This
ferment continued 'ill the3d of FelMi4ary,whcii certain lords
were appointed as commissioners to supply the place of the
king, as the third branch of the legislature, till a regent
should be appointed. A bill was immedjately brought into
the house of commons, and afterwards sent to Ihe lords, fo.-
appointing the prince of Wales regent under certain re-
strictions, which met with violent opposition in both houses.
The bill, however, was in its last stage, when, on the lOlh
of March, his majesty sent a message to parliament, ac-
quainting them with his hapi'y recovery. The nawow
limits'to which we areconfiied will not permit us to enter
into a detail of the universal joy this happy and unexpei ted
event occasioned. We must content ourselves w'th observ-
ing, that the illuminations at night were such as l^ad never
been equalled before in this, or perhaps, any city iu the
world. In 1790, an armament was prepared to act against
Spain, on account of certain hostilities connnitlcd bv the
Spaniards upon the north-western coast of America; but a
negociation having taken place, the Spanish court agreed it
an indemnification, and peace was reestablished upon ho-
nourable terms. A noflier rupture had like to have biokrii
out with Russia, in 1791, which was successfully terminated
by negociation. In Ihe year 1792 the king thought proper to
enter into a war with France ; the dangerous principles pro-
pagated in that country, together with the murder of the
king, were held out as tlie motives. The events were nu-
merous and astonishing; but our limits confine us to a brief
mention of some of the most important occurrences. On V.a:
21sl June, 1793, his majesty went to the house of peers, and
delivered a speech, in which he mentions having concerti'l
with other powers for the etfectual prosecution of hostilities:
war against (iroat Britain and Holland had been decreed,
Feb. 1st, intheFrench national convention; soon afterwIiicU
Ihe dukeof York set out for Holland to take the command
of the British forces destined to act w ith the allies, and after
several hazardous enterprises commem cd the siege of Va-
lenciennes, on Ihe 14th June 1793, which surrendered on the
281 h July following. The islaitd of '' (jbago, in the Wc^t
Indies, was reduced by the British under uiajorgeneral
Cuyler in April of this year, and on the 14th May the small
islands of St. Pierre and Miqiielon were l.dxii fom Ihe
Flench l)V Ogiivy and Atflec k. On the l.'Mli of June the
Nvmph frigate, captain Pellew, of 36 guns, captured the
Cleopatra h rench frigate of equal force, altera despn ate ac-
tion. In the beqinuingoi September the Bi'ish troops weie
unfortunale before Dunkirk, and compelled to letreal preci-
pitaleK with a great lo^s of men, cannon, and sloies. On
the 28tl. of August, advices were received from admiial
Hood, of his having, in enniunction with iheSpaniards.lakili
possi ssion, by treaty, of the port of Touioii, w itli llie men of
war, iS c. but in the latter end of Nov. 17i».'!, the allies were
compelled to evacuate it, after luniiing ten of the Frem ll
ships <f the line, and doing them other very gr( at dania; i:
On the evening of the :!d (if Feb. 1791, a n'el.iiielioiy acci-
dent was occasioned :'l tin Hiixmaikct ihealie by the great
pressure of Ihe crowi!, by which 8 or 9 pcrsi.iis loll tin ir
GKO
G i: o
)ives, m<.\ 20 or 30 wove severely Ijriiiirtl. Marcli 23<l,
the ihlaiicl of Miirtiiiico suin'iiilered to tlie lOnglisli iiniliT
Sir Cluirli's Cirey, and t.luirtly afUr the islands uf St.
Lucie aiid Gnadalonpe to Sir Jolni Jervis ; bnt the fjlorioiis
first irf' June rivetted the lanrels on llic brow of admiral eail
Houe. The French force consisted of 20 ships of the
line, and the British of 2.0 ; the ships captured fioni the
Frencli in this liloody cnga>;<'nient consisted of 2 ofsd ^uiis,
and 5 of 74 ; and during the joy of the lMi;{lisii tor this vic-
tory, advices were received from lord Hood of the capture
of the island of Corsica To damp these signal victories,
however, news was soon after received of the success of
the French in the retaking of Gnadalonpe and other islands,
and of thpir depredations on the coast of Afiica. Jn lite
latter end of tins year several persons were tried (url:ii,di
treason. Thomas Hardy, standing foremost on the list, was
tried and acquitted on the .Oth of November, as were also
the other persims. At this time the allies on the continent
were defeated in every quarter, and the duke of York re-
turned to Knglanil. On the t4tli of Match 1795, an action
took place between the English lleet nnderadniiral Holliam,
Consisting of 14 ships of the line, and the French lleet of
about the same number; but the advantage on the part of the
English, owing to the slormy state of the weather, was but
trifling. A large force, chietlv emigrants, was landeil at Qui-
beion, to aid tlie ro\alists ; but were defeated with immense
slaughter. On the Kith Sept. the Cape of Good Hope was
taken by admiral I'.lphinstone and general Clarke ; but on
the 7th of l)clober the I'-nglish had the mollification to have
a number of the homeward-bound Mediterranean fleet,
richly laden, taken by a French squadron, with the Censenr,
of V4 guns, one of tlie convoy. On the 29tli .>f this month,
as his majesty proceeded to open the session of parliament,
he was grossly insulted by tlie populace with the cry of
" Peace — Give ns bread — No war — Down with George."
A'c. Several suspected persons were taken into custody,
among whom was Kidd Wake, a, journeyman printer, who
was convicted of hissing, hooting, Ac. and sentenced to five
years' iinprisonmeni in Gloucester gaol, and to stand in the
pillory. Soon after this an act was passed for the preserva-
tion of his maicsl\'s person, which was followed by an-
other for preventing seditious meetings and assemblies. On
the 22d of October, 1796, a negociation was attempted, aiwl
lord Malmesbury sent to Paris, but proved ineffectual; and
on lh<' rilst intelligence was received of an attempt to invade
Irchuid by a fleet of 17 ships of war, which anchored in
Baulry R'w ; bit did not make llie threatened descent, [n
the bi'giiining of the year 1797 the British arms under gene.
ral Mieicrcnibie and admiral Hervey were verv smcisfnl
fti the West Indies; and on llie 14lli of February, a most
signal vicforv was gained by Sir John Jervis, (now lord Si.
Vi'ict nt,) over the Spaniards, who captuied two ships of
1 12 guns, one of S4, and one of 74. Equal honour was done
to the British flag b\ admiral Duncan on the 1 1th of October,
w!io gained a complete victory over the Dutch fleet under
admiral de Winter, and took eleven of their ships, while
othe s that had struck, taking advantage of the night, es-
caped into the Texcl. Previous to this latter vicioiv oiir
naval achievements were tarnished by a iiiiitiny in the lleet,
which had continued for some lime, to llie gri'at distress of
the nation and government : but was quelled at last, and
Parker, the ringleader, and manv others were executed.
Thisvear 1200 F eiiclimen were landed on llie Welsh coast,
but were soon compelled by the loval inhabitants to surren-
der at discretion, .\notlier attempt at negociation w ith the
French was made, but proved, like the former, unsuccessful.
In the month of August, great disturbances took place
in Scotland, particularly at Tranent, in opposition to the
ballotting for the militia ; in qnellin<j which, raanv lives were
lost. On the 19tli of December, his majeslv, attended by
both houses of parliament, went in state to St. Paul's, to re-
turn thanks for the naval victories obtained over the French,
Dutch, and Spanish fleets. Affairs in Ireland were n-iw de-
plorable; faction bad long torii that unhappy country ; but in
the iiionlli o( May, I'DS, a ribell.uii broke out, which conti-
nued lo rage for several months; l)iil at last was suppiessed
by the king's troops, after many Ihousaiids of infaludl "d
creatures had perished. In the month of's pti iiiber, about
1000 French troops Itinded in Irelaml, and took possession
of the town of Killala ; but, after some successes over llie
king's troops, were compelled to surrender to geiK'ral Lake.
Anolherand more powerful attempt wasnia<le, by a fcjnni-
dable armaiiicnt Irom Brest ; but, being attacked and d'^-
feated ofl'the coast of Ireland, by liis niajesty's fleet u..dcr
Sir J. B. Warren, all the hopes of the rebels were com-
pletely crushed. This year an expedition of about loOOnicii
was sent by the English lo Ostend, lo destro) the gales
and sluices of the canal of Bruges ; which, after eli'ecliiig
its object, were attacked by superior numbers, and c(,ni-
pelled to surrender. This misfortune, however, was amply
compensated by the success of our naval commanders in
every quarter ; but especially by the ever-memorable victory
of lord Nelson (Aug. 2) over the French fleet, in the bay
of .Xboukir, having sailed froniTouion m May, with an army
of .36,000 men under general Buonaparte, wliu h it hail
landed at Alexandria a few days befori'. The result of lliis
brilliant action was seven ships of 74 guns taken ; one of aw,
and one of 74, burnt ; besides two frigates of 30 guns sunk.
Only four of the French fleet escaped. In the beginning of
this year, a number of persons were arrested at Margate, im
suspicion of treasonable inteiitioiis and piactices; among
whom were Mr. Aulliur O'Conner, John Binns, John Alley,
James Favey, (alias Morris, alias C'<iigly)and Patrick Lea-ry.
.After undergoing a trial at Maidstone, they were all ac-
quitted, except Favey, who was found guilty, and executed
on the Olh of June. In the year 1799, the English power in
India was gre^!S_7 extended by the defeat of Tippoo Saib,
who was slain in battle, and his capital taken. In the latter
end of the summer, an invasion of Holland was effected, iiv
the combined English and Russian tioops, under the duke (.f
York; w hicli, though at tirst successful, found it afteiwaids
expedient to evacuate the country. In the mean lime ihr
Dutch fleet fell into the hands of the English, under admiral
Mitchell. In the mouth of October, general Buonaparte
returned from Egypt, and eftected a great revolution at
Paris, placing himself at the head of the government ; and
soon after made proposals of peace in a letter lo the king;
which, however, was rejected by the British ministry, who
incurred the general displeasure of the country' for their
conduct. On the 15tli of December, that great and virtuous
iiian, general Washington, the first president of the Unite l
States of America, departed this life, intheOSth year of lii-
age, after a short illness of only three days. In the year
1800, a legislative union of Great Britain and Ireland was
eff'ected, after strong parliamentary opposition, and wasd:--
creed to take efl'ect on the 1st day of Januarv, 1801, willi
the title of the United Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ire-
land. On the loth of May, as his majesty entered his box
at Drury-lane Theatre, a pistol was tired at him from the
pit, by one James Hadfield, who had served under the duke
of York; but, after a trial for high-treason, on the 2eth of
June, he was acquitted on proof of his insanity. On the
14lli of June the French gained a memorable victory over
the Anstrians, at the battle of Marengo, in Italy, and on the
Rhine were equally successful ; which compelled the Anstri-
ans to make peace. About this time an expedition, under
Sir James Pulleney, landed a body of troops near Ferrol ;
and, having gained complete possession of the heights
which command the place, and nothing was expecle<l buta
speeflv possession of the town and shipping, a re-embarka-
tion was ordered, to the great mortification of the troops,
and lo the great surprise of the public. In the beginning of
the year, 1801, a British force, under j;eneral Aberorombie
and admiral Keith, sailed to the Mediterranean ; and, on ihe
8th of March, effe'cted a laniling at .Aboukir, in Egypt, in
ordtr to dispossess the Fren< ii of that country ; which wae
ultimafelv accomplished, after several sharp engagnneiits,
particularly that on the 2 1st of thiit month, in which tl:e
3^5
GEO
GEO
brave Abercrombie received a mortal wound, of which he
died about a weel> after, tlie cotmnand df volvin;; on yiiKTal
HiilthMisoii. Ill the bejjiiiiimj; of this year a c'Ciifi deraty
w;i5 formed against Knglaiid, hv the Russians, Swedi s, au<i
Danes; and aneuibaryo was laid upou all the ships of tb<ise
nations ill British port». The otijecl of I lie confederacy was
to dictate a new maritime nal^'uiai law, to the prejudice
of England. Howevei, on the 12th of March, a Weel
sailed tVoni Vaniiouth, under Sii H\de Parker and lord Nel-
son, for the Baltic; b'lt faiiiiij; in an atteMipt to sttllp the
business by ne^ociation, the laiter admiral attael^•ll the
Danish fleet in the liailiour of Copenhagen, defended liv
their batteries ; and; after ilestroMiig nearly the whole of
their sliips, compelled them to recede from the confederacy ;
which Sweden alsoshortly after agreed lo do, without resist-
ance : and the emperor Paul dying about this time, an
end was put to this once alarming business. In the
spring of this year a change of ministry took place, when
Mr. Addington succeeded Mr. Pitt as chaiicelloi ot tlic ex-
chequer. Three French shipsof the line, in Algeziras Bay,
near Gibraltar, were attacked in the beginning of July, by
Sir James '>aumarez; but the Hannibal of 74 guns getting
aground, was obliged to be aband(med to the enemy ; this
loss, nowever, was more than overbalanced in a sid)se<|iient
attack on the French and Spanisli fleets, attempting to return
to Cadiz; when two of llie largest ships in the Spanish
navy were burnt, and a French 74 gun ship taken. Afier
this, several attacks were made bv a liyht squadron, under
lorfl Nelson, on the flat. bottomed boats, Ac. collected at
Boulogne, for tlie purpose of invading Kngland ; but tiiese
petty enterprises, totallv failed in their object, thou>Hi at-
te'.ded with the loss of many valuable lives. Towards
the close of the year, hostilities were suddenly terminated
by the treatv of Amiens, an event which excited universal
joy, but produced a calm of very limited duration. During
the short interval of peace, in February iso.l, colonel Marcus
Despard was executed on the charge of having formed a
treasonable conspiracy with certain associates, for the
purpose of destroyin;; his majesty's life, a charge wliich he
solemnly denied on thescatlold. In the springof the same
vear, the war with France was renewed. Great Ritain and
trance not having been able to make satisfactory ar'ange-
menlsas to the future c<mdition of Malta. On Job 2-3(1, an
insurrection burst forth at Dublin, which was easdy sup-
pressed, but not till after colonel IJrownand lord Kilwarden
had been murdered bv the multitude. Great apprehensions
were now entertained ofa French invasion, in conseipieiice
of which all parlies became in a degree united, and vast
numbers n'" persons of every condition of lif-, en oiled
theuiielves ill vohinteer corps, for the defence ,if their
coMMtrv. The French seize<l upon Hanover, but were on
the other side obliged to give up .St. Dourngo, the islands
of St. Lucia, and Tobago, in the West Indies. Surinam
was also reduced bv the British. A war with the Mahraltas
was sp edilv and snccessfiillv terminated b\ lo''d WeUeslev.
The events of I SO I were neither many nor great. A French
sq'iiulron was defeated l)\ the homewaril lioiiiid East India
fleet, under commodore Dance. On the <(iiitiiient, Napolean
xvas proclaimed emperor of France, aij I Francis having
laid asiile his fori'U r title of emperor of (ierniany, assumed
that ofemperor of Ausi'ia, vvhieli is to be heieditarv in bis
family Followin,' sn<h great ex;niii''es, Dessalines, the
black ehii'I'ofSf. Domingo, caused h luelf to he pioclaimed
einoeror of llavli. the native api" llalioii for that island.
In 18o.'> the war i' an renewed im 111' continent ofFurope,
liii^-ia and Austria having di-clan-il ilieniselves the enemies
of l'''ance. On the part of the F encli, a siries of victories
advanced their power to the lnuhest eminence ; the cam-
paign, which o|)eiied in ^epl'iiilier, was leriii'naled before
the emlof the vear, bv »heti- ntv of Presburgli, which was
a consequence of the baMi- of .Austerlitz, in which the
y'Sustriaiis had been lota'l- defeated on the 2d of ne<ember.
In the 111- an ti'U'-, the b'lHle of Trafalgar, anuihiUited the
■fleet of the enemy, while the joy wliich it occasioned, was
ming:led with grief, on account of the death of lord T^ehoti.
On the a.'Jd of January, lsu6, dud the right honour.'ble
William Pitt, to whose talents all parries have unted to do
justice, while the most various o|(iiiions have been enter,
tained as to the wisdom and justice of his measures. His
ilb sirious rivvl, Charles James Fox, did not long survive
him Ills death took place towanls the close of the same year,
and excited general regret. The same year ••Uded to the
successes of the Fiencli mi the connuent, and lo that of the
British in other (arts of the woild- 'I he k ng of Naples
having atloided some couutenante to the operations of the
Anglo Kussiaii army, broiigbt ui»on himself the vengeance
of the French emperor, by whose forces he was expe led
from the continent of Italy, though the Knglish had obtained
in bis tavoiii, tie brilhant victory of Maida. A war, wliich
broke out vNith Prussia, was teiminatcd in the July of the
succeeding year, by llie treaty of Tilsit, by which I'russia
was deiirived of about half her dominions; peace was
coiK'hided w ifli Russia, and a new kingdom was created,
called the kingdom of Westohalia. Intelligence was re-
ceived of the capture of the Cape of Good Hope, and its
depending territories, in .Africa, and of Buenos Ayes, in
South America. The latter acquisition excited the highest
hopes of our merchants and manufacturers, who exfected
to obtain, in the Sjiamsli settlements, an abundant market
for their commodities. They soon, however, exjieiieni'ed a
cruel disaiiponitnient, the British being compelled lo aban-
don that part of the woild, in July 1806. The African slave-
t'ade, which had hmg been regarded by good men, as a
deep slam in on national < haiacter, was abolished on the
25th of Match, 1807, after the question had been keenly-
agitated for 20 yea is. Af'er the gigantic successes of the
French against the Auslrians, Russians, and Prussians, it
was believed lo be impossible that Denmark should main-
tain a neutrality, and her politics were regarded as more
favourable to the interests of France than of Br tain. It
was therefore determined, either by nei;ociation or force,
to secure the Danish navy, and evei-y proposition on the
subject having been rejected by the crown prince with
disilaiii, Copenhagen was bombarded, and on the 7fli of
Seotember com|)elled to surrender, after a large pari of that
city had been burned. On the .ttli of November the orders
of council were |inblished, which regulated the commerce
of neut als, with the belligerent powers; and about the
same time, the Portuguese government abandoned Europe,
ami removed lo liie liiasils. The most important events
(d'llie \ear IH08, were those which took (dace in Spain and
Po'tiigal, of wliiili countries the French had freachenusly
olitained possession llie preceding vear. In May and
June, the siiirit of resi-ilance became generally manifest, the
inhabitants of the difletent proviiu-es, as we I as of the
capital, endeavouring lo vindicate iheir libeiiies by arms.
On llie 2'tth of July, the French geiieud DiiiMmt, was rd)|ii;ed
to surrender with his v\ hob' army, to the patriots at Bavleii.
Oil the 2<lh, M;idiid vvjv-- e\;;cuated b\ the l-reuch. August
21sl, geiK'ral Juiiot was defeated by the B u^.h al the
battle of Viniiera, hut in the course <'f a fev\ days, was
extricated from his perilous situation, by the ((invention of
{'intra. Towards llu close of ihe'ea"-, liovvever, the French
were decidedly viclorinus, and llie Soaniaids were defeated
iireveiv quarter, and on ll'e ;''tb of Deci-mber, the enemy
obtained possession of Madrid. In ISOI), the alteiilloii of
the t>ublic was deeply engaged by tlie inv< sllgalioii of the
conduct of the duke of ^'ork, which t(-rmiiiatcd in his
acqii'ilal, by the house of coiiiinon.s. Mi n li 20lh. and his
resignation (d his otl ce as (-oiemander-ii! ( lii(-f, on the 2.5th
of the same month. On the 17th of January, Sir John
Moore vtas slain at the battle of Coruniia, in which, though
the British were vK-torious, they were obliged the next day
lo evacuate ihe connlry. July 28tli, St Arthur XVellesley,
(now the manpiis of Wellington) deflated the French at
the battle nf Talavera. In the mean lime, a war liroke forth
between the Auslrians and the French, wliieli leiminateij,
as usual, to the advantage of the latter. Ou the 6th of April
GEO
C KO
war was proclaimed bv the Austrians ; before the middle
of May, Vienna was taken bv the French ; after this some
sevtre hattl-.'s «cre foiigiit, in several of which the Austrians
were victorious, hut on iiie 12th of Julv lh<> emperor was
obli;;ed toajjree to an .irmisticc. wliich was followed on the
Ittli otOctolier, by a ilisadvantaseoiis peace. On the iBth
of Julv, and the succeeding dav, the Riitish forces em-
barked on the disastrous expedition to VValcheren, on the
lAth of August I'iusliing was taken, hut on the 23(1 of Decem-
ber the island was ahiiiiiloncd hy our countrymen, after
having sustained giciit nijurv from disease, and having lost
vast nuuihers of (heir fellow soldiers. In 1810, noth.'ng
excited more geiieial attention than the arrest of Sir Francis
Buidett, who was committed to the tower on the 8th of
April, liejiig charged with violating the privileges of
the house of ( ominous. The allray Vihich took place
on this occasion, the pulilic meetings which followed,
the legal contests wliich St Francis has unsuccessfully
sustained, and various other interesting cir<'uiiistances
connected with hisafeat, are fresh on the recollection of
the reader, and it would evceed our limits to detail them
particularly. This vear Guadnlonvie was taken hy the
British, ill the West Indies; and Aiiiliovna and the isle of
Bourhon in the l'"asf. () i llie side of (>paiii and Portugal,
no very great events took pl.ice, hut lord W»'llin"ton dis-
t>Iaved grea,t courage and pnidence in deiending the lines
of Torras Vedras, against the French general Massena.
The long illness of the princess Amelia, which terminated
in her death, towards tlte close of 1810, preyed so deeply
on his inajestv's mind, that he, at length, sunk under a
similar maladv with that which affected him in 1789. Tiie
consequences are well known. The parliament having
met on the 29lh of November, adjourned for a fortnight.
Several other adjourninents followed; the royal phvsicians
were examined, and after much spirited (liscussion, it was
at length resolved, that the prince of Wales should be
declared regent, who entered on his high office in Fe-
bruary 1811. Ibe merits and results of his govi'rn-
ment, it will be the province of future historians to record.
George Ml. was married Sept. 8, 1761, to the princess So-
phia Charlotte, of Mecklenhii'gh Stielitz, born Mav 19,
1744, crowned .Sept. 22, 17(>1, and now has issue; 1.
George Frede-ic Augustus, prince of Wales, horn Aug. 12,
1762, married April w, 1795, to the princess Caroline- Amelia
Elizabeth, daughter oftlie late Charles, duke of Bruii-iwick,
his cousin-gernian, born !Mav 17, 1768 : issue, princess Char-
lotte \ngusta; born Jiin. 7, 1796; 2. Frederic, duke of
York, born August 16, 176^, elected bishop of Osiiahurg,
Feb. 27, 1764, married Sept. 29, 1791, to Fiederique C. Ul.
Catharine, I'ldest dait'ihter of the king of Prussia, born Mav
7, 1767 ; .3. William Henry, duke of Clarence, born Aug. 21,
1766, 4. princess Charlotte Augusta Matilda, queen of
Wirfeniberg, born Sept. 29, 1766, ladv of the imperial Rus-
sian odei' ofSf. Catharine, married Mav 18, 1797, to his
serene highness Frederic Charles William, then hereditary
grince, afterwards reigning duke, and now king of Wirtem-
erg Mutgardt; 6. i>rince Fdwa'd, I'uke of Kent, born
Nov. 2, 1767; 6. princess Augusta Sophia, born Nov. 8,
1768; 7. princess •'l-zabeth, born Mav, 22, 1770; 8. prince
Ernest Augustus, duke of Cumberland, born June 5, 1771 ;
9. prince Augustus Frederic, duke of Sussex, born Jan. 27,
177.1, married in Nov. 1693, at Rome, to ladv .Augusta Mur-
ray, daughter of the earl of Dnnmore, which was declared
void in Aug. 1794; 10. prince Adolphus Frederic, duke
of Cambridge, born Feb. 25, 1774; 11. princess Mary,
born April 25, 1776; 12. princess Sophia, born Nov. is,
1777.
GKO'HGI A, a fertile coiintrv of Asia, called bv the Persi-
ans Ou>gistan, and bv the Turks Gurtshi, is situated between
the niack and Caspian Seas, and comprehends the antient
Iberia, and part of Colchis. The hills are covered with
forests of beech, oak, ash, chesnuts, walnuts, and elms,
encircled with vines, growing spontaneouslv, and producing
vast quantities of grapes. Cotton also grows spontaneously,
as well as the finest fruit trees. Rice, wheat, millet, beinp,
anil Hax, are raised on the jdaiiis, almost without culture.
The vallevs afi'ord ft le pasliira:;e, tin- rivers are lull of fish,
the mountains abound with miner;)],, and the climate is
delicious. The rivers, however, being fed b\ mountain
torrents, are always too rapid or too shallow for the purposes
of navigation, (ieoigia «as formeily one kiiigd m, the
inhabitants of v^hleh were Christ ans; hut, since 1639, when
it was conquered hy the Persians, the country ii divided
btween tw<i native princes, by themselves called kings, but
by the sophi staled governors. Each of these has a guard
of Mahometan horse in his pay. The Georgians are skilled
in the use oftlie bow, and are thought to he the best soldiers
in Asia. Their dress resembles that of the Cossacks; but
those that are wealthy atlect the habit of the Persians. They
usually dje their hair, beards, and nails re<l. 'F'he women
who are celebrated for their beauty, stain the palms of their
hands of the same colour, and paint their eye brows black,
in such a manner as to form one entire line, while the rest of
the face is coated with white and red. Being generally
educated in convents, they can read and write, qualifications
uncommon with the men, even of the highest rank. The
inhabitants are Chrisliaus, partly oftlie (ireek, and partly
of the .Armenian church. IJere are also Tartars Ossi,
Armenians, and a considerable nuinber of Jews. Of these
last, some have villages of their own, others are mixed with
the Georgian, Armenian, and Tartarian inhabitants, but
never with the Ossi. They pay a small tribute above that
oftlie natives. There are only four considerable towns,
TefHis, Gori, Suram and Ali.
(iEO'H(iI.A, the most southern of the United States of
North America, is bounded on the E. by the Atlantic Ocean ;
on the S. by Fast and West Florida ; on the W. bv that part
of Louisiana which lies on the E. of the river Mississippi ;
and on the N. by S. Carolina and the Tennassee govern-
ment. It extends about 420 miles from E. to W. and from
140 to 240fr(im N. to S. It contains nearly 90,000 souls,
and is divided into 11 counties, namely, Chatham, Effing-
ham, Burke, Richmond, Wilkes, Liberty, Glynn, Garadeu,
Washington, Greene, and Franklin. The whole coast i
bordered with islands, which, as well as the continent, be-
ing well wooded, the channel between them is extremely
pleasant. The principal tovns are Augusta, Savannah,
Brunswick, Siinhury, Frederica, Washington, and Louisville.
The principal rivers are the Savannah, Ogeechce, Alata-
malia, St. ^Iarv, Ac. The winters in Georgia are mild and
pleasant, ice and snow being seldom seen. The soil varies
according to sit nation, and different degrees of improvement.
By culture are produced 'rice, indigo, cotton, silk, Indiaa
corn, potatoes, oranges, figs, pomegranates, A'C, Rice, at
present, is the staple commodity; but great attent'on be-
gins to be paid to the tailing of tobacco. Augusta is the
capital.
GEORGIA, SOITTH, the principal of a cluster of islands
in the South Atlantic Ocean, discovered by Captain Cook,
in 1775, and so named<iby him. It is 31 leagues long, and
its greatest breadth is about 10. It abounds in bay^ and
harbours, which'lhe vast quantities of ice render inaccessibhi
the greatest part of the year. Two rockv islands are situ-
ated at the N. end, one of w hich was a craggy cliff, nearly
perpendicular, containing the neslsof many thousand shags ;
theotherwascalled Bird Island, from the innumerable flocks
of birds seen near it, from the largest albatrosses down to
the least petrels, "-everal porpoises and seals were also ob-
served. Here are perpendicular ice cliffs of considerable
height, like those of Spitsbergen. From these, pieces were
continually breaking otf, and floating out to sea; the valleys
were covered with snow, and the only vegetation observed,
was a bladcd grass growing in tutts, wild burnet, and a plant
like moss. Not a stream of fresh water was to be seen on
the whole coast. A great number of sea calves and vea-
bears were found, and flocks of penguins, some of whioh
weigheil 38 pounds, and measured 3 feet 3 inches, in length.
The only bird here appeared to be a species of the lark : n9
GER
quadruped was found. These islands lie between o3. 5?
and 54. 57. S. lat. and between 35. 34. and 38. 13. W.
Ion.
CIEORGIC, (io>jih)s.[geo]s,ilwii, from ge, ihe earth, and
ergnn, work, Gr.Jsomc part of the science of hushandry put
into a pleasing dress, and set off with ;all the beauties iind
emhpllishnicnts of poetry.
CiEO'RGIUAI SipUS, probably the most remote planet
from the sun, was discovered by Dr. Herschel in 1781 It
moves round its orbit in about .30,445 days 18 hours, at the
iiiiniense distance of about 1800 millions of miles from the
snn. On account of his distance from the earth, his rotation
roiMid his axis (and consequently the lenjfth of liis days and
i]if(hts) is unknown to us. Six satellites, as hath hitherto
been discovered, revolve round this globe, which is about
90 times bi«ger than the earlli. As seen from the earth,
be appears under an angle of only 4 seconds of a degree'
and It cannot be readily distinguished from a fixed star by
a less magiiifving power than 200 times.
GERA'NIDM, j. a plant of great varietj', beautj, and
exquisite flavour; the most valuable species are brouu^ht
from Africa, but arc raised with difficulty in this country.
GERFA'LCON, s. a bird of- prey, in size between a
vulture and a hawk, and of the greatest strength next to the
eagle.
GERMA'IN, St. a town of Cornwall, with a small mar-
ket on Friday. It was once the largest town in the coiintv,
but is at preseirt a snniU place, though it sends two mem-
bers to parliament. It was formerly a bishop's see, had a
cathedral, and what is left of it is used as the parish church,
and near it is the priory vet standing. It is 8 miles W. of
Plymouth, and 224 W. by S. of London.
.German, s. [gennamis, from.germm, a branch or shoot,
Lat.] a brother; one approaching to a brother in nearness
of blood ; generally applied to the children of brothers and
iisters, who are called cotishis german.
GE'RMAN, fl. [from gei-men, a branch or shoot, Lat.] re-
lated. Obsolete.
GERMA'NDER, s. [germandrie, Fr.] a p'ant with yellow
blossoms, called also the ground-pine ; likewise a kind of
speedwell.
GE'RIVL-WY, a country of Europe, bounded on the W.
by Swisserland, France, the Belgic Provinces, and Ihe Ger-
man Ocean ; on the N. by Sleswick and the Baltic Sea ; on
the E. by Prussia, Poland, and Hungary ; on the S. by Hun-
gary, the Adriatic, Italy, and Swisserland : being about 640
miles in length, and 550 in breadth. The air is temperate
and wholesome, and the productions are varitms. Germany
contains many princes, secular and ecclesiastic, who are in-
dependent of each other; and there are great numbers of
free, imperial cities, which are so many little republics,'go-
verncd by their own laws, and united by a head, who has the
title of emperor. The prerogatives of the imperial dignity
were formerly much more extensive than in latter years.
At the close of the Saxon race, in 1024, the emperors exer-
cised the right of conferring all ecclesiastical benetices in
GeriiKiny ; of receiving their revenues during a vacancy ; of
succeeding to the effects of intestate ecclesiastics; of con-
firming or annulling the election of the popes ; of assem-
bling councils, and of appointing them to decide on the af-
fairs of the church; of conferring the title of king on their
vassals ; of granting vacant fiefs ; of receiving the revenues
of the empire; of governing Italy as its proper sovereigns;
of erecting free cities, and establishing fairs ; of assembling
the diets of^ the empire, and fixing the time oPiheir dura-
tion ; of coining money, and conferring the same privilege
on the stales of the empire ; and of a(liiiiiiisl<'ring justice
t/itnm the territorifs of the different states. About the year
]4;i7, liowerir, the emperors were reduced to the power of
conferring all dignities and titles, except the privilefje of being
a state of the empire : of appointing once, (luring tlii'ir reign,
a dignitary in each chapter or religious house; of granting
dispensations willi res|ir(l to the ag<' of majority ; of erect-
ing cities, and conferring the privil.ge of coining money,
ot«
GER
and of calling the meetings'of the diet, and presiding in them.
The ejectors of the empire are 3 ecclesiastical, namely, the
archbishops of Treves, Cologne.and Mentz ; and 6 secular,
namely, the king of Prussia, as elector of Brandenburgh ;
the king of Great Britain, as elector of Hanover; tiie pre-
sent emperor, as king of Bohemia ; the elector of Saxony;
and the elector palatine of the Rhine. Each elector bears
the title of one of the principal othcers of the empire; the
elector of Hanover, for instance, being " aiclilrf asurer and
elector of the holy Roman empire. " To prevent the calami-
ties of a contested election, a king of the Romans has
often been chosen in the life-time of the emperor, on whose
death he succeeds to the imperial dignity as a ci: cuiiistance
of course. Although chief of the empire, the supreme au-
thority resides in the diets, which are composed of 3 col-
leges ; that of the electors, that of the princes, and that- of
tlfe imperial towns When that of the electors and that^of
the princes disagree, that of the towns cannot decide the
difference ; but they are obliged to give their consent, when
they are of the same opinioii. The diets have the power of
making peace or war, of settling general impositions, and of
regulating all the important aflairs of the empire. But their
decisions have not the force of law till the emperor gives his
consent. All the sovereigns of Germany have an absolute
authority in their own dominions, and can lay taxes, levy
troops, make alliances, A'c. provided they do not prejudice
the empire. They determine all causes definitively, unless
in some particular cases, in which an appeal may be made.
These appeals are to two courts, called the Imperial Cham
ber and ihe Aulic Council. Germany is divided iiito9cir-
cles, each of «liich comprehends several other states ; the
princes, prelates, and counts of which, with the deputies of
the imperial towns, meet together about their common af-
fairs. Each circle has one or two directors and a colonel ;
the directors have a power of convoking the assembly of
the states of their circle, and the colonel commands the
army. The 9 circles are those of Austria, Bavaria, Suabia,
Franconia, Upper and Lower Rhine, Westphalia, and Up-
per and Lower Saxony. The principal rivers are the %-
nube, Rhine, Elbe, Weser, Maine, and Oder. The lat)-
guage of Germany is a dialect of'tlie Teutonic, which suc-
ceeded that called the Celtic. The 3 principal religious
professions are the Romish, Lutheran, and Calvinistic. The
first prevails in the dominions of the emperor, in the eccle-
siastical electorates and in Bavaria ; the second in the cir-
cles of Upper and Lower Saxony, great part of Westphalia,
Franconia, Suabia, the Upper Rhine, and in most of Ihe im-
perial towns ; the third in the dominions of the landgrave ©f
Hesse-Cassel,and of some other pinices. At present, how-
ever, the above constitution and form of government ap-
pears wholly or in part annihilated, inasmuch as Francis II.
formerly resigned the empire of Germany, with its title,
crown, and regalia, on Ihefilh of August, ludfi ; and he now
be-.irs only the title of Francis I. emperor of Austria, which
he holds in his own right, it being hereditary in his family.
This abdication was occasioned by the CvnfedfrntioH of the
Ithine, which drew many of the Germanic states from their
allegiance; and because of the advancement of the electors
of Bavaria and Wirteinburg to the dignity of kings ; over
whom, and the elector of Baden, Francis was restrained
from exercising any species of authorit>, as well as over
their respective dominions, or the circles of Bavaria, Fran-
conia, and Suabia. So that at pres< nt there is no supreme
government oyer the empire of (iermany ; but every sepa-
rate state appears at present to be governed by its own laws,
without being amenable to any supeiior, though the empe-
ror Napoleanmiist beconsideri-dasli rd paramount of those
slates which compose the Confederal ion of the Rhine.
CERME, i. [seivncH. Lat.] a sprout or shoot ; I hat part
which grows and sivreads. In botany, that part of a flower
or plant which conlains the seed.
(iE'RMKN, s. [l.at.Ja young sprout or shoot ; a shooting
or sprouting seed.
To (iK RMINATE, r. v. [from %ttmm, a branch or
shoot, Lat.] to sprout, bud, shoot, or prow.
OH I
GIB
CMiU Ml NATION, s.\fr<Tmiiiaiii>ii, Fr. trotii p;eriwii, h
lbi;iiKli or shoot, J.al.J Hit act of sliooling or sprouting;
(;iyi!L'\0, J. [^"''""'"""' I^at.j III (he I.afni grammar, a
verlial muni niilii/;,' in <•//, do, or lUiin, ami ;4ovcrnin!r casos
.iki' a v<'rh. In Kiiyhsh wc have r
GESTATION, s. [Uww tyixto, I
, to carry, Lai. J the ail ot'
Ixarin;; the Nonnj; in the uoinh.
'J\. OESTlCULATi;, v. n. [troni ^-estus, a gcslure, Lat.J
to make Olid gestures ; to play antic tricks.
fiiCSTlCULA'TION, s. [from o-est,is, aKcsturo, Lat.] tlio
thro\i iiig the I'.rms or limbs about m odd and antic postures ;
an ofM posture.
f JE'STURE, s. [from i>-cstus, Lat.] the postures or adilmles
cxvressive of a person's setitiuients ; any movement or
motion ol tlie liody-
To GESTURE, r. ». to accompany one's delivery with
action, attitude, or motion of the body.
'I'oGET, r. a. pret. ^ got, antientiy ff«< ; part. pass, gut
or i^otliii ; [s^-e'im, ir^«tf;;, Sax.] to procure, or acquire; to
obtain by force or seizure; to attain by success; to win ; to
possess; to beget; toaccpiiie; to gain ; lo earn by labour
and oaiiis; to learn. " Get hi/ heart thi- mow common and
Useful words." Wtitts. To put into any state ; to prevail
on; to draw; to betake ; to icniove by force or art. Neii-
terly, to arrive at any state or posture by degrees \vilh swuie
kind of labour or ditficiilty. To fall ; to come by accident.
To find the w&y ; to move ; to remove. To go, or repair to.
To ^et off', to sell or dispose of by some artifice or expedient.
To s^et ill, io force or find a passage. To become by any act
what one was not before. To ^c* «/f, to escape danger. To
e?t over, to surmount ; to conquer ; to exlricate one's self
from any obstacle or impediment which hinders from action,
or involves the mind in perplexity. To get vp, to rise from a
seat or a bed.
G ETFER, s. one who procures or obtains ; one who
begets.
GFyTTING, s. the act c)f obtaining. In commerce, gain
or protit.
GEWGAW, «. [gegaf, Sax.] a showy, empty trifle; a
bauble, or splendiil'pku tiling.
GEWGAW, a. splemlidly trifling; thou^'h showy and
gaud-. , yet of no value.
GHA'STFUL, (o-asifid) a. [gast aud fiille. Sax.] dreary ;
dismal : melaiiclioly
GHA'STLINESS, (g-««<?(«fji) s. horror appearing on the
countenance ; dismal paleness ; like a ghost.
GHA'STLY, {gastly) a. like a ghost ; with horror and
dread painted on the countenance ; dreadful ; horrible ;
shocking,
GHENT, a considerable city of the ci-devant Austrian
Flanders, containing 6 parish churches besides the cathe-
dral, a great many religious houses, and about 70,000 inha-
bitants, hut not populous in proportion to its extent, whicii
is so great, that Charles V. is reported to have said to the
French king, Francis I. " 1 have a glove," (tiie French
name for Ghent being Gmit, a glove,) " in which I can put
your whole city of Paris." The city is divided by canals
into 2(i islands, and over the canals there arc 3(10 bridges.
The streets are large, and the market-place is spacious.
'I'hev have flourishing manufactures of silk, woollen, linen,
and a great trade in corn. There is a large canal whicli
n-^'jsps from Ghent to Bruges, and thence to Osteiid ; and
anot'ner which passes to Sas de Ghent. Ghent is seated on
the confluence of the rivers Scheldt, Lis, Moeze, and Lieve,
26 miles N. W. of Brussels. Lat. 51. 3. N. Ion. 3. 49. E.
GH I'.'RGONG, a city of India, capital of the kingdom of
Assam, seated on a river which runs a little below into the
Burraiupooter, about 400 miles N. E. of Calcutta. Lat. 26.
'25. N. bin. !)3. 40. E.
GHK'RKIN, tgirkin — the g pronounced hard) s. [gurcke,
Teul.J a pickled cucumber.
CHI I'LAN, a beautiful province of Persia Proper, extend-
ing along the S. W. coast of the Caspian Sea, aiid supposed
to be the Hyrcania of tlif antienfs. It bas Schirvan to the
N. Aderbeitzan, and part of Irac-Agemi to the VV. and Me-
zandcran to the SE. and is about 200 miles long, and 15a
broad. The sea forms its boundary on <me side, and on th*
other are high mountains covered with various jorts of
fruit-trees. In the highest part of tliem are deer, bears,
wolves, leopards, and tigers, which last the Persians have,
it is said, a method of laming, and hunt with thein as witJi
dogs. It is extremely fei tile, producing silk, oil, wine, rice,
tobacco, mulberry, box, walnut trees', aud excellent fruits in
abundance. This province was ceded to Russia in 172.1,
but not formally annexed to the Russian dominions till 1780.
lleshd is the caiiital.
GHOST, {?-(»(J s. [gast. Sax.] the .soul of a man ; a spirit
or spectre seen after the death of a persiui. When joined
with Huhi, it implies the third Person of the Holy Trinity,
otherwise termed the Sj)irit, as this word likewise signifies.
'Vcigiie im t/ir g/iust, is to expi e ; to die ; or to yield our soul
into the liands of him that gave it.
(illO'STLIN ESS, (gvstlinm) s. spiritualuess ; the quality
relalieg to the soul.
GHO'STLY, igdsthi) a. spiritual, or relating to the soul.
(iIALALr.\.\,;t. [Ital.l earth of a bright gold colour,
found in the kingdom of Naples, very tine, and much valued
by painters.
"GIA'INiBEUX, (jamtefe) J. [jantbes, Fr.J armour for the
legs ; greaves.
GI'ANT, s. \gigat, Lat. getmt, Fr.J a person of uncommon
height of stature.
GI'ANTESS, s. a woman of more than natural height ; •
woman taller than tlie rest of the sex naturally are.
(il'ANTLlKE, or CH'ANTLY, «. resembling a giant ia
tallness ; of an enormous bulk, or exceeding great.
Gl'ANT'S CAUSEWAY, a large curious promontory ot
Basaltes, in Antrim in Ireland, esteemed oneof the greatest
natural curiosities in the world. It is on the N. coast W. of
Bengore Head, and about 122 miles N. of Dublin. Lat.
55. 20. N. Ion. 6. 50. W.
GrANTSHIP,i. the quality or character of agiaiit.
CilARO'LO, ill ornithology ,a small bird of the snipe kind,
witji a white tail, which is sold in the markets in Italy.
GIBliE, s. any old worn-out animal ; as a gibcat is an old
cat.
To GIBBER, V. n. [from jMer, accor<ling to Johnson]
to speak in an inarticulate or unintelligible manner. .
GI'BBERISH, (the g pronounced hard) s. cant; the
private language of rogues, gypsies, Arc.
GIBBET, s. [gibet, Fr.] a gallows ; or a cross post where-
on malefactors are executed, or hung in chains.
To GI'BBET, t'. II. to hang or expose on a gibbet; to bans
upon a beiini, which crosses another standing upright.
GIRBO'SI'TY, s. [gihbosite, Fr.] the quality of rising in a
hump, or protuberance, above the rest of a surface; a pro-
minence ; convexity.
(JI'BBOUS, «. [n-iAioiHs, Lat.] swelling or rising above the
other part of the surface ; convex ; rising in knobs.
(il'BBOUSNE^SS, *. convexity ; prominence.
To GIBE, (g soft) V. n. [gaber, old Fr.J to sneer in a con-
temptuous uianner; to deride; to mock; to treat with
scorn : to taunt.
GIUE, s. a tauntj sneer, or expression of ridicule, joined
with contempt.
(il'BlOR, f. a sneerer; one who ridicules or sneers ano-
ther; a scoH'er.
Crl'BINGLY, ad. in a conteniptuoas, ridiculing, or sneer-
ing manner.
GIBLETS, s. [gihht. Sax.] the efTal part of a fowl, par-
ticularly those of a duck or goose, which are cut oflT before
tiiey are roasted, consisting of the head or neck, parts of
the'wings, gizzard, heart, liver, and legs.
CiIRR.\'LTAR, a town of Andalusia, in Spain, near a
mountain of the^same name, formerly called Calpc, which,
with Mount Abyla, on the opposite shore of Africa, were
railed the Pillars of Hercules. It was formerly thought to be
39U
GIG
GIN
impregnable ; but, in 1704, it was taken by the conffderato
fleet, commanded- by Sir George Rook. Tlic Frenth and
Spaniards attempted to retake it the same year, and 4 or
600 of them crept up the rock wliich covers tlie town, in
the night lime, but were driven down headlonij the next
morning. In 1727, the Spaniards besieged it again, and
they attempted to blow up the rock which they found ini-
fir?cticablc, and were at length obliged to raise the siege.
n the course of the American war, the Spaniards again be-
sieged it; but llieir ever memorable attack, on September
13, 1782, with floating battel ies of 212 brass cannon, <S c.
in ships, from 1400 to COO tons burden, ended lu a disap-
pointment, in the destruction of all the ships, and must of
the assailants in them. General F.lliot at th's time com-
manded the garrison. The garrison here are cooped up in
a ver>' narrow compass, and have no provisions but what
are brought from Barbary and England. The town is now
so strong by art and nature, as probably to bid deliance to
the utmost efforts of an enemy. Here are upwards of SOO
pieces of cannon mounted on the works, fiib-aliar con-
tains several streets, one of which is pr>-tlv spitciou* and
well paved ; the others are narrow and dirty. It lia.s also
3 gates. It is built at the foot of a barren rock, or craggy
hill, which rises about 1400 feet above the level of the sea,
in a peninsula, which can Iv approached oalv bv a narrow
passage, between the mountain and the sea. Across this
isthmus the Spaniards have drawn a fortified line, to pre-
vent the garrison from having any communication with the
country. The English here, exclusive of the garrison,
amoimt to about 2000, and the Spaniards, Portuguese, Ge-
noese, and Jews, to as many more. Here is one English
and one Spanish church, and a Jews' svnagogue. The
road is not safe against storms, nor convenient for refitting
vessels, though they may be laid on their sides for careen-
ing ; the harbour is formed by two moles, one of which is
3flio feet in length. On the summit of the ro<'k is a plain,
whence there is a fine prospect of the sea on earh side the
Strait, of Barbary, Fez, and Morocco, and of Seville and
Granada in Spain. The Strait of Gibraltar is about 2-t miles
in length, and 1.5 in breadth, and a strong current always
runs through it from the ocean to the Mediterranean.
Gibraltar is 25 miles N. of Ceuta, and 49 S. E. of Cadiz.
Lat. •■?«. fi. N. Ion. 5. 22. W.
Gl'BSTAFF, «. a long staff to gauge water, or to shove
forth a vessel into the deep. A weapon used formerly to
ISghl beasts upon the stage.
GIDDILY, (the ^ pron. hard) atl. the appearance of
external things ttiriiing round though at rest, with a swim-
ming in the head. Figurative, without steadiness, or fore-
'hoiiifht , lieedlesslv ; negligentlv.
GI DpjNF.SS, (the «• pron had) s. the state of being
giddv ; inability to keep its place.
GJ'DDY, (the ^ proir. hard) a. [e^ttig. Sax.] having a
swimming in the head, whereby external things, though at
rest, seem to turn round ; changeable; inconstant; unstea-
dy; heedless; elated too much with success or praise.
^GI'DDYPACED, a. moving without regularity.
Gl.ER-EA'CiLK, s. a bird mentioned in scripture.
GIFT, (the g- pron hard) s. [^i/i;. Sax.] something be-
itowed on another without price or exchange; the act of
(^ving. When applied to the Deity,"an offering or obla-
tion.
GI'FTED, (the fc pron. hard) a. given or bestowed;
not acquired by labour. Endowed with extraordinary
powers.
GK;, <'the ^pron. bard)*, etymology uncertain ; a smtdl
top made of horn, wliich is kept spinning by whippiij^ .t
with atlionir: also a kind of carriage.
GKi X'N'I'IC, (last fi- pron. hard )«./ [from ^/^-m, a g'ant,
Lat.] resemlilinga giant ; ofanenrirmoussize. Figuratively,
exceedingU wicked.
GIGG. JVC. \, or JIG, s. See Jic.
To GI'GfiL'", (the ff pron. hard) r. n. \guheUn, Fl.]
to he hidined to laugh ; to laugh at trifles.
"100
GT'GGLER, (the g pron. hard) s. one who bi'rsts into
hiu;;hter at the least trifle; one very much inclined to
laugiiler.
Gl GLET, (the g pron. hard) s. [geagl, Sax.J a wanton,
lascivious girl.
To Gil. L) (the g- pron. hard) v. a. pret. gilded or /!i&;
\gilduii, S;ix.] !o wash over with liquid, or cover with
Icafgcikl. Toiidorn v. ithlust.e. To illuminate or brighten.
To gild over, to recommend a thing, or hide its defects l»y
some additional ornament.
Gi'Ll^^'M, (theg- -.ron. hard) s. one who covers the sur.
face of any itonv with gold ; a coin valued from one shilling
and sixpence to twoshillin^s ; [from gliield, Dan. geld, Teut.
niciie- ]
(iI'LDING, (the g pron. hard) s. gold laid or stuck on
anv surface, by way of ornament ; the act of covering with
gold.
GI'LFORD, (the ff pron. hard) a town of Down, in Ul-
ster, sealed on tlie river Ban. 3 miles .S. W. of Warringtown,
and 62 from Dublin. The nu'anciers of the river, over
which there is a good stone bridge of 22 arches, the rising
grounds surrounding it, adorned with wood, and theb'earli-
>a;ds in the bottom, afford altogether a prospect truly de
ligtiiful. Here is a chalytteate spa of good quality.
G'l.L, s. [from gvln, the tliroat, Lat. | the apertures on
each side of the head of a fish, which they breathe thr'^ugh
instead of their mouths. The red flap which hangs down
from the beak of a fowl, or flesiiy exciescence under the
chill of a man. When used in these senses the g is pro-
nounced hard. A liquid measure, containing the fourth
part of a qu;iri. A woman or female companion. In bo-
tany, the plant called ground-ivy. Likewise ale, wherein
ground-ivv has been steeped. In these senses the g is pro-
nounced like J.
GI'LLYFUIWER, j. corrupted from Julyflnuer, so
called from the month it blows in; in botany, the dianthus,
under which genus are included pinks, carnations, aud the
sweet William.
Gl'LOLO, ail i^land of Asia, with a town of the same
name, in the Archijtelago of the Moluccas, about 210 miles
in length, and 750 in circunifeience. It produces neither
cloves nor nutmegs, though it is included in the S.j-ice
Islands, but is verv fertile in rice and sago. The air is said
to be »erv hot and unwholesome. The inhabitants are re-
presented as fierce and cruel, living without laws or fixed
habitations. It is s> ated under the line in Ion. 128 7. E.
(iILT, (the g pron. hard) s. gold laid on any surface.
Finurativelv, golden show or splendour.
GILTHEA I), J. a sea fish ; also a biid.
Gl'LT TAIL, t. a worm, so called from bis yellow
tail,
(ilM, n. [gim, Sax.] neat ; spruce ; well dressed ; an old
word which seems now leviving.
fil'iMCIl ACK, *. a machine more curious than useful.
(U'MLET, (the g pron. hard) *. a borer with a kind of
worm or screw at the end.
GI'MMAL, i. Johiisun tb'uks this is a gradual corrup-
tion frtmi giiimet ri) nr giv metrical ; some little quaint devices
or pieces of machinery .
GI'MMER, 1. [See Gjmmal] a movement ; a part of a
machine ; machinerv.
(ilMP.(theg- proii. harl) .«. a kind of silk-twist or lace..
(jlN, s. coutracted f oni engine; a trap or snare; a ma-
ch'iie for raising great weights ; a (lump worked bv wheels:
a dis: lied liquor drawn from iuniper-herries,<!tc. contracted
from (tenenr.
(;l\(iK'IO, a town on the coast of Coromandel, once the
capiUd of a kingdom of the same name. It stands on a
nxu'iitain, whose to|) is ilivided into three points, on each
of wli'ch is a castle. The great Mogul besieged it 3 years,
towards the close of the I7tli century, to no purpose. . It is
34 miles N. W. of Poiidicherry. Lat. 13. Ui. N. Ion. 7».
36. E.
GINGER, «• ^ivgtro, Ital.Jau aromatic root, of a yel
GIR
Gf.A
low 'oloiir, and very hot and piinn;<>n( taste, used in cookery
as a spice ; livaixitlii'carics as a iiipdicine.
fil'NGKRIWlKAI), {fmjrrlired) s. ii kind of hipad made
of flour sweetened with treacle, and mixed uilli ^'in^'er and
aromatic seeds.
OrNCiFJlLY, ad, cantionsly ; nicely.
Gl'NGi'-RNESS, s. [»iH«jc, Sax.] caution, tenderness,
or slif,ditness in handling, for fear of hurting or soiling ;
niceness.
GfNGlVAL, (t. [from gingiva, the gum, Lat.J belonging
to the gums.
To GrNGLF., ti. 11. [fornicd from the sound] lo make a
sharp noise, applied to that made by several pieces of money
shook together ; to shake piecesof money or metal together,
so as to make them sounil.
GI'NGFjE, .«. the sound made by several pieces of money
or metal shook to^ellier; (lie sound made by several words
or periods ending with the same letters or syllables.
GINfiLYMOII), n. [from !!''«^///'»os, a kind of articula-
tion, and eidos, likeness, (ir.] resembling a ginglymus; ap-
proaching to a ginglymus.
GrNGLYMUS, s. [from giH^/ymos, Gr.J in anatomy, a
kind of articulation orjoint, whose motion resembles that of
a hinge.
GI'NNET, s. [from ^iH»!«s, Gr.] a nag, or mule, or dege-
nerated breed.
GI'NSRNG, s. a root brought lately into Europe. Ft is
of a very agreeable aromatic sniell, tliougii not verv stmng.
Its taste is acid and aromatic, and Inis somewhat bitter in it
We have it from China; and there is of it in the same lati-
tudes in America.
GI'PSY, i. corrupted from Fgi/plian ; a vagabond of a
natural particular dark complexion, who pretends to tell
future events by palmistry or phisioonomy- Figuratively
used to impiv a person of a dark complexion, or a woman
of great craftiness and cunning.
GI'R A FEE, in zoology, a singular quadruped, wliicli in-^
habits the interior of Africa. It sometimes grows to the''
height of 18 feet from the hoof to tlie end of the horns,
while its hind parts arc not half so high. It is of a reddish
white, marked with numerous like rusty spots. Its manners
are gentle.
GTRASOLE, ». \girasol, Fr.] the sunflower ; also the
opal stone.
To GIRD, fin this word and its derivatives the g is pron.
hard) v. a. prefer, gtrded or girt; \gird(in. Sax.] to bind
round ; to fasten by binding round; to invest; to clothe ;
to inclose ; to encircle.
GIRD, s. a twitch, or pang, alludin; to the pain or sensa-
tion caused by agirdledraun tiylit on a sudden.
GI'RDER, ,f. in architecture, the largest piece of timber
in a floor ; its ends are fastened into the summers or
breast-summers, and support the joists, which are framed
into it.
GIRDLE, (the g is pron. hard in this word and its fol-
lowing derivatives) s. [gi/rde!, Sa^.] any thing or bandage
drawn round the waist, "and tied or buckled. An inclosine
or circumference. The equator, a great circle surrounding
the world like a girdle.
To GI'RDLE, f. n. to encompass and surround as with a
girdle. To inclose, shut in, or environ.
CI'RDLEBELT, s. the b.lt that encircles the waist.
GI'RDLER, s. one who makes beltsor girdles.
GIRL, (in this word and its subsequent derivatives the g
IS pron. hard) s. a young female or woman ; applied to one
yvho is playful, giddy, and tlioughtless, not arrived lo years
of discretion, »r not acting with that reserve which a person
of discretion ought.
GI'RLISH, a. like a girl, or one who is not arrived to vears
of discretion; wanton, play fid, or giddy.
GI'RLISHLY, «d. in a wanton, plavful, giddv, or thought-
less manner.
GIRO'NNA, a considerable town, or city, of Catalonia,
3 F
situated on a rivulet, which falls into the Tcr, -i? iuihs N
E. of iiiirceloua
filKKOCK, .5. akind offish.
To GIRT, (tlieg- pron. hard) v. a. Johnson says it is an
im|)ro|)er word ; lo gird ; tosurrouuil, < ncircle.
Ciiiri', (the^ pron. hard) .?. a band which (joci under or
round a horse's belly, and fastens to tin- saddle or burdcu
on its back. In surgery, a circular bandage, with a bolster
in the middle.
GIR'IH, (g pron. hard).t, [from jfi>:rf, the verb] the band
by which the saddle is fiisteued upouahofac ; the circum-
ference or measure of a perscju's waist.
To GIRTH, (g pron. hard) v. a, to put on, or bind with, a
girth.
GLSBORN.rg- pron. hard) a town in the W; Ridin,-^ of
Yorkshire, with a market on Monday. It is GO miles W. of
York, and '219 N. ><'. \V. of London.
GI'SBOROUGH, ro'wiwro,- ,^ pron. hard) a town in the
N. Riding of Yorkshire, yvith a market on Monday. It is
pleasantly seated on a Hat, 4 miles from the mouth of the ri-
verTees ; and is of note for being the hrsl place wherealuni
was made, as it was formerly for its abbev. It is 22 miles
N. W. by W. of W hiiby, 35 S. E. by E. of Durham, and 247
N. by W. of London.
To GIVE, (g pr(ui. hard) ». a. preter. guve, participle
passive ^aeit ; [g (/oh. Sax.] to present or confer on another
without receiving any thing in exchange ; to transmit, com-
municate, or impart from one's self lo another by hand,
speech, or writing; to assign; to put into a person's pos-
session; to consign. To pay as a price or reward. To
expose. To allow ; to grant. To enable. To exhibit or
express. To give hack, to restore or return. To give ths
^oW, to yield pre-eminence. To give for, to exchange one
thing for another. To gire cnr, to listen o. attend to what a
ocrsonssays. To gii'c n-ni/, \n yield without resistance, or
denial. To ofl'er. 1 'scd \«iih to, to addict, apply, or lia-
bituate. Used with ««■«(/, to make over, to transfer to ano-
ther. Joined to «»/, to proclaim ; piddish ; or utter ; to
spread a false repoit or rumour. I'scd witii np, to resign,
quit, yield, abandon, or deliver. Used with iw, to retreat;
to give way ; to go back. Used with ititn, to coi'.iply with ;
to assent to; to yield to. Used with "ff-', to cease. Used
with oi-er, to leave ; to quit; to cease from an act; to con-
clude lost. To give out, to cease from a contest; to yield.
Used with wai/ or place, to yield without resistance ; to fall
back or make room. Neulerly, to grow moist ; to melt; to
thaw. Synon. We give to our servants. Vie present to
princes. We o/fer to (iod.
GIVER, (the g pron. hard) t. one that lets another have
a thing without leceiving any thing in return.
GI'ZZARD, (the g pron. haid)s. [gTge)-ui, Lat. gesier, Fr.J
a strong miisctdous stomach in birds, wherein their meat,
by means of stones which thev swallow, is ground in pieces,
as in a mill. To gmwbfe in the gi::aid, is applied t) those
who are are dissatisfied or discoulenied.
GLA'CIA L, o. [from glacies, ice, Lat.] icy ; made of ice ;
frozen.
GLACIATION, s. [from glades, ice, Lat.] the act of
turning into ice ; ice.
GLACIERS, a name given to some extensive (ields of ice
in Swisserland. The Cilaciersuiav bediviflcd into twosorts;
the Lower, occupying llie deep valleys siinaled in the bottom
of the Alps, and termed, by the natives, Valle^ of Ice ; and
the Upper, which clothe the sunniiits anii sides of the moun-
tains. The Lower (ilaciers are llie inos' consi<;erable in ex-
tent and depth, some stretching seveial leagues in length.
At the higher extremity, they are boid< r.-d bv inaccessible
rocks, and on the other extend into cullivaterl valleys. The
ihieknessof the ice varies from SO to 100 leet, iind in si me
parts extend to upwards of fioo feet. Tliese imnu-nse tii'ld.«
of ice usually rest on an inclined plain; being pushed for-
ward by the pressure of their f)«n weight, and but weakly
supported bv the rugged rocks beneath, thev are intersected
401
GLA
f . L A.
J>v large transverse chasms, and present the appearance of
walls pyramids, and other iantiibtit- shapes, observed ut ail
heights and at all situations, ulierever tlie detliMty ex-
ceeds 30 or 4U decrees. But in those parts, v.here the pla;ii
OQ «hieli ihey rest is nearly horizontal, the surface ol' the
ice is passable, beJH:; not so slippery as that of the frozen
ponds, or rivers; it is rough and {granulated, and is on!y
dangerous in deep descents. The t<-llo« iiig is a simple and
natural theory relative to the fornialioa of the dlaciers. An
immense quantity of snow is continually accumulating in the
elevated valleys inclosetl ^^ithinthe Alps, as v.c\i from that
which falls from the clouds, during nine nionlhs in the year,
as from the masses which are incessantly rolling from the
steep sides of'tlie circumjacent mountains. Part of tliis
snow, which is i;ot dissolved dunn^ summer, impregnated
with rai.i and snow-water, is frozen during winter, and forms
that opaque and porous ice of winch the Lower Glaciers are
composed. The Upper Glaciers may be subdivided into
those which cover the summits, and those which extend
along the sides of the Alps. Those which cover the summits
owe their origin to the snow that falls at ail seasons of the
year, and which remains nearly in its uriginal state, being
congealed into a hard substance, and not converted into ice ;
for in so cold a region there cannot he melted?. (|uanlily of
snow satiicient to impregnate with water the whole mass,
which renrains undissolv4d. The substance which clothes
the sides of the .Alps is neither pure snow, like that of the
summits, nor ice which forms the Lower (ilaciers, but is an
assemblage of both. It contains less snow than the sunnnits,
because tin -nmmer heat has more power to tlissolve it, and
because the lif|m died snow descending from above, the mass
is penetrated wilh a large quantity of water. It contains
more snow than the Lower Glaciers, because the dissolution
of the snow is comparatively less. Hence the ice is even
more porous, opaque, and less compact, than the ice of the
Lower Glaciers; and is of so doubtful a texture, as renders
it, in many parts, difhcidt to decide wliether it may be called
ice or frozen snow. Thus tin re is a regular gradation from
the snow on the summits, to the ice of the Lower Glaciers,
forme<l by the intermediate mixture of snow and ice, which
becomes more compact, aiul less i)orous, iii proportion as it
approaches the Lower Glaciers, until it uiiiles and assimi-
lates with them.
GL.'V CLS, s. [Fr.] in fortification, a sloping bank. It is
more especially taken for that which ranges trom the para-
pet of the covered way totlie levil on the side of the field.
GLAD, fl. [g/t"/, Sax.] cheerful; gay; rejoicing at some
gofid which has happened. Figuratively, used for any thing
which appears fertile, bright, or showy.
To GL.\ UDF.N, r. a. to cheer ; to affect with a sensa-
tion of pleasure or delight.
GLADH, s. [from g/iul, Dan.] a lawn or opening in a
wood; a passage through a wood made by lopping off the
branches of trees.
GLADIATOR, s. [Lat.] a person who used to fight with
a naked sword in the public shows in Rome. Figuratively,
a prize fighter, or sword-player.
GLA'DIOLE, s. an herb with long narrow radical leaves,
naked cylindrical stcLM, and purplisTi and white blossoms ;
the same with the (lowering rush.
GL,\'I)I,Y, nd. in a joyful manner.
GLA'DNLSS, s. a sensation of joy or delight, arising at
the prospect of success, or the actual possession of good.
CiLA'D.'^O.Mr., a. delighted ; pleased.
GLA'DSOMLI>Y, arf. with some sensation of delight or
pleasure.
(jLA'DSOMENE.SS, s. gaiety ; a slight sensation of joy
or delight.
GL.VIMVVN, s. a provincial term for the stinking flag.
t'jLAIRL, i. f^/«/)f, Fr.J the white of an egg ; a kind of
lialbert.
To GLAIIvr., v. a. [fflairer, Fr.] to varnish or smear
with the white of an egg, used bv bookbiiuJers.
402"
GLAMO'RG \NvilIRK, a county of S.Wales, bounded
on the N. by Carmartlienshire and I5reckr,ockshire, on the
E. by iMonmoutlishire, and on the S. and W. by the Bristol
Channel. It extends from K. to W . 4» miles, and 26 fiom
N. to S. It is divided into 10 hundreds, which ciiiitain I
eity, 8 market towns, 118 parodies, about 10,000 houses, and
oH,000 inhabitants. On the N. side of this county, where
it is mouiitaiuous, the long con'dnuance of the snow renders
the air sharp ; but the country being more level on the .S.
side, it is there milder, more pleasant, more populous, and
bears large crops of corn, with remaikably sweet grass ;
whence it has been called the Garden of Wales. Cattle
abound in all parts, there being fruitful valleys among the
mountains, that yield very good pasture. Here are also
lead, coal, iron, and limestone. Its principal rivers are the
llumiiey, which separates it from Monmouthshire, the
Teafe, Elwy, Nealh, Ogmore, Avon, Cledaugh, and i awy.
Cardiff is the principal town, and Swansea the most com-
mercial one ; but tiie assizes for the county are held at
Cow bridge.
GLANCE, J. [^/«n;z, Teul.] a sudden shoot or beam of
light or splendour ; a stroke or dart of light.
To GLANCE, V. n. [glanizen. Tent.] to shool a sudden
ray of light or splendour ; to fly oft', or to strike in a sloping
manner. Usetl with at, to hint at, or censure a person's
faults by some r)blique bints. Used with e;/f, to take a quick,
slight, or transient view ; to view obliquely.
(jLA'NCINGLY, ttd. in an oblique manner; tran-
siently.
(jL.\ND, s. [f/««j, Lat.] in anatomy, a soft spungy sub-
stance, which serves to separate a particular humour from
the blood.
GL.X'iNDKIlS, s. in farriery, a running of corrupt mat-
ter from the nose, differing in colour, accoidiiig to the de-
gre<' (d'malignitv, being while, vellow, green, or black.
GLA'NDlOf.D BRIDGE, a' town of Linc(dnsliire, with
a large mauid'acluie of skin-; and a considerable trade m
corn, coals, and tindier. It is seated on a river or navigable
canal, called Anclndme, or Aiicam, 23 miles N. of Lincoln,
and 16(i N. by W. of Lordon. iVhn kel on 1 hursday.
(iL.VNDI FERGUS, «. [from gln^s^a imt irr acorn, and
ftro, to bear, Lat.] bearing acorna, mast, or I'ruit like
acorns.
GLANDULE, *. [from glanduh, a little nut, LiU.] in
analiimy, a small gland ; sometimes applied, in the plural,
to signit\ v^ hat aie vulgarlv calletl the nhnvufts of the car
GLANDULO'.SITY, s. a col.ection ofglands.
GLA'NDULOUS, a. riVom Rlmis, a gland, Lat.] pertain-
ing to, situate in, or having the nature (d', thegla'nds.
To GLARE, «. H. [g/ojcH, Belg.] to shine so bright as to
dazzle the eyes.
ti LA H E, i. an overpowering or darzling lustre; a fierce,
pie.rcing lc;ok.
GLA'RKflUS, a.\f>laren.uis, Lat.] consistinj; of a viscous
and transparent matter like the white (dan egg.
fiLA'HING, I art. iti' glare ; fiagraiit ; enormous, applied
to any ver\ great crime.
GLA'RIS, or (; LARDS, one of the thirteen cantons in
.Swisseiland, entirely surrounded by the Alps, except to-
wardstheN. It has the canton of Scliweitson the \\ . and
the (irisonson the E. It is a cold, mountaiiious country,
yet attinrding cattle, diecse, butter, and a prodigious variety
of uncommon plants, minerals, metals, cr>stal», medicinal
springs, pelnfactious, and large slates. 'Jhe goveriinienl is,
or lately was, pirft ctly (lemocralic; every piisini, at the
age of sixteen ha> a Mite in tlie landsgeiniiud, or g»U( ral
assembly, wliich is laldannualiv in the month o! M;\\. in an
open plain, according to the cuslom id' the anlienl Gauls
and Germans, 'lliis assembly ratifies new laws, raisei con-
tributions, enters into alliances, declares war, and makes
peace. The executive power, liowcvt r, is \ e^ied ilia hiu-
dralh, or count il, composed of -in protestani uuiiiliers, and
15 Roman catholics. The landamman, or chief of the
GLA
CLE
republic, is clioscn alternately from anionfj tlie protcstanls
ami Komanists, who live tofjrllier here in ijrcat iiarniony,
aiiiitably fill tofjellier the c-hicl'otHces ofsliit'e, and siuces-
sivfly make use oi'llie same house for their assenililies for
piililic worship. The population amounts to about 16 or
17,000 souls.
GLA'SCOW.a city of Scotland, in the county of Lanerk,
which, from its extent, and from the beauty and rej;n]arity
of its buildings, may justly be esteemed the second city in
the kingdom. The streets arc clean and well paved; and
several of them, interseclinf;each r)therat ri;^ht aiiffles, pro-
du<.'e a very agreeable efiect. The four principal streets
thus divide the city nearly into four equal parts; and the
different views of them, from the cross, or centre of inter-
section, have an air of magniticcnce. Here are a few mag-
nificent public buildinifs, and several charitable establish-
ments, particularly the Merchants' Hospital, and that of the
town. Here is a celebrated university ; the single college
belonging to which is an elegant ond commodious building.
The number of inhabited houses in it is upwards of 10,000,
and it contains near 62,000 inhabitants. A considerable
trade was formerly carried on here in tobacco and rum, but
Ubas;IJfefh lately on the decline. Their cotton manufac-
tures rival those of Mancliester in cheapness and elegance ;
and, before the late universal check to that branch of busi-
ness in both kingdoms, it is said that cotton goods were ma-
nufactured in Glasgow and its vicinity to the annual amount
of 2,000,000.<f sterling. A pottery is likewise carried on
here.that emulates.in beauty and elegance, the Staffordshire
ware. .Printing-types are well executed here, and the glass
manufactory has been very successful. Here are also manu-
factures of coarse earthenware, hats, stockings, gloves,
ropes, cordage, A'C. Glasgow has the advantage of two
canals, besides the jTeat canal that joins the Clyde to the
Forth. Its proper river, the Clyde, lias, at a great cxpence,
been made navigable, within the last 30 years, for vessels
drawing 7 feet 6 inches water. It is seated on the N. I)ank
of the above river, over which it has two stone bridges,
(one of them an elegant new one, of 7 arches, 600 feet long,
and 32 wide; it was completed in 1772) 10 miles S. W. of
Dumbarton, and 36 W. of Edinburgh. Lat. 55. 52. N.
Ion. 4. 2. W.
GLASS, s. [g-7<rs. Sax.] an artificial substance, made by
fusing or meltmg fixed salts, flinl,and sand tugetiicr with a
vehement fire, transparent to the sight, ductile when hot,
but not malleable. The manufacture of glass was known
very early ; but glass perfectly transpareut was reckoned so
valuable, tbat Nero is said to have given 60,000.it for two
cups with handles. When the excavations were made in
the antient city of Pompeii, which was buried by an erup-
tion of Vesuvius A., D. 79, the windows of some of the houses
were found glazed with a thick kind of glass, not transpa-
rent. In others isinglass was substituted, split into thin
plates. Glass windows were first used in England about
the year 1180. A. glass vessel of any kind, particularly a
cup with a foot, to drink out of; iience figuiatively, it is
used for that quantity of liquor w hicii such a vessel contains,
as a glass of wiue. A glass to view one's face in ; a per-
spective or glass to view distant or near objects with ; a glass
made use of for measuring time, by means of .sand, which
runs through a small aperture, and called an /turn-glass.
GLA'SSFURNACE, s. a furnace in which glass is made
bv liquefaction.
■OLA^SSG^ZING, a. finical.
GLA'SSGRINDER, i. one whose trade is to grind and
polish glasse,'.
GLASSHOUSE, s.a house where glass is mauufactured.
GL.\'SSMETAL, s. glass in fusion.
GLA'SSVVORK, s. manufacture in glass.
GLA'SSWGRT, s. a plant, with spreading, jointed, her-
baceous stems and flowers, without blossoms, placed in the
clefts of the joints. It is also called saltwort and marsh
samphire.
GI^.\'SSY, a. resembling glass in smootliness, luMre, or
brighlness.
GLA'STONBURY, a pretty large and well built town of
Somersetshire, principally consialing of tuo sine's, in both
of which are many houses, either enlin i\ Ixiilt, ur I'lliiied
up, with stones from its abbey ; foruieily the most luagnifi-
cent in the world, the domains and revenue of v\l]ich vveie
immense It was antieutly calh il Ava'onia, or the Isle of
Avalon, into whieh no person whalcvei, not even a bishop
or prince, was allowed lo enter, without leave from the al>-
bot, towliom this power was granted by Canute the Dane.
There were 61 abbots, w ho sat among the barons in parlia-
ment, and governed it successively for near 600 years.
Richard VVithinij, the last, for refusing lo surrender his ab-
bey to Henry V'lH. and acknowledge his sujireniacy, was
condemned at Wells, and carried with two of his monks,
on a nurdle, to the Tor, or St. Mii^hael's Tower, a lii;^!) hill
in the neighbourhood, where he Was hanged in iiis robes.
His head was stuck up over the gate of his abliey, and l;i.s
body, quartered, was ex|)ose(l in like manner at Bath,
Wells, Bridgewater, and Ilchester. E\lensive ruins of this
immense range of buildings are st II remaining; but they
have been much diminished for the sake of the stones, as
every cottage hereabouts has part of a pillar, door, or win-
dow of this fabric; however, the curious siructuie, called
ihe abbot's kitchen, is yet entire, and is of a very uuusuhI
contrivance, being built of stone, without any coHilin,tiMe
material ; as are also some fragments of the church and .St.
Joseph's chapel. The walls lliat remain are overgrown
with ivy; and the aspect of the whole is, at mice, melan-
choly and venerable. The principal manuiiicture here i»
stockings. Neaily adjoining, on a high steep hill, is placed'
the tower of a cliurcii, the Tor above-nieiitiemed, which
lifts its head into the clouds, and is an object of admiration
to travellers, and even serves as a landmark to seamen in
the Bristol Channel. It is situated in a inw, marshy i oiin-
try, nearly encompassed with rivers, 6 nii'es S. W. of Wella,
and 129 W. by S. of London. Market on Tuesday.
GLAUCO'MA, s. [from glankos, greenish blue, Gr.] in
medicine, a disorder of the eye.
GLAVE, s. [glaive, Fr.] a broad sword.
To GLAZE, II. a. to furnish window s w itii glass ; to cover
with a substance resembling glass, like that with which
potters cover their earthenware, porcelain, Ac. To cover
or overlay with sonufhing shining.
GLA'ZIER, s. one w iiose trade is to make glass w indows.
GLEAD, or GLADE, s. a name used in the northern
parts of the kingdom for the kite.
GLEAIM, (»7rcHi) s. a sudden and transient shoot or ray
of splendour; lustre; brightness.
To GLEAM, (glenn) V. n. to shine with sudden and tran-
sient flashes ; to shine.
C;LE'AMY, (g/inmi) a. flashing; darting sudden and
transient flashes of light.
To GLEAN, (g/«'") I!. a.[glane>\ Fr.] to collect what ia
scattered by those who gather in a harvest; lo gather any
thing thinly scattered ; lo collect from fliffircnl autlims.
GLEAN, (g/ce/i)*- a collection made by slow degrees and'
laborious application.
GLE'ANI'>R, (fi7ffnfr).5 one wIk> gathers after the reap-
ers: one who gainers any thing slowly and laboriously.
GLIi'.'\NING, (glieniiig) s. the act of gleaning, or things
gleaned.
CiLEBE, .5, [^Mfl, Lat.] aclod ; turf; soil; land. In na-
tural histor>, a clod or piece of stone or earth, frr quently
containing some Mietal or mineral. In law, church-land.
CiLEBOLM, or --iLI'.'RY, a. abounding in clods. Figi^
ratively, fertile, or fruitful.
GLEDE, s. a kind of fiawk.
GLEE, s. [gUgge, Sa\.]joy or mirth.
GLEED, s. [from gtudan, to glow, .Sax.] a hot glowing
coal ; a provincial and obsolete word.
CiLEE FUL, -». full ofjov ; gay. Not used.
GLEEK, s.\gligge, Sax.] music, or a musician.
To GLEEK, ti. a. I from gligman, Sax. J to sneer ; to uth
mie; to dioll upon.
403
GLO
GLO
To GLEEN, I', n. pnrliaps a conuption of gieam ; to
sbiiiii vvitli heat or polish.
GLEET, *. the flowing or dripping ofa humour from any
wound.
To GLEET, V. 71. to drop slowly, or ooze with a thin hu-
mour.
GLEETY, a. resembling a gleet. Thin, and sanious,
applietl to hiimou'.s.
GLI'.N, s. [»/«««, Erse] a valley ; a dale.
GLF/NCOE, TheVai-E of', in Arj;ylesliiro, noted for
the militarv execution of its unsuspectnij,' inhiibitaiits, by a
party of Enslish soldiers, in 10;) I, in eoiiseqiience of ;in or-
<!er signed by king William, in council, for that purpose,
and c<>ntrary to the faith ofa roi al prochuuation. The
male part of the inhabitants had many of them been in arms
for the abdicated kini;, James IL
GLEW, s. [o-/iiten, Lat.J a viscid, tenacious matter, used
as a cement to join divers thinjjs together. The common
giew is made of the skins or liides of beasts; tish glew is
made of llienincilHginous pa-.ts ofa large lish, i'ound chiefly
in tile Russian sea?, and is « hat we call isinglass.
GLIIj, a. [s;l;d. Sax.] smootii ; slippery; without any
inc<pialities on the surface ; formed so as to be easily moved.
Voluble, applied to speech. Synon. An eel is so ilipperii
as to be ditlicult to hold. Wet weather, succeeded by a
frost, makes the w ay slippery. Oiling the tly of a jack makes
it inni f /;6.
Glibly, nif. smoothly ; without any obstacle.
GLl'BNEsS, s. smoothness; slipperiness. Volubility, or
easiness of miitioii, api'litd to the tongue.
To GLIDE, !'. n. [ulitlan. Sax. J to flow or pass gently,
smoothly, or without any tumult; to move smoothly and
swiftly along.
GLIDE, i. a lapse ; a sliding motion ; the act of passing
sniootlilv.
GLIDER, s. one tbatglides.
GLIKI', s. f^/'ir. Sax.] sneer, or scoft". Not in use.
ToGLI'.MMI'.k, V. n. \glim»iei; Dun.] to shine faintly;
toattord a faint light.
GLI'MMER, s. a faiut splendoi;ir, or dim light; a fossil,
lodged in s(>arrv and stonv bodies, so called from its shining.
GLr.\I>IEI!ING, i. an imperfect view. A faint resem-
blance ; a trace.
GLIMPSE, s. [from g;I>mmeH, Belg.] a weak, faint light ;
a sudden, or quick flasliing light. A transient lustre; a
short and tansitory tiew. A short fleeting enjoyment. A
faint resend)lance or likeness.
To GLI STEN, v. n. [glittan, Teut.J to shine with lustre or
splendour.
GLI'STER, f. See Clyster, which is the most proper
spelling.
To GLITTER, ti. n. [gUtiman, Sax.] to shine with lus-
tre or polish ; to gleam ; to appear pompous, specious, or
strikiuij.
.GLI' ITER, i. lustre; splendour; a slijning or showy
brightness.
ti LITTERING LY, ad. with a shining or sparkling
IlMitre.
TotJLOAR, fg/6c) V. a. [irlueren, Belg.] to srjuint ; to
look askew.
To (jLO.\T, (g/"0 I', n. perhaps a corruption of gloar ;
to h)ok sideways at a person ; to cast a stolen glance at a
person.
f JL()'B.\TED, a. [glohntns, Lat.] formed in the shape ofa
globe.
GLOBE, i. [o7»6»«, Lat.] a round body, havingeveiv part
of Its surlace eiiually distant fM)m the centre, (ilobe is
moie parlicidariy used for an arlilicial sphere of uu'Ial,
plaster, paper, or some other matter, on ^^ hose cum ex
surface isilrawu a msr^i, either of the earth or liraveus. The
jjlobe «hi(li repress uts the earth, is called the terrestrial,
and that which represents the heavens, thi' celestial ; the
formi^r i-. very useful in geography, the latter iu astronomy.
See the plate.
404
GLOBE-FISH, s. a kind of orbicular fish.
GL(.)'BE-I•"LO^^'ER, s. a kind of mountain crow foot.
GLOBOSE, GLOBOUS, GLOBULAR, or GLO'BU-
LOUS, a. [from globus, a globe, Lat.J round or spherical.
GLOBOSITY, i. [from globus, a globe, Lat.] round-
ness.
GLOBULATJA, ;r.[Lat.] a flosculous flower.
GLO'BULE, «. [from globus, a globe, Lat.J a small par-
ticle of matter, of a round or spherical form, applied to red
particles of the blood, Ac.
To GLOMERATE, v. a. [from glomus, a bottom of yarn,
or clue of tliread, Lat J to gather several parts or bodies into
a round bodv or sphere.
GLOiMERATiON, ,v. |froni glomus, a bottom of yarn, or
clue of thread, Lat.| the act of forming several parts or
bodies into a round bail or sphere ; a bodv formea into a
ball.
GLO'MEROUS, a. [from ginmus, a bottom of yarn, or
clue of thread, Lat.] gathered into a ball or sphere, as a ball
of thread.
GLOOM, s. \glovuing, Sax.l an imperfect, faint, or ob-
scure sight. Ei-uiatively, sullenness.
To GL(^OM, V. n. to shine obscurely ; to be darkish,
like the twilight. Eiguratively, to be melaucholy, dull, or
sullen.
GLO'OMILY, ad. dimly, without perfect light. Figura-
tively, stllU'lrlv.
GLO'OMISES'^, -t. want of light: duskiness; darkish-
ness ; dismalness. Figuratively, sulleiiuess; sadness, or
melancholy.
GLOOMY,", obscure; imperfectly liihleoed; having a
faint light ; dark or blackish. Figuratively, si. llcii ; melan-
choly ; sad.
GLORIED, n. illustrious; honourable.
GLORIFICATION, s. \glonficalion, Fr] the act ofgiving
glory, ;'itrilmliu'; honour, and reU'leraig praise.
Tofil.O'l. IFY.ii. a. [i'icin\ gloria, gloiy, and farin, to make,
I at.] to procure honour or praise to a person or thing; to
procure honour or prai.se in worship; to extol, honour, or
praise ; to exalt to a slate of splendour, dignity . or ;;lory.
GLO'RIOUS, a. [from gloria, glory, Lat.] in its primary
sense, haughty ; (uoud ; ostentatious; or boastiiigin any ad-
vantage. Figuratively, adorned w ith glory ; exalted to a
stateof splendour and dignity ; noble; illustrious.
GLO'RIOUSLY, nrf. dhistriously; nobly.
GLORY, (used by the autient poets as a word of one
syllable, and proiiouiiced glare) s. \gloria, Lat.J praise or
honour alliH)uted in adoratK.n or worship. In scriptinc, a
slate of iuttiable splendour and felicit\, prepared for the
righteous in heaven. Hmiour; praise; fame; renown. A
state of splendour, diijuity, and magnihcence. Lustre or
brighlmss. .Aciicleof rayswlich sunounds the heads of
saints in |iiclures. Pride; anogance ; boastfulness. Sy-
non. Glori/ expresses somelhing more singular than Iionovr ;
the one makes us underlake vohintaiily the most dilbeult
things ; the other leads us willingly lo the execution of
the most rigorous exactions. .An iuditference to glory may
pass uuiioticid, bul not wilh respect lo liouour.
ToGLOHY, )•. n. Iglcricr, from gloria, glory, Lal'.J to
boast i'.i : l<i be proud of, usimI with iu.
ToGLOSE.e. «. SeeTo (iLozK.
(iLOSS, s. \f>loie, Er.J a comment or explanation of the
sen-e of an aiithor. 1 "gurati^ely, a false interpretation, oi
specious explioation of ihe words of an author, in order to
serve a particubr purpose : a superfical lustre or brightness,
ai)pearing on the sui face of silk, or any smooth or polished
thing.
To GLOSS, r. 11. Igloser, Fr.] to comment, or niakt re-
ntal ks on the sense of an author; lo make a sly remark, or
give a broad hint; lo (lalliate, or uiake a thing a))pear right
by some specious reasoiung or interpretation. To make the
surface ol a thing shine; to embellish with a superficial
show, used with rer.
GLO'SS.ARY, s. [glossarinm, fioni glosia, a tongue, or laii.
GLO
GNA
Kiiaije, Lat-l a iliitioiiary, explaining obscure and obsolete
Wdrds.
GLOSSATOR, or GLO'SSEIl, j. a commentator or
scholiast.
GIjO'SSINKSS, s. the sliiiiiiifj lustre appearing on the
surface of .silk, or anv polished bodies.
GLOSSO'CillAPHER, (c^lussOo-mfir) s. (from glossn, a
tttngiic, nmi grnp/io, to write, Gr.| a scholiast ; a comiuen-
ta tor.
G I^O.SSO'GRAPHY, (g^nsicigrafi/) a. [from ghssa a tonjjue,
and ^rap/io, to write, Gr.J the writing coiiimentaries ; the ex-
poiiiidintj hard and difticidt words and tern)s.
Glossy", «. having a shining and smoothly polished
surtaee.
GLOTTIS, *. I Lat.] the month or aperture of the larynx,
tlnouj;li which the air ascends and descends in rcspirinj;-,
servii):; fur the formation of the voice, and giving that won-
drifid variet\ of notes of which the voice is capaiile in
spinikiiii; and sin^-nng.
(.ii.OUCl'SVi'jK, (Glosfer) a large, populons, and cojisi-
dcrahiecity oftiioucestershire, C(>ntainin^;5 parish churches,
besides its antient and niagnilicent cathedral. It is \ieli
built, and li:',s !>een latelv iniicli improved ; its fonr principal
streets are greatly admired forllie regularity of tiii'ir junc-
tion in the centre of the town ; besides \\ hicli there are seve-
ral smaller ones, all well paved. Here is a good stone bridge
over the Severn, the Knvest down that river, with a quay,
wharf, and cu-toni house, (iloncester has a flourishing ma-
nidacture of pins, and is sealed on theE. side of the Severn,
where, bv its two streams, it forms the Isle of Alney, 35
miles N. E l>v N. of Bristol, and t06 W. bv N. of London.
Market on Wednesday. Fairs on April .5, July 5, Sept. 28,
and Nov. 28, the latter ehiettv for fat hogs.
(iLO'.l'CESTEKSHIRE, a county oi England, bounded
on theW. by Monmouthshire and Herefordshire; on the N.
by Woicestersliire ; on the E. by Warwickshire and Ox-
fordshire ; and on the S. by Wiltshire and Somersetshire.
It extends from N. E. to S. W. more than O'O miles, but is
not move than 2(> in breadth. It is divided into 13 hundreds,
which contain 1 city, 27 market-towns, 280 parishes, 1229
villages, about 26,7G0 houses, and 162,.'560 inhabitants. The
soil and ap|>earance of this county vary in different parts,
but the air is healthy throughout; sharp on the E. or hilly
part, which contains the Coteswold Hills, but mild in the
rich vale of .Severn, which occupies the centre. The W.
part, w liich is the smallest district, is varied by hill and dale,
and chietly occupied by (he Forest of Dean, which was
once full of oak trees, but the iron works have consumed a
great part of them. The staple commodities are cheese,
cyder, perry, bacon, grain, and fish, besides its manufac-
tories of woollen cloths, hats, leather, paper, bar iron, edge
tools, nails, brass, Ac. Its rivers are the Severn, the War-
wickshire Avon, the Lower Avon, the Wye, Thames,
Coin, Lech, W|-ndrush, Evenlode, Churn, Leden, Swiliale,
Caron, and Stour.
GLOVI'^i, .?. Iglofe, Sax.] a covering worn upon the
bands, either for luxury, or to keep them from the incle-
mency of the weather.
To G LOVE, i'. ft. to cover as with a glove.
GLO V'R, s. one who makes or sells gloves.
To GLOUT, r. n to pout; to look sullen, or discover
dislike and fliscontent in the countenance. A low word.
To GI^OW, (gid) V. n. [ghwnit, Sax.] to be heated so
as to shine without flame ; to burn with vehement heat; to
present or exhibit a strong bright colour. To feel a heat in
any part of the body. To feel a warmth of passion, or heat
ajisiug from the eagerness or ardour of the mind.
GLOW, (gld) s. a shining heat. VeheiTience or ardour,
applied to tile passions. Brightness, or ruddiness, applied
to colour.
GLOW-WORM, (gid-wnrm) s. an insect which a|>pears
luminous in the dark. The glow-worm is the wingless
female of a beetle insect. The male is of'a dusky liii<-,
wilJiout much beauty or peculiarity of markings. The female
is more like the larva, or grub of a beetle, than a perfect
full grown inse< t. The light, which is of a beautiful sulphur
colour, proceeds from the three last rings of the body.
To (iLOZI'', V. n. \i!;li:siin. Sax J to make use of soothiug
and tlatteringwords ill order to persuade, coax, or wheedle
a person. To comment or interpret ; but in this seii^ it
should be gluss.
(il.OZE, i. flattery; soothing words; insinuations.
GLU'CINE, s. in n)ineral(/g^ , a kind of earth found only
in the emerald and heryl. It is a soft white powder, wliicli
gives to acids a sweet taste.
GLUE, s.\gliie, Fr.] a viscous substance used to join things
together. See Glp;w.
To (iLUE, V. a. f«7/(er, Fr.] to join together with a vis-
cous substance or cement ; to hold together. Figuratively,
to join, or make a thing join ; to unite as it were with
glue.
GLU'EBOILER, s. one whose trade is to make glue.
GLl)'ER,f.oii<! who cements with glue.
(iLlJM, ff. [a low cant word, coriu|)ted from jo/owjh] sul-
.en ; aflectedly and obsliiiiitely grave.
To GLUT, 1'. n. [nijtliiiitif, Fr.] to swallow with little
chewing; to devour ; to cloy; to tdl too full ; to salu, or
disgust. To feast or ilelight to satiety. To bring in large
quantities; tooveitill, or load. To saturate, or supply with
as aiuch as it can dissolve, &c.
(iLUT, s. that which is gorged or swallowed in a ra-
venous manner. Woie tiian enough. Any tiling whi<'li
fills or stops up a passage by its loo great or excessive,
quantity.
GLUTEN, s. in chemistry, a vegetable substance, some-
what similar to animal gelatine. It is the gluten in wlieat-
flonr, which gives it tlie properly of making good bread,
and adhesive paste. Other grain contains a miK:li less quan-
tity of this luitritious substance.
GLUTINOUS, «. r(g-7i(<i««H.c, Fr.] viscous ; tenacious.
GLU"nNOUSNE.SS, «. the qualitv of being viscid.
GLUTTON, s. [gloKton, Fr.]one who indulges himself too
much ia eating ; one who eats to excess. A kind of small
bear, which inhabits the northe.rn parts of Europe, Asia,
aiul America, and preys upon deer. For an interesting
description see the Natural History of Quadrupeds, pub-
lished by Brightly and Childs, vol. 1. page 414. Figuratively,
one eager of anv thing to excess.
To GLU'lTONlZE, v. n. to eat to excess, to be luxu-
rious.
GLUTTONOUS, n. given toexcessin eating.
GLUTTONOUSLY, ad. after the manner of a glutton,
or of one that eats to excess.
(iliUTTONY, s.[glouto7mie, Fr.] excess in eating.
GLU'Y, iglu-ee) a. sticky ; viscous ; tenacious.
GLYN, s. [Ir. and Erse] a valley, or hollow between two
mountains.
To GNAU, orGN.ARL, («ar or 7iarl) v. n. [(rnt/rran, Sax.]
to growl, murmur, snarl, or grind the teeth.
GNA'RLED, MrM) a. knotty.
To GNASH, (iwi/i) V. n. \_hinschen, Belg.] to strike or
clash together, applied to the teeth, either on account of
rage, or from a sensation of excessive cold or agony.
GNAT, («rtO *■[§■"<?■'> i'ax] a small winged insect, or fly,
of which there are, according ts Uerhani, at least 40 distinct
species. In its vermicular state, it is a red maggot, and has
a mouth and other parts accommodated tofood; in its aure-
lia state, it has iro such parts, because it subsists without
food: but in its mature (gnat) state, its mouth is furnished
with a curious well-made spear, to suck out the blood of
othei animgls.
GNATi'LOWER,i. a flower otherwise called the bee-
flower.
GN ATSNAPPER, s. a bird so called because he lives by
catching gnats.
ToCiNAW, (»fr«) r. II. [gwigun. Sax.] to bite and tear
Oil liy means of the teeth: to eat or chew by degrees; to
bite in agony and rage. To fret, waste, or corrode.
GO A
GOD
GNAWER, (tidwer) s. one who bites or tears to pieces
with the tei-th.
GNO MES, (iiomes) s. certain invisible people, who, ac-
cordiD<j to the Cabalists, inhabit the inner parts of the earth.
They are supposed small in stature, and the guardians of
quarries, mines, &c.
GNO'MON, (j'omoji) ■'. l^wmmi, from ginosko, to know,
Gr. because the gnomon serves to direct or luake known]
the hand, index, or pm of a dial.
GNOMON ICS, (numoniks) s. [from gnojTioM, the index of a
dial, Gr.] dialing-; or a science which teaches to tifid the
just proportions of shadows for the construction of all sorts
of sun-dials.
GNO'.STICS, (Nostiks) [gtiostiko'i, from gmosko, to know,
Gr.]in church history, a name whicli almost all the antient
heretics afJ'ected to take to express that new knowledge and
extraordinary li^ht to which they made pretensions ; the
word Gnostic, signifies a learned and enlightened person.
GNU,.?, in naturalhistorj, a very large speciesof antelope,
found in the South of Africa.
To GO, 1'. a. preter. I went, I have gone, participle gnne ;
Sgan, Sax.] to move step by step ; to walk ; to move slow-
y, opposed to rnmiing. To proceed from one to another.
To depart from a place. To move, or pass in any manner,
or to any end. To intend, or be near undertaking a thing.
To march in a hostile or warlike manner. To change stale
or opinion for better or worse. To have recourse to. To
tend towards death or ruin. " He is far gone." To tend to
any act. To be in a state of compact or partnership. "Go
your halves." To be regulated by any niotliod. To be
pregnant. " Gone with young." To reach, or be extended
to any degree. " No man's knowledge can go beyond his
experience." To contribute ; to conduce ; to concur ; to
fall out, or terminate ; to proceed in train or consequence ;
to succeed. Tog-o about, to attempt, to endeavour. To go
9side, to err, to deviate from the right. To ^o betu-een, to
interpose. To go by, to pass unnoticed. To hnd, or get in
the conclusion ; to observe as a rule. To go dnnn, to be
swallowed ; to be received. Tog-o in and out, to do the bu-
siness of life ; to beat liberty. To g-on/f. Iodic ; to depart
from a post. Tog-o oh, to proceed. To go through, lo exe-
cute or perform thoroughly ; to sutler, or undergo. To g-o
oi'cr, to peruse, or read through ; to revolt. To go after, to
pursue. To let go, to give a person his liberty. To g-o for,
to pass, to be received for. To move, or be in a state of
motion, applied to machines, Ac. To g-o out, to be extin-
guished, applied to flame, or fire. To go against the grain,
IS a proverbial expression, to express something extremely
repugnant, disagreeable, or disgustful.
GO TO, interjeet. come, come, take the right course. A
scornful exhortation.
GO'A, a large and well built city, on the VV. coast of Hin-
doostan, capital of the Portuguese settlements in India, and
the seat of a viceroy. It contains about 20,000 inhabitants,
of whom the native Portuguese amount to a very small num-
ber; and stands on an island of the same name, about '2-t
iiiiles in circumference, separated from the continent by a
fine river called Mandova, capable of receiving ships of the
greatest burden, which lie within a mile of the town. It
has been in (he hands of the Portuguese since the year,
1.510, when it was taken by general Albuquerque. Lat. 15.
28. N. Ion. 7.1. 45. K.
GOAD, (god) t. {gad. Sax.] a stick or pole armed with
a sharp point at the end, with which oxen, &c. are driven
forward.
^To CJOAD, (goA) V. a. to prick or drive with a goad.
Fi"uralivcly, to incite, stimulate, or drive forward.
GOAL, Cg-o?) s. [from gnule, p'r.] along pole set up to
detern)ine the bounds of a race ; a post set up lo wliieh race-
horses are to run; a starting post. Figuratively, the design,
linal furtiosc, or end, of any measure or tinilcrlaking.
(jOAR, or (iOIlK, i. Ig-oror, IJril.] an edging sewed on
tlolh lo strengthen it. The warm blood of any creature,
{from gnr, Kril.J
406
GOAT, (ght) s. [gat. Sax.] a horned animal, with coarse
shaggy hair, remarkable for laciviousness, and a rank smell
when old. The goat of .Angora has hair soft and glossy Iik«»
silk.
GO'ATBKARD, s. a poisonous plant with compound
flowers, called by the couulry people, ./o//n-g'o-to-6ef/a*-noo»i,
on account of its shutting its flowers at noon.
GOATCH AFER, s. a kind of beetle.
GOATHERD, s. [g-of and hyrd, Sax.] one who keeps
goats.
GO'ATISH, (gottish) a. resembling a goat in rankness of
smell, or any qualitv, as lust.
GO'ATiMILKER, s. a kind of owl, so called from sucking
goats.
GOB, s. [g-oJe, Fr.] a small quantity, generally applied to
something viscous or flabby. A low word.
GOBBET, s. [gvbe, I-'r.] a uiouthiul ; as much as can be
swallowed at once-
To GOBBET, r. a. to swallow at once.
To GOBBLE, v. a. \gober, old Fr.] to swallow hastily, or
in a ravenous manner, attended with noise.
GO'BBLER, i. one who devours in a ravenous manner,
without chewing.
GO'BELINS, s. a species of French tapestry, so called
from the name of a celebrated French dyer.
GO'-BETWEEN, s. a mediator; or one who carries on a
design by btfinsj sent backwards and forwards with messages
by tlie two parties.
GOBLET, s. [gobelet, Fr.] a bowl or cup that holds a
larte draught.
GO'BLIN, s. [goblin, Fr.] an evil or walking spirit; an
elf, or fairy.
GOBY, in ichthyology, the name of a genus of fishes
with prickly backs.
GO-BY, V. a delusion, artifice, or stratagem.
GO'-C.ART, s. a machine going upon castors, in which
children are inclosed to teach them to walk.
GOD, [Gud, Sax.] the self existent, infinitely perfect, and
infinitely good Being, who created and preserves all things
that have existence ; the object of adoration and worship;
any person or thing which is too much the object of a per-
son's thoughts and labours.
To GOD, r. a. to deify, or worship as a god. Figura-
tively, to confer the greatest honours that can be imagined.
G0D.\'L!\1IN, a town of Surry, noted for liquorice, excel-
lent carrots, and peat, that burns as well as pit-coal. Here
is a manufactory of stockings; as also of mixed kerseys, and
blue ones, that are not to be matched for colour. The coun-
try about it is agreeably diversified with hills and gentle up-
lands. It is sealed on several str( ams of the river \\'ey,
(which abounds with yood fish, especially pike, and which
drives one grisl-uiill, two paper-mills, and three corn mills)
4 miles S. W. of Guildford, and 34 S. \V. of London, on ihe
road to Portsmouth. Market on ^^ednesday.
GO'DCHILI), s. an infant or person for whom one is a
sponsor in baptism.
GO DDAUGHTKR, (gid danter) s. a female for whom a
person is sponsor in baptism.
GODDESS,:?, a female deity ordivinity.
(iO'DFATHER, f. [godf^ler. Sax.] a man that is sponsor
for any person at baptism.
GODHEAD, ig'odhed) s. the state, condition, or nature
of a god. Figuratively, a deity.
(iODLESS, a. without sense of a deity ; atheistic ; irreli-
gious : impious.
fiO'DLIKE, a. divine; resembling God; superlatively
excellent.
GO'DLI NO, s. a divinity of small stature or dignity.
GODLINESS, f. duly or piety liny.iids God ; a general
observation of all llie duiies towards (iod.
(iO'DLY, 1. having a proper sense of our duty and obli-
gations to God. Figuratively, piou.s, righteous, or rcii
gipus.
GO'DLY, ad, in a pious and religious manner.
GOL
GON
GO'DMANCHRSTER, atown, or lar^n village, of Hiiiit-
ingilonsliire, parted from tiii' town of lltiiitiii^rloii by tlie
river Odse, l)ut miited to it by a bridge and short taiistfway,
M'bich form a part of the post-road bi'fwteri Loiidmi and
Edifil)nr(i:h. It is inhabited l>y a {jreat nnmber of yeomen
and farmers, who are said to have extraordinary teams of
horses, no town in England keeping more plout;lis at work
than this hath done. They formerly received tile kinfjs, who
passed tiiaf way, with a display of their instrnraeiils of ajjri-
cultnre, e\liibitin>;, at one time, to James I. wticn he
passed throujjh it, nine score ploughs, adorned with trap-
pings, *c.
OO'DMOTHER, s. a woman that is sponsor for a person
in baptism.
GODO'LPHIN, a hill in Cornwall, fiimous for its tin
mines ; it lies E. of Mountsbay, and has the title of an
earldom.
GO'DSHIP, s. the office, rank, or character, of a god.
GO'DSON, f. one whom a person has been sponsor to in
baptism.
GO'DWARD, a. towards, or with respect to God.
GO'DWIT, s. a bird ^f particid.ir delicacv.
GODYELD, orGODYIKLD, or/, corrupted from God
shield ; a term of thanks, wherein a person wishes another
the protection and providence of the Deity. Not in use at
present.
GO'ER, s. one that moves from one place to another; ene
that runs ; one that has a good pace, applied to a horse.
One that is regular in its motions, applied to a watch or clock.
GOGET, s. in ichthyology, the sea gudgeon, or rock-
fish.
To GOTiGf.F., 1'. a. \soeIfrei(e, Sax.] to look asquint.
GO'GGLE-EYI'",D, a. fmrg/fg-^H, .S;)x.| sipiint-eyed ; not
looking straight ; or looking with the balls of the eyes turn-
ed contiarvwise.
GO'GGLES, .1. in surgery, instruments used for curing
the distortion of the eyes.
GOING, s. the act of walking or moving from one place
to another ; departure.
GO'LA, .5. the same with Cymatium.
GOLCONDA, a country of Hindooslan, bounded on the
N. by Berar, on the E. by the .5 Circars, on the S. by Mysore
and theCarnatic, and on the W. by Dowlataliad and Visia-
pour, snliject to the Nizam of the Deccan. The great rains
which fall in .lune, part of July, August, Se|)tember, and
October, swell the rivers here to a dangerous degree of
depth and rapidity, but render liie land exceedingly fertile,
especially in fruits. The inhabitants make white wine of
their grapes, and have yearly two crops of rice and other
grain. The diamond-mines here are reckoned the most con-
siderable in the world. The black merchants usually buy
parcels of <;round to search for these precious stones in.
Tliev sometimes fail in meetingwith aiw ; arul at others they
find immense riches. Thev have also mines of salt and fine
iron ; and manufactures of curious calicoes and chintzes.
Hydra bad is the capital, but the city and fortress ofGolconda
was formerly the residence of the kings of this country.
(tOLI), i. [S;i\.] the heaviest, most dense, most simple,
most fixed, of all I>odics ; neither injiired by air or fire, solu-
ble only by sea salt, and most easily amalgamated with silver;
its colour is of a shining and radiant yellow, which ditfers
according to its purity, or the parts it comes from. It is
used for jewellery, for plate, and for current coin; but for
these purposes it is generally alloyed. It is also used in a
state of solution for staining ivory and ornamental feathers
«fa boauf ifid pui pie red. Figuratively, money or any thing
very valuable. " A heartofffoW."
GO'LDRRATER, (rrpldheeter) s. one who hammers gold
into thin leaves, which are used by gilders. Goldbeater's
shin is the iutestinum rectum ofan ox or bullock, well scoured
an<l prei'ared, which is la d by goldbeaters between the
leaves of llie rii»lid while thev beat it, whereby the mem-
brane is reduced thin, and made fit to apply -to cuts or small
fresh wounds.
GOLDnoUKO -7 encompassed with gold.
GOLD CO\.ST Vl' GUINEA, a maiatune country of
Africa, in wliieh are more forts and facioi ies of Europeari
nations than ni anv oIIkt part of the coast of Af.ica. It
readies from the river Soera <la ('osta on the \V. to the river
Volla on the E. and includes several districts, in whieh aie
two or three towns or villages, seal IikiI -.iloiig the st a-ah'ire.
The whole (iold Coast is about I8'i miles in leii^cth. The
negro merchants here are generally virv ricli, ati'l trade
with Europeans in gold. The doinest c animals are bulls,
cows, sheep, and goats; the last ol hImiI) are iniiiuiierable,
and their flesh i> excellent. The beef and mutton, however,
are not good. Tin- principal countries are Aricobar, Axern,
Anta, Commenria, Fetu, Sabo, Ad^ni, Agouna, Acra, .Acaui-
bore, I.abadde Fanlin, Incassan, Ningo, and Sabre.
(iO'LDi')N, (I. made or consisting of gold ; gilt. Figura-
tively, shining; bright; splendid; yellow, or of the colour
of gold. Golden number, in chronology, is that which shews
what year of the moons cvcleany particularyear is. Gulden
»■"/ , in aritbnii'tic, called likewise the Ji(/e o/ <A)ef, is that
by which a fourth niiniber is souHht, which bears the sam«
proportion to the third number as the second does to the
first.
(JOT/DENEY, ad. in a pompous or splendid manner.
GO'EDPTNCIl, s. a singing bird, so named from his gol-
den colour.
GO LDFINDER, s. one who finds gold. A term ludi-
crously applied to one that empties jakes.
GOLDFISH, a. beautiful little' fish, originally brought
from China, and preserved in vases, on account of its beauti-
ful colours.
GO'LDHAMMER, ». a kind of bird.
GO EDINCi, s. a sort of apple.
GO'LDINS, s, in botany, the crysanthemum.
GO'EDNEY, s. a sort offish, otherwise called gilthead.
GO'LDSIZE, s. a glue of a golden colour, with which
painters form their letters, andgilderslay those parts of their
works which are to be covered with gold.
GO'EDSMITH, t. [gold and smit, Sax.] a person who
makes and sells golden wares.
GO'LDYLOCKS, J. a plant, the same with the sweet
wood crowfoot ; a kind of fern.
(iOEF, *. a game of great antiquity, peculiar to the Scots.
It is played with a club and balls.
GOME, J. the black and oily grease of a cart-wheel.
CiO'Mi'HOSlS, (gomfusis) s. \from gumplios, a nail or peg,
Gr.] in anatomy, a si>ecies of articulation, whereby one bone
is set into another, like a nail or peg, as the teeth within
the jaws.
ftO'NDAR, a town of Africa, the -.mtropolis of Abyssinia,
situatecl on a hill of considerable height, and containing
about 10,000 families in time of p; ace. The houses are
chiefly of clay, and the roofs thiitched in the form of cones,
the usual construction within the tropica! rains. On t!ie W.
end of the town, is the palace or king's house, which with
its contiguous buildings, is surrounded by a substantial
stone wall, 30 feet high, with battlements and a parapet,
by which you can go along the whole. The inhabitants are
of ail olive complexion, and profess Christianity. Their
patriarch depends upon that of Alexandria ; but they
appear as jealous of the European Christians, as of the
ISlusselmans. They have no shops, but expose their uier-
cliandise to sale upon mats, in a large square ; gold and
rock-salt form their medium of barter. The habit of the
better sort is made of silks and cottons, but the common
people wear nothing but drawers. It is 180 miles S. E. of
Seniiar, and near 1000 S. of Grand Cairo. Lat. 12. 34. N.
Ion. .37. a3. E.
GO'NDOLA, s.[gondole, Fr.] a flat boat, very long and
verv narrow, used upon the canals at Venice.
GONDOLI'ER, (gondoUei-) s. one who rovvs a gon-
dola.
GONE, (g-oii)"preter. of ffo; advanced; forward in pro.
gress; lost, or undone. Gone by, past, applied to motion,
40f
GOO
GOS
or change of place. Lost ; departed ; consumed ; at an end ;
dead.
GOTSFALON, or GO'NFANON, s. [gonfanon, Fr.] an
ensign, or standard.
GO'NJAH, a kingdom of Africa, little known, and situat-
ed according to some, between the coast of Upper Guinea,
on the S. and Tombuclou, on theN. Its capital, Go-iijaii, is
'■oniputed to be H70 miles W. by S. of Cashna. Lat. 13. 20.
N. Ion. 4. 10. W.
GONORRHOJ'A, (gonorrhea) s. [from gonos, seminal mat-
ter, and ree, to flow, Gr.] in medicnie, an involuntary drip-
ping of the Tenereal humour.
GOOD, o. comparative iertrr, superlative ierf ; [god, Sax.
g-oe'/, Beig.] having such perfections as are requisite, fit, and
proper for the end. Wholesome ; sound ; salutary. Com-
plete ; full. Useful ; valuable. Legal ; confirmed ; valid ;
established; proved. Cheerful; gay ; not easily displeased,
but inclined to acts of benevolence and kindness, joined
T»ithanv words expressing the temper of the mind. Joined
to breeding, elegant, decent, lielicyle, polite; consistent with
the character of a gentleman, ^'inuous, and endowed with
all moral qualities or virtues. Kind, or benevolent. Skil-
ful ; ready; dexterous. Happy; prosperous. Considera-
ble ; not small, though not very great. "A good while ago."
Real; serious. "Good earnest." Piich ; of eredit. ".As
^oorf as," has a kind of mgative sense, implying, no better
than. Companionable ; sociable. ".A. g-oo^/ fellow." "In
freod time," not too fast. " In good sooth," really ; seriously.
"^Vo make good, in perform what is performed or expected;
to keep, maintain, support, or supply.
GOOD, *. is divided into physical and nioial. Ph/sieal
good is that which tends naturally to promote our happiness,
benefit, advantage, or health; to increase pleasure, diminish
pain, or procure and continue the presence of any good, or
tlieabfenceofany evil. Moral good h that which is chosen
agreeable to the laws of reason or God, and has a tendency
to promote both our own happiness, and that of others. Fi-
guratively, prosperity.
GOOD, «rf. alv.ays joined with as; thus a^ g-oorf, implies
well: nut ill; no worse.
GOOD, iiilerjcet. v-iell ! riglit ! sometimes ased ironically.
GOOD-CONDITION I:D, a. without any ill qualities.
Lustv, or plump, applied to persons.
GOOD-FRI'DA Y, s a solemn fast of the Christian church,
in commemoration of the death of Christ. It is observed
on the Friday of holy, or passion week.
GOODL.ACK, iiiierjeft. O strange ! wonderfal indeed !
is it possible ! say you so !
GOO'DLINESS, s. beauty ; grace ; elegance, applied to
external appearance.
GOODLY, a. beautiful; graceful; applied to persons.
Fine, or splendid, applied to things, and particularly to
dress. Bulky ; swelling. Happy ; desirable.
GOO'DMAN, «. a rustic term of compliment ; gaffer.
GOODNESS, s. the fitness of a thir.g to produce any
particular end ; perfection ; kindness, or benevolence.
GOO'D-NOW, interject in good time ; or prithee. Some-
times used as a slight exclamation to express wonder.
GOODS, ». the moveables or furniture of a house: wares
sold in trade.
(iOO'DWILL, s. a friendly and benevolent disposition;
also, a consideration for coming into a shop or bui-incss
ready prepared.
GOO'DY, s. Johnson supposes it corrupted from good-
ipife ; alow term of civility used to mean persons of the fe-
piale sex.
GOOSE,*, plural geese; fg^o*, Sax.] a large wafer-fowl,
proverbialiv noted, and fi:,'uralively used for foolishness.
GOO'ilXAP, s. a silk peiMHi.
G0'0SI;KCM)T, *. the «ilcl orach.
GOOSEBERRY, *. a well-known fniit and shrub.
GO'OSKGItASS, t. a genus <il'|i!ants, of which there are
ten sorts found in F^nglanrl. That called clivers is cstcuincd
i| good antiscorbutic.
408
GO'RBKLLIED, a. lusty ; fat; having a large, protiJ)e-
rant, and swelling belly.
CjO'RBELLY, s. a large, protuberant, or big belly ; a
term of reproach for a fat person.
GOR-COCK, J. in ornithology, the red-grouse or moor-
game.
GOUD, s. [gourd, Fr.] an instrument ofganiiuK-
CiORDlAN-KNOT, r. in antiquity, a knot made with
the leathers, traces, or harness of the chariot ofGordju;*,
king of Phrygia, so very intricate, that there was no liu'ling
where it began or ended. The oracle hax ing dedariMJ, thai
he who could untie it should be master of all .Asia, Alexan-
der attempted, but not being able to accomplish it, cut it
asunder with his sword, and thus fulfilled or eluded the
oracle.
GORE, s. [Sax. gor, Brit.] blood eflused from the body ;
clotted or congealed blood.
To GORE, V. a. to stab or pierce either with a weapon, or
the horns of an aniiYial, so as to make a wound.
GOREE', an island on the W. coast of Africa, about
three quarters of a mile in length, and a quarter of a mile in
breadth, subject to the English. It is reck«.ned <if great im-
portance on account of its proximity to Cape Verd, lying
nearly within cannon-shot of the shore, and ils ;.-,lvantage-
ous situation for trade. Lat. 14. 40 N. Ion. 17. 30. W.
GOUGF,, s. [gorge, Fr.] the throat or swallow ; that
which is gorged or swallowed. In aichitecture, a sort of
concave moulding. In fortificatii.n, the entrance of a bas-
tion, ravelin, or other outwork.
To GORGE, e. a. [gorger, Fr.] to till up to the throat ;
to glut or satiate ; to swallow.
GO'RGED, «. in heraldry, the bearing of a crown, co-
ronet, or the like, about the neck of a lion, swan, &c.
Among farriers, it signifies the same as swelled ; in winch
sense tliey say, the legs of a horse are gorged ; the pastern
joint is gorged ; you must walk him out to disgnrge his
shoulder.
GO'RGEOUS, a. [from gorgias, old Fr. according to
Skinner] fine ; splenclid ; glittering.
GORGEOUSLY, ad. in a splendid, pompous, showy, o*
magnificent manner.
GO'RGEOUSNESS, s. splendour ; lustre ; magnificence ;
finery.
GO'RGET, s. the piece of armour which is worn round
and defends the throat.
GO'RGONS, [Gr.] so called from gorgon, a venomous
beast in Africa ; they were the three daugliters of Phoicus,
viz. Medusa, Stene, and Eur\ale ; so called from their sa-
vageness, because they killed at the first sight. The em-
blems of all sinful pleasures, which ensnare and destroy
men at the first sight.
(iORMAND, s. IgmrmaHd, Fr.] a person who eats
greedilv, and to excess.
To GORMANDIZE,!), n. to eat with greediness, and to
excess.
CiO'RMANDIZER, s. one who eats greedily.
(;()RSE, s. [gors. Sax.) furze or whins ; a thick, prickly
shrub, bearing yellow flowers.
(lO'RY, n. covered with clotted or congealed blood ;
bloody ; murderous.
GO'SHAWK, «. [g-M, a goose, and hasoc, a hawk. Sax.] a
large kind of hawk.
(iO'SLINti, .«. a young goose, not full grown. In bo-
tany, a catkin on nut trees and pines.
(iOSPEL, s. [gode spel, Sax.] the history of the life and
actions, death, resurrection, ascension, and doctrine, of
Jesus Christ. The word is Saxon, and of the import with
the Latin rvangrlimn, or the Greek enungrlion, which signi-
fies glad tidings or "ood news; the hisluiy of our bh'ssed
Saviour being the best news ever publi>lieil to mankind.
This history is contained in the writings (if Matthew, Mark,
Luke and John, who froiii thence are called llie Evangelists.
Figuratively, applied to signify, in divinity, the Christian
dispensation, and an infallible standard of truth.
O O V
G HA
To OO'SPEL, V. n. [£^n<l.-pellinn, Sax.] to preach the gos-
pel ; lo iiistriirl as :i piif-.!.
G(.)'SPELI.ER, t. \gixhfnUere, Sax.] an evaiiKPlist <>r
preacher. A name of the followers of WickliH'e, wlio first
attempted a reformation fioni popery, given them hy the
papists in reproach from tneir professing to follow and
preach only the gospel.
G()'Sl'OR1\a l-irse tradin:; town in Hanip>>hire, situated
inAlverstock parish, on the W. side of Portsnumlli Har-
bour, (over wiiich there is a ferry,) 79 miles S. W. of Lon-
don. It is mostly inhabited by sailors and their wives, and
the warrant officers, every thin;; being much cheaper and
more commodious here than at Portsmouth. Tlie mouth
of the harbour, which is not so broad here as tlie Thames
is at Westminster, is secured on this side by f<iur torts, and
a platform of above '20 guns, level with the water. Here
are several docks for repairing merchant ships; and, in
lime of peace, packets sail every WTek from iieiice to
Havre de Grace, and other parts of France. Market on
Satuidav.
GOSSAMKR, orGO'SSAMOR,*. [g-of«>i«»i, low Lat.J
the down of plants; the long white cobwebs which are per-
ceived in the air in calm sunny weather; found by Massy
to proceed from a spider dwelling in fields, which emits
them from its podex, and leaves them to ascend in, and be
wafted by, the air.
<iO'SSl!', s. [god and syp. Sax.] one who is a sponsor for
a child at baptism. A tippling companion.
To (JO'.SSIP, >'. a. to chat ; to prate ; to spend time in
frivolous and insignificant discourse ; to be a pot-coni-
pani(ui.
GOT, the preterit, and part. pass, of Get.
GOTHEBORG, or Goth kniiurg, a fortified and com-
Biercial town of West (tothland, in Sweden, seated at the
mouth of the river Gotha, which formsan excellent harbour,
about t>'o furlongs wide, inclosed between two chains of
rocks, and near its conflux with .Violdal, 190 miles S. W. of
Stockholm. It is the best 'situated for foreign trade of any
in the kingdom, as it lies without the Sound ; and from this
port the ships of the Swedish East India company (esta-
blished in 1731) take their departure. The inhabitants are
eom pitted to be 20,00<>. A considerable herring fishery is
carried on here. Laf. 57. 42. N. Ion. 13. 10. E.
GOTH I C, <i. in general whatever relates to the Goths,
aigothie customs, gothic architecture; also used by some
to ex press what is monstrous or disproportionate in matters
of taste.
GOTHLAND, one of the five general divisioris of the
kini;dom of Sweden, containing the provinces ofOstrogo-
thia, Smaland, Westrogothia, Warmland, the fief of Balms,
Dalia, Halland, Blekinge, and the Isles of Gothland and
Eland. It is a pleasant and fertile countrv, and contains
48 towns. The Goths had kings of their own fill the yeiir
1132, when they were united to Sweden in the person of
Su< rcher.
GO'TTINGEN, a town of Calenburg, Lower Saxonv,
latelv subject to the elector of Hanover. Here George II.
founded an university, 1734, which has acquired a very dis-
tinguished reputation. The library, called the Bnlovcan,
■which is increasing every vear, is justly reckoned or>i- of the
most capital in Europe. Here is also a fine observatory, a
phvsic garden, an anatomical theatre, and a school for liiid-
wifery ; together with a roval soeietv of sciences, and a
Toyal German society, all part of the universit" . Belong-
ing to it is a large sph'iidid chuich. with a peculiar pastor,
*nd a new and sfateK structure of stone, the g.ound floor of
which serves as a hall for public lect: res.
GOU'DHURST. a sm;-.ll town in Kent, 12 miles S. W. of
M-ttHstnne, and 44 '■^E. of London. Market on Wedui^sday.
To GO'VERN, V. a, \fromvriier, Fr.] to rule over in the
character of ainagistrate, parent, or other superior. To
rei'ul.'te ; todirert. To manage or restiain. Ingrammar,
*o require. '' Anio gmems\\\p acni.salive casi ."
OO'V.RNABLE, a. subject and obedieut to command,
lule, authoiily.or direction.
GO'VERMANf'E, I. theact of exprcising authorifv over
others tliat are :i;.iiiii( to ob«'\ ; governiiieiit; the niaiiage-
n.ent, control 'ir nutlioritv of a :,uarfliun.
GO'VERN. \N'!', s. \^um>irnniUi-, Fr.J a voinaii w i Irts
the care of youui; ladles ofquaiity. liie more Usu.il and
proper word i»?<"«T»if«.
CiO'VKRN ESS, 1. \jgvuvcrwsse, old Fr Ja female invested
with authouty to influence or 'ule. .\ w. I'lini v. ito lias the
careof instructing, or regulatii>g the conduit of liidies; the
teacher, instructress, or mistress, of a lady s boarding-
school.
GO'VERNMENT, s. [^ouvernemeiit, Fr.] the form il'
which justice is administered in a nation ; an < sta luhnient
of le!;al authority, or a>linin>st<ation of public atiairs ; regu-
larity ofbehaviour. Manageableness, obsMjuiousness. In
granmiar, the particular construction ;:n\ wind in a sen-
tence requires.
(iOVEKNOR, s. [gopemeiir, Fr.] one who is invested
with supreme authoritv in a state ; oiw who governs a place
with dele, iiled temporal {authority ; a tutor ; pilot ; regu-
lator ; manager.
G()U(iE, i. [gouge, Fr.] a chisel having a round edge,
for the <uttiiig of such wood as is to be rounded or
hollowed.
(iOL'RD, s. [gouhiirtie, Fr] a ',;!ant which creeps along
the earth like llie cuciiiiiber, and produces a yellow fruit of
the size and colour of an orange.
GO'L HDINESS, s. in farriery, a suelling in a horse's
leg, so called from its resembling aifouid.
(iOL'KNET, i.afi,li.
GOUT, s. [giiiitte, I'r.] in medicine, a painful kind of dis
ease, principally atlectmg the joints, seated in their 1 a-
ments, the tendons of the muscles subservient to their mo-
tions, and the membranes surrounding the hones.
GOLT, (iroo)s. [Fr.J a taste; relish; or flavour.
GO'UTWEED, s. an umbelliferous plant, called also
ash-iveed.
<iO'UTY, a. afflicted with the gout, relating to orlifving
the gout.
GOWN, s. [gnnnn, Ital.] a long loose upper garment
worn by men as an undress; a wdiiiaii's ippii gaimeut ;
the long loose habit worn by niuiisters of llie established
church, Ac.
GO'WNM.VN, s. a student at an university ; or one
whose proper habit is a gown.
To GRABBLE, v. n. perhaps corrupted from grapple ,-
to grope ; to si-ari h or feel greedily with the hands. Ac-
tively, to lie prostrate on the ground.
GRACE, s. [gratia, Lat.J favour or kindness. In divi-
nity, a favourable influence of God on the human mind;
virtue, or the efiecl of the divine influence ; pardon ; a
kindness ; a privilege or favour conferred ; elegant beha-
viour, or the air and appearance wherewith any thing is
done ; beauty, either natMal or heightened by art; an em-
bellishment, ornament, flower, or perfection. .A phvsical
virtue or power. The title of a duke, formerlv given to a
king, implying goodness or clemency. A short praver iisf d
at meals, expressive of gratitude or thank^ to the divine
Providence for supplying our necessities. To he in a p' r-
soii's good graces, is to be favouied or rsteeiued hv him. Act
of grace, an act of parliament foi a general and free pardon,
and for setting at libertv insolvent debtors.
To GRACE, r. a. to adorn, beuutif\, enibdli.sh, dignify,
set oft, or recommend ; tn coiifi ': an I on<jur on a person ;
to(!ii;nifv or raise b\ an a<t of fnvour.
GR\CED, a. beautifu. ; graceful; virtuous; regular.
Seldom used.
GRA'CEFUL, a. elegant; with pleasing dignity or
niniestv
GRACEFULLY, ad. elegantly.
(i P. A'CF FULNESS, s. elegance and dignity of maiiuer';
difjiiily joi'n d \\ itli b< aiity .
GRA'CEL- ^S, a. withitut any virtue, either religious or
nioial ; wicked or impious.
3 G 409
GRA
GRA
■.] a regular progress or
)tlier. Order ; arrange-
GRA'CES, s. amoim canonists, is the same with provisions;
wliicli see. In the licatlien mythology, tliey were three
goildesbes, dauj^hteis of Jupifer, whose names were Agais,
fhalia, '.ind Euphrosviie ; ti);il i>, sliininj, flourishing, and
gay. They lue sometimes represented dressed, but more
frequently naked, li> siiew tliat whatever is truly graceful,
is so in itself, without the aid of exterior ornaments. They
C resided over mutual kindness and acknowledgments ;
estoaing liberality, eloqueuee, and wisdom, together with
a good grace, gaiety of disposition, and easiness of
maimers.
GHA'CIOUS, (^i-«/«oi«) 0. [grnoj'cHx, Fr.] merciful; be-
nevolent ; kind ; virtuous, or good ; acceptable ; faToured ;
excellent ; gracefijl, or becoming.
GU.A'CIOUSLV, {gids/iioiisli^) nrf. with kind condescen-
sion ; in a iileasing and favourable manner.
GUA'CIOUSNESS, (gi-as/iioKsuess) s. kind condescen-
sion ; a [ileasini; manner.
GRAOATIOX, s. liriadatioti, Fr.
advance from one degree to anotl
nient.
GRA'DIENT, «. [from g-rffJ/or, to walk, Lat.] walking or
moving bv steps.
GRA'DCJAL, a \gradmt, Fr.] proceeding or rising by
degrees; arlvaiicing step by step.
GUA'DUAL, s. [from ^radiis, a ladder or degree, Lat.j a
flight of steps. In the Romish church, a part of the mass
sung between the epistles and gospels.
GR.«\I3UALITY, t. a regular progression; advancing
hi;,'lier bv dejjrees.
GRA'DU.'\LLY, ad. by degrees; in regular progression;
by steps, advancing from a lower to a higher degree.
To GRA'DUATE, r.a. [from gradus, a ladder or degree,
Lat.] to dignify with a degree in an university ; to mark
with degrees in measuring. To heighten or improve.
GRA'DUATE, s. a person who has taken a degree in an
university.
GRADUATION, s. the division of a scale or measure
into decimal or other regular parts. In chymistry, a pro-
cess by evaporation, of bringing fluids to a certain degree
of consistence, in order to separate more easily the substan-
ces thev hold in solution.
GRAFF, or GRAFT, .s.[g)-(>/fJ', Fr.] in gardening, the
shoot of a tree inserted in, and becoming one with another
tree, nourished bv its sap. but bearing its own f nit.
To GRAFF, or GRA IT, ... a. [prefer, Fr.] to take a shoot
from one tree, and insert it into another in such a manner,
that both may unite closelx, or become one tree; to uisert
into a place, or body, to wlii<h it did not originallv belong.
GRA'FTER,i. one who propagates fruit, by inserting the
branch of one tree into that of another.
GR\'FT0N, a village of Northamptonshire, in the road
bet-ween Stony-Stralfird and Northampton, where there is a
manor-house and park, given by king Charlr's II. to the
duke of Grafton, from whence the title is derived.
GRAITON, (ilouceslershire, on the borders ofWorces-
tershire, ami on the sirle of Bredon Hill, w here, in February,
\'Cti, a large tract of land, nearly 10 acres in extent, slipped
from the side of Bredon Hill, and entirely covered several
pasturi' grimiids, and a considerable space of the common
field, at the bottom oftjie hill.
GRAIL, s. [from prile, Fr.] small particles of any kind.
" I/viii- down up')n the saiidv grails." Spenser.
GRAIN, J. f^7iH«ni, Lat.] a single seed of corn or other
fruit. Fi;;iiratively, corn. Any minute particle, or small
boilv. (iriiiti of nllotimiiee, some small indulgence, wliiih
implies a remission of rigour or severity. A weight used
in physic, twenty of which make one scruple ; nut in troy
weight, twenlv four iiu>ke a pennyweight. The directi<in
hi uliicli the fibres of wiioil, leather, <Vc. grow. In dying,
a method of communicating colours, so a >^ to make ihem
more lasting than in the common way. 'i'lie form of the
surface, with regard to smoothness, rotigliuess, or the size of
410
the constituent fibres or particles of a body. Figuratively
temper; disposition; humour or inclination.
GRAIN C'OA.ST,orPEPPEfiCoAsT,orMALAGUETTA,
a country of Guinea, bounded by the Sierra Leone counlry
on the W. and the Ivory < oast on the SE. It extends abou!
100 leagues along the Atlantic. The productions are peas,
beans, ijrourds, lemons, oranges, and a kiwi of nut, with at.
exceedingly tliick shell, a most delicious fruit. Tlie palin
wine and dates of this country are in great eetecni. Cows,
hogs, sheep, and goats, are also in great plenty, but what
constitutes its cliief wealth, is the abundance ol pcfiper, or
grains ofparada, it produces ; called Makiguetta by t!i^'
Portuguese.
GRAINED, a. rough; appearing less smooth, orwea.
ther-beaten.
GRAINS, s. without a singular; the husks of malt o|
which beer has been made. Grains of Paradise is an ludiau
spice.
GRA'INY, a. full of corn or seeds.
GRAME'RCY, tWei^'. contracted from grant me merey :
an obsolete expression of surprise. " Gramercy, sir, said
he." Spenser.
GRAMINIVOROUS, a. [from gramen and voro, Lat.}
eating or living upon grass.
GRA'MMAR, s. [grammaire, Fr.J the art which deliveri
the rules for speaking or writing in any language properly.
Fiofuratively, an expression or construction agreeable to the
rules of grammar; a book which delivers rules for speaking
or writing a language with propriety.
GR.\WMA'RIAN,i. [grammarien, Fr.] one who is skilful
in, or one who teaches the rules of, grammar.
GRAMM.\TICAL, a. [grammaticut, Lat.] belong n.^ !0,
or taught bv, grammar.
GRAMMATICALLY, ad. according to the rules of
grammar.
GRAMMATICA'STER, /. [Lat.] a mere verbal critic,
or low grammarian.
CjRA'MPIAN-HILLS, a chain of high mountains in Scotr
land, which run from east lowest almost the whole breadth
of the kingdom. They take their name fronr the Mma
Grmnpiiis of Tacitus, a single hill, wiieie Galgacus waited
the approach of -Agricola, and where a battle was fought,
which proved fatal to the ' aledonians.
GRA MPLE, s. a kind of crab fish.
GRA'MPOUND, a town of Cornwall, containing aboiit
200 inhabitants. It has a considerable manufacture of
gloves, and is seated on the river Fa'e, over which it has a
bridge, 18 miles NE. of Falmouth, and 241 \V. by S. of Lou-
don. A small market on Saturday.
GRA'MPUS, s. in zoologv, a cetaceous animal which
grows to about 25 feet in length, and is a very gient enemy
to the whale.
(jRA'NADA, sometimes called Upper Andalusia, a pro-
vince of Spain, on the Mediterranean, about 175 miles in
length, and from 20 to 90 in breadth. It is rather a mouii
tainous country ; but the soil is remarkably fertile, although
not well cultixatcd, and the climate is healthy and teuipc
rate. It produces corn, wine, oil, sugar, flax, hemp, excel-
lent fi nits, honey, wax, grapes, and mulberry-trees, which
feed a great number of silk-worms. The forests abound
with gall nuts, palm-trees and oaks. Its capital is Granada.
fiRA'NADA,a large city of Spain, capital of the province
of (iranada, containing an university and several palaces,
with other spleiidjd !)ublic buildings. It has inaiiufactuies
of silk, and is situated on two hilU, near the conllue'ice of
the Oro, or Darro, with the Xeuil, and is 240 miles S. of
Madid. Lat. .-J?. 17- N. Ion. Ij. .14. VV.
(iliANA'D.A, or Grenada, an island in the West In-
dies, about 2o miles in length frcmi N. to S. and 10 wide iu
the cent re, but gradiialK narrowing towards the extremities.
A ehaiii of mountains crosses it from N.toS. in the centre of
which is a large lake. Near the coast the soil is fertile, pro
ducing indigo, sugar, coffee, cocoa, cotton, and tobacco, li
GkA
CRA
is finely woodcii, ami trees of all sorts, botli frmt and tim-
ber, except tlie cocoa-tree, llirive better liere than lliose ot'
the same species in tlie nei^'libourin^ islands. It is watered
with many rivers, three ot'wiiicli run into the sea towards the
E. three to the N. eight to the \V. and tive to thr S. I^. all
sutticient to drive su-iar-niills, and capable of becoming bar
hours for vessels. There is also abundance of ;;auie and
river-fish. In 1787, the exports of this island were 175,584
cwt. of sugar, 670.000 gallons of rnin, 8,800 cwt. of coflee,
3,700 cwt. of cocoa, %,000,00(tlbs. of cotton, and 2,800tlis. of
indigo, be'ides miscellaneous articles, iimountiiig in the
whole to upwards of (;oo,onOj£' sterling, al the London
J)rice3. It IS one of the Windward Caiibbees, and is 30
eagues N. W. of Tobago. The principal harbours are I'ort
Lewis, a very spacious one on the W. side of the island,
and St. Georije. It was taken bv the French in 1779, and
restored to the English in 17a3. Lat. about 10. 12. N. Ion.
60. 30. W.
GRA'N.ARY, s. [from »rrtnHm, a grain, Lat.] a storehouse
for threbhcd corn.
GIIA'NATF^, s. [from /rraiium, a grain, Lat.] a precious
stone, of a high reri eolmir, so called from the re.'^emblance
it bears to that of llie kernel i>t the pomegranate ; it is vul-
garlv named -A^nnnt. The oriental is the best.
GRAND, (7. [granilis, Lai.] great; illustrious; power-
ful; splendid ; noble; sublime; lofty.
GRA'NDAM, or Ci RAN DAME,' .s. a term of consan-
guinity, denoting the father's or mother's mother. Figura-
tively, an old withered or decrepit woman.
GR.A'NDCHILD, j. the son ordaughter of a person's son
or daughter.
GRATs'DDAUGHTER, {grmtddauter) s. the daughter of
a son or daughter.
GR.ANDKE*. [from grandis, grand, great, Lat.J a person
of rank, dignitv,or power ; one of the nobilitv.
GRA'NDKUR, s. [grandtur, Fr.] splendour, pomp, or
magnificence.
GRATSIDFATHER, ,. the father of a person's father or
mother.
GR.A'NDI'FIC, n. [from gT«Hrfis, g'eat, and /acio, to make,
Lat.l making great.
GRATVUINOUS, «. [from grando, hail, Lat.] full of
hail.
GRA'NDITY,*. [from ff>«;irfi', grand, great, Lat.] eleva-
tion of thought ; pomp, or magniticence of language.
GRANDMOTHER, s. the fathers sr mother's mother.
GRA'NDSIRE, *. a grandfather. In poetry, any an-
cestor.
GRA'ND.SON, *. the son of a person's son or daughter.
GR.\N(JE, s.]j;range, Fr.j a farm ; a barn or threshing-
floor ; a farm-house.
GR.\'NITE, s. [irom grnnum, a grain, Lat.] a variegated
stone or marble, composed of separate and verx l;i!gi> con-
cretions, rudely compacted together, of great barrliiess,
giviiig fire when struck with steel, fermenting with acids,
and imperfectly calcinab[e in a great fire.
GRANITOROUS, a. [from graninn, a grain, an<l vnrn, to
devour, Lat.] eating or living upon grain.
GRA'NN.\M, s. a corruption oi grandame ; a grandmo-
ther. \ low word.
To GRANT, ». a. [from garantir, Fr.] to admit a thing
not proved; to allow or concede; to bestow something
which cannot be claimed as a right.
GRANT, *. theaci of giving or bestowing a thing which
cannot Ix- claiiiiHd as a right ; the thing granted ; a conces-
sion. In law, a conve\ance iu writing of such a thing as
caimot pass or be conveyed by word only ; such as rents,
reversions, services, tit'ies, Ac.
GKA'NTABL''',, a. that may be given or yielded to ano-
ther, though he has no claim toil.
GRANTEE', in law, the person to whom anv grant is
made.
GRA'NTH.\\f, a neat populous town in Lincolnshire,
•oted for the steeple of its cliurcb, which terminates in a
spire, near SOO feet high, and which, by a deception of tlie
sight, seem to lean on one side. Her" is a good free-
school, where the celebrated .Sir Isaac Newton rcciiverl his
first education. Grantham hasa iiund)er of very goodinns,
being greatly resoiled loas a thoro\ighfare on the N. n.itd.
It is situated on the river VVitham, 24 mdes S. \V. of Boston,
and 110 N. of L(mdon. Market on Saturdav.
(JRA'NTOR, f. the person that yields or grants any thing
to another
GRA'NULARY, o. small and compact, resendding a
gram o seed.
To GRA'NULATE, v.n. [grannler, Fr.] to be formed
intosmall paiticlcsor giaiiis. Actively, to break inlo-maU
in.isses or grams.
GRANI'LATION, s. [from g-raniim, a grain, Lat. grnni*
latiim, l""r.] the act of forming iiilo small inasses reseuiLiling
grains. In botany, the small berries which join together,
nd compose a large one, as the blackberry.
GRA'NULE, s. [from granum, a grain, Lat.] a small com
pact particle, resembling a seed or gram of corn.
GRA'NLLOUS, a. biti of little grams.
GRAPE,.?. \g>(iiipe, Fi.j a single berry of the vine, which
grows in cliislers, tlie juice of which is wine.
GRA'PF.SHOT, s. in artillery, a coiiihinalion of small
shot, put into a thick canvass b;ig, and corded >tronglv toge-
ther, so as to form a kind of cylinder, whose diameter is
equal to that of the ball adapted to the cannon.
GRATESTON 10, s. the stone or seed contained iu the
grape
GR
describe, Gr.] appearing as if writte
GRA'PHICAL, igrafical) a. |from granho, to write or
' ] " n, well formed, descril)-
ed, or delineated.
GRAPHICALLY, (graficatly) ad. well described; de-
scribed minutely, or in a picturesque manner.
GRA'PNEIj, s. [grapin, Fr.] a sniiill anchor belonging to
a little vessel; a giaii^ling iron used in a sea-fight to fasten
ships together.
'To GRATPLR, .■. n. [gndMcH, Be:g.]to lay fast hold on
a person ; to combat or engage in close fight. Actively, to
fasten, unite, or ji. in insepaiably.
GRAPPLE, s. a close cc:nibat, in which persons seize
fast hold on each other ; an iron instrument, used to fasten
one ship to another.
GHA'SIKR.j. SeeGRAZiKR.
To (jRASP, t'. a. [ginspnie Iial.J to lio'.d in the hand with
the fingers shut ; to .seizi-, orealcli ai ; to struggle, strive,
or ijranple. To gripe; toencroach; 'to be insatiable in tine's
pill suit after riches.
GRASP, i. the gripe or sei/nre of the hand ■. the act of
holding a thin;;; in the handwitd the lingers shut "i doabled
over it ; possession or hold.
(■RA'SPF'H, s. oiiewho seizes, grasps, or catches at.
GRASS, f. Igrns, Sax.] the common herbage of the
fields, on whitdi caille feed, of which there are several
species.
GRASS, of Parnassus, called Parnassia, from mount Par-
nassus, where it was supposed to grow ; and because the
cattle feed on it, il olitainefl the name of grass, tlxuigh the
plant has i!o resemblance to the grass kind. The sirnctiiie
of its five hone\-cuns are remarkable; each being a con
cave heart shaped substance, furnished with 13 little shafts,
or oil ars, set along the edge, aiid each pillar terminated by a
litlleglolie.
To GK ASS, r n. to produce grass.
GRA'SSHOPPEM, s. a small insect found amon^g the.
suiii:i:ei- grass, so named trom its hopping, for whit h it is
remarkably formed.
Gii\'SSIN!OSS, s. the state of abounding in grass
GR.A'SS-PLOT, ,!. a.siiiall level piece of ground lu a gar-
den. &c. covered w ith grass.
GRA'SSPOLV, .5. a genus of plants, the same with thi
lythnim of Linnt us. There are two British species.
(iRA'S.S's, a. ii'vered with,orabounding m, grass.
GK.A'SSWIl AUK, j>. a species of seaweed.
G n A
O i\ A
ORATE, s. [crates, Lat.] a partition made with iron
bars, or wires croiainj; Piicli otiiei, plai r<l at the wiiidows
or Dther apertures of prisons, cloisters, or tradesmen's
shops; arecepta( IP witli iron bars, fiseii iu kitcbens, with-
in " hich fires are made.
To GRATE, V. a. [^7ntter, Fr.] to rub or wear otf the
particles from a^^ thiu^ by r'lbhiuj; it; to offend by any
thin^- harsh or vexatious; to offend tlie ear by a harsh and
disaifeeabie sound.
GRATEFUL, a [g-jnfi.'i, Lat. J having a due sense of
benefits conferred; pleasing; agreeable; delightful to the
senses or niiiid.
(iKATEFULLY, ad. in a manner willing; to acknow-
ledge, repav, and retain, a proper sense of an obligation ;
in ;i pleasing or agreeable manner.
GRATEFULNESS ;s. jjiatitude; the quality of being
agret-atile, acceptable, o atlording delijjht.
GRATER, s. [grntvir, Fr.j a kmd of coarse file, or in-
strument formed of till or silver, punched in holes, with
«ir<h soft things are rubbed to powdr.
GRATIFICATION, s. [from grains, pleasant, and >rin,
to make, Lat.] the act of pleasing; tbe act of complying
with, and answering the craving of the sensual appetites ;
pleasures; delight; a reward.
To GRATIFY, r. o. [from eratiis, pleasant, and facio, to
make, Lat.] to indulge; to please by compliance; to do a
tiling in order to please or delight, to require, repay, or
GRATINGLY, arf. harsblv ; offensively.
GRATIS, a(/.[r-at.] for nothing; without being paid, or
receivin\c anv thing in return.
GRATITUDE, s. [from ^<tM», grateful, Lat.] a virtue,
consisting in a due sense and outward acknowledgment
of a benefit received, together with a readiness to return the
same, or the like.
GRATUITOUS, a. [from^atis, freely, Lat.] voluntary ;
or granted either without asking or merit ; asserted without
proof
GRATUITOUSLY, ad. without claim or merit; without
proof
(;R ATU'ITY, X. l^atuite, Fr.J a free gift ; a present; an
acknowledgment.
To GR ATULATR, v. a. \grutulor, Lat.] to congratulate .
to dcclave joy.
G R \TULAT10N, s. [from grntuhr, tocongratulate.Lat.]
salutations niadn bv exprtssing jov.
GR ATULATORY, fl. expressiiis Joy for the success,
preferment, or good fortune, of another ; conirratulatorv.
GHAVK, s. [grrrf. Sax.] a hole du^ in the ground,
wherein a dead bodv is. o- is to be, buried. Grave, at the
end of the names of places, is from the "»ax. grirf, a grove,
or cave.
To (iKAVT,, r. a. prelcr. ^mrerl, particip. pass, arnren ;
[jp-artr. Ft. from gr'ipho, to wiile or describe, Gr.) to cut
figures or inscriptions with a sbarp-poin'ed tool, on any
hard substance or metal ; tocopy pictures or writings with
a sharp poiiiU d inslrunu iit, on wood, copprr, orp<>wler,
in order to be printed on papi-r ; to inter, entomb, or bury
—an obsoli'te seii'-e.
(.iW \\V,, a.\frrnre,VT. f^rntit, Lat.] solemn ; serious: of
a modest colour, not show v, or tawdry Not sharp or acute,
ajM'' 'd to kouiiil.
( JR AVE C OTH KS, ,.«he dres, ..fa corpse.
GtlAV'"!,, s. \^rarei:l. Brig.) a kind of earth Used for
walks in gar(lerh>, tin; finer ('"t o'wliich is vellow, and a)!-
peais like a huge grilled .sand, and the coa;s»Tisa com-
position of flints or small pebble stones. In pin sic, a dis-
ras'" in the kidneys or bladder, occasioni'd bv a colleetion of
gr'llv inatt'T therein, whi'rebv tln' (liie mm ret-on and exi-re-
tion of the urine isinireded. When Ihi^ iul>stan<t' -.•roiigly
coheres, anil f -rms a Ir-rd mass, it i> then called the tlnne.
ToGRA'VI'Uj r. n. lo pave or covei with gravel; to
piizz'e. [uit to a stand, or embarrass a person with some
iliflicuity be cannot solve.
•112
GK.i Ai'.LF^S, It. w itliout a grave or toiiib.
G.HAA'ELINES, a sea poit lo»n in the depf-.rtinenf of
the North, not laige, but wtll forf.fied witii bastions, lialf-
moons, and a horn wcrk. Tlie couotry neurit is iiitersected
b\ canals, one of which goes to Diinkirli by Bourbourg,
and another passes directly to Beigues. In IG58, it was
taken b-. the arnn if France, to which it was afterwards
ceded In the peace of the I'xienees. It is seated on the
river Aa, 9 miles W. S. \\ . of Dunkirk.
GRA'V^EI.Y, fgrd i;i? /fe) n. [graveieux, Fr.] consisting of
abounding in giavel.
GRATKLY, (gyevlee) ad. m a solemn or seiious man«
ner; without gaudiness or show.
GRAA'LNLSS, *. semusuess ; solemnity.
GRA'VX)LENT, a.ljrravenhns, Lat. J strongly scented.
GRAVER, s. \eraveiir, Fr. | an engraver, or one who
copies designs witn a sharp pomwd tool oi stv le, on metals
or wood, to be priu'ted on paper. 'Ihe style, or sliarppointed
instrnmeiit, used b> an engraver.
GRA'VESEND, a town of Kent, consisting chiefly of one
paved and lighted street. It i» a • lace of con.ld' rablc k-
sort, being a common land iig-place for seamen and stran-
gers in their passage to London. It is coninioiily called tbe
corporation of Gravesend and iVIibon, these two plates hav-
ing been incorporated by queen Elizabeth, lii the reign of
Richard II. the French and S|,aniardscame upthe Thames,
burnt and plundered it, and carried away most of tbe peo-
ple ; and, by way of comp»nsation for this hiss, be granted
the remaining inliabitants the exclusive privilege of carrMng
passengers between this place and London, in la ge and
commodious boats, at two pence a head, or a whole boat's
fare at four shillings. They still enjoy this ptivileae ; but
the fare is now nine-pence ahead, and the beats are much
improved. For its better security, Henry VIII. raised a
blockhouse, with a platform ofguii-, to the E. of the town.
The "gardens round the town are so rich, that the\ not finly
sn|)pTy the shipping, and all the (owns for several miles
round, with everv art'cle of that Viiid, but great quantities,
and particularly of asnaiagus, rvraarkablv fine, are sent to
Lond<in. The chief employ iii'-ut of the labouring people is
the spinning of hemp, to mv»ke nets for fishing, and ropes.
It is situated on the Th;-me>, directly opposite to Tilbury
Fort, 9 miles W. N. W. of Rodiesler, and 22 S. by K. of
Londim. Markets on W rinesday and Saturday ; and a fish-
market on Simdav moijy ng.
GR.A'VES'I ONE, *. the stone that is laid over the grave ;
the monumental stono.
GR WI'DITY, s. \e;rati(liu, pregnant, from ^avit, heavy,
Lat. I the state of b<'ing with child.
(i RATING, », any piece engraved; carved work.
To GRA VITATE, v. n.[from gram, heavy, Lat.] to tend
to the centre.
GRAVITATION,*, the act of fending to the centre.
(iRAV'IT^', *. [(fiarifir*, from g-raj'M, heavy, Lat. graviti,
f'r.l weight; heaviness; the power or vrtiie, by which
boflies natu.allv tend towards each other, (iravity, applied
to the naliire of actions, denotes theii nature or quality ;
but, wh«Mi applied to crimes, their atrociousness. .Applied
to the Countenance cr behaviour, seiiousness; solemnity;
niajestv, or aw fulness.
(rRA'VY, *. the juice which runs from treat when not
over flone.
G!{AY.S, a town of Fssex, with a market on Thursday.
It Is seated on the side of the Thames, 34 miles E. of
London.
(iRAY, a. \gr(rg. Sax. gran, Dan.) white, with a mixture
of black. AVbiie or lioaiv with age, applied to the hair.
Blue, with a mixture of black; r^-sembling the colour of
ashes.
GU.AY, t. a gray colour ; a badger.
GUA'YBEARl), ». hgurativeh, an oid man; used io
C'l'ilenipt.
<iRA'YLING,i.the umber, a fish.
(jRA'YMILL, f. a mime fcr the common gromwell.
G FE
(. RL
GRATNESS, s. the quality of being gray, or being lioary
bv aire
"GRAYN THURROCK, a town of Essex, seated on the
Thames, opposite Uartford, in Kent. Market on Thurs-
dav.'
To GRAZE, ». n.Jerassian, Sax.] to eat or feed on grass ;
to pnxhice grass. To brush in passing; to touch lifjhtly,
gpiierallv apphed to a bullet, [from graser, Fr.] Actively,
to tcnij. to set <attle to feed on grass.
fiR A'J^IEIl, J. one that grazes or feeds on grass.
GRA'ZiER, s. one whose trade is to feed or breed cattle
for fond.
GREASE, (gteere)s.\f;raissc Fr.J tlie soft part of the fat
of animals. In tanieiv, a swelling and gourdiness of the
lieels, occasioned l)y hard labour, cold, Ac.
To Cil'E.^SE. (^-reezc) v. a. to smear, anoint, or spot
with grease. To bribe, or corrupt with presents; a low
word.
CiR E'A SINE.SS, (^rrlzincss) s. oiliness or fatness.
GRE'ASY, (/rreczif)n. oily; fat; spotted or smeared willi
grease. Corpulent; a term ofreproai h.
GREAT, (the ea in tins woul and its derivatives has
something, though not enlirelv, the sound of ia — giint,
graittif, graitness) a. [great, >ax.] large in hulk, number, or
quantity. Having any quality in a high de;;ree. Long or
considerable, a|)plied to time or duration. Important ;
weighty. Chief or principal. " The great seal." S/iak.
High in rank, or extensive in p-jvver; illustrious, or eminent.
Majestic, oi grand in aspect and mien. Haughty, swelling,
or proud. TVi be great with, to be lamiliar or intimately ac-
quainted. Teeming, or with child. " A great belly." In
pedigree, it is added in every step of ascending consaagui-
aity beyond a father or grandfather, and ineverv step of d"
scending eonsaHguinity beyond a grandson. Thus, a great
grandson is the son of a person's grandson. A great grand-
father, the father of a person's grandfather, or the grand-
father of a person's father; and grrat-uncle isthe uncle of a
person's father.
GRE'ATBKLLIED, a. pregnant; with child.
To GRE'ATEN, v. a. to enlarge ; to make great, power-
ful, or rich. Not in use.
GRE;ATHEARTI:D, fl. high spirited; proud.
GRE'ATI.Y, arf. very much; in a great or high de-
gree ; n(d(ly ; in an illustrious manner. Courageously ;
bravelv.
CJRI''.'\TNF,SS, s. largeness, applied to qiiantily, size,
or number. High place or dignitv. A consciousness of
superior birth or rank. Magnanimity, nobleness. Ciran-
deur; state; magnificence.
CtR'<'AVES, ( greenes) .1. [grires, Fr.l armour for the legs.
GREBE, s. in ornithology, a getnis ofwater-fowls resein-
blin;; the divers.
GRE'CiSM, s. Ifrroecismiis, Lat.j a construction, idiom,
or exoress'on, peculiar to the Gieek language.
CiRE''CE, acountrv of Turkey, called by them at present
Romelia. It is bontu'ed en the N. Iiv Bulgaria, Servia, and
Dahoatia ; on the W. b\ the gulph of Venice; on the S. Iiy
the Mediterranean ; and on the E. bv the .Archipelago, the
sea of Marmora, the Black sea, the straits of the Dardanelles
and of Constantinople. It coniprehenrls six parts, namelv,
Maced'ina, Albania, Livadia, the Morea, the island of Can-
dia, and the isles of the Archipelago. It enjoys a temperate
air, is healthv, and has a fruitful soil. It was greatlv cele-
brated bv antienf historians, and produced a vast nuniberof
famous men. w !:o perfonued very great actions as soldiers,
as well as others, who were eminent for their parts and
lea'-ning ; |>articularlv AlexandertheCireat and Homer, who
were natives of this country. But it now groans under the
tyranny ipf the Turks, and is but the shadow of what it w;ts
fonne'l . being over-run with ignorance and baihar'sm, and
almost all the fine towns quite destroyed. It is inhabited
both b' Mali:>i!)etaiis ;;n(l (hristiaiis.
(iREECE, (corrupted from degree;], s. a flight of steps.
Obsolete.
Oil!" EDILY, aii. in an eager, hasty, or ravenous r.ianiiei ,
with keen appetite.
(jRE'EDlNESS, i. \gredignes$e, Sal.] ravenousiiess ; vo-
racious hunger ; eagerness <if appetite or ilesire.
GRE'I DY, n. (^ )•«•(%, .""ax. J ravenous ; hungry; incited
with a vioicnl desire of i<)od ; eager; vehemently desirous,
(jREI'K, fl. belonging to Greece ; or, Grecian, which
is oftiiier used.
GItEEN, a. \griim. Tent, /frera, Belg.j having a colour
like that ofgiiiss; in composilioiis oi'dying and painting,
made by mixing bhi'; or black and yellow together. Flou-
rishing; fiesh; iiiidecayed. Ne«, or lately made. "A
green wound." I iiripe; innnatiirc ; young, alluding to
fruits being ficfcn betiue they are ripe. Not roasted; half
raw. Not dry. l';de ; sickly.
GREEN, s. the colour of grass, or tlrat \vhi( h rcscnbles
it. In optics, it is one of the original, simple, or primary
rays of light ; but in dying is caused by compounding blue
and yellow, Ac. -As this colour rather refreshes than iin-
pairs the sight, the goodness of Provi<ience is manifest in
causing it to be reflected from the surface of vegetables, pre-
ferably to any other. Figuratively, a plain covered witli
grass. The leaves of trees and vegetables, opposed to their
flowers. In cookery, used in the plural for those plants
which are of this colour, and eaten boiled.
GREENCLOTH, f.a board or couit of jitstice, lield iu
the counting-house of the king's hous<'hold, for taking ctigni-
zance of all matters of government and justice within the
king's court royal, and for correcting all the servants that
oftVnd. It takes its name from a greeii cloth spread over
the board where they sit. None of the king's servants can
be arrested for debt, without a warrant first obtained from
ihislioard.
GRE'ENEVED, a. havingeves coloured with green.
GRE'ENFINCH, s. ;. kiml of bird.
GRE;ENFISH, «. a kind of tish.
CiRI'/ENG Al-E, s.A species of plum.
CiRE'KNHOUSE, .1. a house or place in which exotics or
tender plants are kept from the inclemencies of our climate,
and furnished with, such a degree of heat as is proper to
make them grow.
GilE'ENISH, a. somewhat green ; tending to green.
GRET.NLAND, a country including some islands, situ
ated between the straits of Davis and Fiobi^her,and Iceland.
The northiMii limits are as yei unknown. West Greenland
seems to be the most N. easterly part of America. East
Gieeulau'l lies in a high latitude. N. of the continent of Eu-
rope, as does also Spitzliergen, which is .someti::!es compre-
hended under the general name of C;.'i'euland. Theseasoii
the co-.isf are annirdly visited by a great number of ships of
the English and other Europan nations, for the jiurpose of
fishing for whales. The most .-outherly point of land in West
Greenland, is Cape Farewell, at llie entrance of Davis's
Straits, in lat. .W. ."58 N. and in Ion. -12. 45. W. The
Greenlanders are strangers to trade, arts, and sciences.
They are generally short, or underthe common size, but v\el|.
proportioned, fat, and plump. Their clothing isinade of the
skins of the rein deer, the dog-fish, and of certain birds,
sewed together \\\\\\ the small guts of the rnHw mannus. It
is verv seldom that they are aJHiited with epidemical dis-
eases, but the scurvy is the rei;,'iiing distemper in this coun-
try ; their common remedy on this occasion, besides other
simples, is scurvv-grass. Both sexes live together in a very
sordid, filthy manner, in two sorts of habitations, one of
which serves for the winter, and the other for the suiiimer
sea.son. Their winter dwellings are large huts, si Idoni more
than two ells above the stirface of the ground ; the roof is co-
vered with tiirf, and the entrance isdugnarr'.w jind winding
under ^Touud. Tliesewintry mansions areextrcmeiy waim,
but stink intolerabb , fiom the number of persons generally
confined inthem. Theirsiimmci habitations nie light tents,
made of the smooth skins of the dog-fish. The occiipiitiou
of the men is clii<'lly fisliiogaiid hu'iliiig, for « Iiiih tin y h;ive
very curious tackle and tnstriimeul.'^. The boat'. In v.h.e .'1
4 1.-)
GRE
GRl
the men only row out to sea, are made of very thin, i^irrow
boards, fastened tofrctlier with wh;d<dione, and coverod with
feal-skins. Only one mangoes out in one of these boats,
who is lialf covered, and so securely laced in, that the water
cannot peiielrale into the boat; tlnis equipped, lie will !inv
«;0 or 70 njihs in a dav, tlK)ii;;li he has but one oar, w hieh is
6 or 7 feet hn;^, and Hat at both ends. Their chief cnninio-
dities are blubber and uhali'hone, the horn of the sea-
nnieorn, and the skins of deer, foxes, and tlie dog lisli.
Tliey neitl>er use imr have any knoHJedjfe of money, but
they fix a certain value on iron. The oii^inal inhabitants,
r>n the first arrival of the .\or\\e;;ians, in Ki^.l, were savaf;es,
apparently of Anuriean ixtraction. Since tlienii<idle of the
last cert-ny, the Danes have settled several colonies along
tile coast, and at present claim the sovereignty of the coun-
try. There is a company established at < openhasen, which
sends 3 or 4 ships every \ear to Greenland. The animals
are deer, bears, foxes, wild fowls ; and, in the water, whales
and seals.
GKE'KNLY, ad. with a greenish colour; newly ; freshly ;
immaturely : wanly.
GKE'ENINKSS, j. the quality of being <jrcen ; viridity ;
immaturity ; unripeness ; freshness ; vigour ; new uess ; also
rawness, unskilfuiness, and imperfection in trade, art,
science, iVc.
GRE'ENOCK, a sea-port town in the county of Ttenfrew,
situated at the mouth of the Clyde, 18 miles \V. of Glasgow.
It has a considerable foreign Trade, and a share in the her-
ring-fkhery. The town has increased prmligiouslv within
the last 30 years, and is still rapidly improving. Here is a
sugar-house, and a rope and sail manufactory. Lat. 55. 54.
N. Ion. 4. 2S). W.
GKE'ENSICKNESS, i. in medicine, a disorder incident
to virgins, so called from the paleness with which it is
attended.
GRKENSWARD, or GRE'ENSWORD, t. the turf on
which grass grows ; a field.
GRE'KNWEI' D, s. dyer's weed.
GRE'ENWTCH, a populous town in Kent, situated on the
Thames, 5 miles K. of London. Markefa on Wednesday and
Saturday. It contains about 1.350 houses, but is principally
noted for its magnificent hospital for decayed seamen, its
beautiful pnik, and astrononiical observatory. This last is
situated on the summit of Flamstead Hill, from the meridian
of which the English reckon their longitude.
GRE'ENWOOD, *. wood considered as it appears when
its leaves are out. Also the name of a plant, with buttertiy-
shapcd yellow blossoms.
ToGRKKT, 1'. a. [grf/o«, Sax.] to address at meeting;
to salute in kindness or respect; to congratulate ; to wish
health : to send w pav compliments at a distance.
GRE'ETEIl, s. he that pays hisconipliment*; to anotlier.
GRE'KTING, s. salutation or compliment.
GREF.ZE, .V. See CiR KECK.
GREGA'KIOUS, a. [from»Tex. a flock, Lat.] assembling
in flocks or herds.
GRF.NA'DK, or GRENADO, ;r. \e:renade, Fr.J R hollow
ball of iron, ghvsi,, or potter'* eaitli, tilled with gunpowder,
ar>d fitted with a fusee togive it file. When the fire reaches
the hollow of tile ball, the case flies into pieces, wliicJi
greativ hurt, if ikjI kill, those thev strike.
GREN'ADl'KK, (fi'jewor/ctr)*-. \Q:rena<li<r, Fr.] a tall sol-
dier, armed as other soldiers, besides a pouch full (d'grena-
does, from whence the name isderived. Every battalionof
foot has a cr)uipany of grenadiers belonging to it.
GRIVNOBLI',, a large and populous citv in the depart-
ment of Istre. Hefoic the revoluiinn, it was the capital of
Dauijliiuv, the see of a bishop, and the seat of a parliament.
The ballier and gloves made here are highly esteemed. It
i.s seated on ihe river Isere, near its conflux with the Drac,
'J?i5 miles S, E. tif I>aris. lat. 4.'.. Vi. N. Ion. f,. 49. V..
GRF;TNA (;IIEI:N, a villa-e of Uumfriesshir.-, near the
moulh of llie river Esk, and at)oiit 4 miles from Louglown,
ii Cumberland. It has lonj been noted as the tesorlofena-
414
moured couples from,England, who have at opportunity <ii
bein;j married here wl once, as this place is out of thejurts
dirtioti of the marriage act.
GKI'.UT, s. a fossile body, consisting of a congeries of
crystal, or sparks of spar, of the size of bay salt, and tii «
brown shining colour.
(iRl'.W, the preterite of Grow.
GKEY, a. S^e Gray, which is the most proper ipcl-
liu''.
GIlin'HOUND, s. [griglnmd, .Sax.] a tall fleet hound
that chases in sight.
GHICE, s. a little pig; a young wild boar. A step oi
greeze.
To (ill IDE, 1'. w. [igviV/ffjT, Ital] tociit ; to make yvay by
cutting— an elegant woid, though not in use.
GUIDl'-LIN, «. a colour compounded of white and red.
(>RI'DlRON,'». [grind, a gtate, Isl. and iVow] a moveable
fiauu- or grate of iron bars placed parallel to each other,
which is used to dress victuals over a fire.
(jRIEI-', (greif) s. [griff, Brit.| >oriow for something
which is past ; a grievance, oppression, or injury. Pain,
or disease.
GRIH'VANCI'>, (greh-nnce)s. that which makes a person
uneasv, generally applied to the actions or conduct of
another.
'I'o (iRlEVE, {grehe) v. a. [grever, Fr.l to afllict ; to
hurt ; to make a pers(.n uneasy by some unkind orofl'ensiTC
action ; to be sorrowful.
GlilEVlNGLY, (greiviiigly) ad. with sorrow; sorrow-
fully.
GRIE'VOUS, (greerum) a. [gravis, Lat,] afflictive, or
causing pain not easilv iorue ; causing sorrow ; expressing
great uneasiness. (Jre.>t, oi atiocious, applied to crimes.
GRIE'VOUSLY, (greerims/i/) ad. w:th great oftence, dis-
content, or ill-will ; paiutully, or so as to occasion great ui>-
easiness. Miserably ; vexatiously.
GRIE'VOl'SNESS, (>j»fff07/«i«s)i.sorrow ; pain; a state
of calamitv, oppression, or wretchedness.
GRIFPIN, or GRIFFON, t. a fabled animal, said to be
generated between a lion and an eagle, Ivaviug the head and
paws of the former, and the wings of the latter.
GRIG, s. in its primary sense signifies any thing below
the natural size. .A species of eels. Figuratively, a me ry,
active, and jocose i)erson. In botany, the common heath.
To CiRILL, V. 71. [griller, Fr.] to broil or dress meat on a
gridiron.
GRI'LLADE, j. any thing broiled on the gridiron.
To GRl'LLY, V. a. to harass ; to roast, or t' aze a man.
GRIM, a.[grinmia. Sax.] ha\ ing a fierce or awfully sullen
countenance; hideous; frightful; ugly; ill hioking.
GRIMA'CE, s. [grimace, Fr.] a distortion of the counts
nance from habit, atlcctalion, or insolence ; vulgarly styled
mahiiis: months.
(JRIM.A'LKIN, s. [gris, Fr. and ninWiJi] an appellation for
an old grav cat.
GRLME, s. dirt that is ingrained, or not easily washed
off.
To GRIME, 1). 11. to dirt so as it cannot be easily
washed otl".
GRIMLY, «(/. iuaterrible, hideous, or horrible manner.
Ill a fierce, stern, or sullen manner, applied to the looks.
GHI'MNESS, i. H look which proceeds from the fierceness
or sulleiiness of a pc son's disposition.
GRI'MSBY, GRIvAT, a town of Lincolnshire, containing
several streets of pretty good houses, and a church that looks
like a cathedial. It is said to be the oldest corporation in
England ; and had formei ly a good harbour, which has been
long choked up with sand. Soiue considerable improvements,
however, have been made in it of late, under parliamentary
encouragement. It is situated on the river lliimber, by
which it has a trade in <-oalsand salt, about .'i mile.-, from the-
(ierman Ocean, Sh N. I', bv I', of Lincoln, and 170 N. of
London. Markets on Wi-diiesdav and Saluiday
To GRIN, V. 11. [gremiinii, Sa.x.] to set the Iccth together.
f ; R I
«nd withdraw the lipe, used both as a ai^ii of miith luid
aii^iiish.
(ilUN, s. tile act of closing tlie teeth, and wilhdiimiii};
the lips from them, so as to expose tlierii to view ; tlic
act of shewing the teeth, used as an eflect of niiilli oi aii-
t;iiish.
To GRIND, I', a. prcter. and part. pass, frrmmd;
[grindan. Sax.] to reduce any thmf; to powder l)j attrition
or rubbing; tosharpenor smootli by rubbing on soinelliiiig
hard; to rub one against another; to harass or opiircss l)y
extortion. Neiiterly, to sharpen an instrument bv holdiii;,' it
on a round stone, which is turned about the wliile ; to move
a mill ; to fix the teeth close, and move them, so as to make a
noise.
GRI'NDER, s. one who grinds or works in a mill ; the
instrument of grinding. In irony, or contempt, the teeth in
general are called bv lliis name.
GRI'NDLESTONK, orGK!NDSTONI-:,*.thestoneon
wliich edge tools are sharpened.
GRI'NNKR, i. one who grins and shuts his teeth, and
ojjens his lips, so as to expose them.
GRl'NNINGLY, nrf. with a grinning laugh ; in agrinning
iiiait^ier.
GRIXSTEAD, EAST, a town of Sussex, where tlie
Lent assizes for the county are held. It is seated on a hill,
near the borders ofSurrv, 18 miles N. of Lewis, and 20 S.
of London. Market on Thursday ; and a great fair, on Dec.
II, for Welch runts, fal hogs, and other cattle.
GRIP, s. a small ditch.
To GRIRE, )'. a. [greipan, Goth.] to hold tight in the
band ; to squeeze with the fingers closed over. Tocatch ea-
gerly ; to seize, from flipper, Fr. Figuratively, tooppress ;
to pinch, press, or squeeze. Neuterly, to pinch the belly ; to
give the colic, attended with a sliarp pain in the bowels.
GRIPE, s. a grasp or seizure of the hand or paw ; a
squeeze, or pressure. Figuratively, oppression, extortinu,
or crushing nower. Affliction ; distress. In the plural, the
belly-ach ; tlie colic.
GRITER, «. one who oppresses the poor; an usurer; an
extortioner.
GRI'PINGLY, nrf. attended with a pain in the belly.
GRI'S^MBEIl, s. a corruption of ambergrise.
GRISK.i. See Greece.
GRI'SKIN,*. [from grisgin, roast meat, Ir.] the back-bone
of a hog.
GRl'SLY, (grizly) a.lgrUIn, Sax.] dreadful ; horrid.
GRI'SONS, a people inhabiting a district of the .Alps,
called by the antients Upper Rhoetia, and in alliance with
the Swiss. They are divided into three leagues, whicli
they denominate the C'aiUUe, or League of God's Hiivse,
formed in 1419, against the secular power of the bishop ; llio
Grise, or Gray League, in 1424; and the Legge of tlit Toi
Jurisdictions, \n\A?A\\ these, however, unite, and form one
republic, buthave their peculiarconstilutions, laws, and cus-
toms. A diet, or assembly of the three leagues, is held every
year, at the towns of llantz. Ooire, and Davos, alternately.
It consists of 6:3 deputies, and 3 chiefs. In the election of
these deputies, everv male of IG vears of age has a voice.
The count-v does not produce grain sudicieiit for the wants
of half the inhabitants ; the rest thev obtain from Lombard v.
Their principal object is the care of their sheep and cattle.
The country of the Grisons is about R7 miles in length, and
is bounded on the N. bv Swisserland, and a part of Ger-
■sany : on the E. by the Tyrolese; and on the S. by Venice
and Milan; and on the VV. bv Swisserland. They are
partlv of the Church of Rome, and partlv P'otestants.
GRIST, J. fj->w«, Sax.] toll t.iken by the miller when he
grinds other people's corn ; corn to be ground. Figuratively,
a supplv of provision. To bring grist to the mill, is a figu-
rative and proverbial expression for producing profit or
gain.
GRI'STLR, s. [Sax. J in anatomy, a cartilage or fleshy
mbstance, very elastic, tough, and next in hardness to a
boae.
Gts'>
(jRl'sTLY, «. cartilaginous ; consiuting of gristle ; ?i»t-
ing.f lie properties of gristle.
\i\\.VV, s.\grijlta, grcvt, Sax.] bran, or the coaric T"'*
of meal ; oats husked, or coarsely ground ; sand ; a particle
of sand ; roush, hard particles.
GRrrriNES.S, ^.sandiness; the quality uf abounding r
grit, or little, rough, hard, and sandy particles.
CilliTT.STONE, s. a stone consisting of particles of sand
agglutinated together.
GRITTY, a. full of little, rough, hard, and san<5y parti-
cles.
C;RI7ELTN,«. a corruption ofGRiDELIN, which see.
GRI'ZZLE, s. [from g/ii, Fr.] a colour made of a niiK-
ture of white and black, most c()mnionly applic<l to tliat of
peruke-i, or the hair ; gray.
GRIZZLED, a. interspersed with black aud white hairaj
gray.
(iRlZZLY, a. somewhat gray.
To GROAN, (groii) V. V. [giaiian, Sax. J to brealla- with >
hoarse noise, in pain or agony.
GROAN, (g-»uti) i. a deep sigh, attended with a hoarse
noise, made by persons in pain and agony. Figuratively, any
hoarse, dead sound.
GROAT, (grant) s. \gront, Belg ] a silver coin, value
four-pence ; hence it is used fo ■ four pence, though consist-
ing of copper coin. 6')oa^s in the plural, [from gTOrt,Sax.|
signifies oats that have the hulK taken oft.
GROCER, .« [i'tom pvss, a largequanlilyj one thatbuyt
and sellsteas, sugar, ptiinis, Ac. A greengrocer is one that
buys and sells greens
GROCERY, s. the wares sold by a grocer ; such as tea,
suiiur, raisins, spice, Ac.
GUO'ONO, a town in the palatinate of Wilna, Lithuania,
and, next to U'ilna, the best in that duchy. Here is a col-
lege and botanical gai<len ; Slanisliius, the last, dethroned
king of Poland, having eslablishid here a royal academy of
medicine and surgery. It is a large, straggling place, con-
taining a mixture of houses little better than cottages, some
habitations in good repair, and ruined palaces, with magfjN
ficent galtwavs, and other remains of decayed splendour.
A wing yet remains of the old castle, in wbich the diets for-
merly assembled. The number of inhabitants is estimated
at 7000, many of whom are employed in manufactures -^f
linen, woollen, cotton, and silk. It is seated on the river
Niemen, 125 miles N. E. of Warsaw. Lat. 53. 28. N. Ion.
2t. fi. E.
(iRCXJERAM, GRO'GRAM, or GRO'GRAN. s. a sort
of stiifl', all silk, woven with a large woof, and a rough
pile.
GRO'MWELL, s. a plant, otherwise called gromill or
gra\ mill.
GROIN, s. that part of the body which is between the
belly and the thigh.
GRO'NINGEN, a large, rich, strong, and populous town,
w ith an univ rsity, capital of the province of the same name,
in the United Dutch States. It has a very commodious har-
bour, into which ships enter with great ease by me-ans of a
eaiial, whose sides are lined with large stones, on the rivers
Iliines and Dunster, 9 miles from the sea, and 85 N. E. of
Amsterdam.
GRO'NINGEN, one of the seven United Dutch Slates,
lioiinded on the W. by W. Friesland ; on the N. by the Ger-
man Ocean; on the E. by the Dollart Bay, E. Friesland, and
Germany; and on the S. by Overyssel. It is divided into
two parts, of which Groningeii and its distriut is one, arid
the Ommerlands form the atUef. This counlrv abounds iu
fine pastures, which feed a great number of large horses.
GllOOM, .». \srom Belg. I a boy, waiter, or servant J
one who tends or lyoks after hordes ; a man newly married^
It is also applied lo the several superior ol!;cers of tlie
king's household, as groom of tlie chamber, groi^in of lliv.
stole, Ac.
GROOVE, s. a deep cavern or hollow iu a mine. A
chanael or hollow cut in wood.
GRO
GRU
To GROOVE, V. «. to cut hollow, or in channels.
To GROPE, r. H. [g-;-n;)rtn, Sax.] to feel one's wav out in
case of blindness or darkness ; to Intve an imperfeet idea
©fa thins; t" feci after a tiling where a person cannot see.
GliO'PKK, s. one who searches after, or endeavours to
find, a tli'ni; in the dark.
GROSS, c. [gros, Fr.j large, thick, or bulkv, applied to
size. Shanietiil. Ver\ erroneous, coarse, palpable, or un-
refined, applied to sentiments. Cliinisv or inelegant, ap-
plied to shape- Thick, applied to the consistence nf any
liriid. Stjpid or iluli, applied to tlie understanding. Coarse,
thick, fat, or hulkv, applied to the size of the body. Im-
pure ; foul; applied to the humours of the Iwdy.
GROSS, X. the main body or main force of an army. The
biiln ; Ihe whole, i he major part or bod\, applied to
nuni>jer, or a collection of men. In commerce, a number,
con>;stiiii; of twelve dozen, or otie hundred and fortv four.
GKO'S>^LY, nd. in large or coarse particles. Without
any snbtlet-\, art, or delicacy ; flagrantly, or palpably.
GIlO'SSNIi^SS, s. coarseness ; inelegant fatness ; want of
retinenient.
GROT, s. [grotte, Fr.] a cave or cavern formed and fre-
quented for coolness or pleasure. See Grotto.
GROTi'.'>(iUE, (gTo<e,fA) a. [grotesque, Fr.] distorted in
figure; UHualural; wildly formed, without any regard to
Mature or propriety.
GIlOTT.\ DEL CANE, a cavern near the Lake dAg-
nano, in Naples. From the bottom of this little cave a va-
pour, or incphiric air, rises, (abnut a foot in height,) which
IS destructive of animal life. For the amusement of travel-
lers, persons attend at the cave with dogs, on which they
perform the cruel experiment of holding their heads in the
vapour; after which they are convulsed in a few minutes,
and expire in tortures.
GRO'TTO, ,!. [grotle, Fr. grotta, Ital.] a cavern or cave
made for pleasure. Used sometimes, as by the Italians, from
whom it is derived, for a dark or horrid cavern.
GROVE, s. [giaf. Sax.] a walk formed by trees whose
branches meet above.
To GROVEL, V. n. [gntfde, Isl.] to lie prostrate, or with
one's bellv on the ground ; to creep along with one's belly
on the ground ; to have low, mean, or abject thoughts.
GROU.ND, s. [g-»«jirf, Sax.] the earth, considered as that
which supports us when walking, as opposed to air or wa-
ter, or as situated low ; land ; country ; region ; terr'tory ;
a farm, estate, or possession; the Hour or level of a place.
In the plural, the dregs, lees, or tli.Tt which settles at the
bottom of li(pvors. In painting, the tirst layer of colours, or
that on which the images are painted and described. The
fundamental cause or substance; the original principle.
The tirst principles, applied to knowledge or science.
The space occupied by an ami}, as they fight, advance, or
retreat.
To ( I ROUN I), V. a. to tix <ir support upon the ground ;
to build, found, or settle as upon a cause or tirst principle,
applied to opinions. To settle ill the tirst principles or ru-
diments of l<i>ow ledge, applied to instruction.
GROUND, the pret. and pari. pass, of (i rind.
GROUND BAIT, a bait madeofbarlev or malt boiled,
&c. which is thrown into the river where you intend to an-
gle, and binkinsf^ to the bottom, or ground; draws the tish
after it.
GROUND-FLOOR, s. the lower story of a house, level
with the external ground
(JRO'U.N'D FUR7I",, ». a plant, otherwise called (xtti-
whin, ami cammock. It is a species of the ononis of
tijnirt'iis. ^
fiRO-UND IVY,». alehoof, or tunboof.
GROUNDLESS, o. without auy ioundation, reason, or
Justice.
GRO'UNDLESSLY, ad. jo an unjust manner; without
reason, cause, or foiindatiim.
(iRO'UNDLLS.SNESS, *. want of cause, foundation, or
support.
416
GROITVDLING, s. a fish that keeps at the bottom of the
water. Figuratively, a person of mean, grovellinij, oi vul-
gar thoughts.
GRO'UND-PINE, s. a plant with gaping blossoms, the
germander.
GROUND PLATE, *. in architecture, the outennott
pieces of timber lying on ir near the ground, and framed
into one another witli mortises and tenons. In tlu-se also
aru mortises made to receive the tenons of the joints, the
suiiimer and girders, and sometimes the trimmers for the
stair case and chimnev ,and the binditig.joist.
(iRO'UND PLOT, s. the ground on which any building
is placed.
GRO'UND-RKNT, *. rent paid for the ground on which
a house is nuilt.
GROX'NDSEL, s. the foot post of a door, or the timber
or raised paieiuent of a house next the door; a threshold.
Also the name of a plant with compound tlowers, of which
there are several soils.
GRO'UNDWORK,s. in painting, that colour or part on
which all the images are drawn. A foundation of a build-
ing. Figuratively, the fundamentals, or tirst part of an un-
dertaking; the rudiments or tirst principles of a scieni.e.
GROlJV, (,gro<:p)s. \g)ouppe, I'r.] in painting and sculpture,
an assemblage or knot of two or more tij^uies of men, &c.
Figurativelv.a crowd ; a cluster ; a huddle.
To GROUP, (groop) v. a. [groiipper, Fr.J ill painting, to
introduce several figures into one piece.
GROUSE, s.u kinil of fowl, named heatli-gaiue.
GROUT, *. [griit, Sax.] ci.arse meal or pollard ; that
which purges oft ; a kind nf wild apple.
To CiROW, (gvc; v. n. preter. g/rw, part. pass, erfnra ;
[gronan, Sax.J In increase in len,^th or extent, appliedto the
vegetation of^ plants. To e produced by vegetation ; to
increase in stature, or bulk ; to proceed or arise, as from a
cause; to improve; to make progress. To accrue, or be-
come due, appbed to the increase of interest due on money
lent. To adhert, or stick together. Applied to the sea by
niaiiners, to swell or roll.
GROWER, (groer) s. that which vegetates or increases in
height or bulk.
'loCiROWL, (flM' pronounced as in tioii') v. n.[grollen,
Flem.] to snarl ; murmur; or grumble.
GROWN, (s^/u") part. pass. ofGKow; advanced in or iiv-
created by growth ; covered or filled by the growth of any
thing; arrived at full growth or stature.
GROWTH, (ff>6'/') «■ vegetation, vei^etzMe life; increase
In vegetation; product, orthe thing produced ; increase in
nuiiiber, bulk, frequency, stature, or improvenjent
To GRUB, I', a. ]groh', Goth.] to destroy, or extirpate by
digging or throwing up the soli- to pull up by the routs ;
tw dirty one's clothes or tiesh.
GRl'B, s. in natural liist(;ry, a small worm that eats lioles
in bodies. In me<iicine, a white unctuous pimple, or litlte
tumor, arising on the iai e, chietl on the ahe of the nose.
To (jIKU'BBLE, II. «. [gTfnM«t, Teut. 1 to grope, or feel
in the dark.
To tiRUDGR, V. a. to envy, or view the advantages of
another with discontent and uneasiness; to give or take uii-
willinglv. Neulerly.to inuriuiir or repine. To be unwil-
Inij;. To wish in seen t ; a low word.
GRUlKiE, i. an ol<l miarrel. i'lgutatively, ill will ; au-
ger ; resi ijliiient ; envy .
(iRl'IXilNGLY, nil. nnwillinelt ; mal'^nantly.
f .1!U'"-L. ,«. \rn„fl,\ Fr.] a kind of snoonmeat or broth,
made of oatmeal Ix.iled in water; any kind of uiuture or
bioth, uia(ie by boiling iiigiedients in water.
GIU'I 1', II. [gruff, ttf\g ] sour, surly, or morose, applied
toUie aspect and behaviour.
(illU 1 FLY, ad. in a sour, morose, or surly manner.
Gld'lFNtSS, s. harshness of voice, or surliness of
hiok.
(iHUM, /r. [contracted from grutnbk] suil) or moruie,
applied to a person's looks.
QUA
GUG
To GRU'MBLK, v. ti. jerommekn, Bclg.] lo niiirniur with
discontent ; to growl or snarl. To make a Imai Jt' oi laltliuj;
noisp, applied to lluinder.
(illU'MBLEU, s. one who nuuinurs with discoiitoiit ; a
discontented iieisoii.
GRU'IMBF^lNCi, i. uiminniiriii;; ihiouK'' discontent.
GRUMIi, s. [<iT(onji,v, J^at.] a thick viscid consistence of
a fluid, like that of the \\hile of an eH;^', >>r like clotted
blood.
GRU'MLY, ad. in a morose, sour, or siirlv manner.
GRU'MOUS, a. thick or clotted.
GRU'iMOUSNESS, s. the thickness of any curdled or
dotted litiiior.
To GRUNT, or GRr'NTLE.i'. n.\gnimo, Lat.] lo make
a hoarse, discontented noise, applied to a hoj;.
GRUNT, f. the noise made by a ho;;.
GRU'NTEK, s. one that |:;rnnt.s. A low word for a hog.
GRU'NTLING, *. a yonii-; ho-.
GRUS, in astronomy, the crane, a constellation in the
southern hemisphere.
To GRUTCil, D. ". [corrupted from grudge] for the sake
of rhyme ; to envy, or be uneasy at the advantage of
another.
GIUJTCII. ;?. malice or ill-will.
GRY, s. [Gr.] any thing of little valuo; as, the paring of
the nails.
GUADALOLTE, one of the Leeward Islands in the Vv'est
Indies, lying between Antigua and Dominica, in lat. 16. 20.
N. Ion. C2. 0. W. and subject to the rrench. It is about
260 miles in circumference, and is divided into two parts by
a channel, in one place 4 miles over, and navigable only for
canoes, called Riyiere Sale. By this strah, the sea on the
N. W. communicates with tiiat on the S. K. The N. W.
part is divided into Basseterre and Cabesterre. The S. E.
part is named Grandetcrre ; it does not, however, contain
more land than the former, but its shape is more irregular.
The soil is exceedingly good, and every where well watered,
especially in the district of Cabesterre. On the top of a
very lofty mountain, is a volcano, called La SouilViere, the
two mouths of which open into a pit of sulphur. The ne-
groes get brimstone here, w hich lliey afterwards purify and
sell. The vegetables, fruits, and trees, are much the same
as in the other islands, except tlie cinnamon-tree, balsam of
the capivi, and the. milk shrub, vvhicii yields a balsamic li-
quor like milk. The bees here are without stings ; their ho-
ney never hardens, but is always ot^the consistence of oil. In
177rj, the exports were 188,880 quintals of sugar, 63,029 of
coffee, 1438 of indigo, 1024 of cacao, and 5,193 of cotton ;
besides hides, and other articles, and without including the
barter with Martinico, and other islands.
GUAIA'CUM, J. a physical wood. It is an atfeiiuantand
aperient, and promotes discharge by sweat and urine.
GUANA'CO, s. a kind of camel sheep in South Ame-
rica.
GUARANTE'E, (gamntie) s. {guarant, Fr.] a power who
undertakes to see the conditions of [any league, peace, or
bargain, performed.
To GUA'RANTY, (gdraittee) v. a. to undertake to sec
the articles of any treaty kept. . .• .
To GUARD, (the u in this word and its derivatives is usu-
ally dropped in pronunciation, as gard, gardian, Ac.) v. a.
[garder, Fr.] to watch, in order to secure from or prevent a
surprise or sudden danger; to protect or defend ; to anti-
cipate or secure against objections. To adorn with lists,
laces, or ornaruental borders.
GUARD, s. [grtrdr, Fr.]amancr body of men employed
to watch, in order to defend fr(7.i danger or prevent sur-
prise. LTsed with »A or (v/f, a state of caution or vigilance.
A limitation; anticipation of an objection. An ornamental
hem, lace, or border. In fencing, an action or posture pro-
per to defend the body from the efforts of an enemy. Ad-
vanced guard, is a party of horse or foot which marches
before a corps to give notice of approaching danger. Main
£uard, \i that f'om uliich all the other guards are detached.
Piquet guard, is .1 number ot horse and foot alwavs in rpa
diness, in case of an alarm, the h(]rs'' ' — ::;;; saitdled and their
riders booted, (iuards, in the plural, is parlijuLirly api>lic<l
to those troops or companies which are kept up to guard
th<' kill '■
GUA'RDER, J. one fiho protects, defends, or watches.
GUARDIAN, «. [giirdii')!, I'r.J one wln> has the care of
an orphan, or peison whose parents are dt ad ; one to whom
the care or preservation of any thing is comntitted. finar-
diaii iifthet/iiritualilies, is he to whom the spiritual jurisdic-
tion «t'hn\ diocese is connnill('d, during the vacancy of the
iCc. lie may lie cither guardian in law, <ir jurf )iws;isfr(itu.i,
as the archbisliop is olllie diocese within his |irovhice ; or
guardian by delegation, as he w honi the archbishop or vicar-
general dolli for the time d(.|iule.
GUARDIAN, a. [giirdicii, Fr.j performing the office of
a kind protector and defender.
GUARDIANSHIP, -. the olfice of a guardian.
GUA'RDLESS, a. wil limit defence.
GUA'RDSHIP, 3. care ; protection ; or the state of a i>er-
son under the disposal of guardians ; a king's sliip employed
in guarding the coast.
GUBERN.\"riON, .t. [from gnUnio, to steoir a vossel, to
govern, Lat.] the exercise of authority in protecting, pre-
serving, and directing; goveriinniitior supcrintendency.
GUDGEON, s. [goKJiin, Fr.] a small tisii fonn<l in brooks
or rivers, and easily cauglit ; whence it is used figuratively
for a person easily cheated.
GUELDER LAND, including Zntphen, a province of t lie
Dutch L^nited States, bounded on I lie N. by Overyssel, and
the Zuyder Zee ; on the E. by the bishopric of iMunster, and
the dutchy of Cleves ; on the S. by Clevesand Dutch Bra-
bant; and on the \V. by Zuyder Zee, Ufretcht, and Hol-
land. Before its invasion by the French, Gnelderland sent
19 deputies to the States-Gencial. Nimcguen is the
capital.
GUERDON, (girdon) t. \giuidon, Fr.] a recompense or
reward. Not in use.
GUF/RLINGUET, in zoology, a kind of squirrel (hat is
found in Guiana.
GUERNSEY, an island in the English Chaiuiel, near the
coast of France, about 30 miles in circumference, it has
been held subject to England since the time of the Norman
coiKiuest. The natives speak French, this island having
been formerly a part of Normandy, and being still governed
by the old Norman laws. The air is healthy, and the soil
more rich and fertile than that of .Jersey. Here is a very
good harbour, and on the S. side of the island, a bay capable
ofreceiving large vessels. They are sufficiently supplied
with corn and cattle, for their own use and that of the sliips;
wines and cyder are cheap and plentiful; there is plenty of
game and fowl; ;nid they catch great <iuantities of sea-fislj
of various kinds. The inhaliitants have a considerable trade
to Newfoundland and the Mediterranean. Guernsey is di-
vided into 10 parishes, but with only 8 churches. The con.
vention of the estates consists of a governor, coroners, ju-
rats, clergy, and constable. The staple manufactory is knit
stockings. Port St. Pierre is the iirincipal town. Lat. 40.
30. N. ion. 2. 6fi. W.
To GUESS, (the u is usually dropped in the pronunciatioD
of this word and its derivatives, and the g before the e pro-
nounced hard, as gess, Arc.) !■. a. [glnsscn, Belg.J to conjeo-
ture : to judge without any fixed or certain principles.
GUESS, «. a conjecture.
GUE'SSER, s. a conjecturer ; one [who judges without
certain knowledge.
GUE'SSINGLY, ad. forming ajudgmentin'a casual man-
ner ; uncertainly.
GU'EST, {gesi, the g pronounced hard) a. [guest, Brit.]
one who is entertained in the house of anotlier ; a stranger.
GUE'.STCHAMBER, i. chamber of entertainment.
To GUGGLE, v. n. [gorgoUare, Ital.] to sound, or make
a noise like water running out of a narrow-mouthed bottle
or vessel,
3 11 ,417
cm
GUI
GUTA'N"A,anc\lensi\t' cwiirfn of Soiitli Arntiicfl, on tlie
coast ot'tlie Atliiiilic, lyiiis bctwcou llie liyeis Oiouoko, aiirt
Orelkiiia. It is iilxuit 1 100 miles in lonijtli, aiul from 300 to
e'X) in breadth. The French possess one part of the coast,
and llio Dnteh anotiier. Dnteii Guiana contains the settle-
ments of Surinam, Bfibice, lsse<|nibo, and Dcnierarv ; al!
V liicli tal\C tiieir names from dill'crent rivers. Frencli Gni-
ana goes by the name of K(|ihnoctial France, or Cayenne,
f:oni the terrilor> so called, and extends tVom the river Ala-
rawina to the ri^er ().\apoco S. !•',. The internal parts of tli'e
country are bnt little linown ; llicy are inhabited however
by ditierent tribes of Indians, some of wlfoni niaUe their
houses on trees, to be secure from the inundations of the
rivers. .Sii^av, cotton, silk, tobacco, Brasil wood, aloes,
natural balsam, oraiifjes, and citrons made into swectiiieals
or otherwise, are articles of commerce in this country. It
Jies between -2 and H degrees of N. hit.
GUrn.-\Cil", s. the reuard ormoney j^iven to aguidc.
GUl'D \N('E, .V. direction ; government.
To Gc'IDE, (the » in tliis word and its derivatives is usu-
ally dropt in pronuncialloii, anil ]lhe ;■■ before j'p''""- liard,
as !fiile,g-liliy, Ovc.)c. ". [i'l'irUr, l''r.] lo direct or shew a per-
son a v.ay; to jjovern, direct, instruit, regulate, or super-
intend by counsel, or exertion of authority.
GL'II)!'"., ,«.[:;■;(/(/<', Fr.] one who directs another in liis
way ; a director.
GUFDF.LES.S, «. without a guide.
GUI'DKR, «. a director; a guide.
GUII'.'NNi'^, a ci-devant province of France, very fruit-
ful, and producing great quantities of vine. It was about
160 miles in length, and K.5 in breadth, having Bourdea.ux
for its capital. The word 6'«/™«r is a corruption of Arjui-
taine, an antient country of great extent, said b\ Ca-sar to
be separated from the rest of fiaul by the river Ganinne.
GUILD, (sometimes pronounced giW, and sometimes
gild, v\ 1th the g- bard) .s. [gildsciji, Sa\.j a society, corpora-
tion, fraternity, or company, united together by orders and
laws made among themselves by (heir prince's licence.
Hence GuiUIhall, a place or hall belonging to a corporation,
wherein affairs relaling to the members in their united ca-
pacitv are transacted.
(iUILF, (usually pronounced, as well as its derivatives,
gih, with the g hard) ,«. [linillr, old l''r.] low cunning or
craft, wherebv a person tricks or <heats another ; deceit.
GUILEFUL, o. full of deceit: wily; fraudulent; trea-
cherous; secretly misdiievous ; imposing:, or over-reaching
a person in a crafty or fraudulent manner.
GL'I'LELI'.SS, It. >vilhi'ut any secret or concealed fraud ;
without any intention to deceive, cheat, or impose iipoii a
person by false appearance and concealed treachery.
GUILER, s. one that bitrays another into danger by de-
ceitful means. Not in use.
GUl'LFOliD, an antient town of Surry, noted formeily
for its manufactory of cloth, of which there |are still some
small remains. It has a number of good inns, with excellent
Hccoinmodations, being a great throroughfare on the road
from London to I'ortsmouth. The summer assizes are held
alternately here and at Croydon. It is seated on the decli-
vity of a hill, on the river Wey, which is navigable to the
Thames, and by vliicba great (|uantity of tind)er is carried
to London, not (uily from the neighbimrliood, but from Sus-
sex and Hampshire woods, above .30 miles ofl", 17 miles S.
\V. of Kingston, and 30 S. W. of London. Market (cliiefiy
lor corn) on Saturday.
<iUI LLOTINK, s. an instrument for beheading, introdu-
ced into France soon after the revolution. Innumerable nuil-
titudes have sulVercd death by it in that country. X similar
machine once existed in laiglaiid, and in .Scotland, called
the Maiden. The name fJiiillotine is derived from (iuillot,
the name of the person who brought it into use in I'aris.
GUILT, 'pronouticfid, with its derivatives, ffi/', witlr.the
^liard) jt. [;;-i7/, Sax.] the stale of a person justly charged
with a crime; a consciousness of having done auiiss. I'i-
guralivelv, a crime oroH'ence.
418
GUI'LTILY, nrf. without innocence ; in such a mannet
as to be conscious of having done a crime laid to one'i
thargc.
(iUi'LTINES.S, s. the state of being guilty ; the con-
sciousness of having done a crime.
(iUFLTLESS, rt. free from crime; innocent; free from
sin or punishment.
(iUl'LTLESSLV, n^/. without guilt : innocently.
GUI'L'J'V, n. [^iV/i"-, Sax. I chargeable with having com-
niitle<l a crime ; wicked, or corrupt.
GUI'NEA, (pronounced gWiHi/, Avith the ft- hard ; so called
from (iuinea,in Africa, from vlicncetlie gold was brought
of \\hich tlu'y were at first formed; on uhith account they
likewise bore the impression of an rle|ihaiil; .«. a gold coin
struck and current in England. When it was first struck, it
was valued at tMent_\ shillings; but gold growing scarce, it
was advanced to tuenty-one sliillin; s and sixpence ; but is
now sunk to twenty-one shillings. 'I'he pound troy is cut
into twenty-four parts and a half, each part making a
guinea.
(iUl'NEA, a country of Africa, of which little is known
except the coast, thence called the Coast ofCiuinca. It is
di\ ided into the Lower and the Upper. 'I'he lower part is
commonly called Congo. The Upper comprehends the dis-
tricts of Sierra Leone ; the(nain Coast, or Malaguetta; the
Tooth Coast ; the Gold Coast ; the Slave Coast ; and Benin.
It is unhealthy for Europeans, though the natives live to a
considerable age. The latter in general go almost naked;
and are said to be an innocent, inoflensive, and hospitable
people, except such as have been corrupteil by the Euro-
peans. These have factories on the coast, and promote
feuds, frauds, and civil wars among the natives, by every
means of seduction, kidnapping, and coercion,that they may
get the prisoners to carry of!" as slaves. Two or three Euro-
pean settlements are at length formed in Guinea, under the
governments of Great Britain and Denmark, for tlie purpose
of carrying on an honest and advantageous trade with tfie
natives, and for iiromoting their civilization. The produc-
tions of this country are the variety of rich tropical fruits,
gums, hard woods, grain, gold, ivorv, wax, &t:.
GUFNEA, NEW, a long, narrov. island, of the South Pa-
cific Ocean, N. of New Holland, from which it is separated
by Endeavour Strait. This strait is about 10 lca:jues long
and .5 broad, except at the N. E. entrance, where it is con-
tracted by a group of islands, called the Frince of Wales's
Islands. New Ciuinea extends from near the e(|uator to 12
deg. S. lat. and from 131 to 153 deg. E. Ion. The land is
in general low, and covered with an astonishing luxuriance
of wood and herbage. Most of the trees, shrubs, and plants,
that are common in the South Sea Islands, are found here in
the greatest perfection. The inhabitants resemble the New
Hollanders.
(jl'l'NEAIIEN, s. a fowl, supposed to be ofGuinea.
(iUFNEAPEFPER, s. the capsicum.a plant.
GUI'NEAPIf;, (!^))im/-i>in; with the «• hard) «. a small
variegated anin)al, with a pig's snout, rat's ears, and without
a tail.
(iUISE, (pnm. "Jrc, with the ;;• hard ; the same as wtw,
the (/' being changed, as is common, into ff) .?. [ qn/>, Fr.]
appearance; looks; behaviour. iManner, custom, or prac-
tice. External appearance ; dress, or habit. 'I'he last sens*
seems to be aconiraction of'Ufs^'iiisi'.
GUITA'R, (pronounced S'''«c, with the jf hard).?. \p;/iilarn,
Ital.] in niusic,a stringed instrument with a neck like a vi«>-
lin, an oval body, and played on in the same innuner ai
the harp with the fingers.
(;ULES, J. [irwi'/cs Fr.l in heraldry, red. Tn the arms
of noblemen, it is called ruby ; in those of sovereign princes.
Mars; and, in engraving, is signified by drawing perix-iv
diciilar or straight strokes from the toi> of the c-scutclieon, to
the bottom.
(JLLF, or GULl'Il, ,t. [t^off", Ital. J an arm of the ocmii
running into the land. Figuratively, an aby.ss, or immea-
surable depth. A whirlpool, or sucking; eddy. Any tiling
insatiable.
GUN
Gur
GIPI.FY, «. full of eddies, Rulfs, or whirlpools.
To GULL, t). rt. [^iiiller, Vr.] to trick; to cheat; to de-
ceive or defraud hy artihce.
GULL, s. a sea-bird ; a cheat, or trick ; a stupid animal ;
a person easilv cheated.
GU'LLCATCIlKIl, .'. niie wlio clieats; a bite; one who
deceives another by artiiici'.
GU'LLKll, t.-d cheat or impostor.
GU'LLKllY, f. cheat; imposture.
GU'LLET, s. [goii/cf, Fr.] the throat, passajje, or pipe
through which llie food passes, called by anatomists tiic
JO GU'LLY, I', n. to run with a noise, applied to water.
(iU'LLYHOLR, *. tiie h<ile where the ^flitters or kennels
empty themselves into tiie common seuer; !^o called from
the noise thev make in (heir fall.
GULO'SITY, s. [from g«/rt, the throat, Lat.] greediness ;
intemperance in eating ; gliillony. Not in use.
To GULP, 1'. 71. IfTdlpen, IWlg.] to s^^ allow eagerly; to
drink down without any intermission, or with one swallow.
<iULP, s. as nuich as can be swallowed at once.
GUiVl, s. [rjiimnti, Lat.] a vegetablejnice exsuding through
the pores of certain plants, and there hardening into a tena-
cious or sticky mass, more viscid and less friable than resins,
and dissolving in water. In gardening, a disease incident
to fruit-trees of the stone kind, being a kin<l of gangrene,
arising from a corrupted sap which extravas^jtes and hard-
ens. In anatomy, the ilesliy substance of (he mouth in
which the teeth grow ; generallv used in the plural.
GU'MMINESS, s. the state of a thing smeared or abound-
ing .with gura.
GUMMO'SITY, s. [gmn7nostis, from gummi, gum, Lat.]
the nature of gum ; viscidity ; gumminoss.
GU'MMY, a. consisting of gum; of the nature of gum;
overgrown or smeared with gum ; sticky.
GUN, s. the etymology is uncertain ; a fire-arm or wea-
pon which forcibly discharges a ball, shut, or other offensive
matter, through a cylindrical barrel, by means of gunpow-
der. Great guns are generally called cuniiuii, and known
likewise under the term ot'ordiiniicr. Small guns are such
as are portable, and include nuiskets, niusquetoons, car-
bines, blunderbusses, fowling-pieics, t'v.c.
GUN NEL, *. See G u n w a i, e.
GU'NNER, s. a person who manages, and has the charge
of, the artillery of a ship, &c. Gtwiurs, in the plural, are
officers employed in looking after, and managing the ord-
nance mounted on lines, batteries, or forts.
GU'NNERY, s. the science or art of shooting with guns
and mortars.
GU'NPOWDER, /. a composition of saltpetre, sulphur,
and charcoal, mixed together with spirits, and usually gra-
nulated which takes fire easily, and, when fired, expands
with great vehemence and noise, by means of its elastic
force.
GU'NSHOT, *. the distance to which a ball can be shot
oul of a gun.
GU'iVSMITH, i. one who makes and sells guns.
GU'N STOCK, s. t1i€ wood to which the barrel of a gun is
fixed.
GU'NSTONE, s. the shot of a cannon ; so called, because
at tlie first use of cannons they were loaded with stones.
GU'NTER'S CHAIN .f. an instrument made use of in
surveying land.
Gtf'NTER'S LINES, s. lines of numbers, first invented
by Mr. Edward Gunter, of great use in navigation, and other
ujranches of the mathematics.
GU'NTER'S QUADRANT, /. an instrument to find the
hour of the day, azimuth, &c.
_ GU'NTER'S SCALE, s. a large scale to resolve ques-
tions in plain sailing.
GU'NVvaLE, or Gunnel of a Ship, s. that piece of
timber which reaches on each side of the ship from the half
deck to the forecastle : this is called the Gunwale, whether
diere be guns in the ship or not.
GURGE, ». fg'urg-e/, Lat.] a whirlpool; a gulf.
GU'RGION, s. the coarser part of the meal sifted from
the bran.
To GU'RGLE, v. n. [gorf;ogliare, Ital.] to make a mur-
muring sort of noise, like water poured out of a bottle, or a
stream from a fountain.
fiU'RNARD, orGURNET, sAgownnl, Fr.]akind of sea-
fish.
To GUSH, V. 71. [gosichn, Belg.] to flow or rush out in
aiiirge body ; to How out in a large quantity, and with vio-
lence.
(iUSII, s. a siulilcn, forcible, and large flowing of water,
or odier lluid ; any tiling poured (lul with a sudden an(i
forcible eruption.
(iL'SSET, s. \g(iHssii, I'r.] any thing sewed on cloth to
strengthen it ; by scmpbdcsscs pcciiliinly appiied lo the tri-
angular pieces of cloth at the ni'ck, under tlic arms, and at ihe
openings of the flaps of a shirt.
fiUST, ». [from gusto, to taste, Lat.] the sense of taste;
the height of sensual enjoyment ; love, or liking; turn of
fancy ; peculiar taste or genius ; pleasure, caprice, or w him.
A sudden violent blast of wind, [innn gustir, Isl.] .\ sudden
burst of passion.
GU'STABLE, a. [from gusto, to taste, I.;it.| fit to be
tasted; the object of taste ; pleasant to the taslc.
(iU'STATION, X. [fromsw/o, lo ta=le, Lat.] the act of
tasting.
GU'.STrUL, a. very agreeable or pleasant to the taste;
agreeable to the mind.
(iU'STO, .V. [Ital.] the relish, flavour, or taste, which a
thing causes ; tlie power by which a-ny thing excites a sen-
sation in the palate. Liking or prejudice; applied to the
mind.
GU'.STY, a. windy ; stormy.
GUT, i. [huiihr, Teut.] the entrails, or the long pipe
reaching with many folds from the stomach to the vent,
through which the iibvous part of food passes and is dis-
cliargf (1. Figuratively, the stomach or receptacle of food ;
gluttony ; the inside of any thing, particularly the imve-
mentsofa clock or watch.
To GUT, r. rt. to take out the entrails or gnis of an ani-
mal. Figuratively, to plunder any thing of what it con-
tains.
GUTTA SERK'NA, s. [Lat.] a disease in which the
patient, without any apparent fault in tlie eye, is entirely
deprived of siglit.
GUITATED, a. [from gutta, a drop, Lat.] besprinkled
with drops; bedropi)ed.
GU'TTER, s. [from guttur, the throat, Lat.] a passage for
wafer, either on the ground, or on the roofs of buildiii.^s.
To GU'TTER, V. a. to cut or wear into sniviil elianneis
or hollows.
'^l"o(iU'lT'Ll'', V. rt. [from gut] to feed luxuriously or iii-
temperately. Actively, to swallow. A low w.-rd.
GU'lTLI-lR, J. one fond of eating; a greeoy or intem-
perate eater.
GUTTU'LOU.S, a. [from guttula, a small drop, Lat.] in
the form of a small drop. " In its gutiuluus descent."
Jirowtt.
GUTTURAL, s. [from guttur, the throat, Lat.] pro
nounced in the throat : belonging to the" ihroat.
GUTTUR ALNESS, s. the quality of being sounded in,
or belonging to, the lliinnt.
GUTTY, or GUTTE, «. [from -««", a drop, Lat.] in
heraldry, besprinkled with drops.
Gi:'T\VORT, s. a kind of herb.
GUY, s. in a ship, is a rope used for keeping off things
from bearing or falling against the ship's sides when they
are hoisted in.
To GU'ZZLE, r. n. [from g-ut or pat, whence guttlt,
gustle] to feed immoderately ; to swallow any liquor grce-
dily.
GU'ZZLER, s. an immoderate eater or drinker.
■no
li A !?
11 A D
GY'BING, i. tlic act of s)iiftiii^' any boom sJiiHioiu one
ide of the mast to tlic other.
GYMNA'.-'IL'M, IgijinKosion, friiin gtnntws. naked, Or.
because the exercises of the gymnasiiini «cre perfornicH hy
naked combatants] in Grecian antiquity, a place fitted for
performing; exercises, botli of tlie lilenii and athletic kind;
a sort of sc'iool, wherein philosoplicrs, rhetoricians, ami
the professors of ail other sciences, read their icctnres ;
and wrestlers, fencers, dancers, &c. exercised their various
talents, for the diversion of the people.
GYJ\INx\'STIC, K. [g:!/)i!iiasiihiis, i'lom gymnos, naked, (ir.
because the exercises of the gymnasium were performed by
naked combatants] something' relatingor belonging to bodily
exercise, such as w resfiing, ttc.
GYMX.4.'.STirALLV, ad. athletically ; fitly for stron?
exercise.
GY'MKIC, <T. lgi/vivil:os, from gyrmos, naked, Gr.j prac-
tliing such CNPrcises as relate to the bodv.
GYMNOSPE'H.MOL'S, <i. [from gynmof, naked, and
spenna, a seed, Gr.] having the seeds irAed.
GYNECO'CllAC^ , s. [fromg;/>ic, a woman, and kmtns,
power, Gr.] denotes tiie governnient of women, or tlie state
where women are capable of tiie supreme command.
GY'l'SlE, s. a plant with indented serrated leaves, whitish
blossoms, and a four-cornered stem; called also water-
Lorehound.
G^T.SUM, in mineralogy, a kin<! of stone ^^hieh has
sonietliing the appearance of alabaster, and is composed of
calcareous earlli am^ .suli)liureous acid. .
G\RA'TION, i. [from gijio, to turn round, Lat.] the act
of turning any thin? about in a circle.
G\ RE, f. [from gyro,\o turn round, Lat.] a circl; de-
«cribed 1h' a thing going in an orbit.
GY'IILD, a. [from gmo, to turn round, Lat.J falling in
rinps. " His stockings ((own gi/icdtu his ancle." S/m/t.
GYVES, s. [gevi/ii,Jivh.} fetters or chains consisting of
two links for the legs.
To GYVE, v.a. to fetter or shackle; to ensnare.
II.
HIS the eighth letter, and sixth consonant, in our al-
phabet. .Some grannnarians indeed will have it to be
only an aspiration or breathing; but it is most certainly a
distinct sound, and formed in a peculiar manner by the
organs of speech, at least in our language. It is pronounced
by a strong expiration of the breath between the lijis,
closing, as it were, by a gentle motion of the lower Jaw to
the upper, and the tongue nearly approaching the palate.
That it is a distinct letter, api)cars from the words cat and
heat, aim and /mrm, mrand /;«(;•, c//and licU, as pronounced
with or witho\it the /i. In P'nglish, it is scarcely ever unite
in the beginning of a word, especially where it precedes
a vowel; when it is followed by a consonant, it has no
sound, as in sight ; when it has c before it, it is sometimes
dr(»pped, the r being pronounceil hard, like a /;, as in Chrixt,
wKn\\ the Saxons wrote Crist, and in cclw ; but this does
not hold good always, tor it is pronounced in chnriti/, churvh,
Ac. Whenever it follows/), it it soinided together with it
like an /; as Philip, Ac. Among the aniients it was a
numeral lett<'r, signifying 200 ; and when with a mark over
it thus fi, 2000. In abreviatures, it it used for h(}mn, as
J. II. S. Jesus I/iiminiim Snivator, i. e. Jesus the Saviour of
mankind.
HA, inlnrject. [Lat.] an expression of wonder or surprise.
Winm repeatrd, an expression of laughter orjoy.
HA'BAKKUK, tin propheev of, is one of the canonical
Vxioks of the Old Testament. There is no mention made in
scripture, either of the time when this iiropliet lived, or of
the parents from whom he descended ; Imt according to the
authors of the lives of the prophets, lie Was of the tribe of
Simeon, and a native of Betiizair.
IIA'BKAS CO'lU'TiS, t. [I/at.J in law, a Writ wliicli a
rtiau may liave out of the Kinij's Uencli, to remove himself
4-Ht
th'iHier at his own expense, to answerat the barlhcre, when
indicted or imprisoned for a crime before justices of the
peace, or a franchise court, after having otlered sutiicieot
bad, « hieh is refused, though the case be bailable.
HA'IjEKDASHER, f . one who sells small wares, such as
pins, needles, &c.
HA'RERDINE, j. a dried salt cod.
HABE'RGEOX, ihuhirjon) s. [hatihergeiin, Fr.] armour
to cover the neck and breast; a breast-plate; a neckpiece;
a coast of mail.
HARILIMF.NT, s. \habilinient, Fr.] dress ; clothes.
To HABILITATE, r. n. [habilita; Fr.] to qualily or en-
title. Not in use.
HABILITA'TION, s. qualification.
HA'iUT, s. [habitus, Lat.] the state of any thing; as,
" hdhit of body." Dress or clothes. A power and ability
of doing any thing, acquired by frequent repetilion oftlie
sji.uie action. Custom; inveterate use ; or a strong inclina-
tion to perform any particular action.
To H \'B!'1\ f.«. to dress or clothe.
HA'BI'l'ABLE, o.[from habito, to inhaliil, Lat.] tliat is, or
may he dwelt in.
11 MMT.XBLI'-XlsSS, .«. the quality which renders a place
proper for the residence of any animal.
HA'BITANT, s. [from hnbito, to inhabit, Lat.]a dweller in
a placi'.
HABITATION, s. [from habito, to inhabit, Lat.] the act
of dwelling in a place ; a place wherein a person resides.
IlABl'TL'AL, a. \hnbitiiel, Fr.] customary; establislLcd
by fie!]'.ient practice and repetition.
IIABI'TL'.AL, ad. by custom; by habit or frequent
practice.
To HABI'TUATE, v. a. \hMtuer, Fr.J to accustom ; to
use one's self by frequent repetition.
HABITUDE, s. [habitudv, from habitus, habit, Lat-lrcla-
tion or respect. The state of a tiling witli regard to some-
thing else. Familiarity, converse, intimacy, followed by
u-itl:. Custom, hal)it, or the frequent and uninterrupted
practice of the same thing.
To HACK, !■. a. \h(i<-mn, Pax.J to cut or chop into small
pieces by fre(pient and unskilful blows. Figuratively, to
speak or pronounce improperlv.
H.\CK, j._ a contraction of Hackney.
H.^'CKLE, J. raw silk, or -any filmy or fibrous substaifce
unspun.
To HA'CKLE, V. a. to dress flax.
HA'CKNEY, s. \hacknai, Bit.]a hired horse, or a horse
Ictout for hire. Figuratively, any thing let for hire; one who
writes for hire ; any thing that is trile or used in common.
To HACKNEY, r. a. to use a thing very frequently; to
accustom to the road.
HAD, the preter. and part. pass, of Have.
HADDINGTON, a borough town of Scotland, capitalof
Haddingtonshire, or East Lothian, \\liich sends one member
to parliament, and has a manufacture of coarse woollen. It
consists of four streets, which intersect each other at right
anodes. The number of inhabitants is rather more than 201X).
It is surrounded with the seats of the nobility aiul gentry,
and there are the ruins of a magnificent church. .lohnKuox,
the celebrated reformer, was a native of this town. It is
seated on the river Tvne, IK miles E. of Edinburgh.
HADDINGTONSHIRE, or East Lothian, a county of
Scotland, Imunded on tiie W. by Eilinbnrghshire, on tlie
N. bv the Firth of Yorlh, on the E. by the German Ocean,
and on the S. by tlie county of Berwick. It is about 25
miles long, from L. to AV.and l.'i miles where broadest. The
land is in many places doubly productive, afl'onling im-
mense quantities of coal, \\hile ricli crops of corn are raised
on its surface. The southern part of' llie county, compre-
hending the N. side of Lammerinuir Hills, is mountainous.
These high grounds, however, feed vast numbers cf sheep.
On the sea coast are several harbours ami fishing towns ;
salt is made in many places, and the county iu ifeneral is
populous and rich.
HAH
II A 1.
HA DDOCK,*.[/i(K/o<,Fr.] a>ea-fish of theeod kind, but
'•niiill.
H V'DLEY, a town of Suffolk, pretty lar^e, populous, and
tolt'inbly well built, but bein^' situated in a liottoui, it is
generally dirty. Jrargo cpiantitics of yarn are still spun her(!
For tlie Norwich manufacture, and tornierly it liad a consi-
derable woollen manufacture. It is seated on the river
Preston, 20 miles S. E. of Bury, and (;4 N. E. of London.
Considerable markets on Monday and Saturday for corn,
provisions, iKx.
11 K'MOKKH.\GE,.t. See Hf.rmokkiiagf..
IlAl'T, .?. \hn-ft, Sax. hfft, Bels ] a liandle ; tiiat part of
any instrument t)y wliicli it is liekl ni the hand.
ilAG, s. [Jiagn, Biit.] a fury, or si)irit of a deformed or
terrible aspect; a witch or euehautress ; an old ugly wo-
man.
TolIAG, V. a. to haunt; to torment; to possess or ha-
rass with vain terror; to bewitch.
IIA'GARD, n. [Vr.] wild, unsociable, or untamed ; lean ;
Uf^ly ; russed ; deformed ; wildly disordered.
lIA'OtiAI, the tenth of the lesser prophets, was born, in
all probability, at Babylon, in the year of the world 34.^7,
from whence he returned with Zerubbabel. It was this
prophet who, by command from God, (I'zra v. 1, 2, &c.)
exhinted the Jews, after their return from tlic captivity, to
linish the rebuilding of the temple, which they had inter-
mitted for 1-t years. His remonstrances had their ctlect ;
aiio, (o enconrase them to proceed in tlj« work, he assured
tiiem from God, that the glory of this latter house should be
ureater than the glory of the former house ; which was ac-
conliugly fnllilled when Christ honoured it with his pre-
sence ; for, with respect to the building, this latter temple
wasnothin<5 in comparison of the former.
HA'GGARD,j.any thing wild or irreclaimable; a species
of hawk ; a hai,'.
HA'GGA15bLY,m?. deformedly; ugly; likeahag.
HA'GGKSS, i. a incssof meat, chopped suiall, inclosed
in a me,nibrane, and boiled.
HA'GGlSH,n. likea hag ; deformed; horrid.
To HAGGLE, v. a. [corrupted from /inch, or haclile] to
iiMit, chop, or mangle. Neuterly, to be tedious in a bargain,
cr long before setting the price.
HA'GGLF.R, s. one that cuts ; one that is slow in bar-
gaining.
H-AGIOfiRAPHA, s. [from o^w, holy, and ^-rnplio, to
write, Gr.Ja name given to a part of the books of scripture,
comprehending the books of Ruth, Chronicles, I'zra.'Ne-
hemiah, Esliier, Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastcs, Canti-
cles, the Lau'.eutations, and Daniel.
HAGIO'GRAPHER, (/wgUiorafer) s. [horn ag-ios, holy,
qnil ^raphn, to write, Gr. | an nispired writer.
IIAGUI'", (//n^)a town of the United Provinces, in Hol-
land, which geographers pretend is but a village, and yet it
may compare with the liandsouiest towns or cities in
Emope, with regard to its extent, the number and beauty of
its palaces, its streets, its agreeable walks, and its great
trade, especially in books. The greatest part of the houses
have the appearance of palaces, and there are at least 4000
gardens. It is seated 4 miles from the sea, and there is a
pavement across the Downs, with trees on each side. Tiie
stadtholder, or governor of the country, generally resided
here. It is the place where the States of the United Pro-
vinces assemble, and here the foreign ministers are ad-
mitted to audience ; and here also the supreme courts of
justice are held. In January ITO.'i, the French army enter-
ing the United States, the stadtholder and family were
obliged to make their escape, and the Dutch having wel-
comed their couqiuTOrs, an entire revolution of government
took place. See iloi,l..\Nn. The Dutch were induced
immediatelv to ioin the French in the war against frreat
Britain. It is 3 'miles N. W. of Delft, 8 S. W. of Leyden,
lON.W.of Rotterdam, and 30 S.W. of Amsterdam. Loju
J. 10. E. lat. &2. 4. N
HAri, !>r:''B<«)3ee(!o», expressing a sudden surprise.
HAIK, a markel low n of Scotland, in llie sliiri. of Perbic;
seated on the riverTiviot.
HAIL, s. [hd^el, Sax. J a concrelioM of af|ucous par'iclea,
or drops of rain congealed into ice. This ir.ippcus, when,
in tlieir passage through the inferior aii, they mcit willi ni-
trous partic!.es, which arc known to coutiibute greatly to
freezing. Tlu-ir uuignilude is owing to a fresh accession of
matter as they pass along. lii'iice we see the rea/in why
hail is so fietiuent in suiiimer, because at that time gn aire
quantities of nitre are exhaled from the earth, and float up
and down the air.
To HAIL, I-. H. to pour down hail.
HAIL, iiiinjrct. [from lioel, Sax.] a term of salutation,
wherein we wish health to a person. It is used at present
oulv in poetrv.
To H.ML," 1'. ri. \hnl<inn. Sax.] lo salute; to call to, ap.
plied to the manner in which siiips adflress each other.
H Al'LED, n. beaten or struck w illi hail.
IJAILSIl AM, a town in Sussex, whose market is on Sa-
turday ; it is 68 miles from LoikIoii.
HAI'LSIIOT, i. small shot scattered like hail.
HA'ILSTON \\ v. a particle or single ball ofbail.
HAI'LY, <i. consisting of hail.
HAI'XAULT, county of, divided into Austrian and
French, a late province of the Netherlands, bnunrled on the
N. by Flanders and Brabant ; on the 1'^. by Brabant, Namur,
and Liege ; on the S. by France ; and on the W. by Artoi^s
and French Flanders. It extends about S.^ miles from 1-1.
to W. and 48 from N. to S. Mons is the capital. In tlie
French part are included the towns of Laudrecy, QMesn()y,
Avesnes, Marienburg, Phillipville, Valcueieiines, Boiichain,
Conde, Cambray, and ?daubeiige, with their respective dis-
tricts ; as also several viliiiges.
H.\1R, s. [hor. Sax.] the small thin threads which grow
out of the skin of animals ; the hair which grows on tlie
head. The different colours the hair appears of in diti'erent
persons, and in the same person in different parts of life, are
owing to the nature of the finid with which it is supplied.
Figuratively, any thing verv small.
IIAIRBELL, or HAREBELL, s. a species of the h> a-
cinthus, or, as others say, of the scilla, of'Linna'us. It is
very common in the woods and hedges of England, and
flowers in May.
HA'IRBRAiNED, «. Tit should be Iiarehnined, because it
alluded tothe wildnessofahare) wild; irregular; inconstant.
HAIRBREADTH,*, a very small breadth; the widtii e.f
a hair.
HAlTtCLOTH, .t. stuft" woven of horse-hair.
HAI'lKiRASS, s. in botany, a genus of grasses, of w hie.
there are several species. They t'owerin July and .August.
HAIRINESS, s. the state of being covered or overgrowc
with hair.
HAI'RLACE, .V. a fillet or band with which women tie up
their'hair.
JHAI'RLESS, ff. without hair ; bald.
HAJ'RMOSS, .■.■. in botany, the polytrichum, of which
three arenative in England.
HAl'RY, a. overgrown or covered with hair ; consisting
of or resembling hair.
HA'LBERT, or UW.V^ERD, (hnnHwrt) s. [hnhharde, Fr.J
a long pole armed at one end w itii a battle-axe, carried by
Serjeants of foot and dragoons, t'^c. It was formerly named
the Danish axe, because borne first by them ; from them it
was borrowed by the Scots.Trom w liom itcame to the English,
and from us to the French.
IIA'LCVON, Uiahuoii) s. [Lat. from ah, the sea, Gr.] the
kiug-tlsher, tlius called because she was I'eported to breed
in the sea, and that there was always a calm during the
hatching time.
H.A'LCYON, (Imhi/ou) a. peaceful ;■ qnief ; undisturbed ;
without tumult or violence. " His- /irt/r//jn days brought
■forth the arts of peace." Denlmm.
• H.VLE, 1. healthy, sound, or hearty ; of a good or fres'j
complexion.
- 421
HAL
HAM
To HALE, (haul) V. a. [hulen, Belg. haler, Fr.] to diilg liy
force ; to pull violently.
HAL!'" il, (hauler) s. he who pulls or drags by force.
HA'LES-OWEN, a town iu|Shropshire, but inclu(lt'<l in
Worcestershire, 6 miles E. of Stourbridge. Tiieie is a
market on Monday.
HA'LESWOllTH, an antient and popidous town ofSuf
folk, noted for the plenty of linen yarn which is bought up
fiere, and spun by tlie women of the county. A great deal
of honi|) is raised about the toun. It is situated on a neck
of land between two branches of the river BIythe, which is
navigable from hence to Soulhwold for barges, that ()ass
throe or four times a week with corn, Ac. for the London
markets ; 10 miles W. of Soutluvold, and 101 N. E. of Lon-
don. Market on Tuesday.
HALF, (the / is often not sounded) s. plural halres ; [hinlf.
Sax.] one of two parts into which a thing is equally divided.
In composition, itsignilics imperfection.
HALF, ad. in |xirt, or ecpially.
HALF-BLOOD, «. one who has but one parent the same
with another person.
HA'LF-BLOODEU, s. mean; cowardly ; base-born.
HALF-MOON, y. tiie moon in iti appearance when in
half its increase or decrease; any thing in the figure of a
lialt-nioon.
HA'LFPENNY, (hapeimy ; plural halfpence, pronounced
liapence) s. a copper coin, of which two make a penny. It
received its name originally from its being the half or one
part of a silver penny broken into two equal pieces, which
was the only money we had till halfpence anil groats were
coined.
IlA'LF-PIKE, s. the small pike carried by officers.
HA'LF-SIGHTED, a. seeing imperfectly ; having weak
discerinnent.
HA LF-S\VORD,«. close fight; within half the length of
a sword.
HALF-WAA',orf. in the middle. '
IIA'LF-WIT, s. a blockhead; one who vainly affects to
be thought a wit ; a silly fellow.
IIA'LF-WITTED, a. of dull or imperfect understanding.
HALIBUT, «■. a sort of fish.
HALIFAX, a large, poi)ulous, and flourishing town of
Yorkshire, seated on a branch of the river Calder, rendered
navigable to the Air and Ouse. The principal manufactures
are shalloons, tummies, duroys, nerseys, baizes, dvc. The
Piece Hall, or Market House, is a very elegant new struc-
ture of stone, in the form of an obli>iii; square, occupying
10,000 square yards, and containing 315 distinct rooms for
the lodgment of goods. The parish is about 10 miles long,
and from 6 to 8 broad, the vicar of which is justice of peace,
as vicar. The adjoining bills display on their brows, and
often to their simimits, marks of agriculture and manufac-
tures. It is 40 miles S. VV. of York, and 197 N. N. W. of
London. Market on Saturday.
HA'LIFAX, the principal town and seat of government
of Nova Scotia, a peninsula of Acadia. It is seated on the
W. side of Chelmcto Bay, in a healthful country, which is
greatly iiuproved of late years, and has the appearance of
fertility and cultivation, but is subject to fogs. It hasa large,
safe, and commodious liarbour, affording slieller to the lar-
gest i^eets, and an excellent naval yard for repairing ships of
\*ar. The town is defended by an intrenclmienl and forts
oftiud>er. It was founded in the year 1747, and is advan-
•ageously situated for the fishery. Lat. 44. 45. N. Ion. 03.
^o. W.
HA LIMASS, >. the feast of All Souls.
HALI'TUOUS, a. [from haliiiu, l)reatli, vapour, Lat.] va-
porous ; fumous.
H\LL, (/«««//) *. r//n/, Sax. A«//f, Bclg.l a court of jus-
tice; a inaiKir-himse, so called, because formerly courts were
Ill-Id in it for tenants ; the public room of a cori>oration ;
the first lar;;e room on the ground-floor of a house.
HAIJ.ATION, a town of Leicestershire, no'.^d for its
poverty in the mi<l>l of a rich soil. It is \'i iiiilets SE. of
4*2
Leicester, and 00 N. by L. of London. Market on 1 ttlir*>
day.
ilALLELU'J.^H, *. (tliej is pron. like an i vowel, or j)
[from hatlelu, praise ye, and yah, the Lord, Heb.] a song of
liraise or thanksgiving, so called from the first word pr^
fixed to psalms of praise in Hefirew.
HA'LLIARDS, s. a sea term for those ropes by which all
the yards of a great ship are hoisted up, except the cross-
jack and the sprit-sail yard, which are always slung ; but in
small craft the sprit-sail yard has Halliards.
HALLOO, interject, a word of encouragement or entice-
ment when dogs are let loose at their game.
To HA'LLOO, »'. M. \haler, Fr.J to make a cry or noise
after a person, alluding to that made after dogs; to chase
or persecute with a noise. To call or shout to.
To HALLOW, (hallo) V. a. [halgiaii, Sax.J to consecrate,
make holy, or dedicate to some religious use; to reverence
and esteem as holv.
HALLUCINATION, i. [from halhuhwr, to blunder,
Lat.] an error, blunder, or mistake, owing to folly.
HALM, s. (/laitm) straw ; or tlie stalks of beans and
peas.
HA'LMOT, orHA'LIMOT, (hafihnotc, or haulimote) s. an
old law-term, signifying a court baron, or a meeting of the
tenants of the same manor, in which difrcreiiccs between
them are determined ; it was likewise called Fvltanutc, or a
meeting of the citizens in their connnon hall.
HA'LO, s. [from halos, an area. Or.] a meteor in the form
of a luminous ring, appearing round the sun, moon, nr
stars.
HA'LSTED, or HA'LSTEAD, a town of Essex, with n.
consideraWe manufacture of beys and seys. It is pleasantly
situated on a rising ground near the river Cohie, IG miles
N. of Chelmsford, and 47 NE. of London. Its market on
Friday is noted for corn.
To HALT, ihault)i:n. \hcaliau, Sax.]tolimp, or be lame;
to stop in a march, applied to an army. To hesitate ; to
be dubious w hich of two opinions to prefer.
HALT, (hault) a. [healte, Sax.] lame or crippled.
HALT, {hault) s. the act of limping, or the manner in
which a person walks who is lame ; a stop in a march.
HA'Li'ER, (haiiller) s. one who limps or is lame.
H ALTER, {hauher) s. [healsire. Sax.] a rope, peculiarly
applied to that which is put round a criminal's neck when he
is to be handed.
To IIA'LFER, (/iott//(>)) V. a. to bind with a strong eord;
to catch ill a noose, alluding to that made in a rope with
which criminals are hanged.
II ALTON, or nAU'LTON,a town of Cheshire, situated
loftily on a hill, near a navigable canal, w hich coiiimmiicatcs
with all the late inland navigations, 2 miles NE. of Frods»
ham, and lH(i from London. Market on Saturday.
HA'LTWHIS'FLE, a considerable town of Northumber-
land, with an infant manufactory of baize. Its inns have
good acconnnodations for travellers, this town being a
thoroughfare in the road from Carlisle and Ilcxhaui to
Newcastle. It stands in a lofty situation, 37 miles \\'. lA
Newcastle, and 315 N. NW. of London. Market on Thurs-
dav.
To H.ALVE, 11. a. [from halves, plural of half] to divide
into two equal parts.
HAM, *. rSax.] the lowermost and hindcrmost part of
the thigh, adjoining to the knee, in a human creature. In
cookery, the thigh of a hog or bear salted and dried. Ham.
whether initial or final, !j> no other than tlic Saxon ham, m
house, farm, or villajje.
HAMADRYADS, in heathen mvlhology, certain rural
deities, or nymphs of the woods, wiiosc falc d(i)ended on
certain trees, particularly the oak, together with which they
were supposed to be born and to die.
To HA'MBLE, e. «. to hamstring, or cut the sinews of the
thigh.
H AMBUROH, one of the largest rowns in Oennany, the
births and burials amounting to abuut 5000 persons every
II A M
II A V
year. The iiiitiiMit town itself is prolty Iar;,'e; to winch
tliey iiiivc ;\(l(l((l the new to«ii, ahiiosl lis l>i^' ;is tli<' f'onncr.
Most of Ihe houses arc new, hiiill alter the niaiiiier of the
IJulch, and richly fiirnished wilhin. The i>riiieipal streets
of theantient town have ion;; anil liroail eanals, which are
filled twice every '24 honrs hy the tides. 'I'liese are not
only nsefiil fortiadi', hul serve to keeii the houses and ihe
streets clean. Handjinnh is \m11 i'ortiiicd, and there is al-
ways a snilieient jjarrison to defend it, wilh a fine train (if
artillery. On the ramparts arc liaiidsoine walks, on which
till y taki' Ihe air in hne weather. The hur;4hers nionnt
pnarcl tiieniselves, and are divided into several coniiianic's.
Tlie streets are well lighted every nijjht, and there is a ;;iiard
wliich patrols allover the city. It is a place of j;reat trade ;
widcli they carry on with l'ortu?;al, .'^|)ain, I'rance, !',ni;land,
Denniark.'Norway, .Sweden, Italy, ami Itnssia. Tlie senate
of this town, -which acknowledijes jii) superior jnrisdietion,
is composed of thirty-six persons. The town is di\ ideil into
five parishes, and out of each are formed several colle^'cs,
or companies, who fake care of public atlairs, nidess there
is any thiriji too hij,'ii for their delcruiinatiou, and then it is
judged hy a sort of general assemhly. The inhahitanfs are
all Lutherans, and none but the English have the liherfy of
performinj? divine service in a chapel of f Injir own. Other
relij,'ion3 are tolerated at Altona, (which is a large town near
the harbour of ilamhuryh) except the .lews, who have no
syua'.;ogne. It is advantageously situated on Ihe north bank
of the Elbe, ■l.'i miles N. W. of Lunenburg, CO .S. of Sles-
wick, and .Vj N. E. of Bremen. Lon. 'J. .0.3. E. lat. i>.J.
4.3. .\.
II AMI'., s. [hama, Sax.] the collar by which a horse draws
in a waggon.
HAMILTON, a town of Scotland, in Clydesdale, with
the title of a duchy. It isa vei-y pretty neat town ; and near
it the duke of llaiiiilton has a very magnificent palace and
a lurge park. It is seated on the river Clyde, 11 miles .S. E.
ofOlasgow.
II.\'MLET, s. [)iam, Sax. and let, the diminutive termina-
tion] a little village.
HAMMER, s. [/lamer. Sax. hannner, Dan.] an instniment
consisting of an iron head and long handle, soiueliines of
wood, bv which any thing is forged, or nails, Ac. are driven.
To IIA'MMER, II. «. to beat, forge, or drive with a
ham me r.
H.\ M MERER, .c. oncwho works with ahammer.
H A'MMER.SMITII, a village in Middlesex, 4 miles W. of
London, and a liflle to the N. of the Thames. It is pretty
large, and full of handsome houses.
iLVMMOCK, s. [/id/naca, Sax.| a swinging bed, suspend-
ed by cords fixed on hooks.
IlA'MPER, s. alarge basket with a wicker cover, used
for carriage.
To II.VMPER, »•.«. to entangle, or to embarrass, so as
to hinder from flight, or the use of one's limbs or faculties ;
to ensnare, to inveigle ; to catch by means of some allure-
ments ; to perplex or harass with a variety of accusations
or law-suits.
HA'MPSIIIRE, Hants, or SouTHA-\iPTo\, a county
of England, bounded on the W. bv Dorsetshire and Wilts,
on tlieN. by Rerks, on the E. by Surry and Sussex, and on
tJie S. bv the English Channel. It extends, exchisivelv of the
Isle of Wi"lit, 42 miles from N. to S. and .J.S from E". to W.
It is divided into 39 hundreds, which contain 1 [city, 20
tiiarket towns, 2,03 parishes, 1002 villages, above 3(>,000
bouses, and about 200,000 inhabitants. It is one of the most
fertile counties in England. The air, in the higher parts, is
clear and pure ; towards the sea it is mild, and inclined to
imoisture. Its products are the finest corn and hops, very
arge Hocks of cattle and sheep, with excellent wool, bacon,
aoney, and timber. For the last it has been particularly fa-
mous, on account of its great woods, of which the principal
are the New Forest, and the Forest of East Bere. The prin-
cipal rivers are the Avon, the Test or Tese, the Itchen, and
dw Stour.
HA'MFSIURE, NEW, one of the rnited .States of N.
America, and one of the tour divisions of New England. It
is bounded on theW. and N. W. bv the State of ■\'eriiif)nt,
on theN. by Canada, on the N. E. hy the |irovince of Main,
on the E. by the Atlantic Ocean, and (ui the S. by Massa-
ehusets. It extends about lOa miles from N. to S.and from
10 to 70 in bieadlli, and is di\ ided into the counties i;f
Rock iiiglia III, Stafford, liillsborough, Cheshire, and <i ration.
The land near the sea is generally low, but advancing into
the couiilr\, it rises into hills, 'ihe air is serene and lieaith-
ful ; the weather not so subject to variation as in southeni
climes; yet in suiiiiner the heat is great, but ofshorfdura.
tioii, and in winter this country is intensely cold. The cit*
pital is I'oi tsiiioulh.
liA'.Mr.S'J'i:AD, a village of Middlesex,! miles N. N. W.
of London. It is sealed on the ili-clivily of a liill, on llie top
of which is a fine heath, reaching about a* mile every way,
adorned with several pretty villas, a;»d all(inling_an exten-
sive i)rospect of Ihe iiietroiioli'*, .mil the country all round
it, as faras Shooter's Hill, lUuislcad Downs, Windsor Castle,
iVc. Ilampstead is now crowded with good buildings, even
to the very sleep of the hill; but, in the reign.of lieiiry VIII.
it was chielly inhabited by the laundresses who washed for
the Londoners.
HA'MI'TON MlNCIIIXf i, a pretty large parish inGloiv-
cestershire, 3 miles from Tetbiiry, which has 12 hamlets be-
longing to it. Market on Tue^dav.
HA'MPTONCOr.KT, a town ..f i\liddlesex, famous for
a royal palace built by cardinal \\olsey,'who gave it lo
Henry VIII. In 17O.0, part of it was allotted' as the resi-
dence of his Serene Highness the Sladlholder of the United
Provinces, when compelled to leave Holland, on.the invasion
of the French. The buildings, gardens, and parks, to which
king William made many additions, are about four miles ia
circumference, and watered on lluee sides by the 'Fhames,
over which there is a bridge to Kiiigstiin. It is seated on
the N. side of the Thames, 1.3 miles S. W. of London.
HA'MSTER, .J. in zoology, a kind of rat which is furnish-
ed with remarkable pouches in its checks, and constructs a
granary in which it laysnp its food, not for winter, but for
the latter partof auUnnn, and the beginning of spring. It
is an inhabitant of Cicnnany.
HAMSTRlNCi, s. the tendon or sinew 'of the hum or
thigh.
To HA'MSTRING.j'.rt. prefer, and part. pass, hmustnw^ ;
to lame by cutting the tendon of the ham.
HA'NAPEU, *. [liaiKipi-iiiim, low Laf.J a treasury; the
exchequer. 'Jhe clerk of the liumqirr receives the fees due
to the King for sealing the charters and patents.
HA'NCES, *. in|a ship, the falls" of the fife-rails placed
on bannisters in the poop and ipiarfcr-decK, down to the
gangway. In architecture, the end of elliptical arches,
which are arches of smaller circles than the scheme, or mid.i
die part of the arch.
HAND, s. [/iiind, hand, Sax. Belg. and Tent.] that part of
the arm from the w rist to the end of Ihe fingers ; a measure
of four inches, generally used and applied to the height of
horses; part, quarter, side ; rate, price; care, necessity of
munaging; method of government, discipline, restraint ; a»
actor, workman, or soldier; the index of a clock, or that
which performs iheotHce of a hand or figure in pointing to
a particular thing. Out ii/"/i«ji'/, ipiick, sudden, or expedi-
tions performance. Power of performing. Manner of act-
ing or performing, particularly applied lo music. To hai-e a
haiidin,io be concerned in. .1^ haml, within reach ; ready
prepared ; near. In writing, a pecnhar cut; or cast of the
letters which distinguishes one person's writing from an la-
ther ; hence it is applied to signify a person's own writing,
or signing. "Under imi liatul and seal." In gaming, cards
held after every deal. JFjom hand to hand, from one to ano-
ther successively. Hand over hr.ad, negligently, rashly ;
without thought or caution. Finm hind to mouth, wilhou*
making any provision against a necessity. To bear in /,and,
lo keep Hi expectation. To i>e hand and gin c, to be very
4i3
HAN
IJAN
fntiniate and familiar. IFands uff, is a vulgar pnrase, im-
plying forbear.
To HAND, u. a. togi\e or reach to another by the hand.
Figuratively, to guide ; to conthict or lead liy tlie hand ; to
seize ; to lay hands on; to manage with the hand ; to de-
liver from one to another; to transmit, or deliver down in
succession.
HAN D, is much used in composition for that wliich is ma-
nageable by the hand, as wluind-scm- ; or borne in tiie hand,
as a /ifoifi-basktt.
HA'NDB AHROW, s. a frame on wiiith any thing is
carried iiy the hands of two men without wheeling on the
ground.
HA'NDCJIEADTH, {hdndhrcdth) s. a space equal to the
breadtii of a hand.
HANDED, rt. having tlie use of either the left or right
hand; hand in haml ; with hands joined.
H.4'NDE]«, s. one who delivers down in a regular succes-
sion, used with doicn.
HA'NDFdL, s. as much as the hand can grasp or hold ;
a handbreadth, or four inches. A. small number or quan-
titv.
HA'ND-GALLOP, s. a slow easy gallop, in which the
hand presses the bridle, to prevent increase of speed.
HA'ND-GUN, .?. a gan wielded bv the hand.
HANDICRAFT, s. work performed by the hand.
liA'NDICRAFTSMAN', s. one whose work or business
is performed by the hand.
HA'NDH^Y, ad. in a skilful, dexterous, or ready manner.
HA'NDINESS, s. the quality or doing any thing in a
skilful and dexterous manner.
Fl,-\ NDIWORK, s. work of the hand ; product of labour.
HA'NDKERCHU^F, (pron. sometimes without the d, and
sometimes huiulhercht.r,) s. a piece of silk or linen, used for
w iping the face or nose, and for covering the neck.
ToHA'NDIJv, r. a. [hniidekn, BclgJ to touch, feel, or
hold in the hand ; to manage or use. Figuratively, to treat
of, or enlarge upon, applied to discourse. To deal in, or
piactisc. To deal with.
HA'NDLE, i. [Iiandle, Sax. J that part of a thing by which
it is held in the hand. Figuratively, any thing which may
discover a person's weakness, and be made use of by an
eiiemy to his disadvantage.
H.-V'NDM.MD, s. a maid who is in waiting, or within call;
a waiting-maid.
HA'NDMILL,*. a mill moved by the hand.
HA'NDS.'MLS, s. sails managed by the hand.
HANDSAW, s. a saw manageable i)y the hand.
HA'NDSF.L, s. [from hmisel, Belg.] the first act of
using any thing; the first parcel which is sold of any coni-
niodily.
To IL\'NSEL, r. II. to use or do any thing for the first
time.
HA'NDSOME, «. [from hnndMicn, Belg.] beautiful with
flignity ; graceful. Elegant, apiilicd to a i>ers<)n's manners
or behaviour, (ienerous or noble, applied to tiie quality of
action. Ready; convenient; ample; liberal.
HANDSOMELY, ad. conveniently, or dexterously; in a
licautiiid, neat. ele;»ant, graceful, or generous manner.
HA JNDSOAIENHSS, .■.•. beauty or phasing majesty, ap-
plied to the features. Cirace, applied to the behaviour.
Elegance or neatness, ajiplied to the manner in which any
thing is wrou;;ht.
HA'N'DSFIKE, J. a sort of wooden lever, for moving
heavy .bodies.
H.VNDVICE, s. a vice to hohl small work in.
H.'X'.VDWRITING, s. a cast or form of writing peculiar
to each hand.
HA'N'DY, a. prrformed or given with the hand. Ready ;
dexterous, or skilful ; convenient for use.
To HANG, V. a. pret(n-. and part, passive, /lamrrd, or
In/iig ; (/(ffwfl-ftH, .Sax.] to suspend on high by sotiKlhing
fastened to the upper part; to suspend or keep in the air
wjili ut lallini;. To suspend bv t!ie neck in u roi)e so as to
42-J
kill a person. To let fall downwards from any cmiu' M(»r.
or l)elow its natural situation, sometimes used witlj dun-n,
" ^^'hite lilies /nfw^ their heads." JJn/d. To adorn, by hang-
ing any thing upon or over, followed by vil/i. " Hi(ii<^ se-
veral parts of his house with trophies." .S'/k/V. Neuleriy,
to fall loosely ; to be suspended on high with the lower part
loose; to dangle ; to float ; to proceed from. "That gen-
tle tongue — where soft persuasion hiuifr." Prior. To be
supported by something raised above the ground ; to lean
upon. " Hiais; about my neck." S/iak. Used with mer,
to threaten ; to be very near, applied to danger. " \Vhile
the dread of popery /"("r;- uiec us." Alterb, To be burden-
some or troublesome; to oppress with weight, used with
■upon. " In my Lucia's absence — life htnigs upon me." Addis.
To be compaited ; to be united ; to be of the same party ;
to supjiort one another mutually ; to be in suspenee. To be
"dependent on, used with on. " Hangs on princes' favours."
S/,nk.
HA'NGER, s. that by wliich any thing is supported in
the air, or at a distance from the ground ; a kind of short
sword with a single edge.
HA'NGER-ON, one who is dependent on another; one
who lives at another person's charge.
H.\'NGING, «. drapery, stuti's, or paper, hung or fastened
upon the walls of a house by way of ornament.
HA'NGING, pmt. foreboding death by a halter. "You
have a /ia)ig-ing, look." S/iak. Sulistantively, used for the act
or punishment (if pulling to death by a halter; the gallows.
HA'XdrMAN, i. the person who executes or puts cri-
minals to death, by hanging tkem on a gibbet or the
gallows. ■
HANGTCHEOU, a city of China of the first rank, capital
of the province ofTchekiang. It is one of the largest and
richest of the empire, and is said to contain a million of
inhabitants. The country round produces great quantities
of excellent silk, in the manufacture of which (50,000 persons
are employed within tlie walls, without reckoning the vast
numbers employed in the tow ns and villages round about.
It is GOO miles S'. S. E. of Fekin.
HANK, s. [from Imnh, Isl.] a skein of thread, <Src. Figura-
tively, a tie, chetk, or iiilluence. A low word.
To HA'NKfiR, r. n. [hanhnen, Belg. | to long impa-
tiently for ; to have an incessant wish for. Synon. We lia-n
a mind for, G\ hivg fur, a present object; but linvc a mind,
seems attended with more knowledge and reflection ; long
for, nuirc opinion, and more taste; wc «"7( /«;• things far-
ther distant; we lanher iifttr things that more ati'ect us.
HA>'OYER, The Ei.ixtoi! ate of, compr<dieiuis, the
duchies of Zell, Saxe-Lawenburg, Bremen, and Lunen-
burg, theprincipaliticsof ('alenlulrg,^'erden, (irabcnhagt^,
Hoye, Obcrwald, Diepholtz, Bentlieim, cVc. The country
is well situated for foreign trade, lying mostly between the
rivers VVeserand Elbe. Its produce is timber, cattle, hogs,
mum, beer, minerals, (pilcksilver, vitriol, and brimstone.
At the lieginiiiiigof the present war, this country was taken
by the French.
"HANOVER, a well built, populous city, of Calenburg,
in' Lower Saxony, the seat of the privy-council and re-
gency of the electorate. It contains the elector's palace
(which having been destroyed by fire, was rebuilt, in 1741.
with great ni;igiiificence,)the stale house, a vcr\ grand struc'-
ture, 3 parish cliurchis, ;5 huspilals, a poor house, and about
12(10 houses, some of which are very large and handsome
buildings, flire are some valuable manufactures of lace,
stutts, stockings, ribbons, Ac. and a considerable trade in
the tanneries, and brewing a species of white beer. It is
situated on the river l.eina, (which divides it into two parts)
58 nnles S. V.. of Bremen, and MOW. of Berlin. Lat. 62. 22.
N. Ion. !). 44. E.
HANS TOWNS, or Han.si-atic Union, ananie iiivcn
to a <()ideder:, V (d'se\eral sea-i)orts ol'Europe, which form-
ed, at the time, the principal p;'.vt of the' c<i.iiiimrce of Eu-
rope. This association exIendedtVom the Noilh Seas and
tlio Bailie, along the whole toast ol'Europe, to Messina in
HAR
HAR
tliellMediterrancan, ami included in it cities of Poland, Nor-
way, Oermaiiy, Holland, England, France, Spain, Portugal,
rnd the dift rent states of Italy. The design of this associa-
tion, was, at first, their common defence afpiinst the pirates,
v^ho were numerous in the North Seas and the Baltic ; for a
time thev were much encouraged by the diti'erent govcrii-
uients of Europe, and had considerable priviloges granted
them. In the year 1200, there were seventy-two cities in
the list of Hans Towns; and so powerful was this alliance,
that their ships were often hired by ditl'erent princes to assist
them against their enemies ; at length, they grew so formi-
dable, particidarly from the 14th to the 16th century, as to
give umbrage to several princes, who commanded all the
different cities within their jurisdiction to withdraw from the
union. This immediately separated the cities of England,
France, Spain, and Italy, from the Hans. These, on the
other hand, excluded several others, and put themselves un-
der the protection of the empire, making a decree that none
should be admitted into their society butsuch cities as stood
within the limits of the German empire. For awiiilc the
confederacy was thus continued where it had first begun,
but was at length reduced to Bremen, Lubeck, Ham])urgh,
and Dantzick, each of which cities afterwards carried on a
separate trade for herself.
HA'JN T, a contraction for hme not, or has not ; used in
common discourse.!
HAP, s. \a>ilin]), misfortune, Brit.] chance; fortuue ; or
that which comes to pass without design or being fore-
seen.
To IIAP, t'. J!, to fall out ; to come to pass without de-
sign or foresight.
HAP-HA'ZARD, s. chance ; accident.
KA'PAEE, the name of four of the Friendly Islands, in
the Pacific Ocean. They are of a similar height and ap-
pearance, and connected oy a reef of coral rocks, which are
dry at low water. The plantati.ms are very numerous and
extensive ; and some of the fences inclosing them run paral-
lel to each other, and form spacious public roads, that have
a beautiful effect, and would appear ornamental in countries
where rural conveniences have been carried to the greatest
perfection. These fertile, well cultivated islands, extend
about 19 miles.
HA'PLF.SS, a. unhappy ; unlucky ; unfortunate.
HA'PLY, ad. perhaps ; peradventure ; it may be ; by
chance, or mere accident.
To HA'PPKN, ti. M. to fall out; to come to pass without
being designed or foreseen ; to light upon or meet with by
chance, or mere accident, exclusive of any design.
HAPPILY, ad. in a fortunate, happy, or lucky manner;
with address, dexterity, or grace; without labour. In a state
of happiness. By chance; by accident; used instead of
haph/.
HATPINESS, s. a state wherein a person has all his
wishes satisfied, and is sensible of the higliest pleasures ;
good hick or fortune.
HA'PPY, n. in a state where the desires and wishes are
satisfied, and the greatest pleasures are enjoved ; lucky ;
successful ; ready ; or disposed by nature, without art or
Btudv.
HA'QUETON, s. a coal of mail.
HARA'NGUE, (hardn^) s. a speech ; a discourse or ora-
tion delirered in public.
To HARA'NGUE, {/iarang)v. n. [harnn^nfr, Fr.\ to make
A speech, or pronounce an oration. Actively, to address
by an oration, as, " he Anrmi^Herfthetroops."
HARA'NGUER, (/"»o"g-"(''') *■ an orator; a person wiio
pronounces a set speech ; a word conveying some idea of
contempt.
HA'RBINGER, ». \herhin^er, Belg.l a person who pre-
pares the way, or give^notice of the coming of oue that fol-
lows ; a precursor, or forerunner. Figuratively, a sign or
omen of something to come.
MA'R BOROUGH, MARKET, a town of Leicestershire,
•¥i\}' some manufactures of tammies and lastings. It is a
3 I
great thoroughfare on the road from Korthampton fo-Leices-
ter and Derby and is seated on the river Wellaiid, which
separates it from Northamptonshire, M miles S. .S. E. of
Leicester, and 83 N. N. W. of London. Market on
Tuesday.
MA'RROTTLK, near Rotiiiujry, a tov.n in Northum-
berland, \v hose market is on Tuesday. It is distant 300 miles
from Loudon.
HA'RBOUR, V. a. [ha-hcrg, Belg.] a lod^ng or placeof
entertainment and rest. A port, or station wherein ships
are sheltered from storms. Figuratively, an assylura, or
place of shelter aild security from danger.
To liA'RBOl'll, r. a. to entertain or permit a person to
reside. Figuratively, to cherish, favour, or entertain au
opinion ; to shelter, rest, or seenre from danger.
HARBOURKl?, s. one who entertains another.
IIA'RBOURLESS, «. without liari;our, lodging, entertain-
ment, or shelter.
HAIIBROL'GH, .?. See Harbour.
HARD, a. \lieard,^ Sax. linrd, Belg.l firm, or not easily
penetrated. Figuratively, diftioiilt to be understood; i;ot
easy to be accomplished ; painful, or dangerous. Rigorous,
cruel, or oppressive, applied to the manner of treatment.
Unfavourable; unkind. Unhappy; vexatious. Forced.
Powerful. Harsh ; stiff. JIard uords, sour ; rough ; re-
proachful. Insensible; untouched, or not to be affected.
" Know I am not so stupid, or so hard." Very vehement,
keen, and inclement, applied to the season. Unreasonable
and unjust. Dear, or in wliich a person cannot easily ac-
quire a competency, applied to the times. SyNoN. Hard
and/«,s<arc synonymous in the sense of (juick motion ; but
fust denotes quickness without force ; hard, quickness v.itli
violence. With respect to work, fust means expeditiously ;
hard, laboriously.
HARD, arf. \hardo, old Tout.] close; near. Diligently,
laboriously; earnestly. Uneasily; vevatiously. Fi!st or
nimbly, applied to motion. \Vith ditlicullT. Tempesiu-
ously ; boisterously ; with force or violence, applied to the
wind.
HA'RDBOUND, a. costive, applied to the habit of body.
Unfertile or barren, applied to tlie invention.
To HA'RDEN, v.n. to srow iiard or solid. Actively, to
make hard ; to make impudent ; to make obdurate ; to niake
insensible ; to make firm, or endure with constancy ; to
make resolute by the incessant practice of any particular
action.
HA'RDENER, s. one that renders any thing hard, or not
easily penetrated.
HARDFA'VOURED, a. having a coarseness or harshness
of features.
HA'RDGRASS, s. a kind of grass with male and female
flowers, found on the sea-coast.
HA'RDHANDED, a. coarse ; mechanic ; that has hands
hard with labour.
HA'RDHEAD, s. clash of heads ; manner of fighting in
which the combatants dash their heads together.
HARDHE'ARTED, {hard-hArted) a. cruel; inexorable;
merciless.
HARDHE'ARTEDNK-SS, s. the quality of being insen-
sible to the cries of misery, and unmoved at the sight of
wretchedness.
HA'RDICANUTE, was at Bruges with his mother when
Harold died, consulting about measures to recover the crown
of Wrssex; and, upon the news of his brothers death, he
came over into England with 40 Danish ships, and was una-
nimously acknowledged king of England. Immediately af-
ter he was crowned, lie caused the body of his brother to be
dug up, and flung into the Thames, which being found by-
some fishermen, they gave it to the Danes, who depositeti
it in their burial place at Lortflon, at this day called St. Cle-
ment's Danes. Soon alter he laid a heavy lax on the nation
for paving his fleet, which he sent back to Denmark. This
occasioned great murmuring and discontent among tliSp?o
pie. At Worcester the tax was opposed with the utmost
43ft
flA'R
HAB.
violence, and two oF the persons emplovcd to coHecf it were
kiileil ; this so enraged the king, tliat lie sent the dukes of
Wessex and Mercia, and the earl of Northumberland, with
their forces, against Worcester; who after plundering the
city for four days, burnt it lo the ground. Hardicanute, who
was infamous for gluttony and drunkenness, as well as for
cruelly, died suddenly as he was carousing at the wedding
of a Danish lord at Lambeth. He died uidanientcd by all ;
and the English, we are told, kept the day of his deatii, .lune
8, as a holiday for some centuries after, by tiienanieol Hoc-
tide, or Hog's-tide. He died in 10-11, and in tlie third year
of his reign. Whiii iiini ended the monarchy of the Dauosin
England, after it had lasted about 2C years, but after they
had harassed the kingdom 240 years. In these times we
are told thataDane would often stab an F.Dglishman as he
was drinking, so that, at length, no one woulil drink in the
presence of a Dane, without having somebody to 4>e his
pledge or security ; whence, it is said, our custom of pledg-
ing one another took it-s rise.
HA''RDIAIEi\T, i. [Iiardiment., Fr.] courage ; bravery.'
Not in use.
HARDINESS, s. [liartliesse, Fr.] hardsiiip, or fatigue;
courage, or a disposition of uiind insensible to danger ; ef-
frontery ; impudence.
HA'RDLY, nrl. with difficulty and great labour ; scarcely.
" There is /in)v/(i/ a gentleman." Suift. Used with t/iinlt, in
a severe or unfavourable manner. " To tiiink hardly of our
laws." Hoohfi: Applied to manner of treatment, witii ri-
gour, oppression, severity, or harshness. " Hardly lodged."
Dri/d.
HA'RDMOUTHED, a. not easily governed by the rein,
applied to horses.
HA'RDNESS, s. applied to matter, a firm cohesion of the
parts, so that the whole does not easily change its figure.
DitTicultv to be understood. Difficulty to be performed or
accomplished. Scarcity or dearness, joined to <{me*. Ob-
duracy; profligacy. Harshness of look. Cruelly; inhuma-
nity; want of compassion. Keenness orsharpncss, applied
to weather or frost. Stinginess, or want of profit, applied to
the making of barrains. In painting and sculpture, stiff-
ness, or want of softness.
HARDS, *. l/ieordau, Sax.] the refuse or coarser parts of
flax.
H.A'RDSHIP, f. oppression; injury, inconvenience;
fatigne.
IIAT.nWARE, s. manufactures or wares made of metal.
IIA'RDWAREMAN, s. a maker or seller of wares made
»>f metal.
HARDY, tt. \liardi, Fr.l 'lold ; brave; strong; daring;
hard, or firm.
HARE, s. \hara, Sa\.J •< .-mall four-footed animal, with
long ears and a short tail, that moves by leniis, and is re-
markable for timidity, vijfilance, and fruilfulncss. The first
year it is called a leverH ; the second a /idm; and the third
a erait hare. Her cars lead the way in the chace; for with
one of them she listens lo t'e cry of ihedo^s, while the other
is stretched, like a sail, t roniote her (light. In astrono-
my a constellation.
To HARE, r. o. \liarier, Fr.] to frighten ; to perplex or
throw iiilo confusion by burrving or terrifying.
H ARERELL, «. the wild hyacinth. Sec Hairbell.
HAREBRAINED, a. See" Hairbrained.
HA'REFOOT, «. abird. An herb.
HA'RELIP, s. [because resembling the upper lip of a
hare] a defect in the upper lip for want of fiesli, which
makes it appear as if cut, and shews the teeth.
HA'RESBURY, in old recordscalled Hrytsbury, and
now written IlArninDRY, a village, or borough town, of
Wilts, with a large woollen manufacture. It was once the
resi(lenc(! of the empress Maude, and is situated on the
V/iUey, 20 miles N. W. of Salisbury, and 93 W. by S. of
f.ofidon. Maiket disused.
H ARF^STRONG, ». a ptant called also Log's fennel and
»iilphur-wort.
.400
flATllKR, s. a hotind used for hunting hares.
HA'RIOT, f. SeeHERioT
To HARK, t». n. to listen, or be attentive to what a peisna
says.
HARK! interject, list, or listen; be attentive to hen;
used on a sudden apprehension of danger, Ac.
HARL, s. \heorda, Sax.] the filaments or threads of flax;
any substance consisting of threads or tilamentf.
HARLECH, a mean town of Merionethshire, but Bat«-
rally strong, being seated on a rock, on the sea shore. It b
chiefly remarkable for its castle, built by Edv\ard I. which («
still ahnost entire. Near it is a cataract of the Rhais Du,
w liich rushes down a mountain, for above 100 yards, and
then forms a cascade, part of an elliptical curve, to a pool
40 feet below. Harlech is the county town, and is 24 mrl«5
S. of Carnarvon, and 223 W.N. W. of London. Market 042
Saturday.
HARLEM, a large, rich, and handsome town, of the
United Provinces, in HollantI, containing about 40,000 in-
habitants. It is noted for its church, which is the laigest in
Hollaufl, and in which is a remarkable fine organ, that con-
sists of 8000 pipes ; the largest is 38 feet long, and 16 inches
in diameter, and there are 68 stops, of which the most won-
derful is the vox hiimana. To the S. of the town is a wood,
cut out into delightful walks and vistas. Here are conside-
rable manufactures in linen, ribands, and tapes; and they
export great ((uantities of beer. It is situated on the river
Sparen, about a league from the sea, and 10 miles W. of
Amsteidam.
HARLEQUIN, s. a person dressed in a motley-coloured
jacket and trowsers; the hero in pantomime entertainments,
who diverts the populace by his activity, artifices to extricate
himself from danger, and his seeming power in enchantmeifts
and metamorphoses.
HA'RLE.STON, a town of Norf<ilk, seated near the river
Waveny, 18 miles S. of Nuruich, and 100 N. E. of LoudoH.
It has a good market on Wednesday.
HAULING, EAST, a pretty, neat, genteel town of Nor-
folk, seated on a rivulet between Thetford and Buckeuham,
21 miles S. W. of Norwich, and 88 N. E. of London. lis
market ou Tliursdav, is chieflv for lincn-varn and linen cloth.
HARLOT, s.lherUUs, Bit.] a femaW'lhat is unchaste.
HARLOTRY, .«. an haliitual practice of unchasteness,
applied to a woman. Used as a term of contempt for a
wounni.
HARLOW, a town of Essex, chiefly noted for its annual
fair, on a common, about 2 miles from the town, much fre-
quented for horses, hogs, and cows, on Sept. 9. It is called
Harlow Bush Fair. It has another fair ou Nov. 8. Harlow
is situated on the W. side of the Rodings, about 17 miles W.
of Chelmsford, and 23N. E. of London.
HARM. y. [hearm. Sax.] an action by which another
person may receive damage in his goods, orhuil iii his per-
son ; mischief; hurt; orinjury. Synon. Hnmi particularly
relatss to any ill done a man's person or character, and is in-
ferioi- in degree to hurt, which includes a great degree of
liarm. Mischief implies ill done either lo pcrscin or property
with an evil intent ; ivjnr;/, a degree of hurt w ithout justice,
and refers either to character or propcity. Detriment uv-
cludes an idea of loss, and is seldom used but when speaking
of propertv.
To HARM, »>. a. todaniagc the goods or fortune of ano-
ther, or to hurt his person.
HARMA^ITAN, s. the name of a remarkable periodkal
wind, which blows from the interior parts of Africa towards
tlie Atlantic ocean. It is attended with fog, extreme dry-
ness, and vet great salubrity.
HARMFUL, a. hurtful; injurious; detrimental; miv
chievous.
HA'RMFULLY, ad. in such a manner as to produce mis-
chief, hurt, or damage.
HA'RMFULNESS, i. the (luality which renders a thing
or ^)crson detrimental to the interest, hurtful to the p«rt(*n,
r lujurious to the character, of another.
MAR
HAR
HA'RMLESS, a. without hurt; without intonding or caus-
ing any ixii^cliicf; without beiiiK damaged ; iruiocent.
HA'IlMLliSSLV, ad. iunocenlly ; without malice or
crime.
I1A'RMLR.SSNE.SS, s. the quality of a thing or person
which can affect anotlicr «'ilh no ilaniage or hurt.
HARMO'NIC, or fl MIMO'NR'AL, a. \ hmnwnikos, from
harmozo, to agree. Or.] proportioned, or adapted to each
other; musical.
HARMONICA, *. a musical instrument invented by Dr.
Franklin, in which liie music is performed by glasses, (illed
with water according to the tone to he produced; liul uia-
diinery lias since been added, to produce the eti'ect in the
manner of an organ.
HARMONICS, s. that part of music which considers
the difterences and proportions of souiuls with respect to
acute and grave; in contradistinction to rythuiica and
inctrica.
HARMOTvilOUS, a. [/mrmotiienx, Fr.] adapted to, or
having the parts proportioned to, each other. In music,
having sounds tliat are concords to each other ; musical, or
affecting the ear with an agreeable sensation.
HARMO'NIOUSlvY, ad. with a just proportion of parts
to each otlier ; in such a manner as to delight the ear.
HARMO'NIOUSNESS, .?. that quality vhich renders
sounds agreeable and dtligiitfid ; proportion of parts.
To HA'RMONIZE, i. a. to agree with respect to propor-
tion. To make musical, or convey deligiit to the ear, ap-
plied to sound.
HARMONY, *. [/iarmo)iiH, from harmozo, to agree, (Jr.]
in music, is the agreeable result or union of several musical
sound* heard at one and the same time ; or the mixture of
divers sounds, which togeliier linve an effect agreeable to
the ear. Harmnni/ likewise denotes an agreement, suitable-
ness, union, conforiuify, t<c. Thus, in music, we sometimes
apply it to a single voice, wlien sonorous, clear, and soft ;
to a single instrument, when it yields a very agreeable sound.
In matters of literature, we use it for a certain agreement
between the several parts of a discourse. In architecture,
it denotes an agreeable relation between the parts of a
building. In painting, they speak of it both in the ordon-
nance and composition, an<i in tiie colours of a picture;
in the ordonuance, it signifies the union or connection
between the figures, witii respect to the subject of the
piece ; in the colours, it denotes the union, or agreeable
mixture of ditVercnt colours.
HA'RiVESS, s. [haniois, Fr.J in its primary sense, armour
for a horse ; the traces by which horses are fastened to car-
riages ot pleasure or state; that of other horses is called
gecr.
To HA'RNESS, u. a. to dress in armour ; to fix horses in
their traces ; or to put traces on a horse.
HA'ROLD, surnamed Harefoot, the son of Canute, king
«f England, ascended the throne upon the death of his father,
being supported by tiie Danes, who were resolved to stand
by Canute's will, by wiucii lie had left the kingdom of Eng-
land to Harold. lie iuimcdiatelv seized upon the treasure
which his father had laid up at Winchester. This enabled
biin to gain over several of his opposers ; and, atageiieial
assembly of the whole nation, held in Mercia, viz. at Oxford,
having got n majorlly of voices, he was proclaimed king of
Englan(l,Har(lieanute being then in Denmark. In the mean
time the West Saxons returning home, dissatisfied wilii his
ciioice, Ilardicaniite was, by the management of earl Ciood-
win, proclaimed king of Wessex, without any further inter-
fering with what had been done in Mercia. Bv Wessex we
are to unilersland all the country sunlh of the Thames, and
by Mercia, all north of it. In Hardic.niute's absence, Good-
win managed all in Wessex. Harold, seeing he could not
obtain his end by force of arms, enileavoured to bring him
over by fair means, and so managed his matters, that (uiod-
win on a sudden liecame his friend ; and, under pretence
that Hardicanute neglected to come into England, got Ha-
Xq\A U) be acknowledged king of Wessex with all the ease
imaginable, and now he was in reality king of all England.
He die<l without issue, 1039, in the 4th year of his reign.
He laid a lax of 8 marks on every port, towards filling out
16sliii)s; an<l made a law, that if any VVelsiiinan, coming
into I'.nglaud without leave, should be taken ou this side
Ofl'a's ditch, his right hand should be cut off.
HA'ROLD II. sou of earl (loodwiii, succeeded Edward
the Confessor, too.'), and had all the qualdicatioiii. re(piisit«
to the forminga great prince. He lessened the taxis, and
caused jusl ice to be impartially adiuinislered. The duke of
Normandy having long enterlaiiud thou;;liIs of sueceedin"
to the crown of Ell" land upon EdwartI sdealh, being moved
Iherelo either bv llie verbal primiise cjr will of lliat prince,
but much more by his own ambilinn, was enraged tiiat Ha-
rold, had, contrary lo his oalii, set himself up for kin;;. Rut
Harold now met with great uneasiness f'roui his brolherTos-
ton, who was endeavouring to dethrone him, and, being
assisted by the earl of I'landers, greatly iiilVsled the English
coasts. However, an army being sent against him, he was
obliged to return to his ships, and was driven on the < oasts
of Norway, and there met with what lie desired. He per-
suaded Ilarfigar, king of Norway, to join with him, and
they entered the Tyne with :M) siii|is, landed and ravaged
the country, and took York. IlaioM came up with them at
Stamford bridge on the Derweiit. They were posted on the
other side of the bridge, so that Harold could not come at
them without first making himself master of the bridge,
which the Norwayans bravely defeiKlcd, being encouraged
by one man, who alone defended the liridge for no small
time against the whole l')nglish army ; biil at last, he being
slain, after he had, as it is said, killed 10 men w ith his own
hands, Harold became master of the bridge, and led his array
over ; and now a very obstinate and bloody battle was fought
between two nwuierous armies, no less than 60,000 of a side,
which lasted from seven in the morning to tin— e in the after-
noon ; and at length Harold gained a cemiplete victory,
Harfagar and Tostoii being both slain. But Harold, whe-
ther to ease the people of expence, or for w liutevcr reason it
was, kept the spoils to himself, which raised such discontents
in the army, as proved detrimental to his atl'airs afterwards.
William, duke of Normandy, had, soon alter Edward's death,
sent ambassadors to Harold, requiring him to deliver up the
crown, and, in case of refusal, to charge him willia birachof
his oath, and to declare war against him. Harold returned
for answer, that the duke had no right to the crown, that the
oath was extorted from him, was therefore null and void, and
that he would defend his own right against all opiiosers.
The duke of Normandy got the pope's approlialion of his
design, who sent him a consecrated banner, with a golden
Agnus Dei, and one of St. Peter's hairs. Harold had equip-
ped a large fleet, and raised a numerous army, «hicli, after
waiting a great while for the duke, he had given orders for
the disbanding, just before he lieanl of Harfagar and Toston's
invasion. The duke landed at Pevensey, in Sussex, Sept.
29, 1066, and built a fort there; and then marched along the
shore as far as EJastings, where he built another strong fort,
and v^aited for the coming of the enemy. Harokl was slill
ill the nortli, not expecting their coming til! the spring ; but
as soon as he was informed of their arrival, he marched with
the utmost expedition to London, where the nobility came
ill to him, promising their assistance ; luit he found his army
much diminished by the losses at Stamford bridge, and mul-
titudes deserting through discontent. However, having
drawn all his forces together, he marched, and encamped
about st'\ en miles from the Norman army, resolving to give
them battle. The English spent the night in singing and ca-
rousing, as if sure of the victory; and the Normans, in pre-
paringfor the light, and praying to God for success. On
Oct. 17, the two armies engaged; the battle began with
great fury, and equal bravery on both sides. The English
were at first very much annoyed by the long bows of the
Normans, a way of fighting they harl not been iised to,
which put them in some disorder; but recovering thcai-
selves, they so warmly engaged the Normans, that they
427
HAR
were foicad to give back a little, who, renewing the attack,
met with as vigorous a resistance as before, the Englis-h hav-
ing much the advantage of them with their bills,- which
\vere their autient weapons ; nor was it in the power 'of the
Normans to break theij ranks,\vhich reniaiued impenetrable,
till the duke thought of a stratagem, v liich was, for his men
to refreatas they were fightin'', as if they were about to fly.
This emboldened the English to press upon their retiring
enemy, and in their eagerness they broke their ranks ; and
then the Normans ffrU on the disordered Englisli, and made
a terrible slaughter of them. However, Harold rallinl his
troops, and the English killed great inimbersof theNormaiis,
;.nd preserved their ranks. The battle had lasted from seven
ill the morning, and night now drew on, whilst victory yet
seemed to remain in suspense. But the duke had a inind
to make one push more before it was dark, to drive the Eng-
lish from their station. In this fatal attack Harold m as slain
by an arrow siiot into'his brain ; at which the English being
quite dismayed, betook themselves to flight, and the Nor-
mans obtained a complete victorj'. Thus fell the brave
Harold in his countiy's cause, after a turbulent reign of 9
iQonths and 9 days ; and with him totally ended the empire
of the Anglo Saxons in England, which had begun in the
person of Hcngist, above GOO years before.
HARP, s. \Jiearp, Sax.] a musical instrument strung with
wire and struck with the finger. In astronomy, the name
of a copstellation.
To HARP, V. n. \harper, Fr.] to play on the harp. Figura-
tivelj-, to touch any particular passion ; to dwell on a sub-
ject.
HA'RPER, s. a player on the harp.
HA'RPING.IRO>f, or HARPOON, i. [harpago, Lat.]
a bearded dart, with a line fastened to tlie handle, with
which whales or other large fish are caught.
HARPOXE'ER, or HARPOONE'ER, s. [harponeur, Fr.]
he that darts or throws the harpoon in whale-fishing.
HA'RPINGS, *. in a ship, properly denote the breadth at
the bow. Some also give the same name to the ends of the
bends that are fastened into the stern.
HA'RPSICHORD, s. a musical instrument of the string
kind, played after the same manner as an organ. It has one
or twosets of keys, which being fingered, move a jack, by
which means the strings are struck, which are stretched on
the table of the instrument.
HiV'RPY, s. plural harpies; \harpyia, Lat.J a poetical
monster, of the IJird kind, feigned tn have had the face of a
woman, the claws, wings, &c. of a liird, remarkable for ra-
paciousncss, and on that account used to signify a ravenous
or exceedingly covetou^person.
HA'RQUEBUSS, .?. a handgun. See Aroueeuse.
HA'RQUEBUSSIER, s. one armed with an arquebusc.
To HA'RRASS, v. a. more properly harass ; [from liaraser,
Fr.] to weary; to fatigue; to tire or make feeble with
labour and uneasiness ; to lay a country waste by continual
inroads.
HA'RRASS, s. waste or disturbance.
H A'RRIDAN, i. [corrupted from harkldle, Fr.] a decayed
strumpet.
HA'RRIER, J. a hound of excellent scent, and great ea-
gerness after the game.
H A'RRINGTON, Cumberland.a seaport between Work-
ington and Whilehaven, being 4 miles from the lormer, and
U from the latter port. Its principal business arises from
the colliers and ship-buildiiig.
H.A'RROW, (hbrru) s. [cimrrone, Fr.] a frame of timbers
crossing each other, set with teeth of iron, and drawn over
plowed and sown land, to break the clods and cover the
seeds with earth.
To HA'llROW, (han'6) v. a. to draw a harrow over
RTOund. Figuratively, to tear or rip up. To pillrtge, strip,
*>r lay waste. To disturb or put into alarm or commo-
tion.
HA'RROWER, ,t. he who harrows; a kind of hawk.
IIAHROWGATE, Yorkshire,! in the parish of Knaivs-
434
HAR
borough, remarkable for its mineral waters, which are vi-
triolic, and sulphureous. Bathing is the most general mode
of using them; and they are often successful in dropsical,
scorbutic, and gouty cases.
To HA'RRY, 1'. a. [harer, Fr.] to.disturb; to throw into
commotion ; to alarm or confuse ; to ruffle.
HARSH, a. [hervischc, Teut. according to Skinner] roughly
sour, applied to taste. Rough or disagreeable to the ear,
applied to sound. Crabbed, morose, or'peevish, applied to
the temper. Rough or rugged, applied to the touch. Uu-
pleasing, severe, or rigorous, applied to treatment.
HA'RSHLY, nrf. sourly, or like unripe fruit, applied to
taste. In a violent manner. In a crabbed, sour, or morose
manner. Severely, or rigorously. Rough and displeasing
to the ear, applied to sound.
H A'RSHNESS, 3. sourness ; roughness ; crabbedaess ;
moroseness.
HART, s. [heort, Sax.] a male of the deer kind, the fe-
male of which is a hind or roe.
H A'RTCLOVER, *■. a kind of trefoil.
HA'RTFORD, and not Hertford, (if its origin be de-
rived from a hart, the arms of t lie place, deer being formerly •
very numerous in this part of the country,) is the shire-town
of the county, and hundred of the same name, in England.
It has a market on Saturday, is seated on the river Lea, and
has been much more considerable than it is at present; far
it is much decayed since the great road was turned throHgh
Ware. However, it is still the place where the assizes are
held, and has the title of an earldom ; sends two member*
to parliament ; and is 21 miles N. of London.
HA'R ITORDSHIRE, an English county, 31 miles ia
length, and 28 in breadth ; it is bounded on the E. by Esses,
on the W. by Buckinghamshire, on the N. by Cambridge-
shire and Bedfordshire, and on the S. by Middlesex. It con-
tains eight market-towns, whereof only two send members
to parliai.ient.^namely, Hartford and St. Alban's. It abounds
in corn, river-fish, sheep, and fat cattle ; and'the air is good
alloTer the county. The principal rivers are, the Lea, the
Coin, and the Hunton. Hartford is the capital town.
HATiTLAND, atown in Devonshire, partly concerned
in the herring fishery on this coast. It is seated on the
Bristol Channel, near a promontory called Hartland Point,
28-Qiiles W. of Barnstaple, [and 218 W. by S. of London.
Market on Saturday.
HA'RTLEPOOL, a pretty large sea-port town of the
county of Durham, seated on a promontory, partly surround-
ed by rocks and hills, and partly by the sea. It has a safe
harbour, where the Newcastle and Sunderland colliers ge-
nerally take shelter in stress of weather. It has a consider-
able iisheiy on the coast, and they export a good deal of
coals and lime. It is 16 miles S. E. of Durham, and 2.54 N.
by W. of London. Its market, on Saturday, is much d«-
cayed.
Ha RTLEY, Northumberland, on the coast N. of Tin-
mouth. Here are salt, copperas, and glass-works ; and here
is a pretty haven, or harbour, to which a canal has been cut,
through a solid rock, 52 feet deep, 30 broad, anrl 900 long.
The exports from this place, in 1770, were 70,000 dozen of
bottles, 3000 tons of salt, 100 tons of copperas manufactured
here, and 18,000 chaldrons of coals.
HARTRO'YAL, s. a plant ; a species of buckthorn plaio-
tain.
HA'RTSHORN, s. in medicine, the horn of a hart, called
the red deer. Its salt is used as a sudorific; its spirit has
all the virtues of volatile alkalis ; and they arc both uised
for bringing people out of fits, by being applied to the nose.
Ilic raspings are, by boiling in w;ater, formed into jellies for
consumptive people ; and the bone, being calcined and
powdered, is used to ab.sorb acidities in the stomach, and as
drink, when l)(>ile<l,in diarrhcEas.
HA'RTWORT, .«. in botany, an 'mubc lliferous plant, of
which there arc two kinds ; found in' hedges and corn-
fields.
liA'RVE.ST, s.[harf<st, Sax.] the season of reaping and
HAS
H /•. 'I
rilheiinn; in coin ; corn ripened, reaped, and gathered in,
igunUivelv, the product or reward (jI'u [icrson's labour.
JIA'UVEST-HOMK, i. tlio soii;^ suiii; by reapers at the
feast made for liavinsinncd the harvest.
HA'RVESTLORD, s. the bead reaperat the Iiarvest.
IIA'RVESTMAN, s. one \vl;o lalioiirs at tlie harvest.
HA'llVVICIl, a sea-port town of Essex, seated )n a tongue
or noint of hmd, opposite to tiic unrtcd mouths of tlie Stour
ann Orwell, 42 miles K. by N. of Chelmsford, and 72 N. E.
of London. It is not very hn'se, but is well inhalnterl and
frequented, and here the packet boats are stationed that
sail to Helvoetsluys, regularly every Wednesday and Satur-
day, if wind and weather do not prevent, in time of peace.
It has a very safe, spacious, and convenient harbour, extend-
ing from the sea to within 2 miles of Ipswich, and able to
receive ships of 100 guns all the way ; here is also a very
good dock-yard for building ships, with the necessary store-
houses, cranes, launclies, &c. The washing and undermin-
ing of the tides, and the fajling of}" of large pieces of cliff,
have made the point a peninsula, and perhaps may in time
make it an island. The harbour is defended by Landguard
Fort, built on a sandy point on the Sutlblk side of the water,
and other strong works. It is a place of considerable trade,
and many vessels are employed in the North Sea fishery.
Lat. 52. 0. N. Ion. 1.25. E. Markets on Tuesday and
Friday.
To HASH, t'. n.[h(ic!ier, Fr.| to mince, or cut into small
pieces. To mingle, used with k/>.
HA'SLEMEllE, a town of Surry, with a market on Tues-
day, chiefly for poultry. It is seated on fhe edge of the
county next Hampshire, and sends two members to parlia-
ment. This borough is governed by a constable ; and has
two paved streets. It is 12 miles S. W. of Guildford, and
42 S. W. of London.
IIA'isLET, or HA'RSLET, «. [to</«)', Fr.] the entrails of
H hog, consisting of the heart, liver, &c. generally applied
to them when inclosed in a membrane, and roasted or
baked.
HA'SLINGDON, or Haslingden, a small town of Lan-
cashire, 1-1 miles N. by W. of Manchester, and 196 N. N.
W. of London. Market on Wednesday.
•HASP, s. Uiccspe, Sax.] a clasp folded over a staple, and
fastened with a padlock ; a small iron or brass fastening
into a door ; a kind of hank, going into an eye or loop, used
for fastening shoes, neclflaces, &c.
To HASP, V. 11. io siiut with a hasp.
HA'SSOCK, s. [/i«jec/£, Teut.J a round or cylindrical mat,
stuffed, on which a pe»«on kneels at church.
HAST, the second \>erson singular of Have, declined
thus, / have, thou hast, he hath or has.
HASTE, s. \haste, Fr.] hurry , speed , the act of doing
a thing quickly [for want of longer time. Passion ; vehe-
mence.
To HASTE, or HA'STEN, v. n. {haster, Fr.] to move or
walk with swiftness ; to do a thing in a short time ; to be in
a hurry ; to quicken a person's motion, or drive to a swifter
pace.
HA'STENER, s. one that hastens or hurries.
•HA'STILY, ad. in a short time ; without delay ; in a
hurry, or rashly ; passionately.
HA'STINESS, s. speed or expedition ; a performance
executed in a hurry ; anger; testiness.
HA'STINGS, s. [corruptly for hastive, a French term
sometimes used in English for early, forward.] The hastive
fruits are strawberries and cherries ; we have also hastive
peas, &:c.
HA'STINGS, a sea-port town of Sussex, containing 2
churches, about 600 houses, and 3000 inhabitants. It is
seated between high clefts or hills, on a small stream called
the Bourne, which divides it into two ditl'erent parishes.
The chief employment of the people is fishing-. It is one of
the cinque- ports, and noted for being the place where Wil-
liam tfce Conqueror landed. Near this town, in the year
1066, vias fought the most memorable battle in the annals of
this country, between HaroJd 11. king of England, and Wil-
liani, duke of Normandy, in which tlie foriMcr lost his life
andlkingdom. Of the Normaiistherefillncar 15,0(iOmon, and
a much greater number of the Eiiglish were killed in tlie
pursuit. Markets on Wednesday and Saturday. It is 14
miles S. W. of Rye, and 61 S. E. of London.
HA'STY, «. [hastif, Fr.] moving with swiftness ; quick, or
speedy. Soon provoked, applied to the temper or iiumour.
Rash, precipitate, or undertaking without thought. Early
ripe. Hasty pudding, a pudding made of milk and flour,
or of oatmeal and water, boiled quick together. SynoN.
Hasti/ relates more to action or blows : pasiionate goes seldom
farther than words.
HAT, s. [hat, Sax. I a covering for ll>e head. In botany,
the upper broad part of funguses.
HA'TBAND, i. a string tied round a hat to keep the
crown from stretchinf^, or if too large, to make it fit the
head better; a piece of silk or crape worn round the crown
of a hat in mourning.
HATCASE, s. a slight box for a hat.
To HATCH, V. a. \hcclien, Tent.] to produce young from
eggs ; to quicken an egg'by sitting on it ; to produce by any
precedent action. Figuratively, to contrive or project.
HATCH, s. a brood procecrling from eggs ; the act of
excluding or producing young from the egg. Figuratively,
disclosure or discovery. A short or half door; an opening
over a door, which is closed or shut by a board moving on
hinges. In the plural, the doors, or openings, in a ship, by
which persons descend from one deck to another. To be
under hatches, means to be in a state of ignominy, poverty, or
depression.
To HA'TCHEL, v. a. [hachchn, Teut.] to beat flax, in
order to separate the fibrous from the brittle part.
HA'TCHEL, J. {hacJiel, Teut] the instrument with which
flax is beaten.
HATCH ELLER, .s. a beater of flax.
HA'TCHET, s. [hachetie, Fr.] a small axe.
HATCHET-FACE, .?. an ugly face; so called, accoid-
ing to .Johnson, because such an one might be hewn with' a
hatchet.
H.V'TCHJMENT, s. [corrupted from atchievement\ the arms
of a person who is dead, painted on a square board, and
placed with an angle downwards over the door where he
lived, or fixed against tlie wall of a church.
HA'TCHWA V, «. the way over or through the hatch«s of
a ship.
To HATE, V. a. \hati(in. Sax.] to regard as an object whicli
may atfect us with jiain ; or to detest on account of its
being evil, and repugnaiit to the laws of morality, of our
country, or of God. Syno?>. To ha/e implies an aversion
actuated by revenge ; to ahhur, an aversion to that for which
we have a natural antipathy ; to loathe is more applicable to
food; {oddest implies aversion actuated by disapproba-
tion.
HATE, s. an aversion in the mind from anything or per
son which is considered as capable, or willing, to afl'ect us
with pain, together with a desire of procuring the pain or
the uiihappiness of the person who is considered as having
such an intention ; detestation.
HATEFUL, a. that causes abhorrence, aversion, or de-
testation ; detesting, hating, or malicious.
HA'TEFULLY, «(/. in an odious or abominable manner,
in such a manner as to cause aversion, detestation, or lu-
tied.
HA'TEFULNESS, s. the quality ^^lli«•ll renders a person
or thing the object of hatred.
HA'TER, -T. one who has a strong aversion or ill will U< n
person or thing.
HA'TFiELI), a town of Hnrtfordshire, with a maiket on
Thursday. Here the earl of Salisbury has a handsome
palace, called Hatfield house. It is 19 miles N. N. W. of
Lendon.
HA'TFIELD-BROAD OAK, or Hatfield Regis, a
town of Essex, with a market on Satiirdav. It is seated or
420
HAV
HAW
» branch of tlie river Lea, near a forest of the same name.
It is 30 miles E. N. K. of Loiuion.
HATH, tiie third person singular of Have. Halh pro-
■perly belongs to the seriaus and solemn ; Afl* to tl>e familiar.
The syiiie may be obierved oi' dat/i and does.
HATHilllLEV, a town of Dovonshiie, with markets on
Tuesday and Friday. It is a small place, and has ene good
inn. It is 26 miles N. W. of Exeter, and 201 W. by S. of
London. <
HATRED, s. the thought or the pain vhicii any fiiinjj
present or absent is apt to produce in ns ; the aversion or
passion >vhich is occasioned by considering a thing as apt
to cause us pain, or by coTisidering a person as uilfidly en-
tleavonring to thwart our happiness.
To HA'TTEll, I', a. to harass, wearj', or wear out villi
fatigue.
HA'TTF.R, s. one who makes hafs.
H.VTTOCK, s. [iittnck, ErseJ a shock of corn.
HAVA'NXAH, a sea-port town in the island of Caba, si
tuafedon the N. \V. part of it, opposite Florida. The iiar-
hour is capable of containing commodiously 1000 %'essels,
without either cable or anchor. The entrance to it is by a
narrow ciiannel, strongly fortified with platforms, works,
and artillery, for at least half a mile, the length of the pas
sage. On the E. si(ieof the mouth of the channel is the (a
mous Mono Fort, mounted with 40 pieces of cannon, almost
level w ith the water : and on the opposite side a strong fort,
called the Puntal, adjoining to the town. All the ships that
come from the Spanisn American settlements, rendczvons
here on their return to Spi<in. In 1700 the town was com-
puted to contain 20,000 inhabitants, Spaniards, mulattoes,
and negroes; the niiuiber of which have been considerably
increased since. The houses are elegant, built of stone, and
some of them superbly finished ; and the churches, and other
public buildings, are rich and magnificent. Provisions here
are extravagantly dear; neither is their fresh meat of the
best kinds, excepting their pork. This inconvenience is
not owing to any defect in the soil of the island, but to the
indolence of the Spaniards. In 1762, the Havannah was
taken by an English squadron and armv, under Sir G. Po-
cock and lord Albemarle. The 31oro Fort was taken by
storm, after a siege of 29 days. Twelve men of war and
three frigates were tyjieii at the same time with the town.
I-t was restored, howerer, by the peace of 1703. Lat.23. 12.
N. Ion. 82. 9. \V.
HAVA'iVT, a town of Hants, containing about 500 houses.
It is situated l)elween Farehani and Chichester, 7 miles N.
E. of Portsmouth, and 64 \V. by S. of London. Market on
Saturday.
H AU'BERK, €. lhaiSerg, old Fr.] a coat of mail or breast-
plate.
To II.WE, V. a. preter. and part. pass, had; [Iialan,
Golh.J to find, or not to be without ; to possess ; to wear;
to bear or carry. It is generally used as an auxiliary word
in most E.iropean languages, but is particularly borrowed
from the Saxon.
HATEN, s. [haven, Belg.] a port, harbour, or a part of
the sea running up into the land, where ships may ride safe
fion: storms. Figuratively, a place of shelter; refuge from
•langer.
H.WENER, s. an overseer of a port.
H.\'VEll. s. oiif who possesses any thing.
HA'VEUFOUDWKST, a very antient town of Pem-
brokeshire, containing 4 parish churches, about (iOO houses,
and 6000 inhabitants, seated on a creek of Milford Haven,
call the Dongledve, over which it has a stone bridge, li>
miles S. by E. of St. David's, and 2:W W. by N. of London.
It is a large, well built handsome place, inhabited by many
genteel families ; and has a consi<lerable trade, with several
vessels belonging to it. Here is also a commodious quay,
for ships of bin(ien, and a custom-house. Here the assizes
are held, and the county jail is kept. Markets on Tuesday
and Saturday.
HAVERHILL, a town of Suflolk, partly iu Essex. It
400
has a considerable manufacture of checks, cottons, ami fus-
tains, and is 59 miles N. N. E. of London. Market f>n
Wednesday.
H.W ERS.VCK, i. in military languajre, a kind of bag,
made of coarse grey linen, in which the soldiers carry the^r
provisions on a march.
H.ALGHHAUtiH, or HAW-HAW, *. \hoeh. Sax.] a
dry ditch, wllo^e opposite sides decline so as to meet and
form an acute angle at the bottom, where it is generally de-
fended by rails. These ditches are much used at the extre-
mities of gardens, to inclose ground, without hindering the
prospect.
II AUGHT, (haut)a. I hunt, Fr.] proud; or insolent through
pride. Obsolete.
HAUGHTILY, (linutih/) ad. proudly; or prizing too
higlily. In an insdlrnt, arrogant, or very proud manner.
H.\UGH'I"INE-<S, f/i«K/i'jif*i:) »•. the quality of being pos-
sesse<l wilh too great a conceit of our own good qualities,
and too mean an opinion of those which belong to others.
HAUGH J'V, (hdiiti/) a. \ha:itaiiie, Fr.] insolent, or be-
having contemptuously tootliers, from too high an opimon
of ourselves.
H.\'VING, i. possession ; estate or fortune. The act or
state of poisesbing or enjoying. Behaviour; regularity;
still retained in the Scotch <lialect.
HA'VlOUl!, s. conduct, or the manner in which a per-
son treats another; civility; genteel address. Seldom
used.
To HAUL. See Hale.
H.-VUM, .1. [hcalm. Sax.] straw, or the stalks of beans or
peas.
HAUNCH, s. [hanchc, Fi .] the thigh; the hindermost
thigh of venison ; the rear; the hind part; the latter i)art.
To HAUNT, 1'. fT. [/jn»((c, Fr.] to frequent; to be much
about any place or person, used sometiii.-.es of one who
comes without being welcome. It is eminently used of ap-
paritions or spectres that appear, or make a noise, in any
particular place.
HAUNT, s. a place frequented by any person ; fre-
quency, or the habit of being frequently in a certain place
HAUTS'TER, s. a frequenter ; one that is often found jr.
any place.
H.A'VOCK, s. [hafno, Brit.] the act of plundering acountry
or killing its inhabitants ; devastation.
To HA'VOCK, t'. <r. to waste; to destroy; to lay waste.
HA'VRE DE GR.ACE, a large, populous, and commer-
cial town, in the department of the Lower Seine. The har-
bour here has particular advantages, as the water does not
begin to ebb till 3 hours after the full tide. The bason is re-
served for ships of war, with room and depth of water for
30 vessels of 00 guns. It is seated on the Engli>h Channel,
at the month of the river Seine, 45 miles nearly \V. of Rouen,
and 112 N. W. of Paris. Lat. 49. 29. N. Ion! 0. 1 1 . E.
H.\UTBOY, {hohmj) s. [hmtt and hois, Fr.] a ninsical in-
strument of the wind kind, shaped like a flute, except if,
spreading wider towards the bottom, furnished with a reed to
sound with, an<l deriving its name from its tone being higl'er
than thai nf tlie violin. In botany, applied to a large spe-
cii'S of >\\w\\ berries.
H.WV, .«. [/("£;■, Sax.J a sort of berry, the fruit of the
hawthorn. Among tiuriers, it is an excrescence resem-
bling a gristle, grow iii;^ under the nether eve-lid or
eye (d' a hor^e, which, it not timely removed, will put it
(jiiite out.
'1\) HAW, r. Ji. to speak slowly, with much hcsitnlion, and
fie(|uent interlni^sioIl5.
ll.AWK, s. {hirhi-rr, Brit.] a bird a. prey, formerly man-
nied, reclaimed, bred, and made use of to catch oilier bmls;
an etlort made in the throat, atlendid with a iioiie, to force
phlegm fmni thence, [from /.uc/i, i">ril.j
To IL\WK, r. II. to calcli birds uilh a hawk ; to force
up phlegm from the throat with a noise ; to sell any thinj,
by crying it in the streets, [from hmh, Teul.l
ll.\'WK.ED, «. crooked or formed like a nawk's bill.
HE
II E A
HA'WKER, *. [from hock, Teuf.J onn ulio sflls wares l)y
CTVii'S llii'i" about streets, particularly applied to those who
tell newsp'.ipers.
IIA'WKNUT, X. an umbelliferous plant, callcJ also earth-
nut, kippeniut, jiirnut, aiul pi^^nut.
lIA'WK.SEVli, s. a herb witii f ornpouiitl flowers, distin-
guished from the hawkweeil by itsclially receptacle.
HA'VVKSHEAD, a town of Lancashire, situated near the
lake of Wiuanderniere, in a vallev, surrounded bv a woody,
hilly tract, 24 miles N. N. W. of laneast<^'r, and 273 N. N.
W. "of'Loudon. It has a market on Monday for tiie sale of
wool, yarn, provisions, &c.
HA'WKWEED, *. a plant, of which oxtongue is a
species.
HA'WSER, *. in the sea langnag:e, is a large rope or kind
*)f small cable, serving for various uses aboard a ship ; as, to
fasten the main and fore shrouds, to warp a ship as she lies
at anchor, and wind her up to it by a capstan.
HA'WSF.S, s. round holes in a ship, under her head,
through which the cables pass when she is at anchor.
HA'WTHORN, i. \ha-gthorn, Sax.] the thorn generally
jjrowing in hedges, and bearing haws.
HAY, s. \Jtieg, Sax.] grass mowed and dried to feed cattle
with. To dance the hay, is to dance round a couple of per-
sons w ho are dancing at the same time.
HAY, a town of Brecknockshire, seated between the rivers
Wyall and Dalas, on the river Hay, over which it has a
handsome stone bridge, of seven arches, 14 miles E. N. E.
of.Brecknock, and 151 W. N. W. of Loudon. Market on
Saturday.
HA'YDON," Northumberland, W. of Hexham. Here is
an antient castle, greatly in decay, formidable by its situa-
tion, and strikingly august from the solemnity of its ruins.
It appears to have been a place of considerable extent and
strength, and is situated on the W. side of a deep glen, on
the brink of a precipice, at the foot of which runs a little
brook. One thing remarkable here, is a stable, with an
arched roof of stone, w ithout any wood in its structure, even
tJio mangers being stone troughs. The prospect from it is
delightful.
HA'YMAKER. t. one employed in turning grass when
"ut for hay.
HAYS, s. particular nets for taking rabbits, hares, &c.
HAY'STACK, s. a large quantity of hay laid in a heap.
HA'ZARD, i. [hazard, Fr.J chance; accident; any thing
that happens without being foresreen or predetermined ;
danger, or a possibility of danger ; a game played with
dice.
To HA'ZARD, v. a. \hazarder, Fr.] to exp»se to chanee or
a possibility of danger ; to venture ; to run a risque.
HA'ZARDABLE, a. venturesome ; liable to chance.
HA'ZARDER, *. one who docs a thing without any cer-
tain knowledge or regard of its consequences.
HA'Z.\RDOUS, 0. [hazardeux, Fr.] dangerous ; exposed
tsa possibility of danger; liable to chance.
H A'ZARDOUSLY, ad. in such a manner as to be exposed
to danger.
To HAZE, 1). n. to be foggy, misty, or cloudy.
HAZE, s. a fog or mist.
HA'ZEL, s. [hecsel. Sax.] in botany, a tree bearing nuts.
HA'ZEL, a. consisting; of, or made of hazel. Of a light
brown, or the colour of hazel, applied to colour.
HA'ZELLY, a. of the colour of hazel, or light brown.
HA'ZY, a. dark ; foggy ; misty ; cloudy, applied to
weather.
HK, pronoun, [his genit. him accus, and dat.] This word
i» substituted for a person's name, in order to prevent its be-
ing too often repeated in a discourse, and is only applied to
males. Sometimes it is used without any reference to any
foregoing word, and then signifies all mankind collectively,
or any person indefinitely. " He is never poor that little
hath ; but he that much desires." A man, or male being.
Generally used io compositioB to express the male of any
i)>ecica.
HEAD, ''the n in this word and all its compoundi ai;J
dcrivalid'S, is dropped in pronunciation — as hed, hednhe,
hiddi/, Ac.) i. [heved, old F.ng.] the uppermost ;iart of an
annual, which contains the brains. Figuratively, a chief,
principal, or leading person, ai)plied to societies or conima-
nities. The faci-, front, or foremost part ofan army; htuce
to tarn hiud, is to attack. Resistance; as, " to make hind."
Spontaneous resolution. Individual. The topof iwiy thing,
particularly applied to such as are bigger than the other
parts. The surface, or lliat which rises to the surface, of
liquors. The upper part of a bed ; "the bed's /ira(/." The
blade ofan axe ; " the head slippelli from the helve." Deut.
Power; force; dominion. Strenglh, apiil!((l to liquors.
Tjie principal topics orarticles of a discoiiise. The source
of a stream. A crisis or piti h. In anatomy, the extre-
mity of a bone or a muscle. In arcliiteclurc, an oriiaMicnt
of carved wmk serving lor the key ofan arch or i.l.il baud.
In surgery, a stale of nialiirity or ripeness. " Tlic matirr
when come to a head." Head and ears, the whole pcrscii.
Head aiid shoulders, \\o]cut\\ ; unnaturally; forcedly. SynoN.
Head agrees best with regard to arrangement; chief, with
respect to subordination. We say the head of a batlal-ion
or ship, the chief of -a party or an undertaking.
To HEAD, V. a. to march before; to command or lead
an army ; to cut off a jierson's head. To fit any thing with
a head. To lop the tops of trees.
HE'ADACH, s. a pain in the head. •
HE'ADUAND, s. a fillet or bandage tied round the head
In book-binding, the head at each end of a book.
HE'ADBOROLJGII, (/«•(/ Wo) j. primarily the chief of
a frank-pledge ; at present a petty constable.
HE'ADDRE.SS, .«. the covering of a woman's head.
HE'ADER, s. one who heads, or puts heads to, pins of
nails. ■
HE'ADINESS, s. hurry; rashness; or obstinate perse-
verance in one's own opinion.
HE'ADLAND, s. a promontory or cape.
HE'ADLESS, a. without a heiui ; beheaded. Without
chief or ruler, applied to a society or community. Obsti-
nate ; inconsiderate; rash; perhaps instead of /iKv/Zc.s*.
HE'ADLOiNfi, a. with the head foremost in a fall ; rash;
thoughtless ; without ineditatiQU ; sudden or precipitate.
HEADLONG, ad. w ith the head first or foremost ; lasldy,
or without thought ; hastily, or without delay.
HE'ADON, an antient town of Holdeniess, in Yorkshire,
seat<>d on a river that falls into the Ilundjer about two niiies
below, 10 miles E. of Hull, :.<iid 182 N. of London. It is
pleasant and well built, though little, and was formerly con-
siderable in merchants and shipping, but its liarbour is now
nearly choaked nii. Market on Saturday.
HE'ADMOULD-SHOT, s. in medicine, a disease in
children, wherein the sutures of the skull, paiticulaily ilie
coronal, ride or have their edges closed over each other.
As this is an irremediable disorder, nurses and parents ought
to be very careful how they promote it by forehead cloths,
and other methods, which they iguorantly make use of, as
they say, to close the mould.
HE'ADPIECE, {hidpeece) s. armour for the head ; a hel-
met. Among sempstresses, that part of a cap or bon4Kt
which goes over the crown of the head. Figuratively, 'in-
derstanding, or judgment.
HEADQUARTERS, s. the place of general rcndezvou-,
or lodgment for soldiers.
HEADSHIP, s. dignity ; authority ; the conditiou or state
of a ruler or governo'r.
HE'ADSMAN, s. an executioner ; or one who beheadb
malefactors.
HEADSTALL, s. part of the bridle that covers tha
head.
HE'ADSTONE, s. the chief stone, or that which is placet!
first in a corner, whether at the top, to adorn and strengthen,
or at the bottom, to secure and support it. A tombstone ,
placed at the head of a grave.
HE ADSTRONG, a. obstinate ; unritly ; or not easih v
431
H£A
HEA
verncd. SynoN. Prepossessed uni ophiiated, imply a mind
strongly prejudiced ; ohiliiiate and headstrong, an luiniiy
•will ; infatuated, some loss of reason, wliich occasions an in-
flexibility of temper or behaviour. Thus, to he prepossessed,
npiniated, or infatuated, is invo!uut<\ry ; to be obsiinalc, or
headstrong, voluntary.
HE'ADWARK, s. a provincial term for the corn poppy.
HEADY, a. rasli, or without deliberatioH ; obstinate, or
not to be governtd. Strong, or apt to aft'ect the head, ap-
plied to liquors.
ToHEAl., (heel) v. a. [Iteelen, .Sax.] to cure a person
who has been wounded or sick. In surgery, to unite, or
consolidate the lips of a wound or ulcer. Figuratively, to re-
concile. Neuterly to grow well, applied to wounds or
sores.
HE'ALER, (Jteeler) s. one who cures wounds, or removes
diseases.
HE'ALING, (heeling) pari, mild ; gentle ; pacilic, or ea-
sily reconciled, applied to the temper. Curing, applied to
medicine.
HEALTH, (pron. hclth; the « in this word, and all its
compounds and derivatives, being drojjped in pronunciation)
«. [from heel. Sax.] applied to the body, a proper disposition
of the several parts to perform their respective functions,
without any impediment or sensation of pain. Applied to
the mind, ajHst disposition of the mind and rational powers,
to perform their respective ofiices, without being impeded
by passion, or biassed by any undue influence. A cere-
mony used in drinking, wherein a person wishes another
health.
HE'ALTHFUL, a. free from pain or sickness ; that
may promote the dominion of reason, or advancement of
virtue, by stilling the violence of passion, and by lessening
the force of vicious habits.
HE'ALTHFULLY, ad. in such a manner as to promote
health.
HE'ALTHFULNESS, *. the state of being well, or en-
joving health ; the quality of promoting or preserving
he'alth.
HE'ALTHINESS, «. the state of enjoying health free
from anv interval of sickness.
HEALTHLESS, a. weak; sickly; infirm.
HEALTHSOME, «. contributing to the preservation of
health.
HEALTHY, a. in health ; free frorii sickness; sound.
HE.'\M, iheem) s. in beasts, is the same as secundiues or
afterbirth in women.
HEAP, {heep) s. [heap. Sax.] any collection of things
t-'irown upon each other ;'d crowd or multitude ; a throng ; a
cluster ornumber of persons assembled together. Synon.
Heap implies no other order in the arrangement of things
one upon another than that which rises by clwuce; pilera-
ther means things put up regularly.
To HEW, (heep) V. a. [heapian, Sax.| to throw together
or one upon another ; to accumulate, pile up, or acquire
abundantly ; to add to something else.
HE'APEK,' (helper) s. one who piles, throws, or places,
several tilings upon each other.
IIEAPY, a. lying in heaps. " O'er the mid pavement,
heapi) rubbish grows." Gaij.
To HE.\Pi, (heer) r. n. |7(;/)Ym, Sax.] to enjoy the faculty
by which sounds are distinguished ; to i)erceive a sound ; to
listen or hearken to ; to be told of or into! uied of by words.
Actively, to give audience ; to give a person permissu)n to
speak, and to attend or listen to him when speakuig. To
Ir)'. To acknowledge. Synon. 'Jo /iwo-, imp4ies having
tlie ear struck with any sound ; to hearken, means to lend
an ear, in order to hear.
HE'.'VllKR, (/icecer) i. one who attends to anv discourse
&poken by another ; one who iierceives what auollier speaks;
one who is informed of something, by word, whioh he does
noi .see.
IlE'ARINO, ('//(■(•iiHs) .v. the sense by which soimds are
perceived ; audicucu ; a judicial trial ; Xi.A reach of
the ear, or the distance within which sounds can be pel
ceived.
To HE'ARKEN, (harhen) v. n. [hearcmun. Sax.] to listen
attentively to what a person says.
HE'ARKENER, (/i«(/ic«ecj i. a listener, or one «lio iU-
tendsaud pays a regard to what is spoken by another.
HE'ARSAY, (heirsai/) s. that which a person does UJ..
know for certain himself, but gathers from rumour or com-
mon fame.
HEARSE, (/<eric) J. a covered carriage, hung with blacl
cloth, &c. in which dead bodies are conveyed to the place ti
interment.
HEAliT, (thee in this word, as well as in all its compound.,
and derivatives, is dropped in pronunciation ; as, hart,
hdrt-aeh, lirirti/, Ovc.) s. [heart, Sax.] a musculous body, situ-
ated on the left side of an animal, wiiich by its alternate
contraction and dilation, keeps up the circulation of the
blood, arid is considered as the cause of vital heat or mo-
tion. The following description of the heart is copied from
Paley's Natural Theology. " There is provided in the cen-
tral part of the body, a hollow muscle mvested with spiral
tubes, rtuniing in both directions. P>y the contraction ol
these fibres, the sides of the muscular cavities are neces-
sarily squeezed together, so as to force out from them any
fluid which they may at that time contain ; by the relaxation
of the same fibres," the cavities are, in their turn, dilated,
and, of course, prepared to admit every lluitl which may
be poured into them. Into these cavities are inserted the
great trunks, both of the arteries which carry out the blood,
and of the veins which bring it back." TJiis is a general
account of the apparatus ; and the simplest idea of its
action is, that by each contraction, a portion of blood is
forced, as by a syringe, into the arteries ; and at each «lila-
tion, an equal portion is received from the veins. This
produces, at each pulse, a motion aud change in the mass of
blood, to the amount of what the cavity contains, which, in
a full-grown human heart, is about an ounce, or two table
spooufulls. Each ventricle will at least contain one ounce
of blood. The heart contracts four thousand times in one
hour; from which it follows, that there passes through tltc
heart every hour, four tjionsand ounces, or 350lbs. of blood.
Now the whole mass of blood is about 2.jltis. so that a quan-
tity of blood, equal to the whole blood within the body,
passes through the heart fourteen times in one hour;
which is about once every four minutes. In popular and
scripture lan:^uage, it is taken for the seat of courage or
aft'ection. Figuratively, the chief or principal part; tlie
inner part of any thing. Passions ; anxiety ; conceru.
Disposition of uiind. The heart is considered as the seat of
tenderness ; a hard heart, therefore, is cruelty. Courage or
spirit, opposed to despair- or dejection. Used with get,
deliver, or sai/, strength of memory. The inward recesses of
the heart. The mind or conscience. Strength, or power
of producing, applied to soil. To lose one's heart, is to be
very mucli enau-ioured, or to fall so deeply in love, that
reason cannot control the aft'ection. To take to heart, is to
be zealous, earnest, solicitous, or grieved about any thing.
To find in the heart, is not to be entirely, or much averse to.
Heajt is often used, in composition, for the mind, soul, or
affection.
HK'AUT-ACH, ». sorrow; pang; anguish of mind.
HEA'iri'-HREAK, s. excessive so: row.
HEA'RT-BRI'.AKING, a. overpowering with sorrow.
HEA'UT-BIIEAKING, s. excessive or overpowering
grief,
HEA'RT-BUIIN, s. in medicine, a pain at the moulh of
the stomach, caused either by analcali oracid prevailing in
the stoiiiaeli.
HEA RT-BURNED, a. uneasy or discontented.
HEART-BURNING, s. See Htt.\uT nuuN. Figura-
tivelv, discontent : grudge; or secret enmity.
HKA'il T-Ul-AR, «. dear as ones life; sincerely and
highly beloved.
IIKA'RT-EASE, s. tranquilb'y ; quiet; a state of mind
undisturbed by any passion.
H !■: A
liEB
KEA'RTFD, «. disposed or inclined. Jt is only used in
eotnposition ; us, hanllicnrted, inclined to crtieltv ; not to
beanVcted with distress, or prevailed on by iiitreiitics.
To HEA'll'l'EN, V. a. to encourage or animate a person
to an attempt; to rouse from a state of dejeclion ; to com-
fort; to improve and preserve sroiiiid fertile bv manure.
HEART FKLT, «. that afi'cctstlie mind ; tlial is sincere ;
felt in the conscience.
HEARTH, (/in»</i) J. [/ieffr«/(, Sax. J the ground of a chim-
ney, or the pavement in a chimney on v^Iiicli a tire is made,
or a j;rate stands.
HEA'RTILY, nrf. sincerely ; diligently ; eagerly; with a
vehement desire; lar;,'ely.
HEA'RT1NE?.S, <. warmth of affection; free from hypo-
crisy; vigour, diligence, or strength.
HE-AIITLESS, a. without courage or spirit; without
comfort.
HEARTLESSLY, ad. without courai^e or spirit ; faintly.
HEA'UTLESSNESS.f. wantot courage or spirit; a state
of dejection.
HEA'RT-PEAS, f. a plant with round seeds in form of
peas, of a black colour, havihg the figure of a heart of a
white colour upon each.
HEA RT-RENDING, a. rending the heart ; killing with
anguish.
HEARTSEASE, s. a kind of violet.
HEA'RT-SICK, a. under any pain, discontent, or anguish
of mind ; mortally ill; proceeding from and discovering
some dangerous hurt.
HEART.SORR, «. that which pains the mind.
HEA'RT-STRINGS, s. the tendons or nerves supposed to
brace the heart. Hence to affect the heart strings, is to
give the most exquisite pain to the body or mind.
HEART-STRUCK, a. driven to the" heart, or fixed im-
moveahlv in (he mind ; shocked with fear or dismay.
HEART-SWELLING, «. rankling in the mind. " Heart-
txveMins hate." Spenser.
HEA'RT-VVHOLE, a. without any bias on the affections.
In good health ; witiiout impairment of the constitution.
HEA'RTWOUNDING.a. affecting the mind with grief.
HEA'RTY, a. sincere ; undissembling ; warmor zealous ;
in full health ; vigorous; strong; merry.
HEAT, (Jieet) s. [/leat, Sax.] the sensation we have when
we are near the tire ; the cause of the sensation of heat or
burning, consisting in a very brisk agitation of the sensible
parts of the object, which produces in us that scn^sation from
whence we denominate the object hot ; hot weather ; the
state of a body which is put into a fire; the state of a thing
once hot; a course at a race ; or the space of ground which
Itorse is to run without resting; a red colour, or pimples
arising from t1ie warmth of weather, &c. Violence or ve-
hemence of passion ; the height or the most violent part
'>f an action or battle ; faction, contest, or the rage of
party. Warmth, ardour, applied either to the thoughts or
elocution.
To HEAT, (/iee<)». ". to make hot, or endue with a power
of burning ; to grow warm by fet mentation ; to ferment ;
to warm with vehemence of passion or desire ; to produce
a sensation of warmth by violent exercise.
HEATER, {Iteiter) s. a piece of iron either cast or forged,
of a triangular form, which, being made red-hot in the fire,
is made use of, by being placed in a box-iron, to smooth linen
with.
HEATH, {heeth) s. [h(vth, Sax.] a shrub of low stature,
and small leaves, wliicli are green all the year. In Latin, it
is called erica, from its supposed virtue of breaking the stone
in the bladder; and perhaps its French name 6n<v<)e is ow-
ing to the same supposition. Figuratively, it signifies a
place overgrown with the above plant, or covered with
shrubs of any kind.
HEATH-COCK, s. a kirge fowl that frequents heaths.
HEATHEN, (Ueeihen) s. [Iteydeu, Teut.J a pagan who
wo<r»hip9 false gods, and is not acquainted either with the
3 K
doctrines of the Old Testament or the Christian dispenM*
tiou ; a (icnliie.
III.A'TIIEN, (/i«?/ifn) fl. belonging to those nations that
are uiiac<|nainled with the doctrines contained in the Old or
New TcslaniiMit.
HEATHENISH, ihi-itheuish) a. practising idolatry. Fi-
guiiitivelv, wild ; savage; rapacious; cruel.
HEATH EN ISIILV, {/uH/miislili/) ad. atier the manner ot
a person who is a stranger to Scripture.
HEATHENISM,(/.(t//if«is»i) s. the worship of idols; or
the religion of those nations who were unacquainted with
Scripture.
HEATHY, <r. full of heath.
To HEAVE, (hveve) v. n. prefer, heared, part, heaved;
[lieajiiin. Sax.) to lift up or raise from (he ground ; to carry
or tiing ; to uiake a tiling rise or swell ; to elate or puff willi
success. N(Mit( ily, lo paiil or brealhe with pain and fre-
qii'Mit rising or lalling oftiie breast ; to rise with pain ; to
swell higher or larger; to keck ; to be squeamish, or find a
teii(iriuv to vomit.
IIEAVE,(/ic«'iv)*- ■' lilt <"'«'ff"'t nia'''e upwards; a rising
of the breast ; a strut;glc to rise. Hiaveiiff'eriiig, in scrip-
ture, an oH'eriiig lliat was held or lifted up in the sight of
the congregation.
HE.V'VEN, (/liven) s. [Iieofun, Sax. J the regions above ;
the sky. The habitation of blessed spirits and angels. In
tlie plural, applied to the liealheii gods. Figuratively, the
greatest degree or height ; elevation.
HEA'VENLY, (lievenlii) a. resembling heaven; elevated
beyond the common product ions of mankind ; perfect in
the highest degree ; inliabiliiig heaven.
HEA'VENLY, Uui-cnhi) ad. in a pious manner; in a
manner resembling that of heaven ; by the agency or influ-
ence of heaven.
HEAVENWARD, ad. toward heaven.
HEA'VILY, (/leni/!/) ad. with great weight. Figuratively,
grievously : with great affliction, dejection, or sorrow.
HE.'V'VINESS, (/laiHfM) s. weight; or that quality in a
body which renders it ditticult to be lifted. Applied to the
mind, dejection ; depression; languor; inaptitude to motion
or thought ; oppression. Deepness or richness of soil ;
Synon. Heaviness is that quality in a body which we feel
and distinguish by itself; ueig/it is the measure or degree
of that quality, which we cannot ascertain but by com-
parison.
HEA'VY, (lievy) a. [heafg, Sax.] not easily lifted, or
thrown upwards; weigliiiig much, or tending to tlie centre.
Sorrowful; dejected, (irievous, or oppressive. Wanting
briskness, or dull, applied lo the eyes ; lazy ; drowsy ; slow ;
sluggish ; stupid ; iooiish. Wanting fire, spirit, or the
ornaments of composition, applied to style. Tedious, or
oppressing like a burden, applied to lime. Causing a
sensation of \^eigilt, and not easily digestetl, applied to
food. Synon. Hcavi/ is more applicable to that which
loads the body; ueig/ui/, to that which burdens the
mind.
HEBDOMA'D, s. [/lebdemas, from hepla, seven, Gr.J a
week, or. space of time consisting of seven days.
HE'BDOiMADEL, or Hebdomadahy, [Mid(imas,from
fiepta, seven, Gr.] weekly ; consisting of seven days.
To HE'BET.'VTE, r. a. [from Mes, dull, Lai. J to dull ; to
blunt; to stupify ; to make dim.
HE'BETUDE, s. [from Mcs, dull, Lat.] dulness; blunt-
ness ; obtuseness; want of discernment or sagacily.
HE'BRAISM, s. [/lebraismiis, Lat. fiom helnatzo, to con-
form to the manners of ihe Hebrews,Gr.]ametliQ<l of expres-
sion, or a phrase borrowed from, or peculiar lo, the He-
brew.
HEBRAIST, or HEBRICIAN, *. a person skilled in
Hebrew.
HE'BREW, I. e. luns^va^e, s. the language in which the
Old Testament was originally written. There is no other
book in pure Hebrew, as the writings of the Rabbits aie
433
nEK,
HEI
intorlaulerl wisli words of foroijin extraction. A Hebrew
seems lohiive liocii one nf'tlie dosrendants of Terali, so cal-
led fiDin ;> Hebrew word that signiiies to pass over, because
tiiey came from beyond the I'.uphrates.
HK'BRIDli^S, or Western Isi.Axns OF Scotland.
These islands lie between theoolli and 59th degrees of N.
lat. on the W. coast of .S-cotland, and are supposed to be
about 300 in number. The princifial of them are .Skye, St.
Kilda, Lewis and Harris, N.and S. Uist, Cauuay, Statl'a,
Mull. Jura, Islay, clc.
HEBRIDES, New, a group of islands in the S. Pacific
Ocean, situated iietueen tiic latitudes of 14. 29. and 20. 4.
S. and between the longitudes of 16(5. 41. and 170. 21. E.
The principal islands are Tierra del Kspirito,SanIo,and Ma-
licollo, besides several others of less note, some of « hicb are
from 18 to 2,5 'leagues in circumference. In general they
are higii and mountainous, abounding with wood and water,
and tlie usual productions of llie tropical islands. The
bread-fruit, cocoa-nuts, and plantains, are neither so good
nor so plentifid here as at Otaheite ; but the sugar-canes and
yams are not only in greater plenty, but of superior quality
am! much larger, some of the latter weighing 56 pounds.
Tlie inhabitauls are generally of a slender make, and dark
colour, and most of them have trizzled hair. Their canoes
and houses are but small, and poorly constructed ; and they
liave scarcely any manufacture, even for clothing. They
generally appear civil and hos[jitable.
H E'CATOMB, (liicatbm) s. [ironi hekaton, an hundred, Gr.
hecatonibe. Eat.] a sacrifice of an hundred cattle.
HECTIC, or HE'CTICAL, a. [kcktihos, from hexos, a
quality which cannot be easily separated from its subject,
Gr.] habitual ; constitutional. Hectic fever, a slow and con-
tinual one, ending in a consumption, and opposed to such
as arise from a plethora, because attended with a too lax
state of the excretory passages, and generally those of the
skin. Tronliied «itli a distempered heat.
IIE'CTOR, s. [from Hectur, the Trojan hero] a bully; a
blustering, noisv, and turbulent person.
To llE'CTOR, i: n. to threaten ; to treat with insolence;
to phiv the bullv.
HEDERA'CEOUS, «. [/i«7eraceia, from Aerfern, ivy, Lat.]
producing ivy.
HEDGE, s. [Iie^ge, Sax.] a fence of trees or bushes made
round any ground, to defend it from encroachments, or be-
tween the difl'erent parts of a garden, &c. When prefixed
ioany word, liedge denotes something mean, vile, and con-
feinptible. A qnichsrt hedge is that which is formed of
pricklv bushes or trees which take root and grow.
To HEDGE, V. a. to inclose with a fence of trees or
bushes. Usedwiiii i/;;, to obstruct or stop up a passage.
'J'o force in wit!: ditHcully ; to make way into a place already
full, by that way which rcijuires the least room ; but in this
scn>e it seems to be mistak^Mi for eilge.
HE'DGEIKXi, J. socalled from the bristles which sur-
round it, as it were with a iiedge ; in natural history, a four-
footed animal, having its back, sides, and flanks, set with
strong and sharp prickles, which by the help of a muscle can
cotitiact itself inio a globular form, and withdraw its whole
nnder part, head, belly, and l<'i;s, within its thicket of
[iricklcs. ,ln botany, a plant. The globe fish.
II EDO IvNOTE, s. a word of contempt for low and
mean writing.
li E'Df i KIMG, s. a young hedgehog.
IlE'Dd'ER, .1. one who makes or repairs hedges.
HE'DGI'XIOW, *. several trees planted in a line for an
inclosnre.
nE'D(';E-SPARROW, .5. asparrow that lives in bushes,
distinguished from a sparrow that builds in thatch.
II E'DGING-BILL, s. a kind of axe or hatchet, with which
hedges are cut.
To HEED, r. a. [/leilan, Sax.] to mind ; to hike notice of;
to view with care and attention.
HEED, ». \hetk, Sax. I caie; earnest application of the
.434
nnnd ; caution ; notice ; care to avoid ; regard or respect-
Jul notice ; seriousness; staidness.
HEEDFUL, n. cautious, or careful of the immediate et
fects or consequences of an action ; attentive, or careful in
taking notice or observing.
HEE'DFULLY, ad. in an attentive or cautious manner.
HEE'DFULNESS, s. caution ; attentive notice.
Hf'>E'DLESS, a. negligent; inattentive.
HEK'DLESSLY, or/, in an inattentive or careless manner.
JIEE'DLESSNES.S, s. carelessness; negligence; inat-
tention.
HEEL, s. [helc. Sax.] the hinder part of the foot ; any
thing w hich covers, or is shaped like, a heel ; hence it is
applied in the phrase. To be out of heel, i. e. to be very much
impaired, or in a declining condition. " A good man's for-
tune may grow out at heels." Shall. To be at the heels, is to
pursue closely. To lay by the heels, is to fetter, shackle, or
imprison.
To HEEL, V. ti. to dance by beating tlie heels on the
grotnid, as in jigs. To lean on one side, applied to a ship;
H EE'LER, s. a cock that strikes well with his keels.
HEELPIECE, {heilpcece) s. a piece of leather, &c. sewed
on the heel of a shoe, to repair what is worn away.
HEFT, «. [from heare\ a keck, or a violent eftbrt niafle to
discbarge something nauseous from the stomach ; the han-
dle of a knife, &c. of /iff/if, Sax.
HE'GIRA, «. [Arab] flight; now applied by the Arabs,
to signify a voluntary exile, or flight to escape persecution ;
to fly, or run aw ay from one's friends, relations, and country.
In chronology, a celebrated epocha, from whence the M»"
liometans compute their time; which took its origin from
Mahomet's flight from Mecca, on the evening of the 15th or
16lh of July, A. D. 622, in the reign of iieraclius, being
driven from thence by the magistrates, forfear his imposture
slioidd occasion sedition. As the yeaisof the Hegiia con-
sist of only 354 days, they are reduced to the Julian calen-
dar, by multiplying the year of the Hegira by 354, dividir»g
the product by 365, subtracting the intercalary days, or as
many times as there are four years iii the quotient, and add-
ing 622 to the remainder.
HEI'DELBERG, a considerable and populous town of
Germany, capital of the Palatinate, Lower Rhine, with a ce-
lebrated university. It is situated on the S. side of the
Neckar, over which there is a handsome bridge, in a fertile
country, 12 miles E. of Spire. Lat. 49. 26. N. Ion. 8. 48. E.
HEIFER, (heffer) s. [//cn/ioe, Sax.] a young cow.
HEIGH HO, (hiho)iuterjeH.a word used to express slight
languor and uneasiness; sometimes applied to signify a
joyful exultation.
HEIGHT, {hit) s. a distance or space above ground ; space
measured upwards. In geography, the degree of latitude.
A summit, ascent, or eminence. Figuratively, elevation,
rank, or dignity above others; the utmost degree, perfec-
tion, or exertion.
To HEIGHTEN, (hiten) r. a. to raise above ground, or
on high; to prefer, or raise to a higher post; to improve,
or raise to a higher degree of perfection ; to aggravate, or
increase any bad quality ; to adorn or make more beautiful
or splendid by ornaments.
HE'INOUS, (the ci in this word and its derivatives is
pron. like e long — henotis)tt.\haineux, Fr.] wicked in a high
degree; atrocious; shameful; odious.
HEINOUSLY, ac/. in a very wicked or atiocious man-
ner.
IIE1NOUSNESS, s. the quality which makes an action
exceedingly wicked.
HEIR, (the ci in this word and its derivatives, &c. is
pron. like c long — hrr, hirship) s. \h(rres, Lat. | in civil law,
one who succeeds to the whole estate of another, alter hi*
death, w lulbcr by right of blood or testament. In common
law, one who succeeds, by right of blood, to any man's
lauds or tenements in fee. An heir apparent is he on whom
the succession is so settled, tltat it c»mnut be altered without
H K i
H K L
Blterinij tlie laws of sviccession. Heir prrfinnpln-r is tlie
neairsi relation to the prosfiif successor, \\\u>, wiiiiiKU the
particular willof the tcstnlor, cannot beset asich'.
To HEIR, f. a. to inherit or possess by rij;ht of inlie-
ritanee.
HIC'IRKSS, J. a female alio succeeds to the estate of an-
other cither by m ill or by blood.
HE'IRLESS, a. witliout children to succeed to an inhe-
ritance.
HEIRLOOM, s. a word that comprehends in it divers
pfeces of furniture, as the first bed, and other thiufjs, which
by the custom of some places have belonged to s>>me house
lor several <leseents. These go to the he;r ■.dnn;; wilh the
house by custom, and not by common law, and arc never
invcMloried, after the death of the owner, as clialtcls.
HELD, pfcter. and part. pass, of Hold.
HE'LE\A,.St. an island in the S. Atlantic Ocean, held
by the Lnjjlish East India Company. Its circniuference is
about 20 miles, and it has the appearance, at a distance, of
a rock or castle rising out of the ocean, bcin-,' only accessi-
ble at ono particular spot, where the town is erected, in a
valley at the iKittom of a bay, between two steep, dreary
mountains. The buildings, both public and private, are
plain, but neat. It has some hiph mountains, parlicularly
one called Diana's Peak, which is covered with woods to tlic
very top. There are other hills also, which bear evident
mai'ks of a volcanic orij,'in ; and some have hu::;e rocks of
lava, and a kind of half vitrified llafrs. The country, how-
ever, is far from being barren ; the little hills are covered
with rich verdure, and interspersed with fertile valleys,
which contain gardens, orchards, and various plantations.
The valleys are watered by rivulets, and the mountains, in
the centre of the island, are covered with v^ood. Tlie soil,
which covers the rocks and mountains, is, in general, a
rich mould, from six to ten inches deep, clothed with a variety
of plants and shrubs. The walks of peach-trees are loaded-
with fruit, which have a peculiarly rich llavour ; but the
other European fruit-trees and vines, which have been
planted here, do not succeed. Cabbages and other greens,
thrive extremely well, but are devoured by the caterpillars ;
as are the barley, and other kinds of grain, by the rats,
which are very numerous. The ground, for these reasons,
is laid out chie'fly in pastures, the verdure of which is sur-
prising; and the island can support 3000 head of Iheirsmall
eattle. They have English sheep here, and a small breed
of horses, with goats and rabbits. Their fowls are ring-
pheasants, red-legged partridges, rice-birds, pigeons, &c.
of some of which the breed is indigenous, but others have
been brought from Europe, Africa, and the East Indies.
The number of inhabitants on the island does not exceed
9000, including near .500 soldiers, and about 600 slaves,
who are supplied with all sorts of manufactures by the com-
pany's ships, in return for refreshments ; and many of the
slaves are employed in catching fish, which are very plenti-
ful. This island is situated between the continents of Africa
and S. America, about 1200 miles W. of the former, and
1800 E. of the latter. Lat. 15. 55. .S. Ion. 5. 49. W.
HE'LEN'S St. a town of the Isle of Wight, in East Me-
dina, which has a bay that runs a considerable way within
land, and- in time of war, is often the station and place of
rendezvous for the royal navy. It is not naw a place of
much consideration otherwise.
HELl'AC.^L, a. [from heliot, t]K sun, Gr.] hid by or
appearing by coming out of the lustre of the sun. Heliacal
fifing, in astronomy, is applied to a star, which after having
been hid by the sun's rays, rises before it, and by that means
becomes visible. Heliacal setlin<r, is applied to a star which
approaches so near to the sun, as to be hid by its rays.
HELl'ACALLY, m/.[from helios, the sun, (Jr.J in astrono-
my, in such a manner as to emerge from the sun's rays, and
become visible ; or in such a manner as to approach so
near to the sun as to be hid by its splendour.
HE'LICA'L, a. [from Aeii'x, a suail, Gr.] spiral; or twisting
like a corkscrew.
HE'LICON, .MotNT, ahill in the antient Boeotia, eon-
sccrated to Apolloand the Muses.
Ill'/LIEIL .St. the capital of'llie island of Jersey, in the
English Channel, on the coast of Eiancc. It is seated in St.
Aubin's Bay, where it has a harbour, and a stone pier ; hav-
ing the sea on the .S. W. and hills on the N. Another large
hill projects, in a iManner, over the lo«n, and has a pleasant
Walk, tiia* afi'ords an extensive jirospect. The little island,
St. Helier, about a mile in circuit, contains Elizabeth castle,
which is wholly occupied by the governor and garrison; it
is a peninsula from half flood to half ebb, during which time
there? is a passage, called the bridge, which is half a UHie
long, and formed of sand and stones. 1 1 leads to the towo,
which is well paved, anil has wide streets. '^I'lie inhabitants
are computed to be2(V)0, and in their place of worship the
French and English languages are used alternately. Lat.
49.11. N. Ion. 2. 10 \V.
HELIOCE'NTIIIC, s. [from helios, the sun, and hentron,
the centre, Gr.] in astronomy, applied to the place of a
planet, as it would appear to us iVoni the sun, if the eye
were tixe<l in its centre.
IIE'LIOSCOIM'',, s. [Fr. from /(c7i".t, the sim, and shopco,
to look, Gr.] a kind of telescope filtetl for looking at the
body of the sun, without hurling the eyes.
HELIOTROPE, s. [from lielias, the sun, and trepho, to
tinii, Gr.J the sun-flower.
liELISPHE'RIC.VL, rt. [from /le/ixand spliere] in naviga-
tion, applied to the rhumb line, because on the globe it winds
spirally round the pole, advancing continually nearer and
nearer towards, without terminating in it.
HE'LIX, s. [Gr. I a spiral line, or that which resembles a
corkscrew.
HELL, f. [Iielle, Sax.] the place wheriiu the devil and
wicked souls are conlined ; the wicked spirits, or inhabi-
tants of hell; a place of inconceivable misery. Used in
former times for the state of the dead. " He descended
info hell." Apostles' Creed.
HELL-BROTH, f. a composition boiled up for internal
purposes.
HE'LI^DOOMED, a. consigned to hell.
HELLEBORE, s. [//e/Wmus, Lat.J a plant, the root of
which was formerly used as a cathartic, but of little esteem
in modern practice; the Christmas-flower.
HELL-HOUND, s. [helle hund. Sax.] the fabled dog
which guards the infernal regions. Figurativaly, an agent
or emissary of the devil.
HELLENIST!, s. [IVom lidhn, a Cireok, Gr.] an idiom,
phrase, or manner of expression, peculiar to the Greek.
HE'LLESPONT, i. a narrow arm of the sea, betwixt En-
rope on the W. Asia on the E. the Propontis or sea of Mar-
mora northward, and the Egean sea, now called the Archi-
pelago, southward. It is now called the Dardanellian
Straits, or Straits of Gallipoli, taking its original name from
Helle, daughter to Athamas, king of Tiiebes, who was
drowned here.
HE'LLISH, a. [lielUce, Sax.1 having the tpialities of hell,
or the devil ; excessively wicked or malicious ; sent from
hell.
HELLISHLY, «d. in a veiy wicked and malicious man-
ner; wickedly; or like ihe devil.
HI'7LL1SHNESS, s. wickedness in excess ; any cjuality
inconsistent with goodness, rendering us like the devil.
HE LLWARD, ad. towards hell.
HELM, s. [lielm, Sax.] a covering formerly worn in war
to protect and defend the head. That part of a coat of arms
which bears the crest. The upper part or head of a retort,
in chymistry. The rudder, or board, by which the course
of a vessel is directed or altered, from Iielma, Sax. figura-
tively, a post in the administration, or the station of those
who conduct theafl'airsof a government.
To HELM, V. a. to move the helm, in order to guide or
alter the course of a vessel. Figuratively, to guide or con-
duct.
HELMED, a. wearing a helmet or head-piece.
43.'*
II £M
HE'LMET, s.\flmiiio, Itiil.] iicoveriiiE; for the Iicad \ioni
formerly in battle. In botany, tlie upper pari of a gaping
blossom.
HKLMI'NTHIC, a. ffroHi helming, a worm, Gr.J relating
to wx)rnis.
HE'LMSLEY-BL^CKMORE, or HEt.MSLEY, a town
in the N. Riding of Yorkshire, seated on the river Rye, and
wliicli lias a brook running throngh if. It is composed of
liouses well built of stone, covered with slate. It lias a
considerable nuuuifietnre of cottons and linens, and isseated
on or near the river Rye, 22 miles N. of York, and 222 N.
by W. of Eoiidon. Market on Saturday.
To IllvLP, pret. Iielped, part, helped or holpen v. a. [ficl.
mn, Sax. hilpan, Goth. J to assist a person in order to enable
him to perform any thing. Figuratively, to free from pain
or disease. To cure; to heal. To remedy. To promote ;
to forward. To help up, to enable a person to raise himself
from the ground, who could not rise without assistance.
To forbear, avoid, to refrain from, followed by a participle
of the present tense. " I cannot help remaiking." Pope.
I'o carve, or band meat to a person at table.
HELP, i. [liiilpe, Belg.] assistance or aid in weakness ;
support in necessity; relief in distress; that which forwards
or promoter the person orthing which assists. A remedy,
followed by, or. " There is no /(<■//)/«)• it." Holder. SyNON.
We use the word help, in labour; surcnnr, in danger; assist,
m want ; reliere, \n distress. The first springs fiom good-
nature ; the second, from generosity ; the third, from huma-
nity ; llio fourth, from compassion.
HE'LPER, .«. one who enables a person to perform any-
thing, by lending his assistance; a supernumerary servant,
employed oidy occasionally ; one who supplies with any
thing wanted.
HELPFlir/, «. nsefid ; tha.t supplies any defect cither
in bodily slrcngih orinulerstanding; wholesome or salutary.
Promoting or advancing any end.
HE'Ll'LICSS, a. wanting power to succour one's self;
wanting support or assistance; not to be remedied or altered
for the better.
Hli'LPLi;SSLY, ad. without succour or strength to sup-
port one's self
Hli'LPLESSNESS, s. want of strength to succour one's
self.
Hls'LSINRURG, a sea-port of Sweden, situated on the
Sound, opposite Elsiiiore.
HKLSINGI'ORS, a sea-port of Nyland, on the N. coast
of the Gulf of Pinlarul.
liE'LSTONK, a town in Cornwall, with a market on Sa-
turday. It is well inhabited, and si-nds two members to
parliament ; is govcrnid by a mayor, four aldermen, a town-
clerk, and d( pnly recorder. Here is the largest market-
bouse in the county. 'I'lie iidiabilants neither pay to the
church nor poor, these being supported by the revenues of
the town, it is one of the towns appointed for the stamping
of tin, and bi'low the town is a tolerably good harbour,
where several of the tin ships take in their lading. It is 14
miles S. W.of ralmonlli, and 271 S. by W. of Lonilon.
HE'LTI>I{-SKE1.T1'>R, ml, in a confused maimer; in a
Inirry ; without any order or regularity. Skinner supposes
this word to be derived from heolsirr sceadii. Sax. the dark-
ness of bell, savshe, bcinga place of confusion.
\\V.\y\\s.\helfe, .Sax.] the handle of an axe.
IIKLVK'TIC, a. something that has a relation to tlie
Switzers, or inhabitants of the Swiss cantons, who were
aniie.pllv callerl Hihrlii.
HELVOr/l'SMJYS, a seaport of Holland, on the S. side
of the Island of Voorn, with tJie best harbour on the coast,
frefiuented by the English packet boats, in time of peace.
The principal )>art of the Dutch nary is laid up hen-, in a
spacion> basin at the endofthe harbour. It is 5 miles nearly
S. of the Rriel. Lat. .^1. 4.^. N. Ion. 4. 2:5. E.
HEM, f. \liem, Sax.] the edge fif a garment doubled and
sewed to keep it from ravelling; the noise made by a
iudilenctfort.or expulsion of the breath, from /i«»nmf)/, Belj;.
43fl
HEN
HEl\r, iiiieiject. [Lai.] a word used (o expre.s3 ao indi-
rect dislike or astonishment at something related.
To HIvM, I', a. to close the edge of linen by turning it
over, and sewing it down, in order to keep it from ravelling.
Figuratively, to sew any thing on the edges of cloth, &c.
Tohem in, to inclose, confine, or surround' on all sides. To
make a noise by a violent fetching or expulsion of breatlt.
H l'7M ATITE, a kind of iron ore, which is made use of in
burnishing.
HEM I, J. a word used in the composition of divers terms,
signifviug the same with demi, or semi, viz. one half.
HE'MICRANY, s. ffroni hemisys, half, and kranion, the
head, Gr.] in medicine, a pain which afl'ects one half of the
head at a time.
HE'iMICYCLE, s. [from hemxsys, half, and hyhlos, a circle,
Gr.] a half round.
HE'MINA, s. [from hemisys, half, Gr. because it was half
the sextarius] an antieut measure, now used in medicine to
signify about ten ounces in measure.
H1')'MIPLEGY, s. [from hemisijs, half, and /)/c«o, to strike,
Gr.] in medicine, a palsy, or nervous disorder which seizes
one side at a time.
HE'MISPHERE, {himisfere) s. [from hemisijs, half, and
snhaira, a globe, Gr.] one half of a globe when cut through
the centre, in the plane of one of its great circles.
Ht:MISpnF;HIC, or HEMISPHERICAL, {hemisTtrik,
or hemisfaitud) a. half round; containing half a globe.
HEMI'SMIC, i. [from hemisys, half, and stichos, a \erse,
Gr.l half a verse.
HEMLOCK, t. [hemloc. Sax.] in botany, a plant some-
times used in medicMie, and in fattening hogs, but reckoned
by the antieiils a deadly poison.
"HEMORRHAGE, or H^'MORRHAGY, s. [from
hnima, blood, and reo, to flow, Gr.] a violent flus of
blood.
HEMORRHOIDS, s. [from AaiMi*. blood, and »fo, to flow.
Gr.J the piles; the emerods.
HEMOKUHOIDAL, a. [from /lainw, blood, and reo, t» '
flow, Gr.] belonging to the veins in the fundament. ' '
HEMP, s.yiiaiiip. Sax] a plant of which cordage and
cloth is made; and of the seed, an oil used in medicine.
Hemp agrimoiuj, a plant found wild by ditches, and sides of
rivers.
HE'MPEN, a. consisting or made of Iiemp.
HE'MPSTKD, or Hemel Hempsted, a town of
Hertfordshire, seated among hills, on a branch of the river
Coin, called the Gade, 18 miles S. W. of Hertford, and 23
N. \V. of London. A very large market on Thursday.
Eleven pair of mills stand w ithin 4 miles of the place.
HEN^, i. [/icHHc, Sax.] the female of the common liouse-
cock ; joined to words to express the female of such birds
or fowls as have but one w ord for both sexes j as, hen-
sparrow.
HENBANE, s. a very poisonous plant.
HE'NBIT, s. a herb,, the same with the hedge nettle;
the great henbit is a kind of archangel; the lesser, the ivy-
leaved speedwell.
MLNCE, ad. or interject. \Jiemian, Sax.] at a distance
from any spot, applied to place ; therefore /cow htnce is a
vicious, expression, which is crept into use even amoDj;
good authors, as the primary sense of the word hence was ft>l^
gotten. From any particular instance or period, applied to
time. Fortius reason; from Ihiscause; from this source.
" Hence may be deduced the force of exercise." Arlndh.
At the beginning of a sentence, it i> used as an interjection,
expressing sudden passion and disdain, bidding a person cjuit
the placei or leave ort" an action. " Henct with your little
ones." Shak.
HENCEFORTH, ad. \/ie„on forth, Sax.] from this rime
forward.
1 1 EN C EFO RW A RD, ad. [htonan forwcard. Sax.] from this
time ; to futurity.
H E'NCHM.^N, *.[Aynf, Sax. and man] a page; ao attto-
daiit. Obsolete.
HEN
11 EN
To HEND, V. a. [Iiendan, Sax.] to seize or lay Iiold upon ;
to surrouiKl, or crowd.
H KN U K'CAGON, s. [hendehn, eleven, and ffnvr, an aii;;le,
Gr.] '11 geometry, a figure that Iras eleven sides, and has
manv aiiijies.
HE'NbRIVER, HEN-HARM, or IlETSI-HARRIER, .-.
a species of liawk.
lll'J'N-HKARTED, a. easily frightened; timorous ; cow-
ardly : lil<e a hen.
HENLEY Ul'ON THAMES, an antiont town of Ox-
fordshire, the inhabitants of which are generally aialslers,
raealnieii, hargenien, iVc. It is seated on ihe Thanics, oyer
which it has a lar^e, elegant, stone bridge, and ,by whii h
prodigious quantities of malt, corn, flour, and wood, are sent
to I^ndon.by barges, 24 miles S. E. of Oxford, and .35 W.
of London. Its markets, which arc very considerable, are
on Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday.
HE'NLEYIN AUi)EN, a town' in Warwickshire, situ-
ated near the river Arrow, 10 miles N. W. of Warwick, and
102 W. N. W. of London. Market on Tuesday.
HE'N-FECKED, a. figuratively, subject to, or governed
by, a wife.
HE'N-PvOOST, s. a place where poultry rest.
HENRY I. surnamed Reauclerc, youngest son of William
L ascended the throne of England while his brother Robert
was returning from the Holy Land. William de Rreteuil,
and otherlords, would have seized the crown and sceptre at
Winchester, with the royal treasure there deposited, alleging
they were obliged by oath to acknowledge Robert for king,
in case William died without heirs, accoixlin'; to the treaty
between the two brothers. There was ([uickly a great con-
course of people from all parts; and Henry, well knowing
how they stood aH'ected, drew his sword, and swore no man
should take possession of the crown but whom the people
approved. The lords hereupon retired to a room to consult
what was proper to be done, whilst the people, with loud
acclamations, made the name of Henry resound in their ears;
»o, fearing that the opposing the inclinations of the people
might bring on acivil war, they resolved that Henry should
succeed to tlie crown. Upon this Henry made haste to
London, and the next day, August 5, 1 100, w as crow iied by
Maurice, bishop of that see, who administered to liini the
Nsual oath. To secure himself on the throne, he wisely be-
gan his reign by reforming abuses, redressing grievances,
and doing many popular things, according to his late pro-
mise; and granted acharter of liberties, confining the royal
authority within its antient bonnds, renouncing the unjust
prerogatives the two late kings had usurped, restoring the
church to her former rights, and confirming the laws oi' king
Edward. He moreover remitted all arrears of debt to the
crown, and appointed a standard for weights and measures
throughout Ihe kingdom. In 1101 Henry recalled Anselm,
archbishop of Canterbury, and married Pilatilda, or Maud,
daughter of Malcolm, king of Scotland, by Margaret, sister
to Edgar Atheling ; by which means the royal tamily of the
Saxons was united with that of Normandy. Robert had still
a great party in tiie kingdom for him, and upon his landing
at Portsmouth was received w ithont opposition. But Henry
managed matters so well by means of Anselm, who was in
great credit with the people, that Robert's measures were
quitedisconcerted,and matters were accommodated between
them, upon condition,that, if one of the two brothers died with-
out issue, the survivor should succeed to his dominions ; that
the king should deliverup to Robert the castles in Normandy
that were garrisoned with English, and should pay him 3000
marks a year. In 1103 a contest began between the king
and archbishop Anselm, about the right of investiture of bi-
shops and abbots, and their doingnomage to the king.which
Henry insisted on as a prerogative derived from his ances-
tors ; but a council at Rome decreed, that no bishops should
receive investiture from laymen. This contest ran liigh, and
lasted several years ; at last it was compromised by Henry's
renouncing the right of investiture, and the pope's allowing
the bishops and abbots to do homage to the king for their
temporalities. And now his attention was called to another
atlair. Robert de Belesme, to be revenged un tiic king,
who had caused him to be proclaimed a traitor, I'ell upon
such of his subjects as had lands in Normandy. Uuke Robert
marched against him, but was worsted, and in the end was
forced to clap up a peace w ith him on dishonouiable terms ;
notw ithstanding which, Belesme ravaged the country ; here-
upon some of the chief men in Norinandy applied to the
k\n<' of England for relief. Henry, wanting to get tins
•luc-hy into his own hands, passed over into Normandy, and
had grcat.success in his first campaign ; but in his second,
Robert, perceiving his design, and hiniiig in vain sued for
j)cace,joined with Belesme and the rest against him, who
led all their forces to his assistance. Robert having a consi-
derable army, gave his brother battle under the walls of
Tinchebiay, which was besieged by Henry. The Laltle
lasted not long; Robert was beaten, and taken prisoner, as
were also Edgar Atheling, the earl of Morlaigne, -lOU
knights, and 1000 soldiers. Prince Edgar was set at liberty,
and passed the remaijider of his dayi> in I'.ngland. The earl
of Mortaigne was'imprisoned in the Tower of Londou, and
duke Robert in Carditl'e castle, in Wales, where he remained
to his death, which happened about twenty-six years alter.
The king, by this battle, w hich was fought m 1 1(»7, was mas-
ter of all Normandy, and returned in triumph to England,
where he behaved with great arrogance, and permitted any
abuses which lunieil to his profit. The king (bd not enjoy
Norinandy (piielly ; for Lewis le Gros, king of France, in-
vested William Crito, duke Robert's son, uitli the duchy of
Normanfly, and a smart war was carried on for some time ;
nt last, in 1120, a peace was concluded between the two
kings. But to return back; in 1109 the king's daughter,
Maud, was married t« the emperor Henry V. nhich furnish-
erfhim with a pretence for laying a tax of 3*. on every hide
of land, in order to pay her maniage portion, which rabed
an immense sum. About this time died that haugluy prelate
Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury ; the king seized on the
revenues of the archbishopric, and kept tlieiii five years in
his hands. The next year was remarkable for the lestora-
linn of learning at Cand)ridge, where it had for a long time
been tpiite neglected. In, 1112 great numbers of Flemings,
being obliged to leave their country by the inundation of the
sea, came into England, and were settled about Ros and
Pembroke. About this time the Welsh committed great ra-
vages upon the frontiers; but Henry marching agaiiist them,
they retired to the mountains. Some years after they com-
mitted the like depredations, which occasioned another in-
vasion of Wales, but that soon ended in a peace ; however,
Henry obliged them to give him hostages, and liioo head of
cattle, to make him amends for the charge of the war. In
1115 Henry got the states of Normandy to swear fealty to
prince William his son, then 12 years old ; and the year fill-
lowing he did the same in England, to sec-urc the crown to
his family. In 1118 queen Matilda died. A vearor two after
prince William his son was unfortunately drowned as he was
returning from Normandy, by the ship ttriking on a rock,
and his whole company, amounting to aljout 150, except a
very few who saved themselves by swimming. However,
the king, desirous of another son, married Adelicia,daughtfr
of CieottVey, earl of Louvnin ; but siic never proved with
child. In 1125 cardinal John deCrema, the pope's legate,
came over to England, to put the finishing stroke to the ce-
libacy of the clergy. A synod being' convened at London,
he got some severe canons passed against such ecclesiastics
as persisted in keeping their wives. The design of the court
of Rome, in thus contending for the single life of fhe clergy,
was to make them independentoft.lie civil power, and to in-
corporate them into a society apart, to be governed by its
own laws, which could not be so w eii done, whilst the clergy
were allowed to marry, and have children. King Heury,
by his seeming zeal on this article, politically got from the
pope a power to put it in execution ; which done, he gave
the pi'iests liberty to keep their wives, upon paying him a
sum of money for a.dispensutiosi. Tlie king having no ciiiW
4i7
HEN
HEN
by his second wife, after having been married to her six
years, in 1127 assembled a great council, and got them to
acknowledge his daughter Maud, who was returned to
England upon the emperor's death, presumptive heir to liie
crown. Stephen, earl of Bulloign, who was afterwards
king, was the first who took the oath of allegiance to her, in
case Henry died without male issue. Soon after he married
iter to Geoffrey Plantageiiet, earl of Anjou. In 1133, he
caused the states of Normandy to take an oath of fealty to
her and prince Henry her son. King Henry went over to
Normandy the latter end of the summer, and died there on
Dec. 1, 11.33, in the 68tb year of his age, and 36th of his
reign. His body was brought over and buried in the abbey
ofiieading, which he had founded. He built several other
abbeys, with the priory of Dunstable, and founded the sees
ofEly and Carlisle. Henry was of a middle stature, and ro-
bust make, w ith dark biow n hair, and blue serene eyes. He
was facetious, fluent, and atlable to his favourites. His ca-
pacity, naturally good, was improved and cultivated in such
a manner, that he acquired the snrnau)e of Beauclerc by his
learning. He was cool, cautious, politic, and penetrating;
bis courage was unquestioned, and his fortitude invincible.
He was vindictive, cruel, and implacable ; inexorable to
offenders, rigid and severe in the execution of justice, and,
though temperate in his diet, a voluptuary iu his amours,
which produced a numerous family of illegitimate issue. His
Norman descent and connections with the continent inspired
}iim with a contempt for the English, whom he oppressed in
the n)ost tyrannical manner, not only by increasing the num-
ber of the forests, which w ere too numerous before, but also
by his unconscionable exactions ; in consequence of which
he was enabled to maintain expensive wars on the continent,
and was allowed to be the richest prince in Europe when be
died.
HENRY H. was in Normandy when king Stephen died,
the empress Maud his ninlher having delivered up that
duchy to him. He arrived in England about six weeks after
the late kin^ expired, and was crow ned at Westminster, Dec.
19, 1154, being then in the 23d year of his age. He was the
first of the race of the Plantagenets, and had been for some
time earl of Anjou, &c. by the death of his father Geoffrey
Plantagenet, earl of Anjou, Ac. He was also possessed of
Poietoii, (juicnne, and Saintonge, by virtue of his marriage
with Eleanor, heiress of the house of Poictiers, after Lewis
the V'ovHig, king of France, had divorced her. In him tlie
Saxon line was restored, he being descended by the mother's
side from the Saxon kings. The lirst acts of his reign seemed
to promise an liap|)y and prosperous administratiou. He in-
stantly disuiissrd the mercenary soldiers w ho had committed
the greatest disorders throughout the nation. He ordered
all the castles which had been erected since the death of
flenry I. to be dcMiiilislied, except a few which he retained
in his own hands for the protection of the kingdom. The
adulterated coin which had been struck during the reign of
Stephen was erii-d <l()wri, and new money struck of the right
value and standard. He resumed many of those benefactions
which had be< n madi' to churches and nionastci ies in the
former reigns. He gave charters to several towns, by w hich
the citizens claimed (heir freedom and privilegis indepen-
dent of any suyn'rior but himself. These eharlers were the
Rrouud wfirkof the I'aiglish. liberty; for thus a new order,
namely, the more opnleiit of the people, beg;ni to claim a
share in t'ne administration, as well as the nobility and
clergv. Thus the feuilal government was at first impaired;
and liberty In gan to be more equally diHused thiimghont
die nation. He went over to flo homage to the king of
France in 11.10, for the proviufcs beheld there; but the
ehief nu)tive of his crossing the sea was to recover Anjou
'iirn bis brollipr (ieoflVey. In 1107 ho marched with a
grent army into Wales, to revenge their ravages on tin (roii-
iiers; but they retired to their mountains, as usual, where,
having pent thcTii up for sonni time, and laid waste their
connlry, he granted them a peace, by one of the ai tides re-
Qcrvjng to hijivselftlie liberty of cutting large roads tinough
their woods, that he might more easily penetrate into their
country. Ju II j8 prince Richard was born, and a few days
after king Henry was crow ned a second time in the suburbs
of Liucohi. The next year the king had another son boru,
who was named Geoffrey ; and the same year he was crown-
ed again, together with his queen, at Worcester. About
this time his brother GeotlVey dying, he went over to France
to lay claim to the earldom of Nants, which he obtained, and
concluded a marriage between his eldest son Henry, about
five years old, and Alargaret, the French king's daughter,
w ho was not above so many niouths ; he also made a treaty
with Conan duke of Bretague, tor marrying the duke's daugl>-
ter Constance Vo Cieoffrey, Henry's third son, then but a lew
months old ; which marriage being celebrated five years
alter, Geoffrey became duke of Bretagne on his father-in-
law's death. Henry revived bis queen's title to Toulouse ;
but the king of France opposed him, upon which, in re-
venge, Henry ravaged his territories ; how ever, a treaty was
concluded without making any mention of Toulouse. The
war soon after broke out between the two nionarchs, upon
Henry's precipitating the marriage between prince Henry
and the daughter of Lew is, when the former was but seyen,
and the latter but three years old ; quickly after she was
brou";ht to England to be educated. Henry did this in order
to take possession of Gisorsfor his son, which the princess
was to have for her dower ; bwt this war was soon ended by
the mediation of pope Alexander HI. to whom both kings
paid a most servile submission, each alighting, and taking
hohl of the rein of his bridle, to conduct him to his lodgings.
The affairs above related detained Henry in France four
years, and he returned to England 1103. Peace was settled
abroad, but his repose was disturbed by a domestic vexation,
which gave him a vast deal of trouble for several years ; this
was the famous contest between him and Thomas Becket,
archbishop of Canlei bury. The pride and ambition of the
clergy were got to such an exorbitant height as to be detri
mental to the state, and prejudicial to the royal authority ;
they pretended '<n exemi)tion from the civil power, ami
Henry had come to a resolution to redress this grievance,
and to reduce them within some tolerable bounds. When »
clergyman was accused of a criijic, he was tried in the eo
clesiastiea-l court, from whence there was no appeal: here
the utmost pailiality was shewn, and the most heinous crimes
were only punished with degradation. The king, being re-
solved to relorni these abuses.thought Becket, who had been
his high chancellor, wonlci have been serviceable to him in
this good design, and made him archbishop of Canlerbury
for that \ery purpose. When the king first mentioned his
design to theaichbishop, lie vehemently opposed it ; but re-
s<dviiig to flo that in spite of his edoils to the contrary,
which he thought to do by his assistance, he convened the
chief lords of the kingdom, both spiritual and temporal, and
proposed to them a regulation, which tended to make theni
more subject to the civil (mwer. The temporal loids agreed
to these articles without any hesitation, but the bishops anil
abbots refused to do it without the addition of this savin;;
clause, " saving the rights of the clergy and church,' which
wasdoing nothing atall, till the king threatened lliem, and
then they complied ; and even Becket, alter standing out a
great while, consented without the saving clause. Soon af-
ter the king got these articles confirmed by an assend)ly ge-
neral, or pailianieut, which he convened at Clarendon ; and
here also the jnelales, through fear, complied, and the arch-
bishop was w ith ireat ditru ulty prevailed on by his brethren
to give his consent to these arliiles. When these articles
were sent to pope Alexander HI. tor his sanction, he [tre-
sently c<mdeinned them, as i)rejudieial to the church, npou
which Becket openly declared, that be repented of liaviug
promised t(j subscribe them ; and the pope absolved hiiu.anti
promised to stand by him. The archbishop became moie in-
solent than ever, and ibis contest Ix Iweeu the king and bim
( ontiinicd a considerable time. In I Ki.O the king's daughtei
Maud was married to Henry duke of Sa\ony, from which
marriage descends his iircsent majesty kin;; Gcor^*;. l>:
?IRN
Jl EN
1I6C prince Julm was Imni ;'atui a lillli> aflcrllip niipross
Maud, iIk' luiif;'.s iiii>lln'r, of wliom so iiiiuli is said in Sle-
pliPMs loi^Mi, (lied iiitiie 07tli year ot'lier a^'p, and «as hu-
tiod at lioan, in Noiinandy. Tlie Iviii^', Imvin^ iccovcrcd
from a dangerous fit of illnoss, was desirous ol' passin;,' the
rest of his days in (piict, uliicli the pope llirealencd more
and more to disluil), by lliini<lrriii;,' out against liiui llic cen-
Sliresof tlie eluneli ; and llier<'fore ordered matters so that he
was thoroughly recoiieiled to Beeket, and swore to restore
him to his former slate, protesliii<; he lieartiiy forgave all that
was passed. This reconciliation was sincere enouj;h on the
kinj;'s side, but not so on I'xcket's. He no sooner arrived in
England, that) lie suspended the archbishop of ^'oilt, and
exeommiMiicated some other bishops who had taken part
with the king ai;ainst him, and proceeded to the same .lets
of severity against other sreat men. The bishops, thus jjut
under the censures, repaired to the king in Normandy, and
made heavy complaints against Heckct's revengeful spirit.
The king was so provoked at his turbulent behaviour, that he
spoke aloud to the following purport : " It is my great un-
happiness, that, anion" all my servants, there is not one who
dares to avenge the an'ronis 1 am receiving from a wretched
priest." From this time four of the king's (lomestics entered
into a plot against Becket's life: accordingly, coming to
Canterbury, tliey took an opportunity to follow him into the
cathedral, and advanced after him up to the allar ; where
they fell upon him, and split his skull with their swords, so
that Ills blood and brains flew a'll over the altar. This hap-
pened in 1171. The next year Henry sent over some forces
to make a conquest of Ireland; tliey had great success, and
Henry following with a/ormidable army, landed at Wafer-
ford, upon which the Irish voluntarily submitted, and Henry
became master of Ireland. He left Hugh Lacy there to go-
vern in his name, with the title of grand justiciary of Ire-
land, and set out for England. From l'>nglaud he went over
to Normandy, to meet the pope's legates, w ho were t'jere to
examine into Becket's murder; where, after having declared
his sorrow for the imprudent words he had dropped, which
occasioned the prelate's assassination, he was absolred, upon
promising to perforin all that was required of him in favour
of the pope and chnrcl),and to do penance at Becket's tomb,
which lie did upon his return into England the next year ; for,
landinr,' at Southampton, he proceeded directly to Canter-
bury, and, as soon as he ca.iie in sightof the town, he alighted,
pulled ofl'his boots, and walked barefoot three miles, till he
came to the tomb, where he submitted himself to be shame-
fully scourged by the prior and monks of St. Augustin. In the
absence of Henry, a conspiracy was formed against him by
his queen Eleanor, and his sons, Henry, Richard, and Geof-
frey- Queen Rleanor was moved to this by her extreme
jealausy, which had put her on dispatching Rosamond
Clifford, commonly called Fair Rosamond, daughter of lord
Clifford, the king's chief mistress. The sons wanted sove-
reignty. Ill short, the kinsi; was in danger of losing ail his
dominions in France, and William king of Scotland invaded
the northern part of England: however, Henry got the bet-
ter of all his eiieniies, and the king of Scotland was taken
prisoner, and obliged to do homage for tli(> kingdom of Scot-
fend in general, and the county of Galloway in particular,
and a pi'ace was restored, 1171. He now applied himself
to the afi'airs of government, and, about the year 1176, he
divided England into circuits, appointing itinerant judges
to go at certain times of the year, and hold the assizes, or
administer justice to the people ; whicn is practised at this
day. About the same time London-bridge began to be built
of stone, by Peter Coleman, a priest. The king, the pope's
leg;atc, and the archbishop of Canterbury, contributed to-
wards the work. It was finished in about 3."? years, during
which time the course of the Thames was turned another
way, by a trench cut for that purpose from Battersea to Ko-
therhithe. Henry, who had been all his life a slave to his
lust, fell in love with Alice, the daughter of Lew is of France,
who was put into his hands to be educated in England, and
vfho was designed for his son Richard ; but he detained the
vor.ng princess fioinhiiu: this disconlenled liini. Prince
llenry au<l prime <i(ollrey were discontented (nr want of
authority ; so that, in 1 18J, their desigim began to break out
into action, and young Henry repaired to (Juienne to stir up
the Gaseous to revolt ; but lie (lied of a fever, 1183. Iljs
brother (ieoliVey did not long survive hnii. The death of the
young king put a stop for some time to the tn.ubles tliat
were begniniiig to distract the royal family. But prince
Richard, who was now hi'ir to the crown, began about two
years afterwards to raise fresh distui I'ances in the king's
foreign dominions. He got the provinces to revolt, and
ackno\sl('dge him for their sovereign, and did homage
for them to I'liilip king of France. This occasioned a war
between the two nionarchs, and IIe:'.iv, now deserted by
his French subjects, was obliged at last, II Si), to make
lieacewith I'liilii) upon clishoiiuiualile terms. Henry died
July Ctli, 11S9, in the? .'j7tli year of his ;>{;e, and 33lli
of liis reign. He had five sons by Eleanor his quee.i,
of whom only Richard and John survived him. Hi^
daughter Eleanor was nuirried to Alphonso king of Cas-
tile, and Joanna to William II. king of Sicily. Heiirv H.
was of the middle stature, and the most exact |)ropcrtioii ;
his countenance was round, fair, and ruddy; his blue eyes
were mild and engaging, except in a transport of passioii,
when they sparkled like lighti.ing, to the terror cjf the be-
holders. He was broad-chested, strong, muscular, and in-
clined to be corpulent, though he prevented the bad effect*
of this disposition by hard exercise and coutinual fatigue;
he was temperate ia his meals, even to a degree of abst<-
nence, and seldom or never sat down, except at supper; he
was eloquent, agreeable, and fircetious ; remarkably courte-
ous and polite; conipassionatetoall in distress; so charitable
that he constantly allotted one tenth part of his househohl
provisions to the poor; and, in a time of dearth wliicii
prevailed in Anjouand Le Maine, he maintained ten thou-
sand indigent persons, from the beginning c)f spring to the
end of autumn. His talents, naluially good, he liad culti-
vated with great assiduity, and delighted in the conversation
of learned men, to whom he was a generous benefactor.
His memory was so surprisingly teiiaceous, that he never for-
got a face nor a circumstance that was worth remembering.
■Though superior to all his contemporaries in strength,
riches, true courage, and military skill, he never engaged
in war without reluctance ; and was so averse to bloodshed,
that he expressed uncommon grief at the loss of every
private soldier. Yet was he not exemplcd fiom human
frailties; his passions, naturally violent, often hurrie.d him
into excess; he was prone to anger, transported with the
lust of power, and in particular accused '■>{ incontinence.
However, on the whole, he was the king, the priest, the
father of his country, and one of the most powerful and
illustrious monarchs that ever flourished on the English
throne.
HENRY HI. succeeded his father king Jnhn ; he was
then in the lOthyear of hisage. As soon as Jcjhn was dead,
the earl of Pembroke convened the lords who had constantly
adhered to tliat prince,and presenting young Henry to them,
said, "Behold your kingl'and then ma'kingapatheticspeech
to them, which was applauded by the whole assembly,
cried out, " Henry shall be our king!" and he was crowned
at Gloucester, Oc:t. 2S. After the coronation, the lords chose
the earl of Pembroke guardian to the young king, and regent
of the kingdom; and then many of the confederate barons
began to think of making their peace with the new king.
Prince Lewis being obliged to raise the siege of Dover, and
being excommunicated by the pope's legate, contributed
very much to their submission. A truce was agreed for
four months; in the mean time Lewis wentover into France
for fresh forces, and in his absence many of the barons made
their peace wi:!i the king. On May 19, 1217, a great
battle was fought, in which the French army was totally
routed. AUtr this, Lewis met with such bad success, that
he was obliged to sue for peace ; and so a treaty was eott-
cluded on Sept. 11. whereby it was agreed, that all whc> ha<J
439
II EN
HEN
side J with liiiii bliouUl be rrstored to whatever rights and
privileges fliov enjoyed before the troubles, and Lewis re-
iKunceri all manner of pretensions to Enj;land ; soon after
whicli he set sail for France, leaving Henry in full posses-
sion of llie kingdom. Affairs beinR thus happily setlled,
tire regent, to givt' a further satisfaclion to the minds of the
people, sent positive orders to all the sheriffs to see the two
charters of king John punctually observed ; which not hav-
ing ail the eii'ect he intended, he sent itinerant justices ilito
all the counties, to see the strict observance of them ; but,
to tlie great grief of the kingdom, he was taken ofl by death,
1219. After the death of Ihe earl of Pembroke, the govern-
ment, during the king's minority, was committed to the bi-
shop of Winchester, who was made regent; and [Hubert de
Berrg, who had defended Dover, was made justiciary. In
1221, the new building of Westmijister abbey was begun,
king Henry himself laying the first stone. The (same year
Joanna, the king's sister, was married to Alexander H. king
f)f Scotland, and Hubert de Berrg married to Alexand'er's
eldest sister. Hubert de Berrg got the ascendency with the
king his master over the bishop of Winchester, and so insi-
nuated himself into the royal favour, that he roselo an exor-
bitant degree of power, which he exercised in a most illegal
and arbitrary maimer. Tho!if;h he was in eftect prime mi-
nister, yet, as the bishop of Winchester, who was appointed
regent by the parliament, was, by his oliice, superior to him,
be contrived to get him removed. Lewis VIH. king of
France, who succeeded his father Philip, broke the peace
with the English, 1224, and conliscated all the territories
Ihey held in France. LTpon this a parliament was called,
and a 15th upon moveables was granted, on condition the
ehartersof king John were sVrictly observed for the future.
The king promised, but took little care to perform. With
the money he raised an army, and sent it to Guienne ; but
we do not find that it made any great progress there. In
1226, the parliament declared the king at age, though he was
not yet so old as the law required, which was twenty-one ;
after which he obliged all those w ho had charters to renew
them, in order to raise money to fill his [coffers. Hubert de
Berrg wholly governed him, he liaving got the king to dis-
tress the bishop of Winchester, and to send him lo his dio-
cese. The king began to lose the affections of his people.
What most contributed to it was his annulling, ajl of a sud-
den, tiie two charters of the king his father, which he had
solemnly swore to observe, pretending he was not bound by
what he had promised in his minority ; and, having spent
the winter in extorting, great sums of money from his sub-
jects, the spiing following, 1220, went over with liis army
into France, and returned again into England, having,
through his neglect, effected nothing. In 1233, the kin>;
demanded a subsidv of the parlianiint, for the payment of
his debts contracted on account of his expeditions against
I'" ranee ; but had the morlitiea'inu to be refused, as so ill a
use had been made of the money that lii'd been granted him.
A general odium being raised against Hubert de Berrg, the
king was prevailed upon to dismiss him. But the bishop of
Winehcsler, who w;^s now prime minister, humouring the
[lassioiis and inclinations of the king, accpiired an exorbitant
)K>W(r, .\ liieli he iiadc a worse use of than even Hubert
do Berrg himself, lie I'epresiiited to the king, that the ba-
rons wi're too poweiful, and that they wanted to make them-
selves iiid< i^eriilenl ; luid that the only way to repress them,
was tosen<l for a niniilHr of foreigners, and give tlieui the
\ .ares the barons held ; and accordingly he invited .over
great nund)ers of Poiclevins, his counlrynieii. 'ihis exaspe-
rated the barons; who, upon the king's summoning them to
parliament, instead of mcetiug according totlie summons,
^e!ll deputies to him, loac(|uaint him, llial if he did not re-
move the bishop of Wimliesler and the I'oictevins, they
w<'re refoUed I,) set another piince upon th;' throne, who
should govern accijrdiiig to law. 'Ihe ki'tg endeavoured lo
reduce flieui by I'oice of arms ; but s'.>^ie of tliciii breaking
the confedMacv, left the rest to his resentment. The
rail o*' Pembroke retired into SValcs, ami being. assisted by
4m'i
prince Lewellyn, he routed llie royal army, and Henry it-
tired to Gloucester; upon which the bishop of Winchester
procured an order to be signed in cowncil, and sent to the
governors of Ireland, to plunder the estates of the eail of
Pembroke.promising they should have more estates for their
pains. This had the desired eflect ; it drew the carl over
thither, wherein a battle he was treacherously stabbed in the
back. However, by the representations of the archbistiop
of ("anterbury lo the king, the bishop was disgraced and sent
to his diocese, and his creatures turned out, and ordered to
give an account of their actions, and of the money that had
passed through their hands; but they took sanctuary in
churches. This was in 12^4. In 123G the bishop went t«
Rome, and died 1238. In 1236, king Henry married Elea-
nor, second daughter to Raymond earl of Provence. He
now gave himself wholly up to the direction of the queen's
relations, and other foreigners, their adherents, loading them
with gifts, pensions, &c. which, together with the grievances
occasioned by this measure, was the cause of perpetual dis-
putes and misunderstandings between the king and his par-
liaincnl, for near 30 years, and endcc| at last in a civil war,
called the barons' war. In 1239, the queen was delivered
of a prince, who was named Edward. The pope had so
great an ascendency, that in 1240 he non)inate<l 300 Italians
to the vacant benefices. In 1245, the queen was delivered
of another son, who was named Edmund. The court of
Rome continuing its exaction, the parliament, 1246, in let-
ters signed by the king, the bishops, and the barons laid be-
fore the pope tl'.eir grievances; but met with no redress.
About ;ihis lime died Isabella, queen dowager of England,
and coimtessof March ; for she married the earl of March
after king John's death. In 1248, the king demanded a ecw
subsidy from his parliament, which they refused ; and upon
their representing to him their grievances on account of the
foreigners, he dissolved them, for fear of their proceeding to
more vigorous measures ; and to supply his wants, hewa<».
forced to sell his plate and jewels, which being quickly pur-
chased by the citizens of London, who always pleaded
poverty, when the granting him any aid was in question, he,
in resentment, set up a fair in Westminster, to last 15 days ;
during which the Londoners were commanded to shut up
their shops ; and all fairs, that used lo be kept at that time,
were prohibited all over England. Henry very impoliticly
fell out with Simon de Montfort, who had married his sister,
and was made earl of Leicester: in a great passion he called
the earl Traitor ; upon w Inch he, in a great passion, told the
king, he lied, and that, if he were not a king, he would
make him eat his words. However, the king was obliged to
conceal that resentment which burned within him. The
barous began now to exert themselves, and in a parliament
held at Oxford, 1258, the confederacy was so strong against
the king, (the barons coming well attended and well armed)
that they compelled him in effect to lay; down the sovereign
authority, and to lodge it in 24 commissioners, 12 to be cho^
sen by the king, and 12 by the barons, Simon de Montfort
to be their iiresident ; who drew up some articles called The
Provisions of Oxford, in favour of llie barons, which the king
and prince Edward were obliged to swear to the observance
of, in consequence of which the foreigners were obliged to
leave the kingdom. Henry got himself absolved from his
oath by Ihe pope; and 1261, declared it. parliament he no
longer looked upon himself obliged to observe these regula-
tions. In 1263, the war broke out between the two parties,
the barons having chosen the earl of Leicester for their ge-
neral. On May 14, 1264, was fought the famous battle of
Lewes, in which Ihe royal army was routed ; king Henry,
and his brother Richaril, king of the Romans, were taken
prisoners ; as were also prince Edward (who had beaten the
Londoners in the fir-^^t attack) and Henry son to the king of
the RomaNS. And now Ihe barons drew up a new plan of
government, which was confirmed by the parliament, which
met June 22. Things continued in this situation about ^
year ; but prince Edward having the good fortune lo escape
from his confinement, raised a considerable army, and first
HEN
HEN
attacked yotni^r Montrort, who was conducfing some forcps
lo his father, and then advancing; immediately aj;iiiiist the
earl, in an obstinate and bloody fight, on Aug. 4, 12(j.>, to-
tally routed Leicester's army, and set the king his Catlifr at
liberty, the earl himself aiul his son Henry being slain on the
spot. King Henry now eontiscated the estates of the con-
federate barons, and severely chastised the city of London.
In 1271, prince Edward having settled the affairs of the
kingdom, undertook an expedition to the Holy L;ind, where
lie signalized iiiniself by many acts of valour. Henry died
it Bury St. iMlnuinds, Nov. 1(5, 1272, having reigned 5G
vears and 20 days, age<l (M, and was interred in the abbey
church of Westminster, near tlic shrine of Edward tiie Con-
fessor, wiiicii was removed tliiliier, l'i(iy, Just as tiiechureii
((he most stately then in I'Jurope) was fmisiied. He had nine
children, whereof only two sons, Edward and Edmund, and
two daughters, iVlargaretand Beatrix, survived him. Trial
by fire and water ordeal was by this king's command laid
^ide by the judges, and soon after grew (piitc out of use.
Henry was of a middle size and robust make, and his coun-
enance had a peculiar cast ffoui his left eye-lid, which hung
down so faras to cover part <if'liis eye. The particulars of
llis character may be gathered iroiii the detail of his conduct.
He was certainly ai)riiice of very mean talents ; irresolute,
inconstant, and capricious ; proud, insolent, and arbitrary ;
arrogant in prosperity, and abject in adversity ; profuse, ra-
pacious, and choleric, though destitute of liberality, eco-
nomy, and courage. Vet his coutiiieiice was praise-worthy,
as well as his aversion to cruelty ; for he contented himself
with punishing the re''els in their effects, when he might
have glutted his revenge with their blood. He was prodi-
gal to excess, and therefore always in necessity. Notwith-
standing the great sums he levied from his subjects, and
though llis occasions were never so pressing, he could not
help squandering away his money upon worthless favourites,
without considering the difficulty he always found in obtain-
ing supplies from j)arliamciit.
HE'NRY IV. duke of Lancaster and Hereford, surnamed
of Bolingbroke, from his being born there, was the eldest
son of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, and ascended the
throne upon the forced resignation of Richard H. and was
Clowned Oct. 13, 1399. The parliament meeting the day
after the coronation, first passed an act of iiideninity in fa-
vour of those who had taken arms for the king whilst only
duke of Lancaster. The king also published a general par-
don, excepting however the murderers of the duke of (!>lou-
cester. The parliament also passed an act settling the suc-
cession in the house of Lancaster. This might not liave pro-
duced any ill consequence, as Mortimer earl of March and
his brother died without issue, had not the second son of the
duke of York married Anne their sister ; which at length
proved the source of that long and bloody contest between
the houses of York and Lancaster. The convocation being
sitting at the same time with the parliament, Henry, in order
to gain the clergy to his side, sent to assure them, that he
would maintain tlieni in all their privileges and immunities,
and was ready to join with them in extirpating heresy, and
punishing obstinate heretics. And to preserve the esteem of
tliereslof his subjects, he caused all the bonds which Richard
had extorted, as well from the city of Loudon, as from the
17 counties, to be brought into chancery and publicly burnt.
Jn the year MOO a consi)iiacy broke out against the king,
wkich was snpprcssud, ami the chief conspirators were put
to death ; aiul soon alter the iHte king was assassinated.
About the time of the lato corisijiraey, Owen Glendonr got
the Welsli to rciioui-iee their sulijcelioii to England, and to
own him for tlieir sovereign ; from which lime he styled
himself prince of Wales, aiKl maintained liis authority tlierc
for some years. He made a!i iiiriirsioii into Herefordshire,
nud took Mortimer earl of Marc li prisoner, for which king:
Henry was not suny. 'I hi' Icing marelicd against Glcndour;
but. lie alwajs retiring- to the mountains of Snowdeii, it was
not possiljle. to come at him. In i-l(.i|,tlie parliament eii-
iM'^c'i the stature of premmiire, which jfavc a great blow lo
i L
fhc jtope's power in England ; and yet an act was (>btaiiipri,
by the inllucnce ol the court and the intrigues r>f the ilergy,
this session, for the ImrniMg of heretics, occasioned by liie
great increase! of the WicRlillites, or Lollards. One William
Sawtree, a Lollard, parish-priest of .St. Osilli, in London,
was immedlalcly after that condennieil by the ecchsiastical
court ; and, being delivered over lo the secular power, was
burnt alive by virtue of the king's writ, (called The writ l)e
liari-tim eomliiirendo,) directed to the mayor and shiritt's of
London. In 1402, the king married .ioau of Navarre, wi-
dow of the duke of liretagne, b\it he had no issue by her.
"^riiis year tlie .Scotch invaded Eiighind twice, and were both
times defeated by the earl of Northumberland, and Ibriry
Hntspur his son. In llo.'!, a conspiracy broke out, at the
head of which was the earl of Nortlunnberland, wlu) was
disgusted at the king's refusing to let him have the ran-
som of the .Scotch prisoners of distinction. lie engaged
Owen (ilendour in it, and it was agreed to dethrone Henry,
and place the crown on the head of Mortimer. The king
marched against them, and a battle was fought near Shrews-
bury, where the king gained a complete victory. Another
conspiracy broke out, in which was embarked Hicliard
Scroop, archbishop of York, whom Richard 11. had raised
to that dignity, with several of the nobility ; but this was
entirely suppressed, 140S. 'J'o return to the civil govern-
ment; in 1400', an act was passed to secure the freedom of
election of members of parliament, w liicli gives room to sup-
liose the king had done something inconsistent with such
f'l'eedoin. However, he ga\e his assent to this act, for the
sake of a subsidy he wanted. When the demand was made,
the parliami!nt told him, there was no apparent necessity for
it ; but in order to obtain it, he kept them so long sitting, that
they were obliged to consent to it for their own conveni-
ence. He did the same in 1410, when he rejected the peti-
tion of the commons, for repealing or altering the late bar-
barous act against the Lollards; and, lo siiewliow averse he
was to relax any thing in this point, caused one Thomas Bad-
by to be burnt, who was the second who sidfered death on
account of Wicklitfe's opinions. In the mean lime, the prince
of Wales surt'ered himself lo be so much debauched by evil
companions, that he ;rave himself ui> to riotous and disorder-
ly practices ; one of his companions being arraigned for fe-
lony, lie resolved to be present at the trial ; and while sen-
tence was passing, in a great passion he struck the judge on
the face, w ho immediately ordered hira to be arrested, and
committed to the King's Bench, the prince hereupon re-
lenting, sufiered himself to be led (piietly (o prison. King
Henry died March 20, 1413, in the IGth year of his age, and
14th of his reign. His actions hail very little worthy or emi-
nent ill them ; one thing, at least, has fixed an indelible
stain on his memory, viz. his being the first burner of here-
tics. There was, in h'is reign, a dreadful plagoe in London,
which swept away above 30,000 persons. Ilenry hail by
Mai-v de Bohun, his first wife, daughter of Humphrey, earl
of Hereford, four sons, viz. Henry, who succeeded him;
Thomas, duke of Clarence; John, duke of Bedfoid ; and
Humphrey, duke of (iloucester ; and two daughters;
Blanch, married to the elector iialatine ; and I'hilippa, to
the king of Denmark. Henry IV. was of the miildle sta-
ture, well proportioned, ami perfect in all the exercises of
arms and cliivalrv ; his countenance wassevere rather than
serene ; and his disposition sour, sullen, and reserved ; he
possessed a great share of courage, fortitude, and penetni-
tion ; was naturally imperious, though he bridled his tem-
per with caution ; "superstitious, though without the least
tincture of virtue and true religion ; and meanly parsimo-
nious, though justly censured for want of economy, and ill-
judged iJiofusion. "He was tame from caution, humble from
fear, cruel from policy, and rapacious from indigence. He
rose to the throne by perfidy and treason; established his
authoritv in the blood of ''is subjects ; and died a penitent
for his sins, because he could no longer en|oy the fruits i I
his transgressioii. During this reign, William of Wickhauj,
bishop of Winciicstcr, Sii- Robert Knolles, and Uichaid
441
•n vr.
Whitliii5jli.-n, iiiayiir of London, di-tui^'Liiilifd lliemsdvps for
(i.i;ir woiTvs of charity ;ind public fuuiidatioii. GeortVoy
CI;au(er and John Gowcr rendered thenist-lvt-s famous for
their |.o(itry, luid are lool;ed upon as t!ic fir>l reformers of
tbi' En;|lisli hngiiage.
HE'NRY V. sunuuiied Henry of Monmonlh, ascended
flip throne ui)o:) tiie death of his father, Henry IV. and was
pioclaimed Miiieh 20, 141;!, and crowned April;), follow-
in^;; after which, the iiist thiiifj lie did was to send for his
olil eonipaniwns, whoni he exhorted in a very p-.ithetic man-
iior to forsake their evil courses : and, making them hand-
some present^', cliarijed them at the same time, on pain of
his displeasure, never to come to court. He then cliose a
council of the greate.stand ablest of lii^ subjects, turned out
such jud_i(es as had abused tlieir authority, continued the de-
scrvin;,', ppvlieularly the chief -justice (lascoi};ne, who had
comni'ltcrl him for his insult in court, when prince of \Vales,
and filled up the places of those he had removed with per-
sons of the like lionour and integrity. He did also the same
with respect to inferior magistrates. 'J'he greatest blot in
his character was, his persceuling the Wicklitfites, or Lol-
lards. Rut that was more owing to the superstition of the
limes, than to his own natural temper; he often expressing
;'. dislike to such proceedings. Sir .Ichn Oldcastle, baron of
Cobhain, who was looked upon as the chief protector of the
Lolla' (Is, was the first of the nobility w ho sufiered on account
of religion. Henry, as soon as he mounted thethroiie, began
to think of recovering what the English had lost in France;
and there being great dissentions in that kingdom, Henry
irad laid hold of that opportunity, and sent ambassadors to
demand Normandy, <^c. and all tliat had been yiehled to
Edivaid HL by the treaty of Bretngne. The negociations
went on without any hopes of an accommodation; and when
Henry was just going to embark, a plot was fliscovered
against iiis person, for which the earl of Cambridge, the lord
treasurer Scroop, and Thomas Grey, a privy counsel lor, were
executed. It is thoniiht they were bribed by Freiirh gold to
carry on this conspiracy. This afl'air being over, he em-
liarked with his troops in Aug. 141.';, hiiided on the 21st at
Havre dc (iraeein Normandy, and O.icn besieged and took
Haitleur; and, resolving to march to Calais, he crossed the
Somme, Oct. 9, where the Freneii army r.nder the constable
d'Albert, four times as nuiuerousas the English, were wait-
ing to give him battle, in full confidence of victory. DavivJ
Gam, a Welsh captain, being sent to view their situation, on
his return said, "there were enough to kill, enough to take
prisoners, and enough to run away." The king was not a little
pleased with this Welshman's report. Henry, afterexhorting
liis men to put I heir trust in God, the giver of victory, attack-
ed the French. The battle began at ten in the morning, and
lasted till five ill the afternoon, Oct. 2.1, 14 1.'>, when, by the
Mirprising courage ;ind conduct of the king, and the bravery
of his troops, the whole numerous French army, said to coii-
"istof more than 100,0110 men, was entirely defeated. The
constable d'Albert, the duke of Alcn^on, with several other
princes and great men, and 10,000 private men, were slain.
Among the iirisonevs, who were very numerous, were the
dukes of Orleans and Bourbon, and many persons of distinc-
tion. Tiie English lost only the duke of" York, and the earl
of Suftolk, a few knights, and 400 private men. The king
iuimedi.alcly returned thanks to God for the victory. This
v.ascalled the battle (if .\ginconrt, from a castle of that name
near the field of battle. The civil wars raged more tlian
ever in France: Henry went over in July, 1417, and made
great progress; and, in the beginning of the year 1419,
Jloiien surrendered. And now all iXormaiidy was again
fallen under the dominion of the Engliah, except a few cas-
tles, 21.'j years after it had been taken from them in the reign
of king.folni. Henry alsosurpris<'(l and look I'oiitoise, which
opened him a way to the very gates of Paris. At last a treaty
was concluded at 'IVoyc on May 21, 1420, whereby it was
z^reed.that Henry should marry the princess Catharine, that
lie ghonid be regent of the kingdom during king (Charles's
I K- (wlio being freijneiilK afllicird with fits of hinacv, waa
442
incapable of governing,) and that, afterliis death, tlic crown
of France should descend to the king of England and his
heirs forever. Henry hereupon espoused the princess Ca-
tharine, and the marriage was solemnized on the 30th of
Way. Ill Feb. 1421, Henry arrived in England with his
(luceii, w ho was crowned a few days after. The parliament,
which met in JNlay, granted the king a subsidy for carrying
on the war against the dauphin; but at the same time, in a pe-
tition they presented, tohl him, that the con(piest of France
pro^■ed the ruin of England. In June the king returned to
France, and forced the dauphin to raise the siege of Chartres,
took Dreux, and in October laid siege to Meux, wiiicii was
not wlioUy subjected till May following; about which time,
queen Calhariue arrived from England, and the two courts
kept the Whitsun-holidavs together at Paris in a magnificent
manner. Afterwards, fienry marched against the dauphin,
fell sick by the way, and died at ^'iiicennes, Aug. 31, 1422,
in the .31st year of his age, and lOlli of )iis reign. He had
by his (pieeii Catharine only one son, Heiiiy, born March 6,
1421, at Windsor. Hen-ry V. was tall and slender, with a
long neck, an engaging aspect, and limbs of the most ele-
gant turn. Heexcelledall the youth of that age in agility,
and the exercise of arms ; was hardy, patient, laborious, and
more capable of enduring cold, hunger, and fatigue,tliau any
individual in his army. His valour was such as no danger
could startle, and no difficu-lty oppose ; nor was his policy
inferior to his courage. He managed the dissentions amonj
his enemies with such address as spoke him consummate in
the arts of the cabinet. He fomented their jealousies, and
converted their mutual resentment to his own advantage.
Heniy possessed a self-taught genius, that blazed out at onc€
without the aid of instruction or experience ; and a fund of
natural sagacity, that made ample amends for these defects.
He was chaste, temperate, modest, and devout, scrupulously
just in his administration, and severely exact in the disci-
pline of his army, upon which he knew his glorv and suc-
cess in a great measure depended. In a word, it raust,be
owned he was without an e(iual in the art of war, poiicy,
and {roverninent.
Hii.'NRYVI. was scarce 9 months old, when lie suc-
ceeded his father Henry V. Dec. C. 1422. He was imme-
diately proclaimed |not only king of England, but heir of
Fiance, pursuant to the treaty oflroye; and, upon the death
of Charles V. who died in less than two months after, the
duke of Bedford, uncle to the infant king, ordered him to be
proclaimed king of France, at Paris, according to the same
treaty ; and took upon himself the regency of that kingdom,
as the late king his brother had desired, when near his end.
On the other hand, the dauphin, as soon as he heard of his
father's death, caused himself to be proclaimed king of
I'^rance, and was crowned in November at I'oictiers. On
Nov. 9, the parliame;it met (when the queen sat among the
lords, with the royal infant in her lap) to settle the govern-
ment during the king's minority ; and John, duke of Bedford,
wasaopointed protector of the kingdom; and Thomas Bean-
fort jduke of Exeter, and Henry bishop of Winchester, his
governors. I shall pass over the transactions of the regency,
during theminority of theking, and shall only mention wliat
he was immediately concerned in. The duke of Bedford,
thinking it might be of service to have Henry crowned in
France, having been first crowned in England, on Nov. 6,
1429, he wetit over to Paris, and was crowned there at (he
end of the following year, and returned to England in Jan.
1432, being then 10 years old. In 1437, died Catharine of
France, king Henry's mother, and widowof Henry V. After
the death of that prince, she married Owen Tudor, a Welsh
gentleman; from this marriage sprung Henry earl of
Richmond, king of England, under the name of Henry VII.
In 1444, a truce was concluded at Tours between England
and France, which was prolonged to M49. Soon after th*
coiiiiiK ncementof the truce.king Henry married Margaret of
Anjiiu, who arrived in England 144.'> ; and she and her fa-
vourites managed the kingjustasthey pleased, which caused
great uneasiness among the people ; which Charles took tli«r
ITEN
HEN
srlvanftigeof; for, upon the duke ofSoniersef, then io[;cnf,
refusing to give the satisfaction he demandni *;n- ToiiKrcs
beniK surprised by Surienne, governor of the J.ciuei- Nor-
mandy, for the En^lisii, 144«, whilst the truce siihsiotcd, he
fell upon Normandy with fnurarraicsnt once, and reduced it
before the end of Aug. MoO. Guicnne followed the fate of
Normandy, after having been in possession of ihe English
3(K) years ; and nothing remained to the Engiisii in 1 irj:!, (<f
all their vast acquisitions in France, hut only Calais and CAii-
enne. England was now in a distracted condition : there
were two parties in the court, one the dukeof Cilouceslcrs,
the other the cardinal of Winchester's; «itli ^^lulnl were
joined Kemp, archhishop of York, and Williani de la I'ole,
earl, and afterwards marcjuis and duke of SiifiolL 1'Iik
duke of Gloucester was exceedingly beloved b_\ the iieople ;
but the cardinal got the better of him in the council, and in
the king's confidence, in which the duke of Gloucester lost
ground every day. They first removed him from the council
board ; and then a parliament being sumnumed at St. Ed-
mundsbury, which met in 1417, the duke was arrested and
closely confined, under colour that he desiijncd to l.ill the
king and seize the crown, ihojigh nobody believed a « ord of
the matter. The next morning he was found dead in his
bed, i)eople making no doubt but he was murdered. The
cardinal died about a month alter, and left the woild and his
immense riches w ith as much reluctance as ever any one did.
And now the queen and Suftolk governed all in tlie king's
name, and none but their creatures were employed in Ihe
administration. The universal hatreil (d'the people against
tliem made the duke of York begin to think of asserting his
claim to the crown. In 1450, the commons so pursued the
duke of Suffolk, that the queen, in order to save him, found
herself under a necessity to have him banished ; but in his
passage to France, being met by an English man of w ar, the
captain without any ceremony ordered his head to be cut
off. He was succeeded in the queen's confidence by Ed-
luund Beaufort, duke of Somerset, almost as odious to the
people as Suffolk had been. The duke of Y'ork at first pro-
ceeded with great caution ; and, as an essay how the
people stood affected, he instituted one Jack Cade, under
the name of John Mortimer, to raise a rebellion in Kent,
where he drew together great numbers under pretence of
reforming the government; and became so strong, that he
cut in pieces a detachment of the king's army, and entered
London in triumph, the city opening her gates to him ; !>ut,
being deserted by his followers, he was taken and slain.
At length, the duke of Y^ork having concerted me;i.sures
with his friends, especially Richard Nevil, earl of Salisbury
and the carl of War-^vick, the war broke out between the
two houses of Lancaster and York, the former having for
tlieir device the red rose, and the latter the whiter rose ;
and whole torrents of English blood were spilt in this con-
test. The first battle was fought near St. Alban's, May 31,
14.55, when the royal army was totally routed, v\ith the loss
o-fSOOO men. The duke of Somerset and several other no-
bles and great me:i were slain, and the king liiuiseiftaken
prisoner. York aflecled to treat him with great respect,
and was appointed protector of the realm. lie left the king
and queen at full liberty; the consequence of '.vliich was,
he was dismissed from his protectorship, and, he and his
friends retired from coiut. After this, there was a recon-
ciliation between the two parties ; but, as it Mas not sin-
cere, the quarrel soon broke out again. In 1459, the earl
of Salisbury defeated the king's troops comnipjuded by lord
Audley, and killed 2400, together with Audley himself and
his pruicipal officers, at Blorclieath, in Shropshire. On
July 6, 1 460, the earl of March, eldest son of the duke of
York, gained a complete victory at Northampton, killing
10,000 royalists. The king was again taknn prisoner, and
the queen with the prince of Wales retired into Scotland.
And now a parliament was called, which the duke of York
expected would offer him the crown. Being disappointed.
he ucnt them a nicmorial asserting his ciaim ; but all that
he 7 jlii^n^ant did, was to resolve, that Henry should enjoy
tile crown during his life, after uliiili, i| should devolve eii
llie duke of York and bis heirs. In the mean time, th"
duke of ^ iirk was absolute master of the government, and
o( llie king's person. The (jueen had drawn together an
aimy of 18,000 nun ; the <luke of\'(uk marched against
her « ith only 6000, expetfiii^j to l.e.ioined by his sou the
carl of .March ; but before lu- co.uld cniue up, the duke \vaj
attacked by the queen's forces, near Wai<efield in York-
shire, Dec! .31, 1 KH), his army put to tli(.;lit, he iiin;i<lf
slain, and his head ii\ed upon tin; v;;llsof \'ork, «!:ere
the earl of Salisbury's soon ace(iiiii)anie<l it, behaving be< ii
taken and belunnied at I'oiitetVaet. The carl of liutlaiul,
till' duke's second son, about !2 years old, was taken in the
flight, aiul ci nelly slain by lord Cliii'oul. Notwiiiistauding
this discouragement, the earl of. 2*1. irch marched with his
army, and (lefeated Jasper Tudor, earl of Pembroke, at
Mortimer's cross in Herefordshire ; and though the queen
got the better of the earl of Warwick at Bernard siiralli,
near St. Alban's, and freed the king her husband, yet tiie
earl of March coming up with a great army, and beiiu'
joined by the remains of the earl olVt'arwick's, she retired
into the north ; and the earl entered London, as it were, in
triumph, and was, by the management of the earl of ^Var-
wick, proclaimed king, by the title of Edu aid IV. Fur the
C(Uiclusion, see the lii'e of king Kduard IV. Henry \].
without any princely virtue or (pialitication, was totally free
iron) cruelty and revenge; on the contrary, he conld not,
without reluctance, consent to the puiiishnicnt of those ma-
lefactprs who were sacrificed to the jiublic safety ; and frc-'
quently sustained personal indignities of the grossest mil n re,
without discovering the least mark of resentment. He was
chaste, pious, compassionate, and chaiitable. In a word,
he wwuld have adorned a cloister, though he disgraced a
crown ; was rather respectable for those vices he wanted,
than for the virtues he possessed. He founded the college
of Eton, near Windsor, and King's college, in Cambridge,
for the reception of those scholars who had begun their stu-
dies at Eton.
HENRY VII. earl of Pvichmond, was the son of Edmund
Tudor, earl of Richmond, and of Margaret, desceiuted fn lu
a bastard son of John of Gaunt, duke of Laneaater, by C.i.
tharine Rowet or Svviuford, mistress, afterwards wife, to
that prince. Immediately after the victory of Bosworth, the
earl caused Te Deum to be sung, and his w hole army to tail
on their knees, to return God thanks, after which they sa-
luted him with uuaniuious and reiieated shouls of "Long
live king Henry !' from which time he took on himself the
st>le and authority of king. .\n extra(udinary kind of
distemper raged about this time in England, particularly
in London, called the sweating-sickness, because it threw
persons into a profuse sweat, and carried them olf in 2i
hours; but those who got over that time usually reco.
vered. It continued from the middle of September to tl; ^
8th of October, and swept away great numbers of peo
pie. Two mayors and G aldermen of London died of ii
within 8 days. On October 30, 14S5, Henry was crowned.
At the same time, he appointed a band of 50 men to attend
him, called yeomen of the guard. 'Ihe [lai liaii;er.t met on
November 7, and passed an act, that the inheritance <-f the
crown should rest, remain, and abide in the kiuir, and the
heirs of his body ; and then reversed the attainders of those
who had taken part with the king, whilst only earl of
Richmond. On .January IS, 1486, he married the princess
Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Edward IV. to the great joy
of the people. On September 20, the queen was delivered
of a prince, who was named Arthur. Henry behaved with
great coldness to his queen, and on all occasions shewed
his great aversion to the whole York party, looking upon
that house to be his rivals; which partiality bred a gnat
deal of ill blood, and was the source of most of the trouhif s
which afflicted his reign. A rumour being raised, that the
duke of York, one of Edward's sons, was yet aiive, haiiiig
by some means or other escaped his uncle's cruel design,
the people readily ga\e into it. And tiiis „ive occasion lo
413
l!EN
HEM
Kicharcl Simon, a priost :it Oxford, to set up one Lamlier't
Simwel!, a baker's son, iiiid slmleiit iiiuler him, and impose
him upon llm world for tlie said duke. However, a report
being soon S[)read tiiat the earl of Warwiek liad escaped
out of tlie tower, which, though false, caused great joy
among llie i>eoplc, .SiMuui now Judged it best to instruct
liis i)upil to personate that earl, and Ireland was .judged
the most proper place to open the first scene in ; where lie
was received with joy, and proclaimed, at Dublin, king of
England and lord of Ireland, by the name of Edward VI.
King Henry now confined the queen his mother-in law,
widow of Edward IV. to Bermondsey monastery in South-
wark, and seized all her estates ; ami tliereshe remained as
long as she lived. Another step the king took, was to sliew
the true earl of Warwick to the people. The duchess dow-
ager of Burgundy sent over into Ireland, in May 1487,
2000 German veterans, i)re3ently after which the sham king
was crowned with great solemnity. Then the new king,
and the German and Irish forces, came over into England.
King Henry fell upon ihem, June Ifi, xiear Newark-npon-
Trent, and to'.aily routed llieni. Siniwell was taken pri-
soner, with the priest his master. Henry gave Siniwell Iiis
life, employed liim fust about his kitchen, and then made
him one of his falcoiu is, in w liicli post he remained till his
death. And now Henry filled his coffers by confiscating
the estates of divers persons, under pretence of their fa-
vouring the late conspiracy. He thought it p.ecessary at
last to liave the queen crowned, which was performed on
November 2'), zihnost two years after the marriage. In
June, 1492, prince Henry was born. About this time, the
duchess of Burgundy began lo play off the second Simwell.
This was Peter Peterkin, orPerkin Warbeck, son of a con-
verted Jew, ofTournay, who had lived a considerable time
in London, who personated tli* duke of York. He was
^nt to Portugal, afterwards to Ireland ; and the king of
France, bz-ing told the duke of York was in Ireland, sent
for him, lodged him in his palace, and appointed him a
ruard ; but when Charles was upon making peace with
England, he scntPerkin away. Several great men in Eng-
land favoured the plot, which being discovered, some of
them suffered death. King Henry sent Sir Edward Poyn-
ings to Ireland as his deputy, 1494, who holding a parlia-
ment, an act was passed, called Poyning's Law, whereby all
the statutes of England, relating to the public, were to be
of force in Ireland. In 149.') Perkiii endiarked for England,
and landing some of his men on the coast of Kent, to see
how the people stood affected, the Kentish men presently
took up arms, and cut to pieces those who were landed, ex-
cept about loO, who being taken prisoners, were all hanged
by order of the king. L'lion this, Perkin sailed back to
Flanders. The king, having a subsidy granted, 1497, to
revenge the insult of the king of Scotland, who had twice
invaded England the year before with Perkin, it w as raised
with so niucli rigour, that it caused an insurrection in Corn-
wall ; the malccontents marched to Blacklirath, where the
king attacked and totally defeated Ihrm, killing 2000 on the
spot. L. .Xudley their general, r lammock and Josepii, the
chiefs of the rebels, were taken and executed ; the rest
were pardoned. A peace was soon after concluded be-
tween the two mnnarchs. King James would not deliver
lip Perkin Warbeck, but houourahlv dismissed him and his
wife, and by their own desire sent them into Ir( land, before
the conclusion of the treaty. Charles VIH. kingof riaiice,
died in April, \\'.)H, and was succeeiled by Lewis Xlt.
About this time there was an insurrection in (>)rnwall, in
favour of Perkin AA'arbeck, who came from Ireland to head
the malccontents there; but his army of about fiooo men,
upon the news of the king's advancing, submitted them-
selves; who pardoned them all, except a lew ringleaders.
Perkin, after having been exposed in an ignominious man-
ner, was sent to the lower ; where ho, plotting his escane
logether with the earl of Warwick, was hanged ; and the
■Mirl, but 24 years old, and who had been prisoner from the
licginninj; of this reign, was beheaded on Towcr-liill, Nov.
41
1499. Fn loOO, the plague raged in England, particularly
in London, where 30,000 died of it. In 1501, Catharine of
Spain was married to Arthur prince of Wales. The priiwx
died about .o months after his marriage, April 2, J508, in
the 17lh year of his age ; and some time after, the kill;;
created Henry his second son, prince of'Wales, who, upon
his father's death, succeeded to the crown. Iiri50.3, Eliza-
beth, Henry's queen, died. At this time, the king grievously
oppressed liis subjects, by means of two infamous ministers,
Empsonand Dudley, two lawyers. The avarice of Henry
put liim on, projecting the marriage of Catharine, his son
.'\utliur's widow, with his other son Henry, rather tlidn part
with that princess's dowry, which v.is 200,000 crowns of
gold ; and a dispensation was olitaii.ed from the pope ; so
Henry married his brother's widow, though the marriage
was not consummated till after the king came to the crown.
The king's eldcit daughter Margaret was about the same
time married to James IV. king of Scotland ; from her de-
scended our king James I. King Henry, finding he drew
near his end, granted a general pardon, and ordered by his
will, that his successors should make good what his niinister.s
had unjustly extorted from the people. He died at Rich-
mond, April 22, 1.509, in the .52d year of his age, and 24th
of his reign. Henry was tall, straight, and well-shaped,
though slender ; of a grave aspect and saturnine complexion ;
austere in address, and reserved in conversation, except
when he had a favourite point to carry ; and then he could
fawn. Hatter, and practise all the arts of insinuation. He in-
herited a natural fund of sagacity, which was improved by
study and experience ; nor was he deficient in personal
bravei-y, or political courage. He was cool, close, cunning,
dark, distrustful, and designing ; and of all the princes who
sat upon the English throne, the most sordid, selfish, and
ignoble. The nobility he excluded entirely from the admi-
nistration of public affairs, and employed clergymen and
lawyers, who, as they had no interest in the nation, and
depended upon his favour, w ere more obsequious to his will,
and ready fo concur in all his arbitrary measures. At the
same time it must be owned he was a wise legislator, chaste,
temperate, assiduous in the exercise of religious duties, da-
cent in his deportment, and exact in the administration of
justice, when his own private interest was not concerned ;
though he frequently used religion and justice as cloaks for
perfidy ^nd oppression. In this reign was built a large
ship of war, called the Gnat Harnj, which cost 14,000j£'.
Tliis was properly speaking flic first ship in the English
navy. Before this period, when the king wanted a fleet,
lie had no other expedient than to hire ships from the mer-
chants.
Hl'.'NKY VIH. succeeded his father Henry VIL at the
age of 19 years, on April 22, l.^OO, and in his person united
the two houses of Lancaster and York. At the boginning
of his reign he made an example of those two hated minis-
ters, Eni|)sou and Dudley; but, as it was ditlicult lo con-
demn them williouf straining a poiut, with so much nicety
had they acted their villany, though they had been con-
demned and sentenced to die for conspiring against the king
and state, an act of attainder passed at the meeting of the
parliamentagainst them, and thev were beheaded oiiTower-
iiill. The king's marriage w ifh Catharine of Arragou. relict
of his brother Arthur, was solemnized llie beginning of June,
as was the coronation of both king and queen on the 24th of
the same month. About this time, Eox, bishop of Winches-
ter, introduced to court Thomas Wolsev, a clergyman, as a
fit person to serve the king. Though Henry had just con-
cluded a new treaty of alliance with Lewis Xl I. yet he was
drawn into a war, under pretence of the recovery of Gui-
enne, by Pope Julius II. and Ferdinand the Catholic, kin/j
of Arragon, the (pieen's father ; though his mind was chiefly
bent on his pleasures, in which he was so extravagant, thai
he squandered away 1,HOO,000£ which his lather had with
so much anxiety lioarded up. This war was opposed by
some of the council, and one of them ex\nTssed himself fo
this purpose; " Let us leave off our attempts against tho
HL'.y
II F.N
terra firma ; the natural siluatioii of islands seems not to sort
with contests of that kind ; England is alone a just einiiirc ;
or, when we enlarge ourselves, let it be that way we can,
and to which it seems, the eternal Providence has desliiiecl
us; and that is, by sea." By the treaty concluded 16U,
Henry was to send over COOO men ; and Ferdinand, for the
same purpose, obliged himself to furnish 500 men at arms,
loOOlijLjhthorse, and 4000 foot; though they never cftected
any thing further than giving Ferdinand an opportunity of
conquering Navarre, and keeping the French out of Italy.
Henry, though he saw how he had been imposed on, yet he
suffered himself to be drawn into a second league against
France, by the pope, the emperor Maximilian, and king
Ferdinand, who all had their separate views, and made us(;
of Henry to bring them about. Having sent tlie best part of
his troops over to Calais before him he arrived there on
June 30, 1513, and retm'ned to England in October, having
made a successful campaign. While Henry was aljroad,
James IV. of Scotland broke through all his alliances with
him, and invaded Northumberland with an army of (iO,0(io
men, taking Norham castle, and several otiier places. The
earl of Surry, with 2G,000 men, engaged the Scots army at
Flodden, September 9, and, aftera most bloody and obstinate
battle, in which several thousands were killed on both sides,
obtained a complete victory. The Scotch king was never
«een after the battle, so that doubtless he fell iii it. Among
the slain were also one Scotch archbishop, two bishops, fotur
abbots, and 17 barons; whereas the English lost not one
person of note. In 1511, Thomas Wolsey, then prime n)i-
nister, was made archbishop of York, and, some t'-nie after,
Leo X. sent him a cardinal's hat. In August, 1514, a treaty
of peace %vas concluded between Lewis XII. and king
Henry, one article of which was, the marriage of Lewis
with the princess Mary, which accordingly was solemnized
at Abbeville in October. Lewis dying in less than three
months afterthe marriage, about two months after the queen-
dowager took for her second husband Charles Brandon, duke
of SutFolk. On February the 11th, lolO, cfueen Catharine
was delivered of a princess, named Mary, who was after-
wards queen of England. In^l517, the sweating sickness
raged again in England more vTolently than at the beginning
of the last reign. At this time Luther liegan to write against
indulgences. In 1521, Edward Stafi'iud, duke of Bucking-
ham, was beheaded ; he was the last high consta!)le of Eng-
land. The same year Henry wrote a book against Luther,
Of the seven Sucramrnts. f\c. It was presented to pope Leo
X. in full consistory, who, for this service done the church,
bestowed on Henry and his successors the title of Defen-
der of the Faith. This title being afterwards confirmed
by parliament, the kings of England have born it ever
since. The same yearwa? remarkable for the invention of
muskets. Henry having entered into an alliance with
France, Wolsey (without troubling the parliament) issued
out orders in the king's name, for levying a sixth part upon
the goods and estates of the laity, and a fourth upon those
of the clergy. This threw the whole nation into a ferment,
and had like to have raised a rebellion ; upon which the
kin^ disavowed the orders, aiKl left the whole blame to fall
on the cardinal. In IfyiO, cardinal Wolsey «as arrested by
the earl of Northumberland, for higli treason, and died as
they were conducting him to London. Towaid the end of
the year 1.532, the king privatply married Anne Boleyn ;
and the next year, 1533, an act was passed, forbiddinj,' all
appeals to Rome, on pain or incurring a premunire. The
king's marriage with Boleyn was made public ; and Dr.
Cranmer, havmg been made archbfiihop of Canterbury, upon
the death of archbishop Warham, !he judgment of the con-
vocation of both provinces having been first obtained, pro-
nounced the sentence of divorce bittween king Henry and
Catharine of Arragon, on May 23d', and coutirnied his se-
cond marriage ; which done, the now queen was crowned
on June 1. Catharine diedinl53fi. The pope published
n sentence declaring Henry's marriage with Catharine good
wtd lawful, requiring him to take her again, and denouncing
censures in ca?p of a refusal; in return to which, wlien flic
parliament nu-t, llie beginning of the year 1.03*, an act was
{lassed for abolishing llic pope's power in England, with
*eter pence, procurations, delegations, expeditiou of bidls,
and dispensations coming from the court of Home. The
same act declared the king's marriage with ('at)iarine null
ami voi<l, and his marriage with !\mu- I!i>leyn valid, settling
the succession of the crown upon their issue. In the next
session the parlianu'iit confirmed the king's title of supreme
Head of the Church, and passed several other acts against
the pope. And shortly after a proclamation was issued cut
against giving the bishop of Rome the name of pojje, and
for erasing it (Uit of all hooks, that, if possible, no remem-
branceofit might renuiin. I'ope Clenwnt N'll. died during
this rupture, and was succeeded by Paul 111. In 1.>'!.0, the
king ordered a general visitation of the religious hou-es,
aiurCromwell was iippointcd visitor-general ; and shocking
scenes of debauchery, lewdness, and impiety, where ilise-o-
vered, as well as the frauds made use of in respeef to relitis
and images, to impose on the deluded people, which endcil
in their siqipression. Great quantities of these images, t<5-
gether with the preteiuled relics of saints, were publicly
burnt by the king's order; and, among the rest, the bones
of Thomas Becket, whose costly shrine was seized for the
king's use. The number of monasteries suppressed from
tirstto last were G43, together with 90 colleges, 2374 chan-
tries, 3 chapels, and 110 hospitals. Their yearly value, as
given in before the suppression, when the rents were low,
iiecuuse the tines upon the leases were high, was 152,517jC
but their real value was supposed to be above a million.
Besides this, the plate, furniture, and other eftects, were of
a prodigious value, which all fell into the king's hands.
King Henry allowed small pensions to several of the abbots,
monks, and nuns, sold the abbey-lands to his subjects at easy
rates, and applied part of the revenue of these houses to-
wards founding the new bishoprics of Chester, Gloucester,
Peterborough, Oxford, Bristol, and Westminster, which last
ceased to be a bishopric after its first bishop. Tlie order of
the knights of St. .lohn of Jerusalem was soon after entirely
suppressed. The king had been married to Anue Boleyn
but about three years, when he began to be jealous of her,
which ended in her ruin. At the same time he was iti love
with Jane Seymour, which doubtless made him more willing
to entertain disadvantageous thoughts of the queen ; and tlie
popish party might possibly take advantage of the disposi-
tion the king was in, to complete her destruction. How-
ever, she was accused of a criminal familiarity with her own
brotlicr, the earl of Rochford.and four of her domestics, who
were all executed, and, after all, the queen was beheaded
on the green within the tower, on May 19, 1536. The
very next day the king married Jane Seymour, who bore
him prince Edward, ins successor; but his birth cost the
queen his motlier her life. Queen Anne's marriage was
nulled on pretence of a pre-contract with the lord Percy ;_
and her daughter Elizabeth, as well as Mary, the daughter of
Catharine, were illegitimated by act of parliament. In 15.39,
by the counsels of Gardiner and others of the popish party,
an act passed in parliament, which made it burning or hang-
ing for any one to deny transubstantiation, to maintain tlie
necessity of communion of both kinds, that it was lawful for
priests to marrj', that vows of chastity may be broken, that
private masses are unprofitable, or that auricular confession
is not necessary to salvation. This act wasdeservedlv called
the bloody act. In January 1540, the king married Anne,
sister to the duke of Cleves. He disliked her at first sight,
swearing they had brought him over a Flanders niare ; but
for political reasons he married her. But his aversion to her
continuing, begot himself divorced from lier in about six
months after. Cronnvell had the chief hand in this match,
and the king ne\ er forgave him for it, though he afterwards
created him earl of F.ssex. He did not enjoy this new title
long, for the popish party, taking ad%'flntage of tlie kinoes
displeasure towards him, found means to work his ruin. He
was accused of lii^li Iri'ason bv the duke of Norfolk, at t;\;i;»
445
1 1 1: p
HilR
ei\ III |);\ili;iiiJeiit bolnri; the divoico, and lust liis licaii on ;i
sriidolil, .Inly "28. On Aiij;iist H, the kind's iiuirriase "illi
Catiidiiiie ItdWiiril was (Icclarcd xoid. Slip was accused ot'
lewdness and adiiheiv njniii much better evidence lluili
Anne Pii)le\ ii, and was condenuicd by act ot' parliament,
aiifl beiieaded on T(juer-iiill, February 12, 15-12. 'J'he lady
Rociifi)rd,one of her accomplices, who hadaccusrd licr hns-
l-and, the Imd fiochford, of a criminal commerce with his
gistcr Anne Boteyn, was beheaded with her. Deriiam,
Manuotk, and Culpepper, who confessed they had lain w itli
the queen, were also executed. The same year, 1.J42, Ire-
land was erected into a kiniidoni ; fVom v, hitii time our
kings were styled kings of Irelan<l, whereas before they had
•rnly the title of lords of Ireland. In .Inly 154.3, the king
took to his sixth wife the lady Catharine Parr, relict of Nevil
Lord Latimer. She was a great friend to the reformation.
Kiiii; H:iny having entered inio a league with the emperor
against France, passed over to Franci', and took Jjoulogiie,
Sept. 14, 16-14. 'i'liis war continued, without much success
on cither side, till 1.5-16, when a treaty of peace was con-
cluded June 7. King Henry died Jan. 29, 1547, in the
With year of his age, and 38ih of his reign, and was buried
at Windsor. He built St. James's palace in the 28th year
of his reign; and some time jjefore instituted the college of
physiciaus. Henry VIII. before he became corpulent, was
a prince of a goodly personage, and commanding aspect
rather imperious than dignified. He excelled in all the ex-
ercises of youth, and possessed a good understanding, which
was not much improved by (he nature of I'.is education. In-
stead of learning that philosophy which opens the mind,
and extends the qualities of the heart, he was confined to
tlie study ofgloomy and scholastic disquisitions, which served
to cramp the ideas, and pervert the faculties of reason,
qualifying him for the disputant of a cloister, rather than the
lawgiver of a people. In Ilie first years of his reign, his
pride and vanity seemed to domineer over all his oilier pas-
sions; though from the beginning he was impetuous, head-
strong, impatient of contradiction and advice. He was rash,
arrogant, prodigal, vain-glorious, pedantic, and superstitious.
He delighted in pomp and pagi'antry, the baubles of a weak
mind. His passions, soothed by adulation, rejected all re-
straint; and as he was an utter stranger to all the finer feel-
ings of the soul, he gratified them at the expense of justice
and humanity, without remorse or compunction. He wrest-
ed the supremacy from the bishop of Rome, i>arlly on con-
scientious motives, and parlly for reasons of state and con-
venience. He suppressed the monasteries, in order to sup-
ply liis extravagance with their spoils ; but he would not
liavo made those acrpiisitions so easily, had they not been
productive of advanta;re lo his nobility, and agreeable to the
nation in general. He wks fre(]uently at war; but tlie
greatest conquest he obtained was over his own parliament
and people. Religious disputes had divided them into two
factions. He was rapacious, arbitrary, fioward, fretful, and
so cruel, that he seemed to delight in the blood of his sub-
jects. He never betrayed the leastsymptoms of any tender-
ness in his disposition ; and seemed to live in defiance of
censure, whether ecclesiastical or secular ; he died in ap-
prehension of futurity, and was buried at Windsor with idle
processions and childish pageantry, which in those days
passed for real taste and magnificence.
HI'/N.SFI';I';T, «.tlie hedge fumitory.
HK'PAI!, in the old chymistry, the name formerly given
to the condjination of sulphur with alkali. Such conihina-
fions are now called sulplnirets.
HF.PATIC, or HEPATICAL, a. [Iqmtims, I.at. from
hep.ii; the liver, Gr.J belonging to, or situateil in llio liver.
Hiimtic tiir, is a permanently elastic fluid, of a very ilisagree-
able odour, somewhat like that of rotten eggs, obtained
from the combiriations of sulphur willi carllis, alkalies,
Utetals, <Vc.
IIF.PS, ,,v HIPS. J. (lie berries of the (log-rose briar.
HEPrACAT.SULAR. a. [from fiepia, seven. Gr. and
eipta, a cavity, T,at.] havina seren caviti«s or cells.
UH
HR'PI'.^GON, /. [from /K-pta, seven, aiui fi-une, an ansjW,
Gr.] a figure with seven sides or angli s,
HEPTAGON AL, «. [froni/nvjfn, se\ en, ami noue, an angle,
Gr.J having seven angles or sides.
UET'TARCnY,( /:q)ta>-l.;f) s. [from ;.£/>?«, seven, ami
ardio, government, Gr.] a government in which seven per-
sons rule independent of ciicli other. The Saxon heptarchy
included all England, which was divi<led into seven petty
kingdoms, viz. those of Kent, the South Saxons, West Saxoux,
East Saxons, Northumberland, East Angles, and Mercia.
HE'PTATEUCH, in Bibliography, a work con;istingof
seven books, more particularly the first seven books of lli«
Bible, (ienesis. Exodus, Leviticus, iS umbers, Deuteronomy,
Joshua, and Judges.
liEK, llie oblique caseof f/ip.
HEIIA'CLID.I-!, or X\k Kctmni of the HERACLlDff: into
l^i:!iijm,ii:i'sus,s. i;i chronology, is a famous epocha, that cojv
stitutes the beginning of profane liisloiy; all the time lire-
ceding that I'eriod being accounlt'l fabulous. This return
liappcncd in the year of the world 2k'j2, 1(10 years after
thev were expelled, and 80 after the destiuction of Troy.
HE'RALD, s. |Teut.] an officer who registers genealo-
gies, adjusts and paints coat-armour, and regulates funerals.
An ofiiccr at arms, whose business it is to fleclare war, to nro-
(laim peace, to marshal all the solemnity at a coroDation,
christening, marriage, and funeral of princes, to emblazon
and examiiie coais of arms, dc. I'nalds were formerly
held in much greater esteem than at present, and were
created and ehi i^tened by the king, who, pouring a gold cup
of wine upon their head, gave them the herald-name ; but
this is now done by the earl-marshal. Theycouid notarrive
at the dignity of IlirnUl, without having been seven years
pursuivant; nor <|uit the ofHce of Herald, bul to be made
king at arms. The three chief IJeiuhts are called Kin^
at Arms, the principal of which is Gir.-lcr ; the next is called
Cliireitcini.v ; and the third Niirroy ; these two last arecalle^
Proviiiciat Heralds. I'esidcs these, there are six other in.
fi'rior Heralds, viz. ^'ork, Lancaster, Somerset, Chester,
Richmond, and \S'indsor ; to which, on the coming of kiuR
George I. to the crown, a new Herald was added, styled
Hanover Herald; and another styled (lloncestcr Kinfr
at Arms. The kings at arms, the Herald';, and the four pur-
suivants, are a college or corporation, erected by a charter
granted by Richard III. by which they obtain several pri-
vileges, as to be free from subsidies, tolls, ami all other troiu
blesome offices. Figuratively, a forerunner, omen, or token
of something future.
Td HE'RALD, v. a. to introduce as by a herald. Not in
use.
HETi.ALDRY, .«. \lieranlderie, Fr.J the art of armoury
and blazoning, which comprehends tlic knowledge of what
relates to solemn cavalcades and ceremonies of coronations,
instalments, the creation of peers, nufitials, funerals, &c.
Also, whatever relates to the bearing of arms, assigning
those that belong to all persons, regulalJng their right
and precedences in point of honour, and restraining thos«
who have not a just claim from bearing coats of arms that do
not behmg to tiicm. See Blazoning, Arms, Shii:li>,
Bkaiunc, Jxc.
HERB, s. [herlin, Lat. Jierbe, Fr.] in botany, a plant
whose stalks are soft, and have nothing woody in them ; as
grass or hemlock. In cookery, a plant whose leaves are
chiefly used; as sage or mint. Syndn. A plant is any
vegetable production arising from seed, but seems confined
to such as are not very large. Iferbs are those plants whose
stalks are soft, and have no woody substance.
HERBACEOUS, «. [from /lerba, a herb, Lat.] belonging
to, or having the properties of herbs. Feeding on vege-
tables.
UFiRBAGE, s, [/lerbage, Fr.l .t collrc(iv»j or genera
term applied to severid .so.rts of herbs : glass, ur paslun'.
Ill law, tlio tillie and right ofpiistiirc.
HEIliiAIi. «. a book conliuiiiiij^' the n.^nics and dciielip-
■fions ol plants
IH
S^'
HER
HER
HE'RBALIST, s. a person skilled in plants.
11 li'RBAKIST, s. [from heiha, an herb, Lat.] one skilled
ill herbs.
U E'RCELET, t. diminutivo of herb ; a small licrb.
IIKRBE'SCENT, a. |from /urb», an herb, Lat.] grouinj
into herbs.
^iE'RBID, a. ffrora /lerJa, an herb, Lal.J covered «ith
kerbs.
II K'RBOUS, a. [from /iC)J«, an Lerb, Lat.] abounding in
i>£rbs.
IIE'RBULENT, a. [from heyfta, an herb, Lat.] containing
herbs.
IIE'RBWOMAN, *. a woman who sells herbs.
Hb7RBY, a. partaking of the nature of herbs.
HERCULA'NEUM, an antient city of Italy, near Naples,
totally destroyed by an eruption of Mount Vesuvius, in tiie
reign of the emperor Titus. In the years 1G89 and 1711,
upon digging in these parts, something of this city was dis-
covered. In 1738 fresh attempts were made, and since that
time a prodigious number of monuments of every kind have
been discovered, such as paintings, statues, bustoes, furni-
ture, utensils, &c. The situation was near where Portici
BOW stands.
HERCULE'AN, a. a term applied to that which requires
much strength, labour, and difficulty to perform.
HE'RCULES, the son of Jupiter by Alcmcna, born at
Thebes, in Boeotia. By the envy of Juno lie narrowly es-
caped death ; two serpents being sent to kill hiiu in his cra-
dle, he overcame and killed them by pulling them to pieces.
After having performed many extraordinary things by the
command of Eurystheus, he accomplished the twelve follow-
ing works or exploits, commonly and emphatically callevi
his labours : 1 . He overcame the lion of Nemaja, whose skin
he wore continually aflernards; for which reason painters,
sculptors, &c. connnonly represent him so dressed. 2. lie
destroyed the hydra, or monster with seven heads. 3. He
ccnrpiered the Erymanthean boar. 4. He caught a hind
with golden horns and brazen hoofs in the forest of l^artlicnia,
after a year's hunting. 5. He destroyed the harpies. (!.
He subdued the Amazons, took their queen's girdle, and
obliged her to marry his friend Theseus. 7. He cleansed
Augea's stable. 8. He overcame the Cretan bull, Fasiphae's
gallant, who vomited fire. 9. He killed Diomede, and his
horses, which he fed with men's flesh. 10. He subdued the
Spanish Geryon, and carried away his Hock. 11. He f ,ok
away the golden apples from the gniden of 1 lesperidei, and
killed the dragon that watched them. 12. He l)rou;;ht Cer-
berus with the three heads from hell. Besides iheso, he
conquered the centaurs, crushed Antheus to death between
his arms, carried the a\le-lieo of the heavens to relieve At-
las, A-c. After his (lp;itli he was taken into the number of
llie gods, and married Hebe, the goddess of Youth. The
antients moralize this fable tluis: By Hercules (they say)
the strength of reason and philosophy is meant, which sub-
dues and concpiers our irregular passions ; that his marriage
intimates, that great and noble actions are always fresh
blooming in the memory of all, being {ransmitted in the
histories of their times to the latest posterity.
HE'RCULES, in astronomy, a constellation of the nor.
thern hemisphere.
HE'RCULES PI LLAnS,antientIy so called, are thought
to be the two mountains which form the straits of (Gibraltar:
namely, Calpe on the side of Europe, and Avila on the side
of Africa.
HERD, s. \lieord. Sax.] a number or multitude of beasts,
generally apjilied to black -at tic ; //oc/w being aiiplicd to
sheep. A company of men, in coi.Vempt or detestation.
To HERD, r. «. to gather tugetlier in mulliludis, or
■wmpanies, aiipiied both to mer; alid beasts ; to associate,
or mix in anv companv.
HE'RDGROOM, s'.-a keeper of her;!..
HE'RDMAN, or HE'RUSMAN, s. one employed in tend-
Mi'i number of cattle.
HERE, ad. \licr, Sax. hier, Belg.] the place where a person
is present. 'I his place, applied ti> situation, 'i'he present
state, opposed to a future one. Joined with there, it iuiplisi,
in no certain place. " 'Tis neither /lecc i\ox tliere." Hhak. It
is also used in making an oti'erorattem|)t.
HEREABOUTS, ud. near this place.
HEREA'rTER,|«f/. after the present time. Used substan-
tively for a future state. "Points out an hereafter." Ad-
disoji,
HEREA'T, nrf. atthis.
HEREBY', rtrf by this; by this means.
HERE'DIT ABLl*;, rt. [from /ucrcs, an heir, Lat.] that may
be enjoyed by right of inheritance.
HE'REDfrAiMENT, s. [from /-«•>■«, an heir, Lat.] m
law, an inheritance, orestatedesceiicling by inheritance.
HERE'DrrARlLY, «d. by inbentance.
ilEIlE'DIT.'VRY, a. [from Iwres, a.n heir, Lat.] possessed
or claimed by right of niherifance ; desceniling by inheri-
tance. Hereditary diseases arc such as children derive from
their parents.
HE'REFORD, the capital city of Herefordshire, with
three markets, on \Vedhesday, Eriday, and Saturday. It
is pleasantly and commodiously seated among delightful
meadows and rich corn-tields, and is almost encompassed by
the Wye and two other rivers, over which are two bridges.
It is a large place, and had six parish thurthes, but two of
them were demolished in the civil wars. It had also a cas-
tle, which has been long destroyed. It is a bishop's see, and
the cathedral is a handsome structure. The chief manufac-
ture is gloves, many of which are sent to London. It is go-
verned oy a mayor, six aldermen, and a sword-bearer. Ihe
streets are broad and paved ; and it is 2S miles W. by N. of
Gloucester, and 1. "50 \V. N. ^\^ of London. It sends two
members to parliament.
HE'KEFOUDSHIRE, a county of England, bounded on
theW. by Radr.oishirc and Biecknoekshire ; on the N. by
Shropshire, on the E. by Gloucestershire and Worcester-
shire, and on the S. by Monmoutkshire, and part of Glou-
cestershire. It extends about 38 miles from N. to S. and
33 from E. to W. It is divided into ll'hundreds, whicii
contain I city, fi market towns, 17fi parishes, 3!»1 villages,
1500 houses," and about 90,000 iuhabitar.ts. The air is
healthy, the climate mild, the soil generally fertile, produc-
ing wheat, barley, oats, clover, turnips, A'c. a principal part
of the laud being employed in tillage; the face of the coun-
try is rich, beautiful and pictures(j[ue; and it abouufls with
wood. The Herefordshire cider is sufficiently celebrated,
and apples grow here in great abundance, being plentiful
even in the hedge-rows. The sheep are small, (atfording a
fine silky wool, in quality approaching to the Spanish; but
the superior quality of the wool not being thought adequate
to at(me for the smallness of the carcase, the farmers, in ge-
neral, are desirous of obtaining a breed larger and more-
profitable. The principal rivers are the Wye, Jlonnow,
Lug, and Frouie, all of which are well stored with fish, and
the sahuol), in particular, is very remarkable ; for, in other
parts of Eugland, they are so far out of season, after spawn-
ing, as to be unwholesome food, till they have lieen again at
sea to recover themselves ; but here they are found fat and
fit for the talile in all seasons.
HERP.TN, ud. in this ; in this case, sense, or respect.
HFREl'NTO.rtrf. into this.
HEREMI'TICAL, «. more properly eremitical; [from
ercmns, a desert, Gr.] solitary; suitable to an hermit.
HEREOF, «(7. from hence ; from this; of'this.
HKRKO'N, OT/.,upon this.
HKRE'SIARCH, (^/lerisiarh) s. [from fiairesis, a sect, and
nrc/ie, a head, Gr.] a leader, inventor, chief, or head, of a
heresy.
HE'RESY, .f. l/iairesif, Gr.j used in a good sense, it implies
a sect or collection of persons holding the same opinion : in
this sense it is used in the original. Acts xxiv. 14. In a bad
sense, it implies a sect or number of persons separating
HER
HET
from, and opposing' the opinion of, llie c;iflioliccliuicli,and
ar- such culpable : in this sense it is used bv St. Paul, 1 Cor.
xi. 10. fial. V. -20. :nid elsewhere.
HK'RETIC, ,«. [tVom /((i//rs(>, a soet or heresv, Gr.] one
\\!io propagiites Ins private opinions, in opposition to that
of the cluireli.
HERETICAL, n. [from linircsis, a sett or heresy, Gr.]
confaiiiins; heresv.
HERE'TICALLY, nrf. after the m. inner of a heretic ;
with heresv ; contrary to the true sense of the J-criptures.
II i;t',K.TO', ml. to tiiis ; add to this.
lil'.llETOEOlll".. ml. before the present ticne ; formerly.
HEUIU^NTO', «'/. to this.
Hi;!!E\VrTH,«rf. with this.
IlE'RIOT, s. \licre!;ild. Sax.] ill law, a fine paid to the
lord at the death of a landholder, generally the best thing
in the possession of the landholder.
liE'lvlTARLE, rt. [from hwtcs, an heir, Lat.J in law, that
nsav be inherited.
Ill'/RITAGI'*, *. \Jicrita^-e, Fr.] an inheritance; an estate
descendinj; by right of inheritance ; an estate. In divinity,
the peculiar or cliosen people of the deitv.
H l',RMA'PHRODlTE,(/icrma/iWi/f)'.v. [from HerwcsmA
Apln-ddite, the Greek names of Mercur> and Venus] an ani-
mal in w hich both sexes are united.
HERMAPHRODrTICAL, {henmifrotUllnal) a. [from
Unmet and Aphrodite, the Greek names of Mercury and
^ enus] partaking of both sexes.
IIERME'l
,TIC, orllERIMETICAL, T. [from Hrrmes, the
Greek name of Mercury, who was iiuaginetl to be the in-
ventor of chymistry] chy mical.
HERMETICALLY, flf?. in a chyniical manner. A term
applied to the closing of the orifice of a glass tube, so as to
render it air-tight. Hermes, or Mercury, was f(.rmerly sup-
posed to have been the inventorof chymistry ; hence a tube
which was closed forchymical purposes, was said to be her-
tiirliralli/ or r/o/micflWi/ sealed. It is usually done by melting
the end of the tidie by nieans of a Idow-pipe, and then
twistini,' if with a jiair of (iliers or tongs.
HK'RMl'r, s. |from i-nnnns, a ilesert, Gr.]'a person Avho
lives in a desert, or at a distance from society, for the sake of
cojiteiiiplation or devotjon.
IJEILMITAGE, s. ' /a-imicage, Fr.J the cell, cot, or
dwelling of a hernnt.
IiE'RMITAGE,THE,Northumberland, nearWarkworth,
is the best preserved, and most entire now remaining in
these kingdoms. It still contains t'^ree apartments, hollow-
ed in the solid rock, and hanging over the river in the most
picturesiine mainjer imaginable, with a covering of antient
hoary trees, relicpies of the venerable woods in which this
fine solitude was endjowcred.
H KRMITIC \E, <i. like a iiermit ; suitable to a hermit.
HERMODACTVL, .5. [from //omrs, Mercury, and dnc-
Ujlus, a linger, (ir.] a medicinal root of a determinate anil
regular figure, and representing the conunon figure of a
heart cut in two from half an inch to an inch in length. It
comes from Egypt and Syria, ami was formerly used as a
gentle cathartic.
HERN. /. contracted from Hkhon, which see.
II I' RNIA, i. [Eat.] in medicine, any kind of rupture.
I'EliO, f.[from liero.^, Gr. and Eat.] a man eminent for
liravery ; a person of distinguished merit, abilities, or vir-
tues, the chief person in an epic poem, or in a piece of his-
torv painting.
HEROIC, or HERO'ICAL, «. [from Ucms, a hero, Gr.
herohiis, Lat.] like an hero ; performed under great disad-
vantages, and arguing remarkable courage and abili
ties.
HEROICALLY, ad. like an hero.
HEROINE, ». [Fr. heroine, from hemt, a hero, Gr.] a fe-
male of extraordinary virtues and bravery ; a female who is
Uie chief person in an epic poem, or iu u piece of history
IKiinting.
4-18
II E ROl.'^M, s. [hiroisme, Fr.] th(, tpialities of an hero ;
restrained sometimes to courage or intrepidity.
HlVROiN, s. [/lirun, Fr.] a bird with long slender legs,
that feeds on fish. Now commonly pronounced and writ-
t<:n /tent.
IIIi'RPES, .t. [from herpo, to creep, Cir. because the erup.
tions creep from place to p/lace] a cutaneous heat or intlani-
niation, divided into the herpes miliaris, which appears like
millet seed upon the skin, and the herpes exedcHs more cor-
rosive, attended with ruddy itching pustules, ^vhich in time
ulcerate the parts affected.
IIE'RRING, s. [Iitering, Sax.] a small salt-water fish,
coming in incredible shoals from Shetland, from thence to
Scotland, and so gradually round our island. A red-herring
is that vvhich is salted and dried in smoke.
HERRNHUTH, a town of Gorlitz, in Lusatia, 6 miles N.
of Zittau. It was founded in 1723, by the Moravian Bre-
thren, on lands belonging to count Zinzendorf, and it after-
\yards became the metropolis, and chief nursery, of the re-
ligious of that persuasion.
HE'RRNHUTTERS, the Moravians or United Brethren,
a sect of protestants.
HlCRSCHl-L, s. See Georgia M Sinus.
HEKSE, J. [See Hearse] in fortification, a lattice or
portcullis in form of a harrow, beset with iron spikes,
usually hung by a rope, to be cut dow n in case of a surprise,
or when the first gate is broken by a i)etard, that it may fall
and stop up the passage.
To H ERSE, V. a. to put into a berse.
HERSELF, the female personal pronoun, whereby a wo-
man is spoken of as distinguished from others of her sex.
HERTFORD. See Harti-oro.
HESITANCY, [from hasito, to hesitate, Lat.l a pause
from speaking or acting, arising from an inipeclimcnt of
speech ; doubt, or want of resolution.
To HESITATE, v. n. [luesitv, fri)m hareo, to stick, Lat.] to
pause, or cease from actnig or speaking for want of resolu-
tion ; to delay; to be in doubt; tomakeaoiihcultv.
HESITzVT'lON, *. [from Aff^Ve, to hesitate, Lat.] a pause
or delay arising from doubt or suspicion ; a scruple; an in-
termission of speech, owing to some natural impeciiment.
KE'SPER, s. [Hesperos, Gr. Hesperus, Lat.] in astronomy,
an appellation given to the planet Venus, when she seta
after the snn.
HESPE'RIDES, in antiquity, the daughter of Hesperus
brother of Atlas, who kept a garden full of golden apiilos,
guarded by a dragon ; but Hercules, having laid thedragou
asleep, stole away the apples. Others say, that they kep.t
sheep with golden fleeces, which were taken away by Her-
cules.
HESSE, a country of Germany, in the circle of Upper
Rhine, more than 80 miles in lengtli, and unequal in breadth.
It is surrounded by woods and mountains, in which ate
mines of iron and copper : in the middle are fine plains,
fertile in corn and pastures, and there is plenty of vines,
fruits and honey ; birch trees are very common, and they
make a sort of wine of the sap. They likewise cultivate a
large quantity of hops, and make excellent beer. Marble,
alabaster, vitriol, sulphur, lead, alum, pipe-maker's clay,
bole, cVc. are also found in considerable quantities ; anci
there are several salt springs, mineral waters, and uiediciniJ
baths.
IIEST, s. [hast. Sax.] the command, precept, law, or
order of a superior. Used only in poetry.
HETEROCLITE, s. \heter'oehtiim, Lat. from heleros,
another and clino, to decline, Gr.J a nonn which varies from
the common forms of declension, by redundancy, defect, or
otherwise. Figuratively, any person or thing deviating
from the common rule or standard.
HETEROCLITlCAL,n. deviating from the common rule.
HETERODOX, a. [from hieros, another, and dcj-o,
opinion, Gr.J contrary tu the established opinion, opposed to
arthmlox.
Ill A
IIIE
■Hr,TER,ODOX, s. [from /irtcros, another, and rloxn,
oi)itiioii, Gr. I a pcciiliiir opinion, un opiaiuu dillcriny from
the fji-neriilitv of ni:\nkiii(l.
IH'"riiU(){iI-'N IvMj, t:. [from hrteros, unother, and
genos, a kind, <<r.] of a (liflircnl natini-, kind, or (|nalilv.
HETEKOCiKNE'lTY,.?. \hcicv„g,-nda, Vr.] opposition of
natnre ; contrarietv ordilfcrcncc of qiiaiilics.
HETEKOGK'NEOUS, (the ^ in this \\m>\ and all its de-
rivatives is sonnded soft) a. ot a dilfercnt kind ; contrary,
dissimilar, or ditiereiit, in properties ornalnre.
HETEKO'SCIANS, s. [iVoni luteros, another, and skia, a
shadow, Gr.] in fjeo^raphy, those whose shadows, at noon
day, are always projeeted or directed the same way ; snch
are those who live in the temperate zones, the shadows of
iJiosc of the northern tropic falling always north. In its
{)rimarv sense, it denotes those inhabitants of the earth who
lave their shadows projected dili'erent ways from each
other: in this sense, we, who inhaljit the north temperate
none, are heierosciaits to those who inhabit the soutli teiupe-
tafe zone.
To HEW, V. a. part, hewn or heieed ; \lieawaii. Sax.] to cut
l>y force with an ed^'ed instrnment ; to hack; to chop; to
fell, form, or shape, with an axe.
HE'VVER, s. one who cuts wood or stone. A carver, in
facred writ.
HE'XAGON, «. [licxagone, Fr. Uovnhex, six, and gone, an
angle, Gr.] a fi;;ure containing six sides or angles.
HEXAGONAL, «. [fro-n Afr, six, and ^one, an angle,
Gr.] consisting of, or having six sides or corners.
HEXA'M ETEll, s. ffrom hex, six, and metron, a measure,
Gr.] a verse containing six feet.
HEXA'NGULAK, a. [from /le.r, six,Gr.andang-«/H/, acor-
ncr, Lat.] having six angles or corners.
HE'XAPOD, s. [from hex, six, and pom, a foot, Gr.] an
animal having six feet.
HEX.\'ST1CK, s. [from hex, six, and stichos, a verse, Gr.]
a poem consisti-iig of six lines or verses.
HE'XllAM, a town of Nortiiunibcrland, not populous,
with narrow streets and ill-hiiilt houses. Its niarket-phice,
however, near the centre of the town, is a spacious scpiare,
supplied by a fountain vitli water. Its present church,
which contains many antieiit tombs, hears consideralde
marks of Saxon grandeur, and it was formerly famous for an
abbey. On the screen, at the entrance of the choir, are
some strange monastic paintings, called the Dance of Death.
Hexham is believed to have been formerly a Roman sta-
tion. It is now principally noted for its manufactory of
tanned leather, shoes, and gloves ; and is sitiuited on a
small stream, called the Ilextold, near the Tyne, 22 miles
W. of Newcastle, and 284 N. N. VV. of London. Market on
Tuesday and Saturday.
HEY, interject, [from high] a word used to express sudden
or mutual encouragement.
HE'YDAY, iiiterj. for high day ; an expression of frolic,
joy, and sometimes of surprise and wonder.
llE'Y-ilO, interj. See IIeigH-HO.
HE'YDEN, and HEYDEN BRIGG, a town of Nor-
thumberland, with a well endowed grammar school, and a
fine bridge of 6 arches, over the Tyne. Market on Tues-
day.
HETDON, a town in the East Riding of Yorkshire, with
a market on Thursday. It is seated on a river which soon
(allsinto the Ilumber ; and wasformerly a considerable town,
but is now much decayed, on account of the neighbourhood
of Hull. It sends two members to parliament ; and is 181
miles N. by W. of London.
HETTESBURY, a to«u of Wiltshire, whose market is
disused. It sends two members to parliament, and is 93
wiles W. by S. of London.
HIATION, I, [from hio, to gape, Lat.] the act of gap-
ing. Seldom used.
HIATUS, t. [Lat.] an aperture or breach ; the opening of
tli« raunth by pronouncing one word ending, and another
beginning with a vowel. la grammar, a fault in composing,
3M
arising from the use of two words together, the former of
which ends, and the latter begins with, a vowel. In mami-
scripts, a gap or defect in the copv by time or accident.
I11I5E11NAL, a. [hiOennit, Lat.] belonging or relating to
the winter.
H IBI'/RNIAN, a. [from Hibemia, Lat.] belonging to Ire-
land. Usetl substantively for a native or inhabitant of Ire-
land.
lll'CCOUGH, (commonly pron. hichip) s. [hfujnei, Fr.
hichcn, Dan.] a convulsive, interrupted, and uneasy inoti( u
of the diaphragm, and jiarts adjacent, made in drawing in
our breath, wh<'reby the muscle, retiring impetuously down-
wards, impels the other parts beneath it, and isaccoui|,anie(l
with a sonorous explosion of the air through the mouth.
To HICCOUGH, (hU-hrip) V. n. to sob or make a noise
from a convulsive or spasmodic concussion of the diii-
I)hragm.
To III'CKUP, f. n. [a corruption of /u'ccoi'g-/iJ to make a
noise from a convulsion oi tfie diaphragm.
HICKWALL, or IHCKWAY, s. a kiiul of woodpecker.
ToHlDE,t). a. ytri't. hid, part. pass. /lu/, or /luWcu ; \/itdaii.
Sax.] to conceal, or withdraw from a person's sight or know-
ledge.
HIDE, s. [haude, Belg.J the skin of any brute, either r.Tw
or dressed ; the human skin, so called \Alien coarse, or in
contempt. Hide of land, was such a quantity of land as
might be ploughed with one plough within the compass of a
year, or so much as would maintain a family; some call it
CO, some 80, and some UiO acres.
IlI'DEBOUND, a. in farriery, applied to a horse when
his skin sticks so hard to his ribs and back, that it cannot I e
pulled or looseued. In botany, applied to trees, v.lien the
barkwill not give way to the growth. Harsh; reserved ;
untractable. Figuratively, niggardly; penurious; parsi-
monious.
HIDEOUS, «. [AiWeui, Fr.] affecting with fear, terror, or
horror ; shocking.
HIDEOUSLY, ad. in such a mariner as to frighten or
shock.
HKDEOUSNESS, s. that quality which renders a person
or thing an object of terror.
Hl'DER, s. the person that conceals himself, or with-
draws from sight.
To HIE, V. a. [hiegtin, Sa\.] to hasten, or go in haste.
Formerly it was used with the reciprocal pronouns, h.taielf,
&c. but is now scarce ever used except in poetry.
IH'ERARCH, (hicrark) s. [from hieros, lioly, and arcJte,
goverumeut, (ir.] the chi-ef o< a sacred order.
HIEUA RCHICAL, {hierarkikal) a. [(rom hieros, l;oly, and
arche, goveriunent, Gr.] belonging to tlie spiritual order, or
to ecclesiastical goveriunent.
HIERARCHY, (hierarchy) s. [from hieros, holy, and arche,
government, Gr.] in divinity, sacred government, or the
order and subortlinalion among the several ranks of angels ;
an ecclesiastical establishment.
HI'ERES, a cluster of small islands in the Mediterranean
Sea, on the coast of the department of Var. Three of them,
name'ly, Porquerolles, Porteros, or Port Cross, and Bagueau,
are inhabited, and the Isle of Titan, the largest of them,
is capable of cultivation. They abound with medicinal
plants. Between these islands and the continent is the
iioad or Gulf of'Hieres, an excellent and capacious pool
or harbour. Hieres, a town in the department of Var,
seated in a pleasant and fruitful country, in which are
found the best fruits of I" ranee ; but its harbour being
choked up, it is now much decayed. During j;reat pait cif
the winter, the verdure of the country is as fine as in the
spring, and, in many gardens, green peas may be gathered.
Near the town are large salt-works. It is situated on the
side of a hill, w ith a canal cut iVom the salt lakes to the se:i,
10 miles E. of Toulon, and 350 S. by E. of Paris. Lat. 43,
5. N. Ion. 6.20. E.
HIF.ROGLYPH, or HIEROGLYPHIC, (hterogh,/, «»
hieruglyfik) s. [from hieros, sacred and gl'/pho, to enerave «,
HIG
H I r.
CRife, hecaiise originally carved on walls or obelisks! an
emtjlem, or picturesque representation of soiiiethinj;. This,
hein^ the first metiiotl of writing, was fjener;>lly undorslood
by every one ; Imt w hen characters were introduced instead
of pictures, the uieaniii"; of hieroglyphics hecame at length
unintelligible, and tiience gave rise to idolatry. Being
made use of by the Egyptian priests to keep the mysteries
of their religion from the knowledge of the vulgar, they were
thence called hierogli/pMcs, or sacred characters.
HIEROGLYTIIFC, or IIIEROGIA'PHICAL, a. ]/ncro-
ghjpliiqne, Fr.J emblematical ; expressive of some meaning
Levond what immedialelv appears.
HIKROGLY'PIHCALLY, ad. emblematically.
HIERO'GRAPHY, {hiar'ografii) s. [from hieros, holy, and
grnpho, to write, Gr.] holy writing.
: HIE'ROPHANT, (A«TO/"nj<0 *. [from hieros, holy, and
phaino, to shew, Gr.] one who teaches the rules of leligion.
To HIGGLE, ti. )i. of uncertain etymology, perhaps cor-
rupted from haggle ; to beat down the price of a thing in
a bargain ; to be long in agreeing on the price of a commo-
dity; to sell provisions from door to door ; this, according
to Johnson, seems to be the original meaning.
HI'GGLEDY-PrGGLEDY, ad. [a cant -word corrupted
from higgle, higglers carrying a huddle, or confused medley
of provisions together] in a confused or disorderly manner.
Ht'GGLER, s. one who sells provisions by retail from
door to door; one who buys fowls, butter, eggs, &c. in the
countrv, and brings them to town to sell.
HIGH, (the g/i in this word and all its derivatives and
compounds is mute, and |ironounced /;i;) a. [heah, Sax.Jiong
upwards, or the distance of the top of a thing from the
ground. " The ISIonument is 202 feet high. The to\Yer of
St. Paul's, before it was consumed by fire, was 628 feet
high, exclusive of a pole of copper, whereon was a cross
15|feet /(Jg-A." Elevated in place. Raised above the earth,
applied to the mind. Exalted, applied Jo rank, condition,
or nature. Refined or sublime, applied to thoughts or sen-
timents. High blood, noble ; above the vulgar. Violent,
loud, or tempestuous, applied to wind. Ungovernable, tur-
bulent.applied to the passions. Joined with time, complete,
full, proper, or almost elapsed. Strong, hot, warm with
spices, applied to food. Rccedingfrom the equator, orto-
wardsthe pole, applied to latitude. Capital, opposed to lit-
tle or petty ; as, " high treason." Dear, or costing much,
applied to price. High, when used in composition, has a
great variety o-f meanings, but generally includes the idea of
a great degree of anv quality. Frumhigh, from above ; from
a superior region ; from heaven. Onhigh,alot't; above; into
superior re{;ions ; info heaven.
HIGHAM-FE'RRERS, a small, but clean, dry, healthy,
and pleasant town of Northamptonshire, with a castle near
the church, the ruins of which are still visible. It is plea-
santlv seated on an ascent, near the river Nen, 14 miles N.
E. of Northampton, and (J!) N. N. W. of London. Market
on Satiirdav. It sends one member to parliament.
HIGH-BLOWN, n. much piifted up.
HI'GH-BORN, a. of noble extraction.
IirGH-BUILT, a. of a lofty structure; of great length
upwards; covered with lofty buildings.
HI'GH-COLOURED, a. having a deep or glaring co-
lour.
HI'GII-FED, a. pampered, or living on luxurious diet.
HrGH-FLIER, t. one that carries bis opinions to e.itra-
Tagance.
ilirill-FLOWN, «. elevated; proud. " High-flown
t.'jpes." Dcnh. Tiugid ; extravagant. " X high-Jlown liy-
|)t.)bole." L' Estrange.
HrGH-FLYING,7)«rt. extravagant in claims or opinions.
HIGIUiATE, a large populous hamlet, in the parishes of
Hornsey and Pancras, 4 miles N. by W. of London. It has
Its name from its high situation on the top of a hill, and a
gate erected there about 400years ago, to receive toll for the
bishop of London. Some of the public houses here have, or
lately had, a Urge pair of burns placed on the sign ; and when
400
the country people stop for refreshment, a pair of large
horns, fixed to thetnd of a sfaif, is brought to them, and
they are pressed to be sworn. If they conseuf, a kind of
burlesque oath is adiiiinistcreJ, that they will never ear
brown bread when they can get while, and other things
of the same kind, which is altered according to the sexes,
and which they repeat after the person who brings the
horns ; being allowed, however, to adfl to each article the
words " except I like the other better." Tiie whole being
over they must kiss the horns, and |)ay a shilling for th"
oath.
HI'GHLAN D, s. a place abounding in mountains.
HIGHLANDERS, a people in the N. of Scotland, whe
inhabit the mountainous parts, and have long been remark-
able for their particular dress, which some suppose to be
like that of the antient Romans. They are generally strong,
able-bodii'd men,, and made excellent soldiers. They were
divided into several clans, each of which had a chief or head,
and w hom they generally followed in case of war, or even in
a rebellion ; but now this subordination is taken away by act
of parliament, and attempts are making to introduce manu-
factures and trade among them.
HI'GHLY, ad. loftily, applied to place or situation. In
a great degree; in a proud, arrogant, or ambitious inannsr.
HIGH-METTLEi), a. proud; not easily governed,' or
provoked with restraint,
HIGH-MINDED, a. proud ; arrogant.
HI'GHMOST, a. (an irregular word) highest; higher in
situation than another.
HI'GHNESS, s. loftiness or distance from the surface of
the earth ; a title given to princes, formerly to kings. Dig-
nity of nature ; supremacy. Perfection too great to be com-
prehended, applied to the Deitv.
HIGH-SPIRITED, a. bold ; daring; insolent.
HIGH-PRI'NCIPLED, a. extravagant in notions of po-
litics.
HIUTtH-RED, a. deeply red.
mGH-STOMACHED, {ht-stomaked) a. obstinate ; easily
provoked ; proud.
HI'GHWATER, s. the utmost flow, the greatest swell,
or that state of the tide when it ceases to flow up.
HIGHWA'Y, s. a free passage tor the king's subjects,
and therefore called the King's highway, though tlie freehold
of the soil belongs to the lord of the manor, or the owner of
the land. Those ways that lead from one tow n to another,
and such as are drift or cartways, and are for all travellers
in great roads, or that communfcate with them, are highways
only ; and, as to their reparation, are under the care of sur-
veyors.
HI'GHWAYMAN, s. a robber that plunders on the pub-
lic roads.
Hl'GHWORTH, a town of Wiltshire, with a market on
Wednesdav. it is seated on the top of a high hill, wliich
stands in the middle of a rich plain, near the \'ale of White,
horse. It is .30 miles N. of Salisbury, and 77 W. of London.
IIIGH-WROUGHT, {la-ri,t)a. finished to great perfeo
tion with great pains and labour.
HILARITY, «. [from/nVflW*, gay, Lat.] gaiety ; mirth.
HI'LARY, a. ffrom Hilarhts, a Romish saint | a term
which begins in January, so called from the feast of St.
Ililarins, celebrated about that time.
IU'LDESHEIM, a pretty large city, capital of a princely
bishopric of Lower Saxony, about 40 miles long and ^2 wide.
It is situated near the Inner sea, 2G miles W. S. W. of
Brunswick.
lilLDING. s. a contemptible, cowardly fellow A mcau
or worthless woman.
HILL, s. [Iiil, Sax. J an eminence, or heap of earth lest
than a mountain.
HILL MO irrON, a town of War^viclishirc, seated on r
rivulet that comes from Creek in Northamptonshire, and falls
mto the Avon below Clifton, partly on a hill, and partiv ou
moorish ground, from whence it has its name, nor far fro.Ti
llugby, and 83 miles N W. of Loudon. Mirket ou Tuesday.
HIP
HIS
IirUOCK, *.aliftlcmil.
HI'fJ-Y, a. full of hills , uiioqiial in the .siilT;icc.
Hil/r, s. [hilt, Sax.] the liaiidh? of any iiistriiiiiPiif, but pe-
culiiiily applied to that ol a swonl.
HlAi, ywoH. the nhliiliu'case of /if, ffrf)m /k'jh. Sax.] 1 he da-
tive and ablative of In: lliin and hia, \\\m\'^[\ now only ap-
ph'ed to males, woro fdrnu'rly iis<d as iKiitiT.
HI'Msr.l.F, /«v)7/. |/;//s47/.7i.i, Sas.l it) iIk; nominative, of
the same si^'iiilicai ion as /.<•, only more prn;>lialioai, and to
distiufiuiili the [lerson if is applied to iVoni any oilier.
Anionjj aiitieiit aiilliois it is used instead ai itself, "As liijjii
as lieav'n liimsrlf." Sliak.
IMN, s. [Ileh.] a Hebrew measuie, containing one gajlon
and two pints,
HINCKLEY', an aiitient to-,vn of Leierslersliiie, c.nntain-
iOfj 2 clnncbes, and abont 750 houses. From a hij^li ;;ioiiii(l
near the town, ."iO ehiiiches may be seen, besides geiillemen's
Keats. It was fonneily nnich larger, as the back lanes be-
tween the orchards appear to have been once streets. It
lias a considerable nianiifaclory ofsloelonvrs and tine ale. It
is !3 miles S. W. of Leicesl'ci/and a I N.N. W. of London.
A good market on Monday, and a very noted fair on Au-
gust 28.
HIND, a. comparative liiurln; superlative liiiulmost ; [/"/»«-
dan, Sax.] tliat is behind another or backward, opposed to
fore.
HIND, .«. [Iiinde, .Sax. J the female of a hart, sta^, or red
deer ; the first year she is called a rntf, llie second a hearse,
sometimes a bruelul's sister, and llie linrd a hinTI, A servant,
from hinc, Sax. A [leasanl ; a boor, fnmi hinenian. Sax.
lU'NDBFJ'.llY, s. ihe raspberry bramble.
To IH'NDFJ!, r. a.[luudriau, Sax.] to prevent; to delay;
to stop or impede.
IH'NDEK, 8. the comparafive of hind; that is placed
backwards, or in a position contrary to that of Ihe face.
HrjVDKRANCE, i. an obstruclion or inipediment ; any
thing which prevents a person fi;oin proceeding in what he
has besnii, or frojii accomplishing what he intends.
HI'NDl'.RER, s. any person or thing that prevents or
stops any undertaking, or retards t by ditbcnllies.
HI'iN'DERMOST, «. the supeilaiive of //i»rf; hindmosi is
the most proper ; the last in order, or fai-ihest oft' in situa-
tion.
III'NDMOST, n. tiie proper superlative oihind ; the last
in order ; the farthest off in situation.
HTiNDOiV, a town in Wiltshire, with amaiket onTlrnrs-
day. It is an antieiit boioiigh-town, and sends two members
to parliament. It is '20 miles nearly W. of Salisbury, and 97
W. S. W. of Lonilon.
HI'NDOOS, the same people with the Genloos, which
sec.
HITSIDOOSTAN. See India.
HINGE, s. a kind of joint made of iron or other metal,
vhich moves on a piviot, and fasteivs two piec/?s of board to-
f ether, so as they may play backwards and forwards without
eing separated. Doors are, by means of this mechanism,
hung so as to open and shut. A governing rule or principle.
To be put off the Idng-es, a phrase, signifying to be in a state of
irregulariiy or disorder.
To HINGE, t). o. to furnish with, or hang upon, hinges.
Figurativelv, to bend like an hinge.
HrNGII AM, a town of Norfolk, 15 miles W. of Norwich,
and 97. N. E. of London. Market on Saturday.
To HINT, 11. «. [inter, Fr. according to Skinner] to bring
to mind by sliglit mention ; to mention imperfectly ; to drop
a word, by which the hearer may be enabled to trace out
something *hich we do not mention. To allude to; to
toiicl.1 slightly upon.
HINT, s. a faint notice given ; a remote allusion ; an in-
sinuation by which a hearer may come to the knowledge
of a thing not expressly mentioned ; a suggestion ; an inti-
mation.
HIP, t, [fii/pe, Sax.J the joint or fleshy part of the thigh.
In botany, the fruit of the brier or dogrose ; from hcopa, Sax
In iiK'fliciiie, a contraction of ht/pmhortdriac.
'I'd nil', )). a. to sprain or shoot tlie hip.
l]\\',iiitnj. a word used in railing to a person, in order to
stop him, or bring him loward's one.
liri'i'ISH, n. a corruption of hi/pochnndriac.
liriTOCA'Ml'lJS, theseahorie, in zoology, a small sea-
animal, caught in the Mediterranean, which resemble" »
horse in its head, and a caterpillar in the rest of it«
body.
HIPPOCE'NTAUR, s. [from hippos, a liorse, and loilnnrm,
a centaur, Gr.] a fabulous monster, half a horse and half a
man.
■ HITPOCRAS, s. f Fr.J a medicated wine.
Iirri'OCilA'l'ES SLEEVES, s. a woollen bag made in
the form of a pyramid, by joining Ihe two opposite corners
of as(inare piece of llaunel togetlicr; used in straining olF
syrups, wines, Ac.
HrPPOCiKll'F, .?. [from hippos, a horse, and gryps, a
griliin, Gr.J a winged horse.
lllPPOPOTAiSlUS, s. [t'rom hippos, ahorse, and potamnt,
a river, Gr.] in zoology, a large amphibious animal which
inhabits some of the African rivers, t.-.d has been seldom
seen bv Europeans.
MIPSHOT, 0. having the hip sprained or out of joint.
To HIRE, V. a. [hi/rnn,Sa\.] to procure a thing tor a cer-
tain time, at a pric<' agreed on ; to engage a person to work
a certain time, to do a particular service fora sum of money.
Figuratively, to bribe, or prevail on a person to do a thing
for the sake of money, w hir h he would not otherwise.
HIRE, s. money paid for the use of a thing, or wages paid
a person for labour and attendance.
Hireling, s. one w ho works tor wages. In scripture,
a mercenary pei;son, or one who has no other rega;;d tor him
whom he serves, or the things- he is entrusted with, but a
mere prospect of lucre.
HrilJ''.LING, a. serving for hire, mercenary, or actinj
merely for the sake of lucre.
HI'ilER, s. one who pays money for the use of a thing,
or engages the service of another by promising him wages
for his labour.
HIRSUTE, 17. [hij-sutus, Lat.] rough and rugged.
IlI.S, pron. pass, [i/s. Sax.] this word is masculine, and
shews that a thing belongs to the person mentioned before,
and was formerly used in a neutral sense instead of its.
'I'o HISS, V. «. [AmcH, Belg.] to make a noise by shutting
the teeth, applying the tongue to them, and breatliing
llirongh them, resembling the noise of a serpent ; to use with
the highest degree of contempt; to explode or condemn a
performance.
HISS, s. a noise made by breathing through the teeth
wnen shut; a noise made by a serpent and some other ani-
mals ; censure, oran expression of conlem|)t and disappro-
bation, shewn by hissing.
HIST, infer), a word used to command silence.
HISTO'RIAN, .V. [from historia, history, Gr.] one who
gives an account of facts and events.
HISTORIC, or HISTORICAL, a. [from historia, history,
Gr.] containing or giving an account of facts and events.
HISTORICALLY, ad. in the manner of history ; byway
of narrative.
To HISTO'RIFY, ». n. to relate or record in history.
HIST0R10'(JRAPHER, {historiog-rafr) s.[from historia,
history, and g-rapho, to write, Gr.] a professed historian, or
writer of history.
HISTORIO'GRAPHY^ {hislorioirrafy) s. [from hstoria,
history, and grapho, to write, Gr.J the art or employment of
an historian.
Hl'STORY,"*. [historin, from histor, a witness, Gr.] a nar-
ration or description of several transaciions, actions, or
events of a state, king, or private person, delivered in the
order in which they happened ; a narration or relation. lu
painting, it denotes a picture composed of divers hgures, oi
HO A
HOB
persons, representing some liansiiftionri'iisr r'A!or''e;gni:d.
firuiiral Historii \i a descripti(!n of the pioihiclioiis ol iia-
tiiri', nhctlicv plants, Liiiin.;iU, vejxe'alilps, rivers. >,Vc.
HISTiliO'NIC, or HISTIUO^'CAL, «. [iruw h.ist'io,
an actor, L;\\./iisiii(iu, Fr.j Uefiliiiii^ the stage ; sii'iahle vo v.
pliiver ; licinimin;; to the lliealrf;; brconi'p.jj y biifloon.
HISTllIO'.N'lCALLV, «rf. after tiie n:aii:ier of a player,
mimic, or bufi'oon.
To HIT, V. II. [/:itte, Dan. according to Junius] to strike
with a blow ; to toucii a mark aimed at by a person at a dis-
tance ; to attain ; to roacli a point; to strike a iiilin;^ pas-
sion ; to monlion a person's peculiar foible, used wilii <i(f.
To deternnne precisely; to pitch upon with labour. Neu-
ferlv, to da^li, applied to two tliiii^s \vliich are made to
touch each other. To chance luckily ; to succeed ; to
li({ht on.
HIT, s. a stroke ; a hicky chance ; success owing to mere
accident; or a discovery made by chance.
To HITCH, f. H. [//i>i>''iH, SaN.j to be catcised as upon a
hook : to move by jerks ; to strike one ankie against auotiier
iuwalkin:;.
HITCHEL, s. [hechel. Tent.] the iiistnimcnl with wliich
flax is beaten and combed. See Hatchel.
To Hr'I'CHl'.L, V. a. to beat orcond) llax or hemp.
HI'TCHIN, formerly called HiTCliEND,a populous Iowt.
of Hertfordshire, reckoned the second in the county, fo.-
number of streets, houses, and inhabitants. Il is situatec'
near a wood called Hitch, on the rivulet Hiz, (which drive-i
two mills here, and runs to Ickleford,) 15 miles N. N. W. of
Hertford, and 34 N. W. of London. A considerable niarke":
for wlu'at, malt, Ac. on Tuesday.
HlTHE,or Hythf, a town in Kent, one of the Cinque
Ports. It had formerly 4 parishes; but its harbour having
been choked up, it has now but one. There is a very re-
markable pile of dry bones in this town, 28 feet long, Cfeet
l)road. and 8 hi^di ; they are preserved in a vault under the
church, like books in a library, and consist of several thou
sand heads, arms, legs, thighbones, Ac. some very gigantic;
and appear, bv an inscription, to be the remains oftlie Danes
and Britons, killed in a battle near this place, prior to the
Norman concpiest. It is 9 miles S. W. of Dover, and OS S.
E. of London. Market on Saturday.
Hl'THK, i. [Injthe, Sax.] a small port, haven, or wharf, for
landing goods ; hence Queen-hilhe, Laiub-hiUic, now cor-
ruptee! to Lambeth.
Hl^JUKIl, a. nearer ; towards this part.
HITHER, orf. \hii.hcr, Sax.] to this place, including mo-
tion from some other; used in opposition to (A(>/'fr. Iliiher
and thithey, from this place to that. To this end, design, or
argument ; in this sense.
HLTHRllMOST, o. superlative oi hither ; nearest to us ;
nearest on this side.
HITHERTO, '«/. to this time; yet; not till this time ; at
evei-v time till Ihe.present.
HlTHEFlWARD, or HITHERWARDS, ad. [hyther-
wenrd. Sax.] this way ; towards this place.
HIVE, s. [hyfe. Sax.] a small convenient house or lodging
for bees, wherein they liveaud form theircells. Figurative-
ly, the bees which are contained iu a liive ; a company.
To HIVK, V. a. to put into hives. Figuratively, to con-
tain as in a liive.
HITER, !. one who covers bees with hives.
IIO, or i!0'.\, iittnj. \ehi> ! Lat.] a woid used to give
notice of approach ; or to fix the attention of a person at a
tji.stauce.
HOACHE, a kind of earth used by the Chinese, in the
manufacture of porcelain.
HOAR, (/loi) a. [h(ir. Sax.] while; while with frost or
age.
HOARD, (/(ocff) •'■ [hcr'f, Sax.] money or any thing else
laid up in secret ; a hidden liiap or slock.
To HOARD, (/»)»•(/) V. a. to lay up store; to lay up mo-
uey in lieapsand in secret. Neuterlv, to make boards.
HO ARDER, {harder) t. cue that heaps up treasure, aijd
hides it.
HOAUrnOST, ». the congelations ofdew in frosty moriv
ings on the guiss.
HOARHOUND, f. a plant with the leaves and flower-
cup covered very tliick willi a white hoariness.
Ho ARINES.S, (h(jrii(ess)s. thcfjuality <.f appearing white;
whiteness occasioned by age. Figuratively, old age.
HOARSE, (Jidrse) a. [has. Sax. leersch, Belg.j having
the voice rou;;h with a cold, having a rough sound.
HOARSELY^ (harseli/) ad. speaking r<>ngh or harsh with
a cold ; wilU a rough, haish voice or sound.
HO'ARSl'ii\ESS, {/ivisci!cs.i) s. [lasnesse, Sax.] roughnes*
of voice, peculiarly applied to the haishuess occasioned by
a cold.
HO'ARY, (hdii/) a. \/.nruiid, Sax.] white, or whitish ; white
or grav will) age or frost.
To HOBBLE, v. ii. to /«>;>, to hvppU, lo hobble ; \hulbe.
len or hobleii, F>e!g.] to walk lamely or awkwardly, or with
frequent hitches. To move roughly, or unevenly, applied
to verse.
HO'BBLE, i. a rough or lame motion in walking; an
awkward gait.
HO'BBLlTsGLY, ad. after the manner of a person v. ho
is lame ; with a hyUingor awkwar<i gait.
FIOBBY, s.\holcriiiii, Tr.hifpe, (M.ih.]a species of hawk;
a pacing horse ; a stick hujvg wilii helis, Ac. on which chil-
dren get astride and ride. Figuraliveiy, a stupid (ellow.
HOBGOBLIN, s. an elf, spirit, or chief among the
goblins.
HO'BIT, i. a small morlarfrom six to eight inches diame-
ter, mounted on a carriage made gun fashion, and used for
annoying an enemy at a distance w ith small bombs.
HO'BNAIL, s, a nail wiili a thick strong head, so called
because used in shoeing a lioidiv or little horse.
HOBNAILED, «. covcied with hobnails.
HO'BNOB, «</. (moie properly H.\i!-n a b) at random;
at the mercy of chance; wiliioutany lule.
HOCK, s. the same witli hough ; [//«//, Sax.] the joint be-
tween the knee and tiie fetlock ; the fore end or quarter of
a flitch, or the less and bony end of a gammon of bacon.
Old strong beer, wine.iVc. partici.iar'.y old strong Rhenish
wine, so called from Hockiieim on the Maine.
HOCK-DAY, or HOCK-TLESDAY, in our antient
customs, the second Tues^day after Faster week, a solemn
festival, celebrated for manv ages in Fiig'lan-'i!, in memory of
the great slaughter of the Danes, in the timeof king EthreU
dred, they having been in that reign almost all destroyed
iu different parts of the kingdom, and that principally by
women.
HOCKHEr>B,i.a plant, the same with the mallows.
To HO'CKLE, V. a. to hamstring ; to cut the sinews near
the ham or hock.
HOCUS PO'CUS, s. legerdemain ; juggle; cheat ; slight
of hand. It may be a corruption of the words Hoc rxt .'orpus,
this is the body used by the Ixoman Catholics at the conse-
cration of the sacramental bread.
HOD, «. f/io(/, Sax.Ja kind of trough in which labourer*
carry mortar on their heads or shoulders to bricklayers or
masons.
HO'DDESDON, a considerable thoroughfare town of
Hartfordshire, seated near the river Lea, on the great north
road, 17 milcsN.of London, and 3 S. of Ware. Market on
Thurs-dav.
IIO'D(iE-rODOE,s. \harheporhK Fr.] a medley, or odJ
mixture of ingredients huddled or boiled together.
HODIE'RNAL, a. [from hodie, to.lay, Lat. J of to-day.
HODIMAN, J. a labouicr, or one that carries mortar In
a hod.
JiODM^KDO'D, it.afish.
IIO'DNE'!", a town iu Shropshire, whose market \a <li»
used. It is i.'i.'innlcs N. W. of London.
lii.E, 3. [hoitwe, Bclg. huiie, Fr.J an instrument used ij>
HOL
HOL
ewttinc: or gcVapin;: tip lli<' earlli, of wliiili tlie blade is at
ri;;lit aiii;lps w illi llic liaii'llc.
To IKJI'/, v.a.\/wui'r, l''r. hvvutu, Belfj.J to cut PHilIi with
B hoc ; to weed willi a lioc ; to scrape eailii over liie roots
ol plunls In' nipaiis of a lioe.
HOFITCHIXXJ, a rich, conimrrcial city of China, of
the first rank in tlie provincL' (jf Kiiin;;Man. The best loa
Kroivs in the ('tivirons, and tlie japanned waic of this cily is
recitonid eiiiial to auv otlier in Ciiiiia. It is OiO miles S. of
Pekin.
MOG, s. [/nvch, Rrit.] a {jeneral name for a swine, or boar.
Fi^iirativi'ly, a brutish, selfish, or greedy pers(ni. '/'» bnii:^-
OHc'.t hogs to a Jine 7)ni -/at, iiiiplics to be disappointed, or to
lake a tcreat d<-al of pains for nothinij.
HOGCOTE, s. Ihe same with liocsTY, which see.
HO'(i(jlT!K!,, .t. a two-year old ewe.
HOGGISH, a. Iiaving the qnalitics of a hog; brutish;
groedv ; sclli^li.
HOGGISHNESS, «. the quality in which a person resem-
bles a hoij ; seHishliess ; <;reedini'ssor hrutvsliiiess.
HOGH, (/,<>) s. a liiil, or risini; };ronnd. Obsolete.
HO'GHEKD, *. a keeper of hr.-s.
HO'GSn l''AD, {.'■ ;i!>:erl) s. \()g- shood, Beh;.] a measure of
liquids conlaininicsixtv-three ^jallons; a vessel or cask con-
taininir si\lv-three Rations ; any larj;e cask.
HO (i STY, s. the place in which suine are confined.
HO(iUE, Cape i.A,lhe N. W. iioiut of the depart nient of
the Channel, IvinsR. of the isle of Alrlevney, and N. W. of
Cherhnrj,'. Opposite the town of Ea Ho<,Mie, in i(ii)2, the
lMi-,'Iish and Dutch fleet, under admiral llussel, defeated the
French fleet; and on the follow insj day, admiral Rooke
iMirnt the rrench admiral's ship, the Uoya! '^nn, with 12 more
men of war. I.at. 49. 4.'j. l\. Ion. 1. 57. W.
HO'GW.ASH, i. the draff which is given to, or is only fit
for, swine.
HOl'DEN, s. [Iioeden, Brit.J a romping, awkward, ignorant,
and wanton pirl.
To HOl'Dl'/N, 1). w. to romp indecently ; to beliave with
levitv and wantonness.
To HOISE, or HOIST, v. a. [hausser, Fr.] to lift or raise
up on hif;h.
H0LI5ECHE, a ^ery antient, but indifferent town, in
1/incolnshire, seated in a Hal araons: the (h kes, 12 miles S. of
Boston, and 115 N. of London. INlarketon Thursday.
To HOLD, r. a. prefer. Itclil, part. pass, held or holc'in ;
[hiilchn, Goth, and Sax.] to grasp in the hiind ; to gripe; to
retain ; to keep. Figuratively, to raaint<iin, support, or slick
to, an opinion. To possess or enjoy. To stop, resliain, or
suspend, applied either to the tongue or hand. To perse-
vere or continue in a design. To solemnize or celebrate.
" He held a feast." 1 Sam. xxv. 36. To assemble or collect
together. " The queen — holds her parliament." Shah. To
continue in any state; to retain. Toofi'er; to propose ; fo
form, to plan. To manage. To hold forth, in common and
low discourse, to preach or deliver a discourse in public.
To exhibitor present to a person's view. To stretcli forth
or from the body, applied to the arm, or any thing held in
the hand. 'To hold up, to raise aloft ; to sustain, to support.
Neuterly, to last, endure, or remain unbrtken. To stand ;
to be right. To stand up for ; to adhere. To be depen-
dent on. To derive right. To hold up, applied to the wea-
tber, means, it is fair.
HOLD, at the beginning of a sentence, though it has the
a|)pearance of an intejjection, is really nothing but the pre-
aeut tense of the imperative mood ; and means, forbear,
•top, be still.
HOLD, s. the act of seizing or keeping a thing fast in the
hand; a seizure or grasp ; something which may afi'ord sup-
port, when seised or held by the hand; a catch ; or the
power of seizing or keeping ; a prison, or place of custody.
All that part that is between the keelson and the lower deck,
applied to a ship. A lurking-place; the iurkiuij place or
den of a wild beast. A fortified place ; a fort. Figurative-
Jy, power ; iulluence.
HO'LDF.r^, i. one who keeps any thing in hi.^ liand by
shutting it; a tenant, or one who occupies lands or tene-
ments of anolher by base.
IIO'LDEUFO'dTH, ,?. an haranguer ; one who preaches
or speaks in piililic; a word of contempt.
nO'LDERNl'.SS, a division of the East Biding of York-
shire, remarkable for ils large lined of horned cattle and
liorses. It has the title of an earhhiui.
IlOJiDFAST, .T. any thing l>\ which a door is fastcncfl
will n put close ; a caU h ; a hoi.k.
IIO'LDIN(i, f. a teiiuif'; a farm.
HO'LDSWOHTII, or Iloi.n.sw oktiiy, a huge town of
Devonshire, seated hitv, eeii luo blanches of the river Ta-
mar, 41 miles N. N. W. of Exeter, and 215 W. by S. of Lo;i-
doii. Market on Saturday.
HOLE, s. \hole. Sax. hot', Belg.J a cavity that is narrow and
long; a den ; a cavity made with a borer; a rent or cut in
a garmetit. Figuiati\ely, a mean dwelling or l-.ouse ; a sub-
terfu;i;c ; a shift.
HO'LIDAM, s. a word in antient writers, signifying Bles-
sed Lady.
HO'LILY, ad. in a pious maimer.
HOLINE.SS, s. when applied to (lod, that altribule which
reprcscnis him as disliking and detesting all wickedness.
Applied to men, an absolute abhorrence to all kiiu'ls of sin,
and a coiiforniity fo the nature and will of (></d ; the stale of
being hallowed, consecrated, or sanctified; thetitlc assumed
bv the I'ope.
"HOLLA, inter), {hola, Fr.l a word used in calling to a
person at a distance or out of sight. Used substanlively by
Milton. "List, list! — some far-off /lo/Zn, breaks the silcot
air."
To HO'IjLA, v. a. Johnson says this word is now vi-
liously written /(«//« by the best authors; arid soinetimes
holloo ; to cry out with a loud voice. '• In his ear 111 holla
Mortimer." Shuk. " What holloing and what stir is thisT
Shnh.
IIO'LL.\ND, the most considerable of the Seven United
Provinces, Iving between the Zuvder Zee, the Nor,lh Sea,
Zealand and' Utrecht. It is divided into N. Holland, W.
Friesland, and S. Holland ; and these together make but one
province, whose states take the til-le of Holland and W.
Friesland. The Ye, a small bay, which is an extension ot
the Zuyder-Zee, separates, Holland fiomW. Friesland. The
extent is not large, being not above 180 nnles in circum-
ference. The land is almost every \^ here lower than the
sea. The water is kept out by dams and dykes, which they
are particularly careful of keeping in good repair, lest the
whole province should be laid under water. It is crossed
by the nioulli of the Rhine and Maese, by several small ri-
vers, and bya;,reat number of canals, on which they travel
day and night at a small expense. Properly speaking it is
nothing but a large meadow, and yet all things a:e in great
plenty, by reason of its trade; and the land serves lo feed
great numbers of cattle. It is so populous, that no country
in the world can match it of so small an extent ; the pastures
are so lich, that they have plenty of butter and cheese ; and
the seas and rivers furnish them with fish. There are 400
large towns, and Is> cities, which make up the states and
the province, and several others that have not the same pri-
vilege. The houses are well built, and extremely neat and
clean, as well in the country as in the towns. Learning has
flourished here, and they have both linen and woollen manu-
fiictures, besides their building a great number of ships. Tli«
Dutch formerly surpassed all other nations with regard to
trade, and by theirseftlenients in foreign couutries,GspecialIy
in the East Indies, and on the coast fifGiiinea. Thisprovinc*
has a court of i'lstice, which finally detci mines in all crimi-
nal and civil afrairs ; and its states, iu which the sovereignty
resided, were composed of the deputies of the nobility and
of the cities, besides the stadliioldcr. \Ye mii-st not confound
Holland, properly so called, with the republic, which com-
prehends the Seven United Provinces. Amsterdam is the
capital city. The war willi France caused a revolut'on in this
ib3
HOL
HOL
«« well as The titlicr proviocps of the United States. IloIIniid
at first appfured iiDstih; to t-be new repiililic of France, liut
wever lieaitily co-opeiutetl with Ific alhed powers. The
iiinctioi), however, was apparently made in 1792, and the
French, in 1794, invaded the states, and were received with-
ont much opposition ; the sUidtholder and his family took
refuge in England ; and tue states, or re|uil>lic of Holland,
afterwards framed a constitution upon the French model ;
since which their government has untlergone various mo-
difications, in obedience to the dictates of France; and
on June 11, 1806, was erected into a monarchy' under
Lewis Buonaparte, brother to the emperor Napolean. They
joined with France in an alliance olfensive and defensive,
but theCapeof Good Hope, and most of their India settle-
ments, were taken by the English, (thoUE;h restored to them
at the peace,) and in October 1797, a fleet, which they had
destined for Brest, as was supposed, fell in with the Eng-
Lish fleet, commanded by admiral Duncan, who gained one
of the most brilliant victories on the records of naval his-
tory. He took no less than. nine ships of the line.
HO'LLAND, a district .of Lincolnshire, in the S. E. part
of the county. It is divided into Ui)per and Lower, and
reaches from WainsHeet to the Isle of Ely, and to the grounds
opposite Lynn in Norfolk. In nature, as well as appellation,
it resembles a province of the same name in the Netherlands.
It consists entirely of fens and marshes, in which are many
quicksairds, some in a state of nature, but others cut by num-
berless drains and canals, and crossed by raised causeways.
The lower, or southern division, is the most watery, and is
preserved from constant innundation by nothing but vast
bauks, raised on the sea-coast and rivers. It was formerly
impassable ; but since the fens have been drained, the lands
are grown more solid, and the inhabitants sow cole-seed
upon them to their great advantage. Through the whole
fenny district, the wails of the houses are generally of brick,
and their roofs covered with slate or tile. A stone house is
rarely to be seen here, and as rarely one thatched with
straw, but many of those of the more opulent farmers are
large and handsonic. The churches are, in general, spa-
cious, and several of them are built with excellent stone.
The air is reckoned unwholesome, and the water, in general,
is so brackish as to be unfit for internal purposes ; on which
account the inhabitants are obliged to make reservoirs of
rain water. In summer vast swarms of insects till the air,
and prove exceedingly otfensive. Yet, even here, industry
has produced eoudort and opulence, by forming excellent
pasture land out of swamps and bogs, and even making them
capable of producing large crops of corn. The fens
too, in their native state, are not witiiout their utility, and
afford various objects of curiosity to the naturalist. The
reeds, with which the waters of their fens are covered, make
the best thatch, and are annually harvested in great qnan-
tities for that purpose. Prodigious Hocks of geese are bred
aniongthe undrained fens, forming a considerable object of
commerce, as well for theii quills and feathers, as for the
bird itself, which is driven in great numbers to the London
markets. The principal decoys, in England, for the various
kinds of wild ducks, teal, widgeon, and other fowls of the
duuk kind, are in these parts. Wild geese, grebes, god-
H'its, whiiidjrels, coots, rufts, reeves, bitterns, aiul a great
variety of other species of water fowl, breed here in amaz-
ing numbers; and stares, or starlings, resort hither during
the winter, in myriads, to roost on the reeds, breaking them
down by their weight. Near Spalding is the greatest he-
ronry iri England, where the herons build together on Iiigh
trees, like rooks. , The avoset, or yelder, is found in great
numbers aboui Fossdyke Wash, as are also knots and dot-
trels.
HO'LLAND, NEW, including Van Dieman's land, ex-
tends from 10 to 44 deg. S. Lat. and between 110 and
JM of Loii. K. from London. Notsvilhstanding many na-
vigators had touched here in the last century, the eastern
part of Ibis vast tract was totally unknown till Captain Cook
muJc JiLs voyages, and, by fully exploring that part of the
4M
coast, gave his country an undoubted right (o the possession
of it; which accordingly has since been taken possession of
under the name cf Ae!t>SOTi(/i Wales. This country has n'jw
become an object of great conseojuence, by reason of the es-
tablishment of a British colony in it ; where the criminals
condemned to be transported are sent to pass their time of
servitude. Fortius purpose, on Dec. 6, 1780, orders were
issued by his niajesly in council for making a settlement on
New Holland, establishing a court of judicature in llie co-
lony, and other regulations necessary on the occasion, and
the sanction of parliament was given in 1787. Tlie first
squadron appointed consisted of the Sirius frigate, Captain
Hunter; the Supply armed tender. Lieutenant Ball; three
store ships, for carrying provisions and stores for two
years; and lastly, six transports to carry 778 convicts, ot
which 558 were males, with a detachment of marines in
each. On the 18th of'January the Supply arrived at Bo-
tauy-Bay, on (he coast of New South Wales, which situa-
tion was afterwards changed for Port Jackson, as more f;»-
vourable to a settlement. Subsecjuent voyages were made,,
and there is now a regular colony, represented to be iu a
very flourishing state, but after surmounting great difficul-
ties. The number of persons on the settlement, including
convicts were by the latest accounts said to be aboni
twelve thousand.
HO'LLAND, «. in commerce, a fine and close kind
of linen, so called from its being first manufactured in
Holland.
HOLLOW, (/loim) a. [from /wle] having the inside or
any part scooped out ; having a void space within, opposed
to solid. Noisy, or like a sountl made in some cavity. FU
guratively, bvpoeritical.
HO'LLOW, {hullo) s. a cavitv, or empty space ; a con-
cavity ; a cavern, or den; a pit, passage, or empty spate
in the inside of a thing.
To HOLLOW, {libllu) V. a. to scoop furrows, channels,
or cavities iu a thing. To shout or make a loud noise.
" Cqmes liullouui!>- fiom the stable," Pope. So Hriltcn by
neglect of etymology, instead of /toUa, says Minsan. See
HoT.LA.
HO'LLOWLY, (huiroli/) ad. with empty spaces with-
in ; with channels or vacuities. Figuratively, with insin-
cerity.
HO'LLOWNESS, {h'ulKnesf) s. caviiy ; the state of hav-
ing empty spaces ; want of sincerity ; deceit; treachery.
HO'LLY, s. a tree of which there are a great many vari-
eties, with variegated leaves, small white blossoms, and red
berries. The common holly giows naturally in woods and
forests in manv parts of England.
HOLLYHOCK, t. \lwlilu'c. Sax.] the rosemallow. It is
in every respect larger liian the common mallow.
HOLME,*, in botany, the ilex, or evergreen oak.
HOLME, a town of Cumbeiland. Sec Abbf.y-Holme.
HOLOCAUST,.?. [from holox, the whole, and hah, to burn,
Gr.J a burnt sacrifice. In the Jewish chinch, it was a
sacrifice which was all burnt tipon the altar; and of this
kind was the daily sacrifice. This vas done by way of
acknowledgment, that the person offering and all that
belonged to him, were the ell'ect of the divine bounty. The
holocaust was to be a bullock without blemish; it was
brought to tbetabernacleof the congregation, with the hands
of him that ollered it upon its I)ead ; th.enthe Levites killed
it, sprinkled the blood of it upon the altar, and slaying it,
cut it in pieces, after which it was laid upon the altar, and
burnt by the priest for a sweet smelling- savour vtito tin
Lord.
HO'LOGRAPH, (l,o!o<>-raf) [from Iwhs, the wiiole, and
^raj>lio, to write. Or.] in the Scottish law, applied to u deed
written entirely by the granter's liand.
HO'f.PEN, "the old part.. pass, of Help.
HOLSTEIN, a duchy ofiJermany, in, the circle of Lower
Saxony, subject to the liing of Denmark, having the Baltic
on the E. the German Ocean on the W. Slrswick and the
Baltic on the N. aud Lunenburg, Lubeck, Huuibur^, and
H O L
Ihc Elbe on tlic S. It is about 70 niilps in Icn^'lb, and
48 ia bioadlb, and is a pleasant coinitiy, fiiiiiriil in uiicat,
Darlev, oats, beans, peas, and rapo seed, and piodncin^
liornt-d cattle, slioep, lanis, swine, horsos, i)(>nllry, bears,
and fisii, in great abnndanee ; it is also « ill scaled lor trade,
aiiii Ims some considerable harbours, particniarly those of
Ilamburg and Lubeck. There arc some imperial cities,
which are governed by their respective niagisliatcs, bnt
the religion of the whole country is Lutheran, 'i'he (Incliy
is divided into Holstein Gluclvstadl, subjett to the king of
Derniiark; and Holstein Oottorpf, subject lo the emperor
nf Russia. The governor, appointed by the king of Don-
mark, generally resides at Ghicksladt, and the regency
court for Hubslan Holstein is held at Keil. Tiu^ intended
junction l)elween the Baltic and the North Sea, will be
formed entirely through Holstein and the other Danish ter-
ritories.
HOLSTER, s. [Iiiihter, Teut.J a case for a iiorseman's
pistol.
HOLT, a town in Norfolk, 20 miles N. N. W. of Norwich,
and I2'2 N. K. of London. Market on Saturrlay.
HOLT, either at the beginning or end of the name of a
place, from liolt, Sax. a wood, signiiies that it is, or has been,
a wood ; sometimes indeed it may come from /lol, Sax. hol-
low, especially when the name ends in (»)i and ilnn.
HOLY, «. \M'g, Sax. J perlorming every duty of religion,
'and abstaining entirely from sin; set apart, consecrated,
or dedicated to divine uses ; pure, or without spot ;
sacred.
HO'LY GHOST, i. [haU^ andg-ff.rt, Sax.] the Holy Spirit,
or third Person in the aclorable Trinity, whose peculiar
ofbce, as dislinguislied from the Father and the Son, is sanc-
tification and inspiration.
HO'LY-THURSDAY, s. the day on which the ascension
of our Saviour is coauuemovated.
HO'LY-WKEK, s. [Iwlgaii and jtitcB," Sax.] the week
before Easter, so called because set apart by the church in a
peculiar manner to offices of piety and devotion, as a pre-
paration for the ensuing festival of Christ's resurrection.
HO'LYDAY, or HOLIDAY, s. [/lalgau and <lcrf>; Sax.]
a day set apart by the church for commemoration of some
saint, or some remarkable particular in the life of Christ ; a
day wherein people abstain from work, and entertain them-
selves with feasts, &c. a day of gaiety and joy.
HO'LYHEAD, a sea-port and cape oftl>e Isle of Angle-
sen, rendered considerable by being the place where pas-
sengers usually embark for Dublin, there being packet-boats
that sail for that city every day, except Tuesday, wind and
weather perniitt'ing. It is noted for several remains of old
fortifications, one of which, called Tunis Mimime>Uii»i,\s an
old stone wall, with a small turret on its centre ; there are
also some drnidical antiquities in its neighbourhood. Under
the mountains that overhang the town, is a laige cavern <n
the rock, supported by natural pillars, and called the parlia-
ment-house ; it is accessible only by boats, and the tide runs
into it. On the adjacent rocks, the herb grows of which
they make kelp, a fixed salt used in making glass, and in
alum works ; and in the neighbourhood is a large vein of
white fullei's earth, and another of yellow. On the Isle of
Skerries, 9 miles to the N. is a lighthouse. Large flocks of
puffins are often seen here ; they a^ll come in one night, and
depart in the same manner. The commodities arc butler,
cheese, bacon, wild-ffivvl, lobsters, crabs, oysters, razor-fish,
shrimps, herrings, cod-fish, whitings, sea tenches, and plenty
of other fish. It is, in fact, little more than a fishin;; town,
with three good inns, and it has a very convenieut harbour
for the northern trade, when taken short by contrary winds.
It is situated near the extremity of the island, joiueJl to the
N. W. part of it by a stone bridge, of one arch ; 00 miles E.
of Dublin, 24 nearly W. of Beaumaris, and 260 N. W. of
London. Lat. 53. 19. N. Ion. 4. 34. W. A small market on
Saturday. ' -
IIO'LV-ISLAND, or Lindisfaene, a small island on
the coast of Northumberland, about 6 miles S. E. of Berwick,
and one mile and a half from the nearest land, troni wht-irw,
at low water, [xople ride over to it. It is two ruiles and a
quarter hmg, and on? in breadth, and consislsof one eotiti-
njied plain. The soil is rocky and full of stones, for which
reason it is thinly peopled ; it has but one small town, or ra-
ther village, slaudiug onaiising ground; it consists of a
fevv scattered houses, chiclly inhabited by fishermen, with
two inns, and a church. Under the castle, wliich stands at
the southern point, on almost a perpendicular rock, near CO
feet high, there is a couniiodions bay, or harbour, defended
by a blocklunise. The castle is accessible only by a iiar-
low and v. indiu'^ i)ass, cut out of the rock, on its south-
ern side. 'I'lie N. and N. E. toasts of the island are formed
of peri-)cndicular rocks, the other sides sink, by gradual
slopes, to the sand. It has plentv offish and fowl, but the
air and soil are reckoned bad. The \V. part is left wholly
to the rabbits, and there is not a free on the island. 'J'lie
monastery, which covered near four acres, is entirely in-
ruins,, biit there are various fragments of the ollites re-
maining. It is properly a semi-island, being encompassed
with water at every Hood, but sand at ebb. The E. iiart,
which is much the broadest, is joined to the W. by a small
slip of land.
HO'LYWELL, a town of Flintshire, which, although in
great part new, is, from its vicinity to the lead mines, and
its considerable ur,innfactures, become the most llonrishing
in the county. It takes its name from the famous well, calleti
St. Winifred's, coscerninij which so many faltles and 8i»-
perstilious notions have prevailed. It is a copious stream
of very cold and i)ure water, bursting out of the gnmnd, y.t
the foot of a hill, with such iniiietuo^ily as to <listharge 21
tuns of water in a miinite. Over the spring there is a cha-
pel, built by the countess of Derby, mother of Henry VIL
which stands upon pillars, and on the windows are painted
the history of St. Winifred's life. Besides the cold bath, ce-
lebrated for wonderful cures, furnied at the spring head, and
covered with a beautiful Goliiic shrine, it is now applied lo
the purpose of turning several mills for the working of cop-
per, making brass-wire, paper, an<l snulV, and spinning cot-
ton. It is io miles E. of St. Asaph, and 212 N. E. ot Lon-
don. Market on Friday.
IIO'IMAGE, s. \liommagn, Fr. | the reverence, respect,
submission, or fealty, professed and performed lo a sove-
reign or superior; respect or submission shewn by ariy ex-
ternal action.
HOMAGER, s. \lw)iimager, Fr.J one who holds by ho.
mage of a superior lord.
Home, s. \ham. Sax. J a person's own bouse. "Figura-
tively, the country in wliich a person lives, or place of bis
constant residence. Used in composition, for any thin?
produced in our own country, or made within a person's
own house.
HOIvl E, ad. to the house wherein a person lives ; so one'^
own country; fully; closely; to the utmost ; to the purpose;
to the point designed. Joined to a substantive, it implies
force, or efficacy. " The Lome thrust of a friendly sword."
Drtiil.
HO'MEBORN, a. natural; domestic; or of one's own
country.
liO'.MEBRED, fl. native ; natural; bred in a person's
own breast. Figuratively, rude; artless; uncultivated ; or
not polished bv travel.
HO'MEFELT, a. internal; felt within ; inward.
HO MELILY, ad. in a rude, rough, or mean manner.
HO'MELINESS, J. plainness; rudeness; coarseness.
HO'MELY, a. plain ; coarse ; rude, or not polished by
the assistance or information of foreigners.
HO'MELY, ad. in a plain manner; coarsely.
HOMELYN, *. a kind of fish.
HOME-MADE, a. made iu our own country, opposed to
foreigii.
HOMER, s. [Heb.]a measure among the Hebrews, cou.
tainin/j about three pints ; Bailey sa^ s, two bushels.
I1<./MESPU'N, a. spun or wrouglit in a private hcuse.
HON
HON
not by professed niaiiufacturers. Made in one's own eoiin-
tiy, opposed to/('»v)g7i. Fiyiu;iti\tly, coarse ; rude; want-
ing: perfection orclexanee. Used substantively fora coarse,
rnile, unpolished, or ill bred person.
HOiMKSTAl.L, or HOMESTKAD, s. [ham and stcde,
Sax.] a house, or place wliere a house stood.
HOM I:\VaRD, or HO'MEWARDS, ad. towards home;
ortoHiards the ho\ise wherein a person constantly resides.
HOMICIDAL, «. murderous; bloody.
HOMICIDE, s. [from homo, a man, and caedo, to slay,
Lat. J murder. It is divided 'mlnvolunturi/, when coniniitt(>d
with malice ; or casmil, when <lone by accident. A mur-
derer ; a manslayer, from homiciilu, hat. /winicide, Fr. " Hec-
tor comes, the homicide, to wield his couqu'rin^ arms."
Drt/d.
HOMILETICAL, a. [from komihi, an assembly, Gr.]
Aocia', conversable.
HOM I LY, s. [from homilos, an assembly, Gr.] a plain and
popular discourse on some divine subject ; applied to those
which were composed at the Ueforniation to be read in
churches, in order to supply both the casual and necessary
defect of sermons.
HOMOGE'NEAL, or HOMOGENEOUS, (the /»■ is
pronounced soft) n. [from hnvtos, the same, and gcuos, knid,
Gr.] having the same nature or principles of thesame nature
or kind.
HOMOGE'NEALNESS, HOMOGENEITY, or HO-
MOGE'NEOUSN ESS, s. the quality of having the same
nature or principles.
HO'MOGENY, s. [from homes, the same, and genos, kind,
Gr.] likeness; or sameness of nature.
HOMOLOGATION, s. in the civil law, the act of con-
firming or rendering a thing more valid and solemn, by pub-
lication, repetition, or recognition thereof. It is derived
from a Greek word signifving consent or assent.
IIOMO'LOGOU.S, a. [from homos, the same, and logos,
speech, Gr.] having the same jjroportion. In logic, ap-
plied to things which agree in name, but have a ditlereih
nature.
HOMO'NYMOUS, a. [from homos, the same, and onoma,
a name, G:.] signifving several things, applied to words
which have several senses.
HOMONYM Y, j. [from homos, the same, and onoma,
a name, Cir.] equivocation : ambiguity.
HOMOTOS'OU.S, a. [from homos, the same, and lonos,
sound, Gr ] having the same sound.
HO.MO'i'ONY, «. [from homos, the same, and tonos, sound,
Gr.] sameness of sound.
HON.\N, a city of China, of the tirst rank, capital of the
province of Ilonan. It is situated in the centre of the
empire, .300 miles S. S. W. of Pekin.
HONDU'RAS, a large provinceof North America, bound
ed on the N. by the bay of the same name, on the E. by the
Mosqnitos shore, on the .S. by Nicaragua and Ciuatiinala, and
on the W. by Giiatiurala and Vera Paz. This country,
though exceedingly fertile by nature, isalmost a desert. The
soil, in many parts, bears Indian corn and grapes, three
times a year; its other produce is wheat, pease, large gourds,
cotton, wool, honey, wax, and provisions of all kinds. It
produces, injrealer abundance thanany part of America, the
logwood-tree, which in dying some colours is so far prefer-
able to any oilier material, that the consumption ofit in Eu-
rope is considerable, and it is become an article in commerce
of great value. During a long period, no European nation
intruded upon theSpaniards in these provinces, orattempted
to obtain anv sluire in this branch of trade. But after ihe
conaucst of Jamaica by the English, one of the tirst objects
of tlie settlers 0.1 that island was. the great profit arising
from the logwood trade, and the facility of wresting some
portion of it from the Spaniards. Their first attempt was
made at CapeOatoiiche, the N. E. promontory of Yucatan.
When most of the trees near this Cane were felled, they re-
moved to the island of Trist, in the Bay of Campeathy ; and
in hMrr times their principal station liait been in the Day of
466
Honduras. The Spaniards, alarmed at this encroachment,
endeavoured by ncgociation, reim)nslrauces,aud open force,
to prevent the English fioiii obtaining any footing on that
part of the American contiucuf. Rut, al'ler struggling against
it for more than a century, the disasters of an unsuccessful
warextorted from the court of Madrid, in 1763, a reluctan*
consent to tolerate this settlement of foreigners in the heart
of its territories. This privilege was contirmed by the de-
finitive treaty of 1783 ; by which, however, it was stipulated,
that nothing in this concession shoidd be considered as
derogating, in any respect, from the sovereignty of his
Catholic maivsty ; that, if Ihe English had erected any forti-
ticat ioiw in t lie conn try, they should be demolished, and none
erected in future ; and that they should coiitine themselves
within a certain district, lying between the rivers Wallis, or
Bcllize, and Rio Honda, taking the course of the said two
rivers for uuallerable boundaries, so as that Ihe navigation
of them becomnKiii !o bolli nations. Rut, by a convention
signed in 178G, these limits were extended ; the English
line, beginning from the sea, was to lake the centre of Ihe
river .*^ibun, or Jabon, and continue up to the source of the
said river ; thence fn cross, in a straight line, the interme-
diate land, till it intersected the river Wallis ; and by the
centre of the same river, the said line was to descend to the
point where it would meet the line already settled in 17M.
By this convention, moreover, the ICiiglish were not only
permitted to cut logwood, but mahogany, or any other kind
of wood, and to carry away any other produce of the coun-
try ; with certain exceptions, however, against the esta-
blishing of any plantations of sugar, cofice, Ac. and they
were likewise permitted, with certain reslric tions, to occupy
(he small island called Casina, St. George's Key, or Ca\o
Casina. The English settlement in this country had formerly
been considered as foreign ; but, in 1790, by an act of par-
liament, they were allowed all the privileges of a British
colony. The principal towns are ^'alladolid, the capital;
Truxillo ; Gracias aDios ; and .St. Jago.
HONE, s. a tine sort of whetstone, of different colours,
used for setting an edge on penknives and razors.
To HONE, I', n. [hoji^ian. Sax.] to pine or long for any
thing. Seldom used.
HO'NEST, rt. [hoiiestiis, from hmior, honour, Lat.] pei-
forming every act of justice, or fulfill ng every obligation
and relation in which we stand as members of society.
HONESTLY, «(/. consistent with justice ; consistent with
our duty.
HONESTY, t. [honcstas, from honor, honour, Lat.] good-
ness, which makes a person prefer his promise or duty t»
his passion or interest.
HO'NEWOIIT, i. an umbelliferous plant, with few floreis
in the rundlets.
HO'NEY, s. \hunig, Sax. /lojii'o-, Relg.| a thick, viscous,
fluid substance, of a whitish or jellov. isli colour, sweet t»
the laste, soluble in water, of a f agrant smell, secreted by
certain glands near the bottom of ibe petals of flowers,sncke(i
up by the bee in its proboscis or trunk, swallowed, and dis
charged again frjumthe stomach through ilsmou'h into sum*
of the cells of its comb ; destined for the food of the young,
but, in hard seasons, fed on by the bee itself. I'iguratively,
sweetness, or seducing alliireuients, applied toviords; used
as a term of tenderness and fondness.
T() HO'NEY, i: n. to make use of endearing, sweet, or
fond expressions.
H()'NEY-BA(i, *. the stomach which bees always fill to
satisfy, and to spare; vomiting up the greater part of thf.
lionev, to be kept against winter.
HONEYCOMB, *. [hoidg, camh. Sax.] Ihe cells of wax,
in which a bee stores its honey. These cells have each of
them six sides, and are closely fitted lo each other. It has
been remarked that no other geometrical hgure could have
been chosen for them, that Wduld have been equally capaci-
ous, without any loss of room, so ihat llie operation of
infinite wisdom is apparent even in the impression of that
instinct, whereby these animals are directed to fabricate
tlieir ceils in that particular forw and i;i no oilier ,
HOO
HOP
HO'NEY-DEW, s. swcot (l?w, found early in tlie morn-
ing on tile leaves of liivers plants.
HO'NEV'-FLOWF.Il, *. a pl;int with a pereniHl root,
and of tile appearance of a sliriil». It proiluces lar^'e spikes
of cliocolale-coloiired tioweis in INIay, in each of which is
contained a lart,'C(iuanlity of hluiU sweet liquor, from whence
it is su|)posed to (h'rive its name.
HO'NEY-MOON, s. the (irst niontli after marria^'e, so
called from the fondness and tenderness which ai)pears then
betwcpn a married couple.
HO'NEYSIJCKLE, s. [hioiig-siwle, Sax.] in hotany, a
plant, so called from the s«keetneSs of its otiour ; it is like-
wise named the noiiuiiine.
HO'NEVLESS, a. without honey, or robbed of their ho-
ney, applied to bees.
HO'NIED. n. covered with lioney. Sweet, flattering, or
enticing, applied to wiirds.
HO'NITON, a neat, well-built, and populous town of
Devonshire, with a laise manufactory of broad-lace, (for-
nierly of serges) and an estimated exportation to London of
nbout five ions of butler weeUly. It is pleasantly seated
on the river Otter, over which it has a bridge, in the best
and pleasantest part of the country, abcmnding with uncom-
monly bcaulifid landscapes all the way to Exeter, and on the
greatwestern road from Loudon, IG miles E. of Exeter, and
150 W. by S. of Loudon. Market on Saturday.
HO'NOHARY, a. [from honor, honour, Lat.] done in or-
der to confer honour, or as a mark of esteem ; Gonferring
honour, but not gain.
HO'NOUR, (the u in this word, and all its derivatives
and compounds, is dropped in pronunciation ; as, li'unor,
/tunvrable, &c) s.\/iono> , Lat.J dignity or high rank. Repu-
tation ; fame. Reverence. Chastity. Dignity of mien.
Glory ; boast. A testimony or token of respect and esteem,
used after f/o. The title of a person of rank. A subject of
praise, (ilory. A regard to the regard and esteem of the
■world. Nobleness or majesty, applied to persons. A place,
office, or title, which attracts esteem. Ornament and res-
pect. " The /(iHOiicifif liisliead." Dri/d.
To IIO'KOL'R, V. a. [from Itoiwr, honour, Lat.] to esteem
or respect; to entertain an inward esteem and reverence
for any person superior to us in any relation, and to shew it
l»v outward signs and sctions.
"HO'MOLIRABLE, a. [Iwnoralh, Fr.] worthy of respect,
or reverence ; great, or suitable to a person's dignity ; ge-
nerous; conferring or attracting respect and reverence;
without taint or reproach ; honest; e(|uitable.
HO'NOURABLENESS, s. highness of post or dignity,
which attracts reverence and respect ; generosity.
HO'NOURAIjLY, ad. with tokens of lionour ; in such a
manner as to add dignify to a person's character ; ge-
nerously.
HO'NOIIRER, j.one that enferticins respect and esteem
for another in his mind, and shews it in his actions.
HOOD, s. \l:oil. Sax. J denotes condition, quality, state, or
character, as in chilMood. It is sometimes taken collec-
tively ; and then signifies several united together, as sister-
hood ; i. e. a company of sisters ; Irctherhood, a fraternity of
several of the same profession incorporated.
HOOD, $. \Jiod, Sax.] an upper covering worn by a wo-
man over her cap ; any thing drawn upon the head, and co-
vering it; a kind of ornament worn by a graduate of an
universitv to shew his degree.
HO OpMANS BLIND, s. a play in which the person
hooded is to catch another, and tell his name, before the
bandage is to be removed from his eyes, now called blinds
tium's buff".
To HOOD-WINK, v. a. to hinder a person from seeing
by binding something over his eyes.
HOOF, s. [Iiof, Sax. /wef, Belg.] the hard, horny substance
■»\hich covers the feet of horses, and other animals that feed
on grass.
HO'OFBOUND, a. applied to a horse, when his hoof
shrinks in at the top and at the heel, and the skill by that
tnoans sUrts above and grows over the hoo£
HO'OFED, (I. having a hoof.
Il(.)OC;ilLY, a snrall, but antientcity, of Hinfloostan, in
Bengal. It is now nearly in rums, but possesses many ves-
tiges of its former greatness- In the time of the Mahome-
tan governiuent, it was the great mart of the export trade of
Bengal to Europe. It is sealed on the W. side of llie river
lloo-hly, 2(i miles N. of Calcutta.
HOOK, s. [/lorc, Sax. huech, liclg.] any thing bent so a? to
catch hold. "A shepherd's lioo/i ; a pot /joo/(." A wire
crooked and barbed at the point, u,-.ed in fishing. A snare
or trap. Any bending ins! ruineni to cut or lop with. "A
reaping /iOT)A." That part of a hinge which is fixed to the
posts of a door ; hence off tlie /louhs, implies a stale of dis-
order or confusion. B;/ hook or hi/ erooii, a phrase signifyiHg
one way or another; iJy any means, whether direct or in-
direct.
To HOOK, V. a. in fishing, to catch with a hook. Figu-
ratively, to entrap or ensnare; to draw or fasten as with a
hook.
HO'OKAlI, s. among the Arabs, and other nations of the
East, is a I'ipe of a singular and complicated construction,
through w liii h tobacco is smoked.
HOOKED, «. bent: crooked.
liOO'KEDNESS, s. the slate of being bent like a hook.
HOOKNO'SED, a. having a crooked aquiline nose.
HOOP, s. \liocp, Belg.] any tiling bent in a circular man-
ner in ortler to bind or keep tight that which it surrounds,
particularly casks or barrels ; wveral circles of whalebone
worn by women to extend their petticoats ; any thing
circular.
To HOOP, I', a. to put hoops on a cask or other vessel.
Figuratively, to clasp, encircle, or surround.
To HOOP, t'. n. \honppcr, Fr.l to shout, or make a noioa
by way of call or pursuit; to call to by a sho it.
HOO'PER, s.n cooper; or one that puts hoopson vessels.
noOPING-COU(ilI, (hv-uping-hoff) 3. a conir.iUive
kind of cough, so called from the noise with which it is at-
tended.
HOOTOE, in ornithology, a bird resembling a pie, and
ornamented with a crest w hich occasidnally \ isits our island.
To HOOT, V. n. \liu-t, Brit. J to make a noise in contempt ;
to cry like an owl. Actively, to drive with noise and
shouts.
HOOT, s. \lm(e, Fr.] a clamour, shout, or noise, made at n
person in contempt; the noise made by an owl.
To HOP, J). )(. |Ar;)/)«", Sax.] to jump or skip lightly ; to
move by leaps on one leg. 1" igurativclv, to liop or walk
lamely," by laying all our stress on one leg ; to move; to
plav.
HOP, s. a leap made with one leg ; alight or small jump,
generally applied to the motion of birds on the ground, or
the manner in w hich they move from one branch of a tree to
another, without extending their legs. In botany, a plant
whose flower is used as a bitter in brewing, to keep beer
from turning sour, from hop, Bc!g.
To HOP, V. a. to impreg-nate with hops; to make bitter
with hops.
HOPE, the station at the mouth of the river Thames, be-
low Gravesend.
liOPl^, s. [opa. Sax. lope, Belg.] that pleasure which arises
in the mind on the thought of the enjoyment of some 'rture
good; an expectation of some future good. Synon. Hope
has for its object, success in itself, ansl denotes a trust borne
up by some encouragement. Expect regards particularlj
the happy moment of event, and intimates a certainty of its
arriving. Thus, we hope to obtain things ; we expeet their
arriving. What we hope for seems to'bc morea favour or h
kindness ; what we expect, more a duty or obligation. Tlius,
we hope for favourable answers to our demands; we exptot
such as are agreeable to our propositions.
To HOPE, V. n. to expect a future good.
HOPEFUL, a. full of qualities which produce hope; jir**-
mising; full of hope or expectation of siiccss. The ia.it
sense, though strictly anfilogical, is s'-.idom used.
8 N
KOR
HOR
nOTEFULLY, ad. in such a m;iiincr as to raise hope, or
encoura£;e an e\pecl;itii>nof some iiitiire good.
HOPEFULNESS, *. tlie quality which encourages or oc-
casions a pleasing expectation of success, or of some future
good.
KO'PELESS, a. without any expectation of future good.
Figuratively, desperately abandoned.
HOPER, s. one that has pleasing expectations of some
future icood.
HO'PINGLY, arf. with hope or confidence that nothing
of evil uill happen.
HO'PPER, t. one who leaps or jumps oh one leg.
HOPPER, s. so called because it is always hopping, or
hi agitation ; the box or open frame of wood in a mill, into
which the corn is put to be ground.
HORAL, or IIO'RAUY, «. [from 'wra, an hour, Gr. and
Lat.] relating, pointing Id, or containing, an hoin-. The
horarii circle , on globes, is the brass circle at the north |Kiio,
on which the hours are marked as on a clock. In astrono-
my, horn)!/ motion of a planet, is the space it moves in one
Lour of time.
HORDE, s. [hiorde. Sax.] a flock, company, or regiment ;
a clan, or company of people generally changing their situa-
tion.
HO'REB, a mountain of Asia, in Arabia Petra?a, westwarcl
of ftlount Sinai, or ratlier another eminence belonging to
the same mountain. At the foot of it is a monastery, where
a bishop of the Oreek church resides. There are two or
tin ee fine springs, and abiuidance of fruit trees on its sum-
mit, but none on that of Siiiai.
IIORI'ZOX, s. [from horizo, to r'se, Cr.] the line which
terminates or bounds the sight. The sensihic horizon, is the
circular linewi-.ich limits ilie view ; the real is that which
divides the globe into two equal parts. On globes, this is
generally the upper part of the frame on which the globe
rests.
HOP.TZO'NTAL, a. [horizontal, Fr.] near the horizon.
Parallel to the horizon ; on a level.
HORIZO'NTALLY, «./. in a direction parallel to the ho-
rizon ; on a level, or in a line equally distant in all its parts
from tlip ground, supposing the ground to be level.
HORN, *. [Ao))!, .Sas.] a hard, pointed, and callous sub-
stance, which grows on the heads of some animals. Figura-
tively, a!i instrument of v ind music, formed of the horn of
»ome animal. The extremities of the waxing or waning
moon, so called because representing the horns of a cow, or
from hirn. Sax. a point. The feelersof a snail, or those long
substances on the head of a snail, which it draws in or push-
es out at pleasure, imagined to be its feelers, but by modem
naturalists found to be a kind of telescopes, having the
oyes at their extremities ; hence the phrase to dratv in one's
liorns, for being terrified, or having one's courage damped at
the prospect of danger. A drinking cup made of horn. In
Scripture, horn is used for power, pride, or emi>irc.
HO'RNBEAM, j. a tree, \uth leaves like the elm or
beech-tree.
HOR NBEAK, or HO'RNFISH, s. a sort of fish.
HO'RNBLEND, in mineralogy, a kind of black or green
indurated bole or clay which is frequently found iu iron
Diines.
HORNBOOK, s. a leaf with the alphabet and Lords
prayer printed on it, stuck on a piece of board, and covered
over with horn to keep it from soiling, used for teaching
children their letters.
HO'RNBY, a town of Lancashire, situated on the Lon, or
Lune, near Westmoreland, 8 miles N. E. of Lancaster, and
25f> N. \V. of LondotU Market 0,1 Mor.day.
flO'RNCASTLE, a large w<'ll built town in Lincolnshire,
seated (ui the river Bane, .'almost surrounded by water) near
a navigable canal, 20 miles E. of Lincoln, and 136 N. of
London. Market on Saturday.
HORNDt)N ON TMK Hti.L, a town of Esfwx, situated
on an eminence, from which there is a beautiful and exten-
iivc j-rosuect, near the river Hope which soon after falls
into the Thames, 5 miles N. by E. of Tilbury Fort, and 24
E. of London. iVIarket on Saturday.
HORNED, a. having, or appearing as having, horns.
H01'NER,.r. one that manufactures and sells horns.
HO'PiNET, s. [hyrnelle, Fr.Ja large, strong, stinging fly,
whose body is long, resembling a thread, anti of a bluish ci>-
lour ; it makes its nest in hollow trees, which consists of
wood, for whicli, purpose, like the wasps, they are furnished
with strong-toothed jaws.
HO'RNFOOT,«. hoofed.
HO'RNOWL, J. an owl, so called from its having horns.
HO'RKPIPE, s. a jig, so called because formerly dancej
to a horn.
HO'RNSEA, a town in the East Riding of Yorkshire, ah
most surrounded by a smullarui of the ocean, which, by its
continual encroachments on the laud, has washed away
nearly a whole street ; and, it is said, that a village, once
standing on the N. side of the town, was wholly swallowed
up by it. It is 40 miles E. of York, and 1S8 N. of London.
Market on Monday.
HO'RNSTONE, s. a kind of blue stone.
HO'RNWORK, s. in fortification, an out-work, advancing
towards the field, consisting of two demi bastions, joined to
a curtain.
HORNY, a. made of, or resembling, horn ; hard as horn,
or callous.
: HORO'GRAPHY, (Jwrig-raf,/) s. \S\on\ hnra, an hour, and
grapho, to write, Gr. horogrnphie, Fr.] ai) account of tlte
Iiours.
HO'ROLOGUE, or HOROLOGY, j. \hornhginm, Lat.
from hnra, an hour, and lego, to tell, Gr.J an instrument that
tells the hour.
HOltO'METRY, s. [from hora, an hour, and metreo, to
measure, Gr.l the art ot measuring the hours.
HOROSCOPE, s. [from hora, an hour, and she])to7nai, to
see, Gr.] in astrology, the configuration of the planets at
the hour of a persons birth.
HORRENT, a. [from horreo, to dread, Lat.] pointing out-
wards; bristled with points. "Horrent arms." Milt.
HORRIBLE, a. [from horreo, to dread, Lat.] occasioning
horror: hideous; orlious.
HO RRl BEEN ESS, «. that quality in a person or thing
which affects with horror, or a strong apprehension of in-
stant danger, &c. a deep impression of odiousness.
HORRIBLY, ad. in sucli a manner as to raise fear awi
horror.
HO'RRID, a. [from horreo, to dread, Lat.] hideous ; shock-
ing.
HO'RIUDNE.SS, s. that quality which render's a thing
extremely (Klions, shocking', or dreadful.
HORRITIC, n. [from honor, horror, and facio, to make,
Lat.] causing honor.
HORROR, s. [from horreo, to dread, Lat.] a passion ex-
cited by an object which causes both a high degree of fear
and detestation. Figuratively, a gloom, or dreariness,
which affects with horror.
HORSE, i. (formerly spelt hors ; of hors. Sax.] a domestic
beast, used in war, draught and carriage. It is believed to
have been originally a native of the East and the Arabiau
horses are more distinguished for beauty and swiftness than
any others in the world. Horse, in war, the cavalry, or
those soldiers ni an army that fight on horseback. In manu-
factories, any thing used as a support ; hence a horse to dry
linen on. A wooden machine, w liich soldiers ride by way
of punishment. Among mariners, a rope fastened to the
arms of each yard, to support the men when handling or
reeving the sails. In astronomy, a constellation of the noi>-
thcrn hemisphere more properly called the Horse's Head.
■ To HORSE, V. a. \liorsan. Sax. J to mount upon a horse
to carry a person, or to place a person on one's back ; to set
astride upon a thing. To cover a mare.
HO RSEBACK, s. the back of a horse ; the state of being
mounted on a horse.
110'RSEBEAN,*.asmaIl beau usua'ly given to Iiorse*. .
nos
TOM
HCRSEBI.OCK, I. a block made use of to assists person
^ nioiiiitiiiat a liorse.
HOUSEBOAT, s. a large boat used at ferries to carry
■^orses ovpr flie water.
HO RSEBOY, s. a groom, or boy employed [in dressing
horses ; a stiiblcbov.
HOKSEBKKAKKR, .». one who tames horses, and fits
Ibein either tor ridiii:; or (I rawing.
HO'llSECMESNliT, or IlOnsECflESTNUT, s. a tree
with "digitated or fiiisfied It'aves; the flowers, which con-
sist of five loaves, are ol'an aiioiiialous tigure, opening with
two liiis; liiere are inalo and I'tiiiale upon the same spii<e ;
tlie female flowers are succeeded by nuts, which grow in
green prickly hnsks. Their whole year's shoot is commonly
performed in three weeks' time; after which it docs no more
than increase in hulk, and hecomc nioi-e firm ; and all the
latter part of the summer is occupied in forming and
strengtlieninjMhe buds for the next year's shoots." Miller.
I10RSECX)UKS1';r, «. one that runs, or keeps running,
horses ; a dealer in horses.
HORSE-EMMET, s. anant of alarge kind.
HO'RSEFLESH, «. the tlesh of horses. One sUlkdin
horsr/lesh, is a low phrase for a person skilled iu buying
horses.
HORSEFLY, s. a fly remarkaWefor stinging horses.
HO'RSELA UG H, {Iwrseki/f) s. a loud, violent, and some-
times afi'ccted laugh.
HORSELEECH, s. a great leech, which usually fastens
to horses when watering ; a farrier, a horse-doctor, from
horse and leece, Sax. w hich signifies both a leech and a per-
son who cures disorders.
HORSELHTER, s. a carriage hung upon poles between
two horses, in which the person lies at full length.
HO'RSEMAN, s. a rider, oroiie mounted on horseback;
one skilled in riding; one that fights on horseback, applied
to an armv.
HORSEMANSHIP, s." the art of riding, breaking, or
managing, a horse.
Hd'RSEMARTEN, s. a kind of large bee.
HO'RSEMASTKR.i. a kind of large bee.
HO'KSEMATCH, s. a race, wherein two or more horses
contend for superiority in swiftness.
HO'RSEM EAT, s. provender or food fit for horses. '
HO'RSEMINT, ,9. a large coarse kind of mint.
H0;RSEMUSCLE, s. a large muscle.
HO'RSEPLAY, *. coarse, rough, or violent play.
IJORSEPOND, s. a pond for horses.
HO'RSERACE, ,t. a contest between horses for a prize.
•HORSERADISH, s. a root of a strong, poignant taste,
nsed in cookery for a kind of sauce, and esteemed in medi-
cine very diuretic. It is reckoned a species of scurvygrass
by botanical wi iters.
HO'RSESnOE, «. a plate of iron nailed under the hoof
of a horsfe. In botany, an herb, with butterfly-shaped blos-
soms, found in chalky bills.
HO'RSETAIL, s. a plant classed by botanists among the
ferns.
HO'RSEWAY, s. a broad way or road by which horses
may travel.
HO'RSHAM, [probably named from Horsa, brother to
Hengist, the Saxon] a populous town of Sussex, one of the
largest in the county, which has a fine church, and a well-
endowed free-school. It supplies great store of fine poultry
for the London markets. It is situated about 3 miles from
the road between London and Arundel, 20 miles N. N. W.
«jf Brighthelmstone, and 3(i nearly S. of London. Market
on Saturday, and a monthly market for cattle, (for which it
has a patent) on the last Tuesday.
HO'RTATIVE, «. [from hortor, to exhort, Lat.] an argu-
ment by which a person endeavours to excite another to
practise anv thing.
HO'RTA'TORY, a. [from hortor, to exhort, Lat. 1 encou-
•aging, animating, or advising to perform a thing.
HORTICULTURE. «. [from hmius, a garden, and cul-
iwi, cultivation, Lat-] the art of cultivating gardens.
nO'RTIILAN, a. [from hortui, a garden, Lat.] belonging
.,0 a garden.
IlOSA'NNA, s. save us now, or save, we beseech thee;
[from i/ashan^, to save, Heb.] a form of blessing, or wishing
a person well, used by the Jews. Thus at our Saviour's en-
trance into Jerusalem when the people cried out, *' Husunna
to the son of David!" Matt. xxi. !.">. their meaning was.
Lord, preserve this son of David, this king ; heap favours
and blessings upon him.
HOSE'A, a canonical book of the Old Testament, so
called from the prophet of that name, its author, who was
the son of Beri, and the first of the lesser pniphets ; he
lived in the kingdom of Samaria, and delivered his prophe-
cies under the reign of Jeroboam II. and his successors,
kings of Israel ; and under tiie reigns of Uzziah, Jotham,
Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judali ; to denounce the
divine vengeance against them, and to foretell the captivity
in Assyria.
HOSE, (haze) s. plur. hnsryi ; \hosa. Sax.] a stocking or co-
vering for the legs. Formerly used for breeches.
HO'SIER, (fiu-ier) s. one who sells stockings.
HO'SPITABLE, [from hospes, a guest, Lat.] giving enter-
tainment to strangers ; kind and aflable to strangers.
HOSPITABLY, ad. in such a manner as to shew kindness
and give entertainment to strangers.
' HO'SPITAL, s. [from hospes, a guest, Lat.] a place built
for the reception of the sick, or the support of the poor.
HOSPITA'LITY, «. \hnsj>ittdiic, Fr.] the virtue exercised
in the entertainment of strangers.
HO'SPITALLER, s. [hospitallier, Fr.] one residing in an
hospital to receive either tiiepooroi strangers; a poor per-
son living in, or supported at, an hospital.
HO'SPODAR, s. a title borne by the princes of Walachia
and Moldavia, who received the investiture of their princi-
palities from the (irand Seignior, wiio sives lliem a vest
and standard ; they are under his protection, and obliged to
serve him, and he even sometimes deposes them; but; in
other respects they are absolute sovereigns within tlieir own
dominions.
HOST, (host) s.\hostc,'Tr.\9 person who keeps an inn.
An army, from hostis, Lat. an enemy. Any great number
or multitude. " An host of tongues." Shak. The sacrifice
of the mass, or the consecrated wafer, in the Ronr^h chaich,
from hostic, Fr. hvstia, Lat. a sacrifice, or victim offered up
in sacrifice.
To HOST, f. n. to put up at an inn ; to go to a public-
nouse for entertainment. To engage or encounter iii bat^
tie.
HO'STAGE, i. [ostage, Fr.] a person given up as a pledge
for the security of the performance of certain conditions.
HOSTEL, or HOSTELRY, (hotel, or hotelrt,) s. [hostel,
hostderie, Fr.] an inn, or house where a person may meet
with entertainment or lodging.
HOSTESS, a. [hostesse, I>.] a woman who keeps a pub-
lic house or inn.
HO'S'lILE, a. [from 7wstis, an enemy, Lat.] like an ene-
my ; adverse ; opposite.
HOSTI'LITY, s. [hostiliti, Fr.] the practice of an open
enemy ; open war ; violent and vehement opposition.
HOSTLER, s. one w ho has the care of horses at an inn.
HOSTRY, s. the stable or place where horses are kept at
an inn.
HOT, a. [hat. Sax. and Scot.] having the power to excite
a sensation of heat ; made warm by fire. Figuratively,
lustful, or vehemently lewd. Strongly affected witii any
sensible quality, in allusion to hounds. Violent ; furious ;
ardent ; vehement, applied to action. Precipitate, or furi-
ously thoughtless. Highly seasoned, or afi'ecting.the palate
very strou'dy. . -
IIOTBED, J. in gardening, a bed niade warm fcr pro-
ducing of plants which would not thrive without that con-
trivance.
HO TBRAINED, a. furious; vehement; passionate.
HOTCOCKLES, *. a play in which one covers his eyei,
and guesses w ho strikes him. iUt
HOT
HOT
HOTCHPOTCH,*. See Hvidge Podge.
HOTHE'ADEU, a. vehement or violent in passion ; soon
provoked.
IIOTHOUSE, *. a bagnio, or place to sweat or cup in.
A brothel or bawdy-house. A iiousc in whicii are hot -beds
to bring vegetables, &c. to perieclion all the \tar round.
HOTLY, «rf. with heat; «itii violence or vehe-iiience ;
with lewdness, lust, or lascivionsness.
HOTMOUTIIED, «. headstrong; ungovernable.
liOTNKSS, .'. that quality or state which excites a sensa-
tion of heat; violence or vehemence. Figuratively, wan-
tnnuess or lust.
IIOTSPL'R, s. a person" of violent passions, easily pro-
voked, obstinate and ungovernable. In botanj', a pea of
speedy growth.
liOTSPURFiED, a. vehement; of violent passions;
rash ; un.:40vernal>l('.
HOTrENTOT'i, Country OF THE, a larM region in
the soutliera extremity of Africa, vsliich extends N. by W.
along the Coast, iVom the Cape of Good Hope, beyond the
nio'itli of ihe Orange Pviver, and from tluit Cape, in an
E. N. E. direction, to the nioulh of the Great Fish River,
V hid) parts it from CaftVaria Proper. TJiert are no consi-
derable kingdoms throughout this large extent of country,
the whole being inhabited by ditferciit tribes, or nations, go-
verned by honquers, or chiefs, who live, like the Arabs, in
lulls, or portable houses, and remove their kraals, or villages,
whenever the pasture becomes too bare for the subsistence
of th?ir cattle, and upon the natural and violent death of an
inhabitant. The Hottentots of the Cape consist of a few
paltry and miserable hordes, who have not even the power
of choosing their own chief, and live, as tliey can, in dit-
ferentcantonsof llie colony ; but the savage Hottentots,call-
cd, by V, ay of deiision, the Jackal Iluttentuts, far removed
from the government of the Europeans, still preserve their
original manners. The Hottentots, in general, are as tall as
most Europeans, but more slender, and their hands and feet
are small. Their skin is of a yellowish brown hue, some-
what resembling that of an European who has the jaundice
in a high degree; but this colour is not at all observable iu
the whiles of the eyes. There are not such thick lips among
the Hottentots as among their neighbours the negroes, the
CalFres, and the Mozambiques. Their mouth is of the mid-
dling size; and they have, in genera!, the finest set of teeth
imaginable. Their heads are covered with hair more woolly,
if possible, than that of the negroes. With respect to their
shai)e, carri; :re, and every motion, their whole appearance
indicates heidlli and content. There is a volatility in their
manner which shews an abundant flow of spirits, or a high
enjoyuient of animal life ; in their intercourse with Euro-
peans, Ihey hardly stand still for a moment. In their mien,
moreover, a degree of carelessness is observable, that dis-
covers marks of alacrity and resolution ; qualities which,
upon occasion, they certainly can exhibit, as in ihuir en-
cwniters with lions and other wild bensts. Not oidy the
men, but the women also are clothed with siieep skins ; the
v:(v:A lieing worn outward in summer, and inward during
the winter. They wear one skin over their shoulders, the
ends of it crossing each other before, and leaving their neck
Imre. .Anotlier skin is fastened round their middle, and
readies down to their knees. They besmear their bodies
all over, very copiously, with fat, in wliidi there is mixed
up a little soot, and this is never wiped off. They likewise
perruiiie themselves with powder of herbs, with which they
powder both the head and body, rulibing it all over them,
(viienthey besmear themselves. Tiie odour of tiiis powder
is rank and aromatic, and comes nearest to that oi the poppy
mixed wi^h spices. Some of them adorn themselves with
necklaces of sin "Is. The women cover themselves "tiucli
more scrupulously llian the men. Tiiey seldom content
themselves with one covering, but almost always have two,
and very often three. These are made of a prepared and
well-greaserl skin, and are fastened about their bodies with
■^ tlion^', aiioost like liie aprons of European wouicu. The
4fiO
outermost is always the largest, measuring from ahout si»
indies to a fool over. This is likewise, generally, the finest
and most showy, and is frequently adorned with glass beads,
strung ill difierent Hgures. Both the men and women gen^;-
rallygo bareheaded. iS'either their ears nor nose are adorned
with any pt'udent ornaments, as they are among other sa-
vages. The nose, however, is sometimes, by way ofgreatcr
slate, marked with a black streak of soot, or with a large
spot of red lead; of which latter, on their hish days and
holidays, they likewise put a little on their cheeks. Botli
sexes wear rings on their arms and legs; most of these are
made of thick leather straps, cut in a circular shape ; and
these have given rise to the almost universally received no-
tion, that the Hottentots wrap guts abouftheir legs, in order
to eat themoccasio«ally. Ringsof iron, copper, or brass, of
the size of a goose quill, are considered as more genteel
than those of leather ; but the girls are not allowed to use
any rings till they are marriageable. The Hottentots seMom
wear any shoes ; w hat they do wear, are made of undressed
leather, with the hairy side outward ; they are rendered soft
and pliable, by being beat and moistened, and are very light
and cool. Their habitations are some o'them of a circular,
and some of an oblong shape, resenibliiig a round bee-hive,
or a vault; the ground plot is from 18 to 24 feet in diame-
ter. The highest of them are so low, that it is scarcely pos-
sible for a middle-sized iijan to stand upright. But neither
the lownessof the hut, nor that of the door, \\hich is barely
three feet high, can be considered as any inconvenience to
a|Hotteiitot, w lio finds no diliiculty in stooping, andcrawlini^
on all fours. The fire-place is in the middle, and Ihey sit
or lie round it in a circle. The low door is the only plaea
that admits the light, and, at the same time, the only outlet
that is left for the smoke. The Holtentot, inured to ittVonj
his infancy, sees it hover round him, without feeling ihe
least inconvenience arising liom it to his eyes; while, rolled
up like a hedge-hog, and wrapped up snug in his skin, he
lies at the bottom of his hut, quite at liis ease, in the midst
of th's cloud, except that he is now and then obliged to
peep out from beneath his sheep-skin, in order to stir the
fire, or perhaps to light his pipe, or else, sometimes, to tnrn
the steak he is broiling over the coals. Tho order of these
huts, in a kraal, or clan, is most frequently in ihe form of a
circle, with the doors inward ; by which means a kind u{
yard is formed, where the cattle are kept at night. The
milk, as soon as it is taken from the cow, is ])ul to other
milk, which is curdled, and is kept in a leather sack, the
hairy side of which, being conbiiiered as Ihe cleHuest, is
turned inward ; so that the milk is never drank while it is
sweet. Among other tribes of Hottentots are tiie I'oshin-
Bien, or Bosliiiians, who inhabit the mountains in the interior
part of the country, N. K. of the Cape of Good Hope, an-l
arc averse to the pastoral lite. Some of their maxims are !o
live on hunting and plunder, and never to keep any animal
alive for the space of one night. On this account iJney
themselves are pursued, and sometimes exterminated, !hke
wild beasts, or taken and made slaves of. Bushes and clefts
in rocks serve them by turiis for dwellings. Many of them
are entirely naked ; but some of them cover their body with
Ihe skin of any sort of animal, great or small, from the slund-
der downward as far as it will reach, wearing it till it falls
off their backs in rags. Ignorant of agriculture, lliey are
obliged to wander over hills and dales, after certain wild
roots, berries, and plants, which they eat raw. Their table,
however, is composed of several other dishes, among which
arc the larvae of insects, the caterpillars from whicli biitlcp-
flies arc produce<i, the termites, or wliiie ants, grasshoppers,
snails, and spiders. With all these changes of diet, Ihe
Boshman is, nevertheless, fre(|uenlly in want. When caiw
tured as a slave, he exchanges liis meagre fare for the Inxui^
of butter-milk, furmenly, or hasty pudding, and sometime,.-
becomes fat in a few weeks. This good living, however,
is soon embittered by ihe grumbling of his master and :ni*-
fress, and he must frequt'iitlv bear, perhaps, a few curses or
blows, for ue;,dect and iudoleitcc. Ditlikiug lattorr, at'd
HOT
HOU
from liis corpuipnGy become less capahlo nf bearinfj it, lie
now pines allcr liis roiimMMiiRDiitrolkd and waiidcriu^ life,
wliicli he fjeneriilly endeavours to regain liy tseapirig.
Anollier tiihe ot'llolleiitots, near the mouth of ()ran;;e river,
have huts superiorlo those of the ^'eneiahly of lloltenlols ;
tiiev are loftier, and tlialched with ijrass ; and are furnished
vitii stools nuiile of tin! back-hones of the sfin'ipi's-
Tlieir mode of living is, in the highest degree, wretched,
and tliev are apparently liic tnost dirty of all lioltenlot
trilies. 'I heir drejs is composed of the skins of seals and
jackiils, the llesh of which they eat. NN'hen a grampus is
cast ashore, they remove llieir huts to the i)lacc, and subsist
upon it as long as any part of it remains; aiul, in this man-
ner, it sometimes idiords them SMstcnance for half a year,
though in a great measure decayed, and putriiied by the sun.
Tliey smear their skin with the oil, the odour of \\ hicli is so
powerful, that their approacii may i)e perceived sometime
before they present themselves to view. They carry their
water in the shells of ostrich eggs, and the bladders of seals,
which they shoot with arrows, the same as the other Hot-
tentots. Though one small hut contains the whole fandly,
and all are obliged to repose together, they are chaste in
their manners. Severe in their jurisprudence, they punish
murder, aiitdlery, and robbery with death. From the ob-
servance of dances or rojoicings at the full and ciiange of
the moon, they appear to be idolaters. The country pos-
sessed by the Dutch is of « pretty considerable extent, com-
prehending, not only liie large tract between Table Bay
and False Bay, hut that \ihich is called Hottentot Holland,
extending from False Bay to the Caho dos Agulhas, or Cape
of Needles, and the country farther E. beyond St. diristo-
pher's river, calledTerrade Natal. The coast of this country
abounds in bays and capes ; it is naturally moimtaiuous and
barren, but the industrious Dutch have overcome all liatural
liitKculties, and it not only produces a sufficiency of all the
necessaries of life for the inhabitants, but also of refresh-
ments for all the European siiips that touch here. In the in-
terior parts, however, the soil is astonishingly fertile and pro-
ductive. 1 he Dutch consider the year as divided into two
seasons, which they term monsoons; the wet monsoon, or
winter ; and thedry one, or summer. The first begins with
eur spring; the latter v. Iici) our summer ends. In the damp
season, the Cape is much subject to fogs ; and from the mid-
dle of the wet monsoon, it rains almost continually till sum-
mer; the weather is cold, raw, and unpleasant ; but never
ni->re rigorous ihan anlumninCiernuiuy. Water never freezes
to above the thickness of half a crown, and, as soon as the
sun appears, the ice is dissolved. The Cape is rarely visited
Sy thunder and lightning, excepting a litllencar the turn of
the seasons. Aniong the quarlrupeds of tSiis country are an-
telopes, which go in herds of 20 or 30,000 each ; butfaloes ;
girafles, or camelop2rrdalises ; the gemsbock, or chamois, a
species of antelope, which has remarkably long, sharp, horns,
and, when attacked by dogs, will sit on its hind quarters,
and defend itself; wild dogs, much larger than the jackal,
which travel in herds, and are very destructive to flocks of
sheep; elephants; elks; hyenas; the koedo, an animal ofa
mouse coloin-, ratlier larger than our deer, with thr-.e w hite
etripesover the back, and the male having very large twisted
horns; lions; jackals; tigers; panthers; the (piaclia, a spe-
cies of the zebra, but more tractable ; the double-horned
rhinoceros; horses; domestic horned cattle; common sheep;
and a peculiar species of sheep, which are covered with hair
instead of wool. The hippopotamus, or river-horse is fre-
quently seen here. Amongtlie birdsare vultures; ostriches,
whose eggs are excellent food ; and the loxia, a species of
gregarious birds, which builds its curious nest in the mimosa
tree, where it forms a kind of thatched bouse, with a regular
street of nests on both sides, at about two inches distance
from each other, and containing under its roof several hun-
dred, or a thousand birds. The termites, or white ants,
which do no injury to the wood, as in the East Indies, but
only to the grass, the destruction of which they occasion, by
raising a number of hills, which impede the progress of ve-
getation. The Hottentots eat them ; and this food is found
to be far from disagreeable. '1 he locusts also are cslccnu-d
excellent food by the Boshnians, by whom they are dried
and kept for use. 'J'he black, or rock scorpion, is nearly as
venomous here as any of the serpent tribe, of which there
are nuinerous kinds. There arc six species about the Cape ;
namely, the horned snake, about 18 inches long, the most
■poisoiiousof them all; the kouse hand, or garter snake.ahout
the same length, dangetous to travellers, on account of re-
sembling the soil so mm h in colour, that it is not reailily per-
ceived ; the yellow snake, which differs in colour only from
the hooded snake of India, and being from four to eight feet
in length, their size, and bright yliow colour, renders it easy
to avoid them ; t lie pulf adder, about 40 inches in Iciiglh, so
called from blowing itself up to near a foot in circumference;
the spring adder, very dangerous, but Lot commor/, from
three to four feet long, andof aj.'^t black, with white spots ;
and the night snake, more beautiful'than any of tl.e others,
about 20 inches long, veiy thin, belted with black, red, aiwl
yellow, and when near, at night, has the appearance of fire.
The country of the Hottentots lies belwceu the trppic of Ca-
pricorn, anil no degrees S. lat.aiul is bouudcd on the W. S.
and 1'". by the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, and on theN. by
regions very little, if at all, cxjilored.
HOTAL, or OuAI.o, a kingdom of .Africa, on the banks
of the Senegal, extending about !)0 miles Iroin E. to VV. and
18 from N. to S. The soil is fertile in maize, rice, legumes,
indigo, tobacco, and cotton ; the meadows feed great num-
bers of large and small cattle, w hose flesh is excellent ; game
is plentiful, and birdsare in the greatest numberaud variety;
and the forests abound with palm trees.
HOVE, the prefer, of Hkav r.
HOTEL, s. [diminutive of li(fe, a house, Fax.] a shed
open at the sides, covered over head; a mean, low habita-
tion or cottage.
To HOVEL, V. a. to shelter in, or repair to, an hovel.
ToHO'Vi'jR, v. ". f/iiino, Brit.] to hang in t1ic air over
a person's head, without flying oil" one way or another; to
wander about one place.
HOUGH, (/"O s. [hog, Sax.J the lower part of the ihi-h
ofa beast. An adze or hoe. See Hoe.
To HOUGH, {lid) V. a. to hamstring; to disable; or
hinder from running, by cuffing the sinew or tendon if
the ham. In gardening, to cut or scrape up earth with an
hoe. This is an unusual manner of spelling, and should not
be imilaled.
HO'ULET, s. [hnlhtte, Fr.] a voung owl.
HO ULSWOUTHY, a town of Devonshire, situated on
the river Tamar, and borders of Cornuall, 12 miles S. W.
of Biddefoid, and 213 from London. Riarket on Satur-
day.
HOULT, s. [holt, Sax.] a small wood. Obsolete. " In
Iwnlts and shady greaves." Fairfax.
flOIJND, s. [/iiiiitl, Sax.] a dog used in liunting.
To HOUJVU, V. a. to set on, or let loose to the chase. To
hunt or pur.-ue.
HO UNDFISH, s.ti sort of fish.
HOUND.ST0NGUE. s. in botany, the cynoglossum, with
broad spear-shaped leaves, and purplish or white flo\\ers.
HO'UXSLOW, a town of Middlesex, situated on tiie
great western road, on a branch of the Coin, 10 miles W. of
London. It belongs to two parishes, tiie N. side of the
street to Heston, and the S. to Istworth. On its heafb,
which is noted for horse-races and robberies, are soDie
powder-mills. Market on Thursday.
HOUP, s. the puet, or lapwing.
H0U-QU.\NG, a province in the interior of China, bar-
ing Honan to the N. and Kiangnan and Kiangsi to the E.
It contains 13 cities of the first rank, and 65 of the second
and third, and is mostly a champaign country, watered every
where by brooks, lakes, and rivers. Here is plenty of wild
fow 1 ami cattle ; and the soil produces all sorts of grain and
fruits. Gold is found in the sands of the rivers; and they
liave iron, tifl, tutenague, wax, ;uid such an extensive variety
4Gt
HOU
HOY
otifer commodities, that it is commonly called the maga-
1 ine of the eir.|>ire.
HOUR, s. [hcnrc, Fr. Iiora, Laf.] the twenty-fourth part of
a natural day, or a space of time consisting of sixty minutes ;
the time raarkefl by a clock ; any particular time ; a proper
season for tlie performance of anv thing.
HOUR-CIRCLKS, i. on the globe, are circles of longi-
tude drawn at tiie distanceofl5d(?grcesone from the other,
serving to denote the difl'erence of the time of places on the
earth.
HO'URGLASS, s. an instrument to measure time with,
by means of sand running through a small aperture out
of one glass into another; an^ space of time. The last sense
IS obsolete.
HOXTvLY, a. and ad. happening or repeated every hour ;
frequent.
HO'URPLATE, s. the plate on v.hich the figures of
the hours are painted or described, whether for a clock or
dial.
HOUSE, ^. \hvs. Sax. and GothJ a building wherein a
person or hiiunin creature dwells. Figuratively, any place
of abode. The manner of living or eating. A table, joined
to keen. " He kept a miserable house." Shah. The station
of a planet, astrologically considered. Family-race, descend-
ants, or kindred; one's family afl'airs. " Set thine house in
order." 2 Kings xx. 1. A body of men meeting for public
concerns in any dwelling, applied to the lords or commons
collectively considered ; when used with upper, it implies the
lords; and when Joined with /oKcr, the conuuons. House
means a dwelling distinct by itself; tenement, part of a house,
divided oft", fortlie use of another family.
To HOUSE, (houze) V. a. to harbour ; to give lodging in
a house ; tosheiter or keep under a roof. N'cuterly, to take
shelter; to reside or live in a building. To have a station
in the heavens, applied to astrology.
HO'USF.BREAKFR, i. one who forces an entrance into
another person's house to steal.
HO'USEBR FAKING, i. the act of entering another per-
son's house by force, in order to steal ; called, in law, a
biirffhn/.
Housedog, s. a mastiff, or dog kept in a house to se-
cure it from thieves.
HOUSEHOLD, s. a family living together in one dwell-
ing-place or house ; the management, economy, or govern-
ment of, a family. Used in composition to imply domestic,
or making part of afamilv.
HOUSEHOLDER, s.'tht- master of a %uiily.
HOUSEHOLD-STUFF,*, furniture of an house, or uten-
sils fit or necessary for a family.
HOUSEKEEPER, s. one who is master of a family, and
rentsa whole house, opposed to a lodger ; a woman-servant,
who has the management of a family.
HO'USEKFEFLXG, a. domestic ; fit or necessary f-^x a
faniilv.
HO'USEKEEPIXG, s. hospitality ; a liberal and pienti-
firl table ; the charge and expense attendiiii; the keeping a
family.
HO'USELEEK, s. a plant so called from growing on tn.-
walls, or outside roofj of houses.
HO'USELESS, (houseless) a. without any abode or oouse
fo live in.
HO'USEMAID, s. a female servant, employed in keep
inga house clean.
HO'USEROOiM, s. shelter, place, or entertainment lu a
liouse.
HOUSRSNAIL, s. a sort of snail.
HO'USESTEADS, Northumberland, near Chester and
Busy Gap. It is noted for the ruins of Roman altars and
statues, which have been dug \\\i here in great <iuanlities.
P'rom it is the best view of the Romnn Wall. On Chapel
Hill, near it, the Romans had a temple where fragments of
Doric capitals have been foiuid, with many broken cohuuns
and several altars; and in an adjoining field, remain the
vicihlu foundations of streets aud liuildiDgs,
HO'USEWAR^HNG, s. % feast or merry making, upon
going into a new house.
HOUSEWIFE, (pron. hnzzifi', or hdzzy) s. the mistress
of a family ; one skilled in the regulating of a family, and
practising frugality ; a kind of purse consisting of several
pockets above one anolher, and a book made of cloth, to
canv thread, silk, and needles in.
HOUSI'.WIFELV, (hizziflii) ail. after the manner of a
person who knows how to manage a family with order and
frugality.
Housewifely, {kuzzifij) a. skilled in the management
ofa family.
HOUSEWIFERY, {hdzzifry) s. the business or manage-
ment of the mistress ofa fanuly ; prudent and frugal ma-
nagement of the afiairs of a family.
HO'USING, (JuHizrng) s. the quantity of houses in any
place; cloth originally used to keep oii dirt, now added to
saddles as ornan.ental, from honsinnx, heuses, or houses, Fr.
HOW, rid. \hn. Sax. hoe, Belg.) tT) what degiee; in what
degree; in what manner ; for ^^llat reason; or from what
cause; by what means. Used witlu«Hc/i, it implies propor-
tion, relation, and correspondence.
HO'SM?E, and HOW BEIT, ad. [from how, be, and it}
neverthele-!s ; notwithstanding; yet; however.
HO'W DEN, a large town in the E. Riding of Yorkshire,
noted for being the birth-phice, or residence, of tbe histo-
rian Roger de Hnveden, or Howden. It gives name to a
small district, called Howdenshire, and is seated on tlieN.
side of the Ouse, not far from its confluence with the Der-
weiit and other large rivers, 23 miles W. of Hull, IG S. E.
of York, and 179 N. by W. of London. Market on Satur-
day. Fairs on the second Tuesday in January, the Tues-
day before March 25, the second Tuesday in July, and
October 2.
HOWDYE, [of how, do, and ?/f] in what state is your
health? Used as a substantive for a mere compliment of
civility, or an inquiry into the state ofa person's health.
HOWEVER, ru/. in whatsoever manner and degree; at
least; at all events; let what will happen; nevertheless;
notwithstanding; vet: for all that.
HO'WITZ, or HOWITZER, j. a kind of mortar mounted
upon a field carriage, called a gun. In howitzers, the trun-
nions are in the middle, and in mortars at the end.
To HOWL, (the ow is pron. as in han-) v. n. [hugleii,
Belg. J t«i cry, or make a noise, applied to a wolf or dog.
Figuratively, to uller a mournful sound or cry from deep
disln-ss; to pifniounee in a tone like a beast. Poetically
used for any noise that is loud and horrid.
HOWL, s. the cry or noise ofa wolf or dog; the cry of
a human being oppressed with distress, ami filled with
horror.
HOWSOEVER, ad. See However.
To HOX, V. a. rfroui hog. Sax.] to hamstring ; to hough.
Figuratively, to take niiliee of a person, so as to make hiui
blush or be ashamed. A low phrase, perhaps from hoxlice.
Sax. reproachful.
HOY, s. [hon, old Fr.] a small vessel, whose sails are nei-
ther square nor cross, like other ships, but mizen, so that she
can sail nearer the wind than another vessel can.
HOY, one of the Orkney islands, situated between th<;
Island of Pomona and the N. coast ofCailhness-shire. It is
about 11 miles long, and morethanS broad. On this island,
besides the great conic hill of Hoyhead, which is a sea-mark,
there is a stupendous rock, called the Beary, where a bird,
here named the layer, supposed to be a species of the pen-
guin, is found. It is about the size ofa small duck, remark-
ably fat, and esteemed a great delicacy. These birds bur.
row in the rabbit holes. 'Ilie person employed in taking the
young is usually let down by a roi)e from the top of (he pre-
cipice. In this island too, in a gloomy valley, is an entif"
stone, rjG feel long, and IH broad, called the Dwarfie Stone.
It is hollow within, having the form of ;. bed and pillow cut
in the stone ; it is supposed to have been oiicc the habitation
of a hermit. Lat. OS, 56. N. ion. 3. 20. W.
UD
HUG
To IIOYSR, f. a. among mariners, to hale up any thing;.
Soc Hoist.
HU'A, oi- Kaiiua, a larffp town, the rnpital of Co<liin
Cliina, with a li.TiulMiiiie palace, wiiere liie iiin^ coiiiii](i:.;iy
resides. If is soated in a heaiitiCiil |>laiM, ami divided into
two parts by a lar.'^e river, 'i'lie iiilr.ihitanfs li'iitken their
teeth, thiijliiiiic it a sir.une to have tlieui white, like dojjs, and
\liey wear their nails very lonjf. 'ilieru are a few CJiriitians
iiere. I/,it. 17. It). N. Ion. lO.'i. 6. E.
HU'lUiUB, J. a mixed or eoid'used noise made by seve-
ral people tallviiiij at the same time; a tunnjit; riot, or
uproar.
HU'CKAB.4iCK, *. a kind or coarse linen with raised
figures.
JIU'CKLEBACKED, a. crooked in the shoulders ; Jiunch
W luinip hacked.
HU'CKt.EnONE, 1. [from hirhm, P.eli;.] the hip-hone.
HUCKSTER, or HUCKSTi-.REK, *. [from /iu<k, 'i\-ut.
a pedlar] a person who sells goods or wares in small quau-
tilies, u pedlar. Figuratively, a trickisli, mean person.
To HU'CKSTElt, V. n. to sell wares in small quantities.
HU'DDEllSElELD, a town in the West Riding of York-
shire, which has risen to conse(|uenco w ilhin this century.
If is a sort of mart for narrow cloths, fine and coarse, tirje
broad cloths, serges, kerseymeres, cVc. and is situated on the
Ca'der, amid barren moors, 2-> miles N. E. of JNIanchcster,
42 S. W. of York, and 189 N. N. \V. of Eoudon. Its mar-
ket is on Tuesday, when the cloth is ex|iose(l for sale in a
large liall, and nicrclmnfs and *vool-staplers attend from a
considerable distance.
To HL'DDLE, v. a. to dress tip close in order to dis-
guise; to dress in a hurry, or put one's clotlies on carelessly
and in hasle. Figuratively, to cover up in haste; to perlbrm
in a hurry; to join together in a confused and imjiroper
manner. Neulerly, to come in a crowd or hurry.
HUDDLE, s. a confused crowd or mixture ; a crowd as-
sembled togetlu'r iji a hurry ; a tumiilt.
HU'DSONS .BAY, a large bay of North America, lying
between 51 and fi7 degiees of N. latitude, and discovereil,
in 1610, by Captain Henry Hudson. Tliis intrepid mariuer,
in searching for a N. W. passage to the South Sea, disco-
vered three straits, through which he hoped to find out a
new way to Asia by America. He had made two voyages
before on the same adventure : the first in 1(;07, and the se-
cond in 1608. In this third and last, in Kilo, he entered the
itraits that lead into this new Mediterranean, the hay known
by his name ; and coasted a great part of it. His ardour for
the discovery not being abated by the dithculties he sfrtig-
gled with in this empire of winter, and world of frost and
snow, he staid here till th.c ensuing spring, and prepared, in
the beginning of IGM, to pursue his discoveries; but his
crew, who suffered equal hardships, w ithout the same spi -it
(o support them, mutinied, seized upon him, and seven of
those who were most faithful to hiui, and committed them to
the icy seas in an open boat. Hudson and his companions
were never more heard of; but the ship, and the rest of the
men, returned home. Otherattempts towards a discovery
were also made in 1612 and 1667. In 1 740, a Captain F^llis
wintered as far north as 57 degrees and a half; and a Cap-
lain Christopher attempted farther discoveries in 1761. The
countj-y lying round Hudson's Bay on the W. and .S. W.
is called New North and New South Wales. The extensive
peninsula to the l">. of it is called Labradore, or New Britain.
The entrance of the hay from the ocean, after leaving Cape
Farewell and Davis's Straits, is between Resolution Isles on
the N. and Button's Isles on the S. forming the eastern ex-
tremity of the straits, distinguished by the name of its first
discoverer. The vast countries that surround Hudson's Bay
itbound with animals, whose skins and furs are far superior
in quality to those found in less northerly regions. In 1670,
a charter was granted to a company, which does not consist
of above ten persons, for the exclusive trade to this bay, and
for planting the country ; and they have acted under it ever
(ia££ with great benefit to themselves, but little comparative
advantaff'! to the kingdom at large. Of bile yei'», however,
the fur trade, from the inland parts, has been carried <;n to ,i
niucli greater extent tliiiii it was before. This has been
chirily occasioned by the iulcrfereuce of iheCanada trader*,
who had effectually supplanto<l the company on tlie sea-
shore, supplying the natives «ith every convenience tor war
and domestic uses. This induced the couipaiiy, in 1/-73, Ik,
begin their iidaiid voyages, and now the Canadians froi;!
Caiuida, anil the I'uropcaus from Hudson's Bay, frequently
meet together. The servants of the company, however, inn-
ported principally fromtlu? Orkney Isles, having ingratiated
tlii'Uiselves into l\u' confidence of the natives, from their
prudent pr<q)er behaviour, and incorruptible honesty, havi-
evidently t lie advantage of trade on llnir side. 'J'hey cou-
se(piently export a greater rpiantity of furs (in proportion to
the goods imported,) and these in better preservation and
more vahrable. They employ 4 ships, anil al)o\it 1.10 sea-
men, and have several foists ; namely, Princeof Wales' Fori,
Churchill Kiver; York Fort, Nelson River; New Severn ;
and Albany ; which are all seated on the W. S. \V. side of
the hav.
HUDSON'S RIVER, one of the finest rivers in North
America, rising in a mountainous cotintry, in theN. E. part
of the state of New York, about halfway between ,:hc
Lakes Ontario and Champlain. It waters Albany and Hud-
son, and proceeds, in a southerly direction, almost its whole
course to the Atlantic Ocean, w liicli it enters at ^ ork Bay,
10 miles S. of New York, after a course (if 2.00 miles. The
tide Hows a few miles above Alliany, which is 160 miles from
New York. It is navigable for sloops of 70 or 80 Ions, ti»
Albanv, and for ships to Hudson.
liUE, s. [Iiinrc, Sax. J colour. A clainour, or les^ai pur-
suit after a robber, attended witlnioise ; from /ia''e Fr. Hut
and cry, in law, is the pursuit of a person who has committed
felony on the highway.
HU'EN, a fertile island of the Baltic, in the Sound, subject
to Sweden since the treaty of iloseliild, in t6.')8. It has
only one village, containing about 60 houses. This islarjd
was granted, by Frederick II. king of Denmark, to Tycho
Brahe, the celebrated astronomer, with a castle called
Uranienburg, erected forthe purpose of making observa-
tions, in which he resided upwards of 20 years. It is about
6 miles in circumference, and lies 14 miles N. by E. of Co-
penhagen.
HU'ER, s. one whose business it is t-o call out to
others.
HUFF, s. \heofan. Sax. lifted up ; Johnson derives it
from Iwien, or hove, to swell] a swell of sudden anger or
insolence ; a severe and insolent reprimand ; one who is
swelled and grown insolent with a vain opinion of his own
value.
To HL'FF, V. a. to swell or puff. To hector, or treat w ith
insolence ; to chide or reprimand with insolence or severity.
In gaming, to take a trick from a person w ho did not play to
a lead.
HU FFER, s. a boaster or bully.
HUFFISH, a. with arrogance, insolence, orbragging^
HUFFISHLY, <id. with arrogant petidance.
HU'FFISHNESS, s. noisy bluster; insolent pride.
To HUG, V. a. \hcg-ian, Sax.] to press close in an embrace.
Figuratively, to fondle, or treat with tenderness ; to hold
fast with great affection.
HUG, «. an embrace wherein a person is held tight within
the arms.
HUGE, a. [/ioojq-/i, Belg.] large, applied to size, gene-
rallv including excess ; vast or immense. Synon. Hn^t
implies greatness in bulk ; vast, greatness in extent ; enur-
■mous, greatness in size, even to deformity and dreadf-lness;
immense, uulimitted extent, even beyond expression. Thus
we say, a huc;e giant ; a rait tract of land ; an enormous crime ;
the immense expanse.
HUGELY, ad. in an extensive manner ; immensely, or
enormously, applied to size. Greatly; verv much ; pro'd*.
giously, applied to degree.
HUM
HUM
HUGEN2SS, s. enormity, applied to bulk. Greatness
or extensiveness, ajiplied to quality or degree.
HUGGi':R-MUGO!':R, (the g- in both these words be-
fore e lias the hard sound) s. secrecy ; by-place.
HUGUENOTS, a name <^ivcn by way of contempt to the
proteslants of France. The name had its rise in the year
1.^60, on this occasion : At Tours, the place where they
were thus first denominated, the people had a notion, that
«i! apparition or hobgoblin, called King Hugon, strolled
about the streets in the night-time ; from whence, as those
of the reformed religion met in the night to pray, &c. they
called them Huguenots ; that is, the disciples of King
Hugon.
HU'GY, n. vast ; great; largD.
' HUKE, s. Unique, Vr.] a cloak.
HULK, J. [/i»/c, Sax. h.ilcke, Relg.] the body of a ship.
Figuratively, any thing bu'ky and weighty.
To H iiJLK, V. a. to pull out the entrails of animals. " To
hulk a hare." Ainsw.
HULL, ^. [from lielan, Sax.]^thc husk or outward covering
of corn or any other thing. 'Ihebodyofa ship. Though
hulk and /;»// be now used promiscuously, Itnlk seems, ac-
cording to Johnson, to have been formerly applied not only
to the body or hull, but likewise to a whole ship of bur-
den.
To HULL, V. n. to float; to diive to and fro upon the
water without sails or rudder. " He looked, and saw the
ark Ik'iUow Iheflooil." Par. Lost.
HCLLjOr Kingston upon Hull, a large, closely-built,
well-paved, and exceeding populous town, in tiie East
Riding of Yorkshire, seated on a river called the Hull, which
pises not far from Driffield, and here enters the river Hum-
ber. Its commerce has been constantly increasing so much
oflate years, that it is now probably become the fourth port
in the kingdom. lis situation is extremely advantageous ;
for, besides its communication with the Yorkshire rivers and
canals, it has access also, by the Humber, (o the Trent, and
all its branches and communications. Hence it has the im-
port and export trade of many of the northern and midland
counties. By the late inland navigations, it has also a com-
munication with the liivers Mersey, Dee, Rilible, Severn,
Thames, Avon, &c. which navigation, including its wind-
ynirs, extends above 500 miles in the counties of Lincoln,
Nottingham, York, Lancaster, Westmoreland, Chester, Staf-
ford, Warwick, Leicester, Oxford, Worcester, &c. The
for'eign trade is chiefly to the Baltic ; but it has also a regidar
traffic with the southern parlsof E\irope, and with America.
More shipsare sent hence toGreenland, than from any other
port, that of Loudon excepted. The coasting trade, also,
for coal, corn, wool, nr.inulaclured goods, &c. is very ex-
tensive. The harbour is chiefly artificial, consisting of a
dock, the largest in the kingdom (finished in 177H) with
which the river comminiicates, and in which 800 ships may
ride safelv and conveniently. Among the public buildings
are, the Trinity House, for the rclief'of seamen and their
widows; an i>-xchange ; and a town hall. The grand stone
oridge over the river, to Jlolderness, was rebuilt in 1787,
..nil consists of 14 arches, it is :5f; miles S. E. of York, and
I'S N. of London, ftlarkets on Tuesday and Saturday.
HU'LLY, i». Iiuskv, orabouwling in husks.
HU'LVER,.». holly.
To HUM, 1'. a. [/;f/mp?fln, Belg.] to make a noise, applied
to bees. To maKe an inarticulate noise, by forcing the
breath through the lips when shut. Toiiause in speaking,
and fill up the interval by makinga sound with the breath
forced through the lips w hen shut ; to sing so U>w as scarce-
ly to be heard. "To hum a tune." I'ope. To applaud.
To hum a person, is to render him ridiculous, by exercising
son)e frolic upon him.
HUM, t. the hoarse buzzing noise made by bees. Figu-
ratively, the coiifiiseil noise made by a crowd of people en-
gaged in discourse ; any low, roiigli noise ; a pause filled
up by a forcible emissioa of .breath throuj;h the lip.s aUcu
thuU
404
HUM, inter), a lo.w, inarticulate sound, like that of a
sw-arm of bees, made use of to imply* doubt and de-
liberation.
KU'M AN, a. [Awnwrnw, from homo, a man, Lat.| having
the qualities of a reasonable creature or man ; belonging lo
or like a man.
HUMA'NE, a. [Anrnaine, Fr.] kind ; civil; good-natured:
benevolent; ready to do good offices, and embracing all
opportunities to relieve and compassionate our fellow-cre^v-
tures.
HUMATS'ELY, adf in a kind, civil, compassionate, o'
benevolent manner.
HU'MANIST, s. [humaniste, Fr.] a person who teache*'
the rudiments or granmiar of languages.
HU'MANITY, s. [humanitas, from homo, a man, Lat.] th^t
nature of man. Mankind, or the collective body of reason,
able creatures. The exercise of all the social and benev«>-
leiit virtues. Humanities, in the plural, signifies grammar,
rhetoric, and poetry, known by the name of litera; humani-
ores, human learning; for teaching of which there are pro-
fessors in the university of Scotland, called Humamsts. Sy-
NON. Hh)h««?>// denotes a fellow feeling for the distresses
of a stranger; tenderness is a susceptibility of impression
more applicable to persons with whom we are nearly coiv-
nectcd.
To HU'AL4NIZE, v. a. {Immaniser, Fr.] to soften, or
render susceptive of the impressions of tenderness or
benevolence.
HU'.MANKIND, s. the race of reasonable creatures, cal-
led men.
HU'J\L\NLY,arf. after the manner, or according to the
power, of men.
HU'MBER, d river formed by the Trent, Ouse, Derwent,
and several other streams. It divides Yorkshire from Lin-
colnshire, and falls into the German Ocean near Hoi-
derness.
HU'INIBIRI:), s. one of the smallest birds we knovr of, so
called fr.om its humming sounds.
IIU'MBLE, a. [humlile, Fr.] having a modest or low
opinion of one's ow n abilities ; behaving with modesty, sub-
mission, and deference to others. Low, applied to situation
or rank.
To HU'MBLE, v. a. to destroy and diminish a person's
pride; to make less arrogant ; to make submissive; to mor-
tify ; to subdue ; to diminish the height of a thing.
1IUAH?LEBI';E, *. a wild bee, so called from its buzzing.
In botany, an herb.
HU'MBLEDON, a village in Northumberland, ncarWol-
ler. Here is an intrenchment called Green Castle ; and on
IJumbleilon I high, a circular intrenchment, with a large bar
row. The sides of the hill are cut into terraces, 20 feet wide,
formed with great exactness one above another. In the
plain below is a stone pillar, denoting the ground where
10,000 Scots, under Earl Douglas, iu the reign of Henry IV.
were defeated, on Holyrood Day, by Henry lord Percy,
and (ieorge earl of March.
lHliMBLK.MOUTHED, o.mild or meek in speech.
HU'iMULl'.NESS, s. a disposition of mind' wherein a
person has a low opinion of his abilities, and is submissive
to others.
1 1 U'M i!LEPL.\NT, s. a species of the sensitive plant.
HUMBLER, f. one who subdues either his own priile,
or that of others.
lUJ'.MBLES,*. the entrails of a deer.
HU'iMBLY, ad. with a proper deference and submission
to others ; without pride. Low, applied to situation or
distance from the earth.
HUMDRUM, a. [from hum and rfmne] dull; stupid:
not answering or taking notice when spoken to, on account
of stupidity.
ToIlUME'CT, or HUMECTATE, .-. n. [/iimwjo, from
fiumeo, .lobe moist, Lat.] to wet or moisten Not in use.
"The Nile aud Niger humectate the carlJi." Brown,
HUM
HUN
HUMECTATION, s. [Fr. hmnccto, from humco, to be
moist, L;il.] tlic act ot'wettiiif^or iiioistciiiii^'.
HU'JVlERAFv, n. [i'roin Immeriis, tlie slioukler, Lat.] be-
longing to till- siionl(l<'r.
IIU'MEUUS, i. [L;it.] ill anatomy, is the shoulder, or up-
per part ot'tliearni, lictwttii llie scapula and clljow.
ilUMIClJBATION, s. I from //»;«/, on the ground, and
aihn, to lay, Lat.Jlhe act ol lyins on the ground. Not in use.
Illi'MiD, a. [Immidus, Lat.J moist; or iiaviug the power
to wet ; wet.
HUMIDITY, s. [Iiiimidite, Fr.] moisture, or. that quality
which a fluid has of entering the pores, or wetting other
bodies.
HUMILIATION, s. {hnmiUMion, Fr.] an act wherehy a
person voluntarily descends from a higlier degree of dignity
to a lower ; mortilication ; or a sense and expression of our
defects and unworthiuess ; abatement of pride.
HUMI'LITY, s. [Immiliti, Fr.J a disposition of mind
wherein a person has a low opniion of himself and his
advantages, is submissive to authority, and attentive to in-
struction.
HU'MMER, s. an applauder. Used at present as a cant-
word for a person who tells a plausible story to another in
order to gain his credit, and induce him to believe a falsity ;
one who tells a lie.
HU'MMOCH, an Island in the Eastern Indian Ocean,
about 6 miles in length. Here is a rajah, supported in his
authority by tlie Dutch East India Company. The natives
resemble the Malays, both in appearance and disposition,
but speak the same language as tlie inliabitants of Mindanao.
This island is exceedingly fertile, and produces most of the
tropical fruits. But the principal articles of trade witii the
Dutch are bees' wax and honev. It lies aliout 1.') miles S. of
the S. point of Mindanao. Lat. 5. 27. N. Ion. 125. 12. E.
HU'MMUMS, «. a bagnio; a sweating-house.
HUMOR, or HUMOUR, s. [from lanneo, to be moist,
Lat.] moisture ; any fluid body. In anatomy, the fluids in
au animal body, or any corrupt matter collected in a wound
or abscess. Temper, disposition, or the riding passion, ap-
plied to the mind. Passion, or the present disposition of
the mind. Petulance ; peevishness. Caprice ; whim. Any
odd medley of ideas which extort a smile, or raise a laugh ;
f)leasantry ; jocularity. A trick, habit, or practice. " I
ike not the /iKHimir of lying." Sliali.
HU'MORAL, n. proceeding from humours redundant in
the body.
HU'MORIST, s. [humoriste, Fr.] one who is greatly pleas-
ed or displeased with little things, and conducts his actions,
not by reason and the nature of tliings, but by caprice,
fancy, or some predominant passion.
HUMOROUS, a. full of odd or comical ideas and senti-
ments; capricious; wilhoutany rule but the present whim;
pleasant or jocular.
IIU'MOliOUSLY, ad. in a jocose or pleasant manner,
so as to extort a smile or raise a laugh ; with caprice or
whim.
HU'MOROUSNESS, s. fickleness of temper ; a disposi-
tion pleased or offended with trifles.
HU'MORSOME, a. easily pleased or displeased with
trifles ; peevish ; odd ; of a changeable disposition, or not
pleased long with any thing.
HU'MORSOM ELY, nd. in a peevish manner ; in such a
manner as to be pleased or displeased with trifles, or not to
be pleased with any thing long.
ToHU'MOUR, V. a. to please or soothe, by complying
with a per-son's ruliuij passion, or peculiar foible. Figura-
tively, to suit any design in such a manner to an obstacle, as
to make it rather an ornament than an impediment. To
comply with.
HUMP, s. [corrupted, perhaps, from hump\ the swelling
on a crooked back.
HU'MPBACK, s. a crookedliack, or a back which has a
kind of hump or knob sweUiug above the other parts of its
Borfdce.
3 O
ToHUNCH, 1'. a. [/i?«t7i, Teut.] in its primary sense, to
give a blow with the fist. At present it signifies to push, a*
wilii the elbow.
HUNCHBACKED, a. having a hump or crookcil
back.
HUNCHED, a. in botany, swelled out, as the under
part of the blossoms of the foNglove, the blossom of the ho-
neysuckle, the cuj) of the turnip, ilc.
llU'NDRED, «. [Iiiindnd, Sax.] a number consisting often
times ten. Siibslaiitively, it implies a division of a county,
perhaps so called from containing a hundred securities for
the king's peace, fiom Imudred, Siw. a liody of cnr' hundred
men. Likewise a measure or certain quantity of things; a
/iimdrid af suit, at Amsterdam, is It tons. A luuidred of deal
hoards consists of six-score, i. e. 120, which is likewise called
the Imia; liundred.
l\ U NDREDTH, a. [lumdreonteogotha, Sax.] the ordinal of
a hiiudred, or that which has ninety-nine placed before it.
HUNCt, prefer, and part, pass of Hang.
HU'NGARY, a kingdom of Europe, lying along the river
Danube, about 600 miles in length, and al)out 2,)0 in i)readlh.
It is bounded on the N. Ijv Pohind, on the W. by Oermany,
and on the E. and S. by Turkey in Europe. It comprehends
tiiree large provinces, namely, I'loper Hungis-ry, ^^hich is
bounded on the N. by Poland, on the \V. by the circle of
Austria, on the S. by the river IJravc, which separates it from
Sclavonia, and by the Danube, which parts it from Turkey
in Europe ; and on the E. by Wahichia and Transylvania.
The other parts are Transylvania and Sclavonia. The prin-
cipal rivers are, tiic Danube, the Save, the Drave, the
Tresse, the Maros, the Raab, tlieWaag, the Gran, and the
Zarwicse. They are so full of fish, that they give them to the
hogs ; but the waters are all unwholesome, except that of
the Danube. The air is very unhealthy, occasioned bj'
the lakes and bogs, insomuch that there is a sort of plague
visits them every three or four years, on which account it is
called the grave of the Germans. It abounds in all ihe ne-
cessaries of life, and the wine, especially that called Tcikay,
is excellent. There are mines of gold, silver, copper, and
iron; and they have such plenty of game, that hunting is
allowed to all. 'I'he inhabitants are well shaped, brave
haughty, and revengeful. Their horsemen nre called Hus-
sars, and their foot Heydukes. Almost all the tow ns of Huiv
gary have two names, the one Cierman and the other Huiv-
gariaii, and the language is a dialect of the Sclavonic. The
government is hereditary in the house of Austria, and the
established religion is popery, though there are a great num-
ber of protestants, who have here been severely persecuted;
but who now have toleration. No country in the world is
better supplied with mineral waters and baths ; and those
of Buda, when the Turks had it in |)ossession, were reckon-
ed the finest in Europe. Buda is the capital town of Lower
Hiingarv, and Presbuig of the Upper.
H UN GARY-WATER, s. a distilled w;ater prepared from
the topsorflowersof rosemary, so denominated from a queen
of Hungary, for whose use it was first made.
HU'NCiER, s. [Sax.] the pain felt on fasting long ; a desire
of food. Figuratively, any violent desire.
To HU'NGER, v. n. to feel pain on long fasting; to be
desirous of eating. Figuratively, to desire any thing with
great eagerness.
HU'NGERBIT, or HU'NGERBITTEN, a. pained or
worn out for want of food.
HU'NGERFORD, a town of Berkshire, with a market
on Wednesday ; seated on the river Kennet, in a low and
watery soil, aiid noted for the best trouts and craw-fish n
all England. It is 9 miles W. of Newbury, and Gi W. of
London.
HU'NGERLY, a. hungi-y ; wanting food or nourish-
ment.
HU'NGERLY, or HUNGRILY, ad. with a keen app*-
tifp, or like a person that wants food.
HUNGRED, a. pinched by want of food. " We see men
an huiigred love to sinell hot bread." Bacon.
-4«6
HUR
HUS
IIUT'TGRY, a. feelins pain f->r want ol food ; waiitiii<^
food; lean for want of food. Figuratively, not fat, fruitful,
or prolific.
HU'?vGRY HILL, a lofty, steep, and rocky mountain, in
Cork, Munster. It is at least 700 yards above the level of
Bantry Bay, and near its summit is a large lake, wliicli pro-
duces one of the tinest cataracts in I he kingdom.
HUNKS, s. [/lunskm; sordid, Isl.] a person who is covetous
of money, and spends very little ; a miser.
HUNMANBY, or Hunnanby, a town ia the E. Riding
of Yorkshire, \vitli a market on Tuesday. It is 209 miles
N. of London.
To HUNT, V. a. \hnntian, Sax. of himd, Sax. a hound] to
chase wild animals ; to pursue with dogs. Figuratively, to
pursue or follow close ; to follow after; to direct or manage
hounds in the chase.
HUNT, s. a pack of hounds. A chase after wild ani-
mals. Purs\iit.
HU'NTER, s. [hmita, Isl.] one who chases animals for
pleasure or exercise ; a dog that scents, or is used in pursu-
ing beasts of prey ; a swift and strong horse, (hat is tit to
follow the chase.
HUNTING, s. the exercise or diversion of pursuing
fourfooted beasts of game. With us this is chiefly perform-
ed with dogs, and the chases are the hart, buck, roe, hare,
fox, badger, and otter.
HUNTINGDON, called by the Saxon's Hunter's
Dow N, the county town of Huntingdonshire, has 2 churches,
several good inns, a handsome market-place, and a good
grammar-school. It was once very large, having 15 churches,
which, in Camden's time, were reduced to 4, and now to 2 ;
and it-is still a populous, trading place. It is seated on the
river Ouse, over which it has a handsome stone bridge, lead-
ing to Godmanchester, on the great N. road, 16 miles W.
by N. of Cambridge, and Cb N. by W. of London. Markets
on Monday and Saturday.
IlLfNTfNGDONSHIRE,s county of F.n.u'.and, bonndefl
on the W. and N. by Northamptonshire, on the N. E. and E.
by Cambridgeshire, and on the S. by a part of Camliridge-
shire and Bedfordshire. It extends 22 miles from N. to S.
and about 18 from E. to W. The principal rivers are the
Ouse and Nen. It is divided into 4 hundreds, which con-
tain 5 market towns, 78 parishes, 279 villages, about 8320
bouses, and upwards of 49,000 inhabitants. The borders
of the Ouse, which flows across the S. E. part, consist of
fertile and very beautifid meadows. The middle and west-
ern parts are finely varied in their surface, fertile in corn,
and sprinkled with woods. The whole upland part was, in
antient times, a forest, peculiarly adapted for hunting,
wdicnce the name of the county took its rise. The N. E.
part consists of fens, which join those of Ely ; but they are
drained, so as to aflx)rd rich pasturage for cattle, and even
large crops of corn ; and in the midst of them are shallow
pools, aboiuiding with tish. The largest of these is a lake of
considerable size, called Wliittlesea Mere. The air is good,
except in the fenny parts, which are aguish. Its chief com-
modities are corn, malt, and cheese; and tliey fatten abun-
dance of cattle.
IIU'NTINGHORN, s. a bugle; ahorn used to cheer the
bounds.
HUNTRESS, ». a woman that follows the chase, or pur-
sues animals for sport.
HUTs'TSMAN, *. one who diverts himself in chasing ani-
mals ; a person who has the direction of a chase.
HU'NTSMANSHIP, s. the qualifications of a hunter.
HyNTSPILL, a small town in Somersetshire, seated on
tlie river Parrot, near the sea, (t miles N. of Bridgewatcr.
It is IKi miles distant from London.
HU'IIULE, s. \hyrdcl. Sax.] in husbandry, frames of split
timber, or hazel rods interwoven, or plaited togetlicr, to
serve for pates, sheep-folds, or to stop a gap in a hedge. In
fortification, twigs of willows or osiers interwoven together,
sustained by strong stakes, sometimes covered with earth,
find used for strengthcuiug batteries, lor makiug a passage
4C6
over muddy ditches, for covering traverses and lodgments
from the stones, shot, &c. of the enemy.
HURDS, i. SeelioRDs.
To HURL, V. a. [from huorlt, Isl.] to throw, cast, or drive
any thing with violence. To utter with vehemence, from
Jmr/er, Fr. to make a hideous or howling noise. To play at
casting or hurling a ball.
HURL, s. tumult ; riot; commotion.
HURL-BONE, s. a bone near the middle of the buttock
of a horse, very easily put out of its socket by a huit or
stitain
HU'RLER, s. one who plays at hurling a ball. This
name is given to seventeen large stones set in a kind of a
square near St. Clare, in Cornwall, from an old tradition that
they a?e the bodies of men petritied for piofaning the Sab-
bath, by playing at hurling balls; but whoever has seen
Stonehcngc, or read Wormius's dissertation on the Danish
antiquities, would smile at the simplicity of the relaters,
and easily see that these stones are some funeral monu-
ment.
HU RLY, or HU'RLY BURLY, s. [from kurlubrelu, ineon- '
sideratelv, Fr.] a tumult, uproar, or bustle.
HURRICAxN'E, or HUllRICANO, s. [hmacan, S\>an.] a
furious storm, arising from an opposition of several
winds.
HU'RRIER, s. one that hurries ; a disturber.
To HURRY, I', a. [/ifi-gian. Sax.] to drive fast ; to make a
person quicken his pace ; to do a thing in haste.
HURRY, sl atunudt; a confusion attended with haster
a hasty or violent emotion of the mind.
HURST, s. \h/rst, Sax.] a grove or thicket of trees.
HURST CASTLE, a castle in Hants, not far from Ly.
mington, of stone, built by Henry VIII. It is seated on the
extreme point of a neck of land, which shoots a mile and a
half into the sey, towards the Isle of Wight, from which it
is the siioi tost distinicc, being only two miles. In this castle
Ciiailes I. was contiued previoubly to his b.eing hroujilit to
trial.
To HURT, V. a. preter. I hurt, compound preter. 1 hart
hurt, part. pass, hurt ; [hi/rt. Sax.] to affect with pain ; to
wound ; to impair or damage. " Virtue may be assaiJ'il,
but never hurt." Aliltun.
HURT, .?. damage, mischief, or harm. A wound or
bruise, applied to the body.
HURTEt'i, s. one that does harm.
HU'IITFUL, n. mischievous ; pernicious ; afFcctinj; a per-
son with loss, damage, or pain.
HU'RTFULLY, ad. in a mischievous or pernicious
manner.
To HU'RTLE, v. a. \heurter, Fr.j to strike or clash ; to
meet with a shock, and encounter. Obsolete.
HU'RTLEBERRY,i. \hiort itfc,Dan.] the bilberry.
HU'RTLESS, a. without injury or doing harm ; innocent ;
harmless.
HU'RTLESSLY, ad. without harm. " Your neighboun
have found youso hiirtlessh/ strong." Sidney:
HUSBAND, s. [from hus. Sax. a house, and honda, Run. a
master] a man married to a woman. Figuratively, an eco-
nomist, or one who understands and practises frugality. A
farmer, or tiller of ground.
To HUSBAND, v. a. to marry, or supply with an hus-
band ; to manage with frugality ; to till or cultivate
ground.
HU'SBANDLESS, a. without a husband.
IIU'SBANDLY, nd. in afrugal or thrifty manner.
HU'SBANDINIAN, 4-. one who works its tillage.
HUSBANDRY, s. tilh-ge, or the act of cultivating land;
parsimony ; or a careful management of money or time ;
the care of a family.
HUSH, inlcrj. [formed from the sound] l)c silent.
ilUSII, a. silent, quiet, or still, generally used in a com-
parative sense. " As/"«/i as death." Shah.
To HUSH, 0. a. to still ; to silence; to quiet; to appease;
used with trp.
HYD
HYE
HU'SHMONF.Y, s. money given to slide evidence/ or
hinder iiifoiinatiori.
UVjUK, s.Uiii/dsc/i, r>('ls.] Ilie onfmost covering of fruit
or corn. In holiiiiy, tlic iii;|);ilcinents vuid liiossonisolgrapes
are called the /iitshs ; llicy are lliin.drv, and semi-transparent
like cliatt'. Tlie husk consists of one or ?uore leaves called
valves, and when conti;;ioiis to llie other parts of the
flower, inclosing the chives an<l pointals, answers the pur-
pose of a blossom; but when placed on the outer side, and
inclosinfj the inner valves, as well as the chives and pointals,
it is called the (Mnpalenient.
To HUSK, V. a. to strip off the outward covering from
corn or fruit.
HU'SKEI), It. bearing: or covered with a husk or hull.
HU'SKY, a. aboundins in, or consisting of, husks.
HUSSA'HS, {huzzrirs) s. a sort of troopers, that were first
common in Hungary, but are now introduced into several
parts of Europe, and there have been some lately in the
English army. They may be more properly called light
horse, and they usually do a great deal of service.
HU'SSY, (/«("(/) s. fa corruption of huswife, used in an ill
«ensej a bad manager ; a bad or wanton woman.
HIJ'STINGS, 0. \hustinn; Sax.] a coint of Common Pleas
held before the lord-mayor and aldermen, at Guildhall, Lon-
don. It is the principal and highest court belonging to the
city of London, and existed so early as the reign of Edward
the Conffissor.
To HU'STLE, V. a. to shake together in confusion.
HU'SWIFE, (/iuc(/) s. [/(»«(■//; Sax.] a woman that is ei-
tfiera bad manager, or a person of infamous character. An
economist, or a woman w ho conducts the affairs of a family
with frugality. " The bounteous /lusnifc nature." S/iak.
Johnson observes that it is common to use housewife in a good
sense, but husnifeor hnssi/ ill a bad one.
To HUSWIFE, {husif)v. a. to manage with economy and
frugality.
HU'SWIFERY, (/"''ri/)-;/) s. management of household af-
fairs ; management of such branches of farming as fall within
the province of women.
HUT, s.\hvtte, Sax.] alow, mean, and poor cottage.
HUTCIi, s. [Inv(ccca, Sax. J a corn chest ; a kind of house
with a wired door, otherwise resembling a chest, used to
keep rabbits in.
HU'XING OFPiKF.,amonghshermen,aparticularmethod
of catching that fish by means of hooks and lines attached
to bladders.
To HUZZ, V. n. ffrom the sound] to buzz ; to murmur.
HUZZA', i7iteij. a shout or cry of joy.
To HUZZA', V. n. to make a shout of joy. Actively, to
receive with shouts of joy or acclamations.
HY'ACINTH, s. [hi/acinfhvs,hat.h;/akinfhos, Gr.] in bota-
ny, a flower. Among jewellers, a gem of the size of a nut-
meg, of various degrees of deepness and paleness, but always
of a deadish red, with a mixture of vellow.
HYACl'NTHINE, «. [Vit»i^/(o,s'Gr.Jmadeofliyacinths;
yellow, or of the colour of hyacinths.
HY'ADS, or H Y'ADES, *. [hijndes, from h/o, to rain, Gr.]
a constellation of seven stars ni the bull's head, the princi-
pal of which, called Aldebaran by the Arabs, is in the Bull's
left eye. They are famous, according to the antieut poets,
for bringing rain.
HY'ALINE,ff. [from /ii/«Zo^, glass, Gr.] glassy; cr>'stalline;
made of^ or resembling glass. Used substantively by
Milton.
HY'BRIDOUS, n.\ from h>/b)i(h, a mongrel, Lat.] begotten
between animals of different species.
HYDA'TIDES, s. [from hj/dor, water, Gr.J in medicine,
little transparent bladders of w;ater in any part of the body ;
most common in dropsical cases, from a distention or rup-
ture of the lympheducts.
H Y'DRA, s. [Lat.] a kind of water-snake, feigned to have
many heads, which grew again when cutoff. In astronomy,
a southern constellation consisting of 26 stars.
HY'DRABAD, a very large city of Hindoostan, capital
of the province of Golconda, or Hydrabad, and at this t!ni''
oftlic Deccan. It is supposed to contain upwards of 100,000
inhabitants, and is seateij on a river that falls into the Kistna
270 miles N. N. W. of Madras. Lat. 17. 12. N. Ion. 78.
61. E.
IIY'DRAGOGUl'^S, {hydrac^^s) s. [from hydor, wafer,
and 0^0, to lead, Gr.] such medicines as occasion the dis-
charge of watery humours.
HYDRAULIC, or IIYDRAU'LICAL, a. ^elating to the
conveyance of wafer by pipes.
HYbRAU'LICS, s. [ixmnhydor, water, and auhs, a pipe,
Gr.] in its primary sense, the science of the motion of water
or lluids through pipes ; but at present extended not only to
the conducting and raising of water, the constructing of
engines for that purpose, but likewise the laws of the motion
offiuifl bodies.
HYDROCA'RBONATES, in chemistry, combinations of
carbon with hydrogen. Gas of this description is procured
from moistened charcoal by distillation.
HYDROCELE, *. [from /((/f/«r, water, and hch, a swelling,
Gr.J a watery rupture, situated in the scrotum or groin.
HYDROCE'PHALUS, s. [from hydor, water, and hcfdmh,
the head, Gr.] in medicine, a watery head, or dropsy in the
head.
HY'DROGEN, s. in chemistry, the basis of inflammable
air. Hydrogen gas is the lightest of all ponderable bodies,
and is therefore emploved in the filling air balloons.
HYDRO'GENATEiD, a. in chemistry compounded with
Hydrogen.
To HYDRO'GENIZE, v. a. in chemrstry, to combine with
hvdrogen. .
"HYDROGRAPHER,(/iyrWgrfl/iT)j. [from hydor, water,
and ^rapho, to describe, Gr.J one that makes maps or charts
of the sea.
HYDRO'GRAPHY, (hjdrOgrafy) s. [from hydor, water,
and grapho, to describe, Gr.J the art of describing or drawing
maps or charts of the sea.
HY'DROMANCY, f. [from hydar, water, and manteia,
divination, Gr.J the actor art of foretelling future events by
means of water.
HY DROMEL, s. [from hi/dor, water, and mcU, honey,
Gr.J mead or a drink made of lioney diluted with water, and
fermented by a long and gentle heat.
HYDRO'METER, s. [from %rfo)-, water, nn(\ nulren, to
measure, Gr.J an instrument to measure the gravity, cieusity,
velocitv and other properties of water.
HYDRO'METRY, i. [from hydor, water, md mrtrco, to
measure, Gr.J the act or art of measuring the gravity and
other properties of water.
HYDRO-OXIDES, s. inchymistry, metallic oxides com-
bined with water.
HYDROPHO'BIA. {hydrofbUa)s. [homhydor, water, and
phobos, fear, Gr.| in medicine, an aversion or dread of water;
a dangerous svmptom attending persons bit bv a mad dog.
HYDROPIC, or HYDRO'PlCAL, o. [hydropicns, Lat.J
dropsical, oraffected with dropsy. See Dropsy.
HYDROSTA'TICAL, a. [from hydor, water, and statos,
standing, Gr.J relating to, or taught bv, hydrostatics.
HYDROSTA'TICALLY, ad. according to hydrostatics.
HYDllOSTAI'ICS, s. [from hydor, water, and statof,
standing, Gr.J that part of mechanics, which considers the
weight or gravity of lluids, or of solid bodies immerged or
placed in them.
HYDROSU'LPHURETS, s. in chemistry, substances
formed by the combination of sulphureted hydrogen gas
with earths alkalis, or metallic oxides.
HYDRO'TIC, i. [from hydor, wafer, Gr.] a medicine
which purges water or phlegm, and causes sweating.
HY'DRUS, s. in astronomy, a constellatio** of the south-
ern hemisphere.
HY'EN, or HYE'NA, s. {hjene, Fr. hycnit, Lat.] a wild
beast of a darkish gray colour, spotted with black, resem-
bling a wolf, reckoned untameable, and repoi ted to iuiilate
a human voice in order to seduce its prey.
467
HYP
HYT
HYGRO'METER, s. [fronj hi^ros, moist, and metreo, fo
ir.easuie, Gr.Ja niacliineor iniUuiiiciit used to measure (lie
degree's of moisture of the air.
HY'GPtOSCOPK, s. [from hydros, moist, and sJiopeo, to
see. Or.] an instrument to shew the different degrees of
inoisnire or dryness of li)ean'.
HYL A'RCHIC A Jj, a. [from hi/Ie, matter, and arche, govcrn-
nieiTt, Gr.] presiding over matter.
HY'MEN, s. [Gr.j in mythology, a fabulous divinity, sup-
posed to preside over marriages. He is described by tlie
])uets as crowned with flowers, dressed in a yellow robe,
and holding a torch in his right liand, and a flame-coioured
Veil in his left. Figuratively, marriage. In anatomy, the
virginal membrane.
HYMEN E'AL, or HYMENEAN, a. [from Hymen, the
god of marriage, Gr.] relating or belonging to marriage.
Substantively, a marriage song.
HYMN, (the n is mute) s. [from hymneo, to celebrate, Gr. j
a religious song or ode.
To HYMN, (/(J/m)"-"- l^from In/mncn, to celebrate, Gr.] to
praise in songs. Neuterly, to sing religious songs in wor-
sliip.
HY'MNIC, a. [from hymneo, to celebrate, Gr.] relating to
hymns. " Breaks {hehymnic notes." Dunne.
To HYP, V. a. [contracted from hjpoclwndriae^ to dispirit,
or make melancholy.
HYPA'LLAGE, s. [from hypnllaUo, to change, Gr.J a
figure in rhetoric, wherein words change cases with each
other.
HYPER, s. (a word curtailed from lyperci-itic) a person
more critical than he need to be. " Critics I read on oiher
men — and In/pers upoii them." Prior.
H YPE'ilfiOLA, s [from /lyper, beyond, and hallo, to throw,
Gr.] in geometry, a section of a cone made by a plane, so
that the axis of the section inclines to the opposite leg of
tlie cone, which in the parabola is parallel to it, and in the
ellipsis intersects it. The axis of the hyperbolical section will
meet also with the opposite side of the cone, when pro-
duced above the vertex.
HVPE'RBOLE, t. [from fiyper, beyond, and bulln, to
throw, Gr.] a figure in rhetoric, whereby any thing is in-
creased or diminished beyond the exact truth ; as in the
following sentence. " Ke was so gaunt, the case of a llage-
let was a mansion for him." S/mk.
_ HYPERBO'LIC, or H\TERBO'LICAL, a. [h/perlolique,
Fr. from hyper, beyond, and hullo, to thro^v, Gr.] in geome-
try, belonging to, or having the properties of, an liyperbola.
1,1 rhetoric, extenuating or exaggerating beyond the truth.
HYPERBO'LICALLY, ad. in the form, orafterthe man
ncr, of an hyperbola. In rhetoric, in such a manner as to
extenuate or exaggerate beyond the trutlj.
HYPERBORE'AN, a. [hjpcrhorecn, Fr. from hyper, be-
'ond, and hnreas, the north wind, Gr.] northern.
IIYPERCRITIC, s. Uiypcrcntiipie, Fr.] a person who
criticises or censures with too great nicety and rigour. See
IIypkr.
HYPERCRITICAL, ff. critical beyond measure.
HYPE'PiMETER, s. [from /lyprr, beyond, and melron,
B measure, Gr.] any thing beyond or greater than the stan-
dard requires; any thing beyond a rule, or the usual mea-
sure.
H YPE'ROXYGENIZED, s. in cliymistry, a term applied
tx) substances which are combined with the largest possible
quantitv of oxygen.
H YPr.RO'XYMURIATES, ». combinations of (he largest
possible nortion of oxygen, with muriates of lime, \c.
IIYPEIISARCO'SIS, s. I from hjper, beyond, and sarx,
(lejli, (ir.] in surgery, tire growth of fungous flesh.
IlY'PllEN, {/ly'fen) s. [from hyphen, union, low Gr.] in
grammar and printing, a short line dra«n between syllables
or cot;i pound words, and shewing that they arc to be joined ;
83 in (roll-head, r\:er living, <S.c.
HYPNO'TIC, *. [from hypnos, sleep, Gr.] any mcdiciiic
liat procures or induces sleep.
4C»
HYPOCHO'NDRES, (hypoUNdres) s. [from hypo, um\eT,
and chondros, a cartilnge, Gr.] the two regions lying on eath
side the cartihigoeusiformis, and those of the ribs and tip of
the breast, one of which contains the liver, and the' other
the spleen.
HYPOCHO'NDRIAC, or HYTOCHONDRI'ACAL, (hy.
pohondriah, or hypohnndriakal) a. [froMi hypo, under, and choa-
dros, a cartilage, Gr.] melancholy; disordered in mind;
producing melancholy. The liypnchondriac passion, is a dis-
ease which all'ects the hypochondres, and occasions melan
choly, or disordered imagination, and is variously named
according to its situation ; v\ hen seated in the hypochon-
dres, arising from some disorder of the parts contained
therein, it is propeily called the hypochondriac passion, con-
tractedly the .'(!/;', the spleen, &c. and when the llatulent
rumblings in the intestines are considered, it is then llie
vajjonrs,
HY'TOCIST, s. \hypociste, Fr. from hypo, under, and histos,
the rock-rose, Gr.j in medicine, an inspissated juice, of a
iine shining black colour when broken, considerably hard
and heavy, expressed from a fruit of a plant of the same
unuie, and brought from the Levant. It is a strong astringent,
and is used in the theriaca.
HYPO'CRISY, s. [hypoerisie, Fr. from hypohiuonuii, to
feign, Gr.] the act of tounterfeitirig religion and virtue, iii
order to pass for religious and good, without being either.
HYPOCRITE, s. [Fr. from hypohrinomai, to feign, Gr.]
one who affects the external appearance of religion or mo-
rality, purely to gain the good opinion of others, without
benig reallv eitherdevout or moral.
HYPOCiRlTICAL, a. \{tom hypohinomai, to feign, Gr.j
dissembling; affected.
HYPOCRITICALLY, ad. in a dissembling insincere
manner.
HYPOGA'STRIC, a. [from hypo, under, and gaster, tlie
belly, Gr.] seated in the lower part of the belly.
HYPOGE'UM, s. [from hypo, under, and g-e, the eartfi,
Gr.] a name which the antient architects gave to all the
parts of a buiidfng that were uuder-grouud, as cellars. and
vaults.
IIYPO'STASIS, J. [from Jiypo, under, and istemi, to stand,
I. c. to subsist, Gr.] a distinct substance. In divinity, per-
sonality, used in speaking of the doctrine of the Holy
Trinity.
HYPOSTATIC A L, a.[hypostatique, Fr.] in chymistry.
constituting as distinct principles. In divinity, personal.
The hypostatical imion is the union of the human nature with
tlie divine.
HYPO'THENUSE, s. [hypotermse, Fr. hypo, under, and
texno, to extend, Gr.] the longest sitle of a right-angled trian-
gle, or that which subtends, or is under or opposite to, tlie
right angle.
HY POTHESIS, s. [from hypotithemi, to suppose. Or.] a
system formed on some principle not used, and laid down
from the imagination, to account for some phenomena ; a
supposition.
HYPOTHETIC, orIIYPOTHF,TICAL, a. \hypotheii,p^,
Fr. from hypotithemi, to suppose, (Jr.] including a supposi-
tion ; conditional, opposite Xo positive.
HYPOTHETICALLY', arf. upon supposition; condition-
ally.
HY'RAX, s. in natural liistoi-y, a genus of animals wbicli
bears some resemblance to the cavits.
HY'SSOP, I. \hyssopiis, I.at. hyssope, Fr.] in botany, tl»*.
branches were used bv the Jews to sprinkle with in purifica-
tions, to which the scripture allude in several places.
HYSTE'RIC, or-inSTE'RICAL, a. [from hjstera, \ht
womb, Gr.] troubled wilh lils; afl'ected «ilh disorders in
the womb, proceeding from disorders in the womb.
HYSTE'U1(.'.S, s. [from hystcra, the womb, fir.] fits of
women, supposed to proceed t'rom disorders in the womb i
medicines given to cure the hysterics.
IIYTHE. SeeHiTiiE.
JAC
J AF
I & J.
IS the nintli letter, and third vowel, of llic alphabet. Its
sound varies; in some words it is loii^', as in /(hp, sliinc,
t/iine, wliieli are usually marked with c tinal, hut not always,
as in /'/;?■/(, miml, sign, cVc. in some short, as in thin, win, sin,
bid, hid, Ac. In others, it is pronotiMecd like;/, as in c<i//ie>;
onion, cVc. When prefixed to e, it makes a diphthong of the
same sound with the soft i, or ec ; thus ^'rld, yield, are spoken
asj'eeld, yccid ; it has the same sound in iiim-liinc, nwgaziiir,
ike. Suhjoined to a or c, it makes them lon;,s i\s fail, inigli,
(Src. No Kiislish «ord ends in /, e heiiii,' either ailded to it,
or else the i turned into a i/. I consonant has iiivariahly the
same sound with that of ^' in (rinul, srcnins, A.c. i\s jndr, jum/),
jerk, &c. I, as a iiHineral, stands for only one, and so many
units as it is repeated times, as I. II. 111. is one, two, tlire<';
and when put before a higher numeral, subtracts itself, as IV.
four, 1\. nine, &c. but when set after it, so many are added ;
thus VI. is and 1, or six; VII. 6 and 2, or seven; VIII. 5
and3, or eif;ht. The antient Romans likewise used lO for
oOO, Die for 1000, lOD for 6000, CCI3,3 for 10,000, inD.T for
SO,000, and cccioa:;) for 100,000. Farther than this they did
not go in their notation, but, when necessary, repeated the
last number, as cccioo:), ccciOJO, for 200,000, and so on.
I, pronoun personal, [Sax.] used by a person when
speaking of, or describing an action to, himself. Sometimes
it is usecl instead of a;/, yen, or ?/« ; from ia. Sax. " /, ^ir,
she took them and read them inmv presence." SAak.
To JA'liBI-.R, V. n. [o«/;6fiCH,' Belg.] to talk idly, or
without thinking; to prate or chatter; to talk inarticulately,
so as not to be understood.
JA'BBF.RER, s. one who talks to© fast, or so inarticulately
as not to he understood.
JABIRU, s. in ornithology, a large water-bird, which
lias some resemblance to the crane, and inhabits South
America.
JACANA, s. in ornithology, a beautiful Brasilian bird,
which has a remarkalile membrane on its head, and is
somewhat like the moorhen.
JACCA, a very antient city of Arragon, capital of a
<5istrict, which includes near 200 towns and villages. It is
situated on the river Arragon, 45 miles N. by E. of
Saragossa.
JA'CENT, u. [from jaceo, to lie down, Lat.] lying at
length.
JACINTH, i. the same with the hyacinth. A gem of a
deep reddish yellow, approaching to a llame colour, or the
deepest and^er.
JACK, «. [the diminutive of John\ a general term of
contempt for a saucy or paltry person. " Tliese bragging
Jacks." Shah. The instrument with which boots are pu'iled
off, or spits are turned. A young pike, applied to fish. A
cup of waxed leather. A coat of nr.iil, fiom /acr/jfe, Fr. A
small bowl thrown out for a mark to bowlers. The colours
orensign of a ship. In music, a piece of hox fitted with a
quill, which, being nioved by tingerini^ the pieces of ivory,
moves against the wire, and souncls a spinnet, or harpsichord,
&c. Joined to the names of animals, when both sexes
are signified by one word, it implies the male, as a Jack ass.
JACKA'L, (jachiddl) s. \chariil, Fr.] in zoology, an animal
of the dog kind, vulgarly called the lion's provider.
JACK-A-LA'NTHORN, s. [for Jack tvith a lanthom, be-
caure it resembles a person going with a lanthorn and can-
<!lej a fiery meteor, which resembles the light of a candle at
■ distance; the reflection of the siia-beams thrown by means
«f a looking glass iipon a wall.
JACK-A-LENT, s. a simple, sheepish fellow.
JA'CKANAPKS, s. a monkey or ape. Figuratively, a
coxcomb, or pert impertinent fellow.
JACKBO'OTS, i. large thick boots, used by the horse of
on array to defend the legs.
JACK, BY THE HEDGE, s. in botany, a species ofcrysi-
niiim, called also garlick, worniseed, or sauce alone.
JACKDAW, s. a blackish bud, taught lo imitate l!.*
iiuimin voice.
JA'CKI'/f, *. [;Vrr77«/, Fr.J a short coat; or kind of waist-
coat, worn by women for tlie upper part of their riding
dress, &c. To beat one's jacket, is lo thrash or beat a per-
son. ^
JACK-KETCH, s. a name given by the vulgar to the
public hangman or executioner.
JACK lTJ'I)DIi\(i, .V. a person who plays tricksand other
pleasantries, in order to divert a mob. •
JACKSON, PORT, a large bay on the coast of New
.South Wales, about 12 miles N. of Cape I5aiiks, thought to
be the iinest harbour in the world. The capes at its entrance,
whieii IS less than 2 miles across, are high perpendicular
clitfs, and within it gradually ex])ands into a noble bason,
with soundings siillicient fur the largest vessels, and space to
accommodate, ill perfect security, agreateriuimberthan ever
were assembled at one station. Ships may lie iii.'ji fathoms
within 50 yards of the shore, and the channel, (the surface of
which is as smooth as a fish-pond) has mostly 15 fathoms,
gradually shoaling farther up. It runs, chielly in a western'
direction, about 1:5 miles into the cfiiintry, and contains at
least a huuflred small coves, formed by narrow necks of
land, the projections of which afl'ord complete shelter from
all winds. Sydney Cove lies on the S. side of the harbour,
betwec'.i 5and G miles from the entrance. There is an abun-
dance offish in the harbour, most of \\liieli are unknown in
England, besides oysters, cockles, and other shell fish.
.TA'COBS LADDER, s. the same with the (ireek valerian.
JA'COB'S' STAFF, s. a pilgrim's staif, so called from tlie
pilgrimage made to St. James at Composlella. In astrono-
my, a cross-staff, used for taking heights, so called iu allu-
sion to the ladder in Jacob's dream.
JA'COBINE :monk.s, s. the same as the Dominicans.
Also the name given to the party in France, w ho were most
zealous ill giving the revolution a turn towards republicanism,
and the government of terror and cruelty ; co called from
their assembling in a house formerly inhabited by the Ja-
cobine friars.
J A'COBITE, s. a name given to those w ho adhered to the
interests of king James II. and his family.
JACOBUS, «. an antient gold coin wcirtli 25 shillings.
JACULA'T10N,s. [fiom>e»/»)«, a dart, Lat.J the act of
throwing a dart, or other missive weapon.
JADF, s. [etymology doubtful] a horse of no spirit or
value ; a tired horse. Figuratively, a woman of bad cha-
racter ; generally used asa term of contempt, noting some-
times age; generally vice; but when apidied lo a young
woman, it expresses rather irony than reproach. In na-
tural history, a species of jasijer, of extreme hardness, of
a colour composed of a pale bluish gray, or ash-colour, and a
pale green intermixed. It is used by the Turks for handles
of sabres.
To JADE, V. a. to tire or make weary; to overhear, or
harass like a horse that is over-ridden. To ride or tyrannize
over.
JA'DISII, a. used with trick, mischievous, applied lo
the qualities of a vicious horse. Unchaste, applied to
women.
JA'EN, a tolerably large city of Andalusia, capital of a
province of the same name. It is situated on a small river,
which soon after runs into the Guadalquiver, .3G mile.? N.
of Granada, and 45 E. of Cordova, Lat. 37. S3. M-. Ion. 3.
40. W.
JATFA, an antient, decayed town of Asia, on the coast
of Palestine, formerly called Joppa. The inhabitants are
Turks or Arabs, with a mixture of Greeks, Maronites, and
Armenians. The houses are small, and surrounded with the
riiinsof the antient walls and towers. The antient harhoiir
is destroyed, but there is a good road. Here pilgrims, Ac.
pay for permission to visit the Holy Land. The whole coast,
from hence to Damietta, in Egypt, is entirely desert and
wild, without a single port. It is ;3S miles N. W. of Jeru-
salem. Lat. 31. 45. N. Ion- 35. 55. E
409
/AM
To JAGG, r. a.', era raw, iVits or Iioles, Brit.] to hack or cut
itito slits and notcfies, iiiie the teetli of a saw.
JAGG, s. any tliiug rescmbhng the teeth of a saw ; an
escal'op.
JA'GGY, (the g is pron. hard) a. of an uneven surface ;
liavinj; extremities rescmbUrig tlie teeth of a saw.
JAGGEDNESS, (tiie g- is pron. Iiard) .'. uuevenness at
tlie extremity ; having its extremities resembling the teeth
of a saw.
JA'GHIRE OF THE Carnatic, a tract of land, in the
peninsula of Hindoostan, subject to the English East India
Company. Its extent along the Bay of Bengal, from Ma-
dras to Lake Pullicate on the N. to Aleraparve on the S.
and to Conjeveram on the W. being 108 n)iles along the
shore, and 47 inland, in the widest part. The term Jaghire
means a grant of land from the sovereign to a subject, re-
vokable at pleasure, but generally a life rent. It contains
alio [square miles, and its revenue is about 160,000je per
annnni.
JA'GO, St. one of the largest, most populous, best cul-
tivated, and most fertile of the Cape de Verd Islands, on
the coast of Africa. It lies about 6 leagues westward of
the island of Mayo, and is pbout 60 miles in circumference.
The people, in general, are black, or, at best, of a mixed
colour, except a few of the better rank. Cotton is produced
in such abundance in, this island, that, besides the large
quantities sent to Brazils, and sold by the Pcrtuguese to the
other European nations, the natives are, in general, clothed
with this manufacture. Here are vines, of which they
make a wine that is not contemptible ; but as they are sup-
plied with better by the European shipping, it has fallen
into disrepute. The chief fruits of the island, besides a pro-
fusion of plantains, are citrons, lemons, oranges, musk, and
water-melons ; limes, bananas, guavas, pomegranates, pom-
pions,quinces,custard-apples, papas, tanit.rinds, pine apples,
cocoa-nuts, tar apples, and sugar-canes. The animals are
cows, horses, asses, mules, deer, goats, hogs, civet-cats, and
black-faced, well-proportioned monkeys, with long tails.
Of the feathered kind, there are cocks, hens, ducks, Guinea
bens both tame and wild, parroquets, parrots, pigeons, turtle
doves, crab-catchers, curlews, and a great variety of others,
■valuable only for their plumage. They have also some cedar
trees, nnd plenty of Indian corn. It is, in general, very high
land ; lint were it not for the continual rains in the time of
tlie travadoes, which render it unpleasant, and unwholesome
to strangers, it would be as delightful an island as any in the
world. The chief towns are St. Jago and Praya. Lat. 14.
54. N. Ion. 23. 30. VV.
JA'GO, St. a considerable town of S.America, capital of
Chili, with a good harbour, and a royal audience. It is
seated in a beautiful and fertile plain, on the river Mapo-
cho, which runs across it from E. to W. Here are several
canals, and a dyke, by means of which they water the gar-
dens and cool the streets. It is subject to earthquakes.
Lat. .34. 10. S. Ion. 71. .^.W.
JAGUAR, i. in zoology, a spotted South 'lAmerican ani-
mal, otherwise called the Brasilian tiger.
JAIL, i. (formerly written /««/<■,) [of g-co/, Fr.J SeeGAOL.
a place where criminals or debtorsare con(ine(f.
JAILBIRD, s. a person who has been confined in a pri-
son for some time.
JAI'LER, s. one who has the care of a prison.
JAKES, .5. of uncertain etymology; a place where per-
sons answer the calls of nature, and deposit their excre-
ments, called by the Londoners a hoiise of office.
JA'LAP, i. \ j'tlfip, Fr. jitliipiimi, low Lat.J a firm and solid
root of a wrinkled surface, a faintish smell, and acrid taste.
It is an excellent purge in all cases where serous humours
are to be evacuated, was not known in Europe till after the
discovery of America, and received its name jalajt, or jahip,
Srora Xahpa, a town in New Spain, near which it was dis-
covered.
J.\M, s. the cfyniology unknown ; a tart, or conserve of
fruits boiled with sugar aud water.
470
JAM
JAMAI'CA, an island of the West Indies, discovered by
Christopher Columbus, in 1494, 37 miles S. of Cuba, and !>a
W. of St. Domingo. It is about 190 miles in length, and 42
where broadest. It is of an oval figure, and grows narrower
from the miildlc, till it terminates in two points at tlie extre-
mities of the island. It contains between 4 and 5,000,000 of
acres, and is divided by a ridge of hills, which runs nearly
from E. to W. from sea to sea. Here abundance of fine ri-
vers take their rise, and flow frum both sides in gentle
streams, refreshing the valleys, as they glide along, and fur-
nisliing the inhabitants with sweet and cool water. They
are well stored with excellent fish of various kinds, not
known in Europe; and they have eels and crawfish in great
plenty, not unlike ours. None of these rivers are navigable,
even for barges ; but some of them are so large, that the su-
gars are carried upon them in canoes from the remote'plan-
lations fo the sea side ; others of them run underground for
a considerable space, particularly the Rio Corbe and the Rio
Pedia. The mountains; and indeed the greatest part of the
island, are covered with woods, whichnever lose their ver-
dure, but look green at all times of the year ; for here is a
perennial spring. There are a thousand diH'erent kinds of
trees .adorning the brow of every hill, irregularly mixing
their different branches, appearing in gay confusion, and
forming groves and cool retreats. Among these are the
lignum vita;, the cedar, and the mahogany trees. In the
valleys are sugar-canes, and such a variety of fruit trees,
as to make the country look like a paradise. But to bs»-
lance these advantages, there are dreadful alligators in the
rivers; guanoes and galliwasps in the fens and marshes;
and snakes, and noxious animals, in the mountains. The
days and nights are almost of an equal length all the
year round. There are two springs, or seasons, for plant-
ing grain, and the year is distinguished into two seasons,
the wet and the dry. July, August, and September, are
called the hurricane months, because then these dreadful
tempesto are most frequent, and there is lightning almost
every night. Not above one half of the island is cultivated,
all the plantations being by the sea-side. Here and there are
savannas, or large plains, where the original natives used to
plant their Indian corn, and which the Spaniards afterwards
made use of for breeding their cattle ; but these are novir
quite bare and barren. The houses are generally built low,
being only one story, on account of the hurricanes and eartlt-
quakes ; and the negroes live in huts made of reeds, which
hold only two or three persons. The common drink is Ma-
deira wine, or rum punch. The common bread, or that
which serves for it, is plantains, yams, and cassava-roots.
The yams are like potatoes, only coarser, and of a much
larger size; But in 1793, a great number of the bread-
fruit trees w ere brought here from the island of Otaheite, by
Captain Bligh, in the Providence frigate. The cinnainoii-
Ircp thrives here extremely well : the first of these trees seen
in that part of the world, was obtaine(j out of a Fiencli ship
captured by Admiral Rodney ; this yielded seeds in abutw
daiice, and many plants have been raised from them, which
prosper exceedingly in the cultivated parts of the island.
Hogs are plentiful, and their mutton and lamb pretty good ;
but the servants generally feed upon Irish salt-beef, and the
negroes have herrings and salt-fish. The current coin is all
Spanish money. The general produce of this island is sugar.
mm, ginger, cotton, indigo, pimento, chocolate, several
kinds of woods, and medicinal drugs. They have some to-
bacco, which is but indift'erent, and used only by the ne-
groes. They have no sorts of European grain ; but they
nave Indian corn, Guinea corn, and pease of various kinds,
but none like ours; with a variety of roots. Fruits are in great
plenty, such as Seville and China oranges,common and sweet
lemons.shadocks, citrons, pomegranates, mammes, soursops,
papas, pine-apples, star-apples, prickly pears, alicada pears,
melons, poinpions, guavas, and many other sorts. The ccnv
mon distemiiers arc, fevers, fluxes, and the dry gripes. JiV-
maica is divided into 3 counties, Middlesex, Surry, and
Coruwali, wbicU coutaiu 6 towns and 27 villajjo*. T!i«
.:^!rtprf=}^'jff^n>:.-r ,«/ :^i/Ut>^
IBATRCXAX'S BICTIOl^AMXwoTd JAIL-TBIiRID.
JAM
JAM
legislature consists of a governor, appointed by tliekiriij ; a
ciiiintil ; anil u lioiise ofasseinlily. In 17H7, the niiiiilxr of
liC!,'roo.sanioiMitc(l to about a.Od.ooO, ilie wliilcs to .Mi.dOO,
tlie freed negroes and people of colour to 10,000, and the
Maroons who have been since transported to Nova Scotia)
to 1400. In the same year tlie exports amounted, in the
whole, to the;siu.)of 'i,l.'?(j,H2it'. 17.5. 3'/. sterliuij, at (he
current London prices, and the imports to the sum of
l,49(),'-!.J'i»i'. 6,5. 4f/. The princiiKil town is Kingston ; but St.
Jago de la Vega, or Spanish To-.vn, is tlie seat of govern-
ment. In Ui.05, Jamaica was taiien from the Spaniards by
the Knglish, under Peiui and Venables.
JAMB, s. {jamhc, a leg, Fr.] any supporter, particularly
applied to those on each side a door, &c.
IAMBIC, s. [ia.nhicus, Lat.] verses composed of iambic
feet, or a short and long syllable ; and being generally used
ill satirical couii)ositions, is figuratively applied to signify
satire.
JAMES VT. of Scotland succeeded to the English throne
by the name of James I. upon the death of queen Elizabeth,
]Niarch24, 1603, being tiien in the 37th year of his age, and
having been king of Scotland ever since lie was a year old,
on the deposition of queen Mary his mother, who was tlie
(iaughterof James V. son to James IV. by Margaret eldest
daughter of our king Henry VII. He set out from Edin-
burgh April 5th, and was received with sucii extravagant
expressions of joy, as soon as he set foot in England, that an
honest Scotchman said bluntly, "This peoi>le will spoil a
good king;" and the king issued out a proclamation, to re-
strain the people from Hocking to him in sucii nunibers. On
the 7th of May he arrived at London, having in his journey
made about 200 knights ; and soon after liis arrival he made
niariv more, and indeed was very liberal in conferring titles
of all kinds. On the lOtli of iMarcli the parliament met,
wlien he recommended to them very strongly the union of
the two kingdoms of England and Scotland ; but the king's
partiality to his Scotch courtiers so raised the jealousy of the
E.'iglish that it came to nothing. The commons, on June 6,
presented an address to the king complaining of certain
grievances, representing their privileges, which they sup-
posed him not thoroughly acquainted with, because he had
interfered in the debates a bout controverted elect ions, which
they claimed the sole privilege of determining. But this
address he took so ill, that soon after he prorogued the par-
liament to, February. In the mean time he concluded a
peace with Spain. The parliament, which was to have met
in February, 1(J05, was further prorogued to Nov. ."i, when
a plot was discovered of a design to blow up the parliameiit-
Jiouse ; 30 barrels of gunpowder being put in a cellar, under
tlie lord's house, which had been hired for lliat purpose, and
covered over with coals, billets, and faggots. Guy Faux,
who was to have set fire to the train, was discovered in a
cloak and boots, with a dark lanthorn, tinder-box, and
matches in his pocket. Himself with his accomplices were
executed in January following ; as were not long after Old-
corn and Garnet,two Jesuits,for concealing and abetting the
plot. In 1G07, a new translation of the Bible, viz. tliat
now in use, was begun, and published in 1611. Matters did
not go very smooth between the king and the parliament in
1610. The commons began to complain of several griev-
«nees, sucli as tl'.e king's profuseness in enriching his cour-
tiers,especially the Scots, his regard to the Roman Catholics,
snd the rigorous proceedings of the high-commission court.
The king sent for both houses, and endeavoured to vindicate
tiimsetf in a speech ; in which, liowever, he used such ex-
travagant expressions concerning the kingly power, as were
more agreeable to an absolute monarchy than the English
constitution. During this session, Henry, the king's eldest
son, was created prince of Wales, as prince Charles had a
good while before been duke of York. Upon Henry IV.
king of France being stabbed by Ravaillacat the instigation
of the Jesuits, king James, by afresh proclamation, banished
all Jesuits and priests out of the kingdom, and forbad all re-
tusauts, that is, such as refused to take the new oatli of allc-
jfiance, to come within fen miles of the court. Ico')ert Cecil,
a man ol'greal abilities, iiad been prime minister tVom the be-
ginning of his reign ; tliongii all that whih' the king had, pro-
perly speaking, no particular favourite ; l)Ut in l(;ll, betook
into his good graces a young Scotch geiitleiiniii, oi about 20
years of age, whose name was I'obert Carr. He ivasa person
of but small parts, and no learning, but airy and gay, and of
a comely and graceful presence ; (puilities very lakin.; with
king James. The king made him a gentleman of his bed-
ciiamber, and sometime after treasurer of Scotland, baron
of Branspeth, and viscount Rochester; making hini also a
privy counsellor and knight of the garter ; and nothing was
done at court without the advice of t!ie viscount Rochester.
The latter end of (rie year 1(!12, Frederic V. elector pala-
tine, came into England to marry the princess Elizabeth,
the king's only daughter. On November fi this year died,
in the lutii year (d' his age, Henry prince of Wales, of whom
historians gave an extraordinary characler. Feb. .'j, \(iV.i,
the marriage between the elector and the princess was so-
lemnized, on w liich occasion there was a continued course
of entertainments, balls, masipierades, and other diversions,
at court, till April, when the illustrious i)air set out for fier-
many. Then; having been no parliament these fiMir years,
the king and his ministers were continually inventing new
ways to raise money, as by monopolies, benevolences, loans,
and other illegal methods, which occasioned great murmurs
and complaints. Among other expedients he sold titles ;
made a number of knights of Nova Scotia, each of which
j)aid him such a sum ; and instituted a new order of knights
'baronets, a sort of middle nobility between baroiis and
knights-bachelors, which was to be hereditary ; for whicll
honour each person paid 109.0.-C. But the king stili wanting
money, a parliament was called, which met on April 16,
1C14. The commons, instead of granting money first, as
was expected, fell presently upon grievances; such as tlie
ill uses made of the revenue ; the increase of papists by the
encouragement of thecomt, monopolies, aud levying money
without consent of parliament ; upon w liich grievances they
resolved to present an address ; but the king, not liking sucll
proceedings, dissolved the parliament June 7, without one
statute being enacted. In 1015, the king was taken with a
new object, George ^ illiers, which cooled his alfection for
his old favourite, and bis ruin was completed by the disco-
very of the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury. By the dis-
grace of Somerset, Viliiers became sole favourite. The king
soon created him hud Weddoii, viscount Vil-liers, and earl
of Buckingham. His mother though a papist, was created
countess of Buckingliam ; and she goveriii-ng her son as he
governed the king, tiie papists met with great encourage-
ment, and began to swarm in the kingdom. He was soou
after made marquis of Buckingham, aud lord high admiral,
though he had never been at sea, but betw een Dover and
Calais. The king having the most extravagant notions of his
prerogative, anil being wholly influenced by this vain, inex-
perienced, and presumptuous young man, it is no wonder
that the rest of this reign, like the former, w as one continued
scene of mismanagement. By this means two parties were
formed in the nation, one for the court, and the other for
the people. Prince Charles, now the king's only son, was
created prince of Wales in 1610. The king was desirous
of marry ins '''''n, and a negociation, which lasted several
years, was carried on with the court of Spain, for a taarriajje
between hini and the infanta, daughter of Philip HI. king
of Spain, during which time Gondemar, the Spanish ambas-
sador in England, had vast influence at court. The king^
being in want of money, delivered up, to the ?tafes of the
United Provinces, the cautionary towns, Brill, Raminekiiis,
and Flushing, w liich were put into queen Elizabeth's hands,
as a security for the repayment of the expenses she had beeu
at, for 2,728,000 florins, in lien of a debt of 8,000,000, which
they were obliged to pay the late queen or her succesrors,
besides 18 years' interest for the same. In 1619, queeo
AnnCj the king's consort, died of a dropsy, in the 40ih year
of licr age. Ih 1019 the s-tatcs of Bohemfa, who were mostly
471
J AM
J A M
protpstaiit?, refusing to own Ferdinand, who had been
electeii enipciKr, :is llieir sovereign, chose Frederic, elector
palatine, son-in-law to kini; James, for their kin;^, who was
crowned on Noveinbcr 4 followinjj. A war ensuin;;, king
James refused to assist his son-in-law, who in liie battle of
Praijfue, November 7, 1620, was totally routed by the impe-
rial and Piavarian troops, and forced to tly with his queen
and chihlien into Holland. Tiie murmurs of the people
about the palatinate occasioned tlie calling of a parliament,
whicii met January 30tli, lfi21. The king, in order to get
money, made as if he would have recourse to arms, if other
methods failed ; and the commons, that they might not seem
to be wanting in their zeal for what they so much desired,
granted him two subsides ; but afterwards, when they saw
no preparations making for the war, and yet more money
was demanded, instead of readily granting it, they drew up
a remonstrance about the increase of popery at home, the
state of the prostestant religion abroad, by the neglect uf vi-
gorously interposing in the defence of the palatinate, and
against the Spanish match. Upon this the commons drew
up a petition, and presented it with the remonstrance. The
former he received, but rejected the latter, and sent them a
long and angry answer to their petition, charging them with
usurping upon his prerogative royal, and meddling with
things far above their reach; and, in the end, objected to
their calling their privileges their antient and undoubted
right and inheritance, and wished they had rather acknow-
ledged them as derived from the grace and permission of
Lis ancestors and himself. Tiiis the commons would by no
means admit ; and, therefore, knowing the parliament was
going to be dissolved or prorogued, drew up a protestation
concerning their privileges, maintaining them to be their
undoubted birlh-right. The king hereupon sent for the
clerkof the house of commons, and commanded him to pro-
duce the journal-book ; whicli he having done accordingly,
the king with bis own hand, in full council, took the said
prof-estation out of the journal, declaring it to be invalid,
ni'.ll, void, and of no efl'ect. Soon after, he dissolved the
p:irliament by proclamation, and committed to prison several
of the members who were most active in maintaining their
privileges. This open opposition between the king and
parliament produced the two parties, who in after times
came to be distinguisiied by the names of Tones ami Whigs.
On February \i), 1G25, the parliament met, and the king,
apprehending that a war would.ensue on the breaking oft"
the Spanish malch, nuide such a speech to them, as the
Prince, and Buckingham, w ho now affected the patriot, de-
sired. They unanimously advised him to break off the
match, though !ht- business had been done before, and gave
largely forthe war. The kingdiedat Theobalds, March-27,
IG'25. In the beginning of this king's reign, a new othcer,
called nuisterof the ceremonies, was instituted for the more
solemn reception of ambassadors. James I. was in his sta-
ture of the middle size, inclined to corpulency; his fore-
head was high, his beard scanty, and his aspect mean. His
eyes, which were large and languid, he rolled about inces-
santly, as if in (jnesv of novelties. His tongue was so large,
that in speaking ordrinking he beslabbered the bystanders.
His knees were so weak as to bend tinder the weight of his
l)ody. His address was awkward, and bis ai)pearance slo-
venly. 'I'here was nothing dignified eillier in the composi-
tion of his mind or person. In the course of his reign he
exhibited repealed instances of his ridiculous vanity, preju-
dices, profusion, folly, and littleness of soul. All that we
cnii add in his favour is, that he was averse to cruelty and
injustice, very little addicted to excess, temperate in his
meals, kind to his subjects, and even desirous of acquir-
ng the love of his people, by granting that as a favour
*vhich theyclaimeil as a privilege. His reign, though
•giioble to himself, was hatipy to iiis people. They were
enriched by commerce, wiiich no war interrupted. They
felt no severe! impositions; and Ihecomiiions made conside-
rable progress in ascerlainiiiir the liiierties of Ihe nation. In
this and the preceding reign iaiglaiul prodijceU a number of
472
excellent poets, such as Spenser, Sidney, Shakespeare, and
Jouson ; while Bacon excelled in i.atiiral philosophy, aiui
Camden flourished as an antiquarian and historian. In the
14th year of this reign. Sir Hugh Middleton, a private citi-
zen of London, supplied part of the cily with excellent wa-
ter, conveyed in an aqueduct from Ware, in Hartfordsliire,
now known by the name of the New River.
JAMES II. "succeeded tothe throne of England, February
6, l()84-o, on the death of his brother Charles II. There
had been endeavours used to exclude him, by an act of par
liament, from the crown, on account of his l;eing a Roman
Catholic; but the king, his brother,dissolvingthe parliament,
prevented its passing. On April 23, 1885, the king and
queen were crowned. The king would aot receive the sa-
crament, but all the rest was done ir the prot-estant form ;
his priests doubtless dispensing w ith liim in this as wt?ll as in
the coronalion-oath. The famous Titus Oales was tried the
&lh and yth of May, before lord chief justice Jcft'eries, for
perjury, in relation to two circumstances of his evidence.
The w itncsses against him were almost all papists, and semi-
nary priests and Jesuits from St. Oiner's. He was sen-
tenced lo pay 1000 marks on each indictment, to be strip-
ped of his canonical habit, to stand twice in the pillory, and
five times a year afterwards as long as he lived ; to be ha-
prisoned for lite, and to be whipped first from Aldgate to
Newgale, and the very next day but one from Newgate to
Tyburn; which was executed with the utmost severity, so
that he swooned away several times. Thomas Dangerfielcl
was tried soon after, and sentenced to pay 600/. to stand
twice in the ))illory, and to be whipped in the same manner
asOates; which was executed, ihougli with less severity.
In Eiiidand, the parliament (Ihe only one in this king's reign)
met Way IL>, when his majesty promised to preserve the re-
ligious and civil ; ights of his people. The beginning of
king James's reign was disturbed by two invasions (one in
Scollanil. headed by Ihe duke of Argyle, the other in Eng-
land, in favour of the duke of Jlonmoulh,) the authors of
which were bolh taken and beheaded, the latter in England,
and llie former in Scotland. Judge Jefi'eries was sent down
into Ihe West to try Ihe prisoners; where lie boasted he
liad hanged more men than all the judges since William the
Conqueror. Now every method was taken to establish po-
pery. In Ireland, the privy-council was dissolved, and a
new one appointed, with several papists in it, who soon be-
came the majority. Protestant officers were cashiered, and
papists put in iheir room, and the army so modelled by the
carl of Tyrconnel, as best to suit the purpose in view. The
parliament, after several adjournments, met Nov. 9. The
king demanded a supply for keeping up his army, whicli
he had increased to i, 5,000 men, though the nation was in
l)erfect peace ; and bade them not to take exceptions that he
had someotheers in his army not qualified according to the
late tests, declaring his resolution to employ them still. Bolli
houses, and the whole kingdom, were surprised at this
spe<'ch, and Ihe opposers of the late bill of exclusion began
now a little to oi>en their eyes. Thecommons indeed voted
him a supi)ly ; hut coukfnot relish the employing popisli
officers in the army, contrary to the known law of the land :
and addressed the king against it; at which hewassomuc^i
offended that he prorogued the parliament, Nov. 20. Al!
the rest of king James's reign, till he met wilha providen-
tial check from the enterprise of the prince of Orange, was
wholly employed in measures to make himself absolute, and
cslahlish popery. In April, 1G8G, he wrole a letter to tlie
parliament of Scotlaiul, desiring then: to free his Roman Ca-
tholic subjects from the restraints they lay under ; and upon
their not complying, he dissolved Ihem. In England he "ot
thejudges lo declare in favourof his dispensing power. This
he etlected by sending for them one by one, and talking with
them privately in his closet, (whence the odious name of
closeting took its rise,) by turning out those whom he found
refractory, and filling their places wilh others he found
nunc pliable. He also new.modelh'd his council, admit-
ting into it the lord Arundel of Waidour, and the Jord liet
JAM
J AP
lasyse wholiad I)eenl)ofli imppaclied for flie popihli plot, and
otlu r Roman Catliolirs, ainoiij; « lidin was fallicr IVtiT, liis
confessor. And now every lliini; "vas hurrying on to esta-
blrsli the Roniati Cl^'holic relijjion. 'Flic kinjf had an army of
15,(]00 men encamped on Hounslow-heath, under the earl
of l*'eversl)am ; and in the camp was a public cliapel, where
mass was said every thtv. This seemed plainly to indicate,
that lie intended to make use of force, if he could not bring
his measures to bear without it ; which put the ilev. IM-r.
Johnson upon publishing an address to the protestaut othcers
and soldiers in the army, exhorting them not to be the tools
of the court (<>r subverting their religion and liberties. For
this, af"t(;r having been solemnly degraded, he was whipped
from Newgate to Tyburn, stood tlirice in the pillory, and
fined 50(1 marks ; but this writing being dispersed in the
army, made such an impression, that it tended notalitlle to
the defection that happened in it afterward. The king's
zeal also put him upon sending the earl of Castlemain on a
solemn embassy to the pope, in order to reconcile the three
nations to the holy see. I?ut Innocent XI. happening to be
troubled with a periodical cough, which always seized him
vhen the earl was to have an audience, his lordship threatened
to depart; whereupon his holiness very complaisantly sent
him word, " that if he had a mind to go, he would advise him
to set out early in the morning, and rest at noon ; because it
was dangerous travelling in that country in the heat of the
day." In the beginning of the year 1&S7, the king sent his
declaration into Scotland, suspending by virtue of his sove-
reign authority, prerogative royal, and absolute power, all
laws against the catholics; and, April 4, he published the
Lke declaration for liberty of conscience in England, only
not quite in so hi^di a style. He sent mandates to admit
Roman Catholics mto preferments in the university of Ox-
ford. He did all he could to gain the members of parlia-
ment; but not succeeding, he dissolved them on July 2;
and finding such a general aversion in the nation to popery
and arbitrary power, he never durst venture to call another
parliament. On July 3, Ferdinand Dada, who had been
about the king's person ever since his accession, being in-
vested vvith the character of the pope's nuncio in England,
made his public entry at Windsor, with all the formality of a
popish procession. On January 2, 1687-8, a proclamation
was published, that the queen was with child, and ordering
a thanksgiving on that account. The king now despairing
of every method but force, began to augment his army and
fleet, and the new commissions were almost all bestowed on
popish officers. He afterwards ordered some entire regi-
ments from Ireland. On April 22, 1688, came out a second
declaration for liberty of conscience, which the bishops
were ordered to see read in all churches and chapels. Some
of the bishops obeyed, and it was read in a few churches,
when the congregations generally w ent out. But the arch-
bishop of Canterbury, and six other bishops, resolved not to
obey the order, and went and presented a petition to the
king against it. They were upon this, June 8, summoned
before the council, and, adhering to thoir petition, were sent
to the tower, privately, as it were, by water ; but this did
not hinder multitudes flocking to the water-side, desiring
their blessing, and applauding and encouraging their con-
stancy. Two days after, June 10, the queen was said to be
delivered of a prince (the late pretender.) On June 15, the
seven bishops were tried for a libel against the king and
government, and were acquitted ; upon which an universal
joy ran through the nation, and the army shouted for it in the
King's hearing. The king was now willing to try how far
he could depend upon the army. Beginning with lord
. Litchti eld's regiment, he ordered them to take their arms,
and immediately commanded such ofiicers and soldiers as
would not contribute to the repeal of the penal laws and test,
to lay them down ; which they all did, except two captains
and a few popish soldiers; at which he was so astonished,
that he stood speechless for some time, and then bade them
take up their arms again ; adding, with a sullen air, that lie
/otild not hereafter do them the honour to ask their advice.
And now he beijan to new modc.l the army, by pa?liierin»
prolestants, and putting papists in llieir room ; but this only
disgusted tlie army the more. 'Flie (leet was no lultor ilis-
])osed to favour the views of the king ; for vice-admiral
Strickland attempting to have mass said on board his ship
it occasioned such a disturbance among the sailors, that they
were with tlithculty restrained from throw ing the priest over-
board. Now the nation began in earnest to think of nuana
for preserving their religion and liberties from being utterly
destroyed ; and several of the nobility and gentry going
abroad, waited on the priuceof Orange at the Hague. 'Flie
prince being invited over, as soon as the king knew it, he
appeared in the utmost consternation, almlishcd the commis-
sion for ecclesiastical affairs, took otf the bishop of London's
suspension, restored the city their charter; but all this came
too late ; it was evidently the result of necessity, not incli-
nation. When the king heard of the prince's landing, he
ordered his army, under the earl of Feversham, to rendez-
vous en Salisbury plain; but, finding he could not rely on
his army, returned to London, and on Dec. 10, at night, left
Whitehall in disguise, in order to go to France. At his de-
parture he sent a letter to the earl of Feversham to disband
his forces. The king, having embarked on board a small
vessel near Feversham, before he could sail, wasstoppeil by
a number of fishermen and others, w ho rifled him, and treated
him with great indignity, taking him for a popish priest,
and chaplain to Sir Edward Hales, who attended him i'n his
flight. A constable coining on board knew him, and be-
haved in a very respectful manner. The king finding he
was known, was desirous to be gone ; but the people brought
him as it were by force, to an inn in the town, where he
sent for the earl of Winchelsea, who prevailed with him,
much against his inclination, to go back to London, wlif re,
on Dec. 16, he arrived at Whitehall. The prince of Orange
having issued out a declaration for a free parliament, the
king, who was at Rochester, dreading the consequences of
it, withdrew himself privately about three in the morning,
with only the duke of Berwick, his natural son, and two
others ; he embarked, and with a favourable wind arrived at
AniLleteux, in France ; from whence he immediately repair-
ed to St. German's, where, after having lost the battle of the
Boyne, in Ireland, he passed his days till his death, which
happened in 1701. James II. was a prince in whom some
good qualities were rendered ineffectual by mistaken notions
of the prerogative, excessive bigotry to the religion.of Rome,
and an inflexible severity of temper. He was brave, steady,
resolute, diligent, upriglit, and sincere, except when warped
by religious considerations ; yet, even where religion was not
concerned, he appears to have been proud, haugiily, vindic-
tive, cruel, and unrelenting ; and though he approved him-
self an obedient and dutiful subject, he certainly became one
of the most intolerable sovereigns that ever reigned over a
free people.
JAMES'S POWDER, j. in pharmacy, a medicine muc'j
used in intermitting fevers.
To JA'NGLE, v. n. [jjiighr, Fr. according to Skinnei
to quarrel, or bicker in words; to make an unfuneable sound.
JA'NGLER, s. a quarrelsome, noisy, prattling fellow.
JA'NIZARY, s. [Turk.] an order of foot soldiers in
the Turkish armies, reputed the foot guards of the grand
seignior.
JATS'NOCK, .s. [probably a corruption of harmoch] oat
bread. A northern word.
JA'NTV, or JAUTSTY, a. [corruptfid from gentil, Fr.J
showy ; or caj'elesslv adorned.
JA'NUARY, *. [Jammriiis, Lat.] the first month of the
year, so named from Janus, to v\ hom it was dedicated bv the
ancient Romans.
JA'NpS, in mythology, a god worshipped by the Romans
whose temple was kept open in war, and shut in time of
peace.
JAPATJ, a large country in the most eastern part cf Asia,
with ihe title of an empire. It is composed of sevcr.-J
islands, in the principal orwhicli are rsiphon and SaikoiX
J AS
<All
or Sacok. It was discovered by some Portuguese in 1542
beinjj cast upon shore by al'e.upest. The whole empire is
divided into seven principal coiintries, whichare subdivided
into 70 provinces. It is the richest country in the vorld
for gold, and the air and water are very good. It produces
a great deal of rice, which they reap in September; millet,
wheat, and barley, wliicli they get in May. Cedars are
common, and so large that they are proper for the masts of
ships and columns for temples. They have a large quantity
of porcelain, sill;, and skins; as also red pearls, «hicli are
not less in esteem than the white. In short, Japan is ac-
counted one of the best countries in Asia. The inhabitants
are naturally ingenious, and have a happy memory ; but
their raatniers are diametrically opposite tothoseof the'Euro-
peans. Our common drinks are cold, and theirs are all hot ;
we uncover the head out of respect, and they the feet ; we
are fond of white teeth, and tliey of black ; we get on horse-
back on the left side, and they on the right ; and they liave
a language so particular that it is understood by no other
nation. They value their lives so little, that when a hud
makes a feast, the domestics disoute who shall have the iio-
nour of cuttinn; open their bellies before the guests. The
sciences are highly esteemed among them, and they liave
several schools at different places. Those they study most
are, ariihmetic, rhetoric, poetry, liislory, and astronomy.
Some of theirschools at Mcaco have each 3 or 4000 scholars.
Tliey treat the women with a great deal of severity, and pu-
nish adultery with death; yet a man may take as many
wives as he pleases. On the other hand, brothel-houses arc
very frequent, and they tolerate sins against nature. Tliose
that have too many children make no scruple of destroying
some of them. The Japanese are naturally good soldiers,
and skilful at shooting with a bow ; however, as they inha-
bit nothing but islands, they are seldom at war with their
neighbours. They formerly carried on a trade with the
neighbouring countries ; but now a!l communication with
others is forbidden, especially with Christians, for they do
not look upon the Dutch to be such. The only Europeans
that trade with Japan are the Dutch ; and whenever their
ships arrive, they take auay their guns, sails, and helms,and
carry them on shore till Ihey are ready to relurn back. In
the absence of the ships, the factors are shut up in a small
peninsula, and are not suffered so much as to have a lighted
candle in their houses in the night-time. The merchandises
which the Dutch carry to Japan are spices, sugars, silks,
linen and woollen cloth, elephants' teeth, and haberdashery
wares; for which they receive gold, silver, cabinets, ami
other japanned and laccjuered ware. The Japanese have
neither tables, beds, nor chairs ; but they sit and lie on car-
pets and mats, in the manner of the Turks.
JAPA^', i. [from Japan in Asia, where this kind of work
was originally done] wood varnished and raised in figures,
painted in gold ana other colours. Figuratively, china, or
fine. japanned porcelain.
To JAPA'N, V. a. to varnish, or embellish with figures
glazed with varnish.
JAPA'NNEIl, s. one skilled in varnishing.
To JAR, V. n. [from evrre, anger, Sax.] to strike together
with a kinrl of short rattling ; to make a disagreeable harsh
tone. Figuratively, to clasli, interfere, act in opposition, or
be inconsistent ; to quarrel or dispute.
JAR, «. a disagreeable, harsh, initnncable sound. Figu-
ratively, a quarrel, or state af discord. A door left ajar, is
a door left half open. Also an earthen vessel.
JA'RDES, s. [Fr.] hard callous tumors in horses, a little
Ik;1ow the bendnigof the ham on the outside. This distem-
per in time will make the horse halt, and grow to painful as
to cause him to pine away, and become light-bellied. It is
rooit common to managed horses, that have been kept too
Biuch upon their haunclies.
JA'RGON, I. [jareoH, l''r.| inarticulate and unintelligible
talk ; the use of words without ideas.
JARGON E'LLE, i. a species of spear.
JA'SMJNE, ». [jasmn,Vt.] ilia commonly pron.jM#o.
•174
»ni;i< ; a tree with narrow spear-shaped leaves bt^ari'ig 9
white sweet-scented tiower.
JA'SPER, s. [Heb.] a hard stone resemblinsf the finer
marbles and the semi-pellucid gems. It is found in various
countries and of different colours, gr^en, white, red, brown
yellowish, bluish, and black.
JA'SSY, a u ell-fortified city of Turkey, the capital of
Moldavia, and residence of the hospodar of that country,
who is vassal o.f the grand signior. The inhabitants are
chiefly Greeks. It is situated on a branch of the river
Prulh", 200 miles E. of Otchakov. Lat. 47. 8. N. Ion. 27
35. E.
lATROLE PTIC, a. [from iatros, a pliysician, and ahipho
to anoint, Gr.J that cures by anointing.
JA'VA, an island in the Eastern Indian Ocean, generally
known by the name of Gre;it Java, to distinguish it from
Bali, by (some named the lesser Java; and is upwards of
600 miles in length, and from 60 to 80 in breadth. The N.
coast has a great many commnrlious creeks, bays, harbours,
and towns, with many little islands near the shore. In for-
aier times it had as many petty kings as there were large
towns; but now it has two kingdoms only ; one of which is
under the jurisdiction of the kiugof Mataram, and the other
under the king of Bantam. The inhabitants are of a brown
complexion, have faces rather flat, short, coal-black hair,
large eye-brows, and large cheeks, with small eyes. The
men are very robust and strong limbed ; but the women
are small. The men wear a piece of calico wrapt two or
three times round their middle ; a:rJ the women wear theia
from their armpits down to ih.^Ar knees ; but all other parts
are bare. Those living near the seaside are generally Ma-
hometans ; but within laad they are Gentoos, abstaining
from flesh of all kinds. It is a fertile island, producing sugar,
a-nd the various tropical fruits; and it has very high moun-
tains. It has likewise impassable forests and wildernesses ;
but the N. betHeeu Batavia and Bantam, is a very populous
country, full of rice-fields, and various sorts of \\ild and tame
animals. Here also is plenty of salt, pepper, cassia, wood
useful for building, gum benzoin, Ac. beside flowering trees
and shrubs, and most sorts of fruits proper to the climate.
They have also hogs, beeves, and sheep, with other tame
creatures ; and likewise fowl, bo!h wild and lame, iu great
abundance, among w liich are beautiful parroquets, peacocks
of an extraordinary size, Bantam fowls, Ac. In the woods
are large tigers, rhinoceroses, and several other animals un-
known in Europe ; and iu the rivers are crocodiles. The
air is as temperate and healthy as any part of the East In-
dies. The rains, which begin in November, lay the lovr
grounds under water, kill the insects, and continue till the
return of May. The coast of the island are mostly under
the dominion of the Dutch. Beside the native Javanese,
here are Chinese, Malayans, Amboynese, Topasses, Bu-
gassci, Timoreans, and many other people, brought from
distant countries by the Dutch. Java lies to the S. E. of
the Island of Sumatra, from which it is onlv separated by
the Straits of Sanda. Lat. 5. 45. to 7. 50. S. Ion. 104. 20. to
114. 1.5. E.
To J.\'VEL, or JABLE, ». a. to bemire; to soil over with
dirt through unnecessary travelling and traversing. This
word is still used in the north of Enfjiand.
JA'VEL, s. a wandering or dirty fellow.
J.\'VELIN, i. \jttvcUne, Fr.] a spear or half-pike, wit.
an iron-pointed liead; formerly used either by foot ©■
horse.
JAUTs'DICE, a. \ jaimisse, Fr.la distemper from obstnio-
tionsof the glands of the liver, wliicli prevents the gall being
duly separated by them from the blood ; and sometimes, es-
pecially in hard drinkers, they are so indurated as never after
to be opened, and straiten the motion of the blood so much
through that viscus, as to make it divert with a force great
enougli into the gastric arteries, which goofl' from the he-
patic, to break through them, and drain into the stomach;
so that vomiting of blood, iu this distcmbcr, is a fatal syuip>
toiu.
JCH
IDl
JAU'NDTCED, a. affected with the jaundice.
To JAUNT, V. n. [janter, t'r.J to waiuier about.
JAUNT, s. a ramble, flight, or excursion.
JAU'NTINESS, s. airiness ; a loose and careless air ;
genteelness. See Janty.
JAW, s. tiie hone in tiie month in wiiicii tiie teeth are
fixed. Figuratively the mouth, a term ol" contempt.
JAY, i. [so named from his cry, according to Skinnerja
bird about tiie size ofapif^eon, with blue Ceatlierson its wings,
and of a kind of liKl't bnnvn or clay colour on its breast.
J A'ZEF^, s. a precious stone of an azure or blue cokmr.
IBl'j'RIA, the antient name of Spain, as well as of Georgia
in Asia.
IBEX, f. in zoology, a lund of wild goat with large horns,
which inhabits the Alps, Pyrenees, and Carpathian moun-
tains.
IBIJAU, s. in ornithology, a Brasiliau bird which resem-
bles the goat-sucker.
I'BIS, s. a bird very useful to the Egyptians for destroy-
ing serpents, locusts, and caterpillars ; and, on that account
bad divine honours paid to it.
ICl*], s.[is, Sax.ei/se, Belg. ) water or other liquor frozen
by cold; sugar melted and grown hard afteruaids. Ice is
lighter than water in consequence of the air bubbles which
it contains, thus filrnishing an exception to the general law
of nature, that bodies become heavier as they grow colder.
To ICE, V. a. to freeze water hard ; to cover with ice or
concreted sugar.
rCEBERGS, *. large bodies of ice filling the valleys be-
tween mountains in high northern latitudes.
I'CEIIOUSE, i. a house in which ice is preserved for use
in the hot season.
rCELAND, a large island to theN. of Europe, about 600
miles in length, and 300 in breadth. For two months toge-
ther the sun never sets; and in the winter it never rises for
the same space, at least not entirely. The middle of the is-
land is mountainous, stony, and barren ; but in some places
there are excellent pastures, and the grass has a fine smell.
The ice, which gets hiose from the more northern country in
May, brings with it a large quantity of wood, and several
animals, such as foxes, wolves, and bears. Mount Hecia is
the most noted mountain, and is a volcano, whicii sometimes
throws out sulphureous torrents. Their houses are scatter-
ed about at a distance from each other, and many of them
are deep in the ground ; but they are mostly miserable huts,
covered with skins. Many of the natives profess Christian-
ity ; but those that live at a distance are Pagans. Some of
them are clothed with skins of beasts. The exports are
dried fish, salted mutton, beef, butter, train oil, tallow,
coarse jand fine jackets of Wadmal, woollen stockings and
gloves, red wool, sheep skins, sea-horses' teeth, fox tails of
several colours, feathers, and quills. The imports are iron,
horses' shoes, timber, meal, wine, brandy, tobacco, coarse
linen, and domestic utensils. The number of inhabitants is
about 50,000. Tlieir language is the old Runic, or Gothic,
the vernacular tongue of the Swedes, Danes, and Norwegi-
ans, before it branched into the several dialects since spoken
by the natives of these three kingdoms. Lat. 03. 15. to 67.
15. N. Ion. 16. to 25. W.
rCE-PLANT, «. a very singular and beautiful i)lant, with
a leaf resembling plantain, 'which is covered with silvery
drops. It is a native of Africa.
ICH DI'EN, s. [I serve, from the Tent, or Sax. J the motto
of the prince ot Wales, formerly that of John king of
Bohemia, on his shield, to denote that he was subservient to
Philip king of France, whose pay he received ; but being
slain by Edward the Black Prince, the son of Edward III.
he then assumed the motto, to denote his obedience to his
father ; smce which it has always been borne b" the prince
of Wales.
ICHNEU'MON, (iknevmon) s. [Gr.] in zoology, a kind of
large weasel which inhabits Egypt and other parts of .\frica,
and IS much valued for its killing serpents, and destroying
tl»€ eggs of the crocodile. They are kept iu houses and
employed as cats are in destroying rats and mice. The ich.
■ncmnonfly, is a Hy which is bred in the body of cater[)illers,
and is so called in allusion to the report that the icliiicutnoa
gets down the throat of the crocodile, and eats its way
through the crocodile's bellv.
ICHNtyfiRAPIIY, {xkn:'.prafy)s.[hom iclmos, a footstep,
and g-?-ff/»/io, to describe, Cir.Jin perspective, the view of any
thing cut off by a plane parallel to the horizon, just at tlie
bottom of it.
rCIlOll, (ilwr) t. [Gr.] signifies a thin watery humour
like serum ; but is sometimes also used for a thicker kind,
flowing from ulcers, calkd also sanies.
rCHOROUS, {ilinroiis) a. [from ichor, corrupt matter,
Gr.] sanious : thin; undigested.
ICMTlIYO'LOCiY, {,kilui'ol<igy)s. [from ichthys, a fish.and
Ingos, a discourse, Cir. J the science ol fishes, or that branch
of zoologv whicli treats of fishes.
ICMTHYOPIIAGY, s. [from ?>/,//;//*, a fish, andpAagv,
to eat, Cir.] diet of fish, the practice of eating fish.
ICICLE, i. [from ire] a shoot or thread of ice, hanging
downfibm any high place.
rCINESS, s. the state of water grown hard by cold.
rCKWORTII, a small town of Suftolk, with a market on
Friday. It is a small place, and there are the ruins of an
antient priory, and several Roman coins have been dug up.
It is 2.3 miles N. W. by N. of Ipswich, and 74 N. N. E. of
London.
ICON, s. [from eiho, to resemble, Gr.J a picture, resem-
blance, portrait, or representation ; an image.
ICO'NOCLAST, i. [from eikon, an image, and hlao, to
break, Gr.J a breaker of images ; a name which the church
of Rome gives to all who reject the religious use of images.
ICONO'LOGY, s. [ico7io/airie, Fr. from eihon, an image,
and /o^oj, a discourse, Gr.] the science that describes the
figures and representations of men and heathen deities with
their proper attributes and appendages, as Saturn like an
old man with a scythe; Jupiter with a thunderbolt in his
hand, and an eagle by his side, &c.
ICTE'RICAL, a. [icterujuc, Fr. from ihtcros, the jaundice,
Gr.] affected with the jaundice. Good against the jaun-
dice, applied to medicines.
ICY, a. full of, or covered with ice. Figuratively, cold,
applied to the touch. Frosty, applied to the weather. Not
warm. Free from passion, applied to the mind.
I'D, contracted for / would.
IDE'A, «. [from ido, to see, Gr.l whatsoever the mind per-
ceives in itself, or is the inimecliate object of perception,
thought, or understanding; the form under whicli anything
appears to the mind, or the object on which' the mind is
employed when thinking; a notion. Synon. Idea re-
presents the obj«ct ; MoHg-/i< considers it; imasinatiotiiuxms
it; thus worked up, it becomes a notion. The first only
points; the second examines; the third seduces; but the
last draws.
IDEAL, a. mental; intellectual; existing in the mind.
IDE'ALLY, ad. mentallv ; in the mind.
IDENTIC, or IDENTICAL, «. [!A«<!i7»«,Fr.] the same ;
implying the same thing, or the same idea.
IDE'NTITY, s. [idcntiti, Fr.] sameness ; that by which
a thing is itself or Dy which it is distinguished from any
other.
IDES, s. [ides, Fr. idns, Lat.] a term antiently used to
distinguish time : it fell on the 13th of every month, except-
ing in March, May, July, and October, in which it is the
15tli, because in those months it was six days before the
nones, but in the others only four.
IDIO'CRASY, J. [from idios, peculiar, and hrtuis, tempe-
rament, Gr.[ peculiarity of constitution.
IDIOCRATICAL, a. peculiar to constitution.
IDIOCY^ s. [from idiates, an idiot, Gr.J a defect of under-
standing. Both idiocy and lunacy excuse from the guilt of
crimes. '
IDIOM, s. [idio7ne, Fr. from idios, peculiar, Gr.] a man-
47.'>
JED
JER
ner of speaking, or phrase, peculiar to any particular lan-
guage.
IDIOMATIC, orlDIOMA'TICAL, «. peculiar toa lan-
gua<;p.
IDIOTATHY, i. [from iWioj, peculiar, and pathos, a dis-
ease, Gr.] in physic, is a disorder of the body, not arising
from any preceding disease.
IDIOSY'NCRASY, «. [from idios, peculiar, syn, with, and
krasys, a disease, Gr.] a disposition or temper peculiar to a
person.
I'DIOT, s. \idiota, Lat. idiotes, Gr.J a changeling, or one
vlio lias not I he use of reason.
I'DIOTISAI, s. \idiofisme, Fr. from idiotes, an idiot, Gr.]
folly ; weakness of understanding, or want of reason.
IDLE, a. U/dcl, Sax.] lazy; averse to labour, or unem-
ployed, applied to persons. Useless ; vain ; ineffectual ;
worthless, applied to things. Trifling, or of no importance,
applied to narratives or discourses. jW/e formerly was used
to signify wicked, as in Spenser, where the wicked offers of
Mammon are called, " idle offers."
To IDLE, f. n. to pass time in laziness, ar without em-
ployment. .
I'DLEXESS, *. [(rfe/iiCM, Sax.] aversion to labour; want
of employment.
IDLER, s. a person who passes his time in idleness, or
^vithout employment.
IDLY, nrf. lazily ; in a foolish or trifling manner ; with-
out care, attention, or profit. " I idiy heard." Shalt. With-
out effect ; in vain. .
IDOL, i. [idole, Fr. eidos, a resemblance, Gr.] an image
M'orshipped as a god ; a counterfeit image or resemblance;
hence the word doll, for a j(.iinted image played with by
children. A person loved or respected to adoration. "The
people's idol." Deuh.
IDO'LATER, s. [from eidolon, an idol, and latreyo, to wor-
ship, Gr.] one who pays divine worship to images, or trans-
fers the homage due to the Creator unto a creature.
To IDO'LATRIZE, v. a. to honour idols with divine wor-
»hip.
IDO'LATROUS, a. tending to idolatry, or transferring
the honour and worship due to God unto other things.
IDO'LATRY, s. [idolatrie, Fr. from eidolon, an idol, and
toreyu, to worship, Gr.]'the worship of images ; the act of
making any image to represent the Deity ; an inordinate
love or respect for any person or creature.
I'DOLIST, s. a worshipper of images or false gods ; a po-
etical word. " /rfo/iWand atheists." Milton.
To I'DOLIZE, V. a. to love or reverence any thing or
person to an'excess approaching to adoration.
ipO'NEOUS, a. [idonciis, Lat.j fit, proper, suitable, con-
venient.
I. E. an abbreviature for jd est, Lat. that is ; that is to
say.
IDYL, s. [from eidtjlUon, a little figure or representation,
Gr.J a short poem.
JE'ALOUS, (jiloits) a. [jahiix, Fr.] suspicious of not
being equally beloved by one whom one loves; suspi-
cious of the sincerity of a nuin ied person's aflTections ; fond ;
cnniloiis; or prosecuting with a kind of rivalship ; full of
suspicion.
JEALOUSLY, (jelously) ad. in such a manner as to be-
tray suspicion of the sincerity of a lover or married person ;
cxtremelv cautious, vigilant, or zealous.
JE'.XLOUSY, (ji lousy) s.[ jalousie, Er.] a state of mind
•/vherein a lover imagines himself not ecpially beloved, or a
luarricd person who suspects the husband or wife not faith-
ful f(i the marriage bed ; a suipicious fear.
JE'DBUlKili.a town of Roxburghshire, situated almost
III the centre of the county, on the banks of the Jed, and
near its confluence with the 'I'eviot, H 4 miles S. E. of Edin-
burgh. It contains near .'iOiio inhabitants, (including the
environs, which belong to the parish,) and is the seat of the
law courts for tue <ouMty.
JEDDO.or SfwDDo, the gccoud capital of Japan in the
476 r . r
island of Niphon,'where the Dairo, or nominal empero-,
resides. Tlie houses are built with earth, and boarded on
the outside, to prevent the rain from destroying the walls.
In every street is an iron gate, which'is shut up in the niglit,
and a kind of custom house or magazine, to put meichandi»i{
in. It is 9 miles in length and 6 in breadth, and contains
1,000,000 inhabitants. A fire happened in 1658, which, in
the space of 48 hours, burut down 100,000 houses, and in
whicli a great number of the inhabitants perished. The em-
peror's palace was reduced to ashes ; but the whole is re-
built. The royal palace is in the middle of the town, and is
defended by walls, ditches, towers, and bastions. Where
the emperor resides are three towers, uiue stories high, each
covered with plates of gold ; and the hall of audience is sup-
ported by pillars of massy gold. Near the palace are
several others, where the relations of the emperor live.
The empress has a palace of her own, and there are 20
small ones for the concubines. Besides, all the vassal kings
haire each a palace in the city, w ith a handsome garden, and
stables for 2000 horses. The generality of the houses are
nothing but a ground floor, and rooms are parted by folding
screens: so that they can make the rooms larger or siualler
at pleasure. Jeddo is well fortified, and is seated in a plain,
at the bottom of an extensive gulf or bay ; and the riTer
which crosses it is divided into several canals. Lat. 35.
4G. N. Ion. 139. 30. E.
To JEER, r. n. etymology uncertain ; to scoflP; to mock ;
to rally ; to treat with riilicule.
JEER, s. an expression w herein a person is ridiculed and
rendered angrv ; a displeasingjest or scoff".
JEE'RER, i-. one who mocks or scoff's a person ; one who
treats another w ith ridicule and displeasingjests.
JEE'RINGLY, ad. in a scornful or coiite.'nptuous mau-
ner: with a sly and offensive jest.
JH'(iGET, ^. a kind of sausage.
JEHOVAH, s. the proper name of God in the Hebrew.
The Jews pretend that the true pronunciation of this
name is unknown either to men or angels, and therefore
in the Masorete bibles it is pointed and pronounced as if
Ek)liim.
JEJUNATION, s. fasting; abstaining from eating.'
JEJU'NE, a. [jejunus, Lat.] Wanting, empty, or void.
"Jc/ioie in spirit." Baeon. Pure, void of mixture, elemen-
tal. " Jejune or limpid water." Brown. Dry, unaft'ecting,
or void of the ornaments of rhetoric, applied to style.
JEJU'NENESS, s. penury, poverty, or want of spirit,
applied to bodies. Dryness, or wanting matter and embel-
lishments to engage the attention and please the mind, ap-
plied to style or literary compositions.
JE'LLY, s. See Gelly, which is the proper spelling.
JENNET. SeeGENNET.
To JE'OPARD, (pron.;f/)n)-f/, in this and other wordi
from the same original. See jEOPAKDY)f. a. to hazard or
expose to danger. Used only in divinity.
jE'Or'ARDOUS, ff. exposed to harard or danger.
JEOPARDY, ( jcpardy) s. hazard, or a state wherein a
person is exposed to extreme danger.
JERnO'.4, 5. in zoology, a gemis of animals whose hind
legs are much longer than their fore ones, bearing some re-
semblance to the kangaroo.
JERICHO, an antient town of Palestine, celebrated for-
merly for the great lunnber of palm-trees growing near it,
and therefore called the City of Palm Trees. At present, it
is only a square tower, surrouiuled with huts or tents of the
Arabians. Many palm-trees are yet growing here.
To JI'JJK, V. a. \gcrcccan, Sax.] lo strike with a quick and
violent blow.
JERK, .?. a blow given with a kind of a spring and forci-
ble <piickness ; a sudden spring; a quick jolt tliut shocks
cr stalls.
JE'RKIN, s. [cyrulhin, Sax.] a jacket, short coat, or close
waistcoat. I
JERSEY, an island in the English Channel, V2 miles from
the coast of Normandy in France, and 26 from the coait xtt
JES
JEW
Brittany, subjpct to llie l'"n<;lislj. It is about 30 miles in
ciiciimfcioncc, ami difliciilt ol'aiccss, on account nfl lie rocUs,
sands, and forts, erected tiir its defeuce. It coiilaius 12 pa-
rishes; and lliecliiet'lowM is St. Ileiier, in the S. |iiii t oi' llic
island. It lies exlieinely well for trade in lime of peace,
and to annoy llie Krencli privateers in time of war. It is
well watered with rividets, and is pretty well slocked willi
fruit-trees. Tliey have a noted manufactory for woollen
stockings and caps, and are still fjoverned by tiie antient
Norman laws, llie courts of Iji^jlaud having no jurisdiction
Iiere. In 1781, a body of French troops landed on this
island, surprised the lieul-enant governor, and compelled
him to sign a capitulation; but major I'ierson, the com-
mander of the I'aiglish troops, refused to abide by this
forced capitulation, and attacked the French in llie town of
St. Helier. The French were compelled to surrender pri-
soners of war ; but the gallant major was killed in the mo-
ment of victory.
JE'RSKY, one of the United Provinces of N. America ;
bounded on the W. by Pennsyivaiu'a, on the S. by Maryland,
oa the N. by New York, aud on the E. by the ocean ; 'and is
about 140 miles in length from N. to S. and GO in breadth
from E. to W. The chief towns are Burliuj^ton, PertJi-Am-
boy, and Elizabeth-town. It is divided into E. and W.
Jersey; and the produce of both is Indian corn, wheat,
pease, beans, barley, oats, horses, black cattle, furs, and
pipe-staves. They send to the Caribbee islands bread, corn,
salt, beef, pork, and fish; and, in return, receive rum, sugar,
and the other i)roducc of ihose islands. To England they
send furs and skins ; for which they have furniture anil
cloths in return.
JE'RSEY, i. [from the island of Jersey, which is famous
for spinning of yarn, and its stocking manufacture] a tine
woollen yarn.
JERU'SALEM, anciently SaJem and Jehus; among the
Greeks and Latins it was known by the name of Soli/ma and
Jiic)osoli/ma, the capital of Jndea or Palestine in Asia. It
was a very famous city while the Jews inhabited that
country; and in its most flourishing state it consisted of
four parts, each being inclosed within itsown walls. 1. The
old city, which stood on Mount Zion, where king David
built a palace. 2. The lowercity, styled also llie Daughter
of Zion, as being built at'terit; where king Solomon's pa-
lace stood, also Herod's theatre and amphitheatre, the latter
capable of containing 80,000 persons. 3. The new city,
mostly inhabited by tradesmen and numbers of merchants,
and 4. Mount Moriali, w here Solomon's magnificent temple
stood. But all this glory has long since been laid in the
dust, in exact conformity to our Saviour's prophecy, parti-
cularly with regard to the latter, " that one stone of itshould
not be left upon another." It is now inhabited by Turks,
Arabs, Jews, and Christians. It stands on a high rock, w ilh
steep ascents upon every side, except to the N. It is almost
surrounded willi valleys encompassed with moun1ains,solhat
it seems to stand in the middle of an amphilhealre. It is
about 3 miles in circumference, and includes Mount Calvary,
which was formerly without the walls. On this hill is
erected a large structure, with a round nave, which has no
light but what comes throur-'i the top, like the Pantheon at
Rome. This is called tlieChurch of the Holy Sepulchre ; the
chapel of which is cut out of the rock, and lamps are kept
constantly burning in it. The Christian pilgrims flock here
from various parts, and the inhabitants accommodate them
with lodgings and provisions, which is their chief business,
and a bashaw, with a guard of janizaries, always resides
here to protect them from the insults of the Arabs. Jeru-
ralem is 112 miles S. S. W. of Damascus, and -t.'i from the
Mediterranean Sea. Lat..11. ."io. N. Ion. 35. 25. E.
JERU'SALEM-ARTICHOKE, s. a species ofsun-flower.
JESS, s. \gccte, Fr. getto, ItaL] short straps of leather tied
about the legs of a hawk, with which she is held on the
fist.
JE'SSAMINE, J. See Jasmine.
To JEST, V, n. [geiticulor, Lat.J to make a person merry
by pleasant and witty turns ni expression, and odd or comi-
cal motions of the l)0(ly ; to speak a thing one knows to
be false purely to divert anolher.
JEST, .V. any Ihiiig meant only to divert a persfin, or raise
laughter; a willy or iiointed turn of words, which diverts
or raises laughter; game; not earnest.
JESTER, s. one given to witty turns hi ex])ression, to
sarcasms, to odd aud comical pranks ; a bufionn, or oim»
formerly kept by great persons to divert them by his witty
turns or odd pranks.
JI','SL'ITS,orTnK SociETYofJESUS, a famous religions
order in theUouiish church, founded fiy Ignatius Eoyola, a
native of Guipuscoa, in Spain, who, in the year 133.S, assem-
bled leu of his companions at Rome, principally rhoseiioutof
the university of Pa I is,and made a proposal lo I hem to form a
new order ; when, after many fleliberatious, it wasagreed to
add to the three ordinary vows of chastity, iioverty, aud obe-
dience, a fourth, which was logo into all countries whither
the pope should please to send them, in order lo make con-
verts to the Romish church. Two years after. Pope Paul
111. gave them a bull, by w liich he approved this new order,
giving them a power to make such statutes as they shoivld
judge convenient ; on which, Ignatius was created general
of the order, which in a short time spread over all the
countries of the world, to which he sent his companions,
while he staid at Rome, from whence he governed tl»2
whole society. This society had rendeictl themselves so
obnoxious, during the last two centuries, by iheir arts and
intrigues, that they ha\e been suppressed in all the king-
doms of Europe; in England, in lW-1; Venice, in 1606;
Portugal, in 1759; France, in 17G4; Spain and Sicily, in
17(i7; and totally suppressed and abolished by pope Cle-
ment XIY. in 1773.
JiySUlTS-BAllK, or Peruvian bark, a well known me-
dicine, said to have been first brought into practise by the
Jesuits of Peru.
JESUITICAL, (jezuUiM) a. belonging to the Jesuits;
after the manner of the Jesuits; equivocal; deceitful.
JI'J'Sl'S CHRIST, the Son of God, and Saviour of man-
kind. Jesiis signifies a Saviour, and Vhrist, the anointed.
JET, s. [gagat, Sax.] a very beautiful fossil, of a firn; and
even st: nclure, a smooth surface, of a tine deep black colour,
with a vein resembling wood, and found in small masses
lodged in clay. A spout or shoot of water.
To iVJT, V. n. \jeiter, Fr.] to shoot forward, or star.d be-
yond the other parls ; to jut out. Figuratively, to intrude.
To s"sit.
JET, or JET DEALT, (jet d;;) s. [Fr.] a fountain, or coo-
trivance which spouts water in the air.
JE'TTY, a. made of, or as black as, jet.
JIC'WEL, s. [ /ficff/en, Belg.] in its primary sense, any
ornament of great value, generally applied to such as were
set willi precious slones; a gem or precious stone. Figura-
tively, applied to persons, to convey an idea of great esteem
and affection towards them. Jewel Office, an oftice belong-
ing to the crown, has the charge of weighing and fashioning
the king's plate, and delivering it out by warrant from the
lord chamberlain. The principal otlicer is the master of the
Jeucl Office, who has a salary of 450;£'. per annum.
JEA\ ELLER, s. one who deals in precious stones.
JEWS, s. a name derived from the patriarch Judah, an*l
given to the descendants of Abraham by his eldest son
Isaac, who for a longtime possessed the land of Palestine in
Asia, and are now dispersed through all the nations in the
world. They are tolerated in most countries, and the French
republic allowed them the rights of citizens.
JEWS-EARS, s. a fungus, tough and thin; and naturally,
while growing, of a rumpled figure, like a flat and variously
hollowed cup. It generally grows on the lower parts of
the trunks of elder-trees which are in a decaying state.
The common people cure themselves of sore throats with a
decoction of it in milk.
JEWS-STONE, s. a fossil, being the spine of a very lari^j
urchin petrified by lying long iu the earth; it receives lis
477
JIB
ILL
name, from its being found in Syria, which was famous for
tJie residence of Jews.
JE'W'S-HAIIP, [of joue, Fr. a clieek, and harp, from its
being held against tiie ciieek]a Itind of musical instrument
used by the vuljjar, made of steel, held agamst the teeth, and
sounded by the motion of a spring, which, wlien struck by
the finger, vibrates aj^ainst the breath.
IF, emij. [g/f. Sax.] grantirii; or allowing a thing; upon
coiKlition, Or supposition. Followed by another sentence
that includes ojiposition, or implies whether or no; provid-
ed ; oriip/)n condition.
I'GNKOUS.rt. [from !o-mV, fire, Lat.] fiery; containing,
emitting, or having the nature of fire.
IGNIPOTENT, a. [from i^-nis, fire, andpotens, powerful,
LatJ presiding over fire, or powerful by means of fire.
IGNIS FA'TUUS, s. [Lat. foolish tire] a common meteor
seen in meadows, and other moist places, in flark nigiils,
caused by viscous exhalations, which, being kindled in tlie
air, reflect a sort of thin flame in the dark ; called, by the
common people, Will with the w/dsp, or Jack with the Ian-
thorn.
ToI'GNITE, I', a. [from is^nis, fire, Lat. | to set on fire.
JGNI'TIBLE, a. capable of being set on fire.
IGNITION, .t. [iirnitinn, Fr.] the act of kindling or set-
ling on fire. In clivinistry, the application of fire to metals,
till they become red hot, without melting.
IGNI'VOMOUS, a. [from >a,-ius, fire, and tomu, to vomit,
Lat.] vomiting, or casting out fire.
IGNOBLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and vohilis,
woble, Lat.] mean, or not belonging to the nobility, applied
to birth. Worthless, base, or not deserving honour, applied
to persons or things.
IGNOBLY, ad. in a disgraceful, mean, base, or reproach-
ful manner.
IGiS'OMI'NIOUS, tt. \ignominieux, Fr. ignomiiuusus, Lat.]
disgraceful, dishonouraSle, reproachful.
IGNOMI'NIOL'SLY, ad. in such a manner as to cause
loss of fame ; reproachfully.
I'GNOMIN Y, s. [ifriwnrinia, Lat.] loss of fame or honour ;
disgrace, shame, or reproach.
IGNOR A'MUS, s. [Lat.] in law, a word used by a grand
inquest, and written on the back of a bill, when they niislike
the evidence as defective, or not able to make good the
charge it contains ; hence it signifies, figuratively, a person
who knows nothing.
I'GNORANCE,*. [igTioj-ffjice, Fr.] want of knowledge or
instruction ; unskilfulrtess. In law, it is a want of know ledge
of the laws, whicli will not excuse a person from suffering
the penalty inflicted on the breach of them ; for every one.at
Lis peril, is obliged to know the laws of the land. An infant,
who is just arrived at the age of discretion, and who may
therefore be supposed to be ignorant of the law, is punish-
able for crimes ; but at the same time infants of ten(ler age,
who are naturally ignorant, are excused; as arc all persons
who are mm rnmpns mentis, as nuidmen and natural fools.
I'GNOUANT, a. [from ii>-nnro, not to know, Lat.] un-
learned ; illiterate ; without knowledge ; or witiiout hav-
ingan idea of some particular ; unaccpiainted with.
1'GNORANTLY, (ul. without knowledge, learning, or
design.
To IGNORE, V. a. [from in, a negative particle, and
nosco, to kno«', Lat.J not to know, or have an idea of, a
thing.
IGNO'SCIBLE, a. [from ignosco, to pardon, Lat.] pardon-
able, capable of pardon.
IGUA'N.\, s. m zoology, a large species of lizard, very
froqucTit in the AVest Indies.
J. II. S. these three letters are generally embroidered on
the velvet hanging of the conuniniion tables in churches, and
signify Jcsns lluminum Salvatvr, or, Jesus the Saviour of
men.
JIB, s. the foremost sail of a ship, being a large stay-sail
Mtended from the outer end of the bowsprit, prolonged by
tlie jil>-booiu toward the fore-top mast head.
478
JIG, *. [giga, Ital.] a light, careless, quick danre or
tune.
To JIG, V. a. to dance a quick and light dance called- »
jig-
IL, before words beginning with (, stands for in,
JILT, s. \gilia, Isl.] a woman who receives the addresses
of a lover, gives him hopes, and deceives him. Used in
contempt or reproach of any woman.
To JILT, V. a. to deceive a man by flattering his love with
hopes, and afterwards leaving him for another.
To JlTSGLE, )'. ?i. [either curruptcd from /n?.gZe, or for'ned
from the sound] to clink, or nrake a noise like money, or
other sounding metal flung on a stone or other hard body.
In poetry or style, applied to the sound formed by several
words or syllables which end in the same letters.
JINGLE, s. the simiul made by money or other metal
flung against a hard body. The sound made by words in
the same letters and s\ llables, applied to style.
I'LCHESTER, a town of Somersetshire, consisting of four
streets, with one church, and other places of worship. It is
a town of great antiquity, and once had sixteen churches.
The coiuitv.jail is kept here, but the assizes are held alter-
nately at Bridgewater, Wells, and Taunton. It is seated
on the river Ivel, 16 miles S. of Wells, and 123 W. by S.
of London. Market on Wednesday.
ILE, .r. SeeAiLE.
ILEUS, .«. [Lat.] in anatomy, the third and last of the
small guts, is situated below the navel, near the ossa ilei,
whence its name. Its length is various, sometimes not
more than 15, sometimes 20 spans or more. It begins where
the valves of the jejunum csase to be conspicuous, and its
end is w here the larger intestines begin ; at which place it
is, in a very singular manner, inserted into the left side of
the colon.
I'LFRACOMBE, a sea-port of Devonshire, has a conve-
nient safe harbour, formed by a good pier, projecting into
the Bristol Channel. The high tides here allow large ves-
sels to enter its basin. This port employs a number of brigs
and sloops, chiefly in carrying ore from Cornwall, coal from
Wales, and corn to Bristol. A number of fishing skifls be-
long to this place, which, with those of Minehead, fish on a
bank of the coast during the sunuuer, and carry a number
of soles, turbots, tVc. to the Bristol market. It is 49 miles
N. N. W. of Exeter, and 181 W. by S. of London. Market
on Saturday.
I'LIAC, a. [iliaciis, Lat.] caused by twisting in the guts ;
belonging to the lower belly. The iliac passion is a kind of
nervous colic, seated in the ileum, whereby one part of tire
gut enters the cavity of that part which is immediately below
or above it. -
ILIAD, s. the name of an antient epic poem, recording
the siege of Troy, or //uoh, composed by Homer.
ILK, ad. eke; also; still retained in Scotland, and da-
notes each.
ILL, o. [contracted from ci'iV, and retaining all its senses]
inconsistent with our duty, as citizens or Christians; con-
trary to good. .Sick or disordered. .Synon. /// is nsefl
with the most propriety when the licallh is not nnich im-
paired : sick is applicableonly when the body is greatly dis-
ea.sed. /// too is most proper w hen in pain only ; sich wljen
diseased : thus we say, he is ill of the gout ; but sich of a
fever.
ILL, s. an action contrary to our duty, either to God or
man; wickedness; a misfortune.
ILL, ad. not well or rightly. " III at ease." Drt/d. Not
alile. "/// able to sustain." Par. Lost. 7//, in composition,
whither substantive or adverb, implies defect, or .something
bad and improper, either in quality or condition.
ILLA'CEIIABLE, n. [from !«, a negative particle, and
laciro, to tear, Lai. J not to be torn.
ILLA'CHllYIMABLE, (illdltn/mahle) a. ['from in, a nega-
tive particle, and lachnjma, a tear, Lat.J not capable of
weeping.
ILLA TSE, *. [from t^Zoior, to foil upou, Lat.] the gradual
ILL
1MB
or gentle entrance of one thing into anotlier ; a 'suilJcn at-
tack, <ira<(i(k'iit.
ILLAQIJI'IA'TION, s. [from Inr/ueus, a siinro, Lat.] tlie
act of catcliiiiijor ensnaring; a snare or artilice ina(ic> use
of to entrap or catcii.
ILLATION, s. [ilhium, from ivfrro, to infer, Lat.] an in-
ference or roncliision drawn from promises.
ILLA'TIViO, rt. [ilidtiim, from )■«/<)■«, to infer, Lat.] used
to imply an inference or eonciusion.
ILLAU'D A BLE, n. [from in, a negative particle, and laudo,
to praise, Lat. | mnvortliy of praise.
ILLA1J'DAIU>\', nd. in a manner ..otdeservinj; praise.
ILLL'GAIj, n. [from f/i, a negative particle, wwXUgalii,
lav fill, Lat.] contrary lo law.
ILFjI'IG.A'LITY, i. the quality of being unlawful, or con-
trary to law.
ILLE'f J k LLY, ad. in a manner contrary to law.
ILLE'tillU>!'', a. [from (;j, a negative particle, and le^o, to
read, Lat.] that cannot be read.
ILLEGITIMACY, s. the slate of a bastard ; the state of
bastardy.
ILLEGI'TTiNIATE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and
legitimiis, lawfid, Lat.J unlawfully begotten ; or not begotte.n
in wedlock.
To ILLEGITIMATE, v. n. in law, to prove a person a
bastard.
ILLEGITIMATELY, ml. not begotten in wedlock.
ILLEGITIMATION, *. the state of a bastard, or of one
not begotten in wedlock.
ILLE'VIABLE, a. [from [/«■£/•, Fr.] what cannot be le-
vied, or exacted.
ILLFAVOURED, a. ugly, or deformed.
ILLI'BERAL, «. [from in, a negative particle, and libera-
/w, liberal, Lat.] wanting generosity or gentility.
ILLIBERA'LlTY, s. [from in, a negative particle, and
/i&n-a/i>, liberal, Lat.] meanness of mind; want of munifi-
cence.
ILLI'BERALLY, ud. in a mean, niggardly, or disingenu-
ous manner.
ILLICIT, a. [from in, a negative particle, and licet, it is
lawful, Lat. I unlawful, or contrary to any law.
ILLI'MITABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and
limes, a boundary, Lat.] not to be bounded or limited.
ILLI'MITABLY, «rf. in such a manner as to be capable
of no bounds.
ILLI'MITED, a. [from in, a negative particle, and limes, a
boundary, Lat.J unbounded ; without bounds, limits, or
restraint.
ILLITERATE, n. [from !«, a negative particle, and /;-
tera, a letter, Lat.] witnout having received any improve-
ments by learning or instruction ; unlearned.
ILLITERATENESS, s. the state of having never receiv-
ed any improvements from learning.
I'LLNESS, s. any thing which is productive of inconve-
nieiN-e ; or destructive of our happiness, applied to things
natural, moral, and religious. Sickness or disorder, applied
to health.
ILLNATUIIE, s. a natural disposition whereby a per-
son is prone to do ill turns, and to thwart the happiness of
another, attended with a secret joy on the sight of any mis-
chief which befalls another, and an entire insensibility of any
kindness received.
IkLNATURED, a. habitually unkind, malicious, or mis-
cliievous.
ILLNATUREDLY, ad. in a peevish, froward, mis-
chievous manner.
To ILLU'DE, V. a. [illndo, from ludo, to sport, Lat.] to
luock : to play upon ; to jeer.
To ILLU'ME, V. a. [illuminei; Fr.j to supply with light ;
to brighten oradorn.
ToILLUMINATE, e.fl. [!7?«miHer, Fr.] to enlighten or
supply with light. Figuratively, to supply the mind with
H power of understanding any difficulty.
, ILLU'MINATION, *. [illuminatio, from Umen, light, Lat.]
the act of supplying will] light ; the cause of light ; bright-
ness ; splendor ; light conununicalcil to the mind by in-
spiration.
ILLUMINATIVE, a. [illuminatif, Fr.] having the power
toconnuunieate light.
1LLUMIN.\T()U, s. [Lat.J one who gives light; one
who explains adithcult passage in an author.
ILLL''MIN.\TRY, *. a kind of miniature painting, ani-
tiently uiucli practised for illuitratiiig and adornini*
books.
To ILLUMINE, v. a. \ilhiminer, Fr.j to enlighten or
make light ; to supply with lights. Figuratively, to adorn.
ILLU'.SION, s. \iUasio, from Indo, to sport, Lat.] a false
show of appearance ; error occasioned by a false appear-
ance.
ILLU'SIVEi, a. [i.llusus,itomludo, to sport, Lat.Jdece-iving
by false show.
"ILLU'SOP.Y, a. [illusns, from IihIo, to s.port, Lat.] fraudu-
lent; with an intention to deceive ; deceitful.
To ILLUSTRATE, v. a. \iUnslro, perhaps from !nstro,U)
purify, Lat.] to brighten with light or honour. Figuratively,
to explain or clear up adifliculty in an author.
ILLUSTRATION, s. [Fr. from illnstru, to illustrate, Lat.]
the act of rendering a ditficult passage easy to be under-
stood : an exposition or explanation.
ILLUSTRATIVE, «. having the quality of clearing up a
difficult or obscure passage in an author.
ILLUSTRATIVELY, nrf. byway of explanation.
ILLU'STRIOUS, a.[illiistris, perhaps from lusiiv, to pu-
rify, Lat. I noble, eminent for titles, dignity, birth, or excel-
lence.
ILLU'.STRIOUSLY, «rf. in a conspicuous, noble, or emi-
nent manner.
ILLU'STRIOUSNESS, *. eminence of rank, birth, dig-
nity, or good qualities.
i'LMINSTEll, a town of Somersetshire, containing about
300 houses. It has a considerable manufactory of narrow
cloths, and is situated on the river llle, in a dirly bottom,
among hills, 27 miles S. W. of Wells, and 137 W. by S. of
London. Market on Saturday.
I'LSLEY EAST, a town of Berkshire, seated in a pleasant
valley, between two hills, and excellent downs for feeding
sheep, being a fine sporting country. It is 14 miles N. W.
of Reading, and 53 W. of London. Market on Wednes-
day.
I'M, a contraction used in discourse for / am.
I'iMAGE, s. [image, Fr. imago, Lat.] the appearance of
any object ; an idea imprcsserl by outward objects on the
mind ; a representation of any thing expressed in painting,
sculpture, &c. most commonly applied to statues; a copy,
or likeness; a lively description of any thing in discourse ;
a picture drawn in the fancy ; a false god ; or a statue made
to represent, and be worshipped as, a god.
To I'MAGE, V. a. to form a representation, likeness, or
idea ofa thing in the mind.
I'MAGEllY, s. statues or pictures. Figuratively, re-
semblance. Idcas'formed purely by the imagination, whicli
have no originals out of the mind.
IMA'CilNABLE.ffl. [Fr.] possible to be conceived.
IMA'GINARY, «. {inmginnrie, Fr.j existing only in the
imagination or fancy, opposed to real.
IMAGIN ATIOis, s. [from imago, an image, Lat.] a power
or faculty of the soul, whereby it can join or separate the
ideas it has received by the senses, in such a manner as to
form other compound ideas, which have no resemblance ex-
isting out of the mind ; fancy ; the power of representing
things absent, a conception, image, or idea of any thing in
the mind ; contrivance ; a scheme.
To IM A'GINE, ». a. [imaginer, Fr.] to fancy ; to conceive.
Figuratively, to contrive or plot.
IM A'CilN ER, s. one w ho forms an idea in his mind.
I'MBECILE, a. [imbecilis, Lat.J wauting strength, applied
both to body aud mind.
470
I MM
IMBECI'LiTY, s. \imbeciliti, Fr.] frailty or weakness of
mind or body.
'I'o IMBl'BE, V. a. [from in, in, and bibo, to drink, Lat.] to
drink or draw in ; to emit ii>to the mind; to drencii orsoak.
IMBrBER, J. tliat "liicli drinks in, sucks up, or absorbs.
I'MBIBl' riON, i. [Fr. from m, in, and bibo, to drink, Lat.]
the act ofdriiiKtiigorsuci-.'ing up moisture.
To IMBITTER, f . «. to make bitter ; to deprive of hap-
piness or pleasure.
To IMBODY, r. a. to cover with, or thicken to, a body ;
to bring to;;cther into one mass or company ;to inclose.
To EMBOLDEN, v. a. to raise to couHdence ; to encou-
rage ; or make bold.
To EMBOSOM, (imSuwwn) v. a. to hold on the bosom ; to
wrap in that part of a garment uiiich covers the bosom. Fi-
guratively to love with a warm atieilion and friendship.
To LMBO'W, (imbo)v.a. to arch; to make in the form of
anarch.
To IMRO'WER, (the ow is here pron. as in now) v. a. to
cover with a bower ; to cover with branches of trees.
IMBOVVMENT, s. an arch ; a vault.
I'MBRICATED, a. [from imbrex, a gutter-tile. Eat.] in
botany, formed in hollows, like those of a gutter-tile.
IMBRICATION, i. [from imbrc.r, a gutter-tile, Lat.] an
hollow iiuleuture, like that of a gutter-file.
To IW BROWN, 11. a. to make brown or dark.
To IMBRUE, V. a. to steep, soak, or wet much and long.
This word is also spelled Embrl'e.
To IM BRUTE, V. a. to make like a brute, in quality or
shape ; to become brutish.
To IMBUE, V. a. [iiiibno, Lat.] to tincture very deeply;
to imbibe ; to dve, or niipregnate with any liquor.
IMITABI'LrrY, s. [tVom imilor, to imitate. Eat.] the qua-
lity, of being imitabl^e.
I'lMITABLE, a. i^from imitor, to imitate, Lat.] worthy ot
being resembled or imitated ; possible to be imitated or
copied.
To liMITATE, 1'. n. {imitor, Lat.] to copy ; to endeavour
to resemble ; to counterfeit.
IMITATION, y. [from imitator, to imitate, Lat ] the act
of doing any thing with a view of making it like something
else.
IMITATIVE, a. [from imitor, to imitate, Lat.] inclined to
imitate ; copied from, or resembling.
IMITATOR, y. [Lat.] one who copies from, and endea-
vours to resemble, another.
IMMA'CtJLATIO, a. [from in, a negative particle, and
«u:ci//(7, a spot, Lat.] without spot, stain, or crime; pure or
clear.
To IMMA'N ACLE, v. a. to put in manacles ; to fetter, or
confine.
IMM'ANE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and hmnanus,
human, Lat.| vast ; prodigiously great.
IMMANENT, (i. [immanent, Fr.] intenvst* or [situated
within the mind.
IMMA'NITV, .?. [from in, a negative particle, and huma-
»ii«, humour, Lat.] Iiarbarilv ; cruelly.
l.M[\IARCE'SSIBLIy, «. [from in, a negative particle, and
marccscn, to fade, Lat.] unfading.
To IMM A'SK, V. a. to put in a mask ; to cover ; to dis-
gui'je.
IMMATE'RIAL, a. \immnt'crirl, Fr.] spiritual ; distinct
form, aiid not consisting of, matter; of no importance or
veiglit. The last sense is branded as a barbarism by
Johnson.
l.MMATERIA'LITy, s. incorporeity ; distinctness from
body or matter.
IMMATERIALLY, ad. In a manner not depending on
matter.
IMMATE'RIALIZED, «. freed from or void of matter
IM MATERIA LNESS, «. distinctness or freedom from
matter
IM.MATE'RIATE, ff. [from in, a negative .particle, and
tnaitria, matter, Lat.] not consisting of mailer.
4Ha
IMM
I.MMATQ'RE, a. [from ta, a negative particle, and iimft*.
'^n-;, ripe, Lat.] not ripe; not perfect; too early, or before
theniatural time.
IMMATU'RELY, ad. too soon ; before ripe, complete,
or existent.
IMMATU'RENESS, or IMMATURITY, s. unripeness.
IMMEABI'LITY, i. [from in, a negative particle, and
meo, to pass through, Lat.] want of power to pass or make
itself a passage, applied to fluids.
IMAIE'ASURABLE, (immrzurable) a. not to be mea-
sured ; not to be conceived.
IMIME'ASURABLY^ {immczurally) ad. beyond all com-
prehension or conception.
LMMECHA'NICAL, (imme^am/iar) a. not according to
the laws of mechanics.
IMMEDIACY, s. the quality of acting without the in-
tervention of any other means.
IMMEDIATE, a. [immcdiat, Fr.] in such a state with res-
pect to something else, as to have nothing between ; with-
out any thing intervening; not acting by second causes.
Instant, or present, applied to time.
IMMEDIATELY, ad. without the intervention of any
other cause or event; instantly; without delay.
I.MMEDIATENESS, s. presence applied to time. The
state or Quality of being without any second or iuterveuiug
cause.
I.MME'DICABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and
medicabilis, curable. Eat.] not to be healed or cured.
. IMME'MORABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and
memnrabilis, memorable. Eat.] not worth remembering.
IMMEMORIAL, a. [Fr. from in, a negative particle, and
memoriu, memory, Lat.j not within the memory of any per-
son living; so antient as not to be easily traced with any
degree of certainty. In a legal sense, a tiling is said to be of
time immemorial, that was before the reign of king Ed-
wa.rd II.
IMME'NSE, a. [Fr. from in, a negative particle, and mc-
tior, to measure, Lat.] unbounded ; not to be comprehend-
ed ; infinite.
IMME'NSITY, s. [inuncnsite, Fr. from in, a negative parti-
cle, and metior, to measure, Lat.] unbounded or incompre-
liensible greatness.
IMMENSURABI'LITY, s. impossibility of being mea-
sured.
LMMENSURABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle,
and mensura, a measure. Eat.] impossible to be measured;
infinite.
ToIMME'RGE, it), a. [trora in, under, and mergn, to
plunge, Lat.] to plunge or put under water.
I.NIAIE'RSE, «. [from in, under, and mergo, to plunge,
Lat.] buried ; covered ; sunk deep.
To IMM E'RSE, t!. n. [from in, under, and mergo, to plunge,
Lat.] to put under water ; to sink deep, or cover, to plunge,
sink, or keep depressed.
IMME'RSION, s. [from in, under, and mergo, to plunge,
Lat.] the act of plunging any thing in water, or any other
fluid, beyond its surface ; the stale of sinking or being sunk
in liquor below its surface. The state of being overwhelmed,
apnlied to the mind. In astronomy, it is applied to a sa-
tellite when it begins to enter into the shadow of its pri-
mary ; to a star or planet, when it first disappears behind
the disk of the moon. " •
IMMI;TH0'1)ICAL, a. without order or method.
IMMETHODICALLY, ad. in an irregular manner.
I'MMINENT, a. [from in, over, and mancn, to remain,
Lat.] having over one's bead ; threatening ; near ; applied
always to something ill.
To IMMI'iNGLE, v. a. to mingle, mix, or unite. Seldom
used.
IiMMINUTION, *. [from immimw, to diminish, Lat.] di-
minution, derrease, lessening.
IMMISCIBILITY, s. incapacity of being minded.
IMMI'SCIBLIO, a. not capablcof being mi.\eu. A word
use(i by tUe authorof Clarissa.
1 MP
rMp
IMMI'SSION, s. [from in, in, mid witto, to send, Lat.] tlie
«Ct of Sfliiliii!; ill, op|i(ist(l to iiinssicn.
ToIMMI r II. n. [tVoiii in, in, aiul mitto, |o serifl, Lat.] to
»eii(l ill.
To IMMI'X, r. a. to mix tosetlier ; to join or unite.
IMMIX AIU.R, ('. not to be mixed to^'etlier.
IMMOniLITV, J. nVoni in, a iif>'ative particle, and
tnoliilis, moveal)le, Lat.] a (lualily of body, where Ijj it is ren-
deii'd ineapalile ofmovniR; a state of rest.
IM.MO'DLRATK, «. [from in, a negalive particle, and
mode rut IIS, moderate, Lat.] excessive ; exceeding due
bounds.
IMMODERATELY, ad. in an excessive degree or
manner.
LSIMODEHATION, s.\imnwdei-titio>t, I'r.] want of keep-
ing toa due mean ; excess.
IMMO'DKS'r, rt. [immudcste, Fr.] unchaste, or inconsistent
with inodeslv ; olisci ne.
IMMODESTY, s.\immmh:<)tie, Vwlv/xnt of modesty, or
of regard tociiastity and decency.
ToTMMOLATR, v. a. [inww/o, from jiwla, flour mingled
with salt that was sprinUled upon sacrifices, Lat.] to sacri-
fice or kill in sacrifice.
IMMOLATION, s. [Fr. imvwlo, from mnh, flour mingled
wifli salt that was sprinkled npon sacrifices, Lat.] the act ot
sacrifici"ng or killing, as an oflering to God ; the thing offer-
ed in sacrifice.
IMiMOKAL, a. inconsistent with, or contrary to, the laws
of;iioridity ; had or unjust.
IMAlOHA'LlTY, s. an action inconsistent with our duty
towards men; want of virtue.
IMMO'RTAL, a. [from i/i, a negative particle, and mor-
talis, mortal, Lat.J not capable of dying; living for ever;
ne.v,er ending; perpetual.
IMMORTALITY, s. [Fr. from in, a negative particle,
and mortttVts, mortal, Lat.J a state which has no end ; an ex
emption from d«ath ; an exemption from oblivion.
To IMMORTALIZE, v. a. \iimnortaliser, Fr.] to make
immortal ; to perpetuate, or make the fame of a persan end-
less. Neuterly, to become immortal.
IMMORTALLY, ad. without death ; without ceasing or
ending.
IMMOVEABLE, a. not to be forced from or taken out
of its place; not to be shaken or affected.
IMMO'VEABLY, a. in a state not to be shaken or af-
fected.
IMMU'NITY, s. [immunile, Ft. imtmmis, from in, a nega-
tive particle, and tmmiis, & duty or tax. Lat.] discharge from
any dutyorobliMtion.
To IMMU'RL, II. «. [emmurer, old Fr. from in, in, and
murus, a wall, Lat.] to inclose within a wall ; to imprison ;
to confine.
IMMURE, «. awall ; inclosure.
IMMUTABI'LITY, s. [immvtahilii, Fr. from in, a negative
particle, and muto, to change, Lat.] fjcedom from change or
alteration.
IMM O'TABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and vudo,
to change, Lat.J not subject to change or alter.
•IMMU'TAHI Y, ad. without altering or changing; hi a
tnattner not subject to change or alter.
IMP, s. \inw, a shoot or sprig, Brit.] an inferior devil ; an
emissary of the devil. Also a son ; the offspring ; progeny.
To IMP, v.a. [wipio, to engraff, Brit.] to lengthen by the
addition of something else.
To IMPA'CT, V. a. [from in, up>on, and pan<ro, to drive,
Lat.J to drive or force the particles of a body closer to-
gether.
To IMPAIR, t>. a. [empirer, Fr."! to lessen in degree,
quality, quantity, or worth-; todiminish ; to injure ; to make
worse. Neuterly, to be lessened or worn out. " Flesh may
impiiir ; — but reason can repair." Spenser.
IMPA'Ill, s. a decay, or decrease ; loss of power, degree,
or oiifllity. Not used.
IMP-^'IUMliNT, i. adecay; injury; decay of strength.
To IMPA'LE, I'. «. in heraldry, is to conjoin two coats oT
arms pale-wise. SccEmpalk.
IMPA'LPARLE, «. [impa/puhk, Fr.J not to be felt, or
perceived by the touch.
IMPA'N>JKLLING, i. in law, signifies the writing down
or entering into a parchment, list, orschcduie, the names of
a jury, suinnioned by the sheriff to api)car for such public
services as juries are euiploveil in.
To IMPA'RADI.SE,f.fl. ti/«/'a»-«'/(>«»-c, ltal.| to render a»
happy as the state of paradise is supposed to be.
IMPA'RITY, *. [from inipiir, unequal, Lat.] disproportion;,
theexcess of twotliings compared together; oddiicss.
To IMPA'RK, v. a. to separate from a common ; to make
a park of; to inclose with a park.
IMPARLANCE, s. in law, is a petition in court, for a
day to consider or advise what aiisv\er the defendant shall
make to the planlilf's action, and is the eontinuaiiee of the
cause till another day, or a longer time given by the
court.
To IMPA'RT, r. a. [impi-rtio, from pnrlin, to distribute,
Lat ] to grant, give, or coiumuuicate a part.
IMPA'RTIAL, (impuishial) a. [impiirliiil, Fr.] just ; witlk-
out anv bias or undue influence.
IMPARTIA'LITY, {imparshiulilii) .1. [impimhialif-, Fr.]
the act of distributing justice without any bias or undue in-
fluence; strict justice.
IMPA'RTIALLY, (mi/xS)-j^in%) ad. in a manner free from
anv bias.
lMP.\'RTn'.LE, a. [impnrtihh, Fr.] that may be commu-
nicated or bestowed in part ; without parts.
IMPA'SSABLE, c. not to be i>ar.srd ; impervious.
IMPASSIBI'LITY, s. \impiissibtlitc, Fr.) the quality or
privilege of not being subject to external injury or suf-
ferings.
IMPA'SSIBLE, a. \impassible, Fr.] incapable of sufferinR
injury or pain.
IM"PA'SS1BLENESS, ». impassibility ; exemption from
pain.
IMPASSIONED, {impashioned) a. seized, or inflamed
with passion.
IMPA'STED, a. concreted as into paste. Not in use.
IMPATIENCE, (impas/ience,^ s. [impntinice, Fr.] inability
of suffering pain or delay without com plaint.
IMP.VTIENT, {impa shield) a. [from in, a negative particle,
and patiens, patient, 1-at.J not able to endure or bear dela>,
pain, or any other inconvenience, without complaint; vehe-
menllv agitated bv passion ; eager.
IMPATIENTLY, {impashiently) ad. with great intense-
ness, aijplication, or ardour. Wi'lh great eagerness or long-
ing desire.
ToIMP.^'WN, v.a. to give a person as an hostage, or a
thing as pledge and security, for the performance of cerlaitt
coaditions.
To IMPE'ACH, (pronounced in this word and its deriva-
tives impeech) v. a. [rmpeclin; Fr.] to hinder. In law, to
accuse a person of being guiltv of a crime.
IMPE'ACHABLE, a. worthy of being found fault with;
accusable.
IMPE'ACHER, s. an accuser, one who brings an accusa-
tion against anothe.r.
IMPEACHMENT, or IMPE'ACH, *. lempechement. Fr.J
an hindrance or obstacle. A public accusation or charge
of being guiltv of some crime.
To IMPE'ARL, (inv<f)7) v. a. to adorn with pearls, or
something resembling pearls.
IMPE'CCABILITY, s. [impcccabiliie, Fr.J exemption
from sin ; exemption from fadiire.
IMPE'CCABLE, ff. [impeccable, Fr.] sinless; exempt from
the possibility of sinifiug.
To IMPE'DE, V. a. \iini>fdin, Lat.] to hinder; to stop.
IMPEDIMENT, s. \i»ipedif), to entangle, from pes, a foot»
Lat.] an hindrance, obstacle, or motive, which renders the
performance of a thing dittieult or impossible. Synon.
There seems to be a gradation \n tlie words impednnertt^
4)41
I MP
IMP
obstacle, and ol.ttrnclion. The iwpe'Umeiit stays ; tllC oh.itnrle
resists ; the vhitniction puts an entile slop to. We say,
remove the impedivieni ; siirnuiuiit t'-ie olslfide; lake a«ay
\\\c ohsh-iiction. J'ivcn small inipi-rlimciits sometimes prove
Siicli obstacles as obstruct owv bi'sl oo'kavours.
To IMPE'L, V. ft. [iiiipd/o, iVoiii pcl/n, to iliivo, Lat.l to
drive on; to make a tiling move; to act upon with ibrce.
IMPE'LLENT, s. {impelln, from nrlln, to (hive, Laf.j a
power which actsiiponaiiv thing wild force.
To IMPE'ND, V. II. [fVom i», over, anil pcnden, to lian",
Lat.J to hang over, threaten, or be near ; generally applied
to some evil.
IMPENDENT; fl. [from in, over, and pendeo, to lianjj.
Lat.] suspended or han2;inj; over; verv near.
IMPE'NDENCE, s. the state of Laqgiiig over, or being-
near.
LMPENETRABI'LITY, s. [imphwt,abil,ri, Fr.] the qua-
lity of not being pierceable. Hardness, or a state not sus-
ceptible of tencfer affections, applied to the mind.
IMPETSETRABLE, a. [Fr. from in, a negative particle,
and peitetro, to penetrate, Lat.] not to be pierced or entered
by any outward force; not arlmitting to enter. Not to be
known or discovered, applied lo thini^s and persons. Not
to hemove^ or aftected, applied to the mind.
IMPENETRABLY, ad. with so much hardness .is not to
give entrance to any thing driven by external folce. Not
to be removed by instruction, ai>j)lied to defects of the un-
derstanding. " Impenclrabhi dull." Vupc.
IMPE'NlTENCE, or l.VlPENITENCV, j. [impcnitevcr,
Ir.Ja state of mind wherein a person contimtes in sin, with-
out anv sorrow, or sense of divine K>ve or mercy.
IMPE'NITE-NT, a. [impiiiiiciit, Fr.J not grieving or re-
penting of sin.
IMPE'NITENTLY, ad. without repentance, orsncwing
any sorrow for sin.
IMPE'NNOUS, a. [from in, a negative particle, and
penna, awing, Lat.J without w ings. " .■in carwigis reckoned
among impennmis, insects." liruwn.
I'MPERATE, a. I from impeio, to command, Lat.] done
with consciousness, or the direction of the will. " Imperute
acts." Hah.
IMPE'RATIVE, a. ^imperatif, Fr. from impero, to com-
mand, Lat.] commanding or expressing command. The
imperative mood in English is formed either with auxiliary
words, implying a command, request, or permission, or by
Editing the word after the verb, w hich in other moods comes
efore it. Thus Peter runs, is the indicative, but run Peter,
or let Peter >im, is the imperative. Let is prefixed only to
the third person singular, and to the first and third persons
plural ; as, let him hear ; let us regard ; let him repent.
IMPERATIVELY, ad', in a commanding stjle; autho-
ritativelv.
IMPERATOR, .?. [Lat.] in Roman antifiuity, a title of
onour conferred on victorious gener
afterwards confirmed by the senate.
honour conferred on victorious generals by their armies, and
Kiuity,
tlieira:
IMPERCEPTIBLE, «. [imperceptible, Fr.] not to be seen
or perceived either by the. mind, eye, or other senses ; very
small or minute.
IMI'ERCE'PTIBLENESS, s. the qtialily of not being per-
ceived'either bv the mind or senses.
IMPERCEPTIBLY, ail. iii a manner not to be perceived
either by tlie mind or senses.
IMPE'UFECr, a. |fromiM, a negative particle and ;)r»--
feetus, ]>erfe<"t, Lat,] not quite finished ; not complete ;
wantirt;^ something; defective; fraH.
IMPERI-E'CTION, s. [imperfection, Fr.] a defect, failure,
or hiiilt, whether natural or moral.
IMPERFECTLY, ad, not fully or completely ; with de-
ftcfs or failure.
IMPE'KfX)RA5LR, a. [from in, a negative particle, scxl
iptrfiiro, to bore through, Lat.] not to be bored thnmgli.
iMPERf'ORATE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and
ptrforv, to bore through, Lat.] not pierced or bored thfoui;!! ;
without a hole or cavity ruflnin^ tlwuugh.
483
IMrETlI.^L.ff. [Fr. imperinlis, from imperitor, anemperor,
Lat.] possessed of (be state ofan emperor or eniiiress ; higher
than royal, though someliines used for it. Imperinl paper,
is a large k'ind of fine writing paper. Imperial chamber, \\\yi
a sovereign court for the atlaiis of the states of riermany.
Imperial cities, were those which owned no other head but
the emperor. Imperial tliet, was an assembly or convention
of all the states of Ihe empire.
IMPE'RLALIST, *. a person who is subject to an em-
peror.
LMI'ERIOUS, a. [irnperiosiis, Lat.] commanding in an
fiauglitv, insolent manner ; overbearing; powerful; proud.
IMI'E'lUOUSLY,a(/. with pride of authority; in an inso-
lent manner.
I.MPERIOUSNESS, s. the exercise of authority; a
haughty, rigid, and insolent stretch of power and com-
mand.
IMPERISHABLE, a.[u7}paissable, Fr.] not to be destroy-
ed by foico, or impaired by time.
IMPE'RSONAL, c. [im/>f»<('nn^ Fr. from in, a negative
particle, and persona, o person, Lat. | used only in the third
person singular, or not having all the persons, applied lo
verbs. The Eiifjlish impersonal is borrowed from tlio
Saxon, and is expressed by it before the verb; as, // thun-
dered ; liiii/t tliuunide, Sax. Besides which, we sometimes
express this verb by one ; as, " One told me. One had better.''
LMPE'RSONALLY, <»/. in grammar, after the manner of
a verb V liieh is not used in all llie persons.
IMPERTINENCE, or IMPERTINENCY, s. [i,npe,ii.
nence, Fr.] that which has no relation to the matter in hand ;
folly, or raiiililing thought ; tronblesomeness, arising trora
nottalkin^j to the purpose, or from intrusion ; a trille.
IMPEIITINENT, a. [impertinent, Fr.] no relation to llie
matter in hand; of no weight; troublesome, by inquiring
into things « hich do not concern a person ; foolish ; trifling.
Stnon. Impertinent means meddling with and intruding
into what no way concerns us. Impudent imiilies having no
shame, or wanting modesty. 6^(i/f^ means insolent and
abusive.
IMPERTINENT, s. a person who is troublesome by
inquiring info, or meddling w itb, things that do not concern
liim.
l.MPE'RTINENTLY, ad. without relating to the mafter
in hand ; in a troublesome manner, by inquiring into things
that do not concern one.
IMPERTRANSIBI'LIT^', s. [from in, a negative particle,
and pertransco, to pass through, Lat.J imposibility to be
passed through.
IMPERVIOUS, a. [from in, a negative particle, per,
through, and rio, a way, Lat.J not to be pierced or pene-
trated : not accessible.
IMI'EUViOrsNESS, .!. [from in, a negative pnrtid*.
per, through, and tin, a way, Lat.J the state or quality of
not admitting anv passage or entrance.
r.Ml'ETKABU^, i. [from impetro, to obtain^ Lat.] possible
to be obtained.
IMPETRATION, ,«. [impitration, Fr.] the act of obtain-
ing bv praveror entreaty.
JMPE'I'UO'SITY, s. [impituosite, Fr.J excess of slrength,
force, violence, or rage.
LMPI';'riJ()US, a. [from impetus, force, Tiolencc, Lat.J
violent ; fierce ; furious ; vehement.
IMPETL'OUSLY, «'/. in a violent or furious manner.
IMPETl'OU.SNUSS, J. violence: f'irv.
I'MPE'I US, [Lat.J the force by which n body move? in
anv direction after being impelled by Hnother ; a violent
effort.
IMPIETY, s. [impicte, Fr. from in, a negative particle, and
pirtnf, piety, Lat.J a state of open oppi>silion to the laws of
(iod, attended with a want of reverence, and neglect of ibe
duties of religion ; ungodliness; irrcligion.
To lMPr(i.\"ORATE, v.. a. [from i«, in, andfijNM, a
pledge, Lat J to pawn or plcdmi.
IMP
IMH
IMPIGNORATION, s. the act of pawning or putting
to pledK*"-
To IMPI'NGF, V. n. [from in, upon, and pangn, to strike,
Lzt.J to fall or strike a);iiinst ; to clash with.
IMPINGTON, a village, 3 miles N. W. of Ca.nbriclgc,
rendered remarkable hy one of its inhabitants, Elizahetli
Woodcock, suryivinga coiitinenient of 8 days and 9 nights
under the snow, viz. from Saturday evening, Feb. 9, to
Mondav mornin;?, Feb. 18, 179U.
TolMPl'NGUATE, v. a. [from ping^is, fat, Lat.] to fat-
ten or make fat.
riVtPIOUS, a. [from in, in, a negative particle, and pius,
pious, Lat.] without devotion ; without reverence to God or
religious duties.
I'MPIOUSLY, ad. in a profane, wicked manner.
I'MPIOUSNE'SS, s. See Impiety.
IMPLACABILITY, *. the qiialilvofnot being appeased
or reconciled to a person that has oftouded us ; irrecoucile-
Hble enmity.
IMPLACABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and
placo, to pacify, Lat.] not to be paciticd or reconciled.
IMPLA'CABLY, ad. with malice or anger; not to be
pacified.
To IMPLA'NT, w. a. [from in, into, and phnto, to plant,
Lat.j to put 2 plant into the ground. Figuratively, to es-
tablish or fix, applied to the mind, &c.
IMPLANl'ATION, j. [impUmiation, Fr.J the act of set-
ting or planting ; the act of introducing and tixiug in the
mind.
IMPLAU'SIBLE, a. not likely to seduce or persuade.
IMPLEMENT, s. [from implementa, implemeuts, low
Lat.] anv tool or instrument belonging to mechanics.
IMPtETION, s. [from impleo, to (ill up, Lat.] the act of
filling, or the slate of a thing that is full.
IMPLE'X,n. [from in, in, and plico, to fold, Lat.] com-
pltf at«d ; consisting of vorietv or cliange ; intricate.
To rJVIPLICATE, V. a. [from in, in, and vlico, to fold,
Lat ] to infold or involve. Figuratively, to embarrass or en-
taiigle bv variety.
IMPLICA'T10N,s. [from in, in, and plico, to fold, Lat.]
the state of a thing whose parts are kept together by bcin"
folded over each other, or entangled ; an inference included
in an argument, but not expressed.
IMPLl'CIT, a. I iniplicite, Fr. from in, in, and plico, to fold,
Lat.] entangled or complicated with ; tacitly comprised or
understood, and to be gathered only by inference ; resting
on another, or taken up on the authority of another, with-
out any. examination.
IMPLI'CITLY, ad. by inference, because included, but
not expressed ; without examination ; or barely on the au-
thority of another.
To IMPLO'RE, r. a. [from in,unto,and phj-n,\o weep, Lat.]
to entreat will, prayers; to ask or beg with earnestness and
submission.
IMPLORER, s. one that requests or entreats with ear-
nestness.
IMPLU'MED, a. [from in, a negative particle, and phmta,
a feather, Lat.] without- feathers.
IMPLU'VIOUS, a. 'from in, in, and pliwia, a shower,
Lat.J wet with rain.
To IMPLY', V. a. [from in, in, and pliro, to fold, Lat.] to
conclude as a consequence, but not in express terms.
To IMPOrSON, (impoizon) v. a. [more properly empoison,
from empoisonner, Fr.] to kill with poison. Figuratively, to
corrupter seduce.
, IMPOLITIC, or IMPOLITICAL, a. not using forecast ;
indiscreet.
IMPOLITICALLY, or IMPO'LITICLY, ad. without
art or discretion ; witliout guarding against the bad conse-
quence of "jn action ; imprudently.
IMPO^DEUOUS,n. void of perceptible weight.
IMPOROSITY,/. the quality of being without pores or
tntcr^ticei) between the parts.
IMPO'ROUS, a, free from pores or interstices between
Its parts.
To IMPO'RT, v.a. [from in, in, and porta, to carry, Lat.J
to bring goods into one country from aiiolhcr, applied to
commerce. Impersonally, from importer, Fr. to imply,
mean, or signify ; to produce as a consequence.
I'MPOR'r, f. moment, weight, or consequence; tendency.
Anv thing brought from abroad.
llMl'O'llTABLE, J. that may by law be brought from
abroad.
IMPORTANCE, t. [Fr.]lhe meaning or signification of
a word ; consequence, value, or moment ; a matter, subject,
oratl'air.
IMPORTANT, a. [im;)o)<«««, Fr.] of great weight, n»o-
meut, or consequence.
I.MPORTATION, s. the act or practice of importing or
bringing goods into one kingdom from another ; opposed
to exportation.
IMPO'RTER, s. one that brings in from abroad.
IMPO'RTLES.S, a. of n<i luonient or consequence.
IMPO'RTUNATE, a. [iniimrtanin, Lat.j requesting wllli
great earnestness and ficquency. Figuratively, not to be
repulsed or denied.
IMPORTUNATELY, ud. with incessant and earnest
reipiest.
IMPO'RTIJNATENESS, s. incessant and earnest re-
quest, or solicitation.
To IMPORTUNE, v. a. \iwporlHner, Fr. from importiintu,
importunate, Lat.] to request willi earnrsliiess and frequen-
cy ; to teaze or wear out with incessant and earnest re-
quest.
IMPORTU'NELY, ad. with earnestness and frequency ;
troublesomely ; unseasonably, or inipioperl> .
IMPORTUNITY, s. [importianle, Fr. from impo)-lmmt,
importunate, Lat.] earnest and incessant entreaty.
To IMPOSE, (the s in this word and its derivatives is
pronounced like z — impvzc) r. a. [imposer, Fr.J to lav on as
a burden ; to exact as a puuishuient ; to enjoin as a law or
duty ; to cheat or deceive. In llie universities, to give a
task as a punishment lor some aiisdcuieauor. Among prin-
ters, to put the pages on the stone, and fit on the chase, in
order to carry the form to press.
IMPO'SEABLE, a. to be enjoined as a law or rule.
IMPO'SER, s. one who couimauds ; one who lays any
heavy fine or duty on another ; one «ho cheats or tricks.
IMPOSITION, s. [from in, upon, and pcno, to luit, Lat.l
the act of laying or puttin^rany thing on aiioiii,'-. The act of
giving or allixing. The coumiauding thing any as a law or duty.
Constraint or oppression. A cheat, trick, or inipostiue.
Imposition vf /lands, is i religious ceremony, in which a bishop
lujs his hands upon Ihe liead of a person in ordination, cnn-
firniation, or in uttering a blessing. This also was a Jew ish
ceremony, introduced not by any divine authority, but by
custom; it being the practice of those peoi)le, vheuever
they prayed for any person, to lay their hands on his head.
Our Saviour observed the same ceremony both when he
conferred his blessin.g on the children, and when lie curetl
the sick. The apostles aUolaid hands in those upon whom
tliev conferred the Ilolv Ghost.
IMPOSSIBLE, «. [imposiribtc', Fr.] not to be done, at-
tained, or practised.
IMPOSSIBILITY, s. UmpossihiUti, Fr.] the state of being
impracticable, or beyomi any one's power to do ; that which
cannot be done.
I'MPOST, (the pron. long) s. [impost, Fr.] a toll ; custom
paid for goods or merchandise. Used in the plural, in ar-
chitecture, for that part of a pillar, in vaults and arches, on
which the weight or stress of the whole building bearetli.
To IMPO'STHUMATE, v. «. ti. torm an abscess ; to Ra-
ther, or form a cyst or bag, applied to matter. Actively,
to afflict with an imposthunie.
IMPOSTHUMATION, s. the act of forming an abscess
gathering, or cyst ; the state in which an iuiposiliume !j
Jforaied.
4S3
IMP
IMP
IMPO'STHUME,*. a collection of matter in any part of
the body.
IMFO'STOR, s. \imposteur, Fr.l one who deceives or
clieats by assuming a false character.
I-MFO'STURE, J. [impostiirn, from impono, to impose,
Lat.ja cheat, committed by giriiig persons or thingsa false
character or appearance.
I'MPOTENCE, or I'iMPOTENCY, s. [from in, a nega-
tive particle, and potens, powerful, Lat.] want of power
»!ither of body or mind. Rage, including the idea of not
being able to restrain it. Incapacity to propagate.
lAlPOTENT, a. [from in, a negative particle, and p.-ilnis,
powerful, Lat.] not able, not having strength to perform a
.thing, applied to the mind, and the body ; weak; disabled
by nature or disease ; without a power to restrain ; without
virility.
I'MPOTENTLY, ad. in such a njanneras shews want of
power.
To IMPOTERISH, »'. a. [appanvrir, Fr.J to make poor.
To render unfruitful, applied to land.
DIPOV'ERISHMENT, s. want of riches ; mean and low
circumstances.
To IMPOUND, r. a. to shut up in a pound or pinfold ;
to contine or inclose in a pound.
To IMPO'WER, r. a. See EMPOWER.
IMPIIA'CTICABLE, a. [impracticable, Fr.] not to be done
or practised ; not to be governed or managed.
IMPRA'CTICABLENESS, j. irapossibihty of perform.
Ljg or practising.
To I'MPRECATE, v. a. [from in, upon, and preeor, to pray
eilher in a good or bad sense, Lat.] to pray for evil to be-
f:<ll one's self, or others ; to curse.
IMPRECA'TION, «. [from in, upon, and preeor, to pray,
either in a good or bad sense, Lat.] a curse.
I'MPRKCATORY, «. | from in, upon, and pteeor, to pray,
eitlier in a good or bad sense, Lat.] containing wishes of
€vil ; or curses.
To IMPPtE'GN, (the^ is mute)r. o. [from pt-egnans, preg-
nant, Lat.] to make fruitful, applied to women. To fill
with, or make fertile with any quality, applied to things.
IMPREGNABLE, a. [i/npcewaWe, Fr.] not to be stormed
or taken, applied to forts. Not to be shaken, moved, or
overcome, applied to Ihe mind.
JMPRE'GNABLY, ad. in such a manner as to defy force
oriioslilitv.
To IMPRE'GNATE, r. a. [from pre^imns, pregnant, Lat.]
to fill with young, or make fruitful, applied to animals. To
saturate, or fill, applied to fluids.
IMPREGNATION, i. the act of making fruitful, applied
to animals. The act of filling with any quality ; saturation,
applied to liquors.
IMPREJUDICATE, r,. [from in, a negative particle,
prrF, before, and jWieo,. to judge, Lat.] unprejudiced; not
prepossessed ; impartial.
To IMI'RE'SS, V. a. \impresmm, from in, upon, and iwi'mo,
to press, Lat.] to print or mark by i)res>sure. To f<>rce a
person to enter cither as a sailor or soldier. Figuratively,
to fix deep, applied to the mind.
niPKE'SS, J. a print or mark made by pressure; an ef-
fect; a mark of distinction, character, or stamp; the act
of forcin;^ into any service — now commonly ;)»>■«.
IMPIIE'SSIHLE, rt. [imprcssum, from in. upon, and prima,
to press, Lat.] that may be pressed ; liable to be forced into
the service or pressed.
IMPRESSION, t. \imprcssio, from in, upon, and prima,
to press, Lat. J a motion whichproduces some perception,
applied to the org-ans of sense,' or the mind. The act of
pressing one body upon another; a stamp or mark made by
pressure ; operation or intlueiice.
IMPRI'M IS, „d. I Lat. I first of all, or in the first place.
To IMPUINT, t'. a. 'imprimer, Lat.] to mark any sul)-
«tance by pressure; to stamp words on paper by means of
typos ill printing; to fix in the mind or memory.
To IMPIU SON, Ohe / in this and the next word i« pron.
4H4
like z) V, a. [emprismmer, Fr.l to confine in prison ; to coiv.
fine, restrain, or deprive of freedom.
IMPRISONMENT, *. [emprisomiement, Fr.] the act of
confining a person in prison ; the state of a person or thing
under confinement.
IMPROBABILITY, s. want of likelihood ; impossibility
of being proved.
IMPRO'BABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and
prvbn, to prove or allow, Lat.] unlikely.
IMPROBABLY, ad, in such a manner as cannot be
provrd.
IM PROBATION, s. [Fr. from in, a negative partich-,
and prohu, to prove or allow, Lat.] act of disallowing.
IMPRO'RITY, s. [from in, a negative particle, and probi-
ias, honesty, Lat.] want of honesty.
To IMPROLl'l'lCVTE, v. a. to impreguutc ; to fecun-
date.
IMPRO'PER, a. [from in, a negative particle, and pro-
j>)-iiis, proper, Lat. J not fit or qualified ; not suited to the us«
it is designed for ; not just ; not accurate.
IMPllO'PEULY, ad. not fitly; unseasonabiy ; in an in-
accurate ninnner; iiicousisteiitly.
To lMPlU)'PlllATE,v. rt. [from proprins, one's own, Lat.]
toconveitany thnig public to private use; to arrogate, or
assume, as belonging to one's self. In cauon law, to transtier
the possession of a church into the hands of a layman.
IMPROPRIATION,*, [from prom-ius, one's own, Lat.] a
parsonage, or ecclesiastical living, the profits of which are
in the hands of a layman; in which case it stands distiij-
guished from ajiprapriation, which is where the profits of n
benefice are in the hands of a bishop, college, &c. though
these terms are now often used promiscuously.
IMPROPRIATOR, s. a layman who has 'the posses-iion
of the lands of the church.
IMPROPiaETY,i. [im;^>-opri>(«, Fr.] any thing which
is unfit for the end it is assigned, and unsuitable to the pet
son to whom it is applied ; an application of a word in a
sense inconsistent with the rules of grammar.
IMPRO'\'.\BLE, a. capable of being made better, or of
advanciug^from a good to a better state.
IMPRO'VABLENESS, t. capableness of being made
better.
IMPROTABLY, ad. in a manner tliat admits of beinf(
made better.
To IMPRO'VE, (the o in this word and its derivatives is
sounded like on ; as improoir, imprnnrrment, imj>rmner. Sec.)
V. a. to advance or raise a thing from a bad state to one of
greater perfiction ; to advance in goodness or learning.
IMPRO'YEMENT, i. the advancement or progress of
any thing from a good to a better state ; advancement in
learning.
IMPRO'^'ER, i. one who advances in learning and good-
ness, or makes either himself of any thing else better ; that
which makes anything better.
IMPROVIDENCE, i. want of caution or forethought.
IMPROTIDENT, n. rfroui in, a negative particle, and
pravidca, to foresee, Lat.] without any foresight or caution,
with respect to any future circumstance; without any r*"
gard to preparation foranv future calamity.
IMPRO'VIDENTLY, n'd. without care or caution.
IMPROVrSION, i. want of forethought or preparation
to prevent orsnpport any future calamity.
IMPRU'DENCE, s. [from in, a negative particle, and
prudcntia, prudence, Lat.) (he want of judgment, caution,
or a proper regard for our interest, ami the consequences of
our actions.
IMPRUDENT, <7.[Fr.] injudicious; indiscreet.
IMPUDENCE, or ITNlPUDF^NCY, s. [Fr. from in, a
negative i)article, and pndrt, it shames, Lat.] want of mo^
desty ; the quality of doing amiss, without any regard to
the opinion of others, or any sense of the nature of the
crime.
IMPUDENT, a. [Fr. from in, a negative particle, anil
p:irlet, it shuuies, Lat. I not atl'octcd with shame for haviu^
IN A
I N A
<]onc amiss ; persisting in a fault with boasting ; wanting;
inoijcstv.
riflPUDENTLY, ad. in a shameless manner; without
niodcsly.
To IMPU'GN, (tlie .?• in this word and ils derivatives is
mute) t'. a. [from in, ajj-.iinst, and ;"'!;-«», to fight, Lat.] to
attack ; to oppose or contradict an assertion.
IMPtl'G NKR, s. one who atlacKs or opposes an opinion.
IMPUrSSANCK, s. [Kr.] feeblen.ss, or want of strength.
I'MPULSE, s. [from imjullo, to impel, Lat. J llie shock or
force given and communicated l)y one body acting u)>on
anotlier; an influence, idea, or motive acting upon the
mind; an attack of an enemy.
IMPULSION,*. [Fr. from imi>f!/n, to impel, Lat.| the
action of a body in motion on another body. Influence,
applied to the uiiiid.
IMPU'LSIVE, ti. \impnh\f, Fr.] having the power of mov-
ing and acting upon.
IMPUNITY, s. \impmiiti, Fr. from in, a negative particle,
and punio, to punish, Lat.] freedom or exemption from pun-
isinnent.
IJNIPU'RE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and pimis,
pure, Lat.] not having tiiat sanctity, virtue, or modesty,
required by the laws of religion, or by tliedictates of nature.
Foul, muddy, ordrossy, applied to liipiors.
IMPU'RELY, ad. witii immodesty or unchastity. With
foulness, applied to liquors.
IMPU'RENESS, or IMPURITY, s. [from in, a negative
l>article, and pums, pure, Lat.] want of that regard to
decency, chasteness, virtue, or holiness, which our duty
requires; an act of unchastity. Foulness, applied to
liqiK>rs.
'lb IMPU'RPLE, V. a. [empomprer, Fr.j to make of a
purple colour.
IMPUTABLE, a. that may belaid to a person's char,<^e ;
accusable ; liable to be accused with a fault.
IMPUTABLFNESS, s. the quality of being imputed.
IMPUTATION, s. [immitdtiim, Fr.] the act of charging
H'ith ill; censure, reproach, or accusation.
IMPUTATIVE, n. that may impute.
To IMPU'TE, v.a. [from)", upon, andywi/o, .to think, or
consider, Lat. J to charge witli; to accuse, or attribute; to
reckon, as belonging toor done by a person, though performed
by another.
IMPUTER, s. ht that charges a person with having done
a thing; he who attributes the merits or actions of a person
to another.
IMPUTRIBLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and
pulreo, to rot, Lat.] not able to putrefy ; incorruptible.
I'S, prep, [in, Lat.] applied to place, signifies where a
thing is; applied to time, the period then existent, or the
state then present. Sometimes it denotes power. " Is not
in man." Huhh. Tale. By, or for the sake of, used in solemn
entreaties. "/« the names of all the gods." S/m/i. For, ap-
plied to cause. " To fight iu thy defence." Shak. In that,
because. Inas much implies, seeing tiiat, or because.
IN, ad. within some place, opposite to withimt. Placed
in some particular state. After come or s;n, it denotes en-
trance. Close, or home, applied to fencing. In, in com-
position, has a negative or a privative sense, from the Latin
wi. Thus arrtWe denotes that which may be tilled : inaritble,
that which cannot be tilled ; befon? a word beginning with r,
it is changed intor, as irregular ; before/ into /, as illegal;
and into m before m, and other consonants, as immutable,
improbable, &c.
INABl'LITY, s. want of power sufficient for the per-
formance of any particular action or design.
INACCESSIBLE, a. \ inaccessible, Fr.J not to be reached ;
not to be come near or approached.
INACCURACY, s. want of exactness.
INA'CCURATE, a. wanting accuracy or exactness.
INA'CTION, «. \iiiaciiun, Fr.] cessation from, or forbear-
anct o option or labour.
iNACTIVE,«. idle la«y sluggish.
INA'CTIVELY, ad. in a lazy, sluggish manner.
INACTI'VITY, s. a state wherein a person ';eases from
labour or action ; idleness; rest.
INA'DF/QUA'I'E, a. [from in, a negEfive particle, ad, to,
and aipws, equal, Lat.] not c(pial to the purpo-^e ; dei'eclive.
Inailctjnate ideas are such as are but a partial' incomi)lete,
or imperfect representation of those archetypes to which
they are reterreil.
INA'DEtiUATELY, ad. defectively; imperfectly; in-
completely.
INADVERTENCE, or INADVI'/RTKNCY, s. [inmlver-
tance, Fr.] want of eare, attention, or deliberation ; an act,
or the etiect of, negligence or inattiMition.
INAUVE'R'l'ENT, a. without care or attention; neg-
ligent.
INADVERTENTLY, ad. in a careless or negligent man-
ner ; without attention or deliberation.
IN.VLIENABLE, a.thatcaunot be transferred or made
over to anotlier.
INALIME'NTAL, n. affording no nourishment.
INAMI'SSIBLE, a. [inamissib/e, t'r.] not to be lost.
INAMERAT'O, *. a rapturous lover.
IN.A'NE, a.[iniiuis, Lat.] void of matter. Used substan-
tivi-lv for space or extent.
INANIMATE, or IN.\'NIMATED, -r. [from i«, a nega-
tive particle, and a«imn, life, Lat.] void of life; not actuated
by a soul.
INANITION, s. [innnitinn, Fr.] emptiness; applied
to the vessels of an animal, when wanting their usual
fulness.
INA'NITY, s. [from inanis, empty, Lat.] emptiness ; space
void of matter.
INATPETENCY, J. [from /h, a negative particle, and
<r;j/)<^».(i«, appetite, Lat. J in medicine, want of stomach or
appetite.
INATPLICABLE, a. not proper for a particular use*
not having anv relation to a subject or discourse.
INAPPLICATION, s. [Fr.] want of industry in business
or study ; want of attention.
INA'RABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and aro.
to plough, Lat.] not tit to be tilled or ploughed.
To INA'RCH, V. a. in gardening, to graft by approach,
or to ingraft one tree with aiiotlierthatstands nearit.
INARTI'CULATE, a. [umrtieuli, Fr.l not uttered wiih
such distinctness that the different syllaules may be per-
ceived, as in human speech.
INARTICULATELY, ad. in a confused manner; so
as the distinct syllables cannot be perceived in the ut.
terance.
INARTl'CULATENES.S, :?. confusion of sounds; want
of distinctness in pronouncing.
INARTUT'CL4L, {inariif'is/nal) a. contrary to, or incon-
sistent with, the rules of art.
INARTIFI'CIALLY, {inartifishialhj) ad. v/ithoui art; m
a manner contrary to the rules of art.
INATTE'NTION, s. [imuiention, Fr.] want of attention ;
negligence.
INATTE'NTIVE, a. without regarding or considering a
thing heard; neglecting or disregarding any thing that is
spoken to us, or in our sight.
INAU'DIBLE, a jjpt to be heard ; wilhoutsound.
To INA'UfiURATH,!'. a. [fiom in, in, and m'fi")-,a Romrm
soothsayer, Lat. because sootiisa^ers were consulted <)n
such occasions] to invest in a solemn manner with any high
honour, particularly that of an emperor or king; to begin
with good omens ; to commence or begin.
INAUGURATION, s. [from ;«, in, and a.^,r, a Roman
soothsayer, Lat. because soothsayers were consulted on
such occasions.] the act of investing a person with the title
or honour of a king or emperor.
INAURATION, s. [from in, upon, and aurnm, gold, Lat. J
theact of gilding or covering with gold. '
•INAUSPICIOUS, (tnawjipw/Houi) a. ill-ooieiied ; uirlucky;
unfortunate.
4t*c
INC
INC
INP.f.ING, i. existing wilhiii a lliin;;: itihcronce.
INBOllN, a. l)orii witliiii ; innateil ; <iiiplanted by
n,tIiiro.
IM'.RE'ATHED, 'hihrrtil.cd) a. brealliod within. Fi-u-
ralivflv, iiispirtd, «ir riitii.sefi liy iiisiiiralinn.
1 N15I{liD, n. |> oilufti!, Iiattlifti, or jirmrated witlim.
INCA, or VNCA. a name given by llie natives of Peru
to tlieir kin^s, and tlie princes of 1 lie lilocid.
'I'o INCA'GE, f. rt. lo confine in a ea;;e; to coop up or
confine within anv narrow space.
liVCALE'SCENCi:, or INCALESCEXCY, s. [from
XHcalisro, to grow hot, Lat.J warmth, increasing heat.
INCANT.^TION, j. ffroiu iucauto, tocharni, Lat.] charms
or enchantment.
INCA'XTATORY, a. [from incanto, to charm, Lat.] deal-
iiiif in, or performing by, enchantment or magic.
rdNCATSTON, v. a. to unite to a canlou, or separate
commnnitV'
INCAPABILITY, or INCA'PABLENESS, s. natural in-
ability, or feebleness; a legal disqualitication.
INCA'PABLE, a. [iiicapaOle, Fr.] Mauling power to ap-
prehend, learn, or understand, applied to the mind. Not
able to receive or perform ; rendered nidit; diffinalitied by
law ; not subject or liable to. " Incajuilte of falsehood."
INCAPACIOUS, a. narrow ; of small extent.
To INCAPA'CFFATE, v.a. to render unable, or unfit to
perform anv thing.
INCAPACITY, s. [incrrpacite, Fr.] want of power of
mind or body; wanting any necessary ciualitication, or the
power of apprehending, learning, or unilei standing.
To INCA'RCEIIATE, v. a. | fiom in, in, and career, a pri-
son, Lat.] to imprison ; to confine a person in durance.
INCARCERATION, s. [from in, in, and career, a prison,
Lat.] the act of confining in prison ; tlie state of iniprisou-
ment.
To INCARN, V. a. [from in, in, and earo, flesh, Lat.J in
surgery, to cover with flesh ; to cause flesh to grow. Neu-
teriv to breed flesh-
To INCA'RNADINE, v. a. [hicamadim, pale red, Ital.J
to dye of a pale red orllcsh colour. Seldom used.
To INC.\'RNATE, ». «. [from in, in, and caro, flesh, Lat.]
to clot he or embody with flesh.
INCA'RNATE, a. I^from in, in, and caro, flesh, Lat.]
clothed with, or embodied in, flesh.
INCARNATION, s. (Fr.) [f'rom in, in, and caro, flesh,
Lat.] the act of assuming a body, applii'd in divinity to that
act of Christ whereby he became man. In surgery, the state
of breeding liesh, aiiplied to wounds.
INCA'RNATIVK, s. [mcia-naiif, Fr.] in medicine, that
which produces or generates flesh.
To INCA'SE, I', a. to cover, inclose, or wrap as in a
case.
INCAUTIOUS, (inJiHi'isliioiis) a. careless, or Iieedless.
INCAUTIOUSLY, (itihaisUiuusly) ad. without suspecting
deceit; unwarily; heedlessly.
INCE'NDIARY, s. [from" incendo, to set on fire, Lat.
t«<rjirfi«We, Fr.J one who maiiciouslv and wilfully sels towns
and houses cm tire. Figuratively, one who irjflames factions ;
one who causes commotions in a state, or promotes quarrels
biflween private persons.
I'NCENSE, .t. [f om incendo, to set on tire, Lat.] a lu^rfume
offered up in sacrilice.
To I'NCENSE, V. a. to perfume with incense.
To INCE'NSE, ti. a. to kindle or provoke the anger of a
person.
INCE'NSEAIENT, *. rage or anger occasioned by some
offence.
INCK'NSION, (i;ir«nj/iori) *. [from I'nicnJft, to set on fire,
Lat. I tin- act of kindling; or the state of being on fire.
INtJE'NSOR, .?. [Lat.] one who ULudlcs anger, or inflames
(he passic .•
I'NriuN ,ORY, /. the vessel in which incense or perfumes
tre tiiirf.i.
INCENTIVE, *. \ixccniivmn, an encouragement, Lat.'
itid
that which kindles, inflames, or provokes anger ; a motive,
eiTouragrmcnt, or spur to action.
INCENTIVE, n. actin*as a spur, motive, or encourage-
ment.
INCEPTION, s. [from incipio, to begin, Lat.] beginning.
" The iiieeji/Kin of putrefaction." Dueim.
INC'VP'I'IVE, a. [from incipio, to begin, Lat.J that implies
beginning.
INCE'PTOR, s. [Lat.] a beginner; one who learns hia
rudiment^.
INCI'.'K'iTFUDE, i. [Fr. from in, a negative particle, and
certiis, certain, Lat.] want of certainty.
INCE'SSANT, o. [from in, a negative particle, and ce$i9,
to cease, Lat.j continually ; without intermission.
INCE'SSAN'TLY, ad. without ceasing ; continually ;
without intermission.
INCEST, s [inccslc, Fr. from V71, a negative particle, and
castiis, chaste, Lat.] the crime of criminal aiul unnatural com-
merce with a person within the degree forbidden by the
law. This formerly extended to the seventh, but seems now
confined to the third.
INCESTUOUS, a. [incestnenx, Fr.] guilty of incest, or
the knowledge of a person within the degrees forbidden by
the law. -.
INCE'STUOUSLY, ad. in an incestuous manner ; with
an unnatural love.
INCH, «. \ince. Sax.] a measure supposed equal to three
barley-corns laid end to end ; the twelfth part of a foot; a
proverbial expression for a small quantity ; a critical or nice
point of time. " We watched you at an inch." Shah.
To INCH, V. a. to drive out, or force in, by inches. Figu-
rativelv, to give niggardly.
I'NCHCOLM.asmairisland in the Frith of Forth, near
the coast of Fife, but within the county of Edinlmrgli. Here
are the fine ruins of a once celebrated monastery, founded,
in 1123, by .Alexander I. in gratitude for his escape, when
driven on the island in a violent tempest, w here he was hos-
Eitably treated, for three days, by a hermit, who entertained
im with the milk of his cow, and a few shell-fish. It was
ofthe order ofSt. .Augustine, and dedicated to St. Cohimba.
At present, some fo\-. is that haunt l4ie antient tower, and the
rabbits that lodge in the mouldering soil, have full possession
of this neglected spot.
INCH KEITH, a desolate little island, of Edinburghshire,
in the Frith of Forth, lying midway between the two ports of
Leith and Kinghorn. Here is a ruinous fort. Theshoresof
both this island and Iiichcoliii are bold and rugged, exhibit-
ing several deep caverns, shelving clifls, and towering rocks.
It IS about a mile long; and on the W. side are vast strata
of coral and shells. Here was formerly a chapel, dedicated
to St. Marnock, the ruins of which are still to be seen here.
It has 1-20 acres of arable land, 40 of brush-wood, and near
300 of moor.
rNCHME.AL, s. a piece an inch Inng.
To INCHO.VTE, V. a. [inclioo, Lat.] to begin; to conv
nience.
INCHOATION, {inJiotUhon) s. [from ituhoo, to begin, Lat.]
a beginning.
INCHO ATIVK, (inlwaiirc) a. [from inchoo, to begin, Lat.]
noting begiiniing.
To INt'l'DE, i>. a. lincido, from e.-ido, to cut, Lat.l fo cut,
applie<l in nicdicine, to acids or salts.
INCIHENCE, or FNCIDENCY, j. [incidence, Fr. from
iiieidd, Lat. I the direction with which one body strikes, or
falls upon another.
INCIDENT, n. [from I'linV/o, to happen, Lat.] happening
without expectation or being foreseen; falling in besides
the main desi-iii ; happening or liable lo befall.
rNCIDlONT, s. [from inrido, to happen, Lat.] something
that happens besides the main design ; a casualty, or unex-
pected and Hidoreseen event. Synon. Incident, is most
applicable to casualties iu pri>ate life ; ncnt, to goYeraincut
and stittes.
INC
INC
INCinr/NTAL, a. li;ippoiiillg willioiil lii'ii'j', fdicsrcil
expiclinl, or iiit('ii(i((l ; casiial.
IN(;ll)l';'N'l"ALL\ , "('. occasioiiiilly ; licsido -In- iii:iiii
di'sij^i ; l>v till' w:iv ; liy llii' l)yi'.
'V'< INCI'NERATr., V.a. [from ciuis, a cinder, I.;il.j lo
burn lo iislics.
IN('IN!:ilA'TION,*. [Fr. from cims, a cindir, Lai.] tlip
act ol'liuniiiis anv tiling to ashes.
INC(l!C,UMSPECTU)N,t. «aiit of caution.
INCISI'D, a. [from imntlo, lo cut, Lat.J cut, or made Iiy
oiittiii^'; as, "an iuci.u il w(iu\iil."
INCI'SION, «. [from ihciV/o, to cut, Lat.] a cut, or wound
made by a sharp iiistrumcnf, ijcncrally applied to those
made by asurKeon. The division of the particles of viscous
matter by medicines.
IN(!r.SIVI'', n. [iKr/ii/, Fr.J having the (piality of culling
or separating.
INd'SOli, *. [Lat.] a cutter. In anatomy, applied to one
of till' ti'etliin the forepart of tiie luontli.
IN(.'l'S01lV, a. \iiicisu)-i(; Fr.] Iiaving the power of cutting
or diiiding.
INCISURE, X. [from iuciilo, tocut, Lat.| in surgery, a
cut, aperture, or wound made witli a sharp iustrunient.
1N(J1 TA'TION, s. [inviti), frou) cicn, lo move, Lat.] an in-
centive ; ail impulse ; a motive which spuiT? a person to
action.
To INCITE, V. a. \inoito, from cico, to move, Lat.J to stir
up ; to pusli forward in a design ; to urge on ; to animate
or encourage.
INCITEMENT, i. a motive which urges a person to
action.
INCI'VIL, a. [inm-i7, Fr.] wanting the elegance of breed-
ing; not behaving with kindness. See Uncivil.
INCIVI'LITY, *. {inciviliti, Fr.] want of complaisance;
rudeness.
INCLE'MENCY, s. [iiicUmnnce, Fr. from in, a negative
particle, an<l dementia, mercy, Lat.] «ant of mercy, cruelty,
or harshness of treatment.
INCLK'MENT, «. [from in, a negative particle, and
tUmens, merciful, Lat.] not exercising mercy or clemency ;
cruel ; void of tenderness. Figuratively, severe or prodi-
giouslv cold, applied to seasons or climates.
INCLrNABLR, «. [from i;i<7ino, to incline, Lat.] having a
propensity ; willing ; having a tendency, or liable.
INCLINATION, s. [from incUno, to incline, Lat.] ten-
dency towards any j>oint, or the mutual tendency which
two or more bodies have to one another ; natural aptness or
fitness; disposition or propensity of the mind to any par-
ticular action. In navigation, the tendency or directiorj of
the needle or compass to the E. or W. In pharmacy, the
act of stooping a vessel in order to pour a liquor out free
from tlic dregs, called likewise decantation. In astronomy,
tlie inr/lnalion of a planet, is the angle that the plane of its
orbit makes with the plane of the ecliptic.
INCLI'NATORY, a. having the quality of tending to a
particular point.
INCLITNATORILY, ad. obliquely ; with a greater ten-
dency to one side than another; with some deviation from
N. oi- S.
To INCLINE, V. n. \i7ielmn, hat.] to lean; to bend ; to
tend towards any part. Figuratively, to be favouiably dis-
posed to. Actively, (o give a tendency or direction to any
place or state; to turn towards any thing, as desirous or at-
tentive ; to bend, to incun'ate.
To INCLI'P, ». a. to grasp ; to inclose ; to surround.
" Whate'er the ocean pales, or sky incHps." S/tak.
To INCLOrSTliR, t'. a. to shut up or confine in a clois-
ter or monasterv.
To INCLOSE, r. o. See Enclose.
To INCLOTJD, ». a. to darken with clouds ; to make
dark ; to obscure.
To INCLU'DE, V. a. [from 'in, in, and rhutln, to shut,
I.iat.] to inclose, or shijt in. Fiijuratircly, to imply ; to coin-
prehcud, or cutilaiiu
ISCLU'SIVI'", a. \inilii\i/', Fr. from i>i, in, and r/./wA/, lo
sluil, Lnt.| inclosed; contained; comprehended in ui.y
sum or nnndi:'r.
INCLl'sn I'.LV, ail. comprehendnig or reckoning ihe
thnig nientioM''il.
IN('<)l':MSri',NCI'", .f. [fiom ill, a n>;.'ative iiarliele^
ciiti, will), and cxisto, to exist, Lat.J I he (piality of not exist-
ing toi;i'llier.
IVCO(i, (/'/. [contracted from inrmrniti'i an Italian word,
derived from I lie Latin imiis:)iit>is, unknown] in a prirale
manner ; in such a manner as shews that a person would not
be known.
INCO (ilT.SNCY, s. [inrn/riniiitia, low Lat. from 1", a ne-
gative parliele, and caiiilu, to thuiU, Lat.] want ot ilioughf,
orwant of thiidiing on the nature and conse(pnnee of our
actions.
INCOXilTATIVE, n. wanting the power of thinking.
INtHX.MTO, "'/. See In roc.
IiXCOllKKKNCE, or INCOIIL'RENCY, ». want of be-
ing connected logelher, or of dependence on each other;
iucoiisistence ; want ol cohesion
INCOl I F.'KF.NT, «. not following as a consequence; in-
consistent ; wilhout eol'.esion.
I.XCOIIE'IIEN'FLY, ail. inconsisteuflv ; inconsefpien-
tiallv.
INCOMBUSTmi'LITY. v. the ,,ii-,d:iy of not being cod-
suuied by lirt. A burnt btnly bec-ome^ incombustible when
it has received so much oxvgen that it can admit no ni(;re.
INCOMBUSTIBLE, n. [Fr.jnot to be consumed by fire.
Modern chymists reckon thirteen incombustibles, viz. nitio-
gen, tlie three alkalies, and thenine earths.
INCOMBU'STIBLENESS, >. the quality ot not beJui;
wasted or consumed by fire.
I'NCOME, s. that which an estate or post produces
yearly ; the produce of anv thing.
INCOMMENSURABILITY,*, the state of one thine
compared to another, when they cannot- both be measured
by any common measure, however small.
INCOiAIMENSURABLE, a. [from in, a negative parti-
cle, 0071, with, and mcnsnra, a measure, Lat.] not to be re-
duced lo, or measured bv, any common measure.
INCOMMETS;SURATE,a."[from in, a negative particle,
con, with, and mensitra, a measure, Lat.J not admitting a
comman measure ; bearing no proportion lo each other.
ToINCOMMODATE, or INCOMMODE, v. «. [from
in, a negative particle, and comnwdus„ convenient, Lat.J to
make inconvenient; to be inconvenient |to ; vexatious or
troublesome.
JNCOMMO'DIOUS, a. [from in, a negative particle, and
rommodiis, convenient, Lat.J inconvenient; vexatious or
troublesome.
INCOMMODIOUSLY, ad. inconveniently; not suited
to use or necessity ; not at ease.
INCOMMO'DlOUSNESS, s. inconvenience.
INCO.MMO'DITY, s. [incommodit'e, Fr. from in, a netralive
particle, and conunorfiu, convenient, Lat.J an inconvenience;
trouble.
INCOMMDNICABILITY, s. the quality of not beinj
imparted to another.
INCOMMUTSIICABLE, a. [Fr.J not to be imparted, or
made the common right and property of another-; not to l>e
expressed or explained bv words.
INCOMMU'NICABLY, ad. in a manner not to be iin-
parted, or to become the common quality or right ot an-
other ; in such a manner as cannot be expressed or ex-
plained.
INCOMMU'NICATING, pai-t. havinjf no commerce or
intercourse with another.
INCOMMU NICATIVE, a. reserved-
INCOMPACT, or INCOMPA'CTED, a. porous ; loose,
or not having its parts closely and strongly joined to-
gether.
INCOMPARABLE, a. [intemparabU, Fr.] u) cxcelle«t
437
INC
INC
as act to have any thing like it ; excelU'iit beyond all com-
l^cli'ion.
LVCO'MPARAl'LY, nrf.heyoiKl cominirisonor competi-
tion : excelleiitlv.
INCOMPA'SSIONATE, (inciimpashrKOte)(<. void of pity
or tcmierness; not touciiecl or aticcted vilh the miseries of
anoliier.
INCOMPATIBILITY, a. [from i«, a negative particle,
jind competo, to agree. Lat. | the (|uahty wliich renders a
thing not possible to exist, or to be reconciled, with an-
other; inconsistency willi another.
IN'COMP.ATIBLE, a. [i,,mmi,atiblc, l-'r.] impossible to
subsist with sonietiiing eUe ; iuconsibtent \wth sometiiing
else; irreconcileabie.
iNCOMPATlBLY, ad. iiuonsiste ntlv.
INCO'MPETENCi', s. \in,;,mjuti;ic(, Fr. I inability. In
law, a want pf a i)roper iiualiticalion.
INCO'MPETliNl", a. not siitticient, or not pioportionale
to an undertaking. In civil law, not having a right or
qualification for tiie perfiinnancc of a thing.
IN'CO'MPETENTLY, «</. unsuitably ; in such a manner
as not to be proportionate to.
IXCOMPLE'TE, «. not perfect or finished.
INCOMPEETENKSS, i. imperfection; the state of a
thin.t^ which is not finished.
INCOMPLI'ANCE, s. obstinacy or untracfableness of
temper: want or refusal of compliance.
INCOMPO'SED, {iii/wiiqidsed) a. disturbed or disor-
dered.
INCOMPOSSIBI'LITY, s. the quality of n«t being join-
ed or existing together with something else; inconsistency
with sorjietliuig.
LVCO.MPOSSIBLE, rt. not possible at one and the same
time, or in one and the same subject.
INCOMPllEHENSlBrLITY, s. [iucomprehenribinu, Fr.
from m, a negative particle, and comprcliciuto, to compre-
liend, Lat.] the ouality of not being perfectly or adecpiately
comprehended by the mind, tiioi.-gh it may be conceived
imperfecliv.
INCOMPREHENSIBLE, «. FFr. from in, a negative par-
ticle, and compreliendn, to comprehend, Lat.] not to be fully
orperfectlv understood or comprehended.
INCOMPPvEHENSIBLENESS, s. the quality of not be-
ing comprehended.
JNCOMPREIIE'NSIBLY, o(/. in a manner not to be con-
ceived. "God — \%iiicompiche7isihhi infniite." Loche.
INCOMPH ESSIBILITY, «. impossibility of being press-
e<l or squeezed into a less space.
INCOMPRE'SSIBLE, a. [Iwampressible, Fr.] not capa-
I)lc of being pressed or squeezed together into a narrower
compass.
INCONCE'ALABLE, (m/;oHMc/«Wt) a. not to be hid, or
kept secret.
INCONCEIVABLE, (iHooHCfiuaWe) a. [Fr. from in, a ne-
gative particle, and comipio, to conceive, Lat.J not to be
conceived or apprehended by the mind ; that of which we
can form no notion or idea.
INCONCEIVABLY, linhnnsdrahly) ad. in a manner be-
\on<l the apprehension of the mind.
.INCONCEPTIBLE, n. not to be conceived or compre-
hiiidcd bv the mind.
INCO.VCLU'DKNT, a. [from in, a negative particle, and
cuia/iidu, to conclude, Lat.] not conclusive ; not inferring a
conseuueiKT.
J^,"C'ONCLU'SIVE, n. not forcing any assent to the mind,
or <'iiilaiiiing anv forcible evidence.
INCONCLUSIVELY, nd. without any such evidence as
determines the understanding.
INCONCLU'SIVENESS, t. want of strength of reason-
ing sufficient to prove a thing, or gain the assent of the
mmd.
INCONCO'CT, or INCONCO'CTED, «. Jfrom tn, a ne-
cative particle, and cvncotino, to digest, LaU] W surgery, not
ripcued or digested.
4H8
INCONCO'CTION, *. in medicine, tile state of being
crude, indigested, or unripe.
INCONCU'KRING,a. not concurring,
INCONDITE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and cim.
ditvs, composed, Lat.] irregular ; rude ; unpolished.
INCONDITIONAL, (inkomlishonal) a. without restric-
tioi', limitation, or condition.
IiN'CONDITIONATE, «. not limited; not restrained by
anv condition ; absolute.
iNCONI'O'RMlTY,*. incompliance with the practice of
others.
INCO'NGRUENCE, «. want of fitness or suitableness.
INCONGRUITY, s. [incongruiU, Fr. [from !H, a negative
particle, and cunr^rtms, convenient, Lat.J unsuilableness of
one thing to another; inconsistence; impropriety; ab-
surdity.
INCCNGRUOUS, n. \incongru, Fr. from in, a negative
particle, and congruus, convenient, Lat.] unsuitable; meon-
sistenl ; absurd.
INCONGRUOUSLY, ad. improperly , inconsistently ;
absurdlv.
INCO'NSCIONA BEE, (iuhmisImiahU) a. void of the sense
of good and evil ; without anv remorse of conscience.
INCO'NSEQUENT, «. [from iii, a negative pailiile, and
fofwez/HeM*, following, Lat.J without a just conclusion ; witlt-
out a regular inference.
INCONSI'DER.^BLE, a. unworthy of notice ; insignifi-
cant ; of no importance.
INCONSI'DERABLENESS, s. want ef merit, worth, or
significancy ; want of importance.
INCONSIDER ATE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and
considcro, to consider, Lat.] without regarding the nature or
consequences of our actions ; careless; rash.
INCONSI'UERATELY, ad. in a negligent, thoughtless,
or careless manner.
INCONSI'DERATENESS, j. want of thought; want oi
regard to the consequences of our actions.
INCONSIDEIIATION, s.want of thought; rashness.
INCONSISTENCE, or INCONSISTENCY, s. such an
opposition between propositions, that one implies the denial
of the other; such contrariety of qualities that both can-
not subsist together ; incongruity; unsteadiness; change-
ableness.
INCONSISTENT, n. not to be reconciled with. So con.
trarv, that one implies the denial or destruction of the other,
applied either lo propositions or qualities. Absurd.
INCONSrSTl^NTLY, "</. absurdly; unreasonably; witll
selfcontradiclion.
INCONSrSTlNG, part, not consistent or compatible
with.
INCONSO'L.\BLE, a. [inconsolable, Fr.] not to be com-
forted.
INCONSONANCY, s. disagreement with itself; not
agreeing in sound.
INCONSPICUOUS, a. not to be seen. Not worth
notice,
INCOTS'STANCY, *. [from in, a neg;ilive particle, and
eotistuns, constant, Lat.J unsteadiness; a disposition of niiud
continuallv changing.
INCO'>iST.\NT, a. [from in, a negative particle, and
cmtstaiis, constant, Lat.] not tirni in resolution; not steady
in atVection ; varying in disposition, temper, or conduct ;
often changing.
INCONSU'.M ABLE, a. not to be wasted.
INCONSU'MPTIBLE, «. [from m, a negative particle,
and cnnsumn, to consume, Lat.J not utterly to be destroyed
or wasted by fire or iillier means.
INCONTESTABLE, a. [iucntuesiahh, Fr.] not to be
disputed; admitting no debate.
INCONTES IWIJEY, ad. iu so certain a manner, as not
to admit of doubt or dispute.
INCONTKU'OrS, rt. not touching; not near.
INCOMTINENCE, or INCO NTINENCY. *. [Irom u\
INC
INC
a nepitiv* particle, apd cotuineo, to restrain, Lat.] not ab-
staininn; from uiilawfill dosiri-s ; lust.
INCONTINENT, «. [from in, a negative particle, and
cmitineo, to restrain, Lat. J unchaste, or not restraining uu-
lawliil desires.
INCONTINENTLY, ad. unchastely; without delay;
imniediatply.
INCONTIIOVE'RTIBLE, a. so plain or certain as to
admit of no dispute.
INCONTROVERTIBLY, nf/. in a manner so plain or
evident as to admit of no dispute.
INCONVENIENCE, orlNCONVE'NIENCY, *. [from
inconvenient, Fr.] unfitness, or unsuitahleness. Any thing
which causes uneasiness, or proves an hindrance or ob-
stacle.
INCONVE'NIENT, a. [inconvenient, Fr.] disadvantage-
ous; nntit; unseasonable.
INCONVENIENTLY, arf. in a mannernot fit and suita-
ble ; unseasonable. .
INCONVERSABLE, a. reserved; not inclined to con-
versation ; not atfal)le.
INCONVERTIBLE, a. not to be altered or changed.
INCONVI'NCIBLE, n. not capable of being convinced,
or forced to assent to the truth of a proposition, &c.
INCONVI'NCIBLY, af/.-ihcapable of being convinced.
INCO'RPORAL, rt. immaterial ; distinct from matter ;
distinct from body.
INCORPORA'LITY, s. [incorporalite, Fr.] not consisting
of body or matter.
To Incorporate, v. a. [Incorporer, Fr.] to mingle
different ingredients togethor ; to join togetiier inseparably ;
to form into a company, society, or body politic; to unite
OT associate. Neuterly, to unite with something else, fal-
lowed hyuitli, and sometimes into.
INCO'RPORATE, a. not consisting of matter or body ;
immaterial. United together by charter, applied to societies
OI communities.
INCORPORATION, s. [incorpoi-ation, Fr.] the union of
diflf jent ingredients ; the formation of a body politic, or the
uniting several persons together by charter, adoption, union,
GT asstyoiation.
INCORPO'REAL, ft. [from in, a negative particle, and
carpus, hoiy-i Lat.J not consisting of matter or body ; spiri-
tual.
INCORPO'REALLY, ad. without body.
INCORPORE'ITY, «. the quality of being void of, or
distinct from, body or matter.
INCORRE'CT, 1. not accurate or nicely finished ; imper-
fect ; faulty.
INCORRE'CTLY, ad. in a faulty or imperfect manner.
INCORRE'CTNESS, s. the quality of having faults that
are not amended ; want of exactness.
INCO'RRIGIBLEy «. [incorrigible, Fr.] bad beyond the
power of being made better by correction; erroneous or
faulty beyond hope of isistruction or amendment.
iNCO'RRlGIBLENESS, *. the quaUty of being obsti-
nately, bad; hopeless dep.ravity.
INCORRIGIBLY, ad. frad to sucli'a degree as to leave no
hopes of amendment.
INCORRUPT, or INCORRU'PTED, «. [from in, a ne-
gative particle, and corrumpo, to corrupt, Lat.J free from any
foulness or sin ; of pure and honest manners; of integrity
above the power of a bribe. ■
INCORRUPTIBILITY, s.[incorrv.ptihiliti, Fr.] the qua-
lity of not being liable to decay or corruption.
Incorruptible, (sometimes accented on the second
t^^lable) a. [incorruptible, Fr.] not capable of decay or cor-
ruption.
IN CORRUPTION, s. [incon-nption, Fr.] a state free
£rom corruption or decay ; a state of integrity beyond the
temptation of bribes.
INCORRU'PTNESS, s. inviolable purity ; unshaken in-
tegrity ; unalterable honesty ; freedoaj from degaj', degene-
nvtion,^ or cosruption.
3 a
To INCRA'.SSATE, )>. a. [from m, and eraitut, Lat.] to
make thick, applird to liipiors.
INCllASSA'TION, ,!. the act of making thick; the slate
of growing thick, applied to fluids.
1NCRA'S.S.\TIVE, a. that wiiich has the poweror quality
of making thick, applied to fluids.
To INCRE'ASE, {iuhreisc) v. n.[incretco, from cresco, to
grow, Lat.] to grow more in number, or greater in bulk.
Actively, to make more or greater.
INCllE'ASE, {inhri'csii) s. the state of growing greater,
applied to bulk; any thing which is added to the original
stock; gain; produce. Synon. Thin;;sinc»<;«se by addi-
tion of tlie same kind ; they grow by nourishment ; thus corn
grows ; the harvest increases. The word grow signifies only
the augmentation, independent of that wliich occasions it.
The word increase gives us to understand, that the augmen-
tation iscauspdby afrc^sli (luantity which casually jonis it.
INCRE'ASER, (inhecsa) s. that which adds to the num-
ber or bulk of things.
INCREATED, «. not created.
INCREDIBILITY, s. [inn-edibilite,Tr.] \.he quality of
surpassing, or not being worthy of, belief.
INCREDIBLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and
cj-frfo, to believe, Lat.] surpassing belief; not worthy of
belief.
INCRE'DIBLY, ad. in a manner not to be believed.
INCREDULITY, s. [inereduHti, Fr.] the quality of not
believing, notwithstanding suflicient proofs to demand
assent.
INCRE'DULOUS, a. [from ?7i, a negative particle, and
credo, to believe, Lat.] not believing, notwithstanding argu-
ments surticient to demand assent.
INCRE'DULOUSNESS, s. See Incredulity.
INCREMENT, s. [incrementum, from incresco, to increase,
Lat.] the act of growing greater ; the cause of growth ;
prooucR.
To INCRU'ST, or INCRU'STATE, v. a. [incrnsto, from
in, in, and crusia, a crust, Lat.] to cover with a hard substance
or crust; to cover over with an additional coat of marble,
&c. ;;
INCRU'STATED, a. See Incrusted.
INCRUSTATION, s. [Fr. incrvsto, from in, in, and
crusta, a crust, Lat.J the act of covering a walk, or column,
with a lining or coating of marble, pottery, or stucco-work.
IN CRUSTED, /lacf. in architecture, applied to walls or
columns covered with several pieces or slips of some pre-
cious marble or stone.
To I'NC URATE, v. n. [from m, upon, and cubo, to lie,
Lat.J to sit upon eggs.
INCUBATION, s. [from in, upon, and eiiJo, to lie, Lat.]
the act of sitting upon eggs to hatch them.
I'NCUBUS, i. [Lat.l in physic, a disorder, failed the
night-mare, in which tlie patient cannot stir himself, but
with the utmost dithculty ; is seized with a numbness, sense
of weight, with a dread of suftbcation or being squeezed to
death, from some body which seems to fall suddenly upon
him. It consists of an inflation of the nieuibrancs of the
stomach, which hinders the motion of the diaphra'M.), limgs,
pulse, and motion, attended with a sense of weight oppres-
sing the breast.
To INCU'LCATE, !>. a. [from in, in, and cidco, to tread,
Lat.] to impress on the mind by frequent admonitions ; to
enforce by constant and incessant repetitions.
INCULCATION, i. the act of impressing by frequent
admonitions.
INCU'LPABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and cul-
pa, a fault, Lat.J not to be found fault with ; free from
guilt.
INCU'LPABLY, ad. in a manner free from guilt.
INCU'LT, a. [froni '", a negative particle, and colo, to
cultivate, Lut.] uncultivated.
INCUMBENCY, j. the act of lying upon something ;
the state of keeping, or being resident on, a benefice.
INCU'MBiiNT, a, [from vi, upon, and ctmibo, to lie, lat>'.
■180
IND
IND
lesting or Iving upon ; imposed or requirtd as a
diitv.
INCU^MBENT, s. [from in, upon, and cnmho, to lie,
Lat.] iu law, oue wbo is in present possession of an ecclesias-
fica! benefice.
To INCUMBER, f. a. \e7ieowlrer,Yr.\ to perplex, em-
bairass, or hinder, l>y any impediment.
To INCU'R, t'. «. [from in, upon, or iiilo, and c«j»o, to run,
Lat.J to become liable to puiiisliuieiit or blame.
INCURABI'LITY, s. \incurabiliti, Ft.] impossibility of
being: cured.
INCURABLE, a. [incurable, Fr.] not to be removed or
cured bv anv medicine.
INCtJRABLENESS, s. the state or quality of not admit-
ting anv cure.
INCURABLY, ad. without remedy.
INCU'IITOUS, «. not considcrins a thinj; ivitli attention
enough to discover its latent beauties; having no desire of
seeing or knowing any thing new or strange.
INCU'RSION, «. [from in, upon, or into, and curro, to run,
Lat.] attack or assault, an inroad or invasion of a country,
not amounting to a conquest.
To INCU'RV ATE, v. a. [iimo'vo, from cia-mis, crooked, Lat.]
to bend or make crooked.
INCLTRVA'TION, s. [iururvo, from cu?-k!«, crooked, Lat.]
the act of bending or making crooked. An humble bowin^^
of the body, applied to religious worship.
INCU'RVITY, s. [incurriis, from ctirvvi, crooked, Lat.J
crookedness or the state of bending inwards.
INDAGATION, s. [from inrlan-o, to setk, Lat.] a search
in order to discover sonietl.vug imkuown; the act of
tracing.
INDAGATOP, i. [Lat.j one who endeavours to find out
a thing bv tracing it to its origin.
To INDA'RT, v.a. to dart in; to strike in.
ToINDE'BT, (the i is mute both in this word and its de-
rivatives) i: a. to charge with a debt ; to put under an obli-
gation by conferring a favour.
INDE'BTED, pnrt. under obligation for some favour
received ; having received money or goods for which a per-
son is obliged to pay, or give an equivalent.
INDE'CENCY, s. [indecerice, Fr.] any thing unbecoming
\lie person who commits it ; an action unbecoming chastity
or good manners.
iNDE'CENT, a. [indecent, Fr.] unbecoming a person's
rank or character.
INDE'CENTLY, ad. in a manner unbecoming a person's
rank or character.
INDECIDUOUS, a. in botany, not falling offer shed-
ding.
INDECLI'NABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and
drclim, to decline, Lat.] in grammar, not admitting any
nherations in its last syllables.
INDECOROUS, a. [from in, a negative particle, and
decorns, becoming, Lat.] not becoming.
INDECO'RUM, I Lat.] an action unbecoming the rank
or charac.^er of a person.
INDE'ED, nrf. really; in truth; without doubt. Above
conmion rate. This is to be granted that ; — a particle of
connection.
INDEFA'TIGABLE, ,i. [from in, a negative particle,
and difiilijro, to wearv, Lat.J not exhausted or wearied by
continual lalKtur ; labouring as if never tired.
IN'DEFAT'IG.'VBLY, ad. in such a manner as if never
tired by labour.
INDEFE'ASIBLE, or INDEFE'SIBLE, {indefeizibh) a.
not to cutoff', diifeated, or made void ; irrevocable.
IX DEFECT! BILITV, s. lhe<iuality of not being subject
to decay, ilefect, or failure.
INDEFECTIBLE, «. |from i«, a nemitive pj^rticle, and
Jefrin, to fail, Lat.] not liable to decay, defect, or failure.
INDEFE'ISIBLE, a. [indffaisibk, Fr.] See iNDEFEA-
S BLE.
480
INDEFE'NSIBLE, a. that cannot be defended, or main-
tained.
INDEFINITE, a. [from in, a ucga"!ive partick, and definio,
to limit, Lat.J not determined, settled, limited, or restrained.
In grammar, not limited of restrained to any particular time
or circumstance.
INDEFINITELY, ad. in an nndeterminate and loose
manner.
INDEFI'NITUDE, s. a quantify or number not limited
bv our understanding, but vet finite.
"lNDELrBEHATE,orINDELrBERATED,fl.[iHA7,6^rJ,
Fr.] not premeditated ; not done with or after due conside-
ration.
INDELI'BERATENESS, *. want of consideration; rash-
ness ; suddenness.
INDELIBLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and deleo,
to blot out, Lat. I not to be effaced or blotted out; not to
be annulled or abrogated.
INDE'LICACY, «. want of delicacy; want of elegance,
or a rigorous observance of decency.
INDK'LICATE, a. wanting decency.
INDEMNIFICATION, s. security against any loss or
penalty ; re-inibursement or repayment of loss or penaltV,
To INDE'MNIFY, v. a. to secure against loss or "pe-
naltv.
INDE'MNITY, s. [indejmiiti, Fr.] security; or an ex-
emption from punishnent.
To INDEN r, V. a. [from in, in, and dean, a tooth, Lat.J
to form anv thing in inequalities like a row of teeth ; to act
in and out like waves. Neutcrly, to contract or bargain.
INDET^IT, t. an inequality ; a dent of a waving surface
like that of an indenture.
INDENTA TION, *. [from in, in, and dens, a tooth, Lat.]
an indenture or waving in any figure.
INDE'NTURE, s. a covenant, so called because the
counterparts are indented or cut in and out, or in a waving
manner over each other.
INDEPENDENCE, or INDEPE-NDENCY, s. [inde.
pendence, Fr.] freedom ; a state in which a person or thing
is not controlled bv, or anv wavsin the power of, another.
INDEPENDENT, a. (itulependant, Lat.J not depending ;
not controlled.
INDEPENDENTLY, ad. without reference to, or con-
nection with, other things.
INDEPENDENTS, a sect of Protestants in England
and America ; so called from their independence on other
churches, and their maintaining that each cnurch, or con-
gregation, has a sufficient power to act and perform every
thing relating to religious government within itself, and is
no way subject or accountable to other churches, or their
deputies ; and therefore disallow parochial and provincial
subordination, and form all their congregations upon a
scheme of co-oidinacy. This denomination received its
origin about the year 1616 being regarded as a reformation
of tlM' Brownists.
INDESTRUCTIBLE, a. impossible to be destroyed.
INDESTRUCTIBILITY, s. the impossibility of berng
destroyed. The indestructibility of matter is such, that
though bodies are decomposed not a particle of them is
annihilated, but is found in some other form.
INDETERMINABLE, «. not to be fixed; not to be d«.
fined or settled.
INDETERMINATE. i. [inditn-mini, Fr.J unfixed ; not
restrained or limited to any particular time, circumstance, or
meaning.
INDETE'RMINATM.Y, ad. in a loose, vague, uncertaiu
or unsettled manner.
INDETERMINA'TION, /. want of resolution or deter-
mination; a state of nncertainty.
INDETE'RMINED, a. not fixed or restrained to any par-
ticular tiu'ie, circumstance, or meaning.
IN DEVOTION, *. [iiulivoHan, Fr.] want of ardor or
mi in religious worship.
IND
IND
INDEVO'UT, a. [iniUvot, Fr.] not religious ; not zealous in
the iH'rforniaiue of rcliiiious duties.
INDEX, s. [Lat.] a discoverer or pointer out ; the table
containinj; the contents of a booi<, witii tlie pages « jiere they
may be foiin<i ; a little style, or hand, which points to the
hour on the globe or a clock ; a hand cut out or painted on a
post to direct travellers the way to any place. In tfranimar
and printinjj;, the figure of a band with the finger pointing,
used to denote some reniarkaitle passage in an autiior. In
arithmetic, a figure which shews the lunnber of places of an
absolute number of a logarithm, and of what nature it is. la
anatomy, the foretinger.
INDEXTE'KITY, s. want of readiness or liandiness in
performing a thiag.
I'NDIAN, a. [from InrUn] belonging to India. Used
substantively for a person born in the Indies.
I'NDIAN Arkow-root, s. a sovereign remedy for the
bite of wasps and the poison of the manehineel tree. The
Indians apply this root to extract the venom of their
arrows.
I'NDIAN Red, s. a species of ochre; a very fine purple
earth, of firm compact texture, and great weight.
INDICANT, a. [from imlico, to tell, Lat. J shewing, dis-
covering or pointing out. In physic, pointing out a remedy.
To INDICATE, V. a. [indicd, Lat.] to shew ; to point
out.
INDICATION, s.[tVora iuflico, to tell, Lat.l a mark, token,
sign, or symptom of something which is liidden, or not
plainof itself ; a discovery or information of something that
was not known. In medicine, a symptom discovering or
directing what is to be done to cure a distemper. It is of
four kinds; vital, preservative, curative ; and i)alliative; as
it directs wirat is to be done to continue life, cuttinfotf the
cause of an approaching distemper, curing it while it is
actually present, or lessening its efl'ects, or taking oft' some
of its svmploms before it can be wholly removed.
INDICATIVE, a. [Irom indico, to tell, Lat.l shewing,
discovering or pointing out. In grammar, the first mood
of a verb, wherein it expresses athrmation, denial, doubting,
or declaring. The English indicative, is formed in most of
hs tenses after the niannerofthe Saxons.
INDI'CATIVELY, orf. in such a manner as shews, de-
dares, discovers, or betokens.
I'NDICO, s. a plant, by the Americans called anil. In
tlie middle of the (lower is the style, which afterward be-
(Mmes a jointed pod, containing one cylindrical seed in one
partition, from which indico is made, which is used in dying
tor a blue colour.
To INDI'CT, (indite) il a. to charge a person with a crime,
by a written accusation, before a judge.
INDI'CTION, s. \indiction, Fr.] a declaration or procla-
mation. In chronology, the indictiun, instituted by Con-
stantine die Great, is properly a cycle of tributes, orderly
disposed, for fifteen years, and by it accounts of that kincl
were kept. Afterwards in memory of the great victory
obtained by Csnstantine over Maxcntius, 8 Cal. Oct. 312,
by which an entire freedom was given to Christianity, the
council of'Nice, for the honour of Constantine, ordained that
the accounts of years should be no longer kept by the Olym-
piads, which till that time had been done ; but that, instead
thereof, the indictiim should be made use of, by which to
reckon and date their years, which had its epocha A. D.
31.?, Jan. 1.
INDI'CTIMENT, (inditement) s. a bill, or an accusation
for an offence, exhibited unto jurors ; a bill, or declara-
tion, made in form of law for the benefit of the common-
wealth.
I'NDIA.an extensive region in Asia, which lies between
€B and 108 deg. E. Ion. and 8 and 3G deg. N. lat. Under
this name is generally understood all the countries which
lie S. of Tartary, and extend from the eastern frontiers of
Persia to the western coast of China, divided into India
within, and India without the Gauges. The moderns have
likewise included, under the denomination of the East In-
dies, the islands of Japan, with all the islands in the East'-rn
and Indian Oceans, nearly as far as New HollamI, and New
Guinea. But the name of India is most freijuentl^ applied
to that coimtry only, which is distinguished in Asia, as well
as in Europe, by the name of liiiidooslan ; and which may
be more strictly considered under the three grand ilivisious
of Iliiidoostan Proper, the Deccaii, and the Peninsula. II in-
doostan Proper, incluiles all tlie cdunlrics that lie to the N.
of the riverNerbudda, and of the soubahs of Hahar and Ben-
gal. The principal souhahs, or provinces, in Hindoostan
Proper, are Agimerc, Agra, Cashmere, Di-llii, (iuzerat, La-
hore, Malwa, Moultan, Oude, Rohilcund, Sindy, t\c. The
term Deccan, which signilits the South, has been extended
to the whole region that lies to tiu^ S. of Iliudooslan I'roper;
but in its most proper and limited sense, it means only the
countries situated between Hindoostan Prop<'r, the Carnatic
the Western Indian Sea, and Orissa ; iiaiuelv, the provincesof
Candeish, Dowlatabad,Visiapour, (iolcoiido, and the w estern
part of Bchrar. All the tract S. of the Kistiia, is generally
called the peninsula. The name India, by which this coun-
try, as far as it was known, is distinguished in the earliest
Greek histories, appears to be derived froui Hind, the name
given to it by the antient Persians, through whom the
knowledge of the country was transmitted to the Greeks.
The word Hindoostan is, indeed, entirely of Persian origin,
compounded of Slan, a region, and Hind, or Hindoo. 1'he
wholeof Hindoostan may now be said to consist of five prin-
cipal states, which hold as tributaries, or feudatories, some
numerous inferior states. These five principal states are, the
British; the Poonah Mahrattas; the Behiar Mahrattas; Ni-
zam Ally, soubahof the Deccan ; and theSeiks. The Bri-
tish possessions are Mysore, or the dominions of the late Tip-
poo Sultan, Bengal, the greater part of Hahar, part of Alla-
habad, part of Orissa, the Northern Circars, ajaghire in the
Carnatic, Baramahal, Dindigul, and some consideraliie coun-
tries to tlie N. and S. of Calicut, on the coast of Rlalabar,
with Bombay and the island of Salsette. The allies of the
British, who may be considered as dependent on them, are
the nabob of Oude ; the nabob of the Carnatic, including
Tanjore, Madura, Tiuevelly, and Marrawars ; the rajahs of
Travancore ; and the territory of Cochin, 'fhe Indian ter-
ritory held by England.either in direct subjection, or through
the intervention of dependent allies, contains more than
20,000,000 of inhabitants, and yields an annual revenue of
8,000,000?. sterling. Exclusive of the Europeans,' the inha-
bitantsof Hindoostan are computed atlO,OnO,Ono Mahome-
tans, and 100,000,000 Hindoos. The Mahometans, or Mus-
sulmans, whom the English commonly, but improperly, call
Moors, or Moormen, are represented as bearing a very bad
character. The Hindoos, or Gentoos, are of a black com-
plexion, their hair long, their persons straight, their limbs
neat, tlieir fingers long and tapering, and their countenances
open and pleasant. 'They are divided into different tribes
or casts. The four principal tribes are the bramins, soldiers,
labourers, and mechanics; and these are subdivided into a
multiplicity of inferior distinctions. There are bramins of
various degrees, who have the care of religion, or of the ad-
ministration of the Gentoo law, allotted to them. These
priests are held sacred by the Indians or Hindoos. Those
who engage in worldly pursuits are generally the wQrst of
all the Gentoos ; for, persuaded that the waters of the Ganges
will purify them from their sins, and exempted from tlie
utmost rigour of the courts of justice, (under the Gentoo go-
vernments,) they run into the greatest excesses. The sol-
diers are commonly called Rajali-poots ; that is, descendants
of the rajahs. They readily enter into the service of any
that will pay them, and follow wherever he leads. The
English have many battalions of them in their employ, un-
der the name of sepoys. The labourers include farmers,
and all who cultivate the land. The mechanics include mer-
chants, bankers, and all who follow any trade ; these again
are subdivided into each particular branch. Besides these,
there are the Parians, or Hallachores, who can'iot be called
a tribe, being rather the refuse or outcasts of the other tribes.
491
IND
IND
Tlicy are a set of poor unhappy people, wlio are destinod
tij perform the most disagreeable oftices of life; bury the
dead, and carry away every thing that is polluted. One
description of these, or rather the outcasts of these outcasts,
the Pouliciices, r.n the Mahibar coast, are held in such abo-
mination, that ifuiie of them happens to touch a Hindoo of
asuperior tribe, the latter does norsernpfe to draw his sabre,
and kill him on the spot; and for so atrocious an act he is
not even called to an account. All the difi'erent tribes are
kept disfinct from each other, by insurmountable barriers ;
Ihev are forbidden to intermarry, to dwell together, to eat
with each other, or ereu to drink out of the same vessel ;
and ifthev transgress any of these rules, they are obliged
from that instant to join with the Ilallachores. The dominion
of religion extends here to a thousand particulars, which
in other countries are governetl by the eivil laws, or l)y
taste, custom, or faihion. Their dress, their food, the com-
mon intercourses of life, their marriages, and professions,
are all under the jurisdiction of religion. The food of the
Hindoos is simple, consisting chietiy of rice, ghee, (a kind
of imperfect butter,) milk, vegetables, and oriental spices.
The warrior cast may eat of the tlesh of goats, sheep, and
poultry ; and otlier superior cast may eat poultry and fish.
Their happiness consists in the solaces of domestic life.; and
they are taught by their religion, that matrimony is an indis-
pensable duty in every man, who does not entirely sepa-
rate himself from the world from a principle of devotion.
Their religion permits them to iiave several wives ; but they
seldom have more than one ; and their wives are distin-
guished by a decency of demeanor, a solicitude in their fa-
iu.ilies, and a fidelity to their vows, w hich might do honour
to human nature in the most civilized countries. The cus-
tom of women burning themselves on the death of their lius-
bands, is still practised in Hindoostan. In some parts of
India, as the Oarnatic, this dreadful custom is accompanied
with pecuhar horror. It is asserted, that they dig a pit, in
■which \s deposited a large quantity of cumbustible matter,
which is set on fire ; and the body being let down, the vic-
tim throws herself into the flaming mass. In ojher places,
a pile is raised extremely high, and the body, with the w ife,
is placed upon it, and then the whole is set o)i fire. In the
Code of Geutoo laws, translated by N. B. Halhead, Esq. is
the follow ing remarkable passage concerning this practice :
" It is proper for a woman, after her husband's death, to
burn herself m the fire with his corpse. Every woman, who
thus burns herself, shall remain in paradise with her husband
threescore and fifty lacks of years, by destiny. If she can-
not burn, she must, in that case, preserve an inviolable chas-
tity ; if she remain always chaste, she goes to paradise ; and
if she do not preserve her chastity, siie goes to hell." Hin-
doostan, towards the N. is pretty temperate ; but hot to-
wards tlie .S. and it rains almost constantly for three months
in the year. Its products are rice, millet, cotton, figs, pome-
granates, oranges, lemons, citrons, cocoa-trees, &c. Tliere
are mines of gold, silver, and diamonds. Beside domestic
animals, here are elephants, rhinoceroses, buffaloes, lions,
tigers, leopards, panthers, and monkeys, with camels and
drome'daries. Its principal exports are sugar, indigo, salt-
petre, sUk, cotton, and precious stones ; and particularly
calicoes, diiatzes, muslins, &c.
INDIANS of North and .South America, the origi-
nal natives ofthese two vast continents. Of the manners of
th'e North American Indians, the reader may have a general
idea, by an account of those who inhabit tlie countries to Xhc
E. of the river Misisissippi. These consist of 28 ditlcreut
Dations ; the principal of which are the (^.herokees, the Chi-
casaws, the Chcsctaws, the Creeks, the Delawares, the Six
Nations, the Shawanese, the Hurons, the Illinois, Ac. Al-
lowing ab'out 700 to a nation or tribe, they will contain, in
all, 20,0UO people. The Indians are not born white; and
take a great deal of pains to darken their conn>lexion, by
aiiointing themselves with grtfase, and lying in the sun.
They also paint their face, breasts, and shoulders, of various
colours, but generally r.-d ; and tliiir features are ncKt, cs-
41/2
pccially those of the women. Tliey areof a middle sfafnrt,
their limbs clean and straight, and scarcely any crooked or
deformed person is to be found among them. In many parts
of their bodies they tattoo themselves, or prick in gunpow-
der on the skin in very pretty figures. .Sonw shave, o
phick the hair oti' their heads, except a patch about tlie
crown, which is ornamented with beautiful feathers, beqdsi,
wampum, and such like baubles; and except the head and
eyebrows, they pluck the hair with great diligence from all
parts of the body. Their ears are pared and stretched in a
thong down to their shoukkrs. Tin^y are wounil round
with wire, to expand them, and adorned with silver pM^
dants, rings, and bells, which they likewise wear in their
noses. Some of them will have a large feather through the
cartilage of the nose ; and those who can afford it wear a
collar of wampum, a silver breastplate, and bracelets on the
arms and wrists. A bit of cloth about the middle, a shirt
of the English make, on which they bestow innumerable
broaches to adorn it, a sort of cloth boot and mockasoons,
which are shoes of a make peculiar to the Indians, orna.
niented with porcupnie quills, with a blanket or watch-coat
thrown over all, complete their dress at home ; but when
they go on expeditions, they leave their trinkets behind,
and mere necessaries serve them. There is little ditlerence
between the dress of the men and women, excepting that a
short petticoat, and the hair, which is exceeding black and
long, clubbed behind, distinguish some of the latter. They
are such expert marksmen, that they will kill birds flying,
fishes swimminj;, and wild beasts running. They are very
intelligent people, quick of apprehension, sudden inexecu.
tion, subtle in' business, exquisite in invention, and indu^
trious in action. They are very hardy, bearing heat, cold,
hunger, and thirst, in a surprising manner ; and yet no pet>-
ple are more addicted to excess in eating and drinking,
when it is conveniently in their power. The follies, nay
mischief, they commit, wheH inebriated, are entirely laid k>
the liquor; and no one will revenge any injury (murder
excepted) received from one who is no more himself. Their
public conferences shew them to be men of genius ; and
they have, in a high degree, the talent of natural, or utw
studied eloquence. They live dispersed in small villages,
either in the woods, or on the banks of rivers, where tliey
have little plantations of Indian corn and roots, not enough
to supply their families half the year; and sulisist the re-
inaiuderof it by hunting, fishing, and fowling, and the fruits
of the earth, which grow spontaneously in great plenty.
Their huts are generally built of small logs, and covered
with bark, each one havnig a chimney, and a door, on which
they place a padlock. Tiicy mostly lie upon skins of wild
beasts, and sit on the ground. They have brass kettles and
pots to boil their food. Gourds or calabashes, cut asunder,
serve then) for pails, cups, and dishes. The accounts of
travellers concerning their religion, are various. All agree,
that they acknowledge one Supreme God. They adore the
GreatSpirit,and believe that his care is extended over them;
and that ' he puts good into their hearts.' They also be-
lieve in a future state ; that after death they shall be re-
moved to their friends, who have gone before them, to an
elysium, or paradise. Some believe that there is great virtue
in feastsfor the sick. For this purpose, a youu"; buck must
be killed and boiled, the friends and near neighbours of tlie
patient invited, and having first thrown tobacco on the fire,
and covered it up close, they all sit down in a ring, and raise
a lamentable cry. They iheu uncover the fire, and kindle
it up ; and the head of the buck is first sent about, every
one taking a bit, and giving a loud croak, in imitation of
crows. They afterward proceed to eat all the buck, maU-
ing a most harmonious, melancholy song ; in which straiii
their music is particularly excellent. Some nations abhor
adultery, do not approve of a phnality of wives, and are not
guilty of theft ; but there are other tribes that are not so
scruiiulous. Among the Chicasaws, a h\isband may cut off
tliQ nose of his wife, if guilty of adultery ; but men are al-
lowed greater liberty. This nation despises a thief. Auioiijt
IN D
IN D
IheClicrrikcestlioynif dfl" the nose and cars oCan adulteress;
ffftorward her linbliaiid fjives her ii <iiscli;ir;;e. Tlicir form
of Durriage issticnt; Ihi^ man, hct'ori' wiliiesscs, •;i*'<'s the
J)vi(fe a deer's foot, iiiid slie, in return, presents hii]i «itli an
ear of corn, as CHihlenis of their several diiliis. 'I'lie women
are very slaves, in many inslanees, lo lh<' men ; in olliers,
they are upon an equal footin;;, deliberating; in the public as-
semblies, and, iii private life, iiijoyin^' llu' privilej,'f of de-
clarin>j their aHeetion, or payinj,' llietr addresses, lo those
Ihey love. Sometimes their prisoners are destineti to be
Tortured to death, in order to satiate the reven^^e of their
f'onqnerors. When the fatal sentence is intimated to them,
they receive it with an unaltered countenance, raise their
death-sons, and prepare to suffer like men. The victors as-
«emble as to a solemn festival, resolved to put the fortitude
ot" the captives to the utmost proof. A scene ensues, the
bare description of which is enough to chill the heart with
horror. The prisoners are tied naked to a slake, but so as
to be at liberty to move round it. All present, men, wo-
men, and children, iAl upon them with knives and other
instruments; and such is their cruel ingenuity in torturing,
th^it, by avoiding to touch the vital part, they often prolong
the scene of anguish for several days. In spite of all their
snff6rinp;s, the victims continue to chant their death-song
with a firm voice, they boast of their own exploits, they in-
Mdt their tormentors for their want of skill to avenge the
death of their friends and relations, tJiey warn them of the
ven^'eance that awaits I hem on account of what they are
now doing, and excite their ferocity by the most provoking
reproaches and threats. Weary, at length, with contending
with men, whose constancy they cannot vanquish, some
diief puts a period to their suftflnigs, by dispatching them
with his dagger or his club. The people of S. America
;;Tatify their revenge in a manner somewhat diflerent, but
with the same unrelenting rancour. Their prisoners, after
meeting, at their tirst entrance, with the same rough reception
aa among the N. Americans, are not only exempt from in-
iur\, but treated with the greatest apparent kindness, feasted,
and caressed. But, by a refinement of cruelty, while they
seem studious to attach their captives to life, their doom is
irrevocably fixed. On an appointed day, the victorious tribe
assembles, the prisoner is brought forth with great solemnity,
he meets his lot with undaunted firmness, and is dispatched
vith a single blow. The moment he iiih the women seize
tlie body, and dress it for the feast. They besmear their chil-
dren with the blood, in order to kindle in their bosoms a ha-
tred of their enemies, and all join in feeding upon the flesh
with amazing greediness and exultation. The Indians of S.
America, immediately under the Spanish government, al-
though the most depressed order of men in the country
which belonged to tlieir ancestors, are now far from being
treated with that rigour and cruelty which was laid to the
diarge of the first conquerors of that continent. They are
no longer considered as slaves ; on the contrary, they are
reputed as freemen, and entitled to the privileges of
subjects.
I'NDIES WEST, the name ,<jiven to a great number of
islands in the Atlantic Ocean, which extend from the N. W.
extremity of the Bahama Islands, off the coasts of Florida, in
Lit. 27. -if). N. in a south-easterly direction, to the island of
Tobago, which is 1'20 rxiles from the coast of Terra Firma, in
Jl. deg. so. min. N. lat. They lie between 5t) and 86 deg.
W. Ion. C uha being the most western and Barbadoes the
most eastern of all these islands. When Christopher Colum-
bus discovered them, in 1492, he considered them as part of
those vast regions in Asia, comprehended under the ge-
neral name ol^ India, to reach which, by a course due W.
across the Allantic Ocean, had been the grand object of his
voyage ; and this opinion was so general, tliat Ferdinand and
Isabella, king aixl tpicen of Castile, (in their ratification of
their agreement granted to Columbus upon his return,) gave
tliem also the name of Indies. Even after the error which
gave rise to this opinion was detected, and the true position
uf the New World was asvtrtained, the name has remained.
and the appellation of the West Indies is still given to thoje
islands, and that of Indians to the inhabitants, not <uily i>f
llie islands, but of the twocontinenls ot Amcric.i. They are
likewise called the Caribbee Islands, from the aborigines of
the country ; and the sea in which ihi-y lie, is sometimes
called by modern geographers, the Arcliipi.lago of the Ca-
ribbecs. By the Freucli tlit y are called the (ireater and Less
Antilles; the (neater eomprebending Cid^a, St. Douiiiigo,
.latnaica, and Porto Ilieo ; and the Less, Aruha, Curaroa,
Bonair, M argaretta, and some others, near the coast i.f Ttrrd
Firma. Foreign geographers, however, are not agreed as
to llie meaning or application of the word, some applying it
to the Caribbi'e Islands in general. NaAitical men distinguish
them, from the dilfereiil courses taken by ships, into the Lee-
ward and Windward Islands. The name of the Caribbees
should properly be confinedto the smaller islands, which lie
between Porto Uico and Tobago. These were inhabiteil by
the Caribbees, a hardy race of men, nowise resembling their
feeble and timid neighbours in the larger islands. Even in
later times, they have made a stout resistance in defence of
the last territory (the island of St. Vincent) which the rapa-
city of their invaders had left in their possession. The reader
will find most of these islands tr/^afcd of sepanatelv.
INDIFFERENCE, or INDI FFERENC Y, s. [from in, a
negative particle, and differo, to differ, Lat.] freedom from
bias or influence ; impartiality, or freedom from prejudice ;
wantofafl'ection ; unconcernedness.
INDrFFI'lRENT, a. [from »i, a negative particle, and
diff'ern, to dilfer, Lat.] nut determined on either side ; uncon-
cerned or regardless ; not having such a dirt'erence as to
oblige us to determine on either side ; neither conunandeil
nor forbidden ; neither goorl nor bati ; passable; tolerable.
INDIFFERENTLY, ud. without distinction, or inclining
more to one than another ; w ithout wish, aversion, oj" emo-
tion ; not well ; tolerablv ; passably.
ITSIDIGENCE, or INDIGENCY, s. [from indigco, to
want, Lat.] want of the comfoitsoflife ; poverty.
INDIGENOUS, n. [from indn, within, and geiw, to be^reti
Lat.] native; originally produced or born in a country.
I'NDIGE.NT, a. [from indif^-eo, to want, Lat.J in want of
the comforts of life, or of money to procure tuem ; void;
empty ; w-anting.
INDIG EST, or Ii;piGF,'STED, a. [from in, a negative
particle, and dirrestus, from digern, to digest, Lat.] not sepa-
rated in any order; not formed or brought to nintiirily/
Not well considered or methodized. Not ct-ncocttd, or
altered so as to be fit for nourishment.
IN DIGESTIBLE, u. not to be altered in the stomach, or
made fit for nourishment, applied to food. Not to be me-
thodized, reduced to order, or added to the iiaproyemeul*
of the mind, applied to ideas or sentiments.
INDIGESTION, s. [indii^estiim, Fr.] a disorder in tlie
stomach, whereby it is rendered incapable of altering the
food it cojitains, so as to make it fit for nourishment.
INPI'GETES, «. [Lat.] a name which the antient pagans
gave to some of their gods.
INDIGITA'TION, .«. [from diiritns, a finger, Lat.J the act
of pointing out or shewing, as l)y the finger.
INDl'GN, (indine) a. \indigne, Fr.] not worthy or de^
serving; bringiiur indignity or disgrace. Obsolete.
INDl'GN ANT, a. [from)H,a negative particle, and digiius,
worthy, Lat.J inflamed at once with anger and disdain.
IN'DIGNATION, s. [from in, a negative particle, and
rfi)i'nH,v,wortliy, Lat.J anger joined with contempt, abliorrence
disdain And aversion.
INDIGNITY, i. [from ni, a negative i>article, and dignwf,
vportliy, Lat.J a reproachful or disgraceful action, wherein
the rank or characterofa person is disregarded, and receives
a very great injury.
1'NDIGO, «.■ SeelNDlco.
INDIRE'CT, a. [from in, a negative particle, and directus,
straight, Lat.J not straight or in a right line. Figuralively,
round about, or not coming immcdialely lo the point; not
fair, honest, or oyci.
'IbS
IND
Vrs'D
rNDIRE'CTION, s. a round-about manner of coming fo
a point ; dishonest practice; a secret orobliqite artifice or
inlontioii to deceive.
INDIRE'CTLY, «f/. withoi'.t cominfj at once to tiie point
in iiand ; in an artful, oblique, or round-about manner; I'.n-
fairly; not in an honest manner; not rij^litiy.
IXDIRE'CTNESS, «. obliqueness ; the quality of not be-
injj in a straiijlit line ; unfairness.
INDISCERNIBLE, a.uot to be perceived by the eye or
uiiiid.
INDISCERNIBLY, ad. in a manner not to be per-
ceived.
INDISCERPTIBrLlTY, s. the quality of not being ca-
pable of having its parts separated, or of being destroyed
by dissolution.
INDISCERPTIBLE, «. not capable of tiaving its parts
separated from each other.
INDISCREET, a. \indiscret, Fr.] injudicious ; impru-
dent ; rash ; inconsiderate.
INDISCREE'TLY, ad. without making a proper choice ;
without judgment or consideration ; rashlv.
INDISCRETIONV- [indiscrition, Fr.J "weakness of con-
duct ; imprudence; inconsiderationor wantofjudgmenf. ■
INDISCRI'MINATE.a. [from in, a negative particle, and
»fcic;i»neH, a difference, Lat.J not carrying any mark of dif-
ference, without making any difference or distinction.
INDISCRI'MINATELY, ad. without difference or dis-
tinction.
INDISPE'NSABLE, a. [mdispensable, Fr.]not to be forbom
or excused ; iiecessarj".
INDISPE'NSABLENESS, f. the state of a thing which
cannot be excused, omitted, orforborn ; necessity.
INDISPETsSABLY, ad. in such a manner as not to be
excused by any authority ; not to be forborn ; absolutely
necessary.
To INDISPO'SE, |the sin this 'word ijnd its derivatives
is pron. like r) v. a. [inrlisposer, Fr.] to make unfit, with/or ;
to make averse, wifli to ; to disorder or make unfit by dis-
ease. To affect with a slight disorder, applied to health.
To make unfavourable, with towards.
INDISPO'SEDNESS, *. a state of unfitness, or want
of inclination; a state of health lessened by a slight dis-
order.
INDISPOSITION, J. [Fr.] a tendency to sickness, or a
slight disorder ; want of mchnatiou ; aversion or dislike.
INDISPUTABLE, (sometimes accented, together with
its derivatives*, on the second syllable) a. so evident as to
admit no dispute or controversy.
INDISPLFTABLENESS, *. the state of being so evident
as not to admit of dispute ; certainty.
INDISPUTABLI, ad. in a manner so evident as not to
admit of dispute ; without opposition.
INDISSO'LVABLE, a. not capable of having its parts
separated from each other. Not to be broken ; binding for
cve^■, applied to bonds or contracts.
INDISSOLUBILITY, i.[mrfi>«efeWtV<,Fr.] the stale of
the particles of a body which cohere so closely as not to be
separated.
.iNDI'SSOLUBLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and
dissolvo, to separate, Lat.] not fo be separated ; strongly co-
hering; binding; obligmg ; firm; stable; not subject to
change or alleration.
INDISSOLUBLENESS, s. the quality of resisting a sepa-
ration of its parts.
INDI'SSOLUBLY, ad. in a manner resisting all separa-
tion ; never ceasing to oblige.
INDISTINCT, a. [from t;j,'a negative particle, and <Us-
linrtiis,f\omdisti7i^\w, to distinguish, Lat. J not nuirki^d, or
difrcrcnl so as to be separated or discerned ; confused ; not
discerning exacllv.
INDLSfTI'NCTlON, t. want of distinguishing or perceiv-
ing the difference between things ; confusion or uncertainty.
INDISTI'NCTLY, «rf. confusedly; ijot to be perceived
|i<Ii)inly.
4M
INDISTINCTNESS, s. confusion ; uncertainty ; obsciv
rit'y. -
INDLSTU'RBANCE, s. calmness ; freedom from any vio>
lent emotions Tgreat tranquillitv.
To INIMTE, V. a. See To iNDirT.
INDIVIDUAL, a. [njrfmrfMe/.Fr.] separate from others
of the same species ; single; not to be divided.
INDIVIDUAL, s. a sini^le person.
INDIVIDUALITY, *. separate or distinct existence.
INDIVI'DUALLY, ad. without any distinction or diffe-
rence ; numerically ; not separably.
To INDIVI'DUATE, v. a. [from in, a negative particle,
and divide, to divide, Lat.] to distinguish from others of the
same species ; to make single ; to commuuicate to several
in a distinct or separate manner.
INDIVIDUATION,.?, that .which makes an individual ;
separate existence.
INDIVIDO'ITY, s. [from in, a negative particle, and
divido, to divide, Lat.] the state of being an inclividual ; the
state of being what one was before; separate existence.
INDIVI'NiTY, .«. want o) Godhead or divine perfection.
INDIVISIBILITY, or INDIVI'SIBLENESS, (the s in
these and the two following words is pronounced like z) s.
the state which can admit of no more division.
INDIVISIBLE, [indivisible, Fr.] not to be broken
into more parts ; not to be separated into smaller parts ;
incapable of being divided.
INDIVI'SIBLI'^S, s. in geometry, those indefinitely small
elements or particles into .which bodies may be ultimately
resolved.
INDIVrSIBLY, ad. so as it cannot be divided.
INDO'CIBLE, a. not to be taught ; not capable of receiv-
ing instruction.
INDOCILE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and doceo, to
teach, Lat.J not receiving any benefit from, or regarding,
instruction.
INDOCI'LITY, s.[indociliU,yr.\ the quality of disre-
garding or refusing instruction.
To INDOCTRINATE, i>. a. [etidoctiiner, old Fr.] to in-
struct, to teach.
INDOCTRINATION, s. instruction; information.
INDOLENCE, or ITSDOLENCY, j. Undolentia, Lat.]
freedom from pain or uneasiness ; laziness, or a state where-
in a person continues inaotive w ithout any regard or atten-
tion to any thing he sees around him. The first sense is
obsolete.
ITsDOLENT, a. 1 Fr.] inactive or lazy ; without any re
gard to w hat passes around one.
I'NDOLENTLY', ad. inactively, and without regard tp
auv thing around one.
To INDORSE, f. a. See To Endorse.
To INDO'W, (the mv is pronounced as in now) v. a. [iu
and doner, Fr.l to give a portion to. Figuratively, to enrich
with gifts, either of fortune or nature. See Endow.
INDRA'UGHT, (indraft) s. an opening in the laud into
which the sea flows. An inlet or passage mwards.
To INDRE'NCH, v. a. to soak ; to drown.
rNDRI, s. in zoology, an aninu\l of the lemur tribe, which
inhabits -Madagascar. It has a head like a dog, its body
resembles that of a monkey, it is easily tamed, has the cry
of an infant and is taught to hunt like a dog.
INDU'BIOUS, rt. without doubtiug or suspecting ; cer-
tain: i)ositive.
IN DU'BITA BLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and </«-
hito, to douM, Lat.] so certain or evident as to admit of w>
doubt or suspicion of its truth:
INDU'lUTABL Y, ad. in a manner so evident and certain
as to admit of no doubt.
INDU'BITATE, a. [from in, a negative particle, atut
didiilo, to doubt, Lat.J undoubted ; unquestion<-d.
To INDUCE, i'. a. [from in, into, auddueo, to lead, Lat.]
to persuade ; to prevail on. To offer by way of induction,
or by way of consequence drawn from several partii'ulars,
applied to reasoning. To inculcate or enforce by argumtut ;
INE
to proiUicc as an arijuuiciit or instance. To bring into
view ; to inliDiliici".
INDUt'EMKNT a. ii motive which allures or persuades
lo any thin;,'.
INDU'CKR, .1. ii persuador ; one that intliienres.
To IXDU'CT, ti. «. [Ironi in, iiiio, and dnco, to lead, Lat.J
to put into actual pHsscbsion ot'a iieiieficr.
IXDU'CTION,.!. [tVoiii in, into, and ihm,, to \(w\, Lat.]
in lo^ic, the act of intcrrins a j^cneral proposition from seve-
ral particular ones ; a consiMpience drawn from several pro-
positions ; as, "'I'lie doctrine of the Socinians cannot he
proved from the gospels, it cannot he \iroved from the Acts
of the Aiiostles, it cannot be proved from the Epistles, nor
the book of Jtovelation ; therefore it cannot be proved
from the New Testament." W/rtts. In law, the act of ^'iv-
ili;j possession of a benetice to an incuiiil)ent.
INDUCTIVE, a. conlribulin^, leading, or persuasive ;
capable of inferring or inclndin};.
ToINDU'E, r. (I. [iiiiluo, Eat.] to invest; to comnuini-
cate or give a cpiality lo. Johnson observes, it is some-
times even by good writers, confounded with endow or
indinv.
To INDULGE, v. a. [indulgeo, Lat.] to gratify or grant
the desires of another as a favour; to favour or foster ; to
give indiilj^ence.
INDU'LGENCE, or INDU'LGENCY, s. [iitd,d^-n,rc, Fr.l
compliance with or granting; the desires and recpiests of
others through fondness ; forbearance, or connivance at
faults; a favour 'granted. In the Romish chiircii, the re-
uiission of punishment due to a sin, granted by the church,
and supposed to save the sinner from purgatory.
INDU'EGi'.NT, a. [from indulgeo, to indulge, Lat.] kind ;
gentle; conjplying v, ith the requests, or gralifyiug the de-
sires, of another, through fondness; mild, or favourable.
INDULGENTLY, ad. with kind compliance, and fond
gratification ; without severity or censure.
INDU'LT, or INDU'LTO,"*. [Ital. and Fr.] a special fa-
vour or privilege granted either to a community, or private
person, by the pope's bull, by which they are licensed to do
or obtain something contrary to the common laws.
To I'ND URATE, v. n. [imliro, from durus, hard, Lat.] to
grow hard. Actively, to make hard ; to harden the mnid.
INDURATION, i. the state of growing hard; the act of
making hard ; hardness of heart.
INDUS, a great river of II indoostan, called by the na-
tives Sinde or Sindeli. It is formed of al:out ten principal
streams, which descend from the Persian and 'i'artarian
mountains ; but, according to Major Rcni'.ell, the sources of
these streams must be far more remote than the sides of these
mountains. From tliecity of Attock, in about lat. 32. 27. N.
downward to Moultan, to the conflux of the Janeub, or
Cliunaub, it is commonly named the river of Attock. Below
the city of Moultan, it proceeds in a S. W. direction,
through the province of that name, and that of Sinde, en-
tering the Western Indian Ocean by several mouths, N. W.
fif the Gulf of Cutch. It is a fnie, deep, and navigable ri-
ver, for vessels of any burden; the different branches are
also most of tlicm navigable to a great extent ; its uioutli,
however, is so choked up with sand, that no ship can en-
tej- it.
INDUSTRIOUS, a. [iiidnstrivs, Lat.] active and con-
stant in manual labour, business, or study.
INDU'STRIOUSLY, «r?. with constant and intense ap-
plication of mind, or exercise of body ; with great care, di-
ligence, and assiduity.
TODUSTRY, s. \inditstria, Lat.] diligence ; constant ap-
plication of the mind, or exercise of the body.
To INE'BRIATE, v. a. \inebrio, from ehrius, drunken, Lat.]
to make a person drunk with strong liquors. Neuterly, to
grow drunk, to be intoxicated. Figuratively, to into&icate
■with praise, grandeur, or success.
INEBRIATION, s. drunkenness ; intoxication.
INEFFABI'LITY. *. the quality of being hcj'oml the
power of language.
INE
INETFABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, afid eff'or,
to speak, Lat. | not to be spoken, utter^'d, or expressed.
INETFAliLY, ad. in such a manner, or in so high adc-
gree, as not to be expressed by words.
INEFFECTIVE, a. [in/ff'ccii/', Fr.] that can produce n«
effect.
INEFFE'CTUAL, «. notto have power sufficient to pro-
duce its proper efi'ect ; weak; without power, or operatnig
in vain.
INEFFECTUALLY, ad. to no purpose; without effect.
INEFFE'CTUALNESS, s. want of [)ower to produce its
proper effect.
INEFFICA'CIOUS, {iiteflihashinuit) a. flVorn iji, a negative
particle, and rffivio, to effect, Lat.] unable to produce any
efi'ect ; weak; feeble ; acting to no purpose.
IN E'FFICACY, s. I from in, a negative particle, ami cfficie,
to efi'ect, Lat.] want of power to produce an efi'ect ; the
cpiality of operating in vain, or to no purpose.
IN£'LEGANCE, or INE'LEGANCY, s. meanness ; want
of address.
INE'LEGANT, n. [from in, a negative particle, and ek-
gans, elegant, Lat.] not nice ; mean ; detestable.
INELOQUENI', a. [from in, a negative particle, and elo-
q-nens, eloquent, Lat.J not speaking with ea.'e, volubility, oi
the flowers of rhetoric ; not persuasive.
INEPT, a. [from in, a negative particle, and aptns, fit,
Lat.] unfit, or unsuitable to any end oi p\irpose ; useless ;
trifling; foolish.
INEPTLY, ad. in a trifling manner; unsuitably or fool-
ishly.
INETTITUDE, s. [from in, a negative particle, and
aptns, fit, Lat.J unfitness ; or unsuitableness to any purpose
or end.
INEQUA'LITY, s. [from in, a negative particle, and
equalitas, equality, Lat.] the <llii'erence between two ofmorc
things compared together ; <!isproportion to any oiTice, state
or purpose ; difference of rank or station.
INERRABI'LITY, J. the quality of not being subject to
error.
INETIRABLE, a. not subject to error or mistake.
INE'RRABLENESS, *. liie quality of not being liable
to err.
INE'RRABLY, ad. without possibility of erring ; in-
fallibly.
INE'RRINGLY, afZ. without error, mistake, or deviatioit
either from truth or right.
INE'RT, a.[iners, Lat.] dull; motionless; moving with
difficulty ; sluggish.
INE'ilTLY, ad. sluggislilv, or duliv.
INESCATION, i. \tio\i\esca, food, Lat.] the act of bait-
ing.
INE'STIMABLE, «. [from in, a negative particle, au<l
astinw, to value, Lat.] so valuable as not to be rated ; ex
ceeding any price.
INEVITABI'LITY, s. the quality of not being possible
to be avoided.
INE'VITABLE, «. [from in, a negative particle, e, from,
and vito, to avoid, Lat.] not to be escaped or avoided.
INEXCUSABLE, (the s in this and the following words is
pronounced like ?) a. [from in, a negative particle, ami fx-
cuso, to excuse, Lat.] not to be excused, or not palliable by
apology.
INEXCU'SABLENESS, s. enormity of crime beyond
forgiveness or palliation.
INEXCUSABLY, ad, to a degree ofgailt or folly beyond
excuse.
INEXHA'LABLE, a- that cannot be evaporated, or coh-
suraed in vapour.
INEXHAU'.STED, a. not emptied ; not spent.
INEXHAU STIBLE, o. not to be emptied or all drav/n
out ; not to be entirely spent.
. INEXrSTENCE, s. want of bemg or existence.
INEXrSTENT, a. not ha fing being ; not to be foond in
uatyte.
Aim
INT
INEyXORABLE. a, ffrom in, a neratire particle, and ex.
cro, to getby entiTuty, Lat.] not to be 'moved by entreaty.
INEXPE'DIENCE, or rNEXPE'DIENCY, 1 want of
fitness or propriety ; unsuitableuess to time, place, or cir-
cumstance.
' INEXPE'DIENT, a. improper, unnecessary, or not pro-
ductive of anv advantage.
INEXPE'RIENCE, s.[inexpinence, Fr.J want of experi-
ence, or sufficient itnowledge.
INEXPERIENCED, a. not having personally tried or
bad experience of.
INEXPE'RT, a. [from in, a negative particle, and expertus,
expert, Lat.] unskilful for want of custom or use.
INE'XPIABLE, a. I from in, a negative particle, and expio,
to expiate, Lat. J not to be atoned or made amends for ; not
to be pacified or reconciled by atonement.
INE'XPIABLY, ad. to a degree beyond atonement.
INEXPLEABLY, arf. [from i«, a nefjative particle, and
expleo, to fill up, Lat.] insatiably ; in sucha mauner as not to
be satisfied. Obsolete.
INE'XPLICABLE, a. [inexpliealle, Fr.J SO difficult as not
to be explained.
INE'XPLICABLY, ad. in a manner not to be made
plain.
INEXPRESSIBLE, n. not to be told, uttered, or conveyed
by words.
INEXPRE'SSIBLY, ad. in a manner not to be uttered or
conveyed by words.
INEXPU'GNABLE, n. [from in, -a negative particle, and
expvgno, to take by assault, Lat.] not to be taken by assault
or subduexl.
INEXTI'NGUISH.\BLE, a. not to be quenched, applied
to fire. Not to be satisfied, applied to desires.
INE'XTRICABLE, a. [inatricallc, Fr. from in, a negative
particle, and extvico, to extricate, Lat.) not to be disen-
tangled ; not to be explained or cleared from obscurity.
INEXTRICABLY, ad. in a manner not to be explained ;
so as not to Ije disentangled.
To INE'V E,t'. n. to inoculate, by inserting' tliebud of one
tree into the stock of another.
IITFALLIBI'LITY, or'iNFA'LLIBLENESS, s. [infallihi-
lite, Fr.] from in, a negative particle, and fallo, to deceive,
Lat.] the quality of not being subject to be deceived or mis-
taken.
I-NFA'LLIBLE, a. [iufaUiUe, Fr.] inrapable of being
mistaken or deceived. Certain, or never failing, applied to
medicin?.
INFA'LLIBLY, ad. without danger or deceit, or possi-
bility of being mistaken ; certainly.
To INFA'ME, V. a. [from in, a negative particle, and/(<nirt,
fame, Lat.l to defame; to censure publicly for the comruis-
sion of a crime.
I'NFAAIOUS, a. [from in, a negative particle, and/anw',
fame, Lat.] notorious, or publicly branded with guilt; of a
bad character.
I'NFAMOUSLY, ad. in such a manner as to be known to
be guilty of a crime or misdemeanor ; shamefully ; scan-
dalouslv.
^Famousness, or TNFAMY, .t. [from w, a negative
particle, and/rtmn, fame, Lat.l loss ofcliaractcr by criuies ;
disgrace; discredit; reproacli, In law, a term which ex-
tends to forgery ; gross ciieats, iVc. by which a person is
rendered incapable of being a witness or juror, even though
lie is pardoned for his crimes.
I'NFANCY, s. [from in, a negative particle, and fans,
speaking, Lat.] the first part of life, extended by naturalists
to seven years, but by lawyers to twonty-one. Figuratively,
tlie beginning or first rise of anv thing.
INFANOTHEF, HINGFA'NGTHEFT,or INFA'NG-
THKOP\ s. [of IB fans;en, Sax. to catcii, and theaf. Sax. a
thief] in law, a privilege granted to lords of certain manors,
tojiidfje.any thief taken within their see.
rNFANT, s. [from in, a negative particle, and fam,
fpcaking, Lat.J by naturalists, a child from its birth io \U
406
INF
sevetitl) year, but by lawyers so called till its one-and-twcrw
tiefh. ^
I'NFANT, a. not mature ; in a state of initial impci^
fection.
INFA'NTA, f.rSpan.] a title of honour given to a princess
of the royal bloocf in Spain or Portugal.
INFA'NTE, s. [Span.J a son of the kings of Spain or
Portugal.
INFANTICIDE, s. [from infans, an infant, and ca-do, to
kill, Lat.] the slaughter or massacre of infants, applied to
that committed by Herod.
INFA'NTILE, a. [from infant, an infant, Lat.] beloiigiiigf
to the state of an infant.
I'NFANTKY, s. {iifanterie, Fr.] the foot soldiers of an
armv.
INFARCTION, f. [from in, in, and /arcio, to stuff, Lat.]
a stuffing. In medicine, a constipation.
To INFATUATE, v. a. \infatuo, from /«?«)«, foolish, Lat.]
to make foolish ; to deprive of understanding.
INFATUATION, *. the act of making foolish, or depri-
ving of understanding.,
INFE'ASIBLE, {infeezible) a. not to be performed or
practised.
To INFECT, D. a. \in/icio, from in, in, and /ffcin, to make,
Lat.] to disorder by some noxious qualities ; to corrupt
with bad insinuations.
INFE'CTION, s. [infectio, from in, in, and /aci'e, to make,
Lat.] tlie communication of a disease by means of effluvia
or irarticles, which fly from distempered bodies, and, mix-
ing with the juices of others, cause the same disorders as
the persons had from whence they exhaled ; a plague.
INFECTIOUS, {infiks/iious) a. causing distempcFS by
some noxious qualitv or effluvia.
INFE'CTIOUSLY, {iiifchhiously) ad. operating by infec-.
tion.
INFE'CTIOUSNESS, (infeJishionsness) i. the quality of
communicating distempers by noxious qualities, or unwhole-
some effluvia.
INFECTIVE, a. having the power of causing distempers
by noxious qualities or vapours.
INFE'CLTND, a. [from in, a negative particle, and facui*-
rfits, fruitfijl. Lat.] unfruitful ; barren.
' INFECU'NDfTY, s. [from in, a negative particle, and
fccciauhis, fruitful, Lat.] barrenness want of a power to pro.,
duce its like.
INFELICITY, s.[from m,a negative particle, w\Afelicitas,
happiness, Lat.] a state destitute of all the comforts ami
plcasuresfjo render life agreeable ; unhappincss.
To INFE'R, II. a. [from in, in, into, or upon, and f<ro, to
bring, Lat.] in its primary sense, to bring on. In logic, to
draw in another proposition as true, by virtite of one already
laid down as true.
INFERENCE, s. {inference, Fr.] in logic, a conclusion
drawn from previous arguments or propositions.
INFE'RIBLE, a. deducible from propositions which went
before.
INFERIOR, a. lower in place, station, condition of life,
value, or excellency ; subordinate. Inferior, in astronomy,
is applied to those planets whose orbits are iiiclndcd by that
of olir earth, as are lliose of Mercury and Von-is. Jnfaior.
cnnjiiiiction of a planet is that which takes place when llu'.
body 18 between us and the sun, and in the same sign, de-
gree, Ac. of the zodiac. Such conjunctious can only hap-
pen to those planets that are nearer to the sun than our
earth is.
INFE RIOR, s. [Lat.] one in a lower rank or station tlian
another.
INFERIORITY, s. [i7ifaiorUi, Fr.] a lower state of dig.
nitv, worth, or excellence.
INFE'RNAL, ". [Fr. injernns, from infrn, below, Laf.]
belonging to hell. Infernal sluue, in medicine, is a very
powerful caustic, prepared from au evaporated solution of
silver, or a^stalsof ailvcr.
INF
INF
INFiyRTlI-E, a. \infn-tite, Fr-] not producing or yielding
Biiv thins;: iitii'niiirul ; liiuifii.
iNFKltTIlJ'I'Y, i. [hifWlilit', Fr.] iinfruitfuhiess; bar-
renness ; H-.int of power to produce.
To INFF.'ST, I', n. J'"/"''!'", from »7i, a ncfjiilivc particle,
mi< I />,»(/(.?, jovial, Lat.] to harass, trouble, or i)lague.
INFKS'iTVITY, .5. want of cheerfuhiess.
IXFF.UDATION, «. [lroni/i/«/»/H, a t<.p,\iiold, low Lat.]
in law, the act of putting a person into possesbion of a fee or
Citate.
I'NFIDF,!,, s. [Iidui ill, a negative particle, an<] fidelis,
fiiithful, I.at.] one who rejects or will not assent to the truth
of revelatiiiM, or thri'reat principles of religion.
INFIDK'FITV, i. [from in, a negative particle, and fi<Mis,
faithful, Lat.] want of faith or reliance in Proviilence ;
disbelief of Cliristianitv. Treacliery, or violation of one's
fidelilv.
INFINITE, n. [from in, a negative particle, and /f«io, to
limit, Lat.] having no bounds or limits. Perfect, so as to
admit of no defect or addition, applied to divine attributes.
iDfinitely or very large, used in common discourse.
I'NFINITRLY, ad. without limits or bounds.
mFlNlTENESS, I. the quality of admitting no bounds
or limits.
INFINITESIMAL, ff.that is infinitely divided.
INFINITIVE, a. [from in, a negative particle, anAfinio,
to limit, Lat.] in grannnar, applied to a mood, which denotes
no precise lime, nor determines the number of persons of
which any thing is attirmed, but expresses things in a loose
indefinite manner.
INFI'NITUDE, J. any thing which has no bounds or li-
mits; an inconceivable number.
INFI'NITY, i. [from i«, a negative particle, and _;?nto, to
limit, liat.J is taken in two senses entirely diflerent, i. e. in
a positive and a negative one. Positive infintti/, is a quality
ofbeing perfect in itself or capable of receiving no addition,
and is properly applied to the divine attributes or essence.
Negative iiijitdtij, is the quality of being boundless, unlimit-
ed, or endless.
INFI'RM, a. [from in, a negative partitle, and firmus,
strong, Lat.] deprived of natural strength by 3;'e or sick-
ness. Irresolute, applied to the mind. Not fit to support ;
not solid.
INFI'RMARY, s. [infinnerie, Fr.] a place where lodging
and board are provifled for sick and wounded persons.
INFI'RIMITY, «. [iujiymite, Fr.] weakness of sex, age, tem-
per, mind, or body.
INFl'RMiN'ES-S, s. want of strength, applied to argument,
understanrling, or body.
ToINFTX, I'. «. [from in, in, and /go, to fasten, Lat.J to
drive or fasten in.
ToINFLA'iME, v, a. yti/lammo, from fiammn, a flame,
Lat.] to kindle or set bodies on fire. Figuratively, to excite
or kindle desire ; to magnify a person's faults. To provoke,
or irritate, applied to the passions. Neuterly, to grow hot,
inigry, and painful, by obstructed matter.
INFL A'MER, s. the thing or person that causes a painful
sensationof heat in any part of the body ; one that promotes
Quarrels, or sets friends at variance.
INFLAMMABILITY, *. the qii2U-t>- of cxrtxliiug fire.
Tlie quality of causing a painful stnsation of heat, applied to
obstructed matter in animal bodies. The quality of ex-
citing the desires, or warming the passions, applied to the
mind.
INFLA'MMABLE, a. [Fr.] easy to be set on fire, capable
of exciting the passions; or irritating the humours in an
animal body. Inflammable air, is that gas which has hydro-
gen for its basis.
INFLA'MMABLENESS, s. the qualify of easily catching
fire ; the quality of being easily excited or provoked.
INFLAMMATION, s. [infle'mmatio, (row fiamrna, a flame,
Lat.] the act of setting on flame ; the state of being in
(lame. In surgery, applied to that sensation of heat, aris-
iri;j from obstrucied blood or matter, which crowds in a
3 S
greater quanfity to any particular part, and gives itagie:>t-
er colour and heat, than usual. 'I'lie act of exciting any
passion, desire, or fervour in Ihc mind.
INl'LA'MMATOl' V, n. having the power of causing an
inflammation, applied lo the fluids of the body. Having h
tendency to alienate the minds of subjects, or cause an insur-
rection in a slale.
To INFLAT'1>, 1'. n. [from in, into, and/", to blow, Lat.]
to swell with wind ; to till or pulf up with breath. Figura-
tirelv, to swell, or pulf up with pride.
INFLATION, .9. [from i«, into and/o, to blow, Lat.J the
state of being swelled with wind.
t To INFLE'CT, i;. a. \inflecto, i'rom flecit), to bend, Lat-j to
bend from a straight line. To change or vary. In granv-
niar, tovary or alter the terminations of a word; to de-
cline.
INFLE'CTION, s. [inflecto, from fectn, to bend, Lat.] ti)e
act of bending ; tlie act of turning or changing the direc-
tion of motion. A modulation or change from high to low,
applied to the voice, 'the variation or change oftjie end-
ings of a word, applied to grammar.
INFLE'CTIVE, a. having the power of bending.
INFLEXIBILITY, or INFLE'XIBLENESS, .1. \infleri-
bilitc, Fr.] stiffness, or the quality of resisting any attempt;
a temper ordisposition of mind not to be altered by prayers,
entreaties, promises, orthreatenings.
INFLIC'XIBLE, ff. [from in, a negative particle, andjlex-
ibilix, flexible, Lat.] not to be bent or made crooked ; not to
be changed or altered ; not to be prevailed on.
INFLEXIBLY, fl(/. without any cessation or remission ;
without being prevailed on to change or alter.
To INFLI CTj V. a. [from injitgo, Lat.] to punish or im-
pose on as a punishment.
INFLl'CTER, s. he that punishes.
INF'LI'CTION, s. [from inflirro, to inflict, Lat.] the act
of using punishments; the punishment imposed.
INFLICTIVT., a. \injlictiie, Fr.J executed, or imposed on
as a punishment.
INFLUENCE, s. [injlnence, Fr.] the power'of celestial
bodies or stars operatnig on human minds and aft'airs ; any
power which acts on the mind, and biasses ordirccts it.
To INFLUENCE, v. a. to act upon so as to impel, direct,
or modify; to^iperate on the mind, so as to bias or direct
it to any particular end or action.
I'NFLUENT, a. \injlneiis, from inflno, to flow or rush in,
Lat. I exerting influence or impulsive power.
INFLUI^'NTIAL, a. exerting influence or power.
I'NFLUX, .?. [()i//».r/M, from ir.fim, to flow or rush in, Lat.]
tlie act of flowing into any thing. Infusion, applied to
knowledge.
INFLUXIOUS, a. influential. Not used. " The moon
hath an inllurimis power to make impressions upon their
humours. Honel.
To INFOLD, v.a. to wrap ; to surround with the arms
folded ov^er each other ; to embrace.
To INtO'LIATE, v. a, |froni in, in, and f<dinm, a leaf,
Lat.] to cover with leave*.
To INFO'RM, v. a. [infoimo, from formo, to form or in-
struct, Lat.] to animate; to actuate with a soul or vital
power; to instruct; to supply with new knowledge. I:i
law, to bring a charge or accusation against a person, used
with against, and is geworally applied to the discoveries made
by an accomplice. Neuterly, to giv'e intelligence or to dis-
cover a crime.
INFORMAL, a. in law, out of form, not in due form.
INFO'RMANT, «. [»i/<»■)H«!i^ Fr.] one who discovers or
gives intelligence of a crime, or other matter; one who
ofters- or exhibits an accusation.
INFORMATION, s.[(xom informn, to inform, Lat.] in-
telligence or instruction; the act cf communicating some-
thing unknown before. In law, it is nearly the same in the
crown ofbce as what in our other courts is called a declara-
tion. It is sometimes brought by the king, or his attorney-
general, or the clerk of tbc crown oflice; and at other tinx's
407
ING
I>?0
by a jirivate person who informs or sues, as \vt'I\ fiir tlie
kins as hii;ist-'t', upon the broiich of some popular sl;iir.tf,
iu u liich a p<n;ilty is yivi-u to the parly w iio will sue lor it.
INFOKMEit, s. one who jjives intelligence, or connnuni-
cates new knowledge to the niiufl ; one who discovers the
crimes oroU'ences of another before a mngistrate.
INFO'RMIDABLE, «. [from i«, a negative particle, and
formido, to fear, Lat.] not to be feared or dreaded.
INFO'RMITY, s. [from in, a nesative particle, -indfor-
mit, form, Lat.Jwant of shape or fbl-ni.
INFO'ilMUUS, n. [from in, a negative particle, and/or-
ma, form, Lat.] shapeless ; oi'no regular form.
INFO'RTUNATK, rt. [from 2«, a negative particle, and
fcrtiina, fortune, Lat.] See UNFORTUNATE, which is com-
monly used ; not succeeding in one's designs or expecta-
tions; unsuccessful or unhappy. ■ .• .
To INFRA'CT, V. a. [from ni, a negative particle, and
franco, to break, Lat.] to break or interrupt. Not used.
INFRA'CTION, s. [from in, a negative particle, unAfran-
f^o, to break, Lat.] the act of breaking or violating.
INFRALAPSA'RLAN, s. one who maintains that God has
created a certain number of men only to be damned, without
allowing them the means necessary to save themselves, if
they would ; and the sect is thus called, because they hold
that God's decrees were formed infra Inpsnm, after his know-
ledge of the fall, and in consequence thereof; in contradis-
tinction to the Sapralapsariaiis.
INFRA'NGIBLE, a. not to be broken.
TNFRE'QUENCY, s. [from in, a negative particle, and
fieqmntia, frequency, Lat.] unconimouness ; rarity, applied
to things which seldom happen, or are seldom heard, seen,
©r done.
INFREQUENT, «. [from in, a negative particle, and /re-
quens, frequent, Lat.] rare, seldom happening.
To IN FRIG I Date, v. a. [tVom in, which here serves to
increase the signification, aadfrigiihis, cold, Lat.] to chill
or make cold. Not in use.
To Infringe, v. «. \infrinqn, from fmngo, to break,
Lat.] to violate or break, applied to laws or contracts. To
destroy or hinder.
infringement, s. the act of violating or breaking
laws or treaties.
INFRI'NGER, s, he that acts contrary to any law or
treaty.
INFU'NDIBULIFORM, a. [from infundihulum, a funnel,
and/bram, form, Lat.] of the shape of a funnel or fun-dish.
INFU RIATE, a. [itomfurio, to enrage, Lat.] enraged ;
raging.
INFUSCA'TION, s. [^from infusco, to make black, Lat.]
tlie act of darkening or blackening.
To INFUSE, {infice) V. a. [from in, in, and fundo, to pour,
Lat.] to pour in. Figuratively, to instil ; to inspire ; to
animate; to influence, applied to the mind. In medicine,
to steep or soak in any liquor with a gentle heat.
INFUSIBLE, {infiizibte) a. that may be instilled, com-
municated, or inspired, applied to the mind. Incapable of
being melted or dissolved, applied to bodies.
INFUSION, i. [fromtH, in. And f undo, to pour, Lat.] the
act of pouring in; the act of instilling or inspiring. In phy-
bIc, the act ofstc.^pi:lg ingredients in any liquor with a mo-
derate warmth ; also the liquor made by steeping ingredi-
ents.
INFU'SIVE, a. having a power of animating or influ-
encing.
rNG.A.TIvSTONE, a town in Essex, on the road from
London to Harwich. It consists of one street, and is (J miles
S\V. of Chelmsford, and 23 N. E. of London. Market on
Wednesday.
INGA'tHERING, s. the act of gettinp in an harvest.
IN(iE, in the names of places, signifyinga meadow, from
1)1^, Sax. of the same import.
'J'o INGICMINATE, M. a. [from in, n particle wliieh here
serves to increase the meaning, and^emiViw, to double, Lat.]
to double the same thing over again ; to repeat.
INGEMIN.\TION, «. |froai in, a negative partit^e which
here serves to increase the meaning, and gemino, to double,
Lat.] the act of doubling or repeating the same thing.
ToINGE'NDER, !;. «. See Engender.
INGE'NDERER, «. he that begets.
ING EN ER ATE, or INGE'NERATED, a. [from in,
within, and gcnero, to beget, Lat.j bornjor bred with or witf>.
in a person.
INGE'NIOUS, a. [from ingev.inm, capacity, wit, Lat.]kaw>
ing sense to invent or execute in a skilfid manner.
lN(iE'NIOUSLY, ad. in a manner that discovers great
invenfion, skill, and art.
' INGE'NIOUSNESS, s. strength of imagination to invent,
and dexterity to execute.
INGE'NiTE, a. [from in, within, and geno, to beget, Lat.]
born with one ; implanted ; or innate.
INGENUITY, s. [inghiuiti, Fr.] acuteness of mind in iiv
vention, and skill or art in executing.
INGE'NUOUS, «. [in"enwis, Lat. J having candour, opeiv
ness, or sincerity of mind ; free from dissimulation.
INGE'NUOUSLY, ad. in an open, fair, candid, and un-
dissembled manner.
INGE'NUOUSNESS, s. candour ; freedom from dissimu-
lation.
I'NG ENY, s. Ungenium, Lat.] genius, goodness of under-
standing, or readiness of invention. Not in use.
To INGE'ST, v. a. [from in, into, and geio, to carry, Lot.J
to cast or include in the stomach.
INGESTION, s. the act of casting or including in the
stomach.
I'NGLETON, a town in the W. riding of Y'orkshire, 8
miles N. \V. of Settle.
INGLO'RIOUS, a. [from in, a negative particle, and glo-
ria, glory, Lat J without honour, fame, or glory.
INGLO'ItlOUSLY, a(/. not reputably; dishonourably;
in a njean manner.
INGO'LDSTADT, a strong town of Bavaria, with an
university founded in 147-2. It was besieged, in ]ft32, hy
Gustavus Adolphns, king of Sweden, without success. It ij
seated on the Danube, in the midst of a morass,5 miles K.
E. of Newberg, and 38 N. by W. of Munich. Lat. 46. 46.
N. Ion. 11. 10. E.
I'NGOT, s. \lingot, Fr.J a mass of metal, generally applied
to gold and silver.
TolNGRATF,'t). a. to propagate trees by grafting; to
plant the sprig of one tree in the stock of another. To fix
deep or settle, applied to the mind.
INGRA'FTMENT, s. the act of insertingfhe sprig of one
tree into the stock of another ; the sprig ingrafted.
INGRATE, or iNGRATEFUL, a. [from in, a negativt-
particle, and gratus, grateful, Lat.] not acknowledging fiw
vouis received, or returning thanks for them. UnplcKsin?
or disagreeable, applied to any thing which afiects the
senses.
To INGRATIATE, {ingrnshiau) V. a. [from in and gratin,
Lat.] to creep into a person's favour.
INGRATITUDE,*, [ingmiiind,-, Fr.] the vice of being
insensible to favours received, and sometimes applied to the
retribution or returning evil for good.
INGRFVDIENT, s. [from ingrcdior, to enter, Lat.J that
which makes up a composition; generally applied to simples
in medicine.
INGRESS, s. [from ingicdior, to enter, Lat.] entrance ;
the act or liberty of going into a place. In astronomy, ap-
plied to one of the inferior i>lanets when entering upon tlic
sun's disk ; to the sun, when he enters i«to any sign of tJie
ecliptic.
INGRE'SSION, s. [from ingredior, to enter, Lat.] the act
ofentering.
rN(iRI A, a province of the Russian empire, wliich uow
forms the govcnnnent ofSt. l'erersl)urj;h. Itis l>ounde<l nn
the N. by tlie river Neva, and the (iulf of Finland, on the E.
and S. by the government of Novoj^'orod and that of Plo
kow, and on the W. by the Gulfoft inland and the (;ovem-
INH
merits of Esdionia and Uij:a. It isabout 130 milrs kjii^jtind
60 broad. The Czar Peter tlie (i real wrested it (Voiii tlie
Swedes, and it was cdiifiriiied to liiiii by llie treaty of Ny-
stadt, in 1721. At tluit tinie the inliiiliiv.iiits of llie tint
country \\ ere a Fitinitb people, but little ditlereiit from the
Fins of Carelia, as to llieir laii^na^'e and inaiiners. 'I'liey
were called Isclinrtzi from tlie river Iscliora, wliieii runs
into the Neva. !ii;;ria did not retain its antient Swedi-ili
privileges; on llie contrary, I'eler made a present of one
jnirt of the Iscliortzi to certain Russian nobles ; who, on
Uieir side, were obliged to people the less cnltivafed can-
tons oflngria, with colonies of Kussians from their estates;
and thence it is, that we often see a village of I'ussians sur-
rounded by villages of Tins. Refore tiie con(|uest of this
country the In^rians had Lutheran preachers for every
canton; but numbers of them have since conformed to the
profession of the Greek faith. The country abounds with
various wild animals, particularly rein deer.
To INGRO'SS, r. a. See ENGROSS.
I'iVGUINAL, a. [Fr. fromi'ngiHJH, the groin, Lat.] btlong-
ing to or situated in the i;roin.
To INGULF, or INGULPH, v. a. to swallow up in a
deep cavfty ; to cast into a gulf or abyss.
To INGU'llGLFAlTy, v. a. [incriirgito, from gnrges, a
whirlpool, Lat.] to swallow down. Wants authority.
INGURGITA'TION, s. the act of swallowing* rapaci-
ously.
INHA'RILE, a. [inhabile, Fr. from in, a negative particle,
and habilis, tit, Lat.] unskilful; unready; unfit; unqua-
lified.
To INH ABIT, V. a. [from iu, in, and habito, to dwell. Let.]
to dwell in; to possess as an inhabitant.
INHABITABLE, «. capable of aflording or fit for habi-
tation. Not habitable; from inhabitabln. Ft. Not used in
the last sense.
LNHA'BITANT, s. one who dwells oriesides fora time in
a place.
INHABITATION, s. a house or dwelling place ; the act
of dwelling in a place ; the state of being inhabited.
INHA'BITER, s. one who dwells in a place.
To INHA'LE, V. a. [from in, in, and halo, to breathe, Lat.]
to draw in with the air or one's breath.
IKHARMO'NIOUS, a. not harmonious, musical, or of an
agreeable sound.
To INHE'RE, v. 71. [from in, in, and hareo, to adhere, Lat.]
to exist in something else.
INHE'RENT, n. [from in, in, and hareo, to adhere, Lat.]
OListing inseparably in something; innate, or inborn.
To INHE'RIT, V. a. \cnhcriter, Fr.] to possess by right
of succession from another. Figuratively, to gain posses-
sion ; to possess or enjoy.
INHE'RITA.BLE, a. transmissible by inheritance ; ob-
tainable by succession.
INHE'RITANCE, s. any thing which a person possesses
or succeeds to as the next of blood, or heir; possession or
enjoyment. The possession of what belonged to a parent,
or other relation, after their death.
INHE'RITOR, s. an heir, or one who succeeds to what
another enjoved, after his death.
INHERITRESS, or INHERITRIX, s. a \yoman who
succeeds to the possessions of a relation after his death.
To INHE'RSE, v. a. to inclose in a funeral monument.
INHE'SION, s. [from in, in, and /«n-eo, to adliere, Lat.]
the existing in something.
To INHIBIT, V. a. [from in, in, and habeo, to hold, Lat.]
to restrain, hinder, repress, or check, applied to power. To
forbid, applied to laws.
INHIBITION, s. [from iiJtibeo, to prohibit, Lat.] a pro-
Ilibition. In commerce, an embargo. In law, a writ from
a superior loan inferior court, forbidding the judge to pro.
Cieed in the cause depending before him.
To INHO'LD, V. a. to contain iu itself.
INHO'SPITABLE,a.aaording noefttertaiament orkind-
HjKS to strangers.
^9
INJ
INIIO'SPITARLENESS, f. want of courtesy, kinrtnc«o,
or civility to strangers.
INHOSPITABLY, ad. in a maimer not kind to strangers.
INIIOSPFFALITY, s. See Imiospitablen f:ss.
INHUMAN, a. I fromiH, a negative particle, and humamis,
humane, Lat. J wanting the kind, benevolent, and social
ail'ections, which adorn and support our species; savage;
cruel; without compassion.
INHUMANITY, *. [in/mvianiti, Fr.] want of the kind,
benevolent, compassionate, and social afl'eclions ; cruellj;
barbarity.
INHU'MANLY, ad. in a manner incons's^'ent with kind-
ness, compassion, charity, or other siioial attVctions.
To INHU'MATfc:, or" 1 Nl 1 U M L, f. «. [from j«, in, and
/imnm, the earth, Lat.] to inter, to bury, or put under the
ground.
To INJE'CT, t'. a. [from jm, into, andjaci'o, to throw, Lat.]
to throw or dart in; to cast or throw up. In medicine,
to force any fluid, or other substance, into the vessels of the
body.
INJECTION, s. [from in, into, and judo, to throw, I^jt.]
the act of casting or throwing in. In medicine, any licpiors
made to be thrown into the body by a syringe or other
instrument. In surgery, the act of filling the vessels of a
body with wax, or other substance, to shew their shapes
and ramifications.
INI'MICAL, o. unfriendly; unkind; hostile.
INIMITABI'LITY, s. the quality of not being to be
imitated.
INI'MITABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and
imitor, to imitate, Lat.] above or beyond imitation ; impus-
sible to be copied.
INIMITABLY, ad. in a manner not to be imitated.
To INJO'IN, v.a. {(Tominjiingo, Lat.] to command or en-
force by superior authority.
INIQUITOUS, a. inconsistent with justice or honesty ;
wicked.
\ INI'QUITY, s. [iniquitiis, from in, a negative particle,
and aquitas, equity, Lat.] opposition to, or breach of,
the laws of justice and honesty. Sin, applied to the divine
laws.
INITIAL, (in'ishial) a. [from initium, beginning, Lat.]
placed at the beginning, applied to letters. Beginning
or incipient; not complete or perfect; introductory to.
To INITIATE, {inishiute) v. a. [from ineo, to enter, Lat.]
to enter ; to instruct in the first principles of an art ; to
place in a new state ; to put into a new society.
INITIATE, (iiihliii(te) H.ffrom inco, to enter, Lat.] strange,
new, or not practised.
INITIATION, {inishidthon) f. [from ineo, to enter, Lat.]
the act of entering a person into any art or state.
INJU'DICABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and
7i«/(fo, to judge, Lat.] not cognizable by a judge.
INJUDICIAL, (in/WiViiffO "-"ot according to the forms
or practice of the law.
INJUDl'CIOUS, {injiul'isMous) a. without judgment.
INJUDICIOUSLY', {injudishiously) ad. in a manner that
discovers weakness or want of judgment.
INJU'NCTION, i. [from injuti^o, to eiijoin, Lat.J the com-
mand or order of a superior. In law, it is a writ founded
upon an order in chancery, either to give tire plantifi' pos-
session, or to stay proceedings in another court.
To I'NJURE, V. a. [from in, a negative particle, and ;«»,
right, Lat.] to hurt a person unjustly ; to wrong, or deprive
a person of his right ; to annoy or disturb with any inconve-
nience.
INJURIOUS, a. [from m, a negative particle, and j'ij*,
right, Lat.] unjust, or depriving a person of his right ; guilty
of wrong. Figuratirely, causing mischief; reproachful,
including the idea of "not bein^ deserved; containing
scandal.
INJU'RIOUSLY, ai. in such a manner as to appesr ub.
just; wrongfully.
INN
INO
INJU'RIOUSNESS, s. tlie quality of being miscliievous,
oi' cnmuiilling an iiijiiiy.
INJURY, f. [from III, a negative particle, ami jns, ri^lit,
Lat.] a violation of the ri^'hts of another. Fijiiiriiiivcly,
cietriment or niisc^hief arising from want of judgment ; da-
rn a j;e ; scanrlalons expressions.
INJUSTICE, *. [from in, a negative particle, and /"rfZ/m,
jditice, Lat.J any act done against the laws or the dictates
of honesty.
INK, t. [encre, Fr.] a liquor with which we write on paper
OTparchmtnt. The following niclluid of making ink has
been recommended by experience, and is easily and speedily
practised. To a gallon of boiling water put six ounces of
blue galls grossly pounded, and three ounces of copperas ;
stir the n:i.-iture well together, and then add six ounces of
gum arabic pounded. After stirring the whole thoroughly,
leave it to settle, and the, next day strain it oif fioni the
dregs for use.
To INK, V. a. to black or daub with ink.
I'NKHORN, *. any vessel containing ink.
INKLE, s. a kind of narrow hllet or tape.
INKLING, s. [from inkalkn, Pielg.] a hint ; whisper ;
intimation.
INKM.A'KEU, s. lie who makes ink.
I'NKY, n. blotted or covered with ink ; black as ink.
I'NLAND, a. lying up a country at a distance from
the sea.
I'NLAND, t. the midland or inw ard parts of a country.
TOLANDER, .5. a person who live* in a country at a
distance from the sea.
To INLA PIDATE, v. a. [from in, in, and lapis, a stone,
L;tt.] to burn to stone. Neuterly, to grow or become stony.
To INLAW, V. a. to clear of outlawry orattainder.
ToINLA'Y, V. a. to diversify with substances, or woods
of different colours, which are let in and glued within the
ground of a thing ; to adorn with vaiious colours, repre-
senting inlaid work.
INLET, f- a passage ; a place whereby a thing may find
*titrance.
I'NLY, a. in the mind ; within the breast ; secret. "The
Mil touch of love." Shall.
INLY, ail. internally ; w ithin ; in the bosom or heart.
I'NMATE, s. in law, a lodger, or person aduiillcd to
dwell for money in z. person's house, passing in and out by
the same door.
INMOST, a. superlative of i'li ; farthest within, or re-
niotest from the surface.
INN, s. [Sax.] a house where travellers may meet with
tiitertainment and lodging for themselves, and stabling, dvc.
for their horses ; a place where students were boardeil and
taught ; hence the colleges for students in common law are
callexl inns ofronrt.
INN, a river of (iermany, which rises in the country of
the Grisons, aboul li miles S. W. of Zuls, runs in a N. E.
course, through 'I'yrol and 15avaria, (passing by Inspruck,
Ratenburg, Kuii'slcin, Branau, and other towns,) and falls
into the Danube near I'assaw. Also a river of thearcliducliy
of Austria, which runs into the Danube near Etferding.
To INN, V. a. to house or put under cover, applied to
husbandry. Neuterly, to put up or lo<lge at an inn.
INNA'TE, orlNN ATEI), a. [from in, in, and iiascor, to
be born, Lat.] inborn ; born within ; implanted.
INNATENESS, s. the ipiality of being born in a person,
and making a part of his nature.
INNA'VIGAIM.E, n. [from in, a negative particle, and
wivi^nliilis, navigable, Lat.] not to be sailed upon ; not to
be pa.s-sed in a siiip.
I'NNER, «. the comparative degree of in ; the superla-
tive is inmort, or iimirmost ; applied to the mind, internal.
Applied to nituatiou, more from the surface thaji the thing
compared.
INNERMOST, n. superlative of in, which has likewise
inmost; at the greatest cILslanue from the surficc or be-
gumijig.
(.00
I'NNHOLDF.R, «. a person who keeps an nin.
I'NNINCt, J. the state of a person at a game, who goes ill
or plays first. Inlaw, used iii the pli;ral, for lands reco-
vered from the sea.
I'NNKEEPER, s. one who keeps a public house, whets
travellers may meet with provision and lodging.
ITSINOCENCE, or I'NNOCENCY, t. [innocence, Fr. in-
twcentia, Lat.] a state of mind which has not been tainted by
the commission of any crime ; purity from any injurious ac-
tion ; harmlessness.
INNOCENT, rt. [from in, a negative particle, and iwcen,
to hurt, Lat.] harmless ; free frouj mischief; or any particular
I'NNOCENT, s. one who is free from guilt or harm.
Figuratively, an idiot, or one who is foolish.
I'NNOCENTLY, ad. without intending any harm or mis-
chief; without guilt ; with simplicity, arising from weakness
of understanding.
INNOCENTS' DAY, the name of a feast celebrated oa
the28tli day of December, in commemoration of the infaats
murdered by Herod.
INNOCUOUS, a. [from in, a negative particle, and noceo,
to hurt, Lat.J harmless in its effects.
INNOCUOUSLY, ad. without any mischievous effects.
INNO'CUOUSNESS, s. harndessness.
To INNOVATE, v. a. \innovo, from iioiiit, new, Lat.J to
bring in something not known before ; to alter by introducing
something new.
INNOVA'TION, *. [in«oi«/!on, Fr. I change arising from
the introduction of something unknown or not practised be-
fore.
INNOVATOR, s. [iimovatcur, Fr.] one that introduces
new customs or opinions ; one that makes alterations by in-
troducing novelties.
INNO'XiOUS, a. [from i>i, a negative particle, and noiius,
from noxa, mischief, Lat.] free from mischievous cHects ;
free from guilt.
INNO'XIOUSLY, ad. in such a manner so as to intend or
do no harm.
INNO'XIOUSNESS, s. the quality of operating without
producing any mischievous effects.
INNDEN'DO, s. [from iunuo, to nod, Lat.J an indirect
bint, or charge of a crime.
INN U'iMER ABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and
vumenis, number, Lat.] so numerous us not to be counted or
reckoned.
INNU'MERABLY.arf. witboutnunibcr.
INNU'iMEHOUS, a. [from in, a negative particle, and
numerns, number, Lat.] too many to be counted.
To INOCULATE, v. a. [inocuh, from ni, in, and oculus, tlie
eye, Lat.J in botany, to propagate any plant by inserting
its bud in another stock ; to yield a bud to another stock.
In physic, to couMuunicate the suudl-pwx or cow-pox, by in-
fusing the matter of the pock taken from one person into the
veins of another.
INOCULATION, ^. \inoculatio, from in, ni, and oculut, tlie
eye, Lat.] the act of including or inserting the bud of one
tree in an incision ma<le in the bark of another, by which
means it is ma<le to bear the same fruit as the tree from which
the bud is taken. In medicine, the practice of coninnmi-
cating the small-pox or cow-pox by means of infusing tlie
matter of a ripened pustule into the veins of a person wla)
has not had that distemper. Inoculation had been practised
by the poorer iidiabitants of Arabia, ami even of Wales,
time out of mind ; but had never attracted the notice of
physicians till the beginning of the last century. In tlie
year 1717, lady Mary Wortley Montague, wife of the Er».
glish ambiissador at Constantinople, had her son inoculates]
thereat the age of fiyears ; he had but few pustides, and soon
recovered. In April 1721, inoculation was successfully tried
on seven condemned criminals in London, by permission of
Georg<' I. In 1722, lady Mary Wortlev Motitague, had a
daughter of six years old inotnilated in this island ; soon after
which the children of the royal faiuily, that liad nut bad llic.
INR
I,\S
small pox, wrre inoculated witli success; flicn fuildw.'d
sonic of llie noliilirv, ;in(l the pr.iiticc soon prevailed.
INOCULATOK, .«. one who pidpajjiitcs trees, or coni-
niniiicHtrs the km;ill-|)ox or tow-liox liv iiioeahilioii.
INO DOKAl'l'", «. [t'roin in, a uegalivt [.article, and silur,
ascent, Lat.] haviny no scent.
INC)'!)01U)L'S, II. [fronu'ri, a negative particle, and iitlor,
a scent, l.at.| waul in;; scent ; not causing any sensation iu
liie orj;aiis of'sniellin^'.
1N()J''FI'7N.SIV1'., rt. giving '-o provocation or otlencc ;
giving no pain or terror.
INOFFK'iMSIVKl.Y, ad. in such a manner as to give no
ofl'ence or provocation.
INOl'rE'NSlVENF^SS, s. tiie quality of giving no pro-
vocation.
INOFFFCIOUS, (iniiffisliions) a. not striving to serve or
accomochite another.
INOTPOUTUNE, It. [from in, a negative particle, and
ojrjiiirtnnus, fit, Lat.] unseasonable ; inconvenient.
1\0'H1.)1NACY,.«. wantof regularity and order.
IXO'RDINATE, «. ffroui in, a negative particle, and
(rriltiinliis, from orilu, to order, Lat. | not under proper rules,
restraint, or regidatioi).
IN()'IlDINA'rFL\ , ml. in a manner subject to no order,
restraint, or regulation ; irregularly.
INO'RDINATENESS, *. want of being subject to rules,
or restraint.
INORDINATION, i. want of being reduced to order,
or restrained by rules.
INORGANl'CAL, n. without fit organs or instrumental
parts.
To INO'SCULATE, v. n. [from in, in, and osculor, to kiss,
Lat.] to join bv being inserted in each other.
INOSCULATION, *. the act of joining by having its
extremities inserted in each other.
I NQUEST, i. \inquisitio, from inqiiiro, to inquire, Lat.] a
judicial inquiry or examination ; search, or study. In law,
the trial of a cause by jurors, or a jury.
INQUI'ETUDE, s. [from in, a negative particle, and quies,
quiet, Lat.] a state of disturbance or an-xietude, applied to
the mind; want of tranquillity ; an action whereby the
tranquillitvof the mind is distuibed.
To INQUFNATE, v. a. [inquino, Lat.] to pollute ; to
COJTUpt.
INQUINATION, s. [froai inquinn, to defile, Lat.] cor-
ruption ; pollution.
INQLTR ABLE, a. that may be inquired or examined info.
To INQUIRE, V. n. [inqniro, from quaro, to seek, Lat. J
to ask questions for information ; to make search, or exert
curiosity.
INQUI'RER, s. a person who examines, or searches after
something unknown ; one who asks questions by way of ex-
amination, or in order to be informed.
INQUI'RY', s. the act of searching by questions after
oomething unknown ; examination.
INQUISITION, (inqu^ishon,) s. [from inqniro, to inquire,
Lat.] judicial inquiry. Figuratively, discussion, or search
nfter something unknown, applied to the mind. In law,
a tuanuer of proceeding in criminal causes by way of ques-
tion or examination. A spiritual court in Roman catholic
ceuntries appointed for the trial and punishment of heretics.
INQUrSITIVE, (inquizitive,) a. [from im/uiro, to inquire,
I-at.] inquiring in order to find out something unknown;
l.>usy in searching or prying into tilings ; endeavouring to
make discoveries.
INQUi'SlTIVELY, (inqnizitively,) ad. in a manner which
discovers a great desire and intense application to make dis-
coveries.
INQUl'SITIVENESS, (iuquizitiveness) s. the quidity of
prying into things unknown, or the secrets of others.
INQUrSITOR, {inqiiizitor) s. [inquisitor, Lat.] one who
exauiinesjudiciously, or searches into the truth of a foct or
opinion ; an ofiicer belonging to the Popish inquisition,
'I'o INRA'IL, f, a, to inclose with rails.
rNIlOAD, Unrcdi:) j. a suildcn or short invasion oralluck
upon a ciiuul'.y.
INSA'N AI'.LE, a. [frdiii ir, a negative particle, ainJ
taniilii/i.i, curaldc, Lat.] iiicnrablr; irremediable.
INSA'NI'",, «. [dw/HH.s-, Lai.] mad ; making mad.
IN.SA'TIAI'LI", (insii.s/niihlt) n.[froiii 111, a negative particle,
and .intio, to satisfy, Lat.] so greedy or covetous as no; to lie
satiitied.
INSA'TIARLENES.S, (insashiableness) s. the quality of not
being satisfied orappeased.
1NS.\'TIA1?I.Y, lid. with greediness not to be appeased.
liS'SATlA'l'E, (/«»7M/ii«/i') II. [from 7:1, a negative particle,
and siUio, to satisfy, Lat.] so greedy as not lo be salisliKl.
INSA'TIIRARLE, «. [from in, a negative particle, and
««/«)•«, to till, Lat.] not to be tilled or glutted.
'J'o IiNSCltriiE, V. II. [from in, upon, and siribo, to write,
Lat.] to write on any thing, generally applied to sonii-thing
engraved on a nionuiiieiit, or w ritten on the outsirle of si)iiii>
tliiiig. To make any thing with letters; to dedicati- to a
person without a formal address. To draw a figure witiiiii
anollicr, applied to mathematics.
liS'SCRrPTIOX, i. llVuiii f/j, upon, and in?iu, to write,
Lat.| any sentence written on the outside of soiuetlnng,
or engraved on a moniiiiunl or slone ; a title; the act of
inscribing or dedicating a book to a person without a formal
address.
INSCRUTABLE, a. [horn in, a negative i)arficle, and
«fi-»?o/-, to examine, Lal.J initio be discovered or traced by
inquiry or study.
'J'o INSCU'LP, V. a. [from in, in, and sculpo, to carve or en-
grave, Lat.] to engrave or cut.
INSCU'LPTLRE, s. any thing engraved.
To INSE'AM, (inseini) v. a. to leave a mark in the skiu
after a wound is cured.
INSECT, s. [from !», in, and seen, to cut, Lat.J a species
of animals, so called because their bodies seem as it were cut
in two, and joined together only by a small ligature or nieni-
brane. Figuratively, any thing small or contemptible.
INSECTATOR, s. [from mscctur, to pursue, Lat.] otie
that persecutes (ir harasses with pursuit.
INSECTILE, a. resembling or having the nature of
insects.
INSECU'RE, a. Hot safe, or not protected from danger or
loss.
INSECU'RITY, s. the state of being exposed todaugeror
loss ; want of gioimds for confidence.
INSEMINA TION, s. [frem in, in, and semino, to sow, Lat. ]
the act of scattering seecl on ground.
INSENSATE, «. [insm.vi-, !>. insfusntn, Ifal.] without
thought or sensibility of present or approaching danger.
INSENSIBILITY, *. (msensibiliii, Fr.] want of a power
to perceive; dulness of perception, applied either to the
mind or body.
IN.SE'NSJBLE, a. [insensible, Fr.] not to be discovered
by the senses or mind ; not afiected or moved by au object
belonging either to the bodv or mind.
INSE'NSIBLENESS, i.'wanf of .sensation.
INSENSIBLY, ml. in a manner not to be perceived.
INSEPARABl'LITV, or L\.SEPARABLENES.S, .s. the
quality of being such as cannot be separated or divided.
INSE'P .ARABLE, n. [from in, a negative particle, and
sepere, to separate, Lat. J not to be divided ; united so as
not to be parted or separated.
INSEPARABLY, ad. in a manner not to be divided,
parted, or separated.
To INSE'RT, V. a. [from insei-o, Lat.Jto place iit or among
other things.
INSETiTION, s. [from insero, to insert, Lat.] the act of
placing in or amongst other things ; the thing placed among
others.
INSE'RVIENT, a. [from iw, unto, and senin, to serve, Lat. |
conducing or of use to promote au end. Seldom used.
To INSHELL, v.a. to hide in a shell. r>ot in use.
INS
INS
To INSIST, V. a. to shut, put on board, or stow in a ship.
Kot in use.
To INSHRI'NE, t'. a. to inclose in a shrine or valuable
case. It is as often written enshine.
I'NSIDE, s. tiie inner part, opposed to the surface or out-
ward part.
INSIDIATOR, s. [Lat.] one who lies in wait.
INSIDIOUS, a. I from insidiee, snares or treachery, Lat.]
treacherous; with an intention to ensnare.
INSI'DIOUSLY, ad. in a sly or treacherous manner ;
with an intention to ensnare.
INSIGHT, {iusit) s.\insiclit, Belg.] knowledrje of the in-
vsarJ parts of any thing ; thorough skill in, or acquaintance
with, anv thin^.
INSlGNiriCANCE, or INSIGM'i IC.\NCY, s.[hmg.
nificance, Fr.] want of meaning, applied to words. Want of
importance, applied to tilings.
INSIGNITICANT, a. wanting meaning; conveying no
ideas, applied to words. Wanting weight, importance, or
a power of producing an eftect, applied to persons and
things.
INSIGNIFICANTLY, ad. without meaning; applied to
language. Without importance or etiect, applied to persons
or things.
INSINCE'RE, o. [from in, a negative particle, and smce-
f(«,sincere,Lat.] not what a person appears ; uot.hearty ; not
sound ;' corrupted.
INSINCERITY, s. want of truth or fidelity ; the vice of
making great professions of friendship, without observing
them.
■ To INSI'NEW, V. a. to give strength ; to confirm. Not
fn use.
INSI'NU.ANT, a. [Fr.] having the power to gain or creep
into the favourof (liners.
To INSI'NU ATE, v. a. [insinuo, from in, in, and siynis, the
bosom, Lat.J to make a passage for, or introduce any thing
gently. Figuratively, to gain upon the affections of another
imperceptibly, and by gentle means. To instil or infuse
gently and imperceptibly, applied to opinions and notions.
Neuterly, to wheedle; to steal imperceptibly; to be convey-
ed insensibly. Synon. We nwi'iiwfe by cunning address ;
we sugsest by credit and artifice. Insinuate implies sorae-
tliing delicate ; sii!;gest frequently something scandalous.
INSIN CATION, s. [insinuo, from in, in, and sinus, the bo-
fom, Lat.] the quality of pleasing or stealing into the aflf'ec-
tions ; a hint, or oblique censure.
INSINU-^TIVE, a. having the power to steal on the
aSections.
INSINUATOR, s. [Lat.] one who drops a hint to a per-
son's prejudice.
INSIPID, fl. [from in, a negative particle, and sapio, to
have a taste, Lat.] having no taste, or not able to aftect the
organ of tasting ; without spirit or the qualifications neces-
sary to please and divert the mind. Synon. That which
is insipid, does not affect the taste in the least ; that w hich is
/Ja< does not pierce it. Tlie_^«( displeases; and the insipid
tires.
INSIPIDITY, or INSIPIDNESS, s. [insipiditi, Fr.l
want of the power of affecting the taste ; want of life and
spirit.
INSIPIDLY, ad. in a dull manner ; in such a manner
as not to affect or cause any sensation in the organ of
taste.
I INSrPIENCE, *: [from in, a negative particle, and lajri-
tntia, wisdoni, Lat.] folly ; want of understanding.
To INSrST, V. n. [from in, upon, and slain, to stand, Lat.]
forest or stand upon. To remain resolute, or persist in a
request or ilomaiid To dwell upon in a discourse.
iNSrS'FENT, «. [from in, upon, and sitta, (o stand, Lat.J
resting upon any thing.
INM"! IKNCY, f. I from in, a negative particle, and sitif,
Iht'st, I.Ht.|exen)j)tir,n frnin tliirst.
IS.SITIOS', t. [from insn-o, to insert, Lat.J the act of in-
serting or ingrafting one brancb into auotlM>r,
602
INSITURE, s. a constant course of regularity. Not iii
use.
To INSNA'RE, II. a. to catch in a trap, or ensnare ; to
inveigle, or bring into any danger or inconvenience by al-
lurements ; to intangle in dangers and perplexities.
INSNA'RER, s. one who catciiesany tiling in a snare ;
one that inveigles or biings a person into periilcxity by ar-
tifice.
INSO'CIABLE, (insoiAiaii^f') n. [from in, a negative parti-
cle, and socio, to associate, Lat.j averse to conversation ; not
fit for a companion ; not fit to be united or joined together.
INSOBRIETY, s. drunkenness; want of sobriety.
To I'NSOLATE, v. a. [insvlo, from sol, the sun, Lat.J to
drv in the sun.
Insolation, J. [Fr. insolo, from tol, the sun, Lat.] ex-
position to the sun.
TNSOLENCE, or I'NSOLENCY,*. [from zhjo/ctw, strange
or proud,. Lat.] pride exerted in treating others in a dis-
dainful and contemptuous manner.
I "NSOLENT, a. [from iyisolens, strange or proud, Lat.l
beharing w ith an uncommon degree of pride, disdain, and
contcni)it.
INSOLENTLY, ad. in a proud manner, attended with
contempt, disdain, or a total disregard of a persons supe-
rior.
INSO'LVABLE, a. [insolvahle, Fr.] not to be cleared up
or exjilained, applied to difficulties in writing. That which
cannot be paid, applied to debts.
INSOLUBLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and solvo,
to dissolve, Lat.] not to be cleared up, explained or render-
ed intelligible, applied to difficulties in writing. Not to l>e
dissolved by any fluid. Not to be separated, applied to
su'i»l:inf"es
INSO'LVENCY, *. the quality of not being able to pay,
applied to debts.
INSO'LVENT, a. [from in, a negative particle, and sohv,
to pay, Lat.] notable to pay. Used substantively for a man
that cannot nay his debts.
INSOM U'CH, conj. so that ; to such a degree that.
To INSPE'CT, V. a. [from in, into, and sprcio, to see, Lat. }
to look into by way of examination or superintcndance.
INSPECTION, s. [from !», into, and specin, to see, Lat.]
the act of examining with strictness; a narrow, close, and
critical survey.
INSPECTOR, s. [Lat.] one who examines or looks into
things, in order to discover either fa nils or beau ties; a person
who superintends any performance or undertaking.
To INSPHE'RE, (iiisflre) v. a. to place in an orb or
sphere.
INSPI'RABLE, a. that may be drawn in with the breath ;
that may be infused by the Deity.
INSPIR.VTION, s. in medicine, the act of drawing in
the breath ; the act of breathing into any thing; the infusion
of ideas into the mind by some superior power.
To INSPIRE, V. 11. [from ik, into, and spiro, to breathe,
Lat.] in medicine, to draw in the breath. Actively, to
breathe into; to animate; to encourage. In divinity, to
infuse ideas into the mind ; to impress on the fancy.
INSPl'RER, J. he that communicates ideas to the mind ;
he that animates or encourages.
To INSPI'SSATE, V. a. [inspisso,'{iom tpissus, thick, Lat.]
to make any fluid thick.
INSPI.S.SA"riON, *. the act of making anv liquid thick. ■
I'NSPRUCK, a town of Germany, capital of the Tyrolese.
It is very populous, and though not large within the walls,
has extensive suburbs, in which are sonic considerable pa-
laces, churches, and convents. It is sealed in a pleasant
valley, on the river Inn, CO miles S. of Munich. Lat. 47.
10. N. Ion. 11.27. E.
INSTABILITY, s. [from «», a negative particle, and
slahilis, stable, Lat.] inconstancy ; fickleness ; mutability,
or a state subject to continual alterations and decays.
INSTA'BLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and slabilitt
stable, Lat.] inconstant ; changing. See LI N stab UK.. .
INS
rN3
To ISSTAT.I., (instttt'it) V. a.[inttaller, Fr.J lo advance to
aiiv r;inl\ or ortico.
iNNTAXMFA'T, f!ts/rt«/m(?nO s. is the iiistnling or es-
labli^hiii;; a pi'ijoii ill some (lii;iiity; and is cliictly nieant
for tlio induction ot'a dean, prclknidary, or other ecclesias-
tical diirnitary, into the possession of his stall, or other pro-
per seat in tlie cathedral to whieh he helonj^'s. It is also
used for tlie ceremony whereby the kni^'htsof thefjarterare
placed in tlieir rank in the chapel of St. fieorge at Windsor,
nnd on many otlier occasions. It is sometimes termed In-
stallation.
INSTANCE, or I'NSTANCY, s. [ihstance,^ Fr.] an ear-
nest or ardent and importunate request or solicitation ; a mo-
tive or pressinfj arifumeut ; an example used to ilhisfratu and
enforce any doctrine ; the slate of a thing. "Inlhe tirst?/i-
ttance." Hale. Occasion; opportunity; act. " Ditiicult
i)u(fl»CM of duty." Rogers.
To INSTANCE, v. n. to produce as an example ; to
eonMriii or illustrate an argument.
I'NST.VNT, n. \instaiu, from in, upon, and sto, to stand,
Ijat.] earnestly pressing ; immediate ; without delay, or
nnv time intervening; (piltk.
I hSTANT, s. such a purt of duration wherein we per-
ceive no succession ; the present moment. In commerce,
the present month.
INSTANTA'NEOUS, n. [itistnntancus, low Lat. from 2)i.
ttaiu, immediate, Lat.] done in an instant, or without any
perceptible succession; with tiie utmost speed.
JNSl'ANTA'NEOUSLY, flc/. in an instant ; in an indi-
visible point of liLiie. •
INSTANTLY, J<(rf. \instaiile>; from instavs, immediate,
Lat. J immediately ; without any perceptible delay, or inter-
vention of time ; with ur;;ent and pressing importunity.
To INSTATE, V. a. to place in a certain rank or condi-
tion. To possess, or give possession. The last sense is
obsolete.
INSTAURATION, ». [from vistaur^ to restore, Lat.]
tlie act of restoring to a former state.
INSTE'AD, (itisted) prep, in the room or place ; equal
to.
ToINSTEE'P, ». a. to soak in any liquid or moisture.
To lay under water.
I'NSTEP, s. the upper part of the foot, where it joins to
the lej;.
To rNSTIG.\TE, v. a. [instigo, from stigo, to prick for-
ward, Lat.] to urge on, or provoke to the comiaissiou of a
crime.
INSTIGATTION, s. [!nf<!Vfliion, Fr.] the act of inciting,
provoking, or impelling tlie commission of something
evil.
•INSTIGATOR, j. [iiistigateur, Fr.] one who incites a
person to commit a crime.
To INSTIL, V. a. [iiisiillo, from stilla, a drop, Lat.] to pour
in by drops ; to infuse or insinuate any opinion or idea im-
perceptibly into the mind.
INSTILLATION, s. \instillaiw, from stilla, a drop, Lat.]
the act of pouring by drops; the act of infusing or commu-
nicatinij slowly ; that which is instilled or communicated.
I'NSTlNCT, *. [from instinctus, an inward motion, Lat.]
formerly acccuted on the last syllable ; that power which
acts on and impels brutes to any particular manner of con-
duct, supposetl necessary in its etlects, and to be given
them instead of reason.
INSTTOCTED, a. [from instinctus, an inward motion,
Lat.l impressed as an animating power or instinct.
INSTl'NCTIVE, a. operating on the mind previous to
eny determination of the will, or any use of reason.
INSTrNCTiVELY, ad. by instinct.
To I'NSTITUTE, v. n. [iiistitiw, from statuo, to establisli,
Lat.] to fix, settle, appoint, or enact, applied to laws or or-
ders. To instruct, or form by instruction.
I'NSTITUTE, «. [from insiituo, lo institute, Lat.| an esta-
blished custom or law ; a precept, maxim, or principle.
INSTITUTION, s. [from instiOw, to institute, Lat.] the
establishing a la w^r custom ; an ftstablishinent ; a posiliv*
law. In llie laiHin and ciiiniiion law, it signifies Ihe invest-
ing aclerk with tile spiritualilies of a rectory, cVc. which is
done by a bishop, who uses the words, " Institute you rectfir
of such a church, with cure of souls; receive your care and
mine." This makes him a complete parson as to spiritu-
ality but not as to temporality, which depends on Iittlialion ;
which see.
INSTITUTIONARY, a. containing the elements, or first
principles, of any science or doctrine.
I'N.STITUT1ST, rt. a writer of institutes, or explanation
of 'aws, or of the maxims and first principles on which any
system of laws or science is founch'd.
INSTITUTOR, s. [from insiituo, to institute, Lat.] one
who establishes any custom or doetrine ; one who instructs
a person in the elements or first principles of u-ny science or
doctrine.
To INSTO'P, V. a. to close up or stop.
To INSTUU CT, r. rt. [iiistrun, from strun, to build up,
Lat.J to|teach or communicate knowledge to another. In
law;, to model or form by previous discourse.
INSTRU'CTER, s. one who communicates knowledge,
er teaches.
INSl^RU'CTION, s. [from itistruo, to instruct, Lat.| the
art of teaching or imparting knowledge; any precept con-
veying knowledge; a precept or direction from a supe-
rior.
INSTRU'CTIVE, a. [instrnctif, Fr.] conveying know-
ledge.
INSTRUMENT, s. [from i-nstruo, to furnish or set in or-
der, Lat.] a tool used in executing any work. In music, a
frame of wood, Ac. so composed as to yield harmonious
sounds. In law, a writing containing any contract or order.
The agent or means by which any thing is done.
INSTRUMENTAL, «. [ini(n()HeH(«/, Fr.] conducive as a
means to some end. Iiistntmcnta/ miisic, is that produced by
an instrument, and opposed to vocal,
INSTRUMENTA'LITY, s. the action or agency of a
thing as a means ; the quality of acting in suhardinalion.
INSTRUME'NTALLY, ad. in the nature of an instru-
ment ; as a means.
INSTRUME'NTALNESS,*. the quality of conducing to
advance or promote an end.
INSU'FFERABLE, a. beyond the strength or patience
of a person lo bear ; not to be borne or allowed.
INSU'FFEHABLY, ad. to a degree beyond the possibility
of being endured with patience.
INSUFFI'CIENCE, or INSUFFI'CIENCY, {insxiffishien.
cij) s. [iiisafficience, Fr.] want of power, strength, or value
proportionable to any end.
INSUFFICIENT, {insuffishicnt) a. not proportionate to
any end, use, or purpose ; wanting abilities ; unfit.
INSUFFFCIENTLY, {inniff'ishient/i/) ad. in such a man-
ner as to want either ability, qualification, or skill.
INSUFFLATION, s. [from ui.upon, and suj^o, to breathe,
Lat.] the act of breathing upon.
INSULAR, or FNSULARLY, a. [from insula, an island,
Lat.] belonging to an island.
I'NSULATED, a. [from insula, an island, Lat.] in build-
ing, applied to any column or edifice which stands by it-
self.
INSU'LSE, a. [from in, a negative particle, a ifi sal, 'salt,
Lat.] dull ; insipid ; heavy.
I'NSULT, s. [from in, upon, and salio, to leap, Lat.] the
act of leaping upon any thing; an assault; an act of haugh-
tiness and contemptuous outrage. Synon. Affront is an
indignity offered in public. Insult implies an attack made
with insolence. Both affronts and insults may be given
without words ; but abuse results chietly from scurrilous
language.
To INSULT, u. a. [from in, upon, ;;nd sa^lr, to leap, Lat.]
to treat with haughtiness, contempt, and outrage, la war,
to assault or attack a post with open force.
503
INT
INT
INSU'LTER, 5. one \ylio treats anotlicr with disdainful
or co'iteini>fiioiis liaiij^litinoss.
IKSU'LTINGLV, ml- confeniptuouslv ; disdaiiifiillv.
INSUPERABILITY, s. tiie quality of bciiis inviii-
cil)io.
INSU'PERABf.l'j, «. [from i.i, a npqiative particle, and sn-
pero, to excel, or coiii(uer, Lat.] not to be overcome by la-
bour, or surninunte<l bv study.
INSUTERABLENESS, *.' impossibility of being over-
cuiiie or surmounted.
INSU'PERABLY, til. in sncli a manner as not to be over-
come.
INSUPPORTABLE, «. [h,si,piwrtahh, Fr.J beyond the
strenj^thof a person to bear, applied either to the body or
mln(f.
INSUPPO'RTABLENESS, .«. the state of being beyond
a person's power to support or bear.
IXSUPPO'RTABLY, ad. to such a degree as not to be
endured or borne
INSU'RANCE, s. \iiss-iirancc, Fr.] security given to make
good the loss of ships, merchandise, &c. lost, taken, or de-
stroyed, or houses, &c. from fire, hi consideration of a sum of
money paid.
To INSU'RE, v. n. \nssiircr, Fr.] to undertake to make
good any thing in case it shall be lost or destroyed.
INSURMOU'NTABLE, «. {hisurmontable, Fr.] not to be
overcome.
INSURMOU'NTABLY, ml in such a manner as not to be
overcome.
INSURRATION, :?. a whispering in the ear.
INSURRE'CTION, «. [from in, against and .'loso, to rise,
Lat.] a seditious rising or tumult formed in opposition to
government.
INSUSURRATION, s. [from in, into and simurro, to whis-
per, Lat.] the art of whispering into something.
INTACTIBLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and
tan<rn, to touch, Lat.] not perceptible to the touch.
INTA'GLIO, s. [Ital.] any tiling having figures engraved
on it, particularly applied to precious stones, that have the
heads of great men engraved on them.
INTA'NGIBLE, a. that cannot be touched.
INTA'STABLE, a. not lo be tasted ; insipid.
I'NTEGER, »■. [Lat.J the whole of any thing. In arith-
metic, a whole number, opposed to a fraction.
INTE'GR.^L, a. [integral, Fr.l whole or comprising all
its constituent parts; without defect; complete; without
injury. Belonging to, or consisting of, whole numbers, ap-
plied to arithmetic.
I'NTEGRAL, s. a whole consisting of distinct parts, each
of which may subsist apart.
INTEGRANT PARTS, in philosophy, the similar parts
of a body or parts of the same nature with the whole; as
filings of Iron are the integrant parts of iron, and have the
same nature and properties with the bar they were tiled off
from.
INTE'GRIT\^, s. [intrgritas, from integer, whole, Lat.]
purity of mind ; freedom from any undue bias or principles
of dishonesty ; entirencss.
INTEGUMENT, s. [from in, upon and tego, to cover,
Lat.] any thing which covers or envelops another.
ITS'Tl'LLECT, s. [from inlrllign, to understand, Lat.J the
power ofthe mind called the uniierstanding.
INT1;LLI:CTI0N. s. [from inielliov, to understand, Lat.]
the act of undeuslanding.
INTELLE'Cl IVE, «. \inteUectif, Fr.] having the power
of understanding.
lNTELLI'/CTUAF.s «• [inlrllft-tuel, Fr.] relating to, or
performed by, the mind or nnderslau'.ling; having the
po'ver of understanding ; proposed as the object of the un-
derstanding. " The inttUeftiiiil, system." Ciulir.
INTELLECTUAL, j. intellect ; nmlerslamling.
INTirLLlGENCE, or INIT, LLKiENCY, s. [from
intdliso, to understand, Lat.] a commerce or reciprocal
6fil
communication of things distant or secret : the undcrsfaiul-
ing; spirit; unbodied mind.
1NT1'V].,LRtI^NCER, s. one who sends or conveys news
of what is (lone in distant and secret parts.
INTE'LLIGENT, n. [from intclH^n, to understand, Lat.]
having the power of understaiiding;1inowing or understanct
in''; giving information, or communicating.
INTELLIGE'NTIAL, {intcUis:'cnshial) a. consisting of
mind free from body. " InteUigcntial substances." Par.
Lust. Exercising or proceeding from exerting the under-
standiuir.
INTE'LLIGIBLE, a. [from inteJll^o, to understand, |Lat.J
to be conceived by the understanding ; possible lo be tui-
derstood. .
JNTE'LLIGIRLENESS, s. the quality of being possible
to be understood.
INTELLIGIBLY, ad. in such a manner as to be under-
stood.
INTEMPERANCE, or INTEMPERANCY, s. [from w,
a negative particle, and lemperu, to restrain, Lat.] want of
governing the sensual appetites; excess in eating or
drinking.
INTEMPERATE, o. [from jh, a negative particle, and
tnnprro, to restrain, Lat.J not governed or restrained within
the bounds of moderation; eating, drinking, or doing any
thing to excess.
INTE'iMPERATELY, ad. beyond the boimds of tempe-
rance ; excessively.
INTE'MPERATENESS, .». want of moderation ; unsca-
sonablenoss, a^^pl^,ed to weather.
INTE'MPER ATURE, ,v. excess of some quality.
INTE'N ABLE, «. indefensible ; as, an hUenahle opinion;
an intenahlc fortress.
To INTE'N D, v.n. [intcndn, from Imido, to stvetcl), Lat.J
to stretch ont; to add force to, or to heighten quality. To
mean ; to design or propose to do a thing.
INTE'N DA NT, s. [intendmit, Fr.] an officer of live
higher class, who oversees any particular branch of public
business.
INTE'NDJIENT, s. [entendeme7it,Tr.\ intention, design^
or meaning. ] ntcndimnt of crimes is in case of treft-son,
where the intention is proved by circumstances, and punisli-
able in the same manner as if put in execution : so if a per-
son enter a house iia the night-time, with an intent to commit
burglary, it is felony ; also an assault, with" an intent to
commit a robbery on the high^vay, is made felony, and
punished with transportation ; 7 Geo. II. cap. 21.
INTE'NIBLE, «. (commonly spelt intenable) that cannot
hold. See Intenable.
INTENSE, a. [intensus,hon\ tcndo, to stretch, Lat.] strain-
ed, heightened, or increased to a high degree, applied to
qualities. Vehement, or forcible, applied to words. Kept
on the stretch; anxiously attentive, applied to the mind.
INTE'NSELY, ad. to a very great degree.
INTE'NSENESS, s. the state of being increased toa high
degree ; force ; the state of a thing upon the stretch.
INTENSION, s. [mtnisin, from tcndo, to Stretch, Lat.J
the act of heightening the degree of any quality'or of forcing
or straining any thing, opposed to making lax, or loos-
ening.
INTE'NSIVE, a. stretched, increased, or heightened with
respect to itself.
INTENSIVE.LY, nd. to a great degree.
INTENT, a. [intrniiis, Lat.] with the mind stfongly ap.
plied to any object, uscil with on or upon.
INTE'N'I\ a. uicaniiig, applied to words ; a design, pur-
pose, or view foniu U in the mind.
INTE'N'l'lON, .V. [intniiio, from tcndo, to stretch, Lat.]
an act of the mind whereby it voluntarily and earni'stly fixes
its view on any idea, considers it on every side, and will not
be called oil' by the ordinary solicitation of other ideas;
eagerness of desire ; closeness of attention ; deep thought;
vehemence or ardor of wind ; design, purpose, or end.
INT
INT
mTF/NTIONAL, «. [i,Uent,oncl, Fr.J done by fixed de-
ivgii; dcsijjned.
JNTMNTIONALLY, W. T.v design or fixed choice.
INTE'NTIVI';, a. applied so as uot to be diverted by
other objects.
INTE'NTIVKLY, a,!, willi close and strict application.
INTZ'NT[-Y, ad. with close alteiitiou.
INTE'NTNESS, *. the slate olbtiiis; applied so a» not to
be diverted or called offby other objects.
To INTF.'R, V. a. [e7Uentr, l"'r.] to put under ground or
INTKRCA'LAR, or INTERCA'LARY, a. [iMcrah,
from intei; between and cala, an obsolete word, to call, Lat.]
inserted in the calendar, in order to preserve the e(|uatioii
of time ; thus the 2Uth of February, inserted in tiie almanack
every leap-year, is calhd ■Miiiii,rc(diiiy ilaij.
Ilo INTFRCALATF, v. n. [iiiteicalcy, Fr. interca/o, from
iii(«r, between and calo, an obsolete word, to call, Lat.] to
insert an extraordinary day.
INTFRGALATION, s. [intercalo, from inter, between
and calo, an obsolete word to call, Lat.] the insertion of days
ia the calendar, in order to make up for some deficiency in
our reckonings of time.
To INTEHCF'OE, )'. n. [from inter, between, and cerlo, to
pass, Lat.J to pass or come between; to mediate, or endea-
vour to reconcile two purlics that are at variance.
INTERCF'DER,, *. a mediator; or one who endeavours
to reconcile two parties at variance.
To INTERCEPT, v. a. [iutercijiio, from inter, between
and capio, to take, Lat. 5o stop any person or thing in their
way or in motion, before I hey can reach the place intended ;
to prevent from being reached.
INTERCEPTION,.?, [intcrcimo, from inter, between, and
leapio, to take, Lat.J the act of stopping any thing in its
Course, and hindering it from reaching the place it other-
wise would ; stoppage, or obstruction.
INTERCE'S.SION, *. flVom inter, between, and cedo, to
pass, Lat.] the act of endeavouring to reconcile two parties
at variance. In scripture, the act of pleading in behalf of
another, peculiarly applied to Christ. Interposition or me-
diation in behalf of another.
INTERCE'SSOR, s. [from inter, between, and cerln, to
Eass, Lat.] a mediator ; one who interposes and pleads in
ehalf of another; one who endeavours to reconcile two par-
ties at variance.
To INTERCHA'IN, t-. a. to chain or link together. Fi-
gur-ativelv, to unite inriissolubly.
ToINTERCHATS'GE, v. a.to put in the place of ano-
ther ; to change, or give for something received of another;
to succeed to alternately, or by turns.
INTERCHA'NGE, s. commerce, traffic, or nmtual
change of commodities between two persons ; alternate
succession.
INTERCHANGEABLE, a. given and taken mutually;
following each other in alternate succession.
INTERCHANGEABLY, «</. alternately ; mutually.
INTERCHA'NGEMENT, s. the act of giving and re-
ceiving.
INTERCITIENT, s. [intercipicns, from i7iter, between,
and capio, to take, Lat.]something that intercepts, obstructs,
or causes a stoppaM, applied to medicines.
INTERCISION, J. [from iHie?-, between, and cado, to.cut,
Lat.J interruption.
To INTr RCLU'DE, *. n. [from tnier, between, and chudo,
to shut, '! at.] to shut from a place, or hinder from perform-
ing, by .oniething intercepting or intervening ; .to inter-
cept.
INTERCLU'SION, 1. [from inter, between, and elmido,
to shut, Lat.] the act of intercepting or obstructing.
K>JTERC0LUMNIATI0N, s. [from inter, between, and
cohinma, a pilhr Lat. 1 <he space between two pillars.
INTERCOMJilUNITY, s. a mutual communication or
ttommuuity ; a mutual freedom or exercise of religion ; adop-
tion of religious rites between two or more states.
INTERCOSTAL, «. [from int,r, between, and totta, a rib
Lat.] placed and situated between the ribs.
IN't'ERCOLRSE, (hUerkurse) s. [entreconn, Vt.\ com-
merce or mutual exchange. Communic-ation, applied to
places or persons.
INTERCU'RRENCE, s. passage between.
INTERCU'RRENT, n. [from inter, between, and currc,
to run, Lat.] running between.
To INTERDICT, v. a. [interdieo, from inter, a p.artiele
of refusing, and rffVo, to speak, Lat.] to forbid, applied to
laws, or the command ofa superior. In canon law, to for-
bid from enjoyiu'^comnHiniou with the church.
INTERblCl, s. an ecclesiastical censure, by which the
church of Rome forbids the performance of divine service in
a kingdom, province, town, Ac. 'I'here was also an inler-
diet of persons, who were deprived of the beiielit of attend-
ing on divine service. Particular persons were also !h^«..
dieted oi' fire and water, which signifies a bauishiiient for
some particular olfence ; by this censure no perscii was per-
mitted to receive them, or allow them fire or water ; and be-
ing thus wholly deprived of the two necessary cleniiuts of
life, thev were doubtless under a kind of civil death.
INTERDI'CTION, t. [interdieo, from inter, a panicle of
refusing, and dico, to speak, Lat.J a law or decree which for-
bids any thing.
INTERDICTORY, a. containing a prohibition or for-
biddance.
ToI'NTERESS, or I'NTEREST, v. a. \inta-esser, Fr.J to
concern ; to affect ; to give a share in ; to gain the aftect ions,
or be very closely connected with a person's interest or
welfare.
INTEREST, i.[j)i^i'TtV, Fr.] concern, advantage, or in-
fluence over others ; share or part in any undertaking ;
regard to private or personal advantage or profit ; a sunv
paid for the use of money; a surplus of advantage or profit.
To INTE'RFERE, i'. n. [from inter, between, and ferio,
to strike, Lat.] to interpose, intermeddle, or become a
sharer in ; to ci»sh or oppose. A horse is said to interfere,
when the side of one of liis shoes strikes against and hurts
one of his fetlocks; or the hitting one leg against another, .
and striking, off the skin.
INTE'RFLUENT, a. [from inter, between, and fuo, to
flow, Lat.J flowing between.
INTERFU'LGENT, s. shining between.
INTERFU'SED, a. [from inter, between, and fnndo, to
pour, Lat.J poured or scattered between.
FNTERJA'CENCY, *. [from inter, between, and jacco, to
lie, Lat.J the act or state of lying between two objects.
INTERJA'CENT, a. [from inter, between, and jaceo, to
lie, Lat.J lying between.
INTER jE'CTION, s. [from inter, between, and jaceo, tn
throw, Lat.J in grammar, a part of speech or word, which
expresses some sudden emotion of the mind ; as, oh ! alas !
I'NTERIM, «. I Lat.] the mean time; an internal ; any
time coming between two periods oractions expressed.
To INTER JOIN, v. a. to join mutuallv ; to intermarry.
INTETiIOR.rt. [Lat.linternal ; inmost.
INTERKNO'WLEDGE, {inti/iioledge) i. mutual know-
ledge.
I'o INTERLA'CE, v. a. \entrehsser, Fr.J to intermix ; to
weave, plait, or mix one thing within another.
INTERLATSE, j. [from inter, between, and lalor, to
flow, LatJ the f?ow of time betweeii any two events.
To INTERLA'RD, v. a. [ent,-elarder, Fr.l in cookery, to
mix meat with bacon, or fat w ith lean. To interpose, t,t
insert between ; or diversify bv mixture.
ToINTERLE'AVE, r. a. to biud up with blank papes
between each of the leaves.
To INTERLITSfE, v. a. to write between the lines of a
book or manuscript.
INTERLINEATION, i. the act of writing any thing be-
tween tiie lines of a printed book or manuscript.
To INTERLINK, f.«. to connect chains one with auetW,
3T- f'f.
INT
Figuratively, to join together lite the links of a chain, wliich
niuliiallv connect each other.
INTERLOCUTION, s. [fVom inter, between, and hquor,
to speak, Lat.l dialogue, or tlie act of speaking bv turns.
INTERLOCUTOR, J. [from inter, between, and Ivqnor,
to speak, Lat.] the person introduced as discoursing in a
dialogue ; ooe that talks with another.
INTERLOCUTORY, «. consisting of a dialogue, or
conversation carried on by two or more persons. In law,
an order that does not decide the cause, but only some mat-
ter incident thereto, which iiappens between the beginning
and eii'l of a cause ; as when, in Chancel^ or Exciiequer,
the plaintitl' obtains an order for injimction until tlie heaving
of a cause; which order, not being final, is called !«<eWo-
cutor)/.
To INTERLOPE, v. n. [iiUer and loopen, Belg.] to run
between parties, and intercept tlie advantage that one would
gain from the other. In commerce, to intercept the trade
of a company ; to trathc without licence ; to forestal.
INTERLOPER, s. ojio who without licence intercepts
the trade of a company that lias an exclusive charter; one
who runs into business to which he has no right.
INTERLU'CENT, ff. [from Miter, between, and /i«:eo, to
shine, Lat.] shining between.
I'NTERLUDE, s. [from inter, between, and hirlo, to play,
Lat.] something played or performed between the acts ot a
tragedy or cQmedv ; a farce.
INTERLU'ENCY, s. [from inter, between, and kvo, to
wash, Lat.] tlie state of water which runs between any two
places; the interposition of water.
INTERLU'NAR, or INTERLUNARY, a. [from inter,
between, and Innn, tUe moon, !..at.] belonging to tlie time
when the moon is about to change, and become invisible.
INTERMARRIAGE, s. the act of marriage between
two families.
To INl'ERMA'RRY, v, n. to marry persons out of one
familv with some of ciTlctlfl'r.
To'INTElRME'DDLE, f. n. to concern one's self ofnci-
ouslv with affairs that one has no biwiiieis with.
INTERME'DDLER, *. one that othciously thrasti him-
self into business which he has no right or call to.
INTERME'DIAL, a. [frominter, between, and mcdius, in
the middle, Lat.] intervening ; lying between.
INTERME'DIATE, a. ffronrni(c-»-, between, and nmlius,
in the middle, Lat.] intervening; interposed ; placed iu the
middle between two extremities.
INTERM E DIATELY, ad. by way of intervention or
interposition.
INTERMENT, s. [entn-mnent, Fr.] burial ; the act of
Sirialor putting a corpse in llie ground.
INTERMIGRATION, *. | from i«(«-, between, and mi-
^10, to remove, Lat.] the act of two or more removing from
one place to another, so that each of ihem occupies tiie place
which the other quitted. Seldom used.
LNTE'RMINABLl'., a. [from in, a negative particle, and
terminin,-A bjundary, Lat.] adrnitliiig no boundary or limit.
Lsed substantivelv for an nitinite being.
INTE'RMINATE, n. [from in, n ncgaliTe particle, and
terminiu, a boundary, Lat.] unbounded ; unlimited.
INTEHMINA'TION, i. Ifrom in, a negative particle, and
terminns, a boundary, Lat.] a threat or denouncing of punish-
ment against crimes.
To INTERMI'NGLE, v. a. to mix ; to mhiglt; to put
some tilings among otliers.
INTERMISSION, *. [from intn; between, and milto, to
send or put, Lat.] a pause, stop, or cessation for a time ; the
space between any two events ; delay ; a cessation of pain
or sorrow.
INTERMI'SSIVE, a. afiecting by fits, or wiUi pauses be-
Iween.
To INTERMIT, v. a. [from inter, between, and mitin, to
Bend, J-at.] to forbear any thing tor a time; to interrupt.
Neutcrly, to grow mild between the fits or jiaroxysuis, ap-
wlied to fevers.
6()6
INT
INTERMITTENT, a. [from inter, between, and miif>,
to send or put, Lat.] coming onlj by fits, or after some in-
terval.
To INTERMIX, v. a. to mingle, mix, or put soma things
between otllers.
INTERMI XTURE, s. a mass formed by mixing several
things.
INTER MU'NDANE, a. [from iH/fr, between, aii.l >nir,»-
dus, the world, Lat.] existing or situate between worlds, or
the several bodies which compose the solar system.
INTERMU'RAL, a. [from inter, between, and muras, a
wall, Lat.] King between walls.
INTE'RNAL, or INTE'RN, a. \intemus, from intrn, witli-
in, Lat.] within; in the mind ; inward.
INTERNALLY, ad. inwardly ; mentally ; iu the mind,
spirit, orunilerstanding.
INTERNECINE, «. [from inter, between, and Jtex, death,
Lat.l endeavouring mutual destruction.
INTERPELLATION, s. [from inteiyeHo, to demand,
Lat.] in law, a summons or call upon.
To INTE'RPOLATE, v. a. [interpoh, from 7)0/10, to dress
or polish, Lat.] to foist a thing into a place, by forgery, to
which it does not belong.
INTERPOLATION, s. something added to the original,
applied to manuscripts or books.
INTERPOLATOR, «. [Lat.] a person wko inserts or
foists forged passages into an original.
INTERPOSAL, s. the act of intervening between pei^
sons ; interposition ; intervention.
To INTERPOSE, (the s in this word and its derivatives
is pronounced like z) v. a. [from inter, between, and pono,
to put, Lat.] to thrust in between two persoiM, as an obstruc-
tion, interruption, or inconvenience; to come between, or
rescue from any danger.
INTERPOSER, s. one that comes between others ; a
mediator.
INTERPOSITION, ,«. [from inter, between, and imm, to
put, Lat.] the act of iiiteiveuillginorder to picvent or pro-
mote a design; mediation; intervention, or the state of
buill^ placed between two.
To INTERPRET, i'. a. \intei-pretor, from inter, netween,
Lat.J to explain any difficulty in writing; to transkite ; to
deciplier; to give a solution ; to expound.
INTERPRETABLE,a. capable of being translated, de-
ciphered, or explained.
INTERPRETATION, s. \i7ii€rpretor,hom tn<er,betwecn,
Lat.] the act of explaining the meaning of a foreigner ui ouf
own language; the sense given bv a translator.
INTERPRETATIVE, a. collected by iutei-pretation.
1NTERPRET.\TIVELY', ad. as may be collected by
way of explanation.
INTE'KPIIETER, s. [interprcs, from inter, between, Lat.]
an explainer; a translator.
INTERPU'NCTION, s. [from inlei; between, and pnvgo,
to point, Lat.] the act of placing stops or points between
words.
INTERREGNUM, *. [Lat.] the time in whichathron-
is vacant, between the death of one prince and the accession
of another ; but in hereditary governments, like that of
Great I5ritain, there is no interregnum.
To INTERROGATE, v. a-linterrogo, from rogo, to ask,
Lat.] to examine by asking questions ; to ask questions.
SynoN. 'to interrvmte, implies authority; to inquire, cu-
riosity; to ask, sometliiiig more civil and respectful.
INTERROGATION, s. lintcrro^o, from rop, to ask,
Lat.] a question. In grammar, a point used after a que*-
tion, and is marked thus (?)
INTERROGATIVE, a. [intorrogaHf, Fr.] denoting a
question ; expressed in the form of a<iuestion.
INTERROGATIVE, s. in grammar, a pronoun used in
asking nuestions, as vho J ir/tat '
INTERRO'GATIVELY, nd. vt the form of a question.
INTERROGATOR, *. one >vho aske, or exiMuities by
asking, questions.
INT
INT
INTKUROGATORY, J. a question ; an inquiry,
INTERRO'GATOUY, a. containing or expressing a
question.
To INTER RU'PT, v. a. [hitn-n.mpo, from iinler, between,
and titrnpo, to break, Lat.] to liinfler tlie proccsi, motion, or
directionof any thins, by breaking; in upon it. To liinder
a person from iiuishing liis sentence by speaking to him in
the middle of it. To divide or separate by rupture.
INTERRU'PT, n. containing a chasm. " Setst thou wliat
rage transports our adversary, wliom no bound.', nor yet tiie
main abyss wide interrupt, can hold." Milt.
INTERRU'PT EDLY, ad. not without stoppEges.
INTERRUTTER, s. one who makes a person break off
in the middle of his discourse by speaking to him.
INTERRU'PTION, s. [from inter, between, and 'rumpo,
to break, Lat.] in its primary sense l)ut seldom used. Breach,
or separation between the parts by breaking ; interposi-
tion; Figuratively, intervention ; hindrance; or the act of
stoppiii"- any thing in motion.
INTERSCATULAR, a. [fronj inter, between, and srapuh,
the shoulder, Lat.] in anatomy, placed between the shoul-
ders.
To INTERSCRI'BE, v. a. [from inter, between, and scri.
bo, to write, Lat.] to write between.
INTERSE'CANT, a. [from inter, between, and seco, to
cut, Lat.lflividing any thing into parts.
To 1NTERSE*CT,"!>. a. [from inter,beiween, and seeo, to
cut, Lat.] to cut or cross ; to divide each other mutually.
Neuterly, to meet each other mutually.
INTERSECTION, s. [from inter, between, and seco, to
cut, Lat.] the point where lines cross each other.
To INTERSE'RT, v. a. [^froni inter, between, and sero, to
put, Lat.] to put in or introduce between other things.
INTERSE'RTION,«.alhing inserted between others.
To INTERSPE'RSE, v. a. [fronun^cr, among, and spergo,
to scatter, Lat,] to scatter among other things.
INTERSPE'RSION, *. the act of scattering among other
things.
INTERSTE'LLAR, a. [from inter, between, and stella, a
star, Lat.] intervening, or situated between the stars.
INTERSTICE, «.[from inter, between, and sto, to stand,
Lat.J the space between two things, or the time between
two events.
, INTERSTITIAL, (intcrstishial) a. containing interstices.
'' INTERTE'XTURE, i. [from inter, between, ami texo, to
weave, Lat.] the act of mingling or weaving one thing with
another.
To INTERTWITSTE, or INTERTWIST, v. a. to unite or
join by twisting one in another.
INTERVAL, s. [intervallum, from inter, between, and vallum,
a wall, the space between pallisadoes, intrenches, Lat.] space
or distance void of matter ; time between two events ; remis-
sion of a distemper.
To INTERVE'NE, w. n. [from inter, between, and venio,
to come, Lat.J to eome between.
INTERVENIENT, «. [from inter, between, and venio, to
come, Lat.J coming between.
INTERVENTION, i. [from inter, between, and wn/o, to
come, Lat.] the state of acting between persons ; the inter-
position of means ; the state of being interposed.
INTERVIE'VV, {intervcw, sometimes accented on the first
syllable) «. [entj-evue, Fr.J mutual sight, generally applied to
»ome formal and appointed meeting or conference.
To INTER VOLVE, v. a. [from inter, between, and
Volvo, to roll, Lat.J to roll between ; to involve one within
another.
To INTERWE'AVE, {interwe'eve) v. a. preter. interwove,
part. pass, interwoven, or interivuve ; to mix one thing with
another in weaving ; to intermingle.
INTE'STABLE, a. [from inter, between, and tester, to
make a wUI, LatJ in law, not qualified to make a will.
INTESTATE, a. I from inter, between, and testor, to make
t, will, Lat J in law, cly ing without a will,
INTESTINAL, a.' \intatmal, Fr.J belonging to the gut».
INTE'STINE, a. [from iutnn, inward, Lat.J internal ; in-
Mard; contained in the body. A|)plied to war, domes-
tic, or war waged by citizens "against their felhiwcitizeiis.
INTE'STINE, s. [from inlns, inward, Lat.J the gut or
bowel. Seldom used in the singular number.
TolNTHRA'L, (in«/irffii/jD. a. to enslave ; to bring under
difficulties.
INTHRA'LMENT, (inthraulment) s. a state of slavery.
To INTHRO'NE, v. a. to place on a throne ; to make a
king of.
I'N'riMACY, s. a state of familiarity or friendship,
wherein one person has always free access to another, and
is favoured with his sentiments witliout reserve. Synon.
A slight knowledge of any one constitutes aerjiuiintance. To
be /amiViar requires an «r(/H«!H(n(ice of some standing. In-
timacif supposes such an aceptaintance as is supported by
friendship.
I'NTIiVIATE, a. [from intus, inward, Lat.J inmost ; in-
ternal ; inward. Near; close; not kept at a distance ; fa-
miliar; conversing with, or united to, another, without re-
serve or restraint.
I'NTIIVIATE, ,t. [from intus, inward, Lat.] a friend who lins
free access, and is intrusted with the thoughts of another
without reserve.
To INTIMATE, v. a. [from intimo^ low, Lat.] to hint; to
point indirectly and obscurely.
I'NTIMATELY, ad. closely ; or without any intermix-
ture of parts ; with contidence. Void of reserve, applied
to friendship. Nearly, internally, or inseparably.
LVTIMATION, s. \iHtimution,FT.'\ an hint ; an obscure
or indirect declaration or direction.
i'o INTI'MIDATE, v. a. [iniimido, from timidus, fearful,
Lat.J to atfecl with fear ; to deprive of encouragement.
INTI'IIE, o. [entier, Fr. better written with an e at the
beginning, as Jonnson observes. See Entire, and all its
derivatives] whole ; unbroken or undiminished ; without
any adulteration.
I'M'TO, nrep. entrance; penetration beyond the surface,
or motion Deyond the outward parts, "To look into let-
ters." Pope.
INTO'LERABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and
tolero, to bear, Lat.J not to be borne or endured,
INTO'LERABLENESS, s. the quality of a thing which is
not to be endured.
INTO'LER.ABLY, nd. to a degree too great for our
strength or patience to endure.
INTO'LERANT, «. [intoleratu, Fr,J not enduring, or
not able to endure.
To INTO'MB, (iutoum) V. a. to bury ; to inclose in a
monument.
To IISTO'NATE, v. a. \intono, from tono, to thunder,
Lat.] to thunder.
INTONA'TION, s. [Fr, intono, from tono, to thunder,
Lat.J the actof thundermg. In music, the act of sounding
the notes in the scale with the voice, or any other given order
of musical tones. Intonation may be either true or false,
too high or too low, too sharp or too flat ; and then this .
word intonation, with an epithet, must be understood con-
cerning the manner of performing the notes.
To INTCNE, V, n, [iutomur, Fr.] to make a slow pro-
tracted noise.
To INTO'RT, V. a. [intorgueo, from torqueo, to wreatlie,
Lat.J to twist, wreathe, or wring.
To INTO'XICATE, v. a. [tVom in, in, and toxicum, poison,
Lat.] to make drunk with strong liquors. Figuratively,
to inebriate with vice or flattery.
INTOXICATION, s. the act or state of making or being
drunk,
INTRACTABLE, a. [from i«, a negative particle, and
tractabilis, tractable, Lat,] obstinate, or not to be govern-
ed ; furious.
INTRA'CTABLENESS, s. obstinacy not to be subject to
rule ; furiousness not to be tamed.
507
INT
IN V
INTRA'CTABLY, a<l. in sucli a manner as not to be
governed or tamed.
INTRANQUI'LLITV, s.a slate of restlessness.
IN.TRA'NSIVE, a. in f;'i"""'»>', a verb wliicb signifies
an action not conceived as liaving an eilect upon an ob-
ject ; as ciirro, I run.
INTRANSMUTABLE, a. nnchanjjeable to any other
sulistance or metal.
To INTRE'ASURE, (inlrizurc) V. tt. to lay up as in a
treasury
To iNTRE'NCfl, ". a. [ill and tmw/icr, Fr.] to invade
oreueroatli upon "lial belongs 1(> another. To ni;iik with
hollows like trenches. In war, to fortify with a ditch or
trench.
INTRE'NCH.ANT, a. not to be separated by cutting, but
inmiediatelv closing again.
INTRE'MCIIMENT, ;». a trench or work, which defends
:» post from the attacks of an enemy.
INTREPID, o. [fron) in, a negative particle, and trepidtis,
fearful, Lat.] not affected with fear at the prospect of
danger.
INTREPI'DITY, s. [intrepiditi, Fr.] a disposition of mind
unaffected with fear at the prospect of danger. Synon. Re-
tohitwu, either banishes fear or surmounts it, and is staunch
on all occasions. Coiirua;f is impatient to .attack, undertakes
boldly, and is not lessened by ditficulty. Valour acts w itii
vigour, gives no way to resistance, hut pursues an enterprise
in spite of opposition. Jh-inrri/ knows no fear; it nins
nobly into danger, and prefers honour to life itself. Inti-epi-
ditij encounters the greatest points with the utuiosl coolness,
and dares even pKesent death.
INTRE'PIDLY, <id. in such a inanner as to be unaifected
T-ith fear at the prospect of danger.
I'NTRIC.-VCY, s. the state of a thing much entangled ;
perplexity arising from a complication of facts.
I'NTRlCATE, «. [from intricn, to entangle, low Lat.J
entangled ; perplexed ; obscure or ditticult.
i'NTRICATELY, ad, in such a manner as to perplex.
I'NTRICATENESS, s. the quality of being so perplexed
and complicated as not to be easily explained.
INTRIGUE, (iiUries;) s. [intrigue, Er.] a plot or amour
carried on with great artifice by lovers. In poetry, the plot
of a fable, oran artful complication of circumstances which
embarrass the personages, and keeps the minds of the au-
dience in suspence, and unable to determine the event of
the play.
To INTRI'GUE, {intrieir) v. n. to form plots ; to carry on
anamour by stratagems and artifices.
INTRl'GUER, {intreetrvr, the ff pronoiniced hard) .«. one
who forms plots, carries on private amours with women, or
busies hiuiself in secret transactions.
INTRl'GUINGLY, (intrcic;i>it^ly, theg- pronounced hard)
ad. with artifice or secret plottinj^.
INTRI'NSIC, a. [intrinseciis, from intra, within, Lat.] in-
ward ; real ,- true in its own nature.
INTRl'NSICAL, [Johnson observes that this word, with
its derivatives, should be spelt intrinsccnl, ititrinsecaUi/, agree-
able to its etymology, inlrinsn-'it, inward, Lat.] a. internal;
»olid ; real.
INTRINSICALLY, nd. internally ; really ; in its own
nature.
INTRITVSICATE, a. perplexed ; entangled. " Too »t-
triiisiciilr to unloose." Shalt.
To INTRODU'CE, i'. a. [from intra, into, and dueo, to
bad, Lat.] to conduct ; to give entrance to ; to usher into
H place, or to a person ; to bring any thing into practice or
notice.
LN'ITtODU'CER, s. one who conducts or ushers into a
place, or to a person ; one who brings any thing into use,
praefice, or notice.
INTJtODU'CriON, J. [from intra into, and rfwco, to lead,
Lat.J the act of ushering or conducting into a place, or to a
person; the slate of being ushered; the act of bringing
any thing new into notice or practice ; a discourse prefixed
6(18
to a book, containing something necessary to give a trie
idea of the manner in which the subject is treated (rf, <Xc.
r INTRODU'CTIVE, «. [introduciif, Fr.J serving as a pre-
parative, or a means to something else.
INTRODUCTORY, (7. previous; in order to prepare,
orser.vingasa means to something further.
IN TROGRE'SSION, s. [from intra, into, and gradiur, to
go, Lat.] entrance ; theact of entering or goinjjin.
INTRO'IT, *. [intruitns, Lat.J in the liomisTi church, the
beginning of the mass orpublic devotions.
INTROMISSION, s. [from i"()o, into, and miito, to send,
Lat.] the act of sending ; the act of giving entrance or ad-
mission.
To INTROMIT, f. a. [from !H*(o,into, and milto, to send,
Lat.] to send, let, or admit in ; to allow to enter.
To INTROSPECT, v. a. [from intra, within, and specie,
to look, Lat.J to look into, or take a view of the inside.
IN;TR0SPE'CTI0N, J. a view of tlie inside. An inter-
nal view of its power or stale, applied to the mind.
INTROVE'NIENT, «. [from m^ro, within, and vorio, to
come, Lat.J entering or coming in.
To INTRUDE,!), n. [from in, into, and tradn, to thrust,
Lat.] to come in without invitation or permission ; to thrust
one's self rudely into company or business ; to undertake
a thing without being permitted, called to it, orcjualifiedforit.
INTRU'DER, *. one who forces himself into company
or affairs without permision, qualification, or being welcome.
INTRUSION, J. [from in, into, and trudo, to thrust, Lat.J
the act of forcing any person or thing into any place or
state ; encroachment upon any person or state ; entrance
without invitation or welcome.
To INTRUST, V. n. to treat with confidence ; to charge
with anv secret commission, or anv thing of value.
INTUITION, s. [from in, into^ and tneor, to look, Lat.]
the sight of any thing ; a conception, applied generally to
the act of the mind, whereby it has an immediate know-
ledge of any lliing, without any deductions of reason.
IN TU 1T1\ E, a. [from in, into, and tucnr, to look, Lat.]
seen by the mind immediately, without the deductions of
reason. Seeing, or actual sight, opposed to belief, liaving
the power of discovering truths immediately, without rea-
soning.
INTUITIVELY, ad. [intuitiyement, Fv.\hy a glance or
immediate application oi^tlie mind. " God sees all things
inlnitiveli/." Ijaher.
INTUMESCENCE, or INTU.ME'SCENCY, s. [from
intumcseo, to swell, Lat.J a swelling ; a tumor; the act <rt
state of swelling or rising above its usual height.
INTURGE'SCENCE, s. [from turgesco, to swell, Lat.]
swelling : the act or state of swelling.
To INTW'INE, u. a. to twist or wreathe together like
twine ; to twist round.
ToINVA Dl'/, f. «. [from in, into, and vado, to go. Lat.j
to enter into a country in a warlike manner; to attack; to
assail or assault ; to seize on like an enemy. "To iimadi
aiiolher's right.
lNVA'l)ER,.t. one wlio enters into tiie possessions or do-
minions of another, and attacks theni as an enemy ; one wlw
assails or attacks ; one w ho encroaches or intrudes.
INVALE'SCENCE, s. \ from in, a negative i)arlicle, and
rale.irn, to grow well in health, Lat.] want of health.
INVA'LII), rt. [fromni, a negative particle, and vaUtiut,
strong, Lat.J weak, applied to bodily strength. Of no forc«
or cogency, applied to argtiiuent. Used substantively fi)r
soldiers that are worn out with age, or by the casualities of
war, rendered unlit for further service in the field. In thii
sense it is pronounced like the French invaleed.
To INVA'LIDATii, v. a. to weaken; to deprive of fbroe
or efficacy.
INX'ALl'Dl'., .«. [Fr.] one disabled by sickness or hurts.
INVALI DITY, s. [intalidit'e, Fr.] want of force or co-
gency, applied generally to arguments.
INVALUABLE, ". of so great a value as to be above
conception or estiuiatiou.
INV
IS'V
INVA'RIABI.E, a. [imuiialile, Fr.J not cliaiising ; witlioiit
iSiV'A'RIAni.KNKSS, a. Ilie qn;ility of beinj; always the
SJiiiif ; coiislarit, or without cliaii;;c.
INVVKIAIJLY, ad. without clian^'iu^s unchangeably;
con»lant!y.
IN\'A'SION, s. [from mvmh, to invade, Lat.] the entrance
or attack of an enemy on tiie |)ossessioiis or (iominioiis of
another; an encroachment or unlawful attack on the ri;;lit3
of anolher.
INVA'SIVE, a. entering like an enemy on the hounds of
another; encroachinfjon the riyhls'if anolher.
. INVE'CTIVE, ^. [from invcho, to inveigh, l/,it.]a reproach-
ful, censorious, or scanikllous expression, whether in w*. iting
or in speech.
INVE'CTIVE, a. containing a censure, scandal, satire, or
reproachf(d expressions.
INVE'CTIVELY, ad. in a satirical, abusive, or scan-
dalous manner.
To INVE'IGH, O'li'ii/) ti. a. [from i'm, against and iWio, to
carry, Lat.] to utter censure or reproach ; to speak bitterly
against.
INVE'IGH I'^R, (iiivq/cr) s. a vehement railer.
To INVE'IGLE, (inreeg-U^ v. n [inmn/iai c, Ital.] tO per-
sua,de, allure, or seduce to something bad or hurtful.
INVE'IGLER, (mref n/ej) J. a seducer, deceiver, or allurer
to ill.
To INVE'LOPE, i>. a. See Envelope.
To INVE'iVT, V. n. \invnitcr, Kr.] lo discover, find out,
or produce something unknown or not made before ; to
forge, or contrive contrary to trulh ; to feign, or create by
the fertility of the imaginalion. Synon. We i^ivent new
things by the force of imagination. Vie find vnt things that
are hidden or unknown, liy examination or study. The
one denotes the fVuilfulness, the other the penetration, of the
mind.
INVE'NTER, s. [invcntenr, Fr.^ one wlio discovers or
produces something new or not known before ; a person
who forges or asserts a falsehood.
IWE'A^TION, «. [from !"WHiV., lo invent, Lat.] tiieacfof
finding or producing something new ; the disiovery of
something hiiklen; tlie subtlety of the mind, or that exer-
tion of the imagination, whereby we create things that either
have no existence in nature, or are entirely new or unknow n ;
a discovery ; the thing invented ; a forgery or fiction.
INVE'NTIVE, a. [iiKciitif, Fr.J quick at contrivance;
ready at expedients.
INVE'NTOR, s. [Lat.] a finder out or maker of something
«»ew ; a framer or contriver of something ill.
INVENTO'RIALL'l', <id. in the manner of an inventory.
INVE'NTORY, (soinelimes accented on the first syllable)
I. \imentvrhim, Lat.] an account or catalogue of moveables;
a list or catalogue of goods.
INVE'NTRESS, «. [inrentrice, Fr.] a female who finds out
CM produces any thing new.
INVERA'RY, a town in Argyleshire, containing upwards
of 1800 inhabitants. Here are manufactures of linen and
woollen, as also considerable works for smelting iron by
means of charcoal. One ship belonging to the town is en-
paged in foreign trade, and about half a dozen are employed
in imports of meal, coals, merchants' goods, Ac. exporting
wool, timber, and oak bark. It is seated on the N. W. side
of Loch Fyne, near which is a castle, the seat of the Duke
ofArgyle, 75 miles N. VV. of Edinburgh, and 45 N. W. of
Glasgow.
INVERKEITIIING, a tov.n of Fifeshire, situated in a
nay of the Frith of Forth, 18 miles N. W. of Edinburgh.
Before the entrance of the harbour there is a large and safe
bay which affords excellent shelter for ships in all winds.
On the W. side of the harbour is a large, Dutch built vessel,
used as a lazaretto. Here are two commodious quays, for
the landing and receiving of goods; and great improve-
ments have been lately made to accommodate the shipping
Stiil farther. Several ships belong to this place, but houe
i>08
of any considerable burden. Some of them sail lo foreign
parts and tin- rest arc ihiilly ( uiployed in the coal and
coasting trade. SomclJme.-:, betw ecu loand 50 vessels wait
liere for coals, especially in lln' wiiitei season.
INVERNE'SS, a populous f!ouri^iJing town, of Scotland,
capital ofa county of the s.irne name, pleasantly situaird on
the S. hank of the river Ness, and overlooking the Frith of
Murray. It has a safe and couvenicnt harbour, and a good
deal of shii)ping. Several large buildings have Ijeeii eri.cled
on the N. sidi: of the town, in which a considerable manu-
factory of ropes and canvass is tarried on. It is a royal
burgh, holding its first charter from INlalcohu C'anuioie.
Over the river Ness is a handsome briilge, of seven arches.
The salmon fishery in this river is very considciable, and is
let to sonu' lislnuongers of London. A little to the \V. of
this town is the remarkable vitrihed fort, called Gia g I'ha-
drick; the stones, composing its walls, appear to iiave been
partly melted by fire. Inverness is 50 miles N. E. of Fort
William, and lOG N. N.W. of Edinburgh. Lat. 57. 30. N.
Ion. 4.6. W.
INVERNE'SS, the most extensive county of Scotland,
bounded on the W. by the Ocean ; on the N. by Itoss shire ;
on the E. by the comities of Nairne, Murray, Aberdeen,
and I'ertli ; and on the S. by those of Perth and Argyle. Its
extent from N. to S. is about 45 miles; and from E. to \\.
75. The nortliern part is vei'y mountainous and barren.
Tlie woody mountains are the luuintsof stags and roes. The
capercailzie is also seen sometimes among the lofty pines ;
the heath is possessed by wild fowl; and the lofty summits
by ptarmigans and Alpine hares. This county has several
considerable lakes; being divided, in a manner, into two
equal parts, by Loch Ness, Loch Oicli, Loch Locliy, and
Loch Eil ; all which niightbe united by a canal, that woidd
form a communication between the two seas. The great
lakes in this county are seldom or never known to freeze ;
nuich less are the arms of the sea, even in the most northern
parts ofScotlan<l, subject to be frozen in the hardest seasons ;
while the Texel, and many bays and great rivers in Holland
and GcrGinny, are covered wilh ice. The southern part of
the shire is also very mountainous, and is supposed to be
the most elevated ground in Scotland. The extensive plains
which surround the lakes are, in general, fertile; and the
high grounds feed many sheep and black cattle, the rearing
and selling of which is the chief trade of the inhabitants.
Limestone, iron ore, and some traces of ditlerent minerals,
have been found in this county, with beautiful rock crystals
of various tints ; but no mines have been worked hitherto
with much success. The principal river is the Spey ; but
there arc many others of inferior note, as the Ness, Fvers,
(ilass, Loeliv, iVc. The people in the high parts of the
country, and on the western shore, speak Ciadic or Erse,
but the people of fashion in Inverness, and its neighbour
hood, use the English language, and pronounce it with pro
prietv.
INVE'RSE, a. [from imtrto, to turn upside down, Lat. I
inverted; reciprocal; opposed to direct. It is so called
in proportion, when tlie fourth term is so much greater than
the third as the second is less than the first ; or so much
less than tiie third, as the second is greater than tlie
first.
INVERSION, s. [from inrerto, to turn upside down, Lat.]
change of order ortime, so that the first is last or last is first.
In grammar, a figure whereby the words are not placed
in the natural and grammatical order.
To INVERT, V. a. \im:erto, from i», a particle which here
strengthens the signification and verto, to lurn, Lat.j to
change the natural order of things or words ; to turn upside
down, or place in a method or order contrary to that which
was before ; to place the first last.
INVER'TEDLY, «r/. in an unnatural order; in such a
manner that the first is placed last, or the last first.
To INVE'.ST, )'. «. [from in, in, and rpj^io, to clothe, Lat.j
to clothe or dress; when followed by two nouns, it hath
with or J»» before the thing. To place in possession of a
INU
rank or office. To adorn, to grace ; to inclose or surround
a place, so as to intercept all succours, applied to sieges.
INVE'STIENT, a. [from in, in, and restio, to clotlie, Lat.]
covering, clothing. " Its inveslient bliell." Woodw.
INVE'STIGABLE, a. to be searched out or traced by
the mind.
To INVE'STIG.\TE, v. «. [im-estlgo, from restis:ium, a
footstep, Lat.] to search out ; to trace or find out by rea-
son. ;
1 NVESTIGATION, s. [investi^o, from vestigium, a foot-
step, Lat.] the act of the mind, by which unknown truths
are traced out and discovered ; an accurate examination.
INVE'STITURE, s. \inrestiture, Ft.] the act and cere-
mony of conferring a right or possession of any manor, office,
or benefice.
INVE'STMENT,*. dress; clothes; habit.
INVETERACY, *. [from vetus, old, Lat.] long continu-
ance of any thing bad. Figuratively, obstinacy confirmed
by time. In physic, long continuance of an\ disease.
"INVETERATE, a. [from vetus, old, Lat.] old; long esta-
blished ; growfl obstinate by long continuance.
To INVETERATE, v. «."[from vetus, old, Lat.] to harden,
or make obstinate by long practice or continuance.
INVETERATENESS.or INVKTERA'TION,*. the act
of hardening or confirming by long practice and continu-
ance.
INVI'DIOUS, a. [from invidia, envy, Lat.] envious ; ma-
L'gnant. Fiaruratively, likely to promote or incur hatred.
INVIT)IOUSLY, ad. iu an envious and malignant maa-
ner ; in a manner likely to provoke hatred.
INVI'DIOUSNESS, s. the quality of provoking envy or
hatred.
To INVIGORATE, r. <7. to make strong; to inspire
with vigour, life, and spirit.
INVIGORATION.j. the act of invigorating; the state
y being invigorated.
INVINCIBLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and vinen,
to conquer, Lat.] not to be conquered or subdued ; not to
be informed or removed by instruction.
INVI'NCIBLENESS, s. the quality of not being con-
querable.
INVIT^ICIBLY, ad. in such a manner as not to be con-
quered or surmounted.
INVrOLABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and violo,
to violate, Lat.] not to be profaned, applied to things sacred.
Not to be injured. Not to be broken, applied to laws or
secrets. Not to be hurt.
INVIOLABLY, nr/. without breach or failure.
INVl OLATE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and rivh,
to violate, Lat.] unhurt, or without suffering from violence.
Unprofancd, applied to holy things. Unbroken, applied to
laws or obligations.
I'NVIOUS, n. jfroniiH, a negative particle, and via, a
way, Lat. I not passable ; not common or trodden.
To INVrSCATE, t'. a. \invisco, from viscus, bird-lime,
Lat.] to lime ; to daub with any glutinous or sticking sub-
INVISIBILITY, (the* is pronounced like z in this and
the two following words) .5. [invisibiliti, Fr.] the state of not
being seen, or not being perceptible.
INVrsiBLE,n. [fromid, anegative particle, and ii'dto, to
see, Lat.J not to be seen.
INVI'SIBLY, ad. in such a manner as not to be seen.
INVriA TION, s. [from invito, to invite, Lat.] the act of
calling or summoning; tlje act of desiring a person's com-
pany.
To INVI TE, V. a. [invito, Lat.] to bid or request a person
to come to one's house, or make one of a party ; to allure.
INVITINGLY, ad. in such a maimer as allures.
INU'NCTION, J. [from in, upon, and ««/g-ao, to anoint,
Lat. J the act of smearing or anointing with any fat or oily
substance.
INUNDATION, s. [immdn, to overflow, from unrfn, a
wave, Lat.] the act of flowing ; a flooU, Figuratively, a
610
JO K
confluence or multitude of any kind. Cowley observes, that
inundation implies li'ss than c'tliiffe.
To I'NVOCATE, i'. a. [from in, upon, and voeo, to call,
Lat 1 to call upon in prayer ; to address for assistance.
INVOCATION,*, [from in, upon, and voeo, to call, Lat.]
the act of calling upon in prayer j the form used in address-
ing any being for assistance.
I'N VOICE, «. [perhaps corrupted from the French emoy-
ez,oi envouer, Fr. to send] a catalogue of the freight of a
ship, orof'^the articles shipped on board, and consigned to
some person in a foreign country.
To INVO'KE, v. a. [from in, upon, and voeo, to call, Lat.]
to call upon, address, or pray to any superior being for
aid.
Tc INVO'LVE, v.a. [from >n, in,:iu(li-o/i»,to wrap,Lat.J to
inwrap, or cover with any thing which surrounds ; to in-
trust or join ; to take in or comprise ; lo catch or subject to ;
to blend or mingle together confusedly. Synon. Persons
are involved in actions or afi'airs when they are far immersed
in them. Affairs or actions are complicated with each other
by their mixture and mutual depcndeuce.
INVO'LUN'TARILY, ad. not by choice : against one's
will ; necessarily.
INVOLUNTARY, a. [imohmtave, Fr.] not having the
power of choice; necessitated; not chosen or done wii
linglv. •
INVOLUTION, .^ [from !/i, in, and tWro, to wrap, Lat.^
the act of wrapping in a thing. Figuratively, the state ot
being mixed, complicated or intricate; that which is wrap-
ped round any thing. In algebra, the raising any quantity
from its root to any height or power assigned.
To INURE, V. a. [from in, in, and vro, to burn, Lat.] to
habituate ; to accustom ; to uiake ready, willing, and aoie,
by practice and custom ; it generally implies hardship or
labour.
INUREMENT, s. practice; habit acquired by long prac-
tice ; use.
To INU'RN, t>. a. to put into an urn; to buryj to put
into a tomb.
INU'STION, *. [from in, in, and vro, to burn, Lat.j'tlje
act of burning or of burning in.
INUTILE, a. [from iu, a negative particle, and tailis, use-
ful, Lat] useless ; unprofitable.
INUTl'LITY, s. [from t«, a negative particle, and utilit,
useful, Lat.] want of use or profit.
INVU'LNERABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and
vulnus, a wound, Lat.] not to be wounded or hurt.
To INWA'LL, (:inu'aull)v. a. to inclose with awjdl.
rNW.\RD, a. placed at a distance from the surface, or
outward part.
I'NWARD, s. any thing within; generally applied to the
bowels, and used always in the plural number.
I'NWARDLY, ad. internally ; in the mind or heart ; pri-
vately; in a concave form, applied to a body bent, and op-
posed to any convexity or protuberance outwurdly.
INWARDNESS,*, intimacy ; familiarity.
To INWE'AVE, {inweive) v. a. pret. inn-ore, or intteiwed,
part. pass, intvove, or inwoven ; to mix any thing in weaving;
to entwine or mingle. " /niTOcfii shade." JPar. Lost.
To INWRA'P, (the w is mute) v. a. to wrap or cover
by liohlinga thing over. Figuratively, to [lerplex, or puzzle
with difficulty ; to ravish, or transport.
INWRO'UGHT, (inraut) a. wrought into the substance of
a thing.
ToINWRE'ATII, (i«m</-) v. a. to surround as with a
wreath.
JOA'NNA, or Hinzd AN,oneof the Comora Islands, be-
tween the N. end of Madagascarand th<- contiufiitof Africa,
has been governed, for the last two ctnturics, l)y a colony
of Arabs. The face of the country is- very picturcsciue and
pleasing ; lofty mountains clothed to their very summits,
deep and rugged valleys adorned by frequent cataracts, cas-
cades, woods,rocks, and rivulets, intermixed, form the diver-
sified kodscape. Groves are seen extending over the plaint
J0»
J0I1
to the Tery edge of the sea, foriiu'd |>i iutipallv L> tljc rot oa-
iiut liee.s, whose long and liakcti sfrtiis Icuvf ;i ( N ;ir ntni iiii-
inteiniptcd passage beneath; wliilc ihcir lulled and over-
spreading tops form a thick shade ahove, and keep oH" Ihe
scorehins ■''•vs o( the sun. Lat. 12. 14. S. Ion. 1 1. 18. 11.
JOl), (./()/;) a canonical hook of the Old 'I'cslaniciil, incnl-
catinj; the i)ractice and virtue of patience and re.^ijj-
nalion.
JOT', s. of iniccrtain etynio]o;;y; a small, trifling, or ca-
sual piece of work ; a low, mean, mercenary, and Incretive
employment ; a sudden stab with a sharp-pointed instru-
ment. '
To .101$, t'. n. to strike suddenly with a sliarp-poinleil in-
strument ; to perform small pieces of «ork. ISeuterly, to
deal in Ihe I'unds, or in buying and selling slocks An olliirs.
JO BBI'.H, .V. one who buys and sells stocks for othcrji ;
one v\h() does cliance-woik.
JOBHERNOWL, s. [fromjohbe, Flera. and low/, .Sax.] a
lo^'gerhead or blocJ<hcad.
JO'CKIiY, s. a person who rides a horse at a race ; one
w li'i> deals in horses. Figuratively; a cheat or bite.
To JO CKEY, )'. n. to justlc in riding. Figuratively, to
cheat, or trick.
JOCO SE, a. [from joeus, a joke, Lat.] merry ; given to
jest.
JOCO'SELY, ad. ill a merry, waggish, or jesting man-
ner.
JOCO'SENESS, or JOCO'SITY, s. the quality of being
disposed to merriment or jesting. Jucvscness is most
used.
JO'CULAR, a, [from jocus^ a joke, Lat.] used in jest.
Jesting.
JOCULA'RrrY, s. a disposition to jesting ; merriment.
JOCUND, «. [from jocmidiis, pleasant, Lat.] merry; gay;
lively ; full of mirth.
JOCUNDLY, ad. in a merry manner.
JO'EL, or THE Prophecy OF Joel, a canonicul book
of the Old Testament. Joel was the son of Pethuel, and the
second of the lesser prophets. Thestyleof this prophet is
Ijgurative, strong, and expressive.
To JOG, V. a. [se/iocken, Belg.] to push or shake by a
sudden push ; to give notice, or excite a person's attention
by a push. Neuterly, to move on by jolts, like those felt in
trotting.
JOfr, s. a push or slight shake ; a sudden interruption, by
B push or shake ; a IiImI given by a push.
JO'(iGEI', {jvg^-er) t. one wlio pushes another lightly ;
one who moves dully and heavily.
To JOGGLE, V. n. to shake, or to make a thing
shake.
JOHN, succeeded Richard 1. bis brother, in the throne of
EngL'ud Apr'l f;, ]19J. He was in France when his bro-
ther died; w here , baving been crowned duke of Normandy,
be returneft \n England Alay 2.5, and was crowned the 2slh,
being then 32 years of age. His marriage with Isabellajof
Anjon before, who bad been betrothed to Fliigh earl of
Marcli, ruined his affairs in France. H is passion lor her was
so great, that, to make her his wife, he (i'ivorGed Avisa of
Gloucester, under pretence of consanguinity ; and without
scruple broke through the engagement between Isabella and
the carl of March. King John had an interview with the
king of Scotland at Lincoln, and received his homage.
Whilst they were there, the body of Hugh, tishop of Lin-
coln, reputed a saint, being brought from London to be in-
terred, they both went out to meet it, and taking the coffin
on their shoulders, bore it for some time. But notwithstand-
ing this and other marks of respect shewn to the clergy, king
John's nomination of a person to the vacant see of Lincoln
•was rejected with the utmost contempt bv tiie canons of that
church ; which was owing to Innocent III. the then pope,
resolving by all methods to prevent princes from having any
thing to do with the election of bishops and abbots. The
king's ill conduct at honicand abroad caused great discon-
tent aoiong his subjects. Tie usurped such au absolute
power.as nuide Iheniaiprehensive thai llicir liljei lies were u,
danger. This alarnx-d ilie nobility, and put them upon form-
ing schemes lo oppose his arbitrary proceedings. Tlie I'oic-
fevins having revolled, ihe kinu; suuMiion<<i the barons to at-
tend liimat I'ortsmoulh, in ortler to | ass over with iiim info
France ; but ihe barons, w ho assembh (I at Leicesler.refused
to go orer with him, unless he \Miuld first restore them to
their privileges, as he had promised before his coronation.
The king, instead of gi\ iny them any satisl'aclion, began lo
lake violent measures against Iheui ; and lliey, not Ix'ing suf-
fici<nlly prepare tl for iheir defence, at last submiUed, and
came to llie king at Portsmouth ; but \\ lien they were c(.iiic,
he dispensed with their atlendance, upon their paying liiin
two marks of silver for every knight's fee. King Jolin went
over lo Normandy, having sent llie earl of Pendjroke tliillier
wllli some troops hefon' him ; and what by the arras of Philip
king of France, his policy and intrigues, and what by the un-
accountable negligence and iiuiclivity of John, the wli(;!«
province of Normandy was re-uniled to the crown of France,
in the year 1204, after it had been severed from it ,320 years,
during Ihe government of twelve dukes, of which king John
was Ihe last ; and nolhiug was left to John but the duchy of
(juiemie. But \\hat seemed to render Ji>hn completely hate-
ful lo his subjects, was Ihe murder of his nephew Arthur,
who, by an indiscreet ardour in his military enterprises,
bad fallen into Ihe hands of his uncle, and was shut up in
the castle <if Koueti. It was at midnight when John came in
a boat to the place, and ordered Ihe young prince to be
brought before him. Long continement, solitude, and the
continuance of bad fortune, had now broken this generous
youth's si>irit ; and perceiving that his death was meditated,
lie threw himself in the most imploring manner upon his
knees before his uncle, and begged for mercy. John was
too much hardened in the school of tyranny to feel any pity
for his wretched suppliant. Ilisyoulh, his affinity, his me-
rits, were all disregarded, orwere evi n obuoxii ns in a rival.
The barbarous tyrant, making no reply, stabbed iiijii wjih
his own hands ; and fastening a stone to the dead body,threiv
it into the Seine. This inhuman action thus rid John of ait
hated rival ; hut, happily for the instrwction of after princes,
it opened the way to his future ruin. Having in this manner
shewn himself the enemy of mankind, in the prosperity of
his reign, the whole world seemed to turn their back upon
bini in his distress. About this time died queen Eleanor, wi-
dow of Hcni;y II. and mother of John. Hubert, archbishop of
Canterbury, died in 1203, John de Gray, bishop of Nor-
wich, was, by the king's recommendation, chosen by the
whole fraternity, whom pope Innocent III. refused to cou-
firm, and ordered them to chuse cardinal Stephen Langton,
an Englishman then at Home, threatening them with excom-
munication unless they complied, which at last ihey did with
great reluctance; and the pope immediately confirmed the
election, and consecrated Langton with his own ha-nds. John,
imagining this to have been the act of the whole body, ex-
pelled all the monks of St. Austin from their monastery, and
banished them out of the kingdom. He wrote a sharp letter
to the pope, upbraiding him with his unjust proceedings,and
threatened to break off all intercoui'se with' Rome, unless he
revoked what he had done. But Innocent, bent upon carry-
ino; his point, laid the whole kingdom underan interdict ; the
effect of which was, that divine service ceased in all the
churches, and the sacraments ceased lobe administered, ex-
cept to infants and dying persons ; the churchyards shut
up, and the dead buried without any priest daring to assist
at the funerals. King John, to be even w ith tfie pope, con-
fiscated the estates of all the ecclesiastics wbo obeyed the in-
terdict ; he also ordered all the concubines of the priests, of
which there were many, to be shut up in prison, and would
not let them out without their paying large fines. And as
ther^e were some priests, who, in spite of the interdict, ad-
ministered the sacraments, the ki-ng took there under his pro-
tection, and ordered the magistrates to hang on the spot all
that should molest them ; which as soon as the pope was ii».
formed of, be excommunicated all such asd^bcyed ihe iiv
jon
JOH
terdict, or coniplii'd wiili tlie kin;,''s orders. Tlioii;;li John
reuiaincd slill intiexiljli', lie «as not ^illioiil liis ('f<irs, as llic
people generally took ii;\rt \\illi llit |Kjpo ; :im(I llierefore, (or
liis lietter security, lie niised an luniy under pretence of
liiakin^ war upon 5coli;nid, and caused all his vassals to re-
new their lionia;,'c lo him. 'I'iic pope, iindin^ that the iii'er-
dict, whieli liail hceri in fi;ice almve a \ear, had not pro-
duced the eilect he deiijjnid, proceeded to eNconiuiiuiieate
the kini;, ihim^h the bent< nee was not puhlished till some
lime al'ii-i-. In the mean time John led hisarmy into Ireland,
H^'aiusl tliekiiigof Connauijht, \\liohad raised some distur-
bances liiere. At Duldin he received the homage ofahove
thirty petty princes ; al'terwhich, havini; taken the king of
Coiniaught prisoner, an end Mas put to this eommotion, and
the whole island remained in ohedience to the kinj;, who, be-
fore his departure, caused the laws and customs of England
to be eslal)lished in Irelaiiu. 'J'lie pope absolved John's sub-
jects from their allegiance, sole:;ndy deposed him, and em-
powered the kin;^'of France to put the sentence into execu-
tion, promising him remiasion from all hi-, sins, together with
the crown of I'.ngland. as soon as he should have dethroned
the tyrant. Accordingly, I'liillii) made great preparations to
invade England. In this crisis, I'andulph came over with
the cliaraeter of legate to England ; and so wrought upon the
king's fears, that he resigned the kingdom of England and
lordship of Irelaiul to the pope, and acknowledged himself
a vassal of the holy see. Pliillip, not« ilhstandingtho pope's
prohibiliou, still continued his preparations for invading
England, nhich the earl of Eianders opposing, he sent his
fleet to liis coast ; whereupon John sent a fleet under
tlie earl of Sali.-luiry, which totally destroyed the French
fleet ; and this put a stop to rhillip's designs against
England. And now llie discontents of the barons having
risen to a great height, and cardinal Langton siding with
them, he shewed them the charter of king Iltnry L advising
them to make it the ground of tiuir demands. Hereupon
they entered into a confederacy to stand by one another, till
their grievances were redressed, and their antient privileges
were confirmed. Upon the king's return from France, the
barons, liaving prepared themselves for war, in c;:se the king
should refuse to comply with their deniand.s in a peaceable
way, came in a body lo the king aboiit Christmas, and in-
sisted on the restitution of the laws of St. Edward. The
king was al'raid to give them a Hat denial, but told 'theni
they should have an answer at Easter ; at which time, in the
jeaV 1215, the great men, with above 20U0 knights, well
mounted and armed, besides other horse and foot, met at
Stand'ord, and advanceilto ineet the king at Oxford ; who,
being afraid to trust himself with them in conference, dis-
patched (he carl of Pembroke to know their demands. They
immediately sent back a long writing, containing the laws
and customs of the kingdom in the time of the Saxons; and
declared, if tiie king would not conlirm them, they would
compel him to it by seizing his castles. John, having read
over the articles, i'ell into a violent passion, ami swore he
would ncvi r comply wi'.h them ; upon which the barons
tliose a general knight, l'"itzwalter, giving him the title of
l\tarshal of the Army ol'God.aiul of the holy Church; and
inarching lo Ijondon, were received by the citizens, and be-
sieged the king in the Tower. The king sent the earl of
Pembroke to let tiieni know he woidd comidy with their
deniauds. Accordingly, both parties nueting on a day ap-
pointed, in a nwadovv calleil iluinivnu'de, between Stains
and Windsor, the king, seennngly with a good v\ill, though
compelled lo it by force, signed two charters, containing all
that the barons desired ; the one called the Charier of Li-
bert i<Ni, or the (; real Charter, (Magna Chart a,) and the other
the Charter of Forests. They were not oidy signed by the
king, but by all the lords spiritual and temporal, si'aled with
tile great sial, and conlirmi'd by the king's solemn oath.
But the king soon repented ofwhat he had done,and sent over
Ills confidants into Gerinanv, Fraiite, and Flanders, toen-
list men, promising theui t'le confiscated estates of his re-
612
hellions barons, as he called them. I le also wrote lo the pope,
who zealously espoused his cause, excommunicated the ba-
rons, annulled the charters, and absolved the king from the
oath he had taken to observe them. However, tlie barons
made light of the pope's thunderings, and seized upon Ro-
chester, where was a vast quantity of provisions which
the king had laid up. But the foreign army being arrived,
v.lio were very niuiieroiis, all soldiers of fortune, Johnretook
llochester ; and then dividing his army into two bodies, the
earl of Salisliury with one, ravaged the southern counties,
whilst the king w itii the otiier did the same by the nortlieru.
'J'lie barons, finding themselves not strong enough to keep
the field, shut themselves up in London. In this distress
they had recourse to a dangerous expedient ; which was, to
invite over Le^^is, son to the king of France, promising ta
place the crown on his head, if he would come with a force
sulficient to rescue them from the tyranny of John. Phillip
sent over his son with a niinierons army, notwithstanding
the pope's prohibition, and his 'hreatening prince Lewis
with excommunication, the moment he set foot on English
ground. That prince landed March 21, 1210, and soon made
himself master of the whole county of Kent, except Dover
castle. He then marched to London, where the barons and
citizens took the oaths of allegiance to him. From this time
he acted as sovereign. In the mean time John was in per-
petual motion, marching from place to place, by all means
avoiding coming to battle. His grief at length threw him
into a fever, of which he died at Newark, October IS,
1216, in th,51st year of his age, and ISlh of his reign, and
was buried in the cathedial of Worcester. John was in his
person taller than the middle size, of a ^oa(\ shape ami agree-
able countenance. With respect to his disposition, we find
him slothful, shallow, pioud, imperious, sudden, rash, cruel,
vindictive, perfidious, cowardly, libidinous, and iiiconslant ;
abject in adversity, arid overhearing in success ; contemned
and hated by his subjects, over whom he tyrannized to the
utmost of his power; abhorred by the clergv, whom he
oppressed with exactions; and despised by all the neigh-
bouring princes of Europe. Nevertheless it must be owned
that his reign is not altogether barren of laudable transac-
tions. He regulated the form ot the civil government in
the city of London, and several other places in the kingdom ;
lie was the first who coined sterlini; money, introduced the
laws of England into Ireland, and granted to the Cinque-
Ports those privileges of which they are still possessed.
JOHN O'GROATS HOUSi:, the rcmanis of the noted,
house, reckoned the most northerly dwelling in Scotland,
and so called from a family of the name of Groat, who for-
merly resided here, and to whom the village and ferry, from
Ihis place to the Orkneys, belonged. It is situated cue mile
W. of Duncansby or Uungsby Head.
JOHN, Saint, (the Evangelist) was by birth a Galilean^
by trade a fisherman, as was his father Zebedee, and his
brother St. James, and from this occupation they were both
called to be discij)les and apostles of our blessed Saviour.
He is called the disciple whom Jesus in a particular manner
loved. He wrote the gospel which goes by his name, in
which the divinity and Ciodhcad of our Sa\i(nir is dearly
asserted, against the Gnostics, who began even in that early
age to deny it. He wrole also three epistles; the Isl, ca-
tholic or general; the other two addressed to difl'erent
persons, w.hicli liave always been very highly esteemed in
all ages of ihechurch. He is also, by ahnost all Ihe aniients,
acknowledged to be the author of the iiook ol'ihe Uevela-
tion, which he wrole rthile under banishment in Ihe isle of
Patmos; whither he was sent by Ihe tyrant nomilian, who,
as Tertullian w rites, had before this c(uninaiidid him, for Ids
strict adherence lo the Christian failli, to be thrown inio a
cauldron of bnrningor boiling oil ; hut from this danger i'e
was miraculously delivered, and lived lo return, under the
emperor Nerva, to Ephesus, where he died at the age of an
hiinilred years, and was there biiiiid.
JOHNA ITLE, J. a good sharp juicy apple.
JON
JOHN'S WORT, s. in botany, an herb which is reckoned
useful in spitting' blood and various other disorders.
To JOIN, V. a. [jdindre, Fr.] to add oiM» thing to another;
to couple or combine ; to unite in concord ; to unite ; to
touch, or be contiguous ; to unite with in marriage, or any
other league ; toasso<iate ; to act in concert with. Neuter-
ly, to grow to; to adhere; to close; to dash; to become
cont'eileriite.
JOl'NEK.s. one who makes utensils by joining ditierent
portions of wood toi;ellier.
JO'INl^RY, s. an art whereby seyeral pieces of wood are
so fixed and joined together, that they seem one entire
piece.
JOINT, J. [/oiH<«re, Fr.] the articulation of the limbs, or
union of nuiveable bones m animal bodies ; an hinge, or an
union of diHereut substances which are let into each other,
so as to be capable of jiioving without breaking or separat-
ing ; a limb of an animal separated by a butcher from the
rest of a carcase ; a knot in wood. Out of joint, is applied
to a bone that is luxated or slipped from the socket in which
it is used to move ; and also to imply disonler, cojifusion, or
disturbance, &c.
JOINT, n. shared amonp; many. " Joint property."
Loche. United or parlakin;; in llie same possession; hence
jouit heir. Combined or acting in concert.
To JOINT, V. a. to unite in a confederacy. To form
many parts into one. To form in articulations, or in such a
manner as to move wilbiuit breaking or se[)arating. To cut
or divide a carcase at the joints.
JO'INTKD, a. having joinis ; fidl of joints or knots.
JOINTER, s. \n cmpenlry, a sort of plane.
JO'INTLY, ad. togclber, opposed to separately. In a
stale of union or combination, applied to the action of difl'e-
reiit persons or things.
JO'lNTl'ICSS, s. [iVom j'oi'idoc] a woman who holds any
thing in jointure.
JO IN'l". STOOL, s. a stool made by joints, or in such a
manner that the legs, sides, and top.joint each other.
JO'INTUUl'j, 4-. [jointure, Fr.] in law, an estate settled
on a «ifi', to beeujwyed after the death of her husband.
JOIST, s. I from /o(nf//c, Fr.] in architecture, a piece of
timber, framed into tiiegirders.on which the boards of floors
are laid.
To JOIST, 1'. a. to fit in the smaller beams on which the
boards of a floor are laid.
JOKK, J. [jonts, Lat.] a jest or witty expression that
causes a smile, or raises a laugh.
To JOKE, V. n. [joeor, from jocns, a joke, Lat.] to jest; or
to endeavour merrily to divert by words and actions; to tell
a pleasing fiction.
JO'KI')K,»-. a jester; a merry fellow.
JOLE, s. [qiieiile, Fr.] the face or cheek. It is seldom
used but in the phrase of cheek by jole. The head of a
fish.
ToJOLL, I', a. [from jo//, the head] to beat the head
against anv ihing.
JO'Ll.lL Y, nd. [from joNi/] in a disposition to noisy mirth.
JO'LLINESS, or JOLLITY, *. [from jolly] gaiety ; ele-
vation of spirit ; merriment ; noisy mirth.
JO'LLY, a. [ jovialis, Lat. from Jupiter or Jove, the prin-
cipal of the heathen gods.] gay ; merry: cheerful; full of
mirth and spirits. Figuratively, plump, like a person in full
health.
To JOLT, (jolt) V. 71. [etymology unknown] to shake or
shock, as a carriage in a rough road.
JOLT, (jolt) s. a shock given by a carriage travelling in
B rough road.
JO'LTHEAD, {jbhheail) s. a great head ; a blockhead.
JO'NAH, the sou of Amittai, the tifth of the smaller pro-
p?iets, was a Galilean, and a native of Gathhepher.
lO'NIC ORDER, s. the third of theliv^ orders of archi-
tccture, being a kind of mean between the robust and deli-
cute orders.
JO'NKIOPING, or JoRTFRKOPiNG,ato\vn of Sweden,
3U
JOY
capital of the province of Sraoland, and seat of the gnpcrior
court of justice for Gothland. The houses are chiefly of wood
covered with turf; for, excepting the largest towns and
countrv seats, few of the buildings in Sweeden are roofed
with tiles. They are principally covered with turf or moss ;
no thatching being used, as both too dear, and too danger-
ous in cases of (ire. In order to keep out the rain, large
layers of birch bark arc spread over tiie timber-work of the
roof, and covered with turf or moss. These turf r(jofs make
a singular appearance, many of them producing herbage,
which is occasionally cut for the use of the cattle ; and a few
are ornamented with flowers. The town, which contains
about :3CM)0 inlxibitants, and has a manufacture of arms, is
sealed on theS. side of the Lake Wetter, 50 miles N. \V of
Calmar. Lat. 67. 48. N. Ion. 14. 7. K.
JONQUI'LLK, s. ljo"</'iille, Fr.] in botany, a yellow
flower; a species of datt'oilil.
JORDAN, a river of I'alestine, which rises in the moun-
tain of Antilibanus, and running from N. toS. passes ihrongji
the sea of Galilee or lake of Tiberius, and empties itself into
the Dead .Sea.
JO'RDEN, J. [ffor and den, Sax.] a chamberpot or close-
stool pan.
To JO'STILE, V. a. \joustcr, Fr.] to rusii or run against a
person.
JO'SHUA, a canonical book of (he Old Testament, con-
taining the history of die wars and transactions of the person
whose name it bears. The whole comprehends a term of
seventeen, or, according to others, of twenty seven years.
JOT, J. [from the Greek letter iota\ a point ; a tittle; the
least quantity that can be assigned.
JO'VIAL, «. [jovialis, from Jupiter or .Tove, the largest
planet in the solar system,] in astrology, under the influe'nce
of Jupiter. Gay; airy; elated with mirth.
JO'VIALLY, ad. in a merry, airy, or gay manner.
JO'VLXLNE^S, s. the quality or state of being merry.
JO'URNAL, (jurnal) s. [journal, Fr.] a diary ; an ac-
count of a person's daily transactions ; any news-paper
published daily or weekly, and containing the news of every
day. In navigation, a book wherein is kept an account of
the ship's way at sea, the changes of the wind, and other oc-
currences.
JOURNALIST, [jiirnalist\ s. a writer of daily newi-
papers.
JOU[RNEY, (the o in this word and ils compounds and
derivatives is not pronounced, as jumei/, jumei/mav, Ac.) j.
[journie, Fr.] the distance travelled in a day. FigurativelT,
travel by land, distinguished frorj that by sea, which isstjied
a voyage. Passage from one place to another.
To JOURNEY, V. n. to travel or pass from one place to
another.
JOURNEYMAN, s. [joumie, Fr. and man] a person hired
to work by the day ; at present extended to signify a person
who works under a master.
JOURNEY>yORK, j. [jom-nie, Fr. and worh] work
performed for hire or wages.
JOUST, (jiM<)^. [joust, Fr.J a tilt or tournament, wherein
the combatants tight with spears, Ac.
To JOUST, ijust) V. a. [jouster, Fr.] to run in I he tilt.
JOY, s. \joye, Fr.] a delight of the mind arising from the
considcrationof apresent, orassured approaching possession
ofa future good ; the mirth or noise which arises from sui
cess ; gladness ; pleasure ; happiness.
To JOY, V. 71 to rejoice ; to l>e glad. Actively, to eon
gratnlate ; to affectwithjoy. To enjoy.
JO'YFUL, a. full of joy or pleasure ou the possession, or
certain expectation, of some good.
JO'YFULLY, ad. with gladness or pleasure, on account
of possession, or certain expectation of some future good.
JO'YFULNESS, s. the quality of receiving orfeeling plea-
sure on the consideration of some present, or certain expec-
tation of some future, good.
JO'YLESS, a. without joy ; deprived of pleasure ; sad.
JO'YOUS, a. [jmjeur, Fr.J glad ; gay ; merry j delighted.
IRE
IRO
I
IPECACUA'XHA, r. in the ^Materia Modlca, is an Tn-
diaii loot, of wliicli ilu-re are two kinds, distinsiiisliod by
their colour, and bnmglit from ditlereiil places, but both pos-
sessing tlie same virtues, thbu^di in a difierent decree. Tlie
one is gray, and bro'u^dit from P<:.a ; tiie other brown, and
broufjht from the Brazils. The ;^ray Ipecacuanha is prefera-
ble to the brown, as the latter is apt to operate more roughly.
It is an excellent, mild, and safe emetic, a noble restriusent,
and the greatest of all remedies fora dysentery.
I'PSWICH, an anticnt and populous, but irregularly
built town of Sutlolk, seated on the river Orwell, near the
lace where the fresh and salt water meet, formin^^ a sort of
ialf-moon, or crescent, on its bank. Across the river there
is a bridge leading; to subui h Stoke Handet. Here are seve-
ral public build inijs and a custom-house, w.ith a good quay.
It hasdecliued, however, fidm its former consequence ; the
nianufaclures of broadcloth and canvass are at an end ; ami
its present commerce depends upon the malting and e\poi-
tationof corn to London, and timber to the difierent dock-
yards. It has a considerable coasting trade, and a small share
of foreign commerce, and has lately sent ships to Greenland.
Vessels of great burden are obliged to stop atsome distance
below the town. It is IS miles N. E. of Colchester, and C!)
N. E. of London. Markets on Tuesday and Thursday tor
small meat, on Wednesday and Fridav for fish, and on Si-
turday for provisions of all kinds. This town is noted for
being the birth-place of cardinal Wolsey.
IRASCIBLE, a. [from iriisciir, to be angry, Lat.] easily
provoked to anger ; belonging to the passions of anger.
IRE, Fr. s. [from irn, anger^Lat.J hatred arising from con-
sidering a thing as capable of aflecting, or having afiecied
)lSj with an injurv.
rilEBY or JERBY, an anticnt town of Cumberla;-,d, E.
of the road between Cockermouth and Wigton, and near
the source of the river Elen. It is 10 miles N. E. of Cocker-
mouth, and 299 N. N. W. of London. Market on Thuisday.
. I'REFUL, ff. angry ; raging.
I'REFULLY, ad. in a mariner which shews great anger.
• IRELAND, one of the British islands, lying to ihe W. of
that of Great Britain. It is bounded on the E. by St. George's
Channel, or the Irish sea, which separates it from England
and Wale's ; on the K. I'-, by a channel about 20 miles broad,
which separates it from Scotland ; and on every other side
by the ocean. It lies between Ion. .3. 43. and 10. 38. W.
and between lat. 51. 15. aixl ."w. 13. N. being ahont 287
miles in length, and 155 in breadth. It is divided into four
provinces, viz. Ulster on the north ; Rlunster on the soulh ;
Lcinster on the east ; and Connaughl on the \ve.st. 'J'luse
are subdivided into 32 counties, ^ iz. (barlow, Dublin, Kil-
dare, Kilkenny, King's County, Longford, Lowlh, IMealh,
Queen's County, West iNlealh, Wexford, Wicklow, in the
Brovince of Lcinster. Antrim, Armagh, Cavan, Down,
'onegal, Fermanah, Londonderry, Monagl^m, am! Tyrone,
ill the province of Ulster. Clare, Cork, Kerry, Limerick,
Tipperary, and Waterford, in the province of Muuiter.
Galway, Leitrim, Mayo, Roscommon, and Sligo, in the pro-
vince of Connaiighf. The air is mild and temperate, being
cooler in summer, and warmer in winter, than in Iviighind ';
though it is not so clear and pure, nor so proper for riiiening
corn and fruits. It is more humid than in I'ingland ; but this
quality is pretty much mended, and will he more so, when
tlie bos;s and morasses arc drained. In general, it is a fruil-
tul co'.nitry, well watered with lakes and rivers ; and the soil.
inmost parts, is very good and lerlile; even in those? [ilaces
where the tnjgs and morasses have been drained, there is
pood meadow (ground. It produces corn, homp, and Ha\,
in jfreat plenty ; and the herdsof cattle are so numerous, that
their beef and butter are exported into foreign parts; the
English, and foreign ships, freepiently conn; to victual in
Irish ports. The pi incipal riches and commodities of Ire-
land are, catlle, hides, wool, tallow, suet, butter, cheese,
wood, salt, honev, wax, furs, hemp, and more especially line
linen cloth, which they have brought to great 'perfediou,
und tlieir trade in it is vastly Increascit. ' Tli'is countrv is
611
exceedingly well situated for foreign trade, and has many
secure and commodious ba\s, creeks, and harbours, espe-
cially on the W. coast. Their laws ditlered but little from
those of England ; and the national establishment of religion
was the same. The members of parliament usually sat for life,
nnless upon the demise of the king of Great Britain; but, in
1768, their parliaments were made octennial. Formerly
tliis kingdom was entirely subordinate to that of Great Bri-
tain, wiiose parliament could make laws to bind the people
of Ireland ; and an append might be made from their courts of
justice to the house of lords in England ; but, in 1782, it was
declared, that although Ireland was an iii)|)erial ejojni, inse-
parably annexed to that of Britain (on which connection the
interest and happiness of both nations essentially depended)
yet the AiM^r/om of Ireland was distinct, with a parliament of
\*s own, and that no body of men were com pe.U-nt to make
laws for Ireland, except the kiii;r, lords, and commons there-
of. .\m\ some time after, this declaration being thought in-
sufficient, the British legislature, by an express act of par-
liament for that |)urpose, relinquished all claim of right toin-
tertere with the jutigmenf of the Irish courts, or io make
laws to bind Inland in time to come. However, in 1801,
an union of the two governments took place, under the
title of the L^nifed Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
Ireland now sends 4 spiritual and 28 temporal lords, and 100
commoners, to meet in the imperial parliament. The lord
lieutenant of Ireland, as well as the council, are appointed,
from time to time, by the king. The native Irish are de-
scribed as impatient of abuse and injury, quick of appre-
hensi'on, implacable in resentment, ar(lent in all tlieir atf'cc-
tions, and remarkably hospitable. In the country there
"certainly remains a great deal of this amiable national charac-
teristic, and even in their towns formality and etiquette are
oflen so lost in hearty salutations, and a familiar manner of
address, that the stranger soon feels himself at home, .nnj
imagines Ihe people about him all relations. There aresoinfe
considerable mountains in Ireland, the chief of which aro
the Knock Patrick, Shew Blocmy, and Curlieu hills. Of .-iU
its bogs, that called the Bos; of Allen is the most consider-
able. The chief lakes are Lough Lean, Longh Erne, Lough
Neagh, and Lough Coribb ; and its princpal rivers are the
Shannon, Boyne, Barrow, Lift'ey, Nore, and Snir. This
country is said to have been formerly full of woods, but the
case is now' so different, that it has been found necessary to
plant new ones, and to give parliamentary encouragement
icix their preservation and increase. The mineral produc-
tions of this country have been little known till of lateyears',
the natives in general having given themselves (at least for
Some centuries past) little trouble about them. Ncverlhe^
less, copper, lea<l, iron, and even sih er ores, have been found
ill the Irish mines; some vestiges of works of this sort ap-
pear at Clonlarf, on the edge of Dublin Bay. In the county
of Antrim, there is amine which consists of a mixture of
silver and lead, every 30lb of lead ore protlucing about a
pound of silver. There is another in Connanght, of the
same kind ; and one still richer in Wicklow. About 12
miles from Limerick, two mines have been discovered, one
of copper, and tlifc other of lead. Iron mines are dispersed
all over the kingdom. There are likewise quarries of marble,
slate, and freestone, and the earth produces, in various
places, coal and turf for tiring.
I'RIS, ,^. I Eat.] the rainbow. In philosophy, an appear-
ance of light resembling the rainbow. In bolauv, ihf
flower-dc luce. In anatomy, the circle round the pupil of
the eye, from whence it receives the appellation of black)
blue, iVc. according to the colour.
'io HliC, V. a. [ijrh, Isl.J to give pain, or make weary, used
only impersonally ; as, " It irks me." Win/;.
I'RKsOME, «. wearisome ; atl'ectiiig with pain or trou-
ble, i
I'llKSOMELY, ad. in such a manner ns to pain, weary.
or trouble.
1 RK.SOMENESS, J. lediousncss ; wearisoniencss. '
' rilON, s. \ircn, Sax.] a well-known nivtul. {rim-\i
iRR
IRR
pli'iiliftilly and universally dlHiisocI tliroiijiliout nature, pcr-
vad'mj,' alriiost cverj tlliti)^, ami isltie cliiet"c;tiise,ot'colouriil
earths aiui stones. It may be delected in plants and in ani-
mal fluids. It is found in grp'4t niassps-, and in various states,
in tlie bowels of the earth in must parts of the world. Pure
iron is sott and ductile, and when dissolved has a sweet and
styptic taste, and emits a peculiar smell when rubbed
Jtronyly ; it is attracted by the magnet and has the pro-
perty of becoming' itself magnetic. It is fused with great
(lilficulK, but it gives tire by collision with flint. Iron is
one of tlie most useful substances in llie world, as every thing
we possess is manufactured by its means. When converted
into steel it is employed in various ways, especially for
edge-tools, all which are formed in part w ilh this metal, from
the ponderous pit-saw to llie finest lancet. Its oxydes are
3sed in painting, enamelling, dying, and in medicine. Any
Jnstrument or utensil made of iron ; as, a flat iron., box tVow,
orsmoolliing i'roH. A chain, shackle, or manacle ; as, "he
was put in iriiiis." In these two last senses it has a plural.
I'KON, a. made of iron ; resembling ir(U] in colour. Fi-
eunilively, harsh ; severe; rigid. Indissoluble; unbroken.
Hard ; impenetrable.
To I RON, V. a. to smooth with an iron ; to put on shac-
kles or irons.
IRCNICAL, s. in an ironical or sneering manner.
IRO'NICAI.LY, atl. by the use of irony.
I'RONMOiN'GER, «. one who deals in iron.
TRON-IMOULDS, s. in mineralogy, yellow lumps of
earth or stone found inchalii-pitsalmiii the Cliillern in Ox-
fordshire, and elsewhere ; being in reality a kind of pyrites,
or indigested iron-ore.
rilONVVOOD, s. a hard kind of wood, so ponderous as to
sink in water.
I'RONWORT.s. a ulantwith purplish spikes of male and
'cmale flowers, found on high chalky pastures and moist
meadows; called also burnet.
I'RONY, a. made of iron ; partaking of iron.
I'RONY, s. [eironda,\ from euiiii, a dissembler, Gr.] in
rhetoric, a figure wherein a person means one thing and ex-
presses another ; generally used as a sneer, and in com-
mending a person for finalities which he has not.
IRRA'DIANCK.or IRRA'DIANCY, .«. \in-mlw, from ra-
dins, a ray, Lat.Jthe emission of rays of light on any sub-
ject; a sparkling; beams of glittering light emitted or re-
necled.
To IRRA'DIATE, v. a. [in-adin, from radius, a ray, Lat.]
to brighten. To illumine, applied to the mind. To ani-
mate with heat or rays. To adorn with something sliin-
Irradiation, «. [In-adio, from ladlns, a ray, Lat.] the
act of emitting beams of light, or glittering ; the state of a
thing made to jjlitter. Illuminatiou, or knowledge, applied
to the mind.
IRRATIONAL, (i)To«7iOHa?) a. [from in, a negative parti-
cle, and ratio, reason, Lat.Jvoid of reason or understanding,
void of the powers of reason ; absurd or conliary.to rea-
son.
IRRATIONA'LITY, {irrnshonuhtu) s. the quality of be-
ing void of reason.
IRRATIONALLY, {irnUhonally) ad. in a manner incon-
sistent with reason : absurdly.
IRRECLAIMABLE, a. not to be altered by instruction,
threats, or persuasions.
IRRECONClLEABLE.rt. [iVitm^iiVmi/e, Fr.] not to be
appeased or made to agree.
IRRFCONCI'LEABLENESS, t. impossibility to be re-
conciled.
IRRKCONCrLE.\BLY, ad. in a manner not ludmitting
a reconciJiation.
IRRECONCl'LED, a. not atoned, orexpiated.
IRRKCO'VERABLF, a. not to be regained, restored, or
repaired ; not to be remedied.
IRRECO'VER ABLY, nd. in a manner beyond recovery.
Of i)a.si all cure or rewedv..
IRREDU'CIBLE, a. not to be reduced.
IRREFRAGABi'LlTY, s. strungth of argument not to b«
refuted.
IRREFRAGABLE, «. [irrefrafrable, Fr.j not to be con-
futed, applied to argument.
IRRLFRA'GABLY, «(/. in such a manner as not to be
confuted.
IRREFUTABLE, «. [from in, a negative particle, and
re/iUo, to refute, Lat. J not to be overthrown or confuted.
IRRE'GULAR, «. [from in, a negative particle, and rc-
guta, a rule, Lat.] deviating from, or contrary to, any rule,
standard, custom or nature ; immethodical ; not consistent
with the rules of moralitv.
lUREGL'LA'UITY, s.'lirrefruhritc, Fr.] the act of deviat-
ing from, or doing any thing contrary to, a rule ; neglect of
method or order; an action done contrary to the rules of
ni(ir.ili!v.
IRRE'GULARLY, «(/. without observation or rule, me-
thod or duty.
To IRRE'GULATE, v. a. [from tn, a negative particle,
and rcgtila, a rule, Lat.] to make irregular ; to disturb the
order of time.
IRRELATIVE, n. [from in, a negative particle, and relti-
tiims, related, Lat.] having no reference or relation to any
thing ; single ; unconnected.
IRRELIGION, s. [incligioii, Fr.] contempt or want of
religion.
IRRELIGIOUS, a. [irriligieux, Fr.] contemning or hav-
ing no religion ; impious ; contrary to religion.
IRRELI'dllOUSLY, ad. in an impious manner.
IRREMEABLE, a. [from i>i, a negative particle, and re
mm, to return, Lat.J not to be repassed ; admitting no re-
turn.
IRREMEDIABLE, a. [irremediable, Fr.] admitting no
cure or remedy.
IRREMEDIABLY, ad. in a manner admitting no cure
or remedy.
IRREMI'SSIBLE, a. \irr'emissible, Fr.] not to be par-
doned.
IRREMl'SSIBLENESS, s. the quality of admitting no
pardon.
IRREMO'VEABLE, a. not to be moved, changed, or
aflfected.
IRRE'FARABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and
rejyaro, to repair, Lat.] not to be recovered ; net to be re-
stored to its former state.
IRRETARABLY, ad. in such a manner as not to be re-
covered or restored to its former state.
IRREPLEVIABLE, a. inlaw, not to be redeemed.
IRREPREHEIsSIBLE, a. [irriprchensMe, Fr.] not to be
blamed.
IRREPREHE'NSIBLY, ad. in a manner not to be
blamed.
IRREPROACHABLE, {in-eprOchable) a. free from blame
or reproach.
IRREPRO'ACHABLY, {irreprichablii) ad. in a manner
not deserving blame or reproach.
IRREPR(5'VEABLE, a. not to be blamed or found
fault w ith.
IRRESISTIBI'LITY, j. the quality of being above all
resistynco.
IRREsI'STIBLE, a. [irresistible, Fr.] superior to all resis-
tance or opposition.
IRRESrSTir>LY, ad. in a 'manner not to be hindered
from eftecting its design or end ; in a manner not to be
opposed.
IRRE'SOLUBLE, «. [from in, a negative particle, and rc-
tolvu, to resolve, Lat.] not to be broken or dissolved.
IRRESOLUBLENESS, s. the quality of having its parts
not to be broken or dissolved.
IRRESOLVKULY, flrf. without any fixed, or positive
determination of the will.
IRRE'SOLUTE, a. [iVWWii, Fr.] not constant in purpose ;.
not fixed in one determination; coutinialiy \ arj ing in onus-
clu>itv. tli
ISH
ISO
. IRRESOLUTELY, ad. without firmness of mind or de-
termination.
II'JIESOLUTIGN. s. \irruolntwn, Fr.] want of fixed
and settled determination of mind.
IllRliSPE'CTlVELY, ad. without respect to circum-
stances.
IIvKESPE'CTIVE, a. having no respect to persons or
circumstances.
IIiflETRlE'V.\BLE, (irreli-eh-abia) a. not to be recovered
or repaired.
IKRETRIE'V^ABLY, (inetreivahli/) ad. in a manner not
to be recovered or repaired.
lURE'VERENCE, s. [from in, a negative particle, and re-
i-ereor, to reverence, l^at.J want of veneration or respect ; a
state wherein a person lias not that respect paid to iiim
w hich is due to his rank and dijjnitv.
IRREVERENT, a. [irreverent, Fr.] not paying, express-
insT, or conceiving the iioma;je, veneration, or respect, due
to the chaK.irter ordignityof a person.
IRRE'VEREjVTLY, f«/. without due homage, respect, or
veneration.
litREVE'RSIBLE, a. not to be reversed, abrogated, or
altered.
liUlKVE'RSIBLY, nrf. in a manner not to be reversed or
cliaiiged.
IRREVOCABLE, a. [from in, a negative particle, and
jwoco, to recall, Lat.] not to be recalled, broiii;hl back, or
reversed.
IR.RE'VOCABLY, ml. without recovery or recall.
To IRRIGATE, 1-. a.\imgo, from rigo, to water, Lat.] to
moisten or water.
IRRIGATION, f. [iV/jo-o, from Wj^o, to water, Lat.] tlie
act nf Haterint,% wettinif, or moistening.
IRRIGUOOS, a.[irrig-o, from rigo, to water, Lat.] wa-
tery or watered. Dewy or moist.
IRRI'SION, s. [from in, at, and rideo, to laugh, Lat.] tlie
act of deridinnf, mocking, or laughing at another.
IRRITABLLIT^, «. that peculiar conslitulion of body,
which inclines a person to be easily affi'Ctod by stimulants.
It is often appliefi to the mind, and is evident in fretful
tempers.
'I'o IRRITATE, r. a. [from irrito, Lat.] to provoke to an-
gor; to teaze. To cause an intiammaiion, applied to
wounds. To heighten any quality. " A.n irritatcth cold."
Bacon.
IRRITATION, i. [from im/o, to provoke, Lat.] the act
of provoking, exasperating, or stimulating.
IRllUTTlON, s. [from irrmnpo, to break in, Lat.] the act
of any thing forcing an entrance ; an inroad, or forcible en-
try r>f an enemy into any place.
IS, the third person singular of the present tense indica-
tive, from the verb To Be, borrowed from is, Goth, the se-
cond person singular of the present tense indicative of vi-
sitn, Goth. Sometimes the i is left out, and expressed by au
apostrophe over its place ; as, "There's some." S/iak. '
iSA'IAH, THK Prophecy oi--, a canonical book of the
Old 'JVslament, and the first of the four greater prophecies.
Me was of the blood royal, his father Amos being brother of
Azariah, king of Jutlah. The stvle of this piophet is noble,
:iul)lime, and florid, (irotius calls him the Demosthenes of
the Hebiews. Isaiah prophesied from the end of the reign
oflizziali till the time of Manasseh, tjy whose order, ac-
cording to the Jewish tradition, he was put to death by
being sawed asunder.
ISCHl A'DIC, (iV.«/fW() a. [from iscltins, one of the bones
of the hip, Gr.] in anatomy, a nami! given to the cn'iral veiirs,
called the greater and the lesser ischias. It signifies also a
disi-ase or p'.iiii of the hip, and is connnoiJy called srialicn.
ISCHU'RY, (islivry) s. ^ischourin, from isrho, to stop, and
oirroii, mine, Gr.] in medicine, a disorder consisting of an
entire suppression of urine.
ISH, \^isv, Sax.] a termination adfled to words, expresses
dimin-utioii, or lessening the sens(' of the word, if joiiierl In au
afljective ; as, bluish, lending to blue. When added In a
substantive, it implies likeness, or pifrlaking the qualities of
the substantive to which it is added ; as, fuuUsli, xraljiih,
rogmslt. When added to the name of a coiMitrv, it implies
something belonging to or living in it ; as Swctliili, Danish,
rSINGLAS:% ^. a tough, firm, and light subslauce, of a
whitish colour, and somewhat transparent, resenibliug glue,
but in some degree cleanlier. It is iiiaiie Iroui the inlestiiies
of a cartilaginous fish, which is a specii'S ol sturgeon, grows
to eighteen or twenty lectin length, and is found in the Da-
nube, <S.c. In medicine, it is prescribed in broths and. jel-
lies as an aggiutiiiant and stiengthener ; and by wine coop-
ers it is used in clearing wines.
rSINGLAS^ STONE, «. a fossil found in broad masses,
composed o'.'a multitude of extremely tiuc flakesor plates ;
theantieiits made their windows of it, instead of glass. It
is found in ?tluscovy, Persia, the island of Cyprus, in the
Alps and Apennines, and the mountains of Germany.
i'SLAND, {iUmd) s. \etdand, ErseJ a tract of land sur-
rounded by water.
rSL.ANDER, {iltr.ider) s. one who inhabits an island.
rSLAY, or I'L.^, one of tlie Western Isles of Scotland, lo
the S. W. of Jura, from which it is sepaiated '.y a narrow
strait or sound. Its greatest length is 25 miles, and its
breadth about IS. The principal village is Bowmore, which
is ill a manner a new town, and has a convenient harbour.
The inhabitants are between 7 and 8000. The face of the
country is hilly. Here are mines of copper, emery, quick-
silver, had ore, and black lead ; with immense stores of
lime-stone, marl, coral, and slull-sand for manure. S<;n!e
corn and tlax is raised here, and numerous droves of rattle
are annually exported. In this, and some of the neighbour-
ing islands, multitudes of adders infest the heath. On the
N. W. side (if tl;e island is the cave of Sai.cgmore, which is
a grotto, divided into a number of far-winding passages ;
sometimes openino; into fine expanses ; again closing, for a
long space, into galleries, and ibi niing a curious subterrane-
ous labyrinth. There are also many other caverns, the
haunts of numerous wild pigeons, that lodge and breed in
them. The goals that feed among the rocks are so wild,
that they are shot like deer.
ISLE, (lie) s. [ish\ Fr.] an island or country surrounded
by water. A long walk in a church, corrupted from nile,
of aisle, Fr. avvjug, it being originally only a wing, or side-
walk.
I'SLEVt'ORTH, a town in Middlesex, 9 miles \Y. of
London. It is situated on the river .Thames, opposite to
Uicliuiond.
rSLIP, a town of Oxfordshire, chiefly noted for the birtli
and baptism of Edward the Confessor. The chapel wherein
Edward was baptized, ata small distance N. from the cluircli,
was desecrated duringCromwell's usurpation,and converted
to the meanest uses of a farm-yard. It is built of stone, I'>
yards long, and 7 broad, and retains traces of ihe arches of
an obloiig window at the E. end. At present it has a roof
of thatch, and is still called the king's chapel. 'Flie manor
was given by Edward the Confessor to Westminster .\bbey,
to which it still belongs. It has also some remains of an an-
tient palace, said to have been kiiigElhelred s. By the Ox-
fordshire canal, it communicates with the late inland navi-
gations.- It has a good market for sheep, and is 66 miles N.
W. of London, on the road to Aberystu illi.
ISMAIL, a town ol Bessarabia. It was taken by storm
by the Rns.-.ians under (ieneral Suwarrow on the 22d of De-
cember, 1790; and it is said, that the long siege and the
capture did not cost less than 10,000 men. The mo.st atro-
cious part |of the transaction is, that the j;arrison, (w hose
firmness would have received, from a less sanguinary foe,
the highest applause) were massacred by the merciless con-
querors, to the aiiiount of, by their own account, .*iO,0(iO
men, and the place was abandoned to llir fin v of tlie briOal
soldiery. Ismail is seated on the N. side of the Danube,
1U» miles S. W. of Ockzakow. Lat. 46. 11. N. Ion. 29.'
30. E.
ISOCHRONAL, or ISOCHRONOUS, {isOlircial or
n
irc
tSahattoiis) a. from isot, (•((iial, :iii(l v/iroiws, tiiiio, fir.] is ap-
I'Iji'iI III !iiuli vilir:illiiiisor» pciuliiluiii :is arv perUiriiieil iii
llii* s;iiilr S|i;iir (i( liiiic.
ISOPKUIMK'IIUCAr,, t. llVom I'.w.t, (•(nr.il, iinil luihm:
liiin, a I'iK'iiiiileri'iriT, Cir. I in ;,'i'i)mfli_v, arc sinli fi^^urcs as
Ikivc i>i|Mal |i(iiiiiclcrs or iirciuiirciciicps, of wliicji iIk' cir-
ilf IS ilic ^rcatosl.
IS()SCKI.1>, s. \isnscrlr, F'f.] applied to ii triaii;;lc wliiili
(l,l^ l"i) silll"'<'(lllili.
ISI'AIIAN.a rclchiatoilfity of Asia, and capilal ofPcr-
si:i, llioii;.;lit l)v ■.onii- lo !i<' llic liii'jsl tity in the I'.ast. It
il.iiiiU rti Ilii- niiclille of a plain, binroniided on all sides \\ illi
inoinil.inis, at cif^lit miles dislaiiee, which rise !;radiially in
liie fonii of an aiiiphillicalie. There is no river, except a
small one, called Scnderiit, which supplies almost all the
lioiiscs with water. It is 30 miles in circnmference, with
Well liiiilt lionses, and Ihit roofs, on wiiich they walk, eat, and
lie, III the fciimmer time, tor the sake of the cool air. ilerc
arc a f^reat iinmher of ma^nilicent palaces, and that of the
kin;; IS two miles and a half in circumference, 'i'liere are
16(1 mosi|ucs, IH(li) hir^e caravansaries, ahoiit Oflo pnh'.ic
hallis, a prodij^ions inimher of colfee houses, and very fine
liasars and streets, in which arc canals planted on each side
with trees. The streets are not paved, hnt always clean,
on account of the dryness of the an', lor il seldom rams or
snows here. Near this city, aliout A. I). Ki.io, was foimhl
a ^rcat liattle helweeii 'l'angroli|ii\, general of the Turks,
and Mahomet, sultan of Persia, (u ho had re vol lei I iVom the
^reat caliidi of the Saracens,) in which the sultan happeninr;
to lireak his neck hy a (all from his horse, the kiii;,'iloni, hy
the agreement of holh armies, devolved to the 'I'lirkish ^'e-
neral. This was the hc^innin^ of the kingdom ..f the Sel-
jukiaii Turks in Persia, which prospered near 2(10 years, till
Us overthrow hy ll<iccatta, the son of King is, I he great chain
of 'I'arlary. It is-2f;.j miles N..K. of Husserah, 30(1 S. of the
Caspian sea, and HO'J S. K. orC'i'iistantinople. I.on. .^2. .V).
!•;. lal. ,1'. '-V). N.
I SK.M'.LITI'.S, s. the dcscrmianls'd" Israel or .lacoh, who
were at fubl called Hebrews, hy reason of Ahraliam, who
came from the other side of the Taiphrates ; and afterwards
Israelites, frimi Israel the father of the twelve I'alriarchs,
and, lasllv, Jews.
ISSI'.QUl'HO, a flnniMiing settlement of the Dutch, in
Ciiiiaua, S. America, contiguous to that of Dcmerary, and S
or 10 miles \V. of the town of Snrinnm. It is seated on the
river Isseipiiho, \\ liich is ahoiit ,*? leagues w ide at its mouth,
and runs into the Atlantic in Lat. (!. 45. N. and Ion. (i;3. -H).
W. lis principal proiluctions are sugar, cotlee, and cotton.
It has hein often taken hy the English, and restored to the
Dnicli, on the making of [leace. It has been again taken by
ihem since the conimeneiinent of the present war, and still
remains in their possession.
rSS U I-",, .'. I ij.wic, I'r.J the act of passing out; iiassage
outwards; an event, or the conseijuencc of any action. In
surgery, a hole made in the llesh bv incision, (or the dis-
charge of humours. I'rogenv, offspring. The profits grow-
ing from an amercement. The point of matter depending
<ni a suit, wdierein the parties join, and put the cause to the
trial of a jury. Hence, to jum i>shc, is to agree upon
smile particular point, on which the decision of a cause shall
rest.
'I'o rSSU !•', V. >i. f »sf))*, Ital.l to come or pass out at any
|>lac('. To proceed, applied lo offspring. To be produced
or gain, applied to lunds or trade. To run out in lines.
Actively, to send out hy authority, or judicially, used with
out ; this sense is liiosi common.
I SSUKI.I-'.SS, n. without offspring or children.
I'STflML'S, (isimus)s. |Lat.] in geography, is a narrow
neck of land tliat joins two continents, or joins a pi iiiusula
to the terra tirnia, and separates two seas. The most cele-
brated isthmuses are that ol Panama, or Darien, w liicli joins
North and South .America; and that of Sue/, which connects
Asia and Africa ; that id (.'orinth, of Crim Tarlary, ilc.
IT, pi on, [/lil, Sax.] ilie i.vulcr demonslrative, made use
of in speaking of things. Sometimes it is used absolutely for
the stale of a perso «r affair. " I low is (V .'" .S'//«/(. Some-
times ellipticallv for tlw ihing, matter, or affair. " //'»
come to pass." .''/irf/t. After neulial mmIis, it is used eiilier
ludicrously, or lo give n emphasis. "A molo couises il
on the groinid." Sprrl.
rT.\L^', a large peninsula of Kurope, liavin;^ the Alps to
the N. by w Inch il is separated froi.i Trance ; and il is sur-
rounded on all other sides by the Mediterranean sea. Il is
the most celebrated country in lairope, iiaviug been for-
merly the seat ol'ihe Komaii empire, and, till lately, ol the
pope. It is so line and IVuitfnl a countiy, that it is com-
monly called the (iardeii of Sairope. 'i'lie air is tein|ierat(;
and wholesome, except in the territory ol the Church, where
it is very different. The soil is fertile, and produces wlieat,
rice, wine, oil, oranges, citrons, pomegranates, all soils of
fruits, (lowers, honey, and silk ; and in tin- Kingdom of Na-
ples are cotton and sugar. The forests are full of all sorts of
game, and on the mountains are line paslures u liicli feed a
great many callle. Here are also mines of sulphur, iion,
several ipiarries of alabaster, jasper, ;iiiil all k^ lids of iirdible.
Italy is a mountainous ccmn'ry ; for besides the Alps, whicii
boiiiul it on the N. there are the Appennines, rnniiing (juile
across it from K. to W. as well as mount Vesuvius, which is
a volcano, and vomits llaiues ; besides several others. The
principal rivers arc the Po, the Tiber or Tivere, the Arno,
the .Aiida, and the Adige. Italy was <livideil into a great
iinmher of states, which differed much in cxlentand iiiiport-
aiicc. Between the conliuesof rrancc and Sw isserlaud, on
the west and north, where ihe continental dominions of liie
king of Sardinia, namely, Piedmont, Savoy, Montseria!,
part ol'ihe Milanese, and Oiieglia. 'To the north cast are
the terrilories of Venice. Sou'h of these were the domi-
nions of the emperor of Germany, namely, pari of the Mi-
lanese and the Mantuaii : and south of these, .Modena, Mi-
laiidola, and Iteggio, belonging to the duke of .Modeiia.
West ol lliese, the dnchies<d Parma, Placenlia, and (iuslalla.
'J"o the ?ontli of Parma lies the la'e republic ol (ienoa, now
united to Prance ; and southeast of this, that of Lucca.
Hence extended, along the coast of the .^Icdilerranean, the
grand duchy ofTuscany, now a part of Prance ; as is also
the ecclesiastical stale, or territory of the pope, lying N. V,.
and R. of 'F'uscany, between Ihe (iiilf of Venice and the
Mediterranean: all S. of this, is the kingdom of ."Naples,
with its dependent islands, of which Sicily is the principal.
Since the revolution in France, the greatest part of Italy N.
R. of the pope's dominions has been united in one goveris-
nient, id' which Buonaparte, emperor of Prance, ijiiow kiii»;.
The inhabitants have a great many good ipialities, as well as
bad ones: they arc polite, active, prudent, ingenious, and
politic; but then they arc luxurious, effeminate, addicted
to the most criminal pleasures, revengeful, and use all sorts
of artiiices to destroy their enemies, which inodnce a great
number of assassiiiaiions. Add to these, that they are ex-
tremely jealous, and keep tlicirwivcs and ilaughlers alwa\s
shut up, insomuch that they cannot go to cluirch wiihout
somebody to watch tlicm. However, llierc is no phice in
the world where impmity abounds, so much as in Italy; for
there are great numbers of brotheldiouses and conrtc/.aiis,
who were tolerated l-y the magistrates. The Italians have
been the most celebrated of all the moderns for their genius
and taste in architecture, painting, carving, and music, and
several of them have also been eminent as writers. Tiie
women affect yellow bair,a" did formerly their inedecessors,
the ladies of autient Borne, and make great use o; ; ainli
and washes for their hands and faces.
rrCH, s. r.^ic/ift, Sax.] in medicine, a disease which
overspreads tlie body with pustules, attended with an ii.i-
tatingseiisalion, and connuunicated by contact ; the sensa-
tion of uneasiness caused bv the itch, or appeased by rub-
bing. Kiixuratively, a constant teasing desire.
To ri'CH, e. II. to feel an uneasiness in the skin, vdiieh
is removed bv nddjing ; to have a long and c.nlinual desire
and propensity.
417
JUD
•JUL
ITCHINGTON BISHOP'S, a town of Warwicksliire,
so called from the bishops of Lichfield and Coventry, once
its possessors. It is situated on the river Ichene, to the N.
E. of Kineton. This was antiently one of the chief towns
in tl)e county ; and in the reign of Henry II. was ranked
with the boroughs that were to contribute to tlie niarriuge
of that king's daushler. Market on Wednesday.
ITCHY, a. infected with tiie itch.
ITEM, s. [Lat.J a new article ; a liint or innuendo.
Used adverbially in wills for also. " Item, I give and be-
ouealh."
I'TEllANT, part, [itcro, to repeat, from ilm; a journey,
Lat.] repealing.
To ITI'^RA TE, r. a. [itcro, to repeat, from iter, a journey,
Lat.] to repeat the same thing ; to inculcate by frequent
mention or repetition ; to do a second time.
ITEK.A'TION, s. [itcro, to repeat, from iter, a journey,
Lat.] repetition or recital.
nrNKK.\>i'r, «. rr. [IVom iter, a journev, Lat.J wan-
dering; notspltled; travelling.
ITl'NER.ARY, s. [from iter, a journey, Lat.J a book of
travels.
ITI'NERARY, «. [from i>c, a journey, Lat.J travelling;
done on a journey.
ITS1'"/LF, ;»oH.' [hit, amlsglf. Sax.] the neutral reciprocal
pronoun, applied to things.
IT'riU.\, or YTTRIA, s. in mineralogv, is a peculiar
earth which has been found only in a black mineral fiom
Sweden, called gadolinite, which besides this earth contains
iron, manganese, lime, and silex.
JUAN FERNANDEZ, an island in the S. sea, about 12
miles long and (i wide. It is 3.'30 miles W. of the coast of
Chili, parallel with St. Jago. It is uninhabited, but having
a good harbour on the N. coast, called Cumberland Bay, it
K foimd extremelv convenient to touch at and water. Lat.
33. 4(». S. Ion. 83. W.
JU'BILANT, part, [from jnbHo, to shout for joy, Lat.J
perhaps from {Juhul, the inventor of musical instruments,
Oen. 4.J uttering songs of triumph.
JUBILATION,!. [from.;W')7o, to shout for joy, Lat. per-
haps from Juin/, the inventor of musical instruments. Gen. 4.]
the act of uttering songsof triiimpli, or of declaring triumph.
JU'BILEE, «. /»^7i7e, Fr. [Utim jubilu, to shout for joy, Lat.
perhaps from JuImI, the riveulor of nnisical instruments,
Cion. 4.] a public festivity ; a time of rejoicing ; a great
church festival celebrated at Rome, originally once every
hundred years, wherein the pope grants plenary indnl-
fences to all saints, especially such as visit the churches of
t. Peter and Paul at Rome. It was first established by
Boniface VIII. in I3U0. Clement VI. reduced it to 50
years; Urban VI. to every 25th; and Sextus IV. to every
23rd vear.
J UCU'NDITY, J. [fromjKCMJirfu*, pleasant, Lat.J pleasant-
ness, agreeableness.
To JUUA'IZE, r. n. [jiulaiser, Fr.] to conform to the man-
nersor customs of the jews.
JUD 1'^, or THE EPisTLi;oFjtTDF.,a canonical book of the
New Testament, wiitten against the heretics, who by their
impious doctrines anil disord<'rly lives, corrupted the faith
and good morals of the Christians.
JUDGE, s. [jv'ri; Kr.] one who is empowered or au-
thorized to hear and determine any cause or question, real
or personal, and presides in a court of judicature. Figura-
tively, one who has skill sutiicienr-to discover and prouounce
upon the merit of any thing.
To JUDGE, V. 11. l./iii-f/-, Fr.J to decide or determine a
question ; to pass sentence ; to discern or distinguish.
JU'D(iER,.t. one who forms an opinion or passes sentence.
JI'DCiES, iiooK (>v, a canonical book of the Old Tes-
tament, so called from relating the stale of the Israelites
under lln' adn)iiiistration of several illustrious persons, who
were called .Iwlsrs.
JU'lXiMKNT, ». [jutlfmriit, Fr.J that power of the mind
wljerebv we join ideas together, by athrming or denying
■ 5ia
any thing concerning them ; the quality or power of dis-
cerning the propriety or impropriety of things; the right,
power, or act of passing sentence ; decision; opinion; seo-
tence passed against a criminal ; condemnation, or punish-
ment inflicted oy Providence for any particular crime ; the
distribution of justice ; the sentence passed on our actions
on the last dav ; the last doom.
JU'DIC.yrORY, s. [from judico, to judge, Lat.] distribu-
tion of justice ; a court of justice.
JUDICATURE, s. [judicature, Fr.J the power or pro-
vince of dispensing justice, or hearing causes and passing
sentence.
JU'DICI.'\L, (jmlisliial) a. [from judico, to judge, Lat.J
practised in the distribution of justice, or in a court of jus-
tice ; inflicted as a penalty ; belonging to a judge or court
of justice.
Judicially, {judislnally) ad. in the forms of legal jus-
tice ; in a court of justice ; before a judge.
JUDl'CIARY, (judis/iiai-y) a. [from judico, to judge, Lat.]
passing judgment upon any thing.
JUDICIOUS, ijudishioits) a. [judicieux, Fr.J prudent ;
wise ; skilful in any aftair.
JUDICIOUSLY, (judishionsly) ad. in a manner which
speaks un extensive judgment or understanding ; justly or
wisely.
IVES, St. a sea-port town of Cornwall, seated on a bay
of the same name, with about 30 ships belonging to its har-
bour, 8 miles N. E. of Penzance, and 277 W. by S. of Lon-
don. It is a corporation, and sends two members to par-
liament. It trades largely in pilchards and Cornish slates.
Markets on Wednesday and Saturday.
IVES, St. a town of Huntingdonshire, with the largest
market in England for cattle, except that of Smitlifield. It
is an antient, large, and handsome place, seated on the
river Ouse, over which it has a fine stone bridge, six miles
nearly E. of Huntingdon, and 59 N. of London. Market
on Monday.
JUG, J. [j"g^e, Dan. J a large drinking vessel with a long
neck, swellnig out towards the bottom.
To JUGGLE, 1'. n. [joa^ler, Fr.] to play trick? by slight
of hand ; to practise or impose on by artifice and im-
posture.
JU'GCiLE, i.atrick performed by slight of hand ; an im-
posture, fraud, or deception.
JUGGLER, s. one who practises slight of hand, or
performs tricks by nimble conveyance ; a cheat or im-
postor.
JU'CiGLINGLY, ad. in an unfair or deceitful manner.
JUGULAR, a. [from /Hr;»//()ii, the throat, Lat.J situated
in, or belonging to, the Hn<i;it,
rVlCA, an island of the Mediterranean, about 15 miles
long, and 12 wide, subject to Spain. It is inouutainons,
but fertile in corn, wine, and fruits ; and remarkable for
the great <iuantity of salt made in it. It is 60 miles .'^.
W. of Majorca. The capital is of the same name, seated
on a bay, with a good harbour. Lat. 39. 30. N. Ion. 1.
25. !•;.
JUICI', (pron. jiice, both in this word and its derivatives)
s. [jus, Vr.jiii/s, Belg.j the liquor, sap, or water of a plant;
the lliiid or moisture in animal bodies.
Jl'r(;KLESS,a. dry ; without moisture or juice.
JUrciNESS.i. plenty of juice or moisture, applied both
to plants and animals.
JUICY, ". moist ; full of moisture or juice.
rVINtillOE, a town in Buckinghamshire with a nianufao
lure of lace, (i mill's S. W. of Dunstable, and 3'i from Loil
iloM. Market on Monday.
.) U'J UR, or JUJUBES, f. a plant whose flower consists
of several leaves, which are placed circularly, and expand
in form of a rose ; the fruit is like a small plumb, but has
lillli' ilt'sli upiui Ihe stone.
To J UK.E, r. 71. [ji«/i()-, Fr.J to perch as birds do upon a
trie.
JU'LAP, *. [jnUp. Fr.] in pharmacy, an ajjrecable potion
J UP
JUP
risuiiily ni;i(le of simple and coin|ioiiii(l ^vnftrs swoetcnrrt,
and iiseil .'joiiictinies as a vehicle to siuii nudiciiics as tari-
riol he talicii alone.
Jli'MAN VEAH, .t. is that lately used in Knjclaiul ami
several other c-oiiiilries, called the old year, iulrodiiccd l)y
Jidius Ciesar, which tor three years tof;<'lhi'r has hut .Ti-'i
days, hill every fourth year .'iilfi da\ s, upon account that six
hours and ;5G5 days was the mean solar y<Mr, and four limes
six hours made one natural day ; hut this, hy expirieiK e, is
found too much hy aliout 11 minutes; so that in aliout 13J
years, this account will he one <lay loo late, which oe<'asions
the dill'erence between tlujulian and the Gregorian account
of Hu" yi'ar.
JULY', s. [Jidiiif, I.iif. I the name affixed to (he sovrntli
month of the year from January, hy ihelloinaus, in honour
of Julius (^ivsar, wlii<h before iiis time was named Quinlilis,
or the fifth, i. r. tVoni March.
JU'iMAHT.f. [Fr.J a beast got from a mixture of n bull
and a mare.
To JU'iMBLI'<, »•. a. to mix in a confused and violent
manner together. Neuterly, to be agitated or shaKen to-
{jetiier.
JU'iMRLE, i. a confused mixture; a violent and confused
shaking. ^
To .lUiMP, 1'. 11. ]o;nmpen, Belg.] to move forwani by
raising one's self from the ground uito the air; to leap; to
JTMP, .!. the act of springing or raising one's (ee,t fnun
the ground in the air ; a leap, or skip. Figuratively, a lucky
chance. .\ kind of loose or limber stays, with a moveable
stomacher, usually laced or tied before, from /«;,(>, I'r.
Jl'NCA'rK, s. \Juiiciirle, Vr.] a cheese-cake: anv kind
of delicacy ; a private or clandestine entertainn)ent ; now
improperly written j «"/;</.
JU'NCOUS, a. [froui jiincus, a bulrush, Lat.J full of
biilrnshes.
. JU'NCTION, f. f/n/irtio?!, Fr.] union; coalition.
JU'NCTURE, s. [t'nnn jv)iq-n, to join, Lat.] the line or part
in which two things arc joined together; a jo iit, joining, or
articulation; union. A critical point or peiiiul of tiii.e.
JUNE, s. [Jnniiis, Lat. because this moulli was dedicated
to Juno; or because it was appropriated to young people
(,junini-ibiis) as May was to old ones] the sixth montli of the
year frnm January.
'. JD'N'Oil, s. [Lat.] a person younger than another.
JU'NIIM'jK, i. [tfom JKuipcrus, Lat. I a plant which pro-
i(uces the berries of which gin is made.
JUNK, s. [;k«co,. Span.] a small ship used in China; pieces
of old cable.
JUNKET, .5. SecJuNCATE.
JUNO, in the heathen mythology, agoddess; the daugh-
ter of Saturn and Ops, the sister ami wife of Jupiter.
JUNTO, s, [Ital.] a company of men comliined in any
secret design ; a cabal.
I'VORY, s. [ifoire, Fr.] a hard, solid, firm, suh.slaiicc, of
a fine white colour, capable of a good polish, ami is the
tusks of the elephant. Adjectively, it signifies any lliitig
made of ivorv ; as " an ivon/ ball."
rVORY COAST, a country of Africa, on thecoastoftlie
Atlantic, between Cape Appolonia and Cape Palmas. The
chief commodities are gold, ivory, and slaves ; the former in
the greatest plenty.
JUPITER, or "JOVE, in the heathen mythology, tiie
sovereliiu god of the heathens; the son of .Saturn and Ops.
JU'PITER, «. [Lat.] in the Newtonian Astronomy, is que
of the superior planets. He is about 494 millions of miles from
the sun; and by moving at the rate of •J'Jf-itO miles every
hour in his orbit, completes his periodic revolution in 11 yrs.
.3:ad. 8h. .'j8in. 27, .:3s. but his sidereal period, or the
time in which he moves from one fixed starlo thesame again,
i's performed in 11 yrs. 31"d. 8h. 51m. 2.">, .(is. His
synodic revolution, or the time from one of his conjunctions
with the sun to the next, is finished iri 3f)Hd.2Ih. l')ui.4.js. at
a mean rate. His contents surpass that of all the other
planets put tngitlier, liis diameter bfin;; 11 J of the eart!i.s,
i>rab(Hiti)(li')l) miles, and consecpienlly he is 14Tt* times laiget
than our globe. His greatest apparent diameter, as seen
from the earth, is about 40" of a degree. 1 le turns louiid hi»
axis at the prodigious velocity of about 2h.j0li miles per hour
at his eipialor, in !lli..'j.'jni. ;!('S. and tlieK fore then- ;ire llilTt,
1 l-thirty-tifths of huch ilays in one of his years. 'I'hc pku <•
of his aphelion, auno IHiiO, was in 1 1 deg. 14' 11 " of Libia, and
his niu ill node in !J (leg. G' of Cancer ; the aniuial nielion of
the former being r2",and of the latter only 1'. His cccentri-
cilv is.'<of his me;in dislanee from the sun, and the eiiiiatioii
of his orbit ') d g.:Jt' 1". Viewed from the earth, he appeals
siuiietinics to move according to the order of the signs,
sometimes to stand still, and at other times to have a retro.,
grade motion ; which proves that the earth is not the centre
of his orbit. Tli<' greatest number of days he can be retrograde
in a synodic revolution is 122, in which Uuu- he moves about
I.*; deg. contrary to the orderoftlie signs. His proportionof
light anil heat is .0:57 of the earth's, and density .2:i of the
same, ile is surrounded by faint sulistanees [laiallel toeacli
oilier, which astronomers have deniuiinated Leils, and in
wliieh so many chaugrs appear, thai ihey have been suijp.o.
sed to be clouds by many writers, for some of them iiave
been first interrupted and broken, and then have vanishe<l
entirely. They have sometimes 1->een observed of different
breadths, and afterwards have appe;; red of the same breadth.
Large and various spots have been seen on these belts : ai.d
when those parts of the belts vanish, the spots also disap-
pear. Four smaller planets, called stalellites, move round this
stupendous globe, in shorter or longer periods, as they are
nearer to, or further removed from, his centre ; which affords
a very strong argument in i'avour of the laws ofgiavity. I'he
first, or nearest, makes a revolution round him in ld.l8h.27ni,
.'i.^s. at the distance of 2f!9(!00 miles from his centre; the
second, at the distance of428UilO miles, in 3d. 13h. 13m;
42s.; the third, at the distance of 6B:300') miles, ii} 7d,
Sh. 42m. 33s.: and the fourth, at the distance of 12oaiOO
miles, in IGd. Hih. 32m. 8s. All of them, by reason of therif
immense distance from us, seen to keei) near their primary,
and their apparent motion is like that of a pendulum, going
alternately from their greatest distance on one side to theii)
greatest distance on the other, sometimes in a straight line,
but more freipicntiy in an diiptic curve. YS'lien a satellite
is in its superior semicircle, or that half of its orbit which ii
more distant from the earth th;ui Jupiter is, its motion ap-
j)e;irs to us direct, accfirding to llie order of the signs ; but
in its inferior semicircle its niotirm appears retrograde, and
both these motions seem . (juicker the nearer the satellites
are to the centre of their primary, slower the more distant
they are, and at the greatest disiancf of all they ajipear for
a short time to be stationary. 'J he synodical revoiulions oi"
the 4 satellites respectively are, id. ISh. 28m. 3fjs. — 3d. 13hv
17m. .Ms.— 7d. 3li. 5!)m. 36s.— and Ui"d. Uih. .3iii. 7s.
Theirdistauces from Jupiter in semidiameters ot'tliat planet
are, respectively,.'), .9fi.6 9, .494, 16, .141, and 2G, .GOO. F'ri.u
the four satellites, the inhabitants of Jupiter will have
fourdiiferent kindsof mouths ;■ the first divides his year into
2447, 13-fiftLenth iiarts, the 2;1 into 1213, 2.3 thirtieUi parts,
the third into G04, 33-sixty-first parts, and the 4lh into 258,
I-eighteenlh parts ; so that the whole nninber of months in
his year will be 4.52.9, 11-fortieths. 'J'he three first satei.
lites are eclipsed in every revolution, but tlin orbit of
the 4th is so much inclined to the piano ofJupiti'r's orbit,
that it escapes being eclipsed 2 years in every 6. The dura-
tion of a central eclipse of each of the satellites, beginning
with the first, is, respectively, 2h. loin. 50s. — 2h. 51m.
20s. — 3h.34ni. — and 4h. 4()iii. The eclipses of tliesesatelhtts
are of excellent use in determining the longitude of places on
land. Obscurations of the sun to this planci happen ahnost
every day, and w ith very good telescopes the circular shades
of the satellites have been observed to pass over certain porr
tioiis of his enlightened disk, in the same, manner that tli»
shade of our moon' passes ovef the caitli. Among tlie
Alchemists, Jupiter, signifies the philosophers sloliei
5Ui.
JUS
IVY
Astrologers signify by it, magistrates, scholars, riches, plea-
sures, religion.
JU'RAt, s. [jiiraius, Lat.] a magistrate of the nature of an
alderman.
J U'RATOR Y, a. [jiiratoire, Fr.] by means of, or by giving,
an oath.
JURl'DICAL, «. [from pis, law, or right, and dico, to
speak, Lat.] acting iu the distribution of justice ; used in the
courts of justice.
JURIDICALLY, ad. with legal authority ; according to
forms of justice.
JURLSDICTION, s. [from pis, law, right, and dico, to
speak, Lat. J legal authority ; extent of power; a district
to which autliontv belongs.
JURlSPRU'D£NCK,*.[fiom jus, law, right, and pnidcn-
tia, knowledge, Lat.] the science of the law, either civil or
com.Dion.
JU'RIST, .s. [jwiste, Fr.J one who professes the science
of the law ; a civilian.
JUROR, s. [from juro, to swear, Lat.] one who serves on
ajury.
JURY, s. [jure, Fr.] a company of men, consisting of
twelve or twenlyfoiir, and sworn to deliver a truth upon
such evidence <is shall be laid before iheni touching the cause
they are to decide. The graiul jury consists ordinarily of
twenty-four grave and substantial gentlemen, or some of
them yeomen, chosen out of the whole shire by the sherift',
to consider of all bills of iiidiclinent preferred lo the court,
which they approve of by writing billa vera, or disallow, by
wriliiu" iiriwranms, on them.
JURYMAN, i. one who is impannelled on ajury.
JU'RYMAST, s. something set up in the room of a mast
lost in a fight or storm.
JUST, a. [juslt'is, Lat.J unbiassed in distribution of jus-
tice; honest in dealing with others ; exact, proper, accurate,
or ngieeyble to the standard of justice ; virtuous, or living
lonforniubly lo the laws of morality ; true ; well grounded ;
proporticuate ; regular.
JUST, ad. exactly; merely, or barely. " Jiisl enough."
Dn/il. Nearly, or not far irom. " Just at the point of
death." Temple.
JUST, s. .See Joust
JU'STICE, *. [juslicia, Lat.] the virtue whereby we
give every one their due, inflict punishment on those Jhat
deserve it, and acquit the mnoccnt altera fair trial. Figu-
ratively, puriiwhiiieut ; right, or the act whereby a person as-
serts his rights. In law, it is a pers<m deputed by the king
to administer justice to his subjects. Lord Chief .fuslice of
the King's Bench, is a lord liy his office, and chief of the rest ;
he determines all such pleas as concern offences committed
against the crown, diguily, or peace of the king. Lord
Chief Justice of the Comviun Pleas, is a lord by his office, and
formerlv did hear and determine all causes in comiiKin law ;
from whence arose his title. Justice if the Forest, is a lord
by liisotlice, and wilh his assislants deleruiines all oflences
witliiiithe kin;; s Iciicst, couiiiiilled against venison and vert.
Jiisliees of Assi:e, are such as by special commission are sent
into the country lo take assizes. Justices in Eyre, or itinerant
justices, are so called from crre, Fi. a journey, and were for-
merly sent by commission into dilierent couiilies lo try such
causes particularly as were termed pleas of the crown.
Justices if Cuol- Delivery, are such as are commissioned to
hearand drlermine all causes for which persons are cast into
gaol. Ju'tices if Nisi I'rtus, are the same as justices of the
assize, and receive their name from the common a<ljourn-
menl of a cause in the Common Pleas, " Nisi I'Ril'S .fasti-
linrii ycnirint aliens partes," i. e. Unless ihe ju>lices shall
come lo llidje parts before. Justices of Ihe Peace, are per-
sons ap(ii)inte(l by the king's comuiission lo keep Ihe peace
of the <(iMiity in which they reside ; an<l some <if these, who
Kie of superidr lauk or (pialily, are called .Imticis of the
Qunram ; and A'ilhoul the presi'uce or assent of these, or at
b-asl oni- of llieni, no business of imporlaiice can be trans-
acted. A Ji.stice of the Peace ought to possess an estalr of at
6-Jt>
least 100/. per annum in freehold or copyhold, for life, or for
the term of 21 years, without incumbrances ; and ii-iJuMict
of the Peace, not thus qualified, presume to act in that office,
he is liable to the penalty of 100/.
JUSTICKSHIP, s. the office, rai k, or dignity of a justice.
Used generally in a ludicrous sense.
JUSTICIARY, or court of justiciary, ». in Scot-
land, a court of supreme jurisdiction in all criminal cases.
The lords of justiciary likewise go circuits twice ayear in
the country.
JUSTIFIABLE, a. to be defended by law or reason
conformable to law or justice.
JUSTIFIABLFNFSS, s. the quality of being cleared
from an accusation ; the quality of being defensible by law
or reason.
JUSTIFIABLY, ad. in such a manner as to be recon-
ciled lo law, reason, or justice.
JUSTIFICATION, J. [Fr.] a defence, vindication, or
the act of clearing from an accusation of guilt ; absolution
from guilt ; deliverance or acquittal by pardon from sins
past.
JUSTIFICATOR, s. one who defends, vindicates, or
clears from anv charge of guilt.
JU'STl ri Kll, s. one w ho clears both from the charge and
punishment of sin by arguments, by imputation of merits,
and by pardon.
To 'JUSTIFY, V. a. [justifier, Fr.] to dear from any
charge of guilt ; to absolve or acquit from any accusation ;
to V indicate ; to free from the guilt or punishment of past
sin by pardon.
ToJU'STLE, v.n. [joiistei; Fr.] to encounter, clash, oi
run against each other. Actively, to push, drive, or force,
by rushing against.
JU'STLY, ad. in a manner consistent with rigid justice
and honesty. Figuratively, properly ; exactly ; iu due pro-
portion.
JU'STNESS, s. the exact conformity of things and ac-
tions to any law, rule, or standard ; justice, propriety, or
exactness.
To JUT, V. ji. to push or shoot into prominences ; to
stand out bryond the other parts of the surface.
JUTLAND, a large peninsula of Denmark, bounded ou
theS. by the Duchy of Holstcin ; and on the other sides by
Ihe Gernian Ocean and Baltic Sea. It is about '20(t miles in
length from N. lo S. and 96 in breadth from E. to W.
The air is «ery cold, but wholesome, and the soil is fertile
in corn and pastures, which feed a great number of horses,
beeves, and ho^s, which are sent to Germany, Holland, &c.
Hence Jutland is commonly called the laud of Lacuu and rye
bread. This was aniienlly calkd the Cimbrica Chersonesus ;
and is supposed to be the country whence the Anglo Saxons
came that conquered England. It is divided into two parts,
called N. and S. Jutland ; the latter being the Duchy of Sles-
wick. North Jutland is composed of tour general govern-
ments, each of which has its bishop and general governor.
They derive their name from the four chief cities, .'\alborg,
Wiliorj, Aarhuys, and Kipiu.
JUITY, s. a part of a building which stands out further
than Ihe rest.
JUVENILE, a. [from j«fcni>, a youth, Lat.J young, or
youthfid.
JUVENI'LITY, s. the state of youth ; ynuthfulness.
JUXTAI'OSI'TION, s. [from ju.ria, near to, and f><«'i/''i>,
position, Lat.] the stale of being placed dose to each
other.
rVY, s. [ijif^. Sax.] a particular plant of the evergreens,
that twines about trees, sticks lo wallz, or creeps on the
ground, lis qualities in medicine aie drying and .istriiigenr ;
lis berries purge upwards and downwar^l* ; and a gum,, that
distils from its trunk, upon being anv ways cut, is reckon,
ed a notable caustic, and is said to ileslioy the nils of the
head.
KAL
KED
K.
K IS the tenth letter, and screnlli consonant of our ulplia-
bet. Its sound is ninth tli<> snnic with lh:il of tin- hard
o, in acre, aire, come, and of qit in ijiiestUm, qiiahc, iVc. and
has before all the vowels one invariable sonud ; as in heen,
hen, kid, kind. K is silent in the present proniinciatiun be-
fore ii ; as know, knife, knee, hiiave. It Hscd formerly to be
always joined uilli cat the end of words, but is at prt-sent
'ery properly omitted : I bus (or puhlick, 7nusick, aritlimetich,
lie. we write public, music, aiilkmetic, Arc. However, in
monosyllables, it is still retained ; as in mock, slack, back,
wreck, stick, Ac The Romans seldom used it, except in
piopernanies, or as a numeral. The French make no use
of it, except in proper names of men and places; \et we
meet with risk, burlcsk, in good authors, instead of risqiie,
burlesque. As a numeral, K denotes 200, and with a dash
over it thus k, 2.00,000.
KA'LENDAH, s. See Calend, or Calendar.
KA'LI, *. [Arab.] a plant growing on the sea coasts, whose
ashes are of great use in making glass or soap. _. ...
K.\'LMUCS, a nation of Tartars, whoinhabitlhat part of of very renriote anti(iuity, and have fur many ages m\.
the Russian government of Caucasus, that lies between the this peninsula. There are, at Ipreseiit, verv few id
river Volga, and the river Yaick (now Ural) towards the Cas- among them, the Russians having bestowed great \m\ns,
plan Sea; in all which immense tract there is not a house to and been very successful, in converting them to Chrislianitv.
bescen, as they all live in tents, and remove from one place Schools are likewise established in many of the Oslro^s*
to another, in quest of pasturage for their large herds of cat- where the children ofbotli the natives and Cossacks are
tie, consisting of horses, camels, cows, ami sheep. They instructed gratuitously in the Riiss an language. The Rns-
neilher sovv nor reap, nor make hay for their cattle, so that sians first discovered the country in the year 1097, and, in
they live without bread, or any sort of vegetable ; and in the \G'Ji), (iO Russian soldiers, with as rnituv Cossacks, pene
winter, their cattfe fare as other wild beasts. Their food is trated into tlie heart of the peninsula, levying a tribute cf
flesh, (especially that of horses) fish, wild fowl, and venison; fiirs in their progress. Their government, considered as a
and they have great plenty of milk, butter, and cheese ; but military one, is mild and equitable in a high (legree. The
mare's milk is the most esteemed among then,, and from it natives are permitted to chuse their own inagistrates, with
thev make a strong spirit, of which they are very fond, and ail the privileges they had ever enjoyed, who refer to the
winch is as clear as water. They are divided into a number governor of Kanitschatka such cases only as, from their inlri-
ofhoides,orclans, each under their own particular khan, and cacy or heinousuess, they do not choose to decide upon theiii-
all acknowledging the authority of one principal khan, who selves. Bolcheretsk is the principal place, situated on the
up an officer's tent. The small pox U as much drra<le<1
among the Kalmucsas the pe^tili nee among us. When any
of them are seized with it, they immediately break up their
camp and flee, leaving the sick person in one of their kib-
bets, or tents, with a killed sheep, p.irt of which is loasted
and part raw, and a jar of water, a'ld some wi.od for lire ;
if they recover they follow the horde, but this seldoiji hap-
pens, tor they mostly die for want ofattendance. In a more
extensive sense, however, the Kahnucs' country iueUulcs
botiilhe Kalmuc and Mongul Tartars, who both fornierly
composed but one people. The Mongiil Tartars are partly
indep<'ndant, and partly subject to China.
KAM, u. [Erse] crooked ; not to the purpose. "This is
clean kam." Shak.
KAIMT.SCIIA'TKA, a peninsula of Siberia, in the govern-
ment of Irkutskoi, bounded on the N. by the itrovmce of
Ochotsk ; on the E. and S. by the North I'acilic Ocean ; anil
on the W. by the sea of Ochotsk and the I'eiizinski.e (iulf.
It is about fJOO miles in length, and from ?A) to 200 in breadth.
The southern extremity is Cape Lopalka, in lal. .51. Oi. N.
and Ion. 156.43. E. according to captain King, who visiteil
thjs country in 1779. The true KanilschadaU-s are a people
lifted
iters
is called orthicurtikhan, or king of kings, who derives his
pedigree from Tamerlane. All of them, how ever, have gra-
dually submitted to the government of Russia, or live at pre-
sent under its protection. They are jiagans. They wear
coats of stuff, or silk, above which they wear a large, wide,
fur coat of sheep skins, and a cap of the same. Their cattle
are large, and their sheep are of the largest kind, having
great fat tails, weighing from 25 to 30 pounds; their ears
Banging down like our dogs, and, instead wf wool, they have
soft curled hair, so that their skins arc converted into fur
coats. Their horses are small, but swift, hardy, and strong ;
and many of them pace naturally, and trot at an incredible
rale. They eat the fiesh of camels, cows, and sheep, but
universally give the preference to that of |the horse. When
tijey go upon any expedition, they have no regard either to
bridges or boats; they no sooner come to a river than in
they plunge with their horses, and, sliding from their backs,
bold fast by the manes tiHthey get over, and then immedi-
ately mount again, and proceed. They live but 4 months at
most in the deserts, and inhabit a most pleasant country all
the rest of the year (when it is not overflowed) tending their
flocks and herds, fishiivgand hunting. When they go upon
an expedition, every one takes a sheep with him for his pro-
vision, and three horses, which he rides alternately ; and
when any of them fail, they kill it, and divide the flesh, put-
ting pieces of it under their saddles, and after riding some
lime upon it, they eat it without any farther preparation.
Their kibbets, or tents, are large, and surprisingly warm.
having a fire in the middle, and a hole at the top to let out the
smoke; they are 24 feet in diameter, and capable of being
enlarged or contracted at pleasure; they are all round, the
skies being made of a kind of checkered wicker-work, and
the cross sticks neatly jointed, for folding together, or ex-
tendinp. The kibbet withstands wind and rain well, and is
elected with greater ease and iu less time than we could set
a.V
S. W. coast, in lat. 62. 55. N". Ion. i56.'57. E.
KANGAROO, s. in zoology, a quadruped v\hieh is a
native ofNcw South Wales, but has been within a few years
imported into this island. It lesendjlcs the jerboa by going
principally on its hind fieet, which arc much longer llran
Its fore ones ; and the opossum tribe, in having a false belli.
KANTCHEOU, a city of China, of the first rank in
the province of Kiangsi. Its jurisdiction contains 12 cities
of the third order, and its soil produces the trees from
which distils a varnish, reckoned the best in China. It h
840 miles S. of Pekin.
KAOTCIIEOU, a city of China, of the first rank, in
the province ofQuangtong. It has within ilsjurisilictioii,
I city of the second order, and 5 of the third. In tliis dis-
trict are a great number of peacocks, and several sorts of
birds of prey. There is also a kiud of stone, like mai ble,
which naturally represents lanilscapes, cascades, iVc. of
which they make tables, and other curious household fur-
niture. It is situated in a very fruitful counlrv> about 36
miles from the sea, and 1130 S.S. W. of Pekin. "
KASAN, capital of the government of the same nan)e,
contains several churches, ahnost all of which are built
with stone, and 11 conveuts in and near the town. It is
seated on the river Casanka, where it falls into the Wolga,
400 miles K. by N. of Moscow.
To K A W, i>. n. to make a noise like a raven, crow, or rook.
KAW, s. [from the sound] the cry of a raven, crow, or rook.
KEBLA, or KEBLAII, among the Mussulmen, deiiolr?
that point, or quarter, to which they turn themselves win u
they say their prayers.
To KECK, V. n. [kechen, Belg.] to heave the stemach; fs
reach at something nauseous or squeamisli.
To KE'CKLE, V. a. to defend a cable round with rope.
To KEDtiE, V. a. [Ao^Ae, a small vessel, Belg.J in pa,,
vigalion, to bring a ship up orUuwu a narrow, river bj ll*
KKE
Kl'^N
-wiii'l, liiougL ihc tide be toiilraiv, l>y means of tht- ktil^e
anchor.
KE'DGER, or KEDGE ANCHOR, s. a small aiiciior
Tised ill a river.
KE'DLACK, s. a weed, the sarne viitli the charnock.
KEI'",L, s.[cccli, Sax.] a principal piece of tinibcr in a
ship, which is usually iirst laid on the stocks in biiildin^;. In
botany, a name yiven to the loweiniost petal in a butUrHy-
shap'd blossom, from its supposed resemblance to the keel
of a ship.
I'o KEF.L,v. a. [calan, Sax.] to cool, or prevent from
boiling over.
KEE'LI'AT, s. ffroin calfin, to cool. Sax.] a cooler, or
vessel, in «hich wort or other liqiinr is set to cool.
KHEL-HALI'LINCJ, s. a puMislinieiit for otfemes at soa,
by dragging the criminal under water on one side of the ship
^uiider the feed, anfl up again on the other.
KEEL SIlA'PKD, fl. in bolnnv, applied to those pavis
of a (lower that are bent like the keel of a ship or boat, as
the pointal shaft of the pea, Ac.
KEELSON, s. that piec«- of timber in a ship wliich is
next to her k'ecl, and lies riglit over it next above the floor
timber.
KI'^EN, n. [oerip, Sax. sharp, or cutting easily, applied
to the edge of an instrument, and opposed to blunt. Severe,
piercing, or excessively cold, applieil to the winds or wea-
ther. Eager, vehement. Of great subtlety, a|)plie(l to the
understanding. Acrimonious, or afiecting with uneasiness,
applied to wit.
KEENLY, ad. sharply, or cutting easily; vehemently,
cr eagerly ; bitterly, or acrimoniously.
KEE'NNESS, ^. "the quality of being sharp, or cutting
easily; rigourof weather, or piercing cold ; acrimony; bit-
terness fif mind ; eagerness or vehemence.
To KEEP, v.a. prefer, and part. pass, kept ^ [cepan, Sax.
kqxn, old Belg.] to retain, preserve ; to hold for another ;
to copy carefully ; to observe time punclnally ; to hold ; to
remain in a place ; not to reveal oi jjctray a secret ; to re-
main unhurt; to adhere strictly; to practise or accustom
one's self to. " I /av/) bad hours." I'ope. To celebrate, ap-
plied to festivals. To observe without violation, applied to
promises, contracts, or laws. To maintain at one's own ex-
pence ; to have in the house. " Keep lodj^ers." S/ialt. Used
with bacJ;, to restrain.from doing an action. " Keep bach thy
servant — from presumptuous sins." Psa. xix. 13. To reserve.
Joined to villi, to be often with a person as a lover or suitor.
" Keeping company tcith men." Broome. To keep in, to con-
ceal ; to forbear telling, applied to secrets. To defend from.
" Keepujit the weather." Prior. " Keeps out hunger." Dryd.
Used with ;)aop, to walk as fast as anotlier. "Keep pace with
him." To /(Cf;j)iHrf(r, to suppress ; to subdue; to tyrannize
over, or hold in a state of base subjection. Neuierly, to re-
main in any state. " To keep his bed." Sliah. SyNON. Wc
keep that which is our own ; «e detain that which is another's.
We keep uhat we intend not to part with ; we detain what
we purpose not to restore.
KKE'FER, I. one who has prisoners comniitled to his
custo(fy ; one who holds any tiling for the use of another ; one
who has the care of parks, or the superintendence of an-
other. Keeper of the Great Seal, is a lord by his ofhcc, and
styled Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of Great Rrilain, and
is always one of the privy council. All grants, charters, and
commissions of the king under the great seal, pass through
the hands of the Lord Keeper; for without that seal many
of these grants, iVc. would be of no force; the king being,
in the interpretation of the law, a corpc nation, and therefore
passes nothing but by the great seal, which is also said to hi'
the pidilic faith of the kingdom, being iu the greatest esteem
and reputation. Keeper of llie I'riry Seal, is also a lord by
his ortice, through whose hands ah grants, pardons, Ac. pass,
before they come to the great seal ; ami eveti some things
pass his liands vvhich do not pass th<' great seal at all. He is
also one of the privy council ; his duty is to piU the seal to
no grant, &c. without a warrant, nor with a warrant
62-2
where it is against law, or incosjv.-r.Knt, but shall first ac-
quaint the king therewith.
KEEPf;i{SHlP, s. the office of a keeper.
KEE'PlNCi, s. in painting, denotes the representation of
objects in the same manner that they appear to the e\e at
difierent distances from it ; for which the painter should
have recourse to the rules of perspective.
KEG, s. [eaipie, Fr.] a small barn I.
KEHL, a fortress of Suabia, situated at the conflux of the
Kinzig into the Rhine, a mile and a half E. of Strasburg. In
their wars with Germany, the French have generally en-
deavoured to make themselves masiersof it, for the sake of
transporting troops across the Rhine.
KELL, s. See Caul.
KE'LLINGTON, or Callington, a town in Corn-
wall, with a woollen manufactory. It is situated on the river
Tamar, 12 miles S. of Launceston, and 217 W. bv S. of
London. It is not inferior to the best half of the Cornish
boniughs, f(ir wealth and buildings, having one very good
broad street, a market-house, and a neat church. Market
on Weduosiiay.
KI'.Ll', s. a salt produced from calcined seaweed.
KE LPWORT, J. a genus of plants, distinguished from
others in I he same class and order by its seed resembling a
snail ^ht■ll ; there are two species found iu England, viz. tile
prielslv glasswort, and the stonecrop.
KE'L^O, a liandsomeand populous town of Roxburgh-
shire, contaiuuig a large market-place, its principal, with 2
small streets, about 376 houses, and 4000 inhabitants. It
has some manufactures of flannels, linen, stockings, and
shoes. It is governed by a baron bailey, and 15 stent mas-
ters, W'ho have authority to levy fi stent, or rate, on the in-
habitants, for the supply of water, repairing the streets, &.c.
the former of whom, and 7 of the latter, are appointed by
the duke of Roxburirh, who is lord of the manor. Tjie ce-
lebrated and magnificent abbey, the ruins of which still re-
main, was founded by David I. in 1128. The environs of
it are very agreeable. From the Chalkheugh is a beautiful
view of the forks of the rivers, Roxburgh Hill, Springwood
Park, and the rieurs. From Pinnacle Hill is seen a vast ex-
tent of country, highly cultivated, watered by long reaches
of the Tweed, anil well wooded on each margin. Much
wheat is raised in this neighbourhood, and the fleeces of
the sheep are remarkably fine. Kelso has a good market
for corn, and is situated on the river Tweed, over which it
has a handsome bridge of six arches, at its conflux with the
'J'iviot, 20 miles S. W. of Berwick, and 42 S. S. E. of
Edinburgh.
KELSOX, «. See Keelson.
KE'LVEDON, KE'LDON, KILDAXE, or EA'STER-
FORD, a town cf Essex, 3 miles from Witham, and 41 from
Eoudoii, on the road to Colchester.
To KEJIB, V. a. [ccemhan, Sax. J to comb or disentangle
the hair; also, to dress fiax, hemp, Ac.
KE'iVIO, 4-. in conchology, an enormous white shell which
is found on tlie coast of Sumatra, frequently three or four
feet iu diameter.
To KEN, I', a. \cennan. Sax. kemian, Bclg.] to descry or see
at a distance ; to know.
KEN, s. view ; or the distance within which a person can
see an obiect.
KE'NUAL, also called Kirby CaNDALF, (that is, a
church in a valley) a handsome town of Westmoreland,
the largest iu the county, and much superior to .Appleby, in
trade, weidlli, buildings, and population. It has been long
noted for its woollen manufactories ; particidarly knit stock-
ings, a thick stuff, called cottons, for the clothing of the peo-
ple in the West Indies, and for sailors' jackets, and linsey-
woolsey. There is likewise a considerable tannery ; and
fish-hooks, waste silk,and wool cards,are manufactured here.
The mills for scouring, fulling, and friezing cloth, and for
cutting and rasjuug dying-wood, Ac. are. veil woftli seeing.
So early as the reigns of Richard II. and Meury IV. Kendal
was noted for its mauufactuies, special laws having been
K 1^. N
KES
enaclod in tliose reigns, for tlie better reijiilatlon of the Ken-
dal cloths ; and such has been the spirit and indublry of the
inlmbitants, tliatthey have continued to flourish ever since,
notwithstanding the disadvantage of posscssinj,' no water-
carriage. Kendal is pleasantly situate<l in a valley, among
hills, upon the river Kent, or Kant, over which it has t«o
stone bridges, and one of wood, with a harbour for boats,
and conimunitating by aranal, wilh all the l.ili' iulaml na-
vigations, 46 miles S. of Cai lisle, and 200 M.N. VV. of Lou-
don. Market on Saturday.
KK'NNI'JL, «. \clicml, Fr.] a cot or place where dogs are
kept; a pack of hounds ; the hole of a fox or other beast.
Ttie small cavity or hollow in which water runs through a
street, from knincl, Belg.
To KE'NNKL, v. ». to live or lie, applied properly to dogs
or foxes, and contemptuously used of men.
KR'NSINli'rON, a village and royal palace iu the county
of Middlesex, wilh handsome gardens; two miles VV. of
London.
KENT, a county of England, bounded on the W. and
S. W. by Surry and Sussex ; on the N. by the Thames ; on
the E. and S. E. by the German Ocean and tlio Straits of
Dover; and on the S. by Sussex and the Englisii Channel.
From E. to VV. it is about 68 miles, and from N. to S. from
30 to .36. It is divided into five lathes, under each of which
are seteral hundreds, which contain "2 cities, Sy market
towns, 408 parish churches, IIHO villages, near 40,000
houses, and about 220,000 inhabitants. In die soil and face of
the country there is great diversity. The banks of the
Thames are low and marshy, but backed by a rangcj of chalky
eminences, sometimes rising to a moderate height. This
kind of hard chalky soil, inclining to barrenness, extends
to the N. E. extremity of the county, and ihencc round to
Dover, exhibiting its nature in the lofty white clilts, which
here bound the island, and produce that striking appearance
at sea whicii probably gave it the name of Album. The S.
part of Kent, called the Weald, is a flat, woody tract, of a
cla^ey soil; fertile, but unwholesome on account of its
moisture. It terminates in the great marsh of Uomiiey.
The midland and western districts are a happy mixture of
hill and vale, arable and pasture, equal in pleasantness,
and variety of products, toaiiy part of Eiigiand. This county
produces, beside the usual objects of agriculture, large (pian-
tilies of hops; fruit of various kinds, especially cherries
and apples, of which there are large orchards for the Lon-
don markets: madder for dying; timlier- iu the woody
paits; and birch twigs for brooms, which form no incon-
siderable article of commerce for the metropolis. The
country inland from Dover, consistingchiefly of open do\MH,
is excellent for feeding of sheep; and many bullocks are
fattened to an extraordinary size in Romney marsh. Its
manufactures are but trifling. The principal rivers, bt sides
the Thames, are the Medway, Darent, Stour, Cray, and
Rot her. Maidstone is the county town.
KENTUCKY, a country of N. America, situated in ils
central part, near the lat. of 38 deg. N. and 85 VV. Ion. It
is bounded on the N. and N. VV. by the Ohio ; on the E. by
A'irginia; on the S. by the Tenasscc Slate, including the
country of llic tapper Cherokees ; and on the VV.and S. VV.
bv the Mississippi and the Cherokee river. It is about 390
miles ill length from E. to W. and from 20 to 150 in breadth
from N. to S. and is at present divided into 9 counties, 7 of
which are Lincoln, Fayette, Bourbon, Mercer, Jelferson,
Nelson, and Maddison. The principal rivers arc the Ohio,
the Kentucky, the Licking river, the Red river, the Elk-
horn, Dick's river. Green river, Salt river, Cumbeiland,
aud the Great Kenhaway, or New river. These are all na-
vigable for boats almost to their souices, for the grc.itist
(Mirtofthe year. The soil is amazingly fertile; the inha-
bitants distinguish its (luality by first, second, and third
rate lands; and scarcely any such thing as a marsli or swamp
is to be fiuiud. This country has a more temperate and
healthy climate tli;i'.i the other settled parts of America.
Kentucky was purchased, by the State of Virginia, of the
Indians, in 177.5, and formed into an independent state in
1792. In l/.'^O, the number of hiliabitants was 73,fj77, anti
from its rapid increase in population, may now probably be
estimated at 2()0,0<)0. There are many considerable towns,
the principal of which are Lexington and VVasliiuglon.
KI'",1'T, prefer, anil part. pass, of Kekp.
KE'RCIIEIF, or KE'llCMIl'F, s. a head dress.
KEUF, s. [leurfan, Sax.] the slit sawn away between two
pieces of stulf.
KE'RM.VN, a province of Persia, bounded on the N. by
Segestan, and a part of Korasan ; on the E. by Mecraii ; on
the S. by the Persian Gulf; and on Ihe VV. by Farsistan.
The northern part is barren and nearly desert, without ri-
vers or brooks, and the air unhealthy. Towards the S. the
air is more pure and the land fertile. The (iuebres are nu-
merous, will) are chiefly employed in manutactuics of
stuffs and silk. Here are some mines of copper, had, and
iron; also sheep, which lose their fleeces in spring, and lic-
conie as naked as sucking pigs; the inhabitants drive a
great trade in their wool. Sirgian i< the capital.
KE'HMES, s. is a roundish body, of the bigness of a pea,
and of a brownish red colour, covered, when most perfect,
with a purplish gr^y dust. It contains a multitude of littl>>
distinct granules, soft, and when crushed yields a scarlet
juice. It is found adhering to a kind of holme-oak. In
Spain it is used as a cordial for lying in womin, and pre-
vents abortion ; it is also of great use in dying. Before
the last century it was understood to be a vegetable excres-
cence ; but we now know it to be the evtemleil IkmN. if an
animal parent, filled with a numerous oftspring, whicli are
Ihe little red granules.
KERN, s. an Irish foot-soldier; also, a hand-mill, consist-
ing of two pieces of stone, by Aviiich corn is ground.
KE'RNEL, s. [f)/(Hf/, a gland. Sax.] that part of a p.ut
which is contained in the shell ; any thing included in a iui-k
or skin. The seeds in pulpy fruit; the central part of any
thing which is covered «itli a crust, hard substance, or with
a concretion. Hard knobs formed in the flesh ; the glands
of the throat.
To KE'RNEL, v. n. to ripen or grow to kernels.
KET.NELLY, a. full of kernels; resembling kernels.
KERN KLVVORT, s. a species of iig-wort.
KE'RRY, a county of Ireland, in the province of Mitn
ster, bounded on the VV. by the Atlantic Ocean; on the N.
by the river Shannon ; on the E. by the counties of Lime
rick and Cork ; aud on the S. by a part of Cork and t!,e
Ocean. It is about 54 miles long, and from 18 to 40 broad.
It possesses many flne harbours, and the southern district is
plain and fertile ; but a large part isfullof mounlaiiis,alnio9t
inaccessible, so that little corn is jiroduced, and grazing is
more attended to. Considerable cpianiities of beef, butter,
hides, and tallow, are exported. It contains 84 parishes,
about 19,400 houses, and 107,000 inhabitants. Iron ore is
to be had in most of the southern baronies, and here are se-
veral spas, or medical springs. The principal rivers aie
the Blackwater, Feal, (iaieand Brick, Cash iu Mang, \a,-,
Flesk, Laune, Carrin, Farthin, Finny, and Koughty. T!.e
county town is Tialee.
KK'RSEY, s. [karsaije, Belg. rarisee, Fr.] a coarse woollen
maiiur,)(fure between a stuflrand a cloth.
KE.STE'VEN, one of the three divisions of Lincolnslii-e,
containing the western part of the county, from the middle
to the southern extri.niity. It possesses variety of soil ; but,
on the whole, though intermixed with large heaths, is a fer-
tile country. Part of (he fens of Lincolnshire are in this
district; the air of which, hoMcver, is more salubrious tli;;n
that of the district of Holland; and the soil, moreover, is
more fruitful.
KE'STREL, .s. Iqnerccnc, Fr.] a little kind of bustarti
hawk.
KE'SWRK, a small, hut neat and Well-bnilt town o/
Cumberland, consisting of one longstreet. Ithr.s consider
able manufactures of woollen stiin^, iiannels, duffels, <S.c. .md
is pleasantly seuted in a beautiful .-.iid extensive vale, sur-
623
KEY
KFD
rattniied bv liills, tliioiiyli wliich flows tlie Derwciit, 25 milts
N. W. by'N. of Kcmlal, and 287 N. N. W. of London.
Market on Saturday.
KE'SWICK, Vale of, a romantic spot, in tiie soutliern
part ofCumberland, lately much visited by the admirers of
beautiful scenes in iialure. Here is the lake of Keswick,
«r, more properly, the lake of Dei went-water. To the
N. of this romantic piece of water soars the lofty mountain
.Skiddaw, near the foot of which is liasinglhwaite Water.
To the S. are the cra;;;;y hills of Borrowdale, where the
eagles build their nests, and whence the Derwent derives its
supplies of water.
KETCH, J [cairc/iio, a barrel, Ital.] a small vessel used
to bring hsh to market, or as a tender to large ships. It has
two ma>ts, its main sail and top sail standing square as ships
do, and its fore-sailand jib like those of hoys.
KETTERING, a handsome, populous, trading town, in
Northamptonpshire, with manuf.iclures of lace, shalloons,
serges, tammies, Ac. in which near 2000 hands are said to
be employed. It has a sessions-liouse for the county, and is
seated on a liver that runs into the Nen, t2 railesN. E. of
Northampton, and 75 N. W. of London. Market on
Friday.
KETTLE, s. [cft!, Relg.] a vessel in which liquor and
meat is boiled. 'The name of pot is given to the boiler
that bellies out in the luidd.e, and grows uariowcr towards
the top; but that ot l.cltle, to the vessel whose sides are
straight from the bottom, or grow wider towards the top;
authors, however, UbC these words promiscnonslv.
KETTLEDRUM, s. a drum whose body is brass, and re-
sembles the shape of a kettle.
KEVV, a village of Surry, on the banks of the Thames,
opposite to Old Brentford, and ubout 7 miles W. by S. of
London. On its green is Kew-house, a royal palace, cele-
brated for its fine gardens, and the king's exotic garden.
The last has been brought to groat perfection by the intro-
duction of many new plants from Africa and New South
Wales, and is knownlhrougliout all Europe by the late Mr.
Alton's Hortus Kewensis. The palace was formerly the
seatofMr. Molineaux, secretary to the late king (George II.)
when prince of Wales, but afterwards !)ecamc the residence
of the late prince and princess of Wales, who greatly im-
proved both the house and gardens. His present majesty,
also, lias considerably enlarged the gardens, and formed a
junction with them and Richmond gardens.
KE.X, s. a provincial term for hemlock.
KEY, *. [cneg. Sax.] a little iron instrument, formed with
Loles answering to the wards of a lock, by which the bolt
is pushed forward or backward ; an instrument by which
sny thing is screwed, turned, shut, oropened. Figuratively,
an explanation of any thing obscure, mysterious, or difficult.
The parts of a musical instrument, particularly ofaspiiniet,
which are struck by the fingers. In music, a certain fun-
damental note or tone, to which the whole piece is accom-
modated, with w iiich it usually begins, and must always end.
In arc4iitecture, the last stone placed at the top of an arch.
In commerce, a bank raised perpendicular from the water,
or a wharf made use of for shipping or unloading goods.
See Quay.
KE'YAGE, s. money paid for laying, or loading and uiv
loarlinjr, goods at a key.
KEYHOLE, .«. the aperture in a door or lock through
which the key is pnt.
KE'VNSHAiM, (proverbially called Smoky, i.e. foggy
• town of Somersets.iire, the chief trade of which is malting.
In the neighbourhood is a <piarry, where stones arc often
found of a serpentine form but without the representation
of a head. Every year, in the spring, the river here swarms
with millions ot little eels, scarcely as big as goose-quills,
which the inhabitants catch, on the top of the water, with
■Diall nets, and scouring oti' their skins by un art which
they have, nwke them into cakes, (reckoned here a dainty)
which they fry and eat. It is a great thoroughfare, on tlie
tower roHU between Ua(h aiid Bristol, and is seated on the
river Avon, over whiih i( has a bridge of 15 arches, (and
auolher bridge over the Chew) 5 miles S. E. of Bristol and
115 W. of London. Market on Thursday.
KE'YSTO.N Is, i. the middle or upper stone of an arch.
KIAKIN(J, a city of China, of the tirst rank in the pro-
vince of Tchekiang. Canals are cut through all parts of
the city -.".ud in all the streets there are piazzas, to walk
under, free from rain. There are many triumphal arcne«
both within and without the city, and 15 marble towers, on
the sides of the canal, by which all the barks pass. There
is scarcely a house where they do not breed silkworms.
It is,590 iniles S S. E. of Pekin.
KIAiS'G-NAi\, a province of China, bounded on the N.
by Chantong ; on the E. by the Gulph of Naiiquin ; on Ihc
S. by Tchekiang and Kiang-Si ; and on the W. by Hoiian
and Hou-Quaug. It coiitauis 14 cities of the first rank, and
93 of the second and third, which are very populous, and
of the greatest note for trade in the empire. It is the ren-
dezvous of all the great barks, being full of lakes, rivers,
and canals ; and their silks,.japanned goods, ink, and paper,
are in high esteem. In the cily of Changhi, only, tlu'reare
200,000 weavers of plain cottons and muslins. Nanking is
the capital.
KIANG-SI, a province of China, bounded on the N. by
Kiang-Nan ; on the S. bv Quantong ; on the W. by Hou-
Quaug ; and on the E. by Fokien and Tchekiang. The
mountains willi which the province is surrounded, are either
covered with wood, or famous for tJieir minerals, simples,
and medicinal plants. Its soil is very rich and fertile, l>eiliK
well watered by brooks, lakes, and rivers, which abound
with fish ; and there are mines of gold, silver, lead, iron, and
tin. The rice and anack here, are e\cellent ; but it is more
Earticnlarly noted for its fine porcelain, which is made at
.iang Teching.
KIBE, s. \hilme, Brit. J a chjlbluin, or chap in the he<Is,
caused by cold.
KI'BED, a. troubled with kibes or chilblains.
To KICK, ?'. a. [hiKic/ini, Teiit.] to strike with the foot.
KICK, s. a blow given with the foot.
KICKIOR, ». one who strikes with his foot.
KI'CKSHAW, «. [supposed to be corrupted from qneh/ne
chose, Fr.] something contemptuous, fantastical, or ridicu-
lous ; a dish so changed by cookery that it can scarcely be
known. The last sense is that which is now in use.
KTCKSEY-WICKSEY, s. a cant word, applied iu ridicule
and contempt to a wife.
KID, i. [/ifrf, Dan.l the young of a goat. Figuratively,
applied to a young child.
To KID, V. a. to bring forth kids, applied to a she-goat.
KIDDER, or KIDDIER, s. a person who carries com,
dead victuals, or other merchandize, up and down to sell; a
pork butcher.
KrDDERMINSTER,a town of Worcestershire, the prin-
cipal manufacturing place in the county, and long celebrated
for its dirtereut rnanufa<'tures of woollens, carpets, poplina,
crapes, bombazeens, A-c. The inhabitants are about 5800.
Its former trade of stuffs, however, is much declined, on ac-
count of the general use of cotton goods ; but its carpet ma-
nufactory has greatly increased ; and it is still the tirst mar-
ket in England for pile, or plush carpets, wbrch, for beauty
of colour and patterns, exceed any other. These are fr*-
quently called Wilton, from having been first made at that
town ; but, at present, by much the greater part are made
at Kidderminster. The silk and worsted trades have als*
been introduced here, and employ about 2000 hands. Tlie
goods go chiefly to Portugal, and their carriage has becB
much facilitated by the late canal communications. It is seat-
ed under a hill, on the river Sloiir, 14 miles S. E. of Bridgo-
north, and 12.5 N. W. of London. Market on Thursday.
KIDDLI'"/, or KTDEL, s. a <lam or wear in a river, with
a narrow cut in it, for the laying of pots or other engines to
'■alcli finli. They are corruptly called heltks, and are niuok
used in Wales and Kent.
KIL
KIL
To KniNAP, ••. «. [from hiwh IJelg. a clVId] tr, stoal
c4iili)irii, or htiiiMii heinjjs.
Kl'DNAri'Elt, t. one who steals cliihtrcii or liuiiiiin
KI'DNKY, *. llie ctyniolos;y unknown ; in iiiuiloiiiy,
nre two in nunilicr, one on caL-li side; IIk y have the same
'liijure as kitfney-ljcans; their Icnj^lli is lour or (ive tiiifjers,
tlieir breadth tliree, ami tlicir liiicluicss two; It'll' rijjiit is
under the liver, and tlie lel'l under the spleen. 'I'lie use of
the kidneys is to separate the urine troin the Mood, whic li,
by the motion oftiie heart and arteries, is thrust into the
emulgent branches, which carry it to the little inlands, by
which the seroeity beins separated, is received by the oi i-
fice of the little tulirs, which fjo from the <;lands to the lul.
vis, and from thence it runs by the ureters into the bladder.
Fif^nrativtdy, race or kind, in ludicrous language.
KI'DNKYBKAN, s. a plant so named ironi its rcsem-
Wiiifja kidnev.
Kl'DNEY^VETf'lI, s. a plant, the same with the ladies-
finder, found on drv and chalkv pastures.
KIDNEYWORT, s. an herb, calle<l also navelwort, aiul
wall-pennywort. It has alternate leaves, with central leaf-
stocks; a branched stem, ami yellowish, or fjreenish white,
spikes of flowers. It grows on olrl walls and stony places,
and flowers from May to Jnlv.
KIDWE'ELY, a town of Carmarthenshire, noted for-
merly for the clothing trade. Here is a castle, the very
iarjie remains of which, extremely well preserved, shew it
to have been very stately and magniticent. A canal has
been cut from hence to some collieries at PuyllRod, about
4 miles distant, whence coal is brought down and exported.
It is situated on theOwandratli Vach, a branch of theTowy,
which empties itself into that river, at its efilux into the
British Channel, 9 miles S. of Carmarthen, and 224 W. by
N. of London. Market on Wednesday and Saturday.
Fairs on May 24, July 22, and October 29.
KILDA, St. a small island of Scotland, one of the
Hebrides aboutll leagues W. of North Uist. 'Jlie inhabi-
tants live chiefly by fishing and catching wild fowls. In llic
latter employment they are amazingly adventurous, being
let down by a rope from the summit of high, precipitous
rocks, where they cland)er among the rugged clifl's, in search
of the eggs and nests of various birds. But the more safe
and common method of catching these fowls is, by spread-
ing a large net over the face of the rock where they lodge,
in which great numbers are at once entangled, and lowered
down into a boat. St. Kilda is the most westerly island of
Great Britain. Lat. 6.0. 48. N. Ion. 8. 18. VV.
KILDA'RE, a county in the province of Leinster, 3.3
miles in length, and from 12 to 21 in breadth. It is boiuided
on the W. by King and Queen's County ; on the N. by
Meath ; on the E. by Dublin and Wicklow ; and on the .S.
by Carlow. It contains 11,200 houses, and about .oe.OOO
inhabitants, and is a line, arable, fertile, country, well wa-
tered hv the Barrow, Liflev, Boyne, and other rivers.
KILDA'RE, a town of Leinster, capital of a county of
the same name. It is chiefly supported by frequent horse-
races, on what is called the Curragh, (a tine plain, containing
ypwards of 3000 acres) and is 27 miles S. W. of Dublin.
KILDERKIN, s. [hindehn, a baby, Belg.] a small bar-
rel ; a liquid measure, containing two firkins, or eighteen
gallons, beer measure, and sixteen, ale measure. Two kil-
derkins make a barrel, and four an hogshead.
KILGA'RREN, a town of Pembrokeshire, seated on the
S. side of the river Tyvy, 30 miles N. of Pembroke, and 227
W. N. W. of London. Near it is a remarkable salmon leap,
and also large works for the fabricating of tin plates. Market
oo Wednestlay.
KI'LHAM, a town in the East Riding of Yorkshire, in
the VVoulds. It is about 4 furlongs in length, and stands in
a good soil for corn, 28 miles N. of Hull, and 290 N. of Lon-
Jon. Market on Thursday.
KILKENNY, a county of Leinster, is 3.0 miles in length
aud 18 in breadth, and is bounded on the W. by Tipperary,
on the N. l)y Queens Counly, on the E. by Cailow ani
Wexford, and on the S. by Walerforl. li c<julaius 127.
parishes, about 17,7.00 houses, and near 100,000 iidiabitanti..
The surface is generallv level, aud liie soil ferlile, aud beiu-;
proper for tillage, produces corn, wool, maible, and a sp<'-
cies of coal, which, like eliarccjal, burns willmut smoke, is
very durable in burning, and, without any bl:i/e, pioducii
an inicouimon heat. The country abounds with line planla-
tions, and is, from the |)urity of the air, ( slccmed cxtienielv
healthful. The principal rivers are, the I'arr'uv, \iliitU
bounds it on the E. the Suir, which forms its southcin boun-
dary ; and the Nore, which crosses it from N. to S.
KILKE'NN^', a populous hading to«n of Ireland, capiiji
of a county of tlie same name. It has a small cathectral,
is one of the neatest towns in the kiugdoni, and contain*
about 17,000 inhabitants. 1'he borough of St. Caiiicc, or
Irish Town, is joined to English Town, which is the piin-
cipal; and both together, form one large town. 'Ihe manu-
factures chiefly carried on here, arc coaise woollen
cloths, blankets of extraordinary fine quality, and con-
siderable quantities of starch. The houses are decorated,
with a beautiful black aud while marble, dug Ui,\\\ quarries
t'.ear the town, and w hich is cut and polished by water. It
IS .jv^ated on the river Nore, over w hich it has two handsom*'
bridges, 2G miles N. of Waterford, 65 N. E. of Cork, anrl
54 S. W. (,f Dublin. Lat. .02 3G. N. Ion. 7. 18. W.
To KILL, !'. (1. [formerly \yritten qnclt, from cwcllan, Sax.j
to murder or deprive of life. Figuratively, to deprive of the
pow er of growing.
KILLALOE, a city of Clare, in Munster, seated on tli«
river Shannon, over which it has a bi idge of 19 arches.
10 miles N. of Limerick, and 80 S. W. of Dublin. Here is
a considerable salmon and eel fishery.
KILLAllNEY, a beautiful lake of Kerry, in Munster,
otherwise called Lough Lean, from its being surrounded by
high nuiuulains. It is properly divided into three parts,
called the lower, middle, and upper lakes. The norlheni,
or lower lake, is about 6 miles in length, and from 3 to 4 in
bri'adtli. The country on this and the eastern boundary,
is here and there diversified with gentle swells, many of
which afford beautiful prospects of the lake, the islands, and
the surrounding scenery. The S. shore is composed of
immense mountains, rising abruptly from the water, and
covered with woods of the finest timber. On Ihe side of
one of these mountains is O'Sullivan's Cascade, which fall*
into a lake with a roar that strikes the timid with awe.
I'lie view of this sheet of water is uncommonly fine, ap-
pearing as if it were descending from an arch of wood, which
overhangs it above 70 feet in height from the point of view.
Coasting along this shore aflbrds an almost endless enter-
tainment, every change of position presenting a new scene:
Ihe rocks hoUowed and worn |into a variety of forms by
the waves, and the trees and shrubs bursting from the pores
of the sapless stone, forced to assume the most uncouth
shapes, to adapt themselves to their fantastic situations.
The promontory of Mucruss, which divides Ihe upper from
thelower lake, isa perfect land of enchantment ; and a road
is carried through the centre of it, which '.'infolds all the
interior beauties of the place. Among the distant moun-
tains, Turk appears an object of magnificence ; and Man
gerton's more lofty, though less interesting, summit, soars
above the whole. The passage to the upper lake is round
the extremity of Mucruss, which confines it on one iidc,
and the approaching mountai^is on the other. Here is lliat
celebrated rock, called the Eagle's Nest, which produce.*
wonderful echoes. A french horn sounded here, raises a
concert superior to 100 instruments, in some situations ; arnl
the report of a single cannon is answered by a succession
of peals resembling the loudest thunder, wliieh seems to
travel the surrounding scenery, and die away among the dis-
tant mountains. The upper lake is about 4 miles in leu;.'th,
and from 2 to 3 in breadth ; it is abnost suirounded by
mountains, from which descend a number of bra liful
cascades. The islands in this lake are numerous, and afl'orii
.'.25
KIN
N
an amazing variety of picturesque views. The c<Mjtre lake,
whicii conirniiiiicatcs with the upper, is snmll in cimiparison
witli the jolhcr two, and does not shew an eipial variety.
The shores, liowever, aie in many places, indented with
beautiFui hays, si;rround<;d with dark groves oi' trees, some
ofwhicii have a very pictu.'esque appearance, when viewed
from the water. The eastern boundary is i'oniKd by the
base of Mangcrton. do«n the stee|> side of which cUscends
a cascitde, visible for ISO yards. Tills fail of water is sup-
plied by a circidar lake near t!ie summit of the uiountarn,
call<;d tiie Devil's Punch Bowl.; which, on account of its
immense depth, and continual overflow of water, is con-
iidered as one of the ;;rcafest curiosities in Killarney.
KILLER, s. one wliodeprives ol life, or puts to death.
KILLICUA'NKIE, a noted pass of Perthshire, near the
junction of the Tumei with the Oarray. It is the grand en-
trance into the Highlands in those parts, and is formed by
lofty mountains impcndin"; o\er the Ciairay, which rushes
through in a deep, darksome, and rocky chaiuiel, overhung
with trees, forminija scene of horrilile grandeur. Formerly
this was a pass of miuh ditfiiulty and danger, a path hang-
ing o\'era tremendous precipice, threatened destruction to
the least false step of the traveller. At present, a thie road,
formed by the soldiery lent by <;ovcrunicnt, gives an easy
access to the remote Highlands; and t!ie two sides are joinci)
by a fine arch.
'KILLOUGH, or Port St. Anne, a town of Down in
Ulster, 76 miles N. by li.of Dublin. It lies N. of St. John's
Point; and has a good quay, from which considerable niian-
titles of barley are exported. Here is a profitable nianid'ac-
tureofsalt. At a small distance froni ti.e town, near the
sea isa rock, in which there is an oblong hole, whence a
strange noise is heard, at the ebbing and flowing of the tide
iomewliat resembling the sound of a huntsman's horn. At
the coming in of the tide whilst the waters are beating up
Under the rock, a c(yld air bursts from it with a mixture of
spray ; but as the waters retire during the ebb, there is a
strong draft of air sets in at the hole, to fill up to prevent
iJie vacuum which the retiring of the water would produce.
lu an open field, about a quarter of a mile from the town,
there isa very curious cave, about 27 yards long, which has
a winding passage, two feet and a half broad, with three
doors in it, besides the entrance leading to a circular cham-
ber, three yards in diameter, where there is a tine, co(>l,
li'mpid well.
KILLOW, or CA'LLOW, t.zn English name for a black
earth, of a mixture between the marbles, ochres, and clay,
cjommon in many parts of England, Wales, and Ireland.
KILMAilNOCK, a town of Ayrshire, containing about
5670 inhabitants. It is noted for its nwnufacluros of gloves,
carpets, stockings, night-caps, boniicts, and oilier woollen
g^oods, and is 1.5 miles S. W. of (JIaigow.
KI1..N, s. \ci/ln. Sax] a stove or furnace contrived for ad-
mitting heat, and drying or burning such tliin-s as are con-
tained in if.
'I'o KI'LNDRY, I'.rt. to dry ,n a kihi.
KI'MBO, n. [scliimbo, Ifal.] t.rooUed ; bent ; willi ihe arms
bent, and slicking out from the sides.
Kl'.MBOL'l'ON', a town of Huntingdonshire, wiili an ele-
"ant castle. It is 8 miles \V. S. W. of Huntingdon, and 64
S'. of lyindon. Market on Friday.
KIN, i. [r^HHf, Sax.] of the same family ; a relation; of
tlic same race. L'sed as a termination to express something
diniinulive; ilius mannihin, 'd little mau : miunihiu, a very
siiiall pin.
KINCATtDlN, a shire of Scotland, which sends two
members to parliament, yiz. one for the shire, and one for
tjie borough of Inverbervie, dc.
KIND, a. I from cyntw, .Sax. J beliavin": with civilijy to
others; benevolent, or filled with generargooil-w ill.
KIND, .5. [o/«iie, Sax.] race ; or class containing several
specie's. h'iii'J,\n Teutonic English, answers to £• ■.n-, and
miHotpccics; adistinction not always observed. Tin' par-
'.icular nature of a thing ; the naluraf state of a tiling. " Le-
6Jr;
vied m kind upon com." Arhuth. Nature, or particular
manner. Sort, used wiih in, implying by way of. " In a
Ai'«/ of scorn. " Bacon. Manner; way.
To KI'iNDLE, V. a. [c;/H(/t'A(ii, Sax.| to set on firt ; to
light, or make to burn. 1 iguratively, to excite, lo iiillinie,
or exasperate ; to catch tire, 'lo bring forth, appli>;d to
rabbits, Ac. from cenuan. Sax.
KI'NDLER, «. one that lights or' sets fire to. Figura-
tively, one that infiamis, or excites disturbances.
KI'NDLY, «'/. in a civil, good-natured manner.
KINDLY, n. [from the substantive] of the same nature;
homogenial ; suitin.; or agreeing with. lusinualiug ; mild.
Kl NDNESS, 4. civil behaviour ; favourable Irealnieut, oi
a constant and habitual practise of friendly offices, and be-
nevolent actions.
KINDRED, *. fc?/)i)e»f, Sax.] relation by birth or mar-
riage.
KINDRED, a. native; congenial; agreeing to the na
ture of a person or thing.
KINE, «. the old plural of Cow.
KI'NETON, a town in Warwickshire, held, as its name
imports, by the kings ofEiigland, if not before, yet certainly
bv Edward the Confessor, and William the CoiKpieior.
King John kept his court in the castle here. It is y miles
E. of Stratford, and 8S W. N. W. of London. Market on
Tuesday, chiefly for black cattle.
KliNCi, 4. \cyiic::, Sax. J a person who rules singly over a
people. In England, tiie king has viower of making jieace
and war, and calling, coiitinuing, proroguing, and dissolving
of parliaments ; of enforcing old laws, determining reward*
and punishments, pardoning ofteuders, laying embargoes on
.shipping, and of opening and shutting sea-ports. He is Ihe
ftiuntain of honour, and lias the sole power of conferring
dignities and titles of honour ; as creating dukes, eails,
barons, &c. In gaming, a cai-d with the picture of a king,
in w hist, next to an ace. The four kings are, David, Alex-
aniler, Ca;sar, and Charles, whose names are still [irinted on
the French cards, and are supposed to represent Ihe font
monarchies of the Jews, Grecki, Romans, and that of the
Franks under Charlemagne. King at Arms, is a principal
ofiicerat arm.s that has pre eminence of the socielv of he-
ralds; of these there are three, iiaraeil. Garter, Xoriw.
and Clarencieux.
KINGS, Books of, s. two canonical books of the OH
Testament, so called, because they contain the history of
the kings of Israel and Judah, from the beginning of the
reign of Solomon, down to the death of Jehorachin king v{
Judah, who wa» carried captive iuto Babylon, coniprisii);r
the space of about 4ri0 years.
To KING.i'.rt. to rule asa king; to raise to the dignity
of a king.
KING AN, a c^ity of China of the fust rank, in the pro-
vince of Kiaiigsi. It is situated on the river Kan, in an un-
even but fertile and agreeable countrv, TSJo miles Souih of
Pekin.^
KrNGrR.\rT, .«. the art n!' governing.
KI'NCiCL'P, i-. in botany, a kind of crowfoot.
Kl'NGDOiM, s. \cii>ie(lom. Sax.] the dtmiinion or territo-
ries subject to a king. Anioiig naturalists, a class or order
of things cr beings. Figuratively, a tract or region. Sv-
>?()N. i?»i/«Ve conveys aii idea cf a vast territory, compos-
ed of various people; whereas luntrdom implies one move
bounded, and intimales the unity of that natiou of which it
is formed.
KlNGFl'SIIi'R, s. in ornithology, a very bcaulit'ul bird,
which fre(]ueiits ;!ie banks of rivers and feeds upon fish.
KING (JEORGE'S SOUND, the name given by Captain
Cook, in 1778, to the harbour which he discovered* on tliw
W. coast of N. America, at file nioutli of a gveal river, in
jon. Via. 48. W. and hit. 4!). ;«.■ N. I'.ut the natives calli-d
itNootka, Ihe name nowgenfrally ado] ted by the F.nglisli.
Upon the sea coast the lauvi is lolerablv high and level ; but
within the S(Min(l, it rises into steep hilU, whi( h have an uni
form ap])earancc. The trees ofwhicii the woods are coi.»-
KIN
KIN
nosed, ;irc tlir C;ni'.t(Ii;!ri jifiir, \'.li;(c r\ pi'rss, iiinl fun m'
lliii'o diIrt sDitb of pine. Jii geiKKil, llie fn^os ^row licrc
with j(|(mI vigour, and are of a larp;e size. AIkhiI the rocks
mid lioi(l< IS (il'llip woods were scon xmie straw lii-rry plants,
ni.d rasplii'iry, ciirianl, rdid goosiiiiTry linsltcs, all in a Hon-
lisliiii^r slate. The priiieipal animals seen lir-re were ra-
coons, martens, and sipiirnls. IJirds are far from beiiij; iiii-
rneroiis, and tliosc lliat are to be seen are remarlialily shy,
owin^', perhaps, to their liein^ conliimally harassed liy the
natives, who take them for food, and use their feathers as or-
iiaiiients. The variety of (ish is not very great here, yet they
are in ^jrealer (piaiitities than birds. The principal sorts are
the common lierrin;^, a silver-eoloiired bream, and another
of a liroHii colour. The stature of the natives is, in gene-
ral, below the common standard ; but their persons are not
proportioiiably slender, being usually pretty plump, though
not iiuisciilar. 'I'he women are, in general, of the same
size and proportion as the men. Their bodies are always
covered willi ml paint, but their faces are ornamented with
it variety oI'coNjuis, a black, a bright red, or a w hite colour ;
the last of which gives tlieiii a ghastly and horrible appear-
ance. They appear to be docile, courteous, and good-na-
tured ; but lliey are quick in resenting injuries, and as
quickly foi get them. A rattle and a small whistle are the
only instruments of music that were seen among them.
Tiieir houses consist of very long,biiiad planks, resting upon
the edges of each other, tied in dittereiit parts with withes
o." pine-bark. Their furniture consists principally of chests
aiid boxes of various sizes, piled upon each other, at the
sides or ends of their houses, in which are deposited their
fjarmenls, and whatever they deem valuable. They ha^e
also sipiare and oblong pails, and bowls to eat their food out
of, &c. From their curing their tisli in their houses, and
Jeaviiig the bones and fragments in heaps of filth before the
doors, and from their houses being without chimneys, their
liabitations have a strong disagreeable smell of train-oi'l, fish,
and smoke.
KI'NGLIKE, or KI'NGLY, a. royal ; belonging or suit-
able to a kin^.
KINGLY , ad. with an air of majesty ; with superior dig-
nity.
KING'S BENCH, s. is a court in which the king w«s
formerly accustomed to sit in person, and on that account
was moved Avitli the king's household. This was originally
the only court in Westminster-hall, and from this it is thought
that the courts of Common Pleas and the Exchequer were
derived. As the king in person is still presumed in law to
sit in this court, though only represented by his judges, it is
said to have supreme authority, and the proceedings in it
are supposed \o he coratu nobis, that is, before the king. Tliis
court consistsof the lord chief justice, and the other justices
or judges, who are invested with a sovereign jurisdiction
over all matters, whether of a criminal or public nature. It
frequently proceeds on indictments found bctoie other
courts, and removed by certiorari into this. Persons ille-
gally coi'imittcd to prison, though by the king and council,
or either of the houses of parliament, may be bailed in it ;
and in some cases even upon legal commiinienls. Writs of
mandamus are i.ssued by this court, for the restoring ofotH-
cers in corporations, <fcc. unjustly turned out, and freemen
wrongfully disfranchised. This court is now divided into a
crown side and plea side ; the one determining criminal,
and the other civil causes. The officers of this court, on the
crown side, are the clerk and secretary of the crown ; and
on the side of the pleas there are two chief clerks or protho-
uotaries,and their secretary and deputy, the custos breviuni,
two clerks of the papers, the clerk of the declarations, the
signet and sealer of the bills, the clerk of the rules, clerk of
the errors, aiicl the clerk of the bails; to which may be added
the filazers, fne marshal of the court, and the cryer.
KI'.^GSBRIDGE, a pretty town of Devonshire, consist-
ing of about 160 houses. It is seated at the head of a small
river, which falls into the sea a little below, affording a har-
bour for boats. Here is a bridge over the Salconib orDod-
brook. It is 11 miles SW. of Dailmonlh, and Cl« \\. b> S.
of London. Mai kel on Saturday.
KrN(;.SCLIlM!, a town in Hants, pleasanlly silualed oh
the edge of the Downs, near licrks, !> miles N.by W oMVd-
singsloke, and .00 S. .S. W. of London. It was once lln scil
of llie West Saxon kings. Market on Tues<lay.
KI.N'fi'S COINTV, a county of Ireland, in the i)rovince
of Leiiister, ;! 1 miles in length, and from 13 to 17 in bnailth.
It is bounded on the N. by W. Mealh ; on the I", by KiMaic
and Queen's Coiinly ; on the S. by Queen's County and Tip-
perary ; and on llu- W. by the river .Sliannon and a part of
Tipperary. The soil is various; in some iiarls it is very
fertile, in others not so rich nor so well inhabited as some
other counties. It conlains.Vi parishes, about I. ■5,.'>:3(j houses,
and 74. .000 inhabitants; the capital is Philipstown.
KINGS-K'VIL, s. a scrophulous distemper, in wiiicli the
glands are ulcerated: it derives its name Iroin a Miigar opi-
nion that it may be cured by the touch of a lung or crowned
head.
Kl'NGSHIP, J. royalty, or the state, office, and dignity
of a king. ^
KI'NCiSPEAR, s. in botany, the asphodelus.
KrN(iSTON. SeellurL.
KINGSTON UPON THAMES, a large, populous, well-
built town of Surry, so called from its having lieei-i the resi-
dence of several of our SaNim kings, some of whom were
crowned here, on a stage in the market-place. The Lent
assizes for the county are held here. It is sealed on the
Thames, over which it has a wooden bridge of 22 piers and
20 arches, 11 miles S. W. of London. Market on Sa-
turday.
KLNCiSTON, orKvNETON.a pretty large,aiid well built
town of Herefordshire, with a good trade in narrow cloth.
It is seated on the river Arroiv, \.'> miles N. W. of Ileret<)rd'.
and 149 W. N. W. of London. Market on \\ edne^day.
The markets on Wednesday before Ivastcr, V\ liil^untido,
and Christmas, are so considerable for corn, callle, leather,
home-made linen, woollen cloth, and provisions, that they
more resemlde fairs.
KINGSTON n Li'SSEL, a town near Dorchester. lis ma-
nor is held by serjeanti"y, viz. to be cup bearer to the hiny
at the four principal feasts of tlie year. Market on Thurs-
day.
KI'NGSTON, a sea-port town of Jamaica, in tlie \Ve3t
Indies, containing about 1065 houses, besides negro-luiiS
and warehouses. In 1788, the number of white inhabitants
was 6539, of free people of colour 3280, of slaves 10,65y.
It is seated on the N. side of the Bay of Port Royal, on the
S. coast of the island. It was built after the great earth-
quake in 1692, and is now a large town, about a mile in
length, and half a mile in breadth. It is laid out into little
squaresand cross streets, and is a place of considerable trade
and opulence. Many of the houses, in the upper part of
the town, are very magnificent ; and the markets for tiesli,
turtles, fi;h, poultrv, fruits, and vegetables, are inferior to
none. Lat. 17. .50.' N. hin. 70. 52. W.
KI'xNGSTONE, s. a kind offish.
KIN(iS-YE'LLOW, s. among painters, a yellow paint
mafle from orpiment.
KI Nf jTCHEOU, a well-built and populous city of Chi-
na, of the first rank, in the province of Houtpiang. It has
a great trade, and is situated on the Yangtse river, in a
fruitful and (ileasant country, with a garrison of Tartars, to
whom one part of the town b£longs, 620 miles S. S. W. of
Pckin.
KINROSS, a town of Scotland, iu the shire of Kinross,
seated on the river Leveii, not farW. of Loch Leven, and
20 miles N. of Edinburgh. The manufactories cf this town
are linen and cutlery ware.
KINROSS, a shire or county of Scotland, »"nroundetI I>y
the shires of Perth and Fife. It is about 30 miles in circuit,
its length and breadth being nearly equal.
KINSA'LE, a town of Cork, in Muiister, seated on the
river Bandoo. It is a very populous, trading place, and
627
KIR
KNA
has a deep, comiiiotlinus, and secure hurhour, 14 miles S. of
Cork. F.,iit b^. 41. N. Ion. 8. «H. \V.
KINSFOLK, s. Itidiii kill and /<//A] relations, or those
liiat are of the same family.
Kl NSM.\N, «. a man who is related to, or of the same
faniilv with, another.
KINSWOMAN, t. a woman of the s;uiie family with
allot lie r.
KIOF, or Kl'OW, a considerahle town of Poland, in a
palatine ofthe same name, <.h» residence of tlie fjreat duLe
till the l'2th centnry. It is the capital of the Russian go-
vernmerit of Kiof, and carries on a considerahle trade. It
is divided into the Old and New town, and is seated on the
W. si<)e ofthe river Dnieper, 180 miles N. E. of Kamanieck,
and :i:s.5 E. hv S. of Warsaw. Eat. 50. 30. N. Ion. 31. 51. E.
KIOF, KlOW, or KI'EV.SKOE, a government of the
Russian empire, lynij;, for the most part on the P.. or left
iide ofthe river Dnieper, altttmigli Kiof tlie capital is on
the W. It contains 11 districts.
Kri'I'EllNUT, «. a plant, the same with the pignut.
KrRBlLONSD.XLE, a large and well-huilt town of
Westmoreland, willi a woollen manufactory. It is seated
on the river Eon, 10 miles S. E. of Kendal, and 253 N. W.
of London. Market on Tuesday.
Kl'RUY MONKS, Warwicksliire, n town between Co-
ventrv and Lutterworth. .Market on Tuesdav.
KfRBY MOORSIDE, a town in the N. Ridin- of York-
shire, seated on the edge of Black Moore, near the river
Don, 25 miles N. of York, and 225 N. by W. of London.
Market on Wednesday.
KIRBY STEVEN, or Kirby Stephen, a town of
Westmoreland, noted for a manufactory of yarn stockings.
It has a good free-school, with 2 exhibitions, and is seated
on the W. side of the river Eden, near the hills which sepa-
rate this county from Yorkshire, miles S. of Appleby, and
S«l N. N. W.ofLofKlon. Mark.t on Friday.
KIRK, 4-. [ci/ree, Sax.] a church ; obsolete in England,
but still retained in Scotland.
KIRKCLDBRIGHT, a sea-port of Scotland, in the
ceunty of Kirkcudbright, seated at the mouth of the river
Dee, 'it miles S. W. of Dumfries, and 83 S. W. of Edinburgh.
It has a fine harbour with depth of water sutiicient to ad-
mit ships of any burden to come up to the town, and yet
has but an inconsiderable trade. The town consists of two
streets, which form a right angle with each other, having in
the centre the town house.
KIRKCUDRRIGH T, once formed, with the county of
W'igton, the antient province of tialloway. Kirkcudbright-
ihire is bounded on the N. K. by Ayrshire and Dumfries-
»hire ; on the S. by tiieSolway Frith and the Iriili sea ; and
on the W. by Wigtonshire and Avrshire. Its extent from
N. toS. is nearly 30 miles, and from Is. to W. about 43.
Here is a great plenty of fine pasture, and numerous Hocks
of sheep and small cattle.
KI'RKHAM, a handsome town of Lancashire, with a well-
pndowed free-school, for three masters. It is seated near
the Rlbble, by wliich it communicates with all the late
iula-nd navigations, 19 miles S. of Lancaster, and 22.3 N.
N. W. of London. It has a considerable manufactory of sail
cloth. Market on Tlnirsday.
KIRK-O'SWALD, a town (jf Cnniberland, with a market
on Thursrlay, It is 292 miles from London.
Kl RKWALL, a sea-port of Scotland, capital of Orkney,
the prijicipat of the islands of that name, is built upon an in-
l( t of the sea, on lIi' Is. side of the island. Here is the
»)ately cathedral of St. Magnus. It i-s 45 miles from Dungs-
bv llead, the nuislN. E promontory of Scotland. Lat. .08.
5(*. N. Ion. 2. 57. W.
KIRTLK, «. \cyrtd, .Sax. J an upper garment or gown.
Net in use
Kl'RTON, a town in Lincolnshire, with a Irulv magni-
iieeiit chMr< h. It is natcd on an i niiruiice, on the edge of
Limoli, ll.iilh, 2(1 mile* N. of Lincoln, and 151 N. W. oi"
London. It gives name to its hundred, in which ara 4 vil-
lages of the same name. Market on Saturday.
To KISS, tp. a. [cufoii, Brit.] to touch with tht lipj. Fi-
guratively, to treat with fondness ; to touch gently or ia a
loving maimer.
KiSS, ». asahite given by joining the lips.
KISSER, i. one that kisses.
KISSINGCRUST, s. the thin tender crust of bread,
formed where one loaf touches another in the oven.
KI'STI, one of the seven Caucasian nations, that inhabit
the countries between the Black Sea and the Caspian.
They consist of 16 diflerent districts or tribes, which are
often at variance with each other, and with their neighbours.
Their dialects appear to have no analogy with any known
language, and their history and origin are utterly unknown.
Those belonging to the districts of Wapi, Angusht, and
Shalkha, submitted to Russia in 1770. The Thetshan tribe
is so numerous and warlike, and has given the Russians so
much trouble, that its name is usually given by them to the
whole Kisti nation. The Ingushi live in villages near each
other, containing about 20 or 30 houses ; they are diligent
husbandmen, and rich in cattle. Many of their villages
have a stone tower, which serves, in time of war, as a retreat
to their women and children, and a magazine for their ef-
fects. These people are all armed, and have the custom of
wearing shields. Their religion is very simple, but has
some traces of Christianity. They believe in one God,
whom they call Daile, and, on the first day of the week, rest
from labour. They eat pork, and have a fast in spring, and
another in summer. They observe no ceremonies either at
births or deaths ; but they allowof polygamy, and, at certain
times, a sheep is sacrificed by a person who seems to be
considered as a kind of priest, as he is obliged to live in a
stato of celibacy. A singular sort of hospitality is attributed
to these people by major Rennel. When a guest, or stran-
ger, comes to lodge w ith them, one of the host's daughters
is obliged to receive him, touiwaddleand feed his horse, take
care of his baggage, prepare his dinner, pass the night with
him, and continue at his disposal during his stay."
KIT,*, [kitte, Belg.] a large bottle ; a small fiddle; a
small woocfen vessel in wliich Newcastle salmon is sent to
town.
KITCHEN, s. \hegin, Brit.] the room in a house where
the provisions are dressed.
KITCHENGARDEN, J.a garden wherein salads, ^oot^
herbs, cabbages, and other esculent plants, are produced.
KITCHENMAID, i. a cook or maid who does the bu-
siness of the kitchen.
KITCHENSTUFF, s. the fat scummed off the pot, or
collected from the dripping pan.
KITCHENWENCH, *. a scullion, or maid employed to
clean the vessels or instruments used in cookery.
KI'TCHENWORK, j. cookery, or work "done in a
kitchen.
KITI""., s. \ctfta, Sax.] a bird of prey that infests farm*,
and steals chickens. Figuratively, a person of remarkable
and jnotorious rapacity. A play thing matle of paper, and
raised into the air by means of a long string, and runuiiig
against the wind.
KITESFOOT, s. a kind of plant.
KI'TFEN, .1. [huttcken, Belg.] a young cat.
To KI'TIEN, V. n. to bring foiih young cats.
KlTTIWAKls, ,t. a species of gull ; they inhabit the
clifl's of Flamborough head, the Bass-isle, and the rocks on
the east coast of .Scotland.
To KLICK, v.n. [from cheh] to make a sharp noise like
the links of an iron cliain beating against each other.
KI.II'SI'KIN(iER, s. in zoology, a kind of antelope,
that inhabits the vicinilv ofthe ('ape of (iooii Hope.
'I'd KNAB, (the k before then in this and all the follow-
ing words is mute) r. a. [kniijtpcn, Belg.] to take a short bite ;■
to bile something brittle that makes a noise bct^teeii (h<
tee 111.
KNK
KNO
KNACK,.?. [<•«<•«, Brit.] a toy or I)iiul)l(', which discovers
skill or coiitriviiiicc; arcadiihcss; ;i iicciiliiir slight or lialjitual
dexterity in (loin?^ any lliinij ; ii nice liick.
'I'o RSIACK, K. M. to make a sharp shrill noise like that
ofa s.titk w hi'ii hreakhig.
KN.\'CKKlt, 4-. a maker of small work. A rope maker.
KNACI, s. a knol) or hard knot in wood.
KNA'( Jti Y, a. kiiottVi or full of knoh.,.
KN.M*, s. [cnap, Brit.] an ennncnce ; a swelling pvotu-
Ijcrance.
To kN.\P, I', rt. f A»w;)/)ra, Rcl^'.J to bite or break short;
to strike so as to make a .sharp iiuibc like that of breakinjf.
To make a sharp noise bv a suildeii clash or breaking;.
KNA'PBO'lTLli, s. akind of poppy.
To KNA'PPLE, V. n. to break oti' with a short, sharp
noise.
KN A'PSACK, J. [from hnappen, Belg. to eat] the bag which
a soldier carries at liisback ; a bag of provisions.
KNA'PWEED, s. a se"i's of plants, of which there are
»<^veral species ; the bluebottle, malsellon, star-thistle, and
St. Barnaby's thistle, belong to this genus.
KNARE, s. [kiwr, Teut.l a hard knot.
KNA'RE.SBOROUGH, a town in the North Riding of
Yorkshire, containing about 500 houses. It is pleasantly
seated on the river N id, over which it has a stone bridge, on
a rugged, rough rock, 18 miles W. by N. of York, and 211
N. by W. of l^ondon. It is famous for 4 me<licinal springs,
near each other, and yetof different qualities ; the sweet spa,
orvitriolic well; the stinking, orsulphureousand very tletid
spa ; St. Mungo's well, a cold bath ; and the dropping w:ill,
. supposed to be the most petrifying spring in England. The
adjacent fields are alsonoted for liquorice. It hasa manufac-
. ture of linen cloth, sheeting, &c. Market on Wednesday.
. KN.\VE, J. [cnafa, Sax.] a boy or servant; and in tiie
.fitter sense, in an old translation of the Testament, in Lau-
derdale's library, we read, " Paul the knave of Christ,"
where, howevei-, this word was inserted purposely. At
present it is used in a bad sense, to signify a sly, artful, or
dishonest fellow. In gaming, it is applied to a card having
a soldier painted on it.
KNAVERY, .!. dishonesty; tricks; low cunning; any
thing put to an ill use.
KN.A'VISU, a. dishonest; tricking; waggish; niis-
cliievous.
KN.VVISilLY, ad. in a sly, cunning, and dishonest
manner.
KN.V WEL, s. an herb with greenish blossoms, found on
•andy ground, and in coni-lields.
To Knead, (>;««/) v. «. loutdan. Sax. knedcu, Belg.]
to beat or mingle any substance. Seldom applied to any
thing but the manner of making dough fit for bakincr, by
often rolling it in difterent fojms, and pressing it «ilh the
knuckles.
KNE'ADINGTROUGH, {neixtiiifs-troff) s. a trough
ill which the paste of bread is worked together.
KNE'BWORTH, a town of Herts, situated on a hill, or
knap, (from whence it has its name,) between Hertford and
Hitchen. Market on Friday.
Knee, «. \cneow, Sax. knee, Belg.] the joint of the leg
whereby it is united to the thigh.
To KNEE,.u. a, to place the knee upon ; to entreat kneel-
ing.
KNEED, a. having knees. In botany, having joints.
** Kne«d grass."
KNEE-DEEP, a. rising to the knees; sunk tothe knees.
KN ElvHOEM, s. a kind of herb.
KNEE-PAN, *. a little round bone about two inches
bioad, convex on both sides, and covered with a smooth
cartilage on its forcside, which serves as a pulley to the ten-
don of the muscles that extend the leg.
To KNEEL, K. ij. to bend the knee ; to touch the ground
with the knee, as a sign of subjection and supplication.
KNEETRIBUTE, j. worship or obeisance shewn by
fcneel'ug. " Receive froii) as kuccuibutc." Mitt.
KNELL,*. [rHi/, Br!r.] the sound of abcll niiigala Iniri.J
or funeral.
KNl'lW, the preter of K. sow.
KNIEE, s. plural knivis, it being a general rule, .Ihat
nouns ending in /'or/i- in the singular, luaUe the plural by
changing/' and /'■ into vns .- [cnif] Sax.] an instrument con-
sisting oCa steel blade uijli an edge on one side, and some-
liiiies with a sharp point, used particularly in cutting meat
and killing animals.
KNIGHT, (the g-A in this word and its compounds ajid de-
rivatives is mute, ami pronounced as if s|)elt nitr) s. [cnilil,
.Sax.] among the Romans, was a person of the second degree
of nobility, following immediately that of the senators. At
the ceremony of conferring this honour, he had a horse given
him, which was kept at the jiublic (harge, with uliicli he
was to serve in the wars. A'«/g■/l^ in a modern sensi-, pro-
perly signifies a person, who, for his virtue and prowess, is
by the king raised above the rank ofgenllcnien, into a higher
class of dignity and honour. Kniglilhood was formerly the
first degree of honour in thearmy, and conferred with much
ceremony on those who had distinguished themselves by
some notable exploit in arms. The ceremonies at theircre-
ation have been various ; the principal was a box on ihe ear,
and a stroke with a suord on the shoulder: they put on him
a shoulder-belt, a gilt sword, spurs,aiidot|iermilitary accou-
trements : being thus armed as a knight, he was led to Ihe
church. Camden describes the manner of making a knight
bachelor among us, which is the lowest and most auticnt
order of knighthood, to be thus : the person kneeling
was gently struck on the shouliler by the prince, and ac-
costed in these words ; " I'ise, and be a knight, in the
name of God." Knight is also nndeistood of a perstjn ad-
milted into any order, either purely military, or mililary
and religious ; as Kniglits of the Garter, of Malta, of the
Holv Ghost, iVc
KN|GHr-E RRANTRY, s. the practice of wandering
about in quest of needless encounters.
KNIGHT OF THE POST, s. an hireling evidence, or
one that will swear anv lliing if paid for it.
KNIGHTS OF THE SHIRE, s. in the British Polity, are
two knights or genllemen, who are elected by the free-
holders of every county to represent liicm in parliament.
The qualification of a knight of the shire is, to be possessed
of fiOO/. per ann. in a freehold estate.
To KNIGHT, 1'. a. to create a person a knight.
K.N' I'GHTHOOD,*. the rank or dignity ofa knight.
KNIGHTLY, ad. befilting a knight ; beseeming a
knight.
KNTGHTON, a fair, well-built, well frequented, town,
of Radnorshire, with a considerable trade. It is seated iii
a valley on the river Tend orTeme, which separates it from
Shropshire, 14 miles N. W. of Hereford, and 15.5 N. W. of
London. Market on Thursday.
To KNIT, V. a. preter hiit, or knitted : [cnittan, Sax.] to
form any texture or manufactures on wires or needles with-
out a loom. Figuratively, to interweave. To tie, applieil
to knots. To join or unite t«o persons fogeilier, applied
to matrimony. To join together in fVieiidslii]i. To contract
in wrinkles, applied tothe forehead, or eyebrows. To join
close, or unite. "Oursever'd navy — have /;iii< again."
KNIT, «. the texture, degree, or fineness of any thing
formeil bv kuilting.
KNI FFER, s. one who makes any manufacture Lj
knittins:.
KNITTING-NEEDLE, s. a wire with which sfockings»
&c. are made without a loom.
KMTTLE, .f. a string with which the mouth ofa purse
is gathered and closed.
KNOB, .5. [hnoop, Belg.] a protuberance; a part rising
bluntlv above the surface ofa thing,
KNO'BBED, ff. set with knobs or protuberances.
KNO'BBINESS, s. the quality of having knobs or protti-
beraiices.
KNOBBY", a. full of knobs, Fisurativclv. hard •n-,
if2i
KNU
KOR
rtiibborn ; alluding to wood, which is not easily beiit, when
full of knots.
To KNOCK, r. n.[enucian, Sax.] to clash ; to 11? driven
forcibly tosjether ; tobeatala door lor admittance. Tuhturh
lauler, tO submit, or pay submission. Tu knock down, to fVll
or make a person fall, by a violent blow. To knock on the
kearl, to kill or destroy by a blow.
KNOCK,.!, a sudden stroke or blow ; aloud stroke made
at the door for entrance.
KNO CKER, s. one who makes a noise at a door to gain
entrance ; the liainnierlian,!iin^atadoor for persons to strike
with to Kain admission.
To KNOLL, (h6/.0 I'. «. Ffrom kuciq to ring; a bcl' for a
burial.
KNOLLES, .5. the wild turnip.
KNOP, s. [a corruption ot /(jnrj)] any tufty top. Ainf.
Also a kind of crowfoot.
KNOT, i. [ciwtia. Sax.] a strtn?: or cord formed in a
hard knob by frequent intersections not easily to be disen-
tangled. Figuratively, any figure formed of lines frequently
intersecting each other; any bond of union or association;
a difficulty or intricacy not easily resolved ; an intrigue, or
dilbcult perplexity; a cluster, or collection. In dress, a
ribbon worn by way of ornament on the head of a woman.
A hard part of wood, caused by the growing of a bough in
that part.
To KNOT, V. a. to lie threads or cords in such a manner
as to make a hard knob not easily untangled; to entangle
or perplex ; to nnile.
KNOTBERRIES, or KN'"OU'TBERRIES, s. the cloud-
berry bramble.
KNOTGRASS, s. a plant with white flowers, in naked
Kshorls, and trailing stems, found in wet pastures in Corn-
wall; also a kind of snakeweefl. The German knotgrass
is a species of the scleranthus of LinuKus.
KNO'TSFORi), a town in Cheshire, with a silk mill, and
a manufacture of shag velvets. It is seated on a rivulet
called B-icken, which divides it into two parts, 7 miles N. E.
of Nortlnvich, and 173 N. N. W. of London. Market en
Saturday. '
KNOTTED, «. full of knots.
KNOTTINESS,*. the quality of abounding in knots; an
intricacy or ditiicidty not easily solved.
KNOTTY, a. full of knots, applied either to fh.veads or
tiees; hard, intricate, perplexed, difficult.
KNOUT, is the name of a punishment inflicted in Russia,
with a kind of whip called knout, and made of a long strap
(if leather prepared for this imrpose.
7\) KNOW, (the w in this word and its derivatives is
mute, and o pron. long)i'. a. prefer. I knew or have knonn ;
part. pass. Awottii; [mau-un. Sax.] to perceive with certainty;
to be acquainted w ith ; to be free fVoni ignorance.
KNO'WABLIC, a. possible tobe discovered orunderstood.
KNO'VyER, s. one that has knowledge or skill.
KNO'WING, a. skilful; well instructed; of extensive
know ledge or experience ; free from ignorance ; conscious ;
intelligent.
KNO'WING, s. knowledge, experience, nrinrdersfanding.
KNOWINGLY, ad. delilx'iately ; williillv ; without being-
•"knowledge, or KNO'WLEGE, {nokd-ye) s. [from
hi(iiv\ the perception of the agreement or disagreement of
our ideas, without any mixture of doubt or uncertainty ;
learning, or improvement of our faculties by reading; ex-
perience, or the acrpiiring new ideas or truths by seeing a
varictv of objects, and making observation upon them in our
own minds; acquaintance with any person or fact.
To KNl'BBLE, v. a. \kniid,r, Dan. | to beat.
knuckle, s. [cvhr/i; Sax. I the joints of the fingers
whi( h stick out when the hand is shut. The knee joint of
n calf, applied to cookery. The articulation or joints of a
(ilant, in botanv.
To KNL"CKLI'"i, ti. a. to put the knuckles close to the
mronnd. Neutcrly, to submit, used with under; 1 supno^e
530
from an odd custom of striking tliR unner side of the fabW
with the knuckles, the confession of an argumental defeat.
KNUCKLED, a. jointed, applied to plants.
KNUR, or KNURLE, *. [hnor, Teut.J a knot; a hard
substance.
KNUTSFORD. See Knotsfobd.
KOEI-TACHEOU, a province of China, one of the
smallest in that empire, and fidl of inaccessible mountains.
It is inhabited by a people who are independeiit, and w1m>
would never submit to the laws of the empire. However,
the emperor has found means to build forts therein, anil
garrison some of the tow ns ; but all the taxes they can rais».
here will not defray the expence. This province is remark-
able for its copper mines, and, between the mountains
♦Jiere are several fruitful valleys. They have neither silk no»
cotton, and therefore they make their cloth of a sort of grass,
like hemp. Their cows, stags and wild hens are nuinerou>,
and the horses are the best in China.
KOLA, a town of the Russian government of Archangel,
and the capital of Russian Lapland. It has a good harbour
of the river Kola, near the bay of the same name in tbf
Frozen Ocean, w here is a considerable fishery for whales,
sea-dogs, and other fish, w hich the inhabitants cure for sale.
Lat. 08. .52. N. Ion. 33. 1. E. .
KOLYVAN, a government of the Russian empire
bounded on the N. by the government of Tobrrlsk, on tljc
E. by tljat of Irkutsk, and on the S. and W . by Tartary.
Its capital, of the same name is sealed on the Oby, 480 mil«
Si. S. E. of Tobolskor. This country has pjoduced silver
mines, which have been called thePotosi of Russia.
KO'NINGSBERG, the capital of the kingdom of Prussia,
with an university, and a magnificent palace, in which is a
hall 274 feet long, and 59 broad, without pillars to support
it, and a handsome library. The town house, the exchange,
aird the eathedral, are fine structures. The tower of the
castle is very high, and has 284 steps to the top, whence
there is an extensive prospect. There are 18 churches in
all, of which 14 are Lutherans, sCalvinists, and 1 is Romish.
Tlic number of houses is about 3800. The town is about 7
I'juglish mi^les in circumference, and including the garrison
of 7000 men, contains 60,000 inhabitants. It stands on the
Pregel, a navigable river, which here falls into the eastern
extremity of the Frisehe Haf, an inlet of the Baltic. Na
ships drawing more than 7 feet water can pass the bar, and
come up to the town ; so that lire large vessels anchor at
Pillan, a small town on the Baltic, whicli is the port of K«-
ningsberg; and the merchandise is sent up in smaller vessels.
On .Inne Kith, 1807, this place fell into the hands of tlw
French, together with vast quantities of military stores
(chiefly provided by England) which the allied armies O.
Prussia and Russia were obliged to abandon, in consequence
<if the defeat they had sustained on the 14th, in the battle of
Friedland. It was, however, restored to Prussia by tb»
peace of Tilsif, which was signed on the 6th .Inly following,
'("he trade of Koningsberg is verv considerable. It is 125
miles N. of Warsaw. Lat. 54. 42. N. Ion. 20. 48. E.
KO'B'ACS, a nation on the borders of Kamtschalka, fit-
butary to the Kussians. There are two sorts of Koriacs;
those who are properly called by that name have a fixed
residence , the others are wanderers, and are know n by the
appellation of Hein-deer Koriacs. Their flocks are very
inniierous. and they maintain them by conducting them to
those cantons that abonud with moss. When these pastures
are exhausted, they seek for others. In this mai\ner they
wander about incessantly, encamping under tents of skin,
and siqipoitiug themselves with the produce of their deer,
which are as serviceable for draught to the Koriacs, as the
dogs are lolbc Kamtschadales. Th<'ircountry isterminateil
to the S. by the penin^ida of Kamtschalka, and the (iulfof
Pengiusk ; to the E. by the Ocean ; to theN. by the country
of the TeliDuKchis : and to the W. by the Tungonses, tlw>
Lamoiits, and (he Yakouts. The numlier of fixed KoriaC*
scarcely exceeds, at j>resent, Olio ; and though it is not easy
to calculate that of the wandering Koriacs, it is imagined
Kun
LAB
ffiat thcv 'lo not much stiipass tli.it ainoiiiif. Tlicir rofjiilar
occupation is hunt in;^' and hshiti.; ; Imt fveiy season will not
permit tliom to follow it. During' these intervals, shut up
in their profound hahilalions, tin y sleep, smoke, and f^et
drunk. Like the Kamtstliadales, they live upon dried tish,
and thellesh ami f'lt of t!ic whale anil sea-wolf. Jvein-deer
is their favourite disii. \ e;;etables also form a part of their
food; they gather in anlmnn various sorts of berries, of a
part of which they make themselves a refreshim; beverage,
and the rest is bruised to jiowder, and kneaded with the oil
of the whale or sea wolf. Their passion for strong liquors,
increased by (he ikarness of brandy, and tiie ditheully of pro-
curing it, has ltd them to invent a drink ccinally potent,
which tiiey extract from a red mushroom, known in Russia
as a stron;; poison, by tiie name of moukhamorr. The wan-
dering Koriacs have the same characteristic outlines as the
Kamtschadales. Among the women, particularly, there arc
very few who have not sunk eyes, tiat noses, and prominent
cJieeks. The men are almost entirely beardless, and have
short hair. The Koriacs acknowledge a Supreme Being,
tlie Creator of all things, and imaijine that the sun is his
throne, or palace. They address no prayer to him ; good-
ness, they say, is his essence ; all the good that exists in the
world proceeds from him, and it is impossible that he should
do an injurv. 'I'he principle of evil they consider as a ma-
lignant spirit, and, to appease his wrath, offer up, as expi-
ntory sacrifices, various animals newly born ; as rein-deer
«nd dogs, also the first-fruits of their hunting and fishing,
and w hatever theypossess that is most valuable.
KO.STRO'MSKOE, a goverrnnent oftlie Russian empire,
formerly included in that of Moscow ; it is bounded on the
W. by jaroslaviskoe, and on the N. by Vologadskoe. The
capital Koslrom, is seated on the river Kostroma, at its
junction w ith the Volga, 168 miles N. E. of Moscow.
KRA'KEN, s. a monstrous sea animal, of which the fol-
lowing description is given by Po_nloppidon, an author of
ffreat respectability in his Natural History of Norway : " Our
nshermen, (says the author,) unanimously arid invariably af-
firm, that when they are several miles from the land, parti-
cularly in the hut summer days, and by their distance, and
the hearings of some points of land, expect from 80 to 100
fathoms depth, and do not find but from twenty to thirty;
and more especially if tliey find a more tl'nn usind plenty of
cod and ling; they judge that the kraken is at the bottom ;
but if they hud by their lines, that the w ater in the same
place still shallows on them, they know he is rising to the
surface, and row off with the greatest expedition, ti.ll they
come into the usual soundings of the place ; when, lying on
tlieir oars, in a few minutes the monster emerges, ancl shews
himself sufficiently, though his whole body does not appear.
Its back, or upper pai.t, which seems an English mile and a
half in circumference (some have affirmed more) looEs at
first like a number of small islands surrounded with some-
thing that floats like sea-wceds ; at last, several bright
points or horns appear, which grow thicker the higher they
emerge, and sometimes stand up as high and large as the
masts of a middle-sized vessel. In a short time it slowly
sinks, which is thought as dangerous as its rising; as it
causes such a swell and whirlpool, as draws every thing
down with it, like tliat of Malestrom."
KRE'KYTllE, a town of Carnarvonsliire, seated on the
Irish Sea, near Traetli AmarverBay, 12 miles S. by E. of
Carnarvon, and 237 N. W. of London. Market on Wed-
nesday.
KU'CESHA, a largie fowTi cf Asia, in the conntvy of the
Lesguis, one of the seven Caucasian nations, between the
Black Sea and the Cirspian. Col. Ciacber, w ho wrote an ac-
count of these countries in 1728, gives the following de-
scription of this very curious place: " Kubesha is a large
strong town, situated on a hill, between high mountains. Its
inhabitants are excellent artists, and make very good fire-
arms, sabres, ':oats of mail, and several articles in gold and
silver, for exportation. They have likewise, for their ovrn
defence, small copper caouon, of three pounds calibre, cast
by themselves. They coin Turkish and Persian silver mo-
ney, and even rubles, which readily pass current, because
they are of the full weight and value. In their valleys they
have pasture and arable laud, as well as gardens; but they
purchase the greater part of their corn, trusting chiefly !or
ilieir siipi)ort to the sale of their manufactures, which are
niuth aihiiircd in Turkey, Persia, and the Crimea. ') hey
are generally in ca.sy circumstances, and arc a qilict, inoffcD-
sivo people,'but higli spirited and independent. Their town
is considered as a neutral spot, where the neighbouring
princes can deposit their treasures with safety. They elect
yearly twelve magistrates, .to whom they pay the most unli-
mited obedience ; and, as all the inhabitants arc on a footing
of the most perfect equality, each individual is sure to have,
in his turn, a share in the government. In the year 1723,
Jheir magistrates, as well as the usiiiel, or khan of the Cai-
Jaks, acknowledged the sovereignty of Russia, but without
paying any tribiile."
kUPFfl'RNICKEL, s. in niiiieralog\;, a sulphurct of
nickel which is generallv a compound ol nickel, arsenic, and
sulphuret of iron.
KU'RILES, a chain of islands, extending from the south-
ern extremity of Kamtschatka to .lapaii, chiefly valualle
for their furs, particularly that of the sea-otter. The inha-
bitants of t!ie neighbourhood of Lapatka, who Avere them-
selves called Kuriles, gave these islanders the same name, as
soon as they became acquainted with them. They are 22
in number, exclusive of the very small ones. The norlhern-
most island, which is called Shoomska, and the next which
is named Paramonsic, were first visited by the Russians in
1713, and at the same time brought under their dominion.
The others, in order, are at present made tributary, down
to Ooshesheer inclusive. Oosheslieer is the southermost is-
land the Russians have yet brought under their dominion,
but they trade at Ooroop, which is the eighteenth. A group
of islands lies to the S. W. which the Japanese c»tll Jeso ; a
name which they also give to the wholf chain of islands be-
tween Kamtschatka and Japan. The southernmost, called
Matniai, hath been long subnet to the Japanese, and is foj-
titled and gariisoried oii the side toward the continent.
Kf'RSKOI, a government of the Russian empire, for-
DlCriy part of that of Bielgorod. It is bounded by Orel on
the N. and A'oronetz on the E. Its capital, Kursk, is seated
on the Seni, 2 to miles S. of Moscow.
KY'NETON. See Kingston.
L.
IIS a semi-vowel, or liquid consonant, the eleventh lef-
^ ter of the English alphabet. In the Saxon it v\as aspi-
rated, as in /i^o/. Sax. a loaf ; as it is at present by the Span-
iards, and by the Canibro Britons, in //««, a temple. The
figure of the capital Lwe borrow frwii the '^axons, which is
the same as that of the Romans, who likewise seem to have
taken theirs from the a of the (i reeks, with one of its sides
placed upiut the line, thus, >■ . It is pronounced by put-
ting the tongue to the palate, and breathing froin the throat.
At the end of a monosyllable it is always doubled, as '\nfnll,
kin, &c. but at the cn(\ of a word of two or more sy llables
it is written single, as in dimhtful ; as it likewise is when it
occurs in the mifldle of compound words ; for though we
write slull ■dn(\ full, when they are alone, with a //, yet, when
they are compounded, we leave out an / in each, as in shl/n!.
When it comes before e, at the end of a word, it is pronounc-
ed as if the e came before it. a^ in bible, feeb'e, title. As a nu-
meral, it stands for 50, and when aline is drawn over it,
thus, r, for 50,000. i. also stands for Libra, a Pound ; also
for Liber, a Book.
LA, interject, look! behold I see!
LA'BDANL'M,.?. a resin of the softest kind, of a stroiijj
and not unpleasant smell, ainromatie, but not an agreeable
taste. It exudes from a low-spreading shrub of the cisttis.
kind in Crete.
To L.\T5EF Y, V. a. to weaken ; to impair.
31,
;. AB
LA
L\']iV.L,s [fribelliDn, Lilt.] ;> small or narrow slip, sc'rl|i,
nr scroilofwiiJinj. Inlaw, a narrow slip of paper <ir p.ircli-
incnt atfixetl to a deed or urilinj;, in order to lioid the sf.d
uiiicli is fastened to it ; liUcviise nny paper added by ^^ay of
explanation oraddilion to a wiil, tailed either ^nif/ or coj/zk/.
In lieraldry, an addition to the anus of a youuijer brothti,
to distin"nisli him from llie eldest.
LABI'.NT, «. [from /dbuy, to ijlide, Lat.] falling, {jlidiiig,
s'ippinjj, passing away.
L.-^'BLAI,, n.\t'om labium, tbe lip, Lat.] expressed by the
lips, applied to letters.
LA BIATI-2D, a. [from labhim, the lip, Lat.] tormed with
or !Knir);;lips.
LA'BIOOENTAL, a. [from labium, the lij), and rf. ii«, a
tooth, Lat.] in grammar, tormed or pronounced by the co-
operation ofthe lips and teeth, as the /and i'.
LA'BORATOKY, s. [kboratoire, Fr.] the place where
a cl'.eniiit performs his operations. In an hospital, a pia^ e
where chemical medicines are made. In a camp, the tint
where the engineers or fireworkers prepare their works.
LA'BORIOUS, a. [from labor, labour, Lat.] diligent,
assiduous and indefatiijable ; tiresome; fatiguing.
LABORIOUSLY, W.with labour, toil, or fatigue.
LABO'RIOUSNESS, s. the quality of requiring great la-
bour, or eR\ising fatigue ; diligence ; assiduity.
LA'BOL'R,(the h is usually dropped in pronunciation in
this word and its derivatives, as labiir, Ac.) s. [labor, Lat.]
the act of performing something which requires an exertion
of strength, or tiresome perseverance ; pains ; toil ; work ;
exercise ; travail, or the state of pain and anguish a woman
is in previous to her being delivered of a child.
To LA'BOUR, V. H. [laburv, Lat.] to toil ; to exert strength
in the performance of any thing ; to do work, or take pains.
Figuratively, to move with difliculty. To be oppressed.
To be in a state of pain and agony previous to childbirth.
To prosecute with great pains.
LABOURER, *. [labum-ear, Fr.J one who is employed in
coarse and toilsome work ; the person who carries mortar,
bricks, &:c. to builders ; one who exerts much strengtii.
LA'BOURSOME, a. done with great exertion of strength.
LABRADOR, an extensive comitry to the E. of Hud-
son's Bay, in N. America. The climate even about Hay's
River, in only Lat. 57. N. is excessively cold during winter.
The snows begin to fall in October, and continue falling, by
intervals, the whole winter; and, when the frost is most
vigorous, in form ofthe finest sand. The ice on the rivers
is then eiglst feet thick ; port wine freezes in a solid mass;
brandy coagulates ; and the very breath fallson the blankets
of a bed in the form of a hoar frost. The sun rises ip the
shortest day at five minutes past nine, and sets five minutes
before three ; in the longest, it rises at three, and sets about
nine. The ice begins to disapiiear in May, and hot wea-
ther' commences al)oul the middle of .lunc, which, at times,
is so violent, as to scorch ihc faces of the hunters. The ani-
mals in these countries are, the moose-deers, stags, rein-
deers, bears, tigers, bufl'aloes, wolves, foxes, beavers, otters,
lynxes, martens, squirrels, ermines, wild cats, and hares.
The feathered kinds are geese, bustards, ducks, partridges,
and all kinds of wild fowl. Their fish are whales, morses,
icals, cod (ish, and a white fish i)referrable to herrings ; and,
.n llieir rivers and fresh waters, pike, perch, carp, and
trout. All the quadrupeds in these countries are clothed
with a close, soft, warui fur; and even the dogs and cats
from Britain, that have been carried into Hudson's Bay, on
the approach of winter have changed their appearance,
and aci|uired a nnich lojiger, softer, thicker coat of hair than
tliey originally had. In summer there is, as in other places,
% variety in the colour of the several animals ; when that
season is over, which holds only for three months, they all
assuini' the livery of winter, and every sort of beasts, and
mostoftlu'ir fowls, are of the colour of the snow : every
thing aniniale and inanimate is white. The cliniat<; is re-
markably heallln;, and few parts of the world produce bet-
633
ter furs. Tliere are several Moravian settlements on the K.
coast, the principal of which is Nain.
L.A'BRUS, i. iniththvology, a geimsof fishes, which hav«
remarkably thick pronuuent lips.
LA'BVRIN TH, *. [labi/rintlws, Gr.] a winding, mazy, awd
intricate walk in a gardt n.
LAC',*, [lacca, Lat.] a hard, red, brittle, transparent sub-
stance, paitakiug of a middle nature between that of a ^;ui;i
and a resin, supposed to be the comb of an insect reseml)i l>5
an ant; it is brought fVum Malabar, Bengal, and I'iuh,
and used in dyin'- sci.rlel, in painting, in making seahi g-
wax, cVc. There is also a white lac which is brought fi< v;i
the East Indies, and has a resemblance to bees' wax. L'its
the fijrmer it is the work of an insect. It is from the wiii!»
lac that till- laccicacid is extracted.
LACCIC, «. in clieiiuslry, belonging to lac.
LACE,*, [tfictt, I'r.l a string or lord ; a snare org:.:;
aplaited stnngwitli which women fasten their slays or bo-
4lices ; a web of tlireud, or gold mid silvti, curiouslj WCVC!',
and used as ornauienis in dress.
To LACE, D. a. to fasten with a plaited string runniiij;
through eyelet-holes ; to adorn with gold, silver, or thrt a J
webs, curiously wrought. Figuratively, to embellish w.;lii
ornaments of dillerent colours.
LA'CEMAN, i. one who deals in laee.
LA'CERABLE,fl. liable to be torn.
To LA'CER.\TE, v. a. [laccro, Lat.] to tear, rend, or
separate by violence.
LACERATION,*, the act of tearing orrendiug; abreaeli
made by tearing.
LA'CERATIVE, «. tearing ; having the power of tearinjf
LA'CERTA, in astronomy, the lizard, a constellation of
the northern hemisphere.
LACHE'SIS, (Lukesis) s. one of the three destinies ; lh«
others bein" Clothoand Atropos.
LA'CHRYMAL, {lalirt/mal) a. [Fr. from ladn-yma, a tear,
Lat.] producing or containing tears.
LA'CHRYMARY, Qah-ymanj) «. {iiomlachryma,A tear,
Lat.] containing tears.
LA'CHRYAIATORIES, {lichrymalories) s. [lachyme,-
toircs, Fr.] vessels in which the antients saved the tear*
ofsiirviving friends and relations, to the honour ofthe dead.
To LACK, V. a. yiaeclicii, to lessen, Belg.J to want ; to b*
without; to be deficient or wanting.
Lack, *. want ; defect ; failure ; need. Both the verb
and noun are almost obsolete. In India, a quantity of
money: A ^nc/tof rupees.
LA CKBRAIN, *.one that wants wit.
LA'CKER, *. a kind of varnish, which, when spread on «
white surface, appears of a golden colour.
To LA'CKER, V. a. tosmcar over with lacker.
LA'CKEY, s. [laqunis, Fr.J a foot boy.
To LA'CKEY, v. a. to attend as a servant ; to wait upon
as a footboy. To wait upon in a servile manner.
LACO'NIC, a. [laconiriis, Lat. from Lacenes, the Spar-
tans, who used few words] short ; concise; brief; expressed
in few words.
LACO'NIC ALLY, ad. in a brief or concise manner.
LA'CONI.SM, or LACONICISM, *. [from Lacon, a
Lacedaemonian, Lat. because the Lacedaemonians werr
accustomed to express themselves briefly.] a concise style,
expressing much in few words.
LA'CTAR Y, *. [fiom lac, milk, Lat.] milky ; full of juiti*
resembling milk.
LA'CTARY, *. [from he, milk, Lat.] a dairy house.
L.VCTATES, *. in chemistry, salts formed by the com.
binalion of anv base with lactic acid.
LACTATION, *. [from /ac, milk, Lat.] in medicine, tli#
act or time of giving suck.
LA'CTEAL, a. [from /«(•, milk, Lat.] in anatomy, conveying
the chvle, ajuice resembling milk.
LA'CTEAL, s. in anatomy, the vessel that conveys th«t
milky juice called chyle.
LA M
LAM
J.\'C'rl'X>l'3, «. [fro.n !.u; milk, I.;it.J milky; I-.k'Ic;;] ;
C<Hivc\iii^' till' iiiilkv juii'i" ciillt'd cli\ ic.
LACl'K'.SC^KNCK s. [fnnii /"<•, milk, Liit.J IciKkiic-y to
lui'ii iiild 1) li(|ui>i' like milk.
J> ACrK'SCICNT, a. [from /«<■, inilk, Lilt.] producing milk
04- ;i uliilc juice.
LA'CTIC, (I. iiichymistry, beloiigiiii; to milk.
LACTl't'T^ROUS, rt. [from /«(', milk, iiiid/tro, to bear,
Lat.J in aiiiitoiiiy, coiiveyiiigor i)iiR.i;iii;j milk.
LAO, .5. [ii'iicie, Siix.] n lioy, or sliipliiiS) in familiar lan-
guage ami |iastoial poetry.
L\I)I)EU, s. [/ildilir, Sax] a frame made vitli two
wpi'inlit pieces, crossed vvilh olliers at proper distaiicos,
wliiili seive as slciis ; any thing by wliicli one climbs; a
^railiial lise.
LAD I'',, «. [from the Sax. /«*, a pnrsins or discliarijin.;;]
in coiiiposilion, implies the nioiilli of a river, l)y wliitli its
wafers are discharged either into a ;;roat river or the sea.
ToI^AOl", II. a. prcter. and part, passive hided or /ndm ;
[/ilndiii. Sax. it is conunonly writlen land] to put a burden
npon a beast ; to biirtlen. To freight, applied to a sliip.
To heave out, or throw oof.
LA'DIF.Sf^lNGKR, in bolanv, the kidnev-vctch.
LA'UllvSMANTLE, s. in botany, a plant, of which three
are natives in England.
L.\I)L\'(;, s. the burden, carffo, orfrcijjht of sliips.
LA'DFJ'"/, s. [Idwdle, Sax.] a larjje spoon ; a vessel with
a loiif; handle, used to take liquor out of a pot, Ac. The
receptacles of a mill-wheel, into which the water falling,
turns it.
LA'BRONE, or jMarian Islands, islands of the N.
Pacific Ocean, about 1800 miles E. of Canton in China, and
occuiiyinj; a space of 150 leajjues in extent. They are said
to be \C) in number, exclusive of the small islets and rocks,
and contain, besides other fruits natural to the soil and cli-
mate, that extraordinary and us<'ful plant, the bread-fruit
tree, which was first discoxered here. Tli-e names o-f the
principal islands are Guam, Say pan, Tinian, and Kola.
LADY, s. [/ihefdig, Sax.] a won'ian of rank, the title
beloufjins properly to the wives of knights, and all degrees
above them, and to the daughters of earls ; at present used
ds a ceremonious or respectful expression to women that
Uress tolerablv.
LADY BlllD, LADY-COW, LADY-FLY, s. a small
round insect with wings in a sheath, which is of a reddish
colour spotted with black.
LADY-DAY, s. the festival of the Annunciation of the
Blessed Virgin, kept on the '25th of March.
LA'DY-LIKE, a. resembling a person of delicate breed-
ing and constitution; soft; delicate.
LA'DY-SEAF>, s. a ))lant with heart-shaped undivided
leaves, greenish blossoms, and red berries ; the same with
the black brvony.
LA'DYSHIP,s.thelitleofa lady. '
LAG, a. [hifg; the end, Swed.l that is behind, at the latter
end, or falls short ; sluggish ; slow in motion ; last or long
delayed.
LAG, s. the lowest class; he that comes last or stays
behind.
ToL.4G, V. a. to loiter, or move slowly ; to stay behind,
•r not come in.
LA'GGER, s. a loiterer, or one who moves but slowly.
LAHORE, a provincein Hindoostan Propcr,often called
Panjab, and bounded on the W. by Cabul and Candahar,
on iheN. by Cachemire, on the K. and .S. E. by Sirinagur
and Delhi, and on the S. by Moultan. It is near 300 miles
in length from E. to \V. and about 100 miles from N. to S.
The soil is remarkably fertile, abounding in rice, corn,
vines, sugars, cotton, wool, and fruits of every kind. In the
tract between the Indus and the Behat are salt-springs,
wonderfully productive, and afiording fragments of rocK-
muh, hard enough to be formed into vessels, &c. The
capital of the same name is a place of high antiquity and
was the residence of the Mahometan conquerors before
tliey esial/liilied fhe/nselvcs in the contial parfj of (lit
CDUiiliv. It is ni/w the capital of the Seiks, a new power
wliii.-,e name even as a >etl, was hardly known till the rapid
deeline of the Mogul's empire, in the present c^-iiluryi
lii re ihey have exl<'nsive mauur<ielures of cotton cloths,
auil stutis of all kinds, and they make very curious carpels.
It is situated on the S, bank of the Rauvee, U80 miles N. by
W. of Delhi, and 420 E. of Candahar. Lat. 31. lO.X. Ion.
72. 48. i:.
LAICAL, a. \litiiins, from hos, peojilc, Gr.'\ belonging to
the people, oppoie<l to the clergy.
i-i.\\\),p(irt. prclir. n!' Lay.
LAIN, iitirt. prcter. of LlE.
LAIR, s. \l(ii, a wild beast or forest, Fr.l the coucli of 4
boar or wild beast; the daily ha! hour for deer ; aUo a shel-
ter for t'attle to rest in.
LAIRD, s. \hlufurd, .Sax] the lord of a manor, in tlif
Scottish dialect.
L\\ FY, s. \ltt(ts, Gr.J the people distinguished from the
clergy ; the state of a layman.
LAK!''/, i. [/ac, Fr. liiciis, Lat.] a large collection of wa-
ters Inclosed m some inland places. Figuratively, a small
plash fif water. In painting, a middle colour between ul-
tramarine and vernnlion. It is made of cochineal.
LA'KEWEED, j-. a plant; the same with the arsesmart.
LAMA, the title of an or<ler of priests among the western
Tartars on the frontiers of China, who are held in great
veneration. The g'and lama or Dalai lama is not only the
chief priest but king of Tliibet and is regarded as an incar-
nation of the Deity.
LAMB, (the h is mute) i.lSax. and Goth.] the young of
sheep. Inscripture, typically applied to our Lordand Sa-
viour, who is called \he Lamb of Gvd.
LA'MBATIVE,n. [from himbo, to lick, Lat. J to be taken
by licking. Substantively, a medicine taken by licking witli
the tongue.
LA.MBOID.AL, a. [from lamlda, a Greek letter, and
eidos, form, Gr.] having the form or shape of the Greek letter
A lambda.
LA'MBENT, a. [from lambo; to tick, Lat.] gliding about ;
playing about, or upon, w itliout doing any harm.
LA'MBI')TH,a village of Surry, on the Thames, opposit*
Westminster. By the vast increase of buildings, it is now
joined to the metropolis, in a direction to each of the three
bridges. Lambeth palace, in w hich the archbishops of Can-
terbury have resided ever since the year 1109, contains
stately and magnificcul apai tments ; its gallery is well fur-
nished with the portiaits of all the archbishops, and other
eminent personages ; and its noble library is filled with MSS.
of great \alue.
LA'MBKIN,*. a little lamb.
LAM BORN, a town in Berks, seated on a small river of
the same name, (which is remarkable for being high in the
sunnner and low in the winter, and falls into the Kennet
below Newbury,) 7 miles N. of Hungerford, and C8 W. of
London. Market on Friday. /
LA MBSLETTUCE,*. a species of valerian.
LA'M RSWOOL, s. a mixture of ale and roasted apples.
LAME, a. \laam, Sax. /am, Belg.] crippled or disabled in
the limbs ; walking in a hobhliiig manner. Figuratively, not
smooth, or not having its due quantity of fe<;t, applied to
verse. Imperfect; unsatisfactory. "A /ome excuse."
To LAME, D. o. to deprive of the use of a limb, either
by a blow or bv accident.
LAME'LL.^, s. ILat.J little thin plates, whereof tl-.e
scales or shells of fishes are composed ; also thin plates of
brass used in making tovsaiul nicknacks.
LA'MELLATED, a." [from lamella, a thin plate, LaLj
covered with thin plates or films.
LA'MELY, flrf. like a cripple ; not being able to wait
without hobbling; imperfectly; in a defective raatmer.
LAMENESS, s. the state of a person who cannot mak«
a perfect use of his legs or other iiuibs. Figuratively, iin.
perfection ; weakoesi.
433
L A N
LAN
To LAMENT, v. a. \lamentui, Lat.] lo express sorrow for
ariv loss. Neuterly, to iiiourii.
LAiVlE'NT, *. sorrow expressed so as lo be heard : grief
uttered in couiplaiiits iuid cries.
LA'MENTABLE, a. [from iamentor, to lament, L;it.] to
be lamented ; cauiinj; sorrow ; mouriit'ul ; sad ; expressive
of sorrow; miserable, pitiful, or despicable.
LA'MENTABLV, «'/. in a manner wliicli expresses or
causes sorrow ; in a pitiful or despicable manner.
LAMENTA TION, s. [from Iamentor, io lamerjt, Lat.] ex-
jjression of sorrow ; audible j^rief. In the plural, a canon-
ical book of the Old Testament, written by Jereuiiali.
LAME'NTEU, j. one wIk) expresses sorrow for the Loss
of any person or thing in such a manner as may be heard.
LA'MENTINE, s. a fish called a sea-cow or manatee,
vliich is neaily twenty feet liin^', the head resenib'iii,' llial of
i» cow, and two short feet, with w hich it creeps on the shal-
lows and rocks to get food ; but has no fins; llic ilesli is
commonly eaten.
LA'M1N.\, i. [f-,at.] a thin plate, applied to substances
which consist of scales, or one coat laid over another.
LA'iMINATED, a. plated, applied to bodies consisting
cf parts resembling thin plates lying one over anolher.
To LAMiNL "• "• to beat soundly with a cudgel.
LA'MjMAS, s. [so called, according to Skinner, because
lambs then grow out of season ; according to Somner, from
loafmus, because our forefathers made an otlering of bread
made of new wheat on this day. Johnson supposes it nuiy
be corrupted from Inttermath ; and Ur. Bernard, that it is
likewise a corruption of latnws, a sumaicr festival] the first
day of August.
Lamp, «. \lampc, Fr.] a light made of oil and a wick.
Figuratively, any kind of light, whclher real or meta-
phorical.
LA'MPASS, s. \lam])as, Fr.] a lump of flesh about the size
•fa nutmeg, which arises in the roof of u horse's mouth be-
tween his teeth.
LA'MFBLACK, (IdmHitch) s. a black powder, made by
holding a lamp or torch under tl;e bottom of a baaon, and
striking the fur into some receplucle beneath with a
feather.
LA'MPING, a. [from lumpa, to shine, Gr.j shin'ng; spark-
ling. Obsolete. " Those hmiiing eyes will deign some-
times to look." Spenser.
L.\.MPOO'N, i. [Bailey derives it from lampoiis,'a drunken
song. It imports, Lrl its iln»l<, from the old French lumper ;
and was repeated at the end of each couplet at carousalsj
a personal satire, or severe censure, written purely to uiaLe
a |>erson uneasy.
To LAMPOO'N, t). a. to abuse with personal satire.
LAMPOO'NER, *. one who abuses with personal
satire.
LA'MPREY, I. \lampriye, Belg.] a well-known fish in
Gloucestershire, though caught in other places. It some-
what resembles an eel, but is of superior delicacy and lia-
Tour. March, April, and May, are the seasons for them.
LA'MPKON, ».u kind of sea-fish.
LA'NCASHIBE, a county of England, bounded on the
W. by the Irish .Sea, on the N. by Cumberland and \Ve>t-
moreland, oi» llio E. by Yorkshire, aud on the S. by (,'lie-
•liiro. It is 74 miles from N. to S. (including a detached
hundred on the north-west, called Funiess, which is sepa-
rated from the rest by a creek, at the head of Morecaud)e
Rayi and from \h to 44 in its greatest breadth. It is di-
vkfed into 6 bumlreds, which contain '2(\ market towns, 02
parishes, 8»4 villages, about 43,0(X) houses, and 2(il>,0i)i)
Inhabitants. The air, in general, is vi-ry healthful, the in-
Itabitant.'! Wt'mg to a great age. This county comprises a va-
riety of soil ami face of country ; but, upon the whole, it is
one ol those which are the least favoure<l asi to nattu'ai ail-
vanlages, a prof)<'of which is the antient thinness <>t its po-
piitution, s!i»-wr) by the very small number of parishes into
wliioh it is dividi'd. The buiuire<J of Furness is a wild aud
rM<;ged region, stored with (piantilies of iron ore aud slalv,
ati
and covered with a growth of underwood, ivhich is cut in
successio;;, and made int.; charcoal for ilie use of iron fur-
naces. The eastern pari of the county between the Kibble
and the Mersey, comprising the antient forests of Wy res-
dale and Bow land, is mountainous, and generally barren;
but the southern part of this tract between these two rivers
is fiat, ([uite from the sea to the commencement of the ridge
called Blatkstone-edge, that separates this county from Yoru-
shire. Much of this is a fertile country, though occasionally
deformed by the black lurf bogs, here called mosses, some
of which are of large extent, and absolutely impassable in
wet seasons. In the north east part of this division, are some
lofty hills, the most noted of which isPendle Hill. There
niainiug part is varied with hill, dale, and moor. The na
tural products of this county are of little consequence, ex-
cept the coal and turf with which its southern parts abound.
Of the former is a species, called cannel, far exceeding all
other, not only in making a clear fire, but for being capabl«
of being manufactured into candlesticks, cups, standi^he!,
snulf-boxes, Ac. anil of being polished, so as to represent a
beautiful black marble. Laneaslnre is little adapted for a
corn counti y , not only, in many parts, from the nature of its
soil, but from the remarkable wetness of its climate ; the
land, however, is singularly fitted for the growth of the po-
tatoe. All the rivers atlord salmon ; and the Mersey is visit-
ed by annual shoals of smelts, here called sparlings, of re-
markable size and flavour. As a commercial and manufac-
turing comity, 'Laiuashire is distinguished beyond iiir)bt
others in the kingdom. Its principal manufactures are linen,
silk, and cotton goods; fustians, counterpanes, shalloons,
beys, serges, tapes, small wares, hats, sail clotii, sacking,
pins, iron goods, cast plate glass, &:c. Of the commerce of
this county, it may suHice to observe, that Liverpool is no\T
the second port in the united kingdom. The principal
rivers are the Mersey, Irwell, Ribble, Lune, Leveii, Wyre,
Hodder, Roche, Duddon, Winster, Ken, and Caldcr, and it
has two considerable lakes, Winandermere, and Coniston
Water. Lancaster is the county town.
LANC.VSTER, the county town of Lancashire, is an an-
tient, well built, and improving town, containing about
UGO houses, and ICOO families. On the summit of a hiif
stands the castle, which is not antient, but large and strong,
and now serves both ^s the shire house and the county-gaol.
On the top of this castle is a square tower, called John of
Gaunt's Chair, where there is a fine prospect of the moiiu-
taini of Cumberland, and of the course of the Lune ; the
view towards the sea extending to the Isle of [Man. The
town hall is a handsome structure. Lancaster carries ou
some foreign trade, especially lo the West Indies, America,
and the Baltic. The exports are hardware, woollen goods,
candles, and cabinet work, for the making of which last it is
noted; and it has also a manufacture of sail-cloth. Ir is
seated on the river Lune, which here forms a port for vcsseli
of moderate size, anil over which it has a new stone bridge
of five elliptical arches, 66 miles S. of Carlisle, and 2;J5 N»
N. W. of London. Lat. 61. 4. N. Ion. 2. 50. W. Market*
on Wednesday and .'Saturday, and one on every other Wedr
Desday for cattle.
LANDATF, a smalltown of GJamorgansIiirc, seated nn
an ascent of the river Tale, nearCardiif; hut the cathe-
dral, a large stalely building, stands on low ground. It is a
place of good trade, but has no market, and is 30 miles N.
W. of Bristol, and IGti W. of London.
LANCE, s. [laacr, Fr. Iniuea, Lat.l a spear borne in the.
hand, and somewhat nsembling the half pike.
To LANCE, V. a. to pierce or cut. In surgery, to open a
wound with a lancet, <i:c.
LANCEPESADI',, «. [Zffiiivs/»;rrn<c, Fr.l (he oflncer under
the corporal: not now iu use among us. " .\rm'd like a
dapper lamrnt:saih." Cltmilaiiil.
LA'NCE'I, t.\lau<i:iLe, Fr.J a line small surgeon''; knife or
instrument, straight pointed, two edged, aud usei.' in npcu-
iii^ veins, <.Ve.
LAN-
LAN
To LANCII.Ccorniplly written Immrh) v.n. [lancer, Fr.] to
Itirow like a iiivcliii. To ttart orllirow.
LAND, «. [Sax. and (iulli.] a country. Eailli, opposed
to Hater. The ground or smi'acc of a place. Dscd in the
plural for an estate consistiny; in land. I'ijjiinitively, a nation
ur people.
To LAND, V, a. to set on shore from a ship or other tes-
sol. Neuterly, to come to shore from a ship or other
vessel.
LA'NDRD.'d. set on shore from a ship; having a fortune
consistin<;in lands.
LA'NDFALL, (/oHif/"""/) s. in law, a sudden translation of
properly in lands l.»y. the death of a person. Among mari-
ners, the action of falling; in with the land.
LA'ND-FLOOl), s. an ininidation or overflowing of land.
LA'ND FORCES, s.forcesorsokliersused on land.
LA'NDHOLDER, f. one whose fortune consists in
land.
LA'NDJOBBER, s. one who deals in huynij? or selling;
lands.
LA'NDGRAVE, ,t. [landgrnff; Teut.] a German title of
dominion.
LANDING, or LANDING-PLACE, *. the uppeniiost
step of a pair of stairs, or the floor of a room you ascend
upon ; a place where persons come on shore from a ship or
boat.
LANDLADY, i. a woman who has tenants holding hu-
derher; the miiitressof a public house.
LA;NnLESS", (I. wifhoutprooertv.
LANDLOCKED, a. shut in"or inclosed with land.
LA'NDLOPER, s. \/a,td ami loope,,, Bel';.] a landninn :
used by seamen as ;\ term of reproach to those who pais
their lives on shore.
LANDLORD, s. an owner of lands and houses, who has
ten;inls iiniler him ; the master of a public-house.
LA'NDMARK, i. any thiny; set up to preserve and mark
the boundaries of lands.
LA'NDSCAPE, s. [landschapc, Belg.] the view or pros-
pect (if a country. In painting, a piece representing some
rural or champaign subject, such as hills, vales, rivers,
seats, &c.
LAND'S-E'ND, a promontory of Cornwall, the most wes-
terly point of Great Britain, and a vast aggregate of moor-
stone. Lat. 50. G. N. Ion. 5. 40. W.
LA'ND-TAX, s. a tax laid upon lands and houses.
LA'N D- WAITER, s. an officer of the custoni-honse, set
to watch goods, to prevent their being lauded without pay-
ing dutv.
LA'NDWARD.nrf. towards the land.
LANE, f. [/rtHrt, Sax.J a narrow way between hedges. In
cities, a narrow pasaage with houses on each side, somewhat
broader than ai\ alley, and not so wide as a street.
LANF/RKSHIRE) a coimty of Scotland, bounded on the
N. and N. E. by the counties of Duudiarton, Stirling, Lin-
lithgow, and Edinburgh ; on the E. by the counties of Pee-
bles and Dumfries ; on tlie S. by Dumfriesshire ; and on the
W. by the shires of Ayr and Renfrew. Its extent, from N.
to S. is about 10 miles, and its mean breadth about 22. The
southern part of this county is generally called Clydesdale.
The river Clyde divides this county into two equal parts,
called the shire ol lanerk and the baiony of Glasgow; the
ona hilly, heathy, and fit for pastures; and the other level,
and proper for corn. It abounds with coal and lime stones ;
lias some lead mines, and quarries of lapis lazuli. The prin-
cipal rivers are the Clyde, Annan, and Tweed.
LANE'RK, a borcugli town in Scotland, in the co\)nty of
Clydesdale, seated near the river Clyde, 9 miles S. >V. of
Hamihon, and -JO S Fi. of Glasgow.
LA'NCPORT, a well-freqiiented town of Somersetshire,
seated on a hill, on the river Parrot, which is navigable for
large coal-barges, Ac. to Bridgewater, 10 miles S. E. of
Efidgeuater, ard 12S W. by S. of London. In frosty wea-
ther, eils are taken in vast numbers, out of the holes in the
banks of its river. Market on Saturday.
LA'NGUAGE, (the u before the a, e,i, d, in thii and l!i»
following words, is pronounced like u- ; as lunf^ira^r., Itn-
guid, ld)i«-iror, \-c.) s. [hnif^n^e, Fr. lingiia, ImI.\ h set of
words agreed upon by any peculiar people, to (ommunicafe
their thoughts with ; style ; peculiar manner of expie»-
sion.
LA'NGUAGED, a. having various languages. " Many
/an^Hog-V/nations." Pope.
LA'NCiUAGE-MASTER, i. now written matter „f /«•>.
gna^es ; [from tniiilrcs dcs Iniigfies, Fr.] one who professes tu
teach languages.
L-A'NCjUI'.IJOC, a ci devant province in the S. of France,
bounded on the E. by the Rhone, and on the S. by Roussi-
loii and the Mediterranean, and on the W. by Gascony.
The land is, in general, very fertile in grain, fVuils, and wine.
Toulouse was the capital of I'liper, and Montpellier of
Lower Languedoc. It is now divided into 7 departments ;
the Ardesche, Lozere, (iard, Ilerault, Tarn, Upper Ga-
ronne, and Aude.
LA'NGUET, s. [laiiguette, Fr.Jany tiling cut in the form
of a tongue.
LANGUID, a. [from lav^uco, to languish, Lat.] wanting
force, strength, or spirits. Figuratively, dull ; heartless ;
wanting courage.
LA'NGUIDLY, ad. in a weak or feeble manner.
LA'NfjUIDNESS, .«. the cpiality or state of wantiug
strength, courage, or spirits.
To LANGUISH, 1. ;i. [/rt«gHfo, Lat.] to grow feeble; to
pine away; to lose spirits] or strength ; to lose vigour ; tu
be dejected, or to sink and pine under sorrow, or any slow
consuming passion ; to look at with melting afi'ection, soft-
ness, anfl tenderness.
LA'NGUISH, f. any soft, tenrler, weak, or feeble appear-
ance.
LA'NGUISHINGLY, «rf. wciKly ; feebly; with feeble
tenderness. Dully, tediously, applied to time.
LA'NGUISHMENT, s. the slate of pining either witJ*
some slow passion or disease ; a soft and inciting look of
tenderness.
LA'NCiUOR, s. [languor, Lat.] in medicine, a faintness
arising from want or decay of spnits.
LA'N,FAN, a city of Asia, capital of the kingdom of Laos,
or, at least, of the southern division. It is the usual resi-
dence of the king, whose palace appears like a city, from its
vast extent, and the number of people who inhabit it. I'lie
houses of the grandees are very high and elegant, well con-
trived and ornamented, but those of inferior condition are
no better than huts. The priests alone have the privilege
of building their houses and convents with brick or stone.
It is si.tuated on the W. side of the river Mecon, in lat. Hi.
30. N. Ion. 101. 15. E.
To LA'Nl ATE, v. a. [Imdo, Lat.] to tear in pieces ; to la-
cerate.
LA'NIFtCE, J. [from hnn, wool, and/mio, to make, Lat }
woollen manufacture. " The moth brecdeth upon clotli aMi
other Imiifices." Bacon.
LANIGEROUS, a. [from lanu, wool, and gero, to bear,
Lat. I bearing wool.
LANK, a. [lanckc, Belg.] loose; limber; 'wanting stifT-
ness ; not curled, but hanging straight, applied to hair.
Meagre; slender. Faint or lan^'uid.
LA'NKNESS, s. the quality or state of being thin, mea.
gre, or slender. The quality of hanging down straight witl«
out curls, applied to hair.
LA'NNKR, s. [lanie); Fr.J a species of hawk.
LANSQUENET, *. [Belg.] a German foot-soldier. A
game at cards.
LA'NTERN, (erroneously written lanthorn) s. [lanterne,
Fr.] a transparent case in which a candle or other light may-
be carrie<l abmit ; a light house, or light hung out to guide
ships. j\ diuh Idiiiern is a lantern lilted with a moveable
slider, which, bv being turned round, intercepts the light of
the candle. Magic lanlern, in optics, is a machine, whirl',
in a darkened room, reprcicuts various fiiiurcs on a huU
.'■.;t:>
LAP
L A R
Lanterii jaws, a term used to express a meagre coantcuance.
LAN (J'GI NOUS, a. \ (torn lanugo, down, Lat.l downy;
covered with soft liair.
I^A'OS, a kingdom of Asia, bounded on tlie W. by Slam
aiid Ava, on ttie N. by Chin;i, on tlie E. by Tonquin and
Cothin China, and on tlie 8. by Cambodia. The whole re-
gion is crossed from N. to S. by one large river, called the
Mecon, into which descend an infinite number of rivulets,
that render the soil very fruitful, assisted by canals. Lan-
jnn is tlie capital.
LAP, s. \lappe, Sax.] the loose part of a garment, which
may be doubled at pleasure : that part of the clothes that is
sprea<l over the thighs as a person sits down, and will hold
siiy thing laid on it, without letting it roll off; that part of
the body which is parallel to liie seat of a chair when a per-
son sits down.
To LAP, V. a. to wrap or twist round any thing, used with
rnmiil, iv.,ox ahout ; to cover, wrap, or involve in any thing.
Neuterly, to bespread so as to double over.
To LAP, t). n. [lappian, Sax.] to drink by licking up with
the lonyue.
LA'POOG, i. a little dog, so called because indulged by
the ladies to lie in their laps.
L.ATFUL, J. as much as can bo contained in the lap.
LA PICIDE, s. [from lupis, a stone, and cado, to cut, Lat.]
a stone-cutter.
L\'P\D AMY, s.[!apidaire, Fr.] one who cuts ordeals in
precious stones.
i.APl'DLOUS, a. [from /«;;(>, a stone, Lat.] stony ; of the
nulure of- stone.
LAPIDE'SCKNCE, J. [from hpis. a stone, Lat.J a stony
cor.crction.
• LAPIDESCENT, a. [from /a;.w, a stone, Lat.] growing
or turning to stone.
LAPiOrFlC, 1. \!apit!!fif/iie, Fr.] forming stones.
LAPIDIFICATION, s. [hpklijiicatwn, Fr.J the act of
forming stones.
LA'Pl DIST, s. [from lapis, a stone, Lat.] one that deals ia
precious stones.
LA'PIS, s. [Lat.] a stone. Lapis Bonmnensis, is a par-
ticular species of stoue found in Bolonia, which shijiis in
iJie dark, l.apis Caliminaris, \\\t. otc i>( z\nc. Lapis Inf'cr-
nnlis, an artiiicial caustic stone. Lnpis Lazuli, or azure
stone, is a copper ore, so hard and compact as to lal;c a
high p<)li^!l, and is worked into a great variety of toys.
It is found ill detached lumps, of an elegant blue coidur,
Variegated with clouds of «liite, and veins of a siiiniug
;;old colour : to it the painkrs are indebted for lluir
benuliful ultramarine colour, which is only a calcination
of it.
LAPLAND, a large country, in the N. part of Europe,
and in Scivmliiuivia, lying bet" reii Norway, Sweden, Hussia,
and the sea. It is divided into Danish, or North Lapland ;
Swedish, or Smitli i>apland ; and Russian or I'.ast l-.apland ;
It is extremely cohl, and in some places they never see the
iuu for three months in the year ; and the country is all cover-
ed will) snow the greatest part of the year. Ilhas, properly
speaking, neither spring nor autumn, the seasons change so
suddenly. The sky is generally serene, and the air healthy,
it being subject almost to conlinnal wind.'i. They sow no
corn, but have good pastures, which fatten llu-ir cattle
speedily. This coiHitiy ii full of loiks anil mouulaius ; and
llie principal animals arefoN-<'>i, martens, bears, elks, wolves,
I astor.-', ermines, and rein deer. The last is the most usi'ful
animal llir< have ; for it serves lodrawthe sledges over the
tnow with surprising swiftness; likewise the skin serves
them for clothing, and their (lesli for forxl. Their h4its are
made hiIIi poles, about It feet high, and ihcy bx one end
in the cailli in a circle, about 12 feet broad. These poles
meet at I lie top, and form a soi t of cone ; and the oulsides
are covered with the skins of rein-ilecr and rags ; lliey are
open al the lop. |o let out the smoke : and heie lliey pa-i
Iheir winter. I'liey are very pool Iv clad, and oCleii lie iipiiii
ihe snow. When iliey have a niiiid to change llieir liabila-
tinns, they takeaway the skins and rags, and leiuv the poles
standing. Their cliief merchandises are tified cod, and
other fish, and the skins of reindeer : they have also soute
furs. They are of a short stature, with a large head, broad
forehead, blue eyes, broad flat noses, and short, straight,
coarse, black hair. They are a rude, brutal sort of people,
though soine of tlienr have embraced Christianity, which
has not mended their morals. They live a great while
without the assistance of physicians, and their hair never
turns gray. Instead of bread, they make use of dried fish,
which they reduce to powder. They ijie very fond of spi-
rituous liquors, and are never sober when they can purchase
them. They seldom stay long in one place, but rove about
conliiuially, leaving the poles of their Jiuts standiu,'.', as was
before observed.
J.1ATPER, s. one who wriips or laps up ; one who laps
or licks.
LATPET, s. (a diminutive of lap) the part of a head
dress that hangs loose.
LAPSE, s. [lapsus, from labor, to glide, Lat.J a flow or
fall of water from a higher place. Figuratively, a small
error or mistake. In law, a benetice is said to be in lapse,
when the patron, who ought to present thereto in six
months after it is voidable, omits doing it in that time,
upon which the bishop or ordinary has the right of pre-
seiilalion.
To LAPSE, V. n. to glide slowly ; to fall by degrees.
"To lapse into the barbarity of the northern nations." Suifl.
To fail in any thing ; to slip ; to be guilty of a small or tri
vial fault through niadverteiicy or mistake. To lose or let
slip the proper time. To fall by the negligence of one pos-
sessor to another. "It /n",)i'ii- to the king." Ayliffe. To fall
from perfection, truth, or I'aitli.
LATSIDED, n. the stale of a ship built in such a mannei
as to have one side heavier llian the other, ami consequently
to retain a constant heel or Iciuieiicy luwaids the heavici
side, uulosswiien she is bronght upright by placing a greatej
quantity of llio cargo or ballast on the other side.
LA'PWING, s. a claniarous bird, so named from th«
length and lapping of the wings.
LA'PWORK, s. work in which one part is lapped or folded
over another.
LAR, a town of Persia, capital of the province ofLaristan.
It has a considerable manufacture of silk ; and its tenitory
abounds in oranges, dales, and very large tamarinds At
(he foot of a uiouiilain near Ihe city, is found Ihe substance
called uiiiiumv. Lat. 27. .'W. N. loll. 65. -4.5. E.
LA KBOARD, (/uhurrl)s. the lefi-liand side ofa ship, when
you slaiid with jour face towards the head ; opposed to
the starboard.
LA'RCENV, s. \tarcin, Fr.] Ihe felonious taking away
a person's goods in his absence. Great /r/ireiii/, is when the
goodsareabove Ihe value of I2d. Petli/ larceni/ is when tlis
value of Ihe goods stolen does not amount to 12(1.
LAUCH-TREE, s. [so called from Laissa, a city of Thes-
saly, uliere it was first known] a lofty tree, bearing leaves
like those of the pine, and a -nrl (d' iiiusliro(uu ov (i nil called
agaric. The gum of this tree is Ihe Venice lu: iitiiliiie.
LARD, .t. [lardiim, Lat ] the gicase of swine; bacon, or
the llesli of swine.
To LARD, V. a. {larder, Fr.] to slntf with bacon. To make
fat. Fi^nnalively, to mix with something else by way of
improvement.
LARDER, s. [tardier, old, [Fr.] the room where" meat is
kepi or salted.
LA'RDI'"RER, s. one who has Ihe charge of the larder.
LAT.DON, s. Er.]a bit of baeoii.
LARl'.'i, fl.al.] certain domestic gods of the RomaiMi,
called also Penates, shaped like mimkies, or, as others say,
dogs, set in some privale place of the house, (u- in llie chim-
ney corner, which Ihe I'aiiiily lioii'Uiicd as their protectors,,
and oiVered to ihrin wiiii'aiid Iraiikiiieense.
LAIU.iE, a. {larp^us, Lai.] bulky, or ofgreal diiuensions ;
\viile (U- extensive; liberal, abundant, or pleiiliful. In u
LAS
LAT
diffusive manner, applied to style. " Debated at Urge."
Watts.
LA'RGI'^LY, ad. in a wide or extensive manner. In a
copious or diflusive niaiinor, applie<l to style. In a liberal
or bountiful manner, applied to giving. Abundantly, plen-
tifully, or without restraint.
LA'IIGKNESS, s. extent, bulk, or spaciousness, applied
to place. Greatness or elevation, applied to the mind. Ex-
tent or bulk, applied to things.
LA'RG loss, s. [largetse, Fr.l a present, gift, or bounty.
LA'llGO, s. ill music, signifies a slow movement, yet one
degree quicUer than Grave, and two than Adagio.
LAKIS'J'AN, a province of Persia, bounded on the N.
and 1'". by Kerman ; on the S. by the Persian gulf; and on
the W. by Farsistaii. It was formerly an mdependant
kingdom, under the descendants of Kosroes king of Persia.
The air is unwholesome, and water fit for use is very rare.
I'he principal trade of the inhabitants is in camels. Lar is
the capital.
LARK, i. \liiweree, Sax.] a small singing bird.
LA'RKSPUR, f. a llowcr, so called from its resembling
the spur of a lark.
LA'RMIER, s. [Fr.] in architecture, a flat, square, mas-
sive member of the cornice, between the cymatium and the
ovolo, so called from its use, which is to disperse water, and
cause it to fall at a distance from the wall, drop by drop, or
as it were by tears.
LA'RVM', s. the ghosts or spirits of wicked men, which,
after death, were believed to wander up and down the earth;
phantoms and apparitions that torment the wicked, and
affright good men.
LA'RVATED, a. [from /«i-iia, a mask, Lat.] masked ; aiso
frighted with imaginary spirits.
LA'RUM, «. [larwin, Brit.] any noise made to excite at-
tention, and give notice of danger ; a clock which makes a
Doiseat any particular hour to which its index is set.
LARYNGOTOMY, s. [from larynx, the larynx of the
tliroat, and teimw, to cut, Lat.] in surgery, an operation
where the fore part of the larynx is divided, to assist respi-
ration during large tumors in the upper parts, as in tne
quinsey.
LA'RYNX, s. [Gr.J in anatomy, the upper part of the
windpipe, which is one of the organs of respimtioil, as wpII
as the principal instrument of the voice.
LASCl'VIOUS, a. [lasciviis, Lat.] lewd ; wanton ; be-
having with too great liberty to the other sex ; soft ; effe-
minate.
LASCIVIOUSLY, ad, lewdly ; in a wanton or loose
manner.
LASCrVIOUSNESS, s. the quality of discovering lewd-
ness or lust, either in behaviour or words.
LASFI, s. [sclilairen, to strike, Bclg.] a stroke or blow
given with a whip, or any thing pliant and tough ; the thong
of a whip with which a blow is given. Figuratively, a stroke
of censure or reproach.
To LASH, V. a. to strike with a whip, or any thing pliant ;
to move with a sudden spring or jerk, used with up. To
beat so as to make a sharp sound, like the lash of a whip,
applied to the beating of waves against the shore. Among
mariners, to tie or fasten two things together with a rope or
cord. Figuratively, to scourge with satire.
LASHER, i. one who whips, lashes, or satirizes.
LASS, s. [according to Dr. Hicks, from lad, is formed
the feminine ladfles.i, which is contracted into lass] a girl,
maid, or young woman.
LASS A, or LAHASSA, otherwise called Baronthala,
and in D'Anvilles chart of Thibet, Tonker, is the capital of
the" country of (ireat Thibet, in Asia. Ir is not a large
city, but the houses are of stone, and are spacious and lofty.
About seven miles on the E. side of the city is the mountain
of Putala, which contains on its summit, the palace of the
prand lama, the hign i*nest and sovereign of Thibet. Lassa
IS 24 miles N. E. of the crossing place of the river .Sanpoo,
which is seven miles from the foot of mount Kanibalu ; and
3Z
it is 260 miles N. £. of Patna. Lat. 30. 34. N. Ian. 91
40. E.
LA'SSITUDE, s. [from lattus, weary, Lat.] weariness,
or a loss of vigour and strength by excessive labour. In
medicine, applied to that weariness which proceeds from
a distempered state, and not from exercise, which wants no
remedy but rest.
LAST, a. [latest, Sax.] superlative of late ; after all others ;
utmost. At last, at the end ; in conelusion. Next before
the present, as, " last week."
To LAST, v. n. [tertan, Sax.l to continue; to endure.
LAST, s. [last, .Sax.] a mould on which shoes are made.
A load, from last. Tent. A last of codfish, white herrings,
meal, and ashes for soap, is 12 barrels ; of corn or rape seed,
10 quarters; of gunpowder, 24 barrels, 2400lb. weight; of
herrings, 20 cades; of bides, 12 dozen; of leather, 20
dickers; of pitch or tar, 14 barrels; of wool, 12 sacks; of
stockfish, 100; anda/ai< of llax or feathers contains 1700lb.
weight.
LA'STAGE, s. [lestage, Fr.] custom paid for goods sold
by the last, for freightage ; or the ballast of a ship.
LA'STING, part, continuing ; durable; of a long conti-
nuance ; wearin" a long while.
LA STINGLY, ad. duiably ; perpetually.
LA'STLY, ad. in the last place ; at last ; in the con-
clusion.
LATCH, s. \letse, Belg.] the latch of a door, which is
moved either by a stringor handle.
To LATCH, V. a. to fasten by a latch. Figuratively, to
fasten or close.
LATCHES, *. in a ship, small lines like loops, fastened
by sewing into the bonnets and drablers of a ship, in order
to lace the bonnets to the courses, or the drablers to tlie
bonnets.
LATCHET, s. [lacet, Fr.J the string with which shoes or
sandals were fastened.
LATE, a. [lat, Fr.] that is longer than it should be, or
not so soon as expected ; last in any place, office, charac-
ter, or time : deceased or dead, when prefixed to a per-
son's name. " His late majesty, George the Second." Far ad-
vanced in the day or night.
LATE, ad. after long delays ; after a long time ; after its
proper time; not long ago. At an unseasonable hour, oi
far advanced in the day or night.
LA'TED, a. surprised by the night.
LATELY, ad. not long past.
LATENlvSS, J. any time far advanced.
LATENT, a. [from latee, to lie hid, Lat.J hidden ; con-
cealed ; secret.
LATER, a. (comparative of late) happening after a par-
ticular period, or after something else.
LATERAL, a. [from latus, a side, Lat.] growing out on
the side ; placed or acting in a direction perpendicular to
the horizon.
LATERA'LITY, s. the quality of having distinct sides.
LAT ERA LEY, arf. by the sides ; sidewise.
A L'ATERE, s. a title applied to such cardinals as are
the pope's counsellors in ordinary, and assistants.
LATEWARD, ad. [late and wrnrd. Sax.] somewhat late.
Lath, s. [latta, Sax.] in building, a long, thin, narrow
sHp of wood, generally nailed on the rafters of a roof, to
sustain the tiles or other coverings. A part of a county
something larger than a ty thing, and less than an hundred,
from lath, Saxon.
To LATH, V. a. to fit up with laths.
LATHE, i. a turner's engine, by which he turns about his
matter, in order to shape it with a chiseL
To LATHER, v. n. [hthran. Sax.] to torm a frothor foam ;
to cover with froth made by soap and water.
LA'THER, s. a foam or froth made by beating soap with
water.
LATIN, a. [Latinus, from Latinum, the antient name of
that part of Italy where Rome was built,] written or spoken
in the language of the antieut Romaos.
63?
LA 11
LAU
LATIN, *. a translation performed in Latin, and agree-
able. to the rules and idioms of that tongue.
LATINISM, i. a manner of expression peculiar to the
Latin tongue^ •
LATINIST, s. one capable of uriling or speaking Latin
in its purify, and acquainted with the beauties of the authors
that have ^^ritten in tlial language.
LATI'NITY, s. [from Latinus, Lat.] the purity of Latin
st\ le.
To LATINIZE, V. a. [latiiiisei-, Fr.] to use words or
phrases in another language that are borrowed iVoni the
Latin. Neuterly, to give names a Latin termination ; to
make them Latin.
LATIRO'STROUS, a. [from lutus, broad, and rostrum, a
beak, Lat.] broad-beaked.
LATISH, «. somewhat late ; somewhat advanced in the
night.
LATITAT, s. [Lat. he lies hid] in law, a writ, which is-
sues from the King's Bench, so called from a supposition
that the defendant lurks or lies hid, and cannot be found in
the county of Middlesex, but is tied to some other county,
to the sheriflTwhereof this writ is directed, commanding him
to apprehend the defendant tiiere. Fifz. Aat. Been.
LATITUDE, s. [Iiititiiile, Fr. htitudo, Lat.j breadth or
width ; in bodies ol unequal dimensions, the shortest space
between the two extremes of its surface, or tlie measure of
a straight line drawn through its ends. "Provided the
length doth not exceed the latitude." Wutton. Room, space,
or extent. In astronomy, the distance of a star or planet
from the ecliptic, either north or south. In geography, the
extent of the earth or heavens measured from the equator to
either pole. The distance of a place from tiie equator, ei-
ther north or south ; or an arch of the meridian compre-
hended between either pole of the heavens and the horizon
of the place. Unrestrained or unliuiited acceptation.
Freedom from any settled rules. Extent or comprehension
of any art or science. He is out of liis latitude, a iigurative
expression, iuqjlying that a person is in a place he is igno-
rant of, or that he is handling a subject beyond his abilities
or comprehension.
LATITUDINA'RIAN, «. [l<ifitiidiHaire,Tt.] not confined
or restrained, either with respect to actions or opinions.
LATrTUDIN..VRIAN',.s. [froin/«n(iu/«, breadtli, Lat.] a
person not conforming to any particular opinion or stan-
dard.
LA'TRANT, a. [from latro, to bark, Lat.j barkuig.
IjATRI'A, s. [from hitreno, to worship, Gr.] tiie Highest
kind of worship ; distinguished by tlie papists from dulia,
or inferior worship.
LA'Tl'EN, s. [Brit.] brass; a mixture of copper and ca-
laminaris stone.
LATTER, a. not long done or past ; towards the last ;
mentioned the last in order.
LA'TTICE, a. {lutlis, Fr.] a w indow made ofstic'ks or iron
bars crossing each other at small distances.
To LAITICE, I'. «. to mark with cross strokes like a
lattice ; to mark with sticks or bars crossing each other at
small distances.
LA'V.\, s. a name given by the Italians to the liquid |and
vitrified matter discharged by Vesuvius, Etna, and other
volcanoes, at the time of their eruption.
LAVATION, i. [from /nw, to wash, Lat.] the act of
washing.
LA'V.\TORV, «. [from /flio, to wash, Lat.j in medicine, a
wash ; some liquid with w hich diseased parts are washed.
LAUD, s. [/«!«, Lai. J the at 1 of praising for any good, be-
nevolent, or noble deed. In divinity, that part of divine
worship which consists in i)raise.
To LALD, V. a. [lando, L\d.] to praise ; to acknowledge
or laentir)!! with a sense ol graliluilr.
.At DABLIi.rt. [tiom /«»(/", to praise, Lat.] worthy "-f
praise or commendation.
LAU DANUM, s. a medicine composed of ouiu!"!, &c.
und used to give easeiioiii p,iin.
M6
LAU'D.\RLY, ad. in a manner deserving praise.
LAU'DER, a small town of Berwickshire, but lately
much improved. It is seated on the Leader, 22 miles S. ^.
of Edinburgh. See Leadeh.
LAU'DLRDALE, a district of Berwickshire, so named
from the river Lauder, or Leader.
To LAVE, I', a. [luvo, Lat.] to wash or bathe in any li-
quid. To throw up; to lade or scoop out water; from
leier, Fr. Neuterly, to wash himself; to bathe.
To LAVE'ER, v. n. to change (he direction often in a
course.
LA'VENDER, s. Unrendnhi, from lavo, to wash, Lat.] a
sweet-scented plant, of which there are four species in our
gardens, which are propagated by planting their cuttings ia
lilarch, in a shady place. A spirit is distilled from it by
the perfumers.
LA'VENIL\M, or Lanh AM, a pretty large town of Suf-
folk, with a considerable manufactory of serges, shalloons,
seys, stutfs, and fine spuiix am. Its church, a very handsome
Gothic structure, with its steeple, 1:37 feet high, are reck-
oned the finest in the county. It has a spacious market-
place, encompassed with 9 streets or divisions, and is plea-
santly situated, in a fine healthy air, on a branch <if the ri-
ver Bret, from whence it rises gradually to the lop of a hill,
12 miles S. by E. of' Bury, and 61 N. E. of Lonilon. Mar-
kets on Tuesday and Thursday.
LAA ER. s. Uavoir, Fr.] a vessel to wash any thing in.
To LAUGIl,(pronounced in thisworcfand its derivatives,
laff') v.7i.[laclien, Teut. and Belg.] to make a huid and un-
interrupted noise of sudden merriment and mirth. Figura-
tively, to appear gay, favourable, pleasaut, or so as to cause
joy. Actively, to deride ; to ridicule or mock.
Laugh, s. [IMi, Sax.] an uninterrupted sound, caused
by any object which excites sudden mirth.
LAU'GHABLE, a. proper to be laughed at ; causing
laughter. " A laug;liahle w riter." Dryd.
LAU'GHER,*. a person fond of mirth, oreasily provoked
to laughter.
LAU'GHINGLY, ad. in a merry manner; with great
pkusantry or mirth.
LAUGHINGSTOCK, f. a butt; an object of contempt
or ridicule.
LAUGHTER, {Ufftir) s. [IJealucr, Sax.] an expression of
sudden mirth, occasioned by aconvulsive motion >>f the pra;-
cordia and muscles of the mouth and face ; a continued ex-
pulsion of breath, with a loud noise, and shalving of the
breast and sides.
LA'VINGTON, Market, a town in Wilts, with a gre-at
market for corn and malt, 4 miles S. of Devizes, and 84 W.
by S. of London. Markets on Monday and Wednesday.
L.\'V1SH, a. generous or liberal to excess ; scattered in
waste; profuse. Figuratively, wild or uurisliained.
To LA'VISH, V. a. to waste extravagantly , to be profuse.
LA'VISHKR, s. a prodigal or profuse person.
L.\'\'ISHLY, arf. in an extravagant or prodigal manner;
w itli such a degree of liberality as borders on excess and iii-
discretion.
LA'VlSHMENT.or LA'VISIINESS, s.an extravagant,
prodigal, or indiscreet wasting or giving away what belongs
to a person.
LAUNCE'.STON, a populous, trading town of Cornwall,
where the winter assizes are held. ('Ihe summer assizes
are held at Bodmin, in pursuance ofa late act of |)arlianient.)
Leiand says, it was walled in his time, and a mile in com-
pass. Il liail formerly a UKUiaslery, and a noble castle, be-
cause (if its strength called Castle Terrible, the lower part
of which is now made use of for the jail. It is seated on
the river Tamar, 2S miles N. of rivmouth, and 214 W. by
S. of London. Markets on Thursday and Saturday.
To L.MJNCH, V. ». [lancer, Fr.] to force out to sea. To
rove at large ; to expatiate. 'l"o be dilliise, applied to style.
Aclivelv, to push to sea. 'Fo dart from the hand.
LAU'NDRESS, «. [from Inini, a peculiar kind of linen,
and (/»•«.«] a woman employed in washing linen.
LAX
LAZ
I.Al'NDRY, s. a room wherein liiieu is washed or
ironed.
LAVOLTA, s. [Ital.] an odd dance, which consisted in
a variety oftiirninfjsand caperin>i;s; a caper.
LAU'KEATK, a. [from laiims, a laurel, Lat.J decked with
laurel, crowned with laurel. A Port Laureiite, is one who is
in pay from the king, and makes the odes whicli are per-
formed before him on his birth day, and on the beginnin-;
of the new year.
LAUIIEA'TION, J. in the Scottish universities, the act
or state of having degrees conferred, as they have in some
of them a tiowery crown, in imitation of laurel among the
antients.
LAU'REL, s. [laurus, Lat.] a tree, sometimes called the
cherry bay.
LAU'RELED, «. crowned or adorned with laurel.
LAUSANNE, in Bern, inSwisserland, the principal town
»f the I'ays de Vaud, with a famous college. It contains
about 7000 inhabitants; but it is built upon such a steep
ascent, and such a rery uneven tract, that in some places,
the horses cannot, without great difiiculty, draw up a car-
riage ; the foot passengers ascend to the upper part of the
town by steps, from the heights of whicii the prospects are
very grand and extensive, comprehending the lake of
Geneva, the Pays de Vaud, and the ruggfd coast of Cha-
Mairs. The town-house and other public buildings are
magnificent. It is seated between three hills, in a very
pure and healthy air, with plenty of excellent water, and
every necessary of life in the greatest abundance ; one mile
and a half from the lake of Geneva, 30 miles N. E. of Ge-
neva, and 50 S. W. of Bern.
LAW, s. [laga, Sax.] a rule of action ; a precept or com-
mand coming from a superior authority, which an inferior
is bound to obey ; a judicial process; any thing obliged to
be done ; an invariable conformity or correspondence
between a cause and effect. " The /««; of nature." To ia/te
the law, implies to enter an action against a person.
LA'WFUL, a. agreeable to law; that may be done with-
out violating the precepts of superior authority, or incurring
any punishment.
LA W FULLY, ad. in a manner conformable to law.
LA'WKULNESS, *. legality ; allowance of law.
LA'VVGIVER, s. a legislator, or one who has authority|to
make laws ; a supreme magistrate.
LA'WCilVfNG, a. legislative, or enacting laws.
LAWLESS, a. unrestrained by any law; contrary to
law.
LA'WLESSLY, ad. in a manner contrary to law.
LA'WMAKER, j. a legislator, or one who makes laws.
LAWN, s. \lamn, Brit.] an ppen space or plain between
woods ; fine hnen, remarkable for being used in the sleeves
of a bishop's robe.
LAWRENCE, St. the largest river in North America,
proceeding from the Lake Ontario, from which it runs a
course of about 700 miles to the Atlantic Ocean. It is na-
vigable as far as Quebec, which is above 400 miles; but
beyond Montreal it is so full of shoals and rocks, that it
will not admit large vessels without danger.
LA!WSUIT, s. a process or action in law.
LAWYER, s. a counsellor, or one that is skilled in the
law.
LAX, a. [laxiis, Lat.J without restraint, or not confined.
N«it compact, or not having its parts strongly or closely
joined. Vague ; not accurate, exact, or composed with any
caution. In iiiedinine, loose in body, or frequently going to
stool ; slack, or not strained.
L.\X, i. a looseness; a diarrhoea.
LAX ATI ON, *. ffrom laxo, to loosen, Lat.] the act of
Ibosening or slackhig; the state of being loosened or
slackened.
LAXATIVE, a. [laxatif, Fr.] in medicine, having the
power til remove costiveness, or to make loose.
LAXATIVE, s. in medieiae,, a remedy that purges, or
removes costiveness.
LA'XATIVENESS, *. the quality or power of coring or
removing costiveness.
LA'XITY, s. [from laxn, to loosen, Lat.] the state of a
body whose parts are not strongly compacted, but may be
easily separated ; slackness or looseness ; o[)enness. Vague-
ness, applied to the difi'erent senses in which words are
used.
LA'XNESS, s. looseness; vagueness. In medicine, a
loose habit of body.
To LAY, V. a. prefer, hud, part, passive hin ; [from
hp;in, Icop-an, Sax.] to place along upon the ground. To
beat down, applied to corn or grass. To put or place. To
fix deep, applied to foundation. To put in any slate.
" /,«// asleep." Buc. To cilm, still, quiet, or allay, applied
to winds or storms. To set on a table, applied to food. " I
laid meat nnto them." llos. xi. 4. To deposit money in
a wager. To briiig forth egijs or young, applied to birds.
To apply with violence, jouied with siege. To scheme,
contrive, or plan, applied to plots, projects, &<: la law,
to exhibit or offer, joined with indictment. " Me lai/s his ik-
dictment in some certain county." Atterb. Used with apart
to reject or put away. " Lay apart all filthiness." Jamen i.
21. Used with before, to expose to view ; to show ; to dis-
play. To lay b)/, to keep or reserve for some future occa-
sion. " Let every one lay by him in store." 1 Cor. xvi. 2.
Used with down, to deposit as a pledge, equivalent, or sa
tisfaction, generally followed by for. To quit or resign.
" Laid down the sword." Black. To lie along a bed, in
order to sleep or repose. " I will lay vie down in peace."
Psalm xlviii. To lay hold of, to seize, catch, or apprehend.
To lay in, to keep as a reserve ; to store or treasure. " To
lay in timely provisions." Addis. To charge with ; to ac-
cuse of; to impute. " Lay the fault on us." S/iah. To lay
out, to spend or pay away, applied to money. To plan or
dispose. " The garden is laid out into a grove." Broome.
Used with to or mito, to charge upon, or impute. " It would
be laid to us." S/iak. Used with up, to confine, applied to
diseases. " Laid up by that disease." Temple. To reserve,
store, or treasure against some future time. " Fathers are
wont to lay up for their sons." Milt. Used with upon, to
impute or charge, applied to faults. "Far from tayinfr ^
blot »oo« Luther." Atterb. To impose or inflict, applied to
punishment. " A puni-ihmcnt laid upon Eve." Locke.
Used with on, to strike, or beat furiously. " He lays me
nn." Diyd. To use or take measures. " I laid out for in-
telligence." 'Woodu;.
LAY, s. \ley, leng. Sax.] a row or stratum. A wager*
Grassy ground; a meadow ground unploughed, and kept
for cattle.
LA V, s. [lay, Fr. ] a song or poem. " Tun'd her soft
lays." Par. Lost.
L.VY, a. [laicns, Lat. from laos, people, Gr.] belonging to
the people w ho follow trades and secular busmess.
LAYER, s. a bed ; a row or stratum of earth, or any
other body spread over another. In botany, a sprig, stalk,
or branch of a plant, which is laid under the mould, in order
to take root and propagate. A hen that lays eggs.
LA'YMAN, s. one who follows any trade, and is not in
orders, opposed to a clergyman. In painting, an image to
draw by.
LA'YSTALL, s. aheap of dung.
LA'ZAR, s. [from Lazarus-, mentioned in St. Luiel a
person afflicted with filthy and pestilential sores and dis-
eases ; a leper.
LAZARE'TTO, or LAZAR-HOUSE, >. [lazaretto, Ital.]
an hospital, or house for the reception of the diseased.
LA'ZILY^ ad. in an idle, inactive, sluggish, or heavy
manner.
LAZINESS, i. .idleness; slofhfulness; sluggishness; an
unwillingness to apply to business or labour..
LAZULI, *. I Ital. azure] a stone, the <;round of which is
blue, spotted and veined with white, anda glittering or me-
tallic yellow ; used much among the painters, under th«
uame oiultramarint^
ssa
LEA
LEA
LAZY, «. >»2tg, Tent.] a person nnwillin^, or slow and
tedious in working. Synon. A /azy man never goes tlirocgli
with an undertaking; an indolent man will undertake uotliiiig.
LEA, J. 'Ify, Sax/j itnplougi.ed ground. See Lay.
LEAD, (rhis word and its derivatives are pronounced
Ted) s. [loed, Sax.] one of the softest, most ductile, and most
heavy metals next to gold, very little subject to rust, and
dissolved by the weakest acids. Lead is employed to cover
buildings to form water-pipes, to make a great variety of
Tessels for economical and chemical purposes ; and in
refining gold and silver. Its oxydes are used for djing
and calico-printing; in the manufactures of glass, earthen
ware, and porcelain; and in the preparation of various
pigments.
To L E AD, V. a. to fit or cover with lead.
To LEAD, (this word and its derivatives are pronounced
leed, preter. hd) v. a. [ladan, Sax.] to conduct or guide by
holding a person's hand ; to conduct to any place; to go
before any body of men, as a commander ; toguide, or sliow
a person the method of attaining any thing. Used with on,
to draw on, entice, or allure. To induce or persuade by
lome pleasing motive. In gaming, to play first.
LE'ADEN, {Kdeiija. made of lead. Figuratively, heavy;
unwilling, or raoiioniess.
LE'ADFIR, {leider) s. one that goes before Xo show
the way to another. A captain, or commander, applied
to an army. One at the head of any party or faction.
LEADHILLS, a village of Lanerkshire, situated among
the mpuntains of Clydesdale by some said to be the highest
human habitation in Great Britain. Here reside many
hundreds of miners with their families. These miners
though in a great measure excluded from society by their
situation, not only earn a comfortable subsistence, but pay-
more attention to the cultivation of the mind, than many of
their countrymen, situated in more favourable circumstances
for the attainment of knowledge. They are very intelligent
and have provided a circulating library forthe instruction and
amusement of the little community belonging to the village.
LE'ADING, {lei(Uii^)j>nrt. principal or chief.
LE'ADING-STIUNGS, {leedinn-strin^s) s. strings by
which children are held when taught to walk.
LEAF, (pronounced leef, in this word and its deriva-
tives) s. plural, leaves : \Uf, Sax.] a part of a tree or plant
extended into length and breadth; the most extreme part
ot a branch, and the ornament of the twigs, consisting of a
verv glutiuous matter, and furnished every where with veins
and nerves. Its office is to subtalize and give more spirit to
the sap, and convey it to the buds. In books, it is a part
containing two pages. One side of a double or folding door ;
any thing beaten thin; hence /««/■ golil
the flap of^a table
and silver.
To LEAF, V. n. to bring leaves ; to bear leaves.
LE'AFLE'SS, <i. without leaves.
LEAFSTALK, i. the footstalk which supports the leaves,
but not the flowers.
LEAFY, n. full of leaves.
LEAGUE, (/ecfl) ■*• [%'«"■ F'-] a confederacy : a com-
bination, or an alliance entered into between princes and
states for their mutual aid and defence.
To LEAGUE, (leeg) V. II. to unite ; to confederate or en-
ter into an alliance for mutual aid and defence.
LEAGUE, (Jeeff) s. f//ff"c, Fr] a measure of length by land
and sea, containing about three miles.
LEAGUED, (liegid, the g pronounced hard) a. confede-
rated ; united by an alliance for mutual defence and aid.
LI'/AGUER, (Jei^er, the c; pronounced hard) s. \beleggo-
ren, Bcli;.] a siege or investment of a town.
LEAK, (frcA) .?. [fcZ/r, Belg.] a breach or hole which lets
water into a ship, and out of a Ijarrel or other vessel. 'J'o
ijiriiisr 1 leak, among mariners, is when a ship receives some
damage, by which water may enter.
Til J,EA K. (Ireli) V. It. to let water in or out ; to drop
tlirou;;!! a breach.
LE'AKA(JE, (Uih(igi) s. ilie state of a vessel that lets
610
water in or out iiirough some breach; an allowance of H
per cent, in the customs, to importers of wine, for waste and
damage it may be supposed to have received in its passage ;
likewise an allowance of two barrels in twenty-two made by
the officers of excise to brewers of ale and beer.
LE'AKV, (/<tAi/) a. full of breaches or chiiiks which let
water in, applied to ships ; but full of chinks which Ittwa-
ter out, applied to barrels.
To LEAN, (pronounced leen in this word and its deriva-
tives) V. n. preter. leaned, or leant. \Hlinan, Sax.] to rest
against; to be iii a bending posture. Figuratively, to have
a tendency, inclination, or propensity.
LE.'\N, (pron. leen, with its derivatives) a. ^hlcene. Sax.]
thin, or wanting fat or flesh.
LEAN, s. that part of flesh which is entirely musculous,
without any fat.
LF/ANLY, ad. wanting fat or flesh ; meagerly ; th'niv.
LE'ANNESS, J. want of flesh ; want of fat. Figuratively,
want of money.
To LEAP, (pronounced Jeep in this word and its deriva-
tives) f. n.\hleapan. Sax.] to jump or move forwards wi i
the feet close together; to rush with violence ; to throw the
whole body forwards by a spring from any plate, without
any change of the feet ; to bound or spring ; to fly or start.
Leap, (/cep) *. a bound or jump. A sudden or abrupt
tarnsition.
LEAP-FROG, «. a play wherein children leap over each
other.
LEAP-YE.\R, i. every fourth year, so called from its
leaping or advancing a day more that year than any other ;
so that the year has then 366, and F'ebruary 2d days. See
Bissextile.
To LEARN, (the a is mute in pron. this word and its de-
rivatives ; as Km, lemed, lerning) v. a. \leornian. Sax.]
to improve by instruction ; to teach ; to get intelligence ;
to fake example from. In many European languages the
same word signifies to learn and>h) teach, i. e. to gain and
impart knowledge.
LE'ARNED, a. having the mind improved by study and
instruction, by observing and reading; skilled; skilful,
expert; knowing. Synon. That knowledge which we can
reduce to practice, makes us able ; that which requires sp«-
culation, makes us skilful ; that which fills the memory,
makes us learned. Thus we say an ahle preacher or lawyer ;
a skilful mathematician or philosopher ; a learned historian
or civilian.
LE'ARNEDLY, ad. with great appearance of extensive
reading, deep study, and diligent observation.
LE'ARNER, s. one who is yet under the tuition of ano-
ther ; one who is acquiring some art or science.
LE'ARNING, s. skill in languages or sciences; skill in
any thing.
Lease, fpron. leesr in this word and its derivatives) *,
[leas. Sax.] a contract by which houses or lauds are parted
with orgranted to another, for a cei lain term of years. Fi-
guratively, any tenure or right by which a person enjoys a
thing.
To LF-ASE, \leeze) v. n. \lesrv, Beig,] to glean, or gather
corn that lies scattered after the harvest is carried in.
LE'yVSER, {lei:a) s. a gleaner ; one that gathers corn after
the reapers.
LEASH, (fewA) s. [Icsse, Fr. lelse^ Belg.] in hunting, throe
creatures of the same sort, applied to dogs, hares, cVc. Any
collection consisting of three iii, number ; a band wherewith
any thing is tied.
To LEASII, {lees/t) V. a, to bind ; to couple, or hold in a
string.
LE'ASING, (l-ezing) s. \leasr. Sax.] lies ; falsehood.
LEAST, {leest) n. the superlative of LlTTLK., the com-
parative of w hich is less ; [last. Sax. J smaller than all others ;
exceeding others insmalhiess.
LI'AST, (lerst) ad. in the lowest degree; less than any
other way. At least, or leastwise ; to say no more; to rueii-
tii>n only in the lowest degree.
LED
LEE
LE'ASY, (lfh;i) a. flimsy; of a weak texture. Obsolete.
LK'ATHKll, (pion. ielher, ill tliis won! and its dcrivalives
and com pounds) f. \lether. Sax. lendr, Erse] the hides of
beasts dressed and tanned.
LE'ATHP'RCOAT, *. an apple, so called from the rough-
ness of its rind.
LK'ATHEllCUP, s. a plant classed by botanists among
the mosses.
LE'ATHERDRESSER, s. he who dresses bides and
makes leather.
LE'ATHERHEAD, a town hi Surry, had formerly a mar-
ket, which has been discontinued about too years. Mere is
a bridy;eover the river Mole, which having partially sunk
into the earth near iMicklehani, atthcfootof Box Hill, rises
again near this town. It is pleasantly situated on a rising
ground by the side of the river, in a fine, open, dry, cham-
paigii crtuntry, 3 miles S. W. of Epsom, and 18 S. VV. by S.
of London.
LE'ATHERN, a. made of leather.
LK'ATHI'.llSKLLEll, .s.oiie who sells leather.
LE'ATH ICRY, a. resembling leather.
LIjAVI'), (pronounced Iccve in this word ana its deriva-
tives) s. \lefe. Sax.] permission to do any thing ; allowance
or consent ; farewell ; adieu ; compliment or ceremony paid
before a person's departure.
To LEAVE, r. a. pret. / left, or have left, part, pass, left ;
to quit, abandon, depart from, or desert ; to appeal to, or
to permit without interposition. To cease to do ; to de-
gist. To leave out, to omit. Used with to, to bequeath by
will.
LEA'VED,(Zea'e(i) a. covered with ^leaves ; made with
folds.
LEA'VEN, (/er<?n)«. ftenin, Fr.] ferment mixed with any
mass to make it light, particularly used of sour dough mixed
in a mass of bread. Figuratively, any mixture which makes
a general change in a mass.
To LEAVEN, {Icveii) V. a. to ferment by something mix-
ed, applied particularly to that of sourdough mixed with a
mass of bread. Figuratively, to taint ; to corrupt, or
iiubue.
LEAVES, i. the plural of leaf.
LEAVINGS, (fccoi'is-.s).'. a remnant ; a resiilue. Relics,
applied to persons. Offals, applied to meat.
To r,F.CH, V. a. [leclirr, Fr.] to lick over.
LE'CHER, *. etvmologv unknown; a whorcniaster.
To LI'7CHER,i. ». to whore.
LE CHEROUS, n.' [from lec/,cr\ lewd ; lustful.
LE'CHEROUSLY, ad. [from leclierous] le\M!!y ; lust-
fully.
LECH FRY, s. [from lecher] lewdness ; lust.
LE'CHLADE, a town of Gloucestershire, sealed at the
confluence of the river Lech with the Thames, 28 miles E.
by S. of Gloucester, and 77 VV. by N. of Loudon. A canal
from the Severn joins the Thames, (which is navigable for
barges of 50 tons burden) near this town. A small market
on Tuesday.
LE'CTION, s. [from lego, to read, Lat.] a reading, a va-
riety in the copies of a book.
LE'CTURE, i.fFr. from lego, lo read, Lal.Jla discourse
upon any subject read or pronounced in public ; a sharp
reproof or reprimand.
To LECTURE, V. a. to instruct in a set or public dis-
course ; to reprimand, or reprove, in an insolent or magiste-
rial manner. N-euterly, to read in public ; to instruct an
audience by a formal explanation or discourse ; as, "Wallis
lectured on geometry."
LE'CTURER, s. one who publicly pronounces a discourse
on any subject ; a person who is chosen by a parish to
C reach in a church on a Sunday in the afternoon, and paid
y voluntary subscription ; a person appointed by will to
preach at a certain time, with a salarv for his trouble.
LECTURESHIP, f. the employ or office of a lecturer.
LED, the part. pret. of /rarf.
LE'DBURY, a fine, well-built town of Herefordshire,
noted for clothiers. It is seated on a navigable nin'.il, that
passes from (iloiiceslershire to Hereford, 13 iiuli-s K. of
Hereford,! nnd 12.3 VV. N. tVV. of London. Maiket on
Tuesday.
LED(iE, s. [leggen, to lie, Belg.J a row or layer. A ridge
rising above the other parts of a surface; aiiy liroiiiincnce
or rising part; a small narrow shelf fixed aga'iiial a wall ot
wainscot.
LE'DIIORSR, s. a sumpteror state horse.
LEE, *. \lie, Fr.J dregs or sediment of any liquor ; sel-
dom used in the singular. Among sailors, llVat imrt which
is opposite to the wind. A lee-shore is that on which the
wind blows. To be under the lee of the shore, is to be close
luider the weather shore. A leeward ship, is one that is not
fast by a wind, to make her way so good as she mii<ht. To
lay a ship by the lee, is to bring her so that all her sails may
lie against the masts and slinmds flat, and the wind to come
right on her broadside, so that she will make little or no
way.
Leech, s.'[laec, Sax.J a physician; a professor of the
art of healing; whence we still use cowlecch or horseleech.
A kind of water worm, used to draw blood in such cases
where the lancet might not be safe, or where it might be
dreaded too much by the patient. When kept in a glass
phial, leeches are said to aflbrd certain indications of the
changes of the weather.
LEE'CHCRAFT, s. the art of healing. " We leechcraft
learn." Davies.
LEEDS, a town in the W. Riding of Yorkshire, situated
in a vale which trade has rendered one of the most populous
spots in England. It is the principalof the clothing towns
in Yorkshire, and is particularly the mart for the coloured
and white broad cloths, of which vast quantities are sold in
its magnificent cloth halls. That called the Mixed-cloth
Hall, is a building of considerable extent, in which the
cloth is placed on benches, for sale, every market-day; and
the whole business is transacted within little more than an
hour, without the least noise or confusion, and with a whis-
per only, the laws of the market being observed here with
particular strictness. The White-cloth Hall, is a similar
building. The manufactures that supply these two halls ex-
tend about 10 miles to the S. 1.5 to the .S. W. and 8 to the
N. and VV. the mixed cloths being mostly made in the
neighbourhood of the river Air, aud the white cloths in that
of the Calder. Leeds has a manufactory of Camlets, which
has declined, and a flourishing one of carpets, resembling
those of Wilts and Scotland. Here are also mills for the
cutting of tobacco, and a great pottery, with several glass-
houses. Within 3 miles of the town are numerous collieries.
Of late years the town has been considerably enlarged ; and
some of the new parts are built, and building, in an elegant
style. It is situated on the river Air, by'which it communi-
cates with all the various ramiJications of the Grand Canal,
and by which, in particular, it enjoys a very considerable
trade in coals, from the inexhaustible stores in its neigh-
bonrhnod, to Yoi;k, Hull, tVc. 2-1 miles W. S. W. of York,
and 192 N. by VV. of London. Markets on Tuesday and
Saturday.
LEEK, s. \leac. Sax.] in bofany, the porrnni.
LEEK, a town in StaH'ordshire, noted for a manufacture
of buttons. By the intervention of a craggy mountain, at a
considerable distance westward of the town, the sun set-s
twice in the evening at a certain time of the year ; for after
it sets behind the top of the mountain, it breaks out again on
the northern side of it, which is steep, before it reaches the
horizon in its fall. In its church yard are the remains of a
Danish cross, now upright, and 10 feet high from the ground,
beneath which are three stejis. In the neighbourhood are
some extensive coal mines. It is situated in a barren coun-
try, among moorlands and rocky hills, some of which are of
a most surprising height, without any turf or mould upon
them, on the great road between Manchester, Stockport,
and Macclesfield, to the N. VV. and Derby, Leicester, d'c.
dtl
LEG
LEI
to tho S. E. 18 miles N. of Staffi)rd, and 164 N. N. \V. of
London. ISlaiket on Wednesday.
LEEH, s. [Iileare, Sax.] a side-view ; the act of looking
askauiice, or by a stolen view. Figuratively, a laboured
and afl'ecfed cast of the countenance.
To LEER, r. n. to look at by turning the eye-balls to one
corner, or by stealing a side-view; to look at with an attect-
ed or dissembled cast of the countenance.
LEES, s. \lie, Fr.j dregs ; sediment ; it has seldom a sin-
gular.
LKET, s. a little court held within a manor, and called
the king's court, because it originally took its authority of
punishing offences from the crown, wiience it is derived to
inferior persons.
LEE'WAP. V>, a. opposite to the wind. See Lee.
LEFT, a. \hrviis, Lat.J that side whicli is opposite to
the right ; that side of an animal on which the heart is
situated.
LEFTHA'NDED, a. using the left baud more frequently
tiian flic right.
LE(i, s. [leir, Dan.] the limb by which the body is sup-
ported, and b\ means of which we walk, beginning fiom the
knee, and reaching to the foot. Figuratively, that by which
any thing is supported. "The /eg of a table, or chair."
LE'GACY, [from lego, to leave by will, Lat. | any thing
given by will.
LE'G.AL, «. [Fr. le^aHs, from le.r, law, Lat.] done or word-
ed a^Tceable to the laws : law f'ul.
LEGA'LITY, s. [legahti, Fr.] the quality of being agreea-
ble to, or consistent with, the laws.
LEG.\LLY, ad. in a manner agreeable to, or consistent
with, the laws.
LEGATARY, s. [legataire, Fr. from /ego, to leave by
will, Lat.] one who has something left him by will.
LE'GATE, *. [la^altis, from hs'i, to send, Lat.] a deputy
ambassador, or one commissioned to transact aflaus for an-
other; a commissioner deputed by the pope to transact
iifl'airs belonging to the holy see.
LEG.VTEE, i. [from /«go, to leave by will, Lat.] one who
has something left to him by will.
LE'GATINE, o. made by, or belonging to, a legate of
the pope.
LEGATION, s. [from /ego, to send, Lat] mission; de-
putation; commission; embassy; or the state of a person
sent and authorizefl to transact business for another.
LEGATOR, *. [from ?fgf), to leave by will, Lat.] one who
makes a will and bequeaths legacies.
LEGEND, s. [Iciretitla, a thing vhich ought to be read,
from leg-o, to read, Lat.J originally a book in the Romish
church, containing the lessons that were to be read in divine
service; from hence the word was applied to the histories
of the lives of saints, because chapters were read out of
them at matins; but as the goWc/i /I'^rarfcompiled by James
de Varase, about the year 12!Ki, contained in it several ridi-
culous and romantic stories, the «ord is now used by pro-
teslants to signify any incredible or inauthentic narra-
tive.
LE'GER, s. spelt likewise l(il(^er,lcit!ger, or leif^n- ; [from
letr/^ei; Bclg.] any thing that lies or remains in a place.
A Mge7- hook is that « liicli lies in a comptiug-house, contain-
ing the journal methodized in such a manner that a person
may, at one view, see the state of every person's accompt
with whom he has ilealings.
LE'fiEUDEMAIN, s. (/'■g''iWf de mnin, slight of hand,
Fr.J the power of deceiving the eye, by the quickness in
whreh a person moves his hands; a trick ; a juggle.
I,ETiGKD, rt. having legs ; ."•upported by legs.
LEGHORN, a handsome and regularly built town of
Italy, in the late duchy of Tuscany, kince the kingdom of
Etruria, with an inward and outward harbour, in the Medi-
ferraflf-an. TIk' (ireeks and Armenians have chijr<-hes of
their own, and the lurks have a mos<|ue. 'I'he Jews have
a fiandsoine synagogue here, as wtll as schools. 'J'hough
subject to heavy imposts, they are very rich, and well pro-
M2
tected. The inhabitants are computed at 60,000, among
whom are 10,000 Jews. The streets are wide and straight,
and almost all the houses are of the same height. There
are so many canals, that some have given it the titk of
New Venice. Near the harbour is a large buihiing, in which
they shut up every night the Turkish and the galley slaves.
At a little distance, on a single rock, forming a small island,
is a light house, where, every night, 30 burning lamps are
contained in one lantern. The air here was very uidiealtliy
till the marshes about it were drained. The commodities
imported hence by the English, in time of peace, are chiefly
silk, wine, and oil. In 1741, this city suffered greatly by
an earthquake. It is 46 miles S. W. of Florence, and' 145 N.
N. W. of Rome. Lat. 43. 34. N. Ion. 10. 17. E.
LE'fJiBLE, a. [from hgo, to read, Lat.] such as may be
read; apparent; discoverable.
LEGIBLY, ad. in such a manner as may be read.
LE'GION, s. Uegio, from lego, to select, Lat.J a body of
soldiers in the Roman army. It consisted both of horse and
foot, and contained in it both light and heavy-armed soldiers.
Figuratively, an army or military force ; any great num-
ber.
LE'GIONARY, a. [from Ic^io, a legion, Lat.] belonging
to a legion ; containing a legion ; containing any great or
indefinite number.
LEGISLATION, s. [from lex, a law.and latum, from/e>o,
to bear, Lat.] the act of giving laws, or the science of go-
vernment.
LEGISLATIVE, ff. giving ormakinglaws.
LEGISLATOR, *. [from lex, a law, and latum,irom fero,
to bear, Lat.] a lawgiver, or one who makes laws for any
community.
LIXjISLaTURE, j. [from lex, a law, and latum, from
fero, to bear, Lat.] the power of making, altering, or re-
pealing law s.
LECilTLMACY, s. the qualit.v of being born of parents
lawfully married ; lawfulness of birth.
LEGITIMATE, a. [legitimus, from lex, a law, Lat.] born
in nuirriasje.
To LEGITIMATE, v. a. [legitime!-, Fr.] to communicate
the rights of a person born in marriage to one that is a bas-
tard. Figuratively, to authorize, or make lawful.
LECUTIMATELY, ad. lawfullv; geiniinely.
LEGITIMATION, s. [legitimation, Fr.] lawfulness of
birth ; the quality of being born in marriage.
LE CiUME, orLEGU'MEN, *. [legumen, from lego, to ga-
ther, Lat.] seeds which are not reaped, but gathered by the
hand ; pulse, or all larger seeds in general.
LEGUMINOUS, a. [legumiueux, Fr.] belonging fo, or
consisting of, pulse.
LEICESTER, (Lester) the capital of Leicestershire, is
an antient place, and th'jugh declined from its former mag-
nitude, is still large and populous, but not a handsome
town. In the Saxon Heptarchy it was the see of a bishop,
and the chief city of the Mercian kingdom. It was at one
time a most wealthy place, and, if we may believe Mallhevv
Paris, had 32 parish churches. At present, it contains 5
churches, near one of which are the famous ruins of a Ro-
man wall, composed of ragstone and Roman brick, and ima-
gined to be a remnant of a temple of Janus, erected on ihc
spot 2(100 years ago. Here isalsoa Roman niilliary, (the
oldest known in Britain, and containing the first inscription
mentioned in this island,) which was found near Thurmas-
lon, in 1771 ; it now torms the centre of an obelisk, iii one
of liie principal streets, surmoinited with a lamp. 'I'he hall
and kilchcn of its antient castle, (a protligious building,
where the great duke of Lancaster held his court, who
added 26 acres to it, which he inclosed with a brick wall)
are still entire. The former is lofty and spacious, and the
courts of justice, at the assizes, are held in Ihem. Here is
alsfxine of its gateways, with a very curious arch, Ihe tc-wer
over which is now turned into a magazine for the count.v
militia. Here is a very spacious market-place, witji one jf
the hir^esl markets in England for corn and cattle. The
LF.I
LFM
coiiil)in2; and spinning of wool info worsted, ann manntac-
tliriii;^ it into stocUiii^s i)y Iniincs, is llie chit f husiiicss of
tlie town and iioigliliourliood. In soiiie years lOd.dOOjfc'. have
been leliiriieil in lliose articles. Its f'liirs, wliieli are upon
a iarye scale, for sheep, horses tor the collar, callle, cheese,
iVc. are on May l'2lh, July 5th, October lOlli, and Decem-
ber Hlh. It is seated on the river Soar, wliicli has lately
been made navigable from I.eicc^ster lo Loughborough, 24
miles S. bv fO. of Derby, and !'!» N. N.W. of Loudon. Mar-
ket on Saturday, l-at 52. 38. N. Ion. 1. 8i W.
LRrClLSTEfcllllll':, a eou.ily of lai^land, bounded on
the N. W. and N. by Derbyshire and Notlin;,dr.iuisliire ; on
the K. by the counties of Lincoln and Rutlan<l ; on the S.
E. and S. by Northamptonshire ; and on the S. \V. by War-
vickshire. It extends about .38 miles from N. lo S. and as
many from E. to W. in the broadest part. It is divided
into () liundrcds, which contain 1'2 market towns, and 200
parishes, the air is healthy, and the soil, in -(tncral, strouij
and stiff, composed of clay and marl. It affords great (piau-
tities of rich {-razin;; land, and is peculiarly filted for ihe
culture of beans, for w hicli it is proverbially noted, 'i'ovvard
the N. W. the Bardon Hills rise to a great height; and, in
their neighbourhood lies Charnwood, or Charley Ftnest, a
rough and open tract. Farther to the N. W. are valuable
coal-mines. The N. E. parts feed great numbers of sliee|>,
vvhicli are tlie largest, and have the greatest fleeces of wool,
of any in England ; they are without horns, and clothed
with thick long flakes of soft wool, paiticularly fitted for
the worsted manufactures. The E. and S. E. part of the
county is a rich grazing tract. This county has been long
famous for its large black dray-horses, of which great num-
bers are continually sent up to London, as well as for its
liorned cattle and sheep, which supply the London markets
with the largest mutton ; and its re|>ntation has been much
extended by the "reat skill of the late Mr. Bakewell, of
Dishley, who bred every species of domestic quadrupeds
to the utmost perfection of form and size. The manufac-
ture of stockings is the principal one in this county. Its
chief rivers are the Avon; the Soar, anciently the Leire ;
tlie Wreke ; Anker; Swift; Eye; and Welland.
LEIGH, (Lee) a town of Lancashire, of little or no ac-
count ; for the market is almost come to nothing, and there
are no fairs. It is 200 miles N. W. of London.
LEIGHTON BEAUDESERT, or I5UZZARD, a large
town in Bedfbuliliire, seated ona branch of the Ouse, called
the Ouzel, o\er which it has a bridge leading into Bucking-
hamshire, 18 miles S. of Bedford, and 41 N. W. of London.
Its market on Tuesday is considerable for fat cattle; and
it has a great horse fair on Whit-Tuesday, especially horses
of the coach, and cart kind. It has other fairs, on Jan. 25.
July 2(5, and Oct. 24.
LE'INSTER, a province of Ireland, bounded on the
E. and S. by St. George's Channel, on the \V. by Con-
naught and Mimster, and on the N. by Ulster. It is about
112 miles in length, and 70 in breadth. It contains 12
counties, and 992 parishes. The counties are, Carlow, Dub-
lin, Kildarc, Kilkenny, King's County, Longford, Louth,
Meath, Queen's County, West Meath, Wexford, and Wick-
low. It is the most level and best cultivated province in
the kingdom ; but in the early ages was almost one conti-
nued forest, the remains of which are still found in the trees
which are dug out of the bogs. Dublin is the capital. The
chief rivers are the Barrow, Boyne, Lifl'ey, Neur, Urriu or
Slane, May, and Inny. It is, in general, well cultivated,
tiie air is temperate, and the soil fruitful in corn and
pastures.
LEIPSIC, a rich, large, strong, and celebrated town
of CJermany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, and in Misnia,
or Meissen, with a castle and a famous uuiversily. It is k
liandsome place, neat and regularly built, and the streets are
lighted in the night ; it carries on a great trade, and has a
right to stop and sell the merchandises designed to pass
through it ; and the country, 75 miles round, lias the same
privilt^'c. There are 3 great fairs every jc.u, at th' be-
ginning of the year, Easter.and Micliaelmas, wiiicli lastlii
days each. It is seated in a plain, belween the rivers Saali;
and Muldi', near the confluence <if the I'lcysse, the I'.Kter,
and the Bardr ; ;)" miles S. of \V irtindiing, 40 N. \\. of
Dresden, and 05 S. by E. of Magdeburg. Lou. 12. 21. V^
lat.51.22. N.
LE'ISURABLE, (lezlmralle) a. [from hi.tnre'\ done at
leisure; done gradually, or without hurry; enjoying
leisure.
LI'i'lSURABLY, [r,:z/„„-M/) ud. at leisure; gradually,
or without hurry or tumult.
LE'ISUllE, (rezliure) e. [liiisir, I"r.] freedom from busi-
ness or hurry; vacant time; convenience of time.
LEISURELY, {I'cz/iuie/i/j ad. deliberately; slowly; gra-
dually.
LKITII, a sea-port of Scotland, in Edinburghshire,
seated on the Frith or Forth, 2 miles N. of Edinburgh, of
which city it is the port. It is a large and populous town,
containing nrany handsome houses; but the greater part
of the autient buildings are neitherelegant nor counnodious.
The inunbcr of inhabitants is estimated at 12,000. As the
town is situated on both sides of the harbour, it is divided
into N. and S. Leilh. The harbour is secured by a grand
stone pier, at the mouth of the little river, called the Water
ofLeith. This harbour is now greatly improved, and ac-
counnodated w itli an elegant draw-bridge and a good quay ;
and when the proposed new basin and docks are added,
this I'lace will become in every respect, a safe, capacious,
and convenient station foi trading vessels. The commerce
of Leith is very considerable; and the vessels employed in
the London trade are, in general, of a large size, and con-
structed with peculiar elegance. The k.rgest ships in this
port, however are those employed in the Greenland whale
fishery. Leith is well situated for the navigation of the
eastern seas. To' Germany, Holland, and llie Baltic, are
exported lead, glass ware, linen, woollen, stuffs, and a variety
of other goods. Whence are imported vast- quantities of
tindjer, oak bark, bides, linen rags, pearl ashes, flax, hemp,
tar, &e. From France, Spain and Portugal, are iuiporteil
wine, brandy, oranges, and lemons ; and from the W. Indies
and America, rice, indigo, rum, sugar, and logwood. Ships
of cmisiderable size are built at this port ; and here are
several extensive rope-walks. There are also floioishing
manufactures of bottle-glass, window-glass, and crystal; a
great carpet manufactory, a soap work, some iron fiirges,
and an ancienf hospital for disabled stamen, Lat. 56. 0. N.
Ion. :)7. W.
LE'ITRIM, a .county of Ireland, in the province of Con
naught, bounded on the N. by Donegal Bay, on the X. E.
by Ferman,ah, and on the S. E. bv Cavan ; oy Longford
on the S. Roscommon on the S. W. and Sligo on thcW.
It is about 42 miles long, and from G to 17 broad, is a fer-
tile, well-cultivated country, and, though the northern parts
(which however furnish food for great numbers of young
cattle) are mountainous, yet the southern parts are level. It
contains 21 parishes, but has few places of uote. Leitriin,
the county town, is pleasantly seated on the banks of the
Shannon, 80 miles N. W. of Dublin.
LE'MAN, s. [probably from Vaimani, Fr.] a sweethe rt;
harlot; gallant.
LI'.'SlMA, s. [lemma, a thing which is assumed from
hniihiino, to receive, Gr.J in niathcuiatics, a kind of postula-
tiou or proposition, previously assumed or laid down, to
reiuler an\ demonstration or problem more clear and easy. ^
LEMMINfi, jr. in zoology, a kind of rat which inhaltits
Norway, Lanland and Sweden. They appear in vast inim-
bersonce about every ten years when they travel in a direct
line devouring all the hei bage of the country through w hicli
they pass.
LE'MNOS, a celebrated town and island of the Archipe-
lago, now called Stalimene, situated near the entrance of
the Dardanelles. It is about 112 miles incircumference, ac
cording to I'liny, who savs, that it is often shadoued by
Mount Atlios, though at the distance of 87 miles. Leniiios
543
L v. N
KSiibifci lo llii'Tiirks, iMit tlie iiiliiihitaiitt, who arr aimnst
all G'riH'ks, art' very isiiliisliiciiis. 'riiolwo principHl pbct-s,
■and once tiiwiis, arc Coc-liiiio, foriiu'rlv calk-d li<-|>licsli<it,
and Lonnii,. or Sialiinvnc, aiitit'iilly Mvrint*. Il is the see
of A ("iiicl* arflildsliop. Lai. -lo. .i. N. liin. -26. 2S. E.
I^E MON, s. [liiiiim, Fr.l llii- (ruil of llu- Icniiin-lree. Liii-
nscus plai-cs il in llie eif;lil('<'iilli si'clion <>!' Iiit second cla^•l,
joiiiini; ilwilli lliecilroiiaiid oran},'e. 'I'lic spicies art- three.
LE.MC)NADE, s. Honor made of watcr.su^ar, and llie
juice of leiiiniis.
LKtMS'rKK.or LEOMiNSTRR.alarjjeand populous town
of Hereforikliire, Iradins; consideraldy in wool, Hue wlipal,
ftax, sloven, Icallu'r, Uan«, iVe. and lliere are several rivers
in and altoiit llie lovvn, on uliieli lliry liave mills and ollur
machines. Il is a great thorou^lil'are lielvveen S. Wales
and l^ondon, and is sealeci on Ihe river Lu;;, over which il
lias several hrid^es, '2.i miles \V. hy N. of Worcester, and
137 \V. ,\. \V. of London. Market on Friday, lis fairs,
whiih'are noled (or horses, lilaek callle, iS.c. are on Peli.
13, Tuesday after Midlent Siiuday, May 13, July lu, Sepl.
4, and Nov. I.
LEML'K, s. in zoolo<;y, a s^nus of animals vvhicli hear
some resemblance lo the niDukeys, Inil diH'er from litem
in the lenjitliened shape of iheir heads, in the lenylh of their
iiind lei;s, ajid particularly in not having' their niiscliicvous
disposition.
To LEND, r. <i. [/(Tiinii, ."sax.] lo let a person have any
tllini; on tdinlilion of relurnin;; it v\lien demanded; to
permit a piisim to use a Ihiu^ tui condition of its bcin-j
restored.
LENDKR, s. one who permits another to use any tiling
on condition of returning it when demanded.
LESG'!'H, s.[from /f/io-, Sax.] the extent of a thins: from
one end to anollicr ; a certain space, portion, or extent of
place or time ; long continluilR'f or protraction ; reach, ex-
tent, or degree ; the end or latter part of any lifiieas.sigiied.
Al lengUi, al last.
To LE'NfiTHEN, ». «. to make longer ; to continue or
protract the (liualion of any thing. Sometimes used wilh
out by way <)f emphasis, to protract ; to extend to a longer
space of time. Nenterly, to grow longer; to increase in
length.
LENGTHWISE, flrf. according lo the length ; with the
end foremost.
, LE'NHA.M, a 'town of Kent, silnated on an eminence
near the source of the Lcn, 10 miles E. of Maidstone, and
47 E.S. I'), of London. Market on Tuesday.
LE'NIENT, n. [from fenin, lo mitigate, Lai.] lessening ;
rendering less painfulor violent. Laxative orsofleiiing, ap-
plied to medicine.
To LE'NIFY, V. a. [Unifier, old, Fr.] to render less pain-
ful or violent ; to assuage.
LE'NIS, a. [Lat.] soft or gentle. In grammar, an accent in
this form I'l to denote that the letter under it is not aspirated.
LENITIVE, a. [leitid/, Fr.J lessening any pain ; softening
flremollie*tit.
LENITIVE,*, any thing applied (oease pain; any thing
used to palliate.
LE'NITY,!. [from feHi«, to mitigate, Laf.VmildneEs; a ten-
derness of disposition, exercised in overlooking small faults,
and punishing great onc« without rigour or severity.
LE'NOX. Sec Oumrartonshirf..
LENS, .«. ill dioptrics, a small roundish glass of the
fignr'.' of a lentil, generally applied to a glass thai is convex
on liotli sides, hut sometimes extended to signify miy opti-
cal glass whatever.
LKN'F, i. j/cH/Mi, the spring, Sax.] a lime M't apart for
ahstinenee by the church, consisting of forty <lays, which
receives its name from its happening in the spring.
LEKTEN, rt such as is used iil Lent ; abstinent or
sparing.
LENTICULAR, ^.[/eMiMH/fl/ff, Fr.] having tbe form of
a len«, or liurnnig glass.
LEN'm^'OKM, a. I from /r>u, a small round glau, and
ii44
LEP
forma, n form, Lat.j in the form of a iens ; snaped like a
lens.
LE'NTifiO, 1. [Lat.la freckly or scurfy eruption u|)oii
the skin ; such especially as is common (o women in child-
bearing.
LEN'IT<;iNOUS, a. [from loiii^o, a pimple, Lai.] scurfy.
LENTIL, s. [/eniille, Fr.] a idant ; called likewise
vetches.
LE'NTISC,*. [/i'«^>.*;(i, Lat.] a beauliftd evergreen tree,
which prixluces gum maslieh.
LE'N'I'OK, ^. I Lai. J tenacity, or viscosity, applied to the
consistence of bodies. Slowness or delay^ applied to mo-
tion. In UH'diciue, applied to that sizy, viscid, coagulated
pari of the blood, which, in malignant fevers, obstructs the
capillarv vessels.
LE'iN'I'OUS, a. [IriiiM, Lat.] viscous; tenacious, applied
to the consistence of bodies.
LEO,*, in astronomy, the lidis, the fifth of the twelvi
signs of the zodiac.
LEO MINOK, s. in astronomy, a constellation of the
northern hemisphere.
LIC'OD, s. [from the Sax.] in the composition of names,
implies the people ; as Ltuilffur, one of great interest with
the people.
LE'OF, *. [from the Sax.] in the composition of name.',
implies love: thus, Liufwin, is a winner of love ; Len/'sioii,
best-beloved.
LEON, a province of Spain, formerlv n kingdom, bounded
on iheN. by Asturias, on the W. by Gallicia and Portugal,
on the S. by Estremadnra, and on ihe E. by Old and New
Castile. 'J'lie soil is in general ferliic, and produces ail the
necessaries of life ; and the wine is tolerably good. It is
divided into nearly two e(|ual paits by llie river Dnero,
or Douro. Leon is the capital.
LEON, an antient and large city of Spain ; capital of
the province of that name, built by the Romans in the time
of (ijdba. It has llie liands(niiest cathedral in all Spain ; ia
which are tfif tombs of 37 kings and 1 emperor, and was
formerly richer and llliire populous than at present : yet
il now contains 8 parish churtliCs, 13 convents, 4 hospitals,
and about l'2,0()(> inhabitants. It is seated, between two
sources of the river Esta, 17i) miles N. by \V. of Madrid,
Lat.^2. 4.0. N. hm. .'i. 13. W.
Lt-.'ONINE, n. [ fajMiiiHs, from leo, a lion, Lat.] belonging
to a lion. Ill poetry, akiiid of verses, the middle of whlcli
always chimes or rhinies with the end ; so named from
J..eo, the supposed inventor ; " Ut viles jwnnm, de potibus
accipe ea-imm ;" or for an English example, " Willioul slop
or .«/"'/, down the rocky wmj." S>vtt.
LEOPARD, (ifiiaril) s. [from /«a, a lion, and juirdiis, a
panther, Lat.] in zoology, a swift, fierce, spotted animal,
nearly resembling tlie panther, but inferior in size. Il has
been (disened, when perfectly tamed, lo pur like a cat.
LEPA'N'FO, a considerable town of Turkey in l')urope, •
ill Livadia, built on a mountain, in the form of a sugar-loaf,
on the top of which is a castle. Near this town Don John
of Austria obtained a very great victory over the 'I'lirkisll
Heel, on October 7, 1571, in which lie look Ifil of their gal-
leys, and burnt or sunk 40, besides several other smaller ves-
sels. The number of Christians killed in this sia-Hglit
amounted to alK)ul ■/.'AiCt, and of the Turks lo about 20,ihmi.
Lat. .33 30. N. Ion. 22. 0. E.
LEPER, x. [from l(i»a, the leprosy, Lat.]a person infecled
with the leprosv.
LEPIIO'SITY, s. a disease wherein ihe skin scales ofL
Applied lo metals, the (piality of rusting, or wearing away
in scales. A foulness.
LI'i'PROSY, s. \lfj»-<i, Lai.] a foul disease, appearing oni
the skin in drv, while, scurfy scabs, or tvaleSy which cover
the whole body, or some part of 'it.
LEPROUS, a. [from tejira, the leprosy, Lai.] iufeckd with
a leprosv.
LEPU.S, .t. in a^trouomy, a coii&ticllati<m of tlie suulhcrn
hemisphere.
LET
LEV
LERE, *. [loire, Sax.] an old word for lesson, lore, doc-
trine.
LK'RWICK, the chief town of the Slietland ishiiids, situ-
ated on the I''., side (if the Miiiiil;ind, ;is the ]>rin<i|i;d island
is called. It is a jjeiieral rciulezvous of the tisliiii;; busses
from Britain, Holland, UeninarU, and nlher parts. The
principal fishery, tarried on liy the iidiahilants, is lliat oiling
and tusk. TUey are cau"lil in the months of June and .Inly,
on long lines, set at the (listanee of lOor 1'2 leagues Irom all
land, by six-oared boats, from 2 to ;i tons burden. The
yearly export of thisarticle to foreign markets is, on an ave-
rage, 800 tons, from all the islands. Lat. GO. 20. N. km. 1.
30. W.
LE'SK.\RD, a town of Cornwall, gradually improved to he
one of the largest and best built in the countv. It contains
ahandsome town hall, built on stone pillars, a large church,
an eminent free-school, ami about 10(10 inhabitants. jAlr.
Norden, however, who surveyed and described this county,
in the reign of James 1. says, " it is a poor town, whose rnins
argue its pristine glory to be great." It has some consider-
able manufactures of leather and yarn, which last is chieHy
sold at Exeter. It is 49 miles W. by S. of Exeter, and 221
W. .by S. of London. Market on Saturday.
LESS, a negative and privative termination, [lens, Sax. J
joined to a substantive, it implies the absence or privation of
the thing expressed by that substantive ; as, thamelcss, child-
L'ss, fatherless,
LESS, ad. in a small degree ; in a lower degree. " This
opinion presents a less merry, but not less dangerous, temp-
tation to those in adversity." Decai/ of Piet)/.
LESS, o. the comparative degree of Utile ; [leas, San.] that
which on comparison is not found as big or great as the thing
it is compared with.
LESSEE', s, [fioro iff-te) the person to whom a lease is
given.
To LESSE^f, V. a. [from (>.«] todnnmisii the bulk, quan-
tity, or quality, of any thing. Neuterly, to grow less, shrink,
or contract. Synon. To ai«*e, implies a decrease in action ;
diminisli, a waste in substance ; decrease, a decay in moral
virtue ; lessen, a contraction of parts.
J^E'SSES, ? [laissies, Fr.l tiie dung of beasts, left on the
ground.
LE'SSON, s. [keort, Fr.] any thing read and repeated to a
teacher by a scholar ; a precept, or notion inculcated by
teaching ; a portion of scripture read in divine scj'vice ; a
tune pricked for a musical instrument, and taught by a mu-
sic-master to his pupil; a remonstrance, reprimand, or rating
lecture.
To LESSON, ti. a. to teach, to instruct.
LE'SSOR, s. one who lets any thing by lease.
LEST, cowj. [from /<?«<] for fear that ; in order to 'pre-
vent.
LE'STOFF, Laystoff, or LEosTOFF,a town of Suffolk,
eonsistingofabout 500 houses, indifferently built; the streets,
tliough pretty well paved, are narrow, and it contains about
Q250 inhabitants. It is seated on the sea-shore, and con-
cerned in the fisheries of the north sea, catching and curing
of cod, herring, mackerel, soles, and sprats, in which busi-
ness upwards of 30 boats are employed, and 70,000 barrels
have been sold to foreign markets, and for home consump-
tion. Here is also a manufactory of coarse china. It is 8
miles S. of Yarmouth, and 1 17 N. E. of London. INIarket on
Wednesday.
LESTWITHIEL, a town of Cornwall, with a market on
Friday. It is a corporation, and sends two members to
parliament. They also keep courts here belonging to the
stannary ; and the gaol is likewise here. It is governed
by a mayor, 6 capital burgesses, and 17 common council
men. It is seated on the river Fov, near its fall into Foy
Laven, 10 miles W. N. W. of Plymouth ; and 230 W. by S.
of London. Market on Friday.
To LET, V. a. [la:tan. Sax.] to permit, allow, or grant ;
♦o put to hire; to grant a tenant. To let blood, to open a
vein, so as the blood may flow out. To intrust with ; to
4 A
admit. "To ht into the secret." f!pect. No. 48.1. To hi off,
to discharge, aii|)lied to tir<- discharge of artillery. To ob-
struct ; to hinder or oppose, from tcttan, .Sax. " He who
now teltiltt will lit, until he be taken out of the way." 2
Thess. ii. 7. lUt'ore the first person singular, it irni>lies reso-
lution, fixed pinpose, earnestness, and ardent wish. " J^t
»«c' die the death of llie rigliteous." Aidm/j. xxiii. 10. I'eforc
the first person plural, it irni)lies exhortation. " I>i<^e ; lit us
go." Mark. Belore the .third person singular and plural, it
imi)!ies permission or command. " J.et the soldiers seize
him." Dryd. Before a thing in the passive, it implies a
positive command. "i-cMhisbe done." Dryd. iNeuterly,
to forbear, to withhold himself. " Ferdinando — would not
let to counsel the king." Jim-on.
LET, s. an obstacle, hindrance, or obstruction. " Ths
secret lets — in public proceedings are innumerable and in-
evitable." Biteon.
LET, used at the end of substantives, is derived from lyet.
Sax. and it implies little or small. Thus owl makes on lit, a
little or small owl; and of eagle is formed eaglet, a small or
little eagle.
LI'/l'HAT^GIC, a. Uet/iargique, Fr.J sleepy ; of the nature
of a lethargy.
LI'.TIIA'ROICNESS, s. sleepiness ; drowsiness.
LE'THAIIGIED, a. seized with a lethargy ; laid asleep,
or entranced.
Ll'.TIIARGY, s. [from letlw, to forget, Gr.J a disease
consisting of a profound drowsiness, or sleep, from whence
a person cannot be easily w aked.
LE'TH E, i. [from letho, to forget, Or.] oblivion ; a state of
forgetfulness.
LK'TTER, s. [from let] one who permits; one who hin-
ders ; one who gives vent to any thing, as, a Idond-letter.
LETTER, s. [lettre, Fr.]a character either in printing or
writing, by which is expressed any of the simple sounds
of which syllables are composed ; a written message ; a
writing, whereby a person communicates his sentiments to
another at a distance ; any thing to be read ; a type with
which books are printed. In the plural, learning. A man
of letters.
To LETTER, v. a. to mark or stamp with letters.
LETTERED, a. learned ; conversant in, and improved
bv, reading ; marked with letters.
"LE'TTERFOL'NDER, i. one who casts the letters or
types used in i)rinting.
LE'TTUCl'', s. [/ffc<»fff, Lat.] a plant which derives its
name from the milky juice with which it abounds.
LI^'VANT, ff. [lecunt, Fr.] raising or making turbulent.-
Eastern. " Forth rush the levant and the ponent winds."
Par. Lqst.
LE'V.\NT, s. this word properly signifies the East ; but
it is generally used, when speaking of trade, for TuRK K Y I N
Asia ; comprehending Natolia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt,
Barka, the island of Candia, and the adjacent parts. The
Levant Sea means the Eastern part of the Mediterra-
nean.
LEVATOR, s. [Lat.] a surgeon's instrument, whereby
the depressed parts of the skull are lifted up. In anatomy,
applied to those muscles which lift ud or raise the parts to
which tliev are fastened.
L1':UC0PHLE'GMACY, {lenlwfligmaqi) *. [from leulos,
white, and phhgma, a humor, Lat.] a kind of dropsy con-
sisting ot'a white flabby tinmn- ail over the body.
LEUCOPHLEGMATIC, (lealioftetrmdlih) «.'[from leuhos,
white, and phlegma, a humor, Lat.] troubled with a leuco-
phlegmacy, or white fla!)by tumor.
LEVEE', s. [Fr.] the time of rising. Figuratively, an as-
sembly of persons meeting together in a great man's house,
to pay him compliments at his rising.
LEVEL, a. [I'cfel, Sax.] even, or not hfving one part
higher than another ; in the same line with any thing else ;
equal in perfection or dignity. In botany, applied to the
branches or fruit-stalks when they grow to equal heights, so
64£>
LF.W
LEY
as to form a flat surface at Ike top, as in the flowers of the
swet't ailli;itn.
To LKTI^L, V. a. to make even or ^vithnut any ineqna-
lities, applied to surface. To iiuikeof the yjnie lieight with
any thin^^ else ; to nuike or lay flat ; to reduce to a condition
ecjual to that of another. Neuterly, to aim ; to point a piece
of ordnance in takinijaini ; to be iii liie same direction, or
even uitiiamark ; toaim or niakeatlenipts.
LF/\'KL, i. a plane ; a surface without any inequalities.
Fijfuratively, a rate, standard, or condition. "Above my
ordinary /t'leif." Dryd. A state of equality. In mechanics,
an instrument used by masons to rci;ulate their work. A
rule. Tiie line of direction in which any piece of ordnance
is placed.
LE'^EL, (BEDFORD) a tract of fenny land, consisting
of about .300,000 acres, in the counties of Norfolk, SuHblk,
Huntiny:don, Nortlunnplou, Lincoln, Cambrid^'e, and the
Isle of Ely, which appear to have been dry land formerly,
by the ruins of houses, larye trees, tVc. that have been found
ill several parts. After divers expensive attempts to drain
these fens, in the reigns of Henry VI. and Charles I. William
duke of Bedford, and others, lf!49, undertook and com-
pleted it, so far as to bring about 100,000 acres of gocd
land to use. In these fens are several decoys, where asto-
nishing quantities of wild fowl are taken during the season.
One of these, not far from Ely, generally sends 3000 couple
weekly to London, and is let for 500/. a year.
LE'VELLER, s. one who makes any thing even.
LE'VELLING, .r. the art or act of finding a line parallel
to the horizou, at one or more stations, in orderto determine
the height of one place with respect to another, for laying
grounds even, regulating descents, draining morasses, con-
ducting water, cVc.
LEV ELNES.S, t. evenness or equality.
LEVKN. See Leaven.
LE'VER, J. [leiier, Er.] in mechanics, the second, if not
the first, of the mechanical powers.
LE'VEIIET, s. [licm-et^ Fr.] a young hare ni the first
year.
LE'VET, s. [from lever, Fr.] tho blast or sound of a
trumpet.
LE'VIABLE, a. [from lei"j\ that may be levied or forced
to be paid.
LEVl'ATHAN, s. |Heb.] the crocodile. Commentators
are much divided in their opinions concerning this word,
some making it the whale; but if we consider the descrip-
tion given of it in Job xli. we shall find criteria enough to
restrain it to the crocodile.
To LiyVKrATE, v. a. [Imtgn, from hn-is, smooth, Lat.]
to grind to an impalpable powder, between two stones ; to
mix liquors till they become smooth and iucorporateji.
LEViGA'TlON, s. the act of reducing hard bodies, such
as coral, into a subtile powder, by grinding them on a marble
stone.
LE'VITE, s. [from I.eri, Jacob's third son] one of the
tribe of Levi, who was by inhcritauce an inferior kind of
minister in the Jewish tabernacle and (cuiple, having the
care of the sacred utensils, and somewhat resembling in
degree the deacons among Christians. .\ priest; used as a
word of conlemiit, when applied to a Christian minister.
LEVITICAL, n. belonging to, or descended from, the Le-
vites ; exercised by, or confined to, the Levites.
LEVrXICUS, s. a canonical book of the Scripture, being
fhe third of the Pentateuch of Moses; thus called because
it contains princii)ally the laws and regulations relating to
the priesttr, the Levites, and sacrifices.
LI"VITY, f. [from /«j.v, light, Lat.] lightness, or want of
weight ; inconstancy, or changeableness ; unsteadiness ;
trillmg ['aiety; want of seriousness.
To Ll'/V Y, V. II. \lertr, Fr.] to raise or bring together, ap-
plied to armies. I'o raise or collect money as a lax or line.
Iji law, to pass ; thus to levyw line, is to pass a hue.
LE'VV, *. lip- act of raising M.en in- money. War rnised.
Lli'WAllDEN, a large, rich, and populous city of the
Dutch United Provinces, capital of W. Friesland. Its
buildings, as well private as public, are magnificent ; and it
lias several canals in the streets, which are a great assist-
ance to their trade; especially as they are continued not
only to the sea, but to tile most cimsiderable towns iii the
province. It is situated in the <piarter called Ostergow,
27 miles W. of Groningen, and G6 N. bv E. of Amsterdam.
Lat. 53. 11. N. Ion. ,<>. 42. E.
LEWD, a. [/ffHcrfe, Sax.] wicked, bad, or vicious. At
present it is confined to signify lustful, or being lost to all
sense of modesty.
LE'WDLY, 01'?. wickedly or viciously. Lustfully, the
last sense seems to be the only one in which it is used at
present.
LE'WDNESS, s. the quality of giving a loose to Insf, or
indulgin;/ such actions and iuclimitions as are inconsistent
with modesty.
LEWES, the principal town of Sussex, is a well built,
populous, and antient place, and is seated on the river Ouse,
which is navigable here for barges, 30 miles E. ofChiches-
ter,and4!)S. of London. It is finely situated on the de-
clivity of a hill, on which are the remains of an antient
castle, the environs of which command a beautiful view of
a richly varied country, scarcely to be matched in Europe.
It takes in the sea for .30 miles W. and an uninterrupted
view of Banstead Downs, which is full 40 miles. On the
river are several iron-works, w here cannon are cast for mer-
chant ships, besides other useful works of that kind. The
timber hereabouts is orodigiously lar^je, and the soil is the
richest in this part of Vln^land. Market on Snturdav.
LE'WIS, one of the most considerable of the Western
Islands of Scotland, which being connected by a narrow
isthmus with Harris, forms but one island, which is about
40 miles in length, aiifl 13 in its mean breadth. Like most
of the Scottish isles, it is greatly intersected by arms of the
sea. By these it may be said to be divided into five penin-
sulas. The country, in general, is wild, bleak, barren of
wood, and little fitted for cultivation ; the hills are covered
with heath, which atlbrd shelter for various sorts of game.
The lakes anil streams abound w ith salmon, large red trout,
Ac. The laud animals here are similar to those found in
the northern isles, and the fisheries on the coast are not in-
ferior. Stornaway is the only town in Lewis. The island
belongs to Ross-shire.
LEWIS D'OllE, (pronounced /«« f/'wr(')«. [Fr.J a golden
French coin, valued at seventeen shillings English.
LEXICO'GRAPHER, (/«//„.»,vt/«) f. [fVom lexienn, a
dictionary, and s^raplm, to w rite, ( ir.J a w riter or compiler of
dictionaries or books, wherein the etymologies and mean-
ings of words are explained.
LEXICOGRAPHY, {iexkiugntfij) s [from lexicon, a dic-
tifinary, and g-rnplw, to write, Gr.J the art or inactice of
writing dictionaries.
LI'/'XICON, s. [from ?e.r)i, a word, Or.] a book containing
the ^explanation of words; geueially confined to such as
contain the explanation of words in the Greek and oriental
languages.
LE'XINGTON, a town of N. America, capital of the
slate of Kentucky and county of Fayette. It stands on
the head of the river Eskhorn, about 4S0 miles W. S. W. of
Philadelphia.^ Lat. .37. .57. N. lou. 84. 43. W.
LEY, LEE, LAY, in composition of names, are deriv-
ed from /crtg. Sax. and sii,'iiify a lield.
LE'VDl'LN, a city of Holland, supposed to be the same
which Ptolemy calls Ltn^ihuuim Jiulmormn, seated in a conn-
try full of gardens and meadows, surrounded by ditches and
canals, near the aiili<'iit bed of the Rliiiie, which now looks
like a canal. It is about lour miles and a half in circumfe-
rence; and its ditches are bordered w ith rows of trees. It
lias eight gates, anil containsJjO islands, and i45 bridges, the
greatest part of whidi are made with freestone. The
public buildings are very handscmie. Tlu're are several
large hospitals, and an nniversitv, which has generally about
200 students, though there are but two colleges; for thcs«
II B
Lie
scholars board in the town, niid liavo no dress to distin;;uish
tlieni. Tlie school consists of a lar^'C pih; ot'hriciv huililing,
three stories hit;h. Adjoining,' to the scliool is the physic-
garden, where the professor reads lectures in botany. The
library contains curious nianuscripls ; and the theatre Cor
anatomy is the finest in Europe. Mere are nianuraelures
of the hestcUjihs and sluli's in Holland, there beiiitj no less
than KiOOworknien employed in tlietn. It is 4 miles I'), ot
tliesea, loS. S. E. of Haarlem, and '20 S. W. of Amsterdam.
Lat. 6-2. 8 and two-thirds N. Ion. 4. 28. E.
LIA'BLE, «. [liable, I'' r.] obnoxious; subject to; not ex-
empt from.
Ll'.^R, s. one wlio wilfully and deliberately tells a false-
hood ; one who wants veracity.
LIBANU.S, the name of mountains of 'I'urkcy, in Asia,
which lie between I'roper Syria and Palestine, extending
from the Mediterranean Sea as far as Arabia. It is com-
posed of four inclosnresof nmuntains, which rise one upon
the other. The first is very fruitful; the second very bar-
ren ; tlie third enjoys a perpetual spring ; and the fourth is
always covered with snow. They were formerly famous
for cedar-trees, but now there are scarce any remaining.
Geographers distinsuish them into Libanus and Anti-Liba-
iius; the hitter lies on the S. 5i<le of the vallev, rising near
the ruins of Sidon, and ferniinales in Arabia, in lat. 3-t.
They are seiiarated from each other at an equal distance
thro'ushout, and form a ccmntry, called by the anticnts
Coelo Syria.
LIBA'TION, s. [from tihn, to pour out, Lat.] the act of
pouring wine on the ground in divine worship. Figura-
tively, the wineso i)oured.
LI'BEL, .?. [lihellns, a (limimifiiv, from liber, a book, Lat.]
a malicious aspersion in printing or writing, tending to
blacken the reputation of a person living, or the memory
of one who is dead, in order to expose him to public con-
tempt, hatred, or ridicule. 3 Imt. 174. 5 Hep. 126. 131.
Hairk. C. l\\3Iuor. 627.
To LI'BEL, !'. a. to print or pidilish any thing that shall
blacken the character of a person, and expose him to pub-
lic ridicule, contempt, or hatred ; to spread any defania-
torv report by writing or printing.
LIBELLER, s. one who spreads a report iu writing
which mav blacken a person's character.
LIBELLOUS, CI. containing some report which may
blacken a person's character.
LIBERAL, rt. [liberalis, from libei; free, Lat.] becoming a
gentleman; generous; bountiful. Liberal Arts are those
that polish the mind, such a.s grammar, rhetoric ; also mu-
sic, painting, sculpture, architecture ; in opposition to me-
chanieal arts.
LIBERALITY, s. [liberalitas, from liber, free, Lat. libe.
raliti, ¥r.^ bounty ; a generous disposition of mind, exert-
ing itself in giving largely. Sy NON. Liberality implies acts
of mere giving or spending; s:enerositi/, acts of greatness ;
bouiUy, acts of kindness. A liberal man gives freely ; a gc-
jieroiis man, nobly; and a buuiitif'nl man, charitably. Libe-
ralitij is a natural disposition ; g-eiiero.titi/ proceeds from ele-
vation of sentiment ; hmintii from religious motives. Libe-
rality denotes freedom of spirit ; generosity, greatness of
soul ; bomiti/, openness of heart..
LI'BERALLY, ad. giving iu a large manner, or without
grudging.
LI'BERTINE, s. one who acts without restraint; one who
pays no regard to the precepts of religion. In law, a freed
man, or slave who is made free, from libertiniis, Lat.
LI'BERTINE, a. [lihertin, Fr.] licentious ; having no re-
spect to the precepts of religion.
LIBE'RTINISM, s. an opinion or practice which is in-
consistent with the precepts of religion.
■ LIBERTY, s. [liberte, F'r. libertas, from liber, free, Lat.]
(he power in any agent to begin to take up any tlwught, or
to forbear any particular action, according to the choice of
the' mind, whereby it chooses to do one in preference to
aiiiotiier. Political liberty, is a power of actii>g agreeable to
the laws which are enacted by the consent of a people, and
no ways inconsistent with the natural rights of a single per-
son, or the good of society ; thus it si<uis to be freedom,
opposed to slavery or necessity. A privilege ; an exemption ;
an immunity; a diminution or relaxation of restraint ; a
leave or permission. " 1 take the liberty to consider."
Locla:
LIBI'DINOUS, a. [from libido, lust, Lat.] lewd ; given up
to lust.
LIBI'DINOUSLY, ad. lewdly ; in a wanton or unchaste
manner.
LI'BRA, in astronomy,' the balance, one of the twelve
signs of the zodiac, supposed to he thus denominated be-
cause, when the sun is in thissigu in the autumnal eijuinox,
the days and nights are of equal length as if weighed in a
balance.
LIBR.\'RIAN, s.[librarius, from liber, a book, Lat.] one
who has the care of a library.
LI'BRARY, s. [from libraire, Fr.] a large collection of
books, either public or private.
To LIBRATE, V. «. \libro, Lat. \ to poise, balance, or
counterpoise.
LIBRA'TION, « [from W70, to weigh, Lat.j the state of
being balauced. In astronomy, the balancing or Ircmhling
motion of the firmament, whereby the declination of the
sun, and the latitude of the stars, change i'tinu time to
time. The apparent irregularity of the moon, by which
she seems to librate, or waver about her own axis, sometimes
from the east to the west, and sometimes from the west to
the east. The libratiun of the earth, is that motion whereliy
it is restrained in its orbit, that its axis continues constantly
parallel to the axis of the world.
LIBRA'TORY, a. [from Mjo, to weigh, Lat.] balancing;
plaving like a balance.
OCE, plural of Louse.
LI'CENCE, i. [from licet, it is lawful, Lat.] contempt of
lawful and necessary restraint; a grant or permission; a
liberty or consent; a power or authority given to a person
to dosome lawful act. In canon or ecclesiastical law, a
liberty or power granted to a person to marry without pub-
lication of bans. Among publicans, a liberty or power
granted bv a justice of peace for selling beer, or wine, <S;c.
To LI'CENSE, f. a. \licencier, Fr.J to set at liberty ; to
permit a person to do something which he could not with-
out such ^rant.
Ll'CENSER, i. one who grants permission or liberty to
do a thing.
LICE'NTIATE, {lic'emJiiate) s. [licentiatiis, low Lat.] one
who uses licence, or makes free with the laws. A degree
in the Spanish universities. Among the college of physi-
cians, a person w ho has licence or authority given him for
practising physic, though not admitted a fellow of the
college.
To LICE'NTIATE, (licinsliiate)v. a. [licentier, Fr.] to per-
mit ; to authorize by licence.
LICE'NTIOUS, (the ti in this word and its derivatives is
pron. Iike«/i!', as licinshimis) a. [licetitia, licentiousness, Lat.]
not restrained by law, morality, or religion; overflowing its
bounds ; unconiined. " The "Tiber, whose licentious waves."
lioscom.
LICE'NTIOUSLY,flrf. with too much liberty or freedom ;
without any restraint from law or morality.
LICE'NTIOUSNESS, s. boundless liberty; contempt or
neglect of just restraint.
LiCII, *. [lice. Sax.] a dead carcase; hence Lichivake, or
the custom of watching the dead every night till the corpse
was buried ; Lich-gate, the gate^through which the dead are
carried to the grave ; Licli-Jicld, the field of the dead, a
city in Staffordshire, so named from Christians martyred
there ; Lichfowl, certain birds accounted unlucky and ill-
boding, as the raven, screech-owl, Ac.
LI'CHFIELD, a pretty large, neat, and well-built city of
Staft'ordshire, eontaining 3 parish churches, besides a catlie-
dial, a free-school, and 2 hospitals. It is seated in a line
LIE
L! F
cliampaign country, on a little river" tliat divides it into two
parts, called tlie City and the Close, and which fidls into the
Trent 3 miles below ; comniunioatini;, however, w ilii ;ili the
late inland navigations, 14 miles S. E. of Stafl'ord, and 119
N. W. of London. Markets on Tuesday and Friday.
LICHEN, s. the plant called also liverwort.
Ll'CHOWL, s. a sort of owl, by the vulgar supposed to
foretell death.
To LICK, V. fi. [licean, Sax. J to touch or pass over with
the tongue ; to move the tongue over any thing; to lap or
take in by the tongue. Used with vp, to devour. "When
luxury has tich'fl up ai! thy pelf." Pupe. To smear, or to
drink up any nioisUire. "She licks up all the dirt with her
clothes." To beat ; a vulgar term.
LICK, s. a blow. " Ciive me a lick across the face."
Dryd. The act of smearing or rubbing the tongue over any
thing ; a low word.
LICKERISH, or LI'CKKROUS, a. \liccera, a glutton.
Sax.] nice in the choice of food ; eag:er; greedy ; nice, or
tempting the appetite.
LI'CKERISHNESS, s. gluttony ; greediness after dain-
ties ; niceness of palate.
' LI'CTOR, s. [LatJ a beadle, wno in antient Rome at-
tended the consuls, and «as employed iu apprehending
criminals.
LID, s. [hlid. Sax.] a cover which shuts down close upon
or into a vessel ; the niembrane wliirli covers the eye wlien
we sleep or wink, called likewise the ei/eliil, from aita;nii
lied/YnuX. In botany, a cover to the tips of several of the
mosses, as in the bogmoss.
LIDD, a populous town of Kent, seated in Romney
!Marsh, 26 miles S. of Canterbury, and 71 S. E. of London.
Market on Thursday.
LI'DDESDALE, a county of Scotland, which is hounded
on the N. by Tiviotdalc, on the S. E. by Cumberland, and
on the S. V»'. by Annandale.
LIDNEY, a town of Gloucestershire, noted for the re-
mains of a large Roman encampment, with the ruins of a
Roman hypocaust, or bath of an ovaS form, and the foun-
dation? of nrany Roman buiiilings. It is seated on the W.
hank of llie Severn, 8 miles N. !'-. of Chepstow, 10 S. of
Dean, 20 S. W. of Gloucester, and 123 from London. Market
on Wednesday.
LIE,.?. [/(>, Fr.] a liquor impregnated with some other
body, such as soap or salt.
LIE, s. \li^c. Sax.] a deliberate, wilful, and criminal false-
hood ; a hction. See Ly e, which is the properest spelling.
To LI I'', V. n. (/ciig-au. Sax. liegen, Belg.J to be guilty of
a wilful and criminal falsehood.
To LIE, «. n. pretcr. I hi), have lain, or lien, but the last
Jtreter. is seldom used : [liegen, Belg.] to rest horizontally or
with a great inclination, upon any thing else ; to rest or
lean upon ; to repose or be in a bed. Tnlieby, to keep in
reserve ; to preserve. " Divers of which I have yet lyius;
bi) -me." Boyle. To be placed or siluatcd. "What tifs
beyond our positive idea." J.ocke. To be in a person's
power; to depend on a person, used with in. "Endea-
vour as much as );i Ihee tics." Duppu. To lie in, to be in
<'hiidbed. Used with on, to be imputed to. " Let il lie on
iny head." But wheiijoined v.ilh linnds, to be troublesoiiK!
or tedious. " Thosi' hours that /<i?i7"/h their /("/I'/.v." (twiiiI.
.LIFE, {lcef)ti. \litf, Belg. Leof, Sax.] dear or beloved. " My
liefetl liege." fi/nik.
LIFF, (Ire/) ud. w illingly or readily. " I had as Uef have
the foppery of freedom." Sludi.
LIEGIv, {hej) a. \Ji^c, Fr. and U^io, Ital.] bound by
some feudal tenure; subject; hence ^/cg-c»n«", a subject.
Sovereign.
LIEGK, Ciff/) a larnp, populous, and rich city of (rer-
HKiny, in the circle of Westphalia, and capital of a bishopric
of tlie same name. Here the river Maese is divided into
three branehi's, the Loose, Oorte, and Atnbleve, wliieli, af-
ter having pa.ssed through the streets under several bridges,
unite again. Here is a famous university ; the public struc-
(AH
tures are very numerous ; and on the sides of the river are
fine walks. This place is about 4 miles in circumference,
and has 150 streets, 16 gates, and 10 large suburbs. It is
seated on the river Maese, in v. \alley surrouadeil by hills,
with agreeable and fertile meadows between, 1.5 miles S.
W. of Maestricht, and 62 S. W. of Cologne. Lat. 30. 30.
N. Ion. 5. 3U. E.
LIEGE, lately a bishopric of Germany, in the circle of
West phalia, hounded on the N. by Brabant and G uelderland ,
on the E. by Lindnirg, Juliers, and Luxemburg ; on the S. bv
Luxemburg and the department of the Ardennes; and on the
W. by Brabant and Namur. It is fruitful in corn and fruits,
and contains mines of iron, Itad, and coal, beside quarries of
marble. Before the late changes in the German empire, the
bishop, who was elected by the canons, was an absolute and
considerable ecclesiastical prince, having in his diocese 62
baronies, lit walled towns, and 400 villages.
LIEGE, {leej) s. sovereign; a superior lord. Seldom
usea.
LI'EGEM AN, (leijman) s. a subject. Not in use.
LIENTE'RIC, a. belonging to the lientery.
LIE'NTERY, «■ [from leius, smooth, slippery, and enteron,
a bowel, Gr.]a particular kind of looseness, wherein the
food passes through the guts with little or no alteration.
L'lEll, s. [from to lie,\ one that rests or lies down^ one
that remains conceided.
LIEU, (/eii) s. [Fr.] place; room; or stead: only used
with HI.
LIEUTENANCY, (liftcwmcy) s. [lieutenance, Fr.J the
office of a heutenant ; the bodv of lieutenants.
LIEIJTE'NANT, (///"/.'""hO*- [lieuiemmt, Fr.J a deputy,
or one that is conimissloned to act for anuli er in his ab-
sence. In war, one who holds the next rank to a captain,
and acts iu his stead, when absent, or iucapatitatcd by ac-
cidents.
LIEUTETSIANTSHIP, Qiftinantskip) ,. the rank or offic*
of a lieutenant.
LIFE, s. plural lives: [from lifiim. Sax.] the state where-
in the soul and body are united and co-operate ; the present
state, opposed to the future;. conduct, or the general manner
in which a person behaves with respect to virtue or vice ;
the contiimance or duration of our present state ; an exact
resemblance of a living form ; a state of vegetation, or
growing, applied to plants ; the general slate of mankind.
Manners. " .Vrts that pcdish life.'' Pur. Lost. Spirit ; vi-
gour ; vivacity. Animal beings. " Full nature swarms
with /i/'f." T/ionison. Also a written nairative of a persou's
life.
LI'FEBLOOD, s. the blood necessary to life.
LI'Fl'XilVING, a. having the power logive life.
LIFE(iUA'RD, s. the guard of a kings |iei'son.
LIFELESS, a. deprived of life ; dead. Figuratively,
without vigour, power, force, or spirit. "A lifeless king."
Prior.
Id TELESSLY, nd. without vigour or strength ; jejune;
frigifl, or without spirit.
Ll'l''EL!Kls, «. like a living person.
Lit'"!'. IMlES!']|l\ER, a popular name for the apparatus
invented by captain Manby in 180U, for saving the lives of
ship-wrecked sea-men. It consists of a shot, fre(juenlly
a barbed one, with an eye inserted, which is fastened by
means of a platted hide, to a rope, and thrown bv a small
mortar over the vessel which is in distress. By this means
a counuunieation is secureil between the vessel and the
shore, and either a boat or a col may he hauled to the as-
sistance of the persons on board the ship ; or the rope being
fastened round their waists, they are drawn in safety to the
shore. He has also invented a cot which may be sent to
the ship from the shore, for the removal of helpless
women, children, and sick and wounded persons. See the
plates on shipwreck.
LI'FESTRING, «. nerve ; string imagined to convey
life.
LIG
LIK
LI'FETIMR, s. the continuance or duration of life.
LfFKWRAUY, n. lircd of liviii;;.
To I, I FT, f. a.\iiil]'ttt, SwcmI. loffl'r, Dan.] to r;iisp from
tlio ground ; to licavi; or hold on liif^h ; to riusc or elevate ;
to raise in esteem, fortune, di^niity. Neulerly, to hirive to
raise by an effort of strenjjtli. Synon. We ///i, in l;iliinK
any tiling up ; we ndse, in setting it upright, or placing it
according to some order.
LlF'l', s. the act or manner of raising any thing from the
ground, or holding it upwards; an efi'ort or struggle. A
dcnd tifl implies an etlbrt to raise something- that cannot be
moved with the whole force ;»aud, tiguratively, any state of
distress, impotence, or inability.
LITTER, s. one that raises any heavy thing trom the
ground ; one that raises any thing.
To \.\ii,v.n.\lcggen, Belg.] to lie. "Wild beasts li^^en
in wait." S/wuscr.
Ll'fi AM l'"-NT, ^. [from 7is;'>, to bind, Lat.] any thing tliat
ties or binds one thing lo another. In anatomy, a white,
tough, solid, and intlexible part of the l)ody, whose chief
use is to fasten the bones together which are arliculaled for
motion.
LIGAMI':'NTAL, or LIGAMENTOUS, a. composing,
or of the nature of, a ligament.
LlfiA'TlON, .t. [from %o,to bind, Lat.] the act of bind-
ing; the state of being bound.
L'IGATURE, s. [iVom //o-o, to bind, Lat.l any thing Itonnd
on as a bandage; the act of binding; the state of being
bound.
LICiHT, (fiif) J. [Icn/it, Sax.] that sensation occasioned
in the mind by the view ofbnuinous bodies ; or that property
in bodies, whereby they are tilted to excite those sensations
in lis ; a certain action ofluniiuous bodies on the medium be-
tween them and the eye, whereby they become visible ; a
state wherein bodies become visible ; rays proceeding from a
luminous body. Figuratively, illumination, instruct ion, or the
discovery of something before unknown. A point of view ;
a situation ; the direction in w hich the light falls. " Setting
them in their pro]jer lii^/its." Sped. No. 2yl. Explanation,
or the means of clearing up any difficult passage in writings,
" One part of the text could not fail to give light lo another."
Locke. Any thing used to give ligiit in the night-time. A
person of great parts and eminent abilities, famous for his
discoveries, and the communication of them. " One of the
Uglits of the age." Synon. Light is the origin or com-
mencement of /m'^/i<"fss; splendor \s liria;/iliiess m perfection.
The intention of light isonly to make objects visible ; that of
brightness, tomake them clearly distinguishable and known ;
splendor shews them to a great degree of perfection. We
attribute tight to the stars, brightness to the moon, and
tpletulor to the sun.
LIGHT, (lite) a. \leoht. Sax.] easily raised, or of small
weight ; not burdensome to be borne, worn, carried, or lifted
up. Figuratively, easy to be endured. Easy to be per-
formed. "The task was light." Dn/d. Active or nimble.
" ii'g-Zif of foot." 2 S'im. ii. 18. Slight or trilling. "A
light error." Boi/le. Not thick or gross. " Light bread."
Numb. xxi. 5. '' Light fumes." Dri/d. fiay ; airy ; trifliug ;
irregular; unchaste. "A light uife doth make a lieavy
liusbaud." Shah. Brigirt, or shining; clear. Tending to
white, applied to colour. " A %//^coloured clay." Woodw.
To LIGHT, (/<() V. a. (from light, substantive f to kindle,
inflame, or set on fire ; to give light to.
To LIGHT, {tit) V. n. ffi-om licht, Belg.J to fall upon or
meet with by chance, used with vpun. 'I'o disiuount or de-
scend from a horse or carriage, used with front, nff, and for-
merly down ; from nlighlan. Sax. " He lighted down from
the chariot." 2 Kings v. 21. To fall, or strike. " On
whomsoever it //^Aw/i." Hooker. To settle; to fix, or rest.
" Then as a bee tights on that and this." Dryd.
LIfiHT, nd. more properly Lightly, which see. " Shall
we set light hv that custom." Hooker.
To LI'GHTEN, {hien) v. n. \ltchten, Sax.J to flash, ap-
plied to the glare of light occasioned by the explosion of
combustible particles in the air, attended with thunder.
To fall or light, used with upon. " Lord, let thy mercy
lighten upon ns " Com. I'rin/.
To LI'GHTEN, (to™)!', a. flVom /<g-/if substantive] to
illuminate, or make things visible ; to disperse any gloom or
obscurity; to convey know led-ge. "Lighten our darkness,
we beseech thee, () Lord." Com. Pray. To make less heavy,
applied to buidens.
LIGHTER, (/;/t7) ^. a large heavy boat, in which shifis
are lightened or uidoadeil.
LrGllTElvMAN, {fitennan) s. one who owns or works a
lighter.
Ll'GIlTFINGERED, {lite-angered) a. nimble at convey-
ance ; thievish.
LI'GHTl'OOT, or l.niflTrOOTED, {litefutted) a.
nimble in dancing, or swift in running.
LUiHTHE'.ADED, (IHehYdcd) «. unsteady ; loose-
thoughtless; gi<ldy. In medicine, delirious, or disordered
in the mind bv disease.
LIGHTHE'ARTED, {lite-hdrted) a. gay; merry; airy;
cheerful.
Ll'(iHTHOUSE, (?!Ve7iTOsr) i. an hi;?h building, at the
top of which li:,dits are hung to guide ships at sea.
Lr(;ilTI,l'.GGED, n. nimble; swift.
LI'tiHTLKSS, (/ite/fji; rt. dark; wanting light.
LIGHTLY, (litely) ad. without pressing h-'.rd ; easily;
without uneasiness or affliction ; cheerfully. " Seeming to
hii-AV \\. lighth/." Shak. Uncliastelv; iiiiuKidestlv ; nimbly.
Ll'CiHTAilNDED, {lite-minded) a. unsettled';, unsteady;
full of levity.
LlfiliTNESS, {Uteness) s. want of weight ; agility or
nimbleness; inc<mstancy; unchastity, or levity.
LI'GHTNING, {Htening) s. [from Hghten, whence lighteTi-
ing, and lightjiing,"] a flash of light which accompanies thun-
der. The identity of lightning with the clictric lluid was
proved by Dr. Franklin in June 17.52 when he contrived
to bring down lightning from the heavens by means of an
electrical kite w hich he raised on the approach of a storm of
thunder and with the electricity thus obtained charged
phials, kindled spirits, and performed several other experi-
ments.
LKillTS, (liies) s. the lungs, or organs by which the ac-
tion of breathing is performed. The word is never used in
the singular.
LI'GHTSOME, {litesome) a. luminous; with great ap-
pearance of light; gay; airy.
LrGHTSO-SlENESS, (litrsomeness) s. luminousness, or
the quality of having much light ; cheerfulness ; levity.
LIGNA'LOES, s. \l1gu117n aloes, Lat.] aloes wood. " The
tressof/ieM«/ofs which the Lord hath planted." is'umbers.
Ll'GN EOUS, a. [from lignum, wood, Lat.] made of wood ;
resemblinij wood.
LKiNUM yi'T^, s.[Lat. the wood of life] a very hard
wood, called likewise ,§-""(ffc«m.
LI'GURE, .«. a precious stone, mentioned in scripture.
LIKE, a. [lie. Sax.] resembling, or having a resemblance;
equal ; of the same quality or quantity ; likely, or in a state
that gives probable expectations; but this last sense is im-
proper.
LIKE, s. [this substance is seldom more than the adjec-
tive used elliptically ; the like, ior the like thing, or like per-
soil] some person or thing resembling another. Near ap-
proach ; state like to another sty.>.-.
LIKE, ad. in the same aiancer ; in the same manner a-s.
" Like as a father pitieth his children. ' Psal. ciii. 13. In
such a manner as becomes. " (Jiiit yourselves like men."
1 Snm. iv. 9. Followed by enough, probable or likely.
" if'/ic enough it will." Shuk.
To LIKE, V. a. [liean. Sax.] to approvf of; to chuse
with some degree of preference ; to view with approbation,
love, or fondness.
LIKELIHOOD, or LIKELINESS, s. [from likely] a\^
pearance orshow ; resumblauce; probability, orappearauce
of truth.
649
LIM
LIM
LIKELY, a. such as may be liked ; such as may please by
their externalappearance ; probable.
LIKELY, ad. probably.
To Ll'KEN, V. a. to represent as bearing some resem-
blance ; to compare.
LIKENESS, t. resemblance ; one that resembles another.
LIKEWISE., ad. in like manner; also; too; moreover,
or besides. Synon". Also relates more to numberand quan-
tity, its proper ortite beina; to add and to augment. Liheuise
is used «ith more propriety ulien it refers to similitude or
comparison ; its particular office is, to denote the conform-
ity and equality of things.
LIKING, a. plump; in a state of plumpness. "Why
should he see your faces worse liking \" Dan. i. 10.
LI'KING, s. a state of trial, wherein a person is placed,
that he may see whether he likes, or is approved of. Good
state of body, plumpness.
LILAC, s. [Fr.] a beautiful shrub of the diandria mnno-
g'jnia clabs, frequeiillv cultivated in our gardens, the flowers
of which are uuicli aduiired for their beauty ami smell.
LI'LIED, a. adorned with lilies ; of the w hiteness of a
lily.
Ll'LY, s. [liliiim, Lat.J a flower somewhat resembling the
fleur-de-lys, but of various colours.
Ll'LY of the Vfdlei/, s. a flower consisting of one petal,
shaped like a bell, and divided at the top into six segments;
and is verv couimou iu sliadv woods.
LI'LY-LlVEaEU, n. white-livered ; cowardly. "Abase,
lilyliiercd, action-taking knave." >S7ifl/i.
LIMA, a city of S. America, capital of Peru, founded
by Francis Pizarro iu the beginning of the year 1535. It
has an university, and gives its nau)e to the principal au-
dience of Peru. The streets are handsome and straii^lit, but
the houses are generally oidy one story high, on account of
the earthquakes. However, they are pretty, and much
adorned, having long galleries on the front. One part of
the roofs is covered wilii coarse linen cloth, and the others
only with reeds, which is not inconvenient, because violent
rains are not known here ; but the rich inhabitants cover
theirs with fine mats, orbeautifid cotton cloths. Thereare
trees planted all round their houses, to keep off the heat of
the sun. What the houses want in height, they have in
length and depth ; for some of them are 2U0 feet long, and
proportionably broad, so that they have 10 or 12 large apart-
ments on the ground floor. The royal square is very hand-
some ; and in the middle is a fountain, of bronze, adorned
with the image of Eame, which spouts out water. On the
E. and W. sides are the public structures which are well
built. The river w hieli crosses Lima forms canals or s-treams,
which run to most of the houses, and serve to water their
gardens, &c. The city is about 4 miles in length, and 2 in
breadth, and is divided into 5 parishes. They make use of
mules to draw their coaches, and of these there are about
5000. The churches and convents are exceeding rich, and
divine service is performed iw them with a magnificence
scarcely to be imagined. The ornaments, even on common
days, exceed, in quantity and richness, those which nuiny
cities of I'urope dis|)lay on the most extraordinary occasions.
Lima is llie scat of the viceroy, whose odice is generally tri-
ennial, and contains several courts, as that of the viceroy, of
the archbishop, of the iuqui^iti(in, of the cousniada or com-
merce, and of the wills. EarllupiaUes are here very fre-
quent, and some have done this city a great deal of damage,
particularly that in \7V\, by which it was almost destroyed,
rile iidiabitanls are so rich, that whenthe viceroy, sent from
Spain in U;.S2, made his p\dilic entrance into the city, they
))aycd the street he was to pass through with ingots of sil-
ver. It is said, that the iidrabitants are very debauched,
but, at the same lime, extpemely superstitions, having a
strong belief ill the power of charms; that about a fourth
part of the city consists of monks and nuns, who are not more
chaste than the rest ; that if any one happen to rival a monk
lie is ill daiigtM" of his life, for they always carry a dagger
under their frocks ; that the most profligate of t hem think
651)
they can alone for all their crimes, by hearing a masw, or
kissing the robe of St. Francis or St. Dominic ; and that
then they return to their former practices. Lima is advan-
tageously sealed on the centre of the spacious, fe*tile, and
delightful valley of Rimac or Lima, the whole of which
it commands without any ditHculty, on a small river of
the same name, near the sea. Lat. 12. 5. S. Ion. 76. 24. W.
LIMB, (//?n)i. \lim, Sax. and Scot.] a member; a joint
of any animal. An edge or border, used by philosophical
writers, from Hmbe, Fr. or limbas, Lat. " .\1 its outward
limh, the red and yellow." tieut. Opt. In botany the up-
per part of a petal, in blosson^com|)osed of more than one
regular petal. Thus, in the wall flower, the upper flat broad
part of the petals is called the limb.
To LIMH, (/»H)t\ a. to assume limbs. To tear asunder ;
totlismendier.
LI'AIBECK, s. [corrupted from alemliv] a still.
LI'.MIJED, (/(HiV/ja. formed with regard to limbs. "Large-
timb'd." Pope,
LI 'Mni;i{, a. [Ilimp, Brit.] flexible ; easily bent.
LIM BERN ESS, «. the quality of being easily bent.
LI'iMBO, s. [from liinlms. a border, Lat.] a middle state,
bordering on hell, in which there is neither pleasure nor
pain. Popularly a prison; any place of misery and con-
finement.
Ll'JVIBURG, atownof lheISelherlands,capitalofaduchy
of the same name. Here is a manufacture of woollen cloths,
and it is famous for its excelient cheese. Near it are many
quarries (d'difi'erent kinds of marble ; the precipices, moun-
tains, and rocks round about, are romantic : the air is
wholesoiiie ; and the inhabitants have hardly any diseases
except old age. It is seated on an agreeable mountain,
near the river Wese, 20 miles E. S. E. of Leige, Lat. 60. 38,
N. Ion.*;. .5. E.
Ll'MBURG, the duchy of, a province of the Netherlands,
bounded on theN. by the duchy of Julicrs ; on the E. by
the electorate of Cologne and duchy of Jidiers ; and on
the S. and W. by the territory of Liege. It is about 30
miles ill length, and 24 iu breadth. It contains some of
the best iron mines in the Netherlands; the soil is fertile
for corn, and it abounds iu a fine breed of cattle.
LIME, s. [lini. Sax.] any viscous substance ; particularly
applied to that which is laid on twigs, and catches or slicks
to the wings and feet of birds that touch it, hence called
hirdlime. In mineralogy, one of the nine primitive earths.
It is found in a variety of states, as chalk, marble, limestone,
il c. but never pure. When purified by burning, it furnishes
the principal material for mortar ; is employed by bleecli-
ers, tanners, soap-boilers, iron-masters, &c. in their several
manufaelnres, by farmers, as a manure, and is of some use
iu medicine.
LIME, s. in botany, called likewise the linden-tree ; its
wood is much used by carvers and Inrners. A species of
lemon which grows in the West Indies, from lime, Fr.
'I"o LIME,?', a. to smear with lime ; to cement or un;te
as with mortar. To manure ground with lime. Figuratively,
to entangle (U- ensnare. " Oli/(werfsoul !" SImh.
Ll'M EKILN, s. a kiln whore stones are burnt to lime.
Ll'MERICK, a city of IreUuid, iu the county of Limerick,
and province of Munster, about .i miles iu circumference.
Within a cenluiy it was reckoned the second city in the
kingdom ; at present it has lost its rank ; not because it
flourishes less, but because Cork flourishes more. It is di-
vided into the Irish and English town; the latter, which is
the most anlieut, is situated on an island, formed by the
river ShaniKUi, and called King's Island. It has been dis.
mantled about rid years, and has increased prodigiously
within that peri<Hl by the addition of handsome sin els ami
quays ; and its commerce has kept pace with its size. The
Inicu, woollen, and paper manufactures aie carried on here
to a great extent ; and theexports of beef and other ] rovi-
sion is considerable. It contains many hospitals, ;onic
handsome public structures, and about .0000 bouses. The
inhabitants are estimated at upwards of 40,000. The coi;iitry
LIN
LIN
arounrl it is fertile and pleasant, but tiic air is rather moist.
Il is ;')() miles S. S. E. of Galway, 60 N. of Cork, ami D-i S.
W.of Diihlin.^
LI'MKKICK, a county of Ireland, in the province of
Rlnnster, alioiit 40 miles in len;;lh, iitid 23 in Ineadlli,
bounded on the N.and N. W. by 'ri|)|)erary and Clare ; on.
the W. by Kerry ; on (he S. by Cork ; and on llie K. by
'I'iljperary. It contains 125 parisiii's, and about 170,0(10
inhabitants, and is a fertile and well inhabited county,
though the S. E. and S. W. parts are niounlainous. The
soil is particularly rich in pasture, the best cattle slauj^hlered
at Cork beiiif^sent from this c(^unty. Several rivers water
it, the principal of which are the Shajnion and the iMaig.
Ll'iM KS'I'O N 1',, s. the stone o( which lime is made.
LI'IVl'KWA'l'EK, «. a li(iuor made bv pouring boiling wa-
ter on uiislaeked lime, and rackini^it oif v\|icn settled.
LI'M KWOUT, .s. a kimi of pink.
LI'MIT, i. [limi-s, \^at.] a bound; a border; the utmost
extent of anv place or space.
To LI'iVHT, V. «. [from /»»c.?, a limit, Lat.J to confine
within certain bounds ; to restrain. To circumscribe, or
prescribe bounds to. "They tempted (iod, and limited Xlia
iloly One of Israel." Psnl. lxxviii.41. To restrain or con-
fine the sense, applied to words that liave various si^nitica-
tions.
LIMITA'NEOUS, a. belon-ins to the bounds.
LIMITARY, a. placed at the limits or boundaries as a
gfuard. " Proud //»((Va)v/ cherub." Milt.
IjIMITATION,.?. [from limes, a limit, Lat.] restriction ;
restraint; a certain time assigned by statute within wliich
an action must be brought.
LI'iMMINGTON, orLvMMiNGTON, a town of Hamp-
shire, about a mile from the diannclthat runs between the
main land and tiie Isle of Wight, has a harbour for vessels
of considerable burden. The chief trade is making salt. It
is seated on a high hill, 97 miles S. W. of London. Market
on Saturday.
To LIMN, V. a. \enlnminer, Fr.] to draw or paint any
thing ; to colour or illuminate in prints and maps ; to paint
in water colours, in crayons, oil colours, cvc.
LI'MNI'iR, J. [corrupted from enlnKtineur, Fr.] a painter,
or one who draws portraits from the life.
LI'MOGl'lS, a town in the dept. of Upper Vienne, con-
taining about 13,000 inhabitants. It was taken from the
Visigoths by the Franks, under Clovis ; after whose death
it came to the didies of Arpiilaine. It is seated on the river
Vienne, 50 miles N. N. E. Perigeux, and J 10 N. E. ofBour-
deaux.
LI'MOSIN, a ci-devaut province of France, divided into
the Upper and Lower, the former of w hicli is very cold, but
the latter more temperate. It is covered with forests of
chesnut trees, am! contains mines of lead, copper, tin, and
iron ; but the principal trade consists ii) cattle and horses.
It is now tlie dept. of Upper Vieinie, ofwnich Limoges is
the capital.
LI'MOUS, a. \Umosus, Lat.] mudily and slimy.
LIMP, a. [limpio, Itak] vajiiil, or ha\ ing no taste.
To LIMP, V. n. ilimpeii, Sa\.J to halt ; to walk lamely.
LI'MPET, .r. a tiud of shell ii.h.
LI'MPID, rt. [/i'»)/hV/'m, Lat. I clear; pure; transparent.
LI'MPIDNESS, s. the quality of being transparent, ap-
plied, to streams.
LI'MPINGLV, ad. in a lame or halting manner.
LIMY, a. [from ftmej containing lime. Viscous or glii-
tiuous.
Ll'NCHPIN, s. an iron pin that keeps the wheel on the
axle-tree.
LI'NCOLN, (iiji/;on) formerly called Nicol, a city, the
capital of Lincolnshire, is pleasantly seated on the side of
a hill, on the Witham, which here divides itself into tinee
small channels. It is much reduced from its former ex-
tent and splendour, (when it coutiiined 52 parish churches,
and was one of the most populous cities of England, accord-
ing to Malnisbury, and a mart for ail goods coming by land
or water:) and now consists principally of one street, ahove
2 miles long, well paved, and several cross and iiurallei
streets, well peopled. Here are some handkorue nioflern
buildings, but more anlii|ue ones. The Uoniaus' noithgate
still remains luider the name of New-port (jate. It is a
vast .semicircle of stones, of very large dimriisions, laid
witiiout mortar, and conueeled only by their uniform .-liape.
Upon the whole, this city has an air of antieiit greatniss,
arising, in a great measure, from the number of uumastic
ruins; most of which are now cnuverlcd into stables, out-
houses, iVc. '1 he cathedral, a stately (jolliic pile, one of
the largest in England, is its glory ; it stands on s<i loJty a
bill, that it may he seen 50 miles to the N. and nn to the S.
and is particularly admired for its interior aichilecture,
v.liich is in the richest and lightest Ciolhic st\le. Tiu' fa-
mous great bell, called Tom of Lincoln, recpiires, at least,
15 able men to ring it. The chief traile here is in coals
brought by the Trent anil Fossdyke; and oats and wool,
which are sent by the river Witham. Here is a small ma-
nufacture of camlets. It is 32 miles N. E. of Nntliiigham,
and 133 N. of London. Markets on Tuesday and I'liday.
LrNCOLN.SHlPE, a comity of England, boinide.l oii the
N. by the Ilmnber, wiiiih divides il from Yorkshire; on
the E. by the (icrman Ocean ; on the S. E. by (lie Wash
and part of .Xorfcilk ; on the S. bv Cand)ri<lgeshire and
Northamptonshire ; on the S. W. by Kulland ; on the VY.
by the counties of I^eieestcr and Nottingham ; and on the
N. W. by ^'(irkshirc. It is 77 miles from N. to S. and 48
in breadth, where widest. It is divideil info three parts,
namely, Holland on the S. K. Kcsteven on the S. W. anil
Lindscy on the N. It contains 30 hundreds, 1 city, .3.3
market towns, 630 parishes, and 2()0,(ioo iidiabiti.nts. Its
principal rivers are the Trent, liunibi-r, Wilharii, Welland,
Ancain, Nen, and Dun. The air is various, according to its
three grand divisions. The soil in many places is very rich,
the inkind part producing corn in great plenty, and the fens
cole-seed, and very rich pastures; whence their breed of
cattle is larger than that of aliy other county in England,
except Somersetshire ; their horses are also excellent, and
very large ; their hunting hounds and hares are peculiarly
noted for their eitrenie swiftness; and their sheep are not
only of the largest breed, but are clothed with a long thick
wool, peculiarly fitted for the worsted and coarse woollen
manufactures.
LI'NCTUS, i. [from ling-n, to lick, Lat.] a medicine, so
called because licked up bv the tongue.
LINDEN, s. [lind. Sax.] the lime-tree.
LENDS EY', the largest of the principal divisions of Lin-
colnshire, including all the cotinly that lies N. of the Wi-
lliam and the Eossiiyke. It is the most elevated part of the
county; ami tlie air is generally esteemed he.ililiy, espe-
cially on the western side. Towa-d theN. E. |iart is a large
t-ract of heatliy land, called the Wolds, the S. part of which
is well inliabited ; but the N. is very thin of people. Great
flocks of sheep are bred throughout this tract.
LINE, s. [liiiea, Lat.] quantity extended in length only
without breadth or thickness; any extension, considered
only with regard to length ; a slender string ; a thread ex
tended as a guide or rule ; the strin;; tiiat su>tains the hook
in angling; a lineament or mark in the face ; a single row
of letters written or printed from one margin to the other
rank, in an army. A work thrown up, or a breach, applied
to fortihcation. Extension ; a limit. In geography, tht
equator, or equinoctial line. In pedigree, progeny, family,
or relations, considered as ascending or descending, lit
the plural, a letter, or any composition written by an au
thor. "I read your /(««."
To LINE, I', a. [probably from limmi, fiax, linen, Lai. J to
cover on the inside.
LI'NEAGE, sJlinnffe, Fr.] race ; progeny ; family.
LINEAL, rt. [f^om linen, a line, Lat.J compose<l of Ihies
d-elineated. Descending directly, as the son from ihe fa-
ther, iVc. a4iplied to genealogy, .\llied ny direct descent,
LINEALLY', ad, ju a direct line, applied to pedigree.
«»1
LIN
LIS
LI'NEAMENT, ». [from linen, a line, Lat.J feature ; or
any mark, eitlier in the face or furni, which distniguishes one
person from another.
LraEAR, a. [from lima, a line, Lat.] composed of lines ;
liaving tiie form of lines.
LIXEATION, s. [froinfiHca, a line, Lat.J a dra\ight or ap-
pearance of a line or lines.
LINEN, J. [from linum, flax, Lat.] cloth made of hemp or
flax.
LINEN, a. [from li/mm, flax, Lat.] made of linen ; rescm-
blinj; linen in whiteness.
LI'NEN-DRAPER, s. [from linen and draper, of (trap, Fr.
cloth] a person wiio sells linen. .See Draper.
LING, s. Uiiig;, Isl.j a kind of heath ; a kind of sea -fish
usually dried and salted, from litig-lie, Belg.
LING, the termination borrowed from the Saxons, com-
monly implies diminution, and is derived from hlein, Ttut.
little ; thiii cmrplin^, .Sax. from cntrp, Sax. a boy, implies a
little boy ; i!'/i"s-, is a little kitten. Sonietinu's it denotes
quality, and is then, accordlnj,' to Skinner, derived from
hnreu. Tent, to belong; thus sitchlirig, denotes the state of
an infant that sucks ; and hireling; the quality of a person
who works for hire.
To LI^vGER, V. n. [from len^; Sax.] to remain long in
a state of languor or pam. Figuratively, to hesitate, or be
in a surprise. To wait long in expectation or uncertainty ;
to remain long in any state as loth to leave it ; to be long in
producing an effect.
LINGERER, J. one who does any thing in such a manner
as to protract the time, ordo it as slowly as he can.
LIT-vGEKlNGLY, nrf. in a tedious or delaying manner.
LI'NGET, .«. [lino-ot, Fr. | a sn'.all mass of metal.
LINGO, it. [Port.] language; tongue ; or speech ; a low
cant word.
LINGUADE'NTAL, a. [from lingna, the tongue, and
dciis, a tooth, Lat.] in grammar, applied to the letters utter-
ed by the joint action of the tongue and teeth, as/and v.
LINGUIST, s. [from lingua, a tongue, Lat.J a person
skilled in languages.
LINGWOOD, .s. an herb.
LI'NIMENT, .s. [from linio, to anoint, Lat.J an ointment,
or any medicine that may be spread or smeared over a
sore.
LraiNG, s. [from line, the verbj the inner covering of
anything.
LiNiC s. [i^elenrhc, Teut.J a single ring of a cnain ; any-
thing doubled, or forming a loop resembling the ring^ ot
a chain ; any thing that connects; a chain. In reasoning,
a single part of a scries or chain of consequences ; a pro-
position. Joined to a foregoing and following proposition,
a scries.
To LINK, I', a. to connect or join together, as the links
of a chain. Figuratively, to unite in concord or friendship ;
to connect, generally used \\h\\ tngvthcr.
LIiNKIiOY, s. a boy that carries a torch, or link, to
ligtit persons in the night.
L1'NLITHC;0W, the county town of Linlithgowshire, is
an antient, large, regular, and well-built place, and stands
on a rising ground, near a lake, remarkable for bleaching.
H is IG miles W. of Edinburgh.
LI'NLITlKiOWSHIllE, orWK.sT Lothian, a county
of Scotland, bounded on the W. by Stirlingshire ; on the N.
)iy the I'rilh of Forth ; on the 1".. by lulinburghsliire ; and
oil the S. and S. W. by Lanerkshirc. It is aboiit 17 miles
long, and S in its mean breadth. It abounds with corn and
pasture, and has also plenty of coal, lime-stone, lead-ore,
salt, and river-fish.
Ll'NNET, i. I /mn(, Fr.J a small singingbird, about the
size of a sparrow, covered with brownish feathers.
LrNSI'',EI), ,5. corruptedfrom linlsnil; the seed of flax.
Ll'NSEY WOOLS ICY, rt. made of linen and wool mixed
together. Figuratively, vile, mean, compounded of difler-
cnt unsuitable parts ; mongrel.
662
LI'NSTOCK, s. a staflTof wood, with a match at the end,
used by gunners in firing cannon.
LINT, s. [from hnteitm, linen cloth, Lat.J the soft sub^
stance called llax ; linen scraped into a soft woolly sub-
stance, used by surgeons to lav on wounds.
Ll'NTEL, s. yiinieal, Fr.J the upper part of a door frame,
crossing the two upright posts.
LI'NTON, a town of Cambridgeshire, 12 miles S. E. of
Cambridge, and 46 N. by E. of London. Market on
Thursday.
LION, .r. [Fr. leo, Lat.J the most majestic, bold, and mag-
nanimous of wild beasts. It is yilaced by naturalists at the
head of the cat tribe, and is a native of the interior of Af-
rica, and of the hotter parts of Asia. He is observed to be
less courageous in those countries which are pretty fully in-
habited than in the deserts where he seldom encounters a
human foe. Numerous instances are recorded of lions hav-
ing been tamed, and of their becoming strongly attached to
their keepers. A sign in the zodiac, which the sun enters
about July '23.
LI'ON-HE.^RTED, a. of undaunted courage, like a
lion.
LIP, s. [lippe, Sax.J the edge or outward part of tiie
month; that musculoiis pait which sluifs and covers the
mouth, both above and below. Figuratively, the edge of
any thing. To malic a lip, is to hang the lip, in anger and
contempt. In botany, the upper or under division of <•.
gaping blossom.
LITL.ABOUR, s. action of the lips, without concurrence
of the mind ; words w ithout sentiments.
LIPOTHYMOUS, a. [from topo.to fail, and tliymos, the
mind or spirit, Gr.] fainting.
LIPOTHYMY, s. [from leipo, to fail, and thjmos, the
mind or spirit, Gr.J in medicine, a suilden diminution or
failure of the animal and vital functions ; a swoon or fault-
ing fit.
LrPPED, a. having lips.
LITPITUDE, I. [from lippus, blear-eyed, Lat.J blearedness
of the eyes.
LIPWISDOM, t. an appearance of wisdom in discourse
without practice. " All is but Up wisdom which wants ex-
perience." Sidney.
LIQUATION, s. [from liqiio, to melt, Lat.J the act of
melting, capacity of being melted.
To LI'QUATE, v. «. [Hqno, Lat.] to melt or turn into
liquor.
LIQUEFA'CTION, f. [from liquiduf, liquid, and /aow, to
make, Lat.J the act of melting; the state of a body melted.
LIQUEFI'ABLE, c [from liquefy] capable of being
melted.
To LI'QUEF'Y, v. a. [from liquidus, liquid, and frtcio, to
make, Lat.] to melt, applied to fire. To dissolve, applied
to li(pior.
LIQUID, a. [from liqnen, to be moist, Lat. | fluid, or giving
way to the slightest touch. Soft or clear, applied to sound.
In grammar, pronounced without any harshness, and applied
to the consonants /, rn, n, and r.
Lr(jUID, J. a body which has the property of fluidity,
and of wetting other bodies immerged in it. Liquid suIk
stances are nothing more than solids converted into liquids
by heat, a certain increase of which would convert the li-
quid into vapour.
To LIQUIDATE, v. a. to clear away or lessen debts. In
commerce, to make bills current and payable.
LKiUlDi'l'Y, s. sublilty ; thinness.
LI'QUIDNESS, i. the quality of having its parts easily
put in motion, and adhering to any thing immerged.
LIXiUOR, (/i/oir) «. [liqni)r,]A\t.'] any thing liquid; ge-
nerally applie<l to something w liich has some inebriating or
intoxicating ingredients steeped in it.
To LI'C^IJOR, V. a. to drench or mnistm.
Ll'tiUORICE, t. a sweet root used in medicine.
LI'SBON, antientlv called Oliseppo, and by the Moors
Olisiboua, the capital of I'orlugul, a large, rich, and ctlo-
LIT
LIT
lirat^d city, one oftlic principal in F.tirope.'A'Ith an anivrrsily.
The sqiiarfs, public builditigs, am) pnhicPS, wpre m;i!,'nirt-
eeiit ; but it was almost tol.iiiy (Icslnncd [)y an eartlKpuikp,
Nov. I, 1755. The new town is niiuh more handsome than
the t'ormer : the plan is le^'iilar; thi' streets, some of which
arc more than three n>ilcs in len;;tll, and the squares, are
tpacious, and the buiidinjjs are elejjant. 'I'he harbour will
contain 1000 sail of ships, which ride in the };'■<'"'«»*
lafety ; and the citv, biinf; viewed from the southern shore
of the river, aft'ords a beiuitiful prospect, as the buildiiifjs
gradually rise above each other, in the form of an amphi-
theatre. The number of ildlabilallt'^ is estimated at 270,000,
of which the negroes and niulatloes make a sixth part.
They reck<Mi here more than ^O.OiK) nouses, 40 paiish
churches, and 50 convents of both sexes. The patriarch,
who is f^enerally a cardinal, oHiciales here in greater pomp
than the poi)e himself; and tile rich oriiamentsof his church
item to lihvc absorbed several years' revenue of the Brazils.
It is remarkable, that the pipes of the or^'in, in the p_atri-
archai cluircli, are placed liori^iontally. Both the entrances
lo the harbour, close by the sea, are defended by two forts.
Lisbon .s seated on the river Tajo, 10 miles from the mouth
of it, r,H W. bv N. <if Seville, ami 255 S. by W. of Madrid.
Lat SS. 42. N. Ion. 9. 9. VV.
LISLE, {Lite) a large and handsome city in the depart-
ment oi the North, one of the richest and most commercial
in Fiance, and, before the revolution, the capilal of French
Flanders. It is situated in a lich, marshy soil, surrounded
with walls, and strongly fortified. Theciladel isoneofihe
bcs^t works of Vauban. They reckon 170 streets. .30 public
places, about 8000 houses, ami 56,000 inhabitants. The
public structures are, the exchaiifje, a i;eneral hospital, and
(before tiie revolution) 3 collejjes. Here are vari(uis sorts
of manufactures, but the principal trade is in camhets. It
is seated on the river Deule, 14 miles W. of Tournay, and
J30 N. of Paris. Lat. 50. 38. N. Ion. 3. 4. K.
Lr?MORli, one of the Western Ishdiidsof .S'cotland, sealed
at the mouth of the bay of Locbyol, in Argylesbire. It is 8
miles Ion;;, and 2 tiroarl, and the soil is pretty fertile. It was
formerly the residence of the bishops of Argvle.
LIsNE, J. a cavity; a hollow. " In the lisne of a rock."
JiaU.
To LISP, r. n. [/iltsp, Sax.] to speak with too frequent an
appl'calion of the fonfjue to the teeth or palate.
Lisp, ». the act ot speaking with too frequent application
of the toiiifue to the teeth or palate.
Lr>PKft., s. one who speaks lispingly.
LIST, J. [tiste, Fr.] a roll or catalogue. Inclosed ground,
in which tilts are run, and combats fouglil ; from /ice, Fr.
hence, to enter lite lists, is to contend with a person, either
with bodily strength, or by tlisputalion and argument. A
Stripe on the extremities of cloth ; a border; from licium,
Lat. Desire; willingness; choice, from /^/rfnn, Sax.
To LIST, «. n. [li/stan. Sax.] to choose or desire ; to be
disposed or inclinefl to.
To LIST, II. a. [from list, a roll] to enlist or register.
To retain and enrol as soldiers or sailors. To hearken to ;
from listen.
LI'SIT^D, a. striped ; marked with lines or streaks of
different colours.
LI'STFL, s. in architecture, is a small band or kind of
rule in the moulding; also the space between the cbannel-
JDM of pillars.
■ To LI'STRN, V. n. [Mijstan, Sax.] to hearken or give atten-
tion to.
LISTEN KR, t. one who barkens or attends to what
anollier savs.
LI'STLESS, a. willioutany inclination or determination
to one tliingmore than another; careless; heedless.
LISTLESSLY, n^/. without thought or attention.
Ll'STLESSNESS, t. inattention; disregard; want of
desire.
LIT, the preterit vi light. " I lit my pipe with the pa-
tier." Additon,
4.P>
LITANY, #. [from Utaneyo, to beseech, Gr.] a genera,
supplication used in public worship to appease the wrath
of the deity, and to request those virtues which a person
wants.
LITCHFIELD. See Lichfield.
LITERAL, a. [from litera, a letter pi. learning, Lat.] ac-
cording lo its primary and most obvious sense, opposed t«
figurative. Following the letter, or word for word, applied
to translations. Consisting of letters.
LITERAL, i. primitive or I teral meaning.
LI'TEkALLY, «f/. accord int; to the primary and obvious
sense of words, opposed to figuratively. With close ad-
herence to tlie words or seine of an original, applied t»
lransbti(uis.
LITEKARY, a. [from litera, a letter pi. learning, Lat.]
respecting letters ; regarding learning.
LITF-IIATI, .t.jltal.] the learned. It has no singular.
LITIRAIURE,*. [from fitara, a letter pL learning, Lat.]
learning; erudition.
LITHAKGK, s. [from lithos, a stone, and arfft/rot, silver,
Gr.] lead vitrified either with or without copper.
LITHE a. [ht/ie. Sax.] pliant ; easily bent.
LITHENESS; s. the quality of being pliant or easily
bent.
EITHER, a. [from lit/ie\ soft; pliant; of little or no re-
sistance. Bad ; sorry ; corrupt.
LITHOMANCY, s. [from lil/ios, a stone, and manteia,
divination, Cir.] prediction, or the art of foretelliuj; by
stones.
LITHONTRIPTIC, a. [from lithos, a stone and tribo, to
beat small, (ir.] medicines which have the power of dissolv-
ing the stone in the bladder or kidneys.
LiTHOTOAilST, s. [from litliot, a stone and temno, to
cut, Gr.] a surgeon who extracts the stone by cutting or
opening the bladder.
LITHOTOMY, s. [from lithot, a stone and temno, to cut,
Gr.] the art or practice of cutting for the stone.
LITHUANIA', or Lit WA, a large country of Europe, be-
tween Poland and Russia. It is about 300 miles in lengtli,
and 2S0 in breadth, and is watered by several large riveri,
the principal of which are, the Dnieper, Dwina, Niemen,
Pripecz, and Bog. It is a flat country, like Poland, and tiie
lauds are very pr()per for tillage. The soil is not only fer-
tile in corn, but it produces honey, wood, pittli, and vast
quantities of wool. They have also excellent little horses,
which they never shoe, because their hoofs are very hard.
There are vast forests, in which are bears, wolves, elks,
wild oxen, lynxes, beavers, gluttons, wild cats, Ac. and
eaglesaiid vultures are very common. In the forests, large
pieces of yellow amber are frequently dug up. The country
abounds with Jews, who, though numerous in every other
part of Polainl, seem to have fixed their headquarters in
this duchy. " If you ask for an iiiteipreter," says Mr.
Coxe, " they bring you a Jew ; if you come to an inn, the
landlord is a Jew; if yon want post horses, a Jew procures
them, and a Jew drives lliem ; if you wish to puirhase, a
Jew is your agent; and this, perhaps, is the only countiy
in Europe w here Jews cultivate the ground ; in pasiing
through Lithuania, we frequently saw them engaged in sow-
ing reaping, mowing, and other works of husbandry." Tlie
peasants of this country are in a state of the most abject
vassalage. The establishment of religion has heretofore
been the Romish, but there were Lutherans, Calvinists,
Socinians. Greeks, and even Turks, as well as Jews. It
was formerly governed bv its own dukes, but afterwards
united with the kingdom of Poland ; this union was ratified
in the diet at VVilna, by a formal iistrunient, in the year
1401 ; and in I'lCO, the two countries were so united as to
form but one state, under one pri ice.^ It was formerlv di,-
vided into 9 palatinates, viz. W iliia, Tro^i, Polotsk, iVTovo.
gorodeck, Witepsk, Brzesk, Msczislaw, Minsk, and Livo-
nia. In 1772, the empress of Russia forcibly conipellett
ihePoles to cede to her all that part of Lil'iuania bordering
on liussia, iucludiug about one-Uiitd o£ ihe country, Thij
6i3
LIT
LIV
*!)e crpcted into tlie government of Polotsk siiid Mohilof;
and, ill ITiW, in toniiinclidn with the kinj; of I'rub>.i<i, she
exieiiili'ii her rloiniiuon over ahiiost the whole of Lithuania.
WhHt iscalleil Pnissian, or Little Lithuania, about 100 miles
In leuijth, anil 50 in hiearllh, was seltU'il, in 1720, by
Fiedenck William, with Fiench, Frantoniaii, and Swiss
Proleslaiit-, bv whose skill and indiislry this once desolate
country lias been extremely well cultivated. At present it
is iindiT Russia.
LI'TIGANT, *. [from lis, a suit, Lat.] one engaged in a
lawsuit.
LITIGANT, a. [from lis, a suit, Lat.] engaged in a law-
«uit.
ToLITIG.ATE, n. a. [from lis, a suit, Lat.] to contest
in law. Neiiterlv, lo manage a suit ; to carrv on a cause.
LITIGATION,.?, [from /i.«, a suit, Lat.] a suit of law.
LriTGlOL'.S, a. \luigieiix, Fr.l quarrtlsome : wrangling;
fond of i;oing l-i) law ; disputable; conliovertible.
LIITGIOU.SI.Y, ttd. in a qiiairelsonie manner; in a man-
ner which shews a fondness of law suits.
LITI'CilOlJsNESS, s. a wrangling disposition ; a fond-
ness for debate or law-suits.
LITMUS, s. a sort of cheap blue paint, which is imported
from Holland. It is regarded by cliymists as furnishing
an excellent test for acids and alkalies.
LITTER,*. [Iiliet-e, Vr.] a carriage borne by horses, con-
tainin;; a bed ; the straw laid under animals or plants. A
breed of young, generally applied to those of sivine.
Any number of things thrown carelessly or confusedly to-
gether.
To LITTER, V. a. to bring forth young, applied to swine.
To cover with things in a confused and slovenly manner;
tojuopiv cattle with straw to lie on.
UTTLE, a. conipar. less, superlat. least : [li/iel. Sax.]
email in (piantity, quality, number, dignity, or importance.
LITTLE, s. a small space ; a small part or portion ; a
slight affair ; not much ; scarce any thing, synon. The
word liltle sometimes signifies only want of bigness, and at
other times want of greatness in every sense ; whereas tliat
of small IS the opposite only to bigness, and supposes some
kind of length.
LITTLE, <irf. in a small degree or quantity ; not much.
LITTLENE.SS, s. smallness of bulk or size ; meanness;
want of grandeur or dignity.
LITTORAL, a. [from lititt, the shore, Lat.] belonging to
the shore.
LITURGY, s. \!ltiirgie, Fr.] a form of prayers used in
public worship. The English litnrgii was first composed,
approved, and confirmed in parliaiiient, anno 1.548, the
utHces for the morning and evening prayer being then in the
same form as they stand at present, excepting that there was
TK) confession aiifi absolution, the othce beginning with the
Lord's prayer. In the communion the ten commandments
were omitted ; the offertory was made with bread and wine
mixed with water; and in the prayer for Christ's church
militant, thanks were given to God for his wonderful grace
declared in his saints, in the Blessed Virgin, the patriarchs,
prophets, apostles, and martyrs; and the saints departed
were commended to (iod'.'* mercy and peace: to this the
i.onsecjatorv prayer, now used, was joined as a part, only
with some worrls now left out, petit inning that the bread and
*inc might hi" to us the body and blood ol Jesus, the beloved
Son, <\c. Ill baptism, besides the form of the cross made on
the child's forehead, another was m<Hle on his breast, wilh an
ibjuralionof ihedevillo go out of him ; afler which the child
was dipped th'ee limes in the firnt, if well, but otherwise,
sprinkled. Besides these, some other ceremonies were
omitted in the ottice for the sick, as is supposed, in 1551,
when the form was altered at ihe solicitation of Calvin. The
last review ofihe liturgy was in 1661, and the la.^t aclof uni-
formity, enjoining th*; observance of it, is 13 and 14 of Car.
il can 4
iJTUUS, 1. [Lat.] in medals, the staff uiod by augurt,
in ibape of a binbop's crotier.
LIVADIA, formerly Achaia, a province of Turkey !n
Europe, bounded on the N. bv Janiia and Albania; on the
E. by the .'\rchipelago ; on tiie S. by the Morea; and ou
the W. by the Mediterranean : about 180 miles in lengtii,
and 35 in its mean breadth. This province <iimprthend»
aniient Cireece, propeily so called, which iuclu<le<i the pro-
vinces of Acarnania, F/tolia, Ozolffia, Locris, I'hocis, Doris,
Epicnemidis, Rceotia, Megara, and Ailica. In this country
were the celebrated moiintaiiis, Parnassus, Helicon, and
Cytlia;roii. The most considerable places at present, zst
Athens, Lepanto, and Livadia.
LIV'ADlA, an antient, large, and populous town of
Turkey, in the province of iliat name. It carries on a
considerable trade in wool, corn, and rice, with which it
furnishes all tireece: and is built round a luoiuitain, which
terniinalcs in a peak, lia\iug on it a castle. Il is situated
on the gulf of Lepanto, 'is miles N. of Corinth, and 72 S.
W.of Larissa. Lat. 38- 40. N. Ion. "iJ. 26. E.
To LIVE, (pronounced with the ! short, as in if or gift)
V. 71. [hifinn. Sax.] to be in a slate wherein the soul and
boily are united, and do operate together ; lo pass life in any
manner with regard to habit, good or ill, happiness or mi-
sery : to continue in life. Followed by wilh, to converse or
continue in the same house wilh another. To be supported;
to feed.
LIV'E, (I. (the J pron. long, as in time') quick ; tiavinglife;
active. Biirnin!;, or not extinguished, applied to fire.
LIVKLIHOOD, J. [from lively and liuoH] support of life;
luainlenance ; suthcient to supply the necessaries of life.
LI'VELILY, or LIVELY, ml. in a brisk, vigorous, and
active manner. With a strong resemblance, applied to de-
scription or painting.
LIVELINESS, f. appearance of life ; yivacity ; activity;
gprightliness.
LI'VI'.LONG, (ft»e/o7ig-)n. tedious ; lasting: durable.
LIVELY, #. brisk ; vigorous ; gay ; airy ; vivacious ;
nearly representing life.
LI'VER, (Ar«r) *. one who is alive, or cont'niies in lifo ;
one who lives in any particular manner with respect to
virtue, vice, happiness, or misery. In anatoiuv, a large aiwl
pretty solid mass, of a dark red colour, a liltl' inclinkig
to yellow, situated immediately under ihe diaphragm, partly
in the right hypoclmndrium, and partly in the epigastriiiin :
its use is to purify the mass of blood, by secreting the bilioui
humours it contains. In chymistry, a comoinalion of
mineral substances, which is supposed to have the colont
and general appearanceof liver, as liver of sulphur, and liter
of antimnny.
LIV KR COLOUR, s. a dark red colour.
LI'VERGROWN, a. having a great overgrow. livv.;.
LI'VERHEMF, *. a plant, called also hemp <.griuiony*
and water hemp.
LIVERPOOL, or Leverpool, a large, fioiirisliing, arl
populous sea-port town of Lancashire, consisting of at least
12,000 houses, and 80,000 inhabitants; although, so lal<;
as the year 156-5, it was a mere fishing hanilel, containing
only 138 householders and cottagers; while 12 barks, con-
taining 22."? Ions, and navit;ated by 75 men, made up the suii»
of its maritime riches, and formed the embrvo of its present
commercial greatness, llespectiiig the antiquities of this
town, hardly any thing is known with cerlainly ; the only
moniiiiient of the kind now standing is an old tower near
the lo'\er end of Water street, the remains ol' which have
long been used as a prison. The date of its erection is in-
volved in obscurity ; but it was long the resiibnce of the
curls of Derby. In 1644, this town, then in the hands cf
the comnionwealth, was besieged by prince Rupert, nephew
lo king Charles I. and taken, after a vigorous defence of
one mouth, during which they often repulsed the besi^jger*
with great slaughter. It was not fill the year I(>1>;), that Li-
verpool became a distinct parish ; for before that time,itwa«
only a hamh't to the parish of Walton, about 3 miles off, hav-
ing only a parochial chape! of ease, the present church of
Si. Nicholas: it is now however become, with respect to
LIV
LIV
•xlcnf iif commerce, next to the metropolis ; ashy estimates
^¥l^it■il liiU'c l>eeii made, it appears lliat Liverpool iiavi;;ates
oiie-lwelill) pail of the sliipuiii^, and lias oiie-fodrlh ot' tire
foreign irrtde, of Cireal Biili'iii; tliat it lias oiic-lialt' of the
trade of Loudon, and one sixth of the general coiiMiierce of
tlie kin;;d()m. The slave trade (now happily aholishedj form-
ed a considerable hraiichof the coninieree of lliis port, and is
conipnled lo have employed one foiirlh of the ships belonj;-
iii^lo it : that i( had hve ei^jlillis of Gnat Britain's share of
tins ini(piitoiis Irattic, and lliree-sevenths of that ofKurope.
Tlie trafle lo Ireland is very consideralile ; to "hich conntry
and the Isle of \Lni several pacUels, adapted for passeiiiiers,
■a:l aliiiK.-'t daily ; in. my ships are also sent to the Greenland
whale tislierv ; the coastintf trade hence to London ( iiiploys
• great ' imher ; and man\ good ships have b(!i n Imilt here,
some (ii, .he I'last hid a trade. Liverpool commiinicales, by
the rivers Mersey aiul Irwel, with Manchester; and bv Ilie
river Weaver with I'lie heart of Cheshire, particularly the
salt works of Norlhwich, Middlewich, Winsford, cVc. The
Sankey canal facilitate-, the conve\atice of coal from Raven-
bead, anl the duke of Brid^ewaler's canal comiiiiinicates
with the Birn!iii;;hani, \V(ncesler, Statloidshire, and (irand
Trunk, to London. The (jeeds canal will unite Liverpool
and Hull ; and Ihe Ellesmere canal has conimunicaled with
the Dee, and is shortly expected to do so with the Seierii.
TJie docks of Liverpool forma prominent feature ofihe
town, and give this port a decided preference over most
Others in the kingdom : of these it lias 1.3 ; five wet docks, in
which the water is retained by large flood gales, and the
si)ips kept consiantly afloat ; three others, w liich are left dry
at low water, and called dry docks ; with five gravin,- docks,
ill which vessels are repaired : there is also a small dock for
the use of llie duke of BriilijeHater's tlats. The construc-
tion of Ihe wel docks is laborious and expensive ; that
called Ihe Old Dock (the first made in Liverpool,) is 200
yards long, ami is about 80 wide ; with tiood-^jates 2't feet
fligh, and 34 wide. Its site was a pnol, which, tradition
gays, was i'ormerlv frequented bv a bird of the cormnranl kind
called a liter ; and thai hence the town was called Lircrpoal,
and the liver adopted as its crest. The spcoikI made v as ihe
Salllioiise Doik, of an irregular form, but having a lenglli
of quay of 640 yard-, with Ihiod gales of the same dimen.
»ions as lliose of Ihe Old Dock. The next made was
George's Dock, 250 yards long and 100 broad ; with Hood-
gates ti^ feet higli, and .'58 wide ; at the expense of -il.OOO^.
To vviiich siicceeiled the King's Dock, 2yo yards long, and
90 bnrad ; with liood-gates i^ feet high, and 4'2 wide ; and
finished at the expense of2i),(ii)0.£. The List is that named the
Queen's Dock, 270 vards long and 1.10 broad ; with Hood-
gates the same as Ihe preceding ; at Ihe expense of 2.j,0il0j^.
Ea''li of llu'se wet docks has a master, wilh a salary of 100
guineas per annum, whose business is to superintend the ma-
iiagemeiit of the flood gates, the docking and undocking of
the ships at tide-lime, Ac. The docks have walch, scaven-
gers, aud lamps, distinct f om those of ihe town ; and the
sbips are secured against accident by the prohibition ot tires,
combustible materials, Ac. under suitable finis. Liverpool
has many public buildings ; among which are, the Exchange
or Town hall, first built in the year 1760, bill the interiorof
which was destroyed by tiie m 1795 ^ since which it has
been rebuilt in an elegant style, and is now appropriated to
the purpose of the judicial andother othees for the police of
the town ; conliguons to this are the Exchange Buildings, an
extensive range, newly built by subscription ; in the centre
of which is to be erected a monument, commemorative of the
victories and deal li of Ihe gallant Nelson; — the prison, so
large as to have at one time coiPained 2000 prisoners of
war; — Ihe Corn Exchange, lately erected in Brunswick-
street^ — lI)eCu^tolll House, ceulrally situated, but of mean
appearance; — Ihe Tobacco Warehouse, rented by govern-
nient at M\)£. per annum, and capable of containing 7000
hogsheads ; — the Infirmary, first opened in 1749, and receiv-
ing about 1600 patients annually, besides relieving a great
aumber of out-patients ; the two wings of this elegant struc-
ture are used as an hospital, for the mainleiiaiice of decayerf
seamen belotiging lo Ihe town ; cotitigiioiis to which is Ihe
Lunatic Hospital: — the Bliiecoal Hospital, fora30 boys ann
60 girls ; — the Poor House, a rieal buildiiiir; — Ihe Recovery
Ward, for persons iiifecled with fevers ; the Alms bouses,
an asylum for poverty and old age ; — Ihe Dispensaiy, lor
supplying Ihe attiicted poor with medicines and advice; —
the School for the Blind, in which ninsic, the making of
baskets, floor clolh, fool bears, Ac. have been successiullv
taught to this unfortunate class of beings ; — ihere is also all
instiliilion for Ihe restoring of diowiied persons, and another
called the Ladies' Cliaritv, for llie delivery and relief of poor
married women in clii'd bed.— To these may be added the
Theatre, in \\ illianisi'ii s Sipiare, built in 1772, at the ex-
pence of G00(l£. but lately colliideraUly enlarged ; — also Ihe
Panorama, Music Hall, and Freemaion's Hall, in Bold
Street. The cottee houses and newsrooms are niiuieroiis,
among which the Allien;ciim, Union, and especially Ihe
Lyceum, deservedly rank among the first public biiildiiigsol
ihe town. Liverpool has 12 chinches, namely, S|. Nicholas
or Ihe Old Church, St. Peler's, St. Georae's, St. Thomas's,
.'*t. Pauls St. .Anne's, St. John's. Trinity, St. James's
Christ Church, St. Mark's, and All Saints; some of which
are neat, and others elegant ; besides 4 chape. s heloiiKing
to the establishment, and one Scotch churcii or kirk.
The chapels belonging to diflerent denomiiialions of dis-
senters are nnmeroiis ; of these are reckoned 3 Independent
chapels; 2 Presliyte' iaii, or more propeily Socinian ; \
Sandemanian ; 4 Baptist ; 5 Methodist ; 1 Qnaker'.s meet-
ing house ; wilh .'! Roman Catholic chapels, and I Jewish
svnagogue. Liverpool is sit..ated on the eastern bank of
the river Mersey, (which is rlefeiided by a foit and several
batteries,) and is IS miles W. of Warrington, and 204 N. W.
of London. Lai. 63. 22. N. Ion. -i. 30. W. INlarkels on Wed-
nesdav and Saturday.
LI'VI'jRWt.HiT, s. There is a very beautiful flower of this
name, which is called hepntua in Lat. from its resemhlinj
the lobes of Ihe liver ; besides which, Ihere areiwo plaufs
called lic/ien. Thai called ash coloured ground liverwort
is reckoned a great specific for curing the bile of a mail
dog.^
Ll'VERY, * . [from hirer, Fr.] in. law, the act of giving
or taking possession ; a relea.se from a wardship ; the w ril by
which possession is obtained ; the state of being kept at ii
cerlaiii rate; clothes given to servants; any |)art?cular
dress, To stand at /iiwv/, applied to horses, signifies lo be
kept in a public stable, where they are supplied wilh food.
LrV'ERYiMAN, s. a servant who wears clot he; of a par-
ticular colour, which aregivpii him by ins master. In Lon-
don, a citizen who wears a gown at public cavalcades, amt
has a liberty of voting for the members that leprescnt ihe
cilv in parliament, iVc.
LIVES, 5. the plural of Life.
LI'VID, «. \Uvidut, Lat. J discoloured as with a blow;
black and blue.
LIVl'DITY, s.Uiriditi, Fr.] discolouration caused by a
blow ; a black and blue c(dour.
LI'VINCi, .f. support ; maintenance; livelihood; the be-
nefice of a clergyman.
LI'VING, a. [from Uve\ hi a state of motion or vegeta-
tion ; alive, or enjoying life.
LI'^INCiLY, nd. in a living stale.
LIVO'NI.'\,a province ofihe Russian empire, situated Ic
the E. of the giilfof Rigif, which wilh that of Estlionia. Iiaj
been reciprocallv claimed and possessed by the three bor-
tleiing powers of Russia, Sweden, and Poland ; aud, for more
llian two cpiiturips, was a constant source and iierpetud
scene of the most bloody wars. It was finally wrested from
Ihe Swedes by Peter the Great, and confirmed to the Ruv
siaiis by the peace of Nxstadt, in 1721. It now forms the
Russian governnienl of Riga or Livonia, of which the town
of Riga is the capital. It is about 260 miles from N. lo S.
and 150 from E. to W. The land is so fertile in corn, r\e,
and barley, that it is called the granary ofihe North -, aaJ it
565
LLA
LOA
would prndiice a great rieal riinrf, if it were not so fuU of
WDodaiiiid morasses. I'iie fisii lliat aliouiid hero a re salmon,
carp, pdie, (lal-fisli, atid iiianv otiiers. In Ilie forests are
wolves, l)ears, elks, rein deers, ilags, and ii.ires. Tlie do-
mestic animals are very numerous ; but the sheep biara bad
iort of wool, resembling goat's iiair. I lire are a i;r. at innn-
berof forests, «hieli consist of birch trees, pines, and oaks;
and all the houses of the inhaltitanls are built \«ilh wood.
They export vast quantities of tia\, hemp, honey, wax, lea-
ther, liiiseed. skins, and pot ash. The czar, Peter the
Great, perceiving the inhabitants did not like the clianf^e of
soverei:;iis, compelled them loabamlon their country, and
drove many of them as tar as the Caspian .Sea; but beiii;;
persuaded io recall them, most of them perishe<l before the
edict was published, so that he was obliged to re-people ihtir
couiitrv with other nations.
LI'VUK, *. [Fr.] a French money of account, consisting
of 20 sols, each sol conlaininj; 12 deiiiers ; li)Jd. sterlinj;.
LlXl'Vr\L, a. [from lixivium, 1^ e, Lat J inipre>;naled
with salt; like a lixivium ; obtaineil bycalcinnif; vegetables.
Slid mixing their ashes with water ; belont;ini; to Ive.
LIXl'VI.'VTE, or LIXl'VIOUS, a. [luh-ieux, Fr.] made
from burnt vegetables, and extracted by lotion or v\a.->hin}j.
LIXIVIA TION, in chymistry, the solution of an alkali
or a salt in water, or in some other lluid in order to form a
li«iviuni.
LIXIVIUM, i. [Lat.l he; water impre^jnated with salts,
washes ; a litpior whicn has the powerof extraction.
Ll'ZAKD, s. \li:arilc, Fr.J a small creeping creature ot
Bgreen colour, with four legs, resenibliiiga crocodile ; there
are some in .Arabia a cubit long. In ."America, they are eaten
by the natives of Peru, as appears by Don Juan de Ulloa's
Travels.
LI ZARD. the most southern proisontory of England,
which is not above .36 miles from the Land's End in Coin-
wall, and 12 S. of Helston. From hence the ships usually
take their departure, when they are bound to the west-
ward.
LIZARDSTONE, s. a kind of stone.
LLAMA, «. in zoology, a species of camel-sheep, found
in South America. It is useful as a beast of burden, its wool
is employed as a material for cloth and itstlesh is an article
of food.
LLANBEDER, a poor town of Cardiganshire consisting
of only about fifty houses, but with one good iini. It is
^^o^
LLANIMDOVERY, a town of Carniartiiensliire, consiitt.
ing of about 100 lueanlv bi.ill houies. It had loinuTly »
castle, now of ruins, and is seated near the river lowy, 26
miles N. E. of Carmarthen, and 18! W. N. W. of l.,ondoo.
Maiket on Weduesda\ and Siitiiidav.
LLANNEIICIIVMBADD, a small town in the Isle of
.Anglesca. Market on Wednesday.
LLANRWST, a tr-Hii of Denbighshire, seated on the
river Conway, 16 miles S. W. of l)eubi;;h, and 222 N. W. of
London. Tiiodgh but a small place, it has a good ixarhet-
house, a good bridge, and a free school. Market ou
Tiiesilav.
LLaN I'RISSENT, an anfient town of Glamorganshire
sealed in a hilly pirt of the country 10 miles N. W.
Landatl, and l<>(i W. of Londiui. lU portreeve, or goverik-
ing otiicer, is sworn bv the deputy constable of the castle,
that stands near it. Market on Friday.
LL.\NVILL!NG,a neat, little town of Montgomeryshi-rc,
seated on a fiat, among Inls, near the river Cane, 15 mile*
N. of Montgomery, and 179 N. W. of London. Market on
Thursday.
LLAN^'DLOS, a to"n of Montaoniervshire, 18 inilet
S. W. cf Montgomery, and 180 W. N. Vv'." of London. A
great market for wDollfii \:im on Saturday.
LLAUCillAM, a sinall trading (own of Carmarthenshire,
seated on the W. side of the river Towv, at its mouth, 7 mile*
S. \V. of Carraai then, and 233 W. N. VV. of London. Marke^
on Friday.
LL D. r/e^ifm rf«c<o)j an abbreviature, signifying doctor
of the civil and canon laws.
LO ! iitierjrti. [/a. Sax.] look ! See ! behold !
LOACH, {loch} s. f loc/ie, Fr.] a very dainty fish ; he breed*
and feeds in little and clear swift brooks or rills, and live*
there upon ihe gravel, and in the sharpest streams ; he groM^
not to be above a linger long, and no thicker than is suitk
able to that length; he isof tlie shape of an eel, and has a
beard ofwattels like a barbel; he has two tins athissidei^
four at his belly, and one at his tail, dappled with many black
or brown spots ; his mouth barbel like under his nose. This
fish is usually full of eggs or spawn, and is by Ciesner, and
other physicians, commended for great nourishmeiit, and fo
be very grateful both to tlie palate and stomach of sick pep-
sons, and is to be tished for with a small worm, at the bot-
tom, for he seldom rises above the gravel.
LOAD, {lod) s. [/ilarle. Sax.] a burden; a weight, or lad-
ing; as much weight as any person or animal can bear.
*eated on the river Tyvy, over which it has a bridge into
Carmarthenshire, nearly 24 miles E. of Cardigan, and 197 Figuratively, any thing that depresses, applied to th«
W. N. \V. of London. Market on Saturday. mind.
LLANDILOVAUR, a town of Carmarthenshire, with a LOAD, (more properly /<wfe) *. [lode, Sax.J the leading
considerable manufacture of llanncl. It is pleasantly vein in a mine,
situated on an ascent, on the river Towy, over wiiich it has To LOAD, (lud) v. a. to put goods on board a ship, or
a good stone bridge, IG miles N. N. E. of Carmarthen, and
196 VV. N.W. of Loudon. About a mile S. \V. of it stands
Dynavour Castle, on a remarkably tine elevation, with the
river Towy beautifully meandering at the bottom. It has
been occupied by the Rices for several centuries, and is
now the seat of Rice, Lord Dviiavour. Market on Tuesday
and Saturday, and a fair on Wednesday in Whitsun Week.
LLANELLV, a town of Carmarthenshire, trading much
iu pitcoal. It is seated on a creek, or small sea-river, 13
miles S. by E. of Carmarthen, and 206 W. N. W. of London.
Market ou Tuesday.
LLANOADOCK, an indifferent town of Carmarthenshire
seated between the rivers Brane and Sawthy, which soon
after empty themselves into the Towy, 18 miles N. E. of
Carinartheii, and 185 W. N. W. of London. Market on
Tiiursdav.
LLANGOLLEN, a town of Denbighshire, in N. Wales
tesited on the river Dee, over which it has a beautiful bridge
of four arches, 7 miles S. of Wrexham, and 184 N. VV. of
Lontlon. The scenes iu the vicinity of this place arc vcrj
romantic and sublime, especially in approaching the lof'y
burden on a man or a beast of carriage. Figuratively, to
encumber or embarrass. To charge, applied to a gun, or
other fire-arms. To make grievous.
LOADER, {Idrkr) s. a person who puts the freight on
board a ship, or a burden on a man, beast, or in a carriage.
LO'ADSMAN, {loilsman) .1. [from la-rlan. Sax.] a pilot,
or a person that conducts into, and out of harbours.
LOA'DSTAR, s. (more properly, as written by Mande-
ville, Imkstar ;) from Itrrhn, Sax. to lead] the polestar, so
called from its leading and guiding manner.
LOADSTONE, s. [plural lurlectone, or lodivf; stone;
[from Iterlan, Sax. to kail, and st(me\ the magnet; a peculiar
rich iron ore, found in large masses, of a deep iron gray,
when fresh broken, and often tinged with a brownish or
reddish colour; it is very heavy, and is remarkable for at-
tracting iron, and giving it an inclination or direction to-
wards the north.
LOAF, {lof) s. plural loaves; [Maf ot Uf, Sax.J a masl
of bread baked; it is distinguished from a *«*« by its thick
urss. Any mass into which a body is wrought.
LOAM, {lorn) s. [/(Jim, Sax.] the common earth, cou-
'^rwyn Mountains which separate the twu counties of s';,ting of clay with a mixture of sand in it ; the black earth
Dtt'ibigh auri Merioneth. callea mould; a reddish earth used iu making bricks ; a kind
AM!
LOC
LOD
ot moriar made of ihc best earth, by teiiii)eriiig it with wa-
ter, slrnH, Ac.
'I'o LOAM, 0<m) r. a. lu smear ^vilh loam, marl, or ciay ;
*M cover willi clay.
I.O'AMN', {lumi/)a. marly, or clayey.
!-()AN, (/("O *•]/''"'". '^ax-l ati\ tiling' U'lif ; l!ir interest,
preiiiiiiiii, or cKiisidcralioti (or iiioiicv lent ; rii!> tliiiij; ;;iv«'ii
to aiiotlicr oil condition of Ills returning' or ic|iayiiig it at a
certain time.
1>0 \'N(i(), a town, capital of a kin^jJom of Africa, for-
merly a part of <"onj;i>, liiil now indcpfiidi'Dl, anil lynij; on
the sea Mile; alioni -i.')l) miles in len^Mh.aiiil INS in iMraillli.
Tile climate is iieaily as hot as any under the ti.rrid zone,
and much hotter than those of Coiifjo and An;;ola, vet it is
liealtiiy and pleasant. 'Ilie land is sofrnitfnl, that they have
three ciopsof lai;;e and siirail millet a year; hesides wliich,
tiiey liave several sorts of peas and heans, « ith fruits, greens,
kmMs, lierhs and ve^etaliles; and liere is a fjreat nuinlier of
trees, such as palm, hanana, Ac. of the excellent fruits of
wliich they make a^reeahle wine, uliile others ath)rd them
niateriak lor clotliiiij;, as also for hnildin;;, covering; their
bouses, makiiii^ ships, Ac. They have hot few cattle ofany
sort, except j^oats. They have lio^s in fjieat plenty ; and
(loilltry are so extremely cheap, that six- penny worth of heads
will purchase f)0 of Ihe'ii. Pheasants, paitridjjes, and other
wild hiwl, are in still greater ahundance ; and ha dly bear
any price. Their principal trade consists in slaves, ele-
phant's teeth, copper, tin, lead, and iron. The winiien
cultivate the jjroumi, sow, anil {;et in the harvest. There is
•■i (jreat inimher of towns and villa>{es in this country, of
«liich little is known hut their names. '^I'he inhahitants are
iilack, and of mild and a;;reeal)le manners, hut iudnleiit.
J'hey are;;overned by an absolute prince, or chief, who is,
in some measure, worshipped as a ijod by his subjects. Tiie
town of Loaii;;o, in tlie centre of whit h is the royal palace,
a ijreat si|naie a mih' and a half in comjiass, is situated on a
fiver, ali()ut (i milts from the Atlantic, in lat. 4. 40. S. This
coiiiilry lies Letuceii 10 and lU clej;. E. Ion. and 1 and j S,
lal.
LOATH, (Iu'm) a, [Int/i, Sax.] unwilling; not incliiiing;
averse.
'J'o LOATHE, (I'nt/ie) V, a. to look on witli great disgust
«r abhorrence ; to see food with nauseousness or squeam-
ikiiness.
. LO ATM ER, (/oMei-) J. one who considers any thing with
abhorrence.
LO A Til ri'L, (/«<//«/)«. full of abhorrence, or hating;
aithorred or haled.
LO'ATHINtiLY, (IdtJiitigly) ad. in a manner that testifies
abhorrence or haired.
LO'ATHNESS, {Idi/mess) i. unwillingness; reluctuice ;
riislike.
LO'.\Tn.SO.ME, (teMiume) a. abhorred; detested; caus-
141" salietv, dis;;nsl, or nauseousness.
LOATIISO.MENKSS, *. the quality of raising hatred,
(lK!;nst, or abhorrence.
LOAVES, (Imz'^s. the plural of Loak.
LOH, s. [Inpjit, I'eut.] an heavy, dull, or stupid person.
I.ob's poiotd, a prison ; the stocks ; or a place of con-
linement.
To LOB, V. a. [[from the substantive] to let fall in a
riovtnish manner.
LOBBY, i.[laube, Teut.] a porch or opening before a
room.
LOBE, I. (Fr. lulmi, Gr.ja division or distinct part ; usu-
alU applied to the two parts into which the hinges are di-
vided, and likewise to the tip of the ear. Used in the plu-
ral for those divisions of a gasiied leaf which are rounded at
the eduesaiid stand distant from each other.
LOUSTEB, a. \liibsier. Sax. J a shell fish, which when
raiii^hl is blackish, but when boiled is red ; a cant-word for
a lout soldier.
LOBl'LE,/. asiiiall lobe.
LOCAL, a. I from /tf uf, a place, l>;it.l having the proper-
ties nf a place ; relating to |;lace ; being in a particiJ,jr
place ; coiilined or appropriateil to any particular place.
I.OCA'LITY, X. existence in place ; relation of I'lacc Of
dislaiue.
LOCALLY, nd. iviih respect to jilace.
LOCATIO.V,* [from /«e".«, a place, Lat.j situation wtth
respect to place; the act of placing; the state of bciity
I)iaeed.
LOOM, (/«/() .f. [Scot.] a lake. In medicine, a composition
of a middle consistence betueen a syrup and a soft electu-
ary, used in diseases of the luu^s.
L()'CHIA,(/u/>m)*. [Gr.]tlie evacuations consequent or
a deliverv.
LOCHMA'RRN, a town of Scotland, in the county ct
Anuandale, Li miles N. K. of Duiufiies.
LOCK, s. [liic. Sax.] an iuslrunient with springs and
bolts, used for the security of door-:, drawers, Ac. the part
of a snn by which hre is struck; a ipiaiility of hair oi
wool hanging tot;el her ; a tuft or small quantity of hay. In
a river, a place where the waters are conhned by tlood-
gates, tos«ell and increase the natural depth and force of
the stream, in order to render it navigable. A place where
thieves carry or hide stolen goods. An hospital wherf
none but persons atfecled with the venereal disease s^te
admitted.
To LOCK,»i. «. to shut or fasten the door, Ac. by tmru-
ing the key round in a lock. Tu lovk up, to shut up, or coij-
fine ; to close. Neuterly, to become fast by a lock ; to oniKe
by mutual insertion.
LOCKER, .r. any thing that is fastened with a lock ; a
drawer.
JX)CKET, f. [tiiquet, Fr.] a small lock; any catch or
spring to fasten a necklace, or other ornament.
LOC K R A M , i. a kind of coarse linen.
IjOCKRON, j. a kind of ranunculus.
LOCOMOTION, i. [from locus, a place, and motut, tao
tion, Lat.l the iiower or actionof changing place.
LOCOAlOTIVE, a. [from lucus, a place, and motttt, uio-
tion, Lat.j changing place ; having the power of nioviu;
from one place to another.
LO'CUST, s. \locnsta, Lat.l i'o animal somewhat resem-
bling a grasshopper, but onsiderably larger, and of •
brownish colour, very destructive to vegetables, moving i«
herds, which are headed by a particular one of the species,
and therefore not inelegantly compared to an army. Ac-
cording to the scriptures, they are verv numerous in tli"-
Vm%X ; and Dr. Pocock informs us, in his Travels into Egypt,
that they are eaten by the natives of those parts. Also a tree
with butterlly-shaped blossoms, fnmi winxe empalemeiil
arises the pointal, which afterwards becomes a hard pod
with one capsule, including roundish haid seeds, which are
surrounded with a fungous stringy substance.
LOCU TION, ». [from loqnor, to speak, Lat.] the niauner
of speech used in any country.
LOCUTORY, s. [from hxjuor, to speak, Lat.] a hall m
religious houses, appointed for the meeting of monks, liiars,
&c. to converse together.
LO'DDON, a town in Norfolk, 10 miles S. E. of Norwich,
and 1 13 N. E. of London. Market on Ft idav.
To LOD(iE, II. a.[lo^an, Sax. /og-er, Fr.1 to supply witii
a house to dwell in for a certain time ; to afford riv.eHing. or
admit a person to lie or dwell in the same house. Figura
tively, to place, tix, or plant. Neuterly, to take up resi-
dence fiir anight.
LODG K, *^ \Jogi', Fr.] a small house in a park or forest ;
any small house or habitation.
LO'DfiMENT, s. \liis:emeui, !■>.] accumulation, or fhi
ictof putting in a certain place. In fortificafion, an en-
campment made by an army ; tlie postession of au enemy':
works.
LO'DGER, «. one who lives in an apartment hired ii<
the house of another; one that resides any where.
LO'DCiING, ». rooms hired in the house of anotlier ! c
place of residence ; a place to lie in ; harbour or covert. .,
M3
LOU
LON
LOFT, I. [lloft, Brit.J a floor; the highest floor in a
bousi" ; rooms in llip highest part ofa buildiii;;.
LO'FTILV, ad. on lii^h ; in a phic-e ai a distance from
llie ground upward, l-'igurativeh', jn a proud, haughty
Uianncr; suhiiiUL-iy.
LO'FTINFSS, s. height or distance from the ground up-
wards: elevation; sidjliniity ; pride or haughtiness.
LO FTY, (lo/'ti/) a. high ; at a distance from tiie ground ;
situated on high; suhh:iip; elevated; proud; haughty.
Synon. Liijii/ seems to carry witli it an idea of magnifi-
cence, which /I'gh does not ; thus «e say, a lofty room, the
lofty 1 edar ; Imt a high house, a /ugh tree.
LOG, ». [lo^gf, Belg.] a shapeless bulky piece of wood.
FiguraliveK, a sluggish inactive person. In Hebrew mea-
sure, hve-si^tlls of a pint. According to Dr. A rbuthuot, it
wasa liquid measure, the seventy-second part of the batii or
ephah.and twelfth part of the bin. lu navigation, a small
piece of limber, of a Iriangnlar form, having if-ad at one end
'to make it s\*im uprigiit in the «ater, and a line fixed to the
other with knots at about forty-two feet distance from each
other; its use is to keep account, and make an estmiate of
a ship's waA, by observing the length ot line unwound in half
a miriiite's time, the ship sailing the same number of miles
in an h'uir, as the knots which aje run out in half a minute.
LO'G.\l{ITHMS, i. ffVoui logos, a word, and arithmos, a
number, (jr.] certain artificial numbers proceeding in arith-
metical progression, corresponding to as many others pro-
ceeding in geometrical proportion, and so tilted to the na-
tural numbers, that if any two natural numbers are multi-
plied and divided by one another, the correspondent num-
bers answer all those conclusions by addition and subtrac-
tion; for instance,
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 6, 7, 8, 9, &c.
1, 2, 4, 8, U>, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, Ac.
Wliere the numbers above, 1 eginiiing willi(0,) and arith-
wietically proportional, are called lugnrithms. Those now
in use have tO for the common ratio. They were invented
by Napier, lord Marchislon, a Scotch baron, and afterwards
roniplcted bv Mr. Briggs, Saviliaii Professor at Oxford.
LO f '• BOOK, s. at sea, is a Ixjok ruled and columned like
the log board. It is used to enter the log-board's account in,
every <lay at noon, with the ohservatioiis then made, and
from hence it is corrected and enten-d into the .jcuiriials.
LO'GGATS. s. the aiilient jiaiue of a play or game now
called kii'J,~,rtrTs.
LOGGI-^HHEAD, s. [hggt; Belg. and head': a person
•hat IS stupid, and of slow apprehension ; a blockhead. To
fall to l(igg;erheads, or go to loggerheads, is to scuttle or
tight without weapniis.
LOfiGERHEADED, a. dull; stupid; slow of under-
ifandiiig.
LOGIC, s. [higihc, from logos, a word or wisd<jm, Gr.] the
art of using reason well in our inquiries iifter tiiith, and our
ooiiiuiunicaiion ol it toothers; a particular uielhod of rea-
soning.
LOfilCAL, a. hrlonging to, or taught m, logic ; skilled
in, or furnished with, logic.
LorrIC\LI>Y, ad. according to the rules of logic.
LOGI'CI.'VN, (/'y'is/iirtnjs. [logicien, Fr. lugihos, from logos,
•A word or wisdom, (ir.Ja pioi'essor of logic; a person skilleil
in logic.
LOGIST, »• [logista, Eat. from logos, a word or wisdom,
(tr. I oue skilled in computations and arilliiuetic.
LOtilS I'lC, n. See Lotiisr. in ai ithinctic, applied to
the doctrine of sexagesimal fractions, used by astrcmomers
before tin- invention of logaritlims. A curve, .so lalled fi<im
rts properties and uses in constructing and explaining the
nature of logarithms.
LO'(i-LlNE, s. See Loo. in navi,<-ation, a small line
iastened to a. piece of board, and having knots at certain
-<ilslanc''S, by which a ship's way is reckoned-
LO'GOCitlAlMI Y, t. [trom hgos, a word, and grnphn, lo
write, Gr.] the art of printing with whole words, instead
■»f Jingle letters, aticinptcd some years ayo in Ihia country.
but disused, as bein^ more tronbiesome thaii the usual
mode.
LOGOMACHY, (%um«/.-y) ». [from logot, a word, and
mavhe, a tight, Gr.]a cnntenlion in worcls.
LO'CiWOOl), s. yiooghc. Belg.j a wood of a very dense
and fiim tex'.-.ie, brought to us in thick and veiy lar^e
blocks or logs, and is the heapt of the tree that produces it.
It is very heavy, and remarkably hard, and of a deep strong
red colour; has been long known to the d\ers, who use it in
colouring blue and black; and lately has been inliuduced
into medicine, whe'ein it isfound to be astringent.
LOI N, s. [Itu-yn, Brit.J the back of an animal as carveo by
a butcher, lu anatomy, the lower part of the spine of the
back.
'I'o LOI"l ER, I', n. \loterfn, Belg.] lo linger ; to make use
of idle and lazy delays.
EOl'TEUEK, «. one who passes his time in idleness ; one
who is sluggish and (lilat;iry.
To LOLL, t'. )i. to ban in an idle or lazy manner against
any thing. To bang out, applied to the tongue of a
beast.
LO'LI.ARDS, a sect of Christians that rose in Germany
about the beginning of the 14lb ceiiiuiy, so called fiom its
author Walter Lollard. Tliey rcjfclcd the mass, extreme
unction, aiul penances for sins. .Also a name of infamy
given to Wickliti and hisfdllowers, li<uii an athnity between
some of their tenets and those <if the Lollards, who in the
reigns of Edward IlL and Henry V. were accounted
heretics.
LO'iMO.ND, BEN, a great mountain in the N. of .<5tirnng-
shire, in Scotland, about 3200 feet above the level of the
lake, at its bottom. From this lofty mountain are seen
Loch Lomond, the Clyde, the Forth, Edinburgh, the eas-
tern coast as far as the Cheviot Fells, the Isle of Bute «nd
Arian, the rock of Ailsa, Ireland, the mountain of Piiiilim-
moii in Wales, and the Skiddow in Cumberland, and the
hills far besoixl it.
LOMOND, LOCH, a beautiful ami extensive lake of
Duuibartonsirne, which descends fr(mi the northern point
of lliiit country, expanding as it advances southward. It is
28 miles long; its breadth from 7 miles, decreasing three
quarters of a mile ; and, were its windings followed, its
circuit wiiuid he upwards of 100 miles. There are 33 islands
jn this hike, several of which are inhabited, and conain an-
tique ruins, concealed aiiionj^ luilienl yews. Others rise
into high, rocky dift's, the habitation of the osprey, or sea-
eagle.
LOMP, s. a kind of roundish fish.
LONDON, the metropolis of Great Britain, one of the
largest and inovf opulent cities in the worM, is mentioned
by'J'acitus as a coiisideiable commercial place in the reign
of the Roimin emperor Nero. In its most extensive view,
as the metropolis, it consists of The City, projierly so called,
the city of Westminster, which was oiu e a mde from Lon-
don, and the borough of Southwark ; beside thti suburbs in
Miildiesex aiwl Surry, within what are called the Bills of
Moitality. Lcuidon and Westminster are situated in Mid-
dlesex, on the N. side of the river Thames. .Southwark is
sealed on the opposite bank in Surry. The extent of the
whole from Linu'liouse and Deplforil to Milhank and Vaux-
liall, is above 7 miles ; but the greatest b'eadlh does not ex-
ceed 3. With respect to the government of this metro|X)li,s,
the city is dividi-d into 26 wards, each governed by an akiei-
man. From the aldermen the lord mayor is annually cho-
sen. 'Fliere are likewise 236 ccmimon coiincihuen, a re-
corder,lwo sherifi's,who are also sheriffs of Middlesex, and
other otHcers. Fhe government of Westminster is vesteJ
in the high steward, an under steward, and the high baililii
all chosen also by the dean and chapter. The suburbs are
under the jurisdiction of the magistrat)^ of M iddlesex.
Among the public buildings, St. Paul's cathedral, as the
most conspicuous, (irst claims attention. This beautiful, yet
modest fabric, is 22!J2 feet in circumference, and 3(>.''> ia
height to the lop of the cross. It is inferior lo tout iu
LON
Eunipp, in maKnificenre and nohL-nrss, excrpi St. Peter's at
Roiiio. WV'sliiiinster Alilx'v is a ^n;i<i(! s|)iciin<Mi of (iolliic
srcliitrtliire, siiid to Imve hpcii foiiiiilrd l)v Sclif rt, kiiii; of"
the I'^iisI Saxons, n; fill). Iladu':; liccn ifc-itroycd hy liie
Danes, it was reltuilt by F.dw.iid llir Cdnl'insor, in lOWi.
Henry III. pulled down tlic Saxon pile, iUid lieijan to Imild
the present structme in filO. 'llie woili was carried on
slowly by sncteedms princes, Hiid ran liardly be said to
have been finished before the linir of Sit Ohrjstopliei Wren,
who bnill tlie two towers at llie wi st end. It is :iCM leet in
len^'di within the walls ; at ibe na\eit is 7'2 broad, and at
the cross !?».■>. The ciiapel of lleniy VII. adjoinnif;, Le-
land calls "The Wonner of llie Woild." Si. Stephen's,
Walbrook, is a small church of extpiisite beaut_v, the mas-
terpiece of Sir Christopher Wnn ; |'.erlia|is llaly itself can
produce no modern buildiii'; llial can vie with this in lasle
an(l proportion. l?ow church, in Cljeapsidc' ; St. Bride's, in
Fleet-street; St. Dun--1aii's, in the l.ast ; and St. Martin's, in
the fields; are, amoiifjt lie other churches, most distin>;iiished
for tine architecture. 'Ilie paiislies, in what are called the
Bills of Moriality, amount to IKi, namely, 97 within the
walls, 6 without the walls, 2:i out-parishes in Middlesex
and Surry, and 10 in the city and libeities of Westminster.
With respect to palaces, the niajjiiificeiiee of royalty is not
to be found in them. That ofSt. James's was an hospital for
leprous females dedicated to that s'aint. It was surrendered
to Henry VIII. who erected on its site ihe present palace ;
of which it has been observed, that notwilhslandins its mean
exterior, it is ihe most commodious fi.r the parade of royalty
of any in Europe. He likewise laid out a large piece of
ground adjoining into a park, and formed a canal and walks ;
tallin;; it, in conformity to the name of the palace, St.
James's Park. Charles II. enlarged and improved this spot,
«(loiiiin^ it with plantations of treei ; but, a few years ago.
It was improTed in a still more beautiful degree. The
Queen's Palace stands in the most favourable situation that
St. James's Park could furnish. It was erected by the duke
of Buckingham, in ITa"?, and called Buckingham House,
until it was purchased, in 17(il, for the rojal residence ; at
which time it acquired its present name. In 1776, parlia-
ment settled this house upon the queen, in case she should
survive the king. Garlfon House, the residence of the
Prince of Wales, the gardens extending to St. James's Park,
is a stately building, on which vast sums have been ex-
pended; but it is not yet completed. The banqueting
house, at Whitehall, was begun in 16 I.J), from a design by
Inigo Jones. It is only a small part of the vast plan oi a
palace, intended for llie residence rjf the British monarchs,
imt left incomplete. Beside the royal palaces, there are
many fine houses of the princes of the blood, and of the no-
bility and gentry. Westminster Hall, an<l some buildings
appendant (o it, contain the Houses of Lords and Commons,
and the superior courtsof justice. The great hall, inwhicli
are held the trials of peers, and c.'' persons impeached before
the lords, exceeds, in dimension, any in Europe, which is
not supported bv pillars. Its length is 270 feet, the breadth
74, and the heigiit in proportion. The Guildhall of the cily,
situated at the end ot King-street, Cheapside, was built in
1431. Its great liall is 1;"j.S feet long, 60 broad, and 58
high. The front ofti>is hall has been rebuilt in the Ciothic
style. Here the courts of King's Bench and Common Pleas
hold sittings at Nisi Prius: here also the city elections are
held, and all the business of the corporation transacted. The
Sessions House in the Old Bailey, in which thecriminal.s of
both London and Middlesex are tried ; and the County Hall
for Middlesex, on Clerkenwell Green, are noble structures.
Of the buildings appropriated to the great national othces,
inililary, naval, and fiscal, the most antient is the Tower of
London. It is surroundec' 6y a wall and ditch, which also
iuch)se several streets. Tne circumference is about a niile.
It was a palace during 500 years ; the rnonarchs, on their
accession to the throne, eonstautly liolding their courts in
this fortress : but after the accession of Queen Elizabeth,
itiit cuttom ceasred. The Horse Guards, an elegant iUr,C'>
LON
fure, stands opposite Ihe Banqueting House. The War Oft
lice is in lliis place, and lieie courts-marlial lor the army UTa-
held. The Ordiiaiice Otilce, for the military deparluient, •■♦.
in St. Margaret s street, Weslmin.sler. The .•Vdiiunilty is u
large structure. Ill which the higher deparlmenis cf the bu-
siness of llie navy is Irausacled, and llie lords of the admi-
ralty have houses. The Navy, Navy Pay, aad Victuiilhn;;
Oliicc5,are in Somerset Place, a stupendous and niagmhceut
siructure, built on ihe site of llie old palace, erected by the
first duke of Somerset, in the reiijiiof Lilward VI. It was be-
gun duiingthe American war,aiid was intended to bring into
one spot Hie most consideiable public otHces; and, although
not yet hnished, it already coiilaiiis, beside the ollicesaliove-
menlioned, the following, namely, the auditors of imprest,
clerk (jf llie estreats, duchy courts of Lancaster and Corn-
wall, hackney coach, hawkers and pedlars, horse duly, loul
treasurer's, remembrancer's, lollery, pipe and coinptiolhi
of the pipe, salt, sick and huit, signei, stagecoach duly,
slanip, surveyor of crown lands, tax, and wine licence of-
fices. The kings barge houses are comprehended in thr
plan, with a dwelling foi the barge master; beside houses,
lor Ihe treasurer, paymaster, ami (i commissioners of the
navy ; 3 commissioners of the victualling and their secre-
tary ; 1 commissioner of tlie stamps, and I of the sick and
hurt; with commodioiu apaitmenis in every ottice for %
secretary, or some otheracling otlicer, fora porter, and iheir
families. In the front, toward Ihe Sliaiid, which coiisistsof
a rich basement, supporting an excellent example of the
Corinthian order, and containing a principal and allic story,
are apartments for Ihe lUiyal Academy, and the Koyal ami
Antiquarian Societies. The grand entrance, by 3 lofty
aiches, leads into a spacious quadrangle, on each side of
which, to the cast and west, a strict is to he foiuied, be-
yond which the wings are to be carried. The front lo ihe
ThaTies is erected on a noble terrace, 53 feet w ide ; ajiH the
building, when finished, will extend 11 00 feet. This ter-
race, unparalleled for grandeur and beauty of view, is sup
ported on a rough rustic basement, adorned with a lolly ar
cade of 32 aiches, each 12 feet wide, and 24 high. 'Jlu
grand semicircular arch, in the middle of the hasenjeut, i>
that intended for the reception of the king's barges. The
Treasury, which has a noble, elevated front, is in St. James.-,
Park; and what is called "The Cockpit," forms a part of
this building, and is now the council chamber for the cabi-
net niiiiisters. In the city is the Royal Exchange, originally
built in 16G7, by Sir Thomas Gresham. Being destroyed
by the great fire in 1666, it was rebuilt in its prchCiit form,
at the expellee of 80,000j£. In each of the principal front*
is a pia/za, and in tlie centre an area. The height of ihe
builcf ng is 56 feet, and from the centre of tne soulli side
rises a lantern and turret 178 feet high, on the top of which
is a vaiie, in the form of a grasshopper, the crest of Sir Tho-
mas (ircsham. The inside of ihe a'ea, which is 144 feet lona,
and 127 broad, is surrounded by piazzas. The Bank oi
England, a magnificeiit buildin;^, is situated inThreadneedle-
slieet. The Custom House, lo the west of theTower, is n
large irregular pile, before w hicli ships of 350 tons can lie,
and discharge their cargoes. It was built in 1718, on the site
of a former Custom House, destroyed by fire. The excise
Olhce, in Broad-street, is a building of magnificent simpli-
city, erected in 1768, on the site of Greslram college. The
East India House, in Leadenhall-street, was built in 172C.
The original front was very confined ; but a new front, mucU
enlarged and improved, has been lately erected, richly fur-
nished in respect toexteriordecorations, architecturalorna-
ments, stone sculpture, &c. it has great extent in depth, and
contains all the offices necessary for the transacting the bu-
siness of a commercial company. TheSouthSea House,ia
Tiaeadneedle street, is a handsome building; but the Ge-
neral Post Office, ill Lombard street, is rather convenient
than splendid. Of the structures, which more particularly
i'<"long to the cily, the mi«t distinguished is the Mansion
JioHse, erected, in 1752, for the residence of the lord mayor:
it it magaificeut, but ponderous. The MoiHiitient is a grantl
ACtii '
LON
LCN
feted Doric column, 202 feot high, erected in comraemoin-
tion of tiie fjreat fire in 1666. The bri(lt;cs are a <treat orna-
Bienf to the metropohs. Tlie most aiitirnt, London hridf^e,
'*'as begun in 117C, and finished in 1209. The leiiKlh of
it is 915 feet. 'J"he number of arches was 19, of une-
'jiial dimensions, and deformed bv the enormous sterlini;s,
and by houses on each side, «hicli oveihung in a terrific
Bianner. These vNere removed in 1756, »hen the up-
per part of the brid;ie assiuned a modern appearance :
but the sterhngs remain, though they so contract the
space between the pieis, as to occasion, at tlie ebb of
tide, a fail of five feet, or a number of temporary cata-
.•^cts, ub.ch have occasioned the loss of manv bves.
Westminster bri(1s»e, one of the finest in the world, was
built bv Labeiye, a native of Swisserlan<l. The first stone
«as laid in 1739, tlie last in 1747 ; but on accou ,t of the
."sinking of one of the piers, the open-n;; of the bridge was
retarded till 1750. The whole is of roitlund stone, except
Jlie spandrels of the arches, which are of Furbeck. It is
1223 feet in length. It has i:? lar^e, and 2 small semicircn-
Jar arches : the centre arch is 76 fe-M wide; the otiier arches
on each side decreasing in width 4 fVet, RIackfriars
brid;;e, built by Mr. Mvlne, was besim in 1760, and coni-
Vleted in 1768. Its lenj;th is 995 feet ; the breadth of the
carriaj;e-Hav 28, and of the foot-paths 7 eacii. It con-
sists of 9 elliptical arches, the centie one of which is 100
feet wide; and both this, and the arch on each side, are
wider than >he celebrated Rialloat Venice ; but its decay is
already too visible. This noble structure is binlt of Portland
stone. In London are several museums. The Biitish Mu-
seum, which is open to the public gratis, was founded by
pHrliamenl in 175.S, in pursuance of the will of Sir Hans
Sloane, v»ho directed lii» executors to make an offer to the
public of his collection of natural and artificial curiosities
and books, for the sum of 20,00niS. and the noble building
called Monta>{ue House, was purchased for their reception.
At the same time were purchased the MSS. collected by
Edward Ha' ley, earl of Oxford. Here are likewise the co!-
lections made by Robert and John Cotton ; and lar^e sums
have since been voted to augment this noble repository.
GeorsfcII. presented toil the libraries of the kings of Eng-
land from the reign of Henry VII. His present majesty
gave it an interesting collection of tracts published in the
reigns of Charles I. and II. and a vaiiety of antiquities,
1>rouudit from Italy, were purchased I'V parliament, for
8410-£. in 1762. Another museum, consislin;,' of anatomical
)>reparat ons, and natural curiosities, collected by the late
Dr. William Hunter, who built a spacious edifice fir their
reception, in Windmill-street, Haviiiarket, is now open to
the pidilic, and is to continue so fcw.'JO vears from the time
(:f his death in 178). Also, Week's Museum, Titehborne-
»treet, Hav market, for curiosities in mecbanism : besides
several others of inferior note. Of the inns of cou't, or soci-
eties for the study of the law, the (irincipal are the Miildle
and Inner Temples, Lincoln's !nn, and Gra%'s Inn. These
are very spacious, and have large gaidens, which are open
♦Ojthe public. The others are Clifford's Inn, Clement'-- Inn,
.Serjeant's Iiin, New Inn, Lvmi's Inn, Barnard's Inn, I'umi-
vaTs Inn, andStajile's liin. The College of Phvsici-.nis, luifor-
tnnatelv hidden in W'anvick-lane, was biiih bv ^ir Christo-
pher Wren. Sion college, near Loudon Wall, founded in
100:5, bv the Rev. Thomas White, is governed by a presi-
dent, 2 deans, ami 4 assistants ; and all the clergv within the
Bills of Mortality are its fellows. Here is a library fir their
«ise, and almshouses for 10 men and lownnien. The Sn( iety
for the encouragement of Arts, Maiiid'actiires, an>l (,'(un-
inerce, have a liandsomc house in the Adelphi. Of public
seminaries, the most di-tiugicshed are Westminster School,
St. Pauls School, the Charter House, and Mercliiiiit Tavlor's
School. The places of Diversion are numerous and uiagni-
ticeiil. Of the halls ofllie citv companies, the most (lislin-
guisheil in point of areliitrelure are, Sur:!eoii's Ha!!, in the
Old Bailey ; Goldsniith's Hall, Foster. Line : Ironmonger's
Hall, rencburchstrce't ; ajid I''islim..n^ei'.s Hd!, nearLoa-
don bridge. Tlie principal hospitals are Chnsl's Hospifji,,
near Ne« gate-street, a royal toundation, for orphans and
poor children: -St. Ijailholouiew's Hospital, West Smilli.
field, auol her roud founilation for the sick and lame: Bride-
well, in Blackfriars, once a royal palace, bui now a royal
hospital, lor the apprenticing of the industrious youth, and
a prismi for the dissolute ; Btthlem, in Moorfielils, an<.tlier
royal hosiiilal, for liiiiat cs; St. Luke's, in Old Street, also
for lunatics ; St. 'riiiuiias's in the Bmough, the frmrth rii\al
hospital, for the sick and lame ; and for the same purpose
are Guy's Hospital, ait.joiuing ; the London Hospital, in
Whitechapel-road ; the Middlesex Hospital, Berner'-street;
the Westminster Infirmary, Petl\ Fiance; and St. George's
Hospital, H\de Park Coriie . The Foundling Hosidlal, in
Lamb's Conduit Fielils; the Asvlum,at Lambeth, lororpliaa
;;i'ls ; the Magdalen Hospital in St. George's Fields, for
peintent prostitutes ; the Marine Society, in Bishopsgate-
street ; the Smallpox Hospitals at Paucrass ; the Lock Hos-
pital near (irosvenor Place; the Westniiusler lying ii»
Hospital, and manv others for the same purpose, arc also
excellent institutions ; and there are many dispensaries for
dispensing medicines to the sick, who keep to th ir houses,
under the direction of a physician to each dispensary, and
proper assistants. The prisons are niuni'rous: the principal
are, Newgate, a stupendous structure ; the New Compter,
Gillspur-Slreet ; the Fleet Prison, for debtors ; the Ling's
Bencli, in St. George's Fields, for the same purpose ; and
a new county gaol (including a new sessions house) in
Soiithwark. Some of the 9<|uares and streets in the metro-
polis are magnificent; and many of those whiih cannot
boast of grandeur are long, spacious, and airy. Portland
Place, forms, perhaps, the most magnificent street in Ihe
world ; Stratford Place is truly elegant ; and the Adolphi
Terrace is the admiration of foreigners, for the noble view
which it afi'ords of Ihe river, the bridges, and otlur iiublic
buildings, and of the fine hills beyond Lambeth and Simtb*
wark. The broad stream of the Thames (lowing between
London and Southwark, continuallv agitated by a brisk
current or a rapid tide, brings constant supplies of fresh air,
which no buildings can intercept. The country round,
especially on the London side, is neaily open to some dis-
tance ; whence, by the action of the sun and wind on a
gravelly soil, it is ke|>t tolerably dry in all seasons, and
affords no lodnmeut forstagnant air or water. The cleanli-
ness '>f London, as well as its supply of water, are greatly
aided b\ its sitr.alion on the banks of the Thames; and the
New River, wiili many good springs within the city itself,
further coiitrilmles to Ihe abundance of that necessary ele
nient. All these are advantages with respect to health, in
which tills metropolis is exceeded, by few. Its situation,
with regard to the circumstance of navigation, is equally
well chosen; had it been (ilaced Ipwer on the Thames, ll
would have been annoyed by the marshes, and more liable
to the insults of foreign foes : had it been higher, it would
not have been accessible, as at present, to ships of lar^fs
burden. It now p'lssesses every advantage that can be
derived from a seaport, without its dangers, and, at the
same.tinie, bv means of its noble river, enjoys a very exten-
sive communication with the internal parts of the country,
which supply it with necessaries, and, in return, receive
from it such commodities as tliev require. With the great
article of fuel, London is plentiiidly snjiplied by sea from the
northern ( ollieries. Corn and varirms other articles are
with equal ease convened to it from aU the maritime parts of
the kingdom, and great numbers of coasting vessels are con-
tinuallv employed for this purpose. London, therefore,
unites in itself all the benefits arising from navigation ami
commerce, with those <'f a metropolis at which all the public
business of a great nation is transacted ; and is, at the same
time, the mercantile and political head of these kingdoms.
It is -ilso Ihe seat of manv considerable mamd'actures ; some
almost peculiar to itself, as luiiiisteriug to the demands of
stihtied splendour and refined luxury; others in which it par-
ticipates with the manufucturinjif towus i» f;»ueral; mitji
LON
LOO
Wiis (lifferencf, tlial only llie fiiirr and more costly of iheir
Works are performed liere. 'I'lie uiosl important of its pe-
culiar nuiiiiifiutures is the silk weavni!;, eslab.islied in Spi-
taltields liy ref'uKees from France. A variety of works in
goltl, siiver, and jewellery; llie en^navni}; of prints; the
making of optical and nKitlienialicai inslrnments, are like-
wise princiv>iillv or solely executed here, and some of them
in greater periectiou than in any other country. The por-
ter brewery, a business of very {;reat extent, is also chiefly
carried on i:i London. To its port are likewise confined
some liianclii'S of foreij,Mi commerce, as tiie vast East India
Tra<le,and I'lose to Tiirliey and Hudson's Bay. Thus Lon-
don has risen to its present rank of the first city in Kurope
with respect to opulence ; and nearly, if not entirely so, as
to nundier of its inhabitants. It is probable, that the resi-
dents in London, Westminster, Southwark, and all the out-
parishes, do not fall short of 1,00(»,()01». London is a
bishop's see, and sends 4 members to parliament. To enu-
merate all the events by which this j^reat capital has been
distinguished would fjreativ exceed our limits; we shall
only mention, iheret'ore, the jjrcat plajjne in 1065, which
€Ut off 90,000 people, and llie dreadful couHa-jration in
1666, by which 13,000 houses were destroyed. Lat. 51.
31. N. Ion. (St. Paul's) 0. 5, four-sixtieths \V. from Green-
wich.
LONDON, NEW, a seaport of North America, in the
state of Connecticut, and county of the same name. Its
liai hour is tlie best in Comiecticut, and as good as any in tlie
United States, and is defended by 2 forts. It is situated on
the W. side of the river Thames, near its entrance into the
Sound, about 75 miles S. S. W. of Boston, and 100 E. N.
K. of .Vew Vork. Lat. 41. 25. N. Ion. 73. 10. W.
LO.\ E, a. [contracted from alone] solitary, or without in-
habitants : by one's self, or without company.
LO N KLINESS, t. want of inhabitants or buildings ; want
of company.
J-O'NELY, a. without any inhabitants or buildings; so-
litai.<.
H)'NENESS, s. solitude ; a place unfrequented, and void
«f buildings.
LONESOME, a. unfrequented ; void of company, inha-
t>itants, or buildini;s; dismal.
LONG, a. [&«"■, Kr.] with some continuance, applied to
time ; ddatory. Of great extent in leustli ; reachins; to a
great distance. In botany, applied to the cup empalenient
of a flower, vvhen it is equal in length to the tube of the
blossom.
LONG, nrf. to a great lengtn or space. F"or some time, or
a great while, applied to time. In the comparative, longer,
it implies a greater space, or moie time; and in the super-
lative, longest, the greatest space, or most time. Afier wl,
it implies soon. " Not Imigititer there arose " Acts \\vi. 14.
Followed bv as:o, at some period of lime far distant. "Spread
Imiga^o." Tilluts. All along, or thron^hont, when followed
by a substantive. " Singi'lli all niybt Ivnir." Sliak.
LONG, s. [from f^ehivj;. Sax.] bv the fault ; by the failure.
" All this coil is lonir of you." Sliak. This word, though
much disused, is purely English.
To LONG, J', n. [^v/njin-fx, to ask, Teutlto desire ear-
nestlv ; to wish for with a continued and anient desire.
LONGANI'MITV, (the g pron- hard) t. \lovg;ammitas,
Lat.] a disposition of the mind, which consists in bearing
offences with patience.
LO'NGBOAT, i. the longest boat belonging to a ship.
LONCtEVITV, (^ pron. soft) s. [from loiigtcvus, Lat.]
tenatli of life ; old age.
LONGFORD, a county of Ireland, in the province of
Leinster, about 21 i>iiles in length, and 14 in its greatest
breadth: bonnde'd en the W. by the river SIrainion, on the
E. and S. by West Meath, and on the N. and N. W. by
I^eitrin' and Cavan. It <!onlains 2.1 parishes, about 10,000
houses, and rather more than 60,000 iidiabilauls; and i? a
rich and pleasant co,:nIry, in general Hal, in some places
apt to b< ove.rUc«Mi ),", the Stiannoii, and towards the N.
4. C
niountninous. A considerable quantity of linf :i is mann.'jr,
fined in ibis county, aud largo unantiliesof flax arc sent to
oilier paits.
LO'NGFOUD, the capital of the county of Loniiford, i«
seated on the river Ciondni, or <,aiiimln, wiiicli (alls mio ihe
Shannon a few miles below, 04 miles N. W. by W. of
Dublin.
LONGI'MANOUS, a. \longinianiu, Lat.] having long
hands, (m- a long reach.
LON(ilME'!'RY, i. [hngimetrie, Fr. from loufrus, Lat.
and tiiitim, (ir.] the art or practice of measiiriuf; lengths.
LONGING, s. earnest desire ; continual wish.
LONGlNfiLY, or LONGLY, (the g pion. hard)*/.,
with inossaiit wishes,-and ardent desiies.
LO'i\'(ilSH, (the g- pron. hard) a. »oiiiewhat long.
LON(; ISLAND, an island of the stale of New York, sr-
paralcd from Coiinecticul by Long Island Sound, and divided
into three counties. King's, Queen's, and Siillolk. It ex-
tends N. E. from New Ydrk about 40 miles, but is not more
than 28 broad on a medium. Hence aio expoited to Ihe W.
Indies, A-c. whale-oil, pitch, piiie-bi ards horses, ciiitle, ti;i\-
seed, beef, Ac. The produce of the middle and western
parts of Ihe island, particularly corn, is carried to .New ^ ork.
This island, in 1T92, contained upwards of ;Ki,OU0 iiihubi-
tants.
LONGITUDE, s. [Fr. imm longitude, length, Lut.] in
its primary significatiiai, length. In astronomy, the dls-
taiu'"' of a star frmii Ihe first [mint (jf Aries forward. In
geography, Ihe distance of a ohice from some of the tir^t
meridians. In navigation, the distance of a ship or plact,
cither E. or W. from each other. The finding the longirviie
at sea lias perplexed niathcmaticiaiis of all ages; aiift Ihe
parliament has promised a considerable reward for the in-
vention.
LONGITUDINAL, a. [longitudinal, Fr.] measured l»y
Ihe length ; lengthwise. '
LONGNAN, a city of China, of the first rank, in the
province of Letchnen. It is situated on the river Moii(|ua,
710 milej S. W. of Pckin.
LO'NGSOME, a. tedious. Wearisome on account of its
length, applied lo time.
LON(iSU'lTTR!\(J, ff. patimt ; not easily provoked.
LONGSU'FFERING, s. patience under ofleuces; cle-
mency.
LO'NGTOWN, a town in Ciimliprland, is seated on il'*'
river Esk, near its conllucnce with the Kirksop, on I' e
borders of Scotland, miles N. of Carlisle, and 310 N. N.
W. of Loudon. Market on Thursday.
LONGWAYS, or LONGWISE, ad. in the direction .f
the length : leiigtbw ise.
LO'NfiWlNDl.D, IT. long-breathed ; tedious.
LONSDALE. See KiRBYLONSDALE.
Loo, s. \lni,i,n, Belg 1 a game of cards, wherein the
knave ol clubs is reckoned the highest, and seouros success
lo tlip persfu) VI ho has it.
LO'OBILY, f<. awkward; clumsy; clownish.
LOO liY, ». \llrhc, Rrit.l a cliimsv clow n.
LOO'E, EAST and WEST, two small fishing towns in
Cornwall, separated from each other by a creek, or river of-
the same name, over which there is a narrow stone bridge,
of several arches. If! miles W. of PIvmoiilli. and 2:12 W.
by S. of London. Each of them has a market on Satur-
day. The river Looe is navigable for vessels of 100 tons
burden.
LOt>F, s. [hfan. Sax.] Ihe part of a ship aloft w!ii< h .
lies before Ihe chess-trees, as far as the bulkhead of the
castle.
To LOOF, »>. a. to bring the ship close to a wind.
To LOOK, V. n. [loran. Sax.] to behold, to see, to view,
to direct the eye towards any object ; lo seem or carry an
air, mien, or appearance. " Louhs very sullen." liur.-rt.
To look after, lo attend to; lo take care of. To look fur, to
expect. To look into, to examine ; to sift; lo inspect closely
or observe narrowly. Used with y/», to respect, regBul,
.'it; I
wleero, consider, view, or tliiiik. "I loolied on V\rf;i\ as a
•mcfiiH t, iiiHJedtic writer." Driid. To look out, to searcli
or seek; tu be oil the watcli. "Bound lo look out sharp."
(hll.
LOOK, iiiterje'-t. properly the imperative of the verb,
and soiiieiiuies expressed by look ye ; behold ; see ; look ;
observe.
LOOK, *. air of tiic face, or cast of ihc coiintc-nance ; the
•rtct of luokinj; or seeing; the act of directing the eye
towaids.
LOOKLR, *, a spectator; a beholder. Looker on, an
idle or iiiiconceriied spectator.
LO OKING G LASS, s. a ylass which represents the form
of a person bv rellectiori.
LOOM, -'• a frame in which mannfactnrcs are woven.
AUoa bird as bij; as a <;oose, of a dark colour, dappled with
white spots on the neck, back, and W'inj;s; each bather
I'larked nearlhe poiiit witli luo spots; tliey breed in Farr
Island. Grew.
'I"o I.OO.M, V. n.\lcnmaii, Sav.j to appear at sta.
LOON, i. a SOI ry fellow; asconiidrel.
LOOf", s. [from" hnpen, Belt;.] a thread or t^visf, >1c.
doubled in such a manner that a string or lace may bediawn
ihronidi it.
LO'OPRD, o. full of holes resembling loops.
LO'OPHOLE, *. an aperture in a loop; a lulc to give
passage. Fif,'iiratively, any shift orevasior..
LO'OPllOLKD, a. full of holes, openings, or void
spaces.
LOOK D, s. [herd, Belg.] a drone. " Thou's but a lazy
uiord." Spc7tset\
To LOOSE, V. a. [lesiin, .Sa\.] to unbind or niitie any
tiling fastened; to relax, applied to. the joints, 'i'o fice
from any obligation ; to let ^;o.
LOOSE, a unbound ; untied ; not rcslraiiied, liRht, or
confined. Wanton, or not restrained by the dictates of nut-
desty. Diffuse, applied to style. DiseiiKUsed from any
obiifjation, used with from, and sometimes of. 'I'o break
.'ot-if, to fjct rid of any restraint bv force.
LOOSE, /. Iibert\ ; freedom from any constraint ; indul-
gence, used withg^'ec
LOOSELY, ad. in a manner that is not fast or firm, ap-
plied to any thin^ lied. Without any union or connection,
irregularly, or not restrained by the rules of chastity or
^irtuc.
To LO'O.SKN, V. a. to undo any thing that is tied; to be
made less compact or coherent. To separate ordivide ; to
.'fee from lestraint, or set at liberty. To remove any ob-
t'rucfion in goini; to stool; to cure of costivciiess.
LOOSEN KSS, *. the state of the things which are move-
able, and deprived of their lirmness or ti\edness. A dispo-
sition of mind, or a conduct, not restraineii by any principle
"flaw, ciiaril\ , molality, or religion, applietl to the maimers.
h'. pli\sif, a liabit of body wherein a person is obliged to go
Cilen to stool.
LOOSKS'ITIIF'E, t. in botany, a gonns of plants of which
(iierearesevtrulspecies ; the yellow pimpernel of the woods,
and the purple moneywort, belong to this genus.
LO'OVER, t. an oivening for the smoke to go out at the
roof (if an house.
To LOP, !'. o. to cut off the branches of trees. Figura-
tirelv. to cut off a part from any thing.
LOP, s. that which is cut from trees ; a flea, fioin loppn,
*>wed. or loiip, Scot.
LOPE, the old i)retcrit of leap. " A naked swain — lope
to a tree." Spenser,
LOPPED, ;>or<. n. in Imlany, appearing asif cut <iff with
a pair of bcissars ; the leaves of the great bindweed are
li'Plicd at the base ; the petals of the periwinkle arc lopped
n\ the end.
LO'PPEU, <. one that cuts branches from trees.
LO'(JU.VHAlL or LocnABAK, a county of .Scotland,
b unded on the N. by Iinerness, on the E. bv IJ.idiiioch
y-iid Alhol.on theS. by Lorn, ?nd on 'he W. by llic Western
Lor.
Ocean. It is a mountainous connlry, and so barren, that tt
does not produce corn cnou:;ii lor the inhabitants ; but '.herA
are large forists, a few mines of iron, and gnod pasturev.
The sea, the lakes, and the rivers, yield pleniy of iish. la
the eastern paitsare two large lakes, one <d which has the
same name as the county, and is 10 mdes in length, couiiiiu-
nicating with the Irish Sea by a long clainiel ; the <itlicr ia
about 10 miles long, and cumniunicates w ah it by a channel
it or 4 miles in length.
LOQU.\'CIOUS, (logvashioiit) a. [from loipicr, to speak,
l.at.j full of talk; talking to excess; soeakiug, or vocal;
babbling.
LOQUA'CITY, (loqitasity) s. [from laquor, tospeak, Lat.j
the <pialit\ ot talking to excess.
LOUD, J. [tiom ,'ilaford. Sax. a giver of bread, alluding
to the hospitalily of our antient nobles ; it was allerwards
written lafurd, and thence contracted into lord, from Idaf,
Sax. a loaf of bread, and furd. Sax. lo supply] a person in-
vested with sovereign power over olheia; a master. A
tyrant, orone who exerts his power to the distress of ihos«
that are sidijecl to him. A title of honour given to those
that are noble cither by birth or creation, and iinesled wMb
the dignity of a baron ; by courtesy, it is applied to all
sons ofa duke or niaiquis, the eldest sonofan eail, persons
in honourable ottices, and to one that has a f.e, and conse-
quently can claim homage of Ins tenants. In Scripture, it is
peculiarly applied to(iod,aud seems lobe a translation oi
Jeh.ovaii, the incommunicable name of (iod. in the New
Testament it is likew ise given to Christ, who is co equal w lih
the Father as touching his Godhead.
To LORD, V. n. to exercise unbounded authority ot
power. To behave like a tyrant, used with orer.
LOP.D HOWES GROUP, an extensive gro.ip of islands,
in the S. Pacific Ocean, discovered by (lapl. ilunter, in 179 1,
w'lo, from the mast'ieatl, could dislinclly desciy 3'2of them.
T'ley appeared thickly covered with wood, among whicl>
the cocoa-nut was very distinguishable. 'I he natnes weie
ofa dark copper colour; their hair tied in a knot on the
back of the head ; and they seemed to have some method
of taking off the beard, for they appeared as if clean shaved-
'i'hey had an ornament, consisting ofa nuudjei of fringes,
like an artificial beard, which they fasten between the nos«
and mouth, and close under the nose. To that beard hung
a row of teeth, which gave them the appraraiueof having
a mouth lower than their natural one. 'Ihcy wore a wrap,
per round their middle. Lat. 6. 3U. S. Ion. iroui 16^. H. t<«
159.37. E.
LORDING, i. a lord; used in contempt.
LO'RDLING, I. diminutive of Lrd ; a little, diminutive,
OT contemptible lord.
I^O'RDLINESS, i. dignity; hi^'li station. Figuratively,
pride or haunlitiness.
LORDLY, a. becoming a lord, in a good sense. Proud,
haughty, imperious, insolent, in a bad sense. Used adver-
bially, imperiously, proudly.
LORDSHIP, a. dominion; power; seigniorily ; doraaiu;
a title of honour > ivcn to a baron; a complimeatal addres*
lo a judge, and some other persons in office.
LORE, /. [from litran, Sax.j a lesson; doctrine, or in-
sfniction.
LORE'ITO, a town of Italy, in the roarqnisate of Ao-
cona. They pretend to shew here the Santa Casa, or houar
of Nazareth, in which Jesus was brought op; and say, that
it was carried by angels into Dalinalia, and thence lo lite
place where it now stands. 'Fhis house is nearly .33 feet
long, 13 w ide, and 18 feet inches in height, incriisted witU
marble, willi inside walls of biick, and some pieces o^stonr
intermixed. The inner part, or chapel, is very old, but it i«
snrroinided by a marble wall, and within is a church built ol
freestone. A statue, to represeni Mary, the mother of Jesiw,
x>ith the image of Christ, co\e:ed with diumonds, in her
arms, stands upon the principal altar : it is of ccdarwouij,
3 feet high, but the face can hardly be seen, on account of
Ihc >uiokc cflbe auuifruun limps aru'.;:d it She is clolli««
1.0 -i
I.OU
wild (.loth <if gold, sft cff willi jowph, v\illi n Iriplp rrnwn
f»tl llie lieiid, ;iii<l llip liif;iiit is c'oviTi-d uilliii slinl, linldiiii^
n gidlie in its hand, adnriicd ^^ illl rich jfw els. Tin' siiiic-
tiiiii> is perfetlly croudcd willi C2 ;^r<'nt l;iin|is ot" fjnld and
silver; one of the jjulderi oii<-s, wlmli was picsi'nicil hy llie
Hepuhlic of Venice, weighs 37 po nds : llirre are also ati-
ReUMaitni;; aiioiit tlie liolv ininfje, one of nnissive fjold, and
fwo<d'silver ; and the 'Aalls are covered willi plates of siher.
Christiatia, queen of Sweden, fjavo a cro«n of ;;old, worlli
• bove IOII,(M)(» crowtis; atiii IsalxHa. infaiila of Spain, sent
« f;i"'"iP"' "I'^ch cost 40,(1(10 ddiats. Lewis Xlll. of
France, and liis (pieen, sent two crowns of ^old, eoiielied
^"■ilh diamonds. Resides these crowns, they sent an ang( I
of massy Silver, lioldiii!; in its hanil the ti;;nreof the danpliin,
of solid ^old. 'I'lie jewels id' the Floly House, however, are
nothin;; in < ciinparisuii with the Ireasnre, wliereihe iKnidier,
variety, and riclnnvss (d'llie vestments, la(nps, candleslicUs,
gohlets, crowns, criiiitixes, inia,;es, canieos, pearls, i^ems at'
i\\\ kinds, (Sc. is prodi^ions. As for the town itself, exclu-
sive of tlie chapel, it is neither very considerahle nor very
agreeahic, nor does it conlaiii above '.WO inliahitanis, who
tre almost all shoemakers, tadors, or selle(s of < liaplets. l,o-
retto is seated on a (uonntain, shout Smiles from the-Adria-
fic, 1(1 S. E. of Aneoiia, and 112 N. E. of Uonie. Lat. 4.'?.
27. N. hni. Ul. 4(1. E.
To L( )'RIC-\TE, V. a. [from loi-ica, a coat of mail, Lat. J to
plate over.
LO RIMERS, or LO'IU.VERS, i. lUmier, Fr.] bridle-
cutters ; one of the cilv companies.
LO'RIOT, j.akindofbird.
LORIS, *. in zoolofj.v a nimble little animal of the lemur
tribe.
LORN, the north part of Ar^yleshire, in Scotland,
bounded on the N. hy I^ochahar, on the K. hy Breadalliine,
onihe S. by the rest of Arj;jleshire, and on the W. by the
i>ea.
LORRA'IN, a ci dcvant province of France, abound-
ing in all sorts of corn, wine, hemp, tlax, rape-seed,
game, fish, and, in seneral, all the necessaries of life. The
»ir is thick and cold, but healthy, and its lake-^ abound in
fish. Here are tine meadows and lari;e forests, with
mines of iron, silver, and copper, and salt pits. The prin-
cipal rivers are the Maese, the Moselle, the Seille, the
Meurtlie, and the Saarc. Separated from Bar, it is uhoiit
30 ItaKues in lennlh, and '2.3 in breailth. It now forms, with
tlie diichv of Bar. the departments of Meuse, MeuMlic,
Moselle, and Vos^es.
To LO.**!-!, (looz) V. a. preter and passive lost : [leosnn.
Sax.] to sutler the want of any thinn a person was possessed
of before ; to mislay, or have any ihin4; yone, so as it can.
not be fotnid a<,'ain. Used with the reciprocal pronouns
Urmelf, A'c. to bewilder; tobe endiarrassed in an inextrica-
ble maimer. " Wherein the mind /nsfs itself." Lnche. To
possess no longer, opposed to retain. " Tliev hst their
trade." To miss; tobe unable to recover. "Many more
tre lost than killed." Clarendon. Neuterly, to be beaten at
any game or contest, opposed to«)>i.
LO'SE,\ liLE, (hibzHble) a. sid)ject to privation.
LOSER, (louzer) s. one that is deprived of any thing he
was in possession of, bv accident, fraud, gaming, or mislay-
ing; one that sells for le-.s than he buys.
L0"^S, *. a diminution of a person's wealth or possessions
by fiaud, by accideilt, by mislaying so as not to be able to
find a^ain, and bv selling for less than|prirne cost ; any de-
triment sustained ; throwing away.
LOST, part, and a. [from lose] not to be found ; not to be
perceived.
LOT, s. {Mot, Sax.] a die, or any thing used in determin-
ing a chance; a conditiim or chance, determined by lot ; des-
tiny, condition, circumstance, or state, assigned by Provi-
dence ; a portion or parcel of goods; proportion of taxes.
" To pav scot and lot." SvNON. Lot supposes distinctions,
Hiid a inelliod of decision ; we attribute to it a hidden deter-
nii.'iatioa, which keeps us iii doubt till the iustaut iu which it
shews itself. Dist'mif forms (Ie3i;,'ns, dis|)ositions, and conncc-
lions ; we Mil riliiite 1(1 il l.niiw led^^e, will, ;nid power : its vir.
lues are (kleiniined and iiiialleralile. /.oUletiilcs ; IJtitti.if
ordains.
l.OIH. rt. unwilling ; disliking. See F^OATlf.
LOTHIAN, I'.AST. See HaudingTONSHIkK.
LO'l'HIAN, MM). See Ldinburgshirk.
LOTHIAN, WI'.SI". See l.l N LITIiGf)\V.SIIIR R.
Lotion, (lijx/n'iii) >. \lulio, iromlavo, lo wash, Lat.) a me-
dicine conn'ounded of aipitous liquids, and used lo wash
any part wiih.
LO'Tri'ltV, J. [lollerie, Fr.] a kind of public game at
lia/ard, set on fool bv anlhorily, iu order to raise iiiouev fur
the slate, ( oiisisling of a nmiilier of blanks and prizes, which
are determined bv tickets put in two ofipiisile win els, and
drawn by difierenl persons, one of whicli contains all ihe
numl)ers, and the other all the blanks and prizes ; a game
of eliance ; sortilege.
LO'V.\Ci I'"., i. a genus of plants, of whiih two are native
in I', ilain, the Scotch scaparsley, and the Cornwall ba-i;
ifrage.
I.OUn, a. [hhid. Sax.] noisy ; striking the drum of Ihe ear
with great force ; clamorous; turbident.
LOL'OJ.Y, ad. with a great noise ; wilb a great exalta-
tion id voice ; in a clamorous or tiirbnlenl manner.
LOUDNESS, s. that quality of sound wliuh makes if to
be heard at a "^eat distance, and to strike the drum ot the
oar will) great force.
To LOVE, (ihe o in this word and its derivatives and
coiii|ioiinds, is pron. short) v, a. Unjinn, Sax.] to regard
will) great desire and atiection ; to be pleased with ; to be
fond of.
LOVE, s. [leaf. Sax.] the ardent desire of an object
which seems amiable; gallantly ; thai passion which is ex-
cited at the sight of any object that appears amiable and de-
siiable ; it is divided into two species, viz. the love of
friendship, and of desire ; the one between friends, fhe
other between lovers. When ajiplied to fhe aflicfion we
should have towards our Creator, it is the whole man everted
ill one desire. Figuratively, a lover; an object of love.
A kind of thin silk, of black colour, used for borders on gar-
ments duringa person's wearing mourning.
lAYVE-KNOT, s. a tigiire made of many fwisfings and
ci ciimvidiilions, to denote the inextricable ardor of a per-
son's artections.
LO'VELILV, orf. in such a manner as to excite love,
LOVELINESS, .'. qualifies of mind or body which ox.-
cilf love.
LO'V'KLV,(r. fitted to excite love.
LOVER, .V. one who has an ardent '.ifleclioii for one o
anoliiersex; a friend ; one who likes aii\ thiii};.
LOVESICK, n. languishing wilh love.
LO VESOME, n. lovely ; so as to excite love. Obsolete.
LO'VESUIT, i'. courtship, or the addresses of a person
to one whom he loves, in order to gain her aflecfion.
LOUOH, J. [Irish] a lake; a larjje inland standing wa-
ter ; a long bay, or part of the sea that rises up a great way
into the land. See LorH.
L0UGHBOUOU(iH, (Lfi/fioro) a considerable town iu
Leicestershire, with a coi>6ioprablc munufaclure of stock-
ings, and a very extensive business in the coal trade, pro-
duced by the new canals. It is pleasantly seated among
ferlile meadows, on the river Soar, which runs here alinosi
parallel with the Fosse, near fhe forest of Charnwood, U
miles N. of Leicester, and 110 N. W. by N. of London.
M,4rkpf on Thursday.
LO'VINO, part, kind ; afFectionate ; expressing Kindnesi
and atTeclion.
LO'VINGKINDNESS,*. tenderness ; favour.
LO'VINGLV, ad. in a manner that shews great love, kiad-
ness, and affection.
LOU'lSBURfiH, a town of N. America, capital of the
Island of Cape Breton, subject lo the English. If has an ex-
cellent harbojr, about fi miles iu lea^th, fiouj N. E. tu.S. W.
CO,'!
LOU
LOW
nnd nioiettiaii liali a mile in brradtli, from N. W. to S. E.
Its (Mitriiutf is i>ol above 1800 feet wide, and is t'ornied liy
'2 small isiaiuls. In llie N. E. part is a tine careeiiiii;,' uliart',
to heave down, very secure from all winds. On llie oppo-
site side are the fisliin;,' stages, with room for 2(K;0 Niats to
cure tlieir fish; flie cod beiii;; reinarkalily pleiililnl here,
and, allliesanie time, better than any about New foiuidland.
'!'he fislK'fy may, in jjeneral, becontinned from April to the
close ol December, when the harliour btcoiiies impractica-
ble, being entirely frozen, so as to be walked over. Tlie
to'AH is about hall an Kn^lish mile in lenj,'lli, and -2 in cir-
Wiit, built for the most part of stone, and laid out in broad
and reijular streets. At a liitle distance from the fort, or
citadel, is a larjfe jvarade, the inside ofwliich is a line xpiMre,
near '200 feet every way. This island was taken by .\(i-
miral Boseawen and I^ieuteiianf-gfneral .\m!ier,-.t, June '27,
1758, and its fortiticalions since demolished. Lat. 46. 54.
N. Ion. ;')■). St. VV.
LOUIS D'OR, {loo-ic-d'orr) s. [Fr.] a fiolden coin in
France, valued at '20 shiilinus, or 24 livres. It is some-
limes, thoui;h improperly, spelt Lrwis D'or.
LOUISlA N.'\, a large country of N. .America, now one of
the United States,situaled on bolhsidesof iheMibsissippi.and
Douiided on the E. by Florida, on tlie S. by the (iulfof Mexi-
co, on the W. by New Mexico, and on the N. by Indian na-
tions. It is agreeably situated between iheextremes of heat
and colli ; its climate varying' as it extends towards the N.
The southern parts, lyini; witliiii the reach of the refreshintj
breezes from the sea, are not scorched l:ke those under the
same latitude in .Africa: and its northern regions are colder
than thi>se in Europe under the same parallels, with a whole-
some serene air. From the favourableness of the climate,
two atniual crops of liidiati corn, as well as rice, may be
produced ; and the soil, with little cultivation, would furnish
fjrain of every kind in the jjreatest abundance. 'I'he timber
is as tine as any in the world ; anrl the quantities of live oak,
ash, mulberry, walnut, cherry, cypress, and cedar, are asto-
nishing. The nei^hbourbood of the Mississippi, besides,
'urnislies the richest (ruits in great variety ; the soil is parti-
rularly adapted for hemp, llax, and tobacco; and indigo is
at this time a staple commodity, which commonly yields the
planter three or four cuttings a year. Whatever is rich and
rare in the most desirable climates in Europe seems to be
the spontaneous production of this delightful country. It is
intersected by a number of tine rivers, among which are the
Natchitoches, and the Adayes, or Mexicano.
To LOUNGE, I'. 71. [limderen, Belg. I to loiter ; to live in
an idle and lazy manner.
LOUNGER, s. an idler.
LOUSF,, s. plural hce: [liis, Sax.] a small insect whicii
breeds on the bodies ()f men or animals. The louse atlbrds
to the microscopic observer of the works of creation a very
delicate and beautiful structure of parts. It has so trans-
parent a shell that we arc able to discover more of what
passes within it than in most other creatures. In the head
appear two line black eyes with a horn that has five joints,
and is surrounded with hairs standing before each eye;
and from the end of tiie nose there is a pointed projectin;'
part, which serves as a sheath to a piecer which is judged
to be 700 times smaller than a hair and by which alone it
receives its nourishment. It has six h-gs each having five
joints and being terminated by two hooked claws. .See the
Plate. This name is likewise applied to animals that
resemble the former; hence we make use of the words
iooA-/iVf, woiidlice, ffc.
To LOUSE, {l(ruze)v.a, to hunt for lice ; to cleanse from
lire.
LOL'SEWORT, /. the name of a plant ; called also rattle
«nd cockscomb.
LOU'Sll.Y, (^louzily) ad. in a paltry, mean, base, and
«riirvv manner.
LOUSINESS, (/ofizin*«)». the quality of abounding inlice.
LOU'SY, (In'uzy) a. swarming or over run with lice. Fi-
giirativcly, mean ; low-born or bred ; poor.
604
LOUT, s. [liirte, old Dutch] a Lumpkin; a mean, s\v(b>
ward, stupid, and clownish fellow.
To LOUT, I), li. [hiiitan, >a\.] M bend the body by way
of obei»aiice : to make a bow.
LOUTH, a large and considerable town of Lincolnshire,
coMlaiiiing ma y lianilsome liou-es, and about 401)0 iuliabi-
tanis. It has a large church with a fine steeple, thought
by some to be as high as the spire at Granlham \^hich \t
288 feel high. Frotu hence there is a canal to the sea, at
Tilney, about 8 miles. It is situatec .. the river Lnd,
from v\lHiRe it lakes its •name, 28 miles N. K. of Lincoln,
and 148 N. of London. Markets on Wedncsdav and Sutur-
dav.
LOUTH, a county of Ireland, in the province of I.eiiisttr,
about '22 iniU'S in length, and from 9 to 14 in breadth;
bounded (u) tin- W. by .Monaghan and Mealli, onlhe .\. by
Armagh and Cailiiigford bay, on the E. by St. George'k
Channel, and on llieS. bv Meath, from which it is parted by
the river B'vne It is the smallest connlv in the kingdom,
but very fertile and pleasant, and contains 61 parishes, 1 K.Mli
houses, and about .57,700 inhabitants. Its clref lln^ns are
Dunilalk, Carlingford, D'ogheda, Ardce, and Dunleer.
LOUTISH, a. clownish; awkward.
LO'UTISHLY, ad. after the manner of a clown, or an
awkward, ill-bred person.
LOU VAIN or LOEVEN, a large city of the late Auslriao
Brabant, with a celebrated university. The walls of this
place are near 7 miles in circuiidrrence, but "ithinthejn
are a great many gardens and vineyards. The public
buildings are magnificent, and the university consisis (d
CO small colleges, much admired for their situation and
architecture, but not sumptuous. Thev formerly mad"
large qnauliliesof cloth here, insomuch that this city con-
tained at one time, 150,000 clothiers: but at present their
trade is generally decayed, and the place is chiefly remark-
able for its good beer, with whicli it serves the neiglibourinj{
towns. In its castle, buili originally bv ihe Emperor
Arniilph, to defend the country against the Normans, and
called M first Loven, and afterwaids Cassar's Castle, the
emperor, Chailes V. and his sisters were brought up to the
vear 1510; and formerly the assembly of the states wa»
held there. It is now in ruins. It is seated on the rivei
Dyle, 12 miles N. N. E. of Biussels.
LOW, (/«) a. [lii^ur, Isl.J applied to situation, implies
comparison, and being nearer to the earth ihan something
else; in this sense it is opposed to Affi//. Applied to stature,
measuring little, and opposed to tidl. Applied to statiou
or condition, mean, or not above the vulgar. Applied to
price, not sold or purchased for much money ; cheap. Ap-
plied tothe mind, depressed ordejected. Applied to sound,
scarce audible. Applierl tostyle orsentiment, mean, ffrovel-
ling, vulgar, base, or dishonourable. In medicine, to make
use of abstinence. "To keep the body low." Low in tkr
world, implies, reduced, or in poor circumstances.
LOW, (/o) lid. not high, applied to situation. Cheap,
or of low price, applied to value. Mean or base, applied
to rank, circumstances, thoughts, or expressions. Ai)plied
to the voire, in such a tnanneras scarcely to be heard. In
chronology, applied to times approaching to our own. " Ii,
that part of the world which was first inhabited, even as lew
down as Abraham's time, they wandered with their flocki
and herds." Luche.
To LOW, (Id) V. 71. [/ilowan. Sax.] to bellow, or make a
noise, applied to that made by oxen, bulls, or cows.
LO'WBELL, s. [lowe denotes a tlame, in Scotland ; and
tnlowe, to tlame | a Kind of fowlingin Ihe night, in whicji the
birds are wakened by a bell, and lured bva tlame into a net.
LOWE, 1. [from the Sax. hleaw, oi lilatw, Goth.] signifie.>«
a hill, heap, tomb, or barrow, and is used in Ihe names ol
places.
To LO'WER, (/of)-) ti. It. to humble ; to brinj down ; ft»
bring lower ; to strike a flag by way of submission ; to lessc.i
the value or price of a thing; to make weaker by the addi-
tion of some weaker liquor. Figurutively, to depress at
LUB
LUC
IrssPi) a pevBOiis pride. Noiitprh', (o sink : to f-ill ; ti> (jrow
lets. SiNON. \V(> inaKp use of the wurd /oKfr, willi re-
•pt'i't to llio (liniiiiisliitif; the lifif;lit <i( lliiii);s, or lo ccrtajn
molioiis i>t a body : Wt- /otcer h beam ; «<■ /««rr I be siii Is of
asbii>: we lower a buil<liiig ; «<■ /«»(■»• llic cms, llic bi'ail,
lire. — 'We use the expiessioii, letdoirn, »ilb rcuaifl lo lbiiii,'s
jnaile lo cover olliers, ami «liiib, bciii^ liftvii up, bavc iht-m
uncovered : We Irt down the bd of a liiiiik ; ue /et douit the
eye-lids ; ue lei donii llic lappets, orllie ;;(i\ni.
LO'WERMOSr, {toernwst) a (llie superlative of low,
ifrliicli is lliiis compared, ti>w, lower, lowermost) below ull
ithei s in place, circunislances, or rank.
LO'WKSTOFK, See Lestoff.
LO'VVLAND, (Idlaml) s. a ?ale, or plain; opposed to an
eminence.
JjO'VVLINESS. (h'lliness) s. a disposition of mind wherein
a person tiiinks huniblv of liimself; nieainiess ; want of
lenity.
LO'VVIyY, (loll/) ad. in an humble manner; meanly; or
withoni dignity.
LO'VVLY, (/"///) a. hnmble ; thinkinjj modestly of one's
»elf: of low rank ; mean; waiitinjj dif^nity.
LOWN, (looii) s. \loeii, Belg.] a rascal or scoundrel.
LO'WNKSS, (Idiiess) s. the q^ualily of beinj.; near the
ground, applied to situation; ot short measure, applied to
stature. Meainiess, applied to condtion ; want of rank or
dignity. Want of loflinessor sublimity, applied to thoughts
or style. Dejection or depression, applied to the mind.
To LOWR, (the ow is pron. as in now) v. n. to appear
dark, gloomy, or stormy. To be clouded, applied to the
aky. To frow n, or look sullen ; to appear angry, applied lo
the countenance.
LOWR, (the ow is pron. as in now) t. cloudiness or
gloominess, applied to the sky. An appearance of anger,
applied to the countenance.
LO'WRlNfiLY, (see preceding word) «d. with cloudiness
or gloominess, applied to the sky. With an appearance or
air of anger, applied to the countenance.
LOW>Pl'RITKD, (Id-spirited) a. dejected ; depressed ;
without vigour or vivacity ; dull, melancholy, gloomy.
To LOWT, {ow pronounced as in tww) ». «. to look sourly,
surlily, or downishlv.
LOXODRO'MIC, ,!. [from loxos, oblique, and dromos, a
course, Gr.] the art of oblique sailing by thejhomb, which
always makes an equal angle with every nieritiian ; that is,
when you sail neither directly under the equator, nor under
one and the same meridian, but across them: hence the
table of rhombs, or the transverse table of miles, with the
fables of longitudes and latitudes, by v*hich the sailor may
particularly tind his course, distance, latitude, or longitude,
IS called loxodromic.
LO'VAL, a. \loyal, Fr.J obedient or true to the duty
owing to a prince. Figuratively, faithful in love, or true to
a lover.
LOYALIST, I. one who professes an inviolable adhe-
rence to a Idng ; a term given to those who adhered to king
Charles L
LO'YALLY, ad, with inviolable adherence and fidelity to
a king.
LOYALTY, s. [hyaiiti, Fr.] firm and inviolable adhe-
rence to a prince. Figuratively, fidelity, or immoveable at-
tachment to a lover.
LO'ZENGE, s. [losenge, Fr.] a figure consisting of four
equal or parallel sides, two of whose angles are acute, and
the other two obtuse, the distance between the two obtuse
ones being equal to the length of one side. In heraldry, a
rhomb, orfitcureoffour equal sides, but unequal angles, re-
sembling a diamond on cards : in this all unmarried gentle-
women and widows bear their arms. In medicine, a re-
medy made up into small flat pieces, sometimes cut in the
form of a lozenge, to be held and chewed in the mouth till
•iissolved.
LP. a contraction for lordship.
LU'BBARD, I. [from lubb*r\ a lazy, iturdy fellow.
I.URI!F.R, J. \hdUd, A,i, Diin.jn »tiiid> drone, an idle,
fat, or ImlliV person.
HmKi;.RLV,«.l:,,-:y and bulky.
LU'IU'.KKLV, ml. iu an awkwarJ, la/y, and clumsy
niariM'i.
l.TBECK, a celibnitid sea port of Hoisteiii, in Lon»r
Sa\(iiiy. It is a fii'<' imperial city, aiirl was long the liciid
of llie fauKiiis H-.iiisi'iitic I.iagdc, wliitii w^s (oiciicd hf-re i:i
11(>4. it was liki'uisc the iiinsl i oiiiiuerc iai city and pov
erlii! repiil>lic of llic Noilli. lis llcrl set tb'.* uoriliiTi) powi r.i
ill dftiaiice, and rode triuiiiphaiil in the I'.all c. I'm! Lubcck
ntriins scarcely a sliadow ot Ms lorujer power. 'I'iie house*
of l.iilicik are built ad of stone, in a very antieiit stvie of
arciiitHcliire ; the doors beiii;,' .^o larjje as to admit carriage*
into llic hall, uliicli frcqiieiilK serves for a coiicli house,
■^riie walls of nuiny houses bear tiii' dale of the l.^jlli century,
and, ut that period, no doubt, llie town was esteemed very
beautiCiil. The streets are, for the most part, sleep, as the.
cilv stands on 'lie two sides of a long hill, the eastern pari
extending towards the Wackeuitz, as the Westrrn «loes to
•vards llie Trave. Here are 1 parochial churches, besidex
(he cathedral. The louii-house is a su|ierl> slriulure, and
has several lowers. In it is a large hall called Haau.^esaal,
where the deputies of the Hans lowns used formerly t<i
meet. Mere is also a fine exihanice, built in the year 1683.
Tlieinhabitantsareall Lutherans, and lliereare'2l preacheri,
whose chief has the title of Siiperintendant. Here were for-
merly 4 convents : and in thai of St. John there are still 2".;
Protestant girls, under the goveniineiil of an abbess. That
of St. Mary .Maudsdeu is turned into an hospital ; that of S(.
Anne is made a house of correction ; aiui of llie monaslery ot
St. Catharine, they have made a liaiidsome colleije. In the
great hospital there is always a considerable nuiiiber of poor
men and women. Beside this, there are 14 other liospitaN,
1 for lunatics, a pest house, and 4 others for sick persons.
Lulieck is sealed at the couHuence of the rivers Tiave,
(which is the largest ;) ihe Steckeiiifz, another navigalih
stream, by which it conmiuiiicates with the Elbe ; and (be
Wackenilz, which issues from the lake of Ratzeburgh, and.
after joining theScwartau, falls into the Baltic ; by means oi
which several streams, long and Hat bottomed vessels pass
from the Baltic into the German Ocean, 14 miles S. W. ol
the Bailie, and 40 N. E. of Hamburgh. Traveinunde is liit
iiort of Liibeck to which it belongs, and is 12 miles N. W.
'-.. of that city. In 178!), 951 ships sailed from this pori.
Lat. M. 62. N.' Ion. 10. 44. I'..
LUBLIN, a city of Poland, capital of a palatine of the
.same name, part of which is annexed to the new kingdom of
(iaiicia. It contains several churches and convents, ha>
three annual fairs, which last a month each, and are frt-
qiiented by great numbers of German, Greek, Armenian,
Turkish, Russian, Jewish, and even Arabian merchants,
and is situated in a very pleasant and fertile country, on
the little river Bystranza, with a castle built on a high rod,.
Ho miles S. E. of Warsaw.
LU'BRIC, a. [lulnicvs, Lat.] slippery, or so smooth ot
surface that things would slip off with the least sloping;
wanton.
To LUBRICATE, r. a. [from lubriciu, Lat.] lo uiak'
smooth or slippery.
To LUHRICITATE, v. a. See Lubricate.
LUBRICITY, s. \liibridti, Fr.J slipperiness or smooth-
ness of surface ; aptness to glide over any part, or to facili-
tate motion. Figuratively, uncertainty ; slippermess ; insli«-
bilitv. Wantonness ; lewdness.
LtJ'BRICIOUS, a. [from lubricm, Lat.] slippery ; smoolJi ;
uncertain.
LUBIIIFA'CTION, s. [from lubrinu, slippery, an^ Jau-.
to make, Lat.] the act of making smooth or slippery.
LUBRIFICATION, f. [from htbricut, slippery, and/",
to be made, Lat.] the act of^ rendering smooth, or so slippei.^f
as to render the motion easy. _ _ ,
LU'CCA, a town of Italy, formerly capital of a republic o'
the same name. It i& about 3 Ilaiinu luUes iu ctrcuuiferencc
iint
Lur
tUD
1'^ie inhal)ifants, *iin are above 40,000, are consiHciable
•Danufmlurf rs cf silk, and {,'(i|(l unri silver stiifts ; for this
rtasoii it is caiietl Lncca the Lidustrums. Tlie slitte palace is
d Karj;e huildiiij;, and includes the arsenal, which has arms
for 20,000 men. The houses are handsome, and the streets
broad and well paved, hut most of them are irreijular. It is
seated in the middle of a fruitful plain, terniinatin'.; it) plea-
sant eminences, near the river Serchio, 10 miles N. N. K. of
Pisa, 37 W. of Florence, and 155 N. by VV. of Rome. Lat.
4.3. 50. N. Ion. 10 .16. K.
LU'CEN T, part, [liicen, from lux, light, Lat. J bright ;
shilling ; flartiiig rays.
LUCEllN, one of the 1.3 cantons .f Swisserland, and
the most considerable of them except Zurich and Bern,
it is boiMiiled on the E. and S. E. by the canton of Zug,
ScliHeiti!, and Undervvaldeii; and on all the other sides
by the canton of Bern. The inhabitants, who are Uoman-
is!s, are under the spiritual jurisdiction of the bishop of
Constance. It is about 30 miles in lensfth, and 20 in its
mean breadth. The soil is fertile, but unequal; thesoutb-
ern parts are mountainous, but without glaciers ; and there
is a verv considciable exportation of cheese. Tlie sove-
reign power of this repiddic resides in the council of 100,
comprising the senate, or little coinicil. The foimer is the
nominal soveieign ; hut the power resides in the latter,
consisting of .36 persons, who are formed into two divisions,
nhicli exercise the ortice by rotation. Altliongh thegovern-
iiieiit appears purelv aristocratic, yet this aristocracy is re-
strained in divers respects ; as in the matter of nraking
x^aror peace, concluding trew alliances, acquiring new ter-
ritories, or imposirrg new taxes, the consent ofall the citizens
roust be obtained. The chiefs of the republic are two ma-
gistrales called advoyer.s.
LU CI'"I{NE, ». a plant cultivated by oirr farmers rir the
ma.'tuerof clover, and is the only platrt whose hay is prefer-
able to the saintfoin, for the fattening of cattle.
LUCIA, Sr, or .Ai.ousie, an island of the West Indies,
about '22 ntiles in Irrrgth. and 15 in breaillb, affording,
amongst other tropical productioirs, plenty of cocoa and
fustic. It is verv healthy, and exhibits a varielx of hills, vet
partly consists of very fertile plairts, fiirelv watere<l with li-
vulels, and fu nishf-i! with tirrrber tit for building houMsand
x<jiiidmills, anil often employ eil (or that piir|)Ose both by the
French and iMrglisli planters. It is provided wiili several
ifood bavs and corriiiiodious harboi.rs, the chief of which,
tailed the Link C'/remtg^, is reckomd the best irr all the
Carihbee Islarrds. In il -.ire two leriiarkiildv roirrrd an<l high
Blountains, s;n<l to be volcairoes, by which this island may be
known at a corisi<lirable <listairce. It was long coirsidered
:ii neutral liv the English and Fieirilr, till it was ce led to
Frarrce bv the peace of ITfi:). In 1777, it was (ak<'n bv the
Knslisir, but restored to the Frerr<h l)V the peace of 17H3.
This island was taken bv the E.nubsh irr the late war, (also
in the present, soon after its corrrmencertient,) and still
jenrairis in their possession ; it is aborrt 70 utiles N. N. W. of
Uarbadoes, and 38 .*>. W. of Martinique. Lat. 13. 25. N.
Ion. (iO. .'it. W.
LUCID, a. Unci'lds, from /»r, light, Lat.]sliining; bright;
jrlillerirtg. Fi;riiratively. transparent. " Liwid streanrs."
Par. /.list. Withoirt any disorder of the mirrd, applied to
• hose iirlervals of sense which are sometimes met with in
Iliad persons.
H'CI'DITY, «. splendor; brightness.
LU(,'1FI'il, s. fl.at.] in astronomv, is the bright star Ve-
nus, which in a morrring goes before tire sinr, and ai)pearsat
dav bre-.ik, and in the evening follows the sim, and is then
rolled I lesperirs, or the evening star, in scripture, it sig-
tlities th" ifevil.
LUCl'FEROUS, a. [from l„x, light, an.l/oo, to bring, L.:tt.]
Jiriirging Ight either to the eve or nrind.
LUf'rFiC, rt. [from /hj-, light, and /ac(o, to make, Lat.]
rti^rUiiii,' or producing lixbl.
LUCK, t, [gcLcK, Belg.J any tiling wliicli happens un.
Mr,
expectedly in a person's favour ; tortune, eiiiici gmm in
bad ; any event that happens without being designed Of
foreseen.
LUCKILY, ad. in a fortuiiate manner : by good hap.
LUCKINESS, s. the qrrality olMrirning out to a person's
advanlage, though undesrgned or unforeseen by himself; CR-
sua! happiness..
LU'CKLI'.-'S, a. unfortunate, or unhappy.
LUCKNOW, an airlieirt city of Hirrdoosfan, capital of
Oud<-. It is an extensive place, but poorly built ; the
bouses aie chiefly of irrud, coven d with thatch, and many
consijt eiitirely of thatch and bairiboi's; and arc thatched
with leaves of the cocoa nut, palm tree, and sometimes
with straw. The houses of the irierchauts are of brick,
lot'ly ai;d strorrg, and there are some but irot many, mag-
nificent edifices, Sujali Di.wlah, having destroyed most of
the aritienl palaces, when he erected others. Lucknow
is6.i0 mles N. V. of Calcutta, Lat. 26. 3i. N. hm. Si. 2.5. E.
LUCKY, ff. [^eliicliig., Beig ] forlunule without any de-
sign, in- contrary to expectation.
LUCONIA, or Mamli a, the chief of the Philippine
Islairds in Asia, aboirt 4li0 miles in h'tiglh, arrd 100 in
breadth. The pr<iihne of this very fertile ami healthy
island is wax, cotton, wild cinnamon, sulphur, cocoa iruts,
rice, ami gold, which is found inev<ry part ; horses, buffa-
loes, game, 40 ditleient sorts of i)alrri trees, and all sorts of
fruits, both of tlu' K. and W. Indies, with some that are to
be fourrfl no where else. The iriliab'tants a'e composed
of several natiorrs, besides ^Spaniards, and tlrev all produce
a nrixed bleed, disliirct fionr any of the rest. The black*
have long hair and good featirres ; and there is one tribe who
tattoo iheriisi Ives, drawint; curious figures on their bodies.
To this island the Sparriards bring all sorts ■■fcomnrodities ;
such as silver frdni New Spain, Mexico, and Peru ; diamondt
from Gcdconda ; silks, tea, Japan and China ware, and gold
dust from China and Japan. The Spaniards scird hence
two large ships every year to Acapiilco in Mexico, with
merchandise, and retu.n back with silver. There is r.ii
inoirisilion here, but it does mil atlecl the natives and the
Malionietans. Nianilla is the lapital.
LU CKATIVE, «. [lucratif, Fr. from /«fn<»f, gain, Lai J
ga-nfiil ; profitable; bringing money.
LU'CRl'", (lulier) s. [lucrum, Lat. J gain; cinolunicnt ;
p'rolit ; increase of money.
LUClirFEROUS, a. ffiorn lucnnv, gain, and feio, lo
briu:;, Lat.l profitable ; ptdducirrg gaiir.
LUCUITIC, o. [from lucrum, gain, and /«e?o, to make,
Lat.] prodir<ing gam.
LU'CROU."^, ('. [from lucrum, gain, Lat.] producitrggain or
profit.
LUCTA'TION, i [from liirtor, to yvrestle or strive, Lat.j
wrestling; striviirg ; struggling.
LU'CTUOUS, fi. [from lucfus, sorrow, Lat.] sorrowful.
To LU CUBllATJ:, V. a. [lucubro, fiom /«.r, light, Lat.] to
watch or studv bv night.
LUCUBIIATION, s. [CoMti lucuh-n, to study by candle
light, Lat. J to study by candle light ; any thing composed
bv niaht.
"LUCUBRATfjRY, a. [fronWiicHJit. to study by candle-
light, Lat.] composed by night or caiidle-liL'bt.
LU'CULl'.NT, n. [/i/ni/cH^M, fiour/M.r, light, Lat
-at.] certain ;
plain ; evident. Clear. " .4nd luailent along tlic purer
rivers flow." Thomson.
LUDICROUS, a. \ludicer, from hidiu, play, Lat] bur-
Ie6(pie ; exciting laughter by its oddity or coinicalness ;
sportive.
LUDICROUSLY, ad. in binlesqne; sportivelv ; irv
a ruanrier that raises laughter by its extravagance or
odilit\'.
LUDICIIOUSNESS, .». the quality of being ndiculou«;
tbe qiialilv of exciting mirth or l.rugliter.
LUDIF!CATION,.t. [from /i.rfM, sport, and/^Tcin, to maki-,
Lat.j thcuci ^f iuot.kii)g or luakiuj; spoit of auother
LUL
I-U'DI-OW, a large, neaf, flounsliiii',', and u oil built (own
of J^liropsliire Sfatcd on llic river 'I'lnic, iirnr its coiilliix
vritli (lie (;<)rvc, in a pleasant, fruitful, and piijud.jns ((iiinlry,
SU miles S. of Shrewsbury, ami 1:!« N. W. of Loudon.
Arlliur prineeof Wales son of Henry VII. Iielil a eourt and
died li<T<'; and here Henry VllI.estaliliilied thee onneilof llie
Mari hc!., « hose lo/d lieut<'nant U5e(l to keep Ins tourt here,
tilt tliev «ere disused in the rei^ni of Wdliaiii 111. who ap-
lU)iiite<l l«o lord lieutenants ofN. and S. W'ah's. It is a
•Teat lhoroui;hfare to Wales, and is nnuh resorted to l>y the
\Veleli youth ofhoth seNes for education. It sends two
ineiidpcrs to pailiaiiient. Market on Monday.
H'i'.S .». a pestilence or plague.
Ll'KS VI:NI:I11-:a,*. [Lat.J the foul disease; the clap.
I.UI'F, J. [.Scot.] the palm of the hand.
To LL'Fr. r. II. [Iiiuvui/er, l'r.\ at sea, to keep close to
llie uiiiii. See LooF.
To HJ(;, I', a. [nliiccnn. Sax.] to liale or drag ; to pull
with ;,'reiit violence. To lu^ out or draw n sword, in bur-
lesipie lan^ua;;e.
L(K>', s. a small lisii ; a land measure, containing a pole
or piTch ; the ear.
I^UXifi A(iR, J. [from lug] any tiling cumbrous or un-
wields to carry.
LL'(i(ii:RSH.'\LL, a smalltown in Wiltshire, formerly
the residence ot several kin};s. It is seated near the Forest
of Chute, in a deli"litful country 16 miles N. of Salisbury
and (H S. by W. of London. Market disused.
LUCiO, a city of Oalicia, chietly celnhrafed for its warm
medicinal springs. It contains 3 parish churches, 4 con-
vents, 'i hospitals, and a seminary, and is situated on tlie
river Mirdio, 41) miles N. of Orensc.
HJCj'U BRIOUS, a.[l„g„bre, I- v. h^nhris, Lat.] mourrful;
»orrowf(d.
LUKK, St. (one of the four Evangelists) a native, as is
generally supposed, of .Antioch, the metropolis of Syria, a
place retiowned for this one peeuli-.ir Iioiinur, tiiat the disci-.
pies of Jesus were here first called Cliristians. He was by
profession, as appears from the iii;'iition made of liiin by
■St. Paul, a physician; and some wll have liim also to have
been eminent for paiiitin;; ; but of this we have no accounts
that can be depended upon. He becameafterwardsan inse-
Itaralileci'nipaniou and lellow-labourerofihe Apostle ofthe
tieutiles in tlie niiuislry ; all'.'ndini; him in all his travels, ac-
i'onipati\ in<; liiui iiihis daii^^erous voya;;etoUonie and minis-
tering to hiiu in his neetssilles. There arediHcrent accounts
vonceiniii^ the coiuit lies w lie re St. Luke afterwards proa died
tlie;;ospel: some say, tJiat leaving St. Paul at Rome, he re-
turned back into the East, and travelled tliioiif;h '^\e.\\ part
of if, preachinijihe ;;ospel in I'^jypt, and the parts of Lybia,
where heconveiled many to Christianity ; but others tliiidi
lie did not wholly lea\e St. Paul till the latter had tinisliid
llis course by martyrdom. Some a;,'ain say, that he first
l>reaclied the jjospel in Dalmatia and Cialafia, then in Italy
.tnd Macedonia, and that with ^reat diligence and success.
The aniients are not at all a^jreed either concerniii;,' tlie
time, or place, or maimer of his death; of all which smli
various accounts are };iven, that it would be tedious liere to
insert them. He is universally acknowledged to have bi-en
the author of theCiospel that goes under his name, and of
the book of I he Acts ofthe Apostles, both which he dedicate*
lo Theophilus, whom some writers suppose to have been a
person of some eminence, probably at Anlioch, converted
by St. I.,uke.
LIJ'KF.WARM, <i. moderately or mildly warm. Applied
lo Ihealfeelions, indifferent ; not ardent or zealous,
LIJKEWA'IIMLY, ad. with moderate warmth, applieil
(o thini,'s. With inditiercnce, applied lo llieatVections.
LLKLWARMNES.S, j. the (juality of beinjj noderately
tvurni, applied lo lliiiif;s. Applied to the aOeelions, indilfe-
rence, or want of ardor.
To LULL, r. a.[titln, Dan.] to bring on sleep by singing
ufsome agreeable sound ; to compose, quiet, or pacify.
MJ'LLABY, «, [Juhusoa vLjcrrcs tbut uufi^s tidi jfoioj t«
LV.V.
sleep hj, lij: ai;d( oiisrqneiiilv ////W,^ implies to/H//tosIe<>;k
a son;; maile ii,e of liy irinses to m;ike chililreii sleep.
LUiMI5.\((), i. [from /,o«//i. the loin.,, I.al.|iii medieine,
a name yueii to pains ;il)o!it the loins and lli<- siimI: of thf
back, f;eiivially precrdin;,' the tits ol u fever or an ayue.
LU iMBLIl, s. [oiluiiiii, Sax.J any thinj; useless and c umber-
sonie.
'I'o LU'MIiKR, II. (T. to iK.ap together m a confused man-
ner like iisehss ;;<jo(ls. fVeulerly, to move heavd>, a> bur-
dened with his o»u li .Ik. " First let Ihem run at lar-e, nor
/miji/w o'er the meads, nor cross the wood." /J<yrl.
LU'MIN.\l;V, J [litmiiKire, Lat.] any hoily wiiich giv; «
light; an\ Ihiu;^ which makes a discovers, or gives inlelli-
geiice. .Applied by wa\ of eminence to the sun or i .n,
on account of their extraordinary kistre, and lliegri al light
they afford us. Figuratively, a person that imikes discirvc-
ries and comniunicales Ihem.
LU.VIINA LION, X. [from /r-men, light, Lat,] the act of
emitting light.
LUMINOUS, a. [liiminriiT, Fr.] shining; giving light :
darling ra\s; enlighti'iied ; bright.
LU'MMF,, J. ill oriiilhologv, the name of a waterfowl ol
the diver kind, called liy authors colymlnis aicticiis ; coiii-
monabont Iceland and some parts o! 'Norway, and scarci-
Knoun in other parts id' the world.
LU.MP, s. \luiiii>e. Relg.J a shapeless mass; the whole ;
all the parts taken iogolher; the gioas.
To LUiMP, r. n. to take in the gross without regard u,
particulars.
LU'MPFISH, .«. a fish so named on account of iu
form.
LUMPING, <r. large ; lieavy ; great. A low word.
LU'MPISH, «. luMvy; gross; bulky, applied to things.
Dull or inactive, applied >o persons.
LU'MPISIILY, ait. ilia heavy manner, applied to thing':.
In astn|)id manner, applied to persons.
LU'^IIMSHNKSS, s- stupid or inactive heaviness.
LU'.MI'V, «. full of lumps, or of small eoinpaet masses.
LU'N.\CY, s. I IVfuii liimi, the liiooii, l,at.]a kind of fren-
zv u'^nally nidst violent at full moon .Madness in general,
though most properly applied to that species which is sub-
ject lo intervals of sniiiid memory or judgment.
LU'N.'Ml, or LUNARY, a. [from limn, a moon, Lat. | relat-
ing lo the moon ; under the dominion of Ihe moon. lu
cliymistry belonging to silver. Limar periodical mimttis con-
sist each of 27 days, 7 hours, 43 iiiinntes and 4 three fifths
seconds. Liinnr si/iwilical mimllis consist of 29 days, 12
hours, 44 minutes and 3 seconds; and liiwii- yenrst of .354
days, 8 hours, 48 minutes, aud 3(i seconds, or 12 synodicil
nionths.
LU'N.MIY, i. [from limn, the niooi!, Lat.] itioonwort.
LU.N'A'FKD, «. [from limn, the moon, Lat.] formed like
a half moon.
LUN.ATIC, n. [from linn, the moon, Lat.] mad; mad<.»
mad !)\ the iiitliieiice iif llie moon.
H."!'N.\'riC, s. a person that is sometimes of sound memo-
rv, and at other times mad ; wlio, as long as he is without
\.uderslaii'liiig, is, in law, said to be nun cuniiios jneiit'n.
LU.N'.\TI()N, .V. [/imnjiu)!, Fr.] ihe synodic revolution ot
the moon ; the juJriod or space of lime between one moon
and another.
L(.!NCA RTY, a town of Perthshire, about 6 mi.'es N. of
IV'itii. It is note<l, at presi'iit, for one of the most exten-
sive bleaching grounds in Sioilaiid and is signalized ju
Scottish history, for being the place where in the year y7t\
the gallan' Ha.\ turned tlie tide of conquest in favour ol In.,
coiiiitrynien, the Scots, in a victory obtained over Ihv
Danes.
LUNCH, or LUNCHEON, ». Ms oiich food as on-- a
hand can hold; a l.irge piece or bread ormeut; usually-
applied to food eaten between meals.
LUND, a town, the capital of Scania, and the trt ni m,
archbishop, li is ucconnlfd the mott nntieni in .Swede. r,
4ccoidiiij; tu an M pru>cib, ihat r^i*n vur Siitiotx, .'e.-u.
in''
LUN
LUS
Christ, vias born, Lund w;is in its jjlory. Here is an univer-
sity touncleil liv Charles XI. tor 21 pnitVssurs, and furnislit'fl
with a K'""l library. The iKiiiibtr of sliiiients is about .30(1,
Snd of other inhabitants about 8i)0, uho have but litllo
trade. Here likewi.se a royal physiojjniphical soiiely m;is
instituted in 1776, and incorporated by the king in 1778.
The subjects treated of in its .Ads relate only to natural
history, chyinistry, and agriculture. Tin cathedral is an
antieut irregular building. It is 20 miles S. b E. of Lauds-
crona, and 225 S. VV of Stockholm. Lat. 65. 33. N. Ion.
13. 2G. K.
LU'NDY, an island in the nioulli of tlie British Channel,
near the middle, between Devonslme and Pembrokeshire.
It is about Smiles long, and 2 bioad, and encompassefl with
inaccessible rocks, so that it has but one entrance, and there
scarcely two persons can go a hreasf. In the N. part ot it
is a hi^h pyramidical rock, called the Constable. Hen- are
horses, kiiie, hogs, and goats, with great store of sheep and
rabbits; but the chief couuiiodiu is fowl, with which it
abounds much, their eggs being thick upon the groiuid, at
their season of bret rliiig. Il had once a fort and a chapel ;
at present the oujy iiiliabitanis area man and his family.
LUNR, s. [i'l-'im liinn, the moon, l^at.] any thing in the
shape of a half moon; a tit of fren;;y or lunacy; a hawks
'easli. In t,»etvmetrv a plane in form of a crescent or half
moon.
LU'N'F.NRUIUtH, a duchi' m the cirrte of Lower ^^a'tnIly,
which, including Zed, is sepa rated fnuu I lolstein and La wen-
burg on the N. by the river F.lbe ; and is bounded on the I'/,
bv the duchies of Brunswick and iMecklenburgh II is
^bout 100 miles in hiigili,ai)d 70 in breadth. Il iswateredby
the riTers Aller,F,lbe, llmcna, Jelze.theOld Mark, I lie Lalie,
the Seeve, and other rivers ; and part of it is full of heaths
and forests; but, near the ri\ers, pietty fertile. It abounds
«ith wild hoars, which the German iiobiltly come to hunt
bere for their d version, al. certain seasons. It was h)ug sub-
ject to the elector of Hanover. Lunenbuigh is the
capital.
LUNETTE, t. [Fr.] in fortification, a demilime, or half
Moon; an enveloped countergnard or elevation of earth,
aiade in the middle of the ililch hel'ore the court ine, consist-
ing of two faces forming a re entering angle, and serving,
like fause bra\s. lodispi te the passage ofa ditch.
LU'NEVILLE, a town in the depaitment of Meurtlie,
seated ilia marshy touniry, «hicli has been drained, on the
river Meurthe, near its conlluence willi the \ cscuize, 12
miles S. Iv of N.inci. In the (ilh cenluiy it was a coutity
of itself, but in the 12lli it was united to Lorraiu. Its mag-
niticent castle, where the dukes of Lorraiu formerly kept
iheir court, as did afterwards king Stanislaus, is now con-
verted into barracks. Stanislaus founded here a military
bchool, a larue library, and a tine hospital.
To LUNCiF, D. a. [alloiiger, Fr.] in fencing, to make a
push.
LUNOE, s. in fencing, a push.
LU'NCiED, (the g- is proii hard) a. [from luniks] having
Inngs ; resembling the action ol the lungs in drawing and
rorcingout air.
LUNCiS, s. Uiw^m, .SaN.] the lights, or that part of the
l<ody by which the act of iJiealhing is performed. It has
' !l() sinirular.
Ll''N(JWORT, f. in hotauy, a genus pf plants, of «1iich
iiie'C are two sorts, viz. the broad leaved, ami the sea-
■Migloss. The tree iuiig\\<ut, or liverwort, is a kind of lichen,
found on trunks of tribes, particular'y tho^e of the oak and
isli, on rocks, and sometimes on heaps of stones in shady
..dares. The cow's lungwort is the sauie with the great
chile mullein. The golileii or French lungwort is a species
i»Miawkwecd.
I^UNISO'LAll,a. [from lima, the moon, and soj, the sun,
feal. I compounded of the revolutions of the sun and moon.
^ /«m*(/rtr year, is a pcrioil made by multiplying 28, the
-'ycle of the *un, bv U), the cvcic oi°thc moon, and cousLsla
of 5.32 ye?.r5, in v.hi( ii tiuie both Uiminaries return very
neariv to the same point.
LLJNT, s. [luiite, lielg.] the matclicord with which gun*
are fired.
LUPINE, s.\liipin, Fr. lupimu, Lat.] a flower of the but-
terfly class; the yellow species is much cultivated for its
sweetness, though lliey are of short duratii>n
LU'PUS, WOLF, i.n astronomy, a soulheru ronslellation,
joined to tlie Centaur.
LURCH, i. [lie ived by Skinner from loiircfie, Fr. a game
of draughts] in g.imiim, the act of winning so as that the op-
posite party shall have gained but little, or not above a
certain number. To he left intlic lurch, is to be deserted in
distress.
'Fo LURCH, I'. «. [loei-fn, P.elg.] to shift or play trick.'*.
To lie in wait. See LuRK. Actively, to win a game witb
great advantage; to devour, from lurcor, Lat. Figuratively,
to defeat or disappoint. To steal privately ; to filch, or
pilfer.
i-U'RCHER, s. one that watches or lies in wait to steal, or
to hetiay, or to entrap ; a kind of hound.
LURE, *. [/eiore, Fr] any enticement ; any thing which
promises advantage.
To LUR K, 1!. ". to call hack or reclaim hawks with a lure<
Actively, toeiiliceor atiract by something which fialleis a
person's hopes lU' expectations.
LU'HID, n [/iiriiliis, Lai.] glc omy or dismal.
To I 1 ItK. r. ». to lie ill wail ; to lie hidden or close.
LURKFR, /. a thief that lies iij wait for securing
his prev.
LU RKING PLACE, s. a hiding or secret place.
LUSA'TIA, (LHia.«//in; a teiriiory ofderniany, about 80
miles long and 40 wide, bounded on the N. by the Mark of
Brandenbiirgh ; on the E. by Silesia ; on the S. by Bohemia;
and on the W. by .Vleissen. Il is about 28 leagues lung and
15 wide, and is divided into the Upper and Lower. Upper
Lusatia abounds in mountains and hills, in which are found
many boggy and moorish tracts. The laiter, on the contrary,
has a great number of hue woods ; the very great heatlis
themselves being provided with it, even to exulieiauce. In
each of these mariiuisates, rye, wheat, barley, and oats, are
cultivated; as also much buckwheat, together with pease,
lentils, beans, and millet. 'File culture of flax is p etty con-
siderable, and ihev make some w bite ami red wine. The
inhabilants of Lusatia enjoy an important means of subsist-
ence, in the numerous and good manufactures of liiieii and
woollen stuffs. These flourish principally in Upper Lusatia.
The cloth manufactures are the oldest, having been in vogue,
in several towns, so early as the llJth century. There are also
good manufactures of hats, leather, paper, gunpowder, iron,
glass, wax bleaching, blai k and fine (lying, tVc. i\ c. The
most antieut inhabitantsof this country were iheSemnoues,
or Seiiones, a Suabian nation, who inhabited Upper Lusatia,
but, by their custom of wandering, gave place to the Wan-
dalers ; and these last again, by a like expedition, in the 7th
century, to the Sorber Wends, a Sclavonian people. At
present the towns are almost wholly peopled with Gerinarj
inhabitants, but, in the villages, a greater number of Wend*
than fiermans are to be met with. The principal rivers are
the Spree, the Black Elster, and the Pulsnitz. Upper Lil-
satia, formerly belonged to Bohemia. Lower Lusatia, which
alone, till the 15tli century, was called Li, satia, was erected
iiilo a marquisate, in tlie year 931. by Henry I. king of
(•eriiiaiiv. In the middle offlie Ifjth centurv, tliey were
both ceded to the elector of Saxony, in consideration of a
large sum of money, whiili the elector had advam ed to the
emperor, in his war with the Bohemians, with the single
condition, that the kiiigsdf Bolienii.i :,!ioiild retain the armo-
rial bearings. The whole country is now divided Ijetween
the king of Prussia and the ci-devant elector (but now king;
of Saxony.
LUSCIOUS, dish ions') a. [sf.mc imagine it from ddinaxt,
and others from liixnirio\u\ nauseating with sv^eeiucMi. Chiy-
LUT
TUX
inj( by its richn^s or fatness, applied to animal food. Pleas-
ing ; dolislilful-
LU'SnOUSLY, (lushioiisly) ad. in so sweet or rich :i
maiint'r as to clov.
LU'SCIOUSKESS, (lOsIiiousness) s. the qiiiility of being so
sweet or lal as toiinv soon.
LU'SRRN,.*. aiyiix.
LUSH, n. of a (lark, deep, full rojoiir, opposite to pale and
faint. " !!i>w/H.v/iand lusly tlie j,'rass looks." S/inh.
LUSO'RIOUS, a. [liisoriits, from liulu, to play, Lat.] used
in plav.
LU'SORY, «.[/"■«'"•''«. f'om ?«(/o, to play, Lat.] used in
play.
LU.ST, s. [lust, Sax. and Belg.] carnal or lewd desire ;
any irregular or violent desire.
To LIIST, v.n. to liave an unchaste desire f<n-; to desire
violently.
LU'.STFUL, a. lewd; Icclierons ; libiilinous ; liavin^
'tronp; and uncliastc desires ; liaviii;; violent, irre<;ular, or
inlemoerate desires.
LU'STFl.'LLY, ad. with sensnal concupiscence.
LUSTF ULNRSS, .«. libidinousness.
LU'STIHOOD, .?. vifTonr ; sprightliness ; bodily strength.
LUSTILY, rtrf. stoutiv or vigorously.
LU'STIN ESS, s. sturdiness ; great strength and vigour of
body.
LU'STr>ESS, a. not vigorous ; weak.
LO'STIIAL, a. [from Instio, to purify, Lat.] used in puri-
fication.
LUSTRATION, s. [from lustro, to purify, Lat.] purifica-
tion by water.
LU'STllK, (luster) s. [lustre, Fr.J splendour, brilliancy ;
radiancy ; glitlering brightness ; a sconce made of cut glass
for holding a colletlion of lights; eminence; renown. The
space of five years, iVoni lustrum, Lat. SyNON. Lustre,
brilliaitci/, an(1 radiiinetj, rise gradually one upon another, and
mark the diHerent degrees of the efl'ect of liglit Lvstre
seems to be jiossessed of polish only ; hrilliamij, of light ;
but radmnty, of (ire. Lustre shines only ; brill'iancij daz-
zles ; but cfff/iTOei/ glares.
LU'STRI \< !, {lutestring;) s. a shining glossy silk.
LUSTKOL'S, n. [from /«ifre| bright; shining. Obsolete.
LUSTWORT, .V. a herb.
LU'STY, a. [lutiig, Belg. stout; vigorous; healthy;
strong in body.
LU'TANiST, s. one who plays on the bite.
LUTA'RiOlJS, n. [from lutum, mud, clay, Lat.] living in
mud ; of the colour of mud. " A scaly tortoise shell of the
lutmiotis kind." (irrw,
LUTI'), «. [Intk, Fr.] in music, a stringed instrument. In
chymistry, any composition used to fasten the dillerent parts
of stills or alembics in distillation or sublemation, from /«-
turn, mud.iu' clay, Lat.
To LUTE, V. a. to close or fasten together with cement
or lute.
LUTHERAN, .f. a person who professes the principles
and doctrines of Martin Luther.
LUTHERAN, a. bthmging to Luther.
LUTHER AN ISM, s. the doctrine of Martin Luther, a
fuiljous reformer in the Kith century, who reduced the num-
ber of sacraments to tuo, viz. Baptism and the Lords
Supper, maintiiiniug the mass to be no sacrament, <ind ex-
oloding the adoialion of the host, auricular confession, me-
ritorious works, indulgencics, the worship ol images, the
fastings of the Romish church, nionastical vows, and the ce-
libacy of the clergy. He opposed the doctrine of free-will,
holding absolute predestination.
LUTON, a small dirty town of Bedfordshire, noted for its
maiuifac'ine of straw hats. In its church is a remarkable
Gothic font, ill form of a hexagon, open at tlie sides, and
terminating in elegant tabernacle work. It is pleasantly
seated among hills, on the river Lea, 20 miles S. of Bedford,
and .Tl N. by 'A'.of l»ndon. A corn market on Monday.
LUTTERWORTH, a lowu of Leicestershire, containing
about .360 houses and 1(500 inhabitants. Its rector, theft-
nioiis reformer John Wicklitl', died and was Imricd here,
in the year I3K.); but his bones were taken out ol his grave
and burnt, 40 years after, by order of the council of Con-
stance. The pulpit in which he preached is still preserved
in its church. The Roman Watling-street runs on the \\.
side of the town. Ills iitnaled on tiie little river Swift,
(into which the bones of Wicklitf were thrown, after being
l)iiriil)ina fertile soil, and ph-asant open country, 14 miles
S. of Leicester, and H8 N. N.W. of London Market on
Thursday.
LU'TULENT,rt. [from lutum, mud, clay, Lat.J innddv.
To LUX, or LUX ATE, v. a. [from luj-o, Lat.] to' put
out of joint ; to disjoint.
LUXATION, s. [from lum, to disjoint, Lat.] the act of
disjointing; the slipping of the head of a hone out of its
proprr place into another; whereby its motion is destroyed ;
any thing out of joint.
LUXE, s. [Fr. luxus, Lat.] luxury ; voluptuousness. Not
usefl.
LUXEMBURG, the Duchy of, one of the 17 Provm
cesoftlie Netherlands, lies in the centre of the forest of Ar-
dt-iines, \V. of the eltctnrate of '^Ireves, and S. of the terri-
tories of Liege, Limhurg, and Jiiliers. In some iilaccs it is
covered with mountains and woods ; but it is, in general,
fertile in corn and wine, and has a good breed of cattle, and
all sorts of game. Here are also a great nuiidter of iron
mines and founderies (or cannon, which last constitute its
greatest riches. It is watered by many small rivers, the
principal of which are the Ourt, theSemois, the Laas, and
the Cliiers, which discharge themselves into the Meuse, with
several others which How into the Moselle. In the \\liole
duchy, exclusive of the principal town, (Luxemburg,) are
tweniy three other small ones. Charles IV. emperor of the
Romans, raised the county of Luxemlmrg, in 1.3.54, .'o a
duchy, but dying without heirs, it came by his will to VVen-
zel, son to the emperor Charles IV. king of the Romans and
Bohemia, who, by way of mortgage, ceded to the princess
Elizabeth, daughter to his brother John, duke of Ciorlitz,
(who first married Anthony duke of Burgundy, and after-
wards John of Bavaria,) this duchy, in lieu of a dowry of
120,000 Rhenish florins, which he had promised to give
her. In 1444, this princess ceded all her right in the duchy
of Luxemburg to Philip duke of Burgundy. By the peace
of the Pyrenees, France obtained th? districts and towns of
Thionville, iMontmedy, Marville, Chevancy, Carignan, and
Damviiliers; and, during the late war, the whole, with
itscapital, which surrendered by capitulation, June 7, 1795,
suhmilted to the French.
LUXEMBURG, (autiently called Luci.s Bdrgum, be-
cause the siin was adored here, as the moon was at Arlon,
Jupiter at Carignan, ami Mars at Marchen-Eamine)a city of
the Netherlands, capital ofa duchy of the same name. The
city fif Luxemburg is small, but strong, as well from its si-
tuation as its fortihcations. Sigefroy I. count of Luxemburg,
biiilt a wall round it in the tenth century. The river Alitz
runs through it, and divides it into the Upper and Lower
Towns, the former almost surrounded with rocks, hut the
Lower seated on a plain. It is 25 miles S. W. of Treves.
Lat. 49. 37. N. Inn. 6. i7. E.
Li;XU'RlANCE, or LUXU'RIANCY, s. [from Unmo,
to grow rank, Lat.] abundance, applied to plenty. Exube-
rance or excess in grow ing, aiipiied to vegetables.
LUXURIANT, «. [from huurin, to grow rank, Lat.J su-
perfluously plenteous; growing to excess.
To LUXU RI.-\TE, II. n. [luxurior, Lat.] to grow or shoot
to excess.
LUXU'RIOL'S, a. [from luxuria, luxury, Lat. luxnrieia,
Fr.] indulging in high food or liquors; administering to
luxury ; lustfil, voluptuous. Enslaved to, or softened by,
pleasure. Luxuriant.
LUX U'R lOUSLY, ad. voluptuously.
LU'.XURV, .«. [/»aii(!Vr, Lat] a disposition of mind ad-
dicted to iilcasure, riot, aud superfluities; voluptuousness,
4 i) 5<>il
LYN
LYR
lust, or lewdness; kxiiriance ; excess of growth, or plen-
teousness. Klegance or deliciousness, applied to food. A
state abouiidiiij; in siiperiliiities, or splendour of furniliire,
clothes, food, bnildings, c'vc. Synon. Liixuri/ implies a
giviiiij one's self up to pleasure; vvlupttiuusKess; an indul-
gence in the same to excess.
LY, a very frequent termination in names of places, ad-
jectives, orailveibs: in the name of a place, it is derived
horu lea^. Sax. a field or pasture : vhen it ends an adjective
or adverb, it is derived from lie/i, Sax. iiuplvini; likeness, of
the same nature or manner ; as beastly, or of the nature of
a beast.
LVF., s. and v. See Lie.
LYCA'NTMROPY, s. [from hjhos,^ wolf, and anlhmpns,
a man, Gr.] a species of madness, wherein persons imab^ine
themselves transformed into, and lioul like, wild beasts :
of this kind is that disorder which is produced by the
bite of a mad dog, and is by some called cynanlhnipy.
LVCB'UM, s. in antiipiity, the name of a celebrated
school, or academv, at Athens, where Aristotle explained
his philosophy. Since applied to buildings for similar in-
stitutions.
LY'ING, s. [fronie /(/<■ | a falsehood ; the practice of telling
wilfid and criminal falsehoods.
LY'ING, »n)-f. [of /i/e] speaking falsehoods wilfidlv.
LY'MEGKASS, s. in botany, a kind of grass, of which
there are three sorts native in England, viz. the sea, dog's,
and wood Ivmegrass.
LYME IIEGIS, a town of Dorsetshire, seated in a cavity
lietween two rocky hills, on the river Lyme, which rutjs
through it, at the head of a little inlet, ami from which it
takes its name. Its harboui- is formed by a noble pier,
called the Cobb, betlind which ships lie in safety ; and it
has a Newfoundland and coasting trade, but greatly on the
decline. It is a place of resort for sea-bathing, and is
remarkable for the landing of the duke of Monmouth, in
1685, for the execution of his ill-judi;ed design against James
I[. It sends two members to parliament. Lyme is 28 miles
E. by S. of Exeter, and 143 Vv'. by S. of London. Alarket
ou Friday.
LYMINGTON, See Limmington.
LYMPH, (h/nif) s. \himjihe, Fr. from li/mplm, water, Lat.]
in anatomy, a thin, transparent, colourless humour, like
water, secreted from the serum of the blood in all parts of
tiie body, returning to it again by its own ducts, called
li/mp/iniirs, and supposed to be the immediate matter of
nutrition.
LYMPHATIC, {himfutirk) s. [Itpnphatiqne, Fr.] a slen-
(!er^ pelhiciil tube or vessel, whose cavity is contracted at
unequal distances, inserted into the gland-- of the mesentery,
and serving to convey the lymph to the blood.
LY'.MPllEDUCT, s. [from lynipLn, water, and dtivtus, a
conveyance, I.at.j a vessel which conveys the lymph.
LYNN REtHS, or King's Lynn, a po|>uU)us and flou-
rishing town of Nctrfolk. The situation of this town, near
the fall of the Ouse intothesea, after having received seve-
ral other livers, of which some are navigable, gives it an
opportunity of extending its trade into eight diflercnt coun-
ties, by which manv considerable citii s and tow us, viz. Pe-
terborough, Klv, Stamford, Bedford, St. Ives, Huntingdon,
St. Neot's, Northampton, Cand)ridge, St. l".dmuudsbury,and
the N. partof I5ncks, as well as the inland parts of Norfolk
and Suffolk, arc supplied with heavy goods, not otdy of
Lome proflnce, as coals and salt from Newcastle, but also
of merchandise imported from abroad, especially wiiie, of
which two articles, viz. coals and wine, this is the greatest
port for importation of anv place on all the eastern coast of
EnglanrI, and those wherein the Lynn merchants deal more
largely than any town in England, except London, Bristol,
and Newcastle. In return for this, Lynn receives back all
t!)e corn which the counties just mentioned pro<luce, for
exportation ; and therefore sends more of it abroad than
any port, except Hull. 'I'he foreign trade of the merchants
Jiere is very considerable, especialK to Holland, Norway,
670
and the Baltic, and also to Spain bpaI Portugal, and formt'Iy
they drove a good trade to France, till it was turned oft, u-/
treaties on one hand, and prohibitions, high duties, Ac oh
the other, to Soain and Portugal. The harbour is safe when
ships are in it, but difficult to enter, by reason of the many
flats and shoals in the passage : but they are well buoyed,
and good pilots are always ready. Its air is unwholesome
on account of its vicinity to the fens. The streets are nf-r-
row, but well paved, and it has a good market-place, and
a noble old town-house and exchange. It is distant 42 miles
from Norwich, and IOC N. by E. of London. Lat. 52. 45.
N. Ion. 0. 2S. E. Markets on Tuesday and Saturday.
LYNX, i. [Lat.] in zoology, an animal of the cat tribe,
which inhabits the v?sl forests in the North of Europe,
Asia, and .\nierica. It does not attack man, but is very
destructive to the rest of the animal creation. A division
of the cat tribe with short tails, as the Bay lynx, Caspian
lynx, c'ic. In astronomy, a constellation in ths northern
hemisphere.
LYONNOIS, a ei devant province of France, W. of the
rivers Saone and Loire, about 30 miles in length, and 17 in
breaiilh. It now forms, including the districts of Peaujeioij
and Forez, the department of the Khoue and Loire. Lyons
is the capital.
LYONS, a large, anticnt, and famous city, in the depart-
ment of Rhone and Loire, the most considerable in the
empire, next to paris, for beauty, commerce, and opu-
lence, and is seated at the confluence of the rivers llhoue
and Saone, by the side of two high mountains. It was
founded about the year 42 B. C. by the Romans, who made
it the centre of the commerce of the Gauls. About the year
It-j, it was totally destroyed by fire, but w'as rebuilt by the
niunilicence of Nero. Alany antiquities are still observed,
that evince its llouian origin. Lyons was the see of an
archbishop, and, before the revolution, contained about
160,000 inhabitants, upwards of 30,000 of wliom were em-
ployed in various manufactures, particularly of rich stuffs
of the most exquisite workmanship, in silk, gold, silver, Ac.
The houses in general are high and well built ; it has 6 gates
and 4 suburbs, and had 4 abbeys, 30 convents, 3 public
schools, a college of physic, an academy ofarts and sciences
and belles left res, a society of agriculture, and a veterinary
school. Such was Lyons before the fatal year 1793, when
the mischiefs of the revolution were poured upon this de-
voted city in all their horrors. In June 1793, the Lyonese
revolted against the national convention, and sustained,
w ith great bravery, an active siege of two months. But the
inhabitants, who were both uiuised to arms, and very ill pro-
vided with the means of defence, as well as the necessaries
of life, were obliged to surrender on the 8th of October
following. In the siege a great part of the city was re-
duced to ashes by an incessant bombardment ; and, when
taken, it became a prey to the merciless victors, who sa-
tiated their rage by barbarities for which language has no
name. The miserable victims, who were too numerous for
the individual riptration of a guillotine, were driven in
great nundjers, with the most savage and blasphemous cere-
monies, iutothe Khoiie, or Innried in'crowds to the squares-
to be massacred bv the more painful operation of (ire-arms
and artillery. It is supposed that not less than 70,000 per,
sons iu this unfortunate city alone were either put to death,
or forced into exile. Lyons is a place of very great trade,
which is extended not only through France, but to Italy,
Swisserland, and Spain ; and there are four celebrated fairs
every year. It derives vast advantages from llie rivers it
stantls upon, and is 70 miles S. by W. of Geneva, and 220 S.
E. of Paris. Lat. 45. 4fi. N. Ion." 4. .%. E.
LVP> \, in astronomy, a coiisteUation in the northern
hemisphere.
L'^'IJE, f. \Ii/re, Fr. li/r", Tat.] a harp ; the invention of
this ill^trum«•nt is ascihed to .lubal by Barnes, who gives us
the history of the varialiuiis it underwent from his time \<»
that of.^nacri on.
MAC
MAC
LY RIC, or LYRICAL, a. rfroni hjra, a harp, Lat.] some-
thinir jct for, or snuiidiiiK: to, llie har|i.
LV'JdC, s. K spcfii's of poclry, coiisistii!;; of songs sot or
sung to llic Ivre, and was sotiieliiiiv; like our airs, odts, or
songs : a person wlio writes lyric poetry, odes, or son;;s.
LVRIST, s. fl'roni lifra, a liarp, Lat.] a nuibician, who
plays upon the lyre or harp.
LV'rclIAM.a small town of Norfolk, between E. Dere-
ham and Castle llisinj?. It is 24 miles W. of Norwich, and
y2 N. N.E. of London. Market disused.
M.
MIS tiie 12th letter, and !)lli consonant, of llie Enirlish
al()hal)et ; it is pronounced l>\ striking' botli lips toge-
ther, whereby the breath is intercepted, and strongly forced
throu^li the nioiilh and nostrils jointly. It is one of those
consonants caMcd licpiids, or half-vowels, and in En^dish
words never loses its sound. In the be^inninj of wor(is it
admits no eonson;;nt after it, except in some Greek originals,
nor does it follow any in that case. In some words, the
sound of 7i after it is lost, as in nutioim, xnlemn, rondemn, ^c.
As a numeral it stands for loOO, and with a dash over it,
thus, ji, for a thousand thousand, or a million. In contrac-
tions of words we find it thus, AL A. maqisttr ariiinn, master
of arts ; MSS. manuscripts. In physieal piescriptions, it
Eignifies manijiidiis, a haniltul ; and at tiie end of a recipe,
it means niisce, mix or mingle.
MAC, s. an Irish word, signifying a son, and frequently
begins surnames.
MACACO, s. in zoology, a tribe of animals otherwise
called lemurs. See Lemur.
MACAO, a town of China, in the province of Canton,
seated in an island at the entrance of the river T-.c. The Por-
tugese have been in possession of the town and harbour
since the early part of the 17lh century. The houses are
low, but built after the same manner as in Europe. The
Portuguese in this island are properly a nii\ed breed, hav-
ingtaken Asiatic women to their wives. Here is a Portu-
guese governor, as well as a Chinese mandarin. The for-
mernation pays a tribute of 100,000 ducats for the liberty
ofchusing their own magistrates, &c. The city is defended
by .3 forts, built upon eminences : the works are good, aixl
well planted with artillery. Lat. 22. 4. N. Ion. 113. 11 j. E.
MACAROON, .?. [macaroitc, Ilal.J a confused heap ; a
liuddle of several things together ; a coarse, rude, clownish
fellow. " 'i'o hear this macumon talk on in vain." Donne.
Hence Ihe ivacanmic stijle, in I'oelry, is a low style, wherein
the language is designedly corrupted, and consists of a
hodge-podge of different tongues. A kind of sweet biscuit
niadeof Hour, almonds, eggs, and sugar.
MACASSAR, a town and harbour on the S. W. coast
of the island of Celebes, capital of the kingdom of the
same name. The houses are all of wood, and supported by
thick posts to preserve them from inundations; and they
have ladders to ascend into them, which they draw up when
they have enter<'d. The roofs arc covered with very large
leaves, so that the rain cannot penetrate. It is seated near
the month ofa l;irge river, which runs through the kingdom
from N. to S. The kuig is in alliance w ith the Dutch. Lat.
5. 9. S. Ion 119. 54. E.
MACAW, s. in ornithologv, the name of a large species
of parrot, distin<;uished by the length of its tail. Also a
species of palm-tree, very common in the Caribbee Islands,
where the negroes-pierce the tender fruit, whence issues a
ideasant liquor; ^nA Ihe body of the tree ati'ords a solid
tindier, supposed by some to be a sort of ebony.
MACCABEES, two apocryphal books of scripture,
containing the hislorv of Judas and his broiliers, and Ilieir
wars against the Syrian kings in defence of their religion
and liberties, so called from Judas Mattathias, surnamed
Moccalirifi.
M.A'CCLRSFIELD, a large, halidsome tow nof Cheshire,
with manufactures of cotton, raohair, twist, hatbands, but
tons, and thread. Here are several mills, for the winding
of silk, and a considerable maimfaclory of mohair bultoiiiT,
It is seated at the edge ofa forest of the same name, near
the river Bollin, ."JG miles K. of Chester, and 171 N. W. o''
London. Market on Monday.
M ACE, «. [from massn, a lump, Lat.] an ensign of authority
borne before n)agistrates, made of silver, and somelinies
having an open crown at the top. A kind of spice, of a
thin, flat, membranaceous substance, an oleaginous and
yellowish colour, an extremely fragrant and agre<able smell,
a pleasant but acrid and oily taste ; being the second cover-
ing of the nutmeg, and used in medicine as a carminative,
stomachic, and astringent.
MA'CEALE, s. ale spiced with mace.
M A'CEBEARER, s. one who carries the mace before a
magistrate.
M A( EDO'NIA, a province of Turkey, bounded bv Ro-
mania and Bulgaria on the E. the Archipelago and Thes-
salyontlieS. Servia and I'ldgariaxm the N. and Alba'iia
on the W. The air is clear, sharp, and wholesome, and the
soil is for the most part fertde. In Ihe inland parts are se-
veral uninhabited wastes. Salonochi(antieuliy Thessalouica)
is the most considerable town.
To MA'CI^RATF,, i>. a. [marero, Lat.J to make lean;
to wear away ; to mortify ; to steep a thing till it is almost
dissidved, either with or without iieat.
MACERATION, s.[Vr.\ the act of wasting or making
lean; mortification. In chymistry, the sleeping of a solid
bodv in a fluid in order to soften it, without iiiiprtiinatiii":
the fluid. I *> »
MACHIAVE'LIAN, a. according to the principles of
Machiavel ; craftv, siditle, cunning.
MACH I A VE'Ll ANISM, *. the doctrine or principles laid
down by Machiavel, in his Prince, orthe practice of politics ;
or doing any thing to compass a design, without any regard
to the peace or welfare of subjects, the dictates of honesty
and honour, or the precepts of religion.
MACHINAL, {maslicinul) a. [from machina, a machine,
Lat.] relating to machines.
To MA'CHIN.'^TE, (makhiate, or masMnate) V. a. [from
machina, a machine, Lat.] to plot, contrive, or devise.
M ACHINA'TION, (mahiiiAslion, or mushXiiaslwn) s. [from
machina, a machine, Lat.] a plot, artifice, or wicked con-
trivance.
MACHI'NE, (niashe'cn) s. \machiva, Lat.J a contrivance or
piece of workmanship, consisting of several |)arts, composed
with art, and made use of to produce motion, so as to save
either time or force ; an engine.
MACHINF/RY, (>H««/it'fKeri/] .'. anv workmanship of ava-
riety of parts : an engine, of which the several parts are set
in motion by some principle contained in itse't. In poetry,
that parlwhicli lliedeities, angels, or demons, peitbim. ill
theatrical exhibitifuis, the engnie made use of to introduce
persons, in a surprising manlier, on the stage; or the con-
trivances made use of to shift the appearance of things, so as
to cause astonishtnent.
MACHlNLETH.a town of Montgomeryshire, seated on
the river ]>iuiav, over which is a large stone bridge, wliicli
leads into Meriouetlishire. Here Owen (jlendour, in 1402,
accepted the crown of Wales, and assembled a parliament;
the house wherein tliev met is now standiug, divided into
tenements. It is 30 miles W. of Montgomery, and 198 N.
W. of London. Market on Mondav.
MACKFRAN, or MACKRAN, a province of Persia,
bounded on,lhe N. bv Segestan and Candahar, on the E. by
Hindoostan, on the S. by the ocean, and on the \V. by
Kerman. The southern part is little more than a desart
for GO leagues together. In the northern parts water is
scarce, and deep and moving sands often stop and some-
times overwhelm travellers in their journey. It is the
Gedrosia of the antienls. Kidge is the capital.
MACKEREL, .r. \mackereel, Belg.] a well-known salt-
wat<:r fish, commonly in season ia the months of May and
June.
671
MAD
MAD
MA'CKEREL-BACK,*. a low word, appi'ied to a person
that is;illl and slender.
MACROCOSM.*, [from nwAios, great, and liosm'it, the
world Gr.] the great world or universe, in opposition to the
microcdsin, or the world ol uian.
MACKOULE, s. ill ornithology, the largest species of
coot. It is found in Lancashire and Scollaiid.
M.A'CUL.A, J. [Lat.]aspot. In physic, any spot on the
skin.
MACULA'TION, s. [from macula, a spot, Lat.] a stain ; a
sp-..t; a taint. " There's no macuhtiun in thy ht-art."
SItah.
MAD, s. Ig-em(7«rf, Sax.l disordered in the mind, or de-
prived ot the use of reas(;Ti. Figuratively, enraged or Lur-
ried away by any violent and unreasoLiahle desire.
To MAD, f. a. to deprive of reason ; to raise to such a
pitch of passion that a person is not under the government
of reason; to make furious, or eniagc. Neuleily, to run
mad, or become furious.
MADAGASCAR, an island King on the eastern coast of
Africa, about 800 miles in length, and from 120 to -ioo in
breadth. The inhabitants in the interior are black. Their
hair is long and culled, at least on the coasts ; and there are
some likewise of a yellowish complexion, who have neater
features than the rest. The island is uneven antl hilly, but
the face of the country is one of the most agreeable in the
world. It is extremely populous; yet they have no cities
or towns, but a great number of villages, a small distance
from each other. Their houses are huts, with doors so low,
that a boy of 12 years old cannot enter iheni without stoop-
ing. They have neither windows nor chimney s, and the
roofs are covered with reeds or leaves. Their furniture con-
sist of a few baskets, to put their necessaries iu, and they
can change their habitations when they please. There are
a great many petty kings, whose riches consist in cattle and
slaves, and they are otlen at war with each other. Great
quantities of iron and steel are found throughout the islaiiG ;
as also tbree sorts of gold. The rivers and brooks are rich
in various kinds of precious stones. The productions of the
island are, t-he raven, a kind of palm-tree known only in
Madagascar, the top of which is prepared and eaten like
the calibage palm, and of the ribs of its leaves they form
the walls of their liouses ; rice, barley, sugar-canes, white
jiepper, ginger, cocoa nuts, grapes, salfron, several kinds of
gums, five difterent kinds of lioney, and a variety of plants
unknown to Europeans. Bufialoes run in herds, and there
are great numbers of sheep, whose mutton is finely lasted,
as well as goats, kids, and other kinds of useful quadruped
animals, but neither elephants, tigers, lions, nor horses.
Large crocodiles, monkeys «ild boars, cameleons, lizards,
locusts, insects, birds, ami ti>.h, are numerous. The chief
employ meiit of the inhabitants is in building, in gold and
iron works, making of earthenware, spinning, weaving,
cordage, tishing, hunting, and mostly in agriculture. The
language has a great athnity with the Arabic, the Arabs hav-
ing made a conquest of the island about ;}00 years ago. The
French have frecpienlly attempted to settle here, but have
alwavs been driven hence. Lat. from 12. 0. to 25. 30. S.
Ion. from 44. 30. to ;;o. 30. E.
M.A'DAM, s. [mu ilaoif. Ft. my lady] a lerm of compli-
aient to women of every degree.
MA'Or.RAIN, or MA'DBRAINED, «. disordered iu
innid ; hot-headed.
MADCAP, «. a madman; a wild, hotbraiurd person.
To M.X'DDE.V, I'. H. to become wild, furious, or mad.
Activelv, to make mad; to enrage, or make furious.
M \ DDI'^ll, 4". a plant, with oval perennial leaves, sinootii
<ui the upper surface, and four at each joint of the stem ;
the lilossorns are yellow. The great bastard and crosswort
madder are speen-s of goosegrass. The little held niadder
is a species of redwort.
M A 1 ) I". ;"'"• /" ■ (. of Mark.
MADI'.l'A'C'l ION, J. [from maiho, to be raoist and /aci'w,
to make, Lal.| the act of making wet.
672
MADE'IRA, an island of the Atlantic Ocean, pnnripa'j
of a group called Ihe Madeiras, and subject to the Portu-
guese, 'llie climate is moie temperate than in the (Canaries,
and the soil more fertile in wine, sugar, fruits, Ac. but less
so in corn, though infinitely better «ateied with springs
and rivers. Spring and autumn reign here together, ami
produce flowers and fruit throughout the year. It abounds
in every kind of tropical and European fruits ; as oranges of
all sorts and dimensions, lemons of a prodigious size, bana-
nas, citrous, peaches, nectarines, apricots, ngs, plums, me-
lons, apples, and strawberries, that grow wihi in the moun-
tains witli astonishing profusion; grapes which are as large
as our common plums, and remarkable for- then' peculiar
flavour. The oranges ai-e of a sanguine red ; this species
is produced from the common ovani^e-bud, ingrafted on the
poMiegrauate stock. There is likewise a kind of pear found
here, not lugger tl/an a walnut, and very crisp. The sugar-
cane also is cultivated with success, though not in any con-
siderable quantity. The cedar-tree is found in great abun-
dance: it is extremely beautiful; most of the ceilings and
furniture at Madeira are made of that wood, which yields a
very flagrant smell. The dragon-tree is a native of this
isiiiud, as are also mastic and other gums. Flowers nursed
in the English greenhouses grow wild here in the fields;
the hedges are mostly formed of myrtles, roses, jessamine,
and honeysuckle, in everlasting blossom, while ihe larkspur,
the iieur (le-lys, the lupine, cVc. spring up spontaneously in
the meadows. There are very few reptiles to be seen in the
island; the lizard is the most common. Canary-birds and
goldfinches are found in the mountains; of the former, num-
bers are sent every year to England. But Madeira is prin-
cipally celebrated for its excellent wine, which, moreover,
keeps best in the hottest climate under the torrid zone. For
this reason the inhabitantj of the West India Islands, that
can afford it, drink little else ; and the Madeira wine that is
brought to England is thought to be worth little, unless it
has hrst made a voyajre to the E. or W. Indies. These wines
are of diliereiit kinds, diflering both in taste, colour, and
strength. The exports of th's article, and the profits on it,
are immense, and bring a large revenue to the king tif Por-
tugal. In Madeira are made the finest sweetmeats in the
world ; all kinds of fruits being here candied in the most ex-
quisite perfection. Madeira iswell watered and peopled ; the
inhabitants are good-natured, sober, frugal, and indolent.
F'unchal is the capital of this island, which isaboul l.'io miles
in circumference, and lies in l(j deg. W. Ion. and 33 deg.
N. lat.
MA'DELEY, a town in Shropshire, situated near the iron
bridge in Colebrook Dale, S miles N. N. W. of Bridgenorth,
and 147 N AV. of London.
MADEMOISELLE, *. a French appellative, given pro-
perly to the wives of gentlemen, but now generally to the
younger and unmarried women.
M A D(; ErI OWLlVr, s. an owl.
MADHOUSE, i. a house where mad people arc con-
finecl.
xM \D1D, a. I from 7;in*o, to be moist, Lat.] wet, moist,
damp.
MADLY, (irl. in a furious, raging, or lunatic manner.
M A'DM A N, i. a person deprived of the use of reason.
MA'DNEP, .s. a jilaiit of which there arc two sorts, one
called cow's iiarsnep, and the other with narrow leaves call-
ed the jagged niadnep.
MADNESS, i. adisoidered understanding; the state of a
person out of his senses; fury, wildness, or rage.
iMADllA'S, or Foitr St. (ii,ni?Gti:, called by liie na-
tives China PATAM, a fort and town of the peninsida of
Ilindoostan.on the coast of (!(Uomaiidel, built in the reign
of Charles II. by order of the jjiglish East India Company,
under the Miperiiitendenee of Sir William Langluuii; some
writers, however, ass'-rt, that it «as fiist settled in 1C40.
and afterwards enlarged in the reign of Charles II. It is
the principal settlement of the l•',l\gli^ll on the E. side of the
lieniusula, and is a fortress of very great extent, including.
M A v:
M A G
williin it a regular wt-II-built city. It !*• close on Iho margin
of the sea, fVoiii wliicli it has a rich and htantirul iippcar-
HDce ; Ihe houses heing covoretl with a stucco callt'd chu-
liaiii, which in itself is iK'arly as compact as li'ic finest tiiar-
tiie, and, as it l)cars as higii a polish, is c(|uallv splendid
with that elegant material. There is a second city, called
the niaclv 'lowii, nearly 4 miles in circuit, separated from
Madras by the breadth of a proper esplanade only. Ma-
dras, in comnHin with all the Kuropean settlenjcnts on this
coast, has no port for shipping; the coast forming nearly a
straight lijie : and it is inconunoded also with a high and
dangerous surf. The citadel here, which was planned by
Mr. Robins, and is siluated in the middle of the White, or
lu/glish Town, is one of the best fortresses in possession of
llie British nation. The town is also encompassed with a
strong wall, of the same stone with which the citadel is built,
defended by batteries, bastions, half moons, and Hankers ;
tJie whole mounted with upwards of 201) pieces of cannon
iind mortars. Opposite Ihe west gate of the citadel are bar-
racks, and a convenient hospital for the company's soldiers ;
mr\ at Ihe other end oft he barracks is a mint,wlicre the com-
pany coin gold and silver. Madras was first settled by the
English in IHtd, and greatly enlarged in the reign of Charles
II. It was taken by the French in 1746", but restored b\ the
treaty of Aix la-Chapelle. I.at. 13. 5. N. Ion. SO. 30. E.
MA'DIUD, the capital of Spain, in New Castile, situated
on the Manzauares, the banks of which, in the environs,
allbrd an agreeable shade, coolness, and verdure. It was for-
merly an obscure place, belonging to the archbishop of To-
ledo ; but Ihe purity of the air engaj^ed Charles V. and liis
-successors, to cliuse it for their residence. It is seated in a
large plain, surrounded by high mountains, but lias no wall,
rampart, or ditch. The houses are all built with brick, and
the streets are long, broad, and straight, and adorned at
proper distances willi handsome founlaini. There arc above
100 lowers or steeples, in different places, which contribute
greatly to the embellishment of the city. The royal pabice
is built on an eminence, at the extremity of the city. The
finest square in Madrid is the Placa (NFayor, which is spa-
cious and regular, surrounded with 136 houses, five stories
liigli.and of an equal height. Every sfajje is adorned witli
a iiaudsome balcony, and the fronts are supported by co-
lumns, forming a piazza round the square. Here Ihe Jiiar-
ket is held, and here they had their famous bull- tights. How-
ever, it is observable, that the very finest houses have no
glass windows, they being only lattices. The Prado, which
is the public airing place, is shaded with regular rows of
poplar trees, and is watered with 2,'' fountains. Here the
stately .Spaniards make the most brilliant display of llieir
finery. Philip II. built a large and magnificent bridge over
the river, wljich river being exceedingly small, has occa-
sioned a great many jokes. The city of Madrid contains 15
gates, 18 parishes, 3') convents of monks, and .■?! of nuns ;
39 colleges, hospitals, or houses of charity, 7098 dwelling-
lionses, and about 100,000 inhabitants. There are four
academies in Madrid ; the Academy of Belles Letlres; the
Academv of Spanish Historical Monuments; the Academy
of the Fine Arts, Painting, Sculpture, and Arcliitecture ;
and the Academy of Medicine; which 1-ist is held in no
great esteem. Lat. 40. 2r>. N. Ion. 3. 32, W.
MA'DRIER, s. in war, is a thick plank, armed with iron
plates, having a cavity sufficient to receive the mouth of the
petard when charged, with which it is applied against a
gate, or oilier thing intended to be broken down.
MA'DUIGAL, J. [nirtf/W"-"/, Span, and Fr.] originally a
pastoral ; at present, a little amorous poem or song, contain-
ing a certain number of unequal verses, not confined either
to the scrupulous regularity of a sonnet, or the sublilty of an
epigram, but consisting of some tender and delicate, yet
simple thought, properly expressed.
MA'DWORT, i. a plant with purple blossoms; called
also small wild bugloss, great goosegrass, and Cierinan mad-
viort.
ilA'I'LSTROM, a >ery extraordinary and dangerous
whirlporil on the coast of Norway, in lat. (58 (leg. N. Of
the situation ol liiis whirlpool we have the following account
from Jonas Ramus: "The mountain of llelfeggeii, in I,<>-
foden, lies a league from the island Ver, and betwixt tlu'se
two runs that largcaud dreadCul stream, called .Moskoestrum,
from the island Moikoe, which is in the middle of it, loge
thcr with several circuuiiacent isle:i, as Ambaareii, halt a
quarterofa league northward, Illcjen, Hoehobn, Kieldholni,
Suarven, and 15u( klioliii. Moskoe lies about half a (luartcr
of a mile south of the liland of Ver, and betwixt them, these
tmall islanils, Oiterholm, Klimem, Sandlb-sin, and Stock-
holm. I'etwixl Lofoilen and Moskoe, the depth o' Ihe wa-
ter is between 3r) and 40 fathoms ; but on the othei side, to-
ward Ver, Ihe depth decreases so as not to afibrd a conve-
nient passage for a vessel, without the risk of splitting on the
rocks, which happens even in the calniesi weather. When
it is lloofl, the stream runs up the counlry between Lofoden
and .Moskoe with a boisterous rajiidity ; but Ihe roar of its
impetuous ebb to the sea is scar( e equalled bv the loinlest
and nmsl dreadful cataracts, the ni!i>e being beard several
leagues off, and the vortices or pits are of such extent and
depth, that if a ship comes within its attraction, it is inevi-
tably absorbed and carried down to the bottom, and there
beat to pieces against the rocks; anil when the water relaxe>,
tile fragments thereof are thrown up again. Hut these in-
tervals (d' triiiiquillily are only at the turn of the ebb and
Hood, in calm weather, and last but a quarter of an hour,
its violence gradually returning. When the stream is most
boisterous, and its fury heightened by a storm, it is dan-
gerous to come within a Norway mile of it ; boats, ships, and
yalchts having been carried away, by not guarding against it
before they were within its reach. It likewise happens fre-
quently, that w hales come loo near the stream, and are over-
powered by its violence, and then it is impossible todescribe
their bowlings and bellowings, in their fruitless struggles to
disengage themselves. A bear, once attempting to swim
from Lofoden to Moskoe, with a design of preying upon the
sliecii at pasture in the island, afforded the like spectacle
to the people; the stream caught him, anri bore him down,
while he roared terribly, so as to be heard on shore. Large
stocks of firs and pine trees, after being absorbed by the cur-
rent, rise again, broken and torn to such a degree as if
bristles grew on them. This plainly shews the bottom t«
consist of craggy rocks, among which they are whirled to
and fro. This stream is regulated by Ihe flux and reflux of
the sea ; it being constantly high and low water every six
hours. In the year Ifi45, early in the morninij of Sexage-
sima Sunday, it rageil with so much noise and impetuosity,
that on the island of Moskoe, the very stones of the houses
iell to the grniind."
MAESTRICHT, a large, antient town of the Netherlands,
formerly belonging to the duchy of Lorrain. It was after-
wards united totlieducliy of Brabant, although insulated in
Ihe bishopric of Liege. The town-house and other public
buildings are handsome,and the place is so well defended by
detached bastions, born works, cntrenchmeiitj, numerous re-
doubts, ravelins, a good covered way, etc. that it is justly
reckoned one of Ihe strongest fortresses in Eurcpe. Near it
are large stone quarries, in which are subterraneous passages
of great extent. It is seated on Ihe river Maese, which se-
parates it from Wyck, and with whicli it communicates by
a handsome bridge, I.t miles N. of Liege, and 46 E. of Brus-
sels. Lat. f>(). .')!. N. Ion. .5. 46. E.
MAGADOXA, or MOLDO'SCHO, the capital of s
kingdom of the same name in Africa, on the coast of the In-
dian Sea; seated near Ihe moulh of a river of ihe same
name with a good harbour. The country of .Magadoxa
extends from the river Jiiboo, near the ei|uator, to l)cyond
the fifth degree of N. lat. [how far it extends to the west-
ward is but little known. The inhabitants are mostly Ma-
hometans, who came and settled here in the time of theia-
liphs. Mixed with the u are the Bedwin Arabs, who still
follow their old pagan s.iperstili'ms, and a still greater num-
ber of Abyssinian Clinslians. Ah speak the Aiabic tongue
MAG
M A (J
Ttie inl)<il>i(anfs are warlike, anil use poisoned arrows and
laiices. The cily of Majjarloxa is a jiiace of fjreat coiii-
mciee, forei;;!) merchants fVoni Aden, and other parts, ex-
changing eotton, silk, cloth, spices, drugs, Ac. for gold,
ivory, wax, and olherconiniodities. I>at.2.30. N. Ion. 44.0. K.
?il AGAC'RI, ^. in ornithology, the name of a Brasiliau
bird of the st(,rk kind.
3I.A'GAZINE, {mnga:een) s. [tjwgazine, Fr.] a store-
house; generally applied to an arsenal, or place wherein
military stores are laid up; a miscellaneous pamphlet, so
called from a periodical miscellany, or collection of various
pieces, Kene:allv published monthly.
]M.'\'GDALEN, i. a name applied to a penitent prostitute.
Magdalen-houses, or hospitals, are places set apart for the
reception of such. It is supposed, however, by some, that
there is not sufficient authority from the history of Mary
Magdalen in Scripture, to apply this epithet.
MA'GDEBUilCi, a large, well-built, and trading town of
LowerSaxony, capital of a duchy of t!ie same name. In the
cathedral is a superb mausoleum of Olho the Great. The
cathedral square is ornamented with large elegant houses
and its area is well paved. Here are different manufacto-
ries of cotton ami linen goods, stockings, hats, beautiful lea-
ther gloves, tobacco and siiutf; but the princii-al are those
of woollen and silk. It is happily situated fortradf, having
;mi easy communicatii)n with Hamburgh by the El'e, and
lying on the road between Upper and Lower Germanv. It
was taken by storm, in 1G3I, by the imperial general Tilly,
i\ho burnt the town and nrassacred the inhabitants, of uhoin
only 800 escaped out of 40,000 ; and many young women
|)lung('d into the Elbe to escape violation. It is strongly
fortified, ha\ing, among other works, a citadel seated on
an island in the river Elbe, and is 52 miles W. S. W. of
Potsdam. Lat. 52. 11. N. Ion. U. 45. E.
iMA'GDEFiURG, a duchy in Lower Saxony, about 60
miles in leiiglli and 30 in breadth, lately subject to the kin^
of Prussia. In 1*03, it contained 35 towns and 431 villages.
1 1 produces fine cattle, and the country affords several mines
<vf pit-coal ; and the salt-springs are so rich, that they areable
to supply all Germany with that commodity.
M.'\GE'LLAN, a famous strait of South America, disco-
vered in 1520 by Ferdinando Magellan, a Portuguese in the
service of S|iain. It has many safe harbours in if, with
narrow entrances, and vast large bays, sheltered so closely
on all sides by high mountains, that ships may ride safely in
tliem without the least anchor. The Spaniards call the
country to the N. of the Strait, Terra Magellanica, and
reckon it part of Chili. They had a fort and garrison upon
tlii.-; strait, but the men all perished through cold and want
of provisions.
MA'GGOT, s. [tnafrrod, Brit.] a sma.l kind of worm,
of a whitish colour, found in nuts, &c. which turns into a
fly. Figurativelv, a whimsey ; caprice ; an odd fancy.
MA'GGO'i'TlNESS, *•. the state of having, or abounding
ivitli nuiggols.
!^L\'GGOTTV, a. full of maggots. Figuratively, whimsi-
cal ; capricious : fantastical ; fanciful. SynoN. Funtastical
implies a rambling from true taste, through excess of deli-
cacy, or an unseasonable search after something belter.
Wiiimsiral nicansan affectation of singularity. By rnnffgulli/
is understood a great inconstancy, or sudden change of
.ta^te. FaniifiU implies a certain revolution of humour, or a
particular vvav ol'lhinkiiig.
MA'Gi, *. [Persian! a title given to the aiitient philoso-
Vliers among the Persian.s, who were the chief personages
ill the kingdom, and iiad the whole maiiagenient of i)ublic
i flairs
M A'CIC, s. [mac^iais, froin Ma^iis, a Persian philosopher,
Lai ] in Its primary sense, the doctrine of the antient magi
among ihe I'erslaus; the knowledge of the secret operations
of the pouersof nature, or a science which teaches to pro-
duce surprising and extraordinary eflccls. A cornspon-
dei!ce vtitli I'jii spirits, by means of w hiili a person was
oiiXt to perfuim snr[>ribiiig things ; soictry.
i71
MAOIC, n. acting by (he co-operation of evil sp.rits ;
acting by irresistible influi-nce.
MAGICAL, a. acting or performed by secret and in-
visible powers, either of nature, or the ageiicy of cv.l
spirits.
MA'CilCALLY, ad. by the assistance or co-operation of
evil spirits ; according to the rules of magic, or tlie practice
of magicians. ^
MA(ilCIAN, (mnjisMan)s.[mngiais, from Magus, a Per-
sian philosopher, Lat.] a conjuror ; necromancer; enchant-
er ; one skilled in magic.
MAGISTE'RIAL, a. [from magister,a master, Lat.] such
as becomes a nuisler ; also lofty, aiiogaul, proud, or impe-
rious. In chymistry, prepared chymically, or after the
manner of a magistery.
MAGISTEKIALLY, ad. in a proud, imperious, or inso-
lent manner.
MAGISTE'RIALNESS, s. the quality of ordering in a
proud, haughty, and insolent manner.
MAGISTEKY, s. [from 7uaguti-i; a master, Lat. J in chy-
mistry, a very fine powder made by solution and precipita-
tion.
MA'GISTRACY, s. [from magister, a master, Lat.] the
office or dignity of a person w ho is charged with authority
or government over others.
iNiA'(;iSTRATE, ,!. [from j)i"»-i>/fj-, a master, Lat.] aper-
son publicly invested with authority, or the governtnent of
others.
MA'GNA-CIIA'RTA, {MngnaKaria) s. [Lat.] the great
charter of the liberties and laws of Kngland : its origin may
be derived even from P^dward the Confessor, and was conti-
nued by Henry I. and his successors, Stephen, Henry II. and
king John; but that more particularly meant by this word
was granted in the ninth year of Henry HI. since which. Sir
Edward Coke observes, that, even in Iris days, it had been
confirmed above thirty times.
MAG NAN I'M ITY, s. [mngnnnimite, Fr. from magnus,
great, and aninms, mind, courage, Lat [greatness of s<>ul ; a
disposition of mind exerted in contemning dangers and dif-
ficulties, in scorning temptations, and despising earthly
pomp and splendour.
M AGXA'iS'lMOU.S, a. [from magims, great, and aniiuKS,
mind, courage, Lat. 1 courageous ; generous; brave.
MAGNA'NIMOUSLY, ad. with greatness of mind and
contempt of dangers, difhculties, pleasures, and external
pomp.
MAGNE'SIA, J. fti chymistry, one of the nine primitive
earths. It is very soft, wiiite, light earth, with little taste or
smell, unalterable in the fire, and almost insoluble in water.
It is usetid in medicine, and is employed by the manulac-
turers of enamels and porcelain.
MA(fNESI.-\N, fl. in chymistry, belonging to nuignesia.
MA'GNET, s. [irom ntttgnes, Lat.] the loadstone. I here
are also artificial nutguels which are steel or iron bar im-
pregnated with the magnetic virtue so as to possess all the
properties of the natural loatlstone.
MAGNETIC, or MAGNICTICAL, «. relating to the
loadstone ; having the quality of attracting bodies like the
loadstone.
M.AGNETISM, j. the affractive power of the loadstone ;
the power of attraction. Also the name given to a species
of (puu kery, introduced some years ago, and now fallen into
disrepute, in which the patient was alfecled by sympathy,
and thrown into fainling fits, and deliriums, with a view to
proinole the cure ol certain disorders.
MA(iNlKr.\r.LE, n. capable of being extolled or
praised.
M A(;NT TIC, or MAGNT FICAL, a. [from magnvs, great,
and fcicio, to make. Lat.] nole<l ; illustrious; g'"<nd, or
noble.
lM.\GNrFICl''N(^E, J. [from mngims, great, and ft/ci'i, to
make, Lat. | giaiideiir of appearance, consisting in builif«ig:8,
clothes, or furuilnre ; splendour.
M.\(7MTIC1''NT, a. [fioni mugvns, :'Vc;\t, and facio, *t
M A !
M A I
uuikc, Lat.J grand in appearMice ; striking tlir eye wilh an
a;)pi'aiancc olricliMc;-,, poiiiii, or splendour ; fond ot spleu-
ilour, or an apiioaniuf r of riclios.
MAGNITICEN'I'I-V, rti/. pompousiy : snliMiHidly.
MAGNI'FICO, i. [Ital. plural mag;nilu;,in\ a grandee of
Venice.
MAGNIFIER, .'. one that praises or extols a person. In
optics, a glass wliicli increases the apparent size ol any
object.
ToMA'(iNIFY, V. n. [from mrioimx, ^jreat, and fiicir, to
make, Lat.j to make fjreat ; toexlc.t will) praise ; to cmiIi ;
to elevate or raise liif,dier in esteein. In optics, to male a
thin;; a]ipi'ar lar;;er than its real apparent size.
MA'GM'l'L'DK, *. [iVoin mnp;iiiii\ <;reat, L;;t.] srealiirss,
applied to size, comparative bulk ; iiye. Grandeur or
sublimity, apjilied to Lientinirnt.
]VI A'Gl'Yls, .«. a bird party-eolonred with bl.ul: and white,
sometimes tauglit to talk. Tiguratively, a person \ilio talks
to excess.
MAHOGANY, j. a veil-known wood, in great est>eem
for its beauty and durability, the produce of a species of the
cedar-tree, broujjht from Honduras and other parts.
JMAHO'METANISM, ,f. the system of reliL;ion broached
by Maiiomet and still adhered to by his followers. See
Alcoran.
MAHRA'TT.'VS, the name of two large states of India,
wliicii derive their name from Malirat, an antient province
of the Deccaii. They are called the I'oonah, or Western
Mahrattas ; and the Berar, or Eastern. Collectively, they
occupy all the southern part of Hindoostan Proper, v.ith a
large proportion of the Deccan. Malua, Candeish, \isia-
pour, and part of Orissa; the principal parts of Berar, tin-
zerat, and AH;imere ; and a small part of Dowlatabad, Agra,
and Allahabad, are comprised within their extensive empire,
which extends nearly from sea to sea, across the widest part
of liie peninsula ; and fr<nii the contines of Agra northward
to the river Kistna southward ; forming a tract of about 1000
miles long and 700 broad. The western state, the capital of
V'liich is Poonah, is divided among a number of chiefs, or
princes, whose obedience to the paishwa, or head, like that
of tile German princes to the emperor, is merely nominal at
any time ; and, in some cases, an opposition of interests be-
j;ets wars, not only between the niemberE of the empire
themselves, but also between the members and the head.
Nagponr is the capitalof the Eastern Mahrattas. Both these
states, with the Nizam of the Deccan, were in alliance with
the English Ivast India Company, in the war against liie late
Tippoo Sidtan, from w hose territories, on the termination
of the war, they have all gained great acquisitions.
MAID, orMAI'DEN, .v. [??Kr*n, Sax.J a virgin; a wo-
man-servant. A lish, a species of skate.
MA'IDl'iN, a. consisting of virgins ; fresh; new; unused,
unpolluted.
MA'IDEN, s. an edged instrument formerly used in
some countries, particularly Scotland, for the beheading
of criminals. It appears to have been revived in the ma-
chine used bv the French, and called the guillotine.
MAI'DENHAIR, «. in botany, a genus of the fens. The
great golden maidenhair is a species of the hairnioss.
Maidenhead, s. the state or condition of a maid or
pure virgin; virginity. Figuratively, newness ; freshness;
an unpolluted state.
maidenhead, antient iy South EALiNGTON',ato\vn
of Beiiishire, seated on the river Thames, on the great wes-
lern road, carrying on a sreat trade in malt, meal, and
timber, in their barges to London. It is 1-2 miles E. by
N. of Reading, and '26 W. of London. Market ou Wed-
nesday.
MA;iDENUP,j.anherb.
MA'IDENLY, a. like a maid ; modestly; gently ; timo-
rously.
AI.AIDMA'RIAN, s. a kind of dance, so called from a
buftbon 'dressed like ]a man, who plays tricks to the po-
puiace.
Ma TDS1'.|!\'ANT, .». a woman or female servant.
Ai.yiDS TONE, a considerable borough of Ivent, wliirlf
contains above OltOO inhabitants. It is a large place, con-
sisting of 4 principal streets, which intersect each other at
ilic market- cross, with a jail and coimfy-hall. In the antietit
liritons' time, it was reckoned their third chief city, having;
belli a station ol the Komans. By means of the Medway, it
enjoys a brisk trade in exporting tindjer, Ilour, apples, nuts,
and other coniMiodities of the county, pailicularly hops, of
uhich liieie are nmnerous plantations around it, as well as
orchards ol cherries. Here are likewise some capital paper-
mills, and a maiMif,;ctory of lini'n thread, originally iijtro-
(huidby the I'leniings. The tide flows (jiiile up to the town,
and brings up barges of .00 or CO tons. It is seated on the
river iMedway, a branch of which runs through the to«u, in
a very (ilenliiul country, '.) miles S. of Rochester, 20 \V. of
Canterbury, and 35 S. E. by Iv of London. JLirlcet on
'j'hursday, and another market on the second Tuesday iii
every month.
MAJ1':'ST1C, or MAJE'STICAL, «. august ; noble;
great; stately; pompous; sublime; elevated or lofty. '
M AJlsSTlCALLY, orf. with dignity or grandeur; with
loftiness of style or sentiments.
MA.IESTV, .«. [majestds, from muf^mts, great, Lat.] great-
ness ; dignity; power or sovereignty; the title given to
kings and (pieens.
MAIL, s. [mmlle, Fr.] a coat of steel net-work worn for
defence ; any armour ; a bag or postman's bundle of
letters.
To MAIL,t>. a. to arm, or dress in a coat of mail; tocover
as with armour.
To MAIM, V. a. \meJiiiigner, ohl Fr.] to cut ofi'auy mem-
ber ; to hurt or wound.
MAIM, .«. the act ofcutt'og offa limb, or disabling a per-
son by a blow.
MAIN, a. [jj!«ffH(?, old Fr.] principal or chief; vast ; gross,
or containing the chief part.
MAIN, *. the gross, bulk, or greatest part. Force, from
nif^ncii. Sax. "With might and »no(«." Hudih. A hand at
dice, fiom imnus, Lat. The great sea, as distiugaishefi
from bays and rivers. The continent.
MAINLAND, s. the continent.
MAINLAND, ORKNEY, or POMONA, the principal
of the Orkney islands, is 2-1 miles lontj, and broad. I'iic
general appearance of the country is not very difiVrent
from the Mainland of Shetland. The soil, however, is nsore
fertile, and, in some parts, better cultivated. Kirkwall is
the capital.
MAINLAND, the principal of the Shetland isles, is GO
miles long, from N. to S. its breadth, which vanes greatly,
seldom exceeds G miles. The face of tlu- country exhibits
a prospect of black, craggy mountains, and marshy plains,
interspersed with some verdant spots, which appear suiooth
and fertile. Neither tree nor shrub is to be seen, except
the juniper and the heath. The mountains abound willi
various kinds of those animals called game. Lofty clitis,
impending over the sea, are the haunts of eagles, falcons,
and ravens. The deep caverns underneath shelter seals
and otters ; and to the winding ir.'.ys resort the swans,
geese, scarfs, and other aqir.itic birds. The seas abound
with tish, such as the cm], Inrbot, ai-.d haddock ; but, par-
ticularly, at certain seasons, with shoals of herrings of in-
credible extent ; and they are visited, at the same tune, by
whales and other fish. Lobsters, oysters, muscles, cKrc. are
also plentiful. The hills are covered with sheep of a small'
breed, and of a shaggv appearance ; but their fleece is com-
monly very soft, and often extremely fine. From their
wool stockings of a tine texture have been made, that, ai-
though of a large size, a pair was capable of passing through
a common gold ring. Their horses are of a diminutive
size, but remarkably strong and handsome, and are well
known by the name of Shelties, from the name of the coun-
try. Many rivulets, and considerable lakes, abound wit^i
salujou, trout, Ac. A mine of copper,^ and another of iron,
6;i
IViAJ ,
have liitelv been opened near llie S. extremity of tliis island,
■fliey arc ill the liands of the Anglesey company, and are
s.iid to he extremely productive. There is an immense
store of peat, hut no coal. Lerwick is the capital.
MAITs'LY, ad. chiefly or principally; greatly or pow-
erful I v.
MAI'NMA^^T, s. the chief or middle mast of a ship.
MAI'NFERNOR, s. a person to whom one in custody is
delivered, upon his becoming bound for his appearance ; a
surety or bail.
MAlNFRlSIC, (thei. is pronounced 'ike z) s. \mnin and
vris, Fr.] in law, the receivin;; a person into frieiKJly cus-
tody, " ho otherwise must have gone to prison, on security
given that he shall be forthcomingat a certain time or place
appointed. It difi'ers from lji7, because a person is in this
case said to be at large from the day of his being iiiainprised
until the day of appearance : but where a person is bailed
till a certain day, he is in law always accounted to be in the
ward of his bailtill that time, who may, if he please, keep
bim nniler conHnement.
To M.M'NPRISE, v.n. to receive a person into friendly
oisfody, by giving security for his appearance at a certain
lime appointed.
iMAl'NSAlL, s. the sail of the mainmast.
M AI'NSHEET, s. the sheet or sail of the mainmast.
To MAINTAIN, i'. a. [maintenir, Fr.] to preserve or
keep; to defend or hold out ; to vindicate or justify ; to sup-
port or keep up; to supply with the conveniencies of life ;
to assert positively.
MALNTAINABLE, a. defensible; jtistitiable.
MAlNTArNF^R, *. one that supplies another with tlie
conveniencies of life ; one that defends a place against an
enemy ; one that asserts and supports any doctrine.
MAINTENANCE, f. fmnn//™™?, Fr.] a livelihood; a
sufficiency to supply the conveniences or necessaries of
life; support, protection, or defence ; continuance without
failure.
MAl'.VTOP, s. the top of the mainmast.
MA ITv lOP GALLANT-MAST, s. a mast half the length
ofthe niainlop-mast.
MA^Nl'OP-x^L\ST, s. a mast half the length of the
mainmast.
MAI'NYARD, s. the yard of (he mainmast.
AL\'JOR, n. [the compaiative of mn<rnns, great. Lat.]
greater in number, quantity, estent, equality, or dignity.
MAJOR, s. in the army, an officer above the captain,
and Ilie lowest field-officer. In logic, the lirst proposition
in a syllogism. A person who is of age to manage his own
alfairs; the eldest oftwo.
M.AJORATION, i. the act of making greater; increase;
tnlargemint.
M\.)()'RCA. an island belonging to Spain, in the Medi-
terranean >»ea, betuien Ivica and Minorca, the largest of
those anlieutly called Bdliayen, about fjO miles in liiiglh and
3.') in breadth. It is mountainous in the N. and \V. parts,
but firlile, producing corn, oil, hnney, saHVon, callle, fish,
rabbits, partridges, deer, wild foul, horses, iVc. 'I'lie whole
isUuid is encoBifiassed with wati li towers. Il is tcmpirate
and wholesome, but iJie excessive heat fretpuTtlv occasions
a scarcity. It has no considerable rivers, though there are
a (('■eat many tine fountains and wi Us, and si'veral good
har.'iours. The (iiliabitaiits are robust, lively, and good
sailors. The capital city bears li.e same name as the I
island.
MAJOR nOMO, s. |Ital.|one who occasionally holds
the place of the master of a house ; a master of a family.
.MAJOR-GENERAL, j. -a general oUker of the second
|;Hik,"ho receives the general's orders, gives them to the
ui.ijors of brigades, and connnands on the left when there
are tu o attacks at a siege.
MA.IO'RITY, s. [from major, greater, Lat.] the state of
being greater: the greater iinmbcr ; full age; oHice of a
major ; antcslry.
ilJG
MAI
MAIZF, s. Indian corn, formerly the principal gram in
many ofthe American stales.
ToNL\KF,, V. a. preler. and participle passive madt ;
[mncmi, Sax.| to create; to form of materials; to com-
pose ; to do, perform, practise, or use ; to cause to have any
quality, or bring into any state. To compel, or force, fol-
lo«ed by a verb. " Made to rise." Locke. To sell, so as
to gain. " He viahes five marks.' Sliak. To mal^e away, to
kill or destroy. " jSIahe aiini/ his brother." S/iah. To
transfer. " Debtors to some friends wn/.e all away." Waller.
To make amends, to recompense, or re.pay. To make free
iritk, to treat without cerejnony. To make ^ood, to maintain,
defeml, justify, fulfil, or accomplisii. To make light of, to
consider as of no importance or consequence. To make
love, to court. 7'o mnke merrif, to feast or partake of a jo-
vial entertainment. To make over, to transfer ; to settle in
the hands of trustees. To make of, to produce from ; to ac-
count, or esteem ; to clierish, or foster. What to make of, is,
how to understand. To make out, to clear up, explain, or
solve a difficulty ; to prove, or evince. To make sure of, to
look upon, or consider, ascertain ; to secure the possession
of. To make traij, to force a passage ; to introduce ; to pro-
ceed. " We could make little or no way." To make up, lo
get together; to reconcile ; to repair; to shape ; to supply ;
to accomplish, conclude, or complete.
ALA K F, i. form ; shape; nature.
MA'KEfSATE, s. [from make and leal, or debate] a person
who excites quarrels.
MAKER, s. the Creator ; one who prmluces any
thing ; one who sets a person or thing in an advantageous
state.
MA'KEPE.\CE, *. one that reconciles persons at vari-
ance ; a peacemaker.
M.A'KEW EIGHT, s. any thing thrown in to make up
weight.
MALA'CCA, called by the antients the Golden Cherso-
nesns, a large iieninsnla in Asia, bounded on the N. by
Siam ; and on all other sides by the ocean ; about 500 miles
in length, and from (iO to 150 in breadth. It produces few
conniiodities for trade, except tin and elephants' teeth ; but
thereare a great many excellent fruits and roots, which yield
good refresliment for strangers that call here. The pine-
apple is the i)est in the world, and the niaujoslain is a deli-
cious fruit, in the shape of an apple, whose skin is thifkand
red. The rand)ostan is ofthe size of a valunt, with a very
agreeable pulp ; and the durian, though it has not a pleasant
snudi, yet has a very tlelicious taste. They have plenty of
cocoa nuts, uhose shells will hold an English (piait ; besides
lemons, oranges, limes, sugar-canes, and mangoes. 'I'liere
is hut little corn, and sheep and bullocks are scarce ; but
l«irk, poultry, and fish, arc jirettv plentiful. The religion
ofthe natives is a mixture of INIahomelanism. Their lan-
guage is peculiaily soft, and is as common in the Indies as
the French is in Europe, being very easily ac<iuired, because
it has no iiifleciions either in nouns or verbs. The interior
inhabitants, who are for the most part savages, have aban-
doned themselves, with desperation, to the most ferocious
h'.iliils, taking delight in doing mischief to their neighbours.
Tin- Dnleli have been masters (jf ihe town id' .Malacca, situ-
ali.'d ontheS. \V. coast, since l(il(», when they took it from
the Portuguese, after a six months' siege. While in posses-
sion of the latter, it was famous all ovi'r India and I'.urope,
icing, after tloa and Oruiuz, by I'ar the richest city in the
Indie-,, and a great market for all the ditlerent commodities
prndiiced in .lapaii, CMtina, Formosa, ToiKpiin C<,cliiii-
Chiiia, (iium, Lucon, Aii;lio\ua, Ac. During the late war,
it was atl.uked and taken by the English, but was lestored
at th< peace. L;it. •>. !•>. N.' Ion. 1(11. fi. E.
MA'LACIII, {Malahi) a canonical book ofthe Old Tes-
tameiit, and the last of the twelve lesser prophets. This
prophet distinctly poiuti'd out the .Messiah, who was sud.
deiily to come to his ti'iriple, and to be introduee<l by Elij'.di
Ihe prophet, that is, by Jciiiii Ihe llaptist, who came in the
power and spirit of Elias, or Elijah.
M A L I
MALM
577
MA'LACHITK, {malakitc) s. in mineralogy, a green ore
ot copper. It takes its name from mtitache, the leal' of the
mallow, Gr. which it resumhli'S in colour.
MA'LADY, s. [nialuJii!, Fr.l a disease; a disorder in the
boily ; sickness.
MALA'NDBUS, s. [from mul amltre, to go ill, Ital.] a
disease in horses, consisting of a dry seal) above the pastern.
MA'LAPEKT, a. saucy ; quick in making replies, but im-
pudent and saucy.
SIA'LAPEUTN'ESS, s. liveliness or quickness in making
replv, attended with sauciness.
JI'A'LAPERTLY, uiI. saucily.
MALA'TES, s. in chemistry, salts formed by the combina-
tion of any base with malic acid.
To MALAXATE, v. a. [from malasso, Gr.] to soften, or
make soft, any body.
MALAX A'TION, f. the act of softening.
MA'LDEN, (Mautden) antiently Camelndunum, a populous
town of Essex, the first Roman colony in Britain, and the seat
of some of the old British kings, situated near the confluence
of the Clielmer with the Blackwater. Vessels of 400 tons
burden come up to the haven to unload; the colliers, how-
ever, lie in deep water below the town, and the coals are
fetched up in lighters. Maiden carries on a considerable trade
in corn, coal.*!, iron, wine, brandy, rum, deals, and chalk rub-
bish. The custom of Borough English is kept up here. It is
10 miles E. of Chelmsford, and 37 N. E. of London Market
on Saturday.
M A'LDIVE LSLANDS, a cluster of islands, said to be 1000
in number, S. W. of Cape Comorin, in the Indian Sea. The
northernmost is in lat. 7. 6. N. Ion. 73. 4. E. The principal
of them, called Male, about a league and a half in circum-
ference, is the most fertile, and the residence of the prince; it
is situated nearly in the centre. These islands are small, and
mostly uninhabited. The inhabitants are a mixture of Arabs
and Indians of Malabar. They supply vessels with sails and
cordage, cocoa-nuts, oil, honey, dry lish, tortoise-shell, and
especially cowries.
MALE, a. [male, Fr.] belonging to the he-sex, opposed to
female.
MALE, s. the he of any species.
MALE, in composition, implies ill, and is derived from
male, Lat. tnale, old Fr.
MALE-ADMINISTRA'TION, s. bad conduct or manage-
ment of affairs.
MALECONTE'NT, s. one dissatisfied with the measures
of government ; a fomenter of sedition in a state.
MALECONTE'NTED, a. discontented ; dissatisfied.
MALECONTE'NTEDLY, ad. in a dissatisfied or discon-
tented manner.
MALECONTE'NTEDNESS, s. discontentedness ; disaffec-
tion to a government.
MALEDI'CTED, a. [from male, ill, and dico, to say, Lat.]
accursed ; execrated.
MALEDI'CTION, s. [fiom male, ill, and dico, to say, Lat.]
a curse ; execration ; the act of denouncing or wishing evil to
a person.
MALEFA'CTION, s. [fromma/e, ill, and facio, to do, Lat.]
a crime. Not in use.
MALEFA'CTOR, s. [from male, ill, and/ac;o, to do, Lat.]
an evil doer; offender against the law; criminal.
MALEPRA'Ci'ICE, s. any practice contrary to settled
rules or customs.
MALE'VOLENCE, s. [from ma/?, ill, and fo/o, to wish,
Lat.] ill-will; an inclination to hurt.
MALE'VOLENT, a. [from male, ill, and volo, to wish, Lat.]
ill-disposed towards another; inclined to do another a mis-
chief.
MALE'VOLENTLY, ad. after a manner which shews an
inclination to hurt.
MA'LIC, II. in chemistry, belonging to apples. The malic
acid is that which exists iti the juice of apples.
MA'LiCE, s. [Fr. from malus, evil, Lat.] deliberate misr
chief; a lung continued desire of hurling others.
MALT'CIOnS, (^malisltiousj a. [malitieux, Fr. from malus,
evil, Lat.] preserving a continual propensity and resolution to-
wards reveritre, or injuring others.
MALrCI()U.SLY, (^malhhwusly) ad. in a manner which
shews an habitual thirst of revenge, or a deliberate intention
of doing mischi'f.
IMaLI'CIOUSNESS, (ma/K/iM!iSneM)j. thequality of brood-
ing long upon injuries, and being obstinately bent for some
time to do a person a mischief.
MALI'GN, {malm) s. [from malus, evil, Lat.] ill-disposed
towards any one ; strongly and obstinately bent to do a person
mischief. In medicine, infectious, pestilential, or fatal to the
body.
To MALI'GN, {malln) v. a. to regard with envy or malice ;
to do a miochicf ; to revenge.
MALI'GN ANCY, s. malice; unfavourableness. In medi-
cine, a destructive tendency.
MALI'GN ANT, a. [malignarit, Fr.] envious; unfavourable;
malicious ; revengeful. In medicine, mortal, or endangering
life.
MALI'GNANTLY, ad. in a malicious or mischievous
manner.
MALI'GNER, {mallner) s. one who is obstinately bent to
do another a mischief; a person who censures in a sarcastic
manner.
MALI'GNITY, s. [malignile, Fr.] hnrtfulness or evilness
of nature ; a disposition ol)stinately bad or malicious. In
physic, a quality which endangers and threatens life.
MALI'GNLY, (ma//n/j/) ad. enviously; with malice or an
obstinate inclination to do ill.
MA'LKIN, (niui'illiin) .•:. [Iromvial, a contraction of Mart/,
and kin, a ditr.inutive termination] a kind of mop made of
clouts, with which bakers clean their ovens. Figuratively, a
figure made up of rags ; a dirty wench.
MALL, [maul) s. [malkvs, Lat.] a stroke or blow. " Give
that reverend head a mall." Hudib. A mallet. A walk
where they formerly used to play with malls and balls, (and
then pronounced mell) whence the mall in St. James's Park,
and Pall mall near his majesty's palace in St. James's. In this
last sense the word is derived from moll, Isl. a walk paved
with shells.
To MALL, {viatil) v. a. to beat or strike with a mall. See
Maul.
MA'LLARD, s. [malart, Fr.] the drake or male of the
species of wild ducks.
MALLEABI'LITY, s. the quality of bearing to be beaten,
and spreading inider the strokes of the hammer.
MA'LLEABLE, a. [rnalliahle, Fr.] capable of enduring
the strokes of a hammer, and being variously formed
thereby.
MA'LLEABLENESS, s. the quality of being hammered
into various forms.
To MA'LLEATE, v. a. [from malleus, a haniiuer, Lat.] to
hammer; to forge or shape by the hammer.
MA'LLE T, s. [malleus, Lat.] a wooden hammer.
MA'LLING, a town in Kent, with a market on Saturday
It is 6 miles W. of Alaidstone, and 29 E. by S. of London.
MA'LLOWS, s. [t7ia;leiee. Sax.] There are several species
of this plant; the sinall, dwarf, common, vervain, and musk
mallows, are the oidy species native in England, properly so
called. The sea-tree mallow, is a species of the lavetera of
Linnseus.
MA'LMSBURY, originally MAiDtjLPHSBrRGH, and by
corruption Malmsbury ; in an antient manuscript, however,
called Adhelmsbiri^, an ancient town in Wiltshire, which
drives a considerable trade in the woollen manufacture. It
was long famous for its abbey, which flourished in great
wealth, exceeding all in the county in bigness, revenues,
and honour. Its abbot was mitred, and sat .in parliament.
The memory of Aldhelm, its first abbot, the favourite of the
great Saxon king Athelstan, and whom he procured to be
canonized after his death, is still kept up by a meadow near
this town, called AlJhiiin's Mead. King Athelstan amply
endowed the abbey, granted the town large immunities, and
4£
in
MALW
MANA
chose it for his burying-place ; he was buried accordingly
under the high altar of the church, and his monument still
remains in the nave of it. It is pleasantly situated on the river
Aron, which almost surrounds it, and over which it has six
bridges, 9G miles E. by N. of Bristol, and 95 W. of London.
Market on Saturday.
MA'LMSEY, J. [so called from Malvasta, where it is pro-
duced] a luscious wnie ; sack.
MA'LO, St. a sea-port in the department of llle and
Vilaide, on a small island, united to the main land by a narrow
mole or causeway, 6 or 700 yards in length ; it has a large,
well-frequented harbour, but difficult of access, on account of
the rocks that surround it, and is a rich trading place, strong
by nature and art towards the sea, and defended by a citadel.
It is 206 miles N. W. of Paris. Lat. 48. S9. N. Ion. 1.
S7.W.
MA'LPAS, {Maupas) a town of Cheshire, with a market
on Monday. It is 12 miles S. E. of Chester, and IC6 N. E.
of London.
MALPI/A'QUET, a village of the late Austrian Hainault,
famous for a dearly-purchased victory, gained Sept. 11, 1709,
by the allies under the duke of Marlborough and prince
Eugene, over the French, commanded by the marshals Villars
and Boufflers. The confederates took 40 colours and standards,
16 pieces of artillery, and a great number of prisoners. It is
8 miles S. E. of Mons.
MALT, {mnult) s. \inealt, Sax.] barley steeped in water till
it sprouts, and then dried in a kiln.
MA'LTA, (Maulta) an island of the Mediterranean, be-
tween Africa and Sicily, 20 miles in length, and 12 in its
greatest breadth. It was antiently little else than a barren
rock ; but such quantities of soil have been brought from
Africa and Sicily, that it is now become fertile. It has excellent
vines, lemons, fruits, cotton, plenty of honey, good pastures,
considerable fisheries, sea-salt, and a profitable coral fishery.
However, they sow but little corn, because they purchase it
cheap in Sicily ; and the island is deficient in wood. The
n\lmber of inhabitants is variously estimated at from 60 to
90,000, who speak a corrupt Arabic, and, in the towns,
Italian. After the taking of Rhodes, the emperor Charles V.
gave this island to the knights of St. John of Jerusalem.
It WHS attacked by the Turks in 156.5, who, after many
dreadful assaults, from the 18th of May to the 13th of
September, werJ obliged to abandon the enterprise, aftei'
having expended 78,0110 great shot, and lost about 24,0(10
men. The Christians lost aliout 5000 men. The whole of this
island is extremely well fortified. Malta was taken by Buo-
naparte on his way to Egypt, in 1798, but was afterwards re-
taken by the English, and still remains in their possession,
though by the articles of the late peace it was to have been
restored to the knights of St. John of Jerusalem. It is about
eo miles S. S. W. of Cape Passaro, in the island of Sicily.
Lat. 35. 54. N. Ion. 14. .'i4. E,
MA'LTMAX, or MA'LTSTEU, {mauUman, or maultster)
s. one who makes or deals in malt.
MA'LTON, {Maulloii) a town in the N. Riding of York-
shire, seated on the rivt-r Derwent, which was made navigable
to the Ousp, by an act in the 1st of Queen Anne. It is com-
Eosed of two towns, the New and the Old, and is well hiha-
ited. It is 18 miles N. E. of York, and 216 N. by W. of
London Alaikets on Tuesday and Saturday.
MALVA'CEOUS, a. [from mnlua, mallows, Lat.] relating
to mallows.
MALVERSATION, s. [Fr.] a mean, base, wicked, and
fraudulent trick or shift.
MALWA, a province of Hindoostan proper, bounded
on the W. by (inzerat ; on the N. by Agimere ; On the E.
by Allahabad and Orissa, and on the .S. by Candeish. It is
situated nearly under the tropic of cancer, and is one of the
most extensive, elevated, and highly diversified tracts in
Hindoostan, and is divided among the paishwah of the
Western Mahrattas, and two of the hiferior chiefs, Sindia
and Ilolkar. Ougein is the capital of Sindia, and Indore of
Holkar.
MAM, or MAMMA', s. [mam, mammog, mamvioys, Brit.
mamma, Lat.] This word is used as an addrass to a mother
in almost all languages, and is therefore by Skinner supposed
to be the language of nature, and the first word a chilcf pro*
nounces] a mother.
MA'MMEE-TREE, i. a tree with a rosaceous flower, which
afterwards becomes an almost spherical fleshy fruit, containing
two or three seeds, inclosed in hard rough shells.
MA'MMET, 3. [a diminutive of mam} a puppet or doll.
Obsolete.
MA'MMEATED, a. [from mamma, a teat, Lat.] having
paps or teats.
MA'MMIFORM, a. [mammiforme, Fr. from mamma, a
teat, and forma, form, Lat.] having the shape of a breast, pap,
or dug.
MA'JIMILLARY, a. {mammilla, a teat, Lat.] belonging
to the paps or dugs.
MA'MMOCK, s. a large, shapeless piece; an offal or frag-
ment of meat.
To MA'MJIOCK, V. a. to tear ; to pull into pieces in such
a manner as to raise squcamishi.'ess in the beholder.
MA'MMON, s. [Syr.] the god of riches. Figuratively,
riches.
MAMMOTH, s. in natural history, an enormous quadruped
which appears now to be extinct, but the bones of which are
found in different parts of the world.
MAN, s. plural ?nfn; [man, mon, Sax.] a human being; a
male opposed to a woman. A person full grown, opposed to
a boy. A rational creature, opposed to a oeast. Used, in a
loose sense, for any one. " A mmi would expect to find."
Addis. A moveable piece of wood, used in playing at chess
or draughts. A male servant, of mona, Span, a slave. A man
of war-, is a ship of war.
To ftlAN, V. a. to furnish, supply, or guard with men. Figu-
ratively, to fortify or strengthen.
MAN, an island in the Irish Sea, W. of the coast of Cum-
berland, about 30 miles in length, and from 8 to 15 in breadth.
It contains 17 parishes, called kirks, and the chief towns are
Ramsey, Douglas, and Peel. The soil varies in difTerent
tracts, yet produces more corn than is sufficient to maintain
the natives. The air, which is sharp and cold in winter, is
healthy, and the inhabitants live to a very great age. The
commodities of this i.sland are black cattle, wool, fine and
coarse linen, hides, skins, honey, tallow, and herrings. The
frosts here are short, and the snnw, especially in lands near
the sea, lies not long on the ground. Their cattle and horses
are small, and they have badgers, foxes, eagles, and mottled
hawks. Here are several quarries of stone and thin blue slate,
and some mines Of lead, copper, and iron. Thin oat cakes are
the common bread of the inhabitants. About the rocks of
the island breed an incredible number of all sorts of sea-fowl,
and especially on the Calf of Alan, an island 3 miles in circuit,
before the S. promontory of Man, and separated from it by a
chainiel 2 furlongs broad. On this little island 5000 young
puffins are generally taken every year. The bishop is
nominated by the duke of Athol, as heir of the eldest branch
of the Stanleys, carls of Derby ; but the sovereignty of the
island was purchased by the English government in 1765,
whereby a free trade was permitted wiih England, and an
entire stop put to the clandestine trade which they carried
On, with prodigious success, with England and Ireland.
He was formerly reckoned a baron, but docs not sit in the
house of peers, although he is allowed the highest scat in
the lower house of convocation. The language is a dialect
of the Erse. In its civil government, the island is divided
into six sheedings, each having its proper coroner, who is
intrusted with the peace of his district, and acts in the nature
of a sherifr.
To MA'NACLE, v. a. to chain the hands; to shackle.
MA'NACLF.S, .s. [mcniilcs, Fr.] chains for the hands;
shackles
To MA'NAGls, f. a. [mniager, I'r J to conduct or carry
on ; to train a horse to graceiul airs ; tc govern ; to rule or
MANC
M A N E
4T9
make tractable ; to husband, or make the best of. Neuterly,
to Buperintciid or transact.
MA'NAGEABLE, a. easy to be used, wielded, ormoved ;
submitthig to government ; tractable.
MA'NAGEABI.ENESS, s. the quality of being easily used
or moved, or of submitting to instruction, government, or
authority.
MA'NAGEMENT, t. [menagemeni, Fr.] conduct ; the
manner of transacting or conducting any thing ; prudence.
SvNON. Management respects only private things trusted to
the care of some one, to be employed for the profit of another,
to whom he is to render an account. Direction relates to cer-
tain affairs, where a distribution, either of money, office, or
whatever else is committed to the care of another, to preserve
necessary order. Administration refers to objects of greater
consequence ; such as those of justice, or the finances of a
state. It supposes a pre-emhjence of employ, which gives
power, credit, and a kind of Uberty, in the department in
which the person is engaged. Conduct points out some know-
ledge and ability, with respect to things ; and a subordination,
with regard to persons. Government results from authority
and dependence, and indicates a superiority of office, with a
particular relation to policy.
MA'NAGER, j. one who has the direction, conduct, or go-
vernment of any thing or person ; a prudent or frugal
person.
MA'NAGERY, f. [menao-m?, Fr.] conduct; direction; the
manner in which any thing is transacted. Husbandry, or
frugality.
MANCHE, s. [Fr ] in heraldry, a sleeve.
MA'NCHESTER, (anciently a Roman station called Miin-
eunium) a large, populous, manufacturing town of Lancashire,
contahiing about 13,000 houses, and 84,000 inhal)itants.
Manchester has been the scene of some remarkable events ; in
the disputes between Charles I. and his parliament, this town,
taking sides with the latter, was besieged by the earl of Derby,
with iOOO foot, and 300 horse, having 7 pieces of cannon ;
however, such was the defence of the town, that the earl was
compelled to raise the siege, with considerable loss. It is a
place of great antiquity, and in the time of Camden, was
famous for its population, market, and manufactures of stufTs ;
but it is now principally conspicuous, as the centre of the
cotton trade, an immense business, extending, in some or other
of its operations, from Furness (where great cotton spinning-
mills have been established,) to Derby north and south, and
from Halifax to Liverpool, east and west. The labours of a
very populous neighbourhood are collected at Manchester,
whence they are sent to London, Liverpool, Hull, &c. These
consist of a great variety of cotton, silk, linen, and mixed
goods, fitted for every market, both at home and abroad, and
spreading over a great part of Europe, America, and the coast
of Guinea, and bringing back vast profits to the country. To
.such perfl'ction has the machinery for the si)inning of cotton
been brought here, that of one poinid of that material ,'?nO
hanks of yarn have been spun, each hank containing S40 yards
in length, making in the whole 252,000 yards, (upwards of
1+3 miles long !) The average number of hanks to the pound,
however, is supposed to be 100, and the spindles employed in
the whole town is stated to be 1,515,500, each producing on
an average, 10 hanks per week, and making an annual aggre-
gate of 377,111,161 miles, sufficient to form a piece of muslin,
five quarters wide, that would encompass the planet we in-
habit ! The manufacture of ticking, tapes, filleting, and other
small wares, of silk goods, and of hats, is also carried on at
Manchester ; from which various sources of wealth it has at-
tained greater opulence than any other trading town hi
England. Its buildings (especially the more modern ones) are
on a proportional scale of size and elegance. Its chief orna-
ments are, the collegiate church, a venerable pile, with a hand-
some tower, 8 capital bells, and a set of chimes ; having a
warden, four fellows, two cliaplains, and two clerks ; — conti-
guous to this is Chetham's Hospital, (commonly called the
college,) for clothing, educating, and apprenticing 80 boys ; to
which is also attached a pid)lic library, containing 15,000
volumes — Abo the Infirmary, Dispensary, Lunatic Hospital
and Asylum, LyiMg-in-IIc)S[)ital, House of Recovery for pa«
tieuts afllicted with fevers, and two I'oor Houses, are charities
highly bonoiu-able to the town, and beneficial to their objects.
Here is also a large prison called the New Bailey. This town
abounds with libraries, and literary and philosophical institu-
tions, some of which have attained considerable celebrity.
Manchester is governed by a hcadborough, (called the bo-
roughreeve,) and two constables chosen annually from the
most respectable inhabitants, by a jury impainielled by the
steward, at tlie Michaelmas court lee(, which is held by the
lord of the manor. There are here reckoned 12 churches, and
several chapels, of the established religion, and a great number
of chapels belonging to every denomination of dissenters. By
the river Irwell, over which it has a very antient stone bridge,
it has a communication with the Mersey, and all the late
various extensions of inland navigation. It is situated upon
the rivers Irk, Medlock, and Irwell, about 7 miles from the
junction of the latter with the Mersey, and 185 N. N. W. of
London. Lat 53. 26'i. N. Ion. 2. 10. W.
MA'NCHET, f. a small loaf of fine bread.
AIANCHINE'L, s. [manchinella, Span.] a tree which is a
native of the West Indies, and grows to the size of an oak :
its wood is of a beautiful grain, will polish well, and last
long, and is therefore much esteemed : in cutting down
these trees, the juice of the bark must be burnt out before the
work is begini ; for it will raise blisters on the skin, and
burn boles in linen ; and if it should fly into the eyes of the
labourers, they are in danger of losing their sight. The fruit
is of the colour and size of the golden pippin ; many Euro-
peans have suffered, and others lost their lives, by eating
it. The leaves abound with juice of the same nature ;
cattle never shelter themselves, and but few vegetables
grow, under their shade ; yet goats ear this fruit without
injury.
To MA'NCIPATE, u. a. [from manus, the hand, and capio,
to take, Lat.] to enslave, bind, or tie, used with to. Seldom
used.
MA'NCIPLE, s. [from mamit, the hand, and capio, to take,
Lat.] the steward of a society ; particularly used of the pur-
veyor of a college.
MA'NDAMIJS, t, [Lat. we command] a writ granted by
the king, usually directed to the head of a corporation, col-
lege, &c. commanding a thing to be done, as the restoring of
a deposed officer, &c.
MA'NDAHIN, s. a name given to the grandees or nobility
of China. There are nine orders of them, in all supposed to
amount to 33,000.
MANDATARY, s. [mandatuire, Fr.] he to whom the pope
has, by his prerogative and proper right, given a mandate for
his benefice.
MA'NDATE, s. [from mando, to command, Lat.] a com-
mand ; a commission, charge, or precept.
MANDA'TOR, s. [Lat.] a director.
MA'NDATORY, a. [from mando, to command, Lat.] con-
taining a command, precept, or direction.
MA'NDIBLE, a. [from mando, to chew, Lat.] that may be
chewed ; eatable.
MA'NDRAKE, s. [mondragore, Fr.J a plant, the flower of
which consists of one leaf in the shape of a bell, and is divided
at the top into several iiarts ; the root is said to bear a resem-
blance to the human form.
MA'NDREL, s. [maudrin, Fr.] a kind of wooden pulley,
making a part of a turner's lallie.
MANDUCA'TION, s. [from manducor, to eat or chew,
Lat. I eating ; chewing, or the action of the lower jaw.
MANE, J. \inaene, Belg.] the long hair which hangs down
on the necks of horses or other animals.
MA'NEATER, a. one that eats tiuman flesh ; a cannibal ;
an anthropophagite.
AlA'NEGE, s. the exercise of riding the great horie,
MA'NED, o. bnvitig a mane.
S80
MAN I
MANN
MA'NES, ». [Lat.] a ghost; or that which remains of a
person after death.
MA'NFUL, a. bold; stout; daring.
MA'NFULLY, ad. in a bold, stout, or daring manner.
MA'NFULNESS, j. the quality of behaving in a manner
that shews undaunted courage and invincible resolution.
MA'NGANESE, s. in mineralogj', a brilliant metal, of a
dark gray colour, of considerable hardness, ajid difficult fusi-
bility. It is very brittle, and when in powder is attracted by
the magnet. It is found in Somersetshire and Devonshire, in
America, and in various parts of the continent. Its oxydea
are used in bleaching, in purifying glass, and in glazing black
earthenware.
MANGE, s. \viangeaison, Fr.] the itch or scab in
cattle.
MA'NGER, t. [mangeoire, Fr.] a p.ace or vessel in which
the food of cattle is contained in a stable.
MA'NGINESS, s. the quality of having the mange.
To MA'NGLE, c. a. [mangelen, Belg.] to cut and hack ;
to cut and tear piece-meal ; to butcher.
MA'NGLER, s. one that hacks and destroys in a rude and
butcherly manner.
MA'NGO, s. [mongoitan, Fr.] a fruit of the isle of Java
somewhat resembling a melon, brought pickled to Europe.
MA'NGY, a. infected with the mange. Scabby, applied
to beasts.
MA'NHATER, $. one who hates mankind ; a misan-
thropist.
MA'NHEIM, one of the most beautiful cities in the pala-
tinate of the Rhine, in the circle of the Lower Rhine. The
streets are all straight, and intersect each other at right angles.
The inhabitants are computed at 21,000. The town has three
grand gates, adorned with basso-relievos, very beautifully
executed. It is almost entirely surrounded by the Neckar
and the Rhine, and the country about it is flat. The palace
of the elector palatine is a magnificent structure, containing a
gallery for paintings, cabinets of antiquities and natural his-
tory, a library, treasury, and menage. Manheini is 6 miles
N. E. of Spire, and 10 W. of Heidelberg. Lat. 49. 29. N.
Ion. 8. 32. E.
MA'NHOOD, s. virility ; the state or condition of a man ;
human nature. The state of a male, opposed to womanhood
The state of a person full grown, opposed to childhood
Courage ; bravery ; resolution.
MA'NIA, s. [from mainomai, to be mad, Gr.] madness; a
violent delirium without a fever.
MA'NIAC, or MANI'ACAL, a. [from mania, madness,
Gr.] raging with madness.
MA'NICHEES, or MA'NICH^ANS, in ecclesiastical his-
tory, a sect of ancient heretics, who as.serted that there were
two principles from which all things proceeded, the first, a
pure and subtile matter which they called light, and which
they contended did nothing but good ; and the other, a gross
and corrupt substance which they called darkness, and, they
said, did nothing but evil. The latter was the god of the
Jews, and the former the father of Christ. They denied the
doctrine of the resurrection from the dead. The name of the
sect was taken from Manes, a Persian.
MANIFEST, a. [manZ/ci/us, Lat.] plain; open; publicly
known.
MA'NIFEST, s. [from manifeslus, Lat.] a declaration ; a
public protest ; a manifesto.
To MA'NIFEST, v. a. [from manifeslus, open, manifest,
Lat.] to make appear ; to make public ; to shew plainly ; to
discover. Synon. Manij'esl seems to convey a proof of what
i.s made manifest, meaning to shew inconle.stably ; jiuhlis/i de-
notes only a simple declaration, but general ; to jiioLlaim, is to
make known by a formal and legal publication.
MANIFESTA'TION, s. [Fr. from manifexlu.-, open, mani-
fest, Lat.) a discovery; the act of publishing or making
public; clear and undoubted evidence.
MANIFE'.STIULY, a. easy to be proved .or made evi-
dent.
MA'NIFESTLY, ad. clearly; plainly; evidently.
MA'NIFESTNESS, s. clearness of evidence; public no-
toriety.
MANIFE'STO, ». [Ital.] a public protestation or declara-
tion.
MA'NIFOLD, a. of different kinds; many in number;
complicated.
MA'NIFOLDLY, ad. in many respects.
MANI'GLIONS, in gunnery, two handles on the back of a
piece of ordnance cast after the German form.
MA'NIKIN, s. [manniken, Belg.J a little man. Not in
use.
MANI'LLA, a town or city, capital of the Island of Luconia,
as well as of the Philippine Islands, situated on a bay on
the S. W. coast. It contains about 3000 inhabitants, exclu-
sive of as many Chinese, who live in the suburbs, and about
as many more throughout the islands. There are 15 other
suburbs, inhabited by Japanese and r)ations of various mix-
tures. The streets are broad, but frequent earthquakes have
spoiled their uniformity. The citadel is in the shape of a
triangle, having one bastion towards the sea, another towards
the river, and a third at the W. point, to cover the port,
which is only fit for small vessels, and there are good o\it-
works. In 17ii9, Manilla was taken by ihe English, under
Rear Admiral Cornish, and Colonel Sir William Draper, and
to save it from destruction, it was acreed to pay a million
sterling for its ransom; but this agreement was ungenerously
disowned by the Spanish court. Lat. H. 36. N. Ion. 120.
51. E.
MA'NINGTUEE, a town of Essex, with a market on
Tuesday. It is 60 miles E. N. E. of London.
MA'NIPLE, J. [munipulus, from manus, the hand, Lat.] a
handful. Figuratively, a small band of soldiers.
MA'NIS, J. i:i zoology, a singular quadruped, which in its
manners approaches the ant-eaters, and in its general ap-
pearance the lizards. It is covered with sharp scales, which
are its defence against the most savage inhabitants of the
forest.
MiV'NKlLLER, s. a murderer. _
MANKI'ND, s. the human species.
MA'NLESS, a. without men ; not manned.
MA'NLIKE, a. strong; vigorous; resembling a man full
grown, and in his greatest perfection.
MANLINESS, s. the appearance of a man full grown,
and arrived at years of discretion ; bravery ; stoutness ; dig-
nity.
MA'NLY, a. becoming a man ; stout; brave, or with un-
daunted courage and resolution.
MA'NXA, J. [man, Heb.] in sacred history, an extraordi-
nary kind of I'ood which was showered down by the Al-
mighty for the sustenance of the children of Israel when
passing througii the wilderness. A gum, which is a juice
resembling honey that is concreted into a solid form, seldom
so dry but it adheres more or less to the fingers in handling.
Its colour is whitish, yellowish, or brownish; its taste is as
sweet as sugar, with a sharpness that renders it very agreea-
ble. It is the product of two difTerent trees, but both the
varieties of ash. The finest mainia is that which oozes out
of the leaves of that tree in August. Mainia is the mildest
and softest of all purges, and may be given to children,
women with child, and to persons of the most tender consti-
tutions.
MA'NNER, s. [manier, Fr.] form, method, custom, habit,
fashion. In painting, it is a habitmle that a man acquires
in the principal p:uts of painting, the management of co-
lours, lights, and sliadows ; but the best painter is he who hag
no manner at all ; the good or bad rhoice he makes is called
gout. Mannert, the plural, imports, in poetry, the inclina-
tion, genius, and humour, which the poet gives to his persons,
and whereby he distinguishes liis characters. Also, the ge-
neral course of life a man leads, his morals or habits. Like-
wise, ceremonious behaviour ; stmlicd civility.
MA'NNERHNESS, j. the quality of behaving with civi-
lity or complaisance.
MA'NNEULY, a. [manierlick, Belg.] civil; complaisant;
MANT
MAR
i3\
wei] bred. Adverbially, in a civil or complaisant man-
ner.
MA'NNIKIN, s. See Manikin.
MA'NNISH, a. having the appearance of, or becoming, a
man. Figuratively, bold ; mascnline.
MA'NOR, s. [manoir, old Fr.] in common law, signifies a
rule or government which a man hath of such as hold land
within his fee. Touching the original of these inunors, it
seems, that, in the beginning there was a certain compass or
circuit of ground granted by the king to some jnen of worth,
for them and their heirs to dwell upon, and to exercise some
jurisdiction. Cowell.
MANSE, J. [mansio, from maneo, to remain, Lat.] a par-
sonage house ; farm and land.
MA'NSFIELD, a well built town in Nottinghamshire,
seated on the edge of the forest of Sherwood, is pretty
large, has a great trade in corn and malt, and a con-
siderable mainifacture of stockings. It is 12 miles N. of
Nottingham, and 140 N. by W. of London. Market on
Thursday.
Mansion, {mdnshon) s. [mansio, from maneo, to remain,
Lat.] a place of residence, an abode or house. In law, the
lord's chief dwelling-house within his fee.
MANSLA'UGHTER, (manslaiiter) t. in its primary signi-
fication, murder, or destruction of the human specie.'. In
law, the killing a person without malice prepense, as in a
sudden quarrel, &c. See Homicide.
MA'NSLAYER, s. one that kills another.
MANSUE'TE, (mansweit) a. [from mansuelus, Lai.] gentle,
tracable, good-natured.
MA'NSUETUDE, {manswetude) s. [from mansu£tus gentle,
Lat.] gentleness, mildness; clemency.
MA'NTEGAR, s. in zoology, the tufted ape, a species of
monkey.
MA'NTEL, jt. [mantel, old Fr.] work raised before a
chimney, to conceal it.
MANTELET, j. [Fr.] a short kind of a cloak worn by
women. In fortification, a kind of moveable penthouse,
made of pieces of timber sawed into planks, which being about
three inches thick, are nailed one over another to the heia;ht
of almost six feet; they are generally cased with tin, and se-t
upon little wheels ; so that in a siege they may be driven
before the pioneers, and serve as blinds to shelter them from
the enemy's small shot ; there are other manlelels covered on
the top wttereof the miners make use to approach the walls
of a town or castle.
MANTI'GER, s. a large monkey or baboon.
MA'NTLE, t. [tnaniell, Brit.] a kind of cloak, or loose cloth
or silk thrown over the rest of the dress, worn formerly by
generals, and at present used by nurses and midwives to carry
infants abroad in.
To MANTLE, v. a. to cloak ; to cover; to disguise.
To MA'NTLE, v. n. to spread the wing as a hawk in
pleasure ; to joy or revel ; to be expanded, or soread luxu-
riantly. To troth or ferment, applied to liquors.
MA'NTLETREE, s. in carpentry, the piece of limber
running across the head of the opening of a chimney, and com-
monly projecting I'rom the wall to hold china, &c.
MA'NTUA, a famous city of Italy, sealed on an island
in the midst of a hike, and is very strong by situatijn as well
as art, as there is no coming at it, except by two causeways
which cross the lake. It is very large, having S gates, i
collegiate churches, 21 parochial, H other churches and
alms-houses, 11 oratories, 40 convents and nunneries; and
without the city, 3 parisli churches, 2 other churches, and 7
convents; also a quarter for the , Tews to live in, and above
16,000 inhabitants. The streets are broad and straight, and
the houses well built. It was greatly noted for its silk, and
other manufactures ; but they are now inconsiderable, and
the air in the summer time is unwholesome. It is seated on
the river Mincio, and has an university; 35 miles N. E. of
Parma, 22 S. W. of Verona, and S20 N. by W. of Rome, lat.
45. 10, N. Ion. 10. SO. K
MA NTUA, {mdnti)) $. [corrupted from manleau, Fr.] a
woman's gown.
MA'N'i'UA-MAKER, j. (mdnW-muker) s. a person who
makes gowns for women.
MA'NUAL, a. [from mantis, the hand, Lat.] performed by
the hand ; used by the hand.
MA'NUAL, s. [Irom munus, the hand, Lat.] a small book,
such as may be easily carried in the hand.
MANUDU'CTION, s. [from vianus, the hand, and
duct), to lead, Lat.] the act of guiding or leading by the
hand.
MANUFA'CTORY, s. [from manus, the hand, and fvLcio,
to make, Lat.] a place wherein great numbers of people are
assimbled to work upon any particular sort of goods; a com-
modity, or any sort of work made by the hand.
MANUFA'CTUUE, s. [from manut, the hand, and /ono,
to make, I,at.J a[iy sort of work made by the hand.
To MANUFA'CTURE, v. a. [manufaclurer, Fr.] to pro-
duce or work upon any thing by the hands or by art.
MANUFA'CTURER, s. one who performs any thing by
labour of the hands ; or keeps great numbers of men to work
on any particular commodity.
MA'NUL, s. in zoology, an animal of the cat kind, about
the size of a fox, which inhabits Siberia, and preys upon the
smaller tjuadrupeds.
MANUMI'SSIOX, .f. [from manus, the hand, and mitto,
to send, Lat.] the act of giving liberty to slaves.
To MANUAll'ZE, or MANUMI'T, v. a. [from manus,
the hand, and ntitto, to send, Lat.] to set free or deliver from
slavery.
MANU'RABLE, a. capable of being rendered better by
cultivation.
MANU'RANCE, s. agriculture or husbandry. Not in
use.
To aiANU'RE, V. a. [manouvrer, Fr.] to cultivate or im-
prove ground by husbandry or manual labour; to dung or
fatten land.
MANU'RE, 3. any thing laid on lands to enrich and fatten
them.
MANC'REMENT, s. the improvement of land by manual
labour, or covering it with dung and other composts.
MANU'RER, J. a person who enriches and improves land;
a husbandman.
MA'NUSCRIPT, s. [from manus, the hand, and scribo, to
write, Lat.] a Written book or copy, generally applied to such
books as have never been printed.
MA'NY, a. comparat. more, superlat. most ; [manig; Sax.]
consisting of a great number ; numerous ; several. An inde-
finite number, preceded and followed hy as ; all that. "As
many as were willing." Exod. xxxv. 20.
MA'NY COLOURED, a. having various and different
colours.
MA'NYHEADED, a. having several or a great number of
head.s.
NA'NYTIMES, ad. often or frequently.
MAP, s. [mappu, low Lat.] a geographical picture, or a
projection of the globe, or part t!;ereof, on a plain surface
representing the forms and dimensions of the several coun-
tries, rivers, and seas, with the situation of cities, mountains,
and otiier places, according to their respective longitude and
latitude.
To MAP, V. a. to make a map ; to delineate a country, &c.
on paper, &c.
MA'PLE, s. [mapul, Sax.] a tree whose wood is used for
many purposes, especially for ornament.
MA'PURITO, s. ill zoology, a kind of weasel found in
New Spain.
To MAR, V. a, [amyrran^ Sax.] to injure; to spoil, hurt,
or damage.
MAR, a district of the shire of Aberdeen in Scotland,
bounded on the N. by the river Don on the E. by the German
Ocean, on the S. by the river Dee, and on the W. by Badenoch
and Athol.
«89
MARG
MARK
MAR4NA'THA, t. [Syr.] a form of threatening, cursing,
and anathematizing, among tiie Jews.
MARA'SMU.S, s. [nmrasmos, from maraino, to waste, Gr.]
in medicine extreme wasting or consumption of the whole
body.
MAR.VVEDI, 3, a small Spanish copper coin worth about
half a farthing, English.
MARAU'i)ING, a. ranging about for plunder.
MA'RBLE, s. [niarhrc, Fr.] a kind of stone found in great
masses, and dug oi.it of quarries, of so hard and compact a
substance, and so fuie a grain, that it readily takes a beautiful
[lolish, and is used in statues, cliimney-pieces, &c. Small
round stones played with by children. Figuratively, applied
to a stone remarkable for scxdpture or inscription. " The
Arundelian marbles."
MARBLE, a. made of marble; variegated, or of different
colours, like marble.
To MA'RBLE, r>. a. [marhrer, Fr.] to paint with venis,
clouds, or different colours, in resemblance of marble.
MA'RBLED, a. something veined or clouded in imitation
of marble.
MA'KCASITE, s. [marcasite, Fr.] a solid hard fossil of
an obscurely and irregularly foliaceous structure, a bright
glittering appearance, and foinid in continued beds among
the Veins of ores, or in the fissurvs of stone. It is very fre-
quent in the mines of Cornwall, where the workmen call it
modick ; but more in Germany, where they extract vitriol
and sidphur from it.
MARCH, s. [from Marr, Lat.] the name of the third
month of the year, reckoning January as the first. Till the
alteration of style in \&Gi among the French, and in ITo-S in
England, it was esteemed the first month, and the year
began on the 25th day of it. IMarch is drawn in tawny, with
a fierce aspect, and a helmet on his head.
To MARCH, V. n. [tnarcher, Fr.] to journey, applied to
an army. To walk in a grave, solemn, and deliberate man-
ner. Actively, to put in motion, or make an army advance ;
to bring on in regular procession.
MARCH, s. a motion, walk, or journey of soldiers ; a
grave and solemn walk ; a tune pla3'ed on instruments dur-
ing the march or progress of an army ; signals for an army
to move. In the plural, borders, limits, or confines of a
country.
MARCHE, a ci-dcvant province of France about 55 miles
in length and 'JO in breadth, not very fertile in corn and
■wine, but feeding a greiit number of cattle. It now prin-
cipally forms the department of Crcuse, and part of that of
Vienne.
MA'RCHER, s. [marcheur, Fr.] a president of the marches
or borders.
MA'RCHIONE.SS, (in pronunciation thtJ i is mute) s. the
wife of a marquis.
MA'RCHPANE, s. [massepane, Fr.] a kind of sweet-bread
or biscuit.
M.VRCID, a. [from marceo, to pine, Lat.] lean j pining.
Withered, applied to plants.
MA'RCOUU, s. [from marcen, to pine, Lat.] leanness; the
state of withering; a consumption or waste of flesh.
MARE, n. \iniire, .Sax.] the female of a horse. A kind of
stagnation which seems to press the stomach with a weight
when asleep; derived from Mara, the name of a spirit, sup-
posed by the northern nations to torment persons asleep ; it
is called the vig/il-niare.
MA'RE.SCAr>, s. [Fr.] a chief commander of an army.
MA'RKSTAII/, s. in botany, a plant with narrow leaves,
growing in -.vliorls round the joints, twelve or more at each
joint; (lowers I'qual in number to the leaves, consisting of
only a chive and a pointal, without blossom or empalement,
and a straight stem. It is found in muddy ditches and
pond«.
MA'RGARrre, e. [nuirparitn, Lat.] a pearl,
JVIA'KCiAlE, a sea-port of Kent, on the N. side of the
isle of Thatiet, within a small bay in the breach of the cliff;
it has ra[)idly increased of late years, by the great resort to
it for sea-bathing, tfie shore being level and covered with
fine sand, well adapted for that purpose. Here is .a salt-
water bath, which lias performed great cures in nervous and
paralytic cases, and numlmess in the limbs. Great quanti-
ties of corn are exported hence, and vessels are frequently
passing to and from the coast of Flanders. There are, mor-
over, regidar packet-boasts of 80 or 100 tons burden, to
and from London, some of which are elegantly fitted up. It
is built on an easy ascent, (the principal street being near
a mile in length) U miles N. of Deal, and 72 E. by S. of
London.
MARGE, JIA'RGENT, or MA'RGIN, s. the last is most
in use; [from murgo, Lat.] the border; a brink, edge, or
verge; the border of paper in a book, which surrounds the
page ; the eiif^e of a wound or sore.
MARGINAL, a. \inm-giiial, Fr.] placed or writ on the
blank space or border of a book.
MA'RGIN.'VTED, a. [from margo, the brink or margin,
Lat.] having a margin.
JIA'RGRAVE, .1. [mark and graff; Teut.] a title of sove.
reignty in Germany, which signihes literally a keeper of the
marches or borders.
MA'RIGOLD, s. a yellow flower, so called from being
devoted, perhaps, to the Virgin.
To MARINATE, v. a. ^mariner, Fr.] to salt fish, and
afterwards preserve it in oil or vinegar.
MARINE, imareen) a. [from mare, the sea, Lat.] belong-
ing to the sea.
JMARI'NE, (jnareiii) t. [from la marine, Fr.] sea aflfairs
or forces ; a soldier taken on board a ship to be employed in
descents on land.
JIA'RINER, s. [from mare, the sea, Lat.] a seaman or
sailor.
MA'RJORAM, s. [marjorana, Lat.] a fragrant plant. In
physic, it is attenuant and detergent, and recommended in
nervous cases, in diseases of the lungs, and in epileptic cases.
There are two species of this plant native in England.
MA'RITAL, s. [Fr. from viaritns, a husband, Lat.] belong*
ing or incident to a husband.
MARI'TIMAL, or MA'RITIME a. [vuiritinus, from
mare, the sea. Lat] performed at, or lielonging to, the sea;
bordering on the sea ; naval.
mark's St. Gospel, a canonical book of the Newr
Testament, the second of the four Gospels. St. Mark wrote
his Gospel at Rome, where he accompanied St. Peter, in
the year of Christ 4t. He suffered martyrdom at Alexan-
dria in Egypt in the year G8. Some assert, that his remains
were afteiwiirds translated with great pomp from Alexandria
to Venice. However, he is the tutelar saint and patron of
that republic, who have erected a very stately church to his
memory.
MARK, s. [marc, Brit, mearc, Sax.] a token by which a
thing is known and distinguished from another; an impres-
sion ; a proof or evidence; any thing which a glin or other
missile weapon is directed towards ; the sign by which a
horse's age may be discovered ; a character made by those
who cannot write their names. A piece of money valued at
13s. id. from Ptarc. Fr. A letter of mark or marque, a licence
given by a king or state, whereby private persons are au-
thorized to lit out ships, and make reprisals on the subjects of
another state, from marque, Fr.
To MARK, v. a. [^murquer, Fr.] to make an impressitin,
character, or sign, by which a thing may be known or dis-
tirlgui^lled IVom others ; to note, observe, or take notice of.
Neuterly, to observe, or take notice of; to work letters or
figures on linen, &c.
MARKER, s. one who makes some sign, character or im-
pression on a thing ; one that takes notice of a thing.
MARKET, s, [antiently written mcrcat, from mereatus,
Lat.] a public time or place wherein things are bought and
sold ; purchase or sale. Figuratively, |)rice ; rate.
To MA'RKET, v. n. to deal at market either in buying or
selling ; to make bargains.
MARO
MARS
Sg.3
MA'RKETABLE, a. such as may be sold commonly in a
market.
MA'RKET-BO'SWORTH. See Bosworth.
MA'RKET-CROSS, t. a cross formerly set up where a
market was held.
MA'RKET-DAY, j. a day on which things are bought and
eold in a market.
MA'RKET-DEE'PING. See Deeping.
MA'RKET-DRA'YTON. See Drayton.
MA'RKET-HA'RBOROUGH. See IlAKBOnoucH.
MA'RKET-JEW, or RIehazion, a mean town in Corn-
wall, seated on a dangerous arm of the sea, called Mount's
Bay, 3 miles E. of Penzance, and 283 W. by S. of London.
Market on Thursday.
MA'RKET-MAN, s. a man that goes to the market to buy
or sell ; one that understands deaHiig at a market.
MA'RKET-O'VERTON, a town in Rutland, 3 miles from
Okeham. Market on Tuesday, if not disused.
MA'RKET-PLACE, s. a place where a market is held.
MA'RKET-PRICE, or MA'RKET-RATE, 3. the price
at which any thint is commordy sold in or out of a
market-
MA'RKET-RAI'SIN, a town in Lincolnshire, whose market
is on Thursday ; distant from London 151 miles.
MA'RKET-TOWN, s. a town that has the privilege of a
Btated market.
MA'RKMAN, or MA'RKSMAN, s. a person skilled m
hitting a mark.
MARL, s. [marl, Brit.] a mixture of carbonate of lime,
and clay, which is of great u.se in agriculture.
To MARL, V. a. to manure with marl.
To MARL, r. a. [from marline] to bind untwisted hemp
dipped in pitch round a cable, in order to guard it from
friction.
MA'RLBOROUGH, (Mdulbdrd) an antient borough of
Wiltshire, containing two parish churches, several commo-
dious inns, and about 500 houses, with broad and paved
streets. Mr. Camden mentions an antient custom here, viz.
that every freeman, at his admission, gave to the mayor a
couple of greyhounds, two white capons, and a white bull.
It is seated on the river Kennet, 43 miles E. of Bristol, and
7+ W. of London. Markets on Wednesday and Saturday.
MA'RLINE, s. [med'n, Sax.] a long wreath of untwisted
hemp, dipped in pitch, with which the ends of cables are
guarded, to preserve them from friction.
MA'RLINESPIKE, s. a small piece of iron, used in fasten-
ing ropes together, or in opening the bolt of a rope, when
a sail is to be sewed to it.
MA'RLOW, GREAT, a town of Buckinghamshire, seated
on the river Thames, over which is a bridge into Berkshire.
Its manufactures are, making bone lace, paper, and thimble.i,
and there are several corn mills on the Loddon, between this
town and High Wycombe. It sends two members to parliament.
It is 17 miles S. of Aylesbury, and 31 W. of London. Market
on Saturday.
MA'RLPIT, s. a pit out of which marl is dug.
MA'RLY, a. abounding with marl.
MA'RMALADE, or MA'RMALET, i. [marmalade, Fr.] a
confection of plums, oranges, quinces, &c. cut and boiled with
sugar.
MARMO'RA, or The White Sea, between Europe and
Asia, which communicates with the Straits of Gallipoli, and the
Strait of Constanlirinple. It is 90 miles in length, and 44 in
breadth, aiid w:is aritienlly called the Propontis.
MA'RMOSET, «. [marmonset, Fr.] a small monkey.
MA'RMOT, or MARMO'TTO, j. [Ital.] in zoology, an
animal which bears some resemblance both to the bear and
the rat. They live in companies, and make themselves habi-
tations on the .sides of mountains, where they pass the winter
months in a stale of insensibility.
MA'RONITES, in ecclesiastical history, a sect of eastern
Christians, whu follow the Syrian rite, and are subject to
tlie pope ; their principal habitation being on mount Li-
banu5.
MAROO'NS, a name given to those negroes who, on the
conquest of Jamaica in the time of Cromwell, deserted their
Spanish masters, and betook themselves to the mountains,
resolving to live in a slate of independence. This, in 1738 was
confirmed to them by treaty, and a distinct portion of land
allowed them for tliiir residence ; but as their friend-hip was
never sincere, a general revolt took place in 1795, whicn (by
the help of blood-hounds !) was quelled in the following year,
when (>00 of them were transported to Halifax hi North
America.
MARQUESAS, a group of I-lands in the South Sea, first
discovered by Mendana, a Spaniard, in 15!I5. They are five
in number, and named St. Christiana, Magdaleiia, Dominica,
St. Pedro, and Hood. Captain Cook lay tome time at
the first of these, in 1774. The natives are of a tawny
complexion, but look almost black, from being punctured
over the whole hody. They go idmo.st naked, having only
a small piece of cloth, perfectly resembling that made by
the people of Otaheile, round tlieir waist and loins. Their
beard and h;nr are of a fine jet 1 lac k, like those of the other
natives of the torrid zone. The island, though high and
steep, has many vallies, which widen towards the sea, and
are covered with hue forests to the smnniits of the interior
mountains. The products of these islands are bread-fruit,
oananas, plantains, cocoa-nuts, scarlet beans, paper-mnlbtr-
ries, of the bark of which their cloth is made, cansarinas,
with other tropical plants and tiees, and hogs and fowls.
They have also plenty of fish. Captain Foster says, he
never saw a single man deformed, or even ill-proportioned,
among the natives; all were strong, tall, well-limbed, and
active in the highest degree. Their arms were clubs and
spears, and their government, like that of the Society
Islands, monarchical. But they were not quite so cleanly as
the inhabitants of the Society Islands, who, in that respect,
surpass perhaps any other people in the world. The drink
of the Maiquesans is purely water, cocoa nuts being rather
scarce. Their music, musical instruments, dances, aiid
canoes, resemble those of Otaheite. Lat. 9. 55. S. Ion. 139.
9. W.
MA'RQUETRY, s. [marqueterie, Fr.] chequered work;
work inlaid with various colours.
MA'RQUIS, s. [marquis, Fr.] a title of honour next to a
duke. It was introduced into England by Richard III. who
created Robert Vere, earl of Oxford, marquis of Dublin, and
was only a titular dignity ; those who had the care of fron-
tiers, as the word imports, being styled marchers, and not
marquises.
MA'RQUISATE, s. [marquisat, F.] the seigniority or pro-
vince of a marquis.
MA'RRER, s. [from mar] one who spoils, damages, or
hurts any thing or person.
MA'RRIAGE, ». [viarriage, Fr.] the act or ceremony by
which a man and a woman are lawfully united for life. This
word is very often joined with others in composition, and then
takes the nature of an adjective.
MARRIAGEABLE, {marrljahle) a. fit for marriage; of
an age to be married.
MA'RRIF.U, part. a. conjugal, connubial.
MA'RKOW, (mdrro the w is mute at the end of this word
anil its derivatives) s. [mero, Sax.] an oleaginous or fat sub-
stance contained in the hollow of a bone. Figuratively, the
quhitessence, or best part of any thing.
MA'RROWBONE, s. any hollow bone of an animal con-
teining marrow.
MA'RROWFAT, s. a large kind of pea.
MA'RROWLESS, a. without marrow.
To MA'RRY, V. a. [marier, Fr.] to join a man and a
woman together, so that they may cohabit lawfully during
hfe ; to dispose of in marriage ; to take tor a husband or wife.
Neuterly, to enter into the state of marriage.
MARS, s. in the solar system, is one of the superior pla-
nets. His distance from the sun is computed to be near 145
millions of miles, and by proceeding at the immense rate of
about 55,000 miles every hour in his orbit, goes round him
JBl
MARS
MART
ill 686d. 22h. ISm. 2Ts. 3-tenths, which is his periodic revo-
lution. He moves from one fixed star to the same again in
68fiJ. 23h. 30m. iSs. 3-tenths, and from aphelion to aphelion
in 6S6d. 23h. 57m. 57s. the former being called his sidereal,
the latter his anomalistic period. His synodic revnlutinn,
or space of time between each of his conjunctions with the
sun, is completed in 779d. 22h. 28m. 26s. at a mean rate.
His diameter is 5340 miles, and by moving at the rate of 6S0
miles an hour at his equator, makes a complete turn round
his axis in 2th. Sl^.n. 22s. which is easily deducible from dark
spots on his disk. His year consists of 68S 15-24ths of such
days. Dr. Herschel has determined the obliquity of his
ecliptic to be 28° 42', only 5° 14' greater than the earth's;
and also that his polar diameter is somewhat shorter than
his equatorial, the former being to the latter as 98 to 103, or
as 1272 to 1355. His solid contents is about 30-lOOths of
the earth's, and density 729-lOOOths of the same. The place
of his aphelion, anno i 800, was in 20° 24' 1 4 ' of Virgo, and
ascending node in 18° 10' of Taurus ; the motion of the former
being 1° 51' 40", and the latter 1° 6' 40", in 100 years.
The inclination of his orbit to tlie plane of the ecliptic, or
his greatest heliocentric latitude, is 1° 51' ; but his greatest
geocentric latitude, on account of his proximity to the earth,
amounts sometimes to 4° 45'. His eccentricity is 14,208 of
those parts of which the earth's distance irom the sun is
100,000, and the greatest equation of his orbit 10° 41' 47".
On account of his great eccentricity, the length of time he
is retrogade in a synodic revolution varies from 59 to 83
days, the arc of retrogradation in the former case, as the
planet is in perihelion, being about 10", and in the latter
about 19°. Besides those dark spots on his disk from which
the time of his rotation on his axis is determined, former
astronomers have taken notice of very large bright ones
about both his poles ; and tliese observations have now
been confirmed by Dr. Herschel, wlio has likewise disco-
vered that the centres of them are nearly in his poles, and
that they cover very great portions of his polar region.s.
His other observations concerning these spots, and other
peculiarities of this planet, are txpressed in the following
words: " The analogy bftween Mars and the earth is per-
haps by far the greatest in the whole solar system. Their
diurnal motion is nearly the same, the obliquity of their
respective ecliptics not very different ; of all the superior
planets he is by far the nearest alike l) tliat of the earth ; nor
will the length of the Martial year appear very difft;rent from
what we enjoy, when compared to the surprising jiuration of
the years of Jupiter, Saturn, and the Georgium .Siilus If then
we find that the globe we inhabit has its polar regions frozen,
and covered with mountains of ice and snow that only partly
melt when alternately exposed to the sun, I itiay well be
permitted to surmise, that tlie same causes may probably have
the same efTect on the globe of Mars; that the bright polar
spots are owing to tlie vivid reflection of light from frozen
regions ; and that the reduction ol those spots is to be ascribed
to their being exposed to the sun. In the year 1781, the
south polar spot was extremely large, which we might well
expect, as that pole had but lately been involved in a whole
twelvemonth's darkness and absence of the sun ; but in 1783,
I found it considerably smaller than before, and it decreased
continually from the 20th of May, till about the middle of
September, when it seemed to be at a stand. During
this last period the south pole had already been aliove eiglit
months enjoying the benefit of summer, anil still continued
to receive the sunbeams, though, towards the latter end, in
such an oblique direction as to he but little benefited by
them. On the other hand, in the year 1781, the north polar
spot, which had then been its tuelveinonth in the sunshine,
and was but lately returning into darkness, appeared small,
though undoubtedly increasing in size. " It has probably a
considerable atmosphere ; for, besides the permanent spots
on its surface, Dr. Herschel has often perceived occasional
changes of partial bright belts, and also once a darkish one
in a pretty high latitude ; alterations which we can attribute
to no other cause than the variable disposition of clouds and
vapours floating in the atmosphere of the planet. Among
chemists, it denotes iron, as supposed to be under the influ-
ence of that planet. With astrologers it is the producing cause
of wars, troubles, &c. In the heathen mythology, the god of
war.
MARS, MARSH, or MAS, in the names of places, are
derived from merse, Sax. a fen or watery place.
MARSE'ILLES, a tlourishing sea-port in the department
of the Mo\iths of the Rhone, formerly an episcopal see. It was
so celebrated in the time of the Romans, that Cicero styled it
the Athens of Gaul, and Pliny called it the Mistress of Educa-
tion. It is seated on the Jlediterranean, at the upper end of
a gulf, covered and defended by many small islands, and is
divided into tlie Old Town or the City, and the New Town.
The armoury here is one of the finest, and contains arms for
40,000 men. Here is also a large arsenal, well stored with
all the implements fiir building and fitting out the galleys.
The harbour is not deep enough for men of war. Gold and
silver stuffs are made liere. The inhabitants are estimated at
90,000. With resjiect to commerce, Marseilles has been
eminent, since the days of antiquity, and it is now sometimes
called Europe in Miniature, on account of the variety of
dresses and languages. In 10 49, the plague raged with great
violence in Marseilles, and with still greater in 1720, 1721,
and 1722, when it carried off 50,000 of the inhabitants.
During this last dreadful visitation, M. de Belfunce, (the
" Marseilles good bishop," celebrated by Pope) the canon
Bourgeret, the magistrate Moustier, and the commandant
Langeron, by their intrepiii and indefatigable humanity, did
the most signal honour to themselves and to human nature.
Marseilles is IS miles N. \V. of Toulon, and 302 S. by £. of
Paris, lat. 43. 18. N. Ion. 5. 27. E.
MARSH, s. [)7ieise, Sax.] a fen, bog, swamp, or tract o(
land abounding in water.
MARSH, a village of Cambridgeshire, in the isle of Ely,
with a market on Friday.
MA'RSHFIELD, a town of Gloucestershire, with a manu-
factory of broad-cloth, and a considerable trade in malt. It is
seated on the Cotswold hills, 12 miles E. of Bristol, and 102
W. of London. Market on Tuesday.
MARSHAL, s. [niareschal, Fr.] the chief officer of an
army. See MAiiiiSCiiAL. An oflicer who regulates com-
bats in the lists ; any one who regulates the rank or order at
a feast or other assembly ; one who puts things or persons
in proper order ; an harbinger, or one who goes before a
prince, to give notice of his coming, and prepare for his
reception.
To MA'RSHAL, v. a. to place in proper ranks or order;
to lead as an harbinger.
MA'RSHALLER, s. a person that puts things in order,
AI.VRSHALSEA, s, a prison in Southwark, belonging to
the marshal of the kir.g's household.
MA'RSHALSHir, j. the office of a marshal.
MARSH CrSTUS, i. the wild rosemary.
MARSH LOCK.S, s. an herb, the same with the purple
marsh cinque foil.
MARSHMA'I.LOWS, s. a plant with simple downy
leaves, and purplish while blossoms ; found in flower, in salt
marshes, in August.
MA'RSHMOSS, s. in bot.any, a kind of moss, of which
there are not less than 21 kinds native in England.
SIA'RSHWORT, i. a plant with oblong egg-shaped leaves
and white blossoms; called also the round-leavtd water pim-
pernel.
MA'RSHV, n. boggy; wet : produced in marshes. Stnon.
Mar.iliij lands are those that lie low, and are watery; lioggy
lands are those where there are many quagmires.
MART, s. [contracted fioui niiirkft] a place of public
traiiic, or trade. Figuratively, a bargain, whether purchase
or sale. Letlir$ of mint, see Mark.
To MART, V. a. to trade; to buy or sell.
MA'RTEN, or MARTKRN, s. [martc, Fr.] a large kind
of weasel, whose skin or fur is much valued ; a kind of
swallow that builds in houses, from martcUt, Fr.
MARY
MARY
S8S
MAHTIAL, (jndrtha s. [martialis, from Murt, the god
of war, also a planet, Lat.] warlike; brave; given to war;
having a warlike shew ; used in war. In chyniistry, liaving
particles or properties of iron, from Ma's, the chynjical word
lor iron. Borrowing qualities from the planet Mars, applied
to astrology.
MA'UTIALIST, s. a warrior ; a fighter.
MA'RTINET, or MA'RTLET, s. [martinet, Fr.] a kind
of swallow. In heraldry, they are represented willijnl feet,
and used as a difference or mark of distiiictiiin fir younger
brothers, to put them in mind that they are to trust to the
wings of virtue and merit, in order to raise themselves,
and not to their feet, they having little land to set their
licet on.
MA'RTINETS, s. small lines fastened to the leetch of a
3ail, to bring that part of the leetch next to the yard-arm close
up to the yard, when the sail is to be furled.
MA'KTINGAL, *. [martingale, Vr.] a broad leather thong
or str.^p, fastened at one end to the girth under, the belly of
a horse, from whence it passes between his fore legs, and is
fastened at the other end to the nose-band of the bridle, to
hinder a horse from rearing.
MARTINI'CO, a considerable inland of the West Indies,
about 44 miles in length, and 120 in circumference. There
are 3 high mountains, with numerous hills of a conical
form, and several rivers and fertile valleys, but they will
not bear either wheat or vines ; however, the former is not
much wanted, for those that are born here prefer cassava to
wheat bread. It possesses many natural advantages, anil, in
particular, its harbours alford a certain shelter from the hur-
ricanes. It exports sugar, cocoa, cassia, ginger, cotton, in-
digo, chocolate, aloes, pimento, tobacco, yarn, plantains, mo-
lasses, preserved fruits, &c. is extremely populous, and has
several safi? and commodious harbours. The principal [)laces
are Fort Royal, Fort St. Peter, Fort Trinity, and Fort de-
Mouillage. In 17y4, this island was taken by the English,
under Sir J. Jervis and Sir C. Grey, but restored at the
peace. It was again taken by the English in 1 809. Fort-
Royal is in lat. U. 44. N. Ion. dl. 11. W.
MA'RTINMAS, s. the feast of St. Martin, Nov. llth.
MA'RTYIl, ,9. [Gr.J in its primary sense, a witness ; in
its second;iry sense, a witness of the truth of Christianity ;
bnt as the witnessing of its truth was, at first, generally at-
tended with persecution and death, the word is now ap-
plied to those only who die in attesting the truth of any
doctrine.
To MA'RTYR, v. a. to put to death for resolutely main-
taining any opinion.
MA'RTYRDOM, i. the act of putting to death for reso-
lutely and immoveably maintaining any opinion ; the act of
ei:during death, in attestation of the truth of an opinion or
fact.
MART YRO'LOGIST f. a writer of martyrology.
MAKl'YIlO'LOGy, j. [from martyr, a martyr, and logos,
a discourse Gr.J a register or catalogue of martyrs ; a history
of martyrs.
MA'RVEIy, s. [marveille, Fr.] a wonder ; any thing that
raises wonder or astonishment.
To MARVEL, v. n. to wonder or be astonished.
MA'RVELLOUS, a. [marveilleuT, Fr.] capable of exciting
wonder or astonishment; strange; surpassing credit. Used
sid)stantively, to express any thing exceeding natural power,
Oi)posed to jirohable.
MA'RVELLUUSLY, ad. in a strange, extraordinary, and
wonderful manner.
MA'RVELLOUSNESS, s. the quality which excites won-
der and astonishment.
MA'RY, daughter of Henry VIII. succeeded to the
throne of England on the death of Eilward VI. which ha|)-
pened July 6, 15o3. There were great struggles made at
first by the dukes of Northumberlanil, SnfToik, and otiiers, in
favour ut lady Jone Grey ; but that party being quashed,
Mary was crowned October 1 ; and the parliament, which
the court had taken care, by all manner of artifices, and evvn
violence, in managing the elections, and return^, to have at
their devotion, met on the 1 0th. As to the lords, though
they had most of them professed the Protestant religion in
the reign of Edward, the greatest part of them appeared
zealous catholics under queen Mary. This parliament im-
mediately repealed the divorce of the queen's mother, by
which they a second time declared the prhicess Elizabeth il-
legitimate. Then they made void all the laws concerning re-
ligion, restored the mass, and brought all things back to the
state they were in at the latter end of Henry VIII. 's reign.
Gardner not thinking it advisable as yet to proceed any
further; but the queen was impatient lo have the pope's
full power, and the nation re-united to the holy see. A
marriage being in treaty between the emperor's son, Philip
of Spain, and queen Mary, the house of commons addressed
the queen upon it ; at which being offended, she dissolved
the parliament. When the parliament was sitting, the con-
vocation decided in favour of traiisubstantiation, after a sham
disputation between the Protestant and Popish clergy; in
which the former, who were but six in the house, were run
down with numbers and noise, for want of argument. The
treaty of marriage between Philip and Mary was signed
January 12, 1.55 1. As soon as it was published, murmurs and
complaints were every where heard against it; and an in-
surrection soon broke out, of which the marriage was either
the real or the pretended cause. It was concerted between
the duke of Suff dk. Sir Thos. Wyatt, and Sir Peter Carew ;
but it was soon quelled. On Feb. 12, lady Jane Grey was
beheaded, behaving with the utmost resignation and forti-
tude, after she had seen the headless body of her husband
carried along by her from the same execution. And nine
days after the duke of Suffolk, her father, underwent the
same fate. In the mean time, Brent one of Wyatt's captains,
was hanged, with 58 of his men ; after which, 000 prisoners
were brought before the queen, with ropes about their
necks, and received their pardon. Wyatt, on his trial, ac-
cused the princess Elizabeth as an accomplice in his con-
spiracy ; but, finding he must die, he cleared her of all on
his second examination, as also at the place of execution.
However, his accusation occasioned the princess to be sent
to the tower, where she endured a long and severe confine-
ment, and was afterwards removed a prisoner to Woodstock.
A parliament was now to be procured, which should ap-
prove of the queen's intended marriage, and restore the
pope's authority, both of which the major part of the nation
was against, and a great many of those who were for the
Roman catholic religion thought that the pope's authority
was by no means necessary to the church. The parliament,
meeting on April 3, approved the treaty of marriage be-
tween the queen and Philip, vvho arrived at Southampton,
July 19 ; and they were married by Gardiner on the 25th,
Philip being 29 years old, but Jlary 3H. The same day
they were proclaimed king and queen of England, France,
and Naples, with other titles. Care was taken, by the ar-
ticles of marrijge, that Philip should have no s'hare in the
government of England. The parliament meeting again
Nov. 11, Pole was at last sent over, in quality of the pope's
legate, and arrived the 24th. He opeiud his legation l)c-
fore the king, queen, and both houses of parliament, telling
them, the design of it was to bring back the straying sheep
to the fold of Christ. On Nov. 29, the grand wftrk of recon-
ciling the kingdom to the pope was ettecled. Popery being
now hilly established, the spirit of it soon appeared in the
most violent and bloody persecution against the protestants.
Pole was fur reducing them by gentle means, without any
force or corporal punishments; but Gardiner's violent coun-
sels were most agreeable to tiie court, and the rest of the
bishops. It was therefore resolved to leave to him the
bus iiess of extirpdti. g heresy ; which he alterwards tr.ins-
f.rred to Bonner, bishop of London, who was, if possible,
m.iie furious and bloody than himself. The first sacrifice to
popish zeal and bii^otry was Hooper, who had b-'en bishop
of Gloucester ; and betore the end ot the year no less than
67 persons were burnt. The so luuch expected deliverance
4 F
586
M ASC
of the queen, wliich had elated the Romish party to the
highest degree, proved only a false conception, which cast
them down as much. Ami king Philip, i:ow despairing of
issue bv his queen, whereby he hoped to have uniied the
monarchies of Spain and England, and growing weary of
her, as she was neither young nor handsome, left England
on Sept. 4th, to the no small mortification of the queen. Soon
after, Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, died. On JIarch 21,
1J56, Craimier was burnt, and 8j perished in the flames
under Bonner's management, who discovered on these occa-
sions more than brutal cruelty. Pole succeeded Cranmer in
the archbishopric of Canterbury. The following year, 79
protestants underwent the same fiery trial ; nor could the
dead escape the effects of popish malice. The bones of
Fagius and Bucer were dug up and burnt ai Cambridge,
after they had been ridiculously cited before the commis-
sioners to give an account of their faith. Whilst the queen
and court were wholly uitent upon these violent methods for
suppressing heresy, they suffered themselves to be seduced
by Spanish counsels to a rupture with France. They gained
a great victory over the French at St. Quintin; but at the
same time they lost Calais, which this nation had been in
possession of ever since the reign of Edward III. the duke
of Guise making himself master of it in the beginning of the
year 1558 ; as also of Guisnes, and the castle of Hames,
which were the only remains of the English conquests in
France. The loss of Calais occasioned great uneasiness and
murmurings among the people ; and the queen herself was
so sensibly touched with it, that she told those about her,
" That she should die ; and if they would know the cause,
they must dissect her after her death, and they should find
Calais at her heart.'' She died Nov. IT, 1.558, in the
forty-third year of her age, when she had reigned live
years, four months, and eleven days. In the four years in
which the persecution lasted, near 300 persons were put to
death, viz. one archbishop, four bishops, 21 divines, eight
gentlemen, 84 artificers, 100 husbandmen, servants, and
labourers, 26 wives, 30 widows, nine virgins, two boys, and
two infants; besides which, several died in prison, and many
■were whipt, or otherwise cruelly treated. The characteristics
of Mary were bigotry and revenge ; and to this, she was
proud, imperious, froward, avaricious, and wholly destitute
of every agreeable qualification.
MAllY BOROUGH, a small borough, the county town of
Queen's County, in Leinster, considerable for its woollen
ma-iufacturcs. It is 40 miles S. S. W. of Dublin.
JI.VUVL.AN'D, one of the United States of America,
lying about the N. end of Chesapeak Bay, which divides
it hito two parts, called the eastern and western shores ;
boimded on the N. by Pennsylvania, on the E. by the state
of Delaware, on the S. E. and S. by the sea and Virginia,
and on the W. l)y the interior country of America. It is
171 miles long, and 110 broad. It is divided into 18 cnun-
tics, 10 of which are on the western and eiirlit on the easttrn
shore of the Chesapeak. The exports are wheat and tobacco,
which are the staple commoditic'i ; timber, hemp, flax, ami
barrelleil pork, there being vast luniibers of swine, which
run wild in the woods, feeding on the mast or nuts of vari-
ous kinds of trees. The number of inliabitants is about
260,000. The chief towns are Annapolis and Baltimore.
The climate of this province, which in most respects resem-
bled Virginia, is generally mild and agreeable.
MA'KYPOBT, a town in Cumberland, situated at the
mouth of the Ellen. It has SO or 90 sail of shipping, from 50
to SOO tons burden ; some of which sail up the Baltic fiir
timber, flax, iron, &'C. The coal and coasting trade and
ship-building are carried on pretty extensively, and lately an
eilensrve cotton manufactory has been erectpl. Here is a
furn:ice for cast iron, and one of the finest gla.".s-hnuses in the
British dominions. By a late survey, the number of inhabi-
tants amounted to 2(125. It is 7 miles N. W. of Cocker-
month, aiid .'i07 N. N. W. of London. Market on Friday.
MA'.SCULINE, a. [from mat, the male of any creature,
Lat.J male; resembling a man; bold. In grammar, the
MASS
gender appropriated to the male kind, though not always ex-
pressing sex.
M A'SCULINELY, ad. like a man ; boldly.
MA'SCULINENESS, s. the quality by which a person
resembles a man, applied by way of reproach to women.
The figure or behaviour of a man.
MASH, :[miis<:he, Belg.] the space between the threads
of a net, generally written mesh. Any thing mingled or
confused together, from mischen, Belg. A mir.ture for a
horse.
To JIASH, V. a. [masclier, Fr.] to beat or bruise into
a confused mass ; to mix water and malt together in
brewing.
MA'SH.\M, a town in the N. Riding of Yorkshire, with a
cotton manufactory. It is seated on the river Ure, 218 miles
from London. Market on Tuesday.
MASK, t. [masijui', Fr.] a cover over the face to disguise
it; a pretext, or subterfuge. A dramatic piece in a tragic
style, without attention either to rule or probability.
To MASK, 1'. a. [masquer, Fr.] to disguise or cover
with a mask. Figuratively, to cover or hide under some
pretence.
MA'SKED, a. covered or concealed.
MA'SKER, s. one who exhibits in a mask.
MA'SON, s. [mufon, Fr.] one who builds in stone. A
free or accepted mason is one who belongs to the society
of Free Masons, of which there have been great numbers
in every part of the civilized world, and are of great an-
tiquity.
MA'SONRY, J. [macunerie, Fr.] the craft or performance
of a mason.
MASO'RA, s. a term in the Jewish theology, signifying a
work on the Bible, performed by several learned rabbins, to
secure it from any alterations which might otherwise happen.
These rabbins are called Masorites.
MASQUERA'DE, s. [mascara, Arab.] a diversion or public
assembly, wherein the company is masKed and disguised ; a
disguise.
"To MASQUERA'DE, v. n. to go in disguise ; to assemble
in masks and other disguises.
MASQUERA'DER, s. a person in a mask.
MASS, s. [masse, Fr.J a body ; a lump ; a large quan-
tity ; bulk ; a vast body ; an assemblage of several things,
fortning one confused and distinct body ; a gross body ;
the general. In divinity, this word originally implied only
a festival, and was in this sense used in the word Chriifmas,
long before the introduction of the saeramont of the mass;
but at length it was used to signify the Eucharist, and is
at present appropriated to the office of public prayers,
used by the Romish church in the celebraliun of the
Eucharist.
To .MASS, V. n. to celebrate mass. Actively, to thicken ;
to strengthen.
MASSACHU'SETTS, one of the United States of North
America, bounded on (he N. by New Hampshire and V^er-
mont ; on the W. by New York; on the S. by Connecticut,
Rhode Island and the Atlantic Ocean ; and on the E. by
that ocean and the Bay of Massachusetts. It is 120 miles
long, and 50 broad; and is divided into 11 counties. It
produces Indian corn, flax, hemp, hops, potatoes, beans,
peas, fruits, &c. Iron has been found in immense quantities ;
as likewise copper ore, black lead, alum, slate, S;c. This
state owns more than one-third part of the trade and ship-
ping belonging to the United States. The negro trade was
prohibited by law in 1778. The number of inhabitants, in
1790, was 378,787. Here are 265 towns, the principal o(
which are Boston and Saljm. They have manufactures of
leather, linen and woollen cloth, and plenty of beef, pork,
fowls, and fish.
MASSACRE, t. [massacre, Fr.] the crime of killing great
numbers of persons without any distinetion, .mil not in a
condition to defend themselves ; carnage ; murder.
To MA'SSACRE, v. a. [massacrcr, Fr.] to butcher ; to de-
stroy great multitudes.
MAT
MA'SSICOT, s. \Vr.] ceruse calcineii hy a moderate degree
of lire ; of this there are three sorts, arising from the ditrereiit
degrees applied in the operation, ir/itic riiKSsicul is of a
yellowish white, and is that wliich has received the least cal-
ciniition ; yellow matticut has received more ; anil gold-coloured
7iiaxsicol still more.
MA'SSINliSS, s. vvei/,dit, bullc, or .solidity.
MA'SSIVE, a. [wias»;/; Fr.] heavy; bulky; solid.
MA'SSIVENESS, i." the qiialily sf being weighty, bulky,
and solid.
MA'SSY, a. weighty, bulky, solid.
MAST, s. [mat, Fr. ma'.it, Sax.] the post standing upright in
a ship or vessel, to which the yards and sails are aftixed ; the
fruit of the oak or beech tree.
MA'STED, a. carrying a mast.
MA'STEK, s. [magiiter, Lat.] a person who has servants
under him ; a ruler; a chief or head ; a possessor ; the com-
mander of a trading vessel ; an officer on board a ship of war ;
a person subject to no control ; a teacher, or instructor ; a
young gentleman ; a title of respect ; a person eminently
skilled in any trade or science ; a title of dignity at the uni-
versities.
To MA'STER, v. a. to rule, govern, or keep in subjection ;
to conquer ; to perform with skill ; to overcome any difficulty,
or accomplish any design.
MA'STEUDOM, s. dominion or rule.
MA'STEU-HAND; s. one eminently skilled in any profes-
sion.
MA'STER-JEST, s. a principal jest.
MA'STERKEY, s. a key which can open many locks that
have (iifTerent wards.
MA'Sl'ERLESS, a. wanting a master or owner; not to b
governed ; unsubdued.
MA'SIERLINESS, s. eminent skill.
MA STERI.Y, a. suitable to or becoming a master; artful ;
showing great skill ; imperious; with the sway of a master.
Adverbially, with the skill of a master.
MA'STI<;KPIECE, s. a capital performance; a chief or emi-
nent excellence.
MA'S FERSHIP, »• dominion ; rule ; power ; a perfect work ;
a curious and capital performance ; skill ; knowledge ; superio-
rity or pre-eminence.
ArA'STER-STROKE, i. a strobe or performance that shows
great skill.
MA'STERWORT, s. a plant, whose root is used in medi-
cine.
MA'STER V, s. dominion; rule; superiority, or pre-emi-
nence ; skill.
MA'STFUL, o. abounding in mast or fruit, applied to the
oak or beech trees.
MASTICA'TION, s. [from maslico, to chew, low Lat.] the
act of chewing.
MA'STICATORY, s. [mastiaitoire, Fr] a medicine to be
chewed, but not swallowed.
MA'STICH, (mdttik) s. [mastic, Fr.J in the Materia Me-
dica, is a solid resin, of a pale yellowish white colour, brought
principally from the island of Chios, in drops and tears, as it na-
turally forms itself in exuding from the tree, about the big-
ness of a pea. It is detergent, astringent, and stomachic;
very good in inveterate coughs, and against spitting of
blood ; assists digestion, and stops vomiting. Externally,
it is used in plasters to the regions of the stomach and intes-
tines.
MA'STIFF, s. plural niastives ; for all nouns ending in J" or
fe in the singular, change into ves in the plural ; \maslin, Fr.l
a large-sized dog, generally used as a guard in houses and
yards.
MA'STLESS, a. without masts.
MA'STLIN, J. [from metier, Fr.] mixed corn, consisting of
wheat and rye.
MAT, i. \meatte. Sax.] a texture of .sedge, flags, or rushes.
In a ship, plats made of fine nets and thrums, to keep the
cordage fast.
MATH
48 T
To MAT, V. n. to cover with mats ; to twist, interweave, or
join together like a mat.
MA'TACIIIN, .(. [Fr.;] an old dance.
MA'TAI)(^iU'", s. [irialuihir. Span.] a murderer; the three
chief cards at quadrille, so called ii-om the advantage they have
over the contrary party, and wiiniing such a inunlier of pieces
out of the pool, which on that account are called matmlurct
likewise.
MATCH, s. [mcclie, Fr.] a small piece of deal dipt ill
brimstone ; ariy thing that catclios lire, particularly applied to
a kind of rope slightly twisted, and prepared to retain tire,
used in discharging guns, &c. A game; any mutual contest ;
from miichv, Gr. a tight. One equal to contest or fight with
another. One that suits or tallies with another, from maca
Sax. A marriage; one to be married.
To MATCH, V. a. to equal ; to show any thing equal or
like to ; to suit or proportion ; to marry, or give in marriage.
Neuterly, to be married ; to suit ; to tally.
MA'TCHABLE, «. suitable; resembling perfectly ; fit to
be joined.
MA'TCHLESS, a. without an equal; not admitting compa-
rison.
MA'TCHLKSSLY, ad. in a maimer not to be equalled.
MA'TCHELSSN£SS, ». the quality of not admitting an
equal, or a comparison.
MA'TCHMAKER, s. one who is instrumental to a person's
marriage; one who makes matches lo burn.
BIATE, s. [miiet, Belg.] a husband or wife; a compa-
nion, whether male or female ; the male or female of
animals ; one that sails in the same ship ; one that eats at the
same talile ; one that is the second in rank.
To MATE, V. a. to match or marry ; to be equal to. To
crush ; to confoun<l, from mailer, Fr. or matnr, .Span.
MAl'E'UIA-MEDICA, s. conqirehends all the substances
either used in medicine in their natural state, or which
afTonl preparations that are so ; these belonging partly
to the animal, partly to the vegetable, and partly to tlie
fossil kingdom.
MATE'RIAL, a. [matCriel, Fr. from materia, matter, Lat.]
consisting of matter, opposed to spiritual. Important ; mo-
mentous; essential.
MATE'KIALIST, s. one who denies the existence of
spirit.
MATERIA'LITY, s.{mutaiuUie, Fr.] corporeity ; mate-
rial existence, opposed to spirituality.
MATE'RIALLY, ad. in the state of matter ; essentially or
importantly.
MATE'RIALNESS, s. the state of consisting of matter.
Figuratively, the quality of behig important or essential.
JIATE'RIALS, s. not used in the singular ; [matiriaux,
Fr.] the substance of which any thing is made.
MATE'RIATE, or MATE'RIATED, a. [from materia,
matter, Lat.] consisting of matter.
JIATERIA'TION, s. from materia, matter, Lat.] the act of
fornung matter.
MA'i'ER'NAL, a. [from mater, mother, Lat.] motherly ;
becoming or belonging to a mother.
MATE'RNITY, s. [maternite, Fr.] the character or rela-
tion of a mother.
MA"I FELON, s. the great knapweed.
MA'TGRASS, s. the small matweed; a kind of grass.
MATHEMA'TIC, or MATHEMA'TICAL, a. [mathema,
learning, from mantltano, to learn, Gr,] according to the
rules of mathematics; belonging to mathematics.
MATHEMA'TICALLY, ad. according to the rules of ma-
thematics.
MA'I'HEMATI'CIAN, t. [mathemaiiciin, Fr.] a person
skilled in the mathematics.
MATHEMA'TICS, i. [maMema. learning, from manthano,
to learn, Gr.] the science which considers quantity either as
computable or measurable ; it is divided mla pure and Jiiixed ;
the pure considers quantity in the abstract, i. s. without any
relaiion to another ; and the mixt, as subsisting in material
beings, as lengtii in a road, &c.
£88
MATT
MATHE'SIS, s. [from manthano, to learn, Gr.] the doctrine
or science of mathematics.
MATIN, o. [matine, Fr.] used in, or belonging" to, the
moriiinpf.
MA'TIN, s. [Fr.] the morning. In the plural, applied to
the prayers used at morning worship.
MATLOCK, Derbyshire, near Wirksworth, is situated on
the river Derwent, 17 miles N. of Derby. It has two
baths, whose waters are milk warm, and efficacious in
colicky, consumptive, and cutaneous cases. It is an ex-
tensive, straggling village, built in a very romantic style,
on the steep side of a mountain, the houses rising regu-
larly one above another, from the bottom to nearly the
summit. There are good accommodations for the numer-
ous company who resort to the baths; and petrifactions,
crystals, and other curiosities, for sale. Notwithstanding
the rockiness of the soil, the cliffs of the rocks produce
an immense number of trees, whose foliage adds greatly
to the beauty of the place.
MA'TRASS, s. [matias, Fr.] in chymistry, a glass vessel
for digestion or distillation, sometimes bellied, and sometimes
rising gradually taper into a conical figure ; a kind of hard bed
put under a softer.
MA'TRICE, s. [from mater, mother, Lat.] the womb ; a
mould giving form to something inclosed.
MATRICIDE, J. [from mater, mother, and cwdo, to kill,
Lat.] the crime of murdering a mother ; a person who kills a
mother.
To MATRI'CULATE, v. a. to enter as a member at an
university ; to enlist ; to enter into a society by setting down
a person's name.
MATRI'CULATE, s. a person entered in an university.
MATRICULATION, *. the act of entering a person as a
member of an university.
MATRIMO'NIAL, a. [Fr. from matrimonium, marriage,
Lat. J suitable to marriage; belonging to marriage.
MATRIMO'NIXLLY, ad. according to the manner or laws
of marriage.
MA'TRIMONY, s. [matrimonium, from maier, mother,
Lat.] marriage ; the solemn contract between a man and wo-
man to be faithful to each other during life ; the state of
a married person.
MATRIX, s, [Lat.] the womb ; a place where any thing is
generated or formed.
MA'TRON, s. [rnatrona, from mater, mother, Lat] an
elderly. lady, or old woman.
MATRO'NAL, a. [from rnatrona, a matron, Lat.] suitable
to a matron;. constituting a matron.
MATRONLY, a. suitable to a matron ; elderly ; an-
cient.
MATRO'SS, J. in the train of artillery, a soldier next below
a gunner, who assists in traversing, spunging. loading, and
firing the ginis ; they carry firelocks, and march along with
the store waggons, both as a guard and to assist in case of ac-
cidents.
MATT, s. in metallurgy, that mass of metal which sepa-
rates from the scoriae in smelting ores without previous roast-
ing.
MATTED, a. in botany, is applied to those parts of plants
that are thickly interwoven together ; as the fibres in turf
bogs.
MATTER, J. [materia, Lat.] a solid, hard, massy, impene-
trable, divisible, moveable, and passive substance ; the first
principle of natural things, from the various arrangements and
combinations of whose particles arise the different bodies that
appear in the univeise. Rody, opposed to spirit. The mate-
rials of which any thing is composed. A subject or thing
treated of. An affair or businesE. The cause of any distur-
liance. " What's the matter V" Shuk. Import ; consequence ;
moment, or importance, generally preceded by no. " No
matter, now 'tis past.'' Granv. The thing or object which is
under particular relation.
To MA'TTKH, v. n, used impersonally, to signify ; to im-
port, or be of importance. In surgery, to generate or pro-
MAWM
duce corruption or pus. Actively, to regard ; to look upon or
consider as of any impoi tance.
MATTERY, a. full of mitter, or pus, applied to wounds.
MATTHEW'S ST. GosrEL. St. Matthew wrote his
Gospel in Judea, at the request of those he had converted,
and it is thought he began it in the year 41, eiglit years
afcer Christ's resurrection. It was written, according to
the testimony of the ancients, in the Hebrew and Syriac
language, which was then common in Judea ; but the
Greek version of it, which now passes for the original,
is as old as the apostolical times. The most general opi-
nion of both ancients and moderns is, that he preached
and suffered martyrdom in Persia, or among the Parthians, in
Caramania, which then was subject to the Parthians.
MATTOCK, s. [mattuc. Sax.] a kind of toothed instru-
ment used to grub up trees and weeds, and to pull up
wood.
MA'TTRESS, s. [matras, Fr.] See Matrass.
MATURAT'ION, s. [Fr. from maiuro, to ripen, Lat.] the
act of ripening ; the state of growing ripe. In medicine, the
suppuration of excrementitious or extravasated juices into
matter.
M A'TURATIVE, a, [from maiuro, to ripen, Lat.] ripening,
or conducing to ripeness. In surgery, promoting the suppu-
ration of a sore.
MATU'RE, a. [vialurus, Lat.] ripe ; perfected by time ;
brought near to completion ; fit for execution ; well-digested ;
arrived at full age, or years of discretion.
To MAT'URE, v. a. [maiuro, Lat.] to ripen.
MATU'RELV, ad. ripely ; completely ; with deliberation,
or in a well-digested manner.
MATU'RITV, J. [from maturo, to ripen, Lat.] ripeness ;
completion.
MATVVEED, s. Two plants go under this name ; the
small matweed is a kind of grass ; the sea matwc-ed a kind of
reed.
MAU'DLIN, n. drunk ; intoxicated with liquor.
MAU'GRE, (»ia(tger) a. [malgre, Fr.] in spite of; notwith-
standing. Seldom used.
To MAUL, V. a. to beat. See Mall.
MAUND, s. [?nande, Fr.] a hand-basket.
To MAU'NDER, v. n. [maudire, Fr.] to grumble ; to mur-
mur.
MAU'NDERER, s. one that usesmurmuring and provoking;
words.
MAU'NDY-TIIU'RSDAY, s. [derived by Spelman from
mande, Sjx. a hand-basket, from which the king was formerly
accustomed to give alms to the poor] the Thursday before
Good Friday.
MAURITIUS. See Isle op France.
MAUSO'LEUM, s. [Lat. a name given by queen Artemisia,
of Caria, to a monument she erected in honour of her husband
MausiiUis] a pompous tomb or monument, erected in honour
of a person that is dead.
Maw, s. [maga, Sax.] the stomach of beasts, applied with
contempt to that of mankind; the craw or first stomach of
birds.
MAWS, St. a straggling town in Cornwall, consistine
of only one street, witliout a minister, or either church
or chapel]; yet it sends two members to the British
parliament. A castle was built here in the reign of Henry
VIIl. o|)posite that of Pendennis, for the better protec-
tion of Falmouth haven. It has a governor and a deputy-
governor, with two gunners and a platform of guns. It
is built under a hill, fronting the sea on the E. side of
Falmouth haven, 3 miles from the town, and 250 W. by S. of
London.
IMA'WKISH, n. [perhaps from mau'l apt to produce satiety
or loathing
MA'WKISHNESS, s. the quality of cloying, or producing
satiety and loalhhig.
MA'WMET, I. See Mammet ; a puppet or doll ; formerly
an idol.
MA'WM'ISH, a. foolish ; nauseous.
MEAD
ME AS
i89
MA'XILLAR, or MAXILLARY, a. [itom maxilla, a jaw-
bone, Lilt.] belonging to the jawbmip.
MA'XIM, s. [jiiaxime, Fr. from maximum, something
very great, Lat.] an axiom ; a general principle ; a leading
truth.
MAY, an auxiliary verb, by whicli we form the English
potential mood ; its preter. is ?nigkt, [from 7niig, Goth.] to be
po.ssible; to have power. In the imperative mood, or when
It is at the beginning of a sentence, it implies a wi.sh that a
person should have sumttliing in his power. Ma^ be, used
adverbially, implies, perhaps, or it is possible.
MAY, s. [so called from Muia, the mother of Mercury,
who was sacriHced on the first day] the fifth month in the
year, recttoning .lannary the first. May is usually drawn
with a sweet and amiable coinUenance, clad in a robe of
white and green, embroidered with daffodils, hawthorns, and
blue-bottles. Figuratively, the early, gay, and most pleasant
part of life.
To MAY, V. n. to gather flowers on the first of May,
MAYBUG, s. a cliafer.
MA'YGAME, s. a diversion or sport ; the object of
ridicule.
MA'YLILY, s. the same with lily of the valley.
MA'YO, a county of Irelai'.d, in the province of Connaught,
48 miles in length, and 44. in breadth. It contains fi8 pirishes,
about 27,970 houses, and MO.OOO inhabitants, and is bounded
on the W. by the Atlantic ocean, on the N. and N. E. by the
ocean and Sligo, on the E. and S. E. by Roscommon and
Galway, and on the S. by Galway. The western coast is
mountainous, and scarcely inliabited ; but in the interior there
are good pastures, lakes, and rivers, with several excellent
harbours on the coast. Its antient capital. Mayo, is gone to
decay. Ballinrobe is now reckoned the chief town, but the
assizes are held at Castlebar.
MA'YPOLE, s. a long erect pole, round which persons
dance on the first day of May.
MA'YOR, s. [maer, Brit.] the chief magistrate of a city,
town or corporation. In London aud York, he is called
Lord Mayor.
MAYORALTY, s. the ofTice of mayor.
MA'Y0RE.S,S, s. the wife of a mayor.
MA'YWEED, s. in botany, a kind of chamomile.
MAZARD, s. \niusihoire, Fr.] a jaw ; a low word.
MAZE, J. \misssn, Belg.] a labyrinth, or place who.se pas-
sages are so intricate that it is not easy to get out of them.
Figuratively, perplexity, confusion, applied to the mind.
To MAZE, V, a. to perplex, bewilder, or confuse.
MA'ZER, \_maeser, Belg. a knot of maple] a maple cup
MA'ZY, a. having winding ami intricate passages; per-
plexed; confused.
M. A. an abbreviature lor mughler iirtium, or master of
arts.
M. B. an abbreviature for medicinie baccalaureus, or ba-
chelor of physic.
M. D. an abbreviature for medicinit doctor, or doctor of
physic.
ME, the oblique case of the pronoun I. It is used
sometimes ungrammatically for /; as meihinks, instead of
/ think.
MEAD, {meed) s. [medd, Brit.] a drink made of honey and
water, called likewi.se metheghn.
MEAD, or ME'ADOW, (meed, or medS) s- [made, Sax.]
ground somewhat watery, not ploughed, and covered with
grass and flowers.
MEADOWBO'JTS, s. a plant with kidney-shaped leaves
and yellow blossoms; called also marsh marigold. The
flowers, gathered before they expand, and preserved in
salted vinegar, are a good substitute for capers. The juice
of the petals boiled with a little alluni stains paper yellow.
The remarkable yellowness of butter in the spring is sup-
posed to be caused by this plant ; but cows will not eat it
unless compelled by extreme hunger, and then, Boachaave
eays, it occasions such au inflammation that they generally
die.
ME'ADOWGRASS, s. the grass tnat grows jn meadows;
the reed meadow grass is found in marshes, and on the banks
of rivers.
ME'ADOWPINK, ». a name for the campion cuckoo
flower.
AlE'ADOWRUE, j. the thalictrnin of LiniiiEus ; the
mountain, lesser, and common ineadowrue, are the species
found in England.
ME'ADOVVSVVEET, s. in botany, the spira of Linnteus ;
the dropwnrt ami queen of the meadows are of this species.
ME'AGER, (mixger, with the g hard) a. [maigre, Fr.]
lean; wanting flesh. Tliin, poor, or hungry, applied to
ground. Si-non. Meager, lean. In that sense in which
these two words are reputed synonymous, meager signifies
want of flesh ; tmn, want of fat. — Meugerness supposes a
waste of body, owing either to a bad constitution or a scar-
city of food ; leanness, supposes no want of flesh, being opposed
only to corpulency or fatness.
ME'AGERNE.S.S, (miegerness) 3. leanness; want of flesh;
scantin;'ss ; smallness.
MEAK, s. a hook with a long handle.
MEAL, {meet) s [nia!e. Sax.] the act of "eating at a certain
tnne ; a repast ; a part or fragment ; the flour of corn.
To MEAL, {msel) v. a. \iuller, Fr.] to sprinkle, mingle, or
spot.
ME'ALMAN, imeilman) s. one that deals in flour or
ineal.
ME'ALTREE. s. in botany, the viburnum of Linn«u6»
the two English species are the wayfaring-tree and water-
elder.
MpyALY, (meely) a. having the taste or other qualities of
meal; besprinkled or spotted as with meal. Mealy mouthed
implies soft mouthed ; unable to speak through bashful-
ness.
MEAN, (meen) a. [maene. Sax.] wanting dignity; of low
birth or rank ; low-minded ; contemptible, or despicable ;
middle ; moderate, or without excess, from mot/en, Fr. In-
tervening; intermediate; coming or happening between
any two periods of time. In astronomy, when applied to
the motion of the sun, moon, or planets, signifies that which
would take pbce if they moved in a perfect circle, and
equally every day.
MEAN, {meen) i. [moyen, Fr.] inediocrity ; a middle state
between two extremes; a medium; an interval; any thing'
used to efTect an end. Method or manner ; used in the
plural, and by the best writers, though ungrammatically,
with an adjective singular. " Employed as a means of doing
good." Atlerhury. By all means, signifies without doubt,
hesitation, or fail. By no means, not in any degree or re-
spect ; not at all. Mj-ans are likwise used liar revenue, or
fortune; probably from demesnes. Mean time, or mean while,
signifies in the intervening time ; sometimes an adverbial
mode of sp "ech.
To MEAN, (meen) v. n. preter. and participle meant, pron,
inent ; [meenen, Belg.] to have in the mind. Actively, to
intend ; to design ; to hint at.
MEANDER, s. [from Mrander, a river in Phrygia, re-
markable for its winding course] a maze; labyrinth; a wind-
ing course.
MEA'NDROUS, a. having many turnhigs or windings.
ME'ANING, {nie'ening) s. \mr[inse or intention; the sense,
or thing uiiderstnod liy any expression.
ME'ANLY, {meenly) ad. moderately; in a low degree;
in a poor or base maimer; without wealth, dignity, or
respect.
ME'ANNESS, (.mienness) s. want of perfection or excel-
lence; defect; want of dignity, birth, or fortune; sordid-
ness ; lowness of mind.
MEANT, {ment) the perfect and part, passive of Mean.
ME'ASLED, {meizled) a. infected with the measles.
ME'ASLES, (meezlei) s. [messelen, Belg.] a cutaneous dis-
ease, cousisting in a general appearance of eruptions, not
tending to a suppuration, of the nature of flea-bites, which
com« out the fourth day after a person is taken iU, and
590
M E C C
.M E D I
disappear the fourth day after their coming out ; so tliat the
distemper bears a near resemblance to the small pox. A
disease in swine, appearing in red spots upon their skin.
]\IE'ASLY, {merdij) a. scabiied with the measles.
JIE'ASUUABLE, (mizhurable) u. such as may be mea-
sured or computed. Figuratively, moderate, or in small
quantity.
ME'ASURABLENESS, CmizhunMetiessJ s. the qualily of
being capal)le of measure.
ME'ASUR.^BLY, ( inizhuraUij ) ad. in such a manner as
may be measured ; moderately.
ME'ASURE, (nu-zhure) s. \mtmre, Fr.] that by which the
quantity or e.Ktiiit of any thing ij found ; the rule by which
any thing is adjustjd or proportioned ; proportion, or setth'd
quantity ; a sufficient quantity ; motion regijated by musical
time ; the cadence or lin.ie observed In poetry, or <lancing ;
syllables limited to certain numbers composing a verse ;
metre ; tune. To have /turd measure, is to be hardly dealt
by.
To ME'ASURE, (mizhure) v. a. [mesurcr, Fr] to compute
the quantity or extent of any thing by some settled rule. To
comprehend. " Great are tliy works, Jehovah What
thought can measure thee ?" I'ar. Lost, To adjust or propor-
tion ; to allot or distribute.
ME'ASURELEsS, ( inczhureless J a. not to be measured or
comprehended.
ME'ASUREMENT, {mcxhuremenl) i. the act of finding the
quantity or txtent of any thing.
jME'ASURER (niezliurer) s. one that distributes things in
proper quiintities.
MEAT, {meet) s. [mele, Sax] flesh to be eaten ; food in ge-
neral. SvNON. By meat is understood any kind of food ;
but Jlesli signifies only the natural composition of an ani-
mal.
ME'ATED, (meeteJ) a. fed ; foddered ; applied to cattle.
MEATH, a county of Ireland, in the province of Lein-
8ter, 30 miles from N. to S. and from 25 to 35 from E.
to W. bounded on the N. by Cavan and Louth, oii the
E. by the Irish Channel, on the S. by Kildare and Dub-
iiii, and on the W. by Lor.gford and West Meath. It
coiitans 147 parishes, about '2-i,46>i houses, and 112,400
souls, and is a tine champaign country, abounding with
corn, and fattening numerous flocks and herds. The bogs
are neither numerous nor extensive. Much coarse Ihien
is tr.ade in this county. Trim is the county town.
MEATIl, AVes:, a county of Ireland, in the province
of Leiuster, bounded on tJie W. by Lofigford and Ros-
conmion, on the N. by Longford and Cavan, on the E.
Iiy Jleath and KiUiar?, and on the S. by King's County. Its
greatest Irngih is 38 miles ; its greatest breadth 21- It con-
tains C2 parishes, about 13,700 honse.s, and 69,000 inha-
bitants; and besides Longh Ree, formed by the Shannon
on the western extremity, it is watered by a luimbcr of
other agreeable lakes ; as, the Loughs Leign, Derrivarah,
Iron, Ennel, Drin, and Bannean Annagh, the rivers limy,
Brosna, &c. Here is a great proportion of grass land, yet
more corn is raised than serves for the consumption of the inha-
bitants. 'J'he chief town is Mullingar, where the second great
fair in the kingdom for wool i* held.
MECCA, a city of lledjas in Arabia, seated on a barren
spot, in a valley, surrounded by little hills, about a day's
journey from the Red Sea. It has neither walls nor gates,
but the buildings are better here than in any other town of
Arabia. What chii fly supports it, is the annual resort of a
{(reat many thnusand pilf^rims at a certain season of the
year ; for, at other times, the shops are scarcely open. The in-
habitants are po(jr, very thin, lean, and swarthy. The hills
about the town are numerous; all consist of a blackish rock ;
and 8ome o^ them are half a mile in circunjference. The town
has plenty of water, and yet little garden-stufT; but there are
several eortsol good fruit, as grapes, melons, water-melons,
and cucumbers. Numbers of sheep are brought hittier to be
*old to the pilgrims. Mecca stands in a very hot climate,
and the inhabitunts usually sleep on the tops of their houses,
for the sake of coolness. Among its edifices, the most re-
markable is the famous Kaba, or House of God, held in high
veneration by the Arghars, even before the days of Mahom-t,
and is said to have been Abraham's house of prayer. '1 he
Kaba is a square tower, covered on tlie top with a piece
of black, gold embroidered, silk stuff. It lias 4« doors,
and resembles, in its form, the Royal Exchange, but is
nearly ten times as large. The groimd in the middle, or
area,' is mostly covered with gravel. There are cloisters
all roinid, and in the sides are cells for those that live a
monastic life. The arcades round the square are said to
be magnificent, and are illuminated with a vast number
of lamps, and candlesticks of gold and silver. In the Kaba is
a singular relic, the famous black stone said to have been
brought from heaven by the angel Gabriel, which every
Jlnssulman must kiss, or at least touch, every time he goes
round the Kaba. Here is also the well of Zimzen, said to
have been that where Hagar quenched the thirst of Uhmael.
Lat. 21. 45. N. Ion. 40. 55. E.
JIECHANIC, or MECHA'XICAL, (rtiekanic, or mekdni-
cul) a. [from merhane, art, Gr.] mean ; servile ; of mean
employ, constructed by the laws of mechanics ; skilled in me-
chanics.
MECHA'N" !C, {mckanik) s. a manufacturer, or person en-
gaged in handicraft emplovments.
MECHA'NICALLY, '(mekanicnllti) ad. according to the
laws of mechanism.
MECHA'NICALNESS, {mekunicalnest) t. agreeableness to
the laws of mechanism ; mean.'.ess.
MECHANICS, (mekdnics) s. [from mechune, art, Gr.J the
geometry of motion or a mathematical science, which shows
the effects of powers or moving forcts, as far as they are ap-
plied to engines, and demonstrate the laws of motion.
Mechanic powers are commoidy reckoned six, viz. \.he balance,
the lever, the pulley, the screw, the wtdge, the wheel, and the
ante.
ME'CHANISM, {mikanism) s^ action according to me-
chanic laws ; the construction of the parts depending on
each other in any engine, or complicated machine.
ME'CHLENBURG, a principality of Lower Saxony, in-
cluding the duchies of Schwerin and Gnstro, which are di.
vided into three circles, ilechlenburg, Wenden, and Star-
gard. It extends 135 miles in length, and 90 where
broadest. It abounds in corn, pastures, and game ; and is
well seated on tlie Baltic for foreign trade. The sovereigniy
of this countrj is divided between the house (jf Mechlenburg
Schwerin (which is the eldest branch, and has a revenue of
300,000 rix dollars per annum) and the house of Mechlen-
burg Strelitz, whose revenue amounts to about 126,000 rix
dollars.
MECHO'ACAN, s. [from the place] a large root, twelve or
fourteen inches long ; the piant which alflirds it is a spe-
cies of bindweed, and its stalks are angular ; the pulverized
root is a gentle and mild purgative.
MECO'NIUM, s. [from mekon, poppy, Gr.] expressed
juice of poppy ; the first excrement of chddren.
ME'D.iL s. ImiJaille, Fr.j an ancient coin ; a piece of
metal stamped in honour of some extraordinary action or per-
son.
MEDA'I.LIC, a. belonging to medals.
MEUA'LLION, i. [medaillon, Fr.J a large antique stamp
or medal.
MK'DALLIST, [miduillisle, Fr.] a man skilled or curious
in collecting medals.
To ME'UDLK,. t-. n. [middekn, Belg.] to have to do ; to
concern one's self about ; to interpose or hiterfere offici-
ously.
ME'DDLER, s. one who interposes, or busies himself with
things that do not concern him.
JIEDDLESOME, a. officiously interposing in affairs that
do not concern one ; intermeddling.
MEDIA'STINE, s. [Fr.] in anatomy, the fimbriated mem-
brane, romid which the guts are convolved.
To MEDIATE, v. n. [from medius, in the middle, Lat.]
MEDI
MELC
Ml
tO: interpose as an equal friend between two parties ; to be be-
tween two. Actively, to limit by something in the middle;
to elleet by mediatiou.
MV/Dl ATE, u, [riiiliaf, Pr.] interposed; coming between ;
placed l)etween two extremes.
ME'DIATELY, ail. by a secondary, or intervening
cause.
ME'DIATI0N,.5. [m(v//a/io?i, Fr.] interposition or interven-
tion ; at'eiicy, or a power of acting between ; intercession or
intreaty for another.
MK'DIATOR, s. [mijiuteur, Fr.] one who acts between
two parties, in order to procure a reconciliation ; an interces-
sor for atiotlier.
MEDIA'l'O'RIAL, or MEDIA'TORY, a. belonging tea
mediator.
MEDIA'l'ORSHIP, s. the office of mediator.
MKDIA'TRIX, «. a female mediator.
ME'DICAL, a. [from meden, to heal, Lat.] physical ; re-
lating to medicine, or the art of healing.
ME'DICALLY, ail. after the manner of medicine; accord-
ing to the art of physic.
"ME'DICAMENT, s. [from medco, to heal, Lat.] any thing
used in healing ; generally applied to external remedies.
MEDICAME'NTAL, a- relatini< to medicines.
MEDICAME'NTALLY, ad. aller the manner, or with the
power of medicine.
To ME'DICATE, v. a. [from medeo, to heal, Lat.] to tinc-
ture, or impregnate by infusion of medichies.
MEDICATION, s. the act of tincturing, or impregnating
with medic:d ingreilienfs.
MEDI'CINABLE, a. [from medeo, to heal, Lat.] having the
power of physic.
MEDl'CINAL, a. at present it is accented on the second
syllable ; but it is used in the best authors with the accent
on the third or last syllable but one ; [from medicinalis, Lat.]
having the power of healing ; belonging to physic.
MEDICINALLY, ad. physically.
ME'DICINE, (usually pron. medsiji) s. [from medeo, to
htal, Lat.] physic ; any drug given to cure a disorder ; the art
of healing.
ME'DICK, s. a plant with yellovr flowers, called by some
butterjags.
MEDi'NA, a city of Hedjas, in Arabia Felix, celebrated
for being the burial place of Mahomet. It is of moderate
extent, is walled round, and has a large mosque, but nothing
lilie the temple of Mecca. In one comer is a place, 14
paces square, with great windows, and brass gates, and in
the middle is the tomb of Mahomet, inclosed within iron
rails, hung with curtains, and surrounded by a va.st number
of lamps. The tomb is not exposed to any, except the 40
etniuchs who guard il, and light the lamps. It is placed be-
tween two other tombs, in which rest the ashes of the two
first caliphs. The story of its being suspended in the air by a
loadstone is now well known to be a fable. Provisions are
broujrht to this place out of Nubia, across the Red Sea, in odd
sort of vessels, '.rhose sails are made of mats. It is called
the City of the Prophet, because here he was protected by the
inhabitants A-heti he iled from Mecca; and here he wa» first
invested with regal power. The tiine of his death was in
637 ; but the Mahometan epoch begms in G22, from the lime
of his flight. It is> seated on a sandy plain, abounding in palm
trees, ] 76 miles N. N. W. of Mecca. Lat. 24. 20. N. Ion. 39.
33. E.
ME'DIOCRITY,j. [mfdiocnVf, Fr. from mediu!:, midcUe,
Lat.] a small degree ; a middle rate or state ; moderation.
To ME'DITATE, v. a. [meditor, Lat.] to plan, scheme, or
contrive ; to think on or to revolve in the mind. Neuterly, to
think or contemplate with intense thought.
MEDITA'TION, .5. [from meditor, to meditate, Lat.J deep
thought ; intense aiiplication of the mind.
ME'DITATIVE, a. addicted to intense thought ; express-
ing any intention.
MEDITERKA'NE, MEDITERRA'NEAN, MEDITER-
HA'NEOUS, a. [from nudius, in the middle, and terra, land,
Lat.] surrounded with land ; inland, remote from the sea. "If
we respect the niediterraneojs momitains." liuinel.
MEDITERRA'.N'EAN, the name of the sea between Asia,
Africa, and Europe, communicating with the ocean by the
Straits of Gibraltar, and with tlie lllack Sea by the Darda-
nelles, the Sea of Marmora, and the Strait of Constantinople.
Its name, signifyin,;,i- Middle of tlin Earth, was givc-ji to it by
the antients, who were then acciuaiijted with little more of
the surface of the globe, than the regions whicli encompass
it. Tnere is no tide in it, or at least so small that it is
scarcely perceptilile. S )me have ptiz/.led themselves by
endeavouring to find out the cause of its keepirtg to the
same level ; but the eviileiit reason is its evaporation by
the sun, and the particles carried ofl' by the blowing of the
winds.
ME'DIUM, s. [Lat.] any thing that intervenes or comes be-
tween; the middle place or degree. In mechanical philo-
sophy, that space or region which a body passes in its motion
towards any point. In arithinetic, a munber equally distant
from each extreme. Any thing used in r3ti<icination, in order
to a conclusion ; the middle term in an argument, by which
propositions are coiniected.
IME'DLA.H, s. the fruit of the medlar-tree, which is not fit
for eating till it begins to decay.
ME'DLEY, or ME'DLY, s. a mixture; a miscellany ; a
confused mass.
ME'DLEY, a. mixed, confused.
MEDULLAR, or MEDULLARY, a. [medullaire, Fr.]
belonging to the marrow.
MEED, s. [med. Sax.] an old word for reward, recompence,
present, gift.
MEEK, «. [mehak, Sclav.] not easily provoked to anger,
bearing insidts without resentment.
MEE'KLY, ad. in a mild or gentle manner.
MEE'KNESS, J. a temper of mind not easily provoked to
resentment ; mildness.
MEER, a. simple; unmixed. See Mere.
MEER, t. a lake or boundary. See Mere.
MEET, a. proper; quahfied ; adapted to any use.
To MEET, V. a. prefer. / met, or have met, participle
niet ; [?ne/an. Sax.] to light on; to close or touch; to come
face to face ; to encounter ; to join another in the same place
from different parts ; to find. Neuterly, to encounter, or
come face to face ; to assemble; to join. Synon. Vfejind
things unknown, or which we sought after ; we meet with
things that are i» our way, or which jjresent themselves to us
unsought for.
MEETER, s. one that accosts, finds accidentally, or comes
up to a iierson fage to face.
MEE'TING, s. an assembly ; a congress ; the congregation
in a place of worship belonging to the dissenters.
MEE'TING HOUSE, s. a place where dissenters assemble
to worship.
MEE'TLY, ad. in a fit and proper manner.
MEE'TNESS, s. fitness or propriety.
MEGATHERIUM, in natural history, one of those animals
which are supposed to be extinct, but of which the bones are
occasionally found.
INIE'GllIM, s. [megrain, Fr.] a disorder of the head, with a
sensation of turning round.
JIELANCHO'LIC, {mclankolik) a. afflicted with melan-
choly ; fancihd, gloomy, or sad.
ME'L.ANCHOLY, (milankdly) t. [milancolie, Fr. from
meliis, black, and chole, bile, Gr.] a disease supposed to pro-
ceed from a redundance of black bile, but really arises
from too heavy and viscid blood. A gloomy, pensive
temper.
ME'LANCHOLY, {milankily) a. gloomy ; dismal ; habi-
ttially pensive and dejected.
MELA'SSES, or MOLA'SSES, s. the dregs or sedi-
ment left by the refining of sugar, and is the common
treacle.
MELCOMB-REGIS, a town of Dorsetshire, situated at
the mouth of the river SVey, and joined to Weymouth bv
£92
MELT
MEND
a timber bridge, which was erected in 1770, and has a draw-
bridge in the middle to admit the passage of ships into the
western part of the harbour. It is further united to Wey-
mouth as a port, a corporation and a marlcet-town, and is 8
miles S. W. of Dorchester, and 12<) W. S. W. of London.
Market on Tuesday and Friday.
MELICE'RIS, {meliekeris) a. [from meli, honey, Gr.] a tu-
mour inclosed in a cystis or bag, consisting of matter like
honey, whence it derives its name.
ME'LILOT, s. [Fr.] a species of trefoil, nhich grows
naturally among corn in many parts of England, and is diffi-
cult to be separated from it. A pla-ter is made from it, which
is used as an emollient and digestive.
MELI'NDA, a kingdom of Africa, on the coast of Zan-
guebar. The capital town is of the same name, and seated
at the mouth of the river Quihnanci, in an agreeable plain.
It is a large populous place, in which the Portuguese have
17 churches, and 4. convents. The country |)roduces plenty
of rice, sugar, cocoa-nnts, and other tropical fruits. The
inhabitants consist of Christians and negroes, which last have
their own king and religion, and the luimber of both is said to
amount to 200,000. Lat. 3. 10. S. Ion. 39, 40 E.
To MELIORATE, v. a. [miliorer, Fr.] to make better or
improve.
MELIORA'TIOX, s. [milioralion, Fr.] the act of render-
ing a thing better.
MELIO'RITY, ». [from mclior, better, Lat.] the state of
being better.
ME'LKSHAM, a town of Wilts, with a considerable ma-
nufactory of fine broad-cloth. It is situated on the river
Avon, on the road between Devizes and Bath, 96 miles W.
of London. Market on Saturday.
MELLIFICA'TION, s. [from me!, honey, and facio, to
make, Lat. J the act of making honey ; production of honey.
MELLIFLUENCE, s. [from mel, honey, andjuo, to flow,
Lat.] a honied flow, a flow of sweetness.
MELLl'FLUENT, or MELLI'FLUOUS, a. [from mel,
honey, and^ao, to flow, Lat.] flowing with honey ; flowing
with sweetness.
ME'LLOW, (mellu) a. soft with ripeness; soft in sound.
Fat, applifd to ground. Figuratively, drunk.
To ME'LLOW, {melld) v. a. to ripen ; to soften by ripe-
ness ; to ripen by age ; to bring to maturity. Neuterly, to
grow ripe ; to be matured.
M'ELLOWNESS, {millSness') s. the state of fruits made
soft by ripeness or time ; maturity ; full jge.
MELO'DIOUS, u. sounding grateful to the ear; harmo-
nious ; musical.
MELO'DIOUSLY, ad. musically; harmoniously.
MELO'DIOUSNESS, s, harmoniousness ; sweetness of
sound.
ME'LODY, s. [from 7nel!, honey, and ode, singing, Gr.]
the agreeable effect of difTerent musical sounds ranged or
disposed in a proper succession, and caused only by one
single part, voice or instrument ; whence it is distinguished
from harmony; though both words are used in discourse
and writing as if they were synonymous. Music ; un agree-
ablfcness of sound that raises pleasure in the mind.
ME'LON, .?. [Gr. an apple] a plant which runs along the
ground, and produces a fruit resembling the cucumber, but
tar more bulky and more rich in taste.
MELPO'MENE, oneof thenine muses, to whom the in-
vention of tragedy is asrribe(Jj
MELRO'SS, a town in Scotlandi where there are the ruins
of a very fine abbey, in the comity of Merse ; seated on the
south side of the river Tweed, 27 miles S. from Edin-
burgh.
To MELT, V. a, [mellan, Sax.] to dissolve and make
liquid, either by fluids or heat ; to dissolve or l)reak in
pieces. Figuratively, to .soften to love or tenderness. Neu-
terly, to become lirpiid, or be made fluid. Figuratively, to
be softened to pity; to grow tender, mild or gentle; to be
dissolved.
ME'LTER, s. one that dissolves metals or other solid suU
stances by heat.
ME'LTINGLY, ad. in a tender or affectionate manner,
ME'LTON-MOWBRAY, a town of Leicestershire, seated
on, and almost encompassed with, the little river Eye, over
which are two handsome stone bridges. The houses are well
built. It is a large town, with a considerable market for pro-
visions, cattle, &c. It is 15 miles S. by E. of Nottingham,
and lOG N. by W. of London. Market on Tuesday. Fairs
on the first Tuesday alter January 17th ; Whitsun Tuesday ;
and August 21st.
ME LWEL, s. a kind offish.
ME'MBER, J. [membrum, Lat.] a limb or joint of an ani-
mal body ; a part of a discourse ; a iieatl ; a clause ; a single
person belnnginic to a society or community.
ME'MBRAX E, s. [rnemirane, Fr. memLrana, Lat.] a web
of several sorts of fibres interwoven togetlier, serving to wrap
up some p.irts in the fabric of an animal.
MEMf^RANA'CEOU.S, JMEMBRA'NEOUS, or ME'M-
BR.ANOUS, a. [membianeux, Fr.] consisting of mem-
branes.
ME'MEL, a t'lwn of Prus.sia, in Lithuania, with the finest
harbjur in the Baltic, and a very extensive commerce; but it
i.- an ill-built town, with narrow, dirty streets. It is .seated
OTi the N. extremity of the Curisch Haff, 72 miles N. N. E. of
Koriingsburg. Lat. 55. 4-fi. N. Ion. 21. 28. E.
MEME'NTO, s, [Lat.] a hint or notice to recall a thing
into the memory.
IMEMO'IR, s. \m(moi,'-, Fr.] an account of some transac-
tions written in a familiar ma.:ner ; a hint, notice, or account
of any thing.
MEMORABLE, a. [memoraoilis, from memini, to remem-
ber, Lat.] worthy to be remembered.
MEMORABLY, ad. in a manner worthy of being re-
membered.
MEMORA'NDUIM, s. /Lat.] a note to assist the me-
mory.
Memorial, a. [Fr. memorialis, from meynini, to remem-
ber, Lat.] preserving the memory or remembrance of a
thing ; contained in the memory.
MEMORIAL, s. a monument, or somethhig erected to
prei^erve the memory, of some great person or action ; a hint
to assist the memory ; the representation of a transaction, l)y
way of remonstrance or complaint from one prince, or his
ambassador, to another.
MEMO'RIALIST, s. one who makes remonstrances, or
sets forth any particular circumstance.
ME'MORY, s. [mejnoria, from memini, to remember, Lat.
minwire, Fr.] the power of reviving those ideas in our minds,
which have disappeared, or have been laid aside for a time ;
the act of recollecting things past; the time or period of a
person's knowledge.
MEN, the plural of Mais';
To ME'NACE, V. a. [menacer, Fr. to threaten.
jME'NACE, s. a threat or positive assurance of mischief on
certain condition.s.
ME'NACEU, s. one who threatens or denounces mischief
to another.
MENA'GE, {metMwJe) s. [Fr.] a collection of atd-
mals.
ME'NAGOGIJE, .?. [(torn menes, the menses, and ii|0-o, to
conduct, Gr.] a medicine that promotes the flux of the
menses.
'I'o MEND, V. a. [emendo, Lat.] to repair or make good
any breach or decay ; to correct or alter ic)r the better ; to
help or advance; to improve or increase. Neuterly, to grow
better; to be changed for the butter.
MENDA'CITY, .«. [from menJax, false, Lat.] falsehood.
ME'NDER, s. oui- that repairs breaches or decays; one
that alteis lor the l)eltur.
ME'NDICANT, «. [from mendico, to beg, Lat.] bogging.
ME'NDICANT, «. [Fr. from mrndicn, to bi'g, Lat.] a beg-
gar ; a religious sect subsisting by alms acquired by beg-
MENT
MEUC
tsa
MENDIPHILI.S, in old records, called Moiiiedrop, a lofty,
mineral tract, stretcliiiiij from K. to W. and Irom N. to S. of
Somersetshire, and aboundiirjf in coal, lead, and lapis calami-
naris. The lead is of a harder qnality than that of Derby-
shire, and is mostly exported, or nsed for makin),'l)nllet shot,
&c. The lapis calaminaris is carried to Bristol, &c. to be
used in the making of brass. Copper nianjjanese, bole and red
Ocher are also fonnd in these hills. On their summits are vast
heaths, covered with fern, which feed great numbers of sheep
and cattle, but in which, however, are some swampy flats,
dangerons to cross.
ME'NDLESHAM, a town of Suffolk, situated near the
rise of the river Deben, among deep miry roads, 18 miles E.
of Bury, and 8'^ N. E. of London. Market on Tuesday.
ME NIAL, (I. [from mriny or many ; vieni, Sax. or mesnif,
old Fr.] belonging to the njnnber of servants ; of a low or base
employ.
MEN I AT., s. one of the train of servants.
MENTNGES, .1. [from meiiingos, Gr.] in anatomy, the two
membranes' that ejivelop tin- brains, which are called the pin
muter, the pious mother ; and tlura maler, the hard mother ;
the latter being the exterior involucrum, is, from its thickness,
so denominated.
MENNONTTE3, a sect in the United Provinces, in
most respects the same with these in other places called
Baptists.
ME'NSTRUAL, o. [from mensif, a month, Lat] monthly ;
happening every month ; lasting a month ; belonging to a
menstruum.
MEIVSTRUOUS, a. [from mensis,a month, Lat.] having a
monthly flux.
ME'NSTllUUM, s. a liquor used to dissolve any thing,
or to extract the virtues of any ingredients by infusion or boil-
ing.
MENSURABTLITr, s. [mensurabiliii, Fr.] capacity of be-
ing measured.
ME'NSURABLE, a. [from mensura, a measure, Lat.] ca-
llable of being measured.
ME'NSURAL, a. [from mensura, a measure, Lat.] relating
to measure.
To ME'NSURATE, v. a. [from meniura, a measure, Lat.] to
measure or take the dimensions of any thing.
M ENSURA'TION, s. the act or practice of measuring ; the
dimensions or quantity founil out by means of a mea ure.
JIE'N'TAL, a. [mentale, Fr.^ existing in the mind ; belong-
ing to the mind ; internal.
ME'NTALLY, ad. in the mind ; in thought and medita-
tion.
ME'NTION, {minshon) s. [mentio, Lat.] a hint ; an ex-
pression in writing or speaking; a recital of a thing.
To ME'NTION, {mens/wnj v. a. [mentionner, Fr.] to ex-
press in words or writing.
MENTZ, a large populous city in the circle of the I^ower
Rhine, capital of the electorate of Mentz, with an university
and an archbishop's see. The arciibishop is ;;n elector and
archchancellor of the empire, keeper of the archives, and di-
rector of the general and particular assemblies. He also con-
vokes the electorate colleges, and is the first state of the em-
pire after the emperor and king. The chapter consists
of 5 prelates and 19 capitulars. This city is finely situated,
built, however, in an irregular manner, with narrow streets
and old-fashioned hon.ses, and containing, besides the parish
churches, 6 monasteries, S nunneries, and 6 hospitals. The
cathedral is a gloomy fabric. Here are niaiuifactures
of stockings and st\iffs. Many of the public buildings
and private houses have been destroyed, or greatly in-
jured, during the late v i>s. Mentz is seated on the
Rhine (soon after its cn;il!ucnce with the Maine) over
which is a bridire of bo:ls conimnnicatijifr with Cassel. It
is 30 miles N. ot Worms. Lat. 49. 59. N. Ion. 3. 2U. E.
MENTZ, The AiiCMBiSHOrnic or, a country of Ger-
many, in the circle ot t!ic Lower Rhine, and lying upon that
river. It is about 50 miles in length, and 20 in breadth.
a very fertile territory but considerably dispersed. In
the whole electoral circle are 11 cities and 21 boroughs.
Besides the proper archbishopric, the elector of ATcntz is
sovereign of the country of Eichsfeld, Eisfeld or Eii'isld, and
also the city and territory of Erfort.
MEPHTTIC, or MEPHTTICAL, {mefUic, or mifUkul) a.
[from ?nephilis, a strong smell, Lat. j ill-savoured ; stinking;
poisonous. Mephitic air is that which is polluted by noxioiis
exhalatiims.
MEQUINEZ, a city of Fez, in the empire of Morocco,
2G miles to the W. of Fez, seated in a pleasant plain, having a
very serene and clear air ; tor which reason the emperor re-
sides in this place in preference to Fez. It is now the
capital of the whole empire, to which the bashaws anu
alcayds resort with the tribute and presents every two
or three years. In the middle of the city the Jew.i have
a place to themselves, the gates of which are locked
every night ; and there is an alcayd to protect them
against the people, who otherwise would plunder their sub-
stance. It is death for them to curse, or lift up a h inii against
a Moor, in.somuch that the boys kick them about in the most
insolent maimer. They are obli(;ed to wear black clothes and
caps, and to pull ofl' their .shoes whenever they pass by a
mosque. Close by Meqninez, on the N. W. side, stands a
large negro town, which takes up as much ground as the city,
but the houses are not so high, nor so well built. The
inhabitants are all blacks, of a dark tawny colour ; and
thence the emperor recruits the soldiers fcr his court. The
palace stands on the S. side, and is guavded by several
hundreds of black eunuchs, who are cleanly dressed, and their
knives and scimitars covered with wro.uglit sdvcr. The
houses are very good, but the streets exceedingly narrow, and
hardly any of the windows to be seen, except little holes
to look out at. Tlie houses are flat at the top ; so that,
in many places, they can walk a great way upon thein. The
women live in the npjJLr apartments, and often visit each
other from the tops of the houses. When they go abroad,
they have their heads covered with their outward ga;:-
ment, which comes down close to their eyes ; and under-
neath they tie a piece of white cloth, to hide the lower
part of their fiices. They are quite covered all over, ex-
cept their legs, wi.ich are generally naked ; but within doers
they appear in their hair, and have only a single lilitt over
their foreheads. Their cust^uns and manners are much the
same as those of other -Maliometjns. Lat. 33. 16. N.
Ion. 6. 6. W.
ME'RCANTANT, i. [mercantunlt:, Ital.] a foreigner, or fo-
reign trader.
MERCANTILE, a. belonging to trade ; belonging to a
merchant ; commercial.
ME'RCENARINESS, s. a low and sordid respect to gain or
ucre.
MERCENARY, a. [m^rc'e»a''us, from merces, hire, Lat.]
acting only fur hire, or from a low, and sordid prospect of
gain ; hired ; sold for mnney.
ME'RCENARV, s. [mercenaire, Fr.] a hireling ; one re-
tained or serving for pav.
JIF.'RCER, s. [nuycicr, Ft.] one who sells silks and stuffs.
ME'UCEUY, s \mercerie, Fr.] the trade of selling silks and
stuffs,
MERCHANDISE, (the s in this and next word is usually
pronounced like z) s. [ina' cliaiidise, Fr.] traffic, commerce, or
trade ; wares ; ;niy thing bought or sold.
To -ME'RCHANDISE, t.. n. to trade or traffic.
BIE'RCHANT, .!. [inar-cliand, Fr.] one who trades with
persons in foreign countries.
ME'RCHANTABLE, a. fit or likely to be bought or
sold.
ME'RCHANT-MAN, J. a trading ship.
ME'KCIFUL, a. willing to pity, spare, or pardon an offence,
or ofT'i'.ier ; unwilling to punish.
ME'RCIFULLY, ad. with pity, or an hiclination to spare
an offender.
4G
594
MERC
ME'RCIFULNESS, s. the quality of pitying or sparing
offenders,
ME'RCII.ESS, a. without cornpas^on ; cruel; severe.
ME'RCILESSLY, ad. b such a manner as neither to pity
nor spare an ofFeiider.
ME'RCILESSNESS, i. the quality of punishing without
pitv or parilon.
MERCU'RIAL, a. [mercurialU, from Mfrmrius, Mercury,
Lat.] formed under the influence of Mercury; active;
sprightly ; volatile. In medicine, consisting of quick-
silver.
MERCTTRIFICA'TION, ^. the act of mixing or incorpo-
rating with quicksilver.
ME'RCURY, s. [mercurius, Lat.] in the solar system, is
the nearest planet to the sun. It is from his proximity to the
Bun that he is so seldom within the sphere of our observa-
tion, being lost in the splendour of the solar brightness ; yet
he emits a very bright white light. This planet is oltener
seen in those parts of the world which are more southward
than that which we inhabit, and oftener to us than tho.se
which live nearer the north pnle ; for, the more oblique l.he
sphere is, the more parallel with the horizon is the planet's
path in the zodi.ic. His mean distance from the sun is 387 of
tliose parts of which the earth's distance is 1000, and there-
fore in English miles about .37 milhons. His periodic, sidereal,
and synodic revolutioDS are srd. 23h. Urn. 2 is. 9-lOths ; &7d.
22h. I5m. 37s.; and lljl. 21h. 3m. SS^s. respectively. His
hourly motion in its orbit is about 100,000 miles. His ro-
tation round his axis, and consequently the length of his day,
is at present unknown to us. His diameier is 3204. miles,
and therefore his solid contents about 7-lOOths of the earth'.s.
The inclination of his orbit, or his greatest heliocentric lati-
tude, is 7°; but his greatest geocentric latitude, on account
of his much greater nearness to the sim than to the earth, is
only about .5°. His eccentricity is 79G of those parts of
which the earth's distance from tlie sun is 10,000, and the
greatest equation of his orbit 23" 4u' VJ". The place of his
aphelion (1800) was in Sasittarius 14^ 31' 63", and ascends
ing node in 15" 58' 45' of Taurus; the anniuil motion of
Ih; former being 67", and of the latter 45". Being an infe-
rior planet, he is never seen in opposition to the sun, as he
never recedes from him more than about SS', ainl in some of
his revolutions scarcely 1H°; the former taking place when
he is in his aphelion, and the latter when he is in his peri-
helion, at the time of his greatest elongation. The number
of days he is retrograde in a synodic revolution is about 22,
in which time the arc of retrngradaiion is from 9" to 16°,
according to his position with respect to his pevihelion or
aphelion at the time. Mercury changes his phases, like the
moon, according to his variuus positions with regard to the
earth and sun ; except only, that he never appears quite
full, because his enliglitcned side is never tiirnecl directly to-
wards us, unless when he is so near the sini as to be l"St to
our siijht in hie beams ; and as his enli;;htened side is al-
ways towards the sun, it is plain that he shines not by any
light of his own; f.)r, if lie did, he w.iuld constantly appear
round. Tlie best observations of this planet are those made
when he is seen on the sun's disk, called his transit ; for, in
his inferior conjunctinn, he somelinies passes before the sini
like a little black spot, eclipsing a small part of the sun's body,
only observable with the telescope. Such plisenomeiia can
only happen when the planet is in or near one of his nodes,
at that tunc, which is about the beginning of May and No-
vember ; for the sun's place in the ecliptic must be the same,
or nearly the same, with the planet's ascending or descending
node. Dr. Halley has given us several periods from which
the times that these pha;nomena happen may be calcidatcd;
and as they are curious appearances which seldom occur, we
will note down the times of 26 that happen in 201 years, as
deduced from his periods, corrected by observations on the
several transits that have happened since the discovery of
telescopes.
MERC
A Table of ike several Transits, for this and the next century,
at the Ascending A^oA- m JVovember, AC S.
Year.
Time
of the
Middle.
Dist.
of Centreii.
.Sem'idur.l
DAY.
H.
M.
H.
M.
* 1802
9 at
9
14 mor.
33 N.
2
45 i
1915
12
2
46 mor.
8
36 N.
2
20
1822
S
2
5.i mor.
14
11 .S.
1
20
1835
7
8
27 aft.
6
9 S.
2
33
*• 184.8
9
1
59 aft.
1
53 N.
2
43t
• 1861
12
7
32 mor.
9
55 N.
2
11
• 1868
5
7
40 mor.
12
52 S.
1
41
1881
8
1
12 mor.
4
49 S.
2
37
* 1894
10
6
45 aft.
3
13 N.
2
41
** 1907
11
12
17 noon
11
15 N.
1
59
•* 1914
7
12
26 noon.
11
32 S.
1
57
• 1927
10
5
58 mor.
3
29 S.
2
404
1910
11
11
30 aft.
■ 4
33 N.
2
38
• 1953
U
.i>
3 aft.
12
36 N.
1
46
* 1960
7
5
11 aft.
10
12 S.
2
Si
** 1973
10
10
44 mor.
2
9S.
2
42i
1986
13
4
17 mor.
5
53 N.
2
33J
1999
15
9
49 aft.
13
56 N.
1
25
The following Transits may be expected to take place at the Des-
cending Nude, in Mdi/, A'. S.
Year.
Time
ot the Middle. Dist.
ot Centres.
Sen)i(liir. 1
UAY.
ii.
M.
u.
M.
•• 1832
5 at
12
17 noon.
8
58 N.
8
19
* 1845
8
7
52 aft.
7
36 S.
3
28
* 187b
6
7
27 aft.
6
7 N.
3
43
* 1891
10
3
mor.
10
47 S.
2
5ti
* 192t
8
2
33 mor.
3
16 N.
3
56
*» 1937
11
10
9 mor.
13
3HS.
2
6
*« 1970
9
9
4,5 mor.
25 N.
4
•H
•• 2003
7
9
16 mor.
14
2S N.
1
39
Those transits that may be seen from begininng to end, in
London, are marked with two asterisks, but those that may
be seen only in part are marked with one. The third column
of the tables denotes the distance of the planet's centre from
tlie sun's, cither X. or S. at the time of the midiile ; and the
last, the semiduralion of Mercury's centre upon tire sun's disk.
If ynu subtract the semiduralion of any particular transit
noted in the table, from its middle time, the reinainder
will give the tiine of tl.e planet's central ingress ; and, by
aiiding it, you will have that of his central egress. The du-
ration of a central transit at the ascending node is 5h. 31m.
and at the other node about 8h. Im. I he duration of in-
gress or egress, in the former case, amounts to about IJ min,
and in the latter to about 3 min. M. Cassini, from the du-
ration of the egress of the transit of Nov. 3d. 1697, foinid
IMercury's apparent diameter to be about 11', from which
he deduced his diameter at the ntlicr node to be almost 13^ ;
but later, and probably more accurate observations, have de-
termined that the apparent diameter of this planet at the as
cending node does not exceed 9''. — In mythology, a deity
held to be the messenger of the other gods. In preside over
eloqueirce and trade, to be the inventor of music, the inter-
preter of the will of the other deities, and the son of Jupiter
by Mars. In chymistry, quicksilver. This metal in the
temperature of our atmosphere is a fluid having the appear-
ance of melted silver. It is the heaviest of all metals except
platina and golil. Mercury is used in large qinintilies lor
silveiing mirrors, for water gilding, for making barotneters
and thermometers, and in the manufacture of verinillion. It
has also various and important uses in medicine. In heraldry,
purple. In botany, a genus of plants, of which two kinds
are native in England ; there is also a kind of blight that
goes by this name. Figuratively, sprightlhicss ; a news-
paper ; a carrier of newspapers.
MERM
MESS
69S
ME'RCY, s. \merd, Fr.] the act of passing by crimes with-
out punishing them; unwillingiiess to punish; the act of
pitying and pardoning offenders ; pardon.
ME'RCY-SEAT, *. in the Mosaic institution, was the co-
vering of the ark of the covenant, in wliich the tables of tlie
law were depositi'd; it was of gold, and at its two ends were
fixed the two cherubim of the same mental, which, with their
wings extended forwards, seemed to form a throne fur the
Majesty of God, who in scripture is represented as fitting
between the cherubim, and the ark was his footstool ; it was
from hence that God gave his oracles to Moses, or to the
high priest who consulted him.
MERE, a. Imerus, Lat.] entire; only; exclusive of all other
persons or things ; simple.
MERE, or MER, whether in the beginning, middle, or
end of the names of places, is derived from nure^ Sax. a pool
or lake.
MERE, .5. [mere. Sax.] a large pool or lake; a boundary.
MERE, a town of Wiltshire, seated in an angle, bonliring
upon Somersetshire and Dorsetshire, 'J8 miles N. W. of S.i-
lisbury, and 100 W. by S. of London. Market on Tuesday.
MERELY, ad. simply; oidy; barely; exclusive of any
other thing.
MERETRI'CIOUS, a. [fiom mere/Hi, an harlot, Lat.]
used by or belonging to harlots; seducing or alluring by
false .shews.
MERETRI'CIOUSLY, ad. after the manner of an harlot,
with false allurements.
MEUETRl'CIOUSNESS, the quality of using false allure-
ments, like those of harlots.
MERI'DlAN, s. [meridien, Fr.] noon, or mid-day. In
geography, a line drawn from N. to S. which th& sun crosses
at noon. Figuratively, the highest point of glory or power.
Applied to an artificial globe, the brazen circle in which the
globe hangs and turns.
MERI'DlAN, a. at the pohit of noon ; southern, or ex-
tended to the N. and S. Figuratively, raised to the highest
point.
MERI'DIONAL, a. [jnindioneC, Er.] southern ; situated
towards the S. ; lonkiiig towards the S.
MERIDIONA'LITY, s. situated in the S, ; posUlon of a
place so as to look towards the S.
MERI'DIONALLY, ad. with a southern aspect.
MERIO'NETH, a town in the county to which it gives
name, seated near the sea, 12 miles N. of Aberystwith, anil
10 W. of Machynleth.
MEUIO'iNETHSHIRE. a county ofN. Wales, bounded
on the N. by CarnarvonL<hire ;ind Denbighshire ; on the E.
by the latter county, anil that of Montgomery ; en the S. by
RIontgomery and a small part of Cardiganshire ; ?.nd on the
W. by the Irish Channel. It extends 36 miles from N. to S.
and is 31. wide in its broadest part. The soil is as bad as
any in Walts, biing very rocky and mountainous; however,
large flocks of sheep and goats, and large herds of horned
cattle, find pretty good pastures in the valleys. The face of
Ihe country is awfully and astonishingly romantic, and it is
well clothed with wood. The principal rivers are the Dee
and Dovy ; and it has a great mountain, the Cader Idris, one
of the highest in Wales. Merionethshire contains 5 hundreds,
5 market-towns, 37 parishes, 2590 houses, and 17,100 inhabi-
tants. Harlech is the capital.
ME'RIT, i. [^mirite, Fr.] desert; excellence; deserving
honour or reward.
To ME'KIT, V. a. [miriter, Fr.] to deserve ; to have a right
to claim somewhat, on account of one's excellencies ; to earn.
MERITO'RIOUS, a. [mcretoire, Fr.] deserving reward ; or
great desert.
MERITORIOUSLY, ud. in such a manner as to deserve
reward.
MERITO'RIOUSNESS, s. the quality of a thing, action,
or person, which gives them a right to approbatioii and re-
ward.
ME'RLIX, s. a kind of hawk.
ME'RMAID, s. [from mer, the sea and maid'] a sea-mon-
ster, supposed to have a woman's face and sluipe, but a fish's
tail. Several hisfances have occurred of late in which an ani-
mal of this descri[)tion has been stated to have been seen oflf
the shores of Scotland and England.
ME'RMAID'S TRUAIPET, t. a kind offish.
MERNS, or Kincaudineshire, a couniy of Scotland,
bouinh.'d by Alar on the N. by the German Ocean on the E.
by Angus on the S. and Gowry on the W. It is fruitful in
corn and pastures ; and the |)lace of thiefest note formerly
was the castle of Durjotter.
ME'RRILY, ad. in a gay, joyous, or mirthful manner.
ME'RRIMAKE, s. a festival; a meeting to be joyous.
To ME'RRIMAKE, v. a. to teast; to be merry.
ME'RRIMENT, s. gaiety ; sport that causes laughter.
ME'RRINESS, s. the quality of being cheerful, or promot-
ing mirth among others.
ME'RRY, o. [mirig, Sax.] full of mirth, joy, and laughter ;
causing laughter ; prosperous, or making cheerful. To make
merry, to junket, drink, and give a loose to laughter and joy
with a friend.
ME'RRY-A'NDREW, «. a buflToon, or person who endea-
vours to raise laughter in others by odd gestures and comical
expressions.
ME'RRY-THOUGHT, s. {mirrti thaui) a forked bone
on the upper part of the breast of fowls, so called because
pulled on eich tide by young persons, from a traditionary
opinion, that the person who has the longest side shall be
married first.
MERSE, a county of Scotland, bounded on the N. by Lo-
tliian, on the E. by the German Ocean, on the S. by Nor-
thumberland and Tiviotdale, and on the W. by Tweeddale.
It is very fruitful in corn and grass, and abounds with seats
of persons of quality. The chief place is Duuse.
ME'RSION, {merskon) s.[meriio, from mergo, to plunge,
Lat-] the act of sinking or plunging over-head.
MESCHED, a city of Persia, in the province of Korasan;
famous for the magnificent sepulchre of Iman Kisa, of the
family of Ali, to which the Persian devoteis resort. It is
seated on a mountain, in which are found fine Turkey stones,
120 miles S. E. of the Caspian Sea. Lat. 37. 12. N. Ion. 57.
90. E.
MESENTE'RIC, a. {mennurique, Fr.] belonging to the
mesentery.
MESE'NTERY, s. [from mems, middle and etiteron, an
intestine, Gr.] in anatomy, a fat membrane placed in the
middle of the abdomen, almost of a circular figure, with a
narrow production, to which the end of the c^olon and begin-
ning of the rectum are tied. The intestines are fastened like
a border on its circumference.
JIESERA'IC, a. [meseruique, Fr.] belonging to the me-
sentery.
MESH, s. [maesche, Belg.] the space or interstice between
the threads of a net. See Mash.
To MESH, V. a. to catch in a net ; to ensnare.
WE'SHY, a. made of net-work.
I\IE'SLIN, s. [from mesU-r, to mix, Fr.] mixed corn, con-
sisting of wheat and rye.
MESNE, {mene)s. in law, signifies him who is lord of a
manor, anil so hath tenants holding of him, yet himself hold-
ing of a superior lord.
MESOLE'UCYS, J. [from mems, middle and hukos, white,
Gr.] a precious stone, black with a streak of white in the
m'ddle.
MESOLO'GARITHiMS, f. [from mesos, middle logos, a
word and arilhnuit, a number, Gr.] the logarithms of the
cofines ai'd tangents, so denominated by Kepltr.
MESO'JIELAS, s. [fiom mcsos, middle awAmelas, black,
Gr.] a precious stone with a black vein parting every colour
in the middle
MESS, s. [mes, old Fr.] a dish ; a quantity of food sent to
table at once.
To MESS, 11. n. to eat or feed.
ME'SSAGE, s. [vieisiigf, Fr.] an errand; anything told
to another to i)e related to a third person.
696
META
METH
ME'SSENGER, «. [messager, Fr.] one who is sent on an
errand ; one who is sent to a third person ; a person paid by
government to carry dispatclies relating to affairs ot state,
and is likewise employed by the secretary's warrants to ap-
prehend and keep in custody persons suspected of high-treason ;
a fore-runner or harbinger.
MESSI'AH, s. [Heb. the Anointed] the title given by way
of eminence to our Saviour, meaning the same in Hebrew as
Christ in the Greek, and alludes to the authority he had to
assume the characters of prophet, priest, king, and that of
Saviour of the world.
ME'SSIEURS, s. [plural of monsieur, Fr.] sirs, or gentle-
men.
MES.SI'NA, a city of Sicily, in the valley^'of Demona,
about five miles in circumference, with four large suburbs.
The public buildings and monasteries, which are very nu-
merous, are magnificent and well endowed, and it contains
about 20,000 inhabitants. The liarbour, who.se quay is
above a mile in Jength, is one of the safest in the Aiediter-
ranean, and in the form of a half moon. It is five miles in
circumference, extremely deep, and defended by a citadel
and other works. It is a place of great trade in silk, oil,
fruit, com, and excellent wine, especially since it has been
declared a free port. This place, in 1783, suffered much
by an earthquake, which shook great part of Calabria and
Sicily to their foundations, overturned many rich and popu-
lous towns, and buried thousands in their ruins. It is seated
on the sea-side, 101 miles E. of Palermo. Lat. 38. 10. N.
Ion. 15. 50. E.
AIE'SSMATE, s, one that eats at the same table.
ME'SSU.IGE, s. [messuagium, law Lat.] inlaw, a dwel-
ling-house, with lands adjoining.
MET, the pret. and part, of Meet.
METABA'SIS, s. [meta, from, baiiw, to go, Gr.] in rhetoric,
a figure by which the orator passes from one thing to
another.
META'BOLA, s. [from metaba/lu, to change, Gr.] in medi-
cine, a change of time, air, or disease.
METACA'RPAL, a. [from meta, behind, and karpos, the
hand, Gr.] belonging to the metacarpus.
METACARPUS, s, [from meta, behind, and karfjos, the
hand, Gr.] in anatomy, the wrist, or that part behijid the
hand and the fingers.
METAGRA'MMATISM, s. [from meia, a particle, imply-
ing change, and gramma, a letter, Gr.] See Anagram.
ME'TAL, «. \metallum, Lat.] in mineralogy, a hard, firm,
bright, opaque, fusible, substance. Most metals are both
malleable and ductile. The ten malleable metals are gold,
platina, silver, mercury, copper, iron, tin, lead, nickel, and
zinc. Figuratively, courage or spirit. In the last sense more
properly written mettle, which see.
METALK'PSIS, .5. [from vielalambano, to participate, Gr.l
a continuation of a trope in one word, through a succession of
significations.
METALLIC, or META'LLICAL, a. [metalUque, Fr.]
partaking, consisting of, or containing metal ; made of metal.
META'LLINE, a. impregnated will) or containing metal;
consisting or made of metal.
ME'TALLIST, i. a worker hi metals ; a person skilled in
metals.
ME'TALLOIDS, s. in chymistry, certain metallic sub-
stances lately discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy, the pro-
perties or which are little known.
ME'TALLURGIST. s. [from metallon, a metal, and trgon,
work, Gr.] a worker in mttals.
METALLURGY, .!. the act of working metals, and se-
parating them from their ores.
To METAMO'UPHOSE, {melumorfiie) v. a. [from mela,
a particle, implying change, and tiini iilte, shap,-, Gr.] to
change the form or shape of any thing ; to change into a
different 8lia|ii' or animal.
MKTAMO'KPIKJ.SIS, {metiimuifom) f. [from meta, a
particle, iiuplying change, and iii(,r}he, shape, Gr.] change
of thapc ; the change an animal undergoes both in its forma-
tion and growth ; the various shapes some insects assume
in the different stages of their existence, as the silkworm,
&c.
ME'TAPHOR, (metafor) t. [from meta, over, and pliero,
to carry, Gr.] the application of a word to an use, to which,
in its original import, it cannot be put ; as, he bridlei hie
anger; he deadem the sound; the spring awukei the flowers.
A metaphor is a simile comprised in a word.
METAPHORIC, or METAPHO'RICAL, {metaforik, or
meiafirical) a. [from mela, over, and phero, to carry, Gr.] be-
longing to a metaphor. Figuratively, not according to the
primary and literal sense.
ME'fAPHRA'SE, {metafraze) s. [from meta, a particle,
implying change, and p/irasis, a phrase, Gr.] a close aiid
verbal translation from one language into another.
METAPHRAST, (metiijrast ) s. [from meta, a particle, im-
plying change, and phrusis, a phrase^ Gr.] one who translates
literally, or word lor word, out of one language into another.
METAPHY'SIC, or METAPHY'SICAL, (_metafi/zik, or
melafi/zical) a. versed in metaphysics ; abstracted.
JJETAPHY'SICS, (metafyjziks) s. [from mela, above or
beyond, and p/ti/sis, nature, Gr.] ontology, or the science
which treats of being, hi the abstract, or without being con-
fined to any species. Some extend this word to compre-
hend the science of immaterial beings, which is properly
pneu-matic^'
MF'TAPLASM, s. [from vteta, change, and plasso, to form,
Gr.] in grammar, the changing or transposing a letter or
syllable in a word. In rhetoric, the placing of words, syl-
lables, or letters, contrary to the natural order.
METATA'RSUS, s. [from ?!ieta, beyond, and tarsos, the
tarsus, Gr.] in anatomy, that part of a human skeleton, wh ch
consists of five bones, and reaches from the heel to the toes,
containing the middle of the foot.
METAfHE'SlS, s. [from meta, a particle, implying
change, and thesis, position, Gr.] in grammar, the trans-
position of the letters or syllables of a word ; as Evandre lor
Evaiider.
To METE, V. a. [melon. Sax.] to measure; to reduce to
measure.
IMETEM PSYCHO'SIS, {metemsikosis) t. [from meta, a par-
ticle, implying change, and empsucho, to animate, Gr.J the
transmigration of souls after death to other bodies.
ME'TEOR, s. [from meleora, Gr.] a niixt, changeable,
moveable, and imperfect body, appearing in the atmos-
phere, formed out of the common elements by the action
of the heavenly bodies. Igneous meteors consist of fat
sulphureous smoke set on fire ; t'Uch as lightning, thunder,
falling stars, &c. Aerial or airy meteors, consist of air and
spirituous exhalations ; such as winds, &c. Aqueous or
watery meteors are composed of vapours, or watery particles,
condensed by cold or heat ; such are clouds, rainljows, hail,
or snow, &c.
METEOROLO'GICAL, a. belonging to the doctrine of
meteors.
METEORO'LOGIST, s. a person skilled in the nature and
causes of meteors.
SIETEORO'LOGY, s. [from meleora, a meteor, and logos,
a discourse, Gr.] the doctrine of meteors ; a discourse treat-
ing of the cause and nature of meteora-
ME'TER, s. a measurer.
METIIE'GLIN, s. [mcdd;/i;lyn, Brit.] a drink made of
honey boiled in water, to which are added ginger, cloves,
and mace ; alter which it is fermented with yeast and
bottled.
MEl lUN KS, [verb imperfect, composed of me and think]
I think, imagine, or .suppose.
MIC'TIIOD, 4. [viethode, Fr. from methodos, Gr.J theplacnig
of several things or ideas, or performing several operations, in
such an order as is most convenient and proper to attain some
end ; the inunner in which a thing is dune.
METIIO'DICAL, a.[tnelhodii/tie, Pr.iromtnelhodus, method,
Gr.] ranged or placed in proper or just order; pei'brming
things in a regular and orderly manner.
MEXI
MEXI
697
METHODICALLY, ad. in a manner consistent with re-
gularity and order.
BIK THODISTS, s. a term formerly applied, in France
and otlier conutries, to certain polemic doctors, fur tlieir
peculiar metliod of defendiiiff popery aijainst the protestants ;
but wliat we now understand by it is, the sect founded
about the year 1729 by Mess. John ami Cliarks Wesley
with wliom, in 1735, was associated the celebrated Mr.
Whitfield. However, in 174.1, a separation took place; Mr.
Wesley not holding- the doctrines of predestination an<l irre-
sistible grace, wiiich Mr. Whitfield and his friends strenu-
ously snpporteil.
To METHODIZE, v. a. to regulate, or dispose in just and
proper order.
ME'THVVOLD, a town of Norfolk, 1,? miles N. VV. of
Thetfbrd, and 8G E. N. E. of liOndon. Market on Friday.
ME'TONYMV, J. [from 7?ie/u, a particle im|)lying change,
and onoina, a name, Gr ] in rhetoric, a figure, wherein a word
is used instead of another, as the effect for the cause; the
thing containing for the thing contained. Thus we say the
kettle boils, for the water contained in the kettle.
ME'TUK, ijnieter) s. \rnetruni, Lat. froin metrim, a mea-
sure, Gr.] a collection of words disposed in lines, of a certain
number of syllables, so as to appear harmonious to the ear ;
measure ; verse.
ME'TRICAL, a. [from metron, a measure, Gr.] confined
to metre ; measured or limited to a certain number of sylla
bles.
METRO'POLIS, s. [from meter, a mother, and polls, a
city, Gr.] the mother city, or chief city of any country.
METROPO'LITAN, s. [metrupotUanns, Lat.J from meter,
a mother, and mtis, a city, Gr.J a bishop of the mother
church,
bishop.
church, or of
[ IWllS, c
the chie
f church in the chief city ; an arch-
METROPO'LITAN, a. belonging to, or situated in the
metropolis.
METUOPOLI'TICAL, a. belonging to the chief city.
" ]ifetiopnhticid city.'' Raleigh.
ME'TTLK, s. [corrupted from vietui, hut not without rea-
son written thus, when used in a metaphorical sense] spirit ;
sprightliness ; courage.
ME'TI'LED, a. sprightly; courageous; full of spirits or
fire.
ME'TTLESOME, a. sprightly; lively; gay; courageous;
full of spirits ; fiery.
METTLESOMELY, ad. with sprightliness; vigour;
ardour, or courage.
METZ, a large town, capital of tha department of the
Moselle. The cathedral is one of tiie finest in Europe, and
the square called Cosliu, and the house of the goyernor, are
elegant. The Jews, about ,"5000, live in a part of the town
by themselves, where they have a synagogue. The sweet-
meats they make here are in high esteem. The inhabitants
are computed at 40,000, besides a numerous garrison, who
have noble barracks. Metz was formerly, for a long time,
the capital of Austrasia. It is seated at the confluence of the
rivers Moselle and Scille, 2j miles N. N. W. of Nanci. Lat.
49. 7. N. lo!i. 6. 16. E.
MEU, s. a plant ; another name for the common spigncl.
MEW. s. [/n«e, Fr.] a cage ; an inclosure; a place where-
in any thing is confined.
To MEW, V. a. to inclose in a cage; to shut up ; to con-
fine or imprison. To shod the feathers; from mae, oi muer,
Fr. to moidt. To make a noise like a cat ; from miauler,
Fr.
MEWS, s. a prince's or nobleman's stables.
ME'XICC), a city of North America, capital of the pro-
vhice of that name. It was a flourishing place before the
Spaniards entered the country, and is seated on several
islands in a salt-water lake, to which there is no entrance
but by live causeways, three of which are iibout two miles
in length. It formerly contained 80,000 houses, with several
large tenijjles full of rich idols, and three palaces where the
emperor of Mexico resided. Mexico was taiieu by Ferdi-
nand Cortez, in 1521, after a siege of three months. As
the Mexicans deft^nded themselves from street to street, it
was almost ruined, but afterwards rebuilt by the Spaniards.
It now contains about 3.5,000 houses, built of stone and
brick, with a suburb of 3000 houses iidiabited by the native
Americans, 29 churches, aad 22 monasteries and nunneries.
It is the usual redidence of the viceroy, whose employment
continues three years, and has a royal audience, an univer-
sity, and the tribunal of the inquisition. All the streets are
straight, and exactly disposed in point of regularity, and it is
remarkable for having neither gates, walls, nor artillery.
The reveime of the cathedral amounts to nearly £80,000 a
year, out of which the archbishop receives annually i'15,000
besides vast sums Uiat arise by perquisites. Mexico enjoys
a prodigious commerce, being the centre of all the trade
carried on between Spanish America and Europe, and Spa-
nish America and the East Indies. An incredible number
of horses and mules are employed in transporting goods from
Aca{)ulco to Vera Cruz, and from Vera Cruz to Acapulco.
Hither all the gold and silver is brought to be coined; here
the king's fifth is deposited; and all that innneiise quantity
of plate wrought which is annually sent to Europe. This
phice was overflowed by an inundation in October 1629, in
which 40,000 persons were drowned. This obliged the
Spaniards to make a great conduit through a mountain, in
order to empty the lake ; which being done, part of the
town became seated on dry land. Mexico is supplied with
fresh water by an aqutdnct of three miles in length. The
Spaniards do not make a tenth part of the inhabitants, the
others being negroes, mulattoes, native Americans, and a
mixture of them all. It is 130 miles W. by N. of Vera Cruz,
and 2.50 N. E. by N. of Acapidco. Lat. 19. 54, N. Ion. ^9.
3fi. W.
ME'XICO, or New Spain, a country of North America,
including, in its lurgest sense, all that extensive peninsula
situated betweoii Louisiana and unknown countries on the
N. and Terra Firnia, in South America, on the S. but the
audience of Mexico contains only the provinces of Mexico
Proper, Meducacan, Guasteca, Tlascala, Guaxaca, Tabasco,
and Yucatan. It is washed on the E. by the Atlantic
Ocean ; and on the S. and W. by the S. Sea, and is above
2000 miles in length, and from 60 to 600 in breadth. It is
divided into 23 districts or provinces, tlie principal of which
is that of Jlexico Proper, and contains mines of gold and
silver, of the l.itter of which they count above a thousand,
besides mines of iron, cop|)er, lead, alum, crystal, vitriol,
precious stones, marble. Sec. The soil produces Indian corn,
cabbage-trees, cocoa-nuts, vaiiellas, plantains, pine-apples,
cochineal, cotton, and several otlier fruits, gums, and drugs,
proper to tlie climate. Before the Spaniards came here, they
had a sort of ilogs tliat did not bark, but howled like wolves;
gray lions, less formidable than those of Africa; and also
small tigers, bears, though uncommon, elks or moose-deer,
pecaries, waires, beavers, opossums, arniadilloes, guanoes,
ilying-squirrels, racoons, crocodiles, manattes or sea-cows,
monkeys, parrels, macaws, pelicans, cormorants, and a great
vaiiety of other binls, snakes, scorpions, and other insects.
The Spanish clergy are very numerous, and there are a great
number of convents. In general, it is a mountainous country,
intermixed with many rich valleys; but the highest moun-
tains are near the coast of the South Sea, many of which are
volcanoes. The eastern shore is a flat, level country, fiill of
bogs and morasses, overflowed in the rainy season, which is
at the same time as our summer. This province is vastly
populous, and the original natives in general pass their fives
in easy ciicumstances. In some places, the collection of the
public revenues, and the excercise of the police, are deposited
111 the hands of their chiefs ; and among the inferior orders
of Indians, many are admitted to offices hi the church, army,
and magistracy, in all the principal Spanish towns. The re-
venues of the crown arise from a fifth part of the gold an<l
silver, and from the duties and customs, as well as from tlie
lands held of the crown.
ME'XICO, New, a large country of North America,
598
MIDT)
bounded on the W. by the gulf of California ; its other nraits
are uncertain. The soil and climate are as rich, plentiful,
and temperate, as iiny country of America, or any other part
of the world. It is inhabited by a great number of people,
whose ranguages and customs are very different ; pome wan-
der about, and otherc dwell in towns and villages. The chief
divisions are New Mexico Proper, New Leon, New Navarre,
and California ; the principal Spanish colonies are St. Barbe,
and Santa Fe, the capital town.
MEZE'REON, s. in botanv, the daphne of LiiMiieus.
MEZZOTI'NTO, s. [Ital.'] akind of graving upon copper,
invented by prince flupert, which receives its name from re-
sembling painting, and is |)erfornied by marking the plate in
furrows or cross lines ; after which they are rubbed down
with a burnisher or scraper, according to the depth or light-
ness of the shades required.
MI'ASM, s. [miasmos, from miuino, to pollute, Gr.l par-
ticles or atoms, supposed to arise from distempered per-
sons, and to infect others with the same disorders at a
distance.
MICA, «. in natural history, a kind of stone which has a
spangling appeaiance like gold or silver, and consists of small
plates.
MICAH, in Scripture history, one of the minor prophets,
who was contempoiary with Isaiah, and whose prophecy,
foretelling the captivity of the ten tribes, and the advance-
ment and establishment of the Christian church, very much
resembles his,
MICE, the plural of Mouse.
MI'CHAELMAS, {Mikelmas) s. the festival of tlie arch-
angel Michael, celelirated on the 29th of September.
MI'CHAELS, St. or MI'TCHEL, a borough in Cornwall,
which sends two members to parliament ; distant from Lon-
don 249 miles.
To MICHE, {mike) v. n. to be secret, to lie hid.
MI'CHER, {miker) s. a lazy loiterer, who skulks about in
Corners and by-placts, out of sight.
Ml'CROCOSM, s. firom mikros, little, and kosvioi, the
world, Gr.] the little world. Man, so called by some fanciful
|>liilosopliers.
MIChO'GRAPHY, (viikrograM s. [from mikros, little,
and groplw, to describe, Gr.J the description of the parts
of such oljects as are visible only by means of a micros-
cope.
MICRO'JIETER, s. [from mikros, little, and metreo, to
measure, Gr.] an astronomical instrument, which, by means
of a very fine screw, serves to mtasure extremely small
distances in the heavens.
MTCROSCOPE, s. [from mikros, little, and scopeo, to be-
hold, Gr.] a dioptrical iiistniment, by which very small objects
are magnified or shewn very large.
MICKOSCOPIC, or MICROSCO'PICAL, a. made by
a microscope; asMsted by a microscope; resembling a mi-
cro-cope.
MID, a. [contracted lirom middle, Sax.] middle; equally
between two extremes.
MI'DDAY, s. noon.
Ml'DDLE, a. [middle. Sax.] in the centre; equally dis-
tant (rom the two extremes. Svnon. A thing is in the
middle, when it stands at an equal distance from the two
extremes : it is in the mid)l, when it stands in the centre of a
great manv.
MI DDLE, s. the centre, or part equally distant from two
extremes ; any thing lietween two extremes.
Ml DDLE-AGED, «. of a moderate age ; arrived to an
tqual distance between childhood .md old age.
MI'DDLEBURG, a large commercial town, capital iS the
itiand of Walcheren, iind of all Zealand. The sq\iares, towti-
house, and other pid)lic buildings, are magnificent. It con-
tains abous 26,000 inhabitants, has a comimniiration with the
sea by a canal, which will bear the largest vessels, and is
seated in the centre of the island, 72 miles S. W. of Amster-
dam. Lat. 51. 30. N. Ion. :i. H. E.
MI'DDLEHAM, orMI'BLAM, a town in the N. Riding
MIGH
of Yorkshire, noted for a woollen manufactory. It is seated
on the river Ure, 10 miles S. of Richmond and 255 N. N. W.
of London. Market on Monday.
MI'DDLEMOST, a. superlative of middle; most near to
the middle or centre.
MI'DDLESEX, a county of England, bounded on the N.
by Hertfordshire, on the E. by Essex, on the S. by .Surry
and a corner of Kent, and on the W. by Buckingham.shire.
It is one of the least counties in England, being only about
22 miles in length, and 14. in breadth, but is much the richest
and most populous, and pays more taxes than any ten beside.
It contains 7 market towns, and about 200 parishe.s, without
including those in London and Westminster. The air is
healthy ; but the soil in general being a lean gravel, it is
naturally a district of little fertility, though by means of the
vicinity to the metropolis, many parts of it are converted
into rich beds of manure, clothed with almost perpetual ver-
dure. There are still, however, very extensive tracts of un-
cultivated heath. Besides the Thames, the Lea, and the
Coin, Middlesex is watered by several small streams, one of
which, called the New River, is artificially brougiit from
Amwell, in Hert.s, for the purpose of supplyuig London with
water. Indeed, the whole county may be considered as a
demesne to the metropolis, the land being laid out in gardens,
pastures, and inclosures, of all sorts, for its convenience and
support.
MI'DDLEWICH, a large town of Cheshire, seated near
the conflux of the rivers Croke and Dan, and communicating
with all the late inland navigations. Here are two rich salt-
water springs, the brine of which is so strong as to produce
a full fourth part salt. A cotton mannfacture has been lately
established here. It is 24 miles E. of Chester, and 167 N. \V.
of London. Market on Tuesday.
MI'DDLING, a. [midlen, Sax.] of the middle rank ; of
moderate size, or qualities.
MIDGE, ». [miege, Sax.] a gnat.
MIDHURST, a large neat town of .Sussex, seated on a
hill surrounded with others, having the river Arum at the
bottom, 1 1 miles N. of Chichester, and 60 S. W. of Lon-
don. It sends two members to parliament. Market on
Thursday.
MI'DLAND, a. remote, or at a distance from the sea-
coasts ; in the midst of the land.
MI'DNIGHT, {midmt) s. the depth of night; twelve at
night.
MI DNIGHT, a. being in the middle of the night.
MI'DRIFF, s. [midhrife. Sax.] the diaphragm
BUD SEA, the Mediterranean Sea.
MIDSHIPMAN, i. a sort of under officer on board a ship,
whose station is on the quarter-deck ; his business is to mind
the braces, look out, give the word o! command from the
captain and superior officers, and assist on all occasions in
sailing the ship, and rummaging the hold.
MI'DST, s. the middle.
MIDST, a. [contracted from middest, tlie superlative of
mid] midmost; situated in the middle, or nearest to the
centre.
MrDSTREAM, s. the middle of the stream.
MIDSUMMER, s. the summer solstice, generallv reck-
oned to fall on tiie 24th of June ; the festival of St. John the
Baptist.
MI'DWAV, s. the part of a way which is equally distant
from the bcgiiniin;; and ending.
BIl'DWAY, u. in the middle of the way.
Ml'DWIFE, s. a woman who delivers women in child-bed.
AlI'DWlFERY, s. assistance given in child-birth; the
act of production; help in produchig; the trade of a
midwife.
M I'D WINTER, s. the winter solstice, or depth of winter,
reckoned to f.dl on the 21.st ol December.
MIKN, {nifcn) s, [mine. Fr.] air; look, manner.
MIGHT, (nul) s. [niif^/i/, S;i.\.J power ; strength ; force.
Ml'GHTlLY, {miiity) ad. «ith great power; powerfully;
with efficacy , violently ; vigorously ; in a great degree.
MILF
MI'GHTINESS, (mltiness) $. the quality of possessing or
exercising power, greatness, or dignity; a title given to
princes, and formerly applied to the states of Holland.
MI'GHTY, {mlly) a. [miktig, Sax.] powerful; strong;
excellent, or powerful in any act.
MI'GHTY, {mUif) ud. in a great degree. " Mighty
tbouuhtful." Priur. Not to he used but in low language.
MIGRATION, s. [mii^alid, from migro, to remove, Lat.]
the act of changing pliiccs of abode.
MI'LAN, a city ol Italy, formerly capital of a duchy of the
same name. It was the aiiticnt capital of Lombardy, and is
the largest city of Italy, except Kome ; but although it is
thought rather to exceed Naples in size, it does not contain
above one half the number of inhabitants. It is seated in a
pleasant plain, between the river Adda and Tesin. It is
about 10 miles in circumference, and is called by the Italians,
Milan the Great. Here are 22 gates, 230 churches, 90 con-
vents, 100 religious fraternities, 120 schools, and about
250,000 inhabitants. Broad and straight streets are but few
in comparison to the narrow and crooked ; and the many
paper windows, or glass and paper panes intermixed, even
in the finest palaces, have a mean appearance. The gover-
nor's palace, or the old regency-house, is the most stately
and spacious. The cathedral is a grand structure, beuig 300
feet long, 200 broad, and 400 high. It stands in the centre
of the city, and, next to St. Peter's at Rome, is the largest in
Italy. This vast fabric is entirely built of solid white marble,
and is supported by 50 columns, said to be 8i feet high. The
4 pillars under the cupola are 28 feet in circumference. The
college of St. Ambro.se has a library, which, beside some
thousands of manuscripts, contains 45,000 printed volumes.
In it is an academy of painting. The most considerable
commerce of the inhabitants is in grain (especially rice,) cattle,
and cheese, which they export; and they have manufactures
of silk and velvet stuffs, stockings, handkerchiefs, ribbons, gold
and silver lace, and embroideries, woollen and linen cloths,
glass, and earthen ware in imitation of China. Here are
several rivers, and many canals. It is 65 miles N. of Genoa,
145 N. N. W. of Florence, and 270 N. W. of Rome. Lat.
45. 28. N. Ion. 9. Ifi. E.
JIl'LBORN-PORT, a borough of Somersetshire, surrounded
in a manner by Dorsetshire. The inhabitants are about UOO.
It has no market-town, though it appears in Doomsday book
to have had a ujarkel once, and 56 burgesses. It is seated
on a branch of the river Parret, 2 miles from Sherborn in
Dorsetshire.
MILCH, a. [milch, Teut.] giving milk.
MILD, a. [mild, Sax.J kind; tender; indulgent; com-
passionate; not easily provoked to anger; gentle; void of
acrimony ; f n e from sharpness or acidity.
MI'LDENHALL, a large populous town in Suffolk, seated
on the river Lark, a branch of the Ouse, with a harbour for
boats, 12 miles N. W. of Bury, and 69 N. N. E. of London.
A well-frequented market on Fiiday, especially for fish and
wild-fowl.
MI'l.DEW, s. [mildeawe. Sax.] a disease that happens to
plants, caused by a dewy moisture falling upon them, and
continuing, for want of the sun's heat to draw it up ; spots
made in linen, metals, &c. by the dampness of the air.
To MI'LDEW, V. a. to spot or infect with mildew.
MI'LDLY, ad. with tenderness and gentleness.
MI'LDNESS, s. gentleness, tenderness, or clemency, ap-
plied to persons. Softness or mellowness, applied to
taste.
MILE, s. [meil, Sax.] a common measure of roads in Eng-
land, containing 1760 yards, or 5280 feet.
MI'LESTONE, s. a stone set up on the road, marked with
the number of miles from any chief town.
MI'LFOIL, t. [from mille, a thousand, and folium a leaf,
Lat.] the two English species of this genus are, the spiked
water and verticillated water milfoil ; also the common
yarrow. The common and lesser hooded milfoil are species
of bladder-wort.
MI'LFORD, a town of PembrokeshirB; situated on the N.
MILL
6M
coast of Milford Haven, 6 n)iles W. N. W. of Pembroke,
and 6 S. S. W. of Haverfordwest. A new quay has been
lately built here, and a considerable number of new build-
iTigs erected, by a commercial company of quakers from
America.
MI'LFORD-HA'VEN, a deep inlet of the Irish Sea, on the
coast of Pembrokeshire, universally allowed to be the best
Harbour in Great Britain, and as safi; and spacious as any in
Europe. It has 16 deep and safe creeks, 5 bays, and 3 roads,
all distinguished by their several names, in which 1000 sail of
ships may ride in perfect security, and at sufficient distance
from each other. There is no danger in sailing in or out with
the tide, by day or night, from whatever point the wind may
happen to blow ; and if a ship in distress comes in, without
either anchor or cable, she may run on shore, on soft ooze,
and there lie in safety till she is refitted. The spring tide
rises in this h.irbour 36 ieet, so that ships may at any time be
laid ashore. The breadth of the entrance, between rock and
rock, is but 200 yards at high water, and 112 at low water.
One great advantage attending this harbour is, that a ship
may be in or out ot it in an hour's time, and in 8 or 10 hours
may be on the coast of Ireland, or off the Land's End ; they
may also get out to the W. much sooner than from either
Plymouth or Falmou;h. The parliament, on April 14th, 1759,
granted 10,000^. for fortifying this harbour, all of which was
expended on the fort at Neyland, which, however, still re-
mains unfinished.
MI'LIARV, a. [from milium, millet, Lat.] small; resem-
bling a millet seed. Miliary fever, in medicme, is a malig-
nant fever, receiving its name from the skin being then
sprinkled all over with little purple spots, resembling grahis
of millet-seed.
MI'LITANT, a. [from miles, a soloier, Lat.] fighting or
acting in the character of a solilier. In divinity, engaged in
warfare with hell and the worhl, applied to the church of
Christ on earth, as opposed to that which is triumphant in
heaven.
MI'LITARY, a. [mililaris, from miles, a soldier, Lat.] pro-
fessed or engaged in the life of a soldier ; belonging to the
army ; becoming a soldier ; warlike.
MILI'TIA, {mtlishia) s. [Lat.] the standing force of a na-
tion ; the inhabitants of a country trained to arms, and acting
in their own defence.
MILK, s. \?neek. Sax.] a white juice, liquor, or humour,
prepared by the Deity in the breasts of women, and dugs of
beasts, for the nourishment of their young ; any white fluid
or liquor resembling milk ; an emulsion made by almonds
blaiiclied, and bruised in a mortar.
To MILK, V. a. [meakian. Sax.] to draw milk from the
teats of a beast, or the breast of a woman, with the hand ; to
give suck.
MI'LKEN, a. consistint! of milk.
MILKER, i. one that draws milk from animals.
MI'LKINESS, s. the quality of a thing in which it re-
sembles milk.
MI'LKLIVERED, a. cowardly or timorous. " Milkliver'd
man." Shak.
MI'LKMAID, s. a woman employed in milking cattle.
MI'LKPAIL, s. a vessel into which cattle are milked.
MILKPO'TTAGE, s.a. kind of food made by boiling milk
with water and oatmeal.
Ml'LKSOP, t. a soft, effeminate, or timorous person.
MTLKTEEIH, s. in farriery, are those small teeth which
come forth before when a foal is about three months old, and
which he begins to cast about two years and a half after, in
the same order as they grew.
MILKWHITE, a. white as milk.
MI'LKWOMAN, a woman who sells mili.
MTLKWORT, s. a plant ; the polygala of Linnseus.
MI'LK Y, a. made of or resembling milk ; yielding milk.
Figuratively, soft ; gentle ; timorous.
MI'LKY-WAY, s. See Galaxy.
MILL, ». [myln, Sax.] an engine or machine, in which
corn or any other substance is ground ; any machine whose
too
MIME
MINE
action depends on a circular motion; or a machine, wiiicb,
being put in motion, gives a violent impression on things.
To MILL, f. a. to divide into small particles ; to grind or
divide into small particles in a mill ; to beat up or make
chocolate froth, by putting its particles hito a circular motion
with a Stick rubbed between the hands ; to full, scour, and
cleanse woollen stuffs in a mill. In coinage, to stamp the rim
of money, to prevent clipping it.
MILL-COG, s. the teeth on the edges of the wheels be-
longing to a mill, by means of which they lock into each
other.
MILL-DAM, s. the mound, or bank by which water is
kept to a proper height for working a mill.
MILLENA'RIAN, s. [millenarius, from mille, a thousand,
Lat.] one who believes or expects the millennium.
M I'LLENARY, a. [mitlcnaire, Fr. from mille, a thousand,
Lat.] consisting of a thousand.
MI'LLENIST, s. [from mille, a thousand, Lat.] one who
holds the millennium.
MILLENNIUM, ». [Lat.] in divinity, the space of a
thousand years, which the righteous, as supposed by some,
shall pass with Christ upon earth, at his second coming.
MILLE'NNIAL, a. [millennium, from mille, a thousand,
Lat.] belonging to the millennium.
MI'LLEPEDE, s. in entomology, a well known insect, thus
denominated from the great number of its feet. It is useful in
medicine.
MILLER, s. one who looks after a mill. A fly.
MI'LLERS-THUMB, in icthyology, an English r.ame for
the fish called also the bull-head.
MILLE'SIMAL, a. [from mille, a thousand, Lat.] thou-
sandth ; consisting of thousandth parts.
MI'LLET, s. [milium, probably from mitre, a thousand,
Lat. on account of its producing many grains] a plant
brought originally from the east, which produces a very small
grain, used in puddings. The millet cyprus-grass is a kind of
bulrush.
MI'LLINER, I. [Johnfon derives this word from Milaner,
an inhabitant of Milan, as a Lombard is a banker] one who
sells ribbands, caps, and other coverings belonging to a wo-
man's dress.
MI'LLINERY, a." belonging to or sold by a milliner. ^Used
substantively, tor goods or dress sold by a milliner.
MI'LLION, s. [million, Fr. the number of an himdred
myriads, or ten hundred thousand. Proverbially, any very
great number.
MI'LLIONTH. a. the ten hundred thousandth.
MI'LLIPES, s. [Lat.] the common wood-louse, so called
from its numerous feet.
MILL-REE, s. [Port] a Portuguese gold coin, in value
MI'LLSTONE, j. [myletlan. Sax.] the stone of a mill by
which corn is ground.
MILT, s. [mildl. Sax.] in natural history, the soft roe in
fish, so called, because it yields a white or milky juice when
pressed.
MI'LTON, or Milton Abbey, an antient town in
Dorsetshire, chiefly noted for its abi)ey, now in ruin.s, built
and founded by king Athelstan. It is H miles N. E. of
Dorchester, and 112 W. by S. of London. Market on
Tuesday.
MILTON, or Mii.ton Royal, a town in Kent, formerly
the residence of the kings of Kent, aiid of king Alfred, who
had a castellated jialace here, which stood belnw the church,
and it is now famous for its excellent oysters. It is seated
on the E. Swale, a branch of the river Medway. It is 1 1.
miles N. E. of Maidstone, and 42 E. of London. Market on
Saturday.
Ml'LTfXM, a town of Kent, 1 mile E, of Gravesend, but
incorporated with it. King Henry, VIII. raised a bloek-house
and platform here for the defence of this town and Gi:ivcsend,
and lor the command of the river.
MIME, s. [from mimeomai, to imitate, Gr.] a bufToon, who
by mimicking the action or manner of some other person
endeavours to create mirth.
To MIME, V. n. to mimic the gestures or manners of
another, so as to cause laughter.
MI'MIC, a. [mimiius, Lat. from mimeomai, to imitate, Gr.]
imitatinir or copying the actions of a person, so as to render
them ridiculous, and to excite laughter.
MI'MIC, a. [mimicus, Lat. from mimeomai, to imitate, Gr.]
a person who imitates the actions or manner of another so as
to excite laughter. Figuratively, a servile imitator.
To MI'JMIC, V. a. to imitate the actions of another so as
to make them ridiculous, and to excite laughter ; to imi-
tate.
MI'MICAL, a. [mimicus, Lat. from mimeomai, to imitate,
Gr.] copying like a mimic.
MIIVIICALLY, ad. in imitation ; in a mimical manner.
MI'MICRY, s. the quality or art of assuming the air,
looks, manner of expression, and action, of another.
MI'MOGRAPHER, .«. [Irom mimos, a mimic, and grujjAo,
to write, Gr.] a writer of firces.
Ml'N.^TORY, a. [from minor, Lat.] containing threats.
To MIXCE, V. a. [mincer, Fr.] to cut into very small bits
or pieces ; to mention any thing scrupulously, or by a little at
a time ; to paUiate or extenuate. Neuterly, to walk with
short steps in an affected manner; to speak with effeminacy,
or so as to omit syllables.
MI'NCINGLY, ad. in small parts ; nOt fully; with pallia-
tion or extenuation.
MIND, s. [Remind, Sax.] the rational soul; the under-
standing ; affection ; choice ; thoughts or sentiments ; opinion ;
memory ; remembrance
To MIND, V. a. to take notice of, or observe; to regard;
to excite in the mind ; to recall to a person's mind, or revive
in his memory ; to admonish, from minder, Belg. Neuterly,
to incline or be disposed to.
MINDED, a. disposed ; inclined; affected.
MI'NDEN, a considerable trading town of Westphalia,
with a fertile territory of the same name, about 96 miles in
circumference, subject to Prussia. On a heath near this
town. Prince Ferdinand of Bnmswick defeated the French
Marshal Contades, in 1759, with the loss of 7000 men killed,
wounded, and prisoners. It is seated on the river Weser, 37
miles S. W. of Hanover.
MI'NDFUL, a. attentive; heeding; retaining in the me-
mory.
MI'NDFULLY, ad. attentively.
MrNDFULNESS, s. attention; heed, or regard.
MI'NDLESS, a. inattentive; regardless; inanimate; not
endued with a rational soul.
MINE, pronoun possessive [myn, Sax.] Mine was formerly
used always before a vowel ; at present, if a substan-
five precedes we use tnine ; but when it follows, my ; as,
" This is tny hook.'' Or, " This book is mine.'' Belonging
to me.
MINE, s. [mine, Fr.] a place or cavern in the earth con-
taining metals, stone, or coal ; a hollow dug under any for-
tification, that it may sink fur want of ."iipport, or that pow-
der may be lodged in it, by means of which every thing upon
it may be blown up.
To MINE, V. n. to dig mines; to form any hollows or
cavities under ground by digging. Actively, to sap ; to ruin
'by mines ; to destroy by secret means or slow degrees.
JIl'NEIIEAD, a town of Somersetshire, containing about
500 houses, and 2(100 inhaliit.Tnts. Here is a safe and com-
modious harbour l()r ships of large burden, formed by a pier
and quay, to which last a new head has been added, the beach
cleared, fee. It carries on a considerable trade to Irehniil and
the West Itidies, and is 31 miles N. of Exeter, and l(il W. by
S. of London. M.trket on Wednesday.
MI'NER, s. [mineur, Fr,] one that digs in caverns for
metals, stones, or coals ; one who is a maker of military
mines.
MI'NF.RAL, s. [from minerale, low, Lat.] any body dug out
of the earth. Though all metals are mmerali, yet ull mineralt
MINI
M I N U
60 1
are not metals. Minerals, in the restrained sense, are bodies
that may be melted, but not malleated.
Ml'NERAL, a. consisting of bodies dug out of the earth ;
consisting of metalline particles.
Ml'NERALIST, s. one skilled or employed in extracting
ores or minerals.
MI'NERALIZERS, s. in chymistry, those substances which
are combined with metals in their ores; such as sulphur,
arsenic, oxygen, carbonic acid, itc
MINERALOGIST, s. [from minerahgie, Fr.] one who
writes upon minerals.
MINEKA'LOGY, s. [miiiirahgie, Fr.] the doctrine [of
minerals.
Ml'NERAL WATERS, s. waters which hold some metal,
earth, or salt, in solution. They are frequently termed me-
dicinal waters.
MINERVA, s. in mythology, the goddess of wisdom and
the arts. .She is described with the helmet on her head,
a spear in her right hand, and a shield in her left, and
was fabled to have been produced out of the head of
Jupiter.
MlNE'VER, i. a skin with specks o^ white.
To MI'NGLE, V. a, [mingelen, Teut.] to mix ; to join ; to
unite with something else; to compound. Neuterly, to be
mixed or united with.
MI'NGLE, s. a mixture ; a medley or confused mass.
ftll'NGLER, s. one who mixes different things together.
MINGRELIA, a province of Asia, situated along the E.
coast of the Black S( a. The princpality is hereditary, and
is governed by a prince who takes the title of Dadian, or
chief of justice. The tribute enacted by the Turks, is a
quantity of linen cloth made in the country. The face of this
country, its picducts, and the customs and manners of the in-
habitants, are similar to those of Georgia.
MI'NI.iTURE, s. [miniature, Fr.] the representation of
a thing in a very small size — Gay improperly uses it as an
adjective.
MI'NIKIN, a. [See Manikin'\ small; diminutive; used in
contempt.
MI'NIM, s. [from viiiiimus, the least, Lat.] a small being
or person. Applied in the northern countries to a very small
fish. ;
MI'NIMUS, «. [Lat.] a being of the least size.
MI'NION, s. [»tii>non, Fr.] a favourite or darling. Ge-
nerally applied to a person who has the chief place in a
prince's or great man's favour, on account of his servile com-
pliances and flattery. With printers, a small sort of printing
letter.
Ml'NIOUS, a. [from minium, red lead, Lat.] of the colour
of red lead or vermilion.
To MI'NISH, V. a. [a contraction from diminishi] to lessen;
to lop or impair.
MI'NISIER, s. [Lat.] any person employed .is an agent,
or to transact affau-s for another ; one employed by a sove-
reign in the adniinisiratiou of public aflfaiis; an instrument
or means applied to accomplish any end ; a person who per-
forms the public service in divine worship ; an agent from a
foreign power, who has not the dignity or credentials of an
ambassador.
To Ml'NISTER, v. a. [from minister, n servant, Lat;] to
serve or attend on God, the public, or a private person.
MINIS I'F/RIAL, u. attendant; acting under superior
authority ; sacerdotal.
MINISTE'RI ALLY, ad. in a ministerial manner.
MTNISTEHV, s. [now contracted into three syllables, as
ministry; from minister, a servant, Lat.] office, .service; the
discharge of an i fiice or performance of the orders and em-
ployment of aiiiither.
MINISTRAL, a. bt-long:ng to a delegate; one employed
by another, or a clergyman.
JMl'NIS'l RANT, (I. [miitistriiiis, nom minister, a servant,
Lat.] attending upon ; acting as subordinate, dependant, or
at command.
MINISTRA'TION, s. [miuistratio, from minister, a ser-
vant, Lat.] the office of a person commissioned by, or acting
at the command of, another ; attendance ; intervention ;
service; office; the employ of a clergyman.
MFNISTRY, s. [contracted from miniilery] olTice ; ser-
vice ; agency , busiiRS-^ ; iicrsuns employed in slate affairs.
Ml'NlUM, *. [Lat.] lead calcined in a reverberatory fur-
nace till it is of a red colour.
Ml'NNOCK, s. [perhaps from mitrnon, Fr.] a favourite, or
darling. J(jhrison tliinks it synonymous with minx.
MI'NNOW, s. [ineniie, Fr.] a small fresh-water fish.
MI'NOR, a. [the compaialive of parvus, little, Lat.] petty
or inconsiderable ; less ; smaller.
MI'NOR, s. one not arrived at full age; one under age;
one younger than another, when used comparatively. In
logic, the least term in a proposition, or the second [)roposi-
tion in a regular syllogism.
To MI'NOR ATE, v. a. [from minor, less, Lat.] to lessen or
dindfiish.
MINO'RCA, a consider dile island in the Mediterranean,
lying 31. miles N. E. of Majorca. It is about 30 miles in
length and 12 in breadth, and chiefly valuable for the ex-
cellent harbour of Port Mahon.' It is a mountainous coun-
try, with some fruitful valleys, where there are excellent
mule?. Rabbits are in great plenty, and here are plantations
of paln.-trees which bear no fruit, vines, olives, cotton, and
capers. The peasants are very dexterous with their slings,
aad command their cattle with them. The houses on the
island, are coni|)Uted at 300n, and the inhabitants at 27,1)00.
It was taken by the English in 1708, and ki'i)t by them till
1756, when the French took it. It was restored to the En-
glish by the treaty of 1763, and retaken by the Spaniards in
the American war, and confirmed to them by the peace of
nv3. Citadella is the capital, beside which there are Port
Mahon, Labor, and Jlercadal.
MINO'RITY, s. [minoriti, Fr.] the state of a person who
is under age, or not ariived to years of discretion and matu-
rity ; the state of being less; the smaller number, ojiiiosed to
majority.
Ml'NOTAUR, s. [from Minos, an antient king of Crete,
who was supposed to keep the Minotaur, and taurus, a bull,
Lat.] a monster supposed to be half man ami half beast, as
described by the amients.
MINSTER, s. [minitlrere, Sax.] a monastery ; a cathedral,
church.
Ml'NISTREL, s. [me?iestril, Si'an.] a musician; one that
plays upon musical instruments.
Ml'NSTKELSEY, s. instrumental mu.sic, a band or num-
ber of persons playing on iriusical instruments.
MINT, s. [minte, .Sax.] a plant; a place where money is
coined, from mint. Dan.
To MINT, f. a. (see tlie noun) to coir, or stamp money.
Fiiinvatively, to invent or for^e.
MI'NTAGE, s. that which is coined or stamped; the
dntv paid for coitnng.
iVirNTER, s. a coiner or stamper of money
Ml'NTMAN, s. one skilled in coinage.
MI'NTiM ASTER, s. a person who has the management
and c.ire of the coinage. Figuratively, one who invents.
JIl'NUET, s. [menuet, Fr.] a stately regular dance,
performed generally by two persons, consisting of a sink,
boree, and two straight steps: the figure resembles a ca-
pital Z.
Ml'NUM, in music, J. a note of slow time, two of which
make a semi-bref.
JIIXU'TE, a. [minutus, from mhivo, to diminish, Lat.]
small, eitlier in bulk or consequence; little ; slender.
MI'NUTE, s. [distinguished from the adjective by being
accented on the first syllable, minutum, Lat.] in geometry,
the (iOth part of a degree of a circle. Minutes are denoted
by one accent, thus (') ; as the second, or COth part of a
minute, is by two accents, thus (") ; and the third by three ("),
&c. Minnte, in time, is the 60th part of an hour. In
architecture, it usually denotes the 60tb, sometimes the 30th
4 H
602
MISB
MISD
part of a module. In writing, it is used for a short memoir,
or sketch of a thiii».
To AII'NUTE, c. a. [nwiutti; Fr.] to set down in short
hiiits.
MI'NUTE-BOOK, s. a boolc of short hints, or memo-
randa.
MINUTE-GLASS, s. glass of which the sand measures a
minute.
MINU'TELY, ad. with great exactness ; without omission
of the least circumstance.
MINU'TENESS, a. excessive snialliiess; extreme accuracy
or circnmstantiahiess ; inconsiilerableness.
jMINX, s. a young pert, wanton, or affected girl.
MI'RACLE, i. [miraculum, from mirur, to wonder, Lat.] a
sensible eff.-ct, either in itself or its circumstances super-
iialurul ; or that which is in some respect or other beside or
contrary to the fixed laws of nature, and cause of common
providence, which not being tu be accounted for in a natural
way, must be ascribed to the occasional inter|)Osition of God
himself or some invisible intelligent agent.
MIRA'CULOU.S, a. [miraculciix, Fr.] done by miracles;
effected by power more than natural.
MIUACULOUSLY, ad. beyond the known powers or laws
of nature.
MIRACU'LOUSNESS, s. the state of being effected be-
yond the ordinary powers or biws of nature.
MIRE, s. [mucr, Btlg.] mud; dirt moistened with rain or
water. An ant ; a pismire, from mijr, Brit.
To MIRE, V. a. to daub with mud; to whelm in the
mud.
MI'RINESS, i. the quality of being inuddy.
MI'RROR, s. [miroir, Fr.] a looking-glass, or any thing
which represents objects by reflection; a pattern or exem-
plar, as being that on which the eye ought to be fixed to
transcribe its periections. In mhieralogy, a kind of trans-
parent stone.
MIRTH, s. [myrhde, Sax.] merriment ; gaiety: laughter;
a jest which excites laughter.
MIRTHFUL, a. full of jov and gaiety.
MIRTHLESS, a. .sorrowful.
MI'RY, a. deep in mud; consisting of mud.
MIS, [Sax. from mism, Goth.] is an inseparable particle,
and in composition denotes defect, error, deprivation, corrup-
tion, &c.
MISACCEPTA'TION. s. the act of taking any thing in a
wrong sense.
MISADVE'NTURE, s. [mesaventure, Fr.] ill-luck; bad
fortune. In law, manslaughter.
MISADVE'NTURED, a. unfortunate.
MISADVICE, s. wrong or mistaken advice; bad
counsel.
MISADVrSED, (miiaduized) ad. wrongfully counsel-
led.
MISATMED, a. not aimed rightly.
MISA'NTHROPISr, s. [from mis^o, to hate, and anihropos,
a man, Or.] a hater of mankind ; one that flies the society of
mankind from a principle of discontent.
MISANTHROPY, .•;. [from miseo, to hate, and anthropos,
a man, Gr.] the act of hating or avoiding the .society of
mankind.
MISAPPLICA'TION, s. an im]>roper application ; the act
of applying a thing to a wrong use.
To Ml.SAPPLY, V. a. to apply improperly, or to wrong
purposes.
To MISAPPREHE'ND, v. a. to mistake a person's mean-
ing ; to understand a thing in a wrong sense.
MISAPPKKHE'iNSION, j. a mistake.
To MIS'A.SCRIBE, v. a. to ascribe fdsily.
To MISASSI'GN, i;. «. to assigji erroneously.
To MISBECO'MF;, v. a. preter. mMtcame ; to be incon-
aistent with a person's cliaracter ; to disgrace ; to be un-
suitable.
MISBEGOT, or MISBEGO'TTEN, a. unlawfully be-
gotten.
To MISBEHA'VE, v. n. to act ill or inconsistent -with a
person's character.
MISBEHA'VED, a. ill-bred; uncivil.
MISBEHA'VIOUR, .s. want of decency to Others; ill-
conduct ; want of civility or breeding.
MISBELI'EF, {misbelief} s. an erroneous or wrong be-
lief.
To MISBELIE'VE, {?nisbeleefe) v. n. to distrust.
JIISBELIE'V^ER, {tnisbeteiver) s. one that holds a false
religion, or believes wrongly.
■To MISCAL, (miskaul) v. a. to call by a wrong name.
To MISCA'LCULATE, v. a. to be wrong in a computatio^
or reckoning ; to reckon wrong.
MISCA'RRIAGE, (miskdrridg) s. want of success; ill
conduct ; abortion, or the act of bringing forth before due
time.
To MISCA'RKY, v. n. to fail ; to fail of success in an un-
dertaking ; to be brought to bed befiire due time.
To iMISCA'ST, v. a. to add up or compute wrong.
AIISCELLA'XEOUS, i. [miscc-l/anens, from viiscco, to mix,
Lat.] mingled; consisting of different kinds.
JirsCELLAXY, s. (sometimes accented on the second
syllable) a book containing a collection of different piece.s,
sometimes containing the works of different authors.
MISCIIA'XCE, s. ill lutk; a thing happening amis.s, but
neither intended nor foreseen.
Ml'SCHIEF, {mischeef) s. \meschef, old Fr.] any thing
done to h:irm or injure another ; an ill consequence, or vex-
atious iiffair.
]\II'SCHIEF-MAKER, {mischeef maker) s. one who pro-
motes qnarnls between others, and cause- mischief.
MI'SCHIEVOUS, {mischeevoui') a. (sometimes accented
on the second syllable) hurtful; injurious; .spiteful; ma-
licious.
MISCHIE'VOUSLY, {mische'cvously^ ad. maliciously;
spitefully ; hurthdlv.
MISCHIE'VOUSNESS, (mi^checvousncs) s. the quality of
delighting in doing harm and injury to others.
Ml'SCIBLE, a. [from vtisceo, to mix, Lat.] capable of being
mixed.
MISCITA'TION, s. a wrong quotation.
To MISCI'TE, V. a. to quote words of an author
wrong.
MISCLAI'M, s. an errotieous or mistaken claim.
MISCOMPUTA'TION, s. false reckoning.
To MISCONCEIVE, (juiikonsciive) v. a. to have a wrong
idea of.
MISCONCE'PTION, i. a false notion.
MISCONDUCT, s. ill behaviour.
MISCONJECTURE, s. a wrong guess.
To MISCOM.IE'CTURE, v. a. to giiess wrong.
MISCONSTRU'CTION, s. the act of ascribing a wrong
sense to words or actions.
To MISCO'NSTRUE, v. a. to interpret wrong.
To MISCO'UNSEL, v. a. to advise wrong.
To MISCO'UNT, V. a. [meconler, Fr.] to reckon wrong.
MI'SCREANCE, or MI'SCREANCY, s. [»ie$creance, Fr.]
adherence to a false religion ; false faith.
MI'SCREANT, s. [mescreanl, Fr.] in its primary sense,
one that holds a false faith, or btlieves in false gods. Se-
condarily, a vile and wickeil wretch.
MISDE'EU, s. a vile action.
To MISDEWE'AN, (misdetiicen) v. a. to behave ill.
MISDEME'ANOR, [tiiisdcmcctior) s. a slight offtnce ;
somethinif less than a crime.
AIISDEVO'TION, s. ndslaken piety.
To MISDO', V. a. preter. I have misdone ; to do wrong,
or c innnit a crime. Neuterly, to commit faults.
MISDO'KR, s. an offender.
MISUO'ING, s, offence; deviation from right.
To MISDO'UBT, {misduul) v. a. to suspect of deceit or
danger.
MlSDO'UBT, {miiduul) ». suspicion of crime or danger;
irresolution.
,M I S P
MISS
603
To MISEMPLOY, v. a, to apply to a wronir use.
MISEMPLO'ViMENT, s. the act of upjilyhig to an im-
proper use.'
MI'SKR, (niizer) s. [from m/st-r, mi-ieralilf, L;it.] formerly
tised for a person in wretcliedncss or calamity ; or for a base
and mean per-ion ; but at pn-sent to one who, though pos-
sessed of riches, endmes all the hardships of indigence, either
to increase or avoid spending them.
Mr.SEIlABLE, (mizeruliU) a. [miserabilis, from miser,
miserable, Lat.] unhappy ; calamitous, or wretched ; very
bad ; saving to excess.
Ml'SEUABLENESS, (mmerablctiess) s. the quality which
denominates a person wretched, or an object of pity ; exces-
sive parsimony.
MI'SEKABLY, {mherahli/') ad. in such a maimer as to
become an object of comp:ission ; desperately ; shockingly ;
*' MisiTably stabbed to death." Suulh. Wretchedly ; mean-
ly ; covetously ; or hke a miser.
MI'SEUY, (niizeri/) .v. \_miser'M, from miser, miserable,
I.at.] such a state of wn'Icliedness, unhappiness, or calamity,
as renders a person an object of compassion.
MISFORTUNE, ». want of success ; calamity; ill luck, or
poverty, not happening by a person's own fault.
To MISGl'VE, V. a, to suspect ; to presage something- ill ;
to suspect something amiss.
To MISGO'VERN, v. a. to govern ill.
MISGOVERNED, a. umler no restraint; rude; ill-
bred.
MISGO'VERNMENT, .1. ill administration of affairs ; ill
management ; irregidarity ; or immodest behaviour.
MISGUrOANCE, s. a false direction.
To MISGIU'DE, V. a. to direct wrong; to guide the wrong
way.
MISHA'P, {mii-hap) s. any evil that happens unex-
pectedly.
MI'SHMASH, s. \iiiischin, Uelg.] a hodgepodge; a low
word.
To MISINFER, v. a. to draw a wrong inference.
To MISINKO'RM, v. a. to deceive by false accounts.
MISINFORM A'TION, s. a false intelligence, or ac-
count.
To RIISIXTE'RPRET, v. a. to explain in a wrong sense.
MISINTERPRETA'TION, j. explanation in a wrong
sense.
To MISJO'IN. V. a. to join in an improper manner.
To MISJU'DGE, V. n. to form false opinions. Actively,
to mistake ; to judge ill of.
To MISLA'Y, V. a. to lay in a wrong place ; to put away
so as not to be able to find again.
MISLA'YER, s. one who puts things in a wrong place.
To MI'SLE. See Mizzle.
To MISLE'AD, (misleed) v. a. preter. and part. pass.
misled ; to guide in a wrong way ; to betray to mischief, or
mistake, under a pretence of guiding.
MISLE'ADER, {misleedtr) s. one who seduces or leads
to ill.
MI'SLETOE. See Mistletoe.
To MISMA'NAGE, v. a. to conduct or manage wrongly.
MISMA'NAGEAIENT, *■. defect of conduct or be-
haviour.
To MISMA'RK, v. a. to mark or distinguish wrong.
To MISMATCH, v. a. to mistake in matching.
To MISNA'ME, v. a. to call by a wrong name.
MISNO'MER, s. [Fr.] in law, the mistaking a man's name,
or the using of one name for another, which is the cause of
abatements of writs.
To MISOBSE'RVE, {misobzirue) v. a. to make a wrong
remark.
MISO'GAMIST, s. [horn misco, to hate, and gawios, mar-
riage, Gr.] one that hates marri.ige.
MISO'GYNY, .1. [from mi»f«, to hate, and gnne, a woman,
Gr.] the act of iiating woman kind.
To MISO'RDCR, v. a. to conduct or manage ill.
To BIISPE'L, V. a. pret. and, par}, pass, micpelt. (This
word and its derivatives, should, according to its analogy,
be written rtiis-spul) to spell wrong.
To JIISPE'NO, V. a. preter. and part, pa.ss. mispenl. (This
word should, according to its analogy, be written inis-sjiend)
to spend ill, waste to no purpose, or throw away. To waste
or decay.
MISPE'NDER, s. one who applies to a wrong purpose.
MISPERSUA'SION, [tuispe/swaMon) s. a wrong notion,
or fiilse opinion.
To MISPLA'CE, V. a. to put in a wiong place.
To MI.SPOINT, V. a. to set a wrong point or stop after a
sentence.
To AtlSPRI'SE, {iiiisprhe) V. a. sometimes it signifies to
mistake, from viisprendre, Fr. and sometimes to Undervalue,
slight, or disdain, from nu-priser, Fr. Obsolete.
MISPKI'SION, (niispri-Jion) s. scorn, slight, or contempt.
In common law, a neglect or oversight ; as where a person
is privy to some treason or felony committed by anotlier,
and neglects to reveal it to the king or his council, or to a
magistrate; but entirely conceals it. This is called Mispri-
sion of those crimes. In cases of Misprision of treason, the
ofFeiider is to be imprisoned liuring the king's pleasure, and
to foi efeit his goods and chattels, with the profits of his lands,
&c. But in 3Iis/.'rision of lelony, the ofi'eniler is only to be
punished with fine and imprisonment, and to remain in pri-
son till the fine is paid.
To ailSPROPO'UTION, v. a. to join in an unsuitable
proportion.
To MISQUO'TE, v. a. to cite an author's words wrong.
To MISRECI'TE, v. a. to quote or recite wrong.
To JIISUE'CKON, V. a. to reckon wrong, to compute
wrong.
To MISREPO'RT, v. a. to give a false account of; to give
an account which is both disadvantageous and false.
MISREPO'RT, s. a false account; a false and maliciou.?
representation.
To MISREPRESE'NT, (the last s is pron. like ;;) v. a. to
represent falsely.
MISREPRESENTA'TIOxNT, s. the act of wilfully represent-
ing a thin? otherwise than it is.
MISRU'LE, «. tumult; confusion.
MISS, s. [contracted from mistress] a term of compliment
used in addressing a young and unmarried lady. Figura-
tively, a prostitute.
To MISS, V. a. preter. missed, particip. pass, mist; to
mistake ; to fail hitting a mark ; to fail of obtaining; to dis-
cover something unexpectedly wanting ; to omit ; to per-
ceive the want of. Neiiierly, to fly wide from ; r.ot to hit a
mark ; to prove unsuccessful ; to fail or mistake ; to be lost or
wanting.
MISSAL, .?. [from missa, the mass, Lat.] the mass book.
To MISSEE'M, ti. n. to make a false appearance.
MISSEL-BIRD, in ornithology, the common English name
of the lareer species of thrush.
To MISSE'RVE, v. a. to serve unfaithfully.
To JIISSIIA'PE, V. a. part, viishaped, or niishupen ; to shape
or form ill ; to deform.
MrS.SILE, a. [missilis, from mitio, to send, Lat.] thrown
by the hand or from an engine. Striking at a distance, ap-
plied to weapons.
MI'SSION, (niishon) s. [missto, from tnillo, to send, Lat.]
commission ; the state of a person employed by another ;
persons sent on any account ; usually applied to those sent
to propagate the gospel in foreign parts. Dismission or dis-
charge.
Ml'SSIONARY, orlMTSSIOXER, {mishonary, or mUhrmer,
s. [rnissionaire, Fr.] one sent to propagate religion in foreign
parts.
MISSISSIPPI, a considerable river of North America,
which is the great channel of the waters of the Oliio, the Il-
linois, and their minierons branches from the E. and of the
Missouri and other rivers from the W. Its source is un-
known, but its lengih (in a southerly liirection) is supposed
to be npwar.ls of aodO mile^, ia ^1 its windings, to its entrance
601
MISU
into the Gulf of Mexico, between the 89th and 90th degrees
of W. Ion. In this river, in lat. 4.4.. 30. N. are the Falls of
St. Antliony, where the whole river, which is more than 2.50
yards wide, falls perpendicularly about 30 feet.
MI'S^iIVE, a. such as may be sent ; such as are flung at a
distance by tlie hand, or from an engine, applied to weapons.
To JIISSPE'AK, {mispiek-) V. a. pret. viispoke, part.
mispoken ; to speak wrong or amiss.
MIST, s. \_mist. Sax.] a meteor, consisting of a low thin
cloud, or small rain, whose drops are not to be distinguished.
Figuratively, any thing that darkens, or obscures, applied to
the understanding.
To MIST, V. a. to cloud ; to cover with a steam or moist
vapour.
To MISTA'KE, v. a. to conceive a wrong idea of; to
take a thing for that which it is not, or to take one thing for
another. Neuterly, to err ; to form a false judgment or
idea.
MISTA'KE, i. the act of forming a wrong idea, or taking a
thing for what it is not.
MISTA'KEABLE, s. liable to be mistaken.
To be MISTA'KEN, f. n. to err, or to form a wrong
opinioti or judgment.
MISTA'KINGL V, ad. in such a manner as to form a wrong
judgment or idea.
To MISTA'TE, v. a. to state wrong; to represent in a false
light.
To MISTE'ACH, v. a. to teach wrong.
To MISTE'LL, v. a. to relate falsely; to reckon wrong.
To MISTE'RM, v. a. to call by a wrong name.
MI'STERY, t. [niestier, Fr.] in law, an art, trade, or oc-
cupation. This Word is generally, but improperly, written
m^itery.
To MISTHI'NK, v. a. to think ill ; to think wrong.
To MISTI'ME, V. a. to do unseasonably.
MI'STINESS, s. cloudiness; the state of being overcast,
applied to the sky.
MI'STIOX, (pron. as spelt.) s. [from mistus, mixed, Lat.]
the state of being mixed.
MI'STLETOE, MI'SLETOE, or MI'SSELTOE, s. a plant
of which there is only one kind in Europe, growing, not on
the ground, but on other trees, as the oak, apple-tree, pear-
tree, white thoni, &c. Some physicians ascrilJe to it great
virtues in the cure of the epilepsy.
MI'STLIKE, a. resembling a mist ; like a mist.
MISTOLD, the part. pass, of Mistell.
MISTOOK, the part. pass, of Mistake.
MI'STllESS. I. [maitreiie, Fr.] a woman who manages
a house, and keeps servants ; a woman skilled in any thing ;
a woman teacher; a woman who is the object of a person's
love, in a good sense. A prostitute ; used as an address of
contempt.
MISTRU'ST, s. suspicion ; diffidence.
To MISTRU'ST, v. a. to doubt.
MI.STRU'STFUL, a suspicious.
MISTRU'STFULLY, ad. in such a manner as betrays a
suspicion.
MISTRU'STFULNESS, j. the quality of suspecting the
fidelity of another.
xMISTRU'STLESS, a. confident.
Ml'STY, a. cloudy ; overcast, applied to the sky ; obscure ;
dark.
To MISUNDERSTA'ND, v. a. pieter. and part, misun-
derstood ; to take any person's meaning wrong ; to mis-
take.
MISUNDERSTA'NDING, s. a diflTerence, or disagreement,
implying that the [larlics do not understand each otlier ; an
error ; a false judgment or conception of the meaning of
words or sentences.
MI.SU'SAGK, (viixuKige) s. aliusc, or bad treatment.
To MISU'SE, {mii-uxe) v. a. {mesuser, Fr.] to treat or use
in an improper manner ; to abuse.
MISU'SE, s. a bad use or treatment.
MOB
MI'SY, s. a very beauteous mineral, much resembling
golden marcasites.
MITCHELDE'AN, a town in Gloucestershire, llC miles
from London, whose market is on Monday.
MITE, s. [mile, Fr.] a very small insect whicli breeds in
cheese. In weights, the 20th part of a grain. In Money,
the shird part of a farthing. Proverbially, any thing very
small ; a very small jiarticle or atom. '
MI'THKIDATE, s. [Fr.] a kind of electuary; one of the
capital medicines of the shops, consisting of a great number
o( ingredients, and receiving its name from Jlithridates, king
of Pontus, its inventor. Also a genus of plants, of which six
are British species.
SIl'TIGANT, part, [from miligu, to mitigate, Lat.] lenient,
or lenitive.
To MITIGATE, v. a. [mitign, from mi/is, mild, Lat.
miti^er, Fr.] to abate, to lessen, applied to rigour or severity.
To soften, les.^en, or make less, applied to pain. To assuage
or calm, applied to the heat and turbulence of factions.
JIITIG.^TIOX, .«. [?nitigiitio, from mitigo, to mitigate,
Lat.] the act of lessening any punishment, severity or
pain.
MI'TRE, {mitirt) s. [mitre, Fr. mitni, Lat.] a round cap,
pointed and cleft a-tO[), with two pendants hanging down on
the shoulilers, worn on the head by bishops and abbots on
solemn occasions, and in heraldry borne as a crest by a bishop
and archbishop.
MITFAU, an extensive town, pretty well inhabiteil, and
the capital of Courland, and the residence of the duke of the
regency of the country. It is situated on the river Aa, in that
part of Courland called Semigallia, 140 miles N. N. E, of
Koningsberg, and 50 .S. S. W. of Riga.
MITTENS, s. [miiains, Fr.] gloves tliat cover the arinSj
but not the fingers.
MI'TTLMUS, s [Lat.] in law, a writ for transferrin;^ re-
cords from one court to another. Likewise .1 writ under the
hand and seal of a justice of the peace, directed to tlie gaoler
or keeper of a prison, for receiving and safe keeping an o.*"-
fender, till he be delivered by due course of law.
To MIX, t'. a. l^misschen, Belg.] to unite different bodies
into one mass ; to compose of diflt;reut things.
MI'XEN, s. [mixen. Sax.] a dunghill ; a laystall.
Ml'XTlOX, (pron. as spelt) 5. [niixtion, Fr.] mixture ; con-
fusion of one body with another.
MI'XTLY, U'l. in a mixed manner.
MI'XTURE, s. [niixlurci, from miscen, to mingle, Lat.] the
act of joining or adding several tliinf,'S together; the state of
diflerent things united or added together ; a mass or liquor
formed by uniting different ingredients ; any thing added or
mixeil.
INirZ.MAZE, s. [a cant word formed by the redujilication
of maze] a hibyrintli. " Through the 7ni~muze of variety of
opinions." Ijn'.ke.
Ml'ZZEN, i. \mezaen, Belg.] in the sea language, is a
particular mast or sail. The mizr-en-niusl stands in the slcrn-
most part of a ship. The sail which belongs to the niiz::en-
masl, is called the mizzen-iail ; and whenever the word mix-
zen is used at sea, it always means the sail.
To JII ZZLE, V. a. [from mi^t] to rain in small drops, like
a thick mist.
Ml'ZZY, .«. a bog ; a quagmire.
MNF.iMO'NICS, {tumouiks) s. from mnaomiii, to remember,
Gr.] the art of memory.
To MOAN, (mijii) v. a. [mo'iian, Sax.] to lament; dejjlore.
Neuterly, to slmw sorrow by the looks, a mournful tone of
voice, and <lisnial complaints.
MO,\N, (.iiiCm) s. lamentation, sorrow expressed bywords
and actions.
MO.AT, (mut) s. \motte, Fr.] a canal, or colleclioii of water,
which runs in a ditch or channel round a building.
To MOAT, (mut) V. a. [molter, Fr.] to surround any build-
ing with a canal or water,
MOB, 3. [contracte<l from mobile, Fr.] the crowd ; the
MODE
MODU
60S
Vulgar ; a tumultuous rout or multitude. In dress, a woman's
cap.
To 3I0B, V. a. to harrass or overbear by a mob or
tumult.
MOBI'LE, {muhceX) s. [Fr.] the populace or vulgar ; a
tumultuous assembly of the common and lower order of
people.
MOBI'LITV, s. \m,ihilile, Fr. mohltilaa, from moveo, to
move, Lat.] the power of being moved. Fij.'urativily, quick-
ness of motion. In low lanf;iiage, the vulvar or populace.
Fickleness or inconstancy, applied to the mind.
MO'CH A-STONE, (mo/iu sWne) s. [from Mocha, the place
whence it is brought] a stone somewhat of the agute kind, of
a clear horny grey, with delineations or figures representing
mosse-, slirubs, and branches, in black, brown, and red, in the
substance of the stone.
To MOCK, V. II. [mnrjucr, Fi .] to deride, scoiT, or laugh at ;
to defeat ; to elude ; lo disappoint a person's expectations ;
to beguile or delude with words. Nenterly, to scoff or jest
at.
MOCK, s. ridicule ; a sneer ; an act of contempt ; an object
of ridicule ; a contemptuous imitation of mimicry,
MOCK, a. counterfeit ; false ; not real.
MO'CKABLE, a. exposed to derision.
MO'CKEK, s. one that ridicules another ; a deceiver ; an
impostor.
MOCKERY, s. derision; scorn; ridicule; contemptuous
mimicry of a person's actions or words ; sport; a vain show
or counterfeit appearance ; disappointment.
MOCKINfi-BIUD, 1. an American bird, which imitates the
notes of other birds.
MO'CKINGLV, aJ. insultingly.
MO'CKING-STOCK, s. the snlject of derision, or object of
ridicule.
MO'DAL, (niOJa!) II. [from mndu.^, manner or fashion, Lat.]
relating to the form only, opposed to essence.
jMOD.VLITY, s. an accidental differc^jce ; the quality of an
accident.
MO'DBUUV, a town in Devonshire, noted for fine white
ale. It is U miles S. W. of I'Kmouth, and 2iiS W. by S. of
London. Market on Thursday.
MODE, J. [mof/i/t, Lat.] form. In logic, that which can-
not subsist in and of itself, but is always esteemed as belong-
ing to, and subsisting by the help of, some substance, which)
fcr that reason, is called its subject. Gradation or degretj
" What flioi/es of sight." Mannir or method. State or ap-
pearance. Fashion or custom, from ■niode, Fr.
MO'DF.L, s. [modele, Fr.] a repr.'sentalion in miniature of
some building, ^c. a cu|iy to be nniiated ; a mould ; a stan-
dard by which any thiiig is measured. See Module. Sv-
NON. Model is used for relief, co/y, for painting. A cnpy
ought to be faithful; a maJtljnst.
To MO'DEL, !'. a. [modeler, Fr.] to plan ; to shape ; to form,
mould, or delineate.
MO'DELLER, s. a planner or schemer.
J\I0DE'NA, a city of Italy, situated between the rivers
Secchio and Tcnaro. It is pretty large and populous, having
several piazzas ; but the streets are narrow, the houses with-
out beauty or symmetry, and the walks low and dark. The
churches have little' or nothing worth notice, but the ducal
palace is large and splendid, and is richly furnished. The
picture-gallery consists of six rooms, all tilled with select
pieces of the most famous masters. In a chamber under the
cathedral is shewn the so much talked of Secchia raj/ilu. or
well-bucket, with iron hoops, taken in a petty war from the
door of one of the inhabitants of Bologna. The inhabitants
are said to be about 40,000. It is 22 miles N. W. of Bologna.
Lat. 44. 34.. N. Ion. II. IH. E.
MO'DERATE, a. [moderalus, from moderor, to moderate,
Lat.] temperate, or between the two extremes. Not hot, ap-
plied to temper. Not extra\ agant, applied to expense. Of
the middle rate.
To MO DERATE, v. a. [moderor, from mnderus, a due
proportion, Lat.] to keep within due bounds and limits; td
repress, regidate, or restrain.
MODERATELY, ad. temperately; mildly; in a middle
degree.
MO'DERA TENESS, s. the quality of keeping within any
two ( xtremes.
MODIUIATION, *. [moderatio, from moderor, to moderate,
Lat J the state of keeping a due mean between extremes ;
calnmes«, temperance, or equanimity.
AIODERA'TOR, s. {moderator, Irom moderor, to moderate,
L!»t.] a person or thing which calms, or keeps from flying into
excess ; a person who presides at a disputation, to restrain the
contending parties from indecency, confine them to the point
in qin-stion, and .'-hew the conclusiveness or inconclusiveness
of their ar(.'umenls and responses.
MO'DERN, (m(;Jtrr«)a. [/Hoa'trni', Fr.] late; not long done
or existing.
MO'DERXIS.M, J. anything formed according to the taste
of the present age, opposed to that of the ancients. A word
coined hy Dean .Swift in the following passage: *' .Scribblers
send us over their trash in prose and verse, with abominable
curtailings and quaint nioderiMms."
MO DERNS, s. those who have lived lately, opposed to the
ancients.
To JMO'DERNIZE, r.a to form any thing according to the
taste of the present age ; to translate or alter any thing ancient
to the present taste.
MO DERNNESS, s. novelty.
JIO'DEST, a. [mode.itc, Fr. modestut, from modus, a due
proportion, Lat.] humble in opinion of one's own excellencies ;
free from boasting ; reserved or backward in doing any thing
for fear of incurring censure; chaste; free from avoiding
every appearance of vice without being carried to excess ;
moderate.
MODESTLY, ad. in an humble, chaste, and moderate
m ujner ; without excess, forwardness, boasting, or impu-
dence.
MO'DESTY, ». [modestie, Fr.] a virtue which includes an
humble opinion of one's own abilities, an utter abhorrejice of
the least appearance of vice, and a fear of doing any thing
which either has or may incur censure; chastity.
JIO'DESTY-PIECE, s. a narrow lace or border, which
runs along the upper part of the stays beforej and is part of a
woman's tucker.
MO'DICUM, s. [Lat.] a small portion or pittance.
MODIFI'ABLE, a. capable nf receiving a difference with
respect to all its mode or accidents.
MODIFICA'TION, s. [modification, Vr.\ the act of giving
a thing new accidental diflerences of form or mode ; that
which gives a thing any particular manner of being.
To MO'DIFY, V. a.[modifier, Fr.] to change the form, acci-
lients, or qualities, of a thing.
MODI'LLON, s. [Fr.] in architecture, an ornament in the
cornice of Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite orders, con.sisting
of Utile inverted consoles or brackets ni form of cin A\ setining
to support the projecttire of the larmier.
MO'DISH, {modish) a. agreeable to ihe fashion or reigning
custoin.
MODISHLY, ad. fashionably.
ilODISHNESS, s. a strict observance of the fashion.
To MO'DULATE, v. a. [modutor, from modulus, a measure,
Lat.] in nmsic, to change the key, and to return to it again,
without giving offence to the ear.
MODULATION, s. [Fr. modulatio, from modulus, a-mea-
sure, Lat.] in music, the art ol keeping in, and on occasion
changing the k y, and returiung to it again, without
offence to the ear ; sound modulated ; agreeable har-
mony.
MODULA'TOR, s. {modular, from modulus, a measure,
Lat.] one that forms sounds to a certain key.
MO'DULE, s. [from modulus, a measure, Lat.] a model ;
an empty representation, or mere shadow. In architecture,
a certain measure, taken at pleasure, for regulating the
606
MOLL
MONA
proportion of columns, and the symmetry or distribution of
the whole building.
JNIO'DUS, s. [Lat.] in law, the giving money or land to a
minister, instead of his tithes in kind.
MO'HAIR, s. [7)iohere, Fr.l thread or stuff made of camel's
or other hair.
MOHILEF, one of the il govci-nnients of the Russian
empire, containiiig 12 d stricts, part of Lithnanii, dismem-
bered from Poland, by the partition treaty of 1772. lis capital
is Mohilef, a populors and well-built town, seated on the
Duiper, 35 miles S. of Ortza, End 57 W. of itisciflaff. Lat.
S3. 30. N. Ion. Rl 2. E.
MOI'DERED. part. a. crazed.
MOI'DORE, s. [Port.] a Portugal g„Id coin, valued at 273.
sterling.
MOI'ETY, s. [moilie, Fr.] one of two equal parts ; a part
or portion.
To MOIL, V. a. [mouiHer, Fr.] to daub with dirt ; to fa-
tigue or weary. Keuterly, to lal)our in the mire; to toil,
drudge, or labour hard.
MOIST, a. [mohic, Fr.] wet in a small degree, so as not to
be liquiii ; juicy.
To MOIST, or MOISTEN, v. a. to make wet ni a small
degree.
MorSTENER, .?. the person or thing which moistens.
MOI'STNESS, s. the quality of being wet in a small
degree.
MOISTURE, s. [moiteur, Fr.] a small quantity of vrater or
liquid ; dampness.
MOL.'i'SSES. S-e Mfhsses.
MOLDA'VIA. a province of Turkey in Europe, bounded
on the X. by Poland ; 0!i the E. by Bessarabia and Budziac
Tartary; on the S. by Walacliia ; and on the W. by Tran-
sylvania, being 180 miles in its greatest length, and some-
what less in breadth. The principal rivers are the Pruth,
Moldau, Bardalach, and Sereth. The soil is rich, and it
abounds in gnnrl pastures, which feed a great number of
horses, oxen, ai;d shicp ; it also produces corn, pidse, ho-
ney, wax, fruits, with plenty of game, fish, add fowls. The
inhabitants are Christians of the Greek church. The Turks
oblige the hospodar, or waiwode, to pay an annual tribute,
and to raise a large body of troops at his own expense, in
lime of war. Jassy is the capital. Lat. 47. Sh N. Ion. 27.
5. E.
MOLD, or Moui.n, a town of Flintshire, in N. Wales, five
miles S. of Flint. Its market is on Wednesday, and is distant
from London 201 miles.
MOLE, .t. [mail, Sax.] in phvEic, a shapeless concretion of
extravasated blood, which grows into a kind of flesh, and is
called a false conception ; a natural spot on the skin, some-
times having hair in it ; a little animal or beast, which casts
up the earth in hillocks, formerly thought to be blind, but by
modern naturalists proved to have perfect eyes, and holes for
thein through the skin about the size of a pin's head. A
mound, dyke, or port, from moles, Lat.
MO'LECULE, s. in cliymistry, the molecides of bodies are
those ultiitiate |)artieles of matter winch cannot be decomposed
by any chemical means.
MO'LEHILL, s. an hillock thrown up by a mole.
To MOLE'ST, V. u. \ mi.leslcr, Fr. from mohslus, trnidile-
some, Lat.] to disturb, trouble, or vex
MOLESTATIOX, s. [fnuTi molfsfiis, troublesome, Lat.]
disturbance ; uneasiness caused by vexation.
MOLE'.STER, s. one who ilistu'rbs.
MO'LINISIS, s. .1 sect in (he Hnmish chinch who follow
the doctrines of the .Jesuit Molina, relative to stiflicient and
efficacious grace. Their great antagonists were the .lan-
scnists.
MOXLlENT, part. [mnlUens, from tiinllin, to soften, Lat.]
Boftening or maki r soft.
MOLLIFI'ABLE, a. capable of being softened o.' ap-
peased.
MOLLIFICA'TION, s. the art of making .soft. Jlitiga-
tion or pacification, applied to anger.
MO'LLIFIER, s. that which makes soft or calm.
To MO'LLIFY, ;•. a. [iwiHio, from iimllis, soft, Lat.] to
soften. To appease, applied to anger. To moderate, applied
to any thing harsh or rif;orous.
iMOLOS'sES, MOLASSES, or MELASSES, that gross,
yet fluid matter remaining of sugar after refining, and v.hich
no boiling will bring to a cojisistence more solid than that of
syrup ; hence called ako syrup of sugar.
MO'LTEN, part. pass, of JJelt.
M(>'LY, s. the wild garlic.
MOLYBDATES, s. in chemistry, salts formed by the com-
bination of any base with the molybthc acid.
MODYBDENUM, s. in mineralogy, » metal wliich is
fusible with diffiLully. It is employed it; Germany in
dying.
MOLYBDIC, a. ill chemistry, belonging to njolyb-
denum.
JMOLU'CCAS, or Spice Islands, a cluster of small but
valuable islands in the Eastern Ocean, lying mostly within
sight of each other. The prinfipal are Ternate, Amboyna,
Tydore, Machian, Timor, or JMotyr, Bachian, Bourso, ami
Ceram. They are situated to the E. and S. of Celebes.
Their coasts are rendered very dangerous by sands and
shelves. They produce neither corn, rice, nor cattle, ex-
cept goats ; but they have oranges, lemons, coarse tobacco,
and, above all, nutmegs, cloves, and other spices. Here are
parrots of extraordinary beauty, and many birds of paradjse.
They have large snakes which are not venomous, but very
dangerous lizards, or land crocodiles. The Dutch, who
drove out' the Spaniards and Portuguese, kept out all other
European nations, being jealous of their spice trade. The
natives are Pagans, but there are many Mahometans. All
the particular kings of these islands are subject to the king of
Ternate, who is in alliance with the Dutch. Most, if not
all of them, were reduced by the English in the late war, but
restored at the peace.
MOME, s. a dull, stupid, dronish fellow.
MO'JIENT, s. [ynomeiUum, from moveo, to move, Lat.]
consequence, importance, or weight ; force or acting
power; an indivisible particle of time. Svxon. Moment,
iiixtaii/. A moment is not long; but an imtanl is still shorter.
The woril moment has a signification more extended. It is
taken, sometimes, for time in general, and is used in a figura-
tive St^nse. That of instant is more contracted; it marks the
slio! lest duration of time, and is never used but in the literal
sense.
]\IO'ME\TALLY. ad. for a moment.
MOMEN'TA'NEOUS, a. [from momentu?n, a moment, Lat.J
lastins but a moment.
MOJIEXTARY, a. done in, or lasting a moment.
MOMI'"NTOUS, a. [Irom mumentum, that which causes
motion, Lat ] cf weight, consequence, or importance.
JIO'NACHAL, {monakiil) a. [monuchalis, Lat. monadios,
solitary, from mmi>s, alone, Gr.] monastic ; relating to
monks.
MG'N .SCHISM, {mbnultsvi) a. [monnr/iisme, Tr.] the state
of monks; a monastic life.
MONACO, a small, but handsome town of Italy, capital
of a territory of the same name, with a good harbour. It is
very strong by nature, seated on a craggy hill, and had its own
prince, undei the protection ol France. Tiie rock stretches
out into the sea, and is S miles W. of Veiitiuiiglia, and 12
K. ]•;. "f Nice. Lat. 43. 48. N. Ion. 7. 3G. E.
Mt/NAI), or MO'NADE, *. [lirom monas, Gr] an invisible
thing.
MO'N.ACiHAN, a county of Ireland, in the province of
Ulster. :'.!) Hides in leiit;lh, and from 10 tn '>-() in breadth;
biinuil.'d on the W. by Fern;anagli ; on the N. by Tyrone ;
on tile E. by Armagh ; anil on the S. E. and S. by Loutli and
Cavan. It rniitains 19 parishes, abiiiii 21,,5V0 houses, and
1 18,000 ii habi ants. The soil is, in general, deep and fertile ;
wet and ilainp in some |)laces, and hilly in ollit rs. 'J'he linen
nniiiiifai tin-e flourishes ill the N. and W. parts, and is averaged
at 104,000/ yearly.
MONI
MONO
607
MO'NAGHAN, tlie capital of the county of Mnnashan,
was fiirtified witli d castle iiiid lort af,'aiiist the Irish, in the
reiKM tif Elizabeth. It is (i2 miles N. N. W. of Dulilin.
MO'NAUCH, (^mon'irk) s. [from vtnnes, alone, and arche,
government, Gr.] a king; a goi'ernor invested with abso-
lute authority ; any thing superior to others of the same
kind.
MONA'UCIIAL, (^miinarkal) a. governed by a single person
or king ; suiting a king.
MONARCHICAL, (numarcliikat) a. [from monns, alone,
and arche, government, Gr.] belonging to a single ruler or
king.
MO'NARCH Y, {mSnarky') s. [from monos, alone, and arche,
government, Gr.] the government of a single i)erson ; a
kingdom.
MO'NASTERY, s. [mnniisterium, Lat.] a house for persons
to retire to on a religions account ; a convent.
MONA'STIC, or MONA'STICAL, a. [monaslkus, Lat.
monachos, solitary, from monos, alone, Gr.] religiously recluse ;
belonging to a monk.
MONA'.STICALLY, ad. after the manner of a mnnk.
MO'NDAY, {3tund<ii/) s, [mo-imndueg, Sax.] ihe second
day of the week, so called, because formerly dedicated to the
moon.
MO'NEY, (the o is pron. like u in this word and its follow-
ing compounds and derivatives ; as inunny, inunnexjcd, &c.) s.
It has properly no plural, except when money is taken fiir a
single piece ; but monies was formerly used for sums, [inivnui,
Brit.] a piece of metal stamped with some mark or image,
whose value is fixed by public authority.
MO'NEYBAG. s. a large purse.
MO'NEYBOX, s. a till ; a repository of readv coin.
MO'NEYCHANGEK, s. a broker in money: one who
changes one piece of coin for more of less value, or several
pieces for one of more value.
MO'iMEYED, a. rich in coin, opposed to wealth in lands.
MO'NEYLESS, n. wanting money ; pennyless.
MO'NEYMATTER, s. account of debtor and creditor.
MO'NEYSCRIVENER, s. one who raises money for
others.
MO'NEYSWORTH, s. something worth money; some-
thing that will bring money.
MO'NEY WORT, s. The bastard moneywort is a plant
v.'ith pale red blossoms, found in rivulets and springs ; the
])urple money woj-t is a species of loosestrife.
MONGER, {munger) s. l7nangere, Sax.] a dealer or seller.
After the name of any commodity, it implies a person who
deals in it, or sells it; \.hus,Jishmoiiger is one who sells or
deals in fish.
MO'NGREL, {miingrel) a. [from niang, Sax.] of a mixed
breed.
MO'NGULS, a people who inhabit a country to the N. of
China. They assume to be of th^^ same original as tliose who
accompanied Tamerlane in the conquests of Imlia, Persia,
and other countries, aiid called, in most histories, jM0j.'id.s.
The country is very little known, exce,it th-.it part of it winch
the caravans pass through in travelling from Russia to China.
The Mongols dwell in tents, or little moveable houses, and
live entirely on the produce of their cattle, which are horses,
camels, cows, and sheep. Tney exchange ihtir commo-
dities for rice, sugar, tea, tol)acco, cotton cloth, and
several sorts of hf usehold utensils ; not knowing the use
of money. The religion of the Monguls of the \V. is that of
the Dalay-Lama, which is full of ceremonies not unlike
Popery.
MONI'TION, s. [monitio, from moneo, to admonish, Lat.]
an information or hint: instr\iction or advice.
MO'NITOR, s. [Lat.] one whn warns of faults, or informs
of duty; One who gives useful hints. In schools, applied to a
scholar commissioned by the master to take notice of the
behaviom- of his school-fellnws.
MO'NITORY', a. \nionilorius, from vinnco, to admonish,
Lat.] conveying viseful instructions or admonitions.
MO'NITOR Y, s. an admonition. Not in use.
MONK, (the o pron. like « in this and its derivatives; as
munk, vinnkish, &c.) s. [nionec, .Sax. mfjnachus, Lat. vi'machfts,
solitary, from tnonos, alone, Gr.] a person who retires (rom the
world to give himself wholly up to devotion, an<l to live in
abstinence and solitude.
MO'NKERY, s. a monastic life.
MO'NKEY, {miinkrr/) s. [from mon, a man and km, a
diminutive termination) an animal which much resembles the
human species. The monkey race consist of many different
species, and are divided into apes, that are destitute of a tail,
baboons, which have short tails and muscular bodies, monkeys,
whose tales are generally long, and sapajous, which have pre-
hensive tails.
MONKHOOD, s. the condition, state, or profession of a
monk.
MO NKISH, a. taut;ht or professed by monks.
MO'NKSHOOl), s. a plant.
MONKS-RHUBARB, s. a species of dock. Its roots are
used in medicine.
MO'NMOUTH, the county town of Monmouth.shire, plea-
.santly seated at the confluence of the rivers Wye, Myrniow,
and Frothy, which almost surround it. It is a large, hand-
some town, and carries on a considerable traile with Bristol
by the Wye. Iji its once stately castle, the remains of whitii
shew it to have been very strong, Henry V. from hence called
Henry of Monmouth, the conqueror of France, was born. It
is 21 miles W. by S. of Gloucester, and 128 W. by N. of
London. A plentiful market for corn and provisions on Sa-
turday. Fairs on Whitsun-Tuesday, September Ith, and
November 22d.
MO'NMOUTHSHIRE, a county of England, bounded on
the N. by Herefordshire and Brecknockshire ; on the E. by
Gloucestersliire ; on the S. K. by the moutli of the Severn ;
and on the W. by the counties of Brecknock and Glamorgan.
Its extent from N. to S. is about 28 miles, and from £. to
W. 20. It is divided into 6 hundrei's, and contains 7 market-
towns, 127 parishes, about S6S0 houses, and 33,960 inha-
bitants. The air is temperate and healthy, and the soil fruit-
ful, though moimtainous and woody. The hills feed sheep,
goats, and horned cattle, and the vallies produce plenty of
grass and corn. Beside the Wye, the Mymiow, and the
Illiyney, or Rumney, this county has almost peculiar to itself
the river Usk, which divides it into two unequal portions,
the eastern and largest part of which is a tract, fertile, on the
whole, in corn and pastures, and well wooded. It abounds
with limestone, which is burnt on the spot, for the general
manure of the county. The smaller western portion is
mountainous, and in great part unfavourable for cultivation ;
whence it is devoted to the feeding of sheep. It has several
long narrow vallies, watered by streams that fall into the
Bristol Channel. All the rivers above mentioned, particu-
larly the Wye and Usk, abo\nid with fisli, especially salmon
and trout. Monmouthshire was formerly reckoned one of the
counties of Wales ; and, from the names of its towns and
villages, its mountainous nigged surface, as well as its
situation beyoml the Wye, which seems to form a natural
boundary between England and Wales in this part, it cer-
tainly partakes most of the character of the latter country,
tliough since the reign of Charles II. when it was added to
the Oxford circuit, it has been considered as an English
county. 'I'lie people use the Welsh language, but the English
tongue is coming into use. The manufacture of this comity is
flannels.
MONO'CEROS, Unicorn, in astronomy, a constellation of
the southern hemisphere.
MONOCHOIID, {minokord) s. [from monos, alone, and
chorde, a string, Gr.] an instrument liaving but one string.
MONO'CULAR, or MONO'CULOUS, a. [from 7)wnos,
alone, Gr. and oculus, the eye, Lat.] one-eyed.
MO'NODY, i. [from monos, alone, and ode, a song, Gr.]
a poem or song sung by a single person, and expressive of
grief.
MONOEMU'GI, or Nijiaa.ma, a kingdom of Africa,
lying near the equator ; said to be bounded by Abysinnia
608
MONS
M O N T
on the N. Mongallo, Mozambique, and other states of Zan-
guebar on the E., Monomotapa on the S., and Congo and
Angola on the W. ; but the real limits are unknown. The
sovereign, however, is rich and powerful, having subdued
most of the petty princes around. His subjects carry on a
commerce with Abyssinia and the eastern coasts in gold, and
vast quantities of ivory teeth, as elephants are very numerous
here, which they exchange for European and Indian commo-
dities. This is all we can find concerning this unknown
empire.
MOXO'GAMIST, s. [from mo'ins, alone, and gameo, to
marry, Gr.] one who disallows of second marriages.
AIOXO'GAMY, s. [from monos, alone, and gameo, to
marry, Gr.] marriage of one wife.
JIO'N'OGRAM, i. [from monos, alone, and gramma, a let-
ter, Gr.] a cypher or character compounded of several letters ;
a sentence in one line ; an epigram in one verse.
JIO'NOLOGUE, {mniwlug) s. [from munos, alone, and hgos,
a discourse. Gr.] a soliloquy.
JIOXO'MACHV, s. [Irom monns, alone, and machnmai to
fight, Gr.] a duel ; a single combat.
AIOXOMOTA'PA, a kingdom of Africa, boimded on the
N. by Monomugi ; on the E. by Sofala ; oi\ the S. by Caf-
raria ; and on the \V. by unknown regions. It is watered
by several rivers, of which Zambera is the chief. The air
is temperate, ami the eoil frrtile in rice and sugar-canes,
which last grow without cultivation. There are a ^reat many
ostriches and elephants, with several mines oi gold and
silver. The houses are built of wood, and covered with
plaster, but they have very few towns, of which Monomotapa
is the chitf. The inhabitants are negroes', and believe in
one God that created the world ; but admit of polygamy.
The Portuguese had a settlement here in 1560, but they
were all destroyed, or driven away soon after. It lies
on the sea-shore, in the southern part of Africa, be-
tween Lat. 1,1. 0. and 23. 0. S. and between Ion. 41. 0. and
56. 0. E.
MONOPE'TAT.OU.S, a. [from monos, alone, and petalon, a
flnwtr leaf, Gr.J in botany, having but one floWer leaf.
MOXO'POLIST, s. [from monos, alone, and po/fo, to deal,
Gr.] one who by engrossing or patent has the sole power of
vending any commodity.
To JIOXOTOLIZE, v. a. [from monos, alone, and poleo,
to deal, Gr.] to have the sole power of makhig or selUng any
commodity.
MONO POLY, J. [monopoH, Fr. from monos, alone; and
jioleo, to deal, Gr.] the sole privilege of making or selling any
thing.
HIOX'O'PTOTE, s. [from monos, alone, and ptosis, a case,
Gr ]• in grammar, a noun having only one case.
JIOXOPVUE'NEOUS, a. [from monns, alone, and jn/ren,
a kernel, Gr.] such fruits as contain only one seed or
ki'rnel.
JIOX'^O'STICK, {monosiik) s. [from monos, alone, and
tlidios, a verse, Gr.] a composition consisting of a single
verse.
MONOSYLLA'BICAL, a. consisting of but one syl-
lable. _ -
MONOSY'LLABLE, s. [from monos, alone, and syllabe, a
syllable, Gr.] a word only of one syllable.
MOXOSY'LLABLE, n. [from monos, alone, and si/Uahe, a
.syllable, Gr.J consistini; of words of one syllable.
MOXO'TOXY, .1. [from jnouos, alone, and lonos, a tone,
Gr.] a fault in pronunciation, wherein a loiig series of words
are delivered with one imvaried tone, and without any
cadence.
MONSO'ON, s. [monson, Fr.] a S|)ecics of trade-wind, in
the Indies, which for six months blows constantly the same
way, and the contrary way the other six months.
MO'NSTER, s. [monslrum. Eat.] a production or birth,
wherein the parts ililll-r Irom the general figure or form of its
species ; something horrible for deformity or mischief.
To MO'NSrEll. r'. a. to repnsrnt as monstrous.
MONSTKO'SITY, or MON.STUUO'SITY, s. {monstrosity
is most analagous) the state of being out of the common order
of nature.
MO'NSTROUS, a ^from monstrum, a monster, Lat.] de-
viating from the stated order of nature ; strange or wonder-
ful, including dislike ; irregular or enormous. " No mon-
strous height." Pope. Shocking hateful. " The vionstrout
scorn."
MO'NSTROUSLY, ad. in a manner that is out of the
common order of nature ; terribly j horribly ; to a great
degree.
MONSTROUSNESS, s. the quality whicn renders any
thing or action shocking, irrtguhir, or enormous.
MO'NTANT, s. [Fr.] a term in lencing.
MONTE'RO, s, [Span.] a horseman's cap.
MO'NTETH, ,v. [from the name of the inventor] a vessel
in which glasses are washed.
MONTGOMERY, the county town of Montgomeryshire,
a small neat town, with a rich soil, but little trade. The
reliques of its castle, which stand on a projecting ridge of a
great height aiid steepness!, and towards the end are quite
precipitous, impend in a picturesque manner over the town,
but are now very small. It is pleasantly seated on a rocky
hill, near the Severn, 26 miles S. W. by W. of Hereford, and
161 N. W. of London. JM.uket on Thursday.
MONTGO'MERYSHIRE,.a county of N. Wales, bounded
on the N. by Merionethshire and Denbighshire, on the N. E.
and E. by Shropsliire, on tlie S. by Radnorshire, on the S. W.
by Cardigaijshire, and on the \V. by part of Merionethshire.
It extends 33 miles from X. to S., and about 24 from E.
to W., arid is divided into 7 l;nndreds, which contain 6
maiket towns. +7 parishes, about 5,660 houses, and 33,960
inhabitants. The air is pleasant a;,d salubrious; and the
country iu general mountainous, but (ertile, (the S. S. E.
and N. E. parts iire extremely so, being niuch more level,)
and agreeably interspersed with vallics, hills, meadows, and
corn-tields. The hilly tracts are almost entirely sheep-walks ;
and the llccks, like those of Spain, are driven from distant
parts to feed on them (iuring summer. This county also
afFords mineral treasures, iiarticularly lead ; and it abounds
with slate and lime; but there is no coal. Its (irincipal
rivers are the .Severn, Vyriiew, and Taiinat, which are re-
maikable for their gnat variety of lish, and for salmon in
particular.
iMOXTH, (mnnili) s. [muna, Sax. the moon] a space of
time meas^ured by the revolution of the snii or moon, and
reckoned the 12lh part ol the year, k lunar vwntli, is the
space between two conjunctions of the moon with the sun, or
between two moons. A solar viunlli, the spiice of time wherein
the sun revolves through one entire sign of the ecliptic. The
calendar months consist unequally of thirty and thirty-one
days, except FLbruaiy, which in Uap- years has twenty-nine,
but in other years tv.enty-eight days.
MO'NTHLY, {nmntlily) a. continuing or performed in a
month ; happening every uionlli.
MO'NTHLY', {nnudhlii) ud. once in a month.
MON rO'IR, .■!. [Fr. 1 ju horsemanship, a stone as high as
the stirrups, which Italian riding-masters mount their horses
from, wilhont putting their foot in the stirrup.
IMOXTPE'LLIER, a large, rich, and beautiful city in the
department of Ileiault. Bclore the revolution, here was an
nnivtrsfity, with a celebrated school of' nu'dicine, founded
by physicians who -were exiielled from Spain iu the year
llt^O. The scarlet gown of that witty philo>ophir, Rabelais,
with which doctors of physic .■iie or were invested fere at
taking their degries, has long since ceased to be an original,
the students having, from time to lime, cut off little slips ; so
that the robe now, or lately used, is at least the third or
fourth substitute : also a botanuic garden, the first established
iu Europe, and an academy of sciences. The town-house
is reniaikable tor its halLs, which are embellished with fine
paintings. It has m.iny fine houses, and several stately
edifices, but the streets are very narrow. The number of
inhabitants is computed at .50,000, v\ho trade in verdegrise,
which is the principal manufacture; wool, wnie, aqua-vita;.
MOO
MOO
Huilgaty-wafcr, ciiinainon-water, capillaire, essence of ber-
g.iiiiKl, It iMoiis; also iji wikiUcii car|)ets, dimities, fiislians,
Wuli^illi-tiK.Uiiigs. Those coiiiinodilies are sent, l>y llie canal,
to Cette, wliicii is llie sea port of iMoiilpellier. The air is
extremely liealtliy, anil a great number of persons Hock hi-
tiier, from all parts, to recover their lieallli. iMontptljier
IS pleasantly seated upon a hill, l)y the river Lez, 6 miles
from the Mediterranean, 27 S. W. of Nismes, and 212 S. by
E. of Paris. l.at. 43. 3(>i N. Ion 3. 57. K.
MONTRO'SK, a town of Ansus-sliire, containing, in 17!)0,
about (ilSJt inhabitants. At high water it is almost sur-
rounded by the sea. The harbour is a fine semicircular ba-
son, with a handsome stone pier; and a jjreat number of
trading vessels belong to this \)ort. The buildings are neat,
aud many ol' them in the nuxlern taste. The most remark-
able are the town house, the presbyterian church, anil an
elegant episcopal chapel. A great quantity of malt is made
lieie; and there are manufactures of sail-cloth, linen, co-
loured and white thread, brown sheeting, Osnabnrgj, and
cotton stockings, as also a tannery and rope-works. The
sahnon fisheries on the N. and S. Esk form a v;dualile branch
of commerce. Montrose is seated on a gentle eminence, in
a peninsula, formed by the estuary of .'^. Esk (over which a
new bridge has been lately erectedj and the German Ocean,
48 milesN. E. of l'',dinburgh.
MONTS'ERR.VT, a well watered fruitful island in the
West Indies, disi overed, in 14L>3, by Columbus, and so
named by him from its resendjlance to a mountain of the
same name in Spain. It is about 9 miles in length, and as
much ill breadth, and is divided into two parishes. The
mountains are covered with cedar, cypress, the iron-tree,
with other woods, and some odoriferous shrubs. As to soil,
animals, and commerce, Montserrat is much the same as
the otiur ('aribl>ee islands. It is possessed hy the English,
and is 30 miles S. \V. of Antigua. Lat. 16. 49. N. Ion. 62.
?7. W.
MO'NUMENT, s. [monumitUinn, from nwneo, to inform,
Lat.] any thing by which the memory of persons or things is
preserved.
MONUME'NTAL, a. preserving the memory or re-
membrance ; belonging to a tomb raised iu honour of
the dead.
MOOD, /.[from modus, manner or due proportion, Lat.]
ill logic, the regular determination of propositions accord-
ing to their quantity or quality,.!, e. their universal or parti-
cular utHrmation or negation. In music, manner or style.
In grammar, the dift'erent changes a word undergoes, to
signify the various intentions and aft'ectious of the mind.
Temper of mind ; state of the mind asatfected by passion ;
auger ; rage ; from mod, Sax. moed, Belg. mod, Goth. An
habitual temper of the mind.
MOODY, e. angry, or out of humour; mental; intellec-
tual; belonging to the mind.
MOON, s. \mona. Sax.] iu the solar system, is a satellite or
secondary planet of the earth, considered as a primary one,
about which she revolves in an elliptic orbit, at the distance
of about 210,000 miles, at a mean rate. Next to the sun, she
is the most splendid and shining globe in the heavens ; and
by dissipating, in some measure, the darkness of the night,
subdividing the year into months, and regulating the flux
aud reflux of the sea, she not only becomes a pleasing, but a
welcome object ; aflording much for speculation to the con-
templative mind, and of real use to the navigator, the tra-
veller,andthe husbandman. Thattlie moon appears so much
lajgei than the other planets, is owing to her vicinity to us ;
for to a spectator in the sun she would be scarcely visible,
without the assisteuice of a telescope. Her distance is but
small from us, wheii compared wilh that of the other heaven-
ly bodies ; which is easily proved from her very great hori-
xoatal parallax, which amounts sometimes to 61' 2.5". If the
'tBoon were a body possessing native light, we should no< per-
oeite any diversity of appearance ; but as she shines entirely
by light received from the sun, and reflected bv her surface,
'UfoUcws, that, according to the situation of the beholder
4,1
with respect to the illuminated part, he will see more or less
of her reflected bcims, for only one half of a globe can be
enlightened at once. Hence, " liile she is making her revolu-
tion rouiiil the heavens, she unrlcrgoi'S great changes in her
appearance. In eveiy revolution of the moon about the
earth, she turns once r(jnud upon her axis, and thcrefoie
always piesents the same face to our view ; and as, durinij
her course round the earth, the sun enlightens successively
every part of her globe only once, consequently she has but
one day in all that time, .md lierday and night togtlher are
as long as our lunar month. As we see only one side of the
moon, we are Iherefore invisible to the inhabitants on the
opposite side, unless they take a journey to that side vvhich
is next to us, for which put pose some of them must travel
more than 15(10 miles. And as the earth, from one half of
the moon, is never seen, so, from the middle of the other
half, it is always seen overhead, turning round almost thirty
times as quick as the inoon does, 'lo her inhabitants, the
earth seems to be the largest body in the universe, her appa-
rent diameter constantly occupying from l'^ 47' 46" to 2" 2*
50" of the lunar celestial regions. Her periodic, sidereal, and
synodic revolutions,are,rebpectively,27d.7h.43ni.4s.3-5ths;
27d.7h. 43ni. His.; and 2()d. 12li.44m. 3s. Her diameter is
2171 miles; her surface about 3 40il]s of the earths ; and her
solid contents 1 49th of the same. The moon's apogee is not
lixed in any particular point of the ecliptic, but makes a
complete revolulioii, according to the order of the signs, in
3231(1. 8h. 34ui. o'Js. as measured by the ecpiinoxes, but
from one fixed star to the same again in 3232d. lib. 14m.
3l3. Her nodes also have a revolution, contrary to the or-
der of the signs, in 679sd. 4h. 52ni. 52s. 3 lOths, according
to the equinoxes, but in 680.'>d. 2h. 55m. 18s. 2 5lhs, as mea-
sured by the stai s. The inclination of her orbit to the eclip-
tic -vi'.ries from 4" 59' to 5" IT?'. It is greatest of all at those
new or full moons that happen at the nodes, but least of all
at those that happen 90" from them. The mean inclination
is5°8'4()". The moon's apparent diameter varies according
to herhorizontal parallax. Hergreatest diameter33'34' takes
place when she is in perigee at the time of full moon, and
the least 29' 25" when she is in apogee at the time of the
change. The moon's horizontal parallax bears a constant
proportion to her apparent diameter, aud may be found at
any time by multiplying it by 1 8248 lOUOOths." The mean
eccentricity of her orbit is517-10000ihsof her mean distance
from the earth, and the greatest equation of her orbit 7" 39'.
As the moon is a dark body of itself, aud has no light but
what she receives from the sun, it is evident that when she
is at the full, 'and in the ecliptic, or nearly so, the interposi-
tion of the earth must prevent her at that time from being
illuminated, causing what we usually term an eclipse of the
moon. But when the moon, at the time of her change, is in
the plane of the earth's orbit, or nearly so, her interposition
between us and the sun must consequently hide the sun
from our view, while she is in tliat position, causing what
we improperly call an eclipse of the sun, for it is the earth
that is really obscured. Eclipses of the sun, at any particu-
lar place, happen much more seldom thzn those of the
moon ; for those of the latter, on account of her real depri-
yation of light, are visible to every part of this globe of
which she is above the horizon; but those of the former,
on account of the smallness of the moon's body compared to
the earth's, are visible to those parts only between which
and the sun she is interposed ; so that theie may be an
eclipse of the sun at Edinburgh, and not the least indication
of one at London. If the sun at the time of tlie change be
within about 17" of either of the lunar nodes, there will be
an eclipse of the sun to some part of the earth ; and if, at
the time of the full, he is within about 12°, the moon will be
eclipsed. The greatest eclipses of the moon take place when
she is in one of her nodes at the time of the opposition; but'
the greatest eclipses of the sun in England only happen
when the moon has considerable north latitude, and the sun
at the same time above the horizon ; though, when he is po-
sited in one of the nodes at that time, the eclipse remains
60!)
MOO
MOR
lor^rst upon the earth, wiiich is about 5h. 5tm. The long-
est duration of" aii eclipse of the nioou is 3li. 58rii. nearly.
There will he no total eclipse of the sun during the 19th
feutury. 'I'he t\>o next great eclipses will take place the
hrst on November 19ll), 1810', time of new moon at 21 minutes
I)ast 10 in the morning, quantity eclipsed 8j digits ; and
thtTsecond on Sept. 7, 18-2(), time of new moon at 45 minutes
past 1 in the afternoon, digits eclipsed near 11. The face
of the moon is greatly diversified with inequalities, and
parts of difierent colours, some brighter and some darker
than the other parts of her disk. When viewed through a
telescope, her face is evidently diversified with hills and val
leys ; and the same is also shewn by the edge or border of
tlie moon appearing jagged about the confines of the iHu-
iiiinated part of her disk, when the moon is either horned
ov gibbous. That the spots in the moon, which are taken
for mountains and valleys, are really such, is evident from
their shadows; for, in all situations of the moon, the ele-
vated parts are constantly found to cast a triangular shadow
HI a direction from the sun ; and, on the contrary, the cavi-
ties are always dark on the side ne\X the sun, and illuminated
on the opposite one ; v hicli is exactly conformable to what
we observe of hills and valleys on the earth: and, as the
tops of these mountains are consideral)!y elevated above the
otiier parts of her surface, they are illuminated when they
are at some distance from the confines of her enlightened'he-
inisphere ; from which circumstance a mean of determining
their heights is afforded. Tlie observations of iMr. Schroder
concerning the lunar mountains, are as follow : " The most
lofty mountain on the surface of our globe is supposed to be
Cliiniboraco, wliich is not iOjOOO feet in height ; but there
are many in the moon which are much higher; that which
is distinguislied by the name of Leibinitz, is not less than
25,000 feet. This elevation will appear more extraordinary,
if compared with the moon's diameter, of which it is 12! 4t lis;
whereas Chimboraco is not above l-1017ths of that of the
earth; thus considered, the lunar mountains are near five
times as high as any on our globe." As the nu>on has on her
surface mountains and valleys, in common with the earth,
some astronomers have discoversd a still greater similarity,
viz. that some of these are really volcanoes, emitting fires as
those of the earth do. Anappearance of this kind was dis-
covered some few years ago by Don Ulloa, in an eclipse of
the sun. It was a small bright spot like a star near the
margin of the moon, and which he at that time supposed
to be a liole or valley, with the sun's light shining through
it. Succeeding observations, however, have induced as-
tronomers to attribute appearances of this kind to the
eruption of volcanic lire ; and, on the 19th of April, 1787,
Dr. Herschel discovered three volcanoes in the dark part
«f the moon ; two of them seemed to be almost extinct,
but the third shewed an actual eruption of fire, or luminous
matter, resembling a small piece of burning charcoal cover-
ed by a very thin coat f)f while ashes; it had a degree of
brightness about as strong as that v^lh which such a coal
would be seen to glow in faint day-light. The adjacent
parts of the volcanic u'.ounlain seemed faintly illuminated by
the eruption. A similar erupt ion a pjiea red on the 4th of May,
178.'i. On the 7lh of March, 1794, a few minutes before
sight o'clock in the ev( ning, Mr. AVilkins, of Norwich, an
eminent architect, observed, with the naked eye, a very
bright snot upon the dark part of the moon : the whole time
lie saw It, it was a fixed, sleadv light, except the moment
before it disappeared, when its brightness increased; he
conjectures that he saw it above five minutes. The same
|)ha-nomen<ui was observed by Mr. T. Slretttni, in St.
Joliirs-sipiare, Clerkenwell, London. P/iil. Trims. 1794.
On the 13th of April, 179.^, and 6th of Feb. 1794, M. Pi-
a//.i, astronomer-royal at Palermo, observed a bright spot
i.pon the darlt part of the moon. .Several other astronomers
have ohserveil the same pha^nomenon. See Moimtrs tic
Jinrlin, fur 1778. Figuratively, a month. In fiutificaliob,
•unictliiiig resembling a crescent or half-moon ; this word ^s
610
generally used in composition, either in the last sense, or for
something belonging to the moon.
MOO'N-BIOAM, .s. a ray of light darting from the moon.
MOON-CALF, .t. a monster ; a false conception ; a dolt ;
a stupid fellow.
MOONE'YED, «. having eyes affected by the revolutions
of the moon. Figuratively, dimsighted ; ijurblind.
MOON-FERN, s. a plant.
MOON-FISIL *• a kind of fish, so called because the tai»-
fin is shaped like a half-moon, by which, and his odd-trussed
shape, he is sufficiently distinguished.
MOO'NLESS, a. not enlightened bv the moon.
MOO'N LlGHT,l(»no»»fi<) s. the lightafforded by the moon.
MOO'NLIGHT, {nwimlti) a. enlightened by the moon.
"The rnnon?)o7;f shade." Pope.
MOO'NSUINE, s. the light or lustre of the moon. In
burlesque, a month.
MOONSHINE, or MOONSHINY, a. [both from a
corruption of moonshinirs;] during the shining of the
moon ; bv means of niooulight. " You moonshine revellers."
S/ifik.
MOONSTONE, s. a kind of stone.
MOO'NSTRUCK, a. lunatic ; affected by the moon.
MOON-TREFOIL*, a plant so called on aocount of the
shape of its fruit.
MOO'NWORT, J. in botany, a kind of fern.
MOOR, i. [iiwer, Belg.j a marsh, fen, or tract of low
watery land. A negro or black ; from mnuriis, Lat.
To MOOR, V. a. \morer, Fr.] to fasten a vessel by anchors
or other means. Neuterly, to be fixed or stationed.
MOO'RCOCK, s. in ornithology, the red grous.
MOORHEN, f. in ornithology, the water-hen, also tbe
hen of the red grous.
MOO'lvlSH, n. fenny ; marshy ; waterj-.
MOO'RLAND, «. a marsh, or watery ground.
MOO RSTONE, s. a species of graiiite.
MOO'RV, 0. marshy ; fenny; watery.
MOOSE, (mo(/i)s. the large American deer.
To MOOT, V. a. l^motiun. Sax.] in law, to plead a mock
cause ; to state a point of law, or argue a case, by way of
exercise, fora degree of barrister in the inns of court, called
to iirguc a moot. A tnoot case, or jwint, such as may admit
dispute.
MOOTER, s. one that argues a moot.
MOP, s. \mnnpii, Brit.] pieces of cloth, or locks of wool,
fixed to a long liandle, used in washing floors.
To MOP, r. rt. to rub with a mop.
To MOPE, V. n. to be stupid ; to be drowsy, spiritless,
inactive, or dull. Actively, to make one spiritless or de-
lirious.
MOPE-E'YED, n. blind of one ere.
MO'PPl'-T, or MOTSEY, s. a doll made of rags ; a fond
name fora child.
MO'PUS, s. [a cant word from jno/jeja drone ; a dull or
inactive person.
MORAL, a. [Fr. from mores, manners, Lat.] relating to
the actions or conduct of life, or that which determines an
action to be good or virtuous ; reasoning, so as to promote
or instruct in virtue ; popular, or generally admitted in the
usual occurrences of life. A morril inipossibiliti/ is a very
great or insuperable difficulty, opposed to a natural im-
possibility. A moral ccrtainli/ or assurance implies a very
strong probability, and is used in contrailistinction to mathe-
matical i>robability. In logic, a moral nnirersalil)/ is, whcu
the predicate agrees to the greatest part of the particulars
contained under the universal sul)j('Ct.
MOn.'\L, .f. morality, or the practice of the duties of
life; doctrine, or instruction, drawn as a corollary from »
fable.
To MO'R AL, f. fi. to moralize ; to make moral rcflectionj,
MO'U ALIST, ). one who teaches the duties of life.
MOKA'LITY, .V. [mornlile, Fr. from mores, manners, Lat.^
the doctrine of morals, or tbe art of livinj; well and happily;
ethics.
MOR
' To MO'RALIZE, v. a. [moraUsa; Fr.] to apply to the
conduct or regulation of our actions ; to pxpliiiii in such a
maimer as to convey some practical truths. Neuterly, to
speak or write on moral suhjects.
MO'RALIZKR, f. one who moralizes.
MO'UALF^Y, «(/. in the ethical s<insc' ; accord ijig to the
oouinion occurrences of life ; according to liie rules of
virtue.
MORALS, I. (without a singular) the practice of the du-
ties of life; behaviour with respect to others.
RIORA'SS, s.[munns, Er.] a feu ; a bojjor tiact of land
aljoundiufc in water.
MtjRA'VIA, The Marouisati; of, a province of fier-
nmny, surroiuided by Silesia" Bohemia, and Austria, and di-
tided into six circles. It is partly mountainous and woody,
and partly cliampaijrn, with many morasses, bof;s, and lakes ;
and has constantly remained annexed to tiiecrowuof IJolie-
Diia. It takes itsname from the river Morava, or Moraw,
which runs through it ; it is very fertile and populous; and
hence the Unitas Fratuni, or Brethren, called Moravians,
take their name, their doctrines having been early promul-
gated here. Olmutz is the capital.
MO'RBID, «. \7mrl>ii!ns, from murhus, disease, Lat.] <lis-
eased, opposed to heallhv.
MO'.RBIDN F.SS, «. tlie^sfate or qualify of being diseased.
MORBrFlCorMORBlFICAL, «. [the last word is sel-
dom used ; morbi/ique, Fr.] causing diseases ; injurious to
health.
MOR BO'S E, (nwrbuse) a. [morhostts, from morhus, disease,
Lat.] proceeding from disease, unhealthy.
MORDA'CrrY, s. [mordaeite, Fr. mordacitas, from
mnrdux, bithig, l.at.] of a biting, stinging quality.
MORDANTS, s. in chymistry, substances which have
achymical aflinily for particular colours; they are em-
ployed by dyers as a bond to unite the colour witli the cloth
mtended to be dved. Alum is of this class.
MO'RDICANT, a. [vwrdicmu, Fr.] biting; acrid.
MORDICATION, s. the act of corroding or biting.
MORI'^, «. the comparative of some, many, or mntli,
whose superlative is jnest ; greater in number, (juantity, or
debtee.
MORE, ad. to a greater degree. Longer, applied to
time. Again, or a second time. Used as a particle to form
the comparative degree before adejctives, which, for the
length of their syllables, or want of harmony, would not ad-
mit the addition of fr.
MORE'A, formerly called Peloponnesus a peninsula in
the southern part of Greece, to which it is joined by the
Isthmus of Corinth, lying between tlie gulfs of Lepantoand
Engia. It is 180 miles in length, and 130 in breadth. The
air is temperate, and the soil fertile, excepting the middle,
where there are many mountains. Its present name is said
to be derived from moms, a mulberry-tree, from the great
numberof mulberry-trees it produces. It is watered by se-
veral rivers, of which the Alpheus, the Vasili, Potaiiio, and
the Stromio are lire chief. It is divifled into four districts.
Thesangiac of the Morea resides at Modon.
MORI'TL, s. a plant ; likewise a species of large cherry.
MO'RELAND, *. [mortand, Sax.] a mountainous or hilly
country.
MORROTER, ad. besides or beyond what has been
mentioned. Synon. Farthcrmon is properly used, when
there is need only to add one more reason to those before
mentioned. Its intent is to multiply, and it has no relation
but to number. Moreover is in its right place, when used to
add a reason of a different kind to those that went before.
Its chief office is to add, with a particular respect to diver-
«ity. Besides is used with propiiety, when we would
strengthen, by a new reason, the force of those that were
sufficient of themselves. Its principal office is to enhance
by abundance.
"MORE'SK-WORK, s. in carving or painting, consisting
•f several pieces in which there is no perfect figure, but a
wild representatiou of birds, beasts, &c..
MOR
MO'RETON, a town of Gloucestershire, which has a
market on Tuesday. It is seated on the Fosse-way, aymiles
E. S. K. of Worcester, and 82 VV. N. W. of London.
M0'R1:T0N HA 'MSTI;AU, a pretty large town of De-
vonshire, with a considerable woollen maiud'acture. It is
seated on a hill near Dartmoor, 14 miles S. VV. of Exeter,
and IH-'i W. by S. of London. A noted market for yarn on
Saturday.
MORI.AH, a mountain near Jerusalem in Palestine, on
one part of which, called Calvary, our Saviour was cri*.
cified.
MORl'G PAROUS, a. [morifferuj, from morigero, to ol>ey,
Lat.] dutiful, obedient, complaisant.
MORION,*. [Fr.] a helmet ; or armourforthe head.
MO'RKIN, 3. in huntin;^ a wild beast that has died
through sickness or mischance.
I MORLA'CIIIA, a mountainous country, chiefly in tlieN.
part of Daliiialla, the inhabitants of which are called Mor-
liicks.or Morlacchi, and subject to Austria. They inhabit
the pleasant valleys of Koter, along the river Kerlia, Celtiria,
Is'arenta, and aiiiong the inland mountains of Dalmatia.
"Friendship," savs the Abbe Fortes, "is lasting among
the IMorlacchi. They have even made it a kind of religious
point, and tie the sacred bond at the foot of tiie altar."'
TheSclavonian ritual contnins a particular benediction, for
the solemn union of two male or two female friends, in the
presence of the congregation. He was luesent at the union
of two young women, w ho were made Posestreme, in the
church "of- Pel ussich. "The satisfaction," he continues,
" that sparkled in their eyes, when the ceremony w as per-
formed, gavea convincing proof, that delicacy of sentiment
can lodge in niiiiJs not formed, or rather not corrupted, by
society which we call civilized. The male friends thus
united are called Pohrntimi, and the females Posestreme,
which mean half-brothers and half-sisters."
MORLAIX, a considerable sea-port in the department
of Finisterre, with a tide hariiour. The Notre- Dame
church is a singular structure, and the hospital is very
handsome ; the inhabitants carry on a considerable trade in
linen, hemp, and tobacco. It is seated on a river of the
same name, 30 miles N. E. of Brest.
MO'RMO, s. [Gr.] a bugbear, or something used to
frighten persons.
MORN, s. [marne. Sax.] the first part of the day fron»
sun rise to noon. Seldom used but by poets.
MO'RNING, i. [moreen, Teut.] the first part of the day
from the appearance of light till twelve o'clock at iwon.
Used in composition for any thing belouging to, or used in,
the morning ; as,
MORNING-GOWN, f.aloose gown worn before one is
formally dressed.
MORNING-STA'R, s. the planet Venus, so rramed when
she appears in the morning.
MOROCCO, an empire of Africa, comprehending a con-
siderable part of the antient Mauritania, bounded on the \S\
by the Atlantic Ocean, on the E. by Algiers and Bilednl-
gerid, on the N. by the Mediterranean, and on the S. by
Zahara. Its greatest length is about 450 miles ; and,
where widest, "about 390. The territories of Morocco are
formed by the union of several small kingdoms, antientiy
limited to a single province, and perpetually at variance
with each other, till, at last, they were all subdued, and
united under one sovereign by the sharifs. The S. part of
the empire contains the kingdom of Suz, Tarudant, Mo-
rocco Proper, Tasiletz, and Segilmessa; and the N. part,
those of Fez, Mequinez, and Tremecen ; but the latter hav-
ing been conquered by the Turks of .Algiers, is now a part
of that regeiicv. The air of the country is very pure, and
pretty temperate, especially to the N. of Mount Atlas. The
soil, though sandy and dry on the weslHrn coast, is exceed-
ing fertile; the land containing within itself salts sufti-
cient to make it fruitful. The increase of corn is often as
sixty to one. The fruits, such as vines, figs, melons, apri-
cots, apples, pears, olives, and the prickly pear, or Barbary
MOR
MOR
<ijj, the palm-tree, as well as the yiastures, are excellent, but
dates ripen with dilHculty; and indied the country, dtc. is
not properly cultivated, as two-ihirds at least of it lie
waste. Acorns, which taste like chesnuts, sail, and wax,
abound here. The hnmidily of the atmosphere is so corro-
sive, that it quickly covers with rust iion, steel, metals,
and even the keys and scissars carried in the pocket. 'J"he
Moors make food of the locusts; prodigious (juantilies of
them are brought to market, salted and dried like red her-
rings. The iniiabitants are Mahometans, of a tawny com-
plexion, robust, and very skilful iji nianagiiig a horse and
wielding a lance. There are two sorts of inhabitants; the
Arabs, who dwell in moveable villages, composed of about
100 tents, and the Bereberies, or Brehes, who are the an-
tieut inhabitants, and dwell in cities and towns. There
are a great number ofChristian slaves, and some merchants,
upon the coast, besides a multitude of Jews, who carry on
almost all the trade, especially by land wifn the negroes, to
vubora they send large caravans, who travel over vast
deserts, almost destitute of water. They carry with them
•xvoiiUen manufactures, silk, salt, &c. and, in return, have
slaves, gohl, and elephants' teeth. Out of the slaves the
emperor recruits iiis cavaliy. They also send large cara-
vans to Mecca every year, partly out of devotion, and
partly for trade, consisting of several thousand camels,
horses, and mules. Tiieir commorjities are woollen maiui-
factures,l\Iorocco leather, indigo,. cochineal, ostrich feathers,
salt, and wax ; in return for which Ihey have silks, musliua,
calicoes, coffee, and drugs. In the deserts arc lions, tigers,
leopards, and serpents of several kiuds. The fruits are
dates, figs, grapes, almonds, lemons, oranges, melons, pome-
granates, apples, pears, Ac. They have also flax and
hemp, but little timber. The naval force consists chiefly of
rovers, who now and then take large prizes, especially those
belonging to Salle. The emperor is absolute, liis will be-
ing a law, and he often exercises great cruelties. He can
bring 100,000 men into the field, half of which are foot, and
iialf horse ; but they are poorly armed, and know but little
of the art of war.
MOROCCO, the capital of the kingdom ofMorocro,
seated in a beautiful plain, planted with palm-trees, formctt
by a chain of mountains on the N. having Mount Atlas, fronT
which it is distant about "20 miles, on the .S. and E. Though
one of the capitals of the empire, (for there are three, Mo-
rocco, Alequinez, and Fez,) it has nothing to recommend it
but its great extent, and the royal palace. It is inclosed by
remarkably strong walls, built of tabby, the extent of whicli
still exists entire, and supposes a city which might contain
300,000 souls ; they are flanked by sduare towers, and sur-
rounded by a wideand deep ditch. The mosques are more
numerous than magnificent. The streets are narrow, dirtv,
and irregular, and many of the houses uninhabited, and fall-
ing to ruin. M. Chenier doubts whether Morocco contains
30,000 inhabitants, even when the court is there. The
Jews, who are pretty numerous here, have a separate town,
iralled in, and under the charge of au alcade, appointed by
the emperor. They have a market of their own ; and when
they enter the Moorish town, market, or palace, they are
compelled to be Iwrefooted. If has two gates, which are re-
gularly shut every evening at nine o'clock, after which no
person can enter or depart, till they are opened the next
morning. The palace is a very extensive and solid build-
ing, with gates composed of Gothic arches, embellished
■witi) ornaments in the Arabian taste. XVithiii the walls are
various courts and gardens elegantly laid out by European
gardeners. Lat. 3'.. 1-2. N. Ion. 6. 4.'>. W.
MOROCCO, or MAIIROCIUIN, .«. tlw skin of a goat,
or some animal rrsemhling it, dressed in sumac or galls,
and coloured of any colour at pleasure, much used in book-
binding. The name is derived from the kingdom of Mo-
rocco, whence it is supposed the ninuncr of preparing these
skins was first borrowed. Wc have Morocco skins biought
from the Levant, Barbary, Soaiu, Flanders, and France, io
41 dulcrent colouri
<il2
MOROSE, a. [mnio.mt, Lat.] sour of temper; not easily
pleased and soon disgusted.
MOROSELY, nil. sourly ; peevishiy.
MORO'SI'.N'ESS, s. .sourness; peevishness.
MORO'SITY, *. [from mm-otui, sour, Lat.] sourness or
pcevishnes.
MO'RPETH, a town of Northumberland, seated on the
river Wansbeck, 28 miles N. of Durham, and 287 N. by W.
of London. A good nrarket on Saturday lor corn, cattle,
and provisions, and a very large one on Weilnesday for live
cattle. Fairs on Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, before
Whitsundav ; and the Wednesday before Jidy 22d.'
MORPHEW, (rau»/ew) s. [morpliie, Fr. morfea, Ital. [ a
scurf on the face.
MORRIS, or MORRIS-DANCE, s. [for Moorish, or
3I(>risco-dniice] a kind of dance in which the person jingles
bells sewed to his clothes ; practised by the Moors, and re-
seii.bling the Pyrrhic dance mentioned hy classic authors.
MO'RROW, {morro) s. [morgen, Sax.j the day after tl»c
present day. To inormw, an adverbial expression, imply,
ing on the day after the present. It is sometimes used as
a substantive. " To morrow is the time." Sped.
MORSE, s. in zoology, a large amphibious animal which
inhabits the northern regions and is very improperly called
the sea-horse.
MORSEL, s. [}norsclhis, low, Lat. from mordeo, to bite,
Lat.] a small piece ; a piece fit for the mouth ; a mouthful;
a meal ; a small tpiantity.
MO RSUUE, *. [mursura, from mordcn, to bite, Lat.] the act
of biting,
MORT, t. [inorlt. Fr. from mora, death, Lat.] in limiting,
a tune sounded at the death of game. A great <|uantily,
from mnrgt, Isl. great; a low word.
M O'llTA L, (T., [7«ort(i/i.s, frommocj, death, Lat.] subject to
death; destructive or causing death ; human, or belonging
to man. "Mortal taste." Par. Lost. Excessive; violent,
" A rnnrtal fright." Dri/d. The last sense is low.
MO'RTAL, «. amauor human being.
MORTALITY, «. subjection to death; the state of a
being subject to death. Figuratively, death. " Gladly would
I meet mortuUty my sentence." Par. Lust. Human nature.
" Mvrtalitr/ cannot bear it." Dri/d.
MO'RTALLY, ad. irrecoverably ; so as to be doamed to
death; extremely; excessively.
MORTAR, s. l/nuiiier, Fr.l a strong vessel, in whicli
things are pounded with a pestle. In gunnery, a short piece
of ordii?.nce, out of which bombs or carcasses are thrown,
lu architecture, a preparation of lime and sand nith water,
used as a cement in building walls, &c. from morltr,
Belg.
MO'PvTGAGE, (the t is usually not pronounced in this
word and its derivatives, and the last g issottj*. \mort and
gage., Fr. i a pledge or pawn of lauds, &.c. for money bor-
rowed.
To MORTGAGE, v. a. to pledge, pawn, or make over
to a creditor, is a security.
MOllTGAGE'E, s. the person who receives lauds, dx.
as a pawn for money lent.
MO'RT'GA<iE[i, s. -A person who mortgages or pawns
his I'.tnds,
MORTI'l TJiOUS, s. [mnrtlfer, Fr. from mors, dcalii and
fero. 111 bring, Lat.] deslrui live.
M0RT1F1C\;TI0N, *. [Fr. from mors, death and/anV>,
to make, Lat.] in surgery, a disease wherein the natural
juices lose their proper motion, ferment, and destroy tti«
texture of the pails; a gangrene; a destruction of activ«
qualities. The act o( keeping in a state of subjection,
aiiplied to the passions. Tiie act of subduing the body by
abstinence or hardships, in a rclijjious view, in order to
lessen the strength of lusts. .\ny thing or occurrence that
fills tlu- mind with vexation or uneasiness. .
To MOPiTlFY, v.a.[niorli/ier, Fr. from mors, death and
facio, to make, Lat.] to rob of the vital qualities. In,
pLarmacv, to destroy the active uiid essential vjualitivi^-
MOS
MOS
ftjUiIiod to tlio liilliiis of quicksilver, so as to unite it witli
liir|)PiitiiK' orspilllc. To destroy iu.ti\o powers. To sub-
tliie iiiordiiiale passions; to keep tlic liody low Ijy labour
and abstinence, ni order lo renib'r its afleetions more com-
pliant to reason, and to the dictates of r(di;4ion ; to bnnibie,
•ie.jecf, or vex. Nenlerly, to corrupt or turn lo a yanjjrenc ;
to be subdued ; to die away.
MO'KTISC, (iiuirliss) s. [morlaise, Fr.] in carpentry, a
liole cut ill wood lor anollier piece to be let into it, and t'oriu
a joint.
'I"o MO'RTISE, (muriiss) v. ii. to cut or join with a
mortise.
MOllTiMAIN, s. [mnrtf and mniit, Fr.l in law, sucli a
state of possession as makes it unalienable, and iherefoie
said to be in dead hand, because il cannot be restored to ihc
donor, or to any common or temporal use; the word is -ie-
iierally applied to such lands as are j;iven to any religious
house, corporation, il-c.
_MO'RTkES,S, s. a disli composed of meats of various
kinds pounded toijetlier.
RIO'IJTU AI! V, .?. [tnnytiiriirc, Fr. from rnnrtiuis, dead, Lat.]
ill law, a ^'ifl left by a person at his dealh lo bis parish
cburch, in lieu of personal tithes ik ^^lected to be paid in liis
lifetime ; in some places a beast, or other moveable chat-
fei, as are, by custom, due on liie death of a person, and
styled by his name.
Mosaic, or mosa'IC work, *. [mowivm^, Fr.jau
assendilajje of little pieces of j^lass, marble shells, and pre-
cious stones of various colours, cementeit on a ground of
stucco, and imitating' pictures in form, natural colours, and
the shades used in paintiuij's.
MOSA'MBKJUE, a kin-don. of Africa, liavingQuiloa on
the N. the ocean on the E. the river Zainbi'^ic on the S. and
Monoeniusi on the \V. In 14!)7 Vasipie dr fiama landed
on the coast of Mosambitiue ; after a short stay he seiited
the town of jMosanibi(|ue, and the Porluf;iiesc have kept
possession of it ever since. The air is luiHlioIesome, and
iiothiuK but its extensive trade induces the I'ortuyueso to
remain here.
MOSA'MBIQUE, the capital of the above kingdom. It
is the same to the I'ortu^'ucse as the Cape of Good Hope is
to the Dutch ; for which reason there is fjenerally a s.lron)f
garrison, but the governor is chanjjed every three years, lis
trade consists of gold, elephants' teeth, and slaves. IM.
lo. 6. S. Ion. 40. 10. E.
MOSCIIATELL, s. Imoschatellbw, Lat.] a plant with
green blossoms, and reddish berries, found in woods and
sliad\ places, flowerin;,' in April aii<l May.
MOSCOW, one of the most aniient and conspicuous pro-
Trinces of Russia, formerly a ducliy, but now one of the 41
governments of. that vast empire. Its capital is of the
same name.
MO'SCOW, alarge city of the Russian empire, capital of
the government of Moscow, and formerly of the whole em-
pire. It may be considered as a town built upon the Asiatic
luodel, but gradually becoming more and more lOuropean;
exhibitnig, in its present state, « motley niiNtureof discor-
dant arcbitcctiirc. It is distributed nito five divisions, viz.
I. Kremlin ; 2. The Khitaigorod, or the Chinese Town;
3. The Bielgorod, or White Town; 4. .Semkiin(>;;orod ;
6. The Sloboda, or suburbs, which form a vast exterior
circle round all the other \)arls, and are invested by a low
rampart and ditch. These subinbs contain, besides build-
ings of all kinds, corn-fields, nuicli open pastuwt, and some
small lakes, which give rise to the Negliua. Moscow ex-
Ijibits an astonishing degree of extent and variety, irregula-
rity and contrast. The streets, in general, are very long
and broad. Some of them are paved ; others, particularly
ill the suburbs, are formed w ith trunks of trees, or are board-
cil w ilh planks like the floor of r. room. Wretched hovels are
blended with large palaces ; cottages of one story stand next
to the most stately mansions : many brick structures are co-
vered with wooden tops ; some of the wooden houses are
painted ; others have iron doors aiid roofs. Numerous
churcliesnppcarin every quarter, built in a peculiar stjle'o/
architecture ; S(nnc with domes of copper, others of tin, gilt,
or painted green, and many ioi)fe.i willi wood. Moscow is
ccrlainlv tJie largest town in Europe ; its circumference,
within tlie rampart that incloses tliesuburbs, being 20 miles ;
but it is built in such a straggling manner, that its population
corresjiiinds in no degree with its extent. It has, however,
been pretty well ascertained; il contains, within the ram-
parts, .•!00,niiO souls. It isstill the most popidous city in the
empire, notwitliilauding iIk- residiiice of the court is at
Pelersburgh. 'Jhe places ol' public wiMaliipin .Moscow, in-
eluding chapels, amount to above 1000; of these, 4H4 are
public churches, ID!) of v, hich are of brick, stuccoed, or
whitewashed; and the others of wood, paiiiled red. Some
of their bells are of a stupendous size; tlicy bang in bclfrevs
detached from the chinch, are fixed inimoveably to the
beams, and are rung by a rojie lied lo the clapper. It has
always been esteemed here a meritorious act of religion to
present a church with bells ; and the piety of the donor has
been measured by their magnitude. Accordingly, I'orij
Goduniif, who gave a bell of 2S8,000 pounds to tlie catlie-
<Iral of Moscow, was the most pious sovereign of Russia, till
he was surpassed by the empress Anne, who presented a bell
that weighs 4.32,0(iu pouiuLs, and is the largest in the known
world. Among the public institutions in Moscow, is lit*
Foundling Hospital, endowed in 17C4, by Catharine, and
supported by voluntaiy contributions ; to encourage which,
she granted to all benefactors some valuable privileges, in
proportion to the extent of their liberality ; and, it is remark-
able, that a private merchant, named Dimidof, has expended
on this charity 200,ll00£. 'J'lie gardens hereabouts \ ield the
famous transi)arent apple, called by the Russians Naliwi,w ilh
variety of other fruits. Moscow is the centre of llie inlaiKl
commerce of Russia, particularly connecting the trade be-
tween Europe and Siberia. The narigalioii to this cily is
formed solely by the Moskva, which rises near Ru/a, and
fidling into llie Occa, near Coloinna, communicates, bv that
river, vyilli the Volga. But as the Moskva is navigahlc in
the spring only, upon the melting of the snows, ihe principal
merchandise is conveyed upon sleilges in winter. Tlie an-
nexed plates present a view of the Kremlin and of the
Divitciiy Monastery. The Kremlin is a hill which was
formerly surrounded by marshes on all sides. It contains a
royal palace, and is surrou;ided by a strong wall, 'ihe Di-
vilchy Monastery, or Ladies' Convent, usually contains
about l.io females ; but as tliey are not allowed to take the
veil till they have attained the age of fifty, llu're arc sel-
dom more llian 70 nuns, the remainder are noviciates, and
at liberty to nnury, to visit and receive visits in Ihe convent,
under the inspection ol'a mm. The gales are open all day,
and noviciates and their visitors pass and repass without rV-
slraint. Such was Moscow before the dreadful conflagra-
tion in 1812. This city is 4fil» miles S. E. of Pelersburgh, anri
1200 N. by E. of Constantinople. Lat. 05. 46i. N. Ion. 37.
51. E.
MOSQUE, frnfu/,) .t. \mnsMt, Turk. J a temple, wherein
the Mahometans perforin llieir devotion.
MOSS, s. [ineos. Sax.] though formerly supposed lo I e
only an excrescence produced from the earth and Irees, vet
it is no less a plant than those of greater magnitude, having
roots, (lowers, and seeds, yet cannot be [tropagated fjoni
seed by any art. 'i'lic tree-moss is a kind of lichen.
To ^lOSS, i-. rt. to cover with moss.
MOSSBEP.UIES, s. the fruit of the craneberry whorlle ;
callecl by some moor-berrics.
M O'SSI N ESS, s. the state of being covered or overgrown
with moss.
MOSSY, a. overgrown with moss ; covered with moss.
MOST, II. the superlative oi some, mnu>i, wvi/i. .Such
words as consist of many syllables, or would sound harsh
with the addition of !•.((, receive this word belbrc them iu Ihe
superlative ; as, jiilifut, invre jiili/'iil, junst pilijiil ; cuiisislin»-'
of the greatest number, ipiantity, or degree.
MOST, «''• ['""'■'<) Sax.J in the greatest degree. Some
MOV
MOU
limes iiseJ as a substantive, and is either singular or plural,
t'olii'wed t)v uj\ yiid used partitively, signifies the greater
niinii)er, and is plural. " Mnst of tin? ehurclies." ' Addit.
Used witii wa,';e, it sit,'iiities the greatest v^l'oe, or advanlage,
and is sin<;u!ar. " M<ihes the most of wiiat lie lias." L'Es-
iruitge. Wlien preceded hy at, it signifii's the s;rcatest de-
{jreeor quantity. " Some months at the most." Buc.
MO'STIC, s. UnohUii, Tent.] a painter's stick, on which
he leans his hand when he paints.
MO'STIjY, («/. for tlie greatest part; generally.
MOTt",, s.\mut, Sa\.] a suiall partitle of matter; an
atom : any thing very small, lu law-books, it signifies
a court or convention, as a \vard-»«o(«, burgii moif, swaii-
Tfiote, Ac.
MOTH, s. [niot/i. Sax.] a small winged insect which
eats clothes or hangings ; a winged inset t of divers colours,
distinguished from a butterfly by its horns, which run taper-
jns from their root.
MOTHER, (the o is pron. like u in this word and its de-
rivatives and compounds; as muther, •mutlterhj) s. huulhor.
Sax.] a term of relation, denoting a w oinaii w ho has borne a
child. Used figuratively, it denotes whatever gives origin
to other things of the same kind : thus «e suy a Mvther-
chiirch, a i)/oM(?)'-tongue or language, <X.c. In niciliciue, it
signilies hysteric fits or passions. A familiar term of address
to an old woman. Also, a thick siibitaiice concrctiiijj in
liquors, or the scum, from madder. Brig. mud.
MOTHER, «. native; that which a person receives at
his birth.
MOTHER-IN-LAW, j. the mother of a husband or wife.
MOTHER OF PEARL, s. a kind of coarse pearl made of
the shell of such fishes asgenerale pearls.
iMOTTIER OF THYME, ^.a pluutwith trailing branches,
which are not so woody and hard a* those of thyme, but in
cverv other respect the same.
MOTHERHOOD, s. the oiKce, condition, state, or qua-
lity of a mother.
AIOTHERLESS, a. having no mother, orphan of a
mother.
MOTHERLY, a. belonging to, or becoming a mother.
MOTHERLY, «'/. after the manner of a mother.
]M0THER-\VAT1:R.S, or MOTHERS, s: in cbymistry,
the liquors which are left after the crvstillizalion of anvsalts.
MOTHERWORT, s. a plant with' purplish blossoms, and
stem leaves spear-shaped, found amongst rubbish. \\ plant
called also nnigwort.
MOTHERY, n. full of dregs; having white concretious
appli<'d to liquors.
MOTHY, a. fiiUofmoths.
MOTION, {moshmi) s. \miilio, from moreo, to move, Lat.]
the act of changing place; the niannerof moving the body ;
gait ; change of posture, or action ; thought or tendency
of mind ; a proposal ; an impulse coninuinicated. Natural
motion is that which has its moving force or principle within
tJje moving body. Violent vwtion is that whose principle
acts from without, ythsnlute motion is thechange or alisolute
space hi any moving body, whose celerity is measured by;
tlie quantity of absolute space which the moveable body
runs through. Itelative motion is the change of a rela-
tive or vulgar space of the human body, whose celerity
is measured by the quantity of relative space run through.
MOTIONLESS, (Hiii«/io«/(;«) a. without motion.
MOTIVE, o. [motivnt., from moveo, to move, Lat. J causing
motion ; having the power to move or change place.
MOTH'E, *. [motif, Fr. from moveo, to move, Lat.] that
which fixes the choice, or incites to action ; a mover.
MOTLEY, a. [supposed to be corrupted from mcdleij] of
various colours.
MOTOR, s. [Lat.] a mover.
■ MO"I"OR Y, a. I nu/torius, Lat.] causiiic motion.
MO'Tl'O, t. [ItaJ.] a seiiteuce addetf to a device, or any
writing.
To MOVE, (the o in this w.ord and its derivatives and
conipouods is i>roiiouuced like «k> ; as moiiver, moOvtablet,
6U
moufer, moiling, Sec.) i'. a. [moveo, Lat.] to put out of on«
place intoaiiollier ; to [nit in motion, 'i'ogive an impulse to,
i'o propose ; to rt commend. To persuade, or prevail on.
applied to the niina. To affect ; to excite teiicleiiiess, oi
any passion. To make angry. To put into coniinotion.
" All the city wus moved." Jiutli i. i). Neulerly, to go from
one place to another ; to walk; to forward; to nrarch as
an army : to ( haiige the posture of the body in ceremony.
MOVEABLE, «. ca|iable ot' heing moved, or carried
from one [dace to aiKMher. Changing, or not always hap-,
pciinig on the same day of the month oryear, applied to the
feasts observed by the church.
MO'VEABLl'.S, s.h has no singular : fmraWc*, Fr.] goorls
or furniture; distinguished from lands, 6r otlier hereditary
possessions.
MO V' EABLENESS, i. the quality of being possible to be
moved.
MO'VEABLY, ad. so as it may be moved.
INIOA'ELESS, a. unmoved ; not lo he put out of its place.
M0'\ EMEjST, f. [jHoi(i?H««<, Fr.] the manner of mov-
ing ; motion; any thing which moves; generally applied to
the parts of a Hatch, or other machine.
MO'VENT, piDt. [tiiovrns, Lat.] in motion.
MOVENT,*, that which puts any thing into motion.
MO'VER, s. the person or thing tiiat gives motioa ; some-
thing in motion ; a proposer. ,
MOVING, part, in motion. Figuratively, pathetic, or
causing pity and compassion.
MOVINGLY, ad. in such a manner as to cause pity and
compassion.
MOULD, (the on in this word and its following deriva-
tives is usually pronounced like o in cold ; as tnM, moldtr,
moldy, &c.) s. [moegel, Swed.] a kind of concretion ou the
top of such things as are damp, and without motion, at pre-
sent discovered by microscopes to he a perfect plant. Earth
in which any thing grows, from mold, Sax. Matter of which
any thing is made; the matrix in which any thing is castor
shaped, from molde. Span, mmik, Fr. Cast, form, or dispo-
silion. The suture of the ikull, wherein the several bones
meet.
To MOULD, r. n. to contract concreted matter ; to
gather mould. Actively, to cover with mould ; to corrupt
by mould.
To MOULD, V. n. to form ; to shape ; to model.
MO'ULDABLE, a. capable of being formed or shaped j
liable to be mouldy.
MO'ULDER,*. one that shapes or fashions.
To MO'ULDER, v. »i. [nwldc. Sax.] to be turned to dust ;
to waste awav. Actively, to turn to dust, or crumble.
MO'ULDl'NESS, s. the stale of being mouldy, or ecu.,
tracting a whitish concretion on account of being in a dam?
place.
MOULDINGS, s. ornamental cavities cut in wood or
stone. In architecture, the jcttiiigs or projectures beyond
the level ofa wall, cVc. the assemblage of which forms cor-
nices, door-cases, and other decorations.
MO ULDY, n. covered with a kind of white down by
standing in a moist place.
To MOULT, {mult) V. u. [muyten, Belg.] to shed or cliaui^e
feathers, applied to birds.
MOULT.\N, a province of Hindoostan Proper, hounded
on the N. by Lahore, on the E. by Delhi and Agimere, on
tlieS. byGiizerat; and on tlieW. by Persia and Caudaliar.
Its products are cotton, wine, sugar, opium, galls, brimstone,
iVc. It is, or has been subject to the Seiks ; but its capital,
Moultan, has been garrisoned bv the king of Candahar,.
ever since 17T9.
MOULTAN, one of the most aidient cities of Hindoostan,
capital of the province of the same iia'ne. Thevenot
describes it as a city of small extent, having a Hindoo
temple of great celebrity. He describes the river that led
to Moultan as having been partly choked up in his time,
( Kit).')) and that this had greatly lessened its trade. He also
takes. notice of a particular sect of Hindoos iu this citVt
MOU
MOU
called Cattp ; a fiibe, wliicli ho elsewhere expUiitis to mean
liajjionts, or warriors ; th;i! is the KiiHri/ trihe, whicli Iletiiiel
supposes to l)c liie ('idhcri^iir Ciitlici, with whom Ah'Xiuider
warred on tiie banks of the Malh. Moultan is seated on one
of the branches of the Inihis, 200 miles S. \V. of Laiiore,
anil tsoo miles fioni the sea by ihe course ofllie river. Lat.
3y. :V2. N. Ion. 70. 40. 11.
MOULTON, SOUTH, a town of Devonshire, sealed on
tiie rivei- Moui, 12 miles S. K. of Barnstaple, and 179 W. by
S. of London. Here is a ri'gnlar market on .Saturday,
besides two eonsiderable ones, viz. Salurday before April
II), and Saturday before Mieliaeliiiasd«y. 15olh N. and S.
Moulton are considerably engaged in the manufactories
oi serges, siialoons, fells &c.
MOUND, *. [miiiDlinii, to defend. Sax.] a bank, rampart,
or other fence of earth. In heraldry, a globe with a cross
apon it ; from momte, Fr.
To MOUND, ti. a. to fortify or defend with a rampart
ot bank of earth.
MOUNT, [mont, Fr.] a mountain, or small hill; an
artificial hill in a garden ; the painted paper or leather glued
to the sticks of a fan.
To MOUNT, V. II. \mfrnter, Fr.] to ascend, or rise up-
wards ; to tower, or be built to a great height ; to get on
horseback. To come to, when adde<l together, from amount.
" See to what they mount." Pope. Actively, to raise in the
air; to lift or force upwards; to ascend or cliud) ; to place
on horseback; to ornament. Tv vwimt gutiiil, to do iluty,
to watch at any particular place. To mount canon, to set
a piece on its wooden frame.
MO'UNTAlN, s. [moHta^ne, Fr. from mons, Lat.] a part of
the earth rising to a considerable height above its surface.
Mounlains are divided info primitive and secondary the
former containing no organic remains and being supposed
the most antient. Mountains are useful, not only on account
of the mineral treasures they contain, but also the giving
origin to rivers.
MO'UNTAlN, a. built on a mountain ; growing or situ-
ated on mountains : belonging to a mountain.
MOUNTAlNI", F,R, «. one who lives on a mountain; a
•avage rustic or free hooter.
MO'UNTAINET, s. a hillock, or small mountain. John-
son recommends this word as elegant, though not in use.
MO'UNTAINOUS, a. hilly, or full of mountains. Figu-
ratively, large ; huge ; in bulk as big as a uioiiMtain.
MO'UNTAlNOUSNESS, s. the quality of being full of
mountains.
MO'UNTAIN-PA'RSLEY, s. a kind of spignel ; an um-
belliferous plant.
MO'UNT.\NT, a. [moHtant, Fr.| rising or swelling up-
wards. •
..IMO'UNTEBANK, s. [tnontnie in lanco, Ital.] a person
who vends medicines in public places, and harangues the
mob from a bench or stage. Figuratively, any vain pre-
tender.
MO UNTER, J. one that mounts.
. MOUNTING, *. in mechanics, is something that serves
to raise or set oft" a work ; — thus the frame and ils depen-
dencies make the mounting of a looking glass; the hilt, the
Mowiting of a sword ; the tust, or bull, the iiiouutiiig- of a
carbine', musquet, i^c
MOUNT-SO'KREL, a town in Leicestershire, so named
from a high mount, or solid rock, adjoining to the town,
(of a dusky red, or sorrel-coloured stone, extremely hard) Mid
which had a castleon it in the reign of Henry HI. but which
the country people besieged and demolished. The town
is built of rough stones hewn out of this rock. It is seated
on the river Stour, or Soare, 8 miles N. of Leicester and
105 N. W. bv N. of London. Market on Monday.
MO'UNTY, t. [montee, Fr.] the ascent of a hawk.
To MOURN, (the diphthong on in this word and its deri-
vatives is pron. like the o in /whi, as mdi-ner, mornhig, &c.)
V. n. [munifln, Sax.] to grieve or be sorrowful; to wear the
dress of sorrow; to preserve an appearance of grief. Ac-
tively, or grieve for or lament.
MOURN 10, s. [mornr, Fr.] Ihe round end of a staff; the
part of a lance to which the steel part is fixed, or where it
IS taken off.
MOURNER, i. one (hat shews grief or sorrow; one that
follows a funeral in black.
MOURNFUL, <(. causing sorrow ; feeling sorrow ; hav-
ing the appi-arance of sorrow ; dismal or expressive of grief.
MOURNFULLY, ad. in a sorrowful manner.
MO'URNFULNESS, J. sorrow; the appearance of »or.
row.
MO'URNING, s. sorrow; grief; a dress worn by per-
sons when they have lost a relation, A.c. by death. !\liinm.
iJiff, among the antients, was expressed by very difterent
signs, as by tearing llieir clothes, wearing sackcloth, laying
aside crowns, and the ensigns of honour, <\ c. I'lie colours
of the mourning dress are diflerent in different cotuitriei.
In Europe, the ordinarv colour for luouiTu'ng is black ; ia
Ciiina, it is white; in Turkey, blue or violet; in i'lthi'-pia,
brown; in Eg\ pt, it is yellow; and kings and cardinals
mourn in purple.
MO'URNINGLY, ad. in a sorrowful manner.
MOURZOOK, the capital of Fezzan, in Africa, situated
cti a small river, and supiilied with water from a multitude
of springs and wells. Reijig formerly built of stone, it still
n'tains the appellation of a Christian town ; and the medley
whicli it presents to the eye oftke vast ruins of antient
buildings, ami Ihe humble cottages of earth and sand that
form the dwellings of its present Arab inhabitants, is
singularly grotestjue and strange. It is surrouiuled by a
high wall, which enables the government to collect, at'ifs
three gates, a tax on all goods (provisions excepted) that are
brought for the supply of its people. A caravan sets out
annually from Mesiirata to this place; and hence, the
Fezzanners themselves dispatch, every year, a caravan to
Cashiia, and another to Bornou. Mourzook is2fi2 miles S.
of Mesiirata, C50 N. W. of Bornou, and 710 N. by E. of
Cashiia. ^ Lat. 27. 20. N. Ion. 1.5. 5. E.
MOUSE, *•. plural mice; [mus. Sax. and Lat.] a little ani-
nial hauntintc houses and corn (ields.
ToMOUSI'",, (mouze) v. n. to catch mice; to be sly, insi-
dious, or upon the catch.
MO'USEEAR, s. a genus of plants, distinguished from
the spurrey by its cloven petals ; the English species are
seven.
MOUSEHOLR, s. a small hole.
MO'l1SI'".R, s. (mouzey) one that catches mice.
MO'USETAIL, s. a plant with a simple stem, narrow,
strap shaped root leaves, and greenish blossoms; found in
gravellv meadows.
MOTSIiTR.VP, J. a snareorgin in which mice are taken.
MOUTH, s. [mut/i, Sax.] in anatoniv, that part of llieAice
which consists of the lips, gums, and the inside of Ihe cheek,
at which the footi is received ; an opening, or that part of a
vessel by wliieli it is filled or emptied ; that part of a river
b\ which it is entered from the sea. In botany, the upper
part ofllie tube of blossoms, consisiiiig of a single pctaj, as
borrage, iioundslongiie, deadnettle, iVc. Figurativelv, a
s.peaker or orator. — To muhe months, is a distortitin of the
features ; a wry face made in contempt. Down in the mouth,
implies dejected.
ToMOUTH, (the M is pron. harder in this and the next
word than in the substantive) v. a. to utter with a voice af-
fectedly big, applied to speech. To chew or grind in the
mouth, applieci to eating. To seize in or with the mouth ;
to form by the mouth.
MO'UTHED, a. having a mouth; delivered with an af-
fected bigness of voice. In composition, /oh? moti</ierf, im-
plies using abusive language; meabi-vwHthed, bashful.
MO'UTHFUL, *. as much as the mouth can contain; any
small quantity.
MO UTHLESS, a. without a woulJi.
6Id
MUF
MUL
MOW, (liie oil', ki tliis and tlic next word,' is proii. as in
y>i(;)s. A loft or cliaiiibeiwlieic hay or corn is laid up. Hay
ill moK-, propel ly si<,'ni(ifs hay laid in a house. Hav in ritcl:,
that whieli is lioaped to;;ctlie"r in a held.
To iMOW, I', a. to Ik ap together, or put in a mow. Ncii-
terly, to eiitlier :lie harvest.
To MOW, (mil) i: «. prefer, morved, parlici|>le passive
mown ; [mawan. Sax.] to cut with a bc\ the. l''iijurati\ely, lo
\.] lo
eil or
RIO'W Ell, {tuber) s. one who cuts with a scythe.
RIO'XA, s. an Judian mess, used in the cure of the gout,
by Imniiiin it on the part aggrieved.
MOVL'i:, .f. amule.
MUCH, u. [miif/in, Span.] large, applied to quantity;
long, applied to time ; many, applied toiuimber.
AiUCH, ail. in a great degree ; hy far; to a certain de-
groe. Often or long, applied lo lime.
MUCH, f. a great deal. Mullilude, applied to number;
abundance, applied to quantity. .Somelliing strange, un-
common, or deserving notice. "It is mm// that one," Ac.
Jiac. To «i«ie ?)»«•/((;/', signifies to treat \\illi great respect,
fondness, or tenderness. Muc/i iil ane, mcdm of equal va-
lue; of equal inlluence.
MU'CID, a. [from mucus, filth discharged from the nose,
Lat.l slimy, musty.
MU'CIDNKSS, -t. sliminessor mustincss.
MU'CILAGH, [Fr. from mums, tillh discharged from the
nose, Lat.] a slimv or viscous matter.
MUCILAGINOUS, «. \^muci'u!>ineu.r, Fr.jslimy ; viscous.
Mitcilafrinous glands, are <d two sorts ; some are small, and,
in u manner, miliary glands; the olher sort arc conglome-
rated, or many glandules collected and planted one upon
another.
MUCILA'GINOUSNESS, s. the quality of being slimy
or viscous.
MUCITES, s. in chymistry, salts fcwmed by tlie combi-
nation of any base with the mucous acid.
MUCK, s. \tneux. Sax. J tlung usod for improving lands;
sny thing mean or base. As net as luucli, or to be viuvU-uet,
'niphes being wet with water or rain. To run a much, to
iltack all in the way.
To MUCK, )'. a. to dung; to maii'ire with nnick.
MU'CKENDEU, s. \mo'carlc,-i,, S|)uii.] a handkerchief.
MU'CKINESS,*. Hastiness, fillh.
MUCKSWEAT, (ihwcAjh-, () s. a profuse sweat.
MUCKWORM, s. a worm that lives in dung; a miser;
I curmu-dgeon.
MU'CKY,«. nasty or filthy.
MUCOUS, a. [from mucus, filth discharged from the nose,
l,at.] slimy or viscous.
MU'COUSNESS, s. the quality of being slimy or viscous.
MU;CRO, i.[Eal.]a point.
MU'CRONATED, «. [from Maicjo, a dagger,'Lat.] pointed.
MUCU.S, s. [Laf.j a mucilaginous liquor, separated by
'Iiemucoiis glands and the nostrils; it is likewise used for
siny other slimy liquor or moisture.
MUD, f. ]mud, Brit.] the slime, or moist earth at tlie
Dottoni of water; the dust or dirt of roads made wet with
rain or wafer.
ToMUD,w. rt. to bury in slime or mud ; to make the
wafcrfiml by disturbing the mud ; t(iila->li ordaub with mud.
MU'UDILY, ad. with foulness, or disturbed mud and
sediment.
MU'DDINESS, s. foulness caused by mud ; dregs or se-
diment.
ToMU'DDLI'-, f. a. to make muddy or foul ; to make
luilf drunk ; to cloud or slupify.
MU'1)IJV,«. soiled or daubed with mud ; dark; cloudy,
or drunk.
To MUDDY, ». a. to make muddy : to cloud, to disturb.
MU'DSUCKI"-U, «. a sea-fowl, with two toes joined ; so
called from its manner of life.
MUDWAIJ>, t. a wall built without mortar, by throwing
np mud, and suffering it to dry.
MU'DWEED, J. a plant common in places liable lo b«
flooded ; called also bastard plantain.
ToMUE, r. a. fwftc/-, Fr.] to moult or change the fe.\-
thcrs.
MUFF, i. [7iiuff, Swed.] a covering of hair or feathers,
to keen the hands warm in winter.
MLTFETE'E, s. [diminutive cf »ii;/fj a kind of short
muH" worn upon the wrist to keep that part of the shirt
clean.
MUTFIV, ,t. a kind of light cake, made of the best flour,
mixed with milk, iVc.
MUFFLE, .y. a semi-cylindrical utensil, resembling the
lilt of a boat, made of baked clay ; its use is that of a cover
to cupels in the assay furnace to prevent the charcoal from
falling upon the metal, or whatever is the subject of ex-
periment.
To MUFFLE, II. rt. [muffler, Fr.] to cover from the wea-
Iher; to blindfold ; to fasten up the mouth of a dog with
leathern thongs, to prevent his biting; to hide, conceal, or
inv(rlvc.
To MUFFLE, r. )i. [tnuffelen, Belg.] to speak inwardly;
to speak inarliculately. ,
MUFFLER, ■«• a cover for the face; a cover made of
thongs, put over a dog's mouth to prevent his biting.
M UTTI, f. [Turk.] the high-priest of the Mahometan re-
ligion.
!\IUG, s. a vessel to drink in.
MUGCJLETO'NIAN, s. a professor of the principles of
Lndowic Muggleton, a journeyman tailor, who lived about
Ifi.57, and, wilh his associate Reeves, set up fur great pro-
phets, pretending to an absolute power of saving and damn-
ing whom they pleased; asserting that they were the two
last witnesses of God which should appear IJefore the end of
the world.
MUfjGY, «. moist ; dampish ; mouldy ; gloomy.
MU'GlENT, /)rt)•^[wl"g•i>«^, from m"g-i», to bellow, Laf.^
bellowing.
MU'GWORT, i. a plant which grows naturally on banks
and llie sides of foot-paths, in most parts of England. 11»e
dried herb is used in medicine in certain nervous cases. The
common wormwood.
MULA'TTO, i. [Span.] a name given, in the Indies, to
those who are begotten by a negro man on an Indian wo-
man ; or an Indian man on a negro woman. '■
MULBERRY-TREi:, s. [morberir,; Sax.] a free bearipg
a fruit formed somewhat like a pine apple, and affording a
delicious juice.
MULCT, s. [mulcia, Lat.| a fine, or sum of money, which
a person is sentenced lo pay.
To MULCT, V. a. \muh'i(i, Lat.] lo sentence a person to
pay or forfeit a sum ot money.
^lULl', »•. [luida, Lat.] an animal generated by an ass and
a mare, or by a horse ar.d a she-ass.
MULETE'ER, s.[7unlriier, Fr.] one that drives mules.
MU'LIIAUSEN, an imperial city of Germanj, in Thu-
ringia, uniler the proteclimiof the elector of Saxony ; seated
in a fertile countrv, on the river Unstrulhl, 1.5 miles N. E.
of Eisenach, and 45 E. by S. of Cassel. Lat. 61 . 13. N. Ion.
lit. -I!). E.
MULHAU'SEN, a consiilerabletown of Alsace, in Ge*-
many. It is ihe capital of a republic which is in alliance
wilh ihc Swiss, and is 15 miles N. W. of Basle. Lat. 47.
48. N. Ion. 7. ■->!. E.
MULIE'BRITY, s. [from mulier, a woman, Lat.] woman-
hood ; Ihe condilion 111 a woman.
MULIER, s. [Lai.] in law, a person begotten before,
but born after marriage, and reckoned lawful or le>
gifimate.
MULL, one of the western Islands of Scotland, abonl
35 miles in length, and, in some places, of an ecjual brcadtli.
Tlicre are many good natural harbours ; but there is only
one village, which is called Tobermorey. The soil is un-
favourable for corn, being, for the most part, rocky and
MUL
Darren. The mountains, however, abound witli springs,
and arc covered with cattle, of which a great nuinbi-r are
annually exported. These, with fish, and a considerable
quantity of kelp, are the only articles of commerce.
To MULL, V. a. [from mollio, Lat.] to soften or dispirit,
as wine is when heated or sweetened. " MuU'il, deaf,
sleepy," <S.c. SItak. To warm any liquor, but especially
wine, <fcc.
IVIU'LLAU, s. \nwiilcur, Fr.] a stone flat at the bottom,
and roundish at the fop, with which any powder is ground
on a marble; at present, imt>roperly called a mullet. An
instrument used by glass grinders.
MU'LLI'^IN, «. there are four species of Ibis plant na-
tive in England; the great, hoary, black, and yellow moth
mullein.
MU'LLET, .?. \miih-t, Fr. I a sea-fish. In heraldry, a
bearing in form of a flat-rowel spur, having five points.
MlJLLl'NGAR, the county-town of Wcsluualli, in Lein-
ster. It holds a great wool-mait, is a place of good trade,
and is seated on the river Foyle, 33 miles VV. of Dublin.
Lat. 53. 30. N. Ion. 7. .')0. \V.
MU'LLYt;RUBS,orMU'LLGRUBS,^.a twisting of the
guts ; a low word.
MULSF,, s. [mulsm, to make mild, Lat.] a liquor made of
wine, or water and honey boiled together.
MULT, a syllable useid in composition, contracted from
miiltiis, Lat. much.
ISIULTA'iNfiULAR, a. [from muTt}is,nyAny, and anguhis,
a corner, Lat.l having many angles or corners.
MULTA'NGULARLY, nrf. with nianv corners or angles.
MULTANGULAllNE.S.S,j. the quality of having many
angles or corners.
MULTICATSULAR, a. [from multus, many, and capsula,
a cell, Laf.J having many capsules or cells.
MULTICA'\'0US, «. [from ■multus, many, and cavus, hol-
low, Lat.] full of holes.
MULTIFA'RIOUS, a. [from muhifm-ivs, low Lat.J vari-
ous ; complicate; having great diversitv in itself.
MULTIFARIOUSLY, ad. in a complicate maimer.
MULTIFARIOUSNESS, s. multiplied diversity, or va-
rietv.
MULTIFID, or MULTITIDOUS, a. [mnltifidus, from
multut, many, and fitido, to split.] having many partitions ;
divided into many branches.
MU'LTIFORM, a. [from midtus, nuich, and forma, a shape,
Lat.] having various shapes, forms, or appearances.
MULTILATERAL, a. [from multus, many, and latus, a
side, Lat.] having many sides.
MULTINOMIAL, or MULTINO'MINAL, a. [from
multus, niauy, and notnen, a name, Lat.] having many
names.
MULTIT.'^ROUS, «. [from multus, many, and pai-io, to
bring forth, Lat.] bringing many at a hirlh.
MULTIPA'RTITK, a. [froni multus, many, and pffitto, to
divide, Lat.] divided into many parts.
MU'LTIPEDR, .V. [from multus, many, and pes, a foot,
L<at.jan insect with many feet ; a sow, or woodlouse.
MU LTIPLE, or MULTIPLEX, a. [Lat.] manifold. In
arithmetic, applied to a number which contains another se-
veral times; thus six is the multiple of two containing it
three times.
MULTIPLI'ABLE, a. [multipliablc, Fr.] capable of being
Dudtiplied.
MULTIPLI'ABLENESS,*. the quality of being capable
of being multiplied.
MULTI PLICA BLE, «. [from multiplkn, to multiply,
Lat.] in arithmetic, capable of being multiplied.
MULTIPLICAND, J. [multipUcandus, from mnltiplico, to
multiply, Lat.l the number gifen to be multiplied.
MULTl'PLICATE, n. \multiplicatus, from multiplico, to
multiplv, Lat.] multiplied; ctmsisting of more than one.
MULTIPLICATION, t. [multiplicatio, from multiplico,
to multiply, Lat.] the act of nicreasing any number by ad-
ding more of the same kuid. In arithmetic, the increasing
MUN
any one number by another, as often as there are units ia
the number by which it is increased.
MULTIPLICATCR, >. [from multiplico to multiply
Lat.] the number given to midtiply auotlier by.
MULTIPLI'CIOU.S, s. [from multiplex, Lat] manifold.
" Multipliciiius, or many." Broun.
MULTlPLrClTV', s. [multipliciti, Fr. from multiplex, ma-
nifold, Lat.] more than one of the same kind ; state of being
nianv.
To MU'l.TIPLY, V. a. [multier, Fr. from mnltiplico, Lat.j
to incrt'ase in nund)erl)y tlie addition or production of more
of the same kind ; to work a sum in multiplication. Neu-
tcrlv, to propagate or increase in tuunber.
MULTIPOTENT, n. [from mallui, many, and pnten»,
powerful, Lat.] having a manifold power, or power to per-
form many did'ereni things. •'
MULTIPRE'SENCE, i. [from multut, mnch, TmA praxen-
tia, presence, Lat.] the power or act of being in several
places at one and the same time.
MULTI'SCIOUS, a. [i'roin, multus, many, and scio, to
know, Lat.] having a variety of knowledge.
MULTISI'LIQUOUS, n. [from multus, many, and sol-iqua,
a pod, Lat.] having many pods. In botany, applied to such
plants as have, after each flower, many distinct pods, or
seed-vessels.
MULTI'SONOUS, a. [from multus, many, and somts, a
sound, Lat.l having many sounds.
MULTITUDE, s.\tnultitud<), from multus, many, Lat.] a
great number; a crowd or throng of several persons assem-
bled together ; the vulgar.
MULTITU'DINOU.S, «. having the appearance of a
great number or multitude; manifold.
MULTIVA'GANT, or MULTIVA'GOUS, a. [from muU
ivs, much, and vagor, to wander, Lat.] that wanders or stays
much abroad.
MULTI'VIOUS, IT. [from multus, many, and via, a way,
Lat.] having many ways.
MULTOCULAR, a. [from multus, many, and oculus, the
eye, Lat.] having many eyes.
MUM, iuterj. (when pronounced, it leaves the lips closed,
and nuiy, on account of that circumstance, be used to com-
mand silence) silence ! hush !
MUM, s. [mvmtue,'Teut.] a strong pleasant liquor, brewed
at Brunswick, from wheat, oats, and "round beans.
To MUMBLE, V. n. [mompelen, Belg.] to speak inwardly ;
to mutter; to chew in an awkward manner, for want of
teeth; to bite softly ; toeat with the lips closed. Actively,
to mutter with a low, indistinct voice.
MLT'MBLER, «. one that chews awkwardly for want of
teeth; one that grumbles or mutters.
MU'MBLINGLY^, nd. in an inarticulate or muttering
manner.
To MUMM, V. a. [from mumme, Dan.] to mask ; to frolic
or play tricks in masquerade.
MU'MMER, s. a masker; one who performs tricks in
mas<pierade.
MUMMERY, J. [mo»4en'«, Fr.] masquerade; frolic at a
masquerade ; foolery ; mimicry.
MU'MMY, s.fmumie, Fr.] a dead body embalmed, and
preserved after the Egyptian manner. In medicine, the
fiesli of a body that has been cudialmed, or the liquor running
from cnibaluicd bodies when newly prepared. Ai'iong
gardeners, a sort of wax used in the planting and grafting
of trees. To beat to mummy, is to beat so as the flesh shail
appear mnch bruised.
To MUMP, )i. a. [mompelen, Belg ] to nibble, bite quick,
or to chew with a continued motion ; to talk low and quick.
To go a begging, in cant language.
MU'MPP.R,*. a cant word ; a beggar.
MUMPS, «. [mompelen, Belg.] sullenness ; silent anger, or
discontent. In medicine, the squinancy.
ToMUNCH, v. a. [manger, Fr.] to chew by great mouth-
fuls. Neuterly, to chew ravenously.
617
MUN
MUNCHER, *. one tliateats ereedily.
MUND, ill proper names, is derived Irom rmmdt. Sax.
peace ; tlius mnndbrech, is what lawyers make use of for a
breach of tli€ peace. Eadinund, now written Edmund,
sio;nifie.s happy peace ; from ead, Sax. happy, and mundt.
Sax. peace.
RIU'NDANE, a. [from mundut, the world, Lat.] belong-
ing to the world.
RIU'NDATORY, a. [from mundut, clean, Lat.] having the
power to cleanse.
MU'NDIC, s. a kind of niarcasite found in tin mines, and
so named in Cornwall.
MUNDIFICATION, t. [from miauliu, clean, and/acjo. to
make, Lat.J the act of cleansinfj any body from dross.
MUNDIFICATIVE, a. having the power to cleanse.
To MU'NDIFY, v. a. to cleanse, purify, or make clean.
RIUNDIVA'GANT, a. [from mundm, the world, and
vagor, to wander, Lat.J wanderiug through the world.
MUNDU'NGUS, *. stinking tobacco. A cant word.
To MU'NERATE, v. a. [from m«»i«*, a gift, Lat.] to re-
ward.
MUNERATION, s. a reward.
MU'NGREL, a. generated between animals of different
species; base born ; degenerate. See Mongrel.
MUNICH, (3/«)i?7;) one of the most pleasant and hand-
some cities in Germany, capitalof the kingdom of Bavaria,
and containing about 40,000 inhabitants. The houses are
high, and the streets large and spacious, with canals in many
of them. The palace of the late electors of Bavaria is a
stupendous structure, magnificently adorned. The cabinet
of curiosities, in which are 200 marble statues and busts of
Roman emperors, and some other antiques, mostly brought
from Italy, the museum, the library, and the ducal gardens,
attract the attention of travellers. The cathedral contains
25 chapels, and 30 altars ; but the two steeples, and the
tomb of one of the emperors, of black marble, adorned with
statues of bronze, are the most remarkable things belong-
ing to it. There are many other fine buildings, both eccle-
siastical and civil, in tiiis city, and the streets are straight
and broad. The market-place is very beautiful; and here
are manufactures of silk, velvet, woollen-cloth, and tapes-
trv. It is seated on the river Iser, 15 miles S. E. of Augs-
burg, and 62 S. S. W. of Ratisbon. Lat. 48. 7i N. Ion. II.
07. E.
MUNICIPAL, a. [from munus,a gift or right, and capio,
to take, Lat.J in the Roman civil law, is an epithet which
signifies invested with trie rights and privileges of Roman
citizens. Tluis ihe mimiW/yi// cities were those whose inha-
bitants were capable of enjoying civil offices in the city of
Rome. Among us, it is applied to the laws that obtain in
any city or province. And those are called jnmuW/ja/ otii-
cers, wlio are elected 1o defend the interests of cilies, to
maintain their rights and privileges, aud to preserve order
and harmony among the citizens.
MUNIFICENCE, s. [from jhuhiw, a gift, and /aria, to
make, Lat.] the act of givmg money and presents, or doing
acts of lil»prality.
MUNIFICENT, a. [from jnimiw, a gift, and /«c!o, to make,
Lat.J liberal ; generous.
MUNIllCENTLY, <id. liberally.
MUNIMENT, s. [from munio, to fortify, Lat.] a fortifica-
tion or strong hold, support or defence.
To MUNI TE, «). n. [m«rtio, Lat.] to fortify ; to strength-
en ; to defend.
MUNITION, s. [from munio, to fortify, Lat.] a fortifica-
tion, or strong hold; ammunition, or stores for carrying on
a war.
MU'-NNION, «. the upright post that divides the several
lights in a window frame.
MU'NSTER, a sovereign bishopric in Westphalia, 120
miles in length and 80 in breadth. The country is level and
fruitful, aiKlhas tine woods, lurf, i';:c. The principal rivers
,arc the Eras, the Lippe, the Vecht.and the Berkel. It lies
«ib
MUS
E. of the Dutch States, and the counly of Bent beim, and 8,
of E. Friesland and Oldenburgh.
MU'NSTER, a large, rich, populous, and famous city of
Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, capital of the bishop-
ric of the same name, and of all Westphalia. The cathe-
dral is a stately fabric, and the houses, in general, are of
freestone, and well-built. It is seated on the river Aa, 70
miles N. by E. of Cologne, 77 S. by W. of Bremen, and 77
N. W. of Cassel.
MU'NSTER, one of the four provinces of Ireland;
bounded on theN. and N. E. by Leinster and Conuaught,
and on all other sides by the ocean. It is aoout 135 miles in
length and 120 in breadth. The chief rivers are the Suier,
the Audlurte, the Lee, the Bande, the Leane, and the Ca-
shon. There are a great many bays and harbours, and
many rich towns, and the air is mild and temperate. Some
places are mountainous, but the valleys are embellished with
corn-fields. The most general commodities are corn, cattle,
wood, wool, and fish. It contains the counties of Clare,
Tipperary, Waterford, Cork, Limerick, and Kerry.
MU'RAGE, 5. [from rnKjiw, a wall, Lat.] money paid for
keeping walls in repair.
MU'RAL, a. [from ?nuriis, a \vall, Lat.] belonging to a wall.
Mural crown, was an honorary reward given by the antient
Romans to the soldiers who first scaled the walls of aR
enemy's city.
MO'RCIA, a province, formerly a kingdom of Spain, on
the coast of the Mediterranean. It is about 62 miles in
length, and 58 in breadth. Its principal river is Segura.
The soil is dry, because it seldom rains here, and therefore
produces little corn or wine ; but there is plenty of oran-
ges, citi'ons, lemons, olives, almonds, mulberries, rice, pulse,
and sugar. It has also a great deal of silk. The air is very
healthful, and the principal town is of the same name.
MU'RCIA, a large, handsome, and populous city of Spain,
capital of a province of the same name. It has a superb
cathedral, the stairs of whose steeple are so contrived, that
a man may ride up to the top either on horseback or in a
coach. It is sealed in a plain, which abounds in tine gar-
dens about the city, in which are the best fruits in Spain.
It is seated on the river Sei;ura, 27 miles N. of Carthageiia,
and 212 S. E. of Madrid. Lat. 38. 2. N. Ion. 0. 36. W.
MU'RDER, «. [mort/ior, or mort/ier. Sax.] the act of wil-
fully and feloniously killing a person upon malice or fore-
thought.
'Jo MU'RDER, v. a. to kill a man wilfully, feloniously,
and of malice forethought ; to destroy or put'an end to»
MU liDER, inierj. an outcry when life is in danger.
MURDERER, k one who murders.
ftlU'RDERESS, s. a woman who commits murder.
MU'RDEROUS, a, guilty of murder; cruel; bloody;
addicted to shedding blood.
ToMURI''-, 1-. a. [from mur, Fr. or mnrus, a wall, Lat.] to
build a wall ; to inclose w itliin or by walls.
MURIATES, i. in cheniisti-y, salts formed by the combi-
nation of any base with muriatic acid.
MUIIIATIC, a. belonging to sea salt or to brine from
miiria, Lat. brine or pickle.
MU'llKV, a. darkish ; obscure; cloudy.
M U RM U R, s. \innrmi(r, Lat.] a low rough noise ; a com-
plaint not openly ex|)ressed.
To MURMUR, s. [from mnriiwr, a murmur, Lat.] to
make a l<iw, rough souiiil ; to grumble, or utter discontent.
MUKMURER, *. one who repiives, grumbles, or ex-
presses discontent by muttering, or by some indirect
manner.
MU lir.AIN, s. the plague in cattle.
MU'RRAVSlIIRi..,orELGiN.siiiKF.,acountyofScotland,
liouuded on the N. by the Frith of Murray, on the E. by
Bamrt'shire, on the S. by a i>oint of Al)erdeenshirc, and by
luvernessshire, and on the VV. by that county and Nainv
shire. It extends from S. W. to N. E. about .50 miles, and
along the coast about 20. Some parts of it are hilly ; but
its soil, for the greatest part, is rich, and produces wircat.
MUS
y, oafs, and flnx. The principal rivcr»>re tne Spey,
^ndhcrn, Lossie, and Nairn, all which abound in salmon.
The ci)iiiity-t()wn is Elgin.
MU'SCADEL, or MUSCADINE, *. \muscadel, Fr.J a
kind of sweet grape, sweet wine, and sweet pear.
MUSCLE, {mussle).<!. [from initsculiis, Lat.] a fleshy, fibrous^
part of llie body of an animal, the organ or instrument of
motion. A bivalve shell (isli.
MUSCO'SITY, .f. [from »)i".vfi«f, moss, Lat. 1 mossiness.
MU'SCULAR, «. [from musctiliis, a muscle, Lat.] belonging
to the muscles ; performed by the muscles.
MUSCULARITY, s. the mialily which shews that a
tiling is of the n;iture of a muscle.
MU'SCULOUS, ff. [from imtscuhis, a muscle, Lat.J full of
nc.uscles; having; large and swelling muscles; brawny;
belonging to, or partaking of the nature of, a muscle.
MUSE, (miize) s. deep thought or study ; a close and
intense application of the uiiiiil lo any object. "With ad-
miration and deep mnse." Milt. A deity, supposed by the
heathens to preside over works of genius, and to aid the
writer in any particular branch of science, when addressed
to ; from 7)iiisa, Lat. The 3/itse.i were certain fabulous
divinities among the pagans, supposed to preside over the
arts and sciences. Some reckon no more than three of
them, viz. Mnemo, Aiede, and Melefe ; i. e. memory, sing-
ing, and meditation : but Homer and Hesiod reckon nine,
viz. Clio, which means glory ; Kuterpe, pleasing ; Thalia,
flourishing; Melpomene, attracting ; Terpsichore, rejoicing
the heart; Erato, the amiable; Polyhymnia, a multitude
of songs ; L'rania, the heavenly; and Calliope, sweetness
of voice. To Clio they attribute the invention of history ;
to Melpomene, tragedy ; to Thalia, comedy ; to Euterpe,
tlie use of the flute; to Terpsichore, the harp ; to Erato,
the lyre and lute ; to Calliope, heroic verse ; to Urania,
astrology ; and to Polyhymnia, rhetoric.
To MUSE, (m7i;rf) 11. ?i." [from Miisa; the Muses, Lat.J to
apply (he mind with intenseness to any subject ; to study
or revolve in the mind ; to be absent of mind ; to wonder.
MUsEFUL, {inu:ef'uT)tt. full of thought.
MU'SER, {muzer) s. a plodding person ; or one that thinks
intensely.
MU'SETTE, (iniizettc) s. [Ital. a diminutive, from musa,
Lat. a son".] a short air or song.
MUSE'UM, {maziiim) s. [from Miisa; the Muses, Lat.] a
name which originallji signified apart of the palace of .Alex-
andria, which took up at least one-fourth of that city. This
quarter was called the Museum, from its being set apart for
the Muses and the study of the sciences. Here wer^ lodged
and entertained the men of learning, who were divided into
many companies or colleges, according to the sciences of
which they were professors ; and to each of these houses or
colleges was allowed a handsome revenue. The foundation
of this establishment is attributed to Ptolemy Philadelphus,
who here placed his library. Hence the word Museum is
now applied to any place set apart as a repository for things
that have an immediate relation to the arts. The Museum at
Oxford, called Ashmolean Museum, is a noble pile of build-
ing erected for that purpose. And the Museuyn of the late
Sir Hans Sloane contains a noble and valuable collection of
the productjons of nature and art, and has been purchased
by the public for the b.enetit of the nation.
MUSHROOM, s. [muscheron, Fr.J in botany, the cham-
pignon. Botanists have enumerated 68 British species.
Figuratively, an upstart ; a person that rises to grandeur
♦rom a mean and poor birth.
MUSH ROOVi STONE, s. a kind of fossil.
MUSIC, {muzicJi) s. [from Mmtsa, the Muse, Gr.] one of
the liberal sciences, belonging to the mathematics, which
considers the number, time, and tune of sounds, in order to
make delightful harmony : the art of singing, and playing
upon all sorts of musical instruments.
MU'SICAL, (mnzieal) a. [I'r. from Mousa, the Muse, Gr.]
harmonious ; belonging to nmsic.
619.
Mur
MU'SICALLY,(miiitAaWi/)arf. harmoniously; with sweet
sound.
MU'SICALNKSS, {muzikalneu) the quality of sounding
sweetly, harmoniously, or melodiously.
MUSl'CIAN, {muzUliian) s. \^musieieti, Fr.] one skilled in
harmony, or who plays on musical instruments.
MUSK, s. [muse, i'V.J a dry, light, and friable substance,
of a dark, blackish colour, tinged with purple ; it is a per-
fume of a very strong scent, and only agreeable when in a
very small quantity, or moderated by the mixture of some
other perfume. It is found in a kind of bag or tumor, which
grows under the bellies of a tribe of animals which are
called musk anin\als or .musks. They bear some resem-
blance to the antelopes, kut have no horns. 'Jhey are
gentle but extremely timid. Some of them are as large as
a small deer, and others do not exceed the size of a rabbit.
Also the grape hyacinth, or grape flower, from muscu, Lat.
MU'SKCAT, s. the animal from which musk is got.
MUSKET, s. l^ntousqvet., Fr.J a fire-arm borne on the
shoidder, used in war, and, before (the invention of fire-
locks, fired by the application of a lighted match; at pre
sent the word is promiscuously used for a firelock or fusee.
A male hawk of a small kind, from musquelto, Ital. a small
hawk.
MUSKETF/ER, s. a soldier who carries a musket.
MUSKETO'ON, s. [mnsi/ueton, Fr.J a fire-arm, shorter
and thicker than a firelock ; a blunderbuss.
MU'SKINESS, s. the quality orscent of musk.
MUSKME'LON, s. a fragrant melon.
MU'SKY, a. fragrant ; sweet scented.
MUSLIN, {muzlin) s. [mousscHue, Fr.J a fine cloth msde
of cotton, and imported from India, Ac.
MU'SLIN, {miizlin) a. made of muslin.
MU'SROL, s. {muserole, l''r.J the nose-band of a horse's
bridle.
MUSSEL, s. in natural history, a fish with two shells, of
a dirtv bluish colour.
MUSSULMAN, s. [Arab.] a word used by the Maho.
metans to signify a true believer.
MUST, ifci !»(/)c)/. [m;M««, Belg.] obliged. It is of all
persons and tenses, used of persons and things, and i)laced
before a verb.
MUST, s.Unustum, Lat.J new wine, new wort.
To MUST, t?. «. [mu-s, stinking, Brit.] to give an ill scent
or stink to a thing, generally applied to casks. To make
mouldy. Neuterlv, to contract an ill scent, applies to ves-
sels that are not in use ; to grow mouldy.
MUSTA'CHES, s. [mustaches, Fr.] whiskers or hair grow-
ing on the upper lip.
MU'STARD, s. [/«K*(rt!(7,Brit.]a plant producing a smali
and warm seed ; sauce made of the flower of mustard-seed
mixed with water, cVc.
To WU'STF.K, t'. a. [mouslerm, Relj.] to review an army ;
to collect or bring together. Neuterly, to assemble, in or-
der to form an army.
MU'STER, s. a review of an array ; a register of forces
mustered ; a collection. " A muster of peacocks." To past
muster, signifies to be allowed. This word is used in com-
position.
MU'STERBOOK, s. a book in which the names of the
soldiers are registered.
MU'.STER1MASTER, s. one whosuperintends the muster,
to prevent frauds.
MU'STERROLL, s. a register of forces.
M U'STILY, ad. with an ill scent.
MU'STINESS, s. darapfoulness ; a bad scent.
MU'STY, a. mouldy; spoiled with dampness ; ill scent-
ed ; stale, spoiled with age. Figuratively, dull ; heavy ,
wanting activity or experience.
MUTABILITY, s. [from muto, to change, Lat.] the
quality of not continuing long in the same state. Incon
stancy or ficklness.
MU TABLE, o. [from mtrfo, to change, Lat.] changeable
inconstant, fickle or unsettled;
MY ft
MUTABLENESS, s. the qualify of clianging «oon or
orien.
MUTATION,*, [from »ju<u, tocliaiige, Lat.j the act of
cliaii^iiis; or ultcriiig.
MUTCHKIN, t. » liquid measure used in Scotland, con-
taiiiin;; four gills, and is the fourth part of a Scotch pint.
M U'l'E, II. [iHuliis, Lat.] siknt ; dunib ; unable to say any
thing. Synon. By Jinrte, is understood incapability of
speech ; by sitciit, a voliuitarj forbearance.
MUTE, s. one that cannot speak. In grammar, a letter
which caruiot be pronounced when by itself, when before a
liquid, or without a vowel. B, C, D, F, G, J, K, P, Q, T, V,
are nnjie* in the English alphabet.
MUTELY, ml. in a silent manner; without speech.
i"o MU'TILA'l'E, !>. II. [from niiiti/iis, broken, Lat.] to
deprive of some esseulial part or limb.
MUTILATION, s. [Tr. from niuiil,is, broken, Lat.J the
loss of any essential part or lind).
MU'TINE'ER, s. a person who causes or joins in sedi-
tion.
MUTINOUS, n. [miUinc, Fr.] seditious; turbulent;
resist iuR lawful authority.
MU'TINOUSLY, ml. in a seditious nuuuier.
MU'TINOUSNESS, s. the quality of causing sedition, or
disobeying lawful authority.
To MUT'INY, ». ?/. [wH/i.'if)-, Fr.] to rise against or re-
sist persons in authority ; to move sedition.
i\!U'TlNV,». tile act of resisting lawful authority; se-
dition.
To MUTrEll, !'. ji. [from )«»//", Lat.] to grumble ; to
nuirmur. Actively, to utter discontent in an imperfect
manner.
M U "ITER, i. a nuirnun-; or the act of expressing dis-
coiiteut in a low ami almost inarticulate voice.
M U'TFEllEK, *■. one that utters discontent in a low and
almost inarticulate voice.
MU"lTElUN(jliY, ad. expressing discontent witli a low
aiul inarticulate voice.
MU'TI'ON, i. |wiwu/oH, Fr.J the llesli of slieep. In ludi-
crous language, a sheep.
MUTUAL, a. \mmw.s, Lat.] reciprocal; acting so as to
perform the same action by turns.
JVIU'TUALLV, 111. ill leturn; reciprocally.
MIJTUA'LITY, s. reciprocation ; return.
MUZZLE, s. [vnixciiu, Fr.] the mouth of any thing; a
f.tstcniiig of thongs, to hinder a dog or other animal from
biting.
To .MUZZLE, V. 11. to bring the mouth near; to mouth.
" The bear )H»::/f» and snu'lls to him." L'EiUmige. Active-
ly, to bind the moutli ; to restrain from hart.
MY, /))"«. pns\issire. When the substantive follows, we
use my, and v, hen it goes before, jhi'ih', as likewise in an-
swering a (|uesl ion ; as, "This is )»!/ book." " This book is
tniiir." Whose book is this ? Answ. iUine.
MYNCHEN, ^. ISax.J a nun.
MYO'ORAPIIY, {nr/of^ri'f If) s. \i\om vv/s, a muscle, and
griij>liii, to write, (ir.] a description of the muscles.
MYO'LOGY, »■. [(roll! iin/s, a muscle and /(/,^"s, a discourse,
Gr.j thedescriplion and doctrine ol the muscles.
I\l Y'Ol'S, «. I from 7111/1), to shut, and ups, the sight, Gr.J a
IH'Soii w ho is sliorlsighted.
MY'Ol'Y, s. I from 7ni/<>, to shut, and o/is, ihc sight, Gr.j
shortness of sight.
MY'UlAD, s. [from nv/riits, Gr.] the number often thou-
sand. Figuratively, a greiit uuinber.
MY'HMIDON, s. [Gr.Ja rullian, so named from the sol-
diers of Achilles.
M YI'iO'lJAl^AN, *. [in;/iohfikiws,L'd\.]a (Iricd fruit, from
the East Indies, having a stone, kernel, and pulp, of an aus-
trre and acrid taste.
MYKOl'OLIST, i. Ifrom jiivroii, an oiuliiicnf, and pnlin,
to deal, fir. lonewho sells ointiiirnts.
M Y KU II, (iiiif) s. [mi/ii/ia, Lat. vii/tilie, Fr.J a vegetable
l)roducl of the gum-resIn kind, of a reddish brown colour,
with more or less of a mixture of yellow; its taste is bitter
and acrid, its smell strong ; it is brought from Ethiopia, but
till' tree which produces it k unknown.
MY'RRIIINE, a. |h;j,)i7/i)iim, _Lat.] made of ni,\rrhii)«
stones, in great repute among the autient Romans, but at
present unknown to us.
MY'RTIFOIIM, a. [from myrtus -dwi forma, Lat.J having
the shape of myrtle.
MYRTLE, s. [im/iiiis, Lat. myric, Fr.] a low fragrant
shnib with small leaves.
MYSELF, a leciprucul pronomi, [ininst/l/e. Sax.] used by
a person to shew ihut a thing relates to him only, exclusive
of any other.
MYSORE, a kingdom in the peninsula of Hindoosfan,
lately subject to Tippoo Sultan. ' It includes generally, be-
sides Mysore Proper, the countries of Bcdnoie, Coimbet-
tore, Canara, Dindigul, Meritz, Soonda, Chitleidroog, Har-
ponelly, Sanore, Bancapour, Uoydioog, Gooty, CoiuTanore,
Canoul, and (^nddapali. Its extent from N. to S. is near
MO miles ; its breadth in the widest place (the N. part of
the peninsula) 330 miles, but proceeding to the S. it dimi-
nishes, till it ends in a |)oint. The country in general is dry,
rugged, moniitaiiious, and barren, insoiiuich that suste-
nance for men and aniiuids cannot be raised upon it, but by
the most peiseveiiii.; industry. See SeRI NG AP ATAM.
MY'STAfi()(iUE, {myslri"iig) s. [from mysles, a mystic,
and «"•", to lead, (>r. ] one w lio interprets divine mysteries;
one wlio keeps relics, and shews them to strangers.
MYSTE'RIARCH, {nn/.iicriiirh) s. [from mysterinn, a
mystery and oic/ie, government, Gr.J one who presides ovei
niysteiies.
"MYSTIORIOUS, a. \myslerieux, Fr.] not to be compre-
hended or discovered by the human understanding ; artfully
perplexed.
MYSTERIOUSLY, ad. in a manner not to he discovered
by reason, or tobecomprehciidcd by the understanding; in
an okscuie or perplexed manner.
MYSTI'J'RIOUSNES!'?, s. that quality which renders any
truth ordoctrine above the discovery of reason, or compre-
hension of the uudei standing.
To MY STERIZE, e. «. to explain as enigmas.
MYSTERY, s. \mysien(>ii, from myco, to initiate, Gr.J
in its primary sense, originally used for some sacred rite or
doctrine communicated only to a few chosen persons by the
antient priests. A truth revealed by God, which is above
the power of our natural reason, either to lind out, or to
comprehend when it is revealed. Any thing artfully made
difhciilt'. A trade or calling: in the last sense it should be
written misleri/.
mystics; orMYSTICI, a kind of religious secf,d;stiu.
guished by lliei- professing pure, sublime, and perfect
devotion, with an entire disinterested love of God, free from
all seltisli considerations.
AnSTir, or MYSTICAL, a. {mysticus, Lat. from myo,
to imitate, Gr.J obscure, emblematic^al, or including secoud
or secret iiieaiiiiig under the form of a picture.
MYSTICALLY, nd. in a manner which conveys some
secret nieaiiin;,'.
MY'SI'lLLALNESS, «. the state of conveying some secret
meaning
M Y'f I lOLO'GIC AL, a. [from mytlm, a fable, and hijrot, a
diseoursp, (ir.j relating to the application or explanation of
fabulous historv.
MYTIIOLOGICALLY, ad. in a wanner suitable to the
system of failles.
' MYT!l()'LC)(;iS'F, v. [from myilm, a fable and h^ns,
a discourse, Gr.J one who explains the fables of the autient
heathiiis.
To !\n TIlO'LOf ;1ZE, V. v.{(\omm;ithiii, a fable and logos,
a discourse, (ii. j to rel.ito or explain the fibulous histoiies
of the llelllllens.
M\"I'1I0L()(;Y, t. I from nn/ilws, a fable and hgo$, a
dist'ourse, (ir.J a system of fibh'S ; an e xplaiialiiHl of ilie
fabhs or fabulous historv of the autient heathens.
(iUO
NAL
NAN
N.
NIS a liquid consonant, and semi-vowel ; tlietbirtecutii
Icdor in the Englisli alpliahot, liavins an invariabio
sound; after mit is ahrosl lost, as in lourlemn. In llie be-
ginning; of words or s\llal)ies, it suffers no consonant iinnie-
diatelj after it ; nor any before it, except/?-, A, and s, as in
gnaw, hiuir, snail, &c. In composition, before an /, h, ;»,
and m, ibc n is freijuently cban;,'ed into an m, and before an
/and /• into an / and r, according to tlie custom of tbe Ilo-
nians, as illicit, for inliciC ; itiiprcsx, ihr inpycss ; irrevcicnt,
for inreverent. When used for a numeral N stands for GOO,
and with a dash over it thus, n, for 000,000. In tiie abbre-
viations it is likewise used lor nmncro, or number, as No. V.
i.e. number 5.
N. M. (a contraction for nota lenc) mark well ; laiic no-
tice ; observe.
To NAB, ti. a. [yiappa, Swed.J to catch or seize unex-
pectedly. A low word.
NA BOB, s. the name of a viceroy or governor of one of
the provinces of the mogul's empire in Inilia. Vulgarly,
any person who has made a great fortune in India.
isA'DIR, s. [Arab.] in astronomy, is that point of the
heavens which is diametrically opposite to the zenilli, or
l)oint directly over oi" ''cads. The zenith and nadir are the
two |)oles of the hori«Oli
NAl'T'", s. a kind of tufted sea-bird.
NAG, s. [nag^e, Belg.] a small or young horse. In la
miliar language, a horse.
NAGl'OUR, the cai)ital of that part of Berar, a soubaTi
of the Deccan of Hindoostan, which is suliject to iMoodajce
Boonslah, the chief of the Eastern Mahrattas. It is a city
of niodi'rn dale ; but, though extensive and ponidous, is
poorly built ; and, excepting a small citadel of no strength,
is open and defenceless. It is 560 miles W. by S. of Cal-
cutta. I.at. 21. 8. N. Ion. 79. 46. E.
NA'IIUM, the seven! h of the twelve lesser prophets, a
native of Elkoshai, a little village of Galilee, the ruins of
which were still to be seen in the time of .St. Jerome. The
particular circumstances of this prophet's life are altogether
unknown.
NAIADS, J. [naiades, Gr. j in mythology, nymphs of the
fountains. .
NAIL, s. [tuFgal, Sax. mig-cl, Tent.] in anatomy, a kind of
JioHiy substance upon the ends of the fingers and toes; ta-
lons, or a horny substance at the extremity of the toes of
birds and beasts ; a spike of metal with a sharp point, and
sometimes a flat liead, used to fasten things together; a stud
or buss ; a measure containing two inches and a half. On
the nail, implies innnediately or without delay. " We wajit
our money nn the nail." Swift. •
ToNAIL, V. a. to fasten any thing with small spikes of
iron railed nails ; to stud with nails.
NA'ILEU, s. a nail-maker.
NAIRN E, a borough and sea-port town of Scotland, the
capital of a county of that name, seated on the Frith of Mur-
ray, 18 miles E. of Inverness, and 104 N. of Edinburgh.
NAIRN ESHIRE, a populous comity of Scotland, bound-
ed on the N. by the Frith of Murray, and inclosed on every
side by the counties of Inverness and Murray. Its extent
from N. to S. is about !'2 miles, and its breadth about ten.
The soil, though rocky, is fertile, and in general well cul-
tivated. It conta.ins several lakes, which abound in fish,
and some forests of firs. Nairne is the county town. .
NA'KED, a. [jincud. Sax.] without clothes or covering.
Fifjuralively, unarmed ; defenceless; unprovided. Plain, or
evident, apphed to truth. Mere ; bare ; simple ; without
auv additioiral circumstances.
NA'KEDLY, ail. without clothes, covering, or disguise.
NA'KEDNESS, f. the state of a jiersou without clothes or
covering; plainness; evidence; freedom from disguise.
NALL, s. [nKxl, Isl.J au awl made use of by collar-
makers.
NAME, s. [nnma. Sax. naevi, Bclg.j denotes a word
whereby men have agreed to express some idea ; or which
serves to signify a thing or subject spoken of. This the
grammarians usually call a noun, though their noun is not of
quite so great an extent as our womc. Names are either prrj-
per or appellative. I'roper names are those which represent
some individual tiling or person, so as to distinguish it from
all other things f)f the same species; as Cicero, which repre-
sents a certain orator. Appellative names are cither called
Christian, as those givrn in baptism, or surnames; the first
imposed for the ilistinctionof persons, answering the Roman
Prunumeii ; the second for the distinction of families, an-
swering to the Aimicn of the Romans, and the Patrow/mtcum
of the Cireeks. Figuratively, re|)utation orcharacter. Re-
nown ; honour or glory ; memory or remembrance. Power
given to a t)erson to act for another. Appearance, or an
assumcrl character. " In the mime of Brook."
To NAME, V. a. [nmnan. Sax.] to apply a word con-
stantly to distinguish a jterson or thing front others ; to men-
tion the word applied to any being ; to specify or distinguish
by menlioning the word applied to express any person or
idea ; to utter or mention. SynoN. We )(«>/»', to distin-
guisli in conversation ; we call, as for help, when wauled.
NA'MELESS, «. [narnleas, Sax.j having no word by
which it may be expressed ; one whose name is not known
or expressed.
NA'MI'JLY, ad. [ticienilivlt, nalimlicli, Belg.] particularly;
specially ; lo mention by name.
NA'MER, s. one that calls or knows any person or thing
by name.
NA'MESAKE, s. one that has the same name with ano-
ther.
NA'MPTWICII, a large, well-built town of Cheshire,
with very regular streets, and manufai lures of cotton (lately
established) and of shoes. It is seated on the river Weever,
near the Chester canal, which is finished here with a hand-
some broad basin, forming a kind of harbour. Here are
salt-springs, which lie on the banks of a fresh-water stream,
from which they make great quantities of fine white salt.
The principal dairies of Cheshi-re are about this town. It is
a great thoroughfare to Ireland, and is 26 miles S. E. of
Chester, and 162 N. W. of London. A large market on
Saturday, for corn, cattle, Ac.
N A'MUR, a city of the Netherlands, said to take its name
from an anticnt idol called Aam, supposed to be Neptune.
It has, or had, a very strong castle, built on the opposite side
of the Sambre, on a sharp rock, and defended by Fort Wil-
liam, and many other considerable forts, so as to be supposed
almost impregnable. It is seated at the confluence of the
Waese and Sambre, 26 miles S. W. of Liege. Lat. 50. 28.
N. Ion. 4. .53. E.
NA'MUR, a county of the Netherlands, one of the fen
catholic provinces, lying between the rivers Sandjre and
Maese It is pretty fertile ; has several forests, marble
quarries, and mines of iron, lead, and coal, and is about 30
miles in length, and 20 in breadlh. Nannn- is the capital.
NA'NCl, a large and handsome city, alternately capital
with Luneville of the department of Meurlhe. It contains
about .34,000 iidiabitanis, and is divided into the Old and
New Town, which are separated by a canal. The first,
though irregularly built, is rich and populous, and contains
the palace of the antient dukes of Lonain. The New Town,
whose streets are as straighl as a line, was already one of
the finest in Europe, before the magnificent works with
w hich Stanislaus I. titular king of Poland, and duke of Lor-
rain, enriched it. Before the revolution, it had an university,
an academy of sciences, and a medical college. It is 10
miles E. of Toul, and 20 S. of .Melz. Lat. 48. 42. N. Ion. G.
17. E.
N.A'NKING, or KiANGNiN,a city of China, capital of tlie
province of the Kiangnan, and formerly the imperial city.
It is the largest in China, being 17 miles in circumference,
and about 3 mdes distant from tlie great river Yang-tise-
Chianj;, from which canals are cut, so large, tiiat vessels
(?21
NAP
NAR
may enter the town. Tiiis place is greatly fallen from it*
antient splendour; for it had a magnificent palace, not a
vestige of wbicli is now to be seen, as well as temples,
tombs of tiie emperors, and other antient monuments. A
third part of the city is desolate, but tlie rest is extremely
populous, well inhabited, and full of business. Tlie streets
are narrow, but handsome and well paved, and on each side
are shops, neatly furnished. The public buildings are mean,
excepta few temples, the city gates, and the, famous tower
of porcelain, 200 feet high, and divided into histories, by
projections, Recovered with green vaniislied tiles. They
have several manufactures in silk and wool. The number
of the inhabitants is said to be 1,000,000, without compre-
hending the garrison of 40,000 men. Here the physicians
have their principal academy. It is scaled near the river
Yantsckiang, SOOmilesS. .S. E. ofPekin. Lat. 3i. 4. 2-thirds
N. Ion. 118. .5.3. E.
NA'NTE.S, an antient and pretty large city in the dept.
of Lower Loire. It is one of the most considerable places
in the empire, and contains the richest merchants. The
bridges over the river Loire, in which are some islands, ;ire
almost a league in length. The suburbs are so large, that
they exceed the city. The inhabitants are computed at
80,000. Before the revolution, here was an university, a
society of agriculture and arts, and a school of anatomy and
surgery ; and merchants also had commonly, on their own
account, more than 120 ships for Guinea, the French West
India islands, Spain, and the Spanish colonies ; indeed this
port, in respect of the slave trade, might, before that time,
be considered as the Liverpool of I'lance. Vessels were
fitted out here for the cod-fishery in N. America ; and
Nantes had a considerable share in (lie commerce with the
United States. A great quantity of salt is made in the ter-
ritory of Nantes, both at tlie Bay of Bourgneuf and in the
salt-marshes of Guerande and Croisic. Large vessels can
come no higher than Paimboeuf, w hich is some miles below
Nantes. It is 37 miles S. W. of Angers, and 217 S.W. of
Baris. Lat. 47. 13. N. Ion. 1.28. W.
NA'NTCHANG, a city of China of the first rank, capital
of the province of Kiangsi. It is fiSS miles S. of Pekin.
NANTWICH. SeeNAMPTWicH.
N.AN YA'NG, a city of China, of the province of Honan,
of the first rank. It is 4f>2 miles S. S. W. of Pekin.
NANYO'NG, a city of China, of the first rank, in the
province of Quantong. It is 902 miles S. of Pekin.
Nap, s. [/inerppim, Sax. J a sluml)er ; short sleep; the
soft or downy part of woollen cloth above the surface. In
botanv.lhe catmint.
To NAP, V. n. to .sleep ; to be drowsy ; to be in a state of
seeming security.
NA'PAUL, a" province of Hindoostan Proper, bounded
on tiic N. W. by Sirinagur ; on the N. E. and E. by the
niouutainoiis ridge ofHimnialeh, by which it is separated
from the Tiiibet; on the S. by B.diar, and on the W. by
Onde and the country of the Rohillas. Catmandu.is the
capital.
NAPE, s. the joint of the neck behind.
NA'PHTHA, s. [Lat.] a very pure, clear, and thin
mineral flii!d, of the bitmniuous kind, of a very pale yellow,
witli a cast of brown ; it is found floating on the waters of
springs, and is mostly used cxierually in paralytic cases.
NAPKIN,.?, linen used at table to lay in the lap, and
wipe the hands.
N.\'PLI';s, a kingdom of Italy, bounded on the N. W.
by ihe pope's territories; on the S. and W. by the Medi-
terranean; and on the E. by the Adriatic. Its greatest
length, from N. W. to S. E. is upwards of 300 miles, and
from N. !•). to S. W. from i)6 to 100 ; its breadth is variously
estiunited at frnm!J0to.30. It is divided into 12 provinces,
namely. Terra di Lavora, which was the antient (Campania
Felix, and of which Ihe city of Naples is Ihe capital ; Prin-
cipato C"iteriore and Ullerlore (hillierand farlhcr;) Molise;
Basilicata; Calabria Citeriore and Ulteriore; Abruzzo Ci-
teriore and Ulteriore • Capitanata ; Terra di Bari ; ainl
(i-i'i
Terra di Otranta ; the last three forming the antient Apu-
lia (now called Puglio) on the E.'sidf. of the kingdom. —
The climate is extreu)ely hot in summer ; but the most dis-
agreeable part of ihe climate is the firoc, or S. E. wind,
which is very common in spring, and is still more relaxing.
In winter there is seldom any ice or snow, except on the
mountains. On account of its fertility, the country has been
ternied a terrestrial paradise ; it abounds with all sorts ot"
grain, the finest fruits, and vegetables of all kinds, with
rice, fiax, oil, wine, saftVon, and niaima; poultry; game,
and fish, are also plentiful and cheap, ll afi'ords also' alum,
vitriol, sulphur, rock-crystal, marble, and several sorts of
minerals, togetlier with fine wool and silk. Besides these
products, waistcoats, caps, stockings, and gloves, are also
made of the hair or the filaments of a shell fish, which are
wanner than thoseof wool, and of a beautiful glossy green.
The principal mountains are the Apennines, which traverse
it from N. to S. and the celebrated volcano, Mount Vesuvius.
One of the greatest inconveniences to w hich this kingdom
is exposed, is eartliiniakes, which the eruptions of Mount
Vesuvius contribute, in some measure, to prevent. The
established religion is the Romish ; and the clergy and con-
vents possess two-thirds of the whole kingdom ; but the
Jews are allowed to settle here. The inhaliitants of this
country have, at all limes, borne bat an iiidifi'erent character
among other nations ; gluttony is here a predominant vice,
while instances ofebriety are said to be comparatively rare.
In the female sex the passion for finery is ahnost superior lo
any other; and chastity is not accounted tiie characteristic
virtue of ihe counlry. In 1734, the Spaniaids made them-
selves masters of Naples and Sicily, for the Infant Don Car-
los, and in 1736, Ihe emperor, by a formal instrument, ceiled
both these kingdoms to his heirs male and female, and in
default thereof to his younger brolhers and sisters. How-
ever, in the beginning of the year 18!»6, tliis dynasty was ex-
pelled by the French, wiio invaded this kingdom with a
powerful army, with the avowed intention of transferring
the Neapolitan throne to a French prince. Accordingly,
after llie sulijugation oftlie country, which wa« principally
eft'ecled in the month of February, Joseph Buonaparte was
created kingofNaples — but resigned the kingdom to Murat,
the brollicr-iu law of the French emperor, in June, 1808.
NATLES, the capital of the above kingdom, is 'one of
the finest cities in the world, is the see of an archbishop,
the seat of an nniversity, and is defended by thick walls
which surround it, regular bastions, strong lowers, deep
ditches, and fortified castles. It is about 15 miles in cir-
cumference, and has seven large suburbs, containing toge-
ther 300,000 inhabitants. The palace royal is a spacious
and convenient building ; but the most magnificent are the
cathedral and the chapel of St. Januarius, where they pre-
tend the blood ot'lhat saint is preserved. The airof Naples
is serene and healthy, and Ihe.winter mild. The harbour is
capable of containing 600 vessels, which may ride with
safety. It is 108 miles S. E. of Rome. Lat^ 40. 50* N.
Ion. 14. 2-1. E.
N.\PLIvSS, n. worn threadbare.
NATPINESS, n. the quality of having a nap.
N.ATPY, «. frothy ; spumy ; from mip ; whence apples
and ale are called lamb's wool.
NA'PT.\K1NG, s.a surprise, or unexpected seizure and
attack.
N.'VIIBARTII, a town of Pembrokeshire, in S. Wales,
with a nnuket on Wednesday. It is 12 miles N. E. of
Pend)roke, and 222 W. by N. of London.
NAUHO'NNE, an antient city in the depart, of Aude.
In ihe time of the Romans, it was Ihe capital of that i>art of
Gaul, called (JalliaNarbonensis, some Bonnni inscriptions,
in dilfereut parts ol'the city, are slill visible, and Ihe canal,
from .Ihe river Aude, through llie t-ily, to the Mediterra-
nean, was cut by them. Narboinie is famous for its honey.
It is .0 miles from the Mediterranean, and ?5 E. by S. of
Toulouse. Lat. 43. 11. N. Ion. 3. (!. E.
NARCISSUS,*. [Lat.j a daflodil.
NA S
NAT
NARCO'SIS, *. [from narhe, torpor, Gr.] a privation of
•ense.as in a palsy or by taking opium.
NARCOTIC, o. [from narhe, torpor, Gr.] procuring
sleep ; sf iipifying ; or causing stupefaction.
NAKCO'TICS, J. [from narke, torpor, Gr.] medicines
wliich talicaway the senses or stupify.
NARD, s. [from nardos, Gr. nardiis, Lat-l a fragrant oint-
ment called spikenard ; a sweet-scented shrub.
NA'RUABLE, a. [from nan-o, to relate, Lat.] capable of
being told or related.
To NARRATE, v. a. \iiarro, Lat.] to tell or relate.
NARRATION, s. [van-atio, Lat. J an account, relation,
Listory, or description of any action, or series ofactio?is.
NA'RRATIVL, a. [narratif, Vr.] relating ; giving an
account of facts as they happened ; fond of telling stories,
or relating things past. " Narrative old age." Pujie.
NA'RRATIVE, s. a relation ; an account or recital of a
fact as it happened.
NARRATIVELY, ad. by way of narrative.
N.'^RRATOR, i. \narraior, L'Ai. luirratciir, Fr.^ one that
relates any fact.
NA'RROW, {jwrrii) a. [jiearii. Sax.] of small breadth ;
containing a small distance from one extreme toaiiollirr.
Short, applied to time. Niggardly, or covetnus, applied to
the mind. Contracted ; ofcontined sentiin-jsit ; iingiMiorous.
Near, or within a small distance. " Miss'd so narruw."
Diyd. Close ; vigilant ; attentive. " Witlmorjit search."
To NA RROW, (narra) v. n. [nraruian, Sax.] to lessen
the breadth or width of a thing ; to shorten the space be-
tween any two things.
NA'RiiOWLY, {iiarr'fihi) ad. with small space between
the sides; of little breadth; contractedly ; without extent
or generosity of sentiment ; closely or attentively ; scarce-
ly ; in an avaricious or niggardly manner.
NA'RROWNESS, (jid^TuHCTs) s. having its extremities at
a small distance from each other. Want of extent or gene-
rosity, applied to the mind. INItanness, poverty, or a state
of uneasiness, applied to condition. Want of capacity, ap-
plied to the understanding.
NA'RWHALE, s. in zoology, a kind of whale, armed
with a strong liorn, whence it is called the sea-unicorn.!
NA'RVA, a townof Ingria, in Russia, in the government
of Revel. The houses are built of brick, stuccoed white;
and it has more the appearance of a German than of a Rus-
sian town. In the suburbs, called Ivangorod, or John's
Town, the stupendous remains of an antient fortress, built
by Ivan Vassilievitch the Great, impend, in a picturesque
manner, over the steep banks of the river. The principal
exports from it are hemp, flax, timber, and corn. Near it
is the celebrated spot where Charles XII. of Sweden, in his
12th year, gained a complete victory over the Russian army
m 1700. It is situated on the river Narova, 8 miles from its
mouth, in the Gulf of Finland, G8 miles S. W. of I'etersburgh.
Lat. 59. 23j. N. Ion. 28. 27. E.
NA'SAL, a. [from nasus, Lat.] belonging to the nose. In
grammar, pronounced through the nose.
NASICO'RNOUS, «. [from lutsus, the nose, and comu, 'a
horn, l^at.] having a horn on the uose. " JSarsieoruous bee-
tles." Broun.
NA'SSAU, a very fertile county in the W^ettciau, circle of
Upper Rhine, containing mines of iron, copper, and lead.
The princes among whom this country was divided, were,
Nassau Weilburg, Nassau Saarbruck Usingen, and Nas-
sau Saarbruck Saarbruck. The town of Nassau is seated on
the river Lahn, 22 miles N. W. of Mcnlz. Near it, on a
high mountain, facing the town, formerly stood Nassattber-
gra,a place of very great antiquity, and tlie original house
of the Nassau family, but now a fief of Treves.
NA'STILY, ad. in such a dirty, filthy, or polluted manner,
as to raise nauseousness.
NA'STINESS, s. the quality of being so dirty and filthy
as to raise nauseousness. Obscenity, grossness, applied to
word and ideas.
NA'STY, 0. [natt, wet, Teut.] .-aising disgust from dirt ;
nauseous; filthy. Figuiatively, obscene, or lewd, applied
to language.
NA'TAL, a. [naialis, from nascor, to be born, Lat. J native ;
relating to the time when, or place where, a peri>on was
born.
NATATION, s. [nntniio, Lat.] the act of swimming.
NATHLESS, ad. [nutheiess. Sax.] nevertheless ; .not-
withstanding; Jiot the less. " Nal/ilets, he so endur'd."
Par. Lost.
NATION, (nash'ati) s. \rwtio, Lat.] u considerable number
of people inhabiting a certain extent of ground, and under
the same government ; a government or kingdom.
Z NA"J'10NAL, (nds/iuiml) a. [nationel, Er.J public, general,
opposed to particular ; bigoted to one's country ; confined
to a particular country.
NATIONALLY, (nashYmaUy) ad. as a nation ; gene*
rallv.
NA'TIONALNESS, {iiaMnalness) s. reference to the
people in general.
N.'\TIVE, a. \iiatirus, from nascor, to he born, Lat.] pro-
duced by nature ; natural, opposed to artificial; agreeable
to nature ; belonging to the time or place of a person'*
bii til ; original, or that from which a thing is made origi-
nally.
Native, ^ . one bom in any place ; an original inhabi-
tant ; otl'spriiig.
NA'TIVENESS, J- the quality of being produced by na-
ture, opposcfl to artificial.
N A'i'i'\ ITY, J. [iintivite, Fr. from nascor, to be born, Lat.'^
birth ; time, place, or manner of birth ; the state or place
of being produced.
NA'IO'LIA, or Anadoli, a country formerly called
Asia Minor; the most western part of Turkey in Asia ; it is
a large peninsula, extending from the river Euphrates, as
far as the Archipelago, the Sea of Marmora, the Darda-
nelles, and the straits of Constantinople, wliich separate it
from Europe on the W. It is bounded on the N. by the
Black Sea, and on the S. by the Mediterranean. In its mo-
dern division it comprehends the provinces of Anatolia,
Caraniania, Amasia, and Aladiilia. Antiently it contained
Bithynia, Paphlagonia, Galatia, Phrygia, ftlysia, Eoliaj
Ionia, Lydia, Caria, Doris, Pisidia, Lycia, and Paniphylia.
It is now governed by a beglerberg,',who resides at Kiutaja,
under whom are several sangiacks. The air is temperate
and wholesome, the soil, in general fertile, and the com-
merce considerable, particularly in carpets, leather, drugs,
cotton and silks. It is crossed by a chain of mountains, for-
merly called Taurus, from E. to"W. and watered by a great
number of rivers.
NATRON, *. in natural history, a brownish kind of salt
taken out of certain lakes in Egypt.
NATURAL, s. [iKiturcl, Vr.iiatitrnlis, from natitva, nature,
Lat.] produced or eflected by nature. In law, illegitimate,
begotten by parents not joined in wedlock. Bestowed by
nature, applied to the faculties of the mind. Unaffected ;
according to truth and reality. Proceed ing from natural
causes, opposed to violent ; as, " .-\ natural death." Aatu-
ral functions are those actions whereby the aliments are
changed and assimilated so as to become a part of the
body. Aatiiral History is a description of the iiroduc-
tions of the earth. Isnturnl inclinations are the tendencies
of onr minds towards things seemingly good. Natural p/ii-
losop/n/ is that which considers the powers and properties of
natural bodies, and their mutual actions on one another.
NATURAL, s. a person who has not the use of rea-
son.
NATURALISM, s. the doctrine whicJi accounts for the
phainomena and creation of the world from the operation of
nature, exclusive of a supreme intelligent Creator, separate
from, ami the author of, matter.
N.-VTURALIST, s. a uerson who studies and is versed in
the works of nature
NATURA LIZA'TION, *. the act of giving foreigners the
privileges oi natives.
023
NAU
NE A
To NATURAI^IZI'", v. ». to adopt into a community, or
<n>Tsr wiili ilie privileges of native subjects; to fauiiliarize ;
to make oasy, as if tau};lit by nature.
NA'TUltAl^LY, ad. without instructioii, or being taught ;
by the impulses of unasiisted nature ; accoriliiij; to nature;
tt!ihout aflcctalidii ; spimlaneously.
NATUllALNESS, s. the slate (if beins given or produ-
ced by nuture ; conformity to truth, reahty, or the nature
of'hinss.
NATUIll'", s. \imtura, from nascor, to be born, Lai.] the
system of the world ; tlie niachint of the universe ; life as-
sembhige of all created beini;s. " Most beautiful thing \'.\
nature." (j'lmw. A distinct siiccics orkind of being. "Iliniian
luUiD-e." The essential properties of a thing, or that by
wh'cli it is distinguisiied from all others. " Man par-
tici|)ating of both vaiio-es." Hair. 'I'lie established order
and course of material things ; tiie serios of second causes,
or the laws whicli God has impressed on matter. "JVly
end was wrought by nnhire." Slink. The constitution, or
an aggregate of the powers of an animal body. "A'adicf being
oppressed." Shr.k. The fctiim of Providence, or that
spiritual power ditfused ihrougliout the creation, which
moves ind acts in all bodies, and gives them certain pro|)cr-
ties. Figuratively, disposition of mind, or temper. " Whose
«n«Hre is so far from doing harm." Sliah. Natural affection
and reverence, or the principles implanted in lis by the
deity. " Have we not seen the sun — through violated ««-
ture force his way." Pope. Sort, kind, or species. " A dis-
pute of this nnCure." Dn/il.
NAl'U'RITY, J. the state or quality of being produced
by nature.
N\'VAL, a. [navalis, from »irt!'i>, a shi[), Lat.] consisting
of ships ; belonging to ships.
NAVA'Kl'.E, a country of Europe, and formerly a king-
doin, lying partly in France and partly in .Spain, and di-
vided intotiie Upper «ud Lower. Tlic L'pper, which belongs
to Spam, extends about 54 miles in length, and 45 in breadlli.
The air is iiioro mild, temperate, and Kholesonie,tluiu in the
neighbouring provinces of Spain ; and, though a mountain,
ous coiuitry, it is pretty fertile, aliouiuling in good corn, ex-
cellent wine, venison, and wild fowl, good pastures, exceed-
ingiy well stocked with sheep and goats ; and also in iron
mines. Lower Navarre is subject to France, and now
forms tlie department oi the Lower Pyrenees. It is separated
from Sfjanish Navarre by the Pyrenees, and is a mountain-
ous barren country, about 20 miles in length, and 12 in
breadth.
N-WE, .'. fnaf. Sax.] the middle part of a wl-cel, in which
the axle moves, and the spokes are fixed ; the middle or
body of a church, from iiavis, nnre, old Fr.
NA'VEL, s. [iinf'elit, or nnrtla. Sax.] a point in the mid-
dle of the belly, by which itdants conununicate with, and
before their birth are nouri^lunl by, their niotliers. Figura-
tively, the inward part or middle.
NAVFJXiA'Lfy, in farriery, a bruise on the top of the
chine of the back, behind the saddle, right against tlie navel,
occasioned '?ithcr by the saddle being s|)lit behind, or the
stufhng being wanting, or by the crupper buckle sitting
<lowii in that place, or some hard weight or knobs lying di-
rectly behind the saddle.
NA'VEI>WORT, t. a plant, called also wall-peiniywort,
and kidnevwort.
NA'VEW, «. a kind of cabbage, found on ditch-banks,
and among corn.
N.AU'i'KAOE, I. [n/iijfrn/riiim, from vavis, a ship, ail(.i
franirn, to break, Lat. J shipwreck.
H\\JiiW'Y,(,mut) a. {nakt. Sax.] bad ; worthless. "Thy
sister's wmbIiI." Shah.
NAl'filiT, (ii(o.()*. nothing. IrMproporly written noup^hl.
N.\U'(;MTILY, (»nu<<7(/) jorf. badlv ; viciously; wicked-
ly ; torruptlv.
NAU'^iiri'INESS, (itai'iiiufsi) s. [mlitinai, Sax.] dcpra-
Tity ; a slight degree of wickedness.
634
N.\U'GHTY, {nn{,hj)'a. bad; vicious; wicked; cof.
rupt.
NAVTCULAIl, n. [from navis, a ship, Lat. navienlaire, Fr.]
formed like a ship, applied to llie third bone in each foot,
situated between the astragalus and ossa cuueiforiiiia.
N.\'VIGAI5Lfi, rt. [from 7miifro, to sail, Lat. J capable of
being passi'd bv ships or boats.
NA V l(iA15f,KNKSS, s. the quality of being capable ta
be passed bv ships or boais.
To NAVIGATE, v. u. [from wnii>, a ship, Lat.] to sail J
to pass in a vessel. Actively, to pass over in a ship t-r
boat.
NAVIG A'TION, s. [Fr. from jir.vign, to sail, Lat.] the act
of passing by water; the art or act of conducting any
vessel by water from one place to another, the most co:«-
modious wav.
NAVIGATOR, s. [nnvif^ntenr, Fr. from nartgo, to sail,
Lat.] a sailor, or person who passes from one place to ano-
ther bv water ; one that works a ship.
N.\ VIGATOHS- ISLANDS, a cluster of Islands in the S.
Pacific Ocean. The inhabitants are very stont,and account-
ed a handsome race of men, scarcely one to be seen among
I hem less tiiaii six feet high, the women delicately beautiful;
their canoes, houses, \c. well constructed ; and they are
much more advanced in internal policy and order than any
of the islands in this ocean. They are sunoumled by a coral
reef; but boats may land with great safety. Lat. 14. 19. Si
Ion. lf!9. 0. W.
NAULAGE, s. \imiilum, from navis, a ship, Lat.) the
freight of passengers in a ship.
NAU'M.\CHY, s. [iin.imaeliie, Fr. from Jiauf, a sh<p, and
maclie, a fight. Gr. | a nu.ck sea-tight.
To NAUSEATK r. a. [nnusen, Lat. J to loathe ; to rcjecj
with disgust ; to aflecl with loathing. Neuterly, to grow
Sfiiieamish ; In turn awav w'lli disgust.
NArSI'OrS, a. disgiibtful sloalhsome.
NA U'SEOtJ'^LY, «(/. in such a manner as to cause loath-
ing or disgust.
NALSEOUSNESS, j. the quality which causes loathins
and disgust.
NAUTIC, or NAUTICAL; n.ffrom nauta, a sailor, Lat.]
belonging to sailing, or sailors.
NAUTILI'S, s. [Lat. I a shell fish in the Mediterranean,
which moves with something resembling oars and a sail.
NAVY, *. [from imiis, a ship, Lat.j a fleet or collection
of ships, generally applied lo men of war.
iVAY, nil.[7,a, .Sax. I a woid nsetl lo imply deji'al or re-
fusal. What is still more — used in amplification. "Yea,
when absent ; nav, wlien dead." B. Junson.
NA YLAND, orNEYLAND, a town of Suffolk, with a
rnanufacture of soap, bays, and says. It is seated on the
river Stour, which divides it from Esses, (3 miles N. of C-^i-
chester, 10 S. W. of Ipswich, and 50 N. E. of London. Mar-
kef on Friday.
NA'YWORD, J. a refusal. A by word. A watch-word.
NA'Z.'\RETH, a town of Palestine, in Syria, .Asia, famous
for being the residence of our Lord and Saviour Jesus
Christ in the early part of his life. It is greatly reduced hi
size. Lat. :i2..3o'. N. Ion. ;35. 20. E.
NA'/AKrrE,or NAZARENE, in the Old Testament, ii
nse<l for a person disliiiguislied and separated from fli«
rest, by something extraordinary, either his sanctity, dignity,
or vows.
ToNl'.AL, (tifcl) 1'. rt. [<)nff7n». Sax. I to temper by heat-
ing aiul cooling gradually. Neuterly, to be tempered by
fire.
NEAP, (iteep) a,[nepfioil, Sax.] low; decreasing:, applied
only to the tide, and sometimes used as a substantive.
^'eap-liiles are those which happen when the moon is aboii*.
or ■24 days old.
NEAR, (neer) prep, [ner. Sax. naer, 13cljj. and Scot.] at a
small di.stancc from ; close to.
NEAR, ad. almost at hand ; not far off. After go, not to
NF.C
NKO
naiil much, or not far off. " It will go near to ruin him."
Spec.
NEAR, a. not far off; advanccil towards the end ofa design
or undertaking; affecting; dear. " Of so great and near con-
cerinnent." Lr.che. Inclining to covctousness. " Ancnrnian."
(■• NE'AllLY, ("c''/y) ad. at no great distance; affcctingly ;
pressingly ; closely, used witli concern. In a niggardly
manner.
NK'ARNESS, {neimess) s. the tjuality of being at a small
distance, or almost close to, applied to situation. Alliance
of blood or affection, applied to relations or friends. Too
great care of money, applied to expense.
NEAT, (iieet) s. [Sax. ««»«, Isl. and Scot.] black cattle and
oxen, used collectively ; a cow or ox.
NI'JAT, {neet) a. [net, Fr.J made witi) skill and elegance,
but void either of splendour or dignity; cleanly. In trade,
pure; unadulterated; not spoiled by foreign mixtures.
Neat or net product, is that which is gained after all expenses
are paid.
NEATH, a town of Glamorganshire; seated on a river
of-the same name, over which is a bridge, where a number
of small vessels come to load coal. In the neighbourhood
are iron forges, extensive tin works, smelted works for
copper, and many coal mines. A navigable canal 12 miles
in length lias been lately cut from hence to the county of
Brecon. It is situated near tiie Bristol Channel, 32 miles
N. \V. of Llandaff, and 200 VV. by N. of London. Markets on
Wednesday and Saturday.
NE'ATHERD, (iieitherd) s. [ncathyrd, Sax.] one that keeps
black cattle.
NEATLY, (neitlij) ad. in a cleanly manner ; in such a
manner as discovers skill and elegance, free from pomp, and
without dignify.
NE'ATNESS, (neetncss) 3. spriiceness ; elegance, without
pomp, affectation, or dignity ; the quality of being free from
adulteration.
NEB, *. I neiJe, Sax ] nose ; beak; mouth.
NE'BULA, s. [Lat.J an appearance like a cloud in a hu-
man body ; a film on the eye.
NE'BULOUS, a. [from nebula, a mist, Lat.] misty;
cloudy.
NECESSA'RIANS, j. those who are advocates for the
uoctrine of philosophical necessity.
NE'CESSARIES, «. such things as a person cannot live
without ; things necessary for the support of life.
NE'CESSAUILY, ad. indispensably ; by inevitable con-
sequence.
NE'CESSARINESS, s. that quality of a thing which ren-
ders it such that it cannot be without it.
NE'CESSARY, a. [from necesse, necessary, Lat.] that
which must be indispensably done or granted ; that without
which a thing cannot exist; imnelled by an irresistible
principle ; conclusive ; followed by inevitable conse-
quence.
To NECE'SSITATE, v. a. [from necme, necessary, Lat.J to
make necessary ; to deprive of choice ; to compel by irresis-
tible force.
NECESSITATION, *. the act of making necessary, or
compelling in such a manner as cannot be resisted.
NECE'SSITOUS, a. oppressed with want or poverty.
NECE'SSITOUSNESS, s. poverty ; want of things essen-
tial to the support of life.
I. NECE'SSITUDE, s. [from necesse, necessary, Lat.] want ;
need.
NECESSITY, s. [from necesse, necessary, Lat.] irresistible
power ; the state of neing free from dispensation or choice ;
a state of poverty, or want of those things without which
life cannot DC supported ; irresistible force of arguments or
inevitable consequence.
NECK, i. [neck, Belg. hneca. Sax.] that part of the body
which supports the head, and is between it and the body. A
long, narrow part. "A neck of land." Bacon. On the neck,
njeans immcaiately after, from one following another
clOGClf.
4 L
NE'CKCLOTH, s. a piece of linen worn round the neet;.
NE'CKLACE, s. a string of beads or jewels worn by waj'
of ornament round a woman's uecff.
NE'CROMANCER, s. [from •ne/irus, dead and mantis, a
soothsayer, Gr.] one that convcfies with ghosts, or reveals
secret things by means of the dead ; a conjuror.
NE'CROMANCY, s. [from nekros, dead and mar.Ui, a
soothsayer, Gr.j the art of revealing future events by con
versing with the dead ; ench?.ntuient.
NE'CTAil, s. [Gr] a liijuor said to be drunk by
the gods, and that whoever drank of it should be iunnorlul.
NE'CTARED, a. tinged, uiiuglcd, or abounding vjith
nectar.
NECTA'REOUS,«. [from nektar, the drink of the gods,
Gr. nectnrcus, Lat.] resembling nectar ; as sweet as nectar.
NE'CTAIIINK, s. [Fr. from nchlar, the drink of the gods,
Gr.J a delicious fruit of the plum or peach kind.
NEi')D, s. [ncod, Sax. unud, Bclg.] a pressing difficulty ;
want ; distressful poverty ; want of any thing useful or ser-
vicfable.
To NEED, V. a. to want; to require ; to be in want of.
Ncutrrly, to be wanted, or necessary.
NEE'DER, s. one that wants, or cannot do without a
thing.
NEE'DFUL, n. necessary ; not to be done without; in-
disperisablv requisite.
NEE'DPULLY, nd. in such a manner as to benecessaryj
NEE'DFl LNESS, *. the quality of being necessary to au
effect or end.
NEEDHAM, a town of Suffolk, with some trade in Suffolk
blues and cloths; the poorer sort of women are employed
in spinning and weaving bonelacc. It is seated on the river
Orwell, 10 miles N. \V. of Ipswich, and 73 N. E. of Londoa,
Market on Wednesday.
NEE'DINESS, s. the quality of being in want of things
essential to the support of life.
NEEDLE, s. [nudi. Sax.] a small slender piece of steel,
used in sewing; the small steel bar, which points toward*
the north in tlie sea-compass.
NEE'DLKS, two sharp-pointed rocks at the N. W. end
of the Isle of Wight, so called from their sharp extremities.
Lat. 50. 40. N. Ion. 1. 29. W.
NEE'DLEFISH, s. a kind of sea-fish.
NEE'DLEFUL, s. as much thread as generally is used
with a needle.
NEEDLER, or NEE'DLEMAKER, s. a person that
makes needles.
NEE'DLEWORK, s. any work performed with a needle ,
embroidery.
NEE'DLESS, «. unnecessary ; not requisite ; not wanted.
NEEDLESSLY, ffrf. without obligation or necessity.
NEE'DLESSNESS, i. the quality of being unnecessary.
NEEDS, ad. [nedes. Sax. J necessarily ; by irresistible
force orcompulsion ; indispensably.
NEE'DY, a. distressed by poverty; wanting the neces-
saries of life.
NE'ER, a contraction of Never.
To NEESE, (neeze) v. n. [riyse, Dan.] (o flischarge breath
violentiv, and by a convulsive motion, through the nose.
NEFA'RIOIJS, a. [from nefus, wickedness, .Lat.] exces-
sively wicked. In law, unlawful.
NfiGATION, s. [>ieo-ntio, from nego, to deny, Lat.] denial,
opposed to athrmation or assent. Refusal, opposed to
consent. The absence of that which does not naturally
belong to the thing we are speaking of, or which has uo
right, obligation or necessitv, to be present with it.
NE'GATIVE, a. [nesntieiis, from iie^o, to deny, Lat.]
denying, opposed to attirming. Implymg the absence of
something; having the power to withhold, though not to
compel.
NE'GATIVE, s. a proposition by w hich something is de-
nied. In graminar< a particle made use of to imply dcnii.l
as, not.
NEl
NES
NE'GATIVELY, m!. with denial; in the form of a
denial.
To NEGLE'CT, r. a. [iiedigo, Lat.] to omit by careless-
ness ; to refuse ; to treat with scornful heedlessness ; to post-
pone something that should be done.
NEGLE'CT, s. \ueglectiui, from 7(fg-7ig-o, to neglect, Lat.]
inattention ; careless treatment, or scornful heedlessness ;
omission of something which ought to be done.
NEGLE'CFER, .«. one who wilfully, scornfully, or heed-
lessly, omits doing something which he ought to do.
NRGLE'CTFUL, rt. heedless; omitting through scorn,
heedlessness, or inattention.
NEGLE'CTFULLY, arl. so as to omit some duty for
want of attention or caution ; treating in a cold and indif-
ferent manner.
NE'GLIGENCE, t. [Fr. negligentiny from negligo, to neg-
lect, Lat.J the habit of omitting some duty by heedless^
ness, or want of attention ; want of career caution.
NE'GLIGENT, a. [Fr. negligens, from negligo, to neglect,
Lat.J careless ; heedless ; inattentive, scornfully regardless.
NEGLIGENTLY, ad. in a careless, heedless, or unexact
manner.
To NEGOTL-\TE, (negisriiatc) V. n. [.tegocier, Fr. from
negoiium, ^business, iLat.] to carry on the trade of a mer-
chant ; to trartic ; to enter into treaty with a foreign state ;
to pass a bill or draught for money.
NEGOTIATION, {riegoihidsiwu) s. a treaty of business;
a treaty with a foreign state.
NEGOTIATOR, (negoshiiUor) s. Uiegotiaterr, Fr.] one
employed to treat with others; one that transmits or pays
away bills drawn on foreigners.
NEGO'TI.\TING, (?if^us//i«//ni;)par<. employed in treat-
ing witli others ; passing bills drawn on foreigner.?.
NEGRO, *. [Span.] a blackmoor.
NE'GROLAND, or Nigritia, a country of Africa,
which lies between 18 deg. W. and 1.5 deg. E. longitude,
and between 10 deg. and 20 deg. of N. latitude, the great
i-iver Niger running through it. It is bounded by Zaara, or
til ; Desert, on the N. by unknown countries on the E. by
Goiinea on theS. viud by the Atlantic Ocean on the W.
NE'GROPON']', an island of I'urkey in Europe, near 100
miles long, and from 8 to IG brond. It abounds exceedingly
in corn, wine, oil, fruits, flesh, fish, and fowls, and provi-
sions are very cheap. It has a Greek archbishop's see.
The captain-bashaw resides here, who commands tlie whole
island. The I'ridge reaches from the city to the continent,
across the Si rait of Negropont ; the irregularities of which
has baffled the researches of both antients and moderns, to
.iccount for it satisfactorily. In the first eight days of the
month, viz. from the 14th to the 20th, and also in the three
Jast days, the tide is regular both in its ebb and in its flood ;
out on the other days, tiie ebb and flood return 10, 11, 12,
1.3, and even 14 times within 24 or 26 hours. Lat. 38. 30.
N. Ion. 24. 8. E.
To N I'.IGH, (riey) v. n. Ikmtgah, Sax.] to make a noise like
a horse or mare.
NEIGH, {ney) s. the noise made by a horse.
NEI'GHBOUR, {n'qihtr) s.\npligrhur. Sax.] one whc lives
»ear to another ; one familiar to another ; any thing situated
ucar ornext to another ; intimate; confidant. In divinity,
one partaking of the same nature, and therefore intitled to
goorf offices.
To NEIGHBOUR, v.c. to adjoin to; to confide on; to
hC'lMaJnt with ; to make near to.
NErGI-lBOUKHOOD, {,ii;itwrlui<l)s. [yiAgchvrliach, Sax.j
a place situated nvar another ; the state nf being near to
each other ; those that live near one another.
NEIGH HOURLY, (najhml,/) ad. in the maimer of a
neii^hbonr ; in a social and civil iranner.
NEISSE, acity and principality of Prussian Silesia. The
bishop of Breslaw generally resides here, and has « magnifi-
cent pi.lace. The ai? is very wholesome, provisions are
i<iciip, and the iidiabilanfs carry on a considerable trade iu
C2C
linens and wine. It is seated on the river Neisse, 44 mile*
S. of Breslaw. Lat. 50. 19. N. Ion. 17. 36. E.
NEITHER, eotij. sometimes pronounced ntther, and by
others nether ; \nawther. Sax.] not either. Wlieii used in tlie
first branch of a negative sentence, it is answered by nor. —
" Fight neither with small %or great." 1 Kings xxii. 31.
Sometimes it is used as the second branch of a negative seiv
teuce ; as, " Ye shall not eat of it, neither shall ye couch it."
Gen. iii. 3. Sometimes it follows a negative at the end of a
sentence, and often, though not graniiilatically, yet emplia-
tically, after another negative. " Mcr come not to the
knowledge, till they come to the use of reason, nur ihev
neither." Locke,
N EITHER, pron. not either , cot one nor the other ; no*
this nor that.
NE'LSON, an English settlement in North America, on
theW. side of Hudson's Bay, seated on the mouth of^lhe
river Nelson, 600 miles N. W. of Rupert-fort, and 250 S. E,
of Churchill-fort. It belongs to the Hudson s Bay Coio-
pany. Lon. 91.5. W. lat. o7. 25. N.
NEO'PHYTR, s. [Fr. from neos, new, and phijo, to gene-
rate, Gr J one regenerated ; a convert.
NEOiERlC, «. [neotericus, Lat. from neos, new, Gr.]
modern ; novel ; late.
NEOTS, St. a town of Huntingd'onshire, with a market
on Thursday. It is 17 miles W. S. W. of Cambridge, and
51 N.N. W. of London.
NEPE'NTHE, s. [from ne, without, and penthos, sorrow,
Gr.] in antiquity, a magic potion or opiate, which rendered
persons insensible to, or made them forget all their pains
and grief.
NEPHEW, (iwuCTt) s. [««!)«(, Fr.] a brother or sister's son.
NEPHRITIC, {nefritic) a. [from nephros, tile groin, 3r.
nephriticus, Lat.] belonging to the kidneys, reins, or vessels
that convey the urine; troubled with the stofie; good
against the gravel and stone.
NETOTISM, s. [nevoti:me, Fr. from «rnos, a grandson or
nephew, Lat.] fondness for nf phews. This word is chiefly
used to express the extravagiut power given by the rulijig
popes to their nephews, or other relations, hi ecclesiastical
aflairs.
NEPTUNE, *. in mythology, the god of the sen. He was
the brother of Jupiter and Pluto, and the son of Saturn and
Ops. He is rejjresented riding upon the waves, armed with
a trident, and sitting in a chariot drawn by sea-horses.
NEPTUNIAN, ». iu geology, belonging to Neptune or
the sea.
NERVE, s. [ttervns, Lat. nerf, Fr.] in anatomy, a ronnd,
white, long body, like a cord, com|posed of sevei-al threads
or fibres, deriving its origin from the brain or spinal mar-
row, and distributed through all parts of the body, serving
as the organ of sensation or motion, and supposed by some
anatomists to contain a .juice called the animal spirits, or
seme electrical fluid, by means of which the impression of
objects is conveyed instantaneously to the brain, or the soul
resident therein. A sinew or tendon. In poetry, any thing
which gives strength or is essential.
NE'RVELESS, «. faint ; without strength ; weak.
NE'RVOUS, a. [from nerviis, a nerve, Lat.] well .strung ;
strong; vigorous; relating to the nerves ; having its seat in
the nerves. Having weak or disordered nerves, in medical
cant.
NE'SCIENCE, s. [from rw'a negative particle, ami irno,
to know, Lat.] ignorance ; the state of not knowing." Sat
down in a i)rofessed nescience." Glanvillc.
NESS, a termination, added to an adjective, by means ol
which it is changed to a substantive, signifying slate or qiut-
lity in the abstract. Thus goitdh changed '\\\\.ri goodness.
When used at the ends of the names of places, it is deri-
ved (mm ticie. Sax. ^a nose, promontory, orlieadland; as,
Inverness.
NEST, :<. [Sax.] a bed or reposilotv formed by a bird oi
fowl, for laying, hatching, and feeding her young in; any
NEV
NEW
place where animais are prcn!uced ; the younfjofancst. A
receptacle or place of residence. " A »w»< of royiies." A
collection of drawers, lioxes, or pocl<ets, that comuiuiiicatc
with eacli other, or l)elotis to the same i'rame.
To NKST, V. n. to build nests.
NE'STECIG, ^. an egf; left in the nest to keep the hen
from forsaking it.
To NE'STLE, v. n. to settle, harbour, or lie close and
snuff hke birds in a nest. Actively, to iunise, as in a nest ;
to cr.erish, as a bin! does her young in a nest. " She like
his mother nestles him." C'hipmim.
NE'STLING, s. a bird just taken out of the nest.
NET, J. \net, Sax.] a texture woven or knit \\\\\\ large
interstices, or meshes, used as a snare for birds, fishes, &c.
Any tiling made with interstitial vacuities.
NETIIER, a.\jiteolher. Sax.] lower, opposed to upper;
situated in a lower place, or in the infernal regions.
NETHERLANDS, antiently called Bcl^ia, but since de-
«ominated Low Countries, or A't</;«7nMf/s, from their low si-
tuation, are situated between 2 and 7deg. of E. Ion. and be-
tween 60 deg. and 53 deg. .30. min. of N. lat. 'I'liey con-
sisted formerly of 17 provinces; lOof which were called the
Austrian and I'Vench Netherlands,and the other 7 the United
Provinces. They are now however entirely in the possession
of the French, who have formed them into departments, and
annexed them to France.
NETHEllMOST, a. the superlative of nether ; lowest ;
below any thing that it is compared with.
NE1TING, s. a piece of net-work.
NETTLE, s. [iietel. Sax.] a stinging herb.
To NE'TTLE, v. a. to sting, irritate, or provoke.
NETWORK, s. the work with which a net is made;
any thing made with interstices resembling the meshes of a
net.
NETER, ad. [nafre. Sax.] at no time, either past,
present, or to conie ; in no degree. " Never the ^^orse."
None, or not a single one. " He answered him to never a
word." Matt, xxvii. 14. Johnson observes that this word
is used in a form of speech, which though handed down
by the best writers, and but lately censured, is justly
reckoned a solecism ; as in, " He is mistaken, though never
so wise;"' — which should properly be expressed, " He is
mistaken, though ever so wise." Or else by supplying
the ellipsis, thus; He is mistaken, though there ne«er was
a person so wise." In this sense, it should be remarked,
it always includes a comjiarison, and is followed by so.
NEVERTHELESS, ad. notwithstanding.
NEUFCHA'^TEL. a country of Switzerland, having
Franche Comte on the W. Basle on the N. and Bern and
Friburgon the E. and S. It is about 40 miles long, and 20
broad. The state of Neufcha-ttel was formerly governed
by its own counts, the last of whom dying without issue in
1694, it descended to Mary of Orleans, duchess of Nemours,
his inly sister, who died without issue in 1703, when there
were 13 competitors ; but at an assembly of the states in
1707, tliey unani-mously chose the king of Prussia for their
sovereign; who governed the country by a viceroy. The air
is healthy and temperate, but the soil is not every where
slike fertile; it produces, however, a good deal of wine,
both white and red. The religion is Protestantism, except
two small villages, where that of the church of Rome is ob-
served.
NEUFCHATTEL, the capital of the above country, is
situated at the end of the lake of the same name. It is 25
miles ^. of Bern. Lat. 47. 5. N. Ion. 7. 0. E.
NE'VIN, or NEWIN, a v^ry poor town of Carnarvon,
shire, seated on the Irish Channel, opposite to Pulhelly.
Here Edward 1. in 1284, on the conquest of Wales, held
a round table, in imitation of King Arthur, and celebrated
it with a dauce and tournament. The concourse was
prodigious; not only the chief nobility of England, but
numbers of others from foreign parts, graced the festival
.with their presence. It is 20 miles S. W. of Carnarvon, and
940 N. W. of London Market on Saturday.
KE'VIS, an island of America, and one of the Caribbees,
divitled from the E. end of St. Christopher's by a narrow
channel. Himc are springs of fresh water, and a hot bath,
much of the same nature as those of IJalli in Eiiglaiid. It is
a small island, but very fruitful, and a colony of the English
Lon. G2 de^'. W. lat. 17. .30. N.
NEURO LOGY, s. [from neiiroK, a nerve and lof^os, a dis
coinse, Gr.J a description of, or discourse concerning, the
nerves.
NEUROTOMY, s. [from neuron, a nerve and temm, to
cut, Gr.] the anatomy of the nerves.
NEUTER, a. [Lat. J indili'erent ; not engaged in or ta-
king part with either side. In grammar, ajiplied to a noun
\yhich implies no sex; applied to a verb, that which signi-
fies neither action nor passion, but some state or conditio.ii
of bein^; as, I sit.
NEUTER, s. one indifterent, or not engaged in any
party.
NEUTRAL, 0. [Fr. from neuter, neither, Lat.J indiffer-
ent ; not acting; not engaged on either side ; neither good
norbad. In medicine, neither acid noralkaline.
NEUTRAL, s. one who does not act or engage on either
side.
NEUTRALITY, s. a state of indifference, of neither
friendship nor hostilitv; a state between good and evil.
NEUTRALIZE, v.' a. to render neutral.
NEUTRALLY, «rf. in an iudill'ereiit manner; on neither
side.
NEW, a. [n«o!c. Sax.] lately made or had; fresh; not
used ; modern ; having the effectof novelly ; not accustomed
or familiar ; renewed or repaired, so as to recover its first
state; fresh after any cessation or impediment; of no an-
cient extraction. Generally applied to things in the same
sense as yovn^ is to persons. In composition, it siguifies
newly, or lalelv. — " The 7if?t;-heard wound." SlteJi.
NEWARK-UPON-TRENT, a town of Nottinghamshire,
seated oii-the river Trent, over which is a bridgeiulo a small
island, made by the river. Here is a handsome and most
spacious niarkef-piace. They trade chiflly in corn, cattle,
wool, &c. and there is a considerable manufacture of maJt,
and a small one of sacking. It once had a magnificent
castle, of great importance, now in ruins. It is 20 miles N.
E. by E. of Nottingham, and 124 N. by W. of Loudon, on
the Yoik road. Market on Wednesday.
NEWBOROUGH, a sniall town of N. Wales, in the Isle
of Anglesey, <)nce the residence of the Princes of Wales, but
now principally supported by making mats with sea-reed
grass. It is siatecl on the river Brant, 15 miles S. W. of
Beaumaris, and 257 N. W. of London. Market on Tm s-
dav.
NEW-BRITAIN. See Britain.
NEWBURY, a large well frequented town in Berkshire,
with a handsome market-house, seated on the river Kennet,
on the great road between London and Bristol. It was
formerly eminent for the clothing manufacture, but is much
declined in this respect, yet many of the people are
employed in spinning. It is 16 miles W'. of Reading, and
56 W. of London. Market on Thursday.
NEWCASTLE, a small town of Carmarthenshire in S.
Wales, seated on the river Tyvv, 17 miles N. W. of Carmar-
then and 219 N. N. W. of London. Market on Friday.
NE'WCASTLE, or Nkwcastle-upon-Tyne, the lar-
gest and most populous town in Northumberland, situated
among steep hills, ou the Tyne, which is here a fine and deep
river; so that ships of 3 or 4 hundred tons burden, mav
safely come up to the town, though the large collicis are
stationed at Shields. It is so secure a haven, that vessels,
when they have passed Tynemouth-bar, are in no dai.gc-r
either from storms or shallows, ft is defended by Clitl'ord's
Fort, which effectually commands all vessels that enter the
river. The town may be considered as divided into two
Earts, of which Ciateshead, on the Durham side, is one; aud
oth were joined by a string bridge, which had stood abovi-
500 years. It originally consisted of 12 arches, but bv the
637
N K W
NEW
•jmbariknipnt of the river fur ihe purpose of forming the
(juays on the N. side, they were reduced lo nine. On tliis
biirigewere iiouses, v\ liich, in general, stood at some dis-
!gnee from eaci) oilier. In 1771, a dreadful flood carried
awav four of these arciies, with the houses that stood upon
liiera. This part of the li
was retiuilt iu 1779. 'J'he
town rises on the K. bank of the river, where the streets
upon the ascent are exceerlinijly steep. Many of the houses
are btsilt of stone, but some of them are timber, and the rest
of brick. Tijroii^h this town went part of that wall which
extended frmi sea 'to sea, and was built bv the Tionians to
defend the Britons against the incursions of the Picts, after
all their trail^e(i youili had been drawn from the kingdom to
recruit the armies of their conquerors. The castle, wliicii
is old and ruinous, overlooks the whole town. The exchange,
church-houses, and otiier public buildings, are elegant ; and
the quay for landing goods, is long and large. Here is a
liall for "the surgeons, a large hospital, built by the conlribii-
tionof the keel men, foi- the maintenance of the poorcf their
fraternity; and several charitable foundations, situated in
llie centre of the great collieries, which have for centuries
supplied London, all the eastern, and most of the midland
and southern parts oftiit kingdom with coal. This trade
has been the source of great opulence to Newcastle; which,
besides, exports large quantities of'lead, salt, sahuon, but-
ter, tallow, and grindstones ; and imports wine and fruit
from the S. of Europe, and timber, iron, hemp, &c. from
the Baltic and Norway. Ships are sent hence to the Green-
land fishery. It also possesses manufactories of steel, ii-on,
and woollen cloth ; and in the town and neiglibourhood
are several glass-houses. The streets in the old part of
Newcastle are unsiglitly and narrow, (so narrow indeed are
some of them that the passenger in going through them,
may extend his hands and nearly his elbows to the opposite
sides.of the street, and these are called e/iaiis,)and the build-
ings greatly crowded together ; but some of the newer parts
are handsome and commodious. The suburbs are chiefly
inhabited by keel-men ; a rough and sturdy race, employed
in carrjing the coal down the river in keels, or lighters, to
the large ships. Newcastle was made a borough by Wil-
liam the Conqueror, and. the first charter which was grant-
ed to the townsmen for digging coal was by Henry 111. in
1239 ; but, in 1300, (he use of coal for fuel was prohibited
in London, by royal proclamation, chiefly because it injured
the sale of wood for fuel, great quantities of which were then
grow ing about that city ; but this interdiction did not long
continue, and we may consider coal as having been dug and
exported from this place for more than 400 years. Newcas-
tle is 14 miles N. of Durham, 94 N. of York, and 271 N. by
W. of.London, on the great road to Edinburgh. Biarketon
Tuesday and Saturday.
NE'WCASTLE, or'NEWCASXLE-UNDER-LiNE, a con-
siderable and well-built town in Staffordshire, with a manu-
factory of cloth and a large one of hats, here being an incor-
porated company of felt-makers. In the neighbourhood
are many nianuftictures of itone ware, the sale of which is
supposed to average annuallv lOO.OOOjg. If i-s seated on a
branch of the Trent, ^^ inilesN. of Staflord, and 149 N.W.
of London. Market on Monday.
NEAVEL, s. the compass round which the staircase is
carried.
NEW-E-NGtAND. See England.
NE'WENT, a town of Gloucestershire, seated on a branch
of the Severn, navigable for boats, 8 nfiles N. W. of Glou-
cester and I14W. N. VV. of London. Some valuable niines
of excellent coal, the beds of which aie of great magnitude,
liavc been lately discovered In this parish. A navigable canal
has been making from hence to Hereford, ftlarktt on
Fridav.
NEWFA'NGLr.D, n. formed with a vain love of novelty.
NEWFA'.MGLEUNESS, or NEWFA'NGLENESS, *. a
vain or ftHilish love of novelty.
NEWFOREST, a pHrt of Hampshire, lying on (he En-
glish channel, opposite to the Isle of Wight; now appro-
C28
priated by act of parliament for the production 'of oaks, to
be employed in building t'le royal navy.
NEWFOUNDLAND, a triangular island on the eastero
coast of N. America, remarkable for itscodfishing, between
47 and 52 degrees of N. kititu(le, and 54 and GO degrees of
W. longitude. It is bounded by .the narrow Straits of Bel-
lisle on the N. by the Atlantic Ocean on the E. and S. and
tlie Bay of St. Lawrence on tlie W. It is 350 miles in length
from N. to S. and 200 in breadth, at the base, from E. to W.
Th.ere is great plenty of venison, fish, and fowls, but very
little corn, fruit, or cattle ; upon which account the inhabit-
ants have not only their clothes and furniture, but provisions,
from England.
NEWHA'VEN, a small but populous town of Sussex,
seated at the mouth of the river Ouse. It has a little,
though convenient harbour, inclosed with timber p-iers, and
a quay on the i'J. side, and is 7 miles S. of Lewes, and 50 S.
of London. Market disused,
NEAVIN. See Nevin.'
NE'WLY, ad. lately ; not long ago.
NEWIMAUKET, "a town in Cambridgeshire, on the bor?
ders of Norfolk, consisting chiefly of one long well-built
street, (he N. side in Suflblk, and the S. side in Cambridge-
shire. It is chiefly celebrated for horse-races (its heath
being the finest course in England) and (he two meetings in
April and October, are the first in the kingdom, or, per-
haps the world. It is a great thoroughfare in thf road
from London to Norfolk, and is situated iu a healtliy air,
14 miles N. N. E. of Cambridge, and 60 N. by E. of Lon-
don. Markets on Tuesday and Thursday.
NEWMARKET, a small town of Flintshire in N. Wales,
4 miles N. E. of St. Asaph, and 206 N. W. of London.
NEWN, a town in Montjjomeryshire, N. Wales. See
Ne\vton.
N'EIVNESS, ^. freshness ; the quality of being lately
made, discovered, or possessed.
NE'WNHAM, a town of Gloucestershire, seated on the
W. side of (he Severn, over which it has a ferry. It has to
this day the sword of state which king John gave with their
charter. It is 10 miles S. W^of Gloucester, and 112 W. N.
W. of London. Market on Friday.
NEWPORT, a large well frequented town of-Hampshire,
in the Isle of Wight, with a manufacture of starch. 'It is
called in Latin, Medina, from whence the whole island, on
the E. andW. sides cfit, is called E.and W.Medina. It is
situated almost in the centre of the island, ou the river
Cowes, (which falls 7 miles telow it, into the sea, and which
is navigable up to the quay here for small vessels,) 6 miles
S. of Cowes, and 91 S. W. of London. Markets ou Wed-
nesday and Saturday.
NEWPORT, a town in Shropshire. I( has a handsome
free-school and a market-house ; and is 17 miles E. ot
Shrewsbury, and 140 NW. of London. Market on Satur-
day.
Newport, a town of Monmouthshire, seated on (lie
river Usk, over which is a handsome bridge. It has a good
harbour, whence it has its name ; and is 19 miles S. S. W. ot
Monmouth, and 152 W. by N. of London. Market on Sa-
turday.
NE'WTORT, atown of Pembrokeshire, seated at the bot-
tom of a high hill, on the Nevern, a tine navigable river, at
the bottom of a bay of the same name, 18 miles N. E. of
St. David's, aud 235 W. N. W. of London. Market on Sa-
turday.
NEWPORT, a town in Cornwall, whose market is dis-
used ; but it sends two members to parliament. It is 3
miles N. of Launceston, and 214 W. bv S. of London.
NE'WPOllT-PAGNEL, a town of Buckinghamshire,
seated on a small river, which' soon after falls into(heOuse.
It is noted for the manufacture of bone^lace, for which it is
a sort of staple ; and it flourishes considerably on that ac-
count. It is 14 miles E. N. E. of Buckingham, 15 S. S. E.
of Northampton, and 61 N. N. W, of London. A markcj
NIC
NIG
on Wednesday for lace, and miotlier on Salurda.v for coru
and provisions.
NE'WllV, a considerable fovr 11 of Down, in Ulster, situ-
ated on tlie side of a sleep Ijill, at tiio font of ^\liicli is the
Newry Water, liavini; over it two Ftone bridi^es, and tliere
is a third bridye over a iiavi^^able canal, opoTi for vessel) of
70 tons burden, bv wliicli i' lias a coniiiiuuicatioii with
Lousli Neayli and Cailii)j;foi.l IJay. Newry is so miicii im-
proved in its siii|)piiiij trade, buildings, and the linen nianu-
iactiire, that it is now the largest town in the coiintv. It is
49 miJosN. of Dublin.
NEV«'8, s. willioiit a singular; fresh aeconnt of snnie-
thiiin; ; sometliii!si)'>t heard before ; papcis which t;ive an
account of the traiisactiuns of the present tiiiies, both at
home and abroad.
NE'WSMONd! !'U, s. one who deals in newspapers ; one
who makes it ills business to hear and tell news.
NEWT, ^. [Sax. supposed to be contracted from an cvct]
an evel ; a small lizard. They are supposed to be appro-
priated some to the land, and some to the water.
NEWTON, a small town of Lancashire, communicating
with all the late inland navigations. It is 5 miles N. of
Warrington, and 190 N. W. of London. Market on Satur-
day. Fairs on August 12, and May 17.
NE'WTON, a town of Montgomeryshire in N. Wales,
seated on the river Severn, trading in ifannels. It is 7 miles
S. W. of Montgomery, and 1G9W. N. W. of London. Mar-
ket on Tuesday.
NE'WTON, a town of Hampshire, in the Isle of Wislit.
Its creek, or haven, at high water, is able to receive vessels
of 500 tons burden, and affords the best security for ship-
pins of any in the island. It is 14 miles S. of Southampton,
and 93 miles W. by S. of London. Market disused.
NE'WTON-BUSHEL, a large, but meanly built town in
Devonshire, seated on the river Teigii, 15 miles S. by W. of
Exeter, and 188 W. S. W. of London. Market on Wednes-
day.
NEXT, a. the superlative of near ; hicxt. Sax.] nearest,
applied to place. Immediately succeeding, applied to or-
der. Nearest in degree.
NEXT, «(/. at the time or turn immediately succeeding.
NI'AS, a. \niais, Fr.] simple, silly, foolish.
NIB, s. [neb, the face. Sax. 7iMc, the bill, Belg.J the bill
or beak of a bird ; the point of any thing, as that of a pen.
To NIB, V. a. to cut the point of a pen.
NI'BBED, a. having a point ; having its point cut.
To NIBBLE, V. a. to bite by little at a time; to eat
slowly ; to bite, as a fish does the bait. Neuteily, to bite at.
Figuratively, to carp at or find fault with.
Nl'BBLER, s. one that bites by little ata time.
NICARAGUA, a maritime province of Mexico, having
Honduras on the N. (lie North Sea on tlieE. Costa Rica on
theS. E. and the South Sea on the S. W. It is about 400
miles long, and 130 broad. The air is wholesome and tem-
perate, and the soil fertile, producing vast quantities of
sugar, cochineal, and fine chocolate.
NICE, an antientaud considerable sea-port, on the con-
fines of Fiance and Italy, formerly capital of a county of the
same name, under the protection of the king of Sardi-
nia, but in 1792 united with the French republic. It is very
agreeably situated on a sharp rock, with a strong citadel, at
the mouth of the river Paglion, 83 .iiiles S. bv W. of Turin,
and 83 E. of Aix. Lat. 43. 42. N. Ion. 7. 23. E.
NICE, 0. f_nese, soft. Sax.] accurate in judgment to minute
exactness and culpable delicacy ; delicate ; scrupulously
captious ; squeamish ; refined. •
NI'CELV, ad. in such a manner as discovers the greatest
accuracy, delicateness, and the most scrupulous exactness.
NI'CENESS, s. the quality of being minutely exact, super-
fluously delicate, and excessively scrupulous,
NICETY, s. minute accuracy ot thought or performance ;
squcamishness ; minute observance, or critical exactness ;
delicate and cautious treatment ; ' effeminacy. In the plural,
dainties or delicacies in eatinir.
illow in vvhicli a slutnc may l>e
NICHE, s. [Fr.]
placed.
NICK, i. [mjVAt, the'twiiiklhi'^' of the eye, Teut.J that
exact point of time in whieli a tiling is iiio>t proper or C'Mi.
venieiit to be done ; a iiottli cut in any thing; a lucky cast;
a sctii:e or reckoning.
To NICK, V. a. to hit ; to touch luckily ; to perform at
that point of time which is luosi proper and convenient ; to
cut in nicks or nofcbcs ; to suit like tallies cut in notches ;
to defeat or cozen ; to disappoint by some trick.
NICKEL, s. in metalhirgy, is a line white metal, ductile
and malleable, but of ditliciilt fusion. It is attracted by
the magnet, and has itself the properly of attracting iron.
It is procureil from various parts of Germany, but is not
much used in this country.
NI'CKNAME, s. a name given to a person or body of
men in scofi'and contempt.
To NI'CKNAME, v. a. to call by some reproachful
name.
NICOLAITANS, in ecclesiastical history, an antientscct
of heretics who are condemned in the book of Revelation.
They are said to have holden the community of wives.
Whether or not they were tiie disciples of Nicolas, one of
the seven deacons has been much disputed.
To NICTATE, r. n. [from nicio, Lat.] to wink.
Nl'DGET, .». [iiirtiii!;, Sax. J a term with which a person
was formerly branded, who did not repair to the royal
standard in times of danger ; a coward.
NIDIFICA'l'lON, s. [nidijicuiio, from jiidus, a nest, and
facio, to make, Lat. J the act of building nests.
NIDIRO'SITV, J. belching, attended .with the taste of
undigested roast-meat.
NI'DOROUS, a. [from nidm; Lat.] resembling the snif 11
or taste of roasted fat.
NIDULA'TION, s. [niduhr, from nidus, a nest, Lat.] the
time of remaining in the nest.
NIECE, {neece) s. [I'r.J the daughter of a brother or
sister.
NI'GER, a river, supposed to be one of the largest in
Africa. Its rise and termination arc unknown ; but its
course is said to be from E. to W. running S. of the king,
dom of Caslina towards Tombucktoo, in the sands of which
country it is supposed to be lost.
NIGGARD, s. Uimgs:r, Isl.] a person who gives or spends
little, or with unwillingness.
NI'GGARD, a. sordid ; avaricious ; parsimonious ;
sparing.
Nl'GGARDISH, a. somewhat inclined to avarice or par-
simony.
NIGGARDLINESS, s. avarice.
NT'GGARDLY, 0. avaricious ; sparing; wary.
NI'GGARDLY, «rf.in a sparing or grudging manner.
NIGH, (the g-/i in this word and its following derivatives
is mute in pronunciation; as, 7)T, Jif?//, Sec.) prep, [ny/h, S&\.\
not far from. Synon. I w ill leave It to the decision of the
curious, whether or no the word near is not a corruption of
mgher, the comparative of n/s.''- B^ tlds as it may, near, in
my opinion, implies a less distance than nigh. Thus I
should say, When we come nigli to such a place, we shall be
near home : The nig/ier the enemy, the nearer the danger.
As a farther proof of 'this, speaking of the close ties of
kindred, we use the word neio-, in preference tothat of in'^//,
as implying a less distance, or greater degree of consan-
guinity between the two persons. Thus, my brother's child
is my 7icar relation, or is nearly related to me.
NIGH, ad. at no great distance ; a place not far off.
NfGH, a. near, at no great distance. Allied closely by
blood, applied to kindred.
NI'GHLY.orf. nearly; within a little.
NIGHNESS, s. nearness ; proximity.
NIGHT, (this word, and its following compounds ami
derivatives, is pronounceil with the g-»'i mute ; as, mi, vHtty,
mtingale, &c.) s. [nilit. Sax.] the time when the sun is beluw
ourhorizoD. Much used in compoiition.
NIM
^MT
TO NIGHT, ad. this night.
NI'GHTCAP, s. cap worn in bed, or in undress.
NIGHTCEOW, s. a bird that cries in the night.
NIGHTDOG, *. a dog that hunts iu the night. Used by
dver-stealers.
NIGHTDRESS, s. a dress worn at night.
NIGHTED, n. blind. " ilk nightcd iik" S7,ak. Black,
" Cast thv wc-liicd colour off." Shnli.
M'GHTf'ARING, i. travelling in the Jiight,
NI'GHTFOUNDKRED.a. distressed lor want of know-
ing the way in the night.
NI'GHTHAG, s. a witch, supposed to wander in the
night.
NI'GHTINGALE, s. [from night, and galan, to sing. Sax.]
a small bird that sings in the night, and remarkable for its
melody ; a word of endearment.
NIGHTLY, ad. in the night ; by night ; every night,
NIGHTLY, a. done or acting by night.
NIGHTMAN, s. one who cleanses jakes, or carries away
their ordure by uight.
NIGHTMARE, s. See Make and Ivcubus.
NI'GHTPIECE, .-. a picture, so coloured as to be sup-
posed to be seen by candle-li.nht, not by day-light ; a de-
scription of some scene in the night.
NIGHTRAlti, «. [regl, Sax. and night] a cover thrown
over the dress by night to keep it clean.
NI'GHTRULE, s. a tumuli in the night. " What niglu-
rule now." Hhak.
NIGHTSHADE, s. [nikt semh. Sax.] a plant of two
kinds, one called the common, and the otlier deadly night-
shade.
NTGHTSHINING.a. glittering or shining by ni^ht.
NI'GHTWALKER, s. one who roves iu the night upon
ill designs ; a prostitute.
NI'GHTWARD, a. approaching towards night.
NrGIiTVVATCH, s. a part or lime of night distinguished
by a change of the walch.
"NrHILLS, orNlCHILS, inlaw, issuer which the sheriff
says are nothing wortli and illeviable, from the insufficiency
of the parties that should pay them.
NIHI'LITY, s.[nilnUte, Fr. from nihilium, nothing, Lat.]
nothinMcss; the slate or quality of being nothing.
NILE, a great river of Africa, which rises in the moun-
tains of Abyssinia, called the Mowitaiiis of the Moon, near
the village of Ciecsh, in lat. 10. 59. N. Ion. 36. o.5. E. In
some parts of this river there are rocks, whence the water
falls several feel, and these are called the cataracts of the
Nile. It overtlows regularly every year, from the 15th of
June to the 17l!i of September, when it begins to decrease.
The fertility of Egypt depends upon the overflowing^ of the
Nile; and they reckon it will be a bad year when it is less
tnan 14 cubits, and above 18 ; but that IG 's the proper
height ; and when this happens they make public rejoicings
throughout the Delta. This inundationof the Nile is caused
by the periodical rains which fall every year between the
tropics, and more particularly in Abyssinia. Off the mouth
ctf ttiis river, August 2, 1798, Sir Horatio (afterwards Lord)
Nelson, took, ordestroved, a I'rench lleet of 1.3 sail of the
line and 2 frigates. The British lleet consisted of thirteen
74-gun ships and one of 50 guns : in tlie French line of bat-
tle were, 1 of 120 guns, I'Orient, Adm. Bnieys, burnt and
blown up ; 3 of SO guns, 9 of 74, and 4 frigates. The French
armament was directed against Egypt, where Buonaparte
had previously landed with a considerable military force.
To NILE, f. «. \iiiUan, Sax.] to reject ; to refuse.
NILL, .9. the shining sparks of brass iu tryiiig and melting
the ore.
To NIM, V. tt. [uemen, Belg.] to take. In cant language,
to steal.
NI'MBLE, a. [iwmnii, tractable, Sax.] moving or acting
with (luiehnessor swiftness.
NTMRLENESS, t. the quality of acting or moving with
twifluejs or quickness.
C30
NI'MBLEWITTED, a. too quick in displaying one's own
wit and eloquence.
NI'MBLY, ad. in a quick, swift, or active manner.
NTMMER, f. See Nim ; a thief; a pilferer.
NI'NCOMPOOP, s, [a corruption of the Lat. non compos]
a fool or silly person.
NINE, n.|«i«ii, Golh.] a number consisting of one mor<>
than eight, or one less than ten.
NIjNEFOLD, t. nine times.
NI'NEPINS, s. a play wherein 9 pieces of wood are set
in a square in 3 rows, and knocked down with a bowl. .
NI'NETEEN, a. a number consisting of nine and ten
added together.
NINETEENTH, a. next to the eighteenth, or eighteen
beyond the first.
NI'NETIETH, a. the ordinal of ninety, or the tenth nine
times told.
NINETY, a. nine times ten.
NI'NNY, s. [uino, a child, Span.] a fool or simpleton.
NLNNYHAMMER,*. a simpleton orfool.
NINTH, a. \7ie^-otha, Sax.] an ordinal, implying that a
thing is the next ni rank, order, or number, beyond the
eighth.
ToNIP, V. n. [rij/pm, Eelg.J to pinch off with the nails;
to bite off with the teeth ; to cut off by slight means ; to
blast ; to pinch,
NIP, s. a pinch with the nails or teeth; a small cut, a
blast.
NTTPERS, s. an instrument to cut the nails with, some-
what resembling pincers.
NITPLE, s. [mjpele. Sax.] the teat, which infants, &c. take
into their mouths when sucKing.
NIPPLEWORT, s. a plant with yellow terminating blos-
soms, and slender fruit-stalks, very much branched, called
also dock-cresses.
NISAN, in Jewish chronology, a month of the Hebrews,
answering to our March, and sometimes taken from Febru-
ary, or April, according to the course of the moon.
NTSHNEI, NOVOGOROD, or NISHGOROD, a popu-
lous town of Russia, with a considerable trade, capital of
the government of the same name. As it was the appendage
and place of residence oftheantien* Russian princes, many
of them lie buried here. It is. seated at the confluence
of the Volga and Occa,220 miles E. by N. of Moscow, Lat.
56. IK. N. Ion. 46.30. E.
NISI PRI'US, s. [Lat.] a judicial writ, so called from the
first words in it, " Nisi apud talem kcmn prius rmerintj"
i. e. " unless the justice, to take the assizes, come to such a
place before that day ;" by means of which all easy pleas
may be tried in the country, before justices of assize : it is
directed to the sheriff" to cause meu to be irapannclled to
determine the cause there, iu order to ease the county, by
saving the parties, jurors, and witnesses, the charge and
trouble of attending at Westminster.
NIT, s. \hiiitu. Sax.] the egg of a louse or small animal.
NITENCY, J. [from 7i!«eu, to shine, Lat.] lustre ; clear
brightness; endeavour; spring to expand itself : " Niteucy
to fly wider open." Boi/lc.
^ NI'THSDALE, a district of the county of Dumfries in
Scotland.
NI'TID, «. \71itidHS, from niteo, to shine, Lat.] bright ;
shining. " A clean and «!((>? yellow." lioi/le.
NITRATES, J. in chymist'ry, salts formed by the combi-
nation of any base with nitric acid.
NITRE, (niter) s. \)iit>e, Fr. nitntm, Lat.] a crystalline,
pellucid, and somewhat whitish substance, of an acrid, bit-
terish taste, impressing the sensation of a remarkable cold-
ness upon the tongue, and properly called saltpetre. Though.,
by means of fire, it affords an acid spirit, yet hi its crude
state it contains no acidity at all. The earth from which it
is made, in Persia and the E. Indies, is a kind of yellowish
marl, found in the bare clifls on the sides of hills exposed to
the oortbern aad eastern winds.
NOG
NITRIC, rt. in clivmistry, b^longin;; tonitre.
NI"l'H(Ki ION, s. in cliymistiy, the basis of llic nitric acid.
Nl TK{)[]S, a. [mireu.v, Fr.] iiupregnalcd with nitre ; con-
sisting of nitre.
Nl'TRY, rt. inipregnatetl with or consisting of nitre.
Nl Tl'Y, a. abounding in nits, or the eggs of bee.
NIVAL, a-LiiJua/", from 7iix, snow, Lat.] abounding with
snow.
NI'VEOUS, a. [niveus, from ?nx, snow, Lat.] snowy ; rc-
senibluig snow.
Nl'VERNOIS, a ci-devant province of France. It is
pretty fertile, contains mines of iron, and is watered by a
great nnmber of rivers, of which the Loire, Allier, and
Yonne, are the principal. It is now chiefly in tiie dcpts. of
Nievre and Yonne.
NIZY, s. a simpleton ; a dunce. A low word. " True
Clitics laugh, and bid the trilling ni~<j go read Quintilian."
Alton,
NO, ad. [na. Sax.] a word used to signify denial, refusal,
and resolution not to do or consent. Sometinies it is used
to confirm a former negative. " Never more this hand shall
combat — No, let the (irecian powers." Diylen. Some-
times it strengthens a negative that follows it. "No, not
the bow which so adorns the skies." Wnller. In a period
viricli consists of several negative sentences, it is placed in
the tirst, and is answered by «<»• in the following ones : as,
" No, I will not ; nor am I able, if I would."
NO, ff. not any ; none. It is generally placed in the
first sentence of a negative period, and answered by nor in
the subsetpient sentences. " No man, »«»• woman, nor
child, nor beast."
To NOBI'LITATE, t>. a. \(tom noUHs, noble, Lat.] to
make noble ; to ennoble.
NOBILITY,*, [from «eW/is, noble, Lat.] anti(iuity ana
dignity of family ; tlie chief persons of a kingdom, or those
who, by their honours and titles, are exalted above the
commons ; dignity ; grandeur ; greatness.
NO'BLE, a. [noUlis, from nosco, to know, Lat.] of an
auticnt and splendid family ; belonging to the peerage ;
great; worthy; illustrious; exalted; elevated; sublime;
magnificent ;' stately ; pompous, or becoming a noble.
man. " A nohle parade." Figuratively, free ; generous ;
liberal.
NO'BLE, i. a peer, or one of high rank. In coinage, a
piece of money valued at six shillings and eight-pence.
NOBLEMAN, s. one who, by birth, office, or patent, is
above a commoner.
NO'BLENESS, s. the quality which denominates any
thing or person great, worthy, generous, magnanimous, or
above the vulgar ; splendour of <iescent or pedigree.
NOBLE'SS, s, [noblesse, Fr.] nobility ; the collective body
of nobles or noblemen.
NO'BLY, erf. ofanantient family, applied to descent;
in a manner worthy of a person of antient birth, high
office, and lofty sentiments ; in a magnificent and splendid
raanncr.
NO'BODY, *. not any one ; noone.
NO'CENT, a. Uiocens, from noceo, to hurt, Lat.j guilty ;
criminal ; hurtfuf ; iBischieveus.
NOCTA'MBULO, *. |fioni nox, night, and nmbulo, to
walk. Lat.] one who walks in the night in his sleep.
NOCTI'DIAL, a. [from nox, night, and dies, a day, Lat.]
containing or consisting of a night and a day.
NOCTI'FEROUS, a. [from nvx, night, and fero, to bear,
Lat.] bringing night.
NOCTI'VAGANT, a. |from nox, night, and w/goi-, to wan-
der, LatJ wandering in the night.
NO'CTUARY, i. [from nox, night, Lat.j an account of
what passes by night.
( NO'CTURN, s. [nociurmts, from nox, night, Lat.] an
oftice of devotion pcrf 'rmed in the night.
NOCTURNAL, «. [niKturwtt, from nox, night, Lat.]
nightly ; in the night.
NOM
NOCTURNAL, j. an instrument by which obscnratioiw
are made in the night.
- To NOD, r. )i. [«(»/, Brit. J to decline or bend down the
head with a quick motion ; to make a short or slight bow ,
to bend do\vii\\ar(ls by a quick motion ; to give a sigJi by
bending the head downwards; to be drowsy.
NOU, s. a quick motion of the head downwards. A mo-
tion made with the head as a sign, or to shew assent; the
motion of the head in drowsiiiest- ; a slight bow.
NODATION, *. [tVowi vwUis, a knot, Lat.] the state vi
being knotted, oract of making knots.
NO'DDER, s. one who makes nods.
NODDLE, s. [Iinol, Sax.J llie head, used in contempt.
JVO'DDY, i. [wfl"*", Fr.]a fool, an idiot.
NODE, s. [nodus, Lat.] a knot ; a knob; a swelling on
a bone. In astronomy, applied to ihe two points wherehi
the orbits of the moon or planets intersect the ecliptic.
NODO'SITY, s. [tVom [nodus, a knot, Lat.] a complica-
tion, or something in the nature of a knot.
NO DOU.S, a. [from ?(o('iM, a knot, Lat.] knotty, or full of
knots.
NO'DULE, s. [from nodus, a knot, Lat.] a small knot.
NO'GGEN, a. hard ; lougli; harsh. " He put on a hard,
coarse, «M-!;cM shirt of Fendrels." Escape of Jiin^ C/tarits,
NOGGIN,^. [nossehTcMt.] a small mug.
NOISE, {noize) s. [iwise, F r.] any kind of sound, gene-
rally applied to that made by brutes or inanimate bodies,
and implying excessive loudness; an outcry, clamour, or
boasting and impertinent talk.
To NOISE, (noize) v. n. to sound loud, or so as-to be
heard at a great distance. Actively, to spread by rumour
or report ; ceiierallv followed bv abroad.
NOrSEFUL, {noizeful) (I. loud.
NOISELESS, {noizeless) a. silent, or without sound.
NOISINESS, (7(hj,£!)h;ss) s. loudness of sound; loud cla-
mour by importunity.
NOrSOME, a. [nuinso, Ital.] noxious; unwholesome;
ofl'ensive ; disgusting.
NOl'SOMELY', ad. with such a stench or steam as is of-
fensive and unwholesome.
NOl'SOMENESS, i. the quality of occasioning disgust.
NOISY, (noizi/)a. sounding loud ; clamorous.
NOLI META'NGERE, .^.[Lat.do not touch me] a can-
cerous swelling, exasperated by applications ; a plant of the
sensitive kind.
NOLITION, s. [nnlllio, from nolo, to be unwilling, fcat.J
the act of refusing or rciecting, opposed to volition.
NOLL, s. [linol, Sax.] a head ; a noddle.
NO'MANCY, s. [nomawe, Fr. from numni, a name, Ijat.
and manteia, soothsax ing, Gr.l the art of foretelling the fate
or fortune of a person from tlie ^letters which conip^e his
name.
NO'MBLES, s. the entrails of deer.
NOMENCLATOR, s. [Lat. vomeuclntcur, Fr.] one who
calls persons or things by their proper names.
NOMENCLATURE, *. [Fr. from nomeu, a naiw, Lat.j
theact of tellingthe names of persons or things ; a vocabulary
or dictionary.
NOMINAL, «. [from nomen, a name, Lat.] referring to
names rather than things ; not real ; imrcly titular.
NO'MINALLY, ad. by name ; with respect to its name ;
titularly.
ToNO'MlN.-\TE, v.n. [from notncn,^ name, Lat.j toname^
to mention by name ; to entitle ; to set down, or a-ppoiiit
bv name.
"NOMINATION, s. [nominah'nu, Fr.] the act of men«on-
ing by name; the power of uppointiiig by name.
NOMINATIVE, s. [iiomintilif, Ft. nominativns, froiH
wOTjiijio, to nominate, Lat.] in grammar, the first case of all
<leclinable nouns, whence all the other cases aTe derived ;
it is placed before a verb personal, and is called by grd;>i-
marians the right case, in contradistiuetiuii to the others,
wbid) are termed oblique ones.
084
NOO
NOR
NON, a'/. [Lat.] ai) inseparable paiticlo, which 5ig;iiifies,
whoii JDiiiid lo words, the absence or denial ofwhatlhcy
would iiii|ilv, il'il were not joined to them.
NONAOl'", s. inlaw, generally sii;nitics all theliniea
iierson continues under the age of 21 ; but, in a special
Sense, it is all the time a persfi is under the a};e of t4.
NONCE, s. [from oiicr] purpose; desiijii. Not in use.
NON COMPOS MENTIS, s. in law, is used to denote
a person's not being of a sovnid uieniory and understanding.
Of these persons there are lour dirtercnt kinds; an idiot, a
mad man, a lunatic who lias lucid intervals, and a drunkard,
who deprives himself of reas(ui by his own act and deed.
. Ill all tliese cases, exeept the last, one that is no)i compos
mentis shall not lose his life for felonv or murder; but the
(Irnnkard can have no indulgence on tl'.e account of the loss
of liis reason ; for, in thee^e of the law, his drunkenness
does not cxtf uuale, but aggravate his offence.
NONCONl-OllMIS'I', f. one who refuses to join the
established worship. Principally applied to protestaut dis-
senters.
NONCON FO'R.MITY.i. the act of refusing compliance ;
refusal to conform to the Ibrms used in the establisheii
worship.
N'ON E, s. [lie tiiip. Sax. J not one or an\ ; no. " Tis none
other.". Nolhiug.
NONE'NITY, s. uou-existcuce ; a thing that does not
exist.
NONEXISTENCE, s. the state of not existing; a thing
without existence.
NONJU'RING, a. [from twn not and ;ioo, to swear, Lat.]
oelouging to those English who will not swear allegiance
to the Hanoverian family.
^'ON JUROR, s. one who iuiagnies that James II. was
unjustly deposed, and therefore refuses to swear allegiance
ti- any of the family who have succeeded him in the English
tiuone.
NONNATURALS, «. without a singular ; such things as,
being neither naturally constitutive nor destructive, do, not-
withstanding, both preserve and destroy in certain circum-
stances; these physicians call the nir, meal and ilrin/i, sltep
anil icalc/iiiig, motion and rest, retention and excretion, and the
passions of the mind.
NONPARE'IL, s. I Fr.l matchless excellence. A kind of
apple. A small kind of printing type, with which small
Bibles and Conniion Prayers are usually printed.
jVO'NPLL'S, i. ["("1 and /)/««, Lat.] u state of perplexity,
ui which a person cannot either do or say more.
To NO NPLUS, f. ". to confound or perplex, so that the
mind is at a stand, and cannot proceed, and the person can-
not either sjteak or do any uku e.
NONRE'SIDENCE, i. the act of not residing on an
ecclesiastical beneliee.
NONHESIDENT, s. one who neglects to live in liis pa-
ri&li, ai)plie(l to clergymen.
NONRESl'STANCE, f. the principle of not opposingthe
Iving in any case ; ready obedience to a superior.
NO'NSFiNSI'', s. uniiieauingor ungranimatical language;
tliftes, or thinjfs of no importance.
NONSENSICAL, «. without meaning.
■ NONSE'NSIC ALNESS, s. the quality of having no
meaning.
NONSO'1-VKNT, s. one who cannot pav his debts.
NONSO'LVENT, a. who cannot pav his debts.
NONSOLlVnON, s. failure of explaining.
To NO'NSfJlT, V. II. to set aside an action at law, on ac-
count of some error in the plaintifi's proceedings.
NO'NSUIT, .». the dropping or renouncing of a suit or
action, upon the discovery of some error in the plaintiffs
management, or his being absent from court when called
upon to hear the verdict, or being not ready for trial on the
»uearing of Ihe jurv.
N()0^nLE,.t.'a fool; a simpleton.
NOOK, s. [rrnhoerli, Tcut.] a corijcr ; a covert made by
tn angle or iiiterscctiou.
033
NOON, s. [mm. Sax.] the middle hour of the day ;
twelve; the time when the sun's centre is in the meridiat:.
NOONDAY, J. mid-dav.
N'00'NDAY,rt. about noon.
NOONTIDE,*. [noH-ti,ie, Sax.] mid-dav.
NOONTlDE,«. about noon.
NOOSE, s. a running knot, which the more it is drawn
binds the faster ; a snare.
To NOOSE, (nooze) V. a. to tie or catch in a noose ; to
entrap, or ensnare.
NOotkA sound. See King Gkorgf.'s Sound.
NOPE, s. a bird called a bnlfinch or redtail.
NOR, coiij. [)i«and or, Sax.] a particle used in tiie second
branch of a negative proposition. In poetry, it issometiraes
used ill the first branch I'orneit/ier. " 1 nor love myself, jwr
thee." lien Jouson.
NO'RFOLK, a county of England bounded on the N. an<l
I'', by the German Ocean; on the W. by Cambridgeshire,
Lincolnshire, and the Wash, ami on the S. and S. E. bv
Suffolk. It extends 70 miles from E. to W. and 4U from N.
toS. It contains 33 hundreds, 1 city, .T2 market-towns fifiO
parishes, and about 270,000 inhabitants. 'I'hc face of this
county varies less than in most tracts of e<iual extent in
England. Not one hill of any considerable height is to be
seen in the whole county ; \ et, in most parts, its surface is
broken into gentle swells and depressions. At the western
extremity, is a considerable tract of flat fenny land; and,
on the east, a narrow tract of marshes runs from the sea,
near Yarmouth, to some distance up the connlry. Several
of the western hundreds from Thelford northward, are
open and bare, consisting of extensive heaths, the soil of
which is alight sand, or liungry gravel. The rest of the
county, in general, is arable land, varying in its degrees of
fertility. To the N. E. the soil is a li'dit sandy loam,
remarkably easy of tillage. The S. E. has a richer aiul
deeper soil. The middle and south abound in clay ; an<(
various parts yield chalk and marl. The products of Ihe
county vary according to the soil and situation. The
ligliterarable lands produce barley in great pleiily. Wheat
is cultivated in the stronger soils. But turnips arc more
generally grown here than in any other part of the kingdom,
and form the lia!.is of the Norfolk hiisban<lry. 'ihe peculiar
excellence of this culture is that the ^'ronnd never lies
fallow, as the tuinips serve to prepare it for corn, beside
fattening great numbers of cattle. Much buck-wheat is
also grown in the light soils, and used for feeding swine and
poultry. The fenny parts yield great quantities of bidter,
which is sent to Loudon under the name of Cambridge
butter. The sheep are a hardy small breed, much valued
for their mutton. Turke\s arc reared here to a larger size
than elsewhere. Rabbits are extremely numerous on the
sandy heaths ; and there is likewise abundance of game,
especially of pheasants. On the sea-coast, herrings aiitl
mackerel are caught in great pU'uty ; and Yarnuuitli, in
particular, is noted for the curing of red herrings. The air
of this county is sharp and |iiercing, which throws the
seasons more backward than in other counties under the
same latitude; but it is very wholesome, parlicularly in
the inland parts. Its piincipal rivers are the Great Ouse,
Neil, Little Ouse, Waveney, Yar.-, ami Uure. Norwich's
the capital.
NORFOLK ISLAND, an island in the S. Pacific Ocean
lying E. of New South Wales, and settled by a colony of
convicts subordinate lo that government. It is a fertile spot
and very hilly. Among its most valuable productions are
the flax plant and a very large species of pine tree. The
island is well supplied with streams ofgiuid water which
abound with verv fine eels. The settlement is formed ill
SvdnevRay; on the S. side of the island. Lat. 20. 30. S.
Ion. lOH. 12. I'-.
NORMANDY, a ci-devant province of France, on the
English Channel and Atlantic Ocean, about I.W miles in
length, 80 in brrailth, ami (ioo in circumference. Itisoix:
of the most fertile tracts in Krancc, and abounds iu all
NOR
Its piv.diicfioiis except wine, but lliey supply tliiit defect
by cider, ami perry. It contains iron, copper, and a great
niinilicr of rivers and liaiboiirii. Tlie Normans, a people of
Weninark and Norway, iiaving entered France under Uoilo,
CliHricsllie Simple ceded tliis country to them in 912, which
from thi.t tmie, was called Normandy. Rollowas the first
duke, and held it as a ticf of the crown ofF ranee, and several
of his successors after him, till William, the seventh duke,
OJM.iuered Kngland in KJfifi, from which time it became
a province of England, till it was lost in the rei;^) of king
John, and reunited to the crown of !<' ranee ; but the Englisli
still keep the islands on the coast of Normandy. It now
forms the departments of Calvados, Eure, the Channel,
Orne, and Lower Seine.
^'O'RREY, or NORRO'Y, s. the title oflbe third king at
arms. His jurisdiction lies on the north side of the rirer
Trent.
NORTH, i. [north, Sax.] one of the four cardinal points.
The point opposite to the sun when he is in the meridian.
NORTH, ffl. situated to the north; northern.
NORTHALLERTON, a well-built trading town in the
N. Riding of Yorkshire, consisting ofonly one street about
Iialfa mile long. It is situated in a district called Alver-
tousliire, on a small brook, which, a mile below, runs into
the river Wisk. It is 30 miles N. N. W. of York, and 223
N. by W. of Loudon. A good market on Wednesday for
cattle, corn, &c. Fairs on Jan. 2, and on St. Bartholomew's
day.
NORTHA'MPTON, the county town of xVorthampton-
sliire, seated on an eminence, gently sloping to the river
Nen, which is .joined here by another rivulet, and has been
made navigable to Lynn. It contains about 1083 houses,
and .5200 inhabitants. Its principal manufacture is that of
boots and shoes, of which many are made here, and in other
parts of tlie county for exportation. Some stockings and lace
are also made here. The horse-fairs of this place are rec-
koned to exceed all others in the kingdom. It is a hand-
some, well built town, and has a regular, spacious, market-
place, one of the finest in England, a good free-school, and
a county infirmary and gaol. Within half a mile of Nor-
thampton is a line Gothic structure, called Queen's Cross,
elected by Edward I. in memory ofliis queen Eleanor, who,
at the hazard of her own life, had saved his, by sucking the
poison from a wound which he received in the crusades.
This town is a great thoroughfare both in the N. and W.
roads, and is 50 miles W. of Cambridge, 30 S. E. of Coven-
try, and fiON. W. by N. of Loudon. Markets on Wednes-
day, Friday, and Saturday. Fairs on Feb. 20, April 15,
May 4, August 5, and 26, isept. 19, November 28, and De-
cember 19.
NORTHA'MPTONSHIRE, a county of England, bound-
ed on the N. W. by Leicestershire and Rutlandshire, on the
N. by Lincolnshire, on the E. by the counties of Cambridge,
Huntingdon, and Bedford, on the S. by Bucks and Oxford-
shire, and on the W. by that county and Warwickshire. It
is divided into 20 hundreds, containing a city, 13 market-
towns, 336 parishes, about 25,000 houses, and 150,000 inha-
bitants. The air of this county is very healthy, except in
the N. E. part near Peterborough, which being surrounded
and intersected by rivers, is very liable to inundations, and
forms the commencement of the fenny tract extending to
tlie Lincolnshire Washes. With this shigle exception, Nor-
tliar.iptonshire is, in a manner, proverbially regarded as a
fine and pleasant county ; an opinion, confirmed by the
number of seats of the people of wealth which it contains.
Its greatest defect is a scarcity of fuel: this is but scantily
supplied by its woods, which, like those in all other parts
of the kingdom, have been much diminished by agriculture; ;
and though coal is brought into this county by the rirer
Nen, it is at a very dear rate. Northamptonshire, however,
possesses soQie considerable remains of it's old forests, par-
ticularly those of Rockingham on the N. W. and of Safcey
and Wliittlebury on the S. In tins last, that fiercest of
British animals of prey, the wild cat, is still found. 'I'here
N OR
is but one piece of w asle ground in this county, and that h «
barren heath near Whitteriiig. The products of this coun-
ty arc, ingeneral, the same with those of other farmingcouu-
tries. It is,indeed, peculiarly celebrated for grazing land; that
tract especially, which lies from Northampton northward
to the Leicestershire border. Horned cattle, and other ani-
mals, are here fed to extraordinary sizes ; and nniny horses
of the large black breed are reared. Wood for the dyers is
cultivated in this part; but the county is not distinguished
for manufactures, excepting the tritliug one of bone lace.
The principal rivers are the Nen and Welland ; beside
which it is partly watered by the Oiise, Leam, Cherweil,
and Avon. The county-town is Northampton.
NORTH CURRY, a pretty considerable town of Somer-
setshire, seated on the river Tone. It is 20 miles S. W. of
Wells, and 13-1 W. by S. of Loudon. Markets on Tuesday
and Saturday.
NORTHEAST, s. [iiordest, Teut.J the point between the
north and the east.
NO RTHERLY, a. being towards the north.
NORTHERN, «. in the north.
NO'RTHING, J. in navigation, the ditlereiice of latitude
which a ship makes in sailing towards the north.
NORTHLEECH, a town of Gloucestershire. It has
several alms-houses, and a free grammar-school, and is seated
on or near, the river Leech. 25 miles K. of Gloucester, and
80 W. by N. of London. Market on Wednesday.
NO'IiTHSTAR, *. the polestar, or the last star in the con-
stellation named the Little Bear.
NO R'THOP, a town of Flintshire, with a market on Tuc*
day. It is 205 miles from London.
NOR'THOMBERLANp, a county of England, re-
ceiving its name from being situatefl to the N. of the
Hu'iiber. In the Saxon heptarchy it was a part of the king
doni of the Northumbrians, which contained not only the
county now called Northumberland, but also Yorkshire,
Lancashire, Durham, Cumberland, and Westmorland. It is
seated in the extremity of England next to Scotland, an<i is
bounded on the E. by the German Ocean, on the S. by the
bishopric of Durham, on the W. and S. W. by Cumberland,
and on the N. W. and N. by Scotland, from which it is se-
parated by the river Tweed. It extends about 70 miles in
length fromN. to S. and 50 in breadth from E. to W. and
contains 12 market-towns, 4C0 parishes, and 100,000 inliabi.
tants. The air is not so cold as might be imagined from
the latitude ill which it lies ; for its situation between two
seas, in the narrowest part of Euglr.nd, gives it the advan-
taf;e of having the cold moderated by the temperate breezes
of each ; and for this reason, the snow seldom lies long in
Northumberland, except on the tops of high hills ; while
in summer, from the same causes, excess of heat is seldom
experienced, and many of the inhabitants enjoy health to a
very great age. The soil is various ; the eastern part being
fruitful, having very good wheat and most sorts of corn,
with rich meadows on the banks of the rivers ; but the
■western part is generally barren, it being mostly heathy
and mountainous. The S. E. parts abounds with pitcoal;
the S. W. angle has very rich lead mines, but very little wood.
This country is well watered by rivers, the principal of
which are the Tyne, Tweed, and Co<iuet. Alnwick is the
county-town ; but the largest and richest is Newcastle.
NORTHWARD, «. towards the north.
NORTHWARD, or NORTHWARDS, ad. towards the
north.
NORTHWE'ST, s. the point, or rhumb, in the middle
between the north and west.
NORTHWrCH, a town of Cheshire, seated near the ri-
ver Dane, is a handsome place, and chiefly noted for its
salt-woi-ks. Vast pits of fossil salt rock have been dug here
to a great depth, from which immense (juantities are raised,
partly to be purified on the spot by redissolving and boiling,
and partly to be exported in its crude state. Most of the
latter goes to Liverpool by the river Weeve. The clear an-
nual duty received by government for ChesUJre salt amouuts
033
Non
NOT
to 200,000^. Nortlnvif'i is 90 miles N, E. of Chester, and
173 N. Vv'. of LondDU. Mnrket on Tridav.
NORTH-WIND. s. tlie «i*iid tiiat' iilows from tho
liortli.
NO'RTON.or Chipping-Xodtox, a town of Oxford-
shire, with manufactiirpsfur horse cloliiins mid harralccns,
It is situated on ihf threat post road betucen Worcester and
Oxford, 12 miles S. W. of 15aiibury, and 73 N. W. of Lon-
don. INlarketon Wednesday.
NO'RWAY, a kingdom in (he N. nf lunope, tlie most
westerly part of the antient Scandinavia. Jtis formed na-
turally into two neat divisions ; nanu-jy, Northern and .Soulli,
crn, or Proper Norway, separated from each otiier by liie
small Swedish province of Herndahl, Northern Norway is
H long and narrow slip of land, extending as far as Cai)e
Norlh, tlie most northeiii point of Europe, beyond 71. 0.
deg. N. lat. and boinided on llie W. and N. by the Northern
Ocean ; by Swedish and Ixiissian Lapland on the E. and by
Sweden on theS. It is divided into Nordland and Finmark,
:>nd comprehended in the government of Drontiieini.
S >nthern Norway i> hounded on the N.and E. by Sweden,
iuid on the S. ami \\, by the Northern Ocean. U is divid-
ed into the four <,^overnmpnls of Ajjijerhuys or Christiana,
Christiansand, Ceiyhen, and Dronlheim. From it3_ rocky
soil and northern position, Norway is not populous in pro-
portion to its extent. Co\e lias calculated the number of
inhabitants to be 750,(!00, \\ ho, like the Swiss mountaineers,
are exceedinsty attached to their country. The horses are
small, hui stronjr, active, and hardy. In Norway they have
a particular code, called the Norway Law, compiled by
Grieffelfeld, at the command of Christian V. the great Ic-
rislator of this country. By this law, the palladium of
Norway, peasants are free, a few only excei>ted, on some
aristocratic estates near Frcdericstadt ; and the benefits of
lids code are visible in the great did'erence, in their appear-
tince, between the free peasants in Norway and the enslaved
rassals of Denmark, thou;,di botli living under the same jjo-
vernment. The Norwegian peasants possess much spirit
and fire in their manner ; are frank, open, and undaunted,
yet not insolent ; never fawninj,','yet paying proper respect.
Tile country does not yield corn suthcient for its inliabi-
tants, but is exceedingly rich in pasture, and produces
much cattle. There are lar^'u fisheries on the western
toast, principally for the cod, the ling, and the whiting.
Tlie extensive, forests abound with oak and pine, and vvitli
the birch, «hich not only supplies fuel, but a kind of wine
vliicii is t>roduced by boring a hole in the trunk. Tlie ge-
reral exports of Noruay are tallow, butter, salt, dried fish,
timber, and planks, horses, and horned cattle, silvei;, alum,
I'russian blue, copper, and iron. Norway ahoun<ls in lakes
and rivers; the fornier so larH;e that they appear like inlets
of the sea ; but the hays are so small that they appear like
lakes. It was formerly {joverned by its own hereditary so-
vcreitcn, but is now united to the crown of Denmark. The
Ciipital is Chrisliauia.
NO IIWICH, an anticnt, large, and populous eitjf of Nor-
folk, seate<l on the river Yare, which runs through it, and is
navigable hence to Yannoulh, without locks. It has a stately
anlieiil castle, on a hill, which commands a fine view of the
city: this castle is the shire-house for the county, and the
county gaol ; the assizes for the city being held at the (inilcl-
liall. Norwich has a good public library, a city and couutv
Jiospital, a lofty market-house of free-stone, and a bridewell
l.uilt of flints, remarkabh- for bein;^ beautifully cut into
regular little s(iuarei», without any visible cement. Jt had
formerly 5H parochial churches, besides monasteries ; and
lias now 30 churches, beside the cathedral, chapels, and
dissenting mceting-lionses, Jt is computed that stuffs,
<;ucli as diiinasks, camlets, black and white crapes, to the
amount of 7W,<MUi£. have sometimes been manui'actured
here in a 3>car, Norwich has bridges over the
Var<-, about H,H(U) houses, and .^"(Ooo inhabitants. It is
•lel! supplied with provisions, ami is 40 miles N. of Ipswich,
«n<l \ou N. E. by N, of London. Markets on Wednctiday
and Saturday.
NOSi;, (.>io-e).i.[mo!.fe, or nasn. Rax.] that part of a human
body «hich is proiniiient in the middle of ilic face, and is the
organ of smelling, and; the cinunclorv of the brain. The
end of any thing which is lierfoiated or hollow, "The
nose of a bellows-" Scent, or the power ofdistinguishinjjor
discovering by the smell. " We are not oft'euded willi a
dog for a better iwse than his master." Collkv, To kad Im
thi: nose, aignities to drag by force, alluding to the manner of
eading a bear, by means cf a ring fixed to his nose; to
have BO much influence over a person as to make him <lo
•.vhaty;ou please. T" tlirust vnc's w>i( intv the nffain vf nii,
other, is to concern ourselves with the affairs ot others with-
out being invited, or to be officious, or a busy body. Ta
put one's nose eiit ofjoiiti, is to deprive its of the affections of
another.
NO;SEBLEED, s. a kind of herb.
NO'SRGA Y, ("u:»"-g«j/).s. a bunch of flowers.
NOSEI^ESS, («fecte) rt. without a nose; having no
smell,
NO'SLE, ("c'cjfc) *. Ta diminulive of now] the extremity
of a thing which is hollow; as, " the jwfeof a pair of bet.
lows."
NOSO'LOGY, s. [from nosos, a disease, and logot, a dj8»
course, Gr.l the doctrine of diseases,
NOSOl'OETiC, II. ffrom wsos, a disease, and poieo, to
make, Or.] tiroducing diseases.
NO'STOCH, s. in natural history, a remarkable substance
wliicli is sometimes found, and by its striking differenc«
from vejretable bodies, has occasioned endless conjecture.
It is a siibstance of an irregular figure, of a greenish brown
colour, and somewhat transparent. It trembles at thetouclt
like a. jelly, but does not taelt in the hand. It is found only
in the summer months, and. retains its perfect figure so long
as it is a moist season, but immediately dries up and wi
thers away when affected by the sun or wind,
NO'STHIL, >-. [nos, M. and th-rjl, a hole, Sax,] the hollow
or cavity of the nose.
NO'STHUM,jf. [Lat, it is our own] a medicine not mad*
public with respect to its ingredients.
NOT, ot(. \v.e (luht, Sax, idtt, Belg.] a particle used in de-
noting denial and refusal ; in a negative proposition it is
placed in the. 'irst branch, and is answered by siwc, Synon,
Not barely exfiresses lliv; negation ; uo gtreugthens, and
seems toatfirm it. The first often denies the thing in part
only, or with limitation ; the second denies it always abso.
lately, wholly, and without reserve. Thus we say, he ha«
iioMiioney ; lie has «o/ patience; ineauing hois not over-
burdened with either ; but when we say he has no money,
he has >io patience, we would bo understood to say he has
none at all. It is on account of this limitation that the word
vot is generally used in compan;^ with tliose words that
mark cither the degree, or (jualfty, or quantity ; sucli a«
much, ven/, ono, and the like, There is wi, commonly,
much motley to be found in the possession of men of letters,
The major part of those who frefjucnt divine service are
notverij'ilcvQut, It often happens that he, who has vot (m*
single penny in his pocket, is vwch happier than many rich
men.
NO'T.\BLE, a,[from noto, to mark or express, Lat,] won
thv of notice,
>JO'T.\nLENRSS, Jt. the qualify of deserving notice.
NO'TAHLY, ad, in a reraurkaljle .manner j in a manner
that deserves notice.
NOTA'RIAL, a, taken by a notary.
NOTARY, n, [riWnW'ij, IVom nato, to mark or express,
Lat.] a person or scrivener who takes notice of any particu-
hirs which concern the public, and framej »liort draughts of
contracts, obligations, charter-parties, Ac. A iwtarij jwhtit
is one who publicly attests deeds, in order to make thom
aiilhenlic in other nations, and is principally employed by
merchants in nutin;; or luakiiii,' a murk on such bills as ar»
NOT
NOV
refused to be paid, and irj making protests on tliat ac-
count.
NOTATION, t. \n(ii'(tio, from nntn, to niaili or express,
Lot.] tiie actof (iesciibiujjauy tliiiis l),v tii,'iircsaii(l letters.
Inaritiimctic and algolira, the nu-lfiod how to write down
uumbcrs l>y figures and letters, and to declare tlieir value
viien so descriijed.
NOTCH, s. ynocchia, Ital.] a niciv or liollow cut in any
tiling.
To NOTCH, V. a. to cut info small hollows.
NOTCnWEED, ,?. the herb orache.
NOTE, s. \7w(a, Lat.J a mark or token ; a notice ; heed ;
reputation, fame, or character. 'I'une, applied to '.lie voicp,
or instrumental music. A sin;,de sound, applied to music.
A state of being observed ; a short hint, or minute; an ab;
breviation; a sliojt letter; an explanation at the bottom or
in the margin of a book. A ]iro!nissijri/ note is a writing
under a person's band, by which he engages to pay to an-
other, or order, a sum of money. Sy non. Acto imply a
shortness and precision; remarks, a choice and distinction ;
observations, something tarfetched and critical.
To NOTE, v.a. [from noia, a mark, Lat.] to observe ; to
remark; to take notice of; to set down; to mention; to
charge with a crime publicly. In tralHc, to have a bill wit-
nessed by a iiotary-i)uI)lic, that the person on whom i-t is
drawn refuses to accept or pay it. In music, to set down
the characters used to express any tunc.
NOTEBOOK, s. a memorandum book.
NOTPID, IT. remarkable ; celebrated.
NOTER, .?. one who lakes notice of any thing.
NOTHING, s.\notlniia;, Scot.] nonentity; negation of
being ; that which has no existence ; no other thing ; no
quantity or degree.
NOTflCE, s. [Fr. r.oiiiia, from noscn, to know, Lat.J a rc-
uiark made by attention and observation; '•heed ; regard ;
information or intelligence.
NOTIFICATION, i. [notification, Fr.] the act of making
known ; any thing ropresented by mari<s or symbolical
cJiaracters.
To NOTIFY, <i. «.[froni no/iw, known, and/rtci'o, to nwke
Lat.] to make known ; to publish.
NOTION, (itds/iun) J. f Fr. notio, from noscn, to know, Lat.J
.1 thought; an idea or representation of any thing in the
mind.
NOTIONAL, (7wslivnal) a. imaginary ; existnig only in
the mind or idea.
NOTIONA'LITY, {nos!wndliiij) s. an empty or groundless
opinion.
NOTORI'ETY, s. [iwto7-ieti, Fr.] the quality of being uni-
versally known, used in a bad sense.
NOTORIOUS, a. [uotoriom; from nnscn, to know, Lat.]
publicly known ; evident ; generallv in a bud sense.
NOTO'RIOUSLY. ad. in a public, evident, or apen
manner.
NOTO'RIOUSNESS, j. tlie quality of being universally
or generally known.
NOTTINGHAM, the county-town of Nottinghamshire,
fakes its naine from the Saxon, Suottengahani, or House
of Dens, so called from the spacious vaults dug in the
rock, in which the antient Britons are supposed to have
resided. It is pleasantly seated ou a rocky eminence,
above the meadows bordering the Trent ; on the highest
part of which stands the castle, a large, elegant, and no-
ble palace, belonging to the duke of Newcastle, with a
most extensive prospect. It is a large, populous, and hand-
some town, with a spacious market-place, and considered
as oi\e of the principal seats of the stockiiij^ manufacture,
particularly of the finer kinds, as those of silk and cotton.
It has also a manufactory of glass and coarse earthenware,
and a considerable trade in malt. It is remarkable for its
vaults or cellars, cut in the rock. It contains about 29,000
Inhabitants, and is 16 miles E. of Derby, and 123 N. by W.
of London. Markets on Wednesday and Saturday. Fairs
on Friday after January l.Tih, May 7tli, Thursday Itefore
Easter, and Octolier id.
NOTTINOIIA.MSIIIUE, a county of En-land, bound-
ed on the N. by Vorkihirc an<l Lincohiihire, on the \',.
by the hitter county, on the S. by Leicestershire, and
oil the W. by Derbyshire. Its greatest length is -13
miles ; its greatest breadth about 20. It is divideil into
8 hundreds, and contains 13 towns, \UH parishes, and
about 160,000 inhaliitants. The principal rivers are the
Trent and Idle. Almost the whole of the nii<idle ami
western parts of the county were foriiurly occupied
by the extensive forest of Sherwood, which is the only
royal forest N. of the Trent; but the wood has in ma-
ny parts been cleared, and the extent of the forcit
much contracted. Tin? chief products of this county are
corn, malt, pitcoal, of which there is great idenly ; and
a kind of stone somewhat like alabaster, but not so hard,
which, when burnt, makes a plaster harder than that of I'a-
ris, with which tlie inhabitants generally plaster the Moors
of their upper rooms, instead of boarding them. Tlieir
other commodities are malt, wool, li(|uorice, wood, fisli,
and fowl. Their manufactures chieily of consist frame-work,
knitting, glass, and carthen-ware. The principal town is
Nottingham.
NOTWHEAT, s. a kind of unbearded wheat.
NO'TUS, i. [Lat.] the south winil.
NOTWITHSTANDING, (•"«/• without any hinderance
or obstruction. " Their gratitude made them, nutwillmtantU
i»g his prohibition, proclaim the wonders." Die. af J'ietif,
Although. " Ndlu-ithstaniliiis^ it will weaken him." Adtlisun.
Nevcrtiieless, however. " I'hey that honour the law, are
mjtuithslnndinQ;\.Q know." Huolur.
NO'VA-SCOTLA. See Acadia.
NOVEL, a. [iiovellus, Lat. noimlle, Fr.] new ; lately made
or done ; unusual. In the civil law, appendant to the code,
and of later enaction.
NO'VEL, ^. \noHreUi.', Fr.] relation of an adventure or
intrigue; a romance. In jurisprudence, it is a term used
for tiie constitutions of several emperors, viz. Justin, Tibe-
rius II. Leo, and particularly Jiisliiiian : fliey were so called,
either for their making a great alteration in the face of the
antient hiw, or, because made ou new cases not yet con-
sidered.
NOVELIST, s. an innovator ; an asserter of something
new; one who writes tales called nanls.
NO'VELTY, s. fnouveaiiti, Fr.] newness ; the state of a
thing unknown before.
NOVE'MBER, s. [Lat.] the eleventh month of the year,
reckoning January tlie lirst. Xonnihtr h drawn in a gar-
ment of changeable green, and blacken his head.
NO'VEiVARY, *. [from in/roii, nine, Lat.] a number or
collection consisting of nine.
NOVE'RC.\L, n. [from noifrcn, a s* p-mother, Lat.] like
a step-mother. Figuratively, cruel, or wanting the tender-
ness of a natural mother.
NOUGHT, (naiit) s. \ne aiild, Sa\. See A^rtH|g7i<]not any
thing; nothing. To set at nrmg/it signifies to sliglit, disre-
gard, scorn.
NOVICE, s. ^fr. from novns, new, Lat.] one not ac-
quainted with any thing; afresh man; one in the rudi-
ments of any thing ; one who is entered into a religious
liouse, but has not taken the vow.
NOVICIATE, (nons/iiate) s. [nuviciat, Fr.] tile state of a
novice ; the time in w liicli the first rudiments of any science
are taught ; the time spent in a religious house by way of
trial, before taking the vow.
NOUN, s. [nnim, old, Fr. from 7wmen, a name, Lat.] a word
bv which anv thing, quality, or accident is expressed.
"NO'VOGOROD, once an independent republic, finally
reduced by Ivan Vassilivitch II. in 1570, and united to the
Russian empire, of which it now forms a government. It is
bounded on the N. by the government of Olanetz, and on
the S. W. by the govermiient of Pskov. The capital is -jf^
tlie same iviuie
NOX
NO'VOGOROD, one of the most antient cities of Russia,
in tlie.govertimciit of tiie same iiaiue. It was foruierly called
Great Novogorod, to di^triiguish it from otlier Russian
towns of tile same appellation. Jt was, for a long time,
governed by its own dukes ; and was, in fact, a republic,
under the jurisdiction of a nominal sovereign. It was the
great mart of trade between Russia and the Hanseatic cities,
and made the most rapid advances in opulence and popula-
tion. Its territory extended to theN. as far as the frontiers
of Livonia and Finland ; comprising great part of the pro-
vince of Archangel, and a large district beyond the N. W.
limits of Siberia. But in tlte 16th century, this independent
republic was obliged to submit to the arms of Ivan Vassiii-
vitch 1. grand duke of Russia. An enormous bell, deno-
minated by the inhabitants eternal, and revered by them as
the palladium of their liberty, was removed by their con-
queror from Novogorod to Moscow. It continued, never-
tl>eless, the largest and most commercial city in Russia,
aud contained at least, 400,000 people. It was first deso-
lated, in a manner, by the cruelties exercised here by Ivan
A'assilivitch II. but its splendour was not totally eclipsed
until the Czar Peter built Petersburgh, to which favourite
capital he transferred all the commerce of the Baltic that
had before centered here. It now contains scarce 7000
people ; but a vast number of churches and convents stand
melancholy monuments of its former magnificence. The
town stretches on both sides of the Volkoff, a beautiful river
of considerable depth and rapidity, which separates into
two divisions ; namely, the Trading Part and the quarter
of St. Sophia. Novogorod is situated near tlie lake Ilmen,
123 miles S. by E. of Petersburgh. Lat. 58. 20. N. Ion. 32.
45. E.
To NOUTiISH, (the o is ntule in pron. tliis word and its
derivatives ; as, luirrish, niirrisher, n'urriture, &c.) v, a.
\nourrir, Fr.] to increase or support by food ; to maintain ;
to encourage or foment : to train up or educate. Neuterly,
to gain nourishment. Seldom used in this last sense.
NOU'RISHABLE, a. capable of affording nourishment;
capable of increasing the growth, or supporting strength ;
capable of Iniving its growth or strength supported by
food.
NOU'RISHER, s. the person who supports or maintains ;
tlie thing which increases growth or strength.
NOU'RISHMENT, i. '\,w,irissement, Fr.) that which is
given or received in order to promote the growth, or sup-
port tlie strength of a person or thing ; nutrition ; supply of
necessaries.
NOU'RITURE, s. \uoueriture, Fr.] education ; insti-
tution.
NOW, arf. fjjii. Sax. 1 at this time ; alittle wliile ago; but.
When beginning several branciies of a sentence, it implies
tlic present time in the first, and another time in the subse-
quent branches. In lainiliar speech it implies the present
state of things. Amc and t/ieii implies at different times.
Synon. The doing of a thing noH- expresses the taking it in
hand at the very instant : inslimthi, immediatclti, and ;.')•«-
senlly, express a time farther and fartlier off, Inslantli/, im-
plies without any perceptible intervention of time ; ?;«»«;-
liintely means without delay ; and by presently is understood
soon after.
NOW,.?, tlie present moment.
NO'WADAYS, arf. in the present age.
NO'WED, «. ynoiti, Fr.] knotted ; iinvrcatlied. " Dan a
serpent ■iiowed." lirown.
NO'WHKRK, ad. [ji<m7/rr)-, Sax.J lint in any place.
NOWISE, «(/. [no and ui.ir, Belg.] not in any manner or
degree.
NO'XIOUS, a. [from nnxn, damage, Lat.] Inirlful ; destruc-
tive ; unwholesome. In law, guilty or liable to punish-
inent.
NO'XIOUSLY, ad. liurtfully ; in such a manncras to be
pernicious.
NOXIOUSNESS, I. the nuality of being hurtful, mis-
cbievcus, destructive, or uiiwliolcsomo.
C36
NUM
NO'ZLE, «.[a diminutive of nosf] the nose, snout, or end of
any hollow thing. See No.sle.
NUBIA, a kingdom of Africa, bounded on the N. by
Egypt, on the E. by the Red Sea, on the S. by Abyssinia,
and on the W. by Bornoii. The river Nile runs through it,
on the banks of which, and those of the other rivers, it v*
pretty fruitful, but in other places barren, sandy, and in \\nn\
of water. Money is of no use iu this couutiy in the wiiy
of trade, it beiiigall carried ou liy "ay of exchai'.ge. The-.'r
bread and drink is made of a small round sitd called
doca, or setf. Their houses liave mud \\al!s, I^eing very low,
and covered with reeds. The habit (/f the rich is a vest
without sleeves, and they liavc no coverings for their heads,
legs, aud feet : others wrap a piece of linen cloth about
them, and the children go quite naked. They profess to
be INIahometans. The productions of this country- are
gold, elephant's teeth, civet, and sandal wood, and they
sell men into Egypt. The principal towns known to the
Europeans areDangolaand Sennar.
To NUBBLE, v. a. (oroperly knohUe) to bruise with the
fist.
NU'BILE, a. ^nuhilis, froin nulo, to marry, Lat.] fit for
marriage.
NUBIFEROUS. a. \mihifn; from nuhis, a cloud, and/ero,
to bare, Lat.] bringing clouds.
To NU'BILATE, v. a. [iiuhilo, from nulis, a cloud, Lat.] to
cloud.
NUCLEUS, s. [Lat.] in botany, the kernel or edible
part of a nnt, or stone-fruit ; any fruit contained witliin a
husk or shell. In astronomy, the body of a comet, by some
called its head, in contradistinction to its tail. In surgery,
any thing about which matter is jjathered, and closely ad-
heres.
NUCl'FEROUS, «. [from mix, a nut, and fero, to bear,
Lat. I bearing nuits.
NUDA'TION, i.[Fr. from midus, naked, Lat.] the act of
making bear or naked.
NUDITY, s. [iiitditi, Fr. from nudus, naked, Lat.] naked
parts.
NUGATION, s. [from nngor, to tritte, Lat.] the act or
practice of trifling.
NUGATORY «. [from ni/g-or, to trifle, Lat.] trifling; ii>.
significant.
NUrSANCE, (iiusance) s. [Fr.] something pernicious and
offensive. Any thing which annoys the neighbourhood.
To NULL, V. a. [from millvs, no one, Lat .J to annul ; to
deprive of efficacy or existence. To set aside, applied to
laws.
NULL, a. [from mdhs, no one, Lat.] void ; of no force
or efficacy.
NULL, s. something that has no power or meaning. The
marks in ciphered writings which stands for nothing, are
ludh.
NULLlBI'ETY,x. [fromwuHiJi, nowhere, Lat.' the state
of being nowhere
To Nullify, v. «. to make void ; to annihilate.
NU'LLITY, {mdliti,Y\-.'\ want offeree or efficacy ; want
of existence.
NUMB, {mim) a. \benu7r,ed, Sa?;.J deprived of feeling in
a great measure, and the jiower of motion ; producing such
a chilness as almost deprives of the powev of motion and
feeling ; torpid.
To NUMB, (hk?h) v. a. to make dull of motion and feel-
ing ; to deaden, or stupify.
NU'MBEDNFJSS, f. torpor; interruption of sen.sation.
ToNU'MBER, ». n. [from wionm-.t, a number, Lat.] to
count, reckon, or tell how many arc conlHined in any col
lection or sum.
NU'MliER, s. [iiomhre, Fr. numerus, Lat. J that species of
quantity which answers to the nuestion, Ifow many ? Any
particular collection of units. Many; more than one. Har-
mony, or proportion calculated by numbers. In poetry, a
verse, (ii grammar, the variation or termination of a noun,
by which it signifies a single one, or more than one
NUR
O
NLI'MKEnEiH, s. one who coiiiils liow many single ones
are in anv collci-tion.
NU'MBKRLKSS, a. not to be counted; not to be ex-
pressed bv nmnbcrs.
NU'MIU'IRS, s. a canonical book of (be Old Teslanient,
wbicii receives its deMominalion from the numliiiing of the
families of Israel i)v iMosesaiid Aamn.
NU MFiLRS, s. [iKiiMrs, Fr.J tlieciitrails of a deer.
NU'JVIBNI'^SS, ()'«>««<•«) ■«• ll'e stale ol beiiii,', in a great
measure, deprived ol tiie sense of feeliii;;, and Ilic power of
motion.
NU'MERABLR, n. [mmin-abilis, from niimryus, a number,
Lilt-] capal)le of beiii^' counted, or expressed by fifjures.
NU'ftlEHAL, fi. [Fr. from immrnis.a inunber, Lai. J belong;-
in;' to, or coMsistiiiK of mnnbers.
NIJ'MERALLY, ml. aceordiii;; to iiundter.
NU'iMKRAHY, n. [from imnirnis, a number, Lat.J any
thins belon^'in^ to a certain nniidjcr.
NUMI'!U.\"I ION, s.^numrriilii), from ?ih?hi-);«, a number,
Lat.j tiie art of numbernig. In arilinuetic, the rule winch
teaches to express any nundier in (i^nires, and to read any
number written in figures.
NUMEllA'TOU, *. [Lat.] one that luinibcrs ; the tipper
figure in a vulgar fraction, which siiews how many parls the
integer is supposed to be divi<le<l into, as expressed by the
fraction ; thus in tiie fraction 3 the figure 3 is the
numerator.
NUMERICAL, «. I^froni nmncrns, a number, Lat. I denot-
ing number; belonging to number; the same in kind or
species, and likewise in niniiber.
NUiNIERICALLY, ad. with respect to sameness in num-
ber.
NU'MERIST, J. one that deals in numbers.
NUMERO'SITY, j. \nmiiernsus, from niimenis,?i number,
Lat.] number ; multitude ; the state of being numerous.
Harnwny, or agreeable flow.
NUMEROUS, a. [from >ii(nifr«^, a number, Lat.] contain-
ing or consisting of many.
NU'MEROUSNESS, s. the fjnality of consisting of many.
The quality of exciting a sensation of harmony or melody.
NU'INLMARY, n.ffroin munmns, money, Lat.] relating to
money.
NUMMULAR, a. [?i!ini»ii(/an'i<s, from nummits, money,
Lat.] relating to money.
NU'MSKULL, s. [probably from mimb, insensible, and
thill] a dunce, blockhead, dullard.
NU'MSKULLED, a. dull; stupid.
NUN, s. [Sax.J a female belonging to a religious house,
oy her vow debarred from any converse with the male sex.
In natural history, a kin<l of bird.
NU'NCIATURE, s. [from nuncio, to amiotmce, Lat.j the
office of a nuncio.
NU'NCIO, {minsldo) s. [Ital. from »m7!0!o, to announce,
Lilt.) a messenger; an envoy or ambassador from the
pope>
NUNCUPATIVE, or NUNCUPATORV, „.[n„„ci,pn-
tns, from mincupo, to pronounce, Lat.] publicly or solemnly
declared ; pronounced by words.
NUNE'ATON, a town of Warwickshire, with a manufac-
tory of woollen cloth. It is seated on the river Anker, 8
miles N. by E. of Coventry, and 9i) N. N. \V. of London.
Market on Saturday.
NUNNERY, s. a liouse for the reception of religions
females, who by vow are obliged to Imve no commerce with
men.
NUPTIAL, (HH;M/n'«0 a.\nuptiaUs, from mtlo, to marrj',Lat.]
belonging to marriage.
NUPTIALS, (nu/ishiah) s, [it has no singular, nnpticr,
frain miho, to marry, Lat.] marriage.
NUREMBURG,orNDKENBURG, one of the most hand-
some, strong, and flourishing places in Germany, capital of
Franconia, and a free, imperial city. It is a large place, arid
is two miles and 468 paces in length, and one mile and 30
paces in breadth, and about 6 miles in circumference. Tlie
best toys are made here, which are coinnionlv known m F.iig
land by t fie name of Dutch toys. Lon. li. 6.1;. hit. A'J.
27. N.
NURSE, s. \)wurricr, Fr.J a woman who brings up a
child, iir has the care of a sick person; one that l)rceils,
educates, or protects. " Koine, the iinrsc ol' judgiiu-nt."
S/mIi. 'I'he slate of bring nursed. In composition, applied
to any thing that supplies lood.
To NURSE, V. u. \titmtiii; Fr. or bv coiitr4ction from
ii(miis/i\[o brmg up a child ; to feed, keep, or maiiilaiii ;
to take care of a sick person ; to cherish.
NU'RSEK, J. one that nurses or takes care of an infan*
or sick person ; one tliat encouiagrs or foments.
NlJ'l{Si;flY, «. the act or otiice of bringing up a child,
or alleudiiig a sick person; that which is the object of a
nurse's care ; a ijlHiilation of young trees lo be traiisplantetl ;
the place where young people are taken care ol-; the place
or slate where any tiling is fostered or brought ;ip.
NU'RSLING, s. fa diminutive of nurse] one brought up
by a nurse ; a fondling.
NURTURE, «. [contracted from nnuri/HiT] food; diet;
education; institution; any thing which supports life, or
promotes growth.
'J'o NURTUUE, V. a. to educate or bring up.
NU'SANCE,i.so spelt in law writings. See Nuisance.
'I'o NU'STLE, V. a. to fondle or cherish.
NUT, s. [//«i(f. Sax.] the fruit of a tree, consisting of a
kernel covered by a hard shell; the worm of a screw.
NUTBROWhf, a. brown as, or of the colour of, a nut
kept long. "
NUTCRACKERS,*, an instrument used in cracking the
shells of nuts.
NU'TGALL, s. the excrescence of an oak.
NUTHOOK, s. a stick with a hook at the end, used in
pulling down the boughs of a tree to gather nuts.
NUTMEG, s. [nut, and miig:nH, Fr. | the kernel of a large
fruit not unlike a peach, separated from the mace, wliich
surrounds it. It is of a roundish oval figure, of a com-
pact or firm texture, furrowed in its surface, of an agreeable
smell and aromatic taste. The male is long and cylindrical,
but less aromatic than the female, wliii.li is shaped like an
olive. The tree resembles our pear-tree, its leaves have a
fragrant smell whether green or dry, and the trunk or
branches, when cut, produce a red liquor like, blood.
NUTRIMENT, *. [nnlHmenlum, from nutrio, to nourish,
Lat.] that w hicli feeds or nourishes.
NUTR!ME'NTAL,a. havingthe qualifies of food ; afford-
ing nourishment.
NUTRITION, s. [nnlrJtio, from nutrio, to nourish, Lat."
the act of supporting strength, and increasing growth.
NUTRT'l'IOUS, (niUris/iioits) a. [from nutria, to nourish,
Lat.] having the quality of supporting strength, or increas-
ing growth.
Is'U'TRlTIVE, «. [from nutrio, to nourish, Lat.] having
the power to nourish.
NU'TRITURE, *. the power of nourishing. Not used.
NUTSHELL, s. the hard shell or substance whicli in-
closes the kernel of a nut.
NU'ITREE, s. a tree that bears nuts.
To NU'ZZLE, V. a. to nurse or foster; to go with the
nose (low 11 like a hog.
NYLGHAU, i. ill zoology, a large animal of the antelope
kind. They were introduced into England in 17f!7.
NY'MPH, {nymf) s. [from uymi>liii, a bride, Gr. nijmphn,
Lat. I in ant lent mythology, a goddess of l he wcods, meadows,
or waters. In poetry, a young lady, gcuerally apjilieil to
one that is a virgin.
NY'MPH AL, {ny'vifal) a. belonging to nymphs.
O.
OIS the fourteenth letter, and fourth vowel of our ali)ba
bet. Its sound is formed by the breath fiowirignut o.
the mouth through the cvlindrical concavity of the tongue
637
OBD
OBL
eiul round configuration oCilie lips, [t lias its proper sound
ill llii' words l/iode,nose, iVc. It soi'iids long in ilnine, $to)ie.
nliine ; and short ingot, «"', fot, shut. It is usually denoteu
'onj; l»y a servile <t siibjoiiicd, as iii muan, jrruan, (ir by e at
the end of a syllable, as /""ir. The souiul ot'o is often so
siiftasto recpiire itdimbie, as /jous'', rejnotif, iwi», ^e. and in
some words u" is proiioiiiKcd like " short, as mf.vnd, btimil,
tV-c. The single has the .simiid ()l'»« ill some words, as in
Home, icoiiiti, tiimb, luovr, leprovi, \c. and ill some words its
sound is dropl, as in jienjilr ; and sounds like n obscure in
iriiii,iiliiiii, iii(/'i\i}t, i^e. As a iiumeraj, O stands sometimes
foi II, and with a d.ish over il, thus o, for ll.OUO.
O, iiUeij. [O, (iotli.l of wishing', or exclamation, or a
sonsalioii of p:iiii. I'ifd subslaiilivcly, for a circle. " Willi-
ili lliis wooden O." S/ui/.-.
OAI", ((•/') i. [written likcwiscJ'/, '/c, n/)/', Bcl:,^] a cbailge-
liil;,'; a foolish child lelt bv the fairies; an idiot.
OA'riSH, foA.s/0«. stupid ; silly; doltish.
O.^^i'iSII.N'KSS, ((}A'.</i/i^.vv) s. stupidity ; duliicss.
OAK, {i/li) s. [ac or (re, Sax.] a well known tree, whose
timber is nuich used in liuildiii^'s, and (or other purposes.
The sea-oak is a species ofcarwccd, found on locks and
stones in the sea.
O.A'K.XPPLK, s. a kind of spungy excrescence on liie
oak.
OA'KEN, (('ihii) n. [tican. Sax.] made of oak,
OAKILNIMN, s. a sort of apple.
OAKHAM. See Okkha.m.
OA'KIIAIII'TON, or OcKiNGTOX, a lown of Devon.
siiire, with a manulactuie of ser^^es. It is seated on the ri-
ver Oke, on the road between Launceslon and Crediton,
21 miles W.of Kxeier, and I'Ji W. by S. of London. Mar-
ket on Satnril.iv.
OA KINGTON. See Ok lit ngh.'^m.
O.VKUiM, {bkinii) s. ropes untwiated, and reduced to
hemp, which are used toca.ilk, or stop the leaks ofships.
OAIl, (of) s. \are, Sax.] a long pole with a broad tliili end,
by which boats, itc. are rowed.
'To OAH, (yr) r. w. to row. Actively, to move by row-
iiijj, or by means -if oars.
0.\'RWEKD, J. a L;eiius of plants classed by botanists
amoii|;llie thongs. 'J'lie Brilish species are not fewer tliaii
forty-four. Tlie several species are serviceable in manuring
land, and animpuie fossil alkali, named kelp, may be made
by burning them.
0.\'l\V, n. having llic form oriiseofoars.
OA'TCAKE, .'. cake made of ihc meal of oats.
O.VrKN, (6(01)0. madeof oats or of the stalk of oats,
O.A'I'II, (o/A) s. ("//', Sax.] a solemn atfirniation, wherein
wc apply to God as a witness of the truth of what we say.
Injudicial appeals of this nature, an oath contains likewise
a clause, which becomes a curse, in case of wilful falsity, as
MC beg to be saved only in proportion to the truth ol our
• videiice.
OATHBREAKING, {ulh-brcahiniy) s. perjury, or the
violation of an oalli.
OA"l'M \',.\L, {iiiiicel) s. flour made by grinding oats.
OATS, (»(j) s. [iiltn, Sax. la kind of i)eardcd grain, of
•RJiich bread is nuide in some couiilries, and uscti likewise
lor food for horses.
OBADrAII,acaiii)uic;.l book of the Old Testaiuctit, CP ;-
faiiicti ill one single chaplrr. Wlien this prophet lived or
;iropliesicd is wholly uncertain.
To OBDU'CE, I', n. jfroin 0//, over, and (/«f», to lead or
dr.TW, Lat J lo draw <)\er as a covering.
OI'.DU'K.ACV, s. iiillexiblc wickedness; impenitence;
h'.'.iiliK ■^s rd heart.
or.DL' R.\TI',, rt. [(\<m\ (liinis, bard, Lat. J impenitently
wifked; immoveably ei lie). Harsh; rugged.
OBIJU'K.VTKLY, «(.'. in a stubborn, inflexible, or impe-
nileiit maimer.
OBDUKATLNESS, ». stubbornness; impenitence; ob-
sliiijicv.
ODDURATION, s. hardness of heart; stubbornness.
U3U
OBDU'llED, a. [I'roni <li<nis, iiard, Lai. J Irardeiied ; in-
flexible ; impenitent.
• OBE'DI ENCE, s. [ l"r. from ubetlio, lo obey, Lat.] ilie per-
forinanee of the coiiimaiidsof a superior
OBEDIENT, «. \iibiiliens, from iioeilio, .0 obey, Lat.] ob-
se((uiousniss ; submissive to auliiorilv.
OBEDI ENTIAL, (.ibtUihis/ud) a. {obidit.aid, Fr.]accord-
ing to the rules of obedience.
OBE'DI ENTLV, lu/. in such a maimer a» to perform the
commands of a superior.
OBElS.\NCE, {(ibesnucc) .«. [Fr.] a bow, applied to a
man ; a courlsey, applied to a woman.
OliELISC, orOBElJSK, s.\nbtliscus,L-A\.\ a pyramid
very slender and high, having tour faces, lesseiiiiig gra-
dually upwards, till it terminates in a pcriiit, generally raised
as an ornament in some public place. In printing, a mark,
thus, +.
OBEKHATION.j. (from (/i<T/u, to wander, Lat.l the act
of wandering about.
OBi;SE, n. (»4ff».«, Lat. I fat ; corpulent.
OBESENESS, or OBESITY, 1. morbid fatness, or c.\cc>
sive corpulency-
'lo OBEY, V. a. [obeir, Fr. ohtdio, Lat.] to perform the
conniandsofa superior.
O BJ ECT, s. I from ub, before, and jaeio, to cast, Lat.] that
aboet which any of the senses or mind is employed ; somc-
lliiiig apprehended and presented to the mind by the senses
of imagination; the matter of an art or science, or that
about which it is employed.
OBJECT-GLASS, J. the glass of a telescope wliieli is
nearest the thing to be viewed, and farthest from the eye.
To OBJECT, y. a. [tibjkin, Lat. J lo oppose. To propose
scruples against any thing as not consistent with reason or
law, used with (o or ajraiiisl.
OBJ E'CTION, s. [from ob, before, and /«fi", to cast, Lat. )
tlie act of placing any thing in opposition ; the act of op-
posin any argument, or charging with a crime; an argu-
ment produced in opposition to something already as-
serted.
OBJE'CTIVE, a. [objeclif, Fr.J belonging to or conlained
in the object.
OBJECTIVELY, «</. in the manner of an object; in the
state of opposition.
OBJECi'IVENESS, i. the state ol being an object.
OBJECTOR, J. one who raises dilKculties against an
opinion or assertion.
O'BIT, J. [a corruption froiii obiit, he died, Lat.] fimcra!
obsequies, or an otnce performed at the interment .of u
corpse.
OBITUARY, J. [oii/MnWiiHi, from nbeo, (o die, Lat.] a
funeral register, sometimes called minluniics, bill more Irc-
qucntly )iftrolo<^iet.
OBJURGA riON, ,«. [')/;;'Hi»n(iV), from ohjurgn, to rebuke,
Lat.] reproof; repreliension.
015L.\'TE, a. [oblaliis, from bUus, broad, Lat.) flaltod at
the poles, applied to a spheroi«l. " Oblnie spheroidical
liguie of tile earth." CJieipie.
OBL.VTION, -f. [Fr. from offho, to ofTer, Lat.] any
thing offered to God as a sacrilice, or an act of worship.
OBLECTATION, s. [from Mecto, to delight, Lat.] recre-
ation, pleasure, delight.
To O'BLKi.'VFE, v. a. [ob/igo, from lig<',to Diml, Lat.] to
bind by contract, kindness, or duty.
OBLIG.VTION, i. [«/-%», from /12-0, to bind, Lat. I tli
necessity of doing or omitting any ac'.ion in order to behai>-
py ; the binding power of an oath, vow, duty, or contract ;
an act wliieli binds lo some performance; a fiivour wliicli
binds a man to gratitude. Inlaw, a bond wherein is con-
tained a penally conditioned for the payment of nionty.
0'\\\AG.\'Vi)\{Y,a.[iibligiiioire, Fr.] binding, or haviiij;
the power lo enforce the performance or omission of some-
thing ; coercive.
ToOBLTGE, (pron. with its derivatires, nblis^e, nt ob-
tergc, tlic e soft) M. a, [obligo, front ligo^ lo biud, Lat.] to bind
ons
or compel to Bometliiiis ! toinaec'., or lay ol-ligationj of
(fialitiKlp ; to please 01 {.'iHtily,
OIUvIGE'K, s, Hie pcisou 'bound by a lej;"' '•""' "'itten
coiitrsu't,
OBIJ'GKR,'. he wlio binds liy coiifrnct.
ORLrGlNG, part, iiitd «. Uihtif^aiif, Liit.J civil ; com-
plnisHDt ; Cligaciuy ; lespeett'ul,
OHLrGIlsGLV, "'/. ii) ii kind, civil, and eiij{a;;ins mun-
ner,
OliU'GINONESS, *. llieiniiilily of being civil, complai-
sant ; obligation, force.
015L10UAT10N, s. [ohHtpnif, fl shint, L;it.] doclination
from stiuiglitness or pi;rpcMilicul;nii\ ; obli<|uiiy. "The
clian{,'e made by the obliijnntidii of 1 lie eves." !\'ivtii)i,
OULI'QUK, {ohk'd) n. [olliijiuis, Liit.J i'lsliiMl ; not straight,
or perpendicular; indirect, Oi)U(iiic asd-nsivv, is an arc of
the e(juinoctial contaicu'd between the first dej,'ree of Aries,
p.nd that point of it vhicN rises vith the centre of the sun or
\\ star. OUujtu: spltcre, is that position of the globe in which
cfihcrof the poles are elevated less than 90 degrees. In
t'launnar, applied to all cases of iionns, excepting the no-
niinativc,
ORLl'QUELy, (ollffkli/) ad. not directly ; nor perjien-
tJicnlarlv, nor in a straiKht'line ; not in the direct meaninsj,
C)UU'(iUENESS, (obleclmcsi) or OBLIQUITY, s. [obli.
(pi'ti, Tr.J deviation from natural rectitude, from pcrpcn.
flicnlaritv, and from moral rectitude,
'J'o 015LlTl'UiATE, ■". ,1. [from ob, out, and Ulem, n let-
ter, Lai. J to eif'ace any thing written ; to wear out, destroy,
or etlace ti;om the memory,
OBLITEHATION, *. [hom',ob, out, and Jitera, a letter,
Lat.] the act erf' cll'acing any thing written, or rendering any
thing forgottf n,
OBLI'VION, *. ffrom plHvincor, to forget, Lat.J forgetful-
ness, Amnesty, or, An net nf oblivion, wherein a general
paidon is urociaimed for oft'ences against a state,
OBLIVIOUS, «. ffrom vbliiiscpi; to forget, Lat.] causing
forgelfulness,
I O'PLONG, a, [olhngut, from hngut, broad, Lat.] longer
than broad.
O'BLONGLY. ad. in an oblong form,
O'BLONGNESS, «. tiie quality or state of being longer
than broad,
O'BLOQUY, *. [from obhijiwr, to reproach, Lat, J eensori-
(HIS speech ; language by whioh"any person or thing is re-
jiresented to its di^iadvaniage j slander ; the cause of re-
proach,
OBMUTE'SCbNC'E, *, [obmntesco, from mutns, dumb,
Jjat.'l loss of speech,
OBNO'XIOUS, ((.[obnoxiiis, from »io.w, danger, Lat.] sub-
ject or liable to be punished ; liable, exposed,
OBNO'XIOllSLV, (III. in a state of subjection, or of be-
ing liable to punishment,
OBNO'XIOUSNESS.. t. the state of being subject or
liable to punishment,
To OBNUBILATE, v, a, \obnnbih, from wniw, a cloud,
l,at.] to cloud ; to make obscure,
OliOE, the same as Hauthov, which see,
OBO'LE, *• [from oto/w, a small piece of antient njoi.ey,
I^Bt.l in nharmacv, twelve grains.
OBRE'PTIOK, t, [obreptio, from obrtpo, to creep in, Lat.]
a sfeoling or creeping in-
To O'BHOGA TE, v. (I, [obrogo, fioni rof^o, to ask or pro-
claim, Lat,] to proclaim a contrary law for the dissolution
of the former-
OBSCE'NE, «• fofopif'ii'*, Lat.] immodest ! smutty ; rais-
ing uueliaste ideas, Oft'ensive or disgusting; inauspi-
cious,
OBSCETJ^El^y, ad. in an iromodeM. unchaste, or smutty
manner
OBSCETSIENES>», or OBSC£'Nrr\',*.r<**f;niVi,Fr.] im-
purity or immodesty in thought, word, or deed.
OBSCURATION, s. \i)bscnraiio, from obscunit, obscure,
Let,] the act of darkening or being deprived of light.
OBS
OB!^CU'RE, a. [f)lwJ7Ji.», Lat.J (lark ; ;;Uioniy ; bviDK in
the daik; abstruse or dillicidt, applied lourilings. rv'ot
noted or famous. "lie is an ft'/ic'ic |>eisoii." Ailnb.
To OllSCU'Ri'l, 1'. ". U'rum nbunrus, ( bscure, Lat.] to
darken ; to make loss \ ibihle. Figuratively, to render lesji.
easy to be understood, ap;ilie<l lo tiie mind; to eclipse tlif'
-eauty or(ii;;nity, applied lo rank.
OUSCLJ'Ul'.LV, ml. iii such a manner as to shew wsijit
01 privation of light ; in a dark or jjioomy niauner; out "f
sight; ilia nii;an, private in.anner; in a station neither c(\n-'
spicuous nor t'atiions.
OBSCURENi;S.S, or OBSCURITY, s. [olscurus, oh-
Ecure, Lat.] a state of darkness, or that wherein is a priva-
tion of light; privacy; a slate wherein a person lives iin-
observed or unknown. Darkness of meaning, applied to
OBSECRATION,.!. ffrom et, for, and sneer, holy, Lat.J
intrcaty or supplication.
O'BSEQUIES, i. [probaMy (tiim <'l:s:e(pnHm, from ohseqvor,
to follower obey, Lat.] I lie funeral rites, or solemnities,
Milton and Crashaw use it in the singular, vUiicii .lohnson
supposes more proper. " V\itli silent ulscipii/, and funeral
train," Milt. As:miist.
OBSE'QUIOUS, fl. [cbseqiiinm, 'from obscquor, to follow,
Lat.J obedient ; complaisant. Funeral, " Obsequious sor-
row.' Slink.
OBSE'QUIOUSLY, orf. obediently; with compliance.
OBSEQUIOUSNESS, s. passive obedience, or compli-'
ance.
OBSE'RVABLE, (theiin this and the following words
derived from oiieno, Lat. is usually pron. like i ,• as obzirv.
able, obzinaiit, cbzirving., Ac. &c.) «. reniarkable ; dpserv-
ing notice ; eminent.
OBSE'RVARLY.orf. in a manner u 01 thy of notice.
OBSE'RVANCE, J. [ohscri-mice, Fr.] respect ; ceremoriial
reverence; attentive practice ; a law or rule for practicp;
careful obedience ; attention ; regard ; religious rife.
OBSE'RVANT,;Mrt. attentive; diligent; watchful; obe-
dient; respectfuHv attentive; submissive; respectful.
OBSERVATION, s. ffrom ohserro, to observe, Lat.J tlie
act of taking notice of things and persons ; a remark ; an
animadversion; a notion gained by observing. In sea Ian-
guage, the act of taking the sun or any star's meridian alti-
tude, to find tlie latitude of a place.
OBSERVATOI^ s. one who ob^crvcs; a remarker.
OBSl'rilVATORV, s. a place built for making nstrono-
niical observations.
To OBSETvVE. {ob:b-ve) IK a. [observo, Lat.l to watch ;
to look at, to regard with attention ; to obey; to follow ; to
perceive by attention ; to regard or keep religiously. Nen-
terly, toapplywitb attention; to remark.
OBSE'in'EH, *. one who looks vigilantly or attentively at
persons or things ; one who remarks, looks on, or beholds ;
one who practises any rite, custom, or law.
OBSE'RVINGLY, «rf. with attention, heed, o> care.
CrSESSION, s.[obsessio, from olsideo, to besiege, Lat.J
the Act of besieging. In divinity, the first attack of Satan,
antecedent to possession.
OBSI'DIONAL, a. [obsidionalii, from oosidco, to besiege,
Lat.lbelonging to a siege.
O'BSOLETE, 0. [eo4o?ffHS, from soleo, to use, Lat. | not in
use; wornoutof use ; unfashionable.
OBSOLETENESS,*, the ip'-ality of being no longer used,
or of being out of fashion.
OBSTACLE, s. fPr.' from onstn, to oppose, Lat.J some-
thing which opposes the exertion of any power, cither of
body or mind.
OBSTETRIC, a. [from ohstetrix, a midwife, Lat.] belong-
ing to a midwife.
OBSTETRICA'TfON, s. [from obsietrix, a midwife, Lat.l
the office of a midwife.
O'BSTINACY, s. [from obstino, to be obstinate, Lat.J
stubbornness ; pertinacy, contumacy, persisteucy.
C3U
OBT
OCC
O'BSTINATE, a. [from ohstino, to be obstinate, Lat.l re-
fusing to act or assent ; imuiovably resolved.
CyBSTINATELY, ad. iu sucli a manner as to remain cul-
pably fixed or resolute ; in such a manner as to be inflexibly
resolute.
O'BSTINATENESS, s. stubbornness, wilfulness, contu-
macv.
OBSTIPA'TrON, s. [from ohstijw, to stop up, Lat.] the
act of stopping! up any passage.
OBSTREPEROUS, a. [from obslie^m, to make a noise,
Lat. I loud ; noisy ; turbulent ; clamorous ; vociferous.
OBSTREPEROUSLY, ad. in a noisy or clamorous
manner.
OBSTRE'PEROUSNESS, s. loudness, clamour, turbu-
lence, noise..
OBSTiirCTlON, s. [olsti-ictus, from ohstringo, to tie hard,
Lat.] obligation ; bond. " National obttrictiuti." Milt.
To OBSTRUCT, v. a. \ohsiriw, from oh, against, and
struo, to build, Lat.j to block up ; to liindcir, bar, or be in
the way of ; to oppose or retard.
OBSTRU'CTER, s. one who hinders or opposes.
OBSTRUCTION, j. [vhstruo, from oh, against, and struo,
to build, Lat.J any liinderance, difficulty, obstacle, or im-
pediment. In medicine, the stoppage or blocking up of
any canal or passage in the human body, so as to prevent
the flowing of any fluid through it. A heap. "To lie in
cold ohstruction." Shall,
OBSTRUCTIVE, a. \obttriiclif, Fr.] causing liinderance
or impediment.
OBSTR UCTIVE, s. any thing which hinders or impedes.
OBSTRUENT, nart. [ohstritens, from oh, against, and
ttruo, to build, LatJ hindering or blocking up any passage.
OBSTUPEFACTION, s. [from ohstiftfai-io, to stupify,
Lat.] the act of inducing stupidity, or niterruption of the
mental powers.
OBSTUPEFA'CTIVE, «. [from olstupefacio, to stupify,
Lat.] stupefying, or obstructing the vigour of the mind.
ToOBTA'IN, V. a. [uhtineo, Lat.] to gain, acquire, or pro-
cure ; to impetrate ; to gain by the concession or excited
friendship of another. Neuterly, to continue in use ; to be
established ; to prevail or succeed.
OBTA'INABLE, a. capable of being procured.
OBTA'INER, s. one who obtains.
To OBTE'iMPERATE, v. a. [from obtempero, to obey, Lat]
to obey, or be at command.
To OBTE'ND, r. a [from oh, against, and tcnrln, to stretch,
Lat.] to oppose ; to hold out in opposition ; to pretend ;
to make use of as the reason of auv thing. Seldom used.
OBTENEBRA'TION, s. [from tmebrff, darkness, Lat.]
darkness ;. the state of being darkened ; the act of darken-
ing; cloudiness.
To OBTE'ST, V. a. [from obtestor, Lat.] to beseech or im-
plore.
OBTESTATION, s. [from uUestor, to beseech, Lat.] the
act of beseeching or supplicating.
OBTRECTAl'lON, t. [Irom obirecto, to slander, Lat.]
slander; calumny; detraction.
To OBTRU'DE, r. «. [oblnido, from Initio, to thrust, Lat.]
to force into any place or state by violence or imposture ;
to offer with unreasonable importiuiily.
OBTRUDKR.j.one «lio obtrudes.
OBTRUSION, (ohtnizliun) s. [ohtnidu, from triido, to tlirust,
Lat.] tlieact of obtruding.
OBTRU'SIVE, rt. inclined to force one's self, or any thing
else, upon another.
To OlVVyySD, V. B.UibiHiuIo, from timdo, to beat, Lat.]
to blunt, (lull, (piell, or deaden.
OBTURATION, 3. [from obtmo, to stop up, Lat.J the
ttct of stopping up any thing , by smearing something
orer it.
OBTU'SANGULAR, n.[froni «J/M«it», blunt, and aiigidiit,
fc corner, Lit.] having angles larger than right ones.
OBTU'SE, a. [from obiundo, to bluut, Lat.l not pointed or
(J4U
sliarp, blunt. Figuratively, dull, stupiSed ; not quick j
obscure; not shriFl. " An oi/«se sound."
OBTU'SELY, ad. without an edge or point ; iu a dull,
stupid manner.
OBTU'SENESS, j.bluntness ; dulness.
OBTUSION, s. the act of dulling or blunting ; the state
of being made dull.
To OBVERT, V. a. [from verlo, to turn, Lat.J to turn to-
ward.
To OBVIATE, V. a. [from ob, against, and via, a way,
Lat.] to meet in tlie way ; to prevent.
O'BVIOUS, a. [from ob, against, and via, a way, Lat.]
meeting any thing; opposed in front to any thing. Figiv
rdtively, open ; exposed. "0//t'!»uj to dispute." Par. Lost,
Easily discovered, or plain, applied to sentiment.
0'B\'IOUSLY, ad. evidently ; plainly.
OBVIOUSNESS, s. the state of being evident, appaiont,
or easily discovered.
To OBU'RIBRATE, f. a. [obumho, from umbra, a shadow,
Lat.] to shade, cloud, or make any thing less visible.
OCCA'SION, {ohatlwu) s. [from eh, upon, and cado, to fall,
Lat.J an incident; opportunity ; convenience ; occurrence
cas\ial ; an unforeseen opportunity ; an accidental cause ;
casual need or exigence.
To OCCASIOI>f, {nhazjwn) v. a. to cause wilJiout design ;
to cause or produce; to influence.
OCCASIONAL, {oMzltoiml) n. casual: incidental; pro-
ducing wilhoutdesign ; produced by occasion, or incidental
exigence.
OCCA'SIONALLY, (o/(n'i/io;i(i%)«rf. casually, or an ac-
count of some unforeseen emergency.
OCCECATION, {ohstkashon) s. Uccacatio, from cacus,
blind, Lat.] the act of blinding or making blind.
OCCIDENT, (bksident) s. [accident, from occido, to sit,
Lat.] the west. Not in use.
OCCIDENTAL, {oksideiUal) t. (occidentalit, from cccido,
to sit, Lat.J western.
OCCI'DUOUS, (oksiduoiis) a. [occiduM, from occido, to sit,
Lat.] western.
OCCIPITAL, {otisipital) a. [nrcipitalis, from occiput, (l)e
hind part of the head, Lat.] placed ni the hinder part of the
head.
OCCIPUT, {ohipiit)s. [Lat.J the hinder part of the head.
OCCI'SION, {vlisislwii) s.[occisiu, from occido, to kill, Lat.]
the act of killing or slaying.
To OCCLU'DE, 1'. a. [from ob, which here streugtiiens
the signification, and c/audo, to shut, Lat.J to shut up.
OCCLU'SE, s. [from nh, which here strengthens the sig-
nification, and claudo, to shut, Lat.J shut up ; closed.
OCCULT, a. [from oceulto, to hide, Lat.J secret ; hidden ;
unknown ; undiscovcrable.
OCCULTATION, j. [from oendto, to hide, Lat.l in astro-
nomy, the time a star or planet is hid from our signt, when
eclipsed by the interposition of the body of the moon, or
some other planet, between it and us.
OCCU'LTNESS, s. the state of being secret, hid, or not
discoverable.
OCCUPANCY, *. [«ffH;>n»i*, from occupo, to occupy, I.,at.J
the act of taking possession.
OCCUPANT, s. [from occupo, to occupy, Lat.) one that
takcspossession.
To O'CCUPATE, V. a. [occupo, Lat.] to possess, hold, or
take up.
OCCUPATION, s.[Fr.oceupaiio, from occupo, to occupy,
Lat.] the act of taking possession. An employment, busi-
ness, trade, or calling.
O'CCUPIER, *. a possessor ; one that takes possession;
one who follows any employment.
To O'CCUPY, V. rt. [ncciiper, Fr. occupo, Lat.J to possess,
keep, or lake up ; to employ and busy ; to follow as a
traae or business ; to use, or expend. "All the gold tliat
was occupied for the work." Exod. xxxviii. Neuterly, to
practise or follow any business. " Occupy till 1 come." Z.uA«
xix. 13.
OQU
ToOCCU'R, t>. n. [from vb, to, and curro, to run, Lat.]
to pic'soiit to llic mrniDi V or attention ; to appear in dilfer-
cnt places ; to meet, cliisli, or striiie against. To oi)viat<',
or opiKise.
OCCURRENCE, s. [occnrreiice, Fr.] an incident ; acci-
dental (n-ent; occasional presentation.
OCCU'RRENT, s. [dccioTens, from ocatno, to occur, Lat.]
any event or tiling lliat iiappens.
OCCU'RSION, s. I from «i, to, antl cuno, to run, Lat.] a
clabli, hurt, or blow, by the meeting- of two bodies to-
gether.
O'CKAN, (us/irtm) s. [ocean, Fr. occamis, Lat.] in fjeo-
prapliy, is that vast collection of salt and navi;;able waters,
ni which the Uvo continents, the first inrltiilinjt Europe,
Asia, and Africa, and the last America, are inclosed like
islands. The ocean is distinguisliod into three grand divi-
•ioiis. 1. The Atlantic Ocean, which divides Europe and
Africa from America, and is generally about 3000 niiles
wide. 2. "^I'lie Pacific Ocean, or South .Sea, which divides
America from Asia, and is generally about 10,000 miles
oyer ; and, 8. 'I'he Indian Ocean, which separates the In-
dies from Africa, and is 0000 miles over. The other seas,
which are called oceans, are only parts or branches of these,
and usually receive their names from the couulries they
border upon. Any innuense expanse. " The boundless
i>c«a« of eternity." Locke.
O'CI'^AN; l!ishmii)ii. belonging to the main sea.
OCE'LLATEO, «. [from oc«/«s, theeye, Lat.] resembling
the eye.
O'CELOT, s. in zoology, an animal of tlie cat kind,
which iuliabils Mexico, and is covered with more beautiful
spots than even I he leopard.
O'CfilMY, {i>kimu) s. [formed by corruption from alc]iemy\
a mixed base metal.
O'CHRE, (bhei) s. [Fr. ocha, Gr.] in mineralogy, a com-
bination of an earlh with oxyde or carbonate of iron.
Ochres arc of several kinds, distinguished by their colours.
O'CHREOUS, (iikre'ius) a. consisting of ochre.
O'CHRI'^V, (6/i/e//)«. partaking of oere.
OCT/, GON, s. [from okt), eight, and ft;oma, a corner, Gr.]
in geometry, a figure of eight sides and angles.
OCTA'GONAL, a. having eight sides and angles.
OCTA'NGULAR, a. [from ccio, eight, and anffiihts, a
eorner, Lat.] having eight angles.
OCTA'NGULARNESS, s. the quality of having eight
angles.
OCTANT, or O'CTILE, a. [from ocio, eight, Lat.] in
astrology, a[)plifd to a planet in such a position with
respect to another, that their places arc only one-eighth
of a circle, or 45 degrees distant from each other.
O'CTAVE, s. [Kr. from octo, eight, Lat.] the eighth day
after some particular festival. In music, an eighth, or in-
terval- of eight sounds.
OCTA'VO, s. I Lat.] applied to a book, whose leaves are
eme-ei^htli of a sheet of paper.
OCTENNIAL, a. [from octo, eight, and annus, a year,
Lat.] happening every eighth year ; lasting eight vears.
OCTOBER, s. [Lat.J the tenth month in order from
January. October is drawn in a garment of yellow and
carnation ; upon his head a garland of oak leaves ; in
his right hand the sign Scorpio, in his left a basket of
services.
O'CTONARY, a. [from octo, eight, Lat.] belonging to the
number eight.
OCTONO'CULAR, a. [from octo, eight, and oculns, the
eye, Lat.] having eiglit eyes. " Spiders are octoiwctUm:"
Dcrb.
OCTOPE'TALOUS, s. [from okto, eight, and petahn, a
a flower leaf, Gr.J having eight flower leaves.
O'CTOSTYLE, j. |_from okto, eight, and stylos, a column,
Gr.] the face of a building having eight columns.
O'CTUPLE, a. [octiiplns, Lat.] eight fold.
O'CULAR, o. \octdaire, Fr. from ecitlns, an cyc, Lat.J de-
peuding on the eye ; kuowD by the eye.
.4N
CEC
O'CULARLY, ad. in sneh a msmncT as to be viaihle ti>
the eye.
O'CULATE, a. [from cckIus, an eye, Lat.] having eyes ;
knowing or perceiving by the eye.
0'CULIS'1\ 4-. [from och/;«, the eye, ^at.] one who pro-
fesses to cure the disorders of the eye.
O'CZ.AKOW, or Ocii ZAicoiF, a' town lately of Turkey in
Europe, but now included in New Russia, or the government
of Cathcrinenslaf. It is seated at the mouth of the river
Dnieper, opposite Kinbnrn, ISJO miles N. by E. of Coiislan-
tinoplc. Lat. 46'. oO. N. Ion.33. IG. E.
ODD, a. [od, Brit.] tmteven; not to be divided into
even numbers ; more than a round number, or the number
m<iitioned. Particidar ; strange; uncouth; whimsical;
fantastical; uncommon; lUilucky ; unlikely singular.
ODDLY, ttd. in a strange, singular, or unaccountable
manner ; ui such a manner as not to be divided into an even
number.
"O'DDNESS, s. the state of being uneven ; singularity, pe-
culiarity, strangeness, or uncouthuess.
ODDS, ,?. the excess of two, compared with each other;
advantage or superiority for oi against a thing ; a quarrel,
debate, dispute, or dillercnce.
ODE, s. [Gr.] a song, or poetical composition, to be
sung or set to music. An Ode may be either sublime or of
the lower strain, jocose or serious, mournful or exulting, even
sometimes satirical, but never epigrammatical ; and, inshort,
it mav consist of wit, but not of that turn which is ihe peci-
liar charactarisfic of an epigram. At first, indeed, the verse
of the ode was but of one kind ; but for the sake of pleasure,
and to adapt it to music, the poets so vari'cd the numbers au'i
feet, that their kinds are now almost innumerable. One of
the most considerable is the Pindaric, distinguished by its
boldness, and the rapidity of its flight.
O'DIHAM, a town of Ilampsliirc. It is a corporation,
and the place where David, king of Scotland, was kept
prisoner. It is siluateilon a navigable canal, from the Wye
an'l Thames, to Basingstoke, 21 miles N. E. of Winchester,
and 42 W. by S. of Lundou. Market on Saturday.
O'DIN, s. m mythology, the god of war.among the anticnt
inhabitants of the N. of ICurope. lie was olherwiie
called Woden, and the Wednesday was dedicated to his
honour.
O'DIOUS, ff. [odiosus, from odi, to hate, Lat. odieux, Fr.J
exposed to hate ; causing hate ; hateful, abominable, de-
testable.
ODIOUSLY, <id. hatefully, abominably, invidiously.
O'DIOUSNESS, s. the quality which renders a person or
thingthe object of hatred ; the state of being hated.
ODIUM,' s. [Lat.J hatred ; the quality of provoking
hatred.
ODONTALGIC, a. [from odon, a tooth, and algos, pain,
Gr.] pertaining to the toothach.
(JDORATE, a. [from odor, a scent, Lat.J scented ; having
a strong scent.
ODORIFEROUS, 'a. [from orfcr, a scent, and fero, to
bring, Lat. I giving scent ; fragrant; peifumed.
ODORIFEROUSNESS, s. sweetness of scent; fra-
grance.
ODOROUS, a. ["from odor, a scent, Lat.] sweet-scented ;
fragrant; perfumed.
Odour, s. {odor, Lat.J a scent or smell, whether good
or bad ; but most properly applied to a sweet one.
02, adipthong borrowed from the Greeks, (pron. like an
E. in the following words) but not properly belonging to our
lann-uage.
OECONO'iMICS, s. [from oihos, a house, and nomas, law,
rule Gr.J the managomout of household aflairs. •
<T^CONOMIST, s. [from oikos, a house, and nomos, law,
rule Gr.Jone who manages a family ; one who conducts hi»
affairs with prudence and discretion.
CECO'NOM Y, s. [from oikos,^ and nomot, law, rule Gr. | the
act of prudently mauaging affairs ; tliriftiness ; good Im*-
bandry. Also, the particular dispensation or order i/f
641
OFF
OFF
jSiings established among the Jews aud Christians by divine
ailthorily.
G?.CUME'lS'ICAL, a. [oihimwene, llie wliole inhabitt'd
worlilj Gr.] general; respecting ihe whole habitable
fEDE'MA, *. [aidema, from cideo, to swell, Gr.] a swelling,
roniined by* surgeons to a white, soft, insensible tuiiior,
proceeding from cold and aqueous humours, such as hy-
dropic constitutions.
OCDE'.MATIC, or (EDCMATOUS, a. \oidema, from
cidfn, to swell, Gr.l appertaining to an ci'dcma.
(El'LI.AD, «. [from oeH, Fr.] a glance; wink; token
given by tiie eye.
O'Av!!, contracted in poetrv' for over.
CESO PIIAGUS, s. [from oisos, a cord or pipe, and plifgu,
to ear, Gr.l in anatomy the gullet, or membranous pipe or
passage, whereby our food is conveyed from the n.outli to
tiie stomach.
OF, {(iv) prep, [o/. Sax.] a particle used to express the
geoi'ive in Englisli, and expresses property. From. "Called
Corey ra o/Corcyra." Shak. Relating to; concerning. "All
have this sense of war." Sm(illr>ds;e. Among. " Any
clergyman of my own acquaintance." Swift. According to.
" They do o/" right belong to you." Tillois. Used with tiie
reciprocal pronoun, it implies power, ability, choice, or wil-
lingness. " (yhimself is none, by tliat eternal infinite and
riT\v," 'Dryd. Applied to families, beii:g born of; extrac-
tion. "A man of an antient tiimily." Clitr. Sometimes it
signifies the matter of which ;niy thing is made. "The
chariot was all o/' cedar. When nut before an indefinite
expression of time, it gives an adverbial signification. " Of
Lite," i. c. lately. In almost all these senses it seems to
have been borrowed fnim, or used in imitation of, the Latin
prepositions rt, ab, ahs, e.i; and de.
OFF, ad. [af, 15elg.] the chief use of this word is to con-
join it with the verbs, come,J}i/, looli, and take, and is gene-
rally opposed to OH, and then signifies separation, disuiiion,
breach of continuity. When applied to measure, it signifies
distance. " Scarcely o/F a mile." S/mk. In painting or sta-
luaiT, projection or relief. After go, it implies vanishing,
absence, or departure. Absolutely, it implies disappoint-
ment, defeat, or interruption, as, " Theafiair is ojf." When
opposed to UK, if implies in belialf or favour. When ap-
plied to any action, it implies change, alteration, or diver-
sion. Off' hand, signifies without study or premedita-
tion.
OVF,iiiic)j. an expression of abhorrence, or command to
depart.
OFF, prep, is opposed to on or vjion. At a distance, ap-
plied to place. " Tv,o miles o/Tthis town." Addison.
OFFAL, s. [perhaps, from offa, a coUop, of meat, Lat.
Skinner derives it from o/f and /«//] waste meat, or that
which is not eaten at table'; carrion, or coarse flesh ; refuse,
or that which is thrown away as of no value ; any thing of
no esteem ; the entrails.
OFFENCE, s. [from offcndn, to offend, Lat.] any thing
wiiich may cause disgust, on acc(uint of being contrary
to law, or the inclination of another; any thing that may
injure or displease.
OFFE'NCEFUL, a. causing displeasure; injurious; con-
trary to law.
OFFEJH CELEBS, «. without doing injury, or any thing
♦hat nia"cause displeasure; iimocent, harmless, iuofl'en-
sive.
To OFFE'ND, V. (I. [o^tHrfo, Lat.J'to irritate, or make
angry; to attack; to assail; to transgress; to injure; to
violate. Ncuterly, to be criminal ; to provoke to anger ; to
lje"uil!v of a transgression of any rule.
0FFE[NDEK, s. a criminal; transgressor; one wlio has
done an injurv.
OFFK'NDilES.S, «. a female offender.
OFFENSIVE, a. [from o//;w/», to oll'end, Lat.] causing
anger, displeasing, pain, assailant; disgustful ; injurious.
OFFENSIVELY, a'l. in such a manner as to displease
or cause uneasiness or hatred.
OFFE'NSIVEN ESS, f. mischief ; uneasiness; injury, or
cause of disgust.
To OTFEiJ, I', a. [nffero, Lat. o/frir, Fr.] to present H- a
person ; to hold so as a person may receive. 'Jo sacrifice,
or immolate. To bid, applied to price. To attempt; to
commence. To propose. Neuterly, to be present, or to
present itself; to make an attempt. '
OTFER, f. \offri; Fr.] proposal of an advantage to ano-
ther ; a pioposal made ; the price bid at a sale or market ;
attempt or endeavour; first advance.
OFFERER, s. one who makes a proposal ; one who sii-
crifices, or dedicates in worship.
OFFERING, s. any thing sacrificed on a religious ac-
count.
OFFERTORY, i. [ofihtoire, Fr.] the thing ottered ; the
act of offering ; the place where alms ai e offered in a
chnvcl).
O FFICE, s. [office, Fr. officinm, Lat.] any public charge
or employment ; agency; peculiar use; act of good or ill,
voluntarily proil'ered ; private employment ; act of worship;
formulary of devotions; place appropriated to particular
business ; a place w here business is transacted.
O'FFICER, s. [qfficier, Fr.] a man employed by the public;
a commander in an army ; one who has the power of appre-
hejiding ci imiuals, or arresting debtors. Vonmiission-Ojjictrs
are those appointed by the king's commission; such are all
from the geneial lo the cornet inclusive, thus denominated
in contradistinction to WnrraiitOfice^s, who are appointed
by thecolonel or capi^^in's warrant, as quarter-masters, Ser-
jeant's, corporals, and even chaplains and surgeons. Fielti-
Officers are such as command a w hole regiment ; as the colo-
nel, lictitenant-colonel, ami major. F!a<>-Officers are -adnviiih,
commodores, and commanders of squadrons. Genera! Offi-
cers are those whose command extends loa body ef forces,
compose(i of several regiments ; suci; are the general, lieu-
tenant-general, major-generals, and brigadiers. Staff-Offictrs
are such as, in the king's presence, hear a white staff, or
wand ; and at other times, at their going abroad, have it
carried before them by a footman bareheaded ; such are the
lord steward, lord-chamberlain, lord treasurer, &c. The
white staff is taken for a commission; and, at the king's
death, each of these officers breaks his staff over the hearse
made for the king's body, and by this means lays down his
conimission, and discharges his inferior officers. Suhahern-
Officers are all who adminisler justice in the name of sub-
jects ; as those w ho act under the earl-marshal, admiral, &c.
in the army, the subaltern officers are the lieutenants, cor-
nets, ensigns, Serjeants, and corporals.
OTFICEREIJ, rt. supplied with connnauflers.
OFFICIAL, (n/fiski(d) a. [Fr.] conducive towards per-
forming any public charge.
OFFFCIAL, (off'isliial) s. a person commissioned to judge
causes in an ecclesiastical court.
Ol'h'lClALTY, {ofiskiaki/) s.[n£ieialiti, Fr.J the charge
or post of an official.
To OFFFCIATE, (offishiale) V. n. to discharge any office,
generally applied to acts of worship; to perform an ofiice
for another. Activelv, to give in consequence of office.
" Merely to officiate light." Milt.
OI'FliCI NAL, a. [from officina, Lat.J among apothecaries,
used in shops.
OFFI'CIOUS, Qiffidiniis) a. [from nfficiam, office, duty,
Lat.] doing good offices, or acts of kindness, in a gooci
sense. Assisting or iiili r'neddling with the affairs of
another, without being invited or welcome ; forward, in a
bad sense.
OFFI'CIOUSLY, (of]ifkioiish/) ad. in such a manner as to
be too fond of assisting a jierson, or intermeddling in Ids
aflairs, without being ask<d or welcome. Kindly, or with
unaskeil kindness, in a good sense.
OFFFCIOUSNESS, (,oj/is/aoiisness) s. too great a readi
OLD
OM I
ncss to assist or cblige another, coimiioiily used in ;i bad
sense. Service, in ;i sood sense.
OrUNG, s. in sailor's liin^'u;i!,'e, is the open sea, or far
from land. Wiien a ship is sailing to sea, they say, she
Hands for tiie Qffliig.
C)'I'"I'SI'7r, s.a spront, a shoot of a plant.
0'I''1'"SC0U111NG, s. a part rubbed otf in cleaning or
scoiiiiu;; ; refuse.
OFFSPRING, J. the thin? propagated or geueratea ;
cliildreii, descendants ; a production of any kind.
OFT, «(/. \<tft, .Sax-l fre<iuen!ly; several times; often;
not rarely,; not seldom.
O'FTliN, (usually pronounced as if spelt ufn)a.m the
comparative, iffnur, in the suiierlalive, '/toicit ; many
times; frequently.
OFTENTIMES, «(/. many times; more than once or
twice; frequently.
O F'lTIMES.W. many times; frequently.
OGIVE, orOGI'VE, iii architecture, a mouldiufif, consist-
ing; of a round and a hollow, almost in the form of an S.
'I'o OGLE, V. n. [oon-Zi, Belg.] to view with stolen glances,
in order to escape notice.
O'GLER, s. \oog-/telei; Belg.] one that views another by
side or stolen glances.
OGUE'SSES, s. in heraldry, cannon balls of a black co-
lour.
OH, itUoj. an exclamation made use of to express sorrow,
pain, or surprise.
OIIETERO'A, one of the Society Isles in the South Sea,
about 12 nuUis Ion:;, and C wide, inhabited by people of a
very large stature. I.at. 22. 2r;4. S. Ion. 150. 4.3. W.
()HrO, a river of North America, which rises in the Al-
legany Mountains, and fails into the Mississippi in about 37
defines of N. latitude.
OIL, s. [virl, Sax.] a fut, unctuous, thin, and inflammable
juice, drawn from several bodies, either by expression or
distillation.
To OIL, r. a. to smear with oil.
OI'LCOLOUK, s. colour made by grinding coloured sub-
stances in oil.
OI'LINESS, s. greasiness ; unctuosity ; the quality ap-
proaching to, or like that of, oil.
OILMAN, s. one who trades in oils, pickles, tic.
OI'LS'HOP, J. a shop where oil, pickles, and other com-
modities, are vended.
Ol'LY, a. fat ; greasy ; resembling oil.
ToOiNT, V. (T. [from oint, Fr.] to auoiut ; to smear with
something greasy.
OI'NTMENT, i. a medicine made of unctuous, oily, or
greasy substances.
O'KEHAM, tlie county town of Rutlandshire, is pretty
well built, and has a free-school, and an hospital. The first
time any peer of the realm comes within the precinct of his
lordship, he forfeits a shoe from the horse he rides on to the
lard of the manor, unless he commutes for it w itli money.
It is seated in a rich valley called the Vale of Catmos, 28
miles S. by E. of Nottingham, and 98 N. by W. of London.
Market on Monday and Saturday.
O'KEINGIIAM, Okingham, or Wokingham, a
town of Rerksiiire, (but partly situated in Wiltshire) with a
small manufactory of denims, and some mills for throwing
silk. It is 8 miles S. E. of Reading, and 32 W. of Loudon.
Market on Tuesday.
O'KEH,^. See Ochre.
OLD, a. [cfiM, Sax. alt. Tent.] advanced in years, or
beyond the middle age of life. Of long continuance ; begun
long ago ; not new ; antient ; not modern ; subsisting be-
fore something else, opposed to last ; long practised, or ve-
teran. In familiar or burlesque language, more than enough ;
a frequent repetition of the same thing. Of old, signifies
long ago, or in times long past.
OLDFASHIONED, rt. made ia a form at present laid
aside, or not used.
O'LDNESS, J. old age ; antiquity; the quality of being
old, impaired by age or time.
OLEA'CJINOUS, a. [ulcngimis, from o/e<r, an olive, Lat.]
oilv ; unctuous.
OLEAGINOUSNESS, s. oilincss.
OLEA'NDER, /^.[ohandre, Fr.] the plant roschaj.
OLEO'SE, tuUtleusus, from vlen, an olive, Lat.lodv.
OLFA'CTORY, a. [nifactoire, Fr.J having tlie sense of
smelling.
OLID, or O'LIDOUS, a. \_olidiis, from (deu, an olive, Lat.]
stinking.
OLIGATiCIlICAL, {oligarhihd) «. [,dl^-archieus, Lat.
from olig-os, a few, and arche, government, Gr.] belonging to
an oligarchy.
OLIGARCHY, (olin-arJaj) s. [from tdigos, a few, and
arche, a government, Gr.J a form of govcnuuent, which
places the supreme power in a small number, generally u'.v
blcs ; aristocracy.
O'LIO, s. [fdld. Span.] a rich dish made of dilTerent sorts
of meat ; a medley.
O'LITORY, rt. [from oUtur, a gardener, Lat.] belonging
to trie kitchen garden.
OLIVA'STER, rt. [nlivastre, Fr. from ohm, an olive tree.
La t.l darkly-brown, tawny. '• OZ/ffls^ec and pale." Bui:
O LIVE, *.[<;/«/, Lat.]'a tree producing an oblong fruit,
about the size of a damascene, w liich is pickled ; it is famous
foritsoil, and was formerly used as an em' lem of peace.
O'LLERTON, a small town of Nottinghamshire, with a
market on Friday. Distant from London 138 miles.
O'LiNIUTZ, a trading town of Germany, capital of Mora-
via, and a circle of the same name, w ilh a colle,';e, a riding
academy, and a learned society. It is well built, populous,
and fortified, and is seated on the river Morawa, 80 miles
N. by E. of Vienna, and 97 S. S. E. of Brcslaw.
O'LNEY, a town of Bucks, with a considerable manufac-
ture of bonelacc. It is seated on the river Ouse, 12 miles
S. E. of Northampton, and 5« N. N. W. of Loudon. Mar-
ket on Monday.
OLONE'TZ, a town of Russia, famous for its mn;es of
iron, and its mineral water. It is situated in the govern-
ment of the same name, on the river Olonza, which falls
into the E. side of the Lake Ladoga. Lat. 61. 26. N. Ion.
31. 20. E.
OLONE'TZ, a government of Russia, included formerly
in thatof Novogorod. Here are some considerable iron
works.
OLY^'MFIAD, s. [from Oliimmis, a town in Greece, where
the Olympic games were celebrated, Gr.J in chronology',
the space or period of four years, whereby the Greeks rec-
koiwd their time.
OLY'MPUS, a mountain of Asia Minor. It is one of the
highest and most considerable mountains of Asia ; and its
summit is always covered with snow.
O'MBRE, {iimher) s. [/lombre. Span.] a game of cards
plaved bv three persons.
OME'GA, s. [Gr.] the last letter of the Greek alphabet.
In Scripture, it is an appellation given to God, who calls
himself the Alpha and the Omega, the beginning and the
end.
O'MELET, s. \omelctte, Fr.] a pancake of eggs.
O'MEN, s. I Lat.J any sign ^or token by which ^future
event may be foretold.
O'MENED, «. containing prognostics, or signs by wliicli
future events may be foretold.
OME'NTUM, s. [Lat.] in anatomy, the cawl that covers
the guts, called also reticulum, from its structure resembling
that of a net.
OINIER, i. [Heb.] a Hebrew measure containing about
three pints and a half English.
O'MER, St. a large and populous town in the aepart-
mentof the Straits of Calais. The hospital and college here
are worthy of notice. It is 135 miles N. of Paris.
To O'ftilNATE V. a. [from omen, a 'oken of good or bad
643
ON
ONT
luck, Laf.i to foreslicw ; to prognosticate; to fore-
token.
.OiMINATION, t. [from onien, a token of good or bad
luck, Lat.ja prognostic.
O'.MINOUS, a. foresliewin? something future, raostly
used i[) a bad sense. Containinj; signs of somelliinjj good
or ill.
OMINOUSLY, ad. with -ood or bad omen.
O'MlNOUSNiOSS, *. (he quality of beto.kening some fu-
ture ill or good.
OMI'SSION, {omhriou) s. [omissio, Lat.] the act of for-
bearing to do sonietiiing that ought to be done ; a neglect
of duty, opposed to a commission of evil.
To OMIT, V. a. [omiltn, Lat.] to leave out ; not to men-
tion ; to neglect doing vthatonglit to be done.
OMITTANCE, s. forbearance. Not in use. " Omittance
is not quittance." Skak.
OMNIFA'RIOUS, a. [onmifarius, from onmis, all, Lat.]
of all kinds or varieties.
OMNIFKROUS, [from tnmtii, all, and/cro, to bear, Lat.]
all-bearing.
OMNTFIC, a. [from omnis, all, and facio, to make, Lat.]
all-creating.
O'lMNIFORM, a. [from o/miis, all, and/w>-»in, shape, Lat.J
of all shapes.
OMNIGENOUS, a. [from oima's, all, and p;emis, a kind,
Lat.] consisting of all kinds.
OAINIPA'RITY, *. [from omnis, aW, and par, equal, Lat.]
-general equality.
OMNITOTENCE, or OM NI'POTENC Y, s. [from omvis,
all, and potens, powerful, Lat.J almighty i)ower.
OMNl'POTENT, n. [tVom omiiis, ail, and potens, power-
ful, Lat.] all- powerfcd, almighty.
OMNIPRE'SF.NCE, j. [froiu ojn«;>, all. and presens, pre-
sent. Lat.] ubiquity ; unl)ounded presence.
OMNIPRF/SENT, «. present everv where; ubiquitary.
OMNI'SCIENCE, or OMNI'SCIENCY, (om/m/(i>«ff) f.
[from omnis, all, and scio, to know, Lat.] the knowledge of
all things ; infinite knowledge.
OMNI'SCIENT, (omnis/dcnt) a. [from omnis, all, and scio,
to know, Lat.] knowing every thing ; of infiiiite knov. ledge,
and all-knowing.
OMNI'SCIOUS, (otnn'ishious) a. [from omnis, all, and scio,
to know, LatJ knowing all things ; all knowing.
OMN I'VORO US, (I. I from omuis, all, aiid voro, to devour,
Lat. I all-devouring.
OMNIUM, s. [from omnis, all, Lat.| a term of finance,
denoting all the parliculars included in liie conlract bitweeii
government and the public for a loan, such as stock at 3 or
4 per cent, lotteiy liekets at a stipulated price, annuities for
a certain term, &c.
OMO PLATE, s. [from omos, the shouliicr, find plains,
broad, Lat.] the shoulder blade.
OMPHALOTTIC, s. [from omphah:, the navel, and
options, belonging to sight, Gr.] an opiic glass that is convex
on both sides, commonlv callfij a convex lens.
O MRAHS, the title of the great lords at the Mogul's
court.
O'Sfprep. [mi, Rolg. an, Tent.] upon; supported by;
or covere<( w ith. 'i'he subject of action. Dependance or re-
liance. " On God's providence." Snml/nils:e. The motive
oroccaaHn of any thirg. As soon as any ihiugis done. "On
the receipt of a letter." Dryd. Tiir period at which any thing
iiappens. In threats, it is put before the thing threatened,
and implies it will be in danger for want of <;ompliance.
" On thy life." Dnid. The state of any thing. " The
he-dv'ns »n fire." Shah. A condition of a bargain or sale.
*' On more easy terms." Dnjd. .Soniitiuics it is used to
imply distinction or opposition. "The lUioriians ci the
other side." KnoUes. When U5;'d by contraction before it,
it signifies of. •" A gamester has but a poor trade on't."
J.nchf. Synon. On, Upon. These two words are indiscri-
ini'ialrly used one for another, on all occasions ; but with
great impropriety. On rather signifies hj ; as, «n my vvokI,
0-U
on my honour, &c. whereas «/)o« means 17), on ilic (op of,
and is applied to mailer; as, upon the table, iijwn \[\f chair,
npiin I he liouse, dvc.
ON, firf. forward ; in succrssion or progress; without
ceasing; upon the body. " Her patches and jewels on.'
Prior. Resolution to advance, used ellipticvilly for ^'w on.
ON, inter), a word of incitement or encouragement to
proceed, or attack, used eliiptically instead of go oh.
ONCt'",, (uwire) at/, only one time; a single lime. Used
with at, the same time. In an indivisible point of lime.
Formerly. "My soul had once some foolisli fondnrss for
thee." Addis. It is lo be remarked tliat this \inrd seems
to be rather a noun than an adverb, when it has at before
it, or when it is joined with an adjective : as. At once, or
t/tis once.
ONE, (u-an) a. [(cne, .Sax.] single; any thing expressed
by an unit ; any. Used with another, belonging lo both.
Opposed to another, difleient. Opposed toother, one of the
two certain, or particular. Used viilli daij, in a past tense ;
otherwise it signifies some time to coMie, when used with a
future tense. "Shall owe day faint." Dariis.
ONE, (kuh)s. followed wiJh by one, it implies singly, or
a single person. "Raising one by ojic the suppliant crew."
Dryd. A single thing. A person. Cimcord ; agreemerrt.
A person of a particular character. " One that loved net
wisely." Shak. This word is used in thr plural, either when
it stands for persons indefinitely; as, "The great on<?j of the
world ;" or when it relates to something going before, or is
used instead of a noun plural ; as, "These successes are more
glorious — than such ruinous ones." Glane. Sometimes it is
used before an impersonal verb, to si"iiify any person, or
man ; this was by the Sa\ons expressed by mnn ; but as Dr.
Hickes judiciously observes, our use of this word i-s either
borrowed from the Italian uno, or un, Fr. "One would ima-
gine." Atterh.
O'NEBERRY, s. the herb paris, called also true-love.
O'NEEYED, (u-onct/cd) a. having one eve ; nionocuiar.
ONEIROCRlTIC'i. [from oj^m, a dream, and krisis,
judgment, Gr.] an interpreter of dreams.
ONKIROCRITICAl., a. [from onciros, a divim, and
h-isis, judgment, Gr.] belonging to the interpretation of
dreams.
ONENESS, (kojiiicss) s. unity ; the qualify of being one.
O'NERARY, a. [oncrarins, from omis, a burdei., Lat.]
fitted for carriage or burdens ; comprising a burden.
ONKRATION, i. I from oni«, a burden, Lat.] the uct of
loading.
O'NI'iROUS, a. [from rmns, a burden, Lat.J bnrdensotne.
Figuratively, oppressive.
iD'NGAR, a town of ICssex, with a market on Saturday.
It is 21 miles E. N. E. of London.
ONION, {uniiin) s. \oignon, Fr.] an aromatic strongs-
scented plant, with a bulbous, coated, and orbicular ro«it.
O NLY, a. from one, only, or cnclihc, whence by contrac-
tion oncly ; [nnlir, ^:ax.] single; without anv oilier of the
same kind or species ; this above all others; this williout any
more. Synom. Wlieii speaking of a thing we make use
of the word onh/, we mean there is no other of the same
kind ; when that of a/one, that it is not accompanied with
any other.
O'NLY, «'/. simply; singly; barely; thus and no other-
wise ; without any more. "•
OT^OMANCY, "s. [from onoma, a name, and manteia, di-
vination, (ir.] divination by names.
ONOftlA'N'riCAL, [from onoma, a name, and mantein,
divination, Gr.] belonging to divination by names.
ONSl", T. s. liie first attack or assault ; aggression ; orna'
mental aiqimdage.
ONSLAU<iM T, (imslavt) s. attack ; assault. Not in list;.
ONPO'LOGIST, s, (from onto, l)eings, and top;os, a di<*-
course, Gr.] a ineiaphysiciaii, or one who considers tlve
properties of being in general.
ONTOLOGY', s. [from otUa, beings, and Uigos, a dis-
CPE
Ol'O
ooc.rsf, Or.] the scienceof the aftcctionsof bcinj generally;
nielapliysics.
ONWARD, ad. [ondwenrd, Sax.] foruani ; progressively ;
somewliat f'artlier.
O'NYCHA, (iimjka) s. in scripture, llie oihirif'-rnus snail
OT sjicll, or l!ip onyx stone. Most of the comnicniators are
fur the onyx, or odoriCcroiis siicll, uhiel' is like ihal of the
iish called i)in-piira. Tlic onyx is iishnl for in llie i'ast in
v/alery places where tiie spikenard •;r()\vs, which is its food,
aiid makes its shell so aronialic.
ONYX, s. [tir. I a s('niipillu<iil -jeni of a dark horny
colour, with a plate ofalihusli white, and sometimes of a
red : when a plale of a reddish or flesh colour lies on one or
l)t)th sides of the white, it is calli'd a sardonyx.
OO'AVi, I. [iiai's, wetness. Sax.] soft nnid ; mire at the
Iwttom of water; slime ; a soft (low or sprinij, " From his
first fountain and bejjinuing Doze." Prior. The liipior of a
tanner's vat.
To OOZE, V. n. to flow by stealth ; to run gently ; to
slip away.
OO'ZV, a. miry ; muddy ; slimy.
To C)1*A'CATK, v. a. [from vpacus, dark, l.at.] to darken,
cloud, shade, orobscnie.
OPA'CITY, s. [from opacus, dark, Lat.] cloudiness ; want
of transparency.
OPA'COUSi a. [from opacus, Lat.] dark ; void of light ;
not to he seen through.
O'PAL, .5. \oprdus, Lat.] an elegant and sinsjular stone,
Avhicb, on account of its opacity and softness, is scarcely to
l>e reckoned among the pellucid gems. It isnatnrally bright,
sinootb, and glossy, and displays its beauties without the
art of a lapidary ; in colour it resembles the finest mother-of-
pearl, consisting of a bluish or greyish white ; but when
turned ditt'ercntly to the light, reflects all the colours of the
raiiibow, amongst which the green, blue, and red, are par-
ticularly beautiful. The best stones come from the East
Indies.
OPA'QUE, (o;;o7;e)a. [from opacits, Lat.] dark ; having no
light in itself; not to be seen through.
To OPE, or O PEN, v. a. \open, Sax.] to unlock ; to un-
close ; to lay open ; to discover ; to divide or cause a breach,
by which a thing may be seen. " The cathedral church was
opened by an earthquake." Addis. To explain ; to disclose
by degrees. In law, to begin. " The openino- of your cause."
In anatomy, to make a" incision. Neuterly, to separate or
unclose ; to cease to be shut. In hunting, to bark.
OPE, or OPEN, (the e is mute in pronouncing this word
and its following derivatives and compounds ; as, dpu, dpner,
djming, &c. ope is used only by old authors, and by them
only in its primitive sense) a. unclosed ; not locked or shut.
Figuratively, plain; apparent; public; without art, disguise,
or reserve. Applied to the season, not cloudy or gloomy.
Free, unconfined, or w itiiout cover, applied to the air. Ex-
posed, or without defence, applied to danger or injuries.
Attentive, applied either to the eyes or ears, and followed
by unto or vpon.
OPENER, i. one that unlocks or makes open. Figura-
tively, one that explains or interprets; any thing that sepa-
rates or divides.
OPENEY'EU, a. watchful ; vigilant.
OPENHA'NDKD, n. generous, liberal, munificent.
OPENHEA'RTED, {dpnhdrted) a. generous ; candid ;
void of base reserve or subtletv.
OPENHE'ARTEDNESS, (opnhartedness) s. generosity,
liberality, munificence.
O'PEMING, s. a breath or hole, aperture. Figuratively,
the sight ofathingata distance; a faint, imperfect, or con-
fused knowledge.
O'PENLY, orf. in sight; plainly; without subterfuge,
reserve, or disguise.
OPENMOUTHED, a. greedy ; clamorous ; unable to
keep a secret.
OTENNESS, s. freedom from obscurity or ambiguity ;
clearness ; plainness ; freedom from disguise, subterfLgi..
or artifice.
OPEl'A.i. |Ilal.] a poetical tale, or fiction, performci'
with vocal aiul nistrumental ;i!usic, and adorned with scenes,
machines, and <l;mcnig.
O'PEKABLE, 11. [nperor, from o/"M, work, Lat] capabl:
of being done.
O'PEllANT, a. \operant, Fr.] active ; having nowcr to
produce anv eli'cct.
ToO'PEI'iATE, I', n. [from npn , work, Lat.] load; to
produce an effect ; with oh, before the subject of operation.
OPEUATK)N, s. |Fr. opemtio, from opus, work, Lat.]
agency ; niduencc ; action ; an eflect. Figuratively, an
effect. Insuigery, t!i<;l part of medicine, or the art of heal-
ing, which depends on the use of instruments. The motions
or eniph)yments of an auuy.
OlMLRATIVE, 1. Iiavn? the power of acting ; effica-
oioiis ; active; vgorous.
OPERATOR, i, |L»t ] one that performs any act by the
lumd ; one that (iiodutes am cH'ect.
OPF.ROSE, n. [of'croshx, from opits, work, Lat.] labori-
ous ; full of Iroidile and tediousness.
OPIIKVPHAOOLIS, a. [from op/as, a serpent, and pliago,
to PHI, (ir.J seipi'tit fating.
Ol'tliTES, (of)iei)s. |fiom op!iis,?i serpent Cr.] marble
of a duskv, grrenish ground, with oblong, and usually square
spots ot 'i'f^i'er green.
OPFITH A LM !C, {ofthalmick) a. [from ophthalmos, the eye,
Gr.] heloni'ingfoilie eve.
OPHTHALMY, («/</ifl/ini/)s. [from ophthalmos, the eye.
Or.] a disease in the eye, being an inflammation in its
coats.
OTIATE, s. [from opium, Lat. a medicinal drug] a me-
dicine that causes sleep.
OTIATE, a. soporiferous ; causing sleep.
OPl'FI C liR, s. [cpifex, from opus, work, and facio, to make,
Lat.] one that performs any work ; an artist. This word is
not received.
OPINA'TOR, s. [Lat.] one who holds an opinion.
To OPINE, V, n. [opiitor, Lat.] to be of opinion ; to
guess.
OPl'NIATIVE, a. obstinate in opinions already received :
imagined ; not proved.
dPINlA'TOR, «. [from opinictre, Fr.]one fond of his own
notions ; inflexible from his ow n opinion.
OPINIATER, (npimiter) a. [Fr.] obstinate ; stubborn.
OPl'NION, s. [Fr. opinio, from opinor, to thiidi, Lat.j
a persuasion of^ the mind without jiroof or certain
knowledge ; sentiment ; judgment ; notion ; a favourable
judgment.
OPINIONATIVE, a. fond of notions we have already c>
poused or assented to ; stubborn.
OPI'NIONATIVELY, qd. stubbornlv.
OITNION ATIVENESS, /. the quality of adhering infie.v
ibly to preconceived notions.
OPITVIONIST, i. [opiuioniste, Fr.] a person fond or cuu-
ceited of his own notions.
OTIUM, s. [Lat.j a juice produced from the while g;!r-
den poppy, partly of a resinous, partly of a gummy kin J ;
its colour is a dark, brownish yellow; its smell dead, faint,
unpleasant; and its taste very bitterand acrid. A nioderale
dose makes the patient cheerful, as if he had drunk wine,
removes melancholy, and dissipates all sense of danger : ijut
an immoderate (lose brings en a kindof drutd<enness, wiiich
occasions sleep, and often death.
OPODELDOC, s. the name of a plaister said to oe in-
vented by Mindererus, thiMigh oi'len mentioned by Paracel-
sus. There is a popular niediciiu- of this name, used lii
bruises, numbness, and weakness of the joints.
OPO'PONAX, s. [Lat.j a gum resin, of a tolerably firci
texture, strong disagreeable smell, and an acrid and ex-
tremelv bitter taste.
OPORTO, or Porto, a haudsome city anJ sea-porl of
C46
OPS
O U A
Douro, ill Portiiciil, with an rxccllciit Iiaibour. It is noted
for its strong wines, upwards of 80,000 pipes of which are
exported anmiaily ; whence all re<l w ines, that come from
Spain or Portugal to En^dancI, are called Port wines. Next
toLishon, it is the richest, most popidoMs, and most toni-
mercial town in the Uins^doni. It is sealed on the de-
clivity of a mountain, al)onl 3 miles from the mouth of the
Doiiro, and 14'! N. by E. o(-Lisbon. Lat. 41. 10. N. Ion. 8.
17. W.
OPO'SSUM, s. in zooloj;y, an animal luiviiig a pouch or
false belly, into which its youn^j ones retire for piotectinn.
Tliereare various species of opossums, from the size of a
badgertothat of a rat. 'J'hcy are most of them natives of
New Holland.
'I'o OPPI'GNERATK, i-. a. [opfii^neri), from ]>ig-iiics, a
pleilijp, Lat.l to pledge, i);i\vn, or s'vc, as asecuritv.
OPPILA'TION, s. [from op/nlo, to obstruct, Lat.] ob-
struction ; matter heaped together.
0'PP1L.\'J'IVE, a. [from np/n/o, to obstruct, Lat.] obstruc-
tive.
OPPCNENT, s. [from oppono, to oppose, Lat.] an adver-
sary ; antagonist. In the sclioois, one who raises objec-
tions to the opinions or doci riiies of another.
OPPO'NENT, «. opposite; adverse.
OPPORTU'NE, n. [opportune, Fr. opporlnnns, Lat.] sea-
sonable ; fit; well timed.
OPPORTUNELY, ftf/. seasonably : timely.
OPPORTUNITY, s. [onimrii(nite,l''r.] the proper season
for doing a thing, or rendering it successful.
To OPPO'SE, (nppjze) V. a. [from ob, against, ai.d pnno, to
put, Lat. I to act ag;iiiist ; to hinder or resist ; to put in op-
position ; to oiVer as an antagonist or rival ; to place as an
obstacle ; to place in front ; to raise objections in disputa-
tions.
OPPOSER, (oppdzer) t. one who opposes ; an antago-
nist ; enemy ; rival ; one w ho raises objections in a dis-
pute.
OPPOSITE, {inip'iiz'itc) ff. [Fr. from npponn, to oppose,
Lat.J placed in front j facing each other; contrary; re-
pugnant ; adverse.
Opposite, (uppozUe) s. an adversary ; opponent ; an-
tagonist; enemy.
O PPOSITELY, (cvipus'iteli/) ad. in such a position as to
front each other; adversely.
O'PPOSITKNESS, {6pi>ositencss) s. the quality effacing
or fronting ; the quality of being contrary.
OPPOSITION, (oppa-is/ion) s. [oppusi'tio, from oppono, to
put, Lat.] situation of facing or fronting another; resist-
ance; contrariety of interest, measure, or meaning. In as-
tronomy, applic(r to the moon when she is at the full; to
the planets w hen (hey are six signs distant from the sun, or
from one another.
To OPPRESS, 1'. rt. [opprimo, Lat.] to crush by liardsiiip,
or unreasonable severity ; to overpower, subdue.
OPPIIE.SSION, s. [opjyri-ssiv, from opprimo, to oppress,
Lat.] the act of oppressing; cruelly; severity; liariilship ;
calamity ; dullness of spirits, or fatigue of body.
OPPRl'y'SSIVE, n. cruel; inhuman; rigorous in exact-
ing; llea^v; overwhelming.
OPPRI'jSSOIi, s. I Lat.] one who harasses or afflicts an-
other with unreasonable severity.
OPPROBRIOUS, o. [opprobrium, from probrnm, a re- trees
iu
nroachful action, J^at.] reproachful ; scurrilous ; disgrace
Mil ; causing infamy.
OPPRO BRIOUSLV, ad. in a reproachful or scurrilous
manner.
OPPROBRIOUSNESS,i. scurrility, or rcproachfulness;
that which causes infamy or disgrace.
To OPPUGN, {oppun)v. a. [oppu^o, from oh, against, and
piu^iw, to fight, Lat.] to oppose, resist, or attack.
OPPU'GN.ANCV, s. opposition.
OPPUGN l'",R,(«/^/)77)(o) s. one that opposes or attacks.
OPSI'-M ATHY, s. I from opse, late, and naidhmui, to learn,
t>r.] iate education ; late eruditiou.
64(i
OTSON.VTION, a. [from obsonium, provisions, Lat.j ca-
tering, or buying provisions.
O'PTATIVE, rt. [from opio, to wish, Lat.] wisiiing. In
graniniar, the mood whitli exi)resses desire.
OPTIC, ff. [iiptiltos, from o]jti}»iai, to stc, Gr.] used in
seeing; producing sight; relating to the science of ofi-
tics.
OPTIC, i. [<ipiilios, (to\n opiomai, to see, Gr.] an instru-
ment or organ of sigiit. Jn the plural, applied to the sci-
ence which ex,ilaiiis tliL laws of visions.
OPTICAL, n. [opiilu,s, from opiomai, to see, Gr.J relating
to the science of optics.
OPTICIAN, («/)|is/(in»i) i. one who is skilled in the na
ture and laws of vision, or one who makes instruments t«i
assist the sight, or to explain the doctrine of vision.
OTTIMACY, s.[(tomopiimus, the best, Lat.] nobility;
the body of nobles.
O'PTlMlSJL i- [from opiimns, the best, Lat.] the doctrine
that the present system of things, or created beings, is the
best that (Jod could make.
OTTIMIST, s. [optimisie, Fr.l a person who asserts tlia
the present cysteni is absolutely best, and that a belter could
not possibly be.
OPTI'MITY, s. [from opcimus, the best, Lat.] the state o
being best.
OPTION, (upsfioH) s. [optio, from optt>, to wish, Lat.
choice ; election.
OTULENCE, orO'PULENCY, .?. [opulentia, horn ope>,
riches, Lat.] wealth ; riches ; affluence.
OPULENT, o. [Fr. opuleiUus, from opes, riches, Lai.]
rich; wealthv; affluent.
OPULENTLY, «(/. richly ; splendidly.
OK, couj. [ol/jcr, Sax.] a particle used to signify distribu-
tion or opposition. Sometimes it answers to eil/ier. " He
must eit/ier fight or die." Before else, it is redundant, or has
no meaning. Before ; or ever, is before.
OK, (ore) s. [Fr.]in heraldry, gold, or gold colour. It is
represented in engraving by small points or dots, scattered
all over the field or bearing.
O'RACH, s. a sort of plant.
O'RACLE, s. [oraeuluyn, Lat.] au answer supposed to be
given by the antient deities, about the success of a future
event; something delivered by supernatural wisdom; the
place where, or person of whom, any determinations of
Heaven were given ; any person or place where certain de-
cisions are obtained. Figuratively, one so famed for wisdom,
that his decisions arc held without dispute.
To O'RACLE, r. )i. to utter oracles. Not used.
ORACULAR, or ORA'CULOUS, «. utterin- oracles ,
like an oracle; authoritative ; magisterial.
ORA'CULOUSLY, ad. in the manner of an oracle.
ORA'CULOUSNESS, s. the state or quality ofresem.
bling an oracle.
ORAISON,*. [Fr. oralio,froai oro, to pray, Lat. frcqucni
ly, but not so properly, written orison] prayer.
0'R,\L, a. [Fr. from ot, the mouth, Lat.] delivered by
the month ; not written
O'RALLY, ad. by montli; without a writing.
O'RANCiE, i. \ora:tp;e, Fr.] the fruit of a tree ; a colour
made of a yellow and red mixed together.
O'RANGERY, s.\[orauj>;erie, Fr.] a plantation of orangc-
O'RANGEMUSK, s. a species of pear.
O'RANGEWIFE, s. a woman who sells oranges.
ORA'^OiV, {oritsliim) s. [oralio, from oro, to speak, Lat.]
a speech according to the laws of rhetoric ; liar.ingnr.
O'RATOR, s. [IroHi oro, to speak, Lat.] a public speaker ;
a mau of elo(|nence. A petitioner in Chanct.y. .
OllATO'RICAL, n. rlietorical; becoming or belonging
to an orator.
ORATORIO, s. in the Italian music, is a sort of a sacred
drama of dialogues; the subjects of which arc usually taken
from the Scriptures, or from the lift of some saint, They
ORD
ORG
nrp much usej at Rome in time of Lent, and, of l;ile ycais,
in Eti;,'liiii(l.
O'RATOIIY, «. [from nm, to spo;ik, Lat.] clofiufiicc;
rlu'loiif.il sliill ; tin; exei< ise of (•l{iiiiiciu-t'. In tlie iiouiibh
cinircli, ;i place set iipart purely for pr;\\ ii!/:.
Or.i>, s. \orbis, ly.tt.] a roiiiiil or biilierie;il hotly; a ecles-
li;:l Ijody, or plan<'t. iisnratively.a «lieel, or rollin^j hotly.
A eiicle; a circular path deseribetl by any of ihe celestial
liinlies. A pTiod, or revolntioM. A sphere of action. The
•'\ e, so called on account of its form, aiul its furnishing; the
hndy with light. "A drop serene hath queiich'd their «r4j,"
i',ry. J.ost.
( ) itUKD, (I. round ; circtdar ; lowiided.
OlllU'CULAll, M. [orhiailiiiri; Fr. from orhis, a circle,
L;il.lspherical ; round; circular.
OlUirCULAPvLY, ail. sphciicallv ; circularly.
OUBICULARNP.SS.i. the <piality of heinf; circular.
ORUrCULATED, «. Inrlnculntiis, from vrbis, a circle,
Lat.J nuuddcd into an (.rhit.
ORIiTi', s. [o>liile, Fr. from otbis, a circle, Lat.] the line
Of |)ath described by a planet in its revolution.
ORG, s. [orca, Lat.] a sort of sea- fish.
O IICHAL, s. {irkal) a stone, of whicli a blue colour
is made.
O'RCIL^RD, s. [oi-f^mrd, Sax,] a garden of fruit-trees.
O'RCHESTRA, or ORCHESTRE, {brkestra, or Orhcstre)
s. [troni orclieciniai, to dance, Gr.] in the antient theatres,
v.as a place in the foini of a semicircle, where the dancing
was performed ; and among us, the place where the niu-
siciaiis sit. _
t*RD, s. in old English signifies brennnitig ; whence pro-
balily the proverbial phrase odds [orAJand cuds, for scraps
and remnants.
To ORU.A'IN, V. a. [from ordo, order, Lat] to appoint ;
decree ; to establish ; institute ; to commission ; to act as
a clergyman.
ORDAl'NER, s. one who ordains, decrees, or commis-
sions another to assume an office.
O'RDEAL, s. [o) (ltd, Sax.] a metliod of trying a person
suipected of any crime, wherein the person accused was
obliged to pass blindfold through a path crossed by red-hot
Ixirs of iron, or else swallow a certain quantity of water, or
plunge his arm or leg into scalding water, or be thrown into
cold water. The innocence of Ihe person was judged by
his escaping unhurt from the hot iron or water, and by his
body being borne up by the cold water.
O'RDER, s. [ordo, Lat. ordre, Fr.] a method or regular
disposition; the established manner of performing a thing;
the proper state, applied to the mind or body ; a preceptor
command; a rule ; regulargovernmenl ; b class or division
of the niendjers of a slate ; a religious society ; the office of
a clergyman. In astronomy, direct progress, opposed to
retrograde motion. In war, an arrangement of the parts of
any force, either by sea or land ; or the distance of one rank
or file from another. In architecture, a system of the se-
veral members, ornaments, and proportions of columns and
pilasters; or a regular arrangement of the projecting parts
of a building, especially of a column, so as to form one
beautiful whole.
To O'RDER, w. a. to regulate or conduct; to manage or
procure; to direct or command ; to commission ; to ordain
lo sacerdotal functions. Neuterly, to give command ; to
gi-" direction.
J'RDERER, «. one «ho regulates, reduces to method, or
«j sposes ill a regular manner.
CyRDERLESS, a. without order ; in a confused manner.
O'RDERLINESS, .«. regularity, methodicalness.
(TRDERLY, a. methodical, regular.
O'RDINABLE, a. [horn ordo, order, Lat.] such as may
be appointed.
ORDINAL, a. [ordinal, Fr.] noting order.
O'RDINAL, t. [from oi-do, order, Lat.] a rituai, a book
containing orders.
O'RDINANCE, i, \0rdonrutnce, Fr.J a law, rule, or pre-
script; the observance of a command ; an appointment. A
cannon, hut now generally written ft^r distinction ordnnnrr,
its derivation is nut certain.
O'RDINARILY, ad. acconiing to established orsetlit'd
rules ; coiMinnuly.
ORDINARY, rt. [(fl-t/iJK/ciiM, from ordn, order, Lat.] esta-
blished ; usual; common; mean; of low rank or value.
Ugly, or not liandson)e. This tirm is variously applied ;
thus, an andiassador or envoy in arilinuri/, is one sent to ro-
sidi; statedly, and for a number of years, in tlie court of
some foreign prince or state, to watcli o\cr the interest of
his own nation. It is also applii d lo several oliicers of the
king's household, who attend uu connnon occasions. T has
we say, physician in ordinari/, chaplain in ordinari/, &c. Sy-
NON. Though urdinury and cuhi///")! have been reputed sy-
nonymous in two senses, as implying fnquent use, aiid
meaning of little or no value, yet they are dillerent in both.
In the first setise, ordinarii seems best applied when the re-
petition of action;, is iiKiuestion; tummou, when a multitude
of ol)jects. In the second sense, that which is ordinary has
nothing to distinguish it; that which is common has nothing
to make it sought after.
ORDINARY, s. an established judge in ecclesiastical
causes; an appellation gcneially given to the bishop of a
diocese ; a settled establishment; an actual and constant
otHcc ; a regular price of a meal ; a place of eating, wliere a
person pays a settled price for eating. One who olficiatcs
as chaplain at a prison ; as, the ordinary of Newgate.
To O'RDINATE, v. a. \ordino, from ordo, order, Lat.] lo
appoint.
ORDINATE, a. [ordituitus, from ordo, order, Lat.] regu-
lar ; ntethodical. Ordinate Jignres, are such as have all their
sides and angles equal.
ORDINATION, s.[ordinatio, from ordo, order, Lat.]au
established order or tendency ; used with to. " An ordvuc
tion to happiness." Korris. 'fhe giving a person authority
to act as a clergyman.
O'RDNAXCE, i. cannon, or great guns.
ORDO'NNANCE, s. [Fr.] the disposition of figures in a
picture.
O'RDURE, f. [Fr.] dung ; excrements; filth.
ORE, i. [Sa.\.] a metallic earth, w hieh frequently contams
sulphur, arsenic, or other extraneous matters. Figuratively,
metal.
O'RFGILD, s. the restitution of goods or money taken
away by a thief by violence, if the robbery was committed
in the day-time.
O'RFORD, a sea-port of Suffolk, seated on the sea-coast
between two channels, was formerly a good tishing-town,
but has jost its trade. Here is a handsome church, whose
steeple is a good sea-mark, and near it arc the ruins of an
old castle, as also of a priory, St. George's chapel, and a
house where seamen's wives used to go to pray for the
safety of their husbands. It is said to have been once very
large, and to have had 13 churches; but it has now only
about 300 houses. It is 18 miles E. by N. of Ipswich, and
88 N. E. of London. JNIarket on Monday.
O'RGAL, J. lees of wine.
ORGAN, s. [from vrgamm,zr\y thing made for a particu-
lar purpose, Gr.Jsuch a part of the animal body as is capa
ble <>f performing some perfect actor operation; thus, tiie
eye is the organ of seeing : the ear, of hearing ; the nose,
of smelling; the tongue, of speaking, tic. In music, an in-
strument, consisting of pipes filled with wind, and of stops
touched by the hand ; from nrgne, Vr.
ORGA'NiC, orORGA'NICAL,«.[orffn.»c»s, Lat. from
organvn, any thing made for a particular purpose, Gr.] con.
sisting of various parts co-operating with each other; in-
strumental ; made or designed for some certain end.
ORGA'NICALLY, ad. by means of organs or instru-
ments ; by an organical disposition of parts.
ORGANISM, s. the structure of the several parts of auy
animal, i5L-c. so as to operate to a certaiu end.
C17
ORK
ORT
ORGANIST, s. \ojgamste, Fr.] one who plays on the
organ.
ORGANlZA'TrON, s. [organization, Fr.l construction in
wbich the parts are so disposed as to be subservient to each
other.
To ORGANIZE, v. a. \organizer, Fr.] to constrnct so that
the parts shall be mutuallv subservient to each other.
ORGANLOFT, s. the loft where an organ stands and is
played upon.
O'RGANPIPE, s. the pipe of a musical organ.
ORGA'S-M, s. [from o>s,>io, to swell, Gr.] a sudden
violence, inipulrc, or appetite.
0'RGlES,s.[it has no singular; orgia, Lat.] the mad rites
performed to Racchus. Figuratively, any fjantit revels.
ORICHALCH, s. [oriclin/enm, Lat. from oros, a moun-
tain and chalcos brass, Gr.] brass. "■ Costly orichalcL"
Spenser.
O'RIENT, a. [oriens, from onur, to rise, Lat.] rising as the
sun; o-jstern ; bright; shining; glittering.
ORIENT, i. [Fr.] the east, or part where the sun first
appears.
ORIE'NT,\L, «. [oriental, Fr.j eastern; placed in the
east; proceeding from the east.
ORIENTAL,'*, an inhabitant of the eastern parts of the
world.
ORIE'NTALISM, s. manner of speak.'ng peculiar to those
who live in the east.
ORIENTA'LITV, j. the staleof rising or being in the east.
O'RIFICE, s. [I'V. ori/iei ion, from us a mouth andy««'o,
lo make, Lat.] any opening, hole, or perforation.
OTilGA.N, s.['ori!(nuuyn, Lat.] wild marjoram.
O'RIGIX, or ORIGINAL, s. [from <->(-», Lat.Jthe be-
guniing or first e.^isleuce; a foiuitain, or source, of exist-
ence; a copy, or that from which any thing is transcribed,
translated, or imitated ; in lliis sense ocig-iiin/ only is used.
Derivation or descent.
ORIGINAL, a. [from orign, an origin, Lat.] primitive, or
priniarv ; first ; pristine.
GRrCINALLV, ad. in its first state; primarily; at
first.
ORI'GINALNESS, i. the qualify or state of benig the first
or original.
OIU'GINARY, a. [originaire, Vr.\ productive, or causing
•existence; priiuilive. Seldom used.
To ORIGINATE, r. a. to produce as a cause; to bring
into existence.
ORIGINATION, s. [originatin, from origo, an origin,
Lat.] the act of producing as a first cause, or of bringing
into existence.
O'RION, s. [Gr.] asoutliern constellation in the heavens.
ORISONS, {orizons) s. [not used in the singular ; oraisen,
Fr. from uro, to prav, Lat. This word is accented by
Milton and Crashaw'on the first syllable ; by Shakspeare
both on tiie first and second, and by others on the second]
p ravers.
ORISSA, a province of the peninsula of Hindoosfan,
bounded by Baliar and Bengal on the N. by Berar on the
W. bv Goleonda on the S. and the Bay of Bengal on the E.
The disiricts of IMidniapour, in this province, are subject
to the English East India Company ; but all the rest belongs
to tlie Berar ISIahrattas. The soil is flat and moist, but
fertile, ami the heat is excessive.
OR'KNEYS, or OucADKS, a cluster of islands on the N.
of Scotland, from w hich they are separated by a channel,
20 miles in length, and G in its nearest breadth. Their num-
ber lias generally been reckoned .•?»), of which 2(5 are inha-
bited ; the rest are called holms, and are used only for pas-
turage. Tlie principal one, c'alled the Main Land, or Po-
mona, greatly exceeds the others in extent. Beyond this
islaiul, lo the N. E. are seen amoUj,' others, Rowsay and
Westra Shappinsha, and Edda, Stronsa, Sanda, and N. Ro-
nalsha. To the S. appear the isles of Hoy andS. Ronalsha,
with others of inferior note. 'I'he principal trade of these
i.Oands is with Lcitli, Ilauiburgh, and Bergen. The thief
am
exports are linen and woollen yarn, stockings, butter^ dried
fish, herrings, oils, ffiuliers, with skins of various kinds, and
kelp. The Orkneys contain about 2;), 000 inhabitants, who
are divided into3 prcsiivleries and 18 ministerics.
ORLEANOIS, a cidc^vant province of France, which,
with tiie Blaisois and Cliartrain, is diviiled into tlie three
deparluicnts of Loire and Cher, Loiret, and Eure and Loire.
It is divided by the river Loire into the Upper and Lower,
and is a very plentiful country. Orleans is the capital.
O'RLEANS, an anlieut city of France, containing about
40,000 inhabitants, who tradt largely in corn, brandv, and
wine. It is G8 miles S. S. \V. of Paris. Lat. 47. 51 one-slxtli
N. Ion. 2. 0. E. .
ORLEANS, NEW, a city of N. America, capital of
Louisiana. In 1788, seven-eighths of it weie destroyed
by fire ; but great progress has been since made in rebuild-
ing it. Here are two convents, a parish chu) ch, magazines,
forges, and some public buildings. The houses are clu'eflv
of wood on foundations of brick. It never contained above
1500 inhabitants and is seated in a rich fertile soil, and with
an excellent climate, on the E. side of the Mississippi, 54
miles from its mouth. Lat. 30. 2. N. Ion. S9. 53. W.
O'RLOP, s. [uverloap, Belg.] the main deck of a ship.
O'KMSKIRK, a toun of Lancashire, with a market oi\
Tuesday. It contains about 2fi00 iuliabitauls, and is 13
miles N. of Liverpool, and 211 N.N.W. of London.
ORMUS,a small island of Asia, at the boltom of the gulf
of the same name, at the entrance of the Gulf of Persia.
Here is neither sweet water nor grass, it being a kind of salt
sulphureous soil. It was formerly frequented by a vast
numberof merchants who were extremely rich ; the houses
were 4000 iu number and contained 40,000 inhabitants.
But it is now almost deserted ; for it produces noiliiiig but
salt, which sometimes is two inches <leep upon the surface
of the earth. However, here is a commodious liarbour.
Lat. 27. 20. N. Ion. 56. 25. E.
O'RN A JIENT, J. [from o)««,to embellish, Lat.] embellislt.
ment, decoration, honour.
ORnaME'NTAL, a. serving to decorateor endiellish.
ORNAME'NTALLY, ad. in such a manner as to embellish
or set off.
ORNAMENTED, a. endiellislied, adorned, or set ofl^
O'RNATE, a. [from orno, to embellish, Lat. J fine,
adorned.
ORNATENESS, s. fineiy.
O'RNATURE, i. decoration.
ORNI'SCOPIST, s. [froni oniis, a bird and sUpeo, to
inspect, Gr.] one who examines the flight of birds, in order
to foretell some future event.
ORNITHO LOGY, s. [from ornis, a bird and logoi, a dis-
course, Gr.ja discourse on birds.
O'RPHAN, (orfan) s. [orphanes, Gr.] a child wlio has
lost either one or both its parents.
O'RPHAN, («)/««)«. [orpltanos, Gr.] deprived either of on«
or both parents bv death.
ORPHANAGE, or O'RPHANISM, (orfanage, or irfa-
7iism)s. the state of a child who has lost eitlier one or both
of its parents.
O'RPHANOTROPHY, s. [from orphanos, an orphan and
trnpi, noinishmcnt, Gr.] an hospital lor orphans.
O'RPIMENT, s. [Fr.] a foliaceons fossil, of a fine texture,
remarkably heavy, and of a bright and beautiful yellow,
like gold, very tough, bending easily without breaking,
melting readily, and soon burning away ; it is used by paint-
ers for a gold colour. It is a combination of sulphur and
arsenic.
ORRERY,.!, an instrument which represents the revolu.
tions of heavenly bodies ; invented by Mr. George Graham,
and named from the earl of Orrerv, the patron of a Mr.
Rowley, of Lichfield, who copied Mr. Graham's inven-
tion.
O RRIS, s. \orrit, Lat.] a plant or flower. A kind of gold
or silver lace ; from orris, old Fr.
ORTHODOX, or ORTHODO'XAL, a. [froir orihot
OSM
OST
right, and dnxis, doctrine, Gr.] sound in opinion or doctrine
applied to rcli'rioiis principles.
O'ilTlIODOXLl, ad. with a soundness of opinion or
doctriiu'.
" ORTHODOXY, s. [from ortJws, rifjlit, and doxit, doctrine,
Gr.] soundness 'o« doctrine or opniion in matters of re-
ligion.
ORTIIODROMICS, ».[froni ort/ics, right, and dromos', a
course, Gr.] the art of sailing in the aic of some great circle,
which is the shortest or strai},'hlebt distance between any
two points on the surface of the globe.
OilTllODROMY, s. [from (,rthos,_ right, and dromos,
a course, Gr.] the act of sailing in a straight course.
O'RTHOGON, s. [from ortk-s, ri^dit, and guw, au angle,
Gr.j a rectangled ligure.
ORTHO'GONAL, a. [oiiliogonel, Fr.J rectangular.
ORTHO'GRAPHER, (orr/<»^7■«/er^ j. [from ori/ios, right,
nnd grm)ho, to write, Gr.] one vvho spells according to the
rules of^gramniar.
ORTHOGRAPHIC, or ORTllOGRATHICAL, {ortlo-
grajik, ox ' orthografihnl) a. righlly spelt; relating to the
spelling ; delineated accoiding to the elevation, not I he
grouncf plot. In geography, the orilwcrrapldc pnijcelion
of the sphere, is a representation of the several points of
its surface on a plain, which cuts it in the middle, the eye
being supposed to be placed at an infinite distance, vertical
to one of its hemispheres.
ORTHOGRAPHICALLY, ad. according to the rules of
spelling ; according to the elevation.
ORTHO'GRAPHY, {oru'wo-rnf,/) s. [from ort/ws, right,
znd grapho, to write,' Gr.] that part of grammar which teaches
Low words should be spilt; the art of spelling. In archi-
tecture, the elevation of a building delineated. In geometry,
the art of ex pressing or drawing the foresight plan, or side,
of any object. lu fortification, the profile or plan of any
work.
ORTHOPNCE'A, (orthopnia) s. [from orthos, upright, and
_oi(£o, to breathe, Gr.], in medicine, a disorder in which a
person cannot breathe, unless he be in an upright posture.
O'RTIVE, a. [nrtivus, from orior, to rise, Lat.] relating
to the rising of any planet or star.
O'RTOLAN, s. [Fr.] a small bird, accounted very deli-
cious food.
ORTON, a town of Westmoreland, 12 miles S. W. of
Appleby, and 271 N. N. Y-'. of London. Market on Wed-
uesday.
ORTS, s.\orda, Ir.] refuse ; 3craps of meat ; mammocks.
0'RVAL,.s.[()ri(7/rt, Lat.] the herb clary.
ORVIETAN, s. [(irvhtni,!), Iial.J so called from a mounte-
bank at Orvieto in Italy] an antidote or medicine used to
prevent the effects of poison.
OSCHEOCELE, (^^Ad'isf/f) i. [from oschcnn, the private
parts, and lele, a tumor, Gr.] a kind of hernia, or n.pture,
when the intestines break into the scroiuin.
OSCILLA'TION, s. [from oscil/mn, ati imagt which was
hung on ropes and swung up and down in the air, in lionour
of some pagan deities, Lat.] the act of moving backwards
and forwards like a pendulum.
OSCI'LLATORV, ((.[from oscilluin, an image which was
hung on ropes and swung up and downin the air, in honour
of some pagan deities, Lat.] moving backwards and forwards
like a pendulum.
O'SCITANCY, s. [from oscito, to yawn, Lat.] the act of
yawning ; unusual sleepiness ; carelessness.
0'SCIT.\NT, a. [osntans, from oscito, to yawn, Lat.J
yawnin;i; unusually sleepy ; sluggish ; careless.
OSCITATION, s. rfrom oscito, to yawn, Lat.] the act of
pawning. F^uratively, carelessness.
OSCULATION,*, [oiculatio, (rom oifufor, to kiss, Lat.]
kissing.
OSIER, (pzier) s. [Fr.] a tree of the vrillow kind, grow-
mg by the water, the twigs of which are used in making
baskets.
(J'SMUND, *. a plant sometimes used in medicine.
40
O'SNABURG, a province of Westphalia, bounaed on the
N. and W. by Munster, and on the S. by the county of Ra.
vcnsburgh, about 40 miles in length, andiron. /G to 21 in
breadth. It is divided into 7 bailiuicks, and abounds iu
cattle and hogs, almost half of the province consisting {
heath lands. The chief occupation of the inhabitants is
spiiniing of yam, and manufacturing a coarse kind ol liiie ,
which is con\>e.\cd by the English, Dutch, and Spaniards,
to Guinea and America, and ;uuiually brings into the coun-
try about a million of rix dollars. Osnaburg is the capital.
Lat. .52. Hii. N. Ion. 7. .03. E.
O'SNABUlUill.a town of Westphalia, capital of a bishop-
ric of the same name, with an university. The beer of lliis
place is highly esteemed in the other parts of Germany.
It is seated on the ri\er Haze, Sit miles X. E. of Munster,
aixl 75 W. of Hanover. Lat. 69.. 24. N. Ion. 8. 20. E.
O'SNAIiURGHS, s. a kind of coarse linen imported from
Germany, of which there are two kinds, the while and
brow n. The nuuiul'aeture of the white is well understood
in this country, but that of brown is still a secret.
O'SPRAY, s. tlie sea-eagle, of which it is reported, that
when he hovers in the air, all the fish in the «aler turn up
their bellies, and lie for him to choose which he pleases.
ll'in.
OSSICLE, s. [ossicidmit, from as, a bone, Lat.] a small
bone.
OSSITIC, II. [from os, a bone, and fncio, to make, Lat.J
having the power of turning in'to bone.
OSSIFICATION, i. change of fleshy parts into bones.
O'SSlFRACiE, j;. [from us, a bone, and frane;o, to break,
Lat.] a kind of eagle, so called because it breaks the bones
of animals, in order to come at the marrow.
To O SSIFY, V. a. [from os, a bone, and /«c!o, to make,
Lat.J to change into bone.
OSSrVOROUS, a. [from oj, a bone, and voro, to devour,
Lat. I devouring bfines.
O'SSUARY, s. [ossuarium, from os, a bone, Lat.l a charnel-
house ; a place w liere the bones of the dead are sept.
OST, or OUST, s. a vessel upon which hops or malt is
dried.
OSTE'NSIVE, a. [from osteiido, to shew, Lat.] shewing,
betokening.
O'STEND, a large and populous sea-port of Flanders,
famous for the long siege it sustained agwinst the SpaniaKk
from July .5lh, IfiOl, to September 22<l, 1G04, when it sur-
rendered by an honourable capitulation, the Spaniards
having lost nearly 8o,OoO men b< Ujre it. It is seated in a
marshy soil among a number of cauals, and almost snr
rounded by two of the largest of them. Ships of great
burden enter these canals with the tide. It is 22 miles N.
E. of Dunkirk. Lat. 51. 14. N. Ion. 3. I.E.
O STENT, ^. [from vstentlo, to shew often, to boast, Laf.]
an appearance, air, or mien ; show or token. These senses
are peculiar to Shakespeare. A portent or prodigy ; ac-
cented on the last syllable.
OSTENTA'TION, «. [from 'ostcnto, to siiew often, to
boast, Lat.] boast ; outward show; a display of any thing
shewing vanity or ambition.
OSTENTA'TIOUS, (ostcntdshimis) a. boasting ; fond of
shewing any thing which may give the public an advanta-
geous opinion of one's wealth and abilities.
OSTENTATIOUSLY, {osteutasMously) ad. shewing or
displaying in such a manner as declares ambition or
vanitj.
OSTENTATIOUSNESS, {ostmiashmtsncss) s. die act of
displaying with vanitv or ambition.
OSTENTATOR,".f. [oi<ra(rt<f«r, Fr. {mmostcutn, to shew
often, to boast, Lat.] one that displays through ambition or
vanity.
O.STEOCO'LLA, s. fcsteocolle, Fr. from osteon, a bone,
and Jsollao, to stick, Gr.J a spar generally coarse, concreted
with eartliy and stony matter, precipitated by water,
and incrusled upon sticks, stones, &:c. famous for brinj,ing
on callus in bones, but seldom used in modern practice.
(>li>
O Til
O VL
_ O'STEOCOPE, s. [fioni osteon, a bone, and hnpto, to cut,
Gr.] pains in tlie hnnes, or raliier in tliu nerves mul nieiii-
hraiies that encoin \>ais t hem.
OSTEOLOGY, .«. [from osteon, a bone, and A;^oj, a dis-
course, Gr.] a discourse or description <>t" bones.
OSTi.'\RY, J. [ostittin, from os, a nioiitli, ly.it.J !!ie opening;
at which ariver disciiarj;es ilseilinto ihesca.
O'STLEn. SeellosTLKi;.
OSTRACISM, s. [from osii-fil-mi^ a slicll, Gr.] a manner
of sentence, a shell on wliicii a person's na.nie was written
who was acqui-tted or condennied ; a method taken by
the Athenians to banish such i>ersons in their slate, whose
great power, abilities, or merit, rendered them capable of
atteniptingi'.ny thin;; which r.iiylit endanger the constitution.
Fifrnratively, banishment, or jiublic censr.re.
OSTRACiTES, s. tlie common oyster in its fossil state;
a jietrified ovster.
OSTRICH, s. [aiistnrrhe, Fr.] the tallest of all birds. It
measures 7 or 8 feet, when it stands erect ; it is covered
with a kind of feathers which resemble camel's hair ; its
legs are lon^ and naked, and its feet have only two toes. 'J'he
feathers of its wini^s are in great esteem as ornaments. They
are hunted byway of course, for thev never flv, but use
their wings to assist them in running. They swallow bits of
iron in the same manner as other birds :do ijravel or stones,
to assistin digesting their food. They lay their eggs on the
ground, hide them under the sand, and leave them to be
batched by the sun.
O'SWESTRY, a very old and decayed town of Sliiop-
shire, with a market on Monday. It is seated at the head
of a small river, near the canal lietwecn the Severn and
ISIersey. It has some trade from V.'ales in flannels; and is
18 miles N \\. of Shrewsburv, and 174 N V\'. of London.
OT.\C.OUISTIC, s. {(forn'otii, tlie cars, and ahoi,-, to hear,
Gr.) a medicine to cure deafness; an instrument used by
the deaf to make them hear better.
OTAHEITK, one of the Society Islands in the S. Pacific
Ocean, about 90 miles in circiniiferencc, first discovered to
the English by captain Wallis. in 17G7, w ho called it George
the Third's Island. Captain Cook, in the Endeavour, came
hither, in 1769, to observe the transit of Venus, aixl
visited it twice afterwards. It consists of two peninsulas,
great part of which is covered with woods and forests,
consisting partly of briad-fruit trees, palms, cocoa-nut trees,
plantains, bananas, mulberries, sugar-canes, and others
peculiar to that climate. The people have mild features,
a pleasing countenance, and are gentle, good-natured and
hospitable. The houses of the natives consist only of a roof,
thatched with the long prickly leaves of the palm-nut trees,
ami supported by a few pillars made of the bread-fruit tree.
The cloth of the natives is made of tlie fibrous bark of
the nndberry tree, which is beaten with a kind of mallet ;
and a glue, made of the hibiscus esculentns, is employed
to make the pieces of bark cohere together. Some of these
pieces arc 2 or 3 yards wiile, and .W yards long. It is
remarkable, that though the natives of this island far excel
most of the Americans in the knowledge and practice of
thearts of ingenuity, yet they had not invented any method
of boiling water; and, having no vessel that could l)ear
the fire, they had no more idea that water could be made
hot, than that itcould be made solid. The only quadrupeds
found upon the island ai;e, hogs, domestic dogs, and rats,
which tlie inhaliitants sutfer to run about at pleasure, without
ever trying to deslrov them. Olaheite lies in about 18 deg.
S. lat. and l.';0 deg. W. Ion.
OTHI'JR, ;»-fc(i. [Sax.] applied to things, difTerenl, op-
rosed to l/iis. Applied to persons, not one's self, but some-
botiy else. Used with si/h, the contrary. Used with cac/i,
it iii:plies reciprocation. Somdinics besides, or more. The
n.ext. After next, it implies the third, joined with rfn/y.
Sodietimes it is xised elliptically for ot/ier lliiiifr, or sonictliiiig
ditVerenl.
OTIIERGUISE, a. [other aw] (riiise. This is often 'mis-
taken, and sometimes written oJ/icrflvif**] of another kind.
OTHERWISE, CiV;«;)imf)(irf.d;(rerentIy; by other means
or causes; in other respects.
O'TLES', a town in the \V. Riding of Yorksldre, seated
on the river AVherf, tnidera high, craggy ditV, 25 nnles ^^'.
of York, and -Jos N.N.W. of London. Maiket on Eridav.
OTUANTO, a city of Naples, capital of Terra dOtranlo,
is a large, handsome place, with a commodious harbour";
but it has sufl'ered greatly by the pirates. It is seated on
the gulfof Venice, 37 miles S. IC. of r>rindisi, and CO S. E. of
Tarenti). Lat. 40. 20. N. Ion. 18. 35. E.
OTTl'.Il, i. [oier. Sax.] in zoology, an amphibious animal
that preys upon fish. It is exceedingly pernicious in
ponds, as it kills, not merely from necessity, but for amuse-
ment. Some otters have been tamed and taught to catth
fish for their masters.
O'lTERY, or Ottf.ry St. Mary, a town of Devon-
shire, seated on the snuill viver Otter, 10 miles E. of Exet«r,
and U12 Vi". by S. of London. .Market on Tuesday.
O'lTO.M AN, •;. an appellation given to the Turkish em-
pire from Othomannu'i, or Osnianlius, llie first emperor of
the present family, «lio died in A. D. \'f>.H.
0'\'AL,<i.[,ntitp, Fr. tioiv.oniiii, an egg, Lat.] oblong; re-
senibli.ng an egg when cut in two the long wa\ s.
O'VAL. J. a roundish tigme, whose lengtli is greater »l*nn
its breadth.
OVA'RIOUS, a. [froi*" ormn, ai. egg, Lat.] consisting
of eggs.
O'VARY, *. [oraire, l"r. from ovum, an egg, Lat.] that part
of the bcdy of an aniuial wherein the eggs are lodged, aiu}
impregnation is performed.
0V.\T10N,i. [from m-», to celebrate the lesser triumph,
Lat. J a lesser triumph among the Romans, allowed to those
that defeated an enemy without much bloodshed, or con
quered one less forniid;ililc.
G'UBAT, or OL'i!UST, s. a sort of caterpillar.
OUCH, «. a spangle or glittering ornament made of small
plates of gold and silver, or of Jew els. Obsolete.
OL'DK, a soubah, or province ai' llindoostan Proper,
subject to a nabob, whose dominions lie oii both sides of
the Ganges, occupying (with the exception of the district
of'Rampoui)all the flat country between that river and tifo
northern mountains, as well as the principal part of that
fertile tract, lying between the Ganges aiul Jumna, and
known by the name Dooab, to within 40 miles of the city of
Delhi. The dimensions ofOudeand its dependencies, are
estimated at ."GO miles in length from E. to \V. and in
breadth from LOO to 180. The capital is Lucknow.
OUDE, an antient city of Hindoostan Proper, in the
soubah of Onde, the remains of which are seated on tlui
Ganges, nearly adjoining Eyza'liad. It is said to have been
the first imperial city of Hindoostan, and lo have been built
by their hero Xrishnus.
O VEiV, s. \ofhi. Sax.] an arched cavity heated with fajj-
gots, and used in Ivaking.
O'VEll, ])rep. \r,fvr. Sax.] stiperior to, or above, applied
to excellence, dignity, authority, or place. Upon. Across,
or from one side to the other. " He leaped ova- the brook.'
Throat;!!. " All the world over." Hmmer.
O'ViiR, ml. above the top ; more than a ijuantity assigned ;
from side to side ; from one to another ; from a coimtry fx'-
yond file sea ; on the surface ; past. Torenrlorer,\s to read
throughout. O'er atid o'er, denotes repetition ; to excess.
Over nnd nhore, implies besides, or more than what was at
first supposed, or imnu'dialely intended. Oeer o^oinsl, op
posite ; or facing in front. In composition, its significations
are various; but it generally implies excess, more than
enough, or too nuuh.
To OVERARO'UND, v. n. to abound more than enough.
To OVKKA'CT, v. a. to tarry any character too far; to
act more than enough.
To OVERARCH, r. a. to cover with an arcli.
ToOVEllA'WE, )'. It. to keep in awe.
ToOVERIiALANCE, «. a. to weigh down or prcpon
derate.
O V K
() V E
0\T,RnAT. \XCK, J. (.(imctliingniore llian cqiuwilont.
To ON'KUHI'l'AK (mtrban:) v. a. to bear down ; to re-
press, or wli'lm.
To OVI^KIU'D, r. (I. to ortcr more flian equivalent.
To OVKitlil.O'W, (uivthlu) V. a. to drive away the clouds
befoio {\\c wind. Neufcrlv, to he past its violence.
OVERBOARD, {uv<:rhbr(\)ad. ofTOroutof a ship.
To OVKRllU'LK, V. a. to opprcs by built. " To ovcrbulk
us all." Slin/i.
To 0\'rJinU'RDEN, V. a. to load with too ^veat weight.
To OVERCA'ST, V. «. to cloud, or darken; to cover; to
rate too hifjli.
To OVERCIIA'RGE, V. a. to oppress, cloy, or surcharge
with too nuieh food ; to load or crowd 1o excess ; to rate too
Iii'h ; to fill too full ; to load with too great a charge.
To 0^'EIlCL0'UD, u.rt. to cover with cloiuls.
To OA'ERCO ME, v. a. prefer / tn-crannc, part. pass.
overcome; [iwercomeii, BeV^-l to subdue, conciuer, or van-
quish in battle or by calamity ; to overflow.
OVERCO'IMER, s. one ttiat conquers.
To OV ERCOU'NT, v. a. to rate above the true value.
To OVKROO', V. a. to do to excess.
To 0\T>RD11E'SS, v. a. to adorn too nuicli.
To OVERDRI'VE, v. a. to drive to hard, or beyond
strength.
To OVERFLOW, (ovo-fiu) v. v. to be too full to be con-
tained within the brim ; to abound to excess. Actively,
to fill beyond the brini ; to deluge, drown, or cover with
water, t'iguratively, to overpower.
OVERFLOW, {ove>Jld) s. iniuidation • sucii a quantity as
flows over ; too great an abundance.
OVERFLO'WINO, {overfloiiio-) s. the net of exceeding
limits, applied to water. Too great a plenty or abun-
dance.
OVERFLO'WINGLY, {ovm-floinglif) ml in such a manner
as to exceed anv limits.
OVERFO'RWARDNESS, s. too great a quickness or
forwardness.
To OVERFRE'IGHT, v. a. prefer, overfreighted, part.
overfrmightj to load too heavilv.
To OVERGO', V. a. to surpass ; to excel.
To OVERGO'RGE, v. <t. to eat or swallow too much.
To OVERGRO'W, {overgnl) V. a. preter. overgrew, part.
p-iss. overgrown ; to cover by growth ; to raise above. Neu-
terlv, to grow bevond the usual standard, or natural size.
OVERGRO'WTH, {overgr,-,i/i)s. excessive growth.
To OVERHA'LE, (ovcr/idid) V. a. to spread over ; to
e^amine a second time.
To OVERHANG, v. a. to jut or bang over.
To OVER HA'RDEN, ». «'. to make too hard.
O'VERHE.AD, (merited) ad. ailoi'f, above; in the ceiling;
over a person's head.
To OVERHE'AR, {over7i!ier) v. a. tobearthose whodonot
intend to be heard.
To OVERHE'AT, {orerUel) v. a. to heat to excess.
To O'S'ERJO'Y, V. a. to transport ; to affect with too
much joy.
OVERJO'Y, s. excess of joy ; transport.
To OVERLA'DE v, a. to oppress with too heavy a bur-
den.
OVERLATIGF, a. larger than enough.
To OVERLAY, i'. «. to oppress with too rauch weight
or power; to smother with too much covering; to cloud; to
cover the surface ; to join by something laid over.
To OVERLE'AP, (oi'cj/tc;)) «. a. to leap over, or
across.
O'VERLEATHER, {overlcthcr) s. the upper leather, or
that part of a shoe which covers the foot.
To OVERLIVE, v. a. to live longer than another.
To OyERLQ'AD, {ovcrldd) v. a. to burden with too great
a load.
To OYERLOO'K, v. a. to view from a higher place; to
peruse; to superintend; .to review; to neglect; to
slight.
OVEIILOO'KER, «.(ino that sees over any thing btlow;
one tiiat passes bv a thing w illiout observing it.
0\'ERMA'.STEp, a. too nuuh masted.
'j'o ()VERM A'TCII, V. a. to lie too powerful ; to conquer.
()\'l',RMA"r('H, s. one of superior power.
OVERIME'ASI'RE, ((/fCJ7«(z/(«)c) 4-. more than uiensure.
O'VER.MOST, a. highest, or 5upcri(jr to others iu da-
thoritv.
0\"ERMU'r,n, a. more than enough.
OVERMU'CH, ad. in too great a (le;;ree.
OVERNI'GHT, (mmui) s. (this word is used only as a
compound noun by Shakespeare ; hut by Addison as a noun
with a preposition) night before bedlinie.
To OVERN AM E, v. a. to name in a list.
OVER-OFrrClOUS, (over.ufflM<ms) a. too busy; too
fond of assisting; too importunate.
To OVERPASS, V. a. to pass over or across ; to overlook
or slight; to omit in a reckoning; to omit without receiv-
ing.
OVERPA'ST, part. a. gone ; past.
To OVERPA' Y, t'. a. to iiay too much.
O'^'ERFLUS, f. that whicli remains above what is suf-
ficient.
To OVERPOrSE, (overpoize) V. „. any weight which is
heavier than, or outbalances, another.
To OVERPOWER, {ow pron. as in how) v. a. to cnn(:uer,
or oppress by greater power.
_ ToOVERPRE'SS, t!. a. to crush or bear upon with irre-
sistible force.
To O^'ERPRI'ZE, V. a. to value at too high a rate.
OVER-RA'NK, a. too rank.
To OVERRATE, v. a. to rate or value too high.
To OVKRRF/ACH, {over-rcieli)_v. a. to rise above; to'
stretch one's self toonuichin reaching; to deceive or impose
upon by superior cunning. Neuterly, to bring the hinder
feet too far forwards, or strike the toes against the fore shoes,
applied to a horse.
OVERRE'ACHER, s. a cheat, a deceiver.
To O^'ERRI'PEN, v. a. to make too ripe.
ToOVE.RRO'AST, v. a. to roast too much.
To OVERRULE, v. a. to influence by superior autho-
rity ; to govern w ith excess of authority. In law, to su-
persede or reject as incompetent.
To OVERRLTN, v. a. to wander through a country by
force of arras; to exceed in running; to overspread or co-
ver all over ; to pester or harass by numbers. Neuterly,
to flow over ; to be more than full.
To OVERSE'IO, V. a. to superintend ; to pass by without
taking notice ; to omit.
OVERSE'EN,;KnY. mistaken or deceived.
OVERSE'ER, s. one who is employed to see that others
perform their duty ; an officer employed to collect and take
care of the money collected for the poor of the parish.
To OVERSET, v. a. to turn the bottom of a vessel up-
wards. Figuratively, to be hurried away by ;ui impetuous
passion. Neuterlv, to fall off its basis.
To OVERSHA'DE, v. a. to cover with any thing that
causes darkness.
To OVERSHA'BOW, (overshiidH} v. a. to casta shadov/
over anv thing ; to shelter or protect.
To OVERSHQ'OT, f. «. to fly beyond the mark. Ac-
tively, to shoot beyond the mark ; to venture too far; to go
beyond one's abilities.
O'VERSIGHT, (oversit) s. superintendence ; a mistake
or error owing to inadvertence.
To OVERSKIP, w. a. to pass by leaping ; to pass over.
Figin-ativelv, to escape.
'i'o OVERSLE'EP, v. a. preter. and part. pass, overslept .-
to sleep too long.
ToOVERSLlT, v. a. to pass without doing, or takin^'
notice of; to neglect.
OVERSOLD, pni-t. sold at too high a price.
OVERSOON. ad. too soon.
OVERSPENT, «r wearied :fatiguedL
051
OVE
OUT
To OVERSPREAD, {oversprid) t. a. to cover, spread,
or scatter over.
To OVERST.VND, V. u. to stand too obstinately upon
conditions.
To OVERSTOCK, v. a. to crowd or fill too fnll.
To OVERSTORIO, v. a. to store wiili too nmcli.
To OVERSTRA'IiSf, v. n. to stretch any i)art by making
too violent eftbrts. Actively, to stretch too liir.
To OVERSWAT, V. a. to over-rule; to beardown.
To OVERSWE'LL, v. a. to swell over, or rise above.
O ViORT. a. \oiwert,VT.^ open ; public; apparent.
To OVERTATCE, 1'. a. to catch in pursuit; to coiue up
to something going before. To tnke by surprise, f'ullov;ed
by in.
"To OVERTA'SK, v. a. to exact too great labour or
duties.
To 0VI:RTA'X, v. a. to tax toohiuhlv.
To OVERTHROW, (the w is imile in this and the two
following words; v. a. pret. m-rithrtn-, part, overtlmnin ; to
turn upside down ; to throw dow n, or demolish ; to destroy.
To conquer or defeat, applied to an army.
OVERTHROW, s. the state of being thrown down, or
tumbled upside down ; ruin ; destruction ; degradation ; a
defeat.
OVERTHRO'WE", s. one that beats down, ruins, or
defeats.
OVERTHWA'RT, rr. opposite, or over against. Crossing
any thing. Perverse, applied to humour.
OVERTHWA'RT, picp. across. " He laid a plank over-
tlmtirt the brook."
,0^ ERTHWA'RTLY, ml. across; transversely.
OVERTHWA'RTNESS, i. posture across ; pcrversc-
ness.
O VERTLY, ad. openly.
OVERTOOK, preter and part. pass, of Overtakf..
To OVERTOP, 1'. «. to raise above the top. Fi^'ura-
tively, to excel or surpass ; to obscure; to make of less
importance by superior excellence.
To OVERTR.'V'DE, v. a. to deal for more than one's stock
w ill carrv on.
ToOVERTRIT, v. a. to trip or walk lightly and nimbly
over.
OVERTURE, s.\oiiverture, Fr. | an opening or disclo-
sure ; a proposal; a piece of music, usually ending with a
fugue.
To OVERTU'RN, v. a. to throw down ; to ruin; to sub-
vert. Figurativelv, to overpower, surmount, or conquer.
OVERTU'RN Ei{, s. a subverfer.
'I'o OVERVALUE, f. a. to rate too high.
To OVERWATCII,i'. n. to watch too long.
ToOVERWEEN, v. n. to think too highly or arrogantly.
OVERWE'KNINGLY, «rf. w ith too much arrogance.
To OVERWEFGH, {uvcrwiy) V. a. to weigh down ; to
veigli more ; to preponderate.
OVERWEIGHT, {ivcncei/t) s. preponderance; thecpian-
l tv given aliove the neat weight.
To OVERWHELM, '>. «. to crush under something vio-
lent or heavy ; to look gloomy ; to beat down by force of
water.
OVERWHE'LlNnNGLY, ad. in such a manner as to beat
down and overcome, applied primarily to water, and figu-
ratively, to calamity or the passions.
OVERWrSE, {(wcruize) a. aft'ectcdly wise; conceited;
wise to afl'ectation.
OVERWROUGHT, (over-rH) a. laboured too much ;
wrought all over.
OVERY'SSEL, one of flio Seven United Provinces, di-
vided into three distinct parts, which are, the territories of
Tronte, Twentc, and Salland. There arc many morasses
in this province, and but few iuluil/itants in comparison of
the rest. Its greatest riches consist in turfs, which are dug
up here, and t>eut to the neighbouring provinces, particu-
larlv Hollaad.
OVILRZEA'LOUS, (nvcr-zilous) a. zealous too much.
Cj2
OUGHT, (aui) s. l^ax. auhit. . This word "ii iLercfcr*
more properly w ritteii ai(!>-/it] any thing.
OUGHT, {tint) verb inijierf. owed : was bound to pay,
or indebted ; to be obliged by duty ; to be ht or neces-
sary.
VIF0R5I, a. [from nrmn, 'au "egg, aad fi,rma, shap-*,
Lat. ] having the shape of an egg.
0\i PAROUS, a. [from m-mn, an egg, and ;>nn'o, to bring
fort!), Lat.l bringing forth eggs ; not vivaporous.
OUNCE, s.\oiwe, Fr. -mwia, Lat.J a weight, the twelfth
part of a pound, containing twenty pennyweights in troy-
weight, ill avoirdupoisc weight, the sixteenth part of a
pound. In zoology, au animal of the cat tribe, which inha-
bits Barbary, Persia, and China. It is about the size of
t!ie leopard, but is easily tamed, and is employed in bunt-
ing anteloives.
OU'NDLE, a pretty little town in Northamptonshire,
with a M!arket on Saturday. It is noted for a well that some-
times makes a drumming noise. It is seated on the river
Nen, 26 miles N. E. of iNorlhampton, and 83 N. by W. of
London.
OUPHE, {oiifl) s. {auff, Teut-l a fairy ; an imaginary be-
ing called a goblin.
OU'FHEN, a. elfish. " You otiplien heirs of fi.\ed destiny,
attend your office." •S'/irt/i.
OUR, pron. possessive, [ure, Sax.] pertaining or belonging
to us; ot the same country with us. When the substantive
goes before, we write </«)«." " Edmund, you shall be ours."
SImk.
OUkSE'LVES, reciprocal pron. the plural iii myself ; we,
exclusive of others. Oarself is used in the singular by
kings.
()USF,, (oore)s. \pnst, Tent. | tanner's bark.
OU'SEL, (>Jo:el) s. [osh; Sax.] the blackbird.
To OUST, V. a. [ouster, vtcr, Fr.] in law, to put out, or
deprive of.
OUT, ad. [nt, Sax. vj/t, Belg.] not in a place, generally
opposed to !«. In a state of disclosure. " The leaves are
out." Jiac. Absent from a place or home. From an inner
to a more public part. Exhausted, appliec! to liquors. Dis-
carded by the court. Loudly, or so as to be heard, after
the verbs speah, read, Imifrfi, &c. Let to another, applied to
lands. In an error, applied to the judgment. Ataloss, ajv
plied to the understanding. Out at elbows, signifies torn or
worn in holes, applied to dress, or in a state of poverty, ap-
plied to condition. This word is used emphatically before
alas, and alter verbs signifying discovery.
OUT, inter), an expression of abhorrence, and signify-
ing, be gone immediately.
OUT OF, prep. Johnson observes, that o/" seems to be the
preposition, and oiif only to modify the sense of o/" ; from,
applied to produce. Not in, or excluded from, applied to
jjlace. Beyond, applied to power. Not in, applied to sea-
son. From, applied to the things or materials of which any
thinjj is made. From, or discbarge, applied to duty. Jii-
consistciit with, applied to cliara<ler. Past, without, fap-
plied to hope. ]5y means of, applied to cause. In coiise-
fiueuce of. Out if hand, implies immediately, or without
delay.
To OUT, i>. a. See Oust. To expel ; to deprive.
OUT, in comj)ositioii, generally implies comparison, and
signifies sonuthmg beyond anothcr,'or more than usual.
To OUTA'CT, V. a. to act to excess.
To OUTRA'LANCE, f. n. to overweigli; to preponde-
rate.
To OUTRI'D, 11. a. to bid more than another person.
OUTHl'DDER, s. one that bids more than another.
OUTBOUND, a. bound to sail to someforeign country.
To DUTBRA'VE, v. a. to btardown and disgrace by stv
perior courage, insolence, or show.
To OUTBRA'ZEN, r. a. to get the bettci of by impu-
dence.
OUTBREAK, {builnhe) s. au eruption.
OU'l
To OUTBRE'ATII K, {mahmihc) v. a. (o weary by having
better Ijrcatli ; to expire ; to breathe out.
OUTCAST, ]>a>t. tlirowii away as refuse ; banished, ex-
ocllctl, exiled.
OUTCAST, s. one rejected or expelled.
To OUTCRATT, v. ». to excel in cunning.
OUTCRY, s. noise, a ci.y oi'distress, or a chimour of de-
estation ; public sale, auction.
']o OUTDATE,v. «. toaiitiquate.
To OUTDO, V. a. to excel ; to perform beyond ano-
ther.
O'UTFR, ft. without, opposed io inner.
OUTERLY, (itl. towards I lie outside.
OlJTERMOST.rt.suiKrlative of (iHffr; farthest from the
middle.
To OUTFA'CE, V. n. to brave, or bear down by a
show of magiiaiiiniity or impudence; to stare out of coun-
tenance.
ToOUTFLY', V. a. to leave behind; to ^o bcvond in
fliRht.;-.
OUTFO'RM, s. external appearance.
To OUTFRO'WN, v. a. to overbear byfrowns ; to frown
down. ■
To OUTGI'VE, v.a. to exceed another in giving.
To OUTGO', V. a. prefer. o»?He«y, participle vutn;one ; to
surpass or excel ; to go beyond, or leave behind ; toovei-
reach, to circumvent.
To OUTGRO'W, {oute;ru) v. a. to surpass in growth, or to
f;row too great or too old for any thing.
O'UTGUARD, s. one posted at a distance fioni the main
body, as u defence.
To OUTJ E'ST, V. a, to overpower by jesting.
ToOUTKNA'VE, {unilmaiw) v. n. to surpass in knavery
OUTLANDISH, «. not native; foreign; alien.
To OUTLA'ST, v. a. to exceed in duration.
OUTLAW, s. ['Uluga, Sax.J one excluded from the be-
nefit of the law.
To OU TLAW, I), o. to deprive of the benefits of the law,
OUTLAWRY, s. a decree by which any person is de-
prived of the protection of the laws, and cut off from the
community.
To OUTLE'AP, (oiithtp) v. a. to pass in leaping ; to start
beyond.
OUTLE'AP, (oi<<?««/)) /. a sally ; flight; escape.
OU'TLET, i. a passage outwards; a passage by whici
tiling may go out.
O'UTLINE, s. the contour or line with which any figure
h bounded ; an extremity.
To outlive, v. a. to live longer ; to survive.
OUiTLrVER, s. a survivor, or one thai lives longer than
another.
To OUTLOOK, V. n. to face down ; to hrowlieat.
To OUTLU'STRE, {ontlustcr) V. a. to surpass in lustrS or
brightness.
O'UTLYING, pnrticip. and a. not in the common course ;
removed from something else.
.To OUTM A'RCH, v. a. to leave behind in a march.
OUTMOST, n. at the greatest distance from the
middle.
To OUTNU'MBER, r. o. to exceed in number.
To OUTPA'CE, V. u. to leave behind in walking or
riding.
O'UTPARfSH, s. a parish lying without the walls.
OU'TPART, 4. a part remote from the centre or main
bodv.
TbOUTPOU'R, f. a. to emit ; to pour forth as in a
stream.
To OUTPRl'ZE, V. a. to exceed in the value set upon it.
I'o O'UTIIAGE, V. a. [oiitvager, Fr.] to injure in a vio-
lent, contumelious, rough, or inhuman nuinner. Neuterly,
to l)e guilty of excesses of turbulence and inhumanity.
O'U'TRAGE, s. an open violence or mischief committed
in a tumult ; a commotion.
OUTRA'GIOUS, a. \oxUrai^i.tux, Fr.] violent ; furious ;
OUT
turbulent; tumultuous; exceeding reason or decency; enor-
mous, atrocious. Johnson thinks this word should be writ-
ten (/»/r";5cowi, but says tlie custom is otherwise.
OUTRA'GIOUSLY,nr/. in a violent, furious, or boisterous
manner.
OUTRA'GIOUSNESS, J. fury; violence ; raging disor-
der and inhumanity.
To OUTRE'ACII, V. a. to reach beyond.
To OUTIU'OE, V. a. to leave bciiiiid in riding.
OU'TRlGliT, {out fit) ml. innnediately, or wiifiout delay ;
entirely ; romplelely.
OUTRODE, s. excursion. "Tiiat they might make
oiilviidcs upon the ways of Judea." 1 Maccabees.
To OUTRO'OT, t'. a. to root out.
To OUTRU'N, r. «. to leave behind in running. Figu-
ratively, to exceed.
ToOUTSA'IL,i'. n. to sail faster.
OUTSCAPE, .«. power of escaping. " It past our powers
to lift aside a log so vast, as barr'd all ovtsrane." Chapman.
To OUTSCO RN, V. a, to bear down witn scorn ; to de-
spise or slight-
To OUTSEL, V. a. to sell for more than another ; to get
a higher price.
To OUTSIll'NE, V. n.to excel in lustre ; to emit lustre.
To OUTSIIO'OT, V. a. to exceed iu shooting; to shoot
beyond.
■OUTSIDE, s. the surface, or that part which is exposed
to sight ; the extreme part, or that w liich is farthest from
the middle; external appearance. 'J'he part not within or
inclosed, opposed to ))i.viV/f. Synox. Ontiidc, is the external
part of a thing; unpeuratui, tlic effect produced by, or the
"dca we form of, tlie viewof that thing.
To OUTSIT, i>. a. to sit bcvond lime.
To OUTSLEEP, J'. «. to sleep beyond.
To OUTSPE'AK, {outspech) 11. 0. to speak somewhat be-
yond : to exceed.
To OUTSPO'RT, V. a. to sport beyond.
To OUTSPRE'AD, {outsprid) v. a. to extend, or spread
out.
To OUTSTA'ND, v. a. to support or resist ; to stand
oeyond the proper time. Neuterly, to protuberate ; to be
prominent.
To OUTSTA'RE, v. a. to vanquish or exceed in staring.
O'UTSTREET, *. a street in the extrcmitiesof a town.
To OUTSTRETCH, r. o. to extend or spread out.
To OUTSTRIP, f. n. [derived by Skinner from out, and
sprilzci), to spout, Teut. but Johnson suggests that it might
have been originally ovt-irip, the s being afterwards inserted |
to go faster or beyond another.
To OUTSWEE'TEN, v. «. to spoil by excess of sweetness.
To OUTSWE'AB, (ontsiah-e) v. a, to overpower by
swearing.'
To OUT-TONGUE, {oxU-tung) v. a. to bear down by
noise. '■
To OUT-TALK, {out-tm'dk) v. a. to exceed in talking.
To OUTVA'LUE, v. a. to surpass in value.
To OUTVE'NOM,!.. «. to exceeil in poison.
To OUTVI'E, v.a. to exceed or surpass.
To OUTVI'LLAIN, v. to exceed in villanv.
To OUTVOICE, V. a. to exceed in strength of voice or
clamour.
To OUTVOTE, f. n. to exceed in number of voters.
To OUTWA'LK, {onln-aulk) r. «. to walk faster.
OUTWA'LL, {ontu-aidl) s. the outward part or wall of a
building ; external appearance.
O'UTWARD, a. [«(«•«(>•(/, Sax.] on the surface ; exposed
to the sight, opposed to inward. Foreign, opposed to 'tv
tesline. Tending to the outparts.
O'UTWARD, *. external form.
OUTWARD, or 0'U1'^VARDS, ad. to foreign parts.
" Ontuard bound." To the outer parts.
O UT\VARDLY, nd. externally, evidently. In appei.r
aiice only.
C63
OXF
o y E
To OUTWE'AR, (nntu-arc) v. a. to pass tediously. To last
loiiffer than sometliiiig else.
To OUTWEIGH, (o»^irtv/)r. a. to exceed iinvei^'lit, vuhsc,
/ir importance.
To OUTWIT, V. a. to cheat or deceive with superior
riMininij.
OUTWORK, s. that part of a fortification which is near-
est the enemy.
OUrWORN, part, consumed or destroyed by use.
OUTWROUGHT, {oiUi-U) part, exceeding "in efficacy
or art.
To OUTWORTH. v. a. to exceed in value.
To OWE, (o) V. a. [egg, aa, I owe, or I ought, Isl.] to be in-
debted, or obliged to pay ; to be obliged to as a cause or
benefactor ; to derive from a cause.
OWYHEE, the easternmost and hirge.st of the Sand-
wich Islands. Its greatest length is 85 miles, and its breadth
7'2. Part of the coast presents a very dreary prosi^cct to the
spectator ; the whole country appearing to have u:idergo!ic
a total change from the effects of some dreadful convulsion.
The soil, however, in many places, is exceedingly fertile ;
and where that is the case the inhabitants have not neglected
to lay it out in plantations. There are supposed to be about
150,000 inhabitants on this island. It was here, on Feb. 14,
1779, that the celebrated captain Cook fell a sacrifice to a
sudden impulse of revenge in the natives, with whom he
unfortunately had a misunderstanding or dispute. Lat. of
the eastern extremity, 19. 28. N. Ion. 15G. o. W.
O'WINCi, (oing) part, following as a consequence ; due
as a debt or duty ; nnputablc to as the agent.
OWL, or OWLET, (the o;;- )iron. as in !!oir)s. [u!e, Sax.]
a bird, remarkable for hiding itself all day, appearing at
night, and catching mice.
O'WLEH, s. a smuggler. Also a provincial name for the
common alder.
OWN, (oil) s. [agm, Sax. cggcv, Belg.] this word is ge-
nerally addetl to the pronouns possessive, my, t/u/, /lis, unr,
your, their, ■Aw\ implies projicrty. Sometimes it implies ac-
tion, to distinguish it from that of any other, and sometimes
is used by way of opposition, for something peculiar to a
pcr-on : as, it is his own, not yours.
To OWN. {oii) V. (I. to acknowledge ; to confess to be
one's property, or performance ; to possess, claim, or hold
by right. To confess, opposed to deny. To avow.
OWNER, {itiur) s. one to whom any thing belongs ; right-
ful possessor ; master.
OWNERStPiP, {bnersliip)s. a lawful possession
OWRE; J. [lovw, Lat.] a buflalo.
OX, s. plural cxeii ; [o.r«, Sax. ere, Dan.] the general
name for black cattle; projierly a castrated bull. 'I'hcre
are some wild oxen in rokuu!, as aUo in lord Tankerville's
park at Chiliingham, near Berwick upon Tweed. It is re-
maikab'.e, that when any one of them happens to be
wounded, or is grown weak through age or sickness, tlie
rest of the herd gore it to death.
O'XALATES, s. in chymistry, sa.ts formed by the coni-
binalion of any base with the oxalic acid.
OXA'LIC, n. in chymistry, belonging to sorrel. The
oxalic acid is found in the juice of sorrel in combination with
potash.
O'XEYE, s. in botaiiy, a species of the chrysanthemum of
LinnaDus; the grcalerdaisy. The common oxeye isa species
of chamomile.
()'XF1.,Y, s. aflv troublesome to oxen.
OXFORD, I he'capitai of Oxfordshire, is seated at the
confluence of the Thames and Cheiwell, on an eminence
almost surrounded by meadows, except on the E. side. The
whole town, with the suburbs, is of a circular form, S miles
in circumference. It consists chiefly of two spacious streets,
which cross each other in the middle of the town. The
university is said to have been founded by Alfred, but is
generally supjioscd to have been a'seminary of learning be-
fore liistime, although it owed its revival and consequence
to his nbcral patronage, receiving from him grants of many
privileges and large revenues. About the middle of the
V2\U century, public lectures on the civil law were read
here not more than ten years after a copy of JustiHiau'K
Institutes had been found in Italy. In the reign of Henry
HI. there were said to be 1 5, ooo" scholars, if they deserx'e
that name, the sole object with many being only to read and
write, while the greatest number attained to neither, and
the most learned acquired only bad Latin and logic. Here
are 20 colleges, and 5 halls, several of which stand in the
streets, and give the city an air of magnificence, which re-
mind the traveller of the antient cities of Greece and
Rome. It is thought, that there is not such anoll.cr sjroup
of buildings, nor such another university, at this day, in the
world. The colleges arc provided with sutlicient revenues
for the maintenance of a master, fellows, and students. In
the balls, the students live, citiur wholly, or in i)art, at
theirownexpense. Among the libraries in the universitv,
the most distinguished is the Bodleian, founded by Thomas
Rodley ; those of All Souls College, Christ Church, Queen's
IN'ew College, St. John's, E.xeter, and Corpus Chrisli.
Among other public buildings, are the Tlieatre, the Asii-
moleaii Museum, the Clarendon Printing-House, the Rad-
clirte Infirmary, and a fine observatory. It is 20 milt- < S. W.
of Buckingham, 40 S. W. of Bedford', and 58 W. by N. of
London. Lat..51.45. N Ion. 1.10. W.
O'XFORDSHIRE, a county of England, 47 miles in
length, and 29 in breadth, bounded on the E. bv Bucking-
hamshire, on theW^. by Gloucestershire, on the ^. by Berk-
shire, and on the N. by Warwickshire and Northampton-
shire. It is divided into 14 hundreds, which contain one
city, 12 luarket-towiis, 280 parishes, 451 villages, 19,000
houses, and about 114,000 inhabitants. The air is sweet,
ruild, pleasant, and healthy, forwiiich reason it contains se-
veral gentlemen's seats; and the soil, thougii various, is fer-
tile in corn and grass, and the hills are shaded with woods.
It is also an agreeable sporting country, there being abun-
dance of game.
O'XCiANG, s. twenty acres of land.
O'XIDE, s. in chymistry, any substance co.mbinert with
oxygen, in a proportion not sutlicient to produce acidity.
To O'X.IDIZIO, V. a. in chymistry, to combine o.yygen
with a body withoutproducing acidity.
O'XIDIZEMENT, s. in chymistiy, the operation by
which any substance is combined with oxygen, in a degree
not sutlicient to produce acidity.
O'XLIP, s. the same with cowslip.
OXSTATL, {n:ist(iiin) s. a stand for oxen.
O'XTONGUE, jf. in botany, a genus of plants, nf which
two are British species, viz. the yellow succory, and com-
mon oxtongue.
O'XYCilATE, J. I^from ox;/s, sliarp, and heraiiiimni, to
mix, (ir.]a mixture of wafcraud viuegiir.
0'XY(iEN, 4'. in chymistry, a simple substance, com
posing the greatest part of water and [lart of atniosphcrie
air.
O'XYGENIZAL'LE, o. in chymistiT, that will combine
with oxygen,' and does not emit flame during the com
bination.
To O'XY'GIjNIZE, v. h. in chymiatiy, to acidify a sub-
stance bv oxygen.
O'XYGENiZEMENT, s. in chymistrj, the prodiiclior
of acidity by oxygen.
O'XYMEL, s. [from o.rijs, sharp, and mcli, honey, Gr.]
a mixture of vinegar and honey.
OXYMORON, s. [from oxi/s, sharp, and moros, foolisli
Gr.]a figure iniiictoric, in which an epithet of a contiai^
signification is added, as, " Pni/i/li/ pleasure."
OXYRRHO'DINE, s. [fromori/s, sharp, and roiion, rose,
Gr.]a mixture of two parts of oil of roses with one of vinegar
ot roses.
O'YER, i. [old Fr. to hear] in law, heard ; thus a court
of oyer and terminer, is a place where causes are heard and
determined.
O'YES, s, \oyez, Fr. hear ye] a word used and repeated
PAC
FAD
tliree limes by a public crycr in a court of justice, and in
delivrriijir ii jiroclniiiatioii, lo ilcnr.inil silence.
O'VS'lT.K, s. [rrstvi; Bcli;.] a slull-liiii liaviiis two sliells.
OYSTKiaVKNCll, or <.>'V.STRil\VOMAN, s. a woman,
wlio sells ojslers. Fijjuralively, a low, mean, and vul<;ar
Muinan.
OZ.li'NA, J. [from ozo, to stink, Cr.] insiirscry, is a foul
and nialiijnant ulcer of the nose, distinyuislied bv its stench,
and often accompanied with a caries of the bone.- of the
nose.
07n:U, *. See Osier.
PIS the liftccnth letter, and eleventh consonant of onr
alphabet, an(i ;s formed by a slight compression of the
anterior part of the lips, nsjiiilt, put, pot, and has nearly the
sound of i. When /' sliinds before s or /, its sound is lost ;
as in psiihiis, pfeiido-prDphels, Pliilemtj, ptisnii, cve. When it
stands before li, it linslhe sound of/'; as in physic, phi toso-
pht'i; p/io!-jihufiis, n\\(\ inmost oilier woids ; but in p/ithisic,
and soiiie Greek words, the ph is not i)r(.'nonnced. Used as
a numeral letter, it stood for 400, but with a dash on the top,
thus, p, for 100,000. Among medical writers it stands for
piis^il, or the eighth part of a handful, in Italian music it
stands for j".iho, or soft, and shews that the force of the
voice or inslrument is to bo lessened. P 1' implies;i!n;)inHu,
more soft, and 1' P V jiiaitissimo, the softest possible. P. RJ.
Ill astronomy, stands iDr post tnciiilicm, or afternoon.
PA'BULAll, a. [from p:il)iilnm, food for cattle, Lat.j af-
fording aliment or provender.
PAlU'LA'l'lON, s. [from 7)aJ"/'o», food for cattle, Lat.]
the act of t'eeding or procuring; provender.
P.VBULOUS, «. ffrom pohuluw, food for cattle, Lat.J af-
fording aliment or provender.
PA'iiULUM, s. [Lai.] ainons physicians, such parts of
our common food as are necessary to recruit the animal
fluids; as also any matter that constitutes the cause of a
disease.
PACA'TION, i. [from ;)rtf», to appease, Lat.J appeasing,
paGifyins, or assnagiuf;.
PACE, s. \p((s, Fr. I a step or single motion of the foot in
walkinjj. 'j'lie gait or manner of walking. Degree of
quickness ; hence, to lieep pace with, is to equal a person
either in walking or riding. A measure of five feet. In
the manage, it is of three kinds, viz. walk, trot, and gallop ;
to which may be added an amble.
To PACE, I'. Ji. to move on slowly. To move. Applied
to horses, to nit>ve by raising the feet on the same side to-
gether. Actively, to measure by steps.
PA'CED, a. having a particular gait or manner of
walking.
PA'CER, s. a horse that raises the two legs on the same
side together
PACl TIC, «. [paci/ifjue. Ft. from pax, peace, and facio,
to make, Lat.] mild ; making peace ; gentle; appeasing.
PACU-'ICA'TION, J. [Fr. from pax, peace, am\ fucio, to
make, Lat.J the act ot making peace. The act of ap-
peasing.
PACIFICATOR, s. [pacificatenr, Fr. from pcuc, peace, and
facio, to make, Lat.] a peace-maker.
PACIFICATORY.o. tending to make peace.
PACIFIC OCEAN, otherwise called the South Sea, lies
I)etween Asia and America, and is upwards of lo,000 miles
in breadtli. It had its name from the moderate weather
the first mariners who sailed in it met with between the
tropics.
PA'CIFIER, s. one who appeases.
To PA'CIFY, V. a. [from pax, peace, and ,'"rtP!o, to make,
Lat.] to reconcile, appease, or o.niet an augrv person.
PACK, J. [Belg. and Teut.] a large bundle of any thing
prepared for carriage. A bnrden or load. A certain num-
ber uf cards, generally 52. A number of hounds bunting
together. A number of persons united in some bad design.
Any greatnuniberor (pianlily.
'I'o PACK, )'. n. [pnr/tiiri, 15clg ] to bin(i up for carriage;
to dispatch in haste, used with '■iff ; to sort cards inicpii-
tously. Neuterly, to tie up gooil^ ; to remove in liastc ; lo
associate in I>ad designs.
PA'CKCLOTIL s. \pachleetl, Belg.] a cloth in which goods
are bundled or tied up.
PA'CK I'll, *. one w ho packs goods.
PA'CKET, s. \pitcipiet, Fr.J a small pack ; a mail of
letters. A vessel that carries a mail. A small bundle, as
of a mountebank's medicines.
To PA'CKET, v. a. to bind up in parcels.
PA'CKHORSE, J. a horse employed in carrying burdens
of goods.
PAT.KSADDLR, i. a saddle on which burdens are laid.
PACKTHREAD, (.pach thread) s. strong thread used in
packing or tying up parcels.
PA'CKWAX, s. the strong oponeuroscs on the sides of
the neck in brutes.
PACO, «. in zoology, a species of camel sheep in South
America, which has an exceedingly line fleece.
PACT, s. \pactum, from privs;v, to strike a bargain, Lat.J
a contract, l)aigain, or covenant.
PACTITIOLJS, {pnctishiaits) a. [pnitin, from fango, to
strike a bargain, Lat.| settled upon condition.
PAD, s. \paud. Sax.] the road ; a foot path. An easy-
paced horse. A robber on foot. A soft saddle; inoperly
a saddle or bolster stulfed will: straw. A kind of bolster
used by crooked people to conceal their deformity.
To PAD, V. n. to travel gently To rob on foot. To
make a way smooth and level. Tv conceal any deformity
with a kind of bolster.
PA'DA R, s. grouts ; coarse flour.
PA'DDEIl, s. one who robs on foot.
To PADDLE, V. n. Ipaioniiler, Fr.] to row ; lo.beat the
water as with oars ; to play with, or in the water. To
finger.
PA'DDLK, s. \pattle, Brit.] a short oar used by a single
rower in a boiit. Any thing broad like an oar.
PA'DDLER, s. one tiiat paddies.
PA'DDLE-STAFF, i. a slatl' headed with broad iron.
PA'DDOCK, s. [p((d(l:; j)i-lg. pad.i, 8ax.] a great frog,
or toad. A small inclosure, corrupted from pm-k, parrnck,
paddock.
PA DE'LION, *. [pas de lion, lion's foot, Fr. j a herb.
PA'DERBORN, a bishopric in Wc?t jthalia. It is bounded
by the county of Lippe on the N. and by the duchy of
Westphalia, and the principality of Waldcck on the S. In
the middle of it are high mountains, containiirg iron mines;
but the rest of the country is fertile in corn and pasture.
It is most remarkable for its bacon, or hams, and venison.
PA'DERBORN, a considerable city of Westphalia,
capital of a bishopric of the same name, and formerly one
of the Hans Towns. The rivulet Pader rises here under
the high altar of the cathedral. It is a celebrated university,
and is 37 miles S.W. of Minden, and 13. E. S. E.of Munster.
Lat. 51. 46. N. ion. 8. 66. E.
PA'DLOCK, f. [padde, Belg.] a lock hung on a staple to
fasten ?. door, box, &e.
PA'DOWPIPE, s. lion's foot, a herb.
PA'DSTOW, a town in Cornwall, is a place of some trade
to Ireland, Bristol, and London. The harbour is capable
of containing vessels of 500 tons at high water, but is of
dangerous access without a skilful pilot, being rocky on the
E. side, and barred with sea sand on the \V. The chief
business here, and along tl;is coast, next to the trade in
slate-tiles, is fishing for herrings which come up the channel
n October. It is 26 miles S. S. W. of Launceston, and 243
\V. by S..^f London. Market on Saturday.
PA'DUA, an anticnt, large and celebrated city of Italy,
with an university. It is capital of the Paduano, but is
much less considerable than it was formerly ; for great part
P AI
PAL
of the circuit wilhiu tlic walls is unbuilt, and the town in ge-
neral so tliinly inlmbiled, that grass is seen in many places,
ill the iuterstices of the stones with which the streets a.e
paved. The liouses are built on piazzas, which, when the
town was well ii-.habited, and in a flourishing state, may
havc.had a uiaguilieent appearance; but they now rather
yive il a uioie gloomy air. The hall of the town-house is
(ineof l!ie largest in Europe, and contains the cenotaph of
Livy, tile historian, who was a native of Padua. The uni-
versity, formerly so celebrated, is now, like every thing
else in this city, on the decline. Here is a cloth manufac-
tory ; and it is said that the inhabitants of Venice wear no
other ciotli than what is made here. The city, however,
swarms with l)eg;;ars, who do not ask charity in the name of
God, but in the name of St. Antonio. Padua is seated on
the rivers Brenta and Bachiglione, in a fine plain; and is
about 7 miles in circumference, 22 miles W. of Venice. Lat.
45. 22. N. Ion. 12. 1. E.
PADUA'NO, a small province of Italy, in the territory of
Venice, bounded on the E. by the Dogado, on the S. by the
Polesino di Rovigc, on the \V. by the Veronese, and on the
N. by the Vicentino. Its soil is well watered, and is one of
the most fertile in Italy, being about 40 miles in length, and
"io in breadth. Pafliui is the capital town.
P^^L'AN, s. [from the songs sung to Preau or Apollo, be-
ginning with lo Paan] asoug of triumph.
P.'EDO-BA'PTIS.M^ s. [from mis, a cliild, and baptismos,
baptism, Gr.] infant baptism. Paido-baptists are those who
maintain that baptism should be administered to infants.
PAGAN, a. [from pn^its, Lat. a village ; the villages
continuing hcatlion after the cities were Christian] idola-
trous ; heatheuisli.
PA'GAX, s. a heathen.
PA'GANISM,.'. \/>nnanis7>ie,Fr.] heathenism.
PAGE, i. [i>"gr, I'r.Jone side of the leaf of a book. A
youth attending on a great person.
To PAGE, V. (I. to mark the pages of a book with figures.
To attend as a )>agc.
PA'GEANT, «. a statue in a public show. Any show or
spectacle of eulertainnienl.
PA'GEANT, n. showy ; pompous; gaudy.
To PA'GEANT, v. a. to exhibit in show ; to represent.
PAGEANTRY, s. pomp ; show.
PA'GINAL, «.[fioin paifina, Lat.] consisting of pages.
PA'GOD, s. an Indian idol, or temple.
PAID, preter. and part. pass, of Pay.
PAI'GLE, i. a name for the cowslip.
PAIL, I. Ipuliii, Span.] a vessel in which milk or water
is carried.
PAILFUL, s. the (piantity that a pail v ill hold.
PAIN, s. [from poena, punishment, Lat.] punishment
threatened. A sensation of uneasiness. Uneasiness, ap-
plied lo the mind. In the plural, labour; task. The
throes of child-birth.
ToPAIN, f. <J. to make uneasy. Used with the recipro-
cal pionoun, to labour hard, or to hurt in making an
eflbrt.
PAINFUL, «. miserable ; afflictive ; causing an uneasy
Bensation ; ditiieult ; laborious; industrious.
P.'M'NFULLV, u'?. with great pain, afliiction labour or
oiVigence,
PAI'NFUt.N ESS, ». affliction, sorrow, grief; industry.
PAI'NIM, s.\riiijen, Yy.'\ an infidel ; a pagan.
PAl'NLM, a. pagan ; heathenish.
PAl'NLESS, a. without i>ain.
PAINSTA'KLR, s. a laborious person.
PAINSTA'KING, a. labouring hard and diligently.
PAI'NSWICK, a town of Gloucestershire, has a manufac-
ture of white cloths for the army, and for the India and Tur-
key trade ; and hence is brought a stone, remarkable f'li its
beauty and neatness, for the pavement of Hoors. It is 7
niilcsS. E. of (iloucester, and loi W. by N. of London.
Market on Tuesday.
To PAINT, f. fl. [pdtidre, Fr.J to represent in colours.
To cover with colours. Figuratively, to describe ; to colour,
or diversify. Ncuterly, to lay colours on the face.
PAINT, s. colours used in representing likenesses.
PAI'NTER, s. [pcintre, Fr.] one who professes the art of
lepresenting things in colours.
PAI'NTING, s. the art of representing things in colours,
A picture. Colours laid nn.
PAI'NTURE, i. [peintme, Fr.] the art of painting. A
French word.
PAIR, J. [nniVe, Fr.] two things suiting one another. A
man and wife. Two of a sort. Two similar parts joined
together, and composing one thing. "A pan- of bel-
lows."
To PAIR, v. n. to be joined in parts. To suit or resem-
ble. Actively, to join in couples ; to unite as correspon-
dent or opposite.
PAISLEY, a large manufacturing town of Scotland, in
the county of Renfrew, which had formerly a celebrated
abbey. It is seated on the river White-Cart, three miles
ffom Renfrew, and six from Glasgow. The principal ma-
uufactnics are silk and thread gauze.
PA'LACE, s. [palais, yr.pahtium, Lat.] a house in which
a great person resides. A splendid house.
PALA'CIOUS, a. royal ; noble; magnificent.
PALA'NQUIN.i. a kind of covered carriage, used by
persons of distinction, and supported on the shoulders of
slaves, in the East.
I iPA'LATABLE, a. agreeable to the taste.
PA 'LATE, s. [palatum, Lat.] the upper part or roof of
the mouth. The organ of taste. In botany, the inner part
of the mouth of a gaping blossom.
PA'LATIC, a. belonging to the palate.
PALATINATE, a considerable provinceof Germany, di-
vided into the Upper and Lower. The Upper Palatinate is
also called the Palatinate of Bavaria ; see Bavaria. And
the Lower, or Palatinate of the Rhine, is (or lately was) an
electorate. It is bounded on the N. by the archbishoprics of
Mentz and Triers, on the E. by the circles of Franconia and
Suabia, and on the W. and S. by Alsatia. It is about 100
miles in length, and 70 in breadth, and consists of 13 baili-
wicks. The revenue of the elector is about 30O,O()0A'. a
year, and in the time of peace he maintains a body of about
6000 men.
PA'LATINE, s. [paktin, Fr.] one invested with royal
rights and privileges.
PA'LATINE, a. possessing royal privileges.
PALE, a. [pale,Fr.pnlli(lits, Lat.] of a white colour; not
high coloured ; of a faint lustre; dim.
To PALE, I', a. to make whitish or pale. •
PALE, s. [va/ii.i, Lat.] a narrow piece of wood joined
above and below to a cross beam, to inclose grounds. Any
inclosurc, ordi^trict. In heraldrv, a stake placed upright
from the top of the chief to the point.
To PALE IN, r. a. to inclose with pales. To encom-
pass.
PA'LED, a. in botany, applied to such flowers as have
leaves surrounding a bead or thrum; as the marigold.
PALE-EVEn, «. having dim eyes.
PALE-FA'CED, a. having the face whitish, or witliout
any ruddy colour.
i'A'LELV, ad. wanly, iiotruddily.
PA'LI!.N ESS, s. waiit of colour ; want of lustre.
PA'LENDAIl, s. a coasting vessel. Not in use.
PA'LEOUS, a.\{rom palea, chatt', Lat.] husky ; chaffy.
PALERMO, an antient, rich, and beautiful city of Sicily,
in the Val-diMazara ; situated near the extremity of a kiiiil
of natural amphitheatre, formed by high and rocky moun-
tains ; but the country that lies between the city and these
mountains, is one of the richest and most pleasant spots in
the world ; the whole appearing a magnificent garden, filled
w ith fruit trees of every species, and wat('rcd by clear foun-
tains and rivulets, that form a variety of windings through
this charming plain. From the singularity of this situation,
at McUasfiom the richness of the soil, Palermo has had
PAL
PAL
many flattering epithets bestowed upon it, particularly by
the poets, who iiave denoniiiiated it the Conca d'Oro, the
CJoldeii Sliell, wliicli is at once expressive both of its situa-
tion and richness. It has likewise been styled Aurea Valle,
HortusSiciliie, (Vc. The inh;>l)ilanls ofl'aiermoare estimat-
ed by lii vdonc at 160,000. Two jjreat streets intersect each
otiier in the centre of I lie city, where they form a handsome
square, called the Ottangolo, adorned with elegant uniform
buildings. From the centre of this square is seen the
whole of these noble streets, and the four great gates of the
city which terminate them. About a mile from Palermo
is a celebrated convent of Capuchins, in which is a vault
made use of as a receptacle for the d«<td. It consists of four
wide passages, each ahout 40 feet in length, into which the
linht is admitted by windows at the ends. Along the sides
of these are niches, in which the bodies are set upright,
clothed in coarse garments, with their heads, arms, and feet
bare. 'J'iiey are prepared for this situation by broiling
them 6 or 7 months upou a grid-iron, over a slow lire, till
all the fat and moisture are consumed. The skin, which
looks like pale-coloured leather, remains entire, and the
character of the countenance is in some degree preserved.
Palermo is seated on the N. side of the island, at the bot-
tom of the gulf of the same name, 110 miles W. of Messina
162 S. by W. of Naples, and 235 S. by E. of Home. Lat. 38.
15.N. lon.l3. 23. E.
PALESTRICAL, a. [from pal<estra, a place for wrestling,
Lat. J of or belonging to wrestling.'
PA'LESTINE, a country of Turkey in Asia, so called
from the Philistines, who inhabited its sea-coast. It is also
called Judea, from the patriarch Judah ; the land of Ca-
naan, and the Promised Land. From its having heen the
scene of the birth, ministry, and death of Jesus, it has su-
perstitiously been denominated the Holy Land. It is
divided from Syria on the N. by Mount Lihanus, or Le-
banon ; from Arabia Deseria on the E. by the mountains
of Seir; and it has the deserts of Arabia Petrasa on the S.
and the Mediterranean on the W. It is, in general, a fertile
country, abounding, where cultivated, with corn, wine, and
oil; and it might su|)ply the neighbouring country with all
these, as it antiently did, were the present inhabitants
equally industrious. The parts about Jerusaleii!, its ca-
pital, are the most mountainous ;:nd rocky ; but they feci
numerous herds and flocks, and yield plenty of honey,
with excellent wine and oil ; and the valleys produce larg;
ciops of corn.
PALEITK, s. fFr.] a light board, with a hole, through
which the thumb passes, used by a limner to place his
colours on.
PA'LFREY, (paulfrei/) s. [palff'iiii, Brit.] a small horse
used by ladies ; a state horse with trapi ings.
PA'LINDROME, s. [from palm, again, and dromos, a
course, Gr.l a word or sentence that reads the same back-
wards as forwards ; as maJnm.
PALINGENE'SIA, s. [from palin, again, and f^enesis, a
generation, Gr.J among divines, signifies the same as re-
generation. Also, the migration of the soul of a defunct
into another body.
PALINODE, PA'LINODY, s. [from palin, again, and
ede, a song, Gr.] a recantation.
PALISADE, PALISA'DO, s. [palisade, Ft. palisado.
Span.] pales set by way of inelosure or defence.
PA LISH, a. somewhat pale or wan.
PALh,{paull) s.\pallium, Lat.] a cloak, or mantle of state.
An episcopal vestment, of white woollen cloth, about the
breadth of r border, made round and thrown over the
shoulders, shorn from two lambs offered by the nuns of St.
Agnes on the day of her feast. A covering of black velvet,
sometimes edged with white silk, thrown over a cotfiu when
carried to interment.
To PALL, (paiill) V. a. to cloak or jnvest.
To PALL, (panll) V. n. [pallii, Brit, or from pale] to grow
vapid or tasteless. Actively, to make insipid or vapid ; to
ikmp or dispirit. To impair or weaken. Toclov.
it
PALLAT)IUM, a. a security or safeguard. In antiqinfy
a statue of the goddess Pallas, preserved in Troy, whereon
the fate of the city is said to have de|)ended.
PA'LLET, s. [from paille, straw, Fr.] a small or mean licrl.
A small measure, formerly used by chirurgcons, froni/ia/c/fr,
Fr. In heraldry, a little post.
To PA'LLIATI^, t'. a. [from palliam, a cloak, Lat. J to
cloak, cover, or extenuate any crimt by excuses or favour-
able representations ; to ease without radical cure.
PA'LLIATION, s. [palliaticm, Yi.\ the act of covering or
extenuating a crime. An imperfect and tamporary cure.
PA'LLIATIVE, a. [paUintif, I'r.j extenuating by excuses
and favourable representations.
PA'LLIATIVE, s. something that extenuates a crime or
alleviates pain.
PA'LLID, o. \pallidus, Lat.] pale ; wan ; not high co-
loured. This adjective is seldom used of the face.
PALLI'LOGY, i. [from palin, again, and loi^os, a dis
course, Gr.] a figure hi rhetoric, in w hich the same word ".
repeated.
PALL-MALL, (pel-mell) s. [from pila, a ball, and
malleus, a mallet, Lat. p/iille vuiiUe, Fr. See Mall, and
MELL]a play in which a ball is struck through an iron ring
with a mallet.
PALM, s.^palmn, Lat. J a tree whose branches are worn
in token of victory. 'Jlie hand spread out, or the inside of
the hand. In measure, three inches.
To PALM, V. a. to conceal in the palm. To impose on,
used with vpo7t. To hiiii(lie. To stroke with the hand.
PA'LMER, s. a pilgrim, so called from the custom of
bearing brunches of pahn by those who had visited the lk.lv
Land. A crown encircling a deer's head.
PA'LMKRWOIIM, s. a worm covered with hair, sup.
posed to be so called because he wandeiS over all plants.
PALME'lTO, s. a palm-tree, with the leaves of which
women's hats are made.
PALMIFEllOUS, «. [from palina, a. palm, and /«■«, to
bear, Lat.] bearing palms.
PA'LMIPEDE, a. [irom palma, a palm, and pes, a foot,
Lat.J web-footed ; having the toes joined by a membrane.
PA'LMISTER, s. [See Palmistry] one who professes
palmistry.
PA'LMISTRY, i. I from palma, a palm, Lat.] the cheat of
telling fortunes by the lines of the palms.
PALM-SUNDAY, sAhe Sunday next before Easter ; so
called from palm-branches being strewed on the road by the
multitude when our Saviour made his triumphal entry into
Jerusalem.
PA'LMY, a. bearing palms.
PA'LMYHA, formerly, a magnificent city of Asia, in the
deserts of Arabia, of which Zenobia was queen, who held
it out a long time against the Romans, but was at length
taken captive, and led in triumph through the streets of
Rome. The stupendous ruins of this city were visited by
Wood and Dawkins, in 1751 ; and a splendid account of them
published, illustrated by plates, in 1763. This place is likewise
called Tadmor in the Desert. This place, called by the
Arabs, Tadmor in the Desert, appears to have been built
originally by Solomon, but the architecture of its admiretl
remains is probably Cjrecian, coeval with the time of the
Seleucida;. The present inhabitants, consisting of 30 or
40familes, have erected their mud cottages within the spa-
cious court of a magnificent temple of the sun. Palmyra
is situated in the midst of a large sandy plain, surrounded
on three sides by a long chain of mountains, 90 miles E. of
Damascus. Lat. 33. 20. N. Ion. 38. 60. E.
PALPABI'LITY, s. the quality of being perceivable to
the touch.
PA'LPABLE, «. |Fr. from palpo, to stroke with the hand,
Lat.] to be perceived by the touch. Gross; coarse;
easily detected. Plain or easily perceived.
PA'LPABLENESS, s. the quality of being perceived ny
the toucii. Grossoess, plainness.
657
PAN
PA N
PA'LPABLY.orf. in sutlia manner as to be perteiveU by
the toiicli. Grosslv, plainlv.
PALPATION, i. [from' pnlpo, to stroke with the band,
Lat.J tlieact ofTi-eliiig. '
ToPA'LPITATK, f. a.\palpito, Lat.] to beat like tbe
lieart ; to Hutter.
PALPITATION, s. [pnlpiuiiim, Fr.] tiit increased mo-
tion of the liearf, occasioned by f'rif,dit or disorder.
PA'LSGRAVE, (iMu/xgran:) s. [pallsp-af, Teut.J a count
or earl who has the superintendence of a pritice's palace,
PA'LSI KD, (paithied) a. afflicted with the palsy.
PA'LSY, (pinky) s. [imrnlijsis, from pnmh/o, to relax, Gr.
whence pamli/si/, piil/isi/, and pah-i/,] a disease, wherein tlie
body orsome'of its paifs lose their motion, and sometimes
their sensation.
To V.\'LTi:R,'(p,htln-r) V. n. [from pultron, Fr.] to
prevaricate; to shiftor tlodge. Actively, to squander ; to
trifle.
PA'LTERER, {panlttrei-) s. an insincere dealer ; a
shifter.
PA'LTRINESS, (pauhriness) s. meanness.
PA'LTRY,</)««/r)7/) «. [from po'tnm, Fr. a cheat] sorry ;
worthless; contemntible ; mean.
PA'LY.fl. pale. L'sed only in poetry.
PAM, s. [perhaps from pidmu, Lat. victory, as trump is
from triumph] the knave of clubs.
To PA'MPER, )■. «. Iptimberafe, Ital.J to fill with food,
or feed luxuriously ; to glut.
PA'MPHLET,V/)bwi//(0 s. I written by Caxton pniw/ief,
from pin- mi filet, Fr. by a thread] a small book not bound,
only stitched.
To PA'M PIILET, )'. ft. to write small books or pamphlets.
PAMPHLETR'Ell, s. a scribbler of small books.
PAN, s. [;</"«», Teut.] an earlheu vessel bioad and hoi.
low. The part of a mm lock that holds the p^w<ler. Any
hollow or cavity. "The brain ;)«»." In the heacben my-
tholoi:;v, the god of shepherds.
PA'NA'CEA, s. [from ;>«», all, and ahieomai, to cuie, Gr.]
an universal medicuie .
PaNA'DA, or PANA'DO, s. [panade, Fr.J food made
by boiling bread till it is in a manner dissolved in water.
P.^NAMA, a rich and haudsume town of S. America,
capital of an audience of the same name, with elegant
public buildings. The merchandise of Chili an'l Prru is
brought to this place particularly the gold and silver, and
the commodities brought from Europe. The ships unload
ata small island, .3 miles from this place, because the water
is so shalldw it will not admit the i lo come nearer. Old
Panama was burnt bv Iknry Morj'an, a buccaneer, and iho
present town is t miles distant from it, and has a more
advantageoussiluation. It stands on a bay of tiie same name
Lat. g. 48. .N. Ion. ISO. 1.5. W.
P.ANARY, II. in clivmistrv, belonging lo bread.
PA'NCAKE, s. a kinid of cake or puilding made in a fry-
ingpan.
PANCIIRESTA, (p<mircstn)s. [froni;w», all, and e/wfs/o*,
useful, Gr.J medicines that are supposed efficacious in all
diseases.
PANCHA'TICAL, a. [from pri", all, and hntM, to over-
come, Cir.] very strong, or excelling in all gymnastic
exercises.
PA'NCREAS, s. [from van, all, and h-eas, flesh, Gr.] the
Cart called the sweetbread ; a conglomerate gland, situated
et«<-en the bottom of the stomach and the vertebrie of
the' loins, ami allbrding a juice of great service in assisting
digestion.
PANt'REATIC, a. belonging to the pancreas.
P.VNDECT, s. [pnwkcta, Lat.] a treatise that compre-
hends tlie whole of any science. A digest of civil law,
PANDE'.MIC, a. [from pa;i,all, and demos, the people,
Gr.] incident to a whole people.
PA'NDEK, t. [from I'aniUmn, the pimp in the story of
Troiltiit dnA Cressiih, and should be written Pawlnr] a pimp,
a male bawd, or man that procures prostitutes ior another.
008
piece written in
To PA'NDER, v. a, to pimp. To be subservient lo lu.it «
passion.
PA'KDERLY, lid. pimping; pimplike,
PANUICULA'TION, *. [from pimdieulur, to yawn, I-at.J
the restlessness, stretching, and uneasiness, usually accom-
panying the cold tits of an intermitting fever.
PANE, s.lpaneau, Fr.] a square piece of glass; apiece
mixed in variegated works with other pieces.
PANEGY'RIC, s. \miiigijrique, Fr.] a piec
praise of a person or thing.
PANEGY'RIC, or PANEGY'RICAL, a. praising ; in the
nature of a panegyric.
PANEG Y'RIST, s. \i»ni!:ijriste, Fr.] one that writes praise ;
an encomiast.
PA'NEL, s. l^panellum, Lat. pav.eau, Fr.] a square or piece
of any matter inserted among others. A square piece in a
wainscot. In law, it signifies a schedule, or small roll of
parchment, containing the name of the jurors returned by
the slicriii to pass upon a trial ; so that the impannelling a
jury is no more than the sheriff's entering them upon a pan-
nel or roll.
P.\N( j, .t. [peine, Fr.,] excessive pain ; a sudden pain or
torture ; throes in child-bearing.
To PANG, »'. a. to torment cruelly.
P.\NGOLIN, s, in zoology, an animal of the mams
tribe.
PA'NIC, a, [from Pan, who is supposed to occasioH
groun<lless fear] violent without reason, applied to fear.
PA'iS'iCGixASS, «. in botany, the panicum ofLinuaiUs;
the great loose cocksfoot, and creeping panicgrass, are the
British species.
PA'NICLE, s. \panicula, Lat.] in botany, an assemblage
of flowers growing without any very regular order, upon
fruitstalks that are variously subdivided ; as ni the oats. It is
saiti to be spreading, when the partial fruitstalks diverge and
stand wide asunder, as in the common and reed meadow-
jrrass ; compact, when they stand near together, ns in the
sheep's fescue and purple hairgia^s A pnnicled biine/t,
is an assemblage of flowers partaking of the pioperties of a
panicle and a bunch, as in the golden rod. A vanicled
spihv, is an assemblage of flowers partaking of tiie pro-
perties of a panicle and a spike; in the wall fescufc
and the manured canary-grass, in which the collection
of florets resemble a spike in their general appearance,
but the Horets are furiii&lsed with fruitstalks shorter than
themselves.
PA'NNADE, .'. the prancing of a high-bred horse.
PA'NNEL, s. Ipailneel, Belg. pniuaii, Fr.J a kind ol
clumsy saddle. In falconry, the stomach of a tiawk,
PA'NNIER, s. [p/tiiicr, Fr.J a basket or wicker vessci
hung on the side of a horse.
PA'NOPL\', s. [from pan, all, and oplon, a weapon, Gr.j
complete armour.
PANSY, or P.'VNCY, s. a flower, heart's ease.
To PANT, V. n. \paiitelcr, old Fr.J to fetch the breath
short, when frightened or out of breath. To jday with iu
termission, applied to th.e wind. 'J'o wish or long for,
PANT, s. the palpitation of the heart,
P.\NTALOO'N, s. [pnntatou, Fr.J a man's garment, iu
which the breeches and stockings are all of a piece,
PANTIlEOLOGY.i. [from »rt»,ull, and M<;o/o^a, divinity,
Gr.J the w hole sum or body of ilivinity.
PANTHEON,*. [frompnHall, and theos, a god, Gr.] a
temple at Rome dedicated to all the gods.
PANTHER, «. [Gr.J in zoology an animal which bears
a near resemblance to the leopard but is superior iu
size*
PANTILE, s. a gutter tile,
PA'NTiNGLY, <id. with a palpitation; breathing short,
PA'NTLILR, s. Ipiwitier, Fr.J a person who keeps the
bread in a great family.
PA'NTOFLE,*. [p'intoufle, Fr.J a slipper.
PA'NTOMIMi'^, *. [Fr. pan all, and minuomai, to imitate,
PAR
PAR
Gr.j one who can express liis nieaiiiii? by mute aclioos.
A farce consisting in gesture and dumb snow. A mimic.
PA'NTON, t. a slioe made to recover a narrow and hoof-
bound heel.
PA'NTRY, *. \paneteric, Fr.] the room in which victuals
are kept.
PAP, s. Ipappe, Belj;. ;)"/)", Ital. jmjnUa, Lat.l t\ie nip-
ple of a breast. Food made for iiifiints of bread boiled in
milk or water. The pulp of fruit.
PAPA', s. \h?A.pappat, Gr.] a name of fondness used by a
child to its father.
PA'PACY, s. [from pnpn, the pope, Lat.j liie office or
dignity of a pope.
PA'PAL, a. [pifxd, Fr.] l)clon;,'in|i; to the pope.
PAPA'VEROUS, a. [from pnpaocv, a poppy, Lat.] belong-
ing to, or resembling poppies.
PA PER, s. [paptjrus, Lat. papier, Fr.] the reed jf the
Nile, on which they wrote before tlic invention of paper;
a substance on which we write or print, nnule of linen rags
cround, macerated in water, and formed into thin sheets
by means of a sieve. A piece of paper. A single sheet
printed or written, usually applied to journals, or essays
published in single sheets.
PA'PER,ff. any thing slight or thin ; made of paper.
To PATER, v'.n. to cover or wrap in paper. To register.
PATERMAKER, s. one who makes paper.
PAPE'SCENT, B. tending towards or resembling pap.
PAPI'LIO, s. [Lat.] a moth of various colours, by some
called a butterfly.
PAPILIONACEOUS, a. [from papilio, a butterfly, Lat.]
in botany, applied to such tlowers as represent a butterfly,
with its wings expanded, as in the pea, broom, gorze,
&c.
PATILLARY, PATILLOUS, n. [^from papilla, a pap,
Lat.] having emulgent vessels resembling paps.
P.4TIST, s. [papiste, Fr.\ one lliat lullieres to the com-
munion of the pope and church of Rome.
PAPrSTICAL, a. popish ; adhering to the pope.
PA'PISTRY, J. popery; the doctrine of tlie church of
Rome.
PATPOUS, a. [from pappus, down, Lat.] in botany,
applied to seeds covered with a light thin down, as in tlie
dandelion, thistl«, Sec.
PATPY, n. soft; juicy. Easily divided.
PAPULO'SIT^', f. [from pappus, down, Lat.] fulness of
blisters or pimples.
PAR, I. [Lat.J the state of equality, or equal value.
PA'RABLE, s. [from parahalh, to compare, Gr.] a simili-
tude; a fable or story made use of to convey some important
truth, and originally borrowed from the hieroglyphic
characters.
PARATJOLA, s. [Lat.] in geometryj a conic section arising
from a cone's being cut by a plane parallel to one of its
sides.
PARABOLIC, or PARABOLICAL, a. [paraholique, Fr.]
expressed in parables, or by a simihtude. In geometry,
having the form or properties of a parabola.
PARABO'LICALLY, ad. bv way of parable, or simili-
tude. In the form of a parabola.
PARA'BOLISiVI, s. in algebra, is the division of the
terms of an equation, by a known quantity that is involved
or multiplied in the first tertn.
PARABOLOID, s. [from faraboie, a parabola, and eidos,
form, Gr.Ja paraboliform curve in geometry, v,l:ose ordiuates
are supposed to be in subtriplicate, siibquadruplicate, &c.
ratio ot their respective abscissre!; there is another species;
for if you suppose the parameter, multiplied into the square
of the abscissa, to be equal to the cube of the ordinate,
then the curve is called a semicubical paralchid. Harris.
PARACENTE'SIS, s. [from para) with and lienieo, to
prick, Gr.J in surgery, an operation for the dropsy, called
lapping.
PARACETSTRIC, PARACENTRICAL, a. [from para,
from, and kentron, the centre, Gr.] deviating from thfi
centre.
PARACLETE, s. [from pantknUo, to comfort, Gr. ] an
advocate, or comforter; generally applied to the third
person in the Holy Trinity.
PARADE, s. [Fr.] an ostentatious show or display. Mi-
litary order. A place where troops are drawn up for duty.
A guard, or a posture of defence. •
PA'RADIGiNI, s. [from paradilmymi, to shew near at Iiand,
Gr.] an example.
PA'RADISE, s. the garden of bliss in which our first
parents were placed. Any place which afiords exquisite
happiness.
PARADISl'ACAL, a. suiting, resembling, or forming pa-
radise.
PA'RADOX, s.^paradoxe, Fr. from pnrii, from or contrary,
and dnxis, teaching, Gr.] a tenet contrary to a received
opinion, and which at first appears absurd, but is actually
true.
PARADOXICAL, a. of the nature of a paradox.
PARADOXICALLY, nrf. after the manner ofa paradox.
PARADOXO'LOGY, ^. [from /wrnrfaroi, a paradox and
li'go, to speak, Gr.] speaking in iniradoxrs.
PAR.-\(H)'G1% s. [from pamgn, to prolong, Gr.] a figure
whereby a syllable or letter is added to the end ofa word;
as, vast, vasthi
PAlL^VGOX, s. [parnpfiiie, Ifal. ] a model ; pattern ; some-
thing superlatively excellent ; fellow, e(nial.
To PA'R AGON, ti. a. to compare ;' to equal.
PA'RAGRAPH, {pnragrof) s. [from para, from, and grapho,
to write, Gr.]a distuict part ofa discourse. In printing, a
mark used to signify the beginning of some otlier subject,
and formed thus 5.
PARAGRA PIIICALLY, {paragrdfically) ad. with distinct
breaks or sentences.
PAR.\GUAY, a large country of S. America, bounded ok
the N. by Amazonia, on the E. by Brasil, on the S. by
Patagonia, and on the W. by Chili and Peru. It contains
6 provinces ; namely, Paraguay Proper, Parana, Guaria,
Uraguay, Tucuinan, and La Plata, from which the whole
country is also called La Plata. It has numerous lakes and
rivers. Of the latter, the 3 principal are the Paraguay,
Uraguay, and Parana, the united streams of which form tlie
celebrated Rio-de-la-Plata. These rivers annually overflow
their banks; and, on their recess, leave them enriched by a
slime, that renders the soil extremely fertile. This vast
country is far from being wholly subdued, or planted by
the Spaniards; many parts being still unknown to them,
as well as to every other European nation. The principid
province of which we have any knowledge is that which is
called La Plata, toward the mouth of the river of that name.
This province, with all the adjacent parts, is one continued
plain for several hundred miles ; extremely fertile, and
producing cotton in great abundance, tobacco, and the
valuable herb called Paraguay, which is peculiar to this
country, and the infusion of which is drunk in all the Spanish
provinces ofS. America, instead of tea. They have also a
variety of fruits, and very rich pastures; but the country
has but few woods or forests. 1 he air is remarkably sweet
and serene. The Spaniards discovered this country, by
sailing up the llio-de-la-Plata in 151,5, and founded thetown
of Buenos Ayres, on the S. side of the river. In 1680 tlie
Jesuits were admitted info these fertile regions, where they
afterward founded, at the commencement of the I'tii
century, and with the permission of Philip III. the famous
missions of Paraguay ; which were a number of colonies,
each governed by two Jesuits, one of whom was rector, and
the other his curate. They ur.dertook not only to make
proselytes to the church, but to open a new source of wealth
to the mother country. To this end they represented, that
they ought to be independent of the Spanish governors ;
and that as the vices of the Europeans might contaminate
their new converts, and destroy the great objects of the
G59
PAR
PAR
iTiisiions, no oflirr Spaiiiards should he perniiltcd to enter
the cniuilry. To lliesc terms tlie court iigreed ; they con.
senting to a certain capitation tax on the natives, and to
some otlier stipulations in favour of the ciown. In process
of tiuie, the Jesuits, by the most \vonderful adOiess and
persi.verins patience, and williout tlie 'east degree of force,
acquired the most al)solute dominion, both ecclesiastical
and civil, over the natives, whom tiiey even instructed in
military discipline. The tirst of tht missionaries, zealous
and pious men, underuent the greatest hardships; and
many of them were killed by the suspicious Indians,
before they could allure their conhdence, and convince
them that they wished only to'do them good. In 1757, tiie
kins of Spain cxchaii;jed the colonies on tlie E. shore of the
river Uraguay for the l'ortu;.;uese colony of St. Sacrament,
which caused that river to become the boinidary of the
resfiective possessions of the t«o crowns. This produced
an insurrection ot the Indians, who were defeated by the
Spanish governor, with the loss of -2000 of them killed. In
1767, the court expelled the Jesuits from S. America, and
the natives, in course, were put upon the same tooting
with the other Indians of the Spanish part of that vast
continent.
PARALIPSIS, s, [from pamlciplio, to pass over. Or.] a
Ijgure in rhetoric, wherein that thing is let pass, which never-
theless is intended to be iunisted on at large.
PARALLACTIC, PARALLA'CTICAL, a. belonging to
a parallax.
PA'RALLAX, s. [from paritlhillo, to differ, Gr.jvvith
astronomers, is of several knids. Diurnal purallax, is the
difference between the true place of a celestial body as
seen from the earth's centre, and its apparent one as seen
from her surface. It is greatest of all in the horizon, and
then called the horizontal parallux ; but it decreases gra-
dually as the body ascends above the horizon, called Us
parallax in altitude, till it vanishes in the zenith. The
parallax of a star in a vertical circle changes its place with
regard to the other circles of the sphere, and makes its
visible longitude, latitude, and right ascension, diflerent
from the true ones ; and hence arise what is termed
parallax in hrlitiide, loii^-ittalc'fir right ascetision. The diurnal
parallax always makes the object to appear lower than its
true place ; and according to the number of times (he
planet or star's distance from the eartli is increased, so many
times less will be the parallactic angle, The/M)«//«x of l/ie
grand orb, or the annual parallax, called by Ptolemy prosta-
p/iaresism-bit, and hy Copernicus, comnmtation, is the angle
under which the semidiameter of the earth's orbit appears,
when viewed from a superior planet or star.
PARALLEL, a. [from paralklos, equidistant, Gr.] ex-
tended in the same direction; preserving always the same
distance. Having the same tendency ; continuing the re-
semblance through several particulars ; like
PARALLELS, s. lines continuing their course, and
-equally distant from each other. Lhies on the globe, w hich
distinguish the latitude. Direction conformable to that of
another line. Resemblance : likeness. A compariso!). Any
thing resembling another.
To PA'RA LLEL, v. a. to place so as to keep the same
direction with, or be at the same distance from, another
line. To correspond to. To compare. To bear resem-
blance to.
PARALLELISM, <. the state of being parallel.
PARALLE'LOGRAM, s. [paralklos-, eqni-distant, and
gramma, a hgure, Gr.J in geometry, a right-lined quadilateral
ligure, whose opposite sides are parallel and equal.
P,j\RALLELOGRA'MICAL, a. having the properties of
a parallelogram.
PARALLELOPiFEDON. *. l.-^-ihlompede, Fr.1 a
solid figure contained under six parallelograms, whose op-
posite sides are equal and parallel.
PARALOGISM, s. [from para, from or contrary, and
• lego, to speak, Gr.] a false argument.
6CU
PA'RALOGY, i. [from para, from or contrary, and Ugo, •
to speak, Gr.J a false reasoning.
PARALYSIS, s. [from prrraii/o, to relax, Gr.J the palsv.
PAUALV'TIC, or PARALYTICAL, a. [from /j«ru/yo,
to relax, Gr.] affected with the palsy.
PARAMARIBO, the principal town and seat of govern-
ment in the province of Surinam, in South America. Ii is
a very flourishing and lively place, abounding in every
thing which can indicate wealth. The town is very ex
tensive and remarkably clean, and the houses, which aie
about 14,UU0 in number, are extremely well built. Rows of
orange trees, lemon, &c. are planted in the streets at the
dislauceof tenortwelve feet from the houses, whicii in liie
moulhsofWav and June,diffuse a most delicious fragrance,
L-it.5. 48. N. ion. 55. 11. W.
PARA'METEH, s. a constant right line in each of the
three conic sections, called likewise tlie /«(»* redum.
PARAMOUNT, «. [parmmnu, ol(l Fr.] having the chief,
or liiijhest authority. Eminent, or of the highest order.
PAH AMOUNT, i. the chief, supreme, lor<l.
PA'RAMOUR, s. [par and amour, Fr.] a lover ; a
mistress.
PA'RANYMPH, (parani/ynf) s. [from para, with, and
inpnp/ie, the biide, Gr.] a hrideman. One that countenances
another.
PA'RAPEGM, >. [from parapignymi, to fix, Gr.] a brazen
table fixed to a pillar, on wliich laws and proclamations, the
rising and setting of stars, and other astronomical observa-
tions, were forraerlv engraven.
PA'llAPET,*. [Fr,] a wall, breast high.
' PARAPHERNALIA, imraf.ru,:lia) i. [Lat. from para,
over, and p/i«"f, <•■ dower, Gr.] goods in the w ife's disjiosal.
PARaPHIMO SIS, (parafimusii) s. [from para, niuth, and
phimoo, to bind, Gr.] a disease wherein the prepuce cannot
be drawn over the glans.
PARAPHRASE, (parafi-nze) s. [from para, about, and
phrazo, to speak, Gr.]' a' loose inlerprctation, wherein
more regard is had to an author's meaning than his
words.
To P,\RAPHRASE,('/)(;rrtp/i)nre) K. n. [from para, about,
ami phrazo, to speak, Gr.J to interpret freely, so as to give
the sense ofa passage, butnotthe meaning of every word.
PA'RAPHKAST, (parafrast) s. [from para, atouf, and
phriizo, to speak, Gr.]a lax interpreter; one «lio expound*
in many words,
PA RAPH RA'STIC, PaRAPHR A'STICAL, a. explained
in a free or loose manner ; not literal.
PARA PHRENI'TIS, {parafrenitis) s. [a secondary phren-
zy, Gr.] an iidlamniation of the diaphragm, accompanied
with a violent fever and great pain in expiration.
PARAPLEGIA, s. | from para, much, ami pUtso, to
strike, Gr.] a palsy whicli seizes all parts of the body, except
the head.
PA'RASAXG, s. a Persian measure of length.
PARASIOPE'SIS, s. [from para, much, and liopao, to
bo silent, Gr.] a figure in rhetoric, which signifies keeping
silence.
PA'RASITE, s. [Fr. from parasitos, an attendant upon
the priests, Gr,] a term of reproach used for a flatterer or
mean dependant.
PARASITIC, or PARASITICAL, a. [from parasitos, an
attendant upon the priests, Gr.] flattering or wheedling.
In botany, applied to those vegetables that do not take root
in the earth, but grow upon otlier plants or trees ; tlius tho
niisletoe is found to grow upon the apple-tree, the pear, the
lime, the elm, the poplar, the hawthorn, and the buckthorn,
but never upon the ground.
PARASOL, J. [Fr. from earn, from, Gr. and sol, the sun,
Lal.|H small canopy or umbrella, used lo defend the head
from the heat of the sun.
P.ARASYNE'XIS, s. [from pnrasynago, to gather to-
getlier, (}r.| in the civil law, a conventicle, or unlawful
meeting.
P A U
PARATHE'SIS, s. [fmm vm-a, willi, atul litlicmi, to put,
(ir.]-a fit;uto in Kiamrnar, uliorc two or more siilistautives
are |>ul in llie same case. In riieloi ie, a small iiitit ola tliiiifj.
In piintins, ll>e matter tontaincd williin two crolcliels,
luarked tliiis [ ].
'Fo I'A'ltBOIL, )'. n. [pnrhomlliir, Fr. or from part-buil] to
hair boil.
'i'.i I'A'HRREAK, v. v.\h>rch); Bel>(.] fo vomit.
P.V'ilC.li, s. [Lat.] Ilie iioclieal fates iii ideslinips, (lan^li-
♦ers of I'.relnis and Ni>\': they are tlitvp in nnndier, vi/.
Clotlin, Lacliesis, anfl .Mropos ; \\liereof llie first holds tlic
dihtatf, the second draws the thread of luunan life, and the
last cnts it oft".
I'A'HClvL, ^. \p'i>-cHlle, Fr.Ja small bnndle. A part taken
separately. A ([iiantity or jnass. A number of persons or
tilings, nsed in tonleinpt.
To I'.V'ltCl'LL, !■. «. to divide info separate portions. To
n:aUc np nilo a mass.
PA'KCIvNER, s. in law, applied to a man's sisters or
daujjhters who become possessed as.joint-tenanisor co-heirs
ofa man's estate, by hlsdvin^ without issue male.
I'A'UCEN'ERY, .«. holding or occupying of lands by joint
tcnauls, oliierwise called coi)arceners.
To FAllCII, V. a. to scorch or burn slightly. To dry up,
Ncutoily, tol)p scorched or dried.
PA'KCHMF.NT, s. \jm>r/amiu, Fr. po-fnmena, Lat. be-
cause invented at Pcr^'amus] sheepskins dressed for
wyitiiifr,
FAllCITY, i. [/i.'OTi.'M, f,at.]frusa!itv : sparingoess.
I'All U, FA'UDALR, *. [pmilus.panluUs, Lat.Jthe leopard ;
ill poetry, any spotted brast.
'roFA'lllJON, 1'. n. [p'lrdonner.Tr.l to excuse an ofleil-
der, forfilve a crime, or remit a penalty. Pardon me, is a
phmse of civil denial, or slinbt apology.
PA'IIUON, s. [pnrilov, Fr.] the act of f\irgiving an of-
fender a crime, or of remillinjf a petrally. Forgiveness re-
ceived ; exemption from forgiveness.
rATxDONABLR, «. excusable, ven'al.
PA'HDONABLENIvSS, s. the quality of being possible
to be forgiven, venialness.
P.ATiDONABLY, ad. in such a manner as may be for-
given ; \euially.
I^\'RD0NEK, J. onewlio forgives. One of the fellows
that carried about the pope's indulitencies, and sold them to
such as woukl buy them, aganist \\!iom Luther incensed the
people of Germany,
"To PAPiE, I', n. to cut ofl' the outward coat or surface; to
to cut ofrestremitics bv little and little.
PAKE'CBASIS,*. [Gr.] in rhetoric, the exaggeration of
a crime.
P.MlEGO'PiIC, a. [from p^reo-oreo, to mitigate, Gr.]
liavi«g the power, in medicine, to comfort, mollify, or
assuage
P.^ilR'NCHYMA, (pm-eiih/ma) s. [from pmenchjn, to
pour forth, Gr.] a 'spongy or pory substance ; a part through
which llie blood is strained for its better fermentation and
perfection.
PARENE'SIS, i. [from paraineo, to admonish, Gr.] per-
suasion.
P.A'RF.NT, s. [piiiriis, from pario, to bring forth, Lat.] a
fi'her or mother.
PA'REKTAGE, s. [piirentage, Fr.j 'extraction ; birth;
condition with respect to rank pf'parents.
PARE'NTAL, ". becoming or belonging to parents.
PAREN'TA'TION.s. f y'nxH/o, to perform rights in honour
of the dead, Lat.] something done or said in honour of the
dead.
PARF.'NTHESIS, s. [from pnra, over, en, in, and tithemi,
to put, Gr. 1 in grammar, a sentence which may be left out
without spoiling the sense of the period ; in printing, marked
thus ( ).
P/UIRNTHE'TICAL, n. pertaining to a parenthesis.
PARE'NTrCTDE, s. [from pnnns, a (larent, and caifo, to
kill, Lat.] the killing a father or mother.
PAR
PA'RER, s. an instrument used to cut away the surfece.
PA'RER(iY, I. [t\on\ proii, over, aiul tcffcm, work, Gr.J
something unimportant or done bv the bye.
PARGET, 3. a plaisfer laid oii the roof or ceiling of a
room.
To PA'RGF.T, V. a. to cover with plaistcr.
PARIIF/LION, .?. [from ;)i7)«, near, and helios, the sun,
Gr.] a mock sun.
I'A'P. Fl'/l" A L, a. [from paries, a wall, Lat.] constitutinfj tlie
sides or walls.
PARING, s. the rind, or that which is pared off any
thing.
PATiIS, the capital of F'rance, one of the largest, hnest,
and most pojiulons cities of I'>urope. The river Seine, which
crosses it, fonnsSsmall islands, called the island of Lonvieis,
the Notre Dame, and the Palace, which last is the antient
citv of Paris. The inha!)itants are computed to be 800,000.
It IS '2 leagues in dianieler, and G in circumference, includ-
ing the suluirbs. It is supposed to contain 87.') streets, and
21,000 houses, among which arc many of five, six, and even
seven stories. There are nine principal bridges in Paris,
two of w hich occupy the whole breadth of the Seine ; name-
ly, the Pont Neuf, and the ci-devant Pont Royal. Tho
public fountains are very numerous, and on some of them is
displayed very elegant sculpture. The public places,
s(|u.ires, iVc. are also numerous and elegant, among which
may be noticed the Place-de-Lewis XV. of an octagon
forin, in which was an equestrian statue, in bronze, of that
monarch. This square, lately called the Placc-de la-Revo-
lution, was the fatal scene of the execution of the unfortu-
nate Lewis XVI. and afterwards of his unhappy consort,
Marie Antionelte, the former on the aist of January, and
the latter on the Ifitb of October, 1793. The cathedral of
Notre-IJamc, a Gothic structure, is one of the largest in Eu
rope, and contains 45 chapels. The 4 principal palaces are,
the Louvre, the Thuilleries, the Palais-Royal, lately called
le Palais d'Egalite, and the Luxemburgh. The Louvre is dis-
tinguished into the Old^ind New. The Old Louvre was be-
gun by Francis I. in l.V2,s ; and the grand gallery, 1362 feet
long, and 30 broad, which joins it to the Thuilleries, was be-
gun under Charles IX. aiid finished by Lewis XIV. who
likewise built, in lGfi5, the New Louvre. But it is still an un-
finished structure. The Thuilleries, begun in 1564 by CiHlia-
rine de INIedicis, continued bv Henry IV. and completed by
Lewis XIV. takes its name from its situation in a place in
wliicli were formerly many tile-kilns (tvi/eries) which, for
three orfourcenturics, furnished the greatest part of the files
u-ed in Paris. The garden of the Thuilleries, in front of the
palace, and on the banks of the Seine, is unquestionably the
finest public walk in Paris. The Palais-Royal, in the inte rior,,
lias been recently embellished with many beautiful buildings,
with shops, cofl'ee-liouscs, and a garden, which render if like
a perpetual fair, and one of the most pleasing walks in the
citv. The gardens of the palace of Luxemburgh, also form
a tine promenade. Before the revolution, Paris was the see
of an archbishop, and contained 51 parish churches, 21 pa-
rochial, 17 collegiate churches ; among which were 13 chap-
ters, 40 chapels, 3 abbeys, 22 priories, and 50 convents for
men, ecclesiastical and secular ; 7 abbeys, 6 priories, and
53 convents for women: 12 seminaries, and'16 hospitals, C
of which were appropriated to deserted children. Paris
forms, with a small district round it, one of the departments
of France, and is 245 miles S. E. of London, 625 N. \V. of
Vienna, and 630 N. E. of Madrid. Lat. 48. 50i. N. Dif.
ference oflongitudeof the observatories of Greenwich and
Paris, from niany astronomical observations, is 2. 20. the
latter being to the East. .
PA'RISH, s. \paraisse, Fr.j a district belonging to the
same church, and under the care of the same priest.
PA'RISH,n. belonging to, or having the care of, the pa-
rish ; maintained bv the \,arish.
PARI'SHONER," {pcr'uh<^ner) s. \paroissien, Fr.j one (hat
belongs to a parish
601
TAR
PAR
PA'RITOR, s. a beadie or summoner of the courts of
civil law.
PA'RITY, J. \paritc, Fr.J equality ; likeness.
PARK, «. [/)ra>r»c, Sax. /wrc, Fi-.J a piece of ground in-
closed and stored with beasts of chace.
To PARK.r. a. to inclose as in a i)ark.
PARKGATE, asoa-portofChesliire, from whence pack-
et-boats regularly sail to Ireland. It is seated on the N. E.
coast of the river Dee, 12 miles N. W. of Chester, and 193
N. Vt". of IvOiidon.
PARLE, s. [from jmrhr, Fr.J conversation. The act of
treating bv word of mouth.
To PA'R1-.EY, V. n. I from farhr, Fr.] to treat by word of
mouth ; generally used in war of the treaties carried on by
enemies during a suspension of arms for that junpose.
PA'RLEY, s. a treaty carried on by word of mouth. To
heat ot sound a parleij, signilies to give the signal for a con-
ference, by beat of drum, or sound of trumpet.
PA'RLIAMEXT, s. [parlement, Fr.] tlie assembly of the
king, lords spiritual and temporal, aucl commons, for debat-
ing of matters touching the commouwealth, and the making
or correction oflavvs.
PARLIAMENTARY, a. enacted by, suiting, belonging
to, or performed by, the parliament.
PA'RLOUR, J. [parhir, Fr.] in monasteries, a roomwhcrc
the religious meet and converse. In houses, a room fur-
nished for reception and entertainment.
PA'RLOUS, fl. [perhaps from parhr, to speak ; but Ju-
nius derives it from pcrilons, used in the same sense as the
Latin imprulitt] keen ; sprightly ; waggish. " A parlous
wit."
PA'RLOl^S, a. [from pterh'ss\ incomparable ; matchless.
PA'RLOUSNESS, s. quickness; keenness.
PA'RIMA, a ci-devant duchv of Italy, which was bound
etl on theN. bv thePo; on the N. E. by the Mantuan ; on
the E. by the "duchv of Modena; on the S. by Tuscany
aud on the W. by the duchy of Placentia. The air is very
wholesome, on which account the inhabitants live to a great ,
age. Tlie soil is very fertile in corn, wine, oil, and hemp ;
the pastures feed a great number of cattle, and the cheese
was in very high esteem. Here are inconsiderable mines of
copper and silver, and plenty of truffles, which many are
very fond of. Parma is the capital town. Lat. 44. 43. N.
Ion. 10. 2<ii. E.
PARMA, an antient, rich, populous, and handsome town
of Italy, capital of the duchy of the same name, with an
nniversity. It has a magnificent cathedral, and tlie largest
opera-house in Kuroiie, which has seats for 8000 people.
The dome, and the church of St. John, are painted by the
famous Corregio, who was a native of this place. The Don
Carlos, king of the Two Sicilies, carried away a li])raiy
from this place to Naples, which contained 18,000 volumes,
and a very valuable cabinet of curiosities, as also the rich
collection of medals. It is CO miles SE. of Cremona, and
CO SE. of Milan. Lat. 44. 60. N. Ion. 10. 30. E.
PA'RiMESAN, s. is a name given to a kind of cheese,
much esteemed among the Italians, and made at Parmesan,
from whence it is sent to various parts of Europe. It is
said to be made of skimmed milk.
PARNA'SSUS, now cajled Parnasso, a famous moun-
tain of Turkey in Europe, in Livadia, near the ruins of Del-
phos. It has two head's, one of which was forn\erly very
famous for being consecrated to Apollo and the Muses, and
the other to Bacchus. It is the liighest in Greece, and from
the top there is a prospect as far as Corinth. The Turks
call it Licaoura.
PARNA'SSUS, s. See GnAss oi- Parnassus.
PARO'CIIIAL, {par'uhial) a. \paiocliialis, from parochia, in
modern Latin, a parish, in antient Latin, houses and lands
given to ol<l captains for tiieir mainlcnaucc, Lat.] belonging
to a parish.
PARODY, s. [prifoclii', Fr. from para, contrary, and ode,
asong.tir.J a kind of writing, wherein the words of an au-
ihor are applied to another subject ; gcueraliy applied to
Cdi
tlie turning something serious into burlesque ; travesty.
Popular maxim; adage.
To PARODY, r. a. \parodier, Fr.J to apply the words of
an author to a different subject, generally in order to cause
pleasantry.
PAIIOE'MIA, «. [from /jarff, near to, and otW, the way,
Gr.] a prorerb. In rhetoric, a proverbial manner of
speaking.
PARO'LE, i. [Fr.J a word given by way of assuranoe>
A promise given by a prisoner not to go away.
PARONOMA'SIA, f. [from para, near, and oiioma, a
name, Gr.J in rhetoric, a figure « herein words alike in
sound, but of a dift'erent sense, are alluded to.
PARONY'CHIA, {parony'kia) s. [Gr.J a swelling under
the root of the nail of a finger; a whitlow ; a felon.
PARO'NYMOLS, a. [from para, near, and onoma, a
name, Gr.J resembling another word.
PAROQUET, s. [parroqitet, or peiroquet, Fr.] a small
parrot.
PAROTID, n. [from /wrn, near, and ota, the ears, Or.]
salivaiT,', so named because near the ears.
PAllOTIS, f. [from para, near, and ota, the ears, Gr.] a
tumor in the glandules behind and about the ears, generally
called the emunctories of the brain ; though, indeed, they
are the external fountains of the saliva of the mouth.
PAROXYSM, s. [from para, mucii,and oxijs, acute, Gr.l
a severe fit of a disease, in which it grows more violent and
dangerous.
PA'RIUCIDE, s. [Fr. from pater, a father, and cr^do, to
kill, Lat. J one who destroys a father. Figuratively, one who
invades his country, or one whom he ought particularly to
reverence. The murder of a father, or one to whom reve-
rence is due, {rom pan-icidiiim. Lat.
PARRICIDAL, or PARRI3rDI0US. a. [from^ato-, a
■"ather, and ca:do, to kill, Lat.] relating to, or committing par-
ieide.
PARROT, s.[perro(juet, Fr.J in ornithology, a numerous
Iribe of birds, many species of which are very beautiful, be-
sides attracting attention by the exercise of speech.
To PA'ilRY, V. n. [parcr, Fr.J to put by thrusts in fenc-
ing ; to fence.
To PARSE, V. a. [from pars, a part, Lat.J in grammar, to
resolve a sentence into its different parts of speech.
PARSIMONIOUS, «. frugal; niggardly; stingy; covet-
ous.
PARSIMONIOUSLY', ad. in a frugal, sparing, or covet-
ous manner.
F^RSIMONJOUSNESS, «. a disposition of sparing or
saving
PARSIMONY, y. [parsimonia, from pareo, to spare, Lat.]
frugality ; stinginess ; covetousness.
PA'RSLEY, s. [ persli, I5rit. pvrsil, Fr.J an herb, princi-
pally used witli us in sauces, but supposed to be possessed
of diuretic powers in a considerable degree.
PA'RSLEYPIERT, «. a plant with trailing leafy stems,
.iau'gii! leaves divided into three lobes, and small greenish
vvliite blossoms; found in corn-fields and dry gravelly soils
ill abundance. It flowers in May.
PARSNIP, or PA'RSN EP, s. a root of a light yellow co-
lour.
PA'RSON, s. [derived either 'from prrsonu, a person or
part, because the parson otiiniiim pcrxonain in ecclesiasastiiut,
sustained the part of all in the church, or from parochia, a
parish, Lat.] a clergyman ; a parish priest. Synon. There
arc three ranks of chrni/mcii below that of a dignitary, viz.
parson, vicar, and curate. Parson, is the first; meaning a
lector, or he who receives the great tythes of a benefice.
Clergyman may imply any person ordained to serve at the
altar. Parsons are always priests; whereas clergymen are
only deacons.
PA'RSONAGE,*. the benefice of a parish.
PART. s. \part, Lat.J sonielhing taken from and less
than a whole; a portion ; a number. A share or concern.
A side or party. In the plural, qualities, power.-<, or i-.u-uU
PAR
PAS
lies; regions, districts. Applied to tlie mind, ncconii>lisli-
mcnts.
PART, ltd. partly ; in some rupasme.
To PART, i;. <:. [purtinr. Lilt. J to divido ; to separate; to
keep asunder. Noulcriy, to qnil each otiicr; to taiic leave
of; to have share ; logo away. To set oiil, iunn i><irtir,
Fr.
PA'RTARLE, a. capablo ofliiiviMi; its parts soiiarated.
PA'RTACE, «. FFr.] division ; llie act ot' sharing'. A
word merely French.
To PARTAKE, V. n. prefer. \ pnrtnnh; part, passive,
prirfdken ; to share ; to have sonutliiii;;- of the property, na-
ture, claim, or right ; to be admitted to ; not to be excluded ;
lu combine, or enter intoa design.
PA RTA'K Kit, s. a sharer in any thing. .'Xn accomplice,
associate.
J'A'RTER, .f. one that separates or divides.
PARTE'llRE, «. [Fr.J a level division of a garden, gene-
rally t'mnished with flowers, iVc.
PARTIAL, (i>((rslii(il)a. [Fr. from purs, a part or party,
Lat.] inclined to favour one side more than anotlier.
PAR'J'lA'LrrV, {parslnri/lti/) s. [pnrlialUi, Fr.J the act of
favouring one partv more than another.
To P.iRTIAI.rZE, (7«(Jvs/(/«/i:e) I', u. [partiatiser, Fr.] to
make a person favour one side more than another.
P.VRTI ALLY, ( ))«j.$/;in//y) «rf. with favour or dislike to
one more than anotlier,
PARTI BI'LITV, *. divisibility ; separability.
PARTIBLE, n. \ i'tuni jHiii] capable of separability ; di-
visible.
PARTFCIPi^BLE, o. snch as may be shared among se-
veral.
PARTFCIP.\NT, «. [Fr. from pays, a part, and capio, to
take, Lat.l sharin'r ; having a share or part.
To PARTrC4PATE, v. «. [from pars, a part, and capio,
to take, Lat. pnrticijier, Fr.J to enjoy in common with others.
To have a part of more things than one ; to receive part or
share.
PARTICIPATION, s. [Fr. from pars, a part, mk\ capio,
to take, Lat.] the state of sharin;j or enjoying something in
common. Distribution or division into shares.
P.ARTICITIAL, fl. [from pars, a part, and capio, to take,
Lat.l havinsr the nature of a participle.
PARTICFPI.'XLLY, ad. in the sense or manner of a par-
ticiple.
PA'RTICIPLF, t. [participium, from pars, a part, and
enj)io, lotake, Lat.] a word which partakes of the nature
both of a verb au<l an adjective, signifying lime and action
like the verb, and being declinetl with cases like an adjec-
tive.
PA'RTICLE, s. \particale, Fr. from pars, a part, Lat. | any
small'part or portion of a greater substance. In grammar,
» word unvaried with cases, whereby the mind signities
what connection it gives to several atfirmations and nega-
tions, that it unites in one continued reasoning or nega-
tion.
PARTI'CULAR, a. [jMrtieuHcr, Fr.] single, or relating
to a single person. Any thing peculiar to, or which distin-
guishes a person or thing,
PARTI'CULAR, J. a single instance or point. An indi-
vidual or single person- A minute detail of things ciuime-
rated distinctly. Distinct recital.
PARTICULA'RITV, s. [particuhM, Fr.] the quality
which distinguishes a person or thing from others, sometimes
including the idea of atlectation. A distinct notice of par-
ticular circumstances.
To PARTI'CULARIZE.D. n.[particuhriser, Fr.Jto men-
tion distinctly or minutely.
PARTICDLARLY, ad. distinctly; singly. Above all
ottiors ; in an extraordinary manner or degree.
P.-\'liTING, s. in chyinistry, the operation of separating
pold from silver by means of nitrous acid, and other me-
diuma'
PARTISAN, or PA'PTIZAN, s. \pertmsau, Fr.] a kind
of pike or halberd. One w ho belongs to a faction ; a com-
niandcrof a |)arty detached from the main body upon some
sudden excursion. A commander's leading stall".
PAR'I'lTION, s. [from parii,,, to divide, Lat.] the act of
dividing; the state of being divided. .Separation; diviiion;
distinction. A i)art divided from the rest. That by which
tlift'ercnt parts or chambers are separated. The place or
part where separation is made.
ToPARTI'TION, 1-. a. to divide into distinct parts.
P.VRTLET, s. a name given to a hen; the original
signification being a rutf, or band, or covering for the
neck.
PA'RTLY, ad. in part ; in some measure or degree.
PATlTNEH, s. one that partakes or enjoys any thing in
common with another. One who is joined" in trade with
another. One w ho dances with anotlier.
P.\'RTNERSHIP, s. joint interest or property. The
union of persons in the same trade.
PARTOOK, the preterite ofl'AitTAK e.
PA'RTRIDCi E, s. [pcrtris, Rrit.] a bii d of game.
PARTL'RIENT, n. [from parinrio, to bring forth, Lat.]
ready or about to bring forth.
PARTUIU'TION, s. [from ;w)YHnff, to bring forfo, Lat.|
the state of being about to briii;^ forth.
PA'RTY, s.[parti(,l-v.] a number of persons united in
one common design. One of two adversaries. .\n accom-
plice, or one concerned in an alfair. A cause, or side. A
particular person. In war, a detacliment of soldiers.
PA;RTY-C0L0U red, a. has iug .lilierent colours.
PARTY-JURY, s. a jury consisting of half foreigners and
half natives. ^
PA'RTY-i\lAN, s. a factious person, or abettor of a
party.
PA'RTY-V« ALL, a wall that scfarates one house from
another.
PATiVIS, s. [Fr.] a church or chmch-porch, applied to
the mootings in the inns of court, anrl also to that disputa-
tion in Oxford, called Disuutnlio in pan-is.
PA'RViTUDE, s. [from pantis, liiile, Lat.] littleness,
smallness, minuteness. Not used.
PA'RV1TY,j. [from parvus, little, Lat.] littleness. Not
used.
PA.S, (j)au) s. [Fr.] precedence; right of going fore-
most.
PA'SCHAL, (/)(w/cn/) w. [from pascha, the passover, Lat.]
relating to the Passover or Easter.
P.\SH, s. \paz, a kiss. Span.] a face.
To PASH, 1'. a. \perssen, Belg.] to strike ; to crush,
PA'SQUE-F LOWER, s. the passion-flower. Also a kind
of anemone.
PA'SQUIL, PA'SQUIN, PA'.SQUINADL, ... a mutilated
statue at Rome, in a corner of the palace of Ursini. It takes
its name from a cobbler of that city called Pasquin, famous
for his sneers and gibes on all the people that went through
that street. After his death, as they were digging up the
pavement before his shop, they found in the earth the sta-
tue of an anticnt gladiator, well cut, but maimed and half
spoiled. This they set up in the place where it was found,
and by common consent named it Pasipii:i. Since that time
all satires are attributed to that figure, and are either put
into his month, or pasted upon it ; and these are addressed
by Pasquin to Marforin, another statue at Rome. When
Marforio is attacked, Pasquin conies to his assistance ; and
it/a)/ono' assists him in his turn.
To PASS, t'. V. [passer, Fr.] to move from one place to
another. To make way through. To make a transition
from one thing to another; used with /Vom. To vanish ; to
be lost. To be enacted. To exist. To be eftccted. To
be supremely excellent. "Sir Hudibras's posiiMg- worth."
Underwood. To be in a tolerable state. To be spent, o<
intervene, applied to time. To iiccoine current, appJied to
money. In fencing, to thrust or make a push. In gaming,
to refuse playing or taking the lead. 2'o pass auay, to be
lost, glide ofti or vanish. To transgress, or go beyond any
603
FAS
PA r
limits. Actively, to go beyond. To go llirougli ; as, " tlie
liorse ])assal tlie river." To spend ; to live tlirougli ; " I
siiotiUI pms mv time extremely ill without him." Collier.
To tarry hastily. To traiist'er to another proprietor. To
ulter ceremoniously. To put an end to. To surpass ; to
excel. To omit, or neglect. To enact a law. To impose
fraudulently. To send from one place to another ; us, pass
that beggar to his own parish. 7o pass away, to spend, to
waste. To pass hi/, to decline punishing ; to excuse, or for-
gi\e. Tu pass oi-'rr, to neglect or disregard.
PASS, s. in war, a narrow entrance or defile. A passage
or road. A permission to go or come any where. An or-
der by which vagrants are sent to their proper parish. In
fencing, a push or thrust.
FA'isSABLl", a. [piisiible, Fr.J that may be passed or tra-
velled ; ■ capable of being admitted. Indiflercut, thoiigh
not perfect.
PASSA'DO, s. [Ital. | a push or thrust.
PA'SSAGE, .«. [ptisst(s;e, Fr.J tlie act or state of a person
travelling. A roait. Liberty of going iu or coming out.
Entrance or admission to the mind. An occurrence. An
unsettled state. An incident. Management ; conduct. A
single sentence or paragraph in a book.
FASSAU', the bishopric of, a territory of Germany, in
Bavaria, and lies between Lower Bavaria, Austria, and I'o-
hemia. Its largest extent is no where above 20 niiles, and
lias no considerable place, except Passau the capital.
PA'SS.\U, an antient, handsome, and celebrated city of
<;;ermany, in Lower Bavaria. The houses are well built,
and the "cathedral is thought to be the finest in all Germany.
It is divided into four parts, namely, the town of Passau,
Instadt, lltzstadt,'and the quarter wherein the bishop's
palace is seated. It is seated at the confluence of the
rivers Inn and Iltz, 02 miles K. by S. of Ratisbon, and 135
W. of Vicuna. Lat. 48. 28. N. Ion. 13. 37. E.
PA'SSENG ER, s. a peiioii « ho is tfavciliiis inany vehicle,
either bv land or water.
PA'SSER, s. one that is upon the road, or passes by
another.
PASSIBI'LITY, s. [passibiUic, Fr.J the quality of receiving
impressions fioni external agents.
PA'SSIBLE, a. [passibilis, from patior, to suffer, Lat.| sus-
ceptible of impressions from external agents.
PASSIBLENESS,j. the quality of receiving impressions
from external agents.
PA'SSING, part. a. supreme, or surpassing others. Ex-
ceeding.
PA'S.SINGBELL, s. the bell which rings at the death of
a person.
PA'SSION, (the ssi, in tliislword and its derivatives and
compounds, is pron. like sh ; as, paslion, pashimate, Ac.) s.
\passio, Lat.J an efl'ect caused by an external agent. A
commotion of the soul, arising from the manner in which it
considers things as amiable or hateful. Anger, in a
popular and vulgar sense. Zeal, or ardor. Love. Eager
desire or fondness. In scripture, applied to the last
agonies and sufterings which closed the life of our Blessed
Saviour.
PA'SSION-FLOWER, t. a flower so called from an
imaginary resemblance it bears to the crown of thorns
and other instruments of the passion of our Blessed
Saviour.
PA'SSION-WEEK, i. the week immediately preceding
Easter, so called because the suflcrings and crucifixion of
our Blessed Saviour happened in that week.
PA'SSION ATE, uApashioni, Fr.J moved by, or expres-
sive of, passion. Easily moved to anger ; choleric.
PA'SSl()NATELY,"arf. with great aft'ection, commotion
of the mind, or anger.
PA'SSIONA'I'ENESS, s. state of being subject to passion;
vehemence of mind.
PA'SSIVE, o. \passif, Fr. passimis, {loxa patior, to suffer,
{ at. 1 receiving impressions; suffering, opposed to active ;
UG4
unresisting. In grammar, applied to such veibs as signify
passion, or the effect of action.
PA'SS-IVELY, ad. in such a manner aj to make no re-
sistance.
PA'SSIVENESS, s, tne quality of receiving inipressiong
from external agents ; passabilily, or suffering without re-
sistance.
PASSrVITY, s. passiveness. An innovated word.
PA'SSOVER, s. a feast instituted among the Jews in com-
memoration of the slaughter of the first-born oftheEgy|>
tians, when tl'.e'angel passedmer the houses of the Israelites.
The sacrifice killed at the fegstof the passover.
PA'SSPORT, «. \passport,¥r.\a permission to pass.
PAST, part, preter. of pass; something whicli has been.
Spent or expired.
PAST, ;)»•<■/). beyona, applied to time or place ; out of the
reach of, applied to state. Above, applied to measure.
PASTE,*, \paste, Fr.J any thing ir.ixed so as to be moist
and viscous ; fiour and water boiled together, so as to form
a cement. An artificial mixture made to repsesent precious
stones.
To PASTE, V. a. to fasten with paste.
PA'STEBOARD, s. a thick paper, formed either of seve-
ral sheets pasted together by paper macerated in water ami
cast in moulds, or by old cordage pounded and cast into
forms. Ailjectivelv, made of pasteboard.
PA'STEIIN, s. I'pastiiroii, Fr.] the joint next the foot of a
horse. In contempt, the leg of a human creature.
PA'STIL, s. \ pastille, Fr. from pastillns, a little round'
ball, Lat.] a crayon for painting ; a composition of per-
fumes.
PA'STIME, *. a sport, diversion, oramusenient.
PA'STOR, or PA'STOUR, s. [pastor, from jmsco, to feed
cattle, Lat.] a shepherd. Figuratively, a clergyman.
PASTORAL, a. [pastor, from misco, to feed cattle, Lat.]
rural ; resembling shepherds. Figuratively, relating- to ;ji
clergyman, or the care of souls.
PA'STOR AL, «. a poem which contains some scene in
the country ; a bucolic.
PA'STRY, i. [pastissarie, Fr.J the art of making pies.
Pics, or baked paste. The place where pastry is made.
PA'STR V-COOK, i. a person whose trade is to make and
sell pies, tarts, t'ic.
PASTURABLE, a. fit for pasture.
PA'STURAGE, «. [pasturasre, Fr.] the business of feeding
cattle ; lands grazed by cattle ; the use of pasture.
PA'STURK, s. [Fr. vastiira, from pasco, to feed cattle, Lat.J
food, or the act of feeding. Ground on which grass grows,
and cattle arc fed. Human culture. Not used in the last
sense*
To PA'STURE, II. a. to place in a pasture. Neuterly, to
graze on the };iound.
PA'STY, i. [paste, Fr.] aoieraade of raised crust without
a dish.
PAT, rt.rfrom pas, Belg.] fit, proper, or exactly suitable,
applied either to time or place. A low word.
PAT, .«. [/w^^, a foot, Fr.] a light quick blow or tap. A
small lump of nialter beat into shape with the hand.
'Fo PAT, f. a. to strike slightly ; to give a slight blow
or lap.
PATACIIE, J.asmallship.
PATACO'ON, s. a Spanish coin worth foHr shillings and
eight pence English.
PATAGO'NIA, a largecountry of South America, having
Paraguay, on the N. the Atlantic Ocean on the E. Terra del.
Fucgoon the S. and Chili and the South Sea on the W. As
110 European nation has made any settlement on this coun-
try, but little is known respectiiifj it or its inhabitants. It
is a mountainous country, covered with siiow gn-at part of
<he year, and consequently excessively cold. The natives
live in tliatched lints, and wear no clothes, iiotwilStai'.cli?;^
the rigour of the climate, except a mantle made o/ j. seal-
skin, or the skin of some beast, and that they throw oti' w htu
PAT
P A ']'
fliey are in action. Many of tiieni iiri; of a large stature,
licluecn six and si'veii icct in iieiyht.
'l"o I'ATCII, i: It. Ijiitdizcr, Dan.] lo covor by scwin;; on
a iiii'cc. To mend in ii chiiiisy niannc-r. To niaki; up with
ilircds of dirtierent sorts. To liiy snuiil spots of black silk
on tlie face.
IWTCH, s. \pc:zn, Ilal.] a piece sewed on to cover a
liolo. A piece laid in, in Mosaic work, or in •■vork consisting
(it pieces of different colours. A small race;* of black silk
■vvtnn by ladies on their faces as an ornament. A small par-
ticle. A parcel of land. A paltry person, siipposcd to be
a patch in the creation. "Tiiou scurvy /)a<(7i." Shak. The
last sense is obsolete.
PA'TCIIER, s. one who patches ; a botcher.
PA'TCIIWOIIK, s. work made of ditl'erent colours.
PATH, s. [probai)ly from tcte, Fr. by corruption ; or from
patina, Lat. a pan, in which sense we call the skull the hruin
/jith) the head.
PA'TED, n. headed ; used in composition ; as, lougpated,
or cunning ; shallou-pulcd, or foolish.
PATEFACTIO.V; «.[lrom;>«;to, to be open and/at/o, to
make, Lat.] act or stale of opening.
PA'TKN, s. [patina, Lat.J a plate.
PATENT, s. [pntensl i'roiw patci', to be open, Lat.] a writ
by which a person enjoys a rii;ht or privilcije exclusive of
others.
PATENT, a. [piitnis, from patio, to be open, Lat.] con-
tainin;; a patent or exclusive privilege. Appropriated by
letters patent.
PATENTEE', j. the person w lio has a letter patent.
PATER-NO'STER, s. [Lat.] the Lord's Prayer ; so called
from the two first words of it in the Latin.
PATE'RNAL, «. [from pater, father, Lat.] having the
relation or aft'ection of a father. Received by descent from
cue's father.
PATE'RNITV, i. \patendfe, Fr. from pater, a father, Lat.]
the relation of a father; fatherliood.
PATH, .'. \vuth. Sax.] a road ; track ; a passage.
PATHETIC, or PATHETICAL, a. [from pMos, a
passion, Gr. pat/iititjue, Fr.J affecting the passions ; moving.
PATHETICALLY, ad. in such a manner as to aft'ect the
passions.
PATIIETICALNESS, «. the quality of aftecting the
passions.
PATHICS. s. [frora paselio, to suffer, Gr.] catamites.
PATH LESS, 'a. untrodden. Without tracks or paths.
PATIiOONOMO'NIC, a. [from puthcs, a passion or
disease, and s;no)non, a sign, Gr.] such signs of a disease as
are proper and inseparable, designing the real essence or
nature of the disease ; not symptomatic.
PATHOLOGICAL, a. [iVom pathos, a disease, and logos,
a discourse, Cir ] relating to the tokens or discoverable
effects of a disorder.
PATHOLOGIST, j. [from pathos, a disease, and ht;os,
a discourse, Gr.Jouewlio treats of pathology.
PATHOLOGY, «. [from pathos, a disease, and /og-os, a
discourse, Gr.] is that part of medicine which relates to the
distempers, with their causes, difterences, and effects, inci-
dent to the liuiiKiu body.
PATHOPOEIA, jr. [from pathos, passion, and poico, to
make, (ir.] the rising of a passion. In rhetoric, a method of
jnoviiig the mind to anger, hatred, compassion, &c.
PATHOS, s. [from pasho, to suffer, Gr.j a <^ireek term,
literally signifying passion, is sometimes used for the energy
of a discourse, or its po«erto mo\e the passions.
.PATHWAY, s. a narrow way to be pas^ed on foot.
PATIBLE, a. rfrom patior, to sutler, Lat.] tolerable;
suflFerable.
PATI'BULARY, a. [paMuhire, Fr. from patibulum, the
gallow.s, Lat.] belonging to the gallows.
\YAT[F.l^CE,(pashence) s.lpaticntia,f\-om potior, to suffer,
Lat.] calmness under injuries or affronts, misery, and
tortures; the quality of expecting long without rage oi
Ucouteiit; long-sunering. In botanv, a species of dock,
•1 Q
PATIENT, (pfislunt) a. Ipatiiiis, from patior, to Sutfrr,
Lat.J enduring pain, injuries, and affronts calmly.
PA'J'IEN I', (pin/iciii) s. that wiiich receives impressions
from external objects. A person under the care of a physi-
cian, apothecary, or surgeon.
PA"1'IENTLY, (pushciith/) ad. in such a manner as to
be calm under reproaches, affronts, pains, distresses, or
tortures.
P.\"]"1NE, s. [patina, Lat.] the cover of a cnalice.
PATiMOS, at present called Patmosa, an island of the
Archipelago in Kuiopean Turkey. It is about 18 miles in
circumference. To this island St. .lohn the I'lvangelist was
banished by the Roman Emperor, and here he wrote the
Apocalypse, a manuscript of uhich the inhabitants still care-
fully preserve. On the top of St. John's Clrollo, the super-
stitious people shew a cleft in the rock, lliiough which, they
sav, tlie Holv Ghost conveyed his revelation to him. Lat.
37. 26. N. Ion. 20". 15. E.
PATNA, a city of Hindoostan Proper, capital of Bahar.
It is aiiextensiye and populous place, on tlie S. bank of the
Ganges; and is fortified in the Indian manner with a wall
and a small citadel. In this citadel were confined the
prisoners taken by Meer Cossim, nabob of I'engal, in 1704,
by whose order they were massacred. The buildings are
high, hut the streets are narrow, and far from clean. It
is a place of considerable trade, and is supposed to be the
antient Palabothra. It is 250 miles N. W. of Calcutta.
Lat. 25. 35. N. Ion. 85. 21. E.
PA TLY, ad. conveniently ; fitly.
PATRIARCH, ipdtriark) s. [mtriarehe, Fr. from pater,
father, and arche, government, Gr.] one who governs by
right of paternity. A father of a family. A bishop superic,
to archbishops.
PATRIA'RCHAL, (patriarkal) a. [patriarchal, Fr.] be-
longing to, or enjoved bv, i)atriaiclis.
PATRIARCHATE, or PATRIARCHSHIP, (patridrhau
or patriarkship) s, [patriarchal, Fr.] the office or dignily
of patriarch.
PATRIARCHY, {pitriarhj) *. vthe jurisdiction of a
patriarch ; patriarchate.
PATRICIAN, (pairishimi) a. [patricien, Fr. patririus,
from pater, afather, Lat.| noble, senatorial, not plebeian.
PATRICIAN, (patiishian) s. a nobieman.
PATRIMONIAL, «. possessed bv inheritance.
PATRIMO'NIALLY, ad. by inheritance.
P.VTRIMONY, J. [patrimonium, from pater, father, Lat.
patrimoine, Fr.] an estate possessed by inheritance.
PATRINGTON, (supposed to be the Pratorivm, of
Ptolemy) a town in the E. Riding of Yorkshire seated on a
river that runs into the Hunibcr, 20 miles E. S. E. of Hull,
and 191 N. of London. Market on Saturday.
PATRIOT, s. I from »«(«■«, one's own country, Lat.] one
who makes the good of his country the constant motive of
his actions or measures, without selfish views.
PATRIOTISM, /. a constant and disinterested love for
one's country.
To PATRO'CINATE, v. a. [patmcinor, from putronus, a
patron, Lat.] to defend, protect, oatronize.
PATROCINATION, *. the act of defcMding, or protect-
ing; the maintaining any one's cause.
PATRO'L, (patrol') s. [patrouiilc, Fr.J the act of going
the rounds in a garrison or camp to observe what passes,
and it the sentries perform their duty. The persons'who go
the rounds ill a garrisonor camp.
To PATRO L, (patrol) V. 71. [patroniller, Fr.J to go the
roundsin a camp or garrison.
PATRON, s.\patromis, from ;)«^er, fatlier, Lat.J one who
countenances, supports, or protects, generally a|>plied to
one who encourages an author. A guardian saint. An
advocate ordefender. One who has the gift of an ecclesias-
tical benefice.
PATRONAGE, .-. protection; support; guardianship of
saints; donation of a benefice.
? A U
PEA
PATI'vOiVAL, <t. [paifouiif, from piner, f;i;lier, Lat.]
giKiidiirn; ; supporting; defenflini^.
i'ATRONESS, s. ii foniiilo wliodrfciuls, ijrotects, cncou-
r;ij;es, or supports ; a f'eiDiilL- jfuiudiaiiaiiiut. A uoiiuinwlio
L;:s the gift of a heiieticc.
To PA TllON ISF,, ipatrcnhc) r. a. to ci:couragc, protect,
s\ipi)ort, countenance.
PATRON Y'MIC, s. [from piitfT, a father,! st. and onomn,j\
ranic, Gr.] a naniegiven toa person eNpressiiig tliat of his
father ; for instance, Aucliiiiac/is is ihe patronymic of j-Eneas,
because he was the son of Anchiscs.
PATTEN, s. tiie base of a pillar. A wooden slioe with
an ironringat the bottom, worn uiuler the common shoe by
M'omen, to keep liieni from dirt, from pntin, Tr.
PATTEN MAKi;iv, .?. one who mai<es ptittens.
To PATTER, !■.». [frompn;/c, t)ie foot, Fr.] to make a
noise hke the(iuick steps ofHiany feet.
PATTERN, s. \i>iiiro)i, Fr. pnlrccn, Bclff.] an original to
be imitated or copied. A specimen or sami)le. An instance.
Anv thing cut out for a model. Archetype, plan.
To PATTERN, v. a. '[pntrvnnrr, Fr.J to copy ; to make
in imitation of something ; to serve as au example to be
foUoned.
PATTRINGTON. Pee Patrtngton.
PAUCILOQUV, J. [from ixmciis, a few, and lixpior, to
speak, Latjlitlle, and sparing speech.
PAU'CITY, *. [from 7;(t«<w, a few, Lat. j fewness ; small-
ness of number or quanlity.
To P AVE, f. «. I from iiaiin, to beat or ram, hat. pnier, Fr.J
to lay or floor with brick or stone. Figuratively, to make
wav for, or make a passage easy.
PA'VEMENT, s. [^froiii pmiv, to Ijeator ram, Lat.] a stone
fioor; stones or brit-lis laid lor a Hoor.
PA'VER, or PA'YIEK, *. one who lays a road, &c, wiih
stones.
PATIx\, an antient and celebrated town of i.ldan, in
Italy, and capital of the Pavesan, wiili a celebrated iiiiiyer-
sity'. It is situated in a l>eautilul plain, on the river Tesiiio,
17 miles S. of ^liilan. Lat. 45. 13. N. Ion. 0. \o. E.
PAM'LION, s. [vifillun, Fr.] a tent ; a turret ; a de-
tached building.
To PAVi'LION, V. a. to furnish wilb feiit*. To be sliel-
tered bv a tent.
PAUL, St. formerly named Saul, wp.s of ibe tribe of Ben-
jamin, a nativeof Tarsus in Cilicia, a Pharisee by profession ;
first a persecutor of the cluirch, and afterwards a disciple of
Jesus Christ, and apostle of the Gentiles,. lie was a Roman
c'.tizen, because Augustus liad given the frcetlom ol' Rome
to all the freemen of Tarsus, in consideration of their firm
adherence to his interests. His \)arcnt3 sent hifii early to Je-
rusalem, where he studied the law under (iamaliel, a famous
doctor. As to the nuunicr of his conversion, and his inde-
fatigable labours afterwards in propagating the gospel, we
must refer the reader to the account given of liim in tlie Jets
of the Apostks and his own eijistles. After St. Paul was de-
livered from his imprisonment at Rome, he proceeded in his
travels, but to what part of the world is not certain; some
sav he went to Spain, and others, that he passed over to
Britain. Hut however this be, he went a second lime to
Rome. Here he is made close prisoner.aiid tried lor his life
by IleliusCa'sareanus, whom he calls t/ic lion. This man,
Nero, at his departure intoCircece, had left invested with
cxorbitmit powers, which he exeuisc<l afier in as exorbi-
tant a manner. At his trial he complains of Alexander tlie
foppersmitFi's malice, and of being deserted by his friemis ;
and presenllv afler it, the secoiul epistle to Timothy was
written, in w hicli there arc several presages of his approach-
ing martyrdom. This crown he obtained the year follow-
ing, together with St. Peter, though not by the same kind
ofileath; for St. Paul, as a Koman cilizeii, could not be
cruciiied, and therefore was beheaded with a sword. His
Ledv was buried in the Ma Ostiensis, near Rome, where a
fctatcly church wa« built, to Uic Uouour of his memory, by
66ti
Conslantine the Great, which was afterwards enlarged and
beautified hv order of the succeeding emperors.
PAUNCli, i. [pntise, Fr. ^Jn/ica, Span, puntex, Lat.J the
belly, or region of the guts.
To PAUNCH, r. II. to rip up the belly, or take out the
entrails.
PAA'O, thr /iraroch in astronomy, a constellation of the
southern hemisphere.
PAUPER, J. [l''r.] ir. aw, a poor man.
PAUSE, (po»cf) s. [F.. from /WHO, to cease, Or.] a stop or
cessation from act ion or motion. A break, or separation b&.
tween the Wdrds of a discourse. A stop or intermission in
music.
To PAUSE, (pmizr) V. n. to stop or cease for a time. To
deliberate; to be intermitted.
PA'USEIi, s. he who pauses ; he who deliberates.
PAW, s. [paireu, Brit.] the fore-foot of a beast ; the Iraml
oi'a himian creature, in contempt.
To PAW, V. 71. to draw the fore-foot along the ground.
Actively, to stroke w ith the fore-foot ; to handle roughly ;
to fawn or Hatter.
PAAVED, a. having paws. Broadfooted.
PAWN, s. [pimil. Belg. /Mn, Fr.] pledge given as security
for money, &c. borrowed. The state of being pledged. A
common man at chess.
To PAWN, I', n. to give any thing as a security for mo.
ney, etc. lent.
PA'WNBROKEP,^. one who lends money upon goods.
To PAY, r. n. [ pffycr, Fr.] to discharge a deht. To ra-
coiiipense. To give the worth in money forany thing bought.
To atone; to make amends by suftcring. To beat.
PAY, s. wa;;es ; money for service.
PA'YABLE, «. ['pai/able, Fr.] due or to be paid. Possi-
ble to be paid.
P.A'Y-DAY, s. a day on which debts are discJiargcd, or
wages paid.
PA'YER.i.he that pays.
PA'YINCi, s. amiiiiK seamen, is the laying a ship orer
witii a coat of iiot pitcii ; and w hen this is done w ith canvass,
it is called parcelling. Also, when she is soiled, and the
soil burnt off, a new coat of tallow and soap, and one of
train oil, rosin, and brimstone, boiled together, is put oa her,
that is also called /;nv"'S'of a ship.
PA'Y^LASTER, i. one who \)avs ; one from whom wages
or money for goods sold are received.
PA'YPinWT, s. tlie act of discharging a debt or promises ;
reward ; cliaslisement.
To PA YSl'^, 1'. ji. used by Spenser for })oise ; to balance.
PA'YSER, .«. for foisvr ; one that weighs.
PEA, (pne) s, Ipuum, Lat.] u fouudish seed growing
in a pod.
PLACE, s. (the ca in this word and its derivatives and
compounds is pron. like cc ; as, peeve, i1c.)«. [poir, Fr. far,
Lat.] a state wherein nations are in friendship with each
other. A respite from war. Rest from any commotion or
disturbance. Reconciliation. Silence.
PEACE, inter), a word commanding silence.
PE'ACEABLE, «. free from war, tumult, or disturbance.
Not inclined to be (piarrclsomc or turbulent.
PE'.VCl'LVBLEiS'ESS, *. the quality of being (piiet, or dis-
posed to peace.
PE'ACIOABLY, «'/. without war, tumult, or disturbance.
PEACEFUL, fl. quiet. Inclined to peace. Mild. Un.
disturbed.
PEACEFULLY, »<!. (piietly. mildly, gently.
PE'ACEFULNESS, s. (piiet ; freedom from noise or >.i»-
turbanco.
PE'ACEMAKER, s. one who reconciles diflerenccs.
PE'ACE-OFFERINCi, s. among the Je\.'s, a sacrifice otfer-
ed for atonement and reconciliation for a crime or oti'eiice.
PEACH, (/>(•('<•/() i. [/"•■«'/'i', Fr.] a roundish fleshy fruit, co-
vered with a downy coat, inclosing a rough or rugged slonc.
To PEACH, (petc/i) V. H. [corrupted from iiupaachl '^ "^
cuse a persou of a crime.
p !■: c
PED
PE'ACIIICK, s. the chick of a iiciicock.
PIV-^C'OCK, (/ici'airli) s. a fowl rcriiarkablo fur llit beau-
ty of its fcallicrs, particularly those of its tail.
PIO'AIII^IN, (i)ci/ie>t) s.thp female of the peacock.
PEAK, (jHcli) s. [/icnf, Sax. ]iii/)ie, Vr.] the top of a hill
or CDiinciicc. Any thiiiy liavlii;; a sharp end or point. The
rising or projecting part of a licaLl-'Inss or cap.
To PlvAK, «. «. to look sici\ly, meagre, mean ; to sneak.
PE.\L, (lice/) s. a succession of loud sounds, as of can-
non, bells, tliunder, Arc.
To PEAL, r. o. to ring a peal ; to stir with agitation.
Ncutcrly, to play solemnly ami loud.
PEAR, (pair) s. a Ikshy fruit, more pointed towards the
footstalk than the apple, and h(illo\ved at the extremity like
a navel. Miller enumerates 84 species.
PEAllL, (jia-l) s. [perle, Fr. jierln, Span.] a gem found ia
(he East Indian berbcs or pearl oyster, whose value increases
in proportion to ils roundness. Pearls are also found in the
common oyster, the muscle, and other slicU-lish. In medi-
cine, a round speck orfdm in the eye.
PE'ARL-ASHES, a kind of fixed alkaline salt, prepared
chiefly in Germany, Russia, and Poland, by melting the sails
out of the ashes of burnt wood.
PI'j'ARLr.D, {perte(l)a. ornamented or set with pearls.
PE'ARLEAF, s. a name for the several species of winter-
green.
PE'ARL-WHITE, an oxyde of bismuth, which is used as
a cosmetic.
PE'ARLWORT, s. in botany, the sagina of Linnjeus ; of
wliich two are British species, viz. the great stitchwort, and
moss-like pink.
PE'ARLY, (peril/) a, abounding with, or containing pearls.
Resembling pearls.
PEARM A'lN, s. a kind of apple.
PE'ARTREE, *. the tree that bears pears.
PEA'SANT, (piraiit) s. [paisniit, Fr.J an hind ; one cni-
ploved in country business.
PEA'SANTRY, s. rustics or country people ; peasants.
PEA'.SCOp, (peizkod) PEA'SHELL,"(jjf«/(e.V) s. the cod
or shell in which pease grow.
PEASE, (peeze) s. [when mentioned as a single body or
grain we use pea, whose plural is peas ; but used collectively
for food, we use pensi', i'rom pisa, Sax.] food of peas.
PEAT, (peet) s. a kind of turf used tor fire.
PEBBLE, PEBBLESTONE, .!. a stone growing in one
homogeneous mass, sometimes of various colours. Popu-
larly, a small stone.
PE'BBLE-CRYSTAL, s. a kind of crystal of an irregular
shape, in form of nodules. It is found lodged in the earthy
strata left in a train by the water departing at the conclusion
of the deluge. IVm/lwnrd.
PE'BHLED, «. sprinkled or •abounding with nobbles.
PE'BBLY,a. full of pebbles.
PECCABILITY, J. the state of being subject to sin.
PECCABLE, a. [from pcciv, to sin, Lat. | suliject to sin.
PECCADI'LLO, .«. [Spaa peccadille, Fr.J a slight fault,
crime, or venial oU'eiice.
PECCANCY, i. {pcccans, from pecco, to sin, Lat.] bad
quality.
PECCANT, a.lpeccaus, from pecoo, to sin, Lat.] guilty;
criminal. In medicine, injurious to health. In law, wrong,
or contrary to form.
PECHBLEND, in chymistry, the mineral which contains
uranium, a metal that was a few years since discovered by
Klaphioth.
PECK, s. (he fourth part of a bushel.
To PECK, t'. a. [becmer, Fr.] to strike with tUe beak.
To pick up with the beak. To strike with any pointed
instrument. To quarrel and endeavour to expose, used
with at.
PECKER, s. one that pecks ; a kind of bird, called like-
wise a wood-pecker.
PECKLED, o. (corrupted from ipeckkd] spotted ; varied
with spots.
PE'CTINAL, n. [from pucteit, a comb, Lat.] Iik<' a comb.
PE'CTINATED, n. inserted into one another as combs
are by their teeth.
I'I'Xrn NATION, f. the state of being pectinatc^d.
Pi;'CTOUAL, n. [picloralis, from pectus, the breast, Lat. J
belonging to the breast.
Pi>'CT(>llAL, s. [pcctorale, from pectus, the breast, Lat.}
a breast-plate.
PECULA'IT., or PECULATION,*, [from peculvr, to
rob, Lat. J robbery of the public nioncv.
PECULATOR, s. [Lat.j a rol.bei- c'.f the public.
PECULIAR, «. [ptculiiiris, Lat.] belonging to one, ex-
clusive of others. 1 articidar.
PECULIAR, s. exclusive pro|)crty. A thing exempted
from ordinary jurisdiction. In the canon law, it signifies
a particular parish or church that has jurisdiction within
itself for granting probates of wills and administrations, ex-
empt from the ordinary or bishop's courts.
PECULIARITY, s. the (piality which distinguishes one
person or thing from another ; particularity.
PECULIARLY, ad. in a maimer not common to others ;
particidarly, singly.
PECUNIARY, a. [from pccimia, money, Lat.] relating to,
or consisting of, money.
PED, (see Pad) a small packsaddle; much less than a
pannel. A hamper ; a basket.
PEDAGOGICAL, rt. [from/wu, a boy, and ffg'o, to govern,
Gr.Tsuitedor belonging to a schoolmaster.
PEDAGOGUE, (p«/rt!^og-)s. [from /)«!.«, a boy, and af;n,
to govern, (t r. pcdaa;ugus, Lat.J one that teaches boys ; a^
pedant; a schoolmaster.
ToPE'DAGOGUE, (pMa^on) ,.. h. [from pais, a boy,
and ago, to govern, Cir.] to instruct in it haughty manner.
PE'DAGOGY, (pfdiigoj;/) s.[i'rom puis, a. boy, and ago, to
govern, Gr.] instruction ; mastership; discipline.
PE'DAL, a. [from p<s, a foot, Lai.] belonging to a foot.
PEDALS, s. \ped(di:t, from pes, a foot, Lat.] large pipes
of an organ ; so called because played on by the foot.
PED.VNEOUS, a. [from pes, a foot, Lat.] going on foot.
PE'DANT, i. [peddtitfVrJ] a schoolmaster. A vain aiid
ostentatious smatterer of leaniing.
PEDANTIC, or PEDA'NTICAL, n. \pedantesqw!, Fr.]
vainly ostentatious of learning.
PEDA'NTICALLY, ad. with awkward and vain ostenta-
tion of learnin?.
PE'DANTRY, s. [pedanterie, Fr.] vain and awkward os-
tentation of learning.
To PIC'DDLE, I'. )i. (commonly written piddle) to be busy
about trifles.
PEDDLING, fr. trifling; um'mportant.
PEDEREP1.O, 3. [pedrcrn, Span, from piedra, a stone, with
which they used to charge it] a snuill cannon managed by 1
swivel. It is frequently written paterero.
Pedestal, s. [piedsial, Fr.] the lower member of a
pillar or column; basis of a statue.
PEDE'STRIOUS, «. [pedestiis, from pes, a foot, Lat.] not
winged ; going on foot.
PEDICLE, i. [pedieule, Fr. from pes, a foot, Lat.] the
footstalk; that by which a leaf or fruit is fixed to a tree.
PEDICULAR, a. [from pediculus, a louse, Lat.] having
the phlhiriasis, or lousy distemper.
PE'DlGREE, s. [from pcre and Hrffri, Fr.] genealogy ;
lineage ; account of descent.
PEDILU'VIUM, s. [from ;)f.f, a foot, and lavo, to wash,
Lat.] a bath for the feet.
PE'DIMENT, s.[pcdimentiim, from pes, a foot, Lat.] in ar-
chitecture, an ornament used to crown an ordounance,
finish a frontispiece, and placed over gates, doors, win
dows, c'vc. sometimes triangular, and sometimes circular.
PE DEAR, s. [a pettt/ dealer} one who travels the country
with small commodities.
PE DLARY, s. wares sold by pedlars.
PKUORA'PTISJM, .t. rfroni;;ni,«, a child, and bapti;o, iv
bapli/e, Gr.] infant baptism.
e>G7
PEG
pr. L
PEDOBA'PTIST, s. [from pair, a cliild, and Inpiizo, to
baptize, Gr.] one tliat holds or priictisc-s infant bujitisni.
PEE'BLES, anaiititiil town of Scotland, and capital ofa
county of its own name, n/itis Tweedale, leBiarkahlo for its
3 cluirclies, 3 sates, 3 streets, and 3 bridfjes. Irlies on tiie
IS*, side of tlie river Tweed, 21 miles S. from Edinburgh,
and 350 N. of London.
PEE'BLESIIIKE, orTwEEDAi.F., a county of Scotland,
bounded on the N. by Edinbur^;lisliire; on fiie E. by Sel-
kirkshire; on the S. by Dumfriesshire, and on the S\'. by
Lanerksliire. It is 28 miles lonjj from N. to S. and above IS
broad. In this county there is not much arable land, its
liills (anions which are the rugjjed and heathy monnlainsof
Tweedsmuir, in the S. of tiie county) abound with sahibri-
oiis springs, and feed numbers of sheep and cattle. The
principal rivers are the Tweed, Lynne, and Yarrow.
To PEEL, 1'. a. [from pellis, a skin, Lat.J to take off the
peel or skin from truit. To flay. To plunder, i'rotn pili'er,
Vr. to rob. In this sense it should be wrote pill.
PEEL, s. [prllis, Lat.] the skin or thin rind. An instrn-
nient used by bakers to draw their bread, or put it into the
oven, from pnelle, Fr.
To PEEP, v.n. [Skinner derives this word from cphessm,
Belg. to lift up; Causabon ^rom (rpipeuter, a spy, (ir.j to
make the first appearance. To look through a crevice or
iiole slily, so as not to be perceived. To look cluitly and
curiously.
PEEP, .?. the first appearance. A slv look.
' PEEPHOLE, or PEEP!NGII()LE, s. a hole through
which a person may sec without being seen.
PEER, s. [pi'ir, Fr. I an equal; a companion ; a fellow ;
a nobleman.
To PEEll, V. 11. [contracted from appettr\ to come just in
sij.ht. To look narrowly into.
PEE'RAGE, s. [paiii^; Fr.J the dignity ofa nobleman or
peer. The body ot peers.
PEE'RE.SS, j. the wife ofa peer, or a woman who has
a peerage in her own right.
PEE'KLESS, „. without an equal.
PEER LES.SN ESS, s. niatchlessiiess.
PEEVISH, a. easily oftended, or <:pt to be made angry.
Oft'cnded at trifles.
PEE'VISFiLY, ad. in such a manner as to be easily made
angry.
PEE'VISIINESS, s. the quality of being easily made an-
gry or uneasy.
PEG, i. [;)eg§7if, TeutJ a piece of wood driven into a
hole instead ofa nail. The pins of a musical instrument,
by which its strings arc strained. Tu lake a peg- lower, to de-
press or sink.
To PEG, r. a. to fasten with a pointed piece of wood.
PEtiA'SUS, in astronomy, the name of a constellation in
the northern hemisphere, figured in the form of a Hying
horse.
PEGU, a considerable kingdom of Asia, lying to the S.
E. of Bengal. It is bounded on the N. by the kingtlom of
Burmah ; on the W.aiul S. by the C)ccan, anil (ni (he E. by
the kingdmns of l.aosaud Siaiii. It has a town of the same
name, 70 miles w illiiii land, above 20 miles in circumference ;
but at present not one twentieth part is inhabited; for it
was 'ruined by the king of Burmali, who in 1().51 reduced
this, till tlit'iiiiuli-iieiHlent kingdom, to the state of a dc-
I)endcnl province. The products of this country are tim-
ber for building, eh'i.hants, elephant,-.' teeth, bees'-wax,
stick-lac, iron, tin, polioleuui, very line rubies, and small
diamonds. They have also saltpetre, and plenty of lead, of
which they make" their money. It is very fruitful in c(<rn,
roots, pulse, and fruits. The priests who are called Tala-
poins, observe celibacy, and eat but once a day. The city
of Pegu, in l(ifM», was one of the largest and most populous
in Asia, but being besieged in lCi92 by the kings of Aracan
and Tangii'.', the king was obliged to submit for want of
provisions. Since that time Pegu ceased to be the royal
city. It is still however, llic scat of the viceroy, governing
am
for the king, who resides at Ava. Lit. 18. o. N. Ion. C'O.
42. E.
PE'EIX, the capital city of the empire of Cliiiia, wher*
the emperor generally resides. It is an exact square, and
divided into two parts; namely, that \\hieh contains the
emperor's palace, which is in the New City, or Tartar City,
so called, because it is inhabited by Tartars, ever since they
conquered the empire. The other, called the Old City, is
inhabited by the Chinese. The gates of this city are high
and well arched, supporting buiKiiags of 9 stories high ; tlie
lowest ofwhich is for thesoldiers when they comeott guard.
The gates are 9 in number, a!:d before each is an open
space, which serves for a parade. 'I'he streets are as straight
as a line, most of them three miK s in length, and about
120 feet wide, with shops on l)oth sides; but the houses are
poorly built, and have only a ground floor. It is surprising
to see what numbers of people there are in the streets, with
vast numbers of horses, camels, mules, asses, waggons, carts,
and chairs. All the riches and merchandise of the empe-
ror are continually pouring into this city. There are always
hackney horses, and chairs in various parts, w.hich stand
ready to be hired for a trifle. All the great streets are
guarded by soldiers, who patrole night and day with swords
by their sides, and whips in their hands, to chastise those
who make any disturbance, or take them into custody. The
little streets have lattice-gates at their entrance iiito the
great streets, which are shut up at night, and guarded by
soldiers, who fati'eivio assemblies in the streets al that lime.
The emperor's palace is of vast extent, and surrounded by
a brick wall, with pavilions at each corner, encompassed by
galleries supported by columns. This city is 2o miles in
eircnniference, and the number of inhabitants is, at least,
two millions; the walls are so high, that they cover the
town, and are broad enough for several horsemen to ride
abreast; and there are strong towers a bowshot distance
from each other. The walls of the emperor's pala?e, in-
cluding that and the gardens, are about two miles in length;
and tiie architecture of tl;e structures entirely different
fronitiiatof the Europeans; they are covered with tiles of
a shiniiif:, beautiful yellow. The temples, and the towci-s
of this city, are so numerous, that it is diliicnll to count
them. The country about it is sandy, and not very fruit-
ful; vet provisions of all kinds are exceedingly plentiful,
they being, as well as the merchandise, brought from other
parts by means of canals cut from the rivers, and always
crowded with vessels of different sizes.
PELA GIANS, in ecclesiastical history, a sect who arose
about the vear 400, and denied original sin.
PE'LEW orPA'LOO lSLANDS,(so called on account of
the vast number of palm trees which arc seen on their coast,
and appear like masts of ships at a distance, jmtos in Span-
ish, signifying a mast) are situateil between 5 and 9
degrees N. latitude, and ISO and i;!(; degrees of K. lon-'i-
tude. They were, without doubt, fir>t discovered by the
Spaniards ; but there is reason to siqipose, that no Europe-
an ever landed upon them before the crew of the Aiitelope,
an English East India packet, commanded by (Captain Hen-
ry Wilson, was wrecked there in the night between the 9th
and lOlli of Aii'mst, 1783. The crew, to their unspeakable
comfort, found the island peopled with a race who were
simple in tlieir'manners, delicate in their sentiments, and
exceedingly friendly in their disposilioii. The natives are
ofa deep copi>er colour, and wear lio kind of clothing. The
captain's brother was deput^>d to wait upon the king; and
while he was before his majesty, he accid<>iilally pulled off
his hat, whereupon the king and the gazing spectators were
struck with amazement, as if they imagined (and no doubt
thev did) that his hat formed a part of hi.* head. They had
not" the least idea of the nature of powder an(j shot, and
were greatly astonished w hen they beheld its efl'ects. Ca|>-
tain Wilson, while iti the territories of the khii; of Pelew,
was invi'sted bv hi? majesty with the highest order of the
bone. The king of fhe island entertaineil so good an opinion
of the English, upon their deimrturc, he permitted hii
P K 51
r F. N
second son, prince Lee Uno, to accniiipiiny lliPiii in their
viiy.ige. 'I'licyoutli ;iniv((l willi liicm in Kiii;iaml, uliere
III l>('ceiiil>er, 1781, he died of llie siiiiiii i)i)X. lie WMs hiiiied
I., jxvdheriiilhe thiiichviinl, when' a inoiiuiiiciit was erected
to liis tiieiiior.v at tlie charge ol' liic East India Coniiiaiiy.
PIM^K, -v. money or riches.
PiyLICAN, s. [Vr.] A l)ird, of \\hich cme species lives
«l)()n tisl.i, and tiie otiier on serpents and leptik's ; its leii-
dernessldr its yonn<> is very ieniail\al)le. In ch\ iidsfry, a
glass aleniiiic, witii a tnhulated caidtal, from wiiicli tMo op-
posite and crooked arms pass out, and enter a^aiii at the
swell of the vessel. The instrument is designed fur opera-
tions of coholiation, and is caicnialed to sa\e the tronhle
of l'ie<iuently lilting and unlntinj; the apparatus. It is now
seldom used.
PELLET, s. \pel„tc. Ft.] a little hall. A bidlet or ball.
PE'fjIjK'^rijD, ((.consisting of balls orbvdlets.
I'E LLICLl',, .«. [pelliciilii, Lat.] a thin skin A tilm which
gathers upon licpiors impregnated with salts or other sub-
stances, and evaporated by heat.
PIs'LLiTOllY OF THE WALL, s. an herb found on old
walls, and among rubbish. The bastard pellitory is a kind
of \'airow.
PELL-MELL, ad. [pcll-mek, Ft.] confusedly; in a tu-
nuiltuons manner.
PELLS, i. [from pellis, a skin, Lat.] clerk of the PcHs, an
ofiicer of ihe exchequer, who enters every teller's bill into
a parchment roll, tj-Mi^d pellis acceptormn, the roll of receipts ;
n^iid also makes another roll called jhIUs cxitmim, a roll ot the
di.ibnrsemeiils.
PELLU ClD, «. \pellucidus, from lucidus, light, Lat. J clear,
transparent.
PELLUCI'DITY, PELLU'CIDNESS, s. the (piality of
a body which renders it frt to be seen tiirough, and free from
dregf.
PELT, ^. [pelUs, Lat.] a skin or iiiue. The cpiarry of
an hawk torn.
To PELT, t\ ((. [from ;jo7/o)i, Tent, according to Skinner,
but according to ulr. Lye, contracted IVom pilUt] to strike
by throwing. To tiirow at
PE'LTiN(i, a. used by Sliakespeare to signify mean or
paltry ; pitiful.
PE'LT.MONG ICR, i. one who deals in raw hides.
PE'L\ IS, «. [Lat.] in anatomy, the lower part of the
body.
PE'IMRRIDGE, a town of Herefordshire, willi a market
on Tuesday. It is a small place, seated on the river
Arrow, 15 iiiiles N. W. of Hereford, and 145 W. N. W. of
Lojidon.
PE'MBROKE, the capital town of Pembrokeshire in S.
NVales, with a market on Saturday, ll is commodiously
seated on the innermost creek of IMilford Haven, over which
the>-e are two handsome bridges. It is surrounded with a
wait with three gates, and has a strong castle, seated on a
ruck. It is a corporation, with well-built houses, two
churches, and the title of an earhlom, spnding one member
to parliament. It is 10 miles S. ]L of Ilavertbrdvvest, and
25(1 W. bv N. of London.
PE'MBPvOKESIlIRE, the most western county of S.
Wales, 35 miles in length, 18 in its mean breadth, and sur-
rounded on all sides by the sea, except on the N. E. and E.
where it is bounded by Cardiganshire and Carnuulhen-
shire. It is divided into 7 hundreds, which contain 7 market-
towns, 145 parishes, about 2,300 houses, and 25,900 inha-
bitants. The principal rivers are the E. and W. Cledhue.
A great part of the country is plain, and tolerably fertile,
consisting of rich meadows ffhd arable |land. One part
alone is mountainous, extending from the coast near Fish-
guard, to the borders of Carmarthenshire. This, however,
yields good pasture for sheep, horned cattle, and goats,
w iih which llie country in general abounds ; as also with
wihl fowls of various kinds, some of which are seldom seen
in any other part of Britain. There is probably more rain
here than in any other pari of the kingdom, brought by
westerly winds from the Atlantic Ocean. The only mann.
facturrs of the couiily consist of a cotton mill, near
IlaveifonKvcst, which eniplo\s about l.iO persons ; a l"or^ff
at Blackpool, and ^sonie iron ^ind tin works on the Tivy.
The county-town is Pembroke.
PEiV,jf. [nenauii, L;it.] all instrument used in writing. A
(piill or feather. A small inclosuro or coop, from jhihkii.
Sax.
'I'o PE.N, V. a. \prmiaii. Sax.] to coop or shut up in a small
incJosiire. To write.
PE N.M^jff. [I'r. froinprraff, punishnicut, I.at.Jdenouncing
or exacting punishment.
PiyNALl'V, PKNA'LITY, s. \pcnalui. old Fr.J piiiiish-
nient. A forleiture.
PiyNANC!'., s. [nbiance, Fr.] ecclesiastical pnnishmenl
for an olfence, chiefly adjudged to the sin of fornication.
PENCE, 1)1. of fcimij, formed by contraction from
peiinks.
Pl'J'NCIL, s. IpemciUnm, Lat.] a'sniall brush of hairs used
by painters. A kind of pen made of black lead. Any in-
strument used in writing without ink.
To PENCIL, J. n. to paint.
PE'NDANT, s. \pciidaiit, Fr. from pcndco, to hang, Lat. J
a. jewel hanging loose from the car. Any thing suspended
by way of ornament.
PE'NDI'JNC'E, «. slopeness ; suspension.
PE .XDENCY, s. [from pcmleo, to hang, Lat.J a state of
suspeiice, or delay in a suit.
PENDENT, It. [from ;jc>i(/ to, to hang, Lat. wrote by some
pcndtiii!] hanging. Jutting over.
PENDING, n. [pnuhnt, Fr. from pciidco, to hang, Lat.j
depending ; undecided.
PENDULOSITY, PE'NDULOUSNESS, s. the state of
hanging ; suspension.
PE'NDULOUS, a. [pnirhi!i(s, from pcncho, to hang, Lat.J
hanging ; not supported below.
PiyNDULUM, s. [pcndii/us, from pendeo, to hang, Lat.J
any weight hung so as it may be easily swung backward*
and forwards.
PEN ETKABI'LITY, s. the quality of being capable to be
Cierccd, applied to the body ; the cjuality of being aifected
y motives, applied to the mind.
I'E'NETRABLE, a. [ Uompenciro, to penetrate, Lat.] such
as may be pierced, or may admit ofj or be affected by, moral
and intellectual motives.
PENETRA'LIA, J. [Lat.J interior parts.
PE'NETRANT, n. {ptncirant, Fr.] having the power to
pierce.
To PE'NETRATE, r. a. \pniefrn, Lat.j to pierce or
enter beyond the surface. To ati'ect the mind. To reach
the meaning. Neulcrly, to make way ; to make way by the
mind.
PENETR.\'TION, s. [Fr. from peuel re, to penetrate,
Lat.] the act of piercing or entering info a body. Entrance
or comprehension of any difficulty, applied to the under-
standing. Acutenessor sagacity.
PE'NI'jTRATIVE, a. piercing, sharp, subtle, acute, or
discerning. Having the power to impress the mind.
PE'NGUIN, s. [Brit.] a bird with a white head, which,
lliough no higher than a goose, yet oftentimes weighs
sixteen pounds. A fruit in the West Indies, of a sharp acid
flavour.
PENI'NSULA, s. [ pane, nnnost, and iii^(7ff, an island, Lat.J
a piece of 'laud surroiinded by water, excepting in one part,
by w hich it is joined to the continent.
PENf'NSKLATED, n. almost surrounded with water.
PE'NITENCR, i. [from ;m»i(ei, it repents, Lat.J repent-
ance ; sorrow for sin attended with aniendraent of life,
and change of the ail'ections.
PENITENT, a. [from panitrt, it repents, Lat.] sorrowful
for past sins, and resolutely amending lit'e.
PE'NITENT, s. one sorrowful for past transgressions,
and resolute to abstain from tlieiu for the future.
ecu
?EN
PEN
PF-N'ITE'NTIAL, (penitinshial) a. expressing sorrow for
past sins; enjoined as penance.
PENITE'NTIARY, (7Jfni>fHf/iiary) s. one who prescribes
the rules and measures of penance. One wlio does penance.
Tlie place where penance is enjoined.
PENITENTLY, sd. with repentance or sorrow for sin ;
wilh contrition.
P l^'K KNIFE, (pcnnife) s. a knife for making pens.
PK'NKUIDGE, a town of Staffordshire, fornierU large and
handsome, but now greatly reduced. It contains about 1200
inhabitants, and is 6 miles S. of Stafford, and 129 N. W. of
London. Market on Tuesday. A fair on September 2, and
a great horse-fair on October lOtli.
PENMAN, «. one who professes the art of writing. An
author or writer.
PE'NMAEN MAWR, n mountain of Carnarvonshire,
1545 feet high, and over-hanging the sea at so vast a height,
that few are able to look douii the dreadful steep.
PE'NNACHKD, a, \/Miiinclii, Pr.J ap|)lied to flo\yers,
when the groiuid of the natural colour of their leaves is ra-
diated, and diversified neatly without any confusion.
PE'NN.\NT, s.[peiwo>i, Fr.] au ensign, colours, or small
ftag. A"" rope for hoisting things on board.
PE'NN.ATED, a. [from pcmia, a wing, Lat.J winged ; in
botany, applied to those leaves which grow exactly opposite
to each other on the same stalk, as those of the ash, <.Vc.
PE'NNER, i. a writer. Willi the Scotch, a pcncase.
PENNILESS, «. w'thout nionev.
PENNON, s. [Fr.J a kind of standard with a long fail,
antiently belonging to a simple gentleman. It is opposed to
the banner, which was'square.
PENNSYLVANIA, one of the United Provinces of N.
America. It is bounded on the E. by Delaware river, and
partly bv the ocean; on the \V. by the northern part of
Chesapeak-Bav, which separates it from Maryland ; on the
N. bv several fndian nations; and on the S. by Maryland. It
is well watered by the Delaware, and other navigable rivers,
on which large ships come up into the heart of the province.
This country was granted to the celebrated William Pcnn,
the quaker,"the son of Sir William Penn, by King Charles
If. in consideration of sundry debts due to him from the
frown. By his means the country was soon changed from
a wilderness to a garden, audit is now one of the most
fiourisliing provinces in the New World. Philadelphia is the
capital town.
PENNY, s.rplural/jfHfi; ; penig, .Sax.] asmaircoin,invaIue
fotirCirthiugs. Proverbially, a small sura ; money ingeneral.
PE'NNYCRESS, s. in botany, a kind of mithridate.
PKNNYRO'YAL, J. au lierbof a fragrant smell, used as
medicine in cookerv.
PE'NNYWEIGfilT,*. a weight containing 24 grains troy
weight.
PE.VNYWISE, (7. saving small sums at the hazard of greater.
PEN X Y WORT, -t. an uud)elliferous plant, called by some
white-rot. The wall pennyroyal, or kidneywort, belongs to
the cotyledon of Linnaius.
PE'NNYWORTH, j. as much as can be bought for a
penny. A purchase. Something bought for less than it is
worth. A small (juantity.
PE'NIUCE, a seaport" town of S. Wales, in the comity of
Glamorgan, with a market on 'i'liursday. Jt is sealed near
the sea, 20 miles S. of Cainiarllien, and 21!J W. of London.
PENRITH, or PERlTll, a large well built trading town
of Cumberland, with noted tan-works and some nianufac-
lurcsof check and cotton. It has a spacious market place,
au<l is a great thoroughfare on the nost-road be! ween
London and Cilasgow. It is seated under a hill, near the
river Pelerel, and ihe coiillux of the Eismot and Lowlher,
ISmiles E. of Carlisle, and 220 N.N. W. of London. Markets
on Tuesday and Saturday. Fair on Whit-'Fucsday.
PE'NRYN, a town of Cornwall, having markets on Wed-
nesday, Friday, and Saturday. It is situated on a creek of
Falmouth Haven, is a corporation, and sends 2 members to
rnrliamcot. This town was once saved from dcatructiou by
a companir of strolling players. According to Mr. Rymer,
towards the end of the IGtIi century the Spaniards were
landing to burn the town, just at the time the players were
setting Samson upon the Fliilistines,vhich performance was
accompanied witli a great deal of drumming and shouting,
insomuch that the Spaniards supposed an ambush was laid
for them, and therefore returned to their ships. It contains
about 2400 inhabitants. It is 2 miles N. N. W. of F'almouth
and 260 W. S. W. of London.
PENSANCE, or PENZANCK, a populous town of
Cornwall, seated on a creek of i>Iountsbay. It carries on a
considerable tiathc in shipping, and is one of the tin-coinage
towns. It is 12 miles E. of Senau, at the Land's V,iu\, and
281 W. by S. of London. Pdarket on Thursday.
FE'NSFORD, a town of Somersetshire, noted for its hats
and bread ; it has also a manufaetorv of cloth. It is seated
on the river Cliew, 7. S. S. W. of Rath, and 117 W. by S, of
London. Market on Tuesday.
PE'NSILE, u. \pensilis, from ■pendeo, to hang, Lat.J hang-
ing, suspended or supported above ground.
PE'NS1LENE<;S, s. the state of liaiiging.
PENSION, (paislioii) s. [pemioii, Fr.] an allotvance given
to a person without au equivalent.
To PENSION, {pcnshon) v. a. to support by an arbitrary
allowance.
PE'NSION.-\RY, (paifhrKwr!!) n. \pcHsivnnaire, Fr.]
maintained by pensions, or a siated allowance. Formerly
the title given to the first minister of the regency of each city
in the province of Holland.
PENSIONER, {pittshoiur) s. one supported by voluntary
allowance, from another.
PE'NSA'E, a.\peiisif, Fr.] sorrowfully thoughtful ; mourn-
fully serious.
PE'NSIVELY, ad. in a mournful and thoughtfnl manner.
PE'NSIVENESS, s. the quality of being mournfully
thoughtful.
PLNT, part. pass. o(Pe>i ; cooped up.
PENTAC ATSULAR, a. ffiom peute, five, Gr. and capsttla,
a cell, Lat.l having five cells orcavities.
PENTACHORD, (phitahord) s. [from penie, five, and
chorde, a string, Gr.] an instrument having five strings.
PENTAED-ROUS, a. [from peiUe, five, and hcdra, a side,
Gr.] having five sides.
PENTAGON, i [from penie, five, and gonia, an angle,
Gr.la mathematical hgure lia\ing live angles".
PENTA'(iONAL,«. having five angles.
PE'NTAGRAPH, f. an instrument whereby designs,
prints, Ac. of every kind, may be copied in any proportion,
without a person's being skilled in drawing.
PENTA'iMETER, s. [fiom j>eni(; fi\e, and mctreo, to
measure, Gr.] a Latin verse consisting of five feet.
PENTA'NGULAR, a, [i'voiu pente, five, Gr. and anguhis, a
corner, Lat.] five-cornered.
PENTAP.ETALOUS, a. [from pente, five, and pctehti, a
fiower leaf, Gr.] having five flower leaves.
PE'NTASPAST, s. [from fente, five, and spco, to draw,
Gr.] an engine with five pulleys.
PKNTA'STIC, s. [from pmte, five, and stichos, a verse,
Gr.] a composition consisting of five verses.
Pi'j'NTASTYLK/, s. [from pcntr, five, and stylus, a column,
Gr.] in architecture, a work in which arc five rows or
colunuis.
PENTATEUCH, {penlatcnh) s. [from V'^tf, five, and
tcuchos, a volume, Gr. J the five books of .Moses; namely.
Genesis, Exoiliis, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deiiteronc;my.
PK'NTECOS'lV. [from ;,vh((/,ojYoj, fiftieth, Gr.Ja feas't of
the Jews, so called from its being celebrated the fiftieth
<lay aflcr the sixteenth ofNisan. It is called by the Hebrews
llie feast of weeks, because kept seven weeks after the
Passover. It corresponds with the Christian's Whilsrintide.
PENTECOSTAL, a. belonging to Whitsuntide.
PE'NTHOUSE, s. Ifciitc, Fr. and Ao»«e] a shed liangina
out aslope from the main wall.
PENTICE, s,\ptndice, Ital. J a sloping roof; a slicd.
PER
I' F. R
PENTILE, s. a tile made for covering; the sloping part of
(lie roof.
PENlI'LTIMA.i. \sijlMm pimtUima, Lat.] the last sjllable
l)i;t one.
I'ENU'MBRA, s. \pcnc, iitiiiosi, am! vwlirci, the shade,
Lat. |aii inipoiCect slr.iflow. In a sol.iri'clipsc, the i" 'nmdira
islliat flint shadovvllint fdls upon those pMits of ihe e;iitli
where the snn is only partially or annnlarly eclipsed. In an
eclipse of the moon, it is llial f.'.iril sIkiiIow on her disk
vliich appears for scuietiine In lore and after she is eclipsed,
owin^' to those parts having;- the sun only partially eclipsed
at that time, as seen from liie laooii.
I'l'.NU'UlOUS, 0. |tVom pininui, ivaiit, T.at.] sparing in
ex|)etise ; parsini()ni<jns ; scanty.
1'1-^XU'RIOUSLV, lid. in a iiii;i;arillv or sparinjj manner.
PENU'RIOUSNESS, s. the (piality of heing sparin- in
exiienses ; parsimony.
I'E'NURY, s. [pt'iinriii, Lat.] want ; poverty : inditrence.
J'F,NZl';NSKOl\one of the-11 uoNeriimeiitsof the lliissian
empire, formerly a province of Kasan ; and hounded hy
the government of Simhirskoe on the K. Its capital, Penza,
IS seated on the river Sura, where it receives the rivulet
Penza. Lat. 32. 35. N. Ion. 45. 45. E.
PEONY, s. Iprcnilia, Lat.] a red Howcr.
PEOPLE, {■peeph) s. \pcuple, Fr. popiilus, Lat.] a nation
or community. The vulvar or commonalty. Sync^n. Peii-
plv is so very general that it cannot l)e connected with a de-
terminate number ; as, for instance, four, live, or s'wpeopic ;
hut that oi'pi-rsoiis may.
ToPE'OPLE, (pieplc) r. n.[pe>,plci;^ Fr.] to fill with in-
habitants. '
PEPA'STICS, s. [from ;)c/)«!!io, to di;^est, Gr.J medicines
which are good to help the rawness of the stomach, and to
digest crudities.
PEPPER, s. Ipiper, Lat] a warm spice, of which there are
several species.
To PEPPER, V. a, to sprinkle with pepper. Figura-
tively, to beat or mangle, either with blows or shot.
PETPERBOX,^. abo\ for holding pepper.
PEPPERCORN, s. anv thin^' of inconsiderable value.
PE'PPERMINT, s. mint eminentlv hot.
P.E'PPERWORT, ^. a plant; a kind ofdittander.
PE'PPERGRASS, s. a kind of fern; called also pepper-
moss and pillwort.
PETSLS, f. lfrom;)(7)<a«o, to digest, Gr.j the concoction,
digestion, or termentatioi.' of victuals and humours in a
human body.
PEPTIC, aApeplihos, Gr.] what assists in digestion.
PERACU'TE, n.lpernciitns, Lat.] very sharp.
PERADVE'NTURE, ail. Iparaoanture, Fr.] i)erliap3; by
chance ; may be.
To PEILVGRATE, v.n. [pn-ngro, from ;«•-, through, and
ngf); a Held, Lat.] to travel or wander over.
FERAGIIA'TION, s, the act of passing through any state
ot space.
To PERA'MBULATE, v. a. [from per, through, and mn-
/«f/(i, to walk, Lat.] to walkthrough; to survey by passing
tlnniigh,
PERAMBULATION, f. the act of passing through or
wandering over ; a travelling survey.
PE'RCEANT, (I. [perctiiif, Fr.] piercing, penetrating.
PEUCE'lVABLE,(p<)«^!(7Wc)«. that is properly anobject of
the sense or understanding, and may be discovered by either.
i'ERCE'IVABLY, (pereitn-abh/) ad. in such a manner as to
be discovered by the senses or mind.
To PERCEIVE, (pfrceiii) V. a. \pcrcevoir, Fr. from per-
cipio, to perceive, Lat.j to discover by means of the senses
or understanding. To know or observe.
PiaiCEPTIBFLlTY, j.the state of being discovered by
the mind or senses. The power of perceiving.
I'ERCE'PTIBLE, «. [Fr. from percipio, to perceive, Lat.J
si;ili as may be perceived by the mind or senses.
PERCE'PTIBLY, nd. insucn a manner as may be pcr-
csived by the seiweit or mind.
PERCE'PTION, s. [from penipin, to peiTcive, Lat.j 'lit
act, passion, or expression, whereby the minil becomes
conscious of any thing. The act or power of perceiving.
An idea or iicition.
PEJl('E'l''j'l\M', a. [from jiciciiiu, to perceive, Lat.]
having the power of perceiving.
PERCH, fpfivff, Lilt. W/(//c, Kr.] a fish of prey._ A mea-
siire containing five yaKlsand a ha'lf, t'wni perc/ta, I'r.pailica,
Laf. A stick on which birifs support themselves wiifcn they
T'0(jst.
To PERCH, r.v. [verchcr, Fr.] to sit like a bird at roost.
Actively, to phu e oil a perch.
PI'.RCIl A NCE, "'/. perhaiis ; prradvrnturc.
PE'llCHERS, i. Paris caiKllfs, used in I'.ngland inantient
times ; also the larger sort of wax candles, which were usu-
ally set upon the altar.
PERCrPll'.NT, ". [pircipinis, fioni percipio, to perceive,
Lat.] conscious of till' presence or impression of an object.
PERCI'PIKNT, >«. one that has the power of jierctivinK-
To PE'RCOLATE, r. if. [pern>ii, Lat.J to strain through.
PERCOL.\'T10N,«. the act of purifvmg bv straining.
To PERCU'SS, V. a. [from perciuio, to strike, Lat.] to
strike.
PEllCU'SSION, s. [pertussin, from percniio, to strike,
Lat.] the act of striking. A stroke. The cU'ect of souih!
in the ear.
Pl^RCU TIENT, {perhishicnl) a. [percvticns, from peretUia,
to strike, Lat ] striking, having the power to strike.
PERD1TIC>N, .'. fperiliUii, from pcrdo, to destroy or lose,
Lat,] destruction; death; loss or ruin. In scripiure,
eternal death.
PERDUE, ad. [Fr. a forlorn hope, or advanced centinelj
close ; in ambush.
PE'RDULOUS, a. [from perdo; to destroy or lose, Lat.]
lost ; throM n away.
PERDU'RABLE, s. [Fr. from pcrdum, to continue long,
Lat.] lasting; long continued. Not in use.
PERDURABLV, nil. in a lasting manner.
PERDURA'TlOtV, s. [from perdmo, to continue long,
Lat.J long continuance.
To P!'/REGUINATE, II. n. [perep;riiin, fwm pcregrihns,
foreign, Lat.] to travel ; to live in foreign countries.
PE'IIECtRINATION, s. fpcregriiiiitio, froitl jferegrinus,
foreign, Lat.] travel or abode in foreign countries.
PEREGRINE, a. [peregrinus, Lat.] foreign ; not native ;
not domestic.
To PERE'MPT, v. a. [perimo, Lat.] in law, to crush or
kill.
PERE'MPTORILY, ad. absolutely ; so as to cut oft" fur-
ther debate.
PEREMPTORINESS, s. positiveness that will not admit
of dispute or contradiction.
PERE'MPTORY,rt. [peremptorius, low Lat.] positive, so
as to admit of no dispute or contradiction'.
PERE'NNIAL, a. [from per, through, and annus, a year,
Lat.] lasting through the year ; perpetual; unceasing.
PERE'NNITY, s. [from per, tnrough, and annus, a year,
Lat.] the quality of lasting the year round ; perpetuity.
PE'RFECT, «. [perf'eetiis, from perfieio, to perfect, Laf.]
free from defect with respect to parts, composition, skill,
or abilities. Safe. Synon. P()/«/(o", regards properly
the beauty which rises from the design and construction
of the work ; finishins;, from the hant' and workmanship
of tile workman. Completion, depends on tlie waat of
nothing, but on the work's having every thing it should
have.
To PERFECT, f.n. \ perfieio, Lat.] to complete or finish
any thin". To supply defects. To instruct completely.
P E RFECTEK, i. one that makes perfect.
PERFECTIBI'LITY, s. a word lately introduced by some
writers, to express the possibility of man's arriving at per-
fection in this world.
PERFECTION, s. [from perf.rin, to perfect, Lat.] the
sta-te of enjoying every thing that belongs to a thing free
C7l
PEil
PER
iroiH redundancy or (lefetf. Supreme excellence. Anat-
ij'fmte applied to tJio IV'iiv.
To PERFE'CTiONAT£,, .■. n. [pejftc'.ionne,; Fr.] to per-
fect.
I'ERFE'CTIVE.rt. conducing to complete, or to remove
all defects, used witii of.
PERFE'CTIVELY, a'L in such a manner as to remove all
.lefecfs.
I'E'RFECTLY, ad. in a manner free from defects ; totally,
eonipletflv ; exactlj, accurately.
PE'RFECTNES.S, s, completeness ; goodness ; virtue ;
siiiil.
I'ERrrpiOUS, a. {from pei; a negative particle, and
/ih's, fidelity, Lat.] tieaclicrous, false, guilty of violaleil
trust.
PERFI'DIOUSLY, mi in a inauiicr inconsistent wiili the
confidenee placed in one.
PERFI'DIOUSNESS, s. the quality of b.-ins perfidious.
PERFIDY, ^. [from per, a negative particle, and Jiilcs,
fidelity, Lat.l breach of faith. Tlie act of betray iny.
To PE'RFLATE, r. a. [from per, through, ^udjio, to blow,
Lat 1 to blow throu;;h.
PERFLA'TI-ON, s. the act of blowing thro^gh.
To PERFORATE, v. a. f perforo, Lat.] to pierce or bore
a hole with a tool.
PERFORA'TION, s. the act of piercing or boring. A
liole made by boring.
PERFORATOR, s. the instrument of boring.
PERFORCE, «(/. by violence; violently.
To PERFORM, v.a. [ pci-f'ormarc, Ital.] to execute, act,
crdo; to accomplish a design or undertaking. Neuterly,
to succeed in an attempt.
PERFO'RMABLE, «. practkablc; such as [may be
done.
PERFO'RMANCE, s. the execution of a design. The
completionof a promise. A work or composition. An ac-
tion, or something done.
PERFO'RMliR, s.oue that performs any thing, generally
applied to an artist who gives a specimen ofhisskillin
public.
To PE'RFRICATE, v. w. [from per. through, and/nco, to
rub, Lat.l to rub over.
PERFU'M.\TORY, a. that perfumes.
PERFUME, s. [piirfioiu; Fr.J .-.n agreeable odour com-
posed by art, and used to give other things a fragrant scent.
Tragrance.
To PEPtFU'ME, ti. a. to make a thing smell agreeably.
To scent.
PEPiFU'MER, s. one who makes and sells artificial
odours.
PERFU'NCTORILY, ad. [from perfunctoric, Lat.] in a
careless or negligent manner.
PERFUNCTORY, «. [from perfmctoriu!;, Lat.] careless;
slight ; negligent.
To PERFU'SE, (pe}fiize) r. a. [from per, through, and
funrlo, to pour, Lat.] to oversijreacl ; to tnieture.
PERHATS, nd. peradventure ; it may be.
PE'lUAPT, s. [Iiom /loi, about, and apto, to tic, Gr.] a
charm, worn to prevent or expel diseases ; an amulet.
PERlCA'RDIUivI, i. I from /)«■/, about, kardia, (he heart,
Cr.] a thin membrane resembling a purse, and containing
the heart in its cavity; its use is to contain a quantity of
clear water to keep the heart moist.
PERICA'RPIU.M, s. [from peri, about, and /larpot, fruit.
Or.] a thin membrane encompassing the fruit or grain of a
plant. A medicine applied to the wrist for the cure of an
agiie.
Pr:RICLITATION, .«. [from periclUor, to endanger, Lat.]
dan:;er, hazard. Trial ; experiment.
PERjCRA'NUIM, .5. [from /")^;d)out, and hauion, the
liead, (»r.] a lliin and nervous mendjrane, of exquisite sense,
which covers the cranimn <u' skidl, and envelopes all the
bones in the body, except tiie teeth ; for which reason it
isalf, ca\\&\ periosteum.
C72
PERI'CULOUS, a. [from perietdum, danger, Lat.J ilr.r-
gcrons , hazardous. Not in use.
PEKIE'HGY, s. [from peri, about, and ei-^on, a work, Gr.J
needless caution, or diligence in an operation.
PERIGEE', or PERIGEI'M, *. [from /;«■;, about, ann
ge, the eartii, Gr.] a point wherein a planet is at its nearest
possible distance from the earth.
PI'"R1HE'LIUA1, s. [from peri, about, and lielins, the sun.
Or.] that part of a planet's orbit wliereni it is nearest to the
sun.
PERIL,*, [peril, Fr.| a state wherein a person is exposed
to loss, disease, or death. A danger tiireatened.
PERILOUS, «. [perilleux; Fr.] dangerous, hazardous.
Smart, witty.
Pl'J'RILOUSLY, ad. in a dangerous manner.
PE'RILOUSNESS, .v. dangerousness.
PERl METER, i. [/jcni'mwrf, Fr. from ;)m, about, and
melreo, to measure, Gr.j the compass or sum of all the sitles
that bound any tigure.
PERIOD, s. \_peri, about, and odus, a way, G^r.J a space of
time in which the revolution of a planet is performed. A
stated numberof years, (lays, or hours, in wiiith things are
performed and repeated. The end or conclusion. The state
at which any tiling terminates. Duration. In gra !ar, a
complete sentence from one full stop to another. In jjrint-
ing, a pause or mark, denoting a complete sentence,
thus, ( . )
PERIODIC, or PERIODICAL, a. [ph-iodi<iiie, Fr. from
peri, about, and cdos, a way, Gr.] making a circuit or revo-
lution. Happening or returning at a stated time. Relating
to periods or rev.jlulinns.
PERIODICALLY, nd. at stated times.
PERIOE'Cl, s. [from peri, about, and oikeo, to dwell. Or. )
in geography, are such inhabitants as have the same lati-
tude, but opposite longitudes. Tliese have the same con;-
mon seasons throughout the year, and the same pha>nomena
of the heavenly bodies ; but when it is noon-day with tlie
one, it is midnight with the other, there being 12 hours be-
tween them in an east or west direction.
PIORIO'STEUM,*. [from peri, about, and osteon, a bone.
Or.] a membrane of exipiisite sense covering all the bones.
PERIPATETICS, s. [fvom peri, about, and paieo, to walk,
Gr. I is a name given to the disciples of Aristotle, because
thev used to dispute walking.
PERIPHERY, iperi/eri/) s. [from peri, around, and ;>/ie)o,
to carrv, Gr.] tiie circumterence of a circle.
ToPE'RIPHRASE, [/Kriyinif)''-"- Iperiph-aser, Fr.] lo
express by circumlocution, or many words.
PERI'PHRASIS, {perifnisis) *." [from peri, about, and
phrazo, to speak, Gr.] the act of expressing the sense of one
word by many ; as, when we say, the loss of life, for death.
Circumlocution.
PERIPNEU'MONY, or PERINEUMO'NIA, s. [from
peri, about, and pneumon, the lungs, Gr.] an inflamuiation of
the lungs.
PE'RISCII, s. [from /Jen, about, and sha, a shadow, Or.)
in geography, the inhabitants of either frigid zone, within
the polar circles ; where the sun, when in the summer signs,
moves only round about then), without setting, and conse-
quently their shadows, in the same day, turn lo all the points
of the horizon.
To PERISH, V. n. [pereo, Lat.J to die; to be destroyed.
Actively, to destroy, decay, or impair. Obsolete.
PE'RISH.\BLE, a. liable to perish or decay; subject to
short duration.
PE'i\ISIIARLE.NE.SS,i.hablcnesstodecayordcstrucfion,
PEKISTA'l/riC, a. [peristaUit/iie, Fr. from ;»W, ahouf,
ami sl(l/(i, to thrust Inrtli, (ir.J applied to the vermicular or
waveriri)? motion of the guts, by which the excrements are
passed downwards, and voided.
I'ERISTY'LE, s. [peristile, Vr.] a circular range of pillars,
or cobnnns.
PEIUSV STOLE, s. [from peri, about, and sijsuile, a fOi».
traction of the heart, (ir.J the pause or interval between ii.e
PERN
two motions of the heart or pulse ; namely, that of the si/stole
or contraction of the heart, and that of the diastole or dila-
tation.
PERITO'NEUM, i. [(mm perileino, to stretch all round,
Gr.] a thin soft membrane, which incloses all the bowels in the
lower belly.
PERITRO'CHIUM, (peritrdhium) s. [from peri, around,
and trochos, a wheel, Gr.J in mechanics, denotes a wheel, or
circle, concentric with the base of a cylinder, and moveable to-
gether with it about an axis.
To PE'RJURE, V. a. [perjuro, Lat.] to swear falsely ; to
forswear.
PE'RJURER. f. one who swears falsely.
PE'RJURV, s. [from per, which has here a negative mean-
ing, and ^'uro, to swear, Lat.] the act of swearing falsely ; a
false oath.
PE'RIWIG, s. [perruque, Fr.] hair woven on thread, sow-
ed on a cawl, and worn by a person instead of his own
ha'r.
To PE'RIWIG, V. a. to dress in false hair.
PE'RIWINKLE.f. a small shell-fish, a kind of sea-snail. In
botany, a plant. See Perrywinkle.
To PERK, V. n. [from perch, Skinner] to hold up the head
with an affected briskness. Actively, to dress, to prank.
PERK, a. pert ; brisk ; airy. Obsolete.
PE'RMAGY, *. a little Turkish boot.
PE'RMANENCE, PE'RMANENCY, t- duration ; con-
sistency ; lastingness ; contiiuiance in the same state.
PE'RMANEN r, a. [from per, through, and maneo, to re-
main, Gr.] durable, continuing, lasting unchanged.
PE'RMANENTLY, ad. in a durable manner.
PE'RMEABLE, a. [from permeo, Lat.J such as may be
passed through.
PE'RMEANT, a. [permeans, from permeu, to pass through,
Lat.] passing through.
To PERMEATE, v. a. [permeo, Lat.] to pass through.
PERMEA'TION, *. the act of passing through.
PERMI'SCIBLE, a (from per, through, and misceo, to mix,
Lat.] such as may be mixed.
PERMI'SSIBLE, a. [from permitto, Lat.] what may be per-
mittei).
PERMI'SSION, s. [Fr. from permitto, to permit, Lat.] al-
lowance. Leave to do any thing.
PERMI'SSIVE, a. [from permitto, Lat.] granting or giving
leave ; not hindering, though not approving.
PERMI'SSIVELY, ad. by bare allowance, without hinder-
ance or approbation.
To PERMI'T, V. a. [permitto, Lat.] to allow, grant, or
suffer, without commanding, authorising, or approving ; to
resign.
PE'RMIT, s. a written warrant for sending goods from one
place to another.
PERMI'TTANCE, s. allowance. Forbearance of opposi-
tion. Not elegant.
PERMI'XTION, s. [from per, through, and misceo, to
mix, Lat.] the act of mingling ; the state of being mingled.
PE'RMSKOE, one of the 41 governments of Russia, formerly
a province of Kasan. It is divided into two provinces ; namely,
Perm, the capital of which is of the same name, seated on the
river Kama, where it receives the Zegochekha ; Catharinen-
burgh, the capital of which, of the same name, is seated not far
from the source of the river Issel.
PERMUTA'TION, s. [from per, which increases the mean-
ing, and muto, to change, Lat.J the exchange of one thing for
anotlitr.
To PERMUTE, v. a. [homper, which increases the mean-
ing, and muto, to change, Lat.J to exchange.
PERNI'CIOUS, (pernishious) a. [from perntcies, mischief,
Lat.] mischievous in the highest decree; destructive. Quick,
from pcrnix, Lat. " Part incentive reed provide, pernicious
with one touch to fire." Milt.
PERNPCIOUSLY, ( pernishiously ) ad. in such a manner as
to destroy or ruin ; mischievously.
* R
PE RS
673
PERNI'CIOUSNESS, ( pernUhiousness ) t the quality of be-
ing destructive.
PKRNrcn'Y, t, [from pernix, swift, Lat.] swiftness.
" Great swiftness or periiiciti/.'' lluij.
PEIUJRA'TION, *. [Irom per, through, and oro, to speak,
Lat.J the conclusion of an oration.
To PERPEND, V. a. [from perpendo, to weigh, Lat.J to
ponder on, or consider attentively.
PERPICNUER, f. [perpigne, Er.] a coping stone.
PERPENDI'CULAR, a. [from perpendo, to weigh, Lat.]
crossing any thing at right angles. Straight or upright.
PERPENDI'CULAR, f. aline crossing the horizon at right
angles.
PERPENDICULA'RITY, i. the state of being perpendicu-
lar.
PERPENDI'CULARLY, ad. in such a manner as to cut
another line at right angles. In the direction of a straight line
up and down.
PERPE'NSION, s. consideration. Obsolete.
To PE RPETRAT1<:, v. a. [perpetro, Lat.J to commit; to
act. Always in a bad sense.
PERPETRA'TION,^. the act of committing any crime. Fi-
guratively, a crime.
PEliPE'TUAL, [perpetuel, Fr.] never ceasing ; continual;
everlasting.
PERPE'TUALLY, ad. without intermission or ceasing.
To PERPE'TUATE, v. a- [perpetuo, Lat.J to make perpe-
tual ; to eternize ; to continue without cessation or intermission.
PERPETUA'TION, s. the act of making perpetual ; inces-
sant continuance.
PERPETU'lTY, s. [from perpetuut, perpetual, Lat.] dura-
tion without cessation. Snmething which has no end.
To PERPLE'X, V. a. [from per, thoroughly, and ptecto, to
twist, Lat.J to disturb with doubts, ambiguities, or difiicul-
ties.
PERPLE'X, a. [from per, thoroughly, and plecto, to twist,
Lat.] difficult; ambigutnis ; intricate. "How the soul di-
rects the spirits for the mutiou of the body, according to
the several animal exigents, is perplex in the theory." Glan-
vil/e.
PERPLE'XEDLY, ad. intricately ; with involution.
PERPLE'XEDNESS, s. the quality which renders the
judgment unable to determine. Intricacy ; anxiety of
mind.
PERPLEXITY, s. [from per, thoroughly, and plecto, to
twist, Lat.J anxiety ; entanglement; intricacy.
PE'RQUISITE, s. [from perquino, to search or demand,
Lat.J something above settled wages.
PE'KQUISITED, a. supplied with perquisites.
PERQUISI'TION, s. [from perquiro, to search or demand,
Lat.J an accurate itiquiry ; a strict and thorough search.
PE'KRY, s. [poiri, Fr.j cyder made of pears.
PERRYWINKLE, *. a plant, of which there are two Bri-
tish species, the less and the greater.
To PE'RSECUTE, v. a. [from persequor, to pursue, Lat.]
to sidyect to pains, losses, or imprisonments, on account ot
opinions. To pursue with malice. To trouble with importu-
nity.
PERSECU'TION, s. [from persequor, to pursue, Lat.J the
act of inflicting penalties or subjecting to punishments for opi-
nions. The state of being persecuted.
PE RSECUTOR, s. [persecuteur, Fr.] one who inflicts pains,
penalties, or losses, on account of his opinions. One who
harasses another with malice.
PERSK'POLI.S, supposed to be anciently the capital city of
Persia, properly so called. It was taken by Alexander the
Great, who was persuaded, when in liquor, by the courtesan
Thais, to set it on fire. It is thought to lie the same as what
is now called Kilmanar, of which there are magnificent ruins
now remaining. There are inscriptions, in characters, and in
a language that now earniot be read, and which show that this
place must be extremely ancient ; almost all parts of the
ruins are full of sculputres, representing men and beasts. It is
6;i
PERS
PERS
SO miles N. E. of Schiras, and 200 S. E. of Ispahan. Lat. 30.
10. N. Ion. 56. 20. E.
FERSEVE'RAXCE, s. [perseverantia, Lat.] .steadiness oi
continuance in any purpose, design, or opinion.
PERSEVE'KANT, a. [perseTeraiis, Lat.] constant, persist-
ing.
To PERSEVE'RE, v. n. [persevero, Lat.] to persist in an
attempt ; to continue firm and resolute.
PERSEVE'RINGLY, ad. with perseverance.
PER.SEUS, in astronomy, a constellation in the northern
h3misphere.
PE'KSHORE, a neat old town of Worcestershire, containing
2 churches, and about 3000 houses. It is a considerable
thoroughfare in the lower road from Worcester to London,
and has a manufacture of stockings. It is seated on the N.
side of the Avon, near its junclion with the river Bow, 9 miles
W. N. W. of London. Markets on Tuesday and Saturday.
PE'RSIA, a large kingdom of Asia, consisting of several
provinces, which, at ditierent times, have had their particular
kino's; the inhabitants call it Iran, tor the word Persia is de-
rived from that part of it called Pars or Ears, of which
Schiras is the capital. It is bounded on the N. by Little
Tartarv, the Caspian Sea, Carasm or Corasai, and Great
Bokari'a ; on the S. by the Persian Gulph and Sea ; on
the W. by Turkey in A;ia ; and on the E. by Great Bokaria
and the empire of the Great Mogul. It is about 1224 miles
in length from E. to \V. and 900 in breadth from N. to S.
No country in the world bears a more difftjrent character than
this ; for in the N. and E. parts it is mountainous and cold ;
in the miiidle and -S. E. parts sandy and desert; in the S.
and W. level and extremely fertile, though for several months
very h:)t. The soil produces all sorts of pulse and corn, except
oats and rye. They have cotton in great abundance, and,
among other domestic animals, camels and buffaloes, and
their horses are very numerous. In several places naptha,
a sort of bitimien, rises out of the ground ; and they have
mines of gold, silver, iron, Turkey .-stones, and salt ; but the
two first of these are not worked on account of the scarcity of
wood. They have a great deal of cotton cloth, some pearls,
and a large quantity of silk, besiiles manufactures of .silk, and
very fine carpets. They have also all sorts of fruits, excellent
wine, and a great number of mulberry-trees, with the leaves
of which they feed the silk-worms; likewise dates, pistacliid-
ruts, and trees which produce manna. Tliey have large
flocks of sheep and goats ; the tails of the former are of a mon-
strous size. Witli regard to religion, they are generally
Mahometans. Ispahan is the capital town.
PE'RSIAX GULPH, a very lane g;ulph between Persia and
Arabia Felix, in Asia. Its entrance is about 30 miles over,
but within it is near 180 in breadth, and about 420 miles in
length. . ^ . . £
To PERSI'ST, V. n- [from persisto, Lat.J to contniue firm
ai d resolute in an undertaking o^ opinion.
PERSrSTANCE, or PEKSI'STENCY, s. steadiness ; con-
stancy ; obstinacy ; obduracy.
PKHSI'STIVE, a. steady ; persevering.
PE'RSON, s. [persona, Lat. personne, Fr.] a thinkmg, in-
telligent being, that has reason or reflection, and can consider
itself as itself, i. e. the same thinking thing in different times or
places. An individual, or particular man or woman. A hu-
man being. A ma,i or woman. Jn person, one's self, op-
posed to a deputy or representative. External appearance.
Character. In grammar, the rjuality of the noun which modi-
lies a verb.
PE'RSON ABLE, «. handsome, or of good appearance. In
law, one who may maintahi any pica in a court of jus-
tice.
PE'RSONAGE, s. [pcrsonatje, Fr.] a man or woman of some
rank or eminence. Air, stature, external appearance. A cha-
racter as.svuTied or represented.
Pi:'HS(JNAL, u. [pcrsond, Fr. from pertona, a person,
Lat.J belonging to men or women, opposed to tilings. Pecu-
liar ; proper to ; relating to one's private character or ac-
tions. Present, opposed to representative. Personal estate.
In law, something moveable, or appendant to the person.
In grammar, applied to a verb which has the modifications of
three persons in each number.
PERSONALITY, s. the existence or individuality of any
one.
PE'RSONALLY, ad. in one's own person. Particularly.
With regard to individuality to any one.
To PE'RSONATE, v. a. [from persona, a person, Lat.] to
represent by a fictitious or assumed character, so as to pass
for another. To act or represent on the stage. To Cimn-
terfeit. To resemble. To describe. Obsolete in the last
sense.
PERSONA'TION, s. counterfeiting of another person.
PERSONIFICA'TION, s. prosopopoeia ; the change of
things to persons ; as, " Confusion heard his voice." Pur.
Lost.
To PERSO'NIFY', v. a. to represent things as if they were
persons.
PERSPE'CTIVE, s. [from per, through, and spinio, to
look, Lat.J a spying-glass ; a glass through which tilings are
viewed. The science by which things are ranged in painting
in their proper proportions. A view or visto.
PERSPE'CTIVE, a. optic, or relating to the science of vi-
sion.
PERSPICA'CIOUS, (perspikeshwiis)a . [from per, through,
and spicio, to look, Lat.J quick-sighted ; sharp-witted ; quick
of apprehension.
PERSPICA'CIOUSNESS, ( perspikSsMousness ) s. the quality
of perceiving or discovering quickly.
PERSPICA'CITY, s. [perspicacitS, Fr.] quickness of sight
or apprehension ; sagacity.
PERSPrCIENCK, (perspishience) s. [from per, through,
and «piCiu, to look, Lat.J the act of looking sharply, perlect
knowledge.
PERSPI'CIL, *. [from per, through, and spicio, to look,
Lat.] a glass through which things are viewed; an optic glass.
Little used.
PERSPICU'ITY, s. {perspicuiU, Fr.] the quality of being
transparent; applied to the mind, easiness to be understood or
comprehended.
PERSH'CUOUS, a. [from per, through, and spicio, to
look, Lat.J clear ; transparent ; such as may be seen through.
Easy to be understood.
PERSPrCUOUSLY, ad. clearly, not obscurely.
PERSPl'CUOaSNESS, s. the quality of being easily un-
derstood or seen through.
PERSPI'RABLE, a. such as may be e.Tiitted through the
pores of the skin.
PERSPIRA'TION, s. [from per, through, and spiro, to ex-
hale, Lat.] the act of emitting through the skin.
PERSPJRATIVE, a. performing the act of perspira-
tion.
To PERSPI'RE, V. a. [from per, through, and spiro, to ex-
hale, Lat.] to emit through the pores of tlie skin. To be ex-
creted by the skin.
To PERSTRl'NGE, v.a. [hamper, here used as a negative
particle, and sti-ingo, to grasp hard, Lat.] to graze upon or
touch slightly: to glance upon.
PERSUA'DABLE, a. such as may be persuaded.
To PERSUA'DE, (the u, in this and the following words, is
pronounced like w) v. a. [from per, tlioroughly, and suadeo,
to persuade, Lat.J to prevail upon, convince, or bring
over to any opinions by arguments. To inculcate by argu-
ments.
PERSUA'DER, s. one who influences by arguments.
PERSUA'SIBLE, ( perswazihle ) a. [from per, thoroughly,
and suadeo, to persuade, Lat.] to be influenced by argu-
ments.
PERSUA'SIBLENESS, *. the quality of being hiflucnced by
arguments.
PERSUA'SION, (perswazhon) s. [from per, thoroughly,
and tuadeo, to persuade, Lat.J the act o! inlluencnig the
PERT
juilgment ami passions by arguments or motives. The state of
bfiii^' piTSiiailrd ; opinion.
PEK^V A'^IVE, (persia&zive) «. [ persuasif, Fr.] having
the power to persuaiie.
PKUSUA'SIVELY, (persw&zively) ad. in such a manner as
to persuade.
PKRSUA'.SIVENESS, (persw&ziveness) s. the quality of
influent-ing the passions.
PEIiyUA'SORY, (perswdsor;/) a. [from per, thoroughly,
and suadeo, to persuade, Lat.J having the power to per-
suade.
PERT, a. [pert, Brit, and Belg. appert, Fr.] lively and
Dvisk. Sancy, hold, petulant.
To PEUTA'IN, V. a. \pertineo, from tcneo, to hold, Lat.l
to l>eh)ng or relate to. Used with to.
PERTEHEBKA'TION, s. [from per, through, and terebro,
to bore, La(.] the act of boring through.
PERTERREFA'CTION, s. [from per, thoroughly, terrco,
to atfiight, amXfacio, to make, Lat.J the act of afTrighting
greatly ; a great fright.
PERTH, a very handsome town of Scotland, capital of a
county of the simie name, containing about 1 1,000 iidiabitants.
It consists, chiefly, of one wide street, well paved, but ill
built ; from which two others branch off, at right angles on
each side. B'fore the reign of .lames II. in lt37, the kings of
Scotland generally resided at Perth, as the metropolis of the
kingdom. Tlie town has greatly iiicre:ised within the last 70
years, carries on considerable manufactures of linen and
cotton, and exports large quantities of salmon. Perth is
agreeably seated (with a beautiful approach to it,) on the
western bank of the Tay, which is here crossed by an elegant
stone-bridge ol 9 arches (to which tlie tide comes up, the river
being navigable for small vessels) 38 miles N. N. W. of
Edinburgh,
PE'RTHSHIRE, a county of Scotland, bounded on the N.
by the sliirts of Inverness and Aberdeen, on the E. by Angus-
sl'iire and the Friih of T.iy ; on the S. E. and S. by the coun-
ties of Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, and Stirling ; and on the
\V. by Dumbartonshire aad Argyleshire. It extends about 60
miles from N. to S. and iq>war(ls of 50 from E. to W. The
northern ilistrict, called Athol, is uncommonly wild and moun-
tainous : the five others, viz. Briedalbane, Gourie, Monteith,
Slormont, and Strathern, are more champaign, and fertile in
corn and pasture.
PEliriN A'CIOUS, ( pertinasldous ) a- [from pertineo, to
hold fast or pertain, Lat.] obstinate ; stubborn ; not to be
convinced : constant, resolute.
PKRTINA'CIOUSLY, ( pertinashiously ) ad. obstinately ;
stubhornlv.
PERTINA'CIOUSNESS, (pertindsldousness ) PERTINA-
CITY, s. obstinacy. Stubbornness. Resolution. Con-
stancy.
PE'RTINACY, s. [from pertineo, to hold fast or pertain,
Lat.] obstinacy, steadiness, or persistency.
PE'RTINEXCE, or PE RTINENCY, s. [from pertineo, to
hold fast or pertain, Lat.J justness of relation to tlie matter in
hand ; propriety or suitableness to the purpose.
PE'RTINENT, a. [pertinens, from pertineo, to hold fast or
pertain, Lat.J opposite ; suitable to the purpose. Relating ;
regarding ; concerning. Used with to,
PE'RTINEN TLY, ad. to the purpose ; appositely.
PE'RTINENTNESS, «. the quality of suiting, or being op-
posite to what it is apphed to.
PERTI'NGENT, a. [pertingens, from tango, to touch,
Lat.J reaching to ; touching.
PE'RTIiY, ad. in a brisk, lively, saucy, or petulant man-
ner.
PE'RTNESS, J. brisk folly ; sauciness, petulance ; smart-
ness ; audacity ; petty liveliness ; sprightliness without dig-
nity or solidity.
PERTRA'NSIENT, a. {perlransiens, Lat.J passing over.
To PERTURB, PE'RTURBATE, v. a. (from per,
thoroughly, and turbo, to disturb, Lat.] to disquiet, disorder,
or put into confusion ; to disturb.
PERU
crs
PERTURBA'TION, s. [from per, thoroughly, and lurbo, to
disturb, Lat.] any thing which destroys the tranquillity, or
raises a commotion of the passions. Disorder ; confusion ;
commotion ; disturbance.
PERTURB.VTOR, s. [Lat.] one that raises commotions.
PERTU'SED, (pcrtuzed) a. [from per, through, and tando,
to beat, Lat.] bored ; punched ; piercid with holes.
PERTU'SION, (pertuzhonj s. [from per, through, and
tundo, to beat, Lat.J the act of piercing or punching. A hole
made by piercing.
To PERVADE, v. a. [from jwr, through, and vado, to
pass, Lat.] to |)ass through ; to permeate ; to pass through
the whole extension. " What but God pervades, ailjutts,
and agitates the whole." T/iom.son.
PERVA'SION,('/;(;)!)«r/io»ij s. the act of passing through.
PERV'E'RSE, a. [from jier, through, and verto, to tuni,
Lat ] distorted from tlie ri^ht. Obstinate in ihe wrong ; un-
tractal>le; petulant; vexatious; peevish.
PERVE'RS[<:LY, ad. with intent to vex. Spitefully.
Crossly. With [letty malignity.
PEUVE'RSENESS, s. spiteful crossness ; petulance ;
peevishness.
PERVERSION, s. [perversion, Fr.] the act of changing or
perverting to soinetliing worse.
PERVE'RSITY, s. [i'rnmper, through, and verlo, to turn,
L.it.J crossness ; [jcrverseness ; frowardness ; peevishness ;
|)etulance.
To PERVE'RT, V. a. [from per, through, and verto. to turn,
Lat.J to misapply or distort wilhilly from the true end, mean-
ing, or purpose. To turn from right to wrong ; to cor-
rupt.
PERVE'RTER, i. one that changes any thing from good to
bad, or wilfully distorts any thing from tlie riglit purpose ; a
corrupter.
PERVERTIBLE, a. that may be easily perverted.
PERVESTIGA'TION,. s. [from pervestigo, to trace
thoroughly, Lat.J diligent search or inquiry.
PEKVICACIOUS, ( pervikashious ) a. [trom pervicax, Lat.]
spitefully or peevi-hly obstinate; headstrong; stubborn.
PEIIVICA'CIOUSLY, (pervikdskiously) ad. with spiteful
obst nacy.
PERVICA'CITY,PERVICA'CIOUSNES.S,PF,'RVICACY,
i'. [from pervieux, obstinate, Lat.J spiteful obstinacy.
PE'RVIOUS, a. [from per, through, and via, a way, Lat.]
capable of l)cing passed through ; permeahle.
PE'RVIOUSNESS, s. the quality of permitting passage
through.
PERu', a large country of S. America, bounded on the N.
by Popayan, on the W. by the S. Sea, on the S. by Cliili, and
on the E. by a ridge of prodigious high mountains, called the
Cordilleras-de-Ios-Andes, being about 1500 miles in length
from N. to S. and 125 in breadth from E. to W. between the
Andes and the S. Sea ; but in other places it is much broader,
and, according to some, 200 miles. It never rains in this
country, and they hardly know what thunder and lightning
are, unless towards the tops of the above mountains ; all
the tops of these mountains are covered with snow to
a very great height, and there are several volcanoes, which
burn continually. The best houses in this country are made
of a sort of reeds like bamboo-canes, and covered with
thatch, or palni-Ieaves. Peru is inhabited by the Spaniards,
who conquered it, and the native Americans. These last,
who live among the forests, form as it were so many small
republics, which are directed by a Spanish priest, and by
their governor, assisted by other original natives, that serve
as officers. They have no distrust, for they leave the doors
of their huts always open, though they have cotton, calib-
ashes, and a sort of aloes, of which they make thread,
and several other small matters which they trade with,
and which might be easily stolen. They go naked, and paint
their bodies with a red drug, called rocu. Their skins are of
a red copper colour ; and they have no beards nor hair
on any part of their bodies, except their heads, where it is
black, long, and coarse. Those that are not much exposed
676
PETE
PET!
to the weather are of a lighter color than the rest. They have
a great number of fruits, plants, ami trees, not known in Eu-
rope ; however, some of their physical drugs are brought
over, which are of excellent use, and are well known in
druggists' shops, particularly the Jesuit's bark, and Peru-
vian balsam. This country is divided into five great au-
diences.
PE'RUKE, s. [peruque, Fr.] a periwig, or false hair worn as
an ornament, or to conceal baldness.
To PE'RUKE, V. a. to dress with adscititious hair.
PE'RUKEMAKER, s. a maker of perukes; a wigmaker.
PERU'SAL, (pcriizal) s. the act of reading.
To PERU'SE, (peruze) v. a. [from per, through, and utor,
to use, Lat.] to read. Figuratively, to observe or examine.
PERU'SER, (peruzer) s. one that reads or examines.
PESA'DE, s. [Fr.] a motion made by a horse in raising and
lifting up his fore quarters, and keeping his hind legs upon the
ground without stirring.
PE'SSARY, s. [pessaire, Fr.] a medicine of an oblong form
to thrust up the uterus, &c.
PEST, s. Ipestis, Lat.] a plague ; any thing mischievous or
destructive.
To PE'STER, V. a. [pester, Fr.] to disturb, perplex, harass,
vex, turmoil, encumber.
PE'STERER, s. one that pesters or disturbs.
PE'STEROUS, a. encumbering ; cumbersome.
PE'STHOUSE, s. an hospital for persons infected with the
plague ; a lazaretto. _ j /• ,
PESTI'FEROUS, a. [from pestis, a pestilence, and/ero, to
bring, Lat.] infectious like the plague. Destructive ; mis-
chievous ; pestilential ; maligiiaul ; contagious ; belonging to
the p'a.ue. , ■ x i
PE'STILENCE, «. [ pestilence, Fr. pestilentxa, Lat.J a con-
tagious distemper ; plague ; pest.
PE'STILEN'T, a [ pestilence, Lat. pestilent, Fr.J producing
plagues ; mischievous ; destructive. In ludicrous language,
u.-ed to exaggerate the meaning of another word.
PE.STILE'XTIAL, (pesiilenstual) a [pestilentiel, Fr.J
partaking of the nature of, or producing the plague. Conta-
gious ; destructive ; pernicious.
PE'STILENTLY, ad. n.ischievoiuly ; d.stiuclively.
PESTILLA'TION, s. [from pistillum, a pestle, Lat.] the
act of breaking or pouniliig in a 11101 tar. _ »
PE'.STLE, s- [from pinso, to bruise, Lat,] an mvtrument
used to pound with in a mortar. Fcstle of pork, a gammon
of bacon. . „ ,
PET, s. [from despit, Fr. tmpetus, Lat. or petit, Fr. because
it signifies only a slight resentmeiuj a slight fit of anger or re-
sentment; a cade lamb; a house lamb. Figuratively, a
favorite. , , , , i i
PETAL, s. [petalum, Lat.] in botany, the colored leaves
which compose the flowers of plants.
PE'TALOUS, a having fimver leaves.
PE'TAR, PETA'RD, s. [petard, Fr. petardo, Ital.] an en-
gine of metal, shaped like a hat, charged with fine powder,
Severed with madrier or plank, to which it is fastened by a
rope running thiougli the rings or handles round its rim, and
is used to blow up gates, ike. u- c • .v, 1,1
PETCHE-LI, a province of China, the chiet in the whole
empire ; bounded on the E. by the Yellow Ssa ; on the N. by
the great wall ; nn the VV. by t:haii-si ; and on the S. by
Chang-tnng, and Honan. It contains Pekiii, the principal city
.n the empire on which 11-0 towns depend, besides a vast num-
ber of villages. All the riches of Chuia are brought into this
province, particularly to Pekin. . ^ -, , ,
PETECHIAL, (pctihial) a. [from petechuc, Lat.] marked
with ptslilential .spots.
PE'TER, St. As it is not necessary to recite, we therefore
omit, so much of the hitory of this great apostle as is related
in
sai
the Gospels and the Ads, and shall only mention what is
id of him by profane aithors. The particulars of St. Peter's
life are little known, from the .ilsl year of the vul(;ar era, in
which the council of Jerusalem was held, till his last journey
to Kume, which was some time before his death. Being
soon thrown into prison, it is said he continued there nine
months ; at last he was crucified at Rome, in the Via Ostia,
with his head downwards, as he himself had desired of
his executioners ; this he did out of humility, as thinking it too
great an honor to suffer in the same m.mner as his master
Christ had done. His festival is celebrated with that of
St. Paul on the 29th of June. St. Peter died in the Sfitli year
of the vulgar era, after having been bishop of Rome, (as some
writers aflarm) 21 or 25 years. His age might be about 71 or
75 years.
PETERBOROUGH,!' P^terJoroJ a town or city of North-
amptonshire, with a bishop's see, and a market on Saturday.
It is not a large place ; for it has but one parish church be-
sides the cathedral, which was formerly a monastery, and is a
majestic structure. It sends two members to parliament. It
contains about 3,500 inhabitants, and is 38 miles S. of Boston,
and 7 7 N. by W. of London.
PE'TER-PENCE, an ancient levy or tax of a penny on each
house throughout England paid to the pope.
PETERSBURGH, a large handsome city of Russia, and in
Ingria, built by Peter the Great, czar, of Muscovy, in 1703,
and is the capital town of the whole empire. It is of prodigi-
ous extent, and contained not long ago 60,000 houses, great
and small. There are built here many palaces, a college, a
military school, and an exchange. Trade flourishes greatly
here, because it is the seat of the emperors, and because
foreigners have the same privileges as the natives of the place.
All religions are tolerated, and there are packet-boats, by
which iiitelligeiiee is conveyed to different places. The in-
habitants also carry on a trade with the Cliinese and Per-
sians. They have woollen and linen manufactures here,
paper-mills, powder-mills, places for preparing salt-petre,
brimstone, and laboratories for fireworks. Here are also yards
for making ropes, caliles, and tackling for ships ; a foundery,
where cannon and mortars are cast ; as also a printing-house.
Some streets of this city are regular and well-built ; and
among the most elegant structures may be reckoned the
great chancellor's house, that of the vice-chancellor, and some
others. They are mostly brick, plastered over ; and though
the climate is so very cold, yet they have more windows than
they generally have in England. There are 20 Russian
churches, and l Lutheran, besides those of the Calvinists,
Dutch, Eiighsli, and Roman Catholics ; and the nnmlier of in-
habitants are now reckoned at 126,7011, iniisl of whom came
to settle here fioiu other countries, there bring not many origi-
nal Russians among them. It is 355 miles N. VV. of JIoscow,
550 N. E. of Vienna, 525 X. E. of Coiienhagen, 300 N. E. of
Stockholm, and 1250 N. E. of Paris. Lat. 59. 56. N. Ion. 30.
19. E.
PE'TERSFIELD, a handsome town of Hampshire, with a
market on Saturday. It is 18 miles N. E. of Portsmouth,
59 S. W. of Loiidoii, ami sends two menihers to parlia-
ment.
PE'TERWORT, s. a plant.
PE'THERTON, NORTH, a town of Somersetshire, 8 miles
N. E. of Taunton, 12 N. \V. of S. Pelherton, and 140 VV. by
S. of London. JIarket on Saturday.
PE'THEllTON, SOUTH, a town in Somersetshire, with a
maiket on Tuesday. It is seated on the river Parret, 18 miles
S. by W. of Wells, and 131 VV. by S. of London.
PE'TIT, (petty) a. [Fr.] small, little, trivial ; iiiconsidera
ble.
PETI'TION, fpetwAonj «. [fiom pcto, to request, Lat]
rtiiuest; intreaty ; supplication. Prayer; or a single article
of a praver.
To PiVri'TION, (petUhon) v. a. to request, solicit, suppli-
cate.
PKTI'TIONARILY, ad. liy way of begging the ques-
tion.
PETI'TION\RY, (petUlwnartf) a. supplicatory ; contain-
iiig petitions or reipie-ts.
PETI'TIONEK, ( petishoncr ) s. one who petitions.
PE'l'lTORY, «. [from peto, to re<piest, I.at.J petilioiiing
claiming the property of any thing.
PHAN
PHIL
677
PE'TRE, (pker) s. [from petra, a stone, Lat.J nitre or salt-
petre.
PETRE'SCENT, a. [from petra, a stone, Lat.] growing or
turning into stone.
PETRI FA'CTiOX, s. [from petra, a stone, and facio, to
malfe, Lat.] the act of chaiigiug into stone. Sometliirig made
of stone.
PETRIFA'CTIVE, a. [from petra, a stone, and facio, to
malce, Lat.] Iiaving tlie power to turn into stone.
PETRI'FIC, a. [from petra, a stone, and facio, to make,
Lat.] iiaving tiie power to cliange into stone.
To PE'TRIFV, V. a. [from petra, a stone, and facio, to
malte, Lat.] to cliange to stone. Neuterly, to become
stone.
PETROL, PETRO'LEUM, s. [pHrole, Fr.] a blaclt, liquid
bitumen, floating on the water of springs.
PE'TRON EL, s. [petrinal, Fr.] a pistol ; a small gun used
by horsemen.
PE'TTICOAT, (pHtiknt) s. [petty and coat} a small coat.
The lower part of a woman's dre.ss, which is tied round, and
hangs down from her waist.
PETTIFOGGER, *. [corrupted from pettivoguer, of petit
and vaguer, Fr.] a petty small-rate dabbler in law, who deals
only in trifling, vexatious, or knavish causes.
PETTIGREE, s. a shrub, called by some knee-holly, and
butcher's broom.
PE'TTINES.S, s. smallness. Inconsiderableness.
PETTISH, a. easily provoked to slight anger; fretful;
peevish.
PEXriSHNE.SS, s. the quality of being pettish.
PETTITOES, i. the feet of a sucking pig. The feet, in
burlesque.
PETTO, s. [Ital.] the breast. Figuratively, privacy.^
PETTY, a. [petit, Fr.] inconsiderable; inferior; little.
PETTYMU^GUET, s. the yellow goose-grass.
PETULANCE, PETULANCY, i. [petulantia, Lat.]
sauciness ; peevishness; winitonnes?.
PETULANT, a. [petulans, Lat] perrerse ; saucy;
wanton.
PETULANTLY, acl. with petulance ; with saucy
pertness.
PETUNTSE, or PE'TUNSE, *. one of the two earths or
fossil substances of which the porcelain waro of China is made.
The other is termed Kaolin.
l'E"TWOUTH, a town in Sussex, with a market on
.Saturday, 12 miles N. E. of Ctiicester, and 47 S. W. of
Loudon.
PEW, s. [pwje, Bel',' ] a seat inclosed in a church.
PE'WET, *. [piewit, lielg.] a water fowl. The lapwing.
PL'WTER, s. [peauter, Belg.] an arlificial metal, made
of bras?, lead, and liu. Dishes and plates made of pewter.
Adjectively, any thing made of pewter.
PE'VVTERER, s. one that dei.ls iu things made of pewter ;
a smith who works in pewter.
PlI. The reader will remember that ph has the sound of/"
iu all the following words.
PILENOAIENON, s [from phainomai, to appear. Or.] an
appearance in the works of nature or the heavens. Any
thing that strikes by its novelty.
PHAGEDE'NA, s. [from pliaigo and edo, both signifying
to eat, Gr.] an ulcer where the sharpness of the humours eats
away the tlesh.
PHAGEDE'NIC, PllAGEDE'NOUS, a. [phagidSnique
Fr.] eating, corroding.
PHALa'NGER, s. in zoology, an animal of the oppossum
kind, which inhabits the East India islands.
PHA'LANX, s- [Lat.] a large square battalion of infantry,
set close to each other, with their shields joined, and pikes
turned cross-ways. In anatomy, the three rows of small
bones in the fingers.
PHA'NTASM, (fimtazm) PHANTA'SMA, (fant&zma)
s. [from phainomai, to apiiear, Gr.J something appearing
only to the imagination.
PHANTA'.STIC, PHANTA'STICAL, a. [from phainomai,
to appear, Gr.] See Fantastical.
PHA'NTOIVI, *. [phantomc, Fr.] a spectre or apparition. A
fancied vision.
PHARISA'ICAL, (I. (from the Phari.sees, a religious sect
among the Jews, remarkable for their hypocrisy) like a Phari-
see ; hypocritical ; having an external appearance of religion,
but inwardly vicious.
PHA'RISEES, a famous sect of the Jews, who distin-
guished themselves by their zeal for the traditions of the
elders, which they derived from the .same fountain with the
written word itself; pretending that both were delivered to
Moses on Mount Sinai, and were therefore both of equal au-
thority. From their rigorous observance of these traditions,
they looked on themselves as more holy than other men, anri
therefore separated themselves from those whom they
tliought siiniers or profane, so as not to eat or drink with
them ; and hence, from the Hebrew word parasli, which
signifies to separate, they had the name of Pharisees, or
Separatists.
PHARMACEUTIC, PHARMACEUTICAL, a. [from
pharmakon, a medicine, Gr.] relating to the knowledge or
art of pharmacy, or preparation of medicines.
PHAK.MACO'LOGIST, i. [from phiinnahon; a medicine,
ami logos, a discourse, Gr.] one who writts upon drugs.
PHAli.MACO'LOGY, 4'. [from jihurmaUon, a medicine,
and logos, a discourse, Gr.] the know l.dge of drugs and medi-
cines.
PHARMACOPOE'IA, s. [from pharmahon, a medicine,
ajid poieo, to make, Gr.] a dispensatory ; a book containing
rules lor the conipiisition of medicines.
PH ARM ACO'POI, I.ST, f. [Irum pharmakon, inedicine,
and poUo, to deal, Gr.] an apothecary ; one who sells medi-
cines.
PHA'RMACY, s. [from piMrmakon, medicine, Gr.] the art
of choosing, (ireparirig. and mixing medicines.
PHA'RUS, or PHARE, s. [Gr.] is a light house or a
pile raised near a port, where a fire is kept burning in the
night to guide and direct vessels near at hand.
PHARYNGO'TOJIY, s. [from pharynx, the wind-pipe,
and temno, to cut, Gr.] the act of making an incision into the
wind-pipe, used when some tumour hi the throat hinders
respiration.
PHA'SELS, s. [phaseoli, Lat,] French beans.
PHA'SIS, s. [from phainomai, to appear, Gr. plural phases.^
the several appearances of illumination observed in the
planets. The several manners in which the planets appear
illuminated by the sun, as seen from the earth.
PHAS.M, (fazm) s,[kom |)/i«inomai, to appear, Gr.] ap-
pearance ; phantom.
PHE'ASANT, (fezant) s. [phasianus, Lat. from Phasis, the
river of Colchi.-J a kind of wild cock of exquisite taste.
PHE'ASANT-EYE, *. in botany, a plant with scarlet
blossoms; called also Adonis flower, red-maithes, and red-
morocco, found in corn-fields, and flowering in June and
July.
To PHEESE, (feeze.) a. [perhaps it should be written
fease] to curry or comb.
PHE'NICOPTER, t. [from phoinix, purple, and pteron,
a wing, Gr.] a kind of bird.
PHE'NIX, s, [phoenix, Lat. phoinix, Gr.] a fabulous bird,
of which there is supposed to be but one existing, from
whose a.'hes a young one is said to proceed. In astronomy,
a constellation in tlie southern hemisphere.
PHENOMENON, s. [phenomene, Fr. from phainomai, to
appear, Gr.] being naturalized it has changed its ce into an e.]
See Pu.ENOMF.NON.
PHI'AL, s. [phiala, Lat. paiole, Fr.] a small bottle of a cy-
lindrical form.
PHILADELPHIA, the capital of Pennsylvania, and lat-
terly of all the United States of North America, is situated
on a neck of land at the confluence of the rivers Delaware
and Schnylkill. The length of the city from E. to W. that
679
PHIL
PHLO
is, from the Delaware to tlie Schuylkill, upon the original
plan, is 10,300 feet, and the breadth N. and S. is 4837 feet.
Not two-fifths of the plot covered by the city charter, are
yet built u|)on. The circumference, however, of that part
of the. city which is built, if we include Kenshigton on the
N. and Southwark on the S. is about 5 miles. Jliukft Street
is 100 feet wide, and runs the whole length of the city from
river to river. Near the middle of it, it is intersected at
right angles by Broad Street, 100 feet wide, running nearly
^ N. and S. quite across the city. Between the Delaware and
Broad Street, are 10 streets, nearly equidistant, running
parallel with Broad Street ; and between Broad Street antl
the Schuylkill, are 9 streets, equidistant from each other.
Parallel to Market Street are 8 other streets, running E. and
W. from river to river, and intersecting the cross streets at
right angles. All these streets are 50 feet wide, except
Arch Street, which is 66 feet wide, and all the streets which
run N. and S. except Broad Street, are also 50 feet wide.
There are 4 squares of 8 acres each, one at eacli corner
of the city, originally reserved for public uses ; and in the
centre of the city, at the intersection of Market Street and
Broad Street, is a square of 10 acres, reserved in like man-
ner, to be planted with rows of trees for public walks. Most
of the houses have a small garden and orcliard ; and from
the river are cut small canals, equally agreeable and bene-
ficial. The wharfs are also fine and spacious ; the ware-
houses large, numerous, and commodious ; and the docki
for ship-building well adapted to their purposes. Tiiis city
was founded in 1(382, by the celebrated ^Villiam Penn, a
Quaker, who, in 1701, granted a charter, incorporating the
town under the government of a mayor, recorder, 8 alder-
men, 12 common-council men, a sheritF, and a clerk. In
1792, Philadelphia contained 5000 houses, in general hand-
somely built of brick, and about 40,000 inhabitants. The
state house is a magnificent budding, erected in 1735, Phi-
ladelphia is 07 miles S. W. of New York, 356 S. W. of
Boston, and 118 N. of the entrance of the Delaware into the
Atlantic Ocean. Lat 39. 57. N. ion. 75. 14. \V.
PHILANDER, s. in zoology, an animal of the opossum
kind abcnit the size of a rat which is found in S. America.
PHILA'NTHBOPY, i. [from pliileo, to love, and anthropos,
a mai>, Gr.] gi.od nature; the love of mankind; general
benevolence.
PHILI'PPICS, s. a name given to the orations of De-
mosthenes against king Philip of Macedon ; being esteemed
the master [)iecrs of that great orator. The same term is
also applied to the fourteen orations of Cicero against Mark
Aiit^iony. Any invective declamation.
PHI'LIPPINE or MANif.LA Islands, a very large group
of islands in the Eastern Indian Se.i, first discovered by
Magellan in 1521. The air is very hot and moist, and the
soil fertile in rice, and many other useful vegetables and
fruits. The trees are always green, and there are ripe fruits
all the year. There are a great many wild beasts and birds,
quite unknown in Europe. The inhabitants are not all of
one original. The principal of these islands are Manilla,
or Leuconia, and Mindanao, whose ca]iital towns have the
same names. In the year 1504, Dun Louis de Velasctt,
viceroy of Mexico, sent Micliael Lopez Delagasi)es thither
with a fleet from Mexico, and a force sufficient to nn.ke a
conquest of these islands, which he named the PhilippiTies,
in honour of Philip II. then on the throne of Spain. They
have ever since remained subject to that crown. Lat. from
6. 30. to IH. 15. N. Ion. from il.3. 13. to 127. 13. R.
PHI'LIPS-NO'UTON, a town in Somertshirc, with a
market on Thursday. It is 7 miles S. of Bath, and 104 W.
of London.
PHILtJI.OtJER, s. [from phileo, to love, and logos,
lantnnge, (ir.] one who makes languages his chief study.
PniLOI,0'(;iCAL, a. [from pliileo, to love, and logos,
language, (Jr.] belonging to the study of grammar or
Luiguage.
PIIILOLO'GIST, I. [from phiUo, to love, and logos,
language, Gr.] a grammarian ; critic, or one that understands
languaije.
PHILO'LOGV, s. [(mmpMleo, to love, and /of/of, language,
Gr.] a science, or rather assemblage of several sciences,;
consisting of grammar, rhetoric, poetry, antiquities, hi-tory,
and criticism. It is a kind of universal literature, conversant
about all the sciences, their rise, progress, authors, 6iic. It
makes what the French call the Belles Lettres. In the uni-
versities it is called the Humanities. Anciently, it was only
a part of grammar.
PHI'LOJIEL, or PHILOMEXA, s. [Gr. and Lat.] the
nightingale.
PHI'LOMOT, fl. [corrupted (rom feuile mart, a dead leaf,
Fr.] of the colour of a dead leaf.
PHILO'SOPHEME, s. [from phileo, to love, and sopliia,
wisdon), Gr.] principle of reasoning; theorem. Seldom,
used.
PHILO'SOPHER, s. [philosophus, Lat. from phileo. to love,
and Sophia, wisdom, Gr.] a person who ni:ikes the nature of
things or moral duties his study. I'kilosoplier's stone, a stone
supposed by alchymists to turn every thing it touohetl into,
gold,
PHILOSO'PHIC, PHILOSO'PHICAL, a. [pMlosophique,
Fr.] belonging to a philosopher ; formed by phiiosopliy ;
skilled in phihisnphy.
PHILOSOPIII<J.\LLY, ad. in a philosophical manner;
rationallv ; wiselv.
To PHILOSOPHIZE, v. a. [from phileo, to love, and
Sophia, wisdom, Gr.] to moralize ; to reason like a philosoiiher ;
to iuq\iire into the causes of etfects.
PHILO'SOPHY, s. [philosophia, Lat. from phileo, to love,
and Sophia, wisdom, Gr.] the knowledge of nature and
morality, founded on reason and experience. An hypo-
thesis or system for explaining natural effects. Reason-
ing.
PHILOSTO'RGY, s. [from phileo, to love, and storge,
natural affection, Gr.] natural alFection ; the love of parents
towards their children.
PHILO'TIMY, s. [from phileo, to love, and time, hor.our,
Gr.] love of honour; ambition.
PHILO'XENi', s. [from phileo, to love, and xenos, a
stranger, Gr.] hospitality ; kindni's.': to strangers.
PHI'LTER, i. [from phileo, to love, Gr.] something to
cause love.
To PHILTER, V. a. to chatm to love.
PHIZ, orPHYZ, s. [i'rom phi/siognomy] the face, visage, or
countenance, ludicrously.
PHLf.BO'TOAHSr, s. [from phleps, a vein, and tetnno, to
cut, Gr.) one tliat opens a vein, a blood-letter.
To PHLEBOTOMIZE, v. a. [from phleps, a vein, and
temno, to cut, Gr.] to open a vein, or let blond.
PHLEBO'TOMY, s. [from phleps, a vein, and temno, to
cut, Gr] the act of openini; a vein ; or letting blood.
PHLEGJI, (JiemJ s. \phlegma, Gr. phlvgma, Fr.] tlie watery
humour of the blood, which is supposed to produce
slutrgishness.
PHLE'GMAGOGUE, (ftegmagog) s. [from phlegma,
phlegm, and ago, to drive, Gr.] a purge of the unlder
sort, supposed to evacuate plilegm, and leave the other
humours.
PHLEGM A'TIC, a. [phlegmatiijue, Fr. from phlegma,
phlegm, Gr.] abounding in water or phlegm Dull ;
cciUi
PHLE'GMON, s. [{torn phlcgo, to burn, Gr.] an inflamma-
tion ; a burning tumour.
PHLE'GMOXOUS, a. [from phlego, to burn, Gr.] iu-
llaiumatory ; burning.
PHLEME, 4-. [from phlebotomt/, sometimes written fleam']
a pointed instn\ment placed on the vein of a horse, and
driven into it with a blow, in bleeding. A fleam.
PHLOGISTIC, a. in the old chemistry belonging to
phlogiston. 1
I'll Lot; rSTICATED, a. in the old chemistry impregnated
with phlogiston.
PH YS
PHLOGI'STON, s. [from phlogistos, iiidammable, Gr.]
in the olJ cliyinistry, an imaginary sul)Stance, supposed to be
a comliinatioii of fire witli some oilier matter, and a con-
stituent part of all inflammable bodies, and of many other
substances.
PHCENIX. i. SeePiiENix.
PHONICS, s. [from phone, a sound, Gr.] the doctrine of
sounds. Acconslics.
PHONOCA'MPTIC, n. [from ;)/ione, a sound, and kampto,
to indect, Gr.] having the power to inflect or turn the sound,
and by that means to alter it.
PHO'SPHATlvS, s. in eliymistry, salts formed by the
rombinatioii of any base with phosphorous acid.
PHO'SPHM'KS, .s. i,i chymistry, talts ibrmed by the com-
bination of any base with phosphorous acid.
PHOSPilOU, PHO'sl'HOKUS, s. [from phos, the light,
and phero, to bring, Gr. phosphorus, Lat.] the morning star,
Venus, when she goes befuie the sun. A chymical sub-
stance, which when rubbed or exposed to the air takes
fire.
PHOSPHOKE SCENT, a. in chymistry, emitting light like
phosphorus.
PtIOSPHORIC, a. in chymistry, belonging to phos-
phorus. The phosphoric acid is a compound of oxygen and
phosphorus.
PlIOSPHO'ROUS, a. in chymistry, belonging to phos-
phorus. The phosphorous acid has a smaller portion of oxygen
than the phosphoric acid.
PHO'SPHUUETS, in chymistry substances formed by an
union with phosphorous acid.
PHO'SPHURETTED, part, in chymistry, combined with
a phosphuret.
PHllASE, ('y>«;e^ 4'. [from phrazo, to speak, Gr.] a mode
of speech peculiar to a language. An expression. Style.
To PHllASE, (froze) v. a. to style, call, name, or ex-
press.
PHRASEO'LOGY, (frazcology) s. [from ;)/i/'aiis, a phrase,
and lego, to speak, Gr.] style ; diction. A phrase-book.
PHRENE TIC, PHRENTIC, a. [from phreniUs, mad,
Gr.] frantic, delirious ; inflamed in the brain.
PHRENITIS, s. [Gr.] madness.
PHRE'NSY, (frenzy) s. \phrenesie, Fr.] madness. Often
written /renr?/.
PHTHA'RT'ICKS, (tharlicks)s. [from phtheiro, to corrupt,
Gr.] corrupting medicines.
PHTHUU'ASIS, (thiriasis) s. [from phtheir, a louse, Gr.]
the lousy disease.
PHTHPSICAL, (tlzikal) a. [phthisiquc, Fr. from phthisis,
a consumption, Gr.] coughing, consumptive.
PHTHI'SIC, ( tizik) s. [from phthisis, a consumption, Gr.]
a consumption.
PHTHI'SIS, (t(zis) s. [Gr.] a consumption.
PHYLA'CTERY, s. [from phyUato. to keep, Gr.] a
bandage on which was written some sentence from the Old
Testament, worn by the Jews on their wrists and fore-
PHYSIC, Cfi'izik) s. [from phjsis, nature, Gr.] This
word originally signified natural philosophy j but is now
used for the science or art of healing. Medicine. In common
language, a purge. In the plural, natural philosophy,
To PHY'SIC, (fi'izik) V. a. to apply medicines.
PHY'SICAL, (fi/zikal) a. [physii/ue, Fr. from physis,
nature, Gr.] relating to natural philosophy. Belonging to
medicine, or the science of healing. Medicinal, or assisting
health.
PHY'SICALLY, {fjzikalhj) ad. according to nature ; ac-
cording to the principles of natural philosophy. According
to the science or rules of medicine. " He that lives physically
must live miserably." Cheney.
PHYSrCIAN, (fyzishion) s. \physicien, Fr.] one who pre-
scribes remedies for any disorder.
PHYSICOTHEO'LOGY, (fyzikotheologij) *.[from physis,
nature, and tbeolagia, divinity, Gr.] a view of the works
PICK
679
of nature in sucli a light as to display the attributes of the
deity.
PIIYSIO'GNOAIER, PHYSIOGNOMIST, (fyzionomisl)
s.[physiouomiste, I'r. from physis, nature, and i,'')i«;«on, a rule,
dr.] one who judges of the temper or future Ibrtune by the
features of the face.
PIIYSIOGNO'MIC, or PHYSIOGNO'MICAL, a. drawn
from the contemplation of the features of the face; conver-
sant ill physiognomy.
PHYSIOGNOMY, (_/}/;;i(5H0H(^) s. [pkysinnomie, Fr. from
physis, nature, and gnomon, a rule, Gr.] the act of dis-
covering the temper, and foreknowing the fortune of a
person, by the features of the fcice. The face; the cast of
the look.
PHYSIOLO'GICAL, (fyzioliigieal) a. [from physis, nature,
id logos, a i"
nature of things.
and logos, a discourse, Gr.j relating to the knowkdge of the
, PHYSlO'LOGISr, (fyziiilogist) s. [from physit, nature,
and logos, a discourse, Gr.] one versed in natural philo-
sophy.
PHY'SIOXOGY, (fyzviloyy ) s. [from physis, nature, and
logos, a discourse, Gr.] the' doctrine of the constitutioii of
the works of nature.
PHYTI'VOROUS, a. [from pkytoii, a vegetable, and voro,
to devour, Gr.] that eats grass or any vegetables.
PHYTO'GUAPHY, (fytlujrnfy) s. [from phyton, a plant,
and grapho. to describe, (ir. a description of plants.
PHY'TO'LOGY, s. [from phyton, a plant, and logos, a
discourse, Gr.j the doctrine of plants; botanical dis-
course.
Pl'ACLE, s. [from piaculum, Lat.] an enormous crime.
Obsolete.
PIA'CULAR, PIA'CULOUS, a. [from piaculum, a great
crime, Lat. ] expiatory ; having the power to atone; such as
requires expiation; criminal; atrociously bad.
PlA-MA'T£K, s. [Lat.] a thin and delicate membrane,
which lies under the dura-mater, and covers immediately the
substance of the brain.
PIA'NET, s. the lesser woodpecker; the magpie.
PIA'NO, s. in music, an Italian word for soft or slow.
PIA'NO FORTE, s. [Ital] the name of a well-known in-
strument of music, resembling a harpsichord in its front and
keys, but inferior in tone.
PIASTER, s. [piastra, Ilal.] an Italian coin valued at
about 5s. sterling. A piece of eight.
PIA'ZZA, s. [Ital.] a walk under a roof supported by
pillars.
PI'CA, s. in medicine, is a deprivation of appetite, which
makes the patient long for what is unfit for food, and inca-
pable of nourishing; as chalk, coals, ashes, cinders, &c. fre-
quent in girls, and women with child. Also the name of a
particular form of printing types, of which there are two
sizes, usually called Fica and Small Pica.
PICARDY, a ci-devant province of France, on the Eng-
lish Channel. It forms the department of Somme, the
dt'partment of the Aisne, and part of the department of the
Straits of Calais. The land is in general fertile particularly
in corn.
PICAROO'N, s, [from picare, Ital.] a robber, plunderer,
marauder, pirate.
PI'CCAGE, s. [piccagium, low Lat.] money paid at fairs,
for breaking ground for booths.
To PICK, V. a. Ipicken, Belg.] to cull; to choose. To
gather industriously. To separate from any thing that is
u.^eless or filthy. To clean by gathering off gradually. To
pierce or strike with a beak or sharp instrument, from piquer,
Fr. To rob privately, from picare, joined to pocket. To pick
a hole ill one's coat, is used proverbially for seeking occasion
of exposing or finding fault with another. Neuterly, to eat
slowly, and by small morsels. To do any thing leisurely.
PICK, s. [pique, Fr.] a sharp-pointed instrument.
PI'CKAPACK, ad. ("formed, by reduplication, from vack)
upon one's back, or after the manner of a pack.
680
PIEC
PIKE
PrCKAXE, t. an axe with a sharp point ; an axe not
made to cut but to pierce.
PI'CKBACK, a- [corrupted from pickpach, or pickapack] on
the back.
PI'CKED, a. [piqui, Ft.] sharp.
To PICKEE'R, V. a.[piccarc, Ital.] to pirate; to rob; to
make a flying skirmish.
PI'CKER, *. one who picks; a sharp pointed instru-
ment.
PI'CKEREL, s. [from pike] a small pike.
PI'CKERING, a town of the N. Ridiner of Yorkshire,
seated on a small brook. It is a pretty good town, and has
an old castle, in which they keep their courts for the hearing
of all causes under 40 shillings, in the district called the
Honour or Liberty of Pickering. It is 26 miles N. E. of
York, and 223 N. by W. of London. Market on Monday.
PrCKLE, s. [pekel, Belg.] any kind of salt or sour liquor
in which things are preserved. A thing kept in sour liquor.
A condition or state ; used in contempt. Pickle or pigktel,
is a small parcel of land inclosed with a hedge, which in some
countries is called a pingle.
To PI'CKLE, V. a. to preserve in salt or sour liquor. To
season, to imbue with any thing bad.
PI'CKLEH ERRING, s. See Jack Puddikg. A merry-
andrew. An arch rogue ; a buffoon ; a zany.
PrCKLOCK, s. an instrument by which locks may be
opened without the key. A person who opens locks without
a key.
PI'CKPOCKET, or PI'CKPURSE, s. one who steals any
thing privately out of a person's pocket or purse.
PI'CKTHANK, s. a person who is officious to curry fa-
vour with another by base means.
PI'CKTOOTH, s. an instrument used to clean teeth.
PICT, s. [pictus, from pingo, to paint, Lat.] a person who
paints. The Picts were a people who inhabited the East of
Scotland.
PICTO'TRAL, a. (;)iffort««, from pingo, to paint, Lat.]
produced by a painter.
PICTS' WALL, a famous barrier against the Picts, of
which some small remains are yet left. It was originally
built of earth by the emperor Adrian in l23, and in +30 yEtius
the Roman general rebuilt it of brick. It is 8 feet thick, 12
feet high, and about 100 miles in length. It began at the
entrance of Solway Frith, in Cumberland, and running by
Carlisle, was continued from W. to E. across the N. end of
the kingdom, as far as Newcastle, and ended at Tinmouth.
There are many Roman coins and other antiquities found
near it.
PI'CTURE, s. [pictura, from pingo, to paint, Lat.] a
resemblance of persons or things in prints or colours.
The science of painting. Any resemblance or representa-
tion.
To PrCTURE, ti. a. to represent by painting. To re-
present in the mind.
PICTURE'SQUE. (picturisk) a. fine; beautiful; like a
picture.
To PI'DDLE, V. n. [derived by Skinner from picciolo, Ital.
or petit. Fr. little; and Johnson supposes it comes from ped-
dle, which. Skinner says, signifies to deal in little things] to
pick at table ; to eat squeamishly ; to trille and attend to
small parts rather than the main.
PI'DDLER, s. one that picks a bit here and there at table;
one that eats squeamishly.
PIE, s. any crust baked with something in it. A mag-
pie or parti-cnloured bird, from pie, Fr. pica, Lat. The old
popish service-liook.
PI'EBALD, a. of various colours; diversified in colour.
PIECE, (peece) s. [piece, Fr.] a patch. A fragment, or
part of a whole. A picture. A composition or performance
of some artist. A single great gun, or hand-gun. A coin.
Applied to portions, and ending a sentence, it signifies each
" One ear apiece.'' More of o piece «)i(/i, implies resemblance
of the same kind or sort. In commerce, sometimes the
whole, or part of a whole.
To PIECE, (peece) v. a. to enlarge by the addition ot
something. To join or unite. To increase or supply some
defect by addition, followed by out. Neuterly, to join, to be
compacted.
PIE'CELESS, (peiceless) a. whole; compact; not made
of separate parts or pieces.
PIE'CER, (peicer) s. one who pieces.
PIE'CEMEAL, (peecemeal) a. [pice and viel, Sax.] in
pieces ; by piece and piece.
PI'ED, (pi-ed) a. [from pie'\ variegated, or composed of
different colours.
PI'EDMONT, (Peklmont) a country of Italy, having Val-
lois on the N. Milan and Montserrat on the E. Nice and
Genoa on the 3. and Dauphiny and Savoy on the W. It is
175 miles long, and iO broad. It contains many high moun-
tains, among wliich there are several rich and fruitful valleys.
The inhabitants are generally attached to the religion of the
Church of Rome, and carry on a great trade in raw silk.
PI'EDNESS, s. variegation ; diversity of colours.
PI'ELED, a. [perhaps from peeled, bald, or piled] having
short hair. Bald.
PI'EPOWDER COURT, s. [from pied, Fr. a foot, and
pouldre, Fr. dusty] a court held in fairs for redress of all
disorders committed therein.
PIER, (peer) s. [pierre, Fr.] the columns which support
the arch of a bridge.
To PIERCE, (peerce) v. a. [percer, Fr.] to penetrate or
enter. To affect or touch the passions. Neuterly, to make
way by force into or through anything; to affect severely;
to enter or dive. Synon. Piercing implies great strength
of light, and a stroke of the eye ; penetrating, great force of
attention and reflection. Piercing seems to be executed by
a sudden glance; penetrating, by making way gradually.
PIERCER, (peercer) s. an instrument used in boring holes.
That part by which insects make holes in bodies.
PIER'CINGLY, (peercingly) ad. in a sharp and affecting
manner.
PIE'RCINGNESS, (peercingness) t. the power of piercing.
PI'ETISTS, a denomination of protestants, who arose in
Germany in the latter part of the 17th century, and became
distinguished for their exemplary piety and fervent attach-
ment to the doctrines of the Hefi)rmation. Almost every
institution which is now employed for the propagation of
the gospel is an imitation of something- of a similar nature
established by the Pietists.
Pl'ETy, s. [pietas, Lat. pike, Fr.] discharge of our duty to
God, to our parents and country.
PIG, *. [bigge, Belg.] the young of a sow. An oblong mass
of lead or unforged iron.
To PIG, V. a. to farrow, or bring forth young, applied to
a sow.
PI'GEON, *. [pigeon, Fr.] a fowl or bird bred tamely in
cotes or houses, called dove-cotes.
PIGEONLIVERED, a. soft; mild; void of spleen or
resentment.
PI'GGIN, s. See Pig. A small vessel or hand-pail. Used
in the north counties.
PIGHT, (;)i<) old preter. and part. pass, of pitch; pitch-
ed ; delermined ; fixed.
PIGMENT, s. [pigmentum, from pingo, to paint, Lat.] co-
lour to lie laid on any body ; paint.
PIGMY, s. [from pggmaios, Gr.] a small nation, fabled to
have been (levo\ued by cranes. Figuratively, a person of low
stature; any thing inconsiderable.
PIGNOHA'TION, s. [from pignus, a pledge, Lat.] the
act o' pledging.
PI'tiNUT, s. an earth nut.
PI'tilUTUDE, s. [from piger, slothful, Lat.] laziness;
slntlifuliicss ; weariness.
Pl'tJSNEY, J. [from piga, a girl. Sax.] a word of fondness
ton /.irl. Used by Bntler lor tlie eye of a woman.
ViliK, s. [picijuc, Fr.] the longest-lived fresh- water-fish ;
it is siililary, melancholy, and bold A long lance used by
foct .M.ldiers, before the invention of bayonets, and very
PILL
PINE
881
much used by the French in the beginning of the last war,
before they were provideci with iniisqiiets for the many thou-
sands that joineii their armies. A fork used in husbandry.
Among turners, two iron spilces or sprigs l)etween which any
thing is fastened.
PI'KED, a. [pique, Fr.] sharp ; ending in a ponit.
PI'KEMAN, s. a soldier armed with a piltc.
Pl'KESTAFF, s. the wooden staff or the frame of a [like.
PILA'STER, f. [;^i7«i<ie, Fr. pilastro, Ital ] in architecture,
a square pillar, sometimes insulated, or set within a wall, and
only showing a fourth or fifth part of its thickness.
PILCH, s. See Pilch ER. A kind of clout of (laiuiel, used
to keep infants from wetting their beds by urine.
Pl'LCHAKD, s. a tish like a herring, but .smaller.
PI'LCHEK, [from pellis, a skin, Lat.] any cout or garment
made of >kin or lined with fur. A furred gown.
PILE, s. [pile, Fr. pyle, Be!g.] a strong piei-e of wood, or
Stake driven into the ground to make a fomulation firm. A
heap. Any tiling heaped together to he burned. At: edi-
fice or building. A hair, from pilus, Lat. the nap of cloth
or velvet. One side of a coin ; the reverse of a cross, from
pila, Ital. The head of an arrow, from piliim, Lat. In the
plural, the hsemorrhoiils.
To PILE, I', a. to heap. To fill with something heaped.
PI'LEATED, a. [from pileus, a cap, Lat.] in the form of a
cover or hat.
PI'LER, s. one who accumulates.
To PI'LFEU, V. a. [pillev, Fr. or from pelf] to steal. Neu-
terly, to practise petty theft.
PI'LKEKER, s. one who steals petty things.
PI'LFERINGLY, ad. with petty larceny ; filchingly.
PI'LFERY, s. petty theft.
PI'LGUIM, s. [pelgrim, Belg.] one who travels on a reli.
gious account ; a wanderer.
To PI'LGRIM, V. 71. to wander ; to ramble. Not used.
PI'LGKIMAGE, s. [|)^/e)-iMa^e, Fr.] a journey on a reli-
gious account.
PILL, a small town of Somersetshire, with a road for
shipping at the mouth of the Avon, about 4. miles below
Bristol. The most beautiful and romantic views are pre-
sented in navigating the intervening channel.
PILL, s. [pilula, Lat. pillule, Fr.] a medicine made into a'
round mass like a pea.
To PILL, V. a. [piller, Fr.] to rob or plunder. To strip
ofF the bark, used for peel- Neuterly, to be stript away ; to
come off in flakes or scoria, more properly jteel.
PI'LLAGE, s. [pillac/e, Fr.] plunder. The act of plun-
dering.
To PI'LLAGE, ». a. to plunder ; to spoil.
PI'LLAGER, f. a plunderer; a spoiler.
PI'LLAR, s. [pilier, Brit, pilar. Span, piler, Brit, and
Armoric] a column. A supporter. In botany, the cylindri-
cal substance that supports the hat of a fungus, as in the
common mushroom. Also the little shaft upon which the
feather of downy seeds is placed, as in the dandelion.
PI'LLARED, a. supported by columns. Resembling a
column.
PI'LLAU, a considerable sea-port of Prussia, situated on
a tongue of land, which projects into the Baltic, at the en-
trance of the Frisch Haff, 22 miles S. W. of Koningsberg.
Pl'LLION, s. [from pillow] a soft saddle used by women
in riding behind a horseman. A low saddle ; a pannel ; a
pad. '
PI'LLORY, s. [pillori, Fr.] a frame erected on a pillar,
having three holes through which the head and hands of a
criminal are put, when he is exposed to the public.
To Pl'LT.OUY, V. a. to expose in a pillory.
PI'LLOW, (pillo) s. [pulewe, Belg.] a bag of down or
feathers laid under the head when a person sleeps.
To PI'LLOW, (piltdj V. a. to rest or support any thing on a
pHlow.
PI'LLOWBEER, PI'LLOWCASE, j. the cover of a
pillow.
4 S
PI'LLWORT, s. in botany, the globular peppergrass ; a
kind of fern.
PILO'SITY, *. [from pilus, a hair, Lat.] hairiness.
PILOT, .- [f>ilote, Fr.] one who steers a ship.
To PI'LOT, ». a. to steer or conduct a ship.
PI'LOTAGE, s. [piliitaije, Fr.] a pilot's skill; knowledge
of coasts. A pilot's hire.
PILSER, s. the moth or fly that runs into a (lame.
PiME'NTO, s. [pimetit, Fr.] a kind of a spice, of a round
figure, called .Jamaica pi'|ipcr.
PIMP, s. [pinye, Fr.] one who provides gratifications for
the lusts of another. A procurer; a pander
To PIMP, t'. a. to provide gratifications for the lust of
another; to pander ; to jirocure.
PIMPE'RNEL, s. in botany, the anagallis of Liniiaens.
The British species is known by having undivided leaves, a
trailing stem, and red blossoms. Also a kind of speedwell,
with pale purple blossoms. The bastard pimpernel is the
centunculus of Liniia;us, found in moist sandy ground. The
round-leafed water-piiTipernel, or marsh-woit, is the snmolus
of Linnaeus, having oblong egg-shaped leaves, and white
blossoms. The yellow pimpernel of the woods is a species of
lysimachia, or loosestrife.
PI'JIPING, a. [pimple mensvh, Belg.] little, petty Worth-
less ; mean.
PI'MPLE, s. [pompelle, Fr.] a small red pustule.
Pl'MFLEU, a. having red pustules.
PIN, s. [espini/lc, Fr.] an instrument chiefly used by
women in a<ljusting their dress. Pins are made of brass
wire blanched. Ihey reckon 25 workmen succes^rvely
employed upon each pin between the drawing of the brass
wire and the sticking of the |)in in the paper. Any thing to
hold things together; a peg, a bolt. That which locks the
wheel to the axle, called a linch-pin ; an iron instrument
used in fastening bars and window shutters. The pegs of a
musical instrument. The centre. " The very pin of his
heart." S/iak. A horny induration, or inflammalion of the
coats of the eye. RoUing-pin, a piece of wood of a cylindri-
cal form, used in rolling paste. A note, strain, in low
language.
To PIN, c. a. to fasten with pins. To join. To confine
as in a pinfold, from pindan, Sax. To fasten; to make
fast.
PI'NC.'iSE, s. a pincushion.
PI'NCERS, s. [pincette, Fr.] an instrument consisting of
two legs moving on a rivet, with which nails are drawn, or
any thing held fast. The claws of an animal.
To PINCH, V. a. [pincer, Fr.] to squeeze between the
fingers or teeth. To hold hard with an instrument. To
squeeze till the flesh is pained or livid. To pre.-is between
hard bodies. To distress; to pain. To gripe; to straiten.
To drive to difficulties. To try thoroughly ; to squeeze out
what is contained. Neuterly, to spare, or be frugal.
PINCH, s. [pincon, Fr.] a painful squeeze with the fin-
gers, or between hard bodies. A gripe. Oppression. Diffi-
culty or distress. As much as can be taken between the tips
of the fingers.
PINCHBECK, s. in metallurgy, a mixture of five or six
parts of copper and one of zinc.
PI'NCUSHION, (piiicaslw7i) s. a small bag stuflTed with
bran or wool, in which pins are stuck.
PINDA'RIC, a. in poetry, an ode formed in imitation of
the manner of Pindar; which is distinguished by the boldness
and height of its flights ; the suddenness and surprisingness
of the transitions; and the seeming irregularity, wildness,
and enthusiasm of the whole. The only remaining part of
Pindar's works is a book of odes, all in praise of the victors
at the Olympian, Pythean, Nemeean, and Isthmian games.
Pl'NDUST, s. small particles of metal made by cutting
pins.
PINE, t. [from pinus, Lat.] a tree which bears seeds
in squamous cones. The sea-pine is a kind of oar weed.
To PINE, V. a. [pinian, SaxJ to languish or wear away
682 PIPE
with any kind of misery. To languish with desire. Neu-
terly, to waste with grief. To grieve for, or bemoan in
silence.
PINE-APPLE, f. a juicy fruit of a delicious flavour, so
called from its resenibliiig the cone of a pine-tree.
PI'NEAL, a. [pineale, Fr.] resembling a pine-apple; an
epithet given by Descartes, on account of its form, to the
gland he imaeined to he the seat of the soul.
PINFEA'THEKED, a. having feathers resembling pins.
Unfledged.
PPXFULD, s. [from piniian, to shut up. Sax. and fold}
a place in which beasts are confined.
PI'NGLE, s. a small close; an enclosure.
PI'NGUID, a. [from pinguis, Lat.] fat; unctuous. Ob-
solete.
Pl'iVHOLE, s. a small hole made by a pin.
Pl'NlON, s. [pigiwn, Fr.] the joint at the extremity of a
win". A wing. A feather or quill. The tooth of a smaller
whe° 1, answering to that of a larger. Fetters or bonds for the
hands.
To PI'NION, V. a. to bird the wings or the elbows close
to the Eides. To shackle. To bind to.
PINK, s. [from Jiink, an eye, Belg.] a genus rif plant.s, five
of which are British species. An eye, generally applied to
a small one. Any thing supremely excellent. A reddish
colour, resembling that of a pink. A ship, with a round
Btern and bulging sides. A fi?h, called likewise minnow.
To PINK, I', a. [from pink, an eye, Belg.] to pierce with
small holes like eyelet-holes. Neuterly, to wink with the eyes,
from pinken, Belg.
PI'NMAKER, s. one who makes pins.
PI'NMONEY, s. money allowed a wife fur her private
expences.
PI'NN ACE, s. [pinnasse, Fr. pinnacia, Ital. pinaea. Span.]
a boat belonging to a ship of war.
PI'XNACLE, s. [pinnacle, Fr.] a turret, or elevation
above the rest of the building. A high-spiring point.
PI'NNER, s. [fi:om pinna, a feather, Lat. or pinion,] the
lappet of a head-dress, which hangs down loose. A pin-
maker.
PI'NNOCK, s. the tom-tit.
PINT, (phit) s. [pint, Sax. pinte, Fr.] in liquid measure,
half a quart. In medicine, a pound, or twelve ounces.
PI'NULES, s. in astronomy, the sights of an astrolabe.
PIONEE'R, i. [pionier, Fr.] a soldier employed in level-
ling roads, throwing up works, or sinking mines.
P TONING, s. works of pioneers.
PI'ONY, s. a large red flower, expanded io the form of a
rose, spelt likewise peony.
PI'OUS, a. [pius, Lat.] careful of the duties owed to God
and man. Religious.
I'l'OUSLY, ad. with great devotion.
PIP, s. [pj/jpe, Belg.] a defluxion, or horny pellicle, which
grows on the tip of the tongue in .birds and fowls, and cured
by |)uHing it ofT, and rubbing the part with salt. A spot on
cards.
To PIP, V. n. [pipio, Lat.] to chirp or cry like a bird.
PIPE, s. [j'ipe, Sax. pit, Brit.] any long hollow body or
tube. A tube of clay, through which the smoke of tobacco
is conveyed into the mouth. An instrument of hand music
The organs of voice and respiration, as the \vind-;)ipe. The
key of the voice. An nflice in the exchequer, so called
because the whole receipt is conveyed into it by means of
divers small pipes, quills, or channels, as water into a cistern.
A liquid measure containing two hogsheads, from peep,
Belg. or pipe, Fr.
To PIPE, V. B. to play on- the pipe. To have a shrill
sound.
PI'i'EH, t. one who plays on the pipe.
I'ri'ETliEE, s. the lilac.
PI PEUIDGE-BUSH, s. a shrub ; the same with the com-
mon barberry.
•PrPI'.WOUT, J. a plant. The wreathed pipewort has up-
right twisted stalks with seven tubes, nearly upright leaves.
PIST
and white flower-leaves. It is found m a small lake in the
isle of Skye, and flowers hi September.
PIPING, 4'. weak, feeble, sickly. Hot or boiling, applied
to water.
Pl'PKIN, i. (diminutive of pipe) a small earthen boiler.
PIPPIN, *. [from puppijnghe, Belg.] according to Skinner,'
a sharp apple, supposed by some to derive its name from the
pips or spots with which its skin is marked.
PI'QUANCY, (peekanctj )s. sharpness, tartness.
PIQUANT, (pet'/iajUj a. [piquant, Fr.] pricking; stimu-
lating. Sharp ; tart ; pungent ; severe.
PI'QUAN 1 LY, ad. sharply ; tartly.
PIQUE, {peek) s. [pique, Fr.] an offence taken. Ill-will.
Point or punctilio
To PIQUE, (peek) v. a. [piquer, Fr.] to affect with envy
or malice ; to put into a fret. To offend ; to irritate. U.sed
with the reciprocal pronouns, and followed by in or upon, to
value or fix reputation upon, from se piquer, Fr.
VlQVKE'REli, ( piheirei- ) s. a robber; a plunderer.
PIQUET, (peeket) s. [piquet, Fr.] a game at cards, played
by two persons with only 33 cards ; all the deuces, threes,
fours, fives, and sixes, being laid aside. In fortification, a
piece of wood, sharp at one end, usually shod with iron, iise<l
in laying out ground, and measuring its angles ; or driven
into the ground near the tents to tie the horses to, and like-
wise used to fasten the cords of tents ; whence to plant the
piguet, implies to encamp. In this last sense it is accenteil
on the first syllable, and pronounced picket.
PI'llACY, s. [peiratcs, from peira, craft, Gr.] the act of
robbing or committing violence on the high sea.
PrUATE, i. [Fr. pirata, L.d. p eirates, from /)«>«, craft,
Gr.] one who robs at sea. A person who steals, or clan-
destinely prints the copies of an author or bookseller.
To PI'ilATE, V. a. to publish a spurious edition, in op-
position to the proprietor of a book. Neuterly, to rob at
sea.
PIRA'TICAL, a. robbing on sea; like a pirate.
PI'SA, an anticnt, large, and handsome city of Italy, in
Tuscany, with an university. The town is seated on the
river Arno, at a small distance from the sea, in a very fertile
plain. That river runs through Pisa, and over it are three
bridges, of which that in the middle is constructed with
marble. This town is so far from having as many inha-
bitants as it can contain, that grass grows in the principal
streets. The cathedral is a magnificent structure, and on
the right side of the choir, is the leaning tower so much
talked of. The grand duke's palace, and the exchange,
are magnificent buildings, worth notice. Pisa is 10 miles
N. of Leghorn, 42 \V. o'f Florence, and 10 S. W. of Lucca.
Lat. 43 43. N. Ion. 10. 17. E.
PI'SCARY, i. a privilege of fishing.
PISCA'TION, s. [piscis, a lish, Lat.] the act or prac-
tice of fishing.
PISCATORY, a. [from piscis, a fish, Lat.] relating to
fishes.
PI'SCES, s. in astronomy, the fishes, one of the constella-
tions of the zodiac.
PISCIS VO'LANS, s. ill astronomy, the flying fish, a small
constellation in the .southern hemisphere.
PISCrVORUS, a. [from piscis, a fish, and voro, to devour,
Lat.] eating fish; devouring fish.
PISH, interj. a word used to express contemjit.
To PISH, V. n. to express contempt by hissing, or in-
articulate sound.
PI'SMIRE, s. [pisimiere, Belg.]an ant; an emmet.
To PISS, V. a. [pisser, Fr. pissen, Belg.] to emit urine.
PISS, s, urine.
Prs.S-A-BED, s. one that makes urine in bed. A yellow
flower growing in the grass ; called also dandelion.
Pl'SSBURNT, a. staineil as if with urine.
PISTACHIO, s. [pistaccki, Ital. pislacke, Fr.] a dry fruit,
of an oblong figure, pointed at each end, with a double shell
containing a kernel of a green colour.
PISTIL, or PoiNTAL, 1. (.Bot. Lat.] among botanists.
P I T U
denotes the female organ of generatioii in plants ; it contists of
three parts, the fjennen, style, anil sti£>;m'a.
PISTII.LA'TION, s. [from pisdllum, a pestle, Lat.] the
act of poumliiig ill a mortar
PrSTOL, s. [pistole, or pisthlet, Fr.] a small hand f,'iiii.
To PI'STOL, V. a. [pisUiler, Fr.] to shoot with a iiisti>l.
PISTO'LE, s. [pistole, Fr.] a gold coin struck in Spain and
Italy, generally valned at ahoiit l.Js. cd. sterling.
PISTOLE'T, *. (diiniinitire ui' pi>tol) a little pistol.
PI'STON, *. [pistott, F'r.] that part of a pomp or syringe
on which the sucker is fixed ; an emhohis ; a sucker.
PIT, s. [pit, Sax.] a hole in the ground. Tlie grave. The
ground on which cocks fight. The midille and lower part
of a theatre, fronting the stage. Any hnllinv of the body,
from pis, or pcis, old Fr. Hence the armpit. A dent made
by the finger, or caused by the small-pox.
To PIT, V. a. to sink in hollows ; to mark with small hol-
lows, as by the small-pox.
PITAPAT, s. [perhaps from pas a pas, Fr. step by step,
or palte patte, Fr.] a flnttering motion or palpitation, appUed
to the heart. A light quick step.
PITCH, s. [pic, Sax.] a black gummy juice, drawn and
inspissated by tire from the pine-tree. JMinerid pitch is
petroleum hardened by an exposure to the air. Any degree
of height, from picts, Fr. The highest rise. Degree ; rate.
Size.
To PITCH, V- a. [appiccaire, Ital.] to fix upon. To
order regularly. To throw headlong. To smear with
pitch. To darken. To pave. Nenterly, to light or drop
from a high place. To fall headlong. To fix a choice, or
tent.
PrTCIlER. s. [picker, Fr.] an earthern vessel or vvaterpot.
An instrument to pierce the ground, in which any thing is to
be fixed.
prrCIlFORK, s. a fork by which corn or hay is moved.
PI'TCHINESS, i. the quality of resembling pitch; black-
ness ; darkness.
PI'TCHY, a. smeared with pitch ; having the qualities of
pitch. Black; dark; dismal.
PlTCOAL, f. coal dug out of pits.
Pl'TEOUS, a. sorrowful ; exciting pity. Tender ; com-
passionate. Wretched ; paltry.
PlTEOUSLY, ad. in a pitiful manner.
PI'TEOUSNESS, s. sorrowfulness ; tenderness.
PI'TFALL, s. a pit dug and covered into which a person
falls unexpectedly. A trap.
PITH, s. [pitte, Belg.J the soft part in the midst of wood.
Marrow. Strength ; force. Energy. Weight ; moment.
The quintessence or chief part.
PI'THILY, ad. with force and energy.
PITHINESS, s. force or energy.
PITHLESS, a. without pith, force, or energy,
PI'THY, a. consisting of pith, applied to wood ; strong or
energetic, applied to style.
PITIABLE, a. [pitoyable, Fr.] deserving pity.
PFTIABLENESS, s. state of deserving pity.
PITIFUL, a. moving compassion. Compassionate. Pal-
try ; contemptible. The last sense is most in use.
PITIFULLY, ad. in a mournful, compassionate, or con-
temptible manner.
PITIFULNESS, s. mercy, or compassion. Despicable-
ness, contemptibleness.
PITILESSLY, ad. without pity or mercy.
PITILESSNESS, s. want of compassion.
PITILESS, a. wanting pity or compassion.
PITMAN, s- one that works in a pit.
PITSAW, i. a saw used by two men, of whom one is in
the pit.
PITTANCE, I. Ipitance, Fr.] an allowance of meat in a
monastery. A small portion.
PITTENWEEM, a sea-port town of Scotland, in the
county of Fife, seated at the entrance of the Frith of Forth,
23 miles N. E. of Edinburgh.
PITUITE, s. [Fr. pituita, Lat.] phle^.
P L A I
683
PITJJ'ITOUS, n. ffiom pituita, phi -gm, Lat. pituiteux, Fr.]
consisting of, or (nil of, phlegm ; i)lilegniatic.
PITY, «. [pitie, Fr.] the quality of feiling or compas-
sionating the pains of another. A ground or object of pity.
In the last sen.se it has a pliual.
To I'lTY, V. a. [piloycr, Fr.] to sympathize, or feel the
misfortunes of another. Nenterly, to be compassionate.
PI'VOT, s. [pivot, Fr.] a pin on which any thing turns.
PIX, s. [pixis, Lai.] a clust hi wliich the consecrated
host is kept. A chest wherein pieces of every coin are depo-
sited for trial by assay-maiters.
PIZZLE, *. the gristly parts of the penis of a beast.
PLACABl'LITY, PLA'CABLENESS, s. the quality of
being willing or easy to be appeased.
PLA'CABLE, a. [fruin placo, to pacify, Lat.] willing or
possible to be appeastd
PLA'CAKD, PLACA'RT, s. [placard, Fr. plahart,
Belg.] a declaratio)! or manifesto. A hcence for unlawful
games, &c.
To PLA'CATE, ti. a. [placo, Lat.] to appease; to reconcile.
This word is used in Scotland.
PLACE, s. [place, F'r.] that part of space which any body
possesses. The relation of distance between any thing, and
any two or more points, considered as keeping the same
distance one with another. A seat or residence. A passage
in a book. Existence. Rank. Precedence. An office, or
public employment. Room. Ground. A kind of area sur-
rounded with houses, sometimes called a court.
To PLACE, V. a. [placer, Fr.] to put in any place, rank, or
condition. To fix or establish. To put out at interest, ap-
plied to money.
PLACE'NZA, a ci-devant duchy of Italy, having Parma
on the E. Milan on the N. and W. and Genoa on the S. It
is fertile and populous, and contains mines of iron, and some
salt springs-
PLACE'NZA, the see of a bishop and the seat of an univer-
sity. It contains about 30,000 inhabitants. Placenza is 82
miles N. W. of Parma. Lat. 45. 5. N. Ion. 9. 38. E.
PLA'CER, s. one that places.
PLA'CID, a. [placidus, from placeo, to please, Lat.] gentle,
quiet. Kind, mild.
PLACI'DITY, s. [placiditas, from placeo, to please, Lat.]
quietness ; mildness.
PLA'CIDLY, ad. in a gentle, kind, or mild manner.
PLA'CIT, i. [placitwn, from placeo, to please, Lat.] a
degree.
PLA'CKET, or PLA'QUET, *. a petticoat.
PLA'GIARISM, 3. theft, or the act of stealing the thoughts
or the works of an author, without owning it.
PLAGIARY, s. [from plagium, theft, Lat.] one who
makes use of the thoughts of an author as if they were his
own.
PLAGUE, (pllg) s. [plaghe, Belg. from plesso, to strike.
Or.] a contagious disease. A state of misery. Any thing
troublesome.
To PI^AGUE, (plat/) V. a. to infect with pestilence. To
vex, torment, or tease.
PLA'GUILY, (plugihj) ad. in such a manner as to torment
over much. A low word.
PLA'GUY, (plagy, g pron. hard^ a. vexatious or trouble-
some. A low word.
PLAICE, s. [plate. Belg.] a flat fish.
PLAID, s. [Scot.] a striped or variegated cloth. An outer
loose weed worn by men and women in Scotland.
PLAIN, a. [planus, Lat.] smooth ; level ; free from rigid-
ness. Void of ornament. Artless ; nidearned. Open ; sin-
cere. Evident, clear, applied to truths. Not varied by art,
applied to music. Jlere ; bare.
PLAIN, ad. easily discovered. Distinctly, articulately,
applied to pronunciation. In a simple, open, rough, but sin-
cere manner.
PLAIN, f. [plane, Fr.] level ground. A tool used by
carpenters, &c. to level boards, &c.
To PLAIN, V. a. to level; to make even.
684
PLAN
PLAT
To PLAIN, K. n. [p/ainj)-e, Fr.] to lament; to wail. An
old word.
PLAINDE'ALING, a. acting without artifice.
PLAINDEALIN'G, s. conduct free from artifice.
PLAINLY, ad. levelly ; fiatly. Without ornament, gloss,
or artifice. Evidently; clearly.
PLA'INNESS, s- the quality of being smooth or level.
The quality of being free from ornament, deceit, or ob-
scurity.
PLAINT, s. [plainte, Fr.] an expression of grief- A com-
plaint, lamentation.
PLA'INFUL, a. complaining; ; audibly sorrowful.
PLA'INTIFF, s. [from plaintif, Fr.] one that commences
a suit against another.
PLA'INTIVR, a. [-plaintif, Fr.] expressive of sorrow;
complaining, lamenting.
PLAI'.WVORK, s. needlework without any embroidery.
PLAIT, s. (corrupted from plight, or plyght ; from ply, to
fold) a fold or double.
To PLAIT, V. a- to fold or double. To weave or braid.
To entangle, to involve.
PLAI'TER, s. he that plaits.
PLAN, s. [plan, F.] a scheme, form, or model. A plot of
any building, or form of any thing, laid down on paper.
To PLAN, t>. a. to scheme ; to form in design.
PLA'NARV, a. belonging to a plane.
PLA'NCHED, a. [plaiiM, Fr.] made of boards. "A
planched gate." Sltak.
PLA'NCHEU, i. [plancher, Fr.J a board or plank. Not
used.
PLANCHING, s. the laying the floors in a building.
PLANE, s. [from planus, Lat. Plain is used in popular
language, and plane, in geometry] a level surface. An instru-
ment used in smoothing or levelling the surface of boards ;
from plane, Fr.
To PLANE, V. a. [planer, Fr.] to make level. To smooth
with a plane.
PLA'NET, s. [planeta, Lat. from piano, to wander, Gr.]
a star which changes its situation in the heavens, and moves
m an orbit nearly circular, opposed to the comets, which
move in very eccentric ellipses.
PLA'NETARY, a. [planetaire, Fr.] of the nature of a
planet. Belonging to, or under the dominion of, a planet.
Produced by the planets. Erratic; wandering.
PLANE'TICAL, a. [from piano, to wander, Gr.] pertain-
ing to planets.
PLA'NETSTRUCK, a. blasted.
PLANIFO'LIOtrS, a. [from planus, plain, and folium, a
leaf, Lat.] in botany, having plain leaves, set together in
circular rows round a centre.
PLANl'LOQUY, i. [from planus, plain, and loquor, to
speak, Lat ) plain speech.
PLANIME'RICAL, a. [from planus, plain, Lat. and
metreo, to measure, Gr.] pertaining to the mensuration of
plain surfaces.
PLANI'METRY, o. [from planus, plain, Lat. and mttreo,
to measure, Gr.^ the mensuration of jjlain surfaces.
PLANIPE'TALOUS, «. [from planus, plaii, Lat. and
petalon, a flower leaf, Gr.] flat leaved, as when fne small
flowers are oidy hollow at the bottom, but flat unwards, as
In dandelion ai!d succory.
To PLA'NISH, ti. a. to beat, polish, or smootn by a
sammer.
PLA'NISPHERR, (pUnisfert) s. [from planus, plain, Lat.
and sphaira, a si)here, Gr.] a sphere projected on a plain. A
map of one or both hemispheres.
PLA'NITY, s. [from planus, plain, Lat- evenness,
plainness.
PLANK, s. [planche, Fr.] a thick, long, and strong board.
To PLANK, V. a. to cover with plank.
PLANOCO'NICAL, a. [from planus, plain, and contu, a
. cone, Lat.) level on one side and conical on others.
PLANOCONVEX, a. [^from planus, plain, and conveziu,
convex, Lat.) flat on one side und convex on the other.
PLANT, s. [planta, Lat. planie, Fr.] an organiral body,
produced by the earth, to which it adheres by its roots, and
receives its nurture from it. A sapling.
To PLANT, V. a. [planto, Lat.J to set in the earth in order
to grow. To procreate or generate. To place or fix. To
settle a country. To direct properly, applied to cannon.
To fill or adorn with something planted. Neuterly, to per-
form the act of planting.
PLAN TAGE, s. [plantago, Lat.J an herb.
PLANTA'GENET, s. m history, a surname borne by
many of our antient kings, the derivation of which is un-
certain.
PLA'NTAIN, [plaintain, Fr.] in botany, the plantago.
The British species are seven ; the great, hoary, ribwort,
marine, buckthorn, sea, and grass-leaved plantiin. The
bastard plantain, or mudweed, is the limo;ella of Linneeus.
The great water, star-headed water, creeping water, and
lesser water plantains, are species of thrum wort.
PLA'NTAL, a. belonging to plants. Not used.
PLA.\TATION, s. [from planto, to plant, Lat.] the act
or practice of planting. A place planted. A colony. Intro-
duction or establishment.
PL.\'NTE|{, i. [p/anfcur, Fr.] one that sets or cidtivates
any vegetable. One who disseminates or introiluces
PLASH, s. [plaslue, Belg. plabz, Dan.] a puddle or small
piece (if standing water. A branch partly cut off, and bound
to other branches.
To VhXSH, V. a. [plesser, Fr.] to hiterweave branches.
To wet by dashing water.
PLA'SHY, a. watery ; filled with puddles.
PLASM, ( plazm) s. [from plasso to form, Gr.] a matrix
in which anv thing is cast ; a mould.
PLA'.STER, or PLAI'STER, s. [piastre, Fr.] a substance
made of Unit and water, &c. with which walls are covered.
Plaster of Paris is the sulphurate of lime, of wliiLh the hills
round Paris are entirely composed. A glutinous or adhesive
salve, ftom emplastrum, Lat. formerly written in English
emplaster.
To PLA'STER, v. a. [})lastrer, Fr.] to cover with pUistcr.
To cover with some glutinniis substance or plaster.
PLASTERtR, s. [/j/aifcier, Fr.] one who undertakes or
professes plastering
PLA'STIC, a. [from plasso, to form, Gr.] having the power
of giving form.
PLASTOGUAPHY, (^plast6grafy)s. [horn plasso, to feign,
and graplio, to write, Gr.] a counterleit or false writing.
PLA S'l'RON, s. [Fr.J a piece of leather stuffed, used by
persons to receive the thrusts made in learning to fence.
To PLAT, V. a. to weave ; to make by texttue.
PLAT, s. properly plot; [plot, Sax.] a small piece of
groinid.
PLA'TA, a large, rich, and popidous town of Peru, in
S. America. It is the see of an archbishop. The silver
mines in its neighbourhood have been neglected since
the discovery of those of Potosi. Lat. 19. 10'. S. Ion. 63.
40. W.
PLA'TA, a large river of South America, that rises in the
province of Loz Charcas, in Peru. After crossing Para-
guay it tails into the Atlantic; its mouth is about 160 miles
wide.
PLA'TANE, [platatie, Fr. platanus, Lat.] the plane-tree.
I'LATE, s. [plate, Belg.] a piece of metal beat out into
breadth. Wrought .silver, from plata, Span. A small shal-
low vessel on wliicli meat is eaten, from plat, Fr. A term
also uiied by our sportsmen of the turf.
To PLATE, r. a. to cover with plates. To beat into thin
pieces.
PLA'TEN,.#. among printers, the flat part of the press,
whereby the impression is made.
PLATFORM, I. Iplat, Fr. and form] the sketch of any
thing delineated on a plain surface. A place laid out after
a model. The level place before a fortification. A scheme
or plan.
PLA'TIC Aspect, in astrology, is a ray of light cast
PLEA
PLEN
685
from one plant to another, not exactly, but within the orbit
of its own litfht
PLATI'NA, s. in mineralogy, the heaviest of all metals.
It is nearly as white as silver, and is with difficnlty fusible,
though by great labour it may be rendered malleable, so as
to be wrought into utensils like other metals. It is found in
grains in a metallic state in St. Domingo and Peru.
PLATO'NIC, a. something that relates to Plato, his
school, philosophy, opinions, or the like. Thus, Platonic
love denotes a pure spiritual affection, for which Plato was
a great advocate, subsisting between the difTerent sexes,
abstracted from all carnal appetites, and regarding no other
object but the mind and its beauties; or, it is a sincere dis-
interested friendship between persons of the same sex, sub-
tracted from any selfish views, regarding no other object
than the person, if any such love or friendship has any foun-
dation in nature.
PLATOO'N, s. Ipeloton, Fr.] a small square body of forty
or fifty musketeers, drawn out of a battalion of foot, when
(hey form the hollow square.
PL-i'TTIUl, s. a large dish made of wood or earth.
PLA'TYPUS, s. in zoology, a very remarkable amphibi-
ous animal, found in New South Wales. Us mouth resem-
bles the bill of a duck, and its feet are webbed like those of
that bird.
PLAU'DIT, PLAU'DITE, s. [from plaudite, applaud ye,
Lat.] a demand of applause made by a ()layer when he left
the stage, applause. A shout.
PLAUSIBI'LITY, (plauzihility) s. [plausibiliU, Fr.] super-
iicial appearance of right.
PhXV'SlSLE,(plai(zible)a. [from pluudo, to applaud, I.at.]
such as gain approbation irom its appearing true or right ;
specious.
PLAU'SIBLENESS, (plauzibleness) s. the quality of ap-
pearing true or right.
PLAU'SIBLY, (plaiizibly) ad. in such a manner as to ap.
pear right.
PLAU'SIVE, (plaiizive) a. [from plaudo, to applaud, Lat.]
applaudible. Plausjhle.
' To PLAY, V. n. [plegati, Sax.] to exercise in sports, plea-
sures or pastimes. To toy. To be dismissed from work. 'I'o
deceive by an assiniied cliaracter, used with upon. To game.
To move wantonly. To act a part in a drama. To act or
assume a character. To touch a musical instrument. To
operate. Ac'ively, to put in action or motion; as "he
played his eainion ;" the engines are played at a fire. To ex-
hibit drauKiiiciilly ; to perform.
PLAY, s. dismission (i'om work. Amusement. A dra-
matic peif irmauce. Game. Attion. The act of touching
or sounding a musical instrument. A state of agitation or
motion. Lilierty of aclini,' ; swing; room for motion.
PLA'YBOOK, s. a book containing dramatic composi-
tions.
PLA'YD VY, .f. a day hi which work is abstained from.
PLA'YEK, s. one who performs on the stage. One en-
gaged in gaining. An idler. A mimic. One who touches a
musical instriinient.
PLA'YFELLOW, J. a companion in any sport or play.
PLA'YFUL. a. fond of sport or diversion.
PLA'^'GAMF,, s. play of children.
PLA'YHOLFSE, s. a house where dramatic performances
are represenle'l.
PLA'YSO.M K, a. wanton ; full of levity.
PLA'YSO.MEN'ESS, i. wantonness; levity.
PLA'Yl'HLN'G, s a toy, or thing to play with.
PLA'YWIUGHT, (playwrU) s. a writer of plays.
PLEA, (plee) s. [plaid, old Fr.] the act or form of pleading.
Any thing uracil in defence, excuse, or vindication.
To PLEACH, {pleech) v. a. [pksser, Fr.] to bend or inter-
weave. Obsolete.
To PLEAD, (pleed) v. n. [ plaider, Fr.] to argue before a
court of justice. To speak for or against. Actively, to de-
fend ; to allege m favour or argument ; to oflFer as an
excuse.
PLE'ADABLE, {pleadable) a. capable to be alleged in
plea.
PLE'ADEIl, (pleeder) s. [plaideur, Fr. one who argues in
a court o( justice. One who speaks for or against.
PLE'ADIXG, (plerding) s. act or form of pleading.
PLE'ASANCE, (plei-zance) t. [plaisance, Fr.] gaiety or
merriment. Obsolete.
PLE'ASANT, (plezant) a. [from placeo, to please, Lat.]
giving a delight. Grateful to the senses. Good-humoured.
Gay, or lively. Trifling, or more apt to make a person smile
than to produce conviction.
PLE'ASANTLY, (plizantly) ad. in such a manner as to
give delight. In good humour. Lii;htly, or ludicrously.
PLE'ASANTNIiSS, {pUzantness) s. the quality which ex-
cites delight, gaiety, or pleasure.
PLE'ASAN rUY, {pUzaiUry) s. [plaisantcrie, Fr.] gaiety.
A sprightly expression ; lively talk.
To PLEASE, (plteze) v. a. [Irom placeo, to please, I^at.]
to delight, gratify, humour, satisly, or content. To be pleased,
is used to iaiply to like, or to content. To gain a|)|irohation.
Neuterly, to give pleasure ; to gain approbation ; to like,
to chiise. Synon. It is tiie air and behaviour that renders
pleasing ; good sense and good himiour, lliat renders agree-
able.
PLE'.iSER, s. one that pleases.
PLE'.^iSEMAN, {pleizeman) s. a pickthank ; an officious
fellow.
PLE'ASINTGLi', (pWrin^/y) ad. in such a manner as to
give satisfaction <ir delight.
PLK'ASIN'GNfESS, s. the quality of giving delight.
PI.E'ASUKAliLE, (plezhurable) a. affording delight.
PLhYASUUE, ( pU:hure)s. [plaisir, Fr.] the delight which
arises in the mind Irom contemplation, or enjoyment of some-
thing agreeable. Gratihcation of the passions or senses.
Approbation. The dictat-s of the will. Clhoice.
To PLE'ASURE, (pu-Jiure) v. a. to please or gratify.
An inelegant word.
PLEBE'IAN, s. [from plebs, the common people, Lat.]
one of the common or lower order.
PLEBETAN, a. consisting of mean people; popular.
Vulgar ; low.
PLEDGE, s. [pleige, Fr.] any thing given by way of se-
curity ; a pawn ; gage. A surety; bail; hostage.
To PLEDGE, V. a. [pleiger, Fr.] to give as a security.
To invite to drink, by accepting tne cup or health after
anotlier.
PLE'DGET, ».[p%j/ie, Belg.] a small mass of lint used
for wounds.
PLEI'ADS, or PLEI'ADES, s. [Gr ] in astronomy, an as-
semblage of seven stars in the neck of the northern constel-
laiiim Taurus.
PLE NARILY, ad. in a full or complete manner.
PLE'NAUY, a. [from plenus, full, Lat.] full or complete.
PI^ENILUNAKY, a. [Irom plenus, full, and luna, the
moon, Lat.] pertaining to the full moon.
PLE'NIPOTENCE, f. [from plenus, full, and poten*, power-
ful, Lat.] fulness of power.
PLENIPOTENT, a. [from plenus, full, and potent, power-
ful, Lat.] invested with full power.
PLENIPOTENTIARY, (^plenipothishiary) s. [from plt-
nus, full, and potens, powerful, Lat.] one invested with dis-
cretionary or full power.
PL EN 1ST, s. [from plenus, full, Lat,] one that denies a
vacuum, or holds that all space is occupied by matter.
PLENITUDE, s. [from plenus, full, Lat.] fulness, oppos-
ed to emptiness. Repletion. Abundance, or excess-
Completeness.
PLE'NTEOUS, a. abounding; copious; in large quan-
tities. Fruitful.
PLE'NTEOUSLY, ad. copiously; abundantly; exube-
rantly ; plentifully.
PLENTEOUSNESS, s. fruitfulness. The quality of
abounding.
696
PLOU
PLE'NTIFUL, a. copious; abounding; in large quanti-
ties. Fruitful.
FLF/NTIFUI.LY, ad. in a copious or abundant manner.
PLENTIKULNESS, s. the state of being plentiful; abun-
dance ; fertility.
PLE'NTY, s. [from plenus, full, Lat.] a state in which
every want may be supplied. Fruitfulness. Johnson ob-
serves, that this word is sometimes useil as an adjective, but
improperly, as, '• If reason were as plenty as blackberries."
Skak. Synon. By pteiiti/ is understood enough, and some
little to spare ; by abundance, more than enough.
PLE'0>fAt)M, s [from pleonazo, to abound, Gr.] in rhe-
toric, a figure in which more words are used than are neces-
sary ; as, " I saw it ipilh my own eyes."
PLERO'TICS, s. [humplereo, to till up, Gr.] in medicine,
a kind of remedies that are healing, or that fill up the flesh ;
otherwise called incariiatives, and sarcotics.
PLETHORA, or PLE'THORY, s. [from plMio, to fill
up, Gr.] the state in which the vessels are fuller of laudable
blood and humours than is agreeable to a natural state of
health.
PLETHORE'TIC, n. PLETHO'RIC, [from ;)/e</io, to fill
up, Gr.] having a full habit.
PLE'Viy, s. [pleitvine, Fr.J in law, a warrant or assur-
ance ; a pledge.
PLEU'RA, s. [from pleura, the side, Gr.] in anatomy, a
smooth, robust, and tense membrane, adhering lo the ribs,
and to the intercostal muscles, whose structure resembles
two sacks, one of which surrounds one side of the thorax,
and the other the other side, and each of them contains one
of the two lobes of the lungs.
PLEURISY, s. [pleuresie, Fr. from pleura, the side, Gr.]
a violent pain in the side, attended with an acute fever, a
cough, and d fRculty of breathing.
PLEURITIC, PLEURI'TICAL, a. [from pleura, the
side, Gr.] diseased with a pleurisy.
PLI'ABLE, a. [pliable, Fr.] easy to be bent, or prevailed
npon.
PLI'ABLENESS, s. easiness to be bent.
PLI'AXCY, s. the quality of being easily bent.
PLI'ANT, o. [pliant, Fr.] bending. Easy to take a form.
Comp'iant, or easily persuaded.
PLI'ANTNESS, s. flexibility ; roughness.
PLl'CATURE, PLICA'TION, s. [from plico, to fold, Lat.]
fold; doulile-
PLI'ERS, an instrument by which any thing is held iu
order to bend it.
To PLIGH T, (plit) V. a. [plickten, Belg-.] to pledge, or give
as surety. To braid or weave, from plico, Lat. whence to
ply or bend, and plight, pleight, or plait, a fold.
PLIGHT, (plit) s. [pliht, Sax.] condition or state- Good
case. A pledge. A fold, double, plait.
PLINTH, i. [from plinthos, a brick, Gr.] in architecture
the square member which serves as a foundation to a base of
a pillar.
PLOCE, (pUla) s. [Gr.] a figure in rhetoric, in which a
word, by way of emphasis, is so separated, that it expresses
not only the thing si(?nified, but also the quality of it; as,
my horse is a horse indeed.
To PLOD, V. a. [ploeglien, Belg.] to labour; to toil, or
labour hard. To study closely and in a dull manner.
PLO'DDEK, J. a dull, heavy, and laborious man or
student.
PLOT, s. {plot, Sax.] a small extent of ground. A plan-
tation laid out. A form or plan. A conspiracy or secret
design formed against another, from complot, Fr. The in-
trigue of a play. A stratagem. Contrivance.
To PLOT, V. n. to form schemes against another. To
pontrivc.
PLO'TPER, J. a conspirator; contriver.
PLO'Vl'.R, s. \pluvitr, Fr.] the same with the lapwing.
PLOUGH, (plou) s. [plog. Sax. and Dan.] an instrument
used in husbandry, to cut liirrows in the ground to receive
the seed. Also a kind of plane, A name sometimes given
LUM
to the seven bright stars in the constellation of the Great
Bear, on account of the great resemblance to the agricultu-
ral instrument so called.
To PLOUGH, or PLOW, v. a. to turn up the groim3 iu
furrows by a plough. To cut or divide, applied to naviga-
tion. To tear in furrows.
PLOUGHBOY, s. a boy that follows the plough; a coarse
ignorant boy.
PLO'UGHER, (j)louer) s. one who plows or cultivates
ground.
PLOU'GHMAN, (plouman) s. one that attends or uses
the plough. A gross ignorant rustic. A strong laborious
man.
PLOU'GHSHARE, (ploihhare) s. that piece of iron which
immediately follows the coulter.
PLO'W.MONUAY, (ploumonday) s. the Monday after
Twelfth-day, when our northern ploughmen draw a plough
from door to door, and l>eg money to drink.
To PLUCK, V. a. [ploccian. Sax.] to pull with nimbleness
and force. To strip off feathers, applied to fowls. To pluck
up a heart or spirit, signifies to assume courage.
PLUCK, i. a quick and forcible pull. Also the heart,
liver, and lights, of an animal, from phighk, Erse.
PLU'CKER, s. one that plucks.
VLVG, s.[plugg, Sned. plugglie, Belg.] a stopple, or any-
thing driven by force into another.
To PLUG, V. a. to stop with a plug.
PLUM, s. [plum. Sax. sometimes written plumb, but im-
properly] a roundish fruit, whose skin is covered with a fine
dust or bloom, and includes a stone ; the species are 32. A
raisin or grape dried. In city cant, the sum of 100,000
poimds.
PLU'MAG E, s. [from pluma, a feather, Lat.] feathers.
PLUMB, {plum) s. [horn plumbum, lead, hat.plomb, Fr.] a
plummet or piece of lead let down at the end of a line.
PLUJIB, {plum) ad. straight down ; perpendicular to the
horizon.
To PLUMB, (pliim) v. a. to sound or search by a line
with a weight at its end. To regulate or measure any work
by a line.
PLUMBA'GO, s. in mineralogy, carburet of iron, or the
blacklead of commerce.
PLU'MBER, (plum'er) s. \plombier, Fr.] one who manu-
factures or works upon lead.
PLU'MCAKE, *. a cake with raisins in it.
PLUME, s. [plume, Fr. pluma, Lat.] the feather of a bird.
A set of feathers worn as an ornament. Figuratively, pride.
A token of honour, or prize.
To PLUME, V. a. to pick, cleanse, and adjust the fea-
thers. To strip off feathers, from plumer, Fr. Figuratively,
to strip or plunder. To place as a plume. To adorn with
a plume. To pride one's self in any thing.
PLU'MEALUM, f. [alumen plumosum, feathered alum,
Lat.] a kirjd of asbestos.
PLUMI'GEROUS, a. [from pluma, a feather, and gero, to
bear, Lat.] having feathers ; feathered.
PLU'MIPEDE, s. [from pluma, a feather, and pes, a foot,
Lat.] a fowl that has feathers on its feet.
PLU'MMET, s. [from plumb] a weight of lead on a string
by which depths are measured, and straitness and perpen-
dicularity is ilftermined. Any weight.
PLUMO'SITY, s. the state of having feathers,
PLU'MUUS, a. [from pluma, a feather, Lat.] feathery;
resembling: feathers.
PLUMP, a. sleek; full of flesh, somewhat fat.
PLUMP, s. a cluster; several joined in one mass.
PLUMP, ad. with a sudden fall.
To PLUMP, «. a. to fatten, swell, or make large. Neu-
tcrly, to fall like lead or a stone into water.
PLUMPER, i. something held in the mouth to swell out'
the cheiks.
PLU'MPXESS, s. the state of being fleshy, fat, or in good
case.
PLUMPU'DDING, »• a pudding made with plums.
PL YM
P O E x\I
687
PLU'MV, a. [from pluma, a feather, Lat.] covered wit,
feathers.
To PI/U'NDER, ti. a. [plunderen, Belg.] to deprive a per-
son of his property, eitlier as an enemy in war, or as a
thief.
PLU'NDER, s. pillage; spoils gotten from an enemy in
war.
PLU'NDEUER, s. one who takes away the property of
another, as an enemy in war, or as a thief.
To PLUNGE, V. a. [plunger, Fi.] to force suddenly inider
water or in any licpior. I'o put suddenly into a difK^Tunt state.
Neuterly, to sink suddenly into water; to fall or rush into any
liazard or distress.
PLUNGE, s. the act of putting or sinking under water.
Difliculty ; distress.
PLUNGER, s. one that plunges ; a diver.
PLU'NKET, s. a kind of blue colour.
PLU'RAL. a. [pluralis, from pins, more, Lat.] implying
more than one. In grammar, a variation of a noun, by which
it signifies, in English and modern languages, more than
one.
PLU'RALIST, s. [pliiraliste, Fr.] one that holds more than
one ecclesiastical benelice with cure of souls.
PLUR.VLITY, i. [plarnlite, Fr.] the state of being or
having a greater number. A number more than one. More
than one ecclesiastical living. A majority.
PLU'RAI.LY, ad. m a sense implying more than one.
PLU'RIES, s. a writ issued out after two former writs that
had no effect.
PLUS, i. [Lat] in algebra, is a character marked thus -f->
used for the sign of addition.
PLUSH, s. [peluche, Fr.] a kind of shaggy cloth or silk.
PLUTO, s. \n mythology, the god of the shades.
PLUTONIAN, a. in chymistry belonging to fire, an epithet
given to that theory of the earth which supposes that the pre-
sent appearance of the globe are to be ascribed to the agency
of fire.
PLU'VIAL, PLU'VIOUS, a. [from pluvia, rain, Lat.]
belonging to rain.
PLU'VIAL, s. [from pluvia, rain, Lat.] a priest's cope.
To PLY, V, a, Iplien, old Belg.] to work at any thing with
diligence and assiduity. To employ with diligence. To prac-
tise diligently. To solicit importunately. Neuterly, to work
or offer service. To go in haste. To busy one's self. To bend,
from plier, Fr.
PLY, f. a bent, turn, form, cast, or bias. A plait or
fold.
PLYMOUTH, a large and populous sea-port of Devon-
shire, from a mere fishing town is become one of the largest
in the county, and one of the chief naval magazines in the
kingdom, owing to its excellent port or harbour, which is
capable of safely containing 1000 sail. There are, properly
speaking, however, three harbours, viz. Catwater, Sutton
Pool, and Hamoaze. The first is the niouih of the Plym,
and affords a safe and commodious harbour for merchant
ships, but is seldom entered by ships of war. The second
is frequented by merchant ships only, and is almost sur-
rounded by the houses of the town. The third iidet, which
is the mouth of the Tamar, is the harbour for the reception
of the British navy. It is defended by a fort on St. Nicholas
Island, and other forts, mounted with near 300 guns, and
particularly by a citadel, called the Haw, which overlooks
the town, and is a good land-mark for mariners. What is
called The Dock, is a separate town, situated about two
miles up the Hamoaze, and is now nearly as large as Ply-
mouth itself. Here are two docks, the one wet, the other
dry, built in the reign of William III. and two others, which
have been built since, hewn out of a mine of slate, and
lined with Portland stone. It has a good pilchard fishery,
drives a considerable trade to the Straits, and to Newfound-
land, and is seated between the mouths of the rivers Plym
and Tamar, 43 miles S. W. of Exeter. It contains about
43,200 inhabitants and is 210 miles W. by S. of Loudon.
Lat. SO. 22. N. Ion. i. 10. W. Markets on Monday, Tuesday,
and Saturday. ,
l'LViMl'r(JN, a populous town of Devonshire, seated on a
stream, which, about a mile below, runs into the river Plym,
5 miles E. of Plymouth, and 21b W. by S. of London. Market
on Saturday.
PNEUMA'TIC, PNEUMATICAL, a. [from pneuma, the
wind or a spirit, Gr.] moved by tlie wind; belonging to the
wind.
PNEUMA'TICS, t. [from pneuma, the wind or a spirit.
Or.] a branch of mechanics, which comprehends the doc-
trine or laws according to which air is condensed,
rarefied, or gravitates. In the schools, the doctrine of
spirits.
PNEUMATOCELE, s. [from pnewna, the wind, and kele,
a rupture, Gr.] a wind rupture in the scrotum.
PNEUMATO'LOGY, s. [from pneuma, a spirit, and logos,
a discourse, Gr.] the doctrine of spiritual existence.
PNEUMATOSI.S, s- [from pneuma, the wind or a spirit,
Gr.] the generation of animal spirits, which is performed in
the cortical substance of the brain.
PO, antiently Ekio.vnus, a large river of Italy, which rise*
at Mount Viso on the confines of Dauphiny. It runs through
a very extensive territory, and as it receives several smaller
rivers, which descend from the Alps, in its course, it freriuently
overflows its banks, and does a great deal of mischief: The
Po discharges itself into the Gulph of Venice by 4. different
mouths.
To POACH, (p-,ch) V. a. [from (rufs poches, Fr.] to boil
slightly or in the shell. To stab, kill, or pierce; from pocher.
to pierce, Fr. Neuterly, to steal game, from poc/ie, a
bag, Fr.
POACHER, (pocher J s. one who steals game.
PO'ACHINESS, (puchiness) s- marshiness; dampness. A
cant word.
PO' ACHY, (pochy) a. damp; marshy.
POCK, *. [pocca, Sax.] a pustule raised by the small-
pox.
POCKET, s. [pocca, Sax. pocket, Fr.] a small bag sewed to,
or worn on, the inside of clothes.
To PO'CKET, V. a. [pocheter, Fr.] to put in the pocket.
To pocket up, is to connive at ; to do any thing clandestinely.
PO'CKETBOOK, s. a book carried in the pocket, and u.sed
in taking minutes or memorandums.
PO^CKETGLASS, s. a portable looking-glass.
POCKHOLE, s. a pit or scar made by the small-pox.
PO'CKINESS, i. the quality of being afil'cted with the
pox.
PO'CKLINGTON, a town of the E. riding of Yorkshire,
seated on a stream which falls into the Derwent, 14 miles
S. E. of York, and 190 N. by \V. of London. Market on
Saturday.
PO^CKY, a. affected with the pox.
PO'CULENT, «. [from poculum, a cup, Lat.] fit for
drink.
POD. s. [from bode, boede, a little house, Belg.] according
to Skinner, the capsule or case of seeds.
PODA'GRA, s. [Lat. from pous, a foot, and a^ra, seizure,
Gr.] in medicine the gout in the feel.
PODA'GRICAL, a. [from pous, a foot, and agra, seizure,
Gr.] afflicted with the gout ; gouty ; relating to the
gout.
PODGE, s. a puddle ; a plash.
PODOLIA, a province of Polish Russia, S. of Volhinia
and the Ukraine. The river Dneister runs along the
southern borders, and the Bog crosses it almost entirely
from N. W. to S. E. It is divided into the Upper and
Lower, or the palatinate of Podolia, of which Kaminiecfc
is the capital ; and that of Bracklan-. It is a very fertile
country, and abounds with a fine breed of horses and horned
cattle.
PO'EM, t. \poema, Lat. from poieo, to make, Gr.] the work
or composition of a poet
688
POIN
PO'ESY, *. [poetis, Lat. from poieo, to make, Gr.] the art
of writing in verse. A short conceit engraved on a ring, and
then pronounced pizy.
PO'ET, *. [poHa, Lat. from poieo, to make, Gr.] an author
who invents or composes in verse.
POETA'STEU, s. [Lat.] an ignorant pretender to poetry.
PO'ETESS, s- a woman who composes or writes in
verse.
POETIC, POE'TICAL, a. [poitique, Fr. poeticus, Lat.
pointikis, Gr.] expressed in verse ; having all tlie harmony of
numbers and fertility of invention that constitute a poet or
poem.
POE'TICALLY, ad. with all the harmony of numbers and
fertility of invention that constitute a poem or poet.
To POETIZE, V. n. [poetiser, Fr.] to write like a poet.
POETRY, s [poetria, Lat. from poieo, to make, Gr.] the
art of composing pieces in verse. Pieces in verse.
POrCTIEHS, or Poitiers, an antient town of France, the
capital of Poictou. It has four abbeys, a mint, and an univer-
sity famous for law. Near this town Edward the Black Prince
gained a decisive victory over the French, taking king John
and his son Philip prisoners, in 1356, whom he afterwards
brought over into England. It is 52 miles S. W. of Tours.
Lat. 46. 35. N. Ion. 0. 25. E.
POI'GNANCY, (poinanci/) s. sharpness. The power of
raising a biting sensation in the palate. Asperity, or the
power of irritating, applied to writings.
POI'GNANT, (polnant) a. [poignant, Fr] sharp, applied to
taste. Severe. Satirical ; keen, applied to writings.
POINT, s. [Fr. punctum, from pungo, to prick, Lat.] the
sharp end of any instrument. A string with a tag at the end,
A headland or promontory. The sting of an epigram. In
mathematics, ideal quantity without breadth, thickness, or ex-
tension, pointing out the exact termination of lines, &c. with-
out occupying any part of them. A moment, applied to time.
A part required of time or space ; a critical moment. Degree
or state. One of the degrees into which the horizon or mari-
ner's compass is divided. A particular place to which any
thing is directed. Respect or regard. An aim, or the act of
aiming or striking. The object of a person's wish or action.
A particular instance or example. A single position or asser-
tion. A note or tune. " A point of war." Shak. Point blank,
directly ; alluding to an arrow's being fhot to the point blank,
or white mark. A mark used to distinguish the divisions of a
discourse, thus (.) A punctilio or nicety.
To POINT, V. a. to forge or grind to a sharp end or point.
To direct towards an object. To direct the eye or notice.
To shew by directing the tinger towards an object. To direct
towards a place, from pointer, Fr. To distinguish words
or sentences by marks or stops. Neuterly, to note with
the finger ; to indicate, as dogs do to sportsmen ; to shew
distinctly.
POI'NTAL, or PI'.STIL, s. a part of a flower, comjjosed of
the seed-bud, the shaft, and the summit. Look into the blos-
som of a plum or cherry, and in tlie centre you will see the
])ointal surrounded by chives or stamina. In the blossom of
the apple or pear, you will perceive five poinlals in the cen-
tre. In the dea<lnettle you will find the pointal covered by
the upper lip of the blossom, and forked at the top. In the
centre of the blossom of the white lily, the pointal stands sur-
rounded by six chives. The seed bnd, or germen, which is
the lower part of the pointal of this flower, is long, cylindri-
cal, and marked with six furrows. Next above this part is
the shaft, or style, which is long and cylindrical, and at the
top of the pointal is the summit or stigna, which is thick
and triangidar.
PO'INTED, part, sharp at tlie end. Epigrammatical, or
abounding in wit.
POI'NTEDLY, ad. in a pointed manner.
POI'NTEDNESS, f. sharpness; pickedness with asperity;
epigrammatical smartness.
POI'NTEL, *. any thing on a point
POl'NTER, t. any thing used to shew or direct with. A
POLA
dog that discovers game to sportsmen. In the plural, applied
to those two bright stars in the back of the Great Bear,
marked by Bayer alpha, and beta, whose direction is to the
polar star, whence their name.
POI'NTLESS, a. blunt. Dull.
POISE. See Poize.
POrsON, (polzon) s. [poison, Fr.] in medicine, an animal,
vegetable, or mineral body, wiiich destroys life, though taken
in small quantities. Venom.
To POI'SON, (poizon) v. a. to kill with any mineral, anw
mal, or vegetalile substance. To corrupt or taint.
POrSONER, {poizoner) s. one who poisons ; a cor«
rupter.
POrSONOUS, (polzonous) a, destructive, pernicious.
POI'SONOUSLY, (poizonousl)/) ad. venomously.
POISO.VOUSNESS, {poizono'us7iess) s. the quality of be-
ing poisonous ; ignominiously.
POITREL, J. Ipoictrel, Fr. pettorale, Ital.] armour for the
breast. A graving tool.
POIZE, *. [poids, Fr] weight, force, or tendency towards
the centre. Balance, or the state of a balance, in which both
scales continue even. A regulating power.
To POISE, V. a. [peser, Fr.] to balance or hold in equi-
librio. To counter-balance. To oppress with weight, fol-
lowed by down,
POI'TOU, a ci-devant province of France, on the Bay of
Biscay, fertile in corn and wine, aiiJ feeding a great number of
cattle, particularly mules. It now forms the three depart-
ments of Vendee, Vienne, and the Two Sevres.
POKE, s. [see Pocket] a pocket or small bag.
To POKE, D. a. [from poka, Swed.] to feel hi the dark To
search for any thing with a long instrument.
PO'KER, s. an iron bar to stir fires with.
PO'LACRE, s. a ship with three masts, usually navigated
in the Levant, and other parts of the Mediterranean.
PO'LAND, formerly a large kingdom in Europe, bounded
on the W. by the Baltic Sea, Branden burgh, and Silesia ; on
the S. by Hungary, Transylvania, and Moldavia; and on the
N. and E. by the dominions of Russia. The affairs of the
kingdom were for some years in a very distracted situation.
Various disturbances took place soon after the election of the
late king Stanislaus, in the year 17G4., and almost a civil war,
which was the occasion of inlroilucing tlie troops of Russia,
Prussia, and Austria. The partition of Pi.land was first pro-
jected by the king of Prussia. Polish or Western Prussia, had
long been an object of his ambition ; it lay between his German
dominions and Eastern Prussia, and, wiiilL' possessed by the
Poles, cut off, at their will, all communication between them.
By political management he brought over Russia and Austria
to his scheme. By the first disintmbtrment, in 1772, the por-
tion taken by Russia was the largest, the Austrian the most
populous, and the Prussian the most commercial. The popu-
lation of the whole amounts to near five millions of souls.
Western Prussia was the greatest loss to Poland, as the navi-
gation of the Vistula was made to depend entirely on the king
of Prussia. In the year 1793, a second partition took place.
Some attempts were made by a few patriotic noblemen to
deliver their country from their oppressors, and they were at
first successful ; but their commander, the brave Kosciusko,
being taken prisoner, and his arjiiy defeated, no farther efforts
were m.ide. Kosciusko was carried to Russia, and kept in
prison until tlie late emperor Paul came to the throne, when he
was liberated, and arrived in Englanil in 1797, from whence,
after a very short stay, he sailed for America. The king of
Poland resigned his crown at Grodno, in the year 1735.
After that the country underwent a farther partition, till it
was entirely swallowed up by the rapacity of the dividers
of the spoil. Poland therefore remained a country indeed,
but no nation ; and the imlignant Pole, in reviewing its
past histiiry and present state, might exclaim with a sigh,
" Such tilings were." — The air is generally cold, and they
have but little wood ; however, it is so fertile in corn in
many places, that it supplies Sweden and Holland with
PO L I
I'OL Y
CS9
large quantities. There are extensive pastures, ami tliey have
a large quantity of leatlier, furs, heiiip, llax, salt-petre, honey,
and wax. Tliuy have also some mines of li'ad, iron, (juick-
silver, vitriol, and sulphnr. There are three universities at
Cracow, Wihia, and Posen ; two archhishoprics, and fifteen
bishoprics. The principal rivers are the Nieper, the Vistula,
the Bug, the Nienien, the Neister, and the Bog. Cracow is the
capital town, but Warsaw was the general residence of the king.
— N. B. The year 1807, eventful in political changes, effected
also a partial revolution in Poland, aflbrded a striking in-
stance of the instability of that dominion which is acquired by
perfidy and violence ! Prussia, the spoiler of Poland, has
herself severely felt the hand of retributive vengeance ; for
among the sacrifices which the Prussian monarch has been
compelled to make to the French emperor, to purchase the
return to his own kingdom and capital, has been the surren-
der of those very provinces which had been at diffirent
time so unjustly wrested from Poland ! These have been an-
nexed to the kingdom of Saxony, under the title of the duchy
of Warsaw.
PO'LAK, a. [from polus, the pole, Lat.] found near the
pole ; lying near the pole; relating to the pole.
POLA'IUTV, s. tendency towards the pole.
POLE, s. [polus, Lat. pole, Fr.] the extremity of the axis
of the earth ; either of the points on which the world or any of
the planets turn. A long staflf, from palus, Lat. A tall pi,.ce
of timber driven into the ground. A measure contaiiung live
yards and an hal'l An instrument of measuring.
To POLE, v.a. to furnish with poles.
PO'LEAXE, s. an axe fixed to a long pole.
PO'LECAT, J. (or Polish cat, so called iiom their abound-
ing in Poland) an animal of the weasel tribe. It is larger than
the ferret, oi a deep chocolate color, and is very destructive
to game.
PO'LEDAVY, s. a sort of coarse cloth.
POLE'AIIC, or POLE'MICAL, a. [from pole/iios, war or
dispute, Gr.] controversial ; relating to dispute.
POLE'MIC, s. [from polemos, war or dispute, Gr.] a dis-
putant.
POLE'iMOSCOPE, s. [from polemos, a battle, and sliopeo,
to see, Gr. from its usefulness in war] in optics, is a kind of
crooked or oblique perspective glass, contrived for seeing olijects
that do not lie directly before the eye.
PO'LESTAK, s. a star of the third magnitude, situated at
the extremity of the tail of the little Bear, very near the north
pole of the heavens ; whence its name. Figuratively, any
guide or director.
POLI'CE, (poleise) s. fFr.] the regulation or govern-
ment of a city or country, as far as it respects the inhabit-
ants.)
POLI'CED, (polehed) a. regulated or formed into a
society.
PO'LICY, s. [politeia, from polis, a city or state, Gr.] the
art of government as it respects foreign powers. Prudence in
the management of affairs ; a stratagem. A warrant for money
in the public funds, from polica. Span. An instrument or
paper signed by any single person or company to indemnify
from losses by sea or fire.
To POLISH, V. a- [polio, Lat. potir, Fr.] to smooth by
rubbhig. To make elegant or well-behaved, applied to man-
ners. To make perfect, complete, or elegant. Neuterly, to
answer to the act of polishing ; to receive a gloss.
POLISH, s. a gloss made by rubbing. Elegance applied
to manners.
PO'LISHABLE, a. capable of being polished.
PO'LISHEK, f. the person or instrument that makes
smooth or fjives a gloss.
POLI'TE, a. [politus, from polio, to polish, Lat.] glossy ;
smooth ; also neat, well-behaved, genteel.
POLITELY, ad. in an elegant or well-bred manner.
POLl'TENESS, s. the quality of behaving with elegant
conij)laisance.
4 T
PO'LITIC, a. [from polls, a city or slate, Gr.] civil ; in this
sense political is generally used, excepting when we say the
hodi/ politic. Prudent. Artlul ; cunning.
POLITICAL, «. [from polis, a city or state, Gr.] relatir]g
to tlic public .Mdministration (i( allairs. Cunning.
POLI'l'ICALL'i', ad. with relation to public admhiistra-
tion. Artfully ; piilitic;dly.
POLITICA'STEU, s. a petty ignorant pretender to
politics.
POLIIT'CIAN, (polithhianj s. [politicien.Tr.] one skilled
in government, or in the interests of the various stales of the
world. One of artitlce or deep contrivance.
PO'LITICS, s. liiolitique, Fr. from polis, a city or stale,
Gr.] the art of governing and well-regulating states.
POLITUUE, s. [Fr.J the gloss given by polishing.
PO'LITY, s. \i'roii\ polis, a city or state, Gr.] a form of go-
vernment ; a civil institution.
POLL, (poll) s. [pollc or pol, the top, Belg.] the head ; the
back part of the-head. A list of persons or heads. A fish ge-
nerally called a chub or clievin.
To POLL, (poll) V. a. to lop the tops of trees. To pull ofT
hair from the head ; to clip short. To mow or crop. To
plunder. To take a list or register of persons. To enter or.e'S
name in a list or register at an election, as a voter.
PO'LLAKD,*. a treelopped. Aclipped coin. Thechub-fish.
PO'LLEX, s. the impregnating powder cr meal on the tips
of the stamina of flowers. A kind of fine bran.
PO'LLEU, (poller) s. a plunderer. One that enters his name
as a voter at an election.
PO'LLEVIL, s. in farriery, a large swelling, inflammation,
or impnsthume, on the horse's poll, or nape of the neck, just
between the ears towards the mane.
PO'LLOCK, s. a kind of fish.
To POLLUTE, V. a. [polluo, Lat.] to render unclean, in a
religious sense ; to defile. To taint with guilt. To corrupt
bv some bad mixture.
'POLLU'TEDNESS, s. defilement; the state of being
polluted.
POLLUTER, *. one that pollutes.
PtJLLU'TlOM, i. [pollutio, from polluo, to defile, Lat.]
the act of profaning any holy thing or place by some inde-
cency. The state of being di-filed.
POLTROON, e. a person who is afraid of danger. A das-
tardly coward.
PtJ'LY, «. [polium, Lat.] an herb.
PO'LY, s. [Gr.J a prefix often found in compound words ;
signifying many.
P0LY.4CU'UST1C. a. [from poll/, many, and ahouo, to
hear, Gr.] that multiplies rv magnifies sounds.
POLY.'i'NTHOS, *. [torn pohj, many, and unthot, a
flower, Gr.] a plant.
POLYE'DUICAL, POLYE'DROUS, a. [from poll/, many
and hedia, a se:it or side, Gr.] having many sides.
POLY'GAJIIST, s. Ykompolij, many, and gnmeo, to marry,
Gr.] one who has more than one wife at once.
POLY'GAM Y, i. [from poly, many, and tjameo, to marry,
Gr.] the state of having more wives than orit at once.
POLYGLOT, a. [from poly, many, and glotta, a language,
Gr.] having many languages. This name is principally ap-
plied to Billies, which are printed in many languages, of
which the most noted are the Complutensian Bible, published
by cardinal Ximenes, in 1515, and the London Polyglot,
published by Dr. AVolton, in 1057. This last contains the
sacred scriptures in the Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Samaritan,
Chaldee, Syriae, Arabic, Persic and Ethiopic languages.
PO'LYtJON, s. [from poly, many, andgonia, an angle, Gr.]
a figure of many angles.
POLY'GON AL, a. [from poly, many, and gonia, an angle,
Gr.] having many angles.
PO'LYGRAM, s. [from poly, many, and grapho, to write,
Gr.] a figure consisting of a great number ot lines.
POLY'GRAPHY, (polj/grafy) s. from poll/, many, and
690
POM A
POND
arapho, to write, Gr.] the art of writing in several unusual man-
neis or ciphers.
POLY'LOGY, I. [from poly, many, and lego, to speak, Gr.]
talkativeness.
POLY'MATnY, *. [from poly, many, anA numthano, to
letrn, Gr.] the ki owledge of many arts and sciences; also an
acquaintance with many different subjects.
POLYPE'TALOUS, «. [from poly, many, and petaloii, a
flower-leaf, Gr.] having many petals or flower-leaves.
POLY'PHOXISM, (polijfonizm) s. [from poly, many, and
phone, a voice, Gr.] multiplicity of sounds.
POI,Y'PODY, s. [from poly, many, and pons, a foot, Gr.]
a genus of plants; there are fourteen British species.
PO LYPUUS, a. [from poll/, many, and pous, a foot, Gr.]]
of the nature of a polypus ; having many feet or roots.
POLYPUS, s. [from poly, many, and pous, a foot, Gr.]
any thing with many roots or feet. In medicine, a tough con-
cretion of grumous blood, in the heart and arteries. A swell-
ing in the nostrils. In natural history, an animal with many
feet, approaching very near to a vegetable, which, when cut
into pieces, supplies by growth, every part with those mem-
bers it wants to make it a complete animal. Tlie production
of its young is different from the common course of nature in
other animals ; for the young one issues from the side of its
parent in the form of a small pimple, which, lengthening and
enlarging every hour, becomes in about two days, a perfect
animal, and drop^ from its nirent to shift fir itself; but be-
fore it does this, it has often another gnTwing from its side ;
and sometimes a third from it, even before the first is sepa-
rated from its parent. It >■- not easy to say what is the size of
this creature, for it can contract or extend its body from the
length of an inch iuut tlie thickness of a hog's bristle, to the
shortness of the twelfth part of an inch, with a proportionable
iiiorea-eof thiikness. Its boiiy is round and tubular, at one
end of which i-: the head, surrounded with six, eight, ten, or
more arms, wiih which it catches its prey, and at the other the
ta.l, by which it fixes itself on anything it pleases. Many
different species of polypuses have been discovered, all of which
are found in clear and slowly running waters, adhering by tlie
tail, to sticks, stones, and water plants. They live on small
insects, and are easily kept alive in glasses.
PO'LVSCOPE, f. [Ironi puly, many, and skopeo, to see,
Gr.] a multiplying glass.
rOLY'SPAST, s. [polyspaste, Fr.] a machine consisting of
many pulleys.
POLYS PE'RMOUS, a. [from poly, many, and sperma, a
seed, Gr.] Those plants are thus called which have more than
four seeds succeeding each flower, and this without any cer-
tain order or number.
POLY-SY'LLABIC, POLLYSYLLA'BICAL, a. [from
pohj, many, and syllabe, a syllable, (ir] having many sylla-
bles.
POLYSY'LLABLE, s. [from pohj, many, and syllabe, a
syllable, Gr.] a word consisting of many syllables.
POLY SY'NDETON, * [from i)o/(/, many, and syndeo, to
bind together, Gr.J in rhetoric, a figure by which a copulative
is often repeated.
POLY'THEISM, (by some accented on the penultima) s.
[from poly, many, and theos, a god, Gr.] the belief of many
gods.
PO'MACE, s. [from pomum, an apple, Lat.] the dross of
cyder pressings.
PO.MA'CEOUS, a. [from pomum, an apple, Lat.] consistiiJg
of apples.
POMADE, s. \^pomaile, Fr. pomado, Ital.] a fragrant oint-
ment.
PO'.MANDER, s. \pomme d'ambrc, Fr.] a sweet ball. A
pcrfimied ball or |)owdi r.
POMA'TU.M, *. [from pomum, an apple, Lat.] an oint-
ment so called from its formerly having ap|)les as one of its in-
gredients.
To POME, V. fi. [pommcr, Fr.] to grow to a round head
like an apple.
POMECI'TRON, *. a citron apple.
POMEGRA'NATE, y. [from pomum, an apple, and yra-
num, a grain, Lat.] a fruit so cailled from the grains or seeds
with which it abounds.
POMERA'NIA, a province of Germany, in the circle
of Upper Saxony, with the title of a duchy. It is bounded
on the N. by the Baltic Sea, on the E. by Prussia and
Poland, on the S. by the marche of Brandenburgh, and
on the W. by the duchy of Mecklenburgh ; one part be-
longing to the king of Prussia, and the other (lately) to
the Swedes. The air is pretty cold, but conipensate<l by the
fertility of the soil, which abounds in pastures and corn,
of which a great deal is transported into foreign countries.
It is a flat country, containing many lakes, woods, and
furests, and has several good harbours, particularly Stetiu
and Stralsund ; about 250 miles in lenslh, and 75 in breadth.
They have a custom here of eating all their flesh after it is
dried in the smoke. It is divided into the Hither and
Farther Pomerania, and the river Pene divides the late territo-
ries of the king of Sweden, from those of Prussia, in this duchy.
— N. B. After an ineffectual struggle, the Swedish monarch
was compelie.l to abandon the whole of his possessions in
Pomerania to the French ; part of which, however, has since
been restored.
POMl'FEROUS, a. [from pomum, an apple, and fero, to
beur, Lat.] in botany, applied to plants that bear a large fruit,
covered with a thick hanl rind.
PO'MMEL, s. [pomeau, Fr. porno, Ital.] a round ball or
knob. The knob that balances the blade of a sword. The
protuberant part of a saddle before.
To PO'MMEL, t;. a. [pommeler, to variegate, Fr.] to varie-
gate. To be.it with any tidng thick and bulky. To beat black
and blue. To punch.
POMP, J. [pompa, Lat.] splendor attending persons iu
high life. Grandeur. A splendid and ostentatious proces-
sion.
PO'MPHOLYX, Cpdmfoltx) s. [Gr. a bublile arising on
water,] a white, light, and very friable substance, found in
crusts adhering to the domes of the furnaces and to the covers
of the large crucibles in which brass is made, either from
a misture of copper and lapis calimhiaris, or of copper and
zinc.
PO'MPION, s. [pompon, Fr.] a pumpkin.
PO'MPIUE, s. [from pomum, an apple, and pyrum, a pear,
Lat.] a sort of pearmain.
PO'MPON, or POMPOO'N, s. [pompon, Fr.] an ornament
worn by ladies in the forepart of their hair.
PO'MPOUS, n. \pompemu, Fr.] grand ; showy ; splendid.
PO'MPOUSLY, ad- magnificently ; splendidly.
PO'MPOUSNESS, s. m.igniticence ; splendor ; sliowiness ;
ostentatiousness.
POND, s. a small collection of standing water-
To PO'NDER, V. a. [from pondus, weight, Lat.] to weigh in
the luind ; to consider. To think or muse. Neuterly, to think
or inuse upon, followed by on.
PO'NDERABLE, o. [from pondus, weight, Lat.] capable to
be weighed ; measurable by scales.
PONDER.VTION,*. [from pondus, weight, Lat.] the act of
weighing.
PO'NDERER, s. one who ponders.
PONDEUO'SITY, s. weight. The quality of being
heavy.
PONDEROUS, a. [from pondus, weight, Lat.] heavy,
weighing much. Of importance or moment. Forcible or
vehement.
PO'NDEROUSLY', ad. with great weight.
PO'NDEROUSNE.SS, s. the quality of weighing much.
PONDICIIE'RRY, a town of Ilindoostan, about t leagues
ill extent, tlie houses of which are as regularly laid out as if
it had all been built at once. The Kuropeans build with
bricks, but the Indians use only wood, in the matnier which
we call lath ami plaster. .In 1793, it was taken from the
French by the English. It is situated ou the coast of
POOL
POPE
C91
Coromandel, 75 miles S. S. W. of Madras. Lat. U. SG. N.
loii. 79. 56. E.
PO'NENT, a. [ponente, Ital.] western.
PONIARD, s. [puiynard. Ft.] a (lagijer or short sword.
To PO'NIAUD, V. a. [puiffiiardier, Fr.] to stab with a
poniard.
PONK, s. (etymology unknown) a nocturnal spirit; a
hag.
PO'NTAGE, s. [from pons, a bridge, Lat.] duty paid for
the repairing of bridges.
PO'NTEFHACT, or Pomfuet, a town in tlie W. Ri.ling
of Yorkshire, situated in a rich soil, noted for its mirscry
grounds and large plantations of liquorice and sMrworts.
Its castle, now in ruins, has been the scene of various trayi-
cal events in the English history. Richard II. altcT being
deposed, was starved or tormented to death here ; and here
Anthony, earl of Rivers, and .sir Richard Grey, were mur-
dered by order of king Richard III. It Is 2'2 miles S. S. W.
of York, and 177 N. N. W. of London. A great eIiow of
horses begins on Feb. 5. Market on Saturday.
PONTIFF, *. [from puns, a bridge, and facto, to make,
Lat. because the Roman priests built and kept in repair a
wooden bridge] a high priest or pnpe.
PONTl'FICAL, a. [from ponlifer, a priest, Lat.] belong-
ing to the high-priest. Belonging to the p-pe. Figura-
tively, splendid ; magnificent. Bridge-building, from pons,
a bridge, and fucio, Lat. to niske. " By wondemus
art — pontifical." Par. Lost. Peculiar to Milton in the last
sense, and perhaps intended as a satirical pun against
popery.
PON'TIFICAL, s. [from pontifex, a priest, Lat.] a book of
ponlllical rites and ceremonies.
PONTrFICALLY, «(/• in a pontifical manner.
PONTI'FICATE, «. [from pontifex, a priest, Lat.] the
office and dignity of a pope.
PO'NTIFICE, «. [from pois, a bridge, and facio, to make,
Lat. J bridge-work; edifice of a bridge.
PONTIPOOL, or PONTYPOOL, a town of Monmouth-
shire, seated between two hills, on the river Avon, which
turns several mills for the working of Iron plates, that are
used there In a manufactory of j'apanned ware. It is 15
miles S. W. of Monmouth, and US W. by N. of London.
Market on Saturday.
PO'NTLEVIS, s. in horsemanship, a disorderly resisting
action of a horse in disobedience to his rider, in which he
rears up several times running, and rises up so upon his hind-
legs, that he is in danger of coming over.
PO'NTON, or PO'NTOON, s. [Fr.] a floatins-bridge,
made of two boats, placed at a distance from each otlier,
planked over, togetlier with the interval between them, with
rails on their sides, and used in passing both horses ai}d
cannon, &c. over a river. The boats used in making a
floating bridge.
PO'NY, s. [perhaps from puni/] a small horse.
POOL, s. [pvl. Sax. poel, Belg.] a lake, or large collec-
tion of deep and standing water. A reservoir of water sup-
plied by springs, and discharging the surplus by sluices.
POOL, in Montgomeryshire. See Welsh Pool.
POOL, a town of Dorsetshire, situated upon a peninsula
projecting Into a capacious bay, branching into many
creeks, and forming several islands- 1 he harbour admits
vessels of moderate size only ; but for them it Is viry secure.
Pool rose into some consequence several centuries ago,
when the ancient town of Wareham fell into decay. It now
ranks high among the seaports of England, and its trade
and population are rapidly increasing. The principal
branch of business here is the Newfoundland fishery. It
has also a large importation of deals from Norway, a general
commerce with America, and various parts of Eiuope, and
a fine coasting trade, particularly in corn and coal. Near
the mouth of the harbour is an oyster bank, from wlileh
vast quantities are carried, to be fattened in the creeks of
Essex and the Thames. It is 40 miles W. S. V,^ of Win-
chester, and 105 W. by S. of London, LaU SO. 42. N. Ioil
a. 0. W.
Pf)OP, s. [puppis, Lat. poitppe, Fr.] the highest or up-
permost part of a ship's hull or stern.
Poor, a. [puuvre, .Span, pauvre, Fr.] hi want of money
or the necessaries of lll'e. Applied to value, of small worth,
trifling Mean, contemptible, unnnfiortant, appliid to opi-
nion. Mean, low, abji-cl. A word of tenderness, Implying
a person or thing to be an object of pity and afitjction. " My
poor child." Wretched, unlit for any purpose. T/ic poor,
used collectively for the lowest order of a community, who
have neither riches, interest, nor power. Barren or dry, a|)-
lilird to .soil. Lean, starved, applied to animals. 'Wllhout
spirit or strength, a[)plied to liijiior.
POO'RLY, ad. without money, interest, power, or the
necessaiies of IKe ; with little success ; meanly.
POO'RNES.S, s. want of money, power, interest, digruly,
or the necessaries of life. Want of fruitfulness, applied to
soil.
POORSPIRl'I ED, a. mean ; cowardly.
POORSPI'RITEDNKSS, .i. meanness; cowardice.
POP, s. [poppijsma, Lat.] a small, smart, and quick
sound.
To POP, t'. ti. to make a small, and quick sound. To move
or enter with a ipiiek, sudden, and unexpected motion.
Actively, to put out or in slily or unexpectedly. To
shift.
POPE, s. [papa, Lat.] the bishop of Rome, who claims
sovereign power over all ecclesiastics and civil governors,
as being the vicegerent of God ; the innuediate successor of
St. Peter; endowed with infallibility, and Invested with the
keys of heaven and hell. A fish, likewise called a ruffe,
re.sembling a perch in shape, but never grows bigger than a
gudgeon.
POPE, the Territories of, in Italy. It is commonly called
the Territory of the Church, and depends upon the holy see.
the pope being bird both in spirituals and temporals. It is
about 400 miles in length on the coast of the Adriatic Sea,
from the kingdom of Naples to the territory of Venice It
Is more narrow from N. to S. being not above 80 miles in
breadth from the Gulpli of Venice to the Tuscan Sea. The
pope's territories are divided into 12 provinces, which are
separated by the Appinlne Mountains, some being to the
E. and some to the W. of them ; their names are as follow ;
the camjjagna di Roma, the provincia del Putumonia, the
duchy of Castro, the province of Orvieto, the Perughio, the
duchy of Speleto, the province of Sabina, the marche of
Ancona, the duchy of Urbino, Romagna or Rouiandiola, the
Bolognese, and the Ferrarese. The pope Is a sovereign
prince, but not content with that, pretends to be the vicar
of Jesus Christ upon earth. Uls ministeis of state in church
affairs are 70 cardinals, being the number of the 70 disciples
of our Saviour. These cardinals elect the p<);ic, which elec-
tion is determined by the plurality of voicis; but then he
that Is chosen must have two-thirds of the votes, for fear of a
schism. Formerly when the pope died, the cardinals were
liable to be solicited to follow the views of particular per-
sons, which caused the election to be put off for a long time ;
but they have now remedied this inconvenience, and have
built a palace for that purpose, called the Conclave. There,
fore, as soon as the pope Is dead, the cardinals are obliged to
repair thither immediately, and to continue shut up till they
have chosen another. 'I'he election of the new pope Is im-
mediately f<5lloweil by his coronation ; and this ceremony is
performed In the Lateran church, where they put a triple
crown on his head. The provinces which depend on the
holy see are governed by legates; but, besides the 12 above
mentioned, there Is one at Avignon in France, and another
at Benevento in the kingdom of Naples. There aru few
countries wliere the pope has not ambassailurs, who are
called Nuncios ; there is generally one at Vieima, Paris,
Lisbon, Madrid, Warsaw, Swisserlaud, Venice, Brussels,
and Cologne ; and these imncios are cardinals. They have
G92
PO R C
ical cmiosity. The popeiloiii, however, has loiiif ceased to
xist in the stale above desciilied. 'Ihe successes of the
the title of Legates a Latere. The tille given to the pope
is His Holiness, and the cardinals have that of Eminence.
It has been cuinputed, that the commnn revenne which tl.e
pope receives amoinits to above 20 millions sterling. The
Roman Catliolic religion is the only one allowed ihrmii^hoiit
the pope's dominions. The pope's guards consist of Swiss,
who are all tall and robust. The soldiers who jjatrole through
the city every nii;ht are called Barries, and the chief Barri-
gello. The pope's nlaiions are called his nephews, and the
custom of enriching them is called nepotism.
The above account we have retained as a matter of histo.
rjcal
exi
French Republic in Italy forced the late pontiff into an ex-
ile, in which he ended his life. And though his successor
was restored to a degree of secular power by the present go-
vernment of France, and the Romish religion re-established
in that country; yet Buonaparte has since deprived the
pope of all his territory, because he refused to declare war
against England, and under a pretext that the States of the
church had been granted by Charlemagne for the prosperity
of the Roman religion, and not for the assistance of heretics !
He has, however, lately (1813) been reconciled with the
French emperor.
PO'PEDOM, s. [pope and dom, Sax.] the office or dignity of
a pope.
PO'PERV, s. the mode of worship, in which the pope is ac-
knowledged the head of the church.
PO'PESEVE, s. the gland in the middle of the thigh, sur-
rounded with fat ; perhaps so called from its being as teti-
der as the eye, and when pierced with any instrument, attend-
ed with immediate death.
PO'PGUN, s. a gun made of a piece of wood bortd through,
which is cliarged with pellets of hemp or brown paper, and
played with by children.
PO'PINJAY,*. [papeyay, he]g. papai/ayo, Span.] a parrot;
a woodpecker. A trifling top.
PO'PISH, a. belonging to the pope or popery.
PO'PISHLY, ad. with tendency to popery ; in a popish
manner.
PO'PLAR, s. \populus, Lat.] a tree.
POPPY, s. [popiff, Sax.] a plant, with a reddi.sh flower,
which grows in the fields among corn. There are many
garden kinds.
PO'PULACE, PO'PULACY, s. [populace, Fr.] Ihe vulgar
or lowest rank of people.
PO'PULAR, a. [from popuhcs, the people, Lat.] vidgar, or
of the lowest order, applied to rank. Suittd to the capacity
of the common people. Beloved l)y, or pleasing to the
people. Studirus of the favour of the people. Prevailing
or raging among the populace; as, " a popular disteinper."
POPULA'Rl'I'Y, s. [froiTi populus, the people, Lat.] the
quality of being beloved by the people.
PO'PULARLY, ad- In a popular manner; according to
vulgar conception.
to PO'PULATE, V. n. [from populus, the people, Lat.] to
breed or itirrease people.
POPULA'TION, s. the state of a country, with respect to
the number of its inha!)itant8.
PO'PULOSITY, s. the state of abounding with people.
PO'PULOUS, a. [from populus, the people, Lat.] abounding
in peoi)le ; numerously inhabited.
PO'PULC
jOnSLY, ad. with much people.
PO'PULOUSNESS, s. the state of abounaing with peo-
ple.
PCRCELAIN. s. [porcelaine, Fr. said to be derived from
pour cent anneh ; because the materials for porcelain were
formerly lielieved by the Europeans to be matured under
ground 100 years] china or china ware ; a composition of a
middle nature, between earth and glass. Porcelain is not
esteemed good uidess it be very compact, quite white, ami
semi-transparent ; indeed it is chiefly the last quality that
constitutes the principal dillerence, for earthern-ware is always
opaque.
PORT
PORCH, s. [from portieus, a portico, Lat.] a roof support-
ed by pillars bef.ire a door. A portico or covered walk.
PO'RCUPINE, «. [jjorc espi, or epic, Fr. porcospino, Ital.]
in zoology, an animal whicli bears in its general shape some
resemblance to a hog, but is furnished with sharp quills, which,
when provoked, it discharges at his enemies.
PORE, ». [from poros, a passage, Gr.] a passage or aper-
ture in the skin ; any narrow passage. The sinall inter-
stices between the particles of matter which constitute bo-
dies.
To PORE, V. n. etymology doubtful; to look at with
great intenseness.
PO'REBLIND, a. commonly written purblind ; near
sighted ; short sighted.
PO'llINESS, s. the quality of abounding in pores.
PORI'STIC Method, s- [from porito, to establish. Or.]
in mathematics, is that wliich determines when, by what
means, and how many different ways, a problem may be
solved.
PORK, (park) s. [from porcus, a hog, Lat.] swine's flesh.
PORKER, s. a full grown hog. A pig.
PO'KKET, *. a young hog.
PO'RKLING, s. a young pig.
PO'RLOCK, a town in Simiertshire; market on Thurs-
day; 11 miles N. W. of Dulverton, and 108 W. of Lon-
don.
PORO'SITY, s. the quality of having pores.
POROUS, a. [poreux, Fr.] having small apertures or
interstices.
POROUSNESS, s. the quality of having pores.
PO'RPHYUE, P0'RFUYliy,(p6rfyry)s. [irom pot pliy-
ros, purple, Gr.] a kind of marble of a brown or red colour,
frequently interspersed with white spots.
PORPOISE, or PO'RPUS, s. [pore poisson, Fr.] a sea
animal of the dolphin tribe, which frequents the European
seas, and is remarkable for its fatness. It is between six
and seven feet long, thick in the fore parts, and gradually
tapering towards the tail.
PORRA'CEOUS, a. [from porraceus, Lat.] greenish.
POKRE'CTION, i. [from porriyu, to reach forth, Lat.]
the act of reaching forth.
PO'RRET, s. the same with the scallion.
PORRIDGE, *. [more properly porraye ; porrata, low
Lat. from pornim, a leek, Lat.] broth or liquor made by
boiling meat in water, with leeks and other herbs.
PO'RRINGER, s. a Vissel in which broth is eaten. Used
for a head-dress in Shakspeare's time, from its resembling a
porrhiger; in the same manner as a trencher or a trencher
cap is so called at Oxford, &c. from its resembling a tren-
cher.
PORT, s. [from partus, a haven, Lat.] a harbour or safe
station for ships. A gate, from porta, Lat. An aperture in
a ship, through which the guns are put out. Carriage or
behaviour, from portee, Fr. A kind of whie, .so called from
Oporto, the place where it comes from. The o is usually
pronounced long in this word and its following deriva-
tives.
lo PORT, V. a. [porto, Lat. porter, Fr.] to carry in form.
PO'RTABLE, a. [from porlo, to carry, Lat.] that nmy be
carried ; such as may be endured.
PO'RTABl.ENESS, s. the quality of being portable,
ro'UTAGE, s. [portaye, Fr,] the price of carriage. A
port-hole.
PO'RTAI,, s. [portail, Fr. portella, Ital.] a gate. The arch
under which a gate opens.
PO'RTANCE, s. [from porter, Fr.] mien; port; de-
meanor.
PO'R'l'ATlVE, a. \portatif, Fr.] that may be carried from
place to place.
PORTCUL'LLIS, POUTCLU'SE, s. [portecoiilisse, Fr.]
a machine like an harrow, hung over the gate of a city, to
let down to keep an enemy out.
To PORTCU'LI.IS, V. a- to bar or shut up. " Doubly
portcullis'd." Shak.
PORT
POSI
6»3
POKTED, a, [port6, Ft.] borne ia a certain regular or
solemn maimer.
To PORTE'ND, v. a. [portendo, Lat.] to foreshow or fore-
tokeir.
PORTE'NSION, s. the act of foretokening.
PORTE'N'l", s. [porteiitum, from portetido, to foreshow,
Lat.] an omen or proiii(,'y foreshowing something il).
POUTE'NTOUS, a. [from portentum, an omen, Lat.] be-
t kenin^ somethinij ill. Monstrous.
PO'KTEK, t. \porticr, Fr. from porta, a gate, Lat.] on?
that has the charge of a gate. One who carries burdens, from
potto, Lat. to carry. A kinil of li.jnor much used in London,
so called because drank chiefly by porters, &c.
PO'RTEUAGE, *. money paid or due to a porter for carry-
ing-
PORT-FIllE, J. a paper tube about ten inches long, fdled
with a composition of meal powder, sulphur, and salt-petre,
rammed moderately hard ; used to fire guns and mortars in-
stead of match.
PO'RTGLAVE, s. [porter, Fr. and ylaive, Erse] a sword-
bearer.
PO'RLGREVE, or PO'RTGRAVE, *. formerly the principal
magistrate of maritime towns. The chief magistrate of
London was anciently called by this name, till Richard
L caused the city to be governed by two bailiffs ; soon
after which king John granted the city a mayor. Obso-
lete.
PO'RTHOLE, s. a hole cut like a window m a ship's side,
where a gun is placed.
PO'RTICO, s. I porticus, Lat.] a covered walk, whose roof
is supported by pillars.
PORTION, (piirslwn) s. [ portio, ?.at.] a part ; a part as-
signed a person ; a dividend. A fortune given to a child, or
paid at, before, or after marriage.
To PO'RTION, V. a. to divide among several. To endow
with a fortune.
PO'RTIONER, s. one that divides.
PO'RTLAND, a peninsula in Dorsetshire,3milesS. of Wey-
mouth, nearly 7 miles round, and exceedingly strong both by
nature and art. It is surrounded by inaccessible rocks, ex-
cept at the landing-place, where there is a strong castle, called
Portland Castle, built by king Henry VIII. There is but one
church in the island, and that stands so near the sea that it is
often in danger from it. The whole peninsula is little more
than one continued rock of white freestone, about 9,000 tons of
wliich are exported annually. It was first brought into repute
ill the reign of James I. and is now used in London, Dublin,
and other places, for building the finest structures. The inha-
bitants are about 1,300.
PO RTLINESS, s. dignity of mien or air; bulk of person-
age.
PO'RTLY, n. of noble mien or air. Bulky, swelling.
PO'RTMAN, s. an inhabitant or burgess, as those of the
cinque-ports.
PORTMA'NTEAU, (portmdntii) s. [portemanteaa, Fr.] a
chest or kind of bag, in which clothes are carried.
PO'RTO BE'LLU, a sea-port town of the isthmus of Pana-
ma, hi N. America. It is a very unhealthy place, and is chiefly
inhabited by llnlattoes. It was taken by admiral Vernon, in
174-2, who, after having demolished the fortifications, abandon-
ed it. Porto Bello, is 70 miles N. of Panama. Lat. 9. 33. N.
ion. 79. 4.0. W.
PO'RTOISE, s. hi sea language, a ship is said to ride a por-
toise, when she rides with her yards struck down to the
deck.
. PO'RTRAIT, s. [pourtrait, Fr-] a picture drawn from the
life.
To PO'TRAIT, V. a. [pourtraire, Fr.] to draw from the
life. Portray is most proper.
PO'IiTRAlTURE, s. [pourtraiture, Fr. a picture or re-
semblance drawn from the life.
To PORTRA'Y, V. a. [jpourtraire, Fr.] to paint; to adorn
with pictures.
PO'RTRESS, *. a female guardian of a gate.
PORT RO'YAL, a sea-port town of Jamaica, an island of
the West Indies. In 1()92, it was reduced from a very flourish-
ing condition to a heap of ruins by an earthquake. In 1702 it
was destroyed by fire; in 1722 by an inundatiiin of the sea ;
and in nil it was considerably damagid by a hurricane.,
Port Royal is built on a small neck of land which jets out
several miles into the sea, and is guarded by a very strong fort,
which has a line of near 100 pieces of cannon, and a good garri"
son of soldiers. 1000 shifie may ride in the harbour with safety.
It is (1 miles S. K. of Kingston. Lat. 18. n. N. Ion. 76. 4.0. W.
PORTSiMOUTII, a town of flanipsliire, situated on the
Island of Portsea, justly considered as the most regular for-
tress in Britain. The least number of men continually em-
ployed in the rope-yard, &c. is 1000. The docks and yards
resemble distinct towns, &c. under a governmiiit separate
from the garrison. Here is also a fine arsenal for laying up the
cannon. The harbour is one of the Hnest in the world, as there
is water sufficient for the largest ships ; and is so very capaci-
ous, that the whole English navy m.cy ride here in safety. The
principal branch runs up to Fareham ; a second to Portchester J
and a third to Portsea Bridge. Besides these brandies, there
are several rilhes, or channels, where the small men of war
ride at their mooring*. Opposite the town is the spacious
roailof Spithe.id, where the men of war anchor when prepared
for actual service. It lias one church and two chapels, one in
the garrison, and one in a part of ihe town called The Common,
for the use of the dock. It contains about 32,200 inhabitants,
is 20 miles S. E. of Winchester, and 70 S. W. of London. Lat.
50. 47. N. Ion. 1. 1. W. Markets on Tuesday, Thursday, and
Saturday.
PO'RTIIGAL, the most western country of Europe, about
310 miles in length, and 150 in breadth. It is bounded on
the W. and S. by the ocean, and on the E. and N. by Spain.
Though Spain and Portugal are in the same climate, yet the
air of the latter is much more temperate than that of the
former, on account of the neighbourhood of the sea. Corn is
not very plentiful in this country, because the inhabitants are
not much addicted to husbandry ; for this reason they import
Indian corn from Africa, which is made use of by the peasants
instead of wheat. There are a great number of barren moun-
tains, and yet they have jilenty of olives, vine-yards, oranges,
and lemons, as also nuts, almonds, figs and raisins. They have
some horned cattle, whose flesh is generally lean and dry.
The principal rivers are, the Tagiis, the Duero or Douro, the
Guadiatia, the JMinho, and the Munda, or Mondego. Portugal
is divided into six provinces, namely, two in the middle, called
Estremadura and Beira ; two on the N. which are Entre
Minho c Douro and Tralos-Montes ; also two on the S. called
Alentego and Algaw. The principal business of the Portu«
guese is trade. The govermnent is monarchical ; but the
authority of the king is bounded by the fundamental
laws of the kingdom, for he cannot raise any more taxes
than were settled in 167*, nor can he appoint a successor
when there is any failure in the royal line. No other religion
is allowed here but the Roman Catholic. In 1 J80, there was a
failure in the royal line, and Philip II. of Spain got possession
of the throne ; in 1(540 there was a revolution, and John Duke
of Braganza obtained the crown, whose descendants enjoyed it
till Nov. 1807, when the French government, having decreed
that the House of Braganza should reign no longer, sent an
army to occupy the country ; on which the prince-regent,
with a number of his adherents, sailed to the Brazils. For the
subsequent events see the Outline of Ancient and Modern
History. Lisbon is the capital.
PO'RWIGLE, s. a tadpole or young frog not fully
shaped.
PO'RY, a. [poreux, Fr.] full of pores.
To POSE, (poze) v. a. [from pose, an old word, signifying
heaviness or stupefaction, according to Skinner] to perplex or
at confound with a diflSculty.
PO'SER, (p6zer) s. one that puzzles with difficulties.
PO'SITED, (pdzited) a. [fiom pono, to put, Lat.J placed.
POSITION, (pozishonj s. [positio, from pono, to put, Lat.]
694.
POST
POTA
the state of being placed ; situation. A principle laid down. .
Advancement of any principle. In grammar, tlie state
of being placed before two consonants, or a double conso-
nant.
POSITIONAL, (pozhhUnal) a. respecting position.
PO'SITIVE, (the * in this word and its following derivatives
is pron. like z ; as, puzitive, pdzitively, &c.) a. [positivus,
Lat.] capable of being affirmed ; real; absolute. Dogmatical;
stubborn in opinion. Settled by arbitrary appointment. Cer-
tain ; assured.
PO'SITIVELY, ad. absolutely ; certainly, peremptorily.
PO'SITIVENESS, s. actualness. Confidence in opinion.
POSITI'VITY, i. confidence; stubbornness in opinion. A
low word.
PO'SITURE, s- [positura, from pono, to put, Lat.] tlie man-
ner in which any tl'.ing is placed.
PO'SNET, «. [from bassinet, Fr. according to Skinner] a
little basin or porringer.
POSSE, s. [Lat.] an armed power ; from posse comitatus,
Lat. the power of a shire.
PO'SSE COMITA'TUS, s. in law, signifies the power of the
county, or the aid and assistance of all the knights, gentlemen,
yeoman, labourers, servants, apprentices, &c. and all others
withhi the county that are above the age of 15, except wo-
men, ecclesiastical persons, and such as are decrepit and ijjfirm.
This is to be done when some riot is committed, a possession
kept upon a forcible entry, or any force of rescue used contrary
to the king's writ, or in opposition to the execution of jus-
tice.
To POSSE'SS, (the first ss in tliis word and its following de-
rivatives has the sound of z ; as, poz^ss, pozissor, &c) v. a.
[from possessus, Lat.] to have as an owner • to enjoy or occupy
actually. To seize or obtain. To give possession of, or com-
mand of any thing, with of before the thing possessed. To fill
with something fixed. To have power over, as an unclean
spirit. To aflect by intestine power.
POSSESSION, (pozhhou) s. possession, Fr. possessio,
Lat.] the state of having in one's hands or power. The thing
enjoyed by a person.
POSSESSIVE, a. having possession^ Plurally, in grammar,
pronouns which signify tie possession of, or inheritance in some
thing ; as, 7ny book, his iiouse ; in which examples my and /tw
are the positive pronouns.
POSSE'SSOR, s, [possessor, from possideo, to possess, Lat.]
an owner or proprietor ; one that has any thing in his
hands.
PO'SSET, s. [posca, Lat.] milk curdled with treacle, wine,
or any acid.
To PO'SSET, V, a. to turn or curdle milk with wine, treacle,
or acids. Not used.
POSSIBI'LITY, i. [possibilite, Fr.] the quality of being to
be done by the exertion nf power.
PO'SSIBLE, a. [possilnlis, from posstim, to be able, Lat.]
having the power to be done. Not incon.sistent with the na-
ture of thnigs.
PO'SSIBLY, ad. to be done by any power existing ; per-
haps.
POST, (post) 3. [paste, FrJ a hasty messenger ; one em-
ployed in carrying letters. A quick and expeditious manner of
travelling. A situation or seat, from positus, Lat. A military
station. Place or office. A piece of timber set up erect, from
poslis, Lat.
To POST, (post) V. n. [poster, Fr.] to travel with speed.
Actively, to fix on a post in di.sgrace. To place or fix from
poster, Fr. In commerce, to enter the articles on their proper
sides in a ledger.
PO'STAGE, s. money paid for the carriage of letters, or any
thing conveyed by a post.
PO'STBOY, *. one that carries letters.
To PO'STDATE, ti. a. [post, after, Lat. and date] to date
later or after the real time.
POSTDILU'VI AN, a. [from port, after, and dilxnium, the
deluge, Lat.] after the fiood.
POSTDILU'VIAN, j. [from post, after, and diluvium, the
deluge, Lat.] one that lived since the flood.
POSTER, (poster) s. u courier ; or one sent in haste.
POSrE'RIOR, a. [Lat.] happening, or placed after ; follow-
ing. Baikwanl.
POSTE'RIORS, s. [it has no singular, posteriora, Srompost,
after, Lat.] thi; hiiuier parts.
POSTERIORITY, s. [postirioriti, Fr.] the state of being
after, in tiie order of time.
POSTE'RITV, «. [/;u«(e»i<rti, from post, after, Lat.] those
that are born or live alter. D. scend.nits.
PO'STERX, s. [posterne, Fr. and Relg.] a small or narrowr
gate or iloor.
POSTEXI'STENCE, s. [from post, after, and existo, to
exist, Lat.] lutuie existence.
POS rHA'ClCNEY, i. a hired po.t-hor.s<-.
PO'STHA'.STE, s. hiu-ry, or haste of a post-boy.
PO'STHORSE, s- a horse stationed for the use of couri-
ers.
PO'STHOUSE, s. an office where letters are taken in and
dispatchtd.
POSTHUMOUS, a. [from post, after, and humo, to bury,
Lat.] doiie or published after one's death.
PO'STIC, a. [poslisus, from post, after, Lat.] backward.
PO'STIL, s. \pustilla, low Ljt.] gloss ; marginal notes.
To PO'STIL, v.a,[ixom the noun] to gloss; to illustrate
with martfina! notes,
POSTl'LLER, s. one who glosses or illustrates with margi-
nal notes.
POSTI'LLION, s. [postilion, Fr.] one who rides on the first
pair of sis horses belonging to a coach, in order to guide them ;
one who guides a post-chaise.
POSTLIMI'NIOUS, a. [from post, after, and /»«£«, a limit,
Lat.] done or contrived afterwards.
PO'STMASTER, s. one who has charge of public convey-
ance of letters.
PO'STMASTER-GENERAL, i. he who presides over the
posts or letter-carriers.
POSTMERIDIAN, a. [from post, after, and meridies, noon,
Lat.] being in the afternoon.
PO'STOFFICE, s. [post, and office} an office where letters
are delivered to the post ; a postliouse.
To POSTPONE, ti. a. [from post, after, and pono, to put
Lat ] to put ofTor delay.
POSTRI'DIAN, a [from postridie, the day following, Lat.]
done the next day after.
PO'STSCRIPT, s. [from post, after, and scriho, to write,
Lat.] a part added to, or written after, the letter.
To PO'STULATE, v. a. [postulo, Lat.] to beg or assume as
true, without proof.
PO'STULA'TE, *. [horn postulo, to assume, Lat.] a position
assumed without proof-
POSTULA'TION, s. [from postulo, to assume, Lat.] the art
of assuming as true without proof.
PO'STULATORY, a. assuming without proof.
PO'STURE, s. [posture, Fr.) place, or situation. The man-
ner in which the parts of the human body are placed. Figura-
tively, state or disposition.
POSTULA'TUM, s. [Lat.] a position assumed without
proof!
PO'STUREMASTER, s. one who teaches or practises by un-
common attitudes or contortions of the body.
PO'SY, (puzij) s. [cont4'actcd from poesy] the motto of a ring.
A bunch of (lowers.
POT, s. [pot, Fr.] a vessel in which meat is boiled. A vessel,
&c. to holil drink, or infuse tea in. A vessel to make
urine in. To go to pot, implies, to be destroyed or de-
voured.
To POT, ti. a. to preserve in pots ; to inclose in pots.
PO'TABLE, (potable) a. [from polo, to drink, Lat.J fit for
drink ; such as may be drank.
PO'TAGER, s. a porringer.
POXA'llGO, t. a West Indian pickle.
POUC
P O W D
693
PO'TASH, s. [}>otasse, Fr.] in chymistry, a lixed alkali. In
commerce, an impure, fixed, alkaline salt, made by burning ve-
getables.
PO'TASIUM, i. in chymistry, a metallic substance, the
basis of potash, latelv discovered by Sir lluinnhrey Davy.
POTA'TION, i. [t'roni poto, to drink, Lat.J draught, drink-
ing-bout.
POTA'TO, s. [potadu. Spin.] a common esculent root.
PO'TBFXLIED, a. having a belly swelling out like a
pot.
PO'TBELLY, s. a swelling belly.
To POTCH, V. a to thrust ; to push ; to poach ; to boil
slightly. From poc/ier, Fi".
PoVENCY, i. [potentia, from possum, to be able, Lat.]
power ; efficacy ; strength.
PO TENT, a. [polcns, from passum, to be able, Lat.] power-
ful ; strong. Having great authority.
PO'TEXTATE, s. [pnteutat, Fr. from possum, to be able,
Lat.] a princi', or one enjoying sovereign power.
P01E'NTL\L, (pvttnsliial) a.[potentiaUs, from possum,
to lie able, Lat J e.\iating only in pussibility, not in act. Effi-
cacious, ))uwerfid. lii grammar, applied to that mooil
wliich denotes the possibility of doing a thing ; as I may
read.
VOTKNTIX-LITY, (potensldaliti/) POTE'NTIALNESS,
( puthisliinlness ) s. possibility.
POTE'N I'LVLLY, (potinshiathj) ad. in power or possibi-
lity, Ojiposed to actually or positively. In efficacy, opposed to
actuahicss.
PO'TKNTTLY, ad. powerfully ; forcibly.
PO'TGUX, i. [corrupted from popt/un] a gun which makes a
small smart noise.
POTHA'NGER, s. a hook ot branch on which a pot is hung
over the fire.
PO'THECARY, s. a corruption of Apothec^ky. " Mo-
dern pothecary." Pope.
POTHER, s. a bustle, tumult, or hurry.
To POTHER, i;. n. to make a bustling and ineffi;ctual at-
tempt. Actively, to turmoil ; to puzzle,
PO'THERB, s. an herb fit for the pot.
PO'THOOK, s. a hook to fasten pots or kettles with. Also
ill-formed or scrawling letters or characters.
PO'TION, (pdsliijn) s. [potio, Lat.] a draught of physic.
POTO'SI, a Very rich town of Peru, in South America. In
a mountain of a conical form is the richest silver mine in the
world. The Spaniards have drawn many hundred sliip-loads
of that metal from this mountain ; but at present it is little
more than a shell. It still, however, brings in a considerable
revemie to Spain. Lat. 19. iO. S. Ion. 6t. 25. W.
POTSDAM, a town of Saxony, in Germany, 12 miles W.
of Berlin. It is seated on an island which is 10 miles in cir-
cumference, and the king of Prussia has a palace here. Lat.
52. 52. N. Ion. 13. -16. E.
PO'TSHERD, s. a fragment of a broken pot.
PO'TTAGE, s. [pntage, Fr.] broth, or any thing boiled for
food.
PO'TTER, s. [potier, Fr.] a maker of earthenware.
PO'TTERN-ORE s. an ore very easily vitrified, and used
by potters in glazini; their vessels.
PO'TTING, s. drinking.
POTTLE, s. [from bottle] a liquid measure containing four
pints.
PO'TTO, s. in zoology, an animal of the lemur tribe,
said to inhabit Guinea, and to heve the hardy manners of the
sloth.
PO'TTON, a town of Bedfordshire, well watered and plea-
santly situated, though in a sandy, barren soil, 12 miles E. of
Bedford, and 48. N. by W. of London. Market on Satur-
day.
POTVA'LIANT, a. made daring by exces.sive drinking.
POUCH, s. [poche, Fr.] a small bag or pocket. Figurative-
ly, the belly. In botany, a sort of seed-vessel resembling a
purse, as in honesty and sliepherd s purse-
To POUCH, V. a. to put in the pocket. To swallow. To
pout, or hang down the lip.
POVERTY, «. \pouvretf, Fr.} want of money ornecessaries.
Meanness, or want of ornament, apfttied to style. Synok.
Poverty is that situation of fur:une, opposed to riches. In
which we are deprived of the conviMiieTicBH of liie. Imligence
is a degree lower, where we want the nec'ss.'iries ; and is op-
posed to superfluity. Waiit seems rather to arrive by acci<teiit,
implies a scarcity of provision, rather than a lack of money ;
and is oppsed to nbundnncv. A'etrf and necessity relate less
to the situation of life, tiian the other three wonis, but more to
the relief we expect, or the remedy we seek ; with this differ-
ence between the two, that 7ieed seems less pressing than
necessity.
POULDAVIS, s. a sort of sail cloth.
POULT, s. [jioulet, Fr.] a yomig chicken or turkey.
PO'ULTEKER, s. one who sell fowls.
POULTICE, or POU'LTIVE, *• [j>ulte, Fr. pallis, Lat.] a
soft medicine, applied to assuage a swelling or inflammation.
" Foultiues allay'il pains." Temple.
POU'IjTO.V, a town of Lancashire, commodiously situa-
ted for trade, near the mouth of the river Wyre, just by the
Skippon which runs into it, and communicating also by
a canal with all the late inland navigations, 18 miles S.
W. of Lancaster, and 231 N. N. W. of London. Market on
Monday.
POU'LTRY, s. [from poulet, Fr.] domestic fowls.
POUNCE, s. [ponzone, Ital. acccording to Skinner] the claw
or talons of a bird of prey. The powder of gum sandarach,
used to prevent ink spreading on paper.
To POUNCE, V. a. [ptinyoiiare, Iial.] to pierce or make
holes. To pour or sprinkle through small interstices. To
seize with the talons.
POUNCED, a. furnished with claws or talons.
POUND, s.[poud, or pund, Sax. from pondo, Lat.J a weight
consisting in twelve ounces in troy, and sixteen ounces in
avoirdupoise wei!;ht. A surn consisting of twenty shillings
sterling. An inclosure or pri.son in which strayed beasts are
confined, from pindan, Sax.
To POUND, ti. a. \puiiian. Sax.] to beat to pieces with a
pestle. To shut up or confine strayed cattle.
POU'NDAGE, *. a certain sum deducted from every poimd
sterling. A payment or tax rated according to the weight of
the commodity.
POU'NDER, s. [pundre, Sax.] the name of a heavy large
pear. Any person or other thing denominated from a certain
number of pounds ; hence a ten-pounder. A pestle.
PUU'PICKS, s. in cookery, a mess of victuals made of veal"
steaks and slices of bacon.
To POUR, I), a. [supposed to be derived from the Welsh
bwrw] to let liquor out of a vessel. To let out or give
vent to. Neuterly, to flow in streams. To rush tumultu*
ously.
POU'RER, «. one that pours.
POUT, s. a kind offish ; a cod fish. A kind of bird.
To POUT, V. n. [bouter, Fr.] to look sullen, or express dis-
content by thrusting out the lips. To gape or hang promi-
nent.
PO'WDER, ^. [poudre, Fr.] dust ; any thing beat into
small particles. Gunpowder. A scented dust used for the
hair.
To PO'WDER, D. a. to reduce to dust, or pound small. To
sprinkle the hair with white or gray dust. To salt, or sprinkle
with salt. Neuterly, to come or attack in a violent and tumul-
tuous manner, used with upon.
PO'VVDERBOX, s a box in which powder for the hair is
kept.
POVVDERHORN, s. a horn case in which powder is kept
for ffuns.
PO'WDERMILL, s. the mill in which the ingredients for
gunpowder are ground and mingled.
PO'WDER-ROOM, s. that part of a ship in which the gun-
powder is kept.
PO'WDERING-TUB, s. a tub in which meat is salted.
PO'WDERWORT, $. in botany, a genus of thongs, distin-
guished by the fibres being simple, uniform, and like soft wool
or dust. There are 15 British species.
6»6
PRAG
PRE A
PO'WDERY, a. [poudreux, Fr.J dusty ; friable.
PO'WER, s. \j>ouvoir, Fr.J command ; influence, or domi-
nion. Ability ; force. Strength. The moving force of an
engine. Natural strength. A faculty of the mind. Govern-
ment, or the right of governing. A sovereign, or one invested
with command or dominion. A divine or spiritual being. An
army, or military force. In low language, a great number, or
large quantity ; as, " a power of good things." Synon.
Power includes a particular relation to the subordinate e.xecu-
tion of superior orders. In the word authority, we find a
sufficient energy to make us perceive a right, either of civil or
political administration. Dominion carries with it an idea of
empire.
PO'WERFUL, a. invested with command or authority.
Efficacious ; forcible.
PO'WERFULLY, ad. in a forcible, efficacious, or mighty
manner.
POWERFULNESS, s. the quality of being possessed with
force, efficacy, or might.
PO'WERLESS, a. weak or unable to produce an
effi;ct.
POX, s. in medicine, a disease, under which name there are
several kinds ; as small-pox, cow-pox, French-pox, chicken-
pox, &c.
PRACTICABLE, a. [practicable, Fr.J capable of being
practised, performed, or assailed.
PRA'CTICABLENESS, s. possibility to be performed.
PRA'CTICABLY, ad. in such a manner as may be per-
formed.
PRA'CTICAL, «. \praktikos, {rom prasso, to perform, Gr.]
relating to action, opposed to speculative.
PllA'CTICALLY, ad. in a manner relating to action ; by
jiractice.
PRA'CTICALNESS, s. the quality of being the subject of
action.
FRA'CVICE, a. [praklikos, ho\a prasso, to perform, Gr ]
the habit of doing any thing. Use or custom. Dexterity ac-
quired by frequent action. Actual performance, distinguished
from theory. The exercise of any profession, especially that of
meiicbie.
PRA'CTIC, s. [practih&s, from prasso, to perform, Gr.] re-
lating to action ; not merely theoretical. Sly; artful. " His
practic wit, and his fair filed tongue." Shuk.
To PRA'CTISE, V. a. [practiquer, Fr. it should be remark-
ed that the substantive is spelt with c, as practice, and the
verb with an s, as in practise^ to do frequently. To reduce to
action, opposed to profess. To use in order to acquire habit or
dexterity. To exercise any profession. Neuteily, to transact
or negociate secretly. To try artifices. To use medical
methods.
PRA'CTISER, s. one that practises.
PRACTITIONER, ( practhhincr ) s. one engaged in the
exercise of any art or profession. One that uses tricks or
stratagems. One who does any thing habitually.
PR.^C0G.\1TA, s. [Lat.J tilings known before in order to
understand something else ; thus the structure of the human
body is one of the prttcognita of physic.
PRAGMATIC, PHAGMA'TICAL, a. [hom pragma, busi-
ness, Gr.J meddling; impertinently busy ; performing or do-
ing without eitlier bfiii;.' asked or welcome.
PRAGMA'TICALLV, ad- meddlingly; impertinently.
PRAGMA'TICALNESS, s. the quality ol being pragmati-
cal.
PRAGUE, ('Prt^j the capital of Bohemia. It contains 3
towns, viz. the Old, the New, and the Little Town, and is about
15 miles in circumference. It is very populous, and, according
to some liistoriaMs, it cm send iO,0(JO men into the field, with-
out meddlig with art fleers. There are above 100 churches
here, besides an incredible number of palaces. Its university
is frequented by a great number of students. The Jesuits had
a maeiiific-i ut cnlleg>' ; and the .Jews had 9 syna,i,'()gnes, till
they disnbli^'ed the king of Pmssia, who drove them, to the
number of U0,000 persons, from the town. Prague was
taken by itorra in November 1741, for the elector of Bavaria,
then emperor ; but marshal Belleisle was obliged to leave it m
December 174-y. The king of Prussia bombardeil and took the
city in 1744, making the garrison, consisting of 10,000 men,
prisoners of war ; but he was obliged to abandon it the same
year. In 1757, the king of Prussia again besieged it, but his
efforts proved ineffi-'ctiial. It is 158 nnles S. E. of Berlin, 75
N. E. of Ralisbon, and 235 N. W. of Viemia. Lat. aO. 5.3. N.
Ion. 14. 30 E.
PRAISE, (praize) s. [preis, Teut. prijs, Belg.] an acknow-
ledgment made of the excellency or perfection of any person or
action. Fame, renown, glory. A tribute of gratitude. A
ground or reason for recommendation.
To PRAISE, (praize) v. a. [prijscn, Belg.] to commend,
celebrate, applaud, or display the excellencies or merit of any
person or thing. To attribute honor and excellency in wor-
ship. Synon. We extol a person, to procure him the esteem
of others, or raise Ins reputation ; we praise him, to testify
the esteem we have for him, or to applaud him.
PRAl'SER, (prfzer) s. one that applauds or commends.
PRAISEWO'RTHY, (prSzeworthy) a. deserving commer-
dation, honor, or praise ; commendable.
PRAME, s. a flat-bottomed boat.
To PRANCE, V. n. [pronhen, to set one'.s self to show,
Belg.] to spring and bound in high metal. To ride in an osten-
tatious maimer. To move in a showy manner.
To PRANK, t). a. [pronken, Belg.] to dress ostentatiously,
or in a showy manner.
PRiVNK, s. a mad action or frolic.
To PRATE, t>. n. [pi-aten, Belg.J to talk much, and to little
purpose.
PRATE, s. excessive talking to little purpose.
PRA'TER, s. an idle talker ; a chatterer.
PRA'TINGLY, ad. with tittle tattle ; with loquacity.
PRA'TIQUE, {prdteeh) s. [Fr. prattica, Ital.] a licenced for
a master of a ship to traffic in the ports of Italy, upon a certi-
ficate that the place whence he came is not annoyed with any
infectious disorder.
To PRA'TTLE, v. n. [diminutive otprate] to talk much on
trifling subjects.
PRA'TTLE, s. the act of speaking much on trifling sub-
jects.
PRA'TTLER, s. a trifling talker ; a chatterer.
PRA'VITY, s. [from pravus, depraved, Lat.] a state where-
in a thing has lost its perfection.
PRAWN, s. a fish resembling a shrimp, but somewhat
larger, and of a difTerent colour.
To PRAY, V. n. \jprier, Fr.J to ask the Deity for something
wanted. To entreat in a submissive and earnest maimer. /
pray or beg \s sometimes used elliptically for I pray you, in a
slightly ceremonious manner of introducing a question. Ac-
tively, to ask as a supplicant ; to entreat hi a ceremonious
manner.
PRA'YER, [priere, Fr.] a petition or request made to
heaven. An entreaty, or submissive and earnest request.
PRA'YEEtBOOK, j. a book of public or private devo-
tions.
PRE, [prtr, Lat.J a particle which, when prefixed to
words derived from the Latin, makes priority of time or
rank.
To PREACH, (preech) v. n. [from pra, before, and dico, to
speak, Lat. prescher, Fr.] to pronounce a discourse on some
sacred subject. Actively, to deliver in a sacred speech. To
inculcate with earnestness and solemnity.
PRE'ACHER, (preecher) s. [precheur, Fr.] one who dis-
courses publicly on religious subjects ; one who inculcates any
thing with earnestness or vehemence.
PRE'ACHMENT, (^preechment) t. a discourse aflfectedly
grave or devout.
PREA'MBLE, *. [priambule, Fr.] something done by way
of introduction. An overture on the drum.
PREA'MBULARY, or PREA'AIULOUS, a. previous. Not
in use.
PREA'PPREHENION, /. an opinion formed before exami-
nation.
PR EC
PRE'BEND, s. [preletida, Ital. originally an allowance
given to canons] a stipend or allowance granted in cathedral
churches.
PKE'BENDARV, i. [prtebendarius, Lat.] one who has a
prebend.
PKECA'RIOUS, a. [precarius, Lat.] uncertain.
PKEC;A'RI0USLY, ad. uncertainly by dependence; de-
pendently ; at the pleasure of others.
PKECA'RIOUSNESS, s. the quality of being uncertain,
because depending on the will of another.
PRECAU'TION, s. [precaution, Fr.] a measure or hint
given to prevent something.
To PRECAU'TION, v. a. [pricautioiiner, Fr.j to give
warning beforehand.
PRECEDA'NEOUS, a. [from prmcedo, to go before, Lat.]
previous ; beforehand.
To PRECE'DE, v. a. [from pra, before, and cedo, to go,
Lat.] to go before in order of time or place.
PKECE'DENCE, or PRECE'DENCV, s. [from prtrcedo,
to go before, Lat.] the act or state of going before in order of
time, place, or dignity Superiority.
PRECE'DENT, a. [from pracedo, to go before, Lat.] for-
mer ; going before.
PRE'CEDENT, s. the adjective for distinction is accented
on the second, and the substantive on the first syllable ; any
thing that is an example or rule for future times. Any
thing of the same kind done before.
PRECE'DENTLY, ad. beforehand.
PRECE'NTOR, s. [from pra, before, and canto, to sing,
Lat.] one who sings first or leads a choir.
PUE'CEPT, s. [from pra^cipio, to command or teach,
Lat.] a rule given by a superior ; a direction or command.
PRECE'PTIAL, a. consisting of precepts. Not in use.
PRECE'PTIVE, a. [from prcecipio, to command or teach,
Lat.) containing or giving rules or commands.
PRECE'PTOR, s. [from pracipio, to command or teach,
Lat.] one that instructs and has the care of youths.
PRECE'SSION, *. [pracessus, from pracedo, to go before,
Lat,] the act or state of going before. In astronomy, the
precession of the equinoxes is a slow motion of the two
points where the equator intersects the ecliptic, which are
found to go backwards, or contrary to the order of the signs,
about 50J" in a year, causing the fixed stars to appear to
move at the same rate towards the east, i. e. according to the
order of the anastrous signs. It is on this account that the
sidereal year is 20m. 25s. longer than that which is measured
by the return of the sun to either equinox ; the length of the
former being 365d. 6h. 9m. Us. and of the latter 365d. 5h.
4Sm. 454s.
PRE'CINCT, s. [from pj-ce, before, and cingo, to surround,
Lat.] an outward limit or boundary. A ward.
PRE'CIOUSNESS, (prhhiousness) PRECIO'SITY, (^pre-
shidsity) s. value ; any thing of high price.
PRE'CIUUS, (prhhius ) a. [pretiosus, from pretutm, a price
Lat.] valuable ; of great worth. Costly ; of great price.
Worthless.
PRE'CIOUS STONE, s. in mineralogy, a gem, a common
name for such stones as are much valued for their lustre,
transparency, colour, hardness, weight, and rarity. These
are diamonds, rubies, sapphires, topazes, emeralds, chryso-
lites, amelhysts, garnets, hyacinths, and beryls.
PRE'CIOUSLY, (preshiously)ad. valuably ; contemptibly.
PRE'CIPICP;, s. [fom praceps, headlong, Lat.] a head-
long steep; a .<.teep place from whicli a person cannot des-
cend without falling down headlong.
PRECI'PITANCE, PRECI'PITANCY, *. rash haste.
PRECIPITANT, a. [from prirceps, headlong, Lat.] fal-
ling or rushing headlong ; rashly hurried. Too hasty.
PRE'CIPITANTLY, ad. in a tumultuous manner, in
headlong haste.
To PRECI'PITATE, v. a. [from praceps, headlong, Lat.]
to throw down headlong. To hasten unexpectedly, rashly,
or blindly. Neuterly, to fall headlong In chymistry, to
fall to the bottom as a sediment.
i U
PRED
007
PRECI'PITATE, a. falling as from a steep place ; head-
long ; rashly, hasty. Hasty; violent.
PRECrPITATE, s. in chymistry, any matter which,
having been dissolved in a fluid, falls to the bottom of llie
vessel on the addition of some other substance, capable of
producing a decomposition of the compound, in consequence
of its attraction, either for the menstruum, or for tlie matter
which was before held in solution. A corrosive medicine
made by precipitating mercury.
PRECI'PITATELY, nd. headlong ; in blind hurry.
PRECIPITATION, s. [from praceps, headlong, Lat.] tlie
act of throwing down headlong or from a precipice. A
violent motion downwards. A rash, tunndtuous, and blind
haste or hurry. In chyniistiy, the act of making a thhig
subside as a sediment, opposed to sublimation.
PRECl'PITOUS, a. [from prir, before, and caput, the
head, Lat.] headlong; steep. Hasty; sudden. Rasb;
heady.
PRECl'SE, a. [from prtrcidu, to pare, Lat.] exact ; strict ;
nice, having strict and determinate limitations. Formal ;
finical.
PRECI'SELY, ad. exactly; nicely; accurately. With
superstitious form.ility ; with too much scrupulosity.
PUECrSENESS, s. the (juality of being very nice or
exact.
PKECrSIAN, (prec'izldan) I. one who limits or restiains
One nice or exact to excess.
PRE'CISION, (preclzhon) s. [pricision, Fr.j an exact limi-
tation.
PRECI'SIVE, a. [from pracido, to pare, Lat.] exactly
limiting so as to cut off all occasions for dispute.
To PRECLU'DE, v. a. [from pra, before, and claudo, to
shut, Lat.] to shut out, exclude or hinder, beforehand.
PRECOCIOUS, ( precoshiuus) a. [prucox, from prce, be-
fore, and coiiuo, to digest or ripen, Lat.] ripe before the
time.
PRECO'CITY, s. [from precocious\ ripeness before the
time.
To PRECO'GITATE, v. a. [from pra, before, and cogito,
to consider, Lat.] to consider or scheme beforehand.
PRECOGNITION, s. [from prce, before, and cognitio,
knowledge, Lat.] foreknowledge.
PRECONCE'IT, s. an opinion previously formed.
To PRECONCEIVE, v. a. to form an opinion before due
examination.
PRECONCE'PTION, s. an opinion formed before ex-
amination.
PRECO'NTRACT, s. (formerly accented on the last sylia-
ble) a contract made before another.
To PRECONTRA'CT, v. a. to contract or bargain be
forehand.
PRECU'RSE, s. [from prce, before, and curro, to run,
Lat. forerunning.
PRECU'RSOR, i. [from prce, before, and curro, to run,
Lat.] an harbinger ; a forerunner.
PREDA'CEOUS, a. [from proeda, plunder, Lat.] living by
prey.
PRE'DAL, a. [from prada, plunder, Lat.] robbing, plun-
dering.
PRE'DATORY, a. [from prceda, plunder, Lat.] plunder-
ing ; hungry ; ravenous ; preying.
PREDECE'SSOR. s. [prMecesseur, Fr.] one that enjoys
any place, or wa3 in any state before another. See An-
CtSTOU.
PREDESTINA'RIAN, *. one that holds the doctrine of
predestination.
To PREDESTINATE, v. a. [from prce, before, and des-
lino, to appoint, Lat.] to doom or appoint beforehand by an
irreversible decree.
PREDESriNA'TION, s. [from prce, before, and destino,
to appoint, Lat.] in general, signifies a decree of God,
whereby, from all eternity, he ordained such a concatina-
tion of causes as must produce every event by a kind of
fatal necessity, I'.nd maugre all opposition. Among
69S
FREE
PRE J
Christians, it is used in a move limited sensp for a jii Igineut or
decree of Go:!, wheiulfy lie has resolved from all eternity,
to save a certain number of person?, from thence called
elected; so that the rest of mankind, lieing left in a state of
impenitence, are said to be reprobated ; a doctrine which
has given occasion to infinite disputes and controversies
among divines.
PREDESTINA'TOR, s. one that holds predestination,
or the prevalence of pre-established necessity.
To PREDE'STINE. v. a. to decree beforehand.
PREDETERMINA'TION, s. [pridHerminatioH, Fr.] tlie
act of determining beforehand.
To PREDETE'RMINE, v. a. to doom or confine by pre-
vious decree.
PRE'DIAL, «. [fromprffidJwm.. a farm, Lat.] in law, con-
sisting of farms.
PRE'DICABLE, a. [from praedico, to affirm, Lat.] such as
may b:.' affirmed i f any thing.
PRE'DICABLE, s. [{torn praedico, to affirm, Lat.] in logic,
a general quality which may be afiTirmcd of any thing.
PREDlCAilEN'T, 5. [praedicamentum, from praedico, to
affirm, Lat.] a class or order of beings or subjects ranged
according to their natures. A class or kind described by
any definitive marks.
PREDICANT, «. [praedicans, from praedico, to affirm,
Lat.] one that affirms any thing ; a preacher.
To PRE'DICATE, v. a, [praedico, Lat.] to affirm any thing,
of another thijig.
PRE'DICATE, i.rpraerficatujn, from praedico, to affirm,
Lat.] that which is affirmed or denied of the subject.
PREDI'CA'TION, s. [from praedico, to affirm, Lat.] the
act of affirming.
To PREDI'CT, V. a. [from prae, before, and dico, to tell,
Lat.] to teii or shew beforehand-
PREDrCTION, s. [from prae, before, and dico, to tell,
Lat.] a declaration of something future; prophecy.
PREDl'CTOR, s. a foreteller.
PREDlGE'STiON, (pron. as spelt) s. digestion performed
ton sooi>.
PREDILECTION, s. [from pr<e, before or above, and
diligo, to love, Lit.] preference of choice or affection.
To PREDISPO'iE, V. a. to adapt beforehand to any par-
ticular pnr[iose.
PREDISPUSI'TION, (predispozUhon) s. previous, adap-
tation to a< y certain purpose.
PREDO'.UIXANCE, PREDO'illNANCY, .v. [from
prce, before or above, and domino, to command, Lat.] preva-
lence ; superior intluence ; ascendency.
PREDOillXANT, a. [predominant, Fr.] prevalent, or
liaving a superior inflnence.
To PREDO'AIINATE, v. a. [from prae, before or above,
and domino, to coinmaml, Lat.] to prevail; to have a superior
influence ; to be ascend int.
To PRE-ELE'CT, v. a. to choose beforehand.
PRE-E'MINENCE, «. fy)»i-^HUHfncc, Fr.] a superior state
of excellence. Priority of place, power, or influence.
PRI".-£'MI\'EN'T, «. [bom prae, before or above, and
emineo, to be eminent, Lat.] having excellence superior to
others.
PRE-ETMPTION', «. [from prae, before, and eino, to pur-
clia>e. I-:it.] the right of purchasing before others.
To PREEN, t). a. [priiutn, Belg.] to trim the feathers.
To PRE-ENGA'GE, v. a. to engage before.
PRE-ENGAGEMENT, *. a prior or precedent obli-
gation.
PREE'XING, s. in naiuri! history, is tlie aclion of birds
dresi'ing iheir fca'.h'rs, to enable them to gliile more readily
through the air. For which purpose they have two glands
on their rump, vvhicli secrete an unctuous matter into a bag
that is perlorated, out of which the bird occasionally draws it
with ils bill.
To PRE-ESTA'BLISH, v. a. to establish or settle before-
hand.
PRE-ESTA'BLISHMENT, *. Bettlement beforehand.
To PPiE-EXIST, !i. n. [from prce, before, and existo, to
exist, Lat] to exist before.
PRE-EXrSTENCE, s. a previous st.ite of being.
PRE-EXISTEXT, a. [praecxistent, Fr.] existing before.
PRE'FACE, s. [prcf'ulio, from prae, before, and for, to
speak, Lat.] something used as preparatory, or introductory.
A discourse prefixed to a book.
To PRE'FACE, V, n. [pr/tfari, from prae, before, and J'or,
(0 s[)i;ak, Lat.] to say something by way of introduction.
.Actively, to introduce by something proemial.
PRETATORY, a. introductory.
PRE'FECT, «. [from prae, over, and facio, to make or set,
Lat.] a governor or commander; a superintendant.
PRE'FECTURE, j. [prefecture, Fr.} command; office of
government.
To PREFER, V. a. \praefero, from /»«■, before, above,
and fero, to bear, Lat.] to regard, esteem, or value more'
than another ; used with above, before, or to, before the thing
less esteemed. To esalt or raise in dignity. To offer so-
lemnly, or propose publicly. In law, to exhibit a bill or^
accusation.
PRE'FERABLE, a- [preferable, Fr.] to be chosen, es-
teemed, or valued more than something else.
PRE'FERABLENES.S, s. the state of being preferable.
PRE'FERABLY, afi in preference; in such a manner as
to prefer one thin:.j to another.
PRE'FERENCE, s. [from prae, before, above, and fcro, to
bear, Lat.] the act of esteeming more, or choosing before'
another; used with to, before, over, or above, before the thing
less esteemed.
PRE'FERAIENT, s. advancement to a higher post or sta-
tion. A place of honour or profit. The act of esteeming or
choosing one thing rather than another.
To PRE'FIGURA TE, v- a. [from prae, befi>re, and figuro,
to shew (iirth, Lat.] to shew by some precedent figure or re-
presentation.
PREFIGDIIA'TION, s. an antecedent representation
To PREFI'GURE, v. a. [from prae, before, and Jigiiro, to
shew forth, Lat.] to shew by some figure or token before.
To PREFI'NE, I', a. [from prae, before, and Jinis, a limit,
Lat.] to limit beforehand.
To PREFIX, V. a. [from pra, before, and fgo, to fix,
Lat.] to appoint beforehand. To settle. To fix, place, or
set before another thing.
PREFI'X, s. [from pre, before, and fiyo, to fix, Lat.] some
particle put before a word to vary its signification. They
are common in the Hebrew language.
PREFI'XION, (prejihs/ion) s. [prefxion, Fr.] the act of
prefixing.
To PREFO'RM, v. a. to form beforehand. Not in use.
PRE'GNANCY, s. the state of being with young. Fruit-
fulness of invention, ap[ilied to the mind.
PRE'GNANT, a, [praegnans, hal-]^ teeming; breeding;
big witii young. Fruitiul ; or causing fertility. Full of con-
sequence. Evident ; clear. Easy to produce. Obsolete
in the last sense but one.
PREGUSTA'TION, i. [from jirtr, before, and gusto, to
taste, Lat.] the act of tasting before another.
To PRE.IU'DGE, v. a. [from from prtr, before, and judico,
to judge, Lat.] to determine any question beforehand, or con-
demn belbre examination.
ToPRE.JU'DICATE, v. a. [from prae, before, and judico,
to judge, Lat.] to determine beforehand to disadvantage.
PRE.IU'DICATE, a. [from prae, before, and judico, to
judge, Lat.] formed prejudiciously before examination.
PREJUDICA'TION, *. the act of judging without exami-
nation.
PRE'.IUDICE, s. [prejudicium, from prae, before, and
judico, to jiiilge, Lat.] a judgment or opinion, formed
belbre examination, cither in favour of, nr against a per-
son or thing ; prepossession. A mischief, damage, or de-
triment.
To PIJE'.IUDICE, V. a. to prepossess a person with a
good or bad opinion of n person or thing before he can see
PR E N
PREP
C99
or examine. To be of disservice or hurt l)y means of pre-
conceived opinions.
PUE.JU'DICrAL, (prejudhhal) a. [prfjudivinble, Fr.] in-
juring or luirtiri!,' by preconceivt-d opijiiun.s ; miscliicvous ; in-
jurious ; opposite.
PKE'LACY, s. tlie difjnity of a person of the liighest posts
in the church. Episcopacy ; the order of bishops.
PKE'LATE, s. [ prwlatus, from piafero, to prefer, Lat.] a
clergyman of the highest order ; a bishop.
PRELA'TION, s. [prelatus, from pra-fero, to prefer, Lat.]
preference ; tlie setting one above the other.
PKE'LATURE, or PUE'LATURESHIP, s. [pralatura,
from prccftro, to prefer, Lat.] the state or dignity of a pre-
late.
PRELE'CTION, s. [from pro:, before, and le^o, to read,
Lat.] reading ; lecture.
PRELIBA'TIOM, s. (from prm, before, and libo, to taste,
Lat.] a tasle beforehand.
PRELI'MINARY, a. [from prce, before, and limen, a
threshold, Lat.] previous or introductory.
PRELI'MINARV, s. something by way of introduction.
PRE'LUDE, J. [jnHude, Fr.] some short flight of music
played b'-fore a fidl concert/ Something introductory, shon'-
ing what is to follow.
To PRELU'DI''., V. n. [from pra, before, and ludo, to play,
Lat.] to serve as an introduction to be previous to.
PHEHI'SIVE, a. previous ; introductory ; proemial. " The
clouds — prelusive, drops'' Thorn.
PRE.MATU'RE, a. [from prcc, before, and maturus, ripe,
Lat.] ripe too soon ; with too hasty ripeness ; too early ; too
soon said, believed, or done.
PUEMATU'RELV, «rf. loo early ; too soon; with too hasty
ripenes.i?.
PREMATURENESS, or PREMATU'RITV, s. too great
haste ; unseasonable earlines>'.
To PREME DITATE, v. a. [from pro; before, and meditor,
to meditate, Lat.] to contrive, form, or think of before-
hand.
PREMEDITATION, s. [from pro; before, and meditor, to
meditate, Lat.] the act of thinking on, or contriving before-
hand.
To PREME'RIT, v. a. [from pra, before, and mereo, to de-
serve, Lilt.] to deserve before.
PREMI'CES, s. [Fr.J fir.st fruits.
PRE'.MIER, a. [Fr.] first ; chief.
To PREl\irSE, (premize) v. a. [from prcc, before, and
mitto, to send or put, Lat.] to explain or lay down before-
hand.
PRE'JII.SES, s. [prirmissa, Lat.] propositions supposed,
laid down, or proved before. In law, houses, lauds, or places
mentioned before.
PRE'SIIUM, s. [praemium, Lat.] something given to invite
a loan, or make a bargain.
To PREMO'NISH, v. a. [from prne, before and moiieo, to
admonish, Let.] to warn bef jre.
PREMONl'TION, s. [from prae, before, and moneo, to ad-
monish, Lat.] a notice or warning given bef)rehind.
PREMO'XITORY, a. [from prae, before, and moneo, to ad-
monish, Lat.] pr.'vioiisly advising-.
To PREJIO'NSTRATE, v. a. [from prae, before, and
monstro, to show, Lat.] to show beforehand.
PREMUNTRE, ^in common disco;ir>e ;iccente:l on the Orst
syllable) j. [Lat ] a writ, whereby a penalty is incurred fen-
breaking some statute. A penalty incurred. A difnculty or
distress.
PREMUNI'TION, s. [from praemunio, to secure before-
hand, Lat.] an anticipation of objection.
To PUENO SIIN'ATE, v. a. [from prae, before, and nomino,
to name, Lat.] to forename.
PRENOMIXATION, s. [from prae, before, and nomiiio, I.0
jiaine, Lat.] the privilege of being named first.
PRENO'TION', s. Iprfiwtion, Fr.] foreknowledge ; pre-
science.
PRE'NTICE, s. [contracted from apprentice'\ one bound to a
niiistor i'l ord' r to K:irn a trade.
PREXUNCIATIOX, s. [bom TH-crnunciO, Lat.] the act of
tellini; before.
PUEO'CCUPANCV, ». the act of taking possession before
aiiotlier.
To PIIEO'CCUPATE, v. u. (from pra, before, and occupo,
to occupy, Lat.] to anticipate or prevei.'t. To prepossess or
prejudice.
PRE-OCCUPA'TIOX, s. [from pra, before, and occupo, to
occupy, Lat.] anticipation ; prepossession ; anticipation of ob-
jection.
To PREO'CCUPY, V. a. to pissess ; to occupy 'uy anticipa-
tioii or prejudice.
To PREO'MINATE, v. a. [from pra, before, and ominor,
to foretell, Lat.] to prognosticate ; to gather from omens any
future event.
PREOPl'NION, s, [from pro;, before and opinio, an
opinion, Lat.] opinijn antecedently formed ; |:-eposses-
sion.
To PREORDA'IN, v. a. to ordain or decree beforehand.
PREO'RDIXACE, *. antecedent decree ; first decree. Ob-
solete.
PREORDINA'TIOX, s. the act of preordaining.
PREPARA'TIOX, s. [from pro-, befor..', and paro, to make
ready, Lat.] the act oi making any thing fit for any purpose
beforehand. Measures taken beforehand. A ceremoni-
ous icLtroductiun. In medicine, any thing made by gradual
labour.
PREPA'RATIVE, s. that which fits bi foRii;nid, or is done
as means for something else.
PHEPA'1{ATIVE, tf. [pr/-paratif, Fr.] having the power of
q\iari'Ving or litti'iL'.
PRIOPA'KATIVELY, ad. previondy.
PKEPA'RATORY, a. [priparatoire, Fr.] necessary before.
Introductory to.
To PREPARE, !'. a. [from pra, before, and paro, to make
ready, Lat.] to fit, qualify, or make ready beforehand, for any
purpose. In medicine, to make by a regular process. Neu'er-
ly, to take prcviou;; measures ; to put things in order ; to
make one's self ready.
PREPE'NtSE, or PREPE'NSED, a. [from pra, before, and
pcndo, to consider, Lat.] in law, denotes forethought ; thus,
when a man is slain upon a sudden quarrel, if there was
malice prepense formerly between them, it makes it
nnuiler.
'I'o PREPOXDER, V. a. to outweigh. Obsolete.
PKEPO'XDKHAXCE, or PREPO'NDERAXCY, s. the
state of b.ingmore heavy, or of greater excellence, influence,
and importance.
To PREPO'NDERATE, -o. n. [from pra, above, and
pondus, weight, Lat.] to exceed in weight, influence, power,
or importance. Actively, to otitweigh ; to overpower by
weight.
PREPONDERA'TION, i. the act or state of exceeding in
vvL'ij^ht, power, or influence.
'i'o PREPO'SE, (prepdze) v. a. [proposer, Fr.] to [)ut be-
fore.
PREPOSI'TIOX, (prepozlshon) s. [froin pra, before, and
pono, to put, Lat.] in grammar, a particle governing a case,
such as, 6y, with, for, &c.
PREPO'SlTOIt, {prepozitor) s. [from pra, before, and
pono, to put, Lat.] a scholar appointed by the master to over-
f ick the rest.
To PRKPOSSE'SS, (prepozzess) v. a. to fill with an opinion
before examination ; to pnjudice.
PREPOS.SE'SSIOX, (prepozeshon) s. first possession. An
opinion conceived bef nv examination.
PREPOSTEROUS, a. [praposterus, Lat.] having that first
which should be last ; absurd, perverted, wrong.
PREPO'STEROUSLY, ad. in a wrong situation, absurdly.
PREPO'STEROUSNESS, t. absiirdity ; wrong order or
fnethod.
TOO
PRES
PRES
PREPOTEKCV, s. [frompr*, above, and potentia, power,
Lat.] superior powir ; preilominance.
PRE'PUCE, s. [praputium, Lat.] the skin which corers the
glans.
To PREREQUIRE, r. a. to demand previously.
PRE-RE'QUISITE, a. somethini; previously necessary.
PRERO'GATIVE, s. [prerogatif, Fr.] an excKisive orpecn-
liar privilege. Prerogative Court, a court belonging to the
archbishop of Canterbury, wherein wills are proved, anil admi-
nistrations fjraiited that belong to the archbishop by his prero-
gative, and within his province. Synon. Prerogative, relates
to honour, and personal preference ; whereas privilege, im-
plies some advantage from interest or office, proceeding from
the grant of a prince, or the laws of a society.
PJRE'SAGE, s. [presage, Fr. praesagium, Lat.] a token by
which something future may be known. That state of the
mind in which it has a foreknowledge of something future.
To PRES.VGE, t>. a. [presager, Fr.] to forebode, or fore-
know ; sometimes used with of. To foretoken or show be-
fore.
PRESA'GEMENT, s. \praesagium, from prae, before, and
sagio, to perceive quickly, Lat.] forebodement, foretoken.
PRE'.SBURG, or POSEN, a free and royal city, capital of
Lower Hungary ; like Vienna, it has suburbs much larger,
and more magnificent, that itself. In this city the states of
Huneary have held their assemblies, since I7a3, and in the
cathedral the sovereign is crowned. The Lutherans form a
church here. Presburg is pleasantly seated at the foot of a
mountaui, on the D.^nibe, 32 miles E. 3. E. of Vienna. Here
peace between France and Au-tria was signed December the
2nh. IROo. Lat. +S. S. N. Ion. 17. 16. E.
PRE'SBYTEll, s. [Lat-] in the primitive Christian church,
was an elder, one of the second order of ecclesiastics ; the
other two being bishops and deacons.
PRESCYTK'RLVXS, s. a sect of Protestants, so called from
their nviintaining that the government of the church appointed
by the New Testament, was by presbyteries ; that is, by pres-
bVlers and ruling elders, associated for its government and disci-
pline. The Presbyterians afTirm, that there is no order in the
church, as established by Christ and his apostles, superior to
that of presbyters ; that all ministers being ambassadors, are
equal by their commission ; and the elder or preshyter, and
bishop, are the same in name and office ; for which they
allege. Acts xx. 28, &c. The only difference between them
and'tlie Church of England, relates to discipline and church
government. Their highest assembly is a sytiod, which may
be provincial, iiatiojiai, or oecumenical ; and they allow of
appeals from iiiferior to superior asseml)lies ; according to
Acts XV. 2, 6, 22, 23. The next assembly is composed of a
number of ministers and elders of a congregation, associated
fur governing the churches within certain bounds. This au-
thority thev found up in Acts xi. 30, and iv. 4, 6, &c. The
lowest of tiicir asstmhlies, or presbyteries, consists of the mi-
nisters and elders of a congregation, who have power to cite
before them any member, and to admonish, instruct, rebuke,
and su^pend him from the encharist. They have also a deacon,
whose office i< to take care of the poor. Their ordination is
by jiraver, fasting, and imposition of the hands of the presby-
tery. Thi3 is now the discipline of the Church of Scot-
land.
PRE'.SBYTERY, s. a body of elders, whether priests or lay-
men. The di ctrine of I'n sliyterians.
PRE'SCIEXCE, J. [prhcicnce, Fr.] the knowledge of tilings
or events before they happen.
PRESCIENT, a. [from prae, before, and scio, to know,
Lat.] prophaic ; knowing events; before they happen.
PRK'SCIOIJS, a. [from prae, before, and scio, to know, Lat.]
having foreknowledge,
To PRESCI'ND, 1). o. ffrom prae, before or off, and tcindo,
to cut, Lat.] to cut ofT; to abstract.
PRESCI'NUENT, a. [from prae, before or off, and tcindo, to
cut, Lat. abstracting.
PRE'aCOT, a pretty, large, but not populous, town of Lan-
cashire, 8 miles E. of Liverpool, and 195 N. N. W. of London.
Market on Tuesday.
To PRE.SCRl'BE, v. a. [from prae, over, above, with re-
spect to authority, and scribo, to write, Lat.] to set down au-
thoritatively ; to direct or command. To write a receipt for
a person that is sick.
PRE'SCRIPT, a. [from prae, over, above, with respect to
authority, and scribo, to write, Lat.J directed or laid down by
way of precept.
PRE'SCRIPT, *. [from prae, over, above, with respect to
authority, and scribo, to write, Lat.] a direction or motion laid
down.
PRESCRI'PTION, s. [from prae, over, above, with respect
to authority, and scribo, to write, Lat.] a receipt in medicine.
In law, it is a right or title acquired by use and time, intro-
duced for assuring the property of effects, in favour of persons
who have for a certain time had them in their possession.
In common law. Prescription is usually understood of a pos-
session from time immemorial, or beyond the memory of man ;
but in the civil law, and even in our common law, there are
prescriptions of a much shorter date.
PRE'SEANCE, s. [presiance, Fr.] priority of place in sit-
ting.
PRESENCE, (prizenee) s. [praesentia, from praesum,
to be present, Lat.] the act or state of beiug in the same place
with another, or in the view of a superior. Port, air, or
mien. Reailiness on any emergence. The person of a supe-
rior.
PRESENCE-CHAMBER, or PRE'SENCE-ROOM, *. the
room in which a great person receives company.
PIIESE'NSION, (presenshon) s. [from prae, before, and
sentio, to perceive, Lat.] perception beforehand.
PRE'SIONT, (prizcnt) a. [praesens, from pratsum, to be
present, Lat.] in the same place ; face to face ; at the same
time, or the time which is now. Ready on occasion. At-
tentive. Unforgotten. The present is used elliptically for
the present time, or the time now existing. At present now ;
or the present time, from a present, Fr. In grammar, it
is the first tense of a verb, expressing the present time, or
that something is now performing ; as, I write, or am writ-
ing.
i'llE'.SENT, (prezent) s. \jprisent, Fr.] a gift, or some-
thing i;iven wliicli a person could not claim. In the plural,
used tor a letter, certificate, or mandate.
To PRESENT, (prezent) v. a. [prcsetiter, Fr.] to place in
the pre.-ience of, or introduce to a superior. To oiler or exhi-
bit. To give in a ceremonious manner, used with to before
the person, or with before the thing. To prefer to an ecclesi-
astical benefice. To lay before a court of judicature as some-
thing deserving their notice.
PUESENTA'NEOUS, a. [praesetitanetts, from prat, above,
and sentio, to perceive, Lat.] quick ; ready ; immediate.
PRESENTA'TION, (prezentashon) s. presentation, Fr.]
the act of giving; the act of conferring a church living. A
benefice.
PKESENTE'E, (prezentee) s. [from prisenti, Fr.] one
ipresented to a benefice.
PRESE'NTER, s. one that presents.
PRESE'NTIAL, (prezSnshial) a- supposing actual pre-
sence.
PRESENTIA'LITY', (prezenshidlity) s. state of being pre-
sent.
To PRE.SE'NTIATE. (prezlnskiate) v. a. to make present
PRESENITFIC, (prezeiiti/ick) a. [from presens, present,
aiid/flC!o, to make, Lat.] making present. Obsolete.
PUESENTI'FICKLY, {prezentijickly) ad. in such a manner
as to make present.
PRESENTLY, (prizenthj) ad. without delay. Soon.
PRESENTMEN T, (prezintment) s. the act of presenting.
Any thing exhibited. In law, a declaration or report made by
the jurors or other officers, of an offence inquirable in the
court to which it is presented.
PRESERVA'TION, (preservathon) t. the net of keeping safe
from destruction, or hurt.
PRES
PRKT
701
PRESE'RVATIVE, Cprezervathe) s.[pre.urvatif, Fr.] that
which has the power of keeping sale, or from destruction or
danger.
PRESE'RVE, (prez^rve) s. huh preserved whole in sugar.
To PRESE'RVE, (priierve) r. a. [praeservo, low Lat.] to
keep from danger, corruptinn', or destruction.
PRESKHIVER, (prczirver) s. one wiio preserves; one
who keeps from ruin or mischief. He who makes preserves
of fruit.
To PRE'SIDE, V. 71. [from prae, over, and sedeo, to sit, Lat.]
to he set, or have authority over — used with over.
PRF!/SIDENCY, s. li>rhideiice, Fr.] superintendence.
PRE'SIDENT, s- [from praesideo, to preside, Lat.] one
having authciritv or comnniiiii over others.
PRE'SIDENi'.SHIP, s. the state or condition of a person
who has authority over others.
PRESI'DlAL, «. [from praesidium, a garrison, I,at.] belong-
ing to a garrison.
To PRESS, t). a. [presser, Fr.] to .squeeze or crush hy
weight or force. To couslrain, or affect .strongly. To make
earnest. To force into military service, contracted from
impress. Neuterly, to act with force. To distress. To
go forwards towards an oljoct, notwithstanding ohstacles. To
urge witli vehemence or importunity. To crowd. To press
upon, to invade ; to push against.
PRESS, s- [pressoir, Fr.] an instrument made to squeeze
or press any thing very close. A crowd or throng. A
wooden case for clothes. A commission for forcing men
into military service. The printing press consists of two
principal parts, the body of the press, which serves to
give the pinch or stroke for the impression, and the carriage,
un which the f'>rm or set of types which have been com-
posed for printing is laid to undergo the same. The
rolling press, is a macliine used for taking off prints from
copper plates. There is a printing press of a new construction,
the invention of the late earl Stanhope.
PRE'SSBED, s. a bed so contrived as to be shut up in a
case.
PRE'SSGANG, s. a crew which forces men into naval
service.
PRE'SSINGLY, ad. in a violent manner.
PRE'S.SION, s. the act of some power, exerted with force
on another body. •
PRE'SSITANT, a. gravitating; heavy. Not in use.
PRE'SSMAN, !t. one who forces another into naval ser-
vice. One who makes the impression of print by the press ;
distinct from the compositor, who ranges the types.
PRE'3SM0NE;Y, s. money given to a soldier when he is
taken or forced into the service.
PRE'SSUKE, I. the act of squeezing or operating upon
by weight and force. The state of being pressed. Gravi-
tation, force, or weight acting upon any thing. Violence,
oppression, affliction, or distress.
" PREST, a. \prcst, or prit, Fr.J ready. Neat ; tight.
PREST, «. [prest, Fr.] a loan.
PRE'STEIGN, a town of Radnorshire, in S. Wales, seated
near the source of the Lug, in a rich valley. It is a large,
handsome, well-built town, with paved regular streets ;
and here the assizes are held, and the county gaol is kept.
The market is remarkable for barley, of which they make a
great deal of malt. It is 30 miles W. N. W. of Worcester,
and 149 W. N. W. of London. Lat. 52. 13. N. Ion. 2. 38. W.
PRESTIGATION, 3. a juggling; a deceiving.
PRE'STIGES, *. (from prastigiae, Lat.] impostures, jug-
gling tricks; illusions.
PRESTIGIOUS, a. deceitful, insidious, juggling.
PRE'STO, interj. [Ital.] quick ; at once. Used by jug-
glers.
PRE'STON, a large and handsome town of Lancashire,
pleasantly situated on an eminence near the river Ribble,
which is navigable here for small vessel.s, and communicat-
ing also with all the late inland navigations. It has a largie
market-place, the streets are open and well paved, and the
houses in general well built. Here is an extensive prison.
upon Howard's plan; and here arc held a court of chancery;
and the other offiecs of justice for the county palatine of
Lancaster. It is noted for the defeat of the adherents of the
Slnaits here, by the royal forces, in 1715. It is 21 miles S.
of Lancaster, and 217 N. N. W. of London. It is a corpo-
ration, and sends two members to parliament. The cotton
business is here carried on^ to a very considerable extent.—
Markets on Wednesday, F'riday, and Saturday. — Fairs on
March 27th, August 27th, and November 7th, and the first
Saturday after .Ian. eth. Every 20lh year, a guild or
jubilee is held here, which begins in the latter end of
August, and continues about a month. The last was held in
IB 02.
PRE STON PANS, a village near Edinburgh, in Scotland,
where general Cope was defeated by the rebels, in 1715.
Lnt. 55. 58. N. Ion. I. 53. W.
To PUESU'ME, (prez&me) v. a. [from prae, before, and
sumo, to take, Lat J to suppose, believe, or take for truth
before examination. To venture without olitaining leave.
To form confident and arrogant opinions. To make con-
fident or arrogant attempts.
PUESU'iMER, s. one that pre-upixises; an arrogant
person.
PUESU'JIPTION, {preziimshAn) s. [from prae, before,
and sumo, to take, Lat.] a supposition formed before ex-
amination. A strong, though not demonstrative argument,
a strong probability. Arrogance; urjreasonable confidence
or arrogance.
PRESU'MPTIVE, a. [prhomtif, Fr.] formed upon
previous suppo.sitions. Supposed ; as, the presumptive
heir, opposed to the heir apparent. Too confident or ar-
rogant.
PRESU'MPTUOUS, a. [prisomtueux, Fr] arrogant;
confident ; insolent. Irreverent with respect to divine
things.
PRESU'JIPTUOUSLY, ad. in an arrogant, confident, op
too daring m aimer.
PRESUPPO'SAL, {presuppizal) s. supposal previously
formed.
To PRESUPPOSE, (prhnppize) v. a. [prisupposer, Fr.]
to suppose before.
PRESUPPOSI'TION, (prestippozishon) s. [prhupposition,
Fr.] a supposition previously formed.
PRESURMl'SE, (presurmlze) s. a surmise previously
formed.
PRETE'NCE, i. [from pretendo, to pretend, Lat.] a false
argument grounded on vain postulates. The act of shewing
or alleging what is not real. Claim to notice. Claim true
or false. Something held out to terrify.
To PRETEND, V. a. [from prae, before, and tendo, to
stretch, Lat.j to hold out or stretch forward. " Lucagus,
to lash his horse, his left foot pretends." Dryd. To make
an appearance inconsistent with reality, merely to gain some
end. Neuterly, to put in a claim. To presume on ability ;
to profess presumptuously.
PRETE'NDER, s. one who lays claim to any thing.
PRETE'NDINGLY, ad. arrogantly ; presumptuously.
PRETE'NSION, (pretinshon)s. [horn pretendo, to pretend,-
Lat.] a claim. A fictitious show or appearance.
PRETER, a particle which is often prefixed to words
derived from the Latin praeter, and signifies beside.
PRETERI.MPE'RFECT a. in grammar denotes the
tense which signifies that a thing !.■* not perfectly past, as,
/ was hearing.
PRETERIT, a. [from praeterren, to passs over, Lat.]
past.
PRETERI'TION, s. [from praeterreo, to pass over, Lat.l
the act of going past, or the state of being past.
PRE'TERITNESS, t. ihe state of being passed ; not pre-
sence ; not futurity.
PRETERLA'PSED, a- [from praeterlabor, to pass away,
Lat.l past and gone.
PRETERLE'GAL, a. not agreeable to law-
702
PREV
PRIM
PRETERMI'SSrON, (pietermieliAn) s. [from praetermitto,
to pass by, Lat.] the act of omitting.
To PRETERMIT, v. a. [from praetermitto, LaL] to
pass by.
PRETERN.4'TURAL, a. not according to the common
course of nature; irregular.
PRETERNA'TDR.VLLY, ad. in a manner different from
the common order of nature.
PRETERNA'TUR.\LNESS, s. a manner different from
the order of nature.
PRETERPE'UFEC T, a. [pi-aeteritum, past, and perfectum,
perfect, Lat.] in grammar, an epithet given to the tense
which dtmtes somethjna; perfectly past ; sometimes formed
in the English by prefixing the auxiliary verb have, which
we borroweil from tlje S.ixfius.
PRETERPEUPERFECT, a. [from practeritum, ' past,
plusquam, more than, and perfeetum, perfect, Lat.] applied
to the tense which is used to .signify that a thing was past
before some other past time ; it is expressed in English by
tfie auxihary verb liad.
PRETEXT, «. [pruetextus, from praetego, to cover, Lat.]
a false appearance, or allegation ; pretence.
PRETIO'SITY, /^pi-eshidsity) s. [from praetium, price,
Lat.] preciousnes', high value. Not much used.
PRE'TOR, i. \praeior, Lat. priteur, Fr.] a Roman judge,
used at present fir a mayor.
PRETO'RIAN, a- [from praetor, a Roman magistrate, Lat.]
belonging to the pretor; judicial.
PRE'TTILY, ad. in such a manner as to raise an idea of
skill and neatness ; neatly ; elegandv.
PRE'TTINESS, i. the quality of"exciting an idea of neat-
ness and symmetry, but not of perfect beauty.
PRE'TTV, a. ['prf«o, Ita!.] neat; elegant; pleasing with-
out surprise. Beautiful without grandeur. Not very small,
nor great.
PRE'TTY, ad. in some degree.
To PREVA'IL, V. n. [from prae, over, and valeo, to pro-
Tail, Lat.] to conquer any resistance ; to have su|)eriot power
or influence, used with on, upon, orer, or against. To
persuade or induce by entreaty, followed by with.
PREVAI'LING, a. predominant; having great power;
prevalent ; efficacious.
PRE'VALENCE, or PRE'VALENCY, j. [prevalence, Fr.]
superiority of influence or power.
PRE'VALENF, a. [from prae, over, and valeo, to prevail,
Lat.] victorious ; gaining superiority ; powerful.
PRE'V'ALENTLY, ad. powe'rfully; forcibly. "The
ev'ning star — more prevalently bright." Prior.
To PREVA'RICATE, v.' a. [praevaricor, Lat. privari-
quer, Fr.] to quibble, cavil, or shuffle.
PREVARICA'TIOM, *. [from praevaricor, to prevaricate,
Lat.] the act of shuffling; quibbling, or cavillii g.
PREVARICA'TOR, s. [from praevaricor, to prevaricate,
Lat.] a caviller ; a shuffler.
To PREVE'XE, v. a. [from prae, before, and venio, to
come, Lat.] to hinder.
PREV^ENIENT, a. [praeveniens, from prae, before, and
venio, to cone, Lat.] preceding. Preventive.
To PREVE'NT, v- a. [from prae, before, and -cenio, to
come, Lat ] t) go before as a guide. To anticipate. To
preoccupy. To hinder, obviate, or obstruct. Nenterly,
to come bi'fore the usual time.
PREVE'KTER, s. one that hinders; one that goes
before.
PREVE'NTION, (previnsh'On) s. [prevention, Fr.] the act
of goine before, hindering, antlci()ating, or prepossessing.
PREVF.'XTK)NAL, o. tending to preventimi.
PREVE'NTIVE, a. [from prevent] tending to hinder.
Preservative; hindering ill, with of before the thing pre-
venle<l.
PREVE'NTIVE, s. a preservative; that which prevents;
an aiuidoti- previously taken.
PREVIOUS, a. [from prae, before, and via, a way, Lat.]
going before ; prior.
PRE'VIOUSLY, ad. beforehand ; antecedently.
PRE'VIOUSNESS, s. antecedence.
PREY, s. [praeda, Lat.] something seized by violence;
something to be devoured ; plunder.
To PREY, V. n. [praedor, Lat.] to feed by violence. To
plunder ; to rob. To corrode ; to waste.
PRE'YER, «■ a robber ; deyourer; plunderer.
PRI'APIS.M, s- [priapismus, Lat.] a preternatural tension."
PRICE, s. [prix, Fr.J equivalent given foi any thing'
Value. Reward.
To PRICE, V. a. to pay for ; to ask the value or price.
To PRICK, V. a. \prician, Sax.] to pierce with any thing
that has a sharp point. To nominate or name to any office
by making a hole in paper. To spur, goad, or impel. To
pain or pi"rce with remorse. I'o make acid, applied to
liquors. To mark a tune- Neuterly, to dress one's self for
show. To come upon the spur.
PRICK, s. [pricca. Sax.] a sharp pointed instrument.
A puncture or hole made with a sharp pointed instrument.
A renjorse of conscience; an uneasiness of the miud, occa-
sioned by consciousness of guilt. A spot or mark for shoot-
ing. The print of a hare on the ground.
PRI'CKER, i. a sharp poiirted instrument; a light horse-
man. Not in use in the last sense.
PRI C'KET, s. a buck in his second year.
PRI'CKLE, s. a small sharp point, like the thorn of a
brier.
PRrCKr,ENEP, s. in botany, an umbelliferous plant.
— The marine pricklenep, or sea-parsnep, is the British
species.
PRI'CKLINESS, s. fulness of sharp points.
PRI'CKI.Y, a. full of sharp points.
PRl'CKLYCAP, s. in botany, a kind of fungus, with awl-
shaped fibres on the under-surface like a hedge-hog. The
conmion pricklycap is found in woods, and is known by
having a convex, tiled, pale, flesh-coloured hat, standing
on a smooth pillar, and white prickles ; the five-stringed
pricklycap is found on dry ivy leaves, and is known by
having five fdjres extending from the pillar to the edge of
the hat. Tile former species is eaten in Italy, and is said to
be of a very delicate taste.
PIU'CKHIADAM, s. ia botany, the yellow stonecrop.
PRTCKPUXCH, s. a piece of' tempered steel, with
a round point at one end, used to make a round mark in cold
iron.
PRI'CKVVOOD, s. the dogberry tree, or female cornel.
PRIDE, i. [prid, or pri/d, Sax.] too high an opinion of
one's self, abilities, or pmlessiuns. Insolence. Lofthiess of
air. Ornament; splendour or show.
To PlilDE, ;;. n. to esteem too highly, used with the re-
ciprocal pronoun, and followed by in.
PRl'ER, s. [see Puv] one who looks too curiously or
narrowly into tilings.
PRIE.Sr, (the ie in this word and its following compounds
is pron. like ee ; as, preest, precsthj, tkc.) s. [preost. Sax.] one
that is trusted with the care of suids, and is in dignity above
a deacon.
PRIE STCRAFT, s. pious frauds, or frauds practised by
priests to keep the laity in subjection, and enrich them-
selves,
PRIE'STESS, s. a woman who officiated in the heathen
tem[iles.
PRIE'STHOOD, s. the office or dignity of a priest; the
class of nun set apirt for holy offices.
PRIE'STLINESS, s. the appearance or manner of a
pjiest.
PRIESTLY, a- belonging to or becoming a priest.
PRIES I'KIDUEN, a. made a tool of by priests.
ToPKIEVE, used by Upenser (or prove.
PRU;, s. a conceited, saucy, pert, pragmatical person, or
little fellow.
PRII.L, s. a birt or turbot.
I'RIAI, a. [contracted from primitive] precise; formal;
affectedly nice
P II 1 M
To PUIM, t). a. to ilicli up precisely ; to form to an alT'ected
nicely.
PliriMACV, s. [j)i-i:nutus, from primus, first, Lat.] the
liiglu'St post ill tile ciiiircli.
PKIAIACjE, s- a small duty in the harhniir, or at the
water siili', to the n:iastor ami iiiaiiiiers of a .iliip, for the use
of ropes, &c. and to the iiiuriners for loadinjj and unloading a
vessel.
PKI'MAUILV, (id. originally ; in the first intention. In
the first place.
PRl'MAKINESS, s. thj state of bein^ first in act or i nten-
tion.
PRI'MAHY, a. [prinuirius, from primus, first, Lat.] I'lrst ;
original ; chief; principal.
PIH'MATE, [from primus, first, Lat.J the highest among
the clergy.
PRPAI ATESniP, s. the dignity or office of a primate.
PlUiME, *. [Uom primus, first, Lat.] the first part of the
day. The first or hist part. Youth, applied to human life.
The first height of perfeclion. The first canonical liniir. The
first part of any state. In fencing, the attitude immediately
after first drawing the sword. In chronology, the golden
number.
PRIME, a. [primus, Lat.] early, blooming. Principal ;
chi.;f; first; excellent; best.
To PRIME, V. a. to put in the first powder, or to put
powder in the pan of a gun. In painting, to lay the first
colours, from primer, Fr. to begin.
PJtl'MELY, ad. originally ; primarily ; in the first place ;
excellently ; supremely well.
PRI'MENES.S, s. the state of being first. E.xcellence.
PRIMER, s. [from primus, first, Lat.] a small prayer-book,
containing the alfihabet, catechism, &c. in which children are
first taught to read.
PRIME'RO, s. [Span.] a game at cards.
PRIMli'VAL, or PRIME'VOUS, a. [from primus, first, and
avum, an age, Lat.] original ; such as was at first.
PRIJII'TIAL, ( priin'isliial) a. [primitiae, from primus,
first, Lat-] being of the first production.
PHIMI'TIVE, a. [primitivus, from primus, first, Lat.] an-
cient ; original ; established from the beginning ; also, formal ;
aff(;ctedly solemn. In grammar, it is a root or original word
in a language, in contradistinction to a derivative ; thus,
God is d primative, ffodty derivative, and godlike a com-
pound.
PRI'MITIVELY, ad. originally ; at first. Primarily ; not
derivativelv. According to the original rule.
PRI'M1T1VENES.S, *. the state ot beii-g original ; anti-
quity ; conformity to autiqnity.
PKl'AINESS, affected nieeness, or formality.
PRI'JI0GEN1.\L, a. [from primus, first, and yigno, to
beget, Lat.] first-born ; original ; constituent ; primary ; ele-
mental.
PRIJIOGE'NITURE, s. [primogeniture, Fr.] the state of
being first-iiorn ; seniority, eldership.
PRIMO'RDIAL, 0. [Fr. from primordium, a beginning,
Lat.] original ; exisiting from the beginning.
PRIMO'RDIAL, 4. first principle ; origin.
PRIMO'RDIAN, s. a kind of plum.
PRIMO'RDIATE, a. [from primordium, a beginning, Lat.]
original ; existing from the beginning.
PRI'MROSE, [from primula vcris, the first fruits of the
spring, I^at.] a plant so called from its blowing early in the
year. There are four speciis ; viz, the common, cowslip, ox-
lip, and meally primrose. The first species is found in woods
and hedges, the second and third in pastures, and the last in
marshes and hogs, and uj.oii mountains in the north. The peer-
less primrose is the pale dafTodil. Used adjectively by Shak-
speare, for gay or flowei y.
PRl'MUM MOBILE, s. [Lat. the first mover] an
immense sphere, which, in the Ptolemaic system, was
snpposed to turn round the earth, as a centre, every
twenty-four hours, and to carry with it the sun, moon, and
planets.
PRIN
703
PRINCE, s. [prince, Fr. princcps, Lat.] in polity, is a per-
son invested wiih the supreme command of a state, indepen-
dent of any superior. It also denotes a person, who is sove-
reign ill his own territories, yet holds of some other as his su-
perior ; such are the princes of Germany. It also denotes the
issue of princes, or those of the royal family. In France, they
were called the princes of the blood. In'England, the kings
children are called sons and daughters of England ; tile
eliiest son is bom duke of Cornwall, and created nriiicc of
Wales. '
I'KI'NCEDOM, s. the rank, estate, or power of a prince ;
sovereignty.
PRI'NCELINESS, s. the state, manner, or dignitv, ofa
prince.
PRI'NCELY, a. having the appearance of a person of high
birth ; of the rank of a prince. Becoming a prince ; grand ;
august.
PRINCE WILLIAM'S SOUND, situated on the N. W.
coast of America, and so called by captain Cook in 177B. The
men, women, and children, dress alike. Lat. 59. 3,1. N. Ion.
147. 0. W.
PRINCE'S FEATHER, s. the herb amaranth.
PRINCE'S METAL, *. in metallurgy, a mixed metal,
compounded of copper, anil a larger proportion of zinc
than enters into the composition either of pinchbeck or
brass.
PRI'NCESS, s. [princesse, Fr.] a lady having a sovereign
command. A king's daughter. TJie wife ofa prince.
PRl'NCIPAL, a. [Fr. from prince/w, principal, Lat.] chief;
of the first rate ; essential.
PRl'NCIPAL, s. a head ; chief ; one originally engaged,
opposed to auxiharies. A sum placed out at interest. A pre-
sident or governor.
PRINCIPA'LITV, s. [prineipaliti, Fr.] supreme power.
A prince. The country which gives title to a prince ; as, " the
principality of Wales." Figuratively, superiority or pre-emi-
nence. In the plural, among divines, one of the orders of
angels.
PRI'NCIPALLY, ad. above all others ; chiefly,
PRINCIPATO, a province of the kingdom of Naples,
divided into two parts, the Principato Ulteriore, and the
Principato Citeriore, that is, the Hither and Further Prin-
cipato. The Hither Principato is about tiO miles in length,
and 30 in breadth ; the soil is fertile in wine, corn, oil, and
saflVon ; and they have a great deal of silk, and several mine-
ral springs. The capital is Salerno. The Furthtr Princi-
pato is about 37 miles in length, and 30 in breadth. The
-Appenine mountains render the air cold, and the soil is not
very fertile, either in corn or wine, but it p}oduces
chesnuts and pastures in great plenty. Benevento is the capi-
tal.
PRINCIPIA'TION, s. [from principium, a beginning,
Lat.] analysis into constituent or elementary parts. Not
used.
PRl'NCIPLE, i. [from 7;r!Hci;)!«»i, a beyiniiing, Lat.] the
cause, source, or origin. That wliiih denotes a thing to be
what it is. In physics, that which contributes to the essence
of the body. In chymistry, the first and simplest parts
whereof natural bodies are compounded, and into which
they are resolveif by fire. A lundainental truth from
which others are deduced. The ground or motive
of action. A tenet or position on which morality is
founded.
To PRINCIPLE, V. a. to establish, fix, or inculcate any
tenet or opinion, as a standard in a person's iniiid.
To PRINK, V. n. \pronkcn, Bclg.J to prank or deck in a
gaudy manner.
To PRINT, V. a. [written prent, in the North, from prenta,
Ish] to make a mark by pressing one thing on another. To im-
press so as to leave its form. To take off any sentence, letter,
or the works of an author, from types in a press.
PRINT, i. a mark or form made by pressure. Pictures
taken by impression from wood or copper. The state of being
published by the printer. A formal method or manner.
704
PRI V
PRI'NTER s. a person who composes, or takes impressions
from types, or from engraved plates, by means of a press aud
ink. One that takes off impressions from plates or wood on
linen.
PRI'NTING, s. the art of taking impressions from cha-
racters or figures moveable or immoveable, on paper, linen,
silk, &c. There are three kinds of printing ; the one
from moveable letters for books ; the other from copper,
plates for pictures ; and the last from blocks, in which the
representation of birds, flowers, &c. are cut for calicoes,
linens, &c. the 1st, called letter-press-printing ; the and,
rolling-press-printing ; and the last calico-printing. See
Stereotype.
PRI'NTLESS, a. leaving no mark or impression.
PRI'OR, a. [Lat.] before something in time or order.
PRI'OR, * [pritur, Fr.] the head of a convent, next in dig-
nity to an abbot.
PRl'ORESS, f. a lady who is the superior of a convent of
nuns.
PRIO'RITY, s. the state of being first in time or place.
PRI'ORSHIP, s. the state or dignity of a prior
PRI'ORY, *. a convent next in dignity to an abbey.
PRI'SAGE, (prizage) s. {■prise, Fr.j a custom, now called
butlerage, whereby the king challenges two tons of wine at
his own price out of every bark loaded with less than forty
tons of the commodity. Also, that share which belongs to
the khig, or admiral, out of prizes taken at sea from an
enemy.
PRISM, (prizm) s. [from prisma, something cut off, Gr.]
a glass bounded with two equal and parallel triangular ends,
and three plain and WLll-polished sides, which meet in three
parallel lines, running from the three angles of one end to the
three angles of the other end ; used in experiments oil light and
colors.
PRISMA'TIC, (prizmalik) a. \prismatique, Fr.] formed
like a prism.
PRISMA'TICALLY, ad. in the form of a prism.
PRI'SMOID, (prhmoid) s. [from prisma, a prism, and
cidos, form, Gr.] a body approaching to the form of a prism.
PRI'SON, (prhon) s. [prison, Fr.] a prison in which male-
factors and debtors are confined.
To PRrS(-)X, (prizon) v. a- to confine ; to captivate.
PRl'SO.N'ER, (prhuer) t. a person confined in a gaol.
One taken by an ejicmy. One under arrest.
PRI'SOX HOUSE, s. a gaol ; a hold in which one is con-
fined.
PRI'STINE, o. [pristiims, (vom prias, (ormev, Lat.] first ;
original ; ancient.'
PRI'THEE, familiar corruption of pray thee, or / pray
thee.
PRI'V'ACV, i. the state of being secret, concealed, or bid.
A retirement. Joint knowledge ; great familiarity ; but in
this sense improperly used.
PRIVA'DO, s. [Span.l a secret friend.
PRI'VATE, n. [privaius, Lat.] secret. Without company ;
alone. In no public station. Particular, opposed to public.
In private implies secretly.
PRI'VATE, s. secret message. A common soldier.
PRI VATE'ERj 5. a ship fitted out by private persons against
an enemy.
To PRIVATE'ER, v. a. to fit out ships against enemies at
the charge of private persons.
PRI'VATELV, ad. secretly ; not openly.
PRI'VATENESS, *. the quality o' being retired, or secret.
PRIVA'TION, s. [from privo, to deprive, Lat.] the re-
moval or destruction of any thing or quality ; as ilark-
ness is a privation of light. The act of degrading from an
office.
PRIH'ATIVE, a. [privatif, Fr. from prioo, to deprive,
Lat.] depriving or robbing a thing of that which belongs to
it. Consisting in the absence of something ; opposed to |)osi-
tive,
PR OC
PRIVATIVE, s. that which is the absence of somethuig ; as,
darkness is only the absence of light ; in which example dark-
nesi. >\\\i\ light are privatives.
PRI'VA TIVELY, ad. negatively.
PRI'V.'VTIVENESS, s. notatioji of absence of something
that should be present.
PRI'VET, s. a shrub having white blossoms and black ber-
ries, common in garden hedges. It flowers in May and
June.
PRI'VILEGE, s. [Fr. privilegium, from privus, private,
and lex, a law, Lat.] a peculiar advantage, immunity or
right.
To PRIVILEGE, ■/>, a. to invest with peculiar rights ot im-
munities. To exempt from taxes, &c.
PRl'VILY, ad. in a secret manner.
PRIVITY, «. [privauti, Fr.] a private communication.
Consciousness. In the plural, the secret parts.
PRIVY, a. [privi, Fr.] private ; assigned to secret uses.
Clandestine ; secret. Conscious to any thiiig.
PIU'VY, s. a place of retirement. A necessary house.
PRIZE, i. [priz, Fr.] a reward gained by conquest or any
performance. Plunder, from prise, Fr.
To PRIZE, V. a. \priser, Fr.] to rate, value, or esteem.
PRIZEFIGHTER, (prizefUer) s. one that fights publicly
for money or a reward.
PRI'ZER, s. [}>riseur, Fr.] he that prizes.
PRO, [Lat.] for; in defence. Pro and con, for and
against.
PROBABI'LITY, s. [from probo, to prove, Lat.] iiktli-
hood ; the apperance of truth ; evidence arising from the pre-
ponderatiou of argument ; demonstration next to moral cer-
tainty.
PRO'BABLE, ^. [Fr. probabilis, from probo, to prove,
Lat.] likely ; having better arguments brought for than against
it, but not certain or demonstrative.
PRO'BABLY, ad. likely ; in likelihood.
PRO'BAT, s. [Lat.] the proof of wills in the spiritual court.
PROB.VTION', s. [Fr. from probo, to prove, Lat.] proof ;
Evidence. A state of trial or examination. A year of noviciate
before being admitted to a monastic life.
PROBA'TIONARY, a. serving for trial.
PROBA'TIONER, s. one in a state of trial. A novice.
PROBA'TORY, a. [from probo, to prove, Lat.] serving for
trial.
PROBA'TUM EST, a Latin expression added to the end of
a receipt, signifying it is tried, or proved.
PR()BE, t. Ifrom 2'roJo, to prove, Lat.] a slender instru-
ment or wire used in searching the depth of wounds.
To PROBE, V. a. [from probo, to prove, Lat.] to try ot
search a wound by an instrument.
PRO'BE-SCISSARS, s. scissars which have a button at
the end of one of their shanks, which is thrust into a
wound.
PRO'BITY, J. [probiti, Fr. probitas, from probo, to ap-
prove, Lat.] approved honesty, sincerity, or veracity.
PRO'BLKM, i. [from proballo, to propose, Gr.] a question
proposed.
PROBLEMA'TICAL, a. [p;oW^maii?u«, Fr.] uncertain dis-
putable ; unsettled.
PROBO SCIS, s. [Lat.] the trunk or snout of an elephant ;
also applied to that part of any other animal which resembles
it.
PROCA'CIOUS, (paocishious) a. [procax, Lat.] petulant;
loose ; insolent ; saucy ; malapert.
PROCA'CMTY, J. petulance ; sauciness ; insolence.
PKOCATA'RCTIC, a. [from prokatarcho,\.o\^K-e\\si,Gv.]
forerunning ; remotely niiteccdent.
PROCAI'A'RXIS, s. [from prokat&rcho, to pre-exist. Or.]
the pre-existeut case of a disease, which co-operates with
others that are subequent, whether internal or external ; as
anger or heat of climate, which bring such an ill disposi-
tion of the juices, us occasions a fever ; the ill disposition
PRO
l-RO
being the ►mmediate cause, and the bad air tlie procatarclie
cause. Qmncii.
FROCE'DURE, s. [procedure, Fr.J a manner of acting or
conduct. Process or 'bperation.
To PROCEET), V. n. [ proeedu, from pro, before a place,
mid cedo, to go, Lat.J to pass from one thing or place to an-
other. To go or march in state. To issue,' arise, or come
from. To be transacted. To advance, or make a progress.
To take eftect. To be propagated. To be produced by an
original cause.
PROCEE'D, t. produce or profit. Used in law and
commerce, but not to be imitated.
PROOEE'DER, s. one wlio goes forward ; one that makes
a progress.
PROCEE'DING, s. [proeedi, Fr.] progress from one thing
CT action to another ; procedure.
PROCE'LLOUS, a. [from pjocella, a storm, Lut.] stormy ;
tempestuous.
PROCE'RITY, s. [from prooerus, tall, Lat.] tallness ;
height of stature.
PRO'CESS, s. [from procedo, to proceed, Lat.J tendency,
or progressive course. Gradual progress. Course. Me-
thodical and gradual series. Course of law
PROCESSION, (procM/ion) *. [from proeedu, to proceed,
Lat.] a train marching in a ceremonious solemnity. A ca-
valcade.
To PROCE'SSION, {procishon) V. n. to march in proces-
sion or form. A low expression.
PROCE'SSIONAL, (procishSnal) a. rela-ting to proces-
sion.
PROCE'SSIONARY, a. consisting in procession.
PRO'CHRONISM, {prbkrenism) s. [from pro, before, and
chronos, time, Gr.j an error in chronology ; a dating a thing
before it happened.
PRO'CIDENCE, s. [from procido, to fall down, Lat.] fall
ing down ; dependence below its natural place.
PRO'CINCT, s. [from procingo, to prepare, Lat.] coa-
plete preparation ; preparation broug lit to the point of actioh.
To PROCLAIM, t'. rt. I ;))'oc/a»io, Lat. proclumcr, Fr.j to
denounce or publish in a solemn or legal manner. T tell
openlv. To out-law.
PR"OCLA'IMER, i. one that publishes by authority.
PROCLAMATION, s. [from pro, before, and clamo, to
call, Lat.] publication by authority ; a declaration |of the
King's will openlv published among the people.
PROCLIVITY, s. [from proclhis, downhill, Lat.] ten-
dency ; natural inclination or bias. Readiness ; proneness ;
propensity.
PIIOCLITOUS, a. [from proclivis, [downhill, Lat.] in-
clined ; tending by nature.
PROCONSUL, s. [Lat.] a Roman 'officer, who governed
a province with consular authority.
PROCONSULSHIP, s. the otfice of a proconsul.
To PROCRASTINATE, ti. a. [procrastmor, from er(U_,
to-morrow, Lat.] to defer or put ofl' from day to day. Neu-
terlv, to be dilatory.
PROCRASTINATION, s. [procrastinor, from eras, to
morrow, Lat.] the act of delaying from time to time ; dila-
toriness.
PROCRASTINATOR, s. one that puts off from day to
<lay.
PRO'CREANT, «. [procreo, from creo, to create, Lat.] pro-
ductive ; propagating ; pregnant.
To PROCREATE, v. a. [procreo, from creo, to create,
Lat.] to generate or produce.
PROCREATION, «. [;:(rocreo, from creo, to create, Lat.J
the act of generating or begetting.
PRO'CREATIVE, a. generative or productive,
PROCR EATOR. s. a generator or begetter.
PRO CTOR, s. [contracted from procurator, Lat.] a ma-
nager of another's affairs. An attorney in a spiritual court.
A magistrate of an university, whose business is tw see good
order and exercises daily performed among the students.
PROCTORSHIP, .•. the office of a proctor.
4X
' PROCUMBENT, o. [from procumbo, to lift down, Ldt
lying down ; prone.
PROCURABLE, a. acquirable ; obtainable.
PROCURACY, J. the management of any thing.
PROCURATION, i. the act of getting or procuring.
Also an act or instrument by which a person is empowered
to treat, transact, receive, &c. in another person's name.
PROCURATOR, s. [Lat.J a manager, or one that trans-
acts business for another.
PROCURATORIAL, a. made by a proctor.
PROCU'RATORY, a. tending to procuration.
To PROCURE, V. a. [procmo, from pro, for, ami euro, to
take care, Lat. | to transact for another. To obtain, or ac-
quire. To contrive, or obtain by contrivance. To prevail
on Jor persuade. To contrive, or forward. Neuterly, to
act as a bawd or pimp.
PROCUREMENT, i. the act of procuring.
PROCURER, s. one that gains; an obtainer. A pimp.
PROCURESS, .». a bawd.
PRODIGAL, a. [jn-odigjii, from prodigo, to lavish, Lat.J
profeise, lavish, wasteful.
PRODIGAL, s. a waster ; a spendthrift.
PRODIGA'LITY, s. [prodigaliii, Fr.J the act of spend-
ing to excess ; extravagance.
PRODIGALLY, ad. profusely ; wastefully ; extrava-
gantly.
PRODIGIOUS, a. [from prodiginm,^ wonder, Lat.] some-
thing which causes wonder and astonishment. Enormous ;
monstrous; uncommonly great.
PRODI'GIOUSLY, ad. in such a manner as to amaze.
PRODI'GIOUSNESS, s. quality that excites admiration
uod wonder.
PRO'DIGY, s.[ prodige, Fr. prodiginm, Lat.] any thing
out of the common course of nature. Any thing which as-
tonishes byits greatness or novelty.
PRODITION, s. [from prvdo, to betray, Lat.*] treason ;
,ref.clierv.
PRODITO'RIOUS, o. [from prodo, to betray, Lat.] traito-
rous ; treacherous ; perfidious. Apt to make discoveries.
To PRODUCE, V. a. [from pro, before a place, and ducn,
to lead, LalJ to offer to view or notice. To bring as an
evidence. To bear or bring forth, applied to vegetables.
To cause or generate. In mathematics, to prolong or length-
en a line.
PRODUCE, s. that which any thing- yields. Amount,
profit, or gain.
PRODU'CER, s. one that generates or produces.
PRODUCIBLE, a. such as may be exhibited. Such as
may be generated or made.
PRO'DUCT, s. [\xomproduco, to produce, Lat.] something
yielded by lands, vegetarbles, or money; a work or compo-
sition ; an effect.
PRODU'CTILE, a. which may be produced.
PRODUCTION, t. [Fr.J the act of producing. Th>,-
thing produced ; the fruit or product. A composition.
PRODUCTIVE, a. having the power to effect or pro-
duce ; fertile, generative, efficient.
PRO'EM, s. [from pro, before, and oijnc.'a song, Gr.J a
preface, introduction, or prelude.
PROFANATION, a. [Fr. iiomprofam, to profane, Lat.'
the act of applying any thing sacred to common use. Ir-
reverence 10 holy persons or things.
PROFA'NE, a. [profane, Fr. profanus, Lat.J irreverent ti.
sacred persons or things; not sacred; secular. Polluted.
Not purified by holy rites.
To PROFA'NE, v. a. [profano, from profamu, profane, Lat.
profanor, Fr.J to apply any thing sacred to common use. To be
irreverent to sacred persons or things.
PROFATSELY, ad. with irreverence to sacred persons or
things.
PROFA'NENESS, s. want of due reverence to things or
persons sacred.
PROFA'NER, s. a polluter ; a violater.
To PROFESS, V. a. [professer, Fr. from pro, beiore, an.i
70a
f>RO
PRO
/e^foc, to confess, Lat.] to declare one's self in tlie strongest
terms ; to be of any opinion or religion ; to lay claim to, or
dt'clare one's siuU in, uny art or science. Neuterly, to de-
clare openly. To declare friendship. This last sense fs
not in use. , , .
PROFE'SSEDLY, r.d. according to open declaration
nrade bv himself. ,, x »• ^ . r^ -,
PROFE'SSION, (profeshin) s. "] profession, i r.J a calling
or employment. A declaration. The act of declaring one's
self of anv party or opinion. . , „•
PROFii'SSIONAL, a. relating to a particular calling or
profession.
PROFESSOR, i. {prefefstnr, Fr.] one \vho openly de-
dares himself of any opinion or party. One who publicly
practises or teaches an art. One who is visibly religions.
PROl E'SSORSHIP, s. the station or ofrice of a public
teacher.
To PROTFER, v. o, [from fro, before, and fcro, to brinj^,
Lat.] to propose or ofier. To attempt of one's own accord.
PrOTFER, i. an ot^'er made. An essay or attempt.
PROFFER ER, s. he that ofiers.
PROFE'CTION, i. [fiom pro/cio, to profit or proceed,
Lat.l progression ; advance.
PROFI'CIENCE, (projishience,) PROFFCIENCY, (pro-
fisJdency)s. [from proficio,lo profit or proceed, Lat.] profit.
Improveuient or advancement in any thing.
PROFi'CIENT, (^i'fi/!»/"enO s. [from projicio,\n profit or
proceed, Lat.] one who has made advancement in any study
or business.
PROFFCUOUS, a. [from proficio, to profit or proceed,
Lat. I advantageous ; useful.
PROFILE, f.[pro^/f, Fr.] the side face; an half face.
Also the piitline of any fij;ure.
PRO'FFF, i. [profit, Fr.|gain or advantage. Improve-
ment. , _
To PROFIT, t'. a.[profter, Fr.] to confer benefit or
advantage. To improve. Neuterly, to gain advantage.
To make improvement. To be of use or advantage.
PKO'FITABLE, a. [profitable, Fr.| such as confers gain,
improvement, or advantage. Synon. P(o/.iflWe is more
applicable to gain; advantageous, to honour; benejlcial, to
liealth. ^ .
PRO PITA BLEN ESS, s. the quality of conferring gain,
improvement, or advantage.
PROFITABLY, ad. gainfully ; advantageously.
PROFITLESS, a. without gain or advantage.
PROFLIGATE, a. [from prufligo, to ruin, Lat.] (aban-
doned to vice. Lost to virtue and decency.
PRO'F'LIGATE, s. one that has lost all sense of virtue
and decency.
PRO FLiGATELY, id. sliamelesslv.
PRO'FLIGATEN ESS, s. the quality of being profligate.
PRO'FLUENCE,,?. progress; course.
PRO FLUENT, a. [(xom pro, before, and /ko, to flow,
Lat.] flowing forward. " Profiuenl stream." Milt.
PROFOU'ND, a. [profund, Fr. profundus, Lat.] deep.
Lowlv; humble. Intellectually deep, or not obvious to
tlie mind. Learned, or knowing beyond the comiuou
reach.
PROFOUND, «.agulpli; abyss; the main ; the sea.
PROFOUNDLY, ad. witli great reach of knowledge or
contrivance; dee[>lv.
PROFOUNDNESS, *. depth, applied to place or know-
ledge. , ,
PROFUNDHT, s. depth of place or knowledge.
PROFUSE, u. [fiom vro, forth, and foido, to pour, Lat.]
Javish ; too liberal, or abounding to excess.
PROFU'SELY, cii. lavishly ; with exuberance.
PROFU'SENESS, *. lavishncss ; prodigality.
rROFUS10N,(pro/(«/imi) J. [from pro, forth, am\ fiuulo,
to pour, l^t.[ extravagance, or exccsi in expense. Exube-
rant plenty.
To PROG, r. n. to rob ; to sUaU To shift mcauly for
)icluaU. A low word.
PROG, t. victuals, or provisions of any kind. A lo\«
word.
PROGE'NITOIl, s. [Lat.] a forefather ; an ancestor ia
a direct line.
PROGENY, s. [proginie, old Fr. progenitt, Lat. J a race ;
offspring ; generation.
PROGNOSTIC, «. [from pro, before, and jtinosho, to
know, Gr.] beto.keniug disease or recovery before ; fore-
shewing.
PROGNO'STIC, s. [t>om pro, before, and ginotho, to
know, Gr.] the skill of foretelling diseases or their eventis.
A prediction.
To PROGNO'STICATE, v. a. [from pro, before, and
ginosko, to know, Gr.] to foretel, t'oieshew, or presage.
PROGNOSTICATION, s. [from pro, before, and §S-
nosko, to know, Gr.] the act of foreknowing or foreshewing ;
prediction ; foretoken.
PROGi\OSTICA'TOR,f. a foreteller; foreknower.
PUOGRA'MM A, s. [from /mo, before, and grapho, to
write, Gr.J a .letter sealed with the king's seal; also a bill
giving notice of something to be. transacted in a school or
university.
PROGRESS, J. ["from pro, forth, und gradior, to go, Lat.j
course ; passage. Motion forward. Intellectual improve-
ment. A circuit, or journey.
To PROGRESS, w. n. [progres,TT. from pro, 'forth, and
grndior, to go, Lat.] to move forward ; to pass. Obsolete.
PROGRESSION, {progresh&n) s. [Fr. from vro, forth,
and gradior, to go, Lat.] a regular and gradnal advance.
Motion forward. Course; passage. Intellectual improve-
ment. A series of numbers are said to be in aritltmrtical
progression, when they increase or decrease by any common
difference ; as for example, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, are in arithmeti-
cal progression, because they increase by 2, the common
difference. Geometrical progression, is when they increase or
decrease by any common ratio ; for instance, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32,
C4, are in geometrical progression, because they increase by
the common ratio, or multiple, 2 ; and 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, are
a geometrical series, because they decrease by the common
ratio, or divisor, 2. It is used, though improperly, in this
last sense.
PROGRE'SSIVE, a. [progressif, Fr.] going forward.
Advancing, or increasing gradually.
PROGRESSIVELY, ad. by gradual steps or regular
course.
PROGRE'SSI'VENESS, s. the state of moving forward.
ToPROIU'BIT, V. a. [from prohibeo, Lat. prohibei; Fr.] to
interdict by authority. To debar or hinder.
PROHI'BITER, s. a forbidder ; an interdicter.
PROHIBITION, ipruhilushon) s. [Fr. from prohileo, to
prohibit, Lat.] the act of forbidding; hinderauce ; forbid-
(lance.
PROHI'BITORY, -a. implying prohibition ; forbidding.
To PROJECT, r. a. [from /;>•«, forth, and jacio, to cast,
Lat.] to throw out, or cast forward. To exhibit or form a
representation. To scheme, contrive, or form in the mind,
from projcter, Fr. Neuterly, to jut out, or shoot forward.
PROJECT, s. [projtt, Fr.] a scheme, plan, contrivance.
Synon. Project IS a plan in order to execute -d design; the
design, is what we propose to execute.
PROJECTILE, s. such a body, as, being put into motion
by any particular force, continues to move with a certain
velocity, eitlier in a straight line, or a curve, according to
circumstances, such as a stone thrown from a sling, an ar-
row from a bow, or a ball from a gun.
PRO.JE'CTILE, a. [proiectile, Fr.] impelled forward.
PROJ E'CTION, t. the'act of shooting forwards. A plan
or delineation. A scheme or plan of action. In chymistry,
an operation, or the crisis of an operation.
PUOJE'CTOR, s. one that employs himself in forming
schemes or designs. (5ne that forms wild and impractica-
ble schemes.
PROJE'CTURE, t. [Ft. from pro, foitb, and jade, to cast,
Lat.] a jutting out.
PRO
PRO
To PROIN, V. a. [corrupted from prune] to lop ; to cut ;
to trim ; to prune.
To IMIOLATE, v. a. [from prolatnm, Lat.] to speak,
proniniiRc, or utter.
PROLATE, a. \proratns, Lat.] oblate or flat.
PROLA'TION, (pro/di//«;() t. [prolatio, Lat.\ pronuncia-
tii)ii, utterance. Delay; act of deferring.
I'ROLEGO'MENA, s. [from pro, before, and lego, to
read, Gr.]a previous or introductory discourse.
PROLE' PS IS, s. [from pro, before, and lamhano, to fall,
Gr.] a form of riietoric, in which objections are anticipated;
viz. Thus it mn>f he nhjected,
PROLE'PTICAL, fl. | from /»?•», before, and lamhano, to
fall, Gr.] previous ; antecedent. In medicine, when a
paroxysm or tit returns sooner and sooner every time.
PROLE'PTICALLY", nrf. by way of anticipation or pre-
vention.
PROLETA'RIAN, a. mean ; vue ; vulgar " Proletarian
tvthing-mcn." Hudih.
PROLIFIC, or PROLIFI'CAL, a [from pro/es, posterity,
and facia to make, Lat.] fruitful ; generative ; productive.
PROLIFIC.VriON, s. generation of children,
' PROLl'X, a. [prolixe, hr-prolixus, Lat-] long; tedious;
verbose ; circinnlocutory.
PROLIXITY, s. [prolixlte, Fr.] the quality of beiug
tiresome through length; tediousncss.
PROLl'X LY, ad. at great length ; tediouslv.
PROLT'XNESS, s. tediou»"ess.
PROLOCUTOR, «. [Lat.] a fore.nan, or person chosen
by a society to be their speaker.
"PROLOCU'TORSHIP, s. the office or dignity of a pro-
locutor.
PRO'LOGUE, (prolug) *. [Fr. from pro, before, and logos,
a discourse, Gr. prvlogus, Lat.] an introductory discourse,
peculiarly applied to a poem spoken before a play.
To PRO'LOGUE, {prolSg) v. a. to introduce by a formal
discourse.
ToPROLO'NG, t'. a. [prolonger, Fr.] to lengthen out.
To put off longer. To continue.
PROLONGA'TION, j. [Fr.J the act of lengthening.
Delay to a longer time.
PROLU'SION, (pro/!'(z/io?i)f. [from pro, before, and liuln,
to play, Lat] in literature, is a term applied to certain
pieces or compositions made previously to others, by way
of prelude or exercise.
PRO'MINENCY, s. [from pro, forth, and maneo, to re-
main, Lat.] the quality of standing out beyond the other
parts; protuberance; extant or jultiug-out part.
PRO'MIN ENT, a. [from pro, forth, and maneo, (o remain,
Lat.] standing out beyond the other parts ; protuberant ;
extant.
PROMI'SCUOUS, a. \promiscnus, from misceo, to mingle,
Lat.] mingled ; confused; without distinction.
PROMl'SCUOUSLY, ad. indiscriminately ; with a con-
fused mixture.
PROMISE,*, [from 7)rom!«o, to promise, Lat.] assurance
given of something to be done, or some benefit lo be con-
ferred. Figuratively, hope.
To PROMISE, ti. a. [from promitto, Lat.] to give a person
notice or assurance of some beuetit to be conferred. Neu-
terlv, to assure by a promise.
PRO'MISER, s. one who promises.
PUO'MISSORILY, ad. by way of promise.
PRO'i\IISSORY,n. [from promitto, to promise, I->af.] con-
taining profession of some benefit to be conferred, or of^some
didit to be paid.
PRO MONT, PRO'MONTORY, s. [promontoire, Fr.
promotitorium, Lat.j a headland, or high Isnd jutting into
the sea, the extremity of which, towards the sea, is called
a cape.
To PROMOTE, V. a. [fromp?o, before, and moveo, to
move, Lat.] to forward, or advance. To prefer, or exalt.
PROMOTER, s. an advancer, ; a forwarder ; aa encou-
rager.
PROMOTION, {prambuhUn) s. [promotion, Fr.J ailvance-
ment or preferment. KxaMalion.
To I'ROMO'VF^, r. a. [from pro, before, and viovto, to
move, Lat. J to promote; toi'orward ;toailvance. Seldom used.
PROMPT, fl. [prompt, Fr. proinplus., Lat.] quick ; ready ;
acute. Willing, without any new motive or incentive.
Ready; told down, applieil to payments
To PROMPT, V. a.\prontare, ll:d.| to help a person
when at a loss in repeating by art. '^io incite. To remind.
PRO'MPTER, s. one who assists a public speaker when
at a loss ; or who persuades or advises a person to do a thing.
An admonisher.
PRO'MPTITUDE, «. [prom/j/jturfe, Fr.] quickness ; rea-
readiness ; alacrity.
PRO'MPTLY, ad. readily ; quickly.
PRO'MPTNESS,*. readiness ; alacrity.
PRO'MPTUARY, s. \ prompt uaire, Fr. promptuarium, Lat.]
a storehouse, repositorv, or magazine.
To PRO.MU'LGATE, or PUOMULGE, v. a. [from pr,u
mulgo, to make public, Lat.J to publish ; lo make known by
public declaration.
PROMULGATION, «. [from promulgo, to make public,
Lat.J publication ; openexliibition.
PROMULG A'TOlv, s. a publisher ; an open teacher.
PROMU'LGER, s. one that publishes, or teaches openly.
PRONATOR, s. in anRtmny, a muscle of the radius olf
which there are two, that help to turn the palm down-
ward.
PRONE, fl. [promts, Lat.J bending or looking dowrv
wards. Lying with the face downwards. Sloping, applied
to place. Inclined, propense, or disposed to : generally in
an ill sense.
PRO'NENESS, s. the state of bending, stooping, or lying
with tiie face downwards. Descent. Inclination.
PRONG, s. [pronghen, to squeeze, Bclg.] the tooth of a
fork ; a pitchfork ; an instrument in husbandry.
PRO'NOUN, s. Ipromiin, Fr. pronoiiu'H, Lat.] a word
used instead of nouus or uanies ; as, /, thou, he ; we, ye,
they, &c.
To PRONOUNCE, t-. a. [from pro, forth, and nuncio, to
announce, Lat.J to speak or utter. To utter, or deliver
solemnly and rhetorically. To form or articulate. Neu-
tcrly, to speak with confidence or auihority.
PRONOUNCER, s. one who pronounces.
PRONUNCIATION, {prommscashon) s. [Fr. from pro-
nuncio, to pronounce, Lat.j the actor manner of uttering.
PROOF, s. in arithmetic, is a means whereby the truth
and justness of a calculation is examined and ascertained.
In law, it denotes the mediums and arguments used to
evince the truth of any thing ; and is twofold, viz. viim voce,
by living witnesses ; and a dead proof, such as that of deeds,
records, Ac. It also signifies trial or experiment. la
printing, the rough draught of a sheet when first pulled. It
is used also in a synonymous sense with standard. Thus we
called that Proof spirit which is of the standard strenglh.
Synon. Eiperiment relates, properly, to the truth of things :
TriflZ concerns, particulary, the use of things ; Proof has a
greater relation to the quality of things.
PROOF, a. (though used as an adjective, yet only an
elliptical expression for of proof) impenetrable ; able lo
resist. Used with to or against.
To PROP, V. a. [proppcn, Belg.J lo support by something
placed under or against. To hinder from falling. To sustain
or support.
PROP, J. [proppe, Belg.J any thing used to keep a thing
from falling ; a support ; a stay.
PRO'PAGABLE, «. such as may be spread ; sueh as
may be continued bv succession.
To PROPAGATE, v. a. [propago, Lat.j to continue or
spread by generation or successive production. To exlend
or widen. To promote. To generate. Neuterly, to have
offspring.
Propagation, (propegdshun) ». [Fr. prepay,, ui
PRO
PRO
propagate, lyat,] continuance or diffusion by generation, or
iueccssivp prddiictioii.
PKOPACiATOH, s. a spreader ; a proraoier.
To PROPli'L, v.a. ft'roni /»•(', before, and pelh, to drive,
Lat.J to push or drive forward.
To PROPE'ND, V. n. [from pro, forward, am) penJco, to
incline, Lat.] to incline to any part ; to Lie disposed in favour
of any thing.
PROPENDENCY, s. inclination or tendency of desire
to any thing. Pre-consideratiou ; attentive . delibera-
tion.
PROPE'NSE, a. [frtnn pro, forward, andpendeo, to incline,
Lat.l incline<lor disposed applied to either good or bad.
PROPENSION, (propmy/wn) PROPENSITY, s. jFr.
from ;;ro, forward, and pciuleo, to incline, Lat.] disposition
lo any tiling cither good or bad. Tontiency.
PRO'PER, a. Ijiropie, Fr. proptiiis, Lat.] peculiar; be-
longing to one, so as to distinguish it from otriers. In gram-
mar, noting a proper name from an appellative ; as, T/iumas,
the proper name for a man, the appellative. Natural. Fit ;
adapted ; qualified. Exact; just. Elegant ; pretty. Tall
or lusty. One's own, joined with the possessive pronoun,
my, your, his, their, c'v.c.
PRO'PERLY, ad. in a fit or suitable manner. In a strict
sense.
PROTERNESS, s. the quality of being proper, tall, and
well made.
PROPERTY, i. in a general sense, is that which con-
stitutes or denominates a thing proper; or it is a peculiar
virtue orriuality which nature has bestowed on some things
exclusive of ail others : thus colour is a property of lis;ht ;
exteiisiun of body. In Law, it is used to denote that right
which a person has to lands or tenements, goods or chattels,
in no respect depending on another's courtesv.
To PROTERTY, i>. a. to invest with qualities. To %e\9
as belonging to. Little used in either meaning.
PROPIIA'SIS, iprofasis) s. [from pro, before and phemi
to speak, Gr.] an excuse ; a pretence. In medicine, a
foreknowledge of diseases.
PROPHECY, (pru/es7^)f.[rrwm pro, before, and f^hemi, to
speak, Gr. prophetie Fr. j a declaration of something future;
prediction.
. PRO PHESilERj s. one who prophesies.
To PROTHESY, {profesy) r. n. to foretell something fu-
ture ; to predict ; to toreteil ; to prognosticate. Neutcrly,
to utter predictions. In scripture language, to preach ly
divine inspiration.
PROPHET, (proffet) s. {^iit-opfiete, Fr. from pro, before,
and phani, to speak, Gr.] one who tells something future ;
a foreteller ; a predicter.
PROPHETESS, {prcff'etesi) s. \froph'ctesse,Vr.] a womi_
who foretells future events-
PROPIIETIC. PROPHFn'ICAl^ (pro/tiiA, profUihat) a.
' prnphctiqiie, Fr.J foreseeing or foretelling future events. It
has (/before the thing foretold.
PROPHETICALLY, (profttically^nd. with knowledge of
fijluritv ; in manner of a profihecy.
To PRO'PHETIZE, (prijttize^ v., n.\prophetiser,bt^ to
,givc predictions.
PROPH YL \'CTIC, {profyUltik) a. ffrom pro, before, and
;)//)//«sso, to keep, Gr.] preventive ; preservative.
l^ROPrNQL'lTY, 4. \propitiiiuiius, Lat.] nearness of si-
tuation, relation, time, or blood.
PROPl'l'IARLE, ( prnpishiahle) a. such as mav lie an-
peased or rendered favourable.
To PROPITIATE, (propUhiate) r. a. \propilio, Lat.] to
appease a person when angry or otfcnded. To render fa-
vourable. To conciliate.
PROPITIATION, {prn}mhiAsUon)s. [Ir. from propilio.U)
atone, Lat.J the act of,appeasing anger c)r resentment, '("he
:»t(jiiinieiit ofierin;j, or means, by which a person is rendered
favimrable.
I'UOPlTIATOFlY, \propishtatory) a. [from jrropitio, to
ran
atone, Lat.] having the power to appease or reconcile ,
expiatory.
PROPITIOUS, Qpfqftshious) a. [propitius, Lat.] favou*.
able; kind; reconciling.
PROPITIOUSLY, nd. favourably ; kindly.
PROPITIOUSNESS, (;»«/)/4/««i.«im) *.'the quality of
being favouiable, kind, or reconciling.
PROPLA'SM, s. Ffrom pro, for, and j^lasso, to form, Gr.J
mould ; matrix.
PROPLA'STIC, J. [^from pi-o, for, and plasso,to form. Or.]
the art of making moulds for casting.
PROPOLIS, s. a thick, yellow, odorous substance, smell-
ing like storax, nearly akin to wax, but more tenacious ;
wherewith the bees stop up the holes and cranies of tlieir
hives to keep out the cold air, <S.c.
PROPONENT, s. I from propono, to propose, Lat.] one
that makes a proposal. One who proposes a subject for
disputation.
PROPORTION, (proporshun) s. [proportion, Fr. pro.
portio, Lat.] when two (piantities are compared one with
pnother, in respect of their greatness or smallness, the com-
parison is called ratio, reason, rate, or proportion : but when
more than two quantities are compared, then the comparison
is more usually called ihe proportion that they have to one
another. In arithmetic, direct proportion is when the same
relation subsist between the first term and the second, as be-
tween the third and fourth ; thus, 4 8, 5 10, are in direct
proportion. Inverse or reciprocal proportion, is when one
quantity increases in the same proportion as another dimi-
nishes ; thus, 5 15, 12 4, are in inverse proportion. AritI*-
vietical proportion, is the relation which two quantities, of
the same kind, bear to each other with respect to their diffe-
rence ; thus, 2 10, 6 13, are arithmetically proportionaL
-eometrical proportion, is that relation of two quantities of
.he same kind, which arises from considering what part the
one is of the other, or how ofleii it is contained in it ; thus,
5 45, 9 81, are geometrically proportional. Conjoincd-pro-
portion, is a rule in arithmetic, whereby the coin, weight, or
measures, of several countries, are compared together, in or-
der to find their value in each. Equal degree. Degrees in
larmony. Size ; form.
To PPOPO'RTION, (the ti is pron. like sh in this word
ir.d its following derivatives ; as propurshon, &c.) r. a.
[proportioyintr, Fr.] to adjust or equal in comparative de-
grees. To form with svmnietrv.
PROPO'RTIONABtE, a. adjusted or suited by compa-
Tative relation ; such as is fit.
PROPORT10NABLY,«rf. according to proportion ; ac-
cording to comparative relation.
PROPORTIONAL, a. [proportionel, Fr.J having a set-
tled comparative relation ; having a certain degree of
equality ; bearing some relation to that with which it is
compared.
PROPORTIONALITY, s. the quality of being propor-
tional.
PROPORTIONALLY, ad. ma stated degree.
PROPO'RTIONATE, a. suited, adjusted.or bearing some
respect to another thing in comparison.
To PROPO'RTIONATE, v. a. to adjust according to
settled rates to somethinselse.
PROPOlt'1'IONATENESS, x. the state of being by con»-
parison adjusted.
PROPOSAL, (propiiznl) s. a scheme or design offered to
consideration or acceptance. Offer to the mind.
To PROPOSE, (propose) V. o. [from pro, forth and pono,
to put, Lat.) to offer for consideration. Neutcrly, to lav
schemes or intend.
PPOPO'SER, s- one that ofi[ers any thins to considera-
tion.
PROPOSI ttON, jr. [from propono, to propose, Lat.J a
sentence in which any thing is attirmcd or denied, and of-
fered for assent or denial. An offer of terms ; orft
posal.
PRO
PRO
PROI'OSI'TIONAL, a. consulfrec as a ^ropositinn.
To PROPOU'Nl), V. a. [fnjiii pro, ini'fi, and yuno, to
put, Lat.] to otter to coiisidtralioii. To propose.
PROPOt''Nl)I''.R, ^. one tliat pr;i,)«uiiils ; a proposer.
PROPlirETAIiy, s, [propriuaxri, I'r.l a possessor in
his own right.
PROPRI'ET.'VRY, a. belonging to a certain owner.
PROPRl'ETOR, *. \{rom priipniis, one's own, Lat.] a pcr-
sou that lias. an exiUisive riglit. A possessor, owner.
PROPRIETRESS, s. a female possessor in her own
rigiil; a mistress.
PROPRI'ETY, i. [propi-ieii, Fr. from proprius, one's own,
Lat.] an exclusive right. Acciracy, justness, or fitness.
PROPT, used by poetical writers instead of propped, tlie
participle passive ofpROP.
To PROPU'GN,(prouHH) v. a. Jiomprn, for, and pi'^w,
to fight, Lat.] to (letenn, justify, or viiKiicafe.
PROPUGNA'TION, s. [from pro, for, and pngiln, to
fight, Lat.] defence.
PROPU'GNER, «, one i*ho defends, justices, or vin-
dicates.
PROPU'LSION, (oropkhhon) .'. [from pi-o, forward, and
pello, to drive, Lat.] the act of driving forward.
PRORE, t. iprora, Lat.] tiie prow of a ship ; used in
poetry.
PRORpOATION, t. [Fr. from prorogo, to defer, Lat. I
continuation; prolongation; the iltfi-rring to a longer and
stated time. The interruption of die session of parliament
by royal authority.
To PROROGUE, ('prorapj t). «, (prorngn, Lat. J to pro-
tract or prolong. To put on to another time.
PRORUTTION, s. [f;om p»o, form, and jum/w, to break,
Lat.] the act of bursting out.
PROSA'IC, s. I prosaique, Fr. from prow,' prose, Lat.] be-
longing to prose. Resembling prose.
To PROSCRFBE, V. «. [pruscnbo, Lat.] to doom to de-
struction. To interdict.
PROSCRFBER, s. one that dooms to destruction.
' FROSCRFPTION, s. [from proscriho, to proscribe, Lat.J
the act of writing down a person's name in a list, and post-
ing it in some public place with a reward for any one that
shall bring his head. The act of dooming the life of a
person to death, and his goods to contiscation.
PROSE, (prozc) s. [prose, Fr. prosa, Lat.] language not
confined to numbers, luuited quantity of syHables, or jingle
of verse.
To PRO'SECUTE, v, a. [from pro, forward, and sequor, to
follow, Lat.] to continue endeavours. To carry on. To
firoceed or continue in any consideration or disquisition,
n law, to sue criminally ; to pursue legally.
PROSECUTION, s. an endeavour to carry on. A con-
tinued attempt, oria continuation of an attempt. In law,
a suit against a person.
1 PROSECUTOR, s. one that continues his endeavours,
or carries on any thing. One who sues another for some
crime or trespass.
PRO'SEL I TE, i. [from proselytos, a stranger, Gr.J one
that is persuaded to change his religious or political senti-
Bieats. A convert.
PROSEMINATION, s. {■prosemino, from semen, seed,
Lat.] propagation by seed.
PROSO'DIAN, i. one skilled in metre orprosodv.
PRO'SODY, s. [from pro*, to, and ode, a song, Gr-J tliat
part of grammar which teaches the sound and quantity of
syllables, and the measures of verse.
PROSONOMA'SIA, s. [from pro*, to, and onoma, a name,
Gr.] a figure in rhetoric, wherein a person speaks to things
inanimate, as if they were living, and makes them return
suitable replies. Allusion to the likeness of a sound in se-
veral names and words. .
PROSOPOPOEIA, j.'[from jirosopon, a person, -and voieo,
to make or feign, Gr.] in rhetoric, a figure in which tilings
■re represented as if they were persons ; personification.
PRO'SPECT, J. [from prospicio, to look forward, Lat.] a
view of sfimething di.itant. A place which affords an e3»
tended view. An object of view. View to something tu-
ture, opposed to retrixsprct.
PKOSI'E'CTIVK, «. viewing at a distance. Acting with
forpsi),'ht.
PROSPF/CTUS, s. [Lat.] a Latin term introduced into
our language, generally applied to the scheme or plan, after
which any undertaking is proposed to be ettcctcd or done.
To PROSPER, f. a. [from prosper, pnjsperfiiis, Lat.] to
make happy. Ncuterly, to be successful ; to thrive.
PROSPE,'RITY,.i. [/);o.!/ifTi7f, Fr. Uom prosper, prosper-
ous, Lat.] a state wheieiri things succeed according to our
wislies,and are productive of -.itHuence and wealtli. Syno.v,
What we callg'oorf/crnmp, is the eti'ect of chance; it comes
unexpected. Prosperit;/ is the success of conduct, and
comes bv degrees.
PROSPEROUS, a. [from prosj)erut, Lat.J successful ;
fortunate.
PR0'SPI':R0U.SLY, «rf. successfully ; fortunately.
PRO'SPEROUSNESS, s. prosperity.
PROSPI'CIENCE, {prospUliienee) s. [from prospicio, to
look forward, Lat.J the act of looking forward.
PROSTERNATION, s. [from prosterno, to cast down,
Lat.J dejection ; depression ; state of being cast down. An
inelegant word.
PROSTE THIS, s. [from pros, to, and tilkemi, to put, Gr.]
in surgery, that which fills up what is wanting, as when
fistulous ulcers are filled up with fiesh.
To PROSTITUTE, r. a. [from pro, forth, and statuo, to
ict, hdii. prostitncr, Fr.] to sell to wickedness, or expose for
vile purposes ; generally used of women sold to answer the
cravings of lust.
PROSTITUTE, *. one that will do any thing for money.
A public strumpet.
PROSTITUTION, s. [Fr. from prostituo, to prostitute,
Lat.] the act of setting or being set to sale. The life of a
public strumpet.
PROSTRATE, a. [from prosterno, to cast down, Lat.
Johnson accents it onthesecoiid syllable] lying at length;
lying at mercy ; lying on the ground in adoration.
To PRO'STRATFj, v. a. \ prostratus, from prostei-no, t(<
cast down, Lat.] to lay Hat or throw down; to fall down iu
adoration.
PROSTRATION, s. [from prnstemo, to cast down, Lat.J
the act of falling down in adoration. Dejection ; depres-
sion.
PRO'STY LE, «. [from ;')-o, before, and stylos, z column,
Lat.l a building having i)illars only in the front.
PROSY'LLOGISM, *. [from/«o, before, and syllogismes,
a syllogism, Gr.] the connection of two or more svllogisms,
in such a manner, that the conclusion of the first is tlie ma-
jor or minor of the following.
PROTA'SIS, s. [from proteino, to hold forth, Gr.J a maxim
or proposition. In the antient drama, the first part of a
comedy or tragedy, which explains the argument of the
piece.
To PROTE'CT, V. a. [from pro, for, and te^o, to cover,
Lat.] to defend ; to cover from anv evil ; to shield.
PROTECTION, i. [from prote'go, to protect, Lat.] a de-
fence, or cover from evil. A kind of pasport, whereby a
person is exempted from being pressed or otherwise mo-
lested.
PROTE'CTOR, s.[frotseteiir, Fr.J a defender, or one who
guards'from danger. A person formerly intrusted with the
care of the kingdom daring the"king's minoritv.
PROTE'CTRESS, s. \proiectriee, Fr.J a female that pro-
tects.
To PROTE'ND, v. a. [from pro, forth, and tendo^ to
stretch, Lat] to hold out or stretch forth.
PROTERVITY, *. [from protemis, froward, Lat.] petu-
lance ; peevishness; frowardness; coquetry; impudence;
rudeness.
To PROTEST, V. ti. [from pro, before, and tesior, to tes
tify, Lat.] to give a solemn declaratiou of one's opinion, or
7oa
PRO
PRO
resolution. To note tlie non-payment of a bill of ex-
change, and claim payment of either of the endorsers.
Actively, to prove, show, or give evidence. To call as a
witness.
PROTEST, s. a solemn declaration of one's opinion
against sonietliiug, generally applied to that made by
peers in parliament when they disagree with a majority.
An instrument or writing whereby a person, on non-pay-
ment of a' bill of exchange by one on whom it is draw n,
is authorised to claim it from either of the endorsers or the
drawer.
PROTESTANT, a. belonging to a protestant.
PRO'TESTANT, s. [protestant, Fr.] a person who belongs
to the reformed religion, as delivered by those that at first
protested against the errors of the church of Rome. The
name was first given in Germany to those who adhered to the
doctrine of Luther ; because in 1529 they protested against
a decree of the emperor Charles V.
PROTESTATION, s. [protestation, Fr.] a solemn decla-
ration against any fact, resolution, or opinion.
PPlO'I'E STER, s. one who protests.
PROTHONO'TARSllIP, s. the otfice or dignity of (he
principal register.
l'KOTHO'i<OTAKY,s. [protonotaire, Fr.J the head re-
gister or recorder of civil actions in the courts of king's
bench and common pleas.
PRO TOCOL, s. [protokol, Belg. protocole, Fr.] tlic original
eopv of any writina
PROTOMA RITR, s. [from protos, first, and viarti/r, a
martyr, Gr.fthe first martyr.
PRO'TOPLAST, s. [from protot, first, zndplasso, to form,
Gr.] something formed first to serve as a model ; an
original.
PRO'TOTYPE, s. [from protos, first, and typos, a "term,
Gr.] an original bv which any thing is formed ; archetvpe.
To PRQTRA'CT, t.. a. [from pro, forth, and traho, to
draw, Lat. ] to draw out, lengthen, or delav.
PROTRA'CTER, s. one who draws out any thing to a
tedious length. A mathematical instrument in the shape of
a semicircle, used in measuring angles. An instrument in
surgery for extracting noxious bodies out of wounds.
PROTRACTION, «. the act of drawing into length, ot
delaying. In surveying, laying down the dimensions of
ground surveyed. '
PROTRA'CTIVE, a. dilatory ; spinning to length.
PROTRE'PTICAL, a.; [from protrepo, to exhort, Gr.]
hortatory ; suasorv. •
To PROTRUDE, V. a. [from pro, forth, and trmh, to
thrust, Lat. J to thrust or push forwards. Neuterly, to thrust
itself forwards.
PROTRUSION, (protrfizfwn) s. [from pro, forth, and
tnido, to thrust, Lat.] the act of thrusting forward A thrust,
push.
PROTUBERANCE, s. [from protnln-o, to bud forth,
Lat.] something swelling above the other parts. Promiuence
tumor.
PROTirBERANT,fl.[frompio<KJero, to bud forth, Lat.]
swetlhig beyond the other parts ; prominent.
To pROTU'liERATE, t-. a. [from protubero, to budforth,
Lat.] to swell out beyond the other parts.
PROUD, a. [prude, or friU, Sax. J having too high an opi-
nion of one's own qualities, and too mean a one of those
which belong to anotlier. Lofty, splendid, magnificent.
Disdaining baseness. Daring, presumptuous. Lofty of
mien, or grand of person.^ Ostentatious. Eager for the
male, applied to brutes. Fungous, applied to flesh, from
jn-yde. Sax
i-ROU'DLY, (trf. arrogantly; ostentatiously.
To PROVE, (/MoOTe) r. a. f/rtoiw, Lat.] to confirm or
show by arguments or testimony. To try, bring to the test,
or experience. Neuterly, to be found by experiment to
succeed, to rii. ike trial..
PROVE'DITOR, PRm'EDORk, *. [proreditore, Ilal.|
one who undcrUikcs to prucuie supplies for an aruiy. A
710
name formerly given to an officer, in Italy, wlie superav
tended matters relating to policy.
PROVE'NCAL, a. an epithet given to certain poets who
sprang up in Provence in the tenth century, and who ev.
celled in extempore poetry and music.
PRO'VENCE, a ci devant province of France, on the
Mediterranean, having Piedmont on the E. antl the Rhone
and the country of Venaissin, on the W. The air is very
various ; for near the Alps it is cold, on the sea-coast hot,
and in the middle temperate. In that which was called
Upper Provence, the soil is fertile in corn and pastures ;
but in the lower dry and sandy. It however produces wine,
oil, figs, almonds, prunes, and pomegranates, along the sea-
coast from Toulon to Nice. There are orange and citror>-
trees in the o|)en fields ; and many medicinal plants,
mineral-waters, and mines of several kinds. It now forms
the departments of Var, the Lower Alps, and the mouths
of the Rhone.
PRO'VENDER, s. \provende, Fr. pro'-ande, Belg.J dry food
for cattle. Hay and corn.
PRO'VERB, s. [proverbium, from verbum, a word, Lat.]
a concise witty speech, or sentence, applied on particular
occasions as a rule of life. An adage ; a saw. A by-
word.
To PPlO'^'ERB, ti. a. to inenlion as a commonly received
sayingLor maxim.
PROVE'RBIAL, a. [proverbial, Fr.] used as a proverb.
Suitable to a proverb ; comprised in a proverb.
PROVERBIALLY, ad. by way of proverb.
To PROVIDE, 1'. a. [from pro, before, and video, to see,
Lat.] to procure beforehand ; to get ready ; to prepare.
To furnish or supply, with of ox with before the thing. To
stipulate or make conditions. Used with against, to take
measures for counteracting or escaping any ill. Used with
for, to take care of beforehand. Provided f/iat, implies oi)
these terms or conditions.
PROVIDENCE, i. [Fr. from pro, before, and video, to
see, LatJ foresight displayed in taking measures before-
hand. Frugality, founded on a regard to futurity. The
care or interposition of the Deity, by which all things are
preserved.
PRO'VIDENCE, and Rhode Island, constitute one
of the United States of North America. Its chief town is
Newport.
PROVIDENT, a. [from pro, before, and video, to see,
Lat.) cautious, forecasting, prudent, or taking measures be-
forehaiifl.
PROVIDE'NTIAL, (/»or!*«s/,i«7) a. effected by, and t<?
be referred to, the interposition of God.
PROVIDENTIALLY, ad. by the care of Providence.
PROTIDENTLY, ad. with foresight, prudence, or fn*.
galily, founded on a regard to futurity.
PRO'VIDER, s. he who provides or procures.
PRO'VINCE, .1. [province, Fr. provincia, Lat.] an office
or business peculiar to a person. A region ; a tract. In
geography, a division of a kingdom or state, comprising
several cities and towns, &c. all under the same govern-
ment, and usually distinguished by the extent either of the
civil or ecclesiavstical jurisdiction.
PROVINCIAL, I prurinshial)a. [ pi-ovincial, Fr.] bclonf^
ing to a province. Foreign; rude; unpolished. Belonging
only )o an archbishop's jurisdiction.
PROVINCIAL, {prurhishial) s.a spiritual governor.
To PROVl'NCIATE, {prov'mshiate) t'. a. [from prwiJMw]
to turn «o a province. Not in use
To PROVINE, V. n. [provigner, Fr.] to lay^ a stock or
take
crease.
branch of a vine iu the ground, to take root for more ii»-
PROVrSfON, {prnvizhoii) s.\Uom pro, before, and ndeo,
lo see, Lat. J the act of procuruig befbiehand. Measures
taken beforehand. Stock collected. Victuals, food, ot
provender. A term or condition.
PItOVrSIONAL, iprovizhoual) a. [provisionel, Fr.] pw)
vidtd for temporary need.
PRU
PSE
PKOM'SO, (provho) s. f Lat.] a provisional caution, con-
dition, slipuliilioii.
IMlOVOCA'l'ION, s. [from provoeo, to provoke, Litt.J an
act by wliicli anger is caused. In law, an appeal to a
judge.
rilOVO'CATIVE, s. any thing which is supposed to
streJis'hen nature. Generally applied as inciting venery.
PKOVO'CATIVENESS, i. the quality of being provo-
cative.
To PROVOKE, V. a. [from provoko, to provoke, Lat.l
to rouse, awake ; to excite by ott'ence. To make angry,
or offend. To cause, promote, or excite. To challenge.
To moveorincjuce.
PROVOKEk, *. one that raises anger. Causer ; pro-
moter.
PItOVO'KINGLY, ad. in such a manner as to raise
atiger.
PRO'VOST, i. [prh'it, Fr.] the chief of any body or
society. The executioner in an army.
PRO'VOSTSHIP, *. the office of a provost.
PROW, {pro)s. [prom, Fr. proa, Span, prora, Lat.J the
head or fore part of a ship.
PRO'WESS, «. [proittsse, Fr.] bravery ; military courage.
To PROWL, V. a. (etymology uncertain) to rove over.
Weuterly, to \vander in seacli of prey ; to plunder.
PRO'\VLER, s. one that roves about for prey.
PRO'XIMATE, a. [from proximus, the superlative of
prope, near to, Lat.] next in the series or order of our ideas
of reasoning ; near and imuicdiate.
PRO'XiSlE, n. [from proximus, the superlative of frtpe,
near to, Lat.J next ; immediate.
PROXI'MITY, «. [fromproa.-!jm«, the superlative of pro/ie,
near to, Lat.] the state of being near. Nearness.
PROXY, s. (contracted from proairan/) the agency of
another. The substitution of another instead of one's
self. A person substituted or deputed to act instead of
anoflier.
PRUDE, s. [prude, Fr.J a woman affectedly nice and
modest.
PRU'DENCE, s. [.prudence, Fr. prudentia, Lat.] the act
ofsuiting words and actions according to the circumstances
of things, or rules of right reason.
PRUDENT, a. [pru'dent, Fr. prudens, Lat.J ordering
actions or words with a proper regard to their conse-
quences.
PRUDENTIAL, ( prudinshial) a. eligible on principles
of prudence.
PRUDENTLV'LITY, {prudensUdlitu) s. eligibility on
principles of prudence.
, PRUDETSITIALLY, ad. according to the rules of pru-
dence.
PRUDE'NTIALS, {prudinsMals) s. maxims of prudence
or practical wisdom.
PRU'DENTLY, ad. in adiscrrotor judicious manner.
PRU'DERY, s. too great an aU'ectation of uicencss or
modesty.
PRUDISH, a. affectedly grave or nice.
To PRUNE, V. a. (etymology unknown) to lop or free
frees from their superfluous branches. To clear from any
excrescence. Neuterly, to dress for show. A ludicrous
word.
PRUNE, s. [piitne, Fr. prvnwm, Lat. a dried plum.
PRUNE'LLO, J. a kind of stuff woven with a mixture of
silk and worsted, of w hicli clergymen's gowns are made. A
kind of plum, from prmwUe, Fr.
PRU'NER, i. one that crops trees.
PRUNI'FEROUS, o. [from prunum, a plum, and/cro, to
bear, Lat.J producing plums.,-
PRU-NINGHOOK, PRU'NINGKNIFE, f. a hook or
knife used in cutting off the superfluous branches of trees.
PRUR'IENCE, PRU'RIENCY, s. [from prurio, to itch,
Lat.] an itching, immoderate desire, or appetite to any
thing.
PRU'RIENT, a. [from prjirio, to itch, Laf.] itchinfT;
pricking.
I'll URI'GINOUS, a. [from prurio, to itch, Lat.J lending to
an itch.
PRUSSIA, a large (Country of Eiiro|)c, b<junded on the
N. by tiiciBaltic and Samogitia, on tije E. by Lithuania, or.
the S. by Poland, and on tlie W. Iiy I'oiiierclia ; about 180
miles in length, and near 100 in breadth, where broadest.
It is a very fertile country, producing a great deal of flax,
lienip, and corn ; and the sea, rivers, and lakes, supply ihctu
with great plenty offish. Prussia also abounds with flocks
and herds, and fine horses. Its chief commodities are wool,
honey, wax, pitch, pit-coal, hops, and buck-wheat. Here
is plenty of game ; as, white and common hares, elks, deer,
roe-bncKS, and wild boars ; but the forests are, at the same
time, infested with lynxes, wolves, foxes, bears, wild asses,
and uri, a species of buffalo. The hides of these last, which
are extremely thick and strong, are sold to foreigners at a
great price. Here is neither salt, wine, nor minerals, but
yellow amber (for the sake of procuring which the Romans
penetrated into and subdued this country) is found in great
quantities on the Samland shore. Thcio arc several large
lakes, besides the rivers Vistula, Pregel, Memel, cVc. About
4 months of the year are temperate, warm, and pleasant ;
but the autumns are often wet, and the air in winter is c(j|il,
piercing, and severe. The manufactures in glass, linen,
cloth, metals, 6cc. are rapidly increasing. Tire inhabitants
are a mixture of native Prussians (who appear to be genuine
Germans) Lithuanians, and Poles. The Teutonic order had
sovereignty in Prussia about 300 jears ; after wliich Prussia
was added to the dominion of the electoral house of Bratv
denburgh, and in 1704 it was raised to a kingdom by the
elector Frederick, who, with his own hands put the crovni
on his head, and an that of his consort, at Koningsburgh.
Prussia is divided into three parts, Samland, Nantangcn,
and Oberland. Koningsburgh is the capital.
PRUSSIAN BLUE, s. in painting, a pigment discovered
in Prussia in 1709.
PRUSSIATES, i. in chymistry, salts formed by the com-
bination of any base with Prussic acid.
PRU'SSIC, a. in chymisfry, belonging to Prussian blue,
f he Prussic acid consists of hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon.
It is prepared from bl-iod and other animal substances ;
and when united with iron, forms that beautiful colouring
substance called Prussian blue.
To PRY, V. a. (of unknown derivation) to peep narrowly ;
to search or look curiously, officiously, or impertinently ;
used with into.
PSALM, (silm) s. [psalnws, from psallo, to sing, Gr.] a
hymn or song on some holy subject.
PSA'LMIST, (sdmist) s. [psalmiste, Fr.] a writer or com-
poser of holy songs.
PSA'LMODY, {samodij') s. [from psalnws, a psalm, and cde,
a song, Gr.J tjje act or practice of singing psalms.
PSALMO'GKAPHY, {sajnogrnfy) s. [from psahnos, a
psalm, and grapho, to write, Gr.j the act of writing
psalms. ■ •
PSALMS, (sdms) s. a canonical book of the Old Testa-
ment, containg spiritual songs and hvnins, written by king
David, and others. They are called Psalms, from the Greek
pra//o, which signifies totonchsiieetli/, because with the voice
was joined the sound of musical instruments.
PSA'LTER, {saiilter) s. [psalterc. Sax. psalterion, from
psalmos, a psalm, Gr.] a psalm-book.
PSA'LTERY, (saiiltery) s. a kind of harp or dulcimer
played on with sticks.
PSEUDO, s. [from pseudos, false, Gr.] a prefix to words,
which signifies false, as pseudo-prophet, psewlo-patriot, a false
prophet, Ac.
PSEUDO'GRAPHY, (psiudigra/f/) s. [dom pteudos, false,
aDderapho, to write, Gr^ false writing.
PSEUDO'LOGY, s. [from pseudos, false, and ieg-o, to spaak,
Gr.l falsehood of speech.
711
PUE
PUL
PSHAW, interj. used as an expression of contempt and
disregani.
PSKOF, called by foreigners P,:,ESKOF, a government
and a large town of Russia. The government, once
a republic, was formerly included in that of Novogorod.
The town is seated on the river Velika or Velakia, 80 miles
S. of Narvu, and 160 S. of Narva, and 150 S. S. W. of
Petersburg. Lat. 57. 58. N. Ion. 27. 52. E.
PTI'SAN, (tisan) s. [ptissaime, Fr. piisane, Gr.J a medical
drink madeof barley boiled with liquorice, raisins, &c.
PTY'ALISM, {ty'alistn) t. [from pttjo, to spit, Gr.J a saliva-
tion ; elfusion of spittle.
PTY'SMAGOGUE, s. [from pysma, spittle, and ago, to
drive, Gr.J a medicine which discharges spittle.
PUBERTY, s. [puLerti, Fr. pubcrtas, Lat.j the time of
life when the two sexes ripen to their perfect state.
PUBESCENCE, J. If rom pubesc», Lat.J the slate of ar-
riving at puberty.
PUBESCENT, a. Ipiibescens, Lat.J arriving at puberty.
PUBLIC, a. [pvMic, Fr. publicus, Lat.J belonging to a
state or nation, opposed to private. Open, notorious, or ge-
nerally known. Regarding not private interest, but that of
the co'mnuuiity, applied to persous. Open for general en-
tertainment, followed by liowe.
PU'BLIC, s. the general body of a state, nation, or man-
kind ; the people. General notice.
PUBLICAN, i. [from publicus, public, Lat.J a toll-gatherer.
In low language, one who keeps a public-house.
PUBLICATION, *. [from publicus, public, Lat.] the act
of making generally known, or of common use ; promulga-
tion ; edition.
PUBLICKLY, ad. in the name of the community ; openly.
PU'BLICKNESS, s. state of belonging to the community ;
openness : state of being generally known or public.
PUCLICK-SPI'RITED, a. having regard to the general
advantage above private good.
To PUBLISH, V. a. [publici; Fr. from publicus, public, Lat.J
to discover or make generally known. To put forth a
book.
PUBLISHER, s. one who makes public or generally
known. One who puts a book into the world.
PU'CELAGE,i. [Pr.l a state of virginity.
PUCERON, the name given by naturalists to a small
insect of a peculiar nature, frequently found on the young
branches of trees and plants, often in such clusters as wholly
to cover them.
PUCK, s. (perhaps the same w ith p^ig) some sprite mong
the fairies, common in romances.
To PUCKER, V. a. to gather into corrugations ; to con-
tract into folds or plications.
PU'DDER.f. See Pother.
To PU'DDER, V. 11. (see Pother) to make a tumult or
bustle. Actively, to perplex ; to confound.
PUDDING, i. [pw/ing-, Swed.Ja kind of food boiled in a
bag; or stuffed in some parts of an animal ; or baked. The
gut of an animal.
PU'DDING-TIME, t. dinner-time, or time to begin din-
ner, the pudding being formerly the first dish served up.
Nick of time; critical minute.
PUDDLE, s. a dirty plash of mud and water.
Ta PUDDLE, ». a. "to make muddy.
PU'DDOCK, or PU'RROCK, s. \tor paMock, or parroch]
a prnvincial word for a small inclosure.
PUDENCY, *. [from pudeiis Lat.] modesty ; shamefa-
cedncss.
PUDrClT\', t. [.from pitdct, it shames, Lat] modesty ;
cbasljjv. _
PUDl'ClOUS, (pudisliious) a.[Uompudet, it shames, Lat.J
ehaste ; modest.
PUDU, s. in zoology, a very small species of sheep, a
native of the Andes, in South America.
PUERILE, a. [Fr. from mcr, a boy, Lat.J resembling
or bccomiug a boy or child ; childish ; boyish ; silly ;
weak.
712
PUERI'LITY, s. [pucrilite, Fr. from jmtr, a boy, Lat.J
boyishness ; childishness.
PUE'RPERAL, a. [from pmr, a child, and pario, I bear,
Lat.J belonging to childbirth, ds puerperal fever.
PUET, *. SeePEWET.
PUFF, s. \_pof, Belg.J a quick blast of breath. A small
blast of wind. A mushroom. Any thing light, porous, and
swelled with wind. An instrument used to powder bail
with. Anv hyperbolical or exaggerated commendation.
To PUFF, r. 7!. {boffen, Bclg.'l to swell the checks with
included breath. To blow with a quick blast. To blow
with scornfulness. To breathe thick and hard. To com-
mend to excess, or without reason. Actively, to inflate or
make swell as with the wind ; to drive with a blast of
breath scornfully. To raise the price of goods at an auction,
by inducing others to bid beyond their value. To swell
with pride.
PU FFER, J. one that puffs.
PUTFBALL, s. a sort of roundish fungus, opening at ttie
top, and full of powdery impalpable seeds. There are 15
English species.
PUFFIN, s. a water-fowl. A kind of fish. A fungus
filled with dust.
PUFFY, a. windy ; flatulent. Tumid, turgid, applied
to style.
PUG, s.\pic;ii, a girl, Sax.la name given to a monkey, or
other aniniyl, tenderly loved. A sort of Dutch dog.
PIJGH, {pull) interj. a word used to express contempt.
PU'GIL, *. [pugille, Fr.J what may be taken up between
the thumb and the two forefingers.
PLUiNA'CIOUS, {pii/rnasliious) a. [from pugno, to fight,
Lat.J fond of fighting. Quarrelsome.
PUGN.\'CITY, i. [frompiigno, to fight, Lat.] quarrelsome-
ness; inclination to fight. '
PUISNE, (/)«"!/) a. [puisne, Fr.] young; petty incon-
siderable ; small
PUrSSANCE, s.\Fr.\ power, strength, force.
PUrSSANT, a. [Fr.J powerful, mighty, strong, forcible,
PUKE, s. a vomit, an emetic.
To PUKE, V. 11. to vomit, to spew.
PU'KER, i. a medicine causing a vomit.
PULCHRITUDE, {pulhritude)s.\(tompulcher, fair, Lat.]
handsomeness, grace, comeliness ; the reverse of deformity.
To PULE, f. n. [piauler, Fr.J to cry like a chicken. To
crv or whimper like a child.
PU'LICOSE, a. [pidicosus,'Lzt.\ abounding with fleas.
PULING, a. [from piauler, Fr.J sickly ; weakly ; crazy.
To PULL, 11. a. [pulhan. Sax. J to draw towards one with
continual violence. To draw forcibly. To pluck or gather,
applied to fruits. To tear, to reud. To draw out the en-
trails of a fowl. Used with doun, to subvert, ruin, or c-
molish. To degrade. Used with up, to eradicate, to ex-
tirpate.
PULL, .V. the act of pulling ; pluck; contest.
PULLEN, i. [pulain, old Fr.J poultry.
PU'LLER, s. one that pulls.
PU'LLET, «. [poulet, Fr.J a young hen.
PULLEY, i. [7)o"?i>, Fr.J a little wiicel, with a cIi.Trmel
round its edge, and turning round on a pivot.
To PULLULATE, v. n. \pnllulo, Lat.J to germinate, bud,
spring, or sprout.
PULMONARY, PULMO'NIC, a. [from pulmu, the lungs,
Lat.J belonging to the lungs.
PU'LMONARY, s. {pulmonaire, Fr. from puliiw, the
lungs, Lat.[ the herb lungwort.
PULP, s. [pulpa, F^at. pulpe, Fr.J any soft mass. TIw
soft or fleshy part of fruit.
PU'LPIT, s.\puli>itum, Lat.] aplace raised rti high, >\'here-
in a public speaker stands. The higher desk in a church,
from whence the minister delivers his sermons.
PU'LPOIJS, a. [from p"//jj soft ; pappy.
PU'LPOUSNLSS, s. the <)uality of being pulpous.
inrLPY,«.soft; pappv.
PULSATION, ».[from pubo, to bout, Lat.] the act ol
PUN
beating or moving with quick strokes against any thing op-
posing.
PULSATOR, t. \hom pulso, to beat, Lat.] a striker ; a
beater.
PUL'SE, *. [from puho, to beat, Lat.J the beatinffortlirob-
biiig of tile iieart and arteries. Alternate expansion aud
foiitraclion. Oscillation; vibration. Leguminous plants.
'I'o feel one's pulse iin\)Vies, figuratively, to try to know one's
uiiiid.
To PULSE, ti. n. to beat like the pulse.
PU'LSION, (//u/iAoji)*- \ I'l'lsus, from pellu, to dr:ve, Lat.]
the act of forciiiiT or driving forward.
FU'LVERABLE, a. [from jmlvis, dust, Lat.] capable of
being reduced to dust.
PL'LVERIZA'TION, s. the act of reducing to powder,
pur;
To PU'NCTUI.iATE, «. «. [from puncluhm, a little spel,
Lat. I to mark with small spots.
PU'NCTURE, /. \punctus, from pin/^o, to prick, Lat.] a
hole made with a sharp-pointed instrument.
PUNDLE, s. a short and fat woman.
PU'NGAR, *. Ipagicriis, Lat.J a fish.
PUNGENCY, s. tiie power of pritkltig or eausiirg a
sensation of acrimony or sharpness on the tongue. Tlit
power of affecting the mind.
PIJ'NGENT, a. \pim^eKs, from pnngo, to prick, Lat.)
pricking. Affecting the tongue witli a sensation of shariv
ucss oracridness.
PU'NICE, s. Ijninaise, Fr.J a bug ; a wall-louse.
PUNI'CEOUS, (pnv'isheuus) a. [from ;)»ni<e».s, belonging
to Carthage, Lat. because the purple dye was used by th*-
ToPU'LA'ERlZE, v. a.\pdviriser, V\.] to reduce to dust Phenicians and Carthaginians in the greatest perfection)
orptuvder.
f U LVERULENCE, s. [from pulvis, dust, Lat.] dustiness
abundance of dust.
PU'ijVIL, J. [pntvillum, Lat.J sweet scents or odours.
To PU'LVIIj, 1'. a. to sprinkle with perfumes in powder.
PU'M A, s. in zoology a large animal of the cat tril)e which
has been called the American Lion. It is very fierec and
ravenous, but preys principally upon cattle and deer, and
seldom attacks the human species.
PU'MICE, s. \pitmcx, Lat.J the slag or cinder of some
. fossil brought to this state by fire. Its texture is lax, spongy,
fullqf little pores and cavities; it isof a pale whitish colour,
and is found near volcanoes.
PUMMEL, .f. See Pommel.
PUMP, s. [pompe, Belg. and Fr.J a machine formed o,
the principles of a syringe, by which water is drawn up
from wells, &c. A shoe with a thin turned sole, and low
heel. The air pump is a machine by means of which the
air is emptied out of vessels and a sort of vacuum created
in them which is destructive to animal life and is at-
tended with many curious effects on various bodies. See
Plate.
To PUMP, V. n.]piifnpen, Belg.] to work a pump. To
throw out or draw up water by a pump. Actively, to ex-
amine a person by artful interrogatories, so as to draw out
some secret from him.
PUMPER, s. the person or instrument that pumps.
PUMPKIN, i. a plant ; the gourd.
PUN, s. (etymology uncertain) a quibble or equivocation
arising from the use of a word which has two difterent
meanings.
To PUN, V. n. to quibble, or to use a word in ditferent
meanings.
To PUNCH, V. a. [poincnnner, Fr.j to make a hole by
driving a pointed instrument. To beat with the fist.
PUNCH, s. a pointed instrument driven by a blow to
Hiake Jioles. A liquor made of rum or brandy, oranges or
lemons, water and sugar. The buffoon or harlequin of a
pu|)pet show, from pnneiiulln, Ital. A short fat person.
PU'NCHEON, .t. [pvincuu, Fr.J an instrument driven to
make a hole or impression. A liauid measure containing
ei^fhtv-four gallons.
PLl'NCHEll, s. an instrument that makes a hole or im-
pression, when driven bv a hammer, &c.
PUNCTI LIO, s. I Ital.] a small nicety of behaviour. A
nice point of exactness.
PUNCTl'LIOUS «. nice; exact; too nice in trivial parts
of breeding.
PU'NCTO, s.\}tnncto, Span. J a nice point of ceremony.
Tl;e iioint in fencing.
PU'NCTUAL, a. fpoHC^Kf/, Fr.J comprised or consisting
ill a point. Exact ; nice ; punctilious.
P.uRCTUA'LITy, s. nicety ; scrupulous exactness.
PU'NCTUALLY, ad. nicely ; exactly ; scrupulously.
PU'NCTUALNESS, s. exactness ; nicety.
PUNCTUATION, s. [from pimctum, a point, Lat.] the
act of setting the stops or proper pauses to sentences.
4 Y
purple.
PU'NINESSLf. pettiness; smallness.
To PUNISH, V. a. [from ;«((«'», Lat.l to cliaslise; tn
afflict with penalties or death, for the commission of some
crime.
PUTS'ISHABLE, n. \punissahle, Fr.J worthy of punisliment;
capable of punisiinient.
PUN1SHAI5LENES.S, s. the quality of deserving or ad
mitting punishment.
PU'NlSHER.i. one who inflicts pains for a crime.
PUNISHMENT, s.\pimissement, Fr.J any penally or pain
inflicted on account of the violation of some law.
PUNITIVE, a. [from pmio, to punish, Lat.] inflicting
pain or punishment for the violation of sonic law.
PUNITORY, a. [from puniu, to punish, Lal.j punishing ;
tending to punishment. Punitory inlcresi, in civil law, '^is
such interest of money as- is due for delay of payment, or
breach of promise, itc.
PUNK, s.\pmig. Sax.] a common prostitute ; a strumpet ;
whore.
PU'NSTER, s. [from /mih] a quibblcr; a low «ii, ulm
endeavours at reinitation by using words that have a double
meaning.
To PUNT, v. 71. to play at basset or ombre.
PUNY, a. [;?K!i)i«, Fr.] young; inferior. Petty.
PU'NY, 4-. a person young au<l unexperienced. A
novice.
To PUP, V. 71. to bring forth whelps or puppies.
PUPIL, s. [pnpilla, Lat.jtlie apple nf the eye. A scholar,
or one under the care ofa tutor, from pupil/us, Lai. nr ptinille,
Fr. A ward, one under the care ofa giiar<liaii.
PUTILAGE, s. the stale ofa scholar or ward.
PU'PILLARY, rt. I from pupilla, a person under age
committed to the care of another, Lai.] pertaining toa piipd
or ward.
PU'PPET, s. [pmiph, Fr.J a small image ipovcd by spriihgs,
and imitating the gestures of an aetor. A pcisoii eiilir "ly
under the'direction of another.
PUTPET-SHOVV, s. a <lrama or play performed by
wooden-images moved by wires.
PUPPY, ». [/w7(/>ec, Fr. from piipiis, a baby, Lat. la ulielp,
or the issue of a female dog. A name of contempliioiis le-
proach, implying a person to be unworthy the name of a
man.
PU'RBECK, a peninsula in the S. £^ part of Dorsetshire,
long famous for its stone, which is i;i great demaiid bolli for
paving and building. Some of the finest kinds lake a good
polish, and are much Uicd Corchiiiuiey-pieces, hearths, vVc.
Tobacco-pipe clay is also t'ouiul here in great <piaiililies.
There are several towns in I'oriieck, the principal o,''«liieli
is_ Corfe Castle, already taueu notice of in its proper
piace.
PURBLIND, a. See PoRKBLivn.
PUTICHASABLK, a. tiiat may be pnrcliased or liouglit.
To PU'RCHASE, V. a. Ipuirlii'sser, Fr.J to buy for a price.
To obtain at any expense. In sea-language, "to draw i«.
*' The capslairpurcliasei apace."
713
PUR
PUR
PUT.CHASE, f. [pofttrfm, old Fr.] any thing bought or
obtaiDed for a piict. Any thing of which possession is
taken any other way than by inheritance.
PU'KCHASER, t. a buyer ; one that gains any thing for
a price.
PURE, a. [ pirrus, Lat. piir, Fr.] unsulUed. Clear, un-
altered by any mixtures. Not cotniected with any thing
extrinsic; as,"pjtye mathematics." Void of guilt, or sin.
Not vitiated, applied to speech. Mere. Chaste. .Ritually
clean.
PURELY, arf. in a pure manner, innocently, merely.
PU'RENESS, J. the quality of being free from mixture,
composition, guilt, or vitious modes of speech.
PU'RFILE, s. \ pourfilte, Fr.j a kind of trimming for wo-
men's gowns made of tinsel and thread ; called also bobbin-
work.
To PU'RFLE, v.a. [pmtrfilcr, Fr.] to decorate with a
wrought or flowered border; to border with embroidery.
PU'RFLE, or PU'RFLEW, «. [ pourfie, Fi.] a border of
embroidery.
PURGA'TION, s. [from purgo, to cleanse, Lat.] the act of
cleansing from bad or vitious mixtures. The act of cleans-
ing the body downwards by medicine. The act of clearing
from the imputation of guilt.
PU'RGATIVE, a. Ipurg-aiif, Fr. from fnrgo, to cleanse,
Lat.] Iiaving the power of cleansing the body by stool. Ca-
thartic.
PU RGATOR Y, s. [ pm-gatoire, Fr. from purgo, to cleanse,
Lat.] a place where departed souls, according to the Romish
rhurch, are cleansed from carnal impurities before their
ieception into heaven.
To PURGF,, 11. a. [purger, Fr. pitrgo, Lat.] to cleanse or
clsar. To clear from guilt, or imputation of guilt. To
evacuate the body by stool. To clarify from dregs or im-
purities, applied to liguor.
PURGE, s. a medicine which cleanses the impurities of
the body by stool.
PU'RGER, s. one who clears away any thing that is
noxious ; a purge ; a cathartic.
PURIFICATION, s. [Fr. from puriis, pure, andfaew, to
make, Lat.] the act of makini; pure, or cleansing from fo-
reign mixtures. TJrt act of ckansiug from guilt, or bodily
impurities.
PU'RIFICATIVE, PURIFICATORY, a. having the
powej' or tendency to clear from impurities.
PU'RIFIER, s. a cleanser or refiner.
To PU'RIFY, f. o. \ purifier, Fr. from puriis, pure, arid
facio, to make, Lat.] to cleanse from impurity, filth, corrup-
tion, barbarousness, or improprieties.
PU'RIM, a solemn feast held among the Jews on the
fourteenth and fifteenth of March, in memory of their
deliveraiite from the conspiracy of Haraau by Esther.
?\]'VAHi',s.[pmiste, Fr.] one aficctedly orsuperstitiously
nice in the use of words.
PURITAN, s. a name formerly given in derision to the
dissenters from the church of England, on account of their
professing to follow the pure word of God, in opposition to
all traditions and human constitutions.
PURITA'NICAL, «. relating to, or resembling Puritans.
PURITANISM, s. the tenets of a person who afl'ects ex-
traordinary' purity in religion.
PURITY, .!. [/wjiVe, Fr. from pm-in, pure, Lat.] cleanness,
freeness from dirt, fouhiess, guilt, unthasteness, or foreign
mixtures.
PURL, s. an embroidered border. A kind of medicated
malt liquor, in which wormwood and other bitters arc in-
fuspd .
To PURL, ti. n. to murmur or flow with a gentle noise.
Activeiv, to adorn the edges with fringes or embroidery.
PU'RLl EU, ( p&rkw) t. the borders of a forest. A border
or inclosure.
PURLIN.S, «. in architecture, those pieces of timber that
lie across the rafters on the inside, to keep tbem from sink-
ing ill tlu; middle of their lengtli.
To PURLUFN, V. a. etymology uncertain ; to steal, or
take away the property of another privately.
PURLOI'NER, s. one that takes away the property of
another privately.
PURPARTS, s. [pour and parti, Fr.J share; part iii
division.
PU'RPLE, re. [■piirpitreiis, Lat.] red tinctured with blue.
In poetry, red. " Purple flood." Dryden.
PU'RPLE, s. the purple colour ; a purple dress.
To PU'RPLE, V. n.[from purpur, purple, Lat.] to make of
a red colour mixed with blue. To make red.
PU'RPLES, s. (without a singular) spots of a livid red co-
lour, which break ou? in malignant fevers. A purple fever.
PURPLI.SH, a. somewhat purple.
PU'RPORT, s. Ipourporie, Fr.] the design, effect, or ten-
dency of a discourse or writing.
To" PU'RPORT, V. a. to show. To intend.
PU'RPO.SE, s. I propontum, from pr&pono, to propose, Lat.
propos, Fr.] intention or design. Effect. Consequence.
Example. Suitahleuess to the end intended.
To PU RPOSE, V. a. to intend, design, or resolve. Neu-
terly, to have an intention ; to have a design.
PU'RPOSELY,flrf. with intention or design.
FVRPRISE, {purprize) s. [poiirpris, old Fr-] a close or
inclosure ; also the w hole compa.ss of a manor.
To PUiUl, V. n. to murmur like a cat or leopard when
pleased.
PURSE, s.{ptcrs, Brit.] a bag in which money is kept.
To PURSE, V. a. to put into a purse. To gather up like
the mouth of a purse.
PU'RSENET, s. a net of which the mouth is drawn toge-
ther by a string.
PU'RSEPROUD, s. haughty on account of wealth.
PURSER, s. in a king's ship,, is an officer who has the
charge of the victuals, and takes care they are good, well
laid up, and stored. He keeps a list of the ship's company,
and sets down exactly the days of each man's admitttince to
pay.
PU'RSINESS, PU'RSIVENESS,.s. shortness of breath.
PUllSLAIN, i. [fortulaca, Lat.] in botany, the peplis of
LinucEus. The British species is the water-purslain, found
in marshes and shallow stagnant waters, and flowering in
September. The sea-purslain is a shrub found on the sea-
shore. Cows, sheep, and goats, eat it.
PURSU'ABLE, a. tit to be pursued.
PURSU'ANCE, s. the prosecution, process, or continua-
tion of an attempt.
PURSU'ANT, <i. done in consequence of any thing.
" To PURSU'E, t>. a. [pnursuirre, Fr.J to chase or follow as
an enemy in Older to sieze. To continue an attempt. To
follow as an example. To endeavour to attain. Neuterly,
to goon, to proceed. A French idiom.
PURSU'ER, s. one who follows with an hostile intention.
PURSUIT, {pursut) s. [poursuile, Fr.] the ai't of following
with hostile intention to take. An endeavour to attain.
A prosecution or continuation of a design.
PURSUIVANT, ipursirant) s. [Fr.] a state messenger.
An attendant on an herald.
PU'RSY,re. Uwmsif, Fr.]fat and short-breathed.
PU'R'I'ENAIsCE, ». [appurtinatict, Fr.J the pluck of an
animal.
To PURVEY, V. a. [pourrioir, Fr.] to provide with
conveniences. To procure. Neuterly, to buy m provisions.
Obsolefi' in the first sense.
PURVEYANCE,*, provisions. The act of procuring
provisions.
PURVEYOR, *. one ,that procures victuals..% A pimp,
prqcurer.
PURVIEW, (piirveu') s. [pourveu, Fr.] proviso; a pro-
viding clause.
PURULENCE, PU'RULENCY,x. Jjmni7««i«, from pui,
corrupt matter, Lat.J the generation ofniatter in a wound.
PU RULENT, a. \puniUntus, from jnu, corrupt maltei,
Lat.] abouoding with mutter.
PUT
PYR
PUS, s. TLiit.] the matter of a well-digested sore.
To l'USH,»). a. Ipousser, Fr.J to thrust, or drive by thrust-
ins;. To nress forward. To enforce or drire to a con-
clusiou. lo importune or teaze. Neuterly, to make a
tbrust, effort, or attack.
PUSH, f. a thrust, an assault, an impulse. A forcible
effort or struggle. Exigence ; trial. A sudden emergence.
A pimple; a wheal ; pustule, from ;)(«<M/a, Lai.
PUSHER, *. one who pushes forward.
PUSHING, a. enterprising; vigorous.
PU'SHFIN, s. a child's play, wherein pins are pushed
alternately.
PUSILLANI'MITY, s. {pwilhnemiti, Fr.] want of cou-
rage ; meanness of spirit.
PUSILLANIMOUS, a. [pusilhnime, Fr.J void of courage.
Mean-spirited, or narrow-minded.
PUSlLLA'NIMOUSNESS.i. meanness of spirit.
PUSS, s. the common appellation for a cat. A sorry
woman. The sportsman's name for a hare.
PUSTULE, s. [from 7«(j, matter, Lat.J a small swelling
or tumor tilled with matter. A piuiple ; an efflorescence.
PUSTULOUS, n. abounding in pustules or pimples.
To PUT, V. a.[putier, to plant, Dan. according to JiiniusJ
to lay down or deposit. To place in any situation or con-
dition. To expose or apply to any thi:ig. To place, repose,
or trust. To use any action by which the state or place of
any thing is changed. To cause or produce. Tu put by, to
turn oft', divert, or thrust aside. To put down, to baflfe, re-
press, crush, degrade, bring into disuse, confute, or commit
to writing. To put forth, to propose, extend, emit, or exert.
To ■piU in, to interpose or drive to harbour. To put in prac-
tice, to use or exercise. To put off, to pull off, or lay aside ;
to delay or defeat by some artifice or excuse ; to pass oft' by
fraud ordeceit ; to procrastinate ; todiscard; toobtrudeby
false appearances or recommendations. To put on, ovvpon,
to impute or charge ; to forward or promote ; to impose or
inflict to assume or lake. To yut over, to refer. To put
ma, to place at interest ; to extinguish, applied to light or
sight ; to shoot like a plant ; to extend from the body ; to
drive from or expel ; to publish ; to disconcert. To put to,
to kill by ; to punish by ; to assist with. To put to it, to
perplex, distress, or press hard. To put vp, to pass by un-
revenged ; to expose to fate; to start ; to hoard; to hide.
Neuterly, to goor move ; to shoot or germinate. Toputin,
to enter a haven, to offer a claim. To put off, to leave land.
To put to sea, implies to set sail, or begin one's course. To
frut -up, to offer one's self as a candidate ; to advance or bring
one's self forward. To put up with, implies to bear without
resentment. Synon. Put seems to have a general sense ;
place one more limited, meaning to put orderly and in a
proper place.
PUT, s. an action or state of distress. A clowuish
^)erson. A game at cards. A put off, implies a shift or
excuse.
PUTAGE, s. ^pxitain, Fr.J Hi law, a prostitution on the
woman s part.
PUT.\NISM, J. \ piitanis})i£, Fr.] the manner of living,
or trade of a prostitute ; whoredom.
PUTATIVE, a. [pututif, Fr. from pnto, to think, Lat.]
supposed ; reputed ; imaginary.
PUTID, a. ffrora pttteo, to stink, Lat.] mean, low, or
worthless. •
PUTLOGS, or PUTLOCKS, s. short pieces of timber,
about seven feet long, used in building scaffolds, lying at
right angles from the wall, and serving to bear the boards
on which the builders stand.
PUTRE'DINOUS, a. [from putresco, to putrefy, Lat.l
stinking ; rotten. " A putredinous ferment coagulates all
humours, as milk with rennet is turned." Flnyer.
PUTREFACTION, s. [putrefaction, Fr. from putris,
rotten, and facio, to make, Lat.] the state or act of growing
iDtten. A kind of fermentation of the intestine particles
of bodies, which tends to destroy their form of existence.
46 rotten. Neuterly, to grow
PUTP.EFA'CTTVE, a. [from putris, rotten, and /an'o, U
make, Lat.J making rotten.
To PUTllEFY, V. a. to make
rotten.
PUTRESCENCE, s. {hoir\ putresco, to putrefy, Lat.j the
state of rotting.
PUTRE'SCENT, a. \putrescens, {ton, putresco, to putrefy,
Lat.J growing rotten.
PUT'llID, a. \puti-idus, from putresco, to putrefy, Lat.]
rotten, corrupted. A putrid fever ii that ni winch the
humours have so little cireulatiun, that they fall into an in-
testine motion and piitrefv.
PUTRIDNESS, s. rottenness.
PU'TTER, s. one that stales, proposes, or places. Fol-
lowed by OH, an inciter or instigator.
PUTTINGSTONE, 4-. in some paits of Scotland, stones
are laid at the gates of groat houses, which they call putting
stones for trials of strength.
PUTTOCK, s. a buzzard. See Buzzard and BiT-
TEKN.
PUTTY, i. a kind of powder on which glass is ground.
A paste made of white lead, c^c. and linseed oil, used by
glaziers to fasten glass in wintlov s. The powder of calcined
tin is used in polishing, and giving the last gloss on iron and
steelworks.
To PU'ZZLE, V. a. [For postle, from pcse] to perplex or
confound with difliculties. To make intricate. To teaze,
embarrass.
PU'ZZLE, s. embarrassment ; perplexity.
PU'ZZLER, s. one who puzzles.
PVVLLHE'LLY, a town of Carnarvonshire, in North
Wales, G miles E. of Newin, 250 miles \V. of London ;
and has a good market on Wednesdays, for corn aud other
provisions.
PV'GARG, s. abird.
PY'GiMEAN, a. [from pygmy] like a pygmy. Belonging
to a pygmy.
PY'GiM Y, s. [pygnee, Fr. from pygme, a cubit, Gr.l a per
son belonging to a nation in Thrace, fabled to be only three
spans high, and to have been devoured by cranes. A dwarf,
or very short person.
P YLO'RUS, s. [from pyle, a door, and ourcs a keeper, Gr.^
the lower orifice of the stomach.
PYRAMID, s. [from pm; fire, Gr. because fire always
ascends in the figure of a cone] in geometry, a solid, stand-
ing on a square or polygonical basis, and terminating at tht
top in a point. The pyramids of Egypt, the burial place of
their kings, are famous both for their height aud magnitude.
■These surprising monuments of antiquity, which baffle
the researches of the deepest antiquary to fix their ongin
with precision, are built upon a rocky bottom, at the foot
of the high mountains which run along the antieut course
of the Nile, and separate Egypt from Lybia. Various have
been the conjectures how and when they were budt, yet no
two authors agree exactly about them ; however, this is
certain, that they are extremely autient, and that there is
no account in any author of credit, when or for what reason
they were founded ; most imagine they were designed for
tombs, though there is no discoverable entrance into two
of them. There are many of these edifices at a greater
distance in the desert, of which very little notice is taken
bv travellers. The principal pyramids are E. S. E. of
Gize, a village on the Western shore of the Nile. There
are 4 of them that deserve the attention of the curious; for
though there are 7 or 8 others in the neighbourhood, they
are nothing in comparison of the former: the two largest
pyramids are 600 feet in perpendicular height. See
plate.
PYRAMIDAL, PYRAMI'DICAL, «. resembling, or
having the form of a pyramid.
PYRAMI'DICALtY, ad. in the form of a pyramio.
" Thus thev rise pi/ramidicalli/." Broome.
PY'RAMIS, s. fLat. aud Gr.] a pyramid.
7V5
QUA
PYRE, I. I mira, Lat.l a pile to be burnt. A funeral
pile.
PYRENE AN MOUNTAINS, or PvRENEES.mountains
which divide France from Spain, and extend from the Medi-
terranean to the Ocean, being about 212 miles in length.
Tliey have ditJ'erent names, accsrding to the different places
in which they stand. There are only 5 passages over them
from one country lo the other ; the 3 principal of which are
from St. Sehastian to St. Jean de Luz, from Pampeluna to
St. Jean de Luz, and from Jocgueira to Perpignan. These
mountains yield great quantities of timber, with abundance
of pitch and tar.
PYRE'TICKS, i. \ixom pyretos, a ferer, Gr.] medicines
which cure fevers.
PYRETO'LOGY, s. [from ppeies, a fever and Iqgos, a
discourse, Gr.]a treatise on fevers.
PYRITES, s. [{tovavyr, tire, Gr.] firestone. Conipoiinii
metallic bodies, found in detached masses, but of no de
terminately angular form.
FY'ROMANCY, s. [from pyr, fire, and manJ«a, divina
tion, Gr.] divination bv fire.
PYRO'METER, «."an instrument invented by Mr.
Wedgwood, for ascertaining the degrees of heat in farnaces
and intense tires.
PYROPHORI, s. in chymistry, compound substances
which heat of themselves, and take tire on the admission
of atmospheric air.
FY ROSOMA, s. in natnral history, a very remarkable
phosphoric zoophite, which is sometimes tound in the
Atlantic Ocean, which, when they are numerous, appears
iH'jminated witli their lustre.
PYROTECHNICAL, {pyrofehmkal) a. [pyrotcchmque, Fr.]
engaged or skilled in tireworks.
PYROTE'CHNICS, [pyrotihnihs) s. [from pyr, fire, and
tfchne, art, Gr.] the art of employing tire to use or pleasure;
the art of fireworks.
PROTE'CHNY, s. [from pyr, fire, and Uchm, art, Gr.]
the art of managing tire.
PYRRHONISM, s. [from Pyrrhn, the founder of the
sceptics] scepticism, or uni"ersal doubt.
PYX, orPY'XIS, *. [Lat.] the box in which the Romans
keep the host. In anatomy, the acetabaluui, or hollow of
tbe hip-bone.
Q.
QIS a consonant, the sixteenth letter of the English al-
phabet, called /««, from the French aueue, or tail, it
bemg as O with a tail to it. In the Gothic alphabet, it is in
the form of an O, with a dot in the middle. Though it had
a place in the Saxon alphabet, yet they generally substituted
cm in its room, spelling f«e/Zan, Sax. to quell or kill, in that
manner. The q is never sounded alone, but in conjunction
with «, as in quihhle, fjuarrel, quiet, quote, &c. and never
ends any Englisn woi-d. Asajiumeral, Q stands for 500;
and with a dash over it thus, q, foV 600,000. Used as an
abbreviate, q stands for quantity, or quantum. Thus, among
physicians, q. pi. is quantum placet, as much as you please ;
and q. ». quantum, snfliat, i. e. as much as is necessary. —
Q. E. D. among mathematicians, is, quod erat denumstraiuhmt,
i.r. which was to be demonstrated ; and Q. E. F. quod erat
faciendum, i. i. which was to be done. Q. D. among gram-
marians, is quasi dictum, u e. as if it were said, or, as who
should say.
QUAD,*, asort nf fish.
To QUACK, V. n. {quachtn, to cry as a goose, Belg.] to
cry like a duck ; in this sense it is often written quaahe,
lo express the sound better. To chatter loudly |and boast-
ingly.
QUACK, s. a persan who pretends to arts which he does
not understand, generally applied to ignorant pretenders in
pbvsic.
QUACKERY, jr. Uie praetu:* of phytic without judg-
ment or knowledge.
7W
QUA
QUA'CKSALVER, i. one who brags of medicines or
salves; a mountebank; a medicaster ; a charlatan.
QUA'DRA, J. a word used in composition from quadrant,
Lat. signifying four.
QUA DRAG E'SIMA, s. [from quadragesimus, ifiarfieth,
Lat.] is a denomination given to Lent from its consisting
of forty days. Hence also, the first Sunday of Lent is
called Quadragesima Sunday, and the preceding Sundays,
Qvinqtiagesima, Sexagesitiui, Septuagesima.
QUADRAGESIMAL, «. [from quadragesimui fortieth,
Lat.] belonging lo Lent ; used in Lent.
QUA'DRANGLE, s. [from quatiiar, four, and ai>gid\u, an
ringle, Lat.].a square ; a figure with four right angles.
QUADRA'NGULAR, a. square, having four right angles.
QUA'DRANT, s. [quadrans, from quatuor, four, Lat.Jthe
fourth part; the quarter ; a quarter of a circle. An instru-
ment containing the fourth part ' of a circle, with which
altitudes are measured.
QUADRA'NTAL, a. included in the fourth part of a
circle^
QUA'DRATE, a. [qvadratut, from quatuor, four, Lat.]
square, or having four equal and parallel sides ; divisible
into four equal parts. Suited ; applicable ; used with to,
from quadrans, Lat.
QUA'DRATE, t. a square or surface having four equal
and parallel sides. In astrology, an aspect of the heavenly
bodies, in which they are distant 90 degrees from" each
other, from quadrat, Fr.
To QUA'DRATE, f. n. \juadro, from quatuor, four, Lat.]
to suit, or be accomodated ; followed by witlt.
QUADRATIC, a. four-square ; belonging to a square.
Quadratic Equations, in 'algebra, are such as retain, on the
unknown side, the square of the root, or the number sought;
and are of two sorts ; first^ simple quadratics, where the
square of the unknown root is equal to the absolute number
fiven ; secondly, affected quadratics, which are such as have,
etween the highest power of the unknown number and the
absolute number given, some intermediate power of the un-
known number.
QUA'DRATURE, s.Jmuidratura, from quatnoi; four, Lat.J
the act of squaring. The first and last quarters of the
moon. The state of being square ; a quadrate ; a square.
QUADRE'NNIAL, a. [from quatuor, four, and annus, a
year, Lat."" containing four years; happening every fourth
year.
QUAT)RIBLE, «. tliat may be squared.
QUADRI'FID, a. [from quatuor, four, audjinfiu, to split,
Lat.] cloven into four parts.
QUADRILATERAL, a. [from mntuor, four, and latvs,
aside, Lat.l having four sides.
QUADRILATERALNESS, s. the property of having
four right-lined sides.
QUADRI LLE, s. [Fr.J a game at cards.
QUA'DRIN, s. iqttadrinus, from quatuor, four, Lat.] a mfte;
a small piece of money in value about a farthing.
QUADRINO'MICAL, a. [from ^mfiior, four, and'tomrn,
a name, Lat.l consisting of four denominations.
QUADRIPA'RTITE, a. [from quatuar, four, and pars,
a part, Lat.] having four parts ; divided into four parts.
QUADRlPA'llTlTELY, ad. in a quadripartite distri-
bution
QUADRTPARTITION, s. a division by four, or [the
taking the fcwrtli part of any quantity or number.
QUADRIPHVLLOUS,?a. [from<p««<i«)r, four, I.at and
phyllon, aleaf, Gr.J having four leaves.
QUADRIRE'ME, t. [from quatuor, four, and temMS, ar.
oar, Latja galley with four banks of oars.
QUADRISYLLABLE, i. [from quatuor, four, Lat. and
syllable] a word of four syllables.
QUADRIVA'LVES. «. from quatuor, four and mW, doors,
Lat.] doors with four folds.
SJADRI'VIAL, a, [from quatuor, four, and via, a way,
Itaving four ways meeting iu a point.
QUA
QUA
QUA'DRUPED, i. [from lywf/iwr, four, and p**, a' foot,
Lat.J an animal that goes on four fet-t.
QUADRUPLE, a.lquadmjjlu.i, from qttaixwr, four, Lat.]
foiir-fokl.
To QUADRUPLICATE, 1,'. n. [quutlnqdico, from qnaluor,
four, Lat.l to double twice ; to make four-fold.
QUADRUPLICATION, s._ [qmdruptico, from qwUwn;
four, Lat.l tlu,' taking a thins four times.
(iUADRU'Pt.Y, ltd. to a fourfold .mantity.
QUjE'RE, v. imp [Lat. I inquire ; seek. A word made use
of when a thing is recomnieuded to inquiry.
To QLIAFF, V. ff. lelymolo^'y uncertain] to drink; to
swallow iu larfjc draughts. Neuterly, to drink much.
To QIJA'F FER, v. i:. to feel out.
QUAGGA, s. in zoology, a species of wild horse, whicli
inhabits the South of Africa.
QUA'GGY.n. boggy ; not solid.
QUA'GM-IRE, s. [i. e. qiuihivp- viire] a bog which trembJ»»
Hiider one's feet ; a shaking mar^li.
QU/ML, s. [qiia^lia, Ital.] a bird of game, pernaps so
called ft-'om its mournful cry.
To QUAIL, V. n. \qnelen, Belg.] to languish, or grow
dispirited ; to fade, to'decline. Actively, to quell, cruxh,
depress, sink, overpower. Not used.
QUArLPIPE, s. a pipe with which fowlers allure
quails.
QUAINT, a. \coniptus, Lat.] nice; exact to excess.
Subtilly contrived, fine spun, affected. Neat, pretty.
QUAl'NTLY, nd. nicely ; exactly; artfully.
QUAI'NTNESS, s. petty elegance ; uiccty.
To QUAKE, V. V. {cicacitn, Sax.] to shake or tremble
with cold or fear. To shake with the least jog or mo-
tion.
QUAKE, s. a shudder, or trembling motion.
QUA'KEGRASS, s. a kind of grass, of which there are two
kinds, the small and the couinion.
QUAKERS, or FRIENDS, a religious sect who made
their appearance in England ai»>ut the middle of the 17th
century. With Christians in general ihey maintain the
doctrines of the Trinity, the divinity of Christ, and the
atonement, and the divine autlioritv'of the sacred scriptures.
The foundation of their system is, that God has communi-
cated to every man a portion of holy light, or sacred instruc-
tion, by the influence of his Spirit, to which if men will give
heed they will grow in wisdom and grace, and be made fit
for everlasting glory. As they believe that the aid of the
Spirit is most effectually sought iu silence of mind, they do
not so generally as other Christians celebrate their worship
aloud by preaching and. prayer, but wait till they deem
themselves moved by the Spirit of God before they enter
on any ministerial exercise. They do not administer
baptism or the Lord's Supper, and regard titles, oaths, and
war as unlawful.
QUALIFICATION, a. [qmlification, Fr.] that which
makes any person or thing tit. Anaccpmplishmeut. Abate-
ment ; diminution.
To QUA'LIFY, V. a. [qunlifur, h r.] to accomplish ; to
render tit for any thing or employment. To abate, soften,
or diminish. To modify; to rrgulate.
QUA'LITY, *. [qu(iliias,Uwn qiiaUs, of what kind, Lat.]
nature, relatively considered. A property or accident.
Disposition or temper. Virtue or vice. Character. Ac-
complishment. Rank. Nobility. Persons of high rank
collectively.
QUALM, {quawm) s. [cwfalm, a sudden stroke of death.
Sax. I a sudden tit of sickness, or sickly languor.
QUA'LMISH, {quaivniisli) a. seized with sickly languor.
QUaNDA'RY, s. [qu'en dirnije ? what shall I say about
it.' Fr. SZ;in)t«rJ a doijbt ; a state of perplexity and uncer-
tainty. A low word.'
QU.fiNGST,orQUAMSI, an inland province in tne S.
of China. It produces plenty of rice, being watered by
several large rivers. The southern part is a flat country,
skiHl well cultivated ; but the northern is full gf iLouutains
covered with treei. It contains mine? of all sorts; and
particularly a gold mine. They have a particular tree, of
whose pith they make bread ; and there arc little insects
which produce white wax. A prodigious number of vnkl
animals, curious birds, and uncommon insects are found
here. The capital is Qnic-lnig, or Kouei-ling.
QUANG-TONG, QUAMTUM, or CANTON, a pro-
vince of China.boiinded on the E. by Kiang-Si, and Fokicti ;
on the'S. by the Ocean ; and on the VV. by Tonquin. It
is diversified by valleys and mountains, and yields two crops
of corn in a year. It aboumis in gold, jewels, silk, |,earls,
tin, quicksilver, sugar, brass, iron, steel, saltpetre, ebony,
and several sorts of odoriferous wood ; beside fruits of
all sorts. They have lemons of the size of a man's head ;
and another sort which grows out at the trunk of tlie tree,
whose rind is very hard, and contains a great inimber </i
little cells full of an excellent yellow pulp, '^riiey have a
proiligious number of ducks, whose eggs they hatch is
ovens ; and a tree, whose wood is remarkai)ly liard and
heavy, and thence called iron wood. The mountains are
covered with a sort of ouiers, which creep along the ground,
and are .so lough that they make baskets, hurdles, mats, and
ropes of llipui. Canton is the capital.
QUANTITY, [f/Hffiid/wj, from qt:nntiis, how much, Lat.}
that property of a thing which answers to the question,
how much? that whicli can be increased or diminished.
In grammar, the length of time used in pronouncing a
syllable.
QUA'NTUM, s. (;Lat.l quantity ; or amount " The
qtmntum of presbvterian merit. " Swift.
QUA'RANTAIN, QUA RANLINE, s. [quara,uam, Fr.J
the space of forty days, which a ship's crew, coming from
places aflected with the plague, is obliged to observe, witJi-
out intercourse or commerce with others.
To QUA'RREL, r. n. [qnfrdter, Fr.] to debate, dispute,
or fall into variance ; to scuttle, squabble fight.
QUA'RREL, s. \quereUe, Fr.J a scuffle, petty fight, brawl,
contest, or dispute. A cause of dispute. Something that
gives right to mischief or reprisal. Objection ; ill-wiH. Au
arrow with a square head, from quadrdla, Ital.
QUA'RRELLER, s. he who quarrels.
QUA'RRELLOUS, a. \(juetellen.x, Vi.\ petulant; easily
provoked to enmitv ; quarrelsome.
QUARRELSOME, a. inclined to brawls; easily pro-
voked; choleric; irrascibie; petulenf.
QUARRELSOMELY, <ul. in a quarrelsome mannor ;
petulantly ; cholericly.
Q ARRELSOMENESS, j. petulance ; choleric-
ness.
QU A RRY, ». [qiiaiTt, Fr."] a square. Game flown at by
a hawk. A mine whence stones are dug. An arrow with
a iinuare head, from (piadreau, Fr.
'Fo QUARRY, V. n. to prey upon. A low word.
QUA'RRYMAN,.?. one who digs in a quarry.
QU.\RT, iqnmmt) s. [quart, Fr.] the fourth part of a
gallon. A vessel which holds the fourtii part of a gallon.
QUARTAN, J. [from (jrimitit?, fourth, Lat.J an ague iiap-
pening every fourth day.
QUARTA'TION, (qnatirtashmi) s. [from qvnrtus, fourth,
Lat.J an operation made by refiners, wherein a fourth pait
of gold and three parts of silver arc compounded.
QUA'RTER, (fpttim-tcr) s. \q»f.iliei; Fr.] a foorth part
A region of the skies, alluding to the seamen's carti, or the
four points in the horizon. A particular part of a toivn cr
country. The place where soldiers are lodged, or stationed.
A proper station. Mercy, or pardon of^life shewH by a
conqueror. A measure of eight bushels. A part of a shoe,
which makes up one side of the heel, and contains the strap
which holds the buckle. A cleft or chink in a horse's IumA
from top to bottom.
To QUA'RTER, {qim«.rtn)w. a. to divide into four parta.
To divide, or break by force. To station or lodge soldiers.
To divide into regions. To fieed or diet. To bear as an aj».
pendage to one's hereditary ai4Ui. To lodge. -
71f
QUE
QUA'RTERAGE, (qvawrterajc) s. a quarterly allow-
Quce.
QUA'RTERDAY, (quawrterday) s. one of the days by
which the year is divided into four parts, and on which rents
are paid.
QUARTERDECK, (quaicrierdich) t. tile short upper
deciiof a ship.
QUARTERLY, (qitau-rtirh/) a. coiit;;iiiin!j a fourth
part.
QUA'RTERLY, {qnaicrteHy) ad. oiice in a quarter of a
year.
QUA'RTERM ASTER, {quawrtermastcr) s. one who re-
gulates the quarters or lodgings of soldiers.
QUA'RTERN, {quawrtem) s. a gill, or the fourth part of
a pint.
QUA'RTERSTAFF, (quatvrterstaff) s. a staff of defence,
so called from the mannerof usingit ; one hand beingpUiced
on the middle, and the other half way between that and
the end.
QUA'RTILE, (qnau^Ttile) s. an aspect of the planets when
they are three signs, or tW degrees, distant from each other ;
and is marked thus, □
QUATiTO, {qmwrto) s. [from qiiartns, fourth, Lat.] tiie
size of a book in which a sheet is doubled so as to contain
four leaves.
QUARTZ, i. in mineralogy, a variety of siliceous earths,
mixed with a small portion of lime or alumine.
To QUASH, r. a. \qiiasso, Lat. quassen, Belg.j to crush ;
to squeeze. To subdue suddenly. To make void, or annul,
Neuterly, to be shaken with a noise.
QUASH, i. a pompion.
To QUA'sSATE, v. a. [from quasso, to shake, Lat.J to
shake or brandish.
QUASSATION, s. [from ^lasso, to shake, Lat.] a brand-
ishing or shaking.
QUATERNARY, *. [quaternarius, from rnahwr, four,
Lat.J the number four.
QUA'TERCOUSINS, (Adto-7!«re?w) fourth cousins, «hich
is the last degree of kindred.
QUATE'RNION, *. [qualcrnio, from quatiwr, four, Lat.]
the number four.
QUATRAIN, *. Iquatmin, Fr.] a stanza consisting of four
lines rhvniing alternately.
QUA'VER, s. a note in music, two of which make a
crotchet.
To QUATER, V. n. [cu-avan. Sax.] to shake the voice ;
to speak or sing with a tremulous voice. To shake ; to
vibrate.
QUAY, (key) s. \qvai, Fr.] a key, or artificial bank on a
sea or river, whereon goods are lauded.
QUEAN, (qweii) I. a "-vorthless woman ; a strumpet ; a
drab; a jade.
QUE'ASINESS, (queiziness) s. the sickness of a nauseated
stomach.
QUE'ASY, (queizy) a. (of uncertain etymology) sick
with nauseousness. Squeamish ; causing nauseousness ;
fastidious.
QUEBEC, the capital of Canada, in North America.
Almost all the houses of Canada are built of stone, and its
inhabitants are about 7000 in number. The English made
several unsuccessful attempts to reduce this place to their
obedience : it was taken, however, in 17.09, by general
Wolfe, who having received several wounds in the course
of the action, expirodjusl as his troops had obtained a com-
plete victorj. Lat. 40'. 48. N. Ion. 71. 10. W. See CapE
Rrkton.'
ToQUECK, V. n. to shrink ; to show pain. Obsolete.
QUEEN, s.Jcweu, Sax.] a woman invested with sove-
reign power. The wife of a king. A pictured card painted
witn the figure of a queen.
ToQUKEN,.).«..t.>pla
QUEEN OF TIHi MEA'D'OWS, i. in botany, the com-
To QUE EN, «'. n. .to play the queen.
QUEEN OF Til
inon meadowsweet.
DUEE'NBOUOUGH, {QitcaMrS) an anticnt, but poor
718
QU£
town of Kent, in the Isle of Sheppey, sif uarrd at tne month
of the river Medway. The chief emplojinent of the in-
habitants is oyster dredging, oysters being here in great
plenty, and of a fine fiavour. It is 15 miles N. \V. of Can-
terbury, and 44 E. of London. Markets on Jlonday and
Thursday.
QUEIiN CHARLOTTE'S SOUND, a Sound at the N.
extremity of New Zealand, near Cook's Strait, lying in lat
41. OS. and Ion. 184. 19. E.
QUEEN'S COUNTY, a county in Irelan.l, in the pro-
vince of Leinster, about 25 miles square: bounded on tiie
N. and vV. by King's County and part of Fipperary, on the
E. by Kikiare and part of Carlow, and on the S. by
Kilkenny. It was formerly full of woods and bogs, but is
now much improved. It contains 50 parishes, about
15,000 houses, and 82,000 inhabitants. Maryborough is the
capital.
QUEEN'S FERRY, a town of Linlithgowshire, seated
on the Frith of Forth, where it is not more than 2 miles
wide. It is a much frequented ferry, and is 9 miles W. of
Edinburgh.
QUEER, o. odd; strange; particular.
QUEE'RLY, nd. particularly ; oddly.
QUEE'RNESS, s. oddness ; particularity.
QUEEST, s. f from qvcstus, 'complain;, Lat. according to
Skinner] a ring dove, a kind of wild pigeon.
To QUELL, V. a. [cu-ellttn, Sax.] to subdue or crush;
originally, to kill. Neuterly, to die.
QUE'LLER, s. one that crushes or subdues.
QUE'LQUECHOSE, {lUlhshoze) s. [Fr.] a triflle ; a kik-
shaw.
To QUEME, I', n. \cweman, Sax.| to please. An old
word.
To QUENCH, v.'a.jai-encen. Sax.] to extinguish fire, allay
thirst, or slillany passion or commotion. Neuterly, to cool;
to grow cool.
QUE'NCHABLE, a. capable of being extinguished, allay-
ed, or appeased.
QUE'NCHER, ,?. one that quenches ; an extinguisher.
QUENCHLESS, «. not to be extinguished.
QUE'RELE, i. \querela, from qtieroi; to romplain, Lat.] a
complaint to a court.
QUERENT, s. [quereiis, from qrteror, to complain, Lat.]
the complainant ; the plaintiff.
QUERIMO'NIOUS, a. [querimonia, from' queror, to com-
plain, Lat.] querulous; complaining.
QUERIMO'NIOUSLY, ad. querulously; with com-
plaint.
- . QUERIMO'NIOUSNESS, s. complaining temper.
i QUE'RIST, i. [from jtwrro, Lat.] one that asks a question;
an inquirer.
QUERN, s. [ctt'fom, Sax.] a handmill.
QUE'RPO, s. [corrupted from ciurpo, Span.] a close-
bodied coat or waistcoat.
QUl'.RRY, for EQUERRY, s. l^a.yer, Fr.J a groom
belonging to a prince, or one conversant in the stables of
a kiiiiv.
QUE'RULOUS, a. [<7Kfn(?(«, from qucior, to complain,
I.at.j mourning ; habitually complaining.
QllE'RULOUSLY, arf. in a complaining manner.
QUE'RULOUSNESS, *. habit or quality of complaining
mournfully.
QUERY, s. [from quwre, Lat.] a question or inquiry
which wants a solution.
To QUE'RY, V. a, to ask questions.
QUE,ST, s. [queste, Fr. from quicro, to seek, Lat.J «earcb ;
the act of seeking. An impannelled iury, contracted
from inquest. Au examination. Searcnes collectively.
Request.
To QU EST, V. n. [quester, Fr. j to go in search.
QU E'STANT, s. seeker ; endeavourer after.
QUESTION, (the tion is proti. as spelt in this word and
its following derivatives) J. [from quecro, to seek, Lat.J any
thing proposed to be examined, answered, or debuted. The
Q U I
subject of debate. A doubt. A trial. E.xaniiiiatioii by
torture.
ToQUE'STION, V. n. to examine one by ciiiestions; to
(loiibl, or be uncerlaiu of. Neuterly, to inquire ; to debate
witii a person bv interrogatories.
QUE'STIONfAULE, a. liable to doubt or dispute.
QUESTIONABLENESS, i. the quality of being ques-
tionable.
QUE'STIONARY, a. inquiring ; asking questions.
QUE'STIONER, i. an inquirer ; an interrofjator.
QUESTIONLESS, ad. certainly ; without doubt.
QUE'STiWAN, QUE'STMONGER, s. a starter oflaw-
suits or prosecutions.
QUE'STRIST, s. a seeker ; a pursuer.
QUE'STUARY, a. ffVoni qnwstiis, gain, Lat.J studious of
profit.
QUIB, s. a sarcasm ; a bitter taunt.
QUI'BBLE, s. [from quuUihet, wiiat you please, Lat.l
a low conceit founded on the mere sound of words ; a pun.
To QUI'BBLE, v. n. to pun, equivocate, or play on the
mere sound of words.
QUI'BBEER, s. an equivocator.
QUl'BERON, a small peninsula in the dept. of Morttihan,
to the N. of Belleisle ; also a small island called the point of
Quiheron, separated from the peninsula by a channel : the
sea next it is called the Bay of Quiheron. It is remarkable
for an ill-conceived and unfortunate expedition against
France, of English troops and emigrants, in 1795. A ter-
rible slaughter was made of these last devoted men, who
seem, on this occasion, to have formed the forlorn hope ;
they were pushed foremost in attack, and left behind in
retreat.
QUICK, a. [pii'ir, Sax.] living, opposed to death. Swift,
opposed to slow. Speedy, op!)oscd to delay. Active, nim-
ble, or sprightly. SvNoN. When we are asiirfuoHi at work,
we lose no time : when cxpeditimi.i, we defer not, but finish
immediately : when quich, we work with activity. Idleness,
delay, and slowness, are the three defects opposite to these
three good qualities.
QUrCKLY, ad. in a nimble, speedy, or ready manner.
Synon. The word anickhj seems more proper to express
the motion with which we act ; its reverse is — slouhj. The
word soon respects the time when the action is performed :
its reverse is — late. The word speedily has a greater relation
to the time we employ aboat a thing ; its reverse is — long
time.
QUICK, s. a live animal. The living flesh, or sensible
parts. Not in use in the first sense.
To QUrCKEN, V. a. [cwiccaii. Sax.] to make alive.
To hasten. To actuate or excite. Neuterly, to become
alive.
QU'ICKENER, s. one who makes alive; that which ac-
celerates or actuates.
QUICKEN-TREE, j. the mountain ash,
QUrCKGRAS.S, s. the dog-grass.
QUI CKLIISIE, s. lime not quenched with water.
QurCKLY',nf/. speedily ; nimbly.
QUrCKNESS, s. speed ; swiftness. Activity. Sensibility.
Sharpness ; pungency.
QUI'CKSAND, i. amoving sand. Unsolid ground.
To QUICKSET, V. a. to set with living plants.
QUrCKSET, s. a plant set to grow.
QUI'CKSIGHTED, {quitksited) a. seeing soon ; having
a sharp sight.
QlilCKSIGHTEDN ESS, s. sharpness of sight.
QUrCKSILVER, orRlERCURY, s. a fluid mineral, the
heaviest of all known bodies next to gold, of the colour
of silver, and so subtile that it penetrates the parts of all
othei metals, renders them brittle, and partly dissolves them.
QUICKSILVERED, «. overlaid with quicksilver.
QUI'DDANY, s. [qmdden, a quince, TeutJ confection of
quinces made with sugar; marmalade.
QUI'DDIT, J. [from qnidlihet, what you please, Lat.
tjntdit, Fr.J a subtlety or equivocation. A low word.
QUI
QUI'DDITY, [qiiidmias, low, Lat.]a trifling nicctj', or caviL
Essence ; that which is a proper answer to the question,
Quidest? What is it ?
QUIE'SCENCE, s. [from quieseo, to rest, Lat.] a state ot
rest ; repose.
QUIESCENT, a. [from quisesco, to rest, Lat.J at rest,
not changing place; lying at repose.
QUI'ET, a. [from qniesco, to rest, Lat.J still ; from di!».
turbanco motion, passion, or strife. Smooth. Not noisy.
QUI'E'J, s. [qmcs, Lut.] rest, repose, tranquillity, peace,
security.
To QUI'ET, V. a. to calm, or make silent ; to put to rest ;
to pacify ; to still.
QUI'E TER, s. the person or thing that quiets.
QUI'ETISM,*. the doctrine of the (Juietists, a religious
sect which excited great attention towards the close of llic
17th century. They professed to love God for himself in-
dependent of any rewards or punishments. They believed
that the souls of good men may attain in this world to s
state of rest, in which they are, as it were, swallowed up
in God, and have no need of prayer, singing, or vows.
QUI'ETLY, ad. without noise, disturbance, motion, or
resistance.
(JUI'ETNESS, s. a state of mind free from the turbulence
of passiiMi.
QUI'ETSOME.fl. calm, still, undisturbed.
QUIETUDE, J. [quietitdf, Fr.] repose or tranquillity.
QUILL, i. {caidis, Lat.J the hard strong feather of the
wing, of which pens are made. A pen. The dart of a
porcupine. A reed on which weavers wind their threads.
An instrument with which musicians strike their strings.
QUl'LLWOR'T, s, in botany, the isoetes of Linnxns.
The British species is the mountain quillwort, of which tliere
are three varieties ; the long-leaved, sbort-Ieaved, and
flexible.
QUILT, s. [/(»/(•/(<, Belg.] a cover made by stitching one
cloth over another with some soft substance between them.
To QUILT, I', a. to stitch one cloth over another with
some soft substance between them.
QUI'NAR Y, a. [from quinqne, five, Lat.] consisting of five.
QUINCE, s. \quidden, Feut.] a fruit somewhat resembling
a pear.
To QUINCH, 'v. n. to stir ; to flounce as in resentment
or pain.
QUINCU'NCIAL, {qmnkunshial) a. having the form of
a quincunx.
QUI'NCUNX, s. [from quinqne, five, Lat.] Qinncimx order
is a plantation of trees, disposed originally in a square,
consisting of five frees, one at each corner, and a fifth in
the middle ; which disposition, repeated again and' again,
forms a regular grove, wood, or wilderness.
QUINQUAGE'SIMA, s. [Lat.] a Sunday so called, be-
cause it is the fiftieth day before Easter, reckoned in whole
numbers. Shrove Sunday.
QUINQU A'NGULAR, a. [from quinqne, five, and a^tguhts,
a corner, Lat.J having five comers.
QUINQUARTICULAR, a. [from qmmpie, five, and
erticH/i«, an article, Lat.] consisting of five articles.
QUI'NQUEFID, a. \ixovaquinqM, five, and fbtdo, to split,
Lat.] cloven in five.
QuINQUE'NNIAL, a. [from qninque, five, and axtms, a
year, Lat.l lasting five years; happening once in five years.
QUI'NSi, s. [corrupted from squinancy] an inflammatory
swelling in the throat.
QUINT, s. [qiiitit, Fr.] a sequence of five. Commonly ap-
plied to five cards, at the game of piquet.
QUI'NTAIN, s. \qm}Uain, Fr.J a post with a turning top.
SeeQuiNTiN.
QUI'NTAL, s. [q. d. ceTOale, from eentian, an hundred*
Lat.J an hundred pounds weight.
QUI'NTESCENCE, j. [sometimes accented on the second
syllable, from quintns, fifth, and essentia, an essence, Lat. f
in alchyma, the fifth or last and highest essence ; an extract
of any thing containing all its virtues.
710
QUO
QUINTESSE'NTIAL, (quintenfmhiaT) a. consisting of
quintessence.
QUI'NTIN, s. [quintain, Fr.] an upright post, on the top
of which is a cross turned round on a piii, having a broad
board and a iieavy sandbag at eacti end ; the person piay-
Hig at the game used to 4trii<€ the broad board witli liis lance,
and endeavour to pass by before the sand-bag could strike
him, in its revolution, on the back.
QUINTUPLE, a. [qiciiUuplus, horn quinqiic,fi\e, Lat.] five-
told.
QUIP, s. [derived from whip] a sharp jest or taunt ; a
sarcasm ; a jeer; a joke.
To QUIP, V. a. to rally with bitter sarcasms ; to taunt ; to
jeer.
QUI'QUI, s. in zoology, a species of weasel which lives
underground in South America.
QUIRE, i. [c/i(cui; Fr.] a body of singers ; a chorus.
That part of a church where service is sung. A bundle of
paper consisting of 24 sheets, from enhier, Fr.
To QUIRE, V. n. to sing in concert.
QUI'RISTER, s. one who sings iu concert at divine ser-
vice ; a chorister.
QUIRK, J. elymology uncertain ; a quick stroke or sharp
fit. A smart taunt. An artful distinction. Subtilty ;
evasion. '
To QUIT, V. a. part. pass, gmt, prefer. / have quit, or
qvitted ; [quitter, Fr.J to discharge an obligation of duty ; to
make even. To set fjee or discharge from. To perform.
To clear a debt. To abandon or forsake. To resign, or
give up.
QUITCH-GRASS, s. [cwict, Sax.l dog-grass.
QUITE, ad. [quitte, free, Fr. hence the original expres-
sion, quite and elean ; i. e. with a clean riddance] entirely ;
perfectly ; completely.
QUITO, a province of Peru, in South America. The
country is pretty well cultivated, and the towns and villages
are populous. The air is exceedingly temperate. There is
much o;oid in the northern parts. It is surrounded by the
Cordilleras de los Andes, ajid is generally reckoned about
400 miles long, and 200 broad.
QUlTO, a town of S. America, capital of a province of
the same name. It is seated in a pleasant valley !)etween
two chains of the Andes, on higher ground than the rest of
habitable Peru, beini; above 300 yards higher than the level
of the sea. It is a bishop's sec, and contains several convents
and an university. All sorts of merchandise and commodi-
ties are exceedingly dear, on account of the difhculty of
bringing them hither. Ti)e inhabitants amount to between
50 and (70,000. Lat. 0. 134. S. Ion. 78. 15. W.
QUITRENT, s. a small rent paid yearly in token of sub-
jection to the lord of the manor ; by whicli he is quit and
■free from all other rents or services.
QUITS, intcTJ. a word used when any thing is repaid, or
the opposite parties in a game are even.
QUITTANCE, s. [quittance, Fr.J a discharge from debt
or obligation. A return or recompence. An acquittance.
QUI'TTER, s. a deliverer. Tlic scoria or dross of tiu.
Tfie matter of a sote or wound.
QUITTERI50NE, *. a hard round swelling on the coro-
net, between the heel and the <|uarterof a horse's foot.
QUrVERj [perhaps corrupted from couvrii>, to cover,
FrJ a case for'arrows.
'To QUl'VER, V. n. to quake ; to play to and fro with a
trembling motion.
QUrVERED, a. furnished with, or placed in, a quiver.
QUO'DLIBET, t. [Lat.] a nice point, or subtilty; a
quirk.
QUODLIBETA'RIAN, «. [from quodlibet,vi\\^t you please,
Lat. J one who talks or disputes on any subject.
QUODLIBETICAL, a. [from 7^uo(to.«, what you please,
Lat.] not restrained to a particular subject.
QUOI F, or COIF, s. [coeffe or coiffe, Fr.J a cap. Particu-
Jarlv a()|)li<'d to that wornM)y a scrjeant at law.
QUOlTf URE, *. [cvtffHre or coiffwt, Fr.J head-dress.
720
il AC
QUOIN, or COIN, s. [coin, Fr.] a corner. A wedge nse<V
iu raising cannon, and for keeping things firm.
QUOITS, orCOlTS, s. a game played by throwing any
thing from one stated point to another.
To QUOIT, 11. »i. to play at quoits; to throw from place
to place. Actively, to throw.
QUO'NDAM, s. [Lat.] having been formerly. A .ludi-
crous word.
QUORUM, .5. [from quorum, the first word in the com-
mission] a bench of justices ; one in a commission without
whom llie rest cannot act.
QUOTA, >. [from quotas, how much, Liit.J a share or pro-
portion.
QUOTATION, .f. the act of producing the passages of au
author, either to illustrate or confirm. A passage produced
from some author. Citation.
To QUOTE, I', a. [quoter, Fr.] to cite a passage from an
author.
QUO TER, s. he that quotes ; a citer.
QUOTH, v.imperf. [from cwothan, to speak or say, Sax.]
he says or said ; though sometimes applied to the first per-
son, as quoth I ; but never properly to the second.
QUOTI'DIAN, a. [from qnotus, how much, and dies, a day,
Lat.l happening every day ; daily.
QUOTI'DIAN, 4'. [from quotas, how much, and diet, a
day, Lat.l a fever that returns every day.
QVO'IIE.'ST, (quosldeiit) s. [quotient, Fr. from qtwtiet, how
often ! Lat.] the number which shews how often a smaller
number is contained in a greater, or how often the divisor is
contained in the dividend.
QUO-WARRA'NTO, s. is a writ which lies against a per-
son or corporation that usurps any franchise or liberty
against the king, as to have a fair, market, or the like, in
order to oblige the usurper to shew by w hat right or title he
holds or claims such franchise.
IS the seventeenth letter of the alphabet,and is called a
canine letter because the pronunciation of it resetidiles
the snarling of a cur. Its sound is uniform. In words de-
rived from the Greek it is followed by au h, as in rhapsody,
&c. Used as a numeral, R anticully stood for 80, an<i
dashed, thus, r, for 80,000; but the (ircek /> signified UK).
In the prescriptions of pliysicians, R stands for recipe,
or take.
To RAT. ATE, n. «. [rabattre, Fr.] ui falconry, to recover
a hawk to the fist again.
To HA'BBET, r. o. [rabalre, or rabotcr, Fr.] to plane or
cut channels in boards, so as to make them fit each other.
R.A'BBET, s. a joint made by paring two pieces of wood
so as to wrap over each other.
RABBI, or RABBIN, s. [from rtib, Heb.] a doctor er
teacher among the Jews.
RA'BBIT, s. [rohbe, robhekin, Belg.] a small animal th:U
burrows in warrens, esteemed (or its flesh and fur. It «as
not originally a native of Britain, but was imported into
these kiniloms from Spain.
RA'Br.LE, s. [from rubula, a wrangler, Lat.] a tumultuous
crowd of low people.
BABBLEMENT, *. the lowest order of people; the
vulgar. Not in use.
RA'BDOM.ANCY, s. [from raldos, a rod, and manteia, di-
vination, Gr.] See Rhabuomancy, which is the most
proper spelling.
RABID, (i. [from rabies, rage, Lat.J tierce or furious ;
bad.
RA'BINET, /. a small piece of ordnance, between a fal-
conet and a base.
RACCOO'N. SecRACKOON.
RACE, *. [race, Fr.] a family "ascending or descending.
A generation. A particular breed. A root or sprig of
ginger, from rayz de ^engibre. Span. A particular strength
or taste, applied to wire. Aa exlraordijiary force, applied
RAD
to tlie uiu'erstaiMlinK. A- coiilest or course on foot or
Iwrsfback, from ras, Kl.
RACEHORSE, t. a horse bred to rnn ai;'.iiiist others.
RAGEMATION, s. [from uKeiims, l.ut.] cluster, like
that of grMjie^.,
RACEMrFEROUS,n.Ifrom racemns, a chistcr.-aiid/fro,
to hear, Lat.J heariii^; chisters.
RACER, s. one who runs to outstrip atiotiier. A race-
liorse.
IIA'CHORE, a city and district of Ilindoostr.n, subject
to the nizam of the Deccaii. It is sealed in the country of
Golconda, on the S. bank of the Kistna, 70 luiies S. W.
of Hydrabad.
IIACINESS, *. the <|uality of being racy or strong-
tasted.
. . RACK, *. [rache, from raeken, to stretch, Belg.] an engine
used in torturing, consist irig ofa wiieei to which a person is
fastened with his limbs exlen(ie<l. 'J'ortureor extreuie pain.
Any instrument wliicli extends. A distaff. A wooden
grate in which hay is placed. A spirituous liquor, con-
tracted from Arkack. Clouds driven by the wiuil, or
imaginary figures in those clouds, from racke, a track, Belg.
A neck of mutton cut lor the table.
I To RACK, V. V. to stream like clouds driven before IIk^
wind. Artivi'ly, to torment, harass, oppress by exaction.
To extend. To draw oH'from the Ices.
RACKET,/, a claiiering noise. ClamnurinS' or noisy
confused talk. The instrument with whicli a ball is struck,
from raifucHe, Fr.
RA'CKiNG, s. a pace ofa liorse, like an amble, except-
ing that its time is swifter, and its tread shorter.
RACKOO'N, s. in zoology, a North American animal
which bears some resemblance to the badger. Its head is
shaped somewlial like that of a fox, winch it also resembles
in itscnniiiiig.
\ RA'CK-RENT, s. rent raised to the \ittennost.
RA'CY, a. [perhaps from rmjz, jn root, Span.] strong-
tasted ; tasting of the soil.
. RAD, the old pret. of Ri: A n.
RAD, RED, and ROD, ditferin^only in a dialect, signify
counsel ; as Conrad, powerful or skilful in counsel ; Elliel-
red, a noble counsellor ; Uodliert, eminent for counsel.
RA'DDOCK, or RUDDOCK, s. a bird ; the redbreast.
RADIANCE, or RADIANCY, s. |(rom rudms, a ray,
Lat.] a sparkling lustre ; the (pialily of [darting rays ; glil-
tcring ; splendour.
RA'DIANT, a. I from radius, a ray, Lat.] shining; bright-
ly sparkling ; cmilliiig rajs.
ToRA'DlATE, v.n. [xtdio, Lat.J to dart rays ; to spar-
kle^; to shine. <
RA'Dl.ATE, a. (from rmhiis, a ray, Lat.] in botany, ap-
plied to those compound flowers in which the florets of the
centre diller in form from those in the circumference ; thus
the daisy and suntiow er are radiate flowers ; because the flo-
rets in tlie centre are ^11 lulmlar, but those in the circum-
ference nar.ow or slrapsliaped. It is aUo applied to tlia
summits or upper part of the pistill.i or|M)intals, when llicy
are placed in u circle, as in the poppy.
RA'DIATED, k. [from xtdnif, a ray, Lat.] adorned with
rays.
RADIATION, a. [from radha, a ray, Lat.] a beamy lus-
tre. Emission every way I'rom the centre.
BA'JJICAL, rt. [from radix, a root, Lat.] original. . Im-
planted by nature. Serving to origination.
RADICALS, a chymical term for the ElemIiNTS of
bodies ; wliicli see.
RADICALITV, J. origination.
RA'DICALLY, "'/. <)rii;Miallv ; primitive^.
RA'DICALNKSS, i. tlie stale of being radical.
To RA'DiCATK, ". a. | from radu; a root, Lnl.] to root ;
lo plant firinlv and <leeply.
RADlCA'tlON, s. [rudicatiou, Fr.] tlie act of fixing
4Z
RAG
RADICLE, *. [rndicuU, Fr. from radix, a root, Lat.J tliat
pan of il'c seed of a plant which becomes tlie root.
RADISH, I. [i-ffrfif, Sax.[ agardenroot.
RADIUS, #.i| Lat.J the semidiameter ofa circle. In
anatomy, a long slemfer bone of the arm descending witii
the ulna, from the elbow to the wrist. In optics, a straight
line full of light, or a right line illuminated. In mechanics,
the spoke ofa wheel.
RADNOR, NEW, a very antient town of S. Wales, iu
Radnorshire, formerly the county-town ; but the assizes are
now held at Presteign. It has one extraordinary privilege,
that of keeping a court of pleasTor all actions, w itiioiit bemg
limited to any particular sum. It is seated near tlie spring-
head of the river Somergill, or Hendwell, (w hich rises in the
Hendwell pool, and empties itscif into the Lug a little below
Presteign,) 24 miles N. W. of Hereford, and ir,2 W. N. W.
of London. Market on Thursday. The principal fair on
St. Lukes Day, O. S.
RADNORSHIRE, a county of S. Wales, 25 miles in
length, and 22 in breadth; boumled on the E. by Siiroj.-
shire and Herefordshire ; on 'he W. the S. W. f,nd S. by
Cardiganshire and Brecknockshire ; aii.l on the N. by Mont-
gomeryshire. It is divided into fi hundreds, which contain-
4inarket towns, 62 parishes, about 3l(i0 houses, and )8,9C0
inliabilaiits. The E. an.) S. parts of this county are tole-
rably level, and productive of corn ; the other [larts are rude ■
and mountainous, devoted chid!" to the rearing of liorned
cattle, sheep, and goats. The N. W. angle is an absolute-
desert, and almost impassable.
To RAFF V. a. to sweep, huddle, or take in a confused ,
manner.
To RA'F FLE, f. «. [ro;^fr, to snatch, Fr.] to cast dice
for a prize..
RA FFLE, a. the determination of a person's right to a-
prize bv casting dice.
R.AF'F, s. [probably from rath, a boat, Lat.] a frame or-
float to carry goods or persons on water, made by laying or-
tyiug pieces ol timber together.
RAFT, part. pass, of reave or raff" ; torn ; rent.
RATTER, s.[ra/ir~, Belg. nr/h-r. Sax. J one of the piecea-
of timber which compose the roof of a building.
RA FTERED, a. built wilh rafters.
RAG, J. 1 perhaps from hraende, torn, Sax.] a piece of
cloth torn from the rest. Any tiling rent or tattered ; wor.T-
CHt clothes; a Igller.
RACiA.MU FKIN, s. a person clothed in rags ; a raean,
paltry, sorry fellow.
RAGE, s. [rarre, Fr.] riolent anger or fury. Vehemence
or increase of pain. Outrageous passion.
ToRAGE, f. H. to be hurried away by excessive anger.'
To exercise fury. 'Fo act willi mad or niigoverned fury.
RAGHFUL, ff. violent; furiouc.
RAGGED, (ifl'g-ef^) n. rent into tatters. Uneven; con-'
sisling of parts almost disunited. Dressed in tatters. Rug-
ged ; not smooth.
RAGGEDNESS, {rog-edness) ». state of being dressed in
tatters, or ragged.
RA'GINGLY, «'/. with vehement furjv
RA'fiM AN, /. one who deals in rags.
RAGOUT, ('n^w') *■ [Fr.J meal stewed and highly
seasoned.
RACJSTONE, t. a stone so named from 'is breaking in a
r.igged or irregular manner. The stone on which the edge
of a tool new ground is smoothed.
RA'GWORT, *. a plant of which there are several spe-
cies; a kind of groundsel.
RAGUSA, a city of Dalmatia, capital of the Ilagusan,
wilh a harbour. It is about 2 miles in circumference, is
pretty well built, and has an inaccessible mountain on the.
land side, and on the side of' ilie sea a strong fort. Tliis
place is distinguished by the tinenessof its nianufactiires.and
the citizens are all trailers. It is 60 miles N. W. of'Scutarii
Lat.42. 5«. N. Ion. 18. 10. E.
RAG U SAN, The, a small territory in Dahnatia, j»j
72X
RAL
RAM
Europe, containing 4 {owtis, and a few small islands in thft
A^lriiilic. I'lie lai)gm.j;e in common use is the Sciavonian,
l,ut most of the citizt ns speak the Italian. It was formerly
ii'.Kier the protection of the Turks and Venetians, but now
forms a part of the kingdom of Italy. Ragusa is the
capital. ... . I,, f
RA'JA, «. denoting Mng, a title given ni Hindoostan, or
the empire of the Mogul, to princes descended from those
that ruled there before the conquest of the Moguls, who
exercise all right of sovereignty, only paying a tribute to
the Great Mogul, and observing the treaties by which their
ancestors recognized his superiority.
RAIL, s.\riegd, Teut.] a cross beam fixed at the ends in
two upright posts. A series of posts connected by beaiiis,by
which any thing is inclosed, differing from a pale, because
it does not rise so high above the cross-beam. A kind of
bird. A woman's upper garments, called likewise a 7iighi-
rail.
To RAIL, v.a. to inclose with rails; to range m a hue.
Neuterlv, to speak to or aboUt with reproachful terms, from
railter, Fr. or rullen, Belg.
RAi'I.ER,*. one who insults or defames by opprobrious
language.
RAILLERY, *. \raille?-ie, Fr.J slight and jocose satire.
RAIMENT, i. [for arraiment, from arraif] clothes, or
dress.
To RAIN, f. 71. [rraiffra, Sax.] to fall in drops from tLe
clouds. To fail bke rain. It rains, i. e. the water falls
from the clouds. Actively, to pour down as rain.
RAIN, s. [ren. Sax. | water fallen from the clouds in drops.
When the vapour of which clouds are composed becomes,
from causes little known to us, so condensed that it is too
lieavy for the air to support it, it falls down in rain hail or
snow.
RAI'NBOW, (raiuhd) g. a meteor in form of a party-
coloured semicircle, appearing in a rainy sky opposite to
the sun, by the nfracliou of its rays in drops of falling
rain.
RAI'NDEER, s. [hranas, Sax.] a deer used ia the nor-
thern countries for drawing sledges. Spelt also
Reindeer.
RAI'NINESS, s. the state of being showery.
R.AI'NY, a. showery ; wet.
To RAISE, (reze) V. n,\rnser, Dan. resa, Swed.J to lift
or heave from the ground. To set a thing upnglit. To iu-
jjrease in current value. To erect or build. To prefer or
•■salt. To excite, rouse, or stir up. To bring into being.
To call into view, applied to spirits. To utter loudly, ai>-
phed to the voice. To bring from death to life. Tocollect,
applied to monev. To give rise to. .
RAISER, {raizer) s. he that raises.
RAI'SIN, {raiziu) s. [raisin, Fr.J Jbe fruit of the vine
dried in the sun, or in an oven.
RAKE, s. [racc/ie, Belg. race, Sax.J an instrument with
teeth, used in dividing ground, or grubbing up weeds. A
loose, disorderly, vicious, gay, and thoughtless person, from
Tacuille, low rai)ble, Fr.
TdRAKE, V. a. to scrape together or clear vjith a rake.
To draw together by violence or extortion. To scour or
search with vehement desire. To heap together and
cover. Neuterly, to search ; to grope. To pass with
- iolence.
RAKER, s. one that rakes.
11A'K.'''1JELL, s.-A wild, vicious, or debanchcd person.
RA'KIi\G,a ship in the act of cannonading another on the
stern or head, so that the balls slr.ill scour the whole length
of her decks. This is frequently called rahing afore and afl,
being tlic same with what is called enfilading by
eligiireers.
KA'KISH, n. like a rake ; loose, lewd, dissolnile.
'■ RA'LEIGH, an antient towu of Essex, 34 tuiles E. of
London.
To RA'LLY, tJ. a. \raTlicr, Fr.J to reduce disordered
forces to order. To treat with »aUri«al mirth, or rcptoacli
722
with good humour ; to Iianter. Neuterly, to come together
ill a hurry. To come again into order. To exercise sat>.
rical merriment.
RAM, s. [ram, Sax. and Belg.] a male sheep. An instiu-
raent with an iron head used m battering walls. In As-
tronomy, the first sign of the Zodiac, which the Sun enteis
at the time of the vernal equinox.
To RAM, r. a. to drive with violence, alluaing to the
motjoa of a battering ram. To till with any thing driven
hard together.
To RA'MBLE, «. n. [perhaps from rami, to rove, S wed. J
to wander ; to rove, or go about without any fixed resolu-
tion, or determined place.
RA'MBLE, i. a wandering irregular excursion. '
RA'MBLER, *. a rover; a wanderer.
RA'MBOOZE, RA'MBUSE, s. a drink made of wine,
ale, eggs, and sugar, in the winter; but of wine, milk, sugar,
and rosewater, in the summer.
RA'MEKIN, RA'MEQUINS, s. \rameqtdm, Fr.] small
slices of bread covered with cheese and eggs. •
RA'MENTS, s. \iromraiimitum, ashaving,Lat.] scraping ;
shavings.
RAMIFICATION, «. [Fr. from rmmis, a branch, and
/"rtcio, to make, Lui.| division or separation into branches;
the act of branching out. Small branches.
To RA'MIFY, v. a. \ramifier, Fr.] to separate into
branches. Neuterly, to be parted into branches.
RxVMILI'ES, a village in ttie late Austrian Brabant,
memorable for a battle fought here, May 23, N. S. 1706,
between the allies, under the Duke of Marlborough and the
Marshal d'Auvcrquerque, ami the French, under Marshal
Villeroy and the elector of Bavaria. The latter lost alt
their baggage and artillery, about 120standards,G00 officers,
and 6000 private soldiers, besides about 8000 killed and
wounded. The loss of the former did not exceed 3000 men.
It is 13 miles N. of Namur.
RA'MMER, i. an instrument by whicii any thing is drireii
hard. Tiae stick with which a charge is forced into a
gun.
RA'MMISH, or RAJIISH, a. rank or strong-scented.
RA'MOUS, a. [from ramus, a branch, Lat.] branchy ;
consisting of branches.
To RAMP, ». n. Wamper, Fr. rampare, Ital. rempen, Sax.J
to leap with violence. To climb, applied to plants.
RAMP, i. a leap or spring.
RA'MPANCY, s. prevalence ; exuberance.
RA'MPANT, a. {rampant, Fr. I prevailing, or breaking
through restraint. Frisky, rompish. In heraldry, reared
up in order to combat.
To RAMPART, or RA'MPIRE, f. a. to fortify with
ramparts. Obsolete.
RAMPART, or RA'MPIRE, 5. \rempart, Fr.J a massy
bank of earth, cannon-proof, raised about the Lody of a
place, and formed in bastions, <S:c. The wall round fortified
places.
R.A'MFION, $. [rampunrulas, Lat. j a plant placed by
Linnaeus in the first section of his fifth class. The round-
headed ranipion is the British species. The blossoms are
purple, and grow in spikes. It is found in dry pastures,
and on the downs in Sussex.
llA'MSi>UR\, a town (formerly a bishopric) in Wilt-
shire, well known in London for its fine beer. It has
no market. It is 46. miles E. of Bristol, and 69 W. of
Loudon.
RA'MSEY, a town of Huntingdonshire, formerly famous
for its wealthy abbey, and hence called Ramsey the Rich.
Part of the gate-house yet remains, with a neglected statue
of Ailuin, the founder, the epitaph of whose tomb is reck-
oned one of the oldest pieces of English sculpture extant.
Ailuin is therein styled kinsman of the famous king Edwar<l,
alderman of all England, and the miraculous founder of
this abbey. It is seated in the fens, among rich ground,
proper for tillage and pasture, and near the nu-ers oflUim-
scy and \VI>itlesey, which abound with fowl, and ckceUeiit
RAN
RA^S
pikti aiiH eels; 12 miles N. N. E. of Huntingdon, and G8
N. of Loiiflon. IVhiiket on Saturday.
RA'MSKY, an ishuul of S. Wales, on tlie coast of Pern-
brokesliire, about 2 miles in lenfjtli, and a mile and a lialf
broad. Near it are several small ones, known l)y the name
of tlieBisliop and his Clerks. It is 4 miles W. of St. David's,
and 17 N. \V. of Milfordliaven.
RA'MSEY, a town on the N. E. coast of the Isle of
Man, with a spacious haven, in which the larfjest ships
may ride 0t anchor, v illi safety from all winds but tiie N. E.
and then they need not be embayed. Lat. 54. 18. N. Ion.
4. 20. W. I
RA'MSGATE, a seaport of Kent, in the Isle of Thanet,
where two very substantial stone piers have been lately
built for the security of'thc harbour, which is now capable
of receiving 200sail of ships. Ramsgate has some trade to
the Baltic, and is much resorted to as a bathing place. It
is 6 miles S. of Margate, and 72 E. by S. of London. Mar-
ket on Wednesday and Saturday. Lat. 51. 19. N. Ion. 1.
20. E.
R A'MSONS, s. an herb.
RAN, the prefer, of Run.
To RANCH, V. n. [corrupted from lorench] to sprain; to
injure by a violent tjvist.
RA'NCID, a [from racen, to be stale, Lat.] strong scent-
ed ; mustv.
RANCIDNESS, RANCIDITY, i. strong scent, as of old
oil. Mustiness.
RA'NCOROUS, «. spiteful in the highest degree.
RA'NCOROUSLY, ad. in a maliijnant manner.
RA'NCOUR, s. [lacoeur, old Fr.j hatred coutiubied ; inve-
terate malignity.
RAND, s. \raiul, Relg.] a border, or seam. "The randoi
a shoe."
RA'NDOM, s. want of direction, rule, or method ; chance,
hazard ; roving motion.
RA'NDOM, a. done by'chanceor without design; mov-
ing without direction.
RA'NFORCE, s. the rijigof a gun next the touch-hole.
RANG, preterof Ring.
To RANGE, f. a. \i-aiiger, Fr.] to place in order or rank.
To rove over. Neuterly, to rove at large. To be placed in
order.
RANGE, *. \i-angie, Fr.J a rank, or any thing placed in
aline. A class or order. An excursion; room for excur-
sion. Compass taken in by any thing excursive, extended,
or placed in order. The step of a ladder. A kitchen grate.
A beam of a coach.
RA'NGER, i. one that roves about. A dog that beats
the ground. An officer that looks after the game of a forest.
RANK, ffl. [»•«)!(?, Sax. J strong; growing too fast. Fruit-
ful ; bearing strong plants. Strong scented, from raiicidus,
Lat. Gross ; coarse.
RANK, «. [ra)\g, Fr.J a line of men placed abreast. A
row. A class, or order. Degree of dignity. High place.
To RANK, V. a. [ranger, Fr.] to place abreast. To range
or include in any particular class. To dispose in a regular
manner. Neuterly, to be ranged ; to be placed.
To RA'NKLE, v. n. to fester, or breed corruption. To
be inflamed, applied both to the body and mind.
RA'NKLY, ad. in a coarse or gross manner.
RA'NKNESS, i. exuberance; superfluity of growth.
R.'V'NNY', s.hnus araneits, Lat.] the shrewmouse.
To RA'NSACK, v. a. [ran, Sax. and saha, Swed.] to plun-
der or pillage. To search narrowly. To violate.
RA'NSOME, s. [rancan, Fr.] the price paid for redemp-
tion of a prisoner. It is more commonly spelled ransom.
ToRATSiSOME, or R.VNSOM, r. n."|rff7tconner, Fr.J to
free from punishment or captivity by money.
RA'NSOMELKSS, a. free from ransom.
RA'NSOMER, s. one who redeems.
To RANT, f. 71. [randen, to rave, Belg.J to make use of
pompous or high-sounding language without any propos-
iionable dignity of thought.
RANT, .!. high-soundmg language without proport'.onable
dignity of thought.
RA'NTER, s. a ranting fellow.
RA'NTirOLE, s. a wild, roving, hair-brained, rakish
young wench.
To RA'NTIPOLE, v. n. to run about wvldly. A low
word.
RATS^ULA, s. [Lat.] a soft swelling, possessing the
salivals under the tongue. It is made by congestion, and
its progress fills up the space between the jaws, and makes
a tumor externally under the chin.
RANUNCULUS, s. [Lat.] a flower, called likewise
crowfoot.
To RAP, v.n. [hrnnpan, Sax.] to strike with a Mnart and
quick blow. Actively, to aflcct with r/apture ; to snatch
away. To rap and rend, is to seize by violence.
RAP, s. a quick smart blow.
RAPACIOUS, {rapashiuns) a. [rapace, Fr. rapax, Lat.J
given to plunder ; seizing by violence ; ravenous ; greedy.
RAPACIOUSLY, {rapusMoushj) ad. by rapine; by vio-
lent robbery ; ravenously ; greedily.
RAPA'CIOUSNESS, (^rapdshiousness) s. the quality of
being rapacious.
RAPA'CITY, s. [rapacitns, from ragio, to snatch, Lat.J the
act of seizing by violence ; the exercise of plunder; raven-
ousness.
RAPE,.?, fja;)^, Fr. raytus, Lut.J a violent forcing of a
virgin or woman. In botany, the wHd iiavew ; a sort of
cabbage. A division of a country, sometimes meaning the
same as a hundred, and at other times signifying a division
consisting of several hundreds. The stalks of the clusters
of scrapes when dried, and used in making of vinegar.
RAPID, a. [rupidc, Fr. rapidus, Lat.J quick; swift; im-
petuous.
RAPI'DITY, s. [from rapidus, swift, Lat.J swiftness of mo-
tion ; celerity.
RAPIDLY, ad. swiftly ; (juickly.
RATIDNESS, s. swiftn.-ss ; celerity.
RA'PIER, «. [rapiere, Fr.J a small sworo used only in
thrusting. The small sword.
RA'PIER-FISH, s. ilie swordfish.
RATINE, s. [from rapio, to seize, Lat.J the act of taking
away the goods of another by violence.
KATPER, s. one that strikes.
RATPORT, s. [rapport, Fr.J relation ; retereuce. Not
used.
RAPT, s. a trance ; an ecstacy.
RA PTL'RE, s. [from rapio, to sieze, Lat.J ecstacy ; vii>.
lence of a pleasing passion; uncommon heat of imagination.
Rapidity ; haste.
RA'PTUROUS, fl. ecstatic ; transporting.
RARE, a. [rare, Fr. rarus, Lat.] uncommon, scarce. Ex-
cellent. Thin, opposed to dense. Thinly scattered. Raw;
and in this sense often pronounced rear.
RA'REESHOW, s. a show carried in a box.
RAREFACTION, {rarefahshon) s. [rarffactinn, Fr.] the
art of making any medium thin, or of extending the parts
of a thing so that they shall take up more room.
RAREFl'ABLE, a. capable of being made thinner.
ToRA'REFY', v. a. [rarijier, ¥r.[ to make more thin.
Neuterly, to become thin.
RARELY, ad. not often ; seldom. Finely ; nicely ; ac-
curately.
RARENESS, s. the quality or state of happening seldom
and beins uncommon. Value arising from scarcity.
RARITY, s. [rartte, Fr. raritas, Lat.J uncommonness.
A thing valued for its scarceness or uncommonness. Thin-
ness.
RA'SC.AL, s. [rascal, a lean beast, Sax.J a mean fellow ;
a scoundrel; a sorry wretch.
RASCALITY, *. the low mean people. VUenese ;
knavery.
RASCA'LLU3N, *. one of the meanest rank,
RA'SCALLY, a, mean ; worthless.
723
RAT
To RASE, (Johnson says this word is written rase or ra:e ;
■suti that he would use the former spelling when it signifies
to strike slij^htlv ; the latter when it implies to ruin) v. a.
[roier, Fr.J to skim or brush the surface. To destroy or
Jverthrow. To erase or blot out.
RA'SKN. See Market Rasen.
RASH, a. \rasch, Belg.] hasty, violent, precipitate, incon-
siderate.
RASH, s. [rascia, Ital.J satin. An efflorescence of red
spots on the skin, perhaps corrupted from rmh.
RA'SHER, s.a thin slice of bacon.
RA'SIILY, arl. in a hasty and thoughtless manner.
RA'SHNESS, s. toolish contempt of danger ; inconside-
rate haste ; precipitation ; temerity.
RASP, i. \raspo, Ital.] a raspberry.
To RASP, V. ». [rnspeii, Belg. rusper, Fr.] to rub to powder
with a very rough tile. To wear away the surface with a
rough file.
RASP, s. a rouo;h file.
RASPATORY, s. [mspntoir, Fr.] a surgewi's rasp.
R.VSPBERRY, s. a kind ol" berry.
RASPBERRY BUSH, s. a species of bramble, having
serrated leaves, white blossoms, and red berries.
RA'SURE, (See Rase) s. [from ra(lo,\o scrape, Lat.] the
act of scraping or shaving. A mark in writing made by
rubbing or scratching out a word or letter.
RAT, .5. \ratta, Belg. rat, Fr. rutta, Span.] an animal
larger than a mouse, that infests houses and ships. To
smell a rat, implies to suspect danger, or to be put on the
watch.
RATABLE, a. set at a certain value.
RATABLY, af/. proporlionably.
RATAFIA, {ratafee) s. a fine cordial prepared from the
ternels of apricots and spirits.
RATAN, s. a small Indian cane. -An instrument of
<:ane used by schoolmasters. A low and meaa species of
mahogany.
RATCH, RASH, $. in clockwork, a sort of wheel, which
serves to lift up the detents every hour, and thereby make
the clock strike.
RATE, s. [ratus, Lat. rate, old Fr.] a price fixed to any
thing. A settled allowance or quantity. Degree. That
which sets the value. The manner of doing a thing. A
tax imposed by a parish, &c. Rate of a ship of war, is its
order, degree, or distinction, as to magnitude, burden, num-
ber of men, and guns.
To RATE, tt. a. to value at a certain price. To tax.
To chide vehemently, from reita, Islandick. Neuterly, to
make an estimate.
RATEE'N, s. a thick woollen stuff, quilled, or woven
on a loom with four treddles, like serges. They are chielly
manufactured in France, Holland, and Italy, and are mostly
used as linings.
RATH, s. a hill. " Upon a rath or hill." Spen.
R.VTH, a. \rath, quickly, Sax.| early ; coming before the
usual time. " lialh ripe are some." Mai/.
R.\'THER, ad. (the comparative oi rath, now out of use)
more willingly. Preferably. In a greater <legree. More
properly. Especially. To have ratlier, is to prefer, or dc-
srire in prefereiice>
RATIFICATION, >. [ratificatvm, Fr.J the act of con-
firming.
RATIFIER, $. the person or thing that ratifies.
' ToR.^TIFY^ r. ff. [from ratus, autlieiitic, and /aao, to
make, Lat.] to confirm ; to settle; to validate.
RATIO, <r<Uliiii}s. (Lat.] proporlion.
ToRATIO'CINATE, (riishidcirmtv) v. «. | / ..tiorinor, from
ratio, reason, LatJ to reason ; to argue.
RATIOCINATION, (rashumtnishon) s.[ratiociitatio, from
ratio, reason, Lat.] the act of deducing consequences from
premises bv the exercise of reason.
RATIO'CINATIVE, (.rashiosituuive) a. argumentative ;
advancing by process of discourse.
RATION, (the ti ia this and the following words is pron,
724
RA V
like*S; as, rtUhon, r&sltHnal, rashbnally, &:c.) s.[frrim ratio,
reason, Lat.j in the army, is a portion of ammunition, bread,
drink, and forage, distributed, to each soldier in the array,
for his daily subsistence, <S:c.
RATIONAL, a. [rationalis, from ratio, reason, Lat.]
having the use of reason. Agreeable to reason. Wise,
judicious.
RATIONA'LE, s. [Lat. J a reasonable account of the
grounds on which anything is founded.
RATIONALIST, 5. one who admits of nothing but what
he can account for on the principles of reason. One who
prefers reason to revelation. .
R.ATIONA'LITY, f. the power of reasoning. Reasooa-
bleness.
RATIONALLY, nrf. reasojiably ; with reason.
RA TIONALNESS, s. the state of being rational.
RATISBON, an antient and strong town of Bavaria, in
Germany ; it was free and imperial, and the see of a bishop.
In the towu-hall the general diets of the empire met. The
inhabitants are protestants, who, in time of peace, carry on
an extensive trade. It is 61 miles N. of Munich. Lat. 49.
0. N. Ion. 12. 11. E.
RA'TSBANE, i. poison for rats; arsenic.
RATTEEN, s. See Rateen.
To RATTLE, ». ji. [ratelen, Belg.J to make a quick noise
with shaking things together not very sonorous. To speak
eagerly and noisily. Actively, to make a tiling sound by
shaking; tostun with noise ; to scold.
RA'TTLE, s. a quick noise, nimbly repeated. Empty
and loud talk. An instrument having something included
in a hollow part, to cause terror or surprise. A plant.
RATTLEHEADED, {rdttleheded) a. giddy; unsteady.
RATTLESNAKE, s. a snake so called from the rattle at
the end of its tail. Also a kind of root used as a remedy
against the bite of a rattlesnake.
RATTOO'N, s. a West Indian fox.
To RAVAGE, «. a. [ravager, Fr.] to lay waste, sack,
spoil, plunder, pillage, ruin, ransack.
R.VVAGE, s. [ravage, Fr.] spoil or plunder.
RA'VAGER, s. a plunderer ; a spoiler.
RAU'CITY, s. \ i'rom raucus, hoarse, Lat.J hoarseness;
loud, rough, hoarse noise.
To RAVE, t'. H. [revcii, Belg. rever, Fr.J to be delirious
or talk irrationally. To burst into tits of fury like a mad
person.
To RA'VEL, t'. a. [ravelen, to entangle, Belg.] to ea-
tangle, or entwist. To unweave, or undo something wo-
ven. To hurry over in confusion. Neuterly, to fall into
perplexity or confu.sion. I'o work in perplexity ; to be busy
with intricacies.
RAVELIN, s. [F'r.^ in fortification, a work having two
faces, that compose a salient angle without any flanks.
RATEN, J. \hrafn. Sax.] a large black fowl.
To RA'VEN, {7-aven)v. a. \rafia7\. Sax.] to rob ; to devour
with great eagerness. Neuterly, to prey with rapacity.
" Benjamin shall raven, as a wolf." Gen. xlix. 27.
RA'VENGLASS, a town in Cnmberland, with a market
on Saturday. It is 279 miles N. N. W. of London.
RAVENNA, the capital ofRomagna, in the ecclesias-
tical State, Italy, is an antient town, and the see of an arch-
bishop. Theodoric, king of the Goths, resided here, aiifl
afterwards the exarchs of the Greek emperors. Ravenr^a
greatly decays both in beauty and trade. It is 1G2 miles N.
of Rome. Lat. 44. 25. N. Ion. 12. 15. E.
RA'VENOUS, (1. hungry to excess.
RA'VENOUSLY, ad. with raging voracity.
RA'VENOUSNESS,*. the quality of raging after prey;
furious voracity.
RAUGlIT, {ravi) the old preterite and participle 'passive
ofREACH.
R.VVIN,'*. prey; food gotten by violence; rapine;
voraciousness.
RATINE, *. in field fortification, a deep hollow, usually
RE A
formed by a great flood, or long -confirmed rimning of water ;
frequentiy tilrifiAl.lo good ]Uirp<iscs in tlip field.
RA'VINGLY, «(/. with frenz.v ; willi distraction.
To RA'VISH, V. a. [riivir, Fr.] to violate a person's
chastity by force. To (ake away by violence. To delight
to ecstacy.
RA'VISH KR, s. he that embraces a woman by violence.
One who lakes any thing by force.
RA'VISH MENT, s. [ravissemmt, Fr.] the act of violating
cliastity by force. Excessive deliylit. Itapttire.
RAW, a. [raa, Dan. ro/i, Teiit.] not boiled or roasted.
Not dressed enough either by roasting or boiling. Not co-
vered with the skin. Bleak; chill. New; inimature. Sore.
Ignorant or unexperienced, applied to 4he judgment.
RA'WIJONED, o. having bones scarcely sovered with
flesh.
RAWHEAD, s. the name giren to a spectre.
RA'WLY, a(i. in a raw manner. Unskilfully. Newly.
R.A'WN ESS, s. the state of neither being boiled or roasted,
applied to food. Inexperience, applied to the judgment.
Hasty manner.
RAY', s. [raie, Fr. radiiti, Lat.J a beam of light or know-
ledge. A fish. An herb.
■ro RAY, V. a. [rayey, Fr.] to streak ; to mark in long
lines. An old word,
RAZE, s. [rai/z, a root, Span.] a root of ginger. This is
commonly written race, but less properly.
To RAZE, or RASE, v. a. \rasHs, iVoni rado, to share, Lat.J
to overthrow, ruin, or demolish. To eilace. To extirpate.
. RA'ZOR, or RASOR, s. \rasor, from rado, to shave or
scrape, Lat.] an instrument used in shaving, Used in the
plural for the tusks of a boar.
RA'ZURE, s. [rasnre, Fr.J See RasurK.
RE, is an inseparable particle used bj the Latms, and
from them borrowed by us to denote iteration or backward
action ; as, return, to come back ; repercussion, the act of
driving back. •
REACCE'SS, (re-aksiss) s. a visit renewed.
To REACH, (rc'c/i) 1'. a.\r(tcan. Sax.] to touch with the
hand extended. To arrive at, or retain. To fetch from
some place distant, and give. To transfer. To penetrate
to. To be adequate lo._ To extend to, or spread iibroad,
Neuterly, to be extended afar. To make efforts to attain,
to penetrate."
REACH, (reech) s. the act of taking or bringing by ex-
tending the arm. The act of taking or touching witli the
arm extended. Power of attaining. Tlie limit of the un-
derstanding. A contrivance or artifice. Extent.
To REA'CT, V. a. to act back again. To return an action
or impulse.
REA'CTION, (re-ahhon) t. [reaciitm, Fr.] the action
whereby a thing acted upon returns the action upon the
agent.
READ, (refd) s.^rccd. Sax. raed, Belg.] counsel. "To
wicked read." Stem. Saying ; saw. Obsolete iu both
senses.
To READ, (reed) v. a, prefer, and part. pass, read, but
pronounced red ; [rad. Sax.] to peruse, or utter by the voice,
any thing written or printed. Figuratively, to discover by
marks, or learn by observation. To know perfectly ; to un-
derstand. Neuterly, to perform theactof perusing writing ;
to be studious in books ; to know by reading.
READE'PTION, (re-adipslwn) s. [from re and adeptus,
Lat.] recovery ; act of regaining.
' READER, (reeder) s. one that peruses any thing written
or printed. One studious in books. One whose ofHce is
to read pravers in churches.
RE'ADiL Y, {ridihj) ad. without hesitation, hinderauce,
or delay.
READINESS, (r«rfi»(«M) s. (see Ready) the quality of
doing any thing without delay or hesitation.
RE'ADING, {reeding) s. the art of perusing words written
or printed. Study consisting in the perusal of books. A
lecture. A public recital. Variation of copies.
REA
RR'ADTNG, (Rediyig) an antient, large, well built, and
considerable town in I'.erKshire.'containiiig 3 |)arish churches,
and about 0800 inhabitants. It has been lately new-paved,
and lighted, and greatly improved by a county infirmary
and other new buildings. It had fiormerly a most magnifi-
cent abbey of flint-stone, founded by Henry I. the gate-
house of which is still pretty entire ; but a new county jail
has been lately erected on the spot where it stood. Its
chieftradc, of late years, is in malt, of which some of their
barges carry 1000 or 1200 quarters of malt at a time. The
Lent assizes and Epiphany sessions are held here. Read-
ing is pleasantly seated on the river Keniiet, near its con-
fluence with the Thames, ,37 miles S. by \V. of London. A
very large market on Saturday for corn, and a market for
cattle on JVIomlay morning. Fairs, February 2, May, 1,
July 25, and September 21.
READMI'SSION {re-admisknn) s. the act of admitting
again.
To READMIT, v. a. to let in again.
To READO'RN, t;. «. to adorn a<'ain.
RE'ADY, {rcdij) a. \r(td, Sax.] quick in performance.
Fit, or prepared. Willing ; eager. Near ; being at the
point. Facile ; easy ; opportune. Done witlxjiit hinder-
auce or hesitation. Expedite ; nimble. Adverbially, rea-
dily ; so as not to need delay.
REAFFI'RMANCE, i. second confirmation.
RE'AGENTS, i. inchymistry, substances which are adde<l
to mineral waters or other liquids, as tests to discover their
nature and composition.
REAL, a. \}-eel, Fr. realis, from res, a thing, Lat.] relating
tothings, not persons. True, opposed to fictitious; genuine.
In law, consisting of things immoveable, as land.
RE'ALCiAR, s. red arsenic or sandaracha.
REA'LITY, s. [rfalite, Fr.] truth, or real existence, o\<-
poseci to appearance. Something intrinsically important.
To RE'ALIZE, v. a. [rialiscr, Fr.] to bring into being or
act. To convert money into land, or paper currency into
money.
RE'ALLY, ad. actually ; truly. Indeed.
REALM, {rcl'm) s. [roiaulme, or roi/aume, Fr.] a kingdom.
Kinglv government.
R.I':"A'LTY, s. h-ealie, Jtal.] loyalty. Seldom used.
'REAM, {reem)s: rrame-Fr. rime, Belg] a bundle of paper
consisting of twenty quires.
To REA'NIMA'tE, «. a. to animate again. To restore
to life ; to revive.
To REANNE'X, v. a. to annex again.
To REAP, {reep) v. a.\repan, SaxJ to cut corn at harvest.
To gatheror obtain. Neuterly, to harvest.
, RE'APER, (reeper) s. one that cuts corn.
RE'APINGKOOK, {rcepinghook) s. a crooked instrument,
used in cutting corn.
REAR, {reer) s. [aniere, Fr.] the liindermost troop of an
army, or the last line of a fleet. The last class.
REAR, (repj) a. raw ; neither well roasted or soddeu.
Early — a provincial word.
To REAR, (rrev) c. a. foreran, Sax.] to raise up. To lift
up any thing fallen. To bring up from an infant state. To
educate or instruct. To exalt or elevate.
RE'ARWARD, (rehivard) s. the last troop. The' end ;
tail or train behind. The latter part.
RE'AkMOUSE, s. [hreretmis. Sax.] the leather-winged
bat ; more properly spelt i-eremousc.
To REASCE'ND, r. a. to climb or mount again. To go
up a second time.
RE'ASON, (the eas is pron. like ees, in this word and its
following derivatives ; as, rcezon, rcrzonable. Sec.) s. [raison,
Fr. ratiu, Lat.J true and clear principles. Clear and fair
deductions from. premises. The cause, or final cause. A
faculty in man, whereby he is distinguisheil from beasts,
consisting in deducing one proposition from another, or, in
finding out such intermediate ideas as may connect two dis-
tant ones. Right ; justice. A just account. After bring,
725
REC
such measuresas arc consistent with Knmanity. " Bringing
Fiance torfason," Addison.
To,RE'AS'ON, 1'. n. \raisonner, Fr.] to defUice consequences
jiKtly from premise?/ To debute, discourse, or endeavour
to convince. Actively, to examine by the rules of
reason. , ^ ,
RE'ASONABLE, a. [raisonnble, Fr.J having the faculty
of reasoning. Consistent with the rules of reason. Just.
Moderate. Tolerable.
RE'ASOXABLENESS, s. agreeableness to reason. Mo-
deration. T. , , ,
REASONABLY, ad. agreeably to reason. Moderately.
'" RE'ASONER, s. [raisonnem; "Fr.j one who reasons ; an
arguer.
RE ASONING, s. argument.
REASONLESS, a. void of reason.
To REASSEMBLE, v. a. to collect or assemble agam.
To REASSERT, v. a. to assert anew, or a second
time.
To REASSU'ME, v. a. \reassumo, Lat.J to resume ; to
take again. -^ -, r r r ^
To REASSUTIE, v. a. [rassurer, Fr.] to free from fear ; to
restore from terror.
REATE, (reel) s. a kind of long small grass that grows
in water, and complicates itself together.
To REAVE, (i-eei-c) V. a. [pret. rrft, rafian, Sax.J to take
away bv stealth or violence. , r
REBAPTIZ.VTION, s. \relaptizatioii, Fr.J renewal ot
baptism. „ ^ , .
To REBAPTI'ZE, v. a. [rihaptiscr, Fr.] to baptize again.
ToREBA'TE,!!.n.[rti«((re, Fr.J to blunt, to deprive of
keenness. , „.
REBATE, s. a rule in arithmetic, the same as Dis-
count. . ,^j,,
REBECK, J. {rehcc, Fr.] a three-stringed hddle.
REBEL, s. \rebclle, Fr. rebcllis, from belliim, war, Lat.J
one who opposes lawful authority.
ToREBE'L, c. ?i. [rehe/h, from belkm, war, Latjto rise
in opposition to lawful authority.
REBE'LLER,^. one that rebels.
REBE'LLION, s. [Fr. rebellio, from JeZ/nwi, war, Lat.J the
act or state of taking up arms, or otherwise opposing lawful
authority. , , , , -.
REBE'LLIOUS, a. opponent to lawful authority.
REBELLTOUSLY, ad. in opposition to lawful authorifr.
REBELLIOUSNESS, s. the quality ot being rebelli-
f o REBE'LLOW, (reUllo) v. n. to echo back a loud
noise. , ,
REBOATION, s. [from re, which strengthens flic
signification, and boo, to bellow, Lat.J the retiirn of aloud
bellowing sound.
To REBOU'ND, v. n. [rebondir, Fr.] lo simn? back
again from any surface. Actively, to reverberate or beat
back.
REBOU'ND, t. the act of flying back after being driven
with force against any thing.
REBUFF, 5. [rcbuffude, Fr.] a quick and sudden resis-
tance or check ; repercussion.-.
To REBUTF, v. a. to beat b;u;k. To oppose with sudden
violence.
To REBUI'LD, (rcli/rf) v. a. to build again; to re-edify ;
to repair.
'^REBU'K ABLE, a. worthy of being found fault witii.
To REBUTvE, v. a. \rebimclwr, Fr.J to chide ; to find
fault with. To repress by an unexpected reproach ; to re-
prehend.
REBUKE. }. any chiding expression. A check; ob-
jiireation.'
■REBU'KER.j.arcprehendcr; a chider.
■''RE'BUS, s. [Lat.] a word represented by a picture. A
kind of riddle, in which the didi-Kut syllables of a per-
son or place's name arc hidden, under 'sonic' i picturesque
representation.
726
REC
To REBUT, V. n. [rebuter, Fr.J to retire back. Not
used.
REBUTTER, s. an answer to a rejoinder.
To RECA'LL, {rehmd) v. a. to call back ; to call again.
To revoke.
RECA'LL, {relidul) s. the act or power of calling back;
revocation.
To RECA'NT, ». a. [from re, again, and canto, to sin»
Lat.J to retract, or contradict what one has professed, said,
or done.
RECANTATION, s. the act of contradicting what a
person has professed, said, or done ; retraction.
RECA'NTER, s. one that recants.
To RECAPITULATE, v. a. [ricapitnhr, Fr.J to mention
again. To repeat asain in a distinct manner.
RECAPITULA'TION, s. [ricapitidution, Fr.) a distiiKt
repeating of the principal poinls,or arguments of a discourse ;
detail repeated.
RECAPITULATORY, a. repeating again.
ToRECA'RRY, v. a. to carry back.
To RECE'DE, v. «. to fall back ; retreat ; desist.
RECE'IPT, {res'eH) s. [fVoin recipio, to receive, Lat.J fbe
act of receiving. A writing acknowledging the receiving
of money. A physician's prescription, or direction for mak-
ing any thing consisting of various ingredients. Reception ;
admission.
RECE'IV'.ABLE, {reseevable) a. [recraoWe, Fr.] capable of
being received.
To RECE'lVE, (reseete) v. a. [recevoir, Fr.] to take or
obtain any thing as due. To take or obtain from another.
To admit. To take into a place or state. To conceive in
the mind. To entertain as a gucjt.
RECE'IVER, {res'ccver) s. in chymistry, a vessel of earth,
glass, &c. for receiving any distilled liquor. In pneumatics,
It is a glass vessel for containing the thing in which an
experiment in the air pump is to be made. In law, it is
commonly understood in a bad sense, and used for such as
knowingly receive stolen goods from thieves, and conceal
them. Receiver also signifies an officer ; of which there are
several kinds, denominated from the particular matters they
receive, tlie places where, and the persons from whom.
RE'CENCY, s. [from recens, new, Lat.J the state of being
lately done, or existent.
RECE'NSION, (resinshon) s. |from rccens, new, Lat.J
enumeration ; review.
RECENT, a. [from recejis, new, Lat.J not long existent.
New ; late ; fresli.
RECENTLY, ad. freshly ; newly.
RE'CENTNESS, s. the quality of being lately used,
made, or done : newness.
RECEPTACLE, s. \receptamhim, from recipio, to recpife,
Lat. I a vessel or place into which any thing is lecer^'cd.
In botany, the base, or seat, upon which the other parts
of a flower are placed ; thus, if you take a dandelion, and
pull oft' all the fiorots, and the common empalement, tl)e
round dotted surface that remains at the top of the shlk
is the receptacle. That part of an artichoke so much
esteemed for food is the receptacle.
RECE'PTARY, s. a thing received. Obsolete.
RECEPTIBI'LITY, s. [from recipio, to receive, Lat.j
possibility of receiving.
RECE'PTION, s.\rccpptus, from recipio, to receive, Laf.J
the act of receiving or entertaining opinion generally
admitted. The state or manner of being received or enter-
tained. Treatment at first coming.
RECE'PTIVE, a.\receptii.s, from recipio, to receive, Lat.J
having the qualitv of admitting what is communicated.
RECE'PTORY, a. \rcccptus, (wm recipio, to receive, Lat.]
gener^illv or popularly admitted.
RECE'SS, s. [recesses, Lat.J retirement. Departure. A
I>lace of retirement or secrecy. An abstract of the proceeci-
ings of an imperial diet, from rerez, Fr.
RECE'SSION, {recishouls. [lecessw, Lat.J the act of r*.
ttcating.
II EC
REC
To UECnA7>TiE, v. a. \recfianscr, Fr.] to cliange
again.
To RECIIA'RGE, v. a. \rccfiarger, Fr.] to accuse in re-
turn. To attacU aj,'aiii.
RKCHK'A'V, (ivc/uel) s. anions liunfcrs a lesson played
on the horn wlien I lie houiKJs have lost their game, to call
tliem from a cunntcrscent.
RECIDI VATJ ON, s. [from re, Tt'j;n\n, and cmh, to fall.Lal.J
the falhnK a second lime ; a backslidin:^; relapse.
RECriilVOUS, a. [from re, again, and cailo, to fall, Lat.]
subject to full a^ain.
liE'CIPE, s. [Lat. from the first word of a medicinal pre-
scription] a medicinal prescription or receipt.
RECIPIENT, s.[r(cii)inis, from rccipio, to receive, Lat.l
the receiver; that to which any thin}^ is given. The vessel
fif an air pump, in which the subjects for the experiniL-nt
are included.
RECIPROCAL, a. [reciprociis, from recipio, to receive,
Lat. riciproiiuc, Fr.] mutual ; alternate ; returned equally on
(joth sides. Affecting both parties alike. Done by each to
each. In geometry, reciprocal proportion is, wlien, in four
numbers, the fourth number is so much less than the se-
cond, as the third is <;reater than thciirst, and vice virsn.
RECI'PROCALLY, ad. iuuiuallv; interchanseablv.
RECITROCALNESS, s. mutual return ; altcrnateness.
To RECIPROCATE, v. n. [reriprocns, from recipio, to re-
ceivt^, Lat.] to act mutually or alternately.
RECIPROCATION, «. the state wherein any action is
done mutually by each party.
RECrSlON, (resiz/ion) s. [froin re, again, and eado, to
cut, Lat] the act of cutting off.
RECITAL, s. the relating of a thing a second time.
Rehearsal ; repetition. Enumeration.
RECITATION, 5. repetition; rehearsal.
RECITATIVE, or RECITATI'VO, s. a kind of musical
pronunciation, wherein the ^sords are pronounced moro
•nusically than in common speech, and less than in a song.
To RECITE, V. a. [from re, again, and cito, to rehearse,
Lat. reciter, Fr.J to relate ; to rehearse ; to tell over ; to
enumerate.
, RECITER,*, he that recites.
To RECK, V. n. \t-ccan, Sax.] to care ; to heed ; to mind ;
to rate at much. Actively, to heed ; to care for.
RE'CKLESS, a. [reccekas, Sax.| careless ; heedless ;
mindless.
RE'CKLESSNESS, $. carelessness ; negligence.
To RE'CKON, (usually pron. rihti) v. a. [rcccun. Sax. rec-
henen, Belg.] to count or find out the number of any collec-
tion. To esteem, value, or account. Neuterly, to com-
pute. To call to punishment, used with with. To lay
stress, or dependence upon, used with npoti; from compter
iiir, Fr.
RE'CKONER, {rckner) s. one who computes ; one who
calculates cost.
RE'CKONING, ()c/;h(>(;;) y. a computation. An account
of time. Accounts of debtor and creditor. Money due
for entertainment at a public house. An account taken.
Esteem or value. A reckoning hook, is a book in which
money received or expended is set down.
To RECLAI'JVI, t). rt. [from j-e, again, and r/omo, to call,
Lat.] to reform or make l3etter. To reduce to the state de-
sired. To recall, or cry out against. To tame.
To RECLINE, v. a. \reclino, from clino, to bend, Lat.] to
lean back, or sidewise. Nculerly, to lean, Jrest, or repose.
RECLI'NE, a. \reclinis, from clino, to bend, Lat.] in a lean-
ing posture.
To RECLO'SE, {recluze)v. a. to close again.
To RECLU'DE, ». a. [reclaudo, from cluudo, to shut, Lat.]
to open.
RECLU'SE, a. [recZuCTs, from claiulo, to' shut, Lat.] shut
up from company. Retired. Substantively, a retired
l^erson.
RECOAGULATION, s. second coagulation.
liECO'GNlSANCE, (j-hhufinisuncc) s, \rccog-)Hta7ice, Fr.J
acknowledgment of a person or thing. A bad;jo. A bonil
of record, testifying the recvgmsvr to owe to the recognitee a
certain sum of money.
To RECOGNl'SE, {reco!^ni:e) v. a. [from re, again, and
eoffiioseo, to know, Lat.] to acknowledge; to recover and
avow knowledge of any person or thing. To review or ex-
amine judicially.
RECOGN LSE'E, (recognisce) s. the person in whose favour
a bond is <lrawn.
RECO'CJNISOR, {recognizor) s. cue who gives a bond
to another.
RECOGNITION, s. [from re, again, and cngnosco, to
know, Lat.] review; renewal of knowledge. Acknowledg.
ment ; memorial. Knowledge avowed.
To RECOIL, V. n. [reader, Fr.] to rush or bound back
again. To fall back ; to fail or shrink.
RECOI'L, s. the rebounding or starting back of a can-
non, &c. after explosion.
To RECO'IN, V. a. to coin over again.
RECOl'NAGE, s. the act of coining anew.
To RECOLLE'CT, v. u. [from re, again, and colligo, to
collect, Lat.] to revive in, or recover to, the memory. To
recover reason or resolution. To collect again.
RECOLLECTION,^, the act whereby an idea is sought
after by the mind, and found, and brought again to view.
RE'COLLEGTS, a congregation ol reformed Francis-
cans, called also Friars-minors of St. Francis.
To RECO'MFORT, e. a. to comfort or console again.
To give new strength.
To RECOJIME'NCE, v. a. Ireeommencer, Fr.] to begin
anew.
RECOMME'NCEMENT, s. a beginning a thing anew.
To RECOMME'ND, v.u. [reeonwwntier, Fi.] to praise to
another. To render acceptable. To describe- a person as
worthy of the countenance of anotlier. To commit with
pravers.
RECOIVLME'NDABLE, a. [rccommerulaWe, Fr.J ivortfiy
of recommendation or praise.
RECOMMEiNDATlON, s. the act of detailing the good
qualities of a person, to gain a favourable reception from
another.
RECOMMENDATORY, a. that recoraracnds to an-
other.
RECOMME'NDER, s. one who recommends.
To RECOMMIT, v. a. to commit anew.
To RECOMPA'CT, J), a. to join anew.
To RE'COMPENSE, v. a. iricampenser, Fr.J to repay, or
requite. To return, or give in requital. To make up by
something of equal value. To redeem or pay for.
RE'COSIPENSE, *. [recompense, Fr.J the act of making a
return, or equivalent; compensation.
RECOMPI'LEMENT, s. new compilement.
ToRECOMPO'SE, (?"6Ao»jpi'jreJ 1). «. [rccomposer, Fr.J to
settle, or quiet anew. To form or adjust anew.
RECOMPOSrTION,_(»'eco?n;joiii/i(;7i) s. cou)positiou rc-
ne\v<>d.
To RE'CONCILE, w. a. [from re, again, and concilia, to
conciliate, Lat.J to make a person to like, or be liked again.
To make consistent. To restore to favour. Synon. To
reconcile, supposes some dispute or disagreement. To ad.
just, supposes only some distance or diiference.
RECONCI'LEABLE, a. [riconaliable, Fr.] capaJUe of
renewed kindness. Consistent ; possible to be made coI^
sistent.
RECONCI'LEABLENESS,*. consistence; possibility
to be reconciled. Disposition to renew love.
RECONCi'LEMENT, s. the renewal of kindness, or re-
storing to favour. Friendship renewed ; reconciliation.
RECONCILER, *. oue who renews friendship between
others. One who .discovers the consistence between pro-
positions.
RECONCILIATION, s. [reconciliation, Fr.] renewal of
friendship. Agreement of things seeming opposite. Atone-
ment or expiation.
7-27
REC
RED
To RECONDE'XSE, v. a. to condense anew.
RECONDITE, a. [recomlttus, Lat.J abstruse ; profound ;
Secret*
To RECONDUCT, v. a. Ireconduire, Fr.] to conduct
again.
To RECONJOIN, v. a. to join anew.
To RECONQUER, v. a. [reconqucrir, Fr.] to conquer
again.
To RECONNOI'TRE, (recmtwUer) v. a. [reconnoitre,
Fr.J in war, to examine the nature and- situatioa of
ground &c.
To RECO'NSECRATE, v. n. to consecrate anew.
To RECONVE'NE, v. «. to assemble anew.
To RECONVET, v. a. to convey again.
To RECORD, V. a. [recordor, Lat. recorder, Fr.l to re-
gister any thing so as to preserve the memory of it. To
celebrate, or cause to be remembered in a solemn manner.
RECORD,*, (the accent of the noun is generally on the
first syllable, but that of the verb always on the last) a re-
gister or authentic memorial.
RECORDATION, s. [from re, again, and cor, the
heart, LatJ remembrance. Obsolete.
RECORDER, s. one who registers any event. The
keeper of the rolls in a city. A person chosen to assist the
magistrates, &c. of a city or corporation, in matters of jus-
tice, and proceedings in law. A kind of flute.
To RECOU'CH, V. a. to lie down again.
To RECO'VER, v. a. \rccoiivrer, Fr.] to restore from sick-
ness or disorder. To repair ; to rcs:ain ; to release ; to
reach. Neuterly, to grow well from a disease, or any evil.
RECO'VERABLE, a. capable of being cured or re-
gained.
RECO'VERY, s. cure. The power or act of regaining.
The state of a person cured. In law, the cutting off an
entail
To RECO'UNT, r. a. [recontcr, Fr.] to tell in a minute
and distinct manner.
RECOURSE, ireharce) s. \reconrs, Fr. from re, again,
and curro, to run, Lat.J frequent passage. A return, or new
attack. Application or attendance for help cr protection.
This last sense is most in use, the two former senses being
obsolete. Access.
RECO'URSEFUL, a. moving alternately, " In that re-
ecnirseful deep." Drai/tnn.
RE'CREANT, a.'[riniant, Fr.J cowardly, mean-spirited ;
crying out. or recantnig for fear. Apostate; false.
To RECREATE, v. «. [from re, again, and creo, to create,
Lat.] to refresh after labour. To amuse when weary.
Figuratively, to delight or gratify. To revive or relieve.
RECRE'ATION, *. refreshment after toil or weariness.
Amusement ; diversion.
RE'CREATIVE, a. refreshing; giving relief after laoour
or pain ; amusing; diverting.
, RECREATIVENESS, s. the quality of being recreative.
RECREMENT, *. rccremenlum, from recernu, to refuse,
Lat.] dross ; scoria; spume; superfluous or useless parts.
RECREME'NTAL.RECREMENTITIOUS, a. drossy;
coarse.
To RECRI'MINATE r. n. \rccriminer, Fr.] to return one
accusation with another.
RECRIMINATION, s. \rca-imination, Fr.J the act of re-
turning one accusation by another.
RECRIMINATOR, *. he that returns one charge with
another.
RECRUDE'SCENT, a. \rcerude»cens, from crudus, raw,
\ Lat.] growing painful or vii)lent again.
To RECRUIT, irekrut) v. a. \rccr-iiter, Fr.] to repair
any thing wasted by fresh supplies. To supply the deflci-
encies of an army by new men. Neuterly, to raise new
soldiers.
RECRU'IT, {rehrui) s. the supply of any thing wasted.
A new soldier.
RECTA'NGLE, *. [Fr. from rettu*. right, and anguUtt,
Tin
an angk, Lat.] an angle consisting of ninety degrees ; a riglu
angle.
RECTA'NGULAR, o. [from reetut, right, and anirultis, an
an^le, Lat.] having an angle consisting of ninety degrees;
riglit-angled.
RECTA'NGULARLY, ad. with right angles.
RE'CTIFIABLE, a. capable of being set right.
Rectification, s. [from rectus, right, and /ado, to
make, Lat.J the act of setting a thing right which is wrong.
In distillery, the act of drawing spirits a second time, in
order to increase their strength.
To RE'CTIFY, v. a. [from rectiis, right, and /ario, to make,
Lat.] to make right or reform. To increase the strength
of spirits bv repeated distillation.
RECTItraEAR, or RECTILTSIEOUS, a. [from recttu,
right, and linea, a line, Lat.] consisting of right Imes.
RE'CTITUDE, s. \rec(itude, Fr.] straightness, opposed to
curvity. Uprightness, or freedom from any vice or bias,
applied to the mind.
RECTOR, s. [Lat.] a ruler. A person or minister of in
unimpropriated parish.
RECTORSHIP, s. Irectorat, Fr.] the rank or office of a
rector.
RECTORY, s. [retorerie, Fr.] a spiritual living, con-
sisting of land, tythe, and other oblations, separated and
dedicated to God for the service of the church, and for
the maintenance of the minister to whose charge it is coo.
mittcd.
RECUBATION, s. [from recubo, to lie down, Lat.] tiie
act of lying or lean'uig.
RECU'MBENCY, s. [from reevmlo, to lie down, Lat.J
the act of lying or leaning. Rest; repose.
RECU'MBENT, a. [from recumbo, to lie down, Lat.] lying ;■
leaning.
RECUTERABLE, a. [from recupero, to recover, Lat.]
easv to be recovered.
RECUPERATION, f. [from rempero, to recover, Lat]
the act of recovering.
ERCU'PERATIVE, or RECU'PERATORY, a. pertain-
ingto recovery.
To RECU'R, V. n. [from re, again, and citrro, to run, Lat.J
to come back, or revive to the mind. To have recourse to,
or take refuge in, from recourir, Fr.
To RECU'RE, V. a. to recover from sickness or labour.
Not in use.
RECU'RE, i. recovery ; remedy.
RECURRENCE, RECU'RRENCY, s. return.
RECU'RRENT, a. [recurreiis, from »-e, again, and eitrro,
to run, Lat.J returning from time to time.
RECURSION, (reli{irs/i(m) f. [^rccm-siis, from .'re, again,
and nirro, to run, Lat.J return.
RECURVATION, RECURVITY, *. [from re, again,
and cnrvHS, bent, Lat.] flexure backwards.
RECU'RVOUS, a. [from re, again, and cttrvus, bent, Lat.J
bent backward.
RECU'SANT, (rekuzant) s. [from recnsn, to refuse, Lat.]
one that refuses to comply with the terms of a commuuiiy
or society.
To RECU'SE, {rehuze) v. n. \iecuser, Fr.] to refuse. A
juridical word.
RECU'SSION, (rihiishon) s. [from recvtio, to beat back,
Lat.J the act of beating back.
RED, a. \red, Sax. rliiid, Brit.] one of the simple and
firimary colours of natural bodies, or rather of tlie ray of
ight. In dying, it is one of the mother colours; some
reckon six kinds or casts of red, viz. scarlet, crimson, half-,,
grain, lively, orange, and scarlet of cochineal ; hut they may
be reduced to the three principal drugs which give the co-
lours; viz. the kermcs, cochineal, and madder.
RE'DAN, RE'DENT, J. in fortification, an indented work,
made in form of the teeth of a saw, with saliant and c<k.
entering angles.
RHDARGUATION, s. [from redar^Ho, to disprove,,
Lat.J a disproving or rcfusiii:;.
RED
REE
RE'DBERRIED SHRUB CASSIA, s. in botany, a plant.
It is mule anrl leriiiile in diliereiit piaiits : tiiL' iimie liatii
flowers consistiiii; oi'iiiiiny slaiiiina or tliiciuls, witiiout any
i)efa!s ; these are always sterile ; tlie iLinale plants, wliich
uave 110 conspicuous llower, produce spherical berries, in
■niiicli are incUided nuts of ftie same forni.
RE'DIJREAST, (r'allrcst) s. a small bird, so called from
the colour of its breast.
To RE'DDKN, (I'cdn) v. «. to make red. Neuterly, to
jjrow red, or blush.
RE'DDISH, a. somewhat red.
RE'DDISHNESS, s.a. tendency to redness.
REDDI'TION, s. [from redtlo, to ansvyer or restore, Lat.]
restitution.^
R E'DDITIVE, a. [from rcddo, to answer or restore, Lat.]
in grammar, answering to a question.
RE'DDLE, (rtkll) s. in mineralogy, an earth found in
Staffordshire and Derbyshire, of a line llorid red, very
useful to colonrmakers. It is a combination of clay and
the red oxyde of iron.
REDE, i. [)&'rf, Sax.] advice ; counsel. An old word.
To REDE, 1). a. {radau, Sax.] to counsel. Not in use.
To REDEEM, v. a. [from re, back, and emo, to buy, Lat.]
to relieve by paying a price. To recompense. To pay
an atonement ; to free from guilt. To free a pledge
by paying what money was lent on it, together with the
interest.
REDE'EMABLE, a. capable of redemption.
REDE'EMABLENESS.i. the state of being redeemable.
REDEEMER, s. one who ransoms or saves from guilt
by paying a price, or making an atonement. A term fre-
quently applied to our blessed Saviour.
To REDELIVER, i-. a. to deliver back.
REDELI'VERY, s. the act of delivering back.
To RF^DEMA'ND, r. a. \redemander, Fr.] to demand back.
REDEMPTION, {redtmsJwn) a. [from rcdimo, to redeem,
Lat.] ransom, or delivery from guilt or punishment by
niaknig an atonement. Purchase of God's favour by the
death of Christ.
REDE'MPTORY, (redcmtonj) a. [redeynptus, from redirno,
to redeem, Lat,] \)aid for ransom.-
RED-EYE, in ichthyology, a kind of fresh-water fish,
otherwise called the rudd. It is common in many of the
rivers of Germany and England. It is all over of an elegant
red, but no part of it of so deep a colour as the eyes.
REDFORD. See Retfokd.
RED-GAME, s. in ornithology, the red gitous orgor-
cock.
REDHIBITION, s. [from re, again, and Jiaheo, to have,
Lat.] in civil law, an action to make void the sale of certain
goods, and to oblige the seller to take them back.
RE'DHOT, a. heated so as to appear red.
REDI'NTEGIIATE, a. [redinfcgratus, from re, again, and
jn/<?r, whole. Lat. J restored, renewed ; made new.
REDINTEGRATION,^, renovation; restoration. Red-
iittef^-ration, chymists call the restoring any mixed body or
matter, wliose form has been destroyed, to its former nature
and constitution.
RE'DLEAD, (mWcrf)*. minium ; lead calcined.
REDNESS, :!. the quality of being red.
REDOLENCE, RKDOLENCY, s. sweet scent.
REDOLENT, a. [trom redoleo, tocast a scent, Lat.J sweet
of scent.
ToREDO'UBLE, (r,^dMe)v.a.\redunhkr,FT.'\ to repeat
often. To increase by frequent additions of the same quan-
tity. Neuterly, to become twice as much.
REDOUBT, {redout)s. [redmtte, Fr.] an outwork of a for-
tification ; a fortress.
REDOUBTABLE, (redmUahle) a. [rcdmitable, Fr.] terri-
ble to enemies ; formidable.
REDOUBTED, {redouted) a. [redouti, Fr.] awful ; for-
midable.
To REDOUND, t'.n. [from re, again, and utula, a wave,
Lat. I to be driven back again. To conduce. To result.
jiA
To REDRE'SS, c n, [redresaer, Fr.] to let right, or amend.
To relieve, remedy, or ease ; more properly applied to
things.
REDRESS, s. a relief of grievances. Reformation.
Remedy.
RKDRU'SSIA, or Little RtissiA,aprovinceofPoland.
having Upper Poland on the W. Litliuania on tlie N. Little
Tarlary on the E. and Moldavia, 'I'ransylvania, and part of
Hungary, on the S. It is about (i.'A) miles long, and 200
broad. It was named Red Russia from the colour ol'the
hajrof its iiiliaiiitants.
RE'DRU'l'II, a town of Cornwall, situated among ex-
tensive tin-works, 12 miles N. by E. of Hellstone, and 262
W. bv S. of London. Market disused.
Rt!D SEA, or Sea of Edom, (Edom signifies red) a sea
celebrated in anticnt history, which extends in a direction
from N. to S. dividing Africa from Arabia. It is separated
from the Mediterranean on the N. by the Istlmnis of Suez,
and communicates by the Strait of Babelmandel on the S.
with the Arabian Sea, and the Indian Ocean. In the yar
of the world 2513 the Israelites passed over this scu, and
Pharaoh, together with his host, were drowned. It is now
called by the Arabians the Sea of Sui.PH.
To REDSE'AR, {rcdsicr) V. n. applied to iron, whidi,
when too hot, breaks or cracks under the hammer.
REDSHANK,?, in ornithology, a water bird, about the
size of the connnon |>lover, with legs of a beautiful red.
RE'DSTART, orRE'DTAIL, s. in ornithology, a bird
of passage, whicli liasa very line soft note, and is remarkalile
for shakiiig its red tail.
RE'DSTREAK, {raktrcch) s. an apple so called from its
colour, preferred to all other fruit for making cyder. Cyder
made from 7-edstreah apples.
To REDUCE, V. a. [from re, back, and rfwo, to lead, Lat.]
to bring to its former state. To reform any disorder. To
break into small pieces. To degrade. To bring- into a
state of want or misery. To subdue.
REDU'CEMENT, s. the act of bringing back, subduing,
reforming or diminishing.
REDUCER, s. one that reduces.
REDUCIBLE, «. possible to be reduced.
REDU'CIBLENESS..s. quality of being reducible.
REDUCTION, s. [Fr.] the act of breaking into pieces,
or bringing mto order from a state of disorder. In arith-
metic, tile bringing numbersof different denominations into
one. In clivmistry, tiie restoration of metallic oxydes to tlieir
original state of metals ; which is usually affected by means
of charcoal and fluxes.
REDUCTIVE, a. \rcductlf, Fr.] having the power of
reducing.
REDU'CTIVEI Y, ad. by reduction ; bv consequence.
REDU'NDANCE, or REDU'NDANCY, s. \rcdund,mlia,
Lat.] a state wherein things abound to excess; superfluity ;
superabundance.
REDU'NDANT, a. [from re, again, and imAi, a wave,
Lat.] superfluous; abounding to excess. Using more words
or images than are useful.
REDUNDANTLY, ad. superfluously; superabundantly.
To REDUPLICATE, v. a. to double.
REDUPLICATION, J. the act of doubling.
REDU'PLICATIVE, a. [ridiiplkatif, Fr.J double.
RE'DWING, in ornithology, the name of a bird of the
turdus, or thrush kind, called also in some places, the wind
thrush or xwine pipe.
To REE, I'. «. to riddle ; to sift.
To RE-ECHO, {re-i}Jw) r. n. to echo back.
REECHY, «. (corrupted homreck) smoky ; sooty.
REED, J. \reod. Sax. ried, Teuf.] a hollow knotted stalk.
A small pipe. An arrow. A plant, of which four kinds
are natives of England, viz. the common, small, branched,
and sea reed. They all flower in June and July.
To RE-E'DIFY, f. a. to build again ; to rebuild. " The
ruin'd walls he did rcedifi/." Sjten.
REE'DEIP, a. covered with reeds.
■?aa
REF
REF
REE'DEN, a. consisting of reeds.
REE'DMACE, s. in botany, tlie typha of LintiJeiis. The
catstail and smaller reedmace are the British species. They
bear spikes of male and female flowers, and are found in
ditches and ponds.
REE' DY, a. aboundinf; with reeds.
RP'.EF, i. in navigation, a certain portion of a sail, com-
prehended between the top and bottom, with a row of eyelet-
holes parallel thereto. iJcc/i'ng-, is the operation of reduc-
ing a sail, by taking in one or more of the reefs, which is
performed by lines, points, or knittles.
REEK, i. [rcc. Sax. rra/if, Belg.J steam ; smoke; vapour.
A pile of corn or hay, usually spelt and pronounced
rick.
To REEK, V. n. [recan, Sax. J to smoke ; to steam ; to emit
vapour.
REE'KY, a. smoky ; ta^nned ; black.
REEL, s. [real, Sax. J a turning frame on which yarn is
wound from the spindle.
To REEL, t. n. Irullen, Belg. ragh, Swed.] a stagger ;
to incline first to one side and then to the other, in walk-
ing.
RE-ELE'CTlON,s. repeated election.
To RH)- EN ACT, v. a. to enact anew.
To RE-ENJ(7Y, v. a. to enjoy a second time.
To RE-E'NTER, v. a. to enter again ; to enter anew.
To RE-ENTHRO'iNE,i.rt. to replace on a throne.
RE-ETMTRANCE, s. the act of entering again.
REE'PHAM. SeeRp.PEHAM.
REE'R!\IOUSE,i. [heretmis, Sax.] a bat.
To RE-ESTA'BLISH, v. a. to establish again.
RE-ESTA'BLISHER, v. a. one that re-establishes.
RE-ESTABLISHMENT, s. the act of re-establishing ;
the state of being re-established; restauration.
To RE-EX A'MINE, ». a. to examine again.
REEVE, s. [gerefa. Sax.] the bailiff of a franchise, or
manor. Also tlie guardian of a church, or cliurch-warden.
Obsolete.
REEVE, s. in ornithology the name of a bird, the male
of which from the long feathers round his neck, is called the
Ruffe.
To REFECT, V. a. [from re, again, and facto, to make,
Lat. I to refresh ; to restore after hunger and fatigue.
Obsolete.
REFE'CTION, s. [from re, again, and /«rio, to make, Lat.J
refreshing after hunger and fatigue.
REEECTIVES, s. medicines which refresh and renew
strength.
REFECTORY, s. \rifectmre, Fr.] a room for refreshment
er eating.
To REFE'L, ». a. [refello, from fatio, to deceive. Lat.J to
refute, to repress.
To REFE'R, V. a. [from re/ero, Lat. rifiror, FrJ to
send or di-smiss for information or judgment. To address
or apply for judgment. Neuterly, to liave respect or rela-
tion.
REFEREE', s. one to whom any thing is submitted or
referred.
REFERENCE, *. relation; respect; view towards. Dis-
mission to another tribunal.
REFER K'NDARY, s. |from refero, to refer, Lat.J one to
whose decision any thing is referred. An officer in the
court of chancery ; "the master of requests.
To REFERME'NT, v. a. to/crment anew.
REFE'RRIBLE, a. capable of being considered as in
relation to something else.
To REFl'NE, V. a. \rnMner, Fr.] to clear from dross or
any impurities. To polish , to make elegant; to make ac-
curate. Neuterly, to affect nicety ; toim[<rovcin point of
accuracy; to grow pure.
REFf'NEM KNT, ». the act of cleansing from dross, foul-
ness, or impurity Improvement in elegance. Artificial
uractice. AMcctation of elegance.
730
REFFNER, «. one that clears from dross or impurity;
improver inelegance ; inventor of superfluous subtilties.
To REFIT, V, a. [refaire, Fr.J to repair ; to restore after
damage.
To REFLE'CT, v. n. [from re, back, and flecto, to bend,
Lat. rcflcclar, Fr.J to bend or throw back. Neuterly, to
throw back light, or an image represented in a mirror. To
throwback the thoughts on themselves or things past. To
consider attentively. To throw or bring reproach.
REFLE'CTENt, a. [from re, back, and Jiecto, to bend,
Lat.J bending back ; flying back.
REFLE'CTION, s. [from re, back, and flecto, to bend,
Lat.J the act of throwing or bending back. Any image
represented or reflected on a lookingglass. "Thouglit
employed on things past. The perception of the operation
of our own mind within us, as employed about the ideas
it has got. Attentive consideration. Censure.
REFLECTIVE, a. throwing back images ; considering
things past ; considering the operations of the mind.
"REFLE'CTOR, s. a considerer. A sort of optic glass
that reflects light or images.
REFLE'X, a. [from re, back, andjbvfo, to bend, Lat.J
directed backward.
RE FLEX, i. [from re, back, and flecto, to bend, Lat.J
reflection.
REFLEXIBI'LI'TY, s. the disposition of rays to be turned
out of a right line, in passing out of one medium into ano-
ther.
REFLE'XIBLE, a. [from re, back, and flecto, to bend,
Lat.J capable of being thrown back, or turned from their
nat^nal course, applied to rays of light.
REFLEXIVE, a. [from re, back, and flecto, to bend, Lat.J
having respect to something past; capable of reflecting.
REFLE'XIVELY, ad. in a backward direction.
REFLO'AT, {reftitt) s. ebb ; reflux.
REFLORE'.SCE,NCE, s. [from re, again, and ;W«fo, to
blossom, Lat.J the quality of flourishing or lilossoming
anew.
To REFLOU'RISH, {refl<irish)v. a. to flourish anew.
To REFLO'W, {refb)v. n.\rtfi„cr, Fr.| to flow back.
REFLUENT, (sometimes accented on the first syllable)
a. [refliiens, Lat.J flowing back ; running back.
REFLUX, s. [from re, back, and_/2«o,to flow, Lat.J the act
of flowing back. The backward course of water.
REFOCILLATION, s. [from rcfodllo, to restore, Lat.]
restoration of strength by refreshment.
To REFORM, v. a. [from re, again, and/ormo, form, Lat.]
to change from worse to better. Neuterly, to alter or
make a change from worse to better.
REFORM,*. [Fr.J reformation or amenoment.
REFORMATION, s. [from reformo, to reform, Lat.] the
act or state of change from worse to better. The change
of religion from the corruptions of popery, to its primitive
state. .Synon. Reformation signifies often the act of
reforming ; reform seldom any other than the effect.
REFORMER, t. one who makes a change from bad to
better. One who exploded the errors of popery introduced
into religion, and reduced it to its primitive state.
To REFRA'CT, 7'. a. [from re, back, and /r«»igff,'to break,
Lat. I to break the natural course of a ray ; to beat back or
resist.
REFR A'CTION, t. [Fr. from re, back, and franco, to
break, Lat.J the incurvation or change of deteruiinaticu
in the body moved, which happens to it whilst it enters or
penetrates any medium ; in dioptrics, it is the variation
of a ray of light froiri that right line which it would fiave
passed on in, had not the density of the medium turned it
aside.
RKFRA CTIVK, a. having t!;e power of refrHCfing.
REFRA'C.TORINESS, t. sullen obstinacy ; stubboftt-
ness ; perverseness.
REFRACTORY, «.[rr/>y7r/«7Ve, Fr. from re, backward,
and frQHgo, tr break, Lat, J obstinate ; gtubl»ora i nut
KE
REG
submitting to authority or command ; contumacious. IncJiy-
mistry, a term appliett to earliis or metals tiiat are eillier iti-
fusible, or that Vequirc an extraordinary deforce of licat to
cJiangc or melt tliem.
KKFRA'GABLK, «.[from re, back, and /ra/ig'o, to break,
Lat.] perverse ; liable to be confuted.
To IIKFRA'IN, V. \u. [from re, a^^ain, and franmm, a bri-
dle, Lat.J to hold back ; to keep from action. Neuterly, to
forbear ; to abstain ; to spare.
RAFRANGIBI'LITY, i. the disposition of a ray of liffht
to be turned out of its natural course by passing out of one
medium into another.
REFRANGIBLE, a. [from re, a^ain, and/(«"fl-o, to break,
Lat.] capable of being turned out of its natural line, or their
natural course, applied to the rays of lif;ht. ^
REFRENA'TION, J. [from >•<;, again, -AnAfrmmm, a bri-
dle, Lat.J the act of restraining.
To REFRE'SH, v. a.Wrfraischer, Fr. j to refresh after
labour, piin, or want. To repair or improve any thing im-
paired bv new touches. To cool ; to refrigerate.
REFRE'SHER, s. that which refreshes.
REFRESHMENT, s. relief after pain, hunger, or fatigue.
Figurativolv, food or rest.
REFRIGERANT, a. [»Y/Wffera«^ Fr.] cooling; mitigat-
ing heat.
To REFRIGERATE, v. a. [from re, again, and/ng-eo,
to be cool, Lat.] to cool.
REFRIGERATION, s. [from re, again, and frigen, to be
cool„Lat. I the act of cooling ; tlie state of being cooled.
REFRI GERATIVE, AEFRIG ERATORY, «. [from re,
a^ain, and frigeo, to be- cool, Lat.J cooling; having tlie
I>ower to cool.
REFRIGERATORY, s. that part of a distilling vessel
t1iat is placed about the head of a still, and tilled with water
to cool the condensive vapours. Any thing internally
cool i no;.
REFT, pret. and part. pass, of Reave ; taken, or took
avpay. Obsolete.
REFU'GE, s. [from re, again, and fi'gio, to flee, Lat.]
shelter from danger or distress. Protection. An expedi-
ent.
To RF/FUGE, v. a. \r,:fug-ier, Fr.] to shelter or protect.
REFUGEE', s. [refugie, Fr.) one that Hies his country
for shelter. This name has been more particularly given
to the French protestants, who were obliged to aliandon
their country at the revocation of tlie edict of Nantes in
1685.
REFU'LG ENC E, s. sparkling or bright splendor.
REFU'LGENT, a. [from re, again, and/ulgeo, to shine,
Lat.] bright; glittering; shining; splendid.
REFU'LG ENTLV^, ad. in a shininn; manner.
To REFU'ND, v. u. [fiom re, bacTi, and fundo, to pour,
Lat.] to pour back. Figuratively, to restore or repay what
is received. Used with the reciprocal pronoun hhmelf, to
reimburse.
REFUSAL, {refiizal) s. the act of denying to receive any
thing offered, or of granting a thing requested. The right
of having a thing before another; pre-emption ; option.
To REFU'SE, (rcfiize) V. a. \i-efuser, Fr.J to deny any
thing remiired, or oft'ered.
RETUSE, a. (the verb is accented on the second syllable,
but the noun on the first) unworthy of acceptance after a
choice is made.
RETUSE, s. that vihich is disregarded when the rest is
taken.
REFU'SER, {refuser) s. he who refuses.
REFUTAL, i. jTrom refuto, Lat.] the act of proving false
or erroneous. '
REFUTATION,*, \refiaatio, Lat.] the act of refuting;
or shewiu" any thing to be false or erroneous ; refulal.
To REFUTE, «. a. [refuto, Lat.] to prove false or errone-
ous, applied to persons or things.
To REGAl'N, V. a. [regagner, Fr.J to gain a second time ;
to recover any tbiiig lost.
RE'GAL, a, [rrgalit, from rex, a king, LatJ royal ; kingly.
RE'GAL, s. [regalit, from rex, a kmg, Lat.J a musical
instrutuent.
REGA'LE, i. [regale, from rex, a king, Lat.] the preroga-
tive of a king. An entertainment given to ambassadors.
To REGA'LE, v. a. [rigaler, Fr.] to feast ; to give an
entertainment ; to refreili ; to gratify.
REGALEMENT, s. [rigalement, 'Fr.] refreshment ; en-
tertainment.
REGA'LIA, s. [from- rex, a king, Lat.] the rights and
prerogatives of a king ; which, according to civilians, are
six, viz. 1. The power of judicature. 2. The power of life
and death. 3. The power of peace and war. 4. A right
to such goods as have no owner, as waifs, estrays, <S;c.
6. Assessments; and G. The coinage of money. Regalia is
also used for the apparatus of a coronation, as the crown
and sceptre with tlie cross, that with the dove, the globe,
St. Edward's staff, the orb with the cross, four several
swords, &c. In church aH'airs, the rights and privileges
which cathedrals, etc. enjoy by the grants of kings.
REG A'LITY, s. \rcgaliias, from rex, a king, Lat.J royalty ;
sovereignty ; kingship.
To REGA'RD, v. a.\regarikr, Fr.J to value ; to look upou
as worthy of notice. To respect or mind. "To observe re-
ligiously. To respect or have relation to. To look to-
ward.
REGA'RD, s. [regard, Fr.] attention to as a matter of im-
portance. Respect ; esteem. Relation. Note or emi-
nence. Reference. Look or aspect. " With stern regard."
Milton. An object of sight.
REGA'RDABLE, a. observable. Worthy of notice.
REGA'RDANT, a. in heraldry, a lion, or such kind of
beast of prey, painted as looking behind him.
REGA'RDER, s. one that regards.
REGA'RDFUL, a. attentive ; taking notice of; observ-
ant ; respectful.
REGA'RUFULLY, ad. attentively ; heedfully ; respect-
fully.
REGA'RDLESS, a. heedless ; negligent ; not taking
notice.
REGA'RDLESSLY, ad. without heed.
REGA'RDLESSNESS, s. heedlessness ; negligence ; in-
attention.
REGA'TTA, s. a name given at Venice, to a kind of ex-
hibition on the water, in which the gondohers contest for
superiority in the art of rowing their gondolas. A splendid
entertainment, under this appellation, was exhibited on the
Thames, in 1775.
REGENCY,*, [from rf^o, to gove;rn, Lat.] authoiity;
government. Government administered for another. Tiie
district governed by a vicegerent. Those who are intrusted
with the government in behalf of another.
To REGE'NERATE, v. a. [from re, again, and genero, to
beget, Lat.J to produce anew. To renew by a change of
nature from a carnal to a Christian state.
REGE'NERATE, a. [from ?e, again, and ge7iero,io be-
get, Lat.J produced anew. Born again, or having one's na-
tural dispositions changed by divine grace.
REGE'NERATENESS, s. the stale of being regenerate.
REGENERATION, s. [regeneration, Fr.J new birth;
birth by grace from carnal anections to a Christian life.
REGENT, a. [regens, from rigo, to govern, Lat.J govern-
ing. Exercising authority for another.
RE'GENT, «. a governor or ruler. One invested with
authority for, or ruling in behalf of, another. A professor,
or teacher in a college or university.
RE'GENTSHIP, s. the office or'stateof a regent.
To REGE'RMINATE, v. a. [from re, again, and germinfi,
to bud, Lat.] to spring or bud out again.
REGERMINATION, J. [from re, again, and g-ej-mino, to
bud, Lat.J the act of sprouting again.
RE'GGIO, a city of Italy, capital of a duchy of the same
name, included in that of Modena. It was destroyed !iy
Alarick, and rebuilt by Charlemagne. In the cathedral a.-«
731
REG
REI
many capital paintings aiul.sculp'iures ; and the town con-
liiiiis IG convents. The inhabitants, wlio are about 18,(X)0,
carry on a great trade in silk. It is 15 miles W. N. W. of
Ivloiiena.
1;E'GIBLE, a. governable ; manageable
llE'GICIDE, t. [from rex, a king, and cccdo, to kill, Lat.]
the act of murdering a king. One guilty of murdering his
king
HiyCJiMKN, f. [Lat.lthat regulation in diet and living,
suitable to the preservation or recovery of health. Rule;
government. „
llE'GIMENT, (rejimeiit) s. \regiment, Fr.] a body of sol-
diers under one colonel.
REGIiME'NTAL, a. belonging to a regiment. Used in
the plural for the particular uniform by which one regiment
is distinguished from another..-
REGION, s. [irgio, from re^o, to govern, Lat.J a tract ok
land. A country. Tract of space. A part of the body.
riuce or rank. A division or part of the atmosphere.
JiE'GlSTER, i. fu^Wi'rc, Tt. rraistntm, Lat] an account
of any thing committed to writing in some book kept fof.
that purpose. An otiiccr who commits any account or
transaction to writing. In chymistry, registers are open-
ings in chinnieys, or other parts of chyraical furnaces, with
sliding doors, to regulate the quantity of atmospheric air
admitted to the tirc-place, or to open or shut the communi-
cation with the chimney at pleasure.
To UE'GISTER, v. a. [rfgistrer, Fr.] to commit to writ-
ing, in order to preserve from oblivion. To eurol, or set
down in a list.
RE'GISTRY, s. the act of inserting in a register. The
place where a register is kept. A series of facts recorded.
RE'GLET, *. [jfg/et, Fr.J ledge of wood exactly planed,
by which printers separate their lines in pages widely
printed.
RE'GNANT, a. [Fr.] predominant; re.gning; having
power ; prevalent.
To REGO'RGE, v. a. [regorger, Fr.] to vomit up. To
swallow back. To swallow eagerly.
To REGRA'FT, v. a. lregirffcr,'Fr.\ to graft again.
j To REGRA'iNT, v. a. to grant back.
To REGRATE, v. a. to shock or offend. To engross or
forestall, from regrntter, Fr.
REGRA'TER, *. [j<5ra«/<;>-, Fr.]aforestaller ; engrosser.
One who buys any wares or prov isions, and sells them again
in the same market, or five miles round it ; also one who
furl)ishes old arms, &c. to make them look new.
To REGREET, v. a. to re-salute ; to greet a second
lime.
I, UEGREE'T, s. a J-eturn or exchange of salutation.
I'd REGRE'SS, v. n. [from re, back, and gradior, to go,
Lat.] to go back • to i-cluin; to pass back to the former
state or place.
REGRF/SS, or REGRE'SSION, s. [from re, back, and
/^rnrfior, to go, Lat.] passage back; a return or going back.
The i)ower of passing back.
REGRE'T, s. \regret, Fr.] vexation; sorrow for some
thing past; grief; bitterness of rellection. U«ed by Prior
ill the plural, but without authority.
To RECillET,i>. n [rcgn-ticr, Fr.] to repent, or S^'cve at
sonntiiing done or past. To be uneasy at.
RECiUiyiUJON, j,..reward ; rccoiupeiiBe.
To REGUE'RDON. v. a. to reward. Both tlie noun and
verb arc obsolete.
RE'GULAU, It. [from rrgvhi, a rule, Lat.] conformable or
Jigreeable to rule or metluid. In geometry, a regular body
is a solid, whose surface is composed of remlm- and cqiiid
figures, and whose solid angles are all e(piai, and of which
there are five sorts, viz. 1. A pyramid comprehciided under
four equal and equilateral triangles. 2. A cube, whose sur-
face is composed of six eipial squares. 3. That which is
biiiindcd by eight equal and ediiilateral triangles. 4. Tiiat
whicli is contained under twelve erpial and c(|uilateral pen-
laj^oiis. 5. A body consisting of two4ity equal and cqui-
7J2
lateral triangles; and mathematicians demonstrate, that
there can be no more regular bodies than these five. Insti-
tuted, initiated, or educated, according to received forms of
discipline. Synon. We are reg-til/ir in our conduct ; we
are.metkoilical with respect to our affairs.
REGULAR,*, [regidier, Fr.] in the Romish church, a
person that professes and foHows a certain rule of religioua
or monastic life, and observes the three vows of poverty
chastity, and obedience.
REGULA'RITY, s. [regtdarite, Fr.] conformity to rule.
Order; method. Synon. Order &nd regu/arili/ both imply
a prudent disposition of things; but tiie first relates more
to the effect which results from such a disposition ; the lat-
ter, more to the power and to the model which conducts that
disposition.
RE'GUL.'VPXY, ad. in a manner agreeable to rule, me-
thod, or order.
To REGULATE, v. a. [from rcgula, a rule, Lat.] to ad-
lust bv rule or method ; to direct ; to manage.
RE,GULA'TION,,y. the act of regulating.
REGULATOli, s. [Lat.] one that directs or adjusts by
"rule or method. The part of a machine which makes tlie
".motion equable. A clock made use of to adjust the niotious
ofothers.
RE'GULUS, s'. [Lat-T the finer and most weighty part of
metals, which settles at the bottom on melting. In astro-
nomy, a star of the first magnitude, situated in the heart of
the Lion, one of the Zodiacal constellations.
To REGU'RGITATE, v. a. to throw or pour back any
thing absorbed. Neuterly, to be poured back.
REGURGIT.4'TION, f. resorption; the act of swallow-
ing back.
REHABILITATION, s. in canon law, signifies the res-
toration of a delinquent to his former condition.
To REIIE'A R, {rehear) v. a. to hear again.
REHEA'RS.\L, {reliersal) s. recital; repetition. In mu-
sic and the drama, a trial or recital of any thing before the
representation of it publicly.
To REHE'ARSE, {rcherse) «. a. [from re/ienr] to repeat,
recite, or relate. To try, recite, or pronounce, as prepar»-
tory to. public exhibition.
To REJECT, V. a. [from re, back, and./iWo, to cast, Lat.]
to dismiss without compliance. To refuse, to cast off. To
throw aside, as useless or evil.
REJE'CTABLE, a. that may be rejected.
REJE'CTION, s. [from re, back, and jici'o, to cast, Lat.]
the act of casting off or throwing aside.
REl'GLE, s. \ji-egle, Fr.] a hollow cut to guide any thing ;
regulator.
To REIGN, (i-cin) V. n. \regiw, Lat. regner, Fr.J to enjoy
or exercise sovereign authority. To be predominant ; to
prevail. To obtain power or dominion.
REIGN, {rein) s. \^regne, Fr. regnum, Lat.] royal authority.
The time during which a person exercises sovereign autho-
rity. A kingdom or dominion.
To REIMBA'HK r. ". [rembarque}-, Fr.]to take shipping
again.
REIMBARKATION, s. [rembarqiiement, Fr.] the act of
going on shipboard again.
To REIMBO'DY, v. a. (written more frequently, but
less properlv, emhodii) to reiluce to a body again.
To REIMBURSE, r. «.[>•<-, in, Lat. and bourse, Fr.J to re-
pay ; to repair any loss or expciu'e by an equivalent.
REIMBU'R-SEMENT, s. reparation or repayment.
ToREliMI'Rf;'GN.\TE, e. «. [>-e and imj>rvg~mUe\ io hn-
pregnalc-iinew.
REIMPUE'SSION, (rc-imprkhim') s. a second or repeated
impression.
REIN, {re)i)s. \rc7u:s, Fr.] that part of a bridle which
extends from the horse's head to the driver's hand. Figu-
ratively, governuient. To give the rcini, is to remove re-
straint or give liberty.
To REIN, r. a. to govern by a bridle. Figuratively, to
restrain or coutroU
REL
[lEL
REINS, s. [not iisccl lu the siiifjular ; rcncs, Lat.] tlic
lower and the smallest part of the back ; the kidneys.
RlilNDKEH, s. in zoology, a species of deer, which is
of inconceivable use to llie inliabitants of Lapland, to whom
it is a siibstiliito for the horse, the cow, the goat, and the
sheep, and is indeed their only wealtii. It is aiso found in
Riost of the northern regions o( F,uropc, Asia, and America.
To It KIN I'E'CT, r. a. [from re, ai^ain, and in/U-io, to infect,
Lat.] to infect or corrnpt again.
To JIKINFO'UCI^, V. a. [roifmccr, Fr. whence it ought
rati)er to be spelt j'e-t'i/'ticcej to add new force or strenglli;
to recruit.
REIN KO'RCEM ENT, s. a fresh supply of men, arms, &c.
To REIN.SE'UT, v. a. to insert a second time.
To REINSPI'UE, I', a. to inspire anew.
To KEIKSTA'L, (le-insiaul) v. a. to seat again. To put
again in possession.
To REINSTATE, v. a. to put again into possession.
To REINTEGRATE, [f. a. [♦iom re, again, and hitcp;er,
whole, Lat. J to renew with regard to any state or quality ;
to repair, to restor,e. SeeREDlNTEGRATE.
To REIN VE'ST, v. a. to invest anew.
To REJOrCE, V. n. [rijonir, Fr.] to be glad; to joy;
to exult ; to receive pleasure from sometJiing past ; used
with fur or at. Actively, to make joyful or glad ; to exhi-
larate : to glad.
REJ()rt:ER, s. one that rejoices.
To REJOl'N, I', a. [rejoindre, Fr.] to join again. To
meet one again. Neuterly, to make answer to an answer or
reply.
REJOI'NDER, «. \refdinihe, Fr.] an answer by the de-
fendant to the |ilaintifi'"s replication or reply.
REJO'LT, s. [from i-ijaillir, Fr.J shock ; succussion.
To REITERATE, v. a. [from re, again, and itero, to re-
peat, Lat.] to repeat again and again.
REITERA TION, *. \riita-ation. Ft. I repetition.
ToREJUDGE, «. a. to try a second time ; to review ; to
re-examine.
REJUVENE'SCENCY, s. [from re, again, and juvenis,
young, Lat.] restoration of youth.
To REKINDLE, t. a. to set on fire, or inflame again.
To RELATSE, v. n. [from re, back, and labor, to fall,
Lat.] to slip or fall back. To fall back into vice, error,
danger, &c. To fall back from a state of recovery.
RELA FSE, s. a fall into vice or error once forsaken. A
return to any state, especiaJJy into sickness, from a state of
recovery.
To RELATE, r. n, U-ehUim, from rrfero, to relate, Lat.]
to tell or recite. To ally, or be near to by kindred. Neu-
teriv, to have relation or respect.
RELATEK. s. teller ; narrator.
RELATION, s.[rclatum, from refero, to re'ate, Lat.] the
manner of belonging to any person or thing. Respect ;
reference; regard. Connection of one thing to another.
Kindred ; alliance of kin. A person related to another
by birth or marriage. A recital of facts ; a narrative.
RELATIVE, a. \i-clativiis, from refero, to relate, Lat.
relatif, Fr.] having relation, connection, or regard. Con-
sidered as belonging to and respecting something else.
RE'LATIVE, «. a person allied to another by birth or
marriage. In grammar, a pronoun, as u-ho, ulmm, Arc.
which answers to some preceding word called the ante-
cedent.
RE'LATIVELY, ad. not absolutely ; as it regards some-
thing else.
To RELAX, V. rt. [»•? /(Txo, from laxvs, loose, Lat.] to slacken
any thing strained. To make less rigorous. To make less
attentive or laborious. To ease. To loose. Neuterly, to
be mild, remiss, or free from rigour.
RELAXATION, s. [relaxo, from larus, loose, Lat.]
the act of loosening any thing stranied. The cessation
of restraint. Abatement of rio-our,] atteution, or ap-
plvcation.
RELA'V, s. [rehis, Fr.] liorsee placed iu different stage
on a road to relievo olhcrs.
To RELE'ASE, (release) V. a. \rijaschcr, Fr.] to free from
confineiiient, servitude, i)ain, obligation, or restraint.
RELI'J'ASE, (jc/mci s. \relazelu, Fr.] discha'-ge frwn jiain,
penalty, claim, coniiriement. or servitude. An acquittance
from debt.
To RELEGATE, v. a. [relego, from lego, to send, Lat. J
to banish ; to exile.
RELEGATION, s. [Fr. relego, from lego, io send, Lat.]
exile ; judicial banishment.
To HELEN F, v. 71. [relentir, Fr.] to soften, or grow less
rigorous, hard, or tense. To soften in temper. To give,
melt, or grow moist. Actively, to slacken. " Releiit his
pace." Spenser. To .soften or mollify. "lieleiUed tiieir re
bellioiis ire." Sncnser.
RELE'NTLESS, a. unpitying ; unmoved by kindness 01
tenderness.
RELEVANT, n. [Fr. j relieving.
RELEVAT'ION, i. [from rehvo, to lift up, Lat.] a raising
or lifting up.
RELIANCE, ^. trust ; dependence; confidence; repose
of mind. Used with an before the object of trust.
RE'LIC, «. {reliqve, Yx. from relinquo, to leave, Lat.] that
which remains of any thing after the rest is lost or decay-
ed ; generally used in the plural. The body of a person
after death. Any thing kept in the memory of a person
deceased.
RE'LICT, *. \ielictus, from relinqvo, to leave, Lat.] a
widow ; a woman whose husband is dead.
RELIEF, (rcleif)s. [relief, Fr.] alleviation or mitigation
of sorrow, pain, or distress. That which frees from
danger, pain, or sorrow. The dismission of a sentinel from
his [X)st. In law, remedy of wrengs, from rclnium,
Lat. The prominence of a figure in a stone, &c. The
recommendation of any thing by the interposition of some-
thing diirerent.
RELIE'VABLE, Orelehalle) a. capable of relief.
To RELIEVE, {releeve) v. a. [from relevo, Lat.J to re-
commend by the interposition of sonifthing of a different
nature. To support or assist mutually. To ease from
pain or sorrow. To succour or rescue from danger. To
give rest to a soldier, by placing another iu his post. To right
by law.
RELIE'VER, (relecver) s. one wlvo relieves.
RELIE'VO, (releivo) s. [Ital.] that part of a figure whicli
projects beyond the ground on which it is carved. It is dis-
tinguished into a&o, where it rises much, or after the life;
and basso, when it rises but liitle.
RELKiATION, i. [from re, back,and ligo, to bind, Lat.J
the act of binding fast, or tying back.
To RELI'GHT, (relit) v. a. to light anew.
RELIGION, (the latter i and are usually omitted in
pronouncing this word and its derivatives; as, relijln,
relijUs, 6cc.) s. [religio, Lat. religion, Fr.] that worship
which belongs to the Deity, when considered as our Crea-
tor, Preserver, and Benefactor. Any system of faith and
worship. Synon. i?e/jg!o)i denotes a quality of the soul
and disposition of the heart towards God, which prevents
our failino; iu any part of our duty to the Supreme Being.
Piety makes us acquit ourselves with greater respect and
zeal. />«'o/io« adds to this outwardly a serious composed
behaviour.
RELIGIONIST, s. a person bigoted to any religious per-
suasion.
RELI'GIOUS, a. [from religio, religion, Lat.] pious ;
disposed to the duties of religion. Teaching our duty ti>-
wards God. Among the Romanists, bound by the vows of
poverty, chastity, and obedience, and to a monastic life.
Figuratively, exact or strict.
RELIGIOUSLY, ad. piously ; with obedience to the
dictates of religion. According to the rites of religion.
Reverently; with veneration. Exactly; witii strict ol>.
servance.
733
R EM
REM
RELI'GIOUSNESS, s. the quality or state of being re-
ligious.
To RELI'NQUISH, v. a. [/rora relirujuo, to leave, Lat.]
toforsake, leave, desert, quit, release, give up, forbear, or
depart from.
RELINQUISHMENT, i. the act of forsaking.
RELrNQUARY, s. [relicjuaire, Fr.] a shrine or casket in
which the relics of deceased saints are kept.
RE'LISH, s. [from relec/u-r, to lick again, Fr. according
to Skinner and Minshew] the effect which any thing, has
tin the organs of taste, generally applied to something agree-
anle. A small taste. Figuratively, fondness or delight
in any thing. Sense, or a power of perceiving. Cast ;
manner.
To RELISH, V. a. to give a taste to, or season any thing.
To have a liking to. Neuterly, to have a pleasing taste.
To give pleasure. To have a flavour.
RE'LISHABLE, a. gustable ; having a taste.
To RELI'VE, (re?ti)) v. n. to revive ; to live anew. 01)-
solete.
To RELO'VE, {relilv) v. a. to love in return. Not used.
RELU'CENT, a. \rehiccns, from /lu-, light, Lat.] shining ;
transparent ; pellucid.
To RELUCT, V. n. [from re, again, and luetor, to strive,
Lat.] to struggle again.
RELU'Cl'ANCE, RELU'CTANC^r, ». [from re, again,
and luetor, to strive, Lat.] unwillingness ; repugnance ;
struggle in opposition.
RELU'CT.\NT, a. \reluctrins, from re, again, and luetor,
to strive, Lat.] unwilling ; acting with repugnance.
To RELU'CTATE, v. n. [from re, again, and luetor, to
strive. Lat. | to resist ; to struggle against.
To RELUME, or RELUMINE, r. a. to light anew; to
rekindle.
To RELY', t'. n. to put trust or confidence in. To rest
or depend upon. Used with on or iippv.
^ ToREMAI'N, D. ii~ [fromje, again, and maneo, to remain,
Lat.] to be left out of a greater number, or quantity. To
continue ; abide. To be left as not comprised. Actively,
to await ; to be left to.
REMAI'N, J. any thing left; relic. Residum ; Tesidue.
A dead body. Generally used in tlie plural.
REMAI'NDER, a. retiiaining or left.
REMAINDER, .v. what is left. A dead body ; remains.
To REMAKE, v. a. to make anew.
To REMA'NCIP.VTE, ». a. [from re, again, mamut, the
hand, and capio, to take, Lat.J to sell or return a commodity
to 'iiim who first sold it.
To REMA'ND, v. a. [IrOm re, back, and mandu, to send,
Lat.] to send or call back.
REMA'NENT, s. [from re, again, and maneo, to remain,
Lat.lthe part remaining.
REM ARK, J. [rcmarque, Fr.] an observation ; a note or
criticism.
To REMA'RK, 1'. a. [rcmnrrpiei; Fr.] to note ; observe : to
distinguish, point out, or mark. Synon. To »w««Wi implies
taking notice witii attention, in order to reinemlx-r ; to
ntiscrvc, means rather, to watch with examination by way
of passing our judgment. We observe in order to remark.
REMA'RKABIjE, a. [lemnrliqmblc Fr.] observable;
worthy of observation or notice.
REM A'RKABLENESS, s. observablcucss ; worthiness of
observation.
REM.VRKABLY, ad. observably ; in a manner worthy
of observation.
REMA'RKER, s. an observer; one that remarks.
REMICOIABLE. a. caimliJe of remedy ; cural.lr.
REMEDIATE, a. medicinal ; afl'ordittg a remedy. Ob-
solete.
REMF.'niLESS, a. not ailmifting cure or remedy.
RE'MEDY, s. \remethum, from mrrUo, to cure, Lat.
rcmt'/c, Fr.] a medicine by which any distemper is cured.
The cure or reujovid of any uneasiness or evil. Reparation ;
means of repairinj;.
734
To REM EDY, o. «. \reme(lier, Fr.] to cure or heaL To
remove or repair any mischief.
To REME'MBEll, v. a. [rememlrer, old Fr.] to bear any
thing in mind. To recall to the misd. To mentioir. To
remind.
REME'MBERER, *. one who remembers.
REME'MBRANCE, s. \remembranee, Fr.] the act of tl»€
mind by which it recalls any idea it once had. Memory ;
retention in memory ; honourable memory ; recollectioa.
Anv token bv. which one is kept in memory.
REME'MBRANCER, s. one that reminds ; one that puis
in mind. An officer of the exchequer, and of the city of
London, who has a right to sit in the house of commons, and
watcii and report the proceedings as far as they respect tlie
city ; he also reminds the lord mayor of the days of public
business, &c.
To REMIGRATE, v. n. [from re, again, and vii^ro, to
migrate, Lat.] to remove back again.
REMIGRA TION, s. removal back again.
To REMIND, V. a. to revive in the memory.
REMINISCENCE, s. [from reminiseor, to remember,
Lat. 1^ recollection ; recovery of ideas.
REMINISCE'NTIAL, {reminiss'cntiaT) a. relating to re-
miniscence.
REMISS, a.|rcmmwi,"Laf.] wautnigvigour ; slack. Sloth-
ful, or careless. Negligent.
REMISSIBLE, a. admitting forgiveness.
REMI'SSION, {retnishon) s. [from remitto, to remit, Lat.|
abatement; relaxation; moderation. Cessation of iutense-
ness. Forgiveness or pardon.
REMI'SSLY, ad. in a careless, negligent, or slack
manner.
REMI'SSNESS, s. want of care, attention, vigour, or
ardour.
To REMIT, I', a. [from re, back, and miito, to send, Lat.J
to make less intense. To forgive a punishment, or pardon
a fault, from remr«je, Fr. To give up or resign. To defer;
to refer. To send money to a vlistant place. Neuterly, to
grow slack, or less violent.
REMl'TMRNT, s. the act of remitting to custody.
REMI'lTANCE, »■. the act of paying money at a distant
place. A sum of money sent to a distant place.
REMITTER, s. one that sends money to distant places.
Inlaw, where a person having two titles to lands, Ac. and
coming to such by the last title, and that being defective, he
shall be restored to, and adjudged into the land-, &c. by his
former more antient titles.
RE'MN.'VNT, s. [<-or!upted from remuneni'] any thing
that is left or remains ; residue.
REMNANT, «. remaining ; yet left. " Dedicate her
rcmntnit life." Prior..
REMO'LTEN, «. melted again.
R1:M0'NSTRANCE, s. {remonstrance, Fr.] a strong re-
presentation of the ill consequences of anv proceeding.
To REMONS'niATE, v. a. [from re, again, an(l vi<mtn>,
to shew, Lat.] to shew reason against any thing in strong
terms. Used with ap^ainst.
REMOT.A, s. [Lat.] a let or obstacle. A kind of worm,
or fish, which sticks to the bottoms of ships and hinders
lliem ill llieir passage.
To ItEiVlORATE, r. a. [from re, again, and moror, to
delav, Lat.] to hinder, to delay.
RI';M()'RSE, s. [from re, again, and mortho, to gnaw,
Lat.] uneasiness occasioned by a consciousness of guilt.
Pity; teiKkrness; sympathetic sorrow ; sting of conscience.
REM()R'SI';FIJL, a. tender ; compassionate.
REMt)RSELESS, o. unpitying; cruel; savage.
RF..VjO"I'E, n. [from remtvcv, to remove, Lat.] distant, a()-
pliiMl to time, relation, or place; foreign. Not agreeing.
RiiMO'TELY, ad. at a distance.
RI:M()TENESS, .«. the quafity of being distant, applied
to relation, lime, or place.
REM()T10N,». [from rr.moreo.Ut remove, Lat.] the act
of removing ; the klale of being removed to a distance.
REN
illiP
RKIMO'VARLE, (rcmoivnblc) a. such as may be removed.
REMO'VAL, (remooval) t. the act of putting out of any
post or place. Translation to another place.
To REMO'VE, \remo'ove) v. a. [from re, again, and mmeo,
to move, Lat.] to take away or put from its place. To place
at a distance. Ncuterly, to cliau};e place or abode.
REMO'VE, (rcmouve) s. chan^'c of i)lace. The act of
removing a chessman or draught. A step in the scale of
gradation. A small distance. The act of putting a horse's
t>4)oes upon differeut feet. " His horse wanted two remuvei."
REMO'VER, (rcmnbver) s. one who removes.
To REMO'UNT, v. a. [remonter, Fr.] to mount again.
REMU'NERAHLE, a. rewardable.
To REMU'NERATE, v. a. [from re, again, and mnnus, a
gift, Lat.]' to reward ; to recompense ; to repay ; to re-
quite.
REMUNERATION, ». a. [from re, again, and munus, a
gift, La^.l reward ; requital ; recompense ; repayment.
REMU'NERATIVE, a. exercised in dispensing rewards.
To REMU'RMUR, v. a. [from re, again, and murmmn, to
raurmur, Lat.] to utter bacK jn murmurs ; to repeat in low
hoarse sounds. Ncuterly, to murmur back ; to echo a low
hoarse sound.
RENAKD, i.rPr.lafox.
RENA'SCENT, a. [from re, again, and naseor, to be born,
Lat.] produced again ; rising again into being.
RENA'SCIBL 15, a. [from re, again, and naseor, to be born,
Lat. I possible to be produced again.
To RENAVIGATE, v. a. to sail again.
RENCO'UNTER, J. l^rcHcontre, Er.J the action of two
bodies that meet, or strike against each other. Clash. Op-
position between persons. A loose or casual engagement.
A sudden combat without premeditation.
To RENCOU'NTER, v. n. [renco,itrcr, Fr.] fo clash ; to
collide. To meet an enemy unexpectedly. To irmish
with another. To fight hand to hand.
To REND, V. a. pret. and part. pass, rent; [renikm^ Sax.]
to tear with violence ; to lacerate.
RE'NDKR, f. one that rends ; a tearer.
To RE'NDER, «. a. \rendre, Fy.\ to pay or give back.
To give on demand. To make. To represent. To trans-
late, followed by in or into. To surrender, followed by vj>.
To afford.
RE'NDER, i. a surrender.
RE'NDEZVOUS, (remkvooz) s. \7-eiidez-v0us, Fr.] a meet-
»llK, or place of meeting, appointed.
To RE'NDEZVOUS, {rindciooz) V. n. 'from remlez-vcus,
Fr.] to meet at a place appointed.
RENDl'TION, f. surrendering ; the act of yielding.
RENEGA'DE, or RENEGA'DO, «. \renegado. Span, re-
f>£gat, Fr.]one that leaves his religion on base principles ;
an. apostate. One who deserts to an enemy ; a revolter.
To RENE'GE, ti. a. [rcTicgo, from ncgo, to deny, Lat.J to
deny, to disown.
To RENE'W, v.a. [renoro, from novus, new, Lat.| to reno-
vate ; to restore to its former state. To begin again, or
repeat. In scripture, to make anew, or change to a new
ftate of life.
RENE'VVARLE, a. capable of being renewed.
' RENE'WAL, f. the act of restoring or reducing to its
former state ; renovation.
RE'NFREW, a town of Scotland, and the capital of a
shire of the same name, with some inconsiderable manu-
factures of thread. The magistracy of it is composed of a
provost, 2 bailiffs, and 16 counsellors. It contains about
260 families, and is seated on theS. side of the river Clyde,
6 miles W. of Glasgow.
RE'NFREWSHIRE, a county of Scotland, bounded on
the .W. and N. by the Frith of Clyde, on the E. by Lanerk-
shire, and on the S. VV. by Ayrshire. The parts near the
Clyde are fruitful, vith some gentle uplands ; those to tlie
S. vV. and W. are more barren, hilly and moorisli. The con-
veokucy of the Clyde and Fritli, there beJng safV riding on
all the coast, has much tontributed to the improvcmcjit of
the country.
RENI'TENCY, s. that resistance in solid bodies, wheu
they t>ress upon, orare impelled against, each other.
RENI'TENT, a. \rcnitcns, Lat.] acting agaiuit any im-
pulse by elastic power.
RE'NNES, an antient, large, and populous tify in the
dept. of Isle and Vilaine, and ci-devaut capital of Rretagne.
containing 8 parish ciiurches besides tlie cathedral and se.
vcral convents. The inhabitants are computed at 3.0,00o.
Its streets are now broad, and as straight as a line ; but
they were very narrow before the fire in 1720, which lasted
seven days, and consumed 850 houses. The ground square,
in which is (he Palace of Justice, and the Hotel do-Ville, is
very elegant. It is seated on the river Vilaine, which divides
it into two parts, 58 miles N. of Nantes, and 42 S. E. of St.
Malo. Lat. 48. 7. N. Ion. I. sr,. VV,
RE'NNET, or RE'NNETING, t. [retneitc, Fr.j a kimi
of apple.
To RE'NOVATE, v. a. [renovo, from novus, new, Lat.] to
renew ; to restore to its first state.
RENOVATION, s. [Fr.] re^imo, from nm„s, new, Lat.J
the act or state of being renewed; renovation; renewal.
To RENOUNCE, v. a. [from re, back, and mmcio, to fell,
Lat.J to disown ; to abnegate. To quit upon oath. Sy.nun.
To reuonnce and resign am voluntary acts ; to ahdieate is an
involuntary act. Abdicate more particularly relates to a
throne; renounce, to matters ofreligion ; resign, to employ
niciits.
RENOUNCEMENT, s. act of renouncing ; renuncia-
tion.
KENO'VVN, s. [renommie, Fr.] praise widely spread;
celebrity.
TollENO'WN, v.n. [renommer, Fr.] to make famous ;
to celebrate.
RENO'WNED, ph>:<. a. famous; celebrated ; eminent.
RENT, s. [from rend] a hole made by tearing; a slit ; a
break ; a laceration.
To RENT, V. a. [from retul] to tear.
RENT, s. {rente, Fr.] revenue ; an annual payment for
the hire of any thing; money paid for anything held of
another.
To RENT, v.<i. \renter, Fr.] to hold by payisg rent. To
set to a tenant.
RENTABLE, a. that may be rented.
RE'NTAL, s. schedule or account of rents.
RE'NTER, s. he that holds by paying rent ; a tenant. A
renter warden is an officer in most of the companies of Lou-
don, whose business is to receive the rents or profits belong-
ing to the company. '
RENVE'RSED, a. \renversi, Fr.| overturned.
To RENU'M ERATE, v. a. [fiora re, back, and numcro,
topav, Lat. I to pay back.
RENUNCIATION, s. [rinonciation, Fr. re,mntiat,o,
Lat.J the act of renouncing.
To REORDAI'N, t>. a. [riordanncr, Fr.J to ordain again,
on supposition of some defect.
REORDIN A'TION, s. repetition of ordination.
To REPA'CIFY, », a. to pacify again.
REPA'ID, part. pass, of Repay.
To REPA'IR, V. a. [from re, again, and jntro, to make
ready, Lat.J to restore after any loss or damage. To fdl up
anew. To amend by aniequivaleut.
REPAIR, *. reparation; supply of loss, damage, or
injury.
'I o REPAI'R, •. n. to go to.
REPAI'R, J. [repaire, Fr.] resort; ubode ; the act uf
going to a placi\
REPAIRER, s. amcnder; restorer.
REPA'NDOUS, a. [from repandus, Lat.J bent upwards.
RE'PARAPjLE, a. [from re, again, and j>aro, to make
ready, Lat.J caDable of being amended, or retrieved.
RE'PARABLY, «rf. in a manner capable of remedy by
restoration, amendment, or supply,
736
REP
REP
REPARATION, s. [from re, again and paro, to make
ready, Lat.l the act of repairing the damages made by
time in a building, or in any other thing. Supply of
what is wasted. Recompence, or amends made for an
injury. .
Rf.PA'RATIVE, J. whatever makes amends.
REPARTE'E, s. [repa7tie, Fr.] a smart or witty reply.
To REPARTE'E, v.n. to make smart replies.
REPARTITION, s. [rtpartUimi, Fr.] the act of dividing,
or sharing again.
To REPASS, V. a. [repasser, Fr.] to pass bacK or again.
Neuterly, to go back in the same road.
REPA ST, s. [re/ias, Fr.] a meal ; a refreshment. Victuals.
To REPA'ST, V. a. [repailre, Fr.] to feed or feast.
REPA'STURE, *-. entertainment. Obsolete.
To REPA'Y, V. a. [repayer, Fr.] to pay back in return,
requital, or revenge. To recompense. To reimburse.
REPA'YIMENT, s. the act of repaying. The thing re-
paid.
To RRPE'AL, {repiel) v. a. [rappeller, Fr.] to revoke ;
abrogate ; annul.
REPE AL, {repiel) s. the act of recalling from exile. Not
in use. Abroration ; revocation; abolition.
REPEALABLE, {rcpcelahli!)a. capable of being repealed.
To REPE'AT, (repiet) v. a. [from rr, again, anti peto, to
seek or ask, Lat.] to do or speak the same thing more tlian
once.
REPE' A^EDhY, {repeetedli/) ad. over and over ; more
than once.
REPE'ATER, (repceter) s, one that recites. A watch that
strikes the hours by compression of the spring.
liEPEIIAM, a town in Norfolk, trading largely in
Hinlt. It is seated on the river Ejne, 10 miles N. W.
of Norwich, and 112 N. E. of London. Market on Sa-
turday.
To REPEL, V. a. [from re, back, and pdlo, to drive, Lat.]
to drive back any thing, or an assailant. Neuterly, to act
with a force contrary to that which is impressed. lu
physic, to prevent too great an afflux of humour to any par-
ticular part.
REPELLENT, *. [from re, back, and pello, to drive,
Lat..] a remedy that has a repelling power.
REPE'LLER, *. one that repels.
REPE'NT, V. n. [rcpeiitir, Fr.] to think on any thing
past with sorrow. To express sorrow for something past.
To have such sorrow for sin as produces amendment of life.
Actively, to remember wilh sorrow. It is used with the
reciprocal pronoun. " .And the Lord sai(l,I willdestroy man,
whom I have created — for it rcpenteth me that I have made
them." Gen. vi. 7.
REPE'NTANCE,.f. [j-^;)fwio?)fe, Fr.] sorrow for any thiusj
past. Such sorrow for sm as produces amendment ; peni-
tence.
, REPE'NTANT, a. \repmtant, Fr.] sorrowful for what is
past. E,x pressing sorrow for sir..
ToHEPE'OPLE, {rcpiepl) r. a. to stock witii people
anew.
To REPERCU'SS, r. a. [from re, back, and percutiu, to
beat, Lat.] to beat back ; to drive back. Not in use.
iiEPERCU'SSION, {repercis/um) s. [from re, back and
pcrni<io. to strike, Lat.] the act of driving back; rebound.
REl'ERCU'SSIVE, a.\ripcreuss>f, Fr. | having the power
of driving back, or causing a rebound. Repellent. Driven
back ; rebounding. The two last are obsolete.
REPERTITIOUS, (repertishimw:) a. [from rqietio, to
find, Lat.] found ; gained by tinding.
REPERTORY, s. [rcf>crloirc, Fr. from rppertorium, Lat.]
□ treasury; a magazine.
RE'PI'T'END, 4'. [from repeto, to repeat, Lat.] in arithme-
tic, that part of an infinite <ircimal fraction which is re-
peated ad injimlnm : Thus in the examples 'ifi(\ij, Ac. ami
),i;J1313, cVc. the ,C(;fiand iL^lSlS, are the repetends ; the
(*>rBn;r bein^j denoaiinutcd single, because one figure only is
730
constantly repeated, and the latter compound, because hkmc
than one are repeated.
REPETI TION, s. [from rcpeto, to repeat, Lat.J the doing
the same thing more than once. The act of reciting
or rehearsing. Recital from memory, opposed to reacU
ing.
REPIA'NO,REPIE'NO, s. m mnsic, signifies full, and
is used to distinguish those violins in concertos, which play
only now and then to fill up, from those which play through
the whole concerto.
R EPIGNORA TION, s. the redeeming of a pledge.
To REPI'NE, t'. n. to fret, vex, grieve, or be discontent-
ed ; to murmur.
REPl'NER, s. one who frets or nnirmurs.
To REPLACE, V. a. [rcplacer, Fr.] to put again into the
same place ; to reinstate.
To REPLAIT, V. a. to fold one part often over another.
To REPLA'NT, v. a. [rqdanter, Fr.] to plant anew.
REPLANTA TION, s. the act of planting again.
To REPLENISH, r. a. [from re, again, anil plenns, full,
Lat.] to stock or fill. Neuterly, to regain the former fulness.
Obsolete. " For then the humours will not replenish so
soon." Baeon.
RPTLETE, a. [from reiileo, to fill, Lat.] full ; completely
filled. Filleft to excess ; followed by with.
REPLETION, s. [repletion, Fr.] the state of being too
full.
REPLETIABLE, a. [rej>leg-iabiKs, barbarous Laf.] to
be restored after being seized.
To REPLE'VIN, orllEPLE'yY,i'.fl.[rf^/<'^!o, low Lat.|
to taku back or set any thing at liberty that is seized by way
of security.
REPLEVIN, s. in law, is a remedy granted on a dis-
tress, by which the first possessor has his goods restored to
him again, on his giving security to the sheritFthat he will
pursue his action against the party restraining, and return
the tjoods or cattle, if the taking them should be judged
lawful in case of a distress for rent, the tenant must bring
his writ of replevin within five days, otherwise the goods are
to be appraised and sold.
REPLICA, REPLICATO, s. [Ifal.] in music, signifies
to repeat.
REPLICATION, s. [from replieo, fo answer, Lat.] an
answer, a reply.
To REPLY', V. n. [rcplitpier, Fr.] fo answer ; to make a
return to an answer. Actively, to return as an answer.
Used with to, as^aiiixt, or upon.
REPLY', s. [ripliqiie, Fr.] an answer, or a return to an
answer.
REPLY'ER, .«. liethat makes a return fo an answer.
To REPO'LISH, V. a. [repolir, Fr.] to polish again.
To It.EPO'RT, r. a. [reporter, FrJ to spread any thing by
rumour. To give account of. To give repute. To re-
lale.
R ET O'RT, s. rumour ; or popular fame. Public chanic-
teror repulatioii. An account returned ; relation. An ac
count of judicial cases. Sound, or loud noise.
REPORTER, .?. reiafer, one that gives an account.
REl'O'RTINGLY, ad. by common fame.
REPO'SAL, (rejiuzal)s. the act of reposing.
To REPOSE, {repoze)r. a. [from re again and pmw, fo lay,
Lat.] to lay to rest. To confide or trust in without any
suspicion, followed by vpon or in. To lodge or lay up,
followed by in. Neuterly, to sleep, or take one's rest. To
rest in confidence.
REPO'SE, {rcpoze) i. sleep; rest; quiet. Cause of rest
or confidence.
REPO.'SliDNESS, {repozedness) s. state of being at
rest.
To RRPO'SITE, (rq>nzil) v. n. [from re. again, and pono,
to lav, Lat.] to lav up or lodge as in a place of safety.
REPOSITION, (repoT/sfiov) s. the act of replacing.
l{EPOSlT()RY, {rqi'ozitory) s. a place wherein any thing
is safely laid up.
REP
R EP
To RRPOSSE'SS (repoz'tss) v. a. fo poiscss again.
To UEFUEHF/ND, v. a. [IVoiii re, agMW, ••iw\ prehendn,
to lay hold of, Lat.] lo find fault v.-'\\ ; to chide ; to reprove.
To chai«;e wilh as a taiill ; iisr-d with of.
REPRKFIK'NDKU, s. a Maiiier; arcprovcr.
REPREHENSIBLE, a. [reprehensible, Fr.J worthy of
blaiii'' or censure ; cul|iat)le.
REFREHK'NSIBLENESS, s. blameableiicss.
REPREHENSir.LY, «rf. blameably ; culpably.
REPREHE'NSION, (repre/ii-s/wn) j.[froui rr, again, and
nrehendo, to lay hold of, Lat.] the act of finding fault, chiding
or blaming.
REPREHE'NSIVE, a. given to reproof.
To REPRESENT, (the s in this word and its following
derivatives is pron. like z : as, rcprezait, Ac.) v. a. \repre-
serito, Lat. rqiresenter, Fr. ] to exiiihit or show as if piescnt.
'J'o describe or show in any luirlicular character, 'i'o lill the
place of or personate another bv a vicarious character.
REPRESENTATION, s. [reprisnUUwu. Fr.] an image
or likeness of any thing. The act of siiDmir'iin' vir;iri(ii.s
character. A respectful declaration. ^\ imuuc cxnini-
tion.
UEPRESE'NTATIVE, a. [repriserUatif, Fr.J exhibiting
a likeness. Bearing any character by commission from
another.
REl'RESE'NTATIVE, .s. one exhibiting the likeness of
another, or exercising a vicarious »!iaracter from another.
That hv which anv thing is shown.
REPRESE'NTER, s. one who shows or exhibits. One
who bearsa vacarious character.
REPRESE'NTMENT, s. iuiage or idea proposed, as ex-
hibiting the likeness of something.
To REPRESS, V. a. [rcpressus, from reprimn, to repress,
Lat.] to crush or subdue.
REPRESSION, {reprhhon) s. [repressio, from reprimo, to
repress, Lat.j the act of crushing or siil'duing.
REPRE'SSlVE, a. having power to repress; acting to
-epress.
To RFPRIETE, (repreeve) v. a. [repreudre, Fr.] to free
from immediate sentence of death. To give respite.
REPRIEVE, {reprieve) s. a temporary suspension of sen-
tence of death.
To REPRIMA'ND, «). ft. [reprimaiider, Fr.J to reprove;
tochide; to reprehend ; to check.
REPRIMAND, s. \rtprimande, Fr.] reproof; reprehen-
sion.
To R-EPRTOT, V. a. to renew an impression. To print
a new edition.
REPRI'SAL, (.reprizal) s. [reprisaille, Fr.] something seized
as a retaliation for robbery, or damage sustained.
REPRI'SE, (reprize) s. [/eprise, F'r.] the act of taking some-
thing in retaliation of injury received.
To REPRO'ACH, (reprbeh) v. a. [reprocher, Fr.J to cen-
sure, or charge with a fault, in censorious and opprobrious
language. To upbraid.
REPRO'ACH, (reprvch) s. \reprocIie, Tr.] the act of find-
ing fault in opprobious terms. Any thing which exposes to
infamv or disgrace.
REPRO'ACH ABLE, {reprdehdhU) a. worthy of reproach
or censure.
REPRO'.'VCHFUL, {reprbchfiil) a. scurrilotjs ; opprobri-
ous ; disgraceful; infamous; shameful; ignominious.
R EPRO'ACHFULLY, ad. opprobriously ; ignominiously ;
»euirilouglv.
RE'PROBATE, a. [from reproJo, to reject, Lat.J lost to
virtue and grace ; abandoned ; profligate.
RE'PROBATE, i. a person lost to virtue. A profligate.
One abandoned to wickedness.
To RE'PROBATE. ». a. [from repr^,bo, to reject, Lat.]
to disallow or reject. To abandon to wickedness and eternal
destruction. To abandon to one's sentence without .hopes
of pardfiu.
RETliOBATENESS, s. the act of being reprobate.
REPR'OBATION, i. [riprobaUou, Fr.] the act ofaban-
5B
doning, or the state of being abandoned, to eternal misery.
A sentence of condemnation.
To REPRODUCE, v. a. \reproduire, Fr.] to produc«>
again; to produce anew.
REPRODUCTION, t.[riproduction, Fr.] the act of pro-
during anew.
REPROO'F, s. blame or reprehension spoken to a person's
face. Censure ; reprehension.
REI'ROA'ABLE, (reprolnaOle) a. blanieable ; culpable ;
worthy of reprehension.
To REPRO'VE, (rrproiivc) v. a. [repronver, Fr.] to blame ,
to censure. To charge to the face with a fault ; to repre-
hend. To refute; to disprove.
REPRO'VFH, {re]ir(i!,iTr)s. one that reproves. Synov.
He who reprorcs another points out his faults, and blani!«
I'lim. He who repriiminds aflects to punish, and mortifies
the offender.
To REPRU'NE v. a. to prune a second time.
RE'PTILE, a. [rcpo, to creep, Lat.] creeping on the
ground.
^.EPTILE, s. in natural history, are a kind of animals
denominated from their creeping or advancing on the belly.
Or i?f;;ft7ci are a genus of anim;ils and insects, which, in-
stead of feet, rest on one part of the body, whilst they ad-
vance forward with the rest. Such are earthworms, suck-
ers, caterpillars, &c. It is also used by botanists to
signify plants which creep upon the earth, unless sustained
by some other plant or prop ; as cucumbers, melons, the
vine, &:c.
REPTI'TIOUS, (repiw/iioiw) a. [from rfpo, to creep, Lat.]
creeping.
REPUBLIC, .«. \rcpiiUlnne, Fr. from res, a government,
and publieus, public, Lat.] a slate in which the power i»
lodged in more than one. A commonwealth.
REPUBLICAN, a. belonging to a commonwealth; pla-
cing the government in the people.
REPUBLICAN, s. one who holds a commonwealth,
without a monarch, lo be the best form of government.
REPU'DIABLK, a. tit to be rejected.
To REPUDIATE, u. rt. \ripiidio, from repvdium, a bill of
divorcement, Lat. ripudier, Fr.J to divorce ; to reject ; to
put away.
IlEPUDIA'TION, 4 [repurfifl<ion, Fr.] divorce ; a putting
awav ; rejection.
REPU'iGNANCE, REPU'GNANCY, \repugnance, Fr.J
inconsistency, or contrariety. Struggle of opposition ; re-
luctance.
REPUGNANT, a. [Fr. rep,igno, from ptigno, to fight,
Lat.l disobedient. Contrary; opposite.
REPU'GNANTLY, ml. contradictorily.
ToREPU'LLULATE, f.H. [from »c, again, zxid jmlluh,
to bud, Lat. repultider, Fr.] to bud again.
REPU'LSE, s. [from ;e, back, anil pello, to drive, Lat.] the
condition of being driven oft" from any attempt, or put aside
from any design ; denial ; check.
To REPULSE, v.a. [from re, back, and p«//o, to drive,,
Lat.J to beat back or drive off.
REPULSION, {repvUhon) s. [fioin re, back, and pello, to
drive, Lat.] the act or power of driving oft" from itself. In
chymistry, a principle whereby the particles of bodies are
prevented from coming into actual contact.
REPULSIVE, a. [from re, back, ai;d /x-Z/o, to drive, Lat.]
driving otf ; having the power to beat back or drive oft'.
To REPU'RCHASE v. a. to buy again.
REPUTABLE, a. honourable; generally esteemed; ce-
lebrated.
RE'PUTABLY, ad. without discredit.
REPUTATION, *. [reputation, Fr.J the general character
of a person. Credit; honour.
"To REPUTE, V. a. [from re, again, and pvto, to think
Lat. I to hold, account, or esteem ; to think.
REPUTE, *. public character: established opinion;
esteem. .
REPUTELESS, a. disgraceful ; disreputable.
7.17
RES
ilES
RKQUE'ST, s. [refivete, Fr.] the act of asking any thiiiff of
aiKitlier. An entreaty ; petition. Demand ; the state of
bein^ desired.
To REQUEST, v. a. [requester, Fr.] to ask a favour o'
another. To entreat; to sohcit.
REQUE'STER,*. a petitioner; a solicitor.
To KEQUrCKEN, v. a. to reanimate.
RE'QUIEM, «. [Lat.] a hymn so called from its being
used in imploring re^t for the dead. Rest; quiet; peace,
Kot in use.
REQUl'RABLE, a. fit to be required.
To REQUIRE, II. a. [from re, again, and queero, to seek,
Lat.] to ask a thing as one's right. To make necessary ; to
need.
REQUISITE, (the s is pron. like - in this word and its
following derivatives ; as ra/idzite, drc.) a.[rcquisi ns, Lat.
necessary ; needful; not to be done without.
REQUISITE, s any thing essential or indespensabiy
necessary.
RE'(iUlSITELY, a<l. necessarily ; in a requisite manner.
RE'QUISITENESS, s. necessity ; the state of being re
quisite.
REQUITAL, s. a return made for any good or bad office ,
retaliation. A reuard.
To REQUITE, r. S. \reqviter, Fr.^ to repay, or return
good or ill ; to recompense.
RE'REVVARD, s. the rear, or last troop of an army.
- To RESALU'TE, v. a. [from re, again, and saluto, to salute,
Lat.] to salute or greet anew.
To RESCI'ND. V. a. [from rescindo, Lat.] to cut oft'. To
abroeafe or annul, applied to laws.
RESCrSSION, {rcss'iskun) s. [from rescindo, to cut oft',
Lat.J the act of cutting ofl"; abrogation.
RESCISSORY, a.[rescissaire, Fr. rescissus, from rescindo,
to cut off, Lat.] having tlie power to cut off.
RESCRIPT, s. [rcscripium, from rcscribo, to write back,
Lat. resent, Fr.l the edict or decree of an emperor.
To RESCUE, V. a. [rescorre, old Fr.] to set free, or de-
liver from confinement, danger, or violence.
RESCUE, i.[rfsfosie, old Fr.J an act wherebya person is
delivered from violence, danger, or confinement.
RE'SCUER, s. one that rescues ; a deliverer.
RESE'ARCH, {resircli) s. {recherche, Fr.J diligent search
or inquiry ; scrutiny.
To RESE'ARCH, ()e«)r^)c. a. [rechercher, Fr.J to exa-
mine ; to inquire; to scrutinize.
To RESE'AT, {resiet) v. a. to seat again.
RESIOI'ZER, (rescezer) s. one that seizes again.
RESEI'ZURE, {resiezure) s, repeated seizure ; seizure a
second time.
RESEMBLANCE, s. \ressembjance or rcsemhlance, Fr.J
likeness; similitude ; representation.
To RESEMBLE, v. a. [resse/nbler or resembler, Fr. | to conv
pare ; to represent as like something else. To be like.
To RESE'ND, 1'. a. to send back again. Obsolete.
To RESE'NT, {rezhit) V. a. [rcssevtir, Fr.J to take well or
ill. To be oifended at, or return an injury. To have a due
sense of.
RESE'NTER, {rezenter)s. one who feels injuries deeply.
RESE'NTFUL, (me?i//H/)a. malignant; easily pro\()Acd
to anger, and long retaining it.
RESE'NTINfiLY, {re:tniin^ly)ad.whh deep sense ; with
strong perception; with continued anger.
REiSE'NTM EN'I", {reziiUmmt) s. \rcsscntivicut, i''r.] a
strong or hasty sensation of good or ill. A deep sense of
Jnjurv.
RESERVATION, i.[jacn)«/i<)n, Fr.] the act of conceal-
ing in the miud. Something kept back, or not given up.
Custody.
RESE'RVATORY, s. [rhervoir, Fr.J a place in which
sny thing is reserved or kept.
To RESERVE, (usually pron. rrzirre) f. a. [from re,
attain, and servo, to pie.sei\e, Lat.J to keep or save for sonic
oihe* time or purpose. 'I'o retain ; to keep ; to store.
RESERVE, (rezirve)s- something stored or saved against
some future exigence. Something concealed in the mind.
Exception; a prohibition. An exception in favour of a
person or thing. Modesty, or caution observed .in be-
haviour.
RI'^SI<"RVED, (rezened) a. modest, or not too free in
behaviour or discourse. Sullen ; close. Synon. We are
reserved in our words and actions ; we are modest in our de-
sires, our gestures, and our dress.
RESE'RVEDLY, arf. not with frankness; not with open-
ness ; with reserve.
RESE'RVEUNESS, {rezo-vedttess) s. the quality of keei)-
ing one's secret sentiments.
ilESE'H\ER, (^rezerver) s. one that reserves.
RESERVOIR, s. I Fr.J a place where any thing is stored
up, or collected in large quantities; reservatorv.
To RESETTLE, r. a. to settle again.
RESE1TLEMENT, j. the act of settling again. The
state of settliii^again.
Rl'.'SIANCE, s. in law, residence; abode; dwelling.
RE'SI ANT, «. \rcsseant, Fr.J resident; present in a place.
To RES!'Df2, V. n. [from re, again, and sedco, to sit, Lat.]
to dwell; to abide ; to live. To subside; to sink; to fall
to the bottom, tVoni reside, L.<\t.
RE'SIDENCl'y, s. [lesidenee, Fr.J the act of continuing or
dwelling in a place. A place of abode ; habitation ; dwet-
ling. Sediment, from resido, Lat.
RE'SIDE.NT, a. \(rom resideo, to remain, Lat.] dwelling
or having abode in any place.
RE'SlDI'iNT, s. [resident, Fr.] an agent, minister, or
ofticer, residing in any distant place with the dignity of a
public minister.
RESIDENTIARY, (7-esidens?tt(irt/) a. holding residence ;
attending in a journey. Substantively, a canon installed tf>
the privileges and profits of residence.
RESIDUAL, RESI'DIIARV, a. I from re«(feo, to remain,
Lat. I relating to that part which remains.
RE'SIDUE, s. \frow restdeo, to reside, Lat.J the remainder;
that which is left.
RESI'DUUM OF A ^iiARGE, in electricity, first disco-
vered by Mr. Gralatri of Germany, in 1746, is that part of
the charge that lay on the uncoated part of the Leyden phial,
which does not part with all its electricity at once ; so that
it is afterwards gradually diffused in the coating. In chy-
mistry, w hat is left in a pot or retort after the more valuable
part has been drawn off. Thus the sulphurate of potash which
remains in the pot after the distillation of nitrous acid, is
called the residuum. It is sometimes called the caput mortimm.
To RESI'GN, V. a. [from re, again, and signn, to sign,
Lat.] to give or yield up a claim or possession. To submit
with confidence, applied to providence. To submit wilti-
out opposition or resistance.
RESIGNATION, J. frf«»Tia<!07i, Fr.J tlie act of yielding
orsubmitling without resistance or doubt.
RESIGNEE', {resinee)s. in law, the person to whom the
thing is resigned.
RESI'GN ER, (reshia-) s. one that resigns.
RESI'GNMENT, (vp.mDnraO '■ the act of resigning.
RESILIENCE, RESILIENCY, «. (from re, back, and
salid, to leap, Lat.J the act of starting or leaping back.
RIvSI'LIENT, n. [from re, again, and saiio, to leap, Lat.^
starting or springing hack.
RESl LITION, .!. [from 'c, again, and salio, to leap, Lat.^
the act of springing back ; resilience.
RE'SIN, ()•«'«)•'• [rcsinr, Fr. resina, Lat.J the fat sulphu-
reous part of a vegetable, which will incorporate with
oil or spirit, but not an aqueous menstruum. Those vegeta-
ble substances that will dissolve in water are gnms, those
that will not dissolve and mix but with spirits or oil are
rcsitis.
RI'"/SINOUS. (rezinous) a. partaking of the nature and
properties of ri'sin.
ItESlNOUSNtSS, ' resinoutness) /. the quality ofhein^
reiiiuuus.
II ES
RES
HESIPI'SCENCE, s. [resipisceitce, Fr.j rrpcnlsince.
To RESIST, «.«. [from '(i/t^o, Lat. mixtn; l"r.] fo op-
pose, or act a)?aiiist. To liiiidcr ; to act against tlie impres-
sion of exiernal force.
RESISTANCP:, HESISTENCE, s. [written rtiisUmce,
when supposed lo be derived from tlic French, l)nt re.u4-
tence, when derived from rrsislau, Lat.J tiie act of resist-
ing ; opposition. Tiie quality of not yielding' to eNtcrnul
force.
RESISTini'LlTY, s.tUc quality of resistin-.
RESISTIBLE, a. that may be resisted.
RESrSTEESS, a. not to be opposed ; irresistible.
RESO'LVABLE, a. capable of being separated or ana-
lyzed. Capable of being explained.
RE'SOF^UBLE, a. [from»v, again, and snfvo, to loosen or
dissolve, Lat.J capable of being dissolved or nulled.
To RESO'LVE, (the * in this word and its derivatives is
Usually pron. like z) v. a. [from re, again, and suho, to loosen
or dissolve, Lat.] to inform, explain, or clear from any doubt
or ditticulty. To confirm or settle in any opinion or deler-
niinalion; used with «(. To analyze. To melt, or dissolve.
Ncuterly, to determine. To melt, or be dissolved. To be
fixed in an opinion ; used with of.
RESO'IA'E, .«. a tixed resolution ; determination.
RESOLVEDLY, ad. with firmness and constancy.
RESO'LVEONESS, s. resolution; constancy; firmness.
RESO't>VEND, s. [from re, again, and soho, to loosen or
dissolve, Lat.] in aritlimetic, a term in the extraction of the
scpiare and cube roots, Ac. siguifving the number arising
from increasing the remainder after subtraction.
RESOLVENT, «. [from rt, again, and sulio, to loosen or
dissolve, Lat.] that which has the power of causing solu-
tion.
RESO'LVENTS, s. medicines which dissolve and dis-
perse. In chymistry, liquors for the dissolving metals or
minerals.
R ESO'LVER, s. one that forms a first resolution. One
that dissolves ; one that separates parts.
RESOLUTE, a. [resola, Fr.] fixed, determined, con-
stant, steady, firm.
RESOLUTELY', arf. deterniinalely ; firmly; constantly;
steadilv.
RESOLUTE.VESS, s. determinateness; the state of be-
in" fi\eil in resolution.
RESOLUTION, i. fFr. from resoho, to resolve, Eat.] the
act of clearing from doubt or ditbculty. The actof separat-
ing any thing into its coiisfitueiit parts. Dissolution. A
fixed determination, or settled tliought. Steadiness, con-
stancy, firmness. The determination of a cause iu a court
of justice.
RESOLUTIVE, a. [resol-'tlj, Fr. from resoho, to dissolve,
Lat.] having the power to dissolve or relax.
RESONANCE, s. Ifromic, again, and who, to sound, Lat.]
sound ; re sound ; echo.
RE'SONANT, a. [resonnjis, from re, again, and sono, to
sound, Lat.J sounding or echoing.
To RESO RT, V. n. [rcssorttr, Fr.j to have recourse to. To
go publicly, or repair to. In law, to fall back.
RESORT, s. an assembly, or numerous body of men
meeting in the same place. Concourse. The act of visit-
ing. Spring or active power. Resource.
RESO'KTER, i. one that frequents or visits.
To RESOUND, V. a. |from re, again, and sonn, to sound,
Lat.J to echo; to sound back. To sound ; to tell so as to
oe heard far. To celebrate by sound. To return swinds ;
to sound with any noise. Neulerly, to be echoed back.
RESOU'RCE, s. {ressourre, Fr.] some new and expedient
means that of^'er. An expedient ; shift.
To RESPE'CT, V. a. [from ip, again, and spicio, to look,
Lat.] to regard, or have regard to. To consider with a low
degree of reverence. To have relation to. To look toward.
RESPECT, i. regard ; attention. A low degree of reve-
rence. Partial regard. Good will. A coDsideraticu or
(ifUive. Relation or regard.
RESPE'CTARLE, a. meriting respect; venerable.
RESPE'C'I'Ell, s. one who prefers one before- another
from a partial regard.
RESPECTFUL, a. paying due reverence. Ceremoni-
ous ; full of outward civility.
Ri',SPE'{yrF(ILLY', lid. with some degree of reverence.
Rf^SPE'CTIV !'),«. rtjaling lo particular persons or things.
Relative; reciprocal; particidar.
RKSPEtTIVELY, W. parlicidarly ; relatively.
RI'.SPERSION, (/r,s/)(7j/a//ij J. [from r«/jtrg-o, to sprinkle.
La I. j I he act of sprinkling.
RESI^IRA'TION, .t. [Fr. respiro,U(\xare, again, and wro,
to breathe or blow, Lat.] the act of breathing. Relief or
respite from laliour.
To RlLSl'I'llE, «. 71. [)-(!.!/)iVo, from (v, again, and cpiro, Xn
breathe or blow, Lat.] to breathe. To catch breath. To
rest, or take rest.
RE'SPl IE, ». \respit, l""r.] a repr:''»'e, or the suspension of
a ca[iil;>.l seiileiice. A pause or interval.
To UE'SPITE, r. a. to relieve by a pause or mtcrmission.
To suspend ordelav, from )r,t/»Vfr, r)ld Fr.
RESPLENDENCE, RESPLENDENCY, i. brightness j
lustre ; splendour.
RE.SPLE'NDENT, a. [from re, again, and sphudeo, to
shine, LatJ bright; shining. Having a beautiful lustre
RESl'LE'NDENTLY,«rf.«ith lustre; splendidly, t
To RESPOND, v.a. [rcspondeo, Lat.] to answer an argu-
ment. or objoclion. To correspond or suit.
RESPO'NDENT, t. \rpspondens, from respoudeo, to answer,
Lat] one who answers in a suit or in a set disputation.
RESPONDENTIA, s. in commerce, is a term applied
to money, which is borrowed, not upon the vessel, as in
bottomry, but upon the gooils and merchandise contained in
it, which must necessarily be sold or exchanged, in ihe
Course of a voyage ; in wliic'i case the borrower, personally,
is bound to answer the coulraci ; and he is said to take up
nnoney at respondentin.
RESPONSE, «. {rcsponmim, from respondeo, to answer,
Lat.J an answer or reply luiide to an objection, or argument.
A answer made by a cougregalion, or clerk, in divine wcr-
sllip, from rrspons, Fr.
RESPO'NSIBLE, a. \responsiis, from respondeo, to answer,
Lat.J answerable, or accountable; used with ybr. Capable
of discharging anv obligation.
RESPO'NSIBLESESS, s. the state of being obliged or
qualilicd to answer.
KESPO NSION, {responsliuii) s. [responsio, from respondeo,
fo answer, Lat.J 1 he act of answering.
RESPONSIVE, a. \respunsif', Fr.] answering; making
answer. (Correspondent ; suitable.
RESPO'NSORY, n. \rcspunsvrius, from respondeo, to an-
swer, Lat.] containing answer.
REST, s. \rcst. Sax. riisle, Belg.] sleep. The state of
death. Ces..alion from motion, disturbance, or bodily la-
hour. A support on which any thing leans. A place of
rf pose. Remainder, or what remains.
l{VJ's\\a.[qitvd reslat, Lat.J others ; those not included
in any proposition.
To REST, i'. n. to be asleep or dead. To cease from
motion, labour, or disturbance. To remain satisfied. To
lean upon; to be supported, followed by 'ipoii. To be left
or remain. Actively, to put into a state of repose or quiet.
To confide in ; used with itpun.
RESTA'GNANT, a. [from re, again, and »<rtg-no, to stand,
Lat.J remaining without flow or motion.
To KESTA'GNATE, 1'. »i. to stand without flow.
RESTAGNA'TION, i. the state of standing without
flow, course, or motion.
RESTAURATION, s. [from restauro, to restore, Lat.]
the act of recovering to its former slate.
To RE'STEM, r. a. to force back against the current.
RE'STF'UL, n. quiet; being at rest.
RESTflA'RROW, s. a plant with butlerfly-shaped bios,
sonis. Thcie are two British species, viz. the corn and
IS*)
RES
RE 1
creeping resf-Iiarrow; the former is found on barren lann,
and goes also by the names of cammock, petty-wiiin, and
ground furze ; and the latter on tlie sea-coast, having red
or almost white blossoms. Both kinds flower in June and
KE'STIFF, RESTIVE, or RE'STY, a. [restif, Fr.j un-
willing to stir, comply, or go forward, generally applied to
ahorse. Headstrong; stubborn; froward ; obstinate.
RE'STIFFNESS, i. unwillingness ; frowardness.
RESTl NOTION, s. [from restinirm, to extinguish, Lat.J
tl)e act of extinguishing.
RESTITUTION, s. [from restkuo, to restore, Lat.J the
act of restoring any thing lost or taken away. The act of
recovering a former state.
RESTLESS, a. unable to sleep. Unquiet. Unsettled.
In continual motion or action.
RESTLESSLY, «(?. unquietly ; without rest.
RESTLESSNESS, s. a state wherein a person cannot
sleep, will not cease from action, oris always in inoticn.
RESTO'RABLE, n. what may be restored.
RESTORA'TION, .'. the same with Restanration ; which
see. The return of king Charles II. in 1G60, by way of
eminence, is called the Restoralion.
RESTORATIVE, a. having the power to recruit any
RESTO'RATIVE, s. a medicine that has the power of
recruiting the wastes of nature.
To RESTO'RE, v. a. \restauro, Laf.] to give or bring back
•what is lost, wasted, or .taken away. To retrieve from de-
cay. To recover passages, in books, from their corruption.
RESTORER, i. one that restores.
To RESTRAI'N, i-. a. [restreindre, Fr.J to withhold or keep
in. To hinder ; to repress; suppress; keep in awe. To
confine, or limit.
RESTRAI'NABLE, a. capable to be restrained.
RESTRAI'NKDLY, fld.with restraint.
RESTRAI'NER, i. one that restrains; one that with-
holds.
RESTRAINT, s. [restreiut, Fr.J an abridgment of liberty.
A prohibition ; restriction; hinderance ; repression.
RESTRI'CT, v.a. \resti-ingo, from stringo, to grasp, Lat.J
to limit or confine.
RESTRl'CTION, s. [Ft. from restringo, to restrict, Lat.J
confinement ; limitation.
RESTRICTIVE, a. expressing limitation. In physic,
binding or astringent.
RESTRICTIVELY, ad. with limitation.
To RESTRINGE, v. a. \restringo, Lat.] to limit ; to
confine.
RESTRI'NGENT, \r(Stnngens, Lat. resuingent, Fr.] pos-
sessing a restraining quality ; styptic ; astringent.
RE'STY, fl. (see Restif) obstinate in not complying.
To RESU'BLIME, v. a. to sublime another time.
To RESULT, I', n. [from re, back, and sdto, to leap, Lat.J
to fly back. To.rise as a consequence ; to be produced as
an effect, or flow as a consequence.
RESU'LT, i. resilience ; the act of flying back. An effect
flowing from the operation of any particular cause. A con-
sequence or inference from premises.
RESULTANCE, s. [risntianec, Fr.J the act of resulting.
RESU'M ABLE, a. capable of being taken back.
ToRESU'ME, D. ff. [from re, back, and sumo, to take,
Lat.] to take back what has been given or taken away. Tq
take again, used by Dryden with again, as " icsumc again,"
feut improperly. To begin again any thing suspended,
dropped, or given over.
R l>U'iMP'n ON, ()r«;m*/,on) s. [Fr. from »-c, back, and
»umo, to take, Lat.J the act of resuming.
RESUMPTIVE, <i. \ from it, back, and stmw, to take, Lat. ,
taken back. Used substantively in the plural, for medicines
that restore cU'caved nature.
RESIJIMN A'TION, s. [rcsvpino, from supinn, to lay fiai
on the back, Lut.] the act of laying on the back.
710
RESUTINE, a. [resupimis, from resiipiiio, to lay flat oti
the back, Lat.J laying with the face upwards.
To RKSURVKV, v. a. to review ; to survey again.
RESURRECTION, s. [Fr. from rcsurgo, to rise again,
Lat.J revival after death. The act of rising again ..fir
dealli.
RESUSCITATION, s. [from re, again, and s„^nto, t
excite, Lat.J the act of stirring up anew ; reviving or
arising again.
To RETAIL, V. a. [rttailhr, Fr.J to divide, or sell ii
small parcels ; to sell at second hand.
RETAUj, s. a sale consisting in small quantities.
RETAl'LER,i. one who sells by small quantities.
To RETAIN, V. a. [^retitieo, from teneo, to hold, Lat.] to
preserve from loss or without discharge. To keep without
loss. To keep in pay or hire. Neuterly, to belong to o«
depend on, used with to. To keeper continue.
RETAl'NER, i. a dependent ; acHierent ; hanger on, for
subsistence. In law, a servant who wears a person's livery,
but does not dwell in his house. Also the fee given to a
counsellor to retain bis services, and. prevent his being
engaged by the other party in the suit. Tiiis is frequently
given a long while before a trial, or when, perhaps, there
is only a chance that a trial may be necessary. Tlie act o.
keeping dependants.
To RETA'KE, i>. a. to take a<j;ain.
To RETALIATE, v. a. [from re, back, and talio, a
requital, Lat.J to return in kind, or like for like ; to re-
quite; to repay.
RETALIATION, s. the act of returning like for like.
To RETA'RD, v. a. [relardo, from tardus, slow, Lat.l to
hinder in motion or swiftness. To delay or put off. Neu-
terlv, to Slav back or delay.
RETARDATION,*, the act of hindering action in nior
tion. Delav. Hinderance.
RETA'nDER,:s.obstructer; binderer.
To RETCH, t'. a. [lirreean. Sax. J to force, or make an essay
to force something up from the stomach ; to stretch or
lengthen ; to gape or yawn.
RETCHLESS, n. careless ; reckless.
RETE'CTION, «. \retectus, from retego, to lay open, Lat.
the act of discovering to view.
RETE'NTION, s. [Fr. retentw, from rctineo, to retair.-
Lal.J the act of retaining, keeping to, containing, or pre-
serving. In medicine, that state of contraction in the
solids which niak-es them hold fast their contents. Rle-
mory, or the act of keeping those simple ideas which th
mind has received from sensation or reflection. Limitatior
or restraint.
RETENTIVE, a. \retentif, Fr. retentus, from retinto,T
] ' ' >S the
in the mind.
retain, Lat.J having the power of retaining, or preserviuj;
RETE'NTIVENESS, «. the quality of retention.
RETFORD, or Rf.hfoud, East, a pretty large, well-
built town of Nottinifhamsliire, on the great North-road, and
on the east sideot'tlie river Idle, over which there is a hand-
some bridge. The principal trade of this place is in hops
and malt. The canal from Trent to Chesterfield passes
near this place. It contains about 2000 inhabitants, and is
30 miles N. of Nottingham, and 110 N. by W. of London.
Market on Saturday. Itcdfiml West, communicates with
E. Rcdford, In' a stone bridge over the Idle.
Rl^Tl'CENCK, s. [Fr. rdieentia, from taceo, to be silent,
Lat.J concealment bv silence.
RETICLl'', i. [from nie, a net, Lat.] a small net.
RETICULA, s. in astronumy, an instrument for measur
ingverv nicely the quantity of eclipses.
RETICULAR, >. [from reie, a net, Lat.J in the form o»
a net.
RETI'CULATED, a. \rciicuhtus,(rom rcle, a net, Lat.
made of net-work ; formed with meshes.
RETl FORM, (/.[from ntc, a net, and/irmn, form, Lat..
Iiaving the form of a net.
RET
REV
RETI'N A, ». one of the inner funics of the eye.
RK'TINUR, s. \>rU'iwc, Fr.] a tiiiinljcr altenrling on a
preat person ; a train. Synon. /{rlinue ImpWcidimmbcT
of followers ; train, lli<" same willi order.
To Rl"7rrr.K, v. n. [letinr, Fr. i to i;o to a place of pri-
vacy ; to willidraw from siglit. To rotreat from danger.
To "quit a public station, or a company. Actively, to with-
draw, or lake away.
RETIRE, s. a "retreat ; a place of privacy. Recessioi:;
retirement. Not in use.
RETI'RKD, n. secret ; private; willidrawn.
RETI'llEDNESS, s. the state of beiny free from public
employ, or company. Privacy.
RETIREMENT, s. the stale of one who quits a public
station, or a populous place. A private abode, or way of
life.
To RETO'RT, v. a. [from re, back, and torquco, to fw ist,
Lat.] to throw back. To return an argument, censure, or
any incivility. ']"o bend backwards.
RETORT, s. [from re, back, and torqtieo, to twist, Lat.J
a censure or reproach returned. In cliyniistry, a },'iass
vessel with a curved neck, to which the receiver is fitted.
RETO'RTER, s. one that retorts.
RETO'RTION, s. the act of retorting.
To RETO'SS, V. a. to toss back.
To RETOUCH, {retkch) V. a. \retoucher, Fr.J to improve
by new touches.
To RETRA'CE, v. a.{retracer, Fr.] to trace back.
To RETRA'CT, v. a, [retractus, from re, back, and traho,to
draw, Lat.l to recall ; to recant. To take back ; to resume.
Neuterlv, to withdraw concession.
RETRACTATION, i. [Fr. from rc^cacio, to retract, Lat.]
recantation ; change "^ opinion.
RETRACTION, s. \he act of withdrawing something
advanced, or changmg something done ; recantation.
RETREAT, {retr'cet)s. [retraile, Fr.] a place of privacy
or solitude. The act of going back to avoid a superior
force. A place of security.
To RETRE'AT, {retreit) v. n. to go to a private or soli-
tary dwelling. To take shelter. To retire from a superior
enemy. To quit a former place.
To RETRK'NCH, v. a. Wclrancher, Fr.] to cut off, or
pare avvsy. To confine or lessen, applied to expenses.
JVeuterlv, tolive with less expense or pomp.
RETRENCIIMKNT, s. Uetranelwmrnt, Fr. I the act of
lopping or paring away anv thnig superfluous, applied to
Vfritings. The act of lessening, applied to expense. An
intrenchment covered by a parapet.
To RE'TRl BUTFj, v. a. [from re, back, and tribuo, to pay,
Lat.l^to pav back; to recompense.
RETRIBUTION, s. [Fr. from re. back and tribuo, to
pay, Lat.] the act of repaying. A reiurn suitable to an
action.
RETRIBUTIVE, RETRrBUTORY,fl. repaying; mak-
ing repayment-
Retrievable, (retrecvalle) a. capable of being re-
trieved.
To RETRIEVE, (retrceve) v. a. [rr.(rouver,Vr.] to reco-
ver or restore after loss, impair, waste, or corruption. To
regain, or bring back.
RE'TRIMENT, s. [from retriK'-ntnni, Lat. i dross or
dregs.
RETROA'CTION, {retroahslwn) s. [from retro, back, and
ago, to drive, Lai.] the act of driving Lack.
RETRO A'CTlVl';, a. having the power to drive back.
To RETROCE'DE, v. n. [from rer*o, back-ward, and
eedo, to go, Lat. | to go backwards.
RETROCESSlON,()f«)ose.«/w)»)i. [from retro, backward,
and cedo, to go, Lat. I the act of going backwards.
RETROGRAUA'TION, s. [from retro, backwards, and
frradior, to go, Lat.] the act of going backward. Retro^rada-
tion of the nodes of the moon, is a motion of the nodes of her
orbit, oy which they continually move frtni east lowest, or
Uwn Aries to Pisces, &c. making a complete revolution in
18 common years, 228d. 4li. 62m. 62s. aceonling tollie
equinoxes. ReSrogru'tiitiim <f the snn, in a motion by which
in some situalion^ ni the torrid iioiie he stems to move back-
ward, or from west lo east.
RKTROf.llADE, <r. [Fr. from retro, backuards, and
gradior, U> go, Lai. J gniiig backv^ards. Contrary or oppo-
site. In astronomy, lln' planets are said to be ntnigrade^
when, by their nioiion iii the Zodiac, they move backward,
or contrary to the order of the signs; as from the 29" of
Pisces to the 2B" ol' the same sign ; but this retrogradatioii
is only apparent, and occasioned by the observer's eye
being placed on the earth; fur lo an eye at the sun, the real
centre of the planetary motions, they will appear always
direct, and never either stalionarv or r<-trogradc.
To RE' IROGR.AUE, t). a. [from re^io, backwards, and
gradior, to go, Lat.] to go backwards.
RETRO(iRE'SblON, {rUroi^risho") s. [from retro, back-
wards, and gradior, logo, Lat.J the act of gonig backward.
RETKO.srECT, s. \i'vomretro, batl<, and ijticio, to look,
Lat.] a look cast on things behind. I'he consideration of
things past.
RETROSPECTION, s. the act of considering things
past.
RETROSPE'CTIVi; a. looking backward.
ToRKTU'ND, v. a. [from retund, Lat.] to blunt; tc
obtund ; to turn the edge.
To RKTURN, v. n. [rctonrncr, Fr.] to come back to the
same place, or stale. To go or come back. To make an-
swer, retort, or reply. Actively, to repay, requite ; give
or send back. To give account of. To transmit. Synon.
we are said to return what has been lent or given to us ; to
turrendcr what we have in pledge or charge j to restore
what we have taken or stolen.
RETURN, 5. the act of coming back ; retrogression; re-
volution; vicissitude ; repayment of money ; profit; remit-
tance; retribution; requital. JZciiinis, ordays in back, are
certain days in each term, appointed for the return of writs,
&c. In building, it is a side or part that falls away from
the foreside of any straigiit work.
RETU'RNER, s. one w ho pays or remits money.
RKVE, ^. See Reeve.
To RFVE'AL, (rcveel)v. a. [front reir/o, Lat. reveler, Fr. (
to discover, to show, to disclose, to lay open. To impart
something from heaven.
REV'E'ALER, irencler) s. one that shows or makes
known ; one that discovers to view ; a discoverer.
REVEILLE, s. [Fr.J the beat of a drum in the morning,
to summon the soldiers.
REVEL, an opulent and well-fortified city of Russi-i
capital of the government of Revelskoi, formerly one of tlit-
Ilans Towns. The harbour is spacious and convenient, and
a part of the Russian fleet is usually stationed in it. It is a
place of considerable trade, and much frequented by English
and Dutch merchants. It is seated on the Gulf of Finland,
partly on a mountain, 144 miles N. of Riga, and 184 \V. S.
W. of Petersburg. Lat. 59. 26. N. Ion. 24. 44. E.
To REVEL, V. n. [derived by Skinner from revei'ler, Fr.
to awake ; by Mr. Lye from raveelen, Belg. to rove loosely
about] lo feast with loose and clamorous mirth.
REVEL, s. a public rejoicing time ; or a feast with loose
and noisy jollity.
To REV el, v. a. [from re, back, and rello, to pluck, Lat.]
to retract ; to draw back.
IIEVELATION, s. [Fr. from reveh, to reveal, Lat.J
discovery; particularly applied tollie discovery of sacred
truths from heaven. The Apocalypse of St. John, containing
a prophetic view of the state of the church under the gospel.
REVELLER, s. one who feasts w ith noisy jollity.
REVEL-ROUT, s. a mob ; an unlawful assembly ; rabble.
REVELRY, .?. loose noisy mirth.
To RFVE'NGE, v. a. [revancher, Fr.J to return an i.ijury.
To punish for injuries.
REVENGE,*, satisfaction for an injury. Sy non. Revaige
is an act of passion ; vengeance of justice ; injuries are
7'il
REV
REW
■eveiiged, crinifS are ai-cn^ed. The first of these procpedi
from liiimaii iinbecilily, the latter is properly the prerogative
of Gofl.
REVENGEFUL, a. addicted to return injuries; vin-
dictive.
KEVE'NOEFULLY, ad. vindictively.
REVE'NGEU, s. one who punishes crimes ; one who re-
sents injuries.
UKV^ENUE, J. [sometimes accented on the second sylla-
ble, from rev>imt, Fr.] niconie ; or the aunuul prolits of lands
or other funds.
'I'o REVE'RB, 11. 0. [from re, again, and verlero, to sti ike,
Lat.l to strike against ; to reverberate. Not in use.
RCVERBERANT,a.[fromJf, again, and ferAero, to strike,
Lat.] vesonndinr ; beating back.
ToREVE'KBERATE, v. a. [from re, again, and rahn-o,
to strike, Lat. J to beat back. In chymistry, to heat in a
fnrii'dce, where the fianie is beat from the top back on tiie
bottom. Mentcrlv, to be beathack ; to resound.
RIsVERBERA'TlON, f. [rcverhiration, Fr.J the act of
beating or driving back.
REVE'RBERATORY, a. \rhei-leratoire, Fr.J beaten or
driven back. In chymistry, used substantively tor a fuiiiiice
closely stopped at the top, so as to return the flame upon
the matter placed near the bottom.
To RKV'ERI'"., I', a. \recirer, Fr. from re, which increases
the signification, and iei™>-, to reverence, Lat.] to regard with
awe. To pay siil)missive respect. To venerate.
RE'VEUENCE, s. [Fr. ixom revereor. to reverence, Lat.]
awful regard. .An act of obeisance. Title of the clergy.
To RE'VERENCE, v. a. to look on as an object of respect
nd awfid regard.
HEVEKENCER, s. one who regards with reverence.
REVEREND, a. \ rivbend, Fr. from rex^ereor, to reverence,
Lat.] venerable ; deserving awe and respect, on account
of years and station. A title applied to the clergy,
among whom an archbishop is styled most ■ reverend,
a bisliop rifrlit reverend, and a private clergyman reiereml.
Rli'VERENT, a. [from reverenr, to reverence, Lat.] hum-
lile ; expressing awful regard anl veneration.
RF.VERE'NTIAL, {rererinshal) a. [reverentiel, Fr.] ex-
pressing reverence ; proceeding from awe and veneration.
REVERENTIALLY, ad. with reverence.
RE'VERENTLY, ad. respectfully ; with awe.
REVE'RER, s. one «ho venerates ; one wlio reveres.
REVERIE, or RE'VKRY, s. [n-eerie, Fr.J a state where-
in ideas float in the mind without any reflection or regard
ef the understanding. Loose musing; irregular thought.
Delirium ; distraction.
REVl'/RSAL, «. the act of changing a sentence.
To REVERSE, !■. a. [from re, back, and verto, to turn,
Lat.] to turi] upside down. To overturn. To turn back.
To contradict or repeal. To put one thing in the place of
another. Neulerly, to return.
REVE'RSE, s. change. A contrary or opposite. That
side-of a coin on which the bead is impressed.
REVE'RSIBLE, a. [rircrsiOlr, Fi.] capable of being re-
versed.
REVE'RSION, (rercrshnn) s. [rcversinn, Fr.J the stale of
l»ping to enjoy after the death of the present possessor.
.Succession, or right of succesH(,n. lieverstun of Sfiries, in
s'gebra, is the finding the value of the root, or unknown
quimlitv, v\licise powers enter the term of an infinite
kcries, by means of another infinite scries in which it is not
contained.
KEVF.'R^ION \RV, (ifi'€«//o)mj-i/') a. consisting in rever
Moir ; to be enjoved after the death of another.
To REVE'R T, !•. a. | from re, back, and verlo, to turn, Lat.]
to change; to turn to the contrary. To reverbeiate, or
heat back. Neuterlv, to return or fall back.
RR'VF.RY, «. See Rkverir.
To REV EST, ij. <T. [from re, again, and vritio, to clothe,
Ijjt.l to clothe -.igain. To reiuvcst ; to vest again in a po*.
tchsion or office.
742
REVE STIAllY, s. \ revest laUr, Fr.] a place where dresses
are reposited.
REVrCTION, {mihsiimt) s. \remctum, from re, again. and
tii'«, to live, Lat.] return to life.
To REVrCTUAL, {revitl) v. a. to stock with' victuals
again.
To REVIE'W, (reriu-) v. a. to look back. To consider
any thing past, or examine a second time. 'Fo see again.
Rl'JVlE'W, (rercw) s. second examination. The act of
surveying an army, when performing its exercise.
'J'o R£\"l LE, V. a. to reproach ; to treat with con-
tumely.
REVI'LE,*. reproach ; contumely; exprobation. Not
in use.
RE VI'LEK, s. one who reviles.
REVI'SAL, (reviztd) s. a second examination or review.
To REVrSE, (rerize) v. a. [fioiu 7e, again, and video, tr>
see, Lat.] 'o review ; to examine or look over a second
time.
REVISE, (revise) s. a second perusal or examination.
Among printers, a second proof of a sheet after it is
corrected.
REVISER, (rerher) s. [rcvisem; Fr.J an examiner ; a
superintendent.
i'vEVrSlON, (rev'izJion)s. [revision, Fr.J review.
To REVISIT, (revizit)v.a. [from re, again, and visito, to
visit, Lat.] to visit ai;ain.
REVrVA L, s. the act of restoring from a stale of languor
oblivion, or obscurity.
To RF,VrVE, V. n. [from re, again, and "ivo, fo live,
Lat.] to return to life. To recover from a state of obscurity,
oblivion, or lanj^uor. Actively, to bring to life again. To
raise from languor, insensibility, or oblivion To bring
back to the niemory. To quicken. In chymisiry, to re-
cover from a mixed state.
REVrVER, t. that which invigorates or revives.
REVIVir !CATION,f.lheactof recallingto life.
REVIVISCENCY, s. [from re, again, and vim, to live,
Lat. j renewal of life.
REUNION, s. [remiirm, Fr.J return to a .'state of juncture,
conco.'d, or cohesion.
To REUNITE, V. a. to join any thing separated. To
reconcile. Neuterly, to join or cohere again.
RE'VOCABLE, a. [Fr. fioni re, back, and voco, to call,
Lat.l that mav be recalled or repealed.
RE'VOCABLENES.S, «. the quality of being revocable.
To RhVVOCAT E, r. a. [from re, back, and voco, to ca'l,
Lat. I to recall ; to call back.
REVOCATION, i. [Fr. from re, back, and voco, to call,
Lat.] act of o'calling ; stale of being recalled; repeal;
reversal.
'Fo REVO'KL, I', a. [rcvorpmr, Fr. from re, back, and
voco, to rail, Lat.] to repeal, or reverse ; to check ; to draw
back.
To R E\'OLT, I., n, [rcvalter, Fr.] to fall off from om;
to another, including the idea of something bad or re-
bellions.
RKVO'LT, s.\rcvoIte, Fr.] change of sides ; gross depar-
ture from dutv : de-ertion.
RI'.VO'LTER, J. one who changes sides; a deserter.
To REVO EVE, V. n. [from re, again, and voho, to roll,
Lat.] to roll in a circle ; to perform a course in a circle. lu
law, to fall in a regular course of changing possessors.
Acti\-vly, to roll any thing round. To consider or meditate
u|U)n.
REVOLUTION, s. [Fr. from re, again, and who, to roll,
Lat.] the course of any thing which retiniis to the poir»t
from whence it sets out. A space measured bv any bodv
revolving in an orbit. A change of goverinuents, applied
particularly to that by which king William and queen Mart
acceded to the crown of England. Since 17Hi), revolutiorts
of governments and aniient establishments have taken place
in France, Holland, Italy, Switiicrland, Giruiany, &«.
KotatioB.
JUIl
RII Y
REVU'LSION, (reinihhon) s. ["from revtUo, to pluck away,
Lai.] the act of drawing humours from one part of the body
to another.
To JIK\V.\'RD, (the a in tliis word and fts derivatives is
pron. hroad, like uii ; rcwaurd, rewiiurt!i;r,i\:c.) v. a. [<ifrived
by SItiiinor fron> re luid aicard} to give ill return ; to repay ;
to rec'onipciise ibrfjooij.
RFAVA'KD, s. some benefit conferred on a person for
doiPK v<ell.
REVVA'RDER, f. one that rewards ; one that recom-
penses.
RK'ZAN, or RIA'ZAN, a government of Russia, bounded
en tile N. I)y the sovernnunt of Viadiciriislvoi ; it was for-
merly a proviiue ot tlio goveiiiinent of Moscow. The
country is populous and fertik' in corn, and liad formerly
it» own princes. Kez;iii is the capital.
RHA BDOlMANCV, s. [from rahdos, a rod, and manteia,
divination, fir.] divination by a wand.
RIIA'PSODIST, s. [from j«/)i«, lo srw, and one, a son^f,
Gr.J one who writes uitliout reyular dependence of one
part upon another.
RHA'PSOUY, (the h after the )•, as formerly observed, is
nmte in this and all the followini; words ; as, reum, rt/mt,
;Vc.) s. [from rnpto, to sew, and ude, a song, (ir.J any com-
position consisting of parts made without necessary depen-
dence or mutual connexion.
RHAYADERCO'W Y, a town of Radnorshire S. Wales,
It is situated on the river Wyre, 19 miles W. of Radnor, and
181 W. N. W. of Eondon. ftlarket on Wednesday.
RHEIMS, a large and antitnt city in the dept. of Marne.
Tlie inhabitants are computed lo be 30,000. The remains
of an amphitheatre, a caslle, and a triumphal arch, are
among the antieut monuments of the Romans. Rlieims is
long and narrow, and the houses are low, but llic grand
square is very elegant. Here are manufactures ofdaiuiel,
coverlets, and other woollen sUitl's ; and their gingerbread is
famous. It is seated in a plain, surrounded by hills, which
produce excellent wine, on the river W'sle, G2 miles N. of
Troves, and 75 E. N. E. of Paris.
RHEl'NBF.RRY, s. a plant, called also buckthorn.
RHETORIC, s. [from rhco, to speak, Gr.] the art of
speaking with elegance, so as to rouse or persuade. Ora-
torv.
RHETO'RICAL, a. [r/ittnrinis, Lat. from r/ieo, to speak,
Gr.] figurative ; oratorral; belonging to rhetoric.
To RHETO'RlCATE,r. «. \rheiorieo,; Lat.| to play the
orator by making use of figurative expressions, and address-
ing the passions.
RHETOR I'CIAN, (retorUhiati) s. \rlictoricicn, Fr.] one
who teac'ies the science of rhetoric.
RHEUM, s. [r/iciima, from tro, lo flow, Gr. r/ieume, Fr.j a
thin watery matter oozing through the glands, particularly
near the mouth.
RHEUMA'TIC, a. \rJietimn, from reo, to flow, Gr.] pro-
ceeding from rheum; belonging to the rheumatism.
RHEU'MATISM, s.\r/,eNma, from reo, to How, Gr.] in
medicine, a pain sometimes moveable, and sometimes fixed
on the nuiscnlar part of the body, resendjling the gout.
RHEU'MY, a. full of sharp moisture.
RHINE, a large river of Europe, which rises in the coun-
try of the Grisons. After crossing part of Oiermany and the
Netherlands, it divides into two branches, one of which
loses itself in the sands, and the other falls into the Merwe,
5 miles ofI'Dort. For a view of those astonishing cataracts,
the Falls of the Rhine, seethe plate.
RHINE, Lower, a circle of the empire ofGermany. It
extends from the circle of Suabia, which bounds it on the
S. to that of Westphalia, which lies to the N. To the E. is
the lower part of the circle of the Upper-Rhine, and that of
Franconja, and to the W. the upper part of Ihe circle of the
Upper-Rhine, Lorrain, and Luxemburg. It contains the
electorates of Mentz, Treves, and Cologne. The elector
'jf'.Mentz (s the director.
RHINE, Upper, a circle of the empire of Germany,
divided into two parts, 'he Upper and Lower. Tiie lower
part comprehends Ihe territories of the landgraves of llessc-
Cassel, Hesse-Darnistadt, and Hesse-Rhinl'cldt ; Ihe couri-
tie:i of Nassau, Solms, Hanaw, Isenbtirg, Seine, Wied, Win-
gestein, Aalzf Id, and Waldeek, with liie abbeys (if Fold
and llirsclilcld, and Ihe imperial towns of Fu.inclorf, Frid-
biirg, and Weizlar. 'I'he upper part of the circle of the
Upper Uliine, lies to Ihe W. of that river, and com[>rehend3
the liishopriis of Basle, .Strasburg, Spire, and Worms, wilii
llie duchy of Deux-ponts ; the counties of Spanlieini, .'•av-
bruck, Falkenskin, and Linenge, and the imperial towns
of Worms anil Spire. The directors are the bishop oi
Worms, and Ihe count of Spanheim.
RHINO'CEROS, s. [frinn r/dn, the nose, and hnax, a
horn, Gr.l ill zcxilogy, a large animal covered with ihick
scales, and having a horn growing out near ils nose. It : j
an iiihabilant of India and the Bnrman empire ; is nafuTally
vpiy fierce, but is capable of being tamed, and is on account
of its great strength and swiftness, a very formidable inha-
bitant of the forest.
RHODE ISLAND, one of the United Slates of N. Amr-
rica, bounded on the N. and 10. by Massaclinsels, on the S.
by Ihe Atlantic, and on the W. by Connecticut. I'hese li.
mils comprehend what has generally been c:illed Rhode Is-
land and Providence Plantations. It is as Inalthful as any
part of N. America. Providence and Newport are the
chief towns.
RHODES, an island of the Meiliterranean Sea, in Asia,
about 40 miles long, and 15 broad. The air is good and Ihe
soil fertile, but not well cultivated. It is supposed by some
that this island was peopled by Uodanim or Rodanim, the
grandson of Japliet ; but others are of opinion, that it was
peopled by Ihe posterity of Slieni, who dwelt on the adja-
cent continent, and that it received its name from the vast
quantity of ro.ses which grew on it. Its principal town, of
the same name, is slill a place of note. This island wasgrcijtly
famed for the fineness of ihe weather, but more for the colos-
sus, or image of Apollo, which was fixed at the moulh of the
harbour at Rhodes, so that ships sailed between the legs of
it. It was 70 cubits high, or, according to Sextus Enipericus,
80, and ils parts in proportion, few men l-ieing able to grasp
its thumb. It was begnn'bv Charles of Liridus, and was
finished by Laches; it cost about 300 talenls, and contained
about 720,000 pounds weight of brass. This famous statue
was erected about Anno Mundi 371G ; and after standing
60 years was thrown down by an earthquake. About 894
yearsafter, Mauvias, the (ilh caliph of the Saracens, sold it
to a. Tew, who loaded !J00 camels thcrewilli. This island
has been under Ihe dominion of several masters. The Apostle
Paul touched at this place as he went to Jerusalem, Aniio
Domini 60. The present inhabitants are generally Greeks,
w ho are verv poor, and greatly oppressed. The town of
Rhodes is situated in lat. 36. 2-1. N. Ion. 28.2.5. E.
RHOMBIC, ff. shaped like a rhombus.
IIHOMBOI'DAL, j. approaching in shape to a rhombus.
RHOMBOI'DES, s. [from rhcmbos, a rhomb, and nVi/,t,
form, Gr.] a quadrangular figure, having its opposite sides
and opposite angles equal. In natural history, a kind of
mussel-hsh ; a turbot-fish. In surgery, a pair of muscles of
the shoulder-blade, so called from their figure.
RHOTVIBUS, or RHOMB, s. [rhombe, Fr. rhomhos. Gr.]
in geometry, a quadrangular figure, having two opposite
angles acute, and two obtuse.
RHONE, a large river of France, rising in Mount Fonrche
on the conhnes of Switzerland. After a long and winding
course, it falls info the Mediterranean sea by several
mouths.
RHU'BARB, s. [rhttharhara, Lat. 1 a medicinal purgati^'e
root, brought from Russia and the East Indies. It possesses
the double virtue of a cathartic and astringent ; it readily
evacuates, particularly the billious humours, and afterwardj
gently astringesand strengthens.
KHUMB, s. \riimb de vent, Fr.j in uavigat'ion, is a verti-
cal circle of any gifen place, or t!ic intersection <>i »ijcfi a
743
RIC
RIC
circle with Ihe liorizon ; i? v/hich last sense rAumJ is the
same witlithe point of the compass.
RHYME, «. [rlii/thmos, Gr. tlii/thnie, Fr.] an harmonious
succession of sounds. T!.e consonance of verses, w herein
the last syllable of one line has the same sound as loat of
another. Fi;iuratively, poetry ; a poem. Rliyme, or reason
is a proverbial e-xpression for number or sense.
To RHYME, V. n. to liave the same sound. To make
verses.
RHY'MER, orRHY'MSTER, s. one who makes rhymes;
a versifier.
RHYTHM, X. [rhi/thmos, Gr.] in music, is used to signify
a certain niiniber of pulses in any given time.
RHY'THMIC\L, a. [from rlnjt/imos, Gr.] harmonical ;
having proportion of one sound to another.
RIAL, or RY'AL, a Spanish silver coin, equal to about
sixpence three fartliings sterling.
RIB, «. \>ilbe, S;ix.]au arched l)one, sustaining the inside
of the thorax. Any piece of limber or other miitler used lo
strengthen the side of a ship. Any prominence nuinnig in
lines ; as, " the rib of a leaf."
RI'BALD, s. [ribanld, Fr.] a loose, rough, or brutish
1 person.
RIBALDRY, i- [nbauldie, Fr.] mean, lewd, brutal lan-
guage.
RI'BAND, s. \7-iihande, rubaii, Fr.J a fillet, or narrow slip
of silk worn for ornament.
RI'BBED, a. having ribs.
RI'BBLE, a river which rises in the West Riding of York-
shire, and, crossing Lancashire, falls into the Iribh sea below
Preston.
RIBBON, s. See Riband.
To Rl'BROAST, v. n. to beat soundly. A burlesque
word.
RIC, a. [Sax.] powerful, rich, or valiant.
RICE, s. [ori/za, Lat.] an esculent grain cultivated in
the Indies, of an oval figure, and covered vvilh a husk like
barley.
RICH, a. [riclie, Fr. rica. Sax.] abounding in money, lands,
or other possessions, applied to persons. Splendid, valuable,
sumptuous, applied to dress. Having any quality in great
quantities, or to a great degree. Fertile, applied to soil.
RICHARD 1. (suniamed Cccur-de-lion) Richard staid
above a nionlh in France, after his father Henry Il's death,
so well was he assured of the disposition of the people of
England, and that nothing would be attempted there to liis
prejudice; though in his father's life-time he had, or pre-
tended to have, some fears and jealousies on account of his
brother, prince John. The first thing he did was to have an
interview with Phillip ; when he thanked him for his late
liroteclion, and did homage to him for his French provinces.
On the 2mh of July, llSiJ, he received the ducal crown of
Noriiiandy at Roaii, and was girt with the ducal sword, ac-
cording to the custom ofinvestitnre. The first order he sent
to England, where he was obeyed as if he had been already
crowned, was to set his mother queen Eleanor at liberty,
who had been 16 years in confiuemeut. He also entrusted
her with the administration timing his absence, and empow-
ered lier to release w hat prisoners she pleased ; who was too
sensibly atfected with h?r long confinement, not to exercise
with pleasure this power given her by her son ; who having
settled his affairs in rranrc, came to London, and was
cro'vru'd by Bald"i;i, archhisliopof Canterbury, on Sept. 3,
1 189. The ceremony was disturbed by the massacre of some
Je\ys, who, pressing to see Ihe soleinnity, the people fell
fiiriouslv upon them, and killed severid of them. But tlie
king having caused a strict inquiry to be made, some of tlie
ringleaders in this barbarous action were deservedly put
fo death. It must be observed, that ever since the taking
Jerusalem by the .'^aracens, the people breathed nothing but
revenge against the enemies of Christ; and this made them
lake thisoptmrtnuity offiilliirg upon the poor Jews, though
lliey had no hand in that resolution inl'alestine. Theirnot
liciiig Christians was enough : ami the cruel example of the
7-1-1
Londoners was followed by several other great to /ns, espe.
rially at York, where 500 Jews, besides women and chil-
dren, having fled into the castle to avoid the fury of the
rabble, theliigh sheriff required them to deliver it up ; and
upon their refusal, the people drew up in a body, and at-
tacked the castle. The Jews offered a great sum of money
to go off with their lives, but, notwithstanding, the people
would give them no quarter. And so, rather than fall info
the hands of the unclrcumcised Christians, every master of
a family cut his wife's and children's throats first, then dis-
patched his servants, and ended v.iththe slaughter of him-
self. A new crusade for the recovery of Jerusalem from
the Infidels, had been resolved between Philip of France
and king Henry, in which Richard was to hear a part ; but
their private quarrels had put a stop to the undertaking.
And now Philip and Richard being in perfect amity, they
resumed the design according to both their vows. King
Richard's thou^^hts were wholly taken up with this afl'air
from his very accession; whether fiir the sake of glory or
religion, let the reader jrdge. As he designed to make as
great a figure as possible in this expedition, it was necessary
he should carry with him a numerous army; to maintain
which, he stuck at no melhods to raise money. Besides the
late king's treasure, amounting to above 100,000 marks,
which he wholly applied this way, he sold almost all the
crown lands, of which the bishopsaud abbotswere the chief
purchasers. Fur 10,000 marks he delivered up Berwick
and Roxborough to the king of Scotland, and discharged
him and his successors from the homage his father had im-
posed. When complaints were made to him for these mea-
sures, he said, he would sell London itself, could he find a
chapman able to purchase it. He got a power from the pope
to dispense w itii those who repented of their vow, as having
too hastily engaged in the crusade ; and as there were many
of this sort, he raised great sums by this means. He also
extorted money from the richest of his subjects, by borrow-
ing of those against whom he could have no handle, and
laying such as had any ways made themselves obnoxious,
under a necessity of saving themselves harmless by making
him presents. Whilst he vvas by these and other methods
heaping up money, the clergy did all they could to procure
him soldiers, and the army soon became very numerous.
Having made these extraordinary preparations for his voy-
age, he gave the regency, during his absence, to Long
champ, his high cliaiuelli'r, who wasalso bishop of Ely, and
the pope's legate, joining wiih him the bishop of Durham.
As to his brother prince John, he would not let him have
any share in the govermeut, for fear of giving him an op-
portunity lo act against him : bul, to make him easy, he in-
vested him w ith the earldom of Cornwall, Dorse* Somerset,
Nottingham, Derby, and Lancaster ; and gave iiim in mar-
riage Avisa, heiress of the house of (iloucester, his second
cousin. All things being r-etllcd, king Richard passed over
into France aluMit the beginning of the year 1190, and the
two armies of France and England, making together above
100,000 men, joined at Vezelai towards tlie end of June,
according to agreement. The two monarchs marched toge-
ther as far as Lyons, where parting, Phillip proceeded for,
Genoa, and Richard for Marseilles, to meet his lleet ; both
beingto join again at Messina, in Sicily, Ihe general rendez-
vousoftheCroises. Philip soon arrived there; but Richard,
(wliose Ihet had been separated by a sloira, and were some-
time before they joined again,) not till to\vaids the end of
September. Here a (piarrel soon arose between Richard
and Taucred, king of Sicily, who having detained the queen
dowager, llichard's sister, in prison, set her at liberty on his
arrival, and sent her lo him. But Richard uot satisfied witli
this, demanded the dower assigned her by William II. her
husband. Tanered being very backward to comply with
this demand, Richard seized on a castle and monastery near
Messina, and Taucred in return ordered matters so, that the
inhabitants of Messina, taking the advantage of some dis-
order there, expelled the English out of their citv. Richard,
enraged • t this, attacked the city with such fury, that \u
mc
II re
became master of it the first assault. Upon tliis Tiincied
thoiif,'lit tit to satisfy all Ricliard's licinamls, and a treaty was
contkided between them. 15ut as iiolliinjf but forte had
broimht Tanered 1o comply, he now endeavoured to sow
dissention between Richard and Philip. The lallerhad al-
ready looked with a jealous eye on Itichard's visible supe-
riority, and was of hiuiself too niucli disposed to fall out
with him. IJotli sides beinj; exasperated, I'hilip pereiiip-
tord.vtlemanded of Richard to consummate his mania;,'!' with
the princess Alice, his sister; and Richard as peremptorily
refused it, saying, he could not marry a princess, by whom
the kin^ his father had had a son, olieriu^ to prove it by wit-
nesses ; and though this point, beinj^ofbo tender a nature,
wasdropt, yet this and some other ilispntes had so exaspe-
rated their minds, that they were never more fi lends. How-
ever, this did not hinder them from pursuin;.^ their voyage.
Philip set sail first about the end of March, 1191, Richard
stayini;; for the arrival of ICIeanor, his mother, who was bring-
ing aloMjf with her Bereiiifuella of Navarre, whom he had
espoused. They soon arrived, and Eleanor relurnini; home,
leaving Bereiiguella with the queen dowager of Sicily, king
Richard put to sea with a gallant Heet, about a I'orlnighl after
Philip's departure, taking the two princesses along with him.
This fleet met with a violent slorm between Cyprus and
Rhodes, which drove part of them on the coast oi Cyprus;
where Isaac, king of the island, a prince of a very bad
character, impriioned the English that had escaped the ship-
wreck, and seized their effects. King Richard, provoked at
this barbarity, ,wS soon as the scattered fleet was joined,
landed his nun, and attacked Isaac so furiously, that he was
forced to abandon the shore. The king of England pursu-
ing this advantage, with ease made himself master of the
city of Limisso ; and soon after Isaac and his only daughter
were made prisoners. He entreated king Richard not to
put him in irons; whogianted his request so far, that instead
of iron, he ordered him to be bound with silver fetters. The
conquest of tlie whole island soon followed, which Richard
gave some time after to Guy of Lusignan, the last king of
Jerusalem, whose family enjoyed it near 200 years. Before
Richard left Cyprus, he cnn,umniated his marriage with the
princess Berenguella. W liilst the king was making himself
famous by these great actions abroad, Longchamp, the re-
gent, abused his power at home to such a degree that his
colleague, the Bishop of Dm ham, and the six counsellors the
king had appointed to assist t lien;, complained to prince John,
and got him to join with them in orderto depose him ; which
they ell'ected, auif conferred the regency on thearthbisliop
of Roan, till the king's pleasine should be known. John
was glad of this opportunity of having a hand in the admi-
nistration, and i.m|)roved it so as to make a strong party for
the crown, in case bis brother died during his expedition, in
prejudice of his nephew Arthur, duke of Bretagne, son to
his elder brother Geoffrey. To return to the aflairs of Pa-
lestine : Aeon, or Ptolei;iais had been besieged by some
Christian princes a whole year. When Philip of France
arrived, he continued the siege, but with little success.
King Ricliaril arrived afterwards, and carried it on so vigo-
rously, that, in spite of all the attempts of the sultan Sala-
din to raise it, the city at length surrendered upon articles,
July V2, 1191. And now the Christian army expected to
ma'ch towards Jeiusidem ; but the dissention between the
two kings, vhicli broiie out afresh, occasioned chiefly by
Philip's envying Rxliard's gioiy, and the superiority he had
obtained by the number and good condition of his troops,
and his_ personal valour proved an obstacle to the design.
Philip finding himself very weak after a violent fit of sick-
ness, and being impatient to go and take possession of Ar-
tois, which was fallen to him by the death of tlie earl of
Flanders, quitted Palestine, and returned Iiome, leaving
10,000 of his men under the coiumand of the duke of Bnr-
glmd.y. Soon after his departure, Richard and Saladin ex-
hibited a spectacle of Jiorror, by putting the prisoners to
death each bad in his power, which were some thousands.
This was occasioned by Saladin's refusing to perform the ar-
ticles of the surrender of Acoi), upon which Richard is
thought to have begun with beheading the Turkish |)ri-
soiiers, and Saladin, ljy way of reprisal, did the same by his
Christian ca|ilives. After this, Richard resolved to b<;siege
Ascalon ; ami as he was marching towards it with that de-
sign, Saladin posted hiiiiselfadvautageously in the way, with
an army of yoo.OUO men. Here a great battle ensued, w hicll
was fought on Sept. 7, 1191. Richard attacked the Sara-
cens, so much superior to him in nuudier, with sucli un-
daunted valour and resolution, that he in the end entirely
defeated Iheui, having 40,000 dead on the field of battle.
Alter which he repaired the maratime cities of Ascalon,
Joppa, and Cxsarea, which Saladin had abandoned, after
having demolished their walls. Then he marched towards
Jerusalem, and in his way took the great Babylon caravan,
consisting of ;?000 lo.ided camels, and 1000 horses or mules,
and guard( d by 10,000 horse. By this capture he made
himself master of an inestimable booty. After wiiich he
continued his march towards Jerusalem, and from a hill had
a prospect of the city ; but want of forage obliged him to
put off the siege. In the mean time, the duke of Austria,
with the Germans, and the duke of Burgundy with the
rieiich, deserted him, and the Italian troops under the mar-
quis of Montserrat refused to serve any longer. These
things, together with the diminishing of his own troops by
sickness and battles, the fear of Philip's attacking his domi-
nions in his absence, and the news of w hat his brother John
was doing in England, made Richard resolve to return
home. But before his departure, he caused Henry, earl of
Champaign, to be elected general of the forces that were to
be left behind in Palestine, and concluded a truce with Sa-
ladin for throe years. Thus ended the famous crusado,
which drained l'',ngland and France of men and money, au(i
after all proved of but very little advantage to the eastern
Christians. Richard embarked for England towards the end
of the year 1192, and meeting with a storm, was forced cm
the coiist of Istria, and from thence between Aquileia and
Venice. Whether by mistake, or otherwise, heenleied the
territories of tii;' duke of .'Austria, whom he had afiVontcd at
the siege of Aeon, and took the road to Vienna. Though
he travelled in the disguise of a pilgrim, as did also his at-
tendants, he v^as however at last accidentally discovered to
the duke of Austria, and siezed at a village near Vienna.
The emperor Henry VI. demanded this royal prisoner of the
duke, who delivered him; up, upon assurance given him that
he should have a good share in his ransom. The news of
the king's impiisoumeiit quickly reached^ England, iifod
caused the greatest consternation among his friends, whilst
prince John look this opportunity to endeavour to wrest the
crown from his brother, but was prevented by the diligence
of the queen his mother, and the barons, who preserved
theirfidelity to their imprisoned sovereign. Finding he could
not make a sulHcieiit party in England, he went over to Nor-
niandv, and failing also in his attemitts there, he applied to
the king of France, and made a treaty with him. Philip,
glad of any pretence to embroil Richaids afl'airs, resolved
to sieze on the provinces he held in France. He made him-
self master of Gisors, Eureux, and the country of Vexin, and
laid siege to Roan ; but lie failed in this last attempt, beinjf
repidscd with great loss, and forced to abandon the siege.
in the mean while queen Eleanor left no stone unturned to
procure the liberty of the king her son, whilst Philip and
.lohn did all they could to prevail with the emperor to keep
liim stiil a prisoner. Eleanor at last had her desire, chiefly
by means of the Ciemian princes, who vigorously espoused
the cause of llie uid'ortuuate king before the emperor; and
so Richard was set at liberty upon paying down 100,000
marks of pure silver, which the queen his mother raised in
England for that purpose, and giving hostages for the pav-
me'iit of 50,000 more. The king was no sooner released,
but he set out with all speed for the Low Countries, and em-
barking at Antwerp, arrived at Sandwich, on the 20tli of
March, 1194, after having been absent from England four
years, of which he had been fifteen months a prisoiisi.
6 C 746
RIC
RIC
AichanlwasiTceived with great tlemonstrations of joy by
i\\i subjects, but lie did not make any long stay in I'lii^land.
For liaViog reduced the few castles that were still in the
hands of John's adherents.and causing himself to be crowned
a second time, he passed over into France with a coniide-
rable army, to be revenged on Philip for his late insults, and
for encouraging the rebellion of l-.is brother John. At the
instance of his niother, he w as reconciled to prince John, at
Roan, upon his making his submission; but a ^var com-
menced between the two kings, the particulars of which
are but of small moment, neither of them gaining much ad-
vantage over the other. AVhilst Ricliartl was in France, a
great 'sedition was raised in London, by one William Fitz-
Osburn, commonly called Longbeard, on account of a taN,
which he alleged would fall wholly on the poor, with whom
he had gained great credit by atlecting always to appear an
advocate for them, 'i'he tumult could not be appeased with-
out the citizens taking to arms. In the end Longbeard was
taken and hanged, w ith nine of his accomplices. The lower
class of people, when he was tiead, began to revere a n)an
that they had not spirit to relieve. They stole his gibbet,
and paid it a veneration like that offered to the wood of the
cross. The turf on which it stood was carried away, and
kept as a preservative from sickness and misfortune ; and
had not the clergy withstood the torrent of popular supersti-
tion,his memory might have received honours similar to those
paid at the shrine of St. Thomas of Canterbury. About this
time lived the famous Robin Hood, and his associate Little
John, who with their gang are said to have infested York-
shire with their robberies. Some say he was of noble de-
scent, and was reduced to these courses by his riot and ex-
travagance. He never hurt any person, robbed only the
rich, and spared the poor. A proclamation being issued
against him, he fell sick at the nunnery of Berkeley, and de-
siriiig to be let blot)d, was betrayed, and bhd to death.
Hicliard, after the truce he liad made witji France, wiiglit
have enjoyed some repose after his nvany fatigues, if ijis
avarice had not put him upon an action which occasioned
Ills death. A gentleman of Liniosin, which was held of llio
duchy of Guienue, having found a treasure that had been hid
for some ages in his grounds, Richard pretended it belonged
■to him as sovereign of the country. The gentleman would
have given him a part ; but finding the king was resolved to
have the whole, he applied for protection to Vidomer, vis-
count of Limoges, w ho sheltered him in the castle of Chaluz.
Richard marched into the Limosin, to lay siege to the castle.
Rut as he was taking a turn roinid in. order to view it, one
Bertram, an archer, let fly an arrow at him from the walls.
which shot him in the shoulder close to his neck. 'Die
w ouud, under the management of an unskilful surgeon, gan-
grened, so that he died of it eleven days after he received it,
viz. on tlie Glli of .\pril, 119tf. The castle being taken be-
fore he died, and the person who shot him brought before
him, he asked why he ilid it. The man boldly replied, it
was to revenge the death of his father and brother, whom the
king had slain, and that he was glad he had rid the world of
one who had done so much mischief. The dying king for-
gave him, and ordered him liis liberty, with a present of 100
shillings. But as soon as the king was (lead, Alarchal, ge-
neral of the Flemings, caused the miserable man to be flayed
alive. 'I'hiisfell king Richard, in the 10th year of his reign,
and 48lh of his agi'. Before he died he made his will, leav-
ing his kingdom an<i his other domininns to his brother John,
and ordered his body to be buried at I"ouleverard,at the feet
of the king his father, to testify his grief lor his undutiiid be-
haviour towards him. He left only a natural son, whose
name was Philip, to wjiom he gave the lordship of Cognac
in the duchy of (hiienne. He was certainly a prince of an
intrepid anil dauntless spirit, of unqueslionable valour and
courage, whence he was suriuuned Ceeurde Lion, or Lion's
Heart." If those who have written his life have not niisre-
jjreseuted hiin, pride, avarice, and lust, were his reigning
vices. - It is said, that a certain priest once took the freedom
W admonish him to put oH' those ill qualities, wliic^ weie
7^X
usually called his three daughters. The king told him he
had been thinking to do so, and would give the first to the
templars, the second to the monks, and the third to the bi-
shops. He imposed exorbitant taxes on his subjects, and
extorted laige sums ficm them by unji.stifiable methods.
Ihiring his whole reign, he never was above eight months in
Fngland, which doubtless was unhappy under his govern-
ment. Richard was the first king of England who bore
three lions passant in his arms. He ordered that weights and
measures should be the same all over the kingdom. It was
during the crusades, that the custom of wearing co;:ts of
arms was first introduced into Europe. The knights, ca.«eH
up in armour, had no way to make themselves known and
distinguished in battle,biit by the devices on the shields ; and
these were gradually adopted by their posterity and families,
who were proud of the pious and military enterprises of their
ancestors. King Richard was a passionate lover of poetry t
and there even remain some poetical works of his composi-
tion. In his reign the city of London began to assume a
new forut with respect to its government, to have a mayor,
and to be divided into several corporations or societies, now
termed companies. Henry Fifz-Alw in was the first mayor,
who continued in that othce 21 vears.
RI'CHARD II, Upon tlie death of Edward TIL his grand-
son Richard, son of the Black Prince, succeeded to the
crown. He was born at Bourdeaux, and was now about
11 years old. He had three uncles, who might upon spe-
cious pretences have disputed the succession with him ; but
they were so far from endeavouring to si:ppl?.nt him, that
they were the first to do him homage. Accordingly, oi»
the' IGth of July, 24 days after Edward's death,' young
Richard was crowned without any opposition. The truce
with France was expired near three months before Edward's
death. The king of France was making vast preparation*
to complete the expulsion of the English out of all the places
they held in France ; w hilst at the end of the last reign, and
at the beginning of this, the English seemed w holly uncon-
cerned about the war. And so, whilst five armies were
employed in different places to finish the work in France,
the French made several descents upon England, burnt
Hastings, Portsmouth, Dartmouth, and Plymouth, and phni-
dered the Isle of Wight. For this the people blamed tlie
king's uncles, who took upon them the administration of
afi'airs till the parliament should meet ; not considering that
they hadneither money nor forces, nor any lawful authority
to raise them. The parliament met iu October, and gave
the regency of the kingdom to the three uncles, joining with
tliem some bishops and lay lords. This mortihed the duke
of Lancaster, the eldest of the uncles, a prince of a haughty
temper, who had flattered himself with the hopes of being;
sole regent. Whilst preparations were making to guard
the coasts, and to oppose France, the king of Navarre put
Cherbourg into the hands of the English, as the duke of
Bretagne soon after delivered up Brest to them. These
places, together w ith Calais and Bourdeaux, might have been
of great advantage to the English, as by means of these four
towns they might have invaded France four several way* ;
but they made not a jiroper use of this advantage ; and
Richard, towards the end of his reign, gave up Brest and
Cherbourg for a very inconsiderable sum. When measures
weie taken in England to assist the duke of Bretagne, the
Fiench court, in order to divert the storm fiom llieir own
country, (according to their usual artihcc,) encouraged the
king of Scotland to make a diversion on his side. He ac-
cordingly broke the truce, and took Berwick by surprise;
but the earl of Northumberland drew together a body of
troops, and retook it by storm. In this siege, his son Henry
Percy signalized himself with such bravery and resolutJori,
that iie gained the surname of Hotspur. In the mean lime,
hostilities coulinued to be carried on in several places, be-
tween the French and English, without any general actiox
or decisive battle. Whilst the nation was involved abrooi
and those about their king had more regard lo their own pri-
vate interest than that of the public, a surprising insurrcc
niG
R iC
,flon }irrike out, vliicli lliiciili iird liie vliolc kin;;(l(.iii willi
destiuclidn. Tlu' svuliiiincnl h-.id imposed n poll l;;x, where-
by nil persons iihove 15 y<;irs old were obliged tf) pHV I2il.
a bead, ilie monks and oiins iiol cxcepli (I. 'J'liis kix was
levied vvilb '^vfjt model ;itio:i ill iiist; bid at leiifilh, lieiiig
f:iniied by (livers persons, wlioliav:7;;; advanced siieli a sum
to tbeliiti;,', wpre to Imve wbal tliey could raise by it, tliese
farmers and their collcelors levied the lax wilii fjreat ri^'our,
in order to enricli tbeniselves. One of llie colleclors hav.
in^t demanded of a tyler at Deptford, vliosc name was
VVaJlcr, from llienee tailed W'atl'ylcr, V2d. for one of bis
fiaiij;bters, the iallicr lefused lo pay it, allesin^' that she
was under the age mentioned in llieact. The insolent col-
lector altempling ina way not very modest to satisfy liini-
self ofllie Irulii oilliis, Wat took np a hammer, and knocked
out bis brains. 'I'he people took bis part, and promised lo
stand bv liim. Imniedialely the pnpiilace rose in Kent, and
chose Wat Tyler for their leader ; and ibey were soon fol-
lowed by those of Essex, under ihe conduct of .lack .Siraw.
To the poll-tax \verea<!(led olher grievances ; the liltlecjire
And thinking the wliole cjly wa« comir,™ on) <igain.-,f ibem,
Ibey immedialely thirw down llieir arms, and Ibc v.liold
inullitudc was soon dispersed, wiUioet ibe loss of one Jifc
bill Ibat of \yal 'I'yler iheir leader, 'j here w<re much the
same kind ot insurrections in Norfolk ntid Suliolk • but ihe
bishop of Norwich, pulling iiiniielf al 1 lie head' of some-
troops, (piickly suppressed them. Tlx.se in Ksscx bc"
also lo stir again; but lb ■ king niarche '
defeated tlieni. Great numbers were s
taken and executed :
leader. He confessed, if they bad succeeded, Ib-ir inten-
tion was lo kill the king,,lo extirpate the nobiliiy, ami ijjc
clergy, except ihe Mendicant I'riars, to divide England into
several kingdoms, lo make Wat 'Jyler king of Kent, to abo-
lish all the old laws, and make new ones. 'I'hi.s form
iiisurrcclion was in ibe year 1.381, and difl not last
month from the beginning to the end. A marriage „„..„„
been concluded between king Itichard and Anne of Lux-
emburg, sisler ol the em|;eior \\ eiiceslaiis, she arrived
England, and was r'-ceived wilb great
in j_sscx began
I against llicm, and
liu, andolbers were
among whom was Ja( k .Straw, their
:iiiilalik-
ibove a
ge having
|)omp and ma;
in
nifi-
taken by those at tlic helm to guard the coasts against the cence, soon after Ihe troubles were appeased. The same
French, nolwilbslanding the large sums that bad been raised year Ihe king granted a power to the bi^llclps to inn)risoii
for that purpose, the extorlion of the judges and lawyers, heretics; but the house of commons soon got it revoked,
the oppression of the nobles, tVc. These grievances being In l,?a5, the Scots, by the assistance of France, as weil as
indanied by sediliotis spirits, and, as some say, by the Ibe French themselves, were preparing again to invade
monks, w ho iboughl ibemselves aggrieved by Ihe poll tax, England. This alarmed the court, and made them so exert
the people rose in great numbers, and Wat soon found him
self at the head of 100,000 men. With these he maiched
directly for Loudon, freeing all the prisoners as he went
along. This formidable mob proceeded to the nlniost extra-
jud
inces : they cut off Ibe heads of those lord:
L'cs, and lawyers, they could lav bands on
i, gentlemen,
and bound
themselves, that in a little time Richard was at the head of
a very numerous army, some even sav, 300,000 men.
'Jlioughwilh this army he might have subdued .Scotland, he
made litlle or no use of it. Instead of pushing the Scots vi-
gorously, w ho would not have been able to stand before him,
he employed bimselfin ravaging the country about Edin!
themselves by oalli never to own for king anv whose name burgh, whilst they sli|it by him into Cumberland, and com.
should be Julin; which was occasioned by Iheir haired lo niilted terrible devastations. And llu/ugh he might have
John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, who at ' '' ' " . . .t ...
gone to the borders to negociate;
ing come lo Black-Heath, Vi'at
lis'tiine was intercepted them in their return, he omitted to doit, and
Scots. Be- returned ingloriously into England. It must be owned, in-
Tyler reviewed his army, deed, that marching with the greatest part of this army first
dcred Soulliuark. Shorlly afler he entered London, the
city mob opening the bridge gates to him, in spile of the
magistrates. Here this enraged rabble committed the most
horrid ravages, burning and plundering the houses of the
judges, lortls, and principal citizens. Then they seized the
Tower, and findirg there the archbishop of Canterbury and
and continuing their march towards London, look and plii'n- towards the southern part of this island, bc, by tlie iiilelli-
■'--''^■- ■' ' "=' ■! • ■A..- i.„ ..,,_... 1 I .., , .1 gence which the French had of the great number of his
forces, prevented ihe invasion from Fiance, which was at
the same lime intended. Richard's chief favourites now
wercj Nevil, archbishop of York, Robert de Verre, earl of
Oxford, whom lie created marquis of Dublin, (the first who
hore the title of niaiquis in England.) the duke of Ireland ;
the high treasurer, they wilbouUiny ceremony or delay cut Michael de la Pole, son to a merchant in London, whom
'"■ ' ' ' ' "" ' ' ' he made earl of Siifi'olk and high chancellor ; and judtre
Tresilian. These, by humouring bis passions, got an abso-
lute ascendant over him. That they might engross him to
themselves, Ihev inspired him with jealousy of his three
uncles, esjiecially llie duke of Lancaster, persuading liiin
that beaspired lo the crown ; whilst these could not"with.
out indignation see persons of obscure birth or inferior rank
engross all the king's f\-.vour and confidence. These jea
lousies and animosities proved fatal to the king himself,
who always loved those best that flattered him most, and'
were for justifying whatever was agreeable to his inclina-
tion. These favourites were become so odious, that when
the king demanded a subsidy from the parliament, on ac-
ofFthe beads of both of them. The king and council were
exceedingly distracted and alarmed at tliese furious proceed-
ings, and in great perplexity what course to take to put a
stop to them. At last it was resolved to offer the rebels a
charter confirming tiie people's liberties, and a general par-
don ; v\bi<b those of E.ssex accepting, returned to their
homes. Wat T\ler still continued at the head of 00 or
40,000 men ; and jlie king coming to Smilbfield, sent to de-
sire him to come and confer with him. Wat returned a
haughty answer, that he would come when he Ihouglit fii.
lie however set forward at the head of his troops, and meet-
ing the king in Smitbfield, fliey had a conference togelber,
both on horseback. He made such extravagant demands.
that Ritcliard knew not how to answer him; and now and count of another French invasion that was threatened, in
then he would lift upbis sword, as iflie threatened llie king.
This insolence so enraged ^^alw(ulb, mayor of London,
who was by ihe king, that he struck the rebel svich a fu-
rious blow on the head with bis sword, as instantly killed
him. The rebels seeing their leader fali, were about to
revenge his death, when the young king, with a courage and
presence of mind that could hardly be expected from his
years, cried out aloud to them, 'My friends, will you kill
vour king? What, though you have lost your leader! I will
be your captain, follow me.' With that, turning bis horse
about, he (uit himself at their head, and marched to St.
George's Fields. The rebels, imacrining he had declared
for them, readily followed him. When they were come
thither, they piesenlly saw a great number of citi/en-; well
armed, whom the major had raised, marching towards them.
stead of answering his desire, they presented an address for
the removal of hi* favourites. Richard was exceedingly
enraged at ibis proceeding, and said, ' That to please the
parliament he would not turn out the meanest scullion in his
kitchen.' A few days afler, be sent to the chancellor in an
imperious manner to renew bis demand of the supply. But
the two houses unitingon tbisoecasion, peremptorily refused
it, unless he would first remove the favourites. Things
were even upon the point of coming to a rupture, when the
king, thinking better of the matter, complied. After which
the duke of Ireland's estate v; as confiscated by order of par-
liament, and the chancellor was obliged to restore all the
grants the king had made him ; w iiich done, the i)arlianient
appointed fourteen commissioners to manage affairs jointly
with the king. But so fickle and imprudent was RicharU
747
il I c.
11 1 c
tiiat, as scon as the parliament broke up, lie recalled liis old
ministers, and caressed tlieni more than ever, who now
made use oi all their arts to be rtveni^eil on their enemies.
The duke of Gloucester, the youngest of tlie kind's uncles,
^^llo had acted vigorously against them, was the chief object
of tlieir resentment ; whom tlioy endeavoured to get poi-
soned, but he escaped for that linie. The remaining part of
t!:!< ri'ign was nothing but coiifusion, and a series of arbi-
trary measures. The ministers formed a design of making
the king absolute, which Richard was very well pleased
with. 'Twas agreed that he shoulrl raise an army, to terrify
the duke of Gloucester, and the other lords his associates;
as the carls of Arundel, Warwick, Nottingham, and Derby,
which last was eldest son to the duke of Lancaster. Then
a parliament was to be called, which was to be wholly! at
the king's devotion, and none to be returned but such as
were set down in his list. For this purpose, he sent for all
the sheritls and .judges toNottingliam, and communicated to
them his design. The sheriffs refused to comply ; but the
judges were not so scrupulous as to what was referred to
ihem. Being asked whether the king un'ght not turn out
tlie 14 commissioners appointed by parliament, and annul
what other acts he pleased, they replied. That the king was
above the laws. And some through servile flattery, others
compelled by menaces, signed this opinion. The king then
issued out commissioners for levying an army ; but so few
were willing to serve him, that he was forced to desist.
And all he gained by this was, that by discovering his de-
signs, he increased more and more the hatred of the people.
The duke of Gloucester and the other lords, alarmed at these
proceedings, and knowing that the chief aim ot the court
was their destruction, resolved to take arms ; and, as they
were in great credit w ith the people, soon raised an army of
40,000 men. This threw the king into great perplexity,
but he thought the best way was to amuse them by fair pro-
mises, whilst the duke of Ireland went and raised an army
in Wales ; w hich he soon did, but lH?ing met by the earl of
Derby, in Oxfordshire, was defeated, anci forced to fly into
Ijolland. From thence he went into Loiivain, where lie
died about 3 years after. In his baggage, which was taken,
was found a letter from the king, ordering him to march
with all speed to London, and promising to live and die
with him. It w as also discovered, that he designed to make
up matters with France at any rate, in order to have the as-
sistance of that crown to reduce his subjects to obedience.
Richard's measures being thus defeated, he took shelter in
the Tower, and the lords immediately marchetl their army
to London. They demanded a conference with the king,
which, in the circumstances he was in, he durst not refuse.
They upbraided him with the Nottingham plot, and all his
other measures to destroy them, and to make himself abso-
lute. He seemed much aflected, and shed trars at this re-
monstrance ; and it was agreed, that he should meet them
the next day at Westminster, in order to settle with him the
fovernmont. But they were no sooner gone from the
'ower, than he altered his mind, and sent them word he
would not meet them. Hereupon they let him know, that
if he did not come, they would choose another king. Fright-
ened at this declaration, he not only came, but consented to
the banishment of his favourites. As to the judges, they
were taken otf the bench, and sent to (he Tower. The
parliament meet^ing in Feb. 1380, several persons were im-
peached of high-treason. Some were banished, and had
their estates contiscated. The chief.juslice. Sir llobeitTre-
silian, and some others, were hanged at Tyburn. After this,
a general pardon was passed for both parties, the king re-
newed his coronatifm oath, ai-d all the lords repeated tlieir
oaths of allegiance to him. During these transactions, the
'.luke of Lancaster was in Sp;:in, endeavouring to possess
himself of the crown of Castile, which he claimed in right
of his wile, eldest daughter of I'eler the Cruel. .\t his re-
turn, the king invrstcd him with the duchv of (Juienne, not
out of any aft'cction for him, hut with a view of having him
Bta distance. Tlnjugh matlcrs had been thus made up, tlie
-48
unhappy temper of the king soon threw all in ci.'ifuMon
again. Being now come of age, lie was resolved to lake
the government into his own hands ; when it soon appeared,
that he was not at all disposed to rule with moderation ac-
cording to the laws, but that he was fully resolved to follow
tiie opinions and maxims of his late favourites. His queen
being dead, he married Isabella, daughter of Charles \l. of
France, and made a dishonourable truce with that crown for
28 years. The dukes of Lancaster and York, seeing how
matters went, quitted ihecourt ; and the duke of Gloucester,
who had taken 1-he freedom to upbraid the king, his nephew,
on severj occasions, was treacherously seized, hurried over
to Calais, and there smothered between two feather-beds.
The earls of Warwick and Arundel were apprehended, and
sent to the Tower. The king now took more timely and
effectual methods to have a parliament at his devotion. He
changed all the sheriffs, and the magistrates of cities and
boroughs, and s;iff'ered none to continue in place, but such
as would be s>d)servient to his will. A packed parliament
being by such means obtained, they stuck not at sacrificing
to theking'sand his ministers' resentment, the first lords in
the kingdom. Thomas Arundel, archbishop of Caritcrbury,
was banished, and his estate contiscated : the earl of War-
wick sentenced to perpetual exile in the Isle of Man. This
parliament, so agreeable to Richard's mind, was adjourned
to Shrewsbury, though in those days the parliament usually
sat but one session. Here they established such maxims as
were destructive to liberty and the constitution. They ap-
proved the opinion for which Ircsilian and other judges had
been condemned. Accordingly the judges, who attended
during the session, decided, "i'liat\vlien the king proposed
any affair in parliament, it was high trnason to go upon any
other business before the king's wasdispatched." Thus tjiii
scandalous parliament, by humouring the king in every
thing, was only hastening his ruin. So many great men be-
ing either dead or banished, and the parliament having
given \hoW sanction to his arbitrary power, Richard now
thought himself above all restraint, and minded nothing but
his ease and pleasure ; whilst bis ministers, wliolly intent
upon their own private advantage, let the affairs of the na-
tion go to wreck. To shew what lengths the king and his
ministers went to raise money, 17 counties were condemned
of treason for taking arms luidertlie late duke of Gloucester,
notwithstanding I he general pardon; and tosave their estates
were forced to give blank bonds, to be filled up with wliat
sum the king pleased ; and every one bound himself under
great penalties, liy what yias inserted in these bonds, to
stand by the statutes of the Shrewsbury parliament. Such
tyiannical proceedings could not fail of making the nation
very uneasy. And in the midst of the general discontent,
a rebellion happened in Ireland, the infatuated king went
over in person with his troops to uucll it. He was no sooner
gone, but a conspiracy b<g;in to be formed in England, to
deprive him of his crown. The malecontents, after several
consultations, resolved to call in the duke of Hereford, or
Lancaster, who was now in Fiance ; and to that end wrote
to the archbishop of Canterbury, who was also there, to
communicate their design to him, promising to assist him to
tiie utmost of their power. The duke laying hold of this
opportunity to try his fortune, got a few ships of the duke
of Hretagne, and embarking with the archbishop of Canter-
bury, and a small number of men, set sail, and hovered some
time about the coast of England, to see if the people would
declare for iiini. As soon as it was known that lie was on
the coast, thev began to take arms in several places. Upon
this thedukeianded in July, l.ltw.nearllavcnspur, in York-
shire, w here he was presently joined by the carl of North-
umberland, and Henry Percy his son, with some troops ;
and the people flocked to him so from all parts, that in n
few days he saw Iiimselfat the lieail of ()0,000 men. The
duke of York, whom the king had left regent, a man not
much disposed for action, uud the rest of the council, here-
upon left London, and repaired to St. Alban's which they
had no tooner done, but the city declared for tlie duke.
RIC
H 1 C
Soon afler, the cail of Wilisliirc, and the rest of Richard's
miniilcis, tliiiikiiit; llii-niselves not siife where they were,
left tlie (liiKo ol ^'oi l<, and retired to Bristol castle ; and the
duke, (iij(lin;4 it ini|i()>sil)ie to stern the torrent, willidrew to
hisoun house. 'I'lie dnke of Laneastcr first marched to
London, where tiie citizens received him with the ^;reatesl
tiemonstralions of Joy and afl'ection, as their saviour and de-
liverer. He then proceeded directly for Bristol, and layiiig
siege to the castle, where the ministers were retired, he-
canie master of it in four days ; when he caused the earl of
Wiltshire, and some other of Bichard's counsellors, to he
beheaded, to satisfy the nnillilutle, who were exceedingly
enrajfed ajjainaf iheni. And soon afler the duke of York,
Jiis uncle, came in to him. Whilst these thinfjs were doinjj,
the contrary winds hindered the kin^' for some weeks from
Ijaviii;; any news from lui^land. At last, when he was in-
formed of the dnke his cousin's descent, instead <.f coming
over himself with hrs forces, he sent the earl of Salishnry
before liiin to levy troops; which he did in Wales and
Cheshire, to the nuniher of 40,000. But liaving continued
in arms for some time, and the king not appearin;;, they dis-
persed and returned home. Soon after the kini; arrived, and
when he found how matters stood, and that ail the nobility
and people had declared against him, he was in the nlniost
consternation, and knew not which way to turn himself.
At last he w ilhdrew privately from the army, and went and
shut himself up in Conway castle, in Wales. The dnke of
Lancaster being marched to Chester, Bichard, in the extre-
mity he was in, thought it best to throw 'inniself upon his
enemy's ,<;enerosily, and even oU'ered to resign his crown,
provided he would spate his life, and allow him an honouri-
ble pension ; and then went and conferred with the dnke at
Flint. From hence they set out both tor London, v here
Richard was presently conducted to t!ie Tower; and Ihc
dnke having caused hmi to call a parliament, the day before
It met, he repaired to the Tower, with a great many lords,
and there Richard delivered up the crown and sceptre,
and signed an instrument, confessing himself unworthy and
unfit to govern the kingdom any longer ; whicii instrument
of resignation was the next day approved of in parliament.
They then drew up several articles of accusation against
him, upon which he was solemnly deposed, much in the same
manner as Edward IL tiad been. The throne being thus
vacant, the duke of Lancaster, as had been agreed, rose up
and claimed the crown ; and it was unanimously resolved,
Sept. 30, 1390, that he should he proclaimed king of Vav^-
land and France, and lord of Ireland ; which was done ac-
cordingly the same day. Thus ended the uid)appy reign of
Richard, in its 23d year. P'e seemed to be a prince of ge-
nerous inclinations in his younger years, but afterwards be-
ing corrupted by flattery, grew excessively full of himself;
most profusely expensive in pon)p, and show, and diver-
sions; assumim:, arbitrary, cruel, and inflexible: which
losing him the aftections of his subjects, in the end, IJv a sud-
den and surprising revolution, lost him his crown, lie, had
no issue by either of his two marriages. See Henry IV.
*"nr the account of his death.
RICHARD 111. (surnamed Crook-Back, duke of CJlou-
cester) was proclaimed king on the 20th of .lune, MH3, by
the name of Richard III. and was solemnly crowned, toge-
ther with his queen, on the Glh of the following month. In
the mean lime, he appointed the lord John Howard earl
marsliid, and created him dnke of Norfolk; his son Thomas
lloward, earl of Surrey ; Wdlianr Berkley, earl of Notting-
ham ; and the lord Lovel, one of hischiefconfidants, viscount
Lovel, on whom he likewise conferred the olfice of cham-
berlain. He also released from confinement the archbishop
of York, and the lord Stanley ; and taking doctor Morton,
bishop of Fly, out of the Tower, committed him to the cus-
tody of the duke of Buckingham, who sent him to Breck-
nock castle in Wales. Richard enjoyed the crown, which
he had obtained by such uiijusl and cruel methods, hut two
years and two months ; which whole time was spent by him
»n contriving methods to support himself on the throne ; uud
by his enemies, in plots and conspiracies to pull him dowii ,
in which ihey al last succeeded, and at the same time de-
jirived him hoili of his crown and life. Ashe could not
think himself safe whiKt his two nephews, the yimng king,
and his brothi r llie dnke of York, were yi"! living, he re-
b<jlved on the w icked c xpeilit nt of dispalching them out of
the way ; which was accordingly done soon after his coro-
nation. 'J'helwo innocent childrtn were still in the Tower,
the government of which he had given to Sir Robert Brack-
enhury, one of his creatiuis. lie chose to be absent from
Loudon wlnlst the hellish design was executed, that he might
')e the less suspected ; and set out with the dnke of Buck-
/ngham to visit s(tveral connlies. Being come to (Gloucester,
he sent express orders to Brackcnbnry to put the two young
•"linees to death. r»iatkenl>ury, more ((.nscienlious than
Ricliard imagined, humbly desired to be excused. Upon
.vhich he sent him a written order, by sir James Tyrrel, re-
quiring him to di'liver up to the said Tyrrel the keys and
government of I he Tower tor one night only. Brackenbuiy
ol-eyed ; and Tyrrel brought in two rutha'ns, Miles Fores't
and Johii Uighton, wlumi he had hired to per|ielrate the
horrid fact. In the dead (d' the night, when the princei
were asleep, they entered the chamber, and rushing upon
Jhem, stifled them both in their bed, and then buried tliera
under a little staircase. This, Tyrrel confessed, who was
executed in the next reign. In 1674, some bones were
found there, supposed to be theirs, which Charles II. caused
to be [lut in a marble urn, and removed to Westminster
Abbey. From Gloucester king Richard set out for the
North, to quel! some disorders in those parts ; and coming
to York, was crowned there a second time, in the begin-
ning of Sept. At the same time, he created Edward, 'hin
9on, prince of Wales, w ho was then ten years old. Having
got ndof his nei)hews, and taking measures for renewing the
foreign alliances, and endeavoured to make those his friends
whom he most suspected, by giving them considerable pests
and employments, particularly the ofiice of lord steward of
the household to the lord Stanley (who had married INIar-
garet, countess of Richmond, mother of the earl, who was
.si ill in Bretagne.) Richard now thotight himself very se-
CLre : but at this very time a conspiracy was forming, w bich,
though it proved unsuccessful at first, in the end completed
his ruin. The duke of Buckingham, who had been the chief
instrument in placing Richard on the throne, was at the
head of this conspiracy. He thought himself neglected by
Richard, or, at least, not rewarded in proporion to the ser-
vice he had done him. It is said, the king had broke his
word with him, w itli regard to some lands he had promised
to give him. However, he retired from court exceedingly
disgusted, meditating nolhing but revenge, and soon began
to concert measures with Morton, bishop of Ely, his prisoner
III Wales, how to dethrone the usurper whom he had lately
set np. After several conferences, and thoroughly under-
stTiiding one another, the scheme they fixed upon was to
set Henry earl of Richmond on the throne. In this project
they were sure of having all the friends of the house of Lan-
caster on their side, Henry being the only relict of that fa-
mily. And in order to engage the Y'orkists, it was thought
necessary, that Henry should promise t6 marry the princess
Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Edward IV. Matters being
thus concerted, the first step that was taken was, by a trusty
messenger, to acquaint the countess of Richmond wiih their
design; who came heartily into it, and founds means pri-
vately to impart it to the queen dowager, in her sanctuary,
who readily gave her consent that Henry should marry her
daughter. This done, they each of them engaged their most
faithful friends in the plot, and these drew in others ; which
indeed was no hard matter, as the usurper was universMlly
hated by the nation. The countess then sent two trusty
persons into Bretagne, to inform the earl her son of what
was doing in his favour, and to invite him over, llis coii-
ditjon there seemed not very promising tor such an under-
taking. But upon the duke of Bretagne's promising to assist
him, he sent word to the countess his mother, that he should
?4'J
nic
a I c
DC ready to come ovot in October. Though the conspirators
took all imaginable care to conceal themselves, yet Richard
had some confused intimations of a plot; and beginning to
suspect the dnke of Biickinshani, ordered him to court ; but
he peremptorily refused to come, declared a;;auist tiiekiug,
and took up arms, drawing together the forces he and his
adherents had privately listed in Wales, ai;d marched to-
wards the western counties, in order to join his friends who
were ready to rise tliere, anrl wiicre the earl of Richmond
designed to land. But the duke being stopped in his pas-
sage by a dreadfid inundation of the Severn, which lasted
six days, his whole army dispersed, and he being left with
only ojie servant, went and concealed himself in the house
of one Banister, to whom both he and his father had been
great benefactors. Nrverthelcss,upon Richard's publishing
a proclaninliou, ofl'eringa very great reward for ap|)rcliend-
ing him. he was l)ascly betrayed by Kanister to the high
sheriff of Shropshire, and soon after lost his head. About
the same time the cail of Ricinnond appeared on the coast
of England, and was like to have fallen into the hands of
his enemies ; but he luckily escaped, and sailed back to
Normandy, and from thence to Rretagne, to wait for a inoie
favourahle opportunity. In the mean time, Richard pro-
ceeded w ith severity against tlie conspirators, putting luany
of them to death, ami gave an extraordinary commission to
Sir Ralph Ashton for that purpose. Among others. Sir
\Villiam Collingburn, a Wiltshire gentleman, was hanged,
drawn, and quartered, for abetting the earl of Richmond's
project, and for writing l!ie following satirical rhyme on
Richard, an;.! three of his favourites.
The Cat, the Rat, and Lovel the dog,
Rule all England uudera hog.
Alludingto Catesby, Ratclift", and Lovel, who bore a dog for
his arms, as one of Richard's supjiorters was a "ild boar.
But many to escape the king's severity, tied into Bretagiie,
to the earl of Richmond ; among whom was Thomas Grey,
marquis of Dorset, son to king Edwnrd'squeen. Tiie storm
lieing thusin appearance blown over, king Richard thought
lit to call a parliament; which meetiny^ on January 23,
14S4, and being wholly devoted to the king, made no scru-
ple to declare the issue of Edward IV. illegitimate, to coii-
tirm Richards irregular election, and recognize his pre-
tended right to the crown. Then they passed an act of at-
tainder against the earl of Richmond, and all his adherents.
But it was very happy for his niolher, the countess, that no-
body discovered her having any hand in the plot. I'he earl
of Richmond had many English lords now with him, who
had escaped to I'retagne, after the late disappointmetit, and
assured him, that the nation in general were his friends ;
and the duke of Brdagne promised to continue his assist-
ance. But here he was soon in great daI^ger. For the
duke being grown old and infirm, his prime minister, Laii-
lais one of very mean extraction, now governed all in his
name ; and made himself so odious to the nobility, ai'd all
the people of Bretagne.that to support himself against them,
lie sought foreign assistance, and bt lii'ved lie had a good
opportunity of receiving it from king Richard, on condition
of ilcliveringthc earl ol'Richmoiul into his hands. Nothing
could be more agreeable to Richard, and a iiegociation was
actually larriedoii between this hated king, and equally
hated minister, for this pinpose. In the mean time, the earl
knew nothing of all this ; but the bishop of Ely, who had
made his es-ape, and, though abroad, had good spies about
Richard, advertised him of the danger he was in. Upon
which, with gicat ditbcidty, lie es( aped in disguise from
Frelague, ^tid repaired to the court of(Miari(s\"lll. king of
France, who had succeeded his father, Lewis XI. The ge-
nerous duke of Bretagne was angry with his minister for
givi-ng the earl any cause of uneasiness, and permitted all
the I',nglislitf> follow him ; and not long alter, Landais, for
all his insolent proceedings, met with his deserved reward
on a gihhet. The earl was very civilly treated at the court
of C;liarle9 VIII. who at length prondsed him some assist-
ance not so much out of regard to iiim, as to r.BUkt: new
ISO
troubles in England. Here also lie had the sa.. unction lo
sec the earl of Oxford Qome to him, who had been impri-
soned by Edward IV'. lu the castle of Hammes, in Picardy,
but had now i)revaded on the governor and garrison to de-
clare for the earl of Richmond. Richard had intelligence,
that something was also contriving against him in England,
but could not discover by \\hom. After some 'ime, he found
out, that what was carrying on in favour of the carl, was
chiefly grounded on his having prouiised to marry the prin-
cess Elizabeth. To prevent him therefore, he residved lo
marry her himself. In order to this, by various plausible
pretences, particularly by promising lo secure the crown to
the princess alter his death, as I lie prince of Wales was now
dead, and he had no other child, he so wrought on the queen
dowager, that she delivered her five daughleis into his
hands. Then he look care to get rid of Anne, his queen,
daughter of the great earl of W'anvick, either by causing
her to die with grief and vexation by his ill treatment, or
by actually poisoning her. She would have been more
pitied, if she had not married the murderer other former
husband, who was Edward, prince of Wales, sou to Henry
VI. Richard now made his addresses to the princess, his
niece, but found her absolutely inflexible. In the mean
time, as he grew every day more odious, many lords and
gentlemen went over to the earl of Richmond, and olt'ered
him their services ; others did the same to avoid being sa-
crificed to his suspicions ; and those who staid at home,
waited only for an opportunity lo declare against him. All
circumstances now concurring, the earl set sail from Ilar-
fleiir, on the 31st of July, 148;>, with only 2(l(Kl men, which
France had lent him together with the shiiis to transport them.
On tlieethof August he landed at !\Iilford-Haven,and march-
ing towards North-Wales, was joined by Rice ap Thomas,
with a considerable body of Welch troops. As the earl was of
Welch extract ion, that country in general readily favimredhis
design. In a few days he arrived at Shrewsbury, w here the
inhabitants readily received him, and sir George Talbot
brought him an aid of2ii()0 men. The lord Stanley, and his
brother, sir William, raised forces, as if it had been for the
king, but had given private assurance to the earl that they
would join him" at proper opportunity; which they did
after the two parties were engaged, and \vere by that means
the chief cause of the earl's success. King Richard having
heard of the earl's lauding, ordered allhis forces to bedrawn
together at Nottingham, resolving to go in person and tight
him. And the earl being no less desirous to decide the qiiar
rel w ith one blow, resolved to go and meet Richard. In his
march he was joined by sir Walter Hungerfold, sir Thomas
Bourchier, and several others, who desei ted the king. The
two armies met near Bosuorth in Leicestershire, and the
battle was fought on the 22(1 of August, 148.^. The earl of
Richmond wasat first in damper of being worsted, when the
lord Stanley joined him wilh.'MlOO men, and his brother
willi2000, the king's army wasonlircly routed after a fight
ol'two lioiirs, in which he gave signal proofs of his valour
and cocage. In the heat of the battle, esp\ ing the call, he
rode furiously to attack lnm,aiid killed sir William Braiulon,
the earl's standard bearer, who stood in his way, and threw
sir John Cheney, to the ground, who had taken the former'."!
place. When he saw the dav was lost, he rnslied into the
midst of his enemies, and was slain. It is very likely he was
betrayed, and that some great men, who staid ^^itll him, held
secret iiiteiligence with the earl of Rielinuiml. It is said,
that on the very morning of the battle, before it began, Ihc
following lines were found fixed on tiie duke of Norfolk's
tent door, who was slain fighting for lii< haul ;
Jockey of Norfolk, be not so hold ;
Dicky thy master is bought and sold.
Sir Richard RatdifVwas also slain; and the jieifidioiig
Calesbv, being tak( ii prisoner, was CNccuted at Leicester.
Thus fell king Richard, aged aliout 34 >ears, who, excepting
his uujustifiaMe methods to get and keep the crown, may }>n
reckoiied no bad king. He to<ik care to suppress vice, "and
promote sobriety and virtue, aud had a ^real regard to the
RID
K I r.
t?>ic adniiiiislration of justice, except where Iiis i rowii was
concerned. Lord V'erulimi Siiys, lie Wiis in military virlue
approvedi'and ii good lawmaker. He founded tlie colleije
oi'ileraldb, and made tlieni a corporation. He was certainly
endowed with great parts and ahilities, which would have
made him a tridy great man, if ihey had been rightly ajiplicd.
His boundless ambition made him aspire to the crown, ;uid
it was for the sakeof tiiatoniy, that he was guilty of all that
treachery, dissimulation, and cruelty, which .justly reiideis
his memory detested, ilis body was found stript naked,
covered with blood and dirt, and in that conddion was
thrown across a horse, with the head hanging on one side,
and the legs on the other, and carried lo Leicesti-r ; where
it was interred, lie was the last king of the I'lantagenet
race, w ho had swayed the sceptre ever since Henry H.
Rl'CIlKS, s. [licliesscs, Fr.J money or possessions. A
splendid smnptuous appearance.
RI'CHLY, ad. in a splendid, wealthy, p.Ientcous, or
abundant manner. Truly; used in an ironical sense.
RICHMOND, a village in the county of Surry, with a
royal palace, where the kings of England formerly resided.
It has a very fine park, with delightful gardens, and is visited
by a great number out of curiosity. It is 12 milts W. of
London.
lirCHMOND HILL, its summit is a most delightful spot,
commanding a truly_ beautiful, luxuriant, ami diversified
prospect (deservedly celebrated by the sweet poet, " who
sung the seaso'is and their change," by Dr. Smollett, and by
other writers of genius, " sensibly alive to the beauties of
nature"), of the " Enchanting vale of Thames," with the
royal palaces, magnificent scats, glittering town'', charming
pleasure grounds, hills, groves, swelling lawns, meadows,
pasture grounds, corn-fields. Arc. &c. on its banks. Tiie
landscape of this favourite situation exhibits a \)icture of
the most elegant simplicity ; nature decorated with the great-
est neatness, the most exquisite embellishments of rural
scenery;, in short, an elysium, charming to the eye
with nndeseribable variety. It takes in a view, more or
less distant, of the city of London, of Windsor Castle,
Hampton Court, Highg-'te, with other parts of Middlesex
and Surry.
RICHiMOND, a large town in the N. Riding of York-
shire, containing many handsome liouses, built of free-stone,
with a flourishing manufactory of yarn stockings, and of
woollen knit caps for seamen. It is pleasantly seated on the
river Swale, over which it has a stone bridge, 40 miles N.
W. of York, and 232. N. N. W. of London. Market on
Saturday.
RICHMONDSHIRE, a district in the N. Riding of York-
shire, included in the duchy of Lancaster. It was formerly
a county of itself, and abounds in romantic situations. Many
lead mines are wrought in this district, of which Richmoncl
is the ciM)ital town.
RICHNESS, s. the qualify ofaboiuiding in money, pos-
sessions, finery, or fertility. Abundance, or perfection of
any quality.
RICK, s. a pile of corn or hay, regularly heaped up in an
open field, and sheltered from wet. A heap of corn or hay
piled by the gatherer.
RI'CKETS, s. [rachitis, Lat.J a distemper ni children,
wherein their joints grow knotty, and their limbs uneven.
RICKETY, «.disorileredwith the rickets.
RI'CKMANSWORTH, a town of Hartfordshire, with a
market on Saturdays. It is seated on the river Colne, Smiles
S. W. of St. Alban's, and 18 W. N. W. of London.
Kl'CTURE, 5. [rii'tura, Lat.] a gaping.
RID, pret. ofRlDE.
To RID, V. a. [hreddan. Sax.] to set free from danger or
trouble. Todestrk;>. To dispatch.
RI'DDANC K, J. deliverance from danger, incnmberance,
trouble, or any thing one is glad to be freied from.
RI'DDEN, participle of Rid R.
Rl'DDLE, (ridl) s. [radels. Sax. J a question or problem
expressed ill obscure terms, in order to try a person's wit.
Any thing puz.iiling or not easily solved ; an enigma. A
coarse or open sieve, froni hruldh. Sax.
To III DIJLE, {ridljv. a. lo solve or explain a riddle. To
sift by a coarse sieve. Neuterly, to speak obscurely.
To HIDE. t). Ji. pret. rid or rode, part, rid, or riddni ;
\rid(>H, Sax. J lo travel on horseback, or in a carria;;e dra«!i
by horses. Eigurativt ly, to travel in, or be borne by, any
vehicle. To manage a liorse. -To be supported in motion.
Actively, to manage insolently and at v\ill ; to .vit on so as to
be carried.
Rl'DER, s. one who is carried on a horse, or on a vehicle.
One who manages or breaks horses. An inserted leaf.
RIDGE, i. [/i)/:>g-. Sax. ri;;, Dan.] the top of the back.
The rough or sharp lop of any thing, alluding to the verte-
brae of the back. Cirouiid tliioun up by the plough. 'I'he
top of the house rising to an acute angle. Iji farriery, ridn-ei
of a horse's mouth are wrinkles or risings of the flesh in the
roof the mouth, running across from one side fd' the jaw \>t
the other like fleshy ridges, with interjacc;;l furrows or sink-
ing cavities.
To RIDGE, V. a. to form a ridge.
RI'DGEL, Rl'DGELlN, i. IrrjwHlus, vile, I-.at.] a ram tialf
castrated.
RIDGY, a. rising in a ridge.
RIDICULE, s. [ridicrdinn, from rideo, to laugh, I^at.j
wit which provokes laughter by representing any person
or thing in a comic odd light. Synon. Laughter in scorn
is the common import of ridii-nk and derision ; but the former
implies contemptuous merriment; the latter, sportive
insult.
To RI'DICULE. V. a. to expose to laughter by repre-
senting as odd and uncouth.
RIDICU'LER, s. he that ridicules.
RIDICULOUS, a. \ridiciiliis, from rideo, to laugh, Lat.
worthy of laughter. Exciting contemptuous mirth.
RIDICULOUSLY, nd. ni a nianner worthy of laughter
or contempt.
RIDICULOUSNESS, s. the quaiitv of being ridiculous.
RIDING, «. a district ; a division of a county.
RI'DINfJCOAT, s. a coat made to keep out weather.
RIDO'TTO, s. an entertviinnient of singing, music, &c.
An opera.
Z RIE, or RY'E, s. an esculent grain, which differs from
wheat in having a flatter, opaque, and coarser grain.
HIFE, a. [ri/fe, S^\. rijf, Belg. | prevailing ; abounding;,
frequent ; generally applied to ccntagious distempers.
RIFELY, ad. prevalently; abundantly. " It was rj/c/y
reported." KnollesTiirh. Hist.
RI'FENESS, *. prevalence; abundance.
To RIFLE, {r'lfl) V. a. [rijf'dm, Belg.] to robb ; to plunder ;
to pillage.
RIFLE, a. riffle guns are those whose barrels, instead of
being smooth in the inside, are formed with a number of
spiral channels, resembling female screws. The ball con-
sequently goes right forvvarils, without deviation or de-
flection.
RI'FLER, s. robber, piunderer, pillager.
RIFT, s. rfrom ?•(><?] a cleft ; a breach ; an opening.
To RIFl , r. a. to cleave or split. Neuterly, to bnrst or
open. To belch, from raif)-, Dan.
RIG, i. [hri,<;g, Sax.] the top of a hill falling on each side ;
a back ; a w bore. To run or play one's rig, is to be merry
upon, or ridicule.
To RFG, v. a. [from hrigg, Sax.] to dress ; to fit with
tackling.
Rl'GA, a large, populous, and opulent city of Russia,
capital of the government of Riga, or Livonia. Next to
Petersburgh, it is justly considered as the most commercial
town in the whole empire. The trade is chiefly carried on
by foreign merchants, who are resident in the town ; but
those of the Ejiglish factory enjoy the greatest share of the
commerce. The principal exports are corn, hemp, flax,
iron, timber, masts, leather, tallow. Sec. its principal im-
ports are, salt, cloth, silks, wine, grocery wares, and salted
K'M
KiP
herrings. Wiiliin the forlitications are about 0000 iiiliabi-
tants, and in the suburbs 16,noo, exclusive of a i^arrisoii of
1000 men. Riga was fiuaUy obiisetl to subujit to Peter
the Great, in 1710. It is 5 miles from the nioulli of the
Duna, and 160 N. E. of Koningsberg. Lat. 56. 65. N. Ion.
24. 6. E.
RIGADO ON, s. [rigadon, Fr.] a gay brisk dance.
RIGATION, J. [rigalio, Lat. J the act of watering.
Rl'GGER, {rig-er) s. one tiuit rigs or dresses.
RIGGING, {rig-iiig)s. the sails or tatkhngofa ship.
RI'GGISH, f)/°-is/()a. wanton, whorisi).
To RIGGLE, (rigl) r. a. [properly uriggle] to move back-
wards and forwardsas shrinking from paui.
RIGHT, (the^/' is mute in this word and its following
lerivatives ; as, )■:*, rltful, &c.) a. [rigt, Sax. rec/it, Beig.J
proper, suitable, or becoming, opposed to wrong. True,
opposed to erroneous. Passing a right judgment. Iloncst
orjust. TIrat side of a person «hieii is opposed to the left.
Straight, opposed t'.> crooked. Perpendicular.
RIGHT, !«ffy. well done ; used as an expression of ap-
prpbution.
RIGHT, ail. in a proper, just, or true manner. In a direct
line. Frequently used in lilies, as right honourable, right
reverend.
RIGHT, «. justice. Freedom from error. Just claim, or
that which belongs to a person. Property or interest. A
privilege. The side opposite to the left. Toright.<, implies
straight, or in a direct line ; but after set, deliverance from
error. Synon. Right is the object oi justice, dtwA that
which is due to every one. Justice is the conformity of
our actions with 7-ight : it is to render and secure to every
one that which is iiis due. The former is, according
to circumstances, liable to change ; the latter is ever in-
variable.
To RIGHT, v.a. to do justice to, or relieve from wrong.
RIGHTEOUS, (rileuus) (I. [rihtwise, Sax. whence rig/it-
vise'm antient autliors, and from thence by corruption Wg/j-
ifoiMjjust; honest; virtuous; leading a life couformaMe to
the rules of nioralitv and religion. Equitable.
RIGHTEOUSLY, ad. honestly, virtuously.
RIGHTEOUSNESS, «. virtue ; goodness. Ikhaviour in
general agreeable to the laws of nioralily and religion.
RIGHTFUL, a. having just right of claim. Honest or
just.
RrGIITLY,arf. according to truth and justice; proper-
ly; suilablv; noterroneouslv.
RI'GHTNESS, s. conformity to truth ; rectitude.
RIGID, a. [from rigeo, to be slitf, Lai.] stitl', unpliant, or
not to be bent. Severe or inllexible, applied to coud'ict.
Sharp, cruel, stern.
RIGrUITV, s. [rigiditi, Fr.] the state of being stiff.
Stiffness of appearance.
RIGIDLY, i(d. in a stilf, severe, or indexible manner.
RI'GIDNESS, i. severity; inllexibility.
Rl'GOL, i. a circle. Used bv Shakespeare for a diadem.
RlXiOliOUS, «. severe ; allowing no abatement; stern.
Exact ; scrupulously nice.
RIGOROUSLY, ad. severely ; without tenderness or
mitigation.
RIGOUR, s. [n^or.from rigeo, to be stiff, Lat.] cold ; stiff-
ness. In medicine, a convulsive sliudderiiig, with a seiisa-
«ation of cold. Severity of conduct, or want of con-
descension and compliance. Strictness. Rage or cruelty.
Hardness.
RILL, s. [rividus, from rivus, a river, Lat.] a small brook
a little streamlet.
To RILL, f. n. to run in small streams.
RIM, s. [rima, Sax.] a border, or margin. That wliicii
encircles any thing.
RIM K, s. ihrim, Sax.] hoar froast. A bole or chink, from
Wh/'i, Lat. Not used.
To RIME, V. n. to freeze with hoarfrost.
RIMINI, an antieiit, populous, and han<lsome town oi
lirtly, in Romagna, with many remains of antiquity, and
76"J
very fine buildings. If is seated in a fertile plain, at (lie
UKjuth of the river Marecchia, on ilie gu'f ol \vnice.
RIMO'SE, a. [{com runti, a cleft, Lat.) full of clefts or
chinks.
RIMO'SITY, i. [from nnirt, a cleft, Lat.J the quality of
being full of clefts or chinks.
To III iMPLE, (ciw;;/) t). a. to pucker; to contract into
corrugations.
RI'.VI Y, a. steamy ; foggy ; full of frozen mist.
RIND, ((7h<0 *• ['•""'. Sax. rinde, Celg.J the bark, husk,
or outside covering of vegetables.
To RIND, (rind) V. 11. to stiip of it; ba.k, husk, or outside
coveriiig ; to decorticate.
RING, ()i«g-) i. [/iriwo-. Sax. J a circle. .\ circle of gold
or other metal worn as an ornament. .\ circle of metal to
be held by. A circle made by standing round. A circular
course. A number of bells harmonically tuned. A sound.
In ast.'onouiy, that thin, broad, opaque, circular arch, en-
compassing the planet Saturn.
To RING, V. a. pret. and part. pass, rtr.ig ; Uiringan,
Sax.] tosUike beiis or other bodies so as to make them
sound. 'I'o encircle. To fit or supply with rings. Nen-
terly, tosouiid likea hell. To make bells sound. To sound
or tinkle. To be tilled with a bruit or report, followed
by "f-
Rl'NG BONE, 'f. a hard callous substance growing in
the hollow circle of the little pastern of a horse ; it smue-
times goes quite round like a ring, from w hence it derives
its name.
RI'NGDONE, J. [)7i!HgeWH)/ie, Teut.J a kind of |}'seou.
RINGER, s. he who rin^s.
RI'NGLl'^ADER, *-. the head of a riotous croud.
RINGLET, 4'. [diminutive of n'jig-J a small ring or circle.
A circle.
RI'NGSTREAKED, «. marked with circular streaks.
RI'NGTaIL, *. a kind of kite with a whilish taih
RI'NGWOOD, a town of Hampshire, with a market on
Wednesdays. Here is a considerable manufacloiy of
worsted knit hose. It contains about 2300 inliabilants,
and is 28 miles S. \V. of Winchester, and 91 W. by S. of
Loudon.
Rl'NfiWORM, s. a circular tetter.
To RINSE, V. a. [rimer, Fr.] to cleanse by washing;
to wash the soap out of clothes.
RI'NSER, «. one who washes or rinses ; a washer.
RIOT, s. [i-iutte, old Fr. riotto, Ital.] wild and loose niirtb.
An uproar, or serious tumult. In law, it is, when three or
more persons, assembled together, commit some unlawful
act with force and violence, to the disturbance of the peace.
By Stat. 1 Geo. I. c. 5. if any persons, to the number of
twelve or more, unlawfully and riotously assembled, continue
together for an hour, after being required by a justice of the
)ie;ice, or other magistrate, to disperse, they shall be deemed
gnilly of I'elony, without beueht of clergy. To j-iin not, is
to act without controul or restraint.
To RIOT, V. n. [riotter, old Fr.] to abandon one's self
to pleasure. To feast in a luxurious manner. To raise a
sedition or uproar.
lU'O'l'ER, s. one who is dissipated in luxury ; one who
excites an uproar.
Rl'OTISE, «. dissoluteness ; luxury. Obsolete.
RlO'i'OUS.a. \riutteux, Fr.] luxurious. Wanton. Sedi-
tious or turbulent.
RIOTOUSLY, af7. luxuriously; with licentious luxury
seditioiislv ; furbnientlv.
RIOTOUSNESS, s. the state of being riotous.
To HIP, V. a. Uini/mn, Sax.] to cut asniider with a knife
any thing sewed, 'io tear in pieces. To take away from
by'laciration. Figuratively, to disclose or bring to view
anv thing industriously concealed.
RlPE,n.[)i/)f, Sax. ')■(//), Belg.l brought to perfection by
time and growth ; uiflturo. Resendiling ripe fiuit. FinishecK
Brought to the point i' taking hU'tA. Qualilied by grad-wl
improveuieut.
Ill 1
il O A
To RIPE, V. n. to grow fit for use by time. To be ;\>
turcd. Actively, to make ripe.
Rl'l'KLY, or/, maturely ; at the proper tune. •
To HI'PRN, f. «. to become pcrt'tcl or tit for use by
grow 111, time, or ijradual improvement. Actively, to
make ripo.
RIPI'INKSS,*. tlie state of beinsj full grown; fit for use,
or perfect.
lU VLEV, a town of the W. riding of Yorkshire, with
a market on Friday. It is seated on the river Nyd, 23 mileu
W. N. W. of York, and 206 N. by W. of London.
III'PI'EII, J. one who rips ; one who tears.
To RI'PPLE, (/!>/) I'. «. to fret on the surface, as water
swiftly Minniiig.
III'I'I'ON, or RlPON, a well built town in theW. Riding'
of Yorkshire, with a market-place, reckoned by some the
finest square of the kind in England, and adorned with a
curious obelisk. It had once a flourishing-woollen manu-
facture, and is still a slaplc for wool, which iii bought up
here every week by the clothiers of Leeds, Wakefield,
Halifax, iVc. but it is most noted for its manufacture of hard-
ware, particularly spurs. Its magnificent church, adorned
with 3 Idt'ly spires, is both parochial and collegiate, (having
a dean and chapter, and sending a proctor to the convoca-
tion of the province of York) and is the oidy one that is so
in England, except that of Southwell in Nottinghamshire.
It is pleasantly situated on the river l^re, or Aire, over which
it has 2 slone bridges, 28 miles N. W. of York, and 222 N.
N. W. of I^onden. Market on Thursday. Fairs on Thurs-
day after June 24, Thursday after IMarcli 21, on May 12,
the first Thursday in June, on Holy Thur^day, and on the
first Thursday afier August 22, and November 22.
" RIPTOWKL, *. a gratuity given to tenants, after they
bad reaped their lord's corn.
RFSBOROUGH MONKS, a town of Buckinghamshire,
7 miles N. E. of Aylesbury, and 37 \V. N. W. of Loudon.
Market on Saturday.
To RISK, (ri-e)j). n. preter. roic, part, risen; \risan, Snx.
reisen, Relg.] to get up from the ground. To get up from a
bed, scat, or after a fill. To spring or grow up. To be
advanced with respect to rank or fortinie. To increase in
value or esteem. To swell. To amend. To come into no-
tice. To begin to act. To make an insurrection. To be
roused or excite i to action. To rise vp far, ii to undertake
the defence of a person ; to rise vp noainst, is to attack. To
elevate, applied to style or sentiment. To be revived after
death. Applied to the sun «hen he first appears above the
horizon. Synon. To change our posture IVoni recumbent;
to erect, is the true meai'iim; of the verb to rise : whereas,
to get lip, implies rather to climb.
RISE, {mc) i. the act of getting up from anv seat or from
the groun:i. Ascent. A pla<:e that assists a person in an
ascent. An eminence. The first ap|)oarance of the sun
above the horizon. Inrrease in any respect. Beginning or
original. Increase of sound.
Rl SER, {rizer) s. one that rises.
RlSIBl LITY, (rizibiliti/) s. the quality of laughing.
RISIBLE, ()7'jii?e) fl. [Fr. ri.siAi/u, from Wrfeo, to laugh,
Lat.] having the faculty of laughing. Ridiculous, or fit to
excite laui;hter.
RISK, s. [risr/ue, Fr. riesg, Span.] hazard ; peril ; danger ;
venture. Synon. Danger, luizvrd, risk, renture, -M imply
chance of harm ; but tlauger relates to the evil that may
happen ; hazard, risk, and venture, to the good we may lose,
■wiihthii. diflercnce, that Aecurrf expresses something near ;
rish, something at a distance ; venture, something farther off,
relating; only to the possibility of events.
To RISK, I', a. \risquer, Fr.] to hazard ; to venture ; to
endanger.
RISK KR, i. one that risks.
RI FBOCK, s. in zoology, a species of antelope, f. mtid in
the interior of Africa to the North of the Cape of Good
Hope.
6D
RITE, s. \rit, Fr. from ritus, f^afj a solemn act of religion ;
an extcnxd ceremony.
RI'/I'UAL, n. \iitiirl, Fr.] <lone according to some reli
gions insliiulion ; solemnly ceremonious.
RITUAL, ,v. a book containing the rites or ceiemonic*
of divine worship.
RITUALIST, s. a stickler for ceremonies in worship;
one skilled ui the rites.
RI VAGE, s. [Fr.] a bank ; a coast. Obsolete.
RIVAL, f \rividis, Lat. | one «ho is in the pursuit of the
same thing as another. One who is a competitor with ano-
ther for a woman's ali'ections. One who endeavours to sur-
pass anolher. An'agnuist.
RI'YAL, a.\rii-iiiis,\MX.\ making the same claim. Pur-
suing the same object. Emulous.
To RI'V'AL, )'. «. to oppose or endeavour to gain some- '
tiling attempted by anolher. To endeavour to etpial or
excel; to emulate. ' Neulerly, to be competitors. Obsolete
in this last sense.
RIVA'LITY, RIVALRY, ,«. ffiom rivalis, a rival, Lat.}
eninlation ; rivalship ; eompetitioii.
RI'VALSHIP, s. the stale of a person who endeavours to
obtain the same thing as anolher.
To RIVE, V. «. [part. »-(rt», from rjift, broken. Sax. J to
split ; to cleave ; to force asunder by driving in something
blunt. Neuterly, to be split.
To RI'VEL, j>. «. [from gerifed, corrugated, rumpled,
Sax.] to contract into wrinkles, or corrugations.
RIVEN, participle of RiVE.
RIVER, s.\jivierc, Fr. riviis, Lat.] a current of water
which Hows from its source in a channel to the sea, kc.
RI'VERHORSE, i. in natural history, the hippopotamus.
Rl'VERWEED, i. in botany, the conserva of Liunxus.
Foi tv-sevf n British species have been enumerated.
Rl'VET, s. a pin clenched at both ends.
To RIVET, V. u. to fasten by a pin clenched at both ends.
To fasten strongly.
RI'VULET, i.' [ririiliis, Lat.] a small river, brook, or
stream of running water. Synon. Kii'idets, and irou/u arc
certain species of i()««iM which are running waters; with
this difference, that -drivulH runs between banks; whereas
a i)oo/j winds its way ihiough the meadows, or by a hedge-
side. A rivulet is a much larger stream than a bruok.
We sav the rapid stream ; the clear mWei ; the gurgling
brool:.
RIXDO'LLAR, *. a silver coin struck in Germany, va-
lued at 4s. Gd. sterling.
ROACH, (rdch) f. a fresh-water fish, noted. for Its sim-
plicitv. , ,, , ,
ROAD, (rdd) s. [rade, Fr.] a large path travelled by
carriages. A plate where ships may anchor. Excursion ;
journev.
To ROAM, (roin) V. n. Iromigare, Ifal.] to wander wilii-
out a settled purpose; to ramble; to rove. Actively, to
range or wander over.
RO'AMEIl, ()S»if?) s. a rambler; a rover; a wanderer;
ROAN, Iron) a. [rimen, Fr.] nf a hay, son el, or black
colour, with gray or white spots thickly interspersed, ap-
plied to horses. , , •
To ROAR, (rdr)r. n. \rciran, Sax.] to make a loud noise,
applied to that ofalionor other wild beast. To make a
great outcry in distress. To souml as the wind or sea. 1 o
make a great noise. » , , " <
ROAR, (rdr)s. the cry of a lion or other beast. An out-
cry of distress. A claraour or noise of merriment. A.iy
loud noise.
R()'-\UER, s. a noisy brutal man.
RO ARY, (ion/) s. [belter rory from ros,dew. Lat.J dew.
To ROAST, {i-ost) V. a. \ritir, Fr.] to dress meat on a
spit which turns round before a tire. To dress before a hre.
To lieai any thing violently. To rule the roast, is to govern,
manage, or preside. _ . .
RO'ASTING, s. a preparative operation in metallurgy .
763
ROC
to dissipate the sulphur, arsenic, <.tc. with which a metal
ia:iy be coiiibiiied.
ROB, s. juice made thick.
To ROB, r. a. [roller, old Fr. rohhare. ltal.| to lake away
unlawfully, and by force. To be rohbid, is to lose any lliiiiii
by violence, or by secret llieft ; but in the active voice, to
rob is applied only to the takin;^ any thing away by open
violence; and to stmt, to the takinj; any thing a«ay by
secret theft.
IlO'BBER.i. one who deprives another unlawfully of his
prope; tv.
ROBBKRY,^. theft committed either by force or with
privacv.
ROBE, «. [rohbe, Fr, rabhn, Itaj.] a gown of stale, worn by
persons of distinction. .\ uown worn by infants. Ago«n
worn bv tfirls before ihe\ put on niantiif.s.
To ROBE, V. a. to clothe in a robe. To dress in a proper
manner.
RO'BERSMAN, RO'BERTSM AN, s. in tlie old statutes,
a sort of bold and stout robbers or night-thieves, said to be
so called from Robin Hood.
ROBSN-REDBREAST, s. a bird so named from the
colour of its breast.
ROBO'KEOUS, a. [i-ohoreus, from rvhor, an oak, Lat.J
made of oak.
ROBUST, ROBU'STIOUS, n. |TOt«s<,«, from robor, an
oak, Lat.] stvoni; niade. Violent- Requiring strength.
ROBUSTNESS, s. strenath; vigour.
ROCAMBOLE, .s. a kind o will garlic.^
UOCIiDALE, a large populous tow n in Lancashire, situ-
ated in a vale on the Roche, smrounfled by hills «hich
abound in coals; I has flounshiuir iiianutactuiLS of lia's,
bays, serge?, and other woollen and cotton goods. It is j5
miles W. S. W. of York, and 198 N. N. VV. of London.
Market on Tuesdas .
ROCHE -i'fLUiM, 4-. [roclie, a rock, »r. i a purer sort of
aluR).
RO'CHEFORT, a sea-port town of France, u here are
several large magazine* of naval stores Its harboinis very
comnioilious aiiH inui li frequented. It is 5 miles S. E. of
Rochelle. Lat. Ah. .50 N hu). 0. .53. W.
ROCHELLE, a hand^om' , ricli, and celebrated town
in the dcpt. of Lowei Chiiitnle, with a very commodious
and sa lie harbour. It contains al)<>nt HiUO inhabitants. It
has .5 gates; tli' houses are line, ai.d suppoited by piazzas,
unfler which persons may walk in all weathers; and the
streets in geni-r: I. are as straight as a line. The inhabilimts
carrv on a con>ide!able trade ; especially in wines, li,an(ly,
sugar, salt, paper, linen, and >er;;ts. Rochelli' is seat< d on
the ocpaii, <>7 mile- N. b E of Nnntes, and 220 S. VV. of
Paris. I.at. 4fi. 9. N. Ion. I. 1 VV.
ROCHESTER, a citv of Kent, with two markets, on
V\'edne5da\ and Friday. It is governed b\ a mayor, 12
aldermen, and 12 cominon-counedmcn, and sends 2 mem-
bers to parliament. It v as fornicrk niucli larger than at
present, having now only tnie parish chureli, be^iiies the ca-
thedral. It consists ( hiefly of ime \n incipal street, w liich is
pavi'd. It has two frec-scliools, the one called the King's,
anil (he other the Cit\ •chool. There i- heie also an aluis-
honse for six poor travellers, who are snpplii il « ith a supper,
abed, and breakfast, and with tonrpence loci.irv \\\vnt for-
vard (Ml their ionriiev ; but ihev are tostav no lon;;er than
one night ; and it i> reiir,' kable, thai a iiiMripti<in over the
door intimates, llii^t " rogii<-s and proctor? are excepted."
Stroud is at the West cndof Ih's place, and Chatham at the
Kast. It contains about TOnu inhabitants and in ,3ii miles
N. VV. by VV. of Cauterburv, and 2'J S. E. by E. of
London.
IIO'CHET, ». a surplice. A fish.
Ro'CIIFOHl), a town i.i Essex, in a hundred of that
•ame with a market on Tuesday. It is 10 miles S. of AJal-
den, aiid :?9 from London.
ROCK. t. Tocc, Sa\.| a lasl mass of stone fixed in the
cwtii. Primitive rocks aie those iinincnsc masses of slnnc
7Cl
ROG
which contain no retrains of organic matter, and are believed
to have existed from the origin of nature. Figuratively a
rock means protection or defence. A distatj, from 7-ock,
Dan. or roccn, Ital.
To ROCK, )'. a. Irocquer, Fr.J to shake or move back-
wards and forwards. To move n. a cradle. Figuratively,
to lull or quiet. N( uterlv, to move to and fro in a cradle.
Ti, lie \i.ilenllv agitated.
ROCK-CRYSTAL, s a kind of crvstal which is supposed
to be formed b\ the congelation < f the lapiditic juice which
trickles down in the caverns of rocks.
ROCK HOE, ,5. a species of deer.
ROCKER, «. one who rocks a cradle.
ROCKET, s. [r'ic/ietto. Ital. J an a tdicial firework, con-
sisting of a cylimlrical paper, hlled wmiIi nitre, chare oal, sul-
phur, gunpowder, << c. which liein, fastemd to a ^tick,
mount.-, in the air and then bursts. In botany, a plam.the
buiiias of Linmeus. I'he sea rocket, the British species, is
known l)\ having egg-shaped pods, smooth and two edged,
and |iaie purple blossoms. It is found on the -ea-shoie, and
flowers in June. The oase rocket is a species of yellow-
weed, found in corn fields, and en chalk bills. Thebioad-
leaved rocket is tlie same with the hedge mu.slard. The
wall and yellow rocket are species of the sisvmbrinni of
Linuiviis. The w ild rocket is a sort of cabbage found on old
walls, and among rubbish. The winter rocket, called also
winter cresses, is a species of the erysimum of Linniciis.
RO'CKIXGH \I\I, a town of Xorthamplonshiie, giving
name to a forest formerb one of the largest and richest of
the kingdom, it ext^^nded near .1 miles in length aud 5
miles in breadth fas apoea s from a survey made in 1G41)
but is now dismembered into various parcels, bv the
interposition officios and tow ns. Rockiigham is seated on
the river VVelland, whii h fills into (he Nen, 12 miles S of
Oakham aud 84 N. by W. of Loudon. Market on Thurs-
dav.
. RO'CKRUBY, s. a name given by the lapidaries to the
garnet, .vnen of a very strong, though not deep red, with a
fair cast of the blue.
!U)'CKSALT,i. mineral salt.
ROCKVVORK, s. stones fixed in mortar, to resemble a
rock.
RO'( KVVORT, f. a plant, called also roekcress.
ROCKY, o. full of rocks. Stony. Hard, or obdurate.
ROD, s. [ruefle, Belg.] a long twig. Any thing long and
slender. A scejitre. An instrument used in measuring.
A measure containing sixteen feet <...d a half. A bundle of
twigs used in corrrcting children. Correction.
l;(M~>i:. prct. of RiDK.
Ri ) DOMONTA DE v j Fr. from a boastful boisterous hero
in Ariosto, called Rotlomonte] an empty noisy blunder;
brag.
T.. i;OI)OMONT\ DE, v. n to !nag, or boast.
RO ■■., i. [rn rkor, Sax.] a svecies of deer. It is the smal-
lest of the ileer kind known in our i limale, and is abiiosl
extinct exceiit in some iiarts of tlie Highlands of Scotland.
The eggs or spawn of fish.
R<)(iA'TU)N, s. [from rogo, to supplicate, I.-'.l.] a litany
or supplication. Relation Wnek, is that immediately ine-
cedingVVhit Sunday, and is so called from three fasts held
on !\londa\, Tuesday, and VVednesi'ay, named ronntwiidaiis,
from tluMxIiaoid riary praxiis and processions then made
loi ill;' fruits of tile earth; or, as a prepaialion for cclc-
biatiie,' Hilly Thursday.
H( >(iUE, (n)o) .9. of uncertain etymology; a wanderinjr
be;.'; ar. A vagiant, a va.anond A viliain or iliiel Used
ld,ev/i e lo <'arry the idt a of ilii^ht tenderness and waggery.
SyNON. liiirriie, s/<inpn; /«!</', are all pesi-lis who steal what
does nol beUiiig to them; with this (liliereiice, that the
r/gw steals in secict; he pilfers. The .v/mr/w steals by
finesse ; he o\er reathes. The </ii(/steals by all iiianiier of
means, robbing by force and viohnce
To ROG U E, (lo^-) V. ti. to play the vaj^aboncf ; lo wander.
To play knavish tricks.
ROM
R t)
ROGUERY, (rng-try, (lie g- pron. Iiard) 3. luuivcrv .»
arch fricks.
l{0'(i[J\SU,{rvgis/i) a. luiavisli. 8li[;Iillv iniscliicvotis ,
KO'GUISHLY, (rffg-(>/i/(/) ad. in a liiravisli manner ; wan-
tonly ; liki' a ro^ue.
IIO'GUISHNESS, (rogishiess) s. the (inalitips ot a ro^'iic.
To HOIST, orROrS'rKK, !'. n. \risiir, Isl.| to behave in
a tnrbnlenland blusterini,' maimer.
ROl'STEli, or ROISTERER, s. a turbulent or blustcr-
inft fellow.
To ROLL, (the o pron. long) i>. a. [router, Fr. rollen, Beljj.]
to move any thing by a successive application of its diller-
ent parts on the groun<l. To move anv thing round upon
its axis. To make a thing move in a circle. To wrap round
about. To I'orm into rotuid masses, by ruhbing on a sur-
face. To pour in a stream or waves. Nenterly, to move
or be moved by a successive apiilication of its parts on any
surface. To perform a periodical revohition. To run on
"heels. To move in a tumultuous raainier. To roll on an
axis
ROLL, s. the act of moving by a successive application
of its parts on the gronnd. Any thing rolling. A massmade
round, from )■"»/«/(( Fr. A round or cylindrical hodv, used
in breaking clods, \c. A public writing, from rotulus, Lat.
aliading to the antient method of rolling writings on a slick.
A register, catalogue, or chronicle. A kind of small Inaf
KO'LLE!!, s. in ornithology, a species of birds which
soiiielinips visits thiscountrv. It is about the size of t!ie
m;i.;pie, of a Miie colour with a black beak.
RO I.LINfi PIN, s. a round piece of wood tapering at
<acli end, used in making paste.
U() LLINfi PRESS, «. a press on wiiich copper-plaies
are p'iuted.
!>()!, LS, J. the office of Rolls in Chancery-lane, is ap-
point.id for the cus'odv of ihe mlljand records in Chancerv.
'('lie master of this ortice is the second i'<rsoii in that (luit,
and ill the absence of the lord chancellor he sits as judge.
RO'LLYPOOLY, J. a sort of game, in which, when a
ball runs in a certain place, it wins.
RO'MACiE, s. \romagw, Ital.J a tumult or bustle.
ROMA'NCE, i. fjomaHcn, Ital.J a story or narrative of
fictitious aflventuies. In c.nnmon speech, a lie.
To ROSIA'NCE, v. n. to lie ; to forge.
RO.MA'NCER, s. a liar ; a forger of tales.
ROMANIA, a province of Turkey in Europe, bounded
on the N by Bulgaria ; on the E. by the Black Sea ; on the
S. by the Archipelago and the Sea of Marmora ; and on the
W. by Macedonia and Bulgaria; being 200 miles in length,
and 160 in breadth. It was formerly called Thrace, and
is tile largest of all the piovinces the Turks possess in Eu-
rope. It is fruitful in corn and pastures; and there are
Biines of silver, lead, and alum. It is divided into three
great governmenti., or sangiacates ; namely, Kirkel, of
which Philipoli is the capital; (.'alipoli, whose capital is of
the same name ; and B\ zaiilium, or Byzia. or Viza, of which
Conslantii)o|ile i- the capital.
To RO'MANIZR, v. a. to latinize ; to fill with modes of
the Roman speech.
ROM "X .VTIC, a. resembling a romance. Wild ; impro-
bable ; faiK-iful.
ROME, a lamous city of.Europe,founded 750 years before
the birth of 0<iri-,t. It was formerly three times as lar^e as
it is at present, and is now one of the largest ami handsomest
cities in Europe. It has '28 !;ates, 300 towi-rs, as many
churches, s\ ipridges over the Tiber, and alioiit 160,000 in-
habitants. There are a great many UKaunnents of the an-
tients : such as liaths, obelisks, ampiiith aires, cirques, co-
lumns, mausoleums, aqueducts, fountains, ca'acombs, pagan
temples, and triumphal aiches : l)<side->a prodigious number
of fi'ne statues. The pope ha> llim- superb palaces, namely
that of the Vatican ; a summer house nii Mount Cavallo ;
and the third isihe palace of the Lateran, near tlje (hiircli
of St. John, wnere they crown the popes. iSt. Peter's church
r the largest in a.l Christendom ; and is encrusted within
liud without with marble; it is KIO feet in length, 72.0 in
breadth, aOO in height, and 'iUir, in circuinfcreiice ; 2;j
popes have died since its foundation ; and.it hascost twenty-
three millions of crowns. Ill the great square before this
church is an ohehsk i.f granile, 80 feel in heiglit without
the (ledctal, uhich is M2 feet high. The liliiary oflln- Va-
tican is the largest and most coiiiplete in Ihe uoi Id. Rnnre
is divided into fourteen wards callid Kioiie; and the Castle
ot St. .\ngelo is si.tficient to keep ihf whole cilv in awe. It
is built near the river Tiber, is flanked with live bastions,
and defended by a great numlier of eanuDii. 'J'here are a
great number of magni/icent palaces, the most remarkable
of which are those of I'arnese and Borghese. Jiuine is very
well supplied with water by their magnificent aqueducts
and fdiintaiiis ; and th<;e is plenty of all sort^of proNisicms ;
with a great variety of wine; but a price is set on every
thing by the magistrates. Paul wrote an excellent Epistle
to the Romans; in which, after assuring them of his reijan'
for them, he desciihes thi' deplorably corrupt state of all
men by nature, whethi-r Cieiitiles or .lews, and the impossi-
bility of justilication beloieCod by works of our own, Ax.
Rome is seated on the river Tiber, which runs through a
part of it, aiifl is fJ70 miles S. E. of Paris. 450 S. W. of Vi-
enna. 90(1 's. E. of London, 87.5 S. bv E. of Amsterdam, 625
S. by VV. of Cracow, 7uO N. E. of Madrid, and 750 N. W. of
Con^tantinople. Lon 12.45. E. lat. 41. 54. N.
ROMISH rt. popish.
RO'MNEY, New, a town in Kent, once a very large
place, containing five churches, a priory, and a hospital,
with a goo(l harbour; but since the, sea retired from if, in
the reign of Edward 1. it is much reduced. The two great
meetings far all ihe cinque ports are held here on the 'fues-
day after St. Margaret's day. It is seated on a hill, in tiie
middle of the maijh of the same name, 2 miles and a lialf
N.N. E. of Lydd, and 71 S. E. of London. r»larket on
Saturday.
ROMP, jf. a rude, untaught, awkward, boisterous girl,
fond of sport or play. Rough or rude play.
To ROMP, V. n. to play in a noisy, rude, or wanton
manner.
RO'MSEY. .SeeRuMSEY.
RO'NDEAU, {rondo) s. fFr.J an antient kind of poetry
consisting of thirteen verses divided into three couplets; at
the end of the second and third, ihe beginning of the first
is repeated in an equivocal sense, if possible.
RO'NDLE, s. [from rnuni\ a round mass.
RONION, J. a fat bulky woman.
RONT, s. an animal stinted in the growth.
ROOD, s. [from rod\ a measure containing the fourtk
part of an acre, or 50 perches, poles, or rods tquare. A
pole or measure of IG I'eet and an half. The cross, from
rode. Sax.
ROO'DLOFT, i. a gallery in the church on which re-
liqiie^or images were set to view.
ROOF, i. \lirof. Sax.] Ihe cover or top of a house. The
vaull or inside arch which covers a buikling. The palate
crupper part of the mouth.
To ROOF, V. a. to inclose or cover with a roof. To in-
close in a house.
ROO'FY', rt. having roofs.
ROOK, 1-. f/ooc, Sax.J a bird resembling a crow : it feeds
not (11 carrion, but grain. A common man at chess, from
rocco, flal. Figuratively, a cheat or sharper.
To liOOK, V. n. to rob ; to (heat.
RO< )'K I'lRY^, s. a nursery for rooks.
ROO'KY, a. inhal>it<d by rooks.
ROOM, i. [j-i/Hi, >ax. niiu, Golh.] space or extent of
place. Space 01 place unoccupied. Passage or space for
passing. Space or op|>ortunity free from (destruction. Ai
aparteient ill a house. Place of another ; stead. Syvon.
Roam is a geneial expression, and implies any divided pa^t
of a house. Chamber is a particular expression, and meani
a room appropriated to sleep.
;£>5
no3
ROO'MAGE, s. space; plitce.
ROOiMIXESS, 6, quality of extent ; 8pae8.
ROO■^lV,<I. wide; siKicious ; capatious.
ROOST, s. [/trust, Sax,] ''la* «" wtiicli a bird sit^to sleep.
The act of skepin;^ ; applied piimarily to fowls, and fssma-
ttvelv to men, , . , „
To ROOST, I', n. \roesttn, Be!s.| to sleep as a bird. To
lodge, in !)uriesque,
ROOT, i. \roe(l, Belg. rul, Swed.J in botany, tliat part
of a plant wjiiclt rests la liie gmmul, imbibes tbe juices of
the earth, and tvansinils them to the plant for nutrition,
i'igiirativfly, the bottom or lower part. A plant whose
roots are t!aten. Theoritjinal, iirst cause, or ancestor. An
impression, or lasting effect anJ residence. In mallieniatics.
a quantity i!onai;iered as the basis of a higher power. In
grarnnia', a iirimiiive word; from whence others are derived
or contpoandinl.
To HOOT, t'. It, to fix the root, or strike far into the earth.
To turn up ilic imil), AciivTJy, to fix deep ".nd firm in the
earth. To impress or fi\ deeply, To pnll up by the roots ;
to turn up out of the ground ; used with vp. To destroy
entirely, eradicate, or extirpate; to banish; used with
out.
ROOTF.D, «. fixed firmly and deeply in the earth, or
8nv other place ; radicalj
ROuTV,fl, full of roots.
ROPti, 4, [»■(!/», Sax. tw;), or roop, Ikl';.] a cord, strin?r,
iialter, A row of things Isanging down. " A rop of
unions,"
To ROPE, V. n. to draw out into threads, or viscous fjla-
llients.
RO'PEDANCKR,*, one who can dance on ropes.
ilO Pr.GHASS, ». in botan.v, the melica of Liiina-us. The
red ropcKrass, or purple Mi>'lic K''a»';. is the British species.
in the islt'of liafa diey make tins jjra-sinto ropes tbrfishing-
iiols, Avhich are remarkable for lasting long without rot-
ting.
RO'PEMAKKH, n. one whose trade is to make ropes.
RO'Pi'.llV, s, llVom rtifiel ro;;ue'6 tricks.
ROIMNESS, *. viscosity ; ^dutiiiousness.
RO I''f , II. viscous : {jhiiinous,
ROQUKLAURK, {rihelore) a. [Fr.J a long cloak used by
Hien.
ROl'.A'TION. >. [from ro«, dew, Laf.| a tailing of dew.
RORIO, a. [ivriitiis, l,at.] I'cwy.
ROlll I rjlOU"',«. [from ros, dew, and/ero, to bear, Lat.]
prodiiciiij; ilexv.
ROlU FLUENT, a, [from rot, dew, and fno, to flow,
Lat,] tlowiii;; with dew.
ROSAKV, (rizanj) Irnsariim, from rosa, a rose, Lat.] a
buncit or string of beads on which the Romanists count their
prayers.
RO'SCID. rt. \rosd<lvs, Lat.] dewv ; aboundins: with dew.
RO'SCOMMON, a loimly of Ireland, in the piovince
of Cuunaujjhl, 17 miles in leii;{th, and from'Jlo-2» in breadth;
hounded on llie I''., dy Lun^'ford and i'^asi Aieaili; on the
N. I>v '^lif,'" "'•'' I'Citrim ; on the S. b\ dalway ; and on
theW. b\ anoilier part of Ciabvay, and Mavo. It is a level,
fruiiful i'oniilr;, , an.l l»y the help of good husbandly, yielils
pNeeleut corn. Itconiaius ."Ml pari->heb, about I7,l-!0liousts,
and wd.uoit iidiabil'anis. Here ar.? book extensive bogs
tnd but few hills. I'lie principal town is Allilunc, but the
assize 10.V1I IS Hosco.-nmon.
UOSCO.MiMON, the shire-town of the county of Ros-
OOu'iMon, in Coiiiiauslil.fiO rniics W. Iiy N. of Dublin.
ROR, (roze) a.[rvtc, Fr. rona, (^!tt.|a (lower whose petals
arc plaicil circularly, and expanded in a lieauliful order ;
of wnirll (he species are inaiiy. 7'« */)("/' imilir the ruse, is lo
disclose a secret, or reveal any thing which will nol be dis-
covereil after\varl^^.
J'.O'^I'.. !>reter.ofRlSE.
\\{)'-<V.\'\'Y^,(ro7tnte) II. [rn.mt, Fr.J rosy; full of roses.
Blooiiiiii/, tlaKraiit, purph', as a rose.
KO'SEBAY, *. a shrub with wide-spreading and trailing
75(5
ROT
branches, and purplish flesli-coloured blossoms. *• 's fuauU
on liionrilains in the uorlii of I'.iKkHid.
R0sE-ftL\LL0W, s. a plant larjjer than the contmoii
mallow.
RO'SEMARY,(riJ;t».>i«)v;) J. [from j-oi, dew, ano marinut,
belonjfing to the scii, i,;it.ja plant. The wild rosemary, or
marsh cistus, found in Uirf hogs, is the British hpecies,
RO'SENXiBLt;, {raze nohle) s. au English gold Coil), ijl
value antiently sixteen sliillinjjs.
RO'SEW ATEU,(r(«<;»cffferja. water di-.tilled from roses.
RO'SEl", (r«f<) s ared"(oloiii for painters.
ROSICRU'SlANh, i. hermetical philoso|)hers who call
themselves brollnrs of the Rosy Cross, pteuin'-d to knov/
all sciences, and how lo make tiic philusopher's stone
RO'SXN, (rozin) i. See RliSIS, the inosi piopt.r spelling.
To RO'SIN, in::iii) v. a. to ri'dj with rosm.
RO''^INY, (ruziny)<t. resenibliiiK rosin.
ROSS. M fine old town of Hi refoidshire, with a good
market for corn and cattle. Here the philautliropist John
Kyril (.Alexander Pope's man of Ross) hafi iiis risidence,
and died in 1724, aged 90, luiivevsally lamenleii. It is com-
modiously seated on the river Wye, an;i is 12 miles S. E.
of Hereford, and 115. W. by N. of London. xMarketoa
Tiiursday,
ROSS, a count v of Scotland, bounded on theN by Strath-
navern ; on the E, by Sutherland and the German Ocean;
on the S. by Inverness ; and on the W. by the Irish Sea.
It has many bays, particularly on the western coast, and
abounds in woods and pastures, but has liitie corn; how-
ever, there arc flocks of sheep, cattle, and deer. It sends
one member to parliament.
RO'SSEL, s. light land.
ROSTRATED. «. | from rostrum, the beak ©f a ship, Lat.]
adorned with beaks of a ship,
ROSTRUM, s. [Lat.] the beak of a bird or ship. A
scaifoldor pulpit, whence orators aiiiiently harangued. A
pipe which conveys liquor into the receiver in common
alembics. A pair of crooked scissars used in dilating wounds.
RO'sy, (.ri)zy) a, \ from ro$ii, a rose, Lat.] resembling a io.se
in bloom, bt aiity, or fragrance.
To ROT, i>. n. [rotan. Sax. rotten, Belg.] to putrefy, or
lose the cohesion of its parts. Actively, to corrupt or make
putrHfi.
ROT, s. a distemper among sheep, by which their lungs
are wasted. A putrid decay.
ROi.-i'TION, s. [from Vo<n, a wheel, Lat.] the act of
whirling round ; the state of being whirled round. A turn
or sot cess on-
ROTA'I'OU, I. [Lat.] that which gives a circular
motion
ROTK, s. [rotuhie. Fr.l words uttered by mere memory
without meaning. Memory of words without understanding
their meaning.
To ROTE, V. «. to fix in the memory without informing
the iindcrstuuding.
RO'TGUT.i. bad beer,
RO'THBURY, a town of Northumberland, whose market
is disconiiiiued. It is 9 miles S. W. of AInw ick, and 302 N.
bv W. of London.
RO'THER-NAILS, s. [corrupted from i-mlikr and nails]
naiU with very full heads, used in fastening the irons of
rudders.
RO'THERHAM, a neat town in the W. Riding of York-
shire with a lar^e iron manufacture, for which it was
famous, even in Leiaiid's time. It is seateij on (he river
Don, at its condux with the Itollier, ."'iles N. E. of
Shetheld, 31 N. of .\ottiii[,'ham, uud 160 N. by \V. of Lon-
don. Market on Monday, Fairs on Whitsunday and
December 1st.
ROTHSAY, a boroui'h town of Scotlaxid. and an-
tiently a royal seal, in the isle of Bute, 70 miles W. of
EdiiiliuiKh,
RO'T/IWEI.L, or Row |-.i.L, a town of Northampton-
sliirc, seated on the side of a bill, Ri miles N. N. E. of
ROU
uow
Nortbampton, and 7& N. N. W. of London. Market on
Mouday.
HCTTlEiV, o. coirupled or putrid. Figuratively, wanting
firiiiiii'ss, ^oliditv, or lioncsty. Stinking.
JU)'T^l^^^h'^S, i. state of being roltcn ; putrefaction.
IHnTKKDAM, a large, strong, liaiidsonie, and rich
town in tlie kingdom olMolland, with ()m<' of the finest liar-
bours in the Netherhnuls, whieli renders it a place of groat
trade. It is the most toiisiderable place in Holland, for
largeness, beauty of its buildings, trade, and riches, next
to Ainslerdani. Erasmus was born in this place, and hi';
statue in bronze is still to be seen, (lis seated on the river
Maese. 13 miles S. E. of the Hague, and 30 S. S. VV. of Am-
slerdam. Lon. 4 2.5. E. hit. 61. 67. N.
ROTU'ND, a. \rotimiliis, from ruta, a wheel, Lat.] round ;
circular ; sjiheiical.
ROTUNDlFO'LiOCJS. a. [from rotimdiis, round, and
folium, a leaf, Lat.] having round leaves.
iU/rUNDrrV, s. \i(iimiditas,i\omratHndus, round, Lat. |
the qiialitv of i)eiug roinid.
KO'l'U'NDO, s. \fotonilo, Ital.] a building of a round form,
both on the outnide and in the inside, such as the pantheon
at Home.
To ROVK, V. n. [ruff'ver, Dan] to rand)ic, wander, or
walk about without any parliculardetermination. Actively,
to wander over.
ROVER, s. a wanderer. A fickle or inconstant person.
A robber'or pirate. At rm-ers, without any particular aim.
ROUEN, a city, the capital of the dept. of J.iower Seine,
seated on the river Seine. '] he streets are nairou, crouked,
dirty, and consist of wooden houses. .Motwithstanding this
disagreeable appearance, it is one of the most opulent and
important places in France. It is 2 leagues and a half ni
circuit ; and fits 6 suburbs inclniled) is computed to contain
73,000 inhabitants. The public buildings are very grand
and elegant. The linens of Rouen, paiticularly «l)at are
called the Sinnimse, are much esteemed. There are also
manufactures of cloth, and a nianufaclorv of oil of vitriol,
the only one in France. The suburb oi' St. Sever, situated
on the other siile of the Seine, corni'iuiiicates with the city
by a bridge of boats, which risesaiid falls «ith the tide, and
is made to open so as to admit the passage of ships, it is
paved, and is 270 paces long. It is .50 miles S. \V. of Amiens,
and 70 N. W. of Paris. Lat. -19. 27. N. lon. 1. 10. E.
ROU(tE, (rooji:) s. {roiis;e, Fr.] red paint.
ROUCiH,(tliis vviird. and i's t(dloi,\iug compounds, pro-
nounced niff', as riiff'cust riijf'drnft, &c.) a. \1iruU, liriili^e,
Sax.) having inequalities on the surface, opposed to sniootli ;
nigged. Austere, applied to the taste. Ilarsh, applied to
sound. Severe, rude, or void of civility, applied to beha-
viour. Hard featured. Not finished or polished. Coarse.
Tempestuous, applied to weather.
To R0'U(iHCA.^T, r. a. to form in a careless or inele-
gant manner, v\ith inequalities on its surface. To form any
thing in its first rudiments.
ROUGHCAST, s. a rude model. K kind of plaster very
uneven in its surface, because mixed with pebbles, Xc.
RO'UGHDR AUGHT, s. a draught of a thing performed
without care or iiicetv.
To KO'UGHDR AW, v. a. to trace coarselv.
To ROU'GHEN, 1). a. to make rough. Neuterly, togrow
rough.
To RO'UGH-HEW, v. a. to form in a rude careless
manner.
RO'UGH HEW.part. a. nigged; unpolished; not nicely
fiiiished.
ROU'GHLY, nd. with uneven surface. Harshly ; rudely.
Severelv . Austerely.
KOU'GHNESS, i. inequality of surface. Austerity, or
astringency of taste. Harshness.of sound- Severity , or want
of civility or elegance of behaviour or tieatmeiit. Violence
of operation, applied to medicine. An unpolished or un-
finished state. Want of eiefance in dress or appearance.
Tempcstuousncss, applied to weallier. Cjarseness ol
fcati.re.s.
KOUGHT, old prcter. of REACir. Reached.
Til HOUXillWOUK, V. a. to work coarsely over without
the le.Tst nicelv.
ROU'NCl'A'AL, .5. a species of pea, so called from Roun-
cesval, a town at the foot of th; Pvrennces.
ROUND, ffl. [m(< Fr. re«rfo, Ital. rimd, Belg.] cylindri-
cal, cireiilar, or spherical ; orbicular. Smooth, ajiplicd to
the sound of periods. Not broken, applied to ntniibers.
(juick, applied to motion. Plain; without reserve ; follow-
ed by nilh. Large ; as, " a round sum."
ROUND, .1. a circle, sphere, orb. A nmdle, or step of
a ladder. The lime in which a thing passes tliro'jgh the
liands of a company, and comes back to the first. A revo-
lution. A discharge of nuisquetry. A walk performed by
an ofheerin surveying any district, from nmde, Fr.
ROUND, «(■/. every way : on all sides. In a circle or
revolution, from en rund, or « la roiide, Fr. in a circular man-
ner. Not in a direct line, followed by ahoid.
ROUND, /«•(•/). on every side of. Circularly about. All
over. '
To HOUND, V. a. \rotimdn, Lat.] to surround or encircle.
To make circular. To raise figures to a relief. T(. move
alidiit any thing. To make smooth, applied to periods.
Neuterly, to grow to a circular form. 'I'o uhispei, from
rtrnryi, T cut.
ROUNDABOUT, a. ample or extensive. Indirect or
lo jse. A bad word.
.OU'NDI'.L, ROUNDELAY, s. [rondekt, Fr.] a kind
of piielry consisting of thirteen verses, eight of mhicli are of
one kind of rhyme, and five of anollier; it is divided into
three couplets, and has the begiiiiiiiigof thenrnHf/cMepeated
atti.e end of the second and third eouplits in an e(juiv()cal
sense, if possible. A round form or figure, from run-
delle, Vv.
ROUNDER, s. circumference ; inclosure.
ROUNDHEADS, {ronndheds) s. puiitaiis, so named from
their eustoiii of croniiing their hair round.
ROUNDHOUSE, «. the constables prison, in which dis-
orderly pe' sons, found in the street, are confined.
ROU'NDISH, a. somewhat round; approaching to
roundness.
ROUNDLY, ad. in a round form. Openly ; plainly.
BriskU . Completely ; in earnest.
ROU'NDNICSS, .«. circularity; sphericity; rotundity.
Smoollmess. Honesty ; openness.
To HOUSE, {rmize)v. a. [See RAISE or Ri.se] to wake
from rest. To excite lo thought or action. To drive a beast
from his lair. Neuterly, to awake from slumber. To be
excited to thought oraction.
ROUSE, {ruiizc) s. [riisc/t, lialf drunk, Teut.J a dose of
liquor rallier too large.
ROU'SlsR, (rovzei) s. one who rouses.
ROU'SSILLON, a ci-devant province of FraHce, about
50 miles in leiigtli, and a,') in breadth ; now forming the
department of the eastern Pyrenees.
ROUT, s. \rot, Relg.] a clamorous or tuiniiltuons crowd.
Figurativt ly, a clamour or bustle. Confusion of an army
defeated, from ruule, Fr.
ROUTE, s. [rontr, Fr.] a road ; a way. " Wide through
the furzy field their »wi(f they take." Out/.
To ROUT, r. n. to assemble in tumultuous and
claniorons crowds. Actively, to defeat, or disperse by de-
feating.
ROW, (n>) x. [rrlh, Tcut.j a rank or file ; a number of
things ranged in a line.
To ROW. (ro) V. n. [roiran, Sax.J to make a vessel move o«
the water by oars. Actively, to (Irive bv oars.
ROWEL, (c(i^ proii. as in unw) s. [rouclle, Fr.]the pointed
part of a spur which turns on an axis. A seton, or roll of
hair, silk, tVc. put into a wound to promote a discharge.
To IlO'W EL, 1'. a. to pierce through the skin, and keep a
wound open by a rowel.
767
RUB
n u F
irOAVFXL. See H tTH w ell,
RO'VVEN, *. a fieM kept up till after Michaelmas, tbat the
corn li-t't on the ground uiay sprout into green.
R\)AVKK, (rder) s. one that rows.
KO'XBUKGHSIllRF., a county of Scotland, sometimes
calleflTevioldale. and containing the districts of Teviotdale,
Liddesdiile, I'usdale. and Eksdale. It is bounded on the N.
h\ Berwickshire, on the E. and S. bv She K,n};lisl) counties
■ of iNorlhunibeiland and Cundierlanil, and on theW. by the
shires of Dumfries and Selkirk. From N. to S. it extends
near 30 miles, and pbout 18 from E. to W. The principal
towns are JedbiMgh, Kelso, Hauick, Melross, and Rox-
burgh, which last town, with its castle, is situated near the
Teviot, 19 miles S. W. of Berwick, and 32 S. E. of £din-
biir:,'h. It sends one nieiiber to parliament.
ROYAL, a. \ro,jal, Fr.] kingly; regal; belonging to,
or becoming a king. l''igura(iveh, noble ; illustrious.
RO'VALIST.s \royaUnte, Fr.] an adherent to a king.
To RO'YALIZK, i/a. to make royal.
ROTALLY, orf. in a kingly manner ; regally; as be-
comes a king.
HOYAL-OAK, in astronomy, one of the new southern
totistfliations.
RO'YAL, Society of England, is an academy, or
body of persons of eminent learning ; instituted by king
Ciiar es II. for the promoting of natural knowledp.'.
ivO'VALTY, J. [roi/altt\ or roijauti, Fr.] kingship; the
character, otiice, state, or ensigns of a king.
To ROYNE, V. a. \rvgHer, Fr.] to gnaw ; to bite.
RO'YiNlSH, a.[rogneux, Fr.] paltry, scurvy, mean. Ob-
solete.
ROYSTON, a large town of Hartfordshire, with a mar-
ket on Wediiesda\s, very considerabli' for corn. It is 20
miles S. I>v E. of Huntingdon, and 37 N. of Loudon.
ROYtF.LET, .t. (Fr.J a little or petty king. " ..ausmg
the American roytehtsXo turn homagers." Htijhn.
To RUB, V. a. \rhnbio, Brit. J to clean or smooth any
tiling by passing something over it. To touch so as to wear
off some of the surface. To touch so as to leave sometlm;g
of Iliat wliicli touches beliiud. To move one t)ou.\ u\i- n
another. Figuratively, to hinder by collision. Toreino^e
by friction. Used wiih down, to clean or curry. L'sed with
vp, lO excite or awaken. Neuterly, to fret, or wear b\ fric-
tion. Te get through difficulties.
RUB, s. an h'nderance orobstniclion. The act of rubbiug.
Inequality of ground, which hinders a bowl in its course.
A ditlicnity, or cause of uneasiness.
RU BBAtiE, or RUBBISH, s. \riMage is now obsolete,
ruins of building ; fragments of malt<r used in building. A
confused mass. Any thing vile or worthless.
RUBBER, s. one that passes one thing hard over the
surface of another. Any lliiiig used to rub with. I'wo
games out of three. A wlnlstone. A coarse tile.
RUBBLE STONE, «. a sloue so called from its being
rubbed or worn by the water.
RUBELITIO, «. in mineralogy, a kind of precious stone,
which derives its red colour Com Iheowile of inangan'-se.
RU'BICAiX, «. [rutnmn, Fr.] hay, sorrel, or black, wilh
a light gray or white on the thinks, applied to the cidour of
a horse.
RUBICUND, u. [riihleimfliis, from riiher, red, Lat. rtili-
tonile. Fr.) inclining to redness; blood-red.
RU BII')I>, n. of the colour of a ruliy.
RUBIFIC, a. [from ruber, red, air.l /ia/o, to make, Lat. J
making red.
RL'lilFORM, a. I'from ruler, red, and forma, him, Lat ]
il^viii,' llie form of red.
To HU'BIFY, f. (I. to make red.
' UUBI'CilNOUS, fl. [fr.iiu ruJ.it;n, rust, Lat.] rusty ;
foul.
RUBIOUS, a. [from ruhro, to be red, Lat.| ruddy ; red.
Not used.
RUBRIC, s. [rnhri<iur^ Fr. rvhrien, from rnhrr, red, Lat.|
liiftctioiis ill tlic common pru\er and law books, so
768
termed, because originally written aiiJ printed with red
ink.
RUBRIC, «.r(;d.
RU'BRICATED, a. [rulricatus, from r«Jer, red, Lat.j
smeared with red.
RU'BY, s. [from ruler, red, Lat.] a precious stone of a
red colour, next in hardness to the diamond. Redness.
Any thing red. A red pimple.
RU'BY, a. of a red colour.
RUCTATION, J. [from ructo, to belch, Lat.J a belching
arising from wind and indigestion.
To RUD, tt. a. [from rutu, redness. Sax.] to make red.
Obsolete.
RU'DDER, s. [mrfer, Belg.J an irestruuient at the stern
of a vessel by which its course is governed. I'iguratively,
any thing that guides or governs the course.
RUDDINESS, i. the quulilv of approaching to redness.
RU'DDLE,;. [rndnt. Island.] red < arth.
RU'DDOCK,.i. [rubecuta, from ruler, red, Lat.J a kind ot
bird, the red-breast.
RLf DDY, a. \rndu. Sax.] pale red ; approaching to red.
Ofa fresh blooming colour.
RUDE, a. \rudis, Lat. rede. Sax.] rough, coarse, brutal;
uncivil; tunu.lluous. Boisterous, violent, turbulent. Harsh.
Untaught, ignorant. Unpolished. Rugged, or shapeless,
from rude, Fr. Artless, inelegant. Performed merely with
strength.
RUDELY, or/, in a coarse, brutal, violent, rough, boister-
ous, or unskilful manner.
RU'Df.NESS, s. want of civility, elegance, or instruction.
Violence. Storminess, or rigour.
RUDK'NTURE, s. [Fr.] in architecture, tiie figure ofa
rope or stall', sometimes plain, and sometimes carved, where-
with the flutiiigs of colniniis are usually /illed up.
RUDERAR Y, «. [from rudero, to heap up rubbish, Lat.J
belonging to rubbish
RUDER \'riON, .$. [from rudero, to Leap up rubbish,
Lat.] in architecture, the laying of a pavement with pebbles
or little sloin s.
RU DGLEY, or Hugely, a handsome, well-built, town
of .Statlordsliire, being a considerable thor<iughfare on the
'oaii from Loudon to Lancashire, and Cheshire. It is
siliiated on a navigable canal, near the river Trent, by
which it coiiiiiiuiiicates wilh all the late inland navig.il ons,
■i miles N. W. of Litchfield, and 126 N. \V. of London.-
Market on Tuesday.
RU'DIMI'NT, i. \rudiment, Fr. rudivientvm, Lai.] the
first principles of a science, or education. The first
inaccurate and unpolished draught «r begMining of any
thing.
RUDIME'NTAL, o. relating to first principles; initial.
To RUE, f. n. jjcoH'^'rra, Sax.] togiieve, regret, or lament.
RUE, .V. \rue, Fr. ri:ta. Lat.] an herb.
RUEFUL, a. woeful ; sorrowful.
RUE'FULLV.nrf. mourntlillv ; sonowfully.
RU I'.'l' ULNESS, ,v. sorrowfulness ; moiiMifulnesa.
ItUI'LLE, s.\?x.\ a circle; i'.n assembly at a private
house Not used.
RUFF, .!. (see Ruffle) a linen ornauienf gathered and
foriiiei ly worn round ihe neck. A small river fish, so called
from the roughness of its sc.les.
miFFK, s. in ornilliojogv llie name of a small species
of bird, the female of which is caiied ree\e, and the
Ldtin niiiiie foi « hicli is avis j>ii^-na.r, or I he fighling bird.
RU'FFI.XN, ,s. |n;//'V'"", llal] a hired murderer.' .\ iniir-
derer, cut ihrfiat, robber, or I oisterous and mischievous
fello".
lUJ'FF! "N, a. brutal ; savagely bolsleroiis.
To RU'FFI A ,N, v.n. to rage, or raise tiuiiults ; to act the
nidian. .Vol in use.
To RUFFLE, {n',fl\ !•. a. \rwi(fclcn, to wrinkle, Belg,] to
coi'tiaci into wrinkles, oi make roiigii. TiMiiscoiiipose, ap-
plied to the tcDiper, 'J'o surprise. To throw top.eiher m
RUM
11 V N
I'.isr.rdcr. To contract into plaits. Neiiterly, to grow rough
or lioisteroiis. To (hitler. To jar. C>b;()l('tp.
KlITFLI', (rifi) s. plailed or {jathercH liruii worn a.s an
ornaiiieiit on tlic wi istb.iiul, tVo. Platti il silk, or other stufi'
worn as an ornament at the holtoni of the slecfve of a
viiiiian'!) gown- A disturbance or coinmolion, apphed to the
uiiiiil.
1{U ITKIvHOOD, s. in faU'onry, a hood to ho worn hy a
hawk vvh'ii she is tirst drawn.
KU(>, t. \riigget, rou^li, Sued] a coarse nappy woollen
cloth. A coarse nappv coverlet used lor mean beiis. A
routfli woolly do;;. Nol us^'d in the last sense.
RU'GBY, a lov\n ofWarwicksh re, with a market on Sa-
tnrday. ft has a fieesehiol, and tour almshouses; 11
miles S. R. of Covenlrv, anil 85 N. N. W. of London.
RU'GGl^D, (rug-ed) a. \riign;H, Swed.J full of uneven-
Tiesses or ineciualilies on the siirfare ; ronf;li. Without or-
der. Saia;je orhrulal, applied to temper. Sloiniv oi hois-
teroMs, applied lo wtalher. Rou'ili or harsh, applied to
sound. SurK, api)lied to aspei t. Rou^jh or shaggy.
RU'GGEDNE.SS, (rug-edness) s. the quality of being
rough.
RU'GIV, J. a nappy cloth.
KU'tilNE, s. \riighif, Fr.] a surgeon's rasp.
RUGOSK, II [fioin )«^rt, a wrinkle, l,at.|full of wrinkles.
RUIN, J. \niina, from luo, to fall, Lat.] the (ail or
destriittion ot cities or hon^< s The remains of a building
that is demolished. Loss of happiness or fortune; destruc-
tion. Misriiief or bane.
To RU'IN, V. a. [i-n)nrr. Fr.] to demolish, subvert, de-
stro\. To deprivp( f li.-p|)ini'5sor(ortune. To impoverish.
Neuleilv, lo full ill Diiiis ; lo run to a state of decay and
desliiKlioii. Tube impo' erislied.
To UL'iN \TK, V. a. to destroy, demolish, or involve in
po"e,t\ and misery. Not in use.
RUiN.A'TlON, s. subversion, or destruction. " Mtv'na-
ii'on of tor, lis." Ca?nh. Obsolete.
RirilSEl!, J he that ruins.
RU'IN<^US, a. [from ruiiia, ruin, Lat. rui}icux, Fr.l fallen
to deca\ ; oernieious ; destructive.
RU'INOUSLV, ttd. in a ruinous manner ; mischievously;
destiucrively.
RULE, s [regvia, from rego, to govern, Lat.) govenmient,
empire, sway, or supreme coiiiiiand. An instruuunt ty
which lines are drawn. A canon or precept by wliicli th
ihniighls or actions are directed. Propriety or re^jukirity
of behaviour. SynoN. Rvie, respects properly those
thills that ought lo be done ; order, the manner in which
thinjjs sliould be done. We submit to rule ; we conform to
<ndcr.
To RULE, I', a. to control, lo govern with power and
authority. To manage. To settle as by rule. Neuterly, to
txenise power orauijiority in governing.
RU'LER s. a governor, or otie who has supreme authority
or command. .\i\ iiistniment used in drawing lines.
RUM, s. a kind of >pirits distilled froni sugar A cant
name for a parson. "Riistv d»\\ rums." Snifl.
To RU'iMBI.E, (rumbl) v. n. \rommelen, Belg.J to make a
hoarse, low, eoutiiiued noise.
rUMRLMn, i. the pei.-on or thing that rumbles.
RU'iMFORD, a great thoroughfare town in Essex, in the
road to Bury and Colchester. It i, a lijiiilet to llie paiish
of Hi.riichurch, and is 17 mil*'^ \V. S. W. of vJhelmsfo'd,
and 12 E. N. E. of London. Markets on M(iiid;i\ for hogs,
on Tuesday for sheep and lambs, and on W'eduesdas for
corn and provisions.
R.U'MINANT. a. [from n(m?Mo, lo chew the cud, Lat.]
hnvingthe propert' of chewing the cud.
To RUMINATR, v. n. [rumiurr. Fr. rvmino, Lat.] to
cliew the cud. To muse, or luedilate ; to think on again
ai:d again. Actively, lo chew over again. To meditate
■>ier and over araiii.
UUMINATIaIN, s. \rmnhiati^), Lat.] the property or act
of dicwing the cud. Figuratively, meditation; reiflection.
To RU'MM AGE, v. a. to search, or plunder ; lo evaci.-
ate. Neuterly, to search places. •
RUM M EH, s. [nrmcr, Bel;;.] a large drinking cup or glass
with a liroad mouth.
RU MNEV,New, a small horougli in K<'nt, sending two
members to parliament, ai;d governed by a iiia>ot and l'
jurats. It consists only of one blreet, which is broad,
and paved with stones, and contains about lUO houses. See
RoMNKV.
RUMOUR, s. \riinwr, Lat. riwieur, Fr.] 'lying report, not
well established ; bruit; lame.
To RU'MOUIl, V. a. to spread a report.
RU'iMOURER. s.ii reporter ; a spreader of rews.
RUjMP, s. [)«>H/j/if;T.;ut.]the end of the back-bone ; the
buttocks ; tail-piece ot a bird.
To RU'MPLE, {fumpt) V. a. [roni)ye!en, Be'g. | to wrinkle or
disorder.
RU MPLE, (rmnpl) s. \firi/mpelle, Sax.] a pucker, or plait
made by negligence or carelessness.
RU'MSEY, a town in Hampshire, wilii a market on Sa-
turday. It is governed by a laayor, 6 aldermen, 12 bur-
gesses, a town-clerk, recorder, and two serjeaiits at mace.
Here is a large manufactory for shalloon. It is 8 miles N.
N. W. of Southampton, and 74 W. by i*^. of London.
To RUN, !■. .n. [yrnan, Sax. rimmii, Goth, rnincn, Bilg.]
to move the legs very swillly. Followed by about, to use
the legs in motion ; to move in a hurr\. To pass wilh a
quick motion. To take a course, applied to ships. '1 o
contend in a race. To run away, to make an esca;ie, or
leave unexpectedly. To stream or (tow, applied to liipiors.
To be liquid, or melt. To pass. To go awaj or viinish.
To move in any direction. To be busied upon, applied to
the mind, and used with on or upon. Used with over, to
be exuberant, or to be mentioned cursorily. To discharge
matter, applied to wounds. To have a general tendency.
Uued with after, to search, to go out of the way for. Fol-
lowed by in uith, to close or comply, to agree. To run
away with, lo hurry without deiibcrati<in. To run over, to
be so much as to flow over ; to be so full as to be overflow n.
Actively, to melt or cast ; ap|died to metals. Applied to
fortune; to hazard, risk, or venture. To rundown, to chase
till weary. Figuratively, to crush or overbear. To run
through, to stab or pierce with a weapon, so that the point
ppear on the contrary side ; to pass through.
RUN, *. the act of running. Course, molion, or direction.
Flow or cadence, applied to verse. Uncontrolled course or
humour. Long reception ; continued success. At the long
run, signifies the end, or at last.
RU'N.AfiATE, «. fcorriipted fr<im reiiegat, Fr.] an apos-
tate ; a deserter, fugitive, rebel, renegado.
RU'NAW.'W, s. one that Hies from danger; a fugitive.
BUNDLE, i. a round or step of a ladder. Sonielhing put
round an axis ; a peritochium. In botany, a conirio.-ition
of flowers, in which a numberof slender iVuit-stalks procued
from the sawie centre, and rise nearly to the same Iieight, so
as to form a regular surface at the top ; as in the hemlock,
carrot, and cow's parsnep. Uundles of flowers are fre-
quently called umbels; and the plants producing them are
said to be lunbelliferous plants.
RU'NDLET. s. [perhaps fiom runlet or roundlet] a sniaH
barrel. In botanv, the fruit-stalks which compose a riindie
are often divided at the top into several smaller fuil-
slaTks; and these smaller sets of fruitslalks are called
rundlets. The fruitslalks of a ruiidle and of a rundlet are
called spokes. The hemlock, carrot, and angelica, furnish
examples.
RUNG, the pret.and part. pass, of RING.
RUNIC, a. a term applied to the kmgiiage and letters of
the antieni Goths, Danes, and other neigiiltouring nations;
its derivation is uncertain.
R'U'^'N !'L, s. a rivulet ; a small brook.
RL'NNER, s. one I bat rcns. A racer. A messenger.
Oneemplojed by a banker or newsmonger to collect money
75J
li JJ s
iii:r
or news abroad. A sbooliiig sprig. One of the stones of
a mill. A bird.
UL'NNF.T, s. [^erunnen, Snx.] a liquor made hr steeping
tlif stomach nf a cidf in hot water, and used for curdling
Biilk. Sonietiines, but improperl;. , spelt JOiiit/.
RU NNION, s. a pidtry scurvy wretch.
RU'NNYMF.AD, a celebiated mead, near ICghain,. in
Surry, vliere king John \v:is compelled to sign .Magna
Cliarta and Clmrta de Fvresia. See Wraysbuhy.
RUNT, i. [)•««<, in the Teutonic dialect sij;nir]es a bull or
row, and is used by u< in contempt for snudi cattle ; as
hefyl, the Welsh term for a horse, is ns?d tor a worthless
liorsej any animal small below the natural growth of its
kind.
RU'PEI"]', s. an Indian coin, value 2s. 3d.
RU PTiON, J. [riiptus, from mmpo, to break, Lat.] a
hreach.
RU PTURE, s. [Fr. rujilns, from rttmpo, to break, Lat.]
the act of breaking ; the state of a thing bursting. A
breach of peace, or act of hostility. An eruption of tiie
gut : hernia.
To RUPTURE, f. a. to break ; to burst ; to suH'er dis-
rui'tioH.
RU'PTURE\VORT, j.;t plant, of which the British spe-
cies are three, viz. the smooth, rough, and sea rupturewort.
Ilie first of these species is a little saltish and astringent,
and increases the secretions by the kidneys. Tl;e juice is
said to take away specks in the eyes. The least rupture-
wort, otherwise called allseed, is the little flax found in wet
gravellv soil, and flowers iii'.'\ugust.
RURAL, a. |Fr. ruralis, from rus. the country, Lat.] be-
longing to, existing in, or resembling the country.
RURA'LITY, RUTiALNESS, s. the quality of being
rural.
RURl'COLfST, s. [from )•«*, the coujitry, and coh, to
cultivate, Lat.] an inhabitant of the country.
RURI'GENOUS, a. [from rus, the country, and gigno, to
generate, Lat.] born in the country.
RUSE, (ruze) s. [Fr.] cunning ; artifice ; little stratagem ;
trick ; fraud ; deceit.
RUSH, s. [rise, Sax.] a plant of which there are II English
species properly so called. The blossoms of all the sorti
are brown, or approaching to blackness. The llowering
rush is the water gladiole, having long and uarruw root-
leaves, a naked cylindrical stem, and purple and while blos-
soms. It is found in muddy ditches, and flowers in Jinie.,
The hare's-tail rush is a sort of cotlongrass found on bogs.
The least rush, called also small Plymouth rush-grass, is a
Rixcies of bulrush, found on wet and sandy ground. Any
thing proverbially worthless.
To RUSH, r. jj. [/irfosttii. Sax. J to move violently and
rapidly.
RUSH, s. a violent course or motion.
RU'SIIGRASS, s. a germs of the grasses^ The long-rooted
bastard cyperus, round black headed bogrush, brown bas-
tard cyperus, compressed bastard cyperus, and white flow-
ered rashgrass, are the British species.
RU'.SHLKiHT, (rushht) s. a candle made 'of a rush strip-
ped of its bark for a wick, and dipped in tallow.
RU'SIIY, «• abounding with rushes ; madeof rushei.
RUSK, s. [rise, Sax.] hard or rough bread made for store.
RU'SALA, s. a brown and light iron substance, with
half as much quick-lime slee[)ed in water, the Turkisli
women make their psilothron, to take ofl hair.
RL'SSET, a. \rousset, Fr.j of a n'ddish brown. Used oy
Sir Isaac IVewton for gray. Coarse, rustic, or homespun.
RUSSET, *. coarse, orecjuntry dress.
RU SSET, or RU'SSETINO, ,t. a name given to sever."
species of pears or apples, on account of their colour.
RU'SSIA^ (Ildsliia) the empire of, is a large country
partly in Asia, and partly in Europe, bounded on theN. by
>he Frozen Sea ; on the "S. by Great Tarlary, the C'aspiar
Sf-a, and IVisia ; on the K. by- the Sea of Japan, and on Int
V.'. by Poland Mud Sweden. There were three couatric
7«<)
that had the nameof Russia ; nJimdy, Red Russia; Whitv
Russia, which comprehends Litliuania ; and Black llus^ia,
which compreliends the government of Kaluga, Moscow,
Tula, Rezan, Volcdimir, and Yarojlaf; and hence his inj
perial majesty takes the title of emperor of all the Russias.
This empire, taken altogether, that is, with the conquesli
made in .Asia, may be likened to a square, whose sides are
2000 miles each. The seas of Russia are the Baltic, the
^yhite Sea, the Frozen Ocean, the Black Sea, near the fron-
tiers of Turkey, and the Caspian Sea There are also live
large rivers, namely, the Mepcr, or Boristhenes, which runs
between Lithuania and Poland ; the Wolga, which runs
through the middle of the country, and falls into the Caspian
Sea ; the Bon, which after several turnings runs into Little
Tartary, and falls into the sea of Asoph ; the Dune, which
running northward falls into the White Sea ; and the Oby,
which running north falls into the Frozen Ocean. It nuiy
easily be conceived that a country of such vast extent must
lie in different climates, and that the soil must be very dif-
ferent. The most fertile part is near the frontiers of Poland ;
insomuch that the inliabitants are able to supply their neigh-
bours with corn ; the N. part is not only more cold, but more
marshy, and overrun with forests, inhabited chiefly by wild
beasts. Besides domestic animals, there are wild beeves,
rein-deer, martens, white and black foxes, weasels, ermines,
and sables, whose skins make the best furs in the world. In
Russia there aiealso large quantities of cotton and silk, with
which they make all sorts of stufls; the other merchandises
are skins, furs, Russia-leather, talc, tall6^v, hemp, Russia-
cloth, honey, wax, and almost all the merchandise of Chiiia,
India, Persia, Turkey, and some European countries. The
inhabitants in general are robust, well shaped, and of pretty
good complexions ; they are great eaters, and very fond of
brandy. They were formerly the most ignorant brutish
people in the world ; but they are making a rapid progress
in every social and eh gaiit improvement and refinement.
Their religion is that of the Greeks, and they depended for-
merly on the Greek pal i iarch,who resided at Constantinople.
The church is governed by a patriarch, and under him there
are four metropolitans, and eight archbishops. The emperor
or empress is an absolute and despotic sovereign, and all the
subjects are reckoned slaves. The ordinary revenue of this
vast empire is 20,000,000 of rubles, which is partly <lra\rn
from conti ibutions, partly from duties on merchandises, and
partly from farms. The orders of knighthood are that of
St. Andrew, St. Catharine, and St. Alexander Newski, which
arc all of late institution. Tlie punishment of their criminals
is very barbarous, nor have they always the privilege of a
fiir trial, for they extort confessions by racks and tortures,
lor the additions made to this empire by the partition ol
IVil.oid, see Poland.
Kl'ST, s. \rHst, Sax.] the red scales of iron owing to niois.
ture. The calx or flour of any metal. Loss of power by
in:ictivily. Matter bred by corruption.
To RUST, 1'. «. to have its surface corroded or tarnisheil.
To degenerate er grow inactive by idleness. Actively, tc
rruike rustv.
RUSTIC, a. \rustieus, from rus, the couiitry, Lat.] rural;
country. Rude or unpolite. Sa\age. Artless; sinipl*
Plaiir or unadorned.
RU'S'TIC, s. a clown or njijjolished countiyman. In y>
chilectiire, a kind of building in imitalion ofirature, parli
cularly when the stones irr the face of a building are hatched
or picked with the point of a hainnrer.
RUSTICAL, n. [riisiiciis, from rus, the couirtry, Lat.l
rough : savage ; uirpolitc.
HU'STICALLY, nrf. savagely; inelegantly; rudely.
To IIU'.ST1CA IE, 1). u. \_riisticor, from ms, the c(uurtry,
Lat.] to reside irr the country. Actively, to banish into the
country.
RUST'CITY, J. [riistieilas, from rus, the country, Laf.(
the(|ualilies of (uie who lives irr the country. Broadncsso'
proni.nciation ; rudeness ofiDunncrj. Rural appearanu.
Simplicity.
\ c
RU'STINF-SS,*. the (lunlity or state of hein.s; nistj.
'I'o lUl'STI.I'',, (rustl) II. II. [hristlaii, Sax.] to iiialic a noise
like that oC silk, wlieii hiiisliiiiK aijaiiist any tliiii;,' ; like that
of iRces when blown by liic wind, or that of a licdgi; wiien
picrcod by a beast.
KUSTY, a. covered with rust. Impaired bv inactivity.
IIU'STYB \CK, .V. a ;,'euus of the iVriis. The f("iik<'d, hairy,
•and marsh rusty hack, are tlic lu;j;iisli species. The two first
species are I'ound in the clefts of rocks, and the latter in
turfboy;s.
To HUT, V. 11. [from rtU, Fr.] to liave a dcsne of cominjj
tojictiier, applie<i to deer.
RUT, s. (see the verb) ihc copulation of deer. A hole
Avorn by the track ;if a wheel, from rante, Fr.
J' iiTlilM, or Ruth Y n, a town of DenbiKlishne, \h miles
S. W. of liolvwell, and 20G N . W. of London. Market on
Monday.
RUTLAND.SIIIRE, the smallest comity of England, 15
miles in len^jth, ajid It in breadth. It is supposed to have
received its name from the red colour of the soil, which, in
some parts, is a sort of ruddle, staining the Ueeces of llie
sheep. It is bounded on the W. by Leicestershire; on the
N. by Nottinghamshire and Lincolnshire, and on the E. ami
S. E. by Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire. It contains
48 parishes, and two market-towns. The air is very good,
and the soil rich, producing excellent corn, and feeding a
/•real number of cattle and sheep. The principal rivers are
the Welland and the Gnash, or Wash. Oakham, in the fer-
tile vale of Catmose, is the countj town.
RUTH, {ruili) s. [from rue] mercy ; pity ; tendernessj
sorrow for the misery of another. Out of use.
RUTllFIJL, «. rueful; woeful; sorrowful.
RUTHFULLY, ad. woelully ; sadly. Si.i rowfully
RU'TflLESS, a. cruel ; pitiless; barbar' ai.
RUTHLESSLY, ad. cruelly ; barbarouslv.
RUTIILESSN ESS, .s. want of pity.
RU'TTIER, s. [roittiere, Fr. ] a direction of I/ie road or
course at sea.
RU'^LTISH, a. wanton or lecherous.
RYE, s. [rtjire. Sax.] a coarse kind of bread corn. .A
disease in hawks.
RYE, a town in Sussex, with two markets, on Wtd.jcs
day and Saturday. It is one of the cinque ports, and is
governed by a mayor ai.nl jurats, and semis 2 members to
parliament. It is 34 miles S. E. by S. of Tunbridgc, a: u
Oi on the same point from London.
RYE'GATE, a town in Surry, with a market-house,
which was formerly a chapel dedicated to Thomas a Becket.
The neighbourhood abounds w ilh fullers-earth and medici-
nal plants. It is charmingly situated in the vale of Holmes-
dale, 16 miles E. of Guildford, and 21 S. of London. Mar-
let on Tuesday, and a monthly one on Wednesday.
RYE'GRASS, s. a sort of grass.
SIS the eighteenth letter, and fourteenth consonant of our
alphabet. In the beginning of a word, * has invariably
its natural and genuine sound ; in the middle of it, it is
sometimes uttered with a stronger appulse of the tongue to
the palate, like z ; as, rose, prose, rosy, easier, miser, nose/,
resident husfj, &c. In the end of monosyllables it sometimes
sounds like s ; as in this, thus, &c.and sometimes like z ; as
ill as, lias, is, his, tVc. an<l generally where es stands in verbs
for eth, as gives. In some words it is silent, as in isle, viscoxim,
&c. At the end of words it is often doubled, whereby they
become hard and harsh ; as in brass, kiss, loss, mass, trespass,
&c. In writing or printing, the long /'is frequently used
at the beginning and middle of words, and the short.? at the
end. In abbreviations, S stands for societas, or snciits ; as
R. S. S. foi regicc seciclatis socitis, i. e. fellow of the roval
society. In medicinal prescriptions S. A. signifies secundum
a»-«fm, i. e. according to the rulc^of art. Used as a nume-
ral, S antiently denoted seven. In books of navigation,
6 £
S. stands for south ; S. F.. for south cast ; S. W. for s(/Ut(i-
west, etc.
S.MJA'OTH, s. rfroin tzaba, an host or army, Heb.ja name
given to God in the holy scriptures, implying his ouniipo-
tence,or sole disposal of the events of war, and aijsolute lo-
vcrnment of the angelic orders.
SA'IUJATII, s. [from sabbath^ rest, Hcb. | the seventh day
of the week. A day appointed for religious duties, and a
total cessation from work, in coninieinoratinn of God's rest-
ing on the seventh day ; but is kept by Christians on the first
day of the week, in commemoration of Christ rising from
the dead on that day. Intermission of pain or sorro'" ;
lime of rest. ^
SA'I5I5A THBREAKER, s. one that violates the sabbath,
by doing those things therein which arc forbidden him to
do in the holy scrii)lures.
SABBATICAL, a. [from mM«(/i, rest, Ileb.] resembling
tiie sabbath ; enjoying or bringing intermission of labour.
SABBA'TISi\l, a. \snbbatum, Lat. from sabbath, rest, Ileb.J
rigid observance of the sabbath superslitiously.
SA'BINE, s. \sabine, Fr. sabiua, Lat.] a plant, the same
with saviw.
S.A'BLE, (^sdbl) s. [zibella, Lat.] fur. In zoology, a black
species of weasel which inhabits the northern i>arts of
Asia. n<i America. Their furs are esteemed more valuable
tiwii tliat of any other animal.
SA'BLE, (sdbl) a. [sable, Fr.J black. Used mostly by
heralds and poets.
SA'BLE.STAN, a province of Persia, S. of Candahar. It
is a mountainous country, little known to Europeans.
S.VBLIEKE, s. [Fr.] is a piece of limber as long, but not
as thick, as a beam. A sand pit.
SABRE, {sdhcr')s. [sabre, Fr.] a scymetar, or swoid with
a convex edge ; a faulchion.
SABULO'SITY, s. [from subulum, sand, Lat.] sandiness ;
grittiness.
SA'BULOUS, a. [from sahdum, sand, Lat.] s:tolv of
gritty.
SACCA'DE, {saldiddc) s. [Fr.] a violent check given to '
horse, by tightening the reins very suddenly.
SA'CCHARINE, {sukkarihe) a. [from sacehaium, sugar,
Lat.] possessing the taste or any otlier qualities of sugar.
SACCHOLA'CTIC, a. in cbymistry, belonging to mucii*
II gum.
SA CCHOLATES, s. in chymistry, salts formed by the
combination of any base with saccholactic acid.
S.'XCERDO'TAL, 0. 1 from sacerdos, a priest, Lat.J belong-
ing to priesthood ; priestly.
SA'CHEL, s. a small leather bag, used by children to
carry their books in.
SA'CHEM, s. a name given to a chief, or prince, among
the West Indians.
SACK, s. [sak, Ileb. snkkos, Gr. saccits, Lat. sac, Fr. ituh,
Brit, seec, Sax. saco. Port. &c. &c. It is observed of this
word, that it is found in almost all languages, and is there-
fore conceived to be antediluvian] a large bag. The mea-
sure of three bushels. A loose robe worn by a woman.
A kind of sweet wine, from see, Fr. The act of storming,
plundering, or pillaging a town. Pillage or pluuder, from
sacar, Span.
To S.'\CK,f. a. to put up in bags. To take by sterra ;
to plunder, pillage, lay waste, or destroy.
SA'CKBUT, s. [sacabuclie. Span, sambuca, Lat. samhiapte,
Fr.] a musical instrument of the wind kind, resembling a
trumpet in its use, but diflering from it in form and size.
SACKCLOTH,*, coarse cloth of which sacks are made,
formerly worn in times of public fasting and lamentation.
S.A'CKER, s. one that takes and pillages a town.
SA'CKPOSSET, i. a posset made of milk, sack, and
some other ingredients.
SA'CR AMENT, s. [saerement, Fr. sacroinentum, from sactr,
holy, and mens, mind, Lat.| an oath or any other ceremony
producing a strong and lasting obligation. An outward aiii
visible rign of an inward and spiritual grace, given unto iisi
rtri
S A D
S A!
ordained by Clirist himself, and received as a pledge to as-
sure us of tjje reception of such grace. The cucliarist or
holy communion.
SACRAME'N'TAL, a. \ sacramental or sacramentel, Fr.] be-
longiiisrto the sacrament.
SACRAME'NTALLY, ad. after the manner of a sacra-
ment.
SA'CRED, 1. \sacri; Fr. sneer, Lat.J set apart for holy
uses. Consecrated ; holv. Inviol-tble.
SA'CftEDLY, oil. inviohililv ; relisiouslv.
SA'CRF.DNESS, .t. holiness ; sanctity.
SACRI'FIC, a [siierijieiis, Lat.J employed in sacrifice.
■j>AORrFiCABLE, a. capable of being offered in sacri-
fice.
SACRIFICATOR, s. [sacrificateur, Fr. from sacer, holy,
■iU(\ fiicin, to make, Lat.J saciihcer ; ofterer of sacritice.
To .SACRIFICE, V. a.\.s(ierijicer, Fr. from saccr, holy, and
fiicio, to make, Lat.J to oiler any thing to heaven. To de-
stroy or give up for the sake of somctliins else. To kill.
Ti> (levole with loss. Nrut('ily,to make oti'erings to God.
SA'CKIFICE, s. [Pr. from sneer, holy, and fneio, to make,
Lat.J the act of oflVriny to heaven. Any thing offered to
lieaven. Any thing destroyed or cjiiitied for the sake of
something else. Anv thing destroyed.
SA'CRlF!CER,j.one that sacrifices.
SACRIFICLAI,, (saeri/is/iial) a. performing sacrifice ;
belonging to sacrifices.
SA'CRILEGE, s.\Vr. from sneer, holy, and lego, to steal,
Lat.J the crime of taking any thing dedicated to divine wor-
ship, or profaning any t-hing sacred.
SACRILE'GIOI'S, a. [from saeer, holy, and l;^o, to steal,
Lat.J polluted with the crime of sacrilege; vioUt'ting things
sacred.
SACRILE'GIOUSLY, ad. profanely; in a sacrilesious
manner.
SA'ClllST, or SA'CRISTAN, s. [sacristniv, Fr.J one that
has the charge or care of the utensils or moveables of a
church.
SA'CRISTY, s. \sncristie, Fr.] an apartment where the
consecrated vessels or moveables of a church arc kept. A
vestry.
SAD, a. [the etymology uncertain; probably a contrac-
tion for snsjorrf, heavy, burdenel, overwhelmed, from To
»ag-, to load] full of sorrow. Melancholy; gloomy. Cirave;
serious. Calamitous; afflictive. Dark, applied to colour.
Heavy; weighty. " More tad than lump of lead." Fairy
Queeii.
To S.'V'DDEN, (sndn) r. a. to make sorrowful, melancholy,
or gloomy. To darken. To make cohesive, applied to
land.
SADDLE, {sad!) s. \sn(l7, .Sax. sndel, Fr. I the seat put on
a horse's back for a |>erson to sit on.
To SA'DDLE, {.melt) r. n. ti) cover w ith, or put on a sad-
dle. Figiirativelv, to load or burden.
SA'DDLEBACKEU, a. hunch-backed, applied to men.
Having the back low, and the head and neck raised, applied
to a horse.
SA'DDLER, or SA'DDLEMAKER, s. one that makes
luddles.
SA'DDUCEES, an heretical sect among the Jews, oppo-
site both in principles and every thing else to the Pharisees.
They were so called, say some, from Sadock, the supposed
founder of their sect; or according to others, from Ileb.
,<,?(/(?/() a word signifying jWiV*. They held the inost ini-
pioi -s tenets in religion. They denied the resurrection of the
ilead, and even, like the I'.picureans, a future state ; affirm-
ing, as the olhirs did, that the human soul perished with
the I odv. They utterly denied the existence of angels, and
of all spirits except of God. 'i'liis dangerous and wicked
heresv, as many learned men think, was occasioned by their
wilfully mistaking the doctrine of their master Socha-us,
who used to press upon his disciples the disinterested love
of virtue, insisting, that men ought to serve God, not as
uierceiiary slave." do their masters, through fear, and Jor
7C2
their own advantage, but for his own sake, and for pure
love of virtue, without any expectation of reward. Thij
doctrine, harmless in itself led them to conclude, though
falseh, that their master had absolutely denied any state
of future rewards. In consequence of their other princi-
ples, they denied likewise the providence of God, or that he
concerned himself in any sense with the affair.', of men.
These atheistical princii)les rendered them justly odious
to the people. How they could deny a divine providence
is very unaccountable, since they rect-ived as inspired writ-
ings the Pentateuch, or five booksof Moses, which are one
continued history of the exercise of such a divine interpo-
sition in the affairs of the world.
SA'DLY, ad. iniserahly ; mournfully.
SA'DNESS, «. the state of a person in affliction. Melan-
choly look ; dejection of mind. Seriousness, or sedate
gravity.
SAFE, a. \saiif, Fr. salvus, Lat.J free from danger, hurt, or
loss. Secure.
.SAFE, s. a place to put victuals in free from mice, &e. a
pantry ; a buttery.
SAFECO'NDUCT, i. a guard through an enemy's coini-
try. Convoy. A pass.
SATEGUARD, s. defence or security from danger. A
convov. A pass, or warrant to pass.
SAFELY, ad. with ^safety.
SA'FENESS, s. the quality of being free from danger.
SA'FETY, s. freedom from danger or hurt. Cusloily, or
the state of heing secured from escaping.
SAFFRON, s. [sqfrnn, Fr. saphiir, Arab.] a flower or
plant which is 'used in medicine, and for tincturing any
thing yellow. SeeCROcus.
SA'FFRGN, a. vellow, or of the colour of saffron.
SA'FFRON-W ALDEN. See Walden.
To SAG, r. 71. to hang heavy. Actively, to load.
SAGACIOUS, (iafras/nous) a. [sa"a.v, I^at.J quick of
scent or thought. Acute in making cfiscoveries.
SAGA'ClOU.SLY, {sagdsldousli/) ad. with quick scent.
With acuteness of penetration.
SAGA'CIOUSNESS, (sagdshiousness) s. the quality of
being sagacious.
SAG.\C'ITY, s. Isagax, sagacious, Lat.J quickness of
scent. Acuteness of discovery, or apprehension. The fa-
culty by which we find out intermediate ideas, to discover
the connexion hetween each link of the chain, whereby the
extremes are held together.
SA'G.'VMORE, s. akingor supreme ruler among theln-
dians. The juice of some unknown plant used in medicine.
SAGE, s. [sauge, Yr.\ an herb used in cooking.
S.'VGE, a. [sage, Fr.] wise, grave, prudent, discreet.
SAGE, i. [sage, Fr.J a person of gravity and wisdom.
SA'fil'^LV, nd. gravely ; prudently.
.S.X'GENESS, s. wisdom ; gravity.
SACH'TTA, in ast.onomy, the Arrow or Dart, a constel-
lation of the northern hemisphere, near the Eagle.
SAGITTAL, (raff'»«0 a. [from sngiKn, an arrow, Lat.l
belonging to an arrow. In anatomy, applied to a suture of
the head, resembling an arrow.
SA'GIT'FARY, (s«/i7<fli7/) J. [Sagittarius, from sagilta, an
arrow, lyat.J a centaur. The name of one of the southeri-
signs of the zodiac, w liich the sun enters on the '22nd of
November.
SA'CiO, s. the pith of a tree called Landan, growing id
the Molucca Islands in the East Indies ; and is of conside
rable use in diet, as a restorative and nourisher. >
SA'IC, s. \saica, Ital. saiijae, Fr.] a Turkish vessel used ID
carrying merchandise.
S.'\II), pret. and part. pass. ofSAY.
SAIL, ,v. [ifg/. Sax. sri/l, IJclg.] a piece of canvass which
catches the wind, and by that means moves a vessel on the
water. In poetry, a wing. A ship or vessel. To sirihe
tail, is to lower the sail ; and used figuratively, for abatiiij;
of pomp or superiority.
ToSAlL, V. n. to move by means of sails. To pass '>?
^ AL
SAL
wator. To swim. To pass aloii^' smoothly. Actively, «o
pabs by means ofsails. To pass tliroiiit;li.
SA'ILI'.R, or SAILOR, s. [.laikr is most ayrocal)le toaiia-
In^jy, but saihr is most coiuiiioiily us»(lj a soaiiian. Sy NON.
.V(ii7(/>- ii5 useil with most iiroiiiiciy with respict to the com-
mon miMi ; or, in the sea plii;isp, tliose before the iDast.
&a)Hr;i agrees best witli reganl to tlie superior chiss of the
ship's company, such as the otiicers, i>oatswain, ^Mr.iner, &c.
Mariner relates more to those wlio ;;ain their livelihood at
sea, but who are KPnerally (heir own masters ; as fishermen.
We sav, an able snilor ; an expert seiiman; a bold mnrmer.
S.\'ILYAUD, i. the pole on which the sail is extended.
SAINT, s. I from sunctus, holy, Lut.] a person eminent for
piety and virtue.
To .SAINT, II. a. to number or reckon ainon-; the saints ;
•o canonize. Neuterly, to act with a shew of piety.
.S.^'INTF"!), fl. holy ; reckoned anionfr the saints.
SA'INTFOIN,orSArNFOIN, .?. fKr.] a nams of plants
of which there are several species, but only one, viz. the
cock's head saintfoin, a native of Enj;land. It has winged
.eaves, prickly shells containing one seed, and red blos-
soms. It is cultivated like clover fur feeding tattle, and
.:i particularly advantageous in dry hilly situations, and
V iialky soils.
St. JAMES' wort, s. a plant; a species of groundsel.
St. JOHN'S WORT, s. a plant. Several species of tut-
san fo by this name.
SA'lN'i'LY, (id. like a saint ; becoming a saint.
SA'INTONG, a ci devant province ofKrance, about C2
miles in length, and .''.O in breadth. The river Charente
nnis through the middle of it, and renders it one of the finest
and most fertile tracts in France, abounding in the various
sorts of corn and fruits ; and they make (he best salt here
m Eurofie. It now forms, w ith the late province of Aunis,
the department of Lower Charente.
S.A'INTSHIP, s. the character or qualities of a sf.int.
SAKE, s. [snc. Sax. sache, Belg.] final cause, end, or pur-
pose. Regard to any person or thing.
SA'KER, s. \saher originally signifies a hawk, the pieces
9f artillery being often denominated from birds of prey] a
small sort of cannon.
S.AL, s. [Lat.]salt. — Often used in pharmacy.
SALA'CIOIIS. (saldshioiis)a. [saln.r, Lat ] lustful.
SAL.\'ClOVSLY,(sa!ishioiis/!j)ad. lecherously ; lustfully.
SALA'CITY, 5.[OT/«f!(a,«, Lat.] last; lechery.
SA'LAD, i. [snWc, Fr.] herbs which are eaten raw.
SALAMANCA, an antient, large, handsome, rich, and
populous citv of Spain, in Leon, with a famous university,
consisting of 2t handsome colleges. The structure, called
the schools, where all sorts of sciences are tauglit, is very
large and curious, and is built of freestone. It is adorned
with magnificent church-houses, a large public square, fine
fountains, and every thins ^I'^p that can contribute to the
beauty and conniiod loudness of a city. There were formerly
7000 students, when the Spanish monarchy was in a flourish-
ing condition ; and there are now upward of 4000, from all
parts of the kingdom. The scholars are all clothed like
priests, having their heads shaved, and caps thereon. The
cathedral is one of the handsomest in Spain, and has a fine
steeple. There are also several fine convents, with cliurch-
liouses belonging to them, adorned v. ith images, and
some with curious pictures. It is seated partly in a plain,
and parllv on hills, and is surrounded by a wall. It
is accounted one of the finest cities in the kingdom.
The river Tornies, which washes its walls, has a bridge over
It 300 paces long, built by the Romans; and without the
walls is a fine Roman causeway. It is 37 miles S. E. of
Miranda, 105 S. of Leon, and 88 N. W. of Madrid. Lat. 41.
8. N. I0U..5. Ifi. VV.
SALAMA'NDER, s. \salamandre, Fr. sahmandra, Lat.J
an animal supposed to live in the fire, and imagined to be
very poisonous. Ambrose Parcij has a picture of the sala-
inaiider, with a receipt for the bite ; but there is no such
creature, the name being now given to a poor harmless rep-
tile. Salamander's hair, or saUimander's unul, is a kind o'
asbestos, or mineral flax.
SALAM.\'Nl)inNE,a. resembling a salamander.
SAL-AMMONIAC, s. in chymistry, a tlrug, supposed
bv the anticnls to be generated in the sanils near the tem-
ple of Jupiter Annnon, in Lybia, by the urine of camels,
but it is nov/ procured from a variety of substances. It is
a cond)ination ol amuKiiiia with the muriatic acid.
SA'LARY, s. \iiili(iri; Fr. salarimii, from *«/, salt, Lat.
because it was an allouance given to purchase victuals, of
which salt was an imporlaiit article] stated hire. Annual
or periodical pa\ment.
SALE, s. \saal, P.elg.] the act of selling. Market, nr
vent. Price. A public or [jroclaimcd exposition of goods
bv auction or at a maiket.
"SALEAHLE, n. fit to be sold.
SA'LEARLENESS,*. fitness for sale.
SA'LEBROL'S, a. \sakurvsiis, Lat.] rugged ; uneven.
SA'LESiVLAN, s. one who sills cluthesreadj made. One
who sells cattle for others.
SA'LEWORK, s. work done in a careless manner, and
fit only to be exposed in shops.
S.^'LIANT, a. fFr.J in heraldry, in a leapinij posture. In
fortification, projecting beyond the other woilcs.
SA'LIEN T, «. [from salio, to leap, Lat.J leaping ; panting,
springing with a swift motion.
SALIFL4BLE, a. in chemistry, capable of forming
salts.
SA'LINE, orSA'LINOUS, a. [saliuus, from sal, salt, Lat.]
saltish ; consistini? of salt.
SA'LIQUE LAW, (SiiHh) a law made in France, accorrl-
ing to some, by king Pluiramond ; or, according to others,
by Philip the Long, which rendered women incapahi: of
sueeceeding to the throne.
SAL'ISPjURY, {SaiilsUrri/) or New Sarum, a city, an
the capital of Wiltshire, containingabout 7700 inhabitants
with 2 markets, on Tuesday and Saturday. It is a bislioi)'s
see, has the title ofan earkloui, and is pleasantly situated on
the river Avon, that waters most of the principal streets,
which are large and spacious. It has several handsome
buildings, particularly the cathedral, which is a stately
handsome building with a lofty spire, and commonly said
to Iiave as many gates or doors as there ate months in
the year, as many windows as weeks, and as many pillars
as days. It is governed by a mayor, recorder, tVc. sends
2 members to parliament, and is 80 miles W. by S. of
London.
SALISBURY' PLAIN, in Wiltshire, extends 2.i miles K.
to Winchester, and 28 W. to Weymouth, and in some
places it is from 3.5 to 40 miles in breadth. There are so
many cross roads in it, and so few houses to take directions
from, that Thomas, the eighth earl of Pembroke, planted
a tree at the end of each mile stone from hence to Shaftsbury,
for the traveller's guide. That part of it about the city is
a chalky down, like East Kent. The other part.s are noted
f(jr feeding numerous flocks of sheep, some of « hicli contain
from 3000 to 5000 each, and several farmers hereabouts
have two or throe such flocks. By feeding (he sheep upon
the lands, after they are turned up with the plough, they
become very fruitful, and bear very good wheat and other
grain. In this plain, beside the famous Stonehenge, are
traces of many Romish and British antiquities.
SALlYiX, s. [Lat.J the fluid by which the mouth ami
tongue are moistened. Spittle. Any thing spit.
SALIVAL, or SA'LIVARY, a. relating to or consisting
of spittle.
To SA'LIV^'\TE, V. a. to evacuate the spittle. To bring
on a spitting bv art.
SALIVATIO.N, i. \saUvatio, from saliva, spittle, Lat
a secretion of spittle. The state of a person who is undei
cure for any venereal or scrofulous complaint, by secreting
spittle.
S.\L1T0US, a. ]saUiostis, from saliva, spittle, Lat.J harius
the nature of spittle; consisting of spittle.
SAL
SAM
SALLEE', an antient town of Fez, in Africa, long noted
for its rovtrs, or pirates, who niai^e prizes of ail Cliristian
ihips tliat thcv meet, except tliere is a treaty io tiie con-
trary. It is 1.30 miles S. of Gibraltar. Lat. 34. 6. N. Ion.
€< 38 W.
S.VLLET, or SA'ELETING, *. cornipted from snlad,
and of the same signiticiitioii.
SA'LLOW, {sallo) s. [sali.r, Lat.] a tree of the willow
kind.
SA'LLOW, {sAIlS) s. [sub, black, Teut.] sickly, morbid.
Of a greenish yellow.
SA'LLOWJN ESS, (sdlldness) s. yellowness ; sickly paleness.
SA'LLOVvTHORN, s. a slirub, also called sea buckthorn.
Tlie common sallowthnrn is a kind of willow.
SA'LLV, s. sallie, Fr.] an unexpected issue or eruption
f-roDi a place besieged. A range or excursion. A flight,
applied to wit. An escape, frolic, or extravagant flight.
ToSA'LLY, r. 71. to burst out suddenly from a place be-
sieged.
SA'LLYPORT, s. a gate from Avhich sallies are made.
SAI^AIAGU'NDI, s. [corrupted from selon men front, Fr.]
accordnig to my taste ; or c' tst a mott gout] a mixture of
chopped meat, salmon, pickled herrings, &c.
SALMON, i. \salmo, Lat.J a large river fish.
SA'LMONTROUT, s. a trout somewhat resembling a
salmon.
SALONICHL formerly called Thessalonica, a sea-
port of Turkey in Europe, and capital of Macedonia, with
an archbishop's see. It is large, populous, and rich, being
about 10 miles in circumference. It is a place of great
trade, carried on principally by the Greek Christians and
the Jews, the former of whicli form 30 churches, and the
latter as many synagogues : the Turks also have a few
mosfjues. Tlie principal meicliundise is silk. It is sealed
at the bottom of a gulf of the s.niie name, partly on the top,
and partly on the side of a hill, near the river Varda, 50
miles N. ofLarissa.and 270 W. of Constantinople. Lat. 40.
41. N. Ion. 22. 53. E.
SA'LSAFY, or SA'LSIFY, s. a provincial term for the
purple goatsbeard.
SALSAMENTA'RIOUS, a. \sahamentariua, from sal, salt,
Lat.] belonging to salt things.
SALSOA'CID, a. [from sahus, salt, and acichts, sour, Lat.]
Laving a taste componnded of saltness and sourness.
SALSU'GINOUS, n. \sahiigo, bom sal, salt, Lat.] saltish ;
somewhat salt.
SALT, isaxdt) s. [salt, Goth, senlt. Sax. sal, Lat. sel, Fr.]
a well-known crystallization employed in curing meat,
inid for various "other purposes. In chymistry, an acid
combined with an alkali, an earth, or a metallic oxyde. A
taste or smack. Figuratively, wit, merriment.
SALT, (sank) a. having the taste of salt. Impregnated
orseasij»ied with salt. Lecherous, from snUir, Lat.
To SALT, {saidl) V. a. to rub with salt. To season with
salt.
SA'LTANT, «. [from talto, to dance, Lat.] jumping ;
dancin'g.
SA'LTASH, a town of Cornwall, seated on the descent
of a steep hill. It consists of 3 streets, which are washed
clean by every shower of rain. It has some trade, espe-
cially ii) malt, and is G miles N. W. of Plymouth, and 220
W. by S. of London. Market on Saturday.
S.\LTATION, s. ffiom talio, to dance, Lat.J the act of
dancing or jumping. Beat; palpitation.
SA'LTCAT, (sauUcat) s. a lump of salt, made at the sal-
terns, and given to pigeons.
SA'I/rCELLAll . s. a vessel of salt set On the table.
S.A'LTER.Csnu/'cr)*. one who sells or makes salt.
SA'LTKllN, (satiltcrii) s. a place where salt is made.
SA'LTFLEET, a sea port of Lincolnshire, 33 miles N. E.
of Lincoln, and 158 N. of London. .Market on Saturday.
SA'LTl I'dl, (siiuller) s. \saithicyc, Fr.] in heraldry, a bear-
iP'i in the form of a St. Andrew's cross.
S.VLTIbll, a, somewhat sr
7G4
SALTNl'^SS, (s(v<?/ncjs).?. having tlie taste of salt.
S.A'LTl'AX, or &A'LTnTi{saultpit)s. a pit from whence
salt is dug.
SALTPETRE, (saultpetei-) s. [from sal, salt, ?ii>d petra, a
rock, Lat.] nitre.
SA'LTSl'.'JltGII, a country of Germanv, W. of Austria.S.
of Upper Bavaria, and N. of Cariulliia. It is a mountainous
country, but pretty fertile, and contains mines of copper, sil-
ver, and iron. No maimer of grain is sown here, but hay of
a very peculiar goodness is produced in every part. Here
are considerable manufactures of steel and brass, as appears
from the astonishing number of swords, sabres, muskets,
cannon, &c. which arc to he seen in the armories all over the
eountry. It extends about 100 miles in length, and CO in
breadth. The principal town is of tUe same name.
SA'LTZBURGH, a large and antient town of Germany, in
the circle of Bavaria, capital of a territory of the same name,
under the arch bishop ofSaltzburgh, who is a sovereign prince.
It is populous, well-built, and seated on a mountain. The
archbishop's palace is a superb structure, has a magnificent
garden, adorned with statues, and planted v\ith uncommon
trees. This is his summer house, but that for winter con-
tains 163 apartments, all richly furuibhed, without reckon-
ing the halls and galleries. The university partly depends
on the beuedictine monks, who have a fine library in llieir
monaitery. In 1737, a separate college was built here for
young gentlemen. The cathedra! fi built here of freestone
and marble, anJ contains 5 orgaiis. Near Saltzhurg are
some considerable salt works. It is seated on the river
Saltz, 45 miles S. by W. of Passaw, and 140 \V. S. by W. of
Vienna.
SA'LVARILITY, s. possibility of being saved.
SA'LVABLE, a. [from salvo, to save, Lat.] possible to be
received toeverlastnig life.
SA'LV.ADOR, a town of Congo, capital of the county
of Pemba, with a large palace, where the king resides, and
a Portuguese bishop. It contains several churches, and
about 40,000 inhabitants, of whom 40C0 are vvliite. The
Portuguese live in a quarter by themselves. It is seated
on a craggy mountain, in lat. 5. 50. S. and Ion. 15. 39. E.
SA'LVAGE, s. [from stibw, io save, Lat.J money paid by
the owners for retaking a vessel from an enemy ; or for
saving goods from the danger of the sea*.
SALVATION, s. [from salio, to save, Lat.] preserva-
tion from eternal niiserv. Reception to a state of happiness.
S.A'LVATORY, i. [salvatuire, Fr.] a place where any
thing is preserved.
SALU'BRIOUS, a. [salnbris, from sahs, liealth, Lat.,
wholesome ; ■^promoting or confirming health.
SALUBRITY, s. [saluhj-itas, from salus, health, Lat.J the
qualityof promoting health.
SALVE, {sav) s. [from salens, safe, Lat.] any glutinous
matter applied to wounds. Figuratively, help or remedy.
To SALVE, r. a. to cure with medicines. To help; t'
remedy. To help something by an excuse or reservation.
SALVER, s. a vessel on which glasses or other things are
presented to guests.
S.i^'LVO, s. [Lat. a form used in granting any thing] an ex-
ception, excuse, or reservation.
S.VLUTAKINESS, s. wholesomeness, or the quality of
I)romoting health.
SALUTARY, a. [from snhia, health, Lat.J wholesome ;
promoting or contributing to heallli.
SALUTATION, s. [Fr. from saluto, to salute, Lat.] the
act or stvie of saluting ; greeting; salute.
ToS.ALUTF, r. rt. [from .«n/i(i, health, Lat.J to pay a per
son a compliment, or wish them well, at meetnig. To greet;
to hail. To please or gratify. To kiss.
SALUTE,*, salutation ; greeting. A kiss.
SALUTER, .?.he who salutes.
SALUTIFKROUS, «. |l'ronwn/«J, health, and fho, to
bring, Lat.] healthful; conducive to health.
b.'VMAHCANI), or SA'MACAND, [called also Ma-
WARALNAHR.] siipposcd to be the M arakandiw of the
SAN
SAN
anfients, a very large and well peoplo.i city <*( Asia, capilal
of a kiliHikiiii <)(' tilt' saiiii- iiaiiie, in llie t-oiiiilry of the
Usbeclt Tartars, with a laTiious acadtiiiy <>i' sciences, to
which the Maiionietans reiiort to sliuiy, from ail the ncioji-
Ijoiiring countries. Many of the lionses are built of stone,
j»i:d it is forfitied with strong IniluarUs of earth. It was
formerly the seat ofTanierlane the Great, as it no\v is of a
'J'artar "prince, and carries ow a great trade with Persia,
Ilindoostan, Chinese Tartary, tvc. The silk paper made
liere is in great request throughout the East. The soil
produces pears, apples, raisins, and melons, of an exquisite
taste. It is pleasantly seated on the river Sogde, 150 miles
E. by N. of Bokhara." Lat. ;?!). 5;). N. Ion. 03. 20. E.
S.^iVIA'lHTANS, a sect of here ticalJews, who inhabited
tlie country from which they derived their name. 'I'hey
preferred mount Gerizim to .leriisaleui, and are said to
bave rejected every part of the Old 'J'estument except the
live books of Moses.
S.'XME, 3. [samo, Cotliic, sammn, Swed.] not another;
i(ientical ; very ; of the like sort, kind, or degree. IVIea-
tioned before.
SAMENESS, s. identity; the state of being not another,
or not diflerent.
SA'MLiyr, s. fa diminutive of salmon ; whence salmonct,
or salmoiihl, and samlct\i\ small salmon.
SAMOGITlA,;!' province of Poland, by the Baltic Sea,
about 17u miles in length, and 125 in breadth. It is full of
forests and very hi^:!! mountains, which feed a great number
of cattle, and produce a large quantity of honey. There
are also very active horses, in high esteem. The inhabitants
are accounted clownish and honest ; and they will not allow
a young woman to go out in the night, without a candle in
her hand, and two bells at her girdle. Rossentia and
Wormia are the principal places.
SAMOYE'DI^S, The, once a numerous nation of Tar-
lary, in Asia, but now strangely dispersed. I'hey neither
have, nor appear ever to have had, any kind of regular
government. They have a large head, a flat face, high
cheek bones, small eyes, a Hat nose, a wide mouth, a yellow
complexion, large ears, straight, harsh, black hair, a short
neck, little or no beard, and short legs.
.SAWJ-*, s. a name given in America to a sort of bread
made of the maize, or Indian corn.
SA'MPliIRE, s. an umhellifcrous plant found on the sea-
coast. Poor people on the sea-coast eat it as a potherb,
and it is very generally used as a pickle. The golden
samphire is a species of elecampane, flowering in Anjjust.
The marsh samphire is the jointed glasswort. The prickly
samphire, or sea parsncp, is a species of the echinophora
ofEiiniseus.
SA'MPLE, {sampT) s. ffrora example] a specimen ; a part
sliewed, that judgment may be made of the whole.
SA'MPLER, i. [e.rumvlar, Lat.] a pattern of work. A
piece of work wrought by girls to teach them marking, &c.
SA'NABLE, a. (from smw, to cure, Lat.] curable ;
remediable.
SANATION, *. [from sano, to cure, Lat.] the act of
curing.
SA'NATIVE, a. [from s<mo, to cure, Lat.j having 1,'ie
power to heal or cure.
SANCTIFICA'TION, *, [sanctification, Fr.] the state o'
being freed, or the act of freeing, from the dominion of sin.
The act of making holy ; consecration.
SA'NCTIFIER, s. one that sanctities or consecrates.
To SA'NCTIFY, v. a. to free from the pollution and povvi-r
of sin. To free from guilt. To make holy. To secure
from violation.
SANCTIIMO'NIOUS, a. [snnctimonia, from sayctus, holy,
Lat.] having the appearance of a saint ; saintly.
SANCTIMONY, s.[sanctimo7na, from saiictus,ho\\', Lat.l
a scrupulous austerity ; appearance of holiness ; holiness.
SA'NCTION, {sanhhon) a. [from sancio, to ratify, Lat.]
the act which coofirms a tlbing, and makes it obligatory.
SA'NCTITUDE, «. [from taiicim, ho\y, Lat.] hoIinesB ;
goodness.
SA'NCTITY, ». [sunclitiis, from sanctiis, holy, Lat.] a state
of holiness. Cioodness; godliness; purity. An holy being;
angel.
SA'NCTUARY, i. \sanctiiarimn, from tanttiis, holy, Lat.]
a holy place. A place of refuge, or protection ; asylum.
Shelter or proli clion.
SAND, s. [sKiiU, Dan. and Belg.] a very small gritty
earth. Particles of stone not joined, or alter being
joined, broken to powder. A barren country covered with
sands.
SAXDAL, s. snndale, Fr. sandalium, Lat.] a loose shoe.
SA'NDAK.ACll, {sandurak) s, \.mndarai/i:e, Fr. suuduraca,
Lat. J a very beautiful native fossil, often injudiciously con-
founded with factitious red arsenic, and willi the red matter
formed by melting the common yellow orpiment. A dry
hard resin of a v, liitish colour, of which pounce is made.
The matter commonly found in a bee-hive, commonly named
ice.;' bread.
S.-XNDBACH, a town in Chesnire, seated on the river
Vi'elock. In the market-place are two square stone-crosses,
ac'lorned with images. It is 2(i miles E. of Chester, and Kit
N N. W. of London. Market on Thursdays.
SA'NDBLIND, a. atllictcd with a defect in the sight, i..
wl'ich smajl particles seem continually tlying before the eyes.
SA'NDED, n. barren, covered with sand.
SANDEMA'NIANS, s. in Ecclesiastical history, mo-
dern set that originated in Scotland, about the year 172H,
and were hrst called 6'/!«sijVc.5, from John <Jlass, I heir founder:
afterwards by their present name, in 1755, from Mr. Robert
Sandeman, who wrote in tavour of their principles. Their
oj)iniousand practices chiefly consist in, their weekly admi-
nistration of the Lord's Supiier ; their love feasts, of whicli
every member is ren.uired to partake ; their kiss of charity
used on this occasion; their weekly collection before the
Lord's Supper for the support of the poor, and other ex-
penses : mutual exhortation ; abstinence f^rom blood and
things strangled ; washing each other's feet, which they
understand as a literal precept, Ac. They maintain a
plurality of elders, pastors, or bishops, in each church.
In discipline, they are very strict and severe. They are
not, at presfiit, a very numerous sect either in England or
Scotland, and difi'ei fiom the Calvanists in tiieir notions ii.f
faith, wliich tliev deem a simple assent, and not ajustifi/ing
fait|.i.
SA'NDERLING, s. a bird.
' SA'NDERS, s. [saiitcihon, Lat.] a curious sort of In-
dian wood, of which there are three sorts, yellow, red, and
green.
SA'NDEVER, s. [saindever, Fr.] the recrement or scurii
produced in making glass.
S.'V'NDISH.n. approaching to the nature of sand ; loose.
SA NDSTONE, s. a stone that crumbles into sand.
SA'NDWICH, a sea-port town of Kent, consisting of
about 1500 honse-5, most of them old and built with wood,
though there are a few new ones built with brick and flints.
The members pioperlv belonging to it, as a Cinque Port,
are Fordwich, Deal, Walme-r, Ramsgatc, Reculver, Stonar,
and Sar. It was once a considerable sea-port, but it is
now much decayed on account of the river Stour, on which
it is sealed, being so choked up with sand as to admit only
small vessels. By these, however, it exports chiefly to the
London markets, corn, malt, the largest and sweetest carrots,
fruits, and seeds, the soil being remarkably good for all
sorts of garden stufl^'. It is 13 miles E. of Canterbury, a«d
67 E. by S. of London. Markets en Wednesday and
Saturday.
SA'NDWICH ISLANDS, a group of Islands in the S.
Sea, discovered bv captain Cook, wha gave them tile abovd
name in honour of the earl of Sandwicb, under w hose admi-
nistration they were first visited. They lie between 19 and
22deg. N. lat. and between 155 and i59 (leg. \V. Ion. and
are 12 in number, the largest of which is called O'why'hee.
705
SAP
S AR
Tlie air of these islands is, in general, salubrious, and many
of the vegetable productions arc the same with th..se of
(he Society Islands. The inhabitants resemble those o'
O-Taheitee.
SA'NDVVORT, s. in botany, ihearenaria of Linnaeus.
Several species of cliickweed are in tliis ^enus. .
SA'NDY, a. abounding in, or consisting of. sand.
. SA'NDYX,*. a ceruse burnt till it resembles red arsenic
in colour ; or, red earth, prol)ably tlie red orpiment.
SANE, a. [i«"i«, Lat.] whole; heallliv ; sound.
SANG, preter. of 81NG.
SA'A'GIAC, s. a Turkish governor of a city or province.
S.VNGU I FERGUS, a. [from «(»;,■■»!*, blood, and fero, tr
bring, Lat.] conveying blood.
SANGUiriCA'TION, s. [from .'<a,i!!;uis, blood, and/oc/o,
to make, Lat.) theproduclii 11 of blood.
SA'NGUIFlf:R,s.producerofblooil. " Bitters— the best
jatignifiers." Floifer.
To SA'NGUirV, V. n. [from sanguis, blood and/ne/o, to
make. Lat.] to produce bloi.d.
SA'NGUINARY, a. [from ia«g-HU, blood, Lal.J bloody ;
cruel ; murderous.
SA'NGUJNE, «. [ixom sanguis, blood, Lat.J red, or like
Mood, applied to colour. Abounding with blood. Cheer-
ful, applied to temper. Warm, anient, or coufident.
SANGLU'NENESS, or SANGUI'NITY.j. ardour ; heat
of expectation ; contidence.
SAKGUINEOLN, «. (from rang-jiu, blood, Lat.J consti-
tuting blood ; abounding with blood.
S.VNHEDRIM, «. [smedrium, Lat. from syn, together,
and heclra, a seat, Gr.Ithe supreme comicil or court of
judicature among the Jews, consisting of seventy elders,
over whom the high priest presided.
SA'NICLE, s. \suiuch, Yx. sanicula, Lat.J an umbellife-
rous plant found in woods and hedges, and flowering in
May and June. The leaves are slightly bitter and astrin-
gent. The 'i orkshire sanicle is the common butterwort.
The juice of the leaves kills lice; and the common people
use it to cure the cracks or chops in cows' udders.
SA'NIES, s. [Lat.] serous putrid matter issuing from an
ulcer. It istliinner than pus.
SA'NMOUS, a. [from sanies, corrupt matter, Lat.J running
with a thin and undigested matter. , , ,
S.VNITY, s. [from sanus, healthful, Lat.J health; sound-
ness of mind.
.SANK, pieter. of Sink.
SA'NQlJAllAll.a borough town ofScotland,in the county
of Nithsdale, 25 miles N. of Dumfries, and 372 from
London. . , . , , .
S.\P, s. [sap, Belg. sape, Sax.J the juice which ascends in,
and nourishes plants.
To SAP, 1'. a. Isnpper, Fr. xappaie, Ital.J to undermine ; to
demolish or subvert by digging under. Neuterly, to pro-
ceed bv digging under.
SAP-COLOLIRS, a name given to various expressed
vfctable juices of a viscid nature, which arc inspissated
by°.slow ev;>.poration for the use of painters, &c. ; sap-green,
gamboge, &c. are uf this class.
S\TID n. [iffpK//«, Lat.j tastefid; palatable.
SAPI'DITY, SAPl'UNESS, rt. lastef.iliiess.
SATIENCE, s. [snpietitia, from sn/)w, to know, Lat. I
the habit or (lisposition of mind which imports the lo e
of wisdom. \Vi»dom : sageness ; knowledge.
SA'Pl'iTNT, 1. [stipiciis, from supiv, to know, Lat.J wise or
S.VPLESS, a. [saploos, Belg.] destitute of sap, or vital
juice. Dry ; old ; liusky.
SATLlNCi,^. a voung tree or plant.
SaPONA'CEOLS, orSA'PONARY. a. [from sapo, soap,
Lat.j liaviug the qualities of soap. Soapy.
SA POP», s. [Lat.] taste ; power of aflecting or stimulating
"s.vi'OlU'FIC, a. \(rom sapor, taste, and /acio, to make,
Lat.J producing tasie.
'00
SAPPHIRE, (safire) s. \supphirus, Lat.J a precious stone
of a beautiful sky colour.
S.^PPINKSS, s. the quality of abounding in sap er
juice. Figuratively, defect of understanding.
SATPY, a. abounding in sap ; juicy ; succulent. Young;
weak or infirm.
S.\'R.\BAND, s. [sitrahande, Fr. earabnndc, Span.] a
musical composition, generally played very grave and se-
rious; also a Spanish dance.
SARACENS, the general name of people celebrated
some centuries ago, who came originally from the deserts of
Arabia; Sdirn, in their language, signifying a desert. They
were the first disciples of Mahomet, and within CO years af-
ter his death cnn(piered a considerable part of Asia, Africa,
and Europe. Tin y invaded France, and kept possession of
Spain till the year 151 1, when they were iinally expelled.
They also maintained a war in Palestine a long time, against
the Western Christians, and at length, drove them entirely
out of it ; but now there are no people of that name, for the
descendants cf those who conquered Spain are called
Moors.
SARAGOSSA, a city of Spain, in Arragou, «ith an
archbishop's see, an university, and a court of inquisition.
It is said to have been built by the Phoenicians ; and the
Romans sent a colony here in the reign of Augustus, whence
it had the n;uue of Ca;sar Augustus, which, by corruption,
has been changed into Saragossa. It is large, handsome,
and well built. The streets are long, broad, well-paved,
and very clean, and the house; froni three to six stories high.
It is adorned with many magnificent buildings, and they
reckon 17 large church houses,and 14 handsome monasteries,
not to mention others less considerable. The river Ebro
runs across the place, dividing it in two; and on it's banks
is a handsome quay, which serves for a public walk. Holy-
street is so large and broad, it may be taken for a square ;
and here they had their bullfights. In this street are
several noblemen's families, particularly that of the viceroj'.
The cathedral is a spacious joihic building ; but the finest
is that of Kuestra Signora del Pilar, seated on the side of
the Ebro, and is a place of the greatest resort for devotees
in Spain. They exhibit a Madona here, or a statue of Ma-
ry and the Infant, which, like the Diana of the Ephesians,
is said to have been miraculously obtained. It stands on a
marble pillar, but the place is so dark, that it cannot be
seen without the assistance of lamps, which are 50 in num-
ber. The ornaments of this image are very rich, the crown
being fidi of precious stones of an inestimable price; scarce
any thing to be seen but gold and jewels; and a vast num.
her of people come in pilgrimage hither. The townliouse
is a sumptuous structure ; in the hall are the pictures of all
the kings of Arragon, and in the corner of it a St. George
on horseback, with a dragon of white marble under him.
Saragossa is seated in a large plain, where the Ebro receives
two other rivers; and over it are two bridges, one of stone,
and the otlier of wood, which latter has been thought llie
most beautiful in Europe. It is 1.17 miles W. of Barcelona,
ancJ 150 N. E. of Madrid. Lat. 41. 53. N. Ion. 0.
28. W.
SARC.\S.M, s. \sarcasme, Fr. tarcatmut, Lat.] a keen
reproach ; gibe ; taunt.
SARCASTIC, or SARCASTICAL, a. satirical; taunt-
ing ; severe.
SAKCa'STICALLY, ad. tauntingly; severely.
.SARCENET, s. a fine tliin woven silk.
To SA'RCLE, (lirlJ) V. a. \sarciilum, a weeding, Lat.J to
weed corn.
S,AllCOCF/LE, s. [from sarh, flesh, and hcle, a tumour,
Gr.| a liesliy excrescence of the tesliclis.
• SARCO'LOGY, s. [from sarh, flesh, and /"ffo*, a discourse,
Gr.J is that part of anatomy which treats of the soft
parts, viz. the muscles, intestines, arteries, veins, nerves,
and lat.
SARCOMA, *. Lfrom *"'"''» ^^^^' '^'"'•J » ^eshy
SAT
SAT
excrescence, growing in any part of the body, especially tiie
nostrils.
.SARCOPHAGOUS, (snr!ii,f,io;i.,) n. [from snik, (li-sii,
and phugo, to eat, (jr.] (iediii^' on lU'sli. Causljt-.
SAflCO'PHAGY, s. I from .sm-h, (Icsh, uud ;V-a-c, to eat,
Gr.J the practice of eatiii;,' Hesli.
SARCO'TICS, *. [from sork, tlesli, Or.] medicines which
fill lip ulcers with new (Icsh. Imaniativcs.
SARDl'NIA, an island of the Wediferrancan sefi, 14?
miles in length from N. to S. and 80 in breadth from V.. to
W. The soil is fertile in corn aiid wiiii', aii<l thi're -AYf. a
great nunih'^r of oranties, citrons, and olives. On the coast
is a fishery for c.ncliovics and coral, of which they send lar;;e
(luaiitities to Genoa and Lef;horn. Beeves and sheep arc
numerous, as well as horses, which are very good for lal)onr
and the road; it contains mines of bilve,-, lead, snlpluir, and
alum, and they make a jjooil deal of salt. This island lias iiii-
drrjjone various political revolutions. Cagliari is the ca-
pital.
SA'PiDONYX, ^. ffrom sardioit, a precious stone, and
oiii/x, i\ nail, Gr. on account of resembling a human nail in
its colour] a species of onyx, whereon the white lies lil.e a
plate, of a reddish rolonr.
SARK, s. \scyrk, Sax. I a shark. In Scotland, a shirt.
SARK, a little island lyin^' h(^tween those of Guernsey
and Jersey, on the coast of llie dcpt. of the Channel.
SARSE, s. [sns, Fr] a sieve made of fine lawn.
To SARSE, V. a. [snsser, Fr.] to sift ihrou^h a lawn sieve.
SARUIM, Old, an anfient boroii;,di of Wilts, which,
ihough now reduced to a single farm house, still sends two
members to parliament ; these are chosen by the proprietors
of certain adjacent lands. It once covered the summit of a
hi;j!i steep hill; but there is nothing now to be seen of it
but some small ruins of a castle, with a double intrenchment,
and a deep ditch. It is about a mile N. of Salisbury.
SASH, «. a belt, or silken band of net-work, worn by
officers by way of distinction. A window, with large panes
made with frames which go in grooves, and are let up and
down by pullies.
S.\'SSAFRAS, *. in pharmacy, is the wood of an Ame-
rican tree, of the laurel kind, imported in large straight
blocks. It is said to be warm, aperient, and corroborant,
and that it purifies the blood and juices ; and an infusion
of it, in the way of tea, is a very pleasant drink.
SASSA'RI, a city of .Sardinia, capital of the territory of
Lugari, and the occasional residence of the viceroy. It
contains near 30,000 inhabitants.'and is famous for a foun-
tain called Rossel, which is said to be much more magnrfi-
cent than the best at Rome. The inhabitants have the fol-
lowing proverb, Cld iion vidde Rossel, non vidde mimdo ; he
that has not seen Rossel, has not seen the world. Jt is
seated in a plain, 6 miles N. of Algher. Lat. 40. 4G. N. Ion.
« 39. E.
SAT, the prefer, of SiT._
SA'TAN, s. [Heb.J the [prince of Iiell ; the devil ; any
wicked spirit.
SATA'MC, or SATATSICAL, a. [from Satan] devilish ;
infernal.
SATCHEL, t. ffrom saccns, a sack, Lat. See Sachel] a
little leathern bag used by children to carry books in.
To SATE, t'. a. [from sntis, enough, Lat.] to feed too much
or beyond the desires of nature ; to glut ; to satiate ; to
pall.
SATELLITE,*, in the plural number it is used by Pope
asa word of four syllables, and accented by him on the se-
cond syllable, [j«*e?/«, Lat.] in astronomy, a' secondary
planet, which moves round some primary planet as its
centre.
To SATIATE, (sdshiate) v. a. [from satis, enough, Lat.]
to satisfy; fill; pall; glut. To gratify any desire. To
impregnate with as much as it can receive ; to saturate.
SA'TI ATE, (ius/i/nf?) a. glutted ; full to satiety.
SATFETY, {snshcity or saseeti/) s. [saticlc^, i'V. from satis,
enough, Lat.l more than enough ; state of being iiallei'.
SATIN, s [stttin, Fr. sanin, Belg.] a soft, close, and shin-
ing silk.
S.\TIRE, *. [sntira, Lat.] a poem in which wickedness
and folly are censured. SynoN'. Satire is general ; a lata,
potm is personal; the former is commendable; the latter
scurrilous.
SATFRIC, or SATFRICAL, a.[saii>-ir/ue, Fr. {rom tatira,
a satire, Lat.] bi longing to satire. Censorious; severe in
reproach ; invective.
SAT'FRICALLY, flf/. with invective; with intention to
censure or vilify.
SATIHI.ST, «. one who writes satires.
To SATIIUZR, V. a. \satirizer, Fr. | to censure, as in a
satire.
S.ATISFA'CTION, s. [from satis, enough, and farin, Ut
make, Lat.] the act of giving comiilile or perfect pleasure.
'Jlic slate of being pleased. Freedom from uncertainty iir
srjspense. Gratification. Atonement; reconipence, or
antends for a crime or injury.
.SATlSFA'CTORILY>rf; so as to content.
SATISFACTORY, a. [satisfactoire, Fr.j atoning; giv-
ing satisfaction ; making amends.
To SATISFY, V. a. [(rom satis, enough, and/rtcio, tc make,
Lat.j to please to such a degree that nothing more is de-
sired. To feed to the full. To recompense. To convince.
To give .atonement or amends for an injury. Neuterly, to
make pavment.
S.V'I liAPA, s. the chief governor of a province in Persia.
S.ATURABLK, a. impregnable with any thing till it will
receive no more.
ToSATUKATE, v. a. [from.«fi«-, full, Lat.] to impreg-
nate till no n'o'.e can be imbibed.
SATliRA TION', in chymislry, the act of a fiuid with an-
other substance til! no more can be received or imbibed. A
fluid which holds as much of any substance as it can dis-
solve, is said to be saturated witli that substance. A solid
may in the same. way be saturated with a fluid.
SATURDA Y, s. [from sater, a Sa.\on idol, and tlttg, Sax.
a davl the lastdav of the week.
SATU'RITY, /. [from satur, full, Lat.] fulness.
SATURN, s. \Satiirnus, Lat. \ in the Newtonian astro-
nomy, is one of the superior plauets. To the naked eye
lie appears less bright than any other planet, (the Georgiuin
Sidus excepted,) on account of his great distance from us,
but, as seen through a good telescope, he is the most ele-
gantly adorned body in the system. His iiieaii distance from
the sun is 954,072 of those parts of which the earth's dis-
tance is 100,000, which is about 907,()00,(!00 English miles,
as deduced from the transit of Venus on June 3, 17G9. Ly
moving at the rate of about *23,0i.i0 miles every hour, he
completes his immense circuit round tiie sun in 2[;yis. 16'td
7h. 21m. 50s. but his sidereal revolution isl2d.7h. 1-lni. 52.^-.
longer. The time from one of his conjunctions with the sun,
as seen from the earth, lo the next, is 37ad. 2h. 8m. 8s. Ilr..
diameter is 10 1-lOth as great as the earth's ; consequently
he contains 10.30 times as much matter. Dr. Herschel has
discovered that he turns round his axis at the prodigious
rateofaboiit 24,500 miles every hour.in loh.lGm.0.2-.')S. there-
fore his year containsabout -io.HOof such days, 'i'he rota-
tion is performed in the same way as that of the earth upon
heraxis. He app<ars,like tlie other superior i.lanets, to be
direct, retrograde, or stationary, according to his aspect with
the sun, as seen from the eailli ; which proves that the sun,
and not the earth, is the centre of bis orbit. The greatest
number of days he can be retrograde, in a synodic revolu-
tion, is 141, in which time the angle of retrogradation h
about 7". He does not move in the plane of the earth's orbi
but is inclined theielo2'^29'50', intersecting the ecliptic i,
two opposite points called his nodes, which, on .\ugust 21.
1784, were i)osited in 21" oO'S'i of Cancer and Capricorn,
according to iMr. Biigge's observation of the planet's pa»-
sage through his ilesceiiding node at that time. They move
65' 30" in 11)0 years. His eccentricity is 53,640, «iid greatest
equation of his orbit U'" 26"' iZ'. Tiie place of his aphelion,
707
SAV
SAV
anno 1800, Mas in 29° 4' of Sagittarius, having a prnsressive
I'lotion of 1°50' / ' ill 100 years. Tliis planet, like Jupiter,
has parallel streaks called lielts, appareutly on liis snrface;
but that they are not so, is evident from their cliangeable-
iiess ; some suppose them to be vehicles similar to our
clouds, and designed for the like purposes ; but of this no-
thing certain can be said. Saturn, according to Dr. Hers-
chel, is encompassed with two concentric rings, which,
like the moon, are opaque, receiving their light from the
sun, and reftecting it on the planet. These rings are inclined
30° on the orbit of Saturn, intersecting it in two opposite
points called the nodes of the rings, which are placed in
about 17° of \ irgo and Pisces. The rings, in a Saturnian
year, are constantly carried parallel to themselves, similar
to the earth's axis, and consequently the sun shines on the
northern half for near 15 years without setting, and vice
versa. The rings, considered as one, being a broad circular
arch, having, in the opinion of Dr. Herschel, a spherical or
spheroidical edge, is invisible, except through very power-
ful telescopes, when Saturn is about its nodes, on account ot
its thin edge being directed to us ; but the more the planet
is removed from them, the more open it appears. It is the
most open when the planet is in 17° of Gemini and Sagit-
tarius. Dr. Herschel computes the diameter of the larger
ring to he 204,883 miles, and the distance of the two rings
3838 miles. The rings are equally distant from Saturn on
evt-ry sidi', and the outer one has a revolution round its axis
ifl lOh. 32m. 15s. 2 otiis. Bui these rings are notthe only light
reflected on ihi- planet in the absence of the sun ; he has
likewise 7 satellites, or moons, constantly moving round
Jiira as their centre, so that there is no part of this huge
planet but is couiiantly enlightened by one or more of these
moons. They all move so nearly in the plane of the rings,
the fifth excepted, that the difference cannot be perceived
by our best telescopes. M. Cassini places the node of the
fifth satellite in .58. 5° upon the orbit of its primary. From
the discovery of Herschel that the satellites of Jupiter move
round their axes in the time they move lound their pi imary,
we may infer that those of Saturn have the like motion. —
The periodical revolutions and distances of these satellites
from the body of Saturn, expressed in semidiaraeters of that
planet, and in miles, are as below :
Distances in
I Sat.
Periods.
Semi-
Diam.
diam-
Miles.
ofOrbit
1
U 2!/i 18' 27"
fti
176,000
1' 27
i
2 17 41 22
54
221,000
1 .52
3
4 12 23 11
8
322,000
2 36
t
15 22 41 13
18
724,000
6 14
5
79 7 53 42
64
2,172,000
17 25
6
1 8 53 9
3*
14.3,000
1 14
7
22 37 23
i n
114,000
.57
Among astrologers, an inlortune. In chymistry, it is an
appellation given to lead. In heraldry, it denotes the black
colours in blazoning the arms of sovereign ])riuces.
SAFU'RNIAN, ff. [satuniiiis, Lai.] golden; happy; be-
longing to the planet Saturn.
SATURNINE, a. ]sitiurnmi(s, Lat.] gloomy, grave, or
melancholy; siipiioseil to be born under the influence of
the planet Saturn.
S.\TYR, s. [sKti/nit, Lat. J in heathen mythology, was
a fabulous kind of di'iiii-god, or rural deitv, of the antieiit
Romans, represented with goat's feet, and sharp prieked-
op cars.
SATY'RION, s. \siil>/rium, Lat.] in botany, a genus of
plants, of which there are five British species. It is also
called orchis.
SXyAaVj, a. [sama^e, Fr.] wild or uneallivated. Un-
tamed, or cruel. Untaught, barbarous, uncivilized.
SA'VAGE, *. a person who is neither taught nor civil-
ized.
7(Vi
To SAT-^GE, V. a. 1o make wild or savage. ^' Sacoj^'d
by woe." Thorn.
SAVAGELY, ad. barbarously ; cruelly.
SA V^VGKN ESS, s. barbarousness ; cruelty.
SAV.\''''N.\, s. [Span.j an open meadow without wood;
pasture {-round, in America.
SAUCZ, s. \saucc, Vr J any liquid or other thing eateii
with food to improve itstaste. Tosene one the same sauce, is
to return one injury by another.
To S.VUCE, 1'. a. to accompany fViod with something to
give it a higher relish. To gratify the palate. To intermix
with something good or bad.
S.'^U'CEBOX, s. an impertinent, impudent fellow.
SAU'CEPAN, s. a small skillet ust;d in making sauces, A-c.
SALi'CER, s. [sauciere, Fr.] a small platter on which a
tea-cup stands.
SAUCILY, (kZ. impudently ; in a saucy manner; petu-
lantly ; impertinently.
SAU'CINESS, J. impudence ; petulance; impertinence.
SAU'CISSE, or SAU'SAGE, s. in the military, is a long
train of powder, sewed up in a roll of pitched cloth, about
two inches in diameter, serving to set fire to mines.
SAUCrSSON, s. [Fr] in fortification, fiiggots made of
large boughs of trees hound together. Tlioy are commonly
used to cover men, to make epauhnents, traverses, or breast-
works in ditches full of water, to render the way firm for
carriages.
SAU'CY, a. [perhaps best derived from salsus, Lat.] pert ;
contemptuous of superiors; impertinent; letulant; iusolent.
To S.AVE, 1). a. \saiivcr, Fr. saho, from sali^us, safe, Lat.]
to preserve or rescue from danger, destruction, or eternal
misery. To reserve or lay by money. To preTent from spend-
ing. To spare or excuse. To salve ; to reconcile. To save one's
tide, is to embark just time enough to accomplish a voyage
before the tide turns ; and, figuratively, to take, embrace,
or not lose an opi)oitunity. Neuterly, to be cheap.
SAVE, ad. [imperative of save \ except ; not including.
S.^'VEALL, (sdveaid) s. a small pan fixed in a candlestick
to burn the ends of candles.
SA'VI''R, f. a rescuer; one who lays up and grows rich.
One who escapes loss, though without gain. An economist.
SAVIN, s. \saviii, Fr.] an herb, a species of juniper. In
medicine, it is famous as an hysteric and attenuant.
SA'VING, a. frugal ; laying by money, and refraining
from expense. Adverbially, with exception or favour o^
SA'VING, s. the act of avoiding expense. .Any thing pre-
served from being expen*led. An exception in favour of.
SA'VI\(iLY, arf. with parsimony.
S.V'ViOL'i!, s. [saiiieur, Vr.] the title given to our Blessed
Lord, who, by bis death and suflerings, has made a propi-
tiation for the sins of mankind, and saves those that believt
in him, from eternal misery. Redeemer.
To SAUNTER, i". «. [aller a la sainte tei-re, i. e. to go to the
holy land ; alluding to those persons who wandered about
begging charity, under pretence of going to the holy land ;
or rather from sans terrc, l'"r. without any settled home] to
wander about in an idle manner; to linger; to loiter.
SAVOR Y, t. a plant ; the leaves are a warm aromatic, of
a grateful smell, ami a penetrating pungiMit taste.
SA'VOUR.i. [seveur, Fr.| a scent or odour. Figuratively,
a taste.
To SA'VOUR, t'. M. [samurer, Fr.] to have any particular
scent or taste. To betoken or have an appearance of some-
thing. Actively, to like ; to relish or take pleasure in. To
give a taste of".
SAVOURY, a. [savoureiix, Fr.] pleasing to the smell ;
relishing ; flavorous ; piquant.
S.\'VOY, i. a sort of coalwort, so called as being brought
from Savoy into England.
SA'VOY,a ci-devant duchy of Europe, now forming the
department of IMont-Blanc. In 1792, this country wa»
over-run by the French, and, in the vanie year, it was tie-
creed by the national convention that it should be an 84ti»
departniont of France, by the name of Mont Blanc.
SCAB
S C A M
769
SAU'SAGE, or SAU'CIDGE, s. [.iauc)sse, Fr.] a wcllkriowii
fooi], made commonly of pork or veul, anil sometimes of tjeef
minced very small, with salt and spice, and' pnt into a gut,
and sometimes only rolled in flour.
SAW, the preter of See.
.SAW, s. [siiira, or iigr, .Sax. sriwc, D m.J an instrnmcnt with
teeth, used to cut wooii or metal, &c. A saying ; a sentence;
a proverb ; an adage, from sag/ie, Belg.
To SAW, V, II. participle sawed orysuum ; to cut timber or
other materials with a saw.
SA'WDUST, .5. dnst made by the attrition of the saw.
SA'WPIT, s. a pit over which timber is laid to he sawn.
SA'WER, or SA'WVER, s. one who cuts timber with a saw.
SA'WWORT, i. a plant, of which there are three Enj^dish
species, viz.. the dyer's mountain, and corn sawwort. This
genus is distinguished from the tliistle by its hairy recrp-
tacle, disti;iide<t cup, and thorny scales. The first species
is used by dyers to give a yellow colour to coarse woollen
cloths.
S V'XIFK.VGE, .V. [from snxum, a stone, and frango, to
break, Lat.] from the virtue which has been ascrilied to it from
the cure of the gravel and stone.] in botany, a plant. Tiiere
are two species, the alternate-leaved, and common golden
saxifrage. The I)lossoms ol both species are a bright yellow,
rnd flower in April. The former species is found in shady
V onds near rills of water, and the latter in watery lanes. The
Cornwall saxifrage is the tigusticinn of Linna;us, an umbelli-
fi.riais iiiant flowering in July. The English marsh saxifrage
is the knotty s[iurrey. The meadow saxifrage is a species of
harestrong. The white saxifrage is a kind of sengreeu found
on dry ground, and flowering in May.
SA'X.MUNUHAM, a town of Suffolk, containing about
■(00 pretty good houses, but the streets are not paved. It has
no particular manufacture, and is situated between Wood-
bridge and Yoxford in the rood to Halesworth, 19 miles N. E.
of Ipswich, and 89 miles N. E. of London. Market on
Thurs<lay.
SA'XONY. If considered in its largest sense, as including
tile Upper and Lower Saxony, it is bounded oirthe N. by the
Baltic sea, Denmark, and the German ocean ; on the E, by
Poland and Silesia, and on the S. by Bohemia, Franconia, and
Hesse Cassel, and on the W. by Westphalia. It lies betv/een
lat 50. and 55. deg. N. and between longitude 8 and 19 deg.
E. Saxonj' duchy, to which the electorate is annexed, is
hounded on the N. by the duchies of Magdeburg and Bruns-
wick, tl'.e principality of Halberstadt and electorate of Brau-
denburgh, on the E. by Silesia, and part of Bohemia and Fran-
conia, and on the W. by the landgravate of Hesse. Its capital
is Wirtemberg ; but the elector usually resides at Dresden. —
N. B. In July 1607, the elector of Saxony was raised to tlie
dignity of kijig by the French em[.>eror ; who also annexed to
his dominions the provinces of Poland lately belonging to
Prussia, under the title of the Duchy of Warsaw.
To SAY, V. a. preter said,; [scegan, Sax. teggen, Belg.] to
speak, tell, or utter words. To allege or affirm. Neuterljr,
to speak. In poetry, this word is elegantly used in the impe-
rative, to introduce a question.
SAY. s. [saga. Sax.] a speech. A sample, contracted from
atsny. A trial by a sample. A kind of silk, from soic, Fr. a
kind of woollen stuff.
SA'YING, s. an expression ; words : opinion delivered
sententiously ; a saw, or adage.
SCAB, s. [sciibies, from scaho, to scratch, Lat.] a hard crust
of matter covering a wound or sore. The itcli or mai;ge in
horses. A paltry person, or one who is loathsome on account
of his appearance.
SCA'BBARD, s [schap, Tent.] the sheath of a sword.
SCA BBED, or SCA'BBY, a. covered with scabs. Paltry ;
n'orthless,
SCA'BBINESS, s. the quality of being scabby.
SCA'BIOUS, s. a plant with blue blossoms, and naked
fruitstalks, found on lieaths and hilly pastures. Bees are
very fond of the flowers. The lesser field scabious is the
feathered devilsbit.
SCA'BIOUS, u. [.s.-ii/jioius, from scabu, to Scratch, Lat.]
leprous, itcliy, scabby.
SCA'BUOUS, a. [icabrcux, Fr. sciilier, Lat ] rougii ; rugged;
harsh ; unmus cal.
SCAD, s. a kind of fish, supposed to be the same with the
shad.
.SCA'I''FOLD, .r. [eschiifiul, Fr. schnvol, from sc/mwen, to
show, Belg.] an nccasion.'d gallery or stage, raised either for
shows, executions, or si)rctators. Frames of timber erected
on the sides of a building for the worknvjn to st^nd on.
SCA'FFOLDAGE, or SCA'FFOLDING, s. a frame or stage
erected for a particular occasion. A building cvected hi a
slight manner.
SCAGIJO'LA, s. is an imitation of marble of any sort. It
is laid on brick in the maimer of stucco, and worked off with
iron t.iols. The p^uitlieon, in Oxford-street, had all its
columns formed of this material.
SCALA'DE, or SCALA'DO, s. [scuhul,-, Fr. scalada, Span.
Iron) scala, a ladder, Lat.] a furious assault made on a place
by ladders raised against the walks.
SCALAUY, a. [from saila, a ladder, Lat.] proceeding by
stops like tho.se of a ladder.
To SCALD, (skauld) v. a. [scaUure, Ital.] to ii jure the skin
by boiling water.
SCALD, {skauld) s. a kind of local leprosy, in which the
head is covered with a scurf or scab.
SCALD, {ikauld) a, mean ; paltrv ; sorry.
SCALE, s. [scde,^ Sax. skal, Isl'.J a balance or vessel iu
which things are weighed, suspended on a beam. The sign
Libra in the zodiac. The small slulls or crusts which lie over
each other, and make tlie coats of fi.slies. A lamina or Ihiii
plate which ari.ses on metals. A ladder or means of a.<i.-ent,
from scala, Lat. Tiie act of storming by ladders. A rL'gular
gradation or series which rises gradiicilly liigli.. r. A ruler used
in measuring pro|)ortions. Tlie series of musical proportion.
Any thing marked at equal distances.
To SCALE, V. a. [scalare, Ital. from sca!a, a ladder, Lat.]
to mount or climb iiy ladders. To weiyh, measure, or
compare. To take off a thin plate or lamina. To strip off
.scales. To pare off a surface. Neuterly, to )>col off iu thin
pieces
SCA'LED, a. squamous ; having scales like fi.shes ;
scaly.
SCALE'NE, or SCALE'XU.M, .?. [scah-mim, from sm/a, a
ladder, Lat. .scalene, Fr.] a geometrical figure which has its
three siiles unequal to each otiier.
SCALINESS, .V. the state of b-iug scaly.
SCALE, {skuull) s. [skulladur, bald, Ijl.] leprosy;
baldness.
SCA'LLION, s. [scahiynu, Ital.] a kind of onion.
SCA'LIjOP, jj. [esciillup, Fr.] a lish with a hollow and pec-
tinated shell. The sliell of a scallop fish. Any thing drest in
a scallop shell.
To SCA'LLOP, V. a. to cut or mark on the eilges with
waving lines. To dress any thing in a scallop shell.
SCALP, s. [sculiio, Ital.J the sknll, cranium, or bone that
incloses the brain. The skin which covers the top of the
head.
To SCALP, i>. a. to cut off tiie skin which covers the
head.
SCA'LPEL, s. [Fr. scalpellum, diminutive of scalprum, a
knife, Lat.] a kind of kiiifi; chiefly used in dissections and sur-
gical operation,'.
SCA'LY, a. covered with scales.
To SCA'AJBI.E, (ikeinbl) v. n. to be turbulent or ra-
pacious. To scramble or get by struggling with others.
To shift in an awkward manner. Actively, to mangle or
maul.
SCA'MBLER, s. [Scottish] an intruder upon a person's
generosity or table.
5F
SCAR
770
SCA:\IMO'NIA'rE, a. niuJe vvitli scammony. ^
SCA'JIMOXY 1. [saimmoiiium. Lat. scammoiice, ^T.\ a
concreted" I esinous juice, m>dev, fVi;.l>le, ii^l.t, ol a grayish
l.rown cMour, and disagrecaUie odour. It flovvs upon luci-
siou of llii; root of a kind of ccin-olvuh.s that grows ill
To SC'^'Ml'ER, i: n. [scham/.ure, Ital. schampen, Btlg.] to
flv with speed and fear. To n:arcii wit!i eagerness.
'To SCAN V. a [scav.do, Lat. ^candre, lir.] to prove a
verse by ex?.niin:ng its feet. To e.xamiiie in a nice and curious
" '.SCA'''NnAL s [from skanduhm, a stumbling-block, Gr.
scau-Mc; Fi .] an olil-nce given by the faults of others. A
rnroaehful and hilamous aspersion; infamy. t>can<hilam
■nLnatum, in law, is a .iefa.natory speech or writing tc the
i.iury of a person of dignity; for whidr a writ that
bt'ars the saliie name is granted for the recovery of
"to^SCA'NDAL, v. a. to treat opprobriously ; to charge
falsely with faults. , j ,
To' SCA'ND^I.IZIE, V. a. [scaiulalitio, from skandulon, a
stumbling-block, Gr. >aindali~^er, Fr.] to oflTend by some
action supposed criminal. To reproach, defame, or dis-
^'"sCA'iVD ALDUS, u. [.canduhux, Fr.] giving public offence.
Infamous ; reproachful ; shameful ; opprobrious ; disgraceful ;
"'sci'MJALOUSLY, ad. shamefully: censoriously; op-
''^CA'NDALOUSNESS, s. the quality of giving public
° SCA'NSIOX, {ikdiislwn) s. [icamio, from scando, to scan.
Lat.l the act.or rracliceofscaumnga verse.
To SCANT, V. ,1. [.■.kimner, to spare, Dan.J to limit,
straiten, or keep within narrow bounds. ,
SCANT a. wary ; p.irii.uonious. Scarce, less than what is
requisil e.
SCANT. aJ. scarcely ; hardly. Obsolete.
SCA'NnLY,»(i. niggardly; sparingly; narrowly.
SCANTINESS, i. narrouiiess ; want of space, amplitude,
quantity, or of greatness.
SCA'NTLET, s. a small pattern or quantity.
SCA'NTLING, s. [cschanlillon, Fr.J a small quantity cut
as a pattern ; a size or measure. A small piece, proportion,
or quantilv. . ,
SCA'NTLY, ad. harulv, scarcely, narrowly, penunously.
SCA'NTNESS, «. narrowness; meanness; smallness.
SCA'NTY, a. narrow; small; short of its proper quantity.
Poor; snaring; niggardly. t . , „
To SCATK, V. a [contracted from escape] to shun or tly.
Neuterlv, to get away from danger.
SCAl'K s. fhght from danger. A means ot escape; an
evasion. A freak or start, owing to inadvertence. An act ot
vice or lewdness. ... , . u- i,
SCAPE-GOAT, in the Jewish antiqinties, the goat which
was set at liberty on the day of solemn ejpiation. For the
ceremonies on this occasion, see Lev. xvi. 5, fi.
SCATKMENT, s. in clockwork, a general term lor the
manner of communicating the impulse of the wheels to the
pendulum.
SCAPULA, s. [Lat.l the shoulder-blade.
S('A'PUL\U, or SCA'PULAUY, a. [from l«//J(/(o, the
Bhouider-blade, Lat.] relating or belonging to the shoulders
SCAR, s. [tsc/ior, Fr. eschara, Gr.] the seam or mark ot a
wouiiil, after it is lured.
To SCAR, V. a. to mark as with a sore or wound.
SCA'RAB, 4'. [scar(d<(e, Fr. tcarab<eus, Vdt.] a beetle ; an
insect w itli sheathed wings. t , v
SCA'UAMOUCH s. [escarmoucUe, Fr.J a bnlloon m a
motley dress, ,. ,
SCA'RBOHOUGH, a large town of the N. Uuinig nl
Yorkshire, seated on a steep rock near which are such
craggy clifis that it is almost inaccessible on every side.
On the top of «hi. rock is a large green plain, with a little
S C A V
well of fresh water, springing out of the roek. It is greatly
fivtnieiited on account of its mineral waters, called the Scar-
borough Spa, and also for sea bathing; on which account
it is iiaieh improved ill the number ai.d beauty of its build-
in-«. The spring was under the cliff, part ot which tell
down in December 1737, and the water v;as lost ; but, m
flearin-' awav the ruins, in order to lebuiM the whart, it
was recovered, to the great joy of the town. Here are as-
semblies and balls, in the same manner as at lunbridge.
Scarborough l:as a good harbour, possesses a considerable
shinning trade, is much engaged in the fisheries, and is the
best pon for vessels to take to, in stress of weather, between
Newcastle and the Humber. It is 3i; mile.s N. L. by E. o
York, and 237 N. of London. Market on Thursday and
Saturday. , , , i .
SCARCE, «. [scaiso, Ital. sch.ers, Belg.] hard to be met
with; rare; not plentiful or common.
SCARCE, or .SCA'RCELY. ad. with difliculty ; hardly;
scantly. ,, »
SCA'RCENESS, or SC.VRCITY, .v. penury ; smalhiess of
quantity. Rarity ; unc.mimonness ; infrequency.
To SCARE, V. a. [s.uiaiv, Ital. according to SkinnerJ
to fright; to terrify; to aiTfriglit ; to strike with sudden
SCA'RECROW, s. an image or clapper used to frighten
birds. Any thing to raise terror.
SCARF, s. [csc/iarfe, Fr.] any ornament that hangs loose oir
the shoulders.
To SCARF, ti. a. to throw loosely on. To dress in ai:y
loose garment. r i i i .i
SCA'RFSKIN, s. the out\v^-d skin ot the body ; the
cuticle ; the epidermis. ' t t . i
SCARIFIC.VTION, s. [Fr. from s.ori/ico, to scari.y, Lat.J
an operation wherein several incisions are made in the skiu
by a lancet or some such instrument.
SCA'RIFIER, s. he who scarifies. An instrument by
which scarilicatioiis are made.
ToSCA'RlFY, v.a. \i'vom skatiphus, a pointed n.istrument,
Gr. scaiifico, Lat. scariJiLr, Fr.] to let blood, by making several
incisioTis in the skin, as in cupping.
SCA'RLET, s. [escarUUe, Fr. scurhdo, Ital.J a beautiful
bright red, but not shining Cloth dyed scarlet.
SCA'RLEf, u. 0= asj.irletcof.ur.
SCARP, s. [cscurre, Fr.] the slope on that sale of a ditch
which is next to a fortilied place, and looks towards the
"^SCATCH, s. [fsc^che, Fr.] a kind of horse-bit for bridles.
In the plural, stilts used to walk in dirty places, from
chaises, Fr. ,,.,,, i ■ i r i
SC\TE s. Ukidor, Swed. skul, Ul.j a kiiiil of wooden
shoe ' having a plate of steel underneath, used in moving
on ice. A lish of the species of thornback, from sr/iiu/'j*,
Lat
To SCATE, r. n. to move on the ice by means of scales.
To SCATH, V. n. [sceallmn, or sciiihan, Sax.] to waste, hurt,
damace, or destroy. Seldom lued. . . - r
SCATH, s. [sccut/i, Sax.] waste; damage; loss; mischief.
Obsolete. u i i ...,
To SCA'TTER v. a. [scateran, Sax. schutleren, Belg.J to
throw loosely about ; to sprinkle. To dissipate or dis-
perse. To spread ihmly. Neuterly, to be dispersed or dis-
^''sCA'TTERLING, s. a vagabond ; one who has no fixed
^SCATU'RIENT, a. Waturient, Lat.] springing as a foun-
SCATURI'GINOUS, a. [from tcaturigo, a fountain, Lat.]
abounding in springs or f luutams. t i i „
SCAVAGE ? a toll or custom antienlly e-tacted by
m.ayors, sheriffs, and bailiffs of cities and towns corporate, of
merchant-strangers, for wares exposed an. otered to sale
within their lil-?rties; which was prohibited by 19 lien. VII.
but the city of London still retains th.s custom.
SCHI
SCA'VENGEU, s. [from scauun, to sweep. Sax.] a petty
officer who is to see that the streets are liept clean.
SCE'NP;RY, 'si-tneiii) X. the appearance of place or things.
The reprcseiitatiijii of a place in which an action is performed.
A collection of scenes nscil in a play-house.
SCENE, (.vera) s. [skene, Gr. Serena, Lat. scene, Fr.l the
staffe ; the dramatic theatre. The general appearance ot any
action ; display ; lepresentation ; series. A part of a play,
generally applied to so much as passes between the same per-
sons in the same place. The place represented by the stage.
A jjicture or hanging on the stage, relative to some place or
building, adapted to the play.
SCENIC, (secnilc) u. [sc'cniqus, Fr.] dramatic ; theatrical.
SCENOGKA'PHICAl,, (seanogrdfikal) a. [skene, a scene,
and grapho. to describe, Gr. ] drawn in pers|)ective.
SCF.NOGH.V'PIIICALLV, aJ. in perspective.
SCENO'trRAPHY, {senogriij;/) s. [from skene, a scene, and
grapho, to de.scribe, Gr.] the art of perspective.
SCENT, (sen!) s. [h'om senlir, Fr.] the power or sense of
Etnelling. Chase followed by the smell.
To SCENE, (srn/) «. u. [sc/i/j>, Fr.] to smell ; to perceive
any thing by the nose, or organ of smelling. To perfume or
communicate odours.
SCE'PTIC, u. See Skeptic
SCE'PTRE, {s'eple') s. [sceplncm, Lst. skeplron, Gr. scepl?e,
Fr.] a royal slafl" borne in the hand by kings, &c. as a mark
of their sovereignty.
SCE'PTRED, {sip/red) <i. bearing a sceptre.
SCHA'FFHAUSEN, a small protestant canton of Switzer-
land with a capital of the same name.
SCHE'DLTLK, {scdule) s. [sclieduh, from scheda, a scroll,
Lat.] a small scroll, or inventory. A scroll annexed to a will
or other writing, containing something not mentioned in the
main writing.
SCHE'MATISM, {skimaiism) s. [from skema, a form or
habit, Gr.] combhiation of tlie aspects of heavenly bodies.
Particular form or disposition of a thing
SCHE'MATIST, {sk'cmatist) s. a projector ; one given to
forming schemes ; a contriver.
SCHEME, {skeem) s. [from skema, a form or habit, Gr.]
a plan, system, or design, wherein several things are brought
into one view. A project, draught, contrivance. Any lineal
or tnathematical diagram ; combination of the heavenly
bodies.
SCHE'MER, s. a contriver; a projector.
SCHE'SIS, (s/rfyi.s) s. [Gr.] habit of the body. A figure in
rhetoric, whereby a certain alFection or inclination of the oppo-
nent.is feigned on purpose to be answered.
SCHIRAS. a large and famous town of Persia, capital of
Farsistan. It i.s 3 miles in length fnim E. to W. but not so
much in breadth. It ia seated at the N. W. end of a spacious
plahi, surrounded by very high hills, under one of which
the town st.nid.-'. The houses are built of bricks dried in
the sini ; tlie roofs are llat and terraced. There are Ij
handsome mosquts, tiled with stones of a bluish gree:i
colour, and lined within with black polisheil marble. There
are many large and beautiful gardens, surrour.ded by walls
It feet high, and t thick. Tiiey contain various kinds of
very fine 'trees, with fruits almost cf every kind, bei-ide
various I eaiuiful flowers. The wines of Schiras are not inly
the best in Peri-ia, but, some think, in the whole world. The
ruins of the famous palace at Persept lis are ,50 miles to the
N. E. of this place. It is 22j miles S. of I.^pahan. Lat. •29.
40. N. Ion. .56. 40. E.
SCHIRVAN, a province of Persia which abour.ds in game.
The nihabitarits use butraloes, (which they feed wilh fenu-
greek) instead of horses, and make them draw in the same
manner. Seamachie is the capital.
SCIU'RIUIOUS, (skirraus) a. [from skirrhos, Gr.] consist-
ing of a hard in,sensil)le tuirior.
SCHI'RRIIUS, {skirrus) s. [from skirhos, Gr.] a hardened
gland-.
SCHISM, (.lizm) s. [from schizo,J.o divide, Gr.] a criminal
separation nr ihvision in religion..
SCIN
771
SCHISMA'TICAL, {shmatlkal) u. [from schizo, to divide
Gr.] inclining to or practising schism
SCIIISMA'TU', (sizmalik) j. ffrom schizo, to divide, Gi".]
one who separates himsi-lf from the Christian cliurch
without assigning any just cause. A separatist ; a
sectary.
ToSCHI'SMATIZE, (slzmulixc) v. a. to be guilty of the
crime of schism. <
SCHO'LAR, {skolar) s. one who receives instruction from
a master; a disciple. A man of letters. A pedant.
SCHO'LARsHIP, (v/.»/uri7i(/i) .(. Icarniiii.' ; knowledge ac-
quired by education at school, university, itc. by the study of
authors!, or converse wilh people of genius and letters. An
exhibition or pension allowed a schol.ar or student.
SCHOLA'STIC, (skuldslik) s. \sc/iulaslic!is, from schula, a
.school, Lat.] practised in the schools ; acquired at, or belilting
a school
SCHOLA'STICALLY, ad. according to the niceties or me-
thods of the schools.
SCHO'LIAST, {skMiusi) s. [s:!wl/aste, Fr.] a writer, or
author of explrinatory notes.
SCHO'LION, or SCHOTJUxM, {skUion, or skolinm) s.
[from schulc, a school, Gr. scholium Lat.] a note or explana-
tion.
SCHOOL, (skunl) s. [schohr, Lat. J a house where persons
are instructed in any science or art. A state of education.
A particular system iif doctriiie. Form of theology succeeding
the .age of the primitive fathers.
To SCHOOL, {skool) V. a. to instruct or teach. To teach
with superioriry ; to tutor.
SCHOO'r.lJOY, s. a boy that goes to .school.
SCIlOaLFELLOW, s. one breil in ihe same school.
SCHOO'LMAX, {sknulmiin) s. one versed in the niceties and
subtleties of academical disputation ; a person skUled in school
divinity.
SCHOO LMASTER, (^skoblmasltr) s. one who presides and
teaches in a school.
SCHOO'LMISTRESS, ». a woman who governs a
school.
SCIA'GRAPHY, ». [sciagmphie, Fr. from skia, a shadow,
and grap'.o, to describe, Gr.] in ;irchitectin'», the profile or
section of a building, to shew the inside thereof' In astronomy
the art of finding the hour of the day or night by the shadow
of the sini i^r moon.
SCIA'TIC, or SCIA'TICA, (the »-i in this and the following
words is pron. always like si) s. [^scialicii, L,:\t. Siialiijne, Fr. ]
the gout in the hip.
SCIA'TICA L, u. afllicting the hip.
SCI'EXCE, s. [Fr. from scio, to know, Lat.] a clear ana
certain knowledge, grounded on demonstraliun and self-
evident [irinciplts. A system of any branch o( knowledge,
com[ireheuding the doctrine, reason, and theory, without any
imniediate.application of it to practice. Knowledge. One of
the seven liberal arts, viz. grammar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic,
music, geiimctry, astronomy.
SCIE'NTIAL, (siiiishial) a. producing certainty or know-
ledue. Obsolete.
SCIENTIFIC, or .SCIENTI'FICAL, «. [from scienlia,
knowledge, and /f/c/o, to make, Lat.] producing certainty or
demonstrative knowledge.
SCIENTIFICALLY, ud. so as to proiluce knowledge.
SCI'LLY, a cluster of islands and lotks, lying to the W.
of Cornwall, dangerous for siranuLMs to sail near without a
good pilot, there h.iving been often ships wrecked upon
them ; and particularly, Sir Cloudesley Shovel, with lour
men of war, were cast away here in the night of Oct. 22,
1707; where there were not only a great number of com-
mon sailors, but people of distinction lost. St. Mary's is the
largest and most culiivated, containing more inhabitants
than all the rest put together, and who are also tlie
richest
SCl'MITAR, s. see Cimeter.
To SCI'NTILLATE, v. n. [scintiUo, LafJ to sparkle; to
emit sparks. *
ITS
SCOO
SCOT
SCINTII-LA'TIOX, s. [scintiUation, Fr. scMilhUio, Lat.]
the act of sparkling; sparks emitted. The act of twiiikhiig,
applied to the stars.
SCrOLIST, s. [scifitui, diminutive, from srlus, skilful, Lat.]
one who knows many things supei ficially ; a smatterer in sci-
ence or literaturi.'.
SCI'OLOUS, a [Crom sciohis, dimi-uitive, fro:ii scius, skilful,
Lat.] superficially knowing.
SCrON, s. [scion, Fr.] a small twig taken from one tree (o
be ingrafted iiit') ai. other.
SCI'RE-FA'CIAS, .». [thou shalt cause to know, L:it.] in
law, a writ whereby a person is called on to shew cause why a
judg.nent passed should not be put in execution. This writ is
not granted before a year and a day is passed after the judg-
ment is given.
SCI'S.S.\RS, i. [written varinujly, accorditig to the word
whence it is supprsed to be derived ; tho.se who deduce it from
inciilo, or cado, to cut, Lat. write ci.mrs ; those that derive it
from scindu, to divide, write scusms; ajid others again write
cixars, cizars, or scissarx, from ciseaux, Fr.] a small pair of
blades with a sharp edge moving on a rivet, and usei.1 tor cut-
ting paper, cloth, &c. Always u-scd in the plural.
S'Cr.SSlLE, a. [Fr. icissi/i<:, from scinilti, to divide, LaU]
capable of being cut or divided by a sh.irp eilge.
SC^^'SION, [sis/ion) s. [Fr. sciaio, froui sciitJo, to diride,
Lai.] the act of cutting.
SCrSSUKE, J. [scissum, from scmdo, to divide, Lat.] a
breach, rupture, fissure, crack, or rent.
SCL.WO'NIA, a country of Europe, between the rivers
Save, the Drave, and the Datuilie. It is divided into six
counties, viz. Posfga, Zahrab, Creis, Warasden, Zreim, arid
VValpon, and bt longs to the house of Austria. It was for-
merly called a kingdom ; a^id is vei-y narrow, not being above
73 miles in br. adth ; but it is 300 in length, from the frontiers
of .iustrij to Cc Igrade. The eastern part is called Italzia, and
the inhabitants Ratzians. These form a particidar nation, and
are of the Gre^jk church. The language of Sclavonia is the
mother of four others, namely, those of Hungary, Bohemia,
Poland, and Russia.
SCLERO'TIC, [sklerulik) a. [skleios, Gr.] hard; generally
applied to one of the tunics or coats of the eye.
SCLERO'TICS, {skleiutiks) s. [from skleroo, to harden, Gr.]
medicines which harden and consolidate the parts they are ap-
plied to.
To SCOAT, (skot) or SCOTCH, v. a. to stop a wheel by
putting a stone or piece of wood under it.
To .SCOFF, V. n. [schojipen, Belg.] to ridicule with insolence.
To treat with contemptuous and reproachful language, used
with at.
SCOFF, s. derision ; ridicule ; expression of scorn.
SCO'FFEK, s. one who ridicules, or derides another with in-
solence, contumely, or sauciness,
SCO'FFINGLY, iid, in contempt; in ridicule.
To SCOLD, (.9/cuU) V. 71. [scholden, Belg.] to quarrel with
or chide in a vehement, clamorous, and rude manner ; to
brawl.
SCOLD, (skijid) s. a clamorous quarrelsome woman.
SCO'LLOP, s. See Scallop.
SCOLOPE'NDRA, s. a venomous insect having many legs.
An herb.
SCONCE, s. [sckantz, Teut.] a fort or bulwark. Figu-
ratively, the head. A candlestick, which moves on a rivet,
and is fixed against a wall. A line. A low word in the last
sense.
To SCONCE, V. a. [according to Skinner, from sconce, a
head ; it signilying to fix a fine on any oni's heail] to fiiie, or
make a person pay a sum of money lor a fault. A pedantic
word usi'd in the university.
SCOXE, or ScuooN, a royal palace, and town of Scot-
land, in the county of Perth. It is the place where the
kings of Scotland were usually crowned, and is 4.0 miles N.
of Edinburgh.
SCHOO'.NTR, ». a small vessel with two masts.
SCOOP, ». [ichiiepe, Belg.] a kind of large ladle, used to
throw out liquor. An instrument m.ade of bone, and used In
eating the pulp of an apple, &ic. A sweep or stroke. " At
one fell scoap." Shak.
To SCOOP, V. a. [tchoepen, Belg.] to get by means of a
scoop. To lade out. To empty or carry off in a hollow in-
strument. To cut hollow or deep.
SCOOTER, X. one who scoops. A. water-fowl.
SCOPE, s. [sc-o/ii/.?, Lat.J the object of a person's actions or
designs. An aim, intention, or drut. The final end. Room,
or space. Liberty or freedom from restraint. Licence. An
act of riot. Quantity extended. Used only in the three first
senses.
SCO'FULOUS, a. [from scnpiuus, a rock, Lat.] abounding in
rocks.
SCOKBU'TIC, or SCORBU'TICAL, a. ycofbulique, Fr.
from sciirbii/us, Lat ] afflicted with the scurvy.
SCORBU'TICALLY, ad. with tendency to the scurvy; in
the scurvy.
To SCORCH, V. a. [scorched, Sax.] to change the colour of
any thing by heat. To bur'j sujierficially. To burn. To
parch. Neuterly, to be burnt on the outside. To be dried
up.
SCORE, 3. [skom, Is).] a notcii cut with an edged instru-
ment. A line drawn. All account kept by notches cut in
wood, or by lines drawn by chalk. A debt. An account of
something pa>t. Part of a debt. A reason or motive. Sake.
Twenty ; proljably because twenty being a round number, was
distinguisiied on tallies by a long score. A song in score, is
that which is written inidLr tlie musical notes.
To SCORE, v. a. to set down as a debt. To impute or
charge. To mark by a line.
SCO'RIA, s. [Lat.] dross ; recrement.
SCO'RIOUS, a. [from scoria, dross, Lat.] drossy.
To SCORN, V. u. [^chirnen, Belg. escomei , Fr.J to despise,
slight, contemn, vilKy, deride, disdain. Neuterly, to scoff", or
treat with contemptuous language, used with at.
SCORN, s. [escorne, old Fr.] an act of contumely and con-
tempt; slight; scoff; derision. To luu^h to sconi, to deride
as contemptible.
SCO'RNER, «. one who treats a person or thing with con-
tempt or ridicule; a despiser ; a scoffir.
SCO'RNFUL, a. di.-dainlul, insolent; lookhig upon or treat-
ing with contem|)t ; acting in defiance.
SCO'RNFULLV, ad. contemptuously; insolently.
SCO'RPION, s. [scorpion, Fr. Scorpio, Lat.] a reptile resem-
bling a lobster, but his tail emis in a point, and has a very
venomous sting. One of the signs of the Zodiac, which the
sun enters about October 21.
SCO'RPIONGRASS, s. a plant of which the mou.se-ear is
the British species. It is generally fatal to sheep.
SCOT, s. [e'col, Fr.] shot; p.iyment. Scot and lot, what is
due from a person as a paris.hioner, iS:c. Scot J'ree, denotes a
person being excuseti paying his share to his reckoning, or
being remitted some punishment.
SCOTLAND, the kingdom of, is the N. part of the iyhlnd
of Great Britain, wliich is now united to England, and both
together make but one n:ition. It is boumli'd rii cM sides by
the ocean, except the S. where it is scpjirated Ironi ICngland
by the river Tweed ; towards the E, by Cheviot hills and the
river Esk, and Solway Fiith towarda the W. It is generally
reckoned 3011 miles in length, from Aldrrminitii-luad, near
the isle of Mull, to Biichaness, and 250 in breadth where it
is broadest. Ursides the main land, there are ;iOO islands
belonging to Scotland, .some of whiih are very coiisiderai)le.
These are called the Western Islands, the Orkneys, and the
Shetlanil islan is. The air is generally v\ hof'some, though
colder tli„ii that of Kngkiinl ; but it is piuiliid by the winds,
which are pretty strong and (reipieiit. In the norilkrii part
the days in siniimer are very long. Here are many licli and
fruitful plains, though what is called the Hi:.lilands is hill of
mountains and heaths. They do not want wheat, but the
grain mostly cultivated is oats, as it will grow in the niouii-
tuinuus parts. The productions of Scotland are much the
same as in England, though not in so great plenty. They
SCHA
scnT
?73
nave mines of several sorts, particularly of lead, witli quar-
ries of free-stoiie for buildiiiy ; so that tlie |)riiicipal towns
are constructed witl. notliiiig elsr. They liave mines of very
good coal, great quantities of which are liniught to London,
and is known hy the name of Scotch coal. The fisheries in
the anrrounding seas are of great nalional importance, and
will become a real source of wi alth to the nation, when in-
creasing commerce shall enable tlie inhabitants to form roads,
erect villages, and open canals in the remote parts of the
country. Scotland was an independent kingdom till .James
VI. was called to the throne of England ; and in the reign of
queen Ainie, one of his successors, both kiiiiidoms were
united under the name of Great Britain. .Sixteen peers are
_ elected to represent the nobility, and 45 commoners, to re-
present the counties and boroughs, in tlie same parliament
with tliat of England. Thire are five universijies in Scot-
land, viz. St. Andrew's, Glasgow, Edinburgh, New Aberdeen,
and Old Aberdeen. Scotland is divided into 34 comities, and
Edinburgh is the capital. The establshed religion is the Pres-
byterian.
SCOTLAND, NEW. See Acadia.
To SCOTCH. V. a. to cut, or make slight marks with an
edgeil instrument.
SCOTCH, s. slight cut ; a shallow incision.
SCOTCH COLLOPS, or SCOTCHED COLLOPS, s.
[from scotch] small pieces of veal cut across with a knife.
SCOT'OMY, s. [skn/Oma, from ikotos, dark, Gr.] a dizzi-
ness or swimming in the hrad, causing dimness of sight.
SCO'VEL, 1. [scopa, Lat.] a sort of mop for sweeping ovens ;
a maulkin.
SCOUNDREL, s. [scondaruola, Ital.] a mean rascal ; alow
petty villain; a person of base principles and actions.
To SCOUR, V. a. [skurer, Dan. schturen, Belg.] to rub a
surface hard with any thing- tough in order to cleanse it. To
remove by scouring. To cleanse, bleach, whiten. To clear
from enemies or obstacle?. In pyhsic, to purge violently. To
pass swiftly over, ap[)litd to the motions of animals. Neuterly,
to rini with great swiftness; to scamper; to perform the
office of cleaning household utensils.
SCOTJRER, s. one who cleans by rubbing ; one who runs
swiftly ; a purge.
SCOURGE, (scurje) s, [ escourgie, Fr.] an instrument made
of several cords or thongs used to strike offenders with; a
whip ; a lash. Figuratively, vindictive affliction. One that
afflicts, harasses, or destroys, A whip for a top.
To SCOURGE, (scurje) v. a. to lash with a whip. To pu-
nish or chastise.
SCO'URGER, (scfnjer) s, one that chastises ; a punisher-
SCOUT, i. [escout, Fr.] one who is sent privily to observe
the motions of an enemy. An advice-boat. A person em-
ployed on errands in a college.
To SCOUT, V. n. to go out in 'order to make secret obser-
vations on the motions of an enemy.
To SCOWL, {oiv pron. as in liow) v. n. \_scyUan, to squint,
Sax.] to frown ; to look angiy, or sullen ; to pout.
SCOWL, s. a look of gloom or discontent.
SCO'WLINGLY, ad. sullenly.
To SCRA'BBLE, {skraiil) v. n. \krabbclen, Belg.] to paw
or scratch with the hands. To climb by the hands. To
scramble.
SCRAGG, s. [scraghe, Belg.] any thing lean or thin.
SCRA'GGED, {skrd^-ed) a. [corrupted from cragged]
rough ; full of protuberances or asperities.
SCRA'tiGY, {skrd:>-i/) a. lean ; thin ; rough or rugged.
To SCRA'iMBLE, (skidmbl) v. n. [see Scrabble] to strug-
gle so as to catch or seize any thitig with the hands be-
fore another. To climb by the help of the hands, used with
up.
SCRA'MBLE, (shumbl) s. an easy struggle for any thing,
in which one endeavours to seize before another. The act of
climbing by the help of the hands.
SCRA'AIBLER, e. one that scrambles ; one that climbs by
the help of the hands.
To SCRANCII, V. a. [schranl-tr, Bulg.J to grind somethhig
crackling or brittle between the teeth.
SCRA'NNFL, a. grating by the sound ; vile, worthless.
SCRAP, s. a small piece; a bit, fragment, or crumb.
To SCRAPE, V, a. [screopun, Sax. sc/ixi/ieit. Belg.] to take
off the surface by the action of a sharp instrument. To erase
or tak'j off by the motion of an edged instnnnent held pcr-
pendicidar. To collect or gather by great pains, care,
and penurious means. To scra/ie ucquainlnnce, is to curry
favour or insinuate into familiarity. Neuterly, to make a harsh
iioise. To play badly on a fiddle. To make an awkward
bo"'.
SCRAPE, s. [skrap, Swed.J perplexity ; difficulty ; distress.
A bow. A low wonl.
SCRA'PER, 5. an edged instrument used to scrape with.
A thin iron at a door, on which a person cleans his shoes. A
miser. A bad plaj'er on the fiddle.
To SCRA rCH, V. a. [kratzi'n, Beli;.] to mark or tear wilh
slight, uneven, ragged cuts. To tear with the nail.-.
To wound slightly. To wound with any thing keen which
leaves a mark or fine on the skin. T.> write or draw awk-
wardly.
SCRATCH, i. a ragged and shallow cut. A wound
given by the nails. A .slight wound. A peruke easily combed
out.
SCRA'TCHER, s. he that scratches.
SCRATCHES, .«. cracked ulcers or scabs in a horse's
foot.
SCRATCHINGLY, ad. with the action of scratching.
SCRAW, s. [Irish and Erse] surface or scurf.
To SCRAWL, V. a. to draw cr mark in an irregular and
awkward manner. Neuterly, to write ill.
SCRAWL, s. writing performed in an awkward and unskil-
ful manner.
SCRA'WLER, s. a clumsy inelegant writer.
SCRAY, s. a bird, the same with the sea-swallow.
SCRE'ABLE, a. [from ncreo, to hauk, Lat.] that may be
spit out.
To SCREAK, (skreek) v. n. [skrige, Dan.] to make a shrill
or hoarse noise like that of a person terrified, or like that of a
rusty hinge. To creak.
SCREAK, {skreek) s. [skrjge, Dan.] a shrill noise mane
by a person at the sight of something terrifying. See
Screech.
To SCREAM, {skreem) v. n. [/ircman. Sax.] to cry out with
a shrill voice in terror or agony.
SCREAM, (skreem) s. a shrill loud cry maile by a person
in terror or pain.
To SCREECH, v. n. [see Screak, serakia, to cry, Isl.] to
utter a loud shrill cry, when in terror or agony.
SCREECH,*, cry of horror and anguish; harsh horrid
cry.
SCREECHOWL, s. an owl that hoots in the night,
and whose voice is said to betoken danger, misery, and
death.
SCREEN, s. [escran, Fr.] any thing that affords shelter or
concealment, or is used to exclude cold or light. A riddle to
sift sand, &c.
To SCREEN, V. a. to shelter, hide, or conceal ; followed by
fiom. To sift ; to riddle, from cerno, crevi, Lat.
SCREW, s. \scroeve, Belg. escrou, Fr.] one of the inechani-
cal powers, which is defined a right cylinder cut into a fur-
rowed spiral ; of this there are two kinds, the male and fe-
male ; the former being cut convex, so that its threads rise
outwards ; but the latter chainielled on its concave side, so as
to receive the former.
To SCREW, V. a. to turn by, or fasten with a screw. To
deform by contortions, apphed to the face. To squeeze or
press. To extort ; to oppress.
To SCRI'BBLE, {skr'M) v. n. [scribiHo, diminutive, from
scribo, to write, Lat.] to write in a careless and incorrect man-
ner. Actively, to fill with careless writing.
SCRI'BBLE, (skribl) s. careless or worthless writing.
TH
SCUF
SCUT
SCRITiBLEU, s. a petty author; an a\ithor of no merit.
SCRIBE, s. [Fr. scriba, from scribo, to write, Lat.j a writer.
A publii; notary. In .scriptme, a person skilled in the
Jewish law, and employed in transcriijing it for t2ie use of
others.
SCRI'MEU, f. [escrinieur, Fr.J used Iiy Shalcesjieare for a
gladiator.
SCKIN'E, s. [scriniu:)!, Lat.] a eofTer or chest ; a place
where writings or curiosities arc deposited.
SCRIP, s. Ukrceppii, Isl.] a small bai,', budget, or satchel.
A schedule, a small paper, or writing, trom scriplo. l^at.
SCRrPTURAL, a. contained in the Old and Ne w Testa-
ment ; biblical.
SCRl'PTURE, s. [scriptura, from scribo, to write, Lat.]
writing. The Bible, or system of divine truth>' con-
tained in the Old or New Testament, so nam«i by way o!
eminence.
SCRI'VENER, i. [scrivano, Lat.] one who draws con-
tracts or deals in conveyancing, or placing money at in-
terest.
SCRO'FDLA, s. [from scrqfa, an old sow, Lat.l the kind's
evil.
SCRO'FULOUS, a. diseased with the king's evil.
SCROLL, (skroll) s. [etymology doubtful] a writing rolled
up into a cylindrical shape.
SCROTOCE'LE, s. [from scrotum, private parts, Lat. and
ktle, a tumor, Gr.] a rupture of the scrotum.
SCRO'TUM, s. [Lat.] the bag wherein the testicles of the
male are contained, composed of two membranes, exclusive
of a scarf-.skin.
To SCRUB, I', a. [schrobben, Belg.] to rub li;\rd with some-
thing coarse.
SCRUB, s. a mean or base person. Any thing mean or des-
picable A worn-out broom.
SCRU'BBED, or SCRUBBY, a. [scrubet, Dan.] mean;
dirty ; vile; worthless ; sorry.
SCRUPLE, (shrupl) s. [scrupule, Fr. from scrupulus, a little
stone, Lat.] a doubt, difliculty, or perplexity, which the mind
cannot easily resolve. In medicine, a weight, containing 20
grains. Proverbially, any small quantity.
To SCRU'PLE, (skriifil) v. n. to doubt or hesitate.
SCRU'PLER, s. one that hesitates ; a doubter.
SCRU'PULOSITY, s. nice or excessive caution or doubt-
fulness. Fear of acting in any thing which may chance to
give offence, or may contradict some precept ; tenderness of
conscience.
SCKU'PULOUS, a. [scrupukvx, Fr. scrupulosus, from scru-
pulus, a scruple, Lat.] afraid to do or comply for fear of vo-
lating any precept, or of hazarding any loss or danger. Nice.
Careful; cautions. _
SCRU'PLOUSLY, ad. carefully ; nicely ; anxiously.
SCRU'PULOUSNESS, the state of being scrupulous.
To SCRUSE, V. a. to squeeze ; to crowd.
SCRU'TABLE, a. [from scrutor, to inquire, Lat.] discover-
able by inquiry.
SCRUT.^'TION, s. \scrutatio,hom scrutor, to inquire, Lat.]
search : examination ; inqcury.
SCRUTA'TOR, or SCRUl'IXEE'R, «. [from scrutor, to in-
quire, Lat.] ail inquirer; a searcher; an examiner.
To SCRU'TINIZE, or SCRU'TINY. v. a. to search or ex-
amine with exactness.
SCIIU'TINOUS, a. captious; full of inquiries. A word
little used.
SCRU'TINY, «. [scrutin, Fr.]a nice, exact, and scrupulous
.search, examination, or inquiry.
SCRUTOl'RK, [scrutoire, from scriloire, or escritoire, Fr.]
a case containing drawers for writings
To SCUD, V. n. [tkuttii, Swed.] to run or fly away in a hurry,
or with precipitation.
ToSCU'DDLE, (sldull) v. 71. See Scutti.r
SCU'FFLI'-, (s/''i/7) s. [derived by Skinner front skuj/le] a
confused tumult or liroil.
To SCU'l'FLE, (iki'i/l) v. n. to fight in a confused and tu-
multuous manner.
To SCULK, v. a. [scuUce, Dan.] to lurk or lie close in
hiding-places.
SCU'LKER, s. alurker; one who conceals himself through
shame or mischief.
SCULL, s. [skntu, the skull of an animal, Isl.] the bone
which defends and includes the brain. A small boat. One
who rows in a small boat. A great number or shoal of
fish.
SCtl'LLCAP, s. a head-piece; night cap.
SCU'LLER, s. [skirito, a vessel, Isl.] a boat which has but
one rower; a cock-boat. One who rows a small boat.
SCU'LLERY, s. [escueille, a dish, Fr.] a place where kit-
chen utensils, as kettles, dishes, &c. are cleaned and kept.
SCULLION, .5. [esi-ucUle, a dish, Fr.] one who washes the
dishes, and does the other drudgery of a kitchen.
To SCULP, V. a. [sculptu, Lat. sculper, Fr.] to carve ; to en-
grave. OI)solete.
SCU'LPTILE, a. [from sculpto, to engrave or carve, Lat,]
made by carving.
SCULPTOR, s. [from sculpto, to engrave or carve, Lat.
sciilpt'jur, Fr ] one who cuts or carves wood or stone.
SCU'LPTURE, s. [Fr. sculplura, from sculpo, to engrave or
carve, Lat.] the act of cutting wood or stone; carved wood;
the art of engraving on co|)per.
SCUM, s. [schiii/m, Belg. escume, Fr. skum, Dan. schiuma,
Ital.] the froth which rises 0:1 the top of any liquor ; the dross,
refuse, or that part of filth which swims on the top of any li-
quor in fusion.
To SCUJI, V. n. to take off the filth which rises to the top
of any liquor when boiling; commonly written skim.
SCUMMER, s. [escumoir, Fr.] a vessel or instrument with
which filth, &c. is taken from the top of any liquor; commonly
written skimmer.
SCU'PPERHOLES, s. [sckoepen, Belg.] small holes on
the deck of a vessel, through which water is carried into
t!ie sea. The leathers over those holes are called scupper-
len/htrs, and the nails with which they are fastened scupper-
vail'!.
SCURF, s. \scurj. Sax. skurff] D.in.] a kind of dry miliary
scab ; a soil or filth sticking on the surface.
SCU'RFINESS, .c. the state of being scurfy.
SCU'RRIL, a. [from scurra, a buffoon, Lat.] low; mean ;
abusive; lewdly jocular ; grossly opprobrious.
SCURRI'LITY, s. [scunililc, Fr. from scurra, a buffoon,
Lat.] reproach expre.'^sed in gross terms.
SCU'llRILOUS, n. [from scurra, a buffoon, Lat.] using
low, mean, and vile reproaches; grossly opprobrious; lewd-
ly jocose.
SCU'RRILOUSLY, od. with gross reproach; with low
biiffiionery.
SCU'RVY, s. (see Scukf) a distemper wherein red itching
blotches, ar.J sometimes livid ones, appear on the skin.
SCU'RVY, a. covered with scabs ; affected with the scur-
vy. Vile; base.
.SCU'RVY-GUASH, i. a plant .so called from its virtue.
There are many species. The Scotch scurvy-grass is the sea
bindweed.
SCUT, s. [sliolf, Is!.] a tail ; applied to such animals whose
tails are very short, as a hare.
SCU'TA(iE, s. [from scutum, a shield, Lat.] a tax imposed
ancientlv for furnishing the king's army with men.
SCU'TCIIEON, s. [si/ccioiie, Ital.] the shield or bearing of
a family, in heraldry. See Escutcheon.
SCUTELLA'TED, a. [from sculella, a trencher, Lat.] di-
vided into small surfaces.
.SCU'TI FORM, (I. [from scutum, a shield, am\ forma, a form,
Lat.] sha|Kil like a shield.
SCU'TTLE, {ikial) s. [scutell, Celt.] a wiile shallow vessel,
so called from a dish or [ilatter which it resembles. A dust
basket. A small grate. A quick pace ; an allected hurry in
walking, from scud. In a ship, ttie small holes cut for pas-
sage from one deck to another, or the windows cut in cabins
for the sake of light. Also, tlie name of a sea-li«h.
To SCU'TTLE, {skbtl) v. n. to run with an afilcted hurry.
SEAM
SEBA
77S
SCY'LLA, rocks in the Kaio di Jlessina. TIil'.sc were ex-
ceedingly dangerous to mariners ; Init by a dreadful carth-
qnidce, in 178.'i, wliicii proved fatal to iiriiiy places in the
neighbiiurhood, th.ey are said to have been destroyed.
SCVTHE, s- an instrument for mowiii},' gras;*, &c.
SEA, (the eu in tins word and its followiii(j compiniiid.", is
pron. like ee, as in si;r) s. is Irequently used for that vast tract
of waters enconipassiuf; the whole eurth ; hut it is more pro-
perly a part or division of tliose waters, and is better defined a
lesser assemblage of water, which lies before, anil washes the
coast of some particular covnitries, from whence it is gene-
rail denominated ; as, the Irish Sea, the Mediterranean Sea,
the Arabian Sea, &c. Figuratively, any thing aijitated, or in
commotion.
SK'ABAR, s. the sea swallow.
SE'AIiHEACH, s. irruption of the sea by breaking the
bank?.
SE'A BREEZE, s. a wind blowinfj from the sea.
SE'jV(,!ABBAGE, s. the same with the .sea colewort.
SE'ACALF, t. the seal, so called from its making a noise
like a calf.
SE'ACAKP, s. a spotted fish that lives among stones and
rock^-.
SE'ACHART, {leikari) s. a map on which the coasts of the
sea are delineated.
SE'AtXJAL, {seiliiill) s. a coal so called because conveyed
hy the sea ; pit coal.
SI'.'A COAST, [see'id.il) s. ashore; or land which borders
on the sea.
SE'A COMPASS, s. the card and needle by which mariners
steer tlwir vessels.
SE'ACOW, J. the manatee, a cetaceous animal, about 15
feet long, and 7 or 8 in circumference.
SE'AFAKEH. s. one that travels by sea ; a mariner
SE'AI'^AKIXG, a. used to tli.c sea ; travelling by sea.
SE'AFEN'NEL, .5. a plant, the .same with samphire.
SE'AKIGHT, {.sei/lt) s. a battle fought on the sea.
SE'AFORD, in Sussex, one of the cinque ports, and sends
two members to parliament ■ distant from London 39
miles.
SE'AGRASS, 5. a plant with an undivided stem, alternate
leaves, and flowers on fruitstalks. It is found in salt-water
ditches, and flowers in August.
SE'AC.REEN, a. resembling the colour of the distant
sea.
SE'AGULL, s. a water fowl.
SE'AHEDGHOG, s. a land of sea shell-fish.
SE'AHOG, s. the porpus.
SE'AHOLLY, s. a plant called also eryngo.
SEAL, {seel) s. [stk; or seo!, Sax. setl, Dan.] the sea-calf.
An instrument on which, a coat of arms, &c. are carved,
used in fastening of letters, and affixed to writings as a
testimony, Irom si^e/, SdX. 'J'he impression of a seal in
wax, or on a wafer. Act of confirmation. The Grcut Si ul
it that whereliy all patents, commissions, warrants, &c.
coming from the kiiig, are sealed. The Privy Seat is that
usually first set to grants that are to pass the Great
Seal,
To SEAL, (seel) v. a, to close, or fasten. To confirm or
attest with a seal. To ratify. To shut or close up, followed
by vp. To mark with a stamp. Neuterly, to fix. a .seal fol-
lowed by untu.
SE'ALER, {seiler) s. he that seals.
SE'ALIXGWAX, (seclingwax) s. a composition used in
fastening or closing letters.
SEA LIOX, s. in zoology, a large animal of the seal
kind.
Seam, {seem) s. [.seam, Sax.] the edge of cloth where two
pieces are joined together. The juncture of the planks in a
ship. A cicatrix or .scar. A measure. Tallow, grease,
hog's lard, from se?ite. Sax. In botany, the line formed by
the union of the valves of a secdvcssel, as in the pea.
To SEAJI, {seetri) v. a. to join the edges of two pieces
of cloth, or to fasten the edges of two pieces of timber together.
To mark with a scar.
Sf7AMA.Nl, s. [pinr. seamen] a s-iilor.
SE'AMARK, .s. a point or mark in the sea, which mariners
make use of to direct their course by.
SE'AMLESS, (sfcm/fxi) a. having no visible joining or
seam.
SE'AMSTRESS, {stinisircas) s. \_si:anit:atre, Sax.] a woman
who lives by .sewing.
SEAN', {scm) s. [sfj-ne. Sax,] a very large net, used to
catch lish in the sea, niaiie like a dra.ir-net, but sometimea
without a curd, 200 f;iihoms in length, and from 2 to G
fathoms in dc[)th. Sometimes written seine or sainc.
SE'APANTHER, ,9. a fish like a lamprey.
SE'Al'IKCE, {seipueee) s. a picture lejircsenting a prospect
of the sea.
SE APOKT, s. a harbour.
SEAR, (scrr) a. [scurian, to dry, Sax.] dry ; not green.
To SEAR, {seer) v, a. [scarian, Sax.] to burn or cauterize.
To SEARCE, (.i(.rie) v. u. [sasser, Fr.] to sift finely.
SEARCE, {.terse) s. a fine sieve; a bolter.
To SEARCH, {sere/:) v. a. [eherchcr, Fr.] to examine
into ; to explore ; to looK througli ; to try. To inquire ; to
.ceek after something lost, hid, or unknown. In surgery,
to probe. Used with out, to find by seeking. Neuterly,
to make inquiry ; to try to find, followed by for, or
njter^
SEARCH, {si'rch) s. inquiry; examination; quest; pur-
suit ; act of seeking.
SE'ARL'HER, {s'l cher) s. ii>qinrer; examiner; one who
peeks after any tiling hid or uidcnuwn. An officer in London,
who e::aniines tlie bodies of tlie dead, in order to detect any
violence.
.SF/AllCr.OTIi, {seireloth) s. [sarelath, .Sax.] a plaster.
SE'ASHELI., J. a .«hell found on the shore.
SE'ASnOIlE, .!. the coast of tlie sea.
SE'ASICK, a. sick on board a vessel at sea; a disorder
attending people at thL'ir first going to sea.
SE'ASIDE, s. the edge of the sea.
SE'ASON, {sec;xn) s. [.saison, Fr.] one of the four parts
of the year. A particular time or period of time. A fit time.
A small space of time. Tl;at which gives a relish to
food.
To SE'ASON, (sh-M'in) T. a. [ustaisoniier, Fr.] to mix food
with any thing that gives it a high relish. To give a relish to.
To fit for any use by time or habit. Neuterly, to become fit
for any purfiose.
SE'ASONABLE, {seezunahle) a. done at a proper lime ;
convenient or proper with respect to time ; opportune.
SE'ASONABLENESS, {seizdnableness, s. propriety with
respect to time.
SEASONABLY, ad. properly with respect to time.
SE'aSONER, {seKOner) s. one who seasons, or that which
gives a rehsh to any thing.
SE'ASONING, {seizonivg) s. that which is added to any
thing to qualify it, or give it a relish.
SE'ASUUGEON, f. a surgeon employed on board a
sliip.
SEAT, {seei) s. [sell, old Tent.] n chair, bench, or any
thing which supports a person when sitting. A chair of
state ; throne ; tribunal. Figuratively, a post of authority.
Residence, siansion, or abode. Situation.
To SEAT, {seet) v. a. to place on a seat. To place in a
post of authority. To fix or settle in any place, lo place
in a firm manner, or to fix.
SE'ATERM, s. a word need by sailors.
SE'ATOX, a sea port town in Scotland, and an ancient seal
of the earl ot Wintoii, in the county of Lothian, seated on the
frith of Forth, 9 miles E. of Edinburgh.
SE'A WARD, {seewarii) a. towards the sea.
SEBACIC, a. in chymistry, belonging to animal fat or
tallow.
SEBASTIAN, St. a large and handsome city of Brasilj
77G
SECR
SEC IT
ill S. Amurica, ca|iital of the province of Rio Jancirfi, ami
seated at tlie mouth of the river of that name, which forms
a very extensive and commodious harbour. The city is large,
well-built, and populous, but ill-situated for the health of the
inhabitants; standing upon low ground, which was for-
merly swampy, and surrounded by hills of vast height,
which exclude the beneht of the refreshing sea and land
breezes; so that it is, of course, sufTocatingly hot, and un-
healthy, in the summer. The difTerent mechanics carry on
their business in distinct parts of the town ; particular streets
being set apart for particular trades. On the S- side of a
spacious square is the palace of the vicerov. Lat. 22. SI. S.
Ion. 43. 11. W.
SE BATES, in chymi.stry, salts formed by the combination
of any base with sebacic acid.
SE'CANT, s. [from seco to cut, Lat.] in geometry, the
right line drawn from the centre of a circle, cutting and meet-
ing with another line called the tangent without it.
To SECE'DE, V. n. [secedo, from seorsum, apart, and cedo,
to go, Lat.] to withdraw or refuse associating in an afTair.
SECE'DER, s. one wlio shews his disapprobation by with-
drawing.
To SECE'RN, V. a. [sfcerno, Lat.] to separate finer from
grosser matter. To make the separations of juices in the
body.
SECE'SSION, (sescsfion) s. [secedo, from seorsum, a part,
and cedo, to go, Lat.] the act of departing. The act of with-
drawing from councils or actions.
To SECLU'DE, v. a. [sedudo, from seoraum, a part, and
claudo, to shut, Lat.] to confine from; to shut up from; to
shut out or exclude.
SECLU'SION, {secluzlion) s. the act of confining.
SE'COND, s. [secundus, Lat. It is observable, that the
English, Goths, and Saxons, have no ordinal of two, as the
Latins likewise have none of dtio. What the Latins called
secundus, from sequor, the French and English call second, the
Goths anthar, or anihara, and the Saxons se other, or crj'teru,
i. e. the other, or that which is after] the next in order to the
first; inferior; next in value or dignity.
SE'COND, s. [second, Fr.] one who accompanies another
in a duel, to direct or defiiiui him. One who supports
or maintains. The sixtieth part of a minute, marked
thus ["].
To SE'COND, v.u. to support or maintain. To follow in
the next place.
SE'CONDARILY, ad. in the second degree or order.
SE'CONDAKY, a. [from secundus, second, Lat.] not the
chief, not the primary or first. Acting by commission. A
secondary fever, is that whicli arises after a crisis. A secon-
dary planet, in astronomy, is a smaller planet moving roinid a
larger one.
SE'CONDARY, s. a delegate; a deputy.
SE'COND-HAND, s. possession of a thing which has been
enjoyed by another before.
SE'(X)ND-HANI), a. applied to knowledge, implicit, or
borrowed from anotlier. Applied to dress, worn or laid aside
by another. At sicoud liuiid, implies in imitation ; borrowed,
or transmitted, opposed to primarily, or originally.
SE'CONDLY, nd. in the second place.
SE'COND-RATE, s. the second in order, dignity, or value.
Used adjectively, for one of the second order.
SE'COND-SIGiri", {second sit) s. the power of seeing
things future, said to be posses.sed by some of the Scotch
islanders.
SE'COND-SKJIITED, (sh-oml sited) a. having the power
of seeing tilings fiiture, or at a distance.
SE'CKECY, .?. privacy; the state of being concealed, or
hidden. Solitude; retirement. The quality of preserving
firom discovery. Close silence ; fidelity to a secret.
SE'CRET, a. [secret, Fr. sccrelus, Lat.] unrevealed, con-
ccahd, kept hidden, or undiscovered. Unseen. Faithful in
keeping a secret, or any thing from discovery. Unknown.
Privy.
SECRET, 3. isccrct, Fr. secretum, Lat.] something kept
fioni public notice, or knowledge. A thing unknown. Privacy;
secrecy.
SF/CRETARISHIP, s. the office of a secretary.
SECRETARY, j. [secretaire, Fr.] one entrusted with
the management of public business. One who writes for
another.
To SECRE'TE, v. a. [secretum, from sectrno, Lat.] to put
aside, or hide. In the animal economy, to separate.
SECUE'TION, (sekrishon) s. [secretio, from sccerno, to
separate, Lat.] in medicine, the act of separating the various
fluids of the body. The fluid separated.
SE'CRETIST, s. a dealer in secrets.
SECUETITl'OUS, {sekretUhious) a. parted by animal
secretion.
SE'CRETLY, ad. in such a manner as not to be publicly
known ; later. tlv ; privately.
SE'CRETNESS, 3. the 'quality of being hid, or of keeping
a secret.
SECRE'TORY, a. [secretus, from secerno, to separate, Lat.]
performing the office of separating the fluids.
SECT, ». [secte, Fr. secta, Lat.] a body of men following
some particular master, or adopting some peculiar tenet.
SE'CTARY, s. [sectaire, Fr.] one who refuses to comply
with the public establishment, and joins with others of an opi-
nion contrary to it. A follower ; a pupil.
SECTA'TOR, s. [Lat. J an imitator; a disciple; a fol-
lower.
SE'CTION, (sekshon) s. [Fr. sectio, from seco, to cut, Lat.]
in general, denotes a part of a divided thing, or the division
itself. Such are the divisions of a chapter; called also para-
graphs and articles: the mark of a section is §. In geometry,
it denotes a side or surface of a body or figure cut by another;
or the place where lines, planes, &c. cut each other. In
architecture, the section of a building is the same with its
profile ; or a delineation of its height? and depths raised on
a plane, as if the fabric were cut asunder to discover its
inside.
SE'CTOR, s. [sectevr, Fr.] in geometry, is an instrument
made of wood or metal, with a joint, and sometimes a piece
to turn out to make a true square, with lines of sines, tan-
gents, secants, equal parts, rhombs, polygons, hours, lati-
tudes, metals, and solids. It is gent-rally used in all tlio
practical parts of the mathematics, and particularly con-
trived for navigation, surveying, astronomy, dialing, and
projection of the sphere. All the lines of the sector can
be accommodated to any radius, which is done by taking
ort' all divisions parallehvise, and not ltnglhwi.''e ; the
ground of which practice is this, that parallels to the
base of any plain triangle bear the same proportion to it
as the parts ol the legs above the parallel do to tlic whole
legs.
SE'CULAR, s. [secularis, from seculum, an age, Lat. seen-
Her, Fr.] relating to the affairs of the (iresent world, opi>oseil
to spiiilual or liuly. Belonging to the laity. Happening
once in a century ; from seculum, I,at, an age. Sctului /,riest,
is a person not Ijound by the rules of any monastic society ;
opposed to regular. Secular games, in anti<iuity, were solemn
games held among the Romans, once in 100 years, and lasted
three days.
SECIILA'RITY, ^. worldliness, or attention to the things
of the present life.
To SICCULAUIZE, v.a.[sccidariser, Fr.] to convert from
holy to common use.
SF'CUI.ARXESS, .«. worldliness.
SE'CUNDINE, s. [scundir, Lat.] the after-birth, or mem-
brane in which a foetus is wrapjied.
SECU'Rl'., a. [securus, Lat.] free from fear, terror, or dan-
ger. Careless tlirough confidence of being out of danger.
Safe.
To SECU'RE, V. a. to ascertain ; to make certain, to put
out of hazard. To make safe, or |)lace out of the reach of
danger. To insure. To make safe or fast.
SECU'KELY, ad. without (ear; carelessly.
SECU'RITY, ». [securiti, Fr. securitas, from securus, secure,
SEED
Lat.] the state of being free from fear or dnnger. Want of
care from too great a confidence of safety. Any thing
given as a pledge. A person l)Ound for another. Safety :
cert.iinty.
SEDA'N, s. [[)erhaps from scden, to calm, Lat.] a I<iiid of
carriage, conveyed hy means ot poles hy two uien ; a
chair.
SEDA'TE, a. [scJatus, from sedeo, to sit, Lat.] traii()\iil ;
calm ; unrnffleil ; serene ; quiet ; midisturbed ; composed.
SEDA'TELV, aJ. calmly; without disturbance.
.SEDA'TENESS, «. a disposition of mind free from distur-
bance; calmness; serenity.
SE'DENTAUINESS, s. the state of being sedentary.
SE'UENTAllY, a. [.ledi-nlaire, Fr. seUenlarius, from secleo,
to sit, Lat.] passed in sitting still or without motion and ac-
tioii. Inactive or singgisli.
SEDGE, s. [s<rcg. Sax.] a narrow flag ; a growth of (lags.
In botany, the carex of Liimceus. The male and female
tlowers are in separate spikes. There are 29 British
species.
SE'DGY, a. overgrown with narrow flags.
SE'DIMENT, s. [Fr. ^edimentum, from sedeo, to sit, Lat.]
that which settles at the bottom. Synon. Dregs are
gross ; a sediment is fine. After the drega are taken away,
there will frequently remain a sediment. We say, the dref^s
of wine and of melted tallow ; but the sediment of urine or
of water.
SEDl'TION, {sedishdii) s. [Fr. seditio, from seorsum, apart,
and itio, going, Lat. because the ancient Romans used to re-
tire from the city when they made a sedition] a tumult; in-
.surrection. A tumultuous assembly in order to subvert an
established government.
SEDITIOUS, {scdishioiis) t. [seditieux, Fr. sedilioius, from
tedifio, sedition, Lat.] turbulent ; tumultuously factious.
SEDITIOUSLY, ad, tumidtuously ; with factious turbu-
lence.
SEDITIOUSNESS, ». turbulence; disposition to sedi-
tion.
To SEDU'CE, V. a. [seduco, Lat,] to draw aside from the
right ; to mislead ; to tempt ; to debauch ; to deprave ; to
deceive.
SEDU'CEMENT, ». means used to draw from the right.
SEDU'CER, s. a tempter ; a corrupter.
SEDU'CIBLE, a. corruptible ; capable of being drawn
aside from the right.
SEDU'CTION, J. [Fr. from seduco, to lead aside, Lat.] the
act of drawing aside from the right.
SEDU'LITY, s. [from sedulus, assiduous, Lat.] assiduity ;
iaboriousness ; industry ; intenseness of endeavour ; appli-
cation.
SEDULOUS, a. [ledufas, Lat.] assiduous; ambitions; di-
ligent ; laborious.
SE'DULOUSLY, ad. diligently; industriously; labo-
riously.
SE'DULOUSNESS, j. industry ; diligence ; assiduity.
SEE, t. [sedes, from sedeo, to sit, Lat.] the seat or diocese of
an archbishop.
To SEE, f. a. preter. /sou;, part. pass, seen; [$eon, Sax.
sien, Belg. ] to perceive by the eye. . To discover ; to descry.
To attend. To observe ; to find. Neuterly, to have the
sense of sight. To discern, so as to be free from deceit, fol-
lowed liy through, or into. To inquire. To be attentive. To
scheme ; to contrive. Synon. Objects tliat have some du-
ration, or that shew themselves, are seen ; those that pass by
quickly, or are hidden in some measure from the eyes, are
only perceived. We see the face, and by that perceive the dis-
position of the hearL
SEE, interj. the imperative of see, originally ; observe ! be-
hold ! lo ! look !
SEED, 1. {seed, Dan. seed. Sax. and Belg] a deciduous
part of a vegetable, containing the rudiments of a new plant.
It consists of the heart, the seed- lobes, the eye, and the
seed coat. It is sometimes crowned with the cup of the
flower ; and sometimes it i« "'inired with a feather, or with
SEGM
777
a thin expanded membrane, which enables the wind to wafl
it abroad. An original or first princi|>le. Progeny, race, or
oflTspring.
To SEED, V. n. to produce seed.
SEE'DBUD, .S-. the lower part of a pointal or pistil. It is
the rudiment of the endjryo fiiiit.
SEE DCAKE, i. a cake interspersed with warm aromatic
seerls.
SEE'DCOAT, s. the proper coat of a seed, which falls olF
spontaneously.
SEE'DLING, «. a young plant raised from seed.
SEE'DLOBES, s. the perishable part of a seed, designed to
afford nourishment to the young plant when it first begins to
expand. A bean, after being soaked in water or moist earth,
easily parts with its external skin, and divides into two [larts
called the seedlulies.
SEE'DPEARL, t. small grains of pearl.
SEE'DPLOT, s. the ground on which plants are raised
from seed, to be al'terwards transplanted.
SEE'DTIME, s. the season of sowing.
SEE'DVESSEL, s. a vessel to contain the seed. Among
plants it is of several kinds; viz. a capsule, as in the poppy;
a pod, as in the gilliflower ; a shell, as in the pea ; an air-bag,
as in the bladder sena ; pulpy, including a nut or atone, as iu
the cherry ; an apple ; a berry, as in the blackberry ; a cone,
as in the fir.
SEE'DY, a. abounding with seed.
SEE'ING, s. perception by the eyes. Sight ; vision.
SEE'ING, or SEE'ING THAT, ad. since ; it being so that.
To SEEK, V. a. pret. and part. pass, sought; {secan
Sax.] to look or search for. To endeavour to gahi or find
To jiursue by secret machinations. Neuterly, to make
search, or inquiry. To endeavour after. To nnike the
object of pursuit, followed by after. To seek, is an adver-
bial expression, implying at a loss, or without the expedients
or experience.
SEE'KER, t. one that seeks or inquires.
To SEEL, V. n.[sceUer, Fr.] in falconry, to close the eyes.
Neuterly, applied to vessels, to lean on on side, from xijllan.
Sax.
SEE'LY, a. lucky. Foolish ; simple silly.
'lo SEEM, T. n. [zieinen, Teut.] to lnok alike, appear, or
have the appearance of. It seems, signities that there is ap-
pearance only, without reality ; and at other times is synony-
mous toJorjooM. SvNos. ,Vcf « difFers from a/;/^i«r, in that
tlie former relates, in my opinion, m re to tlie eye ; the latter
more to tlie imagination.
SEE'MER, I. one that carries an appearance.
SEE'MING, s. external or lair appearance. Ojiinion.
SEE'MINGLY, att. in appearance; in show ; in semblaTice.
SEE'MLINESS, comeliness; grace of appearance; de-
cency ; beauty ; handsomeness ; grace.
SEE'ilLY, a. [soomelight, Dau-] decent; becoming; pro-
per ; graceful ; tit.
SEE'iMLY, ad. in a decent manner ; in a proper manner.
SEEN, a. skilled ; versed. " Well sce/i in music." Shak.
SEEN, part. pass, of Sbe.
SE'ER, [see-er) $• one who perceives objects by the sight.
One who can foresee future events ; a prophet.
To SEE'SAW, V. a. to move with reciprocating motion.
SEE'SAW, ,v. a reciprocating motion.
To SEE'TH, V. a. pret. I sod or seethed, part. pass, sodden;
[seudan, Sax.] to prepare by hot or boiling water. To boil, or
decoct in hot water. To steep in hot water till all its virtues
are lost. Neuterly, to boil or be hot.
SEE'TH ER, s. a boiler; a pot.
SEGESTAN, a province of Persia. The country is,
in general, mountainous ; the plains are barren, covered
with a fine sand, which is sometimes raised by the wind
in such a degree, as to overwhelm whole caravans, and
the valleys are the only habitable parts. Zereng is the
capital.
SE'GMENT, f. [Fr, segmtntum, from seco, to cut, Lat.] a
5 G
SELB
SELV
figure ioiita!neJ between a chord anJ an arch of the circle, or
so much of the circle as is cut off by that chord.
SE'GNITY, J. [from Kgnuj, slothful, Lat.] sluggishness;
inactivity.
SEGOVIA, an autient, lar^e, rich, populous, and hand-
some city of Spain, in Old Cds^tile. Here the best cloth in
Spain is male f.oni the fine Spaui.sh woiil so much esteemed
ill other ci.'uutries. This is one part of their trade, and
another is very fine paper. The cathedral stands on one
side of the great square, and contains the statue of Mary in
massy silver. I'he castle, or alcazar is seated in the hiifliest
part of the town, is covered wiih lead, and has 16 room.<
very richly ad rued with tape^t^y, a ureal deal of gilding, anil
Vfiy fine ornaments of marble and porphyry. The royal
chapel is magnificently gilded, and embellished witli very
fine paintings. Tlie most remarkable structure is the Mint,
seated in a v.illey, surrounded by a river, in wdiicli are
mills employed in coining, and by which every thing ii done
almo.-.t instuntaneiusly. The aqueduct is a work of the Kn.
mans, and seives to' bring water into the town; it is 3000
paces in length, and supported by 177 arehes of a pronigions
height, consisiing of two row.-s, one placed above the other. It
is seated on a moinitain between two hills, near the river
Arayada, 45 miles N. W. of Madrid, and 67 E. by S. of Sala-
manca. Lilt. 41.0. \. Ion. 3. 48. W.
To SEGKEU.\'TE, c. u. [from seorsum, apart and, greJ, a
flnck, Lat.] to set apart , to separate from others.
/ SEi-.UEG.VTIOX, s. [Fr. from seorsum, apart, and grfx, a
tlock. Lat] se|)aratiiig frum others.
SE IGNIOK, or SK'IGNIOUR, {seenior) s. [seigneur, Fr.]
a lord. Grimd Seignior, the title of the emperor of the
Turks.
SE'IGNORY, {sieniory) s. [seigneurie.Ft.'i a lordship; a
territory ; dominion.
SEIKS, THE, a numerous nation of Hindostan Proper,
consisting of several small independent states, that have
formed a kind of federal union. They possess the whole
of Lahore, the principal part of Moultan, and the \V. part of
Delhi. This tract extends about 400 miles from N. W. to
S. E. anil is from 150 to 200 broad, in general, although, in
the part between Attock and Behker, (that is along tlie
Indus) the sxtent cannot be less than 320. Their capital is
Lahore. We know but little concerninc tlie state of iheir go-
Ternment, but it is represented as being mild. In their mode
of making war, they are unqiiestinnabiy savage and cruel.
Their army consists' almost entirely of horse, of which
they are said to be able to bring at least 100,000 into the
field. The Seiks, like the Hindoos, molest not others in
matters of faith, and require only a conformity in certain signs
and ceremonies ; but, unlike the Hindoos, they aJmit pro-
selytes ; although those from among the Jlahometans are the
least esteemed.
SEINE, s. see Sean.
To SEIZE, {seexe) v. a. [snisir, Fr.] to take possession of;
to lay hold on by a sudden eti'ort ; to L'rasp ; to fasten on. To
take forcible possession of by law. To have in one's posses-
sion. Neuterly, to fix one's grasp on any thing.
SE'IZIN, (seizen) s. [saiaine, Fr.] the act of taking posses-
sion. Any thing possessed. A law term.
SEl'ZURE, ((sehure) .i. the act of seizing. The thing
seized. Possession. The act of taking l()rcible possession
of.
SE'LAH, .1. a Hebrew word, found 74 times in the
Hebrew text of the book of Psalms, and thrice in Habak-
knk. Tlierc are various coiijccturos a^; to its signification ;
but as the .lews generally put Selult, Jiti'ix. so id if, at the
end of their epitaphs and books, we make no doubt but
i.Vf/a/i intimates the end or a pause, and that tliis is its proper
sigiiificatinii.
SE'LBY, a town in the W. Hiding of Yorkshire, with a
market on Monday. It is seated on the river Ouse, on which
small vessels pass to York, and is a place of some trade, 1^
miles S. of York, and 176 N. by W. of Loudon.
SE'LDOM, ad. [supposed to be contracted from seld<tn, or
seld. Sax. rare] not frequent or often ; rarely.
To SELE'CT, V. a. [selectum, from seligo, Lat.] to chuse by
way of preference from others.
SELE'CT, a. chosen, or cullid out, from others on account
of superior excellence.
SELE'CTION, (selelishon) s. [seltclio, from seligo, to choose
out, Lat.] the act of choosing; choice.
SELE'CTOil, s. one that selects.
SELEN'l'TES, or the JIoon-stone, s. [from sclene, the
moiin, Gr.] a stone found, it is said, in Arabia, wherein is a
white, which increas^-S and decreases wilh the moon. Also,
the Aluscovy talc, so called by some from an opinion
that its brightness increases and decreases with the
moon.
SELENOGKA'PIHC, or SELENOGllAPHICAL, a. per-
taining t.o the dcscriptiim of the mooiu
SELENOGRAPHY, (selem'jgrafy) s. [from selene, the
moon, and graplio, to describe, Gr.] a description of the
moon.
SELF, pron. plural se/ufs; [stlt, SfZ/l-, Belg.] when used as
an adjective it signifies very or identical. " 'I'hat self way.''
Sliak. It is frequently united to the personal pronouns, and
to the neutral pronoun it, and then implies a reci|)rocation,
and is compounded not only with adjectives and substantives,
but when united with my, liim, and ihem, though contrary to
analogy, is used as a nominative.
SE'LFHEAL, s. a plant with oblong egg-shaped leaves,
and blue, purplish, or white blossoms, found in pastures, and
flowering in August.
SE'LFISH, a. attentive to one's own hiterest, with abso-
lute disregard to others. Mercenary ; sordid ; ungene-
rous.
SELFISHLY, ad. with regard only to one's own interest;
without love of others.
SE'LFISHNESS, s. attention to one's own interest, without
any regard to others. Self-love.
SE'LKSAME, a. the very same.
SE'LKIRK, the county town of Selkirkshire, containing
aliout 1000 inhabitants in the town, besides 700 in the
country part of the parish. Here is a manufacture of boot.l
and shoes, which has been long established, and another of
inkle. Some trophies brought away from Flodderi p^ield,
by the citizens of Selkirk, have survived the rust of time, or
the eflfects of negligence, and are still preserved here. It
is seated on the river Kttrick, 'io miles S. S. E. of Edin-
bure:h.
SELKIRKSHIRE, a county of Scotland, bounded on the
N. by Edinburghshire and Berwickshire, on the K, by
Roxburghshire, on the S. by Dumfriesshire, and on the W.
by Peebleshire. It is about 21. miles long, and from 8 to 15
wide. It is a hilly country, yielding pasture to innumerable
flocks of sheep and black rattle, but the valleys beer good
crops of hay and corn. The rivers abound wilh fisli, and
the woods with game ami birds, both of song and of prey.
The principal rivers are the Tweed, the Ettrick, the Yarrow,
and the Gala.
SELL, J. [selle, Fr.] a saddle. In building, it is of two
kinds, viz. grounJ-seU, which denotes the lower piece of tim-
ber, and that on which the whole superstructure is raised ;
and the irindotv-tell, called also window-soil, is the bottom
piece in a window frame.
To SELL. II. a. pret. and part. pass, snld ,• [syllan, Sax.] fo
dispose of any thing for money. To vend. Neuterly, to carry
on trade.
SE'LLANDF.HS, s, are chops or mangy sores in the
bending of a horse's houghs, as the malanders are in the
knees,
SE'LLER, s. the person that .sells; a vender.
SE'LVAtrE, s. [according to Skinner, from siihdge, be-
cause it saves the cloth] the edge of cloth, either linen or
woollen.
SELVES, plural ofSLLF.
SEND
SENS
779
SE'MBLANCE, i- [semblance, Fr.] likeness ; resemblance.
Appearance, show.
SE'MEN, t. [Lat.] the seed of animals or vegetaljles.
SE'MI, s. [Lat.] a word used in composition, and signifying
half.
SE'MIBKEF, s. tsemibreve, Fr.] a note in music compre-
hending the space of two minims, or four crotchets.
SEMI'CIKCLE, {semiiird) s. [from s-mi, half, and circutus,
a circle, Lat.J a half round ; part of a circle divided by the
diameter.
SEMICI'RCULAR, a. half round.
SE'MICOLON, i. [from semi, half, L^t. and Won, a colon,
Gr.] a point made thus (;) to note a greater pause than that
of a comma.
SEMIDIA'METER, i. [from semi, half, and diameter, Lat.]
half the line which, drawn through the centre of a circle, di-
vides it into two equal parts.
SE'MIDOUBLE, s. in the Romish breviary, such offices and
feasts as are celebrated with less solemnity than the double
ones, but yet with more than the single ones.
SEMIFLU'ID, a. imperfectly fluid.
SEMILU'NAR, SEMILUNARY, a. Isemilunaire, Fr.] re-
sembling in form a half moon.
SEMIMETAL, s. in mineralogy, are metallic fossils, heavy,
opaque, of a bright glittering surface, not malleable : as <]uick-
silver, antimony, cobalt, the arsenics, bismuth, zinc, with its
ore calamine: to these may be added the seniimetallic recre-
ments, tutty and pampholyx.
SE'MINAL, a. [from semen, seed, Lat.] belonging to seed.
Contained in the seed ; radical.
SEMINA'LITY, .?. [from semen, seed, Lat.] the nature of
6eed. The power of being produced.
SE'MINARY, s. [(•■mimtre, Fr. from semen, seed. Lat.] the
ground on which any thnig is sown. 'Ihe spot or original
stock whence any thing is brought. A place of education.
SEMINA'TION, s. [from srmen, seed, Lat.] the act of sow-
ing. The act of shedding or dispersing the plants.
SEMINJ'FIC, or SEA'UNI'FICAL, n. [from semen, seed,
and facto, to make, Lat.] productive of seed.
SEMIPE'DAL, 0. [from semi, half, and pes, a foot, Lat.]
containing half a (but.
SEMIQUA'VER, s. in music, a note containing half the
quantity of the ouaver.
SEAIISPHE'lUCAL, (semisfeiikal) a. belonging to half a
sphere.
.SEMITE'RTIAN, {semttirshian) s. an ague compounded of
a tertian and a quotiiiian.
SE'MIVOWiEL, s. a consonant which makes an imperfect
sound, or does not require a total occlusion of the mouth.
These are /", /, m, n, r, s, x, z.
SEMPITE'RNAL, a. [sempiternd, Fr. from semper, al-
ways, and c/urnus, eternal, Lat.T continual; perpetual; with-
out end.
SE'MPSTRESS, s. {seamestre. Sax.] see Seamstress.
SE'NA, or SE'NNA, s. is a shrub, the leaves of which are
purchased for their purgative virtue.
SE'NAN, a city of China of the first rank, in the province of
Koeitcheou, 815 miles S. S. W. of Pekin. It is surrounded
on all sides by mountains, and the inhabitants hold little com-
munication with the rest of the Chinese.
SE'NARY, a. {sLuarius, Lat] consisting of six ; belonging
to the number six.
SE'NATE, s. [ienat, Fr. senalus, Lat.] an assembly of coun-
sellors, or of men met together to enact laws, and debate on
matters which respect the state.
SE'NATEHOUSE, s. a place where a public council
meets.
SE'NATOR, s. [Lat.] one that sits in public council.
SENATORIAL, or .SENATO'RIAN, a. [sinalorial, Fr.
senatoriwi, Lat.] belonging to the senate.
To SEND, V. a, pret. and part. pass. sen< ; [sendan, Sjx.
tenden, Belg.] to dispatch from one place to :niother. To
commission by authority to go and act. To emit, to pro-
duce. To inflict. ' lo grant as from a distant place. To
diffu.'-e; to prop.igate. To I 't fly, cast, or shoot. Neiiterly,
to deliver up or dispatch a message. Followed by J«r, to de-
sire by message a person to come ; to cause to be brought by
another.
SE'N'EG.V, or Seni.c-.al, a kingdom of Africa, in Xe-
groland, seated on a river of the same name, formerly very
considerab'e, but now reduc-d into a very narrow compass.
The French had a fort and lactory in an island at the moutli
of this river, and were entire masters of the gum trade. It
is called Fort Louis, was taken by the English on the first of
May, 1758, and ceded to Great Britain by the peace of
1763.
SENE'SCENCE, s. [from senex, old, Lat.J the state of
growing old.
SE'NESCHAL, (seneska!) s. [sem'-iiui!, Fr.] a person who
formerly had the care of entertainments in great houses ; a
steward ; a major domo.^
SE'NGREEX, s. in botany, the saxifraga of Linnaeus.
SE'NILE, a. [senilis, from senex, old, Lat.] belonging to old
age.
SE'NIOR, s. [Lat.] one older than, or born before another.
An aged person.
SENIO'RITY. s. the quality of being born before another ;
priority of birth.
SE'5fNA, 3. [send, Lat.] a medicinal tree.
SE'NNAR, a large town of Africa in Nnbia, capital of a
kingdom of tlie same name, which lies on the liaiiks of the
Nile, between Egypt and Abyssinia. It is 5 miles in circum-
ference, and very populous, containing near 100,OU0 inhabi-
tants. Tlie houses are all one slory high, flat-roofjd, and
very ill built, but the suburbs contain only cottages, co-
vered with reeds. 'I he king's pahice is surrounded by high
walls, of bricks dried in the sun, but is only a confused
heap of buildings. The heats are excessivi', and in the
rainy season the air is extremely unwholesome. Their
commodities are elephants' teeth, tamarinds, civet, tobacco,
and gold-dust. There is a market every day in the week,
in the middle of the town, where they sell all sorts of provi-
sions and goods. They have also a market near the king's
palace, where slaves are sold ; the females sit on one side,
and the males on another, and the Egyptian merchants buy
great mmibers of ihem every year. Their religion is Ma-
hometanism. They are an ignorant, superstitious, and yet
a cunning sort of people. 'I'he women who can adbrd it,
have slight garments of silk, and wear rings of various me-
tals on their hair, arms, legs, ears, and fingers. Their legs
are naked, and they have only a single sole fastened to their
feet with striiigs. Other women and girls have clothes
wrapped round them from the waist to the knees. The
men go almost naked. The merchandi.se required at Sennar
are spices, paper, brass, hardware, glass-beads, and a black
drug, with which they colour their eyelids and eyebrows.
A few merchants here travel to Suaquen on the Red Sea,
whence they go to Arabia Felix with .their commodities, and
bring those of the East Indies back. It is seated on an emi-
nence near the river Nile.
SE'NNIGHT, (sennit) s. [contracted from sctennight] a
week.
SENSA'TION, s. [sensation, Fr.] perception by the
senses.
SENSE, s. [sens, Fr. sensus, from sentio, to perceive, Lat.]
is a faculty of the sold whereby it perceives external ob-
jects, by means of the impressions they make on certain or-
gans of the body. These organs of sen.sation are commonly
reckoned five, viz. the eye, whereby we see objects; the ear,
which enables us to hear Si'unds ; the nose, by which we
receive t!ie ideas of ditferent smells ; the palate, by which
we judge of tastes ; and the cutis, or skin, -which enables us
to teel the difTerent Ibrms, hardness, or softness of bodies.
Fig\iratively, apprehension, applied to the mind, trnder-
st.^iiding. Reason, or rea.sonabIe meaning. Opinion. Con-
fciousness. Moral perception. Meaning.
SE'NSELESS, a. void of life, |) -rception, reason, under-
standing or pity.
780
SEP A
SEQU
SE'XSELESSLY, ad. in a senseless manner.
SENSIBI'LITY, i. \sensibilite, Fr.] quickness of sensation
or perception.
SE'NSIBLE, (scnsibt) a. [Fr. sensililis, from tenlio, to per-
ceive, Lat.] having tlie power of perceiving by the senses.
Affected liy good or ill, by arguments or pity. Reasonable
or judicious
SE'NSIBLY, ad. perceptibly to the senses ; judiciously.
SE'NSITIVE, a. [sensi/if, Fr.] having sense or perception.
SE'NSITIVE PLANT, s. among botanists, a species of
plant, the leaves and flowers of which contract themselves
ivlieri touched, as if sensible of the contact ; but expand and
flourish again a^ soon as the hand is removed.
.SENSO'RIUM, or SENSORY, s. [from senlio, to per
ceive, Lat.] that part where the senses transmit their notices
or perceptions to the mind. The seat of sense. An organ of
.sensation.
.SE'NS.UAL, a. [sensuel, Fr.] consisting in, or depending on,
sense. Pleasing to the senses. Carnal, opposed to spiritual.
Devoted to sense ; lewd ; luxurious.
SE'NSUALIST, s. a carnal person; one devoted to corpo-
real pleasures.
SENSUA'LITY, s. [sensualite, Fr.] the quality of being
lewd, or devoted to corporeal plea-^ures.
To .SE'NSUALIZE, v. a. to plunge in sensual pleasures, or
to subject the mind to the senses.
SE'NSUOUS, a. tender; pathetic. Not in use.
SENT, the participle passive of Send.
SE'NTENCE, .v. {sentence, Fr. sententia, Lat ' the de-
cision of a judge ; doom. A moral instruction or maxim,
delivered in few words. A .short paragraph ; a period in
writing.
To SE'NTENCE, v. n. [senimckr, Fr.] to pass the last
jiidameiit. Ti> condemn.
SENTE'NTIUUS, {senlenMous) a. [senlentieiix, Fr.]
abounding with short jjeriods, or moral maxims.
SENTE'NTUJUSLY, ad. in short sentences.
SENTENTIOUSNESS, {sentenshiousness) s. the quality of
abounding in pith-y sentences ; brevity with strength.
SE'NTF.RY, s. [commonly written and pronounced tentry,
corrupted from senlinel] one sent to march in a garrison or
the outlines of an army.
SE'NTIMENT, s. [sentiment, Fr.] thought, opinion, or no-
tion. Sense considered distinctly from language ; a striking
sentence in a composition.
SENTIJIE'Nl AL, a. a word lately introduced into com-
mon use, but without any precise meaning. Those who
use it appear to understand by it, that affecting turn of
thought which is peculiar to works of fancy, and where there
is a display of the pathetic, as in the graver scenes of comedy,
or of novels.
SE'NTINEL, s. [setitinelk, Fr.] a soldier who watches to
prevent surprise.
SE'NTKY, s. [contracted from sentinel] see Sentery.
SEPAHABI'LITY, s. the quality of admitting its parts to
be brnken or disunited.
SE'PARABLE, n. [Fr. from separo, to separate, Lat.]
capable of having the union of its parts broken, or disjoined ;
possible tn be disjoined from something.
To SEPARATE, v. a. [sepuio, Lat.] to break or divide
the parts from each other. To disunite. To sever from
the rest. To .set apart ; to segregate. To withdraw ;
used with from. . Neuterly, to part from or quit ; to be dis-
united.
SE'I'ARATF., a. [from separo, to separate, Lat.] divided
from the rest. Disunited from the other parts. Disengaged
ur .fbstnicled.
.s Iv PA 1! Al'F.I.Y, nri. apart; singly; distinctly.
SKPAl'.ATENKSS, s. the state of being separate.
SKPAUA'TIOX, ». IFr. from separo, to feparatc, Lat.]
the ;» t of breaking the union between parts. Disjunction ;
disnnicni. Divorce, applied to marriage, or a state
«lier.-in ihi two parties do not live together. Chymical
analysis.
SE'PARATIST, i. one who quits the cotnmunion of the
church ; a schismatic , a seceder.
SE'PARATORY, a. used in separation.
SE'PIMENT, !. Itepimentum, from sepio, to fence, Lat.] a
hedge ; a fence.
SEPOSI'TION, (sepotishon) s. [from seorsum, apart, and
pono, to put, Lat.] the act ot^ setting aside or apart ; segre-
gation.
SEPT, s. [from teptum, a fold, Lat.] a clan, race, tribe,
generation.
SEPTE'MBER, s. |Lat.] the ninth month of the year; the
seventh from March. He is drawn with a merry and cheerful
countenance, in a purble robe.
SEPTENARY, a. [.leptenarius, from seplem, seven, Lat.]
consisting of seven. Substantively, the number seven.
SEPTENNIAL, a. [leptennis, from septem, seven, Lat.]
lasting seven years. Happening once in seven years.
SEPTE'NTRION, s. [septentrio, from teptem, seven, Lat.]
a constellation of seven stars, called likewise Charles's Wain,
situated near the north pole. In cosmography, it signifies
the same with north; and hence septentrional is applied to
any thing belonging to the north, as sevtentrional signs,
parallels, &c.
SEPTFOIL, «. the upright tormentil. See Tormentil.
SEPTIC, or SE'PTICAL, a. [from sepo, to putrefy, Gr.]
in medicine, having the power to produce or increase putre-
faction.
SEPTUAGE'NARY, a. [sepltiaginaire, Fr. from septua-
ginta, seventy, Lat.] consisting of seventy.
SE'PTUAGESIiMA, s. the third ■ Sunday before the
first Sunday in Lent ; so called because about 70 days before
Easter.
SE'PTUAGINT, s. [from septuoginla, seventy, Lat.] the
ancient Greek versijn of the Old Testament so called
from the supposition that it was the work of seventy-two in»
terpreters.
SEPTUPLE, a. [septuples, Lat ] seven times as much.
SEPU'LCHRAL, (sepulkral) a. [scpukral, Fr. from lepelio,
to bury, Lat.] belonging to a fimeral or the grave.
SE'PULCHRE, {sepulker) s. [sepulchre, Fr. sepulchrum,
from sepelio, to bury, Lat] the cavity in which a dead body
is interred. A grave or tomb.
To SE'PULCHRE, {sepulker) v. a. [accented on the second
syllable by Sliakespeare and Milton ; but by Johnson and
Prior on tiie first] to bury ; to entomb ; to inter.
SETULTURE, s. [Fr. sepultura, from sepelio, to bury, Lat.]
burial ; interment.
SEQUA'CIOUS, {sequdshious) s. [seguax, from sequor, to
follow, Lat.] following, attendant; ductile, pliant.
SEQUEL, s. [sequela, from sequor, to follow, Lat.] the
conclusion, or succeeding part. An event. A consequence,
or inference,
SE'QUENCE, s. [from sequor, to follow, Lat.] order of
succession. Series ; arrangement. In gaming, cards which
follow one another on the same suit, as 3, i, S, or king, queen,
knave, &r.
SE'QUENT, a. [sequent, from sequor, to follow, Lat.] fol-
lowing ; consequential ; succeeding.
To SEQUE'STER, v. a. lsi:questrer, Fr.] to separate from
the society of others lor the sake of privacy. To put aside
or remove. To withdraw. To deprive the owner of the use,
property, or possession.
To .SEQUESTRATE, v. n. to separate from company.
Sl'QUESTRATION, s [Fr. from sequesirn, to sequestrate,
Lat.] separation; retirement. Disvmion; disjunction. In
connnon law, it is ?eltiiig aside the thing in controversy
from tile possession of both the parties that contend for it.
It is alo a kind of extiiit or execution for ilebt, in the case
of a beneficed clergyman, of the profits of his living, di-
rected to the chunli-wanlens, to receive the same, to satisfy
the judgment. In civil law, it is used in various .senses;
and it is also used to signify the gathering up the fruits of
a vacant benefice, for the use of the next incumbent of the
church.
S E U M
SESQ
raj
SKQUESTRA'TOR, s. one who takes from a man the profit
of his possessions.
SERAGLIO, {sirdliu) s. a Persian woril siKiiifyiiip the
palace of a prince or lord ; in which sense the houses of tlie
ambassaiiors of England, France, &c. are, at Constantinople,
called Seraglios. But the term Sn'aglio is used, by way of
eminence, for the palace of the grand seignior at Constan-
tinople, where he keeps his court, in which his concubines
are lodged, and where the youths are trained up for the prin-
cipal posts of the empire. Figuratively, a house of lewd
women.
SE'RAPH, (seraf) s. [in the plur. Seraphim, seraph, from
taraph, to burn, because they are & flaming fire, Heb] one of
the orders of angels.
SERAPHIC, or SEUA'PHICAL, (seraficat) a. [siraphique,
Fr.] angelic, or like a seraph.
.SE'RAPHIM, s. [plural of »cra/jA, Heb.] angels of one of
the heavenly orders.
SERASQUI'ER, s. a generalissimo, or commander in chief
of the Turkish forces in Europe.
SERE, a. \^searian, to dry. Sax.] dry or weathered.
SERENA'DE, s. [Fr. sereiiatu, Ital. whence serenate in
Jlilton, from serenus, Lat. because practised mostly in fair
weather] music or songs with which lovers entertain their
mistresses in the night.
To SEUENA'DK, v. a. to entertain wilh music in the
pight.
SERENE, n. [serein, Fr. sercnus, I, at.] calm, placid, quiet;
tranquil, even of mind, unruflled, without any disturbance.
Without clouds or rain, applied to the weather. Also a title
of hoiiour given to several princes, and to the jjrincipal magis-
trates of a republic.
SERE'N ELY, ad. calmly ; cooly ; quietly.
SERENITY, SEUENENE,S.S, J. calmness; peace; even-
lie'^s of temper; coolness of mind; tranquillity.
SERGE, (s«7-g«) s. [serge, Fr.] a kind of woollen cloth.
SE'RGEANT, {sdrjeant) s. [sergent, Fr. sergenle, Ital.]
an officer who attends on, or executes the orders of, magis-
trate.'. It is the highest degree taken at the coinmon law,
as that of doctor is of the civil law; the court of common
pleas is allowed them to plead in by themselves ; liut they
are not restrained from pleading in ai:y other court. In
the army, a Serjeant is an inferior officer in a company
of foot, or troop of dragoons. A title given to some of
the king's servants, as sergeant cliirurgeon, sergeant painter,
&c.
SE'IIIES, s. [Lat.] ,m order wherein things regularly follow
and are connected with each other. A course or succes-
sion.
SERINGAPA'TAM, a city of Hindoostan, lately capital
of the kingdom of Mysore. It is situated in an island of the
river Cauvery. This island is a beautiful spot, containing
elegant buildings, squares, groves, and gardens. The mau-
soleum of Hyder Ali is one of the most magnificent objects
in this place : it is situated on the S. angle of the island,
near an elegant palace of ihe late Tippcio Sultan's, aiitl
is surrounded by a grove of beautiful cypress trees. It
is 230 miles W. S. W. of Madras. Lat. lii. 31. IN. Ion. 76.
46. E.
SE'RIOUS, a. [serius, Lat] grave ; solemn ; not volatile ;
opposed to levity. Importaiit, weighty; in earnest; op-
posed to trifling. Synon. We are staid, through discre-
tion and custom ; grave, through humour and cotistitu-
tion ; serious, through taste and affectation. Levity is the
reverse of being staid; vivacity of gravity; wantomiess of
seriousness.
SE'RIOUSLY, ad. gravely ; solemnly ; in earnest ; with-
out levity.
SE'IllOUSNESS, I. gravity ; solemnity ; earnest atten-
tion.
SERMOCINA'TION, J. [sermocinatio, from sermo, a speech,
Lat.] the act or practice of holding long discourse.
SERMON, s. IFr. sermo, Lat.] a discourse written or
spoken on some text for the instruction of the people.
SERO'SITY, «. [.sirviilc, F>. a thin or watery part of the
blood.
SE'ROUS, a. [sereux, Fr. fioin serum, whey, Lat.] thin or
watery. Adapted to the sermn.
SE'RPENT, s. [Fr. ser/,en.t, from scrpo, to creep, Lat.] an
ofTensive animal that has neither wings nor leet, and moves
on the ground like a worm. An instrument of nuisic. In
astronomy, a constellation in the northern hemisphere.
SE'RPENTARIUS, in astronomy, a constellation of the
northern heniis|ihere.
SE'KI'ENTINE, n. [from serpens, a serpent, Lat] resem-
bling a serpent ; winding like a serpent.
SERPI'GIXOUS, a. diseased with a ser|>igo.
Sr.KPI'GO, s. [Lat.] a tetter; a species of herpes: which
see.
SERRATE, or SE'RRATED, s. [from aerra, a saw, Lat.]
having indentures or jags, like the teeth of a saw.
SF.RUA'TIOX, s. [from serra, a saw, Lat.] formation in
the shape of a saw.
SERRA'TURE, s. indenture like the teeth of a saw.
To SE'URY, V. a. serrer, Fr.] to press or drive close to-
gether.
SE'RVAL, in zoology, the mountain cat, an animal that is
found in India.
Sli UVANT, s. [Fr. servus, from servo, to serve, Lat.] one
who is hire<l and obedient to another. A word of civility,
implying a readiness of doing good to another.
'I'o S1;R\'E, v. a. [servio, Lat.] to attend. To obey. To
supply with food. To bring in. To- do business for another
for hire. To supply with any thing. To obey as a sol-
dier. To promote. To comply. To satisfy. To stand
instead of any thing to one, followed by for. To requite.
In divinity, to worship. Neuterly, to act as a servant. To
be in subjection. To atterid. To act in war. To produce
the enil desired. To suit. To conduce. To officiate or
minister.
SE'RVIA, a province of European Turkey, having Hun-
gary on the N., Balgaria on the E., Bosnia on the'W., and
Albania and Macedonia on the S. It is about 190 miles
loi}g, and 95 broad. It is fertile and populous. Belgrade is
the principal town.
SERVICE, s. [Fr. servilium, from servio, to serve, Lat.]
business done for hire. The attendance of a servajit. Place;
ofiiice of a servant. Attendance on a superior. A protession
of respect, intimating a being ready to assist, or acknowledge
subjection. Oliedience. Employment. Alililary duty. Pur-
pose ; use. Advantage. Favour. The public office of de-
votion. A course or order of dishes. A paper of sweet-meats.
In botany, a ki)id of hawthorn. Also the mountain-ash or
quicken-tree.
SE'RVICEABLE.n. [servissable, oUVr.] profitable; useful.
Active ; ddigent ; officiou.s.
SERVILE, a. [servit, Fr. sermlis, from servio, to serve,
Lat.] slavish; meanly submissive, fawning, or cringing; de-
pendent, mean.
SE'RVILELY, ad. meanly; slavishly.
SE'RVILENESS, or SEKVI'LITY, s. base or mean sub-
mission and subjection. The condition of a slave.
SE'RVITOR, s. [servHeur, Fr.] a servant. A student in
the university of Oxford, who attends on another for his main-
tenance and education. See Sizek.
SE'RVITUDE, J. [Fr. servitus, from servio, to serve, Lat.]
the state of a slave. Service. Servants collectively. Svnon.
The state of a hired servant is servitude ; that of one manci-
pated, slavery ; the one is voluntary, the other involuntary.
The former is in some measure honourable; the latter con-
temptible.
SE'RUM, s. [Lat.] the thin or watery part of any fluid.
SE'SQUI, «. a word used in composition, borrowed from
the Latin, and signifying one and a half.
SE'SQUIALTER, or SESQUIA'LTERAL, a. [sesguialler,
Lat.] in geometry, is a ratio where one quantity or num-
ber contains another once and half as much more, as 6
and 9.
789
SETT
SEVE
SE'SQUIPLICATE, a. in mathematics, Is the proportion
one quantity or number has to another, in the ratio of one
and a half to one.
SESS, (for assiss) s. a rate, tax, cess charged.
SE'SSION, (scshdn) s. [Ft. sessio, from tedeo, to sit, Lat.]
the act of sitting. An assembly of magistrates, or senators.
The time or space during which an assembly sits without in-
termission. A meeting of justices.
SE'STERCE, s. [seslerce, Fr. seatertium, Lat.J among the
Romans, a sum about 8/. \t. 5\d. sterling.
To SET, v. a. pret. and part. pass, sett; [seltan, Sax; setlen,
Belg.] to place or put in any situation, condition, or posture.
To regulate, or adjust by some rule. To fix as motionless.
To suit or fit to music. To plant. To reduce from a frac-
tured or dislocated state. To intersperse, or mark. To fix ;
to determine. To place in view, to exhibit as an oLject,
used with before. To take at play. To value, estimate, or
rate; to reject or remit for ihe present, used with i;y. To
fix in metal. To predetermine, or settle. To bring to an
edge, by rubbing on a hone. Used with a;j;ainst, to oppose,
or to alienate a person's affection from another. Tu set apart,
to neglect for a season, or reserve for some particular pur-
pose. Used with aside, to reject, abrogate, or omit for the
present. To set down, to mention in writing, or to register ;
to fix, or establish ; to fix on a resolve. To iet off", to de-
corate, or recommend. To set forth, to display, explain,
place in order, or show. Used with on, or upon, to incite,
or animate ; to attack, or assault ; to employ in an afTair.
To set out, to begin a discourse or journey, to adorn or
embellish ; to raise, or equip, applied to fleets or armies ; to
show, display, recommend, or prove. To set up, to supply
" ilh money for carrying on trade at first ; to raise or exaft
in power or dignity ; to establish or fix ; to advance, or
purpose. Neuterly, to go below the horizon, applied to the
sun, &c. To be fixed. To be extinguished, or unable to
sec, applied to the eyes. To fit music to words. To begin
a journey. To plant. To catch birds by a dog, that lies
down and discovers them. Used with about, to fall to; to
begin. Used with in, to become settled in a particular state.
Used with on, or vpon, to begin a journey or enterprize.
Used with ovt, to have beginning ; to begin a journey or
course ; to begin the world. To set to, to apply one's self
to. 7o set uv, to begin a trade openly ; to profess pub-
licly.
SET, part, regular ; not loose or careless ; made to con-
form to some rule.
SET, s. a number of things suiting each other, and neces-
sary to form a whole. The apparent fell of the sun, &c. below
the horizon. Any thing put into the ground for growth. A
wager at dice. A game ; a sufficient number of persons to
play a game.
SETA'CEOUS, (setdsheous) a. [from seta, a bristle, Lat.]
bristly ; set with, or consisting of strong hairs.
SETCHEOU, a city of China, of the first rank, in the pro-
vince of Koetcheou.
SETCHEUN, a province of China, having Chensi on the N.,
and the kingdom of Thibet and other countries on the W. It
is famous for its rhubarb, and the root fou-lin, which the
Chinese introduce into all their prescriptions.
SETON, s. [Fr. from seta, a bristle, Lat.] in surgery, the
state of a wound when the skin is taken up by a needle, and
kept open by a twist of hair or silk, that the humours may
vent themselves. Among farriers, a rowel.
SETTE'E, s, [setol. Sax.] a large long seat with a
back.
SETTERWORT, s. a kind of hellebore. The dried leaves
are frequently given to children to destroy worms ; but tliey
ought to be used sparingly.
SETTING DOG, v. a dog taught to find game, and shew
it bv lying down near it.
SEi'l'LE, (aell) t. [tetnt, Sax.] a seat, or bench.
To SETl J,E, {fill.) V. a. to place in a ceriain or safe
siate after calamity, < r disturbance. To fix in any place
or way of life. To free from ambiguity or doubt. To i'.r,
and make certain or unchangeable. To free from change of
opinion. To make close. To fix inse|)arably or strongly, used
wi'.h upon. To make the dregs or sediments of Uqiior iall to
the bottom. To put into a state of calmness, lo people a
country. Neuterly, to sink and continue at the bottom ; to
subside. To fix one's abode. To chuse or fix a method of
life. To rest or grow calm. To make a jointure for a wife.
To contract.
SE'TTLE, a neat town on the W. Riding of Yorkshire,
seated on the river Ribble, over which it has a stone bridge,
at the foot of the hills which part tliis county from Lancashire,
CO miles N. N. W. of York, and 231 N- N. W. of London. A
weekly market on Tuesday, and one on every other Alondity
fur cattle.
•SE'TTLEMENT, J. the act of settling. The act of giving
possession. A jointure granted a wife. The dregs of liquors.
A place where a colony is established. Act of forsaking a
roving for a domestic ai:d regular life.
SE'VEN, a. [seofun, Sax.] consisting of four and three.
SE'VENFOLD, o. [seofon, saldie. Sax.] repeated or folded
seven times; septuple. Adverbially, in the proportion of seven
to one.
SE'VENNIGHT, (commonly pron. sennit) s. \teven and
nighf} a week ; the time from one day of the week to the next
day of the same denomination preceding or following. It hap-
pened on Monday was sevennight, that is, on the Monday before
last Monday. It will be done on Monday sevennigkt, that is,
on the Jl'Tondai^ after next Monday.
SE'VENOAKS, or Sennock, a town of Kent, with a
market on Saturday. It is 6 miles N. W. of Tunbrige, and
23 S. E. I)v S. of London.
SE'VENSCOllE, .«. seven times 20, or 140.
SE'VENTEEN, a. [seofantyne. Sax.] seven and ten.
SEVENTEE'NTII, a. [leojonteot/ia. Sax.] the ordinal of
seventeen ; the next after the .sixteenth.
SE'VENTH, a. [seofontlia, Sax.] the next in order to the
sixth. Contaiiung one part in seven. Seventh day, used by
the Quakers for Saturday ; and observed by the Jews as a
sabbath. T.'ie seventh Month, used by the Quakers for July.
SE'VENTHLY, ad. in the seventh place ; an ordinal
adverb.
SEVENTIETH, a. [handseofautigotha, Sax.] the tentl.
seven times repeated ; tlie seventh part of the tenth part of
any thing.
SE'VENTY, a. [knndseofontig. Sax.] seven times ten.
To SE'VER, t>. a. [sevrer, Fr.] to part from the rest by
force. To distinguish, separate, or put into different orders
or places. To keep distinct or apart. Neuterly, to make a
separation or distinction, followed by between.
SE'VERAL, a. different ; distinct from one another.
Divers ; many, generally applied to any number more than
two. Particular, or single. Appropriate.
SE'VERAL, s. a state of separation. Each particular taken
singly ; generally used in the |)lural. Any inclosed or separate
place. Inclosed grounds.
SE'V^ERALLY, u<i. distinctly ; particularly ; separately.
SEVERANCE, i. separation ; partition.
SEVERE, a. \severe, Fr. severus, Lat.J apt to blame, or
punish ; rigorous ; cruel ; sharp, rigid, austere ; harsh, strict,
morose, censorious, hard, inexorable; painful, afflictive; con-
cise ; grave, sober, sedate.
SEVE'RELY, ad. painfiilly ; ferociously ; strictly.
SEVE'lUTY, s. [seviriti, Fr. sevcrttas, trom severus, severe.
Lat.J the (ju ility ot being tevere. Svnon. iSVwtjVi/ shews
it.'-eli chiefly in the manner of thinking and judging ; it con-
demns readily, and admits of no txi'use. Rigour is .seen par-
ticularly in the mode of punishing; it pardons nothing, nor
lightens the stroke.
SE'VERN, a river of England, which ri.ses near Plynlim-
mcui-Hill, ill Montgomeryshire, when faking n north-east-
erly direction it enters Shropshire. It is navigable in its
whole course through this county, enters Worcestershire,
and niiis through its whole length. In its course it wa-
ters Welsli Pool, Shiewsbury, Rridgeiiorth, Worcester,
S H A D
SHAM
783
Tewkesbury, Gloucester; and entering the sea, its mouth is
called the Biistol Channel. A communication between this
river and the Thames, the Trent, the Dee, the Mersey, and
other rivers, has been lately opened by a number of different
canals.
SEVILLE, the capital of Andalusia, in Spain, is very large
and populous. It is the seat of an university, where the pro-
fessors have handsome salaries. The neighbourhood of Seville
is exceedingly fertile in corn, wine, and oil. It is 212 miles
S. by \V. of Madrid. I,at. 37. 32. N. Ion. 5. 22. W.
SKVOCA'TION, s. [from scorsum, a part, and voco, to call,
Lat.] the act of calling asirle.
To SEW, {su) V. a. l^uo, Lat.] to join or work with threads
drawn through by a needle. To drain a pond of its fish.
Neuterly, to woik with a needle and thread.
SE'U'ER, s. [a'iseour, old Fr.] an officer who serves up a
ftast. A passage for water to run through; now corruptee) to
and pronounced shore, but derived from issue, or issuer. One
that uses a needle, and then pronounced sOer.
SEX, .5. [sexe, Fr. sexus, Lat.] that property by which any
species is distinguished into male and female. Woman-kind,
by way of emphasis.
SEX, from the Lat. is used in composition, and signifies
si^i.
SEXAGENARY, a [from texagintu, sixty, Lat.] aged
sixty years.
SlEXAGE'SIMA, i. [Lat.] the second Sunday before Lent;
so called because about the (JOth day before Easter.
SEXE'NNIAL, a. [from sex, six, and annus, a year, Lat.]
lasting six years ; happening once in six years.
SE'XTAIN, s. [sexluns, from sex, six, Lat.] a stanza of six
Ihies.
SE'XTANT, s. in mathematics, denotes the sixth part of
a circle, or an arch comprehending sixty degrees. Also an
astronomical instrument made like a quadrant, excepting that
its limb comprehends only sixty degrees. In astronomy, a
constellation of the southern hemisphere-
SE'XTILE, a. [sextilis, from sex, six, Lat.] is a position or
aspect of two planets, when 60 degrees distant, or at the dis-
tance of two signs from one another.
SE'XTON, s. [corrupted from sacristan] an under officer
who digs graves ; sometimes applied to the person who opens
pews in a church.
SEXTU'PLE, {sextupl) a, [textuplut, from sec, six, Lat.] six-
fold.
SE'XUAL, a. of or belonging to a sex. The Sexual St/stem,
in botany, is that system which is founded on a discovery, that
there is in vegetables, as well as in animals, a distinction of the
sexes.
SHA'BBINESS, s. meanness ; paltriness.
SHA'BBY, a. [shaupy, Boh.] mean, with respect to dr s- ;
paltry. A low word.
To SHA'CKLE, {shAkl) v. a. [shaeckelen, Belg.] to chain,
fetter, bind, or deprive of liberty.
SHA'CKLES, {shakh) s. not used in the singular; yhaee-
hels, Belg.] chains for prisoners; fetters; gyves.
SHAD, s. a sea-fish of the herring kind, called also the
mother of herrings. In Great Britain, the Severn affords it in
highest perfection.
SHADE, s. [schade, Belg.] the darkness made by inter-
cepting the light; obscurity. A place where the rays of
the sun are excluded. Any thing which intercepts the
light. Screen. Shelter. The parts of a picture painted
with dark colours. A colour, or gradation of light. The
figure formed by the interception of light. A spirit ; a
ghost.
To SHADE, V. a. to intercept the light ; to shelter or hide ;
to cover or screen ; to mark with different gradations of
colours ; to paint in dark colours.
SHA'DINESS, £. the state of being shady.
SHA'DOW, {shade) s. [eschaduwe, Belg.] the representation
of a body by its intercepting the light. Darkness. Shelter
formed by intercepting the light or heat. An obscure or dark
place. The dark part of a picture. A ghost, spirit, or shade.
An imperfect or faint representation. Favour or protec-
tion. Inseparable companion. A type, or mystical repre-
sentation.
To SHA'DOW, {iliadu) v. a. to intercept the light. To
cloud or darken. To conceal, hide, or screen. To protect.
To mark with various gradations of colour or light. To paint
in dark colours. To represent imperfectly or typically. To
make cool or gently gloomy by tlie interception of light or
heal.
SHA'DOW V, (shddoee) a. gloomy ; dark ; opaque. Typi-
cal ; faintly representative. Unsubstantial.
SHA'DY, a. full of shade free from the glare of light, or
sultriness of heat.
SHAFT, 4. [sceafl. Sax.] an arrow. A narrow, deep, and
perpendicular pit, from sliuft, Belg. Any thing straight, as
the spire of a steeple, &c. The funnel of a chimney. In
botany, a part of the pointal standing upon the seedbud, and
supporting the summit. It is also called the style.
SHA'FTSBUUY, a town of Dorsetshire. It had formerly
ten parish churches, but now only three. The houses are of
free stone; and it is a good thoroughfare, governed by a
mayor, and sends two members to parliament. It has a
market on Saturday, very considerable for corn and cattle,
and is 19 miles W. by S. of Salisbury, and 100 W. by S. of
London.
SHAG, s. [sceacga, Sax.] a kind of cloth or stuff, with a
long rough pile of wool or hair; rough woolly hair.
SHAGGED, or SHAGGY, {shdg-ed, or shdgee,) a. rug-
gedly hairy ; rough ; rugged.
SHAGREEN, s. [chagrin, Fr.] the skin of a fish remark-
ably rough.
To SHAGREE'N, v. a. [chagriner, Fr.] to irritate, to pro-
voke. Chagrin is the most proper spelling.
To SHAKE, v.a. preter. shook, part. pass, shaken, or shook ;
[sceacan, Sax. shecken, Belg.] to put into a vibratirjg motion ;
to move with quick returns backwards and forwards. To make
to totter or tremble. To throw down or off by a violent action.
To drive from a resolution, or make afraid. To shake hands,
is to pay compliments at meeting, or to take leave. To shake
off} to rid one's self from ; to free from or divest. Neuterlv,
to tremble, or to be put into a tremulous motion ; to be in
terror; to totter. Svnon. S/iake and tremble both imply
being agitated with a vibratory motion ; bwt arising from dif-
ferent causes. The first is more applicable to a tremulous
motion occasioned by cold ; the latter to a like motion occa-
sioned by fear. The verb shake is often used in the active
sense; the verb tremble never.
SHAKE, s. concus.sion. A tottering or tremulous motion.
SHA'KER, s. the person or thing that shakes.
SHALL, V. deject, [from shall, Goth, or sceal. Sax.] as this
is by foreigners confounded with wM, the future from willun.
Sax., it shoidd be observed, that will implies resolution to Jo
something at a future time, and shall, a command that such a
thing must be done, if used in the second or third person ; but
if \ised in the first person, it generally denotes a less degree of
positiveness than will.
SHALLOON, s. a light woollen stuff.
SHA'LLOP, s. [chaloupe, Fr.] a small boat; a small light
vessel.
SHAXLOW, {shdllo) a, supposed to be compounded of shoal
and low ; not deep, or at a small distance from the surface.
Not very knowing or wise, applied to the understanding. J^ot
deep, applied to sound.
SHA'LLOW, {^shdllij) s. a place wherein the water is not
deep, or the bottom of a channel is not a great distance from
the surface of the water; a shoal ; a shelf; a sandbank.
SHA'LLOWBRAINED, a. foolish; trifling; empty,
SHALLOWNESS, (^shdllonesss) s. want of depth, thought,
or understandmg.
SHALO'T. See Eschalot.
SHALT, the second person of shall, which is thus declined ;
I shall, thou Shalt, he shall. See Shall.
To SHAM, V. n. [from shammi, Brit.] to trick ; to cheat;
r84
S H A 1.
SHEA
to delude by false pretences. To obtrude by fraud or folly.
A low word.
SHAM, s. a fraud or trick. The act of putting on the ap-
pearance of what a person is not. An imposture. A shirt or
sleeve worn over another to hide the dirt.
SHAM, a. false; counterfeit; pretended.
SHA'MBLES, {shdmblz) s. [schamael, Belg.] a place where
cattle are killed, or meat is exposed to sale; a butchery.
SHA'MBLING, a. (see Scambling) moving in an awkward
manner. A bad word.
SHAME, J. \sceam, Sax.] an uneasiness arising in the
mind from the consciousness of having done something
that may wound one's reputation or bring disgrace. The
cause of shame. Regard for one's reputation. Reproach,
ignominy, disgrace, dishonour. Bashfulness ; shamefaced-
uess.
To SHAME, V. a. to make a person ashamed by con-
vincing him that he has done something which will forfeit him
the esteem of others, or ruin his reputation. To disgrace ; to
dishonour. Neuterly, to be ashamed.
SHA'MEFACED, a. easily blushing ; easily put out of
countenance ; bashful.
SHAMEFA'CEDLY, ad. modestly ; bashfully.
SHAMEFA'CEDNESS, s. the quality of being too fearful
of losing the esteem of others, or doing something that
may give them a bad opinion. Modesty, timidity, bash-
fuhiess.
SHA'MEFUL, a. such as ought to make a person blush.
Infamous, dispraceful, ignominious, reproachful.
SHA'MEFULLY, ad. ignominiously ; infamously ; re-
proachfully.
SHA'MELESS, a. wanting shame, or blushing at
nothing. Regardless of the esteem or opinion of others.
Impudent, frontless, infamous, reproachful, ignominious, dis-
graceful.
SHA'MELESSNESS, s. impudence; immodesty.
SHA'MMER, s. a counterfeit or impostor. A low word.
SHA'MOIS, {shamoy) s. [chamois, Fr.] a kind of wild goat.
SHA'iMOY, or SHA'.MMY Leather, s. See Chamoi.s.
SHA'MROCK, s. [Jr.] a kind of three-leaved grass.
SHANK, s. [sceancii. Sax.] the middle joint of the leg. The
bone of tl'.e leg. The long part of any instrument.
SHA'NSCRIT, j. the original language of the Hhidoos, in
whicli their Shattah, which contains the religion of the Bramins,
is written.
To SHAPE, 15. a. preter. shaped, part. pass, shaped or
chiipen ; [scyp/ipan. Sax. scheppen, Belg.] to form or mould in
a particular figure. To adjust. To image or conceive.
SHAPE, s. the form or figiire of any thing. The make of
the body. A form, or a being of a particular form. An idea
or pattern.
SHA'PELESS, a. wanting regularity or symmetry.
SHA'PEI.I.VESS, f. beauty or proportion of form.
SHA'PELY, a. well made or formed.
SHARD, t [schaerde. Trisick] a fragment or piece of a
broken parthrn vessel. A plant. A fish.
SIIA'KDED, o. inhabiting shards. " The sAarded beetle."
Shuk.
To .SHAKE, n. a. [acenran, sci/ran. Sax.] to divide or part
among many. To partake with others. To cut or separate.
Neuterly. to have a part.
.SHARE, s. a portion, part, or dividend. The blade of a
plough that cuts tiie ground, from sciur, .Sax.
SHA'KKR, s. a divider; one who participates anything
with otliers.
SHARK, .!. a ravenous fish, which will sever a man in two
at a bite. A sly greedy fellow. Trick ; fraud ; petty rapine.
A low word in the two last senses.
To SHARK, V. n. In pick up hastily or slily. Neuterly, to
cheat ; to trick ; to play the petty thief. A low word.
SHARP, a. \scearp. Sax. scherp, Belg.] having a keen
edge, or an acute point. Witty, ingenious, or inventive,
applied to the mind. Quick, applied to bearing, seeing, or
understanditig. Sour, anplied to taste. Shrill, appUed to
sound. Severe or cruel, applied to season or disposition.
Painful. Fierce, applied to contest. Attentive, or vigilant,
followed by look out. Subtile. Hard. Lean. Keen, ap-
plied to appetite. Svnon. Sharp, sour, and acid, ex-
press different degrees of sourness. The first implies
sourness without astringency. Sour implies in its idea
little or no acrimony. By acid is understood a corrosive
sour.
SHARP, J. an acute sound. A pointed weapon.
To SHARP, V. a. to make keen. Neuterly, to play
thievish tricks.
To .SHARPEN, V. a. to make sharp or pointed. To
make q\iick, applied to the understanding. To increase the
appetite. To make shrill or sour.
SHA'RPER, s. a person who deprives others of their pro-
perty by fraud.
SHA'UPLY, ad. smartly ; keenly ; acutely.
SHARPNESS, s. the quality of cutting or piercing easily.
Sourness, applied to tasSe. Severity, applied to language or
treatment. Painfulness. Quickness of apprehension, applied
to the mind or senses.
SHA'RP-SET, a. hungry. Eagerly or vehemently de-
sirous.
SHARP-SIGHTED, a. having quick sight.
SHARP-VISAGED, a. having a thin or lank counte-
nance.
To SHATTER, v. a. [n-hetten, Belg.] to break into many
pieces. Neuterly, to lie broken into fragments.
SHATTER, s. a fragment of a broken thing.
SHA'TTERBRAINED, or SHA'fTERPATED, a. crazy-
headed ; inattentive ; not consistent. A low word.
To SHAVE, V. a. pret. shaved, part. pass, shaven or shaved;
[tceafan. Sax.] to cut hair with a razor. To cut close. To
skim by passing lightly over. To cut in thin slices. To stiip
or oppress by extortion ; to pillage.
SHAVEGRASS, i. a kind of horsetail.
SHA'VER, J. one that practises the art of shaving. One
closely attentive to his own interest. A robber.
SHA'VING, s. any thin piece pared off from any body.
SHAW, s. [schowe. Btlg.] a thicket or small wood.
SHA'FOWL, s. an artificial bird made for fowlers to
shoot at.
SHAWL, s. a well known part of the female dress,
worn over the neck and shoulders. The most valuable
come from the East Indies, and are commonly said to be
made of camels' hair, but in fact from the wool of the Thibet
sheep.
SHA'WM, s. [schuwme, Teut.] a hautboy, or cornet. It is
also written schulm.
SHE, pron. in the ol.lique case, her ; [seo. Sax.] the pro-
noun demonstrative of the feminine gender, alluding to some
woman niei;tioned before, and sometimes used absolutely for a
female or woman. The female of any species.
SHEAF, {sheef) s. plural sheaves ; [sccaf,Sax.schonf, Belg.]
com tied in a bundle after reaping. Any bundle or collection
of things tied together.
To SHEAR, {shier) v. a. prefer, shore or sheared, part,
pass, shore; [sceuraa, seyren. Sax.] to cut by two blades
moving on a rivet. To c\it by interception.
SMEAR, or SHEARS, {sheers) s. seldom used in the -sin-
gular ; [sreilra, Sax.] an insu ument to cut, consisting of two
blades moving on a rivet, between which the thing to be cut
is placed ; distinguished from scissars, because larger. A year,
ap[)lic(l to the age nf a sheep.
SIIK'AREK, (</uvii)) s. one that clips with shogrs, parti-
cularly one that shears sheep.
SHE'ARWATER, s. a fowl,.
SHEATH, {shecth) s. [sc(ethe, Sn\.] the case of any thing.
The scabbard of a weapon. In botany, a species of ernpale-
ment, exemplified in the dafToilil, snowdrop, iris, iS:c.
To SHEATH, or SHEATHE, (shecihe) v. ,i. [schcethan.
Sax.] to put in a case or scabbard. To obtund any acrid
particles. To defend or preserve by an outward case or
covering. To fit with a sheath.
SHEF
SHEP
785
SHE'ATHWINGED, a. having hard cases which are folded
over the wings, as in the l)eetle.
To SUED, V. a. [.icedan, Sax.] to ponr out or spill ; to
scatter, or let fall. Nenterly, to let fall its parts.
SHED, a. (supposed to be corrupted from shade) a light
covering-or pent-hoiise. In composition it implies effusion or
spilling ; as " bloodshed."
SHE'DDER, ,5. a spillcr ; one who sheds.
SHEEN, or SIIEE'NY, a. glittering ; showy ; bright. Not
in use.
SHEEN, i. brightness ; splendour. Ob.solete.
SHEEP, s. plural also sheep ; [sceap. Sax.] the animal who'e
hide is coveitcl with wool, and whose flesh is called mutton.
There are very remarkable varieties of sheep, some having no
horns, others having thrte, four, or five, and .some enormous
tails, laden with fat. Figuratively, an ignorant and silly
person.
SHEE'PCOT, s. a small inclosure for sheep.
SHEE'PFOLD, s. [sceapafold, Sax.] an inclosure for
sheep.
SHEE'PHOOK, s. a hook fastened to a pole, used by shep-
herds.
SHEE'PISH, a. bashful ; over-modest ; timorously and
meanly diffident.
SHEE'PISHNESS, a. bashfuhiess ; mean and timorous
diffidence.
SHEE'PSHEARING, s. the time, or feast made, when sheep
are sheared.
SHEE'P'S EYE, i. a modest or diffident look ca.'-t by lovers
at each other
SHEE'PWASH, a town of Devonshire, whose market is
disused. It is 12 miles S. of Biddeford, and 200 W. by S. of
London.
SHEER, a. [scyr, Sax.] pure ; clear ; unmingled.
SHEER, ad. clean ; quick ; at once. Little used.
To SHEAR, V. a. see Shear. Nenterly, lo shear off", to
Steal or slip away.
SHEE'RNESS, a fort in Kent, seated on the point where
the river Jledway falls into the Thames. It was built by
king Charles II. after the insult ol the Dutch, who burnt the
men of war at Chatham. The buildings belonging to it, in
which the officers lodge, make a neat little town ; and there
is also a yard and a dock, a chapel, and a chaplain. It is 46
miles E. of London.
SHEET, s. [sccat, Sax.] a broad or large piece of linen.
The linen of a bed. In a ship, the ropes bent to the clews of
the sails. Figuratively, the canvass of the sail. As much
paper as is made in one body. Any thing expanded.
To SHEET, V. a. to supply or fiu-nish with sheets. To
cover as with a sheet.
SHEE'T-ANCHOR, {sh'tet-ankor) s. the largest anchor in a
ship.
SHE'FFIELD, a large, thriving, and populous town, in
the W. Riding of Yorkshire, long celebrated for its various
hardware manufactories, which consist particularly of steel
cutlery wares, plated goods, and various tools. It has been
a staple for knives or whittles, and files, above UOO years.
It is reputed to excel Birmingham in this sort of wares ; as
that does this town in locks, hinges, nails, and polished steel.
Hei-e are about 600 master cutlers, incorporated by the style
of the Cutlers of Hallamshire, of which this is reckoned the
chief town. By the Don, which is navigable within 5 miles
of the town, it receives iron from Hull, a' d conveys thither
its manufactures for exportation, which are not confineil to
the town, but extend several miles over the country, em-
ploying not less than 40,000 persons. Its neighbourhood
abounds with coal, and there are some mines of alum. Here
are also lead-works and a silk-mill. It is in a hilly situation,
and is chiefly supplieil with water by pipes from the high
ground. A new market-place has hein erected here by the
duke of Norfolk, on a commodious plan of shambles, strongly
inclosed ; and a large and elegant inlirmary has also been
completed. In the old parts of the town the streets are
narrow ; the new parts, however, are more commodious ;
and the surrounding country affords a rich and I)eautiful
variety of landscape. It contains about .'J2,000 inhabitants,
and is seated on the rivers Don and Sheaf, 34 miles N. of
Derby, and 1()2N. W. by N. of London. A large market
on Tuesday, particularly for corn. Fairs on Tuesday after
Trinity Sunday and November 28th.
SHEFFORI), or Shki.foro, a town of Bedfordshire, with
a market on Friday. It is 9 miles S. of Bedford, and 64. N.
by W. of London.
SHF/FNAL, or Shifnai., a town of Shropsiiire, with a
market on Friday. It is 9 iriiles N. of Bridgenorth, and 139
N. W. of London.
SlIE'KEL, s. [Heb.] a Jewi.-ih coin valued at 2s. 6d. ster-
ling.
.SHELF, .'. plur. shelves ; [seylf, Sax.] a board placed edge-
ways against a wall on a supportir, sothat any thing may be
placed on it. A sandbank or shallow part of the sea ; a rock
under shallow water.
SHE'LFY, a. full of hidden rocks or banks ; full of danger-
otis shallows.
SHELL, s. [schellc, Belg.] the hard covering or external
crust of any thing. The hard covering in whicii fish, snails,
&c, are lodged. In butany, a snrt of seed-vessel with two
valves, wherein the seeds are fixed to one seam only ; as in
the pea, vetch, &c. The outer part of a house. The covering
of an egg. The external part. A kind of rough coffin in
which dead boilies are laid till that in which they are to be in-
terred is finished.
To SHELL, V. a. to take out of the shell ; to st;ip of
the shell. Nenterly, to fall off' as broken shells ; to cast the
shell.
SHE'LLFISH, s. a fish invested with a hard covering ;
either testaceous, as oysters ; or crustaceous, as lobsters.
SHE'LL Y, a. abounding with, or consisting of shells.
SHE LTEll, s. [according to Skinner, from shell, but ac-
cording to Davies from scijhl, Sax. a shield] a cover from ex-
ternal injury or violence. A protector ; defender. The state
of being protected ; security, defence.
To SHE'LTER, v. a. to cover, defend, or protect from
external violence. To harbour. To betake to a cover, fol-
lowed by under. To conceal. Nenterly, to make use of a
shelter ; to give shelter.
SHE'LTIE, s. the name of a small but strong kind of hor.se,
fomid in the island of Zealand, commonly called Shetland,
situated on the N. of Scotland. In the country, the price of
one of these horses is about a guinea.
.SHE'LVING, a. slnping ; inclining; having declivity.
SHE'LVY, a. shallow; rocky; full of banks.
To SHEND, V. a. preter. and part. pass, shenl ; [scendan.
Sax. scheiiden, Belg.] to run, spoil, disgrace, or blame. To
overpou'er, snr|iass.
SHEPHERD, s. [sccupah^ d, Sax.] one who tends sheep.
Figuratively, a minister.
SHE'P HERD ESS, s. a woman that tends sheep.
SHE'PH EKD"S NEEDLE, s. an unbelliferous plant. There
are three British species, viz. venus comb, the common cher-
vil, and the small hemlock chervil.
SHETHERD'S POUCH, or SHE'PHERD'S PURSE, s. a
plant with inversely heart-shaped seed-vessels, and the root-
leaves with winged clefts. It is a kind of mithridate, found
among rubbish, by road sides, on walls, and in corn fields, and
flowers from M-irch to .Tune.
SHE'PHERD'S ROD, s. teasel, of which plant it is a
species.
SHE'PPE"Y, an island in the county of Kent, divided from
the other part of it by a narrow channel. It lies at the mouth
of the river Aledway, and contains or.e town, called Queen-
borough.
SHE'PTON MALLET, a town of Somersetshire, contain-
ing, with its populous parish, above 500 hou.ses and 9000
inhabitaius, but the streets are very narrow, steep, and irre-
gular. It has a fl lurishing niatnifacture of second cloths, the
principal material of which is fine English wool. In this,
at presejit, about 4O0O hands are daily employed ; besides
S H
785
S HIF
SHOA
vliicli, there is a fonsic!eral)le manufacture of knit stockings.
It is situated among hills, well watered with rivulets for the
clothier's business, 17 miles S. W. of Bath, and 115 W. of
London. Market on Friday.
SHE'RBET, .s. [sharbat, Arab.] the juice of lemons or
oran?es mixed v.ith water and sugar. Lemonade.
SHE'RBORNT, an anlient, large, and well inhabited town
of Dorsetshire, containing' about 2000 inhabitants. It has a
conviderable manufacture of silk throwing;, as also of buttons,
bone lace, and haberdashery wares, and had formerly a s^reat
trade in medley cloth. It is very pleasantly seated and
watered by the river Parrot, which divides it into two parts,
40 miles W. by S. of Salisbury, and 116 W. by S. of London.
Alavkets on Thursday and Saturday.
SHE'RBUUN, a populous, well inhabited town, in the W.
Ruling of Yorkshire, noted for its free-school, as also for its
orchards of a fine plum for preserving, called wine sour, which
cannot be cultivated in any other place, and for its cherry or-
chards. A very hij;h raised Roman way runs from hence to
Aberford, which is four miles distant. It is situated at the
conllux of the Wherse and Ouse, with a harbour for barges,
14- miles S. W. of York, and 191 N. by W. of London.
Jlarket on Saturday.
SHK'RIFF, s. plur. shrieves ; [sryregerefa. Sax.] an offi-
cer of a county, who is to see the king's orders executed ; to
jmpannel juries , bring causes and criminals to trial,
&c.
SHE'RIFFALTY, SHE'RIFFDOM, SHE'RIFFSHIP, or
SHE'RIl-'FWICK, s. the ofiTice or jurisdidion of a sheriff.
SHE'RRIES, or SHE'RRY, s. [from Xeres, a town of An-
dalusia in Spain] a kind of Spani-h v/ine.
SHE'TLAND, the general name of about tO islands, "which
lie about 100 miles N. N. E. of Caithnesshirc, bt-tween 59.
HG. and 61. 11. N. lat. The names of the principal are Main-
land, Yell, Unst, and Fula or Thule. In all these islands the
Aurora Borealis, or Mtrrij Dancers, as they are called by the
iiihaliitants, are very remarkable. They are the constant at-
tendants of clear evenings, and prove great reliefs amid the
gloom of the long winter nights. According to the state of
the iitmosphere, they differ in colours. They often assune the
colour of blood, aiid terrify the gazing spectators with the
dread of war, pestilence, and famine. Shetland, witJi Orkney,
fnims one of tlie comities of Scotland.
SHEW. See Show.
SlilDE, s. [from sceadan, to divide, Sax.] a board ; a cut-
ting.
SHIELD, (sheeld) s. [srylH, Sax ] a buckler ; a broad
piece of defensive armour held on the left arm to ward off
darts or blows. Defence or protection. A protector. lu
heraldry, the scutcheon on which the bearings of an armoury
are placed.
To SHIELD {sheeld) v. a. [scyldan, Sax.] to cover with a
shield. Figuratively, to deft-nd ; to secure.
SHIELDS, or Sheals, S. and N. are two sea-port towns,
one in the county of Durham, and the other in Northumber-
land. They are remarkable for being the mart where .ships
take in their loading of coals, and where they miike large quan-
tities of salt. They are seated on each side of the mouth of
the rivtr Tyne, 10 miles E. of Newcastle, and 2b2 N. by W.
of London. Market on Wednesday.
To .SHIFT, V. n. to change place. To change or give place
to something else. To change clothes, especially linen. To
find some expedient for subsistence or safety. To practise
indirect methods. Actively, to change or .alter. Followed by
away, to send a person away by some ex])e(licnt. To cliai\ge
the position of a thing. To change clothes, or dress in fresh
ones. Used with nff', to defer or put away by some expe-
dient.
SHIFT, s. an expedient in order to free one'.^ self from a
pressing nece8.<ity. A mean expedient, or last resource. An
evasion or artifice. A linen garment «orn by women next
their bodies.
SHI'FTEU, ». a sly artful fellow.
SHI'FTLESS, a. wanting expedients; wanting means lo act
or live.
SHI'LLING, s. [from scild. Sax. because of the shield
thereon] a silver coin in value 12 pence, or the twentieth part
of a pound sterling. There were none coined till ISOl, and
these Stow calls groats ; but Fabian mentions them under
their proper name, 34 Hen. VIII.
SIIILL-I-SIIALL-I, ad. [a corrupt reduplication of shall
/?J in a hesitating manner ; in suspense.
.SHI'LY, ad. not familiarly; not frankly.
.SHIN, s. [.teiua. Sax.] the forepart of the leg.
To SHINE, V. n. pret. I shone, or have shone, and sometimes
/ shined, or have shiited ; [.mnan. Sax.] to glisten ; to emit light
or brightness. To appear gloss/. To be gay, beautiful, con-
spicuous, or eminent. Followed by upon, to shew favour, or
be propitious. To enlighten.
SHINE, s. splendour or brightness ; fair wtatlier.
SHl'NESS, s. the quality of being unwilling to be
familiar.
SHI'NGLES, (shiigls) s. wants the .singular; cingulum,
Lat.] a herpes consisting of pusttdes breaking out in various
parts of the body, which it surrounds like a belt. Small pieces
of wood in form like a wedge, used in covering roofs instead
of tiles, ftom schindel, Teut.
SHI'NY, a. bright; splendid; luminous.
SHIP, a termination used in composition, borrowed from
the S.ix. scip, scyp, or schap, Belg.] at\d. signifies office or em-
ployment.
SHIP, s. [scip. Sax. schippen, Belg.] a general name for all
great vessels with sails, fit for navigation on the sea ; but, in
sea language, the term is more narticularly applied to a vessel
furnished with three masts, each of which is composed of a
lower-mast, top-mast, and top-gallant-mast, with the usual
machinery thereto belonging.
To SHIP, V. a. to put into, or transport in, a ship.
SHl'PBOARD, s. the plank of a ship. Seldom used but
adverbially, as a ship board, or on ship hoard, i. e. within a
ship.
SHI'PMASTER, s. the master of a ship.
SHI'PMONEY, s. an imposition which was antiently
charged upon the ports, towns, cities, and counties, by writs
:ommonly called sliip-'vrits. It was revived by Charles I. btit
was afterwards declared to be contrary to the laws and sta-
tutes of the realm.
SHI'PTON, or Shii-ston, a town in Worcestershire, though
surrounded "ay Warwickshire. It is 14 miles W. of Banbury,
and 83 N. W. of London. Market on Friday.
SHITWRECK, s. the destruction of ships by rocks, shal-
lows, shelves, &■'. The parts of a shattered ship. Destruc-
tion or miscarriage.
To SHI'P WRECK, V. a. to destroy by dashing on rocks or
shelves. To reduce to a deplorable condition.
.SHl'PWRIGHT, (shiprlt) s. a builder of ships.
SHIRE, s. [ifiV, Irom sciran, to divide. Sax.] a division of
a kingdom ; a covmty ; a part of the kingdom under the
sherirf;
SHIKT, .t. [sliiert, D.in] the under Imen garment of a man.
To SHIRT, V. a. to cover or clothe with a shirt.
SHl'TTIM, orSHITTAH, s. [Heb.] a kind of precious
world, hard, tough, smooth, without knots, growing in
Arabia, and mentioned in the Pentateuch.
SHIVE, s. [sihyve, Belg.] a slice of bread ; a thick splinter
cut oH' from the main substance.
To SrirVEK, V. n. \schaiLren, Teut. J to quake or shudder
as with colli or fear. To fall at once into many parts, from
schyve, Hilg. a slice. Actively, to break by one act into many
pieces ; to shatter.
SHI'VEK, s. a fragment of a thing broken into many
pieces.
SHOAD, {.ihlid) s. among miners, denotes a train of metallic
stones, nerving in the discovery of mines.
SHOAL, (.shnl) ,v. \scole. Sax.] a throng, crowd, or multi-
tude. A sandbank, or shallow place.
SifOR
SHOW
78 r
To SHOAL, (shol) V. n. to throng or crowd together. To
be shallow ; to bucome shallow.
SHOAL, (sAti/) a. shallow ; ohstriicteil with banks.
SHO'ALY, (»/!,%) a. full of shoals.
SHOCK, s. [choc, Fr. from schocken, Belg.] the force with
which two bodies moving in contrary directions meet. Ex-
ternal violence or concussion. The conflict of armies. An
offence, or impri'.vsion of disgust. A pile of six sheaves of corn,
from schucke, old Uelg. A rough dog ; a short head of hair,
from shafT.
To SHOCK, V. a. [schocken, Belg. see Shake] to shake by
vidlence. To otFend or disgust. Neuterly, to be offensive.
To build up piles of sheaves.
SHOD, for shned, the preter. and part. pass, of Shoe.
SHOE, s. plural shoes, formerly shoon; [scco, Sax, schoe,
Belg.] a cover for the font.
To SHOE, II. a. preter. and part. pass, shod ; to fit with, or
put on, a shoe. To cover at the bottom.
SHOE'MAKER, s. one whose profession is to make
shoes.
To SHOG, V. a. see Shake or Shock.
SHONE, the preter. and part. pass, of Shine.
SHOOK, the preter. of Shake.
To SHOOT, r. a. preter. / shut, part. pass, shot, or shot-
ten ; [sceolan. Sax.] to discharge any thing so as to make it
fly with speed and violence. To discharge from a bow or
gun. To let off. To hit with any thing discharged from a
bow or gun. To sprout or grow, applied to vegetables. To
emit or dart. To tit to each other. To push forward. To
pass through with speed. Neuterly, to be emitted. To
germinate. To protubernte, or stick out, followed by out.
To become any thing suddenly, used with up. To move
along swiftly. To be affected with a quick and intermitting
pain.
SHOOT, s. the act or impression of any thing discharged
from a bow, &c. The act of hitting or endeavouring^ to hit
with something discharged from a bow or gun. A branch is-
«jii}g from the main stock, from schuten, Belg.
HHOO'TER, s. an archer ; a gunner.
SHOP, s. \sceop, a magazine, Sax.] a place where any
thing is sold. A room in which manufactures are carried
on.
SHO'PKEEPER, s. a trader who sells in a shop ; not a
merchant, who only deals by wholesale,
SHOPLIFTER, s. one who under pretence of buying goods
in a shop, takes an opportunity to steal them ; if to the
amount of five shillinffs, it is a capital crime, by an act passed
in the reign of King William HL
.SHO'PSIAN, t. a petty trader.
SHORE, s. [.(fore. Sax.] the coast or land which borders on
the sea. A drain, properly spelt sewer. The support of a
building ; a buttress ; from schoOren, to prop, Belg.
To SHORE, I), a. [schooren, Belg.] to prop, or support from
falling; followed by vp.
SHO'REHAM, a populous town of Sussex, chiefly noted
for shipbudding, having a tide harbour for vessels of consi-
derable burden, which is not safe, as the sands are frequently
shiftinsj. It cpnmiands the mouth of the river Adur, com-
moidy called New Shoreham, to distinguish it from the Old,
which lies near it, and is now much decayed. It is 16 miles
N. N. W. of Newhaven, and 55 S. by \V. of London. Mar-
ket on .Saturday.
SHO'UELIXG, s. the felt or skin of a sheep shorn.
SHORN, part. pass, of Shear.
SHORT, u. [sceorl. Sax.] measuring littl", opnn?ed to
long. Not long in space or extent. Of small contiiniance.
Repeated by quick returns. Not equal to a person's merits
and excellencies. Defective; scanty, wanting. Not able to
attain an end, after/o//. Not long distant, or coming soon.
Quick or unexpected. Not going so far as was intended.
Narrow. Brittle.
SHORT, s. a concise or summary account.
SHORT, ail. (used only in composition) not long.
To SHORTEN, v. a. to deprive of length, applied to
space or time. To contract or abbreviate. To hinder from
going nn. To cut off; to defeat. To lop.
SHO'lirilANl), s. a method of writing 30 as to save time
and p.iper.
SHO'KTLIVED, <t. not living or lasthig long.
SHO'UTI.Y, ad. quickly; briefly.
SHO RTXESS, s. the quality ol' bein;; short, either in lime
or space, lirevity; concisejiess. Delicieiicc; imperfection.
SUO'RTRIliS, s. (seldom used in the .singular) the ribs be-
low the sternun.
SHORTSIGHTED, {slvrtiltrhteil) a. unable to see far.
SHORTSIGHTEDN EsS, s. (h;fect of sight occasioned by
the convexity of the eyes. Figuralively, intellectual dark-
ness.
SHO'RTWINDED, a. asthmatic.
SHOT, the preter. and part. pass. of. Shoot.
SHOT, s. [scliul, Belg.] the act of shooting. Any thing dis-
chargeil irom a gun. A ginbule of Iciul used in charging fire-
arms. A sum charged, or a reckoning, from escol, Fr.
SHO'ITEN, a. without roe ; having ejectod its S|)awn.
To SHOVE, V. a. \icuyven, Belg. scufun, Sax.] to push by
main strength. To drive a ve.ssel by means of a pole thrust
hard afiainst the bottomof the water. To push or rush against.
Neuterly, to push before one. To row in a boat by means of
a pole thrust against the bottom of a river.
SHOVE, s. tlie act of shoving ; a push.
SHOVEL, .!. [scojl, S.1X. ic/io(;^e/, iielg.] an instrument with
a broad blade raised on the tdge.i, and a long handle, used in
throwing coals on a fire, &c.
To SIIO'VEL, V. a. to throw or hei^.p with a shovel. To
gather in great quantities.
SHO'VELCOARD, i. a long board on which pieces of metal
are pushed towards a mark.
SHOVELLKR, a bird; the spoonbill.
SHOULD, {sliiiJ) V. n. [iCuJe, Belg. sceoldan, Siji. It is
thus declined, / should, thou .iliouldest, he should. Like the
Saxon, Ic sceold, thu scelldest, he nceu/dj this is a kind of aux-
iliary verb, used in the conjunctive mood, and generally im-
plies business or duty: as, •' I should fjo," i. e. it is my busi-
ness (ir duty to go. When prtceded by if, it implies chance :
as, " If 1 should go," i. e. if it happen that I go.
SHOULDER, s, [scholder, Belg.] the joint which connects
the arm to the body. In butcher's meat, the upper part of
the fore letr. A rising part or prominence.
To SHOU'LDER, v. a. to pu.sh with violence and insolence.
To put upon the shoulder.
SHOU'LDERBLADE, s. the blade-bone to which the arm
is connected ; the scapula.
To SHOUT, V. n. [etymology unknown] to cry aloud in
triumph, joy, or exhortation.
SHOUl, t. aloud and vehement cry of joy, tiiumph, or
exhortation.
SHOUTER, s. he who shouts.
To SHOW, {sho) V. a. [|iretcr. shoiued and shown, part,
pass, shown. Johnson observes, that this word is frequently
written i7if!«; but since it is always pionounced. and often
written shoio, which is also favoured by its radix scoiuen,
Bel^'. he thinks it best to adjust the ortiiograpiiy to the pro-
nunciation] to produce to the sight or view. 'I'o prove, or
give a proof. To publish or proclaim, followed by forth. To
make known. To offer; to afford. 'I'o direct, or point out
the way. To explain, teach, or tell. Neuterly, to appear,
to have the appearance ; to be in appearance.
SHOW, {s)io) s. some spectacle, or something remarkable,
exposed to view for money. A superficial or mere external
appearance. An ostent.itious display. An object attracting
attention or notice. A splendid appearance. Likeness. Spe-
ciousness.
SHO'WBREAD, or SHE'WBREAD, j. the loaves of bread
among the Jews, that the priest of the week placed every sab-
bath-day on the golden table, covered with leaves of gold,
and twelve in number.
SHOWER, (tlie oi« in this word and the two following is
pron. as in now") s. [scheure, Belg,] a moderate or violent
T68
SHKI
fall of rain. Any thing descending thick. Any profusion, or
liberal distribution.
To SHO'WER, V. a. to wet with rain. To pour down, lo
distribute liberally or profusely. Neuterly, to be rainy.
SHO'WERY, o. rainy.
SHO'WI-SH, (stos/i) a- gaudy ; splendid; ostentatious.
SHOWN, preter. pait. pass, of Show.
SHO'WY, a. ostentatious.
SHRANK, preter. of Shuink.
To shred, v. a. preter. shred; {screaJan, Sax.] to cut into
small or thin pieces, commonly usea of clc th or herbs.
SHKED, s. a small piece cut off. A fragment.
SHREW, s Ihomtchrtyen, to clamour, Teut.] a peevish,
turbulent, clamorous, vexatious, spiteful, malignant woman.
SHREWD, o. [contracted from xhrewed] having the quali-
ties of a shrew ; malicious : mischievous ; trouhlefome.
Cunning ; arch ; subtle ; maliciously sly. Bad. Painful,
pinching.
SHRE'WDLY, ad. mischievously ; vexatiously ; with
strong snspii'ion.
SHRE'WDNESS, s. sly cunning ; archness. Tetulance.
SHREWISH, n. possesing the qualities of a shrew.
SHREWMOUSE, s. [scrcawa, Sax.] a small animal with a
long nose, bearing some resemblance to a mouse in its general
appearance, I ut belonging to a very difTerent tribe. Hence
some derive shrew.
SHREWSBURY, a large and flourishing town of Shrop-
shire, capital of that county, so called from the Saxon wonl
Serobbesberig, which signifies a town built on a woody hill.
It is well built, well liglited, and well pavid, and crntains
about 2000 houses, and 12,000 inhabitants. It is the ihef
mart for a coarse kind of woollen cli.tli made in Jlontgome-
ryshirc, called Welsh webs, which are brought up in all parts
of the country, as much as come lo about XIOOO a week,
and dressed here, whence they are sent for cxportition,
principally to America and Holland. Jluih of the Welsh
flannel is also bought at Welshpool by the dr^p^TS of this
place, which is indeed a common mart fcr all sorts of Welsh
commodities. It is also famous for its excellent brawn,
which is sent to various parts, of the kingdom. One great
ornament of this town is the quarry, one of the finest prome-
nades in England. It takes in 20 acres, is shailed with a
double row of lime-trees, Hnd has a fine double alcove in the
centre, with seat?. About 20 vessels are constantly employed
on the river .Severn, between Shrewsbury, Gloucester, and
Bristol. It is beautifully situaleil in a sort of horseshoe, formed
by the river Severn, 36 miles W. of Lichfield, and 154. N. W.
of London. La(. 52 43. N. Ion. 2. 41. W. JIarkets for
corn, cattle, and provisions, on Wednesday and Saturday ;
and on Thursday for Welsh cottons, friezes, and ilannels.
Fairs, on Saturday after March 15 ; Wednesday after Easter
week ; Wednesday before Holy Thursday ; July 3 ; August
12; October 2; and December 12.
To SHRIEK, {shreeic) v.n. [skrieger, Dan.] to cry out with
anguish, or terror ; to scream. See Screak.
SHRIEK, s. [skriefT, Dan. scriccio, Ital.] a loud cry caused
by anguish or terror.
SHRIFT, s. [serifi, Sax.] confession made to a priest.
Obsolete.
SHRILL, [probably formed from the sound] sounding with
a piercing and tremulous noise.
To SH RILL, V. 71. to sound sharp and quick.
SHRI'LUNESS, s. the quality of being shrill.
SHRIMI', s. [scrymjie, Dan.] a small crustaceous ver-
miculated lish. A liliie wrinkled man, or dwarf, in con-
tempt.
SHRINE, i. [sfWn, Sax. from scriniwrn, a casket, Lat.l a
case in which something sacred is deposited. Used poetically
for an altar.
To SHRINK. V. n. preter. shrunk, or shrank, participle
shrunk, or s/iruiikeit ; [scrincan. Sax.] to contract into less
room ; to shrivel from loss of moisture. To withdraw or fall
back, in order to avoid danger. Actively, to lessen the mea-
sure of a tiling by contracting it.
SrtUT
SHRINK, s. corrugation ; contraction of the body into less
compass, from fear or horror.
SHRl'NKER, s. one that shrinks.
To SHRIVE, V. a. pref. shrove ; [scrlfan. Sax,] to hear at
confession. To confess a person. Not in use.
To SHRIVEL V. n. [schrompelen, Belg.] to contract itself
into wrinkles. Actively, to make a thing contract into
wrinkles, used with vp.
SHRI'VER, .«. a confessor. Not in use.
SHRO'l'SHIRE, an English county, 48 miles in length,
and 28 in breadth ; bounded by Cheshire on the N. Den-
bighshire and jMontgnmeryshire on the W. Herefordshire on
the S. and StafTordshire on the E. It contains 170 parishes,
and 16 niaiket towns, 5 of which send members to parlia-
ment, which, with two for the county, make 12 in all. The
principal rivers are, the Severn, which runs through the
midst of the county, the Terne, the Clun, and the Rea, with
several other small streams. The W. and S. parts are moun-
tainous, but the E. anil N, more plain and level ; however,
the soil is pretty fertile every where, yielding corn and pas-
tures, besides pit-coal, iron, and other commodities.
The air is sharp on the tops of the hills and mountains, but
in the lower parts temperate enough. Shrewsbury is the
capital.
SHROUD, .s..[.«r«(/, S.1X.] a cover or shelter, A winding
sheet, or dre-s of a dead person. Ropts turned as ladders
finm the sii'e* of the shi[) to the topmasts-
To SHROUD, B. u. to dress in a shmud ; to shelter from
danger; to cover, hide, or conceal. To defend or protect,
Neuterly. to harbour or take shelter.
SHROVE, preter. of Shkive.
SHRO'VETIDE, or SHROVETU'ESDAY, s. [from
shrove, preter. of shrive, to confess, and ^iiie or Tuesday] the
lime of confession ; the day before A.sh-Weduesday, or Lent,
in whicli anciently persons went to confession.
SHRUB, s. [seribbe. Sax.] a bush or small tree, A liquor
made of or^ni^e juice, spirits, and sugar.
SIIRU'BBY.a. full of shrubs; bushy.
To SHRUG, V. n. [ahricken, to tremble, Belg.] to express
horror or dissatisfaction by moving the shoulders towards
the head. Actively, to contract or draw upwards, followed
by the shoulders.
SHRUG, s. a motion of the shoulders upwards to express
horror or dissatisfaction.
SHRUNK, the pret. and part. pass, of Shrink.
To SHU'DDER, r. n. [schudderen, Belg.] to quake with
fear or aversion.
To SHU'FFLE, {shujl) v. a. [syfeling, a bustle or tumult,
Sax.] to throw into disorder, so that one thing may take
place of an<jj.her ; to remove or put by with some artifice ;
to change the position of canls with respect to each other ;
to shake or get rid of by struggling, used with off'; to form
in a confused and clandestine manner, used with vp. Neu-
terly, to put a pack of cards into new order ; to practise
mean tricks, frain's, or evasions; to struggle, to shilt ; to
move with an awkward gait, or with the ti;et drawn along
the ground.
SHU'FFLE, {shujl) s. the act of disordering things, or
moving them so as to make them take place of each other; a
trick or artifice.
SHU'FFLER, s. he who plays tricks, or shuffles.
SIIU'FFLINGLY, nd. with irregular gait.
To SHUN, V. a. [ascunian. S:\-s..] to avoid; to endeavour to
escape; to decline; to eschew. Svnon. We shun those
persons whom we would not .see, or by whom we would not
be seen ; we avoid doing things that are disagreeable to us ;
we Jly both persons and things wdiich we fear and dread.
Shun is generally applied to persons : dread lo things
To SlIUT, V. u. preter. and part. pass, shut; [schulten,
Belg. scillen. Sax.] to put together so that nothing can get
in Of out, opposed to open. To inclose or conline. lobar
or exclude. To draw tlie eyelid close over the eye. To
contract, applied to the hand. U.sed with out, to exclude
or deny admission. Used with u/i, to confine ; to conclude.
SIBK
SIDE
789
Nptiterly, to be closed ; to close itself. " Flowers open in
the (lav, and clme at night."
SHUT, part. a. rid; clear; free. "To get jAu^ of him.
L'Estrnni{e.
.SHUT, s. the act of closin'g. A small dnor or cover.
SHU'TTEU, s. one that closes any thing that stood open.
A door or board by which windows are secnred in the
night.
SHU'TTLE, {shiitll) s. [sh-iitul, Isl.] tlie itistrnment with
which a weaver shoots the cross threads of his work.
.SHU'TTLECOCK, s. [spelt likewise sliitl/,:mck: Johnson
supposes it may properly l)e ciiiled slmltl-xoylf, i. e. a cork
driven to ami fro like a weaver's shuttle] a cork stuck wilh
feathers, and driven on high with a battledore.
SHY, a [sc/ioiie, IJelg. schifn, Ital.J reserved; coy; not
willing tu be acquainted or familiar. Cautious ; chary.
Keeping at a distance, and unwillhig to approach. Suspi-
cious ; jealous.
SIAM, a kingdom of Asia, bounded on the N. E. by that
of Laos ; on the E. by Cambodia ; on the S. by a gulf of
the same name, and on the W. by the bay of Bengal. It is
550 miles in length, and 250 in breadth, though in some
places not above SO. It is divided into the Higher and Lower,
and the soil produces plenty of rice, cotton, and a variety
of fruits different from those in Europe. The animals are
also particular to those parts of the world. The French
authors have extolled it as the finest and richest country
in the world. The in'iabitants, both men and women, go
almost naked, except the wealthy, who wear rich garments
for ostentation. The king shews hiinself but once a year
to the common people. He is proprietor of all the lands
- in the country, and no one can buy any merchandise till
he has the choice of them. He generally keeps a numerous
army, amoni; which are 1000 elephants. It is a flat country,
which, in the rainy season, is overflowed ; for which reason,
most of the houses are built on pillars, and they have no
communication for some months but by boats. There are
mines of gold, silver, tin, and copper, and they have plenty of
pepper, aloes, benjamin, and musk. The women are the
only merchants in buying goods, the men being generally
maintained by the industry of their wives. The Europeans
that come there to trade, it is said, eenerally take wives for
the time they stay, who are not less in esteem when the men
are gone. The mandarins, that is, the principal men who
daily attend the palace, are 3000 in numbtr, and are whipt
very severely, with split rattans, for the least fault. Even the
women are not exempted from this punishment; and they
are so far from being ashamed of it, that they expose their
backs as they yo along the streets, to show what they have
imdergone, thinking it an honour to be taken notice of by
so great a king. The inhabitants have large foreheads,
little noses, plump lips, and black sparkling eyes. Both
sexfes go bareheaded, and the men are of an olive colour,
with little beards ; but the women arc of a straw com-
plexion, and some have their cheeks a little red. They
have abundance of wild animals hi the woods, as elephants,
rhinocerosses, leopards, and tygers. Their tame cattle
are beeves, buffaloes, and hogs, of which they have plenty
about their farms. Beside which, there are large and dan-
gerous crocodiles, and serpents 20 feet long. Their tem-
ples and priests are very numerous ; the latter are distin-
guished from the laity by an orange-coloured garment,
and they keep their heads, beards, and eye-brows, close
shaved. They have schools for the education of their
children, and there is scarcely any among them but what
can read and write. Odlam, Juthia, or Juda, is the
capital.
SI'BBALD, s. [siibaldia, Lat] a plant with yellow blos-
soms, called also bastard cinquefoil, fomid on Benlomond. la
mountain on the borders of Lochlomond in Scotland It
flowers in July and August.
SIBE'RIA, a Large co\mtry, comprehending the most
northern part of the Russian empire in Asia. It is bounded
on the E. by the Ocean, on the S. by Great Tartary ; on the
W. by Russia ; and on the N. by the Frozen Ocean. It is
about 2000 miles in length from E. to W. and 750 in breadth
from N. to S. Hither the Ru>:sian emperors send the great
men of their court into exile that have displeased them, as
ivell as all other persons of whom they would purge the cen-
tre of their dominions. The S. part is a very i^nod country,
proilucing all the necessaries of life ; but the N. part is ex-
tremely colli, almost uncultivated, and thin of people. The
[irincipal riches of Siberia consist of fine skins and furs.
Toliolski is the capital town, where the viceroy resides. The
inliabitaiUs are of three sorts, Pagans, or the natives of the
coinitry, Mahometans, and Muscovites.
SI'BILAN'T, s. [from sihilu, to hiss, Lat.] hissing.
SIBILA'TIONf, s. [from sihilit, to hiss, Lat.) a hissing
sound.
SI'BYLS, in Pagan history, were certain women said to
have been endowed with a prophetic spirit, and to have
delivered oracles, foreshewing the fates and revolutions of
"kinsdoms.
SrCAMORE, J. [s/camorus, Lat.] a tree called aljo greater
maple. It has leaves with five lobes, which are unequally
serrated, and yellowish green flowers in bunches. The wood
is soft and very white, and is made into bowls, trenchers, &c.
It is found in hedges, flowering Iti May and June.
To SrCCATE, (Si7.-aa/e) «. «, [s/era, Lat.] to dry.
SICCATION, {xikkdshon) s. tlie act of drying
SICCI'FIC, (siksijik) a. (from siccus, dry, and facio, to
make, Lat.] arid ; causing dryness.
SrCCITY, (si'ksity) s. [iiccilns, from siccus, dry, Lat.] dry-
ness ; aridity ; want of moisture.
SrCE, s. [six, Fr.] the ninnber six at dice.
SICILY, an island in the Mediterranean Sea, almost in
the form of a triangle, bounded by the sea, and separated
from the kingdom of Naples by a narrow streight, called the
Faro ; and as Messina is seated on it, it is called the Faro
di .Messina. This is about 5 miles in breadth, and in it are
the famous shelves called Scylla and Charybdis, so much
eel brated by the Latin poets ; and which were of late years
totally removed by a terrible earthquake in those parts.
The two kingdoms of Naples and Sicily are under the same
climate, and the productions are much the same ; only Sicily
abounils much more in corn. It is said to contain one mil-
lion of inhabitant.s, who in general have a very bad charac-
ter. IJon Carlos became king of the Two Sicilies in 1736.
in coiisequence of the Treaty of Vienna ; but the king of
Spain dying in 1760, he succeeded to that crown, and his
third sou, Ferdinand, became king of the A wo Sicilies.
The seat of government is at Palermo. Mount ^Etna, now
called Gibello, tlie famous volcano, is in Val di Demona. It
is about 165 miles in length, and 112 in breadth; and its
produce not already mentioned, is wine, oil, silk, and excel-
lent fruits.
SICK, a. [sieck, Belg. seoc, Sax.] deprived of health ; af-
flicted with disease. Disordered in the stomach, or squeamish.
Corrupted. Disgusted.
To SICKEN, V. a. to destroy health ; to make sick.
To impair ; to weaken. Neuterly, to grow sick ; to be
diseased. To be filled to disgust, or loathing. To decay; to
languish.
SrCKLE, (sift/) s. [iickel, Belg. sicol, Sax.] the instrument
with which corn is cut. A reaping-hook.
SrCKLEWORT, s. the mountain bugle ; a plant.
SrCKLINESS, i. disposition to sickness ; habitual sick-
ness, or disease.
SrCKLY, a, diseased, infirm, not healthy; faint, some-
what disordered, languid, weak.
SI'CKNESS, s. [sencnesse, Sax.] the state ot being infirm in
health : disea.se ; malady. Squeamishness, or disorder in the
organs oi u:gestion.
SIDE, i. [side. Sax.] siji/e, Belg.] the part of animals where
the ribs arc placed. Any part of a body opp ised to another
pait; the right or left. A margin, verge, or edge. Situation..
Halt of any thing ; party: interest; sect; faction.
SIDE, a. oblique, opposed to dhect; lateral.
700
SIGN
SILE
To SIDE, .!' a. to join with any party; followed by with.
SI'DEBOAUI), {ddchord) .<. a table on which plate and
other conveniences are placed by the sitte of that at which the
guests sit.
il'DEGOX, i. a box on one side of the theatre.
Sl'DEFLV, s. an insect proceeding from a rough whitish
matter, in the intestinnm rectmn of horses.
SI'DELONG, «. lateral ; oblique ; not in front ; not di-
rect. Adverbially, laterally ; obliquely , on the side ; not in
opposition.
.SI'DERAL, or SIDE'REAL, a. [from sijus, a star or con-
stellation, Lat.] starry; astral. Alea.snrcd by the stars.
.SIDEIi.VTION, s. [Fr. sideror, to be planet struck, from
tidus, a planet, f „it.] sudden mortification ; a blast ; or a
siidden deprivation of sense. See Sydeiiation.
SI'DERITE, s. iti chymistry, a combination of iron and
phosphorus, which Bergman supposed to be a new metal.
Sl'DESADDLE, s. a woman's seat on horseback.
SI'DESMAN, s, an assistant to a church warden.
SI'DEWAVS, or Sl'DEWISE, ad. on one side; obliquely ;
indirectly ; laterally.
.SI'DMOUTH, a sea-port town in Devonshire. It is a
small fishing town, seated on the sea-shore, and was for-
merly pretty considerable, before its harbonr was choked
u[). It is 159 itiiles \V. by S. of London. Market on Sa-
turday.
SIEGE, {seeje) s. [siege, Fr.] the act of besetting a fortified
place. Any continued endeavour to gain possession. Throne;
seat. Obsolete in the last sense.
To SIEGE, (^seeje) v. a. [sieger, Fr.] to lay siege. Not in
use.
SIE'NNA, a celebrated city of Italy, the see of an arch-
bi-shop, and the seat of an university. The Italian lansjnage
is taught here with great purity. It is 105 miles N. by W, of
Rome. Lat. 43. 10. N. Ion. 11. 12. E.
SIERRA LEONE, a large aud fruitful country on the W.
coast of Africa, so named, according to some authors, by
the Portuguese, on account of the mountahjs on this coast
abounding with a great number of lions. Some extend its
limits from the Grain Coast on the S. E. to Cape Verga or
Vega on the N. W. that is, between 7 and 10 deg. N. lat.
Others, however, confine the country between Cape Verga
and Cape Tagrin. Also a large river in Africa, which de-
rives its name from the above country, and in the vicinity of
which the benevolent Sierra Leone company has estalilished
its company.
SIEVE, (s(») s. an instrument used in separating small
particles from gros.ser, consistiug of a piece of lawn, hair,
or Cyprus, strained and fastened to a hoop; a searce ; a
bolter.
To SIFT, V. a. [siftan, Sax. siften, Belg.] to separate by a
sieve. To pass through a sieve. To separate or part. Fi-
gurativelv, to try, to examine, to scrutinize, to scan.
SI'FTER, I. he who silts.
SIG, used in compounds, is derived from sig, victory, Sax.
Thus Siffward implies a victorious preserver.
To SIGH, (si) V. n. \sican, or ticetlun, Sax.] to breathe so
as to be heard, when oppressed with sorrow : to suspire.
Actively, to lament. Not used in the last sense.
SIGH, (,iO t. a violent breathing which may be heard, when
oppresseil with grief. .Su.spiration.
SIGHT, (3'it) s. [tich/, Belg.] the perception of objects
by the eye. The act of seeing or beholding; vision. Open
view, or a situation in which nothing obstructs the eye.
Notice or knowledge. The eye. An aperture to look
through. A show, spectacle, or something remarkable to be
seen.
SI'GHTLESS, (tltless) a. blind. OfTcnsive to the eye; un-
pleasing to look at.
SI'GllTLY, {sUly) a. pleasing to the eye; striking to the
view.
SI'GIL, I, [ligillum, Lat.] a seal ; signature.
SKiN, (jrjn) t. [siifne, Fr. signum, Lat.] a token of any
thing; that by which any thing is shown; indication. A
wonder or miracle. A picture or board hung out on the
outside of a tradesman's house A memorial. One of the
twelve constellations of the zodiac. A mark. A symbol, or
type. The subscription of a person's name. " Sign manual."
Synon. The sign makes known, and is sometimes natural.
The signal gives notice, and is always arbitrary. The ap-
pearances of the face, are commoidy the signs of what passes
m the heart. The hoisting a flag in one ship is a signal to
the other.
To SIGN, (iirt) V. a. [signo, Lat.] to mark. To ratify by
subscribing one's name, from signer, Fr. to betoken, or re-
pre.sent typically.
SI'GNAL, s. [signal, Fr.] notice given by some token. A
sign that gives notice.
SIGNAL, a. [signal, Fr.] remarkable; eminent; con-
spicuous.
To SI'GNALIZE, v. a. [signaler, Fr-] to make eminent or
remarkable ; to celebrate ; to render illustrious.
SI'GNALLY, ad. remarkably ; memor^ibly ; eminently.
SI'GNATURE, s. [Fr. si^natura, from signo to mark,
Lat.] a sign or mark impressed on a thing; a stamp. A mark
on any matter, particidarly plants, by which their medicinal
use is pointed out. A proof or evidence. Subscription, or the
signing of a person's name. Among printers, some letter
placed at the bottom of the first page of a sheet, to dititinguish
it from the other sheets in the same book. They are usually
placed in alphabetical order.
SIGNER, s. one that si:,ns.
SIGNET, s. [signette, Fr.] a seal, peculiarly applied to the
seal manual of a king.
SIGNI'FICANCE, er SIGNI'FICANCY, s. the power of
signifying; meaning. Force; energy. Importance; moment;
consequence.
SIGNl'FICANT, a. [Fr. froin signum, a sign, anCi facio, to
make, Lat. J expressive of something else. Standing as a sign
of something. Forcible in conveying the meaning intended.
Important.
SIGNI'FICANTLY, ad. with force of expression.
SIGNIFICA'TION, s. [Fr. from signum, a sign, and facto,
to m;ike, Liit.] the act of making known, or conveying ideas
by signs. A meaning expressed by a sign or word.
SIGNI'FICATIVE, a. [signijiaitij, Fr.] betokening by an
external siu'ii. F)rcible; einphatic ; strongly expressive.
SIGXI'FICATORY, a. that signifies or betokens.
To SI'GXIFY, V. a. [aignifier, Fr. from signum, a sign, and
facio, to make, Lat.] to declare by soine token or sign. To
mean ; to express. To import, or weigh, when used inter-
rogatively. To make known ; to ratify. Nenterly, to ex-
press a meaning with force.
Sl'GNIORY, s. [seignorin, Ital,] See Seigniory.
SI'GNPOST, s. that upon which a sign hangs.
SI'LENCE, s. [Fr. from silen, to be silent, Lat.] a state
wherein nothing is perceived by the ear. The act or state of
refraining from speaking. Stillness. Taciturnity ; quietness.
Secrecy.
To SI'LENCE, V. a. to still ; to oblige to refrain from
speaking.
SI'LENCE, inter). 'Ml authoritative restraint of speech.
SILENT, a. [from sileo, to be silent, Lat.] mute; not
speaking. Not talkative. Still or without noise. Not
mentioninn-.
SI'LEN ILY, (Iti. without speech or noise ; without men-
tion ; nnitely.
SILE'SIA, a province in Germany; with the title of a
duchy. It is bounded on the N. by the marqnisate of Bran-
denburg, and Poland ; on the S. bv Moravia and Hinigary,
on the E. by Poland ; and on the \V. by the Lower Lusatia,
and noheniia. It is about 27 !■ miles in length, and 100 in
breadth ; ami some geographers, preteiul that there are 100
cities, .'i.iy towns, R63 cdstlvs, iOOO gentlemen's houses, and
■1I,()I8 vill.iues. Part of this country v.as ceded to the king of
Prussia in UVi, by the treaty of Breslaw.
SI'LEX, s. in chymistry, stone or flint, one of the prinia-
tive earths, in which is included all the varieties of precious
stones.
SIMP
SILl'CEOUS, a. in chymiatry, belonging to Silex.
SILI'CIOUS, {silishiims) a. [from cilicium, liair cloth, Lat]
made of hair. Cilldnns is the most proper spelling.
SILI'CULOSE, a. [from silicula, a husk, Lat.] husky; full
of husks.
SILl'GINOSE, a. [siliginosua, from siligo, a kind of wheat,
yielding a very fine flour, Lat] made of fine wheat.
SI'LIQUAV, s. [Lat.] among gold refiners, a carat, of
which six make a scruple. In botany, the seedvessels, pod,
husk, or shell of plants that are of the poise kind.
SI'LIQUOSE, or SILl'QUOUS, a. [iiliquosus, from siliqua,
a husk or pod, Lat.l having a pod or capsula.
SILK, s. [sfo/c. Sax.] a fine thread spun by a butterfly. A
maiuifacture made of the silkworm's thread.
SI'LKEN, a. made ofsilk. Dressed in sUk, Figuratively,
soft or tender.
SI'LKMERCER, s. a dealer in silk.
SI'LKWORiM, s. the worm that spins silk.
SI'LKY, a. made of silk. Soft ; pliant.
SILL, s. [sj/l, Sax. sueil, Fr. sutle, Belg.] the timber or stone
at the foot of a door ; a threshold.
SI'LLABUB, s. curds made by milking on vinegar, cyder,
wine, &c.
SI'LLINESS, s. foolishness ; simplicity; harmless folly.
SILLY, a. [selig, Teut. according to Skinner] harmless ;
inoffensive ; innocent ; plain ; artless. Weak ; helpless.
■Simple ; foolish ; witless.
SI'LLYHOW, ». the membrane that covers the head of the
foetus.
SILT, I. mud; slime.
SI'LVAN, (I. [from silva, a wood, Lat.] full of woods;
woody.
SI'LVER. s. [Belg. senlfer, Sax.] a white, shining, hard
metal, next in weight to gold. Any thing of a soft or whit-
ish splendour. Coin or money maile of silver. The silver
mines exhibited in the plate are some of the richest in the
world.
SI'LVER, a. white like silver; having a pale lustre; made
of silver ; soft of voice.
To SI'LVER, V. a. to cover the surface with silver. To
adorn with a whittish or mild lustre. To cover with some-
thing white and shining.
SI'LVERLING, s. a silver coin.
Sl'LVERSMITH, s. one that works in silver-
SI'LVERWEED.i. th.- wild tansey.
SI'LVERY, a. besprinkled with silver.
SI'MAR, J. \simiirre, Fr.] a woman's roving.
SI'MILAR, a. [nmiliire, Fr. from similis, Lat.] homogene-
ous ; having one part liUe another. Resembling; like.
SI.VULA'RITY, s. likeness; resemblance.
SI'MILE, J. [from simile, Lat.] a comparison by which any
thing is explained or aggrandized.
SIMILITUDE, a. [Fr. simHitudo, from slmiKs, like, Lat.]
likeness; re.semblance. A comparison, or simile.
SI'MITAR, s. See Cimetee.
To SI'MMER, V. n. formerly spelt aimber ; [formed from
the sound] to boil gently. To boil with a gentle hissing.
SI'MNEL, s. [simnellus, low, Lat.) a kind of cake made of
sugar, flour, plums, saffron, &c.
SIMO'NIAC, s. [simoniaque, Fr. from Simon Magus] one
that buys or sells preferments in the church.
SIMON I'ACAL, a. guilty of simony, or of buying and
selling livings in the church.
SI'MONY, J. \simonie, Fr. simonia, Lat.] the crime of
buying and selling church preferments, derived from Simon
Magus, who is mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles, as
having ofTered to purchase the power of working muracles for
money.
To SI'MPER, V. n. [perhaps from simmer, as it seems to
imitate the dimph^s of water gently boiling] to smile ; generally
applied to foolish smihng.
SI'MPER, s. a smile, generally applied to a foolish
one.
Sl'MPLE, {si inpl) a, [simplex, Lat.] plain; sincere; with-
SIND
791
out design or artifice ; unskilled ; harmless. Uncompounded
not complicated. Single ; only one. Hilly.
Sl'MPLE, {.simpl) s. [simple, Fr.] a single ingredient ; a
drug. Popularly u^ed for an herb.
To Sl'MPLE, (simpl) v. n. to gather herbs.
SI'MPLENESS, {simpUess) 3. the quality of being with-
out art, experience, or composition.
SI'MPLER, J. an herbarist.
SI'MPLETON, (simpUun) s. a silly, harmless, and inex-
perienced person.
SIMPLI'CI TY, a. [simpliciti, Fr. simplicitat, from simplex,
cimple, Lat.] freedom frpm art, artifice, cuiniing, fraud.
Plainness. Singleness. Weakness ; silliness.
To SI'MPLIFY, v. a. to unravel what is complicated; to
reduce to simple and few principles; to retrench what is
superfluous in a book, speech, or case.
.SFMPLIST, ». one skilled in simples.
SIMPLY, ad. artlessly; without addition; merely; fool-
ishly.
SI'MULAR, s. [from timulo, to pretend, Lat.] a counter-
feiter.
To SI'MULATE, v. a. [simulo, from similis, like, Lat.] to
dissemble or feign.
SIMULA'TION, s. [Fr. from simulo, to pretend, Lat.]
the act or voice of pretending something to be, which is
not.
SIMULTA'NEOUS, a. [from simul, together, Lat.] acting
together ; existing at the same time ; co-existent.
SIN, ,!. [syn, Sax.] any act which is contrary to the laws of
God. Figuratively, an habitual negligence of religion. Used
by Shakespeare for a man enormously wicked.
To SIN, V. n. [singian. Sax.] to act contrary to the laws of
God, and to neglect the rites and laws of religion.
SI'NAI, a mountain of Arabia Petrcea, in Asia. It stands
on the S. corner of the bosom of the Red Sea, adjoining to
Horeb, about 260 miles eastward of Cairo, in Egypt. From
the top of this mount God proclaimed his law to the Hebrews
out of the midst of terrible flames of fire ; and here Moses had
almost immediate fellowship with God; hence the place was
called the Mount of God ; and here he .spake to Elijah, I
Kings xix. It is also called by the Arabs Gibel AIou.sa.
I. e. Moses' Mount. Lat. 29. 2. N. Ion. 31. 15. E.
SI'NAPISM, s. [from sinape, mustard, Gr.] a medicine of
mustard to raise blisters, &c.
SINCE, ad. [sithe. Sax.] it being true ; because that ; from
the time that ; ago ; before this. Used as a preposition, after
that time.
SI'NCERE, a. [sincere, Fr. sincerus, Lat.] unhurt. Faith-
ful. Pure ; uncorrupted. Honest ; ingenuous.
SINCE'RELY, ad. honestly ; without hypocrisy ; with
uprightness of heart.
SINCE'RITY, or SINCE'RENESS, s. [sinceriti, Fr.
sinceritas, from sincerus, sincere, Lat.] freedom from hy-
pocrisy or dissimulation. Faithfuhiess ; integrity; honesty;
ingeimousness.
SI'NCIPUT, J. [Lat.] in anatomy, is the forepart of the head,
reaching from the forehead to the coronal suture.
SI'NDON, s. [Lat.] in surgery, is a little round piece
of silk, linen, or lint, usfid in dressing a wound after tre-
panning.
SINDY, a province of Hindoostan Proper, bounded on
the W. by Makran, a province of Persia ; on the N. by the
territories, of the king of Candahar ; on the N. E. by those
of the Seiks ; on the E. by a sandy desert, and on the S. E.
by Cutch. It extends along the course of the river Sinde,
or Indus, from its mouth, to Behker, or Bhakor, on the
frontiers of Moultan. Reckoned that way, it is 300 miles
long ; and its breadth, in its wildest part, is about 1 60. In
many particulars of soil and climate, and in the general ap-
pearance of the surface, Sindy resembles Egj-pt ; the lower
part of it being composed of rich vegetable mould, and ex-
tended into a wide dell ; while the upper part of it is a
narrow slip of country, confined on one side by a ridge of
mountains, and on the other by a sandy desert, the liver
792
SING
Indus, equal at least to the Nile, wiiidiiiff through the midst
of this level valley, and annually overflowiug it. During
great part of the S. W. monsoon, or our summer quarter,
which is the rainy season hi most other parts of India, the
atmosphere is here generally clouded ; out no rain falls,
except very near the sea. Indeed, very few showers fall
during the whole year; and, at a time when Hamilton
visited Tatta, no rain had fallen for 3 years before. Owing
to this, and the neighbourhood of the sandy deserts, which
bound it on the E. and on the N. W. the heats are so violent,
and the winds from those quarters so pernicious, that the
houses are contrived so as to be occasionally ventilated by
means of apertures on the tops of them, resembling the
funnels of small chimneys. Few countries are more un-
wholesome to European constitutions, particularly the lower
part of the dell. The prince of this province is a Maho-
metan, tributary to the king of Candahar. He resides at
Hydrabad, although Tatta is the capital. The inland parts
of Sindy, produce saltpetre, salammoniac, borax, bezoar,
lapis-Iazuli, aiid raw silk. They have also manufactures of
cotton and silk of various kinds; and they make fine cabinets
inlaid with ivory and finely lackered. They also export great
quantities of butter, clarified and wrapt up in duppas, made of
the hides of cattle.
SINE, s. Uinus. Lat.] in geometry a line drawn from one
end of an arch perpendicularly on the diameter drawn from the
other end ; or it is half the chord of twice the arch.
SINE, used in composition, is borrowed from the Latin,
and signifies without.
SI'NECURE, s. [sine and cura, Lat.] an office where a
person is entitled to a revenue witliout trouble.
SI'NEW, I. [senwe, Sax.] a tendon or ligametit by which
the joints are moved ; a muscle or nerve. Fignratively, that
which gives strength or stipport.
SI'NEWE.SHRUNK, a. in farriery, applied to a hor.se
when he has been over-ridden, and so fatigued that he be-
comes gaunt bellied, by a stiffness and contraction of the two
sinews which are under his belly.
SI'NEWY, a. consisting of sinews or nerves. Figuratively,
strong, nervous, forcible.
.SrNFUIj, n. [sinJuHe, Sax.] contrary to any divine com-
mand. Wicked ; impious ; uiisanctified ; ungodly ; irreli-
gious.
SI'NFULLY, ad. impiously; wickedly.
SI'NFULNESS, s. wickedness ; impiety.
To SING, V. n. preter. jang, or sung, part pass, sung;
[singan. Sax. singia, Isl. singheri) Belg.] to utter in a melodi-
ous or musical manner. Figuratively, to relate poetically.
Actively, to mention or relate in poetry. To celebrate or
praise. To pronounce in a musical manner.
SINGANFOU, or SINGAN, a city of China of the first
rank, capital of the province of Chensi. Next to Pekiu this is
the largest and most populous, and commercial city of China,
and was for several ages the seat of the Chinese emperors.
They breed up mules here it} great numbers, and send them to
Pekin. Lat. 34. 46. N. Ion. 108. 13. E.
To SINGE, (,si»Je) v. a. [tacngan. Sax. senghen, Belg.] to
scorch, or burn in a slight or superficial manner.
SrNGP.K, (g hard) s. one whose profession is to sing.
SI'NGINGMASTER, s. one who teaches to sing.
SI'NGLE, [xingi) a. [singulun, Lat.] f.ot more than one ;
only one. Particular or individual. Not compounded.
Alone, or without any companion. Unmarried. Not dou-
ble, applied to flowers. Pure or uncorrupt; not double-
minded ; simple. That in which one alone is opposed to
one.
To SI'NGLE, {fingl) v. a. to choose out from among others,
used with oul. To take alone. To separate; to with-
draw.
SI'NGLENF.SS, (shiglness) s. simplicity ; sincerity.
SI'NGLY, rill, individually; only; by himself.
SI'NGULAK, a. [singn/icr, Fr. singularis, Lat.] repre-
Benting only one determinate thing or person. Particular;
SIPH
unexampled. Different from others. In grammar, denoting
oidy one ; not phiral.
SINGULA'RITY, s. [smgnlarile, Fr.] some character or
quality by which a person is, or affects to be, distinguished
from others. An oddity. A curiosity.
To Sl'NGULARlZE, v. a. Isingvlariser , Fr. to make par-
ticular, or singular.
SI'NGULARLY, ad. particidarly; in a manner not com-
mon to others.
SI'NISTER, a. [sinister, Lat.] left; being on the left hand.
Figuratively, bad; unlucky; perverse; inauspicious;
unfair.
To SINK, V. n. preter. / sunk, formerly, / sunk, part,
pass, sunk or sunken; [sencan. Sax. seriken, Teut.J to de-
scend iii any fluid or liquor. To fall gradually. To enter
or penetrate into any thing. To grow less, with respect to
height or depth. Figuratively, to be overwhelmed, used
with bentath or under. To decline; to tend to ruin. To
be received or impressed deeply, used with duwn. To fall
into a state of rest or indolence. Actively, to force under
water, and render incapable of floating or swimming. To
make deep by digging. To depress ; to degrade. To di-
minish in quantity or value. To crush or overbear. To
make to decline. To suppress, conceal, or convert to one's
use by fraud ; applied to money.
SINK, s. [sine, Sax.] a drain or jakes. Any place where
filth or corrii|)tion is suffered to collect.
SI'NKING FUND, s. is a provision made by parliament
consisting of the surplusages of other funds, inteitded to be
appropriated to the payment of the national debt; on the
credit of which very large sums have been borrowed for
public uses.
SI'NLESS, a. free froin sin.
SI'NLESSNESS, i. exemption from sin.
SI'NNER, *. one at enmity with God ; one not truly or
religiously good. An offender; a criminal.
SI'NOFFERING, s. an expiation or sacrifice for sin.
SINOPER, or SI'NOPLE, s. a species of earth ; ruddle.
To Sl'NUATE, V. a. [sinuo, from sinus, bending, Lat.] to
bend in and out.
SINUA'TION, s. a bending in and out.
SI'NUOUS, a. \jiinucHX. Fr.] bending in and out.
SI'NUS, s. [Lat.] a iiay of the sea. In surgery, a hollow
passage under the flesh. Any fold or opening.
SrON, or ZiON, a fainous mountain of Judea, situated on
the S. side of Jerusalem.
SION, an autient town of Swisserland, capital of the
Vallais. It is situated near the Rhone, at the foot of three
insulated rocks, that rise immediately from the plain. The
highest, called Tourbillon, supports the old, ruinous, and
deserted episcopal palace. On the .second, denominated
Valeria, are the remains of the old cathedral, and a k\v
bouses belonging to the canons. On Mayoria, the tliird
rock, stands the present episcopal palace, an edifice of
stone, built in 1547; the apartments furnished with great
plainness and simplicity. Sion was formerly the capital
of the Seduni, who inhabited this part of the country in the
time of Julius Ciesar ; and some Roman inscriptions still
remain to attest its antiquity. Its bishop is a prince of the
empire. It is 50 miles E. of Geneva. Lat. 4a. 6. N. Ion. 7.
12. E.
To SIP, V. a. [sipnn, Sax. sippen, Belg.] to drink by small
draughts wherein the lips do but just touch the vessel. To
drink in small quantities. Neuterly, to sup or drink a very
small quantity.
SIP, s. a small draught or mouthful.
SI'PPEU, s one tliat sips.
SI'PPKT, s. a little sop.
SI'PHON, (s'fiin) s. [Gr.] a crooked tube or pipe, h.iving
one leg lunger ihati the other, and used in drawing liquors out
of vessels.
SIK, s. [Ji/r, Brit, sire, Fr.] a title of respect, used where
we ceremoniously give another the prefereni-c. The title o.
a knight or baronet ; and generally added to the word loin,
SITT
SKIE
7»S
when applied to beef, because that joint was once knighted by
one of our kmga in a fit of good humour.
SIKE, J. [sire, Ft.] in poetry, a father ; and also in that
sense applied to beasts. A complimental address to a great
personaije.
SI'UEN, s. [Lat.] an imaginary monster, supposed to have
a human face and a bird's body which enticed men by its
sinjfing, and devoured them. Any aUuring woman.
srilHIND, a very antient city of Hindoostan Proper, in
the province of Delhi. Condamine says, that the art of
weaving silk was brought back to Constantinople, in the 16th
century, by the monks who returned from Sirhind (or Serinde,
according to him :) for, although the art was brought into
Europe under the Roman emperors, it had again been lost
during the confusioni that attended the subversion of the
western empire. Procopius, also, takes notice, that in the
time of Justinian (the 6th cefitury) silk was brought from
Seriiida, a country in India. Sirhind is 195 miles N. W. of
Delhi. Lat. 39. 55. N. Ion. 75. 15. E.
SIHIA'SIS, «. [Gr.] aTi inflammation of the brain and its
membrane, through an excessive heat of the sun.
SI'RIUS, s. [Lat ] the dog-star.
SI'RRAH, s. [contracted from Sir and ah, according to
Minshew] a word conveying reproach and insult.
SI'RUP, or SY'RUP, s. [Arab.] any vegetable juice boiled
to a consistence with sugar.
SI'RUPY, a re,>.embling sirup.
SrSKlN, s. a green fish.
SI'STER, s. [sweoster. Sax.] a woman born of the same
parents with another person. Figuratively, a woman of the
same kind, manners, sentiments, persuasion, or employment.
Sister-in-law is a husband's or wife's sister.
SrSTERHOOD, s. the office or duty of a sister. A niim-
her of women of the same order.
Sl'STERLY, a. like or becoming a s'ster,
To SIT, v.n. preter. I sat ; \stttan, .Sax. silan, Goth, setlen,
Belg.] to occupy a seat ; to rest upon the buttocks. To be in
a state of rest. To rest or press as a burden. To settle or
abide. To be adjusted, or to suit. To brood, or incubate,
applied to birds. To be placed at a table. To be as a mem-
ber in any solemn assembly. To be placed in order to be
painted. To sit down, to rest , to settle ; to begin a siege.
To lit up, to change a lying posture for a sitting one ; to
watch, or refrain from going to bed. Actively, to keep the
seat upon. Followed by a reciprocal pronoun, to place on a
seat.
Sl'TE, s. [situs, Lat.] situation ; local position.
SI'TFAST, $. in farriery, a hard knob growing under the
saddle.
SITH, ad. {sithe, Sax.] since ; seeing that. O'usolete.
SITHE, J. [sit/ie, Sax.] this word being variously spelt,
Johnson prefers this as the most simple, and most agreeable
to etymology] a crooked, blade joined to a pole, and used in
mowing. Scythe.
SI'TfENBUllN, nr Sittingbourn, a town in Kent,
which being a great thoroughfare on the road from Roches-
ter to Canterb>n-y, has many convenient irnis. At one of
these, viz. the Red Lion, a gentleman of the name of Nor-
wood treated king Henry V. and his retiiuie, on his return
from France, when wine was but 2d. a quart, and every
thing else was so cheep in proportion, that the whole
entertainment cost but 9s. 9d. It is 11 miles S. E. of
Rochester, and 40 E. by S. of London, in the road to Can-
terbury.
Sl'TTER, s. one that sits. A bird that broods.
SI'TTING, s. the act or posture of sitting on a seat. A
time at which one exhibits himself to a painter. A meeting of
an assembly. A time during which one sits without rising.
Incubation,
SITTING, t. (part, of Sit) in botany, applied to the leaves
of plants, when tliey have no leaf-stalk, as in the spear-mint
and hound's tongue ; to flowers, when they have no fruit-
ttalks, as in the mezereon.
SI'TUATE, a. [from situs, Lat.] placed with respect to any
thing else. Placed.
SITUA'TION, «. [situation, Fr.] position or place with
respect to something else. Condition or state.
SIX, a. [six. Sax. and Fr.] twice three ; the next in order,
after live. To he at sixes and sevens, is to be in a state of dis-
order, confusion and danger.
SrXPENCE, «. a silver coin valued at half a shilling, or
as many pence as its name expresses.
Sl'X.SCORE, a. six times twenty ; or 120.
SIXTEE'N, a. [sixlyne, Sax.] six and ten.
SIXTEE'N TH, a, [tixteutha. Sax.] the ordinal of sixteen,
or the sixth after the tcrnth.
.SIXTH, a. [iiita, Sax.] the ordinal of six, or the next in
order after the fifth.
SIXTHLY, ad. in the sixth place.
SrXTlETH, a. [sixteogolha, Sax.] the ordinal of sixty, the
sixth ten times repeated.
SrXTY, a. [sixli<>; Sax.] six times ten.
SIZE, «. [Juhnson supposes it should be else, from incisa,
Lat. or fri'm nssi.ie, Fr.] the bulk of a body cmisidered as
compared with that of another ; proportion ; bigness. A
settled qu;nitity or allowance. Any viscous or glutinous
substance, from sisa, Ital.
To SIZK, V. a. to arrange or place accorditig to bidk. To
settle, or adjust. To besmear with any viscous or glutinous
subst:ince.
Sl'ZER, s. an inferior scholar in Canibridge, synonymous
to a servitor at Oxford.
SI'ZERS, s. see Scissars.,
Sl'ZY, a. viscous or glulini)u.«.
SKAIN, or SKEIN, t. [escaigne, Fr.] a knot of thread or
silk.
To SKAIT, II, 71. to slide on the ice with scates.
SKATE, t. [ickudJa, Sax.] a flat sea-fish. A kind of shoe,
armed with iron, and used in sliding on the ice ; wiitteii also,
Skait.
SKEAN, or SKEEN, s. [Ir. and Erse.] a short sword or
knife ; a dagger.
SKE'LEl'ON, .■!. [skeletcs, dry, Gr,] in anatomy, an a.s-
semblage of all tiie bones of an animal cleared from their
flesh, and disposed in their natural situation. An assem-
blage or compages of the principal parts.
SKEP, s. [scephen, to draw. Sax.] a sort of basket, narrow
at the botloni, and wide at the top, to fetch corn in.
Witii the Scotch, the repositories where the bees lay their
honey.
SKE'PTICK, or' SCE'PTIC, s. [from skeptomai, to de-
liberate, Gr.] one who doubts or pretends to doubt of every
thing.
SKE'PTICAL, or SCETTICAL, a. [from skeptomai, to
deliberate, Gr,] belonging to a sceptic ; pretending to doubt
of every thing.
SKEPTICISM, SCE'PTICISM, s. \scepticisme, Fr.] a
pretence or profession of doubting of every thing ; pyrrho-
nisni.
SKETCH, I. [schedula, Lat.] an outline or ouigh draught ;
a first plan.
To SKETCH, I/, a. to trace the outlines of a picture. To
lay down a rough draught or plan.
SKE'WER, s. [skere, Dan.] a wooden or iron pin, used to
keep meat in form.
To SKE'WER, V. ^. to sustain with skewers.
SKIE, or Sky, an island in Scotland, and one of the
largest of the Western Islands. It is CO miles in length, and
20 in breadth, and divided from the comities of Ros.s and
Inverness, by a narrow channel, 35 miles in length, and 10
in breadth. It is cut into a great number of gulphs and
promontories, and there are seven high mountains near each
other, in the middle of the island. "The valleys are fruitful in
pastures, and produce plenty of barley and oats. The sea
about it is full of fish, particularly cod and ling; and there
are surprising shoals of herrings in the season,
S 1
794
SL AI
SL EE
FKIFF, !. [esquife, Fr. tcapha, Lat.] a small light lioat.
SKI'LFUL, a. knowing; possessing any art; dexterous;
able ; exTierienced.
SKILFULLY, ad. with skill ; dexterously.
SKILL. J. [skil, Isl.] knowledge, readiness or practice in
any art ; dexterity ; artfulness. Any particular art.
SKI'LLED, o. knowing; dexterous; acquainted will).
SKI'LLET, ». [escueUtte, Fr.] a small kettle or boiler. -
To SKIM, I', a. see Scum.
SKI'MBLE-SKAMBLE, a. wild; wandering. A cant
word.
SKIN, i. [skind, Dan.] the natural covering of the flesh.
To SKIN, V. a. to flay or strip tlie skin olf. To cover with
skin. To cover the surface, used with over.
SKINK, s. [scene, Sax.] any thing potable. Pottage.
To SKINK, V. n. [scencan, Sax.] to serve drink. Ob-
solete,
SKI'NNY, a. consisting only of .skin ; thin; lean.
To SKIP, V. n. [squHtire, Ital.] to fetch quick bounds or
leaps ; to leap up or pass by quick leaps ; to leap for joy. To
pass without notice. Actively, to miss or pass.
SKIP, J. a light leap or bound.
SKI'PJACK, ». an upstart.
SKI'PPER, s. [ichipper, Belg.] the master of a Dutch ship.
SKI'PTON, a handsome town in the W. Riding of York-
shire, seated near the river Aire, but almost hid among the
liiUs, in that rough, rocky country called Craven, 41 miles
S. by E. of Richmond, and 231 N. by W. of London. Lat.
53. 55. N. Ion. 1. 49. Ws
SKI'KMISH, s. [from ys and carm, the shout of war, Brit.]
a slight engagement, less than a pitched battle. A contest ,
contention.
To SKl'RMISH, V. n. [escarmoucher, Fr.] to fight in small
parties without coming to a general engagement.
To SKIRRE, (sA-!>) v. a. [perhaps from scir, p\ire, clean.
Sax.] to scour; to traverse or ramble in order to clear.
Neuterly, to scud ; to scour ; to run in haste
SKIRT, s. [kiorte, Swed.] that part of a garment which
hangs loose below the waist. The edge of a garment. An
edge, border, margin, extreme part.
To SKIRT, V, a. 10 border or run along the edge.
SKI'TITSH, a. [ski/c, Dan. schew, Belg.] shy, or easily
frighted. Wanton ; volatile. Changeable ; fickle. Hasty,
precipitate.
SKONCE, t. see Sconcf.
SKREEN, J. see Scueen.
SKUE, a- (the etymology is uncertaui) sidelong ; oblique.
SKULL, t. [tkwia, Isl.l see Soull.
SKTi', s. [sky, Dan.] the region of the clouds. The hea-
vens. The weather ; the climate.
SKY'LARK, s. a lark that mounts and sings.
.SKY'LIGHT, {skyUl) s. a window which lets light in
through the ceiling.
SLAB, s. a puddle. A plane of stone. " A marble slab."
An outside sapfiy plank.
To SLA'BBEU, v. n. [slabberen, Belg.] to drivel; to let the
spittle fall out of the mouth. To shed or spill.
SLA'BBY, a. viscous; thick. Wet; floody; plashy.
SLACK, a. [sliiec. Sax. slaken, Isl.] loose, or not drawn
tight. Remiss, careless, or not diligent. Slow, applied to
motion. Weak, or not holding fast.
To SLACK, or SLA'CKEN, v. n. to be remiss or negli-
gent. To fall to pieces, or crumble into particles. To grow
loose. To languish ; to fail. To abate. Actively, to loosen.
To remit. To ea-se ; to mitigate. To relieve or unbend, ap-
plied to the mind. To reduce to particles. To withhold.
To repress. To neglect.
SLACK, ». a coal broken into small parts ; small coal.
Sl^'(,'KLY, ad. loosely ; negligently ; not closely.
SLA'CKNESS, s. want of tightness, attention, tendency, or
force. Slowness.
SLAC;, f. the dross of metal.
SLA IDBURN, s. a village in the W. Riding of Yorkshire,
6 miles W. by N. of Gisburn.
SLAIN, part. pass, of Slav.
To SLAKE, V. a. [according to Skmner, from slack ; biit
rather from slock, Isl. to extinguish or quench] to quench or
ertinugish. To temper with water. To allay. Neuterly, to
grow less tight. To be extinguished.
To SLAAI, V. a. [sclilagen, Belg.] to slaughter or crush. To
fling a door to with violence. A low word.
To SLA'NDER, v. a. [from eulaundrie, Fr.] to speak ill
of another falsely ; to belie.
SLA'NDER, I. a false, invectivf reproach. A disgrace.
Disreputation ; ill name.
SLA'NDEROUS, a. calumnious ; uttering reproachful
falsehoods.
SLA'NDEROUSLY, ad. calumniously ; with false re-
proach.
SLANG, preter. of Slinc.
SLANT, or SLATSITING, a. [perhaps from slanghe, a
serpent, Belg.] oblique ; not perpendicular ; not direct ;
skue.
SLAP, «. [schlap, Teut.] a blow with the band open, or
something flat.
To SLAP, V. a. to strike with a slap.
To SLASH, V. a. [slasa, to strike, Isl.] to cut ; to wound
with long cuts. To lash; to whip. Neuterly to strike at
random with a sword.
SLASH, .1. a cut or wound. A cut in cloth.
SLATE, s. [perhaps from esclate, a tile, Fr.] a gray fos-
sile stone, which easily slits into thin pieces, and is used to
cover houses, or to write on.
To SLATE, V. a. to cover a roof with slate.
SLA'TER, s. one who covers with slates or tiles.
SLA'TTERN, i. [sluctti, Swed.] a woman who is negligent
and slovenly in her dress.
SLAVE, s. [esclave. Fr. It is said to have its original from
the Stuvi or Sclavuntans, subdued and sold by the Venetians]
one taken prisoner in war, or bought and obliged to serve a
person during life. A bondman ; a bondmaid.
To .SLAVE, V. n. to drudge ; to moil ; to toil.
SLAVER, ». [sliej'ii, Isl. taliva, Lat.] spittle running from
the mouth ; ilrivel.
To SLAVER, V. n. [see SlaIiDEr] to be smeared with
spittle. To let spittle drop from tne mouth; to drivel.
Actively, to smear with spittle.
SLA VERY, s. the condition of a person who has lost his
liberty. Servitude; bondage.
SLAU'GHTER, (the ^'/i is mute in this word and its de-
rivatives) X. [ojisliiu^ht, Sax.] destruction by the sword,
including the idea of nuiltitude. JMassacre ; butchery ;
carnage.
To SLAU'GHTER, ». a. to massacre; to kill ; to slay.
SLAU'GHTERHOUSE, s. the house in which beasts arc
killed for the butcher.
SLA'UGIITEKOUS, a. destructive; murderous.
SLA'VISII, a, uieaii ; bas<; ; servile : dependent.
To SLAV, V. a. preter. sleu', part. pass, slam; [sUart, Sax.
slahan, Goth.] to kill ; to put to death; to butcher.
SLEA'FORD, a town in Lincolnsliire, with a market on
Monday. It is a large well-built place, well inhabited. It
is 115 miles N. of London.
SLEA'ZY, {sleHy) a. [slilh, Sax.] weak, or wanting sub-
stance.
SLED, s. ftted, Dan. sledde, Belg.] a carriage drawn with-
out wheels.
SLEDGE, s. \sleeg. Sax. slefiaia, Isl] a large lieavy ham-
mer. A caniage without wheels, or with very small ones ;
more properly sled.
SLEEK, a. [slet/ch, Belg.] smooth ; glossy ; nitiU ; po-
lished.
To SLEEK, V. a. to comb smooth and even. To render
soft, smooth, or glossy.
SLEEKLY, ad. smoothly ; glossily.
To SLEEP, V. n. preter. and part. pass, slept ; [steeiian,
.Sax. slepen Goth, slaepcn, Belg.J to take one's rest, by a
suspension of all the faculties of the
miiid. To rest or be
SLia
SLOP
T9B
motionless. To live without care or tlibught, followed by
oter. To be inatteiuive. Kiguratiyely, to lie deail.
SLEEP, s. [fit/i, Sax.] tliiit state wherein the body seems
perfectly at rest, and I'xteriiul objects act on the organs of
sense, without exciting their usual sensatiorjs.
SLEE'PINESS, s. drowsiness; disposition to sleep; in-
ability to keep awake.
SLEE'PLESS, a. without sleeping ; wanting sleep.
SLEE'PY, a. drowsy, or disposed to sleep. Not awake.
Causing sleep ; soporiferou.s ; narcotic ; somniferous.
SLEET, s. [perhaps from s/el, Dan.] small hail or snow
fixlliug in single particles, intermixed with rain.
To SLEET, V. 7J. to snow in small particles, intermixed
with rain.
SLEEVE, .!. [slif, Sax.] that part of a garment which
covers the arms. A knot or skain. " The raveli'd sleeve of
•care." iShak. To laugh in one's sleeve, is to laugh at another
unknown to him ; from sleeve, Belg. a cover. To hang on
one's sleeve, is to be dependent. A fish.
SLEE'VELESS, a. wanting sleeves ; without sleeves.
"Wanting propriety ; unrea.siinable ; groundless ; foolish.
SLEIGHT, (sW) s. [s/agd, cunning, Isl.] an artful trick.
Stei/r/d of hand, the tricks or dexterity of a juggler.
SLE'NDER, a. [sihide?-, Belg.] thin, or small in circum-
ference." Small in the waist. .Slight; not bulky or strong.
Small, or sparing ; less than enough.
SLE'NDERLY, ad. without bulk ; slightly ; meanly.
SLE'NDEliNE.SS, *. thinness; slightness; want of bulk
or strength. Want of plenty.
SLEPT, the preter. of SLtEP.
SLE'SWICK, the duchy of, or S. Jutland, is about 100
miles long, and fiO broad. It is bounded on the N. by N.
Jutland ; on the E. by the Baltic Sea ; on the S. by Holstein ;
and on the W. by the Ocean. It contains 14 cities, 17
towns, 13 castles, 278 pari.shes, 1480 villages, 162 farms,
116 water mills, and 106 gentlemen's seats. It is a plea-
sant, fertile, populous country, and belongs to the king of
Denmark.
SLEW, preter. of Slay.
To SLEy, V. n. to part or twist into threads.
To SLICE, 1'. n. [slttan, Sax.] to cut into flat pieces, or
parts. To cut or divide.
SLICE, s. [slite. Sax.] a broad piece cut off. _A broad
head fixed in a handle ; a peel ; a spatula.
SLID, preter. of Sudk.
To SLIDE, V. n. preter. slid, part. pass, slidden ; [slidan.
Sax. slijden, Belg.] to pass along smoothly ; to slip ; to glide.
To move without lifting up the feet. To pass unnoticed.
To pass inadvertently, to pass insensibly from good to bad.
Actively, to put imperceptibly, used with in.
SLIDE, s. a smooth and easy passage. A smooth path
worn on the ice by sliding. A slow even course.
.SLI'DER, s. he that slides.
SLIGHT, {silt) a. [slicht, Belg.] small; inconsiderable;
worthless. Weak ; not cogent ; not important. Foolish.
Negligent. Flimsy ; thin.
SLIGHT, {sin) s. contempt ; neglect ; act of scorn. An
artifice. Sleight.
To SLIGHT, (.!?;7) V. a. to neglect or contemn ; to disre-
gard. To treat or perform carelessly. To throw; to fling.
To demolish ; to overthrow, froin slighten, Belg.
SLI'GHTLY, flrf. negligently ; scornfully; weakly.
SLI'GHTNESS, {shlmss) s. weakness. Negligence.
SLI'GO, a county of Ireland in the province of Connaught,
about 32 miles in length, and 29 in its greatest breadth ;
hounded on the W. by Mayo ; on the N. and N. W. by the
■ Atlantic ; on the E. by Leitrim ; on the S. E. S. and S. W.
by Roscommon and Mayo. It contains 39 parishes, about
11,500 houses, and 60,000 inhabitants. Sligo is theoaly town
of consequence. There are. however, some considerable
Tillages, in which the linen manufacture floiu-ishes. The soil
is in some parts good, in others coarse, and towards the
coast, bnggy.
SLI'GO, a town, the capital of the county of tlie same
name, is seated on a river that runs into a bay of the same
name, navigable for vessels of 1200 tons, up to the quays. It
has a considerable trade; the number of houses in 1788 was
916, and the number of inhabitants about «000. It is 26
miles N. N. E. of Killala, and 94 N. N. W. of Dublin.
SLI'LY, ad. cunningly ; with subtle covetou?ness.
SLIM, a. slender; thii. A cant word.
SLIME, I. [slim, Sax. slimm, Belg.] viscous mire ; any
glutinous substance.
SLI'MINESS, s. viscosity; glutinous matter.
SLI'MY, o. viscous; glutinous. Overspread with slime.
SLING, s. [slingan. Sax. sl'mgen, Belg.] a kind of weapon
made with a strap and two strings, by which a body is cast
at a distance, by jerking it and loosing one of the strings. A
bandage worn to support a broken limb. An utensil for
carrying casks, &c. A strnke or blow.
To SLING, V. a. to throw by a sling. To hang loosely by
a string. To move or rais'e by meai>s of a rope and crane.
To SLINK, V. n. preter. slunk; [slinsan, to creep. Sax.]
to sneak, or steal out of the way. Actively, to miscarry of.
A low word.
To SLIP, V. n. [sitpan, Sax. slippen, Belg.] to slide ; not to
tread firm. To move or lly unexpectedly out ot its place.
To slide ; to glide. To move slily or im)ierceived ; to
slink. To fall into a fault or error. To creep by over-o;j;ht.
To escape the memory. Actively to convey secretly. To
lose by negligence. To escape from ; to leave slily. To sepa-
rate twigs from a tree by tearing them off. To let loose.
To throw off any restraint. To pass over negligently.
SLIP, s. the act of sliiiping; a false step. An error or
mistake. A twig torn from the main stock. A leash or
string hi wliich a dog is held. An escape. A long narrow
piece. A narrow gallery on the sides of the theatre. Among
shipbuilders, a place lying with a gradual descent on the
banks of a river, convenient for ship-building.
SH'PBOARD, ». a board sliding in gioove.s.
SLI'PKNOT, s. a bow knot; a knot easily untied.
SLI'PPER, i. a shoe, sometimes without a hind quarter.
In botany, the cypripedii;m of Linnaeus. The British species
is called the ladies-slipper.
SLI'PPERINESS, s. tlie state or quality of being
slippery.
SLI'PPERy. a. [slipur, Sax. tliperig, SwecL] smooth, glib ;
not affording firm footing. Hard to hold or keep ; lubricous.
Uiicertain. Fickle. Unchaste.
To SLIT, V. a. preter. and part. pass, slit, and slltted ;
[slilan. Sax.] to cut lengthwise.
SLIT, s. [slit. Sax.] a long cut, or narrow opening.
To SLIVE, or SLl'VER, {sliver) v. a. [s/if an, Sax.] to
split; to divide longwise; to tear off lengthwise.
SLl'VER, {silver) >. a slit ; a large piece cut off.
SLO'BBER, s. See Slabber.
To SLOCK, V. n. [slacken, Swed.] to slack ; to quench.
SLOE, s. [sla. Sax. slaae, Dan.] the fruit of^ the black-
thorn.
SLO'ETREE, s. a shrub, called also blackthorn, and scrags.
The wood is hard and tough, and is formed into teeth for
rakes, and walking-sticks. The fruit bruised and put into
wine gives it a beautiful red colour, and a pleasant sub-acid
roughness. An infusion of a handful of the flowers is a safe
and easy purge. Letters written upon linen and woollen with
the juice of the fruit will not wash out. The fruit is not ripe
till October or November.
SLOOP, s. a small ship with one mast.
To SLOP, o. a. to drink grossly and greedily. To spill or
waste liquor idly.
SLOP, s. [slop, Sax.] a pair of trowsers or open breeches.
Mean and vile liquor of any kind.
SLOPE, a. [slap, lax, Belg. according to Skinner] oblique;
declivous ; acclivous ; applied to any rising surface, accord-<
iiig to the angle it makes with the plane of the horizon.
SLOPE, J. an oblique direction, or declining surface.
To SLOPE, V. a. to form or shape obliquely. Neutetly,;to
decline, or tend to declivity.
796
SLUR
SMEL
SLO'PENESS, «. obliquity ; declivity.
SLO'PPY, a. See Slop. Miiv ; wet ; slabby.
To SLOT, V. a. [slughen, Belg.] to strike or clash hard.
SLOT, s. [sM, Is!.] the tr.ick of a deer.
SLOTH, s. [$!<rwln. Sax ] slowness ; tardiness. Idleness ;
laziness. In zoology, a Smith American animal, which
moves so slowly as scarcely to travel a bow shot in IS days.
SvNO.v. Sloth and laziness are voluntary ; with this dif-
ference, that iluth impli s litter inactivity, and alisolute
aversion to worif ; laziness, an inclination, but a fear of
trouble and fatigue; whereas sluggisluiess is often involun-
tary, proceeding sometimes from constitution, and is dis-
covered by its dull, heavy method of acting. Industry is
the reverse of tlutli ; activity, of laxinest ; expedition, of
sluggishness.
SLO'THHFUL, a. idle, lazy, sluggish, inactive, indolent,
dull of motion.
SLO'THFULNESS, ». idleness; laziness; inactivity.
SLOUCH, s. formerly spelt sloach ; [sli^, stupid, Dan.]
a downcast look. A person who has an ungainly, heavy,
clownish look.
To SLOUCH, V. n. to have a downcast clownish look.
SLO'VEN, s. [tjs/i/vn, nasty, shabby, Brit, slnef, Belg.] a
man who has no regard to neatness or cleanness of dress.
SLOVENLINESS, s. indecent negligence of dress ; neg-
lect of cleanliness.
SLO'VENLY, a. negligent of dress, neatness, or cleanli-
nnss.
SLO'VENLY, ad. in a coarse inelegant manner.
SLOUGH, {stuff) s. [slog, Sax.] a deep miry place; a hole
full of dirt. The skin which a serpent has cast off. The
foul part of a sore.
SLOU'GHY, o. miry ; boggy ; muddy.
SLOW, (j/o) a. [slaw, or sleaw, Sax.] wanting swiftness,
applied to motion. Late, applied to time. Dull, or inactive.
Not easily provoked. In composition, it has the sense of an
adverb.
SLO'WLY, nrf. not speedily ; not soon ; sluggishly.
SLO'WNESS, s. want of velocity; dulness to admit con-
viction ; dilatoriness; deliberation.
SLO'W-WORAI, t. [slawi/rm. Sax.] tlie blind worm ; a
email viper, whose sting is venomous, but scarcely mortal.
To SLU'BBER, v. a. [perhaps from lubber, or slobber] to
JO any thing in an imperfect or lazy manner, or with idle
hurry. To stain or daub. To cover in a coarse manner.
SLUDGE, s. mire, or dirt mixed with water.
SLUG, s. [slug, a glutton, Dan.] an idle, heavy, sleepy, and
lazy person ; a drone. An obstruction. A slow creeping
anaii. An oval or cylindrical piece of metal shot from a gun,
from slecg, Sai. a hammerhead.
To SLUG, V. n. to be lazy ; to move slowly ; to play the
drone.
SLU'GGARD, {slug-ard) s. an idler; a person too much
given, to slee-p and laziness ; a drone.
SLUGGISH, (_sli,g-ish) a. dull; lazy; drowsy; slothful;
slow; insijiiil ; idle; inert; inactive.
SLU'GGISHNE.SS, (sliig-ishness) s. sloth; laziness; dul-
ness ; inertness ; inactivity.
SLUICE, {sluce) s, .luyse, Belg. sclusa, Ital.] a Watergate;
floodgate ; vent for water that is pent up.
To SLUICE, (tluce) V. a. to let out by floodgates. To
wet with a large quantity of water.
SLU'ICY, a. (idling in streams as from a sluice or flood-
gate. " Sluicy rain." l)ryd.
To SLUMBER, v. n. [ilumeran. Sax. tluymeren, Belg.J to
sleep slightly or imperfectly. Figuratively, to be in a state
of negligence. Actively, to lay to sleep. To stun ; to
stupify.
SLU'MBER, i. light and imperfect sleep.
SLUNG, the preter. and part. pass, of Slino.
SLUNK, the prefer, and part. pass, of Si.ink.
To SLUU, V. a. [sloorig, nasty, Belg.J to sully ; to daub ;
to soil ; to contaminate ; to besjiatler. To pass lightly ; to
baulk or roiss. To cheat ; to trick.
SLUR, t. a faint reproach ; a disgrace ; a slight.
SLUT, I. [sloddt, Belg.] a woman who regards neither
cleanliness or decency in dress or business. A slattern ; a
nasty, dirty drab.
SLY, a. [i/i/A. deceitful. Sax.] secretly insidious, or mali*
cious ; meanly artful. Crafty ; cunning ; subtle.
SLY'NESS, s- the quality of being designingly artful.
See Sliness.
To SMACK, V. n. [imackan, Sax. smtcken, Belg.] to have
a taste. To make a noise by the sudden separation of the
lips after having pressed them strongly together. To kiss so
as so be heard. Actively, to make to emit a quick and
smart noise.
SMACK, ». [smaeck, Belg.] a taste, or savour. A small
quantity. A loud kiss. A smart and sharp noise. A small
ship, from snacca, Sai. or sneckra, Isl.
SMALL, (the a is pron. broad in this word and its follow-
ing compounds; as smaall) a. [small. Sax. »,mI, Belg.] little
in size, quantity, quality, importance, or value. Slender,
minute, petty. Weak, not strong.
SMA'LLAGE, s. ill botany, a plant, whose root, in me-
dicine, is one of the great openers. It is very good in gross
constitutions and infractions of the lungs, especially if eat
with oil and mustard; it may be agreeably mixed with
salads.
SMA'LLCOAL, j. little wood coals used in lighting
fires, &c.
SMA'LLCRAFT, s. a little vessel below the rank of a
ship.
SMALLNESS, s, littleness; want of bulk or strength.
SMALLPOX, J. a contagious disease, consisting of a
general eruption of pustules tending to suppuration, and ac«
companied with a fever.
SJIALT, s. a beautiful blue substance, produced from two
parts of zaffre being fused with three parts common salt, and
one part potash.
SMA'RAGDINE, a. [smaragdinus, Lat.] made of eme-
rald.
SMA'RDFN, a town in Kent, by the Medway, S miles
S. of Lenham, 10 miles S. E. of Maidstone, and 46 S. E. of
London. Market on Friday.
SMART, t. [smert, Belg. smaria, Swed.] a quick, sharp,
and pungent pain, applied both to the body and mind.
To SAI ART, V. n. [smerten, Belg. smeorlan. Sax.] to feel a
quick and lively pain, either of body or mind.
SMART, a. causing a harp pain ; pungent. Quick ; viva-
cious, vigorous, lively, active, sharp. Brisk ; witty ; acute.
SSIART, s. a person affecting briskness and vivacity. A
cant word.
SMA'RTLY, arf. sharply; briskly; wittily.
SMARTNESS, s. the quality of being smart ; quickness;
vigour.
SMATCH, s. [corrupted from imack] a taste, twang, tinc-
ture. Also a bird.
To SMA'TTEK, v. it. to have a slight taste, or superficial
knowledge. To t;ilk ignorantly or superficially.
SMA'TTER, s. imperfect or superficial knowledge.
SMA'TTERER, s. one who has a slight or superficial
knowledge.
To SJIEAR, (imeer) v. n. [smeran, Sax. smeeren, Belg.] to
spread with any thing viscous or adhesive. To soil; to
besmear ; to contamin ite.
SMEGMA'TIC, J. [from smegma, soap. Or.] soapy; de-
tersive.
To SMELL. V. n. to affect the nostrils ; to have a parti-
cular scent; to have a particular tincture of any quality ;
to practise the act of smelling ; to exercise sagacity. Ac-
tively, to deceive or discover by the nose; to find out by
mental sagacity.
SMELL, s. the sense of which the nose is the organ.
Scent ; power of atfecting the nose.
SME'LLEH, s. one who smells.
SMELT, the preter. and part. pass, of Shill.
SMOO
SNAK
797
To SMELT, V. a. [smellen, Belg. tmalta, Isl.] to melt ore,
BO as to extract thu metal.
SMELT, s. a saiall fish of a very beautiful form and colour,
and esteemed a delicacy. It is common iti our seas, and in the
northern parts of Europe.
SME'LTER, s. one who melts ore.
To SMEHK, or SMIKK, r.a. [smercian, Sax.] to smile;
to look cheerfully, or wantonly.
SMI'CKET, s. a woman's shift.
To SMILE, V. n. [smuykn, lielg.] to look pleasant. To
express slight or disdain. To look with an eye of
favour.
SMILE, s. a look of pleasure or kindness ; a slight contrac*
tion of the face.
To SMIRCH, r. i. to cloud ; to dusk ; to soil.
To SMIRK, V. a. to look alTecledly soft or kind.
To SMITE, V. a. [pret. smole, part. pass, smil, or smitten;
smitan, Sax. imijttn, Belg.j to strike ; to kill ; to afflict ; to
blast; to affect with any passion ; to destroy ; to chasten,
Neuterly, to strike. " The knees unite together." Nahum.
SMl'TER, s. one who smites.
SMITH, s. [smith, Sax. smeth, Teut. smid, Belg.] one who
forges with a hammer ; one who works in metals. A person
who makes or effects any thing.
SMl'THERY, or SMITHY, j. [smithiheySax..] the shop of
a smith.
SMI'TTRN, part. pass, of Smite.
SMOCK, s. [smoc, Sax.] the under linen garment of a wo-
man. Used ludicrously for any thing belonging particularly
to a woman.
SMO'CKFACED, a. pale-faced; having an efTeminate
face.
SMOKE, or SMOAK, [smooch, Belg. smec, or trnoec, Sax.]
the sooty or blackish cluud which ascends from any thing
burning.
To SMOKE, V. n. to emit a dark cloud, exhalation, or va-
pour by heat. Figuratively, to burn or ()e khidled. To move
with such rapidity as to raise dust or smoke. To use tobacco
in a pipe. To suffer ; to be punished. Actively, to scent by,
or dry in, smoke. To smell or find out. To sneer, or ridicule
to one's face
SMO'KY, a emitting or having the appearance of
smoke.
3M0LENSK0, a city of Russia, capital of the govern-
ment of the same name. It is perhaps one of the most
extraordinary cities in the world, is situated on the banks of
the Dnieper, and extends over two mountains and the valley
between them. It is surroinided by walls 30 feet high and
15 thick ; the lower part of them is built of stone, the
upper of brick and their circumference is four miles and
three quarters. They are surmounted by towers three
stories high, placed at the angles, between which are others
of a smaller size; and in the plain, the walls are surrounded
by a deep ditch. The houses are mostly of wood, and little
better than cottages ; they are only of one story, except a
few scattered I ere and there, which are dignified with the
title of palaces. The city is divided through its whole
length by one straight, paved street, the others are cir-
cular, atid floored with planks. The cathedral stands on an
eminence, where there is a view of the whole city. The
alternate rising and sinking of the whIIs from the hiequality
of the ground, their Gothic architecture, and grotesque
towers, the stetplei rising above the trees, which conceal
the houses from the sight, the gardens, meadows, and corn-
fields, within the walls, all together form one of the most
singular, picturesque, and varied prospects. Notwithstand-
ing its extent, it contains only about 4000 inhabitants, and
has no manutactutes, but carries on, with Dantzic, Riga,
and the Ukraine, a pretty considerable traffic in linen, heoipj
honey, wax, leather, furs, &c. It is 197 miles N. E. or
Novogrodeck, and 230 N. of Kiow. Lat. 54. 50. N. Ion, 31.
82. E.
SMOOTH, a, [imoelh, Sax.] even on the surface ; level.
Flowing ; soft ; sleek. Glossy. Equal. Without any
bounds or jerks, applied to motion. Mild, courteous,
adulatory, affable, soothinif. Svnon. That which is not
rough is smooth ; that which is free from either hollows or
risings is level.
To SMOOTH, V. a. to level, or make even on the surface.
To free from obstructions. To free from harshness, applied to
sound. To work into a soft uniform mass. To palliate or
soften, applied to excuse. To calm or mollify. To case To
flatter ; to soften with blandishments.
SMOOTHLY, ad. evenly ; not roughly. Readily.
SMOOTHNESS, *. evenness on the surface; softness of
speech.
SMOTE, prefer, of Smite.
To SMO'IHER, ». a. [trnoren, Sax.] to stiffocate by smoke,
by the exclusion of air, or by the oppression of something
which hinders a person from breathing. Figuratively, to sup-
press. Neuterly, to smoke without vent. To be suppressed
or kept close.
SMO'THER, J. a great vapour, smoke, or thick dust.
SMOU'LDERING, or SMOU'LDRY, part. a. [smoel, hot,
Belg.] burning and smoking for want of vent.
SMUG, a. [smuch, dress, Belg.] nice ; spruce; dressed with
affected nicents!,.but without elegance.
To SMUGGLE, {smUgl) v. a. [smockden, Belg.] to import
or export goods without paying the customs.
SAIU'GGLER, s. one who imports or exports goods without
payhjg the customs.
SMUT, s, [smtlta, Sax. tmetle, Belg.] a spot made with
soot or coal. Blackness gathered ou corn ; mildew. Immo-
dest language ; obscenity.
To SMUT, V. a. to stain or matk with soot or coal. To
tahit with mildew. Neuterly, to gather snuit.
To SMUTCH, V. a. to biflcken with smoke.
SMU TTINESS, s. soil from smoke. Obsceneness.
SMU'TTY, a. black with smoke or coal; tainted with mil-
dew ; obscene, immodest.
SMYRNA, a sea port town of N.itolia, in Asiatic Turkey,,
and one of the largest and richest places of the Levant. It
was built by the Eohans, and was a famous city as early as
the time of Homer, A. M. 3000. About the time of our
Saviour's birth, it was one of the most wealthy and populous
cities in Lesser Asia ; nor, except Ephesus, was any more
honoured and favoured by the Romans. 'The commodities
brought here for exportation are, thread made of goat's hair,
silk, cotton yarn, cotton in bags, and various kinds of drugs,
and all .-orts of carpets. A Christian church was planted here
very early ; and whatever persecution they suffered from Jews
or Gentiles, they maintained the Christian faith with such
exactness, that in the divine epistle sent them by John, there
is not a sentence of reproof but of praise and direction. Rev. ii.
8, 9, 10 ; and ever suice, Christianity has continued in this
place. It is the see of 3 bishops, one Greek, the other Latin,,
and the third Armenian. This city is about t miles hi cir-
cumference. It it 183 miles W. by S. of Constantinople.
Lat. 38. 28. N. Ion. 27. 25. E.
SNACK, s. [from snatch} a share ; a portion.
SNA'f FLE, (snafl) s. Itnavel, the nose, Belg.] a bridle
which crosses the nose.
SNAG, ». a jag, or sharp protuberance. A tooth left by it-
self, or standing out beyond the rest.
SNAIL, s. [snoe^el, Sax. tnegel, Belg.] a slimy, slow, creep-
ing animal, of which there are two sorts, the naked and the
shelled. Figuratively, a slow or sluggish person ; a drone.
SNAI'LSHELL, s. in botany, the medicago of Linnieus.
There are three British species. The genus has derived its
name from the curious construction of its seedvessel.
SNAITH, a town in the W. Riding of Yorkshire, with a
market on Friday. It is a small town, and seated on the river
Air. It is 169 miles N. by W. of London.
SNAKE, J. [snake, Belg. snaca, Sax.] is a harmless animal,
and might be kept tame in houses to desuoy vermin. Its flesh
is restorative, like that of the viper.
SNA'KEWEED, s. the polygonum of Linnseus. There
are ten British species All the species flower iu the eum-
798
SNIT
SOAK
mer months. The pepper stiakeweed is said to cure little ap-
thous ulcers in the mouth, and to dye wool yellow.
SNA'KY, a. serpentine ; haring serpents.
To SNAP, I', a. to break at once, or to break short. To
strike with a sharp sound. To bite. To catch suddenly and
unexpectedly. To treat with sharp language, from snap/ien,
Belg. Neuterly, to be brittle, to break short, or fall asunder.
To make an effort to bite with eaijerness.
SNAP, s. the act of breaking short. A greedy person. A
quick eager bite. A morsel or bite. A catch ; a theft.
SNA'PDRAGON, a. a genus of plants of which there
are two species ; the greater and the less. They flower in
June and August. A kind of play. in which brandy is set
oh fire, and raisins thrown into it, which those who are
unused to the sport are afraid to take out; but which may be
safely snatched by a quick motion, and ptit blazing into
the mouth, which being closed, the fire is at once extin-
guished.
SNA'PPISH, a. peevish ; sharp in reply ; eager to bite.
SXA'PSACK, s. [snappsack, Swed:] a soldier's bag.
SNARE, ». [snare, Dan. snara, Swed. and Isl. snoor, Belg]
any thing set to catch an animal. Any thing by which a per-
son is entrapped, or brought unwarily hito danger. A trap;
a net; a gin.
ToSNARE, n. a. to entrap; to entangle.
To SNARL, V. n. [snarren, Belg.] to growl, applied to the
noise made by an angry animal ; to gnar or gnari. Figura-
tively, to speak rougldy or in sharp h.i guage.
To SNATCH, V. n. \suacken, Belg.] to seize any thing has-
tily. To transport or carry suddenly. Neuterly, to bite or
catch at something eagerly.
SNATCH, s. a hasty and eager catch or seizure. A short
fit of vigorous action. A small or broken part. A short fit
of action. A sniffling answer.
SNA'TCHER, s. one that snatches.
To SNEAK, {sneek) v. n. [snican. Sax. tnige, Dan.] to
creep, slily ; to come or go as if afraid to be seen. To behave
in a mean and servile manner ; to crouch ; to truckle.
SNEA'KKR, {sneeker) s. a small vessel of drink.
SNEAKING, (iHciVung) pari. a. servile; mean. Covetous,
niggardly.
To SNEAF, {sneep) v. a. [a corruption of snip, or snap, to
reprimand] to reprimand or check. To nip.
SNEAP, {snecp) s. a check or reprimand.
To SNEER, V. n. [properly derived from the same root as
snore, 01 snor(] to show contempt by an oblique look. To in-
sinuate contempt by covert expressions. To praise in a jeering
manner. To show awkward mirth.
SNEER, s. an expression of ludicrous scorn. A look of
contemptuous ridicule.
To .SNEEZE, v.a. [niesan,SaZ: niejen, Belg.] to expel wind
forcibly ard audibly through the nose.
SNEE'ZEWORT, s. a sort of yarrow, called also goose-
tongue, and bastard pellitory. Tlie plant is so named from the
powdered leaves exciting sneezing.
SNET, s. among hmiters, the fat of a deer.
SNE'TSHAJI, a town of Norfolk, seated on an inlet
of the sea. Ul miles N. by E. of London. Market on
Friday.
To SNIB, V, a. [snihhc, Dan.] to check, nip, or reprimand.
' SNICK AND SNEE, «. a combat with knives.
To SNI'CKEU, or SNI'GGER, v. n. to laugh silly or con-
temptuously ; to laugh in one's sleeve.
To SNIFF, or SNl'FFLE, «. n. \tniffa, Swed.] to draw the
breath audibly up the nose ; to SmilFup.
To SNl'GGLE, («»ia'0 v. n. to catch eels in their holes by
means of a hook baited and tii d to a conl.
To SNIP, V. a. [snippcn, Belg.] to cut at once with scissars.
SNIP, s. a cut made with scissars. A smull shred. A
share.
SNIPE, J. [saeppe, Teut. tnite, Sax.] a small fen fojvl with a
lone bill. Figuratively, a fool or IiIih kh<'ud.
SNI'I'SNAP, *. tart dialogue. A cant word.
To SNITE, V. a. [sni/lan. Sax.] to blow the nose.
SNI'VEL, s. [itrmel, or inevel, Teut.] the viscous humotir
of the nose ; snot.
To SNIVEL, ti. n. to run at the nose. Figuratively, to cry
like a child.
To SNORE, V. 71. [tnorcken, Belg.] to breathe audibly
through the nose in sleep.
SNORE, s. [snora, Sax.] an hard and audible breathing
through the iio>e in sleep.
To SNORT, V. n. [snorckeri, Belg.] to breathe short and
audibly through the nose like a high-mettled horse.
SNOT, s. [ snot, Beig. snote. Sax.] the viscous humour of
the nose.
SNO'TTY, a. abounding with the muc\is of the nose.
SNOUT, s. {snuyt, Belg.] the nose of a hog, Stc. The
nose of a man, in contempt. The noset or end of any open
pipe.
SNOW, {snii) s. \snaw. Sax. inee, Belg.] a meteor formed in
the middle region of the air of vapours raised by the sun, &c.
whose parts are there congealed, and returned to the earth in
white flihkes.
To SNOW, (jna) V. n. [inawan, Sax.] to fall into white
flakes.
SNO'WBALL, s. a round lump of congelated snow.
SNO WDEN, a famous mountain in Carnarvonshire, in N.
Wales, which occupies the centre of the county. On the top
there are bogs, and two lakes that abound with fish, particu-
larly the char and the guinard. Its height, reckoning from
the quay of Carnarvon'' to its highest peak, is S568 feet.
From the summit may be seen a part of Ireland, of Scot-
land, and of Cumberland, Lancashire, Cheshire, and all
North Wales, the Irish and British seaa, and a vast number
of lakes.
SNOWDROP, s. a plant with bulbous roots, found wild
near Cirencester, in Gloucestershire, and plentifully at the foot
of Malvern hills, Worcestershire. It becomes double in gar-
dens, and flowers from February to April.
SNO'WY, {sno-i/) a. abounding with snow. White as
snow.
SNUB, [snebbe, a nose, Belg.] a jag or knot in wood. A
check or reprimand.
To SNUB, see Smb.
To SNUDGE, V. n. [sniper, Dan.] to lie idle, close, or
snug.
SNUFF, [snuf snot, Belg.] that part of the wick of a
candle which is burnt black, and becomes useless. A can(ile
almost burnt out. Resentment expressed by snuffing. To-
bacco groufid to powder, and taken up the nose.
To SNUFF, V. a. [snvffin, Belg.] to draw up the nose to-
gether with the breath. To scent. To crop the wick of a
candle. Neuterly, to snort, or draw the breath by tlie
nose. To show contempt by drawing the breatli audibly up
the nose.
SNUFFBOX, s. a box in which snufTis carried.
SNU'FFER,». one who snuff.
SNU'FFERS, s. an instrument with whicli the wick of a
burning candle is clipped.
To SNU'FFLE, (s'luj/) v. n. [smijfelen, Belg.] to speak
through the nose; to bnallie hard ihrongh the nose.
SNU'FFLER, s. one who speaks through the Jiose.
To SNUG, V. n. [snigxr, Bt-lg.] to lie close ; to snudge.
SNUG, II. close, or free from inconver.ience or notice,
Slily or insidiously cIospj
To SNU'GGLE, {snii^l) «. n. to lie close together; to lie
warm.
SO, ad. [sn, Teut. too, Belg.] when answering to asy in like
maimer. In such a degree or manner. Thus. For this
cause or reason. When answered by as, on these terms, or
on thi:-- condiiion. Provided that. When used as an abrupt
beginning of a sentence, it implies well. So much us, implies
how nuich soever. So so, implies indifferently; also an ei^
clamation alter soniediing done or umilteil. So then, implies
thereliire.
To SOAK, {sOk) V. n. [socian, Snx.l to lie some time steep-
ed in niuis'.ure. To enter by degrees into the pores. TO
so CI
SOFT
m
drink iiitemperately. Actively, to steep; to keep in water till
the mnisture penetrates ; to drench to macerate.
SOAP, (su/j) .5. [sa/K, Sax. tapo, I^at.] a siihstance uaed in
washing, m.idu ol' lixivium of vegetable alkaline ashes and
some unctuous sniistancc.
SO'AI'BOILKU, s. one who makes soap.
SO'APWOUT, s. a plant, called also hruisewort. The
Germans use it instead of sasaparilla in venereal com-
plaints.
To SOAR, (s'tr) V. n. [sorar?, Ital.l to fly or mount aloft
without any visible motion of the wiiig3. To mount or rise
high. To mount intellectually ; to be ambitious; to write or
speak in a sublime style.
SOAR, s. a towering flight.
To SOB, V. n. \seol), roniplaining, Sax.] to fetch a convul-
sive sigh ; to heave audibly with i:onvulsive sorrow.
SOB, s, a convulsive sigh caused by sorrow obstructing the
respiratioii.
SO'BER, a. \aubre, Fr. sohrius, Lat.] temperate, or not in-
toxicated with liquor.i. Not overpowered by drink. Free
from any inordinate passion. S.-rious or grave. Synon. A
man may be sober, and not temperate ; temperate, and yet not
abstemious. In lliat sense in which these words are reputed
synonymous, sobriety im|jlies present freedom from the power
of strong liquiir ; ^cm/wrn/ire, signifies moderation in drinking;
and by abstemiousness is miderstood a refrauiing from all sorts
of liquors that may intoxicate.
To SO'KF.R, II. a. tn cure or free from drunkenness.
SO'BKRLY, aJ. temperately ; moderately ; calmly.
SO'BERN KSS, or SOBRI'ETY, s. [sobrieti, Fr.] temperance
in drink. Freedom from any inordhiate passion. Coolness,
Seriousness ; gravity.
SO'CCAt.E, {sbl:ye) s. [from sue, a ploughshare, Fr.] is an
antient tenure, by which lands were held on condition of
ploughing the lord's lands, and doing the operations of hus-
bandry, at their own cli Jvges.
SO'CIABLE, {soahiuble) a. [Fr. sociabilis, from sociits, a com-
panion, Lat.] fit to be joined together. Friendly j conversible.
Inclined to and lit fir companv.
SO'CIABLENESS, {sbsbia'blencsi) s. the qualify of being
afiable; freedom of conversation; good fellowship,
SO'CIABLY. ad. conversibly ; as a companion.
SO'CIAL, (tusbiiU) a. [socia/is, from sociui, a comi>anion,
Lat.] relating lo society. Fit for company or conversation.
Si'NON. 5oc;a/ relates more to a Cliristiaii-like disposition;
snrialile, more to a familiar one. Humanity, benevolence,
beneficence, friendship, &c. are the social virtue.'' ; good-
nature, good humour, &c. are the qualities that render
sociable.
SOCIETY, s. [snciele, Fr. societds, from socius, a compa-
nion, Lat.] the union of many in one common interest. Several
persons united together by rules in one common interest;
community. Company ; converse. Partnership ; union on
equal terms.
SOCI'ETY ISLES, a cluster of isles, discovered by cap-
tain Cook, in 1769, and so named by him, because they lie
contiguous to each other. They are situated between the
latitudes of 16. 10. and 16. 25. S. and between the lon-
gitudes of 150. 57. and 152. W. They are six in number;
namely, Huaheine, Ulietea, Otaha, Bolabola, Maroua,
and Toobaee. The soil, productions, people, their language,
religion, customs, and rrianners, are nearly the same as at
Otaheite.
SOCI'NIANS, a sect of heretics, so called from their
founder Fauslus Socinus, a native of Sienna, in Italy; who
about the year 1574 began openly to declare against the
Catholic Faith, and taught, 1. That the eternal Father was
the only God ; t'at the Word was no more than an expres-
sion ot the Godhead, and had not existed from all eternity ;
and that Jesus Christ was God no otherwise than by his su-
periority over all creatures, which were put into subjection
to him by the Father. 2. That Jesus Christ was not a Me-
diator between God and man, but sent into the world to
serve as a pattern for their conduct ; and that he ascended.
up to heaven only a.i it were to take a journey thithor. 3.
That the pu'iislmient of hell will last but tor u certain tiuie,
after which the body and tioul will be destroyed. And i. That
it is not lawful for princes to make war.
SOCK, s. [soce, .Sax. soccut, Lat. socke, Belg.) something put
in a shoe between the sole and the fool. Tlie tJrue of tht an-
cient comedians. Poetically, comedy.
SO'CKET, s. [souchettt, Fr.] any hollow pipe ; gene-
rally a|)plied to the hollow part of a canillestick. The
hollow that contains the eye. A cavity in which any thing
is inserted.
SO'CKETCHISEL, s. a stronger sort of chisel.
SO'CLE, or ZO CLE, s. in architecture, is a flat square
member, under the bases of Uddestals of statues, vases, &c.
which serves as a foot or stamf.
SOCOTO'RA, a pojiulous fruitful island in the Arabian saa,
about 30 miles in hiigth, and 20 in breadth. Itn produce con-
sists in fine aloes, frankincen.sn, ainbergrease, dragon's bloed,
rice, dates, and coral. Lat. 12. 15. N. Ion. 54. E.
SOD, s. [sued, Belg.] a turf or clod.
SOD, preter. SiiEriit.
SODA, a. [Lat.] in medicine, is the heat of the stomach,
a troublesome distemper, commonly called the heartburn. In
chymistry, an alkali, the basis of sea salt.
SODA'LI I Y, s. [sodulilas, Lat.] a fellowship ; a fraternity.
SO'DBURY, a town hi Gloucestershire, with a market on
Thursday, which is large for corn and cheese. It is 112 miles
W. of London.
SO'DDE.V, part, pas.s. of .Seethe.
To SO DER, or SOLDER, u. a. [sonder, Fr. but generally
spelt solder, and then derived from suldare, Ital. or Jc/»Jo, Lat.]
to cement or join by met il.
SO'DER, or SOLDER, s. metal used in johiing things
together.
SO'DIUM, s. in chymistry, a metallic substance obtamed
from soda.
SO'DOJI, formerly a city of Asia, situated on a plain, now
under water, in wliat is called the Dead Sea, or Lake Asphai-
tites, ill .Tudea.
SO'DO.MY, s. a .sin of the flesh against nature; so called
because committed by the inhabitants of Sodom.
SO'DOR, a little village in ColumbkiU, one of the western
Isles of Scotland, near that of JIull. It was loimerly a bishoj>'.s
see, which comprehended all the islands, together with the
Isle of Man, for which reason the fiisliop is still called the
bishop of Sodor and Man.
SOEVER, aJ. at all ; any; generally used in composition
with some pronoun or adverb.
SOFA, «. [Arab.] a spKiidid seat covered with carpets.
SOFALA, or Cefala, a kingdom of Africa, lying on
the coast of Mozambique, near Zaiiguebar. It is bounded
on the N. by Monopotopa ; on the E. by the Mosambique
sea ; on the S. by the kingdom of Sabia, and on the W. by
that of ]\Ianica. It contains mines of gold and iron, and
a great number of elephants. Honey here is in such plenty,
that a part of it lies neglected. It is governed by a king,
tributary to the Portuguese, who built a fort at the princi-
pal town, which is of the same name, and of great hnportance
for their trade to the East Indies. It is seated in a small
island, near the mouth of a river. Lat. 20. 20. S. Ion. 3,5.
40. E.
SOFI'A, or Sophia, a commercial, populous, and well built
city of Turkey, in Europe, capital of Bulgaria, originally
built by the emperor Justinian, on the ruins of the antient Sar-
dica. The streets, however, are narrow, uneven, and dirty.
It is 164 miles W. N. W. of Adrianople.
SOFT, a. [soft. Sax. iofl, Belg.] easily yielding lo the touch,
opposed to hard. Sumptuous or delicate, applied to dress.
Ductile; yielding j facile. Alild; meek; tender; placid;
kind. Timorous. Easy or gentle, applied to motion. Effe-
minately nice. Delicate. Weak; simple. Smooth; flowing.
Gentle ; low ; not loud. Complaisant.
SOFT, interj. stop ! hold ! not so fast J
To SO'FTEN, V. a. to make soft; to nsake less hard
«00
SOLE
SOLS
To mollify, compose, or make lesi angry or fierce. To
affect with pity. To make lees liarsh. Neuterly, to grow
less hard, lesb cruel, or less obstinate. To yield to any
impression.
SCFTGRASS, t. in botany, the hiilcus of Linnaeus. Male,
female, and hermaphrodite flowers, grow on the same plant.
SO'FTL Y, ad. without hardness ; nor forcibly ; not loud-
ly ; gently ; tenderly ; mildly.
SO'FTNER, 3. that which makes soft. One who pal-
liates.
SO'FTNESS, s. the quality of being soft. Mildness;
civility ; gentleness. Pusillanimity. Easiness to be af-
fected.
SO'HAM, or Soham-momks, a town of Cambridgeshire,
which has a market on Saturday. It is seated on a fen of the
same name, near Soham Meer, which takes up 1000 acres of
land. It is 70 miles N. by E. of London.
SOHO' interj. a form of calling at a distance.
To SOIL, D. a. [silian, Sax. soelen, old Teut. soutller, Fr.]
to make dirty ; to stain ; to pollute ; to sully ; to foul. To
dung; to manure.
SOIL, s. dirt or foulnes. Ground, or earth considered with
respect to its qualities for growth. A country or land. Dung ;
compost ; manure.
SOlSSONS, an antient, large, and considerable city in
the dept. of Aisne. It contains about 12,000 inhabitants,
and is a bishop's see. The environs are beautiful, but the
streets are narrow, and the houses ill-built. It is seated in a
very pleasant and fertile valley, on the river Aisne, 3o miles
W. by N. of Kheims, and 60 N. E. of Paris. Lat. +9. 23. N.
Ion. S. 21. E.
To SO'JOURN, {sojourn) v. n. [sejourner, Fr.J to dwell in
a foreign country for a time.
SO'JOURNER, J. a temporary dweller.
SOL, s. in music, is the fifth note of the gamut. In astro-
nomy, agtrulogy, &c. it is the sun. In chemistry, gold is thus
called, from an opinion that this metal is in a [)articular man-
ner under the influence of the sun. In heraldry, it denotes, Or,
the golden colour in the arras of princes.
SOL, or SOU, s. is a Freiich cohi made up of copper mixed
with a little silver.
To SO'LACE, V. a. [from solatium, Lat.] to comfort, or
make a person li'ss .sensible of calamity. Neuterly, to take
comfort. Obsolete in this last sense.
SO'LACE, J. [solatium, Lat.] comfort; succour; relief;
consolation. Any thing which renders a person less sensible
of calamity.
SOLA'NDER, s. [soulandres, Fr.] a disease in horses.
SO'LAR, or SO'LARY, a. [suluire, Fr. Solaris, from sol, the
gun, Lat.] being of, or belonging to the sun ; measured by the
sun.
SO'LAR-SYSTEM, s. in astronomy, a collective term for
the sun with the planets and comets which revolve round
him.
SOLD, preter. Sell.
SO'LDAN, «. See Sultan.
To SOLDER, t>. a. See Sodeb.
SO'LDlEli, t. [soliJarius, low Lat.] a person who serves
under a commander in an army, originally hired to fight for
pay ; a warrior.
SO'LDIERY s. the body of soldiers.
SOLE, s, [solum, Lat.] the bottom of the foot. Figurativer
ly, the foot. That part of the shoe which rests on tlie ground.
Aflat fish.
To SOLE, V. a. to put a new sole on a shoe.
SOLE, a. [solus, Lat.] single ; only. In law, not married,
SO'LECISM, f. [solaikismos, from .50/01, the na.ne of a peo-
ple who spoke very bad Greek, Gr.] an impropriety in lan-
guage by the mis.ipplication of words. SvNON. A barbarism
may be in one word; a solecism must be of more.
SO'LELY, ad. singly ; only.
SO'LE.MN, {toleni)a. [solemnis, Lat.] grave; awful; per-
formed with reverence and pravily.
SOLE'MNITY, or SO'LEJINE§S, 3. [solemniti, Fr.] a
religious, grave, or awful ceremony or procession. Gravity.
Awful grandeur. Affected gravity.
SOLEMNIZA'TION, s. the act of celebrating.
To SO'LEMNIZE, v. a. [sokmnitsr, Fr.J to perform the
ceremonies of any particular rite. To celebrate.
SO'LEMNLY, ad. with formal gravity ; with religious se-
riousness.
SOLE'URE, a canton of Switzerland, bounded on the N.
by the canton and bishopric of Basle or Bazle ; on the E. and
S. by the canton of Berne ; anil on the W. by the same, and
the territories of the bishopric of Basle. It is 35 miles in length
from N. to S. 25 in breadth from E. to W. and contains 12
bailiwicks. The inhabitants are Roman Catholics, and the
country abounds in all the necessaries of life.
SOL-FA-ING, in music, the naming and pronouncing of
the several notes of a song, by the syllables sol, J'u, la, &c. ill
learning to sing it. It is now in disuse, as a perplexing mode
of learning.
To SOLICIT, V. a. [solicito, Lat.] to ask with great impor-
tunity. To excite. To attempt or try to obtain. To implore.
To disturb, or disquiet.
SOLICITATION, s. importunity ; invitation ; excite-
ment.
SOLI'CITOR, s. a petitioner for another. In law, a per-
son who does in Chancery the busiiiesj which is done by at-
tornies in other courts. Solicitor general is a great oflScer of
the law, next to the Attorney General, and holds his office by
patent ; has the management of the king's affairs, and has fees
for pleading, besides otliers arising by patents, &c.
SOLI'CrrOUS, a. [soltcHus, Lat.] anxious, careful, or con-
cerned; used with about ; and sometimes with for or of be-
fore the thing which causes anxiety ; but for is most proper
before something which is to be obtained.
SOLI'CITOU.SLY, ad. anxiously ; carefully.
SOLI'CITUDE, s. [xoli^■itudo, from solicito, to disquiet,
Lat,] anxiety ; trouble.
SU'LID, a. [soltde, Fr. solidus, Lat.] firm ; having its parts
so closely coiniecteil, as not to slip or give way on pressure,
opposed to fluid. Compact, or full of matter, opposed to hol-
low. Strong, opposed to weak. Real or true, opposed to
fallacious. Gross, opposed to light. Solids, m anatomy, &c.
denote the contingent parts of the human body ; being a con-
geries of pipes or vessels, which contain a liquor.
SU'LID s. a thing whose parts will not give way to any
slight impression. In geometry, the third species of magnitude,
containing length, bre.idth and depth.
SOLI'DITY, or SO'LIDNESS, t. [solidile, Fr. solidilas,
from solidus, solid, Lat.] a property of matter whereby it ex-
cludes other bodies from the place which it possesses itself.
Firmness; density; hardness; compactness. Truth;
certainty.
SOL I'LOQUY, *. [from solus, alone, and /oyiior, to speak,
Lat.] a discourse held in solitude, or by a person who utters
his thoughts in words, though no one is prekiiit.
SOLITAIRE,*. [si,litaii-e, Fr.] a recluse or hermit. An
ornament lor the neck.
SO'LITARILY, ad. with loneliness; without company.
SOLITARY, a. [solitaire, Fr. solitarius, from I lus, alone,
Lat.J living alone. Remote from company ; retired. Single.
Gloomy ; dismal.
SO'LITUDE, s. [Fr. solitudo, from solus, alone, Lat.] the
state of a per.son who Is at a distance from company. A place
remote from company, or any popidous city.
SO'LLAR, s. [solarium, low Lat.] a garret.
SO'LO, «• [Ital.] a tune sung by a single person, or played
by a single instrument.
SOLO.MON'S SEAL, s. a species of bellwort with white
funnel-shaped blossoms, and alternate leaves embr.icing the
stem. The sweet smelling Solomon's seal is found in fissureH
of rocks in Yorkshire, flowering in May and .June.
SO'LSTICE, s. [solstice, Fr. tolstilium, from sol, the sim,
and ito, to stand, Lat.] in astronomy, is lh:it time, when the
gun is at his greatest distance from the iquator ; thus called,
because he then appears to stand still, and not to change hi*
SOM
SOR
dislniice from the equator for sonic time. The Suhtices mc two
in each year; one in tlie summer, ami the other in the winter.
Ilie summer Sohtict; is when the sun seems to describe the
tropic of Cancer, which is on June 21, when he makes llie
longest (lay ; the winter Solstice iswhen llic sun enters tlic
first degree, or seems to describe tlie tropic of Capricorn,
whicli is on December 21, when he makes the shortest
dav..
Solstitial, {soUtiMai) a. \sohticiai, Fr.j belonging
to tlie solstice ; happening at the solstice.
SOLUBLE, a. [suliMis, from suhn, to tlissolve, Lat.]
capable of having its parts separated or dissolved.
SOLUBI'LITY, s, capable of bein;^ separated or
dissolved.
To SOLVE, V. a. \toho, Lat.] to clear or explain any thing
ditticult.
SOLVENCY, f. ability to pay.
SOLVENT, a. [from solvo, to dissolve or pay, Lat. J hav-
ing the power to cause diesolution. Able to pay debts
contracted.
SOLU'TION, (solushon) s. [Fr. tolutio, from soh'o, to
dissolve, Lat.] the act of explaining any thing ditiicidt. The
act of separating or dissolving. Any thing whose parts are
separated or dissolved.
SOLYIIULL, a small town in Warwickshire, 6 miles W.
of Coventry, and 107 N. W. of London. Market, tlisused.
SOMATO'LOGY, s. [from soma, a body, and logos, a
d iscowsp, Gr.j the doctrine of bodies.
SOME, (the o in this w*ird and its derivatives is pron.
short) a. {saam, Belg.J is used in composition after adjec-
tives, and implies quality or property of any thing.
SOME, a. [i(iTO,Sax. and Dan. «"»),Teut. sumo, Goth.] more
or less, useil indeterm.'nately. Certain persons. One, or
any.
SO'MEBODY, s. a person. A person of dignity.
SO'.MEHOW, ad. one way or another ; 1 know not
how.
SO'MERSAULT, or SOMERSET, s. [sommer, a beam,
and sault, Fr. a leap. Somerset is only a corruption] a leap
by which a person flings himself from or over a beam, and
turns over his head at the same lime.
SOMERSETSHIRE, a county of England, bounded on
the N. VV. by the Bristol Channel ; on the N. by Glouces-
tershire, from which it is divided by the Avon; on the E.
by Wiltshire, on the S. E. by Dorsetshire, and on the S. W.
by Devonshire. Its length, from N. E. to S. W. is about 65
miles, and its breadth from E, to W. between 30 and 40.
It is divided into 40 hundreds, which contain 3 cities, 33
market-towns, 482 parishes, about 56,000 houses,and 300,000
inhabitants. The air, in the lower grounds, is universally
mild, and generally wholesome. The principal rivers are
llie Parret, Ivel, Chew, Axe, Thone, Brent, Exe, Frome,
and Avon. The Mendip hills afford abundance of coal and
minerals ; and Chedder is celebrated for its cheeses. The
best goose feathers for oeds corae from the Somerset marshes;
the unfeeling inhabitants, however, often pluck the poor
birds while yet living. Red and yellow ochre are found
here, and cyder is a common product of this county ; it has
also a considerable share in the manufacture of tine cloths,
druggets, shalloons, knit stockings, &c.
SOMERTON, a town of Somersetshire, formerly a con-
siderable place, from which the county took its name. It
i»,at present pretty large, and the market considerable for
corn, provision, sheep, and cattle. It is 13 miles S. of Wells,
and 123 W. by S. of London. Market on Tuesday.
SOMETHING, s. [sumtliin^, Sax.] more than nothing.
A part. More or less. Adverbially, in some degree.
SOMETIME, arf. formerly ; once. At some period.
SOMETIMES, arf. now ami then; at particular times.
SO'MEWHAT, ad. in some degree. Substantively,
something ; a part greater or less.
SO'M EWHERE, ad. in some place or other.
SOMNA'MBULI, s. |Lat.] persons who walk in their
Jcen.
5K
SOMNI'FERGUS, a. [from sommi*, sleep, and fero, (o
bring, Lat. I causing sleep ; soporific; narcotic.
SOMNOLENCY, t. [from somnus, sleep, Lat.] sleepi-
ness.
SON, {s'lin) s. [sima. Sax. tohn, Teut. ton, Swed. Itiie, Belg.J
a niyle child. A native.
SO'.\-IN-LAW, s. a man married to one's daughter.
SONATA, s. [Ital.j a tunc iiilcnde<l to lie performed by
instruments only, and in which, as in the cantata, the com-
poser docs not confine himself 10 any general rides of coud-
terpoinr, but gives a more free scope to his genius.
SON(i, *. [from ^cjiwi^cn, Sax.J any words set to music.
A poem, llie notes ot birds. I'oetry. An eld tong, is
proverbial for a trifle.
SONGSTER, i. a singer.
SO'NNET, f. [ionne/, Fr.j a poem contained in fourteen
verses, having two stanzas of four verses, and two of three
verses each, the eight first being all in two rhymes, and the
last containing something strikingly beautiful. It is
supposed to be invented by Petrarch. Also, a small
poem.
SONORI'FIC, a. [from snmrus, sounding and facio, to
make, Lat.] giving or producing sound.
SO NOROL'S, a. [sonoie, Fr. soniims, from tonus, a sound,
Lat.] loud sounding ; roaring ; noisy ; r.::ignificent of
sound.
SO'NOROUSNESS,.j. the quality of giving sound.
SOON, lid. [sona. Sax. Sims, Goth, saen, Belg.J shortly
after any assigned time. Early, opposed to late, ileadily.
As soon as, at the very time or instant.
SOOT, {suf)s.[sot, Sax. soet, Isl. satt, Belg.] smoke fixed
and detained in a cliimiiev.
SOOTH, .?. [soth, Sax.] truth ; reality. Obsolete.
To SOOTH, or SOOTHE, v. a. [sfsothian, Sax.j to flat-
ter; to please with blandishments. To soften ; to mollify ;
to calm ; toasswage ; to alleviate. To gratify ; to please.
To SOOTHSAY, i'. n. (see Sooth, the noiin) to foretell ;
to predict.
SOOTHSAYER, t. one who foretells future events; a
predicfer; a progiioslicator.
SOOTINESS, s. the quality of being sooty.
SOOTY, a. consisting ofl or daubed with, soot ; produ-
cing soot. Black ; dark ; dusky.
SOP, J. [son, Sax. sopa. Span, toppe, Belg.] bread steeped
in liquor or dripping.
SOPH, (i<y') i. a young student who has been two years at
the utiis'ersity.
SOPHI, (suji) s. [Pers.J the emperor, of Persia, implying
wise, sage ; a philosopher.
SO PHISM, (siifism) s. [sophistmis, Lat. from snp/iia, wis-
dom, Gr.J an argument which carries the appearance of
truth, but leads a person into error ; sophistry.
SOPHISTER, s. \sopliiste, Fr. sophiiie, Lat. from snphia,
wisdom, Gr.] a disputant fallaciously subtle; an artful but
insidious logician.
SOPHISTICAL, (soristllial) a. partaking of the nature
of sophism ; fallaciously subtle; logically deceitful.
To SOPHI'STICATE, {sn/htiltate) v. a^\soplnsti<juer, Ft.]
to corrupt oradulterate.
SOPHISTRY, (i6/!ji^)-j/') f. fallacious ratiocination.
SOPORIFIC, or SOPOKl'FEROUS, a. [from sopor,
sleep, or facio, to make, fero, to bring, Lat.J in medicine,
capable of procuring sleep.
SOPOROUS, SLEEPY, or DROWSY DISEASES, are
the coma, lethargy, and cams.
SORCERER,^. Isoicier, Fr.] a conjurer; a magician;
an enchanter.
SO'RCERESS, s. a female magician ; an enchanti-ess.
SORCERY, s. magic ; enchantment ; witchcraft ; eon- .
juration ; charms.
SORD, s. [from stfard\ turf ; grassy ground.
SORDES,*. [Lat.] foulness; dregs.
SORDET, or SORDINE, *. [lourdin*, Fr. toraina, Itat]
801
sou
ROU
a small pipe put into the mouth of a trumpet, to make it
sound lower or siirillcr.
SORDID, a. Isorduliis. from sordfs, filth, Lat.J foul;
press ; filthy ; airty. ., Mean ; base ; vile ; covetous ;
iiit'S'iiriliy.
SO'RDIDNESS, «. meanness ; uastincss.
SORE, J. [sin; Sax. sanr, Dan. J a place wnicli is tender,
painful, and lias the skin otl"; an ulcer. A fiillowdeer four
years old. " The buck is called the first year a fuvn ; the
^ecoud, a nrichet ; the third, a sorcl ; and the fourth a sore."
S/iaL
SORE, a. painful when touched. Easily vexed. Afflic-
tively vehement.
SORE, nd, [soer, Belg.J with painful vehemence, with
great reluctance or afflictive violence.
.SO'REL, s. a male fallow-deer three years old. Also a
salail herb ; and a colour amon^r horses.
SO'RELY, ad. with a great detjree of pain or distress.
With vehemence dangerous or afFiictive,
SO'RIONESS, s. tenderness of a hurt.
SORITES, s. [Gr.J properly an heap. In logic, it is a
species of reasoning, in \\hich a great number of piopo-
silions are linked together.
SO'RRAGE, s. the blades of green wheat or bariey.
SO'RRANCE, «. amoni; farriers, any disease in horses.
.SORREL, i. Isurel, Ft.] a species of dock.
SORRILY, «d. meanly ; wretchedly ; despicably.
SO'RR-OW, {s!'ituj s. \sorg, Dan.J uneasiness or srief
arising from some good lost. Sadness.
To SORROW, (lorn")) v.ii. [snrgian, Sax. saurian, Goth. |
to gne\e or be afflicted for the loss of some good. Sy non.
We are iorj-u for the misfortunes of another ; we rejoref his
absence. Ihe former is the efiect of pity; the other of
attachment. Grief occasions our sorrow ; repentance ex-
cites our regret.
SOT.ROWFUL, (sirrd/id) a, grieving for some good past ;
n:ournfii! ; sad.
SO'RRY, a. |j.aW^, Sax.J grieved for sometliing past. Vile,
mean, paltry, wortliless, vexatious, from sam; filth, Isl.
SORT, s [sorte, Fr.Ja kind, species, or class. A rank or
degree. A degree of any qualify.
To SORT, t). a. [from svrtior, to draw lots, Lat.J to sepa-
rate into distinct species, cla'sses, ranks, or orders. To con-
join or put together, followed by u-ith. To reduce to order
from a state of confusion. To choose ; to cull ; to select.
Neuterly, to be joined with others of the same species, fol-
lowed by uith. To terniiirate, fromwrtfc, Fr.
SORTILEGE, s. [Fr. from sors, a lot, and hs:o, to choose,
Lai. J a species ofdivnration performed by sortes or lots.
SO'RTMENT, s. the act of sei.avating into distinct kinds
or species, or of producing from state of disorder into one
of order. A parcel sorttd or distributed.
To SOSS, V. n. to sit lazily, or fall at once in a chair.
SOT, s. [sot. Sax. Fr. and Bvlg. | a stupid person ; a block-
head ; a dolt. A person stupifit^l by drinking.
SOTTISH, a. dull ; stupid ; senseless.
SOTEREIGN, {soi-enn) a. [suiiccrnin, Fr.] supreme, or
having no superior in power. Supreihcly efficacirius.
SOVEREIGN, (suvtreii) s. a supreme ruler.
SO'VEREIGNTY, (suvercnty) s. [sonvei-aineie, Fr.J supre-
macy ; liif/hest place, power, or excellence.
SOLKiH, (su/)s. [from sous, Fr.la drain under ground.
.SOUGHT, <iaii<) the preter. and part. pass. ofSsKK.
SOUL, (sul) s. [saucJ, Sax. satl, Dan. .«»«/, Isl. «W, Belg.]
the immaterial suhstaiicewhich animates our bodies. Various
have been the opinions ofmanconceriiiiig the substance of
(he Imniansoul. The Epicureans thought it a subtile air, com-
posed of atoms or primitive corpuscles. The Stoics main-
tained it was a flame, or portion of heavenly light. Tlio Car-
tesians made thinking the essence of the soul. Ofhers hold
that rnan is endowed with three kinds of soul, viz. the ration-
al, which is purely spiritual, and infused by the immediate in-
spiration of God ; the irrational.'orsensitivevvliicli bring com-
mon to man and brut<'s, is supposed to be formed of the cic-
mentsjand the vegetative soul, or principle ofgrowtli and nu-
trition, as Ihe first is of Understanding, and the second of
animal life. A vital and active principle. Spirit or
essence. Inward power. A person. Spirit ; fire ; grau-
deurofmind.
SOUND, a. [stmd, Sax.] hc!\lthy ; not morbid ; not hurt ;
hearty. Right, applied to knowledge. Stout, strong. Fast
or profound, applied to sleep.
SOUND, s. [fmid, Sax.] a shallow sea which may be
sounded. A probe used by surgeons to examine what is out
of the reach of their fingers. A perception raised in the soul
by means of air put into motion, and vibrating on the drum
of the ear, from sou, Fr. or sonus, Lat. The cuttlefish.
SOUND, a strait between Sweden and Denmark, through
which ships usually sail from the Ocean intt. the Baltic sea.
It is about 4 miles broad, and here the Danes take toll of all
merchant ships that pass into the Baltic.
ToSOUND,r. a. to search with a plummet. To try or
examine. To cause to make a noise ; to play on. To be-
token or direct by a sound. To celebrate by sound. Neil-
terly, to make a noise. To excite an idea by likeness of
sound. To try with the sounding line.
SOU'NDLY, «r/. heartilv ; righilv. Fast, applied to sleep.
SOUNDNESS, s. health ; truth; solidity ; strength.
SOUP, {soop) s. [soiipe, Fr.l a strong decoction of fleih.
SOUR, n. \sur, Brit, and Sax.] acid ; sharp to the taste ;
austere; pungent. Peevish, or crabbed of temper; morose;
severe. Painful or disagreeable. Expressive of dislike,
applied to the countenance. Substantively, an acid sub-
stance.
To SOUR, ». ff. to make sharp to the taste. To make
harsh. To make \iiieasy, or less pleasing. Ncnterly, to
turn so as to taste sharp. Ti> grow peevish.
SOURCE, (sS)-^f) J. [ioi/cff, Fr.] a spring. An 'original;
first cause. A first producer.
SOU'RDET, s. [from somd, Fr.] the little pipe of a
trumpet.
SOURNESS, «. acidity; austercness of taste or temper.
SOUSE, i. [,mH/c, salt, Belg] pickle made of salt. Any
thing parboiled and kept in salt. Pickle.
To SOUSE, V. a. to parboil and preserve in salt pickle.
To throw into the water, 'i'o strike with sudden violence.
Neuterlv, to dart like a bird on itsprev.
^ SOUTCHEOU, a city of the first rank, in the province of
Kiangnan, in China, beautifully and agreeably situated on
a river which communicates with the lake Tai. It is ex-
tolled by the Chinese as an earthly paradise, for the de.
lightfuliiess of the adjacent country, iVc. The brocades
and embroidery made here are highly esteemed.
SOUTH, n. meridional ; southern.
SOUTH, s. \std/i. Sax. suyd, Belg. sud, Fr.] that point of
the heavens diametrically opposite to the north. Tlie wind
which blows from the south. Adverbially, towards or
from the south. South-east is the point between the E.
and S.
SOUTH AL, a town of Middlesex, with a market on Wed-
nesday. It isfii miles from London.
SOUTH A iM, a town. of Warwickshire, with a market on
Monday. It is seateif in a«fcrtile soil, and has a considera-
ble market tor cattle. It is 8 miles S. K. of Warwick, and
«3N. W. of London.-,
SOUTHA'MPTO.N, a large and handsome town of
Hampshire, pleasantly situated on a fine inlet of the sea,
called Trissanton Bay, or Southampton Water. 'I'his inlet
is navigable almost to the head for vessels of considerable
burden ; and the -two pri'iicipal rivers that flow into it (the
Itohen and the Test or Tese) admit .small crafts some way
up the country. The town is situated between these two
rivers. It was formerly a port of great commerce, and
still possesses a trade in French and Port wines ; having a
f articular connect ion,.morcover, with Guernsey and Jersey.
I is a fashionable place of resort for sen-bathing; and it
was on this boach that the Danish king Canute gave that
striking reproof to his flattering courtiers; when the
SPA
SPA
disobedient tide washed liis.feet. Two miles from this town
is Woodmiils, where tiiere is a very curious nKinnfixlory of
sliip-bhicks. Soiitlianipton is 12 miles S. of Wineiiester,
ami 73 W. S. W. of l.umlon. Markets on Tuesday, Thurs-
dav. and Saturday.
SDUTIIEllLY, «. Ijiug towards the south; not abso-
lutely southern.
SOUTHERN, rt. lying towards the south ; coming from
the south ; bolony;iii<{ to the south.
SOUTHERNWOOD, s. ia botany, the artcmisia of Lin-
nxus. There are four British species. The common worm-
wood is a species of it.
SOUTHING, *. in astronomy, applied 1o the moon,
stars, or planets, when they are in the meddian, or due
south.
SOUTHWARD, ad. towards the south. Used substan-
tively, for the southern re;;ions ; as, " Countries arc more
fruitful to the soiUlncmd." Ilnlris;/!,
SOUTHWARK, a town of Surry, which may be consi-
dered as part of the metropolis, being sealed on the opposite
side of the Thames, ami uiuler the jurisdiction of tlie lord
mayor, who is its bailirt", with a steward and deputy bailitf
under him. It is also one of the city wards, named Bridge
Ward Without, and an aklorman is chosen to govern it. It
is called the linrim^h by way of distinction, and is a large
and populous place, participating considerably in the com-
merce of Lonvlon. The bishop of Winchester liad formerly
a palace here, with a park; when tiiere were IS brothels
alon^thc BanUsjde, licensed by that prelate, under certain
regulations contirmed by parliament. The prostitutes kept
here were coinmoidy called WincliesUt- s-eesc. It is divided
into two parts, the Borough Liberty, governed by the lord
mayor; and the Clink, or Manor of Soulliwark, under the
jurisdiction of the bishop of Winchester, who, by his stew-
ard, keeps a coiut-leet and a court of record on the Bank-
side. A court of conscience is established here, as well as
ill London. Soulliwark contains (i parishes, a new Romisii
chapel, many places of worship for the Dissenters of various
denominations ; several charitable foundations, particularly
those two noble endowments, St. Thomas's Hospital, 'and
Guy's Hospital ; together with the Magdalen Hospital ; the
Asylum for female orphans ; the Freemason's School, a
lately erected building, for the same purpose ; the Philan-
thropic Reform, Ac. Beside the King's Bench and
Marshalsea prisons, and the county Bri<lewcll, a new
county-gaol, with a session house adjoining, has been lately
built.'
SOU'THWELL, an aniienf town of Nottinghamshire,
10 miles i\. E. of Nottingham, and 139 N. W. by N. of Lon-
don. Mark'et on Saturday.
SOUTH\VEST,.i.tlie point between the S. and W.
SOUTHWOLD, a seaport of SuHolk, is seated on a
pleasapt clifl", near a tine bay, and has a hari)our to the S.
with the river BK the, and a drawbridge on llie west. Here
a much-esteemed salt is made, and it has an exportation
ofcorn. It is almost surnuuiiled by water, especially at
every high tide. It is commonly called Sow i.i; or So i,E,
and its bay is named Soi.KBAY. Soulhwold is '20 miles
S. of Yarmouth, and 104 S. E. of London. Market on
Tliursilay.
SOW, (ilie 010 is pron. as in iiou)s.\i female pig or hog.
An oblong niuss, applied to lead.
To SOW, (it) V. «. part. pass, sown ; Isnirau, Sax.] to
scatter seed <m tiic ground for growth. Figuratively, to
spread or propagate. To besprinkle.
ToSOWCE, V. a. see Sousi;,
SpWF.Il, s. ascatterer of seed ; a promoter; a breeder.
To SOWI., f. a. to'pull bv the cars.
SOWN, isim) participle of Sow.
SO'WTHlSTi^E, *. in botany, the sonchus of Linnasns.
Tiiere are four British species, viz. the marsh, iield, com-
mon, and blue, sowthistle. The blossoms of the three first
species are yellow.
SPA, a town of Germany in the circle of Westphalia. It
contains ahnutOOO houses, aud is famous for iU mineral wa-
ters known all over Europe. It is 17 miles S. E. of Liege.
Lon. 5. 60. E. lat. 60. 3a. N.
SPACE, s. {spaiium, Lat.] ihe distance between any two
bodies or points. Quantity, applied to time.
Sl'A'CIOUS, {spasliiotis) a. [^siiucieux, Ft. spatiostu, Lat.l
wide; containiima great deal of room or space.
SPA'CIOUSNESS, «. roominess ; wide extension.
SPADE, i. [spad, Sax. spade, Isl. and Belg.J a broati
shovel used in digging. A deer thr.ec years old. In cards,
wherein the four suits represent the four stales in a kingdom,
the nobility were represented by the ends of lances or spikes.
The Spaniards, however, represent them by the espudus,
i. e. swords instead of spikes, and our ignorance of the de-
sign of the inventor, as well as of the Spanish language, has
occasioned our representing the points of this suit broader,
and calling ihcm by the name a( spades.
SPADILLE, s. fFr.] at ombre and quadrille, the ace of
spades.
SPA'GYRIST, s. [coined by Paracelsus, from spa/ier, a
searcher, Teut.] a chymist. Ad.jcctively, chymical.
SPAIN, a considerable kingdom of Europe, bounded on
the N. by the Bay of Biscay ; on iheN. E. by llie Pyrcneaii
mountains, which separate it from France ; and on llie E. S.
and S. E. by the Mediterranean, and the Straits of Gibral-
tar ; on the S. W. by the Atlantic ; and on the W. by Por-
tugal aud the Atlantic. It isabout 700 miles in Icnglli, and
500 in breadth. It contains the provinces of Old and New
Castile, Andalusia, Arragon, Estraniadura, Galicia, Leon,
Catalonia, Granada, Valeucia, Biscay, the Astnrias, Murcia,
and Upper Navarre ; some of which have been separate
kingdoms. Theair of Spainis dry and serene, except dur-
ing the equinoctial rains, but excessively hot in the southern
provinces, in summer. Tin; vast mountains, however, that
run through Spain, are very beneficial lo the inhabitants, by
the refreshing breezes that come from them in the southern-
most parts, though those in the N. and N. E. are in the winter
extremely cold. The soil is verv fertile ; but there are large
tracts of uncultivated ground. The produce of the country
is fine wheat, barley, saffron, exquisite honey, silk, salt-
petre, salt, barillas, (a species of pot-ash) and even sugar-
canes. It produces the richest and most delicious fruits that
are to be found in France and Italy ; oranges, lemons, prunes,
citrons, almonds, .raisins, figs, dates, pomegranates, olives,
&c. Their wines are deservedly in high esteem. Wolves
are the chief beasts of prey that infest Spain. The wild
bulls, which are caught in Andalusia, have so much ferocity,
that their bull fights were formerly the most magnificent
spectacle the court of Spain could exhibit; this barbarous
amusement, however, is now, in part, exploded. Theirdo-
mestic animals are horses that are remarkably swift, mules,
horned cattle, (which are but few,) sheep, &c. The wool ot
the latter is superior to any in Europe ; the best is that of
Old Castile. In Biscay, there are little hogs, which the la-,
dies are so fond of, that they carry them about like lapdogs.
Spain abounds in minerals and metals, cornelian, agate, ja-
cinth, loadstones, turquois-stones, quieksilver, copper, lead,
sulphur, alum, calamine, crystal, marbles of several kinds,
porphyry, the finest jasper ; aud even diamonds, emeralds,
and amethysts are found here. Antienlly it was celebrated
for gold and silver mines, but since the discovery of Ame-
rica at least, no attention has been paid to them. The prin-
cipal rivers are the Douro, Tajo, Guadiana, Guadalquiver,
Ebro, GuaUhdaviar, and Segura. Spain, v hich in the times
of the Goths and Moors, contained between 20 and 30 rail-
lions of people, is now but thinly inhabited ; to which various
causes have contributed, as, the expulsion of the Moors, the
emigrations to the colonics, the vast nun)!)ers and celibacy
of the clergy, and the indolence of the natives. It is is sup-
posed to coiUain, at present, about 7,500,000 inhabitauts.
Tlie greatest part of Ihe necessary artisans are French, as
the natives disdain lo stoop to handicraft trades. The per-
sons of the Spaniards in general are tall, their complexions
!v;arthyj and their countenances expressive. The women
SPA
arc ainall and slender, and, in general, possess little of that
beauty which reig;ns in theirnovelsand romances. The es-
tablished religion of Sp:iiii is popery, and here the iiiqnisi-
tion (first conim-cnted in 1477; once rcijined in all its hor-
rors. Spain has 44 episcopal sees, and '24 universities. It
«as once the most free, hut is now one of the most despotic
kingdoms in Europe. They had once their cortes, or par-
liaments, which had great privileges ; but though not abso-
lutely abolished, they have little or no part in the govern-
ment. Besides the king's territories in Europe, he possesses
the best part of America, and is master of nianv rich islands
in the South Seas; and particularly the Philippines, from
whence they import the rich merchandises of the East in-
dies. He also possesses several places in Africa, particu-
larly Ceuta and Oran. The heir to the crown is always
called Prince of Asturias. Madrid is the capital. — k sur-
prising revolution, liowever, has lately taken place in this
country, eflected by the.interference of the French iMnperor.
vho has placed his brother Joseph Buonaparte on the throne
of the antient royal family ofSpain. For an account of the
events of the war occasioned by this usurpation, the reader is
desired to consult the chronology at the end of tliis work,
from the year 1807.
SPALDING, a neat populous town of Holland, in Lin-
colnshire, chiefly surromided by gardeners' grounds. From
its neatness, and the canals in the streets, it resembles a
Dutch town, and vessels of .50 or 00 tons, carrying coals,
corn. Ax. come up here with the tide. IVluch hemp and
flax is grown in the neighbourhood. It is seated on the
river Welland, 20 miles N. bv E. by Polerborough, and V4
N. of London. Market on Tuesday. See Holland.
SPALT, or SPELT, s. a white, scaly, shining stone, fre-
quently used to promote the fusion of metals.
SPAN, s. [span, Sax. and 15clg. smnna, Ital.] the space
measured from the end of the thumb to that of the little
finger extended ; nine inches. Any short duration.
To SPAN, f. 0.- to measure by the hand extended.
SPAN, preter. of Spin.
SPANG, s. [spangc, Belg.J a cluster of shining bodies.
SPA'NGLE, {spangl)s.[span^e,a buckle, a locket. Tent.]
a small thin plate or boss of^shining metal. Any thing spark-
ling or shining.
To SPA'NCiLE, (^spangl) V. a. to besprinkle \\ith span-
gles.
SPA'NIEL, s. [e.ipa^neul, Fr.] a dog used for sport in the
field or in water, remarkable for its sagacity and tractable-
ness. Figuratively, a servile person.
SPA;NISH flies, s. See CANTnARinF.s.
SPA'NNEI', s. the lock of a fusee or carabine.
SP.AR, s. in natural history, is a class of fossils, not in-
Jammable nor soluble in water ; when pure, pellucid and
colourless, emulating the appearance of crystal, but waiit-
Ji)g its distinguished characlers ; composed of plane and
equable plates, not flexible nor elastic ; not giving fire with
steel ; readily calcining in a smalt fire, and fermenting vio-
lently with acids, and wholly soluble in them. A small
beam, or bar of a gate.
To SPAR, r. ff. \sparran. Sax. J to shut close or bar. Neu-
f erly, to fight so as to ward of! blows.
SPARABLES, s. [from sparrun, to fasten. Sax.] small
nails.
SPA'RAOU.S, J. ^aspnrepiis, Lat. | a plant with yellowish
green blossoms and icd berries. It is also called sperage.
To SPARE, t. a. \xparan. Sax. spnrmi, 15elg.] to use in a
fruj;a! manner so as to avoid waste and profusion. To save
from any particular use. Todowilhout. 'I'o omit ; to for-
bear. To remit a degree of putiisliment ; to shew mercy.
To prant or allow. To forbear to impose on. Ncuterly,
to live frugally. To forbear. To foigive.
.•^PARE, (I. scanty. Superfluous. 'Thin of flesh.
SPA'IJEPvIHS, I. ribs cut aviay from the body, and hav-
ing on them spare or little flesh ; as a sparcrib of pork.
SPARGEFA'CTION, #, [from spargo, Lat.] the act of
fprinklnig.
804
SPE
SPA'RING, c. scarce. Parsimonions; not liberal.
SPARK, J. [j/)fa)T«, Sax. tparhe, lielg.] a small particle
of fire, or shining substance. A lively, showy, and gay per-
son ; a lover.
SP.X'IllvlSII, a. airy ; showy ; fine. A low word.
SPA'RKLE, («;)«)•*/) i. a small particle of fire. A parti-
cle of light emitted from a shining or hiuiinous body.
To SPA'RKLE, (s^aiA/) f. 7j. to emit sjjurks of light or
fire. To shine or glider.
SPA'JIROW, s. [spearwa, Sax.] the name of a genus of
birds.' The house sparrow is very common in this country.
There are also the lurl^c sparrow and the twrf sparrow.
SPA'RROWIIAWK, 1. the female of the musket-hawk.
SPAS.M, s. [spnsmii, from */mo, to draw, (ir. spastue, Fr.j a
convulsive or involuuhiiy contraction of any part.
SPASMODIC, n. \spa.tmmlirjue, Fr.] convulsive.
SPAT, preter. ofSi'lT.
.SPAT,*, the spawn c>f shell fish.
To SPA'TIATE, (i/)fl.v/(in^f) f. t!.[spatior, Lat.] to rove;
fo range ; to ramble. Not used.
To SPA'TTEU, V. a. [fpnttim. .*Sax.] to besprinkle with
dirt or any thing ofiensive. To defame. Neuterly, to
make a noise in spitting, as when any thing nauseous is re-
ceived at the mouth.
SPAITERDASHES, f. coverings for the legs to keep
out wet, and buttoned at the sides.
SPA"rULA, i. [spiithuh, Lat.] an instrument used by
apothecaries in spreading plaisters and stirring medicines.
A spattle or slice.
SPA'VIN, s. \spavano, Ital.] a bony excrescence grow ing
on the inside of a horse's hough, not far from the elbow,
which is first as tender as gristle, but grows hard by
degrees.
To SPAWL, V. n. \sperthan, Sax.J to throw moisture out of
the mouth ; to spit.
SPAWL, s. [tprul, Sax.] spittle or moisture thrown out
of the inoutli.
SPAWN, s. [spene, or spmne, Belg.l the eggs of fish or
frogs. Used in contempt for any oflspring.
To SPAWN, V. a. to produce as fishes do their eggs. To
bring forth. Ncuterly, to issue like eggs from fish. Used
in contempt, to issue.
To SPA V, V. rt. [from spnrlo, a gelding, Lat.] to castrate,
or render a female beast unfit for procreation.
To SPl'IAK, {sprelt)v.B. (ireter. spake, or spoke, part, pass,
tpoken ; [spccan. Sax.] to utter or express one's thoughts by
articulate sounds or words. To defend or accuse, used
with ybr or against. To harangue. To give sound, applied
to wind instruments. Followed by villi, to address, or con-
verse with. Actively, to utter by the voice ; to pronounc*. ■
To proclaim or celebrate. To address or accost.
SPE'.\KER, (tpeiker) s. one who speaks. Speaker of tlie
Houte (if Commons, is a member 'chosen by the house, and
approved by the king; and who is, as it were, the common
moiithof the rest. Speakei- oj the House of Peers, is usually
the Lord Chancellor, or Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of
England.
SPEAR, (tpecr) s. lf])erc, Sax. and Belg.] a long weapon
armed with a sharp point of metal, and used in thrusting or
lancing. A lance with prongs to kill fish.
, SPEARMINT, s. u species of mint.
SPE'A RWORT, s. a species of crowfoot. There art two
kinds, the less and the greater.
SPECIAL, {spcshinl) a. [Fr. speriaUs, from species, a kind,
Lat. I noting a sort or .species. Particular; peculiar. Ex-
traordinary ; uncommon, designed for a particular purpose.
Chief in excellence. In law, it denotes that matter in evi-
dence w liich is alleged specially, or does not come into the
general issue.
SPECl A'LITY, or SPE'CIALT Y, (tpesliinlifv or tpUhia/ty)
t. \tpieiaHte, Fr.] particularity. It is also used in law, for a
bond, bill, or olhcr deed or in.strument, executed under tlie
liami and seal of (he parties tliereto.
SPECIES, (i/iffAiez) f. [Lat.| a wrt; a subdivision ofi
srE
Kf nctal (cini called a gomis ; comnior. iiaturp,or iilea, n^rM-
11);^ to several iiidiviiliial l)ciiij,'s ; ii diiss or single order of
beiiiifs; tliiis, liorsc agrees to Jiitcephalus, Chance, or Votr.
All idcii. Money or eoiii.
SPECIFIC, or SPECIFICAL, «. Ispin/!,,,,,; Fr.] in phi-
losopliy, is that which is peculiar to any tiling, and distiii-
guislies it from all others. In medicine, applied to a remedy
whose virtue and effect is peculiarly adapted to some cer-
tain, disease, inadequate thereto, and exerts its whole force
immediately thereon. Siiicijic (Jravit}/ \il\iat liy which one
body is heavier than anollicr of the sr.ine dimensions, and is
always as the oiiaiitity of matter under that dimension.
SPECIFICALLY, ail. in such a manner as to constitute a
species ; aecordin^jto the nature of the species.
To SPFCrFlC.\TK, v. «. to distinguish hy the properties
which make a Ihin^' (o be of a particular species, or adapted
to a particular iiurpose.
Sl'ECiriCA'TION.i. [siHci/ictttion, Fr.] distinct notation ;
determination by a peculiar mark. A particular men-
tion.
To SPE'CIFV, V. a. [specifier, Fr.] to mention ; to distin-
guish.l)y some particiilar'mark or dinerence.
SPECIMEN, s. [Lat.] a sample ; a pattern; model;
essay; liial; proof.
SPE'CIOUS, {si>hhious)«. \specinsus, from specio, to behold,
Lat.] showy, or pleasing to the view. Plausible, though
not strictly right.
SPECK, »■. [tpecec, Sax.] a stain, spot, or discoloration.
To SPKCK, f. n. to spot; tostain; to blot.
SPECKLE, {spcclil) s. a little spot ; a small speck.
To SPECKLE, {sperkl) 1-. a. to mark with small spots.
SPE'CTACLE, s. [from n/ierto, to behold, Lat.J any thing
tliat attracts the sight by its being remarkable ; a show ; a
gazingstock ; an object of sight. In tlie plural, glasses
worn to assist llie sight, said to have been invented about
the year 1300.
SPECTATOR, *. [from specto, to belicld, Lat- |a looker
on ; a beholder.
SPE'CTRE, (spthter) s. [Fr. spectrum, from specio, to
behold, Lat.] an apparition ; phantom; ghost; vision.
SPE'CULAH, n.\speci(laris, from specio, to behold, Lat.]
Laving the qualities of a mirror or looking-glass.
To SPE'CULATE, v. n. [specular, Fr. from specio,io behold,
Lat.] to meditate ; to contemplate. Actively, to consider
attentively. To revolve or contrive in the mind.
SPECULATION, s. [spicuhition, Fr.J the act ofcontem-
plating any thing in the mind. A train of thoughts formed
in the mind. A scheme formed only in the mind, not re.
duced to practice. Contemplation ; meditation.
SPECULATIVE, «. ' [spiculaiif, Fr.] contemplative.
Theoretical ; ideal ; not practical ; notional.
SPE'CULUM, s. [Lat.J a looking-glass ; a mirror.
SPED, part. pass, of Speed.
SPEECH, *. [space. Sax.] the power of expressing our
tlioughts or ideas by audible words. Words, or language.
Talk. Harangue ; or oration.
SPEECHLESS, a, mute; dttrab; deprived of the power
of speech.
ToSPEED, «•. n. [pret. and part. pass, sped and speeded;
tpoeden, Belg.J to make haste ; to move quick or fast. To
succeed. To grow rich, from tpedian, Sax. To fare well
or ill. Actively, to dispatch or finish in haste. To hasten.
To promote, quicken, or assist. To make prosperous.
SPEED, s. [spoed, Belg.J quickness. Haste ; celerity ;
dispatch. The course or pace of a horse. Success.
SPEE'DILY, ad. with haste ; quick Iv.
SPEE'DWELL, *. the veronica of Linnsus. There are
several British species.
SPEE'DY, a. quick ; nimble ; swift.
SPELL, s. \spel, a word, Sax.] a charm consisting of some
peculiar ivords of occult power. A turn ofwork.
To SPELL, t>. u. preter. and pari. pass, spelled or spelt ;
ftpelkn, Sax.J to write with proper letters. To read by nam-
uig tlie several letters of which a word is composed, and
SPI
sounding every syllable separately. To charm. Kcuterlv.to
form words of letters. To read, 'j'o pronounce the svllalili*
ofa word separately, i)> iianiiiig tlie h'llcrs wiiicli compose
them, without being able to pronounce the whole word at
once.
SPELTER, s. the same gs Zinc ; which see.
'i'o SI'1:ND, f. a. [spritdiiii, Sax. speiidere, Ilal.] to consume
or lay out. To sqiiaiuler. 'I"o expend; to bestow as ex-
pense. To waste, wear out, or exhaust. To jiass ; lo ciu-
jiloy. To fatigue. Neuleily, lo make expense. To be
lost orwastofl. To be employed in any use.
SPE'NDTinUFT, .?. one that is profuse in lii^ expenses ;
a lavislier; a prodigal; k waster.
SPERM, s. [spevma, Lat. speniic, Fr.] the seed.
SPEliM.A(;fyri, .«. ILat. tioin sperma, semen, and Ae/oi, a
whale, Gr. corriiptedly proiioMiiceil parmnxiii^] an oily
substance extracted from the brains of a parlicular species
of whale (called catodaii, having teeth only in the under jaw j
and well purified.
SPEUMA'J'IC, or SPERMATICAL, a. [spn-matie/uc,
Fr. spermii, seed, Gr^ relating to the seed. Seminal.
SPEKMATOCE'LE, i. [from sperma, seed, and hcle, a
tumour, Gr.] in surgery, is a rupture caused bv distention
of the seminal vessels, whereby the semen falls into the
scrotum.
To SPERSE, V. a. [sparsum, from spargo, Lat.] to disperse ;
to scatter. Obsolete.
To SPET, V. a. [from sptt, Scot.J to bring or pour abun-
dantly.
To SPEW, V. a. [spewan. Sax. spcuen, Bclg.] lo eject or
cast from the stomach through the mouth ; to vomit. 'l'igiir:i-
tively, to eject or cast forth, Neuterly, to void at the
mniilh.
To SPHA'CELATE, Ufacehitr) V. a. to aftect with a
gangrene. Neuterlv, tomortilV.
SPHA'CELUS, \ifacelns) s'. [from splmkelus, Gr.] a
gani;reiie ; a mortification.
Sl'IlERE, (sfere) s.[splicre, Fr. sphecra, Lat.] is a solid con-
tained under one uniform round surface, such as would be
formed by a revolution ofa circle about a diameter thereof,
as an axis. In astronomy, it is that concave orb or expanse
which vests our globe, and in which the heavenly bodies
appear to be fixed, and at an equal distance from the eye. An
orbit or circuit of motion or action. Province; the'extent
or compass ofa person's knowledije.
SPHE'RIC, or SPHERICAL, {sfh-ih or sfiril.al) a.
round; globular. Relating to the orbs of the planets.
SPHE'RICS, {tferihs) s. is that part of geometrj- which
treats of the position and mensuration of arches of circles,
described on the surfaces ofa sphere.
SPHE'ROID, s. [from sphnira, a globe, and eidns, form,
Gr.] a solid approacliiiig to the figure ofa sphere, though
notexactiv round, but oblong.
SPHEROI'DICAL, a. having the form ofa spheroid
SPHE'RULE,(i/Vc«/(>) I. [tpliwnda, Lat. | a small globe.
SPHINX, s. [Gr.J a figure of a monster of that name,
famed among the antients, and now mostly used as an
ornament in gardens, terraces, &:c. It is represented with
the head and breast* ofa woman, the wings ofa bird, the
claws of a lion and the rest of the body like a dog or
lion.
SPICE, s. [espicts, Fr.J a vegetable that is fragrant to the
smell, and pungent or hot to the taste, used in seasoning or
sauces. A small quantity.
To SPICE, V. a. to season with spices.
SPI'CEilY, s. commodity of spices ; repository of
spices.
SPI'CEWORT, I. the sweet-smelling flag, or calamus,
found in rivulets and marshes.
SPICK AND SPAN, n. [a proverbial expression, which
seems borrowed from s/iiecata dela spawia, Ital. i. e. snatch-
ed from the hand. Johnson says span new is used by Chau-
cer, and comes from spntman. Sax. to stretch. Span netc, he
adds, is therefore originally used of cloUi new stretclied, or
805
SPI
S PI
stretcheil at the clothiers, ani spic and sp.rm, newly extended
on the spikes or tenters ; and that it is but a low expression]
quite new; just made ; never used.
SPICO'SITY, s. ffrom spica, an ear of corn, Lat.] the
quality of being spiked like ears of corn.
SPICY, a. producing spice ; aromatic.
SPI'DER, s. an animal whilse eyes are placed in clusters
on the back part of its thorax, who spins a web, and preys
on flies.
SPI'GNEL, s. an umbelliferous plant. There are two
British species ; viz. the mountain and common s|)if,'nel.
SFl'GO ?, s. [spijcltei; Belg.J.a pin or peg which is fixed
to a faucet.
SPIKE, s. [spica, Lat. J an ear of corn. A lon^ nail, or
a piece of iron, or wood, sharpened at the top, and resem-
bling an ear of corn. In botany, a composition of flowers
placed alternately on each side of a common simple fruit-
stalk, and not standing upon little fruitstalks ; as in the agri-
mony, great mullein, &c.
To SPIKE, V. a. to fasten with, long nails ; to set with
spikes. In the military, to drive a spike into the touch-
hole of a cannon, and thereby to render it useless.
SPI'KENARD, s. [from spicanardi, Lat.] a sweet-smelling
plant. The. English species is called the great flcabane.
SPI'KESTALK, ^. a long rough receptacle, upon which
the flowers composing a s^)ike are placed.
SPILL, s. [spijlen, Belg. a small shiver of wood, or thin
bar of iron. .\ small quantity of money.
To SPILL, V. a.Jspillan, Sax. spillen, Belg. spilla, Isl.] to
shed or sealter. To destroy or damage; to corrupt. To
throw away. To pour on the grouncl. Neuterly, to be
lavish. To be shed, or lost by being shed.
SPI'LSBY, a town in Lincolnshire, seated on the side
of a hill, 17 miles N. of Boston, (to which a turnpike road
leads from it) and 132 N. by E. of London. Market on
Saturday.
To SPIN, t). a, preter. spun or span, part spun ; \sphmnn.
Sax. spiiinen, Belg.] to form yarn into threads by drawing it
out and twisting it. Figuratively, to protract or draw out.
To draw out into a tedious length. To put into a turning
motion. Neuterly, to exercise the art of spinning. To
stream out into a small thread or current, from spingare, Ital.
To move round like a spindle.
SPI'NACH, or SPINAGE, s. \sj>inaehia, Lat.l a well
known plant, cultivated for the table, and esteemed laxative,
diuretic, and cooling.
SPINAL, «. [from spina, the chine bone of the back,
Lat.l belonging to the back bone.
SPI'NDLE, {spin<U)s. [spiiull or spindel, Sax.] the pin by
which flax is formed or twisted into a thread, and on which
it is wound. Any thing slender, in contempt. A shrub,
called also gatteridge tree.
SPI'NDLESHANKED, a. having very slender legs.
SPINE, i.[j';>m«, Lat.l the back bone.
SPI'NEL, s. a kind of mineral.
SPINET, s. [espinette, Fr.J a musical instrument with keys,
of the same nature as an harpsichord.
SPINI'FEROUS, a. [from spivM, a thorn, and/evo, to bear,
I^atJ bearing thorns.
SPTONER, J. one skilled in spinning. A garden spider
with longiointed legs.
SPINOSISM, s. the doctrine of Spinoza, or Atheism and
Pantheism proposed after his manner, who was born a Jew
at Amsterdam. The chief articles in his system are such as
these : That there is but one substance in nature, and that
this only substance is endued with an infinite variety of at-
tributes, amongst which arc extension and cogitation ; that
all the bodies in the universe are moditicatious of this
stibstance, considered as extended ; and that all the souls
of men are modifications of the same substance, consideied
as cogitative ; that God is a necessary and iniinilely i)er-
fect Beini,', and is the cause of all things that cxi^t, but
not a different Being from tbein ; that there is but one
Deing and one nature, and that tbis nature produces
8Q6
within itself, by an immanent act, all those which we call
creatures ; and that this Being is at the same time both
agent and patient, etlicie'nt cause and subject, but that he
I)rodnces nothing but modifications of himself. Thus is the
Deity made the sole agent as well as patient in all evil, botli
physical and moral ; a doctrine fraught with more impietiet
than all the heathen poets have published concerning their
Jupiter, Venus, Bacchus, A.c.
SPINOUS, or SPI'NY, a. [from rpina, a thorn, Lat.]
thorny ; prickly ; briery. Difficult ; troublesome ; per-
plexed.
SPI'NSTER, J. a woman who spins. In law, a njaid or
virgin, or a young woman unmarried.
SPI'R.'VCLE, {spirakl) s. \'spiracn!nm, from spiro, to breathe,
LatJ a breathing hole or vent. A small aperture.-
SPIRAL, a. [spirals, Fr. from spita, a circle, Lat.] curve ;
winding; circularly involved.
SPI'RALLY, arl. in a spiral form.
SPIRE, t. [spira, Lat. Ital. and Swed.) a curve line ; a
curl or (wist ; a wreath. A round pyramid ; a steeple. The
top or summit. Any thing growing more and more taper
from the bottom to the top.
SPIRE, the ci-devant bishopric of, a territory of Ger-
many, in the circle of the Upper Rhine, 30 miles in length,
and 30 in breadth where broadest, and divi((ed into two
parts by the Rhine. It is a fertile country, and Spire is the
capital.
SPI'IIIT, s. [spiritus, from spiro, to breathe, Lat.l breath ;
wind in motion. A substance wherein thinking, doubting,
and a power of moving itself, subsists. The soul. An ap-
parition. An habitual disposition, of mind. Genius ;
vigour of mind. The mind or imagination. An eager
desire. That which gives vigour and cheerfulness; Like-
ness or essential qualities. An inflammable and intoxicating
liquor, produced by distillation.
To SPIRIT, V. a. to actuate, animate, or excite. To
draw or entice, used with atcay.
SPI'RITED, a. lively ; full of fire or vigour ; vivacious ;
sprightly ; animated.
SPIRITLESS, «. dejected ; wanting vigour or fire ; de-
pressed ; lifeless.
SPIRITUAL, a. [s}>irituel, Fr.] belonging to spirit as
distinguished from matter ; immaterial. Belonging to the
mind or understanding ; mental; intellectual; refined. Re-
lating only to heavenly things, opposed to temporal.
Spiritual Courts, in law, are such as have jurisdiction
in matrimonial causes, probate of wills, granting adminis-
tration ; as, also, in regard to tithes, and in cases of defama-
tion, &c.
SPIRITUALITY, s. incorporcity ; intellectual nature ;
that w hich belongs to any one as an ecclesiastic.
To SPI'RITUALIZE, r. a. [spiritualiscr, Fr.J to allegtv
rize, or convert the common objects of sense into subjects
of pious meditations and spiritual allusions.
SPI'RITU.M.LY, ad. without corporeal grossness ; with
attention to things purely intellectual.
SPI'RITUOUS, a. refined ; defecated ; approaching to
spirit. Fierce ; ardent; fine. Lively ; gay ; airy.
To SPIRT, I', ti. to spring out by intervals ; to spring out
in a sudden stream. Actively, to throw out in a jet.
SPl'RY, a. pyramidal. Wreathen ; curled; spiral.
SPI'SSITUDE, s. [spifsitudo. Lat.] grossiwss ; thickness.
SPIT, s. [spit, Belg.Ja long piece of iron on which meat
is roasted. A depth of earth which may be pierced at once
by a spade. In low discourse, a sword.
"To SPIT, J).' a. preter. spat, part. pass, epit or fitted,
[from the noun] to put on a spit, or to pierce with a spit.
Neuterly, to sling or eject spittle from the mouth, from tpw-
tan, S;\\.spi/tter,Dan.
SPITAL, s. [corrupted from hotpitttl\ an hospital or cha-
ritable foundation.
To Si'ITCHCOCK, t>. o. to roast an eel previously cut in
piccen.
SPITE, t. [spijt, Belg.J malice ; rancour ; malignity j
SPO
8P0
bate niiilcvolence ; ill will ; on habitual desire and endea-
vour to do ill to nnotlier. Spite uf, or in spitc^of, notwith-
standi;!/?; in defiance of.
TojSPlTE, «. «. to lliwart uialifjnunlly ; to vex; to treat
maliciouslv ; tonjistliief. Toenraye or till with spile.
SPl'THliAI), a spacious road tor sliipping, between I'orls-
nioutli and the Isle of Wi^lit, where the royal navy coni-
nionly rendezvous in lime of war.
SPITEFUL, a. malicious ; malignant.
SPITEFULNESS, s. malice; nuilignity.
SPl'Tl'EU, s. one who puts niei;t on the spit. One who
spits with hisnioiilh. A young deer.
SPITTLE, (,spUl) s. IsjHctlian, Siix.] the moisture of tlie
mouth. An hospital ; corrupted from */'/(«/.
SPITZBE'UGEN, or East Greenland, the most
northern country in Europe, consistinsc of i\n inland, or islands,
situated between Greenland to the W. and Nova/embla to
the E. The coast is beset with craggy mountains, and in
the months of June, July, and August, the siui never sets ;
for the rest of the year it is hardly seen at all. In the valleys
are large white bears, white foxes, and some curious birds
and plants. The inland parts are uninhabited, and the coasts
are only frequented for the purpose of catching whales.
Lat. 76. 30. to 79. 40. N. Ion. 6. to IG. E,
SPLANCHNO'LOGY, {sp!auhnolog;y) s. [from splanclma,
the bowels, and logos, a discourse, Gr.J a treatise or descrip-
tion of liie bowels.
To SPLASH, II. 0. \j>Jaska, Swed.] to daub with snud or
dirt in great quantities.
SPLA'YFOOT, a. having the foot turned inwards.
SPLEEN, i. [iplen, Lat.] a soft spungy viscus, situated
in the left'hypochondrium above the kidney ; supposed to
be the seat of anger and melancholy. Ill humour. A fit of
»nger. Melancholy ; hvpocliondrieal vapours. Spile.
SPLEE'NWORt, s. akind of fern.
SPLE'NDID, a. Uplendidus, from sphndeo, to sliine/ Lat.J
bright; shining; snowy; pompous; magniticent ; sump-
tuous ; s|)4endid ; glossy.
SPLE'NDOUR, s. [from nfileiuho, to shine, Lat. ipleiideur,
Fr.] lustre ; the quality or power of shining, ftlagnificence;
pomp.
SPLENETIC, a. [sjylenitiqm, Fr.] troubled with the
■spleen. Peevish ; fretful ; hypochondriac.
To SPLICE, v. a. [splissleii, Belg.] to join the two ends of
8 rope together without a knot.
SPLINTER, or SPLINT, j. among farriers, Is a callous,
insensible excrescence, breeding on, the shank-bone of
horses,
SPLI'NTER, or SPLINT, s. [splinter, Belg.] a fragment
of any thing broken with violence; a thin piece of wood.
To SPLIT, V. a. pret. and part. pass, split ; [splitten, Belg. J
to divide lengthwise ; to rive ; to cleave, lo part in two.
To dash or break against a rock. To break into discord.
Neuterlv, to crack or burst asunder. To burst with laugh-
ter. To l)e broken against rocks.
SPLUTTER, «. bustle ; tumult. A low word.
SPO'DIUM, s. in pharmacy, is one of the foulest recre-
ments of copper.
To Sl'OlL, ». a. [ipoUo, Lat.] to rob or take awav by
force. To plunder. To corrupt or render useless. Neu-
terly, to be guilty of plundering ; to grow corrupt or
useless.
SPOIL, s. \spolium, Lat.J^any thing taken by violence ;
plunder ; "pillage ; booty. "Robbery ; waste. Corruption ;
eauseof corruption. Thecastoff skinof a serpent.
SPpKE, s. \spaca. Sax. speiehe, Teut.l the bar of a wheel
which passes from the nave to the felly. In botany, the
fruitstalk of tlpwers collected into rundles.
SPOKE, preter.of Speak.
SPOKEN, part. pass, of Speak.
SPOKESMAN, s. one who speaks for another.
SPOLETO, an antient, liandsome, and populous town
of Italy, in Pope's territory, capital of a duchy of the same
uamc It was fornierlv a large place, but m 17t)3, sufTcrcd
greatly by an earthquake, and t& now thin of people, j'liere
are the ruini of an an)|ihithoatre, a triumphal arch, and an
aqueduct. It is st-iited partly on the side of a hill, and partly
rn a plain, in a country noted for good wine, near the river
Tessiiio, 30 mill's E. of Orvicto, and 56. N. of Rome.
To SPOLIATE, r. fl. [spulio, Lat. J lo rob ; to plunder.
SPOLIATION, s. [Fr. from .^yolio, to plunder, Lat.J the
act of robbery or privation.
SPO'KDEE, *. [Fr. spondwvs, Lat.] a foot of two long
syllables, as in ilniiniis, Lat. or»n*7to, Gr.
ST'O'NDVLE, *. |.'7<u)w/v/«.s, (ir.Jajoint in the spine.
SPONGE, (spuuj) s. \spuiigin, Lat.] a soft porous sub-
stance remarkable for sucking up waler. I'yrutcclmical
spuiigcs are uia<le of the large fungous excrescences growing
on old oiilis, ashes, tir, \c. which being boiled in common
water, then dried and well beaten, are put into a strong ley
prepared wilh saltpetre, and ajjain diied in an oven.
These make the black match or tinder brought from Ger-
many, used to receive and sustain the fire struck from flint
and steel.
To SPONGE, {spu7ij) V. n, to suck up as a sponge. To
gain by mean arts. Actively, to wet cloth with a sponge.
To scour great guns when discharged, before they are
charged anew.
SPO'NGI'^R, (i;)SH;er)s. one that meanly depends upon
others for subsistence.
SPO'NGINESS, ^.'softness, and fulness of cavities, like
a sponge.
SPONGY, a.' soft resembling a spoiigq ; soaked or full,
.like a sponge.
SPONS.^L, \sponsalis, from spoiisn, a bride, Lat.] relating
to marriage; hymeneal; connubial; nuptial; matrimonial;
bridal.
SPONSOR, s. [Lat.] one who makes a promise or gives
security for another. A surety.
SPONTANEITY, or SPONTA'NEOUSNKSS, t.[spoH.
niiti, Fr.] the quality of doing or acting free from any im-
pulse or necessity ; voluntariness.
SPONTA'NEOUS, a. [t.'-oni spojite, of one's own accord,
Lat.] acting of itself without coinpulsiou or restraint ; vo-
SPONTA'NEOUSLY, ad. voluntarily ; of its own ac-
cord.
SPOOL, s. \s]>oM, Belg. spuhl, Teut.] a small piece of
cane or reed with a knot at each end to wind yarn upon ; a
quill.
SPOON, s. \spae)i, Belg. spone, Dan. spnonn, Isl.jau instru-
ment, concave at one end, and having a handle, used in
taking up and eating liquids.
SPOONBILL, s. a bird, called also shoveller.
SPOONFUL, s. as much as a spoon will contain.
SPOO'NMEAT, s. a liquid food, or such as is eaten with
a spoon.
SPOO'NWORT, s. scurvygrass.
SPORADIC Diseases, s. [sporadikss, Gr.J among phy-
sicians, are such as seize particular persons at any time
or season, and in any place ; in which sense they are distin-
guished from epidemical and endemic diseases.
SPORT, s. [spott, Isl.J play ; game ; diversion ; frolic.
A mock ; mockery. Field diversions, as fowling ; hunting.
To SPORT, J), a. tonlay; to divert. To represent in
play. Neuterly, to play ; to frolic ; to wanton. To
trifle.
SPORTSMAN, s. one who delights in hunting or other
field diversions.
SPO'RTULE, s,[sportula,{iom sporta, a basket, Lat.] an
alms ; a dole.
SPOT, s. [spotte, Flem. speite, Dan.] a blot ; a stain
either on the skin or other substance ; blemish. .Disgrace ;
reproach. A s'maU extent of ground. Any particular
place. Upon the spot, implies, imfuediately, or without
changing place.
To SPOT, V. a. to stain ; to maculate- ; to blot. To wurl;
so as to resemble spots. To corrupt, disgrace, or taint.
ti07
SPR
SQU
SPOTLKSS.rt. free from spots or vice. Pure ; untainted ;
imniaciilate.
SPOTFY, a. full of spots. " SpoHrj "lobe." Milt.
SPOUSAL, {tpovzal) a. nuptial, or belonging to a wed-
ding; spousal.
SPOUSAL, (spm'iza!) s. [espousailfes, Fr.J marriage ;
nuptials ; matrimony.
SPOUSE, (jpoHre)^. [espouse, Fr. sponsus or sponsa, Lat.]
one joined to another in marriage ; a husband or wife.
SPOUT, s. [spuyt, Belg.] a pipe or mouth of a vessel out
of which any thing is poured. Water spont, is a mass of water
collected between a cloud and the surface of the sea, in the
shape of a pillar or spout of water ; very dangerous to ships,
unless it can be dispersed or broken by the shot of great
guns. ;
To SPOUT, V. «. [fpovten, Belg.J to spring out in a sud-
den stream ; to issue as from a spout. Actively, to throw
out water in a stream or jet ; to pour with violence, or in a
collected body, as from a spout.
To SPRAIN, V. a. [corrupted from strain\ to stretch the
-igaments of a joint so as to render the use of it painful.
SPRAIN, s. a violent contortion or extension of the liga-
ments of a joint, without dislocation.
SPRANC;, preter. of Spring.
SPRAT, sAsprot, Belg.J a small sea-fish.
To SPRAWL, V. n. \spradle, Dan. spartehn, Belg.] to
struggle as in the convulsions of death. To tumble about
«ith odd contortions of the limbs.
SPRAY, s. the extremity of a branch. The foam of the
sea, commonly written ^/j/^/. See Sprout.
To SPREAD, {spre'T) V. a. [spreadan. Sax. spreijden,
Belg.J to extend, to stretch, to expand, or make a thing
take up a large space ; to cover or smear over ; to publish
or divulge, followed by abroad ^ to ditluse. Neuterly, to
extand or expand itself.
SPRE'ADER, s. he ihat spreads.
SPRIG, s. [yshrig, Brit.] a small branch ; a spray ; a twig.
Sprin£r crystal, or rock crystal, (a term used by lapidaries,)
is found in perpendicular fissures, in form of an hexangular
column, adhering at one end to the stone, and near the other
lessening gradually, till it terminates in a point.
SPRIGHT, {sp'r'u) s. [antientiy written sprete, or spryte,
and as it is a contraction o( spirit, should be spelt f/Jri/eJ a
spectre, ghost, apparition, shade, soul, spirit.
SPRIGHTLINESS, {sprit/inets) s. liveliness ; vivacity ;
gaiety ; briskness.
SPRIGHTLY, (sri^tfy) a. full of spirit; gay; brisk:
lively; vivacious; spirited; animated.
To SPRING, V. n. preter. sprang or /prvn^, part. pass.
iprung ; [springan. Sax. spy-ingeii, Belg.J to arise or grow out
of the groumi, followed by vp ; to proceed from ancestors;
to issue or proceed, as from seed ; to issue forth ; to appear ;
to leap or bound ; to force one's way ; to fly with elastic
force ; to proceed as from a ground,cause,or reason ; to raise
from a covert ; to issue from a fountain or source ; to shoot
or move with speed. Actively, to start or rouse game. To
discharge, applied to a mine. To contrive as a sudden
expedient. To make by starting a plank.
' SPRING,*, one of llie four 5easons,iuimediately succeed-
ing winter, in which vegetables grow. A piece of tempered
steel, useful in machines to put them in motion. Any elastic
force Any active power. A leap. A fountain or source,
whence waters issue. A rise ; beginning. A gin ; a noose,
which being fastened to an elastic wire, catches any
thing.
.SPRINGER, «. in zoology, an animal of the antelope kind,
inhabiting the southern parts of Africa, towards the cape of
Good Hope.
SPRINGINESS, t. the fjualities of bodies returning to
Ihcir former shape or dimensions, which they Iwd lost by
violence or compression ; elasticity.
SPRINGIN(i OF A MAST, s. in sea language, is when
it cracks, but is not quite broken m any part of it ; as the
pvlners, Irauuds, &c.
806
SPRI'NGTIDE, /. an high tide, or tide about the new and
fidl moon, which flows highest, ebbs lowest, and runs
swiftest.
To SPRINKLE, (tprlnkl)t: a. [sprinhekn, Belg.J to scat-
ter in drops or small masses ; to wet by sprinkling; to be
sprinkle. ^ Neuterly, to let tall or scatter in drops.
SPRI'NKLING, s. the act of throwing water upon any
tiling in drops.
SPHITK, *. see Spright.
SPRITSAIL, ». the sail which belongs to the bollsprit
mast.
ToSPROUT, ti.n. [j/)rMy««i, Belg, spryttan, Sai.J to grow
or shoot ; to germinate ; to spring ; to shoot into ramifica-
tions.
SPROUT, s. a shoot of a vegetable. In the plural, young
coleworts.
SPRUCE, s. a kind of fir, of which there are two sorts,
the white and black. Spnicebeer, beer tinctured with the
branches of fir.
SPRUCE, a. nice, trim, neat without elegance.
To SPRUCE, i>. H. to dress with affected neatness.
SPRU'CENESS, s. neatness in dress without elegance.
SPRUNG, preter. and part. pass, of Spring.
SPRUNT, s. any thing that is short, and will not easily
bend.
SPUD, /.a short knife.
To SPUME, V. n. [spiono, Lat.J to froth or foam .
SPUME, *. \spwna, Lat.] froth; foam; scum of gold or
silver.
SPUN, preter. and part. pass, of Spix.
SPUNGK, i. see Sponge.
SPU'NGINGHOUSE, s. a house or place that bailiffs take
persons to after an arrest, where they are kept till they agree
witli the creditor, or are removed to a closer confine-
ment.
SPUNK, or SPONK, s. rotten wood ; touchwood.
.SPUR, s.[spura, Sax. spore, Dan. Isl. and Belg.J a sharp-
pointed intrunient worn by a rider on his heel, whereby
ne pricks his horse to quicken his pace. The sharp points
growing on the legs of a fowl. Figuratively, an incitement,
instigation, or any thing that aiiickens. A weapon for a
fighting cock. A snag, or any thing standing out.
To SPUR, V. a. to prick ©r quicken by a spur. To insti-
gate ; fo excite, hasten, incite, compel, or push forward.
SPURGE, s. in botany, the euphorbia of Linnaeus. There
are twelve species.
SPU'RIOUS, a. ^spuriiis, Lat.J counterfeit ; not genuine
orauthentic. Illegitimate, ornot lawfidly begotten.
SPU'BIOUSNESS, s. th* quality of being false or coun-
terfeit.
To SPURN, 1'. a. [sponian. Sax.] to kick, drive, or strike
with the foot ; to reject with contempt or scorn.
SPURN, s. a kick ; insolent and contemptuous treat-
ment.
SPU'RREY, 5. the spergula of Linnaeus. There are three
British species, viz. the corn and small spurrcy, and Lnglisli
marsh saxifrage.
SPURRIER, s. one who makes spurs.
SPUTATION, *. [from sputum, saliva, Lat.] tbe act of
spitting.
To SPUTTER, f. n. \sputo, Lat.J to emit or cast out mois
ture by small flying drops; to speak in a hurry and indis-
tinctly ; fo fly out in small particles with some noise ; to
throw out spittle by hasty speech. Actively, to throw out
with noise and hesitation.
SPY, *. [spie, Belg.J one set to watch the conduct or mo-
tions of another, especially what passes in an enemy's army
or camp.
To SPY, V. a. to discover at a distance by tlie eye ; to
discover by nice examination, or artifice. Neuterly, to look
into or examine nicely.
SQUAB, a. unfeathered. Fat, thick, and stout; awk-
wardly bulky.
SQUAB, f. akiiid of sofa orcouch ; a stuff, d cusliion. In
cooker>;, a cliickeii, &c. so yoiiii;; as scarcely fit to he catetj.
To SQUAB, V. «. to (ill! down plimip or Hat.
To SQUA'BBLK, {squdbl) v. n. [kiat/la, Swctl.] tocjuarrel,
wrangle, or fiyht.
SQUA'BBLE, {squabl) s. a low quarrel, or brawl.
SQUABBLER, i. a quarrelsome fellow; a brawler.
SQUA'BPIE, s. a pie made of several infjroiiients.
SQUA'DRON, *. \sqiiaih;w, ltal.|iii tlie iiiililaryart, a
body of horse whose miiiilicr of men is not fixed ; but is
usually from one to two hundred. In tlie navy, a division or
part of a fleet, eommandrd by a vioe-adniiral or commodore.
SQUALID, fl.[j(/H(r/irf»s, Lat.] foul; nasty; lillliy.
To SQUALL, (nfiuaidl) r. n. [sqiiain, Swed.J to scream
like a woman or child atlVi;,diti'd.
SQUALI.., (sqiiawll) s.a loud scream ; a sudden gust or
ttorni of wmd or rain.
SQUA'LOR, i. [Lat.l nastiness; grossness ; coarseness.
SQUA'MEOUS, or SQUA'MOUS, a. [squamms, from
squama, a scale, Lat.] scaly ; having the resemblance of
scales ; covered with scales.
To SQUA'NDER, ». n. [versc/iwerulen, Tent.] to scatter
lavishly; to throw away in idle prodigality; to speud pro-
fusely. To scatter; to dissipate; to disperse.
SQUA'N'DERER, J. a spendthrift; a waster.
SQUARE, a. '7;.»g !«()■, Brit.] having four equal sides at
right angles. Cornered; having angles of whatever eon-
tent; as three-square, five square, Ac. Parallel. Strong
or well set. Exact, equal, honest. Square ckalivg, is ho-
nest, just, and equal dealing. Square root ai any number is
that which multiplied by itself produces the square, as 2 is
tlie square root of 1, because twice 2 is 4 ; and likewise 4 is
tlie square root of 16, because four times 4 is 16.
SQU.MIE, s. [squailra, Lat.] a figure having four equal
sides and angles ; an area, or place of four sides surrounded
witli buildino^s ; regularity, rule, Justness of workmanship ;
level ; equality; the contents of an angle. In astrology, it
is when any two planets are 90 degrees distant from each
other. In arithmetic, the product of a number multiplied
into itself.
To SQU.\RE, V. a. to form with four sides and right an-
gles ; to reduce to a square ; to measure, adjust, regulate, or
shape. To accommodate or tit. In astrology, to be in
quartile aspect with. Neuterly, to suit or agree with, used
with to or with,
..SQUASH,*. SeeQiiASH.
To SQUAT, t'. n. [fiuattare, Ital.] to sit cowering, or close
to the ground.
SQUAT, a. close to the ground ; silting on the ground
with the iegs doubled inider the body. Short and thick.
SQUAT, i. among miners, is a small bed of ore less va-
luable than a vein or lode, as reaching only a little way.
To SQUEAK, (ifj'fK'^*) v.n. [sqwalia, Swed.] to set up a
sudden dolorous cry ; to cry out with pain; to cry out or
speak with a shrill voice; to discover any thing through fear
or pain.
„ SQUEAK, (squeeh) s. a shrill quick cry ; a cry of pain.
SQUE'AKER, (squeekcr) s. a person or instrument that
makes a shrill or grating noise.
To SQUEAL, {squeel) r. n. [scfwala, S*ved.] to cry with a
shrill sharp noise; to cry with pain. Synon. Squeak
seems a short sudden cry ; squeal, a cry continued.
SQUE'AMISH, {squiemiih) a. [for quatvmish, oi qualmish,
from qxialm] easily ciisgusted ; having the stomach easily
turned ; nice ; fastidious.
SQUE'AMISHNESS, {squiemishuss) s. the quality of hav-
ing a nice, delicate, and weak stomach.
To SQUEEZE, f. a. [ouiVati, Sax.] to press hard, or crush
between two substances ; to crush, to oppress, to harass by
extortion. Neuterly, to pass by compression; to force way
through close bodies.
SQUEEZE, $. the act of pressing hard; compression;
pressure.
SQUELCH, s. a heavy fall. A low word.
5 L
STA
SQUIB, s. \schieben, to push forward, Teuf. | a quill filled
with gunpowder, cVc. Any petty fellow. A falsehood.
SQUILL, v. the scilla of Lunia;us. There are three sp»
ciesj; the vernal star, autuninal'star, and harebell hyacinth ;
the last of which has been but lately introduced into (his
genus, under the name ot scilla itutam : — blossoms blue. A
fish ; an insect.
SQUl'NANCY, s. [squinaiieie, Fr. squhtantia, Ital.] a swel-
ling and inflammation of the throat, wiiich hinders swallow-
ing, and often stops the breath ; thequinsev.
SQUI'NANCYWORT, s. a kind of woodroof. The roots
are used in Sweden to dve red.
SQUINT, a. \smiinte, Bclg.] looking with the eyes directed
different ways ; looking obliquely, awry, suspiciously.
To SQUINT, V a. to turn the eye obliquely. Neuterly, to
look obliquely, or with the eves turned ditlerent ways.
SQUIRE,*. SeeEsguiRE.
SQUIRREL, s. [McK7■Hf^/, l'"r. sciurus, Lat. ia small animal
living in woods, and remaikable for its agility in leaping
from tree tn tree.
To SQUIRT, V. a. to throw out through a pip^ in a quick
stream.
SQUIRT, *. an instrument by which a quick stream is
formed ; a small quick stream.
To ST.\B, v.». [stavcn, old Belg.] to pierce with a point-
ed instrument; to wound mischievously, or mortally.
STAB, s. a woinui given with a poiuled instrument ; a
slv mischief, a dark injury ; a stroke, a blow.
'STABILITY, s.[stnUliti, Fr. stabtliias, from sto, to stand,
Lat.] strength ; firmness ; steaduiess ; fixedness ; firm-
ness of resolution.
STA'BLE, «. [stabilis, from sto, to stand, Lat.J fixed;
steady ; strong.
STA'BLE, (stdU) s. [stabuhim, from ito, to stand, Lat.] a
house for beasts, especially horses.
STA'BLESTAND, s. in law, is one of the four evidences
or presumptions whereby a man is convinced to intend the
stealing of the king's deer in the forest ; and this is when a
man is found at his standing in the forest, with a cross-bow
bent, ready to shoot at any deer ; or with a long bow ; or
else standing close by a tree with greyhounds in a leash
readv to slip.
To .ST.VBLISH, v. a. See Establish.
STACK, s. [stacca, Ital.] a large quantity of hay, corn, or
wood, heaped together ; several chimneys or funnels
standing together.
To STACK, V. a. to pile up wood, hay, Ac.
STA'CTE, s. [stacte, urstttcta, Lat.] an aromatic; the gum
that distils from the tree that produces myrrh.
STA'DTHOLDER, s. [staih and huuden, Belg.] formerly
the title of the chief magistrate of the united provinces of
Holland.
STAFF,*, plur. staves; [staff', Dan. sfaf,ljelg. staf. Sax.]
a stick which supports a person in walking, or which is used
as a weapon ; a club ; a support, a prop ; a stick used as a
badge of authority ; a stick to which a tiag or colours are
fastened. A stanza.
STATFORD, the county town of Staffordshire, contain-
ing two churches, and about 40(i0 inhabitants. It has a free-
school, and a fine square market-place, in « hich is a hand-
some county-hall, and under it the market-house. The
streets are large, and many of the houses are handsomely
built. The town has greatly inci eased of late, both in popu-
lation and wealth, by the manufacture of cloth and shoes.
A county infirmary was finished here in 1772. It is situated
in a plain on the river Sow, near a navigable canal, which
extends through several counties, 12 miles N. \V. of Lich-
field, and 135 N. W. of London. Market on Saturday.
STA'FFORDSfliHE, a countv of England, bounded on
the W. by Shropshire and Cheshire, an(^ on the N. E. and
E. by Derbyshire, and on the S. E. and S. by Warwickshire
and Worcestershire. It extends in length about 54 miles,
and in breadth from 1^ to 36. It is said to be divided into*
hundreds, which contain 1 city, 21 towns, 181 parishes, tJ7i!i
ST A
STA
Tillages, aliout 2.3,740 houses, and 142,440 inhabitants. The
principal rivers ;ire the Trent, Dove, Sow, Churnet, Stour,
Penk, and Manifold. The air is reckoned pleasant, mild,
and wholegoaie. The middle and southern parts are level
and plain, and the soil is good and rich ; the N. are hilly,
and full of heaths and moors. The county, at large, con-
tains about 780,000 acres, of which 600,000 are in a state of
cultivation. Staffordshire is famous for its potteries, its in-
land navigations, and its founderies, blast furnaces, slitting
mills, and various other branches of the iron trade. The
mines of coals, copper, lead, and iron ore, are rich and ex-
tensive ; those of coal are supposed to occupy a space of
50,000 acres. There are also numerous quarries or stone,
alabaster, and limestone.
STAG, t. the male red deer; the male of the hind.
STAG v., s. \esta^e, Fr. I a lloor raised on which any sli«)4r
is exhibited ; a place where any thing is transacted ; apart
of a journey which is undertaken without iiitermission.
STA'GECOACH, (stajcmch) t. a coach which passes and
repasses to and from the same places.
STA'GEPLA V, s. a theatrical enttrtsinment
STA'GEPLAYER, s. one who represents actions on the
stage.
STA'GER, «. a player; one who has long acted on the
staefe of life ; an old practitioner.
STA'GGARD, {stag-ai-d) s. a stag or male red deer, four
years old.
To STA'GGER, {stag-er) v. n. \staggeren, Belg.J to reel ;
or be unable to walk or stand steadily ; to faint or give way ;
to hesitate, or be in doubt. Actively, to make a person reel ;
to shock ; to make less confident or steady.
STA'GGERS, (stagers) s. the colic or apoplexy in
horses.
STA'GMA, *. in chymistry, juices or plants mixed to-
gether in order to distillation.
STA'GN ANT, a. [from stagnnm, a pool, Lat.] motionless ;
«tili; not running: not agitated.
To STA'GNATE, v. »i. [from stadium, a pool, Lat.] to stop
its course ; to be without motion.
STAGN A'TION, s. stoppage of course ; cessation of mo-
tion, or fluency.
STAID, pari. a. sober; sedate; grave; 'regular; com-
posed.
STAI'DNESS, s. freedom from levity ; soberness ; com-
poscdness ; gravity ; prudence ; sedateness ; regularity.
To STAIN, t>. a. fystaenio, Brit.] to blot, spot, or spoil
colour ; to disgrace.
STAIN, i. a spot or discoloration; adisgrace; areproach;
shame ; ignominy ; blot.
STAI'N ER, J. one that stains or blots ; a dyer.
STAINES, a town of Middlesex, seated on the river
Thames, over which is an elegant new stone bridge, of three
rlliptic arches. At some distance above the bridge, at
Colu-Ditch, is what is called Loiidon-Mark-Stone, which is
the anlient boundary to the jurisdiction of the city of Lon-
don on the Thames, and bears the date of 1280. Staines is
17 miles W. by S. of London. Market on Friday.
STAl'NING, a. spotting or discolouring.
STAIR, s.\itrrgar, Sax.]»tcps by which we ascend from
the bottom to the upper part of any buildings; a tiight
of steps.
STAI'RCASE, that part of a building which contains the
stairs.
STAKE, t. [stnceh, Bclg. stnca. Sax.] a post or stronjt
•tick fastened in the ground ; any thing placed as a pali-
sade ; any thing pledged or wagered ; the state of being
pledged or hazarded ; a small anvil.
To STAKE V. a. to fasten or support with pieces of tim-
ber set upright. To wager, pledge, or hazard.
STALA'CTICAL, a. [stalahtihoi, from ttalao, to] drop,
Gr.l resembling an icicle.
STALACTl'Til^, t. in natural history, are crystalline
k{>arii,(oiracd intoobloug, conical, round, orirregular bodies,
610
cornposed of various crusts, and usually hanging in ton
o( icicles from the roofs of grottos, cVc.
STA'LBRID(;E, a town of Dorselshire, remarkable for
a manufacture of stockings. Here is an antient cross, 21
feet high, on a base of 8 feet. It is 20 miles N. by V.. o
Dorchester, and IIIW. by S. of London. Market on
Tuesday.
STALE, a. [rf«//e, Belg.] old ;' kept long; itnpaired by
time.
STALE, s. [from sfir/rtn, to steal. Sax.] a prostitute; urine;
old beer ; an allureuienl.
To STALE, V. n. to wear out, or make old. Neuterly, to
make water. Not in use.
STA'LENESS, f. the quality of being of an old date, or
of not being fresh.
To STA LK, {stmilh) V. n. Utealcan, Sax.] to walk in a proud
manner ; to walk loftily. To walk behind a stalkinghor»e
or cover.
STALK, {staulh)s. a proud and lofty step; the stem of a
a plant, corn, a quill, &c.
STA'LKINGHORSE, (stadlhingkorse) i. a horse either
real or fictitious, made use of by fowlers to shelter them-
selves from the sight of the game ; a person employed as a
tool : a pretence ; a mask.
STA'LKY, a. hard like a stalk.
STALL, {stan!l)s. [stal, Be\^. steal,' Sax. Italia, Ital.] a crib
in which an ox is fed ; a bench, &c. where any thing is ex-
posed to sale ; a small house or shed, in which certain trades
are carried on, from stall, Swed. or stal, Armorick. The
seat of a dignified clergyman in a choir.
To STALL, (staull) V. a. to keep in a stall or stable. To
invest, used for iiulaJl. Neuterly, to kennel ; to dwell.
STA'LLAGE, (staullaje) s. money paid for keeping a stall
in a fair or market.
STA'LLION, I. [ysdalwyn, old Brit.] a stone horse kept
for covering mares.
STA'MFORD, a large, populous, rich, and compact town
of Lincolnshire, formerly much more considerale than at
present, as at one time it contained 14 churches, which in
Camden's time were reduced to 7, and at present to 5. It is
an antient place, and had, formerly, ax some say, an univer-
sity, or at least 2 colleges, called Black Hall and Brazen
Nose. Some remains of these are still visible, and particu-
larly the gate of the last, on which there is a brazen nose
and a ring through it. Most of the houses are covered with
slate ; and here are some large neat inns, which, indeed,
have all the appearance of palaces. Its trade is chietly in
malt, sea-coals, and free-stone. 'I'he custom of Borough
English prevails here. It is seated on the river Welland,
which is navigable here for barges, 96 miles N. N. W. of
Hunlijigdon, and 85 N. by \V. of London. Markets on
Monday and Friday.
STA'MINA, s. [Lat. | the first principles of any thing ;
the solids of a human body. In botany, the little fine threutiii
which grow round the style or styles, within the tlqwers of
plants, and bear the apices or tips on their extremities.
STAMI'NEOUS.fl. [from stumen, a thread, Lat.] thrc.idy ;
filaceous; appearing as full of threads. Among botanists,
flowers which want the fine coloured leaves called petala,
and consist only of the stylus and stamina, and thence called
imperfect.
STA'MMEL, *. in low language, a large flouncing mare ;
a rude bouncing wench. A species of red colour.
To S'I"A'MMER, >'. »». \stammeren, Belg.J to speak with
great ditliculty and hesitation ; to have an impediment in
the speech ; to stut.
STAMMERER, s. one who faulters in speaking.
To STAMP, V. a. [stampeii, Belg. stamper, Dan. J to strike
by forcing the foot hastily downwards ; to beat as in a mor-
tar ; to impress with some mark or figure ; to coin. Neu-
tcrlv,to strike the foot suddenly downward.
.STAMP, .t. [eslampe, Fr. stampa, Ital.] any instrnraentby
which an impression is made ; a murk or impression made L>«
STA
STA
itntnping ; a picture cut in wood, &c. for marking ; autho-
ritv ; make, cast, form.
To STANCH, V. a. \estancher, Fr.J to stop blood, or liinder
from running. Neutcriy, tostop.
STANCH, a. sound, or not letting out, applied t") vessels.
Firm, trusty, determined hearty, sound of principle. Strong;
uot to be broken.
sTa'NCHION, s. [estaiieo7i, Fr.] in building, a stay ; a
support; an iron bar in a window.
STA'NCHNESS, s. firmness ; the quality of being trusty,
or of sound principle.
To STAND, v.n. preter. I stood, or have stood ,- [standan,
Got-h. and Sax.] to be upon the feet ; to be placed ; to re-
main in a place ; to remain in the present state ; to remain
undemolished, or not thrown down; to become or remain
erect ; to slop, halt, or cease ; to oiferas a candidate ; to be
without action ; to stop. To statut ai^-aiiist, to resist or oppose.
To stand by, to support or defend ; to be present only as a
spectator ; to repose on, or confide in. To stand/or, to pro-
pose one's self as a candidate; to profess to support. To
stand off, to keep at a distance ; to refuse compliance ; to
decline intimacy or friendship. To stand out, to continue
firm in a resolution ; to deny compliance ; to be prominent.
To stand to, to ply ; to persevere or continue any action;
to remain fixed in a purpose ; to abide by a contract or as-
sertion. To stand np, to rise from sitting ; to rise up in or-
der to gain notice, to make a party. To stand viwn, to con-
cern ; to interest ; to value ; to insist. Actively, to sustain
without yielding; to abide; to keep or maintain; used with
ground.
.STAND, s. a station or place where one waits stand-
ing ; rank or post ; a stop or bait; an interruption or in-
termission ; the highest mark or degree beyond which a
thing cannot proceed ; difficulty, perplexity ; a frame or
table on which vessels are placed.
STA'NDARD, s. [extendart, Fr.J an ensign, particularly
that of the cavalry ; that which is of undoubted authority,
and the test of other things of the same kind ; something
tried by the proper test ; a standing stem or tree; a settled
rate. In botany, the upright petal of a butterfly-shaped
blossom. That large inversely heart-shaped petal in the
flowcr'of the gorse, or furze, is the standard. It is peculiarly
large in the pea. It is called by Linna-us vexillum.
STA'NDBEARER, s. one who bears a J standard or
ensign.
ST.\'NDER, I. one who stands. A stander hy, a mere
spectator ; one present.
STA'NDING, a. settled or lotig-established ; lasting;
motionless; stagnant ; placed on feet.
STA'NDING, s. continuance in any post, place, or station;
power to stand; rank ; condition ; candidalesliip.
STA'NDISH, s. a case for pens and ink.
STA'NDON, a town in Hertfordshire, 3 miles N. of
Hertford, and 17. N. of London. Market on Friday.
STANHOPE, a small town in Weresdale, Durham, 20
miles S. S. W. of Durham, and 264 N. by W. of London.
It has a spacious park, in which the Scotch army encamped
when they were besieged, or rather straitened, by Edward
III. Market disused.
STA'NLEY, a town in Gloucestershire, 12 miles S. of
Gloucester, and 104 W. by N. of London. Market on
Saturday.
STA'NNARY, a. [from ttannum, tin, Lat.] relating to tiu-
works.
STA'NTON, a small town in Lincolnshire, 16 miles
E. N. E. of Lincoln, and 146 N. of London. Market on
Monday.
STANZA, s. [Ital.l a verse in a poem consisting of more
than two lines.
STA'PLE, {st&pl) s, \stapel, Belg.] primarily signifies a
public place or market, whither merchants are obliged to
bring their goods to be bought by the people. The staple
commodities of this kingdom are said to be wool, leather,
Kool-felts, lead, tin, butter, cheese, doth, &cv
STA'PLE, («<o/>0 «. settled; established in commerce;
according to the laws of commerce.
STA'PLE, (stajil) s. Istiipul, Sax.] a loo|)of iron, Ac. a bar
of iron, &c. bent and driven into wood at bull,, cud:;.
STAR, s. [simrra, Sax. slirre, lUlg ] a general name fo»
all heavenly bodies, which, like so nmny brilliant studs, are
dispersed ihrougli the wliolc lioavrns. 'Jhe stars are dis-
tinguished, from the piKenomena of their motions, <.Vc. into
fixed and erratic or wandering stars ; these last are again
dislinguishetl into the greater luminaries, viz. the sun and
moon ; the planets or waudiring stars, properly so called ;
and the comets. As to the fixed stars, or simply stars, they
are so called because they seem to be fixed, or perfectly at
rest, and consequently appear always at the same distance
from each other. Various have been the conjectures con-
cerning the nature of the fix,-d stars: but that which supposes
them to be suns enlightening other worlds appears to be the
best founded, from the following considerations : That they
are at immense distances from our earth is evident from their
almost insensible parallax, which is too minute to be accu-
rately ascertained, amounting to no more than a very few
seconds ; whence the distance of the nearest, by trigonome-
try, is found to be, at the least, some hundreds of times hr-
ther removed from us than Saturn. That their respective
magnitudes are amazingly great is demonstrable from their
being visible at such a vast distance; and that they shine hy
their own, and nut a borrowed light, is manifest from their
great lustre at such an immense distance from our luminary
of day : for if you compare the faint light of Saturn with the
brilliancy of Sirius, (which is a great number of times more
distant from the sun than the former,) we shall be convinced
(hat our sun is not the source of light to the latter. Their ap-
Careiit diameters are not as great as was foriaerly thought,
eing found not to exceed a second of a degree ; which may
be easily proved from their almost instantaneous disappear-
ance behind the disk of the moon at the time of an occulta-
tion, their whole body emerging in less than two seconds,
whereas the moon employs tliat time in moving over 1" of a
degree. Their re-appearance from behind the moon has also
been observed to be equally quick. Now, to suppose a star,
of not more than a second in its visible diameter, (yet by its
radiancy appearing to the naked eye much larger,) to be il-
luminated by the sun, when removed at such an amazing dis-
tance from him, is the greatest absurdity. Fallinfr Stars in
meteorology, are fiery meteors, which dart through the sky
in form of stars ; being occasioned by a nitro-sulphureous
matter, the common cause of all such meteors. .Mso, the
pole-star. A mark. An asterisk used by printers. In he-
raldry, it is a charge frequently borne on the shield, and
the honourable ordinaries, in tigiiie of a star. It is also a
badge of honour worn by the Knights of the Garter, Bath,
and Thistle.
STA'RAPPLE, s, a globular or olive-shaped soft fleshy
fruit, inclosing a stone of the same shape. This plant
grows in the warmest parts of America, where the fruit is
eaten by way of desert. It grows to the height of thirty or
forty feet.
STAR OF BETHLEHEM, «. in botany, the ornithoga-
lum of Linnaeus. Three of the species are natives of England,
viz. the yellow, spiked, and common. They all flower in
May.
STARBOARD, {stirhbrd) s. [steorhord. Sax.] the right
hand side of a ship.
STARCH, s. \sturt, stiff, Teut,J a kind of paste made
of the flour of wheat or potatoes, with which linen ij
stiffened.
STARCH, a. [stare, Teut.] stiff ; formal ; precise.
To STARCH, V. u. to stiffen withstarch.
STARCHED, a. stitiencd with starch ; stiff; precise, or
formal.
To STARE, v. n. \starian. Sax. sterren, Belg.] to look with
fixed eyes; to look steadily with wonder, impudence, con-
tidcQce, stupidity, or horror. To start in the face, signifies
8U
STA
STE
to hptiiKlenialily eviHent. To stand out prominent. SynoN.
To iij'-e, implies lookinfj at with wonder and impudence ;
to £o;f, looking at with wonder and respect. Sturiiig iias
ahvavs been considered as a breach of good manners.
STARK, s. a fixed or impudent look.
STAHTISH, i. a fish branching out into several points,
resembling a star.
STA'RGAZKR, s. in contemptuous language, an astrono-
mer or astro!o<,'er.
STA'R{JRASS, *. in botany, the callitriche of Linnaeus.
There two British species, the vernal and autumnal.
STA'R.JELLY, s. among botanists, a kind of thong,
of uliich there are IG species. Some of the species have a
near atiinitv to the fungus.
STARK," n. [.t^«-c, or«?RiT, Sax.i<«-fA, Belg.Jstiff; strong;
rugged. Mere ; plain ; sinipfe ; gross. Ample. Adver-
bially, it is used to augment the signification of a word ; as,
Herk mnd, mad in the highest degree.
STARK, s. a starling.
STA'RLIUH'l', {surtit) s. the light or lustre of the
STARLIGHT, (starUt) a. lighted by the stars.
STA'RLING,«. [5<an7«i?, Sax.i a bird about the size of
tlie common blackbird, reniarkably docile, and may be made
to imitate the human voice.
STA'RRA', a. decorated with stars ; resembling stars ;
consisting of stars.
To START, V. n. \startzen, Teut.J to feel or give ari invo-
luntary sliriiik, twitch, or motion, on the apprehension of
danger. Togo out of the way ; to deviate. To shrink •,
to winch. To rise suddenly, used generally with np. To
set out in any course or pursuit. Actively, to alarm or
disturb suddenly ; to make fly ; to discover ; to put sud-
tJenlv out of its place.
START, .V. a sudden twitch or motion of terror ; a sudden
excitement to action ; a sally or unexpected flight ; a quick
spring or motion; a sudden" fit, or intermitted action. To
fret tlieslart, is to begin before another.
STARTING, i. among jockeys, the setting out of the
horses at the beginning of a heal. Among brewers, the
putting new beer or ale to that whicli is decayed, in order
to revive it; or the filling empty butts with beer.
STA'RTl P, s. among botanists, a genus of thongs, of
which there an; .36 species.
To STA RTLIiL, {stiirtl) v. n. to shrink ; to move on a sud-
den apprt-heiision of danger. Actively, to frighten; to
shock or iniiiress with sudden apprehension of danger. To
make to deviate ; to deter.
STA 11 TLP^, (t'ortO s.a sudden shock; alarm; sudden
impression of terror.
To STARVE, v.n.\stcarfan, Sax.j to perish with hunger
or cold ; to suffer extreme poverty. Actively, to kill with
hunger or cold ; to deprive of force or vigour ; to subdue by
famine.
STA'RVi^LING, s. any animal that is both thin and weak
for want of food. Adjectively, hungry ; lean; pininj;.
STA'RWORT, s. the aster of Linnxus. The sea-star-
wort is the British species.
STATE, s. [status, Lat.] condition; circumstances of
nature or fortune ; the settled meaning or tenor; tlie coni-
niunity or pid>lic ; a government ; rank or quality ; solemn
]>omp or grandeur ; a seat of dignity ; a canopy ; the chief
persons in an administration. Compounded witii other
words, it signifies public, or relating togoverinnent.
To STATK, v. a. [eonstater, Fr.j to settle or regulate ; to
represent with all its circumstances.
STAT Eli NESS, s. grandeur of appearance or mien;
proud behaviour; affected dignity.
STATELY, a. pompous ; majestic ; grand ; august ; lofty ;
elevated ; magnificent; elated in mien or sentiment.
STATEN ISLAND, a barren craggy inland, near Terra
del Fucgo, in S. America. Lat. 0■^. 20. S. Ion- (H. 30. W.
.STATEN ISLAND, an island forming the county of
Richraond, in New York, North America. It is about 12
miles loiig, and 6 broad. July 8, 177e, the king's troop
made good their laiiding here, aud^ drove the provincittls
from the island. Lat. 40. 31. N. loji. 74. 23. W.
ST.^TES (i 1;N I'RAL, s. an assembly of the deputies of
the several United Provinces.
STATESMAN, *. one versed or concerned in the arts of
government ; a politician.
STATIC, or STATICAL, a. relating to the science of
weighing.
S TA TICKS, i. \statike, {iota istenit to stand, Gr.] «he
science which considers the weight o-f bodies, or the mo-
tion of bodies arising from gravity.
Sr.VTION, {itdshuii) s. [Fr. staiio, from sto, to stand, Lat.J
the act of standing; a state of rest ; a place or post : situa-
tion ; diaracter; employment; rank or condition of life.
To STATION, {stds/iuit) v. a. to set in a. certain 'raiik,
post, or place.
STATIONARY, (i^aaAHHffr?/) a. fixed; not progressive.
Applied to the planets, when they have no apparent mo-
tion.
ST.ATIONER, (stasJiuner) f. one who sells paper; for-
merly applied to booksellers on account of the stands or
stations in which they exposed their books.
ST.^TI'STICAL, n. [from slate, I a word lately applied to
those descriptions of a country, or any part, which give the
present or actual state of it.
STATUARY, s. [staiuaire, Fr.J the art of carving images;
a carver of images.
STATUE, s. [Fr. statiia, fiomsto, to stand, Lat.] a carved
or cast image.
STATURE, .«. [Fr. statvra, Trom sto, to stand, Lat.] the
height of an animal.
STATUTE, s. \statut, Fr. from statuoj to establish, Lat.]
an edict of a legislator; a law ; an act of parliament.
To STAVE, V. a. [from staff, in the plural star-es] to break
barrels in pieces; to push off as with a stafi'; topouroutby
breaking the case. Neuterly, to fight with staves.
STAVES, the plural of Staff.
STA'VTjSACRE, s. a plant called also larkspur.
To ST.\Y, V. n, \sfaen, Belg.] to continue in a place, or
in the same state ; to wait; to stop or stand still. Used
with on or upon, to rest or confide in. Actively, to stop, to
repress ; to delay, to obstruct ; to keep from departing. To
prop, used with on or wp; from Miayec, Fr. Synon. The
common idea of stay and remain is a cessation of progression.
Their difference consists iu this ; that to stai/ seims to have
less dnnttion than remain.
STAY, s. continuance in the same place ; a stand orstop ;
a fixed state ; a prop or support. Among mariners, ropes
which support tlie masts, and keep them from falling. In
the plural, a whalebone covering worn by women, and
laced behind.
STA'YLACE, s. a lace with which womeq fasten their
boddice.
.STA YEDNESS, s. see Staidnkss.
STA'YMAKER, s. amaker of women's stays.
STEAD, (steH) s. Isted, Sax.] a place, room, or post, oc-
cupied by another. After stand, use ; help, or service.
Compounded with lieil, the frame on which it stands. Stead
or sted, in the names of places, comes from sled, or ttyd.
Sax. a place ; but if it be situated on a river, from stada, Isl,
statlie, Sax. a shore or station for ships.
To STE.4D, {tteif) V. a. to help, assist, advantage, support.
Obsolete.
STEADILY, (sti!dily) ad. without tottering, shaking, or
altering; without irregularity or variation.
STE'ADINESS, (stcdiness)s. the quality of not being easily
moved or disconcerted ; cotisistent, unvaried conduct ;
constancy, firmness.
STE'ADY', (.«<('/!/) n. [.v/fc/'n-, Sax.j firm; constant; regu-
lar. Among sailors, keeping the ship constant in her
course.
STEAK, (staik) s. [stijch, a piece, Isl. Sax. and ErseJ a
piece of meat to be fried or broiled ; a coUop.
812
3TE
STE
ToSTKAh, (jieei) v. n. \\reter. stole, part, pass, ft aim ;
[ttefan, Sax. steleii, Hcli;.] to take iiw-iiy wliat is atiother's
priTatoly to gain or fifi.'t't in a secret or impertcptihle
maimer ; to lliieve ; to purloin. Neuterly, to witliclrnw
secretly ; to be guilty of taking what is another's, without
his knowledge or notice.
STF/ALER, s. one who steals ; a thief.
STRALTH, (stilt/i) a. the act of taking what belongs to
another without his knowledge or notice; theft; the thinjf
stolen.. By stealth, signifies secretly, and is sonietiuics used
in a good sense.
STIOAM, (steem) s. [rfewf, Sax.] the Vapour arising; from
any boilin;.j or hot licpior.
To STEAIM, (v<«7h)i'. "• [sleninn, Sax.] to smoke or va-
pour ; to send up vapours, applied to hot liquors.
STKi'AMINl'>S, {stccniinrxs) s. emission of vapour.
STF/ATITl'-S, i. a kind of stone, composed of silex, iron,
and unignesia. Also called French chalk, Spanish chalk,
and soap rock. '
STEATO'M.4, *. [Gr.] matter in a wen composed of
fat.
STF/DFAST, a. fast in a place; firm in resolution;
Constant.
.STE,'DFASTLY. nrl. firmly; resolutely.
STE'DFASTNliSS, i. conslaney; firmness; resolution.
STEED, *.[«W«, Sax. I a horse for state or war.
STEEL, s. [staej, l'>( I;;, slii/, Sax.] iron pm ified in the fire
with other inijredients, which render it white, and its grain
closer and finer. Figuratively, weapons or aiuiour In
medicine, chalybeate remedies. Proverbially, any thing
hard.
STEAL.rt. made of steel.
To STEEL, t'. n. to point or edge with steel; to make
hard, firm, or insensible.
STEE'LY, a. made of steel ; Iiard ; firm.
STEELYARD, s. a kind of balance for weighing.
STEEP, a. \ste(ip, Sax.] difficult and dangerous to ascend
or descend, because with very little slant.
STEEP, s. a precipice ; an ascent almost perpendicular.
To STEEP, V. a. [stippen, Belg.] to soak long in liquor;
to macerate ; todip; to imbue.
STEE'PLE, {steepl) s. [sieopel, or sti/pel. Sax.] by steeple,
tpire, and ton-ei; are meant a high builduig raised above the
main edifice ; but steeple is more general; ipue and tower
more particular. Steeple implies the turret of a church, be it
in what form soever. By spire is understood a steeple rising
taper to the lop. By toucr is implied a square steeple. Spire
and tower, then, are certain kinds o{ steeples. The steeple of
St. Thomas's church, Liverpool, is a spire ; that of St Mark's,
a tower. Steeple and spire are never applied but to churches.
Tvu-er is often made use of with respect to other large edifices.
STKEPINESS, s. declivity ; great descent,
STEER, s. [stier, Belg. stijre, steor, or siiore. Sax.] a young
bullock.
To STEER, V. a. [stieren, Belg. steoran, or styran. Sax. J to
director guide in its passage. Neuterly, to direct a course
at sea.
STEE'RAGE, s. the act of guiding a vessel in its course ;
Ihi . rt'hich guides any thing in its course ; the stern or hinder
part of a ship.
STEERSMAN, or STEE'RSMATF,, s. one that steers or
Euides a vessel in its course ; a pilot ; one who chiefly con-
ducts the aflairs of a state.
STEGANO'GRAPHIST, /. [from steganos, secret, and
grajiho, to write, Gr.] he who practises the art of secret
writing.
STEGANO'GRAPHY, (tteganigraf,/) s. [from stegmws,
secret, and g'i'«/>Ao, to write, Gr.j the art of secret writing
by characters or cyphers known only to persons that cor-
respond with each other.
STEGNO'SIS, s. [from stegno, to cover, Gr.] a stopping
up the pores of the body.
STEGNO'TICS, s. [from stegno, to cover, Gr.] binding
medicines, or such as produce costiveness.
STE'f.LAR, 3. [from i<ctti, a star, Lat.J relating to tht
stars; fall of stars.; astral; starry.
STE'LLATl';, a. [siitlutHS, fi(,ui .ifW/a, a star, Lwt. J marked
with spots like stars, hi botany, plants having their leaves
growing on the stalks at certain distances, in the form of a
star.
S'J'ELLI'ONATE, *. fj/fWoHn/, Fr.] from .?<e?/!o, a knave,
Lat.J in law, a kin<l of crime which is committed by a de-
ceittul selling a thing (or otherwise than it really is; as if a
man should sell that for his own estate which is the property
of another.
STEM, s. \stcmmn, Lat.] a stalk or twig._ A family ; ge-
neration ; pedigree; genealogy; race. The prow or fore-
part of a ship, from ,s(am(«c)i, Swed.
To STEM, V. a. \stiunma, Isl.] to oppose a current ; to
check; to keep back.
STENCH, s. [from stevcan, S;!x.] a stink ; a bad smeH,
Dryden has used it for a good smell. " Clouds of sav'ry
steneh involve the sky. "
To STENCH, i>. a. lo scent with a bad smell. To stop ;
to hinder to flow ; corruptrdly \\;v stanch.
STENOGRAPHY, (stnwg-rafy) s. | from stenns, secret,
and ^ca/j/io, to write, Gr.] the art of writing in secret
characters ; brachvgraiihy.
STENTOROPHO'NIC, a. [from Suutor, the Homerical
herald, whose voice was as loud as that of fifty men, and
phone, a voice, Gr.J loudly siieakin.i; or soiniding.
To S_TF,P, ti. 71. \stappen, lielg. siMppnn, Sax.j to move by
a single change or motion of the foot ; to advance su(klerdy ;
to trace backwards or forwards in the mind ; to take a short
walk ; to walk gravely, slowly, or resolutely.
STEP, s. [stap, Belg. st(Tp, Sax.] motion by moving one
foot before another; a stair ; round of a ladder ; the space
passed by a single remove of the foot, progression ; act oif
advancing ; a small space ; the print of a foot ; gait, man-
ner of walking ; action, or instance of conduct. In the plu-
ral, passage, or walk.
STEP, ni composition, signifies one related to another
only by marriage ; from siiup. Sax. of stepan. Sax. to de-
prive, or make an orphan; hence we meet with the words
step-da^ighter, or stepson, as well as step mother ; that is, a
daughter or son that are orphans, or have lost their own
mother ; and a person who' by marriage is the niother of
another that was an orphan, or had lost his or her mother
by death.
STETHEN, earlof BuUoign, son to the carl of Blois, by
Adela, the Conqueror's fourthdaughtcr, thougli he had lakeii
the oath of allegiance to Maud, daughter of Henry l.in case
he died without male issue, found means to supplant her,
and to get the crown placed upon his own head. Ashe
lived with the king his uncle in England, his good qualities
gained him his afiection to a high degree ; so that he took
pleasure in heaping favours on him, never imagining that he
would attempt to set himself up in prejudice of his daughter.
However, alter prince William's death, Stephen, by the as-
sistance of his brother Henry, bishop of Winchester, begao
to take measures to secure the crown to himself, but so se-
cretly, that the king his uncle suspected nothing of the de-
sign. Being in Normandy with king Henry in his last ill-
ness, as soon as the king was dead he came over himself to
forward his project by his presence. The bishop of Win-
chester had already gained over the archlfishop of Canter-
bury and the bishop of Salisbury ; and these three prelates
had influence enough over all the rest of the clergy to
bring them to declare for Stephen. This did the business,
and so much the easier, as Maud was out of the kingdom ;
and such of the barons as were not of Stephen's party, seeing
the bent of the clergy, durst not oppose tlie design. And
so Stephen was declared king, and crowned 24 days after
Henry's death, being 31 years old, 1135: and the bishops
and nobles did not stick to break the oaih they had thrice
taken lo Maud. In order to gain this important point, Ste-
phen had been obliged to promise great things to the clergy
and people, and that he would graut them more privilege.,
813
STB
than ever tbey enjoyod under the Norman kin^s. And as
he was not without' liis fears from Maud and Geoffrey her
husband, to secure the nftections of his subjects, he, soon
after his coronation, convened a Reneral assembly at Oxford,
in wliich he signed a charter, acluiowledging his being
elected king bv tl'e ilerijy and people ; confirming all the
liberties, privileges, and iinuuiiiities of the church, and con-
senting that all ecclesiastical causes and persons should be
tried by the clergy ; promising not to meddle in any manner
with the temporalities of vacant bishoprics.or estates belong-
ing to ecclesiastics; abolishing all the game laws enacted
s.nce the conquest, and all the forest laws ; and reviving
tne antient Saxon laws. He moreover abolished Danegelt,
which had been taken awav by Edward the Confessor, but
restored by the Norman kings. The king, to humour the
barons, and thinking thereby to be the better secured from
any attempts of the empress Maud, or any foreign mvaders,
permitted thcni to fortify their castles, and to build others
upon their estates ; so that in a little time there were above
iOOO fortified castles mi the kingdoTi. Stephen began his
reign in peace ; but the fair scene was soon changed to a
most furious and bloody civil war, which overspread all parts
of tlic nation, and continued almost through his whole reign.
In 1137, the \Yel,sh made an irruption on the frontiers, and
carried off a considerable booty ; and in a battle near Cardi-
gan, the king's troops were beaten, and above 3000 slain on
tlie spot. At the same time David, king of Scotland, in-
vaded the northern counties of England, took Carlisle and
Newcastle, and advanced as far as Durham. Stephen march-
ed against him with a very numerous army ; but this war
was soon ended in a treaty of peace. It broke out again,
indeed, more than once, the Scotch king taking advantage of
the confusion in England to renew his incursion ; but being
defeated in a great battle by Thurstan, archbishop of York,
and king Slepben,after having reduced his rebellious barons,
inarching into the North to chastise that momirch for his late
insult, David, not caring to run the hazard of another battle,
sued for peace; and Stephen thought fit to agree lo it.
Robert, earl of Gloucester, natural brother to the empress,
was at the head of the discontented barons who revolted,
because the king had not rewarded them as they thought
Ihey deserved for plating him on the throne. The earl,
thinking matters ripe, went over to acquaint the empress,
and wrote an abusive letter to Stephen, upbraiding him for
the breach of his oath to Maud, and for drawing him into
the same crime. To this he added a manifesto, wherein he
treated the king as an usuri.er, and declared war against
liini. Stephen, without returning him any answer, confis-
cated his estate. The empress's party gained ground ex-
ceedingly ; the earl of Gloucester came over, and got posses-
sion of^ristol, and the revolt of the barons was like to have
been general; so that Maud was invited over, whom they
promised to own as their sovereign. But Stephen supported
nimselfwith such undaunted courage and resolution, that he
crushed thisdangeroas insurrection for the present, and the
«arl of Gloucester had no other way to take but to go and
press the empress to come over, in order to put new life into
her party. Tlie bishops, knowing how much the king was
obliged to them for his crown, extended their power to such
a degree, amassed such immense wealth, and became so ex-
cessively proud and haughty, that the king grew jealous of
thcra,and resolved, but impoliticly.considering his situation,
to humble them, and took vigorous metliods for that pur-
pose, seizing the castle's and treasures of several who had
rendered themselves most obnoxious. This brought almost
the whole clergy upon his back ; and even his brother the
bishop of Winchester tu'rncd against him, under pretence of
standing up for the rights of tlie church. By this means a
storm was raised, which, with some intermission, continued
for several years. For the clergy's faction became so strong,
that most o"f the lav lords came orer to them, and the people
generally every where deserted the king, and declared for
llie empress ; so that none stuck to him but only a few of
the barous, his foreign favourites, and his army of Flcmiogs,
814
STE
Brefon.e, *c. which served biin faithfully, though they were
but ill paid. AtthisfavourablejuucturetheenipressMaud,
with l>;r brother the earl of Gloucester, came over in the
yeisr 1139, from which time a cruel civil war ensued. King
Stephen, in the midst of all, behaved with the greatest reso-
lution, i)itrepidity,tinnness, and constancy of mind, by which
m cans he at least weathered the raging storm ; but not willi-
oiil being first brought as low as it is possible to conceive a
sovereign prince to be. For after several other sieges, in
1140, the ear! of Gloucester came so suddenly upon him, us
he was besiegin.'j Lincoln, that a battle could not be avoided.
Both sides i'uught with equal bravery for some time, but at
last the royal anny was totally routed and put to flight. 'The
king was left almost <slone, and on foot, in the field of battle,
:uid defi'iided himself with amazing valour even to the last
extremity. His battle-axe was broke by the force of his
blows, aiid afterwards his sword, scarce any thing but the
hilt remaining in his hand ; when he was knocked down on
tiis knees with a stone, and a knight ran in, seized him by
the helmet, and presented his sword to his throat, threaten-
ing to kill him if he would not surrender ; which he still re-
fused to do to any but the earl of Gloucester, who conduct-
ing him to the empress, she ordered him to be confined in
Bristol castle, where, after he had been some time, he was
even laid in irons. Never did any one bid fairer for the
crown than the empress Maud did at this time. All Eng-
land descrtei! the imprisoned king, except London and the
couniy of Kent, where he had still some friends, by the
means of ihe queen his spouse, Eustace, his son, and William
d'Ypres his favourite. The earl of Anjou at the same time
got Normandy to acknowledge Maud for their sovereign.
Thus Stephen's afl'airs seemed every wliere desperate ; and
the more so, as the empress, by promising the bishop of
Winchester, then legate, the disposal of all church prefer-
ments, had gained him over to her party, who a little before
had turned against her, and espoused the interest of tht kin;'
his brother. But now this treacherous prelate having called
a council at Winchester, by his private intrigues with the
clergy, got them to choose Maud for their queen, and pro-
ceeded so far as to excommunicate all who adhered to the
king. The Londoners at least giving way to the times,
thought it expedient to declare for the empress, and prepa-
laticms were even making for her coronation. But her
haughty, imperious, and disobliging temperj with which she
treated persons of all ranks, soon undid all again. She re-
fused the Londoners the only thing they petitioned for, and
which her father had promised, viz. to revive the laws of
king Edward ; which impolitic conduct drew upon her the
ill-will of the citizens. She even disobliged the bishop of
Winchester, by haughtily denying hisreciuest to confirm to
his nephew Eustace the titles of earl of Mortagne and Bou-
logne. The consequence was, that he became her utter
enemy, and as he had set her up, resolved now to use his
utmost etl'orts to pull her down, lie first by his emissaries
got the Londoners to declare against her, and even brought
them into a plot to seize her person, which she iiarrowhr
escaped, and leaving the cily in a great fVight, put herself
at the head of her troops, attended by the earl of Gloucester,
and marched to Winchester in order to seize the legate, but
in vain. He slipt out at a gate on the other side of the
town, and went and drew his friends together. The Kentish
men having joined the Londoners, Stephen's queen, prince
Eustace, and William d'Ypres, headed them, and marched
witJi all expedition to Winchester, wliere the empress had
scarce time to get into the castle. Here she was besieged,
but found means to march out with her troops, which were
closely pursued by the king's, w hilst the rest of the army was
advancing to surround them. In the pursuit, tht earl of
(iluucester, intent on saving the empress, was himself taken
prisoner, and conducted to Rochester. Tliit procured king
Stephen his liberty ; for Maud, who had a great afl'ectiou
for the earl her brother, and could not well do without him,
was obliged to exchange him tor the king. Soon after tht.
Icijate called a council at Westniiaster, where be cxcouiuiu-
STE
ST!
ntcateil all Maud's adliercnts, as before he hint 11io?e of Hie
king Ills brother. Tlius Stephen regiiincil his !il>ir(y, 1141w
Hut tlie war between liiin and M;uul continued for several
years, during which t lie em press's a tlairs visibly dec lined; till
at last the brave earl of Gloucester beinf; dead, she despair-
ing of standing her ground nmcli longer, iihoul the year 1147
retired to Normandy, and left Stephen once more master of
the whole kingdom. lie then endeavonreil to secure the
crown after liisdeath to his son Kustace, and even to get him
crowned beforehand, but did not succeed in the attempt.
After the departure of Maud, king Stephen was contriving
liow to repair the mischiefs the kingdom had suH'ered by so
iuuga war. But he soon found a new rival in prince Henry,
theeldcstson of Maud, who waslGyearsold,and of an enter-
prising genius. Having prepared matters, he laniled in Eng-
land with a considerable force, in 1152, and was immediately
joined by several barons, who put into his hands 30 fortified
castles. And now a second civil war, asfurioiisusthetirst, was
like to break out, and the two armies were jitst upon the point
of engaging; when by the good otticesof some of the nol)ility
on each side, in a conference between the king and Henry
on the opposite banks of the river Thames, near Walling-
ford, a truce was agreed upon; which being several times
renewed, at last ended in a treaty of peace, (which was fa-
cilitated by prince Eustace's death,) by wliicli Stephen was
to enjoy the crown during life, and after his death Henry
was to succeed him as his lawful heir. Soon after, Stephen
performed the ceremony of adopting the young prince.
Thus peace was restored, to the universal joy of the nation,
and Stephen again applied himself to repair the miseries the
war had occasioned ; but death put a stop to his generous
designs, which took him out of the world eleven months
after the treaty with Henry, viz. on October 25th, 1164, in the
60tli year of his age, and 19th of his reign. He was buried
in the abbey of Feversham, which lie had founded, near
queen Maud his wife, only daughter and heir to the earl of
Boulogne, and Eustace his son, who both died 1 153. Stephen
was a prince of great courage, fortitude, and activity ; and
might have reigned with the approbation of his people, bad
lie not been harassed by the ell'orts of a powerful competitor,
which obliged him to take such measures for his safety as
were inconsistent with the dictates of honour, which indeed
iiis ambition prompted him to forego in his first endeavours
to ascend the throne. His necessities afterwards compelled
him to infringe the charter of privileges he granted at his
accession ; and he was instigated by his Jealousy and resent-
ment, to commit the most flagrant outrages against gratitude
and sound policy. His vices as a king seem to have been
the effects of the troubles in which he was involved ; for, as
a man, he was brave, open, and liberal, and during the short
calm that succeeded the tempests of his reign, he made a
progress through the kingdom, published an edict to restrain
all rapine and violence, and disbanded the foreign merce-
naries who had preyed so long upon his people. But his
character has been roughly handled, on account of the little
regard he expressed for the clergy, aud his usurpation of the
throne from the immediate heirof blood.
STERCORA'CEOUS, a. [from sterais, dung, Lat.] be-
longiiig to dung; partaking of the nature of dnng.
STERCORA'TION, t. [from stercus, dung, Lat.J the act
of dunging ; the act of manuring with dung.
STEREO'GRAPHY, {stcreigrafthy) s. [itf^-eos, solid, and
grapho, to describe, Gr.J the art of representing solids on a
plane.
STEREO'METRY, s. [from itereos, solid, and metreo, to
measure, Gr.J a science teaching to measure solid bodies,
or to find their solid contents.
STEREOTOM Y, J. [from stereos, solid, and temno. to cut,
Gr.] the art or act of cutting solids, or making sections
thereof, as walls or other members in the prohles of archi-
tecture.
STEREOTYPE Printing, s. [surtos, solid, and typos,
a type, Gr.] the art of printing books from pages cast in
solid platei, instead of being composed of single moveable
letters, Tins art, though known in Great Britain from tnt
year 1725, owes its revival and iinprovenient, in the presetit
century, to the industry and in|,'enuity of earl Stanhope
But as plates admit of little or no alteration or correction
the art is chiefly applicable to works of great and constau'
sale, as Bibles, prajer-books, &c.
STE'RIL, a. [stii-ile, Fr. tterilii, Lat.] barren, orprodutinjt
neither fiuit nor children.
STERILITY, s. [slirUite, Fr. from sterilis, barren, Lat.'
barrenness ; or want of power to produce fruit or offspriiij;.
STE'ULING, a. [from Ensttrlinfrs, originally employed in
coinage] an epithet by which genuine English money is
discriminated, having twenty shillings English to the pound
Genuine ; having passed the test.
STE'RLING, i. English coin ; standard money or rate.
STERN, a. r.«<i/rH, Sax.] severe in look <••■ manners; tru-
culent. Harsh ; cruel ; unrelenting. Afflictive ; severe ;
sour ; morose.
STERN, s. \steor. Sax. J the hind part of a ship; the
binder part of any thing ; direction.
STE'UNLY, ad. severely ; morosely.
STE'HNNI'^SS, s. severity in lofik or manners.
STE'RNON,.s.,[Gr.] the breast bone.
STERN UTA 'I ION, i. [from stenivto, to sneeze often,
Lat.J a convulsive shaking of the nerves and muscles, oc-
casioned by an irritation of those in the nostrils ; the act of
sneezing.
STERNUTATIVE, or STERNUTATORY, a. provok-
ing sneezing.
STETIN, Old, a handsome and well fortified sea-port
town of Upper Saxony, capital of Prussian Pomerania; con-
taining about 20,OUO inhabitants. Here is a court of admi-
ralty, a chamber of commerce, a college of physicians, a
board of health, &c- In time of peace, it has a considerable
trade with England, Holland, France, Spain, Denmark,
Sweden, Dantzick, Lubeck, Hamburgli, &c. It has also
a dock for building of ships. It is seated on the river
Oder, which divides it into four parts, 74 miles W. of New
Stetiu, and 70 N. by E. of Berlin. Lat. 63. 35. N. Ion. 14.
STE'VENAGE, a town of Hertfordshire, with a market
on Wednesday. It is a good thoroughfare place, containing
several inns, 12 miles N. N. W. of Hartford, and 31 N. by
W. of London.
To STliW, *. fl. [estnte); Er.] to seethe any thin" with a
slow heat, and a small quantity of liquor. Neuterly, to be-
seethed in a small moist heat.
STEW, s. \estiive, Fr. stnfa, Ital. estufa, Span.] a bagnio :
a hothouse; a brothel; a bawdy house. A storepond or
lisbpond.
STEWARD, s. [stiivard, Sax.] one who manages the afioirs
of another, particularly with respect to money.
STEWARDSHIP, s. the ofliceof a steward.
STEY'NING, a town in Sussex, with a market on Wed
nesday. It is seated under the downs, and sends two mem-
bers to parliament. It is 15 miles W. of Lewes, and 51 S.
by W. of London.
.STI'BI AL, o. [from stiliian, Lat.] antimonial. " Stibial ot
eruginons sulphur." Harvey.
STICK, i. [sticca, Sax. stow, Ital. steel, Belg.J a [thin and
longish piece of wood ; a walking staff.
To STICK, V. a. pret. and part. pass, stuck ; [stican. Sax.]
to fa.'len on so that it may remain or adhere without falling
ort". To stab or pierce with a pointed instrument, from sti-
cimt. Sax. or steken, Belg. Neuterly, to adhere to without
falling off; to be inseparable : to remain in the memory ; to
stop in its passage ; to be constant to ; to hesitate ; used
with at ; to be perplexed. To stick out, to be prominent with
deformity; to refuse compliance.
To STICKLE, (siikl) v. n. to take part 'with one side or
another ; to contend with obstinacy ; to trim ; to play fast
and loose between opposites.
STFCKLEBACH, s. a small fish found in great quautin*
816
STI
in tlie fens ot Lincolnshire, and some of the rivers flowing
frotri them, also in new-dug ditches.
STICKLER, s. one that is busy in public affairs; one
wliois zealoiis in llie cause he espouses; a sidesman to a
fencer; asecond to a duellist ; a.judge of? combat.
STICKY, a. fastening itself to any thing it touches ; ad-
hesive ; viscous; glutinous.
STIFF, it. [stif Dan. stif, Sax. st,,r, Swed. stijf, Belg.]
not easy to be bent, or put out of form by the touch ;
rigid; inflexible; not easily subdued ; obstinate; formal;
hardy; strong; stubborn; pertinacious; rigorous; harsh;
constrained.
To STIFFEN, ». a. \stifian, SaxJ to make stiff, or hard
to be bent ; to make obstinate, inflexible, rigid, unpliant,
hard. Neuterly, togrow stiff or rigid ; to become unpliant ;
to grow hard ; to grow obstinate.
STITFLY, ad. in a stubborn, obstinate, inflexible manner.
STIFFNE'CKED, a. obstinate ; stubborn ; coutu-
niarious.
STIFFNESS, s. hardness ; rigidity. Tension. Obsti-
nacy ; stubbornness.
To STIFLE, istifl) v. a. \estoufer, Fr. | to smother for want
of air, to sufibcate ; to keep in ; to extinguish ; to suppress
or conceal.
STI'GMA, s. [Lat.] a brand with a hot iron ; a mark of
infamy. lu .botany, the upper part of the pointal. See
Summit.
To STI'GMATIZE, v. a. friig-ww/.tec, Fr.] to mark with
a bra.nd ; to disgrace ; to mark with infamy or reproach.
STILE, f. [stigele. Sax. J a set of steps by which a person
may pass from one inclosure to another ; a pin in a sun-dial
which formsthe shadow, from stile, Fr. See Style.
STILETTO, s. [Ital.J a small dagger, of which the blade
is not edged, but round, with a sharp point.
To STILL, V. a. [slillan, Sax. sttlkn, Relg.] to silence ; to
make silent : to quiet or appease ; to calm.
STILL, a. [stil, Belg.] silent without noise, quiet, calm ;
motiiiuless.
STILL, f. a state of calmness and silence ; a vessci used
in distilling ; an alembic.
STILL, arf. \stille, Sax.] to this time inclusive; neverthe-
less ; continually ; after that.
\To STILL, V. a. see DisTi l.
_ STl'LLATOR Y, s. au alembic ; a vessel in which distilla-
tion is performed. The room where stills are placed.
STILLBORN, a. dead born.
STI'LLICIDE, s. [from ttdla, a drop, and cadu, to fall,
LatJ a succession of drops.
STlLLICipiOUS, «. falling in drops.
STI'LLNESS, s. the state of being free from motion or
noise; calmness; quiet; silence; taciturnity.
STI'LTS, s. Utyltor, Sued.] sticks willi straps, in which
bovs put their feet, and raise themselves to walk in.
ToSTI'MULATE, v. a. [siimuh, Lai.] to prick or goad;
to incline to action by some forci-ble motive. In physic,
to excite a quick sensation, and h derivation towards the
part.
STIMULATION, s, \itimidailo, Lat.] the act of in-
citing -to act'on; excitement; the act of inciting a quick
sensation.
To STING, V. a. prcter. siun/r, part. pass, sians^ and
stung ; [stitif-au. Sax. J to pierce or prick with a pointed dart
infecte(fwith venom ; to infuse venom into ; to put to great
pain or torture.
STING, s. a sharp and venomous point with which
«ome animals are armed; anything that gives pain; the
last verse ofou epigram, conveying some sliarp or pointed
thounht.
S'lI'NGrNESS, (theg- pron. likej) «. covetousness ; nig-
^ar/lliHcss ; avarice.
STI'NGO, s. [from tlie sharpness of ih taste] old strong
beer. A caul word
SITNGV, (the g pron. like j) a, covetous ; loth to give or
lead.
Ui8
STI
To STINK, prefer. sia)Ji or ttunh ; \stiucT:cn, Belg. stiiiim
SaxJ to be putrefied, and cause a bad scent.
STiNK, s. an oft'ensive smell.
STI'NK.'^RD, s. a stinking nasty fellow.
STI'NKl'OT, s. an artificial composition offensive to the
smell."
To STINT, f. a. [stytita, Swed. stunta, Isl.J to bound ; to
limit ; to restrain ; to stop ; to give sparingly, or conhne to
short allowance.
STINT, s. limit ; bound ; restraint. A proportion as-
signed.
STIPEND, [rtj/jptif/iHJH, Lat.] wages or settled pay.
STIPENDIARY, s. \stipendiaire, Fr.] one who performs
any service for a settled payment.
STIPENDIARY, a. [from stipendium, wages, Lat.] re-
ceiving salaries ; performing any service for a staterf
price.
STIPTIC, orSTI'PTICAL, a. see Styptic.
To STITULATE, v. v. [from stipidor, Laf.J to settle or
make a bargain on certain terms; to contract; to covenant.
STIPULATION, s. [Fr.from stipulur, to contract. Lat.]
an agreement ; a covenant ; a bargain.
To STIR, (usually pron. stiir) v. a. \stirian, Sax.] to move
or remove from its place ; to incite ; to instigate; to agitate,
or put the parts of a fluid in motion, by keeping something
continually moving between them. To stir itp, to put in ac-
tion, to incite or provoke. Neuterly, to move one's self ; to
be in motion ; to rise out of bed.
STIR, {stiir) s. \sti(r, a battle, Run.] a tumult, bustle, or
putlic commotion; agitation, conflictnig passion.
STITIIA, a province of Germany, in the circle of .Austria,
with the title of a duchy. It is bounded on the N. by the
archduchy of Austria ; on the E. by Hungary ; on the S. by
Carniola ; and on the W. by Carinthia, and the archbishop,
ric of Saitzburg ; being 185 miles in length, and 17 in
breadth. It is said to contain 22 cities, 95 towns, 338 cas-
tles, 15 convents, and 200,000 inhabitants. Thoun^h it is a
mountainous country, yet there is a great dealof l.ind fit for
tillage, and the soil is so good that the iuhabitanls never are
in want of corn. It contains mines of very good iron,
whence the arms made here are in great esteem. The wo-
men differ greatly from the Austrians, and are very plain
and downright. They have all swellings on their throats,
called bronchoceles. The men are also very simple, and are
very zealous worshippers of the Virgin Mary. They delight
to sit at home, in the chimney corner, never troubling their
heads about foreign aflairs. The chief town is Gratz.
STI'RIOUS, a. [from stiria, an icicle, Lat.] hanging in
drops like icicles.
STI'RLING, an anticnt town of Scotland, the capital of
Stirlingshire. It is seated on the S. side of the Frith of
Forth, on a hill, which, rising from the E. terminates abrupriv
in a steep rock. On this rock is au anticnt castle, which
was often the residence of the kings of Scotland. The out-
side of the palace, which is now converted into barracks, is
richly and curiously adorned with various grotesque fi;jurcs.
From the castle is a fine view of the windings of the I-orth,
which are so numerous, that the distance from Stirling to
AUoa is above 20 miles bv water, although only four by
land. The church of Stirling is a magnificent Gothic struc-
ture, which serves tor two separate places of worship. In
this town and its neighbourhood are flourishing manufac-
tures of carpets, as also of coarse shalloons and cottons ; but
that of tartans is on the decline. Stirling is conimodiously
seated, being a pass between the N. and S. parts of Scotland,
but with such a diflicult navigation of its river that only
small vessels can come up to the town. It is 30 miles N'.
W. of Edinburgh.
STI'RLING.SIIIRE, a county of Scotland, bounded onfhc
N. and N. E. by Pcrtlishirc and Clackmannanshire, on the
E, bv the Frith of Forth, and the county of Linlithgow, on
the S. by Lanorkshire, and <>u the W. by Dumbartonshire.
It is about 3^« miles in length, 8 or i) in its general breadth,
and not more than 13 in its greatest. The S. parts ar»
STO
mountainous, but (lie parts about the Forth are fertile, and
abound in coals. The principal rivers arc the Forth, (wliuli
receives a great number of smaller streams) Carron, and
Avon; besides whicli, tlie new canal from filasijow runs
through this county to the Carrou mouth. The principal
towns are Stirling and Falkirk.
STrRIlER, «. one who is in motion; one who puts m
motion ; an instigator. A stirrer up, an inciter.
STI'RIIUP, s. [stirap, or sti^rrrrp, Sax.] an iv :; 'i';op hung,
by a strap, assisting an horseman in mounting his horse, and
ill sitting on the saddle.
To STITCH, V. a. [si.kkc, Dan. stidien, Belg.] to sew on
with the needle; to join l).v sewing. To stitch up, to mend
something rent. Neiiterly, to perform neetlle-work.
STiTCil, s. a single pass of a needle and thread through
any thiiig; a sharp pin, from siicifin. Sax.
STITCHWORT, s. a genus of- plants, of «hieh there are
three species, vix. the broad-leaved, greater, and lesser
stitchwort. Tjic blossoms are white.
, STITHY, s. \stith, h:\i(l. Sax. J an anvil.
To STIVE, V. a. [said to be of the same original as stcir\
to stuff up close; to make hot and sultry for want of
SIT'VER, *. [Belg.] a Dutch coin about the value of a
halfpenny.
STO'.\KER, {stbkcr) J. one who look after fires, and keeps
thoni up.
STOCCA'DO, («'y/fa('o) s. [from stocco,^ rapier, Ital.J a
thrust with the rai)ier.
STOCK, s. \stocli., Belg. stoc. Sax. J tiie trunk or body of
a plant or tree ; a log ; a pors.iii remarkably stupid ; the han-
dle of any thing; the frame on whieh a ship is supported
while building; a close neckcloth ; a XMd, lineage, family,
ancestry; the fund with ^liieli a person carries on trade ;
goods employed in trade; (pianlity, store ; a fiuid establish-
ed by the governiiionf.
To STOCK, r. «, to store to lay in stock; to P«t i" t'l^"
stocks.
STO'CKBRIDGE, a town of Hfmpshire, chiefly noted
for wlicelwrights and carpenters. It has some good inns,
being a considerable thoroughfare im the S. W. road from
London, and is.9 miles N. \V. of Winchester, 1.0 E. of Sa-
lisbury, and 66 W. S. W. of London. Market on Thursday.
Fairs on Holy Thursday, July loth, and October 7th, for all
cattle, especially sheep.
STO'CKDON'K, ^. the ring-dove.
STOCKFISH, s. dried cod, so called from its hard-
ness.
STO'CKGILLYFLOWF,R, .t. a garden plant.
STOCKHOLM, the capita! of Sweilr-n, in a situation re-
markable for its romantic Scenery: It is very long and ir-
regular, being built on seven small rocky islands, from one
of which the city takes its name, (between the Baltic and
the Malar lake) besides which, it contains two peninsulas.
Between these several parts of the city a connnnnication is
formed by means of brirlges. A variety of contrasted and
beautiful views are formed by nnmerons rocks of granite,
rising boldly from the surface of ihe water, partly bare and
craggy, and partly dotted with houses, or feathered with
wood. The harbour is an inlet of the Baltic ; 'he water, of
a blackish colour, is of such depth, that ships of the largest
burden can approach the quay. At the extremity of the
harbour, several streets rise one above another, in the form
of an amphitheatre ; and the palace, a magnificent building,
crowns the summit. The arsenal contains many cnrio.«ties,
among which are an imniense number of standards, and
other military trophies, taken from the Imperialists, Poles,
Russians, and Danes. Except in the subiubs, where some
houses arc of wood, painted red, the buildings are mostly of
stone, or brick, stuccoed white, and built on p.il'es. A royal
Academy of Sciences was instituted here in 1741; here is
also a RoyalAcademy ofPainting and Sculpture. In Stock-
holm are manufactures of glass, china, woollen, silk, linen,
&c. The inhabitants are cslimuted at fiO.ono. The court
6M
STO
formerly resided at Upsal, but rcmoved.here in the last ceo-
tury. it is 300 miles N. I'",, of Copenhagen, 025 N. W. of
Vienna, 626 W. of Moscow, 7.00 N. K. of Paris, 900 N. E.
of fvondon, and 1200 N. W. of Canstantinople. Lon. 19. m.
E. lat. 59. '20. N.
stocking;, s. the covering of the leg.
•ST.O'CKJOBB1'-R,i. a low mercenary wretch, who gets
money by buying and selling in the funds.
STO'CKLOCK, s. a lock fixed in wood.
..STOCKPORT, a town of Cheshire, seated on the river
Mersey, over which it has a bridge lha"t leads into Lan-
cashire, andconnected with the late extensive inland navi-
gations, 7 miles S. E. of Manchester, and 179 N. N. W. of
London. Standing on uneven ground.it is generally ill built,
but. is, however, a town of good entertainment. Its popu-
lation Hnctnales from 16 to 20,000 inhabitants, according to
the state of its manufactories, which are very considerable,
and ineliuh? the business of cotton and printed goods, with a
tew sjlk mills, and a share of hat-aiaking for the London
niiirket. Market on Friday.
S'J'OCKS, s. (common without the singular) among ship-
carpenters, is a frame of lindjer to build ships ujion. Also,
a wooden machine, to confine the legs of otlenders, by «ay
of punishment.
STOCKS'lTLL, «(/. as motionless as a log.
STOCKTON, a clean, well-built, and well-paved town
of Durham, containing a handsome town-hall, a spacious
market-place,excellent inclosed shambles for butchers'meat,
and about .1400 inhabitants ; v, ith mannfacturesof sail cloth,
corduroys, thicksets, and other articles in cotton, and of linen
damasks, in which last branch some considerable improve-
ments have been made here. The ships built at this place
are admired for their beauty and strength ; abundance of
fine salmon is caught in the river, and carried to York,
Leeds, &c. Stockton is a iiiember port of Newca^^tle, and
is seated on a point of bnd bko an is!i<n.^, abon.t 8 iiiilc'<; from
the German Ocean, and on tlie river Tees, over v fiich it
iiasa tine stone bridge of 5 elliptical arches, 22 miles S. E.
iiy E. of Durham, and liQ N. of London. Markets on
Wednesday and Saturday.
STO'ICK, .V. a follower of the sect ofZeno. This sect
received its name from stoa Gr. a porch, because Zeno taugiit
ills disciples in a common porch of the city of Athens. They
lield the doctrine of the neutrality of external things.
STOKE, or .STOACK, in the names of places, comes
from stncce. Sax. the stock or body of a tree.
STOKEGOMER, a town of Somersetshire, whose market
is disused. It is 26 miles W. of Wells, and 152 W. by S. of
London.
STO'KESLEY, a town in the N. Riding of Yorkshire,
consisting chiefly of one well-built street, about half a mile
Ion". It is seated in a fruitful tract, called Allertoiishire,
watered by the river Wisk, near the source of the Tees,
among several other small streams, a few miles E. of Varum,
.■?G N.°of York, and a37 N. by W. of London. A very good
market on Saturday, and a large fair for horned cattle, horses,
and linen, on the Saturday before Trinity Sunday.
STOLE, s. \stoht, Lat.| a long vest or robe. Gnmm af the
stole, is the head ofticer belonging to the king's bed-
chandier.
STOLE, preter. of Steal.
STO'LEN, part. pass. ofSxEAL.
STOLl'DITY, s. \stolidite, Fr. from stolidus, foolish, Lat.J
foolishness; want of sense ; stupidity; folly.
S'I'O'MACH, (stomak) s. [stomachu, Lat. estomach, i'r.J
that part of the body in which the food Isdigested ; appetite,
hunger or desire of food ; inclination, anger; suUenness, or
resentment ; haughtiness or pride.
To STO'MACH, {stemtth.)v. n. \stomaelwr, Lat.J to resent ;
to remember with anger and malignity. Neuterly. to be
angry.
STO'M.ACHER, J. an ornamental covering worn by w->
men in the front of theit stays.
ei7
STO
STO
STOMA'CHIC, or STOMA'CHICA"L, ^stomahlk, or
ilvmahihal) a. relating to tire stomach ; good for tlie
stoinacli.
STO.MA'CHICS, (ttomaktla:) t. [from stoinachus, tile
Stomach, L;tt.J mediciiies'lliat streiigtlieu the stomach, and
cause an appetite.
STONE, a town of Staffordshire with commodious inns,
seated on the river Trent, by wliicli it communicates with
all the •;re;it inland navijrations, 7 miles N. of Stafford, and
noN. \V. of London. Market on Tuesday.
STONE, J. [itoi, Sax. stainc, Goth, tteen, Belg.] a jem or
precious stone ; the hard covering of the kernel of a fruit ;
a funeral monument. In natural history, stones are defined
to be essentially compound fossils, not soluble in water or oil,
not iit all ductile ; of which there are various sorts. In me-
dicine, it is a stony or terrestrial concretion in any of the
urinary passages, which occasions a difficulty in making wa-
ter, and a pain in the small of the back, or about the os
pubis. .SVo;!(? also denotes a certain quantity or weight. A
stone of meat is 8 pounds ; of wool, 14 pounds; ho-rsenian's
weight, 14 pounds. To leave no stone unturned, is to do every
tiling tiiat can be done towards the success of an undertak-
ing. iSfo!/c is also used by way of exaggeration ; as, " stone
dead." ■
.STONE, a. made of stone.
To STONE, I-. a. to hit or kill with stones ; to harden.
STONEBREAK, the English saxifrage.
STO'NECR AY, a distemper in hawks.
STONECROP, s. in botany, the sedum of Linnaeus.
There are two species, the orpine and round-leaved. They
are found on walls, and Hower in July and August.
STONECUTTER, s. one whose trade is to hew stones.
STO'NEFERN, J. a plant.
STONEFLY,j.an insect.
STO'NEFRUIT, *. fruit of which the seed is covered with
a hard shell enveloped in a pulp.
STONE-H.A'VEN, or Stonehivk, a fishing town of
Scotland, in tlie shire of Mearns, with a good harbour, se-
cured by a stone-pier. It is 17 miles S. of Aberdeen, andtJQ
N. of Edinburgh.
STOTSEHAWK, i. a sort of hawk.
STO'NEHENGE, a remarkable monument of antiquity,
situated on Salisbury Plain. It stands on the summit of a hill,
which rises with a very gentle ascent ; and consists of stones
of enormous size, placed upon one another in a circular form :
many of which are really stupendous, and cannot fail of fil-
ing the beholder with surprise and admiration. All the
stones added together make Just 140. One, at the upper
end, which is fallen down, and broken in half, measures, ac-
cording to Dr. Hales, 3.5 f-et in length, 7 in breadth, and, at
a medium, 3 aiirra half in tlrckoess. The stones are sup-
posed to have been brought from the Grey Weathers, upon
Marlborough Downs, but the dithciilty in bringing them hi-
ther, and especially in laying them one upon another, is in-
conceivable, as no mechanical powers now known are suf-
ficient to raise those that lie across to their present extraor-
dinary situation. It is supposed to have been a temple be-
longing to the aiitient Druids. Stonehenge is2miles W. of
Aniesburv, and fi N. N. W. of Salisbury.
STO'NEHORSE, s. a horse not castrated.
STO'NEIjY, a town of Warwickshire, situated on the N.
bank of the Sow, near its confluence with the Avon, 4 miles
S. of Coventry, and 88 N. N. \V. of London, Market on
TInirsdav.
STO'NEPIT, ». a quarrv ; a pit where sfone is dug.
SrO'NEWOllT, J. a plant with (he chiv<- and pointal in
separate flowers. There are five British species.
STO'NY, a. made or full of stones ; iKird ; unrelenliiig.
STONY STRATFORD, a town of Buckinghamshire,
witli a market on Friday. It is a good thoroughfare town,
contains two parish churches, and lias several :;(io<l inns ; l.s
oiiles N. NV. of Dunstable, and .03 N. N. W. of London.
STOOD, the preter ofSTAND.
STOOK, t. a shock of com, containing twelve sheaves.
818
STOOL, s. [stol. Sax. stal, Belg. stoh, Goth. | « seat witft
out a back : evacuation by purging medicines.
STOO'MiNG OF WTNE, *. isthe putting bags of herbj
or other ingredients into it.
To STOOP, ti. «. [stmjpen, Belg. stiipian. Sax.] to bend
downwards or forwards. Figuratively, to yield or submit.
To condescend. To descend.
.STOOP, s. the act of stooping. A vessel of liquor, from
stoope, Belg.
To STOP, V. a. [stopj}en, Belg.] to hinder in moving or
action; to regulate musical strings with the fingers ; to put
an end to motion or action ; to close any aperfi:!^ ; to sup-
press ; to impede ; to put the points to several branches
of a sentence in writing; to refuse. Ncuterly, to cease
from motion or action; to refuse payment, or become a
bankrupt.
STOP, s. a delay ; a stay ; ahinderanceor obstruction of
action or motion ; interruplion ; obstacle; impediment; a
point used in dividing sentences; regulation of musical
chords or strings.
STO'PP.\GE, s. the act of stopping; the state of being
stopped.
STOTPLE, (stCp!) s. something by which the mouth of a
boltle or vessel is stopijed.
STO'RAX, s. [sfyrax, Lat.] a plant ; a resinous and odo-
riferous gum.
STORE, s. [stiW, much, Run.] plenty, or a large number or
quantity ; provisions ; a stock laid by or reserved ; maga-
zine, a storehouse.
To STORE, V. a. to supply or furnish in large quantities
for a future time ; to lay up or hoard.
STO'RGE, (the ^ pron. hard J s. [from sicrgo, to love, Gr. j
instinct or natural aft'ection, which most animals have for
their young.
STORK, s. [store, Sax.] a bird of passage, famous for
the regularity of its departure. Its beak and legs are long
and red ; it feeds upon serpents, frogs, and insects : its plu-
mage would be quite white, were not the extremity of its
'•vings, and also some part of its head and thighs, black : it
sits for thirty days, and lays but four eggs : they go away ia
the middle of August, anci return in spring.
STORM, s. \storm, Sax. and Belg. ystorm, Brit, siorma,
ItalJ a tempest, a violent agitation of the wind ; a commo-
tion in the elements ; a violent assault on a fortified place;
violence of passion, misery, or distress ; sedition, popular
tumult ; tumultuous force.
To STORM, )i. a. to attack by open force. Ncuterly, to
raise tempests ; to rage ; to liime, to be loudly angry.
STO'IlMY, a. tempestuous, boisterous ; violent ; pas-
sionate.
STO'RNWAY, a town of Scotland, in the isle of Lewis,
and one of the Western Islands. It has a harbour called
Loch Stornwav, on the east side of the island.
.STO'llTFORD, a town of Hartfordshire, with a market
on Thursday. It is called by some. Bishop's Stortford, and
is 1-2 miles N. E. of Hartford^ and 30 N. of London.
STORY, s. [storie, Belg. stoer, Sax. kisiuria, G r. J a history ;
an account of things past, generally applied to a relation of
trifling and fictitious things. A lloor, or flight of rooms,
from star, a place. Sax.
To STO IIY, t'. a. to relate any transaction either real or
fictitious ; to range one under another.
STORYTELLER, «. one who relates tales in conversa-
tion ; an historian, in contempt.
STOVE, i. [stnvc, Belg. stujfoa, Sax.] a hot-fiouse or room
ni;<,de warm l)y art ; a place in which fire is made.
To STOUND, ti. n. [stiinde, I grieved, Isl.J to be in pain or
sorrow. Used by Spenser for stunned,
STOUN D, ». sorrow ; astonishment: hour; season.
STOURBRIDGE, a well-built town of Worcestershire,
noted for its considerable glass and iron-works, (here beioi;
about It) glass-houses, in which are made drinking-glassti,
bottles, <i c.) and has also a mauufactory of cloth, and eip»-
S Tit
eially fine frieze. It is 22 miles N. of Worcester, and 125
N. W. of London.
STOUKBHIDGK, or Sturbich, the name of a field
neer Cambridge, noted for its famous fiiir, kept annually on
the 18tli of September, and contuiues a fortnight. A great
many tradesmsn go tliitlier from l^ondcm, as well as from
other parts ; and the coniiuodities arc horses, hops, iron,
wool, leather, cheese, an<i many other things.
STOUT, a. [stmit, IJelg.l strong ; brave ; courageous ;
intrepid; lusty; firm, or able to bear a great weight ; bold;
pertinacious.
STOU'TLY, «/. lustily : boldlv ; obstinately.
STOUTNESS, .t. bod dy strength; bravery; intrepidity;
Boldness ; fortitude ; obstinacy ; stubbornness.
STOW, (S/o) a town of Gloucestershire, with a market
on Thursday. Some call it Stow on the Would, and it is
not only sealed on a bleak hill, but it is destitute of wood
and water. It is 8 miles S. by W. of Camden, and 81 W. by
N. of London.
To STOW, (sta) V. a. \stowen, Belg.] to lay up ; to put in a
a proper place; to reposit in order.
STOWAGE, («(o-a;'e) jt. money paid for laying up goods ;
the place where goods are laid up or reposited.
STOWE, in the names of places, is derived from stor, a
place. Sax.
STO'WEY, a town of Somersetshire, 22 miles W. of
Wells, and 145 W. by S. of London. Market on Tuesday.
STO'WMARKET, a large, handsome town of Sufl'olk, so
called to distinguished it from towns of the same name, in
other parts of this country. It is seated between the
branches of the rivers dipping and Orwell, has a large
manufactory of woollen stuffs, and its cherries are thought
be the finest in England. It is 12 miles N. W. of Ipswich,
and 75 N. N. E. of London. Market on Thursday.
STRA'BISM, s. [stralismf, Fr. strabismus, Lat.J a squint-
ing ; a distortion of the eves.
r.o STRA'DDLE, (strddl) v. «. [from stritk] to stand or
walk with the feet at a wide distance from each other.
To STRA'GGLE, {slrdgl) v. u. [perhaps from stramiare,
Ital.] to wander without any direction, to ramble, to rove ;
to forsake company ; to exidierate, to shoot too far.
STRAGGLER, j. a wanderer ; a rover ; one who ram-
bles without any settled direction.
STRAIGHT) (the gh is mute in this and the following
words ; when this word is opposed to crooked, it shonld
be written straight ; but when opposed to broad or wide,
»<rai>) o. not crooked. Narrow; close. Tense; tight.
STRAIGHT, ad. [strach, Belg.] immediately ; without
delay ; directly ; straightwavs.
To STRAIGHTEN, v. a." to reduce from a crooked to a
straight figure or shape.
STRAI'GHTNESS, «. the quality of being not crooked ;
rectitude.
STRAI'GHTWAY, or STRAI'GHTWAYS, ad. imme-
diately.
To STRAIN, V. a. [estreiiKlre, Fr.] to squeeze, or force
liquor through by squeezing ; to filter ; to weaken by
overstretching ; to put to its utmost strength ; to squeeze
in an embrace ; to pull or force tight ; to constrain.
Neuterly, to make violent efforts ; to be filtered by com-
pression.
STRAIN, *. a weakness caused by stretching a ligament
loo much ; style or manner of speaking ; song or sound.
Race, generation, descent, from sireiige, Sax. Rank ; turn ;
tendency ; hereditary or natural disposition ; manner of
speech or action.
STRA'IiNER, *. an instrumeat used in clearing liquors
from foulness by filtration.
STRAIT, a \esiroit, Fr.J narrow, opposed to iwde ; close,
intimate; rigorous; difficult; distressful.
STRAIT, s. a narrow passage of the sea, whereby two
parts of the ocean are united ; distress or difficulty.
To STRAIT, t>. a. to reduce to difficulties.
To STRAITEN, v. a. to make narrow ; to contract, to
STR
confine; to make tight; tostrettb; to deprive of necesgaty
room ; to distress, or perplex.
.STRAITLY, ad. narrowly ; strictly ; rigorously.
STRAlTNESS, f. narrowness ; dithcuily ; siiictness, ri-
gour; distress; scarcity, "ant.
STRAlvE, s. a long mark ; a streak. See Sth R ak.
STRA LSUND, a sea port l'>wn of Upper Saxony, capi-
tal ofSwedibh Poinerania. It was very sUoiig, b.iiig so sur-
rounded by ihesea, and llic lake Fiancen, that il is only ac-
cessible by bridges, anil had lusides viTy goo(J liiiiificatioiu.
The harbour is separated iVom the Isle of Kugen by a nar-
row Ltrait. It W3t> the resilience of the king's governor-
general, and the place where the vvar-olfice was kept, and
the states held their nu-etiiigs. But on August 21, lbU7,
the Swedes were driven out of this town, and the island a(t
joining, bv the French ; but which were al'tcrwai(li rcstorecL
It is 40 miles IS'. E. of Gustrow. Lat. 54. 47. N. Ion. 13.
28. E.
STRAND, s. \striind. Sax. sliande, Belg. tlrend, Isl.] the
land w hich borders on the sea or a river ; a bank or sliore.
Also, the twist of a rope.
To STR AND, v. a. to drive or force upon the shallows or
shore.
STRANGE, a. [estrange, Fr.] foreign ; remold ; not
domestic ; unacquainted ; wonderful ; .odd, irregular,
uncommon ; ankuown ; uncounnonly good or bad ; sur-
urising.
.STRANGE, interj. used as an expression of wonder or
surprise.
STRATsGELY, ad. with some relation to foreigners ;
wonderfidlv ; with a degree ofifislike.
STR.\'NGENESS, i. foreignness ; uncommunlcative-
ness ; shyness ;, uncouthness ; mutual dislil* ; wonder-
fulness.
STRANGER, s. [estrauger, Fr.j a foreigner; one of
another country ; one with whom we have uu acquaintance ;
a guest.
To STRA'NGLF>, («(»■«"»■/) v. a. [stmngulo, Lat.] to
choak ; to suffocate ; to throttle; to kill by hinderuig a
person from breathing; to hinder from birth or appcarauce ;
to suppress.
STRA'NGLER, f. he that strangles.
STRANGLES, {strangh) s. [it has uo smgularj a dis-
ease in horses, attended with a running at the nose ; the
glanders.
STRANGULATION, s. suffocation ; the act of strang-
ling.
STRANGURY, or STRA'NGUARY, s. [from stranx.a
drop, and ourov, urine, Gr. strangitrie, Fr.] a disease w herein
a person is forcibly inclined to make urine, but cannot do it,
uidpss drop bv drop, and then with great pain.
STRANRA'VER, town of Scotland, in the shire of
tialloway, Omiles N. W.of Glenluce, ami 121 W. of Edin-
burgh.
STRAP, s. \strnppe, P,u\g. stroppu, Ital.] a narrow slip of
cloth or leather. Among surseons, it is a kind of band to
stretch out members in setting broken or disjointed bones.
Among mariners, it is a rope spliced about a block, with an
eye to fasten it.
STRAPPA'DO, s. [Ital.] a kind of rack, the criminal
being drawn up on high, with his arms tied backwards.
Chastisement by blows.
STRATPING, a. of a large bulk oi size, applied to men
or women; lusty; joUv; stately.
STRASBURG, a ci'tv of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Lower Rhine. It is situated at the confluence of the
rivers 111 and Brusch, over the former of which there are 8
bridges of communication. The bridge over the Rhine is
of wood, and 3900 feet in length. It is supported in the
middle by an island, on which is a strong fortification. The
inhabitants, exclusive of the garrison, are estimated at
60,000. Here are 6 gates, and 200 streets, which, in gene-
ral, are narrow ; but the great street, and two others , are
regular and handsome ; aud the public buildings are eleaant.
STR
STR
III the Cflthedral is a clock, of admirable mecliaiiisra, wliicli
ehcv/s the motions of the constellations, the revolutions of
the sun and moon, the days of the week, the hours, &c.
Anotiier curiosity in this cathedral is its pyraniidical tower,
uniting, in its workniansliip, delicacy with solidity. It is
549 feet high, and is ascended hy 036 steps. It is 255 miles
E. of Paris. Lat.48. 35. N. lor.."?. 51. E.
STRATA, «. [p\m-a\ of sttalmn, Lat.] beds or layers of
different kinds of earlli.
STRA'TAGEM, *. [from stratos, an army and ago, to
lead, Gr.] an artifice or trick by whitii an enemy is deceived
in war; a trick by which some advantage is gained.
STRA'TFOllO-UPON-AVON, a town ofWarwickshire,
«eated on the river Avon, which is navigable to the town in
barges, and over which it has a haiuisome stone bridge,
with 13 great and 6 small arches, and a long causeway at
the W. end of it, walled on both sides. It is memorable as
the birth-place of Shakespeare, who was buried here in
1616, and whose monument stands near the furthermost cor-
ner of the church. It has a considerable trade in corn and
raall, of which last it makes abundance, and is 8 miles S. \V.
of Warwick, and 94 N. W. of London. Market on Thurs-
day.
STRATHI'v A'VER, the most northern county of Scotlan !,
bounded on the N. by llie ocean ; on the K. by Caithness ;
on the S. by Sutherland ; and o.i the \\. partly by Roos, a;id
partly bv the ocean.
To STRA'TIFV, i-. a. [from stianwi, Lat.] to range in
beds or lavers.
STR ATOCRACY, i. Istratos, an army, and eruins, gc. ct ii-
ment, Gr.J military governoicnt ; a state governed by the
army.
STR ATTON, a town of Cornwall, seated between two
rivulets, which here unit<-, and fall into the sea al a siiikU
distance. It is 18 miles N. W. of Launceslon, and 2C1 W.
bv S. of London. Market on Tuesday.
"S]T..ATL'M,.s. [Lat.] a bed or layerof different kin Is of
earth.
STRAW, s. \streoii>, Sax.] the stalk of corn after it is
thrashed ; anv thing proverbially worthless.
STRAWBKIIRY, *. a well-known fruit. In botan/, the
fragaria of Linuxus. Tiiereare two British species, v'z.tiie
wood and barren strawberry. They have white flowers
coining out in April.
.S'li;A;\M5i:RRY-TREr,, f. the arbutus of Linniens.
There are three English specii's, viz. the common, moun-
tain, and pereiniial. The hjst species is common in our
gurdeiis on account of tke beautiful appearance of its
fruit. •■
.STRA'WCOLOUREI), «. of a light yellow.
SI RA'WY, a. made of straw ; consisting of straw.
S TR.A'i', «• •' I'east that has strayed or wandered (rom its
pasture or owner; act of wandering or going astray.
To STRAY, V. n. [stioe, to scatter, Dan. J to rove; to wan-
der ; to rove without any certain direction ; togoout of the
way beyond proper bounds; togoas'iay. Figuratively, to
err ; to deviate from the right.
.STREAK, {stmeli) s. [i/Ji/.r, Relg. strict; Sax. sliicia,
Ital.] a line of colour or hue ditl'ereiit from that of the
gron;id.
To STREAK, {sfreeh)v. a. to mark with a line of dillerent
colour from that of the ground ; to variegate in colours; to
stripe ; lo da|>ple.
SFRIOAKINKSS, (xlrffhincss) s. the (jnality of being full
of lines of ditierent colours.
STRE'AKY, <;ilrcihij)n. ab(iun<liiig vvitli streaks; striped;
diver.Mtied by various colours.
Si kr. AM, (»'(•«>»«) 1). n. [.t^cdim. Sax.] ruiming valer ; a
current ; any thing issuing in a current from a head or
souice.
To STREX.W, {ttrtem) v. n. \xlrii/ma, Isl.] to flow or run
like wat^r from a fountain or aperture ; to be over-
flown
STEE'AMER, (streimer) t. uii ensign ; a flag ; a i>cniiou ;
any tiling flowing loosely from a stock, as the pennon of o
ship.
STRE'.'VMY, a. abounding in running water ; flowing
with a current.
STREET, s. \streFt, Sax. and Belg.] a paved way, or wide
passage, between two rows of houses ; a public way or
place.
STREETWALKER, s. a prostitute who walks the streets
to entice the unwary and lewd.
STRENGTH, j.[ri)ew»-M, Sax.] force, vigour, or power of
body or n;iiid ; the quality of liquors which rendei.s them in-
toxicating ; support; an armament. Synon. Slrcng-t/: is
chiefly owing to the construction of the muscles. A little
man is often strovger than a greater. I'ubustnrss carries
withitan idea of lustiness, is less s'lbject to infirmities, and
much owing to constitution. A short man may ho rolust.
By stout we understand tall and strong made. A little man,
though never so strong, cannot be called stout. By stuiily
we mean rfoK<, with a degree of hardiness.
To STRE'NGTHEN, v. a. to invigorate ; to fortify ; to
make strong; to confirm or establish; to fix in resolution.
Neuterlv, to grow strong ; to increase in strength.
STRE'NGTHENER,^. that which gives strength; that
which makes strong. In medicine, stietig'thencrs-A<id to the
bulk and firmness of the solids ; cordials iwe sucli as drive
on the vital actions ; but these such as confirm the
'STRE'NUOUS, a. [strovms, Lat.] I>i-,ive, bold, ^•aliant,
active, vigorous ; zealous or vehement in any cause.
ST.'lR'N'UOUSLY, ad. vigorously; actively; zealouslv.
STilEPEROUS, a. [from lii-epo, to make a noise, Laf.j
hoarse ; noisy ; jarring.
STRESS, s. [stccc, violence. Sax.] importance ; violence ;
force ; dependence. To !ui/ a iiiess iqwn, to rest or rely on ;
to lay an emphasis o" any particular uord or sentence.
To STRETCH, r. a. [stremn, Sax. itrechn, Bcl.g | to
spread out lengthw ise with force ; to elongate ; to strain to
the utmost. Neuterly, to be extended ; to bear being ex-
tended without breaking; logo beyond the truth.
STRETCH, s. extension, reach, or the state of occupying
more space ; effort, struggle, the utmost extent or latilude.of
meaning ; utmost reach of power.
STRETCHER, s. any thing used for extension. The
timber against which the rower plants his feet.
STRE'TTOX-CIIURCH, a town in Shropshire, witli a
market on Thursday. Distant 153 miles from London.
ToSTRF-W, CO. prefer, and part. yiAa. slruu-n, strawn ;
\strawuu, Goth.] to spread by scattering ; to scatter
loosely.
STRIDE, s. [Lat.] in natural history, tl.*e small channels
in the shells of cockles and scallops.
STRIATE, or STRIATED, «. formed into cliainiels.
STI'I'ATURE, s. disposition of stria".
S'J RI CKLE, STRICKLESS, or S'J'RITCIIEL, s. a thing
used to strike the over-measure of corn, cVc.
STRICT, a. [slrictus, Lat.] rigorously exact, nice, accu-
rate ; severe ; confined ; tiglit ; tense.
.STRI'CTl.Y, Of/, severely ; closely, exactly.
STRICTNESS, ^.carefulness ; exactness ; severity ; close-
ness ; tightness.
STRI'CT'URE, s. [from strictjira, a spark, Lat.J a spark
from red-hot iron. A stroke; touch. Contraction. Criti-
cal reuiaik.
STRIDE, ,«.]»7»Wc, Sax.] a long step.
To STRIDE, r. )/. prefer, strorle, or strid, part. pass.
styiililni ; to Walk or ])ass with lon^3te[)s; to stand or ri(1«
with one leg on each side of any thing.
STRI'DENT, «. [struUns,Ldi.\ noisy ; gnashing with tlic
teeth.
STKIDULOUS, a. \ttrididM, Lat.] cracking ; screaking;
making a small noise.
STRIFE, J. [from strive] a contest wherein persons mutu-
ally strive to hurt or get the better of each otiier; discord;
couteutiuu ; quarrel ; opposition of nature.
STR
STR
To STRIKE, V. a. proter. strucli^ or Hrooh, part. 'pass.
ttriirh or strirhai ; [astrimii. Sax. stiichcn, Tent. strither, 1 )an. J
to liit with violence. To dash, used with on. 'J'ostauip, or
impress a resfiidilatice. 'I'o ad'cet ; to ahirm. To punish,
or afflict. To lower, or let down, .ipplied to saiU, Ha.ns, &c.
W'itii u», to cause to sound, or produce hv music. To make,
applied to bargains. L'jcd will) off] to erase from a rcclson-
ins or account ; to separate by a blow or any sudden action.
Used without, to produce by a sudden and violent stroke or
action; tobrinjj to lit;lit ; toform by a (piick ettbrt ; to blot
oreflace. Neuterly, to make a blow. To collide ; lo clash.
To act upon by a blow, or sound by the hammer, applied lo
clocks. To make an attack. To be stranded, or dashed upon
a shallow. To force its way with a (piick and sudden eH'ort.
To strike in uith, to conform or comply.
STRIKI'], s. a nieasuie coutaining two bushels.
STIirKEBLOCK, s. a plane tlioiler than the jointer, hav-
ing its sole made exactly liat and .straight, and is used- for the
shooting of a short joint.
STHlKliVG, /;«»■/. ai/. ancctins ; surprisinij ; remarkable.
STliING, i. \iitring. Sax. sirens;, Teut. and Dan. striii^liv,
Belg.] a slender rope ; thread ; line. 1 he chord of a mu-
sical instrument. A fibre. A nerve ; a leiidon. A set of
things fixed on a line. A scries of propositions or argu-
ments. To have two strings to one's liov, is to lia\'e two
vifiws or expedients, or to have a double advaiita^'c or
security.
To STRING, I', a. preter. and part. pass, strunn- ; to fur-
nish with strings ; to file on a siring, or pierce throii^di wilii
a string; to stretch or make tight ; to put a stringed instru-
ment in tune. To make tense.
STRI'NGED, a. having strings ; produced by strings.
STRI'NGRNT, (llies' proii. sofl)«. contracting ; biiKling.
STRI'NGHALT, s. '{string- and /»'//] in farnery, is a
sudden twitching and snatching up of the hinder leg of a
horse much higher than the other, or an iuvoluntarv or
convulsive motion of the muscles that extend or bend the
hough.
STRI'NGINESS, (theg-pron. hard)«. the quality of being
full of strings, threails, or fibres.
STRINGY, a. filons ; consisting of small threads ; fila-
uientous.
To' STRIP, «. «. [bestripte, stript. Sax.] to make naked ;
to deprive of dress or covering; lo deprive; to pillage, to
plunder, to rob; to peel, or decorticate.
STRIP, s. a narrow shred.
STRIFE, s.[stiepe, Piclg.J a lineary variation of C'oiour ;
a shred of a diflercnt colour ; a weal, or mark made in the
skin by a blow ; a blow, a lash.
To STRIPE, V, II. istrepen, Belg.] to variegate with lines
of dift'erent colours.
.STRI'PEI), «. distinguished bylines of difl'ercnt colours.
STRPPUNCi, «. a young person ; a youth.
To.STRlVl'"-, I'. 71. prefer, strove, part. pass, striven ; [stre-
ven, Belg.] to struggle, to labour, or to make a vigorous
effort; to struggle or contend in opposition to another ; to
vie, to emulate, to be comparable to, or to contend in ex-
cellence.
STRl'VER, i. one wholabours or contends.
STR1X,J'. [Lat.] the screech-owl. A hag ; fairy; goblin.
STROK.K, s. [from strooh, preter. of strike\ a blow, a
knock ; a sudden act of one body upon another ; a siidden
disease or atHiclion ; the touch of a pencil ; an effect sud-
denly produced ; a soun<l of the clock ; a Miasterly elfort ;
power, etiicacy ; a gentle smoothing or rubbing of the
liand.
To STROKE, V. a. [strncan. Sax.] to rub gently one way
with the hand by way of kindness; to soothe ; to cajole ; to
flatter ; to wheedle.
To STROLL, {strble) V. n. to rove ; to wander ; to ramble ;
lo be a vagrant or vagabond.
STRO'LLER, s. a vagrant ; a vagabond.
STRONG, a. \strans. Sax.] having great strength of body
M mind ; vigorous ; fortified ; valid ; able to malie a luug
and stout rcsislence ; healthy; energetic; powerful; co-
gent ; acting forcibly on the mind ; eager, ardent, zealous;
having any quality in a great degree. Intoxicating, ai)plied
to liquors. Deep, applied to colour. Hard of digestion,
or high seasoned, applied to food. Not easily conquered,
ajiplied to habits, firm, or not easily broken.
S'PUO'NtiLY, ad. lustily ; stoutly ;" forcibly ; powerfully;
firmly ; eagerly.
.STRO'NSA, one of the Orkney Isles, about fj miles long,
and almost as broad, so indented with bays, that there is no
part of the island above one mile distant from the sea. The
shores produce great quantities of tang, or sea-weed, fit for
the kelp manufacture. The number of inhabitants is about
yOf). Lat. oH. 59. N.
STRO'NTI.AN, s. m mineralogy, a primitive earth found
in a mineral, which is brought from the lead mine of Stron-
tian, in Argyleshiee.
STROPHE, {strof'ee) s. [from strepho, to turn, Gr.] the
first of the three divisions of a (ireek lyric poem. A
stanza.
STROUD, a town of Gloucestershire, seated on tlie
Stroud, asmall stream, the properties of which are said to
be peculiarly adapted to the dv'iig of scarlets. 1-or this
reason, its banks are crowded with the houses of clothiers ;
and the rivulet being itself inconsiderable, a navigable
canal accompanies its progress to the Severn. This canal
iias been lately extended to join the 'i'hauies at Lechlivde.
Seel'HAMEsI Stroud is li miles S. E. of (iloucester,
and 102 \V. by N. of London. Wai ket on Fri<iay.
STRUCTURE, s. [structure, Vr. striictnra, Lat.] t!:e act of
building ; the manner in which the parts of any budding,
fabric, edifice, or machine, are joined together; a buiMing;
form, make, construction.
To .S'PRU'GGLE, (stidg-l) V. n. (the etymology uncer-
tain) to labour ; to strive hard, or make strong eHorts to
reform or obtain a thing ; to contend or make a stroiuj
opposition against ; to be in agonies, distiGss, or ditfi-
culties.
STRU'GGLE, (sti-ugl) s. a violent method maile to over-
come any difiiculty or resistance; an agony ; c<>utest ; tu-
multuous distress or difHculty.
STRUM A, s. [Lat.] a glandular swelling ; the king's evil ;
a scrofula.
.STRU'iMOUS, n. having a swelling in the glands ; or re-
lating to a swelling in the glands.
STRU'AIPET,^. [perhaps from, t<H;,'v'im, Lat.] a con>nioii
prostitute; a whore ; a harlot.
To S'PRU T, f. n. [striisscn, Teut.] to walk with an air of
pride and dignity; to swell ; to protnberate.
STRUT, s. a gait or walk of affected grandeur.
STUART, (Cm ARLES.)See Charles I. Chariest, was
a princcofamiddlingstature, rol>u3t,and well proportioned.
His hair was of a dark colour, his forehead high, his con;-
plexion pale, his visage long, and his aspect melancholy.
Heexcelledin riding, andother manly exercises; he iidie-
rited a good understanding from nature, and had cultivated
it with great assiduity. His perception was clear and acute,
his judgment solid and decisive: he possessed a refined
taste for the liberal arts, and was a munificent patron to those
who excelled in painting, sculpture, music, and architec-
t-ire. In his private morals, he was altogether unblemished
and exemplaiy. Charles, by his queen Henrietta, daughter
of Henry IV. of France, had four sons and five daughten; ;
namely, Charles James, who died in the cradle ; Charles,
Prince of Wales, by whom he was succeeded ; James, Duke
of York; Henrv, Duke of Gloucester, who died after the
Restoration; Mary, who espoused William of Nassau, Prince
of Orange, bv whom she was left a widow ; Eliiabeth, con-
fined by the regicides in Carisbrook Castle, where she died
of grief ; Anne and Catharine, who died in their infancy ;
and Henrietta Maria, who was carried in her infancy by the
Countess of Dalkeith into France, where she married Philip,
Duke of Anjou and Orleans, brotherfo Louis XIV. During
the peaceable period of this reign, the commerce of Englair'
8>1
ST«
3TU
mcrpaseil consiflerably to ihe East Indies, Guinea, Spain,
and Turkey. The colony of New England became popu-
li)u<i ; for great numbers of Pnrilans lied thither, in conse-
quence of being severely tre;ited by Laud and the high-
church party. The Catholics afterwards, in order to avoid
the same kind of persecution from the Puritans, resorted to
America, and settled in the colony of Maryland.
STL'ART, (Charles.) See Chari.es II. Charles II.
was in his person tall and swarthy, and his countenance
marked withstrouij harsh lineaniciils. His penetration was
deep, his ju(l{;ment clear, his understaiidin^j extensive, his
conversation lively and entertaining, and lie possessed the
talent of wit and ridicule. He was easy of access, polite,
and affable ; yet these good qualities were more than over-
balanced by liis weakness anil defects. He was a scoffer at
reliRion, and a libertine in morals ; careless, indolent, pro-
fuse, abandoned to effeminate pleasure, incapable of any
nolile enterprise, a stranger to manly friendship and grati-
tude, deaf to the voice of honour, blind to the allurements
of glory, and, in a word, wholly destitute of every active
virtue. Being himself unprincipled, he believed mankind
v.ere false, perfidious, aiid interested ; and therefore he
practised dissimulation for his own convenience. He was
strongly attached to the French manners, government, and
monarch ; and was dissatisfied with his o^n limited prero-
gative. The majority of his own suiyects he despised or
liated, as hypocrites, fanatics, and republicans, who had per-
secuted his father and himself, and sought the destruction of
the monarchy. In these sentiments he could not be sup-
posed to pursue the interest of the nation; on the contrary,
he seemed to think that his own safety was incompatible
with the honour and advantage of his people. Trade and
manufactures, however, flourished more in this reign than at
any other xra of the English monarchy. Industry was
crowned with success, and the people in general lived in
ease and affluence. In the reign of Charles II. the arts and
sciences were cultivated with good success, though they
were very little encouraged by the sovereign. In this period
flourished the immortal Newton, whose discoveries in nature
will reflect eternal lustre on the nation that gave him birth ;
the learned Stillingfleet ; the elegant, the rational Tillotson ;
besides many other excellent divines, such asTennison, Pa-
trick, Lloyd, and Burnet, wlio distinguished himself by his
History of the Reformation. The practice of medicine was
greatly improved by the judicious Sydenham. The witty
•loggrelist Butler, contributed taorc ilian any other person,
by his poem of Hudibras, to bring fanaticism into contempt.
The king admired this production, yet left the author to die
in obscurity. Dryden shone unrivalled in poetry ; but was
vicious and incorrect, from the depravity of the public taste,
and the hurry in which he was obliged to write for subsist-
ence. Otway's tragedies are celebrated above all others,
for warmth and patlietic tenderness. He lived utterly neg-
lected, and died of hiniger. Even the courtiers of this reign
were inspired with literary ambition. The duke of Buck-
ingham acquired some reputation by writing llie Rehearsal,
to ridicule the false taste and absurdities of the dramatic
writers. Rochester rendered himself famous for poignancy
of satire and impurity. Whycherly displayed the genius of
true comedy, though rude and licentious. The carls of Dor-
set, Roscommon, and Mulgrave, wrote with ease, spirit, and
negligence. Halifax possessed refined talents. The. writings
of Sir William Temple are entertaining and instructive.
STU'ART, (.\nne.) See Anne. Anne Stuart, tinecn of
Great Britain, was in her person of the middle size, well pro-
portioned. Her hair was of a dark brown colour, her coni-
plixion ruddy, her features were regular, her coinitenance
was rather round than oval, and her aspect more comely
than majestic. Her voice was clear and melodious, and her
presence engafjing. Her capacity was naturally good, but
not much cultivated by learning ; nor did she cNliibit any
Marks ol extraordinary gcuiii*. or personal amiiilioii. She
was a pattern of conjugal aU'eclion and fidelity, a tender
•niither, a warns friend, an indulgent mistress, a nuiniticcnt
8-22
patron a mild and merciful princess, during whose rci^pj
no subject's blood was slie<l for treason. She was zealousljr
attached to the church of England, from conviction 'rather
than from prepossession, unatt'cctedly pious, just, charitable,
and compassionate. She felt a mother's fondness for her
people, by whom she was universally beloved wit'li a warmth
of afl'ection, which even the prejudice of party could not
abate. In a word, if she w ere not the greatest, she was cer-
tainly one of the best and most unblemished sovereigns that
ever sal upon the throne of England.
S'i'UB, s. Isivbbe, Dan. sith. Sax. stoli, Belg.] a thick short
stock of a tree when the rest is cut off; a block. ;• log.
To STUB, r. a. to root up ; to extirpate ; to torce up.
STUBBLE, (stM) *• [fsionble, b't.\ the short straw left
after the corn is reaped.
STU'BBORN, n. obstinate, or not to be moved by threats
or persuasions ; harsh ; perverse ; inflexible ; contuma-
cious ; rough; rugged; stiff'; generally including the idea
of something bad.
STL BBORNLY, ad. obstinately, inflexibly.
STUBBORNNESS, i. obstinateness ; pcrverseness ; in-
flexibility ; contumacy.
STU'BN.^IL, s. a nail broken oft' ; a short thick nail.
STU'CCO, f. f Ital.J a kind of tine plaster used iu a ceiling
or wall.
STUD, s. [shirlii, Sax. J a post or stake ; a large-headed nail
used for ornament ; a knob, or other ornamental protube-
rance; an ornamental fastenin<j worn in the wristband of
a shirt. A collection of breeding horses and mares, from
siod, Isl. a stallion.
To STUD, V. a. to adorn with studs or shining knobs.
STU'DENT, 4-. [from studeits, Lat. I a person given to books ;
a scholar ; a bookish man. In the University of Oxford, an
exhibitioner, or scholar on the foundation of Christ church.
STU'DIED, a. learned ; produced by meditation or deep
thinking.
STU'DIOUS, a. [stiidieitx, Fr. studium, study, Lat.J much
given to study; contemplative; earnest for ; regardful;
attentive; diligent; biisv.
STUDIOUSLY, «d. diligently ; carefully.
STUDIO USN ESS, i. the quality of being much addicted
to study.
STU'DY, s. [stutliimi, Lat.] an intense application of the
mind to books or learning; meditation ; deep cogitation ;
attention ; contrivance. Anapartment set apart for reading
and meditating.
To STUDY, V. n. [stiideo, Lat. | to think upon with in-
tense application, or to endeavour diligently. 'To medi-
tate ; to muse. Actively, to apply the mind to with
intense thought, or consider with attention. To learn
by application. Synon. To sludj^ implies an uniform
applici'.t.'on in search of knowledge; to /rain, implies that
application with success. W'c studi/ to learn ; and /(•«i;i by
dint ot'stndi/.
S'l'l^ri'', »■. [stiiffe, Belg.] any matter or body. Materials
of which any thing is composed. Essence or elemental part.
Furniture; goods. Any mixture or medicine. Cloth or
texture of any kind, especially that of the vvoollen sort. A
matter or thing, generally used in contempt.
To STUFF, v.n. to (ill or cram very full with any thing ;
to fill so as to occasion uneasiness ; to (ill or cram meat with
seasoning; loforin bvstiitling. Neuterly, to feed gluttonously.
STU'FFINU, s. that liy which any "thing is filled ; high-
seasoned ingredients which are put into meat.
.STI'KE, or STUCK, f. Istnc, Fr. see Stitco] a fine
plaster made of lime and marble finely powdered, commonly
called Plaster of Paris, with which walls are covered, and
wrought ill figures resembling carvings.
STlJl/Il LOt^LTLNCl',, t. (from stidtns, foolish, and loqiieit-
/m, talk, Lai. 1 idle and foolisli talk ; chitchat.
STU.VI, .«. [.vdini, Swod. perhaps corrupted from tniistmn,
Lat.J wine not fermented; new wine ; wine revived by a
new feriiipnlation.
To STU'M BLE, (^limbl) v, n. [perhups from tvmH*\ H
STU
SUB
trip in walking;. Figuratively, to slij) or err. To strike
against, or light on by chance, used with on or iipo». Ac-
tively, to obstruct, or offend.
STU'MBLK, {stiinibl) s. a trip in walking; a blunder;
error ; failure.
STUM IJLER, s. one who stumbles.
STU'MBLlNGliLOCK, or SlUMBLINGSTONE, s. a
eausc of stumbling, or error; offence.
.STU M 1*, i. [iiiim/jf, , Dan. sivmpc, Belg.J a small part of
a tree remaining in tlie groinul alter the trunk and branches
are lopped away ; a part of a tooth remaining in the j^unis
after the other part is broken off; the part ol^ny body re-
maining after the rest is taken away. *
To STUN, t). a. \sliivan, Sax.| to confound or impair hear-
ing with an exceeding loud noise. To make a person sense-
less or dizzy by a blow on the head.
STUN(i,"the preter. and part. pass, of Sting.
STUNK, thepreler. of Stink.
To .STUNT, V. a. Isliinta, Isl.J to hinder from growlli.
STUPK, s. [sliipa, Lat.] cloth, linen, or flax, dipped in
warm meflitated liquors, and applied lo a hurt or wound.
To STUPK, V. a. to foment or apply warm Hainiels dip-
ped in medicated liquors-to a huri.
.STUPKFA'CTION, s. [Fr. fvom stujwn, to be senseless,
and/ot»«, to make, Lat J astate of mind wherein a i)erson is
insensible to threats or persuasions, and seems to liave lost
every sign of contrivance or attention ; insensiljiliiy ;
stupidity ; dulness ; sluggishness of mind ; heaviness ;
follv.
S'TUPEFA'CTIVR, rt. causing insensibility ; dulling; ob-
struetirie the senses; opiate; narcotic.
STUPE'NDOUS, n. istd/ieiidoiis, Lat.] prodigious; won-
derful : astonishing ; amazing.
STUPID, n. [stupide Fr. stiipidus, Lat.] wanting sensi-
bility, apprehension, qr understanding ; dull; insensible;
senseless ; torpid ; heavy ; blockish.
STUPI'Dl'l Y, i. [stKiiiditi,. Fr.J dulness, senselessness,
want of comprehension.
STUTIDLY, ad. dully ; without apprehension.
STUPIFIER,i.thatwhich causes stupidity.
To STU'PIFY, V. n. [from stujyeo, to be senseless, and
facio, to make, Ilat.] to deprive of sensibility, sagacity, or
activitv ; to make stupid ; to dull.
STU'POR, s. [Lat. J a deprivation or suspension of the
senses; heaviness; numbness, torpilude.
STUPRATION, s. [siupraiio, Lat.] the act of deflowering
a woman ; a rape ; violation ; delloration.
STURBICH. See STOUKiiRiiic.E.
STU'RDILY, ad. stoutlv ; obstinately ; resolutely.
STU'RDINESS, s. brutal strength ; stoutness ; obstinacy ;
hardiness.
STU'RDY, a.\estoiirdl, Fr.] hardy; stout; strong; able
to bear great •toil, and to make a vigorous resistance; ob-
stinate ; brutal ; bold.
STU'RGEON, s. a fish of a large size and fine taste,
which is caught sometimes in the Thames, but mostly im-
ported in a cured state from the Baltic, and from America.
Those caught in the Thames, are, by antient custom, pre-
•ented to his majesty.
STim'K, s. [i<tfrc."Sax. j a voungox or heifer.
STURMINSTER, or STOURMINSTER, a town in
Dorsetshire, seated on the river Stour, over which is a
handsome stone bridge. It is 20 miles N. E. of Dorchester,
and 111 \V by S. of London. Market on Thursday.
ToSTUT, or STUTTER, r. n.{stutten, to hinder, Beig.T
to speak with hesitation, difficulty, or frequent repetition of
the same svllable or letter of a word ; to stammer.
STUTtER, or STUTTERER, s. one that speaks with
hesitation ; a stammerer.
STUTGaRD, a citv of Suabia, capital of the new king-
dom of \Virtemberg. Thu streets are narrow in the town,
and the houses "eneralty of wood ; but there are fine houses,
and wide straigli't streets, in one o'f the suburbs. Here are
Xb» king's palace ; an orphan house, with rich cabinets of
curiosities, and handsome gardens ; an academy of painting,
sculpture, and architecture, established in 1701 ; and manu-
factures of stuffs, silk stockings, and ribbons. It is sealed
on the Nafenbach, near the river Ncckar, 40 miles N. W.
ofUlm.
STY, s. [stige, Sax.J a small inclosure in which hogs arc
kept.
To STY, V. a. to shut up in a sty. Neuterly, to soar ; to
ascend.
STYE, or STITIIE, s. a disorder of the eyelids, being
a small incisted tumor, about the bigness of a barley-
corn.
STY'GIAN, (theg- pron. soh)a.\stygiut, Lat.j belonging
to the river Styx. Infernal ; hellisli.
.STYLE, 4-. is a word of various significations, originally
deduced from stylos, Gr. a kind of bodkin, wherewith the an-
tients wrote on plates of lead, or wax. In dialing, it de-
notes the gnomon or cock of a dial. In botany, it is a part
of the pistil, or pointal, of plants, called also the shaft. It.is
peculiarly distinguishable in the crown imperial, lily, &c.
Some plants have pist ilia without any styles, as in tfie ra-
nunculus. In literature, it is a particular manner of ex-
pressing one's thoughts, agreeable to the rules of syntax.
Ill jurisprudence, it is the particular form or manner of pro-
cecdiii'' in each court of judicature, agreeable to the rules
and orders established therein. Jn music, it denotes a man-
ner of playing, singing or composing, peculiar to the musi-
cian who plavs, sings, orcouiposes.
To Style, v. a. to call, term, or name.
ST\'TT1C, a. [usually written, siiptir: from stypho, tn
bind, Gr.] astringent; peculiarly applied to such medicine*
as stop bleeding.
STYX, s. a poisonous fountain of Arcadia, by the poets
feigned to be a river of hell, by which the gods swore ; and
if any one broke his oath, or swore falsely, he was banished
from heaven, and deprived of nectar for 100 years.
SUA'BIA, a circle of Geniia.nj, bounded on the N. by the
circle of Fraiiconia, and the palatinate of the Rhine ; on the
W. by the circle of the Lower Rliine and A Isace ; on the S.
by Swisserlaiid and the Tyrolese ; and on the E. b/
Bavaria.
SUA'SIA'E, (sums-iu) a. [from suadeo, to persuade, Lat. J
having the power to persuade.
SUA'SORY, (smtzory) a. [from suadeo, to persuade,, Lat. J
having a teudency to |)ersuade.
SUA'\'ITY, (swdvity) s. \svavilc, Vr. from suavis, sweet,
Lat.] sweetness, pleasantness, either to ihe corporeal or
mental taste.
SUB, in composition, is borrowe.d from the Latin, and
implies a subordinate or inferior degree.
.SUBA'CID, fl. [from sub, almost, and atidits, sour, Lat. J
sour in a small degree.
SUBA'CRID, a. sharp and pungent in a small degree.
SUBA'CTION, s. |MiWg-», to subdue, Lat.] the act of
subduing or reducing to any state.
To SUB.AXUTATE, v. a. \subagito, Lat.] to solicit ; lo
have commerce with a woman.
SUBA'LPINE, a. [from cti6, under, and Alpes, the Al;s,
Lat.J living or growing near the mountains called the
Alps.
SUBA'LTERN, s. [subahenie, Fr.] an inferior ; a subor-
dinate. A non-commissioned oHicer in tlie army, as a ser-
geant, a corporal, &c.
SUBALTE'RNATE, a. placed under another ; succeed-
ing bv turns ; successive ; alternate.
SUBAQti.VNEOUS, a. [from sub, under, and 071*1, ihe
wafer, Lat.] living under the water.
SUBCHA'NTOR, .*■. an under-chantor ; an oiiicei who
officiates for a chantor in his absence.
SUBCLA'VIAN, n. [from sub, under, and ctavis, llie colUrr-
bone, Lat.] is applied to an> thing under the armpit or
shoulder, whether artery, nerve, vein, or muscle.
SUBCONSTELLATION, 1. in astroiioniy, a lesser cwi-
stellatiou foriiung a part of a greater.
82:1
SUB
' Sr.lC'vJTVNROUS, a. lyiiis under the skiii.
SUI5UR ACOX,.?. [from sub, under, and rliaconiis, a deacon,
L;i'.i 'ir ihe Uoniibli cliurcli llie deacon's servant.
SURni'w\N, J. [from .viii!', uiider, nnd decar.us, a dean, Lat.]
a di^^uified clergyman, next to llie ilean.
SUBDIVCUPLK, a. [from tab, and (hK->iphis, tenfold, Lat.]
containing; one part in ten.
To SUIJOE'LEGATE, i'. n. to substitute or appoint.
SUBDITI'TIO'US, (i«i'iaij/iiouj; a. [from siMo, to substi-
tute, Lat.J foisted ; forged.
To SUBDIVI'DR, I', a. [from sub, (knotin;? inferiority,
and Uii'ido, to divide, Lat.] to divide a part into stiil lesser
parts.
SUBDIVISION, i. Ihe act of subdividing.
SU'-BDOLOU.S, o. \sidjdnlus, from dolit.i, craft, Lat.] sub-
tle ; crafty ; deceitful ; cumiing ; slv.
To SUBDU'CE, V. a. [from sub, u;ider, and f.'uco, to lead,
Lat.] to subtract ; to deduce.
To SUBDU'CT, V. a. [from sub, under, and d.:co, to lead,
Lat.] to vvithdravv, or take away. In arillimetic, to sub-
tract.
.SUBDU'CTION, i. arithmetical subtraction; the act of
taking awav.
To SUBDU'E, V. a. [from siA, under, and du, to put, Lat.]
to overpower; to conquer; to crush ; to oppress ; to bring
under ; to tame.
SUBDU'ER, i. a conciucror; one that reduces or brings
under ; a tamer.
SUBDU'L'UCATE, a. containing one part ot two.
SUBER-VTES, s. m diymistry, salts formed by tlie coni-
binati-on of any base with tlie suberic acid.
SUBERIC, a. in chvmistrv, belonging to cork.
SUBFUiMIG A'TION, *. [from sub, under, and/i/nijVo, to
imoak, Lat.] a ceremony used by sorcerers to drive away
evil spirits bv burning incense.
SUBJA'CENT, a. \ixomsub, under, and>oo, to lie, Lat.]
iving under.
' To SUBJE'CT, V. a. [from sub, under, and jacen, to put,
Lat.] to put under ; to reduce to submission; to enslave;
to make liable or obnoxious ; to make subservient.
SU'BJECT, o. ffiom suh, under, and ./acio, to put, Lat.]
placed, situated, nving or serving under; liable or ob-
noxious; that on 'which any action or thought is exer-
cised.
SU'BJECT, s. [suiet Fr.] one who lives under the do-
minion of another ; that on which any action or thought
is employed ; that in which any thing inheres. In gram-
mar, the nomiuative case is called the subject of the
verb.
SUBJE'CTION, s. [sxil, under, and jacio, to put, Lat.J
obedience to a superior; dependence; slavery.
SUBJECTIVE, a. relating not to the object, but to the
Kubject. . , , ,.
SUBINGRE'SSION, f. [from sub, privately, and gredior,
to enter, Lat. I secret entrance.
To SUBJOi'N, V. a. [from sub, under, andjioi^o, to jom,
Lat.jto add at the end ; to annex.
SUBIT'ANEOUS, a. [subkaneus, from suhitus, sudden, Lat.]
sudden ; hastv.
To SUBJUGATE, v. a. [from sub, under, and jh^uto, a
voke, Lat.] to bring under the yoke; to subdue; to en-
slave. . , .
SUBJUGATION, s. the act of subduing, or a stale of
slavery.
SUBJU'KCTION, I. [from sub, under, and (hhco, to .|oui,
Lat.] the sta»e of being subjoined ; the act of subjoining.
SUliJU'NCTlVE, (/. j^from sub, under, aiid./""gv), to join,
Lat.J 5ubioine<l or added to something else. In grammar,
a mood wherein the signilicaticm of a verb is relative to
that of some other w iiicb iiovs before it.
SUBL.VrSARV.orSUBLAl'SA RIAN, <T.[lrom»Ki,after,
and liiiisus, the fall, La!.| done after the (all ol man.
SUBLA'l'ION. s. [.udilnil , froui mstulh, to lake away,
Lul.] the act of taUiiig away.
S UB
an imperfect dis'o
iVom sub, under, and Ino, ta
SUBLAXATION^ i. in anatonr
cation.
To SUBLEV.\TE, v. a.
raise, Lal.l to raise, succour, urease.
SUBLEVATiON, s. the act of assisting, easnig, or lift-
ing up.
To SUBLIMATE, v. a. [from sublimh, high, Lat.] in chy-
mistry, to raise by the force of tire. Figuratively, to exalt,
elevate, heighten.
SUBLIMATE, s. any tiling raised by fire in a retort.
QuieUiiiver raised in a retort.
SUBLIMATION, j. in cbymistry, in the condensing and
collecting in a solid form, by means of vessels aptly con-
structed, ll.e fumes of bodies raised from them by Ihe appli-
cation of a proper heat. Elevation, exaltation"; the act of
heightening or improving.
SUBLI'.VI!',, n. |.«Kt//mu, Lat.] high in place excellence,
or nature; elevated in thought or style; lofty, liaughty,
lirtiud. SvNON. Sublime and great, considered as they re-
late to language, irirut seems to have more relation to the
learning (U- the nature of the subjects treated of; and sublime,
to have more relation to the spirit and manner in w liich the
subjects are treated.
SURLi'M E, s. [suhUme, Fr.] a grand or lofty style, arising
from nobleness of thought, magnificence of words, and the
harmonious lively turn of the phrase.
To SLBI^I'ME, V. a. IsubUmn; Fr.] to raise by a chymical
fire, to raise on higli ; to exalt, iieigliten, or improve. Neu-
terlv, to rise in a chyniical vessel bv the force of (ire.
SliBLl'iMELY, ad. loftilv ; grandly.
SUBLliMlTV, «. [i"<'/("i'V<, Fr. from sublimis, high, Lat.]
height of place, thought, or style; height of nature; ex-
cellence.
.'^l BLl'NGUAL, a. [fronin(5, under, and liugiin, a tongue,
Lat. I placed under the tongue.
.SUBLUNAR, or SU'LUNAKY, a. [from sub, under, ana
lu:iii, the moon, Lat.] situate beneath the moon ; terrestrial ;
earthly ; mundane.
SU'BMARINE, «. [from sub, under, and 7r.are, the sea,
Lat.J King or acting under the sea.
To SUBME'RGE, v. a. [ stibmeigcr, Fr. from sub, under,
and ntfrgo, to sink, Lat.J to put or plunge under water; to
drown.
SUBME'RSION, (submersfion) s. |Fr. from xuh, under, and
meigp, to siiik, Lat.] the act of plunging or dipping under
water; sinking; drowning.
SUBMI'SS, a. \siihjnissus, Lat.] humble, or confessing in-
feriority ; submissive ; obsequious.
SUBMl'SSION, (suhniixtlmii) s. [from sub, under, and mitto,
to luit, Lat.] surrender; acknowledgment of inferiority,
guiltiness, error, or power to command ; obedience ; obse-
quiousness.
.SUBM'l.SSIVE, a. humble ; meek ; respectful ; obse-
quious.
SLB.MI'SSIVELY, ad. humbly; viilli confession of in-
feriority.
.'^I'B.MI'.SSIVENESS, i. humility, confession of fault or
inferioritv.
To SU!)M1T, >.'. n. [from ^'/i, under, and mitto, to put,
Lat. I to let down or sink ; to acknowledge, subject, resign,
or yield any thing to the authority, cotnmands, direction,
or judgment of another. Neuterly, to be subiect to as an
inferior ; to yield.
SUBMU'LTIRLE, s. in arithmetic, thatnumber or quan-
t-lty which is contained in another number a certain number
of times exactly: thus ;j is the suhmulti/ik of 21, as bein^
contained in it seven times exactly.
To SUBNE'RVATE,t>. «. to cut the sinews of the leg to
hamstring.
SUBORDINATE, a. [from sub, under, nnd ordi-.j, to
range, Lat.J inferior in older, nature, dignity, or power;
descending in a regular series i>t i;ra<lation.
To SUBORDINATE, .•. a. [lr(.m..u/<, under, and onhno,
to range, l.at.J to raiigc or place underan other. Nut in use.
SUB
SUB
SUnO'RDINATKF.Y.wi. in aseries rrgularlv descending.
SUliORDlNA'TlON, s. \suburdimuitm, Fr.J dependence
of persons with respect to cacli otlier ; a series regularly
dcscendinsf.
ToSUBO'RN, V. «. [."itoivto, Lat.1 to procure privately,
by secret fraiul, or hy silent and indirect means; generally
applied to procuring or instructinf( false evidence.
SL'IJOKNA'I'ION, s. [siihornation, Fr.] the act of pro-
ciirinj} or ii^slructinj; a person to give false evidence, or do
a bad action.
SUBO'RNER, s. one that procures a bad action to be
done.
SUBPOE'NA, (suliphta) s. [from tub, under, and poena, a
penalty, Lat.Ja writ coiMinandin-; a person's appearance in a
court under a penalty ; a snniuious.
To SUBPOE'NA, {sulipcnu) v. a. to summon a person to
appear before a court. A law term.
SUBRE'CTOR, f. the rector's vicegerent.
SUBREPTITIOUS, {mbreptishiou,) a. see SURREPTI-
TIOCS.
SUBRI'GUOUS, a. [from suh, somewhat, and ri'o'o, to
wafer, Lat.] wet ; moist; waterv undcrnculli.
ToSU'BROGATK, v. a. [from iuirogo, Lat.] to substitute
or put in the place of another.
SU'BSALTS, i. in chvmistry, salts with less acid than is
sufficient to neutralize their radicles.
To SUBSCRIBE, ». a. [from sub, under, and scribo, to
write, Lat.J to give consent to or attest by writing one's
name. Neuterly, to give consent ; to promote an under-
taking, by paying in 'a certain sum of money.
SUBSClll'Bl'.R, J. one that subscribes or contributes.
S,UBSCRrPTION,4-.[from fiib, under, and scnbo, to write.
Lat.] the act of attesting a writing by signing one's name ;
the undertaking to advance the government money upon
certain conditions, or giving money to charitable uses.
SU'BSEQUENT, (t. [Fr. from sub, after, and sequvr, to
follow, Latl following in order of time; future.
To SUBSE RVE, V. «. [from sub, luider, and servio, to
serve, Lat.J to serve in a subordinate or instrumenlal
manner.
SUBSE'RVIENCY, or SUBSERVIENCE, s. subjection
to the control or command of another; instrumental fitness
or use.
SUB'SE'RVIENT, a. [from ii.i, under, and servio, to
serve, Lat.] assisting to the accomi)lishment of a purpose or
design ; subordinate.
ToSUBSI'DE, V, a. [from sulsido, Lat.] to sink; to tend
towards the bottom or downwards.
SU BSIDIARY, a. [from sulsidium, help, Lat.] helping ;
aiding ; assisting ; brought in aid.
SU'BSIDY, s. \subsidium, Lat.] an aid given iu money to-
wards carrying on the public aflairs of a nation.
To SUBSI'GN, V. a. [from sub, under, and sigJio, to sign,
Lat] to sign under.
To SUBSrST, e. n. \siibsisto, Lat.J to continue or retain
the present state, nature, or properties ; to have means of
living or maintenance ; to inhere ; to have existence. Sv-
MON. We say of qualities, forms, actions, motions, and of all
tJieir different relations, that they arc ; we say of matter,
spirit, bodies, and all real beings, that they exist ; we say of
states, works, aft'airs, laws, and all establishments, which are
neither destroyed nor changed, that they siil>si!t.
SUBSrSTENCE, s. \t)ibsistente, Fr.J real being; compe-
tency, or sufficiency to support life.
SOBSI'STENT, a. [from substo, to exist, Lat.] having real
being ; inherent.
SUBSTAN'CE,». [Fr. from futoo, to exist, Lat.J being;
something which has iexi*tence,and supports accidents. The
essential part. Something real, opposed to imaginary.
Bodv : bodily nature. Wealth ; means of life.
SUBSTA'NTIAL, (siAstaiishial) s. [iKi.sMH<ie/, Fr. sub-
sUnilialis, Lat.J real ; true ; solid ; bulky, corporeal, ma-
fjeiial; stout^ strong; moderately wealthy; responsibie.
SN
SUBSTANTIALITY, s. the state of existence ; cor-
poreity.
SUBSTA'NTIALS, #. (without singular) essential parts.
SU'BSTANTIVE, t. \tHhs{a,Uif, Fr. tuhstantivum, from
jiiJito, to exist, Lat.] a noun or word applied to signify any
thing that is the object of our senses or imagination, stripped
of its qualities, ana making sense when joined with a vcrijor
adjective.
SUBSTA'NTIVE, a. [from subsin, to exist, Lat.] solid ;
betokening Existence. Not used in the first sense.
'Fo SUBSTITUTE,!.. «. [from sub, for, and statuo, to put,
LatJ^to put instead, or in the place of another.
Substitute, i. [j"toiV"<, I'V.Jone placed and acting
bv delegated power instead ot another.
To SUBSTRA'CT, or SUBTRACT, ... a. [sovstraire, Fr.
from snbtiiiho, Lat.] to takeaway a part from the whole. In
arithmetic, t4ie rule of finding the ditl'erence between f«o
numbers by taking away the less from the greater, and set-
ting down what remains.
SUB.STRA'CTION, or SUBTRACTION, j. [souftmction,
Fr. from subtra/w, to take away, Lat.] the act of taking away
pyrt from the whole. Subtraction is the most propel
spelling'.
SUBSTRUCTION, s. [substmctio, from suh, under, and
struo, to build, Lat.J the lower part of the foundation of a
house ; underbiiiUbng.
SUBS'FV'LAR, «. [from sub, under, and stylus, a style,
Lat.J in dialing, an epithet given to a right line, whereon
the gnomon or style of a dial is erected at right angles willi
the plane.
SUBSULTIVE, or SUBSULTORY, a. [subsuJtus, from
salio, to leap, Lat.] leaping ; bounding ; moving by starts.
To SUB'I END, t'. n. [from sub, under, and tendo, to ex-
tend, LatJ to extend under.
SU'BTER, (borrowed from the Latin) signifies, in compo-
sition, under.
SUBTERFLUENT, or SUBTE'RFLUOUS, a. [from
subter, under, and Jliu>, to flow, Lat.J running or flowing
under.
SUBTERFUGE,*. [Fr. from suiter, privately, and fugio,
to flee, Lat.J a shift, evasion, or trick, by which a person
endeavours to extricate.himself from a ditliculty.
SUBTERRA'NEAN.orSUBTk-RRA'NEOUS, a. [from
sub, under, and terra, the earth, Lat.J placed under ground ;
lying under the surface of the earth.
SUBTILE, a. sometimes written raif/f, and pronounced
sutl ; [subtile, Fr. subtilis, Lat.J thin ; nice, delicate, fine ;
piercing, acute ; cunning, subdolous, deceitful ; refined, or
so acute as hardly to be comprehended. When it signifies
cunning or crafty, it is generally spelt subtle.
SUBTI'LELY, ad. finely, not grossly ; craftily, cunningly.
SUBTILIZATION, s. [subtilisatiou, Fr.J fhe"act of rare-
fying, or making any thing so volatile as to rise in steam or
vapours ; refinement, superfluous acuteness.
ToSO'BTILIZE,!.. a. \subtiliser, Fr.J to rarefy, or make
thin ; to refine, or spin into useless niceties. Neuterly, to
talk or treat with too much refinement.
SU'BTILTY, i. \tubtiliti, Fr.J thiniiess, fineness ; the
quality of being much rarefied, or consisting of very small
and penetrating particles ; nicety ; refinement ; too much
acuteness ; cunning artifice, slyness.
SU'BTLE, {st'itl) a. [see SudttleJ sly ; artful or cunning.
SU'BTLY, isiithj) ad. cunningly ; artfully ; slyly ; nicely,
delicately.
To SUBTRA'CT, ... a. sec Svbstract.
SUBTRACTION, s. in arithmetic, a rule by which
a less sum is taken from a greater, to find the remainder.
SUBTRAHEND, a. [from subtraho, to subtract, Lat.J in
arithraet.ic, the lesser number which is to be taken out of
the greater.
SU'BTRIPLE, n. [Fr. from sub, and triplus, three-fold,
Lat.J containing a third or one part in three.
SUBVENTA NE(>US,[»u6voi/(inew, frora»en<u/, the wind.
Lat.J addle ; windy.
i)3&
sue
SUE
To SUBVERSE, ». a. ffrom subverlor, to overturn, Lat.]
to overturn, demolish, destroy, subvert.
SUBVK RSION, {mbi-ersho7i) 1. 1 Fr. from siihiertor, to over-
lurii, Lat.] the act of overthrowing ; destruction ; ruin ;
demolition ; overthrow.
SUBVERSIVE, a. having tendency ;to werturn, used
with of.
To SUBVEUT, i>. a. [suhverfo, Lat.] to overtlirow, over-
turn, destroy, or turn upside down ; to coriupt or con-
found.
SUBVE'RTER, s. an overthrower ; a destroyer.
SUBURB, s. [from sub, under, and vrbs, a city, Lat.]
a collection of buildings witiiout Ihe walls of a city; the
confines; the outpart ; the environs.
SUBURBAN ITY, i. jfrom sid, under, and vrbs, a city,
Lat.J the neighbourliood of them that dwell without a
city.
SUBU'RB.^N, f. [frommt, under, and urbs, a city, Lat.J
one that lives in the city-
SUBURBAN, n. [froni sub, under, and urbs, a city, Lat.]
belonging to the suburbs.
SUCCEDA'NEOUS, a. ffrom svcceih, to succeed, Lat.J
EUppK'ing the place of soiiiclliing else.
SUCCEDA'NEUM, s. [Lat.J that which is put to serve
in place of something else.
SUCCE'DENT, «. ffrom succcdn, to succeed, Lat.J suc-
ceeding ; following after.
To S UCCEE D, v.v.\ from sub, after, and cedo, to go, Lat.
succeder, Fr.] to follow alter or in order. To come into the
place of one who is dead, or h-.is qiiilled. To fall out or
terminate according to one's wish. To ol)tain one's wish.
To go under cover. Actively, to foU'iw after ; to pros-
per, or make a thing terminate according to a person's
wish.
SUCCEE'DER, i. one that succeeds ; one who comes into
the place of another.
SUCCESS, s. [siicccs, Fr. sticcessus, from snccedo, to suc-
ceed, Lat.] a prosperous event, when used without an
epithet. The termination of an aflair whether happily or
unhappily.
SUCCK'SSFUL,n. fortunate ; prosperous; lucky.
SUCCESSFULLY, ad. fortunately ; hickily ; pros-
perously.
SUCCE'SSFULNESS.i. the quality o/ being fortunate or
prosperous in an undertaking . series ',ot good fortune; de-
sired event ; happy conclusion.
SU'CCE'SSION, (sulcs'es/uin) s. [Fr. succesio, from succedo,
to succeed, Lat.J a series or order in w hicli one person or
t'jing follows another ; consecution. A lineage.
SUCCESSIVE, a. [succcssif, Fr.] following in order ira-
mediatelv after another person or thing ; consecutive.
SUCCESSIVELY, ad. in uuinterruptcd order ; one after
another.
SUCCESSOR, s. (successeur, Fr. from snccedo, to succeed,
Lat.] one that immediately follows another in any possession
or post.
SUCCITSfATES, s. in chyniistry, salts formed by the com-
bination of any base with tlie succinic acid.
SUCCINIC, a. in chymistry, belonging to amber.
SUCCrNCT, u.{VT.tuccinrtus, irom siiiffo, to gird, Lat. |
in its primary sense, tucked or girded up ; having the
clothes drawn and fastened up to disengage the legs. Figu-
ratively, short, conciie, brief, comprehensive.
SUCCINCTLY, ad. brietlv ; conciselv.
SUCCI'NCTNE.S.S,J. brevity; conciseness.
SUCCORY, 1. [eichofium, Lat.J in botany, the crepis of
Linnaeus. It is a plant with compound (lowers. The stink-
ing, smooth, and rou'di succory, are the British species.
This genus is nearly allied to the hawkweed.
"To SU'CCOUR, V. a. [from ntb, under, and curro, to run,
Lat.] to help, relieve, or assist in danger, difficulty, or
distress.
SUCCOUR. *.r«foiir#, Fr.) aid or relief afforded in dif-
82fi
fieulty or distress. The person who aids or relicTes another
in distress.
SU'CCOURER, s. a lielper, an assistant, a reliever,
SU'CCULENT, a. [sKcculeiu, Fr. succulmtus, Lat.J moist ,
abounding in juice ; juicv.
To SUCCUMB, V. a. (from sub, under, and cubo, to lay,
hat. SHccontber, Yv.] to fall down, sink, cr fall under; to
yield. Not in use.
SUCCUSSATION, s. [from siicauio, to shake, Lat.] a trot
of a horse, &c. made by hfting one loot before, and the cross
foot Ijehind.
SUCCU'SSION, (sukkuslien) s. ffrom svcentio, to shake,
Lat.J the act of shaking or joltin<f ; a jolt or shake given
by a carriage. In niedicine, a shaking of the nerves pro-
cured by strong, stimulating, and sternutatory medicines.
SUCH, prOTi. [stvilc. Sax. sulk, Belg. sidleihs, Cioth.J when
answered by as, like, or of the same kind. ^Vl:cn used with-
out <!.', of the same nature with ihiit wliiili is mentioned in
the sentence before. Particular or certain.
To SUCK, V, a. \sucan, S:ix. surcn-, Fr.] to draw by rare-
fying the air ; to draw in by the niouth ; to draw milk from
the in-east by the mouth ; to draw with the milk ; toenipty ;
to drain. Neuterly, to draw by rarefying the air ; to draw
the breast ; to draw, to ind}ibe.'
SUCK, s, the act of sucking ; milk given by females frora
the breast.
SU'CKER, s. [suceiir, Fr.] any thing that draws by rare-
fying the air ; the embolus or piston of a ptinip ; a yourtg
twig shooting from the stock, so called from the supposition
of its depriving the trunk of its moisture ; a pipe through
which anv thing is sucked.
To SUCKLE, {suhl) v.a. to bring up a child by milk
sucked from the breast.
SUCKLING, s. a young creature yet fed by the pap.
SUCTION, (s!'//i.«//oii)*. [s^iifciuii, Fr] the act of sucking.
SU'DATORY, s. [from sudv, to sweat, Lat.] a hothouse
or sweating bath.
SU'DBURY, an antient town of Suffolk, containing 3 large
haudsome churches. Its other buildings are pretty good,
but the streets are remiiikably dirty in bad weather. It was
oue of the first seats of the Flemings, who were brought over
by Edward III. to teach the Engltsli the art of manufacturing
their own wool. It became, in consequence, very populous
and opulent. Its trade is now diverted, in great part, into
other channels ; however, many kinds of Ihin stufls are still
made here, such as seys, perpetuanas, bunting for ship's co-
lours, burial crapes, Ac. The river was made navigable
from this place to Maningtree many years ago. It is seated
on the N. side of the river Slour, by which it is almost sur-
rounded, and over which it has a handsome bridge leading
into Essex, 14 miles S. S. E. of St. Edinundsbury, and 56 K.
E. of London. Market on Saturday.
SU'DDEN, n. {soiidttin, Fr. soden., Sax.] happening with-
out any expectation or notice given before-hand. On or vf
asudileji, is sooner than we expected, without any notice be-
forehand.
SU'DDENLY, a^?. unexpectedly ; liastily; quickly.
SUDDENNESS, a. quickness; hastiness; unexpected
presence.
SUDORITIC, a. [stulorifique, from stidor, sweat, and facio,
to make, Lat j^provoking or causing sweat.
SUDORI'flCS, s. medicines that cause sweating.
SUDS, s. it has no singular; [from teoden, to seethe, Sax.]
water in which soap is dissolved. To be in (he tuds, is to be
involved in some dilficulty.
To SUE, II. a. [stiiver, Fr.] to prosecute by law ; to gain
by legal procedijre. In falconry, to clean the beak, as a
hawk. Neuterly, to beg, intreat, or petition, with humilHy
and earnestness.
SUT.T, «.[»««*, old Fr.] bard fat, particularly that about
the kidneys.
SUT.TY.n. consisting of suet; resembling suet.
SUEZ, anticntly Berenice, a town of Egypt, seated •!
SUF
SUL
theN.end of the W-gulfof llie Red Sea, called tlic Gulf of
Suez, with a harbour. This yulf is separated from tlie Me-
diterruneun, by an isthmus, 120 miles over, which joins Asia
to Africa. Tlic town is without water, which comes from
tlie wells of Naha (carried by Arabians) on the other side of
the gulf, and without almost all the other necessaries of life.
FibJi is the only article of provisions plentiful here. It is very
much crowded with people, when the Turkish galleys arrive
there. However, at other times, it is very tliinly inhabited,
and the harbour is tooshahow to admit ships of great burden.
The commerce of Suezwith Cairo is carried on only by means
of caravans, but several vessels sail annually between this
port and Jidda. It issilualed in a sandy country, the ground
around being all one bed of rock, slightly covered with sand,
(plants, trees, gardens, and fields, being entirely unknown,)
CO miles E. S. E. of Cairo. Lat. 30. 2. N, Ion. 32.
4a. _E.
ToSU'FFER, V. a. [suffero, Lat. souffrir, Fr.J to bear or
undergo with a sense of pain; to endure or support without
resistance or sinking under ; to allow or permit without re-
fusal or resistance ; to pass through, or be afl'ected by. Neu-
terly, to undergo pain, punishment, injury, or inconveni-
ence.
SUTFERABLE, n. such as may be endured or permitted ;
tolerable.
SU'FFERABLY, ad. tolerably ; so as to be endured.
SUTFERANCE, s. \soiiffrunic, Fr.J pain, inconvenience,
misery ; patience or moderation ; permission ; allowance.
SU FFERER, s. one who endures pain or inconvenience ;
niie who allows or permits.
SUTFERING, s. pain endured.
ToSUFFI'CE, V. n. \sufficio, Lat. J to be enough or equal
to the end or purpose. Actively, to atford, to supply enough ;
to satisfy.
SUFFI'CIENCY, (suffi'thiency) s. [from s<:fficw, Lat.] the
state of being equal or adequate to the end proposed ; a qua-
litication ; supply equal to want ; competence.
SUFFrCIENT, (suffishieiu) «. [suffitkns, Lat.] enough ;
able ; capable.
SUFFI'CIENTLy. {suffishieutly) ad. fully ; satisfac-
torily.
To SUFFLATE, v. a. [from svfflo, to blow up, Lat.] to
puff or blow up.
SUFFLATION, j. [from suffln, to blow up, Lat.] the act
of blowing up with wind ; swelling.
To SUFFOCATE, »>. «. [w/l/w/mr, Fr. s#oco, Lat.] to
dioak by exclusion or interception of air.
SUFFOCATION, s. [Fr. from *»//uco, to siiiolher, Lat.J
stoppage of the breath ; the state of smothering or choak-
jng tor want of air.
SUFFOLK, an English county, 50 miles in length, and
S5in breadth; bounded on the W. by Cambridgeshire; on
IheN. by Norfolk; on the S. by Essex; and on the E. by
tlie German Ocean. It contains 575 parishes, 28 market-
towns, and sends 16 members to parliament. The air is
generally wholesome, but the soil is various ; on the sea-
coast it is sandy, and there are several small hills, which
yield hemp, pease, and rye. The inland parts are clayey,
and more full of trees. The borders towards Essex are fit
for pastures,and the N. W. produces corn of all sorts. There
are manufactures of several kinds, paiticularly all sorts of
broad cloth, stutfs, and coarse linen. The principal rivers
are, the Little Ouse, the Waveney, the Stour, the Breton, the
Ojwel or Gippe, the Deben, the Ore, and the Blyth. Ips-
wich and St. Edmundsbury are the principal towns.
SU FFRAG AN, s, | from suffra^or, to vote, Lat.] a bishop
considered as subject to an archbishop.
SU'FFRAGE, i. [Fr. from suffiagor, to vote, Lat.] a vole
or voice given to determine a controversy, or matter in
dispute.
SUFFRA'GINOUS, a. [from sufrago, the hough, Lat.J
belongingto the knee-joint of beasts.
To SUFFU'MIGATE, ». a. [from sub, under, and/wmigo,
to stnoke, Lat.J to smoke uoderneatb.
SUFFUMICiATION, *. [Fr. from fuh, under, Rnd/umic^n,
to smoke, Lat.] a smoking or fuming underneath operation
of fumes or smoke raistd Ijy luat. In physic, lliecoiivej in;
into the body the smoke of a decoction of roots, herbs,
flowers, &c. for diseases of the bowels, fundament, or
womb.
To SUPFU'SE, Uuffiize) f. a. [from snfjfimdo, to s])read
over, Lat.] to spread over with some lluid or expansive body,
such as vapour or tincture.
SUFFUSION, (siifi'ii:/ii:ii) s. theact of pouring or spread-
ing upon ; a spreading of humours in the body ; a disease ie
the eye called a web.
SU'CtAR, (s!iu"ar) s. [siine, Fr.l the native salt of thesu-
gar-cane, made by expression and evaporation. Any thing
proverbially sweet. A cliymical dry crystallization.
To SU'G.\R, {s/ivgiir) V. a. to sweeten, or impregnate
with sugar.
SUGARCATS^DY, s. sugar candied or crystallized.
SU'GARY, (i//i'/^a)v^)rt. tasting of sugar ; sweet.
To SUGGE'ST, {stij-jist)v. a. [from siis!!;ero, to suggest,
Lat.] to hint insinuate, orintimate ; to tell privately.
.SUGGE'STEl", s. one that suggests ; one that reminds
another.
SUGGE'STION, (sujjesti/m) s. [Fr. from suf^cro, to
suggest, Lat.J a secret hint, information, insinuation, inti-
mation, or notification.
SUGILLATION, (ji;//7Ks/,o>.) [from sugillo, to make
black, Lat.J in medicine, is an extravasation of blood in the
coats of the eye, which at first appears of a reddish colour,
and afterwards livid and black.
SUICIDE, s. |Fr. from sui, of one's self, and cado, to kill,
Lat.] the crime of destroying one's self ; self-murder; one
who destroys himself ; a self-murderer ; a felode se.
SUIT, {sut) s. [.ndti;, Fr.J a set or number of things cor-
responding to each other ; clothes consisting of coat, waist-
coat, and breeches ; a regular order or serie.-) ; consecution.
Out of suits, is having no correspondence. A retinue, or
number of attendants. A petition ; a courtship. In law,
the instance of a cause oi action, whether real or personal ;
or the cause itself deduced in judgment. Suit of court, or
suit-se)-vke, is an attendance the tenant owes to his lord's
court; roi<-coi'en««(, agreement by a person _to do service in
the court of the lord ; si.it custom is, where one and his
ancestors or predecessors have owed suit time out of
mind
To SUIT, (sut) r. a. to fit to adapt to something else ; to
dress or clothe. Neuterly, to agree, to accord, used with to
or wit/t,
SUITABLE, {siitabT) a. agreeable to ; matching ; fitting ;
becoming.
SUITABLENESS, s. frtness ; agreeableness.
SUITABLY, afZ. agreeably to ; according to.
SUI'TER, or SUITOR, {sider or sutor) s. one that makes
a petition, or courts another ; a suppliant ; a wooer.
SUKOTYRO, s. in zoology a large animal bearing a
slight resemblance to the elephant said to inhabit the island
of Java.
SU'LCATED, a. [from sulcus, a ditch, Lat.J furrowed.
SU'LLEN, a. (the etymology uncertain) gloomilv angry ;
discontented; malignant; mischievous; heavy; dull; sor-
rowful ; gloomy ; dark ; dismal ; cloudy ; obstinate ; per-
verse ; intractable.
SU'LLENLY, ad. discontentedly ; morosely ; gloomily ;
intractably ; mischievously ; malignantly.
SU'LLENNKSS, i. gloominess ; moroseness; stubborn-
ness; intractability; malignity.
To SU'LLY, V. a. [soiiiller, Fr.J to soil or spoil the colour
with any thing dirty.
SULPHATES, /. in chymistry, salts formed by the c:a»-
bination of any base with the sulpliuric acid.
SULPHITES, s. in chymistry, salts formed by the CHobi*
nation of anv base with the sulphurous acid.
SU'LPHUR, {sulfur) s. [Lat. I in mttural history, u a
genus of fossils, defined to be ary, solid, but friable fossil
827 .
SUM
SUN
I)ntti»s ; meltinij with a small lie;\t, wheu fired in llie open
air; burning almost wholly away uitli a IjIuc flaiiit ai)d
noxious vapour; and endued «iili an electric power, and
not dissoluWeiii acids
SULPHUREOUS, dt SULPHUROUS, (f«?/'«ra«, orsul
funis) o. [f'roin siili>/inr, sulphur, Lat.] containing brimstone ;
liaving the mialilies of brimstone ; made of brnnstone,
SULPHL'KETS, «. in tliymistry, combinations of alkalies,
or metals with sulphur.
SULPHUIll'J'TTED, a. in chymistry, a substance is said
to be sulphuretted when it is combined with sulphur.
Thus we say sulphuretted hydrogen, tVc.
SULPHU'RIC, a. in chvmistrv, belonsing to sulphur.
SULPIIURWORT, J. a plant", the same \vith the fennel-
leaved harestrong or peucedauum.
SULTAN, s. [Arab.] the Turkish emperor.
SULTA.'NA, or SULTANESS, s. the queen of an eastern
emperor.-
SD'LTANIN, J. a Turkish gold coin worth about eight
shillings English.
SU'LTANRY, i. an eastern empire
SULTRINESS, s. excessive heat.
SULTRY, a. hot and close ; ln.t without any current of
wind ; hot and cloudy ; suffocating with heat ; sweltry.
SUM, s. [siK/iWfl, Lat.| the whole of any thing; a quan-
tity of money. An abridgement, compendium, sunimary, or
abstract of the whole, from somnw, Fr. The amount o-r
result of any icasouing or calculation ; the height, com-
pletion.
To SUM, I', a. \sommer, Fr.] to compute or collect par-
ticulars into a total, used witliK/j; to comprise or collect
in a narrow compass. In falconry, to have feathers full
grown.
SU'M.\Cn, s. is a rank-smelling shrub, that bears a black
berry ; used by curriers in dressing of leather.
SUMA'TRA, a large island of the Indian Ocean, having
Malacca on the N. and N. E. Borneo on the E. and Java
on the S. E. It is divided into two equal parts by the equa-
tor, extending near 6 degrees to the N. W. and about the
same space to the S. W. of that line. It is 1000 miles long,
»nd 150 broad. The Europeans trade with the inhabitanis
chieUv for pepper. Both the English and Dutch have seve-
ral colonies and settlements here. The chief of the British
are those of Bencoolen and Fort-Marlborough, on the West-
coast; from which the East-India company import more pep-
per than they do from any other country in India. Hence
also are brought great quantities of the best walking-canes.
The natives are of a very swarthy complexion, but not black.
The coasts are in the possession of Mahometan princes, of
whom the king of .Achcn, at the N. end of the isla-nd, is
the most considerable. The inland country is subject to
Pagan princes, who have but little correspondence with fo-
reigners.
SU'MLESS, a. not to be computed.
SUMMARILY, ad. briefly; concisely.
SU'MMARY, a. fswmmrtiVf, l"r.] short, brief, concise, or
compendious.
SU'MM.'VRY, s. [soimnaiie, Fr.] an abridgement which
containsthe substance oi' (he whole in a small compass.
SUMMER, >. [smner. Sax. somcr, Belg.] popularly, tlie
season of the year when the sun is about the tropic of Can-
cer, and its heat is most predominant. With astronomers,
one of the four seasons of the year, commencing, with those
that lire in the north temperate zone, when the sun enters
Cancer, and ending when he quits Virgo; but with those
that live in the south temperate zone, begimiing when the
sun enters Capricorn, and endinj; when he leaves Pisces.
Tiie principal beams of a floor ; fr()in/);oiii«nmjn)/a, Lat.
To SUMMER, V. H. to pass the summer. Actively, to
Keep warm.
SUMMIT, i. [from summus, the highest, Lai. J the top or
utmost height ; the apex. In botanv, the upper part of
the pistil, or poinlal, in (lowers, whicli receives the pollen
or (lust from the anlherx of the stamina, to fertilize the
82B
seed-bud. It is of different forms in different flowcis;
being either simple, as in speedwell ; conical, as in bladder-
wort ; cloven, as in viper-grass; notched at the end, as in
lungwort ; globular, as in primrose, &c. &c.
To SU'MMON, V. a. I from sub, under, and motteo, to ad-
monish, Laf.] to call, admouish, or cite with authority,
to appear. Figuratively, to excite, raise, call, or rouse, used
with tip.
SUiSlMONER, *. a person who cites or calls to appear
before a court, or at a particular place.
SUMMONS, s. a call, admonition, or citation from autho-
rity to appear.
SUMMUM BO'NUM, i. [Lat.J the cliiefest good ; that
enjoyment which a persoli most desires as the greatest
felicity.
SU'MPTER, *. [tommier, Fr.] a horse that carries clotlies
or furniture.
SU'MPTION, (sfimshijii) s. [from tunw, to lake, Lat.] the
act of taking. Not in use.
SU'MPTUARY, a. \ from siitnptus, expense, Lat.] re-
lating to expense, especially that of dress. Sumptuarif
!au-s, are laws made to restrain excess in diet, apparel, or
furniture.
SUMPTUOUS, a. [from sumptus, expense, Lat.J costly ;
expensive ; splendid.
SUMPTUOUSLY, ad. splendidly; magnificently ; ex-
pensively.
.SUMPTUOUSNESS, J. splendidness; costliness; mag-
nificence ; expensiveness.
SUN, J. \siiii7w, Goth, sunna or snnne, Sax. son, Belg.J in
the Newtonian astronomy, is that bright limiinary in the
centreof our system which is the source of light and heat to
all the planets, satellites, and comets, belonging thereto.
His magnitude is immensely great, being (according to the
Lest computation) not less than 883,000 miles in diameter:
and, consequently, more than a million of times larger than
our globe ; a bulk so prodigious, that if all the planets and
satellites of our system were united in one, it would scarcely
make a globe of the 400th i)artofhis solid contents. Though
he appears to the naked eye so extremely bright and splen-
did, yel, when viewed through a telescope, he is seen with
dark spots on his surface, which are changeable, and often
vary their figure ; and sometimes they are so large that they
may be seen by the naked eye, with the interposition only
of a smoked glass. They move from west to east, from
which his rotation round his axis has been discovered to be
performed in 25(1. I4h. His apparent diameter varies from
32' 39" to 31' 33" according as the earth is in perihelio or
aphelio at the time. — There is great variety in the magni-
tude of the solar spots; thedilVerence is chiefly in superficial
extent of length and Ineadth ; their depth or thickness is
very small : some have been so large, as by computation to
be capable of covering the continents of Asia and Africa ;
nay, the whole surface of the earth, or even five times its
surliire. The number of spots on the sun is very uncertain ;
sometimes there area great many, sometimes very few, and
sometimes none at all. Scheiner made obiservalions on the
sun from 16lltol(>29; and says he never found his disk free
from spots, excepting a few days in December, 1624. At
other ti.iies he frequently saw 20, 30, and in 1025, he was
able to count 40 spots on the sun at a time. In an interval
afterwards of 20 years, from lOoO to 1070, scarce any spots
were to be seen ; and after that lime some years have fur-
nished a great number of spots, and others none at all. From
these pli(cnomeiia it is evi(lent that the spots are not endow-
ed with any permanency. Ilevelius observed one that arose
and vanished in Hi or 17 hours ; nor has any been observed
to continue longer than Todays, which was the duration of
one in 1070. Those spots that are formed gradually, are gra-
dually dissolved ; while those that arise suddenly, are for the
most part suddenly dissolved. When a spot disappears, that
part where it was genera lly becomes brighter than the rest of
the sun, and continues so ior several days; on tlw other band,
SUN
SUF
those lirislit parts (called fanil<t, as t!ic otiieis are called
tniiciilir) sornetiines turn to spots.
SU'NI5EAM,«. a ray oCllie sim.
SUNBURNT, <i. tanned !>> llie smi.
SU'NCLAD, p«)<. n. clotlied in radiance; hri;;ht ; sliiii-
in;/.
SU'NDA ISf.F.S, a Rrnup of islands in the Indian Ocean;
tlic chiet'of which are IJorneo, Sumatra, and Java.
SU'NDA Y, s. the first (hi.v of the week, dedicated hy the
heathens to the sun, and by Christians u-.ed as their sabbath,
becanseour bh'ssed Saviour rose on that day.
To SUN 1)1-11!, V. a. [syiuhiun, Sax.] to part, separate, or
divide. //( simrter, is, in two.
SU'NDKKLAND, a seaport in the county of Durham,
seated at the mouth of the river Wear, where it empties
itself into the (ierman Ocean, it is a populous, thriviiiij,
well-built town. Its inhabitants are osliuialed at .'iO,0(l(i.
Coal is the staple commodity, of which •2Sit,000 chaldrons,
Newcastle measure, are exported annually. In one year,
(1791) 4905 vessels cleared coastways, and 703 oversea, in
all 5f)08. (ilass, bottles, lime, salt, grindstones, coperas,
and pottery-ware, are also exporied. It has a iiandsome
church a large and eleo;ant cliapel ot' case, a neat and large
chapel for the IMethodists, five Dissenters' inecling hon;:es,
an hospital for old .•seamen or their widows, another for
eight poor women, a dispensary, and other public bnildin{js.
Fora long time the navigation of this port was considerably
uiipeded, from the want of a sutticieut depth of water, to
adnit ships of any considerable bunlen to put to sea with
their whole lading; to remedy which, sucii vessels were
obliged to fake |Kirt of their cargo in the open road ; by
which the keel men, who bringdown the coals, were often
exposed, in sudden storms, to danger, by venturing out to
sea with the remainder of their lading; to obviate which
inconvenience, and the danger to which the vessels are
there often exposeil, many of llie largest ships belonging to
this port were obliged to take in their hiding at Shields.
But this inconvenience is now very much remedied, by
recent improvements in the harbour, and particularly the
adilition of a north, pier, by which the ebbinj; tide gains
greater force to scour the sand which forms a bar at the
entrance of the harbour; the tide now flows 10 feet, and
admits vessels of 300an(l 400 tons burden. A bridge, has
been lately erected across the river Wear, and is thought to
be the greatest curiosity of its kind in the «orld. It is not
less remarkable for its prodigious height and extreme span,
than for the peculiarity of its construction, being formed
of small segments of cast iron, joined in such a manner as
to form a complete arch, the span of which is 23(3 feet, and
will admit of vessels sailing under it of 400 tons burden,
by only striking their top-gallant masts. The iidiabilants,
whose sid)sistence depends entirely upon the coal trade,
particularly the casters, who are employed in loading the
ships, are often exposed to great vicissitude, especially in
severe winters, when most of the sliips are laid up, or when
the river is frozen over, and navigation consequently inter-
rupted. But it is observable, that the keel-men of lliis port
have a comfortable appearance, and are, in general, an
Btldelic, healthy, decent body of men. It is 13 miles N. E.
of Dnrhani, and 264 N. by W. of London. Market on
Friday.
SU'NDEW, s. in botany, the droscra of Linnteus. This
genus contains five stamina and five pistilla within the blos-
som. The essential character of thcgeiuis consists in the
capsule of cue cell opening at the top with five valves.
There are two species, which diHer only in the shape of the
leaves, the one having round, and the otjier oblong
leaves.
SU'NDIAL, ». a marked plate on which the shadow of the
gnomon or style caused by the sun points the hour.
SU'NDRY, (I. \sunder, Sax.] several, various; more than
ene.
SU'NFLOWER, *. an elegant garden plant. The little
S'lnflower is the cistushelianlhenmm of Linna;u3.
SUNO, !lic prefer, and part. pass, of SiNO.
SUNK, pret<r. and part. pass, of Sink.
SU'NNV, a. bright, irscnibling the sun; exposed to the
sun ; coloured bv the sun.
SUNIUSE, orSU'NIlISiNG, t. the morning; tlic first
appearance of the sun. The east.
SUNSET, s. the evcuiut; ; the close of tlie day. The
Avest.
SUNSHINE, or SU'NSHIN Y, o. bright with the sun;
bright like the sun.
SU'NSHINE, s. action of the sun ; place where the lustre
or heat of the sun is powerfid.
To SUP, t;. rt. [sitpan. Sax. serpen, BeJg. tuper. Norm.] to
sip; to drink by mouthfuls; to drink by a little at a time ;
to take with a spoon. Neuferly, to eat the evening uieal
or supper; from sauper, Fr.
SUF, J. a small draught ; a mouthfid of liquor.
SUPER, in composition, is derived from the Latin, ami
signifies more than another; more than enough; on ot
flowin-; over the top.
SU'PERABLE, {stipcrahl) a. [from tnpcm, to excel, oi
conquer, Lat.] that reay be overcome or surpassed ,
cuii(|uerable.
To SUPERABO'UND, i'. a. to be superfluous; to be
overmuch ; to be exuberant.
SUPEilABU'NDANCE, s. excess; superfluity; great
plenty.
SUP1;RABU|NDANT, o. being more than enough.
To SUPERADD, r. «. [fVoni siij<cr, over and adiln, to add,
Lat.] to add over and above ; to join to any thing, so as to
make it more.
To SUPERA'NNUATF,, r. a. [from super, over ar.a
anmis, a year, Lat.] to impair or disqualify by age or lengti;
of time.
SUPERA'NNUATED, a. worn out with age ; grown o:t
of date.
SUPERB, a. \s11pe7hc, Fr. st:pcrbiit, Lat.] grand; pom-
pons; lofty; proud; aUjjust ; magnificent ; stately.
SUPI'.'RBLY, ml. in a.snperb manner.
SUPERCARGO, s. an olhcer in a ship «lio has the ma-
nagement of its trathc.
SUPERCELE'STIAL, a. iilaced above the firmament.
SUPERCI'LIOUS, a. [from s>,pnc>lh,7», pride, Lat.J
haughty; dictatorial: despotic; overbearing; disdainful;
contemptuous; dogmatical; arbitrary ; arrogant.
SUPERCILIOUSLY, «rf. haughtily ; dogmatically ; cou-
temptuouslv.
SUPERE'MINENCE, orSUPETlEMlNENCY, s. [from
supcr,o\er, and eminco, to be euiinent. Lat.] the quality of
exceeding in cniinence above others though eminent ; un-
common degi'ee of eminence or excellence.
SUPERE'iMINENT, «. [from super, over, and eminen, to
be eminent, Lat.J greatly excelling ; emiiniiit in a high
degree.
To SUPERE'ROCiATE, v. n. [from super, overaiid erogo,
to make a law, Lat.J to do more than a person is by duty
obliged.
SLfPEREROGA'TION, s. the performance of more than
one is obliged to do by dutv.
SUPERE rogatory; a. performed beyond the strict
demamkof duty.
SUPER EXCELLENT, a. excellent, beyond common.
SU'PERFICE, i. [superficies, Fr. .f»;)«yi'«>s, Lat.] the out-
side, surface, superficies.
SUPERFI'CIAL, {super flshinl) a. \ sMperfkiel, Fr.] lying
en, or not reaching below, the surface ; shallow ; coiitrived
to cover something else; not profound; smattering; not
deeply learned.
SUPERFrCIALLY, {supe'fishialhj) ad. slightly ; im-
perfectly.
SUPERFI'CIALNESS, (tupcrftshialness) s. position on the
surface ; imperfecfness ; slightuess ; !iballu'.viies>j ; sligJit
knowledge ; show wiJbout substance.
820
SUP
SUP
SUTERFICIES, {sdperfuhiez) t. fLat.J the outside, surface,
Kuperfire.
SUPERFINE, a. eminently or extraordinarily fine.
SUPERFLU'lTY, t. \svpe^uiti, Fr.J more than enough ;
plfnty bevond use or necessity ; excess.
SUPERFLUOUS, a. [(tom'sHper, over, and/«o, to flow,
Lat. I ove/much ; more than enough; needless; unneces-
sary; exuberant; supervacaneous.
SUPERFLUOUSLY, oii. unnecessarily ; needlessly; in
an extravagant manner.
SUPERFLUOUSNESS, s. the state of being superfluous.
To SUPERINDU'CE, v. a. [from super, over, and induco,
to induce, Lat.] to brinj; in as an addition to something else;
to bring in as not originally belonging to that on which it
was brought; lo lav upon; to cover ; todravvover.
To SUPER LNTE'N D, r. a. 1o oversee, overlook ; to su-
pervise or take care of others that are inferior ; to have the
chief maiiaeenient or direction of anv thing.
SUPERINTENDENCE, or SUPERINTETSIDENCY,
s. the act of taking care of the interests and concerns of
others.
SUPERINTENDENT, or SUPERINTENDANT, j.
[from sttper, over, and inlendo, to insoect, Lat.| one who
rules, governs, or manages.
SUPERIOR, ^. onr more excellent or dignified than
anotiier.
• SUPE'RIOR, a. \iuferieur, Fr. superior, Lat.] higher ;
above another in excellence, dignity, or any other quality.
Free from emotion or concern ; unconquered. Upper, ap-
plied to situation. In astronomy, applied to the planets of
our system which are farther from the sun than our earth is,
as Mars, Jupiter, Satuni.aud the Georgian ; applied also to
that conjunction of an inferior planet which is made when
the planet is on the opposite side of the sun to that on which
the earth is. In botany, applied to the cup or blossom, when
they are situated above the seedbud, as in the honeysuckle,
currant, and campanula.
SUPERIORITY, s. [superiorite, Fr.] pre-enunence ;
the a,uality of being greater or higher than aeother in any
respect.
SUPE'RLATIV E, ff. [siipcrlalif, Fr. from superfero, to excel,
Lat.] implying or expressing the highest degree. In English
grammar, the superlative degree of rtdjcctives that consist of
many syllables is m;i(ie bv prefixing most before them ; but
in those which consist of fewer sy.lables, it is formed by
ehan({in{r tlieendintc, or adding «s< to it.
SUPE'RLATIVELY, ad. most excellently ; most emi-
uentlv ; in the highest degree, either good or bad.
SUPE'RL \TIV EN ESS, s. the quality of being most emi-
nent or excellent, or in the highest degree.
SUPERLU'NAR, a. [from super, above, and luna, the
moon, Lat.] not sublunary ; not of this world ; placed above
the moon.
SUPE'RNAT,, a. [supernus, Lat. J placed above ; relating
to heavenly things ; celestial.
SUPERNATANT, a. [from sxtper, above, and no, to
twim, Lat.] swimming above.
SUPERNATURAL, a. [from tuptr, above, and nafura,
nature, Lat.] beyond or above the powers of nature.
SUPERNATURALLY, ad. in a manner above the course
or power of natur..e.
SUPERNUMERARY, a. \stipernumeraire, Fr.] above a
settled, necessarv, usual, or a round number.
SUPERREFLECTION, *. reflection of an image re-
flected.
SUPER-SALTS, salts with an excess of acid, as the super-
tartrate of potash.
ToSUPERSCRlBE, V. o. \iiom super, upon, and jcriio, to
write, Lat.] to write upontthc top or outside.
SUPER^CRI'ITION, s. [from super, upon, and scriho, to
write, Lat.] the act of writing or any thing written, on tlie
top or outside.
To SUPERSE'DE, ». 'a. [from superscdeo, Laf.J to qiake
void, erset atide by superior force or authority.
630
SUPERSEDEAS, /. [Lat.] in law, a writ to stay the doing
of that which otherwise mis;ht be done.
SUPERSTITION, {superstishon) s. [Fr. from supeistkio,
Lat. J the observance of unnecessary and uncoiiinirnded
ritei and practices in religion ; religion without morality
or practise of social virtue; false religion, or reverence of
objects that are not fit for worship ; too great nioety, fears,
or scrupulousness ; extravagant devotion, or religion wrong
directed or conducted.
SUPERSTITIOUS, {superstislnous) a. [s^ipeistitieux, Fr.
fjipeislitiustts, Lat.] addictefl to superstition ; full of idle fan-
cies, scruples, and ceremonies, in things that are indiflerent
or unnecessary ; scrupulous, or too exact.
SUPERSTITIOUSLY, (*"/)*rs«is/<i'<i«/y) ad. bigotedly ;
scrupulously ; in a superstitious manner.
To SUPERSTRUCT, v. a. [from super, upon, and sirve,
to build, Lat.Tto build upon anv thing.
SUPERSTRUCTURE, J. thatuhich is raised or built
upon something else.
SUPER-SULPHURETTED, part, in rhymistry, com-
bined with a large portion of sulphur.
SUPERVACATSiEOUS, «. [from i-<per, above, and laemts,
empty, Lat. J superfluous; unnecessary; needless; serving
to no purpose.
To SUPERVE'NE, v. «. [from simer, upon, and venio,
to come, Lat.] to come in as a foreign addition, used
with lo.
SUPERVE'NIENT, a. [from super, upon, and venio, to
come, Lat.J added ; additional.
SUPERVENTION, J. the act of supervening.
To SUPERVISE, (supejvize) v. a. [from super, over, and
tirfeo, to see, Lat.] to overlook ; to oversee ; to superintend,
SUPERVI'SOR, («ip«Tiior) f. an overseer ; an inspec-
tor; a surveyor; a superintendant ; one that has the care
of others under him.
To SUPERVrVE, V. n. [from super, over, and vivo, to
live, Lat ]lo live longer; to outlive ; to overlive.
SUPI'NE, a. [supimis, Lat.J lying with the foce upward,
apposed to prone. Figuratively, negligent; careless; in-
attentive; indolent; thoughtless; drowsy; idle.
SU'PINR, i. [supiit, Fr. supinum, Lat.] a part of a con-
jugation of a verb, of the like sense or ctfect with the rn-
finitive mood, without either number or person. In Latin,
tliey end in «m and « ; that in mn signifies action, and that
in u implies passion ; as am«<n»i, Lat. to love; amatu, Lat.
to be loved.
SUPl'NELY, ad. with the face upward ; drowsily ;
thoughtlessly jjndolently.
SUPINENESS, *. posture with the face upward ; ncgii.
gence ; carelessness ; inattention ; sloth ; indolence.
To SUPPE'DITATE, v. a. Isuppedito, Lat.J to find supply,
or furnish.
SUTPER, s. \sovper, Fr.] the last meal at night.
SU'PPERLESS, a. going without supper; fasting at
niiiht.
To SUPPLA'N r, ». a. \supplaHter, Fr. from stih, under, and
planta, the sole of the foot, Lat. | to trip up the heels; to
displace or turn out by stratagem i to overpower, force
away, or displace.
SUPPLA'NTER, s. one who supplants or displaces.
SUPPLE, (s«pO n.[«oH/)fc, Fr.] easy to be bent; pliant,
flexible; bending without breaking ; yielding, opposed to
obstinate. .Flattering or fawning.
To SUTFLE,(f)i/)0 V. a. to make pliant, soft, flexib'e,
compliant. Neuterly, to grow soft or pliant.
SUPPLEMENT, *.[Fr. from tuppko, to supply, Lat.] an
addition or ap£tidage.made to any thing to supply its defect*
or omissions.
SUTPLENLSS, (suplness) s. pliantness ; flexibility ; ea-
sily yielding ; flattery ; readiness in compliance ; facility.
SUPPLETORY, a. [from *«/)/>/«o, to supply, Lat.] serving
to supply some imperfoci ion or deficiency. Substantively,
that which is to fill up deficiencies.
SUPPLIANT, a. \suppliant,_ Fr.] supplicating, beKe«b«
SUP
5 UR
tag, requesting in an hunibie manner. Siihsfontivcly, an
liunii>le petitioner ; a submissive bej,'i;;ir.
SU'PPLICANT, ». one tliat enliciits viilii great submis-
sion ; an luiinble petitioner.
To SU'PF[-ICATK, J'. «. [»K/>/i/i'f5, Lat.] to petition; to
intreat in a very humble .'uiid submissive manner; to im-
plore.
SUPPLICATION, s. [svpiilU-atum, Fr.] a petition de-
liyercd in an bumble manner ; enticaty. 'inat part of
divine worship wherein we humbly ask Cor sometilinff.
SUPPLl'KR,^. one that provides ur (iirnisheg.
To SUPPLY', ti. a. fj.ii/(y)/co,Laf. supplier, Fr.] tO fill up,
any deticiency ; to give or afford soniething wanted ; to
relieve any want ; to (ill any vacancy, or serve instead of;
toisive or furniih ; to accomodate.
SUPPLY', J. [;)/«;■«/ i»/)/)//«J relief of want; cure of de-
ficiencies; aid. Tn t^rnjit the supplies, is to provide the ne-
cessary money for the support of government. In war,
furnishing an army with recruits of men, provisions, &c.
To SUPi'OIlT, !). a. \ supporter, Fr.] to sustain, bear, or
prop up ; to bear any thing painful without being over-
come, to endure ; to prevent from fainting or swooning.
SUl'PO'RT, s. \snjjpiirt, Pr.J the act or power of sustain-
ing or keepinjj from tailing ; a prop, or sustaining power.
The necessaries of life ; maintenance; supply. Synox.
The luttress fortities ; it ia H\ed close, to resist the impulsion
of other bodies, 'ilie sujiport bears, by being placed be-
neath a thing to prevent its falling under a weight. The
pr»p assists, and its general use is to strengthen. A w all is
frequently made stronger by buttresses ; an arch is supported
by columns ; a house, when in danger of falling, is kept up
SUPP'O'RTABLE, «. [supportahle, Fr.] tolerable ; that
may be endured or sutl'ered.
SUPPORTABLY, «rf. so as may be borne ; tolerably.
SUPPO'IlTLRj s. one that niaint;iins, support's, or assists
another; maintainer, comforter, defender, sustainer. In
architecture, a post or pillar, that supports part of a build-
ing. In heraldry, a beast, bird, &c. drawn standing on each
»ide of the escutcheon, and seems to support it.
SUPPO'SABLE, (suppozahle) a. capable of being laid down
without proof ; oradvanccdby way of argument; that may
be supposed or imagined.
SUPPOSAL, {su-ppuzal) s. \ from suppose] position with-
out proof ; imagination; supposition.
To SUPPO SI'l, {suppose) V, a. [supposer, Fr. suj'pono, l^at.J
to lay down vuithout proof; to advance by way of argu-
ment without provH.g ; to admit without proof ; to imagine
or believe without examination ; to require or imply as pre-
vious to itself.
SUPPOSI'TION, (suppozisJton) s. Isuppositimi, Fr.] an
hypothesis, position, or supposal, laid down, but not
proved.
SUPPOSITITIOUS, (suppositishiom) a. [siipposititius,
Lat.J not genuine ; artfully or fraudulently substituted
iH the room or character of something genuine and au-
thentic.
SUPPOSITI'TIOUSLY, {svppozitishiously) ad. counter-
feitlv ; spiiriousiv.
SUPPO'SITORY, s. [suppositoire, Fr.] a kind of solid
elyster.
To SUPPRE'SS, V. a. [from sub, under, vnA prima, to press,
Lat.J to crush, overpower, subdue, overwhelm, or reduce
from a state of activity or commotion To conceal; to
keep private ; to hinder publication.
SUPPRE'SSION, (suppreslwn) s. [Fr. from sub, under, and
prima, to press, Lat.] the act of putting a stop to ; conceal-
ment; obstruction; a stoppage, ditHculty, or hindcrance.
To SUTPURATE, v. a. [suppurer, Fr.] to generate, or
form pus or matter. To ripen; to digest.
SUPPURATION, s. [suppuration, .Fr.] a ripening of an
imposthume or boil, generating pus or matter ; the matter
»uppurated.
SUPPURGA'TION, s. the too frequent use of purpVip
medicine.^.
8UPPUTATI0N, *. [tuppuiatiu, from pxtto, to think, Lat.J
a reckoning, calculation, accoinil, computation.
To SUPPUTF., t'. «. \snppiilo, Croiii puto, to think, Lat.J to
calculate; to reckon ; to compute.
SUPRA, in composition, borrowed from the Latin, sig-
nifies above or before.
SI'PRALAP.SA'IUAN, ». [from supra, before, and lupyin,
the fall, Lat.] one who holds that (Jod, without regard to
tile good or evil works of nraiikind, passed his eternal
decree of election and reprobation before the fall of Adam.
SUPRl'/MACY, *. highest place ; hiijhost authority ;
the state of being superior in ecclesiastical as well as civil
matters.
SUPRE'ME, «f. [supremut, Lat.] highest in dignity,' au-
thority, nr excellence. It should be observed, that supreme
is applied only to intellectual or political dignity, and supe-
rior to ihaf of place or local elevation.
SUPRE'MKLY', flf/. most excellently ; most eminently;
in the hifjhest degree.
SUR, in composition, is borrowed from the French and
signifies upon, or over and above.
SURA, s. [Lat.] in anatomy, the lesser bone of the calf
of the leg.
SURAL, a. [from sura, the calt of the leg, Lat.], being in
the calf of the leg. " The sural artery." Wiscmuu,
SU'RANCE, s. warrant ; security ; assurance.
SURAT, a seaport of the Deccanof Hindooslan, said to
have 200,000 inhabitants. Its trade is now very consider-
able; and in this city are as nixiny diH'crent professions of
religion as in Amsterdam ; for besides Jews and Christiana,
there are Mahometans of several sects, and many sorts of
Gentoos. The surrounding country is fertile, except
towards the sea, which is sandy and barren. Before the
English East India Coijipany obtained possession of Bom-
bay, the presidency of tlieir affairs on the coast of Malabar,
was held at Surat ; and they had a tiictory establishccl
there. Even after the presidency was transferred to
Bombay, the factory was continued. 'J"be Great Mogul
had then an otiicer here, who was stiled hii admiral, and
received a revenue called the tanka, of the annual value of
three lacks of rupees, arising from the rents of atijacent
lands, and the taxes levied at Surat. The East India
Company in 1759, fitted out an armament, which dispos-
sessed the admiral of the castle ; and, soon after, the pos-
session of this castle was confirmed to them by the court of
Delhi. They obtained, moreover, the appointment to the
post of admiral, and were constituted receivers of the tanka
by which their authority in this place became Eupreme.
Surat is situated on the confines of Gnzerat, about 20 miles
up the river Taptv, and 177 N. of Bombay.
To SURBA'TE, v. a. [solbatir, Fr.J to bruise the fe«t witb
travelling. To fatigue ; to harass.
To SURCE'ASE, (siirceese) v. n. [sur and cesser, Fr.J to
be at an end ; to stop, to cease ; to be no longer in being,
use, or in motion ; to leave off; to refrain. Actively, to
stop ; to put an end to. Obsolete in the actire sense.
SURCHA'RGE, «. [surcharge, Fr.J too heavy a burden ;
an overload ; cliarije upon charge ; more than cau be well
borne.
To SURCHA'RGE, v. a. [surehnrfrer, Fr.] to overload, or
load with more than a person or thing can bear; to over-
charge ; to overburden.
SURCHA'RGER, s. one that overburdens.
SURCI'NGLE. s. [from sur, Fr. and cin^Jum, a girdle,
Lat.] a girth with which a burden is bound on a horse ; the
girdle or band of a cassock.
SU'RCLE, (siirU) s. [from turaibu, Lat.] a shoot or twig^
a sucker.
SU'RCOAT, (sirkot) t. a coat to be worn over the other
clothes ; a great coat ; an outward garment.
SURCULATION, s. [from surcuku, a shoot, Lat.] (he
av:t of pruning or lopping trees.
«.31
SUR
SU R
SU'RCULOUS, a. [from tttrculus, a shoot, Lat.] fiiH of
ehoots or sprigs,
SURD, a. [surrfB.?, Lat. i deaf; void of understanding;
■^ot perceived by tiie ear ; unheard ; not expressed by any
term. A mrd root, in mathematics, is a square, cubic, or
any other root, which cannot be perfectly extracted out of
a rational number. Surds, in geometry, are lines which
have not any common measure with the rational line
given.
SU'RDITY, s. [siirdite. Ft. from surdus, deaf, Lat.] deaf-
ness ; dulness; stupidity.
SURE, a.\seii>e, Fr.] certain, or not subject either to fail
or deceire ; cimtident beyond doubt ; safe from doubt oi
danger ; firm, stable, not liable to decay or failure. To be
Mure, is used adverbially for certainly.
SUREFOOTED, o, treading firmly, not subject to
stumbling. •
SU'RELY, ar/. certainly ; undoubtedly; without doubt ;
firmly ; ivitiiout hazard.
SU'RF.NMsSS. s. certainty ; firmness; faithfulness.
SU'RETISHU", s. [from surety] the state or otiice of one
that is bound for another.
SU'RETY, «. \surete, Fr.] certainty or freedom from
failure, tjoubt, or mistake ; support ; evidence ; confirma-
tion ; security against loss or damage; one that gives se-
curity or is bound for another ; bondsman, bail, hostage.
SU'RFACE, s. [sur and face, Fr.] the outside, superficies,
supcrfice.
To SURFEIT, (surfrt) V. a. [from sxir and faire, Fr.J to
feed with excessive meat or drink, so as to cause sickness ;
to cram overmuch. Neuterly, to be fed to sickness or
satiety.
SURFEIT, (siirftt) s. sickness arising from feeding or
drinking to excess.
SU'RJ'EITER, ».one who riots ; a glutton.
SURGE, s. [from surgo, to arise, Lat.j a swelling sea ;
a wave rolling above the general surface of the water ; a
billow.
To SURGE, V. n. [from surgo, to rise, Lat] to swell or
roll in waves.
SURGEON, see Chirurceon, of which it is a cor-
ruption.
SU'RGERY, s. [cliiritrs^a, Lat. from cheir, the hand, and
ergao, to operate. Or.) an art that teaches the cure of dis-
eases by manual operations ; a room set apart for keeping
the instruments of, and' performing operations by, a
siirgeon.
SU'RGY, a. rising in billows. " The surgjj mai;.. '
Pope.
SURINAM, a Country of South. Amcrica,,in Guiana,
bounded on the N. by the Atlantic Ocean, on the E. by the
river Marawina, on the S. by a country of Indians, and on
the W. by the river Corentvu. It is about \.'A) miles in
length, and 60 in breath, anil abounds in fruits, tish, game,
and singular animals ot different kinds. The soil is, in ge-
neral, extremely fertile, particularly in those parts which are
cultivated by European industry, producing sugar, cotton,
tobacco, indigo, cocoa, gums, wood for living, Ac. The
woods are full of monkeys, and there are likewise tigers,
with parrots, scorpions, serpents of an amazing size, and a
great variety of insects. 1 he rivers abound with alligators,
and in Surinam is found that wonderful fish, the torpedo.
The Whites, or Europeans, in Surinam, who reside princi-
pally in Paramaribo, tlie chief town, are computed at about
')000; including the garrison and the negroes, at about
75,000. In 1674, this settlement, which had been partly
planted by the English, was ceded to the Dutch by king
Charles ll. in exchange for the province of New York. It is
now.in possession of the Englisli.
SU'RLILY,arf. morosely ; crabbedly; aogrily ; inasurly
manner.
SU'RLINESS, «. sourness of disposition ; moroseness.
SU'RLY, B. [from tur, sour. Sax.] sour, morose, or silently
angry; roHghi uncivil.
832
To SURMI'SE, (,turmize) v. a. [siirmiser, Fr.J to sus-
pect, or imagine without certain knowledge, or sufficient
grounds.
SURMI'SE, (surmize)*, \surmite, Fr.] an imperfect no-
tion ; suspicion ; imagination not supported by knowledge.
Synon. ^i«niiie is imagination in general without sus-
picion; sitspicion is imagmation of isome ill without proof.
The former is often used in respect to things good in
themselves ; the latter, never but with regard to things" that
are ill.
To SURMOUTS^T, V. a. Uurmonter, Fr.] to rise above ;
to conquer ; to overcome. To surpass or exceed.
SURMOUNTER,i. one that rises above another.
SU'RN.4ME, i. \surnom, Fr.J the name which a person
takes from his family.
To SURNAME, v. a. [surnommer, Fr.J to name by an ap-
pellation added to the original one.
To SURPA'SS, ti. a. [surpasser, Fr.J to excel, exceed, or
go beyond another in excellence.
SURPASSING, part, excellent in a high degree.
SURPLICE, f. [sttrpetis, or svrplis, Fr.] the white gar-
ment which the clergy wear when they read prayers, or ad-
minister the sacrament.
SURPLUS, or SURPLUSAGE, s. [sur and phs, Fr.]
what is more or remains after use and necessity is satisfied.
Supernumerary part ; overplus ; remainder.
SURPRl'SAL, or SURPRISE, (sujynza/, or surprize) s.
[surprise, Fr.] the act of taking, or the state of being taken,
unawares ; a sudden confusion or perplexity.
To SURPRI'SE, (sitrprhe)v.a. [from sunpris, Fr.] to take
or fall upon unawares or unexpectedly ; to' astonisii, per-
plex, or confuse by something wonderful or unexpected ; to
lead into an error.
SURPRI'SING, (surprising) part. a. wonderful ; strange ;
raising wonder or concern.
SURPRI'SINGLY'', «<i. to a degree that raises wonder;
in a manner that raises wonder.
To SURRENDER, t-. a. [surrmdrc, old Fr.l to yield or
deliver up to an enemy ; to resign or quit. Neuterly, to
yield or give up to the power of an adversary.
SURRENDER, or SURRE'NDRY, s. theact of yielding
or resigning to another.
SURRE'PTION, (surrepshon) s. [from surreptus, Lat.J the
act of taking unawares ; a surprise.
SURREPTITIOUS, (*H>»e/)<ij/»ouj) n. [surreptilius, Lat.]
done, acquired, or produced by stealth, fraud, or artifice.
S URREPTI' n OUSLY, (surreptishiousli/) ad. fraudulently ;
falsely.
To"SURROGATE, v. a.[surrogo, Lat.J to put into the
placpof another ; to depute.
SURROGATE, s. a deputy, or one that officiates for
another ; a delegate ; a substitute.
To SURROU'ND, v. a. [snrrouder, Fr.] to inclose or eft-
compass on all sides ; to environ.
SU'RRY, a county of England, bounded on the N. by
Middlesex and a point of Buckinghamshire, on the E. by
Kent, on the S'. by Sussex, and on the W. by Hampshire
and Berks. Its greatest length is about 39 miles, and its
breadth 26. It is divided into 13 hundreds, which contain
11 market towns (including Southwark) 140 parishes, 650
villages and hamlets, and about 35,000 houses. It is a
healthy, pleasant country, and the value of estates in it has
advanced of late years beyond any other part of England.
The soil is very different in the extreme parts from tnat in
the middle ; whence it has been compared to a coarse c|oth
with a fine border : for the edge of the county on all sidea
has a rich soil, extremely fruitful in corn and grass, particu-
larly in Holmcsdale, and on the N. and W. parts toward tlie
Thames ; but it is far otherwise in the .heart of the county,
where arc wide tracts of sandy ground and barren heatti,
and in some places are long ridges of hills, with warrens of
rabbits, and parks for deer. This county produces corn,
box-wood, walnuts, hops, and fuller's earth ; and near Dark-
ing grows a wild black cherry, of which a very pleasant
sus
SWA
S'
wine IS made, little inferior to French claret. The manu-
factures in starch, toliiieco, giiiii)()«(ler, |>a|)er, vii)C[;ar, ca
lico priuting, uax hii-iuliin", &<■. are considerable. The
principal rivers besides tin- TliaiiK ;>(whic li is ihe boundary
of this county on the N.) aie the Mole, \Ve\, VV^ndlc. and
Loddon. The Lent assizes are held al Kin;;slon, and Ihe
summer asiaizes al (iMildford and Croxdon alii'rnatelv.
SUUSO'LID, # ill Algebra, the timrtli ni(dti|>iication or
power of any iiinnl>er whatever taken as ihe lool. Suisuliil
iruljlem, in nialheinatics, thalvihuh cannot be resolved but
IV curves of a higher ir.itiire llian a conic section.
SURTOt/T, (turtuit) s. LFr. | a large coat worn over all the
other clothing.
To SURVEY, V. a. [surveoir, old, Fr.] to overlook or
view as fionia hij;herplace ; tooversee; to view as examin-
ing ; to look into the strength or condition of buitdnigs ; to
nieasufe land.
SUHVICYING, t. the art of nieasurin-i the superficial
contei.ts of lands, grounds, tields, &c. by the help of proper
instruments.
SURVK'YOR, «. one who measures land, buildings, or
work done l>y a builder, Ac. in order to ascertain the value ;
an overseer ; one that oversees or superintends any laige
undertaking ; an ofticer of the excise.
SUUVE'YORSHIP, f. Uie office of a surveyor.
St'KVI'VANCE, s. an outli^ill- another.
To SURVrVii, 11. 71. [siirvin-f, Fr. from supir, aDove and
vivo, to live, Lat.J to live longer thun auotner; to remain
alive. Actively, to outlive.
SURVl'VKR, orSUItVrVOR, s. one that outlives, or
lives longer than, another.
SURVrVORSHIP, s. the state, condition, or circum-
stances of a survivor.
S[JSCF;PT1BL!\ a. [susceptMe, Fr.J capable of admitting
or receivMig anv impression.
SUSCETTIBLKNESS or M'SCEPTIBI'LITY, s. the
quality of being capable to admit or receive any impression
or form.
SUsCETTION, {susse/uhijii) s. f from suseipio, to lake, Lat.]
tbe acl of taking.
SUSCI PiENCV, «. reception ; admissiim.
To SU'SCITATE. r. a. [susrilo. Eat.] to quicken ; to
fouse; to excite ; to provoke ; lo stir up; to incite.
SUSCITAl'ION,!. [smcuatiuii, Fr.J the act of quicken-
ing or exeiting.
To SUSPK.'Cl', ti. a. \siisiiirio, Lat.] to i(na;,'ine some-
thing unknown with a degree . if fear and jealousy ; to ima-
gine or think guilty or bad willidiif proof; lo hold as uncer-
tain Neulerty, to imagine a person guilty of some crime
without proof.
SU.SPE'C PFUL, «. ready to mistrust ; full of jealousy or
(uspicion.
'l"o SUSPE'ND. V. «. ]siispeiulre. Fr. SHspendo, Lat.] to
bang; lo make to hang bv aii\ thing; lo make de eiKirnt
upon: to interrupt or slop ; delay : lo debar from the
«xecution of an office for a certain lime.
SUSPENDED, /)«!•/. fl hung by an\ thing; debarred from
exercising an othce, or receiving the salary, for a certain
tiro'', or durioii pleasure.
SUSPE'N^E, s. \sns))eus. Fr.J uncertainly ; irresoln-
tJoij. The acl of wiili holding the deteiniinalion oJ'th<- jiidg-
Bient ; deprivation for a tune ; a stop in the mi'lsi of' two
0PI><>siles.
SUSPE'VSION, (mispensliun) t. [Fr. from mspctido, lo sM6-
^nd, l.al.] Ihe acl ol maklu:; to liaii:; or ibpt'iid on anv
Ihiug ; Jhe acl of delax n ; intertuplion The afi of willi
kolding Ihe deler-.iiiiialiiiii nf th» jud;;uienl ; the stale ufa
person who is deprived of an exeicise of an office fur a
time.
SU^PI'CION, imspit/iHn) s. [sitipicwn, Tr. suspicii)^ Lat.J
the act of imaginin;^ ill willnml proi>f : jealousy ; dislnisl;
ditildt-uee.
SUSPICIOU'', (»'««/'isAioi«) «. \siisiiicinxns. from snspicio, to
tiupect, Lat J incltued lo imagiue ill tviihout pioot, used la
& O
a bad sense. Liable to suspicion, or e'^ixR reason to
imagine Ui.
SUSPICIOUSLY, {sutpUhiouily) ad. distrustfully ; jea-
loubly.
SUSPPCIOUSNESS, {suspUhioutnett) t. jealounv ; di^
tiu^l.
SUSPl'R AL, s Isoiipiriiil, Fr.) a conveyance of water under
gri.uiwl ; a vent, or bieathnig hole ; a/iair hole.
SUSi'lRA"! lOS,s. ]siis/,iralio, from i"h, under and spiin,
to fjieallie L^l.J sigh; act of telcliing the brealli deep.
To SU.^PI'RE, V. n. [suspiru, Liil. I to sigh, or fetch the
breath deep.
.SUSSEX, an Engliih countv 80 miles in length, and 24
inbreadlh ; bouirled on llie S. (>y llie British channel ; on
the \V. oy ilamp.'ihire ; on the N. by Siriy ; and on the E.
by KiHt. It (Oiilaiiis 312 parishes, I / inarkel-lovMi^, ;iijd
sends 2(1 iiiembers to parliament. 'Ihe air is otien ihn k and
fogt;\, bill not nil. Ii..le,i,me, unless it be in the lov\ marshy
lands. The soil in ihe mid. He i.s ri« li and fruitful, «hich
rciiderslhe loadsdeep and dntv in the vMiiter. 1 1 is more
Woody towards Kent, and lias several iron mines. The sea-
coast is liigli and chalky, being called Ihe D.wns, but the
sea-.-.lMire i., full of banks of saiidsand rocks. 'l"he cliief rivers
aie the Aiunand llie Piollur, besides some sm.ll slMains
which tad into the sea. Chichesler is the capital town. It
gives title of earl to Ihe Y'elvtrlon liiinilv.
ToSUSTA'IN, V. a [siiiistemr, Fr. susttneo, from sub, under ■
and teneo, to hold, Lat.] lo bear, prop, or hi. Id up ; to
suppoit or keep from sinking under evil ; lo hel, , idieve,
or assist ; to niairitain or keep; to bear without yielding •
toeiidure; to sutler. '
SU'SIENANCE, * [souslenaiicf, Fr.] nourishment ; main-
tenance ; food ; aii\ thing lli.it supports nature.
SUSTKNT.yi ION, s. [f r. bom siuttnuo, to sustain, Lat.J
support from falling. Alaintenance.
'lo SUSU'KK.\'!'E, v.n. [susxrro, Lat.J to whisper or
speak low.
SUSUURATtON,*. Ihe act of whispering, or speaking
low ; a vihisper.
SL TK, *. [suit, Fr.] sort. " They are not of one svte."
Hook,
SUTHERLAND, a shire of Scotland, bounded on the E.
by the (ieniian Ocean ; on the S. b\ the shire of Hoes ; and
on Ihe W. and i\. by Sliathnaver and Caithness. It i, a
mountainous country, and sends one inemlier to pailia-
menl.
SUTLER, s. [iudler, Teut. sneteler, Belg.] one who sells
liqiiorsaiid piovisioiis in a caiiip, barracks, or garrison
SUTTON CO'LFIKLD, a small to«ii of Warwickshire
24 miles N. W. of VVai wick, and 111 N. W. of London!
Maiket on Monday.
SUl'URE, s. [t'f. fro n sua, to sew, Lat.] a particular
manlier of sewing w.iunds In aiialoiiiy, a p;r. '^Liuar ai iicu-
(at ion of bones, Hheirui thev lock into eacii uUiei, line uie
teelli oft«o sa^'^s as ill ill. head.
SWAii, (n. is pmn. broad in iliis word, aijd its two follow-
ing derivatives) s. [swaub, Swed.] a kind of mop used in uasJi-
1:1^ Hours.
'I'd SWAB, V. a. [swehban. Sax. See the noun] lo clean
will) a liiop.
SWA'BBER. s. a person wlio cleans or washes the Jeck of
a ship. A s ,. woid.
To ,SVy ADDLE (suiifl!) V. «. f.iKvrfn.,, .Sax.J lo swatJie,
or 'Uiid ill clothes, geneialK used Im llie ilress of new btnu
iiit.iiils. t"'i"ii.aiiv-l\ , Id liial li'- cud -el.
SWA'Di>Ll\(.B\M), S\V \'i)l)LlN(,CI.()l M or
SVV.\'1)|)LIN(jCL0UT, J clolli wrapped round a new-
born cliiid.
SW \( iH \M, a lart-e. well l.init town 'fNoriolk. sealed
on a h !l, ;54 miles N. N. E. cil .Newmarket, and 'M N. E. o*'
LouiIou. Minket ruj .*satui(la> .
Til SW ^(i, ti. «. [;«, r.,;, 1^1.] to s.nl^. or iijn^ dow.i
by its weight; to waddle, orshake lioui side to side.
833
S Vi A
SWE
Ti, :>',VA(_i!:l, r. cf. [from a.wioaov] to ease; to mitigate ; to
ii.t'icii : to ap.)',-.i5e ; to assuage.
To SWA'GGEI!, (itt'ag er) i: n. [siirq-an. Sax.] to blus-
ter, or be noisily proud ^lutl insolent ; to bully ; to boast ; to
hector; to donii r^er ; to crack ; to vaunt.
SWA'GGEREll, {swagerer) s. a blusterer ; anoisy, proud,
and insolent person-
SWAIN, s. \su:ein. Sax. and Run.J a young man ; a coun-
try person or shepherd ; a hind ; a peasant.
SWAINMOTE, s. \swainmutiis, law Lat.J aoomt touch-
ing matters of the forests, kept by the charter of llie forest
thrice in the year. This court of stcaoimofeis as incident to
a forest, as the court of piepowder is to a fair. 'I he suaiii
moti isa court of freehcdders within the foiest.
To SWALE, or S\V£AL, {siceel) v. a. [s,ce}nn, to kindle,
Sax. 1 to waste, or blaze away ; to'niclt.
SW.A'LLET, s. among the tin-uiiuers, water breaking in
upon them at their work.
To SWA'LLOVV, (n. pron. broad, as in all) v. a. \^sioelgan,
S-A\. swet^en, Belg.J totake downtiie throat ; to receive with-
out examination ; to absorb or suck in; to engulf ; to de-
vour; to be lost in any tiling. To engross, used with up.
Synon. Swallow Andgiilp are more nearly synonymous in
tiie literal than the figurative sense ; yet, even in that, they
will admit of some distinction. We pilp, in order to swallim:
This, however, is not the only difference. By swalloniitfr^
we understand taking down the throat simply; by ff"//'/"ff,
we mean sucking down eagerly, or without interniisiinn.
— With respect to eating, simlloiving carries in its idea
tiie act of clienini^ ; sculping does not. — In the figurative
sense, o«//.<iJig- rather implies a difficulty in swallowinpr.
SWALLOW, {a. pron. broad) s. the throat ; the gullet;
a bird of passage, well known; a whirlpool; a gulf; a
vortex.
SWA'LLOWTAIL, s. the shining willow.
SWA'LLOWWORT, s. asclepia ; a plant.
SWAM, preter. of Sw im.
SWAMP, {a. pron. brood) s. \stviimme, Belg. sunmms,
Goth, swam. Sax. snamm, I»l. suomp, Dan. swamp, Swcd.| a
bog, or marshy place, so called in America; a fen.
SWAMPY, B.aboundini; with s\' amps or bogs.
SWAN, («. pron. broad) s. \stvan, Sax. swaeti, Belg. siian,
Dan.] a large water fowl, with a long neck, and remarkably
white excepting when it is young.
SWA'NSEY, orABF.RTAw, a large, clean, well-built,
and populous town of Cilamort,'aiisliire, containing an old
castle, "2 churches, and about 4(IU houses, with broad, paved
streets. It exports gieat (Uiantities of coals to Ireland and
the southern coast of England ; it has also great correspmi-
dence with Bristol and Worcester for grocery, and other
shop goods. Here are potteries, and coiiaideialJe works
for the smelting of copper and lead ore. Many ships have
been built here, and it is resorted to for sea hatliing. It is
situated on a bay of the Bristol Channel, to which it gives
name, at the mouth of the river 'I'awy, whicii here forms a
good harbour, 24 titles W. N. W. of Cowbridge, and 305 W.
of Loudon. Markets on Wednesday and Saturday.
SWA'NSKIN, s. a kind of soft flannel.
SWAP, «(/. \afl siiipn, Isl.] hastily ; at once. A low word.
To SW VP, ti. a. See Syvop.
SWMII), (n pron. broad; s. [sward, Swed.] the skin of
bacon. The surface of the ground.
SWARM, (« pron. broad) *•. \sii-mrm. Sax. swerm, Belg.]
a great body or number of bees, or other aiiimals ; a crowd;
a muliitude.
To SW.\ll.M, f. n. [swearman, Sa\. swermen, Belg.J to rise
in a body, to quit the hive, applieil to bees. To appear
in multitudes; to be thronged; to be over-crowded, or
over run.
SWAirr, or SWARTH. (ihf n pron. broad in this word,
und its two following derivatives) «. \swtttrt. Sax. swart,
Bcl,^.] blackish ; dusky ; (larkiy brouii ; tawny; jjlooniy,
or uialignanl.
8»4
SWA'RTHINESS, f. blackishness ; tawniness ; gloomi-
ness.
SWATtTHY, a. dark of complexion; black; tawny.
To SWASH, V. n. to make a great clutter or noise. A
cant word.
SWATH, s. [swade, Belg.] a line of grass cut down by a
mower; acoiiliuued quantity. A baud or fillet, from sitei«n,
to bind. Sax.
To SWATHE, V. a. [suedan. Sax.] to bind, as a child is,
with bands or rollers.
To SWA Y, ''. a. [schwebcn, to move, Teut.] to move in the
hand; to wield or manage by the hand with ease ; to bias, or
force more to one side than the other ; to govern ; to rule ;
to overpower; to iniluence. Neiiterly, to hang heavy;
to be draMn by weight; to have weight or intluence ; to
govern.
SWAY, X. the swing or sweep of a weapon ; any thing
moving with l^ulk and power; power, rule, or dominion;
influence or direction.
To SWIOAR, (swrrr) v. ji. preter. swore or sware, part,
pass sworn ; \swarnii, Goth, swerian. Sax. swceren, Belg.J to
call some superior power to witness the tiutii of what a per-
son says ; to dei lare, promise, or ;ji\e in evidence on oath ;
to make use of the name of God profanely. Actively,
to put to an oath ; to declare on oath ; to obtest by
an oath.
SWE'ARER, (swrrer) s. one who profanes the name of
God ; one who wantonly, and in common discourse, makes
use of oaths
SWEAT, (swct) s. \swecif, Sax. sweet, Belg.J a sensible
moisture, issuing out of the pores of animals; labour; toil;
drndgerv ; evaporation of moisture ; exudation.
To SWE-\T, (swct) V. n. prefer, stict or swatted, part,
pass, swcaten ; to have the skin covered with moisture by
heat, labour, or medicines. Figuratively, to toil or labour
hard ; to emit moisture. Actively, to emit as sweat.
SWEATER, X. one that sweats, or makes to sweat.
SWE'ATINESS, {swetiuess) s. the quality of abounding
with sweat.
SWE'ATY, (."(■;%) n. covered with sweat; wet withsvfeat;
consisting of sweat ; toilsome; laborious.
SWE'DEN, a large kingdom in the N. part of Europe ;
Imuiided on the N. by Danish Lapland, and the ocean ; on
theS. by the Baltic sea, and the Gulf of Finland ; anil on
the W. by Norway, the Sound, and the Categate ; being
about soo miles in length, from N. to S. and 350 in breadtli
f'om E. to W. It is divided into Proper Sweden, Gothland,
Northland, Finland, and Lapland. It was antiently called
Sca"ndinavia, or at least it is [lart of the country of that name.
We may easily conceive that the climate is not every
where the same ; for on the side of Muscovy, the longest
day is 18 hours, 36 minutes ; but farther towards the N. and
near the Pole, there is continual day and contmual night for
several weeks successively. In the jirovince in which Stock-
holm is seated, the spring and autumn is scarce to be per-
ceived, for the winter continues 9 months, and the summer
during the remaining three. In winter the cold is excessive,
and in summer the heat is almost insupportable, the air bein^
serene at that time. Notwithstanding this the Swedes liT«
a long while ; and it is not uni'omnion to see ten people at
the same table, whose ages make up KKIO years. Those
places that are fit for cultivation have scarce a foot of good
earth ; for below it is all gravel ; for which reason they till
the ground with a single ox, and one servant may readily
manage the plough. All their rocks are quite covered with
flowers in'the summertime, and their gardens have plenty of
fruits. The trees are earlv in blossoininc, because the soil is
fat anil sulphureous, which contributes greatly to the vegeta-
tion of plants ; but yet the apples, pears, cherries, apricots,
melons, and grapes, have not so good a taste as in the more
southern countries. Theirdomeslicanim.ilsaie liorses,cows,
hogs, goats, sheep. With regard to the wild beasts, there
are bears, wolves, ,foxes, wild cats, and squirrels. Thct«
S WE
SW I
are also elks and rein deer. Tliov have plenty of partridges,
woodccicks, falcons, dvc. Tlie silver mines are 200 v<ird3 in
depth ; anil lli(iiif;li lliey are riel), ycl llie penple who work
tliein have scant- wherewilli lo subsist, when liie kind's du-
ties are paid. The mines of copper are cxceedinKlv ;;ood,
tliou}{h not soprodiicliveas formerly ; likewise lli'-iroii mines
yield a great deal of iron. The mcrchiindises, which the
iSwfdfs supply forei^jners with, are hoards, gnnpowder,
leather, iron, copper, tallow, skins, pitch, rosin, masts, and
ell sorts of wooden utensils ; and on the contrary, they are
oblifjed to pnrchase salt, brandy, wine. Inn n cloth, sliitls, to-
bacco, sni^ar, spice, anfl paper. The iidiabit;ints are of a
robnsi con>tit(ilion, and able to sustain the liaide>t labour.
They arc mneh more polished than uli;)t they were ; and
have several public schools and colleges, whore arts and sci-
ences are tauijht Their houses are generallv of wood, with
very lillleart in their construction. The roofs are coveied
with liiif on v\ lilch llieir goats often feed. There is no coun-
try in the woild where the women do so nnich work ; for
they till ihe ground, thrash the corn, and row ihe boats on
the sea. Siveden w:is formrrly an elective monarch> , and af-
terwards the most limited one in Kniope, till August 'i), 1772,
when, by a very extraordinary revolution, the late king
gained the most essential ro\al prerogatives, without, how-
ever, being an absolute monarch. This nrjiice was assassi-
nated March IG, 1792, leaving his son Gustaviis heir, and
his briithcr, the duke of Sudermania lej'ent of the kingilom :
but early in 1809 (iustavus was deposed, and the duke of
Sudermania chosen king on Ihe ."ith of June following. How-
ever, the succession has now devolved on a Frenchman ! Bcr-
nadotte, pnnce of Ponle Corvo, having been cho^m crown
prince bv the iliel, on June 26, 1810, in Ihe room of Au-
g^l^lellbe g, who died siidilenlv while reviewing' hi-, troops.
The inhabitants are comouted at .3,000,000. The established
religion is the Lullieran, and it is said thev will nut tolerate
an\ o;hi r in the kingdom. Thev have 1 a'chbishop, and 7 bi-
shops besides*) siiperintendants. The capital isStockliidm.
To SVVI'. KP, e. «. preter. •nid part. pass, swept ; \sirapiin,
Sa\.l to clean or drive awav uith a broom or besom ; to trail
or rise into arrogance ; to be exasperated. Actively, to
cause lorise, or to niak;; tumid ; to aggravate or heighten
to raise lo arrogance. '
.SWKl.L. .V. an increase of bulk.
SWK'LLING, s. a tumor; any thing grown bigger by
extension.
ToSWK'LTF^R, !) «. [perhaps corrupted from tiiltri/] to
be pained, or liiade uneasy, by heal. Actively, to parch, or
dry up with heal.
SWKLTRY,fl. sultry ; suffocflling with heat.
SWKPT, participle and t)ret(r. of-^WKEP.
To S\VI-;i{VE, 1-. ?(. \sweri)eii. Sax. and Belg.] to wander,
to rove ; to deviate or depart from lule, custom, reason, or
diitv : to ply or bend.
SWIFF, n. [swifi, Sax.] moving far in a short time;
speerlv ; quick ; nimble ; rea<l\ ; Heel ; rapid.
SWIFT, .1. a bird like a swallow ; a martin.
SWIFTLV, lul. quickly ; speedily ; n-mbly ; rapidly;
ncellv; ivith celerity ; with velocilv ; with dispatch.
SWI'KTNI'SS, ». velocity ; nimbleiiess ; quickness ; dis-
patch ; celerity; rapidity ; speed.
ToSWKi, i>. « [.vvig-n, lsl.[ to drink by large draughts.
To SWIl.L, «>. a.\nv>lfrrni,Sii\.] to drink in a luxurious and
gross maimer ; to wash or drench ; to inebriate.
.SWILL, i.clr-nk immoderately oi luxuriously poured down.
SWILLRH.s a luxurious drinker.
To SWUM, 1-. 71 preter. simm, swirm, or snum ; [swimman.
Sax. iKwnmeH, Belg J lo float or move on llie water without
sinl4ing; lo be convex ed bv the stream ; to move on or in
the water by ihe action of the limbs ; to be floated ; to flow
ill am thing, or lo have abundance; lo be di/zv, <.r have
a sensation of a fwimming or vertigo in the head; lo glide
or flow with an easy or smooth motion. Acli^ely, to pass
by sw'mmi ng.
SWliVlM,*. the bladder of fishes, bv which they are sup-
ported in the water.
.S\yrMMEF{, i. one who swims. In farriery, the sirim--
mer is situated in the fore legs of a horse, above the knees,
andupon the inside, and almost u|ioii the back [la ts of the
along ihe ground : tocarry with pomp ; lo pass over with himl-legs, a little below the hams : this part is without hair.
qiiickii'Ss; toriibover; to strike with a longslroke. Neu-
terlv to pass with violence or swiftness ; to pass with pomp
ora Houiiig train ; to pass with an equal motion ; toinoie
wiih a long stroke or reach.
SW'-)KP .«. ihe act of clean'ng wilh a broom or besom ;
iho coiimassof any violent or cont nu-d motion ; violent de-
struc'ion : the direction of aiiv motion not rectilinear.
SWEL'PlR.s one who sweeps.
SW EF/PI NO'S, .«. that wh cli 'is swept awav.
SWE •'!", o. [i»rtc. Six.] (leasing lo anv of the senses ;
of an agreeable taste, as sugar, Ai-. fragrant to the smell.
Figuratively, cliar-'iing, graielul, or pje-ising ; soil ; mild;
gentle; not s.dt ; ii"l s-uir ; not stale Kiiiil, ori-ood, ap-
plie(! t<i temi'i-r. Tnlieswert nimii^ to be amoroiisb find of.
SW •:R'TBRF'\D, (snfethred)s. 'he pancreas of the calf.
SWFETB!}! vR,^. ;, hagr-n shrub.
.SWEE'rCI'CFLY, s. a ida t called also mvrrhus.
ToSWE ''T''.N, 1). 1. to make svveet, mild, kind less pain-
ful, iiioie graielul, or more delicate ; lo palliate ; to recon-
cile ; lo e liilc-eaP-. Neiilerlv , lo grow sweet.
SWEE'' ENER, «. one that palliates; that which con-
tempera les :<-ii nil lilies.
SW 'E' i'H \UT, (suret/iurl) ,t. a siiiior, lover, or mistress.
SW-'K-'Ti-iH 1 s mei\lia! swee'.
SWEE'TLY, wl na si.\eet manner; wiih sweetness.
SW'- ET.Vi '•' \T, (.>ti'f(/;«fpf)i. f nil preserved 'ii sugar.
SWEETNESS, s ilie quality of being sweet in any o( its
»ense<.
SWEETWl'LI.! \M, *. a garden plant. The wild cliild-
Jcg sweelw illiam is a specie- o( (liiiii.
SW El WM.I.OW, *. the Di.t-h .uvrlle. or .rale.
To SW .'I.L, V. II \y,\'t. pass, my Hen ; \suellmi. Sax. stiel
lev. R' I- j lo glow !ii!iger b\ exleusmn f ; aris ; to t;io»
turgid; lotuinefj; to piotuberate ; lu look big; to be elated.
and resembles a piece of lianl dr\ born.
SWI M.Vll.XGLY, ad. smoothly ; prosperously. A low
word.
SWINDON, a town of Wiltshire, seated at the top of a
hill, near a rich vale, 28 miles N. of .Salisburv, and 83 W. of
London. Ma ket on iVIondav.
SWINE, J. \swin. Sax. swi/n, Belg.J a hog or pig , a num-
ber of ho.^s, either sows or Ijoais.
SWJNEFLEET, a town in ihe W. Riding of Yorkshire,
sealed on the Ouse, lo the E. of Snath. Market on
Thii sdav.
SWI NEF1'"RD, s. a keeper or feeder of swine.
SW IN •• K l'0.\,a louii of *itaftordsliire, seated in the part
of Ihe couulv most fiee from waters, mines, and woods, a
l'i;l" to Ihe W.of Mcme. Market and fair disused.
S\Vr\E^TONl>", s. in nrneralo,;\, a sort of ictid stone,
coiiipoiiMili <l of siili)huraiid carbonate ot lime.
To '«WIN(i, r. rt pieter. sKido-, siim,^-; [swingan. Sax.}
to make a llnog that is suspended niov.^ InK-kwanlo and lor
wards; to vhirliound in the ai ; lo wave loosely Neu-
te'lv to wavetoatxi f'lo, hanging looseU ; lo vibrate.
SW1\(;, s. the motion i>f an ilim- hanging loose v ; a
line oil vvliieh ail) thing hangs li.ose; the infiiienre .ir force
ofa boilx pu) into motion ; acourse, or unrestiained liberty,
«)r lepilefleV
To SWlNd''", (g soft) V. It. [s.inn<raii, Sax.] to whip ; lo
penish ; ((. Iiaslinarfe.
SWI'Nfil^G.f;^- si^fi)". great or huge. .\ low word.
To SWI N(iL''',, (.lu-iiig'l) V. H. lo dangle ; lo wave hang-
in_ ; li s\v n- m pleasuie
SWI'NTSH, n. like a swine; hoggish; ti'lhv ; nasty; slii-
pid ; !;io-s ; brutish.
SWi\K .-. [iwii/e, ^ax] lab', 11- ; drudgery. Obsolete.
SWITCH,*, a small tk-.xibie tuig.
s W O
S YM
To SWITCH, »•. «• to lash with a switcli ; to jerk.
SWi'TZEULAND, or Swisserlan D, a la r^'c country
ol' ^i-'.irope; houiulod on ihe 1.. bv the Tyrol, on tlie \V. by
the FruiicheCuiii|ilP ; oiilheN. bv Suntgaw, tl.e Black Fo-
rt st, a!Ul a purJ ol Suabia ; yiid on Ihe S. l),v Savoy, the Mi-
iKUfse, and the lale Venetian provinces of Berganiasco and
Bnsciano. It is. about 22'; miles in length, and 83 in breadth,
ami separated iVoin the adjacent eounlriesbv lilijh niou.itivins,
most of \vhic'i are covered with snow. 'I'here are a great
mimber ol'laiics and nve.s, and some very ferldo plains,
which plentiiaily atlord the necessaries of life. It is divided
into 13 cantons, uitlioul coiiirrehending their allies.naiuely,
Liicern, Uri, Schweitz, I'liderwald, Zug, Iriburi;, "'oleure,
uliicli are Catholics. The Protestant cantons arc Znrich-
Berne, Basle, and Schaffhaiisen. Glaris and Appenzel' con-
lain both reli^doiis. Abont the year 1300, the emperor Albei c
appinnted tluui an Austrian governor, one Griesler, who,
in the wantonness ol tyranny, ordered the natives to reve-
rence h!^ hat -.et uptnia pole ; which being w itii a proper spi-
rit refused by one William Tell, a noted marksman with a
crossbow, he «as sentenced to be hanged, if he did not, at a
certain distance. shoot an apple from the head of his own son.
Tell hit the apple ivith one of two short arrows, or bolts,
v\liich he had provided; and, being asked what the other
was intended for, he answered, " for the tyrant's heart, if]
iiad killed my son." lie was ordered to prison, but esca|)ed,
and, with some others.brought about a revolution, VNhicli pro-
tlaced the several independent states of the Helvetic nation.
'J'he niountaiiis of .Swil/er!and, commoidy called the Alps,
are a long chain of mountains, which begin at the Mediterra-
nean sea, and e.xtend to the Adriatic; and if it were possible
for a man to travel from one to the other, his journey would
be about 500 miles. 'I'he principal lakes are those of Con-
stance, Geneva, Lncern, Zurich, and Neuf Chatel. The most
conslderabie riiers are the Rhine, the Rhone, the Aar, the
Rues, and the Inn. The principal riches of Sw itzerland con-
sist of excellent pastures, in wnich lluy breed and fatten their
catile. The inhabitants ate all strong robust men, tor which
reason they have been generally chosen by seveial nations for
the inditary service. The women are tolerably handsome,
have many good qualities.and are generally very industrious.
The peasants retain their old manner ofdress.andare content
to live upon mdk, butter.and cheese. The manufactures of
Switzerland are coiis:der;d)ie in linen, silk, cotton,and wool-
len, ieailier, hats, gloves, paper, pottery, chicks, watches,
hardware, toy s.dtc. besides which they export bulter,cheese,
cattle, sheep, horses, and some wine. The imports are priii-
■ cipallv grain, hemp, lia\, wine, salt, and soiuf manufactures,
'i.lie inhabitants wre estMuuled at 2,000,000.
SW I V'l.L, I. something fixed in another body so as lo
turH round in it , a small cannon mounted on ships so as to
pciiit aiiv «ay.
.SWO'iiBKU, s. four cards at whist, which are entitled to
slakes. See Swab p. I'll.
SVVO'LLKN, or SWXM.N, part. pass, of Swell.
To SWOO.N, I'. M |"iH»rt«)i, Sax.] lo sutler a sus|)ension
'if ih()n;;lii and M'lisation; to faint or fall into a (it.
S\VO()N, ». [swaiif^, Sax.J a fainting fit; a lipothymy ; a
C iicope.
To SWOOP, I', a. [perhaps formed from the sound | to
fiill or dait at once on its prey ; lo prey upon, tu catch
up.
SWOOP, 1. a fidlofa birdof prey upon his quarry.
To SW()P, I', a. fits derivation uncertain ' to give one
ihiiii if. exchange for auolher; lo truck; lo barter.
.SVv ORI), C^wrrf; s. [swemil, Sax. mreril, Belg. | a weapon
with a sharp point worn by the side, and .ised in ctinibals
hand to hand ; deslinctJon by war; vengeance or justice ;
an rnilili III ,it authority.
SWO KDl'.l'.AKl.K, (.ioiiH>rrer)s. an ofliccrwlio carriesa
iwjird of slate lufore a prince or magistrate.
.SWOKUKISII, (..Koiilfiili) s. a sea-tisli, having a bone 5
feel !on:i issuing from its head, with teeth on both 8ides, at
Ihe end of the upper jaw.
SWOR DGR ASS, s. a kind of sedge;
SWOH''-, the prefer, of Swear.
SWUM, the ureter, of Swim.
SY'CAMl.\!;, or SY'CAMORK,s.see SrCAMORE.
SY'COi'H \NT, {sfjhofant) s. [from lykos, a fig, and pfiairu),
to discover, Gr. sycup/mnta, Lat.jan appellation given by the
anient Athenians to those who gave iiit'ormatioii of the
exportation of tigs, contraiy to la« ; and be.nce it is still
used in general for all informers, parasites, flatterers,
cheats, A c.
fiYCO\'U:\'STlC, (mjhfifnntih) a. [from sykophantei, Zl
sycophant, Gr.] parasitical ; Haltering.
■ lo SY'COPHANTISE, Uy'hofaniise) v. n. to play the flat-
terer.
SYDEBATION, t. [sideratio, Lat.] a blasting with ex-
cessive heat or drought ; a corruption of the solid parts or
bones of -.Ml an mal See SideratimN.
SVl)'' ROSE. a. [siiderosiu, Lat.] planet-struck.
Sil.l.ABIC, or SVLLABICAL, a. \s>il!abiijue, Fr. sijlla-
bii-tis, Lat.] relating lo, or consisting of, syllables.
SV'LLABLK, s. [from stjUabe, an assemblage, Gr.] a part
of a word, consisting of one or more letters pronounced
together; aiiv thing proverbially concise.
S^ 'LI.ABl'B, «. a compound drink, very fashionable in
summer, made oi'whileor red wine and sugar, into which
milk is poured lioni a machine called a wooden cow, or
nidked from the real cow. It is more properly spelt
si//aintb.
SY'I.EAPL'S, *. [Lat. syllnhos, Gr.] an abstract; a com-
iieiidiiui cxinl.iining lb; heads of a discoui>e.
SYJjLKFSI^, *. [Gr.] a figu-e in grammar, where two
noniin. live cases singular, of different persons, are joined to
a verb j lural.
SY'l/Lf)GISM, (jg- soft)j. [from *yn, together, and logat,
a proposition, (.it.syllogismiis, Lat. tijllugisme, Fr.] an aigu-
nunt consisting oi three proposition^, the conclusion of
which necessarily follows foul the two pinnises.
SVLLOCil'STlCM . fl (fioiii f(/N, together, AiiAloges,*
proposition, Gr. syl/ugul.cus, Lat.j belonging to syllogisms;
consisting of svllogisiiis.
SYLLOGISTICALLY, ad. in Ihe form of a svllogism.
To SYLLOGIZK. v. a. [from syn, togethei, and lagot, a
proposition, Gr syllogiier, Fr.] to leas'-n by syUo^isui.
SYLPHS, (sy//V) i. a sort of fairy nymphs.
SYLVAN, e. [»2//urti««, Lat.] woody ; shady; belongiag
to woods, or forests.
SY'MBOL, *. [from syndiolon, a mark, Gr. symholum, Lat.
sym ole, Fr.] an abstract or compendiuui • a comprehensive
form ; a type, or that which comprehends, in its figure,
a representation of something else.
SYMBO'HCAL, a. | from symbnlon^ a mark, Gr. rym-
biiUcin, Lai J belonging to, or of the nature of, a symbol";
ravslical; representative.
SY.M BOLICA LEY, arf. typically ; by representation.
SYiMBO'.lZA'TION, J. representation; resemblance.
To sVMBOLFZE, v. a. [symbol I ser, Fr.] to make repre-
sentative of soinelhing. Neuleily, lo have something in
common with another, bv representative qualities.
SYM \1 ETHICAL, a. proportionate.
SY'MlMI'yi R\, *. [from syn, with, and metreo, to measure,
(ir. si/mitrie, Fr. symmetria, Lat.] proportion ; harmony of
'"sY'MPATHE'Tir, or SYMPATHETICAL, o. aflfected
with what hat>peiis to another ; haviin; mutual sensmion.
To S\'MPATMIZE, ... «. \si/mpatliiier, Fr.] to feel willi
another: lo feel fiiiitually ; followed by u<il/i.
SVMP.-KTIl Y, s. [trorn syn, with, and pathos, feeling-, Gr.
sympathie.Vt. synipatlna, Lat.] the quality of being affected
widi Ihe < alau'iiiii s, pains, joys, or affections, of aiiotlier;
fellow feeling; mutual seiisibilily.
SYMPHO'NIOLS, (iyuifumoHt)a.\vi.xnwm)\i»; agreeing
in !>oun<l.
SY'MFHON Y, {sy'mfony) s. [*>irf/M/>ii>, Fr. fioiii fj/n, wUb,
S\ N
S\ Z
ami phone, a sound, Gr. symphome, Fr.] a consonanrc, or
conceit of sevpiiil sounds toy;otlier on llif ear ; iKirinony.
SYMPHYSIS, (si/nifi/sis) s. [(Jr.j in ;in;iti)iiiy, one of the
Kind of junctures, or articniation of the l)onpji ; particularly
of those hones which in yoiinn children are distinct, but after
some years nnite and consolidate into one bone.
SYMPO'SIAC, a. I from «vni/««i«>i, a least, Gr.J relating to
inerry-inakings ; happening where company is drinking
toj{elher.
SYMPTOM, *. [si/mptoma, from si/n, tofjelher, and pipto,
toiiappen. Gr. ii/miiiitme, l''r. Isonietlun,, lia|>penin<{ toiJether
with soinetliin<; else ; a siyn or token ; an appearance in a
<lisease HJneh shews its qnalily or naliire.
SYMPTOMA'TICAI,, a. [.«/<«/)^"H«, from syn, together,
and piuto, to happen, (ir. syntplniniitKiiii^ Fr.J tending; to
discover, or bclon^;iiiK to, symptoms ; liappeninj; con.
currently, or occasionally.
SYN.'E'RI'/MS, «. [from synainsis, contraction, Gr. | a
figure iu graniurar which puts two syllables or vowels into
one.
SY'NAGOGUR, {njnago^) s. [from si/nairo, to assemble,
Gr. si/7iii^o^itc. Fr. si/na^i-s,'i'> lat | an as->eii]|>ly ot Je«s lo
worship ; tlic place wh'-ie llie Jews use to assemble to read,
aild to hear the holy books read.
SYNAl.tE'l'H A, {syvaltfii') s. [si/n'ifoiphe, Gr. iti/e'lruplia,
Lat.j a coiitraclion of a syllabi- in Latin verse, by joining
toff.elhcr two vowels ni tlie scanninf;, or coiling oft" the end-
in;; vowel ; as ill' f^ri, f r illr effo.
SYNAKTHROSIS, s. [foniiv/H, with, and art/»-o«,a joint,
Gr.] a close conjunction of lw o bones
SYNA'XIS, «. [from .syiiiis;n to assemble, Gr.] a congrega-
tion; the sacrament of the Lord's Supper.
SYNCHRO NICAL, (synhunihd) a. [from syn, together,
and e/(roHo», time, Or.] happening together at the sanie tune;
concnipora y.
SYNCHRONISM, (si/iJirorizm) t. \sifnchronisme, Fr. from
syn. together, and cAioim*, time, Gr.] conciorence ot several
reuiaikable transactions happening at the ;anie time.
SY'NCHRONOUS, <r. [from syn, together, and chronos,
time, Gr.] happening at ihe same lime.
To SYNCOPATE, V. a. to cut or takeaway ; to shorten.
Nenterly, to swoon.
SYNC OPE, (ty'nkupee) [from syn, whicli strengthens the
sigiiitii'alioii.aud hnpto,U^ cut,(ir. syiiriipe, Li\\. syniopi', Fr.]
a tigiire in grainniar, whereby (uie or more letters are
taken out r4 a word. In physic, a sudden fainting or
swooiiiiiu.
SY'N l3lC, s. an otfif er of great power and authority in fo-
reign cilies and universlte^' ; he is a censor, a comptroller, a
btir,jeis, a recorder, and, in some cites, the chief magis-
trate.
'I'o SYNDICATE, v. n. [from s;fn, with, and dike, judg-
ment, Gr.] to judge; to pass judgment on; to censure.
Not much used.
SY'NDKO^iE, (syndromee) s. \ from syn, with, and drotnos,
a race, Gr.j concurrence of sjniploms uidicating a disease ;
soncunent action.
SYNE'CDOt'HE, (sj^Ulidckcc) s. {L-dt. from synckdt:-
elionuci, to take together, Gr. syneciloque. Fr.] a figure in
rhetoric, whereby the whole is taken for a part, or a part
for the whole.
SYNECDO'CHICAL, a. expressed by a synecdoche; im-
plying a synecdoche.
"SYNN KURO'SIS, i. [from syn, with, and nenron, a nerve,
Gr.lthe connexion made by alii^anu-nt.
SY'NOD, s. [fiom syn, tojjelher, and odus, away, (Jr.
$^twdiis, Lat. syniiile, Fr.] an assembly of cl('ig\ men, ;;eneriilly
prownciul. (See Convocation.) The conjunction ofthe
lieavenlv bodies.
SYNODIC, or SYNODICAL, «. lsynoiIi<j>ie, Fr.] re-
lating to a svnod ; tr;\nsactod in a synod. In astronomy,
applied to the time betwixt one conjunction of any planet
with Ihe sun tothe next, as, ex gr. 29d. 12h. 44ni. .^s. is called
a svnttdicai mouth, because it takes that time to bring t!ie sun
and moon to a conjunction ; and 1 15d. 2lh. ."Jm. 22s. is oalleii
ai//n«rf'.«/revoluti<ui of Mercury, because tbatspace of time
occurs l)i'lwi\l an uiiirior or superior conjunction of that
piaiiet vviili the sun. Il is also applied to the time ihat any
twoci'li'aiiai Oodic:. lake in coming lo the saiiie relative p»-
sition as aieu (roni the eailii.
SYNO'NYMA, s. [from eyn, together, and onoma, a name ,
Gr.j names or words vihicli signify the same thi..g.
SYNO'NYMOUS, a. [from syn, lo;4eth'r, and mwnui, a
name, Gr.J expressing the same thing or idea by tUtlcrent
words.
SYN'ONYMY, .?. [from syn, together, and enoma, a name,
Gr.] the quality of expressing by difle'cnt words the same
tiling.
SS'NO'PSIS, *. [from syn, together, aiKi optirmai, io see,
Gr.] a aeneral view ; all the parts broii^ht und'.r one vievr;
a syllabus ; a compendiuia.
SYNOPTICAL, tt. [from *jfn, together, and optomai, to
see, (ivJ jifordlng a view of nuinv parts iil (uice.
SYNTACTICAL, a. conj^.lned ; lilted to each other;
(elating to the construction of speecli.
S\ NTAX, or SVN rA\I>, i. [Lai. from syn, together,
ww\ tnsso,\o order, (ir. synlnxr, Fr.J a system ; a namber of
things joined logellier ; Ibat part of grammar which teaches
the construction of words.
SYNTHESIS, s. [from syn, together, and tilhemi. to put,
Gr. synl.'iesis. Lal.J the act of joining, opposed to analysts,
SYN I'H K'TIC, a. [from syn, together, and lithemi, to put,
Gr. syulhetique, Ir.] joining together; compounding; con-
ne tive ; conjoiui.ig ; uniting.
."-> PUON, s. see SiPHON.
SVRACL'sh, an anlienl and famous city of Sicily, in the
V al diNoto.w itii a tine huge harbour. Il was almost ruined
by aiicarllupiake in 1093. It is very adxantageousiy seated
ni'iir the sea, 72 miles S. b^ W. of Messina, and 110 S. E.
of Palermo. Lat. 37. 5. N. loii. 15. 30. F.
.SY'KI A, a province of Turkey in Asia, bounded on the
N. by Diarbeck and Nalolia ; on Ihe E. by Diarbcck and the
Deserts of Arabia, (which last also bound it on the S.)aud on
the VV. (ly the Woditerraiiean. It abounds in oil, com, salt,
and diflerent sorts ot fruits, as well as pease, beans, and all
kinds of pulse and garden stutt; it aft'oids, also, the sugar-
cane, iniligo, silk, wine, the cotton and tobacco plant, with a
multitude of other useful and agreeable productions. Syria
isdivided into five governments, or pachalics; Aleppo, Tri-
poli, Damascus, .Acre, and Palestine.
SY'RINGK, s. [syrinx, Gr. and, Lat.J a pipe or lostftw
ment through which any thing is squirted.
■Jo SY'RINGE, V. a. to spout or wash by a syringe.
SYRINGUTOMY', s. (fron^ syrinx, a pipe, atid tenuw,
to cut, Gr.J in surgery the opereiiion of culling fistulas or
hollow sores.
SY'RTIS, s. [Lat. and, Gr.J a quicksand ; a bog. " A
bog y siirtis." Milton.
SY'RtlP, s. Uyrnpus, Lat.] a composition made of the
piice of herbs flowers, or fruits, boiled with sugar to a thick
consistence.
SYSTEM, s. [from syn, together, and istemi, to stand,
Gr. systftna, Lat. systenu, Fr.J a combination of many things
operating together; a scheme which reduces many things
to a regular dependence, or co-operation ; the whole of any
doctrine, whose several parts are bound together, follow, or
depend on each other.
SYSTEM VTIC, or SYSTEMATICAL, a [frottj systema,
a system, Gr. systhnatiqur, Fr.] regular ; methodical; b«-
ini; according to some system.
SYSTEM ATICALLY,«rf. in the form of a system. .
SY'.STOLE, (sy'sttilee) s. [from st/stelh, to contract, Gr.j
t.ie contraction of the heart. In grammar, the ihortejimg
of a long syllable.
SY'ZYGY, * [from syn, with, and z'ns;nyo, to join, Gr.J
in astronoiny.is a term equal by used for the conjunction:aiMl
opposition of a planet with the sun. In graiimuir, it is
the couplingofdifferent feet togetherin averse, lii auatoiuy,
837
1 Alt
TAl
it is a psir of nerve? thatronrey sense from the brain lothc
rest ol tlie body.
TIS tlie niiiptecntll letter and fifteenth consonant of our
alpiiabft, llie soiiiift wlieieof is formed by a siroir.; ex-
pu'siiin nf the tjrfii'ii lliroiiyli tiie mouth, upon a stidili'n
drauMi;; hacli of llie tongue from the forepjrt of the pal;rl(',
with the lips at llie sajiic lime open. Its proper sound is that
ill till, lei/, rot, put. When it lonies before i, (oIloHed by a
vowel, it is S(. milled like s, a>, in nation, motion, At. extept
when preceded by », as in C^iristiun, (/nfstwit, Ac. When A
comes after il, it s'ves a two fold sound; one clearand acute,
as in (/(/", t/iitf, Ac. the oilier more obtuse and obscure, as
iu thnn, those, there, Ac. \mon^ the anlieuts, T, as a liu-
nieral, stood fur KiO; and willi a dash over it, thus f, for
160,001). In music, T stands for tutti, all losreiher.
TA'DAKD, or TABKRD, s.[tah„rd, Fr.J a govMi reach-
ing no farther than ihe middle r)f llie leg ; a kind of jacket,
or sleeveless coat ; a herald's coat.
TA'BBY.J. [tabu, Fr tabi, Ital.jakiiid of rich silk, which
having' passed under llie calender, is made to reHcet the i aj s
of lijjht diftereiitiv and Havin<;ly ihereon.
TA'MBY, a. brindled or varied with lift'erent colours.
To TABBY, f. a. lo pass silk, Ac. under the .aleiider, to
giveila represenlation of ivaves, like that of tabby.
TABEFAC DON, s. [from laheo, to waste, and facia, to
Blake, Lat.] a consuming or wasting away ; decay ; con-
sum pt Ion
To TA BEFY, ». ". [from taheo, to tvasle, aid facia, to
make, l.at.] to waste awav ; to pine, or consumi'.
T.ABE'LLIO, s. \tabellian, Fr.] a scrivener; a notary
public.
TA'BRRDER, s. one who wears a short gown ; applied
at Oxford to a servitor of Queen's Collese.
TA'BKRNACLE, s. |Fr. tahtriincii/nm, from talienia, a
booth, l^t j a temporary habitation, or a casual dvvellin; ;
a sacred idace, or |dace of worship. In the Romish church,
it little vessel in w hicli the sacrament is put on the altar.
ToT\BKRNACLF, t>. «. to house ; to eiuhnne.
T.^ BF> D()R*i.\'L.S, s. [Lai.] a consumption Iu the mar-
row of the back- bone.
TA'BID, a. [tubule, Fr. from tabeo, to waste, Lat.| wasted
by d sease ; consuniplive.
T.\'BL.\TUKF, t. painting on walls, or ceilin;;j. In
anatomy, a division or parting; of (he scud bones.
TA'BLK, s. [inhlr. Fr. tabula, Lat.| ;oiv Hal or l.-vel sur-
face ; a board supported bv feet, and u^ed for nkuls : per-
sonssittiiij and partaking of an entertainment : i.wf. cu- • n
terlaiiiMienl ; a tablet, or sur^'ace on whirli any thing is
written, or engnived. A picture, from tableau, Fr. The
palm of the hand. Draughts. An imlcx ; s nopsis ; cata-
logue; syllabus. To turn the table, signifies o change the
condition or r<irtune of two conteiding p-i.rlies : a niela-
plior taken from the vicissitudes of fortune at gatuiii:; tables.
To TA'BLE, I', n. to board ; lo live at aiiolher's table.
Aclivelv, lo make a talalogue, or set down.
TA'Bf^KBKFR, s. beer used at meals: small-beer.
T.A'BLEBOOK, «. a book on which any ihing i» written
wiihoiit ink.
Ta;BLE LOTH, s. a cloth spread oa the table.
TA'BI.ER, J. one who boarils.
TA'BL''^T, s. a small level surface ; a niedichie of a square
?i> Ml ; a surface writleii or |)ainte(l im.
T.A'BOR ». [talioiir, old Fr. ] a small dnim beaten w illi one
gtirk to ;iccompaiiy a pi|>e.
To TAT.Oll, v.'n. \taborer, ohi, Fr.] to strike lightly and
' T^AlioUllINK, or 'FA'BOUUET, 3. [labourite, Fr.] a
tabor ; a ^mall dnuii.
TA liKKT, J. a labor, used iu scripture.
TABULAR, «. (from tabula, a table, Lat.] set down iu
the form of tables ; formed iiilaiuiiiu: j set insipiarcs.
S38
ToTA'BULATE, V. a. to reduce to a table orsyoopsif.
To shape with a Hat surface.
T.\CHE, s. [from tacV aiiy thing taken hold of; a catch :
a loop ; a button.
■l'ACHYGRAPHY(<«AygT(7/}/)«.[from t-icAy*, swift, and
grunho, to write, Gr.J the art of swift writing.
lAClT, a. [tacite, Fr. tacitiis, from t«r», to be silent,
Lat. I silent ; implied ; though not expressed.
TACITLY, «rf. sileinlv.
TACITURNITY, *. [lacitumite, Fr. tacitnrnitets, from
taceo, to be silent, Lat.] habitual silence ; secrecy ; a silent
humour.
To TACK, V. a. [tttcher, Fi.) to fasten to anv thing ; to
sew slightly ; lo join or stitch icgetlier. Neuterly, to turn
a ship.
T.4CK, s. a small nail. Tack about, in sea language, is
the acl of turning ships at sea. To hold tack, i. e. to last or
hold out.
TA'CCLE, s. [lacel, Brit.] an arrow ; weapons, or instni-
nienls of action. The ropes of a ship, irom tatckel, Bidg. a
rope.
'I'A'CKLING, *. rope*, or furniture of a mast; furniture
for siiori or action.
TA'CTIC, or I'A'CTICAL.n. [tal:t,lws, (mm tasso, to ar-
range. (Jr.] relating to the art of war, or marsliall'.i; a:i army.
TACTIC'^, ». [tnhtihos, f oiiwnjso, lo arrange, Or.] the
an of ranging men in the field of bailie.
TACTILE, a. |Fr. tiiclilis, fr.uii tango, to touch, Lat.]
capable of being lom lied or tell ; tangible.
I'A'CTION, (takshtiu) s. \h'v. tnctio. from tango, to touch,
Lai.) the act of touching, seldom used by philosophical
writers.
i .A UCASTER, a town in the W. Riding of Yorkshire,
notefl for the great plenis ol limestone dug up near it ; and
there is a large stone biidge over the \\\>\ Wliarl. Il is 9
miles S. VV. of York, and I88N. by VV. of London. Mai ket
on Thursday.
'! A'Dl'OI.E, i. [from '«(?, a load, anfl po la, a \ owns, one,
''iv.l a \(iu'r 'lapeless fro:.; or load, coiisisling only of a
bodv and a tail.
TA'EN, a contraction of Taken.
T.^i'M.\, i. the Tapk wobm, a genus of worm of an
obloii!' form, composed of joints or arliculaiions, like
the links of a chain, and frequently grows several ells in
length.
'FA FFF.TA, s. [taffetas, Fr. taffetar. Span.] a kind ol
smooth silken maniifactuie, av'tig a remarkabry glossy sur-
face.
'\\\G,s.[tng the point of a lace, Isl.) a point of metal
fastened to ihe eii'lofa string ; any tiling paltry and mean.
To r\fi. I- II lotix ni'ial lo the eiiil o) a lace ; lo hang
one ''ill" to another. To i"'n * llo > <l li\ together.
T\'(rRA(i, s a moll of the lowest sort.
'I \'(iT ML, .» a worm with a tail of another colour.
T.ML, s. \t<igl. Sax] llii' loiiy siib-tanee which \nngs
d AMI from the vertabriv i>f 01 animal ; the train ofa biidor
ti^li : the lowe' oarl ; any tl'in^ liaiigin.; Ion;; ; a calkin ; the
hinder part Those ra\s which dart f 0111 a comet towards
that part of llie heaven-. diieclK opjiosed lo the sun. In
law. a limited fee, opposed lo a feesiiniile. Horse tail -.imoug
theTurks, is the • iisigii or Hag under whi< h tliev make war.
'i o turn tail, is lo l\\ oi i iin a' av.
TAIL' I), «. fioii'sliol with a tail.
T AI'LL \(rlv » |tiom tiiil'cr, Fi.J a pie»e cut out of the
whole; a sIkiic of a man's substaiue paid as Irlbuie. In
\.i\\. .1 loll <u lax.
'\' \ I'l <ii; Liilli'tir Fr 1 our who makes dollies.
TAINF,, a sea port of -irotlioid. in die sliire iif llosi,
seated on the Frith of Dornotk, and 182 miles from Ldiu«
biugli.
To TA L\T, i>. «. [temdre, Fr.| to imbue or ini>|)regnate
w ih am thing; lo staiii; lo infect or <-orriipl. iNeuterly,
lo be iufectell.
TAINT, s. \teinte, Fr.J a tincture, slaiu, or corruption^
TAL
r A M
Ifn nalnral history, a spider of a red colour, and sosma^ tliat
ten of the largest will hardly oulweiffh a grain.
TAII'INfi, two cities of Chiiui «l the first rank, one in
'QuariKsi, 11 75 miles S. S.W.of fekin, and th< other is siln;ited
On the Yan^;tse river, in Kiangnan, f>'ir> miles S. of I'tiiiii.
ToTAKK, 1'. «. preter. took, part. pass. Inltrn, soinetinics
Voiik ; \ta/ta, Isl.l to receive what is otl'ered ; to seize what is
not given ; to catch by surprise or ai tilice ; to seize or make
prisoner; to understand in any particular sense or manner;
to exact ; to get, have, or appropriate ; to practise; to use
or employ ; to hiast or iid'ect ; to Judge in favour of; to close
in, or comply with ; to receive into the niiiui ; to convey,
carry, or transport ; to endure, to hear; to leap or jump
over*; to seize with a transitory impulse ; to produce ; to
seize as a disease; to swallow as a uiedicine ; to captivate,
delight, or engage with pleasure ; to receive uith good or
ill will ; to use as an oath or expression ; to allow or admit ;
to ciunprise or comprehend. To suppose or imagine, fol-
lowed by it. To hire, followed hy /umse. Used with awai/,
to deprive of ; to set aside or remove. To take cme, to Be
careful, cautions, solicitous for, or superintend. To take
down, to suppress, reduce, or swallow. Followed by from,
to derogate or detract ; to deprive of. To take heed, to be
cautious. Used with /i("f(/<«, to attend. To take in, to com-
prise, comprehend, admit, win, receive, or impose upon.
Used with in hand, to undertake. To take notice, to observe.
Followed by oaih, to swear. Used with off', to invalidate,
destroy, withhold, withdraw, swallow, purchase, copy, find
place for, or remove. To take part, to share or participate.
Used with place, to prevail or have effect. Used with np, to
borrow upon credit or interest, applied to money ; to enffatje
with ; to assume ; to begin ; to engross ; to have final re-
course to; to seize or arrest ; to admit ; to reprimand ; to
lift ; to occupy. Used with vpon, to appropriate to ; to ad-
mit to be imputed to; to claim authority. Neulerly, to
t)lease, or be approved of; to have its intended, or natural
' ft'ect ; to catch. Used with after, to learn of, resemble,
>r imitate. Used with on, to be violently affected with
vjrrow or sickness ; to claim a character. Used with to,
i apply to, or be fbnd^of ; to betake or have recourse to.
sed with up, to stop. Used with tip with, to be contented
/ satisfied with ; to lodge or dwell. Used with with, to
lease. SyNON. We fa/ie what is given us; we reef iVe what
s sent us; we accept what is ottered us. To accept, implies
always consent and approbation ; to receive, does not ; ta
take, excludes only refusal.
TA KElsr, part. pass, of Take.
TAKING, s. seizure or distress.
TA'LBOT, s. a hound, so eallerj bcirausc boiiie by the
hoase of Talbot in tlieir ajms.
TALC, s. (a Droad) in natural history, a class of fossil
bodies, composed of broad, flat, and smooth laminae, or
A)rates, laid evenly and regularly on one another ; easily
-issile, according to the size of these plates, but not at all so
:n any otherdirection; flexible and elastic ; bright, shining,
and transparent ; not giving tire with steel, not fermenting
with acid menstrua, and sustaining the force of a violent fire
without calcining.
TALK, «. \tale. Sax.] a story, generally applied to a
short narrative of some trifling and fabulous circumstance ;
a narrative delivered by words. A number reckoned ; a
reckoning, from taJan, to count. Sax. An information or
disclosureof any thing secret. Synon. Tale, novel, romance,
story, each imply a small history, or an entertaining relation
of adventures. The first three are supposed to be fabulous,
and made public ; whereas the last may be either true or
jigned, and told either in print, or by word- of mouth ; but
s they carry ideas peculiar to themselves, it is mv business
o point them out. By the word tale, then, is meant a short,
cut dressed up narrative of some single adventure ; novel
signifies an amusing history, made np of many adventures,
and carried on through one or more volumes. By romance
is understood a collection of wild adventures, in love and
war. Xrt/« ought to be well related ; imvels. well invented
romances, well caried on ; stories, well told.
TA'l^liBKAKF.R, ^. one who gives intelli;;ence through
ofliciousness or m;iliciousncss.
TA'I.KBI'.ARINti, «. the act of informing ; officious or
mab.;ii;inl intelligence.
TALK NT, ,v. \tuliniiiyn, Lat.J a weight, or sum of mo-
ney, nilVi'ring indifl'ereut iia'l ions and nges ; a faculty, a power,
or gift of nat'ire ; ((uality or nature. .Synon. Talent Mxdge-
nins arc both born with is, ,iiid are a happy disposition of
nature, by which wc are iiualified for some peculiar employ-
nii'iit; but /nomw seems to be more internal, and possessed
of the powers of iiiventioti ; talent, mote external, and ca-
pable of execution, 'tlais we have a (genius tor poetry and
painting; but -a talent for speaking and writing. Talents,
cwnsidered as svudiiynious with qualities, difi'er from them in
this — that qualities form the character of persons ; tnlenti are
their ornaments. The former may be used either in a good
or bad sense ; but we cannot apply the latter in any other
than a g(Jod one. Our r/iialities render us either beloved or
despised. Our talents make our company coveted.
TALES, s. in law, is a word used for a supuly of mrii
impaiineled on a jury ; or, upon appearance, being chal-
lenged for the plaintifi' or defendant as not suflicient ; ii:
which case the judge grants a supply to be made, by the
siierift', of some persons present.
TA'LIO, s. a species of punishment in the Mosaic law,
whereby an evil is returned similar to that committed against
us by another ; hence those expressions, " eye for eye, and
tooth for tooth."
TALISMAN, s. a magical character,
TALISMA'NIC, «. magical.
To TALK, (rt broad in this word and its derivatives ; as,
tanlk') V. n. [tuelen, Belg.J to converse ; to speak imperti-
nently ; to give account ; to reason or confer with another.
Talk, i. familiar s|iee<li; riimonr; the subject of con-
versation. Among the writers of Indian transactions, it is
used for .1 conference.
TA LKATIVE, a. full of prate ; much given to talk.
TALKATIVENESS, s. the quality of being forvtard t'J
speak, or much given to talking ; loquacity ; garrulity.
TALKER, s. one who talks ; a loquacious pers'in.
T \LL, (rt prou. broad; as, tauH) a. [tal, Brit.j'long, or
hi;rli in stature ; lofty.
'I'A'LLAGE, s. \taillage, Fr.J impost ; excise.
TA'LLINGTON, a town adjoining to Dorchester. It
hvisone church, and about 200 houses, with several streets,
wliien art hii ad, but badly paved, and some not at all.
TA'LLNESS, (n broad) s. height of stature ; loftiness.
TALLOW, {tdllii) s. \talge, Dan.J the grease or fat of
animals.
TA'LLOWCHANDLER, j. one who makes candles of
tallow, not of wax.
TALLY, ,?. [from <«i7/e)-, to cut, Fr.J a stick notched or
cut along with another, and used formerly to keep accounts
by : any thing made to suit another.
To TA'LLY, v. a. to tit, suit, or cut out for any thing ; to
mark upon a tally. Neuterly, to he fitted ; to conform.
TA'LLY'MAN, «. one who sells clothes to be pa,d for by
the week or month.
TALMUD, or THA'LMUD, s. the book containing the
Jewish traditions, and rabbinical explanations of the law.
TA'LON, *. [talon, Fr.] the claw of a bird of prey. In
architecture, a kind of moulding, which consists of a cyma-
tium, crowned with a square fillet.
TALUS, or TA'LUT, *. in architecture, is the incliui-
tion or slope of a work.
TA'M AR, a river of "England, which runs from N. to S.
and divides Cornwall from Devonshire.
TAMARIND, .?. [tamanndas, Lat. tamnrin, Fr.] a kind of
Indian fruit, of an agreeable acid taste, and esteemed good
to (pu'iich thirst.
T.\'ALARISK, s. \tSm^rice, Lat.J a shrub, willi a rod
TAN
TAR
bark ami leaves, like heath. The wood and leaves are used
in niefliciiieas aslriiigents.
TAMBOUR, t. a species of embroidery, made by a ma-
chine of lliiit name.
TAMBOURIN, s. [Fr.] an instrumeit >i music; also
the name of a lively dance, i erformed on th? French
slsi^e.
TAME, a. [tami. Sax. taem, Belg. tarn, Dan. J gentle of
disposition: domeslic, oi>|ii>se<l to wild; crushed, Dubdued,
dejected ; spiritless or heartless. SvNON. 7««c animals
are made so, partly b> the art or itidustry of man ; f;entle
animals are naturall> so.
To TAME, V. a. \temean. Sax. tammen, Belg.] to reduce
from wildness ; to subdue or conquer.
T.AME, a town in Oxfordshire, sealed on a rivulet of the
same name. Here is a famous free-s<hool, and a small
hospital. It is 12 miles E. of Oxford, and 45 VV. !jy IS', of
London. Market on Tuesday.
T.\'ME.'\BLE, a. susceptive of taming.
TA'MKLY,orf. gently ; meanly; dejectedly.
TA'MI'JNESS, s. the opposite of wihluess ; gentleness of
disposition ; dejrctedness; want of spirit or courage.
TA'MER, s. a conqueror ; a subduer.
TA'MINY, s. a woollen stuff.
TA'MKIN, or TA'MFION, t. the stopple ®f a great
gun.
TA'MMY, s. a kind of transparent stuftj used to grace
the outlines of drawings or paintings.
To TAMPER, *. a. [derived by Skinner from lempero,
I^t.] to be otticious in the use of medicines ; to meddle, or
have to do with, without know ledge or necessity ; to prac-
tise with, or enfleaveur to seduce.
TAMWORTH, an aniient, large, well built town of
Staft'ordsliire, witli one part. viz. the E. in Warwickshire,
formerly tl>e royal seat of the Mercian kings. It has a con-
siderable trade in narrow cloths, and oilier manufactures,
and is noted for good ale. It is 8 miles S. R. of Lichheld,
and lie N. W. of London. Market on .Saturday.
To TAN,r. a. [tannen, Belg. <«tt>io, Fr.] to impregnate lea-
ther with bark. To make brown by heal, applied to the
SUII.
TAN, *. the bark of the oak-tree, beaten small, and used
(o t;;ii leather.
TANG, s.\tancrhe, acrid, Belg.] a strong taste left in the
uinutli ; relish or taste.
To TAiN(i, r. «. [u'^d instead fiftwang\ to ring with
TANGENT, (^ si.ft) s. [taugeiU, Tr. langnis, Lai.] in
Irigonometry, is a right line perpendic ularly raised on the
extremity of a radius, and whic h touche.ia cir(Je so as not
to cut it ; hut yet intersects another line without the circle
called a secant that is drawn from the centre, and which ci.ts
the arc lo which it is a tangent.
TANGIBI'LITY, («-soft)»- the quality of being perceived
by the touch, or of bein:; felt.
TA NGIBLE,(,i>- soft) a. [from tango, Lat.] perceptible by
the touch.
ToT\'N<>LK, ». «. see ISNTANGI.E.
TA'.NGLE, s. a knot of tilings interwoven in one
another.
TA'NISTRY, i. an antifnt custom in Ireland, whiih or-
dains that an adull is lo be prefer, cd loa minor ; as an imcte
lo a iieplirw. Lili<'wi>e, a custoiu whrreby a chiifiaiii, or
iaiiist, nas land^ only f irfif*-, as bii!i:c onlv elected tliep to.
'T.'\N.I()'KI'" a coiintiy on the coast of Corom.-indel, in
chitted ill llie Cariiatic, about !<A nines in i-n. ih, iiiiil oO
in breiidlli. It is Witlered bv the river Cauver\, a.'icl is
governed b\ a r.ijah,who pavs an annual subsidy ofUiO.OUOjt,
to the En..li8h East India Co, H{)»ny. '1 lie capital is ol llie
same name.
TANK, «. [<an/;M<r, Fr.] a large<'ibtc-ip or lia.son ; a little
^o', or i>i.iid.
TA',\1\\U0, s. \tiiiicai)il, \r. tatiijHiund, Fr. taiikaerd,
Itnlg.] uilriukiiig veksel wilh H««t>cr iiioving on a binge.
TANNER, i. one that tans and prepares bidfs for
use.
TA'NPIT, s. a pit where leather it inipregimtcd with
bark.
TA'NQUAM, s- an university word for one that is fit
company for a fellow.
TA'NSY, i. f<anace<u»n, Lat.| a plant wilb doid>le-winged,
jagged, serrated leaves, and yellow blossoms. It is fouid
in noweruo high pastures iu August. That called the wild
tansy is a sort of cinquefoil.
TANTALlUM, i.iii cliymistry, a metaliately discovered
iu an ore fiom Swedish Lapland.
To TA'MT.^LIZE, v. a. [from Tantitliu, who was con-
demned to starve and die with ihirst amoui; fruits and water
which he could not touch] lo toiment by the prospect of
pleasures whii h caiiuot be reached.
TANTAMOUNT, s. [Fr.J of equal value; an equiva-
lent.
To TAP, «i. a. [tappen, Belg. tapper, Fr.J to touch or strike
genlly ; to pierce oi broach a vessel.
1 .'\P, i. a gentle blow ; a pipe through which liquor ij
drawn from a vessel. Also the liquor let out.
TAPE, s. [ ta-ppan. Sax.] linen wove in narrow slips, and
used for fillets or bands.
T.'^'PER, *. [taper, Sax.] a wax candle ; a light.
TATER, a. growing gradually narrower fiom the bottCMn
totlietop; conical; i'>rami<lical.
To TA'PER, f. n. to grow smaller t(>wards the bottojn
orlop.
T.4TEWORM, t. a species of worm breeding in the hu-
man body, of a broad and short shape, an linked togellier
as one wiirin, Ihciugh in realiU many d slinct ones.
TAPESTRY,*. Itaprsterie, Fr.J cloth woven w ith forms
of liunian creatures, beasts, &c, used for hangings, and
sometimes tor carpets.
TA PET, s. [tiipetia, Lat.jivorked or figured stuff.
TAPIR, i. Ill zoology, an amphibious animal shaped
somewhat like a hog, of the size of a heifer lia'f a year old,
aud having a long nose which leseir.bles the proboscis of an
eleplianl. It inhabits the solitary v< mxls, uiaishes, rivers,
and lakes ofSouth America, aud lias beeuialled theelephant
of the new worlfl.
TAPPlN(j, s. in general, is the act of piercing a hole in
a vessel in ord'r to draw ofl the liquor In ag'ieult.ire, it
is the making an lucision in the bark of a tree, and letting
out the juice. In surgery, it is an operation for discharging
the \\ater in a dropsy.
TA'PROOT, s. the priiui; alstem of the root.
TA'PS'I ER, s. one who draws beer at a public house.
TAR, .5. 1 tui If, ISelg tare, Sd\. lie e. Din.] liquid piUli,
or the tnrpenline of liie fir tree exlractei: b\ hre. Mineral,
tar, is a kind of bilumen of whiili there are so<iie springs
in the neighbourhood of Shrewsbury. Figuratively, a
sailor.
To TA R, v. a. to smear with tar : to leaze or provoke.
TARANTULA,*. (Iiall a kind of spider whose bite is
falsely said lo bi' cured only bv iiuisic.
TAKDiGRA nC'US.a. |fioiii tarrhs slow, and gratliii, ^
s(' p, Lat] ii.oiiiig slowly. ' 7'i'nrfig)u//,-)/ij, animal." Hnmn.
I'A'I DILY, ad. slowlv ; lazily ; slollitullv ; s iiggishly.
T A'KDI N!'>S, *. si n;;;!- hi I ess ; slii« ness : laziness.
'I'A'RDITY, *. [taiditas, froui tojrfiu, slow . Lat. J slow-
ness
T\'RDY, a. \tardtis, Lat. iar^if. Fr.j slow applied to
motion. Sln;,%;i5li, i>r unwilling lb act or move ; dilatory.
Unwary. Criminal. The two last meanings are in a low
sense.
T\RE, i.\tefrtn, to consume, Belg. according to Skin-
ner' a weed which gio«s . uioufr corn, "si-e ViSTrHES.
l.-\RE, I. JFi.] the >veiglit of any thing containing a
coniiiiodilv ; an allowaiKc made loi llie weight oJ the box,
cbesl.Ac. in which an\ commodity is cunU'ued.
TAKF., prcttr of Te.a «.
M»
TAR
TARR'NTO, antiently Tabrntum, a city and sra-
port of Olranlo, in Naples, conliiinin'; itlxnH 18,0(10 iriliii-
. bitaiits. The liarlioiir, wliicli «as once oxcellent, is new
choked up, anil uill onlv admil tisliin^' lioaia. It is silu^ilcil
on a peniii'>ul;i, in .i lia\ to »hieli it <{ivps name, (jo miles
W. N. W. of Otranto, and 147 iieiirK K. of Naples.
TAIUiK, or TA K<iKT, (? soft) s. Itaar^ett, iMse, tnri>-ii,
Sax. /«•§■«, Tr.l a kinti of luicklei less than a ^Inelil, «oim for
drfenceon the left arm. In holaiiy. a kin<l of tlower in Die
genus lichen, that is circular and convex, like a china
sauciT.
TARGF.TI'KR,*. one armed wilha target.
TA'R(;U.V1, j. fHi-lj.] a paraphrase on the Pentateuch,
or live hooks of Mosrs. xvritltn in the Chaldee lani;iia;;e.
TA'RIFK, s. [larif, Fi.] a hook of customs ; a hook of
rates agreed on helween princes or states, ascertaining the
duties to he laid ujion tlifii respective merchandiies wlien
imported into their dominions.
Tarn, ». [liom, Isl.ja hog; a fen ; a marsh; a pool ; a
quagmire.
To TA'KNISII, t'. a. [ternir. Fr.] to siillv ; to soil ; to di-
minish lirit;litiiiss. Neiiterlv. to lose brightness.
T\'RPA\VI,INf;, s. a hempen cloth smeared with tar;
a sailor, in ronlem|it.
TA'Rl'ORLF.Y, a town in Cheshire, ten miles east of
Chester. Market on Thiirsdav.
TA'R II AC ''".,«. a coarse sort of plaster, or mortar, dura hie
in the wet, and chieflr ns'-d to line basons, cisterns, wells,
and other rese voirs of water.
T \'RR AGON, s. a plant called also herb dra-on.
TA'I!RA(;()N'\, ananiirni sea port of .Sjiain in Catalo-
nia, with an university. It was huill hv the Phcriiicians,
and was accounted ver' powei f .1 in the time of the Riunaiis.
Tliere are nian\ grand monuments of aiili(|uil\ here. Ii is
neither so lar_'e nor, so populous as it was fonnerlv ; for
though there is rocMii for 2000 lious-s within the walls, wh ch
were built Ir the Moors, there is not above oOO, which are
all built with large square stones. It carries on a great
trade, ^nd is siated on a hill, on 'he Mediteiraneaii, in a
countrv ahoiiniliiig in riMii. wine, oil, ami flix. It is S.") miles
N. E. of Torio«a, and 220 K. hv N. of Madrid. Lat. 41. 5.
N- Ion. I I.*?. K.
TA'RRIRR, *. (/cne. fr. !he earth, whence i* should be
wrilteiw«rii>rj a small di-g used in tuin'ing a fox or otter,
ill their holes. SeeTEBRlEU. One who tarrvs or slays.
T \'f!RI.\(J, a small town in '>ii~spx, with a market on
Saiio-dav. It is 17 miles \V. of Brighthelnistono, and ,^7 S.
«if London.
To TA'RRY, V. «. to stay ; to rontiniie in a iilace ; to de-
lav, or In- Ion/ in coming. .'XctiveK, to wait for.
TA'RSF.I., J. a kin.lof hawk.
T\'R^I R, *. in zoolotrv, iin animal of lh(> lemur kind,
with llie bind legs very long.
TX'KSllS, s. f/am«, (ii. /«rj<>. Fr.] Ihe space helwixf the
lower end iiftlie focil boo'iiif the h'-, inid the liei;in.
niiigofthe ti*e long hones ihcl ar'' 'oiii.d wi li, and bear
U|>, the loi's ; It cimip ises seven hones, and the three ossa
CU'.ieifonnia
T'vHI", i \tarte, Fr.tiiitn, Ital. taart, Dan J a small pie of
fruit
Tf^'RTANK, ». fFr. tartnmi, Ttnl-I a vessel with one mast,
and ii ill fe conered sad, usid in the Mediterranean.
T>RTLV,nrf. soutK ; shan'b
T.A'RTNE''*, *■ ihe qualit- of being sour to the taste ;
sharpuess, or poignainx in soeeeh.
TVRT\R, /. \tai>re, Kr j in natural bisorv and i har-
macy. is a hard and almost ^to^^ senaratioo f'oiii a vegi table
June, after Jevmeniali n. The common ' i la' i- the pio
duce of vniie, biing found in laige iiKisses a.'lbiring to llie
botioiusand sides of (.isks inwhich ili.it liq' or has been long
kept . but w.lliout sinell. and of a siiha' id taste.
TAUT \'KK \\, a. rf.,,.;, tmtn,.,^, hell, l..il.| hellish.
TARTAR' OLS.'IA'KTAlU-US. fl. Ifom tartnrus, heU,
Lat.] cvBtistiDg uf oi couluiuiUg tartar; hellish.
TAT
TA'RTARIC, a.^ inchymistiy, belonging to tartar.
To '^1 A'R T^ KIZK, «. a. to iiiip?i:;iiutc with tartar.
'rA'RTAHY. aioii'itry ol ,A<i:i, wlin h, l,ik< n m pk ntniiiM
limits, reaches from the F.asteni O, can to ih,- C'aspi;!!, Sea,
and from Co I ea, China, Hindoostan, and Persia, to fiuvsia
and Sibeiia. It is generallv eonsidiied under llire giaii.t
divisions; nanieU, ('.astern, VVe,lern, and liideii.'i'i<triit
Tartarv. Theditfereni tribes win. h inlKibit Eastern Tartary
Here forni.iK called Moiigul T:'rlars, a warlike nation,
who, on one hand, ' oiiqiiered Hindoostan, tinder Jengliis
Khan, and on the other, siibiliied China in tiie t.Tili rentniv,
and reigned therefor lOOyears, till ibey were expeled in the
year l;«)8. Chinese Tartarv (- liich is sepatatrd from China
by a great wall about T.'^iO miles in extent; is divided into
two parts. Eastern and Western. The greatest pan .d' this
country either bilongsto the emoeror of Cliina. is til., lary
to him, or is under his protection. The Chinese empire has
been lately extended in Tatlaiv, In the ceh hiated conquest
of ihekingdotiiof the Elutlis, made in I'.'iii, \\\ the aims of
the emperor Kt n Long Independent Tartarv includes all
the country between Chinese Tai larv and the Caspi:in Sea,
and conlaiiis Turkestan, (ireal and Little Riikharr, Tii co-
mania, Cliarasni, Thibet, and some coiintiies inhabited by
the Uzbeks and Kalmucks. Western Tartarv includes the
remainder ; most or all of uhi.li has been conquered bv the
Russians. In general, the Tartars are a robust people, have
a good constitution, and are capable of undergoing liard-
shios. Thev have broad faces, short chins, Iarg7' whiskers,
and noses even with their faces. Thev are dexterous iri
handling their sabres, and ^hooting with bov^s and arrows.
The men have no other business than tlial of goini: to war'
and the women take ca.e of domestic atlairs. They are
Pa-ans ; ant the< have a pontiff called Dali Lama.
TARTRATES, /. im hvmist'v, salts formed by the com-
bination of anv base with the acid of tartar.
TASK, s. [lasc/if, Fr. I soinethiiig which is ordered To he
done by anotlier : an emplov ment or buswiess. Tu tuke to
task, is to eprove, examine rigiilK, or reprimand.
To TASK, V. a. [inseii, Brit.] to order or command some-
thing to he ilone.
TA'SKER, or TASKMASTER. ,. one who imposes
tasks.
TA'S'sKL, f. \tasse, Fr.T an ornamental bnuili of silk,
Ac. hanging at the end of a siring ; also a male hawk ; an
hel h.
TA'SSES, s. armour for the thighs.
To TASTE, ». a. \tu.Uer. to trv, Fr.] to perceive or distin-
guish In the palate : to trv bv the month ; to eat in small
quantities ; to relish or approve; to feel or have a periep-
tion of Neuierlv, to trv In the palate: to distinguish by
the mind ; to fv the reli.sh ofanv th ng ; to have peiceplioii
of: toenjov sparingly ; to convey to the orgnns of taste ;
to iiffei ! I he organs of taste.
TASTE, *. the act of I ying hv the mouth; the sense by
vvh'ch 'hr lehsh ofanv thing is received on the palate. Fi-
giirativ.lv, disi-erniuent or relish, aiqihVd to the mind ; an
essav or I' iai ; a siii.dl portion given as a specimen.
TA'S ""EFIIE, a. high-relished : savour..
TV'STELFSS, n. causing no sensation on the palate;:
insliiid : h.iving .lo perception of symmetry, eleganee, or.
decorum.
T.V'.STl'R. s. one who takes the first essav of food.
To ATPKR, V. a. \t(jtieinii, Sax.] to tear ; to rend ; to
make ragged.
T>"!T"R, s. a r-A'j ; a fragment of anv tliinortorn.
TA'Tri^l!|)''M VLI()N..5 a'-ag-.-.l f.llow.
TAT! En's H > I.L, a small Iovmi of Lincolnshire, seated
on the river Bane, He,ir Is rnnll em e Mi'h llie William,
in afennv connlrv. It is 20 uides S. E. .d" Lincoln, 12 n!
W. of B"^loii, and 127 N. of LMii'hiii. Market on Friday.
To TATTL", V. n. Ua'.fien. Sav.] to use manv words
with little "eanin.;; totalk vvillumi moderation ordi»rreli«n.
T\TTLF. s. piate : tr'fl ng talk ; idle chat.
TATTLER, J. au idle talker ; a prjler.
84t
I'AW
i-'t
TAT'l'OO', J. the beat of a tirum by wliicli soldlefs are
called to their quarters.
TATTO'WlS'G, *. ill modern history, a name given at
Olaheite to the operation of slaiiiiii^ the hodv "ith a black
toinposition in various forms, vvliich the ialiabitanls esteem
a great beauty.
TA'VERN, ■*. \taverne, Fr.] a house where wine is
sold.
TAUGHT, (<(riO preter. and part, passive ofTEACH.
'1"A'V1ST0CK, an antient, large, and well built town of
Devonshire. It was once a flourishing place, fainous'for its
stately uiilred abbey, where books were forinerl_\ printed
in the Saxon language, and a school erected to teach it ; it
is now divided into tenements. It is a stanajy toun, has a
chalybeate mineral water, and is situated on the river Tavy,
orTave, 32 miles W. by S. of'Exeter, and 199 W. by S. of
London. It gives the title of marquis to the eldest son of
the duke of Bedford. Market on Saturday.
To TAUNT, V. a. [tamleii, to siiew teelh, Bclg.J to re-
proach, insult, or treat w ith insolent contumely and upbraid-
ing ; to exprobate.
TAUNT, J. an insult ; scoff; ridicule; sarcasm ; reproach.
Among mariners, a ship is said to be taunt masted when her
masts are too tall for her.
TAU'N ri''.H, i. a reproacher; an insultcr.
TAU'NI'ING, a. reviling; scornful; railing; contume-
lious; scoffing.
TAUNTliNGLY, nd. scornfully; in an imperious and
proud manner; scotiingly ; contumeliously.
TAU'NTON, an antient town of Somersetshire, \\iiieli.
In point of size, buildings, and respectability of iubabilanls,
(about 5800) may vie with many cities. It has long been
ihe principal seat of the manufacture of coarse woollen
goods, such as serges, corduroys, sagathies, druggets, shal
loous.&c. though somewhat decayed of late years. The elec-
tion of members of parliament here is very singular; every
pot-walloper, i. e. inhabitant that dresses his own \ ictuals, is
entitled to vote ; so that the inmates, or lodgers, to q;ialify
tiieiiiselves, a bttle before the election comes on, make a tire
in the street, and there boil their victuals. It is seated on llit
river Tlione, which is navigable hence to the Panel, aial so
to Bridgewater, 31 miles N. E. of Exeter, and 1-41 W. by
S. of London. Large markets on Wednesday and Satui-
day.
T.'\ URICO'RNT)US,«.[from taiirus and coniH, Lat] having
horns resembling a bull's.
TW'RIFORM, a.[tain-iformU, Lat.J having the shape of
a bull.
TAU'RIS, orTEBRls, supposed to be the antient Rcba-
tana, the capital of Aderbeitzan, in Persia, and is now infe-
rior only to Ispahan. Tauris contains about 400,000 inha-
bitants who carry on a great trade in cotton, cloth, sdks,
^old and silver brocades, turbans, and shagreen leather. It
is 320 miles N. \V. of Ispahan. Lat. 38. 18.'N. Ion. 47.
50. E.
TAURUS, a great chain of mountains in Asia, which
begin at the eastern part of Little Caramania, and extend
very far into India. In diHerent places they have ditierent
names.
TA U'RUS, >. in astronomy, the Bull ; the second sign of
the zodiac, which the sun enters on the 20tli day of
April.
,, rAUTOl.,0'GICAL, «. [tautohsrique, Fr.J repeating the
same thing.
TA UTO'LOGI.ST, t. [from tauUn, the same thing, and
ftfri), lospeak, Gr. la tedious repeater.
TAUTO'LOGY, a. [from taiUon, the same thing, and Irffo,
to speak, Cir.] the repetition of the same woril ofleii :
soimtinics applied to the repetition of the same sense in
dilliTeiil words.
To TAW, I', a. [lawian, Sax.} to dress white or alum
ieallicr.
T.\W, s. a round marble beautifully coloured, used in
plav.
«4>.»
'J- E A
TAAVDJIINESS, s. tinsel finery^
TA'WDRY, a. meanly showy ; fine without gv^ce<orieI»»-
gance. .Substantively, a slight ornament.
TA'WNINESS, s. a brown or yellowish colour, causeli'by
the heat of the sun.
TAWNY, «. I'taiie or tawii, Fr.J yellow like'things'taniied ;
sunburnt ; swarlhy-coloured.
TAX, s. {tare, 6elg. and Fr.] a tribute imposed ; an WX-
cise. A elrarge or censure, troin tnro, Lat.
To TAX, 1-. >t.\l(rxer, I'r.J to load with excise or imposts.
To charge or accuse of some fault ; ushI w ith '/ or tvith be-
fore the fault, from (a.ro, Lat. '
TAXA'rK)N, s. [taxation, Fr. taxritio, Lat.] the act of
loading with taxes. Accusation ; scandal.
TA'XER, 4-. he \\\[o taxes.
TAY'LI, or TALI, a city of China, of the lirst rank, in
the province of Yunnan. It is the principal place where
they make curious tables, and other ornaments of tine
lliarble, naturally beautified with diflFerent colours, in the
form of mountains, flowers, trees and rivers. Tayli has
under its jurisdiction 4 cities of the second rank and 3 of
the third. It is 1205 milesS. W. of Pekin.
TAYTONG, or TAITONti, a city of China, of Ihe first
rank, in the province of Chansi, with a very large jiirisdie-
tion extending over 4 great cities of the second rank, and 7
of the third. Lapis lazuli is obtained in great plenty here,
and there is a kind of jasper wliiili is transparent, and as
whiteas agate. Porphyry, marldf, and jasper of all colours
are very pb'nliful, and here is also a great commerce in
skins. The neighbouring mounlaius abound with a variety
of simples and medicinal herbs, which the botanists gatlur
with great care. Taytong is very well fortified, according
to the manner of the Chinese and has generally a very strong
garrison. It is situated in a mountainous country, exposed
to the incursions of the Tartars, and surrounded, in -ii
manner, by the great wall, which lias forts from place to
place, 155 miles SV. of Pekin.
TCHANGTCHA, a city of China, of the first rank, in
the province of HoiKpiang. It is situated on the Heng
livei, 742 miles S. of Pekin.
TCliANGTCHEOU, a city of China, of the first rank, in
the pio> iiiee of Kokien 950 miles S. .4 Pekin.
TCHANGTCHEOU, acily of China, of the first rank,
in the province of Kiangiian, 625 miles S. S. E. of
Pekin.
TCHANTE, a city of China, of the first rank, in 'the
province of Honan. It contains in its district one city 6f
the second rank, and six of the third. It is remarkable for
a fish touiiil in its riveis resembling a crocodile tlie fat of
which is of such a singular nature, that when once s<l On
fire, it cannot be extinguished. It is 255 miles S. S. W. of
Pekin.
TCHEKIANG.a maritime provhice of China, W' of the
sea, S. and S. I'",, of the province of Kiangnan, and iV. of Mie
province of Fokieii. Tlie principal trade co:Kist> in silk
stuffs, which imleed, is immense. Whole pkiiiis niav be
seen covered with dnai^f imilberry trees, whicii the Chfiiese
purposely check in their growth as the leaves • f llie siiiatler
trees procure the best silks. This province likewise
produces the tallow tree, a Sjiecies of laushiuons, wliicli
are transported to ail parts of the empire, excellent hams,
and small gold fish.
TCHERNKiOVSKOE, a government of Russia, ' for-
merly a part of the Ukraine ; bounded on the N. by
Mogilevskoe and on Ihe VV. by I olmid. lis capital
Tcheriiigov, is seated on ihcvinlit shore of the Desna, a44
miles S. S. W. of Moscow.
TEA. (tee) s. [Chin, t/ie, Fr.] the leaf of a shrub grnwirtg
in several proviiices.ol China; the liquor made by 'itifusirig
tea in boiling water.
To TEACH, f<e<c/i)v. «., [pret. and part, passive «(i»»-^ir ,•
tfTcan, Sax. I to instruct or ini'orm ; to deliver any thing to
be learned; to lell, or give intelligence. Neuterly; to per-
form the otiice of an iiisliuctOr. SVNO'^. Tnleeeh iswnty t'>
TEF
give lessoiia; to leitm is to give lessons willisucucss : both
wortis relate rnoiofo those tl»iut;s tliiitare proper to tullivate
the iiiiiid, iiiid form -.i ijoud ediuatioii ; (or \> liicU reason ihey
are lilted with piopncly, when the arts ami scieiiecs are in
ques,lii)n. To iuslriicl has a creator relation to that «liicli is
iiselul ill the ci>ndiiel i.|' life, and success <;fatt'»ir». It is
Iherefoie in its proper plate, when speakiny; of any lUntg
thai c(ii!e( rn^ either our duly or our interest.
Tl. ACM A 151, l<',, (<«'<■/(»*/)«. capable of being taught or
inslMicted ; docile.
TK'A€H\BLENRSS, ,, docilitv : capacity to 1; am.
TEACH i'.U, J. an instructor; a pr<'ceptor ; one who de-
livers doctrines to the peojile; a preacher.
TEA(iLIE, (7V^)4. a conleiiiptuousnaineforaulrishnian.
Ti'AK, (>eel) s. [leeliii^/t, Beljj.Ja small wiUI fowl, the piost
elegant aiul valuable o( iheduck kind.
Ti'.AM (li-em)s. \lenui, the team of a carriage, Lat. tt/me,
a yoke, Sax. la ininilier of horses, oseii, or other beaits,
draMinj; the same tarriasieat once ; any nnniber passing in
aline.
'I'EMv, (tier) s.\lea); Sa\. tame, Dan.) the water wiiich
flows (V'ini tUe eyes ; jam moisture trickling in drops.
'I'EAK, (/(»(•)*. [IViini the verbl a rent or lissure.
To'IKXK, (((■/■<) r. n. preler. ««)•«, formerly, tare^ part,
pass, lorn ; \ttiyait. Sax. tara, Swed.j to pull into pieces or
tatters; to v\onml wiili the nail, or any sliarfi pointed instru
inent drawn alon;^ ; to break, divide, or shatter, by vio
lence ; to pluck vloli'utly ; to take away bv sudden force.
N( uicrlv, toi'uiiii', i;»ve, or rant, like a laadman ; from tieren,
Bels. ■, ...
1 oTI' ASE, {leeze) a. a. [tiesan, Sax.] to coiisb or unravel
wool or flax ; loscrallh cloth !.• ievel the nap ; to torment
t)r vex with assiduous impertinrnop.
TIVA-SEH, .« any person ort.ijnr 'bat torments by inces-
sant iniportnnilv.
TEAT, (tert) s. \leion, Fr. tetU j5)it. til, S;-,x. title, JJeltf ]
tlieduiiofa beast ; antientU, tb<'pap<ifa \\oiiia;i.
TK'AZEL, or TK'ASI-L t a plant culiivateil iiaiticularly
in the VV. of En-land, the luatls of v.liichare ofsin;;ulai use
in raisin;; the nap upon woolen i loth. Tlie leaves, dried an<l
jfiven in infusion aiesc viceyble in cases olflatuleiicv.
TE'CHNlCAL,(<-'A«(AaO a. [from tec/,ue, an art, Gr.J be-
lon)ini<; to the arts.
TECHNO'LOfiV, [tekniilogii) s. [from irclmc, an art. ami
Jog-OS, a diseoiirs", Gr.]a description of the mechanic arts.
TE'CHY,(f«(/ii/) a. irritable; peevish; fretful.
TKCTO'MC, a. [ti'liionilios, from tenclio, to build, Gr]
bflonsint; to buiklinif.
To TED, V. a. [teatlan, to prepare, Sax.] to lay f{rass
n»wiv mown into rows.
TH'DDEH, or TETHER, s. \t,Mer, Bel^.] a rope l.v
viiich a Jiorse is tied in the Held to prevent his pasturint; loo
widely. Figuratively, any thin;; bv which a person is re-
strained.
TEDE[JM, i. [we praise thee, O God !Ja hvmii of tiianks-
givinjr, used in the clunch upon ordinary as well as soleiiui
occasions, so called (Voni the two first words in the Latin.
TEDIOUS, «. [from frrr/iimi, Lat.] occasionint; weariness
and trmib e liv cimtinuiinee or length. Slow, dilatory.
TF'DIOUSI.Y, nd. in a slow aiul irksome manner.
TE'DIOU^NES-^. s. that which renders anv thing disa-
greeable bv the too long time spent in performing it.
To TEEM, ». II. ]tenm. olVsprin^', Sax.] to bring younj ;
to be pre;,'iiant. FigurativeU, to be full or charged with,
like an animal that is pregnant. Actively, to bring forth
or produce.
TEE'M ER, s. one that brinies young.
TFE'MING. jjart. a. fruitful ; pregnant.
TEEN, t. sorrow ; grief.
TEENS, J [fromfi/K, Sax.] the vrars which are reckoned
by the termination o{ teen ; -as thirleen, fourteen, Ace,
TEETH, the pluiid ofTooTH.
To TEE I'H, e, 11. fo breed leelli.
TEFFLlS.or'TiFrLiSi a town of Asia, in Georgia} Piw
TKM
of the seven nations between the Black Scaand the Caspian.
It is the capital of that country, the place of residence of
its ,sovereit;n, and is called by the inhabitauts T/iilit-
Ciiliar, (warm town) from the warm baths in its neigh-
bourhood. Tlrough its circumference does not exceecl 2
I'^nglish miles, it contains 20,0lKt inhabitants, of which inore
than half are, Ariu'-niaiis; the reiiiainiler are princi[):'lly
(•eorgians, with some Tartars. All the bouses are of »toiic,
wilh fiat roofs, which serve, according to the custom of
the East, as walks for the women. Thi'V are neatly built;
the rooms are wainscotied, and the floors spread witli
carnets. The streets seldom exceed seven feet in breadth;
and 'Oinc aie so narrow as scarcely toallowroom for a man
on horseback: they are conse(iuenily very filthy. The
Ainieniatis have esiablished in this town all the manufac-
tures carried <hi by their countrymen in Persia : the most
fl::ini lung is that of printed linens. Tcftlis is seated on
the river Kur, at the \'i ot of a :iiountain, 126 miles W. of
Te-ki. |,at. 41.69 N. Ion.65. 3. E.
'FR'GAN, a city of China <f the first rank, in the province
of lloutiuang. In the territory of this place are a sort of
worms, bieh make white wax like that of bees. Lat. 31.
ai. N. loi;. 112. 31. E.
TE'GU.MENT, s. \tegimcntum, Lat.] a cover or outward
part.
To TEH HP"., r. 71. [from the sound] to laugh ; to titter.
TI'"r(iN MOUTH, a sea-port of Devonshire, reckoned part
of the port of Exeter. It has no market, but sendssome ves-
sels to the Newfoundland ri.hcry, and employs several in the
coasting trade, especially in carrying t(d)acco pipe clay to
Liverpool, whence are brought back coal, salt, earthen-
wares, Ac. It has a tide harbour, and is seated at the month
of the river Teign, 12 niile% S. of Exeter, and 181 \V. by
S. of London. A well frequented fair on September 29th.
TE'lL TIH'K, s. the same with the lime or linden-tree.
'VVAS'Y.ltiiit) s.\ifi:iie, Fr,] colour; t«,iicli of the pencil.
TEL \MON, or ,\ TEAS, s. is a name given to those
figures or iialf figures of men, soconiiiKiuly xavA instead of
columns or pilastt rs, to support any nieiiiber in architecture,
TE'L.AliY, a. [from tela, a web, Lat.] spinning webs.
" T(»/(7;i/ spiders." Briiiin.
TELEGRAPH, s. [from tele, afar off, and grapho, to
write, (ir.] an instrument lately invented by the French,
w liich, by exhibiting the requisite letters or characters, and
rc|ieating iheni Iroiii one convenient eminence to another,
serves to transmit short dispatches of news with great speed
and coMPctiiess.
TE'LESCOFE, «. [Fr. from tele, afar off, and j*opfo, to
view, Gr,] a long lube titled with glasses, through which
distant objects are viewed.
TKLESr.O'PlC,\L, a. belonging to a telescope ; seeing
at a distaiue.
To TELL, 1'. preter. and part, passive tuld ; \telhn,
Sa\.tc//en. Belg. /o/en, Dan.] to utter or express by words;
to rela eoi' speak; to leach or inform ; to discover; to count
or number; to make excuses, " Never <f// me." S/inh. Neu-
terly , to give an account ; to make report. To tell on, is to
infTrm of.
TK/LLER, *. an ofticer in the exchequer employed in re-
ceiving and paving all the monies on the king's account.
Thev a'P fiMir in number. A relater ; a niimberer.
TE'LL-'^LE, s, one wh.i gives informarion of what ano-
ther savs or does, eitlier through officioiisness or malice.
TELLU'KIUM, i, in cliyinislrv, a new metal discovered
bv Klaprolb, in a oarlicular kind of gold ore.
"Tl^'MERA'RIOUS, n. \timeraire, Fr. temerarius, Lat.J
rash; lien-lv ; careless; heedless.
TEM ivI'lTY, s.[Hmh-!iC, Fr. temerilas, Lat.] unreasonable
contempt of danger; rashness.
To TE'MPER, t>. a. ]trmperer, Fr. tcmpern, Lat.] to mix
so as one part may qualify or set the other out to advantage ;
to mix or mingle ; to accomodate ; to soften, soothe, or
assuage ; to form or reduce 8i«taU to a proper degree ttf-
hardness,
843
TEM
T E N
TE'lAli'l^n, «. a due <Tiid just mixture of contrary qualities;
the middle course; disposilioii of mind ; constitution of
hody ; calmness ; the stutjc of iiardiiess to wliicli any metal
IS reduced.
TEMPERAMENT, s. .tmperament, Fr. temperamentmn,
Lat.] state with respect to the predominance of anv quality ;
due mixture ofopposites ; tiic habitude or natural constitu-
tion of the body. Tlie tpm/jenHn- of steel and iron, is the ren-
dering them either inoie compact and hard, or soft and pli-
ant, according as the diHerenl uses for \vhich they are wanted
may require.
TEMPEHAME'N rAL, a. constitutional.
TEMPERANCE, s. tempermice, Fv.'temperantia, Lat. |
moderation in eating and drintiing; restraint of affections or
passions ; patience.
TE'MPERATE, n. [temperatits, Lat.| abstaining from ex-
cess in eating or tirinknig ; moderate in degree of any qua-
lity or pas-ion.
TEMPERATELY, ad. moderately ; calmly ; without
gluttony or luxury.
TEMPERATENESS, s. freedom from excesses. Calm-
ness ; coolness ; moderateness.
TEMPERATURE, .5. [Fr. from Umptratma, Lat.] con-
stitution of nature; defjree of any qualities; due balance
of contra' ieties ; freedom from any predominant passion.
It is chiefly applied to the degree of heat which is diffused
thn.'unh the atmosphere.
TEMPEST, s. [lempestas, hat ]\eTy great violence of the
uind, whose several degrees are — a breath; a breeze; a
lilast; a gale; a gust ; a squall; a storm; a tempest; a hur-
1 icane. A continual >torni at sea. Any violent cnniMiotion.
Synon". By temffst is understood an exceeding great
violence of the wind ; hy storm, a commotion of the ele-
ments. The latter is used to denote any violence of
weather ; as a storm of hail, Ac. but the former implies a
terrible violence of the wind. //H/Wfajie is used to denote
the greatest fiuy of a tempest.
To TE'MPEST, t^ a. to disturb as by a tempest.
TEMPESrrVITY, J. [tempestivitas, from temput, time,
Lat.] seasonableness.
TEMPESTUOUS, a. [tempest,ievx, Fr.J stormy; dis-
turbed by furious blasts of wind, or violent rage of passions ;
turbulent.
TEMPESTUOUSLY, orf. furiously ; outrageously; bois-
terously.
TEMPE'STUOUSNESS, s. storminess ; outrageousness ;
boisterousness.
TE'MPLAR, .T. a student in the law. Also, a certain
order of knijrhts, instituted at Jerusalem about the year 1118.
At first there were but 9 of them , but in a short tmie they
increased to .300 in their convent at Jerusalem. They took
the name of Knights Templars, because their first house stood
near the temple dedicated to our Saviour at Jerusalem.
After having perfortned many great exploits against the in-
fidels, they be< ame rich aiui powerful all over Europe ; but
tlie>, abusing their wealtli and credit, (ell into many dis-
orders and irregularities ; for which they were prosecuted
in Kram e, Italy, and Spain ; and at last the pope, l)y his bull
of the 22(1 of May, l.'U2, pronounced the extinction of the
w hole order, and their united slates lo the order of St. John
of Jerusalem.
TB'VlPLE, s. \tempU, Fr templiim, Lat.] a place set apart
for religious worship. In th-' plural, the upper part of the
sides of ilir heail ; fruiii tetiiporii Lat.
TI'/MPLET, s. a piece of timber placed under the girders
of a building.
TE'MPOR \L, a. [Fr. temporalis, from tempus. time, Lat.]
measured by time, opposed to eternal. Secular, opposed
to ecclesiastical. Confined to our present existence in this
worid, opposed to spiiitual. Placed at the temples, or up-
per part of the head.
TEMPORALITY, or TEMPORALS, .». the laity, op-
cosed to the clergy. Secular possessions, opposed to those
»ielouging ,to the church.
«44
TEMPORALLY, ad. with respect to this life.
TEMPORARY, a. ffroin tempus, lime, Lat.j lasting only
a limited time.
ToTE'MPORIZE, v. n. [t^mporiser, Fr.J to delay, or put
of! to another time.
TE[MPOIUZER, s. one that complies with times and
occasions ; a trimmer.
To TEMPT, t'. a. [<TOfo, hH. tenter, Fr.] to endeavour to
seduce o\- draw a person to do ill, by presenting some plea-
sure to the mind : to provoke ; to solicit ; to try.
TEMPTATION, s. [tentati,m, Fr.] the act of endea-
vouring to draw to the commission of ill, by otlering .some
seeming advantage ; an enticement ; the state of a person
solicited hy the appearance of present pleasures or advan-
tages to the commission of some crime Or fault.
TEMPTER, *. one who seduces or entices to the coto^
mission of any ill ; the devil, who tempted our Saviour.
TE'MULENCY, i. ytemuhntta, Lat.] inebriation ; drunk-
enness.
TEN, a. \tyn, .Sax. tien, Belg.] twice five, or nine and one.
A proverbial number.
TE'NABLI'j, a. [tenable, Fr.] such as may be maintained
or held against oppositions or attacks.
TENACIOUS, (tendshious) u. [tenux, from tenee, to hold,
Lat.] grasping hard ; unwilling to part with. Retentive,
or not forgetful, applied to the memory. (Cohesive ; ad-
hesi\e. Close fisted ; meanly parsimonious.
TEN A CIOUSLY, {tenashioushj) ad. closely ; obstinately ;
niggardly.
TEN A'CIOUSNF.SS, {tendshiousness) t. unwillingness ta
quit, lei go. or part with.
TEN.'\'CITY, s. [tenncite, Fr. tenaeitas, from tetieo, to hold,
Lat.] stiftuess of opinion ; niggardliness. Among physicians,
that property in viscous substances by which they adhere
together.
TENAI'LLR, s. [Fr.] in fortification, is a kind of outwork
resembling a. horn-work, but generally somewhat diflerent.
TE'NANT, s. [tenant, Ir.] one that holds of another ;
one that dwells in the house of another for rent; one who
reiiides.
TE'lVANTABLE, a. fit to be dwelt in.
TE'NBURY, a lov\n in Worccstersliire, with a market
on Tuesday. It is seated on the river Teme, which divides
Worcestershire from Shropshire, 19 miles W. by N. of Wor-
cester, and 133 N. W. by W. of Loudon.
Tfi'NBY, a sea port of Pembrokeshire, in S. Wales,
10 miles E. of Pend)roke, and 233 W. of London. Markets
on Wednesday and Saturday.
TKNCH, si[tiiiee. Sax. tinea, Lat.j a fresh-water fish.
To TEND, V. a. [contracted from atlend\ to watch ; to
accompany, guard, attend ; to be attentive to. Neuterly,
to wait or expect ; to move towards a certain point or
place ; to contribute ; to be directed to any end or pur-
pose ; to aim at, from ten.dre, Fr. to attend as something in.
separable.
TENDENCE, or TENDENCY, i. direction or coui;se
towards any place or object ; drift or aim towards any in-
ference or result.
TK'NDER, a. [tendre, Fr.] easily impressed, injured, or
pained ; delicate or effeminate ; exciting benevolence or
sympathy ; compassionate ; susceptible of soft passions ;
amorous or lascivious; expressive of love ; young; careful
not to hurt.
To TI'.'NDEIl, t!. a. [tendre, Fr.] to offer, or present for
acceptance ; to hold or esteem : to regard with care or ten-
derness. The la>it sense seems obsolete.
TE'NDER, s. an offer or presentation of any thing tor
acceptance; regard, or kind concern; a small ship attend-
ing on a larger.
TENDER HEARTED, «. easily affected with the dis-
tress of others.
TF'NDEIM.y, ad. gently ; softly ; kindly ; in an affec-
tionate and delicate manner.
TE'NDERNESS, s. [ttndrcsse Fr J susceptibility of iri«
T E N
I F. R
piessioiis ; softness; delicacy; indulgence; kindness; scrn-
puloiisiiess of conscicnco ; susceptibility of the softer pas-
sions ; easiness of benig; liiirl ; soreness.
TE'NDiNOUS, a. [tendineux, Fr.j full of tendons;
sinewy.
TE'NDON, s. \ttni(lo, Lat.j a sinew ; a ligature by which
the joints arc moved.
TENDRIL, s. \tcndrillon, Fr.] a spiral shoot or string, by
moans of which sonic plants support themselves against the
ailjacenl bodies. It is well kno\'vn in the pea and vine.
TE'NKBR^, orTE'NEBUKS, s. a service in the Romish
church, on Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday before
F^asler, in commemoration of Christ's agony in the garden.
TENEBRO'sn y, s. [tenebrosiis,hom (cHoi/tr, darkness,
Lat.l obscurity ; darkness ; gloom.
TE'NEBROUS, a. \t<ntOiasiis, from tenehrcr, darUness,
Lat.l dark ; obscure ; gloomy.
TENEMENT, s. [tenement, Fr.] properly signifies a
house ; but in a larger sense it is taken for any house, lands,
rent, or other thing which a person holds of another.
TENERITI'', one of the Canarv Islands, in Africa, about
45 miles long, and 20 broad, ll abounds in wine, ditlerent
sorts of fruits, cattle, au<l ;;ame. The air and climate are
healthful. Here is a niounlain, which, actordius to Dr.
Heberden, is 16,390 feet jbove ihe level of the sea, called
the Peak of Teuerift, and which may be seen 120 miles oft'
on a clear day. The principal town is Laguna. Latitude
of the Peak 28° 15' .38" N. Ion. IG" 45' .3.3' W.
TENE'SMUS, s. 'Lat.l a violent inclination to go to stool,
without being able to evacuate.
TENET, or TE'NENT,*. [from tenet, he holds, Lat.] an
opinion, position, principle, (logma, doctrine.
TENFOLD, a. ten times increased.
TE'NNIS, s. [supposed by Skinner to be derived from
tenez, stop, Fr. used by the French when they hit the ball]
a play in which a ball is struck by a racket.
TE'NON, «. [Fr.] the end of one piece of timber cut to
b.e fitted in another.
TE'NOR, ». [tcTwr, Lat. teneur, Fr.] continuity of state ;
general currency ; sense contained, or the general course
and drift of a discourse. In music, the mean or middle part,
between the treble and the bass. In law, the substance, or
true intent and meaning of a writing.
TENSE, a.[lensus, Lat.] stretched ; not lax.
TENSE, (TiME)t.|<em/w, Fr. from tempus, time, Lat.] in
grammar, is an inflexion of verbs, whereby ihey are made to
signify or distinguish circumstance of time, in what they
athrui. There are only three simple tenses oi- times : the
present, as //one ; the preterit, as I have loved; and the
future, / sImU, or will love.
TE'NSENESS, f. contraction ; tension ; the opposite to
laxity.
TE'NSIBLE, or TE'NSILE, a. [tensus, from tendo, to
stretch, Lat.] capable of being extended.
TE'NSION, Uenshnn) x. [Fr. from teiido, to stretch, Lat.]
the act oi'stTetchiiig, or state of being stretched.
TE'NSURE, s. the act of stretching, or state of being
stretched.
TENT s. \terae, Fr.] a temporary lodging-place for a
soldier, formed of canvass stretched upon poles ; a pavilion ;
a roll of lint put into a sore. A species of «ine (if a deep
red, imported from Gallicia in Spain ; from vino tinto.
Span.
To TE^^^, ». a. to put a roll of lint into a sore. Figura-
livelv, to search to the qaick.
TENTA'TION, *. \te7Uati0n, Fr. tmtacio, Lat] trial ;
temptation.
TE'NTATIVp;, a. attempting ; essaying ; trying.
TE'NTCHEOU, a city of China, of the first rank, in the
province of Chantong. It is built on the sea-shore, and
has a convenient harbour, and a strong garrison, wilhalleet
of ships to guard llie gulf.
TE'NTER, s. [tentus, fiom tendn^ to stretch, Lat.] a hook
on which any thing is slr;'!( lied. To hi: on tlifteiiteis, is lobe
on the stretch ; to he in suspense, or hi dilficulties.
TE'NIEUDEN, a town <if Kent, 24 niijes S. \V. of Can-
terbury, and /Jf) E. by S. of London. A market on Fri.lay
forcal'le an<l pedlar's ware.
'J'ENTIl.a. l^raMn, Sav.J ihe next after iheiiinlli; the
ordinal of ten. Substantively tin- t<Mitli part ; tithe. 'Ihe
Teitlli.sure that yearly portion whichall ecclesiastical livings
pav to the kiufj.
'rEN'rilLY, ml. in the tenth jilace.
TENTl'GINOUS, a. [from tenti^o, a. suffnoss, Lat.] stifT;
stretched.
TENUITY, s. [tinuiti, Fr. tenuitas, Lat.J thinness ; «len-
derness ; exility ; iiiiiiuleiH'ss.
TE'NUOUS, a.\tenuit, Lat.] thin; small ; minute ; sleij-
der ; exile.
TE'NURR, s. [Fr. from tnito, to Imld, Lat.] the manner
wlierj by tenements are holden of their lords.
TEPEFA'CTION, i. rtrinu tepeo, to be warm, and /«cio,
to make, Lat.jtheact of licating or making warm.
TF'PITj, n. itciiirlnx, Lat.| liikewaim.
TEPi'DrrY, v. lukewarmness.
TI'^POR, s. [Lat.] gentle heat ; lukewarmness.
Ti'lRATO'LOfi Y. J. [from terata, prodigies, and In^os, a
discourse, Gr] bombast ; aft'eclation of suhlimily.
TERCE, i. [tierces Fr.] a vessel conlainii;; the third part
of aluitl 01 pipe, or fortv-two wine gallons.
TKREUrNTHINATE, or TEREBI'NTHINE, >. \t4ri.
benthiw, Fr. terebenthinus, Lat.] consisting of turpentine ;
mixed with turpentine.
'I'oTE'REBRATE, V. a. [lerebro, Lat.\ to bore; to per-
forate ; to pierce.
TEREBRATION, *. the act of boring or piercing.
ToTKRGIVERSATE, (g soft)... a. [from terg„m, the
back, and verso, to turn, Lat.J to shuffle ; to quibble ; or
evade.
TERGIVERSATION, (g soft) s. the act of shuffling or
quibbling in an argument ; shift; subterfuge; evasion;
fickleness.
TERM, *. fterme, Fr. terminvs, Lat.] a limit or boundary ;
a word by which any thing is expressed ; a condition; a
limited time, or the time lor which any thing lasts. In law,
the time in which the tribunals are open to all that list to
complain of wrong, or to seek their right by course of law ;
the rest of the year is called vacation. Of these ^crm* there
are four in every year, during which matters of justice are
dispatched ; one is called Hilary term, which begins the
twenty-third of January, or, if that be Sunday, the next day
following, and ends the twenty first of February ; another is
called Easter /frm, which begins eighteen days after Easter,
and ends the Monday next after Ascension-day ; the third is
Trinity term, beginning the Friday next after Trinity Sun-
day, and ending the Wednesday fortnight after ; thefouitli
is Michaelmas <«m, beginning tlie sixth of November, or, if
that be Sunday, the next day after, and ending the lueiity-
cighth of November- In the Univcii-ity, that space of time
when the schools are opened, and the exercises for degrees
are performed, the intervals between which are called
vacations.
To TERM, V. a. to call or name.
TE'RMAGANT, n. [from <;/>■ and ?»«£■«», Sax.J turbulent ;
tumultuous; scolding; quarrel-onie ; fuiious.
TE'RM \GANT, s. a scold ; a brawling tnrliulent woman.
TE'RMINABLE, a. limitable ; that wlniits of hoiinds.
To TE'RM IN ATE, v. a. [terminer, Fr. termiiio. from te>--
ininns, a limit, Lat.] to bound, limit, or put an em! to.
Neuterly, to be limited, or end. To attain its end, u-ed
with in. .
TERMINATION, i. \terminatio, from terymnus. a limit,
Lat I the act of limiting or hounding : a bound or limit';
an end or conclusion. In grammar, the end of a «ord.
'lERMrNTHUS, s. \urmintlws, (;r.]a tumor.
TERPSrCHORE, {tnysicoree\ ,v. [Gr,] one of the nine
Muses to whom is attributed the invention of dancinsf.
R15
T l') R
TES
TE'RRA, <ti the EakTu, a. [I,af.] in Ihe Coiicniioaii sys-
tem, is tli»" third phiiiet in order t'lotn the sun. It is removed
at the immense distiince of ;il)oiit PO millions of miles from
that iiiniinary, aiT.i revolves roiuid him in UWJcl. 5li. -tfclm. 45^s.
which is lier tropical period ; hiit her sidereal and anomalis-
tic revolutions are,3(»d. Oh.Onr. 1 Is. one-tifth, and 3C5d(ili.
I5m.20js respectively. Her diajiieler is about 7964 miles,
and circumference 25,020; hut, if seen from the .Sun, she
would appear nnder an angle of only 17", as is sufficiently
manifest from the two Iraiisils of \'cnus in 1761, and 176;).
She turns round her axis in 2.3li. .""iSm. 4s. hut the natural day
or tliat caused by the sun, is 24 hours at a mean rate. The
place of her aphelion, anno 1800, was in 9" 32' 39" of Ca-
pricorn, having a progressive motion of about 1*^ 49' 10" in
160 years. .She has no nodes, her annual path, called the
Ecliptic, being the slaiulard by which the deviation of the
other planets therefrom are measured. The eccentricity of
her orbit is 168 out of 10,000 of those parts into which lier
distance from the Sun is supposed to be divided ; and the
«quationof her orbit 1° 6.5' 52". She hasalsoa satellite or
utuon revolving round her; for particulars of which, see
Moon. — That the Ikirth is not at rest in the centre of llie
universe, as many have imagined, having all the celestial
bodies moving round her every day, or thereabouts, may b<'
proved from their vast distance, and also conseipient su|ierior
magnitude. (See Stab.) The great distance of the Sun
fron. the Karth is so evidfjnt, as hardly to need any demon-
siralion; for it i; ui-.iilieniatically certain, from the two
transits already nienl:oned, that the parallax of the Sun does
not much (if at all)exceed 8s. six tenllis. Norcan the deter-
mination ot so small an angle be sidyect to any material error
from the method by which it was asceitained ; for it neces-
sarily follows from the duration of the transit of 1769 being
observed to be 23m. lOs. shorter at Otalieite than it was at
Wardhus. Now it is not analogous to any thing we know
in nature, that a liody so much larger than the Earth, and at
such a vast distance, as the sun necessarily must be from the
snudlness of his parallax, should revolve round the Karth in
24 hours ; which must he the case, if he moves round her
at all, for his motion can only be either apparent or real.
But without adiHitling the earth's annual motion, the dd-
ferent phvenoraena of the celestial bodies cannot be account-
ed for in any credible manner; for how much more reiisr.n-
able is it to allow that the stationary and retrograde appear-
ances of the planets are only caused by the Karth's aiuuial
motion, (especially when, allowing such a motion, they can
be mathematically demonstrated to move round the .Sun in
orbits nearly circular,) than to suppose that the Sun, accom-
panied with the planets as satellites moving round him, and
these planets again with their respective satellites moving
round their pi imaries in staled periods, should all l>e carried
round the Earth in the course of about a day ! 'Ilmt the
Earth turns round her axisiscouse(pienl upon the admission
of her annual motion ; but we will otter an argument in its
favour drawn from the daily pha-urimena of the fixed stars.
It is known that they c(in>tanllv keep the same relative po-
sitions with respect to each othi r, which is a presiunptive
argument in favourof llieir being-fi\ed b idies. They more-
over all appear to make a compl'le circuit round the north
and south poles of the heavens every 23li. .'56m. 4s. which is
preciselj the time which the Karth takes in moving round
)ier axis, if she has any such motion at all. But what adds
the last degree of certainty to the above arguments is, that
the north and south pob s of the Karth are exact'y directed
tothi- norlliand south poles of the heavens, (he equator of
the Karlli to Ihi' I'ipiatorof the llea^ens, the circles of lati-
tude and longitude on t!)e Earth to their corresponding ones
In the heavens, Ac. <\c. f(u' a proof of which take the fol-
Kiwing olscrvation of astrononirtrs, thiit the iMindier of dc-
j«rocsand minutesa lixed star is from either pole (d' the hea-
vens, so many digreciand ininute.s precisely mint be the si-
liialionof that place fromeillicr oole of llieterracpieousglohe
fliroujh the /"uilli of wliich the siiid star will every day
ptbi 'i'hercfore tlie Kartb has an annual motion, and like-
tiM
wise revolves round her "xis. Q.. E. 1). 7 ■ rm Firmn, liv
g<?OiCrapby, is sometimes u.sed for a contim ol, Lu contra-
distinction to islands. I'nic nunlna, or dumnnta, anionj;
chymists, ii that earthy part, or thick drossy matter, that
remains alter the distillation ol a mineral bodv.
TET.RACE, or TERRAS, i.l<e>Taf«, Er. ierrttno, Ita!.] a
bank or walk of elevated earth covered with gravel or grass;
the <iat roof of a house.
TKRK.'EFILIUS, (.SON of the earth,) j. a student of
the university of Oxford, appointed, in public acts, to
make .jesting and satirical speeches against the members
thereof.
TE'URA 1)1'"K FUKGO, the appellation of several islands
at the southern extremity of America They received their
name from a volcano in the largest of them. T buy are bar^i
rcn and mountainous.
TE'KIIA ElUiMA, Nf.w Castile, or Castile del
Oro, a vast extent of country in South Amerita, extending
almost from the equator to 12. 18. N. lal. and from6l. 20. to
80. \V. Ion. It is divided into the follow iug large districts,
whicbare sid)drvided into smaller jurisdictions; 'TerraFirraa
Pro|)er, orl^arien, Carthagena, St. Martl.a, Itiodela Hacha,
Venezida, Caraccas, New Granada, Faria, I'opayan, Quito,
and Crtinana. It is subject to Spain.
'JERK AQUEOUS, o. [from trim, the earth, and aqua,
water, Lat.J consisting of laud and water.
IKRRIvBLUE, t. Iterreuiid bku. Fr.J a slight, loose, frv-
able kind of lapis arnienus.
TERRK N V,, a. ffroni terra, the earth, Lat.] earthy.
TKKlll/STKIAL, n. [ten-eitris, from terra, the earth,
Lat.J earthly ; belonging to the earth ; earthy.
TR'HRKAT.RTl, 1. [Fr.J a sorr of earth. "
1 E'RRIBLE, (/. [Fr. terribilis, from terreo, to terrify, Lat.J
<lreadful; frightful; formidable; violent or great so as to
offend.
Tl'2 RRIBLI'.NESS, «. frighttuhiess ; dreadfulness ; formi-
dahli'iiess.
'ir.niUHLY, ad. dreadfully; frightfully ; formidably;
violenllv.
'FiyilRII'.R, .'. [Fr.J a dog that follows hi» game under
ground ; a survey or register of land. An auger, a wimble
or borer, from terehro, to bore, Lat.
■^rK.RlU'FIC, a. [from terror, fear, and fncio, to make,
Lat.J cau>ing terror ; dreadful.
To TE'URI FY, v. a. [from teiror, fear, and facia, to make,
Lai.jtoatiect vwth terror, to make afraid ; to frigliten.
TE'RRITORY, f. [>e)WfoiVf, Fr.J in geography, aii exient
or compass of land, within the bounds, or belonging to the
jurisdiction, of any state, city, or other division of a
couiilrv.
TE'RROR, s. [terror, from teiren, to terrify, Lat. terreur,
Fr.J fear caused by the sight or appieheiision of some dan-
gerous object ; the cause of for.
TFRSI'-, a. [irrsus, from Uro, to wear, Lat.J smooth, ap-
plied to surface. Harmoniously elegant without ponipous-
ness, applied to stv le.
TK'R'T'IAN, (tcrsliian) s. [tertiatta, from, tertiut, the third,
Lat.J an ague intermitliug two days and having one fit on
the third.
TK'SSELLATKD, a. [IVom tessella, a small stjnare, I.at.1
variegated by squares. TisseUatril partmeuis aie nrade or
curious square marble, bricks, or tiles, called teiseltr, from
their resembling dice.
TKST, s. [trsla. Ital] the cupel by which refiners try
their metals. Kigurativ( Iv, trial (jr examination ; the means
of trial ; that w itii w liich any llirng is comparetl as a stand-
ard ; jiidi^inenl or disliuclion. Test oc/ is a statute, 25 Car.
II. cap. 2. which requires all officers, civil and military, to
take the oaths and test, viz. the s;icrament according to the
rites and ceremonies of the <hui<h of Knglaud ; ftir the ueg-
lect w hereof a person ex<cuting any otllcc mentioned in that
statute foifeils M{\£.
TESTA CEOUS, «. {from UMa, a shell, L»t.J cowigtim; or
r 7. T
THA
mwtle of sliell ; having eontiiuious shells, opjiOocd Jo
CIIISlHCCOUS.
TIVSTAM T/NT. *. f Fr. testiwifntiim, from tcstor, to testify,
1,;(t.]is an act of tlic last will of a person, wlierehy lie
<li!»posesofliis estate, <tc. There are two soils of wills, one
in writiiis, and one in \M)r(ls, which is called a Nuncupa-
tive Will; hut t'liis is not fjood incase of lands, which are
only devisahle l>y u testament in writin;f, executed in the
life^tinieof the testator. It is likewise the name of each of
the volumes of Holv Scriiiture.
TESTA MI'/N'rAllY, «. \teslammtaire, Fr. lestamentarins,
from trotiir, to testify, Lat.] Iielonjjing to a will or testament ;
heing in the manner of a testauient ; given hy, or contained
in, a will.
IT/ii'i'ATE, a. [from tesinr, to testify, Lat.J having made
a will.
TESTATOR, s. \testMenr, Fr. from testor, to testify, Lat.]
a man wlio uiaUt ,~ or leaves a will.
'J'l'.STA'TlUX,.'. a woman who leaves a will.
TK'S1"I']R, s. [teste, or the, Fr. this coin beinpf probably
distinguished by the head stamped upon it] a silver coin va-
lued at six-pence. The head or cover of a bed.
TE'STICLE, t. [testicnliis, Lat.] in anatomv, a double
part in male animals, serving for generation. The testicles
are two in number, of an oval or egg-like figure, and are
contained in a peculiar bag, called the scrotum.
TESTICULAR, a. belonging to the testicles.
To TESTIFY, V. 11. [from testis, an evidence, and faeio,
to make, Lat. | to witness, prove, or give evidence. Actively,
to witness or give evidence of any point.
TE'STILY, «</. pccvishlv ; fretfully; morosely.
TESTIMONIAL, s. |Fr. teslimuuium, from testor, to tes-
tify, Lat.J a writing wherein a person's character is sup.
ported by those who subscribe it, and which is produced by
a person in his own favour.
TE'STIMONV, s. Itestimnnimn, from testor, to testify, Lat.]
evidence or proof ; an open attestation or profession.
Tril'STINESS, s. peevishness; tretfulness; moroteness.
TESTY, a. [tcatie, Fr.] fretful ; inclined to anger ;
peevish.
TE'TRURY, a pretty good town of Gloucestershire, with
a handsome market-house, and a considerable tiade : the
niaiket is large for corn, cattle, cheese, malt, yarn, wool,
and provisions. It is 25 miles E. N. E. of Bristol, and 99
W. of London. Market on Wednooday.
I'ETCHY, a. a corruption o( lesti/ or touchy.
'1 ETE A TETI\ s. [Fr.] cheek by .jowl ;7ace to face ;
close and familiar converse or correspondence.
TE'THER, .?. see Tedder.
TLTRAGON, «. [from tetra, four, and agon, a corner,
Or.J in geometry, a general name for any four-sided
(igure — as, a square, paralleirram, rhombus, or trapezium.
TETUA'GONAL, a. [fioui tetra, lour,, and agon, a corner,
Gr.] four so'iare.
TETRAPETALOUS, «. [from «eira. four, and prtahn,
■i flower leaf, Gr.] consisting of four petals or flower-
icave.i.
TE'TRARfH, [titrark) s. [from tetra, four, and nrc/,e,
government, Gr. tctrarclm, Lat. tdrarque, Fr.] a person
governiu'.; th»^ fourth part of a province.
TI'VTR \RCHY, ttetmrl/y) s. [from tetra, four, and arc/ie,
government, Gr.l (he jurisdittion of a letrarch.
TETRA'STICK. s. ftVom tetra, four, and ttiehot, averse,
Grjanepijjraii: comoosed of four verses.
TEril A'S TY LE, s. [from tetra, four, and stylos, a column,
Gr.J in architecture, a building witli four columns both in
front and rear.
TETRl'Cri'Y, s. [teirinias, from tetrieus, surly, Lat.]
surliness ofcountenance ; severity ; harshness.
TE'TRICIOUS, a. \tetrivus, Lat.] froward, perverse,
sour.
TE'TTER, s. [<e(«r. Sax.] a scab, ringworm, scurf.
TE'TUAN, a town of Fez, in Africa. The dress of both
«e\es here is much alike. The shops in the oity are very
small, being without doors ; and the owner, when be ^lat
opened the shutlers, jumps in, and sits oro£s-l<gg<^«n jk
counter, the goods being di:*posed in drawers round about
him, and all the customers stand in the street. .Ship*
from Gibraltar come to victual here. It is lOK.iuibfs N. by
W. of Fez, and 28 S. E. of laiigiers. Lat. 36. 27. N. lou. i,
ati. w.
TEUTONIC, «. sr)mething belonging to the Teutons, aft
antient people of (ierniany, inhabiting chiefly akin^ tl^
coasts of the German ocean. Thus, the Teutonic tanj^wipe is
the antieni liinguat;e of Germany, which is ranked a|iioi:g tllC
mother toiigiR's. The Teutonic in now called the German or
JJutch, and is distiiignished into Uppei and Lower. U'be.Up-
per has2 notable dialects. 1. The Scandian, Danish, or (Xir-
iiaps Gothic ; to which belong tlie languages spoken in Den-
mark, Norway, Sweden, and Iceland. 2. The Saxon, tp
which belong the several languages of the English, .Scott,
Frisian, and those on the N. of the Elbe. To the Lower be-
long the Low Dutch, Flemish, &c. spoken iu the Nether-
lands.
TE'WKESBURY, a pretty large, beautiful, and populo,i|s
town of Gloucestershire, long celebrated for its mustard,
but, at present, its principal manufacture is that of cotton
stockings. It is pleasantly seated at the confluence 4jf
tlie Severn and Avon, 10 miles N. of (jloucester, and 102
^\ . N. W. of London. Market on Wednesday and Saturday.
TEX EL, a town of the United Provinces, inN. Ilollana,
al ihe mouth of the Zuvder-Zee, with a good harbour. ,It
is -rilled in an island, which is separated from the continent
of Holland by a narrow channel, through which most of tl»e
ships pass that are bound to Amsterdam. Lat. 5.3. ^8. N.
Ion 4. 51. E.
'YVJL'V,s.\texte,¥r.textus, Lat.] that on which a eom-
nient is made or written ; asenteuceof Scripture, so called
because written in antient manuscripts in lext, or a (argijc
hand than the notes, which were written in small characters.
'I'E'XTILE, a. [Fr. lextiUs, Uom (<'.ro, to weave, Lat.J
woven : capabW of being wove.
TEXTHINE, a.\textri)ui, from te.ro, to weave,- Lat,], ^p»
lating to weaving. " 'I'ertrine art." Derham.
TE'XTUARIST, or TEXTUARY, j. \te<vtuaire, ,Vf.],*
divine well skilled in the original language of scripture.
TE'XT'IRE, s. [lextura, fiom te.w, to weave, Lat.J the^a^i
of weaving with respect to form, matter, or stuff; ,di»pQ»
sition or combination of parts.
THA'LIA, i. one of the nine Muses, to whooi.the poeti
ascribe the invention of geometry and husbandry.
THAME. See Tame.
THAMES, (Te>ns) a large navigable river of England^
which rises in Cotswould hills, in Gloucestershire. After
receiving several smaller streams in its passage, it falls iut<<
the British Channel. It has its name from the conjunction of
the Thaine and Isis. On its banks, London, the metropolii-
of the British empire, is situated.
THAN, ad. [tlianne, Sax.] a particle used after a compa-"
rative adjective, and placed before the thing compared.
THASIE, i. \thegn. Sax.] an old title of houour, equiva.
lent to that of a baron. 1
THA'NET, an island of the county of Kent, surrounded by
the sea, except on the N. E. side, where it is bounded by tM
branches of Ihe river Stour, now inconsiderable to wlial they
were formerly. It contains several villages, and the seat
port towns of Margate and Rams^'ate. It has the title of iwi
earldom.
To thank, v. a. [thanhen, Teur. tlianman. Sax.] to ac-
knowledge and express obligations for favours received, n
THANKFUL, a. \tlianr/„l, Sax.J grateful; ready to ao»
knowledge a favour or obligation. ■
TH.VNKFULLY. «rf. gratefully ; in a manner that ac-
knowledges a favour received.
THA'NKFULNESS, «. acknowledgment of aifavour «.■-
ccived ; gratitude.
TH.VNKLESS.n. unthankful ; ungrateful, N )t dcseiV:
ini^, or not likely to give thanks.
Tn E
TH F,
THA'NKr-ESSNESS, *. failure to acknowledge good re-
ceivt'd ; iii^rvitinidc.
TH AN KOrFtRlNG, J. offering paid In acknowledgment
ofniercv.
i fJ \\KS, s. seldom used in (he singular; [thankaa. Sax. J
a verbal ;nUii(i\vled^int-nt of a favour received ; distin-
guished tr<»ti gt iititiirle, which is a deep sense of a favour re-
ceived, and a strong uulination to lepay, or an actual repay-
Bieiit of it.
THANKS(iTVlNG, s.lhat part of divine worship wherein
we acknowled^je ln-nftils received.
'J'H \'NK\V011TH V, It. deserving gralitu(ie; meritorious.
THAT, pnm. [lhatn, Golh. t/iaet.Sii\.\ Ihv other, opposed
to Ms ; which, «li.Mi applied to soinclhiiig •joing liefore ,
who, applied to some person mentioned liefore S elinies
it is used inslead of a whole sentence going before, lo save
a repetitio'i of the same words. Followed hy is, such as.
That winch. The tiling What was then. Sometimes it is
Ksed to express eminence. When tins and tliat ri-lale to
foregoing words, this is leferred to the latter, and that lo
the foi-rner. In that, is an a Iverbial expression for — as
being.
TH.\T, eow;. because. Sometimes it is used to express
a consequence, indication, or final end.
THATCt^j. [(/'«cf, straw, Sax. J straw, Arc. laid as a
covering on the lop of a Imuse.
To THATCH, v. a. [t/imaim. Sax.] (o cover a roof «illi
straw, reeds, <Sc.
rHA'TCHER, s. <ne whose trade is to cover houses
WJlli straw. , r , ■ r
To TH \W, ti. n. [t/iHicmi, Sax. I to melt alter being lio-
xen. Actively, to melt any tiling frozen.
TH \W, s lupiefMctionof aii\ tliiiii cimgealed.
TH \ XTl'D, a town of '-.ssex, seated near the source of
', the Clieliner, -an miles N. W. of Chelmsford, and 43 N. F,.
'of Limdon. .M.I kel on Friday.
THE, nr<!c/e. ['/e, Bel-;.] the a' tide denoting a particular
thin"-. When it is used bdorp an adjeclive, it signifies col-
lection or inanv : as, <Af ^mid ; the rit^hteo)4S : it generally
occurs before nouns in the iihiral niimlier. In verse, wlieii
it comes before a vowel, the e is someliines cut off. "Th'
adorning the." CuwIpi/. Bcfoie a participle of the present
tense, it^sheus that it is used as a sulislaiilive. When it
comes before c.'/if)-, the A and e are both sometimes cut off;
as, t' iither. ,11 ■ ■ I
THE'\T1NI''S, is a religious order, in the Komisli church,
so c;il!e(l fioin their principal founder, J-din Peter Carafla ;
then bishop of 'Flicate, orChleli, intlie kingdom of Naples,
and afterwards pope, under the irame of P.iiil IV.
THE'ATIIK, (thialer) s. \thiatie. Vr. theatrum, Lat.) a
plav house; a |)lace rising bv steps like a stage.
TIIEATKIC. or THEX'TlilCAL, «. becoming a play-
house ; belon^iini; to the stage.
THRBAID, a large co.uitrv of Upper Egypt, reaching
from Fhim to I he Red Sea. It is Ihe least (ertile, and the
tiiinnest of peo|)le.of any province in Ki;ypl, being lull of
deserls, and celebrated tor the releat of a gr<al iiiiiiibcr of
ChrLsli'iMs «lio lived here in a solitary niHniier. It is now
iniuilfited by Arabs, great enemies lo the 'Furks, and thieves
bv profts,iiin. ^ V • .
THKRho, fno\\ Thiva, or Srinkts,) ;tn antient and ce.
lebraled town of Greece, inl.ivadi.i, with a bisliop'ssee. It
was formerb ver\ l.rge, and vet is three miles in circumfe-
rence, bill f-.cll of ruins. It ciuitains 4 or 5(H»0 inhab'laiils,
who are h If Turks aii<l half Ciiristians. It is no- famous for
« fine soM of >v|iile cla' , of hIwcIi ihev make bowls for |)ipes
after the 'Fiirkisli lash on. 'Fhe\ are luver biiiiit, lint dry
uatinalb , and be<i.me ;is bard as a sloiie. It is 'iS miles W.
IS W. of Athens, andSyoS. W. of Conshiiil,no|.le.
THF-F,, the obliipie case siii:;tilar of 7'/i»ii ; fioni the, ^.<x.
llie olilioice <ase of M", Sax.
THEF'F. ». the act of feloniously and iiiihiu fully taking
«wav auolUer person's goods ; stealing ; the lliiiig stolen.
^ IMS
THEFT-BOTE,*, in law, the abetting a thief, by receiT-
ing the goods that be steals.
THEIR, {there) jtron. [theora, Sax. J of them ; in their po*.
session; belonging to flieni. TAcirs is used when any thing
comes between the possessive and the substantive.
THEM, the oblique case of tltey ; from him, dative plural
of /if. Sax.
THEME, s. [Fr. thema, Gr.] a subject on which a person
speaks or writes ; a short essay on any .subject; the original
word whence others are derived.
THKMSE'LVES, ;;ron. [the plural of Aim and telf\ these
very persons.
THEN, ad. [than, Goth, and Sax. dan, Belg.| at that
time ; afterwards, or immediately after any ait on men-
tioned ; therefore, or for this reason ; in that case. Nnw mid
then, at one time and another. That time, when used
afler<i//.
THENCE, ait. from that place or time; for that rea$on<
TH NCEFO'RTH, ad. from that time. It should not be
used with finm.
TH'' .\CEK.)'IIWARD, orf on from tb:it time.
THEOCRACY, J. [thencratie, Fr from Theot. God, and
kratin, goveriiiiient, (ir.^ government iniiiiediately superin-
tended bv (iod.
THEOCRATICAL, a. [thiucratique, Fr.J relating to a
governmenl adminislereil by Cioit.
THEO'DOi.lT!'., .«. an instrument used in surveying land,
and lakiiig heights and distances.
THE()i,<)(il -.N, or THEO'LOGIST, *. Itheolo^ieti, Fr.
from Thei's. (iod, and logos, a discourse, Gr.] a professor of
dinniiv ; a'diviiie.
I HIAHX) ii\C\L. a. \thenlos:in,s. La t. from Tlieot. God,
and lo^os, a discourse, Gr.J belonging to the science of
divinity.
'FIlEoLO'GIC.AM-Y, arf. according lo the principles of
Iheolosv .
THEOLOGY, *. \the,drgie. Fr. fiom Thcos, God, and
/o^oj, a discourse, Gr. i divinity ; a science ^^llich teaches
the knowledge of God aiidclivine things.
THEONIANCV, *. [from 77/™, God, and vmiiteia,
divination, Gr.] a kind of divination by calling on llie name
of God.
TIIEO'RBO, s. tiorb; Ital. tuorbe, Fr.] a large lute used
in plaviii'; a ihoroiii^h bass.
THEOREM, s [thioriiiie, Fr. from theoreo, to contem-
plate, Gr.] a proposition laid down as an acknowledged
truth.
FH EORETIC M., TH FOR ETIC, or THEO'RIC A 1 , m.
Ithioiitii/iie or thcnriqiie, Fr. from theiiri-o, to cunteuiplate,
Gr. I li'loiiijiiig to theory ; specidative.
THE'ORIST.i. one wlin forms or inainlains a particular
theory, one skilled in spei uliillon.
TH ''.'ORY, *. [thiiirie, Fi.l'ioiii theoreo to contemplate,
iir.theuna, Lat ]speculalloii, opposed lo piatlice ; system,
plan, s< he'iie.
I'HER.APEl'TlCa \tliiriipeiitiqiie, Fr. from Mtropiio, to
cure, (jr. I cnralive ; seiiative ; leacniiig the cure of
diseases.
THERE, orf. \thar, Sax. thai, Goth, der, Dan. I in lliat
place, opposed ti^ here ; an exclaiiiiitioii ilirccling somelhiiig
a' a distance. At ilie beyimiiiig of a sentence, it generally
causes the nominative c.ise lo be placed alter Ihi- verb,
and is borrowed Irom i7 i/ a, Fr. In composition, it niear^
Mr//
TllEREAROl' !', or THE RKABOL'FS, «rf. ,wnr ihsi.
plac/'. niMiibei, ipiii (it\ , or slate ; i ou/-eiiiiiig lliat malier.
IHEKEA F'FKR.arf. after that ; according to that; ac-
c/irdiUidv.
'l'I|i:i!EA'T, nrf ai that ; on that account ; at thai place.
'I'HERI'.BY', iirf. l/y means of thai ; in conscgueiue oi
lh;i'.
rilKREFORE, /»//. for ilwt ; for this ; for this reason;
coiiscipii'iillv ; inicli/iii tor this.
THEUEl'llOM, arf.from that . from this.
TH I
r(lF.RF,!'N,*'Z. inlliiit; in this.
TIlKilKlNTO, «rf. into tliiil.
Tin.Kl.OF.nrf of lliiit; oftliis.
tiii:hi:i;<), .,r thekiun ro, no. to that.
TIIIIKEU I'O'N, uil. upon ilmt ; in consequence of
thiit.
THr.REWI rH, ad. WwU tliJl : ininic.liiitelv.
THi:i{ I WITHAL, «(/. ever ;ind al.ove ; with that; at
the same liiiie.
TIIEKIA'CA, or TIjERlACE, s. treacle : any medicine
against poisdii, or tlie bites of venomous animals.
THE'RM.E, s. [Lat.J aititicial hot baths ninch used by
the KonuiMs.
THKRMOI.AMP, <. a hinip which burns by means of
intlammablt' air.
TIIEH.MOMETKR. i. \thermi,mttrie, Fr. from thermo",
heat, aii(i mrtnm. a measure, Gr.J an instrument tor nieaju <-
inj{ the heat of iiir or a-iv matter.
THEH.MOAllVrRICAL, a. [from thermoii, heat, 3t,d
melron, a nieasuie, Cir. | relaliiij; to the measure of heat.
TflESE, {rheez ) prou. [phiral. of T/iis] when opposed to
those, these rehites to the persons or thinffs last nienlxmed,
and tlinse to Iik' first.
THE'.Sl.S, .(-.ffioin tithemi, to pnt or suppose, Gr. I a posi-
' '. - . . ao'
to be deticlfd by lofjicai arijumenlation.
tion; a subject to dispute upon; a proposition advanced
THE'SPIS, the name of the supposed inventor oT tragedy,
who llotirished bbii years before Clirist.
TUKTFORD, a town in Norfolk, s.ated on the Little
Ouse, where the Lent assizes for the county are kept. 'I he
river, which here divides Sullolk frnui Norfolk, »•. navigable
froiM Lynn Rrjjis ; and a ji<un\ deal of wool condting is
carried on lier<'. It is 30 miles .S. S. Iv of King's-Lynn,
and 80 N. E. of Loinlon. Market on Saturday.
TilElJRGY, (/;■ soft) i. [from TAfiif, Ciod. and er/^-ao, to
>(VOrk, (jr.] the power of doing supernatural things by lawful
means, as hy prayer to God.
'J'HEY, ill the oblique case thon; the I'lural oi he or
the.
THrBET. or Tanoxt, a kiiii;(loni of Chinese Tartary,
ID Asia, h;iviu^ China on the E. .Ava on llie S. Mogulstan
on the W.aiid Calmuc Tartary on iheN. tl is ivided into
two parts, Tan^jul Pro er and Thibet ; the jatter is the pa-
trimony of Dal.ii Daiiia, the soveieign pontiO of the Tartars.
He is reverenced as a god, he nn supposed to know the
secrets ot the heart. lie s.d.iles nobody, Unf . ven S'lvereign? ;
he only uls his haiiil on their heads, .uid tliev imagine their
sins are blotted nut.
THICK, «. [ihtvce. Sax. i/iietur, isl.]the opposite of thin ;
jross or dense. ( Jreat in cireuiiifeienee, opposed to slender.
Mnddv, or not liaosnan nt, a|>plied to liquors. Frequent, or
in quirk suet essioii. CI ise, or crowded. Coarse. Without
arti< ulaleness, applieil lo sp'-ei h.
THICK, .«. that pail or time when a lliing is thickest.
Thick ««(/</»'«, iHiiw iihst.iiidiuji an\ obstavles or inconve-
niences T/iick nud tlireefiild, many.
To TIH'l KKN 1'. a. to make thick or close ; to condense ;
to stienj;then ; to make close or n nieroMs. Neu<erly, lo
gniw ihi( k, dense, muddv, close, or nuiin irou.s.
THI'CKi-r, s. \thivcetti,^A\.\ a cUise knot, or tuft of
trees; a cl('»e wi>od orcopp'ce.
THICKLY, lid. closely ; dee4)ly ; in "reat quantiiv.
THICKNESS, .5. the opposile of thinness; closeness;
largeness in ciirumlVritice ; coarseness; density.
THICKS KT, «. close planted.
THIEF, {Umf) s fiduial thieves; theif. Sax.] one who
privately takes awav ihe p opeitv of aiiollier; an excres-
cence ill the siiuti of a caiid e, which, if neglected, would
»oon consume it.
To TH lEVK, (ikeere) v. ti. to lake away Ihe property of
another unlawfully.
TillE'V Ei\,)[ , (tlvsivery) a. tlie practice of stealing; the
thin;; stolen.
6 Q
THl
THIE'VISFI, {t/teevish) a. given to Stealing; piactis'ng
theft ; sly ; si cret.
'I'HIE'VISHLY, {theevishly) ad. in a thieving manner; like
a thief
THIE'VISHNI'SS, {theivishness) «. a disposition or inclina-
tiou to siealinif ; habit id stealing.
THIGH, (Mi) J (</»■<//,, Sax] all that part of the human
frame bitw iii ihe bullocks ami tin- Knee.
THILL, s. [ihillc, a piece of timber cut, .Sax.] ihe shafts or
arni.s <)■ Wood between whuh a hoise is placed in a car' lage ;
hence l/iill or thiller hiirse, the horse that yoes between the
shafts.
THIMPjLE, s. [Minshew supposed it corrupted from
thimii) btlly.\ inelal cover placed on ihe tip i>f the mid finder
to presiMve it Ironi the needle whin sewing.
TH I iM E, ifime, s. See Th Y M E.
THIN, a. [lliDin, Sax] the contrary to thick ; rare, op-
posed to dense ; not (lose; separated by lar;4e inlerstices ;-
small, applieil to sound; lean* or shin; not coarse; not
abe.unil ng. .Adverbially not thitkly.
To THIN, V a. to make thin or rare , to make less close
orniimeious ; to attenuate.
THINK, wun. [theiii, Goth, thiv. Sax.] belonging to or
relating lo lliee. It is used for thy, when the'substantive
is divided from it ; as this shareis thine, for this is thy share.
It is placed before a word beginning with a vo\\el.
THING, i' fMiJig-, Sax. rfiHff, Relg.] whatever is. Some-
times opposefl to a iierson,il signifies an inanimate substance.
When applied to persons, it implies vontempt and pity.
To THINK I). II. preter. thviight ; Uhenceau, '»ax. thank-
gaii, Goth.] to consider any thing in the mind ; to reason ;
tojiidge or conelude ; to intend; tomedilale. To recollect
or (diserve, used with vpim. Actively, to entertain in the
mind, conceive, or imagine. To think much of, is to grudge.
Tothinkscirrnfdly of, is to disdain. .SvNON. We Mini qui-
etly and orderlv, to be thoroughly acquainted with our ob-
ject. We study with inquietude, and v<ithoiit order, to
attain our wisnes. We muse deeply, to pass the time
agreeably.
THINKER, i. one who thinks deeply.
THINKING,*, imagination ; cogitation; judgment.
THI'NLV, ad. not thickly ; poorly, leanly, applied to the
appearance of a person.
THI'N.N l;SS, 5. the quality of not beins; gross; Ihe quality
of not being of a good substance, applied to cloth, &c.
teniiitx ; paucity ; scarceness.
THIT)NVILLE, a considerable town in the department
of Moselle, once the residence of the kings of Anstrasia. It
is advaulagiousK sen ted on the river Moselle, ovei which it
has a biidge, defended by a horn-work ; and is 14 miles
N. of Metz, and 195 N.N. E. of Paris. Lat. 49. 21 J. N.
Ion. 6. ^^^h■ E.
THIKD. n. [Ihrithiha, Sax.] the next afler the second.
Used as a subslaiilive, it implies the third part ; the sixtieth
part of a second.
THrHDIi()ROrGH,j.annni|prcoiistaL!e.
THrnnLY, ad. ill the third place.
To THIRL, »'. rt. f//j»7((/H, Sax.] to pierce ; to perforate.
It is MOW pronounced and wiitleii tl.iill.
THIRSK, orTiti!t:sK, a t<'wn in the N. Riding of York-
shire, with a market on Monday. It is a small place, for-
merly noted for its strong castle, and it iiov. smdi, I » o niem-
bns t.. 1 aril^nient. It is 20 miles N. W. of York and irtJO
N. by W. of London.
THIRST, s. [thyrst, Sa*.] the pain suffered for want of
drink. I igioatiyely, an eager or vehement desire.
To THIRST, V. 71. Hhyr-'tan, Sax.) to be iineasv for want
of drink. Figuratively, to have a vehement desire, followed
hy after. ,
TH rR^'lIi.Y, ad. wanting moisture.
THTRSTINESS, s. a strong desire to drink ; want of
moistuie : drvness.
THl'RS'l \,a.\thurstig. Sax.] dry ; troubled with drought;
■vchcDieutiy dcsiiou.s.
S48
T H <J
THn
1 HIHTE'EN, «. \theotine, ?ax.] rtie-mmibet immetlhrteiy
full':"ii'u twelve : ifi) ami linee.
T!J!RT!7K.NTH, «. llie ordinal of lliirtecn.
TIM'UTIEni. (I. ilieoKlinitluCtliiriy.
THl'ilTV.f.'. tliiKf tfii.
TilJS, iiioii. \i!ii.i, Siix.] that wliidi is now present, or
mentionen. Atltr Lut, t!ie next ;im1 no niovf. Followed iiy
a word denotiiiij time, the liisl p.ist. h is often muioM d So
ihtt, whith, when (hev rs-liT to ;\ fbrnier sentence, rt?'s le-
iatPs to ilie latter, inid M^if follie first nieniiier.
THi'STLK, 4', [tliistel Siix.| in hotmn, the carri:ius of
Lir>i!«;i!s. It isi h yenos of pliiiils willi com pom id flowers,
"(1is.li!)suished fVoni the others h\ ils Oitt hairy ri • nuttle.
'fhtife lire lOBrili^ti species, idl of\\hich flower in jiun- <.nH
Juiv. St. Barnaby's ihiMle is a species of iem:iuiea with
veJiow l)ioss<^ms, fioweriiifc in Julv, and found isi lied;;* s.
'Order of the Tfiutlc. or of St. J;i(/mc, a n'ililiiry order of
UniHhJl'ood ill Scotiiind, the rise and instihitioii whereof is
Vaiioiislv related. 'Ciie chief and princi|ial ensign i? a pold
collar composed of ihisllcs and sprigs of nie, iiileilinked
%villi amnlets of gold, liaviii;; pendent thereunto the iiiiaj;e
of St. Andrew, vsiih his cross, and the motto, Nemo iw. im-
pmu I'nressit.
THi'STI.Y, 0. overgrown with tliislles.
THITHER, nrf.[<A!«7(er, Sax.] to that place; to that end
or poini.
THlTHIsRWARD, ad. toward that place.
TliLI'PSIS,*. (from r/-'i7'e, to press, Gr.| is a compression
of the stomach from food, which is offensive only by its
quaiilily ; or from a conflux of iinmours, void of acrimony,
into that part.
THO', contracted forTHOCGH.
THO'MAS, St. ai; island of AlVic?., lyinf! in 0. 19. N. lat.
and C. 424. E. Ion. It was disco\< red in 1460, and heloiigs
to the PortiiKucsc. It is almost round, and isaboui30 miles
in ciiciiinfereiice.
THOMAS, St. an island of the West lnd)fs, fhe princi-
pa1df the "Virf ;n islands, alu iil 18 miles in circlimfercncp.
Tt abounds with millet, manioc, i olatoes, and most sorts of
tViiils and horiiaue, es()eciallv simar mid lobarco. It belongs
to llie Dutch. l.al. IS. -i?. N.!oii.6'. 52. \V.
'1'HONG, i. \t/iiciii,g. Sax 1 a strap or string of leather.
THOll, «. in niythold'ry, an idol of the antient Saxons,
ivhich was worshipped on the Tliinsilav
Thorax «. \Gr. thmax, Lai.l the chest ; or that part
ef an animal body beginning at the neck bone, and ending
ax The diaphi;!^'"'
'niORA'ClC, a. [from thorax, Lat.] belonging to llie
1)reast.
TliO'RAL, n. [from thorut, Lat.J relafin;; to the bed.
*' ?'/;r')-«/M'oaration. ' AiiUffc.
THOliN; a cit\ of W. stern Prussia, formerly Hansealie,
tlie chief citv of Polish Prussia, »lrou^lv foi lifted, and of
pretty ^ood trade. Its soap ami ^'inserbread are in j;reat
request, and great quantities of them are exported, in
179:!. the Prussian lioops took possession of Thorn, after
which lime it i\as ann«'xed to the dominions of that king.
It i- seated on the riv. r Vistula, over which is a remarkable
brid're, 70 miles S. of Danizick.
THO'RN APPLE, the datura of Einnaens. A plant with
an npri;;ht ei;^' shaped Ihorny seed vi'ssel, e-^ii sliapeil in-
dented leaves and white blossoms. It is common amongst
rulibi'll about Li'lldoii.
'PllOilN, «• U/i' >•«, Sax.] a ijvickly tree ; a prickle growing
on iIk- tb<. II l)u,h: an\ thinj; Irouble-nme.
THO'KNRACK, ,«. a species of \\\v ra\fi-h, prickly on
ihe back, which freq.'ients Ih" sor>dy shores of this country,
and is very voracious, fee<lin!{ lipoiiall sorts of fish, parlicu-
larlv hell iin,'s and sand eels.
, i'llO'KNRrilY, atowii of filonceslershiie, seated near
flic Seven, yi miles S, \V. of (iloucesler, ami 121 W. of
I^ondoii. It is a mu'^ortowti, and has a market on
Saturday.
'IIIORNE, a popubuis and improving town in tlie W.
860
Riding n.' Yorkshire. The marsh lands, or tnrf-moor fens,
to the K. and N. 1'". of lliis town, have been lately inclosed.
TIk' marshes also have been drained, ami the ground much
sunk, by u cut. Id miles in leii^jth, from this place lo (iowlc,
or Ciowld Hall. It is situated on the river Don, 31 miles
S. of Yorli, and l(i-2N. of London. MaiKel <ni Wednesday.
THO'RIVEY, a toAin in Cainbridgejliiie, wilii a market
on Siiturdav. It is 4 miles E. of Kly, and S7 from London.
THORNY, it. full o! thorns or prickles. Eiguralively,
perideMeil ; vexatious.
THO'HOUtiTJ, (th!ir'o) prep, the word through extended
into two syllabtes.
THOJtOL'fiH, (ihoru) ad. [this is always written with
two s\llables, bn! llie preposition sonielimes in one, as
;'or)»^7i I complete ; passing in at one side, and beyond the
olli'-r.
THO'ROUGHFAR l\ (<//&» S/are) s. a passage without any
1 HO'ROUGHLY, ad. completely ; fullv.
'J'HOROUCHWAX, s. in botany, the bnpleurnm of Liri-
nteiis. It is an umbelliferous plant. There aie two British
species.
THORP, THR OP, TH REP, TRKP, or TROP, in the
names of places, are derived from thm-p,a village, Sax.
THOSk, pron. see These.
THOU, prvn. [thti, Sax. dii, Beig.l when we speak to onr
equals or Miperiors, we say iion, like the French : but in our
addresses and devotions, we generally use thou. The second
pronoun personal.
THOlXiH, (t/w) vmj. \lhanh, Goth, theah. Sax.] notwhh-
staiiding thai ; altho: gh. As M«)(^/i, implies, as if. At the
end of a sentence, it denotes however, or vet.
THOLGHT, U/wH?) .«. the act of thiiiking; an image
tornied in the mind ; sentiment ; reflection ; opinion; de-
sign ; serious consideration. Solicitude, care. " Hawis
■was put in trouble, and died with ihimght and anguish."
Bnrov. Ol'solete in this last sense.
THOrGHT,ilie prete .Slid part. pass, of Think.
THO'Ut^HTFliL, {tha,,if„l) a. pensive, full of thought ;
givenlo medilafion : anxious, solicitous.
THOUGHTFULLY. Uhavtf„ll<i) ad. in a pensive and
flioii:jlitful manner: with solicitude.
THO'UGHTFULN ES^, (thavif„lness) s. deep meditationj
fulness of refection. Solicitude, anxiety.
TH0U(;H IL'I'NS, a. airy ; negligeii'i ; stupid.
THO'USAND, a. [t/iii.'nid, Sax. I consisting of ten hun-
dred. Substanli\rly, the number ten hundred. Prover-
biallv, a great number
THOUSANDTH, s. the ordinal of a thousand.
THUALL,or THRA'I.UOINL «• [(/»!«•/, Sax.] bondage, or
a state of slaveiv or confimiiienl.
THR\'PSTON, a small to«n of Northamptonshire,
sealed on the river Nen, 7 miles N. of Higha in- Ferrers, and
7.5 "N. N. W. of London. Market on Tuesday.
'I'o THKA'SH, 1. ".sometimes written t/itrsh ; [tharsrtm.
Sax.) to beat ccnii oul of ihe chaff ; to beat or drub. 'Nen-
terb . to labour, or drudge.
THRA'SHER. s. one who thrashes corn.
THRAVL, or 'PHRF.AVE oi- cok-n, s. [thitrf. Sax.] 9*
sheaves, or 4 slmcks, each containing t; shetives. In some
counties tliev reckon two shocks to the thrave, and 12
sh' I' es to each shock.
THR I". AD, (thrid) s. \ihr(p<l. Sax. J a small line of flax
twisleil ; anv thing contrived in a course, or unfform tenor;
the main drift or design ofa discourse, 'fhread, <pr filament ;
in botany, is a part of a stamen or clii\e, ^upportiug the
anther or tip.
To I'll READ, (rtr^rf) V. a. to p;»ss through withafhreiid;
to pierce
THR!A'DI5\RE, (thrcdbure) a. worn to lite naked
Ihri'ads : having no nap; worn out.
'PHRl'.A'DMOSS, ,t. ill botany, fhe brviim of LinnieiVb
The species under this genus are very ntnneioiis.
THREAT, {Jhrit) .V. the act of denouncing ili ; a mona«e>
T II II
THW
To THREAT, or TIIREATEN, (thm or ihrilen) v. a.
f^) eat is used only in poetry ; It/imt/uin, S.ix.] to assure a
Eerson of, or denounce, lulure evil ; to endeavour to terrify
y denounein^r ill ; to meniice.
THREA'TENF.R, «. a nienacer, one that threatens.
THUlvA'TlsNINCi, s. a nieuaei- ; a deiiuuciation of evil.
THHEK, a. |,A>7t',Sax.]lvvo and one.
THREE FOIJ), «. [ilacofnaU, .Sax.] thrice repeated ;
consisting of three.
THREESCORE, a. sixty : three times twenty.
To THRESH, I.. «. seeTii RA.SH.
THRESHER, t. one that threshes corn.
THRE'SHOLD, .r. [thescwutd, Sax. I the ground or step
tinder a door ; entrance ; '^wXe ; door.
THREW, preter. ofTuRow.
THRICE, ad. [l/irig, Sax. J three times. Sonieti'nes set
before an adjective to express the superlative degree, or aui-
plilicalion.
To THIRD, f. a. [corrupted from iliread] to slide through
a narrow paasafje.
THRIFT, s. [from thrive] profit ; state of prospering;
tlie state of acquirinKUiore : frugality. In botany, the sta-
ticeof LinuKUs. There are three British species ; the sea,
lavender, and matted thrift. This genus contains five
chives and five poituals within its blossom, and may be dis-
tinguished from the other genera in the same class and
orcfer by one small roundish seed being only contained in
THRI TTILY, ad. sparingly ; frugally.
THRFETINESS, s. frugality ; managing with economy ;
sparingnes'i.
THRl'I'T'Y, a. frugal ; managing with prudence ; spar-
ing; well-husbanded.
To THRILL, t'. rt. \tht/rliun. Sax.] to pierce or bore ; to
penetrate ; to drill ; to affect with a piercing sensation.
Neiiterly,tohave theqiialily of piercing; to pierce or wound
the ear with a sharp sound ; to feel or pass with a sharp
tingling sensation.
To Thrive, v. n. preter. throve, part, pass, thriven ;
\throa, to increase, Isl. J to prosper, to increase ; to advauce
many thing desired.
THRlVFR.i. one that prospers; •'>nethat grows rich.
THRIVING, a. prosperous.
THRI'VINGLY. ad. prosperously.
fHRO' a contraetio") of Through.
HROAT, {throt) s. \throte or throta. Sax.] the fore part
of the uerk, or passage for food and breath ; the main road
of any place.
THROA TWORT, «. a plant.
T<« THROB, V. n. to heave at the breast with sorrow; to
beat or palpitate.
THROB, s. a heave, or beat of palpitation.
THROE, a. [from iloovinu, to suffer, Sax.| the pain and
anguish attending the V>ringing of a child into the world ;
anv gr»»at agony ; the final and mortal struggle.
THRONE, s. [thvoms. Or. thrnnns, Lat.] a chair of state,
richly adorned, and covered with a canopy, for emperors,
kings, princes, &c. to sit on at all times of public cere-
monies.
THRONG, s. lihran^, from thringhan, to press, Sax.] a
erowd ; a multitude pressing against each other.
To THRONG, v. n to crowd ; to swarm. Actively, to
iucouimode with crowds.
THRO'NGING,(i5- hard)o.crowding; gathering together
in great numbers.
THHO'STLE, *, [th-rstle, S;,x.| the thrush.
THRO'TTLE, s. [^rm\^thvmt^\W wind pipe.
To THHO'rrLE.r. a. to choak ; to siiHocate; to kill by
sloviping tin- lireath ; to st'inv.'le ; to stitle.
THROVE, preler. of T KtVK.
THROUGH, (ilroo) prep [thurh. Sax. J from one end or
extri ''lii-, 'ollie r'lie: : l>y nieiiii;- of.
THROUGH, {throo) ad. from one end, or side, to the
ettier.
THUOIJ'GHLY, n(f. [it is commonly wrilten tUi,:oi:rrhJy
from //((')o»n/i| completelv ; entirely ; siucerelv.
TllROUCillOUT, {ihroo-'out) prep, quite through; en-
tirelv.
THROUGHOUT, ad. in every part ; every where.
To THROW, llliro) V. a. pret. titrnv, part. pass, t/iroicn ;
[thriiirnii,'S-j\ | to fling or cast to a distance ; to toss, or put
away wilh violence, haste, or negligence ; to lay down care-
lessly, or in haste; to cast ; to oiiiit ; to venture at dice; to
spread in haste ; to reject. 7'o throw awmj, to \iyiv or spend
profusely ; to reject. Used wilh by, lo reject, or lay aside
as useless. U.sed with dmiii, to overturn. Used wilh off,
to expel, ri-ject, or renounce. Used with nut, to c\ert ; In
distance or leave behind ; to eject ; lo emit. Used willi
up, lo resign angrily ; to emit or bring up. Neuierly, lo
perform the act of casting ; to cast dice. Used with about,
to lr\ expedients.
THROW, «/(;o) J. a cast ; a cast of dice ; the space to
which any thing is thrown ; aiiefibrtor violent sal!} ; stroke;
blow ; throe.
THRO WER, s. one that throws.
THRt)WSTER, {tlirbster) s. a twister of silk or thread.
THRUM, f. [ihraiim, the end of any thing, Isl. J the cuds
of weavers' threads ; any coarse yarn.
To THRUM, V. a. to grate ; to play coarsely.
THRUSH, f. \thrisc, .Sax.] a small singing bird. In me-
dicine, small round ulcerations, which a|i|>ei:r in llie moiilh,
and by degrees affect every part of the alimentary duct, ex-
cept the thick cuts.
To THRUST, ji. fl. [<n(«'to, Lat,] to push anv thing into
matter, or between close bodies ; to pusli or drive wilh vifi-
lence ; to stab; to obtrude. To compress, used with <(/?«-
ther. Neuterly, to attack with a pointed weapon ; lo
squeeze into ; to throng.
THRUST, J. a push ; assault; hostile attack with a point-
ed weapon.
THUMB, {thum)s. \thnmu. Sax.] ihat short strong finger
which grows on that part of the hand towards the body.
To THUMB, V. 71. lo handle awkwardly.
THUMP, s.[tlu)mbo, Ilal.] a hard heavy blow given wilh
something blunt.
To THUMP, t). a. to beat with dull heavy blows. Neu-
terlv, to fall or strike with a dull heavy blow.
THU'MPING, a. beating ; great, huge, big.
THU'NDER, s. [thundir, *ax. dnmlcr, Swed. I a loud noise
or rattling, accompanied by lightning ; any loud noise, or
tumultuous violence.
ToTHU'NDEJl, v. n. to make that loud and terrible
noise altpudiug b;;htiiing. Actively, loemit with noise and
terror ; to publish anv denunciation or threat.
THUNDERBOLT, s. lightning ; ecclesiastical fulmi-
nation.
THUNDERCLAP, i. an explosion of thunder.
THLT'NDERKR, i. the power that llmnders. A name
given bv the headiens to Ju|>iter their principal deily.
THU'NDERSHOWER.s. rain accompanied wilh thunder.
ToTHU'NDERSTRlKE, v. a. part. pass. tImnd.rKtrack ■
to blast, or hint wilh lightning; lo terrify or amaze by some
unexpected ev< nt.
THURIFICA'TION, i. [from thus, frankincense, and
faiio. Lat. J the act of fuming with incense : the act of burn-
ing incense.
THURSDAY, s. the fifth dav of the Christian week, and
the sixth ofth.- Jews ; so called from Thor, an idol wofsbip-
ped bv tlie Saxons I'u.H Teuton-' on this day. S- me suppose
thai the Supreme Deitv mms worshipped under ihis name.
THUS, «(/. [thus, Saxi] in this planner; to this degree or
quantity.
To THWACK, f. «. [i/KuryTH, S;ix.| to st- ike with some-
thini; blunt au'I heavy ; to brat heartily ; to belabour ; to
ban;' ; to liirasli.
THWACK, s. a blow given wilh someihing bluirt and
heavy.
T IG
TIM
TinVART, (a pron. broad) a. [tlnn/t; Sax.J cross ; trans-
verse ; perverse ; inconveiiieut ; luisthievous.
To THWART, r. a. to cross ; to do any thing in opposi-
tion to another. Neuterly, to be in oppositiim to.
THY, pron. [thin. Sax.] of, lelonging or rehiting to, thee.
It is placed before a word beginning witii a consonant.
See Thine.
THYJNIK, {time) s. [thym, Fr. tlnjtmis, Lat.] a genus of
plants of which tlicrc ar* two British species, viz. the com-
mon thvnie and wild basd.
THV'RSUS, s. [V.r.\ the upright stalk or stem of an
bcrb. Also, a lance or spear, «rapt in vine leaves, where-
with Bacchus is said to have armed himself and his soldiers,
to deceive the Indians, and make them expect no
hostilities.
Tl'AU, orTIA'RA, s. [tiara, Lat. tiare, Fr.] a diadem,
or dress for the head. The pope's triple crown.
To TIC!''-, I', a. contracted from Entice.
TICK, s. [perhaps contracted from ticket, a tally on which
debts are scored] score or trust ; the lice of dogs or sheep,
from tiqiie, Fr. to teque, Bela. The linen case which holds
the feathers or flocks of a bed-
To TICK, t'. /.. to lake on credit, or on trust ; to run in
debt ; to trust, or give credit.
TICKU..L, a town in the VV. Hiding of Yorkshire, o
miles S. of Doncaster, and 155 N by W. of Londnn.
Tl'CKI'.N, or TICKING, t. a kind of strong linen used
for bedding.
TI'CKl-yr, t. a token of any right or claim, at the tlelivery
of which a<lmission is granted, or the claim ackno" Icdgcd.
To TICKLE, V. a. [tiltllo, Lai. J to create a titillation, or
'telling sensation and lau;;liter, accompanied with pleasure
and pain by slight touches ; to please by slight gratifications.
Neuterly, to feel a titillation, or a sensation which causes
laughter.
TI'CKLISH, a. sensible to titillation; easy tickled when
scarce touched ; tottering ; dilhcult, or nice ; uncertain ;
infixed.
TID, a. [<j(fW*r, Sax.] tender; soft; nice.
TIDES, s.'[tyd. Sax. tijd, Belg. and Isl.] two periodical
motions of the waters of the sea, called the flux and reflux,
or the flow and ebb. The cause of the tides is the attraction
of the sun and moon, but chiefly the latter; the waters of
the immense ocean, forgetful, as it were, of their natural
rest, move and roll in tides, obsequious to the strong and at-
tractive power of.'the moon, and weaker influence of the
sun.
TI'DESMAN, s. a tidewater, or custom house ofhcer, put
on board sJiips to prevent smuggling, or defrauding the king
of his duties.
Tl'DKWAITER, «. an officer who watches the landing of
goods at the custom-house.
Tl'DESNVELL, a !own in Derbyshire, with a market on
Wednesday. Its siluatiiui is low, and is so called from a
well that is said toebb and flow. It is but anonlinary place,
but lias a handsome eliurcli, and a free-school. It is 22
miles N. \V. ol Dcrl)v, arul U!0 N. N. W. of'London.
TIDILY, W. upatlv; readily.
Tl'IllNI'.SS, s. nealucss; readim-ss.
Tl'piNCiS, ->■- 1 fi(.m iiditii, to luiiipin, Sax.] news ; account
•jfsometliuig tliat li;!s l.apptiwd.
TI'DY, a. [<"/', isl.J si'asiinable; neat; ready.
i"o TIK, II. «. [turn. Sax.] lo bind ; to fasten with a knot.
Used with «/>, to confine or obstru' t. To oblige or con-
stmin.
Tie, t. a fastening made by a knot; a bond or obliga-
tior..
TIKRCE, «. seeTF.ROE.
TlTF, ». liipior; drink; a quantity of liquor for drinking ;
u fit of pi-evishness ; a pet. A low word.
TKil,, -v. iu an bileclure, the shaft of a column from the
estriii;;d lo lli<- capital.
Tlii i;il, '^ li.ird; *. [(igre, Fr. tigris, Lat.] a large, very
b62
fierce, and very beautiful animal of the cat kind, whicli
abounds in the East Indies.
TIGH'I", (tit) a. [dicht, Belg.J close, or stretched bard,
opposed to loose. Cleanly dressed ; something less tiiaa
neat. Not leakv, applied to casks or vessels.
To TI'CtHTEN, v. a. to straiten ; to make close.
TICtHTLY, ad. closely ; not loosely ; neatly.
TIXjHTiN KSS, {tnness) s. closeness ; neatness.
TI (iRESS, s. the femaleofthe tiger.
TIKE, i. a cur or small dog. " Bobtail tike." Shak.
TILBL'UY, EAST, a village in Esse\, situated car the
moulli of the Thames, to the E. of Tilbury Fort. It is
supposed to be the place where the emperor Claudius cross-
ed the I'hanies, in piirsuif of the Britons. In this paiishis
a firlil, called Cave Field, in which is a horizontal passage
to one of 1 he spacious caverns in the neighbouring parish
ofChiidwell. Of these Camden has given a sketch in his
Biitaiuiia ; and he describes them as in a chalk clift, luilt
very artificially of stone, to the lieiglit of tin fatliomg.
Deihaiii nxasiired three of llic most considerable of t!um,
and found tin- depth ol'one nl'llit>iii lo be 50 feet, of another
TOfeet, and of llie Ihiid 80 feet. 'Hieir origin is too remote
for iiives: igatmu. Tiliury Fort, Ej-sex, situated in Ihe parish,
of West Tilbuiv, opposite Giaveseiid, 28 miles E. by S. of
Loudon.
TILK, s. [li^e. Sax. teg-el, Belg.] thin plates of baked clay,
used in covering houses.
To TILE, v.a. to cover with files; to cover as tiles.
TILED, a. Ill botany, one leaf or scale partly coveringi
another like the tiles on a house, exemplified in the enipale-
menl of the dandelion and burdock.
TILER, J. one whose trade is to cover hoiiiies witil
tiles.
TI'LING, *. the roof covered with tiles.
TILL, J. a money box or drawer.
TILL, pre]) [<(7,"Sax.] to lli'e time of Tilt now, is to the
present time ; tilt then, to that time.
TILL, covj. to the time that; to the degree that.
To TILL, f. a. [tijlian. Sax.] to plough oi manure the
ground.
TI'LLAGE, s. the act of plonghing.and manuring land, to
make it produce corn ; liusbandiv ; agriculture.
TTLLER, i. a strong piece of iimbtr fastened to a ship's
rudder, by whicli it is moved ; a young tree left to grow till
it is fit to fell. A husbandman; a ploughman. A till ; a
small drawer.
TILLS, s. a sort of pulse.
TI'LSIT, a large, rich, and commercial town of Lithuania
containing 600 houses, and 7(X)0 inhabitants. It consists
chiefly of two long streets, of a proportionable breadth, and
a coniiguous suburb called the Libeitv. It is seated on the
rever Memcl, 50 miles N. K. from Konigsberg. This town
lias lately become famous for the familiar conferences held
here by the emperors of France and Russia ; which ended
in a treatv of peace (known bv the name of the Treaty of
Tilsil) signed Julv G, 1807.
TILT, s. [ti/ld, <nx.] a tent ; liny covering over Ihe head ;
the covering "ol a boal or carriage; a military game, in whicli
the combatants tliiust at each other with lances ;' a
thrust.
To TILT, i». H. to fill or lean on one side. To run in
tilts; to fight with rapiers; to rush as in a combat. Ac-
tirelv, to stoop, hid. I, or force on one side. To turn so as
to runout. To co\er like the tilt of a lioat To carry, or
point, as in tills.
TIfTll, .1. husbandry ; manure ; eultnre.
Tl'SlBI-R,* \tiiwbniiii,*\it build. Sax.] wood fit forbuild-
inji ; man trunk of a tree; materials, ironically.
TIM I5HI' L, -$. [tiimpnnitm, Lat.] a nnisieal instrument.
'riiME, s. \ti/iii, Eisf, t>/m(j Sax.] duration considered as se.t
out b' cei lain periods, aiii. measured by certain epochas ;
measure of (hiialioii ; inter\al , season or proper time ; life ;
eaily season ; Ihe hour of child-birth ; the repetition of; .y
tiling ; musical measure.
Tlf
TIT
To TIME, w. a. to bring or do at a proper season : to illot
a certain space for the accnmplishing a thing ; to measure
liarmonically.
TI'MIOLY.rtf/. seasonably ; opportnnely ; early; soon.
TI'JVllD, n.\limitie, Fr. iimidtis, from timeo, to fear, l^at. '
foiirful ; wanting cdiiiase ; timorous; cowardly.
TlMI'DITY, ». [timirlite, Fr. tinnditas, from timeo, to fear,
Lai.] want of courage ; foarfuliioss ; cowardlini'ss.
'ITMORO'IS, n. [from timeo, to fear, Lat.J too much af-
T«Tlp(l witli fear ; fearf'ni.
TI'WOKOUSLY, ad. tVaifiillv ; with much fear.
TI'MOROUSNKSS. See Timidity.
TIMOTHY GRASS, *. I so calird (Vom Mr. Timntliy
Ihinson, who first brought the seeds of it frotn Virglniii] a
Siiocies of grass cultivated \n F-nscland, in low, dain|) ;;r<niiids,
near London, ;iud in Hi'iefonlsliiic, r>erksl!ire,and XoitolU.
It grows to the height of three or four feet, and ri'seuibU'S
wheal or ryp. All cattle are very fond of it. Sonic think
it a nalivp of this country, and that Mr. Hanson only
ciirritd it from Virginia to IV. Carolina, where it'obtaincd
its name.
Tin, s. [ten, Belg.J a whitish metal, sofler, less clastic,
and less sonorous, than any other metal, excepting lead. The
principal mines of it are in CmMuall.
TI'NC/VL, s. in chjraistry, tlie commercial name of crud'
borav.
TINCT, ». [t'cint, Fr.] a colour stain, or spot.
TI'NCTURR, i. \tinctin-n, fr^Tll tiuiro, to slain, Lat. | colour,
superadded b\ something; an imtierfect srnattciing of
an art or science. In chymistry, a dissolution <>! the
more refined and volatile parts of a body in a proper nien-
strnum.
To TIKCTURE. 11. a. to imbue or impregnate with some
colour or taste ; to imbue the mind.
TI'NDER,*. [tiindre, or tendre, Sax.| linen cloth burnt to
ashes, used in catching the sparkles made bv striking a flint
and steel together.
TI'NDRRBOX, s. a box for holding tinder.
TINE, J. [tiiine. Isl] the tooth of a harrow; the spik« of
a fork ; trouble, distress.
To TING, or TINK, v. n. [tinnio, Lat.J to make a sharp
ihrill noise.
To ITNG K, V. a. [f!t«r--,, Lat.J to impregnate or imbue with
a colour or taste ; ti) stain.
TrNGL.\.SS, *. bismuth ; a serai-roetal, smooth, and re-
sembling tin.
1\> TI NGLK, t'. n. Uiii^elen, Belg.] to perceive a con-
tinued sound in the ear; to feel a sharp quick pain, or
pleasure.
TI'iS'KER, ». a person who mends old copper and brazen
vessels.
To TI'NKLE, II. n. [tinter, Fr.] to make a sharp quick
noise ; to clink.
TI'NMAN, ». one who manufactures and sells wares made
of tin, or iron tinned over.
TI NMOUTH, a sea port of Northumberland, seated at
the mouth of the river Tyne, 9 miles E. of Newcastle. It
has a large and stately castle, seated on a very high rock,
inaccessible on the sea-side, and well mounted with cannon.
There are dangerous rocks about it called the Black Mid-
dins; but to guide the ships by night, there are light-
houses set up, and maiitained by the Trinity-House. Here
are several salt works, but the principal article of trade is
coals.
TTOSEL, s. [etincelle, Fr.l a kind of shining cloth ; any
thina showy, but of small value.
TINT, t. \teivte,Fr. tinta, Ital.j a dye, or colour.
TINY,' a. [tynrf, Dan.] httle; small; puny. Used in
burlesque.
TIP, s. [tip, Belg.] the top, end, or point. In botany,
apartof a stamen or chive, fixed up^in the thread, and con-
taining the dust. In dog's mercury, it has one cell, in helle-
bore two, in orchis three, in fritillary four, &c. This part
of the stamen is called by Linnaeus, anthem, or the flower,
byway o' eminence ; but by earlier hotanials. -.qHx.
To Til* V. u. to cover the head or cxtremitv ; lo strii.e
liglillv, to lap.
TirPERA'RV, a countv oflrc'and, in the province of
Muuster, alxuit .02 fliiles in Itugtli, luid from 12 'o ;l! in
brciidtli ; bruiiidedon the N. E. .lud N. \\. bv Kiti^j's County
and CiiihvaN ; oir the K. by Queen's ( on; tv iflid K lkeiin\';
on till' S. by Vaterlordand a part of Liiiiericli ; and on the
W. by (iiilwHy, Clare, and Limerick. It isgenei»ll\ fertile.
It coiitaiiib 1-17 pari.ihes, 30,700, houses, and about' \m,imt
iuhabilants. The rivet Suir runs through all tlie length of
it, from N. to .S. I)rsid«s which, there iire abundance of
smaller r!\ers and I'rooks, on v hieh ne:ir ."jO boulling mills
aie cuokd, a much greater nuiidier than is found in anv
other county. The principal productions are cattle, sheep,
butter, ;ind flour. The most considerable places arc Clou-
iiiel, \ihicli IS die county tonn, Caslicl, and Carrick.
Tl'Pi'ET, s. [tappet. Sax. J something worn about the
neck.
ToTI'PI'LE, V. n. [i>-pfl, a <liig, old Teuf.l to drink to ex-
cess. Act^\ely, todiiiik «ith luxury or excess.
TlTPLi^ll, s. a sottish drunkard ; an iille drtniken
fellow.
TI'PSTAFF, J. anoflicer witha sfafTtipped with metal,
and who takes into custody such persons as ate committed
by the court, or by a .judge ; the staff itself so tipt.
TII'SY, a.drunk.
TIPTOE, s. the end of the toe,
TIRE, or Tli'^R, i. r<i"/r, Belg.J rank or row. A head-
dress. Furniture ; apparatus. In the sea language, it is ;t
row of cannon placed upon a ship's side, either above, upon
deck, or below, distinguished by the epithets of the upper
or lower lire.
To TIRE, ti. tt. [tirinn. Sax.] lo make wearv, Or to fatigue r
to harass. To dress the head. To teaze intolerably.
TrREDNl'"S.S, s. weariness ; state of being tired.
TI'RESOME, a. wearisome, tedious, fatiguing.
TIREWOMAN, s. a woman whose business is to mai.e
dresses for the head.
TIROL, or Uppkr Austria, a country of Germanv, in
the circle of Austria, and part of the hereditary dominions
of that house. It is about 150 miles in lengtli," and 190 jti
breadth, and contains 12 towns, and 10 villages, w hich have
markets. There are agreat many mountains in this country.
and yet it produces as much eorn and wine as the inhabitants
have occasion for. They have rich mines of gold, silver,
lead, and several species of precious stones. Here are also
profitable salt pits, and medicinal springs and hot baths. It
IS bounded on the N. by Bavaria, on the E. bv Carintliia
and Saltzbnrg, on the S. by part of the late territory of Ve-
nice, and on the W. by Swisserland and the country of the
Grisons. Inspruck is^ the capital. By the late changes on
the continent, this country is now annexed to the new king-
dom of Bavaria.
TI'SSUE, s. [tissxte, Fr.J cloth interwoven with gold or
silver, or figured colours.
TiT, s. a small horse ; a woman. Used in corlempt.
TITANIUM, s. in chymistry, a metal which has been
lately discovered in a grayish black sand, found in the vale
of Menachan, in Cornwall.
TITHABLE, a. liable to pay tithes ; chargeable to the
tenths or tithes payable to the clergy.
TITHE, or TYTHK, j.[«eot/ia, tenth. Sax.] the tenth part
of aH fruits, drc. a revenue payable to the clergy. A small
part or n/irtion.
To TITHK, V. a. [teothian. Sax.] to tax with the payment
of the tenth part ; to pay the tenth part.
TiTHER, s. one who gathers tithes.
Tl'THING, s. the number or company of ten men, with
their families, knit together in a societvi all of them being
bound to the king for the peaceable and good behaviour (4
each of their society ; of these companies there was one
chief person, who from his ofRce was called tithin^i mau
8J3
to B
TOL
TITILLATFON, J. ii iilcasm;,' sensation frtviu the gctifle
touch of some paris ; n tRkliiifj.
TI TLARK, s. a bird.
TI'TLK., t. [titttlus, Lat.l a jjeiieialhead comprising parti-
culars ; iin appellation of lioiiour ; a name ; the first page of
a book, explaining its subject, likewise called titlepage ; a
claim of right ; an inscription.
To TITLE, r. «. to name ; to enrroble ; to entitle.
TITMOUSK, or Til , s. a small sort of bird.
To TITTER, r. ». to laugb with restraint, or softly; to
giggle bv fits.
TITTLE, *. [/It, Tent.] a point or dot ; a participle.
TI'TTLE TAT"rLE, s. iille talk ; mere prate ; gossiping ;
empty gabble.
f , TITULAR, a. Uitulaire, Fr.] enjoying the title ; nominal.
i TITULARITY, s. the state of being liliilar.
TIVERTON, a borough of Devonshire, with a market on
Tuesday. It is seated on the river Ex, over which is a hand-
some stone bridge. It has suffered greatly by fire, having
been almost burnt down several times, particularly in June
1713, when 200 of the best bouses were destroyed. It is
now built in a more elegant taste, and they have a new
church erected by subscription. It has been noted for
its great woollen manufacture, and is 14 miles N. N. E. of
Exeter, and 161 W. bv S. of Loudon.
TIVIOTDALE. See Roxburghshire.
TO, ad. \tu. Sax. te, Belg.i when it comes before a verb,
or between two verbs, it is a sign of the infinitive ntood, and
implies that the second is the object of the first, and noti-s
the intention. After an adjective, it denotes its object.
Sometimes it notes futmity, or something to be done, and is
preceded by ttill. To andagain, or to andfro, implies back-
ward and forward.
TO, T^rep. opposed Xofronn, notes motion towards. Some-
times it implies address, atteution, addition, state, or place
whither any one goes, opposition, amount, proportion, pos-
session, perception, accord or fitting, the subject of atfirma-
tion ; in comparison of; as far as. After an adjective, it
denotes the object. Before /are, presence. After a verb,
it denotes its object. Sometimes it implies the degree. Be-
fore rfa?/, like the Saxon, it imiilies the present day ; before
morrow, the day next after the present ; before mght, the ap-
proaching or present night.
TOAD, {tod) s. \tude, Sax. J an animal resembling a frog,
and reckoned venomous.
TO'ADI'ISH, s. a kind of sea-fish.
TO'ADFLAX, s. in botany, the antirrhinum of Linnseiis.
The species under this genus are numerous.
TO'ADGRASS, t. the bastard chickweed. There is only
«ne species known.
TO'ADSTONE, «. a concretion supposed to be found in
the head of a toad.
TOADSTOOL, s. a plant like a mushroom.
To TO.AST, (/ds<) »•■ "• I'o*''"", from tvrreo, Lat.) to drv,
tir make brown by buldnig before a fire ; to mime a health
fo be drank.
TOAS r, itdai) s. bread dried and made brown before the
fire; a celebrated beautv, whose health is often drank.
TO'ASTI'.R, ». one who toasts.
TOBA'CCO, .'■ a native (>f the East and West Indies, and
pariicularly the inland otTobago, wlienceit wasfirst brought
to England bv Sir Francis Drake, in 1.^5.
TOBA'CCOMSTj' j. a manufacturer and seller of to-
bacco.
TOBA'G(),orTABA(;o, the most southward of the islands
in the West Indies, and the most eastwaril except Barbadoes.
It is about 32 miles|long from S. W. to N. 1",. and about u
broad. The cli|4iate is far mo:e temperate than coidd be ex-
pecte-l from its' situation so near the equator. It is fruitful
and well watered, and the sea is stored with excellent <isli,
particularly turtle of every kind, and mullets of a most deli-
cious taste, »iili (ither kinds unknown in England. ,Lat.
II. 10. N. Ion. fit), .^o. W.
TOBOLSKl a government of Russia, which compic-
liends a considerable part rf Slbcrki, exteuding from Ion. 7fi
30. fo 12». 30. E. ami froin bi. 55. to '». N. Tobolsk, u,
the cipital. Lat. 58. 12. N. Ion. 68. 19. E.
TOC.AT, a large and handsome city of Turkey in Asia,
in Natolia, capital of a province of the same name. The
houses are handsomely built, and for the most part two
stories high. It makes a very odd appearance, and is in the
form of an amphitheatre. There are two rugged perpen-
dicular rocks of marble, with an old castle upon each. The
streets are pretty »ell paved, which is an uncommon tbinj^
in these parts. There are so many streams, that each house
has a fountain, and yet they were not able to extinguish a
fire which once happened there. There are about 20,000
Turkish families, 4000 Armenian families, and 400 families
of Greeks. Beside the silk of this country, thev uiKMufac-
ture eight or ten loads of that of Persia, and make it into
sewing-silk. Their chief trade is in copper vessels, such as
kettles, drinking-cups, lanterns, and candlesticks. They
also prepare a great deal of vfllow Turkey leather. Tocat
may be considered as the centre of trade in Natolia ; for
the caravans comehiiher from several parts. Its territory
abounds in fruit and e\cellent wine, and it is 180 miles W.
of Erzerum, 283 N. of Aleppo, and 250 from Constantinople.
Lat. .19. .55. N. Ion. 35. 55. E.
TOD, a. [totte /laar, a lock of hair. Tent.] a bush or thick
shade. Applied to wool, twenlv-eight pounds weight.
TO'DDINGTON, a town in Bedfordshire, 33 miles from
London. Market on Saturday.
TOE, ).[ta, Sax. teen, Belg.] the extreme divisions of the
feet, answering to tne fingers of the hand.
TOFT, s. a grove of ti ees ; a place where a messuage or
house stood.
TO'GA, s. [Latjin the Roman antiquity, was a wide
woollen gown, or mantle, which seems fo have been of a
^cmicircularfonn, without sleeves ; and used only upon oc-
casions of appearing in public.
TOGK'THER, ad. [tngiethere, Sax.] in company; in the
same place or time ; without infermihsion ; in concert, or
continuity. Together with, in union or mixture with.
To TOIL, r. n. [t%lian, !>ax. tuyUn, Belg ] to labour. Ac-
tively, to work at ; to weary or overlabour.
TOIL, s. labour ; fatigue. Any net or snare woveo, ot
nresbed, fsom teile, Fr.
TOI'LET, s.Uoillette, Fr.] a dressing-table.
TOI'LSOMK, a laborious; making weary.
TOISE, s. [Fr.] a French measure containing six feet in
lenutb, orafathom.
TO'KA YWINK.*. a wine in great estimation for its taste
and flavour, which <lerives its name from the town or vil-
lajfe inHiuigary where it is produced.
TO'KEN^*. 'tei/rh"!!, Belg. taku, .Sax. taihis, Golh.ja sign
or mark : amemoiisil of friendship.
TOLD, prefer, ai.d part. pass, of Tell.
To TOLE, t. a. to draw by degrees ; to train.
T<)LED(), an anttent town of New Castile, in Spain,
of which it was formerly the capital. It is Ihc see of an
ari'hhisliop, the seat of a faiiions university, and has several
maniifaetoties of silk a-ud wool. Toledo is 37 miles S. of
Madrid. Lat 30. .'SO. N. Ion. ^. 20. W.
TO'LERABLE, n. [Fr. tolerahiUs, fnmi tollero, to endure.
Lat.] that may be endured or supported ; passable, but not
excellent.
T()'LERARI.ENE.SS, t. the slate of being tolerable.
TO'LKRABLY, ad. supporlablv ; passably.
TO'LFRANCE, /. [luUrance, fr.] the power or act of
enduring or suffering.
ToTO'l.KRATK, r n.f'inlero, Lilt, tolern; Vr.] to sutler
ov allow wi'lioul opposition ; to sud'er. .SvNfiN. We <(//».
>ff/f a tiling, when having sulHcieut pouer, .uid knowing it,
we do not hinder it. Wetiiff'eril, by raakuig no opposiiion,
but seeming either not to know it, or not to liave the power
of preventing it. We peittrit it, when we authorise it by
formal consent. ToUrate and ruffh arc never used but wiib
T-ON
T iV-
Tfsf^r^ tr> tjHfl rtimjjf!, or sticli m me Jictievc so ; wliereas
fn-r.tmi leMcs I'illit'r toffrxxt or hMi.
'i Ol.Ki'.A' riON. s. [tiil/ffntiu, from ti/fkro, to eiulure,
l.;(t.l iri iiiallpis of ifli^'KHi, is cilJu'r civil or ecclt'siasliciil.
Villi Uilei-dlivn is an iwiniiiilv sinl s»frtj jjraoteH by tlif
st«l-e to f very Bed lliifl d'jcs not tuaiiiliiiii doclriiifs iiii oij-
sisleiit wifh llie piililfo ^Wine; aud efflf\iasiU-al loleriiUmi
is tlif iiliowiiDcf \<hi(li the cliuvch grauls to ils mciiibtis
loditleriii ci'ilaiii o|)iiiions not dpcined fiindaiTicntal.
TOLL, (toll) s\t<>ri, Brit, and Sa\.J in law, donotcs a (ax
or custom paid for patssage, or tlie liberty of seUitij; goods in
"i market or fair.
To T(>!.L, (o Imtf) V. n. to pay or take money for ttie
jjassa^o of u;'""'s <M'. Activclv., lo rin^j a bell. To talie
aw-ay. Obsolete in the last sense.
TO'LLBOOrjl, i. d place where taxes are paid. ^A pri-
son. Townboiisc.
TO-LLCtATHE^EI?, s. one ^^ho takes toll.
TOLU', a seaport of Terra Firiiia, in the go-vernnient "<i
Cartbaffeiia. hi the environs is found the celelirated balsam
to which it ^ives name, bein? pro<biced IVom a tree like a
■pine It is 80 nnles S. of Carthagena.
TOM I?, (toom) s. \tomhe or tomliecni, Fr.] a nionument in
which the dead are inclosed.
TOMBAC, « an artificial metalcomposedof copper with
a slit;hl mixliire (d'zinc.
TOlMBU'CTOL^a populous kinsdoni of Africa, in Negro-
land, represented as lyini; on the S. E. of the desert of Sa-
hara, and W. of the empire of Cashna. Mere are {jrei't
numbers of weavers of cotton cloth ; and hither the Euro-
pean nverchan;liie is brought by caravans IVoin Tripoli, Bar-
bary.&c. and excliansed for ivory, slaves, senna, gold dust,
dates, and oslrich feathers. The king has a guard of 3(100
borsemeu, armed with bows and poisoned arrows, besides
■foot soldiers, who wear shields and swords. He {generally
rides on an elephant. I'he city of the same name is seated
near the river Ni;;er, in lat. 19. 59. N. Ion. 0. 8. E.
TOME, «. |Fr.| a volume or book
TOMF.NTUM, *. amonj; botanists, the downy mutter
wliicii grows on the leaves of some plants.
TO'MTIT.j. thetilmouse; a bird.
TON, s. [tonne, Fr.] see TuN.
TON, or TUN, in the names of places, are derived from
rf«j|, a hill. Sax. and si^nities a town, because towns were
"*t>rmerly built on (liese eminences. Some indeed, but erro-
•leously, derive it from tun, a hedge or wall. Sax.
TONE, s. [ion, Fr. tmms, Lat.] a note, sound, accent, or
' hine : elasticity.
TONG, ,«. [sec To?fGS, though h is -sometimes written
tougne ; yet, (Johnson says,) as its office is to catch the
'hold, it seems derived from the same oti'.;inal, and should be
spelt in he same manner as, Timgs]the catch of a buckle.
TONGS, s. fit has no singular. taii»; S'rfx. and Belg.J an
instrument bv which hold is taken ofativ thing.
TONGUE, (<u»^)«.[<ong-/ie, Belg. tiiHg', Sax.] the primary
organ of taste and speech; language; soeech ; tfuency of
■words; a small point. To hold oue'ston^w, is to be silent.
Synon. Toiu^iie appears lo me to be more particularor pro-
vincial than latigiiage, which is more general or national.
Thus, I would sav, the vulgar iojig-w, the Yorkshire tongue ;
but (he French Irtnguage, the Spanish laii'>-ii«ge.
To TON(iUE, (tmi^) V. n. to talk or prate. Actively, to
chide, to scolil.
TO'NCiUEfjESS, (Jungless) a. having no tongue: un-
named : not spoken of.
TO'NGUETIED, «. having an impediment of speech;
unable to spcak.freelv. from whatever cause.
TO'NIC, or TO NICAL, a. [touique, Fr.] giving tone or
strength, applied to certain raeaicines; being extended or
elastic.
TO'NNAGK, «. SeeTuNNAGE.
TO'NNINGEN, a town of .Denmark, in Sleswick, capital
of a territory of (he same name. It is seated on a peniiUula
formed by the river Eydcr, near the G^roinn OcfHn, with n
commodious harbour, 2.5 miles S. W. of Sjeswi'-k.
'J'O'NQUIN, a kin;<doni of Asia having Vr.uan in China
on the N. Cauton and the Bay of 't'onquin on the E. Cochiri-
Chinaon (he S. and Laos on theW. 11 is about 1200 ijiiles
long, and .OOO liroad. It is exo ediu^dy po|iulons, and the in-
haliilan(s trade laigely, and are very rich; but they are so
ad<lic(cd to gaming, lliat when they have lost all they will
stake their wives and children. Their religion i.s Paganism.
'i'O'NSILS, s. \ti>nsille. Vs. l<msill<e, Lai.] iiiana(ouiy, two
remarkable glands situated on each side of the niontli, near
the uvula, and coninionlv called almon<ls of the ears, from
their resendiliiig almoncis.
TONSURE, s. \tonsnye, Fr. tonsitra, La>J\ the act of shav-
ing or clipping the hair ; the state ot being shorw or
shaved.
TO'KTINE, s. annuities on survivorship. The name is de-
rived from an Italian, named Tonti, who is said to havefirrt
formed the scheme of these hie auiiuilie-i. >Liny of them
"lave been proposed to the public of late years in thi«
coiinlry.
Too, erf. [to, Sax.j over and above ; overrauch ; Biore
than enoiigh, or excess ; likewise ; also.
TOOK, the preter. and part. pass, of '1'akk.
TOOL, «. [tool. Sax ] any instrument u,,ed by the hand ;
a hire! ng, or one servilely at the comiivuxl of another.
'I'OOTH, J. [plur. /cri/i'; totli, Sax.] a lilile very hard and
smooth bone, ft.xed in a propersoekel in the |aus,in llie man-
ner ofa nail, and serving to eliew or niaslieale tlie fond ; a
blade-bone or prong of any bifid instrument ; the dcntellated
or prominent part of a wheel, which catches the correspon-
dent part of another. Figuratively, taste. Tooth and rutil,
implies with one's utmost violence. To tlie teeth, in open op-
position or to a person's face. In spite of the teeth, notwith-
stiindiug threats, or ? person's utmost opposition. To catt
■in the teeth, is to mention by way of reproach.
TOO'T\l.\CH, (toi>thakc)s. a'paiii in the teeth.
TOO THDRAWER, s. one who extracts painful teeth.
TOOTHLESS,./, having no teeth.
TOOTHPICK. orTOOTHPlCKER, s. an instrument
to cleanse teeth from any thing sticking between them.
TOOTHSOME, «. pleasant ; agreeable to the taste.
TOOTHWORT, n. in botany, the lathrsea of LiniwBUS.
riie scaled tootiiHort is the British species.
TOP, s. [ti)/)/), Brit, top. Sax. Belg. and Dan J the apex,
or highest part; the surface; the u(niost degree or rank ;
the head ofa pkiii( ; a plaything used by children. Adjec-
ti*ely, it implies l\ ing on the lop.
To TOl*, e.-M. to rise or be eminent ; toexcel; todoone's
best. .Actively, to cover on the top; to rise above; to
surpass; tociop; to perfoNn with excellence.
TO'PAZ, .V. [topase, Fr.J a precious stoue of n g«ld
colour.
TOPCLIFF, B town in the N. Riding of Yorkshire, 2t
miles N. of York, and 810 of London, on the great uortlierH
road, with several good inns for the entertaiument of tra-
vellers It has no market.
To TOPE, r. -«. [toper, Fr.J to drink bard, or to«xcass
TO'PER, s. one who drinks hard ; a sot.
TO P-GALLANT, s. the higlie^t ^ail in a ship.
TOPHA'CI-OUS, (,i»fisfieous) a. I from topkiis, Lat.] stojir,
saiidv, or gravelly.
TO'PHEAVY, «. Iiaviiig the upper part of any thing
heavier (ban the lower.
TOPH FT, .!. f Heb.] a scriptural name for hell.
TO'PHUS, {tifm) s. [tophus, Lat.] in medicine, dot
notes a clialky or stony concretion in any part of tlie body,'
as the bladder, kidneys, Ac.
TOPIC, s. [from topns, a place, Gr.] a general head to
which other things are referred ; a subject ; things jjenerally
applied externally to a particular part.
TOPICAL, a. I^from topos, a place. Or.] retating to some
genernl head ; local, or confined to some particular place.
Inmedieine, applied to « i»articular part. " ■
TOR
TOU
TO'PKNOT, *. a knot worn by wonif n '■in tlie lop of (he
head.
TO P"M AST, s. the second division of a mast, or that part
whicii sl;infls [letween the upper and lower pieces.
TOP()(iRAPHKlt, (tvpigrnfer) s. ffroin topos, a place,
and s^rapho, ti' descrilie, Or.] one that describes a particular
knif;iloiii, couiitrv, or place.
TOPOGU A rHlCA L. (t;wig>afil<nl) a. [from top„s. a place,
and gtnfilin, lodcscrihr, (ir J beluni;iiig to topography.
TOPO'GRAPHY, itopografjf) s. [from topos, a place, and
grapho, to describe, Gr.] the description of a particular
plan-, kingdom, or couiilry.
TOPPING, a. noted ; "wealthy. A low word.
TO'PPINGLY, orf. prosperously ; eminent'y. Obsolete.
ToTOPPLE, r. n to tall forward ; to tumble dowu.
TO PSAIL, s. the second sail.
TO'PSH.^M, a toHu in Devonshire, seated on the river
Exnioutb, 5 miles S. E of Exelcr, of which il is the port or
liaven. the rivir havin<; been choked up desi{;nedly. Il is
170 measured miles from London. Market on Saturday.
TOPSY-TrRVi", flrf with !he bottom upwards.
TOR, i. [.Sh.ii.] a tower; a turret; a high pointed rock
or hill : whence in the composition of some names, it im-
plies a rock or hill.
TORCH, >. [tiiiclie, Fr. torcia, Itai.! a waxlight bigger than
a candle : a Hanibeau.
TORCH LIGHT, J. a light kindled to supply the want of
the sun.
TORE, preter. of Tear.
TORE, >. iu arciiilecture, a large round moulding, used
in the bases of columns.
To TORMENT, v. a. \toiirmenter, Fr.] to put to pain;
to excruciate ; to teaze ; to vex with importunity ; to
agitate.
TORMENT,*, a lasting pain ; misery, anguish, torture.
TORME'NTIL, *. a genus of plants of which there are two
species, the a\» ight and ci ee ping. The root of the tirst spe-
cies, called also seplfoil, is used in several counties to tan
leather, and farmers tind them very etiicacious in the dysen-
teries of cattle.
TORME NTING, o. torturing ; putting to great pain ;
leazing with great importunitv ; excruciating.
TORiVl E'NTOR, *. one that torments ; any thing that
causes pain.
TORN, |iart. pass, of Tear.
TOR-NA'DO, J. [Span.| a hurricane; awnirlwind.
TORPE'DO, the Cramp or Numb fish, s. {tnrpedo,
from !<irpeo, to be nuililj, Lnl.| tin- most ?iiigiiliir p'upeity
ofvvhic'i is, that when out of ihe water il ati'i its the han(l,
orotnerpart that tout Ins il, with a seir-atioii iniidi like Ihe
cramp ; the sliotk is instantaneous, and re-emlilcs that
given by oleclricity, only that the etlecl la.^ts longer ; but
whin it is dead, it is esleti safVly.
TO'RPEKI.Y, a small town in Cheshire, where the she-
rift^stoui ns and courts an held. I Is church is chieriv i ptiiaik-
able (or the waste of g'pod marble in moiuimciilal vanil' .
Il is a great llKjroiiglif.irc ini the ro;id to Clwstcr, aiul is
seatft'l oil a gentle disceiil, 9 niilfs S. ,S. K. of Cluster. It
was foriiierly a borough, and had a market on Tuesflav, now
dJMised.
TO'RPID, ]torpidiu, from torpeo, to be niinib, Lat.j
numbpfl, deprived of motion or sensation : sluggi-h.
TORPOR, J. [Lat.J <lidnes3 of sensation ; iiiabilitv to
move.
TORREFA'CTION, s. [torreo, to be hot, ami /arm, to
Biake, Lai.) the act of scorching, or roasting any thing before
the fire.
TO RIU'JNT , ». [<wrfH«, Vr. torrens, Lat.] in geography,
A temporary stream of water falling sii<ldeiily iVon) mountains
whereon llir-re have been ;.'icat rains, or an extraordinary
llia» nfsi.ow.
TO'KKH), (1. [inrriile, Fr. trom lurrro, to parch, I.,al.j
iHiruiiii hot : paiched <ir scorched.
'JOKIUN<i'rON,a tuwuof Devvnsliire, with.a market on
Saturday. There is a stone bridge of four arches oTer tb*
river Towridge, and it is 11 miles S. by W. of Barnstaple,
and 192 W. by S. of London.
TORSE, s. in heraldry, a wreath.
TO'RSEL, s. any thing in a twisted form. v
TO'RSION, {torshon) s. [torsio, from torfueo, to writhe,
Lat. [the act of writhing, twisting, turniiif;, or winding.
TORT, j. [F'r.J in law, signities wrong or injury.
TO'R'PILI.E, n. [toniks, Lat.J twisted ; wreafhad.
TO'RTOISK, j. [tortu, fr.j an amphibious animal, co-
\ered with a strong shell. A form into which the antient
soldiers formed themsrbes, by bending down and holding
their bucklers over their heads, so that no darts could hurl
them.
TORTO'L.A, an island of the West indies, belonging to
the English, and the principal of the Virgin Islands. It is
about 18 miles long from E. lo W. and 7 in ils greatest
breadth. It produces e\(ellenl cotton, sugar, and rum. Lat.
18. .30. N. Ion. G3. 40. \V.
TORTUCi.A, an i»land of the West Indies, near the N.
coast of Ihe island of Hispaniola. It is about 80 miles. in
circumference, and has a very safe harbour, but ditlicult of
access. Lat. 20. 10. N.Ion.75. 10. \V.
TORTUOSITY, ». wreath ; flexure.
TTD'UTLOU.*^, n. \torUinsvs, from torquto, to writhe, Lat.
tortiitux, Fr.] winding, turning in and out.
'lORTURE, s [toititre, Fr. inrtiiro, Lat.J pain ; anguish;
a state of lasting torment inflicted either as a punishment, or
to extort confession.
ToTORTURi", v.a. [tortnm, Lat.] to punish with tor-
ture ; to excruciate ; totoinunt; to keep on the stretch.
TO'R I'URER, i. a lormentor; one that tortures.
TO'RVITY, *. [tnniius, Lat.J sourness ; a stern, severe
counJenance. Not used.
TORVOUS, a. \tn,t„s, T,at.J sour of aspect. Not used.
TO RY, i. ill the English history, one who adheres to the
anlienl consliliilion olthe state, and the apostolical hierar-
chy of the Church of England ; opposed lo a whig.
To'VO.SS, r. a. pret. and part. pass, tost ; \tttxsen, Belg.]
to throw or cast with the hand ; to impel or throw with vio-
lence ; lo Ifl w itii a sudden and violent iiKilioii ; to agitale ;
to make restless ; lo tumble over. NeulerK,lobe in violent
agitation. L'sed with up. lo Hing coin in the air in gamuig.
TOSSEL, i. see Fassel.
TOSSER, *. one who ill ows ; one who tlings or writhes.
TO TAL, a I Fr. totalis, from tutus, llie whole, Lat. I whole
or complete ; containing all the parts taken tO{!etner, or
un'Jivid.ed.
'FOTA'Lrr"^ , i. \totn!iti. Fr.] any thing entile or undi-
vided- tliewliole: a '-urn total.
TOTALLY, nrf wliolU ; entirely; completely; fully.
T0TH!;R, co!itia( led for t/ie rl/in:
'I'O'T.NESS, a town in Dexoiishire, distant fiom F-cndon
IfiO measured miles, and sends two members to parliament.
TIk- marKei..i:oe oiiTiiesdav and Salurdav.
ToTO'TTFR, 1'. H. [^'/eiew, lo sla;;ger, Belg.] to shake
so as lo be ill diifiger of fHljiiig ; lo sta^^ger.
TO'I'IERING, TOTTERY, TOFTY, a. [the first word.
is onlv used I iea<ly to fall ; feeble; weak.
TOL'CAN, s. in oriiilliolo;,'y, a bird, furnished with a
ver\ lai;;eliill. luastri iioiny, a constellalionoi the southern
heiiiis|>liepe.
To TOUCH, Cf«''/0 '•• a.\tn,ir/ier, Fr.J to reach with any
thing so that there be no snace between the thing \\\\h
which Me reach and that which is reached ; lo come lo,
or allaiu. To try, applicfl lo nie'als. Toafiect, move, or
melt. To mark out or delineate. To sti ike or sound, ap-
plied to nuisic. To act ii|)on or im|iel. 'Fo treat of in a
slight inunner. To infect in a slight degree. To touch up, to
repair or improve. Nenterlv, lo cohere ; to join clo^e to-
gether. I'sid willing loeoi'K' t", or stay at, u place. Used
with ori, to mention in a slight manner. Usvd with on or
tijw-i, ;o arrive at, or sloo a short time; t< lijjht upou ifi
meiititi iiUiuirics.
rou
T U A
TOUCH, (<u(/j, .«. ivach of ;iny thin? so that there is no
»p<!C<-' hctwfcii llic thin;; rcnliiMH. iirKt the thin;; ii-achcd ;
the Sfiisc (iCIWIin;; ; thi- ;ut of lontliin^ ; r\iiMiin;itiiiii of
liR'Iiili h\ ;i stone ; ii te»t hy «lii< h itnv thin;; is tried ; proof;
power of excitin;; the ;iH'i(tions ; the act of the hand on a
InUiieal iiistrninent ; arteilion ; a hint ; a !>h;;hl eisav ; a
ati'okc in pwinlin;; ; feature ; a gentle lap ; wipe ; a (il of a
disease; exaet perfornianee.
'1'<.)'LV'H-Il<)|,i:, {fuvlt hull) s. the hole through which
Uie tire IS lonveveil to the powder in a ^nn.
'I'OL'CIIING, (/«e/(/Hn)/i)r/». fonternin;; ; with respect,
relation, or ie;;ard to.
TOTJClllNG, (iuMiitr) a. Ivin? so close that no space
mav he hetweeii ; aHi eloi;; ; pallietic ; inovin;;.
TOUCHSTONE, (tuchsi<„:()s. a black glossy stone, by
which Kold and silver are tried ; anv test.
TOUCHWOOD, s. rotten wood used to catch the fire
struck from the fiint.
TOUCHY, fl. See rECHY.
TOUGH, (ttiff') u.\U)h, Sax.] not breaking when bent;
slilf, or not easily hent. Not easily bitten or chewed, ap-
plied (o food ; visc<pns : clammy ; ropy.
TOUGHNESS, U'uffiicss) s. the ((uality of not hcin^r easily
beut ; hard to be bit or chewed. Viscosity; tenacity; glii-
tinousriess.
TOdLON, a celeI)ratod city and seaport of France, and
the chief town of the dept. of Var. Before the revolution,
it was tlic see of a bishop, and besides the cathedral, and
other parishes, contained 9 convents, a seminary, and a col-
lege. It is (liviiled into tlie Old Quarter and the New Quar-
ter. The harbour, respectin;; these two quarters, is dislni-
guished likewise by the names of the Old Port or the Mer-
chant I'oit, and the New Port. In the fri>nt of the latter is
a rope-house, built wholly ot freestone, 620 (eet in length,
with three arched walks, in which as many parlies of rope-
makers may work at the same lime ; and above is a place for
the pre|)aratio!i of hemp. The Ion;; sail-room, llie dock-
yards, llie basins, cannon foundery, armoury, working houses
for blacksmiths, joiners, lariuiiteis, locksmiths, carvers, <!to.
are all very exiensive and well contrived. The inhabitants
i*ere induced to surrender this cilv in trust to the English,
in Sejitember, 1793; but the consecpiences were dreadful ;
— Their new friends, in al)0Ut tlrrec months, were driven out
of the place with such precipilaliuii, that of ;ll shi|)s of the
line, foMiiil at T<mloii, 13 were left behind, S> only being'
burneil there, airl 1 at Leghorn; and {lord Hood had pre-
viously sent to llrest and Uochlort willi republican S''amen,
whom he was afiaid to trust. Napolean RouiHtparte, now
emperor of the French, tirst <tisliiiguishe<l himself in this
siege, at which he served as officer of artillery ! The inha-
bitants a'e com|Miled at 80,000. Toulon is situated on a
bay of the Mediterranean, 27 miles S. E. of .\'k, and 388
S. E. of Paris. Lat. 43. 7. N. Ion.6. .^5. K.
rO'ULOUS''", a city in the dept. of Upper (iamniie, the
largest citv in France, next to Paris and Lvons, although its
population beaii Bopi,)portioii to its e\t<iit ; containing only
about fiO. 000 inhabitants. It is 12.5 miles S. E. of Boiir(b-aux,
and .^')6 S. I)v \V. of L'aris. Lai. 43. 3(5. N. Ion. i. 27. E.
TOUPKT, (r.«/.et)*. [Fr.] an artificial curl of hair; the
hair l^hlchg|■ons oi, tin- foiehead turned back-
TOUR, s \tonr, Fr.] a ramble, or roving journey ; a turn,
or revolution.
UXO
.fdie
river Loire runs through the miifdie. Il is 5« miles in length,
and 55 in bieailth, ami is watered liV several rivers, very
commodious for trade, and is, in general so pleasant ami
fertile a country, that il is called the Garden of France. It
now forni'j the department of Ind re and Loire, of which
Toios is lh.° capital.
TOUR VI A LIN, in natural lilstor\ , a kind of stone, which
is remarkable for its electrical qiialitv.
TO'URN \.MK\'l', s. \tomnRmeHliim, low Lat. J a till;
joiislinu': a military diversion; a mock encounter.
TO'URNAY, a baodsutue and considerable town «f
S>i\
IDF
ich
Flanders, and capital of the Touriiaysis, is a large trading
place, with seveial tine nianufaclories, and particularly
famous (or good stockings. The cathedral, and ihe abbey
of St. Martin, are very mag'Uificent. It is seated on the
river Scheldt, wliicli divides it into two parts, ihat arc united
bv a bridge, 14 miles S. E. of Lisle, ;)0 S. W. of Ghent, and
\?j-> N. bv I'., of Paris. Lat. 50. 33. N. Ion. .3. 2^;. E.
TO'UKNIQUI'T, s. I Fr.] in surgery, an instrument made
of rollers, compresses, screws, Ac. for compressing any
wounded part, so as to stop ha'niorrhages.
TOL'llS,aii anlieiit, large, handsome, rich, and consider-
able city, capital of the dept. of Iiidre and Loire. It
is advantageously sealed on the Loire, and near the
Cher. Over the former is one of the finest bri<lges in
I''uro|)e, consisting of 15 elliptical arches, eaih 75 feet
diameter; three of these were carried away by the breakin,
lip of ill* in 1789. This bridge is termi?r,ited in a line wli:
crosses the whole cily, by a street 2-100 U et long, foot-pave-
liients<m each side ; and lined willi line buildings recently
erected. Under the ministry of cardinal Richelieu, no lesg
than 27,tWO persons were here employed in the silk manufac-
ture ; but, at present, the whole number of inhabitants is
not more than 33,000. The red wines made here are nuch
esteemed. Tours is 127 miles S. \V. of Paris.
TOW, {to) s. [tow, Sax.] lla\ or hemp beaten and combed
into a filamentous sidistance.
ToTOW, {to) V. a. \teon, tco/ii,n. Sax.] to draw by a rope i
the water.
TO'WAGE, {tdns;e) s. [lounge, Fr.] money paid to the
owner of ground near a river for the liberty of lowing a ves-
sel, or lothe ownerof the horses employed in towing.
'lOWA'UD, or TOWARD-;, yrep.' [toward, Sax.] in a
direction, or near to ; with respect to, or relating; with
local or ideal tendency to; nearly, little less than.
TOWARD, or TOWARDS, ad. near; in a state of
preparation.
TOWARD, a. ready to do or learn; tractable.
TO'WARDLY.arf. readiK : orderly.
TOVVARULINKSS, or TOWARDNESS, r. docility;
compliance.
TOAVCESTER,asmall townof Northamptonshire, seated
on a small river, 32 miles S. E. of Coventry, and (M N. W. of
London. Market on Tuesday.
TO WEL. {ow proii. as in now) s. \touaiHe, Fr. toimglio,
Ital.j a cloth used for wiping the liauds.
TOWER, (oMiin this and the Hdlowing words pron as
in how) s. [tor. Sax. tour Fr. torre, I tab] a high building
raised above Ihe body of an edifice; a fortress or citadel.
To TOWER, V. n. lo soar ; to Hy, or rise high.
TOWERING, a. soaring, rising, or flying high.
TO AVERY, u. adorned or guarded with towers.
TOWN, s \tim. Sax. ttit/ti, Bidg.] a collection of houses
larger than a village, and less ihan a city; any number ot
houses to which belongs a regular market ; the people of a
capital. Town tnik, means the common prattle of a place.
TOWNCLERK, s. an officer who manages the public
business of a place.
TOWNSH'P. s .the extent of a town's jurisdiction.
TOXO'PHOLITE, «. [from toxon, a bow, and />/ii7<?o, to
love, Cir. I a modern name given lo archers.
TOY, .«. [i'xomUyen. to dress with many ornaments, Belg.]
a thing of no v^sliie ; a play-thing; folly ; play, or amorous
dalliance ; wild fancy.
To 'I'OV, V. n. to play ; to sport or dally amorously.
TOYSHOP, s. a shop where toys and little nice manu-
facturis a'f sold.
To 'r07E, 1'. n. to draw out : lo pull asunder as is done
in cardiii.". wool to make it softer and fit for siiinning.
TRACE, s. [truce, Fr. truccia, Ilal.J a mark left bv any
thing passing : a footstep; remains. Harness for beasts of
draught, from tirnser, Fr.
To TR.ACE, V. a. [tracer, Fr.]to follow by means of marln
left, or f lotsteps ; to mark out ; to walk over
TRACER, *. one who traces.
867
TRA
TR A
TRACHE'A, *. in anatomy, tlie wind pipe, a tube, or
caual, eKteiuliii^ from tlie iiiuutli to the liiij;;s.
TRACK, J. I trac, old Fi.] a mark lift by the foot, the
wheels of a carriage, or otherwise ; a roail or beaten path.
SyNON. Treck is more fjeiierai than fuvtitep ; the former
implying any mark left on the way of wiiatever passed ;
whereas the latter is confined to liie print ot'tlii iiuuian feet.
To TRACK, V. a. to follow by tiie footsteps, or marks
left in the way.
TRA'CKLESS, a. untrodden ; luurked with no foot-
. TRACT, s. [tractus, Lat.J in geography, is an extent of
ground or a portion of the earth's surLicc. A ri'_;ion. In
matters of literature it denotes a small treatiie, or writlcii
discourse upon any subject.
TRA'CTABLE, a. [iiaciabilis,fioo^ triictn,',o manage, Lat.]
capable of being goveined or managed; docile; obsequious;
comphant. Such as mav be handled.
TRA'CTABLKNKSS, s. gentleness of disposilion ; the
(juaiity of beinj; easily nianaged or governed.
TRADE, J. \trattu, Ital.] the exchange of goods for mo-
ney or other commodities. Bubiiiess or employ carritd on
iii a shop, opposed to the liberal arts, or learned professions.
The instruments of any business. Custom; habit.
ToTR.ADE, i'. n. to trattic or exchange goods for money
or other commodities; to act merely for money. Actively,
loexchanije or sell in commerce.
. TRA'DER, f. one engaged in merchaudise or commerce.
Any small vessel that trades from port to port.
TRA'DESM.AiS', s. one who buys and sells by retail ; a
mechanic.
TRADE-WIND, i. a wind between the tropics, which
blows for a certain time to one pnint. A monsoon.
TRADITION, s. [Fr. traditw, from trtidu, to deliver,
Lat.] among ecclesiastical writers, denotes certain regula-
tions regarding the riles, ceremonies, Ac. of leligion, which
are said to be iiauded down from the days of the a|.ostles to
the present time. 7\adilion is distinguished iulo written,
whereof there are some traces in the writings of the iiitient
fathers; and unwritten, whereof no mention is niaJe in the
writings of the first ages of Christianity.
TRADI'TIONAE, a. delivered by tradition.
TRADIT'lONALLY", ad. by transmission from age to
age.
. To TRADUCE, v. a. [tiaduco, Lat.] to represent as
.blameable ; to calumniate ; to decry; to defame. To pro-
pagate or increase by deriving one from another.
TRADU'CIBLE, a. such as may be derived.
TR.^DU'CING, a. calumniating; slandering; defaming.
TKADU'CTION, s. [traduction, Fr. traduclw, Lat.J tha
^itnslating one language into another ; derivation ; trans-
(kiiission ; conveyance ; transition ; defamation.
TRAFALGAR, a cape or promontory, in -Andalusia, at
the entrance of the Straits of Gibraltar, 3(i miles E. S. I'j. of
JCadiz. Lat. 36.8. iV. ion. C 8. W.— On the 21st of October,
"180.5, the combined fleets of France and Spain, consisting of
33 sail of the line, commanded by admirals Villeneuve anil
firavifia, were defeated oH' this cape, with the loss of 19 of
their ships, taken or destroyed, by an English fleet of 27
\ta,\\ of the line, under Lord Nelson ; u lio being killed in the
■j^ngagenient, closed, by this last grand achievement, a life of
unexam|)le(l naval success.
TRA'i'FIC, s. \triijic, Fr.| large trade, or exchange of
commodities; the subject of tra<le. .Synon. Traffii- was
formerly Used of foreign commerce in distinction from
trade.
To TIIATFIC, I', n. [trnfiiiiitr, Fr.] to carry on trade.
. TRA'KFICKIsR,.. a trader; a merchant.'
) TRAXiAC.ANTU, [tn'/^atnntlinm, Lat.) a fjuni exuding
from the incision of the root or tiunk of a plant k>
^.^led.
TRAGE'L).r.-\N, /. [trn^wJus, Lat.J a writer or actor of
traiV'dies.
TKA'GpUY, s- \tyatradia, Lat. tragcdit, Fr.J a dramatic
«i8
poem representing'some serious action. Fi'gUratiTcly, any
miujrnfirl or dreadful event.
lilA'GIC, or TRAGICAL, a [tragiq»t, Fr. tragian,
Lat. J relating to tragedy ; mournful or dreadful. '«
'rR.A'(iI COMEDY, s. [trii^i cvmidie, Fr.j a dramatic
representation, partly tragedy, and paitly comedy. '
To T R.\IL, t'. a. [tmifier, Fr.] to lunit by tliet/ack; t*
draw along the ground : to draw or trace. To drag, from
treirlen, Belg. Neulerly, to be drawn out iir length.
TIt.ML, i. the scent or marks kit on the ground by ani
animal that is hunted; any thing drawn out in length, or
dragging on the ground ; any thing drawn behind ill long
umfijlations.
TR.'MLINrj, n. hanging or dragging on the ground.
To TRAIN,*, a. [ti-aiiier, Fr.J to tiravv along ; to draw
or entice ; to draw by artifice or stratagem. Used with on;
to'draw from one act to another by persuasion. Used witii
vp, to breed, educate, or teach by degrees.
TR.'MN, s. [train, Vi\\ an artiliee used to entice ; the
tail.of a bird ; the part of agov\n that sweeps behind along
the ground ; a series, process, or method ; a retinue, or
number of followers ; ;; procession ; the line of powd':?
which reaches to a mine. A train of artillery, is the cannon
accompanying an army.
TRAl'NOlL, s. oii drawn by coction from the fat of
whales.
ToTR.MPSE, t'. a. to walk in a careless'or sluttish manner..
A low word.
TRAIT, .f. [Fr.] a stroke or touch.
TRAI"IOn,i. [traitre, Fr.] one who betrays anv tiust.
IRAITOROUS, a. treacherous ; perfidious ; faith-
less.
TRAITOROUSLY, orf.pcrfidioush; trcaeherousiv.
THALATITIOUSLY, ad. metaphorically ; not literally.
" Written language is tr/iliititioush/ so called." Holder.
TRALEE', the shire town ot Kerry, in .Munster. Consi-
derable quanti.ies of herrings are take.u in the bav. It is
144 miles S. \V. of Dublin.
TRA LOS iMONTE'^, a province of Forfngal, beyond
tlie mountain*, with regard to the other provinces of this
kingdom, whence it has its name. It is hounded on the
N. by Galicia, on the VV. by Enlre-Douro eiMinho, and
Reira ; and on the S. by Beira, and a part of LeonT It is
lertde in wine and oil, and abounds in cattle. The river
Doiiro divides it into two parts, and Miranda is the
capital. J
TRA'MEL, or TRA'MMEL, s. \ir«mail, Fr.] a net i«
which birds or fish are caught ; a net of any kind; a kind
of shackles in which Liirsas^irt laui.'-ht to pace.
To TlLVMM-'.'iL, V. a. to catch or intercept ; used
with up.
To TR \'MPLE, ti. u. I tramvf, Dan.l to tread under foot
with pride, insolence, or contempt. Neulerly, to' tread ib
contempt used with uH, or i';>o«.
TRA'MPLER, s. one that tramples.
TRANCE, s. [Johnson proposes writing if travtr. to '
agree in etymology with tmuse, Fr. trannitus, from trannec^
to pass over, Lat.J a state .if the soul, «herein it is vvrajit
into visions of future or distant things, and the body seems
insensible. .'.
TRA'NQUIL, a. \*raHt]uille, Fr. tranquiltnt:, Lat.J (luiet;
uniljsturbed ; peaceful.
TRANQUILLITY, s. [trunqinllitc, Fr. tyanrpdHitas, Lat.]
calmness; stillness; an undislinlied stateofmind. SvNoN.
'J'niiifjiiillilu, pnice, t/uiit, i-n/m, whether applied to the sou),
to a republic, or anv partietdar society, e(|iially e\|o-ess a si-
tuation exempt from trouble and molestation. The lirsf,
however, relates to that within one's self,' and in llu' tijuc
present, independent of any other relations ; /)'««■»•, to tlii
situation with regard to enemies, who have the power to
produce an alteration ; fpiiet, with respect to time past or
future, as succeeding or preceding a situation troubled.
Tranqnillili/, means snmoljiiiess, ami does not, like peace and
rti/m, imply previous per<urbation. M'cuce is ':r'|iiised to
TRA
J'R A
SMIT jrtf?!*, to stortii ; tranquiilltii, ia agitation; VinA quitt,
io roniiiintioh.
TRANS, ill composition, is l>ormwt'd from the Lcitiii, and
signifies over, btvoiid, ihron^li, or tluinsjc ofstiile or place.
• ToTHANSA'C'l', t). «. I from trnnsnctiis, Lvil.J lo c<in-
dlict or iiiniui;;e anv Ireiily or iiftViir ; ti> peiibrni orc;irrvon.
' 'ITlANSA'C'riON, f. \lrniisac!itm, t'r.J iieyociatioii ; iiia-
BftffOmeMI ; any l>^l^ille^s<■ilnie(^ on.
TRANSANIM A'TION, i. rCroiii OvT/M, a particle of re
jl, Lat.l conveyance of tiie soul
froiMone Ixiilv to Wliiilller
irioviiij;, and ntiimn, tlie soul
To T|! -W'SCR'NU, v.a. [from irnus, beyond, ani\ scaiidi,
toclinili, Lat.l to pass; to overpass, excel, or surpass ; lo
Stirinnnnt, oiildo.
'I'KANSCI'.'NDRNOV, a. [from trant, beyond, and
sciDiilii, lo clinii), Lat.] exccllciK-y ; snperciiiiiu'iice o( olliers
in any ffoi'd quality or perfection. Exa<;gei'alion ; elevation
bevoMcl iiiitli.
TI{.\NS€KT^DRNT, ff. [from trnnt, beyond, and sca7uto,
to climb, Lat tiansrendnnt, Kr. j excellent ; supremely ex-
cellent ; snrpassin<;.
TI!.\NS(;K'M)|:\TLY,<»<?. excellently; supereminently.
To TltAN->CRl'lJK, V. n. [from trans, over, and scrib», to
Wrile, L;il. I 111 lopv ; to write fiomaii example.
TU XNS !!? P>ER,«. one «iio writes froma copy.
TRA'N.Sr.K! IT, j. [from tnois, over, and scriho, lo write,
Lat.] a; v'jiv ; anv tliioi; wriileii from :iii orij^jnial.
TRANSCIU'PTION, J | Fr. from <!w«, ov.-r, and *eWK
to write I, a 1. 1 1 lie Mct of transcriliin;; or copvins.
_ TRAN'^CURSION, (traiishfitslmti) s. [from ^»rt»j, a par-
ticle of removin^r, and ciorn, to run, Lai. J passinj; lliroui,'li ;
the act of rnnninij or passiiiK from one place to another :
ramble; extraordinary deviation.
To T" A'NSKRR, f. a \ tinns/eier, Fr. from trans, over, and
fero, lo brin^;, Lat.] to make over from one to another; to
traii-iport or r-move.
TRA'N.SKKR, s. in commerce, &c. is an act whereby a
person surrenders his rij;ht, interest, or propert' , in any
thinjj, movralile or iiiini(ivv;ible, to another. It is chieHy
used for the siirniii^ and n:;ikin;; over shares in tile slocks,
or pnhlie fund*, to sn<-li .i.^ piiichasc them of the proinielors.
TRANSFIGURATION, s. [from tr,ws, a panicle of
change, and /rffiii-ff, a tig'nre, Lat.J chan;.;e of form oi appear-
aiice ; the state of a person or Ihiii^ whose appearance is
remarkahly altered. IVansl'oniiiifinn.
To TRAN^FLGURE, v. •,. jfrom irans, a particle of
ehanse, and /i^"rii, a figure, Lat.] lo trynsform; lo chan;,'C
form or an|>e;iri'nce.
TR A NSFFGURED, a. having the form or afipeaiance
chaiLwd.
To TR AN.SFl'X, I', a [from irnns, thrnugh, an-l fig-o, to
fix, (.Hi.] to iiieree tliron^h.
To TRANSFO'iiM, v. a. [trnmfvrmn; Fr. from trane, a
particle of c!ian(;e, a rid /ernm, a form, Lat.jlo cli iiije the
external form ; to c hin^e into some other form. Nenterly,
to he niefaniornluwerl. or chaiiL'ed inloanotlier iorai.
TRAN^^FORMATION, J. |Fr. frmntifws, a pa'licle of
cha^i^e, aiid/«;mo, a form, Lat.| the act ot changing from one
forii) into anoihev
To TR ANSh'U"^''', Umnsfuze) ji. n. [from trniis, a iiarticle
of reniovinff, and fnnrln, to pour. Lat.J to pour out of one into
another.
TR \NSFr''-;TO\, (tnivsfuThfm)). [Fr. from trim, a par-
iticle of reniovin;;, and/imrfo, to pour, Lat.] the act of pouring
t)nt of one vessi"l in'o aiioth'-r. Anionic anatoinists the art
ef conveviiig ihe Mood of one animal into another.
ToTR A ,'S(. RF.'SS, IV a. [trnii.i^esser. Fr. from trans,
over, 1M\(I ^ra'lifir, lo st -p, Lat.l to \ya^s over or lieM>nd ; to
■»iol.ile oi" hrewk. Neiiieclv. lo ofl'end l)v violalin" a law.
TRAVSGRR'S><!ON,«r"n.vo-m'««) s. | Fr. from t,a„s.
ever, and pnirlwr. lo step, L;il [a hrevuh or violation of a law
TOr corMiiiancliiienI ; ot}"en<'e, crime, fault.
TRANSGRESSOR,*. fLat.] a hi»l.reaker; an offender.
TRANSIENT, o, [<>a;i««»i, fiom tram, over, and «;, to
Ko, Lat.l soon )ia»t or passing ; of short continuance ; ino-
nieiilarv ; not iajliii^'.
'l'll\'NSIEN ILV, ad. slightly ; by the bye ; in passage.
Tl! '\NSIL\'A'MA, a counlry of ICuropV, formerly an-
nexed to llnnyarv ; hounded on the N. hy Hungar\, I'oiaiid,
and Mr)ldavia ; on the K. hy Moldavia ; on Ihe S. hy Wala-
chia and the hannat ofTemesviar ; and on the \V. hy Hun-
gary. It is surrounded on all parts hy high iiiountains,
\ihich, ho«evei, are not harren,and tin" air is lieallhier Ihuu
that of lluiigar\. The inhal'ilanls have a suthciency of ctirn
anil uiru-, and there are ric'i mines of gold, silver, lead,
copper, <pii< ksilver, and alum. It has undergone vaiious
revolutions, Iml, since I72'2, has been hereditary lo the house
of Austria. Tiie iniialnlants are a mixture of Romanists,
Ltiiheraiis, (lalvinisis, Socinians, Armenians, (jreeks, and
Mahometans; tov\liichnniy he addeil Jews and Ciugars,
who live in tents, ami lead a vagaliond hfe like gipsies. Its
form is nearlv oval ; about 4oo miles in circumference. The
principality is governed in the name of the prince and nobi-
lity, by the diet, ^^llich meets at Hermaiistadt, hv summons
tioni the prince ; Ihe government being w/iolly difl'erent from
that of IfnuL'arv.
'I'RA'XSIT, *. \trausitut, from trans, over, and eo, to go,
Lat.] in astroninny, applii d loan inferior planet, when in
its inferior conjunction it passes o\ei the suns disk like a
black round spot. Also ai)plied to the moon when she
inrdtes a near appulse to any |>lauet or fixed »lar, but not
.so as to hide it from our view, it then being termed an oc-
cullalion.
TRANSn'ION, .5. [Fr. transitio, from trans, over, and
ro, logo, Lat.] removal, passage, change; the act of passing
from one subject lo another.
TR.A'NSniV I'., a. UiuHsilirns, from trans, over, and eo,
to go, Lat.] having the power of passing In grammar,
appMed to verbs which signify any action having an effect
on sfuiie objerf.
TR X'NSITORY, a. \transitoire, Fr. trnnsitorivi, from trans,
over, and eo. to go, Ijt.j continuing but fin- asliorf time.
To TR A NSLATE, D. n.\\'\rt\n trims, o\cr, and /nfwin, to
carrv, Lat.j lo Iran-port or' remove irom one place or post
to another; lo transfer or convey ; to change ; loinlerpiet,
or give I be sense oTany book or seiileiice in aiioti'.er lan-
guage. To e\ I lain ; used in a low colhxpiial sense.
TR ^NSLA'TION, *■. | Kr. fnmi iruns, over, and Iniiim, to
cany, Lat.] the act of Iraitsferring or removing a thing
from (uie place to another ; we sav the tramlatinn of a
bishop, a council, a seal of ju«tice, Ac. It is also used for
the version of a hook or writing, out of one language iuio
another. Sy NON. Translation relates lo the turning into
modern languat;es ; versiw, into aniienl. The English
Rd)le is a Iranslatiun. The Latin and Greek Bibles are
ver.'^wns.
TR \NSLATOR, s. [from trans, over, and latum, to carry,
Lat.] one that turns anv ihin,' in'o aiiolher language.
Tt!ANSL(JC!D, or TRANsLU'CEN'P, a. (tiom frsn.-,
fhroush, and Inreo, to shine, Lat.J lrauspar''nt ; diaplmnons';
clear : gi^'n^' i .assage to lit'lit.
TR ANSM A'RINR, a. [from Irnns, over, and marp. the
sea, Lat ] Iving on the other side of the sea; coming fr(nn
parts be>ond Ihe sea ; nllrainarine.
To TRA'iS'SViKiRATE, r. «. [fiom /7-on^, over, and?n)^To,
to renu)ve, Lat.l lo pass from one country or place to
another.
TRANSMIGRATION, i. [Fr. from trans, over, and
migrn, to remove. Lat.] the removal or translalion of a
V hole (leoide frgm mie coiiutrv lo another, hv the po.^er
of a COD iierer. Also the passag" of a soul out of one Imdj
into an<"''or.
TR.\ Mf'SSARLK, n. car-able of being coiiveved.
TIlANS.Vi! SSION, i!rri!ismli/iiiu) s [from trans, a par^icic
of removing, ;md vitlo, lo senil, Lat.j ilie Hel of conveying
frcm one i)lace to another, or delivering. from one person -to
another.
8M)
r R A
TR A
To TitANSMl.'T, ti. «. [from trans, a par'.iflcof rcmovinj;,
ati(! viiiti), til bend, Liit.J to semi or (lelivi:r down from one
person, place, or ;i;je, to another.
IKANSMITTKH, ,t. one tliat transmits.
TRANSM U'T.A BLE, «. [ fioni iransmutn, to change, Lat.J
Ciipablc of bein^ tlianged Iroiii one nature or substance to
another.
TRANSMUTATION, s. [from trausmuto, to change,
Lat.] the act of cliangiti^' one nature or substance to another.
Nature, Sir Isaac Newton observes, seems delighted with
transmutation. Gross bodies and light, he suspects, may
be niutu'dlly transmuted into each ether ; and adds, that
all bodies receive llieir active force from the viarlicles of
light which enter theii composition. Earth, by laat, be-
comes fire; and, by cold, is converted into ea;th again ;
dense bodies, by fermentation, are raised ink) various kinds
of air ; and that air, by fermentation, also reverts into gross
bodies. All bodies, beasts, fishes, insects, plants, &c. with
all their various parts, grow and increase out of water, and
fcqueous and salnic tinctures, and by putrefaction all of
tliem return into water, or any aqueous liquor, again.
Farther, water, exposed a while to the open air, puts on a
tincture, which in process of time has a sediinent and a
spirit, and, before putrefaction, yields nourislunent both
lor animals and vegetid^les. In alchymy, it denotes the
art of changing or exalting imperfect metals into gold or
siKer.
To TRANSMUTE, v. n. [from transinuto, to change,
Lat.j to change one substance or matter into another.
'I'KA'NSOAl, i. [trans, over, Lat.J in building, a beam
going across or athwart. The vane of the cross stafl".
TRANSPA'RENCY, *. [traiisparenee, Fr. from trans,
through, and pareo, to appear, Lat.] that quality of a body
which renders it easy to be seen through; clearness;
translucence ; diaphaneity.
TRANSPA'RENT, a. [transparent, Fr.] that may be seen
through; clear; pervious, or giving passage to light ; trans-
lucent; pellucid; diaphanous.
TRA^ISPIRA'TION, j. [Fr. from trans, through, and
smro, to breathe, Lat.] emission of vapours. Entrance and
aischarge of air through the pores of the skin.
To TRANSPI'RE, v. a. [transpirer, Fr.J to emit in va
pour. Neuterly, to be emitted in vapours ; to escape from
secrecy ; to notice.
To TRANSPLA'NT, v. a. [transplanter, Fr. from trans, a
particle of removing, and jiluntn, to plant, Lat.] to remove
and plant in a new place. To rrniore.
TRANSPLANTA'TION,*. [o«H.s;>M«fario;i, Fr.J the act
of removing from one place to another ; removal.
TRANSPLANTER, s. one tliat transplants.
To TR.ANSPO'RT, v. a. transporter, Er. from tratts, over,
and porto, to carry, Lat.) to carry or convey by carriage
from one place to another ; to carry into banishment ; to
hnrrv bv violence of passion ; to put into ecstasv.
TRA'NSPOUT, i.[transport, Fr.| a violent hurry of pas-
sion ; ecstasy ; a rapture, a sally ; a ship employe<l to carry
soldiers, ammunition, or warlike stores, from one place to
another. Carriage ; convevance.
TRANSPORTABLE, a." capable of being moved from
one place to another.
TRANSPORTATION, j. carriage from one place to
another ; banishment for crimes. Ecstatic violence of
pa'ision.
TRANSPORTER, s. one that transports.
To TRANSPOSE, (<r«n4/)uie) t). a. [transpnscr, Fr. from
trans, a particle of change, and pofio, to^put, Lat.] to put
each in the place of the other. To put out of place.
TRANSPOSITION, (Iranspozh/ion) s. [trimspositivu,
FrJ the act ofchaniiing tl'e order or place of things.
ToTRANSUB.STA'NTIATE, {trantnbstanltatr) v. a. [tran-
tnhstantier, Fr. from trans, a particle of chan;;e, and siilstan-
tia, siit)stan<-e, Lat.J to rliange to another.
TRANSUBSTANTI ATION, {transubslanshiishon) s. [Fr.
from trmu, a particle ol ciiange, and substantia, substance.
Lat.] in theology, the conversion or cliange of the tubstancc
of the bread and wine, in the Eucharist, into the body aai
blood of Jesus Christ, which the Romish church hold i»
wrouj;ht by the consecration of the priest.
TRANSUDATION, *. the act of passing in sweat, or
perspirable vapour, through anv integument.
To TRANSUDE, v. n. [from <raii», through, and trido,
to sweat, Lut.] to pass through in vapour, or moisture ; tt*
perspire.
TRA'NSVERSE, a. [(wmtransversia, Lat.] being in a cro»g
direction.
TRANSVERSELY, arf. in a cross direction.
TRAP, i. \trappe. Sax. trape, Fr.]a snare set to catcU
thieves or vermin ; an ambush ; a stratagem to catch, or be-
tray unawares ; a play with a ball and sticks.
To TRAP, II. a. [trappan. Sax.] see to EntKAP.
TR.\PD0OR. s. a door which opens and shuts unex-
pectedly.
TRAPES, J. an idle, sluttish, slatternly wench.
TRA PE ZIUM, *. [from trapeza, a table, Gr.] in geometry,
is a iilanc (iuiire contained under four unequal right angles.
TRAPEZOID, «. [from trapezivti,a trapezium, audeidus,
form, Gr.] an irregular figure whose four sides are not
parallel.
TRA PPINGS, s. [derived by Minshew from rfja;?, elotli,
Fr. I ornaments belonging to a saddle ; dress; embellish-
ment; external and trifling decoration.
TRASH, s. \tros, Isl.] any thing worthless or unwhole-
some; dross; ilregs. A worthless person.
To TRASH, I', a. to lop, crop ; to crush, or humble.
To TRA' v.. ML, {traiel) v. n. [travailler, Fr.] to labour
Iiard ; to be in labour ; to be in throes of child-birth.
TR.A'\'.\IL, {trayel)s. hard labour; the anguish of child-
birth.
'J'RAVANCt)RE, a province of the peninsula of Hin-
doostan, extending along the coast of Malabar from Cape
Comorin to 10. 15. N. lat. and bounded on the N. by
Mysore, and on the E. by the Carnalic. It is subject to
a rajah, who is an ally of the Eiij^libh East India Company.
To TRAVEL, r. 71. to make journeys, applied both to sea
and land, tliounh we sometimes use it in opposition to vot/age,
a word in our language appropriated to tlie sea. To labour ;
to toil. To pass, go, move. To make journeys of curiosity.
Actively, to pass: to journey o\er.
TRA'VRL, s. journey ; act of passing from place to place.
Used in the plural, for the account of occurrences of a jour-
ney into foreign parts.
TRA'VELLER, s. [tmtailleur, Fr.j one who goes a jour-
ney ; a wayfarer; one who visits foreign countries.
TflATELLER'S JOY, s. a plant called also virgin's
bower, and great white climber.
To TRA'VF.RSE, v. a. [traverser, Fr.] t^i cross or lay
athwart ; to thwart, or oppose ; to oppose so as to ainiiil ;
to cross or wander over ; to survey. Neuterly, to use a pos-
ture of opposition in teui ing.
TRAVERSE, orTRANSVERSE, a. [tnnrrsf, Fr. trans-
verstis, Lat.] in ijeneral, denotes something that •;(M!,alhwart
another ; that is, crosses and cuts it obliquely. Ibiice, to
traverse a piece of ordnance, among gunners, signifii;s to
turn or point it which way one pleases upon the platform.
In navigation, it is a compound course wherein several ilif-
feient successive courses and distancesare known. In law,
it denotes the denial of sonic matter of fact alleged to be
done in a declaration or pleadings.
TR A'VEST Y, «. [from traeestir, to disguise one's sell, t r.]
hence travesli/ is ap\died to the disfiguring of an author,
or the translating him into a style and manner ddfeient
from his own; or the turning a serious subjeit into bur-
les<iue.
'I RAUM ATIC, s. [from trauma, a wound, Gr.J a mcdiciu*
good for the cure of wounds.
TRAUM.-VTIC, n. [Irom trauma, a wound, Gf.jbciongin
to the cure of wounds^; vulnerary.
TRE
TRE
TRAY, I. fSweil.J a shallow wooden trougli in wliiuh
oitat or Ikli is carried.
TRK'ACIIKROUS, (<r^<-/«r«M)a. guilty of deserting or
bi'lriiviny; ; perfidious; faithless.
Tlil'/ACIIKKOUSLY, {trec/ierounly) ad. perfidiously ;
clandestinely ; faithlessly-
TKEACHEROUSNESS, *. the quality of being treache-
rous; pertidioiisiiess.
'I'HK'ACflEKY, (trechery) s. [irichcrie, Fr.J breach of
ftiith ; perfidy.
TRE'ACLE, (<»mW) J. [triade, Fr.] a medicine composed
of nany ingredients ; the spume of sii;,Mr; molosses.
To TREAD, {hed) v. n. pret. Iroil, part. pa*s. trodden;
\tredan. Sax. tredeti, Bclg.'l to set the <iiot ; to trample, in
scorn or uialice ; to walk with pomp. 'I'ocopidale, applied
to birds. Actively, to walk upon; to press under foot; to
crush underfoot; to trample in contempt or hatred.
TREAD, {tiM) s. a step with the foot ; way, track, or
path ; the cock's part iii an egg.
TREADER, s. he who treads.
TRE'ADLE, {iredl) s- the part of an engine worked with
the feet. The sperm of the cock.
TRE'A.SON, (treizon) s. [ira/tison, Fr.] in general signi-
fies the act of betraying; but is more particularly used for
the act or crime of infidelity to one's law ful sovereign. The
lawyers divide it into hi/^/i trcnson and petli/ treason. The
first is an oHence against tlie security of the knig or kingdom,
which is again divided into various branches. Petty trea-
son is, where a servant kills his master, a wife her husband,
or a secular or religions person kills his prelate or superior,
to whom he owes faith and obedience ; and aiders and abet-
tors, as well as procnreis, are within the act.
TRE'ASONABLE, {treizmmbte) a. traitorous; liable to
be construed or interpreted treason.
TREASURE, {trizlmre) s. [trisor, Fr.J wealth or ricUes
hoarded up or accuundated.
To TRE'ASURE, {trezhm-e) v. a. to hoard, accumulate,
or amass.
TRE'ASURER, {trizlmrer) s, [triiorier, Fr.] an officer to
whom the treasure of a prince or corporation ii committed,
to be kept and duly disposed of. Loid Hi^h Treasurfr ig
first commissioner of the Treasury, has under his charge and
direction all the king's revenue, which is kept in the Ex-
chequer. He hoUls his place during the king's pleasure,
and is instituted by the delivery of a while start to him ; and
has a check on all the officers employed in collecting the
king's revenue. But this office is now in commission. Five
commissioners are appointed, the first of which is called
First Lord nf the Treasury, and unless he be a peer, is also
Chancellor of the Exchequer, There is likewise tne Treasm-er
of the king's household, of the king's navy, of the king's
chamber, and of the wardrobe. Most corporations have
Treasurers ; as has likewise every county.
TREASURSHIP.i. the office or dignity of a treasurer.
TRE'.ASURY, (trezhinj) s. \trisnrerie, Fr.] a place in
which riches or money are laid up or accumulated.
To TREAT, {treet) v. a. \traiter, Fr.J to negociate ; to
settle. To discourse on, used with on or vpon ,- from tracto,
Lat. To use. To manage, handle, carry on. To entertain
freely. Neuterly, to discourse or discuss, from trahtian. Sax.
To carry on » treaty or uegociation ; to come to terms of
accommodation To entertain a person at a feast.
TREAT, (treet) s. an entertainment given ; soraething
given at an entertainment.
TRE'ATISE, (trtiiisc) s. a set discourse or written tract
on any subject.
TRE'AfMENT ^treitment) s. [iraitemcnt, Fr.J usage ;
manner of usage, whether good or bad.
TRE'ATY, {treety) s. \traile, Fr.J a covenant between
two or more nations; or the several articles and conditions
stipulated and agreed upon between sovereign powers.
TRE'BKOiS'D, orTK APEZOND, a sironij town of Jcnith,
in Asiatic Turkey, the see of a (ireek archbishop. It is 440
miles E. of Constantinople. Lat. •lO. 45. N. Ion. 40. -'A. E.
TRE'BLE, (f. \tr>ple, Fr. triplex, from tret, three, LaCj
threefold; triple. In music, sharp, applied to sound.
To TRfrBLK, V. a. [tn/ilcr, Fr.J to niultiply by three; t«
make thrice as much. iSeuterly, to hetonic threefold.
TRJ->E, s. [tree, Dan. trie, Ishj the first and largest of tlie
vegetable kind.consistingof a single trunk, out of which spring
branches and leaves. Figuratively, any thing branched
out.
TREE'MOSS, s. among botanist j, a sort of lichen.
TRE'FOIL, or CI.O'VER, s. [ir^Jle, Fr.J is a plant greatly
esteemed by the farmers, for the great improvement it makes
upon land, the goodness of its hay, and the value of its
seed. The sour trefoil is what is also called cockowbread.
TREGA'NNON, or TstKGARUoN, a town of Cardigan-
shire in S. Wales, seated on thi' river Tivcy, is a corpora-
tion, and has a handsome church. It is 15 miles S. E. of
Aberistwith, and 2UC W. by N. of London. Maiket on
Thursday.
TIIEGONY, a decayed town of Cornwall, seated off a
creek by Faluionth Haven, having only about l.OO iKmses
poorly built. It is 41 miles NV. by S. of I'l^ mouth, and 24,1
W. by S. of London. An inconsiderable market on Satur-
day.
TRELLIS, s. [Fr.J a structure of iron, wood, crosier, the
parts crossing each other like a lattice.
TRE'LLISED, a. wrought in the manner of a lattice ox
grate.
'^Fo TRE'MBLE, t-. n. [trembler, Fr.J to shake or shiver
with fear or cold ; to quiver.
TRE'MBLING, *. shaking or shivering with fearor c^ld ;
tottering, quivering, quavering.
TREMENDOUS, n. \tremendus, from (rfmo, to tremble,
Lat.] aflectiug with, or causing fearor dread; horrible;
astonishingly terrible.
TREMOLITE, s. a preparation of calcined brass whicif
displays light upon the slightest friction.
TRE'MOR, ,5. [Lat.] a state of shaking or treinbling^:
quivering or vibrating motion.
TRE'.NlULOUS, a. [tremiilus, from trcmo, to tremble, Lat.J
quavering; shaking; vibratory; trembling ;^ quiveinig;
fearful.
TRFN, s. a fish-spear.
To TRENCH, v. a. [irancher, Fr.] to cut ; to ctil or di;;
into pits or trenches.
TRENCH, ,s. [traHche, Fr.J a pit or ditch. In fuilifica-
fion, earth thrown up to defend soldiers iu their approaclies,
or to guard a camp.
FR ENCI lAN'l', a. [Fr.J cutting ; sharp.
'I'RE'NCHER, *. [trenchoir, Fr.J a piece of wood ; ai>
utensil; a talile; food; a square cap worn by sludenls at
the universities.
'FRE'NCHERFLY, s. one that haunts tables; a para-
site.
To TREND, V. >t. to tend ; to incline to any particnkr
direction.
TK E'NDLE, *. [trcndel, Sax.Janv thing turned round.
TRENT, an antient, handsonu' populous, and considera-
ble city of Germany, in the 'Frentino, formerly a fVi e
imperial city, and famous for a council held here, wliivii
began in 1645, and ended in I6<i:?. It is seated at the foot
of the Alps, in a pleasant fertile vaMey, on the river Adige,
67 miles N. W. of Venice, and 'JGO N. W. of Rome. Lat.
46. 8. N. Ion. 11.27. E.
TRENT, a large river in England, rnnnmg a course of
near 200 miles. It rises in Staffordshire, issuing from three
several springs between Congleton and Leek. Flowing S.
through Staftbrdshire, aud having received the Tame, it
takes a N. E. direction, and enters Derbyshire, after its
junction with the Dove, just crossing the southern angle
of that county, and forming for a short space, its separa-
tion from the counties of Lincoln and Nottingham, it enters
the latter county at its S. W. extremity, and tin are crossjog
obliquely to the E. coasts along its whole eastern side,
forming, torard the N. pnrt, the boundary between that
«il
jMtiiity ajilii Lii*colnshirt, a corner of which it crosses, and
tliiii f;il!s into His fiiiiiiber beiow Gainsborous;!). Fiirailej
vilh the cour.'?« of this riv(>r riiiss a canal.forniiii!,' a jiiinlioii
between ■ it aiid Ihe Mersey, aixi ioining it al VVilrlen. It
'\s'alars:e navigable river tbrotigb the whole of Nott)iif,'tKi«i-
shire but b;is ibe inGoiiveniente of being subject to great
■and fieqilprit floods.
TRl-'J'A'N, s. [tif/jnii, !>.] an instrnment by vvbicb round
pieces arc cut out of the skull. A snare. Thissignilicutioii
of tile \M>nl is said by Skinner to derive its origin from
Trepan I, a pari of Sicily, \\hi're«ur ships being insidiously
invited in the reij^n of yMceii Hlizabeth, were unjiisliy
delained.
To TKEPA'N, V. a. \trifMmner, Fr.] to perforate witli llie
trepan : to catch ; to ei)>nare.
TRR'PIllNIi, s. a small trepan ; a smaller instninient of
perforation manaaed by one hand.
TRI'VPID, a. [from tiepulu, lo tremble, Lat.J trembliiii,'
^jnakinij for fear.
TKI'PIDATION, i. [Fr. from trenulo, to tremble, Lat.J
state of shaking or trembling ; slate ot terror.
To TRE'SFASS, I'. H. [trf.i/iasser, Fr.j to transgress or of
fend; used «ilh on ot against, to enter a person's ground
unlawfully.
TRE SPASS, s. [ti-espnss, Fr.] transgression ; ofFeucc ; un-
lawf(il entrance on another's ground.
ri{ESFASSI^|{. s. a tr;insi;ressor ; one that injures ano-
ther; one v\ho unlawfully enters on another's gKOUud.
TRESSED, a. \ tresis, Fr.] knotted or curled.
TRESSES,*. I It luis no singular; tresse, Fr.J locks or
curls of hsir hanging do« 11 loosely.
■ TUESTEE, » [tiesUnii, Fr.] a moveable frame thai sup-
ports anv ihing; a three legged stool.
TR I'T, s. \perhaj).i, (ram tritiis, worn, Lat.J in commerce,
an allowance made for the waste or dirt that may be
lixed witii any commodity, which is always four pounds in
one hundred and four pounds weight.
TREVES, or Triers, the electorate of, a province in
'Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine; bounded on
the N. by the electorate of Cologne ; on the E. by Wetera-
via; on the S. by the Palatine of the Rhine and Lorrain ;
and on the W. by Lnxeiuburg. It is about one hundred
miles ill length; but the breadth is very different. It is full
of moiintains and forests; and its inhabitants have suffered
ereaily in I he wars with France. However, near the rivers
Rhine and Moselle I he soil is fniilfiil, abounding in corn and
wine ; and it is more populous thereabouts than in other
parts. Treves is the capital.
TRE'VET, «. \ihnef'et. Sax.] any thing standing on three
feet.
'i'REVISO, or TREVIG.I.O, a large and antient city of
Italy, ciipilal of Trevisano. It had formerly an university,
uhichuas Iranvfevred to Padua. It contains a great number
ot litimlsoiiie biidilings, being the residence of many aristo-
cratic families; is of iiietly large extent, and seated on the
river Silis, 30 miles N. W. of Venice. Lat. ■ib. 44. N. Ion.
12. 25. E.
TIIEY, s. \tres, Lat. trots, Fr.] three; the three odds at
cards and dice.
»TKIAD, s. I triade, Fr, trias^ from trts, three, Lat.] three
united.
TRIAL, J. a test or examination ; experience ; an evpe-
rimrnt ; a temptation or test of virtue ; the stale of being
tried. In law, it is the examination of a cause, civil or
criminal, according to live laws of ihe land, before a proper
judge.
Till'ANGLK, #. fFr. iriuuf^tliim, from treg, three, and
nn^ulmn, a rorner, l,.il.] a figure with three sides and three
-corners. In aslroiioiny two constellations one in the
'1>0'-lhern nnil the other in the soulheni heuiisphrre.
TUIA'Nf i'UI.AR, n. |from lr«.i, three, ami an^ilnm, a
render. Eat. I having three corners ; having the form of a
■|vian.'<!»'.
'J'R'I IH'", t. lii-ilvf, I.ut^ in flntiquity, was • w>l»ii.
TRI
quantity or nnniher of persons, when a divistoa was ma 1<: of
a city or peopif into quarters or districts.
'FRIBULA'l'ION, *. [trthnlation, Fr.] persecution, dis-
tress, vexation, trouble, afHictioii.
'I RIRU'NAL, *. \trHninnl, Lat. and Fr.] in general de-
notes the seal of a judge. The «ord is Latin, and takes it*
name from the seat where the Tribune of the Rouiaii pi^ople
was placed toadminister justice. A court ofj slice.
TiU'iiUNE, J. among the antient Romans was a niagis-
trale chosen out of the commons to prol^ ct thvni against
the oppression of the great, and to defend the liherly of the
people against the attempts of the senate ami cuisuls.
TRI'IiUTARY, a. llribntaire, Fr. from trihito, to pHV, Lat.]
paying taxes or tribute ; subject; subordinate; paid in
tribute.
TRIBUTARY, s. onexvho pays a stated sum in ackno\V!-
ledgnient of subjection.
TRIBUTE, s. [tribnt, Fr. fiom trilrun, to pay, Lat J a tax
or impost which one prince or stale is obliied to pay to
another, as a token of dependence, or in virtue of a treaty,
and as a purchase of peace. Subjection.
'ITvICE, s. [Johnson supposes it to be corrupted from
trait, Fr.]a short time, or an instant.
TUi. E'N.NIAI^ ff.[from tricevi, thirty, and amiuf,ayear
Lai I belonging to the term of thirty years.
TRICItO'FO.M Y, «. [from trtis, three and temno, to cut
Gr. I di\ isioii into three parts.
'I'RICK, s. [trecit, Relg.] a sly fraud or artifice ; a juggle
1 lift of cards; a vicious practice.
To THICK, V. a. [tricher, Fr.] to cheat, inipoH> on, oi
defraud. To dress, adorn, or knot, from tiica, low, Lat. a
knot of hair. To perform by sleight of hand; to juggle.
Neuterlv, to live by fraud.
TRI'CK: R,,s. see TUIGGEK.
TlirCKINTj, a. cheating ; crafty; deceitful.
TRI'CKINGLY, fflrf. in acheating fraudulent, and deceit-
ful manner.
To TRI'CKLE, V. n. to run down in drops ; to trill in a
slender stream.
TRI'CKSTI'.R, s. one who clieats or defrauds; a waly
and dec'illul person.
TRICKSY, <r. preltv. Obsolete.
TRl'DEN'l', s. [Fr. from tres three and tlnis,a tooth. Lat.]
an attribute of Neptune ; being a Kiml of sceptre which
the painters and poets put into the liand.s of that god,
in form of a spear or fork, with three teeth ; whence the
word.
TIU'DING, s. \lrithinga. Sax.] the third iiartof a counly.
This division is only used in Yorkshire, where the teim is
corrupted into Riding.
TIU'DING iMOTl'J, s. a court leet ; the court l»el! for a
friding.
TRi'DUAN, a. [front tres, three, and dws, a day, Tal.J last-
ing three days ; happening every third day.
TRIE'.NNIAL, «. [from tres, three, and mmw, a yoar,
Lat.] lasting three years ; happening everv third \ear. .^
TRI'ER, s. one who tries experiuii'nlallv ; h^ I hat exa-
mines indicially ; one who brings to the lest.
TiilES'F, a sea poll town of Cainiola, silu^ttcd on tlic
side of a hill, extending to the Adriatic. It is 8 miles N.
N. E. of Cabo-dlstiia. Lai. 4.5 .5ri N. Ion. M. 4. E.
TRIFI D, a. \irifidiis, from Ires, tin le, and>Wu, to separate,
Lat.] ciil orseparated into three parts.
To TRIFLE, r. )i. [iriifehn. B.lg.] lo act or talk wilti.-
out any weight, dignity, or impoitance. To mock ; to pl^
the fool, followed by v:ilh. To be of no importance. Ac-
tively, lo make of no importance. Obaoiele in this last
sense.
TRI'i'LE s.a thing of no weight, value, or imnorlanrc.
TRIFLI'.K, .«.[/> !/</'/«)■, Belg.] one who ads with levity;
one that talks with lolly
'FRIFLINfi. n. wanliiiLr worth ; iiiiii'iporlant.
TRIFO'LlA'FE, a. |froni/Jw, three, aud ./i-itjun, a leaf,
Lat.} haying thiccJleaws.
TRl
THI
' ^TRt'FORM, a. [from tres, three, and /</rm«, a form, Lat.]
li:iviii>; lliree sliupps or forms.
To 'I'llKi, V. a. \tritker, IJ;in.] to stop a wheel ; to set a
uiark to stiiiid at in plavin;; al miie-pins, <^-c.
rRI'GA.MY', s. [from treis, three, -Aud ganws, matrimony,
GrJ the crime of having three hushanili or wi^es.
TPil(J(jEK, (tii^ei)s. [/((n-MC, Fr. accnnlinn to Junius]
a catch to hohl the wheel of a carriii;5e on steep ground;
(he catch hv whicii a mnslict is disrii;iri;e(l.
XillCiLVPHS, (irigliifs) s. in architiit'iire, a sort of or-
naments repeated at equal intervals in tl\c Doric frize.
TRI'GOiV, s. [from trcis, liiree, and o^to, an anj,'lr, Gr.]
a tnanf;le. In astrolo;;y, it denotes the same with Tiu N E ;
>»iiirii see.
TRIGONOMETRY, s. [from trigonon, a triangle, and
vteiixt), to measure, Gr.J tlie art of measuring triangles.
. TIllGONOMl/TRlC Al., n. pertaining to Irigonouictry.
Trilateral, «. [tiom ties, three, and latiis, a side,
Lat. 1 having; tlnee sities.
TRILL, s. [trilii), Itai.] a ipiaver, or 'treinuloii/iiesa of
PlUiic.
To TRILL, t'. lu to quaver ; to trickle, or fall down iu
drops.
TRI'LLION, s. ten hundred thousand billions, or the pro-
duct of a million multiplied by a million, agaiu multiplied
by a million.
TRIM, o. \getri/mmeth, completed, Sax.] nice ; well-
dressed ; snug.
To TRIM, V. a. [triniman, to build, Sax.] to fit out, or
adorn; to shave ; to adjust; to balance a vessel. Neuterly,
to flocUiale between two parties; to balance.
IRIM, f. dress. Tritn of a ship is her best posture, pro-
portion of ballast, hanging of her masts, &c. for sadinif.
TRI'MMER, «. one who changes sides; a turn-coat ; a
piece of wood framed at a right an^le to the joints, against
the vvavs fo'- chimneys, and well-holes of stairs.
TRIMMINGS, s. ornaments to set off clothes, &c.
TRI'MiVESS, i. neatness in dress ; spniceiiess.
TRINE,*. [Fr. Irinus, from tres, three, Lat.] in astrology,
the aspect or situation of one star in regard to another,
when they are distant 1-20 degrees: it is nojed with this
character A .
To TRI iN E, II. a. to put in a trine aspect.
TilIN(i, a town in Hartfordshire, 27 miles W- of Hart-
ford, and 31 W. N. W. of London. Alarket oa Friday.
TRINIDA'D, an island in the West Indies, of aquailran-
gtilar form, separated from Paria, in Terra Firma, by a strait
about 8 n\iles over. The soil is generally fruitful. It is up-
wards of 70 miles in length, and from 6 to 30 in breadth ; and
was discovered by Columbus in 14U8. The English have
possession of it.
TRIMTA'RIANS, s. those who are orthodox, and be-
lieve in the' Trinity ;. those who do not, being called An-
iilriniturians.
, TRINITY, ^s. ((Wm^e, Fr. irinitas, from <r«, three, Lat.]
the ineffable mvsterv of three persons in the Godhead.
TRrNITY.HOUSE.f. akind t>f college in Deptford, be-
longing to a company or corporation of seamen, who, by tlie
king's charter) have powerto take cognizance of those per-
sons who destroy sea-marks ; and to take careof otherthings
belonging to navigation.
TRI'NITY-SUNDAY, .s. the Sunday after Whitsunday.
. TRI'NKET, «. atov ; a gew-gaw ; a plaything.
TRINO'CTIAL, {trinOltsliial) a. [from tres, three, and 7wx,
a night, Lat.J consisting, or having the continuance, of three
nights.
TRINO'MIAL, a. [from tres, three, and nomen, a name,
■Lat.] having three natnes.
TRl'O, s. in music, a part of a concert whereiri three pcr-
lons sing; or more properly, a musical composition, con-
sisting of three parts.
TRl'QURS, i. in law, are such persons as are chosen by
the court to^.\rfmiiie whether a.cli(lU,e));4f, njade,tollie whole
ivannel of jurors, or any part of them, b ■ ju^t or n^t.
To TRIP, p. a.\inpj>en, Belg.J to supplant; to throw
down by striking the feet from tlie yround with a sud.ieM
blow, used with 1/;). To calcli or detect. Neuleriv, to lull
by slipping the feet ; to fail, err, or be deficient ; to tumble;
to run on tip toe, or lightly ; to lake a shoit voyage.
'I'lUP, s. a stroke by which a person's Iieels a;e kicked
up ; a stumblv ; a mistake or fuilure ; a short voyage or
journey ; a jaunt.
TRIPA'Ri !TE. <«.[Fr. from trei, three, and part, a part,
Lat.] something divided into threfe parts, or wade by three
parties.
TRIPARTITION, J. theact of .1 viding by three.
TRIPE, i. \tri}te, Fr. trippa, Ital. and Si;an.] the entrails
of a bullock properly dressed.
TRIPET.ALOUS, a. [ireia, three, and petalon, a flower-
leaf, Gr. ] consisting of three flower leaves.
TRIPHTHONG, {triflhong) s. [.'»ei*, three, and phthonge,
sound, Gr.J in grunnnar, three vowels making but on«
sound.
TRIPLE, V. a. [Fr. triplex, from tres, three, Lat.] three-
fold.
To TRl'i'LE, r. a. [triplico, from tres, three, Lat.] to make
three-fold ; to treble ; to make thrice as much, or as
many.
TRITLKT, s. three of a kind; three verses ending in the
same rhvme.
TRr^'LICATE, a. ItripUcaius, from tres, three, Lat.J
three tVild, or thrice as much. Triplirate ratio, is the ratio
whicli cubes bear to one another. See ClBE.
TRIPLICATION, s. Uriplicatio, from tres, three, Lat.J
the actof making thrcerfold, or taking any quantity or num-
ber three times.
TRIPLI'CITY, s. \tripheiti, Fr.l the quality of being
three-fold, or treble. Among astrologers, a division of the
signs according to the number of elements to each division
coiisi.iling of three signs. •
TRI'PLY, nd. in a three-fold manner.
TRIPMADAM, i. anherb.
TRI POD, s. [from tres, three, and pes, a foot, Lat.f in
antiquity, a famed sacred Seat or stool, supported by three
feet, whereon the priests and sibyls were placed to render
oracles.
TRIPOLI, a country of Barbarv, on the Meditenaneao,
E. ofTimisand Biledulgerid, and W. of Barca. It is about
GOO miles from E. to W. but the breadth is variouis, fiom 120
to 250 miles. It is governed by a dey. The capital is of
the same name. Lat. 32. 54. N. Ion. 13. 21. E.
TRI'POLY, s. in natural history, the name of an earthy
substance, much used by lapidaries to polish stone?; it i»
produced in Germany, Saxony, and France.
TRIPP ER, s. one who trips.
TRI'PPING, c. quick; nimble; stambbng ; fatdtcriii^.
Figurativelv, deviating from the rules ofchastitv.
TRI'PTOTE, s. [triptoion, Lat. from treis, three, and
ptosis, a case, Gr. I a noun used in three cases.
TRIPU'DIARY, rt. performed by dancing. ?
TRIPUDIATION, j. [from tngurlium, Lat.J the act of
dancing.
TRIRE'ME, s. \tres, three, and remur, an oar, Lat.J a
galley having three rows of oars on each side.
TRISE'CTION, s. [from trts, three, and seco, to cot, Lat.]
divided into three equal parts. The trisectioa of an angle
is of the desiderata of geometry.
TRISYLLABLE, s. [from'«»«, three, and s^llabm, a
syllabic, Lat.ja word consisting of three syllables.
TRITE, a. 1 <ri<i«, from (fro, to wear out, Lat.J worn out;
stale; common; threadbare.
TRITENESS,*, commonness ; staleness.
TRITHE'ISTS. s. [from treis, three, and Theot.a god,
Gr.] heretics holding three distinct Godheads.
TRITON, s. [Lat.] in poetry, a M-a denii-god, held by the
autientstobe anoffitjeror trumpeter of Neptune, atte.idiiig
on him, and carrying his orders from sea til sea The poets
'ropicsent hiui aa half.mart, Ivalf-IJsh, (erntinaling .iu^ 'a
' 8fi3
TR t)
TRO
dolphin's tail, bfaring in one ifKiiid a sen-shell, which serves
••( a trumpet.
'I'UrTORlUM.s. ill chyriiislry, a vessel used for the se-
paration of two tlviiils whicli iire ol ditl'ercnt densities.
The suuie openuioii may be pertorniid by a cominoii
f innel.
ToTKITURATE, v. a.[tri!iiier, Fr.] to DulverifC ; to
reiluce t'l ;i powder; to levigiite.
TRITURATION, a. [tritmntidn, Fr.] in pharmacy, the
act of reducing a suliil body into puAvder; Icvigation ; pul-
verization.
TRIVKT. «. seeTRF.VET."
TRIVIAL, a. {trivial, Fr. triviaUi, Laf.J worthless; tri-
flirit:; of no wei^dit or inipoitance: vul;,';u ; vile.
TRIVIALLY, ml. in a mean, worthless, or trifling man-
ner ; vidf,".ulv : inconsiderably ; li^ditly.
TRI'VIALNESS, «. -meanness ; wortlilessness ; trifling-
ness ; unimportance.
TRIUMPH, {trimnf) s. \tfiii7npltus, Lat.J in Roman an-
tiquity, was a public and solemn honour conferred by the
Romans on a victorious general, by allowing him a magnifi-
cent entry into tlic cilv. Victory; conquest.
ToTRrUMPIl, (tiiiinif) V. n. [triumpho, Laf.] to cele-
hrate a victory with pomp or joy ; to obtain a victory. To
triumph over, to insult on account of some advantage gained.
TRIUMPHAL, (<ii!imyii/) a. [triumphalis, Lat.] belong-
MiK to a triumph.
TRIU'.M PH ANT, a. ffriiimp^aiij, from /n'i(OTp/iKJ, a triumph,
Lat.] celebrating a victory ; victorious.
TRIUMPHANTLY, «(/. in a triumphant manner; vic-
toriously.
TRIUMVIR, s. [Lat.J one of the three persons who
govern absolutely, and with equal authority, in a state ;
chiefly applied to the Roman government.
TR1U'.MVIR.\TE, s. [from trei, three, and rir, a man,
Lat.J an absolute government administered by three per-
sons, with equal authority ; such was that of Fompey,
Cffsar, and Crassus, at Rome.
TRrUNE, a. [from trts, three, and mms, one, Lat.] three
and one at the same time, used only to express the trinity
of persons in the Godhead.
TROCHANTERS, s. [trochanteres, from treclie, to run,
Gr.| two processes of the thigh bone, called roeator major
and nit;ir;r, in which the tendons of many muscles terminate.
TROCHE, s. in pharmacy, a form of medicine, made to
be held in the mouth to dissolve gradually, frequently called
lozenges, from their shape.
TRO'(^HEE, {trbkee) s. [trochtriis, Lat. trochaios, from
trce/io, to run, Gr.J in grammar, a fool iii Greek and Latin
poetry, consisting of t«o syllables, the first long, and the
second short, as in the word c/iuriis.
TROCHINOS, *. the branches on a deer's head.
TRO'CHLEA, {tvMea) s. |fioin trochelia, Gr.J one of the
meclianical powers, commonly c.dled a pulley.
TROCHUS, (trbhus) s. [Lai. trochos, from trecho, to run,
Grjfi wheel; any thing round.
TRODK, preler. of Tread.
TROfiLOOVTE, s. \{rr,m trogh, a cavern, and rfyo, to
enter, (ir. J one who inhabits caves of the earth.
'Fo TR()LL, (o pron. long) f. n. {truUen, Belg.] to roll, or
move circularly. Neuteriy, to nvove or run round; to fish
for pike with a rod which has a pulley lowards llie bottom.
TROLLOP, «. a slallernlv looseuonian. SccTrulL.
TRO M BON E, *. in Italian music, a sack but.
TRO NAGE, s. an antient customary toll paid for wcigh-
iii;: wool.
TROOP, $. \tri>ii}ie, Fr. troppn, Ilal. tronpe, Belg. trap,
Sii'''l.| a sir.all body of horse or dragoons, A company.
To TROOP, v.'n. to flock or gather logellier ; to march
oft dr run away.
IROO'l'ER, ». adra,'{oon ; a soldier that fights on horsc-
bacK.
T'ROFE, J. ] Fr. tropiis, Lat. tropes, from trrpo, to change,
<.■»»•, i »« rhetoric a figure, whereby a word is removed from
Its first and natural signification, and applied with advant*^
to another thing which it does not originally mean ; as, God
is my rock.
TROTHY, (Iruffi) s. \trriplnxnm, Lat. trvpaion, from trope,
th-e flight of an enemy, (ir J among the aiitients, vas a pile
or heap ofarms of a vanquishril enemy, raised by the con-
queror on the most eminent pait of the fitld of bailie.
j'nip/iii-vionci/ deDotesa duty paid annually by house keeperi,
or llieir landlords, for defraying the exptjnse of the military
furnitiirtt of the militia.
TROTICAL, a. rhetorically changed from its original
meaning. Placed near, or belonging to, ihe tropic.
TROPICS, i. [iropikoi, from irepo, to turn, Gr.J in astro-
nomy and geography, are two circles supposed to be drawn
on each side of the equinoctial, and parallel thereto. That
on the north side of the line is called the tropic of Cancer,
and the southern tropic has the name of Capricorn, as
passing through the beginning of those signs : they are
distant from the equinoctial 23° 28'.
TROPOLO'CilCAL, a. [from trnpos, a trope, and logot, a
discourse, Gr.J belonging to tropology.
TROPOLOGY, s. [from tropos, a trope, and logos, a
discourse, Gr.J a discourse delivered in tropes or figure*.
TRO'SSERS, i. Itrnvsses, Fr. | used by Shakespeare for
breeches, or hose. " In your strait trossers."
^oTRO'T,v. n.\t70tter, Fr. t rotten, Belg.] to move with
a high jolting pace ; to walk fast.
TROT, s. [trot, Fr.] the jolting high pace of a horse. In
low language, a sorrv old woman.
TROTH, s. [tronth, old Eng. J truth ; faith ; fidelity,
TRO'ITEU, s. one who trots ; the foot of a sheep.
To TROUBLE, (trubl) v. a. {troubles; Fr.j to disturb,
perplex; to afflict, grieve, distress, or make uneasy.
TROUBLE, (#»6i/) J. [fro7,ble, Fr.] perplexity ;distress;
affliction ; uneasiness ; molestation ; vexation.
TROU'BLER, ». a disturber ; a confonnder.
TROUBLESOME, (trdblsome) a. causing molestation;
vexatrous ; afflictive; uneasy; tiresome; burdensome;
teasing.
TROU'BLESOMENESS, *. vexatiousness ; importunity ;
linseasonablenejs.
TRO"'BLOUS,' fl. tumultuous; confused ; disordered.
TRO'VER, s. ]trouver, Fr.] in law, is an action that lies
against one, who, having found another's goods, refuses to
deliver them upon demand.
TROUGH, (trqf) s. \troff, fro//. Sax. trorh, Belg.] any
vessel ofgreater length than breadth, having th"- upper side
open. Trough of a sea, among mariners, the holhjw between
two V, aves.
To TROUL, V. »i. [troHen, to roll, Belg.] to move or utter
volubly.
To Trounce, D. c. to punish by an indictment or in-
formation.
TROUSE, or TROUSERS, (tro&zers) s. [trousse, Fr.
trinsh, ErseJ the long loose breeches worn by sailors.
TROUT, s. \truht Sax.] the name of several species of
salmon
To TRC5W, (trd) V. n. [troe, Dan.J lo think or imagine ;
to c'lnceive.
'I'KOW, itderj Jfor J trow, or trow you] an exclamation of
iiiqcrv
TRO'WBRIDGn,, n town of Wiltshire, seated on a hill,
and is a place remarkable for clothiers. It is 2.') miles S.
\V. of Marlborough, and 9H W. of London. Market on
Saturday.
'Fl! OAVEL, (ou) pron. as in how) s. [truelle, Fr.] a tool used
by masons and bricklayers for spreading mortar.
'I'ROY, was an auticnl and tamous city of Asia, near the
Archipelago, and at the foot of mtiunt Ida. It is well known
for its ten year's siege.
TROYK'i, an antient, large, rich, and handsome city in
the dept. of Aulie, surrounded with fine meadows. As the
sloue in ils neighbourhood is loo lender lo be employed in
building, almost all the houstes are of wood ; wliiclt> never
/Rt)
Jhcless, do not produce an fffect less ploasing to the eye.
Among the ohjfcts of curiosity are St. Stephen's, the princi-
pal church, the puhhc hhrary of the late Cordeliers, and
file castle in wliicli tlieantient counts of Champagne residejl.
Its commerce, once very tlourisliing, now consists only in
some linens, dimities, fustians, waxchan<llcrY, candles, and
wine. It is seated on the river Seine, 30 miles ii. N. E. of
Sens, and 90 E. S. E. of Paris. Lat. 4H. 13. N. Ion. 4.
10. E.
TROY-WEIOHT, i. a weight of 12 ounces fo the pound,
used in weighing gold, silver, jewels, drugs, &c.
TRLfANT, s. UreuwenU, a vagabond, Belg.] one who
wanders ahnul idly, and neglects his duty and business.
Tophy the iriiant, is to be absent from school without leave.
TRUCE, s. [<n(/?-«, low Lat. J denotes a suspension of
arms, or a cessation of hostilities between two armies, in
order to settle articles of peace, bury thcd^^ad, or the like.
TRUCIDA'TION, ». \trucidatin, from trucido, to murder,
Lat.] carnage ; butchery ; slaughter.
To TRUCK, V. n.[troqiier, IV.] to give one commodity or
thing in exchange for another; to barter; to swop.
TRUCK, s. exchange. Wooden wheels for carnages of
cannon, from troohns,-A wheel, Gr.
TRUCKLE, s. a little running wheel.
To TRUCKLE, r.n. to submit or yield; to creep or
buckle to.
TRU'CULENT, a. [tmculentiis, Lat. I stern, tierce, or cruel.
' To TRUDGE, v. n. \triiggiola>e, Ital.] to travel or jog on
heavily.
TRUE, a. !/n/i™,'or treowa, Sax.] agreeing with fact, or
the nature of things. Genuine, opposed to counterfeit.
Faithful, exact, honest, veracious, rightful.
TRUELOVE, s. the herb Paris, called also oneberry.
There is but one species known.
TRU'ENESS.s. sincerity: faithfulness.
TRUEPENNY, s. a familiar expression for an honest
fellow.
TRUTFLE, s. \trufle, Fr.] a kind of a subterraneous
vegetable producti(m, not unlike mushrooms, being a genus
of fungi, wliich grow under the surface of the earth.
TRULL, s. Itriilla, Ital-.] a low, mean prostitute; a va-
grant whore.
TRULY, (K^.fiiithfullv; sincerely: exactly; indeed.
TRUMP, s. \trnmiJe, Belg. and old Fr. trnmha, Ital.] a
trumpet. A card of the same sort of that which is turned
wp; which will win any card of another sort, and is there-
fore derived from, and used formerly to be written, tiiumph.
To put to tkcirmnns, is, to reduce to great exliemities, or to
to he put to tin; last expedient.
ToTRUMP, f.n.to win with a trump card. Totrumpvp,
to devise, forge, cheat, from trompcr, Fr.
TRUMPERY, s. useless and ostentatious show;'paItry
stutf; falsehood; empty talk; trifles.
TRU'MPET, s. [ti-nmpette, Fr.'and Belg.] a musical in-
strument, the most noble of all the portable ones of the kind.
JITarine trumpet, is a musical instrument with one string,
which being struck with a hair bow, sounds like a trunnpet.
Speaking trumpet, is a long large tube, made of tin, perfectly
Btniight, with a large aperture, and carries the voice to a
very" great distance. .Figuratively, one who sounds a
trumpet.
TRUMPETER,*, one who blows or sounds a trurapet;
one who proclaims, publishes, or denounces. A fish.
TRU'NCATED, o. [triiwdtus, from trunco, to cut short,
Lat.] cnt short at the point ; deprived of a limb; maiioed. ,
TRUNC.VTION, s. the act of lopping or maiming.
TRITNCHEON, s. [troncmi, Fr.] a short stalT or cudgel ;
a staff borne by a general officer ; a thick short worm bred
in the maws of horses.
TRU'NCHEONEER, *. one armed with a truncheon.
To TRUNDLE, «. n. [from tratdl, a bowl. Sax. J to. roll ;
to bowl along.
TRUNK, J. [tnmcut, Lat. trone, Fr.] denotes 'the stump
0( bK>dy of a trce„ between its braD«hes and the ground. In
TUB
botany, the main body o^ a tree or plant. It is either a
stem, as in mui^t plants; a stalk, as in the narcissus; a
straw, as in grasses; or a pillar, as in the funguses. lit
anatomy, it is the bus.to of a human body, exclusive of tlie
head and limbs. It is also the main body of an artery or
vein. Also, a chest covered witii leather. A wooden pipe
to convey water. The proboscis of an elephant.
TRUNNIONS,*. \triigHuns, Fr.] the knobs of a gun, by
which it is supporletl on its carriage.
TRU IK), a town in Cornwall, with regular streets, a Iar"e
market house, and a spacious old church. It has the hencnt
of the coinage of tin, and the lord warden of the staiuiaries
holds his parliament here. Its chief business is in >hipping
tin and coi)per ore. It is seated at the head of the river
I'ale, with a large commodious wharf or quay, for vessels n?
about ion tons burden, 1 1 miles N. of Falmouth, and 2.00 W.
by S, of London. Well-frequented markets on Wednesday
aiHl Saturday.
THU'SION, {truzhm) s. ffrom trudo, to thrust, Lat.J the
act of tlirunting or pushing.
TRUSS, s. [((■ows.se, Fr.J a bundle, or certain quantity of
hay or straw. Among florists, it signifies many flowers
growing together on the head of a stalk. Also, the bandage
or ligature, wherewith to keep the parts, in those who nave
hernias or ruptures.
To TRUSS, V. a. \trousser, Fr.] to pack up close together;
to fit a fowl for the spit.
TRU.ST, I. [traiist, Run.] confidence ; reliance on ano-
ther ; confident opinion of any event; credit; something
committed to a person's charge.
To TRUST, V. V. to place confidence in ; to believe ; to
let a person have a commodity without present money ; to
commit to a person's care. Neuterly, to be confident of
something future ; to rely upon ; to expect, followed by to.
TRUSTEE', J. one to whom any thing is made over or
bequeathed for the use and benefit of another ; a guardian.
TRUSTER, s. one who trusts.
TRU'STIN ESS, i. faithfulness; fidelity; honesty.
TRU'STY, a. fit to be relied on, or confided in ; honest;
faithful. Stout, strong.
TRUTH,*, [treowtha. Sax.] a term used in opposition fa
falselwod, and applied to the propositions which answer, or
accord, to the nature or reality of the thing, whereof some-
thing u affirmed or denied, it/ora/ /rH</t consists in speak-
ing things according to the persuasionof our minds. Meta-
phifsicalox transcendfjita! trut/i, is nothing but the real exist-
ence of things conformable to the ideas which we have an-
nexed to their names. Exactness ; conformity to rule.
Realitv.
TRUTINATION, *. [from truti7ia, a balance, Lat.] the
art of weighing; examination by the scale.
To TRY, r. a. [trier, Fr.] to examine or make an expfu
riment of ; to experience ; toessay; tocxamine asajudge ;
to bring before a court of justice ; to bring to a decision^
followed bv oa< ; to bring to the test; to attempt. Neuterly,
to endeavour.
TRY'AL,*. see Trial.
TSCHUTSKI, a country situated on the N. E. extremity
of Asia, near the N. W. coast of America, being bounded
by the Anadir on the S. The attention of the natives, like
that of the wandering Koriacs, is confined chiefly to thehr
deer, with which their country abounds. They are ahardy
race of people, and are formidable neighbours to the Koriac*
of both nations, who often experience their depredatioiis.
The Russians have long endeavoured to bring them under
their dominion ; and though they have lost a great number
of men, in their ditl'erent expeditions to accomplish this pur-
pose, they have never been able to effect it. Lat. 66. 6. N»
Ion. 168.41. W..
TUAM, in the county of GaVway, ii> Gonnaiight, was
once a city, but is now reduced to a small village. It is 30
miles N. N. E. of Galway, 25 W. S. W. of Roscommon, and
93W. of Dublin.
TUB, *. [tiibix^ or tobbe, Belg.J a large open ves-sel %#
TUF
TUN
w-ood. In comtnerce, it is an indctemiiiiate qinntily of
measure; tllU!^, a liib of tea contains about 60tbs. and a tub
ot (.■amplior from 5() to 80 tos.
TUBE, s. \txtbe, Fr. tubus, Lat.J in general denotes a pipe,
conduit, or canal; a cylinder, hollow within-side, either of
Kad, iron, wood, ;,dass, or other matter, for the air, or some
other fluid, to liave a tree passage or conveyance through.
It is sometimes used. for a telescope, or, more properly, for
that part tliereof into which the lenses are fitted, a(nd by
which they are directed and used.
TL' BEilCLE, s. \tuhircule, Fr. from tuhcr, a fimgus, Lat.]
a small swelling or exscrescence on the body ; a pimple.
In botany, it is a kind of round, turgid roof, in form of a
knob or turnip. Tlie plants which produce such roots are
lience denominated tnbemse or tuberous plants.
TU'BEKOOT, s. the colcliicum of Linnaeus. The English
species is the meadow safiron.
TU'BEKOUS, fl. [lubiTeuse, Fr. from tuber, a finger, Lat.]
full of knots, bunches, or branches.
TUBEllO'SITY, s. \tnbrrositc, Fr. from tuber, a fungus,
Lat.] knottincss ; a protuberance of some parts of the
body.
TU'BULAR, a. [from tubus, a pipe, Lat.] long and hollow ;
reseml.'iing a pipe.
TUBULATED, «. inchymisfry, having a hole at the top
applied chiefly to retorts. "
TU BULE, s. [from tubus, a pipe, Lat.] a small pipe, or
fistular body.
TUCK, «. [tweea, a knife, Brit. J a long narrow sword ; a
kind of net with a narrow mesh.
To tuck, v. n. [trueken, to press. Tent.] used with i/p,
to crush together, or binder from spreading ; to turn am!
fasten clothes up, to make.them shorter. Used with in, to
force the bedclothes between the bed and bedbtead, to keep
out the air.
TUCKER, s. a border ofliuen or lace on the bosom of a
shift ; a fuller of cloth.
TUDDIXGTOX, or TODDINGTON, a small town of
Bedfordshire, with a small market, almost disused. It is
6 miles N. W.of Dinistable, and 35 N. W. of London.
T\ ER, a government of Russia, once coniprised in the
governnieutof Novogorod. The number of inhabitants in
this district has of late increased very mucii. '1 he cotitilry
produces abundantly, wheal, rye, barley, oats, buckulieaf,
hemp, flav.and all kinds of vegetables. Its foiesis y ielil oak,
birch, alder, poplar, mnuntain-ash, pine, fir,juniper, Ac.
TVF.U, a consiilerable commercial town of Russia,
capital of the government of the same name, and sealod
at the confluence of the Tvcrza and the Volga, along
which are convey(<i all the goods and inerchandize sent
by «ater from Siberia, and the southern provinces toward
Petersburg. It is divided into the old and new town ; the
former, situated on the opposite side of the Volga, consists
almost entirely of woollen cottages; the latter having been
destroyed by a dreadful conflagration in 17G3, has been
much improved in being rebuilt. Here is an ecclesiastical
seminary, which admits (iuo students. \n,\T7(J, the empress
founded a school for f)\c instruction of 21)0 burghers
children ; and, in 177U, an academy was also opened in this
town, for the education of the young nobility of the
province, at the charge of the same imperial patroness.
It admits 12(i students, who are instructed in foreign
languages, arithmetic, geography, fortification, tactics,
nt-liiral phiiosopbv, music, riding, dancing, Ac. Tver is
W) miles N. N. W. of Moscow. Lat. ;i(i. 7. N. Ion. 36.
6. R.
TUF;SDAY, s.\tuesdn^, Sax.] the third day of the week.
Jt has its name from Tuesco, an idol of the Saxons, wor-
khipped on this day ; liupposed to be the Mars of the
honiaii!!.
TUFT, *. \tuffe, Fr.J a bunch of feathers ; the crest of a
liird ; a tliicket of trees, or the bushy part of them ; a lock
TUFTA TFETV. 5. a villous kind of silk.
TU^FT'ED, ff. growing in tufts or clusters.
To TUCi, r. o. \teignn or teogan. Sax.] to pull with Con.
tinued violence or strength ; to pluck. Neuterly, to pu«:
hard; to labour; to struggle.
TUG, s. the act of pulling with the utmost and continued
effort.
TU'GGER,.r. one that tugs or pulls hard.
TUISCO, in mythology an idol of the antient Saxons to
whom they dedicated Tuesday,
TUITION, {tuition) s. [tuitio, from tucor, to keep, Lat.J
the care of a guardian or tutor.
TULA, a city of Russia, capital of a government, and
containing, according to Busching, 144 churches and con-
vents. It has some manufactures of fire arms and leather,
and is situated on the Upha, 112 miles S. of Moscow.
TUTIF, s. [tulipe, Fr. tu/ipa, Lat.] a beautiful vvell known
flower of various colours.
To TU'MBLE, v. n. [tommelcn, Eelg. iomlmlare, Ital.J to
fall suddeidy on the ground ; to fall down; to fall in great
fjuantities tumultuously ; to pl;iy tricks by putting the body
into different postures; to roll about. Actively, to tura
over; to throw about by way of examination; to throw
down by chance or violence. To throw down.
TU'MBLE, i. a fall.
TU'MBLEH, s. o.ie who puts his body into different pos-
tures, and pcrforcs feats of activity; a species of pigeon;
a drinking vessel.
TU'MBREL, s. I iomlereau, Fr.] a dungcart; a ducking-
stool.
TUMEFACTION, s. [Fr. from tumeo, to swell, Lat.] a
swellin?. •
To TU'IMEFY, t'. a. [from tumeo, to swell, Lat. tuvufier,
Fr.] to sw-ll, to nuike to swell.
TU'iMlD, fl. Uumidns, from tumeo, to swell, Lat.] swollen ;
puffed up. Affectedly lofty, applied to style.
TU'MOR, s. [Lat.] a disease in which the parts lose their
natural statety a great increase of their size ; a swelling or
swell. Figuratively, affected pomp or greatness.
TU'.MOROUS, a. swelling, protuberant; vainly pom-
pous ; falsely magnificent.
TUMULA'TION, s. [iromiumuhs, a hillock, Lat.] the
act of entombing, burying, or intering.
TUMULOSE, a. ffroni <«««/««, a hillock, Lat.] full of
hills.
TUMULO'SITY, s. [from tumulus, a hillock, Lat.] hilli-
nesg.
'J'U'MULT, ^. [tumulte, Fr. tunnUus, Lat.] a turbulent and
clamourous concourse of people ; a riot ; a rabble ; a con-
fused liiirrv ; uproar ; bustle.
TUMULTUOUS, a. [tumultueux, Fr.] gathering in a
confused andnoisy manner; turbulent ; disorderly ; riotous;
seditious.
TUMULTUOUSLY, ad. by act of the multitude ; with
confusion and violence.
TUN, J. \tunne, Sax. tonne, Belg. and Fr.] a large vessel
or cask of an oblong form, and biggest in the middle. Also,
a vessel for liquid mcHSurc, containing 262 gallons, or two
hogsheads. Also, a weight of2000tb. Also, a cubic s|)ace
in a ship, supposed to contain a ton. Also, 40 solid feet of
round timber, and 5;i of siiuaro.
To TUN, f . a. to put into casks ; to barrel.
TU'NABLK, n. "capable of being put in tune, or made
harmonious ; musical.
TUNBRIDCiE, a town of Kent, consisting of houses
mostly ill-built and the streets are but indifl'erently paved.
Here is a famous free-school, founded by a native of the
town, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Tniibridge is
seated on the river Tun, one of the five little streams of the
Medwav, over each of .which is a stone bridge, 14 miles S.
S. W. of Maidstone, and .^0 S. E. by S. of London. Market
on Friday. About .5 miles S. of Tunbridgc are Tnnbriflj»e
Wells, much resorted to in summer on account of ill
chalybeate waters.
- UR
TUR
TU'NDISII, s. a tnnner. .
TUNE, s. \U)on, HiJk. ton, SweH. tnono^ Ital. tonoa, I.at.]
Jn music, that property of sounds wliere by they coiiii' under
the relation of acute and grave to one another. Sound ;
liarniony, concert of parts. To he in tune, is to he in a state
proper for use, exercise, or any particular purpose.
To TUN 1'), V. a. to put in a state wiierein conconis may
he sounded ; to sing iiarnioniously. In low language, to
beat. Neuterly, to form one sound to another; to utter
nith the voice inarticulate harmony.
TU'NEFUL, a. musical ; harmonious.
TU'N I'XESS, «. unharmonious ; unmusical.
TU'NKR. s. one who tunes.
' TU'NGSTATES, s. in chymistry, salts formed by the
combination of any base with tun, ' lic acid.
TU'Nf iSTEN, s. in mineralogy, is a heavy metal, pro-
cured from a mineral found in Sweden, and from an ore
called wolfram, found in our county of Cornwall, in Ger-
niany, &c. but its properties are not much known, neillicr
is it brought into any use here.
TU'NfiS'l'IC, a. inchvniistrv, belonging to tungsten.
■ TU'NIIOOF, s. a plaiit called also ground ivy..
■ TU'NIC, i. \tiiiii(juc, Fr. tunica. Eat.] a kind of waist-
ecat, or under garment, worn by the Romans. Aho, a vest,
a sort of sleeveless coat. ,
TU'NIC, s. Itiinicnla, Lat.J a thin membranous coat or
sliin covermg any part of the body ; a little coat ; inte-
gument.
TUNIS, a kingdom of Africa, having the Mediterranean
Sea and Tripoli on the N. E. several Arab tribes on the E.
and Algiers and Esab on the W. It is about 300 miles long,
and 230 broad. Tunis is a pretty feilile country, hut it
abounds with scvenil kinds of wild beasts. It i, now little
more than a re|)ublic. Tunis is the capital. Lat. 3G. 42.
N. Ion. 10. m. K.
TU'NNAGE, s. the contents of a vessel measured by the
tun ; a tax laid on a tun burden of merchandise.
TU'NN EL, s. the passage for smoke in a chimney ; a pipe
with a conical or globular head, with which liijuor is poured
into a cask, or bottle; a net resembling a funnel to caicli
birds.
TU'NNY, s. [tonnen, Ital. i%mH**, Lat.] a sea-fish.
TUP, *. a ram.
' To TUP, V. n. to biift like a ram. Actively, to copulate.
tU'RBAN, TU'RHAND, orTU'RHANT, ;s. [Turk.] the
cover of linen, &c. worn on the head by the Turks.
TTJ'RBANED, a. wearing a turban.
TU'RBARY, f. in law, ground where turf is digged.
Common of turbary, is .a right of digging turf on the lord'a
waste.
TU'RRID, a. \turlidus, from turho, to trouble, Lat.| thick
or muddy.
; TU'RRIDNESS, s. niuddiness ; thickness.
TU'RBINATED, a. [inrbinntns, from turho, any tiling
which turns round, Lat.J twisted, spiral. In botany, of a
conical figure.
TU'RBITH MI'NERAL, s. among chymists, a yellow
precipitate of mercury.
. TU'RBOT, s. [lio-bot, Fr. and Belg.] a delicious sea-fish.
TURBULENCE, or TU'RBULENCY, s. [Vr. imMeutia,
from turbo, to trouble, Lat.J a tumult, or confusion ; the
fault of not being easily governed.
TU'RBULENT, a. [Fr. turbuknius, from turho, to trouble,
Lat.] boisterous ; tumultuous; not to be governed.
.TU'RBULENTLY, fld. tumnltuouslv; violently.
TURF, s. [tyrf. Sax. torf, Belg. and Swed.J the green
surface of the ground; a blackish sulphureous earth, used
MS fuel. A gentleman of tite turf, is one who is fond of
>acing or coursing.
TU'RFINESS, .t. the state of abounding in'turf.
TU'RFY, «. full of tiirf.
TURGESCENCE TURGE'SCENCY, /. the act of
zwclling:, or the state of being swoUcn.
TIJ'RGID.TU'RGENT, «. [from tmgeo, ia swell, Lat.]
swelling ; bloated ; vainly piniipous. •
TU'RIN, an anlicnt flourishing cily, and capital of I'ied-
niont, where the king of Sardinia Ibrnierly resiil<;d. It is a
very handsome place, but the air is unhealthy in ll'.e autumn
and in winter, on account of the thick fons. The houses are
liandbomc, and all built of the wiine lieiglit. 'i'uriu is well
Ibrtiiicd, and is charmingly sealed at ihcl'uotofa nidunlain,
«l miles N. W. of Genoa, 72 S. W. of Milan, and SM) N. VV.
ef H<jnie._ Lat. 4.''). 4. N. Ion. 7. 40. E.
'I'URKE'STAN, orTuRAN, a country of Asia, bounded
on the N. by deserts, on the E. by Kalmuc Tartary, on the
S. by Bukharia, au!l on the W. by Charasm, near ;j(iO miles
in length, and not much less ni breadth. It is divided
between two 'Fartar khans, or chiefs; one of whom residlnj;
at Taschk-.int, possesses the eastern part ; the oilier, « ho
possesses the western part, resides at 'l'urke!>t;in or Tar«z,
situated on a small river that runs into the Sir, in lat. 44. •4j.
N. and Ion. fil*. 13. E. 'Fhe latter is generally called the
khan of the Kar;ikalp;icks. In a kirge sense, I'urkestau in-
cludes all the country between Russia, ISukharia, the Cas-
pian Sea, and Chniese Tartary, extendjjig not less than 700
miles from )•',. to W. and 350 from N. to S.
T(!'J!Kf.Y,«.aweli known fowl.
TURKEY, a vei-y larj,-i> einpiic, cTityiiding to p^rt of Eu-
rope, Asia, and Afric;i, and is ihoughl to be the greatest in
the world. Some afiirin it is 2000 miles in length, from E.
to W. and 1750 from N. to S. Turkey in Europe is divided
by the mountains of Castagnas into N. and S. The N. part
comprehends Wallachia, Moldavia, Bessarabia, Croatia,
Bosnia, Dalmatia, Servia, Bulgaria, and Romania, or Ru-
melia. Tlie S. part contains antient Greece, in which are
seven large provinces, called Albania, Epirns, Macedonia,
Janna, Livadia, the Morea, and the islands of the Archipe-
lago. Turkey in Asia comprehends five large parts, namely,
Natolia, Georgia,Turcomania, Diarheck, Suristan, and Syria :
some reckon Arabia and Armenia, but these parts have little
dependence on the Grand Seignior. In Africa, they possesi
Egypt, and a small part of Abyssinia in Barbary ; there are
also other countries in Asia and Europe, which they are not
masters of alone, but conjointly with other princes ; and Con-
stantinople is the capital of all Turkey. The grand Seignior
is absolute master of all the goods and possessions of his sub-
jects, insomuch that they are no better than slaves ; but he
seldom extends this power to those that live a private lile.
The Turks have always very numerous armies on foot, the
chief of which are the Janissaries. The religion of the Turks
has great affinity to that of the Jews; for they believe in one
Gcd, and that his great prophet .is Mahomet, as the Jew*
affirme<l Moses to be.
TU'RKOIS, s. \iurquoise, Fr.] a blue stone numbered
among the meaner precious stones, now discovered to be a
bone impregnated with cupreous particles.
TURMERIC, s. an Indian root \\hicli makes a yellow ilre,
TURMOIL, *. trouble; harassing uneasiness ; affliction;
tumult.
To TURMOIL, t). a. to harass with tunuitt or commo-
tion ; to keep unipiiet.
To TURN, V. a. [turnnn. Sax. torno, Lat.J to put into a
circular motion, or move round ; to change sides, or put that
uppermost which was undermost ; to change place, posture,
fortune, or party ; to bring the inside outwards; to form, or
transform ; to translate ; M change with respect toafiection,
inclination, or regard. 7'o turn the stomach, to cause nau-
seousness. To make giddy, followed by htad. To direct to
or from any point or purpose. To apply, or have recourse
to, followed by to. To turn one's hack, is to fly ; to disregard.
Followed by upon, to reverse or alter. Us-ed with nhout, to
revolve or consider. To turn away, to dL^niissordiscard ; to
avert. Totum hack, to return to the person wiio gave, sent,
or sold ; to d'uble the contrary vay. Used with off, to dis-
inits; to resign ; to deflect. 7'o 6e<iirn«/ o/T", to advance lo
'tni(|jc bcyoud ; to exceed. Used with ovei\, lo transfer i ^
ass
T UT
tliTow off a ladder ; to examine one leafof abook after ano-
ther ; to refer. Neiiterly, to move round ; to dian^'c the
posture quickly, so as to face, used with vfion. To lie
c!!an£;ed or altered. To grow sour, applied to liquors. To
grow giddy. Used with away, to deviate from a proper
course ; to recoil. Used with off, to divert one's course.
TURN, J. the act of turning ; the act of coming back to
t'le same place ; a winding path ; a walk to and fro ; change
or alteration ; occasion; an act ofkindness or malice ; time
at ■vvliic!) any thing is to be done, or wherein persons punc-
tually succeed each other ; convenience ; form, cast, shape ;
or manner; bent; inclination; the manner in which the
words of a sentence are expressed. B>i (hchj, signifies al-
ternately, or one after another.
TU'RNCOAT, {tunikot) s. one who forsakes his party or
principles for those which are opposite ; a renegado.
TURNER, s. [tonrneur, Fr.] one who turns vessels, or
utensils, in woodornietal ; one whosells turnery wares.
TU'RNING, J. a winding ; a deviation to the right or left
fioin a main road or street; flexure ; meander.
TU RNIP, s. a white esculent root.
TU'RNKEY, s. the doorkeeper of a gaol.
TU'RNPIKK, *. agate set up across a road, and kept by
sn ofHcer, for the purpose of taking toll of travellers, wag-
goners, coaches, &c. for mending the roads.
TURNSOL, s. the sunflower.
TU'RNSTILE, j.. a turnpike in a foot path.
TU'RPENTINE, i. [tarpentina,\\A\.\ a transparent resin,
flowing either naturally, or by incision, from several unctuous
trees, as the larch, pine, &c. -
TU'RFITUDE, i.JFr. turpitudo, from iurpij, base, Lat.]
essential deformity of thoughts, words, or actions ; inherent
vileness ; baseness'; filthiness.
■ TURQUOISE, ■«. [Fr.]seeTuRKOisE.
TU RREL, s. a tool used by coopers.
TURRET, i. \hims, Lat.] a small eminence raised above
the body of a building; a little tower.
TU'RRETED, «. formed like a tower ; rising like a tower.
TURTLE, s. {turtle. Sax. J a sea-tortoise, well known for
its delicious food. A dove, f^nied for its kind disposition
anil chastity, called likewise iHrt/erfoi'c.
TU'SCAN ORDER, s. in architecture, so called because
invented in Tuscany. It is the simplest and most massive of
Uir five orders.
TUSCAN \', formerly a sovereign state of Italy, situated
between the iNlediterranean, the pope's territories, the Mo-
denese, and the state of Lucca. It is about 160 miles in
length, and 80 in breadth, exchisive of some parts distributed
in the territories of Modena, Lutca, and Cienoa. It is wa-
tered by several rivers, of which the Arno is the chief.
^lauy parts of it are fruitful in corn and wine, and produce
plenty of citrons, oranges, lemons, \)omegrauates, olives, and
.■>thcr fruits. Florence is the ca\)ital; which see.
TUSH I hucrject. a word used to express contempt.
• TUSK, s. [toishtti, old Frisick] the fangs or long t^^eth of
C boar, &c.
TUSKED. orTU'SKY, a. furnished with tusks.
TU'SSUCK, s. diuiinulive of tuz ; a tuft of grass or
t«ig5.
To TU'STLE, V. rt. to bustle or strive ; to tumble or
futHe.
TUT, inter), a word used to command silence, and ex-
press contempt.
TU'TBURY, a fwvn of StaflfBrdshire. It had a large
enstle, which stood on an alabaster hill, and was demolished
by Henry III. but several of the towers, and a small part
of the wall, still remain, afl'ordiivg a prosj>cct to the E. oyer
the rivers Dove and Trent, as far as Nottingham, beside
inany other extensive prospects. It is 15 miles E. of
Slaffirrd, and Hit N. 1". of Loudon.
TUTELAGE, s. \tnleltt, from tuenr, to keep, Lat.j protec-
tion ; guardianship- the. time during which an infant is
Uiuler guardians.
TUTELAE, or TUTELARY, a. [mihAc, from tvivr, to
em
TWi
keep. Lot.] having the 'guardianship, or particular defence
and proteclionof any person or thing.
TUTENAG, orTUTANAG, a. ajiame given in India
to the semimelal zinc ; also a white metallic compound
brought from China, which is the l>est imitation of silver yet
discovered.
TUTOR, s. {tutmr, Fr. tutor, from tueor, to keep, Lat.j
one who has the care of another's learning.
To TUTOR, V. a. to instruct ; to teach.
TUTORAGE, s. the authority or government of a tutor.
TUTORESS, s. a female instructor ; a governess.
TUTSAN, s. the hypericum of Linnieus. This is the
only British genus that is to be found in the 18th class of
Linnaeiis's arrangement of plants. There are many species.
TU'TTY, s. [tiit/ue, Fr.] a recrement of mixed nietals, in
which lapis calaminaris, or zinc in its iHetalline form, is .an
ingredient.
TU'XFORD, a town of Nottinghamshire, 13 miles N. hj
W. of Newark, and 133 N. by W. of London. Market on
Monday.
TUZ, s. a lock or tuft of hair.
TWAIN, a. \t,rirni. Sax.] two.
To TWANG, V. n. to sound with a quick sbarp noise.
Activelv, to make to sound sharply.
TW.\NG,f. a disagreeable souiid ; an afTected modula-
tion of Jhe Toice.
ToT'.VANK, t). ■«. properly twang; to make to sound.
'TWAS, contracted fr^im It inis.
ToTWA''lTLE, V. a.\scliit<itzm. Tout.] to prate.
TWA'YBLADE, s. in botany, the ophrys of Linnaeus;
There are several species.
To TWi'^ \(i, or TWEAK, Uu-eeg, or twcek) v. a. \twacken,
Tent.] to pi.ich or squeeze between the fingers.
TWEAGUE, or TWEAK, {tweeg, or tweeh)s. perplexity;
ludicrous <listrcss.
TWEE'DDALE, a shire in Scotland, called also the
county of Feebles ; bounded on the N. by Lothian ; on th<;
E. by Mers and Tiviotdale ; on liic .S. by Aunandale; and
on the W. by Clydesdale. The principal town is Peebles,
23 miles S. of Ijdiuburgh.
To TWEEDLE, v. a. to handle lightly.
TWEE'ZERS, s. [etui, Fr.J nippers or pincers, used in
pulling ofl' hairs.
TWELFTH, a. \twelfta, Sax.] the secoiid after the tenth ;
the ordinal of twelve.
TWELFTH-DAY, s. the festival of epiphany, or mani-
festation of Christ (o the Gentiles, so called as being the
twelfth day, exclusive, from the Nativity, or Christmas-
dav.
TWELVE, a. \tu-elf. Sax.] two and ten.
TWELVEMONTH, J. tfie space of a year, according to
the calendar months.
TWELVEPENCE, s. a shilling.
TWENTIETH, a. [twent^gotha, Sax.J.next to the nine-
teenth ; the ordinal of twenty.
TWE'NTY, a. [ttreiitis;, Sax".] twice ten.
TWI'BILL, s. [twy for two, and bill\ an iron tool used by
pavers.
TWICF-, ad. [twees, Belg.] two times ; doubly.
TWIG, s. [twig, or twigga. Sax. iwi/g, Belg.] a small shoot
of a branch.
TWILIGHT, (,t,i-il't) s. [twelicht, Belg.] is that light,
whether in the morning before sun-rise, or in the evening
after sun-set, supposed to begin and end when the least stars
that can be seen by the naked eye cease or begin to appear.
An obscure light ; an uncertain view. Adiectively, seen or
done by twilight ; not clearly or brightly illuminated.
TWIN, s. [/KiJin, Sax.] a child born at the same time and
birth with aiii>tlier. In the pUifal, a zodiacal sign.
To TWINE, B. a. [tunuan. Sax. twt/nm, Belg.] to wind
thread round any substance ; to encircle ; to twist so as to
unite or t'orm into one body. Neuterly, to wind, or form
windings; tocouvolvc; to unite by interpositioii ofpartBt
TYP
VAC
TWTNR, J. a twislod thread ; a (wist ; an embrace form-
ed liv Uvistiiifj round any part; cord; striii;^.
I'o TWINCiK, V. a. [iteitiqen, 'IViit. twiiigr, D:;!).] to tor-
ment with a sudden and sliort pain ; to pincli ; to tweak.
TVV1NC;E, f. a sliort, sudden, bliar[) pain; a pinch; a
tweak.
T\VI'N(JI^\VORT, <. agenns of plants called hy Linnicus
carlina. The wdd carline thistle i.'s the liritibh species.
To 'I'Ul'NKI-k, ti. ?i. [iwinclian, .Sax.] to sparkle, or
siiine with intermitted lijjlit ; to open anil slnit the eye alter-
nately.
TWINKLE, or TVVrNKLI.NG, s. a sparklinj,' iuter-
mittinfj li. lit : a motion of the i-ye.
To TWIRL, r. «. [from u Inn'] \o iuvii or force round.
Neuterly, to revolve with a (juick niolimi.
TWIUL, J. circular motion, rolation. Tuisl; convolu-
tion.
To 'J'WLST, V. a. [licislcn, Bclg.] to form hy ttiiriins
round ; to form by complication ; to wreathe orencircle hy
sometliin;;; to contort, to writhe; to weave ''r (orm hy
turning round, so that the parts shall unite together; to in-
siiuuite; to unite. Neuterly, to he contorted; to be con-
vclved.
TWIST, «. the act of turning round several things so as
to unite them ; any thivg nnide by winding two things toge-
ther a cord ; a writhe ; contortion.
TWi'SriiR, J. one wlio twists ; aropemaker; the instru-
ment of twisting.
To TWri', «. a. [edivilnn, Sax.] to reproach or mention
to a person by way of sneer; to llout; to hit in the
teeth.
To TWITCH, V. a. [twiaian, Sax.J to pull or pluck with a
quick motion ; to snatch.
TWITCH, s. a quick or sudden pull ; a painful contrac-
tion of the hhres._
TWITCFIGIIASS, i. a weed.
TgTV\ ITTER, ». «. to make a sharp, intermitting, and
tremulous noise ; to be art'ected with a strong or sudden in-
clination, followed by tvuard.
TWIT TLK,*. any motion or disorder of passion, as vio-
lent laughing, or fretting.
TWl'TTLETWATTLE, s. tattle ; gabble. A very low
word.
'TWIXT, a contraction of Ret wiXT.
TWO,(;wo)o.[<in(, Sax.]a nuinbv-r composed of one added
to one. This word is often used in composition.
TWOFOLD, {tiHifiM) a. double the number, or twice the
quantity. Adverbially, doubly.
TWC'IIANDED, (tooliaiukU) a. large; bulky; enormous
for magnitude.
To I Y IJ, I', rt. see Ti e.
TYE, 3. a knot ; a bond or obligation.
TY'GER,*. see Tiger.
TYKE, s. a dog, or one as contemptible as a dog.
TY'MRAL,^. [Fr.] a kind ot kettle-drum.
TYMUORELLA, s. a ducking stool.
TY'MP.\N, *. [tt/miHinuiH, Lat.] a tymbal or drum.
Among anatomists, the drum of the ear, a thin, dry, trans-
parent, nervous nienibrane, of the most exquisite sense, and
the instnimeiit of hearing,
TY'iMI'.ANUiM, s. [Lat.] a drum. Among mechanics, a
sort of wheel placed on an axis, on the top of which are
levers, for the more easy turning the axis about to raise the
weipht.
TY'MPANY, s. [from tympanum, Lat. J in medicine, a
flatulent tumor or swelling of the belly, very hard, equable,
I'jid permanent, whereby the skin is stretched so tight, that,
wlien struck, it gives a sound like that of a drum.
'|^''iN Y, o. [written likewise tiny] small.
TYPL, s.\type, Fr. typus, Lat.] a copy, model, image, or
resemblance. Among divines, it isasymbol, sign, or figure
if something to come. .'Vinong printers, a printing
letter.
TY'PIIODES, (ly'fofirt) s. [ (ir.j a continual bnniing feycr,
proceeding from an inllanimation of the bowels.
TYPllOAl A'Nl A, (/i^omniufl; s. [from ly/i/ias, smoke, and
rmnia, madness, Gr.] a delirium, or phrenzy, with a
lethargy.
TYPIION, (<i//«>i) *. fGr.]a hurricane; a violent whirl-
wind ; a fiery meteor.
TY'PIC, or TY'PICAL, a. \lypii]ite, Fr. tipiicm, Lat. from
typos, a type, Gr.J represented by some symbol or
hieroglyphic.
'I'V'I'IC ALLY, «f/. inatypical manner.
i o TY'l'l FY, ti. a. to express bj some symbol, action, or
liieroglyphie.
TYPOG R APHEIl, (lyptigmfer) s. \itomtypos, a type, ap.d
griiplw, to write, (jr.| a printer.
TYPOCiRA'PHlCAL, (typogrd/ikal) a. [from typns, a type,
and flrn/</i», to write, Gr.] bel'.iiging to typografy, or tlie
art of printing; emblematical ; figuratively.
TYPOGRAPHY, itypograty) s. [from I'ypos, a type, and
graplto, to describe, (if. | the art ot pciiitiug.
TYRA.'NNIC, or TYRANNICAL, «. Ityramiique, Fr.
/i/)-nHjiiciM, Lat. from (yra/jdoi, a tyrant, (ir.J ciuel; oppres-
sive; imperious; acting like a tvrant ; despotic.
TY'KA'NNICALLY, aU. in llle manner of a tyrant.
TYRA'NNICIDE, s. [from tynmnus, a tyrant, and cado,
to kill, Lat.] the act of killing a tyrant.
To TYRANNISE, I), n. [tyranniscr, Fr. from iyrannoi,a,
tyrant, Gr.J to governor act in an imperious and rigorous
manner, like a tyrant.
TY'RANNOOS, a. tyrannical; despotic; arbitrarily se-
vere. Not in use.
TY'RANNY', s. [tyrannis, Lat. from lyrannos, a tyrant,
Gr.J the acting without regard to the laws, ri'dits, or pro-
perties of the people ; outrageous cruelly and oppression ;
rifjorous command ; severity; inclemency.
TY'RANT, s. [tyran, Fr. tyruimus, Lat. tyrannos, Gr.J
among the antients, denoted simply a king or nnmarch.
But the ill use made of it by several of ihat charact'er, altei ed
the import of the word, and tyrant now carries the idoa of an
unjust and cruel prince.
TYRIA'SIS, s. the leprosy.
TY'RO, -1. [(i>0, Lat.] a novice; one in his rudiments; a
young scholar.
TYRO'NE, a county of Ulster, in Ireland, having Lou-
donderry on the N. Armagh and Lough Neagh on the E.
Fermanagh on the S. and Donnegal on the W. It is 4f«
miles long, and 37 broad. It contains 35 parishes, and
about 28,700 inhabitants. Tyrone has 4 boroughs, and
sends 10 members to parliament. The liiieu manufactory
is estimated at 257,4443e. yearly.
u&v.
UIS the twentieth letter of the English alphabet. The
sound is short in burst, curst, run, siw, culi. In some
words, it is rather acute than long; as in brute, flute, acute,
&c. It is generally long in polysyllables; •ds'mnrt>on,usage,
secure, curious, iVc. but in some words it is obscure; as iu
nature, venture,
V, the consonant, has its sound uniform, and is never
acute. It is placed before all the vowels ; as in vary, tenal,
voice, vow, vulture. Though the letters u and v had always
two sounds, they had only the form of « till the beginning of
the fourth century, when the other form was introduced, it
being inconvenient to express two sounds by the same letter.
The letters /and uscem to have a similar sound, but are
widely djtferent, as may be observed in the words hmf'e and
knives,life,?in(\lives, belief, 2M<\ believe, &c. In numerals, V
stands forfive, and with a dash thus, v, for 5000.
VA'CANC Y', s. an empty space ; vacuity ; a chasm ; time
of listlessncss, or emptiness of thought. Leisure or relaxation,
from vacances, Fr. State of a post or employment when it in
unsupplied.
VAX
VAL
VACANT, n. \vata-Ht, Fr. ■vaeoHS, Lat] empty ; having
nothing ill it ; free from crowds, obstacles, or incumbrance ;
having no possessor or incumbent ; being at leisure, or dis-
engaged ; void of thought.
To VACATE, r. 71. [vaco, Lat.j to make void or vacant ;
to defeat ; to annul.
■VACATED, a. made void or vacant ; defeated ; annullea.
VACA'TION, s. |Fr. vaco, to be at leisure, Lat. J in coni-
nion law, all that time wliicli passes between term and term.
Anidiig civiliiins, the time from the death of the last incum-
)>eiit till the benelice is supplied by another. Leisure or
fref'dom from business, trouble, or perplexity.
VA'CCAUY, {viihari/) s. [from vacca, a cow, Lat.] a cow-
lionse ; a cow-pasture. -
VACCINE INOCULATION, a modern discovery in
medicine, whereby the matter of a pustular eruption on the
udder and tents of a cow, is found to jiroduce a regular
disease in tlie human frame, which renders it unsusceptible
of tliesmal!-|iox. It was long known to those employed in
dairies, but was first brought into public notice by doctor
.Tenner, of Berkley, in 1708, and promises to bean inestima-
ble blessing to mankind. The following comparative view
of the natural smallpox, the inoculated small pox, and the
inoculated cow-pox, has been published by the Uoyal Jcn-
iierian lustitutinu, in London. Nattkal Small-pox,
— a contagious disease, for the most part violent, loathsome,
and dangerous ; of which it is computed that one in twelve
of the human race perishes. In London 3000 ainiir.illy ; in
the United Kingdom 40,000 ! Inoculated Sm all-pox,
also contagious; for the most part mild, but someliuies vio-
lent and loathsome ; of which one in 300 is said to die. In
London, about one in 100. 'liie inoculation of the small-
pox having been but partially adopted, has been the means
of spreading the infection, and thus increased the general
mortality. Inocl lat ED Cow-pox,— «(/< ewN/ffgioK-s; and,
when properly conducted, iniiformly mild, inoliensive, sel-
dom painful, iiever fatal, and an infallible preventive of
the small-pox ; besides which, there is no medicine recpii-
red, no consequent deformity or disfiguration, and no super-
venient disease.
To VAC1'LL\TK, v. n. [i-adlh, Lat.] to reel ; to shake ;
to totter ; to .'.':ij.'ger.
VACILL.XTION, *. [Fr. vaciUatia, from vacillo, to stagger,
Lat.] the act of staggering or shaking ; irresolution ; incon-
stancy ; fluctuation.
VACUITY, i. {vaciiitc, Fr. racuUns, from vacuus, empty,
Lat.] the state of being unoccupied by boily ; space void of
body; want of substance ; inanity.
VA'CUOIIS, a. \vnnius, Lat.] cniiilv, void.
VA'CUUM, *, |Lat.] space not occupied by matter.
To VADE, V. n. [t'fu/«, Lat.] to decay ; to fade ; to vanish ;
to pass away. Obsolete.
VAGABOND, ii. [vjfralmnd, Fr.J wandering about, or
having no seltle<l habitation ; vagrant.
VAGABOND, a. {vnriihiiiiil, Fr.] a person that wanders
about, and has no selUo.l habitation.
VAG.\'liY,-.s. [i'«»H.s, from wigxt-, to wander, Lat.] a wild
freak or frolic : cajirice.
VAGINOl'E'NNOUS, a. [from v'iQ;ma, a sheath, and
p-nna, a wing, Lat.] sheath-wingcd-; having Ihewiiigs cover-
e,l with liard cases.
VAGRaNCY, s. a state of wan-lering ; nnsetllcd course
of life.
\'A'(;R.\NT, a. \ras;aut, Fr.J wandering; vagabond;
having no place of residence.
VA'CiiiANT, s. one \\\\\i -has no settled place of abode ;
a stroller; a slui<ly beggar; one tiiat moves from place to
place, williout any visible way of living; a vagabond.
V.\GUE,ftai;}2- [Tr. villus, from I'/^w, to wander, Lat.j
wardering ; vagrant or vauabond ; having lie settled place;
vnnxod ; unsettled ; liidefi^iile.
V.AIL, s. \voile, Vr. this wold is at present written veil,
Unn. velum, Lat. and the v< rli iti the same manner, from
votn l,,-!!. yet as the old manner of writing it sh"'"s ii might
«70
have been borrowed originally from the Fr. it may still be
continued] a curtain or cover thrown over any thing to con-
ceal it ; a part of a dress by which the face is covered.
Used in the plural, to signify profits that accrue to othceri
and servants, exclusive of a salary and wages.
To VAIL, V. a. [loilfr, Fr.] to cover, 'lo lower, let fall,
or pull off, by way of compliment. Neuterlv, lo siiew
respect by yielding or submitting. To fall; to let sink for
fear, &c. SeeV^ElL.
VAIN, a. \rain, Vr. %amis, Lat.| without eflect ; having
no s'ubslance or reality ; proud of little things ; ostentatious;
idle or worthless ; false. In vain, to no purpose or end ;
without eflect. NVhen used in composition, it implies os-
tentatious.
V.AINGLO'RY, ». [fona^fona, Lat.] pride above merit;
empty pride.
VAI'NLY, ad. uselessly ; to no purpose ; proudly ; ar-
rogantly.
VAI'NNFSS,^. emptiness ; pride; falsehood.
VA'LAN'CK, s. [according to Skinner from Valencia,
whence they were brought] the fringes- of drapery hanging
round the tester and head of a bed.
VALE, s. \val, Fr. vallis, Lat."] a low ground lying be.
tween two hills ; a valley ; a dale.
VALEDICTION, *. [from vale, farewell, and dico, to say
Lat.] the speech made at (larting; the bickling farewell,
VALE'NCE, an anticnt, considerable, and populous city
in the dept. of Drome, seated on the left bank of the Rhone.
'Fhe greatest part of tlie public places, and many private
houses, are adorned with fountains. Viilence is 30 niilej
N. by E. of Viviers, and 335 S. by E. of Paris. Lat. 44. 6S
N. Ion. 4.52. E.
VALE'iVCIA a province of Spain, formerly a hingdora ;
bounded on the E. and S. by the Mediterranean; on the
N. by Catalonia and Arragon, and on the \V. by New
Castile and Miircia. It is about 1G2 miles in length, and C4
in breadth, and is the most pop-lous and pleasant country
in Spain; for here they enjoy always a perpetual spring.
It is watered by a great number of streams, which render
it fertile in all the necessaries of life, especially fruits and
wine. There are very rugged mountains, in which are
wines of gold, silver, and alum. 'J'he inhabitants are very
civil, but much more gay than in other parts of'Spain.
VALENCIA, a city of Spain, capital of the province ol
the same name. It is a large (dace, containing alicuit 12,000
houses within the walls, besiiles those in the suburbs, and
in the pleasure gardens round about it, which amount to
much the same number. It has an nniversily, founded in
1492. It was taken from the Moors in the lliirteenth cen-
tury, who were all obliged to leave it. The city is very hand-
some and pleasant, and adorned villi very fine structures,
'i'he cathedral has a steeple 130 feet high, and one side of
the choir isincrusted with alabaster, and adorned with very
line antient paintings. The high altar is co\ered with
silver, and lighted with 14 silver lamps. The university
consists of several colleges. The palace of the viceroy,,
that of Ciuta, the monastery of St. Jerome, and the ex-
change are all fine buildings. It has several good nianufac-
torie? of cloth and silk, carried on with great induslry and
success ; for even the very children are em|doyed in
spinning silk. There are several remains of aniiiiui'v, and
it is pleasantly seated on the river Giiadalvii.over^wh.icli
are five bridges. It is .W miles from the sea, m;ies .NJ.
bv E. of Murcia, IfiO S. W. of Barcelona, and 130 E. S. E. of
Madrid. Lat. .TO. 23. N. Ion. 10. E.
VALENCIE'NNES, a city of Hain,nult, in France, in the
department of the North. It contains about 2o,(KI0 inhabi-
tant';. In 1703, it surrendered lo the allied arniv, command-
ed by the (liiKe of ^'ork, after a severe .^iege. It is situated'
oil the r'verSi heldl, which divides it into two parts, 17 miles
N. E. of Cambrav, and 120 N. E. by N. of Paris. Lat. 60.
21. N. Ion 3. 32. E.
VALEN TINE, J. a sweetheart chosen on St. Valentinu'fl
day.
VAL
VAR
VAI.RNTI'NIANS, s. a sect of lierctics, so caile/I from
Vi«Unliiius,tlicir founder, in the 1 Itli cciilury, ami a braiith
of tin; (Jniislics.
V A 1, Eli IAN, s. \va!eriniw, Fi'.l a s<''iiis of plants placed
liy I.iiina'iisiii tiu' first .sect ion of fiisllMKl class. The marsh,
wild, and ii-tliKC valerian, arc the lirilish species. 'I'iie
(jreek valerian is the connnon Jacob's ladder.
V'A'l.irr, v. I Fr.J a vvailin^ servant. Vnlct de chambrt,
one who wails on a iiohUinan or i;enlleniun in his bed-
chanilier, and dresses and undresses him.
VALKI TA, .f. a city oi Malia, and tlie ca|>ilal of (hat
island, hnilt in LOW!, I).v the yrand master Fiederick Jolni de
Vaietla. It has the liappiest sanation iin':;f,'inalile, and is
>vonderiidlystionij hy nature and art. Number of inliabi-
tanlsalionl •21)01).
V'ALiyf yOlNA'RI.AN, J. a sickly person ; one who fan-
cies himself ill.
VALKTUDINA'P.IAN, VALF-TUDINARV, >t. [fVom
i'«/(7»rfo, sickness, Lat.] sickly ; weakly ; inlirni in health.
VALinU'DlNARY, s. an iidirniary oi hospital fc 'he
sick.
VA'LIANT, J. |i'«i7fenr, Fr.J brave ; stout; courageous;
intrepid.
V'.V'LIANTLY, "f^ bravely ; courageously.
V.\'l,I."iN T.N'ESS, s. bravery ; couraye ; stoutness; in-
trcpiilily ; valour.
VALID, a. [rnliilc, Fr. valiiliis, from la/to, to prevail, Lat.J
strung', powerful, eliicaciuus, prevalent, applied lo thiti]L;s.
Conclusive, weighty, having force, prevalent, applied to
arsiument.
\ A Li' DVTY, s. [valicUie, Fr.] force; power; strcngtli ;
certainty.
V.VLLADO'LID, a city of Leon, capital of a principality
of the same name, with a university. It is embeli;!,hed with
handsome bnildin^-s, larije pnlilic squares and fountains,
and conlains 1 1,000 iiouscs willi line lonitaiid broad streets.
It is seated near the Douio, oi miles S. W. of Burgos, and
95 N. by W. of Madrid.
V A'l.LANCY, s. a iarye wig that shades tlic face.
V.V'LJjFA', s. [vallce, Fr. vallis, Lat.] low ground lying
between hills. See Vale.
VA'I-OilOUS, (I. brave ; ivaliant; courageous; stout;
ini-i-pid.
UaLOROUSLY, ad. in a vahirous manner.
VA'LOROUSNf'^SS, s. bravery ; courage ; intrepidity.
V.X'LOUR, s. \v<dm\ Lat. ruknr, Fr.] courage ; bravery •
streiii,'th ; prowess; puissance; stoutness.
VA'LUARLE, «. [valuahle, Fr.J being of great price or
worth ; precious; deserving esteem or regard; estim«ble.
VA'LUARLFNESS.f. price or worth ; esteem.
VALUA'TION, s. price or value put upon a thing ; ap-
praisement.
VA'LUE, i. \valiie, Fr.] price ; worth ; price equal to the
worth of a thing; esteem; rate. Synon. I'fi'»e rises from
the intrinsic goodness of things ; m;oj(/i from the estimation
of them.
To VA'LUE, I', a. [valoir, Fr. | to rate at a certain price ;
to have in high esteem ; to appraise or estimate ; to be
worth.
VA'LURR, s. one who values.
VALVE, .?. [ua/ua, Lat. I a folding door ; any thing that
onens and shuts over the mouth of a vessel. In botany, tt';e
difterent pieces that compose a capsule -. thus in Jacob's lad-
der, daH'o(!il, and hyacinth, there are three valves ; in thorn-
apple four; and in loosestrife ten. Also appliedtothe petals
and empalements that constitute the liowersoVgrasses; thus
in the common meadow-grass, the empalement is adry chaflfy
liusk, composed of two valves, and the blossom is composed
of two other valves. Applied also to the several projectinjf
substances which frequently close to the mouth of the tube of
a blossom, as in the blossoms of borrage and Jacob's ladder,
where the tube is closed by five such substances. In ana-
tomy, a membrane which opens certain vessels to admit the
blood, aud shuts to prevent' its returning.
VAIVIP, t. tlie upper leather of a shoe.
To V.\M1', 11. o. to piece an old thing wilh «omefi)ii|g
new ; to repair any thing old or decayed, in order lo nialie
it pass for new.
V.-V'i\lFIUK, f. in zooloey, a large species of bat, inlia-
biling several of the African and South Sea islands.
VAN, i'. [from uvmit, before, Fr.] the front or first liiie of
an army. Any thing spr( ad wide, by which a \iind is
raised . a fan, from ran, Fr. or ?•««»".«, Lat. A wing.
To VAN.i- «■ \viniiiiT, Fr-] to winnow corn. Not in use.
• VA'NCOURIER, (luH/iio-ncr) i. |(u««(coHMcr, Fr-J a har-
binger ; a precursor.
VANE, !■ \vinme, Belg.] a plate hung on a pin so as to turn
vvith the wind ; a weatircrcock. Vaiies, aniong mariners,
are the sighls made to slide upon such instruments as are
used for taking observations at sea.
VA'NtiUAllU, s. [iivuiil garde, Fr.J the front or first line
ofan army ; the van.
VANILLA, s- [i-iimlle, Fr.] the fruit of a plant which
grows in the bay of Campeachy, Cartliageua, Hoiidiiraj,
Ac. and is used here as an ingredient in chocolate, to which
it gives a peccdiar Havour.
To VA NISli, 1'. a. [vunesco, Lat.J to disappear ; to come
lo nought ; to be lost.
VA'MTY, s. \raiiUc,l'x.vanitnx, Lat.| emptiness ; inanity ;
uncertainty; fruitless desire or endeavour; falsehood;
vain pursuit ; an object of petty pride ; ostentation.
To VANQUISH, ». n. [xHtina-e, Fr.J to conquer, to sub-
due, confute, overcome.
VANQUISHER, i. a conqueror ; aiubduer.
VA'NTAGE, i Jfrom arfi'anfaoej gain ; superiority, op-
portunity
VA'NTBRASS, s. [avnnt brass, Fr.l armour for llie arm.
VA'PID, a. [rnpidiis, Lat.]d.„cl or flat, applied lo liquors ;
palled ; spiritless ; mawkish.
VAPFDITY, or VA'FIDNE&S, s. [from vajmLs, Lat.J
deadness; flatness; mawkishness.
V'APORARY, s. [vaporarium, from )"/»«■, an exjialaiioii,
Lat.] a stove or hot-house ; a stew or bagnio. Among phy-
sicians, a decoction of herbs poured hot into a vessel, su
that the patient sitting over it may receive the fumes.
VA PORATION, s. [t'«/)«7n<io, from vajior, an exhalation,
Lat.J the act of emitting fumes or vapours.
VAPORITKflOUS, a. [from rn/wc, an exhalation, and
fero, to carry, Lat.J producing or causing vapours.
V.APOROUS, a. \vaporenx, Fr.] lull of vapours; fumy;
full of vain imaginations ; windy; llattileiit.
VAPOUR, *. firt/)o>-, l^at. rapeur, F'r.J the small particles
of a lluid, which being separated by heat, ascend into the
air; a wind ; a steam ; a fume ; a vain imagin;ition. In the
plural, a disease caused by flatulencies ; disordered or hy-
pochoivdriacal aft'ections in women, synouomous to the
spleen in men.
To V.\'POUR, t>. n. [vaporo, from vapor, an es:haIation,
Jjat.J to fly off in fume. Figuratively, to bully or brag.
Actively, to effuse or scatter in fumes or vapour.
VA'RL'\BLI'"., a. [Fr. variabilis, from vario, to diversify,
Lat.] changeable ; not long the same ; inconsiaot ; fickle ;
mutabJe.
VA'RLABLENESS, s. changeableness; levity; incoa
stancy ; mutability.
VARIABLY, nrf. changeably ; uncertainly.
VA'RIANCE, s. [from Vary] dirference ; discord ; dis-
sention ; disagreement. In law, an alteratiuu of something
formerly laid in a plea.
/ARIA'TION, s. [Fr- variatin, from vario, to diversHy,
Lit-] change ; difference; mutation- Variation of the cor.i.
pais, deviation of the magnetic needle from the true north.
SvNON- Successive changes in the same subject, make
V iriativn ; a multitude of diti'erent objects form vaiiely.
Thus we say, variation oi inwc ; rariciij of colours-
V A'RICOUS, a. [varicosHs, Lat-J diseased with dilatation.
To VARIEG.ATE, c. a. [from raricsratns. School, Lat. '
to stain with difl'ereut colours ; to diverbifv.
UBB
VATIIEGATED, a. streaked or diversified with different
CClours.
VARIEGATION, «. the quality of being beautified or
diversitied with several colours.
V ARI'ETY, t. [varieti, I'r. varietas, from vaj-io, to diversify,
Lat. J change; iutermixtureofditferent things ; dift'erence;
variation ; diversity.
VA'KI-FORM, n." ffrom varius, div<?rs, and /onna, form,
Lat.J being of divers shapes or forms.
VA'RIOUS, a.\varius, Lat.] diH'erent; cliansoable ; un-
like each other; marked with difl'erent colours; immerous;
uianifold.
VA'RIOUSLY, ad. differentlv.
VA'RIOUSNESS, *. diversity ; changcablencss.
VA'RLET, s. \varlet, old Fr.J anticntly a servant, but at
present used as a term of reproacli, to convey tlie idea of a
worthless person ; a scoundrel ; a rascal.
VA'RNISH, s. [vciuis, Fr. veruix, Lat.] matter laid on
wood, metal, &c. to make them shine. Figuralively, a co-
ver or palliation of a crime, &c.
To VA'RNISH, v. a. [trniiV, Fr.]to cover with something:
shining; to conceal a defect with somcthinj; ornamental or
rhetorical ; to palliate.
VA'RNISH EH, s. one whose trade is to varnish ; a dis-
guiser; anadorner.
To VA'RY, r. a. [rano, Lat. varier, Fr.1 to change ; to
make of difl'crcnt kinds; to diversify. Neutcrly, to be
changeable; to appear in different forms ; to be diftercnt
from cacli other ; to alter; to deviate; to be at variance.
VA'SC'ULAR, a. [from rasciJmii, Lat.] full of vessels.
VASCULI'FEROUS, a. [from rasculum, a vessel, an(l/««,
to bear, Lat.] in botany, an epithet given to those plants
which have, besides the common calyx, a peculiar vessel to
contain the seed.
VASE, t. Ivase, Fr. i'(ri,-Lat.] a vessel ; generally applied -
to one designed for show rather than use.
VA'SSAL, s. [vassal, Fr. vassalh, Ital.] one holding by
the will of a superior; a subject or dependant; a servant
suljiect to the will of another. A slave.
VA'SSALACiE, i. liaMe/ao-«, Fr.] the state ofbeingsul-
ject to the willofanotlier ; dependence; subjection.
VAST, a.lvasle, Fr. vastus, Lat] great or large ; generallv
applied to any thing enormonsly great.
VA'STLY,«(/. largely; greatly.
VA'STNESS, s. enormous greatness; immensity.
■'VAT, or FAT, s. \i-at, Bclg./«/, Sax.] a vessel tor holding
wine, beer, &c. in the time ol their preparation.
VA'TICIDE, J. [from vatts, a prophet, and ccBilo, to kill,
Ijat.] a murderer of prophets.
To VATrClN.\TE, v. ». [vaiicinor, from vates, a prophet,
Lat.] to prophesy.
VaTICINA'TION, s. \vaticinatto, from vates, a prophet,
Lat.] the act of prophesying, diviiiihg, and foretelling.
VAVASOUR, f. I r«i(««ic, I'r.] aniienlly a person next
in rank to a baron ; one subject to a superior lord, but has
others holding under him.
VAULT, t. \vrm/ie, Fr. roha, Ital.] a continued arch;
a cellar, so called, because arched generally on the top ; a
fave ; a cavern ; a repository tor the dead under a church.
A leap, from voliiger, Fr.
To VAULT, V. a. [router, Fr.] to arch, or shape like an
aich ; to cover with an arch. Neutcrly, to leap, jump, or
shew postures, from vuUip;er, Fr. voUefr^iarc, Ital.
VAULTED, a. arelud ; concave.
VAU'LTER, *. a leaper ; a juniper ; a tumbler.
To VAUNT, V. a. [vanter, Fr.J to boast ; to display in an
ostentatious manner'; to brag ; to swagger. Neutcrly, to
talk with ostentation ; to make vaiu show; to boast.
VAUNT. 1. a brag or boast.
VAL NXeU, s. a boaster; a maii.given, to vain ostenta-
tion.
VAU'NIINT.LY, flrf. boastingly; braggingly.
UBERLINGEN, a free ;md imperial city ofSuabia, in \V.
FurslenbcTg. 1'h<: iuhabilauls carry uu a great trade iu
b7.1
VEN
corn, wliich they send to Swisserland ; and not far hence
are very famous" baths. It is seated on a high rock, near
the lake of Constance, 12 miles N. of Constance. Lat. 47.
60. N. Ion. 9. 10. E.
U'BERTY, «. |iromui«(, fatness, Lat.] fertility ; abuD-
dance. .- , ,
U'BEROUS.a. [from uber, fatness, Lat.] plentiful; fer.
tile.
UBICATION, or UBIETY, t. [from ubi, where, Lat.J
residence or situation in ^ place.
UBIQUITA'RIAN, s. [from uU^i^, every where, Lat.J
one who holds that Christ's bodv is every where present.
UBrQlJKJ'ARY, rt. [from vbuiw!, Lat.J omnipresent.
UBrQUIl'Y, s.[ubiqiiiti, Fr.J omnipresence.
U'DDER, s.[u,U,; .Sax. and Belg.] the dug of a cow or
other large heast.
U'DUERED, n. furnished with udders.
VEAL, (vptl) [red, a calf, old Fr.] the flesh of a calf.
VE'CTION, or VECFITA'TION, s. [from veetito, t«>
carrv, Lat.J the act of carrving or being carried.
'Fo VE1;R, v. 71. [virer, old Fr. J to turn about. Actively,
to let out ; to turn ; to change.
VEGETABLE, s. [rcs;(table, Fr.] an organized body,
consisting of varituis pans, taking in its nourishment usually
by a root, and increasing its dimensions by growth ; a
plant. , .
A^E'GETA BLE, a. [vegeiabilis, Lat.] having the nature of a
plant; belongiiir 'o a plant.
To VEGETATE, v. n. [vegeio, Lat.] to grow; to shoot
VEGETA'TION, s. [figitation, Fr.] growth ; increase
of bulk, parts, and dimensions, applied to trees, plants,
shrubs, Xc.
VEGETATIVE, s. [vi^itatif, Fr.] producing growth, or
causing to grow. .
VKGETE, a.[rigitus, Lat.] vigorous ; active: f.pnglilly.
VE'HE.MENCE, or VE'HEMENCY, s. [viIumeHce,\i.
tehemeiitia, Lwt.] violence; ardour; vigour.
VEHEMENT, a.\rMment, Vx.velwmens, Lat.J Violent ;
eager ; fervent ; forcible ; ardent.
VE'HEMKNTLY, «rf. forcibly ; pathetically.
■^'F'HICLE, s. [rchicule, Fr. rehiculnm, from velio, to carry,
Lat. I that in which anv thing is carried, conveyed, or used
as a means of washing down anv thing to be swallowed.
^o VElL,i'.«. [rein, Lat. sec Vail] to cover the face With
anv thing; to cover or hide.
VEIL, J. [vilum, Lat.] a cover used to conceal the face ; a
cover, or disguise.
VF-IN, s. [veiiic, Fr. retin, Lat.] a vessel which convev-s
the blood from the arteries back to the heart; a hollow or
cavity ;' the course of metal or mineral in a mine ; tendency,
or turn of mind ; the time when any inclination is strongest;
humour, or temper; current; streak, variegation, as the
veiits of marble.
VEINED, orTEl'NY, a. full of veins; streaked; va-
riegated. . , , .
V^ELLE'ITY, s. Ircllaic, Fr.J the lowest degree of desire.
To VE'LLIC ATE, v. a. [vellico, Lat.] to twitch ; to pluck ;
to stimulate. . • ,
VELLICA'TION, s. [relHcatw, from vellico, to twitch, Lat.]
a twitching. Plurallv, among physicians, certain con-
vulsions that afl'ect the libies of the muscles.
VE'LLUM, s. [rilin, Fr.J the skin of a calf dressed.for
writing; the finest sort of pHrchmi'ut.
VELOCITY, »• \i-i!""lc, Fr. relocitas, from tr/-ur, swiM,
Lat.J si>eed ; quickness of speech ; swiftness.
VELVET, s. [veluto, Ital.] a kind ol silk manufacture
with a short pile or fur upon it. Adjectively, made of vel-
vet ; soft ; delicate.
VE'LVETLI'.AF, s. in botany, the lavatera. The Eng
lish species is also called sea-tree mallow.
VENAL, a. I Fr. ve7ialis, from imro, to be sold, Lat.]capa.
ble of being bought or \)urchascd ; mercenary ; prostltaU; ;.
coulaiucd in the vcius^
V EN
V EN
VT'.NA'LrrV, s. [renaliii, Fr.| a disposition tliat renders
t person rea.U lo flaltcr, or agree to any thing for gain;
proilitiilioii ; nicrci'uariiic'ss.
Vr.NA'I'lON. f. [from wCTior, to hunt, Lat. J the exercise or
praclice of huiiiiii^.
To VEND, V. a. [from vexde, Lat.] to sell, to offer for
•ale.
VRNDF.E', s. in law, tiie person to whom any thing is
•old.
VK'NDER, s. \vend<:ur, Fr.] in law, a seHer.
VE'NDIRI/E, a.[veiidibilis, from vendii,\o sell, Lat.j sale-
able ; mill kt'lalile.
VENDITION,*, [vcvdkw, (rem vmd<>, to se'l, Lat.J the
act of selling or ilisi)osing of anv cormiiodily ; a sale.
Vl'^NEE'KING, J. among joiners, the laying tliiii slices
of wooil over others of less value; a kind of inla\iiig, or
marqiiclry.
VENEKI'CIAli, a. [from venrninn, poison, and/aci'o, to
make. (,al.] acting by poisiiri ; hewitching.
VE'NEVIOUS, a. [from venemtm, poison, Lat.] full of
poison; poi^oiiiins.
VENENI'I'EROUS, </. [from ventnum, poison, and /«o,
to hear, Lai Jl)eariiig poi^m.
VE'NKItABLE, a. Yr veiierabili<:, from venernr, to ve-
nerate, Lai.] lo lie regarded with awe or reverence.
VK.'.NEK \BI.V, ad. in a manner that excites reverence.
To VE'NEKATE, v. a. \vaierti; Fr. venerar, Lat.] to re-
gard with awe or reverence.
VENERATION,*. [Fr. veneratio, from venerar, to vene-
rate, Laujgreat respect : reverence.
VENI'"KEAL, a. Ivenrreiis, from Vemts, the goddess of
love, L;il.| relating to love. Consisting of copper, called
ttnut hv clivmi>ts.
VKNE'REOUS, a. [renet-eus, from Venus, the goddess of
love, Lat.j lil)idini>u«; lu.>tfnl.
VE'N''KY, ,». reiierie, Fr.| hunting ; lasciviousness.
VI'.NivSi"7CTION,*. [fnjm vena, a vein, and »efo, to cut,
Lai ] 'he act of letting hlood.
To VE.MJE, V. a. [i«igier, Fr ] to punish; to avenge.
Seldom iiseil
VE'NGEANCE, *. Iven^eance, Fr ] punishment, or penal
retrihntion ; avengeinent. To do wit/t a vengeance, is to do
mnth vehemenfe.
VF,'NGI'rUL, a. vindictive ; retributive.
VENIABLE, or VENIAL, fl. [from v.mia. pardon, Lat.]
pardonable; permitted, or allowed ; excusable.
VE'NICE, the republic of, a connlrv of Italy, which com-
prehends I'oditeen provinces, namely, the Doga<lo, the Pa-
auano, the Viceiitino, llie Veronese, the Brescian(y, iheBer.
goniasco, the Creniasco, the Polesinodi Kovigo, the Mar-
ca-Trevigiano, tilt Feltrinn, the Bellunese, the Cadorino-
Friuli, and Istria. The government of the republic cf Ve-
■ice is aristocratic, for none can have any share in it but the
Bohles. The chief magistrate has the title of Doge, and is
elected by a plurality of voices, and keeps his dignity for
life. His olfice is to give aii.ilience to all ambassadors; to
marrv the Adriatic sea in the name of the republic, on Holy
Thursday ; topi<'side in all assemblies of the stale ; to have
an eye overall the members of the magistracy ; and to no-
minate to all ihe beiietices annexed to the church of St.
Mark. On rhe other hand, he is to determine nothing wilh-
out the consent ofihe council; he is not lo open any letter
addressed to the republic, or that comes from the republic;
he is ;)ot to receive anv present ; he is not to leave the city
without peruiiision<if the states ; he is not to chuse an as-
•istani ; and he is never to resign his dignity. In short, he
is a prisoner in the city, and out of it he is no more than a
private person. As to religion, the Venetians ate Roman
Calhol'rs.and yet they tolerate the (ireeks, Turks, Persians,
but not the Protestants. The head of the clergy is Ihe
Patriarch of Venice, who must be a noble Venetian, and is
dected by the senate. In times of peace, the Venetians ge-
nerally knep an army of 16,000 regular troops, and 10,000
militia. Oh tbe tea they have always a small fleet, com-
6T
posed of a few men of war, frigates, an.l galleys. Such
was the state of Venice, during her iudepeiidence ; but in
1798 ihisconiitiy was overrun by the F'rench, anil afierwardt
ceded mostly to the House of \usiria. However, Ihe wai
of 1805 brouglil it again under Ihe ildminion of France, aud
it is now in< luded in Buonaparte's ki^igdom of Italy.
VENICE, Ihe capital of Ihe above republic, is one of
the most considerable places in the world. It is the sve of
a patriarch, and the seal of an university. According to the
hisloiians, Venice stands <ni 72 >inall ivlaiids in the gul|(h of
Venice. As there is no pa^iinj, thruugh this cilv in carriages,
the inhabitants make use of a kind of boats called gondolas,
T here are above 50(1 b idges over the canals, the most faiiiout
ol' vtiiieh is that called thi' lliallo. It is built of white mar-
ble, and has but one arch, in » hich its principal Ik aulv con-
sists, and isiJOfeet from one extremity lo Ihe other. There
are ISO palaces, the finest of which is that of the D<ige,
fronting St. Mark's Place. The cathedral church is that of
St. Mak, in which they pretend lo keep the body of St.
Mark the Evangelist. It is gloomy within, but its walU
are of marble; ami ihc pillars of the f out encrusted with
jasper and porphyry. There is also a library, in which are
a nnmber of Greek maiuiscripts, but none of them above
500 \ ears <dd. Here are about 170,(100 iiJiabitauIs. Venice
is212 miles N. of Rome, and 300 N. bv W. oINaplcs. Lat.
46.27. NJon. 12. 8. E.
VE'iVISON, {vbizon) s. \vejittison, Fr. from tenor, to liuilt^
Lat.] the lleshof deer ; game or beasts of chase.
VE'NOM, *. \vemn, Fr.] poison.
VENOMOUS, n, p(ii>onous ; mischievous ; malignant.
VICNO\mUSLY, ad. po'smioiisly ; malignantly.
VE'NOM OUSNKSS, *. poisonousness ; malignity.
VE'NOUS, a. [venosus, from vena, a vein, Lat.] full of
veins.
VENT, s. [fente, Fr.] a small aperture or hole, by which
any vapour transpires ; passage from secrecy to public no-
tice ; passage ; di>charge. Sale, from vtrnte, Fr.
To Vl'",Ni\ 1'. a. [renier, Fr.] to let out at a small hole or
aperture : to give way to, or free from restiaint ; lo utter;
to pnblish ; to sell ; to carry lo sale.
VENTER,*. [Lat.] in analomv, any cavity of the body,
but particularly the alidomen. In law, a womb, or mother.
VE'NTIDUCT, *. [from venins, the \\h\ti, aud ductus, »
passage, Lat.j a passage for the wiu(t.
To VF/NTIL.ATE, v. tt.\ventito, from ventus, the wind,
Lat.j to fan with the wind ; to wiiuiow ; to examine or dis-
cuss anv controxerled point.
VE.NJ ' ILATION, *. [ventilatio, from ventiu, the wind,
Lat.j the act of fanning, or gathering wind ; the art of win-
nowing ciirii; refrigeration.
VKNTILA'TOR, *. [from re»<«*, the wind, Lat.] an in-
strument invetited by the Kev. Dr. Hale, to extract foul,
and lo suppjv fresh air.
V ENTO'SITY, *. [tJcn<o*«*, from vetUus, the wind, Lat.]
windiiiess.
VE'NTRICLE, s. Irentrimle, Fr. ventriailus, from tenter,
the bellv, Lat.] the stomach ; auy small cavity, puiticularly
tliose of the heart.
VRiNTRl LOCiUIST, *.[frnm venter, the belly, and /«y«or.
to speak, Lat.] one who speaks in such a manner that the
sound seems to issue from his belly.
VE'NTURi'', *. [avcntnre, Fr.] hazard ; an undertaking of
chance and danger; hap: chance; a slake. At a venture,
is at hazard ; without coMsidoralinn or premeditation.
To VENTURE, v. n. to dare ; to run a hazard. Used
with at, on, or upon, to engage in an attempt without any
prospect or certainty of security. Actively, to expo&e lo
liazard ; to put or sen<l on a venture.
VK'N TURKR, *. one who ventures.
VENTURESOME, a. bold; daring.
Vi'.'NTURESO.ViELV, «f/. in a bold or daring manner.
VENTUROUS, a. fearless; daring; bold; apt to run
hazards.
VE'NUS, /. [Lat.] in llie Copernican system, is one ef
87.-)
VEN
VER
the inferior planets, and (he second in order from the sub.
To the naked eve she is lli-e most beautiful and ipleiidid of
all the cplej,tial liodies. hem;,' sometimes so bright as to cast
a faint sllad«^^ of an objccl, and not uncomnioidy seen in the
day lime. She iimves inuiid the snn in an orbit ver> neaily
circular, the diameter of "liich is about 136 millions ot miles,
in 2'24d. Ifili. 41m. 32 2 .'jlh-,. called her tropical revolution ;
Iiul lier si ereal, aiiom^ilKlic, and s> noil ic periods are, 224d.
16li. 49m. 12 7 tlllh>. 221(1. I7h. 4m. 28 I 51 lis. and .08:5d.
22h. 7m. 6s. respeclivi-lv. Her mayuiluile is Ufaily eiiual
totlie earlh's. She liiriis rouiiil her axis, accordiii;; to Mr.
Schr.ieler, in about 23h. 21m. her year containing; 2.30
I9-2lsls, of such (lav s. The inclination ofherorbil to the
ecliptic, or her <;realesl heliocentric latitude, is 3" 23 21)";
but her^reatesl possible i^eocentric latitude, on account of
her nearness to the earth, ainoiinls to 9'^ i, beinj; Kf'atest
of all in those inferiiu' coiijiuictions that happen v^hen the
planet is Oil" from her node>, the earth beiii<; al the same
time in her perihelion. 'Ihe idiice of her descemliii:^ imde
at tile time of her lraii-.it over ihe sun's disli in 17fit, was
found to be ill 14" 3i' 52" of Gemini ; and at llie transit of
1769, 14" 3.V 3(5" of the same si^^n ; from >ihich it appears,
that her nodes have an annual niolion of about 2S" ; bul M.
de la Laiide, from probably more accurate elements, has
fixed It at 31". The place of her aphelion, anno 17;'>lt, was
ins" l:V of Aipiarius, having a progressive motion of about
4" 10' ill 100 \ ears. 'I'ue eccentricity of her orbit is 61 out
of 10,01 i>, of those parts into uhiih the earlh's ilistance
from Ihe sun is supposed to be divided, and the equation
»f her orbit 4S' 30". When viewed through a telescope,
she is rarely seen to shine with a full face, bul has phases
, and chan;;es just like those of ihe moon, bein-; increasiii":,
' - decreasinij, horned, gibbous, <S.c. her illnniinated part
bein.; constantly turned towards ihe sun, or directed to-
wards the east when she is a morning star, and towards
the west uhen an eveninjj star. This planet, (m account
of her movinu; in an orbit between the sun and Ihe earth,
is neverseen in opposition lolhe tormer, and never recedes
from him more than 47" i, called her greatest possible elon-
gation. Ill her inferior semicircle she appears to move con-
trary to Ihe order of the si^ns ; the leufjth of whi.ch r< tio-
gradalion is from 42 to 44 davs, accoidinj; to her situation
with respect to her perihelion or aphelion at the time ; the
qiiaiitilv of Ihe arc moved in both cases amountini; to about
'6'*. .Mr. Schroeter has discovered ineipialities on her sur-
face similartn our uiouiitains, and also that she is favoured
with a Iwili'ilil for some time after the sun sets lo anv par-
ticular part of her ;;lolie, and before he rises to the same ;
from wliich an indisputable argument of her having an at-
UHisphere is <ledured. See Phil. Trans. 179.'i. She some-
times in her inferior conjunction transits or passes over Ihe
cun like a roiinil black s|>ot, ecliiisiiig a part ot his disk visi-
ble lo the naked eye. But this appearance is sovery rare,
(sometimes not once, ami never more than twice, in a hiin-
lired \eais,) and < f so great utility in delermiiiili;,' the solar
parallax, Ib.il it has eni;ai;e'' the curiosity and attention of
most aslronomersot the las' eiitury. Several were sent to
various parts of the globe lo observe those famous ones of
1701 and 17'iO; the re>iilt of which was, that the sun's pa-
rallax is about K'J. .If Vi'iius moved in an orbit roinid the
itim ciiincideut with the plane of the earlh's oi bit, she would
traverse the »>ilar disk eveiy synodic revoluliim; bul this not
being Ihe case, she tau only cross it in two opposite points
called -her nodes, very near either of which (not more than
loj) she must iiecessarib be. at the tiiin' of her iiifi-rior eon-
Junction, for such a phenomenon to take place; so that we
wed not wonderal the great rarilv of such appearances. —
There will only happen three such phenomena before the
year2004 inclusive ; ihe limes of which we will note down,
together with the distance of Ihe planet's and sun's centres
at Ihe iniddh' (d'llie transit, as deduced fnun Dr. Halley's pe-
riods, con ecled from accurate observations upon the two last
trnnsils. The (irsi id these will lake place at the ascending
Mo4t on the 0th of December, 1874 ; the middle of whicii
874
will be at about 4h. (lOi. in the morniog, the planet bein;
then 13' 2" to Ihenoith of ihe sun's centre: the second also
happens at the ascending node on the 6lh of December,
IU82; the middle being at abimt 5h. I3iu. in the evening,
the planet having then 12' so.lh latitude. TUc third and
last weshall note happens at the descendirg node on the
8th of June, 2III14, the middle being at about Oh. 30m. in
the nKuning, and the distance of the centres 9'9', the planet
being lo the south. Her apparent diameter, at the time of
iier transit, is .so large as to take almost 20' in enleiing her
whole body on the sun'silisk ; being found lo beaboul 58".
'I'he longest (liiiatiou <if a central transit of Venus at botK
nodes is 7h. 50m. according lo Dr. Halley. In the heathen
mythology, the godiltss of love and beauty. In chyniistry,
copper metal. In heraldry, the ^reeii colour in the arms of
sovereign princes.
VF,1!.\'CITY, s U-errtcite, Fr. from verax, Lat.] truth ;
consisleiicv of words with fads; or consislency of deed*
with words.
VI'.liH, s \vrfbe, Fr. rerbnm, Lat. J a pait of speech signi-
fying existence, with action or passion.
Vl'VKIiAL, a. \Vx. I erbalis, (inm verbtim, a word, I.at.|
spoken, opposed to written ; oial; consisting only in words;
literal, or havilii; woiil for word.
VKUR.A'I J'I'Y, .s. meie baie words.
V l-.l! BA 'I'l M, ml. ( Lat.] \uHd for word.
To VK'HBLUA'i'i-., V. a. [ifi '<•)(/, Lat.] to beat or sirilie.
VEHBL'^A'TION, s. miinaho, Lat. yeiboiitwn, Fr.j
tile a<l of beating or strikiii;; : bloHs ; l.'i'alin^'.
VER BOS I'",, n. Ircr'osus, from lertMm, a word, Lat. J abound-
ing O' le<lious with words ; prolix; wordy.
VEItBO'SlTV, f. [if»ioj,i/£, Fr.J e.xuberaiice of words;
much prattle.
VL'RDANT, (7. [ifn'f/o)ii, Lat. J green.
VE'RDF.GHEASE, or VE'RDEGUISE, s. [vert de grit,
Fr.j a green poisonous substance made of the rust of copper
or biass, used by painters as a green colour.
V EH DI'/LI.O, J. a touchstone for trying niefals.
VIVHDKHER, <|r VE'liDI'.ROU, i [verdier, Fr.j a judi-
cial officer of the king's forest.
VERDICT, s. ffrciin vemm, true, and diclvyn, a word,
Lat.] the determination of a jury on any cause ; a decision;
judi:meiit : opinion.
VERDriT.R, ». chalk made green.
VF.UDl.liE. s. [i'0(/i(j-e, Fr.] green colour.
VERECUND, n. [vneiimdus, Lat.] modest ; bashful.
VERCil'., s. \verf>e. Fr. verf^n, Lat. J a rod, or something in
thai lorm, carried before a person in ottice. The brink,
edge, or utmost border; Irom t'»'go, Lat. Inlaw, iberoiiv
pass about the king's court, bounding the jurisiliclion of tbc
lord's sleHiird, and ihe coroner of the king's lionse.
To Vf.UCil',, V. n. fufijfo, Lai.] to tend or bei;d down-
wards, used «ith feicnrf/i.
VE'RCiER.i. a lipslafl to ajmlge; an officer who carriei
a rod lift " it h silver before a bishop, a dean, <K('.
VF.RI'DICAL, (1. (from virus, true, and (/ice, to speak,
Lat] speaking Irulh.
To VERIFICA'I'I'V v. a. [from verut, true, and facio, t»
make, Lat.] to prove a thing lo be true.
V EKI FICA'TIO.N, s.\x<.>iii<ntwn, Fr.] Ihe act of proving
athiiiL', or making good an assertion.
VERll'IF.R. s. one who assuresa thing to betrue.
To VIVUIFV, 1'. ji. [rtii/ic;-, Fr.]lo prove true, or justify,
VI'/RILV, nd. ill lintli: iiideed : assuredly ; ceitainly.
VI'.RI^l'MILAU, or VERISIMILOUS, a. ffdm wnir,
true, and s;>ni7/.5, like, Lat. J probable; likely. "VerinmiUm
VEKIsiMI LITUDE. or VKRISIMFLITY, i. [from vtnu,
true, and siviilis, hke, Lat.] probability: likelihood; r»-
semblinee of Irnlh.
VE'RITV, s. [vn-ili, Fr. Veritas, from wrii*, true, Lat.]
truth; consonance to the realitv of Ibings.
VE'RJUICE, (. frer;'ui, Fr.] the juice of uutipe grapes, or
crab apples.
VER
VRRM/CE'LLT, s. frtal.] long sipnfler pieces, \lko small
t»oriiik, iii;i()e willi flour, e>{i;s, clie"'=«', sugar, and isaflron,
Blltl IIM'll ill -Klips.
Vl'lKMi CULAIl, n. [from r«nn'j, a worm, Lnl.) aclinij
likp a worm ; conliiiurd from one part of llie body to tlie
othrr.
VRRMrCUI-ATKD, a. \termiciilatiis, from vermis, a
worm, Lat.] inl-.iid ; wrojglit will) clieqiier-work, or pieces
©f various ciiloiirs.
VRIJMICULATION, s. [from vermis, a worm, Lat.] the
breediiii; »'Oims. Continuation of molioii from one part
to anollier. In physic, a griping of the guts occasioned by
worms.
VE'RMICULE, *. [vermkuliis, froinvfrmis, a worm, Lat.]
a liill'" worm.
V I'RiVlI CL'LOUS, a. [vermiculosus, from vermis, a worm,
Lat.lf-illof ijriihs.
Vi')'KMll()KM, a. [from vermis, a worm, aadfvrma, form,
Lat] slijpt-rl like a worm.
VE'RVIIFUOK, s. [from vermis, a worm, and fugia, to
flee, Laf.l vi medicine ih.it distrovsor expels woriiis.
VKR^Il'LION, s. \vermtUun, i't.] a lively, brisk, red
colour. •
V Eli .VI IN, t. [uerminc, from vermis, a worm, Lat.] a col-
lective name including all kinds ot little animals or insects
which are hurtful or t oiililesome to men, lieasis, fruits, ttc.
as vvorui', tlii's, lice, fleas, caterpillars, rats, mice, Ac.
VKRMI PAROUS, a [from m;-hi!>, a worm, and paria, to
brin^'forlli, Lat. 1 lireediHtj veiiiiin.
VIOKMI'V'OROU.S, (I. [from iw-m/j, a worm, and roro,
to devour, l,af.] devouring or feeding; on w<iriiis.
VK'RMONT, one <.f the United States of America. It is
seated in the hack seitlemrnls. Ihc inhabitants and
formers of this state were emigrants from New Ilaiiipshirc
and New York. Vermont »as erected into a slate in April
178-2.
VEHN.A'CULAR, a.[vemiiiyid»s, from verna, a slave born
in the house, Lat.] of one's own connlr* ; natural : native.
VK RN AL, n. \vermis, fnuii wr, the spring. Lat. J helon:;ing
to the spring. Vernal equninx, in aslionoiiiy, is the time
when the sun crosses the eqninuctial line in the spring, about
the 2l.'>t of March, making llie nights aiul days of an equal
length.
VE'RNALGR.AS.S, *. in botany, a species of anlhoxan-
tlllim. It noesalso by the name of spring-grass
VI'lRNl'LITY, s. \r rinlitas, Uom verna, a slave bom in
the house. Lat. [servile tlatlering bchavimir.
VERONA, a largp, aiitient, imd famous town of Italy,
in the lepublic of Venice, and capilal of the Veronese,
with an academv. The streets are neither clean nor
straight ; but there is a handsome place railed the Piazza-
d'Ariiii, in which is a marble slalue, representing the re-
public of Venice. The bishop and governor of the town
liave siipeib palaces, but not so iiiagniticent as that of the
count MaHei. The lownhouse and the opera house are fine
btiildmgs ; but the most remarkable slriicturo in this citv
istlip antieiit amphillieaire built by tr.e Konians, in which
there are 44 rows of seals, or ben<dies, of white marble,
whi<h will convenientiv hold about 2.5,000 persons. It is
seated on the river Adige, on w liicii Ihev trans[iorl merchan-
dise to Venice. This river divides it into two parts, which
communicate bv two handsome bridges. It is 17 milep
N. E. of Mantua', and 62 .S. VV. of Venice. Lat. 45. 26. N.
k)n. 11.24. E.
VEUO'NIC.A, /. a portrait of the face of our Saviour on
a haiu'kpii hief.
VK'RR I;- L, FERRULE, s. a ferrule ; a little brass, or
Kon 'inu', fixed round the end of a cane, or handle of a tool.
V l''ri'<.\rLLES, a town in the deiit. of Seine and Oise,
12 miles S. \V. of Paris. Louis XIV. built a magniticent
palace here, which was the usual residence of the kings of
Fiance. The gardens, with the park, are 6 miles in circum-
ference, and surrounded by walls.
VE'iiSATlLE, a, Lfroni verse, to turn ofteu, Lat.] cliange-
VES
able ; variable ; mutable ; easily applied to a new task;
that may be tiiined round.
VERSK, s. [vers, h'r. versus, from vertn, to turn, Lat.] a
line consisting of a certain succession of souncls, and a
number <d svllablcs. A section, or a paragraph of a book,
from verset, Fr. poetry.
To be V E'RSEI), v. n. [from tertor, Lat.] to be skilled in,
or acquainted with
V ERSI FIC.A TION, s. [ Fr. from verstts, a verse, andfaeia,
to niake, Lal.l Iheact or practice of making verses.
VE'R.SI HKK, s. one llial make verses ; a paltry rhymer.
To VK'RSIFV, V. n. [versi/ier, Fr. from versus, a verse,
and/flcio, to make, Lat.] to make verses. Actively, to relate
in verso.
VI'/KSION, (ve)sli0n)s. [Fr. versio, from verto, to tun.
Lal.]change; traiislalKin ; clianjje of direction.
VERT,*, \vert, Fr.j any thing that bears a green leaf.
In heraldrv , a green colour.
VE'RTEBRAL, a. [from lertvbrtt, Lat.] relating to the
joints of the spine.
yE'RIT.URE, f. [eeWeJra, Lat. in the plural vertebnr] »
joint in the spine. Used in the pluial for the backbone, con-
sisting of 24 pieces.
VERTEX, s. [Lat. J the zenith or point over llie bead ;
the top of any thing.
VERTICAL, a. [vertical, Fr.] placed in the zenith, or
over llie head ; placed periiciidiciilar to the horizon.
VEKTlCALLY,<;rf. in lliezeniih.
VERTICI'LLATE, a. [verl<ci//nti(s, from rcr/n, lo turn,
Lat.] in botativ. an eiiilhef given to those plants, whose
flowers are iiiterniixed with small leaves, growing in a kind
ot "hoHs about llie joints of the stalks.
VERTl CITV, s. [from veito, to turn, Lnt] rotation ; cir-
ciimvidution ; power of liirniiig.
VKRM'GINOUS, a. [verligiuosvt, from verto, to turn, Lat.I
giddv ; rotatory.
VERTKiO, f. [Lat.] giddiness, or a disease wherein ob-
jects, though fixed, appear to turn round, attended with a
fear of falling-, anil dimness of sight ; a dizziness.
VERVAIN, i. [wrreiwe, Fr. Der4«i«, Lai] a plant called
also sim pier's joy.
VE'RY, a. [lonyor verai, Fr. renis, r,at.| true ; real ; the
same, or identical, ll is used to denote things emphaticallv,
or eminently ; as, " In a seeing a^je the venj knowledge of
former times passes but for ignorance in a better dress."
Siiiit/i. Adverbially, in a great degree.
VE'.SJCA, s. [Lat.I in analomv, a bladder ; any membra-
nous siibsta'ce in which a fluid is contained.
To VE'SICATE, V. a. [from vesica, a blister, Laf.j to
blister.
VESICATORY, j. [from resira, a blister, Lat. J a medicine
which raises blisters in the skin.
VE'SICLE, {vesihl) s. [from vesica, a blister, Lat.] a little
bhiflder.
VE'SPKR, s. [Lat.] the evening star; the evening.
VESPERS, s. [from vespej; Lat.J in the Roman chuicb,
cveniiii; pravers.
VESPERTl LIO, s. a name of the bat, as it appears oniy
in the evening.
VT^SSEL, s. \vasselle, Fr.| am thing in which liquors, or
other things, are put ; a part of an animal body which con-
tains any particular Huid ; any vehicle by which things are
con>'eved on the water.
VE'SSETS,,f. a kind of cloth.
VESSrCNON, s. among horsemen, a windgall or soff
swellinifon the inside and outside of a horse's hoof.
VI'..ST, s. [veste, Fr. vestis, Laf. | a garment.
To VEST, D. a. [vestio, Lat.] to dress; to make possessor
of; lo put into possession.
VIO'STAU f. [from i estalis, Lnt.] a virgin consecrated to
Veslit. Fitfiiratively, a purevii,;in.
VESTIBULE, s. [vestibulv^i, Lat.] the porch or firsi «»
trance of a lK>u$e.
ViC
VIE
VIs'STIGF, 4. \vestie;e, Vr. vestigium, Lat.] a footstep or
mark liy «hirh any ihiiisi iii;i\ he liHced.
VI'',S'1'MKNT, / [vestimnitiim, Lat.] a yaiincnf.
VK'nTKV, s. Ivestinira, Kr. vesliarium, Lat.] a room in a
chiircti, «liereiua tniiiisler puts on Ills surplice, or stays
till it is tinit'lo perform liis fuiution ; an assembly of liie
heads itH\w parish. Vestry Clerk is an oHicer who keeps the
Bccountsiif ilie parish.
VR'STUKR, s. [rcstnra, Ttal.J a garment or robe ; dress.
VE-^UA'IUS, a lar;;e volcano of Naples, in Italy. Seven
©r ei;;lit dreadful ernptions are reckoned to have happened
before the lei^n of Ani,'iistus, and about 14 since his lime,
which have done considerable dania;;e to tiie adjacent conn-
try, besides the dieadful earlhquakts occasioned by its sub-
terraneous (ires. The last eruption look place in 1805, in
which it is said 20,00li persons perished. It is 7 miles S. E.
of Naplf-s. Lat. 40. 52. N. Ion. 14. 30. E.
VliTCH, s. [vicia, Lat. j chick peas ; a kind of pulse;
tares.
VI'VTCHCAP, J. among botanists, a kind of tlionff.
VI'VTCII Y, a. made of vetches ; abounding in vetches.
VRTKRAN.a. \veteranys, (vom ietus,o\d, Lat. J long prac-
tised ill war; long experienced.
Vl'.TEKAN, s. {reteraniis, from vrtiis, old, Lat.] an old
soldier ; one lonu' experienced or practised in any thing.
VE'ri'.HrNARY, t. a name applied to medicines admi-
oialereil in diseases of cattle.
To V EX, V. a. [vexo, Lat.] to make uneasy or angry ; to
torment; to harass : to disturb.
VEXATION, J. fFr from rexo. to vex, Lat.] the act of
troubling, orstateof being troubled ; the cause of trouble or
oneasiaess.
VEXATIOUS, a. afflictive ; troublesome; teasing.
VEXATIOLNLV, orf. troublesomely ; uneasily.
VEXA'TIOUSNES^, s. tnmblesoineness; uneasiness.
VK'XER, 1. one who vexes.
U'FECULME, a town of Devonshire, 5 miles S. W. o
Weliiiiglon. With a market on Wednesday.
UG LINESS, s. deforniilv ; ihequality of being disagree-
able to the si;ilit, or void ofbeautv ; moral depravity.
U'(iLY, a. deformed ; oftensive to the sight ; void oi
beauty.
VIAL,.?. [phi(!!>; Gr.J a small bottle.
VI'aND, *. \viitnde. Ir.] food ; meat dressed.
VL\1 KA,a town of Russia, capital ofa government of flie
same n;;me, sealed on the river Viatka, 100 miles N. ol
Casan. Lat..'>7. 26. N. Ion. 54. 1.5. E.
VIATICUM,*. [Lat.] provisions for a journey. In the
Komish church, the last othce performed to fit a person for
death.
To VI'BRATE, t'. a. [v>br», Lat.] to brandish, or move
toaiid frowitli a quick motion; to make to quiver. Neu-
terlv, to plav up and down, or to and fro, alternately ; to
quiver; to swini;.
VIBRATION,*, h'ibration, Fr.l the act of moving to and
fro, or upwards aiid dnwiiwards, alternately.
VICAR, J [victijrt, Vr. from vix, the turn or place of ano-
ther, Lat. I one who possesses an appropriated or impropri-
Bted biuetice ; one who performs the dutv of another.
VrC A R \GK, s. the cure or benefice ofa vicar.
VICA'RIOUS, (I. \vicnriiis, from n.r, the turn or place of
another, l.at. I deputed ; delegated ; acting by commission.
VICXRSHIP, i.tlHotbce ofa vicar.
VICK, s.[vice, ir. vitiiim, Lat.j an action contrary to the
laws of virtue ; a fault ; the fool, or piincbiiiello of old
shows. A kirvd of small iron oress used in holding any thing
fast, anil movini; by screwi, from ri/ij, H'd;;. Gripe ; grasp.
Vire, in composition, is derived I'roiii the Latin, and signifies
one wlio act« instevid ofa superior or is the second in coin.
■land ; a?. Vice ChancMvr, one who governs an university
un'br tlu' eliaiK-rllor.
VICEGE'KEN'I". /. a deputy ; a lieutenant.
VrCENARY, o.[frora viceni., twenty, Lat.] belonging to
tucoty.
876
VICI'VNZY, a large and flourishing town of Italy, in the
republic of Venice, and capital of Vicenliiio, with a bishop's
see. It is adorned with several palaces, and has a fine
square, with piazzas under the houses. There are several
other squares, and (iiie church houses. It is, in general,
an agreeable place. There is an academy, whose Hieiiiben
meet in the Olympic theatre, a masterpiece ofwoikinao.
ship by Palladio. I'l is seated between the rivers Bachji;-
lione and Rerone, and two mountains, in a ferlile pUio,
13 miles N. VV. of Padua. 31 W of Venice, and 135 N. of
Rome. I,al. 45. 26. N. Ion. 11. 43. E.
VrCEROY, s. \viceroi, Fr. | one who governs in place «#
a king wiih regal aulhontv.
VICEROYALTV, *. ihedignity ofa viceroy.
VICTNITY, *. [nnitiMi, from vicitms, near, Lat.] near-
ness; neighbourhood.
VI nous, (r/'jAiow) a. committing actions contrai-y to
virtue ; addicted to vice.
VrCIOU'>N !■ SS, (:vicimtsness) s. wickedness; faultiness.
VICISSITUDE, i. ( f" r. vidssiludo, from vicitsim, by turtu,
Lat. I regular change, wherein things return in successioa;
revolution.
VICTIM, s Irictime, Fr. victimn, Lat.] a sacrifice; some-
thing slain in sacrifice : somelliing destroyed.
Vl't TOR,*. [Lat. It is observed that this word is gene-
rally followed by over, or at, and rarely by of] a conqueroii
one who gains the advantage in any contest.
VICTORIOUS, a. [mctorieiix, Fr.] having obtained
conijiiest, or tlie advantage ; producing or betokening
conijiiest.
VICTORIOUSLY, ad. successfully ; triuiuphanllv.
VIC rORlOUSNESS, t. the slate or quality of being vie
torious.
VICTORY,*, [victoria, from titneo, to conquer, Lat.] coi*.
quest ; success in any contest ; triumph.
'^'ITTH E>>'*, s. a female who conquers.
To yrCTUAL, (vitl) V. «. to furnish with provisions.
VICTUALS, (vUtz)s. [victuailiet, Fr.J meat; foud ; atu-
tenance.
VICTUALLER, (vitler) t. a publican: «>ne who fu«.
nishes or provides provisions ; a ship that carries piovisioM
for a fleet.
VI CUGNA, *. in zoology, a kind of camel sheep, foun4
in South America.
VIDAME, *, in France, the judge ofa bishop's secular
iuris(licti(Hi.
VIDELICET.aif. [Lat.] to wit- that is: usually writtea
oontractedly Ihiis. OTz.
VtDU'lTY, *. [i'irf«i/o*, trom rirfiw, a widow, Lar.| widow-
hood ; the stale ofa woman who has buried her Imshand.
To VIE, ». a. (the etymology uncertain) to show or prac-
tise ill opposition or competition. Neuteily, to contest for
superiority. To emulate, followed by «iM.
VIENNA, the capital of the ciicle of Austria, in Gcr-
nianv, and of the whole Austrian empire, where the emperor
resides. The city itself is not large, and contains about
60,1)00 inhabilanls, being limited by a very strong forlitica-
tion: but the suburbs and town together are said tocontaio
above 300,000. The striets, in general, are narrow, and in
part crooked, and the houses built high ; but some of the
public buildings are magnilicent. No houses without the
walls are allowed to be built nearer the glacis than 600
yards; so that there i» a circular field of that breadth ali
round Ihe town, wliilli has a beautiful and salutary effect.
Vienna contains 50 churches or chapels, and 21 convents.
Provisions are brought here in great pleiifv and variety.
Here isa sort of harbour on Ihe Danube, wljtre theie are
magazines of naval stores ; and ships have been fitted out to
serve oil tliat river auainst the Turks. The manufactures of
this city are numerous, and Ihe trade extensive. Vienna i«
sealed at the place where llie river Vieii falls into the Da-
nube. This capital was twice inetVeclnally besieged by ;h-
'I'nrks, viz. in 15H()aiul IC»3, in which laller ve^ir the sieg»
was raised by John Sobieski, the king of' Poland, who
VIL
VIO
totally defealed the Turkish army hfforc llie walls of this
place ; Imt in the present century, it lias lieen twite taken by
the Freiicli ; tirst.oii Nov. 12, 1805, Hillionl oppiibiliou ; anj
at;aiii uii May l:J, Ibilit, after a sliort resistance. l<alitii(le
of the ohservalorv of Vienna 46" U' 36"" N. Ion. 16'' 21' 64"
E. frtiin ( > reenw icli.
V.L'NNE, a very antient and considerable city in the
dept. (if Isere. It is sealed on the lell bank of the Itlione,
over which it had fornicrly a (jood bridfje, <kf \\liicli only
•onie piers remain, tinil reniler the navigation diiii^erons.
Its commerce consists in «ines, silk, and cutlery, "hieli
last is hi^lily esteemed. Near Vieiine, on the banks o( the
Rhone, are nrodnced the excellent w nies of Cole llotie, in a
soil where the )ii''I"'i Js the nam ■ imports, is alniosl parched
up by the snii ; and, a little further, to the left, are yrown
the iainons hermitage wines, so calleil, because a hermit
had his grotto there. Viernie is 15 miles S. of Lyons, and
26.') S. R.ofParis. Lat. 45. 31. N. Ion. 4. 55. E.
To VI RW, (vew)». a. [from vcii, Fr.] to survey, or look
on by way of examination or cut iosity ; tu look at ; to
see.
VIEW, (rew) s. a prospect ; si^dil ; survey ; the reach of
sisjiil : iippearance or show; exhibition, or display to the
mind: inlenlion or desijjn ; ptospecl of [nterest. SyNON.
View amA prospect, in my opinion, ditler in this; that the
foriner implies a si{{lil more extensive than the latter.
Vr(;iL, *. Ivigile, Fr. vigT/iu, Lat. J a wauli, or devotion
paid to s'.Miils v^lllle other persons are generally at rest; the
fjst kept before a holidav.
VI'fML^NCi;, or VIGILANCY, ». [Fr. from vigilo, to
watch, Lat. I forbearance of sleep; watclifiihiess.
VrtilLAN r, a. [Fr. from vigilo, to watch, Lat 1 watch-
ful ; circiinisiiect ; iitlenlivi.
VICilLANTLY, «(/. walclifiillv ; circumspectly.
VKjN I'ITTE, s. [Fr.j the iionrisli or ornament placed at
the betjiiininx' of a book, preface, or dedication, u.siiaily
printed upon the sheet alter the letter press has been work-
ed otf.
VrCiO, a town of Spain, in Galicia, with a );ood harbour,
»eat«'<l oil the Atlantic ocean, 12 miles N. N. W. of Tay,
and 200 W. N. W. of Madrid- Lat. 42. 13. N, Ion. 8.
33. W.
VI'GOROUS, a. [vigoreux, Fr. from vigeo, to be strong,
Lat.J full of strength and life; stout; lively; strong;
•oergetic.
VKiOKOUSLY, ad. forcibly; without weakness.
VKiOKOUSNKSS, s. force ; strength.
VrGOUR, 1. [from vigeo, to be strong, Lat.] strength,
force, or power of body or mind ; energy.
VILE, a. [vil, Fr. rtViV, Lat. j base ; mean ; despicable;
wieked ; sordid ; worthless. Synon. Uselessness, and lit-
tle or no value, make a thing vile. Defect and loss of me-
rit, render it bad. A vile man is contemptible ; a bad man
i« condemnable. In speaking of useful things, as stuffs,
linen, Ac. the word vile rises on thatof 6arf.
VILELY, arf. basely ; meanly; shamefully.
Vl'LKNES^,*. meanness; baseness; wickedness.
To VI'LIFY. 11. a. to debase; to defame, or endeavour to
make contemptible.
VI LL, s. [ville, Fr. villa, Lat.] a village, or a small collec-
tion of houses. Little in use.
VI'LL.A, t. I Lat] a country seat.
Vl'LL.AGE, i. [villa/re, Fr.] a small coHection of houses
io the country, less than a town.
VI'LL AG ER, s. an inliMbitant of a village.
VILLAIN, s. [vitain, Pr.] a bondman, or servant ; one
who holds of another by base tenure ; a wicked and base
wretch.
VI'LLANAGR, j. the state of a villain ; base servitude.
Infamv ; baseness.
To VI'LLANIZI'', V. a. to debase, to degrade, to defame.
VI'LLANOUS, a. base; vile ; wicked ; sorry ; used some-
hmes to heiijhlen the idea of any thing low and base.
VILLANOUSLY.aA wickedly ; basely.
VI'LLANY, t. wickedness ; baseness ; depravity.
VTLLI, t, [Lat. I ni anatomy, are the tame as fibres ; and
in botany, small hairs like the grain of plush or shag, willi
wliK h. as a kind of excrescence, some trees ilo abound.
VILLOUS, a. [vtllosm, from villus, hair, Lat.) rough;
shaggx.
VIMl'NEOUS, a. Pfrom vimeti, a twig, Lat.J made of
tw igs.
VINCENT, St. one of the Caribbce islands, in America,
about 20 miles long, and as much broad ll was ceded to
the English in IJCS. Lat. 13. 10 N. Ion. 61. 2(j. W.
VINCIULE, (t. [vituibilis, from vi/icu, to conquer, Laf.l
coiKjiieraMe; that may he o'.orcome.
VlNCTUilE, s. [viwtura, from vincio, to bind, Lat.] ;:
binding.
VI'iNCLLUM, «• [L;it.j in mathematics, is a character
in form of a line or stroke drawn over a factor, divisor, or
dividend, when compounded of several letters or quantities,
to connect llicrn and shew they are to be mnllipl ied, or di -
vided, &c. together by the other term. Thus d x a -f- b — c,
shews that riislo be mullipliid into o-j-A — r.
To Vl'NDICATE, v.a. \viu<lim, Lat.J to justify from any
charge or accusation eflecliiallv ; to revenge ; to avenge.
VINDICATION, s. [vi,i(licatio7i, Fr. viiidicatio, Lat.J de-
fence ; apology ; justification; assertion.
VINDICATIVE, or Vindictive, -.given to revenge;
revengeful.
VINDICATOR, /. one who justifies from a charge or
accusation; a defender ; an assertor.
VINDIC TIVENESS, s. revengefulness.
VINE, J. \vinen, Lat.J the plant which bears the grape.
VI'NEFRETTER, «. a worm that cats vine-leaves.
VI'NEGAR, s. [viiiaigre, Fr.] wine or other liquots
grown sour; any thing sour.
VI'NEYAUD, «. [u)iHg-«a;(/, Sax.] a ground planted with
vines.
VI'NOUS, a. [from t«nu»n, wine, Lat.] having the qiialitiV<
of or resi'iiibling wine.
VrNT.\(iE, «. the season for making wine ; produce of
wine for the year.
VI'NT.AGEIl, *. one who gathers the vintage.
VI'NTNI'iR, s. [from viitum, wine, Lai.] one who selli
wine; a tavern keeper.
VIOL, s. [violle, Fr. viola, Ital.J a stringed inetrument of
music.
V IOLA'CEOU,S, a. [violaceus, Lat.] resembling violets.
To VrOLATE, V. a. [violo, Lat.] to injure or hurt; to
infringe ; to break any thing veneraule ; to injure by irreve-
rence ; to ravish ; to deflower.
VIOLATION, s. [uolaiio, Lat.] infringement, or injury
of something sacred ; a rape ; the act of deflowering.
VIOLATOR, s. Iviulatvr, Lat.J one who infringes or
injures some'hing sacred ; a ravislier.
VrOLENCE, s. [nu/i->icff, Fr. riu/irii/ia, Lat.J force; unjust
application of slrenglh; assault; murder; vehemence;
outrage; injury; ravishment.
VIOLENT, o. [violent, Fr. vielentut, Lat.] forcible ; act
ing with force or great strength ; producecl by force ; not
natural; not voluntarv ; murderous.
VrOLE.VTLY, arf." forcibly ; vehemently.
VrOLET, 3. [violette, Fr.J a plant with a polvpelaloui
anomalous llower, somewhat resembling the butterfly-shaped
flower ; for its two iipiier petals represent the standard, the
two side ones the wings; but the hiwer one, which ends in
a tail, resembles the iris. Out of the empalenient arises thi-
poinlal, which becomes a three-cornered fruit opening into
three parts, and full of roundish seeds. There are niDCSi**-
cies, according to Miller.
VIOLET, a. purple.
VrOLIN, f. [violin, Fr.J a fiddle; a musical instrumeut
well known.
VIOLONCE'LLO,;!. [Ital] a small bass violin, half Ih^
size of the common buss violin, aud its strings half as ihi^^k,
ami half as lung.
an
V 1 s
Vri'KR, s. ]vfpfre, Fr. vipern, Lat.] a poisonous reptile of
ll)fsrr))enl liiiul ; auy lliiiii; iiiisi liievofis.
VI'PI'.ROl'S, a. [I'ijitreiis Lal,| Ijt'loii^iii^ In a viper.
yrPl-^IUiRAS>, s. a phiiil, callnl hUo vi|ipr'> IiuijIkss.
VIKAGO, J. [Lilt. J ;i leiiiale VMirnDi; a masculine wo-
man.
VrRK.LAY, i [virelntj, or rirelai, Ff.] a sort of little an-
llerit Kreiitli iioeiii, lliul conflated mily of two rhymes and
short ver.Nes. willj slops.
VJ'RR.N'r, 1. [vifeiis, Lat.] fjreeii ; not faded.
VlltCiE, s. [virga, Lai. J a (lean's niacc.
Vl'RGlN, s. [virgn, Lai.) II mai<l ; a woman wlio has had
no carnal ciMiiinerce wild man ; any tiling not used or soiled.
A si;;ii of llie zodiac, wliicli ihe sun tnters in August.
\'l'l;GIN, a. maidi'iily ; helnn^'in}; to a vir^'in.
VIK(ilNAL, s. (fjeiie allv used in ilie plural) a musical
in.-lriiment, so called because used liy youn^ ladies.
VIIUilNIA, oneofllic United Stales of S'orlli America,
bounded on the S by North Carolina ; on llie W. In Keii-
tiicky ; on the N. W. by the Ohio; on ihe N. by Pennsyl-
vania and Maryland ; and on the E. by Maryland, llie Che-
sapeak, and the Ailantic. It is about .300 miles from E. t«
W. and ISO fnmi N. lo S. The pricipal livers are James,
York, Happahaniioc, I'oldinac, Koamike, and Kanliaway
Great and Lillle, all which a e bdl (d'convenienl and safe
harbours. The richest lands lie near Ihe branches of ihe ri-
vers, and ahoinid with various so^ts of limber, surprisinfjiy
larj»e. 'Jhe princi|ial [iroduce of V'iri;inia is tt>bacco, wheat,
and Indian corn ; b il ihe cnlMire of tcdiacco has nincli de-
clined of late, ill favour of that of wheat. Virfjinia is di-
vided inio 82 counties, ami has but few towns of conse-
quence ; ihe prim i|ial are VVMIiamsburi;li, Norfolk, .'\lex-
andria, and Richmond. The number <if inhaliitanis is about
600,1)00. Thev have mamil'aclnres of clolli, iron, and lead;
but a;;ri(ullure is the principal einplovmenl.
VlPiGlNirV, i. \yir:riiiitf, Fr. rir^iiiit'is, from f! o
viriiin, Lat.] Ihe slate of a woman Ihat has nol knoan man
VIKI'UITV, s ff OMi ririrhs, greeii. La'.] ijreeiines^.
VTRILE, a. [vii-it, Fr. vinlis, from vir, a man, Lat.] be-
loni;iiii; to, or becMuiini; a man.
VIRI LITY, s. [vinlite, vv. virilitas, from viV, a man, Lat.]
manhood : poweiof procreation.
VIR UAL, a [virtiiel, Fr.J having the efficacy, thou;;h
not Ihe sensible or inaterial part.
VIHTllALLY, ad. in efTei t, tliou!;h not materially.
VIRTUE, s. [nrtiis, Lat] a habit of acliiu a;,'reeable
to the rules <d' mcualitv, which improves and [lerlects the
possessor; moral goodness ; moral excellence : a medicinal
«pialily or etticvicv ; po»er; e.xcellence; the ihini order of
jnj;el3 ill Ihe cele^li.*l hierarchy. Cardinal Virtues, amoni,'
moralists, are prudence, temperance, justice, and fortitude.
VlirrU I'.LESS. a. vsantin^ virtue ; deprived of virtue ;
uol hiiviui,' ethcacv
VIRTUO'SO, s. [Ital.Janian skilled in antique and natu-
ral cariosities, painini^', slaluary, and arcl'ileclure ; a per-
son employed in quauil and curious, ralher than useful
studies.
Vl'RTUOUS, a. \virtiiosiis, from lirtiis, virtue, Lnl.
moraUy j;oo(l ; chaste ; clKcacious ; having mediciua
qualities.
Vri'.TUOUSLY, ad. in a virtuous manner ; according to
the rules (d virtue.
VTRTUOUSNESS, j. the state or character of being vir-
tuous.
VI'KULENCE,orVrRU1J',NCY,f acrimony of temper;
iiialiiiiiitv ; bitterness ; mental poison.
Vl'RULENT, a. [viriilriitiis, from fini.t, poison, Lat.]
txlisonous ; venomous. Poisoned in mind ; biiier ; ma-
lignant.
VIRULENTLY, arf. mali^'nantlv ; with bitterness.
VI'.SAGE, (iiiin/Tf) i. [ii.vaf^r, Fr.] the countenance, face,
«r look.
Vl'SCERA, t. [I-at.] the entrails or bov>els.
«78
VIT
Vr.SCERAL, or VISCEROUS. a. belonging to the
bowels.
lo VISCERATE, v. a. [from inscera, the bowels, Lat.] t«
embowel, to lake onl ihe bowels
VISCID, a. \viscidiix, Lal.| yiuliiious: tenacious.
VISCI'DI rV,or VNCO'SITV, s. [riscnsite, Fr.] clammi-
ness ; a ^'luisli or slickini; qualily ; glutiiiousness ; iinacity;
ripeiie-s ; >;hilin(uis substance.
VrSCOUN'P, (riroinu) s. [rirom^e, Fr.J an order or dig-
nify next loaneail: il was aii anlient title {li:. sberifl',)
but a inodern one as a dii;nily, being never nieiilioned as
such before till' rei^-n of Henry VI.
VI'-SCOUNTESS, (ricvwitess) s. the wife of a viscount.
VISCOUS, a. \viscosiis, Lat.] sticky; glutinous; teiia-
VISHNEl VOLOTCHOK, a town of Russia, in ihegovern-
mentofTver. It is sealed <ui the river Zna, and is one of
the imperial villages eiitranclii>ed bv the late emp ess It
is remarkable for its canal, which, by uniting Ihe Tvertza
and the Masta, connecis the inland navigation between
the Ca^pia^ and the Baltic. The ihabilanls, raised from
the si-lualioii of slaves to Ihat of freemen, seem to have
shaken off their former indolence, and lo be awakened to
a sense of their coiuinerciai advantai;es. The town is di-
vided iulo regular si eels. A II the buildings are of wood,
exce|il the court rdjuslice erected al the charge of tin- em-
press, and a few brick houses. It is 60 miles N.W. of Tver.
Lat .57. 2.3. N. Ion. 3.5. E.
VISIBlLirY, (riziliUihj) s. [ri.nhilitc, Fr. from v'dco, to
see. Lit] ihe qualilv of being s<'en ; conspicuonsness.
VISIBLE, (liriWeji. [Fr. i>isil/ilis, from lideo, to see, Lat.'
perieptible by the eve. Apparent; open; conspicuous.
Vi'SIBLY, {vizibttf) ad. in such a manner as to be seen or
perceived.
Vr.SION, (vizlioii) s. [Fr. vi/rin, from viden, to see, Lat. J
sight; the acl or facnlly of seeing ; a supernatural aj>pear-
aiice ; specire ; phantom. Synon. Vniim passes in-
wardly in the mind, and is either supernatural, or onlv an
action of the imagination, in which laller sense it is the
same with dream ; an afipttrition vlrikes the senses ■>utwar(Hy,
and is supoosed lo bean external object.
VISIONARY, (i'(r/inna)//)(i. iuiat,inary ; affected by plian-
toms, or iniagiuarv impressions. Substantively, one »lios«
imaginaliun is disturbed.
To VI SIT, (vtzii) V. a. [tisiter, Fr. risito, from vidro, to see,
Lat.] logo to see. In scripinic. to send good or evil in re-
ward or punishment. To take a survey or inspection tif, a»
a bishop.
VISIT, (rizii) s. Ivisite, Fr.] the act of going to see another.
VISITA' I'lON, {vizit,ishon)s. [Fr.from Video, lo see, Lat.}
the acl of visiting ; idijecls of visits ; the survey or inspec-
tion performed by a bishop in his diocese, to examine into
the state of the church; any calamity attlicting a nation;
a conimnniralion of divii!.e love.
VISITOR, (rizitor) s. \visiteiir, Fr. | one wlio conies to
seeannlher; one appointed to visit a iiHuiastery or religion*
hon-ie ; one who relieves the evils of any society.
VrsoN, s. in zoology, a k'lid of oiler.
VrSOK, 1. (ibotigh vvrilten likewise I'Morv/, visnr, vizard,
nnd vizor, Johnson prefers visur, because both nearest to
I'isns, Lat. and concurring v\iih visage, w kindred word;
visirre. Fr.janiaNk used lo <lisfinure or disguise.
VrST\, i. [llal.] a view, or prosi)ect through a wood,
&c. an avenue.
W^i] \\,, (ii:u/r!)n. \visuel, Fr.] used in sight ; belong-
ing or conducive ti> sight.
VIT.M,, n. |ii/ff/i.«, from vi^a, life, Lat.] contributing lo,
necessary to, or containing life ; being the seat of life ; es-
sential.
VITALITY..*, f I. «e7)fa.c, from rita, life, Lat.] Ihe propertjr
or power (dsHbsistnii; in life.
VI TM.LY.orf. in such a manner as to give life.
VITA LS, *. (witiKiul a singular) parts necessary or essco-
tial to Jife.
tlK P
To VITIATE, (iijiAinte) V. a. \vitio, fnim vitium, vice,
Lai. I III corrupl, dfltn^e, oi sp<vil.
Vl'l'l A"rK)N,(rii/ii»»7i»;() *. the :i<t of dibiisin^', spoiling,
•r (lelliiHeriii;;; de piiHiilion ; comii'tidii
To VITILI TKiATK, v. n. [from vitj.isus, vicious, -.inH
litigo, to cuiileiid, Liil.] to delratl ; lociivd; to coiileiid
iu l>nv.
VI riOUS. n. See Vicious.
Vj'IKKoOs, a. It'roni ri«r»m, glass, Lat.J glass ; resein-
MiiiS ;;l;iss : coiiiislriif; of^hiss.
Viri{iriC\TK)N,i. [I'r. from vitnim, gliiss, and fario,
to iiiaki', Lai. I llie acl of'iurniiig any lliiiig lo glass by llie
iloi(<- of ti <■.
To VITRIFY, II. n. fti7)-i'/fcr, I"r. from vitnim, glass, and
faeio, to make, Lat.] to turn to ylass. Neulcrly, lo become
glass.
VI'I'IUOL, J. \ritrio/. Fr.J a kind of niinoral salt.
Vr I'KIOLATED, part, m cliymisliy, impregnaled with
VlflUO'LlC, or VITRIOLOUS, a. [i.iVno%Kf, Fr.] re-
senililiiii vilridl ; coiilainiiig vllrioi.
Vri'ULINE, o.[from vitulits.a ca\(, Lai. J of, or belonging
VlTDPLRATlON, s. [from vitnpero, to blame, Lat.]
blame ; censure.
VIV A'CK^US, (ciiof/iiow*) a. [vii>fl.r, from vivo, to live,
Lai.] long lived ; spriglitlv ; active ; gav ; lively.
VIVA C10USNES.S, (ri.d.hs/nnnmess) ;>r VIVA'CITY, s.
tyivacite, Fr. lyivncitas, from vivo, lo live, Lat. J sprighlliiiess ;
ivelin.<'ss ; briskness ; loiigcvily.
VrVENCY, s. [from iti'u, lo live, Lat.] manner of sup-
parlirig or conlinuing life, or vegelalion.
VIVRS, s. [Fr.J a distemppr among liorses, much like the
stranL;lis : with this dift'ereuce, llial for llie most part the
»tran:;les happens lo colts and voung liorses while lliey are at
grass, by feeding with their heads downwards ; by which
means llie swelling inclines more lo llie jaws; but llietiif*
happens lo horses at any age or time, and is more particu-
Urlv situated in the glands and kernels under the ears.
VrVIl), a. [viiidus, from vivo, to live, Lat.] lively ; quick ;
Slrikiiii;.
VrVMULY, ltd. with quickness ; wilh strength.
VrVI DNF.SS, «. liveliness ; briskness; vigour.
To VI VI FIC.VTB, V. a. [from vivus, alive, and facto, to
nwke, Lat. J to ouicken or give life. In cliymislry, lo re-
cover from such a change of lorin as seems to destroy the
essenlial propertie';.
Vi VI Fl CATION, s. [i ivification, Fr.] the act of enliven-
ing or quirkening.
To VIVIFY, V. a. [xivi/ier, Fr.] to quicken or enliven ;
to animate.
VIV'IPAROL^S, a. [from vivus, alive, and pnrio, to bring
forlli, Lat.] bringing forth its young alive ; opposed lo
ei^ijMroiis. In botany, applied to stems or stalks producing
liull)s lli.it are capable of vegetation. In loolhwort and
star of betiilehem, they are found at the base of the
leaves: in small bistort, on the lower part of the spike ; in
»ome species of garlic, at the origin of the rundic of flow-
ers ; and on the spikes of some of the grasses, as in the cat's-
tail canarv. '
VIXEN, f. [Skinner derives it from bitin, and that from
hitehin, a snarling bitch | a woman who is both subtle and
abu ive • a froward child.
VIZ, (the contraction of cirfe/!«<, Lat.J to wit ; that is.
VIZARD, i. see Visor.
VIZIER, i. properly wazir ; the prime minister of the
Turki.«h empire.
U'K II A IN, a large conntrv of Europe, lying on the borders
ofTurkey in Europe, Poland, Russia, and Little Tartary. lis
name properly signies a fmntiey. But the whole of Iha
Ukrain, on both sides of the Dnieper, now belongs to
Russia, and forms a part of the government of Ekateri-
uoslav. The principal town is Kiof. Lat. &0. 27. N. loo.
lU. 97. E.
U'LCER.J. [ulcere, Ir. vkiis, Liit.l in snidery, a solution
of ihe sod pans of llie uii iii;il, li g<;'l er w Ih tin- »l-.iii, pro-
duced l)\ some inleinal cause, an iull;iiiiiiiallini, ab.icess, or
acriinonioiis humour : u sole of some conliiiuaiice : not a
new oniid.
To U'LCKRATI'"., v. «.\nUero, from ti/eii«, au ulcer, Lat.j
to allr < I Willi soics <ir ulcers.
ULCF.R.XTION, J. | Fr. ulceratio, from i//™«, an ulcer.
Lat.j Ihe act of breaking out in sores or ulcers; ulcer;
gore..
UTCEROtJS, a [nicerosut, from ulaii, an ulcer, Lat.] be-
longing lo or full of sores or uli ei s.
ULI'<'I.NOUS, (.g soil) a. [uliginetui, from m%o, mud.
La?. I slimy ; muddy.
U LLAGE, s. in gauging, so inucJi of a cask, or other vev
sel, as it wants of being full.
UL.VI, an imperial town ofSuabia, Ih Germany. The in-
habitants are proleslanis, and carry on a great trade. There
is a good college in this city ; and in the calhedral, which if.
a very lofty structure, are (JO copper vessels lull ol water,
ready for the extinguishing of hre. There is a handsome
brnlge over the Danube, which greatl> favours llie trade of
the iiihabilants in linen, fustians, hardware, and wool. The
elector of Bavaria became master of it in 11(12 by a strata-
gem ; but, ill 1704, the French being vanquished at the bat-
lleof Aochslrl, llie Bavarians surrendered il by capitulation.
Here the Austrian general Mack, with an army of .IS.IXIO
men, capitulated lolhe French emperor Napolean, without a
battle, on the 20th of October 180.0, and were sent prisoners
into France. Ulm is 47 miles S. E. of Slulgard. Lat. 4t(.
24. N. Ion. 9. 63. K.
(J'L'^TER, a province of Ireland, Iiaving St. George's
Channel on the E. the Northern Ocean on llie N. the Allan-
tic Ocean on the W. Leiusler on the S. and Connaught ou
the S. W. It is about 116 miles long, and 100 broad. Ul-
ster abounds with lakes, and is generally fertile.
ULTERIOR, a. ILat.] farlher.
LTLTI.MATE, a. [from idtimus, last, Lat.] intended a* aii
end ; last in a tainof coiiseiiinnces ; Hiial ; last.
ULTIMATELY, ad. in the last consequence.
U'LTRAMAKINE, a. [from vltra, beyond, and mar,,
the sea, Lat.j from beyond sea ; being beyond sea ; foreign ;
transmarine.
ULTRAMARINE, *. among painters, the finest sort
of blue colour, produced from the calcination of lapu
laziili.
ULTRONEOUS, a. [from ultra, Lat.] spontaneous; vo-
lunlarv.
U LVKRSTON, called bv the country people OusTON.
a town of Lancashire, in the hundred of Furness. This town
is Ihe port of Furness, filling out some ships for the coasting
trade. The principal inns are kepi by the guides, who re-
gularly pass to and from Lancaster three limes a week. It ix
sealed at the bottom of immense hills, between the branches
of the Duddon, near its mouth, 18 miles N. N. W. of
Lancaster, and 200 N. N. W. of London. Market oh
Thiirsdav.
ULULATION, *. [from W«/», Lat.] the act of howling
like a do2 or wolf.
UMBELLIFEROUS, a. in botany, applied to tha«>
plants that are gathered into umbels or rundles. Sec
RUNDLE.
U'MBICLS, ». among botanists, the round tufts or heads
of certain plants set thick togelher, and all of the saai«
height.
UMBER, orU'MBRE, t. a kind of dry dusky-coloujc^l
earth, which, dilutetl with water, serve-s to make a dark
brown colour, called a hair-coh>ur. A fish.
UMBI'LIC.A L, a. [from umbilitut, the navel, Lat.] pertain-
ing lo Ihe navel.
UMBRAGE, $. [from umlira, a shadow, Lat ] a sliade ;
a skreen oftrees; a shadow; rcientiDeat, offence, sutpiviuti
of injury.
879
UN A
UNC
UMBRA'GEOUS, a. [omhagieux, Fr.] shady ; yielding
UMBRA GEOUSNESS, ,. sliadiness.
UMBRELLA, i. [from umbra, a »li'ddow, Lat.J a skreen
from I he sun or rain ; a fan ; a shade.
UMPIRAGE, f. Ihe power of deciding a controversy;
the power of an umpire; arhitraliim.
U'MFIRE, s. [derived liv Minsliew and Skinner from 7m
ptre, a falher, Fr.J an arbitrator ; one chosen to decide a
dispute.
UN, in composition, implies negation, contrariety, and
dissohition, or tiie not beinj;so and so, to^elher «ilh the de
-stroying of sonietliin^ alreadx done. Uefore adjectives, it
aiynifies, not, or a iie.'^iition of their quality ; and before verbs,
it implies, that sonielhin-; is denied or deslro\ed wliieli lias
been done or said before. This particle is borro«ed from
the Goths and Saxons, who used it in the sajne sense ; and
is almo't placed at will before an adjective or verb. All
the instances of this kiiiil of conipo>ilion it is ihouKht unne-
eessarv to insert ; but we have collected a number sutlicieut
to explain it.
UNABA'SFIED, a. not confounded ; not ashamed.
UN.\BLI'"., a. waulinj; ability ; weak; impotent.
U.\ ABSOLVED, a. not freed ; not acquitted.
UNACCEPTABLE, «. unpleasing ; disagreeable; not
•welcome.
UNACCE'PTED, a. not received.
UNACCOUNTABLE, a. inexplicable; unreasonable:
siot to be accounted for; irregular; not to be controlled.
UNACCOU'NTABLENESS, t. unseasonableiie»s ; in-
tricacv.
UNACCOUIvITABLY, a. sfrangelv.
UNaCCU'sTOMED, a. not used ; not habituated ;
unusual.
UNACQUAINTED, a. ignorant; not knowing
UNA'CTIVE, a. idle; sluggish; without employment;
not brisk ; not busy ; having noetiicacy.
UNADVTSED, "a. rash; wiihout thinking or deliberat-
ing ; imprudent; indiscreet.
UNA I FK'CTED, u. free from affectation ; real ; natural ;
open; candid: siiuere; not luentallt touched.
UNAFFECTEDLY, ad. really ; without any attempt to
produce -false appearances.
UNAFFE'CTIN(i, a. not interesting; not touching the
passions; not pathetic.
UN.AI'DED, ". unassisted ; not helped.
UNA'LI KN.ABLE, a. not to be made over to another ; not
M-ansferiable.
U'N ALTERA BLE, «. fixed ; settled ; not to be altered ;
•inchanseMblr ; inimulable.
UN A'LTI'.RABI-Y, ad. unchangeably ; immutably.
UNALTERED, a. not changed ; unchangeable.
UNA'MI \BLE, a. (lisat'reeablc ; not to be desired.
UNANI'.VIITY, s. [itiianimite, Fr. from u»«.i, one, and
nnima, mind, Lat.J concord ; agreement ; conformity, or
iliii<in of sentiinents.
UN V'NIMOL'S, a. of one mind , agreeing in opinion.
UNA'NIMOUSLY. ad. with one mind.
UNA'NSVVEllABLE, a. that carniot be denied or an-
swered ; not to be lel'uled.
UNA'NSWERKD, a. not confuted; not opposed by a
replv.
UNAPPRO'ACHABLE, a. not to be come near; inac
*e»<ililc.
UNA'UMED, a. withnuf defence, or armour ; disarmed.
UNA SKED, a. not reipiirfd ; not sought.
UNASSISTED, <f.not helped.
UNATTPATN ABLl'",«. nol lo be come at, or obtained.
UNATTE'MPTi;D,a. never tried at ; not assayed.
UNATTENDED, a. having no attendants; unaccom-
panied, forsaken.
DN.AVOl'DARLE, a. not to be prevrnled ; iuevJiable.
UNAVOIDAlfLV, a,L inevitably.
UNAAVA'RE, or UNAWA'RES, ad. unexpected ; not
looke<l fur : suddenly.
'I'o UNBA'R, v.a. to remove the bolt of a door; to nn.
boll.
UNBECO'.VIING, n. not consistent with decency and
good manners ; inHecorous, indecent ; unsuitable.
UNBELIEF, s. incredulity ; irreligion.
UNBELIE'VEK, t. an infidel ; one that denies the truth
of the Christian reli;;ion either in theory or practice.
UNBI)LI E'VINti, a. dithcult to be convinced ; incredi^-
'ous ; diffident ; intiilel.
To UNBE'ND, ». o. to loosen or slacken: to relax; to
remit ; to ea-e ; to refresh the mind. 'I'o unhtnd amble, ii,
among mariners, ti> taue it from the anchor
UN BENEVOLENT, a. unfiiendly ; unkind.
UNBEWAI'LED, a. unlamenled.
UNBI AsSED, a. unprejudiced ; impartial.
UNBI'D, or UNBIDDEN, a. not desired; uninvited;
spont-ctneous ; iinconiinanded.
UNBLA ME.ABLE, «. innocent; irreproachable; iacul-
pahle.
UNBLA'MEABLY, ed. without taint orfault.
UNBO'RN, a. not >et bo-n ; future.
To UNBOLT, I', a. to set open ; to unbar.
To UNBO'SOM, t>. n. to lay open one's mind; to
disclose.
UNBOU'ND.a. loose; wanting a cover, used of books.
UNBOUNDED, a. iinr.estrained ; having no hounds;
unliniilen ; infinite; interminable.
UNBURIED, a. not interred; not honoured with the
rites of liiTieral.
To UNBU'TTON, v. a. to loose any thing buttoned.
UNCAiNONICAL, a. not agreeing with the canons of
he church.
To UNCA'SE, V. a. to take out of a case; to skin; to
Hav.
Uncertain, a. [iucn-taiv, Fr.l doubtful. Unsettled.
UNCERTAINTY, *. doubtfulness; contingency; sumc-
tliiiii; nnkiiiiwn.
UNCI) A N(;E \BLE, a. immutable.
11NCHA'N(;I-;aBLY. ad. without chan-.e.
UNCHARITABLE, a. void of charity.
U.NCFIARITABLY, nd in a manner contrary to charilT.
L'NCIIa'STE, a lewd, libidinous; nol tdiiliiieiit.
UNCL'\L, (uiis/dal ) a. an epithet uivi n l.y aiiliqiiarie*
to certain l.irgesized letters, antieiitls Used in inscription*
and epit-iidis.
UNCrRCUMCLSF.n. o. not circumcised.
UNCIHCUMClSJON.i.omissionofcircumcisIon. .Stal«
of not being circumcised.
UNCrVlL, a. I Fr. from in, a negative particle and civilit,
civil, Lat.J impolite; nol agreeable to the rules of couv-
plaisance.
U'NCLE, (i.ihl) s. [encle, Fr.J the father or mother's
brother.
UNCLF,'AN,(ii«A/«'n)a. foul ; lecherous; pnlluled.
UNCLE'ANNESS, *. want of cleanliness ; lewdness; in-
contifienc e.
UNCLO'UDED. a. free from clouds; not obscured.
UNCO'.MFORTABLE, a. aflording no comfort ; gloomy;
melancholy.
UNCO'NiMON, a. not nsual; not frequent.
UNCONCE'RNED, a. having no interest ; not unxioD*.
UNCONDK/MNKD, a. not condemned.
UNCO.NNE'CTED, a. not coheient, lax ; loose; vague.
UNCO'NSCIOUS, a. haviui; no mental percepi ion ; nii-
acqnainled : unknowing.
UNCO.N'SUMED, a. not wasted; not destroyed by any
y^astiii!.' power.
UNCO.\VE'RTED,a. not persuaded of the truth, or uot
conformed lo the rules of Christianity.
To UNCOVER. V. a. to strip of a covering; to deprivt
of clothes ; to sti ip off the roof ; to shew openly.
UND
U N 1
UNCO'UTII, itmholilh) u.\uncuth, Sax.] odil ; strange;
Bmisiial ; iinaccuslfMiicd.
UNCO'ljTIlNlvSS, (Hji/i»o(/iH«,M) J. oddiiess ; straiifjoncss.
U'NC riON, (tinlts/ion) s. \omtiait, l-'r.| llie act i)( aili)ir)t-
inc, or riil)l)iiiK willi oil orotlior latly nuiltcr. In malic is of
religion, it is used tor I he cliaiaclcrs cont'cned on sacred
thins/s, liy aiioinlinj; llicni uilli oil. ''I'lie llcl)re\vs aiioinled
both iliiir kinf;s and liij^li priesls at llie c<'rciiiony of llicir
inaugnialion. The vnitinn of kin^s is supposed to he a ce-
remony inlioducrd very lalidy luiiniii; Chrislian princes. In
the aiiticnl Clhrislian church, uiiclion always accompanied
baptism anil confirmation. Kttmiie nnctmn, or anointing
persons in the article of dealli, was also praclised by llie
auticnt Christians, in compliance with the precept of St.
James, chap. v. It. And the Uomisli ciuirch have ad-
vanced it to the di;;iiity of a sacrament.
U'NC'I'l'OUS, a. \iiiicti<ci(.r, Vi.] fit ; clammy; oilv.
UNCULI'lVATED. fl. Ifromwi, a lU'native"^ i)article, and
«oZo, to cull ivale, l^al.] uiilillcd ; rot improved; unpolite;
not civilized ; not instrucled.
UNCUSTOMED, a. not having paid the duties to the
king:.
UNDAUNTED, «. not frli,ditenpd ; firm ; resolute.
UNDAl]'N1'l''.[)NE*^S, .9. intrepidity ; courage.
UN l)K. CAfiON, f. I from uiidccim, eleven, Lat. and gone,
an anyle. (ir.] a figure of eleven sides and auKl'"'-
To UNDECKl'VE, r. a. to free from the influence of a
fallacv.
UNDRNl'ABLE, a. such as cannot lie denied.
U'NDEK, prrp. \unda)-, Goth, uiidrr. Sax.] ill a slate of
subjection to ; beneath; below; in the slate of; in a less
degree than ; with the show or appearance of; in a slate
of oppresaioii or depression by ; in a state of jirolection ; in
a state ofsubordination ; fur less Ihan; attested by.
L'NDI'.it, f«/. in a state of subieclion. Eess, opposed to
over ov more. Inferior; subordinate; in the last sense it is
jfenerallv used in composition.
UNDEKBE'AHEU, J. in funerals, those that sustain the
weight of the body, distinct from those who are bearers of
ceremony, and oiilv hold up the pall.
UNDEUCLE'RK. s. a clerk under the principal clerk.
To UNDERGO', «. a. to sutler ; to sustain ; to pass
tlirongh.
UNDERHAND, nrf. in a secret and clandestine manner.
, UNDERHAND, a. secret ; clandestine.
■ U'NDEHLlN(i, i. an inferior agent ; a mean person.
To UNDERMINE, v. a. to make hollow underneath ; to
circumveni ; to supplant.
UNDERMl'NER, s. he that saps; a clandestine enemy.
U'NDEKMOS T, a. lowest in stale, condition, or place.
UNIJERNE'ATH,(i»»/<r;ii,;//0«rf. below ; beneath.
U'NDERPLOT, .s. in dramatic poetry, a by-plot, a sub-
ordinate intrigue; a claudesline scheme.
To UNDEI! RATE, v. a. to undervalue.
ToUNDERSE'LL, v. a. to sell for less than the worth;
to defeat bv selling cheaper.
UNDKHSIil'/RlKF, i. the deputy of the sherif}'.
To UNDERSTA'ND, v. «. prefer. v,„krstoi„l ,- [««(/«-.
tttmdan, Sax.] to have a perfect knowledge, or proper idea
of; to comprehend or conceive. Nenlerlv, to be informed.
UNDERS'EA'NDING, s. that power' of the mind by
Mfhicli we arrive at a proper idea or judgment of things ;
knowledge, judgment; correspondence; skill; terms of
communication.
To UNDEUTA'KE, v. a. i)ret. undertook, part. pass.
widertnhen ; to attempt; to engage in ; to engage with ; or
attack. Neuterly, to assume any business or province; to
venture ; to promise or warrant, after dare.
UNDI'.KTA'KER, i. a manager of some project or affair;
a person v ho provides the necessaries for a burial.
UNDI')KT.\'KING, s. a design formed ; eiUerprize ; at-
tempt; engauement.
UNDERTRE'ASURER,*. an officer subordinate to the
6U
treasurer, who is to chest up the king's treasure, and see it
carried lo llie treasury.
'I'd UNDEIIN'A'LUE, r. a. to value less than a thing if
W'orlli.
U.VDERVA'F.UER.s. one who esteems lightlv.
UNDERVVE'NT, the preler. <if Undergo.
L".N DI'.RWOED, a canton ofSwilzerhmd, having Litcern
and the Lake of the Four Canlons on the N. Ur on ;lie E.
Hem on the S. and Lucerii on the W. It is about 25 miles
long, and 17 broad.
U'NDERVVOOD, s. any wood that is not reckoned tim-
ber ; coppice.
To UNDERWORK, v. «. to work cheaper; to labour
less than enough ; lo supplant.
To UN DI'.'lWRrTI'^, V. a. to write under something else.
UNDERW'llI' 1 1'>R, s. in commerce, one who undertakes
to insure goods, ships, Ac. tor a stipulated premium.
UNDKSE'RVED.fl. not merited; not incurred by fault.
UNDESlXiNING, {undesniing) a.wtW meaning; iioncst ;
sincere ; guiltless.
UNDl A PHANOUS, a. not pellucid ; not transparent.
UNDI'SCIFLINED, a. not reduced to order ; not train-
ed ; not taught.
UNDIVIDED, «. unbroken ; whole; not parted.
To UNDO', V. a. prefer, undid, part. pass, undone; to
ruin; to destroy ; to hiose ; to unravel ; to change.
UNDO UBTiiDLY, ad. without doubt.
UN IJKESS, s. a loose or negligent dress.
UNDUE, 1. not right; not agreeable to duty.
To UNDULATE, i>. n. [undu/a, from unda, a wave, Lat.^
lo make to roll like waves ; to drive backward aiui forward.
Neiiterlv, to plav as waves in curls.
UNDULATION, s. [mid:,laiiun, Kr.J a waving motion.
UNDI'TIFUL, or UNDUTEOUS, a. disobedient;
rebellious; behaving with irreverence; not performing
duty.
UNDU'TIFULNE.SS, t. disobedience ; behaviour iiw
consistent with the respect we owe our superiors or
parents.
L'NE'ASINESS, (uneiziness) s. inconvenience; tiou'jle ;
discpiiet ; perplexity.
UNE'ASY, a. painful ; disturbed ; peevish.
X'NF.QUAL, II. not equal ; not even ; disproportionate.
UNE'QUALLED, a. ^unparalleled ; unrivalled in ex-
cellence.
UNERRING, a. committing no mistake ;^ incapable of
error.
UNE'VEN, n. not even ; not level ; not equal.
UNF-XA'MFLED, n. not known by any precedent.
UNEXCEPTIONABLE, {uncxsepshonable) a. irreproacw-
able; not liable to objection.
UNEXPI'.'CTED, «. not thought on ; sudden; not pro-
vided against.
UNFAIR, a. not lioncst ; disingenuous.
UNFAl'THEUL, <i. perfidious; treacherous; impious.
UNFI'' IGN l''.l),a. not feigned ; not hypocritical ; sincere.
UNFEI'GNEDLY, ad. without hypocrisy ; sincerely.'
To UNFOLD, V. a. to expand ; to spread ; to display ;
to wpep ; lo explain ; to tell ; discover ; reveal.
UNFREQUENTED, a. rarely visited; rarely entered.
UNtJO'DLl.NESS, s. wickedness ; neglect of (icd.
UNGODLY, a. negligent of God andhislaws; impious;
vricked : irreligious.
U'N(iUENT, s. [from nng-uo, to anoint, Lat. J ointment.
UNHAPPY, a. miserable ; distressed; calaniitous.
UNHO'LY, n. profane ; impious; wicked
UNHURT, a. free from harm.
L'NT, in composition, is borrowed from the Latin, and
implies one, or single ; as unicorn, a beast with a single
horn ; from unn9, one, and cornu, a horn, Lat.
U'NICORN, J. [from uniis, one, and cornu, a horn, Lat...
a beast that has only one horn ; likewise a bird.
U'NIFORM, n. [from U7(i/j, one, andy()r)>a, a form, l-is!.]
regular; even ; having all forms alike.
UNI
voc
U'NIFORM, *. dress peculiar to the different corps of an
arinv.
UNIFO'RMITY, *. \7tm/i>rm)te, Fr.] even tenor ; confor-
mity ; asreement in all ils parts; llic same sbape and
fashion.
U'NJF-ORMLY, ad. regularly ; after one manner.
UNINFO'RMKD, a. untaiis;lit ; not instructed.
UMNHABITKD, «. havini; no dwellers.
U'NION, s. [Fr. uiiio, from vniis, one, Jyat.J the act ofjoin-
ing two or more, so as to maUe tiieni one; concord ; con-
junction. In an ecclesiastical sense, it denotes a combining
or consolidating two churches into one. In a moic eminent
sense, it sijjnities the act whereby the two separate govern-
ments of Great Britain and Ireland were incorporated into
one, under the title of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, which was effected in the year 1801.
UNISON, «. [from ?m»j, one, and somis, a somul, Lat.| a
string that is in the same sonud with another; a single
unvaried note.
U'NIT, s. \unitas, from imns, one, Lat.] one; that which
Iras the first place in vulgar arithmetic.
UNITA'RIAN, I. a lieretic who denies the unity of the
Godhead in three Persons; a Socinian.
To UNITE,!', a. [»»«), from luiw, one, Lat.] to join so as
to make one ; to make to agree ; to join. Neuterly, to con-
cur; to coalesce ; to grow into one.
UNFIXD PRO'VINCES, usually called Holland, are
situated between 61. -20. and ,o3. 20. N. lat. and 3 and 7
degrees E. Ion. being about 139 miles in length, and nearly
the same in breadth. This country was formerly divided
into seven provinces, viz. Zealand, Holland, Utrecht, Gucl-
derland including Zutphen, Overyssel, Friesland, and Gro-
ningen, exclusive of the islands Texel, Mielanil, Sclielling,
Ameland, &c. at the entrance of the ZuyderZee. It has of
late been divided into eight departments, (including Dutcli
Brabant,) each of which are subdivided into districts, and
have their primary assemblies. They are as fulluw. 1.
The departmentoftbeSchcldtand Meuse, comprehends the
western part of Dutch Bra-nint, the islands in the southern
part of the province of Ilolland, the whole of the province
of Zealand, and Untcli Flanders. The chief town is Mid-
dleburgh, in the island of Walcheren. 2. The department
of the Uommel, is composed iif the eastern part of Dutch
Brabant, the island of Betuwe formed by the Rhine and the
Wahal, the island of Bommel formed by the Meuse and the
Wahal, and a part of the south of Holland, as far north as
Gorcum. The chief town is Boisle-Duc. 3. The depart-
ment of Delft, comprehends the greater part of the middle
of the province of Holland. Tiie chief town is the Hague.
4. Ttie department of Amstel, is composed of .\msterdam
and its environs. The chief town is Amsterdam, on the ri-
ver Amstel. 5. The deparlmejit of the "^Fexel, comprehends
the north of the province of Hoi land, the districts of Haerlem
and of Leydeu, and the islands Texel, Vlieland, and Schel-
ling. The chief town is Alkmaer. C. The department of
the Rhine, is composed of the country of Zutplun, the
quarter of Wetuve, nearly the whole of the province of
Utrecht, and part of the province of II<illan<l. The chief
town is Arnheim on the Rhine. 7. The department of
Old-Yssel, comprehends the province of Over-YsscI, the
northern part of Guelderlaml, and the middle of the country
ofDrenth. The chief town is Zwoll. H. 'I'he department
of the Ems, is composed of the provinces of Friesland and
Groiiiugen. It has ils name from its vicinity to the river
F.nr') on the borders of (iermany. The clii( f town is Leu-
arden. 'Fhe priRci|)al rivers of Holland, are, the K bine, the
Waal, the Y.ssel, the Leek, and (he .Maes. The soil of Hol-
land is marshy, and a great part covered with water and ice
iu the winter; insomuch, that in the spring they are forced
to drain off the water, in order that the laud may be left dry.
Theair is grossand uidieallhv, on account of the exhalations.
The water is generally bad, and their (ires are commcmly
made of peat, whith they dig out of the spongy land. The
•.umernus canals which are cut to drain the laud, are very
8U2
commodious for travelling from one place to another m
boats; and in winter they slide from one place to another
with incredible swiftness, by means of skates, iu wiiich ex-
ercisethe wome;i areas skilful as the men. The inhabitants
are robust, laborious, patient, free, open, affable, and plea-
sant in conversation. A Dutchman is naturally phleg-
matic, and slow to anger; but when heated is not easily
appeased. The principal virtue of this nation is Irugality.
Is. B. These provinces are now united to the French
empire.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. See America. ',
UNITER, s. the person or thing that unites.
UNITY, 4'. [uititnit, from mm}, one, Lat.] the state of
being but one; concord; conjunction; uniformity.
UNIVERSAL, rt. [troiu universus, all, Lat.] general;
catholic; extending to all; total; whole; conip.rising all
particjdars.
UiXlVERSA'LITY, s. [nniversaliti, Fr.] not particularity;
extension to the whole.
U'NIVEllSI'J, J. [itnivers, Fr. from nniverstis, all, Lat.] the
whole svstem of created being and things.
UNIVEHSITY, s. [imtversiti, Fr. from univeisus, all, Lat.J
a collection of colleges, where all the liberal arts are
taui;lit.
UNTVOCAL, a. [from imus, one, and vox, a voice, Lat.]
liaving but one meaning; regular; certain; not equivocal.
UNJU'.ST, a.\iv/iiste, Fr. from in, a negative particle, and
Justus, iust, Lat. I iniquitous ; contrary to justice.
To UNKE'NNEL, f. «. in hunting, to drive or force from
a hole or retreat.
UNKIND, a. not benevolent ; not favourable.
UNKl'NDNESS,*. malignity; ill will.
I'NKNO'WN, a not known ; greater than is imagined.
To UNLA'CE,!!. n. to undo a lace. To tmlace a conci/, iti
carving, is to cut it up.
U.NLA'WFUL, n. contrary to law ; illegal.
UNLE'AVICNED, a. not fermented, or leavened.
UNI.E'SS, cojij. exce|)t; if not.
UNLU'CKY, a. unfortunate; ill-omened; inauspicious.
UN M E'RCl FUL, «. cruel ; exorbitant; severe.
UNMI'NDFUL, a. not heedful ; negligent.
To UNIVIOO'R, V. ft. among mariners, to weigh anchor,
in order to put to sea.
UNNECESSARY, ft. needless; useless.
UNPARALLELED, a. not matched, not to be matched ;
havinir no e(pial.
U.N PRECEDENT ED, a. not justifiable by any example.
INPROTITABLE, «. useless; serving no purpose.
UNRECLArMIsp, a. not reformed ; unturned. In fal-
coiirv, untamed ; wild.
UNRIGHTEOUS. (imr^eoHj) a. wicked ; sinful; unjmf.
UNRFGIITEOUSNESS, s. wickedness ; injustice.
UNSA'VOURV, a, tasteless ; fetid j disgusting; ilU
tasted.
U.VSE'ARCHABLE, a. inscrutable; not to he explored.
UNSE'ASON ABLE, (unstezonnUe) a. not suitable to time,
or occasion; unfit; untimely ; ill-timed ; late ; as, »<»ic«ioi«.
able time of night.
UNSEEMLY, a. unbecoming; indecent. Adverbialljr.
indecently ; unbecomingly.
UNSKl'LFUL, a. waniing art or knowledge.
UNSTE'ADY, (mmt'cdy) n. inconstant; variable.
UNTHA'NKFUL, a. ungrateful.
UNTIL, ad. to the time that; to the place that; to th«
degree that. Used as a preposition, it signifies to; ■a%
" 1(11/(7 the day of the captivity."
U'NTO, prf/i. See 'Fo.
To UNTRU'.SS,.r. <?. to ungird or untie.
UNWARY, rt. imprudent; hasty; incautious; heed-
less.
UNWHO'LFSOMR,rt. insalubrious: tainted; corrupt.
UNWORTHY, n. wanting merit; not adequate ; uiibs-
coiniiigi mean.
VOCABULARY,/. \vocabulai>t, Fr. »«cai\i..'anH;n, froa
VOL
VOW
MX, a voice, Lat.] ;i hook containin;j a collection of words
with their exiiHi -.ilious ; a word Ixxik ; a lexicon.
VOCAL, a. fIV. I'oralis, from for, a voice, Lat. J having
itinico; uttered or sounded liy the voi(e.
VOCA'TION, I Tr. fioiii fufo, to ciill, Laf.]a summons ; a
trade, employment; the secret calliii',' of God to any
particiil;ir (vtliee.
VO'CATIVR, s. [fromuoco, to call, Lat.| in sriii'i'iiiir. tiiat
case of a noun «liich we use when we call orspeai^ to a person.
VOCIFERATION, s. [from fox, a voice, and fern, to
carry, Lat. J clanioiir; outcry.
VO(iUF^, ('■";;■) s. [I' r.] fashion ; mode ; fjeneral custom.
VOICK, J. [icf, Lat.] a sound produced in the throat and
mouth of an animal, hy which he i-onimiinicates his ideas ; a
vote: sutira^c; [opinion. In !,'rauimar,a circuinslance in verbs,
whereby they are ilistinijuished into active, passive, Ac.
VOID, a. [^Luiide, !•>.] empty, vacant ; conlainin^,' nothing' ;
vain or inetleclual; null ; vacuous ; unsiipiilied, or having
no possessor ; destitute of substance ; unreal.
VOID, i. empty space ; vacancy; vacuum.
To VOID, V. a.\imider, Fr.] to ipiit or leave empty; to
vacate ; !o emit or pour out ; to annul or nullify.
VOl'DI'.R, a basket or trough in which meat and other
things are carried from table.
VOl'TURR, .9. 1'Fr. | carriage. Out of use.
VOLANT, «. [Fr. vulans, iiom volo, to ily, Lat.] flying or
passins; through c'heair; nimble.
VO'l/ATILL, ff. [volatilis, from v»lo, to fly, Lat.] (lying or
passhig ihrougii the air Spirituous, ordissipating in the air,
Itomvulatile, Fr. IJvclv, tickle.
VOI^ATILIZATION, J. the act of making volatile.
VOLCA'NO, s. fital.j See Vulcano.
VOLE, i. \vok, Fr.] in gaming, a stake wherein a person
plays alone, ; nd undertakes to win all the tricks.
VO'LGA, I he largest river in F>uiope, which has its source
in two small lakes, in the goveriiuient of Pleskof, in Russia,
about 80 m'les W. of Tver. It begins to be navigable a
few miles above that town. It is considerably augmented
bere by the junction of the 'Yvevza, which is a broader,
deeper, ^nd more rapid river, liy means of the Tverza,
a coniinunicalion is made between the Volga and the
Neva , or, in other words, between the Caspian and the
Baltic. This great river waters some of the finest pro-
vinces in the Russian empire, passes by Yarotlaf, Kostroma,
Nishmei Novogorod, Casan, Simbirsk, and Saratof ; entering
the Caspian Sea, by several nioulhs, below Astracan.
VOLHINIA, a palatinate of Polaiid, about .'JOO miles in
length, and 150 in breadth. It consists chiefly of plains
watered by a great number of rivers. Luck is the capital.
VOLITION,*, [from m/o, to will, Lat. I the act of willing;
inclination ; the power of choice exerted.
VO'LLEY, s. [rofe, Fr.] a discharge or flight of shot ;
a burst ; emission of many at a time.
VOLODI.MIR, or Vladimir, a government of the Rus-
sian empire, formerly a province of Moscow. The soil is
extremely fertile, and in the forests are innumerable swarms
of bees. The capital is of the same name.
VOLODIMlR, or VLADiMlR.a town of Russia, capital
of the government of the same name, and sealed on the
river Kliasma. It was once the metropolis of the empire,
and is 110 miles E. by N. of Moscow. Lat. 55. 58. N. Ion.
41. 25. E.
VOLOGDA, formerly the largest of all the Russian
European governments, as it contained the provinces of
Vologda, Archangel, and Veliki-Ustiug. It is now divided
into the two provinces of Vologda and Veliki-Ustiug, and
is a marshy country, full of forests, lakes, and rivers, and
noted lor its fine wool.
VOLT, or VOLTE, *. in the menage, a round or circular
tread ; or a gait of two treads, made by a horse going side-
ways round a centre.
VOLURI'LITY, s. ^yohtUhte, Fr. voltibilitas, from volvo,
to roll, Lat.] the act o rolling ; aptness to roll; activity of
*«a(ue ; fluency of speech ; mutability.
VO'UIRLE, n. \vo/iihilis, from I'oltn, to roll, Lat.] formed
soas to rcili easily ; rolling. Fluent of speech. 'Ninil.le,
active, apphed to the tongue.
VOLliME, f. [I'dliimnt, from voho, to roll, Lat.| some-
thing rolled up; as much as is rolh-d or convolved at once.
A book, alluding to the anlient nielhod of rolling ujanii-
scripts on a slafl, liom iu/i(Hie, Fr. SyNon. A f«/i<me may
conta'ii many hmihs. A ImoJi may make many volmiies. The
biudiiij', t)roperly, distinguishes llie tolumet ; and the di-
vision n.Vihe work, theioo/ij.
V'^OLWiVI INUlJS, «. consisting of many volumes; con-
sisting of manv complications : copious, ditlusive.
VOLUNTARILY, ad. willingly ; freely; without com-
pulsion ; sp'inlaiii'ouslv.
VOLUNTA KINLS'S, s. willingness.
VO'LUN'k ARV, «. [imliintair^, Kr. xohintaritis, from tola,
to will, Lat.] ilone by a motion of the will ; free from com-
piilsiciit; willinir; acting liy choice.
VO LUNT.\ HY, 4'. a volunteer ; a piece of music plaved at
will, without an«,- settled rule; generally applied to the jjieces
pJaved at chiin It between the psalms and the first lesson.
VOLUNTEE'fi, s. a soldier who enters of his own accord,
or serves wilhoul !>ay.
VOLU'IT'UARY, s [roluptuaire, Fr. voluptnarius, from
vohiyitns, pleasure, I.al.] a man given up to pleasureand luxury.
VOLU'PTUOUS, a. \voliiiytneux, Fr. votuptiioms, from
voluptus, pleasure, L;st.] given to excess of pleasure; sen-
sual ; luxurious,
VOLUTTUOUSLY, ad. luxuriously ; with indulgence
of excessive pleasure.
\'0LUTTUOL'SNESS, *. Inxuriousness; addictedness to
excess of pleasure.
VOLU Tl\ s. [Fr.l a member of a column representing
a spiral scroll.
VOMICA, s. [Lat.] an rncysted tnmor in the lungs.
To VOiMJT, V. n. [vvmo, Lat.] to discharge fmm the
stomach by the nuuith ; to throw up with violence. Ac-
tively, to throw up from thi^ stomacli.
VOMIT, s. the matter thrown up from the stomach : as
emetic medicine.
VORACIOUS, (vorasliious) a. \vorace, Fr. vorax, from voro
to devour, Lat. J greedy; ravenous; immodera'telv eager
after fond. " "
VORACIOUSNESS, or VORA'CITY, ^r. [voracite. Fr.l
greediness ; gluttony ; ravenoiisness.
VORONETZ, one of the 41- governments of Russia, the
capital of which, of the same name, is seated on the rivex
Voronetz, below its junction with ihe Don, 217 miles S. by
E- of Moscow.
VO'RTEX, s. Fin the plural vifrtiecs, from verto, to turn
round, Lat.] any tiling whirled round. In meteorology, a
yvhirlvvind, or a sudden and rapid motion of the air in"cir-
cles ; also au eddv, or whirlpool.
V O I .A!l\ , s. one devoted, as by a vow, to any particular
religion or opii>ion, &c. a v<itarist ; one devoted to any
pcKsoii. A(ljectively, consequent to a vow.
VOTE, s.\rofum, from foMo, to vow or wish, Lat. J a voice
or suffrage.
To VOTE, r. a. to chnse by sufl^rage ; to determine by
suffrage ; to give by vote or suffrage.
yO' TER, «. one who has Ihe right of giving his vote.
vOTIVE, a. [volivus, from voveo, to vow or wish, Lat. I
given by vow.
To VOUCH, V. a. \voticfier. Norm.] to call to witness •
to attest ; maintain, or support. Neuterly, to bear wilnesa'
or give testimony. '
yOU'CHER,*. one who gives witness to any thing ; any
thing used in evidence, or as a proof; a document.
To VOUCHS\TE, (voiic/isa/e) I. It. to permit any thing
to be done without danger ; to condescend. The first
sense is seldom used. Neuterly, to deign, condescend, yield.
VOW, (the o^^I pron. as in now) t. [r<»i., Fr. fo/«ni,'Lat.5
any promise made to a divine power ; a solemn promise ge:
nerally relating to matrimony.
UPW
USB
To YOW, v.a. [rouer, Fr. vovfo, Lat.] to give or dedicate
to a religious use by soieniii promise. Neuterly, to wake
vovs, or solemn promises, or fleclaralions.
VO'WEL, s. [voyelle, Fr. J a letter «liith forms a complete
sonrifl liy ilsclf.
VOY.AGE, J. [roi/affe, Fr.] any distance passed, or to be
passed, by water ; distinnuislied (rom any distance travelled
by land, which is then called a jouruiy ; the practice of
travellinjr.
UP, flrf. [up. Sax. op, Beig. and Dan.l aloft, on hii»li, op-
posed to rfoic/i ; ontot bed, or arisen fioni a seat; in a state
of preferment, cliniliini;, innurreclion, or beiii^; erected or
built; from younijer to eliler years. l'i> andduun, here and
there; dispcrsedly ; backward and forward. Vp to, to an
equal height with ; adequately t'>. Up uith signifies the
raising any thing tostrike with.
\]r,viterj. is used to exhort a person to rise from a seat
or bed ; or to rouse him lo action.
\]P, piep. from a lower to a higher part, opposed to dou-n.
This word is often used in composition, in almost all the
senses produced ni the adverb or preposition.
To UPBRAI'L), V. a. [<ip<rehri-'>'ht:>.. Sa^.] to charge con.
ftmptuously with any thing disgrjceful ; to mention by
way of reproach ; to repio;:ch v iih ha.V!ng received
lavours.
UPP>RAT DER, s. a reproacher.
UPH.VVEN, a village in Wiltshire, 10 miles S. by W. of
Marlliorough.
UPff K'f^O, preter. and part, passive of Uphold.
To UPUO'LO, V. a. to elevate ; to support or maintain.
UPHOLSTERER, s. one who deals in household fur-
nitnre.
UTLAND, s. a high ground. Adjectively, higher in
situation.
UPMOST, a. [an irregular superlative of 7(pJ highest; top-
most.
UPON, prep, {upon. Sax.] on the top or outside ; put
over the body, as clothes, Ac. in consequence of; by ; af-
ter; in consideration of; according to ; by inference from ;
on pain of; in a state of view. Sometimes it denotes reli-
at.ce, trust, or situation over or near.
UPPER, a. I comparative from np, superlative iippermost'\
higher in place or power ; superior.
UPPlNGHA.M, a town of Rutlandshire, seated on an
eminence. It is a pretiv, compact, well-built place, with
a good free school, and an hospital : 6 miles S. of Oakham,
and 90 X. bv W. of London, ftlarket on Wednesday.
U'PJilGHT, (i'f/friO «. straight; perpendicular; etect;
honest, wilhont the least bias to the contiarv ; sincere ; just.
Ll'RI'GHTLY, flrf. perpendicidarly to the horizon. Fi-
guralivelv, honcstiv ; without deviation fioni the right.
UPRIGHTNESS, {iiiyntne.ts^, s. slraightiiess ; perpendi-
cidar erection ; honesty ; sincerity ; justness.
UPROAR, s. fornurly wrilteii iipmre ; [iiproei; Belg.]
tumult ; dislurbance ; eoiifusion ; riot ; bustle.
UPSAL, a town of Upland, in Sweden. It is the see of
an archbishop, anil the seat of an university. The arch
bishop is [)riniate of Sweden, and cc)ll^ecrates the king in his
«,athe(lral. It is ,3,) miles N. W. of Stockholm, Lat. .')!). .02.
N. Ion. 17.42. !■',. — Here the celebrated naturalist, Linn-.eus,
resided, and had an extensive botanical garden ; and here
iie ended his valuable life, Jan. 10, 177s, aged 71.
U'PSUOT, s. the issue, end, or success of an under-
taking.
U'P.SIDEDOWN,an adverbial form of speech, signil'ying
with total reveiseun'ut ; in com|ili'le disorder ; topsy-turvy.
IJ'PS'l'ART, s. one who has suddenly rose from meanness
and nlncnrily to riehi'saiid opidence.
U'PTO.N, a town of Worcestershire, 11 miles S. of
Worcester, and 109 W. N. W. of London. Market on
Tlinisflav.
irPWARD, or UPWARDS ad. towards an higher place;
towards heaven, or any source. More than, applied to
quantity or uumhei
884
URA'N'A, s.[Gr. urama, or w-anie, Lat.J one of the nine
muses, said to preside over astronomy.
URliA'NlTY, s. \i(rbaiiiti, Fr. urbanitas, from «»-ft.«, a city,
Lat. I civility; politeness; elegance; courtesy! com-
plaisance; facetiousness ; merriment.
U'RBIKO, a city of Italy, capital of the duchy of Urbino,
containing a ducal palace, a university or academy, (one
of the most antient iu Italy) a noble college, several churches
and 10" convents, 'i'he palace was built Ly Duke Frederick,
who furnished it with many antient statues of marble and
bronze, excellent paintings, and a library of curious and
rare books. The library was conveyed to Rome by Pope
Alexander Vll. The houses are well bi.ili,and great quan-
tities of fine earllu'ii ware are madi; here. It is situated on
a hill, at liie union of the two rivers, near the head of tiie
Foglio, 18 miles S. of Riniliii, and 120 N. E. of Rome.
URCHIN, j\ \lieurenolnn, Armoric] a hedge-hog. Applied
lo a child in slight anger, or contempt.
U'RETEilS, (eureten) s. [frosn ouim, to make water, Gr.]
nuMid^raueous vessels which convey the urine from the reins
to the bladder.
URETHRA. (eiiriiKra,^,. [!irp?re, Fr. from oureo, to make
water, Gr.] the passage ihrougli which the urine is dis-
charged from the bladder.
To URGE, V. a. [lo-geo, Lat.] to incite ; to push ; to pro-
voke ; to iirportune; to pr-^ss s to enforce; to offer by
wav ofohjeetiou. Neuterly, to press forward.
U'lUjENCY, s. pressure ofdithculty or necessity.
U RGENT, «. [urgent, Fr. vrgeus, Lat.] cogent : pressing :
violent; importunate.
U'RI, the niosf southern canton in Switzerland, having
Sw ilz and the Lake of the Fmir Cantons on the N. the coun-
try of the Cirisoiisaud Glaris on the E. Italy on the S. and
Underwald and part of Bern on the W. It is about 30
miles in length, and 12 iu breadth, and full of dreadful
mountains, among which is the celebrated mount St. Go-
thard. Altdorf is the principal town.
U'RIM, (c!i;i«()s-["eli. light] Dr. Newton supposes t»!iis
name given only tosignifv the clearness and certainly of the
divine answers obtained by the priest consulting Ciod witU
his breastplate on, in opj'osition to those of the heathen,
which were generally amhiguoas and enigmatical.
U'RINAL, {n'lriiKil) s. [nri>ial, Fr.l a glass vessel used by
sick people to make water in.
URINARY, n. lelating to tli'j urine.
U'RIN E, (cuiiiie) s. \iiriii:', i'r. tniua, Lat.] the waterwliich
passes through the urethra from 'ho bladder.
To U'RINE, V. II. [utiiier, Fr. j Jo make water.
URN,i. fwrwe, Fr. urnu, Lat.] any vessel haviuE; its mouth
narrower than the bodv ; a water pot i the vessel iu which
the remains of the dead, after being burnt, were antiently
deposited.
UROMANCY, (euromancy) s. I from ouron, urine, and
mimtcia, divination, Gr.] a divining or guessing at the cause
ofa disease by urine.
U'RSA-M A'JOR, s. [Lat.J the greater Bear ; a northern
constellati(Ui, c(Uisistiug of l(i5 stars ; of uliieli number the
three bright ones that form the tail, and the four principal
ones of the body iu form of a trapezium, go by the names
of Cliailes's wain, the plough, and the chariotof David.
U'RSA-MlNOR,i. [Lat.J the lesser Puar; a northern eot>-
stellation, ciuisistius' of 12 stars. At the tip of the lad is
fixed the pole star, which is distant only 1* 4.0' 3£>" from tlic
north pole of the heavens.
US, the oblique case of Wk.
USAGE, (et'iznn-f) s. [vsnc^e, Fr.J treatment » practice long
continued ; nuinners ; custuni.
U'SANCl'], {riizuitce) s. \iisi! '.ce, Fr.] use; interest paid
for the use of money. In commerce, applied to the time
generally given for the paymcntof a bill uf exchange, which
dilfers in difl'eient countries.
U'SBEC TARTARY, a vast coimfry of Western Tartary.
bounded on the N. by the country of the Kalmues ; on
the E. by Thibet ; on the S. by iiindonstau i and un the
USL'
U V IJ
W. by Persia and the Caspian Sea. These Tartars, like
tlieir neiyliljoiirs, are at present divided into several tribes,
{{DVenied li_v llioir respective Uliiiiis, or primes : but (or-
nicilv they were under one s()veiei;,'n, and were acciiuntcd
tbe must powerful of all llie Tartarian nations, "^riieir priii-
cii'al khans pride lliemselves in bcin;^ ilesccnded ironi
Tamer lane, whose birlli-plaee was the anlicnl ijlv ot'Saniar-
caiul, i;j miles S. W. of IJokli.na, the present capital of the
country. The Usbees, in llieir persons, are said lo have
fairer complexions and neater features llian the Kahnucs.
'J'heir reli;,'ious profe^sion is Mahinnetanism ; and ihey
(liti'er, in fjenerai, very lillle from Ihe people of the norlh-
crn provinces of ilindooslan. That connlry is supplied
hence wilh the most serviceable horses, camels, and oilier
cattle.
USI'l, (euse) s. \usiis, from iitor, to use, Lat.] the act of em-
ploying; any tiling to any particular purpose ; qualiiy niiich
makes a thin;; proper for any puriio^e ; need, or ci cas:on ;
practice, habit ; !-.dvantai;e; convenience, or lidpj usayc ;
a custom i nionev paid for interest.
To USt,, (euse)v. a. \iisn-, Fr. >«Mi, from ritor, tc use, i.at.]
to employ lo any particular purpose ; lo accusl.-ni ; lo
treat ; to practise. Neuterly, to be wout ; to be accus-
tomed.
USEFUL, (eusr/id) a. convenient, profitable, or condu-
cive to any end.
U'SEFULLY, nd. in such a manner as to help forvvurd
some end.
U'SEFULNF.SS, (msefulness) s. profitableness; conveni-
ency ; the (pialily of assisting in any end.
U'SEIjESS, a. answerinf; no purpose ; serving no end.
U'SELESSLY, ad. without the quality of answcririj; any
purpose.
U'SEEESSNESS, *. unfitness to any end.
XJ'SER, 5. one who uses.
U'SHER, s. [hntfsier, Fr.J one who is employed in in-
troducing stran;,'ers, or in preparing the way before any
great person i a harbinger ; a person employed by liie heaJ-
masterof a scliool to teach for him.
To USHER, V. a. to introduce.
USK, or UsKE, a town of Mogmoufhslilre, 12 miles S.
\V. of Monmouth, and 1-10 \V. by N. of London. Market on
Monday.
USQUEBA'UOH, uiskebaw) s. fan Irish and Erse word,
which signifies the water of life.] It is a eompoundiil dis-
tilled spirit, being drawn on aromatics ; and the Irish sort
is particularly distinguished forits pleasantand mild flavour.
The Highland sort is somewhat hotter ; and, by corruption,
in Seoltish they call it irhishji.
U'STION, s. [Fr. nstiis, from vro, to burn, Lat.] in sur-
gery, the act of burning. The state of being burneci.
To U'STUL.\TK, v. a. to burn or sear.
U'STUi/.\TION, n. in cluniistry, the roasting of ores,
to separate the arsenic, sulphur, and w hatever else is of
a volatile nature, that is connected with, and mineralizes
the metal. V.'lien the matter is preserved which Hies oil',
the process is called sublimation i but when this matter is
neglected, the- operation is called ustulation.
U'SUAL, (eiizual) a. [nsuel, Fr.] common; customary)
frequently occurring.
D'SUALLV, nrf. commonly ; frequently; customarily.
USUFflU'CT, (eiisiifrdct) s. [from usus, use, and fnirfus,
fruit, Lat.] the temporary use or enjoyment of any thing,
without power to alienate.
U'SURER, (_e{iziire7-)s. \nsurier, Fr. from vtoi; to use, Lat.]
one who lends money out at interest, vulgarly applied to
one who takes exorbitant interest.
To USU'RP, (eiiz{irp)v. a. fjisiir/wr, Fr. vsurpn, from ntnr,
to use, Lat. I to seize or take possession of by force, and
contrary to right ; to possess without right.
USU11P.\TI0N, {ei:zm-pashon) s. [Fr. from usvrpo, to
usurp, Lat.] the act of wrongfully taking or possessing what
belongi to another.
USU'RPER, J. one who seizes tliat to which he has no
right^
USURY, (euzttry) s. \nsure, Fr. utura, from utor, to use,
Lat.] money paid lur interest ; demand of exorbitant
interest.
L'TE'NSIL, {eutinsiij t. [vtensile, Fr. from utor, to use,
Lat.] an instrument used in an house, kitchen, or trade.
U'TIOR I N E, a. I nterin, Fr. uUrinus, from uterus, ihe womb,
Lat. J bilonging to the womb.
UTEUliS, i'. [Lat.] the womb.^
UTILITY, (eiUility) s. \eiUililc, Fr. vtilitas, from h<o), lo
use, Lat.] usefulness ; proiit ; advantage; couvtnience.
U'TiMOS'l, n. [utiiiicil. Sax. J exireuie ; in the liighest
degree. Used substantively for the most that can be con-
ceived or done.
UTO'XETER, orUTTOXETER, (Uxeter) a large town
of .S^af^'ordshire, seated on a rising ground, near the river
Dove, among excellent pastures lor feeding and breeding
cattle, lis market is the );reatest in this part of England,
lor corn, cattle, hogs, sheep, butter, and cheese. It is 13
miles N. E. of Statlord, and 136 N. N. W. of Loudon.
Maiket on Wednesday.
U'FKECHT, one of the ci-devant United Provinces of the
Netherlands, afterwards a part of the kingdom of Holland,
Suit now nnileil to the French empire. It has the Zuy-
<ier Zee and part of Holland on Ihe N. Veliive and (juelde-r-
iand on Ihe E. Belau o;i Ihe S. and Holland on tlie W. It
is about 30 miles long and 20 broad, and is very healthful
and fertile.
UTRECHT, the capital of liie above province, is strongly
fortified, and is the seat of an university. Here the union
of Ihe Seven United Provinces was begun Jan. 22, 157y ;
iind here a peace was concluded between France, England.
I'orlugal, Prussia, Savoy, and HolUnd, March 30,1713. It
is 18 miles S. E. of Amsterdam. Lat. 52. 5. N. Ion. 5.
14. E.
U'TTER, a. [ulla; Sax.] situated on the outside, out of
any place; extreme, excessive, utmost; entire; complete.
To UTFER, V. a. to speak, pronounce, or express by
the voice ; to disclose ; to sell or expose to sale ; to
disperse.
U'TTER \NCE, s. the manner or power of speaking.
U'TTEUER, s. one who pronounces; a divulger ; a di»-
closer.
UTTERLY, arf. fully; completely; perfectly.
U'TTlsRMOST, a. in the highest degree ; most remote.
Suii<tantively, the greatest.
UVEA, (eiivm) s. in anatomy, is the third or outermost
coat of the eye.
VULCAN, in myMiology, the god of fire.
VULCA'NO, s. [Ital.] a burning mountain that emits
flame, smoke, and ashes ; volcano.
VU'HiAR, s. [vulgaire, Tr. vulgaris., fiomvulgus, the com.
nion people, Lat.] suiting to, or practised amoug, the com-
mon people ; venacular, national, mean, low.
VU'LG.AH, i. [t'v/o-aiVe, Fr.] the common peojile.
VULGARLY, ad. commonly ; ill the ordinary manner (
among the common people.
VULGATE, i. is a very aniient Latin translation ( f Mie
Bible, and Ihe only one tlie church of Rome acknowledge*
authentic. I; ,;hs translated almost word forword from th«
Greek Sepluagint.
VULNERABLE, a. [Fr. from ttUnut, a wound, Lat.J
capable of receiving wounds.
VU LNER.'\RY', a.\i"dne>-aire, Yr.vuhierarhis, from vulnvt,
a wound, LatJ useful in the cure of wounds.
VU LTURE, s. [vultur, Lat.] a large bird of prey remark-
able for voracity.
U'VUL.-\, {eiimda)s. [umi/a, Lat.] a round, soft, .spongeom
body, suspended from the palate, near the foramina of the
nostrils, perpendicularly over the glottis. Its use is to break
tlie force of the cold air, aiid prevent its euteiing too preci-
pitately into the lungs.
8*4
W AI
WAL
U'XBRIDGI':, a town of Middlesex, 15 miles W. of
IvOiidoii. Maiket oil Tiiiirsday.
UXORIOUS, a. [fioin uxor, a wife, Lat.J submissively
fond of a wife; iufected wilii a connubial dotage.
w.
WIS the twenty first letter of our alpliabet, and is
compounded, as its name implies, of l«o Vs. 'I'iie
Hebrews. (VieeUs, and Uomaiis, bad it not ; it is peculiar to
tlie nortliein nations, tiie Teutons, Saxons, Britons, Ac. It
is not used by tbe Italians, rrcncli, Spaniards, nor Portu-
guese, except in proper names, and olber terms borrowed
from lanuua}<es in wbicb it is originally used, and even then
it is soiuiilod like single v. Tli:s leller is of an anibigueus
nalHre, being a consonant at tbe beginning of words, and a
vowel at llie end. ll may sland before all tbe vowels ex-
cept w, as in teaser, welt, wife, worship; and follows the
vowels, n, f, u, and unites wiib tlieni into a kind of double
vowel, or diphiliong, as in Inir, crew, cow, &c. It also goes
before r, and follows s. and tli, as in vroiig, swift, tlnmrt ;
it likewise goes before li, lliougli in reality it is sounded after
it, as in winj, when, where, iihat, <S.c. In some woids it is
«bscuie, as in stow, shadow, widow ; and in otbers it is silent,
as in wroii<r, write, <Src.
To VVA'lJBLli, v.n. to shake, or move from side to side.
A very low word.
WAD. i. \weod, bay, Sax.] a bundle of straw thrust close
together. Black lead, of wbicb pencils, cVc. are made.
WA'DDING, s. [wad, or vad. Isl.J a kind of soft st-ifT
loosely woven, usi^d forslulbng llie sides ot'men's coats, and
between the two coverings of cbiaks. In gunnery, the -la-
per, tiax, Ac. rammed into a gun lo keep tbe bullet from
rollini; out, and close lo the powder.
To \VA'i)DLE, 11. w. [tca^iilieleii, Belg.] toxyalkuneveniy ;
to shake from side to side in walking, like a duck.
ToWADB, t'. n. [from vaditm, Lat.] to walk through
Haters. Figuratively, to pass with dirticulty and labour.
W'A I) i; BRIDGE.' See Warebridge.
WAD HOOK, s. in gunnery, is a rod willi an iron screw
at the end lo draw the wadding, when the loading is to (je
dta" n onl of a gun.
WA'i'l'dl, *. \wafel, Belg.) a lliincake; dried paste used
in closing letters. Among Romanists, consecrated bread
iu the eucbarist.
To WAFT, V. a. [perhaps from Wave] to carry through
iJieairor on the water; lo beckon. Neuterly, !o tloat.
WrtFT. .s. a floating body ; the motion of a streamer, t^-c.
given visa signal or means of informal ion.
To W/\G, V. a. \xragmn. Sax. ivngfren, Belg.] lo move or
»J)«ke lightly. Neulerly, to be moved or go ; to be in (juiok
or ludicrous motion.
WA(i, s. [i/ff'fivm, to cheat, Sax.] any one archly merry or
tudicronsly niiscbievous.
To WAfiE, *'. «. to attempt. To set to hire. To hire
for pav. To make or carry on, followed by war.
WA'(JKR, «. a bet ; or any thing deposiied as a stake.
WAGES, J. [seldom used in the singular ; uegann wagn
Teul 1 money paid for service. Singularly, pledge, gage
geruriiv.
WA'GGERY, (wnfr.eri/) s. mischievous merriment; wan-
ionntss; ludicrous mischievousiie»s.
WA'(iGlsn, (wagish) a. knavishly or mischievously
fiierry ; frolicksome.
To WA'(jGLE, V. 71. [wagghelen, Teuf.] to move from
»s..c side to another; to waddle.
WA'tKiON, or WAXiON, t. [woegm. Sax. wneghens,
Belg.] a lieavv carriage going on fiuir wheels ; a wain.
WA (i(iO.N EK, oi WA'GONER, s. [woegheacr, Belg.]onc
that drives, a waggon.
WAfi'lAIE, s. in oriiilhologv, a genus of birds thus
denominated from a tremulous molioii of llie tail.
WAll'S, *. [sometimes written wrif, or weft] in law,
<|irxKl»,u tbief l»eiiig puritucd, leaves bcLuul, and are forfeited
to the king, or lord of the manor; also, strays, or strayed
cattle claimed by nobody, which becomes the proiierly oi
the lord of the manor.
To WAlL, V. n. Igiialare, Ital.] to moan; to hmi'iit ; to
bewail. Neulerly, lo ( xprens sorrow ; to grieve audibly.
WAILING, «. lamentation ; moan; audible sorrow.
WAIN, «. a contraclion of Waggon ; which see.
W.M'NFLEET, a well-compacted town of Lincolnshire,
with an excellent free-school, 15 miles N. E. of Boston, ant.
127 N. by E. of London. JMarket on Saturday.
WAIN ROPE, s. a large cord with which the load is tied
on the waggon; a carl-rope.
WA IN SCOT, s. [ivageschot, Belg.] the wooden covering
laid over a wall wiihin the house.
To WAl'NSCOT, )) a. \weagenscotten, Belg.] to line Of
coyer walls with boards; to line.
VVAIR, s. a piece of timber two yards long and afoot
broad.
WAIST, s. [gicase, from gwaseu, to press or bind, Brit.J
the smallest part of the body; the part below the ribs;
the middle deck or floor of a ship between poop and
prow.
W.M'S I'CO.XT, s. an inner coat ; a short close coat with
out sleeves worn by men, reaching to ihe waitt.
To WAIT,!), a. \u-achten, Belg. J to expect, or stay for,
toallend; to attend as a consequence of somelhing. Neu-
lerly, to expect, or sland in expectation of. Used with on
or upon, loan end as a servant. To slay till a person comes,
used w \t\\for.
W.\IT, i. an ambush ; as, to lay wait, to lie in wait. A
musician paid for alteniliiigon processions in a town.
W.-MTER, .f. an altendant ; a piece of plate or wood,
on which glasses, cVc. are presented.
To W.\KE, r. a. [wecciii7i. Sax. wecken, Belg.j to rouM
from sleep ; loe.xcite lo action ; lo bring again to life. Neu-
lerly, lo watch ; to he roused from sleep orsupineness, from
wakan, (iolli. waci/in. Sax. or waeckeit, Belg.
WAKE, s. llie feast kept in commemoration of the dedi-
calion ofa church, so called because formerly kept by watch-
ing all night ; vigils.
WA'KEFIELD, a large, well-built, town, in the W.
Riding of Yorkshire, sealed on the river Calder, which has
been made navigable liillier from Castleforlh, and from
hence lo I'.land and Halifax. The principal trade is in white
cloths and lammies. It is '28 miles S. W. of York, and 182
N. N. W. of London. Market on Thursday and Friday ;
the latter for woollen cloth,
WA'Kl'.EUL, a. not inclinable to sleep; vigilant.
To WA'KI')N, V. n. lo cease from sleep. Actively, to
rouse from sleep or supineness; to produce, to cvcite.
WA'KEROBIN, s. the cuckow|.int ; a plant.
WAL.A CI1I.'\, a province of Hungary, but siibjecr t»
Turkey, having Moldavia and Transylvania, on Ihe N. the
river Danube on the E. and S. and Transylvania mi the
W. It is SiS miles long, and 125 broad. It was ceded to
the Turks in 1739.
WALDEN, or Waldon, commonly called Sai'fro.w
Waldkn. It is governed by a mayor, 12 aldermen, anil a
recorder. A great deal of mall is made here. It is a? miles
N. \V. by N. of Chelmsford, and 42 N. by E. of London.
Market on Saturday.
WALE, s. \wel, a web. Sax. J a rising part in the surface cf
cloth.
WALES, a principality in the W. of England, compre-
hending 12 counties; namely, Anglesey, Cainarvoiishire,
Den'biglisliire,E|intshire, Merionethshire, and Monlgrunery-
sliire, in North Wales; Brecknockshire, Cardiganshire, Caer-
marlliensliiM', Cilaniorganshire, Pembrokeshire, and Radnor-
shire, in Sonlh \Val<-s. It was incorporaled willi England
in LOItK, and sends 24 members to the British house of com-
mons. I'he western part is bounded'by St. (ieorge's chan-
nel and the Irish seal on ihe S. by the Bristol channel; on
Ihe N. by the Irish sea: and on the E. by the counties of
Chetitcr, Sulo[>, Hereford, and Monmouth. It coutaiui 761
W A L
WAR
p.Tiilies, and 68 market towns. Tlic cojintry is very moun-
iaiiitius and pleiilil'iil. In lluir liills arc ritli lead ami coal
mines, willi quarries of tree stone. The uionnlaiiis in this
country are reckoned e(|ual in inMi;iit, if nol lii^jlier llian
Jtny in Brrtain. Siiowden and l^lininnnion are llie most ce-
iel>*ated. The former is 1210 vards in hei^iht. Tljey are
s l)rave hfispilahle people, and were never concpu'red hy
the Sa\(nis. Their last pi ince, Llwollin ap (irithlh, lost liis
.ife in defence of his country, wlien Kdv\ard l.coiuiueied it
in I28.'J. Since wliose rcii'n, his (|ueen heingliere delivered
of a son, the kinf,'S eldest son has been styled Prince of
Wales, and a large revenue oul of lliis counlrv appropriated
•o the principality. Arnoufj the aniient Weisii was an or-
orderofmen called hards, who composed son;;s relalin;; ihe
actions of their illustrious men. The last of these, named
Taliesin, lived ahout the middle of ihe .Olli century, and
many of his verses are still extant. Kdward 1. when he
contpiered Wales, caused all iheir bards to lie put to death.
Wales has produced many learneil men in the several parts
of literature ; and, indeed, llieir fjenius may he put on a
level with that of the best of their neiijhboi.rs. It is watered
with many rivers, of which the principal are the Dee, Wye,
Usk, Conway, Cluyde, andTwy. The principal towns must
be sought for uaider the names of Ihe counties.
*» * Xhf reader it detirerl to rcmemher, that in the subsequent
words, when the wa is foUuxced by two consmumts, the a is pro-
nnumed broad, lihe an ; as, waulk, waull, waurd, wauter,
wanrm, waurn, waurp, waur, waurrant.
To Vf A I jK, (waiilh) V. a. \u>crtlca)t, to roll, Sax. I to move
l>y leisurely steps, by placing the feet alternately before
each other; to be in motion ; to act in sleep ; to come or
go ; to act on any oct-dsion, or in any particular manner ;
to ran^e ; to move about ; to move off. Neulerly, to
pass through on foot ; to lead out for the sake of exercise
or air.
WALK, s. the act of moving on foot ; gait, step, or man-
ner of moving ; the distance to which a person goes on foot ;
au avenue set with trees; a way, or road; the slowest or
least raised pace of a horse.
WA'LKER, s. one that walks.
WALL, s. [wal, Brit, ualle, Belg.] a pile of brick or stone
regularly cemented with mortar ; the sides of a building;
works built for defence. 'J'o lake the wall, is to take tiie up-
per place. To give the wall, is to yield, or acknowledge
one's inferiority.
To WAF^L, «. a. to inclose or defend by a wall.
WA'LLLT, s. [weallian, to travel, Sax.] a bag in which
a traveller carries liis necessaries ; a knapsack ; a budget; a
protuberance or swelling.
WA'LLEYE, J. adisease in the crystalline humour of ihe
eye ; the glaucoma.
WALLE'YED, a. having white eyes.
W.^'LLFLOWER, *. in botany, the clieirantbus; there
are two British species, ihe yellow and marine. Cultivatiou
E reduces numerous varieties of the first species, but none
avf so agreeable a scent as the wild one.
WA'lXlNGFORD, a town in Berkshire, on the river
Thames. It is a corporation, sends two members to parlia-
ment, has a free-school, and a handsome market-house. It
is 14 miles W. of Reading, and 45 W. of London. JIarket
•n Tuesday and Friday.
To WA'LLOP, v.n. [wealan. Sax.] to boil.
WA'LL LOUSE, i. an insect; a bug.
To WA LLOW, (wallo) V. n. [walwian, Sax.] to move in a
heavy or clumsy manner ; to welter ; to roll in mire, or any
thing tillhv ; to live in a state of tilth or gross vice.
WALLRUE,^. anherb.
WA'LLWORT, s. the dwarf-elder, or danewort.
WA'LNUT, {waulnut) s. \iiahiot, Belg.J a large nut well
known. The tree bearing walnuts.
WA'LRUS, s. in zoology, a kind of large amphibious
animals, inhabiting the regions lying near the north pole.
WA'LSALL, atowoof Staftbrdshire, 15 wiles S. ol' Staf-
ford, and 118 N. W. of London. Market on Tuesday and
w'a'LSHAM, north, a town in Norfolk, 14 miles from
Norwich, and 123 from Loudon. Market on Tu-'sdHy.
WA'LSlN(illA.M, a toHii in Norfolk, seated near thn
sea, "27 miles N. W. of Norwich, and 1 l(j N. N. li. of London.
Market on Friday.
WAL Til AM on the WOULD, a town in Leicestershire,
19 miles N E. of Leicester, and 110 N. by W. of l>ondon.
Market on Thursday.
WALTllAM, a iown in Hampshire, R miles S. S. W. of
Winchester, and 65 W. by .S. of London. .Market on
Friday.
WA'LTHAM ABBEY, a town in Essex, 12 miles N. l»y
E. fiofli Loudon. Mirket on Tuesday.
'!'o WA'MBLE, (uamlilj V. II. [weiriniekn, Belg.] to roll
with sickness or squeamisliiiess, applied to the slomach.
NVAN, a. [tcumi, Sax.] pale; sickly; having a languid
look.
WAND, s. [vaand, Dan.] a small stick or twig ; a long
rod ; a slalTof ottice. A charming rod.
To WA'N'DER, i'. n. [waiulnan, .Sax. J to rove ; to move
or go about without any certain course or settlement ; to
deviate; to ramble ; logo astray. Actively, to travel ov«r
without anv certain course.
WANDERER, s. a rover ; a rambler.
WA'NDFRINCJ, s. uucertain peregrination ; aberration :
mistaken wav ; uncertainly.
To WANE, V. 11. [See Wan ; wanian, to grow less, Sax.j
to decrease or grow less, applied to the moon. To decline ;
to sink ; to diminish.
Wan 10, s. the decrease of the moon ; decline ; diminu-
tion ; declension.
WA'NNESS, .5. paleness ; languor.
To Want, v. a. {umiia. Sax.] to be without, or Stand
in need of, something fit or necessary; to be defective, or
fall short ; to wish for, or desire ; to lack. Neuterly, to ba
defective in any particidar; to fail; to be missed; uottob*
ha<l ; to be improperly absent.
WANT, f. need or necessity ; deficiency; the state of
not having; poverty; indigence. A mole, from wanrf, Sax.
WA'NTAG!';, a town of Berkshire, 12 miles S. by W. of
Oxford, aiidsaW. of London. Market on Saturday.
WA'NION, rt. [Minshew and Junius derive it fromtma*
and one, i. e. a man or woman that wants one of the other
sex] lascivious ; libidinous ; lustful ; gay ; frolicsome ;
loose ; sportive; airy ; superfluousor luxuriant; licentious'-
dissolute ; unrestrained ; luxurious.
To Wanton, v. n. U> behave in a lascivious or gay
manner ; to revel ; to move nimbly and irregularly.
WA'iNTONLY, ad. lasciviously; frolicsomely; spor-
tively ; carelessly.
Wantonness, s. lasciviousness ; sportiveness ; li-
centiousness.
WATENTAKK, s. [woepnn. Sax. and takel a hundred, s»
called from a meeting, wherein a hundred men, who were
under their earlder-man, assembled and touched his oi; eacli
other's weapons, in token of their fidelity and allegiance.
WAR, (wavr) s. \uerre, old Belg.] the exercise of vio-
lence under sovereign command against such as wilJistand
or oppose. Poetically, the instruments of war; an army ;
forces ; the professioii of a soldier ; act or tlalc of opiM>si-
tion ; hostility.
To WAR, r. a. to oppose an armed enemy by the cofli-
mand of a sovereign ; used with on, or upon, against, or wiA.
Neulerlv, to be in a state of hostility.
To WARBLE, v. a. [werve/en, to twirl or turn round.
Teut.] to quaver in singing ; to modulate; t^o slug out like
birds. Neuterly, to be quavered ; to be uttered melodioiisly ;
to sing.
Ward, used at the end of words in composition, imphe*
the tendency ordireclion ot any motion, and is derived from
ueerd. Sax. or uairth G«tll.
987
WAR
W A h
To WARD, V. a. [irearrlim. Sax.] to guard or watch ; !o
defend or protect, folliiweil l>v /Vom. To force otf. The
<irst sense is seldom used. Kmilerly, to act with a weapon
upon the defensive ; to he vii;il;int ; to keep guard.
W.AHD, i. llie district ordivision of a town, from wnrdn,
law Lat. Confinement. An apartment in an hospital or
prison. The part of a lock which hijiders its heinjj un-
locked by anv hut the proper key. .'\n orolian under jjuar-
dianship The state of a person under a guardian. The
act ofgua'dinjj. (iiiard hy a weapon in fencing, (jarrison.
WA KDE.N, s. [u-neyrlen, Beli:.l a keeper ; a guardian ;
a chief othcer. Lmtl Wnr/lmi of the Cuir/ne Ports, is the go-
\ernor of lliese liavens, havii^y: tlie aiilliniity of an admiral,
and issuing writs in his own name. Warden iif the Mint, an
olficer who receives liie hullion. pays for it, and has ihe su-
perinlenrlence o"" the oilier officers.
VVA'PiDEK, «. one who keeps vvatch ; a guard ; a trun-
cheon by which an officer of arms forbade fight. Wiirders of
the Tower of Loiirinn, a detachment of the yeomen of the
guard, who wait at the gales to take an account of persons
coming inio (he Tower, and to altend state prisoners.
WA'RD.MOTE, s. [vipdrd and jnnt. Sax.] a meeting ; a
court held in every ward in the city of London, for choosing
<d}icers, and doing other business of the ward.
W'A'RDROBE, s. [t^-nrdcrohe, Fr.J a room where clotlies
are kein.
WAH l\ a. tlie same with avmre ; which see.
WARE, prefer, of Wear, more frequently written
Wore.
WAUR, J. [n-nere, P.elg.] something exposed to be sold.
WARK, a town of Ilarlfordshire, particularly note<l fortlie
'New Ri\e!', which l)eginsto be cut not far from thence, and
bi inifs wMtiT to l^oiuhjii for the service of that city. It is 20
miles .V. nf London. Market on Tuesday.
W.A'RI'diRIDGIC, or W.ADF.BRlDGK.'a town in Corn-
wall, 20 miles W. of Launceston, and 242 W. by S. of .Lou-
don. Market on Saturday.
WA'l'vEHAM, a town of Dorsetshire, antiently a very
large place, and had several churches, now reduced to three ;
it also had a wall and a cajtie. Its harbour is now choaked
up; however, it still sends two members ro parliament, and
w 23 miles !•'. of Dorchester, and 114 W. by 8. of London.
Markel on Saturday.
WATiRIIOLSR, «. a storehouse of merchandise.
WARFARE, .5 [ware a!)d farcii. Sax.] a slate of enmity ;
a state of war and opposilioii ; militarv service or life.
To WA RFARE,«.7i. to lead a military hfe.
Warily, n^/. prudently ; cautiously; circumspectly.
WA'RINESS, s. prudence; circiunspection ; cautious-
ness; timorous scrupulousness.
W.MJK, .t. fused at the end of words] biiildingor work. '
WARKWORTH, a village in Norlhumherlaud, Hve miles
S. E. of Alnwick, seated on I he river Cocket, with a castle,
in ■.\hicli IS a chapel cutout of a ro(k.
WA'RLIKE, 1. [irarlice. Sax.] belonging to the military
art ; martial ; valiant ; stout.
WA'RLOCK. s. WA'RLUCK, t. [wcrlog, an e\i\ spirit,
.Sax.] a male witch ; a wizaard.
W.MOL a. lirnrm, Golli. and Belg. wearm. Sax.] heated
III a small degree. Figuralivelv, zealous, ardent, violent,
furious, passionate, fanciful, entliusiaslie, busy in action.
To W'AR.VI, J), a. \wearim<iii. Sax.) lo heat gently ; to free
from cold ; to make vehement, or ati'ect with any passion ;
to heat nii'itallv.
WARMINfjPAN, .«. a covered brass pan for warming a
bed bv means of hot coals.
WA'RMINSTER, a pretly large fraling town in Wilt-
illlire, seated at the springhead of the river Willvborne, 22
miles N. W. of Salisbury, and 97 W. by S. of London.
Markel on 'Saturday.
WA";'. .MLY, (id. with gentle heat; eagerly ; ardently.
\V \'RiL!^'",SS, *. [tta;«i«, Tcut.] heat ; passion; fervour
of ndu'r.
VV ARSITH, *. gentle heat. Figuratively, zeal, or ardour.
K8ii
To WARN, V. a. Ywearitrn, Belg. verr.iati, Sax. vnrrut,
Swed. J to caution aj^aiust any ill or danger ; lo yive nolic<!
of some future ill ; to admonish, or put in miiul of soiiietliillg
to be performed, ort'orlxuue.
WA'RNING, s. a notice given beforehand of some evil O'
danger, or of theconse(|ueuct of anv action.
WARP, J. \neiirp, Sa\. tuerp, Bclg.| the thread wliicU
crosses the wool in weaving.
To WARF, V. n. [tcerpeu, Belg.] lo change in form oi
position by weather or time; to lurn awrv. .Actively, lo
contract or shrivel ; to turn aside from the Uue diredion, or
from juslice. Among mariners, to haul a ship lo a parlicik-
lar place, by a rope fastened to an anchor, against the tide
or wiiirf.
To \V.\'RRAI\T, V. a. [^aranlir, Fr.] to support, main
tain, or allesl ; to give authority to ; to .justify ; to exempt •
tosecure; to privilege ; lo declare upon surety.
W.VlUiAN'J", s. a writ conferring some right or autlio-
rity, or giviugaii othcer of justice ihe power of delaiinng or
arresting ; a coiiin:ission by which a person is juslificd ; at-
testation ; right, h'gality.
WA'RKAi\TABLE,"«. that may be justified or main-
tained ; defensible ; justifiable.
WA'RRANTRY, qr WARRANTY, s. in law, a co-
venant entered into by the seller lo make good ihe bargain
against all persons and demands; uulhoiitv, justificatory
manlale ; security.
W.\'RRI'',N, *. [waerande, Belg.] a kind of park, or i.l-
closurefor rabbits, hares, pheasants, partridges, Ac.
AVATJUNGTON, a large, neat, populous, and rich,
though aiilieiii-built town of Lancashire, with large manu-
factories of sail cloth, sacking, huckabacks, pins, iVc. (ilass-
houses ar. J copper-smelling furnaces are likewiseeslablishcd
here. It is sealed on ihe Mersey, over which it has a tint
stone bridge, leading niio Cheshire, on the great mad from
London toCarlisle, 18 miles E. of Liverpool, and Is.'} IN. N.
W of London. A ransidcrable market on Wednesday.
WA'RRIOR,.?. a soldier; a military man.
WA'RSAW, a large and populous city of I'olaud, a;:il
capital of .Mazovia, sui"(uinded with walls and ditches, autl
defended by a fort. It contains a inagnifKent palace, where
the king resided; besidi <; wliicli, [here is another, which
goes bv ihe name of Casim;r. It is oivided into the Old and
New Town, to which may be added the suburbs id Cracow
and Praga, boih very well built. Il was looked upon as the
capital of Poland, because the residence of llic kings, the
place where tiiey were elected, and ^lierc ihe diets met.
It is seated al ihe end of large open fields, on ihe river Viv
tula, KiO miles S. F.. of Danlzic, 112 N. by !'•. of Cracow,
aiifl .■?UI) N. \''j. of Vienna. In its last siege In the Russians,
in 1794, it is compute(l llial ."311,(10(1 Poles perished eillier by
the sword, or in the flames, the suburb of Praga having beca
nearly reduced lo ashes bv the merciless Russians, leu hours
aflerall resistance ha<l ceased. It was till lately subiect to
Prussia : but according to llie treaty of Tilsit, of Jidy G,
lS;i7, this city, wilh llie resl of Polish Prussia, was eieclecj
into a duchv.and ceded lo ihe king of Saxony. Lon. 2L li.
E. I a 1,. 02. 14. N.
W A'RF, ,s. Itvenrt, Sax. werle, Belg.] a horny exctescenc*
or small protuberance, growing on the hands or olliei
parts.
WARTY, n. grown over wilh warts.
WARWICK, ( ll«(TiWO Ihe capital town of Warwicti
shire, sealed on a rock near the river Avon, and all the pas-
sages to il are cut ihnuigh ihc rock ; nor is there aiiv way
logo to this place but over a water. It was foilified witb
a wall, which is now in ruins; but it has still a slnuig and
slalelv caslle, the seat of (ireville Earl Brook, liid l^arl of
Warwick. It is a large corporation, contaioj two parislt-
churches, and in that of Si. Mar>j are several handsome
tombs. The houses are well built, and the town piiiicipaHl^
consists of one regular built street, at each end of which is
an anlienl gale. The assizes and general quarter session'*
are held here. It is r.dorucd with & HQod fiee-scbool oni} a
WAT
>IVAl
warket-linusr. It has also a noted liospitHi railed St. James's,
for twelve «leca\ed j;enllenipn, who have eai-h *v.en'y
pnuntUa year, and llie cliaplain fifty. It is well iiiliabitect,
Wljoysa gdO'l trade, sends two nieiiihers to parliament, and
is 39 miles N. K. of'Gloneesler, loj S. W. of Coventry, and
91 N. W. of Londt)n. Marliel <m .Saliirdav.
\VA'U\yiCK^IIIRK, (WarricUnre) an English countv,
47 miles in Ifo^tli, and 27 in breadth; houmli'd on the W.
by Worcestershire: on the S. by Oxford and Gloiicesler-
»uije ; oil the Iv by Northampton and Lcicestershie ; on the
N. ti) Slart'ordshire. Il conlains 158 parishes, 17 niarkel
towiK, and sends six nienibi-rs lo pai jiami'iit. The air is
mild and healthful, and the soil fertile, pto<lii('in^ < orii and
pastures, particularly in the .S. pan, called the Vale of Ri'd
Horse. The coniniort-ilii-s are iiuicli the same as iii other
counties; and it has iron mines. Warwick is the shire
tow 11.
W A'RY, a. \waT, Sax. J cautious, or faking care of do-
ing aii\ ihiiif; amis" ; prudent; ciiciini.s|-ecl.
WAS, the preler. of To Be.
To WASH, If. a. \tiassc/ien, Rol;;. ua.icnn, Sax.| to cleanse
by ruliiiiiif; « ilh water, <X c. to moisten ; ti> colnnr b\ wash-
infi. Neultrlj, to pertorm the act of cleaiisinfj-wilh wa-
ter, <Kc
WASH, s a marsh, a fen, a bo<r, a qiiai;mire ; a liqnor
used to beautify ; a superficial slain or colmir ; the liquor
tiven hoj{>, Ac. the act of cleansilif; the linen of a family
y niblrin tliciii when wetted ; the linen washed at once.
WA'SlllN(iTOl\, a city of N. America, now the metro-
polis of the United Stales. It is sealed at the jnnclionoflhe
rivers Foldinac and the Eastern Branch, eMeiidin;; about 4
miles lip each, iiuhidinj; a tiact of territory scarcely to he
exceeded, in point of convenience, salubrity, and beauty, by
any in the woihl. It is divided into squares or };iand divi-
sions, by streets running due N. and S and K. and W. each
of wliK h leading streets are 160 feet wide, in-lufiing a pave-
ment of 10 fiet, and a giavel walk of ,30 feet planted with
trees on each side. The riverTiher, which is the principal
stream tiiat passes through the city, is collected in a grand
reservoir beside the capitiil, (or hou-e fi^r the legislative bo-
dies) whence il is carried in pipes to ditt'erent parts; while
its surplus \<aler falls down in beautiful cascades, through
the public gaidens, into a canal. It is KM) miles S. W. of
Philaiblphia. I. at. .38. 5.1. N. I.ui. 77. 16. W.
WASl', s. iK-easp, Sax.] a stinging insect, something re-
sembling a bee, but of a brighter yellow on the bod\ .
WA'SI'ISH, (I. easily provoked; peevish; malignant;
irritable; fretful; humouvsome ; spiteful; venimious.
WA'SSEL, or WASSAIF., s. [iVom wctsha-l, your health,
Sax.] a liipior made of roasted apples, sugar, and ale; a
driiikii::^ bunt.
To W.\STE, V. a. [tcoesten, IJelg.] to consume gradu-
ally, oi diminish : to sqi:aiider; to (leslroy or desolate; to
spend wilhoul p ofit or advantage. Neulerly, to dwindle ;
to be in a slate of consumption.
WASTT., a. destroyed or ruined ; desolate or unculti-
vated ; superHiious; lost for want of occupiers ; wculblcss;
of iKi Use. Waste houh. in commerce, is that in which arti-
cles are entered promiscuously as they occur, wilhoul regaid
to debtor or creditor.
WASTE, ^. want<ui or luxurious consumption; loss: the
act of sqiiauderiiig; desolate, uncultivated, or unoccupied
groinid.
WA'STEFQL, a. destructive; ruinous; lavish; prodi-
gal ; dcsdlale ; :incultivated.
WA'STER, *. one that consumes dissolutely and extra-
vasrantK ; a squanderer: a vain consumer.
WaTCH, *. [fivrcff, .Sa\.| foibearance of sleep ; aften-
dai'ce without sleeping : attenlioii ; guard : a watchman, or
person sit as a guard , the ofhce of a guard in the night ; a
period of the ni:;ht ; a machine showiiigihe time, and usur
i»ilv worn in the pocket. Anions; mariners, it is the space
»)f f'liir li(|urs. during which one half of llie crew keep on
dick, biid are then relieved by tbc other.
6 X
To WATCH, e. ti. \wttcian. Sax] to keep awake ; 1*
ktepj;uard; to look with expeclaliiui, attention, or cautious
obse/valion with intent to seize. Acli»ely, lo^uard.or have
in cuslodv ; to observe secretly, or in ambush, in order lo
prev.-nl, detect, or betray ; lo lend, applied lo callle.
WAT'CHLll, f. one who sits up. A diligent overlooker
or observer.
WATCH ET, a. \tcaced, weak. Sax. J blue; or pal*
blue.
WATCH ET, a town of Somersetshire, sealed on tb»
Bristol Channel, at the nioiilh of a (iretly good harbour,
frequented by coal ships. Il is i4 miles N.W. of Bridge-
water, and 153 W. bv S. of Loudon. Market on Satur-
day.
NVATCHFUL, a. vigilant ; cautious; attentive.
WATCHFULNESS, *. vigilance ; cautious regard ;
heed.
WATCH HOUSE, $. the place where the watch is set.
WATCH MAKEK, s. one whose trade is to make
watches.
WATCHMAN, s. a guard ; a sentinel ; one set to keep
ward.
WA'TCHTOWER, f. a tower on which a sentinel was
pl;i( cd for llie sake of prospect.
To VVA"1 I' R, {uaiiier) v. a. to irrigate; to moisten; to
supply wilh water; to diversify as wilh waves, applied to
calendering. Neuteil\, to shed moisture ; to get or take in
water; to be used in supplying water. The iiwulh vatrrf,
im[>lies that a person longs, or has a vehement desire for
something.
V\ A'TER, (wnuter) s. [waeter, Belg. witter. Sax.] a flui<J,
Volatile and void of savour or taste, consisting of small,
smooth, liaid. porous, splieiic al particles, of equal diameters,
sliding easily over o!)e another's surfaces, and wellin){ the
tiling; imnierged into it ; one of the four elements; the sea,
opposed lo land ; urine : any Huid made of, or resembling
water; the histie of a diamond. Tu hold wattr, is used for
being sound and light.
WATERCOLOURS, s. Painters make colours into a
soft consistence wi h water; these they call watercolourt,
W\T"I RFALL, J. a cataract ; a cascade.
WA TFRFI.Afi, i. tie water flower de-hice.
WATERFORD. a c<miity of Ireland, having Cork on the
W. Tipperary and Kilkenriv on the N. and Wexford <hi the
E. It contains 11U,U0C inhabitants, and is tolerably
fertile.
WATFRFOPD, the capital of the above county, is a sea-
port town, and ilic.seeofa bishop. It has an excellent hai-
iiour, and an e» tensive tiade ; 76 miles S. of D. blin.
WATERFOWL, i. fowls that live or get their food »c
water. M^
W.ATERGRUEL,^^oiI made with oatmeal boiled ib
WATERLILY, *. inlBany, the nymphaea. There art
two species the white anrf the yellow.
WA'TFRM.AN, s. a ferrvman; a boatman.
WA'I'EKMARK, .s. the utmost limit of the rise of the
flood.
WATER MILL, s. a mill turned by wafer.
WATERMOSS, #. in botany, the funtinalis; a sort of
moss.
WATEHPEPPER, i. a plant, the same with the arse-
iinart or lakeweed.
WATI'RPINE, ». in botany, the elaline. It is called
also waleiwort.
WAT' H RAT, s. a rat that makes holes io banks.
WATERSOLDIER, J. in botany, the stiatiot.s. The
common wateisolilier is the British species. It is a verv
elegant aquatic, fnuinl in slow streams and ditches, called
also water aloe, and freshwater soldier.
WAnERWOllK, *. artificial spouts of water; any hy-
draulic performance.
WAT'I;RY, (uoufery) a. aqueous : liquid; insipid; taste-
less; vapid ; wet; cousUtJiig of water ; relating to waS«r.
8tj»
W£A
WEB
WATrORD, a town of Hertfordshire, SMted on <he
river Colli, 7 miles S. I>v W. of Sr. Alban's, and 14 N. W. of
Lon'Icii. MiirUet iii Tliursday.
WA'TLINGTON, a town in Oxfordshire, sealed under
Cliillcrn Hills, on a sniull l>riMik, wliicli, with the continued
liiljje, >livides this county from Biickiiij;hanisliire. It is 14
miles S. E. of Oxford, and 4G SV. of London. Market on
Saturdav.
'l"o WA'TTLE, V. a. [from watelas, twigs, Sax.] to bind
will), ortiirm bv platting; twigs.
WaTTI.F, «. [from Iht: verb] a hurdle. Tl\e barbs, or
loose red Hesli that haiijjs below a cock's bill ; from wughclcu,
to shakp, Ti'ut.
Wa'ITON, a town of Norfolk, 21 miles S. W. of Nor-
wich, and 91 N. N. E. oC London. Market on Wednesday.
WAVE, s. Iwaegh, Brig. J water lisin;; in sHelliiij;s above
the level of the surface ; a billow ; a line beiidiiii: in and
out alternately ; nnevenncss ; fliiclnation ; inequality.
To WAVE, D. n to play loosclv ; to float ; to be moved
asasi;inal; to fluctuate. Actively, to raise into inequali-
ties i to move looselv , or to and fro ; to beckon ; to put aside,
or decline tor the present ; to waft, or remove any tliin<,'
tiuaiini;.
To WA'VER, V. n. [wrtfian. Sax.] to play or move loosely
to and fro. Applied to the mind, to be unsettled, unde-
termined, or to fluctuate between difterent opinions.
To WAWL, V. 71. [from wa, >;rief. Sax.] to cry, howl, or
make a loud cry expressive of distress, used in contempt.
WAX, i. [w^exe, ha\. nex, Dirn. wachs, Bel<i.] ihe thick
tenacious matter of which bees form their cells; any tena-
cious matter, such as is used in fastening letters, Ac.
To WAX, I', a. to smear, rub, cover, or join with wax.
To WAX, V. n. [weaxan. Sax. uae/tsett. Tent.] to increase
in bulk, height, or age : to grow ; to pass into any state ;
to become.
W.A'XCH.\NDLF.R, ». a maker of wax-candles.
WAX EN, a. made of »ax.
WAY, s. [mit^. Sax. «'«>A, Belg. 1 a path which leads to
anyplace. The len;;th of a journey. Course. Advance-
ment notwithstanding obstacles, used with malte. Access.
Pjssa:;e or roimi to pass. Sphere of observaliou. Metlu;].
Intermediate step. Retreat or submission, alter give. 'I en-
dency to any meaning or act. Melluul or custom peculiar
to a person. By the way, implies without necessary connec-
tion with what precedes. To go or come one's way, or ways,
is to come or go wilii<iui further delay. No way, or ways,
is sometimes used instead of wise. " No ways a match."
Swift. SyNON. WayK much more extensive and general
th.iu rnad, and implies the passage from place to place, whe-
ther throuiih the high road or not Road is much more li-
mited and particular, ami means the beaten way of travel.
It-rs from one city ortcwn to another.
WA'VEaRING, a. travelling ; being on a journey.
WAVMILL. SceWEYHii.L.
To WAYLA'Y, V. a. to watch in order to seize ; to beset
Sv ambush.
W.A'YWARD, n. fira and weard. Sax.) froward, or per-
▼erse : vexatious: nuirose ; peevish.
\VE, pron. the plural of I. used w hen we mention or speak
of one nr more persons in conjunction with ourselves ; bor-
rowed fiiim tec, Sax. or trfi*'. Goth.
WEAK,(tef<'A)a. \wacc. Sax. werk, Relg.J void of strength
or IkiiIiIi ; feeble ; not strolls i infirm ; pliant: soft : not
s\'-4}i: not powerful) unforlilied. Scarce audible, or low,
applied to sound. Wanting spirit, discernment, or caution,
ipplird ti) the mind. Not well supported by argument.
T<> WEAKEN, (nwfin) v. a. to deprive of strength) to
del'ilit^te ) to enfeeble.
WEAKLY, ad. feebly) faintly i withn.it efficacy) in-
discrpf tlv. Ailjeclively, not strong i not healthy.
WEAKNESS, {wtiknest) s. iii(irmity) unlieallhfulness i
feebleness: defect) failing) want of strength, ability, judg-
■i»-iit. resolution, or support.
WE AKSIDE, {wtiluuit) ,. foible > deficience ; infirmity.
eoo
WEAL, (uw*f) t. \v:tJttn, Sax. J happiness or prosperity!
a state) a republic) public interest or policy.
WEAL, {wiel)s. [waltn, .Sax.] the mark left bv a stripe.
WEALD, WALD, or WALT, in composition, signify k
wood or grove, and are borrowed from u;faM, Sax.
WEALTH, (wMi) s. [from uWw//, rich, Sax.] richer
whether c(Misisliiig in money or goods.
WE'ALTHY, a. rich ; opulent ; abundant.
T<) W I'".aN, (ween) v. a. \71e71an. Sax.] to keep a child from
sucking that lias hecii brought up by Ihe breast » to wrib-
draw from any habit or desire.
WEAPON, (ttfepii or wipn) s.\weapon. Sax] any instru-
ment bv which anol her may be hurt, or one be delended.
To WEAK, (Kffjf) e. o. pret. uure, pait. pass, kxt/i ; [tee-
ran, Sa\.] to waste, or cousuuie wiili use or lime. To con-
sume or spend tediously, used with away, and applied to
time. To hear or carry appendant to the body. '1 o exhi-
bit in appearance. To aflect by degrees. Used with ovt.
to harass, fatigue, or desimy. jSieuterly, to be wasted witk
time ort.!se ; to pass bv degrees ; to be lediouslv spent.
WEAR, WEIk, or WEEK, {ware) s. [ttcpr, a fen. Sax.
war, a mound. Tent.] a dam to sliiit up or raise the water.
From the verb, the ail of wearing; the thin,"' worn. In tlie
two last senses llie first oilliography is onl\ used.
WEARINESS, (weeiiiiess) s. the qualiiy of being tired,
fatiy:iied,or iuciimmoded; fatigue; impatience) tediousness..
Wl'; AUHOME, a. troublesome ; tedious.
WE'AKISOMENESS, s. the quality of tiring; the state
of being easily tired.
W'l'.'AKV, {weiry) a. [from waeren, to be tired, Belg.l
tired; fatigueil ; wearisome; tiresome; impatient.
To WE'ARY, (tceiry) v. a. to tire: to fatigue; to in
commoile ; to harass; to make impatient.
WE'.\SAND, s. \waseii. Sax.] the windpipe.
WEASEL J. \weset, Sax. and Belg.J a small animal that
eats com, and kills mice.
WEATIlEU,(K«Mcf)». [KWfr,Sax.] the state of the ak
with respect either lo heal or cold, wet or dryness ; tempest,
storm.
To WE'ATHER, (wftl,er) r. a. lo pass with difficulty ) tft
expose In the air. I'Ollowcd by a puijit, lo gain a point
against the wind ; to accomplish against opposition. Use<*
with out, to f iiduie so as to surmount.
WI'rATHlsKBI'.ATI'.N, (KfM«-4ef<en) a. harassed by, or
seasoned to, hard v\ealher.
W E'ATHEKBY. See Wetherby.
Wl/A TIll'.RCOCK, (wet/ierrovk) s. an artificial cock, or
plate set on a spire, which shews the point whence Ihe wind
blows; an\ thing fickle or inconstant. In botauy.a speciea
of the im pa liens of Linnaeus, withfruitstalks supporting many
yellow ilowers, and eijg-shaped leaves. The capsule, wfien
ripe, ui)on being touched has the singular prooerty of throw-
ing out its seed w lib c<msiderable force. 1 his plant goe»
also by Ihe names of quick-in-tlie hand, touch me not, ancf
balsamiue. It is found in moist shady places, aiKl on l\m
banks ofri<ultts, and flouersin August.
WE'A I'll ElKiAGE, (withcrgaje) s. any thing that show*
the weather. At sea, a ship is said lo have Ihe w^eat/ierga^
that is to the windward of another.
W EATll ERGLASS, s. a glass that shews the weight of
the air ; a baromeler.
WEA'THERWISE, (t«Me>ii>i«) n. skilled in foretelling
the change of the weather. Substantively, a nieteoiO'
legist.
To WEAVE, (weeve) v. a. pret. wove or weaved ; part.
pass. «'«i'm or weaitd ; [wi-f'nn. Sax. wntn, Belg.] lo forsn
any slufl in a loom with a sliiittle ) lo unite or form, by in-
serting one part into another. Neuterly, to work with a
loom
WE'AVER, (wetiifr) t. one who makes woollen or line*
cloth.
WEB, s. [webbn. Sax.] anv thing woven i a tissue or fen-
lure formed of threads mleiwoven with each other ) a kind
of film that hinders tbe ticbi ; a cataract i a su&usion.
WEL
WEPFOOTED. «. Iiaving films between the toes, ap.
pliffl lo ";it. r fo«l.
WF/lil.Y. Sec WKOBtY.
To WF.I), V. a. \wrHian, Sax.] to marry ; to take for hus-
band or wife ; to join in njarria^'e ; to unite indissoiiiUly,
or for a Ions <'ontiniiatiep : to unite by luve or fondness.
Nenterlv, tocnnlrai t nialrinxmy.
Wr/DOINC;, i. the n?arria;,'e rcremnny ; a marriaj;e.
WK|)(iE, *. [ttfff^e, Rel^;. veg(;e, Dan.] one of the me-
chanical powers, c<insistiii^ of a liody with a silirii p eflge,
contiiMially firowinj; thicker, and used in ch'aviny timber. A
mass o( iiiil;d. Any Ihingin form of a wed^e.
To VVI.;D(;K_ „\ a. to fastf'ii or force together with
wcdjjes ; lo stop t)r >lrailen with wedges; to cleave with
Wei1i;e>. To (i\ as a wedye.
WEDLOCK, s. \ufd and hic, marriage and gift, Sax.]
matrinioTiv ; niarria^je ; nnntials.
VVR'DN l'',>DA \ , s. \woilnisiln(^. Sax. from Wadhi, or Odin,
an idol, ireii.ulni/, Isll llie fonrlli da\ in the week.
WKK. n. |„ffi,,^, Beln. |li!lle ; Sfnall.
WI'/I'D, s. [ifrod, tares, .Sax.l a noxious or rank herb
growinu' spoiilaneonsly. A garment, cloak, or habit, from
wceda. Sax. waed, Bi'l-;.
To \V ERD, r. n. to clear from or remove noxious fdants.
Figuratively, to free from anj thins noxious, or fioni an ill
babii -..to root out.
WEI'l'DKIl, s.cine that takes away any thinj; noxious.
MJER'OY, o. cimsislinsof or aboundin;; with weeds.
W F.EK, s \n'rke, Bel^.] the spare of seven days.
WE'/KDA V", s. any common day on uhich work is done,
opposfd 111 Sunday.
WEEKLY, (I. happening, produced, or done once a
week. .Advc' bially, once a v\eek.
WKEL s. {u'xl. Sax. J a whirlpool ; a snare for fish, made
of willow- iwi^s; peihaps from Willow.
To W EEN, i». a. ftt-enon. Sax. waenen, Belg.J lo think,
imaijinp, <ir fancy. Obsolete.
To WI'^EP, V. n. preler. and part. pass, wept or neej>fd;
\wenpnn. Sax.] to express sorrow by tears ; lo shed tears.
Activeiy, lo bewail or lament with tears ; to bemoan ; to
shed nioislnve; to abound wilh wet.
WE EPKU, «. one « ho sheds tears; a mourner. Awhile
border worn on the sleeve of a man's black coat for first
inournins.
To WEET, ti. n. pret. wnt or wote ; \iLilon, Sax. weten,
Bel::.] to know ; to be intornied. Seldom used.
WI'.E'VII^, s. [icerel, Teul.] a small black worm that de-
Strovscorn and meal ; a smb.
VVEE7", s. ffi-iiniiw. Fr.] aiiv thins "trassb";? without an
owner. The woof of cloth, from vefia. Six.
To Wr.KiH, (.wny) V. a. [weijhen, Bels.| to find the
weiaht of :iu\ tliiuL' b\ balance, or scales ; to equal in WHi-iht;
to pav, all'it, or lake by Wfishl. Applied to an aiiclmr, to
take up. To exam ne or balance in the mind. Fullowed
by dtni'H, to overbalance, or exo-pd in weii;ht or importance ;
to overburden or depress, applied lo ditficidties. Nculeilv,
lo coiitiiii in weisbt. To raise the anchor. To sink bv its
own wei:.'ht. To be looked on as important, to deterniine
the jiidirment. followed bv jci A.
WEI'G H KB, ». he « ho w-ishs.
WEIGHT, (ttwO *. \triht. Sax.] quantitv fo.ind by ba-
lanciiii; 'n scales ; a mass bv wliich other bodies aro exa-
niineri in -icales ; a ponderonsor heavy mass ; il'.npiabt' by
which bodies lend toxiards the centre ; pressure ; biir.len;
iniportancp, power, influence, or elhracv. SyNON. Weie;ht
implies prevalence, Ihonyh small : i»//t(fHe(? seems to Imve
■ more force ; swnii is more absolute. Siiperioritv of rank
ard reason gives the first Atlachinent to persons contri-
butes miub to the second. The art offindms out and taking
adv.tnta'e pf iheweakness of men forms the latter.
WFJ(iFITY, (vaitii) a. heavy; ponderous; eflicacions;
fnomenti.ii- ; iuuiortant.
WKLCHPOOI., a t(.\«n of Montsomervshire, in N.
Wales, seated on Ihe river Severn, in a rich vale. It is the
WEL
iarsest and best built cnrporalinn in the county, and lias a
very s'lod trade. The castle, now i ailed Povv is Castle,buill
of a reddish stone, isa larye stately .siruclure. ll is l','^
uiile.s N. W. of London. Market on Monday.
WE'l.COiVlK, {I. Uvtlcmne, >i\\. wnl/iom, liels. 1 received
wilh sladlle^s, kindness, or care ; pleasing, or tonlcrrinx
pleasure, by being pieseiit.
\Vi;'LC()MI'., s. the ceremony paid to a visitant at iiis first
appearance; kind reception of a iieu <<iiiier.
To \V I-, LCO.M E, V. a. lo receive wilh kindness.
'I'o WELD, v.tt. lo beat one mass into another. To ueld,
is used by Spenser foi 7'o uield.
WE'LDON, (iRKA T, a lou'ii in Northamptonshire, with
a handsome market bouse, and a sessions cluiniber o»er it.
It is situated in Ki)ckiiigliaui Foiest,8G miles fr<;in London.
Market on Wednesday.
WI'.LFaIIE,^. happiness ; success; prosperity.
WiyLlvIN, s. rfiom weken, clouds. Sax.] the sky ; the
visible regions of the air. Adjei lively, sky colourerl.
WELL,*, [velle, Sax. i a spring or fountain ; a deep nar-
row pit of water; the cavity in vvhich stairsaie placed.
WI'.LL, a. not sick ; happy; convenient; proper; being
in favour ; recovered from any sickness or niisforliine.
WELL, ad.[wcll. Sax. wel, Belg.] in heallh; not ill ; in
a skilful, proper, sutficienl, or sood mannor; favouiablv ;
conveniently ; pleasinglv. As welt as, used conjiiiiclively,
implies together with. Welhiig^h, signifies ni'arly, or almost.
'J his word is used in coiuposilion lo express any thing right,
proper, laudable, handsome, or free (rom defect, ll is also
used when something isadinilled as ihe ground for a conclu-
sion ; as, " Well, by ihis author's confession, a number supe-
rior are for the succession in the house of Hanover." Stvi/t.
" Well, lel'sawai." Shak.
WF.'LlvADAY, interject, alas.
WELLBE'I.NG, i. hapjtiness ; prosperity.
WELLBKE'D, «. polite; elegant of manners or be-
haviimr.
WELLINGBOROUGH, a town of Northamptonshire,
seated on the ascent of a hill, and on Ihe western bank of
Ihe river Nen. ll isa large, well inhabited place, has a con-
si<leral)le trade in the manufacture of lace. It is reckoned
the second town ill the couiitv, and is 12 miles N. E. of
Northampton, and 6a N. by W. of London. Market on
Wednesdav. ,
WELLINGTON, a town of Shropshire, seated n^ar
Wteskin Hill, 12 miles I'i. of Shrewsbury, and 152 N. W.
of London. Market on Thursdav.
WELLINGTON, a io»n of Somersetshire, seated on Ihe
liver Foiie, lo miles N. E. of Exeter, and 147 W. by S. of
Lruidon. Market oiiTluirsdav
Wh;'LLOW, a Iovmi in Somersetshire, 5 miles S. of Bath.
Market on Thursday
WELLS, a sea port town in Norfolk, sealed in the north-
ern part of ihe county, ll has a large church, and a qua-
ker's nieeling. This town has a considerable corn tiade.
It is 118 miles N. N. E. of London. Market on Saturday.
WELI>*<, a city of Simiersel-hire, sealed at the fool of a
hill, and has its name from the wel's and springs about it ;
and though it is but a sui.dl city, it is »'ell inhabited, and is a
bishop's see, |os.-llicr with Bath. The pubic and |)ri\ate
buildings are ver\ good; ami the cathedral in particular a
stalelv pde, whose Iroiitispieie at the W. end is ailorned
will) images and carving. The bishop's pala-je is like a
castle, being Mirrounded with walls and a mole; the Louses
ofllie prebendaries a e handsome, and the inarkel hou-)e is
a fine structure, suppmled by pillars. This city sends two
members to parliauieiit, and is governed by a iiiaNorand
other officers. It is IJO miles W. of London. Mar .et on
Wednesdav and '»alurdav.
WE'LLSPRIN(i, .s. [wcellgespi-ig. Sax.] a fountain ; a
spriiii:.
W ELT. s. a border, guard, or edging.
To W E LTER, «-. H. [weheren. Belt'.] to roil in wale'-, mite,
blood, or any iiith; lo nailuu.
801
WES
WHE
WEM, /. fSax.]a spot ; a blemish ; a scar.
WKM.a Io«u in Shropshir*-, seated on tiie livei RndHen,
near its simrce. It is a small place, l>ut tlie market is lari;e
fi)r caille and provisions. It is 9 miles N. otSbrewabury,
»lid 164 N. W. of London.
WI'.N, t. [Sax.] a Uesliy or callous excresceoce growing
oa d flerent pans of the i)ody.
WENCH, /. Iwencle, Sax. J a young woman. A prosti-
tute.
WI'VNCHKR, s. a fornicator; a whoremasfer.
To Wl-'.ND, V. n. [pret. went; wendan. Sax.] to go and
pass to and from. Its pret. wetit is now only in use.
WK'NDOVER, a t<)«n in Bucknifjhamsliire, 7 miles S. K.
cf Aylesbury, and 35 VV. by N. of London. Market on
Thursday.
WEN LOCK, a (own in Shropshire, 12 miles S. E. of
Shrewsbury, and 147 N. W. of London. Market on Mon-
day.
WEOBLY, an antient town in Herefordshire, which had
« pretiv good trade formerly, but it is now principally re-
moved to Keyiilon. It is 8 miles N. W. of Hereford, and
141 W. N. W. of London. Market on Tuesday.
WKUl',, the plural of Was, the preler-imperfect of Be ;
from wceren, plural of teas, the imperfect of itoii, Sax. Like-
wise the imperic'ct sin;!ular and plural of llie optative, po-
tential, and subjunctive moods of (he same verb.
WERTH, WEORTII, or WYIUH, in (he names of
places, signifies farm, court, or village, from weorthig,
!>ax.
WEST, s. [«•«/, Sax. and Belg.] that point of the heavens
where tiie sun s-.-ts «lien in either of (lie equinoxes.
WEST, a. beinif toward, or coming (Von), the region of
the fiettMii; sun when in (lie e<|uino\.
WESTBURY, a pre!(v good town of Wiltshire, 26 miles
"V. VV. of Salisiiury, ai-.d 101 W. of London. It has a market
Friday <'<in:ideiab|p for corn
WE>iTl'"RLY, u. lending or being toward the west.
vVE'STERN, ff. being in the west, or towards the part
*hpre the sun sels.
WES T LOO'E, a corporation in Cornwall, which sends
two members to parliament, and is distant from London 232
miles. See ICast i.ooe.
WE'ST.MINSTKR, a city of Middlesex, the residence of
the monarchs of Gnat Britain, the seat of the parliament,
and of the high courts of justice, and constituting, with
London and Soulhwark, with which it is so united as to
appear onecitv, the metropolis of the British empire. Tuere
is no bishop, but a dean and chapter belonging to the ab-
bey; the former of which is always bishop of Rochester.
They have the a|vpointment of the high sherift' and high
bailiff, and, \\\\\\ the liberty, send two members to parlia-
ment. See London.
WE'STMORELAND, an En-lish county, 40 miles in
length, and «1 in breadth ; bounded on ihe N. W. by Cum-
berland; on the W. and S. by Lancashire ; and on tlic E.
by Yorkshire. It contains 2(j parishes, eight market towns,
and sends 4 members to parliament. The air is very sharp
•lid cold ; but healthy to those whose c(mstilutions are able
to bear it. I( is a mountainous country, two of whose ridges
cross (he county, and run towards the sea totheS. W. where
a bay of i( washes (his coun(y. There are some valleys
fruilful in corn and pas(u>'es; and (he hills serve to feed a
preat number of sheep. The principal rivers are (he Eden,
tlie Ken, the Loan, the Eamon, (he Tees, Ihe Lowtlier, the
Huima, the Winstar, the Lavennet beck, and the Blinkern-
b«cli. There are also four noted meers or lakes called
XJIIe»-water, Broadwater, Horns water, and Winander-
■leer. The principal town is Appleby, hut Kendal is the
Jioif crnsiderahle for size, trade, and population.
WLSTPH A'LIA, one of (he circlesof Germany ; bounded
•n the E. by the circle of Lower Saxony ; on (he S. by Ihe
Es«e, We»(erwald,and (he Rhine ; on (he W. by Ihe United
l^rovinces ; and on the N. by the German Sea. Tli« air is
^id ; but the toil produces pastures and some corn, ttiougb
mn
there arc a great many marshes. The horses are large, and
the hogs in high esteem, especially (he hams, known by \\'.t
name of VVey|.|i;i|ia hams. The print ipal rivers are (lie
Weser, the Embs, (he Lippe, and (he Rouer. It contain*
several sovereignties, but has no capital. Muiister is (he
most considerable town. This country gives name (oa isew-
ly erected kingdom in Germany, under (he government of
Jerome Biionai>arte, agreeable to the treaty of Tilsit.
VVE'.STRAM. or WESTERHAM, a (own of Ken(, seated
on (he river Darent, which rises from 9 springs near th.'s
town. It is 14 miles N. W. of Tunbriilge, and 22 S. S. h.
of London. Market on Wednesday.
WE'STWARD, <w/. fttiwiiirard, Sax. I toward the west
VVET, a. [woet, Sax.J moist ; rainy ; huuiid : having som*
moisture adhering.
WET, «. water; moisture; rain; humidity.
To \\ ET, V. a. lo make moist ; to plunge or soak in anj
liquor; to drench with drink.
WETHER, f. |iuerf«-, Sax. and Belg.] a castrated ram.
WETHERBY, or VVeatherby, a town in (he VV. Rid-
ing of Yorkshire, sealed oil ijie river Wharf, 14 miles
W. of York, and 192 N. by U. of London. Market on
Thursday.
WETNESS, *. the state of being wet ; moisture :
humidity.
To W l''.X, tj. a. [properly wax J to grow ; to increase.
WF.'XFORL), a ciuuity of Muuster, in Ireland, liavin<;
Wicklow on the N. Ihe Ocean <ui the E. and S. and W.iter-
ford on the W. It is about 38 miles long, and 24 broad.
Wevford is a fruitful county, contains 8 boroughs, and sends
8 members to parliament.
WEXFORD, the capital of the above county, is a sea-
port town, and a place of considerable trade. I'he inhabi-
tants are alKuil DCtuu. It is 63 miles S. of Dublin. Lat. 52.
18. N.lon.6. 3. W.
WE'YMOliTH. See Melco.mbe Regis.
WE'ZAND, or WE'ASAND, s. the wind pipe.
WII.ALK, t. \hwale. Sax.] in zoology, a Iribe of large sea
animals of which there are several species. The common
whale has no teelh, but in their place arecerlain black horny
Haky substances which are called whale bone and used for
various purposes. The whale sometimes grows to the length of
lUO feet. It is valued chiefly for the oil which is (iroduced
by its blubber or fat, (hiuigh (he tlesh is eaten by several
savage nations. I( brings forth its young alive and suckle*
them like a lanil animal.
WHARF, i. [wk'irf. Sued, werf, Belg.j a bank from
which vessels are laden or unladen.
WHA'RFACiE, t. money paid for landing or shippinj;
goods at a wiiarf.
WHA'RFINGER, s. the owner of a wharf; one employed
in shipping and landing goods.
WHAT, pron. I /ittflpr. Sax. «.■"(, Belg.] that which; which
part; which of seveial. Used to introduce a question, it
asks (he nature of a thing. What time, at the (ime when.
Wlint day, on (he day when. It is used adverbially for part-
ly, wilh a degree of emphasis; as, "The year bet'ore he
had so used the matter, (hat what by force, what by polii y. be
had taken from (he Christians ('iir(v .small castles." KnoUt4.
WHA TE'VER, or WHATSOEVER, pron. being one or
another, either generically, specifically, or numerically; aU
that : (he whole (h-tt.
WHEAT, {wheel) i. [Itweate, Sax.] the grain of wbick
bread is generally made.
WHE'ATEAR,(tt7i«/Mr)«. a small bird, very delicate.
WH''/ATEN, (wheeteri) a. made of wheat.
Tu WHEEDLE, v. a. to entice by soft words ; to flattert
to persuade by kind words.
WHEEL, /. |/mW, Sax. witl, Belg.j a circular body that
turns round upon an axis ; a circular body ; a carriage with
wheels ; an instrument ot spinning ; an instrument on w hick
criminals are tortured ; rotation ; revolution ; cooipas*
about.
To WHEEL, V, n. to moTe oa wheels, or turo on a ceolff t
WHI
Will
« tuni ; to revolve; to fetch ucoinpiisi. Aclivply, to put
Int.) a (in iiliir toiirsp.
WIlKKLBAKKOW'.i.aciirria^.'iliiviii forward by two
baiiill<-.->, iiikI iKtvini; Itiit <i single wlit'el.
'W\i\\.Ki.\\{U(.ili'\\ {whrehilj s. one wlio iir.iKos vvliecls.
ToWHKI'.ZK, V. ii.[/iKe<i.uiu. Sax.) lo I>iimI|ic «i1|i noise.
To VVHKI.M, V. a. [awlii/J'crn. >iix. ui/mn, l>.l,J lo cover
willi sonifllmif; "liiili cuinii.t lie ItitoHii oil'; lo limy ; to
tbiow upon soiiietlnii;4 ;>o Ub lo cover or IniiN II ; lu turn liie
open sifle of a vessel <lo«n»iiril>.
WIII'.LP, s. [«e//), lielj;.] llie >oun^' ofH (loy:, or l)ea»t of
prf \ ; a i>u|)\)V. A son or yi'Unt; iniin, in conteinpl.
To WHI'.LI', V. H. lo ljri:ig forlli joung ; applit^d gene,
rallv lo lieasts of piey.
WHEN, ad. [u/ian, Ciolh ] at the lime; at «liat particular
time: alter the Unie thai. U»i.(l inlerioi^alivcl;, at »liat
time ? W/mi as, signifies at the inne «hen.
WHRNCE, ad. [formed from WhIiRK, inthe s;iiiie man-
ner as lienre from /iere\ frttin what plate, person, or cause ;
froniv\hich premises; from u hat source. Sometimes /rom
is Used with it, linl verv im|>roperlv.
WllKNlVVEll.or WHENSOK VKIl,arf. at whatsoever
time.
WHERI'I, ad. [Iiwitr, Sax. warr, Bel-i.] at which or what
place : at the place in which. Any where, at any place.
WHKKEA'S, urf. when on the contrary ; but on the coii-
trarv : notwithstatidini;.
WflRKKBY', nrf. I.y ^^hich.
WnR'KEFOKK, «(/. for which reastm. For what reason.
WHERI VER, ad. at whatsoever place.
"WHKRI'XVE,™^/. of which.
WHEKESOIVVER, ad. in what place soever.
WHEHEIPO N, ad. upon which.
To WHE'HRJ'^IT, D. a. lorrupted Srom ferret ; to hurry;
to troidde or teaze. A low word.
W HE'ltK Y, i. a lifjht small boat used on rivers.
WHEUWKL, or Wharwell, a village in Hampshire,
3 miles K. of Andover.
To WHE'I', V. a. {wtttan. Sax. wetten, Belg.] to sharpen
any instrument by rubbing it on a hone, iVc. To give an
edse, or make angry.
Whet, a. the act of giving an edge ; any thing that pro-
motes apnelileor hunger.
WHETHER, ad. \hwctthtr. Sax.] used in a disjunctive
proposition or question, to set one part of the sentence in
opposition to the other, and to athrm or deny, even lliough
the other part do not hold good.
WH K'TH I'.R, mon. w hicli of the two.
WHE'I'STONE, J. a stone on which anything is sharp-
ened li\ rubbing.
WHE'TTEK, ». one who whets or sharpens.
WHEY, 1. \we>i, Belg. /iwrrs^. Sax.] the thin serous part of
milk, separated from the curds. It is frequently used of any
thini; while or thin.
WHICH, pron. \hwl/c, Sax.] a word used in narratives to
express things named before, in order to avoid tlie repetition
of'the same things ; formerly applied lo persons likewise, as
way be seen by the tirst sentence in the Lord's Prayer in
English, " Our Father winch art in Heaven," but at present
diaused in that sense. This word if likewise used as a de-
monstrative and interrogative. "Take which you will. —
Which is the mant" It sometimes has vihote in the genitive
ease.
WHIFF. I. [chwyth, Brit.] a blast, or puff of wind.
To WHITFLE, v. n. to move as if driven to and fro by
the wind ; lo play on the fife.
WHITFLER, I. one that blows strongl^lf ; one that plays
on the fife; a meretrifler; a pitiful, mean, sorry fellow;" a
young freeman who attends the companies of Ix)ndon on the
Ix)Td-inayor's day.
WHIG,*. [Auw, Sax.] whey. A party formerly oppo-
site to the court. Burnet takes the true original of this word
to be owinc to.the Wiggamorti, or carriers, ia Scotland,
who were cont'actediv calh d wiggt, leceiving their nara
honi whigfrnii, a word ihev used in ill iving llieir noises.
WHr(;Gl.SiM,i. the tenets and |iracticeol the Whiijv ]
WHILE, ». [fiiriiie.ly wrillen quhile, from ra;«V/, (lO.it.'j
time ; a sji^ue of time.
WHILE, WHILKS, or WHILST, arf.(//u>(7e. Sax.] dur.Bn
the time thai ; as Ion;; as; at the Mime time that.
WHILOM, ad. [/luilom. once on a lime. Sax. J some lime
ago; formerly; once; of old. (Uisolele.
WHLVl, J. a freak, caprice, or odd fancy ; a conceit.
To WHIMPER, ('. n. [wim7ntren, Teul.] to cry without
making am lou'l noise.
WHIMSICAL, (uhimzihul) a. capricious ; oddly fanciful;
fantastical ; freakish.
WIII'MSY, iuliinny) s. an odd fancy or caprice.
WHIN, i.[vliuyn, Brit.] a Hcli-kiiowii shrub, called gorse,
or furze.
To WHINE, V. n. f«ia;(!«ji, Sax. weenen, Bel«. cwyno, Brit.j
to lament in a low voice ; to coinplain atlccttdlj ; to ur^'T
out anv .sound ; to make a |i|aiiilive noise.
WHINE, s. a plaintive noise ; mean orafl'ected complaint.
To WHINNY, V. >i. to make a noise like a horse or colt.
WIII'NV \RD, i.a sword, in conleiiipt.
To WHIP, V. a. [hweopan, Sa\. vhijtpen, Belf;.] to strife*
with any thing tough and flexible ; to sew slightly ; to lasb
willi sarcasm; totlrive or correct with lashes; t.i take any
thing suddenly or nimbly. Neiiterly, to move nimbly. " Tfc»
one whi)i.< up a tree." L' Estrange.
WH I P, s. [hweofi, Sax.] an instrument of correction tou)()i
and pliant.
WHIPCORD, i. a cord of which lashes are made.
WHIPHAND, J. the advantage over another.
WHI'PPEK.i one who ininishes with whipping.
WIU'PSTAFF. t. on shipboard, a piece of wood fattened
to the helm, which the steersman holds in his hand to mov«
the helm and turn the ship.
WHI PS I ER, s. a nimble fellow. A prating insignificant
fellow : an upstart ; a sharper.
To WHIRL, V. a. [hwijrfaii. Sax.] to turn round rapidi/.
Nciiteilv, to run round swiltly.
WHIRL, X. a quick and violent circular rnolion ; gyratioa;
quick rotalion : an\ thing moved with rapid rotation.
WHI'RLKilG, s. a lov which children spin round.
WHIRI.PIT. or WHI'RLPOOL, s. [hwyrfyole, .Sax.lt
place in the water where it moves circularfv, and draws
every thing that comes near it into its centre ; a vortex.
VVHIRLWIND, s.astormy wind moving circularly.
WHISK, i. [from ttiWieH, to wipe, Teut.] a small haad-
besom or brush.
To WHISK, »'. a. \u'ischen, to wipe, Teut.] to clean with
a whisk ; to move nimbly.
WHISKER, s. the haiigrowing on the upper lip so lou^
as to be curled ; the muslachio.
WHISKING, n. gnat ; swinging. " .\ whisking lie."
WHl'SKY,*. a term sitrnifving «'a/#r, and applied in thf
highlands and islands of Scotland, and in Ireland, to strong;
water or distilled liquor. The spirit drank in the North ig
drawn from barley. Also a kind of one Uorse chaise.
To WHISPER, ». n. [whisperen, Belg.] to speak so low
to a person as not to be heard by another. Actively, t»
speak to in a low voice ; to susurrate ; to prompt secretly.
WHI'SPER, s. a low soft voice ; susurration.
WHIST, a. interject, and rerb. When used as a verb, k
implies, are silent ; " The wild waves whist.' Shahs. When
used as an adjective, still, or silent; "The winds with
wonder twAij/,— smoothly the waters kiss'd." Milton. Used
as an interjection, be still or attentive.
WHIST, s. a game at cards, so called, from its requiring
silence and deep attention.
To WHISTLE, V. n. [hvistUm, Sax.] to form a kind o'
musical sound by contracting the lips together, so as to leave
a small round aperture between them ; to make a sound wil>i
a small wind instrument,; to sound shrilL Actively, to m
by a whistle.
WHI
WHY
"WHI'STLE, ». [hvittie. Sax.J sound made by the tnodula-
lioii of tlie mouth. A small wind iiistrunirnt. A sound made
<)y a small wind instrument. The iiioulh. A call, such-sis
»portsnien use to their do;;s. The noise ofwinds.
WUrSTLKK, s. one who whistles.
WHIT, s. [wild, a thing, Sax.] a point, or jot ; the least
perceplihle qiianlilv ; a tittle.
yVHlTBY, a wefl-built town in the N. Riding of York-
«hire, comiiiiidiously sealed near the month of the river Ksk,
46 miles N. iv by I'), of York, and 2J2 N. of London. It
is a considerable sea-port, building many ships for the coal-
^rade. On December 24, 1*87, at niidniKht, by the shrink-
ing of pari of the clil}, near the sea, an esplanade, 300
yards long, and 80 in breadlli, on which a regular street had
been buiit, since the \ear 1761, was overturned and over-
wlielmed. Market on Saturdav.
WlllTCllL'RCH, a town of Hampshire, consisting prm-
«;ipally of one slieet, lately much enlar;;ed and beaulihed,
and contains about 3U0 houses. Jiere is an exclusive ma-
nufacture of paper, for the sole use of the bank of iMuland,
long vested in the lauidy of Porlliall. The siliialion is low.
It is 24 miles N. E. of Salisbury, ar.d 36 W. by S. ot Lon-
don. Market on Friday.
WHI'ICHUKCH, a large and populous town ofShrop.
shire, 20 m.les N. oi' Shrewsbury, and 161 N. W. ol Lon-
«lon. Market on Friday.
WlllTlv a. \lnvit, Sax. ttiV, Belg.] having such an appear-
ance as is toriueil fr^nu a mixture ot coloured ravs of light ;
•nowy ; palf, liavirg the colour of le;ir ; pure or unspoiled ;
•Hiioceijl. Gray »illi age. .Subslanlively, any thing «liile.
The albiigineous part of an egg. The white pari of the
To WHITE, or WHITEN, ». a. to make while, or like
snovv in colour.
WHITKHAVEX, a large, populous, rich, and improv-
ing I'i'Aii of Cuiiilii-rlaud, wiiha good artificial harlHuir,
defended by a long pier.conUiiniiigaboiit Ki.OOO iiili;ibiiaiits,
and eniploN iug alio\e SOO ships. T he working of the coal
wines iiirms llie |iriuci|ial businessof ihe place These are
sniik to the iiei'lh of 1^0 talhoms. and carried to a vast
-*iislance under the sea, uliere vessels of large burden ride
*X anchor. By lliete a great part of Ireland, and olher
places, arc tiip|dicd with coal, tiom «hich the propiielur,
lord Lonsdale, derive-! a revenue ot kIiouI ICOOOjC. a Near.
4t is '3 miles S. W. (d" Cockernioulb, and 296 N. VV. of
I.*nd(in. Market on Tuesday.
WIII'TELEAD, .?. a kind of powder, made hy taking
sheet lead, and culling it iiilo long ami iiarrov\ >lips, « Inch
are made up iiilo rcilU, but so that a small distance may re-
inaiii belwcen every spiral revolution. These rolls are put
into earlhen pols, so ordered llial ihe lead may not sink
4lowiialiove half wav, or some small luatler moie, in them :
lliese pols |ja>e > acli ol lliem very kirarp viiicijiir in liic bot-
lom, so lull as almost lo Kuidi the lead. When llie vinegar
•lid lead have bolh been put inlollie pot, il is covered up
<;lo^.e, and so lell for a cerlain lime; in which space llie
corrosive fiiiiies of the viiirgar »iil reduce llic surlacc of Ihe
Jeaii iiilo a mere v\|iile <alx, which lliev sepaale b\ kno( k-
ttl( il w 111 a hammer There are two sons of this sold at
tJu' coliuir shops; ilie one called ceruse, which is the most
pure part, and ill- olher is called while lead.
Willi ELK-\THER, t. a lough sort of leather dressed
litilh ahiin.
WnrrKMEAT, s. food made of milk.
Will I'I'.M'.SS, J. purity ; ileanness; paleness.
WIliTl'.i'UF, s a kin.roffood.
WIllI'l'.S, s. a disea-e arising from a laxness of Ihe
glaudsoflhe uterus, and acold piliiiloiis blood.
WIHTE'l'HOiiN, M. a very coiuiuoii species of haw-
tii rii.
WII'"! r.WASH, *. a wash to make the skin seem fair.
A kiii'l of I 'pii/l piaster with which uallsare »liiteiied.
Ill WHITEWASH, V. «. to wash walls while with a kind
of pUi.iter made of lime.
tlU4
WHITEWINE. s, a sort of wine produced frora Xm
white grapes.
WHi'THER, arf. \hwyder, Sax.] used interrogatively, to
what place? Used relatively, to which place; to what
place, absolutely. To uhat degree ?
WHITING, *.a smalll sea tish. A soft chalk.
WHITISH, a. someihing white.
WHITLOW, {wliiilo) s. [from hwit, Sax. and loup, Isi.
a wolf, Skinner.j a swelling with a while head, arising either
between the X\<o skins, or the periosteum and the bone,
Ihe first is called mild, and the last malignant.
WHITLOW GR.AS'-, f. in botany, the draba of Linnaaiis.
There art 3 British species; the early, speedwell leaved, and
wrealheii-pudded. The hrst species is one of the eailiest
tloHering plants we have nalive in Britain. The rue-leaved
sengreen goes also In the i.ameof v\hillowgrass.
WHI'I STi',R..s a whileiier or blanclier 1 t liuen.
WHITSUN'llDK, *. \tihite i)m\ Sunday] so called, be-
cause the converts newly baplized appeaiTd from Easier lo
Whilsuiilide in while. The feasi ot I'entecosl.
WHITILISEA. See UiTLtSEA.
VVHlTi LE, s. ,/iui/tel, Sax.j a knite ; a white dress for
a wdiiiaii. Not us<(l m the last sense.
To WHIZ, V. II. [from the sound] lo make a noise like hot
iron pill iulo water, or a ball Hying in the air.
WHO, {/luu) pnn \liua. Sax. uic Belg.] a word used to
imply relaliuii, siibjiituled in llie nxun ot a proper name,
and alwa\s applied I o persons, lii llie oblique cases, if
makes uliom ; b.it xilwse isolten used in llie genitive of ihij
word, as well as of uld h. Il is generally used in asking
a question, is the same in holh numbers, and when used in
the ol)li(|ue cases it is pLiCcd belore a veil). " He is the
wnnulwm I suw."' "From tvhum lliis {\\ji\\\ holds the due
of biilli.' aiiali. " He was ihe man lo u/iom I gave it."
In qui slions, it is set sometimes before the proposilion by
winch it isgoverned. " MViomdid you go vitfi !'
WliOl') V Kit, (h(iveier) prun. any one, without limitation.
WHOLE, a. \/itel, Bel^.] all; coutaiiinig every one j
un I II ill led or unini paired ; free of any wmind or disease.
WHOLE., .s. all ihe pai Is ol w hich a thing is composed ;
the loUilily ; a regular cotnbinalion.
W IIO'LFISALE, s. a sale in large quantities, or in tb*
lump Ailjeclivi Iv, bu\ iug or selling in thcluiuii.
WHO'LliSO.M E, ". l/iecUom, Belg. /le^/ivrw, Teul.] sound.
Oilliodox, or agreeable lo sciipture, applied to (loctrine.
Ciuilnluiling to or preserving health ; salutary; conducive
lo happiness.
WHO'LESOMENESS, *. qualily of conducing to health;
sahibiilv ; coiiducneiiess lo good.
WIUVLLV,"'/. e:iliiel.\ ; ciniplelely.
WHOM, {hiiiiiu) ibe oblique case of who, both in tht
singular and pliiial iiiniibers.
WIlOOl', .V. See Hoop.
WIK)ltF., {hbie)s. hi.r. Sax. hoere, Belg.] a woman wh©
graiils iincliasle favours lo nten ; a stiumpet; ahailot; a
prosliliite ; an adlilleress.
To WHOIll'., {Imic)v. n. to converse iinchastely with the
olliri sex.
WHOREDOM, (/lorednm) s. the act of conversing un-
chaslelv w ilh Ihe i- iIht s>x.
WHOREMASTER, or WIIO'REMONG I'R v. one who
keeps wlii>re«, or coiiversis unlawfully with a fc:nicatress.
WIIORISH, n. niichasle; iiuontineiii.
W IIOItLS, .5. in bolanv, apphed ti) llie branches, leaves,
or tioHcrs, of Irees or pl.iiils, when lliev grow round their
respective sleiiis, as the brain lies of llie fir, the leaves of
the l.idie-' bed>lr,'w, and ihe llowersof ihe deadiiellle.
WIIO'R riJ'., *' a^hriib, the saiiu'wilh llir bilheriy bush.
WHO-SI'",, (/loori'^lhe genitive of Who oi Which.'
WHO'SO, <u- WHOSOE'\ER, (/wi.so, or hooiwver) pron,
an>, wiihoiil rcstiiclion.
Will UT, s. a wliorileberry ; a bilberry.
WHY, ad (/«i, Sax] for what iiasoii} nserl inlerr-ipB
lively. Tui wliah rcasoa, or whul reusun.-usiil lelcttiveij'
Wl D
W 1 L
't is some tiiuM used eniiilmlically. " Whence is lllis ? tf/iy
from lliiit cssciilial siiitiiMciiess wliicli old-dit-ncp hits lo ilie
reh'linti wliicli is between a riilioiiai ciealiiro and liis Cie-
»t»)r.' Suulh.
VVI, ill tlip composilimis of names, si;^i)i(ies liuly ; thus,
viliert si^'iiilips (Hii- fniiiinit Cor lioluit'iis, tioiii u>i, lioly, and
ktiii/il. illiisliiniis or splriidid, (iolli.
Wl RUIi(i one ot llip 41 ^'ovcrnineiits of Russia, boin;;
the province lakd\ calli'd llnsslan I'lnlaiid, wliich was coiii-
[irised in (,'arelia. Itfoiiiierlv belonged to llie SvM'des, and
was ci'ded to the Russians, partly m llie peace of Nysladt,
in 17'2I, and partly by llie treaty of Alio, in I'll. Tins
[irovnice ri-laiiK most of its anlieiit privileges, with sonn;
oecasional inoditit-alions, vvliicli have bi'en iiecessai d\ iiilro-
Jmed inider the new {,'overnnierit. Besides pastures, Ihe
eoniilry produces r\e, oats, and barley, but not suHicient
f;>r llie inhalntants.
VVIC, or WICH, in the names of places, signifies either
a villa;;e, caslle, or bay made by the winding banks ol a ri-
ver. from wic, Sa\.
WICK, i. fwroc/!, Sax. Wiethe, IJei^ ] the substance round
whi(di is applied Ihe tallow of a torch or candle.
WICK, a borouili and sea port town ot Scolland, in the
sliire of Cailhness, seated on Ihe German Ocean, 16 miles
5>. of Diini;sby-Mead.
WrCKKD, a. Iivin!> in habitual confrarietv to the laws of
(lod ; given to vice ; flafjilious ; cursed ; baneful ; periii
cioiis ; unjust ; prolliijale.
WI'CKRDLY, ar/. criminally ; corruptly; badly.
WrCKEDNKSS, t. corruption of manners ; guilt ;
moral ill.
WrCKKR, a. ftiotgireti, Bel/.lmade of small twigs.
Wl'CKET, i. [Belg. wiclied, V,nt.] a small door in a gate,
or hole in a door ; a small gate.
WICKHAM-MARKK r, a town of.SnfTolk. whose market
is <lisMsed. It is sealed on the river Deben, 4 miles fiom
Woodbridge, on the road to Yarinoutb, and 82 from
l.oivlon.
WrCKLOW, !) ronnty of Leinster, in Ireland, having
Duhlin on the N. W. Ihe Irish Channel on Ihe E. Wexford
un the S. and Calheilough on Ihe W. It is about 33 miles
long, and 20 broad. It contains 4 boroughs, anil sends ten
iiieiiibers to parliament.
WrCKLOW, the capital of a county of the same name.
Ml Ireland ; stated on l1ie sea side, with a narrow harbour,
«t the irioulh of the river Leitrim. If is remarkable for
having (he best ale in the kingdom, which, with other pro-
visions sent to Dublin, forms Ihe princijuil part of its trade.
About a mileard a half to Ihe S. E. is WicklowHeud, on
«vhivh there are two light-houses. It is 24 miles S. of
Dublin.
•V rCKWA re; a town of Gloucestershire, 17 miles N. E.
of Bristol, and 111 W. of London. Market on Monday.
WIDE, a. [wide. Sax.] broad; having a great space in-
«Uided between the sides. Figuratively, remote, deviating.
Wl DE, ad. at a distance : with great extent.
WrUELY, aU. with great extent each way ; remotely ;
Snr.
To WI'DEN, V. a. to increase extent from the sides ; to
ejttend. Nenterly, to grow wide ; to extend itself.
WI'DEN KSS, *. extension in breadth.
WI'DGEON,*. a water-fowl, not unlike a wild duck, but
■ot so large.
Wi'DOW, (widn) s. \widtca, Sax. weddw, Brit, weduwe,
Belg. 1 a woman whose husband is dead.
To WI'DOW, {xvidd) V. a. to deprive of a husband ; to
•trip of any thing good ; to endow with a widow-right.
WIDOWER, (widder) s. one who has lost his wife.
WIDOWHOOD, (a*(to/ioo(i) s. the state of a widow;
Mtate sc'tled on a widow.
WI'DOVVHUNTER, /. one who courts widows fjr a
jointure.
WI'DOWTAIL, s. a plant, the same with the spurge
oKve ; a kind of mezereou.
WIDTH, I. breadth ; extension from one side t.-)»lie other.
To Wil'ILD, {ivteldj I', a. \ueahlait. Sax.] lo iiiaiiiij^c ex,
use uiilioiil obs' ruction, as being not loo liea.iy.
Wliyi.DV, a. inaniiyeidjie.
Wl I'diy, a. (-ice Wifty I made of wire ; drawn inti'
wire Wi.'l, or ninisl, from wmr, a pool. Sax. ,
WIl'K, .5. plural tejVe» ; \wif, S,i\ tviff", Belg] a wnniaa!
that lias a liiisband ; a married woman.
Wl(i, Used in Ihe end of names, signifies war, or hero,
from I'i^, .Sax.
WUi, *. [coiilracU'd from Pkrriw'Ig] a covering madf
of ban lor llie bead ; a kind of cake, called likewiM' a linii.
WIG A N, a large well liuill I own of Laiicasliii^, i'- illi ma
mdacliiresof collons, ru;^s, blaiikels, Imeii, and witli pil.;o:i!
and iron works. That elei;anl species of coal, calk <l Cnnnti,
is f'lund in plenlv and gr> at perfeclioii in its nei;;lilioiii liuod.
Wigan is pleasantly siliiated on a small stream, ralb-i Doii^.
las, wliii li is made navigable lo llie 'liblde, and is joined by,
a canal from Lancaslcr, .3il miles .S. of Lmuasler, and 107
IS. N. W . <if London. Markets on Monday and Fi iday.
U l(Jirr,(H':0 I'lf <>'. purl of llie coiiiily of Hants, anC,
separated fiom it by a narrow chamud, is about 20 mile*.
Ion,', and 12 broad. It consists of good arable and pastur«.
grounds, hills and vallevs, woods and champaign, and is.
eipial to anv part of I'ingtaiid of the same dimensions, either,
in llie trnilfulness of the soil, or pleasantness of situation.
The cliief town is Newport.
\^■|(iH'!', {ult)s. \ui/it. Sax.] a being, ti person. Obsolete.
W KiHT, in thecomposilion of names, is bormwed frnin
the Saxons, and signifies strong, nimble, or liislv.
WIGHTON, (Wi^n-i) a small town in the E." Ridin? of.
Yorkshire, seated at the spring head of the river Skelller, 16
miles W. bv S. of York, and Iy2 N. by W. of London.
Market on Wednesday.
WI'GTON, a lillle town of Cumberland, .seatoil nmon;,'
the moors, I-.; miles S VV. of Caifisle, and 304 N. M. W. of
London. Market on Tuesday.
Wl'GTOWN, a b<irougli and sea port town of Scotland,
in the sliiie of Galawav ; seat^-d at the moulh of ihe rive:
Cree, 95 miles S. W. of iMlitiburgh, on a bay of the Irii'i
channel, with a good harbour. The shire of Wigtown senifs
one member lo parliament.
WILD, a. [wild, .Sax. and Belg.] not tame : furious or
fierce ; savage, uncivilized ; licentious. Propagated by ii.i-
liire, opposed locullivated. Desert, opposed to inhabited.
Without art or elegance. Merely imaginary. UngoverK-
able. Turbulent. Inconstant. Strangely ; uncouth.
WILD, s. a desert, or tract not cultivated or inhabitciF.
To Wl'LDER, V. a. to lose or puzzle in a pathless or lu.
trirate place.
Wl'LDEKNESS, s. a desert, or place uninhabited, or uu
cultivated. Milton uses this word for wildnest. " The
paths and bow'rs — our joint hands will keep from witdn-
ness." Par. Lost. In scripture, it is applied lo any liac t
but thinly inhabited. In gardening, a grove of tretj *•'
shrnbs pl.Tnted in walks, meadows, labyrijiths, &c.
WrLDP'lIlK, i. a composition of inflammable mat^iiab,
easv to take fire, but hard to be extinguished.
WI'LDCJOOSE-CHASK, s. a fruitless pursuit.
WILDING, s. a wild sour apple.
WILDLY, orf. without cultivation ; with disorder ; Lwii-
lesslv ; capriciously ; irregularly ; without judgment.
WI'LDNESS, s. the stale of a desert and uncultivated
place ; rudeness ; fierceness or discomposure, applied to
the looks of a person ; levity of behaviour ; irregt^larity ;
inordinate vivacity : alienation of mind.
WILE,*, [wile, Sax. u)iel, Isl.ja deceit, stratagem, cua>
ning or siv trick ; a fraud ; artful practice.
WI'LFUL, a. [from wilt and J'idl] stubborn ; contuina-
cious ; perverse; inflexible; not hearkening to reason c:
persuasion ; done or sufl'ered by design. " Who for tti
wilful crime are banished hence." Milton.
WILFULLY, fld.obstioalely ; stubbornly.
WIL
WILFULNESS, i. gttibborness ; contumacy ; perverse-
ness : obstinacy.
AVrilLY.od." by stratagem ; fraudulently.
AVf'LlNESS, *. cunniuK ; nuilc.
WILL, t. [tcilU, S;ix ] that active power which the
mitxl has to orih-r thecori>iideralion ofanv idea, or inrhear-
inslo consider ii, delenniiiiiis it to <lo or forbear any action,
or prefer one before another; choice; coiiiiiiand; inclina-
tion ; desire; deleriniiialion ; discretion ; disposition. An
instrument bv which a person disposes of his property
after death. "Coinponnded with good, it siijnities favour,
kindness, or right intention ; but compounded with ill,
malice.
yfWjjuitk attisp, or JACK with a Iniithoi-n, a hery me-
teor, or exhalation, or a round figure, in liisjness like the
liame of a candle; sometiines Itio.ider, and like a bundle ot
twi(4S set on tire. They ^'cnerally appear in summer, and
Et the beuinnins of aniumii.
To WILL, t). a. [will'.in, Sax.l to bend our soids to llie
bavine; or doin^ what appears to be ijood ; to coniuTand in
sj pnsi'ive maimer; lodirect; toorder. It iscommoiilv used
as an auxiliary verb to express the future tense, and is dis-
tinxiiishecl from shall, which ijenerally implies acfuiimiind in
the seconil or third persons, hot lo/// only foretels or liiiils
that something is about to happen which depends on a per-
son's free clioice. Auaiii, shall m the tirst person simply
expresses a future action or event, but w>ll promises or
tlirentens.
Wl'LLL aii.1 VILLL in the composition ot names, s'sni-
fies in:iiiv,aiid is borrowed from llie Sjxoiis. Thus, Williel-
mts, Wilham, from u'lW, many, and whelm, a helmet, or de-
feme forlhe head, si^nitiesa protector,<ir defenderof many.
Wl'LLIAM I. (siirnaiiied the Bastard, or tiie Conqueror)
ivas the seventh duke of Nonnandv from Rollo the first duke,
who made ai attempt noon En-jland in the rei;;n of kin^'
Alfred. Ills father duke Robert, brother to duke Richard
the third, was never married ; but being charmed with the
Kiacefiil mien of a \ouni; woman, named Arlolta, (whence
It is said c.ime the word harlot) a skinner's daughter, as he
saw her daiicinii with other countrv girls, he took her for
bis mistress, and by her had this William. Duke R(d)ert,
about seven years after, taUiuf il ill his head lofjooii a pil-
grimaire to Jerusalem, before his departure caused the states
of Nonnandv to acUnowled;;e his vonn;,' son for his sncces-
»or ; and, dvini; in his jcMiriiev, William accordingly suc-
ceeded him in 1035, beini; then about nine years of a^'e.
He met wiih a ^reat deal of tionhle during his minority,
from several pretenders to the dukedimi, as well as from
the king of Fra ce, wlio wauled to tret it into his own hands;
bid bv his vigour and conduct, and the viisdom of those in
the administration. Iw got tin' lietler (d'all his enemies, and
estalili-.hed hiul^eU'firmK in ihe po-isession of his sovereign
aii'lioritv. And, in all prohaliililv, he iiiighl have passed
the rest i>f his da\ sin peace, if his amhilion ha<i not put him
upon making new acquisitions. His having an eye to the
crown of F,n:4land, it is verv likeU , was what brouid't him
over hither to make a visit to kin;; Ldward, Ins cousin, who
had no children, and who then, it is generally thought, pro-
mised him to make a will in his fa\our. However, from
this time h" began to look upon himself as having a cl-.iim,
inch as it was, to be Ldward's successor; and seemed le-
S(dved, if all other m'lhods failed, loaccomolish his design
bv force of arms. How he did this, sj e the life of Ha KOI, n,
and his success in the uiemoral>le haltle of Ha^tings, hy
which he in a manner did his liusiness at once. The tirst
thing lie did after the baltle of Hastings, was to lav seige to
Dover, in order to secure his retreat in case of iiccessitv,
and to have a ])lace triuu whence he mii;ht easily send for
supplies from Normandv. Tin- conslernaliou it was in, made
it <oon surrender ; which havnig oidered to beiiiore sliongly
forlitied, anil s|)eiit siuiie ilavs there to forward the work,
he marclied with his victorious army for London. In the
moan lime, the city of London was intlieulino«l confusion,
toiue belli); fur ouc tbinj{, and some for aiioliirr ; uur could
KM
WIL
they by any means a^ree in their opinions. Among nthjr
projects, some were for placing Eugar Athelji g on the
throne, and the earls l'".dwin and Morcar. who had rcti ed
to London after the hattle of Hastings, were at the head of
this party. But all they could do, was to pie>ail on rlie
citizens io shut their gates against Wi.l am, till lliey could
fix on some resoliilioii. The duke b\ this lime wa< lonie to
.'>outhwark,and there encamped, and lay some ilays, expect-
ing the voluntary submission of London ; hut, on the cofi-
Irary, Edwin and Morcar, took this oppoi tiinilv to stir up
the citizens to iii.tke a salK upon the Normans ; wh cTi they
did, but it was easily repulsed, 'i'his made the duke sinsl-
ble, it was necessary to take more rigorous methods ; and, as
a siege, which niighl lia\e lasted a great while, would have
been very inconvcnieir in his present circumstances he re-
solved to lav hold (d' the consternation Ihe city was then in-
to sulidue tlieni In terror rather than by lorce. 'I'o this end
he posteil himself at Walliiigford; and sent out iletathmi ntl
to plunder the countrv near London, to frighten the citi-
zens, and tociit them oti from piovisions : and, at the same
timt, burnt Southwark to the ground. '1 he two carls above-
mentioned still laboured hard for Edgar, and the im.joiiiy of
the people weie on their siile ; but their iiieasi,rcs were
broken by the cleigv then in Londiui, and the two archbi-
shops at their head who were for submitting to the <luke,
and liarl formed a strong partv among the citizens for that
purpose ; so that Eriwin and Morcar, timliiig lliex could iiol
prevail, relirryl into Ihe North; and immcdialety after, the
twi> archbishops, with the bishop of Winchester, and Edgar
himself, went over lollie duke, who was ill. n at Berkham-
stcad ; and llieir example '.^as si.(ui followed by a great
many persons ol'dislinction. i5ut the L(Uidoiiers being still
unresolved, llieduke drew nearer the cil\, as if wilh a de-
sign to be^iege it ; uiion which the magisliales, despairing
of being able to defend it in the midst id' the present confu-
sion, went out and met him, and ptesented him with the
keys of the gales. And then, after holding a consultation
wilh the prelates aiiH nobles, who had helm e so bin ill id, they
v\ailed on him in a hod\, and made him an oHer of the
crown. .After an aft'ecled hesitation, he accepted the crown
as their gift. William was crowned at Lomhn <m Christ-
mas-dav, having hist caused a fort to be built, v liicli he gar-
risoned will) Normans, because he si ill siispet led I he citizens.
He then solemnly swore. " To protect Ihe church and its nii-
" nisleis, to govern the nation with eq.itv, to enad just
" laws, and cause them to be duly obsened, and to fo bid
" all rapines and unjust judgments." What was most sur-
prising, ani( ^aved William niiich trouble, which in all ap-
pearance he had still logo through, was, that assoor. as il was
known that he had been crowned al London, he was inline-
diateb , w ilhoiit aii\ oppositi-^n.acluiow ledged king Ibrimgh-
oul the whole inlion. 'William, a few da\s after his coro-
nation, returned from London to Barking, where iiihliiludes
came and subiiiitted to him, and among the rest Edwin and
Morcar. He received them in the most (a\ourable manner,
a>sured them of his protection, and in tiieir |)reMiice gave
prince Edgar large possessions, who was so beloved b\ the
Fngl'>h, that he was generally called Engl I's Darling.
Soon after he laid the foundation of a church and monastery
in the place where Harold was slain, anil oideied lliat llie
monastery, w hen hnished, should be called Bailie Abbey. Ill
Ihe beginning of his government, he iiseil great modcraliori
towards Ihe English, and expressed a lender ngaril for
them ; and Ihe thre» first monlhsofhis reigii passed o their
great silisfaclion. But this shoit time of Iranquillilv and
imiliial coidideiice was followed by jealousy, mistrust, and
severity on the king's side, and frequent revolts and commo-
lions oil the people's ; in which, whether Ihe king was most
to blame or the people, cannot easily be <li terniineil.by rea-
son of the partialitv of writers on each side, according a»
Ihev stood affected. This, however, is certain, that ihe
English were ill treated by this king, thai he shewed gre»t
parliality to the Normans, and r-iled the natives wilh a dei»-
polic sway, exercising manv acts of severity upon iiu'iii,iuii
WIL
treating tliom, fo all intents and purposes, as a conquerod
people. I is certain also, lliiit there were many revolts,
anil attempts to shake otl the Ndiniaii yoke ; hut they all
proved inetlcctiial, and served only lor a handle to yet
t'reater aels ol" severity. The i)e!,'inninj; of the \ear 10(;7
I ins William, without any other vl^ihle reason than lo dis-
play his new srandcnr amoii^'liis old suhjeels, went over to
Normandy, taking with liini sncli Kiiglish lor<ls as he most
suspected, to prevent any tiiinif being done to his prejudice
ill liisal)senee : for which reason also he plaetd strong i;ar-
risons of Normans in ; II the taslles. His brolherOilo, hi-
sti.>p of IJayenx, and William 1" itz Oshorn, were entrusted
vitli the government of the ki!if;doni ; and these sticking
at no methods to enrich themselves, exceedingly oppressed
the English. The Kentish men at this time atlern|iled to re-
cover their iiherty, and called to their assistance Eustace,
earl ot lloloign, who, failing in his project of siuprising
Dover castle, retiied to his ships, and left the Kentish men
to the mercy of the rej,^ents. I'.dric Forester, an I'nglisli
lord, also took np arms in Herefordshire, and cruelly treated
all the Nornians th.it fell into his hands. 'I'his hastened the
king's return to England, who, instead of pnnishinij the
regents, approved of their conduct, to the no small discon-
tent and morlilication of the English. In KlGH, he revived
the tax (oruierly called Danegeld, which was levied upon
the poor I'liglish with all imaginable rigour. And now in-
surrections and revolts followed in abundance. The inha-
bitants of Exeter refusing to take the oath to the king, and
to admit a Norman garrison, William was prepariiij; to be-
siege it in form ; and the citizens had no other course to take
but to implore liis mercy. At the earnest entreaties of the
clergy lie pardoned tlit in, how much soever in his own mind
lie was against it; and, to keep them in order for the future,
lie caused a castle to be built in the city, and garrisoned
willl Normans. The king sent commissioners into all parts,
to inquire w ho had sided with Harold, and to confiscate
their estates, lulu in and Morcar, provoked at this treat-
ment of llhe English, revolted, and having raised an army,
inere reinforced by Rlelhwin, king of Wales, with a good
liambcr of troops. J?ut the king marching willi all expedi-
tion against them, with a great superiority of forces, broke
ail their moasiires ; upon which the two earls submitted, and
\vere*pardoned. But this act of seeming clemency to the
leaders in the rebellion lost all its effect, by his severely pu-
nishing oiliers who were less guilty ; nay, he caused several
V ho had no hand in the rev(dt lo be sliut up in prison;
vhicli spread a terror through the nation ; as did also his
l.'Uilding castles in divers places, which, it was easy to per-
ceive, were desigiicrl to overawe the English. 'J'liere
were, indeed, as may well be sui)posed, great animosities
lietween them and the Normans ; the latter behaving to-
vards the i'.nglisli much as the Danes formerly did, and be-
ing countenanced in their insults by the king, whilst the
coinpiainls of the English were not at all regarded. The
conseqnrnce was, that many murders were committed on
Liotli sides, and an edict was publisiied purely in favour of
the N^ormans. )»iorcar and sei^eral other lords, mistrusting
the sincerity of the king's behaviour towards them, retired
into Scotland, and prevailed upon prince Edgar to go along
with theiii, with his mother and sisters. The king of Scot-
land receivetl them with all due respect, and married Mar-
garet, Edgar's eldest sister, from v\hom descended Matildn,
grandmother of king Henry U. in whom the if^.val families
of the Saxons and Normans were united. '1 honjjh king
William was pleased at these lords leaving the kingdom,
where they had so great an influence, yet perceiving hereby
how the English stood aft'ected, he proceeded to greater acts
of severity, resolving bv humbling them to secure himself
from theii- resentment. With this view, it is said, he forbade
them to have any lights in their houses after eight o'clock at
liitdit, ordering a bell to be rung at that hour, which was
called the Cnrfew, Irom romre feu, i. c. cover fire ; at the
Sound of which they <vcre obliged, uudcr severe penalties,
lo put out their iires auU catidlcs. It must be owned, iiuleed,
that this affair of the Curfew is not supported by ar.y com-
petent authority. Hut this is certain, that after the Northum-
berland malecontents had called in the Danes, whose g.pe-
ral, Osboni, the king of Denmark's brother, king William
bidied by large presents to go off, he shewed no mercy
towards the English ; but after having, lor a terror to the
rest, ravaged the whole country between York and Durham,
so as not lo leave a house standing, be removed all the Eng-
lish f'roiii their posts, tookauay their estates, seized upon all
the hefs of the crown, and gave them to the Normans, froiu
whom are descended many of the great families at this day
in England. The clergy expected great things from the
king, and therefore were the most forward to submit- to him,
aflerthe battle ofHaslings: but they were disappointed ; for
W'llham now put the church lands upon the same footing
with the rest, obliging them to furnish a certain number of
men ior his wars, though by the charter of the Saxons tlitv
were exempted from all military service. He (piarteieii
his troops 111)011 the monasteries, and obliged the monks to
supply them with necessaries. He moreover seized upon
the money and plate in the religious houses, under pretence
that the rebels had concealed their valuable efiecls there;
and deposed several bishops and abbots that he did not like,
putting Normans or other foreigners in their room. In 1071,
a great number of n.ilecontents betook themselves to llie
isle of Ely, strongly fortified it, and chose IJereward, one of
the bravest soldiers in the kingdom, for their leader. ']"hc
king was very much alarmed at tliis proceeding, and marcK
ing in all haste, blocked the rebels np in the isle. Thet
were so well fortified iliat he could not come at them, aiu'I
had so good a store of provisions, that a long time would be
required to starve them out. And so having continued the
siege, or blockade, for a great while to no purpose, he be-
thought himself of an expedient, which did his business ef-
fectually ; which was, to seize on the manors belonging lo
the monastery, which were without the limits of the isle.
Upon this the abbot and monks, in order to recover their
possessions, delivered up the isle, and all that were in it, into
the hands of the king. Hereward alone escaped : as to the
rest, some had their eyes put out, or their hands cut off, and
others were thrown into different prisons ; among the rest,
Egelrick, bishop of Durham, who had been so bold as to ex-
communicate the king, was starved to death in prison. The
king of Scotland had taken the opportunity of the troubles
in England, to invade the northern counties, which he ravag-
ed in a cruel manner. But as soon as the affair of Ely >vas
over, king William marched against him. The Scotch king
hereupon retired into Scotland, but William followed liim
thither. He not being willing to hazard a battle in his own
country, offered to accomodate matters by a treaty; wliicli
William agreed to, and obliged the Scotch king to do him
homage. In 1073, Philip, king of France, being jealous of
the greatness of king William, on a sudden invaded Nor-
mandy without any declaration of war ; upon which William
went "over with a great army, with which he retook Mans,
and the whole provinceof Maine ; and Philip soon growing
weary of the' war, concluded a peace with king William.
Prince Edgar, sbout this time, came to the king out of Scot-
land, implored his pardon, and submitted. The king receiv-
ed him very graciously, and gave him an allowance of a
pound of silver a day. From this time he continued in obe-
dience, and gave the king no farther disturbance. During
the king's absence, some disgusted Norman lords fornied'a
conspiracy to depose him, and prevent his return, and drew
earl Waltheoff, the only I'^nglish lord the king retained in
his favour, into the plot. But he soon repenting, went over
and discovered it to the king before it came to any head, im-
plorifigat the same time his pardon, which the king readily
granted. Notwithstanding which, soon after his return, the
earl was apprehended, beheaded, and buried under the »caf.
fold. And many of the innocent English, who were not at
all concerned in the conspiracy, were severely punished, -.ui
well as the guilty Normans. King William nofi enjoyed
some tranq^uilUtyi but iu the year 1077 more work wiis'«iu
WIL
onl for bini abroad. For his eldest son Robert, instignted by
the king of France, rebelled against him in Normandv, and
endeavoured to make himself master of that duchy. William
went over, and his son persisted in his opposition, and in the
heat of, an engagement v.ounded him in the arm without
knowing him, and dismounted him. But when he knew it
was his father, he alighted, set him upon his own horse, and
submitted entirely to his mercy. William brought him with
liim into England, and in the year 1080, sent him against the
Scots, who had renewed their incursions. But this war also
ended in a treaiy between the two nations, and there was
nothing remarkable in this expedition but Robert's founding
the town of Newcastle-upon-Tyne ; about which time also
king William built the famous tower of London, to be a
check upon the citizens, whom he all along suspected. Let
us now see, in few words, how William manai.'ed his domes-
tic atiairs in time of peace. He did all be could to introduce
the Norman language into England, caused the Saxon laws
to be translated into Norman, and published his own laws in
that tongue, and commanded it to be taught in all schools.
The eflect was, that in common use, a third language was
by degrees introduced, which was neither English nor Nor-
man, but a mixture of both. He erected new courts of jus-
tice, before unknown to ihe English, and very incommodious
to them, and ordered all law proceedings there to be in the
Norman tongue. He had an immense revenue; and that
he might know what every man was to pay him o\it of his
estate and etlects, he ordered a general survey to be made,
not only of his own lands, but of all the lands in England ;
as also what every man was worth in money, slock of cat-
tle, Ac. all which were set down in a book called Dunm's-
day booh, which to this day is preserved in the Exchequer.
As he was very fond of hunting, he dispeopled the country
in Hampshire for above thirty miles in compass, demolished
both churches and houses, to make a forest for his diversion,
■which was called New Forest. In short, all his actions sa-
voured of a most arbitrary and absolute prince. William
having enjoyed a tranquillity of several years, every one
Ihouglit he would have ended his days in peace. But all on
a sudden he makes vast preparations, goes over to Norman-
dy, and enters upon a fierce war against France. A truce
spon ensued, which was broke by an unlucky jest of king
l^hilip. William being grown very fat and unwieldy, was
?assing through a course of physic, when one coming to
hilip from Roan, he asked him, " Whether the king of
England was delivered yet of his great belly?" Wilham
being told of this, was so enraged, that he sent him word,
that as soon as he was up, he would ofl'er in the church of
Notre Dame, at Paris, fen thousand lancets by way of wax-
lights. Accordingly, he reuewed the war witli the utmost
fury, but it occasioned his death. For having made great
ravages, and besieged and took Mantes, he ordered it to be
burnt to the ground ; and in his return to Roan, having
bruised the rim of his belly against his saddle, he fell into a
fever, which carried himott'on thetJth of September, 10S7,
in the sixty-first year of his age, after having reigned in
Normandy twenty-two years, and twenty one in England.
He was buried in the Abbey church at Caen, which he him-
self had founded. It is remarkable that his death was no
sooner known, than his son Henry snatched his legacy out
ol the Treasury ; the noblemen returned to their castles ; au(l
the domestics, having robbed the household, ran away. Wil-
liam's coura^fe and policy are not to be questioned, and it is
certain that lie was indefatigable in executing whatever he
designed. When he lay on his deathbed, he seemed to
reflect seriously on his past actions, and to view them in a
difl'erent light from what he had done in the time of his
health and vigour. He ordered great sums of money to be
given to the poor, and to the churches, particularly for re-
buililin;' those he had burnt at Mantes. Then ordering his
ciiief olticers to stand about his bed, he made a long ha-
rangue to them, weak as he was. Wherein he talked much
ol the reputation he bad acquired by his military achieve-
ments. Vet he could not help owning, he had unjustly
WIL
usurped the crown of England, and was guilty o.r all tfio
blood spilt on that occasion. And though, he said, he durst
not bequeath a crown which of right was none of his, but
left it to the disposal of God ; yet he recommended \Villiam,
his second surviving son, for his su(xe;isor, and did all in hi*
povyer to secure the crown to him. He had three other soii^
besides William, by his wife Matilda, daughter to the ''Hrl of
Flanders. To Roi)ert, the eldest, he gave the duchy ol Ni^r-
niaridy. Richard was killed by a slag in New i'orest. ''Jo
his youngest son Henry he becpiealhed an annuity of TjiiW)
marks. He had also six daughters by the same NlatiUla ;
Cecily, abbess of Caen ; Constance, married to the duke <if
Rretaign ; Adeliza, promised to Harold when he was in
Normandy, died young; Adela, married to the cailof Blois;
Gundred, to William Warren, earl of .Surry ; and Agatha,
espoused to Alphoiiso king of Galicia. From the transac-
tions of William's reign, he appears to have been a piincc of
great courage, capacity, and ambition ; politic, cruel, vin-
dictive,and rapacious; stern and haughty in his deportment ;
reserved and jealous in bis disposilion. He was fond <,f
glory, and, though parsimonious in his hmiseholil, delighted
in pomp and ostentation. Though sudden and inipeiuous
in his enterprises, he was cool, deliberate, and iii(lefatit;able,
in times of danger and dithcully. His aspect w.i, nobly se-
vere and imperious, his stature tall and portly, his constitu-
tion robust, and the composition of his bones and muscles sj
strong, that there was hardly a man of that age «ho could
bend his bow, or handle his arms.
WI'LLL'^M IE surnamed liufus, during his father's last
illness in Normandy, was concerting measures in England to
secure his succession to the crown. Though it was the
Conqueror's desire that he shoulii succeed him, yet there
was great danger of a party being formed against him in fa-
vour of his elder brother Robert. But as Robert was out of
the kingdom, William with the more ease accomplished his
designs ; and by the management of Lanfranc, archbishop of
Canterbury, who had great interest among the people, both
English and Normans, and h.ui gained over the leading lords
ofboth nations.and by the favourof Eudo the high treasurer,
he ascended the throne, and was crowned 18 davs after his
felher's death, Sept. 27, 1()S7. He was surnaiiied Rufns,
from his being red-haired, and was now thirty years okf.
He was remarkable for no good quality but his courage,
which, however, for the most part, was more like the fierce-
ness of a wild beast than the bravery of a hero. He was
very ill-natured, and a perfect brute in his bi>Jia\iour; was
wholly indifferent as to relTgion, and had no regard for ho-
nour or honesty. He was greedy of nionev, but it was to
squander it away upon idle expences. In fine, lie had
all his father's vices without his virtues ; and historians
agree in representing him as bad a prince as e\er sat on
the English throne. These historians were indeed monks
and ecclesiastics, who might be prejudiced against him fur
his sei;«ing the revenues of the church. However, as scarce
any action of his life deserves commendation, their repre-
sentations seem to be but too well founded. In ICfSS, a for-
midable conspiracy was set up against him bv his uncle Odo,
l>ishop of Bayeux. The design was to depose \\ illiam, and
set Robert on the throne. Several Norman lords and bishops
joining in the plot, and many of the English also being pre-
vailed on to favour it, when they thought matters were ripe,
they invited Robert to come over, who promised soon to be
with tlif m. The conspirators then fortified themselves in
several places, and William seemed to be in a most danger-
out situation. But Robert's indolence and dilatory temper,
who did not come over with his forces as was t'xpected,
gave him time to extricate himself out of this danger. Ho
first gained over the Fnglisli, then he fitted out a lleet, and
marched against Odo, and the other rebels, with an army of
Englisl)inen,took Pevensev, Rocliesler,an<l Durham, and the
olhfr places, where thi-y had shut themselves up, broke all
their measures, and entirely dispelled the threatening storm.
Though William was indebted to the English for liavnig by
theirmeans crushed tit* conspiracy , and though he bad .iia<K
WIL
them matij fair promises, yet it was no sooner over, but he
ln'giiti to oppress tiifiii even worse lliaii liiii Catlier IkkI done.
\Vniiaiii seized upon the vacant bencliccs, and after he had
stripped ihein of every thin;; lie could turn iiilo money, he
sold them to llie iiifjliest bidder. He seized upon the tem-
poralities of llie see of Canterbury, and kept them in his
hands four years, and did the same by all the other bishop-
ries that beeaine vacant in his reign. Soon after, William,
to be rcveufjrd on hit brother Robert for the late conspiracy,
and perhaps from a desire ofenjoyinif all liis father's domi-
nions, invaded Normandy, and made himself master of seve-
ral places. Kdberl implored aid of the kin;; of France, who
came to his asistance ; but William having' found means to
bribe him, he retired withonl doinf; any tliiiiK, and William
proceeded to take more places, and bribeil some of the
LurKhers of lloan to undertake the delivering it into his
liands. liut pi iiiee 1 Jcnry joining his brother Robert, saved
it ; for entering the city on a sudden, he seized the chief of
the conspirators, and threxv him headlong from a tower ;
which bold stroke not only preserved the capital, but, in
effect, all Niirmandy. William soon after, lit 1091, was
oblijjed to strike up a peace with duke Robert, on this con-
dition, anionir otliers, I'hat upon either of the brothers dying
without heirs, the survivor should succeed to all his domi-
nions. Whilst William was in Normandy, Malcolm, king
of Scotland, made an incursion into Northumberland, and
William at his return resolved to reveiifje this insult. He
artfully induced his brother Robert to come over and accom-
pany him in tliisexpedition, fearing heshouhl in his absence
seiie on tlmse castles in Normandy that he held by the late
treaty. His army suffered greatly by several disasters in
Scotkiiid ; but Malcolm, fearing the ill consequences of a
war in bis own country, sent William proposals for an ac-
comniiidation, which were readily accepted, and the Scotch
king obliged himself to pay the same homage to the king of
Kiigland he had formerly done. But Robert, perceiving he
was only amused by his brother, to draw liini into this ex-
pedition, returned home greatly disgusted. The king con-
tinued his arbitrary proceedings, and oppresssed his subjects,
Normans as well as Knglish, more and more every day, w hich
made them all wish for his death, as the oidy remedy to the
evils they groaned under. And now they thought their
wishes were going to be accomplished ; for, in 1093, a dan-
gerous disteni per seized him at Gloucester, so that he himself
fhouglit his end approaching; and the fear of death made
him resolve, if he ever recovered, to reform all that hard been
amiss in his government ; being recovered of his illness, he
presently forgot all his good resolutions, returned to his
courses, retracted, as far as was in his power, the good or-
ders he had given in his sickness, and even increased abuses
of government, instead ot correcting thera. In 109-1, we
again find king W'illiam at war with his brother Robert in
Normandy, \\\tr>, as William had not performed his part of
the late tieatv, seemed resolved to take from him the places
he held theie. Being assisted by the kin<i of France, he
gained se\eral advantages over William, who at last had
recourse to his old artifice, and bribed the French king once
more to draw off his forces. In order to raise money, he
sent orders into England for levying •20,00<1 men, and to im-
press such as were of some substance, and did not care to
leave their f miilies. When they were just going to embark,
they «ere discharged, upon paying ten shillings a man,
which they readily did, and bv this artifice William raised
10,0001. Robert now, in all likelihood, would have lost all
his dominions, if the king had not been obliged to return on a
sudden to repress the Welsh, who were ravaging Shropshire
and Cheshire. At his approach, they retired among the
mountains and inaccessible places, and William pursuing
them too far, lost more of his men than he destroye<l of the
enemy's ; and all iie could do was, to build the castle of
Montgomery, which nad been demolished. In 1096, the
project of the iioly war was set on foot by pope Urban 11. in
vhich so many princes of Chrislendora engayod. The (ie-
i(t^n of it was to teeover the Holy Land out of the )taad» of
WIL
the Saracens. The badge of those whrt went to it was a red
cross wrouglit in their garments, whence they were termed
Groises, and the exi)wlition the Crusade. Robert duke of
Normandy was one of the princes wIuj engaged in it; and
to defray the expences of his undertaking, he mortgaged his
duchy to his brother the king of England, for a sum of mo-
ney, which William raised on his subjects bv the most op.
prcssive methods imaginable. In 1098, William rebuilt
London bridge, raised a new wall round the Tower, and
erected the famous Hall at Westminster, which, though so
large, he found fault with, and said it was scarce biff enough
for a king's bed chamber. The raising money lor these
works was a great oppression on the subjects. Being hunt-
ing one day in New Forest, he was accidentally, or other-
wise, shot with an arrow into the heart, by Walter 'Tyrrel,
a French knight, as he was, seemingly at least, shooting at a
deer; and diopt down dead immediately. Thus fell Wil-
liam, surnamed Rufus, from his red hair and florid complex-
ion, after he had lived four and forty years, and reigned near
thirteen, during which he oppressed his people in every
form of tyranny and insult. He was equally void of lear*
ing, principle, and humanity ; haughty, passionate, brutal,
profligate, and ungrateful'; a scoft'er at religion; a sceurge
to the clergy ; vain-glorious, talkative, rapacious, lavish, and
dissolute, aiid an inveterate enemy to the English, ihoug^i he
owed his crown to their valour and fidelity, when the Nor-
man loTds intended to expel him from the throne. In re-
turn for this instance of their loyalty, he took all opportuni-
ties to fleece and enslave them ; and at one time imprisoned
fifty of the best families in the kingdom, on pretence of kill-
ing his deer : so that they were compelled to purchase their
liberty at the expence of all their wealth ; though not before
they had undergone the fiery ordeal. He lived in a scandsi*-
lous commerce with prostitutes, professing his contempt for
marriage ; and having no legitimate issue, the crown devolv-
ed to his brother Henry. He was buried at Winchester,
where his tomb, somewhat raised from the ground, remains
to this day. In his reign a great inundation of the sea over-
flowed the coast of Kent, and covered the lands formerly be-
longing to earl Goodwin. These are now called the Good-
win Sands, so dangerous to ships.
WILLIAM III. of England, and prince of Orange and
Nassau, born Nov. 14, 1650, had for his godfathersthc States
of Holland and of Zealand, the cities of Delf, Leyden, and
Amsterdam. The States finding themselvesat liberty, by the
death of William II. resolved to remedy the inconveniences
which might happen from a single governor. They ap.
pointed a general assembly to meet, in which it was re-
solved. That since the couiitry was now without a governor
by the death of the prince, the choice of all officers and ma-
gistrates, for the time to come, should be in the disposal of
the cities ; and that not only the ordinary soldiers, but even
the guards of the deceased prince, should take an oath of
fidelity to the States of Holland : this was unanimouslv car-
ried. "The conduct of Messrs. de Wit being very much dis-
approved, the prince was in 167*2, declared general of the
army of the States. .\t that time they were in a most dis-
tressed condition. The French carrying all before them, he
immediately repaired to the army. The frontier towns and
garrisons in the province of Holland fell every day iuto the
hands of the enemv, which caused insurrections. Dort first
led the wav, and was followed by other cities. The conse-
quence was, that the prince was declared, in a full assembly
of the States, stadtholder, captain, and admiral general of all
their forces, as well bv sea as by land ; and they gave him all
the power, dignity, and authoritv, which his ancestors of
glorious memory had ever enjoyed, and things then took a
more prosperous turn : not long after, the two de Wits, the
greatenemiesof the House of Orange, were torn to pieces
by the people. In 16%-^ he took the strong town of Naerden.
and by his courage and conduct obliged the French to quit
Utrecht, and several considerable places where tiiey had
garrisons. As an acknowledgment of bis service*, the
States confirmed him in the office of Btadlholder. aad enlaile J
W 1 L
VVIL
tliis dis'ii'y I'pon the lieirs of his body horn in lawful wod-
luck, ill an iiistriiiiu'iit, ilaled February 2, 1674. The same
day ihe^italei of Zealand cont'erieii the same administration
upon his lii^hness, and declared him ihiet' nobleman ot'th'jir
province. Soon after lie uent to Ltreclit, and made some
regulations in the f^overnment of that province ; and the
foliowin;^ proposition bein^ made, '\\hetherit were ad-
visable to confer the charge of governor-general, captain,
and admiral-general of the province, upon his highness, and
his heirs male, lawfully begotten I they all, iiemitte contrudi-
ceii'e, approved the motion, and conferred that dignity upon
bis highness. Soon after he engaged the French at Senef,
where he gained great honour by hii courage and conduetj
and obtained a victory after a most bloody engugernent. In
1675, as an acknowledgment of his great services, the
turghers of the duchy of Giielders conferred on him the ho-
nour of being hereditary governor of that province ; and he
reformed several abuses which had got footing during tlie
enemy s usurpation there. On October 17, 1C77, the prince
embarked for England, and arrived at Norwich the lOlh.
OnNoveniber 4, which was his highncss'.s birth-day, he was
married to the princess Mary, eldest daughter of the duke of
York. In August, 1G78, lie attacked and defeated the duke
ofLnxeniburgli in his quarters, near Die abbey of St. Dennis.
In the heat of the action, the prince advanced so far, that he
was in great danger of being lost, had not Mons. Puwerkerk
come seasonably to jiis relief, and killed an otiicer that was
just going to tire a pistol at him. On June 29ili, l(i84, a
treaty was signed at the Hague, which put an end to military
operations. In 1688, king James II. of England having
conducted his affairs in such a manner as apparently threat-
ened the civil and religious hbcrties of the nation, a great
iii&ny persons of eminence and interest in the kingdom, both
clergy and laity, deemed it expedient to invite over the
i>rince of Orange. Several of them waited on him at the
lague for that purpose ; and the States' general having re-
solved to assist him, great preparations were made for his
expedition. On October Uilii, he took his leave of the
States, and on the 19fh sailed with 50 men of war, 25 fri-
gates, as many fireships, near 400 victuallers and transports,
Laving about 1-4,000 land forces, accompanied by many of
the English nobility and gentry ; but was forced hack by a
storm. He put to sea again, November 1, and landed the
SihatTorbay, and was soon. joined by many of the nobility.
Me advanced towards London ; and king James quitting the
kingdolii, he was invited to London. In the mean time the
lords took upon them the governineiit of the kingdom, and
agreii! to address the prince of Orange to take upon him the
administration of all public affairs till a convention should
meet. The convention of loriis and commons met, January 22,
1688-9, and after some warm debates, voted, tkat the prince
a|id princess of Orange should he king and queen. The
princess arrived February 12, and the nextday both houses
•vaited on them, and made a solemn offer of the crown,
wliicli was accepted by the prince in the name of himself
«nd his wife, and the same day they were proclaimed king
andq'ieen by the names of William and Alary ; such was
tha necessity of the times. The lirsl thing king \Vi!liani
did, after he hail settled his privy-council, was giving the
loyal assent, on February 23, to a bill that had passed both
houses, 'to remove and prevent all questions and disputes
' concerning the. assembling and settling this present par-
' iianienl.' By which act the convention, which had placed
the crown on the prince and princess of Orange, was
changed into a parliament. From the beginning of llie reign
of king William and queen Mary, there was a party in the
nation who disliked the new scltlement, and were in conti-
nual plots to overturn it, anil lo restore the late king James.
The king, by the advice of the conmioiis, and being strongly
solicite<l to it by his allies, declared vvar against F'rance.,
The kinj; and queen were solemnly crowned by the bishop
of Lon(i()n, on April II, M'lHi). The parliament, at the
king's desire, had passed an act, ' for taking away the tax
called hearth-niuiiey,' which received the royal assent on
yoo
April24lh. On July 24, the princess Anneof Denmark was
delivered of a prince, named William, whom his majesty
created duke of filouccster. 'I he king passed the hill t
rights and accosion, on December 10, agreeable to the <1 •-
cla ration of rigiits when their majesties accepted the crow i,
with the addition of a remaikabie clause, for excluding pa-
pists, and persons inarrying papists, for ever from inlieritiuij
the crown ot England. The revolution in Scotland quickly
followed that in England. And an act was presently passed
for settling the crown upon the king and queen oi England ;
pursuant to wiiich, their majesties were proclaimed king
and queen of Scotland, on April U, the day of their c(no-
mitioii in Englan<l. Then the earl of Arg>le and otlier
commissioners were sent to make a solemn lender of the
crown to their majesties, in the name of liie estates and
kingdom ot Scotland ; which was done on May 11. In the
mean time, the duke of Gordon, a papist, still held the castle
of Kdiiihurgh for the late king ; but a vigorous siege obliged
him to surrender it on June 13, ujion conditions that he and
the garrison should have their lives, liberties, and fortunes
secured. And the earl of Dundee being slain in battle, and
the forces he had raised in the Highlands dwindling away by
degrees, an<l being at length entirely suppressed, their ma-
jesties remained aiterwards in the peaceable possession of
the crown of Scotland. In Ireland, ryrconnel liacj secured
the most important places of that kingdom, and used such
violence against the proiestants, that ih.ey were forced ro
retire to their brethren in the north ; who seix.ing on Kil-
inore, Cqleraine, Inniskilling, and Londonderry, declared
for king Vv'iliiani and queen Alary. The late infatuated kiiij;
James now sailed from Brest with some French troops, and
landed at Kinsale on tiie 12tli of March, U~88 t). jlavini;
taken Coleraine and Kilmore after a slout resistance, he
laid siege to Londonderry, on April 20; from whence, a
fewdaysafler, he departed to meet his parliament at Dublin,
where lie passed an act to attaint between 2 and 3000 pio-
testant lords, ladies, clergymen, and gentUnien, of higlv-
treason. In the mean time the siege of Londonderry wa.s
carried on with the utmost efforts, and the garrison under
Mr. George Walker, a clergyman, and major Baker, held
out with the most surprising resolution, though reduced to
the necessity of feeding upon horse llesh, dogs, cats, rats, and
mice, tallow, starch, dried and salted hides, anil all kinds of
ort'al ; till major general Kirk ariiviug with sotaesliips laden
with provisions, which, after a long delay, he ai i.;st found
means, with difficulty, to convey into the town, the besiegers
on July 31, thought tit to raise the siege. The garrison of
Inuiskilling, at the same lime, did .wonders; particularly
the day before the siege of Derry was raised, they advanced
near 20 miles ti meet about GUOO Irish, and deicated them,
killing and drowning near. 'jDOO, though iheinselvos were not
above 2000, and had but about 20 killed and 50 wounded.
King William having paiiseil an act for putting the adniiui.s-
tralion into liie hands of the queen whenever he should he
out of the i\iiig<lum, in June, 1600', landed with a gallant
army in Ireland, and on July 1, fought the ever' memorable
battle of the Tjoyne, wherein, llnnigh h<' had the misfortuiiB
to lose the brave duke of Schomberg, Ihcn !i2 r; ars old, yet
he gained a complete victory over the Frein h and Irish
army, and obliged
■ James to retire to Dublin, and rjiakc
all the haste he could back to France. King William, Ihe
following Sunday, entered Dublin in triumph, and went to
St. Patrick's church to return thanks to Ciod for his victory ;
and arriving in England tin? beginning of September, he
sent the earl of iNlarlborough to carry on the reduction of
Ireland ; who took Cork and Kinsale with such exiicdition,
that he was again at Kensington on October 2K. The ne.xt
year, 1691, the intrepid F.iiglish, under the br.ive general
Giiickle and other valiant commanders, made theinsc Ires
masters of Baltimore, with incredible braM'ry i)assed the
Shannon amidst the (ire (d'.the enemy, and look .\lhlone, and
fought the glorious battle cd'Aghnm on July 12. wherein
40110 Irish and their general St. I\utli were slain ; which was
soon Ibllowed by Ihenurrender of Galloway, and lastly, that
VVIL
of I.iniorifk in Octolier (wliorc Tvironiu'I died, as it were
of grief", (iti Au;,Mist 14,) by vvliic li iiii ijid wiis put to tlie
iiibili w;ir, and ;dl Ireland was reduced to the obedience of
kin;; William and (iiieen iSIary. In Krisilaiid, the liing
dissolved the convention pailiaiiierit, on I'eliiuary (J, KiH'.l-'.H),
6ii,l « new parliament met on March 20. In the mean lime,
liie Flench kin^ was pushiu:? his eon^iuests in the Nelher-
laiidi and oilier parts, wliicii made it necessary for kin^
William to '^o over to llie famous con^'icss at the Ila^ne, in
flu- l)i';,'innin^ of the year lli[)\, in (wder lo animate the
confederate princes and stales. The French were so far
before hand with tht! allies, that they took the stroni; city of
ftloiis this y<'ar, and Nainnr in the year followin;;; after
vhicli was i'oii;,dit the hattlo of SlecnkirU, (kiii^; William
commanding the coMfcilerate army himself, as he did every
year {Jurin;; the war,) in which, thoni;!i the French remained
masters of the Held of Inittle, yel kiin^- William so bravely
disputed the victory, tiial they had scarcely any tiling else to
boast of, the loss beinjj nearly eipial on both sides. The
kiiiy' was no sooner ,','one abroad in IfiDl, but the Jacobites,
resumed their favourite scheme, in concert with France, for
i.«;storin;; llie lat<? kin-j; .fames. But the vigilance of (pieen
Mary and the g.ivt:r!i lenl ajjaiii disconcerted their mea-
sures. The parliament meeting; towards the end of iheyear,
passed a bill for the frequent calling and meeting of parlia-
nienls, commonly called the Triennial Hill ; but the king;, by
the advice of his ministers, refused his assent ; as he did
also the next year to a bill toucliini,' free and impartial pro-
ceedings ill pailiamciit, being in the nature of what is now
fialied a I'lace bill ; which so disi)leascd the commons, that
(hey resiilved, that whoever advised the kii:g not to give
the royal assent to that act, was an enemy to their majesties
and the kingdom. Iiowever, the parliament insisting upon
the Triennial Hill, he thouglit tit to puss it in l(i'J-i, which
gave a general satisfaction. Our loss at sea was this year
very cousidcraliic. For the whole Brest rieet, on June 16,
fell upon Sir George llooke's sfimulron, w liicli had a lleet of
near 100 merchant ships, bound for the Straits, under its
convoy, \\hilstit was separated from the main fleet, viiiich
should have ("onvoyed it out of danger, and took, burnt, or
sunk fourof the greatest Smyrna-ships, three Dutch men of
war, and o.'ie English, and near 80 other merchant ships.
Our lioi.ionr at sea was in a great measuie retrieved this
year. The king relumed on November t). On December
2h, qneei! Mary diedofuie small-pox, to the inexpressible
grief of llio nation. She was king James's eldest daughter,
and died in the 2.jd year of her age, having reigned near
six years jointly with the king her husband. On March 5,
she was most solemnly and magnificenlly interred in Henry
VHth's chapel. In the beginning of the year 1G95, the
parliament made a strict iii(]uiiy into several abuses and
corruptions. In this session also, the bad ?1ale of the silver
coin was first taken into consideration, which by clipping
and adulterating had been reduced near half in value, lo the
great^delriment of trade and embarrassment of the public
revenue. The remedying of this grievance was not per-
fected till (he next parliament, w hen all tlie silver money
was ordeied to be called in and, recoined, and the loss to be
borne by the pidilic. This gave rise to I'ixciieiiuer-biils, or ■
paper-money, which were no sooner set on foot, but the
scandalous practice of false indorsement began ; for which
Mr. Chailes Duncomb and Mr- Knight were cxp<'l!ed the
house, ami committed to the Tower, and Ptir. Burton to
Newgate. Hills were ordered to be bnniglit in to pnnisii
them, which passed the commons, but were thrown out by
the lords, who being equally divided upon Duncomb's bill,
the duke of Leeds gave the casting vote for rejecting it.
In i6'J.'>, the English lleet, under lord Berkeley, spread
terror along the coast of France, bombarded St. Ivlaloes,
ami some olhertowns; and it return, Villeroy, by the French
king's order, bombarded Brussels. On the 12th of January,
a double plot was about that lime discovered, to assassinate
the king and invade the kingdom. Many of the late king
James's emissaries came over from France, and held consul-
WI L
(atlr.ns with pajiists and Jacobites licre, Iiow lo miird( - kinz
Williaiii; and after several debates on the lime, pla( . , aii'i
manner of putting their horriil design in execution, they at
last agreed lo assassinate his majesty in his coach, on some
day in February, }(i'.)C>-H, in a lane between I5renlf()rd and
Turnliam (irecn, as he returned from hunting. l)Ut happily
the wholi' plot was discovered by Mr. I'endegrass, the very
night befoie it was to be execule<l ; which wascoufiriind by
Mr. de la Hue, another of the plotters, and aflerwards by
captain i'orler, and others of them, who came in upon the
proclamation tor apprehending the conspirators. At Ihe
same time there was to be an invasion from France, for
which purpose king James was come loCalais, and the
troops, artillery, and stores, we're immediately ordered to be
einbarked ; but by the news of the assassination plot having
miscarried, and the speedy sending a formidable lleet
under admiral l!nss( 1, this other i)art of the design was frus-
fraled ; and Calais was not long after bombarded by the
1-lnglish. When the parliament met, December 3, 1(J.'J6,
the king told theui in his si)eecli, that consi(!lering the cir-
cumstances of alfairs abroaii, it was his opinion, ihat Fji;jland
could not be safe without a land force ; which clause the
commons did not like, as if it were designed to recommeml
a standing army in time of peace. And so after long debates
they resolved. That all the land forces raised since Septem-
ber 2!>, lOHO, should be paid and disbanded. Yet, to show
their alfection to his majesty, they resolved, on December
20, That 700,00()ie. per aiiiuim be granted to him for llie
support of the civil list. The parliament continued sitliiuj
till July 5, IcyB, and then was prorogued, and two days
afterwards dissolved. In this session the new East-India
company was established, the merchants having agreed lo
advance 2,00n,000£. to government at 8 per cent. 'I he old
company otiercd lo raise 700,000/€'. at 4 percent. ; but this
was rejected ; though they were afterwards continued a cor-
poration, and the two companies united. On December 6,
1698, the new parliament met, in which, though the kin;;
expressed his desire of having a good body of land force-v
kept up, yet the commons resolved, that all the land forcLa,
exceeding 7000 for England, and 12,000 for Ii eland, (ail his
majesty's natiual born subjects,) should be forthwith paid
and disbanded. This made the king very uneasy ; iiut u hen
he saw the parliament in earnest, he complied with a goorl
grace. He would fain have kept his Dutch guards that
came over with liini at first ; but not being able to move the
parliament, he with complaisance submilted, and sent iiieni
away ; which gave great satisfaction to liis people. In June,
1099, tile king went over to Holland and returned in Octo-
ber. The parliament met on Nov. Hi, and in this session
weregreatdebates about the Irish ibrfeited estates, resumiiisj
the grants which the king had niadeof several of tiiem to his
ministers. and favourites, and applying alt to the use of the
public. The commons, in April, 1700, to carry their point,
lacked the liill of resumption to the land tax bill; which
occasioned great heals between the two houses, the lords
making amendments which the commons would not agree
to; when the king, fearing tlie consequences, sent a private
message to the lords to pass the bill without any amend-
ments, and on April II, prorogued the parliament. The
king went over again to Holland in July this year; and on
the 29lh, nnlrjppily for I'.ngland, died that hopet'id younij
prince the duke of iUloucester, son to their royal highnesses
ihe prince ami princess of- Denmark, being about ten years
old. The king of Spain dviiig towards the end of this year,
the duke of Anjou was declared king of Spain by the Frcncll
king his grandfather. And the F^rench, at llu- same time,
overrunning the Spanish Netherlands, bolh king William
and the states were obliged to own tlie duke of .Vnjou's
title, in order to gain time. Ijis majesty, soon after his
return, dissolved the parbament ; and at the same time, to
please those now dislingnished by the name of the Churcli-
party, made some alterations in his miiiislry. The new par-
liament meeting in I'ebruaiy, 1700-1, the commons chose
Ilobeil ilarlev, Fsq. their speaker. The king in liis speed;
901
WIL
WIM
on [he death of tlieduUeof Gloucester, having recommended
totliem a fiirlher provision for the siiccessioii of the protes-
tanl line, after him and the princess, both hotises came into
it ; anil on Jiniel2, 17U1, his majesly passed t!ie famous act
for the further limitation of the crown, and better securing
the rights and hberlies of the subjects; whereby the crown
was fiirtlier Hmited to the princess Sophia, electoress dowa-
ger of Hanover, and her protestanl heirs. She was grand-
daughter to iiitig James I. by his daughter Klizabeth, queen
of Bohemia, and grandmotlier to his late majesty king
George II. His majesty went again to Holland in July,
where iie made a speech in the assembly of the States, on
the posture of affairs in Europe ; which had a good effect.
The English nation was now divided into parties, for and
against a war, the old and new ministry, and the Ilouse of
Commons, (which had occasioned the famous Kentish peti-
tion, and Legion letter, in which the last commons were
treated with great scurrility, and even menaces.) But the
death ofthe late king James, on Sept. 5. at .St. Germain's,
and the French king's declaring thereupon the pretended
prince of Wales king of these realms, gave a new turn to
people's minds, and made them all unite in a firm adherence
to his majesty, and the utmost abhorrence of the indignity
put upon him and the nation by the French king. His ma-
jesty returned about theend of October, and having dissolved
tlie parliament, called another to meet December .30. The
commons again chose Mr. Harley their speaker, and the
king made a most excellent speech to both houses on the
1)resent posture of affairs, the late insolent step ofthe French
ling, the dangers that threatened Europe, by his placing his
grandson on the throne ofSpain, and the alliances he had
made for obviating those dangers ; to which both houses
returned the most satisfactory addresses. And soon after,
the commons addressed his majesty, that it might be an ar-
ticle in the several treaties of.alliance. That no peace should
be made witb France, till his majesly and the nation have
reparation for the indignity oft'ered by the French -king, in
declaring the pretended prince of Wales king of En-jland,
Scotland, and Ireland. Thej' then voted 40,000 land forces,
and as many for the sea-service. In the midst of these vi-
gorous resolutions, the king, who had been declining in his
health for some time, on February 21,1701-2, fell from liis
horse, as he was hunting, and broke his right collar-bone;
which, joined with his former indisposition, held him in
a languishing state till the 8th of March, when, with great
composedness and resignation, he expired. During his
hllness, the royal assent was given by commission to an act
for attainting the pretended prince ofWalesof high treason ;
and another for the further security of his majesty's person,
and (he succession ofthe crown in the protestant line, Ax.
Thus died the heroic king William III. in Ihe5ad year of his
age, having reigned thirteen years, three weeks, and two
days. Williaui III. was in his person ofthe middle stature,
atiiinbody, ■.\m\ delicate constitution, subject to an asthma
and continual cough from his infancy. He had an aquiline
nose, sparkling eyes, a large forehead, and a grave solenni
aspect. He was very sparing of speech; his conversation
xvas (iiy, and his manner disgusting, except in battle, when
his deportment was free, spirited, and animating. In cou-
rage, fortitude, and eq\ianimity, he rivalled the most eminent
warriors of anlii|uity ; and his nalura'l sagacity made amends
forthe defects in'his education, which had not been properly
superintended. He was religious, temperate, generally just
and sincere, a stranger to violent transports of passion, and
mi^lit have passed f^)r one of the best princes of the age in
which he lived, had he never ascended the ihrone'of Great
Britain. But the distinguishing criterion of his character was
ambition. To this he sacri(ice<l. the punctilios of honour and
decorum, iii deposing hii o\f n falhor-in law and uncle ; and
this he gratifi'-d at Ih'rexpence ofilie nation that raised him
to sovereign aulliority. lie aspired to the honour of acting
as niiinire in all (he contests of Europe ; and lh<' second ob-
ject ol his atlentioii w-.n, the prosperity of that country to
wjiiuh he owed Ins birth and extraction. Whether he really
thought the interests of Ihe continentandGreat Britain wor«
inseparable, or sought only to drag England into the confe-
deracy as a convenient ally, certain it is, he involved these
kingdoms in foreign connexions, which has ever since been
productive of incalculable evils. In order to establish Ihia
favourite point, he scrupled not to employ all the engines of
corruption, by which tlie morals ofthe nation were totally
debauched. He procured a parliamentary sanction for a
standing army, which now seems to be interwoven with the
constitution. He introduced the pernicious practice of bor-
rowing upon remote funds ; an expedient that necessarily
liatched a brood of usurers, brokers, and stock jobbers, to
prey upon Ihe vitals of their country. He entailed upon the
nation a growing debt, and a system of politics big with
misery, despair, and destruction. To sum up his character
ill a few words : W'illiam was a fatalist in religion, Mndefa'li.
gable in war, enterprising in politics, dead to all the warm
and generous emotions of the human heart, a cold relation,
an indifferent husband, a disagreeable man, an ungracious
prince, and an imperious sovereign.
WI'LLING, a. inclined, or not averse to cto a thing ; con-
senting ; desirous ; iaTOurable ; pleased ; ready or cou-
descending ; chosen.
WI'LLlNtiLY, ad. without dislike ; tvithout reliiclance.
WI'LLINGN IvSS, *. freetlom fioui reluctance ; ready
compliance; consent.
AVrLLOUGHBY, a town of Warwickshire, seated on
the canal, near tlie conllux of the Leanie and Avon, E. of
Leinington Hastings. It is 14 miles S. E. of Coventry, and
77 N. \\'.()f London. Market on Tuesday.
WTLLOW, s. [welie, Sax. gifiloi., Brit.] tlie salix of Lin-
naeus. There are many species. Bees are very fond of the
flowers of all the species.
WrLLOWIIEIlB, s. in botany, the cpilobium. There
are seven British species, all of which flower in the summer.
WI'LLOWWEED,;?. a plant.
WI'LNA, a large, rich, populous, and trading town of
Lithuania, in a palatinate of the same nan:e, with an univer-
sity. The houses arc all built of wood, and different nations
come hither to trade. It is seated at the conflui-nce of
the rivers Vilia and Wilna, 12 miles E. bv S. of Troki, and
215 iV. W. of Warsaw. Lat. 54. 41. N. Ion. 25. 3,3. E.
Wl'LTON, a town in AViltshire, seated at the conflux
of theWdley and Nadder, isanantient place, formerly the
chief of the county. It has a famous manufnctory of
carpets, and another of thin woollen stuffs. It is 7 miles
N.. W. of Salisbury, and 85 W. by S. of London. Market on
W'e;lnesday.
WI'LTSHIRE, an English county, 52 miles in length, and
.34 in breadth; hounded on the W. by Somersetshire: on the
N. by Gloucestershire ; on the E- by Berkshire and Hamp-
shire ; and on the S. by Dorsetshire and Hampshire; behig
54 uiiles ill length, and 33 in breadth. It contains 301 pa-
rishes, 21 market towns, and sends 34 members to parlia-
ment, 'i'lie principal rivers are the Willey, the Adder, the
two Avons, the 'I'eiiis, the Kennel, the Duril, the Njfdder,
and the Were. The air is generally good, though sharp
upon the hills and downs in winter, but milder in the vah'S
and bottoms. I'he N. part is hilly, the S. level, and the
middle full of downs, intermixed %vith bottoms, wherein are
rich meadows and ccnn-liehls. There are several towns in
it noted for the woollen nianufactuie. Here is a fanioiis
trench, which runs from E. to W. and is visible for iiuinv
miles. The common people will have it to be the woik nf
the devil, but it was probably the boundary of the W.
.Saxou monarchy. Salisbury is tlie principal town.
WILY, (i(j/yj a. fiiU of stratagem ; siy ; cunning; artful;
tricking.
^V I'M BI-.E, s. \iilmj>el, Belg. from vicnuhn, to borej an in*
slriinie[it with which holes are liored.
Wl'.VIBORN MiNSTF.u, a town of Dorsetshire, with a
noble church, built as a cathedral, f<irmerlv collegiate, and
the only onr in the county in wIhcIi cathedral service is per-
formed, 'ihe eustef n lower, and part of the church, are
WIf>
Wl N
Saxon. It is ser.tecl bclvvfen tlie rivrr Sir)iir niul Allen, C,
lliiirs N. of I'oolu, and 101 S. W. of Loiidoii. i\larkcl on
I'Viilay.
WrMlUll'".L, s. ill oinitliolosv, a small kind of curlew.
Wr^lONDHA.M, or Wimhiam, a town of Norfolk,
noted for stockings, wooden spoons, and s|iiiiilles. It is
Smiles S. W. of Norwich, and 100 N. Ji. by N. of London.
Market on Friday.
Wl'MI'LE.i'. [iriiimple, Fr.] a hood or veil. A plant.
WIN, used in llie compound names of men, si(;nilies war,
sIreiiHlli, Ac. from «/», Sax. Smnelimcs it iini)lies popula-
rity, hMUK'inna, dear or beloved, Sax. And in the names
ul' jilaces, denotes a battle fought there.
ToWIN, D. a. pref. and part. pass, won; [triana, Sax.
winiieu, Belg.] to gain by compiest ; to gain the victory iti a
contest organic ; togaiii something withheld ; to obtain or
overpower by superior charms^or persuasions. Ncnterly, to
gain the victory or advantage. Used witli npou, to intiuence
gain ground or favour, or to overpower.
WI'NBORN, or Wi.NnouKNE. See Wimbokn IMin-
STKK.
In botiiny, a plaut tkat twists
.Tiiy thing is turned ruund.
itself round others.
Wl'NUERMEKt;.\V.VrRU,orWiNANi)KR-MKiti-,tl.e
most extensive lake in Kngland, lying between Westmore-
land and Lancashire, and exhibiting a very great variety of
beantidil jirospects. It is about 15 miles in length from N,
to S. but ill no part broader than a mile. Opposite E.xle-
frig-f'rag, it is 222 feet deep.
Wl'NDFALL, lii'iud/hull) s. fruit blown down from a
tree; a tree bloHii down. An unexpected legacy.
VVrNU(iALLS, ,. in farriery, soft, yiehling", flatulent
tumors or bladders, full of corrupt jelly, which grow uporj
each side of the fetlock joints, and are so |)_aiiiful in hot wea-
ther and hard ways, that they makea horseto halt, 'lliey arc
caused by violent straining, or by horses standing on a
sloping floor, or from extreme labour and heat, orljy blows.
Wl'NDING, {iritulittfr) s. Ivmdut; Isl.] any crooked or
bending path ; flexure ; meander.
WINDINGSHLET, {tcindwgs/icet) s. a sheet in which
the dead are wrapped.
W INDLASS, or Wl NDLACE, s. a handle by which a
WI'NCAUTON.or WiNCAUNTON, a town in Somerset- rope or lace is wound round a cylinder ; a handle by uhicli
shire, $4 miles S. of Bath, and lOS W. bv S. of London, a wheel or any thing is turned.
Market on Wednesilay. '
ui instrument held in
1 windlass.
JarKet o
To WINCE, V. n. [^irinfro, Brit.] to kick with pain.
To kick in order to throw olf a rider, applied to beasts of
carriage.
WINCH, s. [^■HincJia; to twist, Fr ,
tiic baud, by which a wlierl is turned round ;
ToWlNCil, r. 1. See \V'incr.
WrNCMlCOMB, a large town in Gloucesleibhirc, IG miles
N. E. of Cilouccsler, and 'J3 \\. N. W. of London. Market
on Saturday.
WrNCIIELSE.'^,a town in Sussex. It isan aniient place,
at least the old town, which was swallowed up by the ocean
in 12.50. It had 18 parish churches, now reduced to one;
and is G7 miles S. E. ot London. Market on Saturday.
WTNCIIESTER, a city of Hampshire, it has six parish
churches, besides the cathedral, which is a large and beauti-
ful structure, and in which are interred several Saxon kings
and queens. The other remarkable buildings are, the
bislio|)'s palace, the hall where the assizes are kept, and the
college or school, which last is without the walls. King
Cljarfei II. appointed Sir Christopher Wren to build a royal
palace here, but did not live to see it finished. It is 21 miles
N. W. of Chichester, and 62 W. by N. of London. Markets
on Wednesday and .Saturday.
WIND, («t»rf) s. lu-inil. Sax. and T?elg.] a sensible mo-
tion of the air ; the direction of the air to any point ; breath;
any thing insignificant, particularly applied to threats.
"WiudofajV// threats." Pa>: Lust. Tu take, or have the
wind of, signifies to have the ascendency or advantage of.
To take uind, applied to secrets, implies their being dis-
closed or made public.
To WIND, {wi7ui) V. a. pretcr. and part. \)ais. wmmd ;
[wmdan, Sax. wniden, Uelg.] to blow or sound by the breath ;
to turn round, to twist. After f«r«, to regidate in its course.
" To turn and wind a fiery Pegasus." Shahs. To manage
by shifts or expedients ; to follow by the scent ; to change
or alter; to enfold, entwist, or encircle. Used with out, to
extricate from any dithculty. To ivind up, to bring to a small
compass ; to raise by means of a winch or key ; to raise by
degrees ; to put in order by a certain end or regular action.
To straiten a string by turning that on which it is rolled ;
to put in order for regular action. Neuterly, to alter or
change ; to turn or twist round ; to move round ; to move in
croolied lines ; from leWer, Isl. crooked. To be extricated
from anv diflicultv or perplexity, followed by out of.
WINDBERRY, i. the same with the bilberry.
Wl'NDBOUND, (u,jnrf4«uH(r) a. hindered from sailing by
contrary winds.
Wl'NDEGG, s. an egg not impregnated ; an egg that does
not contain the principles of life.
WINDEE, {uiitdei-ys. an instrument or person by wlrich
Wl'NDLi',, 4. a spindle.
WI'ND.VIILL, t. a mill turned by the wind.
WI'NDOW, {wkiidti) s. [viiidiie, Dan.] an aperture in a
building, by which the light and air are let into a room.
The frame of glass, &c. that covers the aperture.
To WINDOW, Ijvindu) V. a. to furnish with windows;
to place at a window. To break into openings.
WINDPIPE, {windpipe) s. the aperture through which
we breathe ; the weasand, or wezand.
WINDSOR, a town of Berkshire, pleasantly seated on
the banks of the Thames, in a healthful air, and is a hand-
some, large, and well inhabited place ; but chiefly famous
iiir its magnificent castle, which is a royal palace, and where
the ceremony ot installing the knights of the (iarter is per-
formed ill the chapel ; and St. George's hall, which is paved
with marble, is one ofthe finest rooms in Europe. Windsor
sends two members to parliament, and is 22 miles W. of Lon-
don. Market on Saturday.
Wl'NDWARD, (uindward) ad. towards the wind.
WINDY, {iviiidi/) a. consisting of wind ; next the wind ;
empty, airy, or having no solidity; tempestuous, molested
with the wind ; puffy; flatulent.
WINE, s. [wiH, iSax.] a liijuor made of the. juice of the
gratie fermented ; liquor made by fermentation of vegetables.
WING, s. \u-inop, Dan.] that part of a bird by which it
flies; flight; a fan to winnow. In botany, the angle formed
between the stem and leaves of a plant ; also a term given to
the two lateral petals of a butterfiy-shaped blossom. Those
two oblong blunt petals situated on each side of the[standard
in the flower ofthe gorze, or whin, are the wings, lii war,
the two extreme bodies on the sides of an army. Any side-
piece. The two detached sides of a building.
To WINCt, ti. a. to furnish with wings; to enable to fly ;
to supply an army with sidebod'ies. Neuterly, to pass by
flight ; .io exert tiie power of flying.
SvrXGED, a. furnished with wings ; swift, rapid. In bo-
tany, applied to a leaf-stalk, when flattish, with a thin mem-
brane or leafy border on each side ; to a leaf, when an undi-
vided leafstalk hath many little leaves growing from each
side, as in Jacob's ladder, bladder sena, ash, and pea ; to
shoots, when they strike out from the sides like the
plumage along the sides of a quill, as in several species of
feather moss.
Wr^NCijSHELL, *. the shell that covers the wings of
insects.
ToWINK,»'. n. [itjinclten, Belg.] to shut the eye ; to hint,
or direct by the motion ofthe eyelids. Figuratively, to pass
by a fault without taking notice of it ; to connive ; to seem
not to ?ee ; to tolerate.
WINK, s. the act of closing the eye ; a hint given by the
motion of the eye. ^
903
WIS
WIT
AVI'NNER, *. the person tliat wins.
WINNINfj, part, attractive; cliarining ; overpowering
tiy ijcgaiice of address and bcliavioitr.
VV rNNlN(», s. Ilie siii;i won ataiiy name.
To \VI NNOW, {n'lnnu) v. a. [tviiidrian, Sax.] to sepa-
rate by means of w ind ; to separate fjraiii from tiie chaff; to
fan, <tr beat as with wings. " iVinnous the buxom air."
Par. Lust. Figuratively, to sift, examine, or separate.
Nfiderlv, to part corn from cliaff.
\\ J'NN'OVV lill,.s. he wiio w innows.
WI'NSLOW, a town in Bucliinghamsiiire, 7 miles N. W.
of Aylesbury, and 50 W. N. W. of London. Marliet on
Tuesday.
Ui'NSTliR, a town of Dcrbvshire, near rich mines of
lead, 5 miles N. \V. of Derby, and I.V2 N. N. W. of London.
It has no market, but a meeting for the sale of provisions on
Salur^iay.
WLNTER, s. [wilder, .Sax. Dan. 'I'cut. and Relg.J the
cold season of the year. Winter sv!slice, is the time when
tiie sim enters the tropic of Capricorn, making the sliortest
day, which now is December 21.
To W rXTER, V. 71. to pass the winter. Actively, to (i^ed
in the winter.
WI'NTErvGRREN, .«. a plant with spcar-sliaped leaves,
and white blossoms on long fruit stalks. It is loinid in woods
and lii-allis, and flowers ni June. 'J'lie ilillerent species of
peail-leaf L'o also by the name of winlersjiecn.
\\'!'NTEKLV, a. such as is suitable to winter; of a w iutrv
kind.
\yri\TRY, a. brumal ; suitable to winter.
I'o WIPE, »,'. n. [u-iiiait, Sax.] to rub softly, to clpanse by
rubliini; softly ; to strike ofj'gentlv ; to clear away ; to cheat
or di fraud. Used with out, to efl'ace.
\\ IFE, i. the act of cleansing ; a blow or stroke ; a gibe ;
aj/'er; a sarcasm. A bird.
WIRE,*, \virer, to draw round, Fr. according toSkiinier]
metal drawn into slender threads.
'!"o WIREDRAW, v. a. to tlrawmefal into wire ; todra;?
out into length ; to draw liy art or violence.
Wl'KF.DRAWER, s. one who spins wire.
Wi'llKSWORTU, a large populous town in Derbyshire,
seated in a valley, near the spring-head of the river Ercles-
born, remarkable for having the greatest lead market in
England. It is 8 miles N. by W. of Derby, and 139 N. N.
W. of London. Market on Tuesday.
To WIS, V. a. prct. and part. i)ass. wist ; [wi/seii, ISelg.
uisscn, Teul.] to know.
WTSBE.VCH, a town of Cambridgeshire, seated in a
funny part of the county, in the Isle of Ely, between two
rivers. It is a well liuilt town, possessing a considerable
trade jn the export of corn, and of oil pressed from seeds
at mills in its neighbourhood. Only barges can come u|)
its river, large vessels stojiping G miles below;. It is 18
miles N. of Ely, and Hi) N, by E. of London. Market on
Saturday.
WISDOM, (nizflom) t. [ntsdom, Sax. wisdom, Dan.] a
higher and more refined notion of things, immeiliately pre.
sented to the mind, as it were, by intuition, w ilhout the as-
sistance of ratiocination. In a moral sense, it signifies pru-
dence or discretion. Synon. Wisdom makes us act and
speak properly. iVWrmr preven ts on rspeakuig or acting im-
properly. The former is more knowiiig; the latter more wary.
WISE, (K/ip)«. [iL-is, Sax. ?(ii.v, Relg. and Dan. J skillul in
finding out the best ends, and the best means of attaining
ihcm ; grave, or betokening wisdom ; sapient; dexterous;
kkilful; skilled in hidden irts.
WISE, (ir'i:i-) s. [u'ise, Sax. u-i/se, Relg. weise. Tent.] man-
lier; way of being oracling. This word in the modern
dialect is corrupted into Ways.
WrSF.ACllK, {wt:i alter) s. lifise-^i^her, a soothsayer, Relg.]
a person of dull apprehension, or pretending to wisdom with-
out reason ; a fool ; a dunce.
WI'Si'.LY, ad. judiciously ; priulently.
'Jo WISH, V. n. \wisiittii, Sax. J to have a strong and
longing desire f©r tiie existence or possession of any t1ii;if».
Used with irell, to be dis\i'.)sed or inclined. Actively, to
desire or lung for any future or absent good ; to recommend
by wishing; to iuiprecate ; to ask.
WISH, i. a longin^j desire ; the thing desired ; desire ex
pressed.
WISHFUL, «. longing ; expressive of longing.
WrSKET, s. a vessel made with twigs, rushes, &c.
woven together ; a sort of basket. Synon. WW.fns gene-
rally applied to those that have handles at the ends, as (lis-
tinguished from basket, which has an arched one over the
middle.
W ISP, s. [n-isp, Swed. and old Belg.] a small bundle of hay
or straw.
WISTFUL, a. attentive ; earnest ; full of thought ;
grave.
WrSTON, a town of Pembrokesiiiie, in S. Wales, Vi
miles N. of Pembroke, and 2:35 W. N W. of l.,ondon.
Market on Saturday.
To WIT, V. 71. [uitan. Sax.] to know. Obsolete, except
in the phrase to nit, that is to say.
WIT, i. [e;cuit. Sax.] a faculty or operation of the mind,
according to Mr. Locke, coii-.isting in assembling those
ideas with quickness ami variety that have any resemblance
or congmity, and thereby nialiing pleasant pictures and vi.
sions agreeable to the mind. Sentiments produced by
quickness of fancy, and raising pleasure in the mind. Jndg-
niciit ; genius; sense. A maii of genius ; a man of fancy.
Jn the plural, a state wherein the understanding is sound ; a
souiiil mind. Conlrivanee ; stratagem ; power of ex-
pedients.
WITCH, s. [wiccc. Sax.] a woman that practises un-
lawful arts, or one that has a familiar spirit. Spenser uses
the word fora winiling sinuous bank.
WITCHCRAFT, s.a kind of sorcery practised by some
men and women, who sell themselves to the devil to enable
them to do mischief.
WITH, prep, [with. Sax. I by, applied to note t!ie cause,
instrumcht, or means by which any thing is done. Ufion.
" Such arguments had invincible force uitli those Pagan phi-
losophers who became Christians." Addison. Sometimes it
denotes union, conjunction, or society. " I'here is no living
with Xhee." Tutler. Souictimes it signifies mixture. " I'ut
a little vinegar uilh oil." Sometime:? it denotes compari-
son. "Can blazing carbuncles jcjM her compare ?' Sandys.
Sometimes it implies opposition orflgainst. " Tiie niar(|ciis
of Granby fought uilh the French." A.'nongst. " Interest
is her name with men below." Drijd. 'I'ogether, or insepa-
rably. " With her they llourish'd, — and with her they die."
Pope. Followed by tlu(t or tliis, immediately after. " Witft
that tlie god his darling phantom calls." O'arlh. With, in
composition, generally signifies opposition or privation.
WITH.\'L, (within'il) ((ff. along with the rest; likewise;
at the same time. Sometimes used instead ot'irith. " W'hat
God loves and delights in, and is pleased withal." TiUal.
WI'FHAM, a town in Essex, governed by a high bailifl",
Ac. and has one church, which is an antient (iotliic struc-
ture. This town is 8 miles E. of Chelmsford, and 37 E. N.
E. of London. Market on Tuesday.
'I'o WITH DRAW, r. a. to take back or deprive of; )i»
estrange; to alienate; to call away, orniake to letiie. Neii-
terlv, to retire, or retreat.
Wl'TilE, ^. a willow twig. A band, properly, a band of
twigs ; from witthe, a baud. Sax.
ToW'ITHEK,v, n. to f.ulc or grow sapless ; to dry up.
Figuratively, to waste or pine away ; to want or lose. Ac-
tively, to make to fade, shrink or decay, for want of moisture.
Synon. Wither rises upon the sense of yrirf,. A faded
flower may recover ; but that w liicli is withered cannot.
WFTHF.RS oi' A llousK, .«. is lliejuncture of the slioul-
dei-bmie at llie bottom of the neck and mane, towards the
upi>er part of the sliould<'r.
To WITMIKi'El), 11. «. to refrain, Lold back, or kcap
from action ; to keep back or refuse.
WOK
WOO
V rrm N, prep, [wit/iiiuian, SHX.'in tlie inner part of.
Williiii tlie c(>iij|>ais, or iiul Ix'yoiid, iipplii'd to place, time,
or lliiii:;s.
VVri'MrN. ad. ill the inner parts; in the soul or mind.
MTIHOUT, prep. [withiUnn, Sax.] not willi; not with-
in: in H stale of iiliseiice Iruni ; in tlu- !>lal<- of nol liaviii<;;
on llie outside; hejuiid; not williiii tiie compass of; with
cxeiiiplion from.
Wd'HOU'T, 0(7. on the outside ; out of'doors ; externally.
WITHOUT, nnjitnct. unless ; if not; except.
To WlTMSTA'Sl-), f. «. Ipreter. withstood; tvit/istandian,
Sex I to oppose, resi'1, or contest u ith ; to act aj;aiust.
WI'I'HVVIND.f. the convol^^llu^; a herb.
WTTLIN(i, s. [a dimiiiulive of Wit) a person who
pretends to '>\itand humour; a man ofpert> smartness.
WI'TN I'.iSS, i\ |K'i7«e.s*e, Sax.] a testimony; attestation;
a person who^iies liisevidriice or lesliimuiy for or against
a tiling. W'M a wi/iiess, implies etiectually, or to a hi{<h
and exliavan:iiit deuiee.
'I'o VVl'TNRSS, V. a. to attest; to siiliscrihe one's name
tea writing, in oirjei to aiiest its being authentic. Neu-
lerl\, to t,'ive or bear testimony.
Wl'TNLSv it:lerjict. an exclamation used at the begin-
ning t>f a seiiti Mce, to imply that a particular person or
thin^ are evidences of the tiiilh of any as^e^tion.
Wl I'NEY, a populous town in t)xf'oriUliire, noted for its
manufacture of the tiuest blankets, and olhertliick xioollens,
called bearskins and keise\s. It is 8 in les N. W. of
Oxfotd, and 64 W. N. W. of London. Market on Thurs-
day.
Wl rTI''NA'GF,MOT, i. amon<; our Saxon ancestors, a
term literally si^nilyinij a council, or assembly ofsatjes, or
wise men ; applied to tlie great council ot the land, in latter
davs called a Pailiameiit.
Wr rilCISV;, s. a mean attempt at wit.
WlTTINIvSS, s. the qu.dity ot beiii^- witty.
Wl'TTINGLV, ad [fnnn uiiau, to know, Sax.] know-
lii{;lv, by de>ign, or with deliberation.
VVfTl'OL, s. [wiltol, from uilan, to k-now, Sax ] a per-
son who knows his wife to be frail, but connives at it; a
fomented cuckold.
WITTY, a. judicious; ingenious; full of imagination ;
sarcastic ; taunting ; scotiing.
To WIV1>, V. a. to inarrv. Seldoni used.
WIVES, the phiral of Wife.
WlVLI'',SCOiMB, atowii in Somersetshire. 20 miles N. N.
K. of Exeter, and 155 W. by S. of London. Market on
Th.usday.
WI'ZAUD,, s. [from u'liiflri, Belg.] formerly used for a
person of extensive knowledge; at present used only in a
nad sense, and applied to a conjuror, inchanter, or war-
lock.
WOAD, s. [wad. Sax.] a plant with scolloped root-
/eaves, arrowsliaped stem leaves, oblong pods, and yellow
blossoms. With the juice of this plant the autient Britons
painted their bodies, to render themselves more terrible to
their enemies. It is found in corn fields, and under hedge*,
and is much used bv dyers for its blue colour.
WO'BURN. or WooBt' RN.atown in Bedfoidshire,seafed
on the high road from London to Northampton ; and was for-
merlv famous for its abbey, which now belongs «o the duke
of Bedlord, and is his country seat. It has also a free-school,
and a charilyscliool, founded by a duke of Bedford. Mcar
it is found great plenty of fuller's-earlh. It is 12 miles S. of
Bedford, and 42 N. N. W. of London. Market on Friday.
WOE, or WO, s. [wa. Sax.] grief; calamity ; sorrrow ;
misery ; a slate of misery. It is often used as a denuncia-
tion of calamity, or as a curse.
WO'EFUL, «. full of sorrow ; causing excessive grief;
calamitous ; atRictive , mournful ; petty ; wretched ;
sorry.
WO'EFULLY, ad. sorrowfully ; mournfully ; wretcnedly.
W()EF11LNE.SS, *. misery ; calamity.
WOICLNGHAM. Sec OKSiNiiUAM.
6 Z
WOLD, in the compound names of places signifies a plain
open counlry, froui ua/il, >a\. a plain having no woods.
WO 1.1'", {ivulj)s. \wt)tl\ Bi Ig waif. Sax.] ill zoology, a fierce
and cru>d aoimal of tlie dog kind, wliich is found in e^ery
country in Europe except the British isles. They were
expelled fr<mi l''.iiglaiid about I2U1, f'lom Scotland in 1680,
and from Ireland ill 1710.
WO'LFDOG, s. a dog of a very large breed, kept gene-
rallv to guard sheep.
WO'LKISII, {wulJUh) a. ravenous; cruel; resembling a
wolf in qii^jlities.
WCVLFRAM, s. a mineral of a black or brown shining
colour, in appearance resembling the ore of tin, and gene-
rally loiind in tin mines.
WO'EFSBANE,*. a poisonous plant ; aconite.
WO'LFSCLAW, *. the common clubuioss.
WO'L. SMiLlv, s. an herb.
WO'LLEH, a town in Norlbumberland, much resorted to,
in the summer mouths by invalids, to driirk goat's whey and
milk. It is 14 miles S. of Berwick. Market on 'fhur*-
WOIAI'.RIIAMPTON. See Woolverhampton.
WOLVF.HI.N E, s. in zoology, a very strong animal of (he
bear kind, about the size of a wolf, which inhabits tlie
northern reiiioiis of America.
WOLSIN(;ilAM, a town in the county ofDurliMm, m a
country abounding in coal and lead mines. It is situated
on the road betweein Barnaid-Caslle and C arlisle, lli miles
S. W. of Durham, and 259 N. W. by N. of London. It has
no market.
VVO'MAN, («umnn) J. [in the plural women, pron. ttHm-
men, wifmnn, Sa.x | the female of the human lace; a female
attending more parliciilarly on a lady.
To WO Al ANISE, (ttuHiaiiire) V. a. to soften, to effemi-
nate, to emasculate. Not used.
WO'MANl'H, (wUmaiiis/i) a. efieminate.
WO.MANKIND, (wumanhind) s. the female sex. Tb«
race of women.
WO'MANLY, a. becoming or suiting a woman; femi-
nine.
WOMB, (.ti'oom) s. \wamb. Sax. wamha, Goth, wamb. Is!.'
the place of conception ; the place whence any thing is pro-
duced. Any cavity.
To WON, V. It. [u-o en, Teut.] to dwell, to live, to have
abode, or reside. Obsolete.
To WO'NDI'.R, {uiittder) v. n. [wotider, Belg. wnndrian.
Sax.] to be atfecled or aslonished at the presence of some-
thing very strange or surprising.
WO'NDKR, iwiinder) s. \u mder, Belg. wundor. Sax. I
any thing which causes surprise by its strangeness ; surprise
caused by something unusual, or unexpected ; admiration;
amazement ; asliuiishment used with at.
WONDERFUL, (uunderful) a. admirable; astonishing'
marvellous; surprising ; strange; amazing.
WONDERFULLY, ad. ia a wonderful mann^; to a
wondertul degree.
WO'NUERSTRUCK, a. amazed.
WONDROUS, {tiioidroiis) s. so strange as te cause as-
tonishment ; admirable; maivellous; surprising; strange.
To WC^NT, or "^I'o be WONT, i>. «. \wuniait, Sax.J to be
accustomed or used ; to use.
WO'N'T, («()«/) a contraction oiwillnot.
WONTED, a. usual ; accustomed.
To WOO', V. a. lottv/oW, couited. Sax ] Jo court ; or to en-
deavour to gain the atiectionsofa person as a lover ; to invite
with earnestness and kindness. To importune. " 1 woo to
heartily even song." Milt. Neuterly, to court ; to make love.
WOOD, s. \wudc, Sax. woud, Belg.] a large and thick
plantation oft rees; the solid substance w hereof the branches
or trunk of a tree consist, when stripped of the baik; timber.
WOODBINE, s. the honeysuckle.
WOODBRIDGE, a town in Suffolk, seated on the rivrr
Deben with very safe and deep water, but the bar is
ditiicultauduucertaio. A coDsidcruble corn trade kjcar.'ici^
W O R
oo luTP, anit it is fiimous for refining suit. It is siliinto<!
aimiil 6 miles froni Sf;i, 7 N. N. E. ot I i)s\vicli, and '?() N. I'i.
©f Loivl'iii. Miiiketoii Wfiliiesdav.
WOO'OCOCK, s. ywoditcuc, Sa\.| a well known wild
fo«i, soiiirwiiiil sniallpr than ihe paririd;;e, and on the back
ofa III u'k, ffiey, or leildisli liiown (.(lioMi-.
VVOOOI-'N. «. [a Saxnn teriuinaiicn!] made of wood ;
ligiii'iiii--. Fi;,'nralivi-lv, iliiiiuv, or awkward.
WOOnFRF/rrKJl' * an insect.
W()()'DI-ANI), i. ^roi...id covered with trees ; woods.
\V0()'IJL.\!;K, s. a sort ot'nielodioiis wild lark.
WOO'DLOUSE, f. the uiilepes; a sort of'sniall insect.
"vVOOUMAiV, s. one whose trade is to fell timber ; a
jpnrlsMiaii : a hunler.
WOOnVYMPH.f.a fabled goddess of the woods.
WOOUNOTE, i. wild oriiative mnsic. " Waibie his
toondnotfs Vi\<.\," Mi't.
W'OO'DOI-KEHING, J. wood burnt on an altar.
W()OI)PEClvRR,5. asiirl of bird.
WOO'Dl'KiEON.i. the woodccdver; a wild pigeon.
WOD'UHOOF, s. a plant ot which there are two spe-
cies, Viz. ihe-'Uect wooilioof, and s(|iiiiianc> wort.
VVOO'D-OIIKEL, s. a t;pniis of phinls conlainins two spe-
cies, the acelons aiid yellow flo>vered. The first species
uor-1 iJ.i'.v hv the names of cnckovv bread and sonr trefoil.
" WOODSTOCK,;; ooroiiKhni (Kf--d-Jlire -liieflv noted
forRli'idieMM hiime. a fi e pal.fce. bndl lo iierpefiLlte the inn.
morv of the viclories obtained by the duke of Marlborongli,
over ihe French and Bavarians, and particniarly that of Ang.
S, 1704. It was erected at ihe |)ublic expense, and is one of
the nolileat scats in I'.nrope. The town is about iialf a mile
frons the palace, having several i;ood i.TOs ; ami a manufac-
ture of steei chains for watches, and evcellent gloves. It
is 8 miles N. N. W. of Oxford, and 62 VV. N. VV. of London.
Maviiet on Tuesday.
WOO'DY, a. abounding in wood or trees; consisting of
timber: ligneous; relalini to woods ; svlvaii.
WOOER, s. one w ho courts a woman.
WOOF, .5. \wifta. Sax. but .fi>hi)SOJi derives it from v>nre\
the cross thieadsshot by a weaver with a shullle, between
■lui across those of ihe v.arp. Tenluie, clolh.
WOOL, s. [itii/, Sa\.] the covering or tieece of sheep.
Fignralirely, any downy, short, thick hair. " Woo/ of bat,
end tongue of dog." Sliak.
W'OOX.LEN, (I. consisting of wool ; made of wool.
WOO'LLEiV, *. cloth made of wool.
WOO'LLER. .See Wallkr.
WOOLLY, «. clothed with wool; consisting of wool;
resembling woo!.
\VOOLI'lT. S;'eWui,piT.
W'OO'LVERflAMPTON, or Wolverhampton, a
large town in Slaflbrdshire, which has an antient collegiate
cburch, annexed lo liie deanery of Windsor, as also a free-
SLchool, well endowed, and a market-house. It is chiefly
noted for its iron maiinfactorv, consisting of locks, hinges,
buckles, cork-screws, &c. It is very populous, governed
bv two constables, and the streets are for the most part
Vroad. It is 1.3 miles S. of Slalibrd, and 124 N. W. of Lon-
don. Market on Wednesday.
WOO'LWlCll, a town in Kent, sealed on the river Thames,
and of great note for ils tine docks an<l \ arils, where men of
war are built, as also for its vast magazines of great guns,
mortars, bombs, cannon balls, powder, and other warlike
stores. It has an academy, where Ihe mathematics are
t;]ur^ht, and young officers inslrucled in the military art. For
komeyears past, two or three hulks have been moored otTthis
town, for the reception of convicts, to the number sometimes
•f 4tiO. It is H miles E. of London. Market on Friday.
WO'RCF.STER, (usually pron. Wuster)* city and the ca-
pital of Worccslrrshire, seat'd on the river Severn, over
wbii h is a beautiful stone bridge, erected in 1770. The prin-
c-i()al manufactures are of horse hair clolh, broad clolh,
uJoves, and elegant china ware. Here are !J parish churches,
i jramaiar schools, 7 hospituLs, an iii(irmar>, a "aicr-house,
SMI6
WOR
and a well contrived qmy. On September .^d, I6ul, kinjf
CIvarles II. at llie head ofa Scolcli army, was (lefValeil in ana
near Ibis cily, and ihe vanquishtd were ahno>l all el her kill-
ed or taken prisoners, and s<ild lo Ihe Aniei uaii plaulat-ioos.
It is no miles VV. N. W. of London. Markeis on iMonda»,
Weilnesday, and Friday ; and a consideiabb- hop market on
Salurdav. Fairs on the eve of Palm Sunda'v, the Saturday
after Easter, August 15rh. and Seplemlier IDlh.
WO'KCESTKI!SHIHK,Ciriij.'fr.s/»r«) an I'.nglish county,
bounded on the E. by Warwickshire ; on the S. b\ Glonce*-
tersliire : on tin- W. by Herefordshire; and on the N. by
Slattordshireaofl Shropshire; being about .3.0 miles in lenglli,
and 27 in breailth. It contains 152 parishes, 12 uiaiket-
towus and sends 9 members to parliament. The principal
rivers areth' Sevrrn, the Avon, theSalwarp, the Teem, and
the Siour. The air is very healthy, and the soil in ihe vales
and meadov\s \^\ rich, producing corn and pasture; whde
several of the bills feed large flocks of sheep, Tb;' chief com-
modities of this county are corn, hops, wool, cloth, cheese,
cyder, perry, and very flue salt. Thecbief town is Worcester.
WOKD, (ward) s. ficorrf. Sax. woorit, Beig J an articulate
souM'l of Ihe voice, by which some idea is conveyed to ih?
mind of aniither ; a single part of speech, or any collection of
lellcrs thai conveys an idea ; a short disconise ; promise; to-
ken. Figuratively, language After mnhe, contest. After
keep, -A promise. After i^i'if, a signal. Aflei 4)!)'^, an acconat
or message. In Scripture, iheGos^pel dispensation. The.So
CQiid Person in the ever adorable Trinity. SvNON. A word
isa single prt;rn;''sprtfh ; 'sgeiieraL and deiermiued bv lu*.
Term isa particular cast of language; owes ils formation U»
the subject, and ils excellence to its suilableness. Ex/iiession
is a certain mo<le of speech, arises from ihonght, and is more
or less beautdnl, according to its particular lurri. The purity
of language depends upon ils words ; the precision, upott
its terms ; and brilli.incy, upon its expressitms.
To WORD, V. a. lo express in proper words.
^V O'RHy , (wiirdi/) aAwordin^, Sax.] abounding in words,
or making use of more than what are necessary ; verbose;
loquacious.
WOKE, preter. ofW'E.^R.
To WOIllv, (vurii) V. n. prefer, and part, pas.i. iforkc^t
or wrought ; \ueorcnii, .Sax. tccrA^H, Belg.' to labour, (o t<ul,
to travad ; to be in action or motion ; to act as a m.ninfictn-
rer. To ferment, applied to liquors. To operal'", or iia*«
effect ; to obtain by assiduity ; to act as on an object.
To refine, used witti up to. To be tossed or agitated as if ii«
a fermentation. "Confused with aioi-AiJi^ sands and rolling
waves." Addis. Actively, to make by degrees, or continual
application of strength ; to perform ; to labour or nianufae-
ture ; to produce by action; to bring by action into any
state. " >KorAj itself clear." Addis. To embroider, or per^
form by the needle. To manage or direct, applied toshifrt.
Used with out, to effect by continual lalmur; lo eiase, or
efface. Used with up, to raise, excite, or provoke.
WORK, (tt'iir/;) *. [weorc, .Sax. werk, Belg.] constant ap-
plication of strength or mind ; labour or employ ; toil ; a
stale of labour; a bungling attempt ; any thing made by live
needle, or any manual art ; an action or deed. Operation.
To fro to work with, is to manage or treat. To set on work,
to employ, engage, or excite to action.
WORKER, J. one that works.
WORKHOUSE, *. a place where indigent, vagrant, and
idle people, are set to work, anrl maintained with clotliinz,
diet, \c.
WO'RKINGDA Y, .t. a day on which labour is permitted,
opposed to Ihe sabbath.
WO'RKINfJTON, a sea port of Cumberland, «enter< on
the S. side of Ihe river Derwent, near it.? nu)ulh. TSe
luimbi'r of shipping employed here (chiefly in the coal trade)
is about 100. A little up the river there arc extensive iron
works, and a fine salmon fishery. VVorkington is 7 mile*
W. of Cockeriuuulb, and 311 N. NV. of London. Maj-ket
on Wednesday.
won
WRE
WORKMAN, ». an artificer; a maker of any tiling.; am
(Ira* wDrks iinv tra'e.
WO'KK. MAN SHIP, («*)Am/rw4/ii» «. manufacture; the
fkii! of '.I worker ; the arl of Morkiii);.
WO'HKSOP, a town in Noltinf;liaiiishirc, 146 miles N.
by \V. of London. Market fm WeHi esday.
WOltl.D. (tvur/fl) s. [world. Sax.] the whole svstem of
created thin;;*, accordinff to Locke ; the earth. FolloHinff
this, ihe present stale of existence. A secniar life ; the
pleasnreti and interests w hich steid away the soni fr< in (iod ;
thepiiMic; universal empire ; tionliie o' life ; course of life;
a ijreat niultitiide ; mankind. In the tvorld, implies, txislins,
in liein;;, or possilile. For all the worlil, exactly. Wiirld
wi'iioDt end, sijiiiities tlir(Ui^;lioiit eleriiitv, or time uilhout
Old ; from llie .Saxon, wherein «'»rH;;eiierally si;;ni(iesiJme.
SyNON. Wiirld properly sixnilies one Jjlolie, as the earth.
In a more limited sense, it conveys only the idea of one
iiiii;;i( lieiiijj or lliin;;, tlioiijjli ^'eiieral, ;is liie world of qua-
drupeds, llip religions world, the philosophic world, Ac.
iJtii verse h used when we speak of the wliide svstem of cre-
ated heiii^s and thiims, thou^ih in a more restricted sense it
means the w hole of this ea Ih taken together.
WOrtl.Dl.INI'.SS, (wiirldlwesi) s. a state wherein a per-
»on pursues his present, to the iie<;lect of his future and
eternal interest. Covclonsness ; avarice; desire offjain.
WORLDLING, (it'i(?W/iH^) s. a person entirely guided
liy views of ^ain.
WO'ltLULY, (uiirldh/) a. secniar ; relatins to this life,
in coiilradistiiictioii to ih;'t whi( h is to come ; bent entirely
upon 1 Ins worlil ; human ; comnuui ; helnnjjiu!; to the world.
W0I;LDLV, nd. with rejaiicn to the present life.
WO K. M, fHuim) i \iriiriii. Belg. «7/)/H, Sax.j an annular
creepiiij; .inimal, lired in the earth, or in the body ; a gun-
screw. Fi^nialivelv, toniieiit or pain.
To WOR.M, (;(«/7h) u. n. to work slowly and secretly.
Acliveh, Id d i\e li\ slow and secret means.
WO l{.M l-',A TEN, «. t;nav\ed hy worms ; old, worthless.
W(>K MS, iiu autieul, larye, an<i famous city of (ieriiiany,
ill the palatinate ofllie Uliine, witha hishop's see, whose
bishop i* a sovereign prince of the empire. It is a free and
jnipi rial citv, and is noted for its excellent wine. It is
seated on the western hanks of the Rhrue, '.^.o miles N. \V.
oflleidelliurs, 20 S. E. of Mrntz, and 32 S. W. of Fiaiick-
foft. I at. 4!(. 32. N. Ion. 8. 29. E.
VVORVISEED, ». a fienus of plants of which there arc
scveial species. The hedge-mustard and winter-cress are
amniii.' ihe S|iei ies.
WO'|{M TUB, s. a chymical vessel with a pewter worm
fixed ill Ike inside, and ihe inlrnnediate space filled with
water. Its use is to cool liquors during; disi dial ion.
WOI'MWOOF), s. a species of soulhernwood, common
Ijy roadsides and amoiif;st rubliish, an<l Howers in August.
WO'il M V, (wurnit/) a. aboiinilinj; in worms.
WORN. (h»)'i) part. pass. cfWEAR.
Tt> WO'HKY, V. a. [wiirigeu, Sax. J to tear, mangle, or
thal'.e like beasts of prey. Fignraliveiy, to teaze, to harass,
or persecute brutally or inhninanly.
WORSE, (wiiisf) a. [the ciuiiparative degree of BAD,
tiius irreyularly compared, bnd, worse, worst ; whs, Sax.]
f1:at which, on cuniparison, appears to have less good qua-
lities than anotlirr.
To V\ OIL^E, (worse) v. a. to put to disadvanlaue.
WO'IISIIIP, J. \weorthsci/pe,^A\.] eminence ; excellence;
dignity which requires reverence and respect; a character
oJ.lionour ; adoration; religious act of reverence ; the title
»f a justice of peace ; honour; civil deference ; respect.
To WORSHIP, i>. a. to adore or pay divine honours to ;
Ic honour, or treat with great reverence. Neuterly, to per-
torm acts of devotion.
WO'RSHIPFUL, a. claiming respect by any character
or dignity.
VyO'RSHlPPER, s. an adorer; one that worihip.s.
To WORST, {niirsC) v. a. to defeat ; to overthrow.
WOilST, #. tlie utiiiDst height or degree of any thin^ ili
WO'B.STED, {wUrsted) s. [from W'orsted, a town in Nor-
folk famous lor the woollen mauiifactiirej thread made ol
wr.ol, such as stockings are nnde of.
WORSTED, a town in Norfolk, noted for being file
place where worsteds were first made. It is 12 miles N.
of Norwich, and 120 N. E. of LoikIoii. Market on Sufurday.
WORT, (irtirt) s. [wort, Belg. wert. Sax.] originally a ge-
neral name for a herb, but at present apjiropriatii! to »
plant of the cabbage kind. New beer, either unleriueutcd
or fermenting ; from h)/rt. Sax.
WORTH, (wiirtli) s. [weerth. Sax.] price or value ; ex-
cellence ; virtue; imporlauce ; valuable quality.
WORTH, iwiirth) a. equal in price or value to; deserv-
ing of ; equal in possessions lo.
To WORTH, or WOUTH, v. n. [wevrtlimt. Sax.] to (w.
This woid is (Wily used in the pliiase wo: wori/i. " Wo«
worth the dav." Ezih. xxx. 2,
WtVllTflLNlvSS, f. desert, inerit, excellence, dignity.
WORTHLESS, {worthless) a. having no value, vile, iiase.
Of bad principles, applied lo persons.
WORTHY, (wurthji) a. deserving, used with rf. Vali*
able: suitable; meritorious.
WO'RTHY, {wiirlhij) s. a person of eminent qiialitiei,
parlicularlv valour, ami deserving esteem.
To WOT, V. n. [witon. Sax. whence wect, to know] to
know or lie aware of. Obsolete.
WO';iTO\ BASSET, or Wooton Bassf.t. a town in
Wiltshire, sealed near a large jiark, not tar from the forest
of Bredon, and sends two meinbeis to p;irliauient. It is ."^l*
miles N. by W. of Salisburv, and 8!>W. of'Loudon. -Maiket
on Fridav.
WOTTON UNDER-EDGE, a town in Gloucestershire,
pleasantiv seated under the hills, vvilli a woollen manufac-
ture. Il is20 miles N. E. of Bristol, and 108 W. N. W. of
Lomloii. Market on Friday.
Would, (H«f/) the preter. ofWiLI., used as an aiixi.
liaiy verb lo express ihe optative and subiuiictive moods.
WO'l) I.DI.\G, (wilding) s. an iiK-liuation or flesire.
"The wonldiogs of the spirit." HtimitiunU. Propensity,
primary purpose or intention.
WOUND, s. [witnd, Sax. uimde, Belg.] in surgery, a vio-
lent solution ofllie continuity of the soft external parts of
the bodv, iir.ide bv some iiislriiitienf.
To WOUiVD, !' ff. to hurl by violence or accident.
WOUND, pieler. and part, passive ot VVlND.
WO'UNDWOR'I', Ihe common goldenrod.
*»»The reader will please to remember, lliat the it' b.?fofe
}■ in the lollowiiio- words isalv.avs )»«??.
W|{.\r.K,,v. [wrach, l^(■\■y.wrt^cce, Sax.] see WrIlCK.
WUA(iBY, a town of Lincolnshire, 8 miles N. E. of
Lincoln. Market (Ui Thuisdav.
To WR.^'NCiLE, V. ti. [wrntighcseur, Relg. 3finsfiew] to
dispute or quarrel in a peevish or perverse manner.
WR A'NGLIv s. a quarrel ; a perverse dispute.
WR A'NCiLEK, s. a perverse, peevish, dispulalivc person.
To WR \P, r. a. pret. and pari. pass, wropped or wrapt ;
[wreffler, Dan.] to roll together in folds ; to coinidicate ; to
cover with something roiled, or thrown round ; to involve ;
to comprise ; to contain. Used with i'/>, to cover, hide, or
conceal To transport or |uit in ecslasv.
WRATPER, f. one who wraps ; any thing used as a cover.
WRASSE, s. in ichthyology, the name of a tisli, other-
wise called the sea tench ami the old w ife. It abounds on
the shores of Wales ami Cornwall.
WRATH, s. [wcfli'/i, Sax.] anger excited to a high degree
by some !;re:»i oti'ence ; fury ; rage.
WRATHFUL, a. angry ; furious; raging.
To WRE.AK, (rreh) v. a. [wra;cnn. Sax.] to revenge.
" Anoliier's wrongs to wreak upon thyself." Spensir. T
execute anv violent desi;;n.
WRE.^K, {reck) s. revenge; pass oin ; vengeance. Ob-
solete..
WREATH, (reeth)s. [wreath, Sax. any thing curled or
twisted.; a garland or cbaplet.
007
WKl
WYM
To WRKATHE, (reethe) r. a. |pieter. wrcatlied, part.
pass, urentherl i>r urfntlien] to cm I ; to twist ; to convolve;
to iiitprwPHve or eiilwiiic in one iinotlier . fo encircle with,
or snrronnil liUea lisirlHnd. NeiilerU, lo be interwoven.
WRE'ATHY.fl. spiral; curled; twisted.
WRI'.CK, i. JK'nfiTe, a miseralile person, Sax. vrrache,
a sliip broken, Rel;;.] the destruction ol'a sliip by winris or
rocks. Fifjuralively, dissoliiliun by violence; ruin; de-
siruction.
To WRECK, V. n. to destroy by rushing un rocks or sands.
To ruiti Neulerly, lo sorter wreck.
WREN, s. [wrennu. Sax.] a bird, the smallest known in
this conntrv.and vers common in Derbyshire.
To WRENCH, r. fl. [w'MwgoM, Sax. uren^/ien, Bely;.] to
pull bv riolence i to wrest i to force ; tospiain; lodislort.
Wrench, .s. a violent i>nll or twist ; a sprain.
To wrest, V u. [wnestan, Sax.] lo twist by violence •
to extort by violence ; to writhe : to distort ; to force; to
applv a word to an unconnnoii meaning, as it were with
violence to its common acceptatio.i.
To WRI'/STLE, V. 71. to strn^ale with a person in order
lo throw him down. Figuratively, lo coniend, to strufjule
with ;;reat force, in order to surmount some opposition, fol-
lowed bv with.
WRK'S fLI'.R, t. one who wreslles, or contends in
wrestlim;.
WRETCH, i. \v'rceen. Sax.] a person in extreme misery ;
a person of no worth or merit. Used sometimes by way of
ironical pi.y, slit;hl,or couliinpt
WRK'TCHEI), ffl. miserable; atflictive : calamitous: un-
happy; unfortunate; pitdul : despicable; worthless:
pallrv : sorrv ; lialefid ; conemplible.
WR ETCH EDN E'^S, s. misery ; imliappjne.ss ) ufflicLion
piiifnluHss ; d''sp:ca''!eness.
W KE .KH \iVl, a toK" in Denbii;hshire, the most popu-
lous in all N. VVales. Wrexham is of Saxon orij;in, and re-
tains the lan;{nai;e and api)earance of an English town. It
has an antienl (jothic church, whose loft v sleei)le, for cu-
rious architecture, is reckoned one of the finest in l'.U)iland.
Here is a considerable maiud'actory of Welsh flannel, and a
large cannon fonndery. It is seated on a river which falls
into the Dee, in a conntrv aft'oidins; plentv of lead, 1 1 miles
S. S. W. of Chester, and I7() N. W. of London. Fairs on
March 23d, Holv Thursdav, June Ctli, and September 19th.
Markets on Monday and 'I'hursday.
To WRICiGEE, V. n. \wncraii. Sax. riiprirefcn, Bel<j.] to
move to and fro with short twists. Actively, to put in a
quick reciprocating motion ; lo search ; to insiunute.
WRIGHT, (lit) s. [wrilittt, Belg. or wyrlUa, Sax.] a work-
man ; a maker ; an artificer ; a manufucturer ; generally
applied lo one that works in wood.
To W'RINCi, 17. n. preter. and part. pass, wrin^ed and
Krmifr ; [nrin^Mi, Sax.] lo twist or turn roiuid with violence ;
to writhe ; to force tuoisture out of a thins by twisting il ; to
squeeze ; to pinch ; to distort ; to torture ; lo persecute
with extortion Ncnterlv, lo writhe with ansjuish.
WRrNKLI'"., t. [wrimlc, Sax. wHukel, Relg.J a corruga-
tion ; a furrow of the skin or face « any roughness or un-
tvcnness.
To WRI'NKLE, V. a. [wrinclian. Sax.] to corrugate or
entilract the skin into furrows ; to make uneven or rough.
Wt.l'NTON, a pretty good town in Somersetshire, seated
stnongthe Meiidip Hills, 9 miles N. of \Vell>-, and V2r> W.of
London. It is remarkable for being the birth-place of Mr.
I.tMike. Market on Tuesday.
WRIST, s. [wyrst. Sax.] that part by which the hand^joins
to the arm.
WIU'.STBAND, I. the band at th? extremity of a shirt or
•bift sleeve.
WRIT,*, any thing written ; Scripture i the foregoing
•cnse is used wiien s|)eaking of the Bible. In hiw, it signi-
fies the king's precept in wrilin^ uflcr seal, issuing out of
*onie court, directed tolhesIierifT, or other otficer, and com-
m»adiu^ Mmctliiiig to be done in relation to a suit cractioa.
9US
WRIT, the prefer, of Write.
WIU'TATIV'E, a. fond of, or inclined lo, write. John-
son very justly censures this woril, ol Pope's coining;, as uu-
woFlliv i>t lieiut; imitated.
I'o WUITE, t'. «. |iret. writ or unite, pari. pass, tprit-
ten, wrote, or writ ; [ivrilnn. Sax. | lo form letters, or expicM
by a pen ; loeii!(ia\e ; lo nnpicss : lo produce, as an anlhor.
Neulerly, to ccHi>-ey one's idras b\ letters formeil wiiha pen*
to compose. To lell in books. To senil b-llcrs.
WKITER, *. one who wriies ; an anlhor.
'loWRIT'U'', I, o. [)i>ri<//nn. Sax.] to distort ; lo twist with
viidence ; tiv wiest; lo twist. Neulerly, lo be convolved
with agoitv or torture.
WP'TING, s. Ihe act of forming letters, wokIs, &c.
with 1 pen; a paper conlaining writuig ; any legal instra-
ment ; a i oniposure ; a book.
WKI'TENCiMASrER. s. one who leaches to write.
WRI'ITEN, participle pass, of Write.
WliO.NG, s. |hi(th^//c, Sax.) any thing done knowingly,
I 'villi a design to injure anoliier; an action iiiconsisleDt
w. 1 moial lectiliiile ; an error ; delriment.
WRONG, a. ini;on-.isleiil with morality, propriety, or
truth ; im|>ro,pet' until ; uiisuilable.
To WR()N(i,w. o. to deprive a person of his due; to injurf.
WRO N(iFL''L,a. injurious ; iinjiist.
WRO'NCiHIv^lJ, or WRONGHEA DED, {ronghida^
a. obstinate ; having a perverse underslainiing.
WRONGLY, or WRONti, ad. amiss ; unjustly.
WROTE, preter.and pailiciide passive o White.
WROTH. 0. [wrad. Sax.] augr\|; irritated; very mucti
provoked bv some offence.
WROTHAM, a town in Kent, 11 miles N. W. by W. of
Maidbloiie, and 44 S. E. by E. of London. Market oo
Tiicsilav.
WROL'GHT, Ml) preter. and part. pass, of WoRKt
[wrogt. Sax.] performed. Prevailed upon, or influenced,
used wilh vpon. Operated ; filrmed ; excited or produced
b\ degrees: produced ; caused; effected; used in labour.
WROXE'l'ER, a town of Shropshire, 5 mih-s from
Shrewsbury, on the banks of the Severn. Il was knovrn
to the Romans : is said to have been built by the Briton%
was 3 miles in circumference, and is supposed to have tui-
fered dilapidation from the Saxons. Traces of a bridgt
over Ihe river are yet discernable, when the water is low. .
WRUNG, preter. and part. pass, of Wring.
WRY, a. [from Writhe] crooked j distorted: pervert
ed : wrested ; wrung.
To WRY, V. n. to be contorted or writhed ; to devial*.
Actively, to distort ; lo make to deviate.
WRV'NI'CK, i. thetorquilla; a bird.
WU'LPIT, or WooLPiT, a town in Suffolk, in the road
between linry and Ipswich. H miles from the former, 17 N.
W. of the latter and 75 N. E. of London. Market on
Thursdav.
WURFEMBURG, aduchy ofSnabia, in Germanv, hat-
ing Meniz, Franconia, and the Rhne, on the N. Oeting.
Borgan, and Ulm, on the E. HoenZollern. Fursteiiburg, and
Ilolieiiburg, on liie S. and Baden and the Black Forest on the
W. It is about 65 miles long, and as much broad. The soil-
is toleralily fertile. — In the Har with Austria, in 1805, the
diike of VVurleinburgh was Ihe forced ally of Buonaparte:
wbo.however.aflerlbepcaceofPresburg, rewarded him with
an increase of territory and the regal dignity. His spouse
was the iirincess royal of England. — Stntgard is the capilaL
WU'RTZBURG, a bishopric of Franconia, about 7«
miles in length, and 58 in breadth, divided into 60 bailiwicks.
The soil is verv fertile, and produces more corn and wint
than the inhabitants can consume.
WYCOMB. See CiiiPPiNcWvcOMB.
WYE, a town in Kent, sealed on the river Stour, 10 miles
S. of Canterbury, and 56 S. E. of London. Murket «ft
Thursdav.
WYMONDHA&l. See WiMOMDUAM. .
YAR
YEA
X.
XIS the twenf y-second letter of oiir alphahct.and a dou-
ble consonant. Noillier the Hehn-ws nor antient
Cireeks used it, l)ut expressed it by its coiiiiionant parts cs.
Neither have (he Italians this letter, but express it by ss. X
begins no word in llie Kii^lisli laufjuage, but siicli as are of
Greek original, and we (tud it in few «oids li'it vvliat are of
Latin derivation, as perii/ir, reflixian, dejliaion, axle, \c.
We often express this soinid by sin};le letti-rs ; as in backs,
irracks, iiech, &c. by hs, in brooks, by eahs, rocks ; by cc, in
access, aeiulejit, by ct, in action, unction, Ac. The I'lnjjlish
and French pro'iouiue it csorks. In Numerals, it expnsses
10, and as such seems to be made of two V'£ placed one
over tlie other. Wlien a dash is over it, thus, x, it signifies
10,000.
XEBEC, s. a small three nutsted vessel, navigated in the
Mediterranean sea, and on the coasts of Spain, Portugal,
and Uarbary.
XEKIF, J. atitle given to a prince, or cliief governor, of
Barbaiv.
XEliOCOLLY'RIUM, t. \xeros, dry, and kollyrion, a kind
of ointment, dr.] a dry plaster tor sort eyes.
XEllO'PHAGY, {zerofi'gi/) s.[{Hm\ xeros, dry and p/i«g-o,
to eat, Gr.] the eating of dry meals, a sort ot last among
the primitive Christians.
XIPllOrDES, (zi/oi(/«)j. ffroni iip/ic*, asword, and«rfoj,
from, Gr.] in anatomv, the name of a cartilage at the botlorn
of the sternum, or Lreastbune, and so called from its re-
uembling the point of a sword.
X V'STIJS, ». [Gr ] in architecture, a long spacious portico,
wherein the athletse, such as gladiators, wrestlers, &c.
exercised.
YIS the twenty-third letter of our alphabet ; its sound is
formed by e> pressing the breath with a sudden expan-
»ion of ihe lips, from ihat configuration by which we express
the vowel u. It is one of the ambiKenal letters, being a con-
sonant in the beginning of words, and placed before all vow-
els, as ill f/arrf, youth, York, <Vc. but before no consonant.
At the end of word* it is a vowel, and is substituted for the
sound of i, as in try, fry, cry, ivc. In the m.ddle of words it
is not used sofreqiienlly as i, unless in those derived from Ihe
Greek, as in chyle, empyreal, type, &c. although it is admit-
ted inip some pure Kiiglisii words, as in dyme;, crying, prytng,
Sec. Y was much used by Ihe Saxons, whence it is found
for i in our English writers. Y is al^o a numeral, signifying
130, and with a dash over it 150,000.
YACHT, YATCH, or YA ICHT, (ynvt) s. a small ship,
jfenerally used in conveying state passengers.
YAM, i. a plant cultivated by the inhabit.ints of the Ame-
rican ialands, for feeding their negroes, and the white people
make puddings of the roots, wbeu ground to a sort of
flour.
YANGTCHEOU, a city of China, of the first rank, in
Uie province of Kiangnan. It is extremely populous, chiefly
by the sale and distribution of salt, that is made on the
adjoining sea coasts, carries on a great trade in all manner
of Chinese works, and is situated on the Great or Royal
Canal, which extends from the Takiang north'wards to ihe
liver Koaiigho, or the Yellow River, 486 miles S. S. E. of
fekin.
YAONGaN, a city of China, of the first rank, in the
|irovince of Yunnan. It contains only two towns, but has
a considerable territorv. The adjoining forests produce
abundance of musk. >fear the city is a well of salt water,
from which they make very white salt. It is 1176 miles S.
W. of Peking.
YARD, jr. [geard. Sax.] inclosed ground belonging to a
bouse ; a measure contaiuin^ three feel, settled by Heury I.
froin ilic length of his own arm. Long pieces of fit.ibeJ
filled across llie iiiasl^, and used <is sjpp<irts tor sails.
VA'I!I)WaM), s. a measure of a yard.
YAH I'., a. It^canre, Sax.] ready ; eager ; dexterous.
" You shall find mryare.' Shnh. Nut in use.
YA'I{ MOUTH, (iRKAT, a ci/nsiderablo sea-port ofNor-
folk, sealed on the iiver Y;ire. by means of winch it has the
export and import tiadeof Xorwieh, and various olaces in
Norfolk and Siifiolk ; 2'<; null's K. of Norwich, and 124 N. E.
of LoikIoii. Its foreign iraile (in liiiii' of peace) is chiefly to
the Bailie, Holland, Portugal, and ilie Meililerraiiean. It
also sends ships to llie Greenland fiilu-ry. 'ihe home fish-
ing IS carried on al two seasons, thai for niackarel in May
and .lune, and thai for herrings in Ucl(d)( r and November.
Of the.'.*' last, .W.OOO barreU are griieially taken and cured
ill one year. Yai nioiilh is iniu h fieqi.enled in ihe seasonal
a place for ?ea-batliing. The town coiisisl.i of about I60*i
hinises, and there ate a few prelly wide streets, and a spa-
cious market |)lace. A lofly steeple here serves as a land-
mark for those at sea ; but which ever way it is viewed it
appears crooked. Oft the monlh of the harbcuir is a baf;
whit h prevents the entry of ships of large burden ; and the
roaiK E. of llie town, wilhiiillie dangerous sands and bank*
of the offing, are nuu h fre(nieiiled, though noted for
fiequent shipwrecks. Market on Wednesday and Satur-
day.
YA'RMOUTH, a boroiigh and seaport of the Isle of
Wight, seated on Ihe N. W.pa'loflhe island, 8 miles N.
N. W. of Newport, and 99 S. \V. of London. Market on
Friday.
YARN, s. \gear7i, Sax.] wool spun into threads ; woollen
thread.
To YARR, t>. n. to growl or snarl like a dog.
YA'RROW, s. a plant, of which there are two specie*,
Tiz. the bastard pellilory, and milfoil.
YA'RUM, or YARMJa town in the N. Riding of York-
shire, seated on the river Teese, over which there is a hind-
some stone bridge, :i6 miles N. of York, and 245 N. by W.
of London. Market on Thursday.
Yawl, i. a boat or small vessel belonging to a ship.
To YAWN, t'. n. fgwHon, Sax.] to gape; to open wide;
to express longing by gaping.
YAWN, J. the act" of gaping ; oscitation.
YA'WNING, a. sleepy ; slumbering; drowsy.
YAWS, .J. a common distemper in Ciuinea, and hot cli-
mates, which sailors call the pox. In seadanguage, a skip
makes yaws when she does not steer steady-
YA'XLEY, a town in Huntingdonshire. It is 14 mile*
N.of Huntingdon, and 77 N- by W. of London. Marketeii
Tuesday.
YCLEPED, o. fpart. pass, of r?«/>e, to call, from clepan.
Sax. 1 called; named; termed; deiuiminaled.
YE, pi-on. the nominative pluial of Thou, used when
speaking to more than one person.
YEA, (yay) ad. [ea or ^ea, Sax.j yes; truly. It is some-
times used eiiiphalically tor, not only so ; but rnore than so.
" From these Philippinaeare brought costly spices, yea, aud
gold loo " Abbott.
To YEAN, {yeen) v. n. {eanian. Sax.] to bring forth young,
applied to sheep.
YE'ANHN(>, (yeenUne)s. Ihe voung of sheep.
Y'EAR, iyeer) s. \gear, Sax.1 a system, or circle of several
months, or a space of lime measured by the revolution of
some celestial bodv in its o'-bit. A solar year consists of
365 davs, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 45J seconds. A lunar
year is less than \hi solar, by II days, and consists exactly
of 354 davs, 8 hours, 48 minutes, aiyl 36 seconds, and >i
Ihe year iiow used by the Turks. The riril year, is that
which each nation has contrived to compute time by, ana
generally consists of whole davs; the common ciril yw
consists of .305 days, and the Bissextile, or leap year, con-
sists of ."iBG dav^, aiid has one day more than the comwon,
v=z. Felirnarv "JH, w hicli is called the iBteriuilary day.
Yi''.'.\\iLl'SiJ,{i/ierliiii;) t. a beaat a year old.
YET
yoR
IfE'ARLY, {yeerly) a. Iiapppninj every year; lasting a
year. Ailverfiialh , once a year ; annually.
I'o YI'lAKN, (y'ei-n) V. a. [sojhoh, S.ix.j lo feel a stronfj
jynii'alliv, attcclioii, or leiiflcrness ; lo l)f aH'e'ted with in
tern il uneasiness, .■\ctively, to jjrieve ; to vex; lo attect
vvilli svnipalhv. "It «oulil yeai-n your heart to see it."
Sliak. The last sense is obsolete.
YEAST, (yeest) s. \gcst, Sax.J Ihe foam of beer in a state
of fei inenlatlon ; t)arin.
Y'ELK, s. [t\om gealewe, yellow, .Sax.] the yellow part of
an ejji ; cominonlv pionounced, ami olteii wrillen i/o/A.
To YELL, V. H. [i/le, Isl.J lo make a horrible cry through
sorrow or af;ony.
YELL, s. A cry expressive of horror.
YELLOW, (i/etloj a. [gketeiiwe, Bels;. ^eahwe. Sax. gial-
i), llrtl.] ot'a bright colom reseinlilni^ ;;"lfl-
YE'LLOWl'^Yl'), 1. a plant with a naked divided stem,
anil veliow lijossiini^. It is also called small svvine's succory.
YELLOWiUMMEK,*. a l.ird.
VIVLLOWI.SM, a. aiiproacliiiif,' to yellow.
YE LLO'WN |'',SS, (yil!i>iiess)s. llie qiiiililvof bein^yellow.
YELLOW'S, s. a disease in liorses. When ihe ijali pipe
IS st()pped np, lliat mailer hIiii h should be turned lo f<all is
carried back inio ihe blood, and linclures it with \elliiH ; so
that ihe e\es, inside of I he lips, slaver, and all ihe par Is of I lie
Iiorse that are capable of shewing; llie colour, appear vellow.
YELI^OWWEED, s. a -jenns of [ilanls of wlii.-ii there
are iwo British species, viz. the wild woad, or dyer's weed,
tfud base ro( ket.
To VEl.P, t'. ji. [gealpan. Sax.] lo bark or make a noise
like a hound in pnrsul of its prev.
YENTCHEOU, a city of China, of the first rank, in the
province of I'chekiang.
YE'OMaN, (yenian) s. ihe highest degree among the ple-
beians ot England, next in order to llie j;enlry. Veonien are
properly freeholders, and uselheiro»n \v.ni\. Also, a Mle of
olhce in ihe kind's honsehi>ld, between an usher and a f^'rooin.
Yeumen ef the guards, are foot-fjuards ihal allend ihe kind's
person, dressfd afler ihe niannerof Henry ihe Eifjiilh's time.
VE'()M'\NRY,'^f/nn«r?/) J. I he collective body of yeomen.
VICO'\'IL, or Evil, a town in Somersetshire, sealed on
>he river l>el, 4 miles S. <d' Ilchcsler, ;ind 12.3 W. by S. of
Lonilon. Ilsre is a manulaclure of leather {jioves. Mar-
'5ct on Friday for corn, thees'\ hemp, f.-w, and provisions.
To YLUK, V. a. [See JerkJ lo move or throw out with
'A S[>rini.
VEKK, s. a sprin;; or quick motion.
JO YEKN, f. a. See Yeakn.
YES, ad. \gise, Sax.] a lerni used to imply consent, assent,
f>r allirniation, o|)])')3e(! lo ;io. ll is also used emphatically,
for<ven so; not nnlv so, but more. " Yes, you despise the
»)iiin to liiioks conlin'rl.' Vnpc.
YESTEK, a.\ghistcr, liel;^.] bein^ on the day preceding
llie presenl. " Whom yester sun beheld." Dryd. Seldom
used, unless in coniposilion.
YESIEUDAY, *■ Igntimdae;, Sax.] the day last past ;
llie day imniedialcly preceding the present. Adverbially,
on the d.iv last paNt.
VE'srEllNiGUT.j. the night la«t past. Adverbially,
Oil the e.i-lil last past.
Y\-.'V,cutij.\g>)l, or g-<^/. Sax.] neverlheless ; notwithslaiid-
1I1J! ; however. " Yet lliese imperfections being balanced
by t;rertt virtues.' Dryd.
YET, ud. bi side ; over and above ; more than has been
mcnliou'd. "This furnishes us "illi yet onr more reason."
Mtieib. Slill; wilhoul any idleialion. " While ihey were
yj beallieiis." Addis. Once more. "Yet, yet, a moment."
Pupe. L\ed wilh a nfjjalive before il, al litis lime, or so
soon. " riialcs beiii;; asked when a man should marry, saifl,
YoHii({ men nol yet, old men nol al ah." Baeim. At least ;
)iilli»rlo. Il (leuiiles increase or ext<'Msion lo ihe sense of the
>»oi(ls lo which il is joined. It is used as a kind of emphatical
*ddilion to a ne;;alive, iuiporliui; even; after all. "If any
•Diia neglect his duty, his fault must not be ascribed lo
910
to the rule appcrnled, neilher^nf to ibe whole church.*
Whitgift.
YEW, s. a tree that grows naturally in England, and is of
great use to form hedges for ihe shelter ofexolic planls. It
grows best in a nmisl loamv snil, and bears Iransplanling
even H hen r, Id. The wood is converted into bows, axle-
trees, spoons, cups, cogs for mill wheels, and floodgates for
fishponds, which haidly ever decay.
To V I ELD, (yee/dj v. a. \ge!da)i, lo pay. Sax.] to produce ;
to afibril ; lo give as a due ; lo allow. " 1 yield il just."
Milt. Used with up, to resign or surrender. iVeulerly, to
submit as conquered ; lo comply ; to admit or allow ; to give
place lo as an inferior in excellence, or any other quality.
Yl I'.'LDEU, s. one who yiehls.
YOKE., s. lyeoc, Sax.J ll;e bandage placed on the neck of
adr^ughl hoise. Figuralivelv ,a mark of servitude; bondage.
Slavery, A link, chain, or bond. A couple or pair. A
piece of wood placed on the slmnlders, by means of which
two pails are carried al once. Yoke of Iniul, in ouranlient
customs, was so much land as two oxen could plough in a day.
To YOKE, V. a. lo faslen lo a carriage by a yoke. To
join or couple wilh anollier. " Cassius, yoyt nre ynhed with
a lamb." Slmh. To inslave or subdue. " He yokel/i your
rebellions necks." S/iak.
YOKEFELLOW, or YOKEMATE, s. a companion in
iabi'iir. " 1 o/;»/i!//( «i in arms." S/tak. A mate; fellow.
YOLK, s- S.-e Yelk.
YON, YOND, YONUEH, <ifl. and o. [g-eond, Sax.J at a
distance uilliiii x iew .
YOIIE, or Ok YOUE.nf/. [g-mo-nrn. Sax. | long; of old lime,
or lomj ago. " He lialh pnlluied ofl (and yore." Spenser.
YOKIx, a city of Yorkshire, of which il is capital, wilh
an archbishop's see. Il is sealed on ihe river Ouse, and is
generally counted the second cily in I'.ngland, ihousjli now
surpassed in weallh and populalion bs many of Ihe more
modern trading towns. Il is cerlainlya veiy anlienl place,
anil has undergone various revobiions; but is slill a large
bcaiilifiil cily, adorned wilh many tine buildings, both public
aiifl piivale ; is very popnlnus, and iiihabiiid by genlry and
wealthy lradesm<-n. Il cnniains aboul 30 parish t hiiiches
and cl I a pels, besides its calhedial.or miiislei, which is a most
magniticeni stniclure. It is divided by the river into tv^o
parts, which are uniled by a sUili ly stone bridge of live
arches. Tlie eastern pari is most populous, the houses sland-
ing thicker, ainl ihe slnets being narrower. 1 1 iskurrounded
ty a strong wall, <>n wliidi are many turrets, or watch-
houses ; and there are four gates, and (ive posterns. Il is a
city and counlv of itself, enjoys large privileges, sends two
members lo pa; liannnt, and has Ihe lille of a duchy. It is
governed by a hud mayor, li aldermen, and other olficers ;
and ils county cont;iins OG villages and handels. Il is 66
miles S. by E. ofDinham, 81 E. of Lanca<ier, and 190 N. by
W. of London. Markels on Tuesday, 'riiursday, and Sa-
turdav.
YORKSHIRE, an English counlv, bounded on ihe E. by
the Oerman Ocean ; m\ ihe N- by the connly of Durham;
on the W. by Weslmoreland and lancasliire ; and on the S.
by Deibvshire, Nollinghamshire, and Lincolnshire. It is
the la' gesi counlv in England, lieiiiL; 90 miles in length, from
E. to W. and 80 in brearllh from N. lo >. 1| contains 563
parishes. 60 market towns, and semis :?0 members lo parlia-
ment. The principal rivi rs are lip- Tees, thai divides ihis
county from Dii'ham; Ihe Swale, the Y'oure, the Nyde, ihe
Ouse.'lhe Waf, the Are, the C'dder, the DerwenI, the
Dun, and the Hull ; besides the great river Huniber, which
is made up ofiiiaiiv rivers. The an is in general temperate,
but pretty cold on the tops of the hills, and on ihe holders ot
Durham. The soil in some places is very fruitful, in some
barren, gravelly, and sionv, an ■ in oilieis moorish, miry, and
fennv. Il is divided into three Hidings, ihe Noilh, West,
and East ; besides which there in a fo rib divis on, called
liichmondshire, as also (jevelan , C aven, and Holderness,
which are all included in the ihrei' Hidings. In so extensiv*
a couotv (he roductioiis aiust be various, as well as tk*
YUN
ZA It
mBMufactiiros ; anfl lliere are mines ot'jjon, lead, and coal.
York i^ Ilie |)iiiK-ii>iil |iliice.
^■()iM\, Ni:\v, oiu' (if the Uiiilcd [isovinrrs of Norlli
AiiuMici. It is lioiiiidrd on tin' K. Iiv iMa>s;i<iiiiselfs Bay ;
oil liif N. liv CuiKida ; on llw S. Itv New .Icisev ; and <>n
tlie W. Iiy Dcliiware Kiwr. Il |)r()<hic<> en m, aboiinils in
valili', and ll■a^a ^'odd lured <it' lioises ; and llie iiilialjilanis
are uiueli eniplnycd Ml fislieries. 'I'liev espoit a j;reat deal
of dried anil salted fiaJi to I'iiirope ; as also Joy-wood, Irain-
Oll, and wlialebonr.
VOiiK, New, a rity of N. America, capital of the aliove
state. It is seated at llie S. \V. piiiiil of an island, at the
confluence of Hudson and Kast Rivers, and is about four
miles ni circMuderence. The situation is both healthy anfl
pleasant. Surrouniled on all sides by water, it is refreshed
by cool liree/es in summer, and the air in winter is more
temperate tlian in other plai rs under the same parallel.
York isljiid is l.'j miles in len:;lh,and hardly one in breadlli.
Kxtept that of Rhode Isianil, the harbour of New York,
(whitii admits ships of any burden, )is the best of the United
?>lates. A few houses here are built after the oKl Dutch
manner, but tlio l:liii,dish taste ha* prevailed almost a century.
in tiMie of peace, mine commercial business is done here
flian in any other port ni tlie United States. The number of
•iihabitants is generallv reckoned to be about 50,000. Lat.
40 43. ,\. Ion. 74. 5. VV.
VO rCHKOU, a city of China, of llie first rank, in the
province of Hnuqnans, situated on theTontin;; Lake, and on
the Y<)^J;tse river, C/.imilesS. ofi'ekin.
YOU, (i/t'i) proii. {ijo'c, the accusative plural of thu, thou.
Sax ] This word is used when we speak to more than one;
but by custom lijs been applied, by way of ceremony, even
Aviien we address a sin;,de person. It is sometimes used in.
• lefinitely for any person, in the same sense as on, Fr. " But
as i/oH conic near it, ijiu see nollimg but a lon^ heap of
hcavv disjointed clods." Addixor...
YOU'GMAI.L, a considerairle town of Ireland, in the
county of Cork. It has vi very coiimodions harbour, arid a
tine, well.del'ended quav. It rs sealed at the mouth of the
liver niacluvater, ^^ miles N. by E. of Cork.
YOUNG, ('/"«3') s. \iie(»i<r, S:\\.j(iiig, lielj;.] not born many
years; beinj in the first part of life rii,'nratively, ignorant,
unexperienced. .Applied to vefjetables. newly grown.
YOUN(J, (//w/ij) .t. llie offspring of animals collectively.
YOU'N(itSlI, a. somewhat \onns;.
"VOU'NCiSTr.K, or YOU'NKKll, (ytinker) s. [the first
word is only used] a young person ; a word of contempt.
YOUR, {ijuff) pruu. [eoirer, Sax. J beion;(ing to you. It
sterns to be ratlier the genitive plural of //witer, from /^e, you,
Sax. and on liiat account i. seldom used but when we speak
to inore than one, unless when vve compliment a person;
and in that sense it is that we add the s final, a sign of the
iTetjilive singular, more pa; ticniarly so when the substantive
:;oes before, or is understood. " 'Tis managed by an abler
hand than ^»i(A." Dn/rl. " It is i/i''''' '" '■"•m^'iii'-" Pope.
YOURSF.'LF, (i/uisilf) pron. [from yrjjtr and seff] you,
exclusive <if ativ other.
YOUTH, (i/fdh) s. [ijeiigiit/i, Sax.] that part of life which
i» between childhood and manliood, generailv reckoned fioin
14 to 28; adolescence; a young man. Y'oung men, used
collectively.
YOUTHFUL, (_VKf/(/ii/)c(. young ; suitable to youth ; vi-
gorous ; plavful.
YUCK, s. Ijochni, Belg.] the itch.
YULI'I, s. \!/eiil, geul, ox yehul, Sax."" tlie time of Christmas,
«!• Christntas tide.
YUNNAN, a province of China, S. of Setchuen and
Thibet. It contains 3! cities of the first rank, and 55 in the
second and third, and is wril watered with rivers and lakes,
which render it very fruitful. Gold is very often found in
the sands of the rivers, and probabh there are mines of the
»ame metal in tlie niountains of the eastern part. There
are also copper mines, several sorts of precious stones,
beside musk, benjamin, lapis lazuli, aiid very lioe marble,
some of which Is p.iinled of divers colours. They have a!w
excellenl'horses, v/liiih are strong and vigorous, liul low ; a$
also virv small deir, which are kept for eir amusement.
YUNNAN, a cilv ui China, of tlie liis! rank, capital bf
a province of the same name, ll is 1 \iyi miles S. S. \V. of
Pekin.
YU'NNING. a city of China, of the first rank, in tl.v
province of Monan. It is 430 miles S. of Pekin.
YUX,.?. fi/tux, Sax.] the hiccouj-h. It is sometimes pro-
nounced yej:.
'TT IS the twenfy-fonrlh letter, and nineteenth cansonanf of
£^ our alphabet; the sound of which is formed hy a motion
of the tongue from the palate downwards and upwards to it
again, with a shnltinj^nid opening of the teeth at the sanic
time. This letter son in is like the hard J, though some reckon
it a double consonant, having the sound of tls ; but to this
others ol>ject, since wv (d'ten double it, as in puzzle, muzzlv,
t^iizzle, Ac. Among the antients, Z was a numeral, signi-
fying 2000, and, with a dash over it, thus, z, il signified 20150
times 2000, or four iiMlliuns. It is placed before all vowels,
as in zaiii/, zeal, zi7ic, zodiac. Ziinich ; but before none of tht
consiuiants, except /, as in nuzzle, (puzzle, <ltc.
ZACHARIAH, or ZECHARI'aH, a c?..or,ie!il bonk of
the Old Testament, containing the prediclie.is ofZechariah,
t!ie son of Rarachiali, and grandson of Idiio. He is the ele-
venth of the twelve lesser prophets. He entered upon the
pioplictic oftice Jl the same time with Haggai, t. e. about
627 years before the Christian aera,and «as sent to the Jews
upon the same message, to reprove them for their backward
ness in erecting the Icniple, and restoring divine worship ;
but especially for the disorder of their lives and manner:,
which could not but derive a curse upon them. 'I'his pro-
phet is the hmgesland mostobscnreof all the lesser prophets,
nis stvie being interrupted, and without connexion.
ZA'FFER, ZA FFAR, ZATFIR, or ZA'FFRK, >. in chj-
mistry, the name of a blue substance, of the hardness of
stone, and gewerallv sujiposed to be a native fossil ; but
really is a preparation of cobalt, i. e. the calx of that mineral
mixed with powrlered Hints, and wetted with water.
Z.AHA'RA, or The Desert, a vast country of AfVica,
stretching from near the .Atlantic Ocean on the \V. to Barca
anrl Nubia on the E. and from Biledulgerid on the N. toNt-
gritia and the river Senegal on the S. It comprehends a
space of about COO miles from N. to S. and l.iOO f^rom W. to
E. The inhabitants are a mixture of wandering nations,
proceeding from Arabs, Moors, Porlugucie, refugees, &c.
subject to a number of petty piinees. 1 he commodities are
camels, horned < attic, horses, dates, the fat and feathers of
ostriches, and the gum Senegal.
ZANGUEBA R, a country of Africa little known, .situ-
ated on the eastern coast, between lat. 2. 0. N. and 18. «l.
S. The inhabitants are partly of the Romish faith, and Ma-
hometans, but mostly I'agans. The Portuguese trade vvitii
the natives for slaves, ivory, gold, ostrich feathers, furs, wax,
and drugs.
Z ANTE, an island on the coast of the Morea in the Me-
diterranean sea. It is about 24 miles long, and 12 broad, is
a verv fertile spot, and is noted for producing currants.
ZA'NV, *. a person who endeavours by odd gestures and
expressions to excite laughter; a merry-aridrew, or buffoon.
ZA'R.A, an aniient and consiilerable city of Venice, in
Dahnatia, capital of a county of the same name, with a har-
bour. It is seated in a idain, upon a small peninsula, joined
to the continent by an isthmus of about 25 paces in bieadth.
On the side of the citadel it is verv well fortified. Near
the church, which the Greeks call St. Helia, are two hand-
some fluted columns of the Corinthian order, supposed In
have been nart of the temple of J'jno. This place was
formerly much more considerable tha" at present, the cir-
cumference of the walls being now but two miles and the
number of the iuUabitaiila uut above 600U. There are very
911
ZEM
ZON
f'ne pain!in;;s in the diurili dime by llie best masters ; and
the> prrlfiid to have llie body ot Smieoii, bii>ii|>hl from
Ju(1ea, aiul kept in a shrine, wiih aciAslal lictore Jl. Zara
is sealed on Ihe Gulf of Venue, SO nides S. W. uf Jaiiza,
and 160 S K. of Venice. Lat.44.30. N. Ion. 16 6 |v
ZA'KNICH, s. a sohd subslante in whieh orjiinient is
found, ltappr()•d^■he^ tolhf nature oforpunenl, but without
itshislreand fubated lextuie. 1 he coinnion kinds uf;''r»ir/i
arc sreeii and si How.
ZKAL, (zeel) s. [2e/os, Or. zelus, Lat.J a passionate ardour
sr afteelioii furanv thmu, person, or cause.
ZK'ALAND, loniieily one of Ihe Seven United Provinces
of the Neihei lands, hut now a part of ihe empire of I'rance,
is separated by the >ea on the N. from the isles of"^. Hi Hand ;
by tile Scheldt on the I'., from Rrahaiit ; b\ the Honl from
Flanders; and on the \V. it is bounded by the German Ocean.
Itcomprehi nd^ 8 islands, ."Jot wliiih are pretty lai;;e. Their
aanics are Walclierrii, Schoweii, S. IJevelanil, N. Beveland,
•Tolen, Dovelaiid, Wollenlike, and St. Philip. Theie are
llkeHise 6 or 7 others, of little importance. 'J'he inhabitants
defend themselves from the encioachnients of the sea by
their d[kes, which, at the bolloiii, are Kcneially 26 Gennan
ells in breadth, and are so wide at lop, that two carriajjes
may pass abreast In Uiy.U tides and stormy weather, the
waves, however, often force a passage, and even tiow over
them. The inhabilaiils in j^eiuial are estreniely wealthy,
beiiij; niai"lained by their t leiitifid tisheries, and trade with
Jorei;,'ii nations. Tlie soil is fruitful in these islands, but thk
air unhealthy lor strangers, llii)u;^li not for the natives.
ZK'ALA.N U, N E\v lies belwern 34 and 4Sdej;rees south
latitude, and belween 166 and lSOde;;rees east longitude.
It consists of two lar^e islands, separaied by a strait, about
5 leafjues broad, called Cook's Straits. The inhabitants are
robust, of a dark complexion, fierce, and warlike.
ZE'ALAND, an island ofDenmaik, in ihe Baltic, almost
of a round foini, ami about 7U0 miles in circumference. It
is bounded on the N. by the !^caKt;pr<'i'k : <"i 'be E. princi-
pally by the Sound ; on the S. by the Baltic ; and on the W.
by the Great bell. The coast is much intersected with lar;;e
bays; and within the countrv are several lakes, which, to-
gether with the rivers, abound in (ish. In most parts is
jdenty of wood, except towards the centre of the island,
wliere liirf is generally useil for fuel. It is the largest of the
isles ofDenmaik, and exceidin;ily fertile; producing nMun
of all sorts, and in yreal pliiil\, and abounding willi e\cel-
lent pasture. It is particulaily famous for its In eeil of horses.
Copeiiliai^eii, the cagiilal of Ueninark, is seated on the
east shore of this island, in lat. 65. 41. N. and Ion. V2.
36. K.
ZKAfyOT, (zelnt) t. [from zeloi, zeal, Gr] one tiiat
espouses any cause with a fjreat ardour or passion ; a bigot ;
generally used in dispraise.
ZiyALOUS, {zelous) a, espousing any cause with pas-
sion.
ZK'ALOUSLY, ad. with passionate ardour.
ZE'UR.A, s. llie wild ass, an e\lreinely beautiful animal,
transversely striated, or parlscolnured, and about the size of
u comiiion ass; it is a native of many parts of the I'.ast.
ZL,'CHI>i, (zekin)s. [fioiu ZecHa, in Venice, wheie the
«iinl is setlle'l for coinage] a yold coin worth about nine
»liillin:is sterling.
Zl'.D, s. the name of the letter z. Fiiiiirativcly, a crooked
person, formed like llie Utter Z. A worthless insignificant
person.
Zl'iDOAHY, s. \zt(liM!)re, Fr.] a spicy plant, somewhat
like giiii,'er in its leaves, bnl ot a sweet scent.
ZI'/.VIBI.A, Nova, a large island". King in the Northern
Ocean to the N. wf I'ii5sia, fioiii which it is separated by
the Sirail of Waigale, almnt 6(10 miles in length, and from
Ion to 200 in breadth. It "asliist disroveriil b\ the Piig-
lisli in l.'j.Oa. lis inhaliilaiils areihietly wild biasis, parti-
tulailv vihitefnxrs, bears, elks, reindeer, and labbits; jet
a frw human beings have been seen here at times. Lat, 71.
Ui 7b. N . Ion. 63. 46. to 7S. 19. E.
i>\2
/END, s. a booR containing the religion of the Magian*,
or worshlpiiers of tire, v^ ho were disciplts of the famous Zo^
roaster. This book was lomposed by Zoioaster dur.ng hl»
retirement in a i ave, about 626 years before Christ. ;inil coQ.
lained all the preteufled rew lations of that impostor.
ZI'.N IC, i. in zoology, an animal of the weasel kiml, which
is striped like a zebra, an inhabits the south of Africa.
ZE'NnH, s. [Arab.) the point ui the heavens directlv
over one's head, opposite to the iSadir.
ZIPIIAM'AH, a canonical book of ihe Old Testament,
conlainiiiL' the piedictions of Zephaidah the son ofCushi,
and grandson of Gedaliah; being the ninth of the twelve
lesser prophets He prophesied in the time of king Josiah,
about 626 before Christ, a litile after the capliv'fy of the ten
liibes, and before that ofJudah; so that he was not con-
tcmiiorary with Jeremiah
ZE'PHYIl.or ZK'PHVRUS, f. \zeph,rus, Lat.J the west
wind ; poetically auplied to any calm, soil, or gentle
wind.
ZEPvO, s. the point from which the scale of a tliernionieter
is graduated. Thus Celsius's and Reaiimiir's theruunneter*
have their zero at the freezing point, w hile the thi rmomeler
of Falireiilieil has its zeio at that point at which it standi)
when imiuerseil in a inivticre id' snow and coinmnn salt.
ZI'IST, s. the peel of an mange squeezeu into wine ; ft
relish or tasle sni>eradiled to any thing. The woody thick
skill quartering the kernel of a walnut.
To ZEST, f. a. Ill heighten by an additional relish.
ZE'I K'TIC Mftiioo, s. [from zeteo, to seek, Gr.]in ma-
thematics, the method made use of to investigate or solve a
problem.
ZEU GMA, s. [from zmgmjo, to join, Gr.] a figure in
rhetoric, wherein an adject ne or verb, which agrees with
the next word, is likewise applied to one or many more
riniote.
ZIBET, s. in zoology, an anwiial which nearly resemble*
the civet cat, and inhaliits the Indian Isles.
ZI NGIUEU, or Zl'NZIBEU, s. [zigiUr, Lat ] ginger.
ZINK, or ZINC, J. a \ert remarkable fossil substance,
reseuililing bismuth, but of a blue colour, and is really the la
pis calaminaris, and has the same etlects on copper, by turu-
itig it into brass
ZOCLE, f. in architecture, a small sort of stand or pe-
destal, being a low square piece or member, serving to sup-
port a liiisl, sUitue. or the like, that needs to be raised ; also
a low sipiare nieniber serving to support a column instead of
a pedestal, base, or plinth.
ZO'DI.AC, s. [from zonii, an animal, Gr. zodiaciis, Lat ] in
astronomy, is a broad circle, whose middle is the ecli|itic,
and Its extreme two circles parallel ihereto, at such a dis-
tance from it, as to bound or comprehend the excursions of
the moon and pl.iiiets. It is divided into twelve poitions,
called signs, and those divisions or signs are denominated
from the coiislellatn'iis which antientlv possessed eaidi part ;
but the Zodiac being immoveable, and the stars having a
niotioii from west to east, those constellations no longer cor-
respond to their proper signs, whence arises what we call
the precession of the eijuinoxes.
ZONE,.?, [from z<»ie,;i girdle, (ir. loim.Lat.] in geoiirapliy,
isa division ot the teriai|ueou< globe wi h respect to thedil
ferent degrees of In at or ( old fnund in the difierent parts
thereof. The laitli is divided into live uneitual parts called
zoni's, viz. the toirid, two temperate, and two frigid. The
to I rid zone coiiiprelieudsall tho-e pats of the earth that lie
within the two tropics, the breadth beini; 46'-^ .^6'; the north
ti'inperale is buunded b\ theaictic circle on the north, and
the tropic of Cancer on the south, being 4."!^ 4' in breadth.
The soulli teiiiiieiaieextendsfroni the tropic .if Capricorn on
the north, to the antarctic <iri le on ihe south, and is exactly
of the same breadth with the former. I he iiorlh fiigld take*
in alllliosi' \)ait.^ ol tin- eartlicom|iiehenileii within I he a relic
ciri le, liaving the north pole on the centre, and is 46" 5tf
in diuiueter. The- south frigid comprehends an equal por-
ZUG
ZZ
tionof tlie cartli wiili (lie former, having the south pole in
tlic centne. A {;ir<llc ; circuit; circiinit'treiice.
ZOOCillAl'llEK, Uoosrnfrr) s. [from zo,m, an animal,
and p;i-ttj)lio, to ilfscribo, Gr.] one who describes llie nature,
properties, and forms of animals.
,ZO()'GIlAI'IlY, fon"^ )y;///) i. f from zmm, an animal, and
g-ran/itt, to describe, Or.] a ilesc;, ption of the forms, nature,
and properties, of animals. "We are thereby conducted
into zoopirapliy." Grew.
ZOO'JjOCi Y, {zmtogif) s. [from zoon, an animal, and hgos, a
disconrse, Gr.J the science of animals. Artedi observes, tliat
this makes one cf the three kin^sdomsj as they are called, of
natural history ; the vegetable and mineral being tiie two
others :_ in these, however, there is this diiference made by
writers, that while ve;;ctal)les and minerals are treated of
together, as all of a piece in each, the subjects of Zoolug'i/
are divided ; and it is made to compose, as it were, several
kingdoms. The subjects of it are accordingly divided ioito
six several families. 1. The airy quadrupeds. 2. The birds.
3. I'he amphibious animals, such as serpents, lizards, frogs,
and tortoises. 4. The fishes. 6. The insects. And (i.
Those lowest orders of animated beings, the"zoophytes.
. ZOO'Pf 1 YTF, {zuofuc) s. [from zomi, an ani{nal, and phjlon,
a plant, Gr.J a vegetable or plant which partakes both of
the nature of plants and animals.
ZOO PHORIC, {zwfarilt) a. [from zoon, an animal, and
p/icio, to bear, Gr.] bearinj^ an animal. A zvo/ilioric vuhtnm,
m arcliitecture, is that which bears or supports the figure of
an animal.
ZOO'^IIOROUS, (zooforus) s. [from -non, an animal, and
nhero, to bear, Gr.J the frieze of a cohnnn, or that part
w liicli is between the ^architrave and cornice ; so called
from the ornaments, resembling animals, carved upon it.
ZOOTOAIIST, «. [from zoon, an animal, and teiiino, to
cut, Gr.l a person who diss<'cts animals.
ZOOTOMY, s. [from zoon, an animal, and teinno, to cut,
Gr.] the dissection of the body of beasts ; called likewise
comi>r{rat.ii!e'7(natomi/.
ZOUi'LLA, *. in zoology, an animal of the weasel kind,
which has a very strong scent, and inhabits_ South America.
ZUG, one of the cantons of Swisserlan'd ; bounded on
E. and N. by that of Zurielr; on the W. by that of Luccrn,
and the free provinces ; and on the S. by that of Schwitz.
The inhabitants are Roman Catholics, and it is divided into
three parts, one of which is the town of Zug, and the others
the villages about' it, which comprehends the assemblies.
namely, I^ar, Menfzie, and Val Kgeric. The govennnent
of this canton was democratic, and the sovereignty belonged
to the town of Zug, and to llie communities wltliout- it,
though this place had a particular magistrate.
ZlJl'NGUANS, a branch ot,tlie anlient Christian reform-
ers, or Protestants, so called from their author Huldric Zuiri-
glius, a divine of Swisserland, who soon after Luther had de-
clared against the church of Rome, and being thin minister
of the church of Zurich, fell in wiih him, and preached
openly against indulgencies, the mass, the celibacy of the
clergy, ^c. but dift'ered from Luther about the Eucharist.
ZU'illCII, the canton of, is one of the 13 cantons of
Swisserland, and the first in rank, being about 00 miles in
length, and 30 in breadth. It is bounded on the N. by the
llhine, w liich separates it from the canton of Schatl-hausen ;
on the S. by that of Schwifz ; on the E. by Thurgaw and the
coiuity of Tockenburg ; and on the W. by the canton of Zug,
and the free provinces. The soil is fertile in corn, produces
all sorts of fruits, and there are some vineyards, as well as
rich pastures. The canton is well peopled, the inhabitants
are very laborious, and have a famous manufactory in crapes.
They w ere the first that embraced the Ileformation, and the
famous reformer Zuinglius was born here.
ZY'GOMA, s. [from zev^nno, to join, Gr.J in anatomy,
is a bone of the head, otherwise called os Jugale, being no
single bone, but an union or assemblage of two processes,
or eminences of bones ; the one from the os tetnporis, the
olijer from the os mala : these processes are hence termed
the zygomatic processes, and the suture that joins them to-
gether is denominated the zvgomatic suture.
ZYGOiM/.TIC, «.[see Zygoma. |
ZYMO'l\lA,i. [Gr.] any thing which promotes or causes
fermentation.
ZYMOSI'METER, $. [from zymosis, fermentation, and
metreo, to measure, Gr.J an instrument proposed by the in-
genious naturalist Swammerdam, to measure the degree of
fermentation occasioned by the mixture of diflerent matters,
and the degree of heat which those matters acquire in fer-
menting ; as also, the heat or temperature of the blood of
animals.
ZYTHO'GALA, s. [hom zythos, beer, ■aud gala, milk, Gr.j
a beer posset, a drink recommended by Sydenham to be
taken after a vomit.
Z. Z. a character made use of by the antient physicians to
signify myrrh, aud by the moderns to signify ginger.
ftA
013
AN
OUTLINE
OP
ANTIENT AND MODERN HISTORY ;
Including a chronological series of remarkable events, discoveries, and invent io7is,
from the creation to the present time.
Before Christ.
4004, rrMIli Creation of the World, according to arch-
X bishop Usher, on Sunday, October 23, and in the
year befofe the vulgarsraof the birth of Christ, as
given in the Hebrew text, 4004 ; in the LXX.
5872; in the Samaritan, 4700 ; of the Juhan
period, 710. Adam and Eve were created on
Friday, October 28 ; they are placed in Paradise,
but are soon tempted and fall ; sentence is
. passed upon them by God, wlio encourages them
at the same time with the promise of tlie seed of
tiie woman ; they are banished Paradise.
Abel is murdered by Cain, because his sacrifice was
more acceptable to God.
Euoco for his piety is translated to heaven.
The deluge
The Tower of Sabel is built about this time, by Noah's
posterity, in the valley of Shinar, upon which God
miraculously confounds their language, and thus
disperses them into different nations.
The itingdom of Egypt begins under Misraim the son
of Ham, which lasted for 1663 years, according to
Constantin Manasses, which is down to the
conquest of Cambyses, in 625 before Christ.
The kingdom of Sicyon established, according to
Evtsebius, 1313 years before the first Olympiad.
Little is known of this kingdom but the names of
their kings ; they end about the begii,uing of the
eleventh century, viz. 1089, fifteen years after the
return of the Heraclida; into Peloponnesus.
3059, The kingdom of Assyria begins under Ninus, son of
Belus. '^ '
1996, Abram, the patriarch, born at Ur, m Chaldea; died
1821, aged 175.
1922, Cliedorlaomer, king of Elam, subdues the five kings
^ of Sodom, Gomorrali, Adma, Zeboiim, and Zoar.
Wil, The covenant of God made with Abram when he
leaves llaran to <;o into Canaan, on the loth of
Abib, on Wednesaay, May 4, which begins the 438
3017,
2:549,
2247,
3188,
2089,
years of sojournrng. Abram and Lot 50 into Egypt
for famine, and return the next yeaf; when they
separate, the one to Sodom, and the other to
Hebron.
1897, The covenant is renewed by God with Abram, in
memorial of which circumcision is instituted, and
bis name changed to Abraham ; the cities o«
Sodom, &c. are destroyed for tlieir wickedness by
fire from Heaven ; Lot, with his wife and two
daughters, leave Sodom beforehand, being warned ;
his wife looking back is turned into a pillar of salt.
1871, The faith of Abraham is proved in offering to sacrifice
his son Isaac, who was then (it is supposed) twenty-
five years old.
1S66, The kuigdom of Argos begins under Inachus, 1080
years before the first Olympiad ; Isaac being 40
years old, marries Rebecca the daughter of Be tbuel
the Syrian.
1836, Esau and Jacob are born to Isaac by Rebecca after
above nineteen years barrenness.
1759, Jacob, having received his father's blessing, goes to
Haran to his uncle Laban, aud marries his two
daughters.
Dinah, Jacob's daughter is ravished by Shechem ; he
and all his people are treacherously put to death
after the third day of circumcision, by Simeon
and Levi.
Joseph is sold into Egypt by bis brethren.
Josepli interprets Pharaoh's dreams, and is promoted.
The seven years of plenty begin.
Jacob on his death-bed adopts Munasseh and Epliraim,
the two sons of Joseph ; and, collecting all his
children, blesses tliem, and foretcis many things,
particularly the coming of the Messiah; he died
aged 147, having resided seventeen years ih
Egypt.
1635, Joseph foretells the egrtss 01 the Israelites from
Egypt; and dies, aged 110, having been prefect uf
1731,
1728,
1715,
1689,
OUTLINE OF ANTIENT AND MODERN HISTORr."
Ejjypt for eiglity years. His death concludes the
Book of Genesis, which contains a periou of" 2369
years.
1582, Tlie chronology of the Arundelian inarl>les begins
iiere, when they suppose Cecrops came into Attica,
\vhicii is twentv-six years earlier than the date
given by Castor, jn EuseLius.
i5"4 Aaron born; and the year after, Pharaoli pubhshes
an edict for drowning all the male children of the
Israelites.
1571, Moses born, and lliree months after exposed among
the flags on the banks of the river, where he is
found by Thermutis, Pliaraoli's daugliter, who
adopts and educates him in all the learning of the
Egyptians.
1656, Cecrops brings a colony of Saltcs from Egypt iito
Attica, and begins the kingdom of Athens 780
years before the first Olympiad.
1546, Scamander coraes from Crete into Phrygia, and begin<,
the kingdom of Troy.
1631, Moses being forty years of age, visits the Israelites
bis brethren ; and, observing their oppression,
kills an Egyptian, whom he found smiling a
Hebrew, and then flies into Rlidian, where he
continued forty years, and married' Zipporah the
daughter of Jethro.
1493, Cadmus carried the Phoenician letters into Greece,
and built the citadel of Thebes.
140J, Moses performs a number ot miracles in Egypt, and
departs from that kingdom, together with 000,000
Israelites, besides children, which corapietc'l the
430 years of sojourning. Tliey miraculously pass
tlirougri the Red sea, and come to the desert of
- Sinai, where Moses received from God, and delivers
to the people, tlie Ten Comniandaienis, and the
otiiei laws, and sets up the tabernacle, and in it
the ark of the covenant.
1485, The first ship that appeared in Greece, and was
brought from Egypt by Danaus, surnamed Arniais,
who was then expelled by his brother jligyplus.
The ship arrived ac Lindus, in Rhodes; he brought
with him his fifty daughters ; introduced the in-
vention of pumps into Cireece ; and, ten years
arter, viz. in 1475, got possession of the kingdom
of A rgos.
-453, The first Olympic games celebrated in Elis by the
Idaei Daetyli, fit'ty years after the deluge of
Dfjcalion.
1452, The five books of Moses are written in the land of
Moab, where he dies the year follow i^ig, .iged I'iO.
".451, The Israelites, under Joshua, pass the river Jordan,
and enter Canaan. Jericho is taken by Joshua,
and after that tiie city of Ai; he makes a treaty
with Gibeou, and defeats the five kings of the
Amorites, while the sun and moon stood still.
The Israelites began to till the lands they had con-
quered, so that the period of the sabbatical years
commences (rem this autumn.
14CG, Minos gives laws to the Cretans, and acquires agreat
maritime power. Iron isfound by theldici Dacljli
from the accidental burning of the woods of iMount
Ida in Crete.
1390, The tribe ofP.enjamin almost totally destroyed by
the other eleven tribes, for their cruel usage of
tiie wife ofa Leviie ; it happened while Phiuehas
was high-priest.
1556, The Eleusinian mysteries first introduced at Athens
by l''umolpiis the son of Musceus.
1326, Thf Isthmian games first iiisliluted by Sisyphus,
king of Corinth, 15 years after the rape of Gany-
mede.
I2<;3, The Argonautic expedition under Jason and his
companions through the Euxine sea to Colchis for
l>16
the Golden Fleece, being 79 years before the iakinz
ofTrov.
1250, The city of Tyre built.
1245, Gideon, the fourth .judge of Israel, routs the
Rlidianites with only 300 men, and slew their two
kings Zeba and Zaimunua; he is oft'ered the king-
dom of Israel, which he refuses. The land had
rest in the fortieth year after the rest given by
Deborah, and 200 years after that of Joshua.
1236, Upon tJideon's death, Abinielech, his natural son,
murders bis 69 brothers upon one stone, and makes
himself king of Israel for three years.
123b, Carlhage founded by the Tyrians.
1184, Troy taken and burnt by the Greeks on the night
between the 11th and 12!h of June, being the 23d
and 2tlh of TharTelion, according to the marbles,
and 408 years before the first Olympiad. Accord-
ing to Apollodorus, jEneasset sail in the beginning
of autumn for Thrace, where he wintered.
1152, The city of Alba-longa is built by Ascanius king of the
Latins.
1124, Thebes built by the Bcetians.
1095, The Israelites ask for a king, which is granted ihem,
though will) Ciod's displeasure; and Saul is
anointed by Samuel to be their king.
1088, Here ends the kingdom of Sicyon ; Cliaridemus the
last king.
1070, The kingdom of Athens ends in Codru.s, upon which
they are governed by archons.
1055, Saul consults the witch of Endor; and is defeated
soon after by the Philistines upon mount Gilboa.
Three of his sons are slain, upon which he kills
himself.
1048, Jerusalem taken by David from the Jebusites, and
made the seat of his,!;ingdom.
1023, Absalom rebels against David, and takes Jerusalem ;
but is afterwards defeated and killed by Joab.
1012, Solomon begins the building of the temple 4S0 years
after the going out from Egypt.
932, Solomon finishes the building of his palace, which,
will) that of the temple, employed liini 20 years.
975, The division of the kingdom of Judah and Israel.
Jeroboam sets up two golden calves, one at Dan,
and the other at Bethel, to prevent his subjects
going to worship at Jerusalem.
971, Jerusalem taken and plundered by Shishak, king of
926, Lycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver, is born 150 years
" before the first Olympiad.
P07, Homer wrote his poems and ilourished about this
time, according to the nuirbles. Jericho rebuilt by
Pliel the Pieihelite about this time. Ahab is killtd
by the Syrians in the battle of Ramoth Gilead,
according to the prophecy oflNlicaiah; upon this
the Moai)ites revolt, having been tributary from the
days of king David.
900, The "end of the kingdom of Assyria by the conquest
and death of Sardauapalus, is placed here by Justin
and others.
896, Elijah the prophet is taken up into heaven.
884, Lycurgus, after ten year's tra-elhug, establishes his
body of laws in Lacedemon. Iphitus, Lycurgus,
and Gleosthenes, restore the Olympic games at
Elis, which was 108 years before' what is vulgarly
called the first Olympiad.
SCO, Phidoti, king of Argos, invented scales and measures,
and coined silver, at /Egiua. The city of Carthage
enlarged bv queen Dido about this lime.
839, The army of Hazael, king oi'Syria, desolatcsgrcat part
of the kingdom of Judah.
814, The kingdom of Maceihui begins, and continues (MC
years till the battle of Pydna.
800, Joiiah the prophet lived.
OUTLINE OF ANTIENT AND MODERN HISTORY.
797, Tlie kiiiRilom of I^ydia begins, unci coiiliiiues 249
yp;iis ; Anlysiis tlipir first lung.
775, C(>r«lms coikiik.is in tlie twenty <;i^;ht Olyiiipiiul, front 470,
their institntion by Ipliitus, thon;;li vul^jariy tiiilcd
the first Olympiad ; which was celebrated on July
2;5, according to Scaliger. 4G5,
764, Micali the prophet lived. The decfMiiiial arclions
begin at Alliens, Cliarops boiny the first. Nuuiilor; 4S8,
the sixleciitli king of the Latins.
753, Tlie aMa of the iniilding of Home begins, according to
Varro, April2(), or I'itli of tlie calends of May.
750, The rape of the Sabine virgins. Taiius, king of the
Sabines, died 742. 451,
747, The u'raof Nabonassar begins, Feb. 2(5.
74J, Tlie first Messcnian war begins, and continues ICt 4i3,
years ; which ends by the takingof ltlionie,'by which 43i,
lliey become vassals to the Laccdeiiionians.
721. Samaria taken after .3 years' siege, and the kingdom ol
Israel finished by Saliiianasar, king of Assyria. The 430,
first eclipse of the moon on record, according to
I'loiemy, March 19, three hours twenty miiiules
bel'ore midnight.
717, Tyre is besieged in vain for 5 years by Saluianasar king
of Assyria. 4IG,
710, Sennacherib's army destroyed by an angel in one
night, to the amount of 186,000 men. 414,
696, Isaiah the prophet is put to death by Manasscs, bcJn^ 413,
cut asunder by a saw.
685,jThe second Messenian war begins, they rebelling 406,
against the Lacedcmoniaus, and continues 14
years.
684, The government of Athens un'ler annual archons 404,
begins, Creon being the first.
071, Ira taken by the Lacedemonians after a siege of 11
years, which finishes the second Messcnian war, 401,
when the Messenians are expelled Peloponnesus.
658, Byzantium built about this time.
631, Tile Fidenates and Sabines rebel against the Romans,
which war continue* bv intervals for about 50 400,
years. 395,
623, Draco establishes liis law at Athens.
610, riiaraoh Necho began about this time the famous canal
between the Nile and the Red sea. 394,
606, Nineveh destroyed by Cyaxerxes and N3bopo!assar.
696, The Scythians expelled from the Upper Asia by Cyax-
aies, king of Media, after 28 years' possession.
587, The city of .Jerusalem taken by Nebuchadnezzar, after
a siege of 18 mouths, June 9. 390,
572, Tyre taken by Nebuchadnezzar, after a siege of 13
years.
548, Croesus conquered by Cyrus, which finishes the king- 387,
doniofLydia. ,
638, The kingdom of Babylon finished, that city being
taken by Cyrus. Darius is made viceroy. 371,
536, Cyrus gives an edict for the return of the Jews, and
the rebuilding of the temple, whose foundations
were begun on the second montli of the second year 370,
after their return.
62.5, Canibyses, kin^ of Persia, conquers Egypt. 363,
515, The temple of Jerusalem rebuilt, March 10, and the
passover celebrated, April 18.
609, The consular government begins at Rome, Tarquin 354,
being expelled, with his whole family, on the filh
of the calends of March, or Feb. 24, being the
7-e^-ifi(giHm of their calendar. 361,
604, Sardis taken and burnt by the Athenians, which gave
occasion to the Persian invasion of Greece. 3;50,
498, The first dictator created at Rome, who was Lartius- 343,
490, The Persians defeated by Miltiades in the battle of
Marathon, Sept. 2S.
480, The Persians defeated in the sea-fight at Salamis,
Oct. 28. 340,
479, The Persians, under Mardonius, defeated at Platsea
f)V Pausanias, Sept 22 ; on the same day was fougb.t
the bailie of Mycale.
Ciiiion, the Athenian general, defeats the I'ersiaii
fleet at Cyprus, and again the land-army near the
river Isurymedon, in P;iniphy!ia.
The third Messenian war with the Lacedemonians
begins, and conliiiues 10 years.
Ezra is sent from ISabyion to Jerusalem wilh the cap-
tive Jews, and the vessels of gold and silver, iVc. by
Artaxerxes, in ihe seventh year of his reign, being
70 weeks of years, or 490 years before the crucilixiou
of our Saviour.
The <leccmvir3 created at Rome, and the laws of the
12 tables compiled and ratified.
The c<'nsors first created at Rome.
The Peloponnesian war begins. May 7, by an attempt
ofthe Hcetians to surprise Piatiea, and coutinues
near 27 years.
The History ofthe Old Testn^icVf finishes about this
time. A plague at Alliens for 5 years. 'I'lic La.
cedemonian ambassadors are arrested by Si fades,
king of Tlirace, and afterwards put to death by the
Athenians.
The scene ofthe Pelojionnosian war is changed to Si-
cily. The agrarian law first moved in Rome.
Kgvpt revolts from the Persians.
An eclipse of the moon on Aug. 27, which so frightened
Nicias, that he lost the Athenian army in Sicily.
The Athenian fleet, consisling of 180 ships, are totally
defeated at Q^gospotamos, Dec. 13, by Lysander,
the Lacedemonian general. '
Athens taken bv Lysander, April 24, which finished
the Peloponnesian war. Athens is governed by 30
t\ rants.
Cyrus the Younger is killed in an expedition against
"his brother Arlaxerxes. Retreat of the 10,000
Greeks. The thirty tyrants are expelled Athens
bv Thrasvbulus.
Socrates is put to death by the Athenians.
An alliance ofthe Athenians.Thebans, Corinthians, and
Argifes, against the Lacedemonian*, which began
the Corinthian war.
Seafight at Cnidus a few days before the solar eclipse,
August 14 ; when the Lacedemonians, under
Lysliudcr, were de.'Valed by Conon. The allies
were defeated a few days after at Coronea, by
Agesilaus.
Batile of Allia, July 17, in which the Romans are
defeated by the Gauls, and the city of Rome taken
and burnt. Camillus, the Roman dictator.
The peace of Antalcidas, between the Persians and
Lacedemonians, by which the Greek cities in Asia
were made tributary to the former.
The battle of Lcuctra, July 8, in which the Lacedemo-
nians are defeated by the Thebans under
Epaminondas.
The Messenians return info Peloponnesus after £.
banishment of about 300 years.
The battle of Mantinea gained over the Lacedemonians
by Epaminondas, who dies of a wound received
in it. . ,
Dion put to death bv the Zacynthian mercenaries, and
Syracuse is governed by a succession of short-lived
tyrants for 7 \ ears.
The Sidonians, being besieged by the Persian army,
burn tlie city and themselves to death.
Egypt is conquered bv Oclius, king of Persia.
The war between the Romans and Samnites begins,
and continues 71 years. Timoleon recovers Syracuse
to its liberty, banishes Dionxisvus to Corinth, ami
settles a democracv.
The Carthaginians defeated, by Timoleoii, m a grot
battle near Agrigentum, June 13.
917
OUTLINE OF ANTIENT AND MODERN HISTORY.
338, The battle of Cbaeronea, Aug. 2, in which the Athe-
nians and Thebans were defeated by Philip. De-
mosthenes the orator banished Athens in 325, re-
called in 323, and died in 322, aged 60.
33;i, Alexander the Great enters Greece about Sept. 9,
obliges the Athenians to Isubmit, and destroys the
cily of Thebes, leaving only Pindar the poet's house;
almost all the inhabitants were either killed or en-
slaved.
334, Tlie battle on the river Granicus, in Phr>-gia, gained
by Alexander over Darius, May 22. Apelles of Cos,
the painter.
3.33, The second battle gained by Alexander, at Issus, in
October. Callistlienes, the philosopher.
»"2, Tyre taken by Alexander, Aug. 20, after a siege of 7
months.
331, The third and last battle of Arbela, gained by Alexan-
der over the Persians, Oct. 2, being 11 days after
a total eclipseof the moon, on Sept. 21.
327, Alexander's expedition into India against Porus.
323, Alexander dies, April 21. His empire is divided into
four kingdoms, two of which were unsettled for the
first 12 years. The Lamianwar between the Athe-
nians and Antipater.
317, Syracuse, and soon after all Sicily, usurped by Aga-
thocles.
312, The Romans begin the Hetruscan war. Scleucus
Nicator takes Babylon, from which begins the a!ra
of the Selucida\
30(5, The title of king is first assumed by the successors of
Alexander.
290, Athens taken by Demetrius Poliorcetes, after a year's
siege.
285, Dionysius beg;in his astronomical aera on Monday,
June 2Gth, being the first who found the exact solar
year to consist of 365 days, 5 hours, an(l_49 minutes.
284, The Septuagint translation of the Old Testament is
thought to have been made about this time. Tlie
pharos of Alexandria built.
272, The Samnites and Tarentines defeated by the Rom.ins,
which concludes the two wars, the first baying lasted
71 and the latter 10 years.
269, The first coining of silver at Rome, under the consul-
ship of Fabius Fictor and Gulo, five years before
the first Punic war.
20;, f he first Punic war begins, and continues 23 years.
Tiie chronology of the Arundelian marbles com-
posed.
261, The Romans first concerned themselves in naval
2 flairs.
260, The Carthaginians defeated at sea by Duilius, who had
the first naval triumph in November.
2-OG, Regulus, the Roman general, is defeated and taken
piisoiier Ijy llie Carllraginians under Xantliippns.
249, The seafight of! Drcpanum, in Sicily, wliero the
Romans, under Claudius Pulcher, are totally de-
feated by the Carthaginians under Adiierbal.
242, The Carthaginians defeated by Lutatius, the Roman
general, at the Isles of jEgates, which finishes tlie
first Punic war.
235, The temple of Janus shut the first time after Nunia.
231, The first divorce at Rome by Sp. Carvilius. Sardinia
and Corsica subdued by the Romans.
225, The (iauls enter Italy, but jJie defeated in Etruria by
L. TEmilius, the Roman consul.
224, The Colossus of Rhodes thrown down by an earth-
quake.
220, Thtt social war in Greece between the ,T.tolians and
the Ach.ens begins, and continues .1 years.
219, Sagnntum taken and destroyed by ilanriihal.
"18, The second Punic war begins with Ihwrnilial's passing
the Alps, and continues I" years. The Roimuis de-
feated at Ticinuin and Trebia.
217, The Romans defeated by Hannibal at the lake of
Thrasymene. Artabanus, king of Partbia.
216, The Romans totally defeated in the battle of Cannae,
in Apulia, Aug. 2. according to their erroneous
calendar, but about May 21 of the Julian year.
207, Asdrubal, having entered Italy with a large army to
reinforce Hannibal, is defeated and kNled by Clau-
dins Nero.
302, The battle of Zama, in Africa, wkere Hannibal is totally
defeated by Scipio.
201, The Carthaginians have a peace granted them on very
ignominious terms, which finishes the second Punic
war.
200, The first Macedonian war begins, and continues neai
4 years, till the battle of Cynoscephal?e.
192. The war of Antiochus the Great with the Romans be
gins, and continues 3 years.
190, The first Roman army enter Asia under L. C. Scipio,
and totally defeat* Antiochus in the. battle of Mag-
nesia inLydia.
187, Antiochus the Great is defeated and killed in Media
after plundering the temple of Jupiter Belus in
Klymais.
171, Ptolemy's generals defeated by Antiochus in a battle
between Pelusiiim and mount Casias. The seconc.
Macedonian war begins.
170, Antiochus Epiphanes takes Jerusalem, and two yeara
after pollutes the temple with sacrifices of swine,
and carries oft' 1800 talents to Antioch.
168, The battle of Pydna, June 22, in which Perseus, king
of Macedon, is totally defeated by P. ^^imilius, the
Roman general. This terminates tlie kingdom of
Macedon.
163, The government of Judea, under the Hasmonean
family, or Maccabees, begins, and continues 126
years.
162, Ilipparchus begins his astronomical obser^'ations at
Rhodes, which he continues for 34 years.
159, Time measured at Rome by water, invented by Scipio
Nasica, 134 years after the introduction of sun-dials.
149, The third Punic war begins, and continues 3 years.
Prusias, king of Bithynia, is put to death by his
son Nicomedes, surnamed Philopater, who reigned
59 years.
147, The Romans make war against the Achrcans, which
is finished by Mumniius the following ycai.
146, Carthage destroyed by P. Scipio, and <;orinth by L.
Mmuniius, who brought from thence the first fin.
paintings to Rome.
Ill, The war of Nnmantia begins, and continues 8 years.
138, The Roman army, under ISlancinus, consisting o
30,000 men, are ignominiously defeated by 4000 Nu-
mantines.
136, Scipio AfVicaniis, with Sp. Mumniius and Metellus,
made the famous embassy into Egypt, Syria, and
Greece.
l;;5. The history of the Apocrypha ends. The Servile war
begins in Sicily, and continues 3 years.
133, Numantia taken . and destroyed by Scipio. The
kingdom of Pergamus annexed to the Roman eui
pire.
123, Carthage rebuilt by order of the Roman senate.
116, Cleopatra assumes the government of Egypt.
1 1 1, The Jiigurthine war begins, and continues 5 years.
110, The famous sumptuary law, called Lex Licinia, mad'
at Rome, by which the expense of eating for eaci
day was limiteil.
109, The Teutoues and Cimbri begin their attack on tlie
Roman empire, which continues s years. Jugnrllia,
the king of Numidia, (h'feated in two bailies by
Metellus. Ptolemy I.atliurns is defeated, and Sa
niaria taken by John H\reanus.
105, Ca-pio and Manilius ignominiously defeated by tbe
»I8
OUTLINE OF ANTIENT AND MODERN HISTORY.
Teutotips, &c. on tlie banks of the Rhone, in which
80,000 llonians are killed.
ma. Tile Teulones defeated by Marius in two great battles
at Afiir.e Sextioe, now Aix in I'rovencc.
101, Marius and Catullus defeat the Cimbri as they were
endeavouring to enter Italy tlirouj;li Noricum,
now Ihe Tyrol. It is said that 120,000 were killed,
and (iO.OOO taken prisoners.
99, Lusilania conquered by the Romans, under Dolabella.
91, The Social or Marsic war begins, which continues 3
years, and is finished by Scylla in 88.
89, The Mitliridalic war begiiis, and continues 2G years.
88, The Civil war between Marius and Scylla begins, add
continues G years.
79, Sylia resigns the dictatorship, after holding it 3 years,
and dies tiie year after.
73, The Servile war begins under Spartacus.
71, Spartacus is defeated and killed by CrassusandPompey,
which finishes the Servile war.
C% Luculluidefeats the two kings MithridatesandTigrancs,
in a great battle in Armenia, Ihe day before the nones
of December, and then tzkes Tigranocerta, with all
the royal treasures.
86, Mithridates is defeated by Pompey in a night-battle in
the Upper Armenia. Crete is conquered by Mftellus,
after a war of two years, and reduced to a Roman
province.
85, The rtign of the Seleucidce ends in Syria, which is re-
duced by Pompey to a Roman province.
63, The Catiline conspiracy detected by Cicero, in Oc-
tober, and defeated by Antony, about Ihe middle of
December. Jerusalem is taken by Pompey, who
restores Hyrcanus. Mithridates kills himself.
00, The first triumvirate between Pompey, Cajsar, and
CrassiiJ.
i)&, Caesar passes the Rhine, and defeats the Germans,
and soon after makes his first expedition into Britain.
53, Crassius h killed, and his army cut to pieces by the
Parthians, under Surenas, at Sinuaca in Mesopota-
mia, June 9.
50, The Civil war properly begins on the 22d of October,
when the Senate ordered Csesar to disband his army.
Ca;sar besieges Pompey in Bruudusium, Dec. 26.
49, Pompey sails from Brundusium, Jan. 3, and Ciesar
enters it on the 4th, and comes to Rome about
the 19lh. He besieges Marseilles in the spring, de-
feats Ponipey's lieutenants in Spain in the summer,
returns to Rome jn September, and passes into
Epirus, Oct. 15.
48, The battle of Pharsalia, May 12.
47, The war of Alexandria, that city being taken by Jidius
Ca^sar.
46, The war in Africa, iu which Cato kills himself at Utica,
Feb. 5.
44, Caesar killed in the senate-house, aged 56.
43, The second triumvirate, between Octavius, Antony,
and Lepidus, began Nov. 27. Cicero put to death,
Dec. 7.
42, Cassius and Brutus defeated at Pliilippi in two battles,
having an interval of 20 days, the last being fought
about the end of October.
41, The short Pernsian war, in which Antony's brother
Lucius is overpowered by Octavius.
40, Jerusalem is tyrannically occupied by Autigonu«, as-
sisted by llie Partliians.
37, Jerusalem is taken by Socius and Herod, Jan. 1, and
Antigonus is soon after put to death, which finislies
the Hasnioncaa family, 126 years after Judas Mac-
cabeus.
51, The battle of Actiuni, fought Sept. 2, in which Antony
and Cleopatra are totally defeated ; from which time
the Roman emperors properly begin.
30, Egypt reduced to a Roman province.
«7, Octavius, by a decree of the senate, of Jan. 13, obtains
the title of Augustus C'A>3ar, and an hlisolutc e\cmp
tion from the laws, and is properly the first Roman
emperor.
25, Coin first used in Britain.
8, Rome at this time is .50 miles in circumfc^rencc, and con-
tains 4(i.'l,000 men fit to bear arms. The le;iiple of
Janus is shut by Augustus as an emblem of universal
i)eace, and
JESUS CHRIST, isbornabout theclose of IhelOOOth yearof
the world, i. e. 4 years before the vulgar Christian ;era.
8, He disputes with the doctors in the temple ;
26, And is baptized in the wilderness by John the Baptist.
33, His death, resurrection, and ascension, is fixed in this
year by Blair, Playfair, &c. though others, with less
probability, place it in 29.
36, St. Paul converted.
39, St. Matthew writes his Gospel. Pontius Pilate kills
himself.
40, The name of Christians first given at Antioch to the fol-
lowers of Christ.
4,3, Claudius Caesar's expedition into Britain.
44, St. Mark writes his Goepel.
49, London is founded by the Romans; .168, surrounded
by ditto with a wall, some parts of which ai'e still ob-
servable.
61, Caractacus, the British king, is carried in chains to
Rome.
62, The council of the apostles at Jerusalem.
65, St. Luke writes his Gospel.
69, The emperor Nero puts bis mother and brotheis to
death. Persecutes the Druids in Britain.
61, Boadicea, the British queen, defeats the Romans ; but
is conquered soon after by Suetonius, governor of
Britain.
62, St. Paul is sent in bonds to Rome ; writes his Epistles
between 51 and 66.
63, The Acts of the Apostles written. Christianity is sup-
posed to be introduced into Britain by St. Paul, or
some of his disciples, about this time.
64, Rome set on fire, ami burned for six days ; upon wliicli
began (under NeroJ the first persecution against the
Christians.
66, The first Jewish war begins in May.
67, St. Peter and St. Paul put to death.
70, Whilst the factious Jews are destroying one another
with mutual fury, Titus, the Roman general, takes
Jenisale.".!, Sept. 8, which is razed to the ground, au J
the plough made to pass over it.
?3, The philosophersexpelled Rome.
85, Julius Agricola, governor of South Britain, to protect
the civilised Britons from the incursions of the Cale-
donians, builds a line of forts between the rivers Forth
and Clyde ; defeats the Caledonians, under (i alcagus,
on the Grampian hills; and first sails round Britain,
which he discovers to be an island.
95, The second persecution against the Christians begins
about November, and continues near a year till the
death of Domitia'i.
96, St. John the evangelist wrote his Revelation ; his Gos-
pel in 97.
103, Dacia reduced by Trajan to a Roman province.
107, The third persecution' against the Christians.
918, The fourth persecution against the Christians.
121, The Caledonians reconquer from the Romans all the
southern part of Scotland; upon which the em-
peror Adrian builds a wall between Newcastle aiul
Carlisle ; but this also proving ineficctual, Pollius
Urbicus, the Roman gcpeial, about the year 134,
repairs Agricola's forts, which he joins by a wall 4
yards thick.
l.Tl, Tiie Jews rel)c1, an<l begin a second war.
135, The second Jewish war ends, when they were all
banished Judea.
139, Justin writes his first apology for the Christians.
ai9
OUTLINE OF ANTICKT AND MODERN HISl'ORY.
145,
183,
202,
209,
217,
222,
22G,
235,
250,
262,
2.57,
2(;u,
272
hi',
28G,
201,
30.1,
3<)H,
a 13,
325,
328,
363,
3<34,
400,
404,
40C,
409,
410,
412,
413,
414,
430,
Antoninus Pins defeats the Moors, and afterwards the
Germans and Dacians.
A violent war in Britain ended by Marcelhis, the British
governor.
Tiie fifth persecution ag:ainst the Christians begins
about April, and continues two years.
Severus builds his wail across Britain from the Frith
of Forth.
The Septuagiut found in a cask.
About this time the Roman empire begins to snik
under its own weight.
The formidable power of the Parthians, which spread
from liiiiia to the frontiers of Syria, is subverted by
Ardsliir, or (as he is usually calleti) Arlaxerxes, the
founder of a new dynasty, which under the name of
Sassar.ides, governed Persia 4U() years till the inva-
sion of the Arabs.
The sixth persecution against the Christians.
Tiic barbarians begin their irruptions. The sevenlh
persecution against the Christians.
The Goths have annual tribute not to molest the
empire.
The eighth persecution against the Christians.
Valerianus, the Roman emperor, is taken prisoner by
Sapor king of Persia, and flayed alive.
The ninth persecution against the Christians.
Silk first brought from India; the manufactory of it
introduced into Europe by some monks, 551 ; first
worn by the clergy in England, 1534.
The Pcoman empire is attacked by nortliern nations,
and several provinces are usurped by tyrants.
Two eniperors and two Caesars, -(iz. Diodesian,
Maximian, Galerius, and Cons'antius, march to
defend the four quarters of the empire.
The tenth persecution begins at Niconiedia, Feb. 23.
Constanline the Great begins his reign, Jidy 25.
Cardinals first began.
The tenth persecution ends by an edict of Constan-
tino, who favours the Christians, June 13, and, in
32.?, gives full liberty to their religioi).
TJie first general council at Nice began June la, and
ended Aug. 25, when 318 fathers attended, against
Arius,the founder of Arianism, where was composed
the famous Nicene Cretd, wliicli we attribute to
them.
Constantine removes the seat of empire from Rome
to Byzantium which is thereafter called Constan-
tinople; 331, orders all the Heathen temples to be
destroyed; and <lies May 22, 3:57.
The Roman emperor Julian, suriiamed the Apostate,
endeavours in vain to rebuild the temple of
Jerusalem.
The Roman empire is divided into the eastern (Con-
stantinople the capital) and western, (of whicli
Rome continued to be the capital,) each being now
under the government of difl'iMent emperors.
Bells invented by Paulinus, of Campagnia.
The kingdom of Caledonia, or Scotland, revives under
Fergus.
The Vandals, Alans, and Sucvi, spread info France
and Spain, by a concession of Uonorius, emperor of
the West.
The Siievi begin their kingdom over a part of Spain;
Hermerick their first king.
Rome taken and plundered by Alaric, king of tlie
Visigoths, Aug. 21.
The Vandais begin their kingdom in Spain, under
Gunderic.
The kingdom of the Burgundians begins in Alsace,
under (iunditar.
The Visigoths begin the kingdom of Toulouse, uiuler
Wallia.
The kingdom of the French begins upon the Lower
Rliine, under Piia'amond.
020
420, The Romans, reduced to extremities at liome, wiili-
(haw their troops from liritain, and never rcluin;
sidvising the Britous to arm in their own delViice,
and to trust to their own valour.
4S'J, (ienseric takes Carthage, and begins the kingdom of
the Vandals in Africa, Oct. U).
446, The Britons, now left to themselves, are greaiiy
harassed by the Scots and Picls, upon whiili they
make their complaints to the Romans, (wliiili they
entitle tlie groens of the Britons,) but receive no
assistance irom that quarter.
447, Atlila (surnanied the Scourge of God) with his Iluns
lavages the Roman empire.
449, Vorti-fcrn, king of the Britons, invites the Saxons into
Britain, against the Scots and Picts.
455, The Saxons, having repulsed the Scots and Picts, in-
vite over more of their countrymen, and begin to
establish themselves in Kent, under llcngist. Rome
taken by Gcnseric in July.
476, The western empire is finished by Odoacer, king of the
Heruli, 523 years after the battle of Pharsalia ;
upon the ruins of which several new states arise in
Italy and other parts, consisting of (ioths, Vandals,
Huns, and other barbarians, under whom literature
is extinguished, and the works of the learned are
destroyed.
493, The kiugdcmi of Italy passes from the Ileruli to the
Ostrogoths by the taking of Ravciuia, Feb. 27, after
a siege of near 3 years. This kingdmn continued
till its overthrow by Narses, the Roman general,
on Feb. 10, 554, who was governor of the country
for 15 years.
4CG, Clovis, king of France, baptized, and Christianity
began in that kingdom.
.508, Prince Arthur befiins his reign over the Britons.
516, The computing of time by the Christian ;era is intro-
duced by Dionysius the monk.
519, Prince Arthur defeated at Charford, by Cerdic, who
begins the Saxon kingdom of Wesscx.
557, A terrible plague all over Europe, Asia, and Africa,
which continues near 50 years.
568, The kingdom of the Lom!>ards begins under A Iboinus.
6G9, Exarchs are sent to Ravenna, by the eastern emperors,
against the Lombards.
580, Latin ceased to be spoken about this time in Italy.
683, The Suevi in Spain conquered by the Visigoths, which
finishes that kingdom.
59G, Augustin, the monk, comes into England with 40
monks.
GOG, Here begins the power of the popes, by the coneession
of Phocas, emperor of the east. Mahomet, the
false prophet, retires to his cave, where he composed
his Koran.
622, Mahomet, the false prophet, on July 1G, flies from
iNIecca to Medina, in Arabia, in the 45th year of his
age, and 10th of his ministry, where he laid the
foundation of the Saracen empire, and from whom
the Mahometan princes to this day claim their
descent. His followers compute their time from
this a^ra, which in Arabic is called Ilegira, i. e.
The Flight.
637, Jerusalem is taken by the Saracens, or followers of
Mahomet.
640, Alexandria in Egypt 'is taken by ditto, and the grand
library there burnt by order of Omar, their c^if or
prince.
CG4, f ilass invented in England by Bonalt a monk.
673 Constantinople inelVectually besieged by the Saracens
for 7 years.
68.5, TlieBri'ons, after a brave struggle of near 1.50 years,
are totally expelled by the Saxons, and driven into
Wales and Cornwall.
709, Ina, king of Wesscx, publishes about tltis time his lawi.
of the Saxous.
OUTLINE OF ANTIENT AND MODERN HISTORY.
71f?, Tlie Saracpns conquer Spain, Sept. ;5.
717, Consfsinlinoplt iniirectually btsitj;t>(J a second time,
by the Saracens.
72Cj, Tlie controversy about ima-ies begins, and causes
many insurrections in the eastern empire.
737, Ina, kingof Wessex, begins the tax of I'eter-Pence for
for tlie support of a college at Rome.
732, The Saracens (b^feated by Charles Martcl between
Tours and Foictiers in October.
736, Leo Isauricus, the eastern emperor, destroys all the
images in his dominions, and persecutes the monks.
746, A dreadful pestilence over Europe and Asia for 3
; years.
748, The computing of years fr»im the birth of Christ began
to be used in_ history.
749, Tlie race of Abfias become califs of the Saracens, and
encourage learning.
752, The exarchs of Ravenna conquerd by the Lombards,
after having continued 183 years.
755, Commencement of the Pope's temporal dominion.
756, The Saracens in Spain, revolting from tlu." house of
Abbas, begin the kingdom of Cordulja.
7SZ, The Saracens, after having conquered Palestine, Syria,
both Armenias, almost all Asia Minor, Persia, India,
Egypt, Numidia, all Barbary, even to the river
Niger, Portugal, Spain, and several islands of the
Mediterranean, build Bagilad, which is made the
capital for the califs of the house of Abbas, and
cease from their incursions and ravages, engaging
only (for the most part) in common wars like other
nations.
774, Pavia taken by Charlemagne, which finishes the king.
doms of the Lombards, after it had lasted 20(1 years.
800, Charlemagne, king of France, begins the empire of
Germany, Dec. 25, which is afterwards called the
western empire.
828, Constantinople, a third time, ineftectually besieged by
the Saracens, under Thomas the Slave.
838, The Saracens of Spain take possession of Crete, and
give it the name of Candia.
826, Harold, king of Denmark, dethroned by his subjects
for being a Christian.
828, Egbert, kiiigof Wessex, unites the Saxon heptarchy by
the name of England.
838, The Scots and Picts have a decisive battle, in which
the former prevail, and both kingdoms are united by
Kenneth, which begins the second period of the
Scottisli history.
S67, The Danes begin their ravages in England.
868, Egypt becomes independent of the Saracen califs of
Bagdad, under Ahmed, the Saracen governor.
872, Clocks first brought to Constantinople from Venice.
The battle of Wilton, in which Alfred is defeated
by the Danes.
878, Alfred the Great, after subduing the 'Danish invaders,
(against whom he fought 56 battles by sea and land,)
composes his body of laws ; divides England into
rounties, hundreds,' and tilhings ; in 890 erects
county-courts, having founded the university of
Oxford in 886.
8f9, The kingdom of Aries begins, and continues 46 years,
when it becomes a part ot the kingdom of Burgundy.
915, The university of Cambridge founded.
936, The Saracen empire is divided, by usurpation, into 7
kingdoms.
912, The eastern emperors take possession of Naples.
9611, Nicephorus Phocas, who was afterwards emperor of
the east, recovers Candia from the Saracens.
964, The kingtiom of Italy conquered by Otlio, and united
to Germany.
969, The race of Abbas lose Egypt, it being seized by the
Fatiniides, who build Grand Cairo.
975, Popi' Boniface VII. is deposed and banished for hi&
crinjes.
6B
979, Coronation oatli first used in England. Juries first
instituted in England.
991, The figures in arilliuK'lic arc brought into Eiir')|)e l)y
the Saracens from Arabia. Letters of the alphabet
were hitherto used.
996, Otho 111. makes the empire of Germany elective.
;w9, Boleslaus, first king of Poland.
1000, Paper made of cotton rags was in use, that of linen
rags in 11*0; the manidactory inlroduted into
England at Dartford, l.'j«8.
1005, All the old churches are rei)uilt about this time in a
new manner ofarchitecture.
1009, A civil war among the Saracens of Spain, whicli con-
tinues til) 1091, when they become tributary to the
.Saracens of Africa.
1015, Cliildren forbidden by law to be sold by their parents
in lOngland.
1017, Canute, king of Denmark, gets possession of England.
1031, Romanus II. emperor of the east, drives the Saracens
out of Syria.
1032, The kingdom of Aries, or Burgundy, l)equeathed to
Conrad II. emperor of Germany by Rodolph.
1035, The kingdoms of Castile and Arragon begin under
Ferdinand the Gfcat, and Ramitrus.
1040, The Danes, after several engagements with various
success, are about this time driven out of Scotland,
and never return again in a hostile manner.
1041, The Saxon line restored under Edward the C.'iifessor.
1042, The Turks fa nation of adventurers from Tartary,
serving hitherto in the armies of contending
princes) become forniitlable, and take possession
of Persia. Knolles fixes this event in 10:J0.
1054, Leo IX. the first pope that kept np an army.
1057, Malcolm HI. king of Scotland, kills the tyrant Mac-
beth atDunsinane, and marries the princess Mar-
garet, sisler to Edgar Atheling.
1068, Robert Guiseard, the Norman, drives the Saracens
out of Sicily. '
1065, The Turks take Jerusalem from the Saracens.
1066, The conquest of England by William, (sumamed the
Bastard,) duke of Normandy, in the battle of
Hastings, Oct. 14, where Harold is slain.
1070, Vi^illiam introduces the feudal law. Musical notes
invented.
1076, Henry IV. emperor of 'Germany, and the pope,
quarrel about the nomination of the German
bishops. Henry, in penance, walks barefooted
to pope Gregory VII. towards the end of January,
1077. Justices of the peace first appointed in
England.
1080, Doomsday book began, to be compiled by order of
William I. from a survey of all the estates in
England, and finished in 1086. The tower of Lon-
don built by ditto, to curb his English subjects ;
numbers of whom flv to Scotland, where they intro-
duce the Saxon or English language, are protected
by Malcolm, and have lands given them.
1085, Toledo taken from the Saracens by Alphonso VE.
king of Castile.
1091, Tlie Saracens in Spain call in Joseph king! of Mo-
rocco, who thus gets possession of all their do-
minions in Spain.
1096, The first crusade to the Holy Land is begun under
several Christian princes, to drive the infidels froitt
Jerusalem, \vhich they take on July 1.5, 1099.
1110, Edgar Atheling, the last of the Saxon princes, dies
in England, where he had been permitted to reside
as a subject.
1118, The order of Knights Templars instituted to de-
fend the sepulchre at Jerusalem, and to protect
Christian strangers.
1139, Alphonso defeats five Saracen kings at Ouriqnes,
takes Lisbon, and is proclaimed king of Portugaii
921:
OUTLINE OF ANTIENT AND MODERN HISTORY.
1163, London bridge, consisting of 19 small arches first 1310,
Luiit oFsloiie.
1172, Henry II. king of England, fakes possession of Ire 1314,
land ; wliicli, from tliat period, was governed by
an English viceroy, or lord lientenant.
1176, England is divided by Henry info six circuits, and
justice is dispensed by itinerant judges.
1180, Glass windows began to be used in private houses in 1320,
England.
1181, The laws of England are digested about this time 1336,
by Glauville.
1192, The battle of Ascalon, in Judea, in which Richard,
king of England, defeats Saladin's army, consisting 1337,
of 300,000 combatants.
1194, Dieu et mon Droit first used as a motto by kingRichard, 1340,
on a victory over the French.
1196, Henry VI. emperor of Germany, takes full possession 1344,
of Naples and Sicily.
1200, Chimnies were not known in England. Surnames 1346,
now began to be used first among the nobility.
1204, Constantinople taken by the French and Venetians,
July 20. Normandy is conquered and reunited to
France, after about 300 years' separation.
1208, London incorporated, and obtained their first charter 1349,
for electing their lord Mayor and other magistrates
from king John.
1215, Magna Charfa is signed by king John, and the barons 1352,
of England. Court of Common Pleas established. 1354,
1227, The Tartars, a new race of heroes under Gingis-Klian, 1356,
emerge from the northern parts of Asia, overrun 1357,
all the Saracen empire ; and, in imitation of former 1358,
conquerors, carry death and desolation wherever
they march. 1362,
1233, The Inquisition, begun in 1204, is now trusted to the
Dominicans. Tlie houses of London and other
cities in England, France, and Germany, still
thatched with straw. 1369,
1250, Malek Al Salek, sultan of Egypt, detlironed and slain
by the Mamalucs, or Mamlouks, who governed
Egypt 267 yeijrs, till the invasion of Selim I. em- 1377,
peror of the Turks. 137a,
1253, The famous astronomical tables are composed by
Alphonso XL king of Castile. 1386,
1258, The Tartars take Bagdad, which finishes the empire of
the Saracens. 1.391,
: 261, The Greek emperors recover Constantinople from 1395,
the French in July.
1264, The Commons of Eng.and first summoned to par- 1399,
liament about this time.
1273, The empire of the present Austrian family begins in
Germany.
1281, The famous city of Kufaiii taken from the Greeks by 1402,
Ortogrul, the father of Ottoman. This is the first
conquest, mentioned in history, of the Ottoman
Turks over the Christians. 1410,
1-282, Lewellyn, prince of Wales, defeated and killed by 1440,
Edward I. who unites that principality to England.
1284, Edward 11. born at Carnarvon, is the first prince of
Wales. 1444,
1285, Alexander III. king of Scotland, dies, and that king-
dom is disputvd by 12 candidates, who submit their 1446,
claims to the arbitration of Ed ward.kingof England.
1293, There is a regidar succession of English parliament* 1453,
from this Vf ar.
1298, The present Turkish empire begins in Rithynia, under
Ottoman. Silver hafled knives, spoons, and cups, 1460,
a great juxury. Tallow candles so great a luxury, 1485,
that splinters of wood were used for lights. Wine
sold by the apothecaries as a cordial.
1302, T|ie mariner's comnass invented, or improved, by
riavio.
l.';07. The beginning of the Swiss cantons.
1308, The popes remove to Avignon, where they continue
for 70 years.
&U2
Tho knights of St. John take Rhodes, and settle there.
Lincoln's Iini Society established.
The battle of Bannockburn between Edward II. and
Robert Bruce, which establishes the latter on the
throne of Scollanil, July 25. The cardinals set
fire to the conclave, and separate. A vacancy in
the papal chair for 2 years.
Gold first coined in Christendom ; 1344, ditto io
England.
Two Brabant weavers settle at York, which, says
Edward III. may prove of great benefit to us aud
our subjects.
The first comet whose course is described with astro-
nomical exactness.
Gunpowder and guns first invented by Swarfs, a monk
of Cologn.
The first creation to titles by Patents used by Ed-
ward IIJ.
Edward III. had 4 pieces of cannon, which gained
him the battle of Cressy, Aug. 26. Bombs and
mortars were invented. Oil painting first made
use of by John Vaneck. Heral's college instituted
in England.
The order of the Garter instituted in England by
Edward III. altered in 1567, and consists of 26
knights.
The Turks first enter Europe.
The money in Scotland till now the same as in England.
The battle of Poictiers, Sept. 19.
Coals first brought to London.
Anns of England and France first quartered by Ed-
ward III.
The law pleadings in England changed from Frencli
to English, as a favour of Edward III. to his people.
The military order of the Janizaries established
among the Turks.
John Wicklift'e, an Englishman, begins to call in
question the doctrines of the chur-h of Rome
about this time, whose followers are called Lollards.
The popes return from Avignon to Rome, Jan. 1'.
The schism of double popes, which continuesSS years,
till the council of Constance begins.
A company of linen weavers from the Netherlands
established in London. Windsor Castle built.
Cards invented in France for the king's aunisement.
Sigisuiund, king of Hungary, defeated by Bajazet 1.
king of -the Turks, atNicopolis, Sept. 28.
Westminster Abbey rebuilt and enlarged. West-
minster Hall, ditto. Order of the Bath instituted
at the coronation of Henry IV. renewed in 1725;
consisting of 38 knights.
The great battle of Angoria, in which Bajazet I. king
of the Turks, is taken prisoner by Tamerlane,
July 28.
(iuildhall, London, built.
Printing invented by L. Coster, at Ilarlacm, in Hol-
land ; br()ught into Eiiglaud by W. Ca.\ton, a
mercer of London, 1471.
The battle of Varna gained by the Turks over Ladis-
laus, kingof Hungry, Nov. !0.
The sea breaks in at Dort, and drowns 100,000 people,
April 17.
Constantinople taken by the Turks, May 29, under
Mahomet H. their first emperor. 1 his finishes
the Roman empire of the east.
Engraving and etching on copper invented.
Richard HI. king of England, and last ol the Plan-
tagenets, is defeated and killed at iIm- battle of
Boswortil, Aug. 22, by Henrv (Tudor) Vll. which
putsanend to the civil wars between Ijie houses of
York and Lancaster, after a contest of 30 years.
Henry establishes 50 yeomen wf the guards, the
first standing array.
OUTLINE OF ANTIENT AND MODCIIN HISTORY.
148J. Maps and sca-cliart's first broiiglit to England hy
Barlli. Coliitiibiis.
H9l, William Groccyn introduces the study of tlie firoek
language into England. Tlie Moors, liillicito a
formidable enemy to Ilie native Spaniards, are en-
tirely sulxined by Ferdinand, anil become sLd)jccts
to that prince on certain conditions, \\liicli arc ill
observed by the Spaniards, uliose clergy use the
Inquisition in all its tortures; and, in March, 1010,
near one million of 'the Moors are driven from
Spain to the opposite coast of Africa, whence they
originally came.
1494, America lirst discovered by Columbus, a Genoese, in
the service of Spain. Algebra tirst known in Europe.
1497, The Portuguese tirst sail to the East Indies by the
Cape of (iood Hope. South America discovered
by Aniericus Vespusius, from whom it has its name.
1409, North America, ditto, for Henry Vll. by Cabot, a
Venetian.
1500, Maximilian I. divides the empire o( Gerraany into six
circles, and adds four more in iol2.
].M)5, Shillings first coined in England.
1509, Gardening introduced info England f'ro'in the Nether-
lands, whenee vegetables were before imported.
1517, Martin Luther began the Reformation. Cairo taken
from the Mamalukes, their sovereign Tumambey
deposed and slain, and Egypt reduced into aTurk-
ish province, bySelim I.
1518, Magellan, in the service of Spain, first discovered the
straits of that name in South America. -^
'620, Henry VIII. for his writings in favour of Popery, re-
ceives the title of Defender of the Faith from his
Holiness.
1522, The isle of Rhodes taken by the Turks from the
Knights of St. John, Dec. 25.
1629, The name of Protestant takes its rise from the Re-
formed protesting- a'^n'iml thechurcli of Rome, at
the diet at Spires, in Germany.
1534, The Reformation takes place in England, March 30,
under Henry VIII.
1637, Religious houses dissolved by ditto.
15^9, The first English edition of the Bible authorized ; the
present translation finished in ICll. About this
time cannon began to be used in ships.
1340, Society oftlie Jesuits established, Sept. 27.
1343, Silk stockings first worn by the French king ; first
worn ill England by queen Elizaljeth, 1501 ; the
steel frame for weaving invented by the Rev. Mr.
Lee, of John's college, Cambridge, 1589. Pins
first used in England, before which time the ladies
used skewers.
1544, Good lands let in England at one shilling per acre.
1545, The famous council of Trent begins, and continues 18
years.
1547, First law in England establishing the interest of
money, and at 10 per cent.
1549, Lord-lieuteiiants of counties instituted in England.
1550, Horse guards instituted in England.
15.35, The Russian company established in England.
1563, Knives first made in England.
15(>9, Royal Exchaage first built.
1571, The island ofCyi)rus taken by the Turks. The famous
victory over tlie Turks at Lepanto, Oct. 7.
J.'iTi, The great massacre of Protestants at Paris, Aug. 24.
1579, The Dutch shake ofl' the Spanish yoke, and the re-
piiblx of Holland begins, Jan. 22. English East
Imlia company incorporated ; estab]islied IGOO.
Turkey company incorporated.
1680, Sir Francis Drake returns from his voyage round the
world, being the first English circumnavigator.
Parochial registers first appointed in England. ,
The kingdom of Portugal seized by Philip II. of
Spam, Sept. 12.
1582, Pope Gregory XIII. introduces the New Style in
Italy ; the 5tli of October being counted the 15lli.
158.3, Tobacco first brought from Virginia into Iwiglaiid.
1587, Mary, (|ueeii of Scots, beheaded, Feb. 8, after 18
years imprisonment.
1588, Henry IV. passes the edict of Nantes, tolerating the
Protestants. The Spanish Armada destroyeil,
July 27.
1589, Coaches first introduced into England; hackney act,
1093 ; increased to 1000 in 1770.
1590, Band of Pensioners instituted in England.
1.597, Watches first brought into Engkuid from Germaiv-
1002, Decimal arithmetic invented at Uriiges.
1003, (iiieen Elizabeth (the last of the Tudors) dies, and
nominates James VI. of Scotland (and first of Ilie
Stuarts) as her successor ; which unites both king-
doms under the name of Great Britain.
1005, The Gunpowder Plot discovered at W'.'Stminster ,
being a project of the Roman Catholics to blow >_:p
the king and both houses of parliament.
1000, Oaths of allegiance first administered in England,
lOUii, Galileo, ofFlorence, first discovers the satellites abojt
the planet Jupiter, by the telescope, then just in-
vented in Holland.
1010, Henry IV. is murdered at Paris, by Ravailfac, a priest.
1011, Baronets first created 111 England by James I. May 22.
1625, The island of Barbadoes, the first English settlement
in the \Vest Indies, is planted.
1640, The massacre in Ireland, when 40,000 English Pr6-
festants were killed. The independency of Portugal
recovered by John, duke of Braganza, Dec. 1.
1642, King Charles I. impeaches five members, who had
opposed his arbitrary measures, which begins the
civil war in England.
1649, Charles I. (aged 49) beheaded at Whitehall, Jan. 30.
1063, Cromwell assumes the protectorship.
1658, Cromwell dies, Sept. 3, and is succeeded in the pra.
tectorship by his son Richard.
IcMtO, After an interregnum of 4137 days. King Charles n„
is restored by Monck, commander of the army
May 20.
1602, The Roval Society established at London, July 15,
by Charles II.
1665, The plague rages in London, and carries off 68,000
persons.
1000, The great fire of London, begun Sept. 2, and con-
tinued 3 days, in which were destroyed 13,000
houses, and 400 streets. Tea first used in England,
1008, St. James's park planted, and made a thoroughfare
for public use, by Charles II.
1669, Canea, the capital ofCandia, taken from the Venetians
by the Turks, Sept. 0, alter 23 years' siege.
1672, The Poles deliver up Cameniec, with 48 towns and
villaKcs in the territory of Cameniec, to Mahomet
IV. the Turkish sultan. This is the last victory
by which any advantage accrued to the Ottoman
Turks, or any province wasanDe.\ed to iheant;ent
bounds of their empire.
1G78, The habeas corpus act passed.
1680, A great comet appeared, and from its nearness to
the earth alarmed the inhabitants. It continued
visible from Nov. 3, to March 9.
1688, The revolution in Great Britain begins Nov. 3. Kng
James II. abdicates, and retires to France, Dec. 23,
1689, King William HI. and queen Mary II. are pro-
claimed, Feb. 13. The land-tax passed in England.
The toleration act passed in ditto. Several bishops
are deprived for not taking the oath tokingWdhani.
1690, The battle of the Boyne, gained by William lil. ever
James in Ireland, July 1.
1692, The English and Dutch fleet, commanded by ndmira."
Russel, defeat the French fleet off La Ho«;ue,
May 19.
1693, Bayonets at the end of loaded musket.s, first used tij
OUTLINE OF ANTIENT AND MODliRN HISTORY.
tlie French against the confederates in the battle 1757,
ot Turin. Bank [of EnKJand established by king
Wilham. The iirst public lottery was drawn the 1759,
same year.
1694, Queen Mary II. dies at the age of 33, and William
reigns alone. Stamp duties instituted in England. 1760,
1697, CiiarlesXII. of Sweden, begins his reign.
1700, Tlie] Dutch and Protestants of Germany introduce
the New Style, by omitting the last 11 days of
February.
1701, Prussia erected into a kingdom, under Frederic,
Jan. 18. Society for the propagation of the Gos-
pel in forei:;n parts established.
1704, Gibraltar taken from the Spaniards, ' by ad-
miral Rooke, .luly 24. The batlle of Blenheim,
won by the duke of Marlborough'and allies against
liie French, Aug. 2.
1706, The battle of Ramiiies, won by Marlborough and the
allies,' May 12. The treaty Union betwixt England
and Scotland, signed July 22.
1707, The first British parliament.
1708, Sardinia erected into a kingdom, and 'given to the
duke of Savoy
1710, The cathedral cliurch of St. Paul, London, rebuilt
by Sir Christopher Wren, in 37, years, at one mil-
lion expense, by a duty on coals.
1713, The peace of Utrecht, signed March 30.
1714, Interest reduced to five percent.
1715, Lewis XIV. dies Aug. 21, and is succeeded by his
great grandson, Lewis XV. The rebellion of Scot-
land begins in September, under the ea.*-! of Mar,
in favour of the Pretender. The action of Slieria"-
muir, and the surrender of Preston, both on Nov.
13, when the rebels disperse.
1716, The Pretender married to tlie princess Sobieski,
grand-daughter of John Sobieski, late king of
Poland. An act passed for septennial parliaments.
1720, The jSauth-sea scheme in England, begun April 7,
was at its height at the end of June, and quite
sunk about Sept. 29.
1727, Inoculation first tried on criminals with succ^s:,.
Russia, formerly a dnkedom, is now established as
an empire.
1732, Kouli Khan usurps the Persian throne, conquers the
Mogul empire, and returns with £231 millions
sterling.
1738, Westminster bridge is begun; finished in 1750, at the 1775,
expenceof iS389,000 defrayed by parliament.
1739, Ijctters of Marque issued out in Britain
against Spain, July 21, and war declared, Oct. 23.
1743, The battle of Dettingen, won by the English and
allies in favour of the queen of Hungary, June '■€• 1776,
1744, War declared against France, March 31. Commo-
<lore Anson returns from his voyage round the
world.
1745, The allies lose the battle of Fontenoy, April 30. The
rebellion breaks out in Scotland, in July. The
battle of Preston Pans, Sept. 21. 1777,
1746, The Pretender's army defeated by the duke of Cum-
berland, at Culloden, April 16.
1748, The peace of Aix-laChapelle, Oct. 7, by whichares-
tituti<>n of all places, taken during, the war, was to 1778, A
be made on all sides.
1740, The [interest of the British funds reduced jto three
percent.
1751, Frederic, prince of Waigg^ father to his preseii'-
majesty, died.
1762, Tlie New Style introduced into Great Britain, the 3d
of Septeml)er being counted the 14th.
1753, The British Museum erected at Montague-house.
IT.'j.O, Lisbon destroyed by an earthqirakc.
1756, 146 Englishmen are confined in the bla?'' bole at 1780,
Calcutta, in the East Indies, by order of the Nabob,
aud 123 found dead the next murning.
934
1762,
1763,
1764,
1765,
1766,
1767,
1768,
1772,
1768,
1774,
Daniien attempted to assassinate the French king,
Jan. 5.
The Jesuits expelled Portugal, Sept. 8. General
Wolte is killed in the bailie of Quebec, which is
gained by the English, Sept. 18.
King George II. dies, Oct. 25, in the 77fn jear of
his age, and is succeeded by his present majesty,
George 111. who, on Sept. 22, 1761, niairied the
princess Cliarlotte of Mecklenburgh Sirelitz.
Blackfriars bri'lge, consisting of 9 arches, begun;
finished in 1770, at the expense of it,V2,S40 to be
discharged by a toll. Toll taken oil, 1785.
War declared by Portugal against Spain, May 23.
Peter 111. emperor of Russia, is deposed,
imprisoned, and murdered.
The definitive treaty ot Peace between Gjeat J3ritain,
France, SpiiuvandPoTtiHtalr c-rnicluded al Tarts,
Feb. 10. The Jesuits ex-iielled France.
Tlie parliament granted lOjOOUjg. to Mr. Harrison,
for his discovery of the longitude by his time-
piece.
An act passed annexing the sovereignty of the Isle of
Alan to the crown of Great Britain.
The American stamp act repealtd. March 18. The
Jesuits.expelled Bohemia and Dtnmark.
The Jesuits expelled Spain, Genoa, and Venice,
April 2.
The Jesuits expelled Naples, Malta, and Parma.
Poland dismembered by the emperor of Russia, the
king ot Prussia, and the house of Austria. Ihe
king of Sweden changes the constitution of that
kingdom, Aug. 19.
The war between the Russians and Turks (which
began in 1773) proves disgraceful to the hitler,
who lose the Islands in the 'Archipelago, and by
the seaare every where unsuccessful, 'i'he society
of Jesuits suppressed by the Pope's bull of
Aug. 25.
Peace proclaimed' between the Russians and Turks.
The British parliament having passed an act, lay-
ing a duty of 3d per pound upon all teas imported
into America, tlie colonists, considering this as a
grievance, deny the right of the British parliament
to tax them. Deputies from the several American
colonies meet at Philadelphia, as the first general
Congress, Sept. 5.
The first action happened in America between the
king's troops and the provincials at Lexington,
April 19. A bloody action, at Bunker's Hill,
between the royal troops and the Americans,
June 17.
The Congress declare the American colonies free
and independent states, July 4. The Americans
are driven from Long Island, New York, in August,
witli great loss; and the city of New York is
afterwards taken possession of by the king's
troops.
General Howe takes possession of Philadelphia, Oct.
3. Lieutenant-general Burgoyne is obliged to
surrender his army at Saratoga, in Canada, to the
American generals. Gates and Arnold, Oct. 17.
treaty of alliance concluded at Paris between the
French king and the American colonies, in which
their independence is acknowledged by the court
of France, Feb. 6. Philadelphia evacuated by the
British, June 18. An engagement fought oil' Brest
between the English Fleet, under the command of
admiral Ke|)\)el, and the French fleet, under the
command of the conntd' Orvilliere, July 27.
Pondicherry surrenders to the aims of Great
Britain, Oct. 17.
Adiii'iral Rodney takes 22 sail of Spanish ships, Jan. 8.
'i'he same admiral ajso engages a Spanish lleet,
under the couimanci of Don Juan de Langari^
OUTLINE OF ANTIENT AND MODERN HISTORY.
near'Cape St. Vincent, and takes 5 ships of the
line, one more being driven on siiore, and another
blown up, .Ian. Mi. The I'loteslant Association,
to the nunihcr ol 50,00(», f;o np to tiie house of
commons, with llieir petition for the repeal of an
act passed in favour of the i'apists, June 2. That
event followed by the most daring riots, in the
city of London, and in Soulhvvark, for several
successive days, in which some Popish chapels
are destroyed, toj^ether with the prisons of
Newgate, the Kiiiy's llench, the Tleet, several
private houses, iVc. 'J'hese alarmin;^ riots are at
len^rth suppressed by the interposition of the
military, and many of the rii-tcrs tried and executed
for felojiy. Five Enf;lish Last Indiamen, and titty
En;,disli merchant ships bound for the West
Indies, taken by the combined fleets oi France
and Spain, Aug. y. Karl Cornwallis obtains a signal
victory over general (iates, near Camden, in
South Carolina, in which above liiDO prisoners
are taken, Au;;. 16. Major Andre, adjutant-
general to the Britisli army. Iiaiv;,'ed as a spy at
Tappan, in the province of New Vork, Oct. 2.
A declaration of hostilities publislied against
Holland, Dec. 20.
1781, The Dutch island of St. Eustatia taken by admiral
Rodney and general Vau<i;han, Feb. 3. Retaken
by the French, Nov. 27. 'i'he new planelGcorginm
Sidus drscovercd by Mr. llerschel, March 13.
The islarid of Tobago taken by the French, June
2. A bloody engagement fought between an
English squadron, uwder admiral Parker, and a
Dutch squadron, under admiral Zontman, off the
Dogger-bank, Aug. 5. Earl Cornwallis, with a
considerable British army, snrrendered to the
American and French troops, under general Wash-
ington and count K,ochambeau, at York-town, iu
Virghiia, Oct. 19.
1783t Trincomale, in the island of Ceylon, taken by admiral
Hughes, Jan. 11. Minorca surrendeicij to the
arms of the king of Spain, Feb. 5. Tlic bouse of
commons address the king against any further pro-
secution of olTensive war on the coiilinent of North
America, March 4. Ad-miral Rodney obtains a
signal victory 'over the French fleet under the
command of count de Grasse. ne^r Dominica, in
the West Indies, April 12. The French took and
destroyed the forts and settlements in Hudson's
Bay, Aug. 24. The Spaniards defeated in their
grand attack on Gibraltar, Sept. 13. Treaty con-
cluded betwixt the republic of Holland and the
United States of America, Oct. 8. Provisioiuil
articles of peace signed at Paris between the British
and the American commissioners, by which the
Thirteen united American colonies are acknow-
ledged by his Britainiic majesty to be free,
sovereign, and independent states, Nov. 30.
1783, Preliminary articles of peace between his Britannic
majesty and the kings of France an<l Spain, si'^ned
at Versailles, Jan. 20. Tiie order of St. Patrick
instituted, Feb. 5. Three earthquakes in Calabria
Ulterior and Sicily, destroying a great number of
towns and inhabitauts, Feb.5, 7, and28. Annistice
between Great Britain and Holland, Feb. 10. A
volcanic eruption in Iceland surpassing any one
recorded in history ; the lava spouted up in three
places to the height of two miles perpendicular,
and continued thus for two months ; during which
time it covered a tract of 3(;00 square miles of
ground, iu some places more than 100 feet deep.
Katification of the definitive treaty of peace
between Great Britain, France, Spain, and the
United States of America, Sept. 3.
1784, T'lie ^rea.t seal stolen from the lord chancellor's
liouse, in Great Osmond Street, March 2-1. The
definitive treaty of peace between Great Britain
and HollaiKl, Nlay 21. Tlie memory of Handel
comineniorated by a grand jubilee at Westminster
abbey, the 2f)tli. (Continued annually for decayed
musicians, etc.)
1786, 471,nooȣ.'. 3 per cent, stock transferred to the land-
graie of Hesse, for Hessian soldiers lost in tn-''
American war.at 3(ij€. per man, Nov. 21.
1787, Mr. Burke, at the bar of tin- liouse of lords, in the
name of all the commons of Cireat Britain,
impeached Warren Hastings, late governor-general
of Bengal, of high crimes and misiienieanors.
May 21.
1788, A war breaks out batween the Turks, the Russians,
and the Germans. In the early part of October,
the first symptoms a|)peared of a severe disorder
■which atliicted our gracious sovereign. On Nov.
C, they were very alarming, and on the 13tli a form
of prayer for Ins recovery was ordered by the privy
coin]cil.
1789, A gene-ral thanksgiving for the king's recovery, who
attended the service at St. Paul's, with a great-
procession, April 2;$. llevolulion in France, the
ilastile destroy, d, and the arbitrary government
abolished, July 14.
1791, Dreadful riots ai Birmingham, in consequence of
some gentlemen meeting to commemorate the
Frencli revolution, July 14.
792, Assassination of the king of Sweden, by Ankerstroow,
March 16. Peace made by Lord Cornwallis, with
Tippoo Sultan, in the East Indies ; the sultan
ceding half his territory, au<l rleliveriiig up his two
sons as hostages, the IQtii. The French declared
war against the emperor, April 20. The king of
Poland compelled by Russia to restore the old
constitution, July 23. The king of Prussia joined
the emperor of Germany against France, the26tli.
Insurrection in Paris, which ended in a massacre
of the king's guards, and the imprisonment of the
royal family, Aug. 10. A terrible niassacre, iu
Paris, of persons suspected or imp-risoned, to the
amount of more than 12U0, Sept. 3.
1793, Lewis XVI. king of Fiance, beheaded, Jan. 21.
The French nation declared war against England
and Holland, Feb. I. Lord Grenville and Count
Wornnzow signed a convention at London, en
behalf of his Britannic majesty and the empress of
Russia, in which their majesties agreed to employ
their respective forces in carrying on the war
against France, March 1.5. Treaties were also
entered upon with the king of Sardinia, and the
prince of Hesse Cassel. The queen of France
beheaded, Oct. 16.
1794, Lord Howe defeated the French grand fleet, sunk 2,
burnt 1, and brought 6 ships of the line safe into
Portsmouth harbour, June 1. 'J"he Corsicans
acknowledge George III. as king of Corsica, and
accept a new constitution, the 21st. A dreadful
tire near Ratcliffe cross, by which 600 houses were
consumed ; the loss computed at l,0O0,O00jg'.
sterling, July 24. Treaty of amity and oiiiraerce
with America, signed at St. James's Nov. lO.
1796, In consequence of the rapid progress of the French
arms in Holland, the princess of Orange, the
hereditary princess, and her infant sou, arrived
at Yarmouth, Jan. 19 ( the hereditary prince
himself, with his father, the stadtholder, landed
at Harwich, the 20th. The prince of Wales married
to the princess Caroline of BrunswicJc, April S.
Warren Hastings, Esq. late governor general of
Bengal, was acquitted by the house of lords, after
a trial which commenced on Feb. 12, 1788, diiTiii*
which the court actually sat 149 days, the 26tit
'J2i>
OUTLIS'E OF AX'TFGNT AND MODERN HrSTORY.
fn«itrreclionsof the poor in various parts of p
laml, ill conscciiieiieeoflhe lii^'li price otprovisio ,
bri^iul beiiiijat Is. 3(1. tiie qiiaitern loaf, April, Ma?
A fire at Copeiiiiaseii, which burnt down nearly
one-fourth part of that city, June 9. Admiral
,orcl Bridport gained a victory over the French
fleet near L'Orient, and captured 3 ships of the
line, the 23d. The l^ins dani;erously assaulted in
his state-coach, on his way to the parliament-house,
Oct. 29. JSOO,
i706. The king again daringly assaulted with stones, &-c.
in his carriage on his way from the theatre, Feb. 1.
The king of Poland was compelled to sign the ab-
dication and resignation of his kingdom, March.
Sir Ralph Abercrombie took St. Lucia, May 25. A
large Dutch fleet surrendered to admiral Elphin-
stone, consisting of three ships of the line, five
frigates and sloops, and a store-ship, at the entrance
of Saldanha bay, near the Cape of Good Hope,
Aug. 16. General Washington resigned the pre-
cedency of America, the 17t!), and was succeeded
by iNIr. Adams. Spain declared war against Great
Britain, Oct. 10. Catherine II. empressof Russia,
died, Nov. 17. Corsica evacuated by tiie English,
Nov. The French fleet attempted to land troops
at Bantry Bay, Ireland, but were frustrated by ad-
verse winds, Dec. 24.
1797, A famous victory gained by admiral Sir John Jervis 1801
over the Spanish fleet off Cape St. Vincent, Feb.
16, iu consequence of which the admiral was cre-
ated earl St. Vincent. The French landed at
Fishguard in Wales, Feb. 22. An alarming mutiny
throughout the fleet at Spithead, April 15. Another
feneral mu-tiny broke out in the fleet at Sheerness,
!av 12. The Princess Royal of England married
to the prince of Wirtemberg, the ISlh. Parker,
the chief leader in the mutiny, executed, June 30.
Admiral Duncan defeated the Dutch fleet, of which
be captured nine ships of the line, Oct. 12, aCu
was created a viscount. A general thanksgiving
fos the great naval victories of lords Howe, St.
Vincent, and Duncan ; the king and both houses
of parliament going in grand procession to St.
Pa' I ^; n..,-. ]0!li.
V7!)», Rebellion broke out in tlie south of Ireland, April 2.
The British troops, under general Coote, destroy
the sluices on tj>e canal between Bruges and
Osfc.nd- bill are afterwards compelled tocapitulate
to the French, May 20. O'Coigley executed at 1802,
Maidstone for high treason, June 7. Accounts 1803,
received of llie defeat of the Irish rebels, near
Gore'sbridge, in which above 1000 were killed,
July!. The glorious victory off the Nile achieved
by admiral, afterwards baron Nelson, in which he
took 9 ships of the line from the French, burnt 2, 1-
&c. August 1. The French landed in Killala bay,
Ireland, the 24th. OtHcial accounts received of
the victory of Sir J. B. Warren over »he French
fleet otf Ireland, in which the Iloche of SO guns,
and 3 frigates, were captured, Oct. 20. The king
of Sardinia forced by the French to sign a renun-
ciation of his throne, Dec. 9. The king and queen
of Naples arrive at Palermo, having; fled from 1804,
Naples on llie approach of the French, the 28th„
770ii, Naples taken by the French, January 2t. Suwarrow's
successi's against the French, April 27, 28. Jime 19.
and Aug. 15. Seringapafi.m taken, Tippoo Saib
killed. May 1. General Massenasucc -ssful against
the Austrians, 25 28. M.issena defeated by the
archduke Charles, June 5. Duke d'Angoulesme
married to ihe princess-royal of Franc'e at Mittai/.
the Otii. Karl Ilowc died, aged 72, August .'>.
Pope Pius VI. dies at V^alence, in h^s 82d \ ear, the W06,
imili. Surinam taken from the Diiieli. the SOd.
93/;
Dutch fleet taken by admira. Mitchel, the 2Sth,
Buonaparte arrives in France from Egypt, Oct. IG.
He changes the governmeut of the republic, and
is appointed first consul, Nov. 10. General Wash-
ington died, the lolh. Secret expedition aganist
Holland, commanded by the duke of Yoik, when
the whole of the Dutch fleet surrendered without
the loss of a man. Great scarcity of corn this year,
and soup-shops established.
Buonaparte makes overtures for peace to the British
government, which are rejected, Jan. 1-17. Battle
ofNovi, the 8th. George Stevens died, the 22d.
Cardinal Gregorio Barnaba Chioramonte elected
pope at Venice; he takes the name of Pius VII.
Feb. 14. General Suwarrow died, April 2. Battle
ofStockach, May 4. Hadfield shoots at the king
at Drury-lane piayliouse ; he is tried, and acquitted
as insane, the 15th. Sir F. Bulltrdied, June 6.
Great battle of Marengo, the 14th. Kleber as-
sassinated in Egypt, ibid. First stone of the wet-
dock, at the Isle of Dogs, laid, July 12. Unsuc-
cessful attempt of the English upon Ferrol, in
Spain, Aug. 25. Malta taken by the English,
Sept. 5. Conspiracies to kill Buonaparte, Oct. 10,
and Dec. 24. Embargo laid by Russia upon British
ships, Sept. 10, and Nov. 27. Russia, Sweden, and
Denmark, unite against England.
Union between Great Britian and Ireland takes place,
Jan.!. Lavater Died at Berne, th.e 3rd. liie first
parliament opthe United kingdom of GreatBritain
and Ireland met, the 22d. Peace signed between
the French republic and the emperor of Germany,
atl.uiicvillc.i' il>.9. The English ministry changed
and Mr. Piit retires in March. Victory over the
French in Egypt, March 2l, in which Sir R. Aber-
crombie received a wound, which he survived but
a few days. Bread Is. lO d. the quartern loaf.
Paul I. emperor of Russia, died, the 23rd, and is
succeeded by Alexander. Peace between France
and Naples, the 28th. The Danes take possession
of Hamburg, the 29th. Sir Hyde Parker and
lord Nelson pass the sound, and, after destroying
the fleet at Copenhagen, make a Peace with the
Danes, April 2. Conquest of Egypt completed
by general Hutchinson, July. Lord Nelson's un-
successful attempts on the flotilla at Boulogne,
Aug. C, and I5. Preliminaries of peace signed
with France, Oct. I. ,;' _ . '
Secret jealousies between England and France.
Governor Wall executed for the murder of a sergefnj
in the island of Goree, after a delay of 19 year.s.
Colonel Despard and others executed for high
treason, Feb. War declared by Great Britain
against France, May 16. St. Lucia taken by the
English, June 20, and Tobago on the 301 ii. Insur-
rection in Dublin, and murder of lord Kilwarden,
July 23. Hanover taken by the French. French
army at cape Francois, in St. Domingo, capitulate
with the Blacks for the evacuation of the island,
Nov. 19, and afterwards submit to an English
squadron, with their sliips of war and merchant-
men, the 30tli.
His majesty's illness, Feb. March. A French
squadron in tiie F.ast Indies, under admiiiil Eiiiois,
beatort'by the English East India fleet, Feb. 15.
Buonaparte proclaimed emperor of llie Gauls,
May 20, winch finishes the republic of France,
after it liad conlinned 41.36 days, only one day less
than llie diuationof the conimonweallh in England,
that immediately followed the decapitation of
Charles I. Coronation of Buonaparte by the
pope, at Paris, as emperor of the (iauls, Dec. 2.
The FreiKJi emperor assumes the title of king of
Italy, May. Lord i\Ielvillc impeached for miitap-
OUTLINE or ANTIENT AND MODERN HISTORY.
plying the piil)lic money, while frpasurfir of the
PJiivy. l?;itlic between the I'nfilish tleet, iiiuier
admiral Caldcr, and the comhined fleets of France
and Spain, in whieh the latter lost two ships, July
22(1 ; after whicli the English admiral was recalled,
tried by court-nnulial, and diMiiissed thu service.
Ca'amitous carllKiMaUesin the S.of Italy. July 'id,
followed by an eruption of mount Vesuvius, Au},^
12, in which 2(),()()() persons perished. Austria and
llussia unite a^'ainst .France, August. Death of
Marrpiis Cornwallis in India, Oct. 5, aged CG.
Austrian army, under general Mack, surrender at
Ulm to Buonaparte, the 20th. Masseiia suceessfid
in Italy against the archduke Charles, Oct. Nov.
Victory over the combined Heels of France and
Spain, from Cadiz, off Cape Trafalgar, by the
English fleet, under Lord Nelson, who fell in the
engagement ; the allies losing 19 sail of the line,
and tlie French admiral and two Spanish admirals
t<iken, Oct. 21. Four French ships, (part ot the
combined fleet escaped from the battle of Tra-
falgar,) taken by Sir R. Sfrachan, Nov. 3. French
enter Vienna, the 12th. The English invade Han-
over, and Sir Sydney Smith fails in an attack on
the Boulogne flotilla, Nov. King of Sweden de-
clares against France. British and Russian army
of l.'j.OOO men received by the Neapolitans, in vio-
lation of a treaty just concluded with France, Nov.
20. Battle of Austcrlitz, in which the allied armies
of Austria and Russia, commanded by their
respect^t'e sovereigns, were completely overthrown
by the Ftnncli army nnder the emperor Napolean,
Dec. 2. This decisive victory followed by a peace
between France and Austria, concluded' at Pres-
burg in Hungary, the 27th. Bavaria and Wirtem-
berg erected into kingdoms by the favour of Buona-
parte ; and other great changes in Germany.
l8iH3, Funeral of lord Nelson, and grand procession to St.
Paul's, .Tan. 9. Cape of (jood Hope taken by
general Baird and ailmiral Sir Home Popliam, the
10th. Death of Mr. Pitt, the 23(1. in his 47th year.
New ministry appointed, in which Mr. Fox and
most of his friends are included, Feb. General
Picton tried for the torture of Louisa Calderon in
the island of Trinidad, and found guilty, Feb.
French subjugate Naples ; the English and Russian
array, and the royal family, retreating to Sicily.
Admiral Duckworth defeats a French squadron
near St. Domingo, take 3 ships of the line, and
destroys two, Feb. 6. Two French ships, (under
admiral Liuois,) having for a long time preyed upon
our East India trade, captured by Sir J. B. Warren,
March 13. The king of Prussia shuts the ports of
the North against the English, 2Kth ; takes de-
finitive possession of Hanover, April 1. Faiibargo
laid on Prussian vessels in British ports, the 5th.
Hostilities between the Swedes and Prussians on
the taking possession of Hanover by the latter,
the 23d. Violent discontents in America at the
conduct of British crnizers to their merchantmen.
Proclamation of the President of the United States,
on the 3d. of May, for the apprehending of the
captain of the English ship Leander, by a sliot I'roin
whioh John Pearce, an American sailor, was killed,
near the harbour of New York, April 26. Orders
issued to capture and destroy all Prussian vessels.
May 2!). Louis Bounaparte proclaimed king of
Holland, June 11. Lord Melville acquitted of the
impeachment preferred against him by the house
of Commons for the fraudulent application of
the public money while treasurer of the navy, the
12th. War formally declared in London against
Prussia, the l4th. Buenos Ayres taken from the
Spaniards by Sir Home Pophani, the 28th. The
magazine of Malta blown up, containing370 barrels
of gunpowder, and 1000 shells, and destroying or
wounding about lOlio persons, July IS. The em-
peror of Austria, Francis II. made a formal resig-
nation of the high oliice of emperor of (iermany,
Aug. 7. Buenos Ayres retaken, the I2lh, after aii
attack of 3 days. Death of the Right Hon. Charles
James Fox, Sept. 13. Sir Sanniel Hood took four
French ships heavy laden with troops, 11)6 2.0111.
Great battle of Jena, in which the French took
from the Prussians 200 pieces of cannon, 30 stand-
ards, and 28,000 prisone-rs, Oct. 14. 'I'he Turks
declare war against the Russians, Die. 30.
1807, The Dutch island of Curacoa surrendered to a
scpiadron of 4 British frigates, Jan. 1. flie J?ritish
troops, under the command of brigadier-general
Auchmuty, take possession of the town and citadel
of Monte Video, Feb. 3. The battle oJ Prussian
Eyiau, the islli. A l.ritish squadron, under the
command ol J. T. Duckworth, fails. in an attempt
to force the Porte to makepeace with his Britannic
majesty, March 1. Alexandria, in Egypt, taken
from the Turks by major-general Eraser, the 21st.
The English defeated at Rosetta, with the loss of
407 men, the.'ilst. Mutiny at Malta, began April
4, and ended on the night of the 12lh, when the
mutineers blew themselves up by setting tire to a
large magazine consisting of between 4 and 500
barrels of gunpowder. The English again defeated
in Egypt with the loss of about 1100 in killed and
■wounded, the I9th. Chudleigh, a market town of
Devonshire, consisting ofabout 200 houses, entirely
consumed (7 houses and the churcii exci-pted)
without the loss of a human life, the 22d The
British parliament dissolved, the 27tli. Agreeable
loan act of parliament, no slave-ships are to clear
out of British ports after IMay 1. Insurrection in
Tinkey ; deposition and murder of their emperor
Selim HI. May. Dantzic surrendered to the
French, May 26. Mustap.ha IV. ascends the throne
of Turkey, the 2yth. The great battle of Fried,
land between the Russians and French, in which
the former were completely overthrown with the
lossof 80 pieces of cannon, and 17,000 men killed,
the l4th. The loss of the Russian army, in the
different actions at Spanden on the Sth, Deppen on
tlie 6th, (iiitstadt on the 8th, Heilsburg on the
loth, and Friedland on the 14th, amounts to 60,000
men in killed, wounded, and prisoners, 120 pieces
of cannon, and 7 standards. The French enter
Koningsberg, the 16th. An araiisfice concluded
between the Russians and French, the 22d. En-
gagement between the English shipof war Leopard,
and the American frigate Chesapeake, on account
of the refusal of the latter to be searched for sea-
men who had deserted the pjritish service, ibid.
Treaty of Tilsit, according to which llie Prussians
gave up all their possessions between the Rhine and
the I'.lbe, and also all their Polish dominions, (o
the disposal of Napolean, July 6. British attack
on Buenos Ayres, under lieutenant-general White-
locke, in which they were repulsed, ibid. All South
America to be evacuated in two months from July
17. The republic of Ragusa annexed to the king-
dom of Italy, Aug. 14th. The British troops land
without opposition on the island of Zealand, before
Copenhagen, the 16th. The Swedes evacuate
Stralsund, the 2lst. An armistice concluded be-
tween the Russians and Turks, the 21th. The
garrison of Copeidiagen capitulate to the British
troops, after a severe bombardment of 3 days,
Sept. 6. The capitulation ratified, the 7th, agree
able to which the Danish fleet, consisting of 17
ships of the line, 12 frigates, &c. is to be delirereJ
a27
OUTLINE OF AxNTIENT AND MODERN HISTORY.
up to the English, and Zealand to be evacuated
by the Brilisli in 6 weeixs. Alexandria evacuated
by the En^'lish, the 2-2H. Portugal shuts her ports
against tlie English, Oct. 20. The Russians de-
clare war against England, the -aetli. The English
government declares France in a state of blockade,
Njv. il. Declaration of the French govenuuent
that the house of Braganza shall reign no longer,
ibid. The prince regent of Portugal sails from
Lisbon for the Brazils, the 29th. The French
enter Lisbon, ibid. Etruria delivered up by Spain
to France, the 10th. French imperial decrees of
Nov. 23, Dec. 17, and 26, 1807, Jan. 11, 1808, &c.
restricting the commerce of neutral powers. Jerorae
Buonaparte issues his proclamation on his accession
to the throne of Westphalia, Dec. 17. Th* English
declare war against Russia, the 18th. Anenibargo
laid bv Congress on all vessels of the United States,
the 22d.
lOOQ, Pops? Pius \T. protests against the demands of the
Fren,.!), Feb. 2. Frederic VII. proclaimed king
fo Denmark, March 16. The duke of Berg enters
IVladrid witn a French array, April 24. Insurrec-
tion in Madrid, May 2. The king and princes of
the house of Bourbon cede their rights to the throne
of Spain, 5th to tiie lOlli. The pope's territories
annexed to the kingdom of Italy, 21st. Joseph
Buonaparte declared king of Spain, June 6. A
French squadron at Cadiz surrenders to the
Spaniards, 14th. Prince Miirat proclaimed king
of the two Sicilies, Aug. 1. Defeat of the French
in Portugal by Sir A. VVellesley, 21st. Convention
of Cintra, by which the French, &c. evacuate
Portugal, 30th. Meetings of the emperors of
France and Paissia at Erfurth, Sept. 27. Buonaparte
leaves Paris for Spain, 30th. The French re-enter
Madrid, Dec. 4. General Moore's army obliged
to retreat from the interior of Spain.
180y, General Moore's army attacked at Corunna by the
French, who were repulsed ; but general Moore
killed, and in the evening the remains of the array
hastily embark, Jan. 16. Charges brought against
the duke of York by col. Wardcl, 27. The king
of Sweden deposed by his subjects, March 13.
War between France and Austria, April 9. The
Austrians defeated at Abersberg, Landshut, Ech-
inuhl, and Ratisbon, with great loss, 20th to 23d.
The French enter Vienna, May I3tli. The French
army, in an attack upon the Austrians, in imminent
danger by the destruction of the Itridges over the
Danube, 21st. The French cross the Danube, and
carry the Austrian eBtrenchments, July 4th and
6th ; defeat their army at Wagram, and oblige the
Archduke Charles fo sue for a truce, which is gra.it
ed, 12th. Battle of Talavera, in wliich the French
are repulsed, but llie British ami Spanish armies
retreat a few days after, 21st. The latter end of
this month a British expedition of 100,000 land and
sea forces, commanded by the ear! of Chatham, sail
to the coast of Holland. The British government
refusing to ratify the engagements oftheir ambas-
sador, Mr. Erskine, with America, the President
renews the ponintercourse act, Aug. 9. Flusiiing
surrenders, 15th. The beginning of Sept. the
British expedition returns from Holland, without
accomplishing its objects. Lord Castlereagh and
Mr. Canning, two of the privy council, fight a'duel,
21sf. His majesty entering on the fiftieth >;ear of
his reign, Ihedav was observed as a national jubilee,
Oct. 26. ■
1810, The spire of St. Nicholas's church, Liverpool, fell,
and killed and maimed several 'persons, Sunday,
Jan. 11. Buonaparte dissolves his marriage with
Josephine, Jan. 14. Married to Maria Louisa,
archduchess of Austria, .April 1. His decree for
annexing Holland to France, July 9. Bernadotte
nominated crown prince of Sweden, .August 18.
Parliament met, and his majesty's indisposition
announced, Nov. 1. '
1811, Prince of Wales appointed regent, Feb. 6. French
begin their retreat from Portugai,,Maich 5. Buo-
naparte a son born, (king of Rome) March 23.
Cieneral Beresford defeats Soult at .Albuera, May
16. Lord Wellington repulses Massena's army
before Almeida, May 5. The French garrison
evacuate Almeida, May 11. French take Tarra-
gona by Storm, June 28> Batavia taken by the
English, Aug. 8. Suchet defeated general Blake,
and redirced the town and fortress of Sagentuin,
Oct. 25. "General Girard surprised and defeated
by Gen. Hill, Oct. 28. Dreadful murder of Mr.
Marr and family at Ilatcliffe Highway, Dec. .S.
IMurder of Mr. Williamson and family at Ratclifle
Highway, Dec. 20.
1812, Blake defeated and Valentia taken by Suchet, Jan. 9.
The king of Sicily abdicates his throne, Jan. 16.
Lord Wellington takes Ciudad.Rodrij;o by storm,
Jan. 19. Lord Wellington takes Badajoz by storm,
April 6. Mr. Perceval shot by Bellingham, May
12. Bellingham executed before Newgate, May 13.
General Hill defeats'the French at Almarez, May
19. The British orders in council revoked, Juno
24. Peace between England Russia, and Sweden,
July 18. Lord Wellington defeats Marmont, July
27. Lord Wellington enters Madrid, Aug. It.
FINIS.
Jiriqhtly and Glalds, printert, Bvnc[mfj
*.^
^^mi
1^ ■v/sa3AINn-3ttV'
^OFCAllfOff^
1#
^OF'CAIIFOM^
>-
\^^% i
i-T)" 5
.1^ ^/ja3AiNn-3UV^
^OFCAIIFO/?^
U-J
>
>-
^WUtJIVERy//,
C3
^ 2
': ^^ p. sS'"^^ Vc
^■TJlJONVSOl'^
^tllBRARYQ^^ ^v^UIBRARYQ^^ .5MEU(JIVERy/^
>z
%
\<^my^^ ^^mmy^^ -^n-wm-ys^^
o
3
;%
''z.
A\\EllNIVERy/A
'J-
CO
"^/iajAiNiviiW^
A1IF0%
I'^f i^e)
^OFCAllFOfiV
CX3
.^MEUNIVERy/A
WCFlfj-^x ^HIBRARYQ^ .sxTl'l
^
i1 !CI
';i\T!?.r/>,
1>^
-s'CFifrA
s 5,.sdr^
03
"^AaMINdlWV
-<
^tUBRARY*?/^
'^i!/0JllV3jO'^
■ (^FCAllFOff^ ^OFCAIIFO^'.
.•<«FI!K'l\TP?/>,
i-^li^
,#
vAa^AiNn^wv"
^OFCAllFOff^
^OAavaain^
5^
jJO^
;s-
II
.vclOSANCElfj>
,_ 55 G
i ?= s
^^lllBRARYQc <>^llIBRARYdK
liUlT
^WEUNIVERy/A
%13QNVS01^
AavaaiH^^' '''^omm\^'
"si^
^WEIS'IVERJ-/^ ,v>:lOSA'JCftfj-^
^•OFCAllFOff^
i'^i i
aweuniver%.
OS
<c
^^ilJONVSOl^
Fi'vivrnc/, ...irrvA'.r.Firc.
'■.SARY(9/r
>i
,5MEUNIVER% ^lOSANCElfj-^^
MNn-lVW
^
.^;^tllBRARYdK <^^\
^.yOJIlVDJO'^
^ S,
^\\^
M\\ .',i.rriff
1^'
ittV
^
%'
,^WE■UKIV[RT/A .vlOSANCElfj>
//.?H1AIN(HAV
^OFCAIIFO%
>&Aavaaii'\'^'^
1^1 1^1
.^WE■UNIVERi•/A
AjclOSANCElfjV
^TilJDNVSOl^ %a3AIN(l]WV^
|(3^| |C3Ai|
_^«
UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY I ACUITY
Il|||!ll|l||
D 000 704 117 1
^\
^rjij'jNvsoi^
^3 1158 01028 8107
v>.lOSANCEtfj>
nVV
^
^c/Ayvus
u- t
^IIIBRARYO/-
^^WEUNIVERiy^ ^lOSANCflfj>^ .^tllBRARYO^
^.OFCAllFOff^
^<?AllVliail-l^'^
'^^OJIIVDJO'^ <rjl3DNVS01^ "^aJAIND-lWV^
^0F(
■ r\r.rA\\rno^
o«..-r..^ University of California
in.; n J^"/;' f'^^'ONAL LIBRARY FACILITY
^O^^Mrp. «■ ^^''^'""9 '-°* 17 • Box 951388
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90095-1388
. Return this material to the library from which it was bormwpri
'^
<_3
%
'^OJIIVDJO"?'
^OFCAllF0ft<^
^(?Abvaaii-^v^
^,-\\^EL'S'IVER.y//,
'A
.^WEUNIVERJ/A
.^WEUNIVERJ/A
o
LJL.
I'
c
jA;OFCAllF0ff;)^ ^.
,.\WEUNIVERy//,
<rj]33Nvsoi^ "^/iajAiNn ]wv
FO/Pi^
A>:lOSANCElfj>
%a3AIN(l]l\V^
^lOSANCElfj}>
lYQ^ ^xMLIBRARYQ^^
\oi\miQ^
^0FCA1IF0)?4^
^OJIIVDJO^ ^.!/OjnVDJO'^
aiii'^^ ^OAavaaii^N'
\/ER% ^lOSANCElfj>
o
.^
o
^OFCAIIFOR^
"^AajAiNfiiwv^ ^OAavaaii-^'^
AWEUNIVERJ/a
<rii3DNVS01^
^WEUNIVERi'/A
:{(^
y
ii
s iiirr?
.^\\E■UNIVERS■/A
^VlOSANCElfj-^
^A;OFCAllFOfi'^
■S'
^OFCAllFOft^
4?
,5MEUNIVERS/A ^ .,^
.^i I'M